cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Practical Problems in Preparation and Dyeing of Cross-wound Packages

Package dyeing is a relatively new but expanding method of advantageously producing dyed yarns for various end-uses. Consideration is given to the principles governing the production and processing of suitable cross-wound packages. Mention is made of some of the problems with which the package dyer is faced and recipes are outlined for overcoming them. Finally the advantages of high-pressure drying are briefly discussed.
Energy diffusion in a granular flow of disk shaped solids

Abstract The kinetic energy of a granular flow consists in part of the energy associated with the random velocity fluctuations v′ of the individual solid particles. When the magnitude of v′varies throughout the flow field a transfer of kinetic energy ρv 2 2 occurs that must be considered when evaluating the energy balance relationship. In the present investigation this energy transfer or diffusion is quantified for the flow of a granular continuum consisting of disk-shaped solids. The theoretical development involves a detailed analysis of the binary collision mechanics which results from the interaction between adjacent disks within the granular mixture. The energy diffusion term developed in this investigation, in conjunction with the stress and energy dissipation functions previously reported by Shen and Ackermann [1], provide all of the constitutive relationships that are necessary to describe the two-dimensional uniform flow of a granular mixture of disk-shaped solids.
Axial-Appendicular Dynamics and the Integration of Breathing and Gait in Mammal

SYNOPSIS. This paper proposes a biomechanical model for locomotor-respiratory coupling (LRC) in galloping mammals in which gait and breathing cycles are phase-locked on a 1:1 basis. It also explores some of the physiological and neuromotor implications of LRC. The mechanical coupling of locomotor and respiratory cycles depends upon the coordinated, reciprocal oscillations of the cranio-cervical and lumbo-pelvic components of the axial system and their attendant actions on the intervening thorax via muscular linkages. Concurrently, accelerational and decelerational forces imparted to the axial system by the limbs help to drive lung ventilation by inducing inertial displacements of a “visceral piston’ connected to the diaphragm. Several lines of evidence (including cineradiographic data) suggest that an important function of the crural diaphragm is to control the displacement of the visceral piston. The kinematics of LRC indicate that the interosseous intercostal muscles must simultaneously operate to assure thoracic stability against locomotor stresses as well as to promote breathing. The former may be their more essential role, however. The characteristic design of the rib cage in cursorial mammals (=deep and narrow) appears to maximize the leverage of certain “accessory respiratory muscles” (i.e., sternocleidomastoid, scalenes) while minimizing torsional loading of the thorax during forelimb support. Physiological implications of LRC include the prediction that large mammals will breathe relatively faster and with relatively smaller lung volumes when galloping than small species. An additional prediction, that running mammals could automatically gear lung ventilation to speed by simply linking breathing rate to stride frequency and depth of breath (=tidal volume) to stride length, appears to be supported by experimental data from horses. Finally, the neuromotor basis of LRC probably depends upon the direct interaction of central pattern generators for locomotion and respiration. This interaction might be modulated, however, by afferent input from thoracic mechanoreceptors, particularly the intercostal stretch receptors.
Calcification. XVII. Inhibition of nuclei formation and growth.

Abstract Nuclei of crystallization have been formed in vivo by fasting rachitic animals and in vitro by preliminary treatment with calcifying solution for 2 hr. Iodoacetate may be used to detect the presence of these nuclei since selective inhibition is found prior to nuclei formation. Further growth of nuclei has been demonstrated to be reversibly blocked by beryllium. The nature of nuclei formation, crystal growth, and limitation of crystal size is discussed.
Radio sounding from IMAGE: New perspectives on field aligned density irregularities, Z and whistler mode diagnostics, and proton cyclotron harmonic echoes

The operating frequency of the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) instrument on the IMAGE satellite extended from 3 kHz to 3 MHz. This wide range made possible free-space O and X mode sounding from altitudes on both sides of the plasmasphere boundary layer (PBL) while also making possible wave injection in the whistler-mode and Z-mode domains at altitudes less than ≈ 10,000 km. We briefly review new findings in four areas: (i) density irregularities in the PBL and within the plasmasphere; (ii) upward Z-mode probing along geomagnetic field lines from within a Z-mode propagation ‘cavity’ (iii) downward probing from 4500–7000 km altitude using whistler-mode waves that undergo two fundamentally different types of reflection; (iv) strong coupling of RPI pulses to the local proton plasma
Separation as a natural cue to danger in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta).

