cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Static and user-extensible proof checking

Despite recent successes, large-scale proof development within proof assistants remains an arcane art that is extremely time-consuming. We argue that this can be attributed to two profound shortcomings in the architecture of modern proof assistants. The first is that proofs need to include a large amount of minute detail; this is due to the rigidity of the proof checking process, which cannot be extended with domain-specific knowledge. In order to avoid these details, we rely on developing and using tactics, specialized procedures that produce proofs. Unfortunately, tactics are both hard to write and hard to use, revealing the second shortcoming of modern proof assistants. This is because there is no static knowledge about their expected use and behavior. As has recently been demonstrated, languages that allow type-safe manipulation of proofs, like Beluga, Delphin and VeriML, can be used to partly mitigate this second issue, by assigning rich types to tactics. Still, the architectural issues remain. In this paper, we build on this existing work, and demonstrate two novel ideas: an extensible conversion rule and support for static proof scripts. Together, these ideas enable us to support both user-extensible proof checking, and sophisticated static checking of tactics, leading to a new point in the design space of future proof assistants. Both ideas are based on the interplay between a light-weight staging construct and the rich type information available.
The Prochlorococcus carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism: evidence of carboxysome-associated heterogeneity.

The ability of Prochlorococcus to numerically dominate open ocean regions and contribute significantly to global carbon cycles is dependent in large part on its effectiveness in transforming light energy into compounds used in cell growth, maintenance, and division. Integral to these processes is the carbon dioxide-concentrating mechanism (CCM), which enhances photosynthetic CO2 fixation. The CCM involves both active uptake systems that permit intracellular accumulation of inorganic carbon as the pool of bicarbonate and the system of HCO3 − conversion into CO2. The latter is located in the carboxysome, a microcompartment designed to promote the carboxylase activity of Rubisco. This study presents a comparative analysis of several facets of the Prochlorococcus CCM. Our analyses indicate that a core set of CCM components is shared, and their genomic organization is relatively well conserved. Moreover, certain elements, including carboxysome shell polypeptides CsoS1 and CsoS4A, exhibit striking conservation. Unexpectedly, our analyses reveal that the carbonic anhydrase (CsoSCA) and CsoS2 shell polypeptide have diversified within the lineage. Differences in csoSCA and csoS2 are consistent with a model of unequal rates of evolution rather than relaxed selection. The csoS2 and csoSCA genes form a cluster in Prochlorococcus genomes, and we identified two conserved motifs directly upstream of this cluster that differ from the motif in marine Synechococcus and could be involved in regulation of gene expression. Although several elements of the CCM remain well conserved in the Prochlorococcus lineage, the evolution of differences in specific carboxysome features could in part reflect optimization of carboxysome-associated processes in dissimilar cellular environments.
Phylogeny of Gonatozygon and Genicularia (Gonatozygaceae, Desmidiales) based on rbcL sequences

Gonatozygon and Genicularia have been placed in various families within the conjugating green algae, and recent treatments place them in the order Desmidiales, in a separate family Gonatozygaceae or within the family Peniaceae. Nucleotide sequences of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rbcL) were determined for these genera and included in an analysis with published sequences for related genera in the families Zygnemataceae (filamentous conjugating green algae) and Mesotaeniaceae (saccoderm desmids), as well as charophycean and other outgroups. Gonatozygon and Genicularia form a strongly supported monophyletic group that is closely related to the saccoderm desmid, Roya. These three genera form a clade within a paraphyletic assemblage of genera from the Mesotaeniaceae and Zygnemataceae. The rbcL data suggest a close relationship of Roya with Gonatozygon and Genicularia, which is not supported by studies of cell wall ultrastructure but is congruent with some studies of pig...
Congenital olivopontocerebellar atrophy: Report of two siblings with paleo- and neocerebellar atrophy

We report two sisters with congenital olivopontocerebellar atrophy, including immunohistochemical studies of autopsy brain tissue. Both cases showed microcephaly with disproportionately marked hypoplasia of the posterior fossa structures including pons, inferior olivary nuclei, and cerebellum. Microscopically, the pons was atrophic with near total loss of pontine nuclei and transverse pontocerebellar tracts (inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles). The medulla showed absent inferior olivary and arcuate nuclei. The cerebellum showed hypoplasia with rudimentary dentate nuclei, profound loss of Purkinje cells and external granule cell layer, a sparse internal granule cell layer of the entire dorsal vermis and the dorsal portions of the lateral folia, as well as markedly reduced underlying axon fibers in the white matter with marked astrogliosis. These features were highlighted by immunohistochemical study using antibodies against Purkinje cell epitopes, synaptophysin, neurofilament, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and tuberin. The cerebral hemispheres were unremarkable. Our cases are characterized by a pattern of diffuse posterior cerebellar involvement that has rarely been described in previous reports. An autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is suggested. The abnormalities may result from antenatal degeneration or atrophy of neurons in the involved sites rather than hypoplasia or developmental arrest starting in the second and third month of late embryonic life.
The needle in the haystack

