cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acute stress enhances while chronic stress suppresses cell-mediated immunity in vivo : a potential role for leukocyte trafficking

Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions are antigen-specific, cell-mediated immune responses which, depending on the antigen involved, mediate beneficial (resistance to viruses, bacteria, fungi, and certain tumors) or harmful (allergic dermatitis, autoimmunity) aspects of immune function. We have shown that acute stress administered immediately before antigenic challenge results in a significant enhancement of a skin DTH response in rats. A stress-induced trafficking or redeployment of leukocytes to the skin may be one of the factors mediating this immunoenhancement. Here we investigate the effects of varying the duration, intensity, and chronicity of stress on the DTH response and on changes in blood leukocyte distribution and glucocorticoid levels. Acute stress administered for 2 h prior to antigenic challenge, significantly enhanced the DTH response. Increasing the duration of stress from 2 h to 5 h produced the same magnitude enhancement in cutaneous DTH. Moreover, increasing the intensity of acute stress produced a significantly larger enhancement of the DTH response which was accompanied by increasing magnitudes of leukocyte redeployment. In contrast, chronic stress suppressed the DTH response when it was administered for 3 weeks before sensitization and either discontinued upon sensitization, or continued an additional week until challenge, or extended for one week after challenge. The stress-induced redeployment of peripheral blood lymphocytes was attenuated with increasing exposure to chronic stress and correlated with attenuated glucocorticoid responsivity. These results suggest that stress-induced alterations in lymphocyte redeployment may play an important role in mediating the bi-directional effects of acute versus chronic stress on cell-mediated immunity in vivo.
SULFHYDRYL AND DISULFIDE GROUPS OF PROTEINS II. THE RELATION BETWEEN NUMBER OF SH AND S-S GROUPS AND QUANTITY OF INSOLUBLE PROTEIN IN DENATURATION AND IN REVERSAL OF DENATURATION

1. In native egg albumin no SH groups are detectable, whereas in completely coagulated albumin as many groups are detectable as are found in the hydrolyzed protein. In egg albumin partially coagulated by heat the soluble fraction contains no detectable groups, and the insoluble fraction contains the number found after hydrolysis. 2. In the reversal of denaturation of serum albumin, when insoluble protein regains its solubility, S-S groups which have been detectable in the denatured protein, disappear. 3. When egg albumin coagulates at an air-water interface, all the SH groups in the molecule become detectable. 4. In egg albumin coagulated by irradiation with ultraviolet light, the same number of SH groups are detectable as in albumin coagulated by a typical denaturing agent. 5. When serum albumin is denatured by urea, there is no evidence that S-S groups appear before the protein loses its solubility. 6. Protein denaturation is a definite chemical reaction: different quantitative methods agree in estimates of the extent of denaturation, and the same changes are observed in the protein when it is denatured by different agents. A protein molecule is either native or denatured. The denaturation of some proteins can be reversed.
NOCEBO : THE POWER OF SUGGESTIBILITY

A useful way to summarize the placebo-nocebo theme is to consider the tension and interaction between conviction and responsibility. With the conviction of the mainstream biomedical paradigm prevalent today, it would be tempting to say to Dr. Engel's patient: "That question is nonsense. Cancer pain is not classified as 'male' or 'female.' Pain varies with location in the body and other factors." This response is technically honest but, in effect, it would have the impact of a nocebo. It would impair the patient's hope and morale. The doctor's honesty and conviction would serve as blinders to the patient's suffering. This type of honest statement results in a diminished sense of responsibility for the patient's well-being. Taking the biopsychosocial context into account, Dr. Engel achieved a balance between conviction and responsibility. The patient's question was understood within the meaning and metaphorical terms of her belief system. He answered in a manner that respected her private point of view toward pain and tapped her suggestibility, guiding her toward a probable placebo effect. "Female cancer" resonated with her personal beliefs and wish for less pain. Engel was both true to his convictions and responsible for providing the highest standard of care by understanding the patient's convictions and needs for comfort. The biopsychosocial concept provides a blueprint to bring the old-fashioned medical art of "humanness" to modern scientific care. Identifying the interactions of the problem, the person, and the totality of resources permits a focus on therapeutic strategies to promote placebo effects and prevent the consequences of nocebo.
A note on the theory of final state interactions

Using requirements of analyticity and the unitarity of theS-matrix we obtain the dependence of a transition amplitude on the invariant mass of two particles in the final state, when these are strongly coupled to other two particle channels. As an example, we consider the production of a Σπ state near the Y 0 * resonance assuming it is coupled to a\(\bar K\)Nstate in ans1/2 state.
Filament-activated Chemical Vapour Deposition of Nitride Thin Films

We have applied the novel method of hot filament-activated chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) for low-temperature deposition of a variety of nitride thin films. In this paper the results from our recent work on aluminium, silicon and titanium nitride have been reviewed. In the HFCVD method a hot tungsten filament (1500-1850°C) was utilised to decompose ammonia in order to deposit nitride films at low substrate temperatures and high rates. The substrate temperatures ranged from 245 to 600°C. The film properties were characterised by a number of analytical and optical methods. The effect of various deposition conditions on film properties was studied. All the films obtained were of high chemical purity and had very low cr no detectable tungsten contamination from the filament metal.
Interpretation of Natural Language Database Queries Using Optimization Methods

