cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cocaine: A Review of Its Toxic Actions on Cardiac Function

It has become increasingly apparent that cocaine abuse can provoke lethal cardiac events, including myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. The mechanisms responsible for these cardiotoxic actions of cocaine largely remain to be determined. Cocaine has two primary pharmacological properties that can adversely affect the heart and vasculature. Cocaine acts both as a local anesthetic (sodium and potassium channel blockade) and as a powerful cardiac stimulant that accentuates the actions of the sympathetic nervous system (inhibition of central and peripheral neuronal catecholamine uptake). The local anesthetic properties could impair impulse conduction, as well as elicit inhomogeneities in repolarization (refractory period), which creates an ideal substrate for reentrant arrhythmias. In addition, high doses of cocaine can depress contractile function due to inhibition of sodium/calcium exchange that results from decreased sodium influx (local anesthetic action). These actions are particularly obvious when sympathomimetic effects of cocaine are blunted. In a similar manner, the cocaine-induced accumulation of catecholamines potentiates the activation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, which can provoke coronary vasospasm (myocardial ischemia and infarction), increased contractile force (increased metabolic demand), and cardiac arrhythmias. The activation of adrenergic receptors will elicit a cascade of second messengers, ultimately provoking an increase in cytosolic calcium. These elevations in cytosolic calcium can provoke oscillations in membrane potential, triggering sustained action potential generation and extrasystoles. In particular, activation of the alpha IA-adrenergic receptor subtype and corresponding increase in calcium influx via voltage sensitive (L type) channels may play a critical role in the genesis of malignant arrhythmias. Thus, the adrenergic and local anesthetic properties of cocaine could act synergistically to elicit toxic actions on the heart.
Tooling the lexicon acquisition process for large-scale KBMT

Large-scale lexical knowledge acquisition is one of the most time critical steps in developing a knowledge-based machine translation system. In particular, developing the syntactic lexicon for the target language can be an unwieldy task, as on-line knowledge assets are likely to be more scarce than for the source language. This paper addresses this problem within the KANT machine translation system and describes how we structure the KA process to address this problem. This was done by first determining the nature of the desired process and then developing tools to implement that process. The tools themselves and the ways in which the helped us to realize our design goals are described. We conclude that, while the problem of lexical acquisition can be formidable, it can be overcome with proper foresight and tool design. >
Reactivation of Hox gene expression during bone regeneration.

Previous studies have explored the link between bone regeneration and skeletogenesis. Although a great deal is known regarding tissue and cell based events, especially those involving ossification and chondrogenesis, much remains unknown about the molecular similarity of repair and development. Since the functional significance of Homeobox (Hox) genes in embryonic skeletogenesis has been well documented through knockout and deficiency studies, we chose to investigate whether members of this family are reactivated during fracture repair. Specifically, we examined the temporal and spatial expression of Msx-1, Msx-2, rHox, Hoxa-2 and Hoxd-9, because of their involvement in limb development. Utilizing quantitative reverse transcriptase RT-PCR (qPCR), mRNA levels from all five genes were shown to be upregulated during fracture repair at all times tested (post-fracture day 3–21), as compared to intact bone. Further, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, spatial expression of these genes was localized to osteoblasts, chondrocytes and periosteal osteoprogenitor cells found within the fracture callus, the foremost cells responsible for the reparative phase of the healing process. Given the contribution of Hox genes in skeletal development, our results suggest that these genes are involved in either the patterning or formation of the fracture callus, further supporting the notion that bone regeneration recapitulates skeletal development.
Melting Phenomena in the System CaO–SiO2– H2O: I, The Join Ca2SiO,‐Ca(OH)2

The liquidus-solidus relations along the join Ca2SiO4-Ca(OH), in the system CaO-SiO2-H2O have been determined at 1000 atm up to 1110°C. This join is binary and contains the calcium silicate hydrate, calciochondrodite, Ca5-(SiO4(OH)2. Calciochondrodite melts incongruently to Ca2SiO2+ liquid (composition 23 wt% Ca2Si04) at 955°C. The eutectic between calcium hydroxide and calciochondrodite lies at 13% Ca2Si04 and 822°C. Preliminary experiments, also at 1000 atm, in the ternary system CaO-Ca2Si04-Ca(OH), indicate that the eutectic at which the fields of primary Ca(OH)2, CaO, and Ca2(Si04)2(OH)2 meet is close to the CaO-Ca. (OH), side of the triangle at approximately 805° C. The ternary reaction point Ca2SiOl+ liquid ⇌Ca5(SiO4)2(OH)2+ CaO + liquid is believed to lie in the low-CaO ( 70%) part of the system.
Iodine assimilation by marine diatoms and other phytoplankton in nitrate-replete conditions

