cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy analysis of ethanol production from sweet sorghum

Abstract The Piedmont System is a collection of equipment for efficiently removing the juice from sweet sorghum stalks for the production of ethanol. The concept is to separate the whole stalks into pith and rind-leaf fractions, pass only the pith fraction through a screw press, and thus achieve an improvement in juice-expression efficiency and press capacity. An energy analysis was done for two options of this proposed harvesting/processing system: (Option 1) The juice is evaporated to syrup and used throughout the year to produce ethanol, and the by-products are used as cattle feed. (Option 2) The juice is fermented as it is harvested, and the by-products (along with other cellulosic materials) are used as feedstock for the remainder of the year. Energy ratios (energy output/energy input) of 0·9, 1·1 and 0·8 were found for sweet sorghum Option 1, sweet sorghum Option 2, and corn, respectively, as feedstocks for ethanol. If only liquid fuels are considered, the ratios are increased to 3·5, 7·9 and 4·5.
Harm J. de Blij’s 1983 Wine: A Geographic Appreciation

Harm de Blij was one of the most influential scholars in the field of geography. Few modern geographers have accomplished more to advance a public appreciation for the field. He was known primarily for his work in geopolitics, regional geography, and environmental geography, and he published well over 100 articles and books on these subjects. He was also known for his love of fine wine. In 1983, de Blij published Wine: A Geographic Appreciation, a groundbreaking book and bestseller, which, in part, set the stage for the study of the geography of wine and viticulture. This paper examines de Blij’s 1983 tome, including a brief examination of the political, economic, and cultural elements of wine geography followed by a focused discussion of the book’s influence on the physical geography of viticulture. Ultimately, this paper considers the impact and legacy of Wine: A Geographic Appreciation, a classic in physical geography, as the subfield of wine geography continues to develop.
Development and Performance Validation of a Heat Pump Water Heater

Heat pump water heater was designed and a prototype was developed and constructed. The performance of the heat pump water heater prototype is described by presenting some experimental test data. The experimental measurements include temperature, flow rates, and power consumption. The testing procedure consisted of evaluating the recovery rate and the coefficient of performance (COP) of the system. The results strongly indicate that heat pump water heater system design is very practical and it provides the consumer with a more efficient hot water heater alternative.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Joining the design and mask flows for better and cheaper masks

Today's design-manufacturing interfaces have only minimal information exchange. Lack of information on either side leads to under-performance due to too much guardbanding, and increased mask cost and increased turnaround time due to over-correction. In this work we present techniques that simultaneously utilize design and manufacturing information to improve mask quality and reduce mask cost.
1H NMR Characterization of a Hen Ovalbumin Tyrosinamide N-Linked Oligosaccharide Library

Abstract A library of 15 N-linked oligosaccharide structures was prepared from ovalbumin and characterized using high-held NMR and mass spectrometry. The oligosaccharides were enzymatically released from ovalbumin glycopeptides, and the reducing ends were reacted with ammonium bicarbonate to form oligosaccharide-glycosylamines. These reacted with Boc-tyrosine-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, resulting in a mixture of tyrosinamide-oligosaccharides. The Boc group was removed to expose an amine terminus which enhanced the resolution of tyrosinamide-oligosaccharides when chromatographed on reverse-phase HPLC. Ten major and five minor oligosaccharides were purified on a micromole scale and characterized using 1H NMR and FAB-MS. The structures include high-mannose, hybrid, and complex oligosaccharides possessing from two to five antenna, providing the most complete definition of ovalbumin N-linked oligosaccharides to date. The resulting library is well suited to biological studies due to the presence of a single terminal tyrosine residue on each oligosaccharide that allows radioiodination or the attachment of additional probes to these glycoconjugates prior to biological studies.
Cytokines and sleep

The concept that sleep is regulated in part by humoral mechanisms is supported by experimental demonstrations of somnogenic substances (sleep factors, SFs) that accumulate in the brain and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during wakefulness (reviewed in Krueger et al. 1989a, b, c; Krueger and Karnovsky 1987; Brobely and Tobler 1989; Inoue 1989). These experiments began at the turn of the century with Legendre and Pieron (1913) and Ishimori (1909), who described the accumulation of SFs in CSF during prolonged wakefulness. Over the next 80 years, many investigators successfully repeated this type of experiment, showing the accumulation of SFs in CSF and/or the brain (Pappenheimer et al. 1967, 1975; Schnedorf and Ivy 1939; Nagasaki et al. 1974; Sallanon et al. 1982; Sachs et al. 1976; Adrien and Dugovic 1984; Borbely and Tobler 1980, 1989). Many of these putative SFs have recently been identified, and the list includes interleukin 1 (IL-1; Krueger et al. 1984a), interferon-α 2 (IFN-α 2; Krueger et al. 1987a), muramyl peptides (MPs; Krueger et al. 1982a, b; 1984 b, c; 1987 b), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2; Ueno et al. 1983; Hayaishi 1988), and uridine (Inoue et al. 1984). During the 1960s, Monnier’s group adopted a different approach to identify SFs, based on the observation of Kornmuller et al. (1961), who described a SF in the blood of sleeping cats during thalamic stimulation. Later, Schoenenberger et al. (1978) described this SF as “delta sleep-inducing peptide” A third approach used in the identification of SFs has simply been to assay substances, usually ones known to be linked to sleep in some way, for sleep-promoting activity. Examples of SFs discovered in this way include several hypothalamic-intestinal peptides and pituitary hormones, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP; Drucker-Colin et al. 1984; Obal 1986; Obal et al. 1986), growth hormone releasing factor (GRF; Obal 1986; Ehlers et al. 1986; Obal et al. 1988), and prolactin (PRL; Obal et al. 1989 b). Regardless of the rationale forming the basis for the search for a SF, it is currently evident that several substances (Table 1) have the capacity to enhance sleep.
Principal component training of multilayer perceptron neural networks

