cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An investigation of crown fuel bulk density effects on the dynamics of crown fire initiation in shrublands

Crown fire initiation is studied by using a simple experimental and detailed physical modeling based on Large Eddy Simulation (LES). Experiments conducted thus far reveal that crown fuel ignition via surface fire occurs when the crown base is within the continuous flame region and does not occur when the crown base is located in the hot plume gas region of the surface fire. Accordingly, the focus in this article is on crown fuel ignition when the crown base is situated within the intermittent flame region. In this region, the flame shape and height changes with time over the course of pulsation. This causes the flame to impinge on the crown fuel base and the hot gas is forced through the crown fuel matrix. Under certain conditions, it is observed that the crown fuel bulk density affects the impingement of flame and the ignition of crown fire. The crown fuel properties used were estimated for live chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) with a fuel moisture content of 44% (dry basis). As the crown fuel bulk dens...
National innovation systems, firm strategy, and enabling mobile communications: the case of Nokia

An important element of the growing e–economy is the emergence of firms in the telecommunications sector and the ways in which these are evolving, competing and attempting to capture markets based on strategic goals. A key aspect is the ‘wireless’ or ‘mobile’ telephony phenomenon, which has attracted users across the globe and is gaining importance as new developments linking it to the internet are realised. Utilising the perspectives of competitive advantage and national innovation systems theory, our work examines the evolution of Nokia’s mobile phones and mobile, fixed and internet protocol (IP) networks divisions. The success of the firm can be attributed to a variety of factors. Among the most important are employment of the innovative industrial cluster concept, networking, and state promotion of an emerging information and communication technology (ICT) cluster through the liberalisation of the telephony market. Within the firm itself identification of core competencies (digital signal processing, electronics manufacturing, software platforms and architectures) and the development of niche markets has been important. A major factor in the success has been the ability to evolve technology and to place leading edge innovative products in the market in a timely fashion.
Challenging the traditional organization of Japanese universities

This essay examines how Japaneseresearch universities have changed from anorganizational perspective over the past tenyears. First, Japan has modified graduateeducation to better compete with othercountries. The traditional undergraduateschool-centered system has been changed toinclude a focus on graduate education. Sincegraduate schools are more sensitive to changesin and generation of new knowledge, this newfocus affects various areas of universities,including the status of professors. Second,universities have become loosely coupledsystems as a result of recent reforms, such asintroducing a ``large'' chair system and theseparation of teaching and research. This neworganizational structure makes universitiesmore flexible and more receptive to furtherreforms. Finally, the loosely coupledstructure of Japanese universities requires thecreation and standardization of universityculture. The introduction of newvice-president positions will contribute to theformation of university identity rather thanstrengthen of governance systems.
More than gentrification: geographies of capitalist displacement in Los Angeles 1994-1999

Little is understood about displacement in urban contexts. While some of the difficulties are methodological, the more serious problem is conceptual. Outside of the rent gap hypothesis or the philosophy of property rights, there has been little theoretical inquiry into the causal dynamics of displacement. In this article, I present a study of evictions in Los Angeles that addresses these conceptual and empirical shortcomings. A spatial analysis of more than 70,000 georeferenced evictions between 1994 and 1999 documents the existence of four distinct geographies of displacement, each produced by separate types of causal circumstances. Gentrification explains only one of the four displacement geographies, while the other three are nongentrifying or pre-gentrifying contexts and more appropriately described through growth machine models, global city theory, and financial restructuring. The extent of displacement in pre- and nongentrifying areas reinforces Mark Davidson’s emphasis on Lefebvre’s production of s...
Thermal Considerations for Meeting 20°C and Stringent Temperature Gradient Requirements of IXO SXT Mirror Modules

The Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) is an instrument on the International X-Ray Observatory (IXO). Its flight mirror assembly (FMA) has a single mirror configuration that includes a 3.3 m diameter and 0.93 m tall mirror assembly. It consists of 24 outer modules, 24 middle modules and 12 inner modules. Each module includes more than 200 mirror segments. There are a total of nearly 14,000 mirror segments. The operating temperature requirement of the SXT FMA is 20 C. The spatial temperature gradient requirement between the FMA modules is 1 C or smaller. The spatial temperature gradient requirement within a module is 0.5 C. This paper presents thermal design considerations to meet these stringent thermal requirements.
A Co-Moment Criterion for Firms for the Two Canonical Models of Production Under Uncertainty

This paper shows that there is a common criterion for firms for the two canonical equilibrium models of production under uncertainty, the state-of-nature model and the probability model. When security markets are sufficiently rich to efficiently allocate firms' profit streams among the consumer-investors, the theoretical criterion in the state-of nature model is market-value maximization, while for the probability model it is maximization of a firm's contribution to social welfare. Both criteria however require information not readily available to firms in practice. We show that if risks are not too large then both criteria can be transformed into a common co-moment criterion which a Nash-competitive firm should maximize, taking as given the production decisions of other firms and the co-moment prices, which can be easily deduced from security prices if co-moments of high order are neglected. The co-moment criterion provides a unifying framework for the two equilibrium models of production under uncertainty, and has the merit of being based on information which is readily available.
Recruiting the student-athlete: An examination of the college decision process

