cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of bubble translation during transient flash evaporation

Abstract An analysis was performed of the rise characteristics of bubbles, which are also growing, in a pressure field which is decreasing exponentially with time. The bubble rise and growth occur due to flash evaporation caused by reducing the pressure in the vapor space above a pool of liquid. Basset's bubble momentum equation was modified to include the effects of the generated pressure wave, and to include bubble growth. The solution of the differential equation was obtained for three different expressions for the bubble drag, for pressure ratios of 0.1–0.9, Jakob numbers of 5–113, Weber numbers of 0–0.16, and time constants of the pressure transient down to 5 ms. Results indicate that different bubble drag expressions give bubble velocities which differ by as much as 100%. The pressure term introduced by the authors has a negligible effect in the range of parameters considered here but becomes significant for very rapid depressurization rates, and the initial velocity of the bubble has little effect on the bubble's subsequent rise velocity.
Theoretical study of hydrogen exchange in the reaction of FeC5H6+ with H2

Abstract Density functional theory (B3LYP/6-31G∗) has been used to study the mechanism of deuterium/hydrogen exchange which is known to occur from mass spectrometric studies of D 2 plus FeC 5 H 6 + . The computational results are in accord with the currently accepted mechanism. There is a fast equilibrium between FeC 5 H 6 + and a hydrido-cyclopentadienyl iron complex (HFeC 5 H 5 + ) which is 3.2 kcal/mol less stable. The FeC 5 H 6 + complex or the HFeC 5 H 5 + complex can coordinate H 2 (14.2 or 10.4 kcal/mol exothermic, respectively). The dihydrogen–hydrogen exchange at the iron center has an activation enthalpy of only 7.1 kcal/mol. Slower exchange of the remaining five hydrogen is enabled by an exo-1,2-hydrogen migration in the cyclopentadiene ring of FeC 5 H 6 + (24.9 kcal/mol) or H 2 –FeC 5 H 6 + (23.6 kcal/mol).
Simultaneous falsification of Λ CDM and quintessence with massive, distant clusters

Observation of even a single massive cluster, especially at high redshift, can falsify the standard cosmological framework consisting of a cosmological constant and cold dark matter ($\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$) with Gaussian initial conditions by exposing an inconsistency between the well-measured expansion history and the growth of structure it predicts. Through a likelihood analysis of current cosmological data that constrain the expansion history, we show that the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ upper limits on the expected number of massive, distant clusters are nearly identical to limits predicted by all quintessence models where dark energy is a minimally coupled scalar field with a canonical kinetic term. We provide convenient fitting formulas for the confidence level at which the observation of a cluster of mass $M$ at redshift $z$ can falsify $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ and quintessence given cosmological parameter uncertainties and sample variance, as well as for the expected number of such clusters in the light cone and the Eddington bias factor that must be applied to observed masses. By our conservative confidence criteria, which equivalently require masses 3 times larger than typically expected in surveys of a few hundred square degrees, none of the presently known clusters falsify these models. Various systematic errors, including uncertainties in the form of the mass function and differences between supernova light curve fitters, typically shift the exclusion curves by less than 10% in mass, making current statistical and systematic uncertainties in cluster mass determination the most critical factor in assessing falsification of $\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{CDM}$ and quintessence.
Acoustic surface plasmons in type-II semiconducting superlattices

The spectrum of electronic collective excitations of a semi-infinite type-II semiconducting superlattice contains two novel surface polariton branches, one of which is an acoustic surface plasmon. As a result of the quantized nature of the electronic motion within the layers, this new type of surface polariton does not suffer Landau damping. The acoustic branch is of particular interest because the group velocity of this mode can be controlled by sample preparation, making these systems potentially useful for surface-wave devices.
On the initial expansion of meteor trails

The asymptotic solution of the equation governing the number density n(r,t) of evaporated meteoric atons behind a steadily moving meteor is obtained which is suitable to depict the initial expansion of a meteor trail. Some unusual results of meteor observations are elucidated.
Cryo-FIB Minimizes Ga + Milling Artifacts in Sn

Since FIB was first introduced, one of the major applications has been to mill site-specific crosssectioned sample surfaces [1]. This approach not only allows SEM access to the structural information buried under the surface, but it is also the first step of making TEM lamellae using FIB. Importantly, there are many reports of beam-induced damage due to FIB processing. Here, we report on artifacts induced when milling metallic Sn with Ga ions and how this problem can be minimized via cryo-FIB.
Calculation of solvation and binding free energy differences between VX-478 and its analogs by free energy perturbation and AMSOL methods

