cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The use of ablation-dominated medial moraines as samplers for 10Be-derived erosion rates of glacier valley walls, Kichatna Mountains, AK

We use cosmogenic 10Be concentrations in amalgamated rock samples from active, ice-cored medial moraines to constrain glacial valley sidewall backwearing rates in the Kichatna Mountains, Alaska Range, Alaska. This dramatic landscape is carved into a small ∼65 Ma granitic pluton about 100 km west of Denali, where kilometer-tall rock walls and ‘cathedral’ spires tower over a radial array of over a dozen valley glaciers. These supraglacial landforms erode primarily by rockfall, but erosion rates are difficult to determine. We use cosmogenic 10Be to measure rockwall backwearing rates on timescales of 103–104 years, with a straightforward sampling strategy that exploits ablation-dominated medial moraines. A medial moraine and its associated englacial debris serve as a conveyor system, bringing supraglacial rockfall debris from accumulation-zone valley walls to the moraine crest in the ablation zone. We discuss quantitatively several factors that complicate interpretation of cosmogenic concentrations in this material, including the complex scaling of production rates in very steep terrain, the stochastic nature of the rockfall erosion process, the unmixed nature of the moraine sediment, and additional cosmogenic accumulation during transport of the sediment. We sampled medial moraines on each of three glaciers of different sizes and topographic aspects. All three moraines are sourced in areas with identical rock and similar sidewall relief of ∼1 km. Each sample was amalgamated from 25 to 35 clasts collected over a 1-km longitudinal transect of each moraine. Two of the glaciers yield similar 10Be concentrations (∼1·6–2·2 × 104 at/g) and minimum sidewall slope-normal erosion rates (∼0·5–0·7 mm/yr). The lowest 10Be concentrations (8 × 103 at/g) and the highest erosion rates (1·3 mm/yr) come from the largest glacier in the range with the lowest late-summer snowline. These rates are reasonable in an alpine glacial setting, and are much faster than long-term exhumation rates of the western Alaska Range as determined by thermochronometric studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple thermodynamic analysis of solid-solution formation in binary systems of homologous extended-chain alkanes

Abstract Binary mixtures of n-alkane chains of comparable length are treated within the Bragg-Williams approximation. A simple model is developed to explain which pairs will form a continuous series of solid solutions (close to their respective melting points). Results are fit very well by the empirical rule that c t ⩽ 1.22 c s ensures such a continuous, mutual solubility. Here, c t is the number of carbon atoms in the longer alkane and c s the smaller number. Close analogies are found to the well known Hume-Rothery and Vegard's Law generalizations for metallic systems. The issue of crystal similarity as a requirement for solid solubility is successfully treated as a minor, possibly spurious complication.
The theoretical and functional evaluation of higher speed rotary instrumentation

Abstract From the foregoing, it can be concluded that higher rotary instrumentation has many marked advantages. An individual with no high speed equipment or experience should absorb the principles involved in high-speed cutting by working in the medium and high speed ranges until he is fully indoctrinated with the factors involved in these procedures. With this experience as a basis, and recognizing the factors of lessened operating forces, correct rotary instrument and equipment design, and the value of patient response to lessened vibration, heat, and rapidity of production, he then may ultimately progress into the ultra high speed ranges and enjoy the advantages inherent in this modality of tooth preparation.
Renaturation of citrate synthase: influence of denaturant and folding assistants.

Citrate synthase (CS), which has been denatured in either guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) or urea can be assisted in its renaturation in a variety of ways. The addition of each of the assistants--bovine serum albumin (BSA), oxaloacetate (OAA), and glycerol--promotes renaturation. In combination, the effect of these substances is additive with respect to the yield of folded CS. The report of Buchner et al. (Buchner, J., Schmidt, M., Fuchs, M., Jaenicke, R., Rudolph, R., Schmid, F.X., & Kiefhaber, T., 1991, Biochemistry 30, 1586-1591) that refolding of CS is facilitated by the GroE system (an Escherichia coli chaperonin [cpn] that is composed of GroEL [cpn60] and GroES [cpn10]) has been confirmed. However, we observed substantially higher yield of reactivated CS, 82%, and almost no reactivation in the absence of GroES, < 5%, whereas Buchner et al. reported 28% and 16%, respectively. In addition, we find that GroE-assisted refolding is more efficient for CS denatured in GdnHCl than for CS denatured in urea. This result is discussed in light of the known difference in the denatured states generated in GdnHCl and urea. Because GroEL inhibits the BSA/glycerol/OAA-assisted refolding, this system will be useful in future studies on the mechanism of GroE-facilitated refolding.
Mortgage Taxation in Wisconsin

