cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract C34: Comparing patient navigation and survivorship care plans: How do they relate to healthcare among Hispanic and non-Hispanic cancer survivors?

Purpose: Patient navigation (PN), and survivorship care plans, including follow-up care instructions (FCI) and treatment summaries (TS), have been mandated by national organizations as a strategy to improve healthcare received by cancer survivors, and to reduce disparities among survivor subgroups. Empirical evidence has linked PN, FCI, and TS, with survivors9 receipt of cancer-related healthcare including cancer surveillance, cancer screenings, and attendance at medical appointments. However, it is currently unknown if these strategies relate equivalently to receipt of healthcare among ethnically diverse survivors, or if one strategy is more important than another. Methods: Using data from the 2010 LIVESTRONG online survey of cancer survivors (N=4286), the current study tested the associations between FCI, TS, PN and receipt of cancer surveillance, cancer screening, and attendance at regular medical appointments. Analyses were stratified by survivor ethnicity. Results: In the full sample, FCI related to attendance at regular medical appointments (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.07, 2.10), cancer surveillance (OR 1.49 95%CI 1.16, 1.93), and cancer screening (OR 2.40 95%CI 1.80, 3.21). PN was related to attendance at medical appointments (OR 1.50 95%CI 1.07, 2.10) and cancer screening (OR 1.31 95%CI 1.03, 1.67). TS related to attendance at medical appointments (OR 1.48 95%CI 1.07, 2.06). Associations varied by survivor ethnicity. Among non-Hispanic white survivors FCI related to all cancer-related healthcare outcomes, and TS related to attendance at medical appointments. Among Hispanic survivors, FCI related to cancer surveillance (OR 3.52 95%CI 1.12, 1.96). Conclusions: FCI were consistently associated with survivors9 cancer-related healthcare. However, FCI, TS, and PN were not equally associated with cancer-related healthcare for all cancer survivors. This evidence suggests that FCI is a valuable strategy for ensuring survivors receipt of cancer-related healthcare, and this may be especially true for Hispanic survivors9 receipt of cancer surveillance. Citation Format: Jennifer M. Jabson. Comparing patient navigation and survivorship care plans: How do they relate to healthcare among Hispanic and non-Hispanic cancer survivors?. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Sixth AACR Conference: The Science of Cancer Health Disparities; Dec 6–9, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23(11 Suppl):Abstract nr C34. doi:10.1158/1538-7755.DISP13-C34
Trauma, Adaptation, and Resilience: A Cross-Cultural and Evolutionary Perspective.

Trauma and its consequences are a focus of intense interest. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although not a new diagnosis – “war psychosis” and “shell shock” were long recognized – has recently been applied to a very wide range of negative experiences (Jones et al., 2003; Jones & Wessely, 2004; McHugh, 1999; A. Young, 1995). The definition has broadened beyond extremely severe and abnormal circumstances, such as war, rape, or devastating natural disasters, to encompass stresses in normal life – ongoing aspects of work and relationships and childhood emotional stress in the range that might once have been considered normal. Although physical, sexual, and severe emotional abuse – not to mention torture and concentration-camp experiences – surely deserve this label, the word trauma is no longer restricted to such extremes. In the popular imagination and for some mental health professionals, it means far more – including residence in the city where a terrorist attack has occurred or viewing traumas on the television news – and we often hear recommendations for immediate psychological intervention. In fact, extensive evidence shows that resilience and/or independent recovery are by far the most common responses to potentially traumatic experiences (PTEs) in both adults (Bonanno, 2004, 2005) and children (Masten, 2001). Furthermore, research and clinical experience question the value of and point to the possible harm due to widely urged mental health interventions following PTEs (Rose, Bisson, Churchill, & Wessely, 2002; Rose, Bisson, & Wessely, 2003; Wessely, 2005; Wessely & Deahl, 2003).
FAILURE OF CORN OIL AND TRIPARANOL TO PREVENT HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

Summary and conclusions1. A diet high in polyunsaturated fat derived from corn oil did not prevent the development of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol at the 1% and 0.25% levels. Aortic and hepatic sterol content increased greatly. 2. When triparanol, a potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis, was added to the corn oil-cholesterol feeding, it had no effect on the resulting hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis at the 0.05% level. Triparanol did appear to reduce aortic atherosclerosis slightly at a dose of 0.10% and under conditions of a lessened intake of dietary cholesterol. 3. The evidence to date is poor that atherosclerosis can be controlled by the use of either polyunsaturated oils in the diet or pharmacologic agents to inhibit cholesterol synthesis as long as significant amounts of cholesterol are absorbed in the body.
Contribution of Vegetation to the Microbial Composition of Nearby Outdoor Air

