cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ownership and Compensation as Incentives to Corporation Executives

I. The problem, 455. — II. Sample and data: 149 out of 200 largest (1929) non-financial firms for which data are available, 457; basis for selecting executives for study, 457; sources and quality of data, 458. — III. Stockholdings: value and dividends, 460. — IV. Executive compensation, 465. — V. The various incentives compared, 466. — VI. Summary and conclusion, 470.
"At this point now": older workers' reflections on their current employment experiences.

Despite the frequently referenced graying of the U.S. workforce, we know relatively little about the work-related concerns and experiences of older workers—those aged 55+. This qualitative study ad...
A novel pathway for glycan assembly: Biosynthesis of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor of the trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein

The trypanosome variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), like many other eukaryotic cell surface proteins, is anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. This glycolipid is assembled first as a precursor (glycolipid A) that is then covalently attached to the newly synthesized polypeptide. We have developed a trypanosome cell-free system capable of performing all of the steps in the biosynthesis of the glycan portion of glycolipid A. Using [3H]sugar nucleotides as substrates, several biosynthetic intermediates have been identified. From structural analyses of these intermediates, we propose a pathway for GPI biosynthesis. Based on comparisons between the VSG GPI anchor and similar structures in other cells, we believe that this same pathway will apply to the GPI anchors, and the related insulin-mediator compound, of higher eukaryotes.
The Annealing Process in Solid 4 He

We have used a torsional oscillator with square cross section and a resonance frequency of 185 Hz to confirm the nonclassical rotational inertia (NCRI) discovered by Kim and Chan (Nature 427:225, 2004; Science 305:1941, 2004). We have also found a strong correlation between the NCRI signal and a high dissipation Q−1 of 4×10−6 of the oscillation above the transition temperature. Here, we present preliminary results of the annealing process in 4He at a pressure of 26 bar. When holding the temperature constant above 1 K we have observed a immediate rise in the period and a slow decay of the dissipation. The equilibrium value of Q−1 decreases with increasing temperature.
Predicting the energetics of defects at T>0 K

Abstract The first-principles theory of defects in semiconductors is very good at predicting most ground state properties of defects in periodic supercells at T = 0 K . Even though the total zero-point energy is ignored, these calculations lead to reliable geometries, energetics, densities, and local vibrational modes. However, much of the real world operates around room temperature, samples are annealed or exposed to various sources of energy which, ultimately, raise the temperature of the crystal. In this paper, we extend first-principles theory to finite temperatures by calculating explicitly the various contributions to the free energy (at constant volume). The emphasis in this paper is on the temperature and sample dependence of binding free energies.
The Costa Rican general elections of 6 February 1994

On Sunday, 6 February 1994, elections were held in Costa Rica to elect a president, all 57 members of the Legislative Assembly and to fill 953 municipal seats (the rigidores and sindicos of cantones) as well as an equal number of their alternates. Jose Maria Figueres Olsen—the son of the charismatic leader that helped to found the National Liberation Party (PLN)—led this party to a narrow victory over Miguel Angel Rodriguez, the candidate of the Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC), the party of President Radael Angel Calderon Fournier (1990-4). This highly contested race also furnished the PLN with the largest plurality of deputies in the Legislative Assembly. Results of presidential and legislative races are summarized in the tables found at the end of this brief note.
Analysis of test results via log-linear models

The recently developed log-linear model procedures are applied to three types of data arising in a measurement context. First, because of the historical intersection of survey methods and test norming, the log-linear model approach should have direct utility in the analysis of norm-referenced test results. Several different schemes for analyzing the homogeneity of test score distributions are presented that provide a finer analysis of such data than was previously available. Second, the analysis of a contingency table resulting from the cross-classification of students on the basis of criterion-referenced test results and instructionally related variables is presented. Third, the intersection of log-linear models and item parameter estimation procedures under latent trait theory are shown. The illustrative examples in each of these areas suggest that log-linear models can be a versatile and useful data analysis technique in a measurement context. A new data analysis technique known as log-linear models has been developed over the past decade, providing a means for the analysis of qualitative data at a level of sophistication that has long been available for quantitative data. Under the log-linear procedures, a researcher can establish a linear model for the observed frequencies in the cells of a multidimensional contingency table in a manner similar to that used in the analysis of variance. The intent is to find a log-linear model that (1) fits the data and (2) is parsimonious in the number of terms employed. A variety of levels of presentation of this approach are provided in recent books by Bishop, Fienberg, and Holland (1975), Bock (1975, chap. 8), Everitt (1977), Fienberg (1977), and Haberman (1978, 1979). In addition, a number of computer programs such as MULTIQUAL (Bock & Yates, 1973), ECTA (Fay
Guns, Offense Type, and Virginia Exile: Should Gun Reduction Policies Focus on Specific Offenses?