The taxation of mortgages condemned by most economists, 1–3; but retained on the statute books of most States, 3–4; the experience of Wisconsin throws light upon this conflict of authority and practise, 4–12; and indicates that taxation of mortgages under the general property tax will prove innocuous in some places, 12–15; but harmful in others, 16; the conditions under which shifting will probably occur, 17–20; leading to the conclusion that mortgage taxation should be limited in rate, if imposed at all, 21; and is generally inexpedient not because the tax is necessarily shifted, 22, 23; but because it is part of a vicious system of personal taxation, 25–27.
Working Creatively Within an Institution

Often, teachers will feel that their personal attitude toward creativity enhancement in students is opposite to what the school itself projects. On the one hand, administrators and supervisors are touting “21st Century Skills,” and on the other hand, they are demanding that teachers “teach to the test,” raise test scores, focus on oneshot answers and not on deep understanding nor especially on self-expression. Even President Obama called for a focus on testing and measurement of achievement through testing. How can the teacher be creative when she/he is being inspected and expected to both focus on critical and creative thinking and make sure that students get good scores on standardized tests. The two are not mutually exclusive, and one could cite the research that says that a focus on understanding necessarily means that the test scores will rise.
An ATMS-based geometric constraint solver for 3D CAD

The authors have developed a constraint-based method of describing features. Every feature is controlled by geometric constraints, which naturally specify the dimensioning information that reflects the designer's intent. An ATMS-based geometric reasoning system is proposed that efficiently evaluates the constraints in order to determine geometric attributes, and detects over-constrained situations in order to resolve conflicts among the constraints. >
How Post-colonial Armies Came About: Comparative Perspectives from Asia and Africa

The creation of an army loyal to the state is one of the most important institutional tasks of post-colonial leaders. But how do novice political leaders develop the capacity to subordinate the arm...
Influence of language-specific input on spatial cognition: Categories of containment:

This study examines whether language-specific input influences children's nonlinguistic spatial cognition as they acquire their first language. Recent research on infant cognition has shown that preverbal infants can make a distinction between tight-fit and loose-fit containment relations. This distinction is systematically made in Korean (kkita‘fit tightly’), but not in English (in). Using a preferential-looking method, this study tested sensitivity to the distinction in English and Korean learners at different ages: English learners were tested at 18, 24, 29 and 36 months, and Korean learners at 29 and 36 months of age. Results showed that while English learners weaken their sensitivity to the distinction by 29 months of age, Korean learners maintain high sensitivity to the distinction throughout the age periods tested. Language surveys of the English learners indicate that weakening of the sensitivity occurs as the children use the relevant spatial terms and increase their vocabulary level.
Presence of external carotid artery plaque independently predicts mortality in patients without internal carotid artery atherosclerosis

Background: The presence of plaque in the external carotid artery (ECA) detected on carotid duplex ultrasound (CDU) is of unknown clinical significance and may not be reported in routine clinical practice. We hypothesize that ECA plaque in the absence of plaque in the other cervical vessels is a risk factor for increased all-cause mortality. Objectives: To determine the significance of ECA plaque on all-cause mortality in the absence of internal carotid artery (ICA) or common carotid artery (CCA) plaque. Methods: We queried the Non-Invasive Vascular Laboratory database for all CDUs performed between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2005. All images were reviewed for the presence of plaque. Studies were included if plaque was absent in both the CCA and the ICA. Chart review was performed to obtain demographic and clinical information. All-cause mortality was determined using the Social Security Death Index. Results: A total of 500 patient studies met the inclusion criteria; 64 patients (12.8%) had plaque in one or both ECAs. There was no significant difference in age (mean 58.1 ± 14.8 years), race (82.5% white), or sex (64.4% male) between those with and without ECA plaque. There was a significant difference in all-cause mortality between patients with and without isolated ECA plaque after adjustment for age, sex, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, hypertension, body mass index, and surgery within 30 days of CDU (adjusted hazard ratio 2.60, 95% CI 1.46–4.66, p<0.001). Conclusions: The presence of plaque isolated to the ECA is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and may impart important prognostic information for patients referred for CDU.
Observations upon the aglomerular nature of certain teleostean kidneys

Observations are reported which fully establish the aglomerular nature of the kidney in the following teleostean species: Hippocampus trimaculatus, Hippocampus kuda, Hippocampus hudsonius, Microphis boaja, Batrachus grunniens and Pterophryne histrio. It is possible that we are dealing with an additional aglomerular species (Microphis sp.), but this cannot be determined from the available material. All species were taken in sea water except Microphis boaja and Microphis sp., which were taken in fresh water.
Spectral estimation via selective harmonic amplification

The state-covariance of a linear filter is characterized by a certain algebraic commutativity property with the state matrix of the filter, and also imposes a generalized interpolation constraint on the power spectrum of the input process. This algebraic property and the relationship between state-covariance and the power spectrum of the input allow the use of matrix pencils and analytic interpolation theory for spectral analysis. Several algorithms for spectral estimation are developed with resolution higher than state of the art.
A high-power MEMS electric induction motor

