cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing Surface Water Inputs to Reduce Phosphorus Loss from Cranberry Farms.

Cranberry ( Ait.) production in Massachusetts represents one-fourth of the US cranberry supply, but water quality concerns, water use, and wetland protection laws challenge the future viability of the state's cranberry industry. Pond water used for harvest and winter flooding accounts for up to two-thirds of phosphorus (P) losses in drainage waters. Consequently, use of P sorbing salts to treat pond water holds promise in the mitigation of P losses from cranberry farms. Laboratory evaluation of aluminum (Al)-, iron (Fe)-, and calcium (Ca)-based salts was conducted to determine the application rate required for reducing P in shallow (0.4 m) and deep (3.2 m) water ponds used for cranberry production. Limited P removal ( 8) could be detrimental to cranberry production. Ferric sulfate and aluminum sulfate applications of 15 mg L (ppm) resulted in near-complete removal of total P, which decreased from 49 ± 3 to <10 μg P L (ppb). However, ferric sulfate application lowered pH below the recommend range for cranberry soils. Field testing of aluminum sulfate demonstrated that at a dose of 15 mg L (∼1.4 Al mg L), total P in pond water was reduced by 78 to 94%. Laboratory and field experiments support the recommendation of aluminum sulfate as a cost-effective remedial strategy for reducing elevated P in surface water used for cranberry production.
Metallic MXenes: A New Family of Materials for Flexible Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Abstract Wearable and flexible electronics warrant the development of self-powered devices to circumvent the limitations imposed by traditional energy storage devices. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) that convert waste mechanical energy from human motion into electric power offer a solution. Highly electronegative and conducting TENG materials that support the generation of both large potential differences and high currents are imperative for effectively harvesting electric power from human muscle movements. Here, we demonstrate that two-dimensional MXenes (e.g., titanium carbide Ti3C2Tx, where Tx stands for surface functional groups such as -O, -OH, and -F) are a family of electrically conducting materials that are triboelectrically more negative than polytetrafluorethylene, or Teflon. Specifically, flexible MXene TENGs support both high open circuit voltages ranging from ~500 to ~650 V and an instantaneous peak power ~ 0.5–0.65 mW that could power > 60 light-emitting diodes or quickly charge a 1 μF capacitor up to 50 V. Lastly, we demonstrate that flexible MXene TENGs are capable of harvesting electrical power from simple muscle movements (e.g., texting) even when the device is flexed by ~ 30° suggesting facile integration with wearable electronics.
Object tracking with a robotic manipulator mounted on ground vehicle using Image Based Visual Servoing

This paper presents an application of a novel approach for detecting and tracking an object with a 2 DOF robotic manipulator which can be equipped with an array of electrically controlled actuators. The said approach utilizes the Image Based Visual Servoing (IBVS) technique. The developed system is able to determine the object pose in real time from features in the image. Object is detected using shaped based approach algorithms of image processing. The position and orientation of the world coordinates of the object being tracked are calculated from the coordinates of the object in image plane using camera's intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this proposed approach.
Evaluation of Thermal Properties and Effect of Irrigation on Temperature Dynamics in Container Media

Abstract Thermal energy flows in pine bark, 4 pine bark: 1 sand (by vol), and 3 pine bark: 2 sand (by vol) media as a function of volumetric water content were studied. The predicted rate of movement of heat energy was greatest for the 3 pine bark: 2 sand medium if the volumetric water content was between 10% and 65%. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of irrigation volume and timing and container media composition on container media temperature dynamics using a spray stake delivery system. Irrigating 10-liter (#3) containers with water at 26°C (79°F) was most effective as a container medium coolant if the volume which was applied equaled or exceeded 3.0 liters (0.8 gal), the applications were made beginning at midday, and sand was in the container medium compared to pine bark alone.
11.22 Linked Aeolian-Vegetation Systems

The interactions between aeolian and biotic processes are discussed, including the ability of vegetation to control aeolian transport, the impact of aeolian transport on soils and vegetation (including soil nutrient content), feedbacks between vegetation and aeolian transport, and aeolian transport in managed (agriculture and rangeland), vegetated systems.
Value Added of Preoperative Contrast-Enhanced Digital Mammography in Patients With Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast.

