cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimum RNS sign detection algorithm using MRC-II with special moduli set

In this paper, we present a generic sign detection algorithm based on mixed radix conversion algorithm, MRC-II [M. Akkal, P. Siy, A new mixed radix conversion algorithm MRC-II, Journal of System Architecture (2006)] and also we present an optimum algorithm for sign detection based on a special moduli set where m"n is even. The described algorithm requires only one comparison for sign detection. A new moduli set will also be presented which simplifies MRC-II conversion algorithm by eliminating the need for table lookup normally used in MRC hardware implementation. The algorithm does not require ROM table like other algorithms. For a moduli set of four moduli that satisfies the special moduli set conditions, 0 tables are needed to do the conversion, while Szabo and Tanaka MRC algorithm [N.S. Szabo, R.I. Tanaka, Residue Arithmetic and Its Application to Computer Technology, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967] requires 6 tables with a total table size of 4608bits; and Huang MRC algorithm [C.H. Huang, A fully ParallelMixed-radix conversion algorithm for residue number applications, IEEE Transactions on Computers c-32 (4) (1983)] requires 10 tables with a total table size of 3840bits.
Superstition: A Matter of Bias, Not Detectability

Pigeons discriminated between stimulus changes dependent on their pecking and stimulus changes occurring independently of their behavior. Their performance was accurate, and when the payoffs for "hits" and "correct rejections" were varied, their response bias varied in a fashion similar to that of human observers detecting signals in a background of noise.
Clinical significance of granuloma in Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease (CD) is diagnosed from information obtained clinically, pathologically, and radiologically. One important pathologic finding is a granuloma, which is helpful when a positive diagnosis of CD will affect treatment. Whether the presence of a granuloma has any clinical implication is not clear. We conducted a retrospective study to determine whether a granuloma found on a biopsy sample is associated with disease severity, fistulizing or perianal disease, frequent relapses, and extraintestinal manifestations. Eighty-two patients were identified who had a biopsy or bowel resection for CD between 1990 and 1994 at a tertiary referral center; 21 (25.6%) had a granuloma. This group was compared with a group of 61 patients without a granuloma. Forty-five percent were male (n = 37), mean age at diagnosis was 42.6 years (median, 39.5 years), mean disease duration at presentation was 8.8 years (median, 4.8 years), and mean follow-up duration was 2 years (range, 1 day to 10.2 years). No significant differences were demonstrated between the two groups by the Fisher exact test with regard to fistulizing or perianal disease, oral aphthous ulcers, disease severity, axial or peripheral arthralgia, episcleritis, anterior uveitis, erythema nodosum, or pyoderma gangrenosum.
POLAR CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS OF SOME 2,3-DISUBSTITUTED ISOQUINOLINIUM SALTS

The addition of four vinyl ethers and of cyclopentadiene to 2,3-dimethylisoquinolinium salts occurs stereoselectively affording only syn adducts. The attack of nucleophiles on the vinyl ether adducts (4–9) occurs at position 3. Similar stereoselective cycloadditions may be carried out using berberinium chloride as the electrophile.
On some Burmese and Indian earthworms of the family acanthodrilidae

(1961). On some Burmese and Indian earthworms of the family acanthodrilidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 4, No. 43, pp. 417-429.
Albert Cossery and the men god forgot: Some aspects of the ethnic subcultures of Egyptian society

This article discusses the work and personal experience of the exile, Egyptian novelist and short story writer, Albert Cossery. Selections of his prose which revealingly portray lower class life in Egypt in the first half of the twentieth century are considered, granting us a candid view of life as lived by the masses of Egyptians during this period. Also investigated is Cossery's personal development as an Egyptian Greek Catholic intellectual whose education and cultural inclination predisposed him to write in French. His life is of particular interest because it mirrors some typical dilemmas faced by minority intellectuals during the transformation of a developing nation from foreign rule to national independence.
Simultaneous observations of the critical aeolian threshold of two surfaces

Abstract Threshold is an important parameter in wind erosion research and in the field of aeolian research in general. A new technique was recently developed that provides a means of determining threshold with a sampling system that continuously collects wind data along with critical information regarding saltation activity. By employing two identical sampling systems, it was possible to monitor the threshold of a highly mobile sand surface while simultaneously monitoring the threshold of a less mobile playa surface. Results indicate that threshold could be measured at both locations with enough precision to establish clear differences between the surfaces. The sandy surface at the Morgenstern Dunes site was considerably more active than the Yellow Lake playa site over the 113-day sampling period because of its consistently lower threshold. The Morgenstern site tended to maintain a fairly constant threshold of around 5.4 to 5.5 m/s whereas the threshold of the Yellow Lake playa surface varied from a low of 6.4 m/s to values greater than 13.3 m/s. Limitations of this method lie in the fact that threshold can be determined only when winds are blowing sufficiently strongly to cause sediment transport.
The inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis by added RNA.