An electric induction micromotor with a 4-mm-diameter rotor was designed and built for high-power operation. Operated at partial actuating voltage, the motor has demonstrated an air gap power in excess of 20 mW and torque of 3.5 /spl mu/Nm at speeds in excess of 55 000 rpm. Operation at higher power and speed was limited by bearing stability at higher rotational speeds. The device builds on an earlier micromotor demonstrated by Frechette et al. The high power of the present motor is enabled by its low-loss, high-voltage electric stator, which also offers improved efficiency. The development of this electromechanical device is an important enabling step not only for watt-scale micromotors, but also for the development of microelectric generators. This paper presents the motor's design, the fabrication process that was created to meet its stringent design requirements, and its performance to date.
Obesity, sex, and acetaminophen disposition

Twenty-one obese (14 women; 7 men) and 21 normal (11 women; 10 men) drug-free and age-matched subjects were given single 650-mg IV doses of acetaminophen. Mean total body weights (TBW) for the groups were as follows: obese men, 134.9 kg; control men 70.6 kg; obese women, 87.9 kg; and control women, 55.0 kg; ideal body weight (IBW) was similar for all of the groups. Acetaminophen elimination half-life (t1/2 beta) did not differ among groups. Absolute volume of distribution (Vd) was greater in obese than in control men (109 and 77 l, P less than 0.05) and greater in control men than in control women (77 and 52 l, P less than 0.05), but Vd corrected for TBW was smaller in obese than in control men (0.81 and 1.09 l/kg TBW, P less than 0.05) and smaller in obese than control women (0.71 and 0.95 l/kg TBW, P less than 0.05). Absolute metabolic clearance was greater in obese than in control men (484 and 323 ml/min, P less than 0.05), in obese than in control women (312 and 227 ml/min, P less than 0.05), and in control men than women (323 and 227 ml/min, P less than 0.05). After correction for TBW, however, clearance between control and obese subjects of the same sex did not differ. Acetaminophen Vd is increased in obesity and in men relative to women, but the drug's distribution into body weight exceeding IBW is less extensive than that into IBW. For men the distribution ratio is 0.44 and for women, 0.31. Acetaminophen clearance increases with body weight and therefore is much greater in obese patients and in men.
Organizational Decline and Adaptation: Theoretical Controversies

In 1980, David Whetten published a seminal paper that urged organization scientists to revise their underlying assumptions of continuous organizational growth, and develop an agenda of research and teaching on organizational decline (Whetten 1980a). Since then, the organization science literature on decline has mushroomed. Some of this work has attempted to define the construct of organizational decline, using such definitions as maladaptation to the environment (Greenhalgh 1983), a downturn in organization size or performance (McKinley 1987), reductions in force (Ford 1980a), decrease in an organization's resource base (Cameron, Kim and Whetten 1987), and failure to anticipate and neutralize external threat (Weitzel and Jonsson 1989). Cameron, Sutton and Whetten (1988), Weitzel and Jonsson (1989), and Whetten (1980b, 1987) attempted to review and integrate the diverse literature on decline. Harrigan (1980), Sutton (1990), Sutton and D'Aunno (1989) and Zammuto and Cameron (1985) have developed theoretical models of decline in organizations, and still other research has reported on large-scale empirical studies of decline and its consequences (Cameron, Whetten and Kim 1987; D'Aveni 1989; Hambrick and D'Aveni 1988). Research on resource scarcity and its effects on organizations and their members is also closely related to organization decline (see discussion on "Necessity: The Mother of Rigidity or Invention?" later in this introduction). Brockner (1988), Brockner, Davy and Carter (1985), Brockner, Grover, Reed and DeWitt (1992), Brockner, Grover, Reed, DeWitt and O'Malley (1987), Cornfield (1983), Feldman and Leana (1989), Perry (1986) and Worrell, Davidson and Sharma (1991) have studied the many effects of layoffs, and the social and psychological processes that characterize organizational death have been investigated by Harris and Sutton (1986), and Sutton (1983, 1987). Since organizational death is not inevitable, and practitioners and scholars are both interested in how organizations can avoid it, a large literature on organizational turnaround has also developed (Bibeault 1982; Castrogiovanni, Baliga and Kidwell 1992; Grinyer, Mayes and McKiernan 1988; Hambrick and Schecter 1983; Hofer 1980; Hoffman 1989; Robbins and Pearce 1992; Schendel, Patton and Riggs 1976; Slatter 1984; Stopford and Baden-Fuller 1990). A common theme that threads through much of the related research on decline summarized above is how, and whether, organizations adapt to conditions of organizational decline. The literature relevant to the theme of organizational decline and adaptation has now matured to the point that several important theoretical controversies are becoming apparent. One controversy concerns a particular type of adaptation to organizational decline: organizational downsizing (Cameron, Freeman and Mishra 1991; Tomasko 1987). A second controversy involves the issue of whether organizational decline is usually an inhibitor or stimulus for adaptation. These two controversies form the framework for this focused issue, and for the introduction to the six papers that make up the issue.
Do Foreign Occupations Cause Suicide Attacks

