cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Romhilt-Estes left ventricular hypertrophy score and its components predict all-cause mortality in the general population.

Background The same electrocardiographic (ECG) criteria that have been used for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have recently been recognized as predictors of adverse clinical outcomes, but this predictive ability is inadequately explored and understood. Methods A total of 14,984 participants from the ARIC study were included in this analysis. Romhilt-Estes (R-E) LVH score was measured from the automatically processed baseline (1987-1989) ECG data. All-cause mortality was ascertained up to December 2010. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between baseline R-E score, overall and each of its 6 individual components separately, with all-cause mortality. The associations between change in R-E score between baseline and first follow-up visit with mortality were also examined. Results During a median follow-up of 21.7 years, 4,549 all-cause mortality events occurred during follow-up. In multivariable-adjusted models, increasing levels of the R-E score was associated with increasing risk of mortality both as a baseline finding and as a change between the baseline and the first follow-up visit. Of the 6 ECG components of the score, 4 were predictive of all-cause mortality (P-terminal force, QRS amplitude, LV strain, and intrinsicoid deflection), whereas 2 of the components were not (left axis deviation and prolonged QRS duration). Differences in the strengths of the associations between the individual components of the score and mortality were observed. Conclusions The R-E score, traditionally used for detection of LVH, could be used as a useful tool for predication of adverse outcomes.
Pentecostal Ecumenism: Overcoming the Challenges - Reaping the Rewards

This article is part 2 of a paper whose first part was published in the Journal of the European Pentecostal Theological Association 34.2 (2014). This part deals with a variety of practical issues including the benefits of ecumenical cooperation and reasons behind negative perceptions of ecumenism.
Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus injections of urocortin alter food intake and respiratory quotient.

Abstract Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) acts on the central nervous system to alter energy balance and influence both food intake and sympathetically-mediated thermogenesis. CRH is also reported to inhibit food intake in several models of hyperphagia including neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced eating. The recently identified CRH-related peptide, urocortin (UCN), also binds with high affinity to CRH receptor subtypes and decreases food intake in food-deprived and non-deprived rats. The present experiment characterized further the feeding and metabolic effects of UCN by examining its impact after direct injections into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. In feeding tests (n=8), UCN (50–200 pmol) was injected into the PVN at the onset of the dark cycle and food intake was measured 1, 2 and 4 h postinjection. In separate rats (n=8), the metabolic effects of UCN were monitored using an open circuit calorimeter which measured oxygen consumption (V o 2) and carbon dioxide production (V co 2). Respiratory quotient (RQ) was calculated as V co 2/V o 2. UCN suppressed feeding at all times studied and reliably decreased RQ within 30 min of infusion. Additional work examined the effect of UCN (50–100 pmol) pretreatment on the feeding and metabolic effects of NPY. NPY, injected at the start of the dark period, reliably increased 2 h food intake. This effect was blocked by PVN UCN administration. Similarly, UCN blocked the increase in RQ elicited by NPY alone. These results suggest that UCN-sensitive mechanisms within the PVN may modulate food intake and energy substrate utilization, possibly through an interaction with hypothalamic NPY.
COF2 band intensities in the 2·0 ∽ 6·0 micron region

Abstract Absolute intensities of four dominant emission bands of COF 2 at 2·67 μ, 3·55 μ, 4·48 μ and 5·35 μ have been measured with a high speed scanning spectrometer, using reflected shock heated samples of COF 2 in excess argon. Spectra were obtained with COF 2 concentrations between 1(10 17 ) and 7(10 17 ) molecules per cm 3 over the temperature range from 1300°K to 2400°K at total pressures between 3 and 10 atm. Peak intensities at the three lowest wavelengths were observed to be less than 0·05 blackbody intensity and that at 5·35 μ was below 0·2 blackbody. Integrated band intensities of room temperature and shock temperature spectra are compared with the theoretical temperature dependence expected for these vibrational bands.
Effect of byproducts from the ozonation of pyrene: biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarbaldehyde and biphenyl-2,2',6,6'-tetracarboxylic acid on gap junction intercellular communication and neutrophil function.

