cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Short homology-directed repair using optimized Cas9 in the pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans enables rapid gene deletion and tagging.

Cryptococcus neoformans, the most common cause of fungal meningitis, is a basidiomycete haploid budding yeast with a complete sexual cycle. Genome modification by homologous recombination is feasible using biolistic transformation and long homology arms, but the method is arduous and unreliable. Recently, multiple groups have reported the use of CRISPR-Cas9 as an alternative to biolistics, but long homology arms are still necessary, limiting the utility of this method. Since the S. pyogenes Cas9 derivatives used in prior studies were not optimized for expression in C. neoformans, we designed, synthesized, and tested a fully C. neoformans-optimized (Cno) Cas9. We found that a Cas9 harboring only common C. neoformans codons and a consensus C. neoformans intron together with a TEF1 promoter and terminator and a nuclear localization signal (Cno CAS9 or "CnoCAS9") reliably enabled genome editing in the widely used KN99α C. neoformans strain. Furthermore, editing was accomplished using donors harboring short (50 bp) homology arms attached to marker DNAs produced with synthetic oligonucleotides and PCR amplification. We also demonstrated that prior stable integration of CnoCAS9 further enhances both transformation and homologous recombination efficiency; importantly, this manipulation does not impact virulence in animals. We also implemented a universal tagging module harboring a codon-optimized fluorescent protein (mNeonGreen) and a tandem Calmodulin Binding Peptide-2X FLAG Tag that allows for both localization and purification studies of proteins for which the corresponding genes are modified by short homology-directed recombination. These tools enable short-homology genome engineering in C. neoformans.
RockNER: A Simple Method to Create Adversarial Examples for Evaluating the Robustness of Named Entity Recognition Models

To audit the robustness of named entity recognition (NER) models, we propose RockNER, a simple yet effective method to create natural adversarial examples. Specifically, at the entity level, we replace target entities with other entities of the same semantic class in Wikidata; at the context level, we use pre-trained language models (e.g., BERT) to generate word substitutions. Together, the two levels of at- tack produce natural adversarial examples that result in a shifted distribution from the training data on which our target models have been trained. We apply the proposed method to the OntoNotes dataset and create a new benchmark named OntoRock for evaluating the robustness of existing NER models via a systematic evaluation protocol. Our experiments and analysis reveal that even the best model has a significant performance drop, and these models seem to memorize in-domain entity patterns instead of reasoning from the context. Our work also studies the effects of a few simple data augmentation methods to improve the robustness of NER models.
Necessary and Sufficient Girth Conditions for LDPC Tanner Graphs with Denser Protographs

This paper gives necessary and sufficient conditions for the Tanner graph of a quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) code based on the all-one protograph to have girth 6, 8, 10, and 12, respectively, in the case of parity-check matrices with column weight 4. These results are a natural extension of the girth results of the already-studied cases of column weight 2 and 3, and it is based on the connection between the girth of a Tanner graph given by a parity-check matrix and the properties of powers of the product between the matrix and its transpose. The girth conditions can be easily incorporated into fast algorithms that construct codes of desired girth between 6 and 12; our own algorithms are presented for each girth, together with constructions obtained from them and corresponding computer simulations. More importantly, this paper emphasizes how the girth conditions of the Tanner graph corresponding to a parity-check matrix composed of circulants relate to the matrix obtained by adding (over the integers) the circulant columns of the parity-check matrix. In particular, we show that imposing girth conditions on a parity-check matrix is equivalent to imposing conditions on a square circulant submatrix obtained from it.
Sex differences in learning from exploration.

Sex-based modulation of cognitive processes could set the stage for individual differences in vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders. While value-based decision making processes in particular have been proposed to be influenced by sex differences, the overall correct performance in decision making tasks often show variable or minimal differences across sexes. Computational tools allow us to uncover latent variables that define different decision making approaches, even in animals with similar correct performance. Here, we quantify sex differences in mice in the latent variables underlying behavior in a classic value-based decision making task: a restless 2-armed bandit. While male and female mice had similar accuracy, they achieved this performance via different patterns of exploration. Male mice tended to make more exploratory choices overall, largely because they appeared to get 'stuck' in exploration once they had started. Female mice tended to explore less but learned more quickly during exploration. Together, these results suggest that sex exerts stronger influences on decision making during periods of learning and exploration than during stable choices. Exploration during decision making is altered in people diagnosed with addictions, depression, and neurodevelopmental disabilities, pinpointing the neural mechanisms of exploration as a highly translational avenue for conferring sex-modulated vulnerability to neuropsychiatric diagnoses.
Iterative Causal Discovery in the Possible Presence of Latent Confounders and Selection Bias

