cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crime Victims, Restorative Justice and the Juvenile Court: Exploring Victim Needs and Involvement in the Response to Youth Crime

Historically, juvenile courts have presented significant obstacles to crime victim participation and have given little emphasis to victim satisfaction as an intervention goal. In a recent series of focus groups held in four U.S. states, crime victims provided in-depth qualitative accounts of barriers to input involvement resulting from court culture and protocols. This paper presents these findings and considers implications for restorative justice reforms in the juvenile justice context.
The shallow water equations in Lagrangian coordinates

Recent advances in the collection of Lagrangian data from the ocean and results about the well-posedness of the primitive equations have led to a renewed interest in solving flow equations in Lagrangian coordinates. We do not take the view that solving in Lagrangian coordinates equates to solving on a moving grid that can become twisted or distorted. Rather, the grid in Lagrangian coordinates represents the initial position of particles, and it does not change with time. We apply numerical methods traditionally used to solve differential equations in Eulerian coordinates, to solve the shallow water equations in Lagrangian coordinates. The difficulty with solving in Lagrangian coordinates is that the transformation from Eulerian coordinates results in solving a highly nonlinear partial differential equation. The non-linearity is mainly due to the Jacobian of the coordinate transformation, which is a precise record of how the particles are rotated and stretched. The inverse Jacobian must be calculated, thus Lagrangian coordinates cannot be used in instances where the Jacobian vanishes. For linear (spatial) flows we give an explicit formula for the Jacobian and describe the two situations where the Lagrangian shallow water equations cannot be used because either the Jacobian vanishes or the shallow water assumption is violated. We also prove that linear (in space) steady state solutions of the Lagrangian shallow water equations have Jacobian equal to one. In the situations where the shallow water equations can be solved in Lagrangian coordinates, accurate numerical solutions are found with finite differences, the Chebyshev pseudospectral method, and the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The numerical results shown here emphasize the need for high order temporal approximations for long time integrations.
Electromagnetic Interference Resisting Operational Amplifier

This work proposes a robust electromagnetic interference (EMI) analog operational amplifier (OpAmp) based on a source-buffered differential pair. The proposed EMI performance has been verified via a test integrated circuit (IC) fabricated in NCSU 0.5 $\mu$ m CMOS technology. Experimental results are presented when an EMI disturbance signal of 800 mV amplitude is injected at the input terminals and are then compared with the conventional and source-buffered topologies. The maximum EMI-induced input offset voltage corresponds to ${-}222$ mV for the proposed structure compared to a ${-}712$ mV input for a conventional one and ${-}368$ mV for a source-buffered one.
Effect of acetaminophen on the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-nitrite mediated oxidation of LDL.

Abstract Myeloperoxidase, in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and nitrite, promotes the lipid peroxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL); the modified lipoprotein is then capable of being readily endocytosed by macrophages. Since acetaminophen has been shown to inhibit the leukocyte myeloperoxidase antimicrobial system and is, under certain experimental conditions, an antioxidant, the effect of acetaminophen on the myeloperoxidase–hydrogen peroxide–nitrite mediated oxidation of LDL was examined. The content of LDL lipid hydroperoxides after incubation with 50 nM myeloperoxidase, 100 μM nitrite and a hydrogen peroxide generating system for 6 h was reduced by approx. 80% in the presence of 25–250 μM acetaminophen. The production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances was also inhibited by acetaminophen to a similar extent. Acetylsalicylic acid (25–100 μM) did not inhibit LDL lipid peroxidation mediated by the myeloperoxidase enzyme system. LDL, treated with myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide and nitrite for 14 h, was metabolized by macrophages to a much greater extent than native LDL. The presence of acetaminophen prevented the modification of LDL; the lipoprotein was metabolized by macrophages to the same extent as was native LDL. These results demonstrate that acetaminophen is a potent inhibitor of the myeloperoxidase–hydrogen peroxide–nitrite mediated modification of LDL.
Crossbreeding Dairy Cattle. II. Weights and Body Measurements of Purebred Holstein and Guernsey Females and Their Reciprocal Crossbreds

Abstract Body weights and five linear body measurements of reciprocal crossbred and purebred Holstein and Guernsey females were analyzed and compared. Weights and measurements were taken at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months of age. Means of the crossbreds were larger than those of the purebreds at all ages for all variables. Effects of crossbreeding were significant in 21 of the 30 cases at the ages of 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, but were significant in none of the 18 cases at 30, 36, and 48 months. Effects of crossbreeding decreased linearly as age increased. The percentage increase for weight ranged from 7.1% at birth to 1.5% at 48 months. Percentage increases were greater for weight than for body measurements and were larger for the measures of fleshiness, chest depth, heart girth, and paunch girth, than for the skeletal measurements, wither height, and body length. At all ages, calves out of Holstein dams were approximately 20% heavier than those out of Guernsey dams, whereas calves by Holstein sires were approximately 9% heavier than those by Guernsey sires. The difference between the magnitude of the effects of breed of dam and breed of sire did not change as age increased and was likely a result of prenatal maternal effects. For measures of size, the nonadditive genetic effects resulting from crossing Holsteins and Guernseys are relatively small compared to the additive genetic differences between and within these two breeds. Size can be changed more by a judicious exploitation of the additive genetic variance between and within these breeds than by merely crossing them.
General solution for the basic autoxidation scheme