ABSTRACT Given that epiphytic microbes are often found in large population sizes on plants, we tested the hypothesis that plants are quantitatively important local sources of airborne microorganisms. The abundance of microbial communities, determined by quantifying bacterial 16S RNA genes and the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, in air collected directly above vegetation was 2- to 10-fold higher than that in air collected simultaneously in an adjacent nonvegetated area 50 m upwind. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling revealed that the composition of airborne bacteria in upwind air samples grouped separately from that of downwind air samples, while communities on plants and downwind air could not be distinguished. In contrast, fungal taxa in air samples were more similar to each other than to the fungal epiphytes. A source-tracking algorithm revealed that up to 50% of airborne bacteria in downwind air samples were presumably of local plant origin. The difference in the proportional abundances of a given operational taxonomic unit (OTU) between downwind and upwind air when regressed against the proportional representation of this OTU on the plant yielded a positive slope for both bacteria and fungi, indicating that those taxa that were most abundant on plants proportionally contributed more to downwind air. Epiphytic fungi were less of a determinant of the microbiological distinctiveness of downwind air and upwind air than epiphytic bacteria. Emigration of epiphytic bacteria and, to a lesser extent, fungi, from plants can thus influence the microbial composition of nearby air, a finding that has important implications for surrounding ecosystems, including the built environment into which outdoor air can penetrate. IMPORTANCE This paper addresses the poorly understood role of bacterial and fungal epiphytes, the inhabitants of the aboveground plant parts, in the composition of airborne microbes in outdoor air. It is widely held that epiphytes contribute to atmospheric microbial assemblages, but much of what we know is limited to qualitative assessments. Elucidating the sources of microbes in outdoor air can inform basic biological processes seen in airborne communities (e.g., dispersal and biogeographical patterns). Furthermore, given the considerable contribution of outdoor air to microbial communities found within indoor environments, the understanding of plants as sources of airborne microbes in outdoor air might contribute to our understanding of indoor air quality. With an experimental design developed to minimize the likelihood of other-than-local plant sources contributing to the composition of airborne microbes, we provide direct evidence that plants are quantitatively important local sources of airborne microorganisms, with implications for the surrounding ecosystems.
Epidemiology of neonatal tetanus in Taizhuo,Zhejiang,2004-2010

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of neonatal tetanus(NT) in Taizhou and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of neonatal tetanus.Methods By using Excel software,statistical analysis was performed based on the incidence data of NT in Taizhou from 2004 to 2010,which was obtained from the notifiable communicable disease reporting system and NT surveillance system.Results A total of 89 NT cases occurred in Taizhou during this period with the incidence of 0.18%.The case number in Wenling was highest.The cases mainly occurred in February,June and November and the male to female ratio was 1.41∶1.All the mothers of sick infants received no tetanus vaccination,and only 39.33% of the mothers received prenatal examination.Nearly all the sick infants were not born in the hospital(except 1 infant) and were delivered by untrained midwifes.Conclusion No obvious increase of NT death was found in Taizhou during 2004-2010,but it is still necessary to strengthen the NT surveillance and health education about NT,conduct tetanus vaccination and provide primary health service for pregnant women to reduce the incidence of NT.
16 EARLY DETECTION OF BREAST CANCER IN GHANA, WEST AFRICA

Background Breast cancer is a leading cause of death for women worldwide. Although the incidence in Ghana is lower than in high income countries, the mortality rate is higher. This is largely due to late diagnosis. Over 90% of women with breast cancer in Ghana present with advanced cancer compared to 10% in high income countries. Because treatment of early cancer is more effective and more affordable, early detection is an important goal for a low income country such as Ghana. Purpose The aim of this project is to understand the factors that keep Ghanaian women from seeking medical care for breast symptoms, and to ascertain what is being done to address these obstacles. Methods Informal interviews were conducted with breast care advocacy groups, patients, doctors, and women in the community regarding health care practices, knowledge, and attitudes surrounding breast cancer. Results Reasons for late presentation of breast cancer include fear of mastectomy and death, cost, absence of pain, ignorance of symptoms and treatment options, shame, survivor silence, lack of routine screenings, inaccessibility of medical services, and the appeal of traditional healers over doctors. To address some of these issues, Breast Care International and Mammocare, two nongovernmental organizations, offer lectures and clinical breast examination screenings throughout Ghana. They and several major hospitals have opened clinics solely for breast diseases. Conclusions Breast Care International and Mammocare remove many of the barriers to early detection by taking the education programs and screenings directly to the women. Encouragingly, the breast care centers associated with these groups see a larger percentage of early cancers than other hospitals. More culturally appropriate messages reaching more women and more accessible, affordable care can further contribute to breast health in Ghana.
Nicotine Enhances Footshock- and Lithium Chloride-Conditioned Place Avoidance in Male Rats