VX-478 belongs to a novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors that are based on N,N-disubstituted benzene sulfonamides. Force field parameters for the N,N-dialkyl benzene sulfonamide moiety have been assembled from the literature and from our own ab initio calculations. These parameters were employed to calculate solvation and binding free energy differences between VX-478 and two analogs. The free energy perturbation method has been used to determine these differences using two approaches. In the first approach, intergroup interaction terms only were included in the calculation of free energies (as in most reports of free energy calculations using AMBER). In the second approach, both the inter- and intragroup interaction terms were included. The results obtained with the two approaches are in excellent agreement with each other and are also in close agreement with the experimental results. The solvation free energies of N,N-dimethyl benzene sulfonamide derivatives (truncated models of the inhibitors), calculated using continuum solvation (AMSOL) methods, are found to be in qualitative agreement with the experimental and free energy perturbation results. The binding and solvation free energy results are discussed in the context of structure-based drug design to show how physicochemical properties (for example aqueous solubilities and bioavailabilities) of these HIV-1 protease inhibitors were improved, while maintaining their inhibitory potency.
A practical global multi-stage method for fully automated closed-loop identification of industrial processes

Abstract A method for automated closed-loop identification is presented. The method is focused on practical deployment and has evolved based on academic developments, personal experience in industrial applications and feedback from seasoned practitioners who have a wealth of experience in implementing multivariable predictive control (MPC) and optimization projects. In essence, the basic idea here is that no single method will be adequate for the range of conditions encountered in the target industries. Hence this approach utilizes a family of prediction error model derived structures and consequently a family of model orders for each structure. These families are then searched for the most effective model for the given application. Key in this search is the definition of metrics not exclusively dependent on asymptotic theory. Extensive plant data are used to illustrate important features of the approach and overall performance.
Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution or Social Construction?

Buss, Larsen, Westen, and Semmelroth claimed that sex differences in the dislike of sexual or emotional infidelity supported the socio-biological hypothesis of men (i.e., most men) having evolved sexual jealousy, whereas women (i.e., most women) evolved emotional jealousy. In two studies with 745 undergraduates, our finding was that, similar to the Buss et al. finding, over 50% of the men and women reported greater upset over imagined emotional infidelity. Subjects responded to a self-rating of jealousy, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, 39 items articulating gender norms, a request to explain their dislike of infidelity, and which of 8 excuses by the wayward partner was most upsetting. We proposed that the findings could be explained more parsimoniously by the concept of the social construc tion of gender and Eagly's social-role perspective.
Aminotetralins as selective β-adrenergic agonists

Aminotetralin derivatives M-8 and JOD-176, were studied in relation to isoproterenol for beta-adrenergic activity. M-8 and JOD-176 were found to be very weak in activating cardiac beta-receptors. These compounds were also found to be considerably more active in uterine and bronchial smooth muscle. Because these compounds were also shown to be very inactive in vascular smooth muscle, the possibility that beta-receptors in different smooth muscle types may also differ was suggested.
Estimation of the mean of a K‐sample U‐statistic with missing outcomes and auxiliaries

We propose estimators of the mean of a K-sample U-statistic when data on the outcomes of interest are missing in some sampled units and auxiliary variables are available in the entire sample. The proposed estimators exploit the information available in the auxiliaries without requiring assumptions about the joint distribution of the auxiliaries and outcomes. The properties of the proposed estimators are derived as a consequence of general results on efficient semiparametric estimation of the mean of a K-sample U-statistic with missing at random outcomes, observed auxiliary variables and known missingness probabilities. We illustrate the methods with the estimation of the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve when the biomarker data are observed only in subsamples of the diseased and healthy subjects.
Asymmetry in RNA pseudoknots: observation and theory

RNA can fold into a topological structure called a pseudoknot, composed of non-nested double-stranded stems connected by single-stranded loops. Our examination of the PseudoBase database of pseudoknotted RNA structures reveals asymmetries in the stem and loop lengths and provocative composition differences between the loops. By taking into account differences between major and minor grooves of the RNA double helix, we explain much of the asymmetry with a simple polymer physics model and statistical mechanical theory, with only one adjustable parameter.
Developments in CFG glycan and pathogen polysaccharide arrays

This presentation summarizes developments in glycan and pathogen polysaccharide arrays at the Consortium for Functional Glycomics (CFG).
Electrodeposited copper oxide films: Effect of bath pH on grain orientation and orientation-dependent interfacial behavior

Abstract Copper (I) oxide (Cu2O) films were cathodically electrodeposited on Sn-doped indium oxide substrates. The influence of electrodeposition bath pH on grain orientation and crystallite shape was carefully re-examined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. In addition to the (100) and (111) preferred orientations identified in two previous sets of studies, as the bath pH was varied in the present study from ∼ 7.5 to ∼ 12, a third preferred orientation, (110), was identified in a narrow pH range, ∼ 9.4 to ∼ 9.9. A remarkable shift in the flat-band potential (spanning ∼ 500 mV) was measured in a non-aqueous electrolyte medium for the various Cu2O samples obtained from baths of varying pH.
Transient Current and Transient Capacitance Measurements of Defects in AlGaAs Hemts