The automatic interpretation of natural language (English) database questions formulated by a user untrained in the technical aspects of database querying is an established problem in the field of artificial intelligence. State-of-the-art approaches involve the analysis of queries with syntactic and semantic grammars expressed in phrase structure grammer or transition network formalisms. With such methods difficulties exist with the detection and resolution of ambiguity, with the misinterpretation possibilities inherent with finite length look-ahead, and with the modification and extension of a mechanism for other sources of semantic knowledge. The potential of optimization techniques to solve these problems and interpret natural language database queries is examined.
Organizational Culture and Its Impact on Partnering Between Community Agencies and Postsecondary Institutions to Help Low-Income Students Attend College

Given the importance of postsecondary institutions partnering with community agencies and groups to meet a variety of essential goals such as access and success of students, this study investigated one such partnership with the aim of attempting to understand the experience of community-led partnerships and the role of culture in partnerships between community agencies and postsecondary institutions. Although the collaboration literature often assumes similarities among nonprofit organizations, this study identified a host of differences that need to be carefully negotiated and worked through while developing a partnering. Knowledge about the areas of culture differences serves as a guide for forming and developing relationships between postsecondary institutions and community agencies that further the goals of urban educators.
Proximity interactions between wireless sensors and their application

Many applications in ubiquitous computing rely on knowing where people and objects are relative to each other. By placing small wireless sensors on people, at specific locations, and on or in a wide variety of everyday objects we can collect these proximate relationships and deduce much about a person's or an object's context. This paper investigates the practical issues of recording these proximity interactions using RF wireless sensors and explores the benefits of collecting/mining proximity data and how user context and usage habits can be inferred for use by proactive applications. We describe some of the issues we faced in collecting usable proximity data from RF wireless sensors. Specifically, we discuss some of the ranging experiments we conducted, our approach to utilizing the limited local data store, and how we implemented a low-overhead time synchronization scheme. We present initial results from one of the applications we are targeting: a proactive reminding system that informs users when they leave important items behind.
Critical Magnetic Scattering in Manganese Fluoride

The angular dependence of the quasielastic magnetic scattering has been measured in Mn${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$ in the critical region $Tg{T}_{N}$. The temperature dependence of the inverse correlation range and the staggered mode susceptibility for both transverse and longitudinal spin fluctuations were observed as a function of incident neutron energy over the range $56l{E}_{0}l134$ meV. The validity of the quasielastic approximation for this energy region was verified. The data for the longitudinal fluctuations were found to follow simple power laws with the critical exponents $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.634\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1.24\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. An $\ensuremath{\eta}$ fitted to the data closest to ${T}_{N}$ gave $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02$. The transverse fluctuations are not divergent at ${T}_{N}$, although for $Tg{T}_{N}$ they can be described by power-law fits taken with respect to a temperature ${T}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}\ensuremath{\approx}66\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K by indices ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}=1.47\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. The actual critical temperature is ${T}_{N}=67.458\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008$.
Helical multistage isotope separator

Abstract Numerous instruments have been constructed to achieve mass separation by electromagnetic means, the most productive being the calutron type. The sector instrument, used at many laboratories to supply smaller quantities of material, has been designed for economical construction, low beam current, and the achievement of a more nearly perfect mass separation. An engineering approach to improving enrichment capabilities in sector-type isotope separation involves the construction of multistage instruments. Extension of this concept has resulted in a multistage calutron-type separator, constructed for use in an existing calutron tank. The ion source accelerates the beam across magnetic field lines at a slight angle to produce a helical path having a reference radius of 24 in. Beam components focus at the 180° position where all isotopes are collectible except one which is allowed to continue its helical trajectory. This selected isotopic beam is allowed to pass through an additional 360° of travel before being collected at the 540° position. Ion output to the 540° collector has reached a maximum of 750 μA, and the isotopic purity of 125 Te from the third separation run is 98.95% compared with 95% resulting from best performance in a 48-in.-radius calutron.
Newsletters and adherence to a weekly home spirometry program after lung transplant.

