cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microbial interactions and the ecology and evolution of Hawaiian Drosophilidae

Adaptive radiations are characterized by an increased rate of speciation and expanded range of habitats and ecological niches exploited by those species. The Hawaiian Drosophilidae is a classic adaptive radiation; a single ancestral species colonized Hawaii approximately 25 million years ago and gave rise to two monophyletic lineages, the Hawaiian Drosophila and the genus Scaptomyza. The Hawaiian Drosophila are largely saprophagous and rely on approximately 40 endemic plant families and their associated microbes to complete development. Scaptomyza are even more diverse in host breadth. While many species of Scaptomyza utilize decomposing plant substrates, some species have evolved to become herbivores, parasites on spider egg masses, and exploit microbes on living plant tissue. Understanding the origin of the ecological diversity encompassed by these nearly 700 described species has been a challenge. The central role of microbes in drosophilid ecology suggests bacterial and fungal associates may have played a role in the diversification of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae. Here we synthesize recent ecological and microbial community data from the Hawaiian Drosophilidae to examine the forces that may have led to this adaptive radiation. We propose that the evolutionary success of the Hawaiian Drosophilidae is due to a combination of factors, including adaptation to novel ecological niches facilitated by microbes.
The System Manganese Oxide–Cr2O3 in Air

The quenching technique has been used to determine equilibrium relations in the system manganese oxide-Cr2O3 in air in the temperature range 600° to 1980°C. The following isobaric invariant situations have been determined: At 910°± 5°C tetragonal Mn3O4 solid solution, cubic Mn3O4 solid solution (=spinel), Mn2O3 solid solution, and gas coexist in equilibrium. Cubic Mn3O4 solid solution, Cr2O3 solid solution, liquid, and gas are present together in equilibrium at 1970°± 20°C. The invariant situation at which cubic Mn3O4 solid solution, Mn2O3 solid solution, Cr2O3 solid solution, and gas exist together in equilibrium is below 600°C.
Velocity measurement using laser speckle statistics.

A technique is presented which uses a laser beam to measure both vector components of the transverse velocity of a diffuse target. It is shown that the derivative of the spatio-temporal cross-correlation function of laser speckle intensity fluctuations, taken with respect to the time delay and evaluated at zero time delay, is directly proportional to the component of target velocitythat is parallel to the spatial separation. Experimental results are presented which verify this linearity.
Clostridium glycolicum Wound Infections: Case Reports and Review of the Literature

We describe two cases of Clostridium glycolicum wound infections in immunocompetent adults. The bacterium was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. This is the third published report of the recovery of this organism from human clinical material and highlights the importance of the organism as a potential human pathogen. Our report extends the spectrum of the diseases caused by C. glycolicum.
Evolution of bubble clouds induced by pulsed cavitational ultrasound therapy - Histotripsy

Mechanical tissue fractionation can be achieved using successive, high-intensity ultrasound pulses in a process termed histotripsy. Histotripsy has many potential clinical applications where noninvasive tissue removal is desired. The primary mechanism for histotripsy is believed to be cavitation. Using fast-gated imaging, this paper studies the evolution of a cavitating bubble cloud induced by a histotripsy pulse (10 and 14 cycles) at peak negative pressures exceeding 21 MPa. Bubble clouds are generated inside a gelatin phantom and at a tissue-water interface, representing two situations encountered clinically. In both envi ronments, the imaging results show that the bubble clouds share the same evolutionary trend. The bubble cloud and individual bubbles in the cloud were generated by the first cycle of the pulse, grew with each cycle during the pulse, and continued to grow and collapsed several hundred microseconds after the pulse. For example, the bubbles started under 10 mum, grew to 50 mum during the pulse, and continued to grow > 100 mum after the pulse. The results also suggest that the bubble clouds generated in the two environments differ in growth and collapse duration, void fraction, shape, and size. This study furthers our understanding of the dynamics of bubble clouds induced by histotripsy.
Role of cysteine residues in regulation of p53 function.