Introduction Numerous studies have shown that nicotine (NIC) can enhance the reinforcing effects of non-NIC stimuli through a nonassociative mechanism. To date, it is unclear whether NIC reinforcement enhancement serves to increase behaviors motivated by rewarding stimuli only, or whether NIC potentiates behavior motivated by all stimuli, regardless of valence. Methods The current study used a place conditioning procedure to examine whether acute NIC injection modulates avoidance of an environment previously associated with an aversive stimulus. Separate groups of rats underwent place conditioning using either lithium chloride (125mg/kg/ml, i.p.) or footshock (0.75 mA) as the aversive stimulus. Other rats served as nonconditioned controls. The magnitude of place avoidance was assessed after acute NIC (0.1 or 0.4mg/kg/ml, s.c.) or saline. Results Rats avoided chambers previously paired with either lithium chloride or footshock, and conditioned place avoidance was significantly enhanced by NIC pre-treatment. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the ability of NIC to enhance motivated behavior extends to behaviors elicited by aversive stimuli, evidence that NIC affects behavior motivated by a broader range of stimuli than previously appreciated. Implications The current study examined whether the reinforcement enhancement properties of NIC apply to aversive stimuli by testing NIC enhancement of conditioned place avoidance in rats. The results demonstrate that NIC enhances the motivational impact of these distinct aversive stimuli, providing novel evidence that NIC affects behavior motivated by a broader range of stimuli than has previously been demonstrated.
Design and Implementation of a Decimation Filter Multiplexing Algorithm Based on IP Core

A multiplexing decimation filter based on FIR IP core is designed and implemented.The parameters of FIR IP core can be changed easily for different kinds of filter design,so the FIR filter design is achieved by changing the parameters of the FIR IP core.An example of multiplexing decimation filter with 128 channels of signal is given.With factors such as filter characteristics and resource allocation of FPGA taken into consideration,an optimum decimation filtering and multiplexing module based on FIR IP core is built to achieve the design and implementation of the multiplexing decimation filter with 128 channels of signal.
Messenger ribonucleic acid kinetics in human oocytes—effects of in vitro culture and nuclear maturational status

Objective To study the effects of different nuclear maturational status (prophase I [PI] versus metaphase II [Mil]) and in vitro culture on the kinetics of maternal messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in human oocytes. Design Molecular biology on excess oocytes obtained from our clinical IVF program. Interventions The oocytes, classified as either PI or Mil at collection, were used as such or cultured in vitro for an additional 24 hours. The relative levels of c-mos and cyclin-B1 were measured using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results The mean levels of c-mos and cyclin-B1 transcripts were indistinguishable between the PI, Mil, PI oocytes matured in vitro, PI oocytes failing to mature, and Mil oocytes cultured for additional 24 hours. The variability in the levels of these transcripts increased during the in vitro culture. Conclusions The levels of c-mos and cyclin-B1 transcripts were not different in PI versus Mil oocytes, therefore, differences seen in the clinical outcome of PI and Mil oocytes may be unrelated to levels of these gene products. C-mos and cyclin B1 mRNA were maintained in vitro, thus degradation of maternal RNA is not activated in excess during the 24-hour culture.
Using linked meta-analysis to build policy models.

There are many readily identifiable applications of meta-analysis to the area of drug abuse prevention and related topics. Meta-analysis of preventive intervention research (e.g., Tobler 1986), for instance, can identify more and less effective approaches, as can an analogous meta-analysis of rehabilitative treatment research. Meta-analysis of the correlates of intervention-induced change can illuminate the psychological processes involved in the response to intervention. Meta-analysis of the predictive relationships of risk variables with subsequent abuse can indicate which types of variables are most strongly related to the target behavior and chart the developmental course of drug abuse problems (cf. Loeber and Dishion (1987) on antisocial behavior). Meta-analyses of the relationships among risk factors might better identify their structure and the independent clusters they represent. Meta-analysis of the consequences and correlates of drug abuse can trace the patterns of dysfunction in which abuse is embedded. While each of these individual applications may have considerable merit, the intent here is to look ahead to the prospects of linking a number of such meta-analyses into an integrated whole that covers multiple aspects of problem behavior in a coordinated manner.
Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Radar

Abstract Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) is an important radar technology. It is a cornerstone in the design of modern moving target indication and imaging radar systems. Specifically, STAP is a multidimensional filtering technique that mitigates the influence of clutter or radio frequency interference on principal radar products, viz. radar detections or images. This work serves as a tutorial reference of fundamental STAP concepts and techniques. The interested reader will encounter the basic STAP formulation, common STAP performance metrics, signal models, interference mitigation approaches, an application example corresponding to Doppler spread clutter mitigation in airborne radar systems, current challenges, and some implementation issues. The fundamentals presented herein are extensible to a range of radar signal processing problems.
Spacecraft Flight Mechanics