In this study, biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde, an initial by product formed from the ozonation of pyrene, and biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid, a subsequent pyrene ozonation byproduct, were evaluated using two toxicology assays to compare the toxicity of ozonation byproducts with that of the parent compound. The first assay measured the potential for the compounds to block gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) using the scrape loading/dye transfer technique in normal WB-344 rat liver epithelial cells. The second assay evaluated the ability of the compounds to affect neutrophil function by measuring the production of superoxide in a human cell line (HL-60). Pyrene significantly blocked intercellular communication (f= 0.2–0.5) at 40 μM and complete inhibition of communication (f < 0.2) occurred at 50 μM. Gap junctional intercellular communication in cells exposed to biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde reached f < 0.5 at a concentration of 15 μM. At concentrations greater than 20 μM, biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde was cytotoxic and the inhibition of GJIC was caused by cell death. Biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid was neither cytotoxic nor inhibitory to GJIC at the concentrations tested (10–500 μM). Exposure to biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarbaldehyde resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate–stimulated O12 production. Neither exposure to pyrene nor biphenyl-2,2′,6,6′-tetracarboxylic acid caused a significant toxic effect on neutrophil function.
A thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory materials. Part I. The monolithic shape memory alloy

Pseudoelasticity and the shape memory effect (SME) due to martensitic transformation and reorientation of polycrystalline shape memory alloy (SMA) materials are modeled using a free energy function and a dissipation potential. Three different cases are considered, based on the number of internal state variables in the free energy: (1) austenite plus a variable number of martensite variants; (2) austenite plus two types of martensite; and (3) austenite and one type of martensite. Each model accounts for three-dimensional simultaneous transformation and reorientation. The single-martensite model was chosen for detailed study because of its simplicity and its ease of experimental verification. Closed form equations are derived for the damping capacity and the actuator efficiency of converting heat into work. The first law of thermodynamics is used to demonstrate that significantly more work is required to complete the adiabatic transformation than the isothermal transformation. Also, as the hardening due to the austenite/martensite misfit stresses approaches zero, the transformation approaches the isothermal, infinite specific heat conditions of a first-order transformation. In a second paper, the single-martensite model is used in a mesomechanical derivation of the constitutive equations of an active composite with an SMA phase.
PASSIVE DOSIMETER FOR MONITORING AMMONIA VAPOR

Abstract A method is presented for ammonia detection in the vapor phase that exploits the reaction between fluorescamine and ammonia on a sodium lauryl sulfate (NaLS)-treated paper substrate. The fluorescence intensity of the aquamarine fluorescence product is used as a measure of the air vapor concentration (AVC) of ammonia. The substrate treatment with NaLS enhances the intensity of the fluorescent product and improves the reproducibility of the determination of ammonia. The paper substrate is mounted on a dosimeter and used to monitor exposure to ammonia vapor. The developed dosimeter is a self-contained, badge-sized device that passively collects ammonia on a precoated filter-paper at a rate determined by molecular diffusion. The dosimeter can detect ammonia AVC at the ppm level after only 1 min of exposure. For an 8-h exposure period the limit of detection is ca. 1 ppb.
A Drug-Drug Interaction Crystallizes a New Entry Point into the UPR

In the current issue of Molecular Cell , Sicheri and Ron (Wiseman et al., 2010) identify a small molecule, the flavonol quercetin, as an activator of yeast IRE1, a key regulator of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response pathway (UPR).
Operation of a quasi-optical gyrotron with variable output coupling

ABSTRACT Results from a quasi-optical gyrotron experiment with a 20 28 cm mirror separation will be presented showing operation from 95 130 GHz at powers up to 150 kW and efficiencies up to 11%. The output coupling can be controlled by varying the mirror separation. Efficiency optimization by variation of output coupling and by tapering the magnetic field has been demonstrated. INTRODUCTION The quasi-optical gyrotron (QOG) has been under devel­ opment as a megawatt average power source of 100-300 GHz radiation for ECRH of fusion plasmas.1 "3 It differs from con­ ventional gyrotrons by having an open resonator formed by a pair of spherical mirrors instead of a waveguide cavity. The QOG operates in one or more of the TEM0on gaussian modes of the resonator. To obtain low mirror ohmic losses consis­ tent with CW operation at millimeter wavelengths, the axial mode index n must be large (> 100) and the relative mode separation must be small compared to the interaction band­ width. This leads to the possibility of several interacting axial modes with attendant mode competition. This paper presents results from an experimental study of this operating regime. The separation of the resonator mirrors is adjustable which al­ lows independent variation of the resonator output coupling. The QOG has operated from 95 130 GHz at powers up to 150 kW and efficiencies up to 11%. Efficiency optimization by variation of output coupling and by tapering the magnetic field has been demonstrated. Operation in single and multi- mode steady-states has been observed. These results point the way to the realization of megawatt level devices.
VZV encephalitis that developed in an immunized patient during fingolimod therapy