Abstract The addition of RNA to Ehrlich ascites cells resulted in rapid suppression of labeling of nuclear RNA with 3 H-uridine. This suppression started shortly after the addition of RNA and persisted for about 6 hr. After 8 hr the normal rate of RNA labeling was re-established. Cellular respiration as well as the citric acid cycle were not inhibited by addition of RNA. Labeled RNA penetrated into cell nuclei. Approximately 3 per cent of the added RNA could be recovered immediately as RNA from the nuclei but only about 0.3 per cent from the cytoplasm. Deoxyribonucleoprotein isolated from Ehrlich ascites cells contains 4 per cent of RNA. Added labeled RNA is recovered with the deoxyribonucleoprotein. After separation into DNA and protein the major portion of the RNA is found in the protein fraction. Based on present data and on results of other authors it is proposed that added RNA interferes with RNA synthesis on DNA template.
Social Networking Media: An Approach for the Teaching of International Business

Internet technology and Web 2.0 applications have enabled social networking media to expand in ways that link people globally. By fostering communication, social networks hold immense potential for the enhancement of teaching, especially in the business arena. This article defines social networking and provides a framework for understanding the six categories of social media. It also describes specific applications of social media for the academic environment. It underscores the notion that learning business at the university level is not solely an instructor-led, one-way form of communication, but a student-led, two-way dialogue. An application of social media to an international business course is described. International trade, culture, and global HR management are selected topics that are enhanced by usage of social media. A mini-case study outlining how social media was incorporated into a course is furnished. Assessment data reveal that social media enhances student learning, satisfaction, and sense...
Hierarchical generalized linear models for multiple quantitative trait locus mapping.

We develop hierarchical generalized linear models and computationally efficient algorithms for genomewide analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for various types of phenotypes in experimental crosses. The proposed models can fit a large number of effects, including covariates, main effects of numerous loci, and gene–gene (epistasis) and gene–environment (G × E) interactions. The key to the approach is the use of continuous prior distribution on coefficients that favors sparseness in the fitted model and facilitates computation. We develop a fast expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to fit models by estimating posterior modes of coefficients. We incorporate our algorithm into the iteratively weighted least squares for classical generalized linear models as implemented in the package R. We propose a model search strategy to build a parsimonious model. Our method takes advantage of the special correlation structure in QTL data. Simulation studies demonstrate reasonable power to detect true effects, while controlling the rate of false positives. We illustrate with three real data sets and compare our method to existing methods for multiple-QTL mapping. Our method has been implemented in our freely available package R/qtlbim (www.qtlbim.org), providing a valuable addition to our previous Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach.
The saga of the Crown Pilot: framing, reframing, and reconsideration

Abstract In 1996, Nabisco discontinued production of its longest running product, the Crown Pilot cracker. This move prompted public protest and subsequently garnered widespread media attention. Based on the sustained news coverage and a barrage of telephone calls, e-mails, and letters, Nabisco eventually relented and resumed production of the Crown Pilot. This case study focuses upon the “frames” used in the media coverage to help audiences interpret news stories about the Crown Pilot situation. The research attempts to explain how the public relations efforts of both the protesters and Nabisco influenced the framing. Because framing choices are among the most critical strategic decisions in the public relations process, the study has ramifications for public relations researchers interested in the concept and practitioners concerned with publicizing a variety of issues.
The phytoplankton productivity of an acidic lake

The phytoplankton productivity over two years in a lake heavily loaded by acid mine drainage was very low. Algal assays indicated that below pH 5.5 the water, if buffered and fertilized with phosphorus, resulted in log growth. Above pH 5.5 algal log growth could be induced with phosphorus addition only. However, an in situ bag experiment was done in the lake and immediate bloom conditions of the indigenous algae resulted from phosphorus addition only, despite pH values below 5.
Crystallization and preliminary characterization of mitogillin, a ribosomal ribonuclease from Aspergillus restrictus.

Abstract Mitogillin is a ribonuclease secreted by the fungus Aspergillus restrictus. The substrate for mitogillin is a short, universally conserved, sequence in ribosomal RNA. Cleavage of this sequence inactivates protein synthesis. Mitogillin was crystallized by a two-chamber vapor/ liquid diffusion method using ethanol as the precipitant. This method has wider potential in the use of volatile organic solvents as precipitants. Crystals of mitogillin diffract X-rays to lattice d-spacings of at least 1.6 A, and belong to the monoclinic space group P21. with a = 50.4 A , b = 82.4 A , c = 38.2 A and β = 99.8° .
PREFERENCE FOR PROGRESSIVE DELAYS AND CONCURRENT PHYSICAL THERAPY EXERCISE IN AN ADULT WITH ACQUIRED BRAIN INJURY