Abstract The basic autoxidation scheme (BAS), first used by Bolland and Bateman, has been widely applied to oxidation studies for almost 50 years. Steady-state kinetic analysis of this reaction scheme has always depended upon making the simplifying assumptions of long kinetic chain length and/or a specific ratio of termination rate constants. We present and discuss a generalized steady-state kinetic solution to the BAS that is derived without any simplifying assumptions. We also combine this generalized solution with diffusion expressions to derive theoretical oxidation profiles appropriate to diffusion-limited oxidation situations. The modeling predicts conditions yielding unusual dependencies of the oxidation rate on oxygen concentration and on initiation rate, as well as conditions yielding some unusual profile shapes.
Student Self-Directed Professional Development as a Formative Assessment Skill

Abstract While professional development is most typically thought of as continuing education beyond the master’s degree, we have formulated a process for master’s degree students in speech-language...
Lung Metabolism and Biochemistry

In terms of phylogeny the lung is a relatively new organ, but it has been in existence longer than have biochemists and physiologists. Why, then, has its metabolism and biochemistry been ignored until recently? Probably the notion that the lung and chest wall were simple bellows and nothing more dominated the thinking of most biological scientists until 1965. Only in the last decade has it been widely appreciated that the extremely complex mechanics of the lung are dependent upon its metabo­ lism, and the exocrine secretion of the lung is vital for survival. In addition, the lung is perhaps ideally positioned and structured to change circulating vasoactive sub­ stances and hormones; this metabolic role of the lung may also prove to be vital. The lung becomes essential suddenly at birth; premature birth ;s commonly asso­ ciated with an immature lung which is unable to meet its demanding metabolic requirements. Therefore, lung metabolism has been most appreciated by scientists interested in fetal and neonatal development, but it also deserves more attention as a metabolic organ in adults. This is the first review of lung biochemistry in this publication and several thousand references could be included in a comprehensive review. However, I will focus upon substrate utilization, surfactant metabolism, and the role of the lung in changing circulating substances.
Stoichiometry of the murine γδ T cell receptor

The T cell receptor for antigen (TCR) complex is organized into two functional domains: the antigen-binding clonotypic heterodimer and the signal-transducing invariant CD3 and TCRζ chains. In most vertebrates, there are two different clonotypic heterodimers (TCRαβ and TCRγδ) that define the αβ and γδ T cell lineages, respectively. αβ- and γδTCRs also differ in their invariant chain subunit composition, in that αβTCRs contain CD3γ e and CD3δ e dimers, whereas γδTCRs contain only CD3γ e dimers. This difference in subunit composition of the αβ- and γδTCRs raises the question of whether the stoichiometries of these receptor complexes are different. As the stoichiometry of the murine γδTCR has not been previously investigated, we used two quantitative immunofluorescent approaches to determine the valency of TCRγδ heterodimers and CD3γ e dimers in surface murine γδTCR complexes. Our results support a model of murine γδTCR stoichiometry in which there are two CD3γ e dimers for every TCRγδ heterodimer.
A Quantitative Assured Forwarding service

The Assured Forwarding (AF) service of the IETF DiffServ architecture provides a qualitative service differentiation between classes of traffic, in the sense that a low-priority class experiences higher loss rates and higher delays than a high-priority class. However, the AF service does not quantify the difference in the service given to classes. In an effort to strengthen the service guarantees of the AF service, we propose a Quantitative Assured Forwarding service with absolute and proportional differentiation of loss, service rates, and packet delays. We present a feedback-based algorithm which enforces the desired class-level differentiation on a per-hop basis, without the need for admission control or signaling. Measurement results from a testbed of FreeBSD PC-routers on a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet network show the effectiveness of the proposed service, and indicate that our implementation is suitable for networks with high data rates.
Hantavirus infection in North America: a clinical review ☆ ☆☆ ★

The recent outbreak of hantavirus in Yosemite National Park has attracted national attention, with 10 confirmed cases of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and thousands of more people exposed. This article will review the epidemiology, presentation, workup, and treatment for this rare but potentially lethal illness. The possibility of infection with hantavirus deserves consideration in patients with severe respiratory symptoms with rodent exposure or rural/wilderness travel. Accurate diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome presents as a vague prodrome of fever, cough, myalgias, chills, and nausea followed by a rapidly worsening respiratory phase. Presumptive diagnosis can be made based on pulmonary interstitial edema on chest radiographs in association with leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and hemoconcentration. Suspected cases should be confirmed with a reference laboratory and reported to the appropriate public health authorities. Although treatment is primarily supportive, aggressive fluid administration should be avoided due to the risk of pulmonary edema. The cardiopulmonary phase of the disease can progress rapidly with catastrophic decompensation in as little as a few hours. Patients require rapid intensive care unit admission for monitoring, mechanical ventilation, vasoactive agents, and possibly extracorporeal mechanical ventilation. Emergency physicians should be aware of outbreaks and vigilant for hantavirus exposures, especially during the summer and early fall months.
Soft tactile sensor arrays for micromanipulation