We present a sound and complete algorithm, called iterative causal discovery (ICD), for recovering causal graphs in the presence of latent confounders and selection bias. ICD relies on the causal Markov and faithfulness assumptions and recovers the equivalence class of the underlying causal graph. It starts with a complete graph, and consists of a single iterative stage that gradually refines this graph by identifying conditional independence (CI) between connected nodes. Independence and causal relations entailed after any iteration are correct, rendering ICD anytime. Essentially, we tie the size of the CI conditioning set to its distance on the graph from the tested nodes, and increase this value in the successive iteration. Thus, each iteration refines a graph that was recovered by previous iterations having smaller conditioning sets -- a higher statistical power -- which contributes to stability. We demonstrate empirically that ICD requires significantly fewer CI tests and learns more accurate causal graphs compared to FCI, FCI+, and RFCI algorithms.
Learning-to-learn non-convex piecewise-Lipschitz functions

We analyze the meta-learning of the initialization and step-size of learning algorithms for piecewise-Lipschitz functions, a non-convex setting with applications to both machine learning and algorithms. Starting from recent regret bounds for the exponential forecaster on losses with dispersed discontinuities, we generalize them to be initialization-dependent and then use this result to propose a practical meta-learning procedure that learns both the initialization and the step-size of the algorithm from multiple online learning tasks. Asymptotically, we guarantee that the average regret across tasks scales with a natural notion of task-similarity that measures the amount of overlap between near-optimal regions of different tasks. Finally, we instantiate the method and its guarantee in two important settings: robust meta-learning and multi-task data-driven algorithm design.
Scalable Molecular GW Calculations: Valence and Core Spectra

We present a scalable implementation of the GW approximation using Gaussian atomic orbitals to study the valence and core ionization spectroscopies of molecules. The implementation of the standard spectral decomposition approach to the screened-Coulomb interaction, as well as a contour-deformation method, is described. We have implemented both of these approaches using the robust variational fitting approximation to the four-center electron repulsion integrals. We have utilized the MINRES solver with the contour-deformation approach to reduce the computational scaling by 1 order of magnitude. A complex heuristic in the quasiparticle equation solver further allows a speed-up of the computation of core and semicore ionization energies. Benchmark tests using the GW100 and CORE65 data sets and the carbon 1s binding energy of the well-studied ethyl trifluoroacetate, or ESCA molecule, were performed to validate the accuracy of our implementation. We also demonstrate and discuss the parallel performance and computational scaling of our implementation using a range of water clusters of increasing size.
Disability and Contemporary Performance: Bodies on the Edge

Disability and Contemporary Performance presents a remarkable challenge to existing assumptions about disability and artistic practice. In particular, it explores where cultural knowledge about disability leaves off, and the lived experience of difference begins. Petra Kuppers, herself an award-winning artist and theorist, investigates the ways in which disabled performers challenge, change and work with current stereotypes through their work. She explores freak show fantasies and 'medical theatre' as well as live art, webwork, theatre, dance, photography and installations, to cast an entirely new light on contemporary identity politics and aesthetics. This is an outstanding exploration of some of the most pressing issues in performance, cultural and disability studies today, written by a leading practitioner and critic.
The theory and practice of group psychotherapy

This book first appeared in 1970 and has gone into two further editions, one in 1975 and this one in 1985. Yalom is also the author of Existential Psychotherapy (1980), In-patient Group Psychotherapy (1983), the co-author with Lieberman of Encounter Groups: First Facts (1973) and with Elkin of Every Day Gets a Little Closer: A Twice-Told Therapy (1974) (which recounts the course of therapy from the patient's and the therapist's viewpoint). The present book is the central work of the set and seems to me the most substantial. It is also one of the most readable of his works because of its straightforward style and the liberal use of clinical examples.
Cortical Granules of Sea Urchin Eggs do not Undergo Exocytosis at the Site of Sperm-egg Fusion*. (cortical granules/fertilization/sea urchin/polarity/exocytosis)

Microscopic observations of sea urchin egg fertilization (phase contrast, Nomarski and transmission electron microscope) reveal that the cortical granules in the area of sperm egg-fusion do not undergo exocytosis. These intact granules remain associated with the sperm, moving into the egg cytoplasm with the entering sperm. This sperm-cortical granule association occurs before the sperm centriole affects microtubule organization and the sperm-cortical granule association is not affected by cytochalasin D or griseofulvin. We discuss the possibility that a reorganization of the egg cytoplasm ensues from the sperm-egg interaction at the site of sperm-egg fusion. Other possibilities are that the retention of cortical granules is not related to egg reorganization, but is necessary for successful sperm incorporation or reflects an unrelated component of the activation process.
On the Efficient Market Equilibrium and the Pricing of Equities: A Fundamental Approach to Real Time Pricing

The extraordinary events of September 2008 suggest that the prevailing framework of financial economics, namely the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH), is not effective in helping investors protect their savings against poorly priced investments. Following a careful study, it is suggested that swift market adjustments and real time asset pricing could more effectively be understood using advanced fundamental analysis, where the ratios of return to risk measures are in equilibrium. The model expands on time tested finance principles to account for continuous changes in expected returns, from which adjustments to asset values can be gauged in real time. The efficient market equilibrium is a quantifiable market condition that is used to compare value between any two investments based simply on their expected return and risk distributions. From this, follow the computation of real time discount rates which are in agreement with the spirit of CAPM, the pricing of equities in real time, the analysis of price adjustments in real time and the understanding of bull and bear markets in real time as warranted by experience. The conclusion is that swift price adjustments including panics, are more effectively understood using advanced fundamental analysis, whenever price ratios deviate from their equilibrium.
Organizational and managerial correlates of radical technological innovation