Efforts to curb gun crimes are the cornerstone of many criminal justice policies. Recent policies have called for different strategies including stiffer penalties, targeting hot spots, and targeting specific types of offenses. In this article, attention is given to whether gun reduction policies should focus on specific offense types as was outlined in Virginia Exile, a statewide policy aiming to deter gun violence. Case files (n = 559) from one prosecutor's office in southeastern Virginia were reviewed to determine the degree to which gun offenses were tied to three offenses—robbery, homicide, and drug offenses. Attention was also given to the dynamics surrounding crimes in which guns were used. The results suggest that guns were rarely used in drug offenses (which included possession offenses). Also, offenders from nearby communities were more likely to carry guns than those who lived in the community where they were arrested. Implications are provided.
Use of Design of Experiment Approach to Predict Force-Displacement Relationship for the Knee Joint and Menisci in a Multi-Body Dynamic Knee Model

The multi-body method can provide computationally efficient simulations of muscle and tissue interactions. A limitation of the multi-body approach is in the functional representation of soft tissues such as articular cartilage and the menisci. In previous work, a deformable contact with constant coefficients was applied to a subject-specific multi-body knee model to define the contact force between patella, femur, and tibia articular cartilage [1, 2]. Hertzian contact theory was used to determine the parameters of the compliant contact force model based on cartilage material properties and contact geometry. To improve upon the Hertzian theory formulation of contact parameters, a design of experiments approach was used to find prediction equations to determine parameters for a compliant contact and multi-body meniscus model. Solutions for the prediction equations can come from either finite element or experimental solutions.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Inclusive 150-MeV-proton-induced spectra at forward angles.

Inclusive proton spectra were measured from the interaction of 150 MeV protons with a variety of targets ranging from berylium to bismuth over the angular range from 10/sup 0/ to 30/sup 0/. At all of the angles at which data were taken the spectra from the berylium and the carbon targets show strong peaks attributable to quasifree scattering while the spectra from nickel and heavier targets are rather flat throughout the continuum region. The quasifree scattering is calculated using a Fermi gas model, with the nucleus a uniform sphere, and in this picture the required attenuation of a quasifree peak requires a nucleon free path of no more than about 3.5 fm. Spectra of deuterons, tritons, /sup 3/He, and alpha particles were also measured.
Surfactant effects in polytetrafluoroethylene dispersion polymerization

Abstract The polymerization rate, surfactant adsorption behaviour and polymer particle morphology are significantly affected by initial surfactant concentration and polymerization time in the aqueous dispersion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene. The surfactants are lithium perfluoroalkanoates (CF 3 (CF 2 ) n CO 2 Li, n = 5−8). Both hexagonally shaped and short rod-like particles are formed in early stages of the polymerization when the initial surfactant concentration is below its critical micelle concentration (c.m.c.) An increase in the surfactant chain length and concentration tends to promote formation of hexagons. At longer polymerization times, roughly spherical particles, called cobblestones, form the dominant population. As the initial surfactant concentration is increased past its c.m.c., rod-like particles become the dominant population, with the aspect ratio of the rods increasing as the surfactant concentration increases. As previously reported, the rod-like particles and hexagons are single crystals and dispersions of exclusively rod-like particles can form a separate anisotropic phase.
Use of deep linguistic features for the recognition and labeling of semantic arguments

We use deep linguistic features to predict semantic roles on syntactic arguments, and show that these perform considerably better than surface-oriented features. We also show that predicting labels from a "lightweight" parser that generates deep syntactic features performs comparably to using a full parser that generates only surface syntactic features.
A randomized parallel branch-and-bound procedure

We present a universal randomized method called Local Best-First Search for parallelizing sequential branch-and-bound algorithms. The method executes on a message-passing multiprocessor system, and requires no global data structures or complex communication protocols. We show that, uniformly on all instances, the execution time of the method is unlikely to exceed a certain inherent lower bound by more than a constant factor.
Impact on survival by method of recurrence detection in stage I and II cutaneous melanoma.

Background: The impact on survival by components of a surveillance program (physical examination, blood tests, and chest radiograph) used to detect recurrences in patients with cutaneous melanoma was assessed. Methods: Data were collected from medical records and tumor registry information on a historical cohort of 1004 patients who presented with AJCC Stage I or II cutaneous melanoma at Roswell Park Cancer Institute from 1971 through 1995. Results: Information on method of detection was available on 154 out of 174 identified first recurrences (89%). Physical examination detected 72% of recurrences, constitutional symptoms indicated 17% of recurrences, and chest radiograph revealed 11% of recurrences. Blood tests did not predict any recurrence. Only 9 of 17 patients with recurrences detected by chest radiograph alone underwent curative surgical resection. These patients had a statistically significant prolonged survival after diagnosis of recurrence compared to those surgical candidates who did not undergo resection. There was no statistically significant difference in overall survival between patients with asymptomatic pulmonary recurrences and those whose pulmonary recurrences were detected after symptoms of metastatic disease had developed. Conclusions: Most recurrences are detected on physical examination. Blood tests have no role in surveillance programs. Chest radiographs can detect pulmonary recurrences in a small number of asymptomatic patients at a stage when surgery may prolong survival.
Digital image processing test patterns

