cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Symposium review: international symposium on Formosa landlocked salmon and masu salmon

Of the seven species of Pacific salmon, only one, masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou, spawns exclusively in the western Pacific. Four subspecies of masou salmon are presently recognized, masu salmon (O. masou masou), amago salmon (O. masou ishikawae), Biwa salmon (O. masou subsp.), and Formosa landlocked salmon (O. masou formosanus). Formosa landlocked salmon only occurs in one location in Taiwan and is therefore considered to be the southernmost Pacific salmon. Its limited range (since the 1990s, it inhabits only the Chichiawan Stream within the Shei-Pa National Park), genetic discreteness, and its low and fluctuating population numbers suggests that it may be the most endangered salmon in the world. The international symposium on Formosa landlocked salmon and masu salmon, held in Taiwan in October 2009, brought together scientists focusing on all subspecies of masu salmon to update knowledge and apply it to the conservation of Formosa salmon. This was the third symposium to focus on Formosa salmon (previous ones held in 1990 and 2000), but the first to include masu salmon biologists from Japan. The goal was to present updates on recent research which could shed light on future policies concerning conservation of Formosa salmon. The meeting was organized and hosted by Professor J. -C. Gwo (National Taiwan Ocean University) who gave the introductory plenary lecture summarizing what is known about the biology of the subspecies in Taiwan and highlighting his work on genetic and morphological differentiation of Formosa salmon. The first day encompassed two themes, biology of Formosa salmon, and conservation of salmon. The second day included two more themes, biotechnology of salmon, and salmon production and ecology. Each theme was introduced by a plenary speaker followed by contributed presentations for a total of 26 talks and 2 poster presentations. Following Dr. Gwo’s talk, Yang (retired former Taiwan Fishery Institute member) presented a historical overview of research on Formosa salmon in Taiwan. This was followed by presentations outlining an environmental literacy program in Taiwan (Wang, National Taiwan Normal University), a review of alternative reproductive strategies in male masu salmon (Maekawa, Hokkaido University), and a geological perspective on the origin of Formosa salmon (Shieh, National Taiwan Museum). The second theme was introduced by a review of the conservation genetics of exploited and endangered fish species (Gold, Texas A&M) and was followed by three studies using modeling approaches The first provided an overview of the Wuling (the area within Shei-Pa Park) long-term ecological research and modeling (Lin, Academia Sinica), the second study outlined climate change impacts on Formosa salmon habitat (Tung, National Taiwan University), and the third examined population F. Juanes (&) Department of Natural Resources Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA e-mail: juanes@nrc.umass.edu
The Forest‐Related Content of Children's Textbooks: 1950–1991*

This study utilizes content analysis to measure the prominence of six environmental themes in children's science and social studies textbooks over the period 1950–1991. Regression analysis of data from a sample of 118 textbooks reveals that textbook space devoted to forest issues has decreased since 1950. Within this shrinking space, treatments of ecological issues with regard to forests have increased, but only in science texts. All other environmental themes have decreased in prominence. The decreasing attention to forest issues in texts may be due in part to the trend of “mentioning,” the replacement of narrative text with strings of facts, in the production of textbooks. The finding that newer, more proenvironmental themes have not replaced the classical economic view of forests as commodities suggests that the growth in environmentalism in the United States since 1950 has not yet been sufficiently integrated into our culture to affect the formal education of children.
Aggregate load parameter identification using general regression neural networks

In this paper, the general regression neural networks (GRNN) paradigm, as originally presented by Specht is summarized. Next, a GRNN implementation of a static power system load model simulation is described, and its performance is discussed. A generic load model is presented as a simple dynamic model suitable for wide-scale implementation using a GRNN and integrating measurement-based data. Finally, ongoing and future work are discussed, and preliminary conclusions are stated based on experience to date. The paper is application oriented. Its major contribution is the structuring of the load parameter identification problem into a form conveniently handled by neural networks. Generation of a training set is facilitated by the use of a simplified dynamic equivalent load model whose parameters are easily identified to form a training set from system measurements using least squares procedures. >
Using a criterion standard to validate the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS): a screening measure to identify harmful and hazardous drinking in older persons.

We compared the Alcohol-Related Problems Survey (ARPS), a new screening measure targeted at harmful and hazardous drinking among older individuals, to a criterion standard (CS) among 22 persons aged 65 and older who reported consuming at least one drink of alcohol in the previous 12 months. The CS was conducted by a study physician and research assistant. It assessed risks from alcohol use, and consisted of a structured review of each subject’s medical record, clinical interview, physical examination, and an interview with a collateral informant. Analyses included descriptive statistics for demographic and health characteristics, inter-rater reliability, agreement between the ARPS and the CS, reasons for disagreement, and sensitivity and specificity of the ARPS as compared to the CS. Using Landis and Koch criteria, inter-rater reliability between two physicians for 11 subjects was substantial (weighted kappa 0.79), but agreement between the ARPS and the CS was only fair (weighted kappa 0.28). Reasons for disagreement included problems with ARPS’ questions and classification rules, and problems with study physicians’ assessments of drinking risk. Based on these reasons for disagreement, we made revisions in the ARPS and its classification rules. Agreement between the revised ARPS and the CS improved substantially (weighted kappa 0.62). Sensitivity and specificity of the original ARPS were 80% and 50%, respectively, and both improved to 82% after revisions. The revised ARPS is sensitive and specific for identifying harmful and hazardous drinking in older persons as determined by clinicians.
Renormalized Hartree-Fock equations in a nuclear relativistic quantum field theory☆