Spotted hyena biology suggests mothers and infants will exhibit one of two alternative responses to separation: (a) Due to prolonged dependency, infants will act similarly to Old World monkeys, displaying distress and proximity seeking behaviors; or (b) because mother–infant separations are frequent in the wild, infants will exhibit little distress or change in reunion behavior. Hence, reunion behavior following mother–infant separation was compared to control periods in captive hyena (Crocuta crocuta) mothers and infants at two developmental periods. Significant increases (p ≤ .05) in distress (i.e., agitated arousal and increased vocalization) and proximity maintenance (i.e., cub and maternal approaches, and maternal monitoring) as well as a trend towards increased sibling aggression following separation were observed. Responsibility for proximity maintenance, assessed by the Hinde Index, adhered to patterns common to primates—with cubs assuming increased responsibility later in development. Findings are discussed in light of hyena ecology and Attachment Theory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 44: 199–207, 2004.
Diffusion in silicate melts: I. Self diffusion in CaOAl 20 3SiO 2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa

Self diffusion coefficients of calcium (DCa), aluminum (DAl), silicon (DSi), and oxygen (DO) were measured in molten CaOAl 20 3SiO 2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa over a range of melt compositions, using the isotope tracer method. For all but one composition, the measured self diffusion coefficients decrease in the order DCa > D Al > D O > D Si, with D Ca ∼ 4–19 D Si , D Al ∼ 2D Si, and D O ∼ 1–2 D Si. The relative uncertainties, based on replicated experiments, are 8% for DCa, 27% for DAl, 28% for DSi, and 18% for DO. Although the self diffusion coefficients of calcium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen increase with the decrease of melt viscosity, they do not obey the Stokes-Einstein equation or the Eyring equation. The compositional dependence of the self diffusion coefficients of calcium, aluminum, and oxygen were parameterized in terms of melt viscosity (Pa · s) via the power law relation: DCa = (115.141/viscosity 0.389) × 10 −12m 2s −1DA1 = (47.302/viscosity 0.800) × 10 −12m 2s −1DO = (33.080/viscosity 0.722) × 10 −12m 2s −1 The compositional dependence of the self diffusion coefficients of Si was parameterized in terms of the degree of melt polymerization (NBO/T) DSi = [0.669 exp(4.195 NBO/T)] × 10 −12m 2s −1 There is an abrupt change in the diffusion behavior of Al and Si between melts of more and less polymerized compositions, occurring at a NBO/T value of approximately 0.6, which may be indicative of a major change in melt structure. The hypothesized structural transition, the nature of which remains to be identified, may control other aspects of diffusion such as the sign of the activation volume for self diffusion of network-forming cations and the magnitude of the activation energy. The self diffusion coefficients of calcium, aluminum, silicon, and oxygen were used to calculate electrical conductivities of molten CaOAl 2O 3SiO 2 at 1500°C and 1 GPa using the generalized NernstEinstein relation. The estimated electrical conductivity implies that calcium, silicon, and oxygen contribute nearly equally to the total conductance: 31 % from calcium, 29% from silicon, and 30% from oxygen, which is quite different from what one would expect for alkali-bearing melts in which Na and K are believed to be the dominant conducting species.
SU-E-I-30: Impact of Physician Practice on Patient Radiation Dose during CT Guided Biopsy Procedures.

Purpose: The major concern with CT fluoroscopy is patient radiation dose, which is determined by applied technical parameters as well as practitioner/operator practice, e.g. habits and choice of dose saving features. This study is to investigate the effects of these intangible factors on patient doses. Methods: 381 patients underwent CT biopsy were retrospectively studied. Patient doses (dose length product, DLP) were analyzed and compared. Comparisons were made among physicians using only conventional intermittent shots, physicians using a low mA dose saving feature, and physicians using a combination of both. Linear regression analyses were performed to investigate any possible relationship between the variables and the patient dose. The Patient detriment index (PDI) was developed to set a threshold for the purpose of the Joint Commission sentinel dose events monitoring. An odds ratio was calculated to determine the odds of a group of patients receiving a dose above the median threshold when compared to another group. Results: The median DLP for all physicians was 1194 mGy‐cm. There is a significant difference (p 1) without dose feature. This is not absolute since some physicians who did not use the dose saving feature have PDIs<l. An odds ratio estimate of 7.7 with a 95% confidence interval of 3.27 to 18.1 indicates that patient radiation dose strongly depends on the practitioner. Conclusions: Adjustments of practice habits, the use of CT dose saving features or both may be needed to improve patient care for CT fluoroscopy.
Ontogeny of Defensive Behavior and Analgesia in Rat Pups Exposed to an Adult Male Rat

Aversive situations may reduce nociception. The mechanism underlying such analgesia has been suggested to involve the interaction between the two separate but interconnected motivational systems "defense" and "pain." To determine the developmental course of defense and nociception, these processes were analyzed during early ontogeny in rats. To elicit a defensive reaction, a huddle of preweanling rat pups was exposed to an unfamiliar, unrelated adult male, or, for comparison, to the mother. On postnatal Day 7 the pups did not show a behavioral reaction to the presence of the mother or the male, and no reduction in nociceptive threshold in a thermal paw withdrawal test. On Day 14, pups in the presence of the male stopped ongoing behaviors and became immobile, and showed reduced paw withdrawal after the exposure. At Day 21, 22 pups of 32 became immobile when exposed to the male, whereas 10 pups explored the partition separating them from the male. Neither group showed reduced paw withdrawal. Immobility was considered a defensive reaction because it reduces auditory and visual cues and therefore the probability of being detected. The developmental course of immobility seems to reflect both the changes in threat imposed on the pups by a potentially infanticidal male and the ability of pups to react to that threat. The reduction in paw withdrawal that followed male exposure indicates an inhibitory mechanism. It is discussed whether the activation of the defense system results in an inhibition of nociception.
Quantitative T1 mapping and the fibrotic index in normal healthy volunteers; relationship to aging and cardiac dimensions

We aimed to publish normal data for the fibrotic index in a group of healthy volunteers. In healthy volunteers, the fibrotic index has acceptable test characteristics, has a range from 0.23 to 0.33, and is associated with age, LA volume and LV mass.
A novel de novo mutation of SCN8A (Nav1.6) with enhanced channel activation in a child with epileptic encephalopathy.

