cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A fundamental study of respirable dust generation in coal

Abstract Black lung disease in coal miners induced by the formation of fine fragments of coal imposes very high human and direct costs. A fundamntal understanding of the fracture processes leading to fine-fragment formation in coal by applying principles of fracture mechanics is presented. A four-step hypothesis is proposed which sequentially describes the mechanics of fine-fragment formation during a generic coal material-coal cutting tool interaction. These steps include: (1) development of a crush zone under the tool tip, (2) macrocrack propagation, (3) shear movement along macrocracks, and (4) additional fragmentation from shear. This model contains two sources of fine fragments, namely crushing under the tool tip and shearing along the macrocrack surfaces. Three critical assumptions are made that require experimentation. First, the coal material must contain flaws of sufficient density and sufficiently small size to liberate fine fragments by crushing. The following conceptual relationships are proposed between flaw size, spacing and fragmentation: first, the active flaw size must be less than the desired particle size and second, the spacing (or density) must be in the order of the particle size. The second major assumption is that a mixed mode fracture theory will describe the initiation and crack growth direction for the microscopic inherent flaws. The third assumption is that some degree of roughness, damage, and interlocking exist along the newly formed macrocrack surfaces such that a small amount of shear movement along that surface leads to additional particle formation at a microscopic scale. Preliminary analysis of the mechanical regime under a cutting tool tip places order of magnitude bounds on the stresses, strains, cycle time, stress rates and strain rates. Even though the tool moves and loads the coal material with considerable speed, a quasi-static stress analysis is applicable in this region.
Further experiments on sympathetic and sympathetico-adrenal discharges.

Choosing the contraction of the normal nictitating membrane as the indicator of the neurogenic and that of the denervated nictitating membrane as the indicator of the hormonal (adrenomedullary) response it is shown that increasing excitation of the posterior division of the hypothalamus or stimulation of the medulla oblongata leads gradually from a sympathetic to a sympathetico-adrenal discharge. This result is accomplished regardless of whether the state of increased excitation is accomplished by increasing the voltage or frequency of stimulation or the duration of the pulse of the square wave, or the total duration of stimulation.
Species dependence of [64Cu]Cu-Bis(thiosemicarbazone) radiopharmaceutical binding to serum albumins

Abstract Introduction Interactions of three copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazone) positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals with human serum albumin, and the serum albumins of four additional mammalian species, were evaluated. Methods 64 Cu-labeled diacetyl bis( N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) (Cu-ATSM), pyruvaldehyde bis( N 4 -methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) (Cu-PTSM) and ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) (Cu-ETS) were synthesized and their binding to human, canine, rat, baboon and porcine serum albumins quantified by ultrafiltration. Protein binding was also measured for each tracer in human, porcine, rat and mouse serum. Results The interaction of these neutral, lipophilic copper chelates with serum albumin is highly compound- and species-dependent. Cu-PTSM and Cu-ATSM exhibit particularly high affinity for human serum albumin (HSA), while the albumin binding of Cu-ETS is relatively insensitive to species. At HSA concentrations of 40 mg/ml, “% free” (non-albumin-bound) levels of radiopharmaceutical were 4.0±0.1%, 5.3±0.2% and 38.6±0.8% for Cu-PTSM, Cu-ATSM and Cu-ETS, respectively. Conclusions Species-dependent variations in radiopharmaceutical binding to serum albumin may need to be considered when using animal models to predict the distribution and kinetics of these compounds in humans.
Effects of stream diversion on riffle macroinvertebrate communities in a Maui, Hawaii, stream

The continual demand for freshwater by industry (e.g. tourism) and agriculture, a growing population, and increasing development over the past 100 years has resulted in the construction of diversions within many streams of Hawaii. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of stream diversions on riffle macroinvertebrate communities. Benthic macroinvertebrate larval populations were compared above and below a diversion in Iao Stream, Maui, Hawaii, from April to August 2000. During this summer approximately 92–97% of daily stream flow was diverted from Iao Stream. Three taxa, Procanace sp. (Diptera: Canacidae), Atyoida bisulcata (Crustacea: Decapoda), and Amphipoda (Crustacea), were only collected above the diversion. However, the most numerous taxa, Chironomidae (63–64% of the total macroinvertebrate community), Hydroptila arctia (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae; 15%), and Cheumatopsyche pettiti (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae; 8%), were found both above and below the diversion. The relative percentage abundance of these dominant taxa remained relatively consistent above and below the diversion over the study period. However, the mean total density of individual dominant taxa was greater above the diversion. The mean total macroinvertebrate density above the diversion was 46% greater than below the diversion (Student t-test: df = 30, t = −3.22, p > 0.01). No correlation was found between temperature and density. A positive correlation was detected between Froude number and mean total macroinvertebrate density. Overall, the reduction in macroinvertebrate diversity and in individual and total density below the diversion suggest that trophic interactions, and thus energy flow, could be affected by reduced flow in Hawaiian streams. The information gained from this study will contribute to knowledge on Hawaiian stream ecosystems, help to create minimum instream flow standards for stream restoration, and will provide information for future freshwater management issues on the Hawaiian islands. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Assessment: Process and Product:

Functional assessment is both a process, eliciting information, and a product, a profile of patient performance. Because patient functional status affects payment and change in status (outcome) is ...
An efficiency model and a performance function for an information retrieval system

Abstract An efficiency model and a performance function are presented in this article. The efficiency model has been tailored to the needs of an information retrieval system while remaining consistent with established economic procedures. The performance function enables the comparison of several alternative information retrieval systems. A sample performance function is given and its characteristics discussed; optimal properties of the function are also advanced and an illustration presented.
The intravenous use of nembutal-pentothal sodium combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen for dental anesthesia.

Abstract 1. 1. The use of a combination of intravenous Nembutal and Pentothal with nitrous oxide and oxygen in 2,000 cases is recorded. 2. 2. The intravenous drugs are used to bring the patient into the first plane of the third stage of anesthesia. Anesthesia is maintained thereafter with nitrous oxide and oxygen. 3. 3. Results are uniformly good on a wide variety of patients, with postoperative morbidity negligible. 4. 4. There are no contraindications other than possible renal or hepatic diseases.
Expert testimony regarding child sexual abuse

Expert testimony plays an important role in child sexual abuse litigation in criminal, juvenile, and family courts. This article discusses legal issues relating to expert testimony, including: (a) when expert testimony is permitted, (b) qualifications of expert witnesses on child sexual abuse, (c) permissible bases supporting expert testimony, (d) expert testimony on ultimate factual and legal issues, (e) the reasonable certainty standard of expert testimony, (f) the inappropriateness of equating clinical decision making with the legal degrees of proof, and (g) application of the doctrine of res judicata in litigation regarding child sexual abuse in family court. The article also provides a summary of contemporary case law regarding expert testimony offered in child sexual abuse litigation.
66 Immunologic Consequences of Congenital Rubella

The immunologic consequences of maternal rubella have been correlated with the clinical and virologic data accumulated on 350 children followed since the 1964 epidemic. Mothers and their infants with rubella-associated defects have had persistence of rubella serum neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies. Antibody titers among these children have remained at levels ≥ to those in their mothers. In contrast, most children who are clinically normal, despite maternal rubella, have not produced rubella antibody. This relationship of fetal infection to congenital defects and persistent antibody production is supported by a study of 3 sets of twins; 5 of the children have anomalies and antibody, 1 child is normal and has no antibody. Alterations in serum immunoglobulin levels most commonly elevations of IgM and in one instance production of a small molecular weight (approximately 7S) IgM, and a decreased incidence of positive skin reactions to oidiomycin indicate that congenital rubella produces a spectrum of immunologic abnormalities similar to that which it produces in other organs. (SPR)
mRNA encoding four isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium pump and their variants in rat kidney and nephron segments.

Abstract To survey the presence of the four different isoforms of the plasma membrane calcium pump (PMCA) and their alternative splicing variants in the rat kidney, three major zones (cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla) were macrodissected and probed for the presence of mRNA encoding these isoforms and their variants at the splicing site C by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR). Both the cortex and the outer medulla showed PMCA 1b, 2b, 3(a and c), and 4b. Semiquantitative comparisons indicated that isoform 2b is more abundant in the cortex than in the outer medulla and conversely, that isoform 3 (a and c) is more abundant in the outer medulla than in the cortex. The inner medulla showed only mRNA for isoforms 1b and 4b. The nephron segments present in the cortex and outer medulla were microdissected and analyzed by RT-PCR. Isoforms 1 b, 2b, and 4b were found in all nephron segments but were found more frequently in tubular segments with high rates of Ca 2+ reabsorption, suggesting that these isoforms may be involved in transepithelial transport. On the other hand, mRNA encoding isoform 3 (a and c) was most abundant in descending thin limb of Henle but was detected also in glomeruli and cortical thin ascending limb. Its distinct localization suggests that this isoform might have another function, such as in intracellular signalling.
The gene overexpressed in polycythemia rubra vera, PRV-1, and the gene encoding a neutrophil alloantigen, NB1, are alleles of a single gene, CD177, in chromosome band 19q13.31.

