cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of tamoxifen and protein kinase C inhibitors on hyperthermic cell killing

The effects of the anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, and the protein kinase C inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)2-methylpiperazine (H7), on hyperthermic cytotoxicity were studied. Three cell lines were used, a human colon cancer cell line (HT-29), a human mammary carcinoma cell line (MCF-7), and Chinese hamster V79 lung fibroblasts. With all three cell lines, tamoxifen at concentrations greater than 7.5 microM during heating or with a 3-hr exposure prior to heating significantly sensitized cells to heat. When cells were preincubated with 10-20 microM tamoxifen for 1-2 hr at 37 degrees C prior to heat treatment, washed free of extracellular tamoxifen, heated to generate thermoresistance, and examined 18 hr later for thermoresistance, tamoxifen treated HT-29 and MCF-7 cells were significantly more heat sensitive than thermotolerant controls not previously exposed to tamoxifen. In contrast, the degree of induced thermoresistance of V79 cells was unchanged after tamoxifen treatment. H7, but not its structural analogue and low affinity protein kinase C inhibitor, HA1004, also sensitized cells to heat. Neither H7 nor HA1004 had any apparent effect on the degree of heat-induced thermoresistance in the three cell lines tested.
Subduction on the northern and southern flanks of the Gulf Stream

Abstract Sections of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and velocity were made crossing the Gulf Stream in late January 2006 to investigate the role of frontal processes in the formation of Eighteen Degree Water (EDW), the Subtropical Mode Water of the North Atlantic. The sections were nominally perpendicular to the stream and measured in a Lagrangian frame by following a floating spar buoy drifting in the Gulf Stream’s warm core. During the survey, EDW was isolated from the mixed layer by the stratified seasonal pycnocline, suggesting that EDW was not yet actively being formed at this time in the season and at the longitudes over which the survey was conducted (64°–70°W). However, in two of the sections, the seasonal pycnocline in the core of the Gulf Stream was broken by an intrusion of cold, fresh, weakly stratified water, nearly saturated in oxygen, that appears to have been subducted from the surface mixed layer north of the stream. The intrusion was identified in three of the sections in profi...
Role of the DNA/membrane complex in prokaryotic DNA replication.

Les complexes DNA-membrane: article de synthese sur les analyses biochimiques, genetiques et ultrastructurales concernant les bacteries, les plasmides ainsi que les bacteriophages
A Public Dilemma with Prescription Pill Abuse: Searching for a Solution to Fight the Epidemic and Treat the Addicted

The steady increase in prescription pill abuse satisfies the contention that addiction is no longer a private problem. Current systems are only temporarily masking the dilemma. New protocols at both the state and federal levels need to be implemented to tackle the problem at hand. Additional medical training on pain management and full disclosure to patients will also help reduce prescription pill abuse and result in many lives saved. Public awareness and a demand for change of the stigma of addiction is the only way this nation will succeed in fighting the epidemic and treating the disease of addiction.
DRAINAGE REVERSALS AND TRANSVERSE RELATIONSHIPS OF RIVERS TO MORAINES IN SOUTHERN MICHIGAN

In southern Michigan, a multiglaciated area of thick drift, regional differences in the altitude of the buried bedrock surface control the direction of major drainage lines and facilitated some stream reversals during deglaciation. Furthermore, individual bedrock valleys, though deeply buried, may influence surface forms in a fashion that induces transverse relationships between river courses and morainal trends. Apparently one or more ancestral glacial landscapes were influenced by the bedrock surface and are also reflected in the present topography. Such palimpsest landscapes may be more widespread in glaciated terrains than have generally been recognized.
Constitutive production of leukemia differentiation, colony- stimulating, erythroid burst-promoting, and pluripoietic factors by a human hepatoma cell line: characterization of the leukemia differentiation factor

Conditioned medium (CM) obtained from a human hepatoma cell line, SK-HEP-1, contains colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) active on murine and human bone marrow-derived granulocyte and macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM) and a factor capable of inducing granulocyte-macrophage differentiation (GM-DF) of murine myelomonocytic leukemic cells WEHI-3B(D+) and human promyelocytic leukemic cells HL-60 when assayed in semisolid agar cultures. The human active granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for day 7 CFU-GM and the GM-DF for WEHI-3B(D+) and for HL-60 are not separable by acrylamide agarose column chromatography, eluting at an apparent molecular weight between 20,000 and 35,000 daltons, or by isoelectric focusing (isoelectric point, pH 5.4). In addition, SK-HEP-1 CM contains erythroid burst-promoting activity (BPA) and a factor that promotes the growth of human mixed colonies. SK-HEP-1 cells, which grow as an adherent monolayer, appear not to be endothelial or monocytic in origin since by immunofluorescent staining they are negative for Ia (HLA-DR), monocyte antigen 1 and 2, lysozyme, and factor VIII-related antigen. Positive immunofluorescent staining for keratin and fibronectin suggests the possibility that SK-HEP-1 is an epithelial cell line. Constitutive production of GM-DF as well as other hematopoietic activities including GM-CSF, erythroid BPA, and an activity that promotes the growth of human mixed colony progenitors by a human epithelial tumor cell line, SK-HEP-1, suggests that this cell line is a valuable resource for both large-scale production of these factors and the cloning of the gene(s) that code for these regulators.
Characterization and Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasomes in the Renal Medulla in Mice.