Interview data from eight radical technological innovation projects suggest the following factors as contributing to project success: strong support of committed champions; individual characteristics of those champions; accessibility and support by top management; and significant or serendipitous events. Factors acting to suppress technical project progress were: corporate culture; and current requirements on operating units.
Medical Eschatologies: The Christian Spirit of Hospital Protocol

If much has been written of the forms of bodiliness reinforced by hospitals, less attention has been paid to the medicalization of the soul. The medical management of death institutionalizes divisions between body and soul, and matter and spirit, infusing end-of-life care with latent Christian theological presumptions. The invisibility of these presumptions is partly sustained by projecting religiosity on those who endorse other cosmologies, while retaining for medicine a mask of secular science. Stories of conflict with non-Christian patients force these presumptions into visibility, suggesting alternative ethics of care and mourning rooted in other understandings. In this article, I explore one such story. Considering the story as an allegory for how matter and spirit figure in contemporary postmortem disciplines, I suggest that it exposes both the operation of a taboo against mixing material and spiritual agendas, and an assumption that appropriate mourning is oriented toward symbolic homage, rather than concern for the material welfare of the dead.
Nutrient intake and digestion as influenced by wash water solids as a protein source for lambs fed orchardgrass hay.

Two experiments were conducted with sheep fed orchardgrass hay plus one of four supplements to evaluate use of a cheese processing wash water solid (WWS) material as a protein supplement. In both trials, lambs were fed either a cornstarch control (0% WWS-N) or a protein supplement containing 25,50 or 75% N from WWS (25,50 or 75% WWS-N, respectively). The majority of the remaining protein was supplied by soybean meal (SBM). Trial 1 was a replicated 4 x 4 extra-period Latin square. Protein supplementation increased total tract NDF and N digestibilities (P < .IO) 13% and 29%, respectively, compared with the cornstarch control. Total tract N digestibility was depressed (P < .lo) when 75% WWS-N (71.5%) vs 25 or 50% WWS-N (75.9 and 75.9%, respectively) was fed. Total VFA were depressed (P < .lo) 6 and 9 h postfeeding in sheep fed 75% WWS-N compared with the control (78.3 and 74.6 mM vs 98.8 and 94.6 mM for 6 and 9 h, respectively). Two hours postfeeding, lambs fed control had lower (P < .IO) ruminal pH compared with lambs fed 25, 50 and 75% WWS-N (6.2 vs 6.4, 6.5 and 6.5, respectively). Ruminal ammonia concentrations were 5 to 10 mg/d lower (P < .lo) at all times in control lambs. In Trial 2, a metabolism study, feeding 75% WS-N resulted in lower N digestibility (P < .lo) than did feeding 25% and 50% WWS-N (47.2 vs 56.4 and 55.2%. respectively). Data suggest that up to 50% of the SBM-N in a protein supplement for wethers may be replaced by WWS-N without adversely altering nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation or N metabolism.
Miniaturized and reconfigurable instrumentation for multipurpose survey with a Mini Autonomous Underwater Vehicle MAUVE-project

The overall objective of the MAUVE project is to develop and validate at sea a miniaturized, reconfigurable, mobile and autonomous instrumented vehicle, dedicated to multipurpose survey, in particular in coastal waters. It will be characterized by coherent integration of a compact automatic multiparameter measurement module with a very small autonomous underwater vehicle, enabling sensor-driven navigation. Such a demonstrator, derived from an existing "torpedo-shaped" AUV (CALAS), will be developed and validated at sea in Mediterranean coastal waters, within two configurations. However, the potentialities of the "MAUVE" project open a much wider spectrum of potential applications, ranging from the monitoring of sub-ice conditions to the surveillance of various dumping sites, through the inspection of the quality of bathing waters.
A comparison of the retention of three endodontic dowel systems following different surface treatments.