An easily generated test pattern is proposed. This digital test pattern is based on a linearly swept frequency modulated signal, thus the effects of an algorithm on the test pattern can be related to the two-dimensional frequency characteristics of the algorithm under test. The test pattern can be used to give a check of the algorithm frequency response along with providing aliasing information, such as which frequencies are aliased, and where they are aliased to.
The Enterprise AID methodology: Concepts

Abstract The Enterprise AID − for assessment, improvement, and design − methodology is a systems science-, operational test and evaluation-, and multicriteria decision analysis-based approach to design and deployment of performance measurement systems (PMSs) tailored to specific enterprises pursuing any or all of enterprise assessment, improvement, or design. Its two phases of design and deployment sprang from designers’ inductively generated and now prototyped response to a gap they recognized between performance measurement capabilities required by contemporary enterprises and those offered by contemporary PMSs. This paper illustrates key concepts underlying AID , while a companion document, The Enterprise AID methodology: Application , draws from a prototyping effort to identify value to be gained by stakeholders from PMSs designed and deployed with methodology application.
The effects of estradiol and progesterone on rat ovarian 17-hydroxylase and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities

Abstract Testosterone biosynthesis by Leydig cells can be modulated by estradiol. This modulation appears to occur at the 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-desmolase stage. In this study we have examined the effects of estradiol and progesterone on the activities of the 17-hydroxylase (17-OH) and 3s-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3s-HSD) in rat ovarian tissue, to examine the hypothesis that estradiol may regulate these enzymes in the ovary as well as in the testis. Estradiol capsule implants produced a decrease in 17-OH activity (0.5 ± 0.05 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 nmol/mg protein/min, mean ± SEM, p We conclude that estradiol decreases 17-OH activity in the ovary as it does in the testis. This, coupled with an increase in 3s-HSD may explain the pre-ovulatory increase in progesterone seen in many species. Progesterone seems to decrease the steroidogenic activity of the ovarian tissue, perhaps offering an explanation for the gonadotropin resistance seen in corpus luteum bearing ovaries.
Numerical reconstruction in a three-spectra inverse Sturm–Liouville problem with mixed boundary conditions

AbstractThis paper proposes an algorithm for the numerical reconstruction of the coefficient (also called ‘potential’) function in the canonical Sturm–Liouville differential operator from three known sequences of its eigenvalues. These correspond respectively to three sets of mixed boundary conditions: Dirichlet type for the interval , Dirichlet–Robin type for the interval and Robin–Dirichlet type for the interval , where is an interior point of the interval . This problem originates in an engineering application involving a string and its frequencies of oscillations when set into vibration. The method will be illustrated with numerical examples including both continuous and discontinuous potential functions.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to study intercompartmental proteostasis: Interrelation of mitochondrial function, longevity, and neurodegenerative diseases

The protein quality control system, composed of molecular chaperones and proteases, is of vital importance for the maintenance and function of the proteome and the health of the cell. To achieve this, the cellular proteostasis network integrates the protein folding machinery across all compartments of the eukaryotic cell to enable efficient communication and coordinate a rapid response of folding capacity. Quality control in the mitochondria, however, differs from its cytosolic counterpart due to its prokaryotic origin, and is entirely encoded by the nuclear genome. The control and regulatory cross-talk of mitochondrial function in cellular proteostasis is essential for cellular metabolism, organismal development, and lifespan. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction has dramatic effects on the development and progression of a number of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia and Parkinson's disease. Studies using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system have greatly contributed to our current knowledge of inter-compartmental proteostasis on the cellular and organismal levels.
Characterization of Capsicum annuum Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Based on Parallel Polymorphism Discovery with a 30K Unigene Pepper GeneChip