Abstract Background Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most frequently diagnosed breast cancer, accounting for 5% to 15% of all invasive breast cancers, yet it remains radiologically elusive in many cases. The goal of this study was to compare the ability to accurately assess disease extent with contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in patients with biopsy-proven ILC. Patients and Methods A single-institution retrospective review of patients diagnosed with ILC with preoperative CEDM was performed. One of 3 blinded radiologist readers rereviewed cases within 1 month of another. Final size diameter was based on the largest dimension on recombined CEDM or FFDM and compared to the reference standard histopathology. Bland-Altman plots were used to visualize the differences between tumor size on imaging and pathology. Results Thirty women were included. Mean tumor diameter was 27.0 mm (range, 7.0-118 mm) on postoperative histology, 26.0 mm on CEDM, and 16.4 mm on standard mammogram. For CEDM versus FFDM, 5 (16.7%) of 30 versus 9 (30.0%) of 30 cases underestimated pathology by > 10 mm and 5 (16.7%) of 30 versus 3 (10.0%) of 30 overestimated histopathology by > 10 mm, respectively. Two (6.7%) of 30 cases required surgical reexcision. Both Lin (0.87 vs. 0.55) and Pearson (0.87 vs. 0.70) correlation coefficient measures were higher for CEDM versus FFDM. Conclusion CEDM outperforms standard digital mammography in ability to accurately assess disease extent in patients with biopsy-proven ILC, resulting in improved surgical outcomes. Future studies should compare surgical outcomes in patients with preoperative magnetic resonance imaging and CEDM in patients with ILC.
Nuevo South: Latinas/os, Asians, and the remaking of place

This book examines and illustrates how the history of race relations within the context of place-specific ideologies can help us better understand how Asians and Latinas/os have been received and i...
Emotional disclosure and emotion change during an expressive-writing task: Do pronouns matter?

Expressive writing is an effective way to facilitate the emotional recovery from a stressor, but little is known about how adopting a first-person versus third-person perspective while writing affects the disclosure and experience of emotion. The purpose of this study was to empirically examine whether using first-person versus third-person pronouns when describing a stressor leads to differences in the amounts of emotion words used and change in emotion from before the writing to after. Participants (N = 148) were randomly assigned to write about a stressor using either first-person pronouns or third-person pronouns. The content of these writing samples was analyzed via computer text analyses (i.e., anxiety, sadness, and anger words), and participants completed measures of the subjective experience of emotion both before and after the writing task (i.e., change in fear, sadness, and hostility). Path analysis indicated that adopting a third-person perspective led to lower use of anxiety words but heightened use of sadness words compared to the first-person writing perspective. Moreover, participants in the third-person writing condition experienced greater post-writing sadness than did participants in the first-person writing condition. These results suggest that manipulating pronoun use can have a clinical application to help individuals express and experience their emotions more fully.
Aerodynamic Tailoring of Structures Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

Tall buildings and long span bridges exposed to wind undergo complex interactions, which precludes a functional relationship between wind and its load effects. In digital age with burgeoning growth...
Blood collection in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)

Guinea pigs are useful animal models for the study of many human diseases including diabetes mellitus and infectious diseases. Often, these studies involve collecting blood samples of considerable volume. This column describes safe techniques for restraint and blood collection from the jugular vein and cranial vena cava from alert and anesthetized guinea pigs.
Hepatitis C virus antigens enzyme immunoassay for one-step diagnosis of hepatitis C virus coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals.

Hepatitis C virus antigens enzyme immunoassay for one-step diagnosis of hepatitis C virus coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals
Incorporation of nickel into ruminal factor F430 as affected by monensin and formate.

A mixed culture of ruminal microorganisms was used to demonstrate that nickel (Ni) is incorporated into factor F430 and to determine the effects of monensin and formate on incorporation of Ni into factor F430. Ruminal microorganisms obtained from a semicontinuous culture were grown for 24 h in the presence of 63Ni and a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of monensin (0 to 5 micrograms/ml) and formate (0 to 20 mM) treatments. Factor F430 was isolated and purified from the cultures by QAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography. The purified preparation contained 63Ni and exhibited a peak in absorbance at 430 nm. Methane production was decreased (P less than .01) 45% by monensin but was increased (P less than .01) 1.8-fold by formate. However, incorporation of 63Ni into factor F430, which is ubiquitous in methanogens and not found in other bacteria, did not parallel changes in methane production. Incorporation of 63Ni into factor F430 was decreased (P less than .01) 55% by monensin but was not affected (P greater than .05) by formate. In addition to its use for synthesis of urease and hydrogenase, Ni is involved in ruminal fermentation as a component of factor430.
Asymptotic analysis for a homogeneous bubbling regime Vlasov–Fokker–Planck/Navier–Stokes system

The evolution of a cloud of particles in a compressible fluid can be modeled with a Vlasov–Fokker–Planck equation for the distribution function of the particles coupled with Navier–Stokes or Euler equations for the density and velocity of the fluid. Formal calculations have established the convergence of solution to the mesoscopic model to solutions to the macroscopic Navier–Stokes or Euler model coupled with a Smoluchowski equation as the ratio of the settling time for the microscopic velocity fluctuation of the particles to the characteristic macroscopic time scale goes to zero. This paper provides a rigorous asymptotic analysis for a homogeneous mesoscopic fluid–particle interaction model for particles dispersed in a compressible fluid is provided for the bubbling regime. A relative entropy inequality for a mixed hyperbolic/parabolic system of equations is employed.
Effects of contrastive focus on lexical predictability during sentence reading: The case of not only. . .but also constructions

