cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arterial stiffness and dementia pathology: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)-PET Study

Objective Arterial stiffness has been associated with evidence of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) and fibrillar β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in the brain. These complex relationships have not been examined in racially and cognitively diverse cohorts. Methods The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)–Neurocognitive Study collected detailed cognitive testing for adjudication of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), brain MRI, and arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV, carotid-femoral [cfPWV] and heart-carotid [hcPWV]). The ARIC-PET ancillary study added Aβ imaging using florbetapir ([ 18 F]-AV-45) to obtain standardized uptake volume ratios and defined global Aβ-positivity as standardized uptake volume ratio >1.2. One-SD increase in PWV was related to brain volume, MRI-defined cSVD (e.g., cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensity), and cortical Aβ deposition adjusted for age, body mass index, sex, race, and APOE e4 status. We examined the cross-sectional relationships including interactions by race, APOE e4 status, and cognition. Results Among the 320 ARIC-PET participants (76 [5] years, 45% black, 27% MCI), greater central stiffness (hcPWV) was associated with greater Aβ deposition (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.71). Greater central stiffness (cfPWV) was significantly associated with having lower brain volumes in Alzheimer disease–susceptible regions (in mm 3 , β = −1.5 [0.7 SD], p = 0.03) and high white matter hyperintensity burden (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1). Furthermore, cfPWV was associated with a higher odds of concomitant high white matter hyperintensity and Aβ-positive scans (OR = 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–2.1). These associations were strongest among individuals with MCI and did not differ by race or APOE e4 status. Conclusions Arterial stiffness, measured by PWV, is an emerging risk factor for dementia through its repeated relationships with cognition, cSVD, and Aβ deposition.
Complements and Powers

If A and B are sets, the difference between A and B, more often known as the relative complement of B in A, is the set A – B defined by $$A - B = \left\{ {x \in A:x \in 'B} \right\}.$$
From Headache to Heartache: Ergotamine-Induced Aortic and Mitral Valvulopathy

![Figure][1] [![Graphic][3] ][3][![Graphic][4] ][4] A 47-year-old female with a 10-year history of severe migraines and extensive use of ergotamine presented with signs and symptoms of decompensated heart failure. No history of rheumatic fever or childhood illness could be
Basement membrane thickening in latent diabetes.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses basement membrane thickening in latent diabetes. The chapter describes a study involving 61 patients with latent diabetes and 61 control subjects. The mean age of the diabetic patients at time of biopsy was 34.6 years, while the mean age of the control subjects was 34.3 years. Mean basement membrane width in the 61 latent diabetic patients, adjusted for age and sex differences to 40-year old males, was 1016 A, as compared to 899 A for the control subjects. Even the 47 patients without basement membrane thickening had mean widths significantly larger than those in the control subjects. The 14 patients with basement membrane thickening had mean widths much greater than those in the control subjects. Among the 14 patients with basement membrane thickening, there was a significant correlation between basement membrane width and duration of known carbohydrate intolerance. Segmental variation in the width of basement membrane was also significantly greater in patients with latent diabetes than in control subjects.
Introduction to Symmetric Spaces and Their Compactifications

Symmetric spaces form an important class of Riemannian manifolds and arise in many fields through their relations to Lie groups. In this chapter we give a selfcontained introduction to symmetric spaces and study their compactifications using two examples, the Poincare disc and the bidisc. The Poincare disc is the most basic symmetric space and typical of symmetric spaces of rank 1, while the bidisc exhibits many of the difficulties of higher rank symmetric spaces. For compactifications of general symmetric and locally symmetric spaces, see [BJ4]. This chapter is organized as follows. In §2, we study the example of the Poincare disc and examine many different constructions of compactifications all of which coincide with the closed disc. In §3, we study the example of the bidisc, which is one of the basic examples of higher rank symmetric spaces. The purpose of this section is to point out differences and difficulties which arise in carrying out these constructions in the higher rank case. In §4, we give an introduction to symmetric spaces, covering various geometric and group-theoretic aspects. The role of Lie groups and Lie algebras is emphasized here.
CRYSTALLIZATION BEHAVIOR OF FLUOROZIRCONATE GLASSES

One of the most formidable barriers to development of fluorozirconate glasses as optical materials has been their strong tendency to devitrify either on initial cooling from the melt or on reheating above the glass transition temperature. It is the purpose of the present paper to review and assess crystallization studies that have been carried out on ZrF4-based glasses.
Not by strength alone : children's conflict expectations follow the logic of the asymmetric war of attrition.