The flight mechanics of manned spacecraft during hypersonic entry are developed under the assumption of Newtonian theory for normal stresses and the flat plate reference enthalpy (FPRE) method for shear stresses. Forces and moments in the hypersonic flight regime are primarily influenced by normal stresses and Newtonian theory depends on local flow deflection. Therefore, a unit problem involving a discrete area of the surface of a spacecraft defined by its outward unit normal vector and the impinging flow defined by the velocity vector serves to define the pressure force on that area. Thus, a relatively complex spacecraft design may be modeled as a collection of surface panels and simple summations used to generate the pressure forces and the associated moments. The flat plate reference enthalpy (FPRE) method is also formulated as a unit problem so that frictional forces can be evaluated for both laminar and turbulent flow, and a simple criterion for boundary layer transition is also provided. Blunt body space capsules and slender body spaceplanes are both treated in some detail. Because of the high temperatures of hypersonic flight, a development of the thermodynamic and transport properties of air relevant to atmospheric entry is given and useful approximations are illustrated. Both capsules and spaceplanes are treated as rigid bodies, and their longitudinal and lateral static stability characteristics are evaluated. Some attention is also paid to the assessment of their dynamic stability characteristics. Aerodynamic and reaction control systems appropriate to entering spacecraft are described.
Evaluation of Interior PM and Surface PM Synchronous machines with distributed and concentrated windings

This paper presents a detailed evaluation and comparison of surface PM and interior PM synchronous machines with concentrated and distributed windings. The machines are compared based on optimal designs having the same stator OD, stack length, identical magnet volume, equal air-gap length and same peak current. The maximum open circuit voltage is also included in the trade-off analysis and machines with constrained and unconstrained maximum BEMF are considered. The study shows that for designs with equal maximum BEMF the IPM motor exhibits a much higher peak torque density than the SPM. This is because in an IPM motor the reluctance torque more than offsets the reduction in permanent magnet torque due to the reduction in q-axis current. The study also shows that, for the given set of design constraints, even if the maximum BEMF is not limited, the SPM outperforms the IPM by less than 2%. The use of concentrated windings yields a slightly higher torque density for very short stack length designs but a longer stack increases the weight.
MACROPHAGE MEDIATED INHIBITION OF MITOGEN-INDUCED LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS IN MICE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of macrophage-mediated inhibition of mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis in mice. In a study described in the chapter, peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) were obtained from adult female BDF1 mice and were designated normal when obtained from either untreated or glycogen-treated mice or activated when obtained from pyran-treated mice. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA using a microtiter assay system. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was used as a T-lymphocyte mitogen, and Escherichia coli lipppolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a B-lymphocyte mitogen. Removal of adherent cells from spleen cell suspensions obtained from normal mice resulted in increased blastogenic responses of both B and T lynphocytes. The peak PHA response of normal spleen cells increased from 48,248 cpm to 95,123 cpm while the peak LPS response increased from 89,478 to 130,550 cpm following the removal of adherent cells. In subsequent experiments described in the chapter, both normal and activated PEC were inhibitory to blastogenesis, although activated PEC were significantly more inhibitory than normal PEC. Using a 1:3 spleen cell to PEC ratio, the peak LPS was inhibited by 98% in cultures containing activated PEC compared to 36% in cultures containing normal PEC.
Lewisite: Its Chemistry, Toxicology, and Biological Effects

Arsenic is a metalloid member of group V elements in the periodic table, which combines chemically with most nonmetals to form a variety of both inorganic and organic compounds, and is pervasively distributed in nature. Several pertinent reviews are extant that attest to its ubiquitous presence in the earth’s crust, air, and aquatic environments. It is likewise present in industrial emission (Pinto and Nelson 1976; Landrigan 1981), is used in agricultural production, and appears in food and in food chains (Gates et al. 1946; NAS 1977; Pershagen 1983; Squibb and Fowler 1983; Fielder et al. 1986; Hindmarsh and McCurdy 1986; Irgolic 1986a, 1986b; Pershagen 1986).
Telecommuting and Its Impact on Activity–Time Use Patterns of Dual-Earner Households

Telecommuting choices of workers in multiworker households are likely to be interdependent. These telecommuting choices may also affect the activity–time use choices of all people in the household. From the standpoint of travel behavior and travel demand forecasting, it is important to test these hypotheses and quantify the relationship between telecommuting choices and activity–time use patterns. To do this, the present study developed a generalized extreme value–based joint count model for analyzing the monthly frequency of choosing to telecommute of workers in dual-earner households. A panel multiple discrete continuous extreme value model was also developed to study activity–time use decisions while accounting for household-level interaction effects. The study findings confirm the presence of strong intrahousehold interaction effects in both the telecommuting and activity–time use choices of workers. Telecommuting choices were found to have a significant influence on daily activity–time use decisions ...
Characterization of TP53 mutations in low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes and myelodysplastic syndromes with a non-complex karyotype