Spike-based approaches to feature selectivity in sensory pathways can bias toward only the most active neurons. A subthreshold method identifies feature selectivity in the rodent vibrissal system regardless of spiking activity.
The Interplanetary Dialectic: Freedom and Equality in Ursula Le Guin's The Dispossessed

(2006). The Interplanetary Dialectic: Freedom and Equality in Ursula Le Guin's The Dispossessed. Perspectives on Political Science: Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 128-134.
Mechanisms of hemostasis

Abstract In vivo experiments were performed on rats. The roles of blood clotting, platelets, and the blood vessel smooth muscle were studied independently or in controlled combinations. Enzymatic reduction of the plasma clotting proteins was achieved by infusing either thrombin or trypsin through a mesenteric vein or into the right external jugular vein. Dibenzyline (phenoxybenzamine) was injected intraperitoneally or intravenously to inhibit constriction of vascular smooth muscle. Thrombocytopenia was obtained by infusion of a combination of adenosine diphosphate and Hageman factor via the right external jugular vein. Hemostasis was attained as long as two of the three components were functional. Removal of any two components resulted in continuous bleeding. Maintenance of hemostasis (permanent hemostasis) required the presence of the clotting mechanisms. These experimental observations lend support to the idea that hemostasis occurs in two phases. The primary phase is initiated by the combined action of reversible platelet aggregation and vascular smooth muscle contraction. Each set of mechanisms enhances the effects of the other set and can initiate hemostasis in severed blood vessels of 50 μ or less in diameter. If the coagulation mechanisms have been suppressed, bleeding will resume after a variable period of closure depending on the strength of the reversible platelet plug and the vascular smooth muscle contraction. The secondary phase must involve the formation of irreversible platelet aggregation with subsequent fibrin formation since the coagulation mechanisms are essential for permanent hemostasis. The coagulation mechanisms alone cannot initiate hemostasis unless some externally applied pressure stops the bleeding long enough for a clot to form.
Live-birth rates and multiple-birth risk using in vitro fertilization.

ContextTo maximize birth rates, physicians who perform in vitro fertilization (IVF) often transfer multiple embryos, but this increases the multiple-birth risk. Live-birth and multiple-birth rates may vary by patient age and embryo quality. One marker for embryo quality is cryopreservation of extra embryos (if embryos are set aside for cryopreservation, higher quality embryos may have been available for transfer).ObjectiveTo examine associations between the number of embryos transferred during IVF and live-birth and multiple-birth rates stratified by maternal age and whether extra embryos were available (ie, extra embryos cryopreserved).Design and SettingRetrospective cohort of 300 US clinics reporting IVF transfer procedures to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1996.SubjectsA total of 35,554 IVF transfer procedures.Main Outcome MeasuresLive-birth and multiple-birth rates (percentage of live births that were multiple).ResultsA total number of 9873 live births were reported (multiple births from 1 pregnancy were counted as 1 live birth). The number of embryos needed to achieve maximum live-birth rates varied by age and whether extra embryos were cryopreserved. Among women 20 to 29 years and 30 to 34 years of age, maximum live-birth rates (43% and 36%, respectively) were achieved when 2 embryos were transferred and extra embryos were cryopreserved. Among women 35 years of age and older, live-birth rates were lower overall and regardless of whether embryos were cryopreserved, live-birth rates increased if more than 2 embryos were transferred. Multiple-birth rates varied by age and the number of embryos transferred, but not by whether embryos were cryopreserved. With 2 embryos transferred, multiple-birth rates were 22.7%, 19.7%, 11.6%, and 10.8% for women aged 20 to 29, 30 to 34, 35 to 39, and 40 to 44 years, respectively. Multiple-birth rates increased as high as 45.7% for women aged 20 to 29 years and 39.8% for women aged 30 to 34 years if 3 embryos were transferred. Among women aged 35 to 39 years, the multiple-birth rate was 29.4% if 3 embryos were transferred. Among women 40 to 44 years of age, the multiple-birth rate was less than 25% even if 5 embryos were transferred.ConclusionsBased on these data, the risk of multiple births from IVF varies by maternal age and number of embryos transferred. Embryo quality was not related to multiple birth risk but was associated with increased live-birth rates when fewer embryos were transferred.
Vulnerable populations in healthcare.

Purpose of reviewThis review is designed to update readers on recent discussions and research regarding vulnerable populations in medicine, including patients who are socioeconomically disadvantaged, queer, in prison or labeled with a stigmatizing complex medical disease.Recent findingsRecent studie
PERSPECTIVE: Putting Patients First': Promise Or Smoke Screen?