The Asymmetric War of Attrition (AWA) model of animal conflict in evolutionary biology (Maynard Smith and Parker in Nature, 246, 15–18, 1976) suggests that an organism’s decision to withdraw from a conflict is the result of adaptations designed to integrate the expected value of winning, discounted by the expected costs that would be incurred by continuing to compete, via sensitivity to proximate cues of how quickly each side can impose costs on the other (Resource Holding Potential), and how much each side will gain by winning. The current studies examine whether human conflict expectations follow the formalized logic of this model. Children aged 6–8 years were presented with third-party conflict vignettes and were then asked to predict the likely winner. Cues of ownership, hunger, size, strength, and alliance strength were systematically varied across conditions. Results demonstrate that children’s expectations followed the logic of the AWA model, even in complex situations featuring multiple, competing cues, such that the actual relative costs and benefits that would accrue during such a conflict were reflected in children’s expectations. Control conditions show that these modifications to conflict expectations could not have resulted from more general experimental artifacts or demand characteristics. To test the selectivity of these effects to conflict, expectations of search effort were also assessed. As predicted, they yielded a different pattern of results. These studies represent one of the first experimental tests of the AWA model in humans and suggest that future research on the psychology of ownership, conflict, and value may be aided by formalized models from evolutionary biology.
Writing on Actresses and the Modern Transformation of Opera Fandom in 1910s Beijing

This article explores the modern transformation of opera fandom in early twentieth-century China through the hitherto unexamined fan literature about actresses by men of letters. Ostensibly conserv...
Science, Youth, and Integration: The Quest for Mindfulness Through Birding

This chapter presents the story of a bird habitat building project in Alaska through the University of Alaska. The meaningful purpose of youth birding in Alaska has to do with building competency in science inquiry but also the arts, which stimulates mindfulness. The logistics of developing a birding program has its own challenges, which are explored through the ways that partnerships materialized for this project. With time, we anticipate this project will serve as a conceptual model for developing inquiry in other states and the world, as birds that migrate to every location on the planet from Alaska and Polar Regions serve as an important indicator of ecosystem health in relation to climate changes and the challenges before humans.
Minimum-Energy and Error-Rate for URLLC Networks over Nakagami-m Channels: A Finite-Blocklength Analysis

The fifth generation (5G) wireless networks aim at providing a wide range of time-sensitive multimedia services and applications to satisfy usersâ€™ stringent requirements on delay-bounded quality of service (QoS). One of the important requirements for 5G multimedia wireless networks is to efficiently support the ultra-reliable and low- latency communications (URLLC). Finite blocklength coding (FBC) is a promising candidate technique to support URLLC services, where mobile users transmit short packets to upper-bound the transmission delay of multimedia traffic. In this paper, we model and analyze the packet-block error rate for URLLC under the Nakagamim fading channel in the finite blocklength regime. Then, we derive the minimum energy per bit for data transmissions in the Nakagami-m fading channel under the constraint of block error rate. To derive closed-form expressions for the minimum energy per bit, we obtain achievability and converse bounds on the minimum energy per bit, and show that these two bounds are equal to each other. Finally, we evaluate our derived minimum energy per bit in the finite blocklength regime through numerical analyses, and compare it with those under the Rayleigh fading channel and the wideband approximation, validating our derived analytical results.
OUTCOMES FOLLOWING ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY IN TYPE B ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION STRATIFIED BY RISK LEVEL

The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD) previously showed a longitudinal trend of decreasing in-hospital and 5 year post discharge mortality of Type B acute aortic dissection (TBAAD). However, this decline was not observed among the subgroup of TBAAD receiving endovascular
Pre-departure preparation for international clinical work: a handbook

International clinical experiences are increasingly popular among medical students, residents, fellows, and practitioners. Adequate pre-departure training is an integral part of a meaningful, productive, and safe international experience. At Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, we have developed a pre-departure handbook to assist practitioners in preparing for global health work. The handbook draws from current global health education literature, existing handbooks, and expert experiences, and includes information about logistical and cultural preparations. While a pre-departure handbook cannot serve as a substitute for a comprehensive pre-departure training program, it can be a useful introduction to the pre-departure process.
Biomarkers of Cellular Stress Do Not Associate with sCD14 in Progressive HIV and SIV Infections in Vivo.