Objectives Although commonly associated with high-grade myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and MDS with a complex karyotype, TP53 mutations also occur in low-grade MDS and MDS with a non-complex karyotype. In latter cases, their clinicopathological features and the characteristics of TP53 mutations remain poorly characterized. Methods 176 MDS cases with TP53 mutations were stratified and characterized based on their karyotype and histologic subtype. Results Among 176 cases, 17% had a non-complex karyotype and 24% were low-grade MDS. TP53 mutations often occurred in DNA binding domains and the majority of cases had only one mutation, irrespective of their karyotype and MDS subtype. The variant allele frequency (VAF), however, was associated with karyotype complexity and the types of MDS with a lower VAF found in cases with a non-complex karyotype and low-grade MDS. A low (<20%) VAF was associated with a better survival, as well as low-grade subtype. Conclusions In low-grade MDS and MDS with a non-complex karyotype, TP53 mutations showed a lower VAF and patients with a lower VAF had a better survival. TP53 mutations are not the only prognostic factor in MDS patients with TP53 mutations as the VAF, blast counts and history of prior therapy also play important roles in prognosis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Process modeling for future technologies

Process modeling is an integral portion of technology computer-aided design (TCAD) and can be used to predict device structures and doping. Truly predictive process modeling has proven to be an elusive goal, because the controlling physics is complicated and difficult to investigate experimentally. The current state of process modeling is reviewed, and current and future challenges are discussed. Recent helpful trends are indicated, and problems that must be addressed are identified.
Physician Market Structure, Patient Outcomes, and Spending: An Examination of Medicare Beneficiaries.

Objective To understand the impact of changes in physician market structure on clinical outcomes and health care utilization. Data sources 2005-2012 Medicare fee-for-service claims and enrollment data. Study design We consider the effect of cardiology market structure on utilization and health outcomes for four patient populations. We estimate the risk-adjusted impact of competition using multivariate regression models. Principal findings The study finds that an increase in consolidation leads to statistically and economically significant increases in negative health outcomes. For example, we find that moving from a zip code at the 25th percentile of cardiology market concentration to one at the 75th percentile would be associated with 5 to 7 percent increases in risk-adjusted mortality for three of the sample populations. We also found higher expenditures in more concentrated markets. For example, moving from a zip code at the 25th percentile of cardiology market concentration to one at the 75th would be associated with 7 to 11 percent increases in expenditures, depending on sample population. Conclusions Our estimates indicate that increases in cardiology market concentration are associated with worse health outcomes and higher health care expenditures. Some effects may be attributed to vertical as well as horizontal changes.
Particularizing the Tensions Between Canonical and Bodily Discourses

This case study tells the story of Geneva Wilson, an African American teacher of British literature. The study positions the entirely White male curriculum and Geneva’s Black female body as texts t...
Variation of α from a dark matter force

Abstract We consider a long range scalar force that mainly couples to dark matter and unstable Standard Model states, like the muon, with tiny strength. Probing this type of force would present a challenge to observations. We point out that the dependence of the induced background scalar field on dark matter number density can cause the mass of the unstable particles to have spatial and temporal variations. These variations, in turn, leave an imprint on the value of the fine structure constant α, through threshold corrections, that could be detected in astronomical and cosmological measurements. Our mechanism can accommodate the mild preference of the Planck data for such a deviation, ( α CMB − α present ) / α present = ( − 3.6 ± 3.7 ) × 10 − 3 . In this case, the requisite parameters typically imply that violations of Equivalence Principle may be within reach of future experiments.
Development of a pediatric lower-extremity gait system

Nationally, approximately 150,000 0–15 year-old children have moderate to severe mobility limitations due to cerebral palsy (CP), spina bifida, perinatal stroke and spinal cord injuries. Many of these children are limited in the amount of school-related and play activities in which they can participate. Mobility disorders have also been linked to increased blood pressure, shorter life expectancy, social stigma, increased rates of depression and an overall decrease in quality of life (Parent, 2011). Among the mobility affecting disorders listed, CP is the most frequently occurring (2 per 1,000 live births) and can carry a significant socioeconomic burden. CDC estimates gauged the lifetime cost associated with care for a person with CP at one million dollars and the combined cost of care for people born in the US in the year 2000 at 11.5 billion dollars. Robotic assisted gait therapy has the potential to significantly impact the health, social interactions and overall development of children with lower limb motor control deficiencies. While powered, lower limb exoskeletons for gait training and rehabilitation are currently available for adults, the tools for children are limited to treadmill or paddle-based systems that are primarily constrained to clinical settings due to their large size. Thus, this project seeks to develop a custom, pediatric powered exoskeleton for young children.
Global Perspectives on Global History: Theories and Approaches in a Connected World