Several marine phytoplankton species, primarily diatoms, were examined for the accumulation of iodide (10 species) and iodate (9 species) using radioactive iodine-125 in f/2 artificial seawater, a nitrate-enriched medium. Iodide accumulation (net uptake) rates were variable, and diatoms exhibited the highest rates. Emiliania huxleyi and Synechococcus sp. did not accumulate iodide. Accumulation rates ranged from 0 to 1.7 fmol cell21 d21. The diatom Porosira glacialis accumulated the greatest amount of iodide and was used to determine efflux rates of iodide. Iodide efflux was characterized by two distinct phases of iodide release: an initial rapid release rate of 10 amol cell21 min21 from the free space and a subsequent cellular release rate of 0.13 amol cell21 min21, which corresponds to a daily cellular release rate of 0.19 fmol cell21 d21. Accumulation of iodate ranged from 0 to 19 amol cell21 d21, with P. glacialis displaying the highest rate. Emiliania, Synechococcus, and Chaetoceros did not show significant iodate accumulation. Iodide is the preferred chemical species of iodine for uptake under nitrate-replete conditions: iodide accumulation rates ranged from 3 to 90 times larger than those for iodate for the species studied. If the iodate accumulated is tightly coupled to its reduction to iodide, the accumulation rates suggest that phytoplankton-mediated iodate reduction is not environmentally significant. If diatoms can reduce iodate to iodide, their overall contribution to surface-water iodide, while living, would be further reduced because of their ability to reassimilate released iodide. Inorganic iodine exists in disequilibrium in surface seawater as iodide and the thermodynamically favored form, iodate (Wong 1991). The relatively high concentration of iodide in temperate coastal waters and subtropical– tropical waters is thought to be related to biological productivity (Wong 2001; Wong et al. 2002; Chance et al.
Normalization in Families Raising a Child Who Is Medically Fragile/Technology Dependent and Developmentally Delayed

The authors combined and analyzed parent data from two field studies examining family experiences in raising children who were both medically fragile and developmentally delayed or disabled to compare these families' experiences to published attributes of normalization. Normalization is usually considered a useful conceptual and coping strategy for families of children with chronic conditions, but it has not been examined in families whose children have both complex physical and developmental disabilities. Developmental delays compounded the effects of the children's physical chronic conditions, severely affecting how families organized and managed their daily lives, with the result that families did not fit currently established attributes of normalization. Instead, parents recognized normal and positive aspects of their lives while acknowledging the profound challenges that their families faced. Parents concluded that it was possible to have a good life that was not necessarily normal by usual standards.
Item format and the structure of the buss‐durkee hostility inventory

The Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory is a widely employed multidimensional measure of aggression. Two studies, each involving the administration of both two-choice and seven-choice response format versions of the instrument, were conducted to determine if (1) the theoretical scales could be reproduced empirically, (2) the change in response format either changes or improves the structure, and (3) the structure of either response format replicates across administrations. The two-choice version provided some support for the present theoretical scoring but was not very stable across administrations. The seven-choice version resulted in a structure that was different from both the two-choice structure and theoretical scoring but was more stable across administrations.
Genomics of In-Stent Restenosis Early Insights Into a Complex Disease

Inflammation is a key component of atherosclerosis. Abundant preclinical data support the hypothesis that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder.1,2 Indeed, clinical trial data now provide evidence that inflammation, as reflected in serum markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-6, is a strong risk factor for the development and progression of atherosclerosis.3,4 The role of genetic factors in determining a predisposition or susceptibility to inflammation that exacerbates atherosclerosis is not fully known. Article p 2417 In-stent restenosis occurs after the deployment of an intravascular stent within an atherosclerotic lesion. The fibroproliferative response to this vascular “injury” typically develops within the first 9 months postprocedure. The response to injury follows a continuum in human arteries; some degree of cell proliferation occurs in all patients and can be thought of as a wound-healing process. In some individuals, however, the wound healing becomes excessive, leading to exuberant vascular smooth muscle cell growth and extracellular matrix synthesis, and encroachment on the arterial lumen, and resulting in a recurrence of clinical symptoms. Molecular and genetic studies suggest that cell cycle proteins, growth factors, and inflammatory cytokines regulate this process.5 Drug-eluting stents have dramatically reduced the prevalence of in-stent restenosis because of the local treatment of the fibroproliferation with 2 drugs, sirolimus and paclitaxel, which have antiproliferative and antiinflammatory properties.6,7 What is not known, however, is whether there is a genetic susceptibility that determines a patient’s response to stent deployment …
Situational and Behavioral Moderators of Subordinate Satisfaction with Supervision

The additive and interactive relationships of supervisor behaviors (con-sideration, initiation of structure) and work-setting attributes (role clarity, role conflict) relative to criteria of individual job satisfaction were investi-gated with bivariate and multivariate regression analyses. For a sample of 107 supervisor-subordinate dyads, results indicated that situational attributes moderated the influence of supervisor behaviors on satisfaction with supervision, but these attributes did not moderate the influence of supervisor behaviors on other satisfaction criteria. The evidence is inter-preted as underscoring the validity of contingency approaches to the study of leadership and pointing to the need for specifying "relevant" (i.e., con-ceptually proximal) criteria for theoretical networks.
3-D Composite Velocity Solutions for Subsonic/Transonic Flows