Previous research suggests that language comprehenders are sensitive to the presence of focus-sensitive particles-words like only and not that are effective at marking the focus of the sentence. In addition to signalling linguistic focus, these words can also establish a semantic contrast between the focused element and an alternate set. For example, the phrase not only the bride places linguistic focus on the bride and may also prompt comprehenders to anticipate a set of upcoming entities that stand in semantic contrast to the bride. We tested this possibility in an eyetracking-while-reading experiment that systematically crossed structure (focus vs. noun-phrase coordination) with predictability of an upcoming target noun (predictable vs. unpredictable). Whereas first-pass reading time showed a robust predictability effect for the coordination condition, the effect was eliminated for the focus condition. Later eyetracking measures revealed main effects of both predictability and syntactic structure. Overall, the results suggest that language comprehenders rapidly make use of the cue not only and may use this cue to begin anticipating a set of upcoming sentence continuations during online sentence processing.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in critically ill patients is safe and effective when performed in the endoscopy suite.

Background and study aims Critically ill patients may require endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) but performing ERCP in the intensive care unit (ICU) poses logistic and technical challenges. There are no data on ICU patients undergoing ERCP in the endoscopy suite. The primary aim of this study was to report outcomes, including safety, when ERCP in critically ill patients is performed in the endoscopy suite. Patients and methods We queried our institutional endoscopy database to identify all ICU patients who underwent ERCP at a single academic medical center from 04/01/2010 to 11/30/2017. Only patients admitted to an ICU prior to ERCP were included. Results Of 7,218 ERCPs performed during the study period, 260 ERCPs (3.6 %) were performed in 231 ICU patients (mean age 61y; 53 % male); nearly all ICU patient ERCPs (n = 258; 99 %) occurred in the endoscopy suite. ERCP indications included cholangitis (50 %), post-liver transplant cholestasis (15 %), and bile leak (10 %). All ERCPs were performed with anesthesiology, most with general anesthesia (60 %) and in the prone position (60 %). Most patients (73 %) had sepsis. Prior to ERCP, 17 % of patients required vasopressors; vasopressors were begun during ERCP in 4 %. The cannulation success rate was 95 % (94 % in native papillae). Adverse events occurred in 9 % (n = 23) of cases with post-ERCP pancreatitis most common. No patients died during or within 24 hours of ERCP. Mortality at 30 days was 16 %, all attributed to underlying disease. Conclusions When advanced ventilatory and hemodynamic support is available, critically ill patients can safely and effectively undergo ERCP in the endoscopy suite.
Risk Factors and Timing of Acute Myocardial Infarction Associated With Pregnancy: Insights From the National Inpatient Sample.

Background Pregnancy increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The purpose of this study was to examine timing and risk factors for AMI in pregnancy and poor outcome. Methods and Res...
Transverse Colonic Perforation in Renal Transplant Recipients During the Early Postoperative Period: A Case Series

There are very few cases of nondiverticulitis episodes of colonic perforation in the acute postoperative period following kidney transplantation described in the literature. Various nondiverticular causes of colonic perforations include ischemia, malignancy, cytomegalovirus (CMV) enterocolitis, and nonobstructive colonic dilatation. Immunosuppressive medication can contribute to colonic perforation, placing kidney recipients at risk for these complications. Since 2011, there have been 2 cases of transverse colonic perforation in the early postoperative period following renal transplantation at our institution. Both patients underwent urgent exploratory laparotomy with resection of perforated transverse colon and creation of a proximal colostomy. The aim of this study is to review the cases of colonic perforation following renal transplantation to gain a greater understanding of this rare occurrence. Despite the lack of a clear cause of perforation, it is imperative to have a high index of suspicion for colonic perforations in these immunocompromised patients to provide prompt surgical management and improved outcomes.
Design and implementation of a pilot student wellness program at a school of pharmacy.