We report the case of a 66-year-old woman with progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) who developed varicella-zoster virus (VZV) encephalitis while on fingolimod despite vaccination. She presented with a stuttering course over several weeks. Five months after starting fingolimod, she was treated for a presumed MS flare with a 5-day course of high-dose IV methylprednisolone. A brain MRI showed stable chronic white matter lesions. She presented 18 days later with transient word-finding difficulty, was diagnosed with a TIA, and started on aspirin and a statin. She presented 9 days later after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure; she had no history of prior seizures. Levetiracetam was started, and dalfampridine was stopped, with control of her seizures. During this admission, MRI showed restricted diffusion and T2 hyperintensity in the left caudate head. CSF had glucose of 50, protein of 74, 13 erythrocytes, 133 leukocytes (61% lymphocytes); VZV was detected by PCR (other viral studies were negative; CSF VZV immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G [IgG] were not assessed). In the interval preceding this admission, uveitis was diagnosed in her right eye; while there were no skin vesicular lesions, in retrospect we consider the uveitis a likely manifestation of VZV infection. Fingolimod was stopped, and she was treated for 11 days with IV acyclovir, but her mental status worsened 5 days after stopping acyclovir. A subsequent MRI showed progression of the caudate lesion (figure, A and B) thought to be caused by direct parenchymal infection, so she was restarted on IV acyclovir and steroids with clinical improvement and eventual discharge to a rehabilitation facility. Acknowledgment: The authors thank Vimal Patel, PhD, for technical editing and copyediting the manuscript.
Mechanisms of metal ion sorption on calcite: Composition mapping by lateral force microscopy

We show that lateral force microscopy (also known as frictional force microscopy) can differentiate between substrate and overlayer phases during an inorganic surface reaction. A calcite substrate is imaged in situ, while immersed in aqueous solutions of pH ∼ 6−9 containing metal ions (Cd2+, Sr2+, and La3+) at concentrations of 10-5 to 10-3 M. Cd2+ and Sr2+ passivate surface steps, initiating overgrowth only in solutions already supersaturated relative to their respective carbonates. In contrast, La3+ initiates overgrowth even in undersaturated conditions and carries the reaction to completion by scavenging carbonate anions directly from the dissolving calcite surface. Monomolecular surface steps play a central role, serving as both dissolution sites for the substrate and nucleation sites for the overgrowth.
Coordinated interpersonal timing in adult-infant vocal interactions: A cross-site replication

Coordinated interpersonal tinning exists when the temporal pattern of each partner in a dialogue is predictable from that of the other. Using a completely automated microanalytic technique to time the sequence of vocal sounds and silences in an interaction, we studied 28 four-month-old infants in face-to-face play with mother and a female stranger. Fifteen infants were recorded on one site and 13 at another. Time-series regression was used to evaluate the direction and magnitude of interpersonal prediction. Results indicated that (a) significant coordination (or its absence) occurred at both sites for 90% of the comparisons, and (b) the lag that best predicted the partner was 20 to 30 s at both sites. Unlike the labor-intensive microanalytic coding techniques that have dominated mother-infant interaction research, this work has the following advantages: (a) the automated instrumentation times behavior with a precision unobtainable by the unaided human observer; (b) the sound-silence variables are unambiguously defined for computer processing; and (c) the microanalytic method is applicable to large-sample studies. This automated method has shown its clinical utility in its power to predict 1-year developmental outcomes from 4-month coordinated interpersonal timing.
Phosphorylation of high mobility group proteins 14 and 17 by nuclear protein kinase NII in rat C6 glioma cells

Abstract High mobility group (HMG) proteins 14 and 17 of rat C6 glioma cells are phosphorylated in vivo on both serine and threonine. In HMG 14 about 60% of the total [32P]phosphate was identified as phosphoserine and 40% as phosphothreonine. In HMG 17, there was 88% phosphoserine and 12% phosphothreonine. Glioma cell nuclear protein kinase NII phosphorylates HMG 14 and 17 in vitro on serine as well as threonine and the relative percentages of [32P]phosphoamino acid are similar to those seen in vivo . Nuclear protein kinase NI and the type I and II cAMP-dependent protein kinases exhibit only minor phosphorylating activity towards HMG 14 and 17. We conclude that nuclear protein kinase NII is responsible for the phosphorylation of HMG 14 and 17 in vivo .
A Computer Program for Fisher's Exact Probability Test

The Fisher test is concerned with data of independent groups and a dichotomous criterion in a fourfold (2 × 2) contingency format. Typically, small samples (N ≤ 30) are considered. Some tables of critical values of Fisher's test for small samples are available to offset the tediousness of computation. Fisher's test requires determination of a combined probability, that is, the observed set added with all the more extreme (directional) sets. For large samples, an approximation method such as chi square is used. Considered in this paper are a mathematical discussion and algorithm, and a computer program for Fisher's test. The computer program for small and large (N of about 500) samples is available from the authors. Such technology, in most instances, makes approximation methods unnecessary.
The hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome (HAPO) study: Can we use the results as a basis for change?