The defects present in AlGaAs high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices subjected to accelerated lifetime tests have been studied by transient current, and when possible, by transient capacitance techniques. By measuring transient source-drain currents following the application of a voltage pulse to the gate it is possible to perform deep level transient spectros-copy (DLTS) experiments on HEMT devices which are too small for the conventional capacitance DLTS. The capacitance and current spectra for both stressed and unstressed HEMTs contain the AlGaAs DX defect. The current DLTS spectra for stressed devices contain an additional feature which is not found in capacitance DLTS measurements on the stressed HEMTs. This additional current DLTS feature is anomalous in that the transient has a sign which is opposite to that expected for a majority carrier trap. The absence of the new defect in the capacitance DLTS suggests that the defect is located in the channel between the gate and either the source or the drain. The current DLTS line shape of the stressed induced defect depends upon the polarity and size of the source-drain voltage.
Slave mortality in nineteenth-century Grenada

The early nineteenth-century decrease in several West Indian slave populations has been a subject of intense interest among historians of the region, of slavery, and of population dynamics (Higman, 1973; Curtin, 1969). Further data on birth rates, death rates, causes of deaths, and quantity and quality of slave importation and migration will help explain the phenomenon of “natural decrease. “The slave registration records of the island of Grenada provide useful information on this piece of demographic history. The records enumerate slave births and deaths and list causes of death, signed by a physician. There are few published reports on death rates and causes of death in West Indian slave populations (Higman, 1973; Handler and Lange, 1978; Roberts, 1952). The purpose of this study is to describe the causes of death, estimate specific death rates, and construct a life-table for slaves in Grenada in 1818.
MACROLOGIC: versatile functional blocks for high performance digital systems

Evolution of bipolar technology in recent years has enabled semiconductor manufacturers to increase performance and packing density to the extent that meaningful standard functions of LSI complexity can be defined and built. MACROLOGIC is a powerful approach to accomplish this.
Threshold Temperature Dependence of a Quantum-Dot Laser Diode With and Without p-Doping

A study of the threshold characteristics of quantum-dot (QD) laser diodes shows how inhomogeneous broadening and p-doping influence the QD laser's temperature dependence of threshold T 0. The analysis includes the additional parameters of homogeneous broadening, quantum state populations, and threshold gain. The results show that while the source of negative T 0 can occur due to different effects, the transparency current plays a critical role in both undoped and p-doped QD lasers. Experimental trends of negative T 0 and their dependence on p-doping are replicated in the calculated results. Inhomogeneous broadening is found to play a lesser role to the transparency current in setting T 0. Homogeneous broadening is most important for uniform QDs with thermally isolated ground-state transitions.
An intracellular anti-erbB-2 single-chain antibody is specifically cytotoxic to human breast carcinoma cells overexpressing erbB-2

We previously demonstrated that delivery of a gene enco- .60% of the tumor cells in the BT-474 line. In marked conding an anti-erbB-2 intracellular single-chain antibody (sFv) trast, the MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines showed no resulted in down-regulation of cell surface erbB-2 levels change in the rate of cell proliferation following this treatand induction of apoptosis in erbB-2 overexpressing ment. The cytotoxic effects generated in the first three lines ovarian cancer cells. Based upon these findings, we hypo- were a consequence of the induction of apoptosis by the thesized that human breast carcinomas overexpressing anti-erbB-2 sFv. An ELISA specific for erbB-2 showed that erbB-2 would be similarly affected by this genetic inter- the breast cancer cell lines most susceptible to the antivention. We evaluated the phenotypic effects resulting erbB-2 sFv, MDA-MB-361, SK-BR-3 and BT-474, overexfrom intracellular expression of the anti-erbB-2 sFv on the pressed the erbB-2 protein while the cell lines demonstrathuman breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-361, SK-BR-3, ing no response to the anti-erbB-2 sFv, MCF-7 and MDABT-474, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. Recombinant adeno- MB-231, expressed the lowest levels of erbB-2. These viruses encoding either a reporter gene (AdCMVLacZ) or results demonstrate that targeted killing of erbB-2 overexthe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) directed anti-erbB-2 sFv pressing cells via intracellular knockout can be (Ad21) were delivered to various breast cancer cell lines. accomplished in the context of breast carcinoma. FurtherCell viability was determined by a proliferation assay and more, erbB-2 levels in breast tumor cells may be predictive fluorescent microscopy allowed visualization of apoptotic of their sensitivity to sFv-mediated killing. The ability to cells. An erbB-2 ELISA quantified the endogenous erbB- accomplish selective cytotoxicity of breast cancer cell lines 2 levels of each cell line. The anti-erbB-2 sFv-encoding- overexpressing the erbB-2 tumor marker should allow for adenovirus, Ad21, but not the b-galactosidase encoding derivation of clinical gene therapy strategies for breast canadenovirus, AdCMVLacZ, was cytotoxic to .95% of the cer utilizing this approach. tumor cells in the MDA-MB-361 and SK-BR-3 lines, and
Treatment selection after imatinib resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a progressive and often fatal malignancy of the blood. The harbinger of CML is a chromosomal translocation that results in the synthesis of the BCR-ABL fusion protein, a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. The advent of imatinib, an inhibitor targeted specifically for BCR-ABL, represented a significant medical advance in CML therapy. However, patients with CML can exhibit varying responses to first-line treatment with imatinib. While most patients respond to treatment, some may experience a loss of response or require treatment discontinuation due to toxicity. Frequent monitoring for resistance or intolerance is a requirement for recognition of suboptimal response. Mutational analysis of the patient's BCR-ABL alleles is also informative and may be predictive of a response to therapy. Published physician guidelines have highlighted these recommendations, but it is not clear if these guidelines are universally followed. One option in patients showing poor response to standard-dose imatinib of 400 mg is to escalate the dose. However, this option should be reserved for patients with minimal disease burden. Clinically available options mainly include second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as dasatinib and nilotinib. Allogenic stem cell transplantations (for eligible patients) also should be considered. The disease and patient characteristics at the time of imatinib failure should be evaluated before choosing second-line therapy to optimize the therapeutic benefit without unnecessary delay.
Zeeman Splitting of the Coulomb Anomaly: A Tunneling Study in Two Dimensions.