PURPOSE Practitioners have several options during the selection of a dowel for core restoration, including metal and glass fiber materials. Retention of the cemented dowel is critical for the success of this type of restoration. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of two surface treatments on the retention of three types of dowels placed into prepared canals with a resin cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following the removal of the clinical crown, gutta percha was used to restore canals prepared to size 40 in 90 extracted human anterior teeth. The access openings were then sealed, and the teeth stored in water for 3 weeks at 37 degrees C. Post preparations were made to a depth of 9 mm, and parallel ParaPost, FibreKleer, and FibreKor dowels were each used to restore 30 teeth. Ten dowels in each group received no surface roughening treatment, 10 were air abraded with 50 mu aluminum oxide, and 10 were air abraded with CoJet. The specimens were stored in water for 24 hours at 37 degrees C following dowel placement and prior to debonding with an Instron Testing Machine. RESULTS The forces (N) required in tensile load to dislodge the dowels for each group were: ParaPost/CoJet 214.04 +/- 91.72, FibreKleer/AlOxide 196.07 +/- 57.69, ParaPost/AlOxide 184.46 +/- 35.05, FibreKleer/CoJet 176.36 +/- 42.43, FibreKor/AlOxide 174.32 +/- 53.64, ParaPost/Unroughened 174.14 +/- 40.74, FibreKor/CoJet 167.16 +/- 35.94, FibreKor/Unroughened 116.69 +/- 37.01, and FibreKleer/Unroughened 96.88 +/- 33.45. Post hoc analysis demonstrated that the unroughened FibreKor and FibreKleer dowels had significantly less retention than all other test groups (p < or = 0.05). CONCLUSION Surface roughening with air abrasion increases retention in dowels cemented with a resin cement. Both the aluminum oxide and CoJet systems were equally effective in this regard.
Two Dogmas of Naturalized Epistemology1

This essay is not concerned exclusively with procedure. In addition to developing and promoting an alternative methodology, I will also be utilizing it to defend, systematically, an unfashionable proposition nowadays. This is the proposition that the question of how a particular judgment, on a particular occasion, is to be justified, is independent of the question of how that judgment comes to be formed by the individual who forms it. This thesis, which I shall call j-in-dependence, is deplored in certain (self-styled as ‘naturalized’) schools of epistemology. Its denial is one of the two dogmas of this essay's title. The other dogma is the metaphysical one on which it rests, which I shall call personalism.
The use of perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange to improve ventilation and decrease mortality after inhalation injury in a neonatal swine model

Patients with tracheobronchial disease frequently require mechanical ventilation during therapy and experience iatrogenic complications such as barotrauma and volutrauma. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange (PAGE) results in lower ventilatory pressures and more efficient ventilation than that provided by conventional ventilation after tracheobronchial mucosal injury caused by smoke inhalation in neonatal piglets. Ten piglets were used for this prospective, randomized study. After administration of a severe smoke inhalation injury, the piglets were randomly assigned to either the perfluorocarbon or control groups. Group 1 served as the control population and received standard (time-cycled, volume-limited) mechanical ventilation. Ventilator settings were adjusted to maintain physiological pH and PO2 at the lowest tidal volume, rate, and end-expiratory pressure possible throughout the study period. Group 2 was administered intratracheal perfluorocarbon as well as identical mechanical ventilation to attain the same physiological pH and PO2. Oxygenation index, peak and mean airway pressures, and arterial blood gas levels were measured throughout the study period and subjected to statistical analysis. Histological comparison of airway and parenchymal tissues confirmed identical patterns of smoke injury in both groups. Carbon monoxide levels were the same in both groups. There was significant barotrauma and volutrauma in the control group, but none in the PAGE group. All controls died from 13 to 17 hours after injury; one PAGE pig died at 23 hours with all others surviving past 24 hours (P = .0021). Peak, plateau, and mean airway pressures were all significantly higher (P < .05) past 12 hours after injury and continued to increase until death in the controls. Arterial blood gases showed significantly (P < .05) decreased pH, PO2, and elevated PcO2 levels in the control group past 12 hours after injury. The oxygenation index was significantly elevated (P < .05) in the control group past 12 hours after injury. PAGE shows potential for improving ventilation and survival immediately after severe smoke inhalation injury and may have clinical applications in other nonhomogeneous lung injuries.
Cloning of the Human Phospholipase C-γ1 Promoter and Identification of a DR6-type Vitamin D-responsive Element *

The 5′-flanking region of the human phospholipase C-γ1 gene was isolated from a human P1 genomic DNA library. The S1-nuclease mapping and primer extension analysis revealed that there is a single transcriptional start site located at 135 bases upstream from the translation start codon in the human phospholipase C-γ1 gene. DNA sequence analysis showed that the sequence around the transcriptional start site is very GC-rich and has no TATA box. The fragment +135 to −877 in the 5′-flanking region of the human phospholipase C-γ1 gene was subcloned into a luciferase reporter vector. The chimeric gene produced a high level of luciferase activity and responded to 1,25-(OH)2D3 in transiently transfected human keratinocytes. Deletion and mutation studies of the fragment +135 to −877 demonstrated a vitamin D-responsive element that contains a motif arranged as two direct repeats separated by 6 bases (DR6), AGGTCAgaccacTGGACA, located between −786 and −803 base pairs. Incubation of the oligonucleotide containing the DR6 with keratinocyte nuclear extracts produced a specific protein-DNA complex that shifted to a higher molecular weight form upon the addition of an antibody specific to the 1,25-(OH)2D3 receptor. Therefore, the 5′-flanking region of the human phospholipase C-γ1 gene confers promoter activity and contains a DR6-type vitamin D-responsive element that mediates, at least in part, the enhanced expression of this gene in human keratinocytes by 1,25-(OH)2D3.
Addendum to concerns about professional schools

Summary The present research adds to the October 2004 comments in the American Psychologist of Templer and Arikawa who reported that traditional clinical psychology graduate students had greatly higher mean GRE scores than professional school students. The traditional and professional students had mean undergraduate GPAs of 3.62 (SD = .13) and 3.36 (SD = .14), respectively. The mean respective percentages of applicants to 148 traditional and 50 professional programs accepted were 10.4 (SD = 9.5) and 44.4 (SD = 19.5), respectively.
Molecular features of neonicotinoid pharmacophore variants interacting with the insect nicotinic receptor.