The purpose of this study was to increase self-control and engagement in a physical therapy task (head holding) for a man with acquired traumatic brain injury. Once impulsivity was observed (i.e., repeated impulsive choices), an experimental condition was introduced that consisted of choices between a small immediate reinforcer, a large fixed-delay reinforcer, and a large progressive-delay reinforcer. The participant showed a preference for the progressive-delay option, even when the duration of the delay exceeded that of the fixed delay. The results have implications for establishing optimal choice making and teaching life-enhancing skills.
S16 throws a conformational switch during assembly of 30S 5′ domain

Ribosomal proteins are known to play an important role in determining rRNA structure. The body of the 30S ribosomal subunit is formed by the 16S rRNA 5′ domain. New data indicate that the assembly protein S16 discriminates between folding intermediates of the 5′ domain, increasing cooperative 30S assembly and stabilizing interactions at its decoding site.
Involvement of fibrinogen in protamine-induced pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract Protamine reversal of heparin anticoagulation occasionally results in pulmonary hypertension as well as systemic hypotension. To examine the contribution of blood components to this induction of pulmonary hypertension, we developed an isolated rat lung perfusion model and perfused heparinized plasma, heparinized serum, and Hepes (4% bovine serum albumin, 20 mMN-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid, 5 mM glucose, in warm physiological saline) buffer solution with or without fibrinogen. Perfusion with heparinized plasma and Hepes buffer solution with fibrinogen caused pulmonary hypertension; perfusion with heparinized serum or Hepes buffer solution without fibrinogen did not, suggesting that fibrinogen is involved in the induction of pulmonary hypertension. We also labeled protamine with125I and compared the amounts of protamine accumulating in the lung with different concentrations of fibrinogen. The amount of protamine trapped in the lung increased according to the concentration of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen may accelerate the reaction between pulmonary endothelial cells and protamine or protamine–heparin complexes. In the mechanism of protamine-induced pulmonary hypertension, fibrinogen, as well as heparin and protamine, may be an essential component.
Low-threshold stimulated emission of surface plasmons polaritons

The stimulated emission threshold of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating at the interface of silver and dye-doped polymer can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the operation range is changed from visible to near-infrared. The stimulated emission is observed at the polymer thickness, which is much below the cut-off for a regular photonic waveguide, proving SPP origin of the stimulated emission mode. With reduction of the polymer film thickness, the intensity of the stimulated emission decreases, its threshold increases, and the emission line experiences a blue shift—all in agreement with the laser theory. The dependence of the stimulated emission threshold on the polymer film thickness suggests quenching of dye molecule emission in vicinity of the silver surface.
Measuring habituation in infants : An approach using regression analysis

The effectiveness of different habituation criteria was examined by means of computer simulations. A criterion based on fitting a second-order polynomial regression function to the looking time data was described. This criterion produced more accurate estimation of looking times as well as higher experimental power for detecting novelty effects, compared to the traditional windowed running average criterion or to a criterion based on linear regression. The polynomial regression approach probably has this advantage because it utilizes all of the available looking time data, rather than just the data in the current windowed average, and because it is sensitive to nonlinear trends in looking time. This new habituation criterion is easy to implement on a laboratory computer, and it should increase session lengths by no more than one trial or so, compared to windowed average criteria. With regard to test-retest reliability, all of the habituation criteria that were evaluated appear to have low reliability on average, with high sample-to-sample variability. These undesirable reliability characteristics are attributable to the high variability of infants' attentional behavior.
Mechanical engineering lab courses using virtual instrument computer software

Computer-based virtual instrument (VI) software is used on six experiments in two upper-level mechanical engineering laboratory courses at Rice University. The students interface with the experiment through VIs on a computer screen running under LabVIEW® software. The software performs data acquisition, data storage, and graphic presentation, and in some cases, it controls system parameters. In one case, the experiment can even be run automatically. In almost all cases, the LabVIEW programs were developed as student projects, and in most cases, the experimental setups were done by the students, which provided them with very educational senior-design projects. Using these computer-based systems provides accurate data acquisition, reduced time to complete the lab, more opportunity for student observation, and time for lecture and discussion of the basic principles involved. The students relate well to these VI-run labs, and these VI systems have proved a reliable, beneficial teaching aid for the mechanical engineering department. © 1998 National Instruments. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Lab Robotics and Automation 10: 83–87, 1998
Superconducting thin films of the Bi--Sr--Ca--Cu--O system prepared by multilayer metal deposition

Superconducting thin films of the Bi--Sr--Ca--Cu--O system (2 and 10 kA) have been successfully prepared by multilayer deposition from elemental metal sources and annealed in N/sub 2//O/sub 2/ mixtures. The onset of the superconducting transition is greater than 80 K with zero resistance at 74 K. The films contain primarily a Bi/sub 2/(SrCaBi)/sub 3/Cu/sub 2/O/sub 8+//sub delta/ phase with a high degrees of (001) preferred orientation.
Reference Frame Effects on Shape Perception in Two versus Three Dimensions