The phenomenon of suicide attacks has dramatically expanded over the last twenty years, rising from no events in 1980 to a total of 1,398 events by 2008. A prominent theory has argued that suicide attacks are a coercive strategy aimed at ending foreign military occupation by democracies. Yet these conclusions are based on a research design that is affected by selection bias and that fails to distinguish foreign occupations from cases of groups seeking independence or autonomy, which we term domestic occupations. Analyzing an original data set that distinguishes the different types of occupation, we find that only foreign occupations have a strong and consistent effect on the incidence of suicide attacks. The reason, we argue, is that suicide attacks only become cost effective when targets are both hardened and accessible, a strategic environment that is more common to civil wars and foreign occupations than to domestic occupations. Language: en
Adsorption equilibrium constants and intraparticle diffusivities in molecular sieves by tracer-pulse chromatography

A perturbation chromatography technique using radiotracer gases has been developed to determine the adsorption equilibrium constants and diffusivities in molecular sieves. The ethane and ethylene 13X molecular sieve systems were studied in regions of high concentration. The data obtained by this technique are shown to be in agreement with equilibrium data obtained by static methods and with kinetic data obtained by adsorption uptake and chromatographic methods, but not with kinetic data obtained using NMR techniques. The tracer-pulse chromatographic technique is much more efficient for obtaining gas adsorption equilibria and intraparticle diffusivities and is considerably easier to adapt to wide pressure and temperature ranges than the conventional methods.
Storm-Wave Flow through Tidal Inlets and Its Influence on Bay Flooding

Offshore wave setup generated by wave breaking during coastal storms can create significant flow through tidal inlets and increase bay flooding. However, these flow contributions are not always considered when determining coastal flooding risk for engineering studies. This paper describes the wave-driven flow process at tidal inlets and demonstrates its impact on bay flooding on Long Island, New York. Numerical simulations using a coupled hydrodynamic and wave model are presented to show contributions to bay water level by wave-driven flow with respect to those by wind surge. These simulations include two major historical coastal storms and a small nor’easter in 2003, during which the model was validated using field measurements of water level. Finally, an approach is introduced for estimating wave-induced flow contributions to bay flooding as a function of inlet and storm characteristics, including tidal prism and wave conditions. The findings of this study indicate that wave-induced flow contributions m...
Disease suppression in winter wheat from novel symbiosis with forest fungi

Abstract In the Pacific Northwest, USA, pathogenic Fusarium spp. are common in agricultural soils but rare in forest soils. We hypothesized that regional forest soils possess indigenous Fusarium- suppressive microbes, which may enter into novel associations with introduced crop plants, potentially contributing to suppressive soils. To test this hypothesis, we inoculated winter wheat with regional forest litter microbial communities and rhizosphere fungi and challenged plants with pathogenic Fusarium culmorum from regional agricultural fields. We also challenged plants with drought and low-temperature stress, which may augment disease severity. A forest litter microbiome improved survival of Fusarium -infected wheat three-fold and increased growth by 67%. Seedlings inoculated with individual forest fungi developed larger root systems during vernalization. Penicillium sp. doubled yield of Fusarium -infected winter wheat exposed to drought conditions. Indigenous microbes from native plant communities of the interior Northwest mitigate abiotic stresses and may contribute to suppression of a soil-borne wheat disease via novel symbioses.
Systems modeling and analysis of heavy ion drivers for inertial fusion energy

A computer model for systems analysis of heavy ion drivers based on induction linac technology has been used to evaluate driver designs for inertial fusion energy (IFE). Design parameters and estimated costs have been determined for drivers with various ions, different charge states, different front-end designs, with and without beam merging, and various pulse compression and acceleration schedules. We have examined the sensitivity of the results to variations in component cost assumptions, design constraints, and selected design parameters
Inversion And Attribute-assisted Hydraulically-induced Microseismic Fracture Prediction: A North Texas Barnett Shale Case Study

The goal of this project is to predict possible zones of fracture network propagation during hydraulic stimulation by analyzing seismic attributes and acoustic impedance inversion volumes in the North Texas Barnett Shale. Both volumetric curvature attributes and acoustic impedance inversion volumes demonstrate correlation with hydraulically fractured zones. The characteristics of the rocks within which the microseismic events cluster serve as characterization and prediction tools for determining weakness planes and fracture-prone zones from 3D surface seismic acquired before hydraulic stimulation. The ultimate objective is to minimize the number of wells and thereby cost necessary to fully produce the resource by having a priori knowledge of most likely fracture propagation trends and where the formations will most likely fail.
Dislocation Climb in the Electron Wind