Molecular interactions of neonicotinoid insecticides with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor have been mapped by chemical and structural neurobiology approaches, thereby encouraging the biorational design of novel nicotinic ligands. This investigation designs, prepares, and evaluates the target site potency of neonicotinoid analogues with various types of electronegative pharmacophores and subsequently predicts their molecular recognition in the ligand-binding pocket. The N-nitroimino (═NNO2) neonicotinoid pharmacophore is systematically replaced by N-nitrosoimino (═NNO), N-formylimino [═NC(O)H], N-alkyl- and N-arylcarbonylimino [═NC(O)R], and N-alkoxy- and N-aryloxycarbonylimino [═NC(O)OR] variants. The ═NNO analogues essentially retain the binding affinity of the ═NNO2 compounds, while the isosteric ═NC(O)H congeners have diminished potency. The ═NC(O)R and ═NC(O)OR analogues, where R is methyl, trifluoromethyl, phenyl, or pyridin-3-yl, have moderate to high affinities. Orientation of the tip oxygen p...
Reorganization of functional brain maps after exercise training: Importance of cerebellar-thalamic-cortical pathway.

Abstract Exercise training (ET) causes functional and morphologic changes in normal and injured brain. While studies have examined effects of short-term (same day) training on functional brain activation, less work has evaluated effects of long-term training, in particular treadmill running. An improved understanding is relevant as changes in neural reorganization typically require days to weeks, and treadmill training is a component of many neurorehabilitation programs. Adult, male rats (n = 10) trained to run for 40 min/day, 5 days/week on a Rotarod treadmill at 11.5 cm/s, while control animals (n = 10) walked for 1 min/day at 1.2 cm/s. Six weeks later, [14C]-iodoantipyrine was injected intravenously during treadmill walking. Regional cerebral blood flow-related tissue radioactivity was quantified by autoradiography and analyzed in the three-dimensionally reconstructed brain by statistical parametric mapping. Exercised compared to nonexercised rats demonstrated increased influence of the cerebellar–thalamic–cortical (CbTC) circuit, with relative increases in perfusion in deep cerebellar nuclei (medial, interposed, lateral), thalamus (ventrolateral, midline, intralaminar), and paravermis, but with decreases in the vermis. In the basal ganglia–thalamic–cortical circuit, significant decreases were noted in sensorimotor cortex and striatum, with associated increases in the globus pallidus. Additional significant changes were noted in the ventral pallidum, superior colliculus, dentate gyrus (increases), and red nucleus (decreases). Following ET, the new dynamic equilibrium of the brain is characterized by increases in the efficiency of neural processing (sensorimotor cortex, striatum, vermis) and an increased influence of the CbTC circuit. Cerebral regions demonstrating changes in neural activation may point to alternate circuits, which may be mobilized during neurorehabilitation.
Investigation of H2 and H2S Adsorption on Niobium- and Copper-Doped Palladium Surfaces

Alloying or doping Pd may be an option for overcoming sulfur poisoning. The current investigation probes the mechanism associated with sulfur binding to determine if Nb and Cu are appropriate doping metals. In this study, the effect of doping Pd with Cu or Nb on the binding strength of H2 and H2S was investigated using plane-wave density functional theory-based electronic structure calculations to determine mechanisms of adsorption. Results of this work indicate that for pure Pd and Pd-doped surfaces, H2 dissociates with the H atoms most stable on the fcc−fcc site. The overall d-band centers calculated for H2 adsorption at the fcc−fcc site for the pure and doped-Pd surfaces indicate that the H2 adsorption strength trend is Pd > Cu > Nb. Regarding H2S adsorption on Pd and Pd-doped surfaces, it was found that Cu has a lower affinity for H2S compared to Pd and Nb. The calculation of the local density of states of the s-, p-, and d-orbitals of the adsorbate−surface complex reveals an increase in the occupatio...
New insights into scaling of fat-free mass to height across children and adults.