As the field of computational fluid dynamics has matured, the need for solution procedures that can efficiently solve three-dimensional flows with complex viscous/inviscid interactions has become apparent. One technique used to solve these problems is to obtain solutions to the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations using the time asymptotic limit for the steady-state solution. Examples of these types of algorithms are MacCormack’s explicit scheme [158], the Beam-Warming finite difference scheme [159], and MacCormack’s implicit scheme [160]. While the rapid advances in computer technology have made this type of solution procedure possible, they are still costly in both computer time and resources.
Management Communication Ethics Research: Finding the Bull's-Eye.

Scholars who wish to produce substantive research in management communication ethics would be helped, The author believes, by a clear, shared vision of what the term designates and, in this article, the author offers his vision for consideration. The author believes that management communication ethics should designate a set of concerns that lie at the intersection of management, communication, and ethics—specifically he proposes that management communication ethics should focus on the rhetorical rights and duties of persons performing the managerial role in business transactions. The author believes that this approach, by emphasizing fundamental and central issues, can help us to develop a distinctive and important body of knowledge.
Elucidating Factors that can Facilitate Veridical Spatial Perception in Immersive Virtual Environments

Enabling veridical spatial perception in immersive virtual environments (IVEs) is an important yet elusive goal, as even the factors implicated in the often-reported phenomenon of apparent distance compression in HMD-based IVEs have yet to be satisfactorily elucidated. In recent experiments (Interrante et al., 2006), we have found that participants appear less prone to significantly underestimate egocentric distances in HMD-based IVEs, relative to in the real world, in the special case that they unambiguously know, through first-hand observation, that the presented virtual environment is a high fidelity 3D model of their concurrently occupied real environment. We had hypothesized that this increased veridicality might be due to participants having a stronger sensation of 'presence' in the IVE under these conditions of co-location, which state of mind leads them to act on their visual input in the IVE similarly as they would in the real world (the presence hypothesis). However, alternative hypotheses are also possible. Primary among these is the visual calibration hypothesis: participants could be relying on metric information gleaned from their exposure to the real environment to calibrate their judgments of sizes and distances in the matched virtual environment. It is important to disambiguate between the presence and visual calibration hypotheses because they suggest different directions for efforts to facilitate veridical distance perception in general (non-co-located) IVEs. In this paper, we present the results of an experiment that seeks novel insight into this question. Using a mixed within- and between-subjects design, we compare participants' relative ability to accurately estimate egocentric distances in three different virtual environment models: one that is an identical match to the occupied real environment; one in which each of the walls in our virtual room model has been surreptitiously moved ~10% inward towards the center of the room; and one in which each of the walls has been surreptitiously moved ~10% outwards from the center of the room. If the visual calibration hypothesis holds, then we should expect to see a degradation in the accuracy of peoples' distance judgments in the surreptitiously modified models, manifested as an underestimation of distances when the IVE is actually larger than the real room and as an overestimation of distances when the IVE is smaller. However, what we found is that distances were significantly underestimated in the virtual environment relative to in the real world in each of the surreptitiously modified room environments, while remaining reasonably accurate (consistent with our previous findings) in the case of the faithfully size-matched room environment. In a post-test survey, participants in each of the three room size conditions reported equivalent subjective levels of presence and did not indicate any overt awareness of the room size manipulation
Effect of Ethanol Ingestion on the Myocardial Capillaries of Mice

Electron microscopic studies on the myocardial capillaries of mice after three months of 15% ethanol ingestion indicate focal endothelial degeneration and intercellular junctional separation. Circulatory disturbances may play a role in the production of alcoholic cardiomyopathies.
Using and misusing neuroscience in education-related research.

The relationship between neuroscience and education can prove most fruitful when it fosters a bidirectional exchange of ideas and approaches. The connection between neuroscience and education can be guided by defining roles, approaches, implications, and applications. The purpose of this discussion is to clarify the perspectives of neuroscience and education towards maximizing the communication and utility of research progress. Clarifying the roles and contributions can prevent misuses and foster the positive uses of neuroscience in education (and vice-versa).
EST analysis of gene expression in early cleavage-stage sea urchin embryos