When a current flows in a conductor, the electron wind causes atoms to diffuse. This paper considers the consequences of such diffusion along dislocation cores. A dislocation climbing in a crystal is viewed as a non-equilibrium thermodynamic system to define the force that drives self-diffusion along the core. Not only is a dislocation a mass-transport pipe, it also climbs and generates more dislocations—all in the electron wind. A prismatic loop moves like a rigid disk, as atoms electro-migrate along the core from one edge of the loop to the other. Each loop is therefore a mass carrier responding to an electric current. Interstitial and vacancy loops can be simultaneously generated and subsequently climb in the opposite directions. The process transports mass in single crystal or bamboo-like interconnects at moderate temperatures.
Trends and Methodology in Sweat Testing for Cystic Fibrosis

The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) depends on a carefully performed sweat test using reliable methodology. This article describes the current status of sweat testing methodology in North Carolina and compares it with results from a study done more than a decade ago. While the less reliable chloride electrode remains the most popular method for sweat testing, more sweat tests are performed annually using the CF Foundation approved methods of GCQPIT and Macroduct. In many hospital laboratories, the concern for accurate testing has lead to quality assurance procedures for the sweat test.
Quantifying usability

"When you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, you know something about it. But when you cannot measure it, when you cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge is of an unsatisfactory kind: It may be the beginning of knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts, advanced to the stage of Science."---Lord (William Thompson) Kelvin, pioneer in thermodynamics and electricity, 1891
Intrinsic Material Properties Dictating Oxygen Vacancy Formation Energetics in Metal Oxides

Oxygen vacancies (VO) in oxides are extensively used to manipulate vital material properties. Although methods to predict defect formation energies have advanced significantly, an understanding of the intrinsic material properties that govern defect energetics lags. We use first-principles calculations to study the connection between intrinsic (bulk) material properties and the energy to form a single, charge neutral oxygen vacancy (EV). We investigate 45 binary and ternary oxides and find that a simple model which combines (i) the oxide enthalpy of formation (ΔHf), (ii) the midgap energy relative to the O 2p band center (EO 2p + (1/2)Eg), and (iii) atomic electronegativities reproduces calculated EV within ∼0.2 eV. This result provides both valuable insights into the key properties influencing EV and a direct method to predict EV. We then predict the EV of ∼1800 oxides and validate the predictive nature of our approach against direct defect calculations for a subset of 18 randomly selected materials.
INDUCTIVE ACQUISITION OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE

In the construction of an artificial intelligence system and an expert system, the inductive acquisition of the expert knowledge is the bottle neck problem. This paper discusses the problem in mechanism, algorithm, environment technology and applicaiton of the inductive acquisition. The analysis of the newest research results shows that the study of multidiscipline and crossed inductive acquisition remains the most urgent task in the frontier research on current artificial intelligence.
Ultra-small-angle neutron scattering with azimuthal asymmetry

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements from thin sections of rock samples such as shales demand as great a scattering vector range as possible because the pores cover a wide range of sizes. The limitation of the scattering vector range for pinhole SANS requires slit-smeared ultra-SANS (USANS) measurements that need to be converted to pinhole geometry. The desmearing algorithm is only successful for azimuthally symmetric data. Scattering from samples cut parallel to the plane of bedding is symmetric, exhibiting circular contours on a two-dimensional detector. Samples cut perpendicular to the bedding show elliptically dependent contours with the long axis corresponding to the normal to the bedding plane. A method is given for converting such asymmetric data collected on a double-crystal diffractometer for concatenation with the usual pinhole-geometry SANS data. The aspect ratio from the SANS data is used to modify the slit-smeared USANS data to produce quasi-symmetric contours. Rotation of the sample about the incident beam may result in symmetric data but cannot extract the same information as obtained from pinhole geometry.
The Use of Newer Antidepressants for Panic Disorder

Antidepressants are frequently prescribed to treat panic disorder. Although tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors both block panic attacks, they have many adverse effects such as orthostatic hypotension and weight gain. High potency benzodiazepines such as alprazolam are also efficacious but carry the risk of physical dependency. Data from research trials as well as clinical experience are accumulating to indicate that the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)--fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline--and perhaps venlafaxine, which inhibits both serotonergic and noradrenergic reuptake, are useful antipanic medications. The possibility also exists that these newer antidepressants such as SSRIs and venlafaxine are superior in effectiveness to the previously available drugs and, when combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, might provide the best treatment outcome for patients with panic disorder.
Exploring the Self-Disclosure Process in Peer Mentoring Relationships for Transition-Age Youth With Developmental Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the self-disclosure process in regard to connection development and relationship quality in peer mentoring relationships between transition-age youth (ages 15-20) and young adults (ages 18-36) with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. Self-disclosure is defined as "the disclosure of inner feelings and experiences to another person" that "fosters liking, caring, and trust, thereby facilitating the deepening of close relationships" ( Reis & Shaver, 1988 , p. 372). Nine peer mentoring dyads with varied interpersonal connections were purposefully selected from a larger intervention study. Recorded mentoring conversations were analyzed for self-disclosure content and peer mentor response. The findings demonstrated trends related to connection development and differences across degree of connection. In relationships with stronger connections, there was a higher quantity of self-disclosure and more frequent disclosure of emotions, and peer mentors responded more frequently with advice and reciprocated self-disclosure. Implications of findings for promoting higher-quality peer mentoring relationships are discussed.
Galileo: European Collaboration for Space