Abstract Background: Microbial translocation occurs after damage to the structural and/or immunological barrier of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract into circulation. Microbial components that translocate from the lumen of the GI tract directly stimulate the immune system and contribute to inflammation. When microbial translocation becomes chronic, the inflammation has detrimental consequences. Given that microbial translocation is an important phenomenon in many diseases, defining biomarkers that reliably reflect microbial translocation is critical. Measurement of systemic microbial products is difficult since: 1) robust assays to measure microbial antigens simultaneously are lacking; 2) confounding factors influence assays used to detect microbial products; and 3) biological clearance mechanisms limit their detection in circulation. Thus, host proteins produced in response to microbial stimulation are used as surrogates for microbial translocation; however, many of these proteins are also produced in response to host proteins expressed by dying cells. Methods: We measured plasma levels of biomarkers associated with GI tract damage, immune responses to microbial products, and cell-death in people living with HIV before and after antiretroviral administration, and in macaque nonhuman primates before and after SIV infection. Results: Proteins secreted during cellular stress (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts - RAGE and high motility group box 1 -HMGB1), which can induce sCD14 production in vitro and in vivo , do not associate with elevated levels of biomarkers associated with microbial translocation in progressively HIV-infected individuals and SIV-infected NHPs. Conclusions: Bystander cell death and generalized inflammation do not contribute to elevated levels of sCD14 observed in HIV/SIV-infected individuals.
Stem Cell Therapy for Stroke

Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability and death around the world. As effectiveness of treatments for this pathology continues to advance, the number of people living with the sequelae is increasing as well. The current treatments, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and mechanical thrombectomy have improved the survival of patients in the acute setting by restoring blood flow through the brain vasculature. However, due to various complicating factors (timing of presentation, capabilities of medical centers, comorbidities of patient), not all patients receive these therapies, and for those that do, many have incurred brain damage prior to revascularization. Preclinical research over the past few decades has shown that in animal models of stroke, stem cell therapy can improve recovery and functional outcome in the post-ischemic brain. Although proven successful in preclinical trials, the clinical application of stem cells in stroke remains an area of active research to determine the effectiveness and safety profile in humans. However, studies are encouraging, and although there are many questions that remain to be answered, stem cell therapy for stroke appears to be a promising treatment for patients suffering from this devastating neurological disorder.
A New Spin on Spatial Cognition in ADHD: A Diffusion Model Decomposition of Mental Rotation.

Objectives: Multiple studies have found evidence of task non-specific slow drift rate in ADHD, and slow drift rate has rapidly become one of the most visible cognitive hallmarks of the disorder. In this study, we use the diffusion model to determine whether atypicalities in visuospatial cognitive processing exist independently of slow drift rate. Methods: Eight- to twelve-year-old children with (n = 207) and without ADHD (n = 99) completed a 144-trial mental rotation task. Results: Performance of children with ADHD was less accurate and more variable than non-ADHD controls, but there were no group differences in mean response time. Drift rate was slower, but nondecision time was faster for children with ADHD. A Rotation × ADHD interaction for boundary separation was also found in which children with ADHD did not strategically adjust their response thresholds to the same degree as non-ADHD controls. However, the Rotation × ADHD interaction was not significant for nondecision time, which would have been the primary indicator of a specific deficit in mental rotation per se. Conclusions: Poorer performance on the mental rotation task was due to slow rate of evidence accumulation, as well as relative inflexibility in adjusting boundary separation, but not to impaired visuospatial processing specifically. We discuss the implications of these findings for future cognitive research in ADHD.
Properties of Ultralight Bosons from Spins of Heavy Quasars via Superradiance.

The mass and the spin of accreting and jetted black holes, at the center of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs), can be probed by analyzing their electromagnetic spectra. For this purpose, we use the Spin-Modified Fundamental Plane of black hole activity, which non-linearly connects the following four variables (in the source frame): radio luminosity, X-ray or optical luminosity (via the [OIII] emission line), black hole mass and spin. Taking into account the uncertainties in luminosity measurements, conversion factors, relativistic beaming and physical properties of the AGN system, we derive lower bounds on the spins of a group of heavy, jetted AGNs. Using these results, we study the direct implications on the mass spectrum of the ultra-light particles of scalar (axion-like), vector (dark photon) and tensor types (additional spin-2 particles). We close unexplored gap in the parameter space $10^{-20}-10^{-19}$eV. We obtain upper bounds on the axion decay constant (equivalently lower bounds on the self-interaction strength) considering self-interactions could prevent the axion particles entering the instability, and be the reason for non-observation of superradiance. Assuming axion is described by mass and decay constant, we obtain upper limits on what fraction of dark matter can be formed by ultra-light particles and find that single spieces axion-like light particle can constitute at most $10\%$ of the dark matter in the mass range: $ 10^{-21} < \mu \, (\mathrm{eV}) < 10^{-17}$.
An unusual Barothermometer

An unusual instrument, named “Barothermometer”, belonging to the collection of Villa Vigoni, on the Como Lake, Italy, is analysed. The instrument is composed of a U-shaped thermoscope and a spirit thermometer. Both instruments have their tubes placed side-by-side on the same frame and use the same scale. It measures the air temperature and the tendency of the barometric pressure to predict weather changes. A study is made to clarify the operating principle and produce the instructions for use. The development of the ideas to which the instrument has been inspired follows a tree starting with the Galileo’s thermoscope, the Amontons air thermometer and finally the Adie sympiesometer. The measuring method is typical of the first half of the 19th century, but the construction details in aluminium, the fonts used in the printed instructions and the colour fading suggest that the instrument was built around 1930-40.
Technically together: reconstructing community in a networked world: by Taylor Dotson, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 2017, 328 pp., $34.00 (hardback), ISBN: 9780262036382

When thinking about community, it is important to recognize different definitions based on perspective and discipline. Historically, most definitions of community were geographic and place based. C...
Negative Online Ratings of Joint Replacement Surgeons: An Analysis of 6,402 Reviews.