A set of 956 expressed sequence tags derived from 7-hour (mid-cleavage) sea urchin embryos was analyzed to assess biosynthetic functions and to illuminate the structure of the message population at this stage. About a quarter of the expressed sequence tags represented repetitive sequence transcripts typical of early embryos, or ribosomal and mitochondrial RNAs, while a majority of the remainder contained significant open reading frames. A total of 232 sequences, including 153 different proteins, produced significant matches when compared against GenBank. The majority of these identified sequences represented ‘housekeeping’ proteins, i.e., cytoskeletal proteins, metabolic enzymes, transporters and proteins involved in cell division. The most interesting finds were components of signaling systems and transcription factors not previously reported in early sea urchin embryos, including components of Notch and TGF signal transduction pathways. As expected from earlier kinetic analyses of the embryo mRNA populations, no very prevalent protein-coding species were encountered; the most highly represented such sequences were cDNAs encoding cyclins A and B. The frequency of occurrence of all sequences within the database was used to construct a sequence prevalence distribution. The result, confirming earlier mRNA population analyses, indicated that the poly(A) RNA of the early embryo consists mainly of a very complex set of low-copy-number transcripts.
Brine Processing Operations

Scattered throughout the world there are a large number of brine sources that contain commercial tonnages of potash. A few of them have been operated since the earliest days of the industry, but often for only short periods and/or on a limited scale. A problem with their production has been that the potash content is always weak (usually only about 1–2% KCl), and thus a solar evaporation, or expensive plant evaporation step, was first required. Also, the brines always contain many other ions, thus complicating the separation of potash from the evaporated brine or crystallized salts. Potential operators until fairly recently have been reluctant to become involved with the weather-dependent solar evaporation step, but since it has become evident that the Israeli Dead Sea operation probably produces the world’s lowest cost potash, there has recently been a renewed interest in these brine deposits. However, since the technology required for such production is far different than the standard mining-crushing-flotation steps required for buried deposits, they have usually only been developed by non-mining companies. This includes, as of 1993, large new brine operations being planned for China, Chile, Argentina (solar evaporation of solution mined brine), and elsewhere, as well as smaller tonnages as a byproduct from a number of other facilities (from lithium, soda ash, salt, or other primary products).
An unusual cause of abdominal pain: gallstone ileus.

A 74-year-old Taiwanese woman with diabetes mellitus came to the emergency department with a 1-week period of diffuse abdominal pain. She had been followed for asymptomatic gallstone (Figure 1A). Physical examination showed diffuse tenderness of abdomen and plain film of abdomen revealed …
Differential responses by pancreatic carcinoma cell lines to prolonged exposure to Erbitux (IMC-C225) anti-EGFR antibody.

Background. Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating disease, with 95% of all patients diagnosed with the disease dying within 2 years. The combined therapy using Erbitux, gemcitabine, and radiation caused complete tumor regression using a nude mouse model inoculated with pancreatic MiaPaCa-2 cells but only a delay in tumor growth with BxPC-3. We investigated the effect of prolonged Erbitux treatment to the sensitivity to gemcitabine and/or radiation and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signal transduction pathway. Methods. MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cells were cultured with or without Erbitux for 6 weeks. Cells were then treated with gemcitabine and/or radiation, harvested 48 h after treatment, and counted. Differences in EGFR expression after exposure to Erbitux were analyzed by FACS. Internalization rates of EGFR induced by Erbitux on these cell lines were determined using 125I-EGF binding assay after removal of Erbitux by acidic wash. Cell lysates were harvested after cells were stimulated with EGF, FGF, or IGF-1 respectively, and EGFR was immunoprecipitated using Erbitux. Samples were separated using SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membrane. The membranes were probed with antibody against human growth factor receptor binding protein (Grb2) to detect the association of this Ras-MAPK upstream adaptor protein to EGFR. Cell lysates were also separated with SDS-PAGE and probed with rabbit anti-human PARP after samples were transferred to PVDF membrane. Expression of BAX and Bcl-XL were probed in the cells treated with or without Erbitux. Results. Proliferation assays indicated that prolonged exposure to Erbitux increased the sensitivities of MiaPaCa-2 to gemcitabine and radiation therapy (41 ± 16% vs 52 ± 9% for gemcitation, 28 ± 9 vs 39 ± 9% for combination; P = 0.015) but not for BxPC-3. FACS analysis showed that the expressed EGFR level decreased by about 42% on MiaPaCa 2 whereas no loss was seen on BxPC-3. Expression of BAX was upregulated on MiaPaCa-2. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage indicated the killing was mediated by apoptosis. Immunoblots showed that Grb2 was co-immunoprecipitated with EGFR after EGF stimulation. Incubation with Erbitux blocked Grb2 binding in MiaPaCa-2 but not BxPC 3. FGF transactivated EGFR down stream Ras-MAPK in the presence or absence of Erbitux. Internalization of EGFR induced by Erbitux did not differ between MiaPaCa-2 and BxPC-3. Conclusions. 1) Association of Grb2 to EGFR in BxPC-3 induced by EGF in the presence of Erbitux indicates an alternate pathway of Ras-MAPK activation, which may be related with the tumor resistance to treatment; 2) transactivation of EGFR downstream Ras-MAPK pathway by FGF contributes the resistance to treatment; and 3) downregulation of EGFR may increase the response to therapy.
Thermal Decomposition of LiPF6-Based Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion Batteries