Previous studies of p53 have implicated cysteine residues in site-specific DNA binding via zinc coordination and redox regulation (P. Hainaut and J. Milner, Cancer Res. 53:4469-4473, 1993; T. R. Hupp, D. W. Meek, C. A. Midgley, and D. P. Lane, Nucleic Acids Res. 21:3167-3174, 1993). We show here that zinc binding and redox regulation are, at least in part, distinct determinants of the binding of p53 to DNA. Moreover, by substituting serine for each cysteine in murine p53, we have investigated the roles of individual cysteines in the regulation of p53 function. Substitution of serine for cysteine at position 40, 179, 274, 293, or 308 had little or no effect on p53 function. In contrast, replacement of cysteine at position 173, 235, or 239 markedly reduced in vitro DNA binding, completely blocked transcriptional activation, and led to a striking enhancement rather than a suppression of transformation by p53. These three cysteines have been implicated in zinc binding by X-ray diffraction studies (Y. Cho, S. Gorina, P.D. Jeffrey, and N.P. Pavletich, Science 265:346-355, 1994); our studies demonstrate the functional consequences of the inability of the central DNA-binding domain of p53 to studies demonstrate the functional consequences of the inability of the central DNA-binding domain of p53 to bind zinc. Lastly, substitutions for cysteines at position 121, 132, 138, or 272 partially blocked both transactivation and the suppression of transformation by p53. These four cysteines are located in the loop-sheet-helix region of the site-specific DNA-binding domain of p53. Like the cysteines in the zinc-binding region, therefore, these cysteines may cooperate to modulate the structure of the DNA-binding domain. Our findings argue that p53 is subject to more than one level of conformational modulation through oxidation-reduction of cysteines at or near the p53-DNA interface.
Achieving inter-receiver fairness utilizing layered media multicast control (LMMC)

In this paper, we present an analytical solution to the problem of rate allocation and receiver partitioning in layered media systems. The framework of our proposed protocol layered media multicast control (LMMC) determines the layer rates and the corresponding partitioning of the receivers maximizing a mathematically well-behaved approximation of the so-called max-min fairness metric.
The Astrophysics of Spectroscopic Studies with the Herschel Space Observatory

The three instruments on the Herschel Space Observatory, HIFI, SPIRE, and PACS, cover together over a decade in frequency, from 450 GHz to 5000 GHz, with spectral resolutions δν/ν between 0.3 and 10 -6 . The equivalent temperature range, defined by T = hν/k is 21 K ≤ T eq ≤ 240 K, and thus for dust emission, Herschel will cover the peak of the Planck function in many sources associated with both quiescent and star-forming molecular clouds, both in the Milky Way and other galaxies. The temperature equivalence of the Herschel frequency range also means that essentially all portions of giant molecular clouds will be well probed by the many spectral lines in the Herschel wavelength range of 0.67 mm to 60 µm. My focus in this paper is on gas phase spectral lines of molecules, atoms, and ions, which will be well resolved with the heterodyne receivers on HIFI, but typically not resolved in Galactic sources with the other two instruments. Kinematic interpretation of spectral lines with HIFI is of great interest, along with determination of temperature, density, and column density. I briefly summarize in this review the most important species for Herschel observations, and discuss how one can derive important astronomical quantities from data obtained with the Herschel Space Observatory. Along with describing techniques for analyzing data from the Herschel instruments, I will cover briefly what supplementary ground–based observations are necessary to extract the most from the valuable observing time of the space–based facility.
The Dominant Logic of Employer-Sponsored Work and Family Initiatives: Human Resource Managers' Institutional Role

This paper argues that concepts from institutional theory and managerial dominant logic can be used to examine human resource managers' institutional role supporting the adoption of employer-sponsored childcare as a form of organizational adaptation to change. Three components of the dominant logic of employer-sponsored childcare were found: management control, environmental, and a coercive component. These components overlap to form an overall management orientation toward employer-sponsored childcare, which are related to management's demographic backgrounds, and their organizational and industry environments. The extent of adoption of employer-sponsored childcare was found to be positively related to (1) the strength of human resource manager's global orientation, and (2) their interpretations of favorable executive attitudes toward employer-sponsored childcare.
Urine concentrating mechanism: impact of vascular and tubular architecture and a proposed descending limb urea-Na+ cotransporter

We extended a region-based mathematical model of the renal medulla of the rat kidney, previously developed by us, to represent new anatomic findings on the vascular architecture in the rat inner medulla (IM). In the outer medulla (OM), tubules and vessels are organized around tightly packed vascular bundles; in the IM, the organization is centered around collecting duct clusters. In particular, the model represents the separation of descending vasa recta from the descending limbs of loops of Henle, and the model represents a papillary segment of the descending thin limb that is water impermeable and highly urea permeable. Model results suggest that, despite the compartmentalization of IM blood flow, IM interstitial fluid composition is substantially more homogeneous compared with OM. We used the model to study medullary blood flow in antidiuresis and the effects of vascular countercurrent exchange. We also hypothesize that the terminal aquaporin-1 null segment of the long descending thin limbs may express a urea-Na+ or urea-Cl− cotransporter. As urea diffuses from the urea-rich papillary interstitium into the descending thin limb luminal fluid, NaCl is secreted via the cotransporter against its concentration gradient. That NaCl is then reabsorbed near the loop bend, raising the interstitial fluid osmolality and promoting water reabsorption from the IM collecting ducts. Indeed, the model predicts that the presence of the urea-Na+ or urea- Cl− cotransporter facilitates the cycling of NaCl within the IM and yields a loop-bend fluid composition consistent with experimental data.
Survivability - An information fusion process metric from an operational perspective