The purpose of this study was to create and evaluate a new instrument rooted in a strong theoretical background to more aptly measure and understand factors influencing college decisions of student-athletes. To accomplish this goal, four commonly used instruments and one semi-structured interview were dissected. Upon dissection, like/identical items from each past instrument were grouped together creating a 52 items instrument. Each of the 52 items was then reviewed in reference to the social exchange theory. Those fitting the theoretical framework were kept, while those do fitting the theory were dropped. The instrument was then sent to a panel of reviewers leading to small modifications within the instrument. In the end, a 28 items instrument with face and content validity was left. This instrument was then distributed to current student-athletes at a midsize, Southeastern University. A total of 102 usable questionnaires were returned. Analysis of the results found each of the ascribed factors to be imp...
Songs of an Imprisoned People

This song had probably timed the labor of countless Black slaves on the plantations of America before the Civil War, but when it was first recorded it was a prison work song in the 1930s and it was widely diffused among Black convicts in the 1960s.1 The survival of old slave songs as late twentieth-century convict work songs is immensely revealing, for Black prisoners embody in both their lives and culture the continuity of Black experience in America. The songs and ballads of the chain gang are central to Afro-American history and Afro-American poetic culture, and, therefore, to American history and culture, because Black convicts are part of an imprisoned people within America.
The Role of Chemokines in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing to Wounds

Significance: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being administered to cutaneous wounds with the goal of accelerating wound closure and promoting regeneration instead of scar formation. An ongoing challenge for cell-based therapies is achieving effective and optimal targeted delivery and engraftment at the site of injury. Contributing to this challenge is our incomplete understanding of endogenous MSC homing to sites of injury. Recent Advances: Chemokines and their receptors are now recognized as important mediators of stem cell homing. To date, the most studied chemokine-chemokine receptor axis in MSC homing to wounds is CXCL12-CXCR4 but recent work suggests that CCL27-CCR10 and CCL21-CCR7 may also be involved. Critical Issues: Strategies to enhance chemokine-mediated MSC homing to wounds are using a variety of approaches to amplify the chemokine signal at the wound site and/or overexpress specific chemokine receptors on the surface of the MSC. Future Directions: Harnessing chemokine signaling may enhance the therapeutic effects of stem cell therapy by increasing the number of both exogenous and endogenous stem cells recruited to the site of injury. Alternatively, chemokine-based therapies directly targeting endogenous stem cells may circumvent the need for the time-consuming and costly isolation and expansion of autologous stem cells prior to therapeutic administration.
The Iron Lung - Halfway Technology Revisited (P2.403)

Objective: Review development of the iron lung by industrial hygienist Philip Drinker, physiology instructor Louis Shaw Jr., and inventor/medical-equipment manufacturer John (“Jack”) Emerson. Background: The iron lung was developed to address respiratory sequelae of epidemic poliomyelitis. In 1971, physician-scientist Lewis Thomas used the iron lung as an example of a “halfway technology ⋯ designed to make up for disease, or to postpone death.” Methods: Review of original papers, recollections of relatives/colleagues, patents, and material prepared for patent litigation./B> Results: In 1929, Drinker and Shaw designed an electrically powered tank respirator to facilitate respiration in patients paralyzed by poliomyelitis. The "iron lung" was the first practical means of respiratory support, and Drinker and pediatrician Charles McKhann III soon demonstrated the potential of this device in an 8-year-old girl with poliomyelitis, respiratory failure, and coma. Initial models used two high-speed blowers to exhaust air from the tank and blow it back in. Drinker and Shaw applied for a patent on January 23, 1929, which was granted December 1, 1931. Emerson first saw the Drinker respirator in operation early in 1931, while the Drinker-Shaw patent was pending. Emerson talked with Drinker about a different type of blower, but when Drinker wasn’t interested, Emerson built a respirator that employed a silent leather diaphragm rather than a loud blower, completing the device in July, 1931. Emerson9s respirator was quieter, lighter, more efficient, and less expensive. Drinker and manufacturer Warren Collens Inc filed a patent infringement lawsuit that backfired, when Emerson demonstrated that “inventors in many countries have reached the same goals” to build “respirators of the body-encasing type,” nullifying the original patent. Conclusions: Manufacture of "iron lungs" began in the early 1930s and expanded until development of both a “full technology” for polio (Salk vaccine) and more sophisticated ventilation devices in the 1950s. Disclosure: Dr. Lanska received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Medlink Neurology and Elsevier.
A Contract Negotiation Model for Constituent Systems in the Acquisition of Acknowledged System of Systems