Micromanipulation methods used for complicated tasks such as microrobot assembly and microvascular surgery often lack the force reflection and contact localization capability necessary to achieve robust grasps of micro-scale objects without applying excessive forces. This absence of haptic feedback is especially prohibitive in cases where visual evidence of force application, such as object surface deformation, is imperceptible and where unstructured, dynamically changing environments require force sensing and modulation for safe, atraumatic object manipulation. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a soft tactile sensor array for sub-millimeter contact localization and contact force measurement during micromanipulation. The geometry and placement of conductive liquid embedded channels within the sensor array are optimized to provide adequate sensitivity for representative micro-manipulation tasks. Mechanical testing of the sensor demonstrates a sensitivity of less than 50mN and contact localization resolution on the order of 100's of microns.
EFFECTS OF pH ON QUALITY OF STORED TOMATO JUICE

Tomato juice was prepared by the hot-break method and filled hot into cans containing sufficient concentrated HCl to adjust pH to 4.0, 3.5, 3.0, 2.5 and 2.0. Controls were also prepared with no HCl added. Product was stored at ambient (18–22°C) and 40°C up to 3 months. As pH decreased below 4.0, consistency also showed a significant decline through pH 2.0. At the same time there was no apparent pH effect on serum viscosity. Further studies indicated that this effect was noticeable after 4 hr, at pH 3.0 to 5.0. Addition of as much as 1% NaCl to tomato juice had no effect on consistency of tomato juice. Lightness (Hunter color L) decreased with pH after 3.5, redness (aL) decreased after pH 4.0, and yellowness (bL) decreased after pH 3.0. All storage effects were more profound at the higher temperature. The storage of tomato juices at pH less than 4.0 does not appear to be advantageous to the processor.
Time-optimal motion control of piezoelectric actuator: STM application

This paper examines the problem of time-optimal motion control in the context of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) application and hysteresis compensation inherent to PZT actuators. The problem was divided into velocity tracking problem and point-to-point motion problem, and the time-optimal input profile was obtained using the command shaping technique of constrained least-square optimization. The optimal scanning velocity given a specific scanning distance and the effect of sampling rate has also been studied. To further improve the tracking performance, the piezoelectric hysteresis nonlinearity was modeled using the classical Preisach model, and explicitly compensated using the proposed continuous numerical inversion algorithm.
Anesthetic management of HELLP syndrome complicating primary antiphospholipid syndrome -A case report-

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined as an autoimmune disorder characterized by recurrent thrombosis or obstetrical morbidity. A 29-year-old woman who was diagnosed with APS underwent emergency cesarean delivery at 23 weeks' gestation. She had a seizure attack and her laboratory findings were: AST/ALT 1459/1108 IU/L, LDH 1424 IU/L, 30% hematocrit, a platelet count of 43 × 103/ml and urine protein (4+). We describe the anesthetic experience of catastrophic HELLP syndrome with antiphospholipid syndrome and we review the relevant literature.
Histomorphological changes in reproductive organs of rats fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids.

SummaryReproductive tissues of rats fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids show definite retardation of follicular development, alteration in corpora lutea, and lack of development of the uterus. Reproductive failure is total in female rats fed a 3% S. foetida oil diet. Results indicate disturbance of the pi-tuitary-gonadal axis when cyclopropenoid fatty acids are fed.
Skin pretreatment and the use of transdermal clonidine

Although therapy with transdermal clonidine is effective in bringing elevated blood pressure under control, this mode of delivery has been associated with localized dermal reactions in a small percentage of patients. Because anecdotal information suggests that a number of physicians have resorted to various dermal pretreatment strategies in an effort to alleviate or eliminate these dermal reactions, we decided to investigate the two most commonly used pretreatment strategies, to determine if they affected the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of transdermally administered clonidine. Specifically, we examined the effect of dermal pretreatment with 0.5% hydrocortisone cream and with an over-the-counter antacid, magnesium-aluminum hydroxide suspension, on the pharmacokinetics of transdermal clonidine in 10 adult hypertensive males. Patients were randomized to receive one of the two pretreatment regimens or therapy with the patch alone, and after 7 days of treatment and a 14-day washout period, patients were crossed over to receive one of the other therapies. All patients ultimately received all three therapies. We present here the results from the 10 patients enrolled in our study. Our study found a statistical difference detected in maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), steady-state plasma concentration (Css), and apparent clonidine dose delivered (Doseapp) following dermal pretreatment with hydrocortisone compared with the transdermal patch alone. The mean +/- SD relative extents of absorption (Frel) of clonidine following dermal pretreatment with hydrocortisone and magnesium-aluminum hydroxide in respect to the transdermal patch alone were 94.84 +/- 45.69% and 97.65 +/- 59.65%, respectively. No significant difference was detected in this parameter. Supine and sitting blood pressures and pulse rates were similar during treatment with clonidine alone, following dermal pretreatment with hydrocortisone cream, and following pretreatment with magnesium-aluminum hydroxide suspension. In addition, systemic side effects were evenly distributed among treatments. However, dermal side effects were less frequent following pretreatment with hydrocortisone compared with magnesium-aluminum hydroxide and the patch alone. The results of this study suggest that dermal pretreatment with 0.5 percent hydrocortisone cream may significantly alter the plasma concentrations of transdermally administered clonidine without adversely altering the pharmacodynamics.
After the Earthquake: The President's Budget for FY 1996