The widely cultivated pepper, Capsicum spp., important as a vegetable and spice crop world-wide, is one of the most diverse crops. To enhance breeding programs, a detailed characterization of Capsicum diversity including morphological, geographical and molecular data is required. Currently, molecular data characterizing Capsicum genetic diversity is limited. The development and application of high-throughput genome-wide markers in Capsicum will facilitate more detailed molecular characterization of germplasm collections, genetic relationships, and the generation of ultra-high density maps. We have developed the Pepper GeneChip® array from Affymetrix for polymorphism detection and expression analysis in Capsicum. Probes on the array were designed from 30,815 unigenes assembled from expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Our array design provides a maximum redundancy of 13 probes per base pair position allowing integration of multiple hybridization values per position to detect single position polymorphism (SPP). Hybridization of genomic DNA from 40 diverse C. annuum lines, used in breeding and research programs, and a representative from three additional cultivated species (C. frutescens, C. chinense and C. pubescens) detected 33,401 SPP markers within 13,323 unigenes. Among the C. annuum lines, 6,426 SPPs covering 3,818 unigenes were identified. An estimated three-fold reduction in diversity was detected in non-pungent compared with pungent lines, however, we were able to detect 251 highly informative markers across these C. annuum lines. In addition, an 8.7 cM region without polymorphism was detected around Pun1 in non-pungent C. annuum. An analysis of genetic relatedness and diversity using the software Structure revealed clustering of the germplasm which was confirmed with statistical support by principle components analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic analysis. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of parallel high-throughput discovery and application of genome-wide transcript-based markers to assess genetic and genomic features among Capsicum annuum.
Low voltage electrophoresis on a CMOS chip

Electrophoresis is a valuable technique for the separation and analysis of chemical and biological specimens. Typically, an electric field is established between two electrodes that induces charged particles to move and separate. Instead of using only one electrode at each end of the separation area, this paper presents a very small, low voltage system that utilizes electrodes beneath the entire separation area, enabling better control of high electric fields using very small voltages over small areas. By employing multiple electrodes, strong electric fields can be established using very low voltages (less than 5 V) over small distances. The electrodes are also used to sense sample locations and concentrations using amperometric detection, and integrated electronics allow precise control over the fields. The system presented here includes 100 individually addressable electrodes and their corresponding circuitry on a 2 mm by 2 mm chip and is designed using the AMI 1.5 mum CMOS process available through MOSIS.
HVDC controls for power system stability

This paper discusses the impact of HVDC on Power System Stability and proposes a control mechanism to augment the system angle stability. At first, the authors discuss the HVDC model used in transient studies. Basically, it is the same as used in power flow studies, details of which have been given in Section II of the paper. The model considers the limits of HVDC lines, which consists of many control modes. A case has been studied where the HVDC tends to make the system unstable if the setting of the line is not changed during and after a fault. They then propose a control mechanism to strengthen the system stability. Two types of controllers, namely proportional control and proportional-integral control have been studied and compared. Also they have shown their effects on the system stability.
The effects of logic partitioning in a majority logic based CMOS-NANO FPGA

In recent years, novel nanotechnology has been considered as an eventual replacement or extension for conventional technologies (e.g., CMOS) as they migrate to smaller scales. This work explores the use of such nanoscale devices for the development of a robust hybrid CMOS-nano field programmable gate array (FPGA). In particular, we utilize the properties of negative differential resistance (NDR) and hysteretic switching, observed from some nanoelectronic devices, in the design of an array-based logic circuit dubbed the programmable majority logic array (PMLA). The hybrid CMOS-nano FPGA system design described in this paper incorporates the area and power efficiency of the nano PMLA with the speed and robustness of CMOS. Furthermore, the effects of how logic is partitioned between the nano PMLA and CMOS are also considered.
Image reconstruction by bivariate quadratic splines

An approximation method for reconstructing the smooth image from a set of pixel data is described. The approximation space used is the space of bivariate piecewise polynomials of total degree two on the crisscross triangulation that have continuous first partial derivatives everywhere. This space is known to have a basis consisting of minimally supported functions, called B-splines for convenience. An iterative algorithm is developed to increase the accuracy of approximation and demonstrated numerically to be convergent. Numerical comparisons to other approximation and interpolation techniques are presented using two different error measures. Examples of image reconstructions are included. >
Complement receptors (CR) and cytotoxic responses: monoclonal antibodies directed against CR1 and CR3 inhibit the generation of human allospecific and virus specific cytotoxic cells in vitro.

AbstractA variety of cellular immune responses involve complement factors which bind to specific receptors, and modulate or effect a specific reaction. Monoclonal antibodies (MAb) have been generated against complement receptors (CR) 1 and 3, which were utilized to investigate human allogeneic and Epstein-Barr virus specific cytotoxic cells in vitro. MAb OKM1, which binds to the C3bi CR (CR3), and MAb M710, which binds to the C3b/4b CR (CR1), inhibited the generation of both allogeneic and virus specific cytotoxic responses in vitro in a dose-dependent way; doses of 1 μg/ml (or greater) completely abrogated the cytotoxic responses. Inibition of these responses was observed when the MAb was added to the cultures at any time point except the last two days. In addition, treatment of the responder (but not the stimulator cells) with either MAb resulted in complete inhibition of cytotoxic responses. These experiment indicate that complement receptors participate in the generation of human cytotoxic responses i...
Criteria for effective design, construction, and gene knockdown by shRNA vectors

RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a powerful methodology recently developed for the specific knockdown of targeted genes. RNAi is most commonly achieved either transiently by transfection of small interfering (si) RNA oligonucleotides, or stably using short hairpin (sh) RNA expressed from a DNA vector or virus. Much controversy has surrounded the development of rules for the design of effective siRNA oligonucleotides; and whether these rules apply to shRNA is not well characterized. To determine whether published algorithms for siRNA oligonucleotide design apply to shRNA, we constructed 27 shRNAs from 11 human genes expressed stably using retroviral vectors. We demonstrate an efficient method for preparing wild-type and mutant control shRNA vectors simultaneously using oligonucleotide hybrids. We show that sequencing through shRNA vectors can be problematic due to the intrinsic secondary structure of the hairpin, and we determine a strategy for effective sequencing by using a combination of modified BigDye chemistries and DNA relaxing agents. The efficacy of knockdown for the 27 shRNA vectors was evaluated against six published algorithms for siRNA oligonucleotide design. Our results show that none of the scoring algorithms can explain a significant percentage of variance in shRNA knockdown efficacy as assessed by linear regression analysis or ROC curve analysis. Application of a modification based on the stability of the 6 central bases of each shRNA provides fair-to-good predictions of knockdown efficacy for three of the algorithms. Analysis of an independent set of data from 38 shRNAs pooled from previous publications confirms these findings. The use of mixed oligonucleotide pairs provides a time and cost efficient method of producing wild type and mutant control shRNA vectors. The addition to sequencing reactions of a combination of mixed dITP/dGTP chemistries and DNA relaxing agents enables read through the intrinsic secondary structure of problematic shRNA vectors. Six published algorithms for siRNA oligonucleotide design that were tested in this study show little or no efficacy at predicting shRNA knockdown outcome. However, application of a modification based on the central shRNA stability should provide a useful improvement to the design of effective shRNA vectors.
Human resource issues in outsourcing: Integrating research and practice

As the use of outsourcing as a staffing strategy continues, it is important to understand how the landscape of human resource management shifts in response to this strategy. Much of the existing outsourcing research in human resource management and organizational behavior has examined individuallevel responses. In this article, we use this research to identify the outsourcing-related challenges facing HR professionals in both the service provider and client organizations as they strive to attract, motivate, and retain high-performing employees and explore HR practices that may help achieve organizational goals. Areas in need of additional research are also identified. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compressed channel sensing: Is the Restricted Isometry Property the right metric?

In this paper we are concerned with the estimation of doubly-selective multi-path communication channels trough methods referred to as compressed channel sensing. Many authors have used the Restricted Isometry Property (RIP) as a guiding principle to select training to ensure good estimation performance. In this paper we discuss why this approach can be restrictive and why its entanglement with modeling aspects can be misleading. More importantly, we provide an alternative approach to classify inputs based on a new metric that we call localized coherence.
Automatically generating personalized user interfaces with Supple

Today's computer-human interfaces are typically designed with the assumption that they are going to be used by an able-bodied person, who is using a typical set of input and output devices, who has typical perceptual and cognitive abilities, and who is sitting in a stable, warm environment. Any deviation from these assumptions may drastically hamper the person's effectiveness-not because of any inherent barrier to interaction, but because of a mismatch between the person's effective abilities and the assumptions underlying the interface design. We argue that automatic personalized interface generation is a feasible and scalable solution to this challenge. We present our Supple system, which can automatically generate interfaces adapted to a person's devices, tasks, preferences, and abilities. In this paper we formally define interface generation as an optimization problem and demonstrate that, despite a large solution space (of up to 10^1^7 possible interfaces), the problem is computationally feasible. In fact, for a particular class of cost functions, Supple produces exact solutions in under a second for most cases, and in a little over a minute in the worst case encountered, thus enabling run-time generation of user interfaces. We further show how several different design criteria can be expressed in the cost function, enabling different kinds of personalization. We also demonstrate how this approach enables extensive user- and system-initiated run-time adaptations to the interfaces after they have been generated. Supple is not intended to replace human user interface designers-instead, it offers alternative user interfaces for those people whose devices, tasks, preferences, and abilities are not sufficiently addressed by the hand-crafted designs. Indeed, the results of our study show that, compared to manufacturers' defaults, interfaces automatically generated by Supple significantly improve speed, accuracy and satisfaction of people with motor impairments.
How Large Commercial Producers Choose Input Suppliers: Expendable Products from Seed to Animal Health

This study uses cluster analysis to identify buying behavior segments of commercial producers who purchase expendable products including seed, crop protection, animal health and feed. For the crop expendable products we find four buying behavior segments: Convenience, Price, Performance, and a fourth segment, called Balance buyers, who equally value the aforementioned factors as well as customer service and support services. For livestock expendable products we find three buying behavior segments: Balance, Price and Performance. We find that producers have product-specific buying behaviors and this is especially true for livestock producers. We discuss the implications of these customer segments for expendable input marketers and salespeople.
An algebraic mincut-maxflow theorem