In the acquisition of acknowledged system of systems (SoSs), the SoS manager attempts to reach a coalition agreement with each of selected constituent systems. When the systems have self-interests that are incompatible with the SoS’s goal, contract negotiation is a way of resolving conflicts. Complexity of the acknowledged SoS acquisition makes the negotiation a hard decision process for constituent systems. To the SoS manager, the negotiation with consistent systems is difficult too, considering that the behavior and strategies of constituent systems in negotiation impact the ability and timeliness of a group to agree on an SoS architecture, and so the overall mission effectiveness of the SoS. Motivated by these, this paper develops a contract negotiation model for constituent systems in the acknowledged SoS acquisition. The model consists of: 1) a protocol for negotiating multiple interdependent issues of multiple items over multiple stages and 2) a decision framework of constituent systems. The model is not only a decision support for constituent systems but also a tool with which the SoS manager can better understand constituent systems.
Myocardial energetics after thermally graded hyperkalemic crystalloid cardioplegic arrest.

Previous studies assessing the efficacy of myoprotective regimens have compared preischemic and postischemic myocardial oxygen consumption within a limited range of cardiac performance. However, recent data suggest that ischemia-induced perturbations in myocardial energetics may occur only when the left ventricle develops physiologic pressures. Therefore, in canine hearts supported by cardiopulmonary bypass, myocardial oxygen consumption (ml oxygen × 10 2/beat/100 gm left ventricular weight) was determined during incremental isovolumic pressure-volume loading before and 30 minutes after 2 hours of cardioplegic arrest The ischemic insult was graded by maintaining myocardial temperature at 12° C (Group I, n = 6), 20° C (Group II, n = 7), or 28° C (Group III, n = 6). Postischemic Starling curves were unchanged in Groups I and II but depressed 53% in Group III hearts (p
Clinicians as social policymakers.

Social workers in direct practice make policy decisions that have actual and potential effects on policy at various levels. These decisions, which are made in regard to ideology and intervention, m...
Formation, migration, and clustering energies of interstitial He in α-quartz and β-cristobalite

Abstract Precipitation of implanted helium (He) is detrimental to many nuclear materials. A solid in which implanted He does not precipitate, but rather remains in solution and diffuses readily is potentially of interest for applications requiring resistance to He-induced damage. We use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine He interstitial formation, migration, and clustering energies in two SiO2 polymorphs: α-quartz and β-cristobalite. Our findings show greater He solubility and mobility in the latter than in the former. This difference appears to be due primarily to the unlike atomic-level structures of α-quartz and β-cristobalite, rather than their differing densities. Our findings also suggest that He is unlikely to cluster in either material. The behavior of He in α-quartz and β-cristobalite, and similar forms of silica make them promising materials for further investigation for potential use in applications requiring resistance to He-induced damage.
Behavioral and physiological consequences of enrichment loss in rats

Significant loss produces the highest degree of stress and compromised well-being in humans. Current rodent models of stress involve the application of physically or psychologically aversive stimuli, but do not address the concept of loss. We developed a rodent model for significant loss, involving removal of long-term access to a rewarding enriched environment. Our results indicate that removal from environmental enrichment produces a profound behavioral and physiological phenotype with depression-like qualities, including helplessness behavior, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis dysregulation and overeating. Importantly, this enrichment removal phenotype was prevented by antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, the effects of enrichment removal do not occur following relief from chronic stress and are not duplicated by loss of exercise or social contact.
Physical Scaling Laws of Nanophotonics

We show that nanophotonic device performance scales non-monotonically with critical length and define the metric [Speed / (Energy/bit x Footprint)] to assess the quality of optoelectronic link performance based-on both optical and electrical tradeoffs.
Mass reduction patterning of silicon-on-oxide–based micromirrors

It has long been recognized in the design of micromirror-based optical systems that balancing static flatness of the mirror surface through structural design with the system’s mechanical dynamic response is challenging. Although a variety of mass reduction approaches have been presented in the literature to address this performance trade, there has been little quantifiable comparison reported. In this work, different mass reduction approaches, some unique to the work, are quantifiably compared with solid plate thinning in both curvature and mass using commercial finite element simulation of a specific square silicon-on-insulator–based micromirror geometry. Other important considerations for micromirror surfaces, including surface profile and smoothness, are also discussed. Fabrication of one of these geometries, a two-dimensional tessellated square pattern, was performed in the presence of a 400-μm-tall central post structure using a simple single mask process. Limited experimental curvature measurements of fabricated samples are shown to correspond well with properly characterized simulation results and indicate ∼67% improvement in radius of curvature in comparison to a solid plate design of equivalent mass.
Fabrication of homogenously self-alignment fringe-field switching mode liquid crystal cell without using a conventional alignment layer