In recent years, historians across the world have become increasingly interested in transnational and global approaches to the past. However, the debates surrounding this new border-crossing movement have remained limited in scope as theoretical exchanges on the tasks, responsibilities and potentials of global history have been largely confined to national or regional academic communities. In this groundbreaking book, Dominic Sachsenmaier sets out to redress this imbalance by offering a series of new perspectives on the global and local flows, sociologies of knowledge and hierarchies that are an intrinsic part of historical practice. Taking the United States, Germany and China as his main case studies, he reflects upon the character of different approaches to global history as well as their social, political and cultural contexts. He argues that this new global trend in historiography needs to be supported by a corresponding increase in transnational dialogue, cooperation and exchange.
Choice of Prosthetic Heart Valve in Adults: An Update

In the last 7 years, more data have reconfirmed that patients' comorbid conditions are very important factors determining patient outcomes. Prosthetic heart valves (PHVs) that require aortic root replacement in the absence of aortic root disease are associated with poorer outcomes. For the vast majority of patients, the choice of PHV is between a mechanical valve and a stented bioprosthesis. The choice is largely dependent upon the age of the patient at the time of PHV implantation and on which complication the patient wants to avoid: specifically, anticoagulation therapy and its complications with the mechanical valve, and structural valve deterioration with a bioprosthesis. Data on the pros and cons of the choices and exceptions to the rules are discussed, and a new algorithm is developed.
Models, Analogies, and Statistical Reason, 1760–1900

In our own time, statistics refers first of all to mathematical tools of inference and estimation, and it is natural that these concerns play a central role in the histories. Stephen Stigler 1, in his distinguished study, used the subtitle “the measurement of uncertainty” for his history of statistics before 1900. His account places the theory of erros, worked out in the first decade of the nineteenth century, at the center of the early development of statistical methods and conceptions. In relation to the background of eighteenth-century probability, least squares involved a synthesis of several eighteenth-century traditions: rules and customs for combining observations in astronomy, the extension of basic probability to estimate uncertainties for large numbers of random events, and the inverse methods of probability developed by Thomas Bayes and Pierre Simon Laplace. The method of least squares was developed mathematically by Laplace and Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1810, and thereafter became exemplary for efforts to analyze data from various fields using probability mathematics. Yet, as Stigler observes, the spread of least squares in the nineteenth century was quite narrow. Other sciences of the observatory, such as meteorology, began soon to use it, and in fact the geodetic campaign to measure lines of longitude and thereby to fix the meter provided the context for Adrian Marie Legendre’s initial formulation of least squares in 1805 2. In social science, despite the enthusiasm of such persons as Adolphe Quetelet, probabilistic measures of variation and uncertainty were never really successful until after 1900. The experimental field of psychophysics, championed by Gustav Theodor Fecnher, figures in his account as a partial exception, but the real breakthrough had to await the biometric school of Francis Galton, Karl Pearson, and G.Udny Yule.
Serum concentrations of lipid‐soluble vitamins in dogs with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency treated with pancreatic enzymes

Background In humans, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is associated with deficiencies in lipid-soluble vitamins. Little is reported regarding lipid-soluble vitamin status in dogs with EPI. Hypothesis/objectives Compare serum concentrations of retinol, 25-hydrocholecalciferol (25OHD), and α-tocopherol among dogs with EPI, those with subclinical EPI (sEPI), and healthy dogs. Detect associations between serum concentrations of lipid-soluble vitamins and residual clinical signs in treated dogs with EPI and sEPI. Animals Twenty dogs with EPI and five dogs with sEPI receiving pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Ten healthy dogs sampled before and after 10 days of pancreatic enzyme supplementation. Methods Case-control study. Serum retinol and α-tocopherol concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Serum 25OHD concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results Serum retinol concentration was significantly lower in dogs with EPI (median, 490 ng/mL; range, 322-990 ng/mL) and serum α-tocopherol concentration was significantly lower in dogs with EPI (median, 11.51 μg/L; range, 4.8-27.1 μg/L) and sEPI (median, 12.66 μg/L; range, 10.21-21.03 μg/L) compared with healthy dogs (median, 1203 ng/mL; range, 637-1768 ng/mL and median, 43.54 μg/L; range, 34.26-53.97 μg/L, respectively). Dogs with weight loss had significantly lower 25OHD (mean, 243.50 nmol/L; standard deviation [SD], 3.54 nmol/L) than dogs with stable weight (314.0 nmol/L; SD, 138.38 nmol/L). Conclusions and clinical importance Altered homeostasis of lipid-soluble vitamins is present in dogs with EPI and sEPI, despite enzyme replacement therapy. Additional studies are needed to determine the clinical relevance of these findings and the therapeutic potential of lipid-soluble vitamin supplementation in dogs with EPI and sEPI.
Patient, clinician, and non-patient perceptions of surgical complications in ovarian cancer.

e22159Background: Little is known about how pts perceive surgical complications in ovarian cancer (OC). Our objective was to elucidate the perceptions of pts with OC, and assess if they differ from...
Anisotropic Material Properties of Wild-Type and Tectb-/- Tectorial Membranes.