Abstract Rare de novo mutations of sodium channels are thought to be an important cause of sporadic epilepsy. The well established role of de novo mutations of sodium channel SCN1A in Dravet Syndrome supports this view, but the etiology of many cases of epileptic encephalopathy remains unknown. We sought to identify the genetic cause in a patient with early onset epileptic encephalopathy by whole exome sequencing of genomic DNA. The heterozygous mutation c. 2003C > T in SCN8A , the gene encoding sodium channel Na v 1.6, was detected in the patient but was not present in either parent. The resulting missense substitution, p.Thr767Ile, alters an evolutionarily conserved residue in the first transmembrane segment of channel domain II. The electrophysiological effects of this mutation were assessed in neuronal cells transfected with mutant or wildtype cDNA. The mutation causes enhanced channel activation, with a 10 mV depolarizing shift in voltage dependence of activation as well as increased ramp current. In addition, pyramidal hippocampal neurons expressing the mutant channel exhibit increased spontaneous firing with PDS-like complexes as well as increased frequency of evoked action potentials. The identification of this new gain-of-function mutation of Na v 1.6 supports the inclusion of SCN8A as a causative gene in infantile epilepsy, demonstrates a novel mechanism for hyperactivity of Na v 1.6, and further expands the role of de novo mutations in severe epilepsy.
Immunochemical recognition of oligotrich ciliates

A protocol is presented for the application of immunochemical methods to the identification of planktonic ciliates, exemplified by the oligotrich Strombidium sp. Probes were produced in late 1989—early 1990 to Strombidium sp. in two forms: homogenates of (1) intact cells and (2) unassimilated Strombidium sp. antigens recovered from copepod fecal pellets. The antigen-antibody reaction was detected by dot blot assays using alkaline-phosphatase conjugated secondary antibodies as a reporter, and the reaction intensity was quantified by reflection densitometry. The immunogenic fraction of the antigen solutions was characterized by Western blots. Analysis of cross-reactions of anti-Strombidium sp. serum with 28 other species revealed a single strong cross-reaction, which was effectively eliminated by immunoadsorption. The antisera are suitable for detection of predation on ciliates in situ, free from the artifacts of laboratory incubations, and potentially for automated procedures for recognition of ciliates.
A ubiquitous Plasmodium protein displays a unique surface labeling pattern in sporozoites

Abstract The Plasmodium sporozoite is infective for mosquito salivary glands and vertebrate host tissues. Although it is a key developmental stage of the malaria parasite, relatively few sporozoite surface or secreted proteins have been identified and characterized. Herein, we describe the molecular and cellular characterization of a novel surface molecule that is preferentially-expressed in salivary gland sporozoites as compared to oocyst and hemolymph sporozoites. This molecule, designated the sporozoite and erythrocytic stages (SES) protein (formerly known as Pg4), exhibits a spiral surface labeling pattern that spans over a known sporozoite surface antigen, the circumsporozoite protein, with only minor co-localization. SES consists of 551 amino acids encoding a putative 63.2 kDa protein that has been shown to be expressed not only on particular sporozoite stages, but also during the asexual and gametocyte stages. This novel protein also has three domains of unknown function that are conserved in at least eight Plasmodium spp. that represent human, avian, non-human primate, and rodent malarias.
The Richardson model in a random environment

Abstract Let ξ t : Z d →s{0,2} be such that all coordinates are independent and, in each coordinate, 2 changes to 0 at rate β and 0 changes to 2 at rate 1. A family of particles (1's) move in the space occupied by 0's like Richardson model, i.e., a 0 becomes 1 at a rate proportional to 1-occupied neighbors. We prove the phase transition phenomena for the coexistence of 0's, 1's and 2's.
Postnatal development of the suprachiasmatic hypothalamic nucleus of the rat

Light and electron microscopy of newborn, four day, one, two, three and five week old rats revealed principally a progressive increase in the diversity and number of synaptic contacts in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The major increase in synaptic diversity occurred between four days and one week of age. Correlation between this finding and the adult synaptic morphology of SCN (Gulder, 1976) on the one hand, and the ontogeny of circadian rhythms on the other were made. This suggested that the retinal afferents arriving on day four form asymmetrical contacts with dendrites. While increase in synaptic number was progressive, it was most marked between three and five weeks of age. By five weeks, most features of the adult SCN were present. No significant morphological effects were evident as a result of neonatal retinal lesions.
Adsorption of Organic Probes on Carbon Materials at Zero Surface Coverage