This paper presents a new probabilistic approach to determine survivability of reconfigurable systems as a system-level performance metric in an operational environment. In contrast to known methods of estimating survivability in terms of susceptibility and vulnerability, the proposed method (1) includes directional threats on various subsystems into the analysis and (2) provides a framework for operational information fusion processes to better sustain unpredictable or hostile environmental disturbances. In this paper, we distinguish the survivability and reliability metrics, where we demonstrate the importance of survivability metric in a dynamic information fusion process for an operational environment. We present our main result using a piping system of fluid flow; however, the concept easily extends to other flow systems, such as power networks, computer communication networks, and military reconfigurable information systems, etc. Survivability of these large scale reconfigurable networks depend on their capability of assessing directional threats, situation awareness, and their ability to dynamically adapt to new configurations. The proposed survivability method embedded in an information fusion environment can be used for real time dynamic reconfiguration of large scale systems, optimization and routing of data and information, and detect and mitigate hardware and software threats.
CLASSIFICATION OF GREEN PEA PEROXIDASES BY PREPARATIVE ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING

Green pea peroxidase isoenzymes were partially purified, identified, and grouped by preparative isoelectric focusing in granulated gel (PEGG), using a modified cascade method. Isoenzyme patterns were detected utilizing a substrate-impregnated paper print technique. Direct application of crude extract on PEGG proved to be a valuable tool for partial purification of peroxidase isoenzymes. A substrate-impregnated paper print technique enabled the detection of isoenzyme patterns and may replace the time-consuming conventional peroxidase activity assay. Twelve isoenzymes (pIs ranging from 5.5–8.6), isolated on analytical thin-layer isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel, were isoelectrically homogeneous.
Race and the death penalty in Kentucky murder trials: An analysis of post-Gregg outcomes

This study examines the effect of the victim's race on the probability that an accused murderer is charged with a capital crime and sentenced to death in Kentucky. Our results show that blacks accused of killing whites had a higher than average probability of being charged with a capital crime (by the prosecutor) and sentenced to die (by the jury) than did other homicide offenders. This finding remains after we take into account the effects of differences in the heinousness of the murder, prior criminal record, the personal relationship between the victim and the offender, and the probability that the accused will not stand trial for a capital offense.
Secondary and tertiary structure formation of the beta-barrel membrane protein OmpA is synchronized and depends on membrane thickness.

The mechanism of membrane insertion and folding of a b-barrel membrane protein has been studied using the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) as an example. OmpA forms an eight-stranded b-barrel that functions as a structural protein and perhaps as an ion channel in the outer membrane of Escherichia coli. OmpA folds spontaneously from a urea-denatured state into lipid bilayers of small unilamellar vesicles. We have used fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and gel electrophoresis to investigate basic mechanistic principles of structure formation in OmpA. Folding kinetics followed a second-order rate law and is strongly depended on the hydrophobic thickness of the lipid bilayer. When OmpA was refolded into model membranes of dilaurylphosphatidylcholine, fluorescence kinetics were characterized by a rate constant that was about fivefold higher than the rate constants of formation of secondary and tertiary structure, which were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and gel electrophoresis, respectively. The formation of b-sheet secondary structure and closure of the b-barrel of OmpA were correlated with the same rate constant and coupled to the insertion of the protein into the lipid bilayer. OmpA, and presumably other b-barrel membrane proteins therefore do not follow a mechanism according to the two-stage model that has been proposed for the folding of a-helical bundle membrane proteins. These different folding mechanisms are likely a consequence of the very different intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophobicity patterns in these two classes of membrane proteins. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
Retroviral cDNA Integration: Stimulation by HMG I Family Proteins

To replicate, a retrovirus must synthesize a cDNA copy of the viral RNA genome and integrate that cDNA into a chromosome of the host. We have investigated the role of a host cell cofactor, HMG I(Y) protein, in integration of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) cDNA. Previously we reported that HMG I(Y) cofractionates with HIV-1 preintegration complexes (PICs) isolated from freshly infected cells. PICs depleted of required components by treatment with high concentrations of salt could be reconstituted by addition of purified HMG I(Y) in vitro. Here we report studies using immunoprecipitation that indicate that HMG I(Y) is associated with MoMLV preintegration complexes. In mechanistic studies, we show for both HIV-1 and MoMLV that each HMG I(Y) monomer must contain multiple DNA binding domains to stimulate integration by HMG I(Y)-depleted PICs. We also find that HMG I(Y) can condense model HIV-1 or MoMLV cDNA in vitro as measured by stimulation of intermolecular ligation. This reaction, like reconstitution of integration, depends on the presence of multiple DNA binding domains in each HMG I(Y) monomer. These data suggest that binding of multivalent HMG I(Y) monomers to multiple cDNA sites compacts retroviral cDNA, thereby promoting formation of active integrase-cDNA complexes.
Human-Enabled Microscopic Environmental Mobile Sensing and Feedback

