cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchy of h-2 haplotypes governs inheritance of immune responsiveness to tnp-msa.

Production of indirect TNP-specific plaque-forming cells (PFC) in response to immunization with 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) conjugated to autogenous mouse serum albumin (MSA) in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) is underH-2 control. On the C57BL/10 (B10) background,H-2 b andH-2 d strains of mice are high responders, whereasH-2 a ,H-2 k orH-2 y2 strains yield low levels of indirect TNP-specific PFC. An unusual pattern of inheritance has been revealed in B10 congenic mice: high responsiveness controlled byH-2 b is inherited recessively, while high responsiveness controlled byH-2 d is inherited dominantly. On the C3H and A strain backgrounds, high responsiveness controlled byH-2 b is partially recessive;H-2 b /H-2 a F1 mice respond with 20%-40% of the high responderH-2 b response. Yet, high responsiveness controlled by theH-2 d haplotype remains dominant on the C3H background. A hierarchy of haplotypes in order of decreasing immune responsiveness to TNP-MSA is evident as follows:H-2 d >H-2 b >H-2 k ,H-2 a orH-2 y2 . The unusual patterns of inheritance in the TNP-MSA system reveal graded regulation of responsiveness attributable to bothH-2 and non-H-2 genes.
Effects of fermion flavor on exciton condensation in double-layer systems

We use fermionic path integral quantum Monte Carlo to study the effects of fermion flavor on the physical properties of dipolar exciton condensates in double layer systems. We find that by including spin in the system weakens the effective interlayer interaction strength, yet this has very little effect on the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition temperature. We further find that, to obtain the correct description of screening, it is necessary to account for correlation in both the interlayer and intralayer interactions. We show that while the excitonic binding cannot completely surpress screening by additional fermion flavors, their screening effectiveness is reduced leading to a much higher transition temperatures than predicted with large-N analysis.
Chaos Control: Climate Stabilization by Closing The Global Carbon Cycle

The central idea behind the control of chaotic systems is that the same feedbacks that destabilize a complex system producing chaotic dynamics can be used to relatively easily stabilize it. While many argue that the carbon cycle feedbacks are destabilizing the climate, it will be argued here that those same feedbacks can stabilize the climate. The controlling variable is the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere and the control strategy is to close the global carbon cycle of our planet, including human and planetary components, so the ambient concentration is fixed. The stabilization using CO2 capture from or release to the atmosphere requires less energy per year than used to stabilize the climate in our buildings and for less cost than 1 % of the global GDP. Closing the carbon cycle by using carbon from the air and hydrogen from water to make our energy sources, thus removing the current negative feedback between our energy use and the planet, enables us to use as much energy as we need. Thus chaos control of our climate transforms the threat of climate change into an opportunity for our species and our planet to flourish in the Anthropocene era.
Sex differences on the Embedded-Figures Test: A cross-cultural comparison of college students in India and in the United States.

Data are presented which show significant sex differences on the Embedded-figures Test for college students in the United States (24 men, 24 women) and in India (23 men, 24 women). Some considerations relevant to the interpretation of such data are briefly discussed.
Magnetic order tuned by Cu substitution in Fe1.1–zCuzTe

We study the effects of Cu substitution in Fe₁.₁Te, the nonsuperconducting parent compound of the iron-based superconductor, Fe₁₊yTe₁₋xSex, utilizing neutron scattering techniques. It is found that the structural and magnetic transitions, which occur at ~60 K without Cu, are monotonically depressed with increasing Cu content. By 10% Cu for Fe, the structural transition is hardly detectable, and the system becomes a spin glass below 22 K, with a slightly incommensurate ordering wave vector of (0.5–δ, 0, 0.5) with δ being the incommensurability of 0.02, and correlation length of 12 A along the a axis and 9 A along the c axis. With 4% Cu, both transition temperatures are at 41 K, though short-range incommensurate order at (0.42, 0, 0.5) is present at 60 K. With further cooling, the incommensurability decreases linearly with temperature down to 37 K, below which there is a first-order transition to a long-range almost-commensurate antiferromagnetic structure. A spin anisotropy gap of 4.5 meV is also observed in this compound. Our results show that the weakly magnetic Cu has a large effect on the magnetic correlations; it is suggested that this is caused by the frustration of the exchange interactions between the coupled Fe spins.
Calculation of density of peroxyl bonds in SiO2

Abstract The density of silicon-silicon bonds and of peroxyl bonds in silica was calculated for a simple model. The calculated density of peroxyl bonds was much lower than the value extracted from a hydrogenation experiment. Explanations of the discrepancy are discussed.
Future body mass index modelling based on macronutrient profiles and physical activity