Objective: Forbes expressed fat-free mass (FFM, in kg) as the cube of height (H, in m): FFM = 10.3 × H3. Our objective is to examine the potential influence of gender and population ancestry on the association between FFM and height. Methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis involving an existing dataset of 279 healthy subjects (155 males and 124 females) with age 5–59 years and body mass index (BMI) 14–28 kg/m2. FFM was measured by a four-component model as the criterion. Results: Nonlinear regression models were fitted: FFM = 10.8 × H2.95 for the males and FFM = 10.1 × H2.90 for the females. The 95% confidence intervals for the exponential coefficients were (2.83, 3.07) for the males and (2.72, 3.08) for the females, both containing hypothesized value 3.0. Population ancestry adjustment was considered in the H-FFM model. The coefficient of the H-FFM model for male Asians is smaller than that for male Caucasians (P = 0.006), while there is no statistically significant difference among African-Americans, Caucasians and Hispanics: 10.6 for the males (10.1 for Asians, 10.8 for African-Americans, 10.7 for Caucasians and 10.4 for Hispanics) and 9.6 for the females (9.3 for Asians, 9.8 for African-Americans, 9.6 for Caucasians and 9.5 for Hispanics). Age adjustment was unnecessary for the coefficient of the H-FFM model. Conclusion: Height is the most important factor contributing to the magnitude of FFM across most of the lifespan, though both gender and ancestry effects are significant in the H-FFM model. The proposed H-FFM model can be further used to develop a mechanistic model to explain why population ancestry, gender and age influence the associations between BMI and %Fat. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heat treatment and turbo extractor rotational speed effects on rheological and physico-chemical properties of varietal applesauce

Abstract We studied the effect of variety, ripening and processing parameters on applesauce rheology. Four varieties at 3 ripening stages were processed into applesauce. Apples were diced, heated to 85 °C for hot break process (no heating for cold break), fed to a turbo extractor (400–1800 rpm) and hot-packed. Samples were analyzed for rheological and physico-chemical properties. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey’s test ( p ⩽ 0.05). Variety, ripening, heating and extractor speed, significantly affected sauce properties. Increasing speed produced thicker sauce. Ripening improved consistency for Crispin and Cortland cold break sauces. Hot break produced consistent quality sauce over time with 60–100% less syneresis, 4–10% higher pectin, 20–45% smaller mean particle diameter, and 30–70% higher distribution span than cold break; thus, it could overcome variations in consistency from variety and ripening. Consistency and free-liquid flow could be predicted as functions of particle size, pectin content and pectin degree of methoxylation ( R 2 = 0.80, 0.93).
Cytoplasmic inclusions of the plant-like flagellates. II

The past ten years have witnessed the first applications of two important instruments, the phase-contrast microscope and the electron microscope, to the investigation of cytological problems in phytoflagellates. One interesting development, from investigations with the electron microscope, is the emergence of more or less characteristic structural patterns for mitochondria. It is reasonable to hope that such observations may soon make it possible to resolve various cases of disputed or mistaken identity involving mitochondria and other inclusions. In addition to the increasing application of electron microscopy, the period just passed has yielded a variety of other data on the inclusions of phytoflagellates.
Drug therapy of clinical depressions—Current status and implications for research on neuropharmacology of the affective disorders

Abstract Research on neurochemistry and neuropharmacology of the affective disorders rests upon prior evidence of the therapeutic efficacy of antidepressant drugs; this paper reviews the evidence for clinical efficacy with particular attention to the role of differential response and the search for meaningful subtypes among the larger group of depressions. Three classes of drugs are generally considered to have specific antidepressant actions clinically: the amphetamines and other psychomotor stimulants, the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and the tricyclic derivatives related to imipramine. Although there remain unresolved issues as to the limits of their therapeutic efficacy and the range of their possible toxicity, controlled clinical trials and therapeutic experience indicate that significant antidepressant effects occur in moderate proportions of depressed patients. Moreover, therapeutic and research experience with these drugs indirectly supports the view that clinical depressions are composed of heterogeneous groups and considerable research efforts are now underway to identify the characteristics of depressed patients who respond differentially to one or another compound in the expectation that these differential responses can contribute to developing newer models of etiology and of nosology. The clinical investigations using antidepressant drugs have two main goals: first, clinical efficacy studies attempting to determine the overall utility of drugs and the relationship between specific drugs and patient subtypes, and second, clinical pharmacologic research attempting to test hypotheses about the neuropharmacology of affective disorders. In this, amine precursors, such as dopa and tryptophan and enzyme inhibitors, such as alphamethyl-dopa and alpha-methyl-tyrosine, have emerged as important investigational tools. Although clinical investigations with these compounds have demonstrated only limited therapeutic efficacy, through carefully designed investigation the attempt is made to indirectly test hypotheses about the role of various amines in the pathogenesis and etiology of depression.
Thermal boundary conductance between Al films and GaN nanowires investigated with molecular dynamics

GaN nanowires are being pursued for optoelectronic and high-power applications. In either use, increases in operating temperature reduce both performance and reliability making it imperative to minimize thermal resistances. Since interfaces significantly influence the thermal response of nanosystems, the thermal boundary resistance between GaN nanowires and metal contacts has major significance. In response, we have performed systematic molecular dynamics simulations to study the thermal boundary conductance between GaN nanowires and Al films as a function of nanowire dimensions, packing density, and the depth the nanowire is embedded into the metal contact. At low packing densities, the apparent Kapitza conductance between GaN nanowires and an aluminum film is shown to be larger than when contact is made between films of these same materials. This enhancement decreases toward the film-film limit, however, as the packing density increases. For densely packed nanowires, maximizing the Kapitza conductance can be achieved by embedding the nanowires into the films, as the conductance is found to be proportional to the total contact area.
A note on the existence of monetary equilibria in overlapping generations models with storage