BACKGROUND: PRV-1 mRNA is overexpressed by neutrophils from polycythemia vera patients and is homologous to NB1 a gene overexpressed in reactive neutrophilia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: These investigations were designed to confirm searches of genome databases suggesting that PRV-1 and NB1 are alleles of the same gene, CD177, and confirm a pseudogene adjacent to CD177. Methods included polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cloning, sequencing, and fluorescent hybridization studies. RESULTS: The coding region of PRV-1 was PCR-amplified from human fetal RNA, cloned, and used to screen the RPCI-11 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Five BACs were reactive with the PRV-1 probe. PCR analysis of the BACs with primers encompassing PRV-1 exons, containing four known single-nucleotide polymorphisms, followed by sequencing rendered amplicons identical to PRV-1 in all five BACs. Analysis of all five by restriction digestion yielded fragments possible only if both the gene and the pseudogene are present. End sequencing of the BACs localized them to the same chromosome region. G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization at the 400- and 850-band levels of resolution mapped one BAC to chromosome band 19q13.2 and sublocalized the BAC to band 19q13.31, respectively. CONCLUSION: PRV-1 and NB1 are alleles of the same gene now referred to as CD177. Changes in CD177 expression may be a marker of increased or decreased myelopoiesis and are therefore an effect of, rather than a cause of, myeloproliferative disorders.
Health care and life expectancy

The four pictures of the moon accompanying the review by Ursula B. Marvin of To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration by Don E. Wilhelms (9 July, p. 231) should have been in reverse order on the page.
Stabilization of cucurbitacin E-glycoside, a feeding stimulant for diabroticite beetles, extracted from bitter Hawkesbury watermelon

Cucurbitacins are feeding stimulants for diabroticite beetles, including corn rootworms and cucumber beetles, which can be added to a bait containing an insecticide thereby reducing the levels of other insecticide treatments needed to control these pests. One of them, cucurbitacin E-glycoside, is water soluble and easily processed from mutant bitter Hawkesbury watermelons (BHW) that express elevated levels of cucurbitacin. Storage of BHW extract at room temperature resulted in a 92% reduction of cucurbitacin E-glycoside over two months, while refrigeration or freezing resulted in a 60% loss of the active ingredient during this time. The loss of the active ingredient was correlated with an increase in BHW extract pH from 5 to greater than 9. The increase in pH of the BHW extracts at room temperature appeared to be due to the growth of certain bacteria, especially Bacillus spp. In refrigerated extracts, the pH remained relatively constant, and bacterial growth was dominated by bacteria such as Lactobacilli. An alternative to refrigeration is concentration of BHW extract. One means of concentration is spray drying, but the high sugar content of the BHW extract (20mg/ml glucose, 40mg/ml fructose) makes this technique impractical. Fermentation of the BHW extract by the yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, eliminated the sugars and did not raise the pH nor alter the cucurbitacin E-glycoside content of the extract. Elimination of the sugars by fermentation produced an extract that could be successfully spray dried. BHW extract fermented by S. boulardii produced a higher level of feeding stimulation for spotted cucumber beetles in laboratory choice tests. When applied to cucumbers, there was no difference in control of spotted and striped cucumber beetles between baits of fresh or fermented juices combined with the same insecticide.
Effects of competition, colonization, and extinction on rodent species diversity

Analyses of long-term experimental data from the Chihuahuan desert revealed that species diversity of other rodents was higher on plots from which kangaroo rats (Dipodomys spp.) had been removed. The difference was due to consistently higher colonization and lower extinction probabilities of small granivorous rodents in the absence of competitively dominant kangaroo rats. The results of this ecosystem experiment demonstrate the importance of both competitive exclusion and metapopulation dynamics for biological diversity in a natural community.
The nature of ethics

A summary is out of place because of the outlinish nature of the presentation. I have presented a taxonomy or general theory of ethics. The view is acceptable or not depending on how well it competes with rival theories. One thing that hinders such a comparison is the absence of sufficiently clearly articulated rivals. Perhaps this paper will stimulate the production of some rival views.
Matrix isolation of Mg2 and Mgn molecules in neon, argon, and nitrogen hosts

Abstract The Mg2 and Mgn molecules have been formed and studied in neon, argon, and nitrogen matrices at approximately 4° and 12 K. Bands observed between 2000 and 3500 A have been investigated as a function of gradual changes in trapping conditions and assigned to various stages of magnesium atom polymerization. The A1Σu+ ← X1Σg+ system of Mg2 relative to the gas exhibits a pronounced red shift which increases with the polarizability of the matrix host. A band at 2653 A in argon was observed which can be tentatively assigned to another Mg2 system.
Isolation and characterization of a pentameric amino acid from elastin.

An unknown amino acid was purified from bovine ligament elastin. Thc compound was shown by proton NMR to have a pyridinium ring structure similar to isodesmosine, yet containing an olefinic double bond on one additional side chain which was not attached to the pyridinium ring. Mass spcctral analysis confirmed the NMR data and indicated a parent compound with a mass of 653. A structure is proposed that is derived from the condensation of five lysine residues. The trivial name of pentasine is proposed for this compound.
"Transfronteriza" Pre-Service Teachers Managing, Resisting, and Coping with the Demands of Mathematical Discourse.