Background With the expanding accessibility of online health-care information, patients frequently report visiting physician rating websites before choosing a surgeon. As such, it is important to analyze patients' perception of arthroplasty surgeons as reflected on physician rating websites. Methods A total of 6402 online reviews of arthroplasty surgeons were extracted for analysis. Each review rated less than 5 on a 5-point scale was deemed a "negative" review and was subsequently assigned to an appropriate category. Reviews were stratified by practice type, years in practice, gender, and low ( 3) ratings. Results A total of 6402 reviews comprising 315 physicians were included in the analysis. The average rating for all surgeons was 4.35. The average rating for physicians in private practice was 4.3, compared to 4.5 for those in an academic setting. The average rating for physicians in practice for 1-10 years was 4.46, compared to 4.03 for those with >10 years of experience (P < .001). The most common factors contributing to negative reviews were bedside manner, wait time, poor outcome, and surgeon proficiency. Surgeon-dependent factors were more commonly associated with lower rated reviews (P < .001). Conclusions Arthroplasty surgeons typically receive high online ratings, with a mean of 4.35 on a 5-point scale. Physicians in academic practice received higher ratings than those in private practice, and physicians who have been in practice for 1-10 years received higher ratings than those with more than 10 years in practice. The most common factors contributing to negative reviews are surgeon-dependent, including bedside manner, poor outcome, and surgeon proficiency.
Fibrin Glue and Conduit Form a Composite Structure in Digital Nerve Repair.

Repair of severed nerves without autograft or allograft has included suture, suture with glue alone, suture with conduit and suture with glue augmentation to conduit, where use of conduit is considered for separation of the nerve ends from 5 mm to 3 cm. Repairs must not only serve acutely to provide apposition of nerve ends but must enable the healing of the nerve. Using biological conduit can place suture at the ends of the conduit while fibrin glue alone eliminates suture but with limited strength. The combination of conduit and glue offers the growth guidance of conduit with sufficient strength from the glue to maintain the nerve within the conduit. The role of fibrin glue in the integrity of the repair remains an open question, however. We sought to determine the factors in the strength of a glue-conduit-nerve construct and include consideration of standard suture repair. Fresh-frozen cadaveric digital nerves were repaired with suture alone, with glue alone or with suture and glue together and then loaded to failure. Previously tested specimens with conduit, suture and glue were considered for comparison. The suture alone (2.02 N) and suture with glue (2.24 N) were not statistically different from each other but were statistically stronger than glue alone (0.15 N). When compared to the earlier results of the strength of conduit with glue (0.65 N), these simple results show that the glue and conduit act together. The increased area over which the glue adheres to the nerve and conduit creates a composite structure stronger than either alone.
Direct determination of cadmium and lead in pharmaceutical ingredients using anodic stripping voltammetry in aqueous and DMSO/water solutions

A new electrochemical method has been developed to detect and quantify the elemental impurities, cadmium(II) (Cd(2+)) and lead(II) (Pb(2+)), either simultaneously or individually in pharmaceutical matrices. The electro-analytical approach, involving the use of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on an unmodified glassy carbon electrode, was performed in both aqueous and in a 95/5 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/water solutions, without acid digestion or dry ashing to remove organic matrices. Limits of detection (LODs) in the μg L(-1) [or parts per billion (ppb), mass/volume] range were obtained for both heavy metals - in the presence and absence of representative pharmaceutical components. To the best of our knowledge, the work demonstrates the first analysis of heavy metals in DMSO/water solutions through ASV. The strong reproducibility and stability of the sensing platform, as well as obviation of sample pretreatment show the promise of utilizing ASV as a sensitive, robust, and inexpensive alternative to inductively-coupled-plasma (ICP)-based approaches for the analysis of elemental impurities in, e.g., pharmaceutical-related matrices.
Chapter 7 Classical and Non-Classical Routes for Alcohol Synthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the older established routes used for the industrial synthesis of particular chemical grade alcohols from hydrogen-rich synthesis gas, as well as recently developed catalysts and processes that have commercial potential for producing mixtures of fuel-grade alcohols from synthesis gas derived from sources such as coal or biomass. Methanol synthesis is a well-developed process that occurs as one of the most active (up to 2 kg methanol/kg catalyst/hr) and selective heterogeneous catalytic reactions used in an industrial process. It can be carried out as a high temperature and high pressure process over catalysts such as ZnO/Cr 2 O 3 or as a low temperature and moderature pressure (5–10 MPa) process over copper-based catalysts. While this method of catalyst modification has long been known, it is notable that the addition of alkali to these three classes of catalysts can result in the suppression of the formation of hydrocarbons, enhancement of the alcohol yields, and shifting of the selectivity toward C 2 -C 4 alcohols from H 2 -poor gas synthesis gas. Other catalyst systems are being probed for their potential in converting synthesis gas to alcohols, and these include Pd-based catalysts, such as Pd/SiO 2 ; other noble metal catalysts, such as supported Rh and Ni-based catalysts. Pathways that have been proposed for higher alcohol synthesis include CO insertion to form a C-C bond, followed by hydrogenation; homologation of methanol by CO via a symmetric intermediate and condensation of two alcohol molecules via dehydration.
Customer‐Satisfaction Research