As Da v i d J o n e s d e s c r i b e s i t , the American Association of Health Plans (AAHP) initiative known as “Putting Patients First” represents a promise by the dominant firms in the managed care industry, acting in concert as a kind of benign cartel, to address seriously and conscientiously a number of the industry’s apparent problems. The benigncartel theme appears throughout Jones’s description. He notes with satisfaction, for example, that the industry has achieved “unity” as a result of the Group Health Association of America (GHAA)/American Medical Care and Review Association (AMCRA) merger (which produced the AAHP) and now possesses the “leverage” needed to make the industry as a whole “accountable for constantly adhering to high standards of quality and service.” The themes of collective action and collective responsibility also appear in Jones’s references to “partnership” and “a community of health plans” and to the industry’s commitment to improvement “across the board.” Although Jones says that he is concerned that “a cynic might dismiss [the AAHP initiative] as so much rhetoric,” my skepticism springs from the opposite concern—that Putting Patients First may be just what he claims it is: a program for further centralizing decision making on important health care issues. As a politically inspired program to ward off public regulatory intrusions, the AAHP agenda could easily lead us by another route— industry self-regulation—deeper into the very centralization trap from which the managed care industry should be helping us to escape. Unfortunately, this is precisely the area where today’s managed care organizations are already letting us down. Although they have given consumers for the first time the chance to receive health services at competitive prices, they are falling well short of giving people real choices about the style, intensity, and quality of health services they are purchasing on a prepaid basis for future delivery—in other words, about the desirability of spending good money on questionably or marginally beneficial health care. Although the managed care revolution has the potential to decentralize most health care choices, we still regularly encounter the belief that all significant policies affecting health care must be collectively determined. Jones’s statement is typical in implying that people are entitled to receive from any health plan inwhich they are enrolled, not what they wittingly contracted to receive, but “the right care, at the right time, and in the right setting.” n Pros and cons of collective action. To the extent that the AAHP initiative reinforces the “one-right-way” approach to medical care and its administration, it will be a step backward. The health care industry should already have learned, from its long experience under the collective stewardship of the medical profession, that it is fundamentally unwise to entrust crucial decisions about health care to a well-meaning interest group. The organized medical profession was for many years the classic example of an ostensibly benign cartel
Progressive disc degeneration at C5-C6 segment affects the mechanics between disc heights and posterior facets above and below the degenerated segment: A flexion-extension investigation using a poroelastic C3-T1 finite element model

Disc degeneration (DD) is often accompanied by a height reduction of the anterior and posterior discs (AD and PD, respectively), and this affect the way in which articulating posterior facets (PFs) come into contact during physiological motions. Any increase in the contact between overlapping articulating facet surfaces increases PF loading. Development of adjacent segment disease is a significant clinical concern. It still is not clear how degenerative motion changes in AD and PD heights affect the mechanics of adjacent segment discs and facets. We hypothesized that changes in axial height patterns (in the AD and PD) at the degenerated C5-C6 disc-segment would affect axial height patterns (in the AD and PD) above and below the degenerated disc-segment. A previously validated poroelastic three-dimensional finite element (FE) model of a normal C3-T1 segment was used. Two additional C3-T1 models were built with moderate and severe DD at C5-C6. The three FE models were evaluated in flexion and extension. With progressive C5-C6 DD, AD and PD flexibility (axial deformation or elongation per unit load) at C5-C6 decrease with a compensatory corresponding flexibility increase in adjacent segments (normal), whereas PF loading increased at all segments only during extension. Changes in AD and PD flexibility and PF loading were higher at inferior segments than at superior segments. This study confirmed the hypothesis that the anterior and posterior discs and articulating facets of cervical spine segments are affected during flexion and extension motions when a disc-segment degenerates. Motion changes involving a higher PD height loss, both at the degenerated and adjacent segments, would further increase PF loading along the posterior spinal column - a possible mechanism for the dysfunctioning of the facet joints. The current data should be compared to other multi-segmental cervical spine experiments.
Applications of PVDF dust sensor systems in space

Abstract The advantages of ruggedness, no bias requirement, ease of large area sensor construction, high counting rate capability, and space reliability inherent in the Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) dust sensors which have been under development at the University of Chicago over the last decade have led to PVDF flux/mass/velocity/trajectory systems which have advantages over other systems and are well suited for a variety of dust studies in space. The thermal stability characteristics and flux/mass/velocity/trajectory determining characteristics of PVDF and Vinylidene Fluoride/Trifluoroethylene (PVDF copolymer) dust sensors are described. We summarize the objectives and designs of our earlier VEGA-1/2 comet Halley instruments, a PVDF velocity/trajectory dust instrument for launch on the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) in January 1996, and a PVDF high flux dust instrument for launch on the CASSINI spacecraft to Saturn in October 1997.
The homology of the cyclic coloring complex of simple graphs