ABSTRACTWe propose a novel method to fabricate a uniaxially homogeneous alignment of liquid crystal (LC) molecules without using a conventional alignment layer such as polyimide film. The method produces the polymer alignment layer (PAL) by polymerisation of the monomer including in the LC layer above the TNI of the LC material. The fringe-field switching (FFS) mode LC cell with the PAL (FFS-PAL-LC cell) produced from the monomer 4,4ʹ-di-mehacryloyl-oxy chalcone (4,4ʹ-DMOCh) exhibited enough level of alignment state and electro-optical property compared with the FFS-LC cell having the conventional polyimide-type alignment layer. We can expect that the FFS-PAL-LC cell is useful for next-generation displays such as flexible liquid crystal displays (LCDs) because the method does not need high-temperature process of over 200°C.
Observations of a Surge in a Forced Vortex Flow

IN HIS PAPER "The Structure of Concentrated Vortex Cores," Hall (1966) ~ edited contributions made at the 1964 IUTAM symposium on the "vortex breakdown" phenomenon. The phenomenon deals with stagnation of the axial velocity component of a vortex flow and the resultant change in the vortex structure, principally in the region of the viscous core. Vortex breakdown has been observed in numerous flow situations such as in shear flows past corners, an example of which is flow over the deck near the sail region of a submarine. Due to the highly complex structure of vortex breakdown, few of its flow properties are established, much less understood. Those who have studied the phenomenon, such as Harvey (.1962), Lambourne and Bryer (1962), Gore and Ranz (1964), Chanaud (1965), Granger (1968), and Sarpkaya (1971) to name a few, agree that the change in the vortex flow field is largely due to a sudden rise in pressure. At some axial station in the viscous core the pressure and viscous forces are equal, thereby producing a stagnation region. In some cases the stagnation region may be stationary [see Lambourne and Bryer (1962)] and in others it may be moving [see Granger (1968)]. In the latter case, a few flow properties of vortex breakdown were presented. The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical formula for the speed of a surge that propagates along the eenterline of the vortex flow. A few questions arose from Granger's (1968) paper that presented an experimental investigation of a surge propagating in a vortex sink of constant fluid depth. Did the surge travel within the viscous core and, if so, what was the effect of sink flow rate both on the radial size of the viscous core and on the speed of the surge? How is the speed of the surge predicteda~ A very simplified mathematical model is presented which demonstrates the speed of the surge. The surge is proportional to the three-halves power of the circulation.
Methylation contributes to decreased Smac expression and resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

A65 The second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (Smac) promotes the activation of caspases by blocking inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, thereby enhancing apoptosis. Two head and neck tumor cell lines, UM-SCC-5 and -10B, were selected for cisplatin resistance in vitro by exposure to increasing concentrations of cisplatin. These cisplatin-resistant cell line derivatives, UM-SCC-5PT and -10BPT, exhibited reduced Smac mRNA and protein expression relative to the cisplatin-sensitive UM-SCC-5 and -10B. Using a lentiviral system to stably transduce UM-SCC-10B with one of two different Smac shRNAs or a scrambled control shRNA, we analyzed the role of SMAC in escape from cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Western blot analysis confirmed greater than 80% knockdown of Smac expression in both Smac shRNA transduced cell lines relative to nontransduced and scrambled shRNA controls. Additionally, cell lines expressing Smac shRNA exhibited 17-25% less apoptosis by TUNEL assay in response to 10µM cisplatin than nontransduced and scrambled shRNA controls cells. To test the mechanism leading to loss of Smac expression, UM-SCC-5PT and -10BPT cells were assayed for Smac protein expression 96 hours after a 48-hour treatment with 15µM or 30µM 5-Azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. In both UM-SCC-5PT and -10BPT, Smac protein expression was restored following treatment with 5-Azacytidine. Furthermore, caspase-3 activity increased 3 to 4-fold in UM-SCC-5PT and -10BPT following 48-hour exposure to 10µM cisplatin in cells pretreated with 5-Azacytidine relative to untreated controls. Therefore, our results are the first to indicate that restoring Smac expression with methyltransferase inhibitors such as 5-Azacytidine will sensitize cisplatin-resistant squamous carcinoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis. This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute Head and Neck SPORE grant P50 CA97248, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research DE13346, National Cancer Institute CA83087, National Institute of General Medical Sciences GM07767, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders T32 DC00011 and P30 DC05188, and Cancer Center Support grant 5 P30 CA46592.
The Role of Magnesium in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Stroke and Other Neurological Injuries

Although there are many compounds that may be beneficial for the treatment of various neurological injuries (ischemic or traumatic) there is but one, Mg2+, that has had a rich and controversial history. The physiological investigation of the role of Mg2+ in medicine has had a long history. However, it might come as a surprise that the history of the role of Mg2+ in the pathophysiology of neurological injuries is well over two decades old. The focus of this chapter is to review the available literature on the effects of Mg2+ on the pathophysiology and behavioral recovery from neurological injuries. In addition, data from our laboratory will be presented that has investigated the effects of Mg2+ therapy on recovery of function in the traumatically injured brain.
Investigating temporal variation in stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of Florida Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) recruits