Three experiments are reported in which it is tested whether the Gestalt effect of configural orientation on shape perception operates on two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) representations of space. It is known that gravitationally defined squares and diamonds take longer to discriminate in diagonal arrays than in horizontal or vertical arrays. In the first experiment it is shown that this interference effect decreases dramatically in magnitude when pictorial depth information is added so that subjects perceive the target shapes in different depth planes. In the second experiment this difference is shown not to be due to relative size of the target shapes or to occlusion of a background plane. It is also shown, in the final experiment, that this difference is not due to linear perspective information or merely to perception of the target figures in a 3-D scene. The overall pattern of results supports the position that this configural reference frame effect arises primarily when the elements ...
Vortex pairing in two-way coupled, particle laden mixing layers

Abstract The role of two-way interphase coupling effects in subharmonically forced, dilute, particle laden mixing layers is investigated. Temporally growing Lagrangian–Eulerian numerical simulations address both uniformly as well as differentially seeded flows. Emphasis is placed on a vorticity-based interpretation of the simulation results. Expanding the fluid vorticity source term due to two-way coupling demonstrates the importance of particle concentration gradients and `slip vorticity'. For uniformly laden mixing layers and intermediate St particles, the reduction in the growth rate of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability by the two-way coupling effects also slows down vortex pairing. At large St, a layered vorticity structure in the outer regions of the vortex cores results from the thick or even double banded nature of the braids. By causing the vortices to rotate around each other, the subharmonic forcing also enhances the particle transport away from the center of the mixing layer. Intermediate St particles are seen to benefit the most from this mechanism, so that they can, at least temporarily, exceed the dispersion rate of the passive case. For differentially loaded mixing layers, the vorticity source term is seen to cause an asymmetry in the pairing process, by weakening the upstream and strengthening the downstream vortex, which subsequently dominates the pairing. For intermediate St particles, this asymmetry leads to a more rapid ejection of particles from the downstream vortex. For large St particles, the braid region in between vortex pairs is seen to thicken and to roll up, thereby causing the emergence of a satellite vortex. Somewhat surprisingly, the results indicate that in a streamwise averaged sense the two-way coupling effects do not significantly alter the integral particle dispersion measure for subharmonically forced, differentially loaded mixing layers. Throughout, frequent comparisons with experimental data are made.
COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF SELENATES AND SELENITES TO WHEAT

IT WAS reported in an earlier publication (HurdKarrer, 1935) that wheat plants supplied with sodium selenite were less injured and contained less selenium in. their leaves than when the selenium was added to the soil as sodium selenate. In view of the fact that the selenite is the more easily reduced by organisms (Levine, 1914, 1915, 1925b), it seemed possible that its lesser toxicity might be due to its reduction to elemental selenium.Experiments were therefore designed to compare the toxicity of selenites and selenates in water cultures. There are several reports to the effect that the selenites are the more toxic (Levine, 1925a; Stoklasa, 1922; Turina, 1922), and the contrary evidence from the single soil experiment referred to above did not seem sufficient to controvert them. and selenites was checked by Dr. Lucien Greathouse, formerly of the Bureau of Plant Industry. Results obtained with those compounds found to be impure (K2SeO4 and H2SeO4) are omitted from this report. The seedlings were germinated in pure quartz sand, or on blotters moistened with distilled water, and transferred after about a week to 600 cc. widemouthed flasks containing the nutrient solutions. Three seedlings were grown in each flask, supported in holes of paraffined corks with cotton plugs. The flasks were kept in boxes, partitioned into compartments the size of the flasks, which provided partial shading of the roots. Two different series of nutrient solutions were used, having the composition shown in table 1, plus 100 cc. M/60 iron citrate in each case. The concentrations
Hemoglobin Einstein: Semisynthetic deletion in the B‐helix of the α‐chain

The influence of the deletion of the tetra peptide segment α23–26 of the B-helix of the α-chain of hemoglobin-A on its assembly, structure, and functional properties has been investigated. The hemoglobin with the deletion, ss-Hemoglobin-Einstein, is readily assembled from semisynthetic α1–141 des23–26 globin and human βA-chain. The deletion of α23–26 modulates the O2 affinity of hemoglobin in a buffer/allosteric effector specific fashion, but has little influence on the Bohr effect. The deletion has no influence on the thermodynamic stability of the α1β1 and the α1β2 interface. The semisynthetic hemoglobin exhibits normal intersubunit interactions at the α1β1 and α1β2 interfaces as reflected by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Molecular modeling studies of ss-Hemoglobin-Einstein suggest that the segment α28–35 is in a helical conformation, while the segment α19–22 is the nonhelical AB region. The shortened B-helix conserves the interactions of α1β1 interface. The results demonstrate a high degree of plasticity in the hemoglobin structure that accommodates the deletion of α23–26 without perturbing its overall global conformation.
NUCLEAR GENE DOSAGE EFFECTS ON MITOCHONDRIAL MASS AND DNA