This article reports on a case study of a college class for pre-service teachers on the US–Mexico border in which students participated in in-depth discussion around mathematical problems every day. This pedagogical approach promotes the socialization of students into and through the specialized discourse of mathematics. The focus of this paper is on the experience of transfronterizo students in that course. Transfronterizos are Mexican residents who periodically cross the border to attend school. For these students, whose educational background in Mexico allowed them to develop proficiency in elementary mathematical discourse in Spanish, their socialization experience includes ways in which they draw on language, and other social and learning experiences in Mexico. The focus of this paper is an assignment called Thinking Logs, a genre that required the use of mathematical discourse for teaching. Drawing on data gathered from participant observation of the course, interviews, analysis of study session dis...
MEMS/NEMS development for space applications at NASA/JPL

This paper presents an overview of the current technology development activities of the MEMS Technology Group at JPL> The group, in collaboration with other research groups at JPL and outside institutions, pursues the development of a wide range of MEMS/NEMS technologies that are primarily applicable to NASA's needs in the area of robotic planetary exploration. The broad classes of technologies being developed include inertial guidance devices, micro- propulsion devices, and adaptive optics for telescope applications, micro-instruments and nano-mechanical resonator devices. End-to-end prototype development of these MEMS/NEMS technologies is conducted at JPL's state-of-the- art Microdevices Laboratory. The group is also pursuing the establishment of a rapid, space-testing program in collaboration with the Aerospace Corporation, in an effort to overcome the traditional barriers to the insertion of new technologies into space missions.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pantropical dynamics of 'intact' rain forest canopy texture

Aside from deforestation and selective logging, mature tropical rain forests appear to be in a state of near-term flux. At plot scales over a 20year period, forest inventory data (representing areas 1000 000 ha) directly affect atmospheric boundary layer conditions and could have implications with respect to biodiversity and carbon cycling in these systems.
D-spaces and covering properties

Abstract We study the D -space property and its generalizations, the notions of an aD -space and a weak aD -space in connection with covering properties. A brief survey on D -spaces is presented in Section 1. Among new results, it is proved that if a linearly ordered space is an aD -space, then it is paracompact. The statement further extends the list of equivalences in [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 125 (1997) 1237]. We also establish some sufficient conditions for the free topological group of a Tychonoff space to be a D -space. In particular, the free topological group of a semi-stratifiable space is shown to be a D -space, while it need not be semi-stratifiable. A similar result is established for the free topological group of a space with a point-countable base. Some new interesting open problems on D -spaces and on spaces close to them are formulated. In particular, we discuss several such questions in connection with the sum theorems.
Survival: a tale of a senior project

In 1984 the Computer Information Systems Department at Humboldt State University implemented a B.S. degree program in Computer Information Systems. Prior to that year the program had been offered under the auspices of a Business Administration degree as a concentration. In the evolvement of the program since 1984. The faculty of the department determined that a senior project course would form an appropriate capstone course for all CIS majors. The course and its incorporation into the degree program will occur in 1987/88. It so happened that Bailes and Sayers' paper [1] and the opportunity to apply their guidance occurred at the beginning of the spring semester. The story of our experiment with the course using a variation of the "contract" suggested by Bailes and Sayer, as written by the three students involved, follows.One semester, three graduating seniors found themselves with class schedule conflicts that prevented their taking a particular required course. When it became obvious that they could not schedule the conflicting class, the chair of their department assigned to them a senior project. The guidelines for the project were adapted from ones outlined in the SIGCSE Bulletin Vol. 18 No. 4, December 1986. The students could do whatever they wanted for a project so lon g as the department chair approved, and they fulfilled the objectives. Here is what these graduating seniors did.
Enhancement of Alcohol Withdrawal Seizures with 6-Hydroxy dopamine

UMMARY The relationship between central catecholamine neurons and alcohol withdrawal seizures was studied in rats pre-treated with 6-hydroxydopamine to selectively destroy the central catecholamine nerve terminals. The alteration of alcohol withdrawal seizures was manifested by (1) a higher percentage of the rats developing the seizures, (2) an earlier onset of seizures, and (3) a greater severity of seizure activity. Seizure status was exhibited in 25% of the 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. RESUME Les relations qui existent entre les neurones centraux catecholaminergiques et les crises provoquees par le sevrage alcolique ont eteetudiees chez des rats pretraites avec de la 6-hydroxydopamine qui detruit selectivement les terminaisons nerveuses centrales catecholaminergiques. Les modifications des crises de sevrage alcolique ont ete les suivantes: (1) un plus grand nombre de rats a presente des crises; (2) le debut des crises a ete plus precoce; (3) la severite de l'activite critique a ete plus grande. En fait, vingt-cinq pour cent des rats traites par la 6-hydroxydopamine ont presente un etat de mal epileptique. RESUMEN La relacion existente entre las catecolaminas centrales y las convulsiones por deprivacion alcoholica se ha estudiado en ratas pretratadas con 6-hidroxidopamina para destruir selectivamente las terminaciones dopaminicas centrales. La alteracion de las convulsiones por deprivacion de alcohol se manifesto por (1) un mayor porcentaje de ratas que desarrollaron ataques, (2) un comienzo mas precoz de los ataques, y (3) mayor severidad de la actividad convulsiva. Un 25% de las ratas tratadas con 6-hidroxi-dopamina tuvieron un status epilepticus. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Beziehung zwischen zentralen, katecholaminempfindlichen Neuronen und Anfallen bei Alkoholentzug wurde an Ratten untersucht, die mit 6-Hydroxydopamin vorbehandelt waren, um selektiv die zentralen Katecholamin-empfindlichen Nervenendigungen zu zerstoren. Die Veranderung der Anfalle bei Alkoholentzug auserten sich in (1) einem hoheren Prozentsatz von Ratten, die Anfalle bekamen, (2) einem fruheren Beginn der Anfalle, und (3) einem hoheren Schweregrad der Anfallsaktivitat. 25% der mit 6-Hydroxydopamin behandelten Ratten zeigten eien Status+ epilepticus.
Responses of adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons to stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors.