Abstract Background and purpose In response to concerns about student stress and well-being, a volunteer wellness task force was formed to promote a culture of wellness at the school of pharmacy (SOP). The purpose of this paper is to describe the development and implementation of this pilot wellness program. Educational activity and setting A task force was formed to design and implement a pilot wellness program for pharmacy students. Interventions included: orientation to wellness program, sessions on nutrition and mindfulness, in-class brain breaks, and promotion of on-campus resources. Student wellness was assessed at baseline with a questionnaire including sociodemographic data, perceived stress levels using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), wellness practices, and use of wellness resources. Program feedback was obtained using a post-questionnaire to identify student perceptions and preferences for wellness activities. Findings Pharmacy year one through three students (n = 166) were included in the pilot wellness program, with 92.2% and 88.8% completing the baseline and post-questionnaires, respectively. There were notable changes in wellness practices compared to baseline including an increase in weekly exercise and sleeping >4 hours a night. There was greatest use of and satisfaction with 5- to 10-min in-class wellness breaks. The mean student PSS-10 baseline score was 20.14 while the post-implementation mean score was 19.62. Summary This study demonstrates the potential for implementing a faculty-driven wellness program despite limited resources. The design, implementation, and lessons learned from this pilot program may serve as a practical framework for institutions seeking to promote student wellness.
Radiative Corrections to | η00/η+-|

I shall report on work done with A. Sirlin of New York University. Considerable effort has been expended, and continues to be applied, to the comparison of the amplitude ratios η00 and η+- which measure the degree of CP-nonconservation in 2π decays of neutral K mesons. Any measurable difference between these two parameters - which is known to be small [1,2]- signals the presence of CP-noninvariant interactions strong enough to give rise to observable CP-violating effects even in situations where the special circumstance of K0 - K0 degeneracy does not obtain. In order to draw significant conclusions from a measured inequality of η00 and η+-, it would be advisable to include the effect of electromagnetic radiative corrections, which are different for charged and neutral decay modes, and which are expected to be of order eα [3], similar to the small difference which has been reported [2]. We estimate the radiative correction of order α to |η00/η+-| , and find that in the “superweak” case, it is directly calculable from accessible data.
Vegetation-hydrology dynamics in complex terrain of semiarid areas: 1. A mechanistic approach to modeling dynamic feedbacks

[1] Vegetation, particularly its dynamics, is the often-ignored linchpin of the land-surface hydrology. This work emphasizes the coupled nature of vegetation-water-energy dynamics by considering linkages at timescales that vary from hourly to interannual. A series of two papers is presented. A dynamic ecohydrological model [tRIBS + VEGGIE] is described in this paper. It reproduces essential water and energy processes over the complex topography of a river basin and links them to the basic plant life regulatory processes. The framework focuses on ecohydrology of semiarid environments exhibiting abundant input of solar energy but limiting soil water that correspondingly affects vegetation structure and organization. The mechanisms through which water limitation influences plant dynamics are related to carbon assimilation via the control of photosynthesis and stomatal behavior, carbon allocation, stress-induced foliage loss, as well as recruitment and phenology patterns. This first introductory paper demonstrates model performance using observations for a site located in a semiarid environment of central New Mexico.
The International and Domestic Determinants of Insider Trading Laws

Why do some countries protect minority shareholders from rent-seeking by corporate insiders while others do not? To the extent that there has been convergence toward shareholder-friendly laws, what factors have shaped that convergence? We explore this question by examining the worldwide diffusion of insider trading laws through a series of event history analyses. We argue that variation in the adoption and enforcement in insider trading laws can be best explained by the interaction of rising international competitive pressures to attract investment capital through investor-friendly laws and electoral laws that make governments more or less vulnerable to economic voting. We find that governments are more likely to adopt and enforce insider trading laws when they face reelection under electoral laws that make them relatively vulnerable to economic voting and when they face international competitive pressures. Moreover, we find that the impact of domestic political institutions declines in significance as international competitive pressures increase, and vice-versa.
Hypokalemia Associated with Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Ogilvie's Syndrome)

We report a case of hypokalemia resulting from colonic pseudo-obstruction or Ogilvie's syndrome. Colonic pseudo-obstruction is characterized by profuse watery diarrhea that has a low sodium and high potassium concentration. It is seen in a variety of medical and surgical conditions, but its exact cause remains unknown. It is thought to result from an imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic input in the distal colon. The diarrhea is secretory and driven by potassium secretion rather than the inhibition of sodium reabsorption or chloride secretion, which are the most common pathophysiologic mechanisms of secretory diarrhea. Affected patients often lose >100 mmol of potassium daily. Colonic pseudo-obstruction is associated with a dramatic upregulation of the maxiK or BK potassium channel. This channel plays a prominent role in flow-mediated potassium secretion in the connecting tubule and collecting duct and is also upregulated in the distal colon in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. In vitro studies show that the channel is regulated by catecholamine binding to the β receptor and cyclic AMP upregulation, somatostatin and aldosterone, insights that can be used to help guide pharmacologic therapy. Nephrologists should be aware of colonic pseudo-obstruction as a cause of extrarenal potassium loss.
Linguistic Impediments to Cross-Cultural Communications: Chinese Hassles with the Hypothetical:

This paper attempts to reach a preliminary conclusion, based on developmental and cross-cultural research re the nature of the impact the distinct lexical divisions and relational structures of a language are likely to have on the thought processes of its native speakers and, thereby, re the nature of the barriers to cross-cultural communication and conflict resolution which are likely to result from the fact that participants in such processes come from distinct linguistic backgrounds. The paper argues that such barriers take the form of differences in the conscious organization of experience and draws on two examples from a comparative study of English and Chinese native speakers in further support of this view.
Gradient techniques for systems with no drift: a classical idea revisited

This paper proposes a technique for the control of analytic systems with no drift. It is based on the generation of "nonsingular loops" which allow linearized controllability. Once such loops are available, it is possible to employ standard Newton or steepest descent methods. The theoretical justification of the approach relies on results on genericity of nonsingular controls as well as a simple convergence lemma. >
Effect of Unsteady Diffusion on Reaction Rate of Immobilized Catalytic Reaction in Batch System

In this study, we investigated about the effect of the unsteady diffusion on the reaction rate of an immobilized catalyst in a batch type reaction system. Analyzing the diffusion and reaction under the unsteady state, we showed that true kinetic information can be obtained at the limiting condition of β → 0, where β is the volume ratio of the solid to liquid. For the definite value of β, we can derive an equation that expresses the relation between the apparent rate constant and β. This knowledge is valuable for studying immobilized catalyst kinetics.
There Are Survivors: Telling a Story of Sudden Death

This article is a personal narrative of a family drama enacted in the aftermath of my brother's death in an airplane crash. “True” stories such as this fit in the space between fiction and social science, joining ethnographic and literary writing, and autobiographical and sociological understanding. My goal is to reposition readers vis a vis authors of texts of social science by acknowledging potential for optional readings and encouraging readers to “experience an experience” that can reveal not only how it was for me, but how it could be or once was for them. This experimental form permits researchers and readers to acknowledge and give voice to their own emotional experiences and encourages ethnographic subjects (co-authors) to reclaim and write their own lives.
Lumbar degenerative disc disease: all in the genes?

Lumbar degenerative disc disease is a common ailment that causes patients significant pain, disability and psychologic distress, in addition to its large socioeconomic impact on society. The etiology of disc degeneration has been extensively studied, but our understanding remains incomplete. Increased age and male gender are risk factors for radiographic and histologic changes associated with disc degeneration. Smoking and mechanical stress have also been evaluated as causative agents, but their impact on disease development has proven to be very small. The largest influence on degeneration has been shown to come from an inherited element. Twin studies, case–control studies and large population-based studies have confirmed that a familial predisposition exists. However, the underlying genetic cause of this heritable risk remains unknown. Variations in collagens and other extracellular matrix components likely play a role, but we remain in the infancy of our understanding of this complex genetic process.
An analysis of the VEP to luminance modulation and of its nonlinearity.

Abstract Identification of the VEP luminance modulation system was carried out using a relatively long pseudorandom binary m-sequence stimulus. The complete first order cross-correlation function provides a “fingerprint” of the nonlinearity in the time domain. Volterra kernel slices up to third order are recognized in the complete first order cross-correlation function. They all lie close to the major diagonal. Higher order kernel slices are not measurable. A cascade block model (sandwich model) analysis shows the nonlinearity to be an asymmetric rectification. Luminance increase causes a stronger response than does luminance decrease. The pre-filter gain function is low-pass. The post-filter gain function is band-pass tuned near 10 Hz. Coherency spectra are used to examine the channel structure of the system. Two channels operating near 8 and 15 Hz are easily identified. Another broad channel (or possibly multiple channels) is present above 30 Hz. In many subjects, the pseudorandom stimuli allow a complete system identification to be carried out in less than 82 sec.
Using Digital Analysis to Enhance Data Integrity

Digital analysis is a method of analyzing the patterns of digits in a sample of numbers to determine if the sample is similar to a population of numbers. This article introduces digital analysis into the educational literature and provides instructors with materials that can be used to teach the concepts and power of digital analysis as a tool for improving data integrity. The article discusses how digital analysis is being used today and how it might be used in the future. It then discusses two digital frequency distributions that can be used as benchmarks to test data validity using digital analysis. Suggestions for class use are provided in a teaching note. Free Excel‐based software that performs digital analysis can be downloaded via the Internet and distributed to students for use in one of the assignments.
Efficacy of aldosterone receptor antagonism in heart failure: potential mechanisms.