The thermal decomposition of lithium-ion battery electrolytes 1.0 M LiPF 6 in one or more carbonate solvents has been investigated. Electrolytes containing diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylene carbonate (EC), a 1:1 mixture of EC/dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and a 1:1:1 mixture EC/DMC/DEC have been investigated by multinuclear nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, gas chromatography with mass selective detection, and size exclusion chromatography. Thermal decomposition affords products including: carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ethylene (CH 2 CH 2 ), dialkylethers (R 2 O), alkyl fluorides (RF), phosphorus oxyfluoride (OPF 3 ), fluorophosphates [OPF 2 OR, OPF(OR) 2 ], fluorophosporic acids [OPF 2 OH, OPF(OH) 2 ], and oligoethylene oxides. The mechanism of decomposition is similar in all LiPF 6 /carbonate electrolytes. Trace protic impurities lead to generation of OPF 2 OR, which autocatalytically decomposes LiPF 6 and carbonates. The presence of DEC leads to the generation of ethylene, while the presnce of EC leads to the generation of capped oligothylene oxides [OPF 2 (OCH 2 CH 2 ) n F].
Relating Gap Analysis Results to Information Systems Program Attitudes: The Identification of Gap Priorities and Implications

The authors utilized a gap analysis approach to assess general IS knowledge and skill voids or overages in a specific program context. The authors asked alumni to reveal the emphasis that should ha...
Conflict In The Church: The Uncomfortable Reality

The apostle Paul, writing to Timothy, said “If anyone sets his heart on being an overseer, he desires a noble task” (1 Tim. 3:1, NIV). The work is definitely noble but the task is not always easy. Timothy knew that because he was in the troubled church of Ephesus at the time when Paul wrote to him. Paul also knew that the ministry is difficult. Conflict is all too often a part of Christian ministry. In this brief article, we explore three kinds of conflict that a minister may encounter in the church. Paul was experienced in all of them and so I will focus our attention on his experience. Rasul Paulus menuliskan kepada Timotius, katanya “Orang yang menghendaki jabatan penilik jemaat menginginkan pekerjaan yang indah” (1 Tim. 3:1, ITB). Pekerjaan ini memang sangat mulia namun tugas ini tidak selalu mudah. Timotius mengetahui hal itu karena ia berada dalam gereja yang bermasalah di Efesus pada saat itu Paulus menuliskan surat ini kepadanya. Paulus juga tahu bahwa pelayanan ini tidaklah mudah. Konflik yang terjadi merupakan bagian dari pelayanan orang Kristen. Dalam artikel ini, kita menyelidiki tiga jenis konflik yang mungkin akan dihadapi seorang pelayan di gereja. Saat itu Paulus mengalami semua konflik tersebut dan penulis akan fokus memberikan perhatian pada pengalaman pelayanannya.
Advances in vibrational spectroscopy as a sensitive probe of peptide and protein structure A critical review

Over the last 40 years the theoretical basis has been developed for using vibrational spectroscopy as a tool for peptide and protein structure analysis. In spite of these efforts it is still considered to be a low-resolution technique, which cannot compete with NMR and X-ray crystallography. However, experimental and computational developments over the last 10 years have provided tools which make vibrational spectroscopy a much more powerful technique. This review focuses mostly, though not exclusively, on the use of the amide I mode for the structure analysis of polypeptides. It evaluates the physical basis of a variety of theoretical and experimental concepts and argues that only a combination of different techniques and spectroscopies can advance the field towards a more precise determination of dihedral angles in even highly heterogeneous polypeptides.
Benefits of mercury controls for the United States

Mercury pollution poses risks for both human and ecosystem health. As a consequence, controlling mercury pollution has become a policy goal on both global and national scales. We developed an assessment method linking global-scale atmospheric chemical transport modeling to regional-scale economic modeling to consistently evaluate the potential benefits to the United States of global (UN Minamata Convention on Mercury) and domestic [Mercury and Air Toxics Standards (MATS)] policies, framed as economic gains from avoiding mercury-related adverse health endpoints. This method attempts to trace the policies-to-impacts path while taking into account uncertainties and knowledge gaps with policy-appropriate bounding assumptions. We project that cumulative lifetime benefits from the Minamata Convention for individuals affected by 2050 are $339 billion (2005 USD), with a range from $1.4 billion to $575 billion in our sensitivity scenarios. Cumulative economy-wide benefits to the United States, realized by 2050, are $104 billion, with a range from $6 million to $171 billion. Projected Minamata benefits are more than twice those projected from the domestic policy. This relative benefit is robust to several uncertainties and variabilities, with the ratio of benefits (Minamata/MATS) ranging from ≈1.4 to 3. However, we find that for those consuming locally caught freshwater fish from the United States, rather than marine and estuarine fish from the global market, benefits are larger from US than global action, suggesting domestic policies are important for protecting these populations. Per megagram of prevented emissions, our domestic policy scenario results in US benefits about an order of magnitude higher than from our global scenario, further highlighting the importance of domestic action.
To JM on Its 75th Anniversary