Abstract The current study examined whether or not the activation of Bezold-Jarisch reflex with administration of phenylbiguanide (PBG, 100 μg/kg) into right atrium elicits differential responses in the two populations of adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPNs) regulating the release of epinephrine (EPI ADR SPNs) and norepinephrine (NE ADR SPNs), respectively, from adrenal medullary chromaffin cells. Extracellular activity of 48 adrenal SPNs in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) were recorded in urethane/chloralose-anesthetized rats. Twenty-three EPI ADR SPNs and 25 NE ADR SPNs were antidromically activated by stimulation of left adrenal nerve and orthodromically activated by rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) stimulation. At a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 99.6±2.8 mmHg, the mean spontaneous discharge rates of EPI ADR SPNs and NE ADR SPNs were 6.2±0.5 and 4.3±0.5 spikes/s, respectively. Intra-atrial PBG markedly inhibited 96% of EPI ADR SPNs (by 3.8±0.4 spikes/s; n=22) and 76% of NE ADR SPNs (by 2.9±0.5 spikes/s; n=19) with hypotensive responses (ΔMAP=33.2±5.3 and 26.4±5.0 mmHg, respectively). The remaining SPNs were weakly excited or unaffected. We conclude that both groups of SPNs regulating catecholamine release are primarily inhibited by stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors and that these responses parallel the sympathoinhibitory and hypotensive components of the Bezold-Jarisch reflex.
Application of mass spectrometry in the analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

This review summarized the applications of mass spectrometric techniques for the analysis of the important flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to understand the environmental sources, fate and toxicity of PBDEs that were briefly discussed to give a general idea for the need of analytical methodologies. Specific performance of various mass spectrometers hyphenated with, for example, gas chromatograph, liquid chromatograph, and inductively coupled plasma (GC/MS, LC/MS, and ICP/MS, respectively) for the analysis of PBDEs was compared with an objective to present the information on the evolution of MS techniques for determining PBDEs in environmental and human samples. GC/electron capture negative ionization quadrupole MS (GC/NCI qMS), GC/high resolution MS (GC/HRMS) and GC ion trap MS (GC/ITMS) are most commonly used MS techniques for the determination of PBDEs. New analytical technologies such as fast tandem GC/MS and LC/MS become available to improve analyses of higher PBDEs. The development and application of the tandem MS techniques have helped to understand environmental fate and transformations of PBDEs of which abiotic and biotic degradation of decaBDE is thought to be one major source of Br1-9BDEs present in the environment in addition to direct loading from commercial mixtures. MS-based proteomics will offer an insight into the molecular mechanisms of toxicity and potential developmental and neurotoxicity of PBDEs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 29:737–775, 2010
Transfer of phosphorus-containing material associated with mating in escherichia coli

Transfer of phosphorus-containing material (probably DNA) has been detected between mating Hfr and F— cells of E. coli K12. The amount of transfer is greatest in the direction from Hfr to F—, which also is the direction in which genetic information is transferred. The average amount of phosphorus transferred in a single mating event appears to be less than the amount contained in the DNA of a cell nucleus. This implies that transfer of the Hfr genome usually is incomplete.
River-based Surveys for Assessing Riparian Bird Populations: Cerulean Warbler as a Test Case

Abstract Birds concentrated in riparian habitats are poorly sampled by traditional survey methods because of the difficulties associated with accessing these habitats. Our objectives were to test the effectiveness of river-based surveys to determine the status, distribution, and relative abundance for riparian bird species in Missouri and northern Arkansas, with special emphasis on Dendroica cerulea (Cerulean Warbler). Our canoe-based surveys revealed an average of 2.3 and 0.8 singing male Cerulean Warblers/river km along the Current River (128 river km surveyed), MO, and the Buffalo National River (96 river km), AR. Nonparametric estimates for repeated surveys of the same river stretches indicate that 69–79% of singing male Cerulean Warblers were detected. However, the bias associated with the estimate methodology and independent song rate data suggest those are conservative estimates. In comparison with land-based point-counts, this river-based protocol offers a quick and efficient assessment of Cerulea...
Relationship between cognitive activity and adjustment in four spinal-cord-injured individuals: a longitudinal investigation.