Can we design a communication network just like a huge linear time-invariant filter? To answer this question, we generalize the celebrated mincut-maxflow theorem to linear time-invariant networks where edges are labeled with transfer functions instead of integer capacity constraints. We prove that when the transfer functions are linear time-invariant, the fundamental design limit, mincut, is achievable by a linear time-invariant scheme regardless of the topology of the network. Whereas prior works are based on layered networks, our proof has a novel way of converting an arbitrary relay network to an equivalent acyclic single-hop relay network, which we call Network Linearization. This theorem also reveals a strong connection between network coding and linear system theory.
Adifor 2.0: automatic differentiation of Fortran 77 programs

Numerical codes that calculate not only a result, but also the derivatives of the variables with respect to each other, facilitate sensitivity analysis, inverse problem solving, and optimization. The paper considers how Adifor 2.0, which won the 1995 Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software, can automatically differentiate complicated Fortran code much faster than a programmer can do it by hand. The Adifor system has three main components: the AdiFor preprocessor, the ADIntrinsics exception-handling system, and the SparsLinC library.
Correlation diagram for rigid XYX and nonrigid three-body systems

Abstract We define ideal models of XYX linear symmetric rigid structure and a highly nonrigid XYX system. We classify the states of the rigid and nonrigid limits using the permutation and rotation-inversion groups. We construct a schematic correlation diagram linking the two limits by invoking the rule that states of the same symmetry do not cross. Careful analysis of radial and angular motion reveals a striking correlation pattern similar to that found previously for the correlation of the X 3 nonrigid limit to the equilateral nonrigid structure. We briefly discuss the meaning of our findings and their possible relation to other work.
Medieval German Social History: Generalizations and Particularism

EIKE von Repgow commented around 1225 in the Sachsenspiegel: “Now do not be amazed that this book says so little about the law of the ministerials. It is in fact so diverse that no one can fully comprehend it. Under every bishop, every abbot, and every abbess the ministerials have a distinct law; therefore, I cannot describe it.” Eike identified here a fundamental problem in studying German social history: how does one generalize about diverse social institutions that were both a cause and a consequence of Germany's political fragmentation? How different things could be is illustrated by the structure of the estates in the eastern Alpine principalities. In the duchies of Austria and Styria the nobility was divided into two estates, the lords and the knights; but while there were about seventy or eighty families of lordly rank in Austria in 1280, there were so few lineages of lords in Styria—about twenty-five in 1300, of whom only ten survived by 1400—that they could not meet by themselves.
Physical Activity and Obesity: Their Interaction and Implications for Disease Risk and the Role of Physical Activity in Healthy Weight Management

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing at an epidemic rate. Increased adiposity, especially central or visceral adiposity, is predictive of cardiovascular disease/coronary heart dis...
Unique ESD failure mechanisms during negative to Vcc HBM tests

Abstract HBM ESD tests on two types of 0.6 μ m DRAM devices showed that internal circuit or output driver failures would occur after the input or I/O pins were ESD stressed negative with respect to Vcc at ground. These failures occurred at lower than expected ESD stress voltages due to power-up circuit interactions that either turned-on unique internal parasitic ESD current paths or disrupted the normal operation of the output pin’s ESD protection circuit. ESD analysis found there exists a set of power-up sensitive circuits and if placed near a Vcc bond pad can result in low voltage ESD failures.
A Diagnostic Study of Recurrent Meteorological Anomalies Appearing in a 15-Year Simulation with a GFDL General Circulation Model

Abstract The spatial structure and temporal characteristics of prominent anomalies occurring in a 15-year simulation with a GFDL spectral general circulation model are examined using empirical orthogonal functions, teleconnection patterns, composite charts, lagged correlation functions and frequency spectra. Despite the absence of any nonseasonal perturbation in the prescribed forcing such as sea surface temperature, insolation and cloud cover, the simulated circulation exhibits an appreciable degree of temporal variability on monthly time scales. The standing oscillation in the Northern Hemisphere winter which accounts for the largest fraction of this variance has a coherent three-dimensional structure. In the middle and upper troposphere, this preferred mode of oscillation is characterized by a wavelike pattern with multiple centers of action. The corresponding anomaly pattern at the sea level is dominated by north–south pressure seesaws over the North Atlantic and North Pacific. The flow patterns assoc...
Hardening: Theory and General Practice

These are wise words from security expert Scott Collins, and they serve as the underlying motivation behind this book.
Recapturing Marketing’s Mission

This article proposes that the marketing discipline has lost its way by focusing on near-term results and has inevitably becoming more internally focused and more reactive. We recommend a renewed emphasis on improving customer well-being by focusing on satisfying customer needs rather than customer wants.
Energies of 1snl (l = 3) configurations in He4 I as calculated from polarization theory

The calculated singlet-triplet mean energies are given for all He4 i configurations having 3 ≤ l ≤ n - 1 from 4f to 8k. Since only Stark-shifted transitions have been observed for such configurations with l ≥ 4, the calculated positions are the most accurate available. The polarization energy (to the quadrupole approximation) for two-electron ions may be evaluated for higher nl or Z from the simple formulas. The calculated and observed positions of the Isnf configurations in He4 I and Li7 II agree within the experimental uncertainties.
CARBON TRANSPORT IN FLOWING SODIUM.