Climate change has had a dramatic impact on many agrarian developing nations. For example, in 2009, the delay of the monsoon rains by a month in India affected several macroeconomic factors including food price increases, a stock market slump, agricultural product export restrictions, and an array of agricultural subsidies. Over the past decade, there has been a growing trend in the number of farmer suicide deaths throughout the country due to a combination of economic, social, and environmental factors. On one hand, the fraction of arable land has decreased over the years due to soil erosion factors, excessive use of pesticides, and land encroachment from urban dwellers (buying land in rural areas). On the other hand, agriculture as an occupation has become less profitable due to a combination of poor yield (due to poor water availability, monsoon unpredictability, and soil erosion) and an increase in the cost of living. Many of these factors hint at a pending agrarian catastrophe. From a technology perspective, what can we do to help agrarian communities in India and elsewhere? While we are not experts in economic and social factors, we do believe that technology can aid in addressing some of the environmental problems faced by such agrarian societies, even if it is in some limited manner that complements other efforts.
Intraoperative Monitoring of Elephant Trunk Kinking With Transesophageal Echocardiography

a a i s t b s p a p i HE ELEPHANT TRUNK PROCEDURE was first described in 1983 by Borst et al to facilitate repair of comlex aortic aneurysms.1 Several modifications of the procedure ave been developed, but the principle of a graft that can be nfolded distally and used as a proximal anastomosis site or ndovascular stent landing site in a second descending aortic neurysm repair has persisted.2-4 Intraoperative transesophageal chocardiography (TEE) has become an important adjunct in ortic repairs.5,6 The use of TEE guidance and monitoring in the econd-stage stent grafting of an elephant trunk has been reported efore.7,8 Intraoperative TEE may also be important in identifying roblems with folding and kinking of these grafts during initial lacement and deployment. The authors describe 2 cases in which EE identified improper unfolding of an elephant trunk during nitial placement in ascending aortic and aortic arch repair and lephant trunk kinking during stent-graft placement.
Vec and vech operators for matrices, with some uses in jacobians and multivariate statistics

The vec of a matrix X stacks columns of X one under another in a single column; the vech of a square matrix X does the same thing but starting each column at its diagonal element. The Jacobian of a one-to-one transformation X → Y is then ∣∣∂(vecX)/∂(vecY) ∣∣ when X and Y each have functionally independent elements; it is ∣∣ ∂(vechX)/∂(vechY) ∣∣ when X and Y are symmetric; and there is a general form for when X and Y are other patterned matrices. Kronecker product properties of vec(ABC) permit easy evaluation of this determinant in many cases. The vec and vech operators are also very convenient in developing results in multivariate statistics.
Fire Resistant-Durable Press Fabrics with Low Formaldehyde Release:

Formaldehyde release from fabrics with a fire resistant-durable press (FR-DP) finish was significantly reduced. The FR-DP finish was based on the simul taneous use of decabromodiphenyl oxide, antimony oxide, an acrylic binder, and 1,3-dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea. Three polyols were incorporated into the FR-DP treating solution to reduce formaldehyde release from treated fabrics. 1,2-Propanediol and glycerol were found to reduce formaldehyde release to about 500 μg/g of treated fabric without severe adverse effects on appearance ratings, wrinkle recovery, oxygen index, or durability of the finish. Fire resistance of treated fabrics, with or without the polyols, decreased sub stantially after 15 launderings.
Reliance on shallow soil water in a mixed-hardwood forest in central Pennsylvania

We investigated depth of water uptake of trees on shale-derived soils in order to assess the importance of roots over a meter deep as a driver of water use in a central Pennsylvania catchment. This information is not only needed to improve basic understanding of water use in these forests but also to improve descriptions of root function at depth in hydrologic process models. The study took place at the Susquehanna Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory in central Pennsylvania. We asked two main questions: (i) Do trees in a mixed-hardwood, humid temperate forest in a central Pennsylvania catchment rely on deep roots for water during dry portions of the growing season? (ii) What is the role of tree genus, size, soil depth and hillslope position on the depth of water extraction by trees? Based on multiple lines of evidence, including stable isotope natural abundance, sap flux and soil moisture depletion patterns with depth, the majority of water uptake during the dry part of the growing season occurred, on average, at less than ∼60 cm soil depth throughout the catchment. While there were some trends in depth of water uptake related to genus, tree size and soil depth, water uptake was more uniformly shallow than we expected. Our results suggest that these types of forests may rely considerably on water sources that are quite shallow, even in the drier parts of the growing season.
Overview of the Symposium

