cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Addressing drought through rural religious communities in Senegal

Severe ecological changes across the Sahel have created a difficult environment for agriculture and rural village economies. Rural communities, while small in scale, are creating new ways to transform their degraded environment. Their small size allows them to develop location-specific strategies to manage and improve water, soil and agriculture. This article focuses on two Sufi communities ( daaras ) in Senegal that integrate environmental work and spirituality. Religious organizations are influential in Senegal, as is the idea that labour is a part of both personal spirituality and shared religious teachings. As agriculture continues to be disrupted because of climate fluctuations, creating a habitable environment relies on applying region-specific agricultural science, and working through local structures. These conceptions of labour, along with the religious structures that support their work, make environmental projects spiritually significant, and also transformative for agriculture in a challenging environment.
Feminist Theory—Reconstructing Research and Teaching About American Politics and Government

Every social institution is affected by the way in which its internal processes are publicized. For example, the survival of the family as a social institution depends to a great extent on its privacy. It is almost impossible to imagine what forces in society might be released if all conflict in the private domain were thrown open for public exploitation.When E. E. Schattschneider wrote the above passage in 1960, (in The Semisovereign People, p. 17), he could not know that the women's movement was about to resurface not only in the United States but around the world, and that one of its aims would be exactly to expose the “conflict in the private domain” of the family. The ideology of “the family,” the power relations in families—these and other “family“-related or other “personal” matters would be questioned in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond.
Morphology, microstructure, and phase states in selective laser sintered lithium ion battery cathodes

Abstract Fabrication of high-energy cathode materials with complex geometries is necessary to enable high-power density in next-generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Ceramic three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques are one possible avenue to achieve high performance. Current ceramic 3D-printing methods often suspend the electrochemically active cathode powder in binders that require substantial rheological development to enable printability and secondary binder removal processes to ensure degradation does not occur during electrochemical cycling. In this study, the need for binder additives is circumvented by employing the laser-based 3D-printing technique, selective laser sintering (SLS), for direct fabrication of 3D lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) cathodes. Thermal stress and part distortion are mitigated by using in-situ substrate heating while operating the 1.07 μm fiber laser in q-switched continuous mode. A parametric single-track study is performed to refine the process parameters for the layer-by-layer selective laser sintering of bulk 3D NCA samples. These bulk 3D samples are porous with 2−3 μm grains and exhibit a dual phase state, including the layered structure (with symmetry R-3 m) and rock salt structure (Fm-3 m). The retention of the electrochemically active layered structure in these samples is promising for the development of binder-free, 3D-printed cathodes for LIBs with enhanced power density.
The Illusion of Inclusion: Large Scale Genomic Data Sovereignty and Indigenous Populations

Raw genomic data has emerged as a top global commodity in the the past several years. This shift is so new that data science experts are still evaluating what such information is worth in a global market. In 2018, the direct-to-consumer genetic-testing company 23andMe sold access to its database containing digital sequence information from approximately 5 million people to GlaxoSmithKline for 300 million dollars. Clearly there is a growing market for these products and like a goldrush, organizations are seeking to find rare samples to package up for analysis and reward. Indigenous peoples are legitimately concerned about the potential for commodification of drugs derived from research on their genomes, and as a consequence, they are sometimes reluctant to participate in genomics research. All of Us, a program of federally funded investigators are interested in recruiting participants from native groups, but given the fraught history of genetic studies involving Indigenous peoples - including examples such as the Havasupai v. Arizona State University, in which the tribe successfully sued the university for improperly using its members' blood samples - tribal communities continue to be wary about participating in the federal government's newest endeavor. Here I contextualize data sovereignty issues and identify strategies to create equity in federal government genomic data collection efforts.
Abstract IA10: Neighborhood matters: Residential levels of air toxics and increased risk of early childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia

Background: The evidence of benzene and 1,3-butadiene as leukemogens in adults comes primarily from occupational epidemiologic studies. The major environmental sources of benzene and 1,3-butadiene, which are classified as hazardous air pollutants by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), include vehicular exhaust and emissions from industrial facilities. Exposures to these pollutants during in utero and early life may play an etiologic role in childhood leukemia. Hence, we conducted a population-based case-control study (Symanski et al., Environmental Health 2016;15:70) to examine the role of residential levels of benzene and 1,3-butadiene in early childhood leukemia in a state that has an abundant number of petrochemical plants and extensive road traffic in and around urban areas. Methods: We identified cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) diagnosed in children under age 5 years from the Texas Cancer Registry for the years 1995-2011 and linked cancer registry data, where possible, to birth records in the state. Using Texas birth certificates, we selected 10 controls per case, frequency matching by birth month and year to allow for the same potential for exposure. Geocoded maternal addresses at delivery were linked to the U.S. EPA’s National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment modeled census-tract level estimates of benzene and 1,3-butadiene in ambient air. We evaluated maternal and infant characteristics that were available from birth certificates, along with neighborhood-level metrics of disadvantage, as potential confounders. We applied mixed-effects logistic regression models to evaluate associations between air pollutants and childhood leukemia in single and copollutant models. Results: In single-pollutant models, adjusted odds ratios were elevated for infants whose mothers lived in census tracts with higher benzene and 1,3-butadiene levels. In adjusted models that included benzene and 1,3-butadiene together, odds of ALL remained elevated for 1,3-butadiene (medium-exposure group: OR=1.22, 95% CI: 1.00-1.50; medium-high group: OR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.01-1.63; and high-exposure group: OR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.06-1.86) relative to the low-exposure group. In contrast, results were close to the null value for benzene in all exposure groups. Conclusions: Studies are needed to confirm our finding that early life environmental exposure to 1,3-butadiene (and not benzene) increases risk of ALL in young children. Our results add to the growing literature that health disparities arise, in part, because air quality varies depending on where individuals live. Citation Format: Elaine Symanski, P. Grace Tee Lewis, Ting-Yu Chen, Wenyaw Chan, Dejian Lan, Xiaomei Ma. Neighborhood matters: Residential levels of air toxics and increased risk of early childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Environmental Carcinogenesis: Potential Pathway to Cancer Prevention; 2019 Jun 22-24; Charlotte, NC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2020;13(7 Suppl): Abstract nr IA10.
Perceived Parent-Child Alienation

Abstract Parental alienation refers to a parent's attempts to distance a child from the child's other parent. We examined (1) the effects of “feeling alienation” upon college students' recollections of their childhood relationships, (2) the effects of “feeling alienation” on perceptions of adult parent-child relationships, and (3) the likelihood of alienation in intact and divorced families. A sample of undergraduates (N = 227) completed the Relationship Distancing Questionnaire and numerous other relationship questionnaires. Results suggested feeling alienation is inversely related to the quality of parent-child relationships during childhood and young adulthood and can be found in intact as well as divorced families. Findings also indicate parental conflict is a better predictor of whether alienation occurs than parents' marital status is.
Studies in hypertensive heart disease: II. The role of hypertension, per se, in the development of coronary sclerosis

Abstract The relatively high incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in cases of essential hypertension has been attributed to the effect of the elevated pressure on the blood vessel walls. If this be true, patients with severe hypertension would be expected to have more marked coronary atherosclerosis than those with mild hypertension of the same duration, and patients with hypertension of renal origin should have more coronary disease than patients with no hypertension. In this paper data will be presented to show that the elevated pressure, per se, is not the most important factor in the production of coronary disease.
78 Blues: Folksongs and Phonographs in the American South

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: John Minton Year: 2008 Pages: 304 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi ISBN: 978-1-934110-19-5 (hard cover). Prices: $50.00 USD(hard cover).
Chapter 6 Spectral Methods in Derivatives Pricing