In order to assess the effect of nuclear gene dosage on the regulation of mitochondria we have studied serial sections of a set of isogenic haploid and diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, growing exponentially in the absence of catabolite repression, and determined the amount of mitochondrial DNA per cell. Mitochondria accounted for 14% of the cytoplasmic and 12% of the total cellular volume in all cells examined regardless of their ploidy or their apparent stage in the cell cycle. The mean number of mitochondria per cell was 22 in the diploid and 10 in the haploids. The volume distribution appeared unimodal and identical in haploids and diploids. The mitochondrial DNA accounted for 12.6 ± 1.2% and 13.5 ± 1.3% of the total cellular DNA in the diploid and haploid populations, respectively. These values correspond to 3.6 x 10-15 g, 2.2 x 109 daltons, or 44 genomes (50 x 106 daltons each) per haploid and twice that per diploid cell. On this basis, the average mitochondrion in these cells contains four mitochondrial genomes in both the haploid and the diploid.
Assessment of relative importance of S + and S − after various stages of training

Using a discrimination box, male rats were trained to criterion or overtrained on a visual discrimination. Then a transfer test was given in which either S+ or S— was retained, and the other was replaced with a new stimulus. Next, the subjects were trained on the reversed discrimination. Tests were then given with either the reversed S+ or S— retained and the other replaced. In all tests, fewer errors were found when S— was retained than when S+ was retained. Other animals were tested after training to a precriterial level in a second experiment with similar results.
Phonological Assessment and Analysis of Bilingual Preschoolers' Spanish and English Word Productions

Purpose The major purpose of this study was to examine Spanish and English phonological productions (patterns/deviations) of typically developing bilingual preschool children. Phonological scores w...
Educating for empathy

OBJECTIVE: Empathy in the medical setting is appreciation of the patient’s emotions and expression of that awareness to the patient. Named as an essential learning objective by the American Association of Medical Colleges, empathy is believed to significantly influence patient satisfaction, adherence to medical recommendations, clinical outcomes, and professional satisfaction. The objective of this study was to identify effective strategies to enhance empathy in undergraduate medical students.
Abstract 2031: Regulation of glucocorticoid receptor in multiple myeloma by microRNA

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Resistance to glucocorticoid-based therapies affects the treatment options of many diseases including Multiple Myeloma (MM). Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the most successful treatment for MM, causing apoptosis in the malignant cells. Unfortunately, patients ultimately become resistant to this therapy and despite the application of novel therapeutics, this disease is ultimately fatal. Expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is required for response to therapy and patients who express higher levels of GR have improved survival. To examine the regulation of GR, our lab has previously established tissue culture cell lines from a myeloma patient who had been treated with GCs and become resistant to that treatment. From the initial patient isolate, we established a cell line that is sensitive to GCs (MM.1S) and two phenotypes of GC resistance (MM.1Re and MM.1RL). We hypothesize that miRNA expression in the GC resistant cells cause a decrease in GR expression. To test this hypothesis, we transfected both GC-sensitive and -resistant MM cells with a luciferase reporter construct containing the GR 3′UTR. We measured a decrease in luciferase activity in the GC resistant cells indicating that miRNAs are most likely involved in GR regulation. To identify which miRNAs may be responsible for this regulation, we used deep sequencing miRNAome analysis of the MM.1S, MM.1Re and MM.1RL cell lines. miRNAs more highly expressed in the GC-resistant cells and containing seed sequences which could target the GR 3′UTR were considered candidates. Expression of the candidate miRNAs was validated by Taqman qRT-PCR. GR regulation by candidate miRNAs was tested by transfection of MM.1S cells with miRNA mimics and the luciferase reporter expressing the GR 3′UTR. When exogenously expressed with the luciferase reporter, miR-130b is able to significantly decrease luciferase activity compared to controls as well as reducing the endogenous GR protein expression. In addition, miR-130b over expression partially blocks GC induced cell death, suggesting a role for this miRNA in the regulation of GR and in GC resistance in MM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2031.
Differentiation of electron-paramagnetic-resonance signals of arsenic antisite defects in GaAs.

Temperature-dependence studies of GaAs electron-paramagnetic-resonance (EPR) quadruplet signals ascribed to arsenic antisite-related (${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{Ga}{}^{+}}$) defects are reported. Observations were made before and after white-light illumination in as-grown, thermally treated, plastically deformed, and neutron-irradiated GaAs. Results show that there is a class of similar ${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{Ga}{}^{+}}$-related defects that differ in the local stress fields they experience. Their corresponding EPR quadruplet spin-lattice-relaxation time decreases as local stress increases. The photoquenching property of ${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{Ga}{}^{+}}$-related defects can be suppressed by high local stress fields. Furthermore, it is shown that EL2 is an ${\mathrm{As}}_{\mathrm{Ga}{}^{+}}$-related defect which is in the lowest stress field of this class of defects.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in young patients : A matched-pair analysis