Ethanol is the most abused drug in the country. According to the Ninth Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health, Americans consume 2.24 gallons of ethanol per year. Although this is the lowest level of consumption since 1964, ethanol still underlies a multitude of ills in this country. Alcohol contributes to many highway deaths, homicides, suicides, and accidents, and causes numerous medical problems in long-term abusers, inducing liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, brain damage, and of course dependence. Almost 14 million people are classified as either alcohol abusers or alcohol dependent, using standard psychiatric instruments such as DSM-IV. Economic costs of alcohol abuse to the nation are enormous at $148 billion due to lost productivity and health care expenditures.
Abstract 1783: Activated c-MET; a prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST)

There is a crucial need for sensitive prognosticators and novel therapeutic approaches for better management of MPNST. These tumors harbor a dismal prognosis due to their chemoresistant nature and enhanced metastatic propensity. A large body of evidence suggests a role for the tyrosine kinase receptor c-Met in cancer and its utility as a target for cancer therapy is currently being investigated. Here we aimed to evaluate the role of the c-Met signaling pathway in human MPNST. Expression level of c-Met, its ligand HGF and phosphorylated c-Met was determined immunohistochemically in a tissue microarray of human MPNSTs (n = 96) and benign neurofibromas (n = 31). All three markers were found to be over-expressed in MPNST as compared to their pre-malignant precursors (neurofibroma; p Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1783.
Field testing of Martlet wireless sensing system on an in-service pre-stressed concrete highway bridge

In structural sensing applications, wireless sensing systems have drawn great interest owing to faster installation process and lower system cost compared to the traditional cabled systems. As a new-generation wireless sensing system, Martlet features high-speed data acquisition and extensible layout, which allows easy interfacing with various types of sensors. This paper presents a field test of the Martlet sensing system installed at an in-service pre-stressed concrete highway bridge on SR113 over Dry Creek in Bartow County, Georgia. Four types of sensors are interfaced with Martlet in this test, including accelerometers, strain gages, strain transducers and magnetostrictive displacement sensors. In addition, thermocouples are used to monitor the temperature change of the bridge through the day. The acceleration, strain and displacement response of the bridge due to traffic and ambient excitations are measured. To obtain the modal properties of the bridge, hammer impact tests are also performed. The results from the field test demonstrate the reliability of the Martlet wireless sensing system. In addition, detailed modal properties of the bridge are extracted from the acceleration data collected in the test.
Evacuation Safety Assessment on Children's Playground

Children's playground has the characteristics of large construction area,high fire load and high population density,which further highlight the fire safety problems.The smoke movement process of a children's playground was simulated using FDS.The evacuation of the place was simulated and the time for evacuation was obtained in this paper using the simulation software PathFinder based on the method of fire performance design.The evacuation study on Children's playground not only has guidance meanings to such places,but also will guide the application to the similar buildings.
WE-E-204-02: Journal of Medical Physics and JACMP

Research papers authored by Medical Physicists address a large spectrum of oncologic, imaging, or basic research problems; exploit a wide range of physical and engineering methodologies; and often describe the efforts of a multidisciplinary research team. Given dozens of competing journals accepting medical physics articles, it may not be clear to an individual author which journal is the best venue for disseminating their work to the scientific community. Relevant factors usually include the Journal's audience and scientific impact, but also such factors as perceived acceptance rate, interest in their topic, and quality of service. The purpose of this symposium is to provide the medical physics community with an overview of scope, review processes, and article guidelines for the following journals: Radiology, Medical Physics, International Journal of Radiation Biology and Physics, Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics, and Practical Radiation Oncology. Senior members of the editorial board for each journal will provide details as to the journals review process, for example: single blind versus double blind reviews; open access policies, the hierarchy of the review process in terms of editorial board structure; the reality of acceptance, in terms of acceptance rate; and the types of research the journal prefers to publish. Other journals will be discussed as well. The goal is to provide for authors guidance before they begin to write their papers, not only for proper formatting, but also that the readership is appropriate for the particular paper, hopefully increasing the quality and impact of the paper and the likelihood of publication. Learning Objectives: 1.To review each Journal's submission and review process 2.Guidance as to how to increase quality, impact and chances of acceptance 3.To help decipher which journal is appropriate for a given work A. Karellas, Research collaboration with Koning, Corporation.
Chelating properties of α-oximinocarboxamides—I: α-Oximinophenylacetamide isomers

Abstract Various polyfunctional oximes chelate with metals pro vided that the other functional group is proximal to the oxime and contains a good donor atom or is a good donor itself. Thus α-oximinocarboxamides are potential chelating agents of analytical value since the amide function attached to the carbon atom bearing the oxime has two groups capable of functioning as donors (ketone and amine). Two isomers of α-oximinophenylacetamide (AOPA) were obtained by two different synthetic routes, and structures were assigned by spectrometric methods. syn-AOPA was found to have chelating properties, but the anti-isomer did not. The synthesis and details of structure assignments are reported here.
Taking a “Pro” Position on Principled Resignation