At present the diagnosis of gestational diabetes uses differing criteria in different parts of the world, with none being based on pregnancy outcome. Different glucose loads (50, 75 or 100 grams) are recommended, rather than the standard 75 gram load utilized worldwide in nonpregnant individuals. The HAPO study was designed to determine what level of glucose intolerance, short of diabetes, is associated with an excess of adverse perinatal outcomes. On a 75 gram, 2-hour OGTT each of the 3 values is significantly and continuously related to various adverse outcomes, and no inflection point is evident. Consequently an international group of interested experts is developing recommendations for diagnostic criteria for GDM which, it is hoped, will be adopted world wide.
Cerebral Metabolic Adaptation and Ketone Metabolism after Brain Injury

The developing central nervous system has the capacity to metabolize ketone bodies. It was once accepted that on weaning, the 'post-weaned/adult' brain was limited solely to glucose metabolism. However, increasing evidence from conditions of inadequate glucose availability or increased energy demands has shown that the adult brain is not static in its fuel options. The objective of this review is to summarize the body of literature specifically regarding cerebral ketone metabolism at different ages, under conditions of starvation and after various pathologic conditions. The evidence presented supports the following findings: (1) there is an inverse relationship between age and the brain's capacity for ketone metabolism that continues well after weaning; (2) neuroprotective potentials of ketone administration have been shown for neurodegenerative conditions, epilepsy, hypoxia/ischemia, and traumatic brain injury; and (3) there is an age-related therapeutic potential for ketone as an alternative substrate. The concept of cerebral metabolic adaptation under various physiologic and pathologic conditions is not new, but it has taken the contribution of numerous studies over many years to break the previously accepted dogma of cerebral metabolism. Our emerging understanding of cerebral metabolism is far more complex than could have been imagined. It is clear that in addition to glucose, other substrates must be considered along with fuel interactions, metabolic challenges, and cerebral maturation.
Notions of Focus Anaphoricity

This article reviews some of the theoretical notions and empirical phenomena which figure in current formal-semantic theories of focus. It also develops the connection between “alternative semantics” and “givenness” accounts of focus interpretation.
Separation behavior of short single‐ and double‐stranded DNA in 1 micron and 100 nm glass channels

Micro- and nanofluidic lab-on-chip technology offers the unique capability of high-resolution separation, identification, and manipulation of biomolecules with broad applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine. In this work, we probe the effects of ionic strength on separation of ss- and dsDNA within 1 micron and 100 nm-deep glass channels. Separation behavior of DNA is influenced by a number of parameters, including ionic strength, melting temperature, strand length, strand conformation, and channel size. Specifically, we find a shift in the observed mobility of 10-bp (base pair) dsDNA for different ionic strengths due to changes in kinetic parameters, underlying the importance of these considerations when working with short DNA. For 50-base DNA, the electrophoretic mobility difference between ss- and dsDNA increases as the ionic strength increases due to changes in conformation of the ssDNA. Finally, we find that decreasing channel size decreases the absolute electrophoretic mobility of 10- and 20-bp ss- and dsDNA, due to both hydrodyamic confinement and electric double layer (EDL) interactions. We hypothesize that about 4% mobility reduction is due to hydrodynamic confinement, which is observed at all ionic strengths, and further reduction is due to EDL interactions between the DNA and the channel walls, only observed at low ionic strengths.
Effects of luminance quantization error on color image processing

A common approach to color image processing is to apply monochrome techniques to the quantized intensity component. However, the quantization error in the intermediate intensity image propagates to the final processed image. This can lead to significant distortion, depending on the input RGB values and on the particular image processing function being applied. A theoretical analysis of the worst-case quantization error is presented. Experimental results with histogram equalization demonstrate how the histogram resolution affects the performance. >
Merging of Endourology and Oncology: Endourooncology

There is a growing need to bring together endourological approaches and sound oncological principles to achieve minimally invasive cancer control in urologic malignancies. Reduced treatment morbidity and quality-of-life issues are becoming more valued by both patients and physicians. In this chapter, we present an overview of the most recent advances in endoscopic, laparoscopic, and energy-based ablation techniques for the treatment of upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma, renal-cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, adrenal tumors, and germ-cell testicular tumors. The merge between endourology and urologic oncology will undeniably revolutionize our approach to urologic malignancies.
Stochastic product integral w.r.t. infinite dimensional semimartingale:ii–uniform operator topology case

While stochastic product integration w.r.t finite rank Hilbert Schmidt operator (K2- ) valued semimartingales has received reasonable attention, there is no work, to date, dealing with infinite dimensional semimartingales. We initiate here a theory of stochastic product integration of K2- predictable processes w.r.t the exponential of a K2- Brownian motion. To understand the estimations involved, we start with a finite rank Brownian motion β while keeping the integrand in K2 and then we continue with infinite dimellsioilal Brownian motion. In order to apply our stochastic product integral to solve Doleans–Dade – Protter type linear stochastic equations, we also need to, and therefore, define the Ito integral in the space HS. We finally give the stochastic product integral construction of the solution of a linear stochastic equation. All this is done in the uniform operator topology case. The more difficult unbounded operator case is the subject matter of the final part of this series
Flexible Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow

Power router technology is maturing to the point of becoming a cost-effective enabler of increased transmission asset utilization. Power routers can enable a desirable increase in control of power systems, especially as infrastructure ages and degrades. This paper presents a formal extension to the traditional security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) algorithm, named flexible security-constrained optimal power flow (FSCOPF), which utilizes power router control in the post-contingency timeframe. The operational improvement is enabled by the fast-response capability of FACTS-based power routers to change setpoints in response to power system contingencies. The FSCOPF algorithm, developed in this paper, allows for power routers to be used as a real-time dispatchable resource. We show that further power system savings are achieved when compared to the traditional SCOPF.
New Methods to Generate Vestigial-Sideband Signal for Data Transmission

Several new methods to generate a vestigial-sideband signal (VSB) for data transmission are presented in this paper. In these methods, phase-shift methods such as used for generating single-sideband (SSB) signals have been employed to obtain the desired VSB signal by modifying the Hilbert transform of the baseband signal either in its amplitude spectrum or in its phase spectrum. The desired baseband signal data shaping and VSB shaping functions are obtained by using IC shift registers, weighting resistors, summing amplifiers, and simple low-pass filters so that data-shaping filters, VSB filters, and their associated equalizers can be eliminated in the process of generating VSB signals.
Determination of selected chlorohydrocarbons and polyaromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in soils in Southwest Louisiana.

Abstract The use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of selected polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (anthracene and pyrene) and chlorohydrocarbons (hexachlorobutadiene and 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene) in soils from five areas in Southwest Louisiana was investigated. No detectable concentrations (below the detection limits) were found on or near the surface. However, trace levels of the PAHs were found at a depth in the 2 to 3 ft range below the surface levels.
The Role of Feedback, Causal Attributions, and Self-Efficacy in Goal Revision

An important issue in work motivation is how, when, and why individuals revise their goals up or down over time. In the current study, the authors examine feedback, causal attributions, and self-efficacy in this process. Although self-efficacy has frequently been suggested as a key explanatory variable for goal revision, its role has yet to be directly evaluated. Additionally, although attributions have been shown to influence goal revision following failure, the extent to which attributions influence goal revision following success remains unclear. In the current study, the authors address these issues by experimentally manipulating goal progress via performance feedback and tracking the resulting changes in self-efficacy and goal revision over time. In so doing, the authors also address several interpretive ambiguities present in the existing research. Results support the hypothesized model, finding that performance feedback and attributions interactively influenced self-efficacy, which in turn influenced goal revision. These results suggest that interventions targeting attributions, and self-efficacy more directly, may have meaningful influences on goal setting and pursuit, particularly following feedback.
Rayleigh-wave phase velocity and amplitude values in the presence of lateral heterogeneities

Two-dimensional finite element models have been used to study Rayleigh-wave propagation in two laterally inhomogeneous structures. The first model is a two-dimensional analog of a one-dimensional structure found for a basin of the Rio Grande rift; the second model is a modification of the first, to take into account a lateral variation known as the Hubble Bench. Both models are perfectly elastic. Two-station phase velocities and amplitude ratios were calculated from the complex displacements of nodes at the free surface for frequencies between 0.040 and 0.250 Hz. For both models, the phase velocities are 0.04 to 0.05 km/sec greater than the phase velocities calculated by averaging the slownesses from laterally homogeneous models. The introduction of the Hubble Bench causes a decrease in the amplitude ratios with frequency, a variation that could easily be misinterpreted as being caused by a near-surface layer or layers of high intrinsic attenuation. In addition, the results show that lateral variations in structure do not have to occur between stations in order to have a significant effect on both phase velocities and amplitudes, and that these effects may well be systematic rather than random.
Positron Production by X Rays Emitted by Betatron Motion in a Plasma Wiggler

Positrons in the energy range of 3-30 MeV, produced by x rays emitted by betatron motion in a plasma wiggler of 28.5 GeV electrons from the SLAC accelerator, have been measured. The extremely high-strength plasma wiggler is an ion column induced by the electron beam as it propagates through and ionizes dense lithium vapor. X rays in the range of 1-50 MeV in a forward cone angle of 0.1 mrad collide with a 1.7 mm thick tungsten target to produce electron-positron pairs. The positron spectra are found to be strongly influenced by the plasma density and length as well as the electron bunch length. By characterizing the beam propagation in the ion column these influences are quantified and result in excellent agreement between the measured and calculated positron spectra.
AMPA-selective glutamate receptor subtype immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation of patients with Alzheimer's disease