Background/Aims: Recent studies have indicated that local inflammatory mediators are importantly involved in the regulation of renal function. However, it remains unknown how such local inflammation is triggered intracellularly in the kidney. The present study was designed to characterize the inflammasome centered by Nlrp3 in the kidney and also test the effect of its activation in the renal medulla. Methods and Results: By immunohistochemistry analysis, we found that inflammasome components, Nlrp3, Asc and caspase-1, were ubiquitously distributed in different kidney areas. The caspase-1 activity and IL-1β production were particularly high in the renal outer medulla compared to other kidney regions. Further confocal microscopy and RT-PCR analysis showed that Nlrp3, Asc and caspase-1 were particularly enriched in the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. In anesthetized mice, medullary infusion of Nlrp3 inflammasome activator, monosodium urate (MSU), induced significant decreases in sodium excretion and medullary blood flow without changes in mean arterial blood pressure and renal cortical blood flow. Caspase-1 inhibitor, Ac-YVAD-CMK and deletion of Nlrp3 or Asc gene abolished MSU-induced decreases in renal sodium excretion and MBF. Conclusion: Our results indicate that renal medullary Nlrp3 inflammasomes represent a new regulatory mechanism of renal MBF and sodium excretion which may not depend on classical inflammatory response.
Evaluation of Earth Sense® Neutral Disinfectant Detergent as an Alternative to Micro-Chem Plus™ Detergent Disinfectant for Use in BSL-4 Laboratories using Vesicular Stomatitis Virus as a Surrogate

Micro-Chem Plus (MCP) detergent disinfectant cleaner is a common chemical disinfectant currently used at most biosafety level 4 laboratories to ensure proper disinfection and decontamination of was...
Mean force on a finite-sized spherical particle due to an acoustic field in a viscous compressible medium

An analytical expression to evaluate the second-order mean force (acoustic radiation force) on a finite-sized, rigid, spherical particle due to an acoustic wave is presented. The medium in which the particle is situated is taken to be both viscous and compressible. A far-field derivation approach has been used in determining the force, which is a function of the particle size, acoustic wavelength, and viscous boundary-layer thickness. It is assumed that the viscous length scale is negligibly small compared to the acoustic wavelength. The force expression presented here (i) reduces to the correct inviscid behavior (for both small- and finite-sized particles) and (ii) is identical to recent viscous results [M. Settnes and H. Bruus, Phys. Rev. E 85, 016327 (2012)] for small-sized particles. Further, the computed force qualitatively matches the computational fluid dynamics (finite-element) results [D. Foresti, M. Nabavi, and D. Poulikakos, J. Fluid Mech. 709, 581 (2012)] for finite-sized particles. Additionally, the mean force is interpreted in terms of a multipole expansion. Subsequently, considering the fact that the force expansion is an infinite series, the number of terms that are required or adequate to capture the force to a specified accuracy is also provided as a function of the particle size to acoustic wavelength ratio. The dependence of the force on particle density, kinematic viscosity, and bulk viscosity of the fluid is also investigated. Here, both traveling and standing waves are considered.
Using Physical Organic Parameters To Correlate Asymmetric Catalyst Performance

A classic strategy of physical organic chemists is to probe reaction mechanisms using linear free energy relationships. Identifying such relationships in asymmetric catalytic reactions provides substantial insight into the key factors controlling enantioselectivity, which in turn increases the predictability and applicability of these reactions. The focus of this JOCSynopsis is to highlight several recent examples in which various parameters were identified and applied to the elucidation of LFERs.
Coplatory Reflex by Progesterone and Desoxycorticosterone Acetate.

SummaryUsing the elicitation of the copulatory reflex as a criterion, progesterone and desoxycorticosterone acetate were compared. The latter was found to be 13–100% as effective as progesterone over a range of 0.025–1.0 mg. With both substances, the latent period varied inversely as the dose, but duration of responsiveness varied directly with dosage only in the case of desoxycorticosterone acetate.
CHINA TYPICAL IRRIGATION DISTRICT INVESTIGATION AND ANALYSIS ON WATER IRRIGATION COEFFICIENT

This paper was collected and evaluated the work on the study of irrigation efficiency,and investigated the irrigation efficiency in different regions,under different climate conditions and for different water utilization level.Then a typical irrigation area was chosen to carry out the investigation of irrigation efficiency in our country.The relationship of irrigation efficiency(including the water efficiency of canal system) local economy,water utilization condition,the type and scale of crops,the groundwater level and climate conditions etc.were summarized.The results showed that currently the comprehensive method was the most reasonable measuring-calculation method for irrigation efficiency.It also showed that the irrigation efficiency in most irrigation area in our country had not reached the stipulation standard and the enhancing measures should be taken.
Pharmacologic treatment of osteoarthritis