Abstract Wallace's result for an OG model with nonstochastic storage is extended, by provision of a necessary and sufficient condition for fiat currency to be valued in equilibrium in an OG model with stochastic storage. It is shown that a monetary equilibrium exists if and only if the real rate of return on currency that would obtain in the stationary monetary equilibrium exceeds the risk-free real rate of return that obtains in the nonmonetary equilibrium.
Granulocytic sarcoma in the absence of myeloid leukemia

Granulocytic sarcoma is an extramedullary tumor composed of immature granulocytic precursor cells. It usually occurs in association with leukemia or other myeloproliferative disorders but can occur without overt hematologic disease. We describe a 6-year-old boy with granulocytic sarcoma in the absence of demonstrable hematologic disease and review the literature regarding the diagnosis, clinical associations, and treatment of this condition.
Tubulin, Gq, and Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Interact to Regulate Phospholipase Cβ1 Signaling

The cytoskeletal protein, tubulin, has been shown to regulate adenylyl cyclase activity through its interaction with the specific G protein α subunits, Gαs or Gαi1. Tubulin activates these G proteins by transferring GTP and stabilizing the active nucleotide-bound Gα conformation. To study the possibility of tubulin involvement in Gαq-mediated phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) signaling, the m1 muscarinic receptor, Gαq, and PLCβ1 were expressed in Sf9 cells. A unique ability of tubulin to regulate PLCβ1 was observed. Low concentrations of tubulin, with guanine nucleotide bound, activated PLCβ1, whereas higher concentrations inhibited the enzyme. Interaction of tubulin with both Gαq and PLCβ1, accompanied by guanine nucleotide transfer from tubulin to Gαq, is suggested as a mechanism for the enzyme activation. The PLCβ1 substrate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, bound to tubulin and prevented microtubule assembly. This observation suggested a mechanism for the inhibition of PLCβ1 by tubulin, since high tubulin concentrations might prevent the access of PLCβ1 to its substrate. Activation of m1 muscarinic receptors by carbachol relaxed this inhibition, probably by increasing the affinity of Gαq for tubulin. Involvement of tubulin in the articulation between PLCβ1 signaling and microtubule assembly might prove important for the intracellular governing of a broad range of cellular events.
Phase-shift compensation of limiter amplifiers

Phase shift in limiters with signal level changes is a calculable consequence of waveshape distortion and can be eliminated by providing suitable low-frequency response to compensate for restricted high-frequency response.
Social support and self-care behaviors in individuals with heart failure: An integrative review

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this review is to examine and synthesize recent literature regarding the relationship between social support and self-care behaviors in individuals with heart failure (HF). Background Self-care is an important factor in maintaining health and well-being for individuals with heart failure. Self-care behaviors are an integral component of self-care, and may be impacted by the disease process of heart failure. However, social support may positively influence an individual's self-care behaviors by assisting with activities associated with symptom management and evaluation, as well as activities associated with maintaining heart failure-related treatment regimens. This review will synthesize the current knowledge related to the influence of social support on heart failure self-care behaviors. Design and data sources Using an integrative review method, a review of current empirical literature was conducted utilizing CINAHL, PsycARTICLES, and PubMed computerized databases for a period of January 2000 to December 2012. Thirteen studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria for review and investigated aspects of social support and heart failure self-care behaviors. Results Social support appears to have a positive relationship on heart failure self-care behaviors, with an individual's family playing an important role in assisting individuals to maintain positive self-care behaviors. Social support appears to influence both heart failure self-care maintenance and management related behaviors by assisting with maintaining treatment regimens and by participating in the decision-making process related to the management of symptoms, as well as seeking treatment for symptoms of heart failure. Conclusions All four types of social support (i.e., emotional support, instrumental/tangible support, informational support, and appraisal support) are involved in the interactive process between an individual's social network (i.e., family and peers) and the individual with heart failure to maintain self-care behaviors that enhance health and well-being. However, more research is needed, specifically longitudinal and experimental designs, to determine the effectiveness of social support on self-care behaviors in individuals with heart failure, since this review revealed mostly cross-sectional, correlational studies which limits the ability to infer causality.
Method for Turbocharging Single Cylinder Four Stroke Engines