The adsorption of several organic molecules on four carbon materials is studied by inverse gas solid chromatography at zero surface coverage. The specific retention volumes and the differential heats of adsorption (or standard enthalpies of adsorption) are used to study the influence of the porous structure and the chemical surface groups in the process. From the comparison of the differential heats of adsorption of hydrocarbons and of polar molecules one can deduce that the standard enthalpy of adsorption at zero surface coverage is not a proper criterion to distinguish between specific and nonspecific interactions when porous adsorbents are used. Values of the standard free energy of adsorption are used to determine the specific component of the adsorbate−adsorbent interaction.
The Conditional Mutator Phenotype in Human Tumor Cells: Correction

In a previous report, “Conditional mutator phenotypes in hMSH2-deficient tumor cell lines” (5 Sept. 1997, p. [1523][1]) ([1][2]), some of us (B.R. and M.M.) demonstrated that two hMSH2-deficient tumor cell lines exhibited a conditional mutator phenotype. When the cells were kept in a growing state, mutation rates were low. However, when the cells were allowed to come to confluence and stand in high-density, suboptimal growth conditions, the mutant frequency increased as much as 7900-fold. We suggested that this increase might have been the result of an accumulation of mutations occurring while the cells were maintained in suboptimal culture conditions. An alternative explanation for the differences in mutant frequencies is suggested by more recent experiments. When these tumor cell lines were grown in medium supplemented with a new serum batch, both log-growing and high-density cultures displayed a high mutant frequency. To confirm that the serum was the component of the medium that led to the changes in mutant frequency, we grew cells from the same inoculum side by side in medium supplemented with our original serum or in medium supplemented with the new batch. Cells grown in our original serum showed a low mutant frequency, while those grown in the new batch had a substantially (>2000-fold) elevated frequency. When cells were grown in mixtures of the two kinds of serum, mutant frequency was again low. These data argue that the conditional mutator phenotype is the result of suppression of mutation in log-growing cells by factors in the original serum. Since high-density cultures accumulate mutations, we suggest that high-density cultures may not respond to this suppressive mechanism or that the factor responsible for suppression may become exhausted in the medium. Nevertheless these data demonstrate that serum factors may play an important role in governing mutation rate in some tumor cells. 1. [↵][3]1. B. Richards, 2. H. Zhang, 3. G. Phear, 4. M. Meuth , Science 277, 1523 (1997). [OpenUrl][4][Abstract/FREE Full Text][5] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.277.5331.1523 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [4]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DScience%26rft.stitle%253DScience%26rft.aulast%253DRichards%26rft.auinit1%253DB.%26rft.volume%253D277%26rft.issue%253D5331%26rft.spage%253D1523%26rft.epage%253D1526%26rft.atitle%253DConditional%2BMutator%2BPhenotypes%2Bin%2BhMSH2-Deficient%2BTumor%2BCell%2BLines%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1126%252Fscience.277.5331.1523%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F9278518%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [5]: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEzOiIyNzcvNTMzMS8xNTIzIjtzOjQ6ImF0b20iO3M6MjQ6Ii9zY2kvMjgzLzU0MDIvNjM5LjQuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9
Hip arthroscopy using the mini-openapproach

Abstract Hip arthroscopy is a technically difficult procedure to perform. Nonetheless, several indications exist for the procedure. We describe a “mini-open” approach to the hip joint, using a modified Smith-Petersen approach through a 4-cm incision in the groin skin crease. The interval between the sartorius and tensor fascia lata is developed while protecting the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve. The rectus femoris muscle and iliopsoas tendon are retracted medially, exposing the hip capsule. Standard arthroscopy is then performed through the open incision, utilizing either manual or a formal traction setup. We believe this technique decreases the risk of neurovascular or iatrogenic injury to the articular cartilage or labrum during instrument placement. Because the soft tissues are dissected down to the capsule, there is increased maneuverability of instruments, and less traction is necessary to provide joint distraction. There is tremendous versatility in this procedure; for example, a purely percutaneous hip arthroscopy can be performed supine on a fracture table, and if this fails to gain hip joint access or adequate visualization, the mini-open approach can be performed without the need to reposition or redrape the patient. If needed, this mini-open approach can also be easily converted to an open arthrotomy. We believe our hip arthroscopy technique utilizing a limited anterior approach combines the benefits of an arthroscopic and open procedure, while minimizing operative risk. This technique allows the arthroscopic surgeon an alternative method for performing this very technically challenging procedure.
Helping children cope with frightening media presentations