What changes has the political earthquake of November 1994 wreaked on the federal budget and, in particular, on the president's budget? Are the policy dynamics of federal budgets so entrenched that they transcend politics and are impervious to shocks? Or do the political changes presage radical policy changes, reversing decades of cumulative commitments? Are budgetary institutions and processes flexible enough to accommodate enhanced conflicts while maintaining their integrity and purpose? This article discusses the fate of the 1995 budget and the initial problems faced in the president's budget for 1996.
Good guys vs. Bot Guise: Mimicry attacks against fast-flux detection systems

In this paper, we explore the escalating “arms race” between fast-flux (FF) botnet detectors and the botmasters' effort to subvert them, and investigate several novel mimicry-attack techniques that allow botmasters to avoid detection. We first analyze the state-of-art FF detectors and their effectiveness against the current botnet threat, demonstrating how botmasters can—with their current resources—thwart detection strategies. Based on the realistic assumptions inferred from empirically observed trends, we create formal models for bot decay, online availability, DNS-advertisement strategies and performance, allowing us to demonstrate the effectiveness of different mimicry attacks and evaluate their effects on the overall online availability and capacity of botnets.
Information in optical flows induced by curved paths of observation

For a moving observer it is essential to foresee the locomotor course with respect to structures in the environment. Optical flows that are available to a moving observer contain powerful information for visual kinesthesis. In general, optical flows consist of separable translational and rotational components. The information examined here is contained completely in the translational component and its time derivatives. Curved paths of observation are specified by different orientations of the translational components of optical velocity and acceleration fields. Obstacles and their temporal separation from a curvilinearly moving observer are specified in the optical flow, as is the angle of collision.
Behavior of CFT Beam-Columns Under Elevated Temperatures From Fire Loading

An analytical approach consisting of three sequential analytical steps, namely, fire analysis, heat transfer analysis, and stress analysis was developed for predicting the behavior of square concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) beam-columns under elevated temperatures from fire loading. Analytical models were developed for each of these analysis steps. These included 3D finite element models for nonlinear heat transfer and stress analysis. They were further used to analytically investigate the fundamental moment-curvature-temperature (M- theta-T) behavior of CFT beam-columns subjected to combined axial, standard fire (thermal), and flexural loading. The effects of thermal insulation, axial load level, steel tube width (b) and width-to-thickness (b/t) ratio on the on the moment capacity and M-theta behavior of CFT beam-columns were evaluated.
Toxicity of rac-1(3)-myristoyl glycerol to mice.

When a diet containing 30% rac-1 (3)-myr- istoyl glycerol was fed to mice, they developed hypothermia and death occurred within a few days. If 4% safflower oil was added to the diet containing the myristoyl glycerol, hypothermia did not develop and the mortality decreased. There was a pronounced effect of ambient temperature on the toxic effects of rac-l(3)-myristoyl glycerol. Overall, the effects of feeding rac-1 (3)-myristoyl glycerol paralleled the previous findings with rac-1 (3)-palmitoyl glycerol. Thus there is a general toxicity associated with feeding the monoa- cylglycerol of any saturated fatty acid that can be reversed by including small amounts of safflower oil in the diet. The only change in plasma lipids that appears to be relevant to the toxicity and its reversal by safflower oil is an increase in cholesteryl linoleate and a corresponding decrease in the cholesteryl ester of the dietary monoacylgtycerol. Even though mice ingested large amounts of rao 1(3)-myristoyl glycerol, the percentage of myristic acid in the plasma lipids was not higher than that found when a fat-free diet was fed, and was not affected by the level of myristoyl glycerol in the diet. J. Nutr. 118: 1463-1469, 1988.
E-Commerce Technology: Back to a Prominent Future

E-commerce is a big business with a growing market size and has been a major driving force in the IT industry for the past decade. Companies now need to provide online shopping or marketing Web presence to allow for direct customer connections. In this article, the author reviews some primary e-commerce technologies, including auctions, negotiation, recommender systems, automated shopping, and trading. This paper also looks at how Web 2.0 provides new e-commerce opportunities.
Eye movements and sex differences in field articulation.