The limited information available on the recruitment dynamics of the Caribbean spiny lobster, Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804), has long been an issue for biologists. The long pelagic larval stage and the surface circulation in the Caribbean Sea have led many researchers to hypothesize that Caribbean lobster stocks are demographically open, implying connectivity among stocks in this region. Multiple approaches have been applied to investigate potential stock connectivity in this species, including biophysical modeling and genetic markers. Stable isotope analysis has proven to be a useful tool to study animal movement, and has been widely applied in studies of both terrestrial and aquatic species. However, this method has never been applied to Caribbean spiny lobster recruits. In the present study, we performed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses on three sub-stages of the non-feeding pueruli (clear, semi-pigmented, and pigmented), as well as on the feeding, first juvenile stage that settled in the Florida Keys from August 2014 to July 2016. Results indicated that the stable isotope values differed between the feeding and non-feeding stages. The δ13C and δ15N values of the lunar monthly samples displayed notable temporal variation and oscillated during the 2-yr sampling period. Cluster analyses of the stable isotope values suggested that four clusters could have contributed to the observed Florida recruits. The results of our study reveal the possibility that the Florida spiny lobster stock receives recruits from multiple source populations outside Florida in addition to self-recruitment.
Tightwad computing: or, building a computing environment from things you might just have on your campus

Building an instructional computing environment with limited institutional support and virtually no budget is a common problem in small, teaching-oriented schools. Our department is no exception. Over the last several years, we have successfully developed low- or no-budget approaches for the following: • Displaying student desktops in a teaching lab • Making class software and student directories available across the campus without involving the campus IT office, and • Using a hands-on approach to teaching networking without using a network for the purpose In addition, we have learned how to make many of these facilities robust both to required, short-notice upgrades and to network failure, again without requiring the involvement of the campus IT office.
Activated mesenchymal stem cells amplify antibiotic activity against chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection (P5056)

Background/Rationale: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the greatest challenges facing the medical community today and new interventions are needed. Recent studies have shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) exhibit antimicrobial activity when activated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in vitro. We hypothesized that activated MSC could enhance the activity of conventional antibiotics in common wound infections. Methods: MSC derived from adipose tissue of mice were expanded in vitro and activated with TLR ligands to assess the effects on antimicrobial activity and production of antimicrobial peptides (AMP). The effects of MSC treatment in vivo were assessed using a mouse model of chronic S. aureus biofilm infection. Mice were treated with a series of 4 MSC i.v. injections, with or without antibiotic treatment, and bacterial load assessed over 14 days via IVIS imaging and bacterial culture of the wound site. Results: Activation of MSC with TLR ligands significantly increased production of the AMP CXCL10 and inhibited bacterial growth in vitro. The most potent TLR agonist in vitro was the TLR3 agonist polyI:C. In the chronic S. aureus infection model, activation of MSC with polyI:C resulted in decreased bacterial counts. Conclusions: Treatment with activated MSC induced AMP production and enhanced antibiotic therapy in vivo. These results suggest that stem cell therapy using activated MSC may be an effective means to enhance antibiotic therapy for chronic infections.
Use of Dietary Supplements at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to define dietary supplement (DS) use by cancer patients and to investigate factors associated with DS use during cancer treatment. Methods: A...
PRESENCE OF A NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE DEFICIENCY STATE AMONGST PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH HYPERTENSION

The endocrine heart secretes atrial and b-type natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP) as a regulatory mechanism to maintain blood pressure (BP) homeostasis. By binding to the guanylyl cyclase A receptor (GC-A), ANP and BNP activate cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), resulting in BP lowering,
Influence of semantics on the perception of gender and femininity

Research on the perception of femininity of a speaker has either focused on acoustic parameters (e.g., F0) or on lexical differences (e.g., mauve/purple). This study simultaneously examined how acoustic parameters and semantic content affect the perception of a speaker’s gender and femininity. Three speaker groups (cismen, ciswomen, and transwomen) produced sentences that were categorized as containing masculine lexical items (e.g., The boy gave the football a kick), feminine items (e.g., The little girl cuddled her doll), or neutral items (e.g., Airmail requires a special stamp). Listeners were first asked to identify the gender (male/female) and then asked to rate femininity on a visual analog scale. Results revealed no significant differences in femininity based on the lexical category of the sentences. Consistent with previous findings, average F0 predicted femininity ratings. Despite previous research showing differences in speaking rate for cismale and cisfemale speakers, our data revealed no effect of speaking rate on femininity rating.
Lunar influences in the diet habits and selectivity of larval clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus.