Various researchers over the past fifty years have observed that mass media presentations can produce intense flight reactions in children (Blumer, 1933; Himmelweit, Oppenheim, & Vince, 1958; Preston, 1941; Schramm, Lyle, & Parker, 1961). Public concern with this phenomenon has been rekindled recently, in part because mass media content has become increasingly graphic and horror-filled, and because television has been confronting more disturbing and controversial issues. In addition, due to the proliferation of available television channels, the most upsetting and sophisticated types of content are becoming readily accessible to children of all ages in their own homes. Although a few psychoanalytically oriented observers feel that frightening presentations can serve a largely positive function in children's emotional development (e.g., Bettelheim, 1975; Smetak, 1986), it seems that the majority of investigators of frightening fare are concerned about potential negative effects on children. In the thirties, Blumer (1933) claimed that "emotional possession" by movies caused individuals to lose ordinary control over their feelings and perceptions. In the forties, Preston (1941) warned that "addiction" to media horrors could produce profound negative effects on children's physical and psychological health. More recently, Singer (1975) has argued that children may be haunted for years by night terrors and bizarre and weird fantasies if they are exposed to frightening movies that are beyond their capacity to comprehend. In a recently published book on children's fears, Sarafino (1986) has maintained that exposure to "scary portrayals of animals, violence, and monsters on TV and in the movies can impair children's psychological development" (p. 56). A recent review of research on the prevalence of media-induced fears (Cantor, in press) concluded that most people have experienced such fears, that a substantial proportion of viewers have undergone intense responses that have lasted beyond the time of viewing, and that a sizeable minority have suffered what might be classified as a "significant stress reaction" (see Johnson, 1980) with a duration of at least two days. Blumer (1933) described the range of observed flight reactions as follows:
A method for producing microbe-free Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown) with Percoll.

Abstract A method for collecting microbe-free Amyloodinium ocellatum from infected red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) is described. Surface contamination of trophonts removed from fish by osmotic shock was reduced by washing the preparation with antibiotic containing saltwater and Percoll® density gradient purification. The resulting tomont preparation was free of external contamination. Sterile, infective dinospores excysted from the tomonts after 72 h incubation at 26°C in antibiotic containing 30 ppt saltwater.
The Genome Sequencing and Privacy Report: A Missed Opportunity

It has been over 10 years since the first human genome sequence was completed and, since then, the holy grail of genomics has been the ability to perform fast, cheap, and accurate whole genome sequencing. For researchers, whole genome sequencing (WGS) provides important insights into the role of genes in disease. For clinicians, among other things, WGS is an essential part of the emerging field of personalized medicine.
Identifying Commitment-Based Software Requirements to Thwart Unfair and Deceptive Practices

Companies publish privacy notices to notify consumers about their information practices. These privacy notices express company-specific commitments to the consumer about how the company will collect, use, and securely store data. Requirements engineers need to understand these commitments so they may be operationalized into specific security and privacy requirements. In the U.S., corporate commitments must meet the Federal Trade Commission's expectations for fair business practices. Companies must thus ensure that they maintain these commitments in accordance with corporate policies, laws, and regulations. We present an approach for identifying commitment-based requirements to support this objective.
In Vivo Ovine Flap Model to Evaluate Surgical Infection and Tissue Necrosis

Although the inciting causes and the end results of soft tissue infection are well described, we have not achieved a quantitative methodistic description of the sequence of events in between. The following study presents an isolated in vivo model which will allow specific manipulations and quantifications of the events of integumentary infection. Pedicle flaps were raised on the buttock of the adult range ewe and it was multiply inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, and followed for 96 hr. This pedicle contains not only a well-defined artery, vein, and nerve, but also a well-developed efferent lymphatic vessel. In addition, the distal portion of the flap is primarily supplied by a musculocutaneous arterial perforator, making the distal flap a watershed area. Anatomic, radiologic, and vital stain injection studies confirmed these results. The sheep model was found to be superior to the pig model both in terms of its anatomy (the addition of an efferent lymphatic vessel) as well as the disposition of the sheep which was more compliant than that of the pig. We believe that this flap will allow multiple manipulations and provide an in vivo isolated system to study the pathobiology of soft tissue infection.
Posterior Localization of Dynein and Dorsal-Ventral Axis Formation Depend on Kinesin in Drosophila Oocytes

To establish the major body axes, late Drosophila oocytes localize determinants to discrete cortical positions: bicoid mRNA to the anterior cortex, oskar mRNA to the posterior cortex, and gurken mRNA to the margin of the anterior cortex adjacent to the oocyte nucleus (the "anterodorsal corner"). These localizations depend on microtubules that are thought to be organized such that plus end-directed motors can move cargoes, like oskar, away from the anterior/lateral surfaces and hence toward the posterior pole. Likewise, minus end-directed motors may move cargoes toward anterior destinations. Contradicting this, cytoplasmic dynein, a minus-end motor, accumulates at the posterior. Here, we report that disruption of the plus-end motor kinesin I causes a shift of dynein from posterior to anterior. This provides an explanation for the dynein paradox, suggesting that dynein is moved as a cargo toward the posterior pole by kinesin-generated forces. However, other results present a new transport polarity puzzle. Disruption of kinesin I causes partial defects in anterior positioning of the nucleus and severe defects in anterodorsal localization of gurken mRNA. Kinesin may generate anterodorsal forces directly, despite the apparent preponderance of minus ends at the anterior cortex. Alternatively, kinesin I may facilitate cytoplasmic dynein-based anterodorsal forces by repositioning dynein toward microtubule plus ends.
Are we ready for an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy bundle? A critical appraisal of the evidence