Background. Tongue cancer is seen with increasing frequency in young individuals. There is controversy concerning the clinical course and outcome for oral tongue cancer in young patients. Methods. A retrospective review of 36 patients under 40 years of age with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue was performed. These patients were matched to an older population. The 5-year disease-free survival; rates of local, regional, and distant failure; and rate of second primary tumor were determined for both populations. Results. The 5-year disease-free survival for the young patients was 62% versus 69% in the older population (p =.30). Ten of 36 (28%) of younger patients recurred locally versus five of 36 (14%) of the older patients (p =.11). ). Nine of 36 (25%) younger patients recurred regionally in the younger group versus six of 36 (17%) patients in the older group (p=.25). Sixteen of 36 (44%) of the younger patients had locoregional failure versus eight of 36 (22%) of the older patients (p <.05). The rates of metastatic disease and second primary lesions were similar in both populations. Conclusions. In this series, younger patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue had a higher rate of locoregional recurrence rate than did older patients. This did not translate into a survival difference.
Biology and Clinical Significance of Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatases: New Perspectives on an Old Enzyme

Type 5 tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) has been a clinically relevant biomarker for about 50 years. It has always been a reliable and specific cytochemical marker for hairy cell leukemia and for differentiated cells of monocytic lineage. Only recently has the test for serum TRAP activity been accepted as sensitive and specific enough for clinical use as a marker of osteoclasts and bone resorption. This has come about through steady advances in knowledge about TRAP enzymology, structure, function, and molecular regulation and a consequent appreciation that TRAP isoforms 5a and 5b have very different clinical significance. As a measure of osteoclast number and bone resorption, TRAP 5b has diagnostic and prognostic applications in osteoporosis, cancers with bone metastasis, chronic renal failure, and perhaps other metabolic and pathologic bone diseases. Serum TRAP 5a, on the other hand, has no relationship to bone metabolism but seems instead to be a measure of activated macrophages and chronic inflammation. Exploration of the real clinical usefulness of serum TRAP 5a for diagnosis and disease management in a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases is only now beginning. This perspective traces the important basic scientific developments that have led up to the refinement of serum TRAP isoform immunoassays and their validation as biomarkers of disease. Many unanswered questions remain, providing a wealth of opportunity for continued research of this multifaceted enzyme.
Macro- and megabenthic communities in the high Arctic Canada Basin: initial findings

We investigated the macro- and megabenthos of the Canada Basin, one of the biologically least known areas of the Arctic deep sea. Macro-infauna was collected with 11 box cores at six stations ranging from 640 to 3,250 m water depth. Total abundance ranged from 3 to 265 individuals 0.04 m−2 (75–6,625 individuals m−2) and decreased with increasing depth. Biomass ranged from 0.04 to 228 mg wet weight 0.04 m−2 (1–5,700 mg wet weight m−2) and followed the same trend. Polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves dominated the faunal densities, biomass and species numbers. At Northwind Ridge (800 and 1,800 m), apparently historic (~5,000 years BP) fish otolith deposits were abundant. The invertebrate epi-megafauna was qualitatively analyzed from 9.2 h of video and 853 still images collected at four remotely operated vehicle stations. The epifauna was dominated by polychaetes, crustaceans, echinoderms, cnidarians and fish, with most suspension-feeders occurring in the Northwind Ridge area. A total of 90 benthic invertebrate species/taxa from four biogeographic affinities were identified, including at least three new species of Isopoda. The evident low abundances and biomass are in agreement with findings from the Eurasian Arctic deep sea.
Preparation of Cr2O3 crucibles and the defect structure of Cr2O3

Abstract It is shown that Cr2O3 crucibles with less than 5 per cent porosity may be prepared by cold pressing and sintering a powdered mixture of Cr2O3 with 1 or 2 per cent metallic chromium, to provide a low oxygen potential, and a small amount of salicylic acid as lubricant. A rubber form is used to provide the cavity and to insure a reasonably uniform hydrostatic pressure. Sintering is done in vacuum or in an inert atmosphere at 1500°C. Consideration of available data on electrical conductivity and tracer diffusivities as well as on sintering leads to the conclusion that at 1600°C the principal defects at high pO2 (about 10−6 to 1 atm) are electrons and holes (divalent and tetravalent Cr ions), whereas at low pO2 (10−12 to about 10−6 atm) the principle defects are electrons (divalent Cr ions) and vacant oxygen sites. The latter defects give rise to an off-stoichiometry which appears to be observable (about 1 10 per cent of the oxygen sites vacant).
Repair of anterior leaflet mitral valve prolapse: chordal replacement versus chordal shortening