Eye movements of 10 male and 10 female Ss were examined during the rod-and-frame and size-estimation tests. Males were significantly more field-independent than females on the rod-and-frame. No sex differences were observed on size-estimation, embedded-figures test, or in the number of vertical and horizontal eye movements recorded during the two tasks. Eye movements did not correlate with performance on either test. The latter finding questions the utilization of size-estimation to infer visual scanning.
Redefinition of myocardial infarction: new challenges and opportunities.

Heart disease is the number one cause of death in the western world and as such constitutes an immense public health problem.1,2 The analysis of the trends in the incidence and outcome of myocardial infarction coupled to that of coronary disease mortality provides crucial insights into the determinants of heart disease, which is essential to its treatment and prevention. For example, in the face of stable incidence trends, a decline in coronary mortality most likely reflects the impact of secondary prevention and medical care, whereas increasing incidence of disease conversely would point to primary prevention. Within this framework, it is important to recognize that the trends in the incidence and outcome of coronary disease are complex, likely multifactorial, and evolve over time. Indeed, as the respective role of these two theoretical determinants varies across person, time, and place, continued surveillance is essential to detect change in the trends and their determinants and to evaluate the effectiveness of clinical and public health strategies to combat coronary disease.3–5 Effective surveillance in turn mandates standardization of the criteria used to define the events under surveillance. This is a prerequisite for the validity and interpretation of trends measured in different settings and in different time periods. Myocardial infarction plays a crucial role in the surveillance of the population burden of coronary disease in part related to the existence of established criteria for its diagnosis, which are amenable to standardization. Thus, the medical and scientific communities have tracked the incidence of myocardial infarction over time as chief indicator of progress in the battle against coronary disease,6 studied the prognosis of myocardial infarction, and dedicated enormous resources to improve it. Within this context, it is thus intuitive that a common definition of myocardial infarction, which can be used by … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 507 284 0519; fax: +1 507 266 0228. E-mail address : roger.veronique{at}mayo.edu
MAPPING MENDELIAN FACTORS UNDERLYING QUANTITATIVE TRAITS USING RFLP LINKAGE MAPS

The advent of complete genetic linkage maps consisting of codominant DNA markers [typically restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)] has stimulated interest in the systematic genetic dissection of discrete Mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits in experimental organisms. We describe here a set of analytical methods that modify and extend the classical theory for mapping such quantitative trait loci (QTLs). These include: (i) a method of identifying promising crosses for QTL mapping by exploiting a classical formula of SEWALL WRIGHT; (ii) a method (interval mapping) for exploiting the full power of RFLP linkage maps by adapting the approach of LOD score analysis used in human genetics, to obtain accurate estimates of the genetic location and phenotypic effect of QTLs; and (iii) a method (selective genotyping) that allows a substantial reduction in the number of progeny that need to be scored with the DNA markers. In addition to the exposition of the methods, explicit graphs are provided that allow experimental geneticists to estimate, in any particular case, the number of progeny required to map QTLs underlying a quantitative trait.
A Plausibility-Based Approach to Incremental Inference

Inference techniques play a central role in many cognitive systems. They transform low-level observations of the environment into high-level, actionable knowledge which then gets used by mechanisms that drive action, problem-solving, and learning. This paper presents an initial effort at combining results from AI and psychology into a pragmatic and scalable computational reasoning system. Our approach combines a numeric notion of plausibility with first-order logic to produce an incremental inference engine that is guided by heuristics derived from the psychological literature. We illustrate core ideas with detailed examples and discuss the advantages of the approach with respect to cognitive systems.
TEM-Based Analysis of Defects Induced by AC Thermomechanical versus Microtensile Deformation in Aluminum Thin Films

Thin films of sputtered aluminum were deformed by two different experimental techniques. One experiment comprised passing high electrical AC current density through patterned Al interconnect lines deposited on SiO2/Si substrates. The other consisted of uniaxial mechanical tensile deformation of a 1 μm thick by 5 μm wide free standing Al line. In the electrical tests approximately 2 x 107 W/cm2 was dissipated at 200 Hz resulting in cyclic Joule heating, which developed a total thermomechanical strain of about 0.3 % per cycle. The tension test showed a gauge length fracture strain of only 0.5 % but did display ductile chisel point fracture. In both experiments, certain grains exhibited large, > 30°, rotation away from an initial normal orientation toward , based on electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of specimens from both experiments showed an unusually high density of prismatic dislocation loops. In the mechanically-tested samples, a high density of loops was seen in the chisel point fracture zone. In cross sections of highly deformed regions of the electrical test specimens, very high densities, > 1015/cm3, of small, > 10 nm diameter, prismatic loops were observed. In both cases the presence of a high density of prismatic loops shows that a very high density of vacancies was created in the deformation. On the other hand, in both cases the density of dislocations in the deformed areas was relatively low. These results suggest very high incidence of intersecting dislocations creating jogs and subsequently vacancies before exiting the sample.
The Arkansas 'Mini-RFRA' is Bad Policy