An accurate system of determining the relationship of macronutrient profiles of foods and beverages to the long-term weight impacts of foods is necessary for evidence-based, unbiased front-of-the-package food labels. Data sets on diet, physical activity, and BMI came from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), and Epidemiology Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC). To predict future BMI of individuals, multiple regression derived FAO/WHO and DCCT/EDIC formulas related macronutrient profiles and physical activity (independent variables) to BMI change/year (dependent variable). Similar formulas without physical activity related macronutrient profiles of individual foods and beverages to four-year weight impacts of those items and compared those forecasts to published food group profiling estimates from three large prospective studies by Harvard nutritional epidemiologists. FAO/WHO food and beverage formula: four-year weight impact (pounds)=(0.07710 alcohol g+11.95 (381.7+carbohydrates g per serving)*4/(2,613+kilocalories per serving)–304.9 (30.38+dietary fiber g per serving)/(2,613+kilocalories per serving)+19.73 (84.44+total fat g)*9/(2,613+kilocalories per serving)–68.57 (20.45+PUFA g per serving)*9/(2,613+kilocalories per serving))*2.941–12.78 (n=334, R2=0.29, P < 0.0001). DCCT/EDIC formula for four-year weight impact (pounds)=(0.898 (102.2+protein g per serving)*4/(2,297+kilocalories per serving)+1.063 (264.2+carbohydrates g per serving)*4/(2,297+ kilocalories per serving)–13.19 (24.29+dietary fiber g per serving)/ (2,297+kilocalories per serving)+ 0.973 (74.59+(total fat g per serving–PUFA g per serving)*9/(2,297+kilocalories per serving))*85.82–68.11 (n=1,055, R2=0.03, P < 0.0001). (FAO/WHO+ DCCT/EDIC formula forecasts averaged correlated strongly with published food group profiling findings except for potatoes and dairy foods (n=12, r=0.85, P = 0.0004). Formula predictions did not correlate with food group profiling findings for potatoes and dairy products (n=10, r= −0.33 P=0.36). A formula based diet and exercise analysis tool is available to researchers and individuals: http://thehealtheconomy.com/healthTool/ . Two multiple regression derived formulas from dissimilar databases produced markedly similar estimates of future BMI for 1,055 individuals with type 1 diabetes and female and male cohorts from 167 countries. These formulas predicted the long-term weight impacts of foods and beverages, closely corresponding with most food group profiling estimates from three other databases. If discrepancies with potatoes and dairy products can be resolved, these formulas present a potential basis for a front-of-the-package weight impact rating system.
Laminin-5 β3A Expression in LNCaP Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells Increases Cell Migration and Tumorigenicity

Interactions between extracellular matrix proteins and prostate carcinoma cells change dramatically during prostate tumor progression. We have concentrated on two key modifications that occur in the hemidesmosome in prostate carcinoma: loss of laminin-5 protein expression and altered basal cell polarity of the α6β4 integrin. We previously demonstrated two cell line-specific isoforms (β3A and β3B) of the LAMB3 message. Cells expressing only the β3B isoform did not translate the β3 protein and were unable to assemble the laminin-5 trimer. One such cell line, LNCaP, was selected to determine whether restoration of the laminin-5 β3A isoform would cause expression of a functional laminin-5 β3 chain, assembly and secretion of the laminin-5 trimer, and reversion to a non-neoplastic phenotype. Laminin-5 β3A cDNA was cloned and stably transfected into LNCaP cells. We observed the restoration of the β3 protein, but a laminin-5 trimer was not secreted. Moreover, increased cell migration was demonstrated, and tumorigenicity was increased in SCID mice. A microarray analysis, performed between transfected and nontransfected LNCaP cells, showed most changing genes to be associated with signal transduction. The β3 chain of laminin-5 may thus play an important role in signal transduction, which may enhance cell motility and tumorigenesis.
Exploring entanglement in the context of quantum sensing

Motivated by an interest in quantum sensing, we define carefully a degree of entanglement, starting with bipartite pure states and building up to a definition applicable to any mixed state on any tensor product of finite-dimensional vector spaces. For mixed states the degree of entanglement is defined in terms of a minimum over all possible decompositions of the mixed state into pure states. Using a variational analysis we show a property of minimizing decompositions. Combined with data about the given mixed state, this property determines the degrees of entanglement of a given mixed state. For pure or mixed states symmetric under permutation of particles, we show that no partial trace can increase the degree of entanglement. For selected less-than-maximally-entangled pure states, we quantify the degree of entanglement surviving a partial trace.
Harmonic reduction in single phase inverters using a parallel operation technique

A new technique for harmonic reduction in single-phase inverters, using sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (PWM), is presented. A modified circuit based on parallel operation techniques of MOS inverter sets using interphase reactors as current balancers and reference wave shifting as the modulation strategy is investigated as a means of economically and efficiently reducing the harmonic content of the output waveform. A dedicated signal generator is designed and built to implement this PWM strategy. Good agreement between analytical results and experimental results was observed throughout the project. Detailed analysis shows that harmonics lower than the 15th (or the 29th) are all less than one percent of the fundamental component when the frequency ratio is relatively low (9 or 15). When the frequency ratio is increased to 45, at low output frequency, harmonics lower than the 87th are cancelled from the output waveform. This is done without noticeable reduction in the fundamental component. The results sh...
Catalytic activity of bimetallic nickel alloys for solid-oxide fuel cell anode reactions from density-functional theory