We report measurements of the tunneling density of states (DOS) of ultrathin Al films in which superconductivity is quenched by a parallel magnetic field, ${H}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}g48\mathrm{kG}$. The normal state DOS not only displays the usual logarithmic zero bias anomaly (ZBA) but also a new anomaly, superimposed on the ZBA, that appears at bias voltages $V\ensuremath{\sim}2{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}{H}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}/e$, the electron Zeeman splitting. Measurements in tilted fields reveal that the Zeeman feature collapses with increasing perpendicular field component, suggesting that it is associated with the Cooper electron-electron interaction channel.
Cell Cycle Deregulation and Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group C Cell Transformation

We previously described a genetically unstable human fibroblast cell strain (GM2995), isolated from normal appearing skin of a xeroderma pigmentosum group C patient that repeatedly underwent changes characteristic of the transformed phenotype upon serial cultivation in vitro. In order to gain information concerning genetic changes associated with the transformation of this xeroderma pigmentosum group C cell strain, we examined the expression/function of several cell cycle regulators during its serial cultivation. A mutation in exon 8 of the P53 gene was associated with loss of function of the p53 protein and appeared at about the same time that transformation occurred. Abnormal P53 function was confirmed by the lack of upregulation of p53 as well as activation of its downstream effectors p21Waf1 and HDM2 in high passage cells exposed to either γ irradiation or ultraviolet C irradiation. Consistent with deregulation in cell cycle control, persistent hyper-phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and lack of a decrease in p34cdc2 were observed in irradiated cells. Furthermore, retinoblastoma protein remained hyperphosphorylated in control high passage confluent cultures that were serum starved for 72 h. Compared with low passage cells, the expression levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 were significantly reduced and the pattern of expression of the von Hippel-Lindau protein was aberrant. These data indicate that the process of cellular transformation of this xeroderma pigmentosum group C cell strain involves the progressive acquisition of mutations and abnormalities in the expression/function of several cell cycle regulators.
Fetal lamb cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen tensions during hypoxia: a comparison of laser Doppler and microsphere measurements of CBF.

This study was undertaken to compare microsphere and laser Doppler flowmetry techniques for the measurement of cerebral blood flow, to assess the effect of probe implantation at the tip of the sensing probe and to measure brain tissue PO2 (tPO2) in response to acute hypoxia. Fetal sheep of ≈131 days gestation (n= 8) were chronically instrumented with bilateral laser Doppler probes in the parietal cortices and catheters for injection of fluorescent microspheres. Five days after surgery fetuses were subjected to 1 h periods of baseline control breathing, hypoxia and recovery. Microspheres were injected 10 min prior to and 10, 30, 50 and 120 min after initiation of hypoxia. Microspheres were counted in four 12 mm3 tissue samples from each hemisphere, the tip of the laser Doppler probe being positioned in the centre of one of the cubes. The cube containing the probe tip was also subdivided into 4 mm3 pieces of tissue. In response to hypoxia, fetal arterial PO2 declined from 21 ± 2 to 12 ± 1 Torr and brain tissue PO2 fell from 10 ± 1 to a nadir of 1 ± 1 Torr. Each method detected a significant increase in CBF that reached a maximum after 30-45 min, although the increase of flow measured by laser Doppler flowmetry was less than that measured by spheres after 10 and 30 min (P < 0.05). Microspheres did not detect altered flow at the probe tip or heterogeneity of flow in surrounding volumes of cortical tissue. In summary, laser Doppler flowmetry is a useful measure of continuous relative changes of CBF in the chronically instrumented fetal sheep. Flow compensations in acute hypoxia are not adequate to sustain O2 delivery, and other compensations, including reduced metabolic rate, are possible.
A profile of teen smokers who volunteered to participate in school-based smoking intervention