This article submits two main arguments. First, the passage of Arkansas’ state “mini-RFRA” necessitates an amendment to the Arkansas Civil Rights Act to provide prohibitions against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression. Second, the passage of mini-RFRAs is bad policy from both a state and national perspective. Statutes, court rulings, and anecdotal evidence all demonstrate the need for greater protections in the wake of the expansive state RFRA adoption. Mini-RFRAs add to a patchwork of robust religious freedom protection that collectively threatens to produce a new wave of separate-but-equal policy that subverts the civil rights of the LGBT community across the country. Many state RFRAs include provisions that extend far beyond its federal counterpart, increasing the likelihood of discrimination. Particularly troublesome for Arkansas is that except for one municipality in the entire state, the state RFRA faces no opposing anti-discrimination law. Seeing as the cards are stacked in favor of religious freedom, the only way to strike a proper balance, particularly in Arkansas, is to expressly prohibit discrimination on the bases of sexual orientation, gender identity, and gender expression.
1.8 ps, 200 GHz GaAs Monolithic Photadiode and All-Electronic Sampler

Photodetectors play a fundamental role in optical communication and measurement systems. In communications systems, faster detectors would enhance system bandwidths, increasing information transmission capacity. In measurement systems, high-speed photodetectors would measure picosecond optical waveforms from mode-locked lasers, and optical and optoelectronic devices. Eventually, the use of fast photodetectors with high-speed sampling electronics could replace autocorrelation and cross-correlation techniques in which the pulse waveform is not directly measured but is inferred using deconvolution methods. To date, the fastest reported photodetectors have been a 4.2 ps FWHM, 110 GHz 3-dB bandwidth GaAs photodiode due to Parker et al. [1]; and, for the longer wavelength regime where InGaAs-based systems must be used, a 3.8 ps FWHM photodiode due to Wey et al. [2]. Because presently available oscilloscopes only have 3-dB bandwidths up to 50 GHz, electro-optic sampling had to be used to measure the response of these photodetectors. The speed of the actual devices was indirectly determined by a deconvolution of the system response from the measured data. To overcome this measurement problem, a high-speed Schottky photodetector has been monolithically integrated with an electronic sampler [3, 4]. Without using deconvolution, we are able to measure a temporal response of 1.8 ps FWHM, corresponding to a 3-dB bandwidth of 200 GHz.
Economic Growth and Immigration in Venezuela

Changes in immigration flows and policy in the last three decades are linked to differences in the level and types of economic growth in Venezuela. This provides an historical context within which ...
The CDC20-APC/SOX2 signaling axis: An achilles' heel for glioblastoma.

Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) play a critical role in glioblastoma progression and recurrence. We discuss recent results on the role of the mitotic ubiquitin ligase cell division cycle 20–anaphase-promoting complex (CDC20-APC) in the governance of cardinal GSC functions through a mechanism involving the transcription factor sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2). These findings expand the non-mitotic roles of CDC20-APC with implications for stem cell biology.
Positive analysis on the relation of human resource and regional economy development in Daqing

In this paper, we summarize the existing models of relation between human resource and regional economy development on the basis of econometrics, positively analyzing the relation of human resource and regional economy development from the aspects of human resource quantity and quality in Daqing. Policies and advice are put forward to develope regional economy and to strengthen human resource development and management.
Importance of binder modification type and aggregate structure on rutting resistance of asphalt mixtures using image-based multi-scale modelling

Permanent deformation is known as one of the most critical distresses observed in asphalt pavements, and is known to depend on asphalt binder, aggregates and voids, which are the components of asphalt mixture. This study is an effort to investigate the effect of asphalt binder modification type and aggregate structure on rutting resistance through experimentation and finite-element simulation. Asphalt binders with different levels of non-recoverable compliance (Jnr) and elastic recovery (%R) based on the Multiple Stress Creep Recovery test were selected. Asphalt mixtures with different aggregate gradations were prepared for testing and image processing for numerical simulation. A flow number test was conducted on the mixture samples to obtain the asphalt mixture rutting performance. A two-dimensional (2D) image analysis was also conducted on the mixture samples to characterise their internal aggregate structures. In addition, a recently developed image-based multi-scale finite-element model was used to pr...
Comparison of Avitene, Topical Thrombin, and Gelfoam as Sole Hemostatic Agent in Tuboplasties *

Forty-eight virgin guinea pigs were subjected to bilateral sectioning of the uterine horn and cuff type salpingostomy. Avitene, Topical Thrombin, or Gelfoam was used as the sole hemostatic agent in each of three study groups. Bipolar cauterization was used in a control series. These agents were compared with regard to ease of application, degree of adhesion formation, net surface area, and microscopic evaluation of degree of fibrosis and inflammatory reaction. The results revealed no statistically significant differences among the various methods of hemostasis. Data were evaluated by uni- and multivariate analyses. Several trends in the data were noted: the greatest amount of fibrosis was associated with Topical Thrombin and Avitene, and the greatest inflammatory response was associated with Avitene. These agents show no superiority to currently used cautery methods of obtaining hemostasis.
Hidden Exponent RSA and Efficient Key Distribution.