It is well understood that customer satisfaction is a key factor determining the profitability of a firm. Thus, firms routinely conduct customer-satisfaction research to measure the satisfaction and repurchase intentions amongst its customer base. They also measure attribute-level performance to identify key drivers of overall satisfaction. This article describes the state of the art in customer-satisfaction research, and provides guidance on how to design a customer-satisfaction study for maximum business impact. For instance, in addition to surveying current customers, firms should also conduct a survey of prospective and past customers. Similarly, multivariate analysis can be used to glean important insights such as determining attribute importance, and linking customer satisfaction to behavioral and financial metrics. Keywords: retention; repurchase intentions; customer loyalty; importance performance charts; attribute importance; employee satisfaction; satisfaction-profit chain; service quality; service-profit chain
Ultraviolet Spectra of N, R, and S Stars

Ultraviolet IUE spectra of N, R, and S stars are displayed and discussed. Carbon stars of type N have IUE spectra similar to M stars except that the Mg II lines are much weaker and low-excitation lines from neutral metals are stronger. Spectra of early R stars (R0–R3) closely resemble those of late G or early K in both lines and continuum with no significant emission lines. Late R stars (R5–R8) show spectra like late K or early M stars except that lines from low levels of excitation are stronger. Ultraviolet spectra of S stars show a wide variation in the strength of Mg II lines.
East Asian Studies: Culture

The studies of the cultures of China, Taiwan, Korea, and Japan are outlined with a major emphasis on the transnational exchanges among them in the past and present, resulting in the basic sharing and yet stark differences in sociocultural institutions, such as religion. Instead of envisioning these cultures as hermetically sealed and localized, this article points to the internal diversities, including minorities, and diasporas and transnationals, on the one hand, and global influences on these peoples and their cultures. Nationalisms within each society are discussed in relation to the colonialisms by Western and Japanese empires in the past.
Acid–base tutorial

The Acid–Base Tutorial is a comprehensive and interactive resource devoted to abolishing the stigma of complexity with which students associate acid–base imbalances. This is a learning site that provides interactive explanations of many aspects of acid–base physiology utilizing chemical, mathematical, and graphical representations. The tutorial homepage offers a colourful, box-structured table of contents made up of 21 main links covering topics such as the physiology of acid–base disorders, the interpretation of blood gases, respiratory and metabolic treatments, and also includes a direct e-mail link to the author. There is a 'Terminology' link that provides detailed definitions and descriptions of 22 common terms, 'Index' and 'References' links, and a 'Plastic Cards' link that provides the option of ordering a pocket 'acid–base card'. Most of the main links open a separate pop-up window containing numerous sublinks through which the user can navigate. Key terms are highlighted throughout the text and are linked to their definition or corresponding sections within the website, with references linked to their full citation. This may cause confusion for some, as it is easy to lose one's navigational path after more than a few links have been opened. The interactive aspects of the site are innovative, and are very helpful. An interactive option called the 'pH Playground' allows the user to manipulate blood gas values, and provides explanation of the corresponding disorder that results. 'Test Yourself' is an interactive multiple choice test for sample blood gases, with automatic assessment and evaluation of the overall acid–base scenario. The Acid–Base Tutorial is an innovative tool that students at all levels can use to build a better understanding of acid–base physiology and the clinical interpretation. The website provides a complete approach to learning with visually appealing graphics, and interactive illustrations of difficult concepts.
Imaging spectrometry of the Earth and other solar system bodies