Abstract Background . To determine the optimal method of repair for severe, segmental anterior leaflet prolapse, we analyzed outcome of 121 patients who underwent chordal shortening (n = 46) and chordal replacement (n = 75) from 1988 to 1996. Methods . Chordae were replaced with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene sutures. Patients had an annuloplasty with either chordal replacement or shortening. Follow-up was 100% complete (mean, 3.7 years). Results . Mean age was 62.1 years, 86 were men, and 60 patients had isolated valve repair. There was one hospital death and 14 late deaths for a 5-year actuarial survival of 86.4% ± 4.5%. Sixteen patients underwent reoperation, 5 in the replacement group and 11 in the shortening group. Mechanism of valve failure in the replacement group was native chordae rupture (n = 4) and neochordae dehiscence (n = 1). With chordal shortening, repair failure was attributed to rupture of shortened chordae (n = 8), leaflet prolapse with and without annuloplasty ring dehiscence (n = 2), and native chordae elongation (n = 1). Risk of reoperation because of repair failure at 3.5 years was 1.4% in the chordal replacement group and 14.8% in the chordal shortening group ( p = 0.02). Conclusions . Chordal replacement is superior to chordal shortening, providing a predictable method for correction of mitral regurgitation with a low incidence of reoperation.
The 1/4 keV X-ray Background: a Reply

AN objection1 has recently been raised to the use of X-ray production by suprathermal proton bremsstrahlung (SPB) to explain the X-ray observations at 1/4 keV2: it was pointed out that the soft X-ray flux measured at low galactic latitudes illustration could not be reproduced on the basis of SPB production in the plane when account is taken both of absorption of the X-rays by photoionization in the galaxy and of the cut-off in the proton spectrum due to ionizing collisions in the interstellar gas. The purpose of the original paper2 was, however, a calculation of the diffuse X-ray background at 1/4 keV which could be expected to be incident on the galaxy from SPB interactions occurring in the intergalactic medium. As such, it made no reference to X-ray production in the galactic plane; further, since the computed X-ray spectra were those incident on the periphery of the galaxy, it is clear that any objection to these results based on a neglect of absorption in the galaxy is not applicable. Open image in new window
Evaluation of pulse oximetry in sickle cell anemia patients presenting to the emergency department in acute vasoocclusive crisis.

Abstract This prospective study was done to evaluate the accuracy of pulse oximetry as an indicator of hypoxemia in sickle cell anemia patients presenting to the ED in acute vasoocculsive crisis. Thirteen patients (age older than 18 years) presenting in crisis, with pulse oximetry readings less than 95% had arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis performed. The mean pulse oximetry reading was 91.4% ± 3.2% (SD); the mean ABG oxygen saturation (ABG O 2 sat) was 95.3% ± 1.4% (SD). The mean O 2 sat difference (ABG O 2 sat minus pulse oximetry) was 4.5% ( P 2 sat ( r = 0.889, P 2 sat difference ( r = −0.927, P 2 sat or O 2 sat difference. By linear regression, ABG O 2 sat=0.44 (pulse oximetry) + 55.6. This study suggests that pulse oximetry underestimates oxygenation in sickle cell anemia patients presenting in painful crisis.
Phosphate diester formation following reaction of beta-propiolactone with thymidine-5'-monophosphoric acid.

Abstract The carcinogen β-propiolactone (BPL) was reacted with thymidine-5′-monophosphoric acid (dThd5′P) at pH 1.8 and various temperatures in order to determine whether BPL forms phosphodiesters with dThd5′P. The acidic conditions were chosen in an attempt to avoid complicating ring alkylations. Paper chromatographic analyses of the reaction products revealed the presence of unreacted dThd5′P and a second ultraviolet absorbing compound designated Compound F2. F2 and dThd5′P had identical UV spectra at pH 1 and 13. The major component of the reaction mixture was unreacted dThd5′P. F2 represented 10% of the ultraviolet absorbing compounds extracted from paper chromatograms following reactions at 37, 50, 63 and 76°C and 5% at 24°C. On the basis of ultraviolet spectra, treatment with snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase (each at pH 7.2 and 9.0), labeling experiments with β-[14C]propiolactone and hydrolyses at pH 1, 7, 9, 11 and 13 at 37°C for 18 h (no detectable effects) the new phosphodiester, 5′-O-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphonothymidine was assigned to F2. When BPL was reacted with dThd5′P at pH 6.6–7.0 at 37°C, 2 new UV absorbing compounds were observed on paper chromatograms in addition to dThd5′P and F2, and were designated Compounds F3 and F4. UV spectra of F3 and F4 were identical to dThd5′P at pH 1 and 13. dThd5′P represented 36% of the ultraviolet absorbing compounds extracted from paper chromatograms, the remainder being F2 (36%), F3 (24%) and F4 (4%). Treatment of F3 with snake venom phosphodiesterase at both pH 7.2 and 9.0 resulted in complete conversion to dThd5′P. F3 is thus a phosphodiester. Hydrolysis of F3 at pH 13 and 11 (37°C and 18 h) resulted in complete conversion of F3 to F2 and a trace amount of dThd5′P while F3 was unreactive at pH 9, 7 and 1. 3′-O-Acetylthymidine was completely hydrolyzed to thymidine at pH 13, 11 and 9 and partially (65%) hydrolyzed at pH 1. A 3′-derivative of dThd5′P (ether or ester) was thus ruled out as a structure for F3. After considering a number of structures, a tentative assignment of a structure containing a 6-membered ring phosphate ester-acyl phosphate derivative was assigned to F3 based on the evidence presented and a positive acyl phosphate test for F3. When the reaction between BPL and dThd5′P was conducted at pH 7.0–7.5, 7.5–8.0 and 8.0–8.5 the results were similar to the reaction conducted at pH 6.6–7.0. No ring alkylation was detected. The significance of these findings in terms of possible effects of BPL on messenger RNA activity, excision-repair of DNA, DNA synthesis and possible alterations in gene expression following reaction of BPL with phosphorylated histones and nonhistone chromosomal proteins is discussed.
On-the-fly intrusion detection for Web portals