Abstract This article discusses how Journal of Marketing (JM) has influenced marketing science and practice by publishing articles on substantive topics relevant to customers, managers, organizations, markets, and society. The journal's 75th anniversary coincides with the 50th anniversary of the Marketing Science Institute (MSI). Frequently, JM and MSI have collaborated to address important substantive marketing issues identified in MSI's Research Priorities. The author highlights seminal articles on brand equity; business-to-business marketing (including sales force management); connecting marketing information, metrics, and strategy; consumer behavior; innovation, new product development. and product management; marketing orientation and capabilities; and market research, methodology and services. She also draws attention to articles that have won the Sheth Foundation/JM Award and the H. Paul Root Award. The article describes how JM's knowledge dissemination is amplified by powerful social network effec...
PATTERNS OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION IMPROVEMENT FOLLOWING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE IMPLANTATION

The incidence of clinical neurologic events following transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are rare compared to the high reported incidence of subclinical neurological events as measured by DW-MRI. Despite increased risk of these ischemic events following TAVI, cognitive function remains
Microwave Diagnostics of Laser-induced Small-volume Plasma

*† ‡ This work presents the preliminary results of an ongoing study of microwave scattering from a laser-induced, small-volume plasma in room air. Microwave scattering from the precursor and after-spark evolution reveal the dynamic characteristics of the laser spark formation, growth and decay. In particular, the avalanche ionization phase is detected by microwave scattering in the precursor part, during and shortly after the laser pulse. A simplified model of the microwave scattering from this early stage of laser breakdown is presented and shown to qualitatively fit the experimental results. Subsequent features of the microwave signal provide further insight into the after-spark evolution and are still under study. This work also discusses the possibilities and limitations of measuring the local electron number density by laser breakdown enhanced microwave scattering.
POWDER SURFACE MODIFICATION MACHINE OF HIGH SPEED IMPACT METHOD NARA HYBRIDIZATION SYSTEM AND APPLICATION

The high speed impact method for the surface modification of particles, called the NARA Hybridization System, is one of the most highlighted one among the methods for developing various particles. The key machine which joins many fine powder to the surface of a core particle through a dry and mechanical method can be used to various industries because it is highly flexible in each process and covers many kinds of substances, such as organic, inorganic and metallic materials.We describe the basic features of this hybridization system in connection with their construction, operational characteristics and applications.
Segregation Analysis Using the Unified Model

Segregation analysis is a basic tool in human genetics. It is a statistical method to determine if a trait, continuous or binary, has a transmission pattern in pedigrees that is consistent with Mendelian segregation. Major locus segregation is combined together with multifactorial/polygenic inheritance in the unified model. Segregation analysis as a procedure to identify the presence of segregation at a major Mendelian locus, with/without multifactorial inheritance, is introduced in this chapter. It is illustrated with the program SEGREG in the Statistical Analysis for Genetic Epidemiology (S.A.G.E.) package, which can use either regressive models or the finite polygenic mixed model to incorporate the multifactorial/polygenic component.
Ceramide-like synthetic amides that inhibit cerebroside galactosidase

Amides resembling ceramide (fatty acyl sphingosine) were synthesized and tested for their effects on rat brain cerebrosidase (galactosyl ceramide beta-galactosidase). The best inhibitor was N-decanoyl dl-erythro-3-phenyl-2-aminopro-panediol, which exhibited a K(i) of 0.4 mm. A Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that the amide acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor, presumably by attachment to a site other than the substrate-active site. Preincubation did not affect the degree of inhibition, and inhibition was independent of incubation duration; these observations suggest that the inhibitor does not combine with the enzyme irreversibly. Structural variations produced decreased inhibitory activity: loss of one of the hydroxyl groups, replacement of the aromatic side chain with an aliphatic or substituted phenyl group, or isomeric inversion of the 3-hydroxyl group. It appears that the best activity is obtained with a substance most closely resembling natural ceramide. The cerebrosidases of rat spleen, kidney, and liver are also inhibited by the same amide.
Evaluation Terms and Aspects

As suggested in Chapter 2, measurement and evaluation of interface designs may be required and invoked in several ways and places: 1. As an integral part of design methodology (Treu, 1994), or 2. As a follow-up to that design methodology, or 3. In independent efforts to assess performance of an existing de sign.
On parameter tying by quantization

The maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is generally asymptotically consistent but is susceptible to over-fitting. To combat this problem, regularization methods which reduce the variance at the cost of (slightly) increasing the bias are often employed in practice. In this paper, we present an alternative variance reduction (regularization) technique that quantizes the MLE estimates as a post processing step, yielding a smoother model having several tied parameters. We provide and prove error bounds for our new technique and demonstrate experimentally that it often yields models having higher test-set log-likelihood than the ones learned using the MLE. We also propose a new importance sampling algorithm for fast approximate inference in models having several tied parameters. Our experiments show that our new inference algorithm is superior to existing approaches such as Gibbs sampling and MCSAT on models having tied parameters, learned using our quantization-based approach.
GenderMag experiences in the field: The whole, the parts, and the workload