Objectives Although a number of population-based studies have examined the characteristics of teens who attempt to quit smoking, few have identified the characteristics of youth who participate in structured cessation interventions, particularly those with demonstrated effectiveness. The purpose of the present study is to describe the sociodemographic and smoking-related characteristics of teen smokers who participated in the American Lung Association's Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) program, spanning eight years. N-O-T is the most widely used teen smoking cessation program in the nation.
Geometrical resonances in the tunneling characteristics of superconducting Al films

Quasiparticle interference phenomena in thick Al films (0.6 < or = d/sub 1/ < or = 3.1 ..mu..m) backed by thin Pb (d/sub 2/ approx. = 0.13 ..mu..m) produce level structure which we employ to determine the dressed Fermi velocity v/sup asterisk//sub F/ and the electron-phonon renormalization parameter Z/sub 0/ for films with pronounced (111) fiber textures. Although the proximity effect systematically enhances observed energy-gap values as Al-film thicknesses decrease, v/sup asterisk//sub F/ and Z/sub 0/ remain constant at (1.30 +- 0.01) x 10/sup 6/ m/sec and 1.56. We infer a BCS coherence length of xi/sub 0/(Al) = 1.54 +- 0.05 ..mu..m and a pairing potential decay length (at T = 0.95 K) of K/sup -1/ (Al) = 1.47 +- 0.07 ..mu..m. Values of the Pb energy gap inferred from virtual-state thresholds fall near the bulk average. Over the energy range investigated (0--7 meV), quasiparticles are not damped significantly by Pb phonon emission at the Al-Pb boundary.
Modes of international external technology innovation: evidence from a global sample

We investigate the factors that may influence a firm's choice of external technology innovation in foreign countries based on the eclectic theory. With a sample of 1,094 overseas R&D collaborations in 42 countries by US companies, we examine the impact of three firm-level ownership endowments – technological competency, organisational slack, as well as location factors on such decisions. Our results show that industry relatedness between US companies and their overseas partners demonstrates significant moderator effects. Also, when expanding into culturally distant nations, US multinationals are much more likely to form R&D joint ventures or non-equity alliances than corporate venture capital investments.
Action of Penicillin against Mastitis Organisms in Milk

Summary 1A comparative in vitro study of the action of penicillin against the common mastitis organisms suspended in sterile milk and broth indicated that milk, at pH 7.0, is as favorable a medium for penicillin action as buffered beef infusion broth. 2Arranged as follows in order of decreasing resistance to the action of penicillin, Str. agalactiae and Str. uberis, S. aureus and Str. viridans, Str. dysgalactiae and C. pyogenes and the hemolytic group C streptococcus were successfully rendered nonviable in vitro in milk with small amounts of penicillin. 3A strain of E. coli isolated from an acute case of mastitis was refractory to penicillin in concentrations up to 99 units. 4Strains within a species were susceptible in most instances to approximately the same concentrations of penicillin.
Disintegration with respect to Lp-density functions and singular measures

Let A be a real or complex commutative ordered algebra with identity and involution. Let Г denote the set of positive multiplicative linear functionals ρ on A. Equip Г with the topology of simple convergence. For a fixed non-negative probability measure μ on Г the set ℒ p of linear functionals f on A which admit an integral representation of the form \(f(x) = \mathop \smallint \limits_r \rho (x)F(\rho )d\mu (\rho )\) with F∈L p (μ) (1≦p≦τ) is biuniquely identified with L p (μ) via the map tf→F. The norm on ℒ p under which this map becomes an isometry is characterized and a formula for approximating F is derived. The linear functionals which admit representation of the form \(\mathop \smallint \limits_r \rho (x)dv(\rho )\) with ν⊥μ are also characterized and appropriately normed. The theory is applied to solve abstract versions of trigonometric and n-dimensional moment problems as well as provide an alternate point of view to the theory of Lp-spaces. New proofs of classical theorems are offered.
Modulation of diabetes-induced palate defects by maternal immune stimulation.