Abstract In this chapter we study the problem of valuing a (possibly defaultable) derivative asset contingent on the underlying economic state modeled as a Markov process. To gain analytical and computational tractability both in order to estimate the model from empirical data and to compute the prices of derivative assets, financial models in applications are often Markovian. In the Markovian framework, the key object is the pricing operator mapping (possibly defaultable) future payments (payoffs) into present values. The pricing operators indexed by time form a pricing semigroup { P t , t ⩾ 0 } in an appropriate payoff space, which can be interpreted as the transition semigroup of the underlying Markov process with the killing rate equal to the default-free interest rate plus default intensity. This framework encompasses a wide range of Markovian financial models. In applications it is important to have a tool kit of analytically tractable Markov processes with known transition semigroups that lead to closed-form expressions for value functions of derivative assets. In particular, an analytical simplification is possible when the process is a symmetric Markov process in the sense that there is a measure m on the state space D and the semigroup { P t , t ⩾ 0 } is symmetric in the Hilbert space L 2 ( D , m ) . In this case we apply the Spectral Representation Theorem to obtain spectral representations for the semigroup and value functions of derivative assets. In this Chapter we survey the spectral method in general, as well as those classes of symmetric Markov processes for which the spectral representation can be obtained in closed form, thus generating closed form solutions to Markovian derivative pricing problems.
Music and the Celtic Otherworld: From Ireland to Iona

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Karen Ralls-MacLeod Year: 2000 Pages: xi + 211 Publisher: St. Martin's Press Prices: $22.00 US
Photometry of occultation candidate stars. II - Uranus 1985-1990 and Saturn 1986-1991

K magnitudes are given for seven Uranus-occulted stars, together with V and I magnitudes for 20 stars that will be occulted by the Uranian rings in 1986-1990 and 15 that will be occulted by the rings of Saturn in the course of 1986-1991. Occultation stars are noted to be up to 1 mag brighter in the K bandpass than could be predicted on the basis of V-I colors alone; this is explainable in terms of typical degrees of interstellar reddening.
Welcome from General Chair Workshop on Secure Software Engineering Education and Training

The subject matter for this one-day workshop is the experience, current situation, and future of education and training in software engineering of (more) secure software. This is a workshop for those from education, government, and industry at all levels doing education or training in secure software engineering and for those who would like to  as well as others interested in the subject of secure software engineering or the required workforce.
Epicladium Small or Guarianthe Dressler & W.E. Higgins (Orchidaceae)?

El nombre generico Guarianthe Dressler&W.E.Higgins ha sido poco aceptado por los horticultores. Si se trata de un genero diferente a Cattleya Lindl., este hecho es significativo. Todas las especies de Guarianthe tienen gran importancia horticola y han dado origen a miles de hibridos artificiales. En todo caso, Guarianthe no puede ser reemplazado por Epicladium Small, el cual se basa en Epidendrum boothianum . Ambos nombres genericos no son equivalentes.
Completeness and Categoricity. Part I: Nineteenth-century Axiomatics to Twentieth-century Metalogic

This paper is the first in a two-part series in which we discuss several notions of completeness for systems of mathematical axioms, with special focus on their interrelations and historical origins in the development of the axiomatic method. We argue that, both from historical and logical points of view, higher-order logic is an appropriate framework for considering such notions, and we consider some open questions in higher-order axiomatics. In addition, we indicate how one can fruitfully extend the usual set-theoretic semantics so as to shed new light on the relevant strengths and limits of higher-order logic.
Certified email with a light on-line trusted third party: design and implementation

This paper presents a new protocol for certified email. The protocol aims to combine security, scalability, easy implementation, and viable deployment. The protocol relies on a light on-line trusted third party; it can be implemented without any special software for the receiver beyond a standard email reader and web browser, and does not require any public-key infrastructure.
A system for generating virtual seeds

Seed analysts need to identify seeds, and seed catalogs are used as a reference to accomplish this task. Conventional seed catalogs supply two-dimensional photographs and hand-drawn diagrams. In this study, a new, three-dimensional representation of seeds is developed to supplement these traditional photographs and drawings. QuickTime VR is a promising method for viewing three-dimensional objects on a computer screen. It permits manipulation of an object by rotating and viewing it from any pre-specified angle at an interactive speed, allowing the viewer the sense of examining a hand-held object. In this study, QuickTime VR object movies of seeds were created as interactive "movies" of seeds that can be rotated and scaled to give the viewer the sensation of examining actual seeds. This approach allows the examination of virtual seeds from any angle, permitting more accurate identification of seeds by seed analysts.
Fictional women physicians in the nineteenth century: The struggle for self-identity