Results of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study and the Eplerenone Post-acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study indicate aldosterone receptor antagonism, together with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and loop diuretics, is a most effective strategy in reducing risk for all-cause and cardiovascularrelated mortality and morbidity in patients with symptomatic heart failure. Responsible mechanisms are likely multifactoral. As a circulating hormone, aldosterone has well-known endocrine properties that contribute to the pathophysiology of congestive heart failure. This includes Na+ resorption at the expense of K+ excretion in such tissues as kidneys, colon, sweat, and salivary glands. Mg2+ excretion at these sites is likewise enhanced by aldosterone, whereas adrenal aldosterone secretion is regulated by extracellular Mg2+. Other endocrine actions of aldosterone receptor-ligand binding include: a reduction in biologically active cytosolic-free Mg2+, with intracellular Ca2+ loading in nonepithelial cells such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells; its influence on endothelial cell function; and its central actions, including the choroid plexus, activity of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and autonomic nervous system. De novo generation of aldosterone within the cardiovasculature is recognized and findings suggest its auto/paracrine properties contribute to tissue repair. Each of these actions is interrupted by aldosterone receptor antagonism and therefore may contribute to its salutary response in heart failure.
Social ethics, the philosophy of medicine, and professional responsibility

The social ethics of medicine is the study and ethical analysis of social structures which impact on the provision of health care by physicians. There are many such social structures. Not all these structures are responsive to the influence of physicians as health professionals. But some social structures which impact on health care are prompted by or supported by important preconceptions of medical practice. In this article, three such elements of the philosophy of medicine are examined in terms of the negative impact on health care of the social structures to which they contribute. The responsibilities of the medical profession and of individual physicians to work to change these social structures are then examined in the light of a theory of profession.
Reaction of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane with Zero-Valent Metals and Bimetallic Reductants

Information concerning the pathways and products of reaction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) with zero-valent metals may be critical to the success of in situ treatment techniques. Many researchers assume that alkyl polyhalides undergo reduction via stepwise hydrogenolysis (replacement of halogen by hydrogen). Accordingly, 1,1,1-TCA should react to 1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), to chloroethane, and finally to ethane. Experiments conducted in laboratory-scale batch reactors indicate, however, that with zinc, iron, and two bimetallic reductants (nickel-plated iron and copper-plated iron) this simplistic stepwise scheme cannot explain observed results. 1,1,1-TCA was found to react rapidly with zinc to form ethane and 1,1-DCA. Independent experiments confirmed that 1,1-DCA reacts too slowly to represent an intermediate in the formation of ethane. In reactions with iron, nickel/iron, and copper/iron, cis-2-butene, ethylene, and 2-butyne were also observed as minor products. Product ratios were dependent o...
Prostatic cancer Treated at a categorical center, 1980–1983

Abstract This report covers the experience from 537 patients with prostatic cancer seen at Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) from 1980 through 1983. This is a look at experiences in the early 1980s and is a continuation of the series covering the decades of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. Referrals continue to dominate the series (85 % of cases) but are now only IV slightly younger (65 years) than in-house diagnoses (66 years), of which one third were diagnosed it autopsy. Survival rates in this series, although limited in follow-up, were similar at two years r to those in the 1970s and in the extensive series collected by the survey of the American College of Surgeons. Multiple primary tumors were observed in 22 per cent of this series, most frequently involving the bladder in addition to the prostate. Treatments continue to involve chemotheraphy earlier in the course of disease as part of a succession of therapeutic modalities that include transurethral resection of prostate (T URP) or prostatectomy, lymph node dissection, external irradiation castration, and hormones.
Thermal Chemistry of C3 Metallacycles on Pt(111) Surfaces

The thermal chemistry of 1,3-diiodopropane on a Pt(111) single-crystal surface was investigated by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). It was found that the first decomposition steps of the chemisorbed diiodo compound are the scissions of its C−I bonds, and that that takes place sequentially and results in the initial formation of an iodopropyl surface intermediate which subsequently decomposes to a C3 metallacycle. Upon further heating of the crystal, the metallacycle intermediate dehydrogenates via a β-hydride elimination step to form an allylic moiety. This allylic species then hydrogenates to propene, a product that subsequently desorbs in two different temperature regimes (around 240 and 330 K) or dehydrogenates to surface propylidyne. The metallacyclic surface intermediate displays additional chemistry at high coverages. Specifically, some of the hydrogen made available by β-hydride elimination from a few of the C3 metallacycles is incorpo...
Strength Retention in SiC Ceramics after Long‐Term Oxidation

The room-temperature flexural strengths of SiC ceramics change with increasing oxidation time at 1200/sup 0/C. When certain impurities (e.g. alumina, WC, and possibly others) are present, the strength continuously decreases approx. = 50% after 4500 h because of subsurface pit formation. Materials containing B and C or Si exhibit strength increases (greater than or equal to 40% after 4500 h). Surface oxide growth rates substantially decrease at times greater than or equal to 1850 h, which corresponds to an increase in cristobalite formation. 7 references, 3 figures.
Video Transport Evaluation With H.264 Video Traces

The performance evaluation of video transport mechanisms becomes increasingly important as encoded video accounts for growing portions of the network traffic. Compared to the widely studied MPEG-4 encoded video, the recently adopted H.264 video coding standards include novel mechanisms, such as hierarchical B frame prediction structures and highly efficient quality scalable coding, that have important implications for network transport. This tutorial introduces a trace-based evaluation methodology for the network transport of H.264 encoded video. We first give an overview of H.264 video coding, and then present the trace structures for capturing the characteristics of H.264 encoded video. We give an overview of the typical video traffic and quality characteristics of H.264 encoded video. Finally, we explain how to account for the H.264 specific coding mechanisms, such as hierarchical B frames, in networking studies.
A thirty year journey in the polyol pathway.