It has been observed that in a completely austenitic stainless -steel system containing flowing sodium under a temperature gradient, carbon is transferred from high- (1300°F) to low-temperature reg...
Sonographic-pathologic correlation of the hyperechoic border of an atypical hepatic hemangioma.

76-year-old man with a history of a resected hepatic flexure carcinoma was referred for evaluation and treatment of a solitary colonic metastasis to the right lobe of the liver. Postoperative abdominal computed tomography, imaged in the portal venous stage to investigate rising carcinoembryonic antigen levels, showed a solitary 5-cm hepatic mass in the posterior right lobe of the liver, with no extrahepatic metastases. The patient was scheduled for a right hepatectomy. An intraoperative ultrasonographic examination of the liver with a 7-MHz transducer (XP-128; Acuson, Mountain View, CA) confirmed the large mass in the right lobe at the right portal vein bifurcation and a second 0.7-cm hyperechoic lesion with a hyperechoic rim in segment V (Fig. 1). A right hepatectomy was performed. Pathologic examination confirmed a 5-cm metastatic adenocarcinoma and a 0.7-cm hemangioma corresponding to the lesion visualized on the intraoperative ultrasonography. Light microscopy of the hemangioma showed central larger endothelial-lined vascular spaces surrounded by a peripheral rim of smaller endothelial-lined vascular spaces (Fig. 2). This pathologic appearance correlated precisely with the ultrasonographic appearance.
Exploiting Popularity and Similarity for Link Recommendation in Twitter Networks

Twitter functions both as a social network and an information network, where users follow other users to make social connections as well as to receive information. Both popularity and similarity are important factors that drive the growth of the Twitter network. In this paper, we propose two approaches to exploiting both popularity and similarity for link recommendation. The first approach employs the rank aggregation technique to combine rankings generated by popularity-based and similarity-based recommendation algorithms. The second approach adapts the collaborative filtering algorithms to incorporate popularity in addition to similarity. The empirical evaluation results on real-world datasets confirm that combining popularity and similarity improves the recommendation performance.
The flagellar beat of rat sperm is organized by the interaction of two functionally distinct populations of dynein bridges with a stable central axonemal partition.

Two distinct patterns of microtubular sliding were observed in rat sperm flagellar axonemes. The particular pattern of sliding was determined by the extraction conditions used to prepare the sperm for axoneme disintegration. Sperm prepared by incubating concentrated suspensions of Triton X-100-extracted sperm at pH 9.0 disintegrated by extruding the doublets and outer dense fibers numbered 4 through 7 in response to Mg-ATP. Sperm prepared by incubating motile Triton X-100-extracted models at 37 degrees C for 1 to 3 hours extruded doublets and outer dense fibers 9, 1 and 2. Axonemes disintegrated by both regimens tended to have doublets 3 and 8 (with their corresponding outer dense fibers), as well as the central pair, in place. In numerous instances, the 3-central-8 complex with outer dense fibers 3 and 8 could be found isolated in midpiece sections prepared from both methods. The 3-central-8 partition was also sometimes seen in isolation in cross-sections of the principal piece where it remained attached to the fibrous sheath. The flagellar remnant produced by extrusion of fibers 4 through 7 under high pH conditions was generally straight or randomly curved. In contrast, the flagellar remnant produced by extrusion of the 9–1-2 bundle of fibers was most often curved into a hook in the midpiece region. While the hook-like configuration was not Ca(2+)-dependent, it may be based on a related mechanism. The sliding of the 9–1-2 group of fibers is a consequence of dynein-tubulin sliding between the 2 and 3 doublets. This sliding pattern appears to be preferentially activated in the motile sperm models in EGTA, but seldom if ever produced sliding in the high-pH-extracted models. We conclude that the 3-central pair-8 complex and associated outer dense fibers form an I-beam-like partition that does not participate in sliding, but acts as a structural foundation for organizing a planar beat. In addition, it is clear that preferential activation of certain dynein arms can be evoked, depending on the treatment regimen employed. This shows definitively that the types of microtubule sliding in the two bend directions are not identical.
The Pattern of Labor’s Party Allegiance