Abstract We present density-functional theory calculations of the chemisorption of atomic species O, S, C, H and reaction intermediates OH, SH, and CHn (n = 1, 2, and 3) on M/Ni alloy model catalysts (M = Bi, Mo, Fe, Co, and Cu). The activity of the Ni alloy catalysts for solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anode oxidation reactions is predicted, based on a simple descriptor, i.e., the binding energy of oxygen. First, we find that the binding of undesirable intermediates, such as C and S, can be inhibited and the catalytic activity of planar Ni-based anodes can be tuned towards oxidation by selectively forming a bimetallic surface alloy. In particular, Cu/Ni, Fe/Ni, and Co/Ni anode catalysts are found to be most active towards anode oxidation. On the other hand, the Mo/Ni alloy surface is predicted to be the most effective catalyst in terms of inhibiting the deposition of C and S (while still preserving relatively high catalytic activity). The formation of a surface alloy, which has the alloy element enriched on the topmost surface, was found to be critical to the activity of the Ni alloy catalysts.
ICEBE 2008 Keynote II

Summary form only given. As the world's resources such as water energy and food become more constrained, the importance of IT to help in the efficient use of these resources is increasing. This talk will focus on the methods and approaches that IBM is taking to manage power in data centers, to minimize the carbon footprint of a supply chain, to manage water supplies and other resources through the use of improved hardware and software technologies.
The 2008 presidential election, political efficacy, and group empowerment

Primarily due to lack of data, previous cross-sectional studies on descriptive representation have not been able to address the temporal criticisms about the effects of descriptive representation on Black and female political attitudes. We address this shortcoming in the literature using the growth curve models and the 2008–2009 American National Election Study Panel Survey to assess whether bids for the White House by Obama and Palin changed levels of internal and external efficacy among Blacks and women. Moreover, we examine internal differences within these groups to better understand which factors interact with race and gender to produce the largest empowerment effects. While still very much a contentious issue, we find that descriptive group representation for numerically underrepresented social groups, and particularly for Black women, has dynamic and transformative effects on political efficacy. Conversely, we find mixed evidence that women were empowered by Sarah Palin's candidacy.
Aseptically collected calf serum as an effective alternative to fetal calf serum in the culture of amniotic fluid cells

The growth-promoting activities of three different bovine sera have been compared in primary and secondary amniotic fluid cell cultures. In secondary amniotic fluid cell microcultures, aseptically collected calf serum (CS) was slightly, though not significantly more effective than fetal calf serum (FCS) in promoting DNA synthesis, while newborn calf serum (NCS) was significantly less effective than either CS or FCS. All three sera were optimally effective at concentrations of 10 per cent (v/v). Significant variation in quality occurred within four batches of each of CS and FCS, but not within four batches of NCS. A selected batch of CS was significantly more effective in promoting the growth of primary amniotic fluid cell cultures than were a number of batches of FCS then in routine laboratory use. It is suggested that CS may serve as an effective and economical alternative to FCS in the culture of amniotic fluid cells, thereby expanding the scope of serum batch testing. A possible explanation for the varying growth-promoting activities of different sera is discussed.
Reviewing criminal justice baccalaureate curricula: The importance of student input

While criminal justice undergraduate enrollments continue to burgeon, rarely do criminal justice departments conduct comprehensive surveys of their majors as part of the baccalaureate curriculum review process. This paper describes one such survey completed by 238 criminal justice majors at Wayne State University in Detroit. Major survey findings are presented along with their implications for student and faculty diversity, curriculum design, teaching and grading methods, student advising, and department administration.
Academic Expectations and Stereotyping in Mexican-American and Anglo-American Students

Summary Accuracy of expectation was studied as a function of Ss' ethnic background (Mexican-American vs. Anglo-American) and type of expectancy statement (for oneself vs. for another). A perceptual task was given to 30 Mexican-American and 36 Anglo-American seventh grade boys and girls with feedback manipulated so that each S averaged five of 10 correct. Each S then made a self-expectancy statement and was shown the worked answer sheet of an “other” (fictitious) student who was of similar or dissimilar ethnic origin and asked to state an expectancy for this other student. Statistical analyses revealed a marginally significant difference in self Signed Goal Discrepancy (p > .10), indicating that Anglo-Americans were somewhat more accurate in stating self-expectations than Mexican-Americans. Accuracy of expectation was no greater for “other-” than self-expectations (t > 1.0), contrary to predictions. Analysis of other Signed Goal Discrepancy for students of similar or dissimilar ethnic background was nonsig...
Relation between the common anion rule and the defect model of Schottky barrier formation

Abstract We present calculations of the energy levels of anion vacancies near the (110) surface of GaInAs, GaInP and GaAlAs. The results suggest that the defect model of Schottky barrier formation with anion vacancy-like states being responsible for Fermi level pinning is consistent with the common anion rule as observed in GaInAs and GaInP and also with the exception to the rule presented by GaAlAs.
Comparison of Water Quality and Rainbow Trout Production in Oxygenated and Aerated Raceways