The influence of the lunar cycle on the feeding habits, feeding success and selectivity was tested in situ on larval stages of the clingfish Gobiesox marmoratus (Gobiesocidae). Gobiesox marmoratus larvae and their prey were collected in the water column during the lunar cycle in austral spring 2015 and 2016, in shallow waters (<30 m depth) of El Quisco, central Chile. Feeding incidence was high (80-100%) throughout the moon cycle. The diet was composed of 32 prey items, being gastropod larvae and invertebrate eggs the most important. Prey composition varied among lunar phases with the lowest prey richness during new moon. During 2016, G. marmoratus larvae ingested the lowest number, but the largest prey during new moon. In spring 2015, there were no significant changes in the abundance of each prey taxon in the water column among moon phases, but in spring 2016 there were significant differences in the abundance of cypris and copepod nauplii, particularly between full and new moon. Feeding selectivity index showed that gastropod larvae were positively selected throughout the lunar cycle during spring 2015. In spring 2016, invertebrate eggs were selectively ingested in full moon and third quarter, but at a new moon G. marmoratus larvae selected gastropod larvae. Mean temperature of the water column and its vertical gradient and nocturnal cloud cover influences the feeding success of larval G. marmoratus. Lunar illumination favoured only an increase of richness of prey items. Therefore, nocturnal cloud cover precludes a greater influence of lunar illumination in the larval trophic ecology of this crypto-benthic fish.
An Empirical Example of Change Analysis by Linking Longitudinal Item Response Data From Multiple Tests

Linking, equating, and calibrating refer to a series of statistical methods for comparing scores from tests (scales, measures, etc.) that do not contain the same exact set of measurements but presume to measure the same underlying construct. Lord (1955a,1955b) provided one of the first examples of this kind where one test (x) was administered to 1,200 people, while two other tests (y 1 & y 2 ) were each only administered to a different half of the group. The resulting data and analysis were reprinted in Cudeck (2000), who showed that the assumption of a single factor model for all three tests (x, y 1 , y 2 ) made it possible to identify a maximum likelihood estimator of the correlation among the two variables that were never measured on the same persons (y 1 & y 2 ). In contemporary terms the common score (x) served as an anchor for the correlation of the other two scores, and this simple design is one version of what is termed a nonequivalent anchor test (von Davier, Holland, & Thayer,2004b).
Oxygen Consumption in the First Stages of Strenuous Work as a Function of Prior Exercise.

This study exanined the extent to which ].0 minutes of prior exercise (PE) at a workload adjusted to maintain a heart rate (HR) of 140 bpm could facilitate the mobilization of the 02 transport system in a strenuous criterion task (CT). The interval between the PE and CT was 30 seconds. The CT required the S to pedal for 2 minutes at a load of 1632 kpm/min The control treatment involved completion of the CT following 10 minutes of rest on the ertometer. Comparisons between treatments were made during the 30 seconds between PR and CT, for four 30 second periods during the CT and for the 6o seconds following the CT. VO2 was significantly higher following PR at every stage except the second 30 second period of the CT and the 6o second post-CT period. Ventilation was significantly higher following ps at every stage except the last 30 seconds of the CT and the 60 second post-CT period. HR was significantly higher following PR at every stage. And 02 pulse was significantly higher following PE only during the 30 second pre-CT period and the first 30 seconds of the CT, indicating that the PE facilitated the mobilization of stroke volume (SV) and/or A -V 02 difference. The similar values for 02 pulse during the last 90 seconds of the CT indicate that the higher V02 following PR was a function of higher HR, not higher SV or A-V 02 difference.
Identification of risk factors for early psychiatric rehospitalization

Identifying risk factors for early psychiatric rehospitalization (EPR, rehospitalization within 90 days) can inform strategies to reduce rehospitalization rates. Random forest (RF), a tree-based classification algorithm, can be useful for identifying potential risk factors for EPR from a large number of patient factors. Patient characteristics were collected from 519 psychiatric inpatients at eight New York City hospitals. RF was used to identify potential risk factors for EPR. Multiple logistic regression was performed to assess the association between the identified risk factors and rehospitalization. Top risk factors identified by RF were previous psychiatric hospitalizations, number of post-discharge needs, social isolation, and sense of belonging in one's community. Follow-up analyses confirmed the significant association between EPR and number of previous psychiatric hospitalizations, number of endorsed post-discharge needs, and social isolation after adjusting for demographic variables. Understanding the contributors to EPR can better inform mental health service planning, policies, and programs that promote recovery.
Peripheral Monocytosis at Admission to Predict Cerebral Infarct and Poor Functional Outcomes in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients

Objective Increasing evidence points monocytes' role to be larger than thought in developing cerebral infarction (CI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, there is no clinical evidence of the relationship between peripheral monocytes and CI and clinical outcomes. Therefore we determine whether an increase in monocytes in the acute phase is useful to predict CI and functional outcomes in SAH patients. Methods We included 204 patients with an SAH diagnosis. We collected patient-related factors, comorbidities, Hunt-Hess grade, modified Fisher grade, treatment, delayed cerebral ischemia, CI, aneurysm characteristics, and peripheral monocytes from vein blood at admission. Poor outcomes were defined as modified Rankin Scale score ≥3. Results Fifty (24.5%) patients had CI before discharge. In a multivariate model, increased monocytes at admission were significantly associated with CI after adjusting for IV-V Hunt-Hess grade and delayed cerebral ischemia (odds ratio: 3.193, 95% confidence interval: 1.069–9.532, P = 0.037). In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, a monocyte count of 0.60 was identified as the best cutoff value to discriminate the development of CI (area under the curve = 0.622, P = 0.010; CI for monocytes Conclusions Increased peripheral monocytes at admission is a risk factor for developing CI after SAH. Moreover, short- and long-term poor clinical outcomes were associated with higher monocyte count. Therefore monocytes could be a convenient biomarker for prognosis unfavorable outcomes and a possible target for new therapeutic strategies.
Authorship Not Taught and Not Caught in Undergraduate Research Experiences at a Research University

This grounded study investigated the negotiation of authorship by faculty members, graduate student mentors, and their undergraduate proteges in undergraduate research experiences at a private research university in the northeastern United States. Semi-structured interviews using complementary scripts were conducted separately with 42 participants over a 3 year period to probe their knowledge and understanding of responsible authorship and publication practices and learn how faculty and students entered into authorship decision-making intended to lead to the publication of peer-reviewed technical papers. Herein the theoretical model for the negotiation of authorship developed through the analysis of these interviews is reported. The model identifies critical causal and intervening conditions responsible for the coping strategies faculty and students employ, which, in our study, appear to often produce unfortunate consequences for all involved. The undergraduate student researchers and their graduate student mentors interviewed in this study exhibited a limited understanding of authorship and the requirements for authorship in their research groups. The power differential between faculty and students, the students’ limited epistemic development, the busy-ness of the faculty, and the faculty’s failure to prioritize authorship have been identified as key factors inhibiting both undergraduate and graduate students from developing a deeper understanding of responsible authorship and publication practices. Implications for graduate education and undergraduate research are discussed, and strategies for helping all students to develop a deeper understanding of authorship are identified.
Hepatitis C Treatment in Prisons - Incarcerated People's Uncertain Right to Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy

Hepatitis C Treatment in Correctional Facilities Access to highly effective direct-acting antiviral drugs has largely remained elusive for incarcerated people, who are disproportionately affected b...
VISOB 2.0 - The Second International Competition on Mobile Ocular Biometric Recognition

Following the success of VISOB 1.0 visible light ocular biometrics competition at IEEE ICIP 2016, we organized VISOB 2.0 competition at IEEE WCCI 2020. The aim of VISOB 2.0 competition was to evaluate and compare the performance of ocular biometrics recognition approaches in visible light using (a) stacks of five images captured in burst mode and (b) subject-independent evaluation, where subjects do not overlap between training and testing set. We received three submissions in which the authors developed various deep learning based and texture-analysis based methods. The best results were obtained by a team from Federal University of Parana (Curitiba, Brazil), achieving an Equal Error Rate (EER) of \(5.25\%\) in a subject-independent evaluation setting.
Overcoming the “Distance”: Robert Doran as a Bridge between the Trinitarian Analogies of Bernard Lonergan and Hans Urs von Balthasar:

Bernard Lonergan and Hans Urs von Balthasar would appear to be worlds apart in their trinitarian theologies. The former championed while the latter eschewed the traditional Western psychological an...
SU-F-207-11: On the Relationship of Minimum Required Dose to Low Contrast Detectability and Blending Fractions With Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) in Abdominal CT

Purpose: It is of practical use to obtain the dose for a specified low contrast lesion detectability and a given ASIR fraction before the scan. To achieve the goal, we investigated the relationship of the minimum required dose to low contrast detectability and ASIR blending fraction in abdominal CT scans. Methods: A realistically shaped abdomen phantom (CIRS TE-07) with an embedded vertebral bone rod was utilized. Helical CT scans were performed on a GE 750 HD at two dose levels of 8 mGy and 18 mGy. The images were reconstructed using different ASIR fractions (0–100%). The noise images, obtained using subtraction from adjacent slices, were partitioned into different scales using matrices of square cells sized differently. The noise at each cell size can be quantified by the standard deviation (sd) of the cell mean pixel values distribution. Upon verifying that the distributions follow Gaussian, we proposed that the statistically defined minimum detectable contrast (MDC) can be applied to ASIR reconstructed images, i.e., MDC = 3.29sd. We then defined the normalized MDC (N_MDC) as the ratio of the MDC with ASIR to the MDC with filtered backprojection and postulated that N_MDC is dose independent. N_MDC was obtained at each cell size from different ASIR blending fractions at different dose levels. Results: The matrix cell means distribution was verified following Gaussian. N_MDC was found to linearly decrease as the ASIR blending fraction increases. The relationship is the same with two distinct doses. For the specified MDC at lesion size d and ASIR blending fraction (s), the minimum required dose D = [14.05(1-bs)/(MDC*d^1.12)]^2.03, where b = 0.005/d^0.784. Conclusion: The relationship of the minimum required dose to low contrast detectability and ASIR blending fraction was obtained. It can be used to adjust the scan parameters corresponding to the calculated minimum required dose.
Beyond the Schoolhouse Gate: Do Student First Amendment Rights Apply to Classroom Assignments?