Let G be a simple graph on n vertices, and let @g"G(@l) denote the chromatic polynomial of G. In this paper, we define the cyclic coloring complex, @D(G), and determine the dimensions of its homology groups for simple graphs. In particular, we show that if G has r connected components, the dimension of (n-3)rd homology group of @D(G) is equal to (n-(r+1)) plus 1r!|@g"G^r(0)|, where @g"G^r is the rth derivative of @g"G(@l). We also define a complex @D(G)^C, whose r-faces consist of all ordered set partitions [B"1,...,B"r"+"2] where none of the B"i contain an edge of G and where [email protected]?B"1. We compute the dimensions of the homology groups of this complex, and as a result, obtain the dimensions of the multilinear parts of the cyclic homology groups of C[x"1,...,x"n]/{x"ix"j|ij is an edge of G}. We show that when G is a connected graph, the homology of @D(G)^C has nonzero homology only in dimension n-2, and the dimension of this homology group is |@g"G^'(0)|. In this case, we provide a bijection between a set of homology representatives of @D(G)^C and the acyclic orientations of G with a unique source at v, a vertex of G.
Laser-Assisted Milling of silicon nitride ceramic: a machinability study

The machinability of silicon nitride ceramic under Laser-Assisted Milling (LAMill) is presented in this paper. The effect of temperature on cutting force was analysed. Chips were observed under optical microscope to understand the material removal mechanism. Surface integrity was examined. Tool wear and workpiece edge chipping were measured under different temperatures. When combining high temperature and blunt exit angle, macroscale exit edge chipping can be completely eliminated. It was found that laser heating could significantly improve the machinability of silicon nitride ceramics by reducing cutting force, increasing tool life and reducing workpiece edge chipping.
L-Type Ca2+Channel-Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Signaling Impairment in Aging Rat Skeletal Muscle

Abstract The present study investigates the modulation of skeletal muscle L-type Ca 2+ channel receptor in response to insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) activation. Single extensor digitorum longus and multifiber preparations were isolated from 7- (young), 14- (middle-age) and 28-(old) month- Fisher 344 X Brown Norway rats. Calcium current was potentiated in fibers from young and middle-age rats due to a −13 mV shift in half-activation potential. Fibers from old animals failed to show current potentiation in response to IGF-1R activation. IGF-1 induced a ten-fold increase in the phosphorylation of the L-type Ca 2+ channel α 1 subunit in young and middle-age fibers but failed to induce phosphorylation in old fibers. Addition of 0.5 mM Ca 2+ increased the IGF-1 induced phosphorylation in young and middle-age fibers three fold but not in old fibers. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, and the PKC inhibitor peptide, 19-36, decreased IGF-1 induced phosphorylation of α 1 subunit to 15% in young and middle-age fibers but failed to inhibit phosphorylation in old fibers. These results demonstrate that the IGF-1-L-type Ca 2+ channel α 1 subunit signaling is impaired in skeletal muscle fibers from old animals due to alterations in the trk-PKC pathway.
The disease intersection of susceptibility and exposure: chemical exposures and neurodegenerative disease risk

Abstract Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron disease, the most common of the late-life neurodegenerative disorders, are in most cases thought to have complex etiologies. Common features among these disorders include insidious onset, pathological findings of protein aggregates and selected neuronal degeneration, and resulting characteristic clinical syndromes. The number of elders in the United States, including aging veterans, is increasing. Investigation of causes and preventive interventions for neurodegenerative disorders is increasingly relevant. Recent epidemiological and laboratory studies suggest that exposures years or decades before diagnosis can trigger the processes that ultimately result in a neurodegenerative disease. If this is correct, preventive measures may be needed in midlife or earlier. This article will focus on putative risk factors relevant to military service.
Why epidemiology of endocrine disruptors warrants the precautionary principle

The precautionary principle is controversial, and critics invoke the need to wait for "sound science" before taking "costly" regulatory action. For human health effects, epi- demiologic results are often considered more valuable than toxicologic studies in animals. Direct human evidence on the endocrine effects of environmental chemicals has been slow to accumulate because of inherent sample size limitations of exposed populations and over- conservative hypothesis testing approaches. Moreover, human health outcomes may take decades to emerge. Indeed, even huge population-based studies of hormone replacement therapy have been inconclusive regarding both benefits and risks. This paper argues that cer- tain intrinsic standard epidemiologic methods are stacked to avoid making a type I error. Moreover, these combine with extrinsic limitations (long latency, high cost), leading me to conclude that reliance solely on epidemiology to provide definitive answers, will almost in- evitably delay the discovery of meaningful associations warranting timely action for protec- tion of public health. There are several ways in which the inherent conservatism of epidemi- ology is arrayed against preventative regulatory steps, hence a precautionary approach is warranted while awaiting the results of additional studies which for various reasons may be very long delayed or even impossible.
Risk of Fracture in Urolithiasis: A Population-Based Cohort Study Using the Health Improvement Network