Abstract The effects of oxygenation and aeration on water quality and the production of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were compared in eight raceways from 2002 to March 2003. Mean dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were significantly higher in the oxygenated (9.5 mg/L) than aerated raceways (7.4 mg/L). Total sedimented solids loads per day were significantly greater in aerated (10.3 g/L) than oxygenated (8.8 g/L) raceways. Dissolved nitrogen, total gas pressure, and other water quality variables (CO2, NO2 −, total ammonia nitrogen, alkalinity, and pH) did not differ significantly between the treatments. Trout carrying capacity was significantly higher (1,138 kg/raceway) in the oxygenated raceways. However, trout production, growth rates, feed conversion rate, hematocrit, and fish survival were not significantly different between treatments. Oxygen injection was an effective method of increasing carrying capacity and improving water quality by reducing effluent solids loads, but it did not enhance tr...
Paleoseismic Trenches across the Sierra Nevada and Carson Range Fronts in Antelope Valley, California, and Reno, Nevada

Offset Quaternary deposits, measurements of fault scarps, and the excavation of two trenches along the eastern Sierra Nevada range front provide information on the rate and style of active faulting in Antelope Valley, California, and Reno, Nevada. Structural, stratigraphic, and pedogenic relations exposed in a trench in Antelope Valley (![Graphic][1] latitude) record two Holocene surface-rupturing earthquakes. Radiocarbon dates place the most recent and penultimate events at about 1350 calibrated years before present (cal B.P.) and older than about 6250 cal B.P., respectively. An approximate fault-slip rate of ∼0.7 mm/yr is calculated by dividing the 3.6-m offset that occurred in the most recent event by the time between the two radiocarbon ages (∼5000 years). A second trench excavated across the Carson Range frontal fault in Reno, Nevada (![Graphic][2] latitude) revealed a sharp, planar, low-angle failure surface dipping 33° E, lending to the possibility that the active normal fault is characterized by a dip much lower than expected from standard frictional considerations. [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
A matrix model of expert systems impacts

Abstract The development of expert systems for use in accounting and businesses is growing dramatically (Brown, 1991). This proliferation of expert systems leads to an important question: What are the impacts of expert systems on organizations that use them? Few studies focus on this question, although speculation about potential impacts runs rampant in the literature. This paper describes a two-dimensional matrix model of the impact of expert systems on organizations. The discussion includes the nature of expert systems and the motivations of accounting organizations to develop expert systems, description of the matrix model, application of the model to existing expert systems, and strategies for future research. The matrix model identifies and classifies potential impacts. Expert systems impact organizations on several levels. The use of these systems produces effects at the industry level, the organization level, the task level, and the individual user level. These levels constitute one axis of the matrix. Expert systems potentially have several different types or categories of impact in relation to organizations. The systems impact the efficiency, effectiveness, expertise, education, and environment of organizations using them. These categories of impacts are the other axis of the matrix model. Together the levels and categories establish a four by five matrix of 20 potential level/category combinations of impact. The development of the matrix model is the first step toward building a model of expert systems effects on organizations. This model can be used to direct future research strategies and to compare the impacts of different expert systems.
Shear viscosity measurements of liquid 4He and 3He-4He mixtures near the tricritical point

A torsional oscillator cell is described, by means of which simultaneous precision measurements of ({rho}{eta}) and of the molar volume can be made in liquid {sup 4}He-{sup 4}He mixtures over the temperature range between 0.5 and 3 K. Here {rho} is the mass density, {eta} the shear viscosity, and in the superfluid phase they become the contributions {rho}{sub n} and {eta}{sub n} of the normal component. The results of {eta} for {sup 4}He near the superfluid transition are compared with the predictions by Schloms, Pankert and Dohm, and by Ferrell. Measurements of ({rho}{eta}) are reported for mixtures with 0.64 {le} X {le} 0.74, where X is the {sup 3}He mole fraction. Those for X = 0.67 and 0.70 are compared with data by Lai and Kitchens. The viscosity experiments show no evidence of a weak singularity at the tricritical point.
The hermeneutics of transmission : Deciphering discourses on poetry and the arts in early modern Europe (1500-1800)

Cet article envisage differentes manieres de rendre compte de la constitution, de la circulation et de l’institutionnalisation des discours sur la poesie et les arts dans l’Europe de l’epoque moderne. Pointant quelques inconsequences dans la maniere dont l’histoire des idees a traditionnellement rendu compte de l’emergence de ces discours, l’auteur examine l’utilite des techniques de la bibliographie materielle pour la conduite d’une telle enquete. Un exemple illustre neanmoins les desavantages des etudes qui ne se fondraient que sur l’histoire du livre et permet a l’auteur de plaider en faveur d’etudes de cas conduites avec les outils de l’histoire sociale, politique et culturelle. L’article suggere enfin que, pour qui serait soucieux, en matiere d’histoire des pratiques esthetiques, de depasser les impasses de la Begriffsgeschichte, l’etude des traditions et des « actions de transmission » qui les materialisent et inflechissent peut se reveler une perspective precieuse.
Controlled actuation of alternating magnetic field-sensitive tunable hydrogels