Immunocytochemical techniques were employed in order to examine the distribution and relative intensity of the AMPA receptor subunits GluR1 and GluR2/3 within the hippocampal formation of normal controls and Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. Throughout our investigation we examined cases exhibiting a wide range of pathologic severity, thus allowing us to correlate our immunohistochemical data with the extent of pathology. Specifically, we investigated the distribution of these receptor subunits in hippocampal sectors that are particularly vulnerable to AD pathology (i.e., CA1 and subiculum) and compared these findings with those obtained following examination of sectors that are generally resistant to pathologic change (i.e., CA2/3, dentate gyrus). Within vulnerable sectors we observed a variable loss of GluR1 and GluR2/3 immunolabeling. The degree to which these proteins were reduced appeared to correlate with the extent of neurofibrillary pathology and cell loss. Despite the loss of labeled cells, the intensity of immunolabeling within the remaining neurons was comparable with, and in many instances even greater than, that observed in control cases. Within resistant sectors, the distribution of immunoreactive elements was comparable in both case groups yet the intensity of immunolabeling was markedly increased in AD cases, particularly in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and in the stratum lucidum of CA3 (i.e., the termination zones of perforant pathway and mossy fibers). In addition, within AD cases dramatic increases were observed within the supragranular and polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus (i.e., the terminal zones of sprouting mossy fiber collaterals). The increase in GluR1 and GluR2/3 immunolabeling is hypothesized to occur in response to the deafferentation of selected glutamatergic pathways. Moreover, our data support that hippocampal plasticity is preserved, even in severe AD cases, and suggest a critical role for AMPA receptor subunits in this plasticity and in maintaining hippocampal functioning.
Photoelectrochemical complexes for solar energy conversion that chemically and autonomously regenerate

Naturally occurring photosynthetic systems use elaborate pathways of self-repair to limit the impact of photo-damage. Here, we demonstrate a complex consisting of two recombinant proteins, phospholipids and a carbon nanotube that mimics this process. The components self-assemble into a configuration in which an array of lipid bilayers aggregate on the surface of the carbon nanotube, creating a platform for the attachment of light-converting proteins. The system can disassemble upon the addition of a surfactant and reassemble upon its removal over an indefinite number of cycles. The assembly is thermodynamically metastable and can only transition reversibly if the rate of surfactant removal exceeds a threshold value. Only in the assembled state do the complexes exhibit photoelectrochemical activity. We demonstrate a regeneration cycle that uses surfactant to switch between assembled and disassembled states, resulting in an increased photoconversion efficiency of more than 300% over 168 hours and an indefinite extension of the system lifetime.
Maronite hegemony to Maronite militancy: The creation and disintegration of Lebanon

(1989). Maronite hegemony to Maronite militancy: The creation and disintegration of Lebanon. Third World Quarterly: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 101-117.
The seven-year rule for safer prescribing

Public Citizen is a national research-based advocacy organisation in the USA. In 1999 our Health Research Group decided to advise against the use of any new prescription drug, except for truly ‘breakthrough’ drugs, for five years after approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Our decision was based on the impression that it was during this first post-approval period that a large proportion of drugs either required a new ‘black box’ warning or were actually withdrawn from the market for safety reasons. 1 This empirical observation was buttressed by the knowledge that the approval process for drugs is heavily tilted toward establishing evidence of benefit, but statistically underpowered to detect all but the most commonly occurring harms. Once the drug is approved, considerably larger numbers of people, including groups which were under-represented in the trials, become exposed to the drug. New adverse reactions and interactions with other drugs are then reported. As the information about harm begins to catch up with the information about benefits, a regulatory decision is frequently needed to either add a new black box warning or to withdraw the drug. The validity of this five-year rule, however, was challenged by the findings of a study published in 2002, based on the ultimate fate of the 548 new drugs approved in the USA between 1975 and 1999. 2 The study examined how many of the new drugs were eventually the subject of a new black box warning or market withdrawal and when these actions occurred relative to the dates of approval. Our study found that by 25 years after approval, the estimated probability of either acquiring a new black box warning or market withdrawal was 20%. We also found that half of these changes occurred within seven years of the drug’s introduction. Of the 16 drug safety withdrawals studied, 94% had occurred within seven years. 2
Control comparison of conventional and thermally coupled ternary extractive distillation processes

Abstract Extractive distillation is widely used to separate binary mixtures with azeotropes that prevent separation in a single distillation column. The conventional binary extractive distillation configuration uses two columns with one key component going overhead in the extractive column and the other key component going either overhead or out the bottom of the solvent recovery column, depending on the effect of the solvent on the volatilities of the key components. Extractive distillation can also be applied to separate ternary mixtures with azeotropes. The conventional ternary extractive process requires three columns. Unconventional processes can also be used, such as thermally coupled sidestream/rectifier columns. Economic advantages of the thermally coupled process have been reported for some separations. The controllability of extractive distillation system for binary mixtures has been explored in many papers. The novel contribution of this paper is the exploration of the dynamic controllability of extractive distillation systems for a ternary mixture. The dynamics of a conventional three-column process are compared with a thermally coupled column/rectifier process.
Comparison of afferent and efferent competence of transplanted GnRH cells in the brains of hypogonadal female mice