Maternal diabetes can induce a number of developmental abnormalities in both laboratory animals and humans, including deformities of the face and palate. The incidence of birth defects in newborns of diabetic women is approximately 3 to 5 times higher than among non-diabetics. In mice, non specific activation of the maternal immune system can reduce fetal abnormalities caused by various etiologies including hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to determine whether non-specific maternal immune stimulation could reduce diabetes induced palate defects and orofacial clefts. Female ICR mice were immune stimulated prior to induction of hyperglycemia with Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interferon-γ (IFNγ). Streptozocin was used to induce hyperglycemia (26–35 mmol blood glucose) in females prior to breeding. Fetuses from 12–18 litters per treatment group were collected on day 17 of gestation. Palate width and length were measured and the incidence of orofacial clefts was determined. Palate length and width were both decreased by maternal hyperglycemia. Maternal immune stimulation with GM-CSF or FCA limited the degree of palate shortening from the hyperglycemia. Each of the three immune stimulants attenuated significant narrowing of the palate. Rates of orofacial clefts were not significantly different between treatment groups. Palatogenesis is a complex process driven by cellular signals which regulate cell growth and apoptosis. Dysregulation of cellular signals by maternal hyperglycemia can result in fetal malformations. Maternal immune stimulation may prevent dysregulation of these signaling pathways thus reducing fetal malformations and normalizing palate growth.
Initial nicotine sensitivity in humans as a function of impulsivity

Impulsivity is related to greater risk of nicotine dependence, perhaps by enhancing sensitivity to nicotine’s reinforcing and rewarding effects during initial smoking experiences. We examined the influence of impulsivity characteristics on acute sensitivity to nicotine reward, reinforcement, and other effects in 131 young adult nonsmokers. Participants engaged in four sessions: the first three to assess dose–response effects of nasal spray nicotine (0, 5, 10 μg/kg) on reward, as well as mood, physiological, and performance effects, and the fourth to assess nicotine reinforcement using a choice procedure. Five impulsivity factors, derived from factor analysis of self-report (e.g., Barratt Impulsivity Scale, Sensation-Seeking Scale, Novelty seeking) and computer (stop–go, delay discounting, probability discounting) measures of impulsivity, were labeled “novelty seeking”, “response disinhibition”, “extraversion”, “inhibition”, and “probability/delay discounting”. The associations of novelty seeking with nicotine reinforcement and reward tended to move in opposite directions by sex, generally being directly related in men but inversely or unrelated in women. Similarly, response disinhibition was associated with reward and some mood responses to nicotine that differed by sex. Extraversion was inversely associated with nicotine reinforcement. Characteristics loading on to the other impulsivity factors had little association with nicotine sensitivity. These results are preliminary, but they suggest that characteristics broadly related to impulsivity, especially novelty seeking and response disinhibition, are associated with initial sensitivity to some effects of acute nicotine, including reinforcement and reward, and may do so differentially between men and women.
Shera's social epistemology recast as psychological bibliology

Shera, the library scientist, is often credited with introducing the term and concept of social epistemology; but his idea is most profitably viewed not as a contribution to epistemology or even to the sociology of knowledge, but rather as the forerunner of a document-focused strain of socio-cognitive psychology influential in the information sciences from the 1970s onwards. In turn, the work of Shera and his colleague Egan is itself reminiscent of the psychological bibliology defined by the documentalists Otlet and Rubakin in the early 20th century.
A “Repair-All” Strategy for Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease Safely Minimizes Unnecessary Replacement

Background We examined the feasibility and efficacy of a "repair-all" strategy applied in all patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation, regardless of valve complexity, risk profile, and surgical approach. Methods Between 2002 and 2011, 4,241 patients underwent mitral operations at our institution. Analysis was limited to 525 consecutive patients with mitral regurgitation due to leaflet prolapse (posterior, 75%; anterior, 5%; bileaflet, 20%) who underwent isolated mitral operations. A right minithoracotomy was used in 46% of procedures. Propensity scores identified 153 well-matched patient pairs for evaluation of the effect of surgical approach on valve reparability. Results Mitral repair was successful in 99% (520 of 525) of patients. The location of the leaflet prolapse did not significantly influence the repair rate or the need for intraoperative revision of the initial repair. The repair rate and the need for intraoperative repair revision also did not significantly differ by surgical approach. Intraoperative revision did not confer a greater risk of perioperative morbidity or longer length of stay. At 8 years, freedom from severe mitral regurgitation was 97% ± 2%. Development of residual mitral regurgitation did not differ by location of the leaflet prolapse, need for repair revision, or surgical approach. After discharge, the survival trend did not differ between patients who did and did not require intraoperative repair revision. Conclusions In experienced centers, a "repair-all" strategy for degenerative mitral regurgitation can be used with nearly 100% repair rates and excellent outcomes, regardless of valve complexity. When necessary, intraoperative revision of the initial repair may be performed in most patients without a significant incremental risk, thereby further enhancing repair rates.
Gender moderates the influence of psychosocial factors and drug use on HAART adherence in the context of HIV and childhood sexual abuse.