The feasibility of using tunable magnetic nano-particles embedded in cylindrical hydrogel materials for guided actuation via controlled modulation of oscillating magnetic field and frequency is investigated. Ferromagnetic nano-particles (Fe3O4) encapsulated within a thermo-sensitive polymer network [-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)] were polymerized inside 1.5?mm diameter capillary tubes. Inside alternating magnetic field (25?70?Oe, 150?280?kHz), the polymer monolith quickly bends along the longitudinal axis. The bending behaviour of the polymer monolith was influenced by the following factors: (a) mechanical strength of the monolith, (b) ac field-induced temperature regulation and (c) the surface evaporation. The equilibrium bending angle reached a maximum value of 74? at 30?Oe, 200?kHz, between 15% and 35% relative humidity conditions. In addition, we found that micro-scale monolith (300??m diameter) exhibited significantly faster actuation response compared with the 1500??m diameter hydrogel cylinder. Both de-swelling efficiency and volumetric transition temperature were not affected due to the nano-magnet incorporation. As ac magnetic field-induced controlled modulation can directly transform the absorbed energy into bending and shrinkage simultaneously for temperature sensitive polymers, i.e. the absorbed energy is converted into mechanical work, this novel approach may lead to a new category of magnetically responsive polymeric structures for potential applications in the field of smart gel-based devices, such as micro-sensors and actuators, and particularly in biomedical fields.
A report of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases (ISPTID)

The Sixth meeting of the International Society for the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases (ISPTiD) was held in Little Rock, Arkansas on November 2–4, 2007 and has brought together 140 participants, scientists and experts in this specialized field from 30 countries across the World. The central theme of the conference was the "Translational Approaches to the Prevention of Tobacco Induced Diseases". Discussions held during the three days meeting's sessions (including poster session and platform discussion) promoted a better understanding of the connection between tobacco use and associated medical and health consequences. The Sixth Annual meeting of ISPTiD served as another successful step toward decrease in the huge sociological and economical burden that the entire World is facing with this addiction. The proceedings of the meeting were published in the conference booklet, the ISPTiD global web site and Cancer Database abstract web site. Funds generated from this meeting helped in part to establish the society's Journal "Tobacco Induced Diseases "into the major scientific journal index PubMed database and BioMed Central. The meeting set the tone for next the Annual meeting in Kyoto, Japan for the year 2008 with the theme "Tobacco free future".
Unexpected death in early life.

Summary An adequate cause of death has been demonstrated in eighty-five of 103 infants and children who either were dead at the time of arrival in the hospital or died within twenty-four hours after admission; only ten in the entire group can be considered as sudden, unexpected deaths occurring in previously healthy infants. Infections were the leading cause of death, being responsible for forty-two of the 103 deaths; minor infections, such as otitis media or minimal pneumonic processes, were not considered an adequate explanation of the death of an infant or child. The importance of obtaining post-mortem cultures of the blood of infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly is emphasized, and the significance of the presence of different types of microorganisms in post-mortem cultures of the blood is discussed. Congenital malformations, involving especially the heart, were responsible for eighteen of the 103 deaths. In over one-half of these patients the presence of a congenital malformation had been recognized for some time prior to death. Mild cellular infiltrates in the interalveolar septa were not included as a cause of death, nor was aspiration of gastric contents into the trachea. There was no evidence that any of the infants died as a result of suffocation. It is suggested that the term “status thymicolymphaticus” might better be omitted from medical writings.
Closed suction or penrose drainage after partial nephrectomy: Does it matter?

ABSTRACTPurpose: Prospective studies in the general surgery literature have shown fewer wound related complications with closed suction drainage than with open passive drainage. Nevertheless, some urologists avoid closed suction drains after partial nephrectomy mainly because of a theoretical increased risk of a prolonged urinary leak or delayed hemorrhage.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 184 patients who underwent 197 consecutive partial nephrectomies at our institution. Closed suction or open passive (Penrose) drainage was used based on surgeon preference. Drain type was compared with duration of use and the incidence of relevant complications.Results: A Penrose drain was used in 37.6% (74 of 197) of partial nephrectomies and a closed suction drain was used in 62.4% (123). Clinical characteristics were equivalent between both groups, including age, body mass index, tumor size (mean 3.1 cm), number of renal tumors excised, estimated blood loss and operative time. There was no statistical...
Review of NMR Studies of Piezoelectric Polymers

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigations of the piezoelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its copolymer with trifluoroethylene (TrFE) in their various crystalline phases are reviewed, and suggestions for future work are made.
Mechanisms of Interannual Variability of the Southwest United States Summer Rainfall Maximum

Abstract The mid-summer rainfall singularity of the Southwest United States (principally Arizona) exhibits marked variations on interannual and decadal time scales. Examination of the synoptic mechanisms involved in these variations is undertaken here. In particular, associations between the rainfall, the dominant latitude of the summertime mid-tropospheric subtropical ridge (STR) over the southwest United States, and the sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the equatorial and North Pacific region are documented. The analysis utilizes a composite approach for sets of extreme years chosen on the basis of the rainfall and circulation anomalies. It is found that northward (southward) displaced seasonal STR is associated with wetter (drier) summers in Arizona. Further, these extremes have tended to follow winters characterized by positive (negative) phases of the Pacific-North America (PNA) teleconnection pattern. The latter association arises, at least in part from the “memory” imparted to the atmosphere by th...
Distribution of limonoids in the rutaceae