In this paper we propose a variant of RSA public key scheme, called “Hidden Exponent RSA”. Based on this new scheme, we devised an efficient key distribution/management scheme for secure communication among devices in the context of pervasive computing, with emphasis on the simplicity and efficiency of the protocol. We show the new scheme is secure under the strong RSA assumption.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in end-stage liver disease

AIM: To evaluate the association between alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (A1ATD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). METHODS: Patients with cirrhosis and ESLD referred to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation for liver transplantation between 2003 and 2014 were included in the study (N = 675). ESLD was defined as having histological features of cirrhosis and/or radiological evidence of cirrhosis in the context of portal hypertension (ascites, variceal bleeding, thrombocytopenia, or hepatic encephalopathy). A1ATD was diagnosed using phenotype characterization (MZ or ZZ), liver biopsy detection of PAS-positive diastase-resistant (PAS+) globules, or both. Patients with other causes of liver diseases such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) or NASH were also included in the study. HCC was diagnosed by using imaging modalities, biopsy findings, or explanted liver inspection. Follow-up time was defined as the number of years from the diagnosis of cirrhosis to the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, or from the diagnosis of cirrhosis to the last follow up visit. The rate of HCC was assessed using time-to-interval analysis for interval censored data. RESULTS: This study included 675 patients. 7% of subjects had A1ATD (n = 47). Out of all subjects who did not have A1ATD, 46% had HCV, 17% had alcoholic liver disease, 19% had NASH and 18% had another primary diagnosis. Of the 47 subjects with A1ATD, 15 had a primary diagnosis of A1ATD (PI*ZZ phenotype and PAS+ globules), 8 had a PI*MZ phenotype alone, 14 had PAS+ alone, and 10 had both the PI*MZ phenotype and PAS+. Median follow-up time was 3.4 (25th, 75th percentiles: 1, 5.2) years. The overall rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in all subjects was 29% (n = 199). In the A1ATD group, the incidence rate of HCC was 8.5% compared to 31% in the group of patients with other causes of cirrhosis (P = 0.001). Patients with ESLD due to A1ATD had the lowest yearly cumulative rate of hepatocellular carcinoma at 0.88% per year compared to 2.7% for those with HCV cirrhosis, 1.5% in patients with NASH and 0.9% in alcohol-induced liver disease (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Within this group of patients with ESLD, there was no significant association between A1ATD and increased risk of HCC.
Eskom's energy saving sarcasm

In the midst of a gripping electricity shortage, South Africa's power utility appears at a loss on how to handle the crisis. The company's utopian view of South African society, which is glaringly obvious in its media communications, comes at the expense of the very people it is targeting.
Evaluation of the 2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide (HPPH) mediated photodynamic therapy by macroscopic singlet oxygen modeling.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is known as a non-invasive treatment modality that is based on photochemical reactions between oxygen, photosensitizer, and a special wavelength of light. However, a dosimetric predictor for PDT outcome is still elusive because current dosimetric quantities do not account for the differences in the PDT oxygen consumption rate for different fluence rates. In this study, we evaluate several dose metrics, total fluence, photobleaching ratio, PDT dose, and mean reacted singlet oxygen (mean [1 O2 ]rx ) for predicting the PDT outcome and a clinically relevant tumor re-growth endpoint. For this reason, radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF) mice tumors are treated with 2-(1-Hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide (HPPH) and different in-air fluences (30 J/cm2 , 50 J/cm2 , 135 J/cm2 , 250 J/cm2 , and 350 J/cm2 ) and in-air fluence rates (20, 50, 75, 150 mW/cm2 ). Explicit measurements of HPPH and oxygen concentration as well as tissue optical properties are performed pre- and post-treatment. Then, this information is incorporated into a macroscopic model to calculate the photobleaching, PDT dose, and mean [1 O2 ]rx . Changes in tumor volume are tracked following the treatment and compared with the dose metrics. The correlation demonstrates that mean [1 O2 ]rx serves as a better dosimetric quantity for predicting treatment outcome and a clinically relevant tumor re-growth endpoint.
Methylphenidate without Sleep Problems

The effects of methylphenidate (MPH) administered at 4 PM on behavior and sleep in 12 child psychiatric inpatients with ADHD were evaluated in a double-blind, crossover study at the Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY.
MICROBIOLOGY OF POULTRY PRODUCTS1,2