Abstract The development of the concept that aldose reductase (AR) is involved in diabetic complications is presented from its early beginning when Dr Van Heyningen first found polyols in sugar cataracts in 1959. The evolvement of the polyol theory of sugar cataract is described. The prevention of sugar cataract formation by aldose reductase inhibitors dramatically demonstrates the role of this enzyme in sugar-induced cataracts. The possibility of AR involvement of other diabetic complications was an obvious extension of the polyol theory. The use of AR inhibitors in preventing diabetic changes in nerve and retina in animals strongly suggest that AR may play a role in the development of other diabetic complications.
Sensitivity function and spectral response without gap-nulls of an inductive perpendicular head geometry

An inductive head geometry without gap nulls for perpendicular magnetic recording has been modeled theoretically and experimentally. In particular, the field produced by two infinitely long and current-carrying strips placed between two highly permeable regions has been calculated. For this special geometry, this stripline model produces a sawtooth field profile for which the Fourier transform shows a very gradual decay with decreasing wavelength without nulls. The spectral sensitivity function for the strip structure is compared to that of a single-pole head. It is anticipated that this high-efficiency read transducer can be used for perpendicular magnetic recording at shorter wavelengths than single-pole-type heads that do show gap nulls. >
Nest Predation of Greater Sage-Grouse in Relation to Microhabitat Factors and Predators

Abstract Nest predation is a natural component of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) reproduction, but changes in nesting habitat and predator communities may adversely affect grouse populations. We used a 2-part approach to investigate sage-grouse nest predation. First, we used information criteria to compare nest survival models that included indices of common raven (Corvus corax) abundance with other survival models that consisted of day of incubation, grouse age, and nest microhabitat covariates using measurements from 77 of 87 sage-grouse nests. Second, we used video monitoring at a subsample of 55 of 87 nests to identify predators of depredated nests (n = 16) and evaluated the influence of microhabitat factors on the probability of predation by each predator species. The most parsimonious model for nest survival consisted of an interaction between day of incubation and abundance of common ravens (wraven×incubation day = 0.67). An estimated increase in one raven per 10-km transect su...
Development and Testing of the VITAMIN-B7/BUGLE-B7 Coupled Neutron-Gamma Multigroup Cross-Section Libraries

The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission’s Regulatory Guide 1.190 states that calculational methods used to estimate reactor pressure vessel (RPV) fluence should use the latest version of the evaluated nuclear data file (ENDF). The VITAMIN-B6 fine-group library and BUGLE-96 broad-group library, which are widely used for RPV fluence calculations, were generated using ENDF/B-VI.3 data, which was the most current data when Regulatory Guide 1.190 was issued. We have developed new fine-group (VITAMIN-B7) and broad-group (BUGLE-B7) libraries based on ENDF/B-VII.0. These new libraries, which were processed using the AMPX code system, maintain the same group structures as the VITAMIN-B6 and BUGLE-96 libraries. Verification and validation of the new libraries were accomplished using diagnostic checks in AMPX, “unit tests” for each element in VITAMIN-B7, and a diverse set of benchmark experiments including critical evaluations for fast and thermal systems, a set of experimental benchmarks that are used for SCALE regression tests, and three RPV fluence benchmarks. The benchmark evaluation results demonstrate that VITAMIN-B7 and BUGLE-B7 are appropriate for use in RPV fluence calculations and meet the calculational uncertainty criterion in Regulatory Guide 1.190.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ACADEMIC COMFORT AND CAREER INTERESTS AMONG RURAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

-Relationships between Academic Comfort and General Occupational Themes of the 1985 Strong Campbell Interest Inventory were investigated for 1364 high school adolescents. Significant relationships between Academic Comfort and grade, sex, socioeconomic status, and career motivation were found. Academic Comfort scores of adolescents increased with higher grades and girls had higher Academic Comfort scores than the boys at all grades. The results support Holland's theory of career development during the high school years in that certain career interests during this period of development are related to Academic Comfort.
Transforming System Load to Throughput for Consolidated Applications