Principled resignation of senior military officers is sometimes justified, especially in wartime. First, except under very narrow circumstances, each of us remains a moral agent. Second, American’s...
Germans within the British Army

In the last three chapters we have examined the similarities and differences between British soldiers and their German counterparts, be they allies in a coalition army, or as auxiliaries to Britain’s armed forces. In this and the next chapter, we will turn to those German soldiers who served formally within the British Army from the mid-eighteenth to early-nineteenth centuries, focusing on the staggered progression towards direct integration into the army. Rather than following the template adhered to for the last three chapters, this chapter will survey the history of Germans within the British Army in this period, and rather than stressing the perceptions towards fellow-soldiers (in part because so few exist), the emphasis will be placed on some of the key themes in their recruitment and integration, and what made service in the British Army so desirable or undesirable. This chapter will then be followed by a case study of one particular entity that achieved a degree of structural and social integration that no previous foreign corps had attained — be they Dutch, Huguenot or German. That this force, the King’s German Legion, should come into being at the end of the period under examination is no coincidence as those factors that spurred German assimilation throughout this era were particularly acute in the quarter century of conflict with Republican and Imperial France.
Altered restriction of nuclear RNA during incubation invitro

Abstract Nuclei were isolated from rat liver and incubated in vitro in two commonly employed RNA transport assays. Released [14C] RNA was isolated and hybridized with filter-bound DNA in the presence of competing cytoplasmic RNA. A significant portion of RNA which was transported to either medium was not represented in cytoplasmic RNA. These results indicate that the restriction of some sequences to the nucleus in vivo is not maintained in vitro .
Attacks Intended to Seriously Harm and Co-occurring Drug Use Among Youth in the United States.

ABSTRACTBackground: While it is known that substance use and violence co-occur, less is understood in terms of how this relationship might vary based on the degree of youth involvement in violence. Objectives: This study sought to examine the prevalence and degree that substance use disorders (SUD) and related intrapersonal and contextual factors were associated with violent attacks. Method: Repeated cross-sectional data from a population-based study (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) of youth ages 12–17 (n = 216,852) in the United States between 2002 and 2013 were pooled to increase the analytic sample size. Survey multinomial regression was used to examine psychosocial and substance use differences between youth reporting episodic (1–2 times, n = 13,091; 5.84%) and repeated violent attacks (3+ times, n = 1,819; 0.83%) in contrast with youth reporting no attacks. Additional analyses examined the association of sociodemographic, intrapersonal, and contextual factors with SUD among youth reporting vi...
Immediate Postpartum Mood Assessment and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms

Abstract Background Negative affect (NA) and positive affect (PA) in the early postpartum period have been associated with postpartum depressive symptoms, but the exact relationship is not well understood. This study aimed to determine if NA and PA in the immediate postpartum period predicted postpartum depressive symptoms over and above well-established predictors (previous trauma, history of depression). Methods Participants were prospectively recruited from a Mother-Baby Unit at a large Midwestern academic medical center in the United States from April 2011 to April 2014. Participants ( N =526) completed the Daily Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), a self-report measure which assessed NA and PA, within three days post-delivery. Participants then reported their depressive symptoms at two weeks ( n =364) and twelve weeks postpartum (n =271). Results Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that low PA and high NA after birth significantly predicted depressive symptoms early (at 2 weeks) and later (at 12 weeks) in the postpartum period, over and above previous traumatic experiences and history of depression. Limitations The sample was relatively homogenous, and data were from self-report instruments. Conclusions The current study found NA and PA in the days immediately after birth predicted depressive symptoms at multiple time points in the postpartum period. Because the perinatal period places women at a higher risk for depressive symptomatology, prevention and early intervention are critical. Measuring affect in hospitals immediately after birth may provide a more normalized set of items that is predictive of later depression, which will allow physicians to identify those at highest risk for developing depressive symptoms.
Psoriasis as a human model of disease to study inflammatory atherogenesis

Inflammation is known to play a significant role in the process of atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Indeed, patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at increased risk for card...
Depth Distributions of Belowground Production, Biomass and Decomposition in Restored Tallgrass Prairie

Abstract Grasslands store large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the subsoil, but our knowledge of belowground processes becomes less robust with depth. Vertically explicit SOC models typically assume that the depth distribution of belowground production follows the depth distribution of belowground biomass, but this assumption has not been tested. In addition to the effects of soil temperature and moisture on decomposition, some vertically explicit SOC models implement an intrinsic decrease in belowground decomposition with depth, yet this effect has rarely been observed empirically. We simultaneously measured the depth distributions of belowground biomass, production, and litter decomposition to assess whether belowground biomass depth distributions were suitable predictors of belowground production and whether belowground decomposition decreased with soil profile depth. We found that live and total (live + dead) belowground biomass was distributed relatively more shallowly than total belowground production, and thus total belowground biomass was a biased predictor of the vertical distribution of belowground production. The depth distribution of live roots
Wiring taste receptor cells to the central gustatory system