This paper examines the Galileo satellite navigation system as an example of European collaboration, and illustrates how the project has put Europe and European industry at the forefront of the space industry. It discusses the history of the program as well as its technical and financial aspects. The collaboration efforts are discussed highlighting the nature of the political, economic and technological forms of both intergovernmental and supranational cooperation. In addition to the Galileo system, the paper also includes a brief discussion on the Global System for Mobile Communications, one of the greatest successes of European technical collaboration.
Faculty and Student Evaluations of a Medical Student Summer Research Program: a 15 Year Analysis

The need for a better understanding of how medical student involvement in research at the university plays a role in both short-term and long-term outcomes provides the impetus for this study. Over the past 15 years, our institution has supported medical students through an 8-week summer research program, the Medical Student Summer Research Program (MSSRP). This study tracks short-term and long-term effects of the MSSRP through student surveys and match outcomes. We conducted analyses to understand the association between student and preceptor responses and determine factors that aided in positive research experiences. We followed a subgroup of students to their residency match to analyze the relationship between research interests and career paths. We found that program participants regarded the Medical Student Summer Research Program (MSSRP) favorably. In addition, we found that the student’s relationship with his or her preceptor strongly correlated to a positive research experience. Two factors—the student’s possibility of publishing his or her findings and the student-reported availability of the—contributed to the student’s interest in continuing his or her research project during medical school. From a subgroup of the MSSRP, we found a strong positive correlation between first-year summer research topics and match results from residency programs, 3 years later. Among the factors analyzed, we found that mentorship and collaboration are the most important drivers of research continuity, student satisfaction, and preceptor satisfaction.
Pleiotropic regulation of virulence genes in Streptococcus mutans by the conserved small protein SprV

Streptococcus mutans, an oral pathogen associated with dental caries, colonizes tooth surfaces as polymicrobial biofilms known as dental plaque. S. mutans expresses several virulence factors that allow the organism to tolerate environmental fluctuations and compete with other microorganisms. We recently identified a small hypothetical protein (90 amino acids) essential for the normal growth of the bacterium. Inactivation of the gene, SMU.2137, encoding this protein caused a significant growth defect and loss of various virulence-associated functions. An S. mutans strain lacking this gene was more sensitive to acid, temperature, osmotic, oxidative, and DNA damage-inducing stresses. In addition, we observed an altered protein profile and defects in biofilm formation, bacteriocin production, and natural competence development, possibly due to the fitness defect associated with SMU.2137 deletion. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that nearly 20% of the S. mutans genes were differentially expressed upon SMU.2137 deletion, thereby suggesting a pleiotropic effect. Therefore, we have renamed this hitherto uncharacterized gene as sprV ( s treptococcal p leiotropic r egulator of v irulence). The transcript levels of several relevant genes in the sprV mutant corroborated the phenotypes observed upon sprV deletion. Owing to its highly conserved nature, inactivation of the sprV ortholog in Streptococcus gordonii also resulted in poor growth and defective UV tolerance and competence development as in the case of S. mutans Our experiments suggest that SprV is functionally distinct from its homologs identified by structure and sequence homology. Nonetheless, our current work is aimed at understanding the importance of SprV in the S. mutans biology.IMPORTANCEStreptococcus mutans employs several virulence factors and stress resistance mechanisms to colonize tooth surfaces and cause dental caries. Bacterial pathogenesis is generally controlled by regulators of fitness that are critical for successful disease establishment. Sometimes these regulators, which are potential targets for antimicrobials, are lost in the genomic context due to the lack of annotated homologs. This work outlines the regulatory impact of a small, highly conserved hypothetical protein, SprV, encoded by S. mutans We show that SprV affects the transcript levels of various virulence factors required for normal growth, biofilm formation, stress tolerance, genetic competence, and bacteriocin production.
Glacial Inception on Baffin Island: The Role of Insolation, Meteorology, and Topography