This study aimed to examine gender moderation within a stress and coping model of HIV medication adherence in adults with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Sequelae of CSA, including negative coping, psychological distress, and drug use, interfere with adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). These obstacles to adherence are likely moderated by gender. Gender may particularly influence the mediational effect of drug use on adherence. Participants included 206 adults living with HIV/AIDS and CSA. Categorical/continuous variable methodology in a structural equation modeling framework was used to test a multigroup model with women and men. Gender significantly moderated several effects in the model. For women, the effect of psychological distress on HAART adherence was mediated by drug use and the effect of drug use on viral load was mediated by HAART adherence. Among men, drug use did not significantly impact adherence. Since gender appears to moderate the effect of drug use on ...
On Deferred Dreams, Callings, and Revolving Doors of Opportunity: African-American Women’s Reflections on Becoming Principals

From a life course perspective, this article examines how an intergenerational sample of 20 African-American women in Chicago describe and make meaning out of their struggles and advancements to make inroads into the principalship. Being born on opposite sides of the Civil Rights Movement distinguishes markedly how these women perceive their experiences and share their stories about their journey to become principals. In the face of woefully restricted professional opportunities, African-American women born prior to the Civil Rights Movement portray their journey as a progression from conceding to “deferred dreams” to fulfilling their “callings.” In contrast, African-American women born after the Civil Rights Movement view their journey as one availing them to new horizons of professional opportunity. Their divergent reflections on the salience of race and gender in the professional realm sheds light on the scholarly contention that the tradition of activist-leadership in African-American education has waned in the 21st century.
Estimation of FAD-monooxygenase in microsomal preparations.

Abstract The determination of the mixed function flavin-containing monooxygenase of liver by NADPH oxidation or oxygen uptake is complicated by a significant endogenous rate in the absence of specific substrate. We have defined optimal conditions for measuring this enzyme activity in hepatic microsomal preparations using NADPH oxidation. We have also found that if substrate stimulated minus endogenous NADPH oxidation rates are measured, this enzyme will be underestimated. Data are also presented which suggest that this endogenous rate can be at least partly accounted for by the presence of an endogenous substrate.
Identity and Power in Ukraine

Abstract This paper analyzes the coercive and legitimate forms of power in Ukraine. It describes the crisis of legitimacy in Ukraine as a contradiction between a blatantly cruel system of capitalism dominated by a few oligarchs, and the lingering remnants of a Soviet mentality. Two strategies are used by the Government to stoke the crisis. First, increased identification with ethnic or regional groups are instrumentally used by the Government to take attention from economic and class issues. Second, the incorporation of a Soviet meaning of power into the new national identity and presentation of it as core norms, believes, and values of the people of Ukraine competes with alternative Ukrainian identity concepts. The paper analyzes five main features of the Soviet meanings of power – political, social, and economic paternalism, perception of power as source of profit and violence, and the dual reality of power with the gap between official narratives of power and a real life. The process of incorporation of the Soviet concept of power into national identity is facilitated by the process of national identity formation that helped to preserve the Soviet perception of power, because of the absence of a new ideology, a lack of critical assessment of the Soviet past, an absence of the vision of outcome, an embryonic culture of democracy, and contributions of all the presidents to the preservation of the Soviet meaning of power. People justify the system as legitimate and fair for many reasons: out of historic habit and deemed moral obligations, self-interests and/or a fear of sanctions, identification with the ruler, zones of indifference, an absence of will and self-confidence, desire to support a strong leader based on ambiguity intolerance, hierarchy – enhancing ideologies, and a general tolerance of injustice. The obedience of subjects is connected with the strength of will of the subjects and the social structures of the society. In Ukraine, the society is not united, not organized, has no identity of “us”, no civic accountability, nor even any real interest in such matters. Civil society levels are very low, as reflected by limited opportunities for civic responsibility and participation and few demands from the society.
The structure and salivary function of the labial gland in adult Manduca sexta

Abstract The labial gland of the adult sphingid moth, Manduca sexta, consists of five distinct regions, each composed of a single cell type. The morphology of the cells and preliminary physiological evidence indicate that the regions function sequentially in the production of protein (invertase), fluid secretion, conduction of the resulting mixture, salt reabsorption, and storage or release of the final saliva. The morphological adaptations of the cells to their respective functions are discussed.
Data forwarding through in-memory precomputation threads

In modern architectures, memory access latency is an increasingly performance-limiting factor. To reduce this latency, we propose concepts and implementation of a new technique that uses an in-memory processor to precompute future, critical load addresses and forward the computed values to the main processor. The acronym for this technique is IMPT for In-Memory Precomputation-based forwarding Threads. IMPT combines the advantages of precomputation-based techniques with the low memory access latency of processing-in-memory. To evaluate IMPT, we use a cycle-accurate simulation of an aggressive out-of-order processor with accurate simulation of bus and memory contention. The results show a performance gain of up to 1.47 (1.21 on average) over an aggressive superscalar processor. The average load access latency decreases by up to 55% (32% on average).
Modeling spurt and stress oscillations in flows of molten polymers