Imaging spectrometry is a relatively new tool for remote sensing of the Earth and other bodies of the solar system. The technique dates back to the late 1970's and early 1980's. It is a natural extension of the earlier multi-spectral imagers developed for remote sensing that acquire images in a few, usually broad spectral bands. Imaging spectrometers combine aspects of classical spectrometers and imaging systems, making it possible to acquire literally hundreds of images of an object, each image in a separate, narrow spectral band. It is thus possible to perform spectroscopy on a pixel-by-pixel basis with the data acquired with an imaging spectrometer. Two imaging spectrometers have flown in space and several others are planned for future Earth and planetary missions. The French-built Phobos Infrared Spectrometer (ISM) was part of the payload of the Soviet Mars mission in 1988, and the JPL-built Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) is currently en route to Jupiter aboard the Galileo spacecraft. Several airborne imaging spectrometers have been built in the past decade including the JPL-built Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) which is the only such sensor that covers the full solar reflected portion of the spectrum in narrow, contiguous spectral bands. NASA plans two imaging spectrometers for its Earth Observing System, the Moderate and the High Resolution Imaging Spectrometers (MODIS and HIRIS). A brief overview of the applications of imaging spectrometry to Earth science will be presented to illustrate the value of the tool to remote sensing and indicate the types of measurements that are required. The system design for AVIRS and a planetary imaging spectrometer will be presented to illustrate the engineering considerations and challenges that must be met in building such instruments. Several key sensor technology areas will be discussed in which miniaturization and/or enhanced performance through micromachining and nanofabrication may allow smaller, more robust, and more capable imaging spectrometers to be built in the future.
Integration of signal timing estimation model and dynamic traffic assignment in feedback loops: system design and case study

Summary This paper presents an integrated framework for effective coupling of a signal timing estimation model and dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) in feedback loops. There are many challenges in effectively integrating signal timing tools with DTA software systems, such as data availability, exchange format, and system coupling. In this research, a tight coupling between a DTA model with various queue-based simulation models and a quick estimation method Excel-based signal control tool is achieved and tested. The presented framework design offers an automated solution for providing realistic signal timing parameters and intersection movement capacity allocation, especially for future year scenarios. The framework was used to design an open-source data hub for multi-resolution modeling in analysis, modeling and simulation applications, in which a typical regional planning model can be quickly converted to microscopic traffic simulation and signal optimization models. The coupling design and feedback loops are first demonstrated on a simple network, and we examine the theoretically important questions on the number of iterations required for reaching stable solutions in feedback loops. As shown in our experiment, the current coupled application becomes stable after about 30 iterations, when the capacity and signal timing parameters can quickly converge, while DTA's route switching model predominately determines and typically requires more iterations to reach a stable condition. A real-world work zone case study illustrates how this application can be used to assess impacts of road construction or traffic incident events that disrupt normal traffic operations and cause route switching on multiple analysis levels. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Year Students and the Research Process: Hearing Students’ Voices

Westminster College librarians interviewed first year students after they completed a research paper. The retrospective interviews were designed to elicit student narrative about the research process. Findings include a greater understanding of student use of prior knowledge in topic selection, struggles with the complexity and unfamiliarity of academic research, students’ confusion around the use and citation of information, and help-seeking behaviors. By hearing student voices, librarians and faculty can collaborate to craft responsive and effective learning opportunities for the development of students’ information literacy.
A carrier-based discontinuous space vector modulation for three-level NPC inverter

This paper presents carrier-based discontinuous space vector pulse width modulation (DSVPWM) method for three-level three-phase neutral point clamped (NPC) voltage source inverter (VSI). Based on the relationship between space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) and carrier based modulation, a simplified DSVPWM method for three-phase inverter is introduced by skillfully arranging two zero voltage vectors. In this method, the conventional space vector modulator with equal division of zero voltage vector time is modified to generate different discontinuous modulating waves. The switching sequences for six basic types of discontinuous PWM are studied. It includes DSVPWMmax, DSVPWMmin, DSVPWM0, DSVPWM1, DSVPWM2, and DSVPWM3. According to the carrier-based PWM, simplified SVPWM, and traditional discontinuous PWM strategies, the DSVPWM strategies called as DSVPWMx, including six basic types of DSVPWM and eight novel types of DSVPWM, are proposed and studied. By this method, switching losses of inverter are optimized and life expectancy of inverter can be increased using a suitable discontinuous modulation technique. The proposed method is theoretically analyzed, and verified by simulation results.
A study on performance benefits of core morphing in an asymmetric multicore processor