By the late nineteenth century, there were large numbers of women physicians in the United States. Three Realist novels of the time,Dr. Breen's Practice, by William Dean Howells,Dr. Zay, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps andA Country Doctor, by Sarah Orne Jewett, feature women doctors as protagonists. The issues in these novels mirrored current issues in medicine and society. By contrasting the lives of these fictional women doctors to their historical counterparts, it is seen that, while the novels are good attempts to he truthful treatments of women physicians' struggles, in certain areas they do not accurately address the concerns of women physicians.
Inhibition of retinal neovascularization by intraocular viral-mediated delivery of anti-angiogenic agents

Neovascularization characterizes diabetic retinopathy and choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration, the most common causes of severe visual loss in the developed world. Gene transfer to the eye using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is a promising new treatment for inherited and acquired ocular diseases. We used an AAV vector with rapid onset and high levels of gene expression in the retina to deliver three anti-angiogenic factors (pigment epithelium-derived factor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3, and endostatin) to the eyes of mice in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity. All three vectors inhibited ischemia-induced neovascularization.
The effect of surface charge on non-specific binding of rabbit immunoglobulin G in solid-phase immunoassays

The binding of IgG to a series of surface-immobilized proteins and synthetic polypeptides with differing isoelectric points was investigated by ELISA. The binding of rabbit IgG to a protein-coated test well surface was found to be highly charge dependent and relatively linear over a wide range of isoelectric points of the surface coating species. Binding was high to positively charged surfaces and low to negatively charged ones. When an intermediately charged protein, the semen antigen p30 (also known as prostate-specific antigen), was co-coated on the test surface with polypeptides of varying charge, the specificity of surface binding between anti-p30 IgG and non-immune IgG was altered. Co-coating p30 with the anionic glycoprotein AGP significantly enhanced binding specificity as reflected in an increased signal-to-noise ratio, whereas co-coating p30 with less negatively charged proteins led to a progressive decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio. The sialic acid moiety of AGP was primarily responsible for its ability to inhibit non-specific IgG binding. The results indicate that non-specific binding of IgG to polypeptide-coated ELISA test surfaces is highly charge dependent. In solid-phase immunoassays which measure antigen-specific antibody, non-specific binding of immunoglobulins may be diminished by co-coating surface antigens with a hydrophilic anionic surface matrix which resembles in some respects the cell surface glycocalyx.
A Study of Set Effects in the Verbal Conditioning Experiment

The effect of set on the prediction of uncertain alternative events was studied in this experiment in relation to the statistical association theory of learning. The standard verbal conditioning was provided in which Ss were required individually to predict which of two lights, right or left, would flash on following a signal light. All Ss were given 160 trials. Two patterns of trials were set up with the reinforcing event randomly spaced, and having a probability of occurrence of .15. One pattern placed the reinforcing event on the left; the other placed it on the right. These patterns were used alternately within groups. Ss (college students) were divided into three groups of 10 each. Group I was told that there was a perfect solution to the problem, and that they should make no errors if possible. Group I1 was told that there was no perfect solution to the problem, and that their task was simply to make as few errors as possible. ' Group I11 was told only to say the first word they could think of when the ready signal flashed and then to predict which light would appear. They were given no instructions concerning possible solution or errors. The appropriate instructions were restated to each S at the end of the 40th, 80th, and 120th trials. A statistical analysis of the data was performed by a Type I, mixed group analysis of variance. The results showed no significant effect by treatments or a significant interaction. The terminal response of all three groups was approximately .I5 with no significant difference in the last 20 trials. Conclusion: The three conditions of set used in this experiment were not effective in changing the lawful probability of response as outlined by the statistical association theory of learning.
Sequence and structure of a serine transfer RNA with GCU anticodon from mosquito mitochondria

Abstract We have determined the primary sequence and modification status of a transfer RNA from mosquito mitochondria whose GCU anticodon indicates that it is a serine tRNA (tRNAGCUSer), and have obtained information on higher order structure using partial digestion with nucleases S1 and T1 under non-denaturing conditions. Although its primary sequence homology to mammalian mitochondrial tRNAGCUSer is modest (46%), the mosquito tRNA resembles its mammalian mitochondrial counterpart in that a plausible secondary structure configuration includes a drastically abbreviated D arm and a six base-pair anticodon stem. Other unusual features include a ribose-methylated cytidine residue at the end of the anticodon stem, and the likely occurrence of a Ψ residue between the amino acid arm and arm IV.
The Determination of Arsenic Compounds: A Critical Review