Abstract Although most of the stress one faces in life occurs in anticipation of a stressful period, very little research has been done on what anticipatory cognitive activities are related to subsequent adjustment. The present study investigated the relationship between measures of anticipatory cognitive activity and subsequent adjustment in four spinal-cord-injured individuals. Measures of anticipatory cognitive activity, which were assessed before subjects left the rehabilitation center, were related to measures of adjustment, which were assessed when subjects returned to the rehabilitation center for a medical checkup anywhere from 7 to 131/2 weeks following discharge. Seven-month follow-ups were conducted with two of the subjects. Although the small sample size precluded any statistical analysis of the data, the rank orderings of subjects across the variables of interest revealed a number of interesting trends. The most striking trend was that the best adjusted subject predominantly employed rational...
The Tamayo transform fault in the mouth of the Gulf of California

The Tamayo transform fault is located at the north end of the East Pacific Rise where it enters the Gulf of California. This paper presents bathymetric, seismic reflection, magnetic, and gravity data from a detailed survey of the transform fault. The dominant feature of the offset region is a bathymetric ridge trending 120°, parallel to the predicted transform plate boundary. This transform ridge is associated with a large (600 γ) positive magnetic anomaly, and a very small positive free-air gravity anomaly. Magnetic and gravity models indicate either a basalt or serpentinite composition for the ridge, but cannot distinguish between these possibilities. At its eastern end, the modern zone of strike-slip motion is in a narrow valley south of the transform ridge. The transform plate margin appears to pass through a saddle in the transform ridge and meet the western spreading center segment in the trough north of the transform ridge. On the basis of this survey and previous work, the history of the Tamayo from continental breakup to the present has been reconstructed. Initial rifting occurred along a trend of 130° at approximately 3.5 m.y.b.p. Once the transform fault was free of the constraints imposed by continent-continent and continent-oceanic lithospheric interaction, the trend of the transform fault rotated counter-clockwise. This rotation resulted in a ‘leaky’ transform fault and intrusion of a large continuous transform ridge. Further adjustments in the spreading center/transform fault plate boundary configuration have given rise to an incipient zone of rifting cutting across the transform ridge and emplacement of diapiric structures.
Slow light loss due to roughness in photonic crystal waveguides: An analytic approach

We analytically study roughness-induced scattering loss in a photonic crystal waveguide PCW . A crosssectional eigenmode orthogonality relation is derived for a one-dimensional 1D -periodic system, which allows us to significantly simplify the coupled mode theory in the fixed eigenmode basis. Assisted by this simplification, analytic loss formulas can be obtained with reasonable assumptions despite the complexity of PCW mode fields. We introduce the radiation and backscattering loss factors 1 and 2 such that the loss coefficient can be written as = 1ng+ 2ng 2 ng is the group index . By finding analytic formulas for 1 and 2, and examining their ratio, we show why the backscattering loss generally dominates the radiation loss for ng 10. The interplay between certain mode-field characteristics, such as the spatial phase, and structure roughness is found crucial in the loss-generation process. The loss contribution from each row of holes is analyzed. The theoretical loss results agree well with experiments. Combined with systematic simulations of loss dependences on key structure parameters, the insight gained in this analytic study helps identify promising pathways to reducing the slow light loss. The cross-sectional eigenmode orthogonality may be applicable to other 1D-periodic systems such as electrons in a polymer chain or a nanowire.
Differential expression of neuregulin-1 isoforms and downregulation of erbin are associated with Erb B2 receptor activation in diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Aberrant neuron/glia interactions can contribute to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases and we have previously demonstrated that enhanced activation of Erb B2, which is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, can contribute to the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In peripheral nerves, Erb B receptors are activated by various members of the neuregulin-1 (NRG1) family including NRG1 Type I, NRG1 Type II and NRG1 Type III to regulate Schwann cell (SC) growth, migration, differentiation and dedifferentiation. Alternatively, Erb B2 activity can be negatively regulated by association with the Erb B2-interacting protein, erbin. Since the effect of diabetes on the expression of NRG1 isoforms and erbin in peripheral nerve are unknown, the current study determined whether changes in NRG1 isoforms and erbin may be associated with altered Erb B2 signaling in DPN. Swiss Webster mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ) and after 12 weeks of diabetes, treated with erlotinib, an inhibitor of Erb B2 activation. Inhibition of Erb B2 signaling partially reversed several pathophysiologic aspects of DPN including a pronounced sensory hypoalgesia, nerve conduction velocity deficits and the decrease in epidermal nerve fiber innervation. We also observed a decrease of NRG1 Type III but an increase of NRG1 Type I level in diabetic sural nerves at early stage of diabetes. With disease progression, we detected reduced erbin expression and enhanced MAPK pathway activity in diabetic mice. Inhibition of Erb B2 receptor suppressed MAPK pathway activity in treated-diabetic sural nerves. These results support that hyperglycemia may impair NRG1/Erb B2 signaling by disrupting the balance between NRG1 isoforms, decreasing the expression of erbin and correspondingly activating the MAPK pathway. Together, imbalanced NRG1 isoforms and downregulated erbin may contribute to the dysregulation of Erb B2 signaling in the development of DPN.
Absorption cross sections for the Ã2A″ (0,90,0) ← 2A′ (0,01,0) band of the HCO radical