Context—Newsletters are a common intervention for patients in clinical trials. However, it is not clear whether newsletters are associated with increased adherence to the health regimen, and if so, which aspects of the newsletter are reported as most helpful to patients.Objective—To examine the association between patients' ratings of worthwhileness of a quarterly newsletter and adherence with a home spirometry regimen.Design—Patients (n = 48) were in a research-based spirometry program after lung transplant and had received at least 1 newsletter; 24 (50%) returned completed surveys via postal mail.Main Outcome Measures—Adherence for forced vital pulmonary function tests for respondents versus nonrespondents, number of weeks they were adherent, ratings they gave the newsletter, and which components of the newsletters were helpful to the respondents.Results—Respondents had more forced vital capacity pulmonary function tests ("blows") overall, blew more times weekly, and blew more consistently from week to ...
Peat analysis for coastal wetland enforcement cases

This paper presents a step-by-step description of peat analysis, a technique for determining whether wetlands have been filled. Vertical core samples from suspected buried wetland profiles are analyzed with the aid of a peat key, a root-rhizome reference collection, and control samples. The technique not only potentially reinforces aerial photographic interpretations, but also appears to have probative value in itself for demonstrating the presence of filled, former wetlands. It has been applied to brackish marshes and saltmarshes in five coastal wetland enforcement cases in Maryland and Virginia, all involving litigation in which substantial penalties were levied against the defendants.
Computed tomography attenuation and patient characteristics as predictors of complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Abstract Objectives Morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) remains high. Computed tomography (CT) of intra‐abdominal tissue has not been thoroughly evaluated to establish associations with the occurrence of complications after PD. The current study sought to determine whether differences in non‐enhanced visceral attenuation predicted complications after PD. Methods Outcomes in patients undergoing PD were analysed according to the Clavien system for classifying complications and the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula system for classifying postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF). Preoperative non‐enhanced CT scans were evaluated by a blinded investigator for attenuation of abdominal viscera and fat thickness. Data on pancreatic firmness and pancreatic duct size were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results A total of 134 patients underwent PD for malignant and benign disease. Rates of morbidity, mortality and POPF at 90 days were 61%, 4% and 23%, respectively. Patients with a body mass index of > 25 kg/m 2 had higher rates of POPF ( P = 0.05) and complications ( P P P P = 0.01) parenchyma. Conclusions Postoperative complications after PD remain prevalent. Decreased CT attenuation of abdominal viscera is an independent predictor of morbidity after PD and suggests a high‐risk patient physiology for pancreatic resection.
Noninvasive monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis C

Hepatic fibrosis is the main determinant of clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis C. Liver histology is frequently considered the gold standard for assessing hepatic fibrosis. However, liver biopsy is associated with sampling error, interobserver variability, and potential complications. Thus, there is a need for simple, inexpensive, and reliable noninvasive means to assess disease severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clinical examination is unreliable in differentiating different stages of compensated liver disease. Among the routine laboratory tests, decreased platelet count, increase in the ratio of aspartate to alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT), and prolonged prothrombin time are the earliest indicators of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Individual serum fibrosis markers have limited accuracy in predicting hepatic fibrosis. Indices composed of a panel of markers correlate better with histological fibrosis, but their reliability requires further validation. Currently, noninvasive monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis C relies on clinical evaluation, routine laboratory tests, and ultrasound and endoscopic surveillance in patients with cirrhosis. Initial evaluation should focus on assessment of activity and stage of liver disease for prognostication and decisions regarding treatment, and to rule out coinfections and other causes of liver disease. Subsequent follow-up should focus on detection of liver disease progression and the need for treatment. The frequency of monitoring and the tests used will depend on the patient's age, stage of liver disease, and comorbid conditions. There is an urgent need to develop and validate noninvasive tests that can accurately reflect the full spectrum of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C.
Crack growth predictions using a strip‐yield model for variable‐amplitude and spectrum loading

Fatigue-crack-growth tests were conducted on compact, C(T), specimens made of D16Cz aluminum alloy. Constant-amplitude tests were conducted over a range of stress ratios (R = Pmin/Pmax = 0.1 to 0.75). Comparisons were made between test data from middle-crack tension, M(T), specimens from the literature and C(T) specimens. A crack-closure analysis was used to collapse the rate data from both specimen types into a fairly narrow band over many orders of magnitude in rates using proper constraint factors. Constraint factors were established from single-spike overload and constant-amplitude tests. The life-prediction code, FASTRAN, which is based on the strip-yield-model concept, was used to calculate the crack-length-against-cycles under constant-amplitude (CA) loading and the single-spike overload (OL) tests; and to predict crack growth under variable-amplitude (VA) loading on M(T) specimens and simulated aircraft loading spectrum tests on both specimen types. The calculated crack-growth lives under CA and the OL tests were generally within ±20 % of the test results, the predicted crack-growth lives for the VA and Mini-Falstaff tests on the M(T) specimens were short by 30 to 45 %, while the Mini-Falstaff+ results on the C(T) specimens were within 10 %. Issues on the crack-starter notch effects under spectrum loading are discussed, and recommendations are suggested on avoiding these notch effects. Rissfortschrittsabschatzungen bei Betriebsbelastung unter Verwendung eines Fliesstreifenmodells Rissfortschrittsversuche wurden an C(T)-Proben aus der Aluminiumlegierung D16z durchgefuhrt. Mit den Einstufenversuchen wurde ein weiter Bereich von Spannungsverhaltnissen (R = Pmin/Pmax = 0,1 bis 0,75) abgedeckt. Vergleiche mit veroffentlichten Ergebnissen an M(T)- und C(T)-Proben wurden durchgefuhrt. Durch eine Rissschliesanalyse unter Verwendung sachgerechter Constraint-Faktoren gelang die einheitliche Darstellung aller Versuchergebnisse in einem ziemlich schmalen Streuband uber mehrere Grosenordnungen von Rissfortschrittsraten. Die Constraint-Faktoren wurden aus Versuchen mit einmaligen Uberlasten und Einstufenversuchen abgeleitet. Das Lebensdauerberechnungsprogramm FASTRAN, das auf dem Fliesstreifenmodell basiert, wurde angewendet einerseits zur Berechnung der Rissfortschrittskurven fur einstufige (CA) und Uberlastversuche (OL) und andererseits zur Vorhersage bei Belastung mit variablen Amplituden (VA) bei M(T)-Proben sowie bei simulierten Flugkollektiven bei beiden Probentypen. Die berechneten Lebensdauern unter CA und OL-Belastung weichen von den experimentellen Lebensdauern um ±20 % ab, fur die VA und Mini-Falstaff Versuche an M(T) Proben ergab sich eine um 30 bis 45 % zu kurze Lebensdauer, wahrend die Mini-Falstaff+ Ergebnisse nur um 10 % differieren. Effekte aus der Rissstarterkerbe bei Betriebsbelastung werden diskutiert und Empfehlungen zu deren Vermeidung werden ausgesprochen
A Change of Heart: Reopening of a Foramen Ovale