Abstract Renormalized Hartree-Fock equations are derived for an infinite system of mesons and baryons in the framework of a relativistic quantum field theory. Direct and exchange diagrams in the baryon propagator are summed self-consistently to all orders, and the effects of occupied negative-energy states in the Dirac sea are included. The required counterterm subtractions are defined by conventional renormalization conditions, but they need not be evaluated explicitly. The result is a set of finite nonlinear integral equations for the baryon self-energy that includes vacuum fluctuation effects from virtual N N pairs in the many-body wavefunction at finite density.
Clinical Features of Single Ventricle with Congenitally Corrected Transposition

Abstract Nine patients with a single ventricle and the great vessel arrangement of congenitally corrected transposition are reviewed to emphasize the different clinical pictures which may be seen. Physical findings are not characteristic. Cyanosis is not always clinically detectable. Variable systolic murmurs are always present, but the most striking auscultatory finding, not stressed previously, is a decrescendo diastolic murmur of pulmonary insufficiency. Electrocardiographic features characteristic of congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels include some type of arrhythmia, abnormal P waves, a Qr or QS pattern in lead aVR, and reversal of the normal precordial QRS pattern with a Q wave in leads V 3 R or V 1 and no Q wave in V 6 or V 7 . These findings, however, do not allow a distinction between cases with a single ventricle and those with other associated cardiac defects. Characteristic roentgenologic features of congenitally corrected transposition include a narrow cardiac base, a straight or slightly convex left upper cardiac border with absence of a definite pulmonary artery segment, an unusually cephalad position of the right pulmonary hilar shadows, a "waterfall" configuration of the dilated and tortuous right pulmonary artery, a huge main pulmonary artery causing an indentation on the left side of the barium filled esophagus, and a prominent shadow in the right superior mediastinum representing the displaced superior vena cava. These findings, although present in the majority of patients in this series, are not different from those found in cases of congenitally corrected transposition and two ventricles and a large ventricular septal defect. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography confirm the great vessel arrangement of corrected transposition and a bidirectional shunt in a ventricle whose systolic pressure is at systemic levels. Selective ventricular or subaortic angiocardiography is highly desirable to distinguish patients with a single ventricle in which a subaortic infundibular chamber is present from those with congenitally corrected transposition and two ventricles with a large ventricular septal defect. Although complete surgical correction of a single ventricle is not yet possible, pulmonary artery banding in patients with a large pulmonary blood flow may be a feasible palliative procedure.
Foundry RF technologies

Landscape of semiconductor technologies and manufacturing has been changing in general and RF technologies in specific from IDMs to foundries and from exotic III–V compounds to the silicon. Tremendous advantage of RF performance from nanometer technologies, exponential increase in scalability, availability of high resistivity and engineered SOI substrates have opened doors for the convergence of all sorts of RF applications to silicon based RF technologies. Wafer foundries having been in the leading position of silicon based technologies are going to be benefited with this convergence and all design houses will have access to the same with minimal investments. This paper talks about the three major forces which are helping to converge all consumer RF application integrated circuits to total silicon based solutions with minimum form factor.
Fluids, Faulting, and Flow

Geological fluids affect deformation of rocks both physically and chemically. The presence of fluids can lead to faulting (earthquakes) or enhance flow, depending on the level of stress. At higher stresses, fluids with a density less than their host generate Mode I microcracks, whereas fluids with a density greater than their host generate Mode I microanticracks; both can self-organize and cause faulting. At lower stresses, fluids segregate to grain boundaries at small strains and, at large strains, fluid-enriched zones develop that experience a higher strain rate than the bulk. Dissolved H 2 O enhances flow (e.g., by water-weakening). Consequences include earthquakes, differentiation, melt separation/volcanism, and seismic anisotropy.
“Snacking” causes long term attenuation of HPA axis stress responses and enhancement of brain FosB/deltaFosB expression in rats