Background and objectives Studies have shown decreased bone mineral density in individuals with urolithiasis, but their burden of fracture remains unclear. This study sought to determine whether urolithiasis is associated with increased fracture risk across the lifespan and to delineate sex effects. Design, setting, participants, & measurements A population-based retrospective cohort study using The Health Improvement Network was performed. The median calendar year for the start of the observation period was 2004 (1994–2012). This study identified 51,785 participants with $1 of 87 diagnostic codes for urolithiasis and 517,267 randomly selected age-, sex-, and practice-matched participants. Cox regression was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for first fracture. Fractures identified using diagnostic codes were classified by anatomic site. ResultsMedian agewas 53 years, and 67%of participants were men, confirmingtheir greater urolithiasis burden. Median time from urolithiasis diagnosis to fracture was 10 years. The HR for fracture associated with urolithiasis differed by sex and age (P for interactions, P#0.003). In men, the adjusted HR was greatest in adolescence (1.55; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.07 to 2.25) with an overall HR of 1.10 (95% CI, 1.05 to 1.16). Urolithiasis was associated with higher fracture risk in women aged 30–79 years (HR, 1.17–1.52), and was highest in women aged 30–39 years (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.23 to 1.87). Peak background fracture rates were highest in boys aged 10–19 years and in women aged 70–79 years. The incidence per 10,000 person-years in participants with versus without urolithiasis was 392 versus 258 in male participants aged 10–19 years, and 263 versus 218 in women aged 70–79 years. Distribution of fracture site within sex did not differ between participants with versus without urolithiasis. ConclusionsUrolithiasiswasassociatedwithhigherincidentfracturerisk.Thesignificantlyhigherriskattimesof peak background fracture incidence in adolescent boys and elderly women has profound public health implications. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 2133–2140, 2014. doi: 10.2215/CJN.04340514
Confining Conditions and Revolutionary Breakthroughs

I want to try to connect the course of several regimes with what, for want of a better name, I shall call “confining conditions”—the particular social and intellectual conditions present at the births of these regimes. Do I prejudice the case by calling the sum total of the prerevolutionary situation confining conditions rather than calling them more neutrally, as Val Lorwin suggested to me, simply antecedent conditions? Yet every situation which a new regime finds at its inception is an antecedent one. I am concerned specifically—and only—with the conditions that have to be overcome if the new regime is to continue. How the new regime may accomplish this, or may fail to, is the subject of this paper. Therefore I consider the nature of the confining conditions, chiefly those of social structure; the nature of the new regime; and the nature of the methods available to it, as well as those it adopts to overcome the confining conditions.
DO FEMALE RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS LIMIT THEIR OWN BREEDING DENSITIES?

In territorial, polygynous species such as the Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), either of two processes might limit densities of breeding females: (1) females resident on a territory might repel new settlers (aggressive density limitation), or (2) pro- spective settlers might in their own interests avoid already-settled territories (passive density limitation). Two removal experiments were performed to test for either type of limitation in a population of Red-winged Blackbirds in northwestern Pennsylvania. First, randomly selected primary females were removed before nesting began. The number of newly settling females was no greater on removal territories than on controls, while remaining harems were significantly smaller on removal territories. Nesting success was no greater on removal territories, despite the reduction in breeding density. Second, one to three females were removed from randomly chosen territories later in the breeding season. Again, the number of new settlers was no greater on removal than on control territories, while remaining harems were significantly smaller on removal territories. Nesting success was no different on removal and control territories, but nest predation was significantly higher on removal territories. Two further experiments tested specifically for aggressive limitation. First, levels of aggressiveness shown towards taxidermic mounts by primary females were related to set- tlement patterns on their territories. Aggression score was found not to correlate with either harem size or with the length of the delay between the nest starts of the primary and secondary females. Second, primary females were treated with testosterone to increase their aggressiveness. Treated females gave significantly higher levels of aggressive displays than controls. However, harem sizes were no smaller on territories of treated females, nor did secondary females nest later on such territories than on control territories. Thus, there is no evidence that female Red-winged Blackbirds in this population are limiting their own breeding densities either passively or aggressively. The absence of passive limitation and of any negative density dependence in reproductive success weighs against the acceptance of the polygyny threshold model for this species. Kedy vords: aggression; bieedingdensity, dense'ity dependence, mating system; population regulation;
ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF MANGANESE AND ZINC IN SEA WATER1