Recent research has reported numerous studies bringing into question the gender inclusiveness of many kinds of software. Inclusiveness of software (gender or otherwise) matters because supporting diversity matters — it is well-known that the more diverse a group of problem-solvers, the higher the quality of the solution. To help software creators identify features within their software that are not gender-inclusive, we recently created a method known as GenderMag. In this paper, we investigate the experience of teams of software professionals using GenderMag to find problems with software they are building. Our results show a high engagement with GenderMag personas — more than twice that of other personas research — and a very high degree of accuracy (93%) most of the time. Finally, our results pinpointed situations that we term “detours” that were especially prone to errors, with teams 6 times more likely to make errors in detours than they did otherwise.
Asen, Ancestors, and Vodun: Tracing Change in African Art

Asen, metal sculptures of southern Benin, West Africa, are created to honor the dead and are meant to encourage interaction between visible and spiritual worlds in ancestral rites associated with the belief system known as vodun. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in the former Kingdom of Dahomey, Bay traces more than 150 years of transformations in the manufacture and symbolic meanings of asen against the backdrop of a slave-raiding monarchy, domination by French colonialism, and postcolonial political and social change. Bay expertly reads evidence of the area's turbulent history through analysis of asen motifs as she describes the diverse influences affecting the process of asen production from the point of their probable invention to their current decline in use. Paradoxically, asen represent a sacred African art form, yet are created using European materials and technologies and are embellished with figures drawn from tourist production. Bay\u2019s meticulously researched artistic and historical study is a fascinating exploration of creativity and change within Benin\u2019s culture.
Molecular Dynamics Studies Support Elevator Type Transport Mechanisms in the Glucose EIIC Superfamily Transporters

The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) provides a distinct sugar transportation pathway in bacteria. Because PTS does not exist in eukaryotes, it is considered a novel target for antibiotics development. Among the components of PTS, the enzyme IIC (EIIC), a membrane transporter protein, is particularly important since it transports a sugar through the bacterial cell membrane. In 2011, Cao et al. first determined the crystal structure of chitobiose-specific EIIC (bcChbC) in an inward-facing occluded state. In addition, we have recently determined the crystal structure of maltose-specific EIIC (bcMalT) in an outward-facing occluded state. The crystal structures suggest an “Elevator” type transportation mechanism, but the accurate mechanism of how EIIC transports a sugar has not been clearly demonstrated yet. To investigate more detailed and accurate transportation mechanisms, we performed collective variable-based steered molecular dynamics (CVSMD) simulations. Our simulation shows the spontaneous transportation of the sugar toward the opposite side of the membrane with the preserved H-bonding interactions, supporting the “Elevator” type transport mechanism. A set of cross-linking experiments was carried out on the basis of the CVSMD model structures, and we were able to acquire a few of stable cross-linked structures.
Persistent Delirium in Chronic Critical Illness as a Prodrome Syndrome before Death

Abstract Background: Chronic critical illness (CCI) patients have poor functional outcomes, high risk of mortality, and significant sequelae, including delirium and cognitive dysfunction. The prognostic significance of persistent delirium in patients with CCI has not been well described. Objective: We report a case of a patient with CCI following major cardiac surgery who was hemodynamically stable following a long course in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit (CTICU), but had persistent and unremitting delirium. Despite both pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches to improve his delirium, the patient ultimately continued to have symptoms of delirium and subsequently died in the CTICU. Efforts to reconsider the goals of care, given his family's understanding of his values, were met with resistance as his cardiothoracic surgeon believed that he had a reasonable chance of recovery since his organs were not in failure. This case description raises the question of whether we should consider persi...
Auditory-motor adaptation is reduced in adults who stutter but not in children who stutter

Previous studies have shown that adults who stutter produce smaller corrective motor responses to compensate for unexpected auditory perturbations in comparison to adults who do not stutter, suggesting that stuttering may be associated with deficits in integration of auditory feedback for online speech monitoring. In this study, we examined whether stuttering is also associated with deficiencies in integrating and using discrepancies between expected and received auditory feedback to adaptively update motor programs for accurate speech production. Using a sensorimotor adaptation paradigm, we measured adaptive speech responses to auditory formant frequency perturbations in adults and children who stutter and their matched nonstuttering controls. We found that the magnitude of the speech adaptive response for children who stutter did not differ from that of fluent children. However, the adaptation magnitude of adults who stutter in response to auditory perturbation was significantly smaller than the adaptation magnitude of adults who do not stutter. Together these results indicate that stuttering is associated with deficits in integrating discrepancies between predicted and received auditory feedback to calibrate the speech production system in adults but not children. This auditory-motor integration deficit thus appears to be a compensatory effect that develops over years of stuttering.
LACK OF A TRICUSPID REGURGITATION VELOCITY AND PULMONARY HYPERTENSION: ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IS NOT EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common clinical problem. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is used to estimate pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), but an adequate tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) needed to calculate PAP is not always present. It is unknown whether the absence of
THE MIDDLESEX CANAL—AN ANALYSIS OF ITS ACCOUNTING AND MANAGEMENT