A history of limited, intermittent intake of palatable food (sucrose drink) attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stress responses and induces markers of neuronal plasticity in stress- and reward-regulatory brain regions. Synaptic plasticity could provide a mechanism for long-term changes in neuronal function, implying that sucrose stress-dampening may endure over long periods of time. The present study tests the persistence of HPA axis dampening and plasticity after cessation of palatable drinking. Adult, male Long-Evans rats (n=10-13) with free access to water and chow were given additional twice-daily access to 4ml sucrose (30%) or water for 14days. Rats were subsequently tested for HPA responsiveness to an acute (20min) restraint stress at 1, 6 and 21days after the cessation of sucrose. Brains were collected for immunohistochemical analysis of FosB/deltaFosB, a marker of long-term neuronal plasticity, in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and nucleus accumbens (NuAc). Prior sucrose consumption significantly decreased the plasma corticosterone response to restraint at 1day after the last palatable drink presentation, and also increased FosB/deltaFosB-positive cells in the BLA and in the NuAc core. This HPA-dampening persisted through 21days after the termination of the palatable drink, as did the increased FosB/deltaFosB immunoreactivity in both the BLA and the NuAc core. These data suggest that chronic palatable food intake causes lasting changes in stress/reward-modulatory circuitry and that the suppressed hormonal response to stress that can persist well beyond periods of palatable drink exposure.
Variable area MWIR diodes on HgCdTe/Si grown by molecular beam epitaxy

Molecular beam epitaxy technique has been used to grow double layer heterostructure mercury cadmium telluride materials on silicon substrates for infrared detection in the mid-wavelength infrared transmission band. Test structures containing square diodes with variable areas from 5.76 × 10−6 cm2 to 2.5×10−3 cm2 are fabricated on them. The p on n planar architecture is achieved by selective arsenic ion implantation. The absorber layer characteristics for the samples studied here include a full width at half maximum of 100–120 arcsec from x-ray rocking curve, the electron concentration of 1−2 × 1015 cm−3 and mobility 3−5 × 104 cm2/V-s, respectively at 80 K from Hall measurements. The minority carrier lifetime measured by photoconductive decay measurements at 80 K varied from 1 to 1.2 µsec. A modified general model for the variable area I–V analysis is presented. The dark current-voltage measurements were carried out at 80 K and an analysis of the dependence of zero-bias impedance on the perimeter/area ratio based on bulk, surface generation-recombination, and lateral currents are presented. The results indicate state-of-the art performance of the diodes in the midwavelength infrared region.
Superconductivity of doped Weyl semimetals: Finite-momentum pairing and electronic analog of the 3 He-A phase

We study superconducting states of doped inversion-symmetric Weyl semimetals. Specifically, we consider a lattice model realizing a Weyl semimetal with an inversion symmetry and study the superconducting instability in the presence of a short-ranged attractive interaction. With a phonon-mediated attractive interaction, we find two competing states: a fully gapped finite-momentum Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov pairing state and a nodal even-parity pairing state. We show that, in a BCS-type approximation, the finite-momentum pairing state is energetically favored over the usual even-parity paired state and is robust against weak disorder. Although energetically unfavorable, the even-parity pairing state provides an electronic analog of the ${}^{3}$He-$A$ phase in that the nodes of the even-parity state carry nontrivial winding numbers and therefore support a surface flat band. We briefly discuss other possible superconducting states that may be realized in Weyl semimetals.
Cat scratch disease and acute rejection after pediatric renal transplantation.

: Cat scratch disease (CSD) can lead to unexplained fever, generalized lymphadenopathy and organomegaly in immunocompetent individuals. CSD has rarely been reported in immunocompromised transplant recipients, where its clinical features would mimic the more common post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). We report three cases of CSD seen recently in children who had received prior kidney transplants. The three children were between 7 and 9 yr old, and had received kidney transplants 2–4 yr prior, with stable renal function. In each case, there was unexplained fever with either lymphadenopathy or organomegaly. The diagnosis of CSD was suggested by a history of new cats being introduced into each household and confirmed in all cases by the serological presence of a significant titer (> 1 : 64) of IgM antibodies to Bartonella henselae. Tests for other bacterial infections, cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus infections were negative. All the patients showed a clinical improvement with anti-microbial therapy. In patients A and B, the CSD was associated with an acute rejection episode shortly after diagnosis. The rejection episodes were reversed by intravenous steroid pulse therapy. Only four cases of CSD have been previously reported following solid organ transplantation. Acute rejection following CSD has not been previously reported. CSD should be included in the differential diagnosis of fever in the post-transplant setting, especially where PTLD is suspected.
The Philosophy of World Religions

I Am grateful to Mr Peter Byrne (‘John Hick's Philosophy of World Religions’, S.J.T., Vol. 35, 289–301) for highlighting some of the central issues for a philosophy of religious pluralism. He starts from the now widespread realisation that it is not a morally or religiously acceptable view that salvation depends upon being a member of the Christian minority within the human race. A more realistic view must be pluralistic, seeing the great religious traditions as different ways of conceiving and experiencing the one ultimate divine Reality, and correspondingly different ways of responding to that Reality. These ways owe their differences to the modes of thinking, perceiving and feeling which have developed within the different patterns of human existence embodied in the various cultures of the earth. Thus, on the one hand the religions are responses to a single ultimate transcendent Reality, whilst on the other hand their several communal consciousnesses of that Reality, formed from different human perspectives, are widely different. To understand this mixture of commonality and difference I have suggested that we should make use of a basic distinction which occurs in some form within each of the great traditions. In Christian terms it is the distinction between God in himself, in his eternal self-existent being, independently of creation, and God-for-us or God as revealed to us. In more universal language it is the distinction between the Real (Sat, al-Haq) an sich and the Real as humanly experienced and thought.
Evaluation of native legumes for use as cover crops