Abstract The tectorial membrane (TM) is an extracellular matrix that is directly coupled with the mechanoelectrical receptors responsible for sensory transduction and amplification. As such, the TM is often hypothesized to play a key role in the remarkable sensory abilities of the mammalian cochlea. Genetic studies targeting TM proteins have shown that changes in TM structure dramatically affect cochlear function in mice. Precise information about the mechanical properties of the TMs of wild-type and mutant mice at audio frequencies is required to elucidate the role of the TM and to understand how these genetic mutations affect cochlear mechanics. In this study, images of isolated TM segments are used to determine both the radial and longitudinal motions of the TM in response to a harmonic radial excitation. The resulting longitudinally propagating radial displacement and highly spatially dependent longitudinal displacement are modeled using finite-element models that take into account the anisotropy and finite dimensions of TMs. An automated, least-square fitting algorithm is used to find the anisotropic material properties of wild-type and Tectb−/− mice at audio frequencies. Within the auditory frequency range, it is found that the TM is a highly viscoelastic and anisotropic structure with significantly higher stiffness in the direction of the collagen fibers. Although no decrease in the stiffness in the fiber direction is observed, the stiffness of the TM in shear and in the transverse direction is found to be significantly reduced in Tectb−/− mice. As a result, TMs of the mutant mice tend to be significantly more anisotropic within the frequency range examined in this study. The effects of the Tectb−/− mutation on the TM’s anisotropic material properties may be responsible for the changes in cochlear tuning and sensitivity that have been previously reported for these mice.
Broaching as a strategy for intercultural understanding in clinical supervision

Broaching cultural similarities and differences with genuine, respectful inquisitiveness is an important supervisory intervention. Broaching allows supervisors to acknowledge the relevance of cultural identities and invite supervisee dialogue. Through dialogue, supervisors are tasked with openly receiving what is said by supervisees and working through ideas to maximize the effectiveness of supervision. In this practical article, broaching as an intervention in supervision is described. The importance of clinical supervision, the intercultural nature of supervision, sample broaching prompts, and recommendations for supervisors are also included.
Support for the Development and Use of the Child Observation of Mindfulness Measure (C-OMM)

We describe the Child Observation of Mindfulness Measure (C-OMM), a new instrument designed to assess young children’s outward expressions of self-regulated attention and orientation to experience. Twenty-three 3- to 4-year-old children were assessed using the C-OMM. Using Generalizability theory, differentiated variances were examined across three settings (free play, teacher-directed activities, and meals), five dimensions (three for self-regulated attention and two for orientation to experience), and two components (summary scores for self-regulated attention and orientation to experience). A follow-up decision study was conducted to identify the number of raters needed and the number of observations per child required to achieve acceptable reliability. Results from the generalizability study indicate that the use of the C-OMM was moderately reliable (ϕ = .79 and .86, for self-regulated attention and orientation to experience, respectively) during teacher-directed activities only. The decision study indicated that future uses of the C-OMM require either a greater number of raters or a greater number of observations for acceptable reliability. The C-OMM represents a more appropriate instrument for trained observers to assess children’s mindfulness related behaviors in certain educational settings given the limitations inherent to young children’s capacity to accurately self-report. Furthermore, as an observational measure of children’s mindfulness behaviors, the C-OMM might be more sensitive to multiple observations that therefore lends to the measurement of ongoing development over time.
Samuel J. Tilden, Iron Money and the Election of 1876

Tilden, a hard money Democrat, was castigated during the Presidential election of 1876 by Republican newspapers for his involvement with mining company scrip. The attacks were countered with testimonials as to the redemption of his company’s scrip, and had no impact on the election. Mining company scrip in fact served the interests of Michigan’s upper peninsula during a time that it was an isolated region, under-served by banks. Use of the scrip was ended by the assertion of the federal government’s prohibitory tax on privately-issued bank notes.
COMPARISON OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC AND FLUOROSCOPIC SIZING OF THE LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE OSTIUM PRIOR TO PERCUTANEOUS LEFT ATRIAL APPENDAGE CLOSURE

Sizing of the left atrial appendage (LAA) ostium prior to occlusion (LAAO) is routinely performed with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Limited data is available comparing the utility of sizing performed via fluoroscopy compared to TEE for percutaneous LAAO. We retrospectively evaluated all
RNA synthesis during the early development of the pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas

Abstract Gene expression during early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas was studied by examining the rate of RNA synthesis and the changes in types of gene sequences being transcribed. The rate of synthesis was determined by measuring the rate of uridine uptake, the rate of uridine incorporation into RNA, and the specific activity of the UTP-CTP pool. Changes in kinds of DNA-like RNA present were determined by DNA-RNA molecular hybridization competition experiments. The rate of synthesis found in the unfertilized egg does not change after fertilization until the embryo begins to swim. At this stage, the rate increases both per cell and per embryo. Also at this stage, a new class of transcripts appears. These results are interpreted to mean that early development of the oyster embryo to the swimming stage (gastrula) is primarily under translational control. The nuclei then become increasingly active in RNA synthesis and produce at least one new class of transcripts which may be involved in organogenesis.
Numerical optimal control of a size-structured PDE model for metastatic cancer treatment.