AbstractGeologic evidence suggests that the last glacial inception (115 kya) occurred within the mountains of Baffin Island. Global climate models (GCMs) have difficulty simulating this climate transition, likely because of their coarse horizontal resolution that smooths topography and necessitates the use of cumulus parameterizations. A regional configuration of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is used to simulate the small-scale topographic and cloud processes neglected by GCMs, and the sensitivity of the region to Milankovitch forcing, topography, and meteorology is tested. It is found that ice growth is possible with 115-kya insolation, realistic topography, and slightly colder-than-average meteorology, represented by specific years within the past three decades. The simulation with low GCM-like topography shows a negative surface mass balance, even with the relevant orbital parameter configuration, demonstrating the criticality of realistic topography. The downslope growth of the ice ...
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN TEORI BODY DAN CAT DENGAN PRESTASI BELAJAR PRAKTEK PENGECATAN MAHASISWA JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN TEKNIK OTOMOTIF FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MAKASSAR

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan tubuh dan teori cat dengan prestasi belajar praktek lukisan departemen pendidikan mahasiswa teknik fakultas otomotif teknik Universitas Makassar. Analisis data yang digunakan oleh statistik deskriptif dan imperensial melibatkan variabel bebas yaitu pengetahuan tentang Teori Tubuh Dan Cat (X) dan Variabel terikat yang prestasi belajar Praktek Painting (Y). Populasi dalam penelitian ini isthe Strata mahasiswa program One (S1) dari departemen departemen teknik fakultas otomotif teknik Universitas Makassar penyihir periode 2011, 2012, dan 2013 sebanyak 164 mahasiswa. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan rumus dari Taro Yamani dan diperoleh 49 studentsample. Data teknik collectingconducted dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan dua cara yaitu analisis statistik deskriptif dan korelasi orang dari product moment. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagai berikut: 1). Dominasi tingkat teori yang lebih dari cukup dapat mencapai 38,78% dari jumlah sampel siswa. 2). Prestasi belajar praktik yang baik dapat mencapai 46,94% dan 3). Hasil analisis korelasi orang dari produk Momen yang diperoleh byr_count = 0.751> r_tabel = 0281 .. Hal ini menunjukkan hubungan pengetahuan tubuh dan teori cat dengan prestasi belajar praktek lukisan yang signifikan yang mencapai r2 = 54% dan beristirahat ditentukan oleh faktor lain. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan, hasil Belajar, cat Abstract
Chemical and morphological evaluation of chars produced from primary biomass constituents: cellulose, xylan, and lignin.

Abstract The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the morphology, bulk and surface chemistry of cellulose, xylan and lignin chars has been examined. Chars were produced between 300 and 700 °C. Raman, X-ray photoelectron, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy and surface area analysis were used to characterize each sample. Formation of polyaromatic structures were found to be prevalent at 400 °C for both cellulose and lignin chars, and showed development at 300 °C for Xylan. The low A bands identified in the lignin char produced at 400 °C indicate that crosslinking at low temperatures preferentially forms hexagonal or larger rings. Aromatic condensation increased until 500 °C, and remained stable up to 700 °C. The sharp drop in oxygen content as temperature is increased up to 500 °C and the formation of ether (C-O-C) groups indicates that oxygen is a primary reaction component for crosslinking and polycondensation. Despite the considerable increase in ring size for char produced at 700 °C compared to 500 °C, only very mild loss of oxygen is identified, suggesting that C-C bonds are forming with minimal oxygen mediation The increased broadness of the NMR peak and the Raman G band suggest that at these temperatures the increase in ring size occurs largely in a 3 dimensional manner rather than planar with contributions from non-hexagonal rings and out-of-plane distortion. By comparing the NMR dephasing data to the I(D)/I(G) ratio an approximate relation between this Raman data and cluster size has also been derived.
Sustainability, Institutions, and Patterns of Thought and Action

Chapter 6 introduces the discussion of the structural aspects of sustainability ethics that refers to questions of what structures are relevant in the context of sustainability, what characteristics do these structures have, how do they affect the sustainability relations and by what approach could we analyze these structures and their impact? I discuss what attempts have been made so far in academic and public discussions to capture the structural aspects relevant for sustainability issues. I refer to public discussions about the role of concrete institutions such as big corporations, or the World Bank, or abstract patterns such as globalization. I also refer to academic discussions about the crucial role of general patterns of thought, such as the modern subject-object division or gender patterns for environmental and sustainability issues. Although all these theoretical and practical structures may have some relevance to the analysis of sustainability issues, I argue that the discussions so far have been insufficient. They tend to reduce the structural dimension to one single aspect, which often remains either too specific or too general. I argue that we rather need an approach which can analyze the complex interplay and interconnection of general patterns of thought and action, and concrete institutions and organizations.
Cell-targetable DNA nanocapsules for spatiotemporal release of caged bioactive small molecules