The use of activation analysis for the determination of microgram quantities of Mn and Zn in sea water was investigated. Total Mn and Zn were separated from the other elements of sea water by coprecipitation with iron and hydroxide, and divalent Mn and Zn were separated by extraction with diethyldithiocarbamate. Analyses were made from samples of water from different locations and depths of the North Pacific, Atlantic, and the Gulf of Mexico. Evidence indicated a substantial portion of Mn and Zn is held in sea water in a non-dialyzable and non-extractable form. (Public Health Eng. Abstr., 42: No. 11, Nov. 1962)
A Field Test of Risk-Sensitive Foraging in Black-Capped Chickadees (Parus Atricapillus)

The combination of a nonlinear functional relationship between energy in- take and fitness, along with stochasticity in foraging success, has led to the development of risk-sensitive foraging models. These models are significant because they can lead to predictions different from those of the traditional deterministic models based upon a premise of simple energy intake rate maximization. The risk-sensitive foraging models suggest that the energy state of the forager could affect its sensitivity to the variance in foraging success associated with a particular strategy. Empirical tests conducted on several species of small, captive animals have generally supported the risk-sensitivity models; however, no experiments on free-living animals had been done. I conducted the first field test of a risk-sensitive foraging model. The test was conducted on Black-capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus), using an experimental feeder that mimicked their natural foraging substrate and allowed me to manipulate the expected value and the variances of prey. I estimated chickadee daily energy expenditure and their rate of food intake and determined them to be on a positive energy budget while using the feeder. The birds were given a choice of two prey types with equal expected values but different variances. Consistent with a risk-sensitive foraging model, the chickadees showed a clear, significant preference for the lower variance prey. Analysis of the foraging rates of the birds revealed no significant difference related to prey type other than the difference in variance. The results suggest the importance of the incorporation of environmental stochasticity into models of animal foraging.
Suppression of acoustic noise in speech using two microphone adaptive noise cancellation

Acoustic noise with energy greater or equal to the speech can be suppressed by adaptively filtering a separately recorded correlated version of the noise signal and subtracting it from the speech waveform. It is shown that for this application of adaptive noise cancellation, large filter lengths are required to account for a highly reverberant recording environment and that there is a direct relation between filter misadjustment and induced echo in the output speech. The second reference noise signal is adaptively filtered using the least mean squares, LMS, and the lattice gradient algorithms. These two approaches are compared in terms of degree of noise power reduction, algorithm convergence time, and degree of speech enhancement. Both methods were shown to reduce ambient noise power by at least 20 dB with minimal speech distortion and thus to be potentially powerful as noise suppression preprocessors for voice communication in severe noise environments.
Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers for spaceborne photonic interconnects

Vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) offer substantial advantages in performance and simplicity of packaging over the edge emitting lasers currently being applied to state-of-the-art photonic interconnects. We have demonstrated operation of VCSELs at cryogenic temperatures and at temperatures as high as 200 degrees Celsius, with a single device operating from minus 55 degrees Celsius to plus 125 degrees Celsius. The devices operate to 14 GHZ and can be operated in excess of 1 GHZ with bias-free operation. Initial radiation tests indicate an order of magnitude improvement in hardness with respect to neutron damage over an LED which is currently used in spaceborne photonic interconnect modules. We also describe the packaging of VCSELs in compact multichip modules. By using passive alignment techniques, optoelectronic devices can be packaged in established multichip module fabrication schemes without adding costly high precision assembly techniques.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Values as Predictors of Social Activist Behavior

This study investigates values as correlates of social activist behavior. A stratified random sample of 75 black and white, Protestant and Catholic male clergy in mainline denominations in Boston and in the first ring of suburbs surrounding Boston were interviewed between July-December, 1975, during the midst of the major Boston school desegregation controversy. Respondents completed the terminal values section of the Rokeach Value Survey, and answered questions about the extent of their participation in activities to support the peaceful implementation of the school desegregation process. Zero-order correlations between social activism and specific values were computed for the clergy sample and compared to previous research with student populations. Partial correlations between social activism and specific values (controlling for the effects of intercorrelations among the values) reveal that "equality" and ':freedom" are the two values which are significantly (p < .05) and positively correlated with soci...
Use of Coated Silver Nanoparticles to Understand the Relationship of Particle Dissolution and Bioavailability to Cell and Lung Toxicological Potential

Since more than 30% of consumer products that include engineered nanomaterials contain nano-Ag, the safety of this material is of considerable public concern. In this study, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are used to demonstrate that 20 nm polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP or P) and citrate (C)-coated Ag NPs induce more cellular toxicity and oxidative stress than larger (110 nm) particles due to a higher rate of dissolution and Ag bioavailability. Moreover, there is also a higher propensity for citrate 20 nm (C20) nanoparticles to generate acute neutrophilic inflammation in the lung and to produce chemokines compared to C110. P110 has less cytotoxic effects than C110, likely due to the ability of PVP to complex released Ag(+) . In contrast to the more intense acute pulmonary effects of C20, C110 induces mild pulmonary fibrosis at day 21, likely as a result of slow but persistent Ag(+) release leading to a sub-chronic injury response. Interestingly, the released metallic Ag is incorporated into the collagen fibers depositing around airways and the lung interstitium. Taken together, these results demonstrate that size and surface coating affect the cellular toxicity of Ag NPs as well as their acute versus sub-chronic lung injury potential.
Dynamic Effect of Heat Shock Pretreatment on Apoptotic Responses to TNF-α in Liver Cells