This paper addresses the problem of training a multi-layer perceptron neural network for use in statistical pattern recognition applications. In particular it suggests a method for training such a network which significantly reduces the number of iterations that usually accompanies the use of the back propagation learning algorithm. The use of principal component analysis is proposed, and an example is given that demonstrates significant improvements in convergence speed as well as the number of hidden layer neurons needed, while maintaining accuracy comparable to that of a conventional perceptron network trained using back propagation. The accuracy obtained by the principal component trained network is also compared to that of a Bayes classifier used as a reference for evaluating accuracies. in addition, a cursory examination of the network performance with uniformly distributed feature classes is included. This work is still of a preliminary nature, but the initial examples we have considered suggest the method has promise for statistical classification applications.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A numerical simulation of an atmospheric vortex street

A mesoscale mixed-layer model of the planetary boundary layer is applied to the flow past a mountain island during a cold air outbreak over the Kuroshio Current. Utilizing data taken during AMTEX '75, the governing equations are integrated in time to simulate development of a Karman vortex street downstream of the island of Cheju-do. The use of open lateral boundary conditions and an encroachment scheme which allows some mountain grid points to experience occasional encroachment of mixed-layer fluid as the mixed-layer deepens (and decroachment as the mixed layer thins) is also discussed. Comparing various non-dimensional parameters on vortex-street characteristics, it is shown that the simulated vortex street resembles the observed atmospheric one rather well. Uncertainty in formulating the proper value of the eddy viscosity and the implication this has on Reynolds number comparisons are also discussed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1982.tb01844.x
Colocalization of NADPH-diaphorase staining and VIP immunoreactivity in neurons in opossum internal anal sphincter.

Nitric oxide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) are important inhibitory neurotransmitters mediating relaxation of the internal anal sphincter. The location and coexistence of these two neurotransmitters in the internal anal sphincter has not been examined. We performed a double-labeling study to examine the coexistence of nitric oxide synthase and VIP in the oppossum internal anal sphincter using the NADPH-diaphorase technique which is a histochemical stain for nitric oxide synthase. In perfusion-fixed, frozen-sectioned tissue, VIP-immunoreactive neurons were labeled using immunofluorescence histochemistry. After photographing the VIP-immunoreactive neurons, nitric oxide synthase was labeled using the NADPH-diaphorase technique. Ganglia containing neuronal cell bodies were present in the myenteric plexus for the entire extent of the internal anal sphincter. VIP-immunoreactive and NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons were present in ganglia in the myenteric as well as the submucosal plexuses. Most of the VIP-immunoreactive neurons were also NADPH-diaphorase positive. VIP and nitric oxide synthase are present and frequently coexist in neurons in the internal anal sphincter of the opossum. These neurons may be an important source of inhibitory innervation mediating the rectoanal reflex-induced relaxation of the sphincter. The demonstration of the coexistence of these two neurotransmitters will be of fundamental importance in unraveling their relationship and interaction in the internal anal sphincter as well as other systems.
Aspects of the theory of financial risk management for natural disasters

We analyze two aspects of the theory of financial risk management for natural disasters such as earthquakes. First, we use the theory of Poisson processes to construct a model of an earthquake. We then use this model to provide an index of the monetary damage from an earthquake with aftershocks. Second, we study the question of business failure, i.e., the likelihood that an insurance provider will become insolvent in the event that earthquake insurance is provided and a major earthquake does in fact occur.
Sample space definition

The sample space definition of simulation experiments characterizes a simulation experiment in terms of the sample space and probability distribution of the inputs, an output function defined on the inputs, a sampling plan, a statistics function defined on the outputs, and parameters of interest that the statistics estimate. This definition is particularly useful for studing variance reduction techniques.
Adaptive multiaspect target classification and detection with hidden Markov models