Healthcare “bundles” have been developed to help providers improve the reliability and delivery of essential healthcare processes. Bundles have been shown to be effective in reducing healthcare-associated infection rates and are increasingly used to ensure the quality of patient care. Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is now standard medical practice in the treatment of a wide variety of infections. We review 6 components that we believe comprise an OPAT bundle and the evidence supporting each: patient selection, infectious disease consultation, patient/caregiver education, discharge planning, outpatient monitoring/tracking, and OPAT program review. To ensure that patients are receiving optimal care, further program development and outcomes research should target these bundle components to bring the evidence base up to date with current medical practices.
Primary Adenocarcinoma of the Jejunum in Pregnancy

A 29-year-old white woman at 32 weeks of gestation was diagnosed as having recurrent small bowel obstruction by an upper gastrointestinal radiographic series. At exploratory laparotomy a primary adenocarcinoma of the jejunum was resected. Primary small bowel malignant tumors are rare and generally occur late in life. These lesions are difficult to diagnose and commonly discovered only late in their clinical course. The possibility of such tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis when recurrent abdominal pain accompanied by other signs and symptoms of small bowel obstruction is encountered during pregnancy.
Statistical design and optimization of SRAM cell for yield enhancement

We have analyzed and modeled the failure probabilities of SRAM cells due to process parameter variations. A method to predict the yield of a memory chip based on the cell failure probability is proposed. The developed method is used in an early stage of a design cycle to minimize memory failure probability by statistically sizing of SRAM cell.
Connecting processing-capable quantum memories over telecommunication links via quantum frequency conversion

For quantum information processing (QIP), it is important to have a long-lived quantum memory (QM), coupled to other QMs and quantum processors (QP). However, QM and QP systems demonstrated so far suffer from many limitations, and in the near future a single platform will not have the optimal version of all the components needed for QIP. Thus, it is also important to be able to couple quantum bits in different systems, for example, Rb atoms and NV diamond, preferably using telecom fibres. In this paper, we describe a quantum frequency converter (QFC) that will perform this telecom band qubit conversion. The QFC is based on periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. For concreteness, we consider specific examples: the conversion of a 780 nm or 795 nm Rb qubit to the telecom band and the conversion of a 637 nm photonic NV diamond qubit to the telecom band, as well as the inverse processes. We show that interface fidelity exceeding 95% should be feasible. Given the storage times ?1 s already demonstrated in the solid-state systems, and the recent demonstrations of spin-photon entanglement with the NV and entanglement of the NV spin with a superconducting flux qubit operating in the microwave region near 2.88 GHz, such a link would provide the key interface needed to build a quantum internet.
Yeast Prions: Structure, Biology, and Prion-Handling Systems

A prion is an infectious protein horizontally transmitting a disease or trait without a required nucleic acid. Yeast and fungal prions are nonchromosomal genes composed of protein, generally an altered form of a protein that catalyzes the same alteration of the protein. Yeast prions are thus transmitted both vertically (as genes composed of protein) and horizontally (as infectious proteins, or prions). Formation of amyloids (linear ordered β-sheet-rich protein aggregates with β-strands perpendicular to the long axis of the filament) underlies most yeast and fungal prions, and a single prion protein can have any of several distinct self-propagating amyloid forms with different biological properties (prion variants). Here we review the mechanism of faithful templating of protein conformation, the biological roles of these prions, and their interactions with cellular chaperones, the Btn2 and Cur1 aggregate-handling systems, and other cellular factors governing prion generation and propagation. Human amyloidoses include the PrP-based prion conditions and many other, more common amyloid-based diseases, several of which show prion-like features. Yeast prions increasingly are serving as models for the understanding and treatment of many mammalian amyloidoses. Patients with different clinical pictures of the same amyloidosis may be the equivalent of yeasts with different prion variants.
Photophosphorylation and the chemiosmotic perspective