The heat shock (HS) response is a protective mechanism for cells to protect themselves against subsequent lethal stress. HS upregulated heat shock protein (HSP) expression reduced apoptosis following tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulation. However, vector-mediated overexpression of HSP70 failed to provide similar protection but rather sensitized cells to TNF-alpha induced apoptosis. This may be due to the fact that the kinetics of vector-mediated HSP overexpression is totally different from that of HSP upregulation by HS. We hypothesized that the response depends on the timing of TNF-alpha challenge relative to HSP expression dynamics after HS. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the dynamic change of HSP expression and the levels of apoptosis induced by TNF-alpha after HS. Hepatoma cells were subjected to mild heat shock at 42 degrees C for 2 h followed by varied recovery times and then treated with TNF-alpha to induce apoptosis. The results from quantitative apoptosis assays using the TUNEL reaction reveal an optimal HS protection window centered around 5 h post-HS against TNF-alpha induced apoptosis. In addition, we found a window extending up to 2 h after HS where HS sensitized cells to TNF-alpha stress. Importantly, the correlation between apoptosis and HSP expression kinetics demonstrates that both high levels of HSPs and proper timing between HS and TNF-alpha stress were critical for optimal protection. Our study establishes a dynamic experimental model for further investigation of HS as a potential clinical approach to target tissue survival or death.
Constraints on the nucleation rate in extended inflation.

We study the newly proposed extended inflation models in detail. We show through explicit examples that the $\ensuremath{\omega}(\ensuremath{\Phi})$ generalization of the original extended inflation might not be satisfactory because of severe constraints on the nucleation rate. Other possibilities should be explored.
Behavior disorders, reading disorders and teacher perceptions

Abstract This study explored the relationships among behavior disorders, reading disorders, and teacher perceptions. Individual classroom teachers and a school screening committee were asked to screen a group of 43 junior high students for behavior disorders. The presence of reading problems was determined from a school‐wide achievement measure. Results indicated a high proportion of agreement between teacher and screening committee ratings of behavior disorders when there was no indication of reading disability. For the students rated as behaviorally disordered who also manifested a reading problem, there were differences between teacher and screening committee ratings. Teachers tended to rate more students as behavior disorders in the presence of a reading disability. It was concluded that reading problems present a confounding variable for judgments concerning the presence of behavior disorders.
Throughput of multi-core processors under thermal constraints

We analyze the effect of thermal constraints on the performance and power of multi-core processors. We propose system-level power and thermal models, and derive expressions for (a) the maximum number of cores that can be activated, with and without throttling, (b) the speedup (multi-core over single core), and the total power consumption, both as functions of the number of active cores. These expressions involve parameters like power per core, thermal resistance of hottest die block and package, and leakage dependence on temperature. We also computed the above metrics (a) and (b) numerically by solving the detailed Hotspot circuit of an multicore processor driven by a block-level exponential temperature-dependent leakage model. When compared to these numerical results, we found that the above expressions for (a) were at most 8% underpredicted, while those for (b) were accurately predicted. The proposed analytical approach is the first of its kind to relate metrics of interest in multi-core processors to high-level design parameters. Compared to numerical approaches, it provides much faster computation time, and valuable insight for processor designers.
From the Big Bang theory to the theory of a stationary universe