Taste receptor cells in the tongue are epithelial in nature and turnover frequently. Taste receptor cell-associated neurons carrying bitter, sweet, or sour signals never turnover and are hardwired to specific gustatory centers in the brain. How can ever-changing bitter or sweet receptors find never-changing neurons that must match the specificity of the signal? This article reviews a recent paper published in Nature (Lee, MacPherson, Parada, Zuker, & Ryba, , 548:330-333) that identified two molecules belonging to the semaphorin axon guidance family of molecules (SEMA3A and SEMA7A) that help maintain the "labeled line principle" between peripheral bitter or sweet receptors and their respective central projection area in the gustatory center.
Footwear and Sex Differences in Performance and Joint Kinetics During Maximal Vertical Jumping.

This investigation examined the effects of footwear and sex on vertical jump displacement and joint power contributions. Twenty-three young adults with basketball experience performed 3 maximal countermovement vertical jumps in minimal and standard footwear. Ground reaction force and 3D kinematic data were collected during jumping. Footwear by sex analysis of variance for all dependent variables and effect sizes (d) was computed. An interaction effect showed that men produced greater lower-limb–positive work than women in standard footwear. Men jumped higher than women (d = 2.53) and produced greater peak ankle, knee and hip joint moments (d > 0.99), positive joint powers (d > 1.07) and, positive knee and hip joint work (d > 1.04) with no sex differences for negative joint powers and work (p > 0.05). Minimal footwear produced less peak-positive knee power (d = 0.27) and less positive ankle (d = 0.34) and knee (d = 0.21) joint work than standard footwear. Because negative joint power and work were similar between sexes, men may be better able to use the stretch-shortening cycle compared with women. Higher joint mechanical demands may provide a better vertical jumping training stimulus in standard compared with minimal footwear. Future studies should investigate footwear training effects on performance and joint mechanics during jumping.
An asymptotic study of discretized transport equations in the Fokker-Planck limit

Recent analyses have shown that the Fokker-Planck equation is an asymptotic limit of the transport equation given a forward-peaked scattering kernel satisfying certain constraints. Discretized transport equations in the same limit are studied, both by asymptotic analysis and by numerical testing. It is shown that spatially discretized discrete ordinates transport solutions can be accurate in this limit if and only if the scattering operator is handled in a certain nonstandard way.
The Economic Structure of the NFL

Sports leagues are unique in that individual clubs are mutually interdependent in their cooperative production of competitive games. As joint members of natural cartels each sports team is only as strong as its weakest opponent. Over the last half-century the National Football League (NFL) has become the most economically powerful sports league in the world largely because it has also been the most egalitarian. In 2010 NFL clubs pooled and shared two-thirds of over $8 billion in revenues among 32 franchises. The underlying source of NFL economic strength has been a survivalist “league-think” mentality that developed from the outset of the NFL-AFL war 1960–1966. Evenly shared national media money has grown at a compound rate of 12% from $47 million annually at the time of the actual NFL merger in 1970 to $4 billion under 2012–2013 TV contract extensions. Over the last 2 decades, however, a major threat to league-thinking solidarity has emerged from an individualist counterrevolution in unshared venue revenue. During the luxury-seat stadium building frenzy that followed the watershed 1993 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA), the proportion of team-specific venue revenue has doubled from 10 to 20% of total revenue. This once-tight syndicate now finds itself split into those teams with new venues and those without.
Dissection Graphs of Planar Point Sets

This chapter discusses the dissection graphs of planar point sets. It discusses the general properties of the graphs G k . The graph G k can be constructed as follows. Let l be any oriented line containing no points of S and having k + 1 points of S on its positive side. l is to be translated to its left until it meets a point p 1 of S . This line will be called l (0). Then, l (0) is to be rotated counterclockwise by θ about p 1 into line l (θ) until it meets a second point p 2 of S at l (θ 1 ) = 1 1 . l (0) is then rotated counterclockwise about p 2 until l (θ) meets a point p 3 of S at l (θ 2 ) = l 2 , etc. This gives a sequence of points p 1 , p 2 , …, p n of S with p N +1 = p 1 , p N +2 = p 2 and a sequence of directed lines l 1 , l 2 , l N , l N +1 with l N +2 = l 1 .
The Ludlow Massacre: Class, Warfare, and Historical Memory in Southern Colorado

Because battlefields can be potent symbols in the construction of historical memory, they can remain sites of struggle for as long as that memory is important. History professionals, such as archaeologists, participate fully in these struggles. The commemoration of the Ludlow Massacre Site, a battlefield in the industrial wars of the early-20th century is discussed. The commemoration of Ludlow highlights the role of class interest in the construction of historical memory. Doing archaeology at Ludlow entails acknowledging these interests, both ours, as archaeologists, and those of the working class people who guard the memory of Ludlow.
Clinical variables associated with indeterminate QuantiFERON®-TB Gold assay results: role of pre-incubation delay.