Platypnea-orthodeoxia is a rare syndrome characterized by dyspnea and hypoxemia that is exacerbated by assuming an upright position. The most common cause is intracardiac shunting through an atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale (PFO). We present a 63-year-old man with dyspnea after right pneumonectomy for lung cancer, who was found to have a large PFO with right-to-left shunt in the presence of normal right-sided pressures. Percutaneous closure of the PFO led to resolution of symptoms.
Dynamic Braking Control of D-C Series Motors-Experimental Study of Speed-Torque Curves

This paper presents the results of tests to determine the speed-torque characteristics of a d-c series motor driving a crane hoist. Direct readings of speed and torque during dynamic braking lowering operation were taken for various values of resistance in the motor circuit branches. A comparison between test data and calculated performance, using a conventional method of calculation, indicates that calculation obtains performance curves which are sufficiently accurate to forecast the performance of a practical crane hoist controller.
Activation energies from cw laser induced reactions

Abstract A model is developed for calculating rate constants and temperature in reactions induced by cw lasers under conditions of nearly total thermalization. The validity of the model is demonstrated by studies of the reaction of CH3CF2Cl and of ethyl acetate. In each case, Arrhenius plots show good linearity and give activation energies in close agreement with values obtained by standard pyrolytic technique. Similar agreement is obtained at a variety of laser frequencies bracketing a reactant absorption band. Although the calculations depend on the thermal conductivity of the reactant gas, it is shown that only a rough estimate of conductivity is required to obtain a reasonably accurate value of the activation energy.
Disposition of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP), a submarine atmosphere contaminant, in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

Abstract The phenol 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-nitrophenol (DBNP) is a contaminant found onboard submarines and is formed by the nitration of an antioxidant present in turbine lubricating oil TEP 2190. DBNP has been found on submarine interior surfaces, on eating utensils and dishes, and on the skin of submariners. DBNP exposure is a potential health concern because it is an uncoupler of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Adult male rats were dosed once by oral gavage with 15 or 40 mg/kg DBNP mixed with 14 C-DBNP in kanola oil and 0.8% v/v DMSO ( n =16/group). The distribution of 14 C in major tissues was measured over time for up to 240 h post-dose. Unexpectedly, 6/16 (40%) of the rats gavaged with 40 mg/kg DBNP died within 24 h of dosing. Prostration, no auditory startle response, reduced locomotor activity, and muscular rigidity persisted in survivors for up to 8 days after dosing. For animals dosed with 15 mg/kg DBNP, radioactivity levels were significantly elevated in the following tissues 24 h after dosing: fat⋙liver>kidneys>heart>lungs>brain>striated muscle>spleen. Radioactivity levels were elevated for fat, liver, kidney, heart, and lungs of animals euthanized 144 h post-dosing and in the liver of animals euthanized 240 h post-dosing. These findings suggest that DBNP may accumulate in the body as a result of continuous or repeat exposures of short interval to DBNP.
Modeling Finite Deformations in Trigonal Ceramic Crystals with Lattice Defects

A model is developed for thermomechanical behavior of defective, low-symmetry ceramic crystals such as α-corundum. Kinematics resolved are nonlinear elastic deformation, thermal expansion, dislocation glide, mechanical twinning, and residual lattice strains associated with eigenstress fields of defects such as dislocations and stacking faults. Multiscale concepts are applied to describe effects of twinning on effective thermoelastic properties. Glide and twinning are thermodynamically irreversible, while free energy accumulates with geometrically necessary dislocations associated with strain and rotation gradients, statistically stored dislocations, and twin boundaries. The model is applied to describe single crystals of corundum. Hardening behaviors of glide and twin systems from the total density of dislocations accumulated during basal slip are quantified for pure and doped corundum crystals. Residual lattice expansion is predicted from nonlinear elasticity and dislocation line and stacking fault energies.
Judgment of Covariation by Social Perceivers