Photophosphorylation was discovered in chloroplasts by D. Arnon and coworkers, and in bacterial ‘chromatophores’ (intercytoplasmic membranes) by A. Frenkel. Initial low rates were amplified by adding electron-carrying compounds such as FMN, later shown to support the ‘pseudocyclic’ electron flow. ATP synthesis, and coupling to electron flow, was detected accompanying linear electron flow from H2O to either NADP+ or ferricyanide. Another pattern of electron flow supporting photophosphorylation was that of a cycle around Photosystem I (PS I). Isolation and analysis of the ATP synthase showed, as with mitochondrial and bacterial analogues, an intrinsic membrane complex (CF0) and an extrinsic complex (CF1). CF1 is a latent ATPase, activated additively by the high-energy state of the thylakoids, and by reduction of a disulfide bond on the gamma subunit. Once reduced, ATP synthesis occurs at lower energy levels. The search for an ‘intermediate’ linking electron flow and ATP synthesis led to the discovery of post-illumination ATP synthesis by thylakoids, where turnover occurs in the dark. Once interpreted by P. Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis, this led to the discovery of light-driven proton uptake into the thylakoid lumen, with accompanying Cl− intake and Mg2+ and K+ output. Chemiosmosis was confirmed in several ways, including ATP synthesis in the dark due to an acid-to-base transition of thylakoids, and photophosphorylation accomplished in artificial lipid vesicles containing both the proton-pumping bacterial rhodopsin and a mitochondrial ATPase complex. The now generally accepted chemiosmotic interpretation is able to clarify some other aspects of photosynthesis as well.
On 2-D recursive LMS algorithms using ARMA prediction for ADPCM encoding of images

A two-dimensional (2D) linear predictor which has an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) representation well as a bias term is adapted for adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM) encoding of nonnegative images. The predictor coefficients are updated by using a 2D recursive LMS (TRLMS) algorithm. A constraint on optimum values for the convergence factors and an updating algorithm based on the constraint are developed. The coefficient updating algorithm can be modified with a stability control factor. This realization can operate in real time and in the spatial domain. A comparison of three different types of predictors is made for real images. ARMA predictors show improved performance relative to an AR algorithm. >
Concerted and Nonconcerted Evolution of the Hsp70 Gene Superfamily in Two Sibling Species of Nematodes

We have identified the Hsp70 gene superfamily of the nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae and investigated the evolution of these genes in comparison with Hsp70 genes from C. elegans, Drosophila, and yeast. The Hsp70 genes are classified into three monophyletic groups according to their subcellular localization, namely, cytoplasm (CYT), endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria (MT). The Hsp110 genes can be classified into the polyphyletic CYT group and the monophyletic ER group. The different Hsp70 and Hsp110 groups appeared to evolve following the model of divergent evolution. This model can also explain the evolution of the ER and MT genes. On the other hand, the CYT genes are divided into heat-inducible and constitutively expressed genes. The constitutively expressed genes have evolved more or less following the birth-and-death process, and the rates of gene birth and gene death are different between the two nematode species. By contrast, some heat-inducible genes show an intraspecies phylogenetic clustering. This suggests that they are subject to sequence homogenization resulting from gene conversion-like events. In addition, the heat-inducible genes show high levels of sequence conservation in both intra-species and inter-species comparisons, and in most cases, amino acid sequence similarity is higher than nucleotide sequence similarity. This indicates that purifying selection also plays an important role in maintaining high sequence similarity among paralogous Hsp70 genes. Therefore, we suggest that the CYT heat-inducible genes have been subjected to a combination of purifying selection, birth-and-death process, and gene conversion-like events.
In Vitro Susceptibility Studies with Josamycin and Erythromycin

The in vitro activity of josamycin and erythromycin against five bacterial species was compared. In general, erythromycin was slightly more active by weight than josamycin, although both agents had a similar range of activity.
Complex-valued analysis of arterial spin labeling-based functional magnetic resonance imaging signals

Cerebral blood flow-dependent phase differences between tagged and control arterial spin labeling images are reported. A biophysical model is presented to explain the vascular origin of this difference. Arterial spin labeling data indicated that the phase difference is largest when the arterial component of the signals is preserved but is greatly reduced as the arterial contribution is suppressed by postinversion delays or flow-crushing gradients. Arterial vasculature imaging by saturation data of activation and hypercapnia conditions showed increases in phase accompanying blood flow increases. An arterial spin labeling functional magnetic resonance imaging study yielded significant activation by magnitude-only, phase-only, and complex analyses when preserving the whole arterial spin labeling signal. After suppression of the arterial signal by postinversion delays, magnitude-only and complex models yielded similar activation levels, but the phase-only model detected nearly no activation. When flow crushers were used for arterial suppression, magnitude-only activation was slightly lower and fluctuations in phase were dramatically higher than when postinversion delays were used.
Energy of the Conduction Band in Near Critical Point Fluids

The study of the evolution of the conduction band in dense gases and supercritical fluids near the critical point has been complicated by a lack of precise experimental measurements. Both photoemission from an electrode immersed in the fluid and field ionization of a molecule doped into the fluid have been used to probe solvent density effects on the energy of an excess electron as a function of fluid number density and temperature. In this perspective, we present recent experimental results that show a strong critical point effect on the minimum conduction band energy near the critical density and temperature of a fluid. We also discuss the recent development of a new theoretical model that advances our understanding of the density and temperature dependence of the conduction band minimum in near critical point fluids.
Invisible Africa: information traffic patterns as illustrated by technical training, the Internet, African mail systems, Baywatch, and books