Abstract Chemical studies on Choisya arizonica, C. mollis, C. ternata, Esenbeckia hartmanii, Hesperethusa crenulata, Eremocitrus glauca, Triphasia trifolia, Coleonema album and Pamburus missionis are described with special reference to the limonoid bitter principles. The distribution of limonoids in the Rutaceae and especarlly the subfamily Aurantioideae is discussed. Two new coumarins, 7-isopentenyloxy-8-isopentenylcoumiain from Choisya arizonica and C. mollis and 2′,3′-dihydroxydihydrosuberosin from Coleonema album have been isolated and their structures determined.
Cold visceral perfusion improves early survival in patients with acute renal failure after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Abstract Introduction Despite advances in organ protection during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair, acute renal failure (ARF) remains a significant clinical problem, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. We studied outcome of ARF after TAAA repair in patients who underwent either warm or cold visceral perfusion. Method Between 1991 and 2001 657 TAAA repairs were performed, of which 359 (55%) had either warm or cold visceral perfusion. Twelve patients with renal failure who had undergone preoperative dialysis were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 347 patients, ARF developed in 81 (23%) after TAAA repair. Forty-four (54%) of the 81 patients with ARF received cold visceral perfusion, and 37 (46%) patients received warm visceral perfusion. ARF was defined as either an increase of 1 mg/dL in serum creatinine (SCr) concentration per day for 2 consecutive days or dialysis requirement. Patient records were reviewed through hospital discharge. Results Twenty six (32%) of the 81 patients in whom ARF developed died, 17 of 37 (46%) patients in the warm perfusion group versus 9 of 44 (21%) patients in the cold perfusion group ( P P Conclusions ARF after TAAA repair remains a significant clinical problem. Recovery of renal function occurred in approximately one third of patients. Preoperative SCr concentration was the only significant determinant of recovered renal function. While cold visceral perfusion did not alter renal recovery, it significantly reduced hospital mortality.
Anesthesiology comes of age.

ANESTHESIOLOGY came into being during my professional lifetime, achieving recognition as a specialty in the decade prior to World War II. The war brought about profound changes in many areas of medicine, including anesthesiology, and some of these changes persist in current practice. My decision to embark on a career in a field that in 1938, the year I graduated from medical school, was so new it had hardly been recognized by organized medicine was largely dictated by chance. I was one of those young men who were not sure that a career in any special branch of medicine would be gratifying, especially since the mind-set of my generation leaned toward general practice. Since my intentions were not firmly set when I chose to become a medical student at New York (NY) University School of Medicine, I spent much of my spare time doing research in nutrition and diabetes with
Age does not adversely affect sperm retrieval in men undergoing microdissection testicular sperm extraction.

Objective To evaluate the effect of male age on the outcome of microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) and assisted reproductive technology. Design Clinical retrospective study. Setting Center for reproductive medicine at a tertiary university hospital. Patient(s) One thousand sixty-seven men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Intervention(s) Micro-TESE, with intracytoplasmic sperm injection when sperm found. Main Outcome Measure(s) Sperm retrieval and clinical pregnancy. Result(s) Sperm were successfully retrieved by micro-TESE in 605 men (56.6%) overall. Sperm retrieval rates (SRRs) were higher in men ≥50 years old than men Conclusion(s) Overall, SRRs in men undergoing micro-TESE are not negatively affected by age. Despite successful sperm retrieval in older men with micro-TESE, couples have the best chance of clinical pregnancy with a female partner
The design and fabrication of high efficiency thin film CdS/Cu2S solar cells

Abstract Thin film photovoltaic cells of CdS / Cu 2 S which exhibit conversion efficiencies in excess of 9% have been designed and fabricated. Specific cell designs are prepared from an analysis of optical and electronic loss mechanisms operative in the cell. Material and engineering modifications to the fabrication process are then made to minimize specific energy conversion losses. The present cell design consists of five thin film layers which are sequentially prepared on a copper substrate 35 μm thick. In addition to the material control required for each component layer, the electrical, chemical, mechanical and topological compatibilities at the interfaces between each adjoining layer must be assured to achieve the desired cell performance. Our present analysis shows that a fully optimized solar cell based on a CdS/Cu 2 S junction will have a practical conversion efficiency limit of about 11%. It is anticipated that practical conversion efficiencies of 14–15% can be achieved utilizing a (CdZn)S/Cu 2 S junction designed to produce the maximum open-circuit voltage possible using Cu 2 S as the absorbing layer. Present cell results which incorporate this design are presented.
The effect of phase distribution on the hydrolysis of uranium monocarbide-dicarbide mixtures

Abstract The hydrolysis of uranium monocarbide-dicarbide mixtures involves complex polymerization reactions between the single C units from the monocarbide and the C 2 pairs from the dicarbide which depend on the distribution of the phases throughout the mixtures. The deviation in the hydrocarbon products from the values calculated for monocarbide-dicarbide binaries is proportional to the amount of monocarbide adjacent to dicarbide in the crystal. A physical mixture with no adjacent monocarbide and dicarbide behaved like a monocarbide-dicarbide binary; as-cast mixtures, which have very fine platelets of mono-and dicarbide dispersed uniformly throughout the crystal, showed maximum deviation; while 1820–2130°C heat-treated mixtures with relatively large isolated areas of monocarbide and dicarbide within the crystal but still considerable contact between the phases exhibited intermediate properties.
PRC1 associates with the hsp70i promoter and interacts with HSF2 during mitosis.