ABSTRACT This study evaluated germination and establishment characteristics of native legumes, which may hold potential for development as water-efficient cover crops in Kansas. Twenty-three species were subjected to hot water scarification, cold-moist stratification, and no pretreatment and allowed to germinate on moist filter paper under ambient laboratory conditions for 16 days. In the field, 1 m2 plots were planted with 1.1 grams of seed of each of 23 native species and five introduced species at three planting dates, two in the fall and one in early spring. Seedlings were counted in late June. The effect of seed treatment on germination in the lab was highly species dependent. Hot water scarification had positive (4 species), neutral (16 species), or negative (3 species) effects on early germination (day 2), though fewer differences were seen on day 16. Stratification rarely had significant negative consequences and also affected both the rate and total amount of germination. Both species and plantin...
Polarization directions of electronic transitions in large conjugated molecules of low symmetry

Advances in experimental techniques for determination of transition moment directions in large molecules call for evaluation of the reliability of angles calculated using the semiempirical SCF-CI PPP method. Two disturbing features are considered: first, the large difference between oscillator strengths calculated by the dipole length and dipole velocity methods; second, the considerable effect of more highly excited configurations on the calculated transition moments and gradients. The two problems can be handled simultaneously if matrix elements of the linear momentum operator are obtained from the resonance integrals, since then the two operators give identical answers using wave functions derived from complete configuration interaction (CI). Numerical investigation on model systems is made of the extent of CI needed for such convergence. For strong transitions, results for polarization directions already reach their limiting values when very limited CI is performed.
Data System Users Working Group meeting report

Nearly 40 scientists, space physics data system managers, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Headquarters personnel who are members of the Data System Users Working Group (DSUWG) met at the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) on July 18 and 19, 1985. The main topic of the meeting was discussion on the use of the Space Physics Analysis Network (SPAN) for the rendezvous of the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) spacecraft with Comet Giacobini-Zinner. Ron Zwickl, from the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL, Los Alamos, N.M.), explained the procedures to be used for the transfer of near real-time ICE data from Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC, Greenbelt, Md.), to remote investigator facilities at LANL, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory QPL, Pasadena, Calif.), University of Iowa (Iowa City), TRW (Redondo Beach, Calif.), and back to NSSDC. These procedures were successfully tested in an encounter rehearsal 2 days before the DSUWG meeting. James Green of NSSDC explained how the newly developed SPAN-to-Europe gateway would be used to support a European science analysis team at European Space Technology Center (ESTEC, Noordwijk, the Netherlands). Successful testing of ICE data transfer to Europe occurred just the day before the DSUWG meeting.
Synthesis and incorporation of methyleneoxy(methylimino) linked thymidine dimer into antisense oligonucleosides

Abstract A convenient synthesis of a thymidine (T) nucleoside dimer (T-3′-CH2-O-NCH3-5′-T) 12 has been accomplished via a nucleoside coupling reaction. An alternative synthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-C-hydroxymethylthymidine is described. The new dimer and methodology is useful for the development of backbone-modified antisense oligonucleosides.
PWM Control Accuracy for Scratch Drive Actuators

In this paper we investigate the problem of controlling a scratch drive actuator that has two discrete modes of locomotion: forward motion in a straight line, and forward motion with fixed radius curvature. This type of device can be modeled as a two-wheeled vehicle (with the previously stated constraints). By alternating between these two modes of operation, the device can move along a variable-radius curved path. In practice, the robots do not move in a purely straight manner. This paper seeks to quantify the accuracy that can be achieved by switching between the two modes of locomotion. This type of low-level open-loop control facilitates the use of a higher level feedback controller designed for two-wheeled vehicles with a variable turning radius.
A 6to4 gateway with co-located NAT