Target detection and classification are considered based on backscattered signals observed from a sequence of target-sensor orientations, with the measurements performed as a function of orientation (angle) at a fixed range. The theory of optimal experiments is applied to adaptively optimize the sequence of target-sensor orientations considered. This is motivated by the fact that if fewer, better-chosen measurements are used then targets can be recognized more accurately with less time and expense. Specifically, based on the previous sequence of observations O/sub t/={O/sub 1/,...,O/sub t/}, the technique determines what change in relative target-sensor orientation /spl Delta//spl theta//sub t+1/ is optimal for performing measurement t+1, to yield observation O/sub t+1/. The target is assumed distant or hidden, and, therefore, the absolute target-sensor orientation is unknown. We detail the adaptive-sensing algorithm, employing a hidden Markov model representation of the multiaspect scattered fields, and example classification and detection results are presented for underwater targets using acoustic scattering data.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Securing the Domain Name System

Virtually every Internet application relies on the Domain Name System, but security wasn't a major goal of its original design. The result is several critical vulnerabilities, reviewed in this introduction to a special issue on DNS security. To address the security challenges, the community developed the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC), which are undergoing deployment. The articles in this special issue summarize key aspects of how to deploy DNSSEC at authoritative servers, resolvers, and public key learning.
Generation and function of natural self-reactive B lymphocytes.

Abstract To study the significance of developmentally restricted VH gene expression, and natural self-reactive B lymphocytes, VH81X-μ-heavy chain transgenic mice were constructed and the expression of this gene analysed at different stages of development and in different B-cell subsets. It was found that the majority of B cells expressed the transgenic heavy chain associated with different κ but not λ light chains. These B cells were predominantly self reactive and distributed normally to peripheral lymphoid organs. Among the CD23 − /IgM hi B cells of transgenic mice there was a population of clonally unrelated relatively self-reactive B cells that expressed identical antigen receptors but did not secrete antibody. Continued administration of antibody of the same specificity during post-natal development reduced the generation of these B cells to very low levels. These studies show that although natural self-reactive B cells are continuously generated as a result of positive selection by self-antigen, their maturation may be blocked at the CD23-/IgMhi stage. Their failure to enter the CD23 + IgM lo B cell pool may prevent them from receiving T-cell help and production of high affinity potentially pathogenic autoreactive IgG antibodies.
Formation of single‐phase PtAs2 films on GaAs by selective oxidation and etching

The oxidation of prereacted Pt films on (100) oriented n‐GaAs substrates was studied in the temperature range between 550 and 750 °C using Auger electron spectroscopy and Xe+ ion profiling. The GaPt/PtAs2/GaAs structure formed during annealing in hydrogen was oxidized using a mixture of water vapor and hydrogen. The GaPt phase can be oxidized completely, whereas the inner PtAs2 and GaAs interfaces are left unoxidized. The oxidation of the platinum‐gallium phase is self‐limited by the diffusion of the Ga through the gallium oxide overlayer. The oxide can be etched off to leave a structure consisting only of platinum‐arsenide on the GaAs substrate.
A Ubiquitin-like Protein Unleashes Ubiquitin Ligases

Modification of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases by the ubiquitin-like molecule Nedd8 promotes substrate ubiquitination. A crystal structure of a cullin modified by Nedd8 recently reported in Cell (Duda et al., 2008) and a biochemical study in Molecular Cell (Saha and Deshaies, 2008) reveal the dramatic impact on the ligase machinery by conjugation of ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins.
The effect of training trials on passive avoidance deficits in the hippocampectomized rat

The ability to withhold a response on the basis of a punishing electrical shock after 0, 20, 40 training trials was investigated in rats following radical bilateral hippocampal destruction, damage to the posterolateral neocortex, or sham operations. Hippocampectomized animals continued to make the response despite the previous shock under all training conditions (impaired passive avoidance behavior) but their response latencies were shorter when 20 or 40 training trials had been given.
Dynamics of Ring Current and Electric Fields in the Inner Magnetosphere During Disturbed Periods: CRCM-BATS-R-US Coupled Model

We present simulation results from a one-way coupled global MHD model (Block-Adaptive-Tree Solar-Wind Roe-Type Upwind Scheme, BATS-R-US) and kinetic ring current models (Comprehensive Ring Current Model, CRCM, and Fok Ring Current, FokRC). The BATS-R-US provides the CRCM/FokRC with magnetic field information and plasma density/temperature at the polar CRCM/FokRC boundary. The CRCM uses an electric potential from the BATS-R-US ionospheric solver at the polar CRCM boundary in order to calculate the electric field pattern consistent with the CRCM pressure distribution. The FokRC electric field potential is taken from BATS-R-US ionospheric solver everywhere in the modeled region, and the effect of Region II currents is neglected. We show that for an idealized case with southward-northward-southward Bz IMF turning, CRCM-BATS-R-US reproduces well known features of inner magnetosphere electrodynamics: strong/weak convection under the southward/northward Bz; electric field shielding/overshielding/penetration effects; an injection during the substorm development; Subauroral Ion Drift or Polarization Jet (SAID/PJ) signature in the dusk sector. Furthermore, we find for the idealized case that SAID/PJ forms during the substorm growth phase, and that substorm injection has its own structure of field-aligned currents which resembles a substorm current wedge. For an actual event (12 August 2000 storm), we calculate ENA emissions and compare with Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration/High Energy Neutral Atom data. The CRCM-BATS-R-US reproduces both the global morphology of ring current and the fine structure of ring current injection. The FokRC-BATS-R-US shows the effect of a realistic description of Region II currents in ring current-MHD coupled models.
Sequence Recognition with Recurrent Neural Networks