Mitosis is a series of events leading to division of a cell by the process known as cytokinesis. Protein regulating cytokinesis 1 (PRC1) is a CDK substrate that associates with the mitotic spindle and functions in microtubule bundling. Previous studies revealed that loss of PRC1 is associated with chromosomal mis-segregation and atypical chromosome alignment. HSF2 is a DNA binding protein that we previously showed bookmarks the hsp70i gene during mitosis, an epigenetic mechanism which allows the hsp70i gene to re-establish transcriptional competence early in G1. Another study demonstrated that HSF2−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit increased numbers of multinucleated cells vs. wild-type MEFs. This suggests that HSF2 is important for proper cytokinesis, but the mechanism was unknown. Here we report the existence of a direct interaction between HSF2 and PRC1. HSF2 and PRC1 associate during mitosis and co-localize during this phase of the cell cycle. PRC1 does not interact with the related protein HSF1, indicating the specificity of the HSF2-PRC1 interaction. Intriguingly, PRC1 is associated with the hsp70i promoter during mitosis. These results provide a potential mechanistic basis for the defective cytokinesis phenotype exhibited by HSF2−/− cells, as well as suggest a potential role for PRC1 in HSF2-mediated gene bookmarking.
EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION DURING HIBERNATION ON TISSUE CATECHOLAMINE CONTENTS.

20 h nach Bestrahlung mit letaler Rontgenstrahlendosis (2000 r) zeigten winterschlafendeCitellus tridecemlineatus Herabsetzung der Konzentration von Catecholaminen in Leber und Niere. Werden Veranderungen des Wassergehaltes im Gewebe mitberucksichtigt, so erscheint der Gehalt an myokardialen Catecholaminen unverandert.
A Re-Evaluation of the Fundamental Atomic Constants

A completely new evaluation of the fundamental atomic constants by the method of least squares is presented. A number of new and highly precise experiments have been taken into account, including the measurement of: (1) the velocity of light by an exceptionally ingenious and precise method due to Hansen and Bol, (2) the absolute proton moment, (3) the ratio of magnetic moments of proton and electron, (4) the proton moment in Bohr magnetons, (5) the hyperfine structure separation of ground-state hydrogen, (6) the ratio of cyclotron to precession frequency of the proton, (7) $\frac{h}{\mathrm{mc}}$ using annihilation radiation, and (9) $\frac{h}{e}$ from the x-ray high frequency limit with improved precision.The results of the critical survey of Dorsey on the velocity of light plus the more recent measurements of $c$ are combined to obtain a weighted-mean value: $c=299790.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.7$ km/sec. The results of the experiments listed above have been combined by several writers to compute $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\frac{e}{m}$, and $F$. All of the published values, including those of certain older experiments have been corrected for the new value of $c$ and combined in a least-squares calculation. The results are presented in a complete table of the fundamental constants and are compared with the experimental values in an isometric consistency chart. Six of the experimental results: $F$, $N$, $\mathrm{mN}$, $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $\frac{e}{m}$, and $\frac{h}{e}$ are found to show excellent agreement with the least-squares values. In particular the new experimental value of $\frac{h}{e}=(1.37928\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.00004)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{17}$ erg sec/esu which precipitated the present work agrees well with the leastsquares value, $\frac{h}{e}=(1.379300\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000016)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}17}$ erg-sec/esu.
Therapeutic case advocacy: a model for interagency collaboration in serving emotionally disturbed children and their families

A model for the creation of a system of care for emotionally handicapped children and their families is presented. The model delineates a framework for modifying environments and for identifying the clinical skills necessary to do so. Coordination of the efforts of both formal organizations and natural support systems is seen as an essential component of the proposed system.
Styrene Inhalation Toxicity Studies in Mice III. Strain Differences in Susceptibility