A large number of publications describe the determination of arsenic in “environmental” samples in the broadest sense, a substantial subset of which focus on plant-based foodstuffs. There is a considerable interest in the inorganic arsenic content of food, especially rice, as there is recent evidence that concentrations may be high enough to exceed acceptable risk thresholds. The methodology for the determination of arsenic in rice is critically evaluated and results (a) for a rice flour reference material (National Institute of Standards SRM 1568a, certified only for total arsenic) and (b) a recent proficiency test (run by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre Institute for Reference Materials and Measurement) are examined. Difficulties with this particular analysis may lie in the sample preparation stages, over which there is still disagreement with regard to species stability, though a simple, hot-water extraction may be sufficient. High performance liquid chromatography separations with plasma-source mass spectrometry detection are popular; however, chromatographic separations are often not adequately described, the enhancement effect of carbon-containing species is often overlooked, and the fate of chlorine-containing species, responsible for an isobaric overlap interference, often obscure. Compound-dependent responses, for which there is a plenty of evidence, are almost never acknowledged or discussed.
Teacher classroom management communication: A qualitative case study

This study considers the effectiveness of using Albert Scheflen's context analysis as a descriptive framework for the analysis of teacher classroom management communication. The case study focusses upon the orientations, movements, or “positions”; that teachers use in managing classroom interaction in an alternative high school class. Four positional sequences are described. The Scheflen methodology is shown to provide data for the consideration of classroom communication, and three hypotheses are suggested for testing in future research.
Marketability of ready-to-eat cactus pear as affected by temperature and modified atmosphere

In order to increase the diffusion of cactus pear fruits, in this study, the proper maturity index for peeling and processing them as ready-to-eat product was evaluated and characterized. Thereafter, the effects of different storage temperatures and modified atmosphere conditions on the marketability of ready-to-eat cactus pear were studied. The storage of ready-to-eat fruits at 4 °C in both passive (air) and semi-active (10 kPa O2 and 10 kPa CO2) modified atmosphere improved the marketability by 30%, whereas the storage at 8 °C caused a dangerous reduction in O2 partial pressure inside modified atmosphere packages, due to fruits’ increased metabolic activity. A very low level of initial microbial growth was detected, while a severe increase in mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria was shown in control samples at both temperatures during storage; an inhibitory effect of modified atmosphere on microbial growth was also observed. In conclusion, modified atmosphere improved only the marketability of fruits stored at 4 °C; whereas the storage at 8 °C resulted in deleterious effects on the ready-to-eat fruits, whether stored in air or in modified atmosphere.
Shot noise in probe currents in gas discharges

Synopsis By reducing other noise mechanisms it has been possible to measure shot noise due to the electron and the ion current flowing to gas discharge probes. The results seem to indicate that for negative probe bias the ion noise is space charge suppressed and the electron current shows full shot noise. At positive probe bias there is at first some indication of a noise suppression of the electron current; this is followed by a noise enhancement due to collision ionization when a glow develops around the probe. The effects are most clearly observed in shielded probes and in probes with a large area; in other probes the shot noise suppression may be masked by other noise effects. A theory is presented that can describe noise suppression as well as some forms of noise enhancement.
Natural and biomimetic artificial surfaces for superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction

Abstract Nature has developed materials, objects, and processes that function from the macroscale to the nanoscale. The emerging field of biomimetics allows one to mimic biology or nature to develop nanomaterials, nanodevices, and processes which provide desirable properties. Hierarchical structures with dimensions of features ranging from the macroscale to the nanoscale are extremely common in nature to provide properties of interest. There are a large number of objects including bacteria, plants, land and aquatic animals, and seashells with properties of commercial interest. Certain plant leaves, such as Lotus leaves, are known to be superhydrophobic and self-cleaning due to the hierarchical roughness of their leaf surfaces. The self-cleaning phenomenon is widely known as the “Lotus effect.” These surfaces with high contact angle and low contact angle hysteresis with a self-cleaning effect also exhibit low adhesion and drag reduction for fluid flow. In this article, the theoretical mechanisms of the wetting of rough surfaces are presented followed by the characterization of natural leaf surfaces. The next logical step is to realize superhydrophobic surfaces based on understanding of the leaves. Next, a comprehensive review is presented on artificial superhydrophobic surfaces fabricated using various fabrication techniques and the influence of micro-, nano- and hierarchical structures on superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning, low adhesion, and drag reduction.
Activated macrophages in HIV encephalitis and a macaque model show increased [3H](R)-PK11195 binding in a PI3-kinase-dependent manner.