Today's computing systems monitor and collect a large number of system load statistics, e.g., time series of CPU utilization, but utilization traces do not directly reflect application performance, e.g., response time and throughput. Indeed, resource utilization is the output of conventional performance evaluation approaches, such as queueing models and benchmarking, and often for a single application. In this paper, we address the following research question: How to turn utilization traces from consolidated applications into estimates of application performance metrics? To such an end, we developed "Showstopper", a novel and light-weight benchmarking methodology and tool which orchestrates execution of multi-threaded benchmarks on a multi-core system in parallel, so that the CPU load follows utilization traces and application performance metrics can thus be estimated efficiently. To generate the desired loads, Showstopper alternates stopped and runnable states of multiple benchmarks in a distributed fashion, dynamically adjusting their duty cycles using feedback control mechanisms. Our preliminary evaluation results show that Showstopper can sustain the target loads within 5% of error and obtain reliable throughput estimates for DaCapo benchmarks executed on Linux/x86-64 platforms.
Horner's syndrome resulting from agenesis of the internal carotid artery: report of a third case.

Introduction Only two previous reports of agenesis of the internal carotid artery with a coexistent Horner’s syndrome are to be found in the medical literature.
Developmental steps in acquiring competence for shoot development in Arabidopsis tissue culture

Arabidopsis shoots regenerate from root explants in tissue culture through a two-step process requiring preincubation on an auxin-rich callus induction medium (CIM) followed by incubation on a cytokinin-rich shoot induction medium (SIM). During CIM preincubation, root explants acquire competence to respond to shoot induction signals. During CIM preincubation, pericycle cells in root explants undergo cell divisions and dedifferentiate, losing the expression of a pericycle cell-specific marker. These cells acquire competence to form green callus only after one day CIM preincubation and to form shoots after 2-3 days CIM preincubation. Reversible DNA synthesis inhibitors interfered with the acquisition of competence to form shoots. Genes requiring CIM preincubation for upregulation on SIM were identified by microarray analysis and included RESPONSE REGULATOR 15 (ARR15), POLYGALACTURONASE INHIBITING PROTEIN 2 (PGIP2) and WUSCHEL (WUS). These genes served as developmental markers for the acquisition of competence because the CIM preincubation requirements for ARR15 and PGIP2 upregulation correlated well with the acquisition of competence to form green callus, and the CIM preincubation requirements for WUS upregulation matched those for shoot formation. Unlike ARR15, another cytokinin inducible, A-type ARR gene, ARR5, was upregulated on SIM, but the induction did not require CIM preincubation. These findings indicate that competencies for various events associated with shoot regeneration are acquired progressively during CIM preincubation, and that a set of genes, normally upregulated on SIM, are repressed by a process that can be relieved by CIM preincubation.
Participants' Perceptions of the Effectiveness of a Three-Part Videotape Series on Group Work

Abstract An investigation of graduate students' perceptions of the effectiveness of a three-part videotape series on group work was conducted. In general, the videotape series was perceived positively. Implications for counselor educators are discussed.
Continued studies of the relationship of specific gravity to total solids of potatoes

The reliability of specific gravity as a measure of total solids was studied statistically. Studies on an expanded number of currently popular American potato samples indicated that differences were great enough that the accepted Von Scheele regression curve now borders on the obsolete. Variations in the relationship caused by lack of uniformity in analytical techniques, as well as inherent variations in the potatoes themselves indicated that a linear regression curve based on American potato varieties is sorely needed. It is suggested that such a curve be obtained through cooperative effort sponsored by the American Potato Association.
Analysis of depressed cell-mediated immunity in asbestos workers☆

Abstract To explore the mechanisms of asbestos-related perturbations of the immune system, we evaluated the in vitro cell-mediated immunity of five asymptomatic asbestos workers with hypergammaglobulinemia and decreased T-cell numbers. These results were compared with those in 10 matched controls. Analysis of T-lymphocyte populations revealed decreased absolute numbers of OKT4+ (helper/inducer) T cells in the peripheral blood and phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated mononuclear cell cultures of the workers. When chrysotile asbestos was added to PHA cultures, expansion of OKT4+ cell populations was disproportionately inhibited in workers' cultures. Furthermore, control proliferative responses to PHA became indistinguishable from initial worker responses. These effects were incompletely explained by the cytotoxic effects of asbestos on cultured lymphocytes. We conclude that both in vivo and in vitro exposure of mononuclear cell populations to asbestos may lead to a diminution of helper-inducer T-cell numbers. In asbestos-exposed individuals, this latter lymphocyte subpopulation appears to be especially sensitive to in vitro asbestos exposure. Although the clinical implications of these findings are unclear, we hypothesize that many of the immunologic abnormalities that occur in asbestos workers could be explained by direct asbestos effects on the OKT4 + immunoregulatory population.