While serious efforts are underway to improve the information infrastructure of the developing world, major shortcomings in information flow continue to make much of Africa invisible to the rest of the world, and invisible to itself. Whether it is where managers go for technical training, the fight for reliable phone lines, old patterns of mail delivery, new patterns of television broadcasting (e.g. cheap shows such as Baywatch), or the daily struggles to publish basic books, information flows are reduced or totally eliminated by a combination of economic and technical forces. The Internet creates significant opportunities for improvements in information flow, but it should be seen as just one of many information flows. It will not be enough to suddenly make Africa visible to the rest of the world.
DksA: a critical component of the transcription initiation machinery that potentiates the regulation of rRNA promoters by ppGpp and the initiating NTP.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription is regulated primarily at the level of initiation from rRNA promoters. The unusual kinetic properties of these promoters result in their specific regulation by two small molecule signals, ppGpp and the initiating NTP, that bind to RNA polymerase (RNAP) at all promoters. We show here that DksA, a protein previously unsuspected as a transcription factor, is absolutely required for rRNA regulation. In ΔdksA mutants, rRNA promoters are unresponsive to changes in amino acid availability, growth rate, or growth phase. In vitro, DksA binds to RNAP, reduces open complex lifetime, inhibits rRNA promoter activity, and amplifies effects of ppGpp and the initiating NTP on rRNA transcription, explaining the dksA requirement in vivo. These results expand our molecular understanding of rRNA transcription regulation, may explain previously described pleiotropic effects of dksA, and illustrate how transcription factors that do not bind DNA can nevertheless potentiate RNAP for regulation.
Transient ventricular tachycardia following the valsalva maneuver in a patient with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia

T HE Valsalva maneuver is occasionally useful in the treatment of paroxysmal tachycardia.’ To our knoweldge, this is the first case report in which this maneuver appeared to produce transient ventricular tachycardia while it simultaneously relieved the paroxysmal auricular tachycardia. It is of interest that spontaneous reversion of paroxysmal auricular tachycardia to normal sinus rhythm is sometimes accompanied by transient ventricular arrhythmias.2J More common methods used to convert paroxysmal auricular tachycardia, such as carotid sinus stimulation, ocular pressure, Mecholyl, and neostigmine, also at times produce ventricular arrhythmias.4-6
Visual vs. Spatial Contributions to Microsaccades and Visual-Spatial Working Memory

Microsaccade rates and directions were monitored while observers performed a visual working memory task at varying retinal eccentricities. We show that microsaccades generate no interference in a working memory task, indicating that spatial working memory is at least partially insulated from oculomotor activity. Intervening tasks during the memory interval affected microsaccade patterns; microsaccade frequency was consistently higher during concurrent spatial tapping (no visual component) than during exposure to dynamic visual noise (no task). Average microsaccade rate peaked after appearance of a fixation cross at the start of a trial, and dipped at cue onset and offset, consistent with previous results. Direction of stimuli in choice tasks did not influence microsaccade direction, however.
Sociologia econômica: hoje e amanhã

Balanco a respeito do renascimento contemporâneo da sociologia economica, que busca diferenciar as feicoes assumidas nos Estados Unidos e na Europa, com enfase nos trabalhos e nos modelos conceituais de seus respectivos pioneiros (Granovetter, "enraizamento" e redes; Bourdieu, habitus, campo, interesse e capital), realcando as novas frentes de investigacao (mercados, firmas, financas, direito e estratificacao) e, ao mesmo tempo, evidenciando os ligamentos dessa especialidade com a agenda classica inaugurada por Marx, Weber, Schumpeter e outros.
Accuracy and precision of cone-beam computed tomography guided intensity modulated radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose To assess the accuracy and precision of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-guided intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Methods and Materials A 7-field intensity modulated radiation therapy plan was constructed for an anthropomorphic head phantom loaded with a custom cassette containing radiochromic film. The phantom was positioned on the treatment table at 9 locations: 1 "correct" position and 8 "misaligned" positions along 3 orthogonal axes. A commercial kilovoltage cone-beam computed tomography (kV-CBCT) system (VolumeView, Elekta AB, Stockholm, Sweden) was then used to align the phantom prior to plan delivery. The treatment plan was delivered using the radiation therapy delivery system (Infinity; Elekta AB) 3 times for each of the 9 positions, allowing film measurement of the delivered dose distribution in 3 orthogonal planes. Comparison of the planned and delivered dose profiles along the major axes provided an estimate of the accuracy and precision of CBCT-guided IMRT. Results On average, targeting accuracy was found to be within 1 mm in all 3 major anatomic planes. Over all 54 measured dose profiles, the means and standard errors of the displacement of the center of the field between the measured and calculated profiles for each of the right-left, anterior-posterior, and superior-inferior axes were +0.08 ± 0.07 mm, +0.60 ± 0.08 mm, and +0.78 ± 0.16 mm, respectively. Agreement between planned and measured 80% profiles was less than 0.4 mm on either side along the right-left axis. A systematic shift of the measured profile of slightly less than 1 mm in anterior and superior directions was noted along the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, respectively. Conclusions Submillimeter targeting accuracy can be achieved using a commercial kV-CBCT IGRT system.