Current pharmacotherapy for osteoarthritis (OA) is aimed at relief of pain and functional disability. Although an inflammatory component may be found in some cases, there is little evidence that anti-inflammatory drugs commonly used in the treatment of OA provide more relief than simple analgesics. A growing body of knowledge about the pathophysiology of OA now offers opportunities to develop interventions aimed at retarding the progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. This is a function of an imbalance between cartilage matrix synthesis and breakdown. New and experimental treatments include oral, parenteral, and intra-articular agents, some of which are chemicals and others biological products. Their modes of action have generally not been established in humans, but may be inferred from in vitro culture systems and animal models. These mechanisms include inhibition of synovial cell-derived cytokines and chondrocyte-derived degradative enzymes, inactivation of superoxide free radicals, stimulation of matrix synthesis, and enhancement of synovial fluid lubrication. Many of these treatments have been shown to provide short- or long-term symptomatic improvement in clinical trials. Protection of cartilage or promotion of repair has been demonstrated in animal studies, but not convincingly in human OA studies.
Configuration-interaction plus many-body-perturbation-theory calculations of Si i transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, and lifetimes

The precision of the mixed configuration-interaction plus many-body-perturbation-theory (CI+MBPT) method is limited in multivalence atoms by the large size of valence CI space. Previously, to study this problem, the CI+MBPT method was applied to calculations of energies in a four-valence electron atom, Si i. It was found that by using a relatively small cavity of 30 a.u. and by choosing carefully the configuration space, quite accurate agreement between theory and experiment at the level of $100 {\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ can be obtained, especially after subtraction of systematic shifts for groups of states of the same $J$ and parity. However, other properties are also important to investigate. In this work, the CI+MBPT method is applied to studies of transition probabilities, oscillator strengths, and lifetimes. A close agreement with accurate experimental measurements and other elaborate theories is obtained. The long-term goal is to extend the CI+MBPT approach to applications in more complex atoms, such as lantanides and actinides.
The High-Redshift Clusters Occupied by Bent Radio AGN (COBRA) Survey

The number of confirmed, high-redshift galaxy clusters is very low compared to the number of well-studied clusters nearby. Bent, double-lobed radio sources are frequently found in galaxy clusters, and thus can be used as tracers for efficiently locating high-redshift clusters. Using our Spitzer Snapshot Survey, we have identified approximately 300 potential new clusters with redshifts 0.7 z
The Experience of Adult Children Caregiving for Aging Parents

When the normal progression of life for an aging person is interrupted by a decline in physical and or mental abilities, adult children are often suddenly faced with assuming care of their parent(s...
Comparative transcriptomics of elasmobranchs and teleosts highlight important processes in adaptive immunity and regional endothermy

Comparative genomic and/or transcriptomic analyses involving elasmobranchs remain limited, with genome level comparisons of the elasmobranch immune system to that of higher vertebrates, non-existent. This paper reports a comparative RNA-seq analysis of heart tissue from seven species, including four elasmobranchs and three teleosts, focusing on immunity, but concomitantly seeking to identify genetic similarities shared by the two lamnid sharks and the single billfish in our study, which could be linked to convergent evolution of regional endothermy. Across seven species, we identified an average of 10,877 Swiss-Prot annotated genes from an average of 32,474 open reading frames within each species’ heart transcriptome. About half of these genes were shared between all species while the remainder included functional differences between our groups of interest (elasmobranch vs. teleost and endotherms vs. ectotherms) as revealed by Gene Ontology (GO) and selection analyses. A repeatedly represented functional category, in both the uniquely expressed elasmobranch genes (total of 259) and the elasmobranch GO enrichment results, involved antibody-mediated immunity, either in the recruitment of immune cells (Fc receptors) or in antigen presentation, including such terms as “antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class II”, and such genes as MHC class II, HLA-DPB1. Molecular adaptation analyses identified three genes in elasmobranchs with a history of positive selection, including legumain (LGMN), a gene with roles in both innate and adaptive immunity including producing antigens for presentation by MHC class II. Comparisons between the endothermic and ectothermic species revealed an enrichment of GO terms associated with cardiac muscle contraction in endotherms, with 19 genes expressed solely in endotherms, several of which have significant roles in lipid and fat metabolism. This collective comparative evidence provides the first multi-taxa transcriptomic-based perspective on differences between elasmobranchs and teleosts, and suggests various unique features associated with the adaptive immune system of elasmobranchs, pointing in particular to the potential importance of MHC Class II. This in turn suggests that expanded comparative work involving additional tissues, as well as genome sequencing of multiple elasmobranch species would be productive in elucidating the regulatory and genome architectural hallmarks of elasmobranchs.
Experience with Navigation in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Is It Worth the Cost

Optimal placement of correctly sized total ankle replacement (TAR) implants is elemental to prolonging the working life. The negative mechanical effects of implant malalignment are well characterized. There is one FDA-approved navigated TAR system with limited but encouraging outcomes data. Therefore, its value can be estimated only based on benefits other than a proven clinical outcomes improvement over conventional systems. These include unique preoperative planning through 3-dimensional templating and virtual surgery and the patient-specific cut guides, which also reduce overall instrumentation needed for the case. To better inform this conversation, well-observed longitudinal outcomes studies are warranted.
From the Ontological General Information Definition (OGID) To the Epistemological General Information Definition (EGID)

The discussions in Chap. 3 centered on definitional conditions of the concept and phenomenon of information at the ontological space.
Increase in PD-L1 expression after pre-operative radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcoma.

Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) have minimal expression of PD-L1, a biomarker for PD-1 therapy efficacy. Radiotherapy (RT) has been shown to increase PD-L1 expression pre-clinically. We examined the exp...
The Copernican principle, intelligent extraterrestrials, and arguments from evil

The physicist Richard Gott defends the Copernican principle, which claims that when we have no information about our position along a given dimension among a group of observers, we should consider ourselves to be randomly located among those observers in respect to that dimension. First, I apply Copernican reasoning to the distribution of evil in the universe. I then contend that evidence for intelligent extraterrestrial life strengthens four important versions of the argument from evil. I remain neutral regarding whether this result is a reductio of these arguments from evil or the statement of a genuine evidential relationship.
Sometimes they come back: responding to American foreign fighter returnees and other Elusive threats

Much has been made of the threat of battle hardened jihadis from Islamist insurgencies, especially Syria. But do Americans who return home after gaining experience fighting abroad pose a greater ri...
Auditory Development and Hearing Disorders

This article provides an overview of the structures of the auditory system and the basic facts about absolute auditory sensitivity in infants and children. Prenatal development of the auditory system is summarized with an emphasis on implications for hearing loss. Behavioral and electrophysiological findings on the development of auditory sensitivity in infants are reviewed. These findings show a pattern in which the initially modest auditory sensitivity of infants improves rapidly during the first half year after birth and more gradually through early childhood. The rate of improvement is faster for higher than for lower frequency sounds. The prevalence of hearing disorders is described, along with procedures for screening and assessing infant hearing. Appropriate intervention is described, including hearing aids, cochlear implants, and training in different communication modes. Other aspects of auditory function, such as frequency discrimination, are covered elsewhere in this encyclopedia.
Quasielastic Light Scattering Studies of Model Bile Systems

Although conventional light scattering techniques have been employed in the study of macromolecules for many years, it has been only in the last decade that measurements of the temporal fluctuations in the scattered intensity have been employed to probe the Brownian movement of macromolecules in solution.1 By these means the quasielastic light scattering (QLS) technique has provided a rapid, accurate and non-invasive method for measuring the translational diffusion coefficients of macromolecules that far surpasses classical diffusion methods. The diffusion coefficient is a parameter that in general will depend on the size of the macro-molecule, and on the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic interaction between the macromolecules. However, even at relatively high macro-molecular concentrations, the interaction effects are often found to be weak and thus the diffusion coefficient can be interpreted directly to provide the hydrodynamic radius of the macromolecule.2 In addition, the QLS technique can also provide information on macromolecular polydispersity, and is therefore quite suited for the study of aggregating systems where polydispersity is often sizeable.
Supernumerary DNAs in Plant Mitochondria

Mitochondria DNA (mtDNA) of higher plants is characterized by exceptional diversity. Measurements of mitochondrial genome sizes have shown a bewildering array of variation both in genome size and in the presence of supernumerary DNAs that are smaller than the complete genome. Mitochondrial genomes in higher plants are the largest known and vary over an order of magnitude from about 200 kb to 2400 kb (Table 1). This result is in striking contrast to the conservation of mitochondrial genome size and structure characteristic of animal mitochondrial genomes. Virtually all animal mitochondrial genomes are between 15kb and 19kb (Wallace, 1982). Fungi also show great divergence in mitochondrial genome size, ranging from about 17kb to 108kb (Clark-Walker and Sriprakash, 1982; Wallace, 1982; Sederoff, 1984). In several protozoa, genome sizes are similar to those of fungi. However, some protozoa show extreme structural variation, particularly in kinetoplast DNA (Borst et al, 1981).
Association Between Subclinical Brain Infarcts and Functional Decline Trajectories.

Objectives To test associations between subclinical brain infarcts (SBIs) and functional decline independently of intervening clinical vascular events and other vascular risk factors. Design Longitudinal follow‐up for a mean 7.3 years. Generalized estimating equation models were used to test associations between SBIs, number of perivascular spaces (PVSs), baseline Barthel Index (BI), and change in BI, adjusting for sociodemographic, vascular, and cognitive risk factors and for stroke and myocardial infarction occurring during follow‐up. Setting Population‐based prospective cohort study. Participants Stroke‐free individuals from the racially and ethnically diverse Northern Manhattan Study (N=1,290). Measurements Annual functional assessments using the BI (range 0–100). Results Mean age was 70.6 ± 9.0, 40% of participants were male, 66% were Hispanic, 193 (16%) had SBIs, and 508 (42%) had large PVSs. SBIs were not associated with baseline BI. In a fully adjusted model, there was a change in BI of –0.85 points per year (95% confidence interval (CI)=–1.01 to –0.69); those with SBI had an additional change in BI 0f –0.88 points (95% CI=–1.43 to –0.32). There were no associations between PVS and baseline BI or change in BI. Conclusion In a large population‐based study, we found a strong and independent association between “subclinical” markers of cerebrovascular injury and important clinical, person‐centered functional trajectories. Future research could clarify the evolution of such subclinical markers over time and test strategies to prevent their progression and minimize related disability. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2144–2150, 2018.
Nanoparticle eluting-angioplasty balloons to treat cardiovascular diseases