Abstract Styrene Inhalation Toxicity Studies in Mice. III. Strain Differences in Susceptibility. Morgan, D. L., Mahler, J. F., Dill, J. A., Price, H. C., Jr., O'Connor, R. W., and Adkins, B., Jr. (1993). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 21, 326-333. Inhalation toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate mouse strain differences in the susceptibility to styrene vapors. Male and female B6C3F1, C57BL/6, Swiss, and DBA/2 mice (8 weeks old) were exposed to 0, 125, 250, or 500 ppm styrene 6 hr/day, for 4 days (20/sex/dose). Histopathological changes and changes in liver weights were evaluated as a measure of hepatotoxicity. Styrene uptake and styrene-7,8-oxide (SO) formation were estimated by measuring levels of styrene and SO in blood. An estimate of SO detoxification by conjugation with GSH was obtained by measuring hepatic GSH depletion. In general, mortality, increased liver weights, and hepatocellular necrosis were observed in the 250 and 500 ppm dose groups for all strains and both sexes. Considerable sex and strain differences were observed. Mortality, increased liver weights, and hepatocellular necrosis were greatest in B6C3F1 and C57BL/6 mice in the 250 ppm dose group and in males; hepatotoxicity was similar in both strains. Swiss mice exhibited dose-dependent increases in mortality, liver weights, and in hepatocellular necrosis, with only slight sex differences at early time points. Hepatotoxicity in DBA/2, B6C3F1, and C57BL/6 strains was greater at 250 than 500 ppm; however, toxicity was less severe in DBA/2 than in other strains based on absence of mortality in either sex and less extensive liver necrosis at both 250 and 500 ppm. Blood styrene and SO levels did not correlate well with strain differences in toxicity. The relative toxicity (mortality and hepatotoxicity) was B6C3F1 > Swiss > DBA/2; however, relative blood styrene and SO levels were B6C3F1 ⩾ DBA/2 > Swiss. Hepatic GSH depletion, (B6C3F1 ⩾ DBA/2 > Swiss) correlated with blood SO levels as expected. These results demonstrate significant biologic variability in the susceptibility of mouse strains to styrene toxicity. These differences are presumably due to strain and sex differences in metabolism; however, toxicity did not correlate well with blood SO levels, suggesting that other reactive metabolites may contribute to styrene toxicity in mice.
An adaptation of item modeling for developing test‐item banks

An adaptation of item modeling, an item‐writing procedure, is described. As with related methods, the procedure includes dividing the stem of an item into discrete elements of information and then altering the elements to create new items. In this adaptation, writers were instructed to change the elements so that each incorrect option in the original item becomes the correct answer to a new item. Another part of the process, an innovation that increases the number of items generated, is to change the question asked of examinees (e.g., from diagnosis to treatment) for each item and write new response options. Two novice item writers applied modeling to patient‐based, one‐best‐answer items. They found the procedure easy to use and intuitive. From 13 items, they produced 209 modeled items in 24 at‐home hours, plus 12 hr of meeting time. A consultant evaluated a subset of items and estimated that approximately half the items were of sufficient quality to appear on a subspecialty certifying examination. Though...
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ground Level Area Sources in Dairy and Cattle Feedyard Operations

A protocol that consisted of an isolation flux chamber and a portable gas chromatograph was used to directly quantify greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at a dairy and a feedyard operation in the Texas Panhandle. Field sampling campaigns were performed 5 consecutive days only during daylight hours from 9:00 am to 7:00 pm each day. The objective of this research was to quantify and compare GHG emission rates (ERs) from ground level area sources (GLAS) at dairy and cattle feedyard operations during the summer. A total of 74 air samples using flux chamber were collected from the barn (manure lane and bedding area), loafing pen, open lot, settling basin, lagoons, and compost pile within the dairy operation. For the cattle feedyard, a total of 87 air samples were collected from four corner pens of a large feedlot, runoff holding pond, and compost pile. Three primary GHGs (methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) were measured and quantified from both operations. The aggregate estimated ERs for CH4, CO2, and N2O were 836, 5573, 3.4 g hd−1 d−1 (collectively 27.5 kg carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) hd−1 d−1), respectively, at the dairy operation. The aggregate ERs for CH4, CO2, and N2O were 3.8, 1399, 0.68 g hd−1 d−1 (1.7 kg CO2e hd−1 d−1), respectively, from the feedyard. The estimated USEPA GHG ERs were about 13.2 and 1.16 kg CO2e hd−1 d−1, respectively, for dairy and feedyard operations. Aggregate CH4, CO2 and N2O ERs at the dairy facility were about 219, 4 and 5 times higher, respectively, than those at the feedyard. At the dairy, average CH4 ERs estimated from the settling basin, primary and secondary lagoons were significantly higher than those from the other GLAS, contributing about 98% of the aggregate CH4 emission. The runoff holding pond and pen surface of the feedyard contributed about 99% of the aggregate CH4 emission. Average CO2 and N2O ERs estimated from the pen surface area were significantly higher than those estimated from the compost pile and runoff pond. The pen surface alone contributed about 93% and 84% of the aggregate CO2 and N2O emission, respectively. Abatement and management practices that address GHG emissions from these sources will likely be most effective for reducing facility emissions.
Lower Extremity Exoskeleton Reduces Back Forces in Lifting

We propose a lower extremity exoskeleton device which adds a passive extensor moment (restoring moment) about the hips during squat lifting, thus reducing forces on the lower back by reducing the required extensor muscle force. Video sequences were recorded of normal speed sagittal squat lifting 44.5 N (10 lb) and 133.5 N (30 lb) packages for marker tracking. Calculations suggested that the device reduces maximum spine compressive forces by approximately 1300 N. Surface electromyography (EMG) was performed on 6 subjects supporting 44.5 N (10 lb) and 133.5 N (30 lb) packages in the static squat posture. With the device, back muscles demonstrated a 54% reduction in muscle activity. This exoskeleton device includes features not available on other devices including highly adjustable moment profile and elimination of high contact stress in the lower extremities by connecting directly with the ground.Copyright © 2009 by ASME