SETTING The QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT) assay is an interferon-gamma release assay used for the clinical diagnosis of latent tuberculous infection. Relatively high rates of indeterminate results are a significant downside of the test. OBJECTIVE To evaluate clinical variables associated with lower QFT-indeterminate rates after reducing pre-incubation delay. DESIGN In 2016, a new protocol of on-site incubation of QFT samples, followed by analysis at the outside laboratory, was implemented, resulting in much shorter pre-incubation delay of the samples. We retrospectively identified 3583 patients who underwent QFT before and after implementation of the new protocol. Patient records were scrutinized and QFT results were evaluated with respect to associated clinical conditions. RESULTS The patients were analyzed by dividing them into two cohorts based on maximum pre-incubation time (standard vs. immediate). Monthly indeterminate results dropped from 12.7% ± 0.02 in the standard cohort to 5.5% ± 0.03 in the immediate cohort (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in relative indeterminate rates was found in the immediate cohort patients with immunocompromised state, autoimmune conditions, liver disease and hypoalbuminemia. No difference was identified in patients with malignancies and renal failure. CONCLUSION Limiting the pre-incubation time to 1 h maximum significantly improved QFT performance, especially in patients from certain clinical categories.
Aged Neutrophils in Sickle Cell Disease Impede Ischemic Repair

Abstract INTRODUCTION Repeated bout of tissue ischemia is a hallmark of sickle cell disease (SCD). Neutrophils are critical first responder cells that initiate host response to sterile injury, including ischemia. Of the numerous neutrophils in circulation, a small proportion undergo physiologic changes (termed aging) which directs their homing to the bone marrow for clearance. How neutrophil homeostasis is regulated in sickle cell disease (SCD) to influence ischemic repair is unknown. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that SCD may alter the homeostasis and function of aged neutrophil. METHODS Aged neutrophils from the Townes humanized sickle cell (SS) mice were compared to aged neutrophils from MerTK deficient mice (MerKO), which age in the circulation owing to defective efferocytosis. Hind limb ischemia (HLI) was used as model of vascular injury. LASER Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI) measured perfusion recovery after HLI. RESULTS Compared to wild-type mice (7 ± 1.2%), the proportion of CXCR4HiCD62Llo aged neutrophils in circulation was markedly elevated in the SS (34 ± 4%) and MerKO mice (38 ± 4%). However, in contrast with aged neutrophils from MerKO mice, those from SS mice showed impaired phagocytosis, increased capacity to produce reactive oxygen species, and pronounced release of extracellular traps (NETs). In response to HLI, perfusion recovery in the MerKO and wild type mice were similar, but this was dramatically impaired in SS mice. Importantly, the phenotype of SS mice was reversed by treatment with the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), but NAC therapy had no impact on MerKO mice. CONCLUSIONS Although SS and MerKO mice demonstrated elevated numbers of aged neutrophils, our data suggest that oxidant stress causes aged CXCR4HiCD62Llo neutrophils in SS to impede vascular repair after ischemia. This specialized subset of neutrophils may be targeted to improve vascular health in SCD. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
DIY Project Based Learning for Math and Science

Are you interested in using Project Based Learning to revamp your lessons, but aren’t sure how to get started? In DIY Project Based Learning for Math and Science, award-winning teacher and Edutopia blogger Heather Wolpert-Gawron makes it fun and easy! Project Based Learning encourages students and teachers alike to abandon their dusty textbooks, and instead embrace a form of curriculum design focused on student engagement, innovation, and creative problem-solving. A leading name in this field, Heather Wolpert-Gawron shares some of her most popular units for Math and Science in this exciting new collection. This book is an essential resource for teachers looking to: Create their own project-based learning units. Engage student in their education by grounding lessons in real-world problems and encouraging them to develop creative solutions. Incorporate role-playing into everyday learning. Develop real-world lessons to get students to understand the life-long relevance of what they are learning. Assess multiple skills and subject areas in an integrated way. Collaborate with teachers across subject areas. Test authentic skills and set authentic goals for their students to grow as individuals. Part I of the book features five full units, complete with student samples, targeted rubrics, a checklist to keep students on track, and even "Homework Hints." Part II is a mix-and-match section of tools you can use to create your own PBL-aligned lessons. The tools are available as eResources on our website, www.routledge.com/9781138891609, so you can print and use them in your classroom immediately.