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) can be used to locally deliver anti-restenosis drugs when they are infused directly to the injured arteries after intervention procedures such as angioplasty. However, the efficacy of transferring NPs via infusion to the arterial wall is limited, at least partially, due to poor NP retention on the inner artery wall. To improve NP retention, angioplasty balloons coated with drug-loaded NPs were fabricated via either layer-by-layer (LbL) electrostatic coating or acrylic-based hydrogel (AAH) coating techniques. Three types of NPs, namely poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), biodegradable photo-luminescent PLGA and urethane doped polyester were studied. The transfer efficacy of NPs from various coatings to the arterial wall were further evaluated to find the optimal coating conditions. The ex vivo NP transfer studies showed significantly more NPs being transferred to the rat arterial wall after the angioplasty procedure by the AAH coating (95% transfer efficiency) compared to that of the LbL technique (60%) and dip coating (20%) under flow conditions (10 dyn/cm2). Our results suggest that the AAH coating of drug-loaded NPs on the angioplasty balloon could potentially provide superior retention of drug-loaded NPs onto the arterial wall for a better local delivery of drug-loaded NPs to effectively treat arterial diseases.
An Acoustic Quench Detection Method for CICC Conductor Operating in Gas or Liquid

A method using micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) acoustic sensor technology to detect a quench and abnormal behavior of a superconductor is discussed. MEMS of microphone chips are installed along the coolant space of a superconducting conductor to monitor the coolant condition. By arranging the acoustic sensor array in a coolant flow channel, it is possible to quickly detect a change in the local condition of the coolant with precise spatial resolution. This method is useful for monitoring superconducting magnets and power cables, especially those made with a cable-in-conduit-conductor (CICC) configuration. The methodology described in this work will also be very useful for a high temperature superconducting (HTS) conductor, such as REBCO tape conductors.
An evaluation of sodium oxybate as a treatment option for narcolepsy.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Narcolepsy is a lifelong central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, disturbed nocturnal sleep, hypnagogic hallucinations, ...
Smartphone-free summer camp: adolescent perspectives of a leisure context for social and emotional learning.

ABSTRACTIn today’s society, nearly all adolescents have access to a smartphone with internet and social media connectivity, and almost half report “almost constant” online use. Studies on smartphon...
Prematurity blunts the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation signaling and protein synthesis in muscle of neonatal piglets

Postnatal growth of lean mass is commonly blunted in preterm infants and may contribute to short- and long-term morbidities. To determine whether preterm birth alters the protein anabolic response ...
Lung eosinophils increase vagus nerve-mediated airway reflex bronchoconstriction in mice

Eosinophils mediate airway hyperresponsiveness by increasing vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Here, we tested whether circulating or airway eosinophils change nerve function. Airway res...
Fracture Prevention in Older Adults.

A collaboration between AFP and the Lown Institute promotes a vision of delivering health care that is based on the evidence, balanced in its approach, and focused on the patient.
Understanding Lay Individuals’ Mental Models of Sustainability

Meeting sustainability goals will be fostered by public acceptance and engagement with sustainable development. Yet, there is little baseline knowledge about how lay individuals conceptualize different aspects of sustainability. In the present chapter, we explore possibilities for lay individuals’ mental models of sustainability, using the three-pillar sustainability framework as a reference point. First, we consider how individuals could perceive pairs of pillars (e.g., social and environmental sustainability) to be either complementary or in tension with one another. Then, we use balance theory to explore implications of these perceived dyadic relations for mental models of how all three pillars interrelate. We conclude by discussing directions for additional research and communication outreach.
UO2F2 particulate formation in an impinging jet gas reactor

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), chemical kinetics, and aerosol dynamics were combined to model the formation of uranyl fluoride particles from the hydrolysis of uranium hexafluoride gas. This chemical process has been studied for many decades, however, detailed measurements of aerosol formation have only become available in the past few years which provide a basis for model comparison. CFD simulations predicted complicated flow patterns in the impinging jet gas reactor. Aerosol formation simulations also predicted higher mass concentrations than were observed experimentally. This suggested that experimental data provided a partial representation which was subsequently enhanced by modeling and simulation.
Apple rootstock genotype affects scion responses to water limitations under field conditions