Multicore architectures are designed so as to provide an acceptable level of performance per unit power for the majority of applications. Consequently, we must occasionally expect applications that could have benefited from a more powerful core in terms of either lower execution time and/or lower energy consumed. Fusing some of the resources of two (or more) cores to configure a more powerful core for such instances is a natural approach to deal with those few applications that have very high performance demands. However, a recent study has shown that fusing homogeneous cores is unlikely to benefit applications. In this paper we study the potential performance benefits of core morphing in a heterogeneous multicore processor that can be reconfigured at runtime. We consider as an example a dual core processor with one of the two cores being designed to target integer intensive applications while the other is better suited to floating-point intensive applications. These two cores can be fused into a single powerful core when an application that can benefit from such fusion is executing. We first discuss the design principles of the two individual cores so that the majority of the benchmarks that we consider execute in a satisfactory way. We then show that a small subset of the considered applications can greatly benefit from core morphing even in the case where two applications that could have been executed in parallel on the two cores are run, for some percentage of time, on the single morphed core. Our results indicate that a performance gain of up to 100% is achievable at a small hardware overhead of less than 1%.
Developing and Extending Sustainable Agriculture, a New Social Contract

Developing and Extending Sustainable Agriculture, a New Social Contract is a collection of essays by several authors, most of whom are involved with cooperative extension programs and midwestern land grant universities. Charles A. Francis of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, is the primary author
Agenda for Women's Health Research: Improving Women's musculoskeletal Health

Increased attention and resources focused on women's health during the past decade have resulted in new offices, policies, and programs of the Federal government. The Office of Research on Women's Health, established by the National Institutes of Health in 1990, is a focal point for all National Institutes of Health-supported efforts to improve women's health through biomedical and behavioral research. The Office of Research on Women's Health ensures women's appropriate inclusion in research studies supported by the National Institutes of Health. Through the development of a comprehensive agenda for research on women's health, the Office of Research on Women's Health encourages the consideration of gender issues and gender differences in health and disease in research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. The importance of research to study and improve women's musculoskeletal health has become increasingly recognized. Clinicians, researchers, and representatives of professional and advocacy organizations concerned with women's musculoskeletal health participated in the development of the initial research agenda on women's health in 1991 and participated in the meetings to update and revise the agenda in 1996 and 1997. As a result of meetings convened to review and revise the agenda on women's health for the twenty-first century, many recommendations for additional research on women's musculoskeletal health have been developed and now are being implemented across the National Institutes of Health.
The proton spin crisis: an electroweak analogy

Abstract We pose a problem analogous to the spin crisis within the electroweak theory. It is shown that the forward matrix elements of jμB, the baryonic current, do not only measure the generally understood baryon number but also include a helicity dependent W-boson piece due to the anomaly. The anomalous contribution is explicitly calculated for the W-boson and the electron. We also demonstrate the correct procedure to extract the anomalous W-boson contribution to the forward matrix element of j+B.
Childhood Adversities and Adult Cardiometabolic Health: Does the Quantity, Timing, and Type of Adversity Matter?

Objective: Adverse events in childhood can indelibly influence adult health. While evidence for this association has mounted, a fundamental set of questions about how to operationalize adverse even...
Parton radiative processes and pressure isotropization in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract The impact of radiative processes on kinetic equilibration is studied via a radiative transport model. The 2 ↔ 3 processes can significantly increase the level of thermalization. These processes lead to an approximate coupling constant scaling of the evolution of the pressure anisotropy qualitatively different from the case with only 2 → 2 partonic processes. Furthermore, thermal and Color Glass Condensate motivated initial conditions are shown to share the same asymptotic evolution when 2 ↔ 3 processes are included. This emphasizes the unique role of radiative processes in Quark–Gluon Plasma thermalization.
AN ANTIVIRAL SUBSTANCE FROM PENICILLIUM FUNICULOSUM : V. INDUCTION OF INTERFERON BY HELENINE

Helenine, a substance obtained from broth cultures of Penicillium funiculosum and known to exert a protective effect in vivo in experimental animals against several unrelated viruses, has been shown to elicit the formation in cell cultures and in intact mice of an inhibitor of viral plaque formation. Because the biological and chemical characteristics of the viral inhibitor induced by helenine are similar to those of interferon, it is suggested that the antiviral effect of helenine may be mediated through the formation of interferon.
Identification of Sex of Day-Old Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) by Cloacal Examination

Abstract EARLY determination of the sex of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is desirable when these birds are raised for experimental purposes. Sexual dimorphism does not become obvious until the contour feathers emerge when the quail are 2 to 3 weeks of age. The birds usually are sexed by the difference in color of the breast feathers, the male having brownish-red feathers and the female characteristically having tan (gray) feathers with black speckles. In some mutant stocks, color of the feathers remains identical in both sexes even after sexual maturity, e.g., the “ghost bar mutant” and other types of albinos. In these stocks, identification of the sex is possible by observing the development of the cloacal gland after the birds were 4 weeks of age. This gland is located in the dorsal wall of the cloaca and becomes hypertrophic in sexually active males. The above two methods are not satisfactory for …
Rapid acquisition of high-resolution electroanatomical maps using a novel multielectrode mapping system