Remote access to distributed hyperlinked information proves to be one of the killer applications for computer networks. More and more content in current inter and intranets is available as hyperdata, a form easing its distribution and semantic organization. In the framework of the Internet's Web-portals and pay-sites, mechanisms for login based on username and password enable the dynamic customization as well as partial protection of the content. In other applications (e.g. commercial intranets) various similar schemes of authentication are deployed. Nevertheless, stolen passwords are an easy avenue to identity theft, in both public and commercial data networks. Once a perpetrator enters a system, assuming an authorized user's identity, the task of actually detecting this intrusion becomes non-trivial and is often ignored completely. Thus, in addition to the initial authentication step we propose a runtime intrusion detection mechanism, required to maintain a virtually continuous user authentication process and detect identity theft and password misuses. The current paper focuses on designing a pervasive intrusion detection method for hyperdata systems, based on training on and analyzing of access patterns to hyperlinked data, aiming at detecting intruders and raising a red flag at the content provider's side. Our solution is based on a new technique, on-the-fly adaptive training for normality on streams of data access patterns. This enables runtime intrusion detection through analysis of correlations between current patterns and the adaptive past-knowledge. Such a method is to be used in conjunction with current username-password protection schemes. We introduce the motivation behind our solution, discuss the novel detection and training metrics and propose a real-life deployment design. We implement the main algorithm and perform experiments for assessing its intrusion detection ability, with very encouraging results. We also discuss the deployment of our method for detecting automatic spam-bot accesses.
Mechanical Properties of Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) Wood: Correlations among Elastic and Rupture Moduli, Proportional Limit, and Tissue Density and Specific Gravity

The purpose of this paper is to determine the extent to which the physical and mechanical properties of dry and green wood samples are correlated. Samples of green (fresh) sap- and heartwood differing in density (ρ) were removed from the trunk of a black locust (Robinia pseudoacaciaL.) tree 30 years old and measuring 15 m in height. These samples were mechanically tested to determine their Young's elastic modulus (E), proportional (elastic) limit (σp), and modulus of rupture (σR). The Young's elastic modulus of green wood samples increased in magnitude to a limit with increasing cross-sectional area of the sample tested. The values of all three mechanical parameters measured for sapwood samples were consistently lower than those measured for heartwood samples with equivalent cross-sectional areas.Ewas linearly and positively correlated with the σpand σRof heartwood tissue samples. All mechanical properties were highly correlated with the density of green heartwood. Likewise, these properties were highly correlated with the specific gravity of wood samples. Based on these results, it is concluded that either the density of fresh wood or the specific gravity of air-dried wood can be used to estimate the mechanical properties of black locust wood based on simple regression curves in the absence of extensive mechanical tests.
Ion-beam Texturing at Nucleation -Manipulation of Crystallographic Orientation in Cubic Materials at the Nanometer Scale

The use of an ion beam assist during the concurrent deposition of cubic materials can result in the growth of crystallographically oriented thin films. A model system, magnesium oxide (MgO), has been successfully used as a biaxially textured template film and develops texture in a different manner from that of other well-studied materials, like yttria-stablized zirconia. Here, we present data on the initial nucleation of biaxial texture in this model system using a novel in-situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) substrate combined with in-situ reflected high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Temporal correlation of mass uptake with the RHEED images of the growing surface can be used to elucidate the mechanism of texture development in these films. Experimental data shows that the initially polycrystalline MgO film develops biaxial crystallographic texture at a thickness of ~2 nm, regardless of the ion-to-molecule ratio. RHEED images show the onset of texture occurs quickly and is somewhat analogous to a solid phase re-crystallization process with crystallite sizes of ~3 to 4 nm. Imaging with transmission electron microscopy has corroborated these observations. Changes in the ion-to-molecule ratio can influence the crystallite size and affect the nucleation density of these films. Growth of these films on various substrates changes the sticking coefficient of the MgO and influences the nucleation density and film growth mode as well. This opens the possibility of using MgO and other materials to develop biaxially textured crystallites with a narrow, specified size distribution for nanoscale applications.
The Four Horsemen of the Fair Housing Apocalypse: A Critique of Fair Housing Policy in the USA

This article examines US fair housing policy from a critical perspective. We describe the impact of the expansion of neoliberal ideology on the fair housing assistance program (FHAP), the fair hous...