Plant response to drought is a critical process for the survival and development of resilient cropping systems. However, drought studies are often based on short-term experiments under controlled environments which may not reflect compounding stress factors experiences under field conditions, such as high air and soil temperature, high light irradiance, among others. In composite plants like apple, both rootstock and scion combine to modulate drought response. Nonetheless, the effect that apple rootstock genotypes have on scion response to water limitations have not been extensively studied. The objective of this study was to measure physiological responses of different apple rootstocks to drought under both field and greenhouse conditions. For both experiments, ‘Honeycrisp’ apple was grafted onto G.41, G.890, M.9, and B.9 rootstocks. Two irrigation treatments were established: drought (~ 50% of field capacity (FC) and control (~ 100% FC). Leaf gas exchange, mid-day stem water potential (Ψmd), quantum yield of PSII (ΦII) and shoot growth were measured bi-weekly. At the end of each experiment, total leaf area and root, stem and leaf carbon isotope composition (δ13C) were measured. In the field, ‘Honeycrisp’ that was grafted onto G8.90 and exposed to water limitations had lower stomatal conductance, net CO2 exchange rates, ΦII, and shoot growth. In contrast, B.9 maintained stomatal conductance and shoot growth when water-limited and δ13C was the highest among rootstocks. There were no rootstocks differences for trees grown in the greenhouse. These results show how rootstock can affect scion response to water limitations in apple and how field experiments can magnify these responses.
Development of Infant High-Intensity Fear and Fear Regulation from 6 to 24 Months: Maternal Sensitivity and Depressive Symptoms as Moderators.

This study tested bidirectional relations between infant high-intensity fear and fear regulation over 1.5 years, and maternal sensitivity and depressive symptoms as moderators. Participants were 1,292 mother-infant pairs prospectively assessed at three times when infants were 6, 15, and 24 months old. Infant high-intensity fear and fear regulation (avoidance, orienting to mother, attention regulation, and self-soothing) were observed during the Mask Task at each of these time points. Likewise, mothers reported their depressive symptoms, and their sensitivity was observed in a separate mother–child interaction task at each time point. Conditional multilevel growth models revealed that highly avoidant infants exhibited less initial high-intensity fear, but faster growth in high-intensity fear over time. Furthermore, highly avoidant infants exhibited more concurrent high-intensity fear when their mothers demonstrated low sensitivity. Unexpectedly, when their mothers were highly depressed, infants who used more attention regulation demonstrated more rapid growth of high-intensity fear over time. Finally, when their mothers were not depressed, infants exhibiting more high-intensity fear oriented more to their mothers concurrently. When their mothers reported high depressive symptoms over time, infants with more high-intensity fear initially oriented less to their mothers but more rapidly increased orienting to their mothers over time. Findings reveal the interplay between infant and maternal factors over time in development of infant high-intensity fear. In particular, maternal sensitivity protected highly fearful infants by rapidly reducing fear reactivity despite infant avoidance. In contrast, high maternal depressive symptoms introduced both immediate and enduring risks for infant fear development. Clinical implications are discussed.
Q & A with Keynote Speaker Lisa Nunn, Ph.D.

LOCATION: George's (3rd Floor of the Johnson Center) Our keynote speaker, Lisa Nunn, Ph.D., will answer audience questions. This session follows her keynote address from 9-10:15am in Dewberry Hall.
Are you reaching your audience

Purpose – This paper aims to analyze the intersection of LibGuide authors (producers) and LibGuide users (consumers) at University Library, Cornell University, New York, USA. In consideration of this previous finding, the authors felt it was vital to address the question of how Cornell University Library (CUL) LibGuides can better serve Cornell’s user base. By posing questions such as, “what are authors’ intentions in creating LibGuides” and “how are local users finding, accessing and/or engaging with LibGuides”, this paper hopes to make nuanced recommendations to authors. Design/methodology/approach – This paper addresses two key pieces of data: browser search terms from the Springshare log files and interviews from authors of 20 different LibGuides. The author interviews gave us insight into the purpose, use and marketing of specific library guides for CUL, while browser search terms revealed how our users constructed Internet searches that resulted in that hit on a CUL LibGuide. Findings – Data uncover...
Concert/C: a language for distributed programming

Concert/C is a new language for distributed C programming that extends ANSI C to support distribution and process dynamics. Concert/C provides the ability to create and terminate processes, connect them together, and communicate among them. It supports transparent remote function calls (RPC) and asynchronous messages. Interprocess communications interfaces are typed in Concert/C, and type correctness is checked at compile time wherever possible, otherwise at runtime. All C data types, including complex data structures containing pointers and aliases, can be transmitted in RPCs. Concert/C programs run on a heterogeneous set of machine architectures and operating systems and communicate over multiple RPC and messaging protocols. The current Concert/C implementation runs on AIX 3.2, SunOS 4.1, Solaris 2.2 and OS/2 2.1, and communicates over Sun RPC, OSF/DCE and UDP multicast. Several groups inside and outside IBM are actively using Concert/C, and it is available via anonymous ftp from software.watson.ibm.com:/pub/concert.
Warga derivate containers and other generalized differentials