This paper presents a feasibility study of a method for turbocharging single cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engines. Turbocharging is not conventionally used with single cylinder engines because of the timing mismatch between when the turbo is powered, during the exhaust stroke, and when it can deliver air to the cylinder, during the intake stroke. The proposed solution involves an air capacitor on the intake side of the engine between the compressor and the intake valves. The capacitor acts as a buffer and would be implemented as a new style of intake manifold with a larger volume than traditional systems. In order for the air capacitor to be practical, it needs to be sized large enough to maintain turbo pressure, cause minimal turbo lag and significantly increase the density of intake air. By creating multiple flow models of air through the turbocharged engine system, we found that the optimal size air capacitor is between four and five times the engine capacity. For a capacitor sized for a one-liter engine, the lag time was found to be approximately two seconds, which would be acceptable for slowly accelerating applications such as tractors, or steady state applications such as generators. The density increase that can be achieved in the capacitor, compared to air at standard ambient temperature and pressure, was found to vary between fifty percent for adiabatic compression and no heat transfer from the capacitor, to eighty percent for perfect heat transfer. These increases in density are proportional to, to first order, the anticipated power increases that could be realized with a turbocharger and air capacitor system applied to a single cylinder, four-stroke engine. NOMENCLATURE A Cross sectional area of connecting tube D Diameter of connecting tube F Friction factor K Minor losses L Length of connecting tube mc Mass of gas inside the capacitor
New High-Temperature Ceramic Fiber

A recently developed alumina-zirconia ceramic fiber provides excellent mechanical properties and shows good retention of those properties after exposure to high temperatures. The fiber, which is referred to as PRD-166, has a tensile strength of over 2100 MPa at 380 GPa modulus. After exposure to 1400 C in air for 100 h, the retained room tensile strength is over 1400 MPa and the modulus remains at 380 GPa. The development of this material was the result of an effort to produce a high-strength oxide ceramic fiber suitable for reinforcement of metal, glass, and ceramic matrix composites. Most currently available oxide fibers suffer severe loss of properties when exposed to the fabrication conditions of these composites. This paper reviews the mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of the new fiber, as well as the mechanisms for strength retention.
Electromotive force studies in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures — XII: The thermodynamic properties of HClCsClBaCl2 mixtures☆

Abstract E.M.F. measurements of the cell Pt-H 2 ( p = 1) HCl( m 3 ), CsCl( m 3 , BaCl 2 ( m 4 ) AgCl, Ag have been combined with isopiestic measurements of the system CsClBaCl 2 to calculate the thermodynamic properties of each of the electrolytes in aqueous HclCsClBaCl 2 mixtures. In contrast to the HClCsCl and HClBaCl 2 mixtures the activity coefficient of the HCl in the quaternary mixtures does not obey Harned's rule. The measurements made in the HClCsClBaCl 2 mixtures are entirely consistent with those made previously in the two ternary mixtures.
Sampling for Purgeable Organic Compounds Using Positive‐Displacement Piston and Centrifugal Submersible Pumps: A Comparative Study

Positive-displacement piston pumps that minimize sample agitation have no apparent advantage over centrifugal submersible pumps when used to collect ground water samples for analysis of low concentrations of purge-able organic compounds. Analytical uncertainties inherent in laboratory environments appear to influence analytical results of low-concentration purgeable organic compound samples more than either pump type or sampling team. Centrifugal submersible pumps are at least equally efficient as positive-displacement piston pumps in the recovery of carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform after sampling and analytical influences are made constant.
Immunoblastic Lymphadenopathy Presenting as an Acute Abdomen and Mixed Bacteremia with Eikenella Corrodens and Group C Streptococci

Eikenella corrodens and group C streptococci have been noted to occur with increased frequency in patients with underlying malignancies and immunosuppressive states. We report a case where these organisms were isolated from a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy and discuss the possible association between these two conditions.
A novel Cdc42Hs mutant induces cellular transformation

Cdc42Hs is a small GTPase of the Rho-subfamily, which regulates signaling pathways that influence cell morphology and polarity, cell-cycle progression and transcription. An essential role for Cdc42Hs in cell growth regulation has been suggested by the finding that the Dbl oncoprotein is an upstream activator-a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF)-for Cdc42Hs, and that activated mutants of the closely related GTPases Rac and Rho are transforming. As we were unable to obtain significant over-expression of GTPase-defective Cdc42Hs mutants, we have generated a mutant, Cdc42Hs(F28L), which can undergo spontaneous GTP-GDP exchange while maintaining full GTPase activity, and thus should exhibit functional activities normally imparted by Dbl. In cultured fibroblasts, Cdc42Hs(F28L) activated the c-Jun kinase (JNK1) and stimulated filopodia formation. Cells stably expressing Cdc42Hs(F28L) also exhibited several hallmarks of transformation-reduced contact inhibition, lower dependence on serum for growth, and anchorage-independent growth. Our findings indicate that Cdc42Hs plays a role in cell proliferation, and is a likely physiological mediator of Dbl-induced transformation.
Gas Chromatography for Detection of Viral Infections

Gas chromatograms of sertim extracts of dogs inoculated with canine infectious hepatitis virus showed two metabolites not observed in uninoculated animals. Chromatograms of extracts of tissue cultures of dog kidney, inoculated with viruses causing canine hepatitis, herpes, and distemper, and a parainfluenza virus similar to simian virus-5, each showed two or more different metabolites. Two of the distinguishing products from cultures inoculated with hepatitis virus were chromatographically indistinguishable from those found in serums of the animals.