Abstract The simple recurrent network (SRN) introduced by Elman (1990) can be trained to predict each successive symbol of any sequence in a particular language, and thus act as a recognizer of the language. Here, we show several conditions occurring within the class of regular languages that result in recognition failure by any SRN with a limited number of nodes in the hidden layer. Simulation experiments show how modified versions of the SRN can overcome these failure conditions. In one case, it is found to be necessary to train the SRN to show at its output units both the current input symbol as well as the predicted symbol. In another case, the SRN must show the current contents of the context units. It is shown that the SRN with both modifications, called the auto-associative recurrent network (AARN), overcomes the identified conditions for SRN failure, even when they occur simultaneously. However, it cannot be trained to recognize all of the regular languages.
On five species of the tribes Abacetini and Pterostichini (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

Metabacetus willi sp. n. (type locality: Indonesia, Central Java Province, Purworejo Regency, Kaligesing District, cave Seplawan near Donorejo) and Rhytiferonia beroni sp. n. (type locality: Papua New Guinea, West Sepik Province, Bonforok bil, Tifalmin, 1600 m) are described. Two new combinations: Poecilus (Ancholeus) campania (Andrewes, 1937), comb. n. of Feronia campania Andrewes, 1937, Aristochroa poecilma (Andrewes, 1937), comb. n. of Feronia poecilma Andrewes, 1937, and a new synonymy: Pterostichus (Oreophilus) podgoricensis B. Gueorguiev, 2013, syn. n. of Pterostichus (Oreophilus) flavofemoratus pinguis (Dejean, 1828), are proposed, too.
African American grandmothers: New mothers again

This qualitative study captured the lived experiences of 12 grandmothers who assumed the role of primary caregivers of their grandchildren because the children's parents were not present. The study found that the grandmothers experienced a role shift from grandmothers to new mothers again, which resulted in unanticipated changes in all aspects of their lives.
Aquired immune hemolytic anemias

Die erworbenen Immunhamolytischen Anamien werden nach klinischen und serologischen Kriterien in Autoimmunhamolytische Anamie (AIHA) vom Warmetyp, Kalteagglutinin-Krankheit, Paroxysmale Kaltehamoglo...
Effects of an Ostracod (Cypris pubera) on the RotiferKeratella tropica: Predation and Reduced Spine Development

This study investigates two different effects of an ostracod on a rotifer. The rotifer Keratella tropica and the ostracod Cypris pubera were cultured on the alga Cryptomonas erosa. Adult ostracods (2.2 mm body length) significantly reduced the population growth rate (r day–1) of K. tropica from 0.42 to 0.13. Individuals of this size ingested live rotifers and produced fecal pellets with rotifer loricas. Smaller ostracods (both 0.59 and 1.61 mm body lengths) did not affect K. tropica 's population growth rate. Surprisingly, C. pubera significantly inhibited spine development in K. tropica. Rotifers cultured with juvenile, non-predatory ostracods had similar lorica lengths but right and left posterior spines that were 10 and 30% shorter, respectively. The spine reduction induced by the ostracod kairomone is in striking contrast to the spine elongation induced in this rotifer by kairomones from copepods, cladocerans and Asplanchna. In shallow ecosystems, large ostracods that swim in the plankton may be important predators of rotifers. In addition, the presence of ostracods in plankton communities may be one of many factors affecting rotifer spine development. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Target populations and physician populations: the effects of density and change.

Abstract The relationship between population density and urban services, as formulated in studies of urban ecology, is examined for the case of non-federal physicians. Two counties in south Florida are compared concerning the size, composition and dynamics of each county's physician population. The findings suggest that changes in the fertility and age structure of county population are reflected in changes in the specialty distribution of physician populations. Further this association is demonstrated to be stronger where population density is low. It is suggested that additional study would be advisable to determine the extent to which the relationship of county density to physician population characteristics reflects differences in availability and quality of care.
Decisions and outcomes of genetic testing for inherited breast cancer risk