Abstract In this paper, we propose a unified size-structured PDE model for the growth of metastatic tumors, which extends a well-known coupled ODE-PDE dynamical model developed and studied in the literature. A treatment model based on the proposed unified PDE model is investigated via optimal control theory, where its first-order necessary optimality system characterizing the optimal control is derived. We prove that the uniqueness of the optimal control depends on the chosen objective functional, and the optimal control is of bang-bang type when it is unique. For obtaining its efficient numerical solutions, a projection gradient descent algorithm based on the characteristic scheme is developed for solving the established optimal treatment model. Several numerical examples are provided to validate our mathematical analysis and numerical algorithm, and also illustrate the biologically interesting treatment outcomes of different models and control strategies. Our simple model reveals that: (i) only the total drug dosage matters if one just cares about the final treatment output; (ii) given the same total drug dosage, the optimal bang-bang treatment plan outperforms the others in the sense that it maximally reduces the total tumor sizes during the whole period of treatment, although their final tumor sizes are the same.
Extended nilHecke algebras and symmetric functions in type B

Abstract We formulate a type B extended nilHecke algebra, following the type A construction of Naisse and Vaz. We describe an action of this algebra on extended polynomials and describe some results on the structure on the extended symmetric polynomials. Finally, following Appel, Egilmez, Hogancamp, and Lauda, we prove a result analogous to a classical theorem of Solomon connecting the extended symmetric polynomial ring to a ring of usual symmetric polynomials and their differentials.
Far-Field Monitoring of Reactor Antineutrinos for Nonproliferation

Numerous experimental efforts have shown that antineutrino-based monitoring provides a non-intrusive means to estimate the fissile content and relative thermal power of nuclear reactors for nonproliferation. Until now, there have been no experimental demonstrations dedicated to exploring the nonproliferation potential of large detectors required for long-range monitoring. The goal of the Advanced Instrumentation Testbed (AIT) program is to test novel methods for the discovery of reactor cores, specifically in the mid-field to far-field, beyond 200 meters and out to tens or hundreds of kilometers, using kiloton-scale to megaton-scale detectors. The main physical infrastructure of the AIT consists of an underground laboratory in the Boulby mine in Northern England. The site is located at a 26-km standoff from the Hartlepool Reactor Complex, which houses two 1.5-GWth advanced gas-cooled reactors. The first detector to be deployed at the AIT is the WATer CHerenkov Monitor of ANtineutrinos (WATCHMAN). WATCHMAN will use ~6,000 tons of gadolinium-doped water in order to detect a few reactor antineutrinos per week from the Hartlepool reactor complex. WATCHMAN will focus on understanding the signal efficiency, radiological backgrounds, and the reactor operational status. Here, the nonproliferation goals are to understand the sensitivity for discovery of one reactor in the presence of another, the discovery of any reactor operations above a well-understood background, and the sensitivity to confirm the declared operational cycles of both reactors. Uniquely, AIT-WATCHMAN also offers a flexible platform at which nascent technologies such as water-based scintillator and fast photomultiplier tubes can be tested in real-world conditions. We present the AIT-WATCHMAN program and status.
High rates of primary production in structurally complex forests

Structure-function relationships are central to many ecological paradigms. Chief among these is the linkage of net primary production (NPP) with species diversity and canopy structure. Using the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) as a subcontinental-scale research platform, we examined how temperate-forest NPP relates to several measures of site-level canopy structure and tree species diversity. Novel multidimensional canopy traits describing structural complexity, most notably canopy rugosity, were more strongly related to site NPP than were species diversity measures and other commonly characterized canopy structural features. The amount of variation in site-level NPP explained by canopy rugosity alone was 83%, which was substantially greater than that explained individually by vegetation area index (31%) or Shannon's index of species diversity (30%). Forests that were more structurally complex, had higher vegetation-area indices, or were more diverse absorbed more light and used light more efficiently to power biomass production, but these relationships were most strongly tied to structural complexity. Implications for ecosystem modeling and management are wide ranging, suggesting structural complexity traits are broad, mechanistically robust indicators of NPP that, in application, could improve the prediction and management of temperate forest carbon sequestration.
Flow Domains and Bases

A set of simple flow domains\(\mathcal{D}\) relevant to turbulent flows and Schauder bases (Sect. 23.8 in Appendix A) for the phase space \(\Omega \) of functions defined on a domain \(\mathcal{D}\) of particular structure and its dual space \(\mathcal{N}\) called test function space are introduced for later use. A fundamental tool for operations in Banach and Hilbert spaces is the notion of a Schauder basis.