WHILE CONTEMPORARIES knew full well that the American Federation of Labor, as a national body, did not endorse a presidential candidate or political party in the election of 1928, it can now be shown (by assembling bits and scraps of data)1 that meaningful choosing of sides at lower levels did take place. Of course, the Executive Council of the A. F. of L. did not choose between Alfred E. Smith or Herbert C. Hoover, and it officially ignored the candidacies of Norman Thomas and William Z. Foster. But the formal “nonpartisan” attitude adopted after much debate by the Council and lived up to by President William Green by no means meant that many individual labor leaders, local unions, city centrals, some state federations, and a few international unions would refrain from outright partisanship. Cumulatively, their expressions of support are sufficient to provide a conclusion seldom given in general accounts of the election: substantial elements in the American trade union movement supported in 1928 the candidate of one party—the Democratic Party—well before the New Deal and its Wagner Act, the rise of the C. I. O., and the birth of personalized labor partisanship for President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in elite athletes. American College of Cardiology, 16th Bethesda Conference

With the recent high visibility deaths of Hank Gathers and Reggie Lewis, two nationally recognized elite basketball players due to cardiovascular disease and arrhythmias, our awareness of the most optimal ways to manage athletes with known arrhythmias has become heightened. In making medical decisions we physicians come to rely in large measure on data, in addition to clinical acumen and experience. Unfortunately, we are at a disadvantage with respect to athletes since previously published data on the natural history and outcome of such individuals with known arrhythmias are sparse. Furthermore, the tragedies of Lewis, Gathers, Pete Maravich and others are also poignant reminders that the denominator of this equation is not defined and that we do not really know precisely how many athletes experience important arrhythmias, nor their relation to sports activity. In the decade since the 16th Bethesda Conference, an American College of Cardiology sponsored consensus panel that developed standards and recommendations for the disqualification from competition of athletes with known cardiovascular disease, little new data have been developed to make objective decisions in these areas (including arrhythmias) much easier. Nevertheless, while such decision-making in athletes involves situations that are relatively rare, the consequences of misjudgement are substantial. Unfortunately, to complicate matters, even if the precise likelihood of sudden death for a given athlete with arrhythmias were known, many (if not most) professional and elite college athletes might still regard any risk as acceptable and withdrawal from formal competition as highly unacceptable from a financial and psychological standpoint. In this review, consideration will be given to the state of our medical knowledge in these areas. Many controversies persist with regard to arrhythmias, most notably for the athlete who has Wolff-Parkinson-White, mitral valve prolapse, myocarditis, or complex ventricular arrhythmias. Finally, consideration will be given to the broader issues of how, ad physicians and members of society, we may deal with these complex issues.
High risk, high reward: An analysis of outcomes for candidates awaiting hepatic re-transplantation.

Liver re-transplantation (re-OLT) remains the only feasible option for patients with graft failure following liver transplantation. Sparse resources and a growing waitlist mandate that available grafts are allocated properly. We studied the differences in patient demographics, characteristics, and survival for those listed for re-OLT in a region with prolonged wait times. Material Material andmethods. methods. We methods. performed a single-center retrospective study, from 2005 to 2013, of adult candidates listed for liver re-OLT at a tertiary care center within United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) region 1. Results. Results. Of Results. the 48 patients listed for re-OLT, 1(2%) improved while waiting, 14(29%) died while waiting, and 33(69%) underwent re-OLT. Those re-transplanted represented 11% of the center’s adult liver transplant volume during the same time period. Comparing those who died while waiting to those who achieved re-OLT, there was no significant difference in age (median 52 vs. 48 years, p=0.56) or MELD at second listing (median 29 vs. 26, p = 0.90). Waitlisted candidates who failed to achieve re-transplant died on average of 15.5 days (IQR 36 days) days after re-listing. Those re-transplanted achieved 3-year survival of 70% and there was no significant difference in 3-year survival of those re-transplanted within or beyond 90 days of first transplant (70% vs. 69.5%, p = 0.28). Conclusions. Conclusions. Conclusions. In conclusion, re-OLT is the only viable option for candidates with nonreversible liver graft failure. Inability to achieve re-OLT leads to nearly assured and expeditious death. Despite technical challenges, in experienced hands excellent long term survival following re-OLT can be achieved
I Want a Story like Connect the Dots

This piece makes a performative and poetic argument for critical autoethnographic storytelling that connects ideas, bodies, people, places, and contexts while remaining flexible and open to revision.
Age Differences In Emotion Recognition: Task Demands Or Perceptual Dedifferentiation?

Background/Study Context: Older adults (OA) have consistently shown lower accuracy compared with younger adults (YA) when labeling facial expressions of emotion in multiple choice tasks. However, O...
Targeted Temperature Management After Cardiac Arrest: Systematic Review and Meta-analyses.

BACKGROUND:Targeted temperature management (TTM) with therapeutic hypothermia is an integral component of postarrest care for survivors. However, recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have failed to demonstrate the benefit of TTM on clinical outcomes. We sought to determine if the pooled data f