In this paper the theory of generalized differentials with good open mapping properties is discussed. We discuss generalized differentiation (GDT) theories with special emphasis on the series of developments initiated by Jack Warga's pioneering work on derivate containers. The theories of generalised differential quotients (GDQ) and Warga derivate containers (WDC) are also discussed.
Log-Polynomial Period Functions for Hecke Groups

In this article we shall determine the automorphic integrals of positive and negative integral weight associated with the full modular group and some Hecke groups. This will be done by using the Hecke Correspondence. We will also give a characterization of multiplier systems of real weight for Hecke groups.
Constructivism in an introduction to programming course

Attempting to explain reference parameters to novice programmers is a sure way to discover how challenging these and other abstract concepts are for students with little programming background and low confidence on their abilities. Participating in the classroom or approaching professors seems all but impossible when there are other students that seem to have no problems with the material. This phenomenon has been identified as a major factor contributing to the high drop-out rate in Computer Science, particularly among women and minorities [3] This paper presents results of an ongoing project that seeks to develop material that appeals to a diversity of styles of learning for introduction to programming classes. The material consists of activities based on the educational theory of constructivism[1], which, through the use of manipulatives and metaphores, encourage a more active role for students in the classroom, enabling them to construct knowledge of programming on their own terms. During such activites, the instructor actively guides and encourages discovery of concepts, interacting directly with small groups of students, widening the communication channel between the students and the instructor and allowing for immediate assesment in a non-threatening, non-competitive classroom atmosphere.
Controlling a VRE cluster on a surgical ward

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) has been previously described to be responsible for large nosocomial outbreaks, with a relevant clinical impact, in terms of morbidity and mortality, and health-economic burden.
Competition between the DNA unwinding and strand pairing activities of the Werner and Bloom syndrome proteins

Background The premature aging and cancer-prone Werner and Bloom syndromes are caused by defects in the RecQ helicase enzymes WRN and BLM, respectively. Recently, both WRN and BLM (as well as several other RecQ members) have been shown to possess a strand annealing activity in addition to the requisite DNA unwinding activity. Since an annealing function would appear to directly oppose the action of a helicase, we have examined in this study the dynamic equilibrium between unwinding and annealing mediated by either WRN or BLM.
Helper-Dependent Properties of Friend Spleen Focus-Forming Virus: Effect of the Fv-1 Gene on the Late Stages in Virus Synthesis

helper virus[LLV-F]) andB-tropic Tennantleukemia virus (TenLV)resulted intheinhibition ofLLV-FbytheFv_lb gene andrecoveryofa TenLVpseudotype ofSFFV,abbreviated SFFV(TenLV). Thehost rangeofthis pseudotype was B-tropic, sinceSFFV(TenLV) was 10to100timesmore infectious forB-type (Fv-1bt) thanforN-type(Fv-lnn) mice.Thesimilar patterns ofneutralization ofN-tropic andB-tropic SFFVbytype-specific murine antisera suggested thatthedifference ininfectivity between these twoSFFVpreparations didnotreside inenvelope determinants. Rather, helper control ofSFFV'shost range was onlyapparent anddependent upon theability ofassociated virus to provide a helper function forlatestagesinSFFVsynthesis. Earlystagesin SFFV'sinfectious cycle were showntobehelper independent. TheFv-1 genedid notactatthelevel ofthecell membranetoeffectively restrict SFFVinfection, since SFFV-induced transformed cells could bedetected intheabsence ofspleen focusformation andSFFV synthesis. Further, thegeneration ofthesetransformedcells bySFFVfollowed a one-hit, dose-response pattern, suggesting that SFFV-induced cell transformation ishelper independent. Finally, restriction of helper function byFv-1may bean intracellular event,because bothSFFVand itsassociated LLV-Fhelper share common envelope determinants andpresumablyadsorb ontoandpenetrate target cells withequalefficiency.
Splice site choice in a complex transcription unit containing multiple inefficient polyadenylation signals.

Abstract The relationship between polyadenylation and splicing was investigated in a model system consisting of two tandem but nonidentical polyomavirus late transcription units. This model system exploits the polyomavirus late transcription termination and polyadenylation signals, which are sufficiently weak to allow the production of many multigenome-length primary transcripts with repeating introns, exons, and poly(A) sites. This double-genome construct contains exons of two types, those bordered by 3' and 5' splice sites (L1 and L2) and those bordered by a 3' splice site and a poly(A) site (V1 and V2). The L1 and L2 exons are distinguishable from one another but retain identical flanking RNA processing signals, as is the case for the V1 and V2 exons. Analysis of cytoplasmic RNAs obtained from mouse cells transfected with this construct and its derivatives revealed the following. (i) V1 and V2 exons are often skipped during pre-mRNA processing, while L1 and L2 exons are not skipped. (ii) No messages contain internal, unused polyadenylation signals. (iii) Poly(A) site choice is not required for the selection of an upstream 3' splice site. (iv) When two tandem poly(A) sites are placed downstream of a 3' splice site, the first poly(A) site is chosen almost exclusively, even though transcription can proceed past both sites. (v) Placing a 3' splice site between these two tandem poly(A) sites allows the more distal site to be chosen. These and other available data are most consistent with a model in which terminal exons are produced by the coordinate selection and use of a 3' splice site with the nearest available downstream poly(A) site.
Paleolimnological assessment of Grove and Plow Shop Ponds, Ayer, Massachusetts, USA--a superfund site.