IPv6 was proposed as the next-generation IP primarily to deal with the problem of IPv4 address depletion caused by the rapid growth of the Internet. 6to4 tunneling is one of the currently used transition mechanisms for enabling IPv6 devices and networks to connect to today's Internet, which is primarily IPv4-based. Since most internal networks use private IPv4 addresses, it becomes necessary to provide both 6to4 and NAT functionality at the network boundary in order to handle IPv4 and IPv6 traffic. We evaluate the performance of a 6to4 Linux gateway with a co-located NAT. To enable 6to4 and NAT overhead to be determined, we also compare performance of the Linux gateway and a compatible 6to4 gateway with a co-located NAT that runs on a bare PC with no operating system or kernel installed. We describe the design and implementation of the bare PC 6to4 gateway with a co-located NAT, and also compare the performance of 6to4 in a test LAN with a co-located and a decoupled NAT (where 6to4 and NAT run on different devices). We conducted experiments with HTTP and VoIP traffic, and also measured RTT and CPU utilization. The results show that performance using 6to4 with a co-located NAT is better than with a decoupled NAT regardless of whether a Linux or a bare 6to4 gateway is used. In general, performance improvements with a co-located versus a decoupled NAT range from 34%–57% for the bare PC gateway and 7%–45% for the Linux gateway. Furthermore, performance improvements for a bare PC versus a Linux gateway range from 23%–86% with co-located and decoupled NATs. A 6to4 gateway with a co-located NAT can be used to improve network performance during the IPv6-IPv4 transition.
Microfabricated sensors for the measurement of electromagnetic fields in biological tissues

Public awareness of the risks of exposure to electromagnetic radiation has grown over the past ten yeras. The effects of power lines on human and animal health have drawn particular attention. Some longitudinal studies of cancer rates near power lines show a significant correlation, while others show a null result. The studies have suffered from inadequate sensors for the measurement of electromagnetic radiation in vivo. In this work, we describe the design, construction, and testing of electrically passive, microfabricated single-pole antennas and coils. These sensors will be used in vivo to study the effects of electromagnetic radiation on animals. Our testing to date has been limited to in vitro studies of the magnetic field probes. Magnetic field pickup coils were fabricated with up to 100 turns, over a length of up to 1000 micrometers . Measurements were carried out with the sensors in air, and in water of various saline concentrations. Magnetic fields were applied using a Helmholtz coil. Both dc and ac fields were applied. The results indicate that small-area measurements of electromagnetic fields in vitro can be made successfully, provided adequate shielding and amplification are used.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Climate and ice-sheet mass balance at the last glacial maximum from the GENESIS version 2 global climate model

Abstract At the last glacial maximum (LGM) about 21,000 calendar years ago (21 ka BP), the overall mass balance of the Laurentide and Eurasian ice sheets should have been close to zero, since their rate of change of total ice volume was approximately zero at that time. The surface mass balance should have been zero or positive to balance any iceberg/iceshelf discharge and basal melting, but could not have been strongly negative. In principle, this can be tested by global climate model (CGM) simulations with prescribed ice-sheet extents and topography. We describe results from a suite of 21 ka BP simulations using a new global climate model (GENESIS version 2.0.a), with SSTs prescribed from CLIMAP (1981) and predicted by a mixed-layer ocean model, and with ice sheets prescribed from CLIh the ICE-4G (Peltier, 1994) and CLIMAP (1981) reconstructions. In common with previous GCM simulations using mixed-layer oceans, substantial cooling over and around Antarctica occurs due to ‘normal’ GCM dynamics and polar sea-ice feedback, without recourse to changes in thermohaline circulation. We find slightly enhanced cooling and cloudiness over low-latitude land masses compared to over ocean, especially over the Andes, which decreases the disagreement with land-based data and suggests that tropical CLIMAP SSTs may only be ∼1–2°C too warm. The GCM used here is well suited for ice-sheet mass-balance studies because (i) the surface can be represented at a finer resolution than the atmospheric GCM, (ii) an elevation correction accounts for spectral distortions of the atmospheric GCM topography, (iii) a simple post-processing correction for refreezing of meltwater is applied, and (iv) the model's precipitation and mass balances for present-day Greenland and Antarctica are realistic. However, for all reasonable combinations of SSTs and ice-sheet configurations, the predicted annual surface mass balances of the LGM Laurentide and Eurasian ice sheets are implausibly negative. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, including increased ice-age aerosols, higher CLIMAP-like ice-sheet profiles in the few thousand years preceding LGM, and a surge of the southern Laurentide just before LGM to fleetingly produce the ICE-4G profile at 21 ka BP.
Intensive Management of Severe Head Injury

Intensive management of patients with severe head injury offers the best hope of minimizing death and functional disability in a young, working population. Secondary neurologic insult can be decreased by cardiorespiratory support and ICP control from the outset. Rapid neurologic assessment, airway management, and support of circulation are the basis of emergency management for head injury. Patients with severe head injury require intensive care management for two major reasons: management of ICP and management of organ system dysfunction. Care should not be withheld because of initially grim (and inaccurate) prognostic assessment. Newer techniques for assessing the adequacy of cerebral circulation may allow refinement of management strategies in the future. (Chest 1990; 98:180-89)
The mechanism and pattern of banding induced by restriction endonucleases in human chromosomes.