While it has long been apparent that the First Amendment protection for freedom of expression limits the discretion of public school teachers and administrators, it has been assumed that those limitations do not constrain equally all aspects of a school's operation. One area that has seemed somewhat immune from First Amendment free speech oversight has been the pedagogic choices made by schools in defining their own educational objectives. Public schools have been permitted to select curricular materials for use in their classrooms and have been able to evaluate whether students have fulfilled course requirements without concern that they may be violating the free speech rights of their students. The cases discussed raise issues about the possibility of First Amendment review of school assignments that schools will ignore at their peril.
Effect of Acetaminophen on Behavior, Well‐Being, and Psychotropic Medication Use in Nursing Home Residents with Moderate‐to‐Severe Dementia

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of regularly sched-uled administration of analgesic medication on behavior,emotional well-being, and use of as-needed psychotropicmedications in nursing home residents with moderate-to-severe dementia.DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,crossover trial.SETTING: Nursing-home based.PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-ﬁvenursinghomeresidentswithmoderate-to-severe dementia.INTERVENTION: Participants received 4 weeks of acet-aminophen (3,000mg/d) and 4 weeks of placebo.MEASUREMENTS: Behavior and emotional well-beingwere assessed using Dementia Care Mapping, an observa-tional methodthat quantiﬁestimespentinbehaviorsacross26 domains (e.g., social interaction, unattended distress)and assesses emotional state while behaviors are being ob-served. Agitation was measured using the Cohen-MansﬁeldAgitation Inventory. As-needed psychotropic medicationuse was aggregated from medication logs.RESULTS: Participants spent more time in social interac-tion,engaged withmedia,talkingtothemselves,engaged inwork-like activity, and experiencing unattended distresswhentheyreceivedacetaminophenthantheydidwhentheyreceived placebo. Participants also spent less time in theirrooms, less time removed from the nursing home unit, andless time performing personal care activities when they re-ceived acetaminophen. There were no effects on agitation,emotional well-being, or as-needed psychotropic medica-tion use.CONCLUSION: Untreated pain inhibits activity in nurs-ing home residents with moderate-to-severe dementia. Paintreatment in this group may facilitate engagement with theenvironment. J Am Geriatr Soc 53:1921–1929, 2005.Key words: dementia; pain; pain measurement; analge-sics; psychomotor agitation
Human Resource Management, Psychology of

Human resource management (HRM) includes five broad activities that together constitute the HRM system: staffing, retention, development, adjustment, and managing change. Its objectives are to optimize the performance and productivity of all workers in an organization, and to help line managers manage those workers more effectively. Modern HRM traces its roots to a variety of historical influences, beginning with the industrial revolution. New challenges face today’s HR managers based on the new paradigm of work: anytime, anywhere, in real space or in cyberspace.
Effects of Land Use on the Climate of the United States

Land use practices have replaced much of the natural needleleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, and mixed forests of the Eastern United States with crops. To a lesser extent, the natural grasslands in the Central United States have also been replaced with crops. Simulations with a land surface process model coupled to an atmospheric general circulation model show that the climate of the United States with modern vegetation is significantly different from that with natural vegetation. Three important climate signals caused by modern vegetation are: (1) 1 °C cooling over the Eastern United States and 1 °C warming over the Western United States in spring; (2) summer cooling of up to 2 °C over a wide region of the Central United States; and (3) moistening of the near-surface atmosphere by 0.5 to 1.5 g kg-1over much of the United States in spring and summer. Although individual months show large, statistically significant differences in precipitation due to land-use practices, these differences average out over the course of the 3-month seasons. These changes in surface temperature and moisture extend well into the atmosphere, up to 500 mb, and affect the boundary layer and atmospheric circulation. The altered climate is due to reduced surface roughness, reduced leaf and stem area index, reduced stomatal resistance, and increased surface albedo with modern vegetation compared to natural vegetation. The climate change caused by land use practices is comparable to other well known anthropogenic climate forcings. For example, it would take 100 to 175 years at the current, observed rate of summer warming over the United States to offset the cooling from deforestation. The summer sulfate aerosol forcing completely offsets the greenhouse forcing over the Eastern United States. Similarly, the climatic effect of North American deforestation, with extensive summer cooling, further offsets the greenhouse forcing.