Since the discovery of breast cancer susceptibility genes and the availability of genetic testing, a substantial amount of research has been conducted to evaluate rates of genetic test acceptance and to understand the psychological and behavioral impact of BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA1/2) genetic test results. This article explores findings related to genetic test acceptance for inherited breast cancer risk and the impact of genetic test results on psychological functioning, cancer prevention and control behaviors, and family communication about genetic testing. Overall, rates of genetic test acceptance were lower than anticipated based on interest in genetic testing reported in early research. While there is limited evidence that genetic testing generates adverse psychological effects, receiving positive BRCA1/2 test results may cause emotional reactions and concerns that are specific to such results. Although early reports suggested that receiving positive BRCA1/2 test results may have a limited impact on cancer screening or prevention behaviors, recent studies have shown that genetic testing for inherited breast cancer risk may increase screening behaviors among mutation carriers. However, utilization of some screening tests remains low among mutation carriers. Additional studies are needed to identify subgroups of participants in genetic testing who may be vulnerable to experiencing testing-specific concerns, and to evaluate the effects of interventions designed to promote behavioral change and address other concerns that may be generated by receiving positive BRCA1/2 test results.
Profiles of novel diurnally regulated genes in mouse hypothalamus: expression analysis of the cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing, zinc-binding protein 1, the fatty acid-binding protein 7 and the GTPase, ras-like family member 11b.

The transcription transactivator protein, CBP/p300-interacting transactivators with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxyl-terminal domain, which had not been previously identified in brain, was enriched in suprachiasmatic nucleus and discrete regions of the hypothalamus and forebrain. The potential regulatory role of CBP/p300-interacting transactivators with glutamic acid/aspartic acid-rich carboxyl-terminal domain in the transcription of genes like TGF-α implicates the protein in diurnal activity rhythms. These results demonstrate the ability of gene expression profiling to identify potential candidates important in circadian or homeostatic processes.
Ester Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass

Bench-scale research demonstrated that using an efficient esterification step to integrate an ethanol with a carboxylic acid fermentation stream offers potential for producing valuable ester feedstocks and fuels. Polar organic acids from bacterial fermentations are difficult to extract and purify, but formation of the ammonium salts and their conversion to esters facilitates the purifications. An improved esterification procedure gave high yields of esters, and this method will lower the cost of ester production. Fuel characteristics have been determined for a number of ester-gasoline blends with promising results for lowering Reid vapor pressure and raising octane numbers.
Arthropod diversity in peas with normal or reduced waxy bloom

Crop traits can alter economically important interactions between plants, pests, and biological control agents. For example, a reduced waxy bloom on the surface of pea plants alters interactions between pea aphids and their natural enemies. In this study, we assess whether the effect of wax reduction extends beyond the 2 or 3 arthropod species closely associated with the plants and into the structure of the broader arthropod community of over 200 taxa at our site. We sampled arthropods on lines of peas with normal and reduced wax in Latah Co., Idaho using pitfall traps within randomly assigned pairs of 5 × 5 meter plots. During the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons, we collected 12,113 individual arthropods from 221 unambiguously identified morphospecies. The number of individuals collected from each morphospecies responded idiosyncratically to the reduced wax peas. To test whether arthropod community structure differed between the collections from plots having peas with normal or reduced wax, we performed a randomization test. The collection from peas with reduced wax had higher species evenness and thus higher community diversity despite having lower species richness. Our results demonstrate the potential of a single plant trait, epicuticular wax, to affect a community of arthropods. Two pests of peas had opposite responses to peas with reduced wax. The number of pea aphids collected was greater from peas with normal wax peas than those with reduced wax. In contrast, the number of pea leaf weevils collected was greater from peas with reduced wax.
Structure and Solution Reactivity of (Triethylsilylium)triethylsilane Cations

Reaction of triphenylmethylium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4], with excess neat triethylsilane affords triethylsilylium(triethylsilane) tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, [(Et3Si)2(μ-H)][B(C6F5)4] (1), identified by X-ray crystallography. In chlorobenzene and fluorobenzene, 1 is observed in solution. When 1 is dissolved in benzene or toluene, the evolved gas was shown to be hydrogen. Isotope labeling experiments demonstrate that the hydrogen arises from the reaction of Et3SiH with the silylium complex of the arene solvent.
Developing an optimal release strategy for the rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis for biological control of Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle)

Abstract The rust fungus Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialis (P. j. solstitialis) was first approved for release in California in 2003 as a classical biological control agent for Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle, Asteraceae). It is difficult to produce large quantities of this obligate pathogen so it was necessary to develop an optimal release strategy for the efficient use of urediniospores. In 2005–2006 field experiments were conducted in two distinct habitats types, the coastal hills and Central Valley, CA, to determine the optimal month for introductions, and to determine if enclosing plots in tents at the time of inoculation was necessary to achieve high levels of infection. All releases resulted in infected plants at both sites for both years. At the Central Valley site near Woodland CA, disease incidence was higher than at the coastal hills, tent enclosures had no effect on infection, and the pathogen persisted throughout the growing season. One year after the 2005 release, P. j. solstitialis had reappeared in most Central Valley plots, although early season releases in 2005 resulted in greater severity in 2006 than the late season releases. In the coastal hills near Napa, CA, tent enclosures improved disease incidence and severity after January and May releases, perhaps by retaining moisture, but the pathogen did not persist in all plots until plant senescence, and there was no reinfection (the following spring) at this site. The rust fungus did not have a negative affect on plant mortality, biomass, or flower production at either location. Our results show that infection can be achieved from January to June, and tent enclosures sometimes appeared to increase infection; however, reinfection is probably limited by local environmental conditions.
The Case Against Defining Technical Writing