Knowledge about relationships between events is a critical aspect of human knowledge. Knowing whether events are related, and how strongly they are related, enables individuals to explain the past, control the present, and predict the future. Consequently people's ability to judge covariations between events is of central importance to a number of psychological theories. In 1967 Peterson and Beach reviewed people's ability to use correlational concepts, as part of a paper on "Man as an intuitive statistician." At the time of their review, studies on this topic were few in number and not very definitive in the information they provided. Since that time a sizable body of research on intuitive covariation concepts has developed. A substantial amount of research indi
Decoding Mechanisms by which Silent Codon Changes Influence Protein Biogenesis and Function

Scope Synonymous codon usage has been a focus of investigation since the discovery of the genetic code and its redundancy. The occurrences of synonymous codons vary between species and within genes of the same genome, known as codon usage bias. Today, bioinformatics and experimental data allow us to compose a global view of the mechanisms by which the redundancy of the genetic code contributes to the complexity of biological systems from affecting survival in prokaryotes, to fine tuning the structure and function of proteins in higher eukaryotes. Studies analyzing the consequences of synonymous codon changes in different organisms have revealed that they impact nucleic acid stability, protein levels, structure and function without altering amino acid sequence. As such, synonymous mutations inevitably contribute to the pathogenesis of complex human diseases. Yet, fundamental questions remain unresolved regarding the impact of silent mutations in human disorders. In the present review we describe developments in this area concentrating on mechanisms by which synonymous mutations may affect protein function and human health.
A determination of the second and fourth order sectorial harmonics in the geopotential from the motion of 12-hr satellites

Second and fourth order sectorial harmonics determined for geopotential from long term perturbations on 12 hr satellites
Approximate Brueckner orbitals in electron propagator calculations

Orbitals and ground-state correlation amplitudes from the so-called Brueckner doubles approximation of coupled-cluster theory provide a useful reference state for electron propagator calculations. An operator manifold with hold, particle, two-hole-one-particle and two-particle-one-hole components is chosen. The resulting approximation, third-order algebraic diagrammatic construction [2ph-TDA, ADC (3)] and 3+ methods. The enhanced versatility of this approximation is demonstrated through calculations on valence ionization energies, core ionization energies, electron detachment energies of anions, and on a molecule with partial biradical character, ozone.
FDA's Approach to Regulation of Products of Nanotechnology

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has long encountered the combination of promise, risk, and uncertainty that accompanies new technologies. This is equally true for nanotechnology, which engenders both excitement and concern owing to the rapidly evolving science and range of applications. The very changes in biological, chemical, and other properties that make some applications so exciting may also present new questions about how to predict, identify, measure, and monitor possibly harmful effects.
Tbx5-mediated expression of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II is necessary for zebrafish cardiac and pectoral fin morphogenesis

Mutations in the T-box transcription factor, TBX5, result in Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS), a human condition in which cardiac development is defective and forelimbs are stunted. Similarly, zebrafish tbx5 morphants and mutants (heartstrings; hst) lack pectoral fins and exhibit a persistently elongated heart that does not undergo chamber looping. Tbx5 is expressed in the developing atrium, ventricle and in pectoral fin fields, but its genetic targets are still being uncovered. In this study, evidence is provided that Tbx5 induces the expression of a specific member of the CaMK-II (the type II multifunctional Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) family; this CaMK-II is necessary for proper heart and fin development. Morphants of beta2 CaMK-II (camk2b2), but not the beta1 CaMK-II (camk2b1) paralog, exhibit bradycardia, elongated hearts and diminished pectoral fin development. Normal cardiac phenotypes can be restored by ectopic cytosolic CaMK-II expression in tbx5 morphants. Like tbx5, camk2b2 is expressed in the pectoral fin and looping heart, but this expression is diminished in both tbx5 morphant and hst embryos. Conversely, the introduction of excess Tbx5 into zebrafish embryos and mouse fibroblasts doubles CaMK-II expression. We conclude that beta CaMK-II expression and activity are necessary for proper cardiac and limb morphogenesis. These findings not only identify a morphogenic target for Ca(2+) during heart development, but support implied roles for CaMK-II in adult heart remodeling.
Is Scripture the Origin of the Halakhah

Abstract Scripture, in particular the Pentateuch, forms the natural starting point for any inquiry into origins in Judaism. The question answered here derives from a simple fact: the Pentateuch is privileged within the Rabbinic system, which links as much of the Halakhah to the Pentateuchal law codes as it possibly can. So it is quite natural to treat Scripture as the base-line and the Halakhic category-formations as the variable, in seeking the origin of the system. But what happens when we treat the system as the base-line and Scripture as the variable? Then we see that the Halakhic system viewed as a coherent statement does not originate in Scripture. Scripture is not the origin of the Halakhah. Why not? Because of this paradox: Scripture is necessary for the Halakhic system. But Scripture is insufficient for the Halakhic system. The Halakhic system is necessary for Scripture. The Halakhic system is sufficient without Scripture. It requires only Scripture's facts – and these on their own form no system.
An Osmometric Analysis of Drinking in Salt Injected Rats