Conventional electroanatomical mapping systems employ roving catheters with one or a small number of electrodes. Maps acquired using these systems usually contain a small number of points and take a long time to acquire. Use of a multielectrode catheter could facilitate rapid acquisition of higher-resolution maps through simultaneous collection of data from multiple points in space; however, a large multielectrode array could potentially limit catheter maneuverability. The purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of using a novel, multielectrode catheter to map the right atrium and the left ventricle. Electroanatomical mapping of the right atrium and the left ventricle during both sinus and paced rhythm were performed in five swine using a conventional mapping catheter and a novel, multielectrode catheter. Average map acquisition times for the multielectrode catheter (with continuous data collection) ranged from 5.2 to 9.5 min. These maps contained an average of 2,753 to 3,566 points. Manual data collection with the multielectrode catheter was less rapid (average map completion in 11.4 to 18.1 min with an average of 870 to 1,038 points per map), but the conventional catheter was slower still (average map completion in 28.6 to 32.2 min with an average 120 to 148 points per map). Use of this multielectrode catheter is feasible for mapping the left ventricle as well as the right atrium. The multielectrode catheter facilitates acquisition of electroanatomical data more rapidly than a conventional mapping catheter. This results in shorter map acquisition times and higher-density electroanatomical maps in these chambers.
Heavy metal contrast enhancement for the selective detection of gold particles in electron microscopical sections using electron spectroscopic imaging

In ultrathin sections for electron microscopy the evaluation of images generated with immunocytochemical or in situ hybridization techniques can become difficult if the colloidal gold label is very small and the underlying structure shows a strong heavy metal contrast caused by conventional uranium/lead staining. Normally, the problem is overcome by analyzing specimens at higher magnifications or by enlarging the gold grains in a secondary process called silver enhancement. We present a method to visualize the small gold particles with electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI). Three energy-filtered images acquired at energy losses of 0, 45 and 120 eV are analyzed by digital image treatment so as to allow the optical separation of the Au-markers from the image background. This protocol can be adapted for applications related to the automated counting of the label.
The contributors to Volume 1 (1891) of The Journal of Comparative Neurology: C.L. Herrick, C.H. Turner, H.R. Pemberton, B.G. Wilder, F.W. Langdon, C.J. Herrick, C. von Kupffer, O.S. Strong, T.B. Stowell.

The concept of a truly innovative “neurology” journal germinated in the mind of Clarence Luther Herrick and then flowered, in March of 1891, as the first issue of Volume 1 of The Journal of Comparative Neurology. The other parts appeared in June, October, and December of the same year. The contributors to this volume, and their affiliations, were: C.L. Herrick (University of Cincinnati-UC), C.H. Turner (UC), B.G. Wilder (Cornell), F.W. Langdon (Miami Medical College, Cincinnati), C.J. Herrick (UC) H.R. Pemberton (Princeton), T.B. Stowell (State Normal and Training School, Potsdam), and O.S. Strong of Columbia who translated a large paper by Carl von Kupffer, the famous German anatomist. In 1890–91 some of these scientists (e.g., Wilder, Langdon, Stowell, von Kupffer) were well known and had already made notable contributions in their chosen fields. However, several were students (e.g., Turner, C.J. Herrick, Pemberton, Strong), most of whom would make important contributions in later years. The founder of JCN, Clarence Luther Herrick, by 1891 had an excellent reputation in geology and natural science and had already established a successful scientific journal. Based on the totality of their contributions, the authors of the papers that made up Volume 1 of JCN were a unique group. Textbooks that went through several editions came from Wilder, C.J. Herrick, and Strong; the latter is currently going into its 9th edition. Structures were named in recognition of the original descriptions by von Kupffer and C.L. Herrick, a type of insect behavior recognized Turner's discovery, and after their deaths several had university buildings, one a scientific club, and one a research award, named in their honor. There were also interesting and important links between these nine men. Turner and C.J. Herrick were students of C.L. Herrick, and Stowell served as a member of the Association of American Anatomists nomenclature committee which was chaired by Wilder, C.J. Herrick became a student (for his Ph.D.) of Strong's, and Strong became an associate editor of JCN under C.J. Herrick. Of the nine, two practiced medicine; Langdon in an academic setting, Pemberton in private practice. The lives of the nine scientists whose work made up Volume 1 of JCN are reviewed. Many of these individuals were notable, not only for their work in the first volume of JCN, but for their larger and enduring contributions in the biomedical sciences.