Ongoing attempts to define technical writing are inevitably confounded by problems caused by an excessively broad focus, which obscures the basis and usefulness of the definition, or by an excessively narrow focus, which arbitrarily-and sometimes oddly-relegates samples of writing as in or out of the realm of technical writing. Technical writers have been doing their jobs for far too long without a definition to be satisfied with a one- or two-sentence catch-all definition, and such a definition may result in dividing technical writing into two (or more) cultures.
Autofeedback suppression of growth hormone (GH) secretion in transgenic mice expressing a human GH reporter targeted by tyrosine hydroxylase 5'-flanking sequences to the hypothalamus.

Transgenic mice expressing a tyrosine hydroxylase-human (h) GH fusion gene in the hypothalamus exhibit a dwarf phenotype. The GH feedback mechanism(s) underlying the growth retardation in these animals was investigated by assessing peptide and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the hormones of the hypothalamic-GH-IGF-I axis. Pituitary GH content, hypothalamic GH-releasing hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SRIH) content, and serum IGF-I levels were measured by RIA. mRNA levels of hypothalamic GHRH and SRIH and of pituitary GH and the GHRH receptor were measured by Northern blot hybridization. Transgenic mice of both sexes and their wild-type littermates were studied at 2-4 months of age. The pituitary GH content was markedly reduced by 85% in male and by 87% in female transgenic mice compared to that in wild-type controls (P < 0.01 for both). The pituitary GH mRNA content was also decreased by 73% (P = 0.002) in transgenic male mice. Circulating IGF-I levels were significantly reduced by 66% and 68% in male and...
The Synthesis and Reactivity of Group 4 Zwitterionic Complexes of the Type Mt+CH2AlCl3−: One‐Component Stereoselective Polymerization and Oligomerization Catalysts for Olefins and Acetylenes

A reinvestigation of the interaction of TiCl4 with 2 equiv. of Me3Al in toluene between −78 °C and 25 °C over 24 h has now established that the ultimate black product obtained is an associated zwitterion of the type [Ti+−CH2−AlCl3−]n, supported by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric and gasometric analyses of the gases evolved (CH4, H2) upon its protolysis. Chemical reactions of the zwitterion have corroborated specific aspects of its proposed structure: 1) its methylene character, by its transformation of benzophenone into 1,1-diphenylethylene; 2) its divalent titanium content, by the substantial reductive dimerization of benzophenone to tetraphenylethylene, and 3) its Lewis acidic Ti center, by its catalytic isomerization of trans-stilbene oxide to 1,1-diphenylacetaldehyde. Similar individual reactions of ZrCl4 or HfCl4 with Me3Al have led to the analogous zwitterions [Zr+−CH2−AlCl3−]n and [Hf+−CH2−AlCl3−]n, respectively. These zwitterions of Ti, Zr and Hf have been proven to be capable of the cyclotrimerization and/or polymerization of acetylenes with varying facility, as evidenced by their catalytic action on 1-hexyne, phenylacetylene, di-n-butylacetylene, and diphenylacetylene. Furthermore, all three zwitterions were able to polymerize ethylene, without any added cocatalyst, with an activity following the order Zr > Ti > Hf. The Ti and Zr zwitterions effected the stereoselective polymerization of propylene to yield 50% of isotactic polymer, and all three catalysts induced the polymerization of 1-hexene to yield 85% (Zr, Hf) or 100% (Ti) of isotactic polymer. These oligomerizations and stereoselective polymerizations of acetylenes and olefins can be rationalized through a model for the active site resembling a three-membered metallacyclopropa(e)nium ion intermediate formed from the attack of the Group 4 metal zwitterion on the unsaturated hydrocarbon. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Test and Evaluation of Knowledge Transfer between Task Domains

To examine the transfer of knowledge representation between task domains, working engineers and pharmacists were asked to provide pairwise dissimilarity ratings of concepts in a test domain. The test domain was independent of engineering and pharmacy and was relatively new to both subject groups. A quantitative technique based on the multidimensional scaling and directional statistics was used to test and evaluate group differences in knowledge representation. The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between two groups in knowledge representation of the test domain. That is, knowledge representation was domain-specific and was not transferable between task domains.
Standing Up for Health? Health Departments in EU Health Policy Formulation

When are health departments and ministers influential across policies? This article looks for an explanation in the variable ability of the French, German and UK health departments to influence their states' approaches to EU health policy-making. It proposes that the extent of departmental power within government and the likelihood that the government imposes a single line across all its departments explain the variable success of the three health departments in influencing EU policy - some have voice in their government's overall stance on EU matters, as in the UK, some have the ability to escape central control and pursue their own agendas in Brussels, and some have neither, and sometimes find themselves pursuing overall strategies that conflict with their analyses and preferences, as in France. The framework, using exit and voice, should be generalizable to the overall influence of health or other ministries in general government policy.
GLASS COMPOSITION AND DENSITY CHANGES

A set of factors is derived for calculating the glass density changes caused by moderate changes in composition. These are similar to those of Ghering and Knight but indicate that portion of the total density change due to each oxide. They also give directly the approximate density change caused by dilution.
The effects of sudden oak death on foliar moisture content and crown fire potential in tanoak.