The mechanism of chromosome banding induced by restriction endonucleases was analyzed by measuring the amount of radioactivity extracted from [14C]thymidine-labeled chromosomes digested first with restriction enzymes and subsequently with proteinase K and DNase I. Restriction enzymes with a high frequency of recognition sites in the DNA produced a large number of short DNA fragments, which were extracted from chromosomes during incubation with the enzyme. This loss of DNA resulted in decreased chromosomal staining, which did not occur in regions resistant to restriction enzyme digestion and thus led to banding. Subsequent digestion of chromosomes with proteinase K produced a further loss of DNA, which probably corresponded to long fragments retained in the chromosome by the proteins of fixed chromatin. Restriction enzymes induce chromatin digestion and banding in G1 and metaphase chromosomes, and they induce digestion and the appearance of chromocenters in interphase nuclei. This suggests that the spatial organization and folding of the chromatin fibril plays little or no role in the mechanism of chromosome banding. It was confirmed that the pattern of chromosome banding induced by AluI, MboI, HaeIII, DdeI, RsaI, and HinfI is characteristic for each endonuclease. Moreover, several restriction banding polymorphisms that were not found by conventional C-banding were detected, indicating that there may be a range of variability in the frequency and distribution of restriction sites in homologous chromosome regions.
Software Trigger Algorithms to Search for Magnetic Monopoles with the NOνA Far Detector

The NOvA far detector, due to its surface proximity, large size, good timing resolution, large energy dynamic range, and continuous readout, is sensitive to the detection of magnetic monopoles over a large range of velocities and masses. In order to record candidate magnetic monopole events with high efficiency we have designed a software-based trigger to make decisions based on the data recorded by the detector. The decisions must be fast, have high efficiency, and a large rejection factor for the over 100,000 cosmic rays that course through the detector every second. In this paper we briefly describe the simulation of magnetic monopoles, including the detector response, and then discuss the algorithms applied to identify magnetic monopole candidates. We also present the results of trigger efficiency and purity tests using simulated samples of magnetic monopoles with overlaid cosmic backgrounds and electronic noise.
The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA): An Evaluation of Policy Compliance With Illustrative Excerpts

Although the Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) is an acknowledgment of problems posed by forcible sexual assault in prisons and jails, many institutions of confinement at various levels of government continue to struggle with developing compliant policies and procedures. Given this practical reality, the purpose of this article is twofold. First, the authors examined the policies of 28 states plus the Federal Bureau of Prisons (n = 29) to assess the extent to which they comply with federal law using eight evaluative dimensions. Second, the authors excerpted language from various policy statements for the benefit of those institutions that are still in the process of developing their own such documentation. Emphasis is placed on identifying core dimensions of comprehensive policy statements along with observations and conclusions regarding future implications of prison rape abatement measures.
Application of a Generalized “Impedance Relationship” to Mesoscale Convergence Lines

Abstract An extension to the Gossard-Munk impedance relation, valid for large-amplitude, dissipative disturbances, is outlined. This new relation yields information on the dissipative properties of a convergence line if the associated wind and pressure perturbations as well as the propagation speed of the line are known. When applied to the gust fronts of squall lines and tradewind showers, it is found that the fractional dissipation rate increases with the non-dimensional amplitude of the disturbance.
Comments on the paper: Srivastava, P.K., Mukherjee, S., Gupta, M., Singh, S.K. (2011) Characterizing Monsoonal Variation on Water Quality Index of River Mahi in India Using Geographical Information System. Water Qual Expo Health 2:193–203

The recent paper published by Srivastava et al. (Water Qual Expo Health 2:193–203, 2011) seems to have numerical errors in the calculation of the water quality index, and the extent of the available data used to characterize the water quality in Mahi river in India may not be sufficient to support conclusions given in the paper. It is suggested that the study in this paper can be significantly improved by careful correction of the numerical errors and including new observations to the available data set in order to be able to perform a statistically sound water quality analysis.
Removing the ATR performance evaluation bottleneck: the C2NVEO AUTOSPEC facility

The near real-time end-to-end evaluation of automatic target recognizers has been a reality in the laboratory environment for several years. Depending on the reliability of ground truth data, i.e., target location and sensor location in three dimensions and sensor pointing angle, field test evaluations could also be conducted at near real-time rates. End-to-end evaluations, however, are inadequate for producing the quantity and quality of data needed for understanding both successes and failures of automatic recognition. The C2NVEO has developed a facility, called AUTOSPEC, for the expressed purpose of extracting intermediate data from processors. Once extracted, the data are stored in a relational database for subsequent analysis. The facility includes both the hardware and a number of software tools, developed at C2NVEO, designed to allow ready access to ground truth data, images, metrics, processor parameters, processor intermediate decisions, and processor final decisions. The structure of the system and demonstrations of the tools developed will be presented.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
MECHANOCHEMICAL ENERGY TRANSDUCTION IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION

ABSTRACT An alternative mechanochemical model of muscle contraction is proposed. The model combines interaction among four elements: chemical kinetics of the actomyosin ATPase pathway, C a 2+ binding kinetics, mechanical coupling during P i release, and working stroke motion to constitute simultaneous relations among mechanical and chemical variables. The model is derived from a different basis than the classical Huxley model. Force developed from strongly attached crossbridges is related to chemical component concentrations, chemical equilibrium and rate constants for the ATPase activity, and velocity of contraction. The chemical dynamics of the ATPase activity is also related to the velocity of contraction. A model for P i release during force generation and a model for chemical-mechanical coupling transition during a working stroke are also proposed and are the important keys of the mechanochemical linkage in energy transduction and muscle dynamics. The steady force-velocity relation is predicted by on...
Optical Investigation Of Resonant Mixing Between Electronic And Optical Vibrational Levels In GaAs/AlGa 1-x As Single Quantum Wells

The linear polarization behavior of electron-heavy hole excitonic recombination is studied on two types of single square quantum wells (SSQW). The SSQW structures with the special feature that the heavy hole to light hole separation is near an optical phonon frequency of the structure (called "double resonance" type) show a strong linear polarization dependence on the incident energy. The "ordinary" type SSQW (i.e. not of the double resonance type) show little or no linear polarization. The double resonance samples also show reduction of the photoluminescence linewidth when the incident energy is near the light hole to electron energy separation. These observations indicate a strong modification of the confined heavy hole level due to the mixing between the heavy hole and light hole plus an optical phonon mode.
Fuel cell hydrogen sensor for marine applications

Abstract A fuel cell sensor for measuring molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) in marine waters is described. The sensor has a detection limit of 10 nM, and has a 90% response time of 6 min when operated at 45°C, and 11 min when operated at 35°C. The sensor is particularly suitable for long-term monitoring of marine H 2 sources such as hydrothermal vents, and for real-time H 2 surveys. The utility of the instrument is demonstrated by real-time measurements of dissolved H 2 in a surface seawater hydrothermal plume resulting from coastal volcanism on the island of Hawaii.
Endotoxin-induced desensitization of THP-1 cells is not associated with altered G protein binding or content:

In rats endotoxin tolerance is characterized by decreased endotoxin-stimulated peritoneal macrophage arachidonic acid metabolism and decreased GTP binding protein function. The hypothesis that THP-...
FLAWED INFERENCE : WHY SIZE-BASED TESTS OF HETEROCHRONIC PROCESSES DO NOT WORK

Allometric (or size-based) heterochrony is widely used in drawing inferences about heterochronic processes. Whereas problems associated with substituting size for age in heterochronic analysis are acknowledged, it is also generally believed that comparisons of ancestral and descendant growth allometries often reveal real processual shifts in growth processes. At the very least, they are presumed to discriminate systemic perturbations in “size” and “shape” (“ontogenetic scaling”) from local dissociations of “size” and “shape” (“neoteny,” “acceleration,” and so on). When ancestor and descendant follow the same growth trajectory in size (relative to age), it is further presumed that size-based heterochronies will match “true” (age-dependent) heterochronies. In this paper we argue that growth allometries are a poor vehicle for inferring heterochronic process; the actual processual shifts that produce them can be counter-intuitive. Systemic shifts can result in dissociated allometries, and overlapping growth allometries can conceal perturbations in “shape” relative to “size”. Changes in growth allometries are influenced as much by the initial ancestral relationship between “size” and “shape” as they are by any perturbations that may occur during the evolution of the descendant from the ancestor. Finally, it is emphaticallynotthe case that size-based heterochrony will reveal true heterochrony as long as the size trajectories of ancestor and descendant remain constant relative to age. We urge careful consideration of the actual shapes of biological growth trajectories, recognition of the fact that they are rarely simple power functions of age, and calculation of possible relationships between complex and/or lazy-Sgrowth trajectories.
A mosaicing approach for the acquisition and representation of 3D painted surfaces for conservation and restoration purposes

This paper describes an approach to the acquisition and representation of information on 3D painted surfaces (usually frescoes) based on the tassellation and mosaicing of the whole surface. The acquisition is carried out using an active vision system specifically designed for these purposes. In this paper, particular emphasis is placed on the mosaicing procedure of the acquired images, which, while conceptually simple, allows one to obtain very good results thanks to the effective exploitation of the features of the acquisition system. A careful qualitative and quantitative analysis of the performances of the system, obtained through tests on real scenes in the laboratory, is also presented.
Influence of hydrofluoric acid formation on lithium ion insertion in nanostructured V 2O 5

Vanadium oxide (V2O5) is a multifaceted material possessing desirable redox properties, including accessibility to multiple valence states, which make it attractive as a cathode for lithium ion batteries and microbatteries. Studies show that performance of this electrode material is dependent on the electrolyte employed and that solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer formation is responsible for the fade in capacity with multiple cycling. Nanostructured V2O5 thin films synthesized through reactive ballistic deposition (RBD) were studied with electrochemical methods, ex situ Raman and ex situ XPS in two widely used electrolytes: LiClO4/propylene carbonate (PC) and LiPF6/diethyl carbonate (DEC) + ethylene carbonate (EC). Films cycled in LiPF6/DEC+EC experienced a 32% greater capacity fade between the first and second lithiathion/delithiation cycles than those cycled in LiClO4/PC, due to a redox-induced change in the surface morphology and composition and an irreversible transformation into an amorphous st...
Synthesis of polystyrene encapsulated nanosaponite composite latex via miniemulsion polymerization