A deletion in the gene encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces hypogonadism in mice caused by the deficiency of GnRH. Activation of the reproductive axis can be achieved in these hypogonadal (hpg) mice by third cerebro-ventricular transplantation of preoptic area (POA) containing GnRH neurons, obtained from normal fetal mice. The present study was carried out in female hpg mice with POA grafts (hpg/POA) to investigate anatomical integration of the GnRH cells required for the functional activation of the reproductive system. Ovarian development was present only in mice in which the graft tissue was located close to the median eminence (ME). The total lack of ovarian development in individuals with grafts containing GnRH cells located elsewhere in the brain suggests that the mere presence of GnRH cells does not guarantee ovarian development, but that the location of the graft may be important. Activation of the grafted GnRH cells following mating, as evidenced by the induction of Fos immunoreactivity, was observed in hpg/POA mice in which there was no ovarian development or detectable GnRH immunoreactive fiber innervation of the ME. Although ovarian development was evident in individuals with grafts located close to the ME, release of luteinizing hormone (LH) in response to mating was apparent in only some of these mice. The occurrence of mating and pregnancy only in hpg/POA mice with ovarian development and the reflex release of LH in response to mating suggests that both the efferent and afferent connections of the GnRH system are important for the full functioning of the system.
An artificial placenta

The respiratory distress syndrome is one of the major causes of neonatal mortality. If affected babies could be kept alive long enough, the syndrome may resolve for this is a condition often limited in time. This paper deals with research in developing an extracorporeal circuit that could support infants affected by this syndrome. A membrane oxygenator-dialyzer circuit has been developed and used to provide a means of both gaseous exchange and acid-base balancing. Experiments are described showing the effectiveness of the circuit and demonstrating its safety with animals. Early work with humans is described and the results discussed in relation to the possible practical use of this apparatus.
Low-latency eye tracking for eye motion compensation in high-resolution ophthalmoscopy

To develop a real-time pupil and Purkinje tracking system with sub-millisecond latency for eye motion compensation in high resolution ophthalmoscopes through steering two orthogonal optical scanners optically conjugate to rotation center of the eye.
The dates of Westwood’s Mecoptera (Insecta) publications reexamined and further corrected

In a recent issue of Zootaxa (Somma 2011), I corrected the publication dates for one genus and 14 species of Mecoptera (1 choristid, 4 bittacids, and 9 panorpids) and resurrected Panorpa confusa Westwood, 1841, which made Panorpa rufescens Rambur, 1842, a junior synonym of P. confusa . Additionally, I provided a nomenclatural and taxonomic summary for these taxa, and a publication history for all of Westwood’s related publications. However, there were several inaccuracies to the dates I applied to these publications that I herein correct.
Fever in Immunocompromised Patients

The past two decades have witnessed an increase in the number of patients who are immunocompromised as a consequence of a primary or secondary immunodeficiency disorder or from the use of agents that depress one or more components of the immune system. Broadly defined, an immunocompromised host has an alteration in phagocytic, cellular, or humoral immunity that increases the risk of an infectious complication or an opportunistic process such as a lymphoproliferative disorder or cancer.1 Patients may also be immunocompromised if they have an alteration or breach of their skin or mucosal defense barriers that permits microorganisms to cause either . . .
Structure Determination without Crystals: The Ribosome, 1970−2000

From ∼1970 to 2000, the year its crystal structure was solved, no biological structure was investigated more intensely than the ribosome. Some of the structural experiments done in the precrystallographic era produced information that significantly advanced our understanding of that enzyme. Other approaches yielded little that would be regarded as useful today, even if crystal structures had never been obtained. That experience is reviewed here to provide guidance for those faced with similar challenges in the future.
Disturbing the Peace: The Function of Young Adult Literature and the Case of Catherine Atkins' When Jeff Comes Home

Our criticism and evaluation of young adult literature is tempered not only by the scope of our knowledge of adolescent literature in general, but also by our notions of adolescence, itself. Adolescent literature that, in Michael Cart's terminology, “shatters the shibboleths” of adolescence and adolescent culture, has the potential to re-shape the paradigms that delineate teen culture. Catherine Atkins' When Jeff Comes Home is an example of such revolutionary YA fiction. With When Jeff Comes Home, Atkins not only re-writes and redefines the rape novel for young people, she re-casts the victim role with society's anti-victim—the able-bodied, athletic, upper middle class white male.
Reimagining Bleistein: Copyright for Advertisements in Historical Perspective