The paper presents an approach for modeling polymer flows with non-slip, slip and changing non-slip — slip boundary conditions at the wall. The model consists of a viscoelastic constitutive equation for polymer flows in the bulk, prediction of the transition from non-slip to sliding boundary conditions, a wall slip model, and a model for the compressibility effects in capillary polymer flows. The bulk viscoelastic constitutive equation contains a hardening parameter which is solely determined by the polymer molecular characteristics. It delimits the conditions for the onset of solid, rubber-like behavior. The non-monotone wall slip model introduced for polymer melts, modifies a slip model derived from a simple stochastic model of interface molecular dynamics for cross-linked elastomers. The predictions for the onset of spurt, as well as the numerical simulations of hysteresis, spurt, and stress oscillations are demonstrated. They are also compared with available data for a high molecular weight, narrow distributed polyisoprene. By using this model beyond the critical conditions, many of the qualitative features of the spurt and oscillations observed in capillary and Couette flows of molten polymers, are described.
The direct spectropolarimetric titration of palladium(II) ion with d-(-)-1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid

Abstract A direct spectropolarimetric titration of palladium(II) at 40°C with the optically active ligand D-(—)-1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid (D(—)PDTA) is described. The optical rotation is monitored with a modified photoelectric polarimeter, and both the palladium-D(—)PDTA complex and the titrant serve as optically active indicators. End-points are obtained by extrapolations. The proposed titration is compared with the visual back-titration method.
Splitting Tensile Strength of Fly Ash Activated by Hydrothermal Hot-Pressing Process

Fly ash is normally solidified by strong alkaline solutions at room or moderate temperatures. In this study, an innovative process of recycling fly ash (both Class F and Class C) into potential construction materials with superior mechanical properties is investigated. This innovative process involves chemical activation, hydrothermal reaction (hence, heat and moisture), and hot pressing. The emphasis is on the synergistic effects. Several key parameters—such as treatment temperature, duration of process, and amount of chemical activator—are evaluated critically. The results confirm that fly ash can be solidified and specimens show splitting tensile strengths of about 1.0 MPa by hydrothermal hot pressing alone. With a small amount of chemical activator (NaOH), the tensile strength can reach as high as 5.4 MPa.
Transverse hydrodynamics of collective pion flow.

We investigate the low {ital p}{sub {ital T}} features of the transverse momentum distribution for pions in relativistic heavy-ion collisions from the NA35 collaboration. Contrary to recent claims, we find that collective hydrodynamic flow cannot account for the experimental low {ital p}{sub {ital T}} shape of the pion transverse momentum distribution.
Improving productivity and firm performance with enterprise resource planning

Productivity is generally considered to be the efficient utilisation of organisational resources and is measured in terms of the efficiency of a worker, company or nation. Focusing on efficiency alone, however, can be harmful to the organisation's long-term success and competitiveness. The full benefits of productivity improvement measures are realised when productivity is examined from two perspectives: operational efficiency (output/input) of an individual worker or a business unit as well as performance (effectiveness) with regard to end user or customer satisfaction. Over the years, corporations have adopted new technology to integrate business activities in order to achieve both effectiveness and efficiency in their operations. In recent years, many firms have invested in enterprise resource planning (ERP) in order to integrate all business activities into a uniform system. The implementation of ERP enables the firm to reduce the transaction costs of the business and improve its productivity, customer satisfaction and profitability.
Noninvasive tissue oxygen saturation determined by near-infrared spectroscopy following peripheral nerve block

Background Noninvasive physiologic measurement of cutaneous tissue oxygenation using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has become increasingly common in cardiovascular and plastic surgery. The aim of this study was to determine whether clinically available NIRS-based monitors could detect changes in tissue oxygen saturation (rSO2) following a variety of peripheral nerve blocks. We hypothesize that peripheral nerve blocks will produce detectable changes in cutaneous tissue oxygenation levels that can be measured by noninvasive NIRS-based oximetry. Methods Forty adult patients scheduled for pre-operative peripheral nerve block placement were enrolled. Prior to block placement, NIRS sensors were placed on the operative and nonoperative (control) limb. Baseline tissue oxygen saturation values were obtained prior to dosing of the nerve block, and measurements were recorded every 5 min thereafter. Results Initial rSO2 values were higher in the operative vs. control limbs prior to nerve block placement. Tissue oxygen saturation increased in the blocked, but not control, limbs with time. Subgroup analysis suggested statistically significant differences in rSO2 values in blocked vs. control limbs for cervical paravertebral, infraclavicular, and femoral nerve blocks. Conclusions Our results demonstrated sustained increases in tissue rSO2 values following peripheral nerve block placement, in addition to higher initial rSO2 values in operative limbs prior to block placement. Further investigations are necessary to define the expected baseline rSO2 values in operative and control limbs. Future efforts utilizing NIRS-based detection of tissue ischemia should consider the small but significant changes in rSO2 resulting from a successful nerve block.