Abstract The synthesis and characterization of polystyrene encapsulated nanosaponite composite suspension via miniemulsion polymerization are reported in this study. The particle size of nanoclay and its pre-modification are critical to successfully producing a stable complex suspension. The final products were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectra, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thin window energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and light scattering. The results show that ar-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride (VBTAC) modified nanosaponite could be fully exfoliated and encapsulated inside the polystyrene latex via in situ miniemulsion polymerization. When the concentration of hexadecane (a co-stabilizer used in the miniemulsion polymerization) was high, the final composite particles are composed mainly of spherical particles with size less than 100 nm, and a small number of hemispherical or bowl-structured particles of size ∼100 nm to 1000 nm. The phase separation due to the existence of large amounts of hexadecane accounted for the formation of a variety of morphologies.
Budding of Retroviruses Utilizing Divergent L Domains Requires Nucleocapsid

ABSTRACT We recently reported that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) carrying PTAP and LYPXnL L domains ceased budding when the nucleocapsid (NC) domain was mutated, suggesting a role for NC in HIV-1 release. Here we investigated whether NC involvement in virus release is a property specific to HIV-1 or a general requirement of retroviruses. Specifically, we examined a possible role for NC in the budding of retroviruses relying on divergent L domains and structurally homologous NC domains that harbor diverse protein sequences. We found that NC is critical for the release of viruses utilizing the PTAP motif whether it functions within its native Gag in simian immunodeficiency virus cpzGAB2 (SIVcpzGAB2) or SIVsmmE543 or when it is transplanted into the heterologous Gag protein of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). In both cases, virus release was severely diminished even though NC mutant Gag proteins retained the ability to assemble spherical particles. Moreover, budding-defective NC mutants, which displayed particles tethered to the plasma membrane, were triggered to release virus when access to the cell endocytic sorting complex required for transport pathway was restored (i.e., in trans expression of Nedd4.2s). We also examined the role of NC in the budding of EIAV, a retrovirus relying exclusively on the (L)YPXnL-type L domain. We found that EIAV late budding defects were rescued by overexpression of the isolated Alix Bro1 domain (Bro1). Bro1-mediated rescue of EIAV release required the wild-type NC. EIAV NC mutants lost interactions with Bro1 and failed to produce viruses despite retaining the ability to self-assemble. Together, our studies establish a role for NC in the budding of retroviruses harboring divergent L domains and evolutionarily diverse NC sequences, suggesting the utilization of a common conserved mechanism and/or cellular factor rather than a specific motif.
Bifurcation from simple eigenvalues

Abstract Let G be a mapping of a subset of a Banach space W into a Banach space Y. Let C be a curve in W such that G(C) = {0}. A general version of the main problem of bifurcation theory may be stated: Given p ϵ C, determine the structure of G−1{0} in some neighborhood of p. In this work simple conditions are given under which there is a neighborhood Np of p such that G−1{0} ∩ Np is topologically (or diffeomorphically) equivalent to the subset (−1, 1) × {0} ∪ {0} × (−1, 1) of the plane, and the first order behavior of G on G−1{0} ∩ Np as well as the set itself is studied. The results obtained help unify that part of bifurcation theory commonly called “bifurcation from a simple eigenvalue” as well as they extend its applicability. A broad spectrum of examples is offered, including some generalizations of known results concerning nonlinear eigenvalue problems for ordinary and partial differential equations.
Mike Fuller Receives 2012 John Adam Fleming Medal: Citation

Mike Fuller was awarded the 2012 John Adam Fleming Medal at the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 5 December 2012 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for “original research and technical leadership in geomagnetism, atmospheric electricity, aeronomy, space physics, and related sciences”.
High-Voltage Electron Microscopy

The first high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM) capable of generating 1000 kV was put into operation in Toulouse, France, in the laboratory of Dr. G. Dupouy in 1960 (Dupouy, 1985). In 1969, Dupouy installed a 3000-kV instrument, which offered improved specimen penetration and reduced chromatic aberration, but did not offer significant advantages over the original 1000-kV instrument.
High‐Temperature Creep and Dislocation Etch Pits in Polycrystalline Beryllium Oxide

Compressive creep of high-density polycrystalline beryllium oxide was investigated in the range 1850° to 2050°C. Creep rate was dependent on the applied stress to the 2.5 power, and the apparent activation energy for creep was 145 kcal/mole. Etch pit studies showed that the dislocation density in tested specimens was two orders of magnitude greater than that in assintered material. The diffusion process controlling creep was ascribed to volume diffusion of the anion. The deformation behavior was governed by dislocation motion.