This article traces the development of copyright law for commercial prints and labels, looking at the history of the 1874 Act which placed registration of copyrights in the Patent Office, as well as the two Supreme Court cases which dealt with this act - the mostly forgotten Higgins v. Keuffel, and the still very influential Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing. In so doing the development of the scope of copyright law in both the constitutional and normative senses is addressed, and the Bleistein decision is considered in a new light. Statistics are also included, demonstrating the development and use of this copyright law. In August of 2013, this article won the Charles B. Seton Award of the Copyright Society of the USA, which is given to a piece published in its journal in the previous year by an author under the age of 40 that "constitutes a significant contribution to scholarship in copyright law and displays original and creative ideas not previously published."
The oncogenic transcription factor c-Jun regulates glutaminase expression and sensitizes cells to glutaminase-targeted therapy

Many transformed cells exhibit altered glucose metabolism and increased utilization of glutamine for anabolic and bioenergetic processes. These metabolic adaptations, which accompany tumorigenesis, are driven by oncogenic signals. Here we report that the transcription factor c-Jun, product of the proto-oncogene JUN, is a key regulator of mitochondrial glutaminase (GLS) levels. Activation of c-Jun downstream of oncogenic Rho GTPase signalling leads to elevated GLS gene expression and glutaminase activity. In human breast cancer cells, GLS protein levels and sensitivity to GLS inhibition correlate strongly with c-Jun levels. We show that c-Jun directly binds to the GLS promoter region, and is sufficient to increase gene expression. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of c-Jun renders breast cancer cells dependent on GLS activity. These findings reveal a role for c-Jun as a driver of cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, and suggest that cancers overexpressing JUN may be especially sensitive to GLS-targeted therapies.
Mesoscale Structural Models in the Growing Pulmonary Artery

We utilized the extensive experimental measurements of the growing ovine PA from our previous study (J. Biomech Eng. 2013 Jul 1;135(7):71010–12) to develop a structural constitutive model for the PA wall tissue. Novel to the present approach was the treatment of the elastin network as a distributed fiber network rather than a continuum phase. We then utilized this model to delineate structure–function differences in the PA wall at the juvenile and adult stages. Overall, the predicted elastin exhibited minor regional differences moduli remained largely unchanged with age and region (in the range of 150–200 kPa). Similarly, the predicted collagen moduli ranged from ∼1600 to 2700 kPa in the four regions studied in the juvenile state. Interestingly, we found for the medial region that the elastin and collagen fiber splay underwent opposite changes (collagen standard deviation juvenile = 17° to adult = 28°, elastin standard deviation juvenile = 35° to adult = 27°), along with a trend toward more rapid collagen fiber strain recruitment with age, along with a drop in collagen fiber moduli, which went from 2700 kPa for the juvenile stage to 746 kPa in the adult. These changes were likely due to the previously observed impingement of relatively stiff ascending aorta on the growing PA medial region. Intuitively, the effects of the local impingement would be to lower the local wall stress, consistent with the observed decrease in collagen modulus. This result suggests that during the postnatal somatic growth period local stresses can substantially modulate regional tissue microstructure and mechanical behaviors in the PA. We further underscore that our previous studies indicated an increase in effective PA wall stress with postnatal maturation. When taken together with the fact that the observed changes in mechanical behavior and structure in the growing PA wall were modest in the other three regions studied, our collective results suggest that the majority of the growing PA wall is subjected to increasing stress levels with age without undergoing major structural adaptations. This observation is contrary to the accepted theory of maintenance of homeostatic stress levels in the regulation of vascular function, and suggests alternative mechanisms might regulate postnatal somatic growth. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will help to improve our understanding of congenital defects of the PA and lay the basis for functional duplication in their repair and replacement.
Intramedullary nailing for correction of post-traumatic deformity in late-diagnosed distal radius fractures

Post-traumatic deformity of the distal radius may lead to multiple sequelae and severe functional impairment. Intramedullary fixation is a novel technique for treatment of distal radius fractures. The present study aimed to evaluate the functional and radiographic outcomes of intramedullary nailing for correction of post-traumatic deformity in late-diagnosed fractures of the distal radius. From July 2009 to February 2011, 16 patients with late-diagnosed displaced fractures of the distal radius were included. Eligible inclusion was extra-articular fracture for more than 4 weeks. Surgical correction and internal fixation with intramedullary nailing was performed for treatment of ten AO type A2 and six AO type A3 fractures. All patients were followed up radiographically and clinically for an average of 20.3 months. All fractures achieved bone union without major complications. Functional status and radiographic alignment significantly improved postoperatively. There was no significantly secondary displacement comparing early postoperative and final radiographic parameters. The functional results according to the Mayo wrist scoring system were good or excellent in 94 % of patients. The mean score was 83.8. Surgical correction and internal fixation with the intramedullary nail is a feasible and less invasive technique with few complications in the treatment of post-traumatic deformity of the distal radius. IV.