Abstract HIV encephalitis (HIVE) is a neurodegenerative disease seen in approximately one in four terminally infected patients. Macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus develop encephalitis (SIVE) very similar to the human disease. Neurodegeneration in both these conditions occurs from the effects of toxic viral proteins and neurotoxins derived from activated brain macrophages. Activated macrophages in the brain of macaques with SIVE can be labeled in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) using PK11195, a ligand that binds the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR). However, the functional significance and mechanisms mediating increased PK11195 binding in activated brain macrophages are not known. Using post mortem tissues from macaques with SIVE and macrophages cell cultures activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we show that [ 3 H](R)-PK11195 binding is increased in activated macrophages. Increased [ 3 H](R)-PK11195 binding in LPS-activated macrophages was reversed by pharmacologically inhibiting class III phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-kinase), but was not altered by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP-kinase) pathway. Our results suggest that activated macrophages in lentiviral encephalitis show increased [ 3 H](R)-PK11195 binding in a PI3-kinase-dependent fashion which may help elucidate the function of PBR in activated brain macrophages in HIVE and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
Document clustering using small world communities

Words in natural language documents exhibit a small world network structure. Thus the physics community provides us with an extensive supply of algorithms for extracting community structure. We present a novel method for semantically clustering a large collection of documents using small world communities. This method combines modified physics algorithms with traditional information retrieval techniques. A term network is generated from the document collection, the terms are clustered into small world communities, the semantic term clusters are used to generate overlapping document clusters. The algorithm combines the speed of single link with the quality of complete link. Clustering takes place in nearly real-time and the results are judged to be coherent by expert users. Our algorithm occupies a middle ground between speed and quality of document clustering.
Primary malignant pulmonary tumors in children: a review of the national cancer data base.

Abstract Background The purpose is to delineate the clinical and pathological characteristics of rare primary malignant pulmonary tumors in children. Methods Utilizing the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), we analyzed all children (≤18years) with a primary malignant pulmonary tumor from 1998 to 2011 to identify factors associated with better survival. Results Of 211 children identified, the most common histology was carcinoid tumor (n=133, 63%) followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) (n=37, 18%), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n=19, 9%), adenocarcinoma (n=16, 8%), bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAC) (n=4, 2%), and small cell carcinoma (SCLC) (n=2, Conclusion The majority of pediatric patients with a primary malignant pulmonary tumor present with carcinoid tumor or MEC and have an excellent prognosis. Lung cancers which are common in adults, but rare in children, have a worse prognosis.
The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium: A synthesis of the goals, challenges and accomplishments of the Critical Path.

The qualification of biomarkers of drug safety requires data on many compounds and nonclinical and clinical studies. The cost and effort associated with these qualifications cannot be easily covered by a single pharmaceutical company. Intellectual property associated with safety biomarkers is also held by many different companies. Consortia between different pharmaceutical companies can overcome cost and intellectual property hurdles to biomarker qualification. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC) is a collaborative effort between 16 different pharmaceutical companies to generate data supporting biomarker qualification. This Consortium is coordinated through the C-Path Institute, and currently has five biomarker qualification working groups engaged in this collaboration: nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, vascular injury, myopathy, and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity. These working groups are aided by a data management team and a translational strategy team. Qualification studies of promising biomarkers are already progressing in several of the working groups, and results in the nephrotoxicity working group warranted a data submission to the FDA and EMEA for regulatory qualification of new nephrotoxicity biomarkers.
Institutional research productivity in production and operations management

Abstract This study investigates the research contributions of academic and other institutions in the area of Productions and Operations Management (POM) over the past 15 years. Similar studies have also been previously conducted in other functional areas of business such as Finance, Marketing, MIS and Management. Institutional productivity is assessed by counting the number of articles and number of standardized pages published in five major POM research journals during a 