The paper analyzes the development and subsequent decline of the Middlesex Canal, a twenty-seven mile inland waterway that joined Lowell in northern Massachusetts with Boston and the sea. Built from 1793 to 1804, the canal was an important catalyst in regional economic and transportation development during the early years of the American Industrial Revolution. Data from original financial records of the canal are presented for the period 1825 to 1845 when the canal was most successfully operated. The Middlesex Canal is acknowledged to be a fundamental element in the early development of Lowell as the center for textile manufacturing in the United States.
Journeys toward Textual Relevance: Male Readers of Color and the Significance of Malcolm X and Harry Potter.

This article combines interview data from a group of boys of color at an urban single-sex school and content analysis of The Autobiography of Malcolm X and Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone to demonstrate the complexities of readers’ responses to literature. Textual relevance, or the ability to construct personal meaning from literature, emerged in two principal forms: (a) empathetic textual relevance (a mirror approach) and (b) sympathetic textual relevance (a window approach). In addition, textual relevance took shape in forms beyond mirrors or windows. In building upon theories of intersectionality and reader response, I argue that acknowledging the multi-dimensionality of readers’ identities and their meaning-making processes can pave the way for youth empowerment. As such, this work aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of students’ experiences as readers and to enhance literacy practices designed to promote equity.
Influenza A virus specific and Epstein-Barr Virus cross-reactive CD8 T cells during acute symptomatic flu infection.

Previously we have shown expansion of cross-reactive CD8 T cells between Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Influenza A virus in HLA-A2+ patients during infectious mononucleosis. During acute flu infection expanded IAV-M1-GIL 58–66 specific CD8 T cells and IAV-M1-GIL 58–66 /EBV-BRLF-1-YVL 109–117 and IAV-M1-GIL 58–66 /EBV-BMLF1 280–288 -GLC double-tetramer+ CD8 T cells were detected directly ex-vivo in 5 HLA-A2+ patients. IAV-M1 58–66 , EBV-BRLF1 119–117 and -BMLF1 280–288 TCR repertoires changed over the course of infection and in comparison to healthy donors. After three weeks culture with Flu-M1 and EBV-BMLF1 ad EBV-BRLF1 peptides, CD8 T cells were sorted and analyzed by gene array in order to assess large-scale changes in immune responses in cognate or cross-reactive T cell populations in different patients. Global expression profile indicates cognate M1-GIL 58–66 and BRLF1-YVL 109–117 specific cells had similar immune-response gene signatures, but the EBV-BMLF1 280–288 -GLC specific CD8 cells were more similar to the crossreactive populations. Crossreactive M1-GIL 58–66 /BRLF1-YVL 109–117 cells from the BRLF1-YVL line were different in their activation status than the cognate BRLF1-specific cells, consistent with BRLF1-YVL ligand stimulation of different gene activation profiles in these two populations. These results indicate that during symptomatic flu infection there is an expansion of IAV/EBV crossreactive memory CD8 T cell responses. Ongoing studies are investigating whether EBV-IAV cross-reactive CD8+ T cells may contribute to immunopathology during acute IAV infection (NIH/NIAID PO1 AI 049320).
Effect of an Individualized Post-Examination Instructor Remediation on Pharmacy Student Performance in a Biochemistry Course.

Objective. To assess the effectiveness of a post-examination, one-on-one instructor remediation process on student performance in a pharmacy biochemistry course by measuring the degree of score imp...
Fe Vacancy Order and Domain Distribution in A x Fe 2− y Se 2

The Fe vacancy and its ordering pattern is a unique property of the A x Fe2−y Se2 (A = K, Rb, Cs) superconductors. Below the structural transition temperature T S ∼ 550 K, the system phase separates into the I4/mmm phase with no Fe vacancy and the I4/m phase with the $\sqrt 5\times \sqrt 5\times 1$ vacancy order. In this work, an Ising-like Hamiltonian defined on the Fe-sublattice is constructed and employed in a Metropolis Monte Carlo simulation to study the Fe vacancy order and the domain distribution under different thermal treatments. A third phase with randomly distributed Fe vacancies and space group I4/mmm is observed in the simulation. The response of the volume fraction of this simulated phase under thermal treatment shows a direct connection to the change of the superconducting shielding fraction under annealing and quenching processes, indicating a close relation between the vacancy disordered I4/mmm phase and the superconducting phase.