We consider chaotic inflation in the theories with the effective potentials which at large $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ behave either as ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{n}$ or as ${e}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. In such theories inflationary domains containing a sufficiently large and homogeneous scalar field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ permanently produce new inflationary domains of a similar type. This process may occur at densities considerably smaller than the Planck density. Self-reproduction of inflationary domains is responsible for the fundamental stationarity which is present in many inflationary models: properties of the parts of the Universe formed in the process of self-reproduction do not depend on the time when this process occurs. We call this property of the inflationary Universe local stationarity. In addition to it, there may exist either a stationary distribution of probability ${P}_{c}$ to find a given field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ at a given time at a given point, or a stationary distribution of probability ${P}_{p}$ to find a given field $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ at a given time in a given physical volume. If any of these distributions is stationary, we will be speaking of a global stationarity of the inflationary Universe. In all realistic inflationary models which are known to us the probability distribution ${P}_{c}$ is not stationary. On the other hand, investigation of the probability distribution ${P}_{p}$ describing a self-reproducing inflationary universe shows that the center of this distribution moves towards greater and greater $\ensuremath{\varphi}$ with increasing time. It is argued, however, that the probability of inflation (and of the self-reproduction of inflationary domains) becomes strongly suppressed when the energy density of the scalar field approaches the Planck density. As a result, the probability distribution ${P}_{p}$ rapidly approaches a stationary regime, which we have found explicitly for the theories $\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{4}{\ensuremath{\varphi}}^{4}$ and ${e}^{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. In this regime the relative fraction of the physical volume of the Universe in a state with given properties (with given values of fields, with a given density of matter, etc.) does not depend on time, both at the stage of inflation and after it. Each of the two types of stationarity mentioned above constitutes a significant deviation of inflationary cosmology from the standard big bang paradigm. We compare our approach with other approaches to quantum cosmology, and illustrate some of the general conclusions mentioned above with the results of a computer simulation of stochastic processes in the inflationary Universe.
Trait or situation? ∼ Cultural differences in judgments of emotion ∼

Traditional research in cognition assumes that fundamental processes such as memory and attention are universal. However, a growing number of studies suggest cultural differences in the attention and evaluation of information (Masuda & Nisbet 2001; Maass, et al 2006; Markus & Kitayama 1991; Heddenn, et al 2008). One cultural comparison, between Westerners, such as Americans and Easterners such as Japanese suggest that whereas Westerners typically focus on a central single object in a scene Easterners often integrate their judgment of the focal object with surrounding contextual cues. The research reported here considers this cultural difference in the context of childrenpsilas developing understanding of emotions. The results demonstrate cultural differences in children as young as 3 and 4 years of age. In particular, Japanese children judge emotions based more on contextual information than facial expressions whereas the opposite is true for American children. The addition of language (labeling the emotions) increases the cultural differences.
Switch-off transient analysis for heterojunction bipolar transistors in saturation

Abstract Transient analysis of the heterojunction bipolar transistors switched from saturation to cutoff has been developed. The minority charges stored in the base and collector as a function of time are derived. The storage time of the heterojunction bipolar transistor is determined from the minority charge stored in the collector. The storage time can be significantly reduced using double heterojunction bipolar transistors. The present analysis is useful for determining non-quasi-static collector current during switch-off transient.
Resection for second and third primary lung cancer

The continued increasing incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma increases the likelihood that a patient may develop a second or third primary tumor. We have carried out a second thoracotomy for 114 patients who met our criteria of having a new primary lung cancer. These criteria were a different histologic cell type, a tumor-free interval of 24 mo, the second primary in the contralateral lung, or the new tumor in a separate and distinct ipsilateral lobe if the tumor was on the same side. There were 18 patients who had a thoracotomy for a third primary lung cancer and they met the same criteria. There were 73 segmental resections in the 132 thoracotomies, and a conservative resection is important to minimize postoperative complications. Operative mortality for the second resection group of patients was 8.8% (10/114). There was one operative death in the 18 patients undergoing a third resection. The cumulative survival rate following a second resection in 114 patients with metachronous tumors was 33% at 5 yr and 20% at 10 yr. Early detection of a second and third primary lung cancer and surgical resection offers the greatest chance for long-term survival in this group of patients.
The Technological Foundations of Task-Coordinating Structures in New Work Organizations Theoretical Notes from the Case of Abdominal Surgery

The significance of the movement to decentralize workplace authority is hotly debated. Drawing from a case study of the impact of video technology on surgical work, this article provides conceptual clarity to the debate by specifying the technological determinants of two distinct task-coordinating structures found in decentralized work units. The first involves unilateral control by the dominant actor in the work team. It is effective when tasks are segmented and when coordination occurs in a natural, face-to-face context. The second structure involves the formation of teams with particularistic, group-based coordination skills. This team-based structure is demanded when outputs are produced collectively in tightly coupled units, and the task unit coordinates its collective actions through complex information-mediating technology.
Influences on Executive and Congressional Budgetary Priorities, 1955–1981

A reduced form equation system is used to analyze the influence of economic, political, and institutional influences on the budgetary priorities of the executive branch and Congress during fiscal 1955–81. Three related issues are considered: the extent to which political and macroeconomic factors affect priorities; the degree of interdependence among the components of the federal budget and between spending and revenues; and differences between the executive branch and Congress with respect to these issues. Both types of interdependence are present within both executive branch and congressional budgeting, although this interdependence is stronger within the executive branch. The influence of economic conditions on budgetary outcomes is strong but varies considerably across spending categories. There is no evidence of apolitical business cycle. Political variables exert a modest influence on the budgetary outcomes examined; differences between Democratic and Republican budgetary policies, as well as differences in the budgetary priorities of different presidential administrations, are small by comparison with the differences between executive and congressional policies.