Abstract Rats were injected in the lateral tail vein with 2, 4, 8, 12 or 16% NaCl solutions and were immediately placed in drinking ☐es where water intake was measured for 2 hr. Injections were 1 or 2 ml/400 g body weight. Drinking increased as a function of load volume and concentration. Another group of rats received identical injections, were decapitated 10 min after injection, and serum samples were obtained for analysis in an osmometer. Osmometric equations were applied to determine the theoretical and apparent cell dehydration which followed injections. Drinking appeared to be correlated with calculated cell dehydration. Drinking occurs in the rat following shrinkage in cell volume as small as 1%.
0110 Cancer Mortality among Styrene and Fibreglass Exposed Workers in the Reinforced Plastic Boatbuilding Industry

Objectives Mortality was updaated through 2008 for 5203 workers exposed to styrene, fibreglass, and wood dust between 1959 and 1978 at two boatbuilding plants. The a priori hypothesis: leukaemia and lymphoma excesses would be found Method Standardised mortality ratios (SMR), standardised rate ratios (SRR), and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using Washington State rates and a person-years analysis program, LTAS. NET, controlling for age, calendar period, race, and gender. The SRR analysis compared tertiles of estimated cumulative styrene exposure. Results Overall, 484 cancer deaths occurred (SMR 1.20, CI 1.10–1.31), with excess mortality for respiratory cancers (n = 171, SMR 1.33, CI 1.14–1.55) and prostate cancer (n = 41, SMR 1.44, CI 1.03–1.96). Among 2063 workers highly exposed to styrene and fibreglass there were excesses of mesothelioma (n = 3, SMR 5.28, CI 1.09–15.4) and ovarian cancer (n = 6, SMR 2.94, CI 1.08–6.41). The SRR analysis did not find strong associations between tertiles of styrene exposure and cancer mortality. Conclusions We found no excess leukaemia or lymphoma mortality. Unanticipated excess mesothelioma and ovarian cancer mortality are difficult to interpret and could be due to fibreglass exposure or employment elsewhere, or could be chance findings.
Pennsylvania Takes a Look at Nutrition in the Orthopedic Program.

THERE are certain areas of agreement in defining the role of nutrition in the orthopedic program. One of these is that the handicapped child's nutrition is important and that nutrition services for handicapped children are as important as for normal children-perhaps even more so. There may be less agreement on the incidence of malnutrition among handicapped children. However, I am sure that every nutritionist can cite examples of malnutrition from her observation and experience. We are familiar with the undernutrition that occurs because relatives and friends ply orthopedically handicapped children with sweets and delicacies which diminish their intake of essential foods. This food-treat problem is often present in the problem of obesity caused by an excessive and inappropriate food intake complicated with restricted physical activity. We are familiar with the emotionally disturbed chil(d who may reflect his emotional upset in a poor nutritional condition as a result of such feeding problems as digestive upsets, loss of appetite, overeating, and capricious or bizarre food selections. We have all had experience with families who are suffering physically, psychologically, and economically from the impact of having a member with a crippling condition. These are cases where nutrition service offers tangible benefits not only to the patient but to the whole family in terms of physical protection, budget easement, and mental hygiene. We are familiar with the national studies on nutrition status and food consumption that have been made over the years, and we can accept that on the whole diets in the UJnited States are good. However, we know, too, from our observations as well as from the findings of these and other studies that there are groups of people whose diet is somewhat less than adequate. We know that lack of knowledge, limited income, poor food habits, poor food selection, poor food practices, food fads, and misinformation all contribute to varying degrees of malnutrition. Finally, we know that "subclinical" deficiencies do exist, and we cannot assume that handicapped children are free of nutritional problems. The eternal question is "What kind of a nutrition service can we offer that will best meet these needs?"
Synthesis of N‐(arylmethyl)diethanolamines and of other pyrenediols: Addition polymerizations of pyrenyl monomers

N-(Arylmethyl)diethanolamines and other spaced dihydroxy compounds bearing pyrenyl groups were prepared using benzotriazole as a synthetic auxiliary. The potential of these diols as precursors for the preparation of condensation polymers containing pendant polycyclic aryl groups was illustrated by reaction of the pyrenyl derivatives with diisocyanates which afforded the corresponding polyurethane polymers.
Grammar and interaction: Reported discourse and subjunctive in German

The present study investigates the relationship between grammar and interaction, specifically, the forms and interactional functions of direct and indirect discourse in spoken German. The study demonstrates that quotatives and the grammatical form of quotes are context-sensitive; that is, depending on the current actions (either providing background information, telling stories, telling troubles, or giving explanations), interactants select different quotation formats. The use of the subjunctive or Konjunktiv is only one of several quotation formats used by speakers in interaction for very specific social purposes; these social purposes are oriented to as such by coparticipants.
Effects of corn row pattern and intercropping with legumes on silage corn.