Three sediment cores from each of severely polluted Grove and Plow Shop Ponds, Ayer, Massachusetts, USA, were dated using 210Pb, characterized for plant macrofossil assemblages, and analyzed for H2O, loss-on-ignition, stable Pb isotopes, and concentrations of As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, methyl-Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn. A core from nearby kettle Spectacle Pond, Littleton, Massachusetts, was similarly characterized (except for plant macrofossil assemblages) to assess the regional air pollution signal in sediment for comparison with the six cores. Accumulation rates for metals (mass per area per year), the anthropogenic component (mass per area per year), and total accumulation of the anthropogenic component (mass per area) indicate that As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, methyl-Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have accumulated in sediment as a consequence of point source pollution from within the drainage basins of Grove and Plow Shop Ponds. Three distinct sources of pollution are inferred. As is entering Plow Shop Pond via groundwater in the southwest. Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn are entering the system predominantly at the eastern end of, or upstream from, Grove Pond. Pb also comes from the northwest corner of Grove Pond, the principal source of Cr, Cu, and Hg. These results are consistent with chemistry of modern surface sediments. The history of pollution extends back more than 100 years. Intra- and inter-core variability of concentrations and accumulation rates indicate that much of the pollution was likely in particulate form with little physical redistribution. Recently, concentrations and accumulation rates have generally decreased substantially for those elements present in excessive concentrations in the past. This is a consequence of accumulation of recent, less polluted sediment. In Spectacle Pond, the nearby reference lake, accumulation rates for As, Cd, Hg, and Pb, adjusted for background values and changes in sedimentation rate, increased above background starting in the late 19th century, peaked about 1980, and declined substantially to 2000. These decreases suggest that the anthropogenic (pollution) component of atmospheric deposition of these elements declined after 1980 by at least 50% (As), 80% (Cd), 80% (Hg), and 80% (Pb).
Use of nBn structures to suppress surface leakage currents in unpassivated InAs infrared photodetectors

Surface leakage current is a significant source of dark current in conventional narrow-gap p-n junction photodetectors. It is shown that the nBn photodetector, which was originally designed to eliminate dark current arising from generation-recombination mechanisms, also effectively eliminates surface leakage currents. The result is a measured dark current lower by over six orders of magnitude than that of the InAs p-n photodetector for device temperatures of 140 K.
The Effect of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Adventitious Shoot Formation from Virginia Pine (Pinus virginiana) Zygotic Embryo Explants

The effects of different plant growth regulators on in vitro adventitious shoot formation in Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) zygotic embryo explants were quantitatively evaluated. Using Tang and Ouyang (1999) (TE) basal medium supplemented with 11.4 µM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2.2 µM N6-benzyladenine (BA), callus was observed after 3–6 weeks of culture. Calluses were transferred to TE basal medium supplemented with 0.49 µM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 8.8 µM BA for 6–9 weeks, where they produced numerous small shoot primordia. They were then transferred to TE basal medium supplemented with 0.49 µM IBA and 4.4 µM BA to promote growth and elongation of adventitious shoots. After elongated shoots were transferred to TE medium containing 0.05 µM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) for 6 weeks, adventitious roots were formed. Regenerated plantlets were established in soil in greenhouse.
Experimental Studies on the Formation of Lunar Surface Features by Fluidization: Reply

Experiments were performed to determine the type of landforms that develop, when varying thicknesses of granular material are fluidized by emission of gas from vents of differing size and pattern. Two types of craters formed above single vents, explosion craters with steep sides and little or no floor, and fluidization craters with low rims and flat floors. Crater chains form above multiple vents. Coalescence of craters above a series of vents or emission of gas along a linear or sinuous vent produces a fluidization trough. Within the trough fluidized granular material migrates from areas of thick to thin material, as well as downslope. The result is a channel with a well-defined head that decreases in depth away from the head. A comparison of the experimental results with selected lunar topographic features permits the tentative conclusion that some lunar craters, crater chains, crater clusters, and rilles are of endogenic origin. These features probably formed by fluidization of the lunar regolith during emission of gas along fractures.
Maximum likelihood tomographic reconstruction of extremely sparse solutions in diffuse fluorescence flow cytometry

We apply reparameterization and the maximum likelihood method to a specific fluorescence-mediated tomography problem where the solution is known a priori to be extremely sparse (i.e., all image values are zero except for one). Our algorithm performs significantly better than a standard image reconstruction method, particularly for deep-seated targets, and achieves close to 150 μm accuracy in a 3 mm diameter cross-sectional area with only 12 measurements. Moreover, results do not depend on the selection of a regularization parameter or other ad hoc values, and since reconstructions can be computed very quickly, the algorithm is also suitable for real-time implementation.