Achieving triggered release of small molecules with spatial and temporal precision at designated cells within an organism remains a challenge. By combining a cell-targetable, icosahedral DNA-nanocapsule loaded with photoresponsive polymers, we show cytosolic delivery of small molecules with the spatial resolution of single endosomes in specific cells in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our technology can report on the extent of small molecules released after photoactivation as well as pinpoint the location at which uncaging of the molecules occurred. We apply this technology to release dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a neurosteroid that promotes neurogenesis and neuron survival, and determined the timescale of neuronal activation by DHEA, using light-induced release of DHEA from targeted DNA nanocapsules. Importantly, sequestration inside the DNA capsule prevents photocaged DHEA from activating neurons prematurely. Our methodology can in principle be generalized to diverse neurostimulatory molecules. An icosahedral DNA nanocapsule with photoresponsive polymers that can deliver small molecules into model organisms with high spatial and temporal resolution.
Biofilm Formation, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Sanitizer Tolerance of Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated from Beef Trim

Abstract In the beef industry, product contamination by Salmonella enterica is a serious public health concern, which may result in human infection and cause significant financial loss due to product recalls. Currently, the precise mechanism and pathogen source responsible for Salmonella contamination in commercial establishments are not well understood. We characterized 89 S. enterica strains isolated from beef trim with respect to their biofilm-forming ability, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm cell survival/recovery growth after sanitizer exposure. A total of 28 Salmonella serovars was identified within these strains. The most common serovars identified were Anatum, Dublin, Montevideo, and Typhimurium, with these accounting for nearly half of the total strains. The vast majority (86%) of the strains was able to develop strong biofilms, and the biofilm-forming ability was highly strain dependent and related to cell surface expression of extracellular polymeric structures. These strains also demonstr...
Posaconazole-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency in a Case of Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia

Introduction. Posaconazole is an azole used in treatment and prophylaxis of a broad spectrum of fungal infections. Antifungals such as ketoconazole have been shown to cause primary adrenal insufficiency (AI) as a result of direct inhibition on the steroidogenesis pathway. There is only one reported case of primary AI induced by posaconazole in a patient with mucormycosis. We report a case of posaconazole-related primary AI. Case. A 63-year-old man with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia was admitted for fatigue and intermittent nausea and vomiting. He had recently discontinued prophylactic posaconazole 300 mg daily. He was assessed for AI with a morning cortisol of 1.9 mcg/dL followed by a failed cosyntropin stimulation (CS) test. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) level was 154.6 pg/mL with negative 21-hydroxylase antibodies. The patient’s symptoms improved with initiation of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone. One year after discontinuation of posaconazole, he underwent a repeat CS test which showed normal adrenal function with normal ACTH at 34.1 pg/mL. Conclusion. In this case, we demonstrate that prolonged use of posaconazole is associated with primary AI. As use of posaconazole increases, knowledge of the potential risk of AI is important and must be included in the differential diagnosis when these patients present with hypotension, hypoglycemia, and failure to thrive.
Conceptual Models for IR and Organizational Intelligence

From at least the time of the founding of the Association for Institutional Research (AIR) in 1965, the questions of what institutional research (IR) is, how it should be structured, and what its responsibilities should be seem to have been perpetual among IR practitioners, those it serves, and scholars of the profession (Knight, W. E. (2003). The primer for institutional research. Tallahassee: The Association for Institutional Research; Reichard, D. J. (2012). The history of institutional research. In R. Howard, G. McLaughlin, & W. Knight (Eds.), The handbook of institutional research (pp. 3–21). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass). As mentioned by Webber in Chap. 1, IR in the US is now a mature profession. In the 50+ years, a substantial number of writings document the fundamental principles that describe and the major strategies used to carry out its mission within higher education. What comes with a longer history is the ability to think broadly and conceptually about the meaning and value of the collective set of ideals, principles, and strategies that represent the IR profession. This chapter provides an overview of various ideas about the evolving role of IR, both in its mature status in the United States, and as it develops in response to unique decision support contexts worldwide.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) are born without a functional left ventricle. To allow for long-term viability, these children typically undergo a series of operations aimed at utilizing the single functional right ventricle to support systemic cardiac output. As a result, these infants are susceptible to unique clinical presentations and require careful management decisions to prevent undesirable outcomes. This chapter focuses on clinical presentation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome at various stages, available surgical options, and common interstage complications that should be familiar to all clinicians who may encounter these children.
Trends and Attributable Costs of Anorectal Involvement in Pediatric Crohn's Disease

Abstract Background Pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) with anorectal involvement has not been well characterized. We sought to describe trends in the prevalence of pediatric CD with anorectal involvement and its influence on health-care utilization. Materials and methods Patients ( Results There were 26,029 patients with CD identified in the study interval. Of these, 1706 (6.6%) had anorectal involvement. Those with anorectal disease were younger (age 16 versus 17 y old), more likely to be male (59.4% versus 49.9%) and black or Hispanic (24.7% versus 18.2%), and were more commonly treated in urban teaching hospitals compared with rural or nonteaching hospitals (83.2% versus 70.9%) (P Conclusions There has been an increase in the proportion of pediatric CD hospitalizations with anorectal manifestations. This pattern of disease is associated with longer hospitalization and higher costs compared with CD alone. Further research is required to understand the underlying etiology of these observed trends.