Absorption cross sections for the A 2A″ (0,90,0) ← 2A′ (0,01,0) band of HCO were determined at 295 K using pulsed laser photolysis combined with cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Formyl radicals (HCO) were produced from the reaction of atomic chlorine, generated by photolysis of Cl2 at 335 nm, with formaldehyde. The concentration of HCO was calibrated using two independent photochemical methods. The peak cross section of the P(8) line was determined to be (1.98 ± 0.36) × 10−18 cm2, and the intensity of the entire band was normalized to this line. The quoted 2σ uncertainty includes estimated systematic errors. Comparisons to previously reported values of HCO cross sections in this band are discussed.
Early-stage gallbladder cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database: effect of extended surgical resection.

Hypothesis Extended surgical resection (ESR) may improve survival in patients with early-stage primary gallbladder cancer. Design Retrospective analysis of findings in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Setting Academic research. Patients Individuals with potentially surgically curable gallbladder cancer (Tis, T1, or T2) who underwent a surgical procedure. Main Outcome Measures Overall survival, number of lymph nodes (LNs) excised, and results of simple cholecystectomy vs ESR. Results We identified 3209 patients with early-stage gallbladder cancer (11.7% Tis, 30.1% T1, and 58.2% T2). On multivariate analysis, decreased survival was noted among patients older than 60 years (hazard ratio, 1.57; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-1.90), among patients with more advanced cancer (1.99; 1.46-2.70 for T1; 3.29; 2.45-4.43 for T2), and among patients with disease-positive LNs (1.65; 1.39-1.95 for regional; 2.58; 1.54-4.34 for distant) ( P P = .02) and among patients undergoing ESR (0.59; 0.45-0.78; P P P P = .03). Lymph node excision improved survival in patients with T2 lesions (0.42; 0.33-0.53; P Conclusion Extended surgical resection, LN excision, or both may improve survival in certain patients with incidentally discovered gallbladder cancer.
Chip-scale packaging

Uniting the advantages of bare die and mainstream packaging, these minimal IC supports are racing to the aid of portable yet powerful products. Rigorously defined, the perimeter of such a package is no more than 1.2 times the perimeter of the die it contains, so that few other IC packages are any smaller. This reduction in size is the key driver of the popularity of the approach. But because the term chip-scale has a marketing value, some manufacturers have extended it to cover other sizes, too. Chip-scale packaging technology is still taking its first steps into the marketplace, and issues of standards, design, and reliability remain to be solved. Even so, an infrastructure for the technology is beginning to develop, and its potential market seems to be guaranteed, not least by consumer thirst for portable electronic applications, for which the small, light package is a natural.
Benchmark Experiments/Calculations of Neutron Environments in the Annular Core Research Reactor

Benchmark experiments using spherical test objects were performed in the central cavity of Sandia National Laboratories' Annular Core Research Reactor. The experiments were performed with 10.16 cm and 17.78 cm diameter aluminum (AI6061) and high-density polyethylene spheres that were essentially solid with cavities scrolled out along the equator to allow the insertion of activation foils and/or sulfur pellets. The neutron monitor foils were selected to cover a wide range of reaction energies. The reactor environments were modeled in detail using Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX). The experimental results were compared to the Monte Carlo calculations of the reaction rates of each of the foils at various depths in the spheres produced by MCNPX. The comparison includes a complete treatment of the uncertainties.
Highly Adaptive Transducer Interface Circuit for Multiparameter Microsystems

A reconfigurable transducer interface circuit that combines the communication and signal conditioning necessary to link a variety of sensors and actuators to a microsystem controller is reported. The adaptive readout circuitry supports high-resolution signal acquisition from capacitive, resistive, voltage and current mode sensors with programmable control of gain and offset to match sensor range and sensitivity. The chip accommodates sensor self test and self calibration and supports several power management schemes. It provides digital and analog outputs to control actuators and a standard interface to peripheral components. The 2.2times2.2 mm CMOS chip was fabricated in 0.5-mum, 3-metal, 2-poly process, dissipates ~50 muW at 3.3 V in a typical multisensor application utilizing periodic sleep mode, and can read out a wide range of sensors with high sensitivity. A prototype microsystem with a microcontroller and MEMS pressure, humidity, and temperature sensors has been implemented to characterize interface chip performance
Improved intrinsic dynamic distortions in directly modulated semiconductor lasers by optical injection locking