The introduction of non-native pathogens can have profound effects on forest ecosystems resulting in loss of species, changes in species composition, and altered fuel structure. The introduction of Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen recognized as causing Sudden Oak Death (SOD), leads to rapid decline and mortality of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) in forests of coastal California, USA. We tracked foliar moisture content (FMC) of uninfected tanoaks, SOD-infected tanoaks, SOD-killed (dead) tanoaks, and surface litter for 12 months. We found that FMC values differed significantly among the three categories of infection. FMC of uninfected tanoaks averaged 82.3% for the year whereas FMC of infected tanoaks had a lower average of 77.8% (ANOVA, P = 0.04). Dead trees had a significantly lower FMC, averaging 12.3% (ANOVA, P < 0.01) for the year. During fire season (June–September), dead tanoak FMC reached a low of 5.8%, with no significant difference between dead canopy fuels and surface litter (ANOVA, P = 0.44). Application of low FMC values to a crown ignition model results in extremely high canopy base height values to escape crown ignition. Remote estimation of dead FMC using 10-h timelag fuel moisture shows a strong correlation between remote automated weather station (RAWS) 10-h timelag fuel moisture data and the FMC of dead leaves (R2 = 0.78, P < 0.01). Results from this study will help refine the decision support tools for fire managers in SOD-affected areas as well as conditions in other forests where diseases and insect epidemics have altered forest canopy fuels.
Automated Debug of Speed Path Failures Using Functional Tests

Debug of at-speed failures using functional tests is a key challenge as part of frequency pushes during post-silicon debug to improve performance of high performance designs, especially microprocessors. In this paper, we present a technique to automate the debug of speed path failures using failing functional tests by extracting information from design-for-debug features and then algorithmically isolating the internal speed-paths that could be the source of the failures. Results from application of the technique during silicon debug on the Intel ® Core ™ i7 quad-core processor is presented.
Modifications of Protein Environment of the [2Fe-2S] Cluster of the bc1 Complex EFFECTS ON THE BIOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RIESKE IRON-SULFUR PROTEIN AND ON THE KINETICS OF THE COMPLEX

The rate-determining step in the overall turnover of the bc1 complex is electron transfer from ubiquinol to the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) at the Qo-site. Structures of the ISP from Rhodobacter sphaeroides show that serine 154 and tyrosine 156 form H-bonds to S-1 of the [2Fe-2S] cluster and to the sulfur atom of the cysteine liganding Fe-1 of the cluster, respectively. These are responsible in part for the high potential (Em,7 ∼300 mV) and low pKa (7.6) of the ISP, which determine the overall reaction rate of the bc1 complex. We have made site-directed mutations at these residues, measured thermodynamic properties using protein film voltammetry to evaluate the Em and pKa values of ISPs, explored the local proton environment through two-dimensional electron spin echo envelope modulation, and characterized function in strains S154T, S154C, S154A, Y156F, and Y156W. Alterations in reaction rate were investigated under conditions in which concentration of one substrate (ubiquinol or ISPox) was saturating and the other was varied, allowing calculation of kinetic terms and relative affinities. These studies confirm that H-bonds to the cluster or its ligands are important determinants of the electrochemical characteristics of the ISP, likely through electron affinity of the interacting atom and the geometry of the H-bonding neighborhood. The calculated parameters were used in a detailed Marcus-Bronsted analysis of the dependence of rate on driving force and pH. The proton-first-then-electron model proposed accounts naturally for the effects of mutation on the overall reaction.
Change in Estimated GFR Associates with Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality

Kidney function predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, but little is known about the association of changes in estimated GFR (eGFR) with clinical outcomes. We investigated whether 3- and 9-yr changes in eGFR associated with risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality among 13,029 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. After adjustment for baseline covariates including eGFR in Cox proportional hazards models, the quartile of participants with the greatest annual decline (annual decline ≥5.65%) in eGFR were at significantly greater risk for CHD and all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.30 [95% confidence interval 1.11 to 1.52] and 1.22 [95% confidence interval 1.06 to 1.41], respectively) compared with the third quartile (annual decline between 0.33 and 0.47%). We observed similar results when we analyzed 9-yr changes in eGFR. Adjustment for covariates at the second eGFR used to estimate change reduced the association with CHD but not with mortality. Among participants with stage 3 chronic kidney disease, an increase in eGFR during the first 3 yr also associated with a higher risk for mortality, perhaps as a result of clinical instability. In conclusion, a steeper than average decline in eGFR associates with a higher risk for CHD and all-cause mortality. Increases in eGFR among participants with chronic kidney disease associate with similar increased risks.
CORROSION RESEARCH LABORATORIES—9: The Corrosion Committee of the A.B.E.M.