(...) A paired-row arrangement of silage corn for intercropping was tested on a Sultan silt loam (fine silty, mixed, mesic, Aquic Xerofluvent). The paired-row pattern, with 12 in. between the two rows of the pair and 60 in. between pairs, was compared in monoculture with a conventional 30-in. single-row pattern. Fertilizer treatments ranged from 0 to 180 lb N/acre; and 0, 26, and 39 lb P/acre. Dry matter yields and tissue concentrations of N, P, and K varied among years and fertility levels, but were not significantly different between the two corn row patterns (P<0.05). (...)
Time pressure and strategic choice in mediation

Abstract The present study simulated a dispute to examine the influence of time pressure on mediator behavior and to test P. J. Carnevale's (1986, Negotiation Journal, 2, 41–56) strategic choice model of mediation. Time available for negotiation, mediator concern for the disputants' aspirations, and perceived probability of a mutually acceptable agreement were varied in a 2 × 2 × 2 design. The results generally supported the strategic choice model. As predicted, compensating occurred most when the mediators' estimate of likely agreement was low and concern for the parties' aspirations was high. Inaction occurred most when the mediators' estimate of likely agreement was high and concern for the parties' aspirations was low. Integrating occurred most in the high concern conditions. Pressing tactics occurred most when the mediators' estimate of likely agreement was low and concern for the parties' aspirations was also low. As a deadline neared, mediators increased their use of pressing and compensating, and decreased their use of integrating. In addition, the manipulations of time pressure and mediator estimate of likely agreement interacted to produce an increase in pressing over time. Consistent with predictions of the strategic choice model, the data suggest that mediators' beliefs about the likelihood of a mutually acceptable agreement mediate the relationship between time pressure and the use of pressing tactics.
Self‐Assembly of Hybrid Dendrons with Complex Primary Structure Into Functional Helical Pores

The synthesis of three libraries of self-assembling hybrid dendrons containing a primary structure based on the sequence (4-3,4-3,5)12G2-CO2CH3 generated from benzyl ether, biphenyl-4-methyl ether, and AB2 repeat units constructed from (AB)yAB2 combinations of benzyl ethers, is reported. The structural and retrostructural analysis of their supramolecular dendrimers facilitated the discovery of new architectural principles that lead to the assembly of functional helical pores. The self-assembly of an example of hybrid dendron containing -H, -CO2CH3, -CH2OH, -COOH, -COOK, -CONH2, -CONHCH3, -CO2(CH2)2OCH3, -(R) and -(S)-CONHCH(CH3)C2H5 as X-groups at the apex demonstrated that these self-assembling dendrons provide the simplest strategy for the design and synthesis of porous columns containing a diversity of hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups in the inner part of the pore. The results reported here expand the scope and limitations of dendrons available for the self-assembly of functional pores that previously were generated mostly from dendritic dipeptides, to simpler architectures based on hybrid dendrons.
A study of human control in a stochastic multistage decision task.

Models of decision making can be grouped into two general classes: static and dynamic decision making. The first consists of those tasks where a single decision is made, the subject is told of the results of his decision, and no further application is made. In dynamic decision making, subsequent decisions depend in part on past experience in the task and thus learning is involved in the act. The latter sort of decisions can be further broken down into two types: those that do not affect the environment in which the decision maker is behaving, and those involving the future environment. A decision maker who can actively manipulate the environment by his decisions is conceived of as a controller. This article considers a dynamic programming model for this type of decision-making task.
Non-parental nest attendance in the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica): helping or harassment?

Abstract During a long-term study of barn swallows in New York's Adirondacks, we observed many instances of third birds attending active nests. Most non-parental attendance involved unmated adult males that were not closely related to those they attended. There were no significant differences in the reproductive success of attended and unattended nests. Attendants showed little of the cooperative behaviour reported in earlier studies of other barn swallow populations. At Cranberry Lake, nest attendants behaved more often in ways that were detrimental to one or both breeders (e.g. attempting copulation with females, or committing infanticide). Our results indicate that non-parental nest attendance may be a competitive stragegy by which males gain information about, or access to, breeding sites and females. If this conclusion is correct, then the major difference between barn swallows and other species with more cooperative attendant (helper) systems may be that barn swallows live, in groups of non-relatives, where there are few indirect benefits to be gained by cooperation, while more cooperative species can interact socially with kin.
Differential Role for CD80 and CD86 in the Regulation of the Innate Immune Response in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis

Background: Inflammation in the early stages of sepsis is governed by the innate immune response. Costimulatory molecules are a receptor/ligand class of molecules capable of regulation of inflammation in innate immunity via macrophage/neutrophil contact. We recently described that CD80/86 ligation is required for maximal macrophage activation and CD80/86 2/2 mice display reduced mortality and inflammatory cytokine production after cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). However, these data also demonstrate differential regulation of CD80 and CD86 expression in sepsis, suggesting a divergent role for these receptors. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the individual contribution of CD80/86 family members in regulating inflammation in sepsis. Methodology/Principal Findings: CD80 2/2 mice had improved survival after CLP when compared to WT or CD86 2/2 mice. This was associated with preferential attenuation of inflammatory cytokine production in CD80 2/2 mice. Results were confirmed with pharmacologic blockade, with anti-CD80 mAb rescuing mice when administered before or after CLP. In vitro, activation of macrophages with neutrophil lipid rafts caused selective disassociation of IRAK-M, a negative regulator of NFkB signaling from CD80; providing a mechanism for preferential regulation of cytokine production by CD80. Finally, in humans, upregulation of CD80 and loss of constitutive CD86 expression on monocytes was associated with higher severity of illness and inflammation confirming the findings in our mouse model. Conclusions: In conclusion, our data describe a differential role for CD80 and CD86 in regulation of inflammation in the innate immune response to sepsis. Future therapeutic strategies for blockade of the CD80/86 system in sepsis should focus on direct inhibition of CD80.
Glycopeptides from bovine liver basement membrane and plasma membrane.

Proteolytic digests of liver plasma-cell membranes from the cow were fractionated to yield two homogeneous glycopeptides and a third preparation about 92% pure. The composition of the two homogeneous glycopeptides made it clear that they were derived from basement membrane material rather than the plasma membrane. Ruminants are unusual in having large amounts of basement membrane in the liver while other animals generally have little or none. Both basement-membrane-derived glycopeptides contained a glucosyl galactosyl disaccharide linked to hydroxylysine, the smaller one contained no other sugar structure but the larger one contained in addition an acidic heterosaccharide, the two chains probably being linked separately to the same molecule. Smith degradation and β-elimination operations show that this heterosaccharide has an inner structure containing mannose and hexosamine, with the sugars galactose, N-glycollyl-neuraminic acid and fucose situated more peripherally. The amino-acid-hetero-saccharide linkage is alkali stable. The third glycopeptide, which may be plasma-membrane-derived, differs from the heterosaccharide saccharide described above in that it contains no glucose and contains some O-seryl and O-threonyl amino-acid-sugar linkage. It, too, has a periodate-resistant structure of hexosamine and mannose.
Simultaneous Pulsatile Release of Prolactin and Luteinizing Hormone Induced by Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor Agonist*

Subcutaneous injection of 50 microgram long acting agonist of LRF (LRF-Ag) resulted in the prompt, simultaneous pulsatile release of both LH and PRL in four hypogonadal women. After repeated daily administration of LRF-Ag. LH release in response to LRF-Ag was markedly attenuated, and LH pulses were abolished. LRF-Ag induced PRL release was also attenuated but remained pulsatile. These findings demonstrate the dissociation of the LRF-Ag-induced contemporaneous release of LH and PRL and suggest a hypothalamic site of action of LRF-Ag on PRL release.
Microvascular dilation evoked by chemical stimulation of C-fibers in rats

Activation of pulmonary C-fibers can reflexively decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and peripheral vascular resistance. However, the effects of these afferents on microvascular tone remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the effects of these afferents on microvascular tone in a striated muscle vascular bed. The right cremaster muscle in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats with intact circulation and innervation was suspended in a tissue bath, and diameters of small arterioles were measured by intravital video microscopy. Stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers by injecting capsaicin (5 μg/kg) or phenylbiguanide (20 μg/kg) into the right atrium dilated small arterioles and decreased blood pressure and heart rate. The effects persisted when the cervical vagus nerves were cooled to 5 to 7°C (blocking myelinated fibers), but were prevented by cooling to 0°C (blocking C-fibers and myelinated fibers), by cutting the genital femoral nerve (GFN) supplying the cremaster to block the nerve supply to the muscle, or by adding 6-hydroxydopamine to the bathing medium to selectively block sympathetic effects by depleting norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve terminals. Our results show that stimulation of pulmonary C-fibers reflexively dilates small arterioles in striated muscle by a mechanism that could involve withdrawal of sympathetic adrenergic tone. In conclusion, pulmonary C-fibers can exert an inhibitory influence on neural tone of the microcirculation at an important site where microvascular resistance and tissue blood flow are regulated.
Selective E. coli trapping with 3D insulator-based dielectrophoresis using DC-biased, AC electric fields

We present the development of a batch trapping, insulator-based dielectrophoretic (iDEP) device with three-dimensional design. The microfluidic devices use DC-biased, AC electric fields to selectively manipulate biological particles based on their electric properties. The mold for the polymer microdevices is fabricated using an RIE-lag technique which creates microchannels with varying depths using a single etch process. The resulting three-dimensional insulating constrictions permit operation at low applied voltages. By varying both the applied frequency and the ratio of AC to DC electric fields, the iDEP device can trap and separate polystyrene beads and E. coli cells.