The effects of optical injection locking on the nonlinear distortions of directly modulated semiconductor distributed feedback (DFB) lasers are investigated experimentally. The second harmonic distortion (SHD) and third harmonic distortion (THD), as well as the third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3), are measured as functions of modulation frequency for both the free-running and injection-locked lasers. Under strong injection locking with -8-dB injection ratio, the SHD and THD of the DFB laser have been suppressed by 15 dB from 2 to 4 GHz. Moreover, nearly 15-dB reduction in IMD3 has been observed from 1.4 to 3.0 GHz with the same injection conditions. We also found that the injection locking is not effective in reducing the low-frequency distortions.
Prevention of Coronary Restenosis The Evolving Evidence Base for Radiation Therapy

Restenosis, the time-limited renarrowing of the lumen of a coronary artery, affects 20% to 40% of patients in the months after an initially successful intervention.1 2 As such, it represents the extreme form of the healing response that produces a normally distributed amount of late loss in lumen diameter at all interventional sites.3 To some extent, the percentage of patients who develop renarrowing can be reduced by acutely achieving the largest possible lumen diameter (as by stenting) via the “bigger is better” principle. Stenting can also prevent any late loss caused by vascular contraction,4 although it does not reduce (and, in fact, increases) the amount of late loss due to excessive intimal hyperplasia. To lower the restenosis rate further and to provide durable treatment for in-stent restenosis when it occurs, potent treatments to blunt this late loss are thus required. Although a number of pharmacological approaches have been tried to limit late loss, only a few have shown even preliminary efficacy. However, radiation therapy seems to provide an interesting, nonpharmacological approach to controlling this excessive response to injury response that is analogous to its role in limiting the growth of many rapidly proliferating neoplasms and non-neoplastic conditions of excessive proliferation (eg, exophthalmos of Grave’s disease or keloid scar formation). There are some concerns with this hypothesis. First, the number of proliferating cells in an active restenosis lesion is generally small, and such cells are virtually absent in a de novo lesion that might undergo prophylactic radiation at the time of original intervention. Because the main effect of vascular radiotherapy is breaking single- and double-stranded DNA and, thereby, killing actively dividing cells in the media and intima,5 the paucity of such actively dividing cells in the target tissue is of concern. Hopefully, radiation can also injure the …
Concentrations of Anthocyanins in Common Foods in the United States and Estimation of Normal Consumption

Anthocyanins (ACNs) are water-soluble plant pigments that have important functions in plant physiology as well as possible health effects. Over 100 common foods were screened for ACNs, and 24 of them were found to contain ACNs. Concentrations of total ACNs varied considerably from 0.7 to 1480 mg/100 g of fresh weight in gooseberry ('Careless' variety) and chokeberry, respectively. Not only does the concentration vary, but the specific anthocyanins present in foods are also quite different. Only six common aglycones, delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin, were found in all of these foods. However, their sugar moieties and acylation patterns varied from food to food. Results from this study will add to the available data for the USDA Nutrient Database of flavonoids. On the basis of the concentration data and updated food intake data from NHANES 2001-2002, the daily intake of ACNs is estimated to be 12.5 mg/day/person in the United States. Of the different aglycones, cyanidin, delphinidin, and malvidin were estimated to contribute 45, 21, and 15%, respectively, of the total ACN intake. Nonacylated contributed 77% compared to 23% from acylated ACNs.
Significance of violence in stories of young children.

Stories told by 72 5-yr.-old children were scored for themes of violence and correlated with their mothers' reports of aggressive or fearful behaviors. Values for the entire sample were not significant. However, when data for Hispanic children were removed from the sample the correlation of violent stories to ratings of children's aggression was significant (r = .27) and for a count of violent words r = .30. The correlation of violent words to fearfulness was .28 and for girls only .35. The count of violent words was also correlated with African-American children's ratings of fearfulness (r = .64). Language: en
Investigating the control of Listeria monocytogenes on uncured, no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added meat products

Sodium nitrite, utilized in the production of cured meat prodcuts, is not permitted for direct addition during the production of natural and organic processed meats. Additionally, common additives such as sodium lactate, used for anti-listerial control, are only tolerated for use at reduced levels for flavoring purposes. As a result, meat processors have begun to employ alternative curing methods utilizing naturally occurring nitrates and nitrites found in vegetables to produce products labeled as uncured, no-nitrate-or-nitrite-added. The objective of this study was to determine if an increased risk for growth of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is associated with the ingredients and procedures used for natural and organic processed meats. Ten brands of commercially available frankfurters [2 conventionally cured controls (A,B), 3 alternatively cured including lactate (E,F,G), 4 alternatively cured without lactate (C,D,H,J) and 1 truly uncured (no addition of nitrite
An improved Bayesian decision theoretic approach for land mine detection

A rigorous signal detection theoretic analysis is used to improve detectability of land mines. The development is performed for sensors that integrate time-domain information to provide a single data point (standard metal detector), those that provide a sampled portion of the time-domain waveform, and those that operate at several discrete frequencies. This approach is compared to standard thresholding techniques, and it is shown to provide substantial improvements when evaluated on measured data.