Ninth in our series of articles describing centres of corrosion research throughout the world, this article describes the work of the Association Belge pour l'Etude, l'Essai et l'Emploi des Materiaux. (A.B.E.M.) The author, Dr. Daniel Bermane directs the research of this Association's corrosion committee and readers may remember we published a report of the paper which he prepared, jointly with Dr. M. Van Rysselberge, for the Symposium on Structural Steel Protection organised by the Corrosion Group of the Society of Chemical Industry last spring.
Momentary emotion surrounding bulimic behaviors in women with bulimia nervosa and borderline personality disorder.

Abstract Background Bulimia nervosa (BN) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are disorders that involve emotion dysregulation, for negative emotion in particular, as well as impulsive behaviors beyond binge eating and vomiting. Given these similarities in psychopathology, it is not surprising that those with BN also present with BPD in approximately one third of cases. Improved understanding of similarities and differences in the experience of negative and positive emotion could aid in the development of treatments specifically tailored to the needs of these disorders. Methods In this study, we examined Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) data from 133 women diagnosed with BN, 25 of whom also exhibited diagnostic levels of BPD. Emotions and behaviors were assessed daily, with multiple random and event-contingent signals to complete questionnaires on portable digital devices, for a period of two weeks. Results Results indicated that the BPD group experienced higher negative emotional variability on bulimic event days. Both groups also demonstrated increasing negative emotion and decreasing positive emotion pre- binge eating and vomiting, with levels of negative emotion decreasing and positive emotion increasing after, for both behaviors. Conclusions In terms of group differences, additive effects were found for the BN comorbid with BPD group, who demonstrated greater negative emotional variability, on bulimic event days, and also had higher overall levels of negative emotion pre- and post-binge eating. Those with BN only, however, displayed increasing trajectories of positive emotion before and after binge eating and after vomiting, indicating a potential emotional dampening effect of BPD.
Towards an all-digital time scale

The implementation of an all-digital time scale is under way at NIST, by use of a novel 8-channel, all-digital phase measurement system based on subsampling techniques. The phase measurement system is used to compare output signals from several commercial atomic frequency standards; the phase differences between these signals, at different measurement times, will then be input to the algorithm used to generate the digital time scale. The subsampling technique allows the elimination of analog mixers in the system's front end, with their noise contributions, and yields performance that is comparable to or better than the present state of the art. Long-term (up to 80 days) comparisons of both common-clock performance and fractional frequency measurements between the latest generation of the digital measurement system and the commercially available system used in the implementation of UTC(NIST) are presented.
Mortality Associated with Short Sleep Duration: The Evidence, The Possible Mechanisms, and The Future

summary This review of the scientific literature examines the widely observed relationship between sleep duration and mortality. As early as 1964, data have shown that 7-h sleepers experience the lowest risks for allcause mortality, whereas those at the shortest and longest sleep durations have significantly higher mortality risks. Numerous follow-up studies from around the world (e.g., Japan, Israel, Sweden, Finland, the United Kingdom) show similar relationships. We discuss possible mechanisms, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, physiologic stress, immunity, and socioeconomic status. We put forth a social– ecological framework to explore five possible pathways for the relationship between sleep duration and mortality, and we conclude with a four-point agenda for future research.
The Disgrace of Commodification and Shameful Convenience: A Critical Race Critique of the NBA

This essay positions sport as a pedagogical social institution from which people learn about race, gender, power, and privilege. The National Basketball Association is examined closely with a critical race lens with regard to the commodification of Black masculinity. A critical race analysis reveals the sharp contradictions between the league’s progressive image as an “industry leader” of racial diversity (Lapchick, Bustamante, & Ruiz, 2007, p.1) and the actualization of league discourse, policy, and practice.
Emotional Arousal Can Impair Feature Binding in Working Memory

To investigate whether emotional arousal affects memorial feature binding, we had participants complete a short-term source-monitoring task---remembering the locations of four different pictures over a brief delay. On each trial, the four pictures were all either high arousal, medium arousal, or low arousal. Memory for picture-location conjunctions decreased as arousal increased. In addition, source memory for the location of negative pictures was worse among participants with higher depression scores. Two subsequent functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments showed that relative to low-arousal trials, high- and medium-arousal trials resulted in greater activity in areas associated with visual processing (fusiform gyrus, middle temporal gyrus/middle occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus) and less activity in superior precentral gyrus and the precentral-superior temporal intersect. These findings suggest that arousal (and perhaps negative valence for depressed people) recruits attention to items thereby disrupting working memory processes that help bind features together.