Changes in poultry processing and marketing over the past few decades have resulted in production of many convenience food items. These products are subjected to much handling and require that strict attention be given to sanitation measures. Many types of microorganisms are present on poultry products as a result of contamination from feathers, feet, and intestinal contents of the birds. Equipment and personnel on processing lines also contribute to the spread of bacteria. The bacterial flora may be significant in causing spoilage, or may represent a public health hazard unless controlled by proper sanitation and cooking or low temperature, Trends in bacterial numbers during processing vary with different plant practices and the adequacy of plant sanitation; examples of these differences are described. Several investigations are reviewed on microorganisms present on poultry from the farm through the finished product, including retail store practices. Sources and control of salmonellae and other potential...
I "Heart" You: The Effects of Consumer' Schema Congruity/Incongruity on Attention, Recognition and Evaluation of Fair Labor Messages from Apparel Brands

What happens to consumers if they encounter a certain brand message that is different from their existing brand expectations, such as a fair labor message from a brand which does not have an image of being socially responsible? According to Mandler’s schema-congruity theory (1982), humans process new information based on their existing expectations or schemas. Information congruent to schema is considered familiar, processed effortlessly and leads to positive evaluation. Incongruent information is unfamiliar, leads to extensive processing to resolve incongruity, and, results in positive evaluation if incongruity is resolved or negative if not resolved. However, little research exists on psychological and physiological reactions such as attention devoted, while consumers are processing (in)congruent messages or their recognition and evaluation of such messages. In this regard, attention is important since if consumers do not pay attention to messages, it is unlikely that such messages have been processed deeply enough to impact their future purchase choices.
The Role of nato Enlargement in the Ukraine Crisis

The Ukraine crisis has spawned an East–west confrontation that was generated by misperceptions on both sides: (1) by Russian perceptions of security challenges resulting from NATO ’s enlargement, as Moscow reacted (and over-reacted) to the threat that Ukraine would become a member and, as such, would pose a danger to Russia; and (2) by Western blindness to (or lack of concern for) the genuine worries that the prospect of Ukrainian membership stirred in Russian minds. This article briefly examines the gradual strengthening of these mutual misperceptions as NATO engaged in its process of enlargement. It argues that the prospect of Ukraine’s imminent membership brought to a boil the long-brewing clash of assumptions about requirements for Europe’s security.
Availability of drug information on community pharmacy websites in Tennessee

Objective This study reports the availability and type of drug information resources on community pharmacy websites in Tennessee. Methods A list of pharmacies was obtained from the Tennessee Board of Pharmacy. All community pharmacies located in Tennessee with a website were evaluated. Community pharmacy websites that listed a drug information resource were further analysed into pharmacy type and drug information provider. Key findings One hundred and sixty-nine websites were evaluated. Thirty-six websites listed a drug information resource. Fifty per cent of those sites used the drug information provider RxWiki. Other providers included drugs.com, First Data Bank, A.D.A.M., RxList, Gold Standard Multimedia and Express Scripts. Conclusion Community pharmacy websites are underutilized as a provider for credible drug information for the public.
Femtogram Resolution of Iron Content on a Per Cell Basis: Ex Vivo Storage of Human Red Blood Cells Leads to Loss of Hemoglobin

The magnetic characteristics of hemoglobin (Hb) changes with the binding of dioxygen (O2) to the heme prosthetic groups of the globin chains: from paramagnetic ferrous Hb to diamagnetic ferrous oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) with reversibly bound O2, or paramagnetic ferric methemoglobin (metHb). When multiplied over the number of Hb molecules in a red blood cell (RBC), the effect is detectable through motion analysis of RBCs in a high magnetic field and gradient. This motion is referred to as magnetophoretic mobility, which can be conveniently expressed as a fraction of the cell sedimentation velocity. In this Article, using a previously developed and reported instrument, cell tracking velocimetry (CTV), we are able to detect difference in Hb concentration in two RBC populations to a resolution of 1 × 107 Hb molecules per cell (4 × 107 atoms of Fe per cell or 4-5 femtograms of Fe). Similar resolution achieved with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry requires on the order of 105-106 cells and provides an average, whereas CTV provides a measurement for each cell. CTV analysis revealed that RBCs lose, on average, 17% of their Hb after 42 days of storage, the maximum FDA-approved length of time for the cold storage of RBCs in additive solution. This difference in Hb concentration was the result of routine RBC storage; clinical implications are discussed.
Synthesis and characterization of tin, tin/aluminum, and tin/boron containing MFI zeolites

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of tin, tin/aluminum, and tin/boron containing MFI zeolites are reported. It is shown that tin uptake is high (near 100%) but decreases with the introduction of a second heteroatom. Additionally, the zeolite crystal size decreases and morphology changes with the introduction of a second heteroatom as evidenced by FE-SEM and XRD. UV-Vis confirms the tetrahedral framework coordination of tin within the zeolite and the absence of tin oxide clusters. Studies of methanol adsorption using in-situ IR spectroscopy indicate that tin-MFI sample with low tin contents possess lower acidity, and that tin/aluminum samples confirm aluminum within the zeolite through the presence of a Bronsted acid site. Comparison of spectra of adsorbed d-acetonitrile on the surface of these catalysts with the silicalite-1 is consistent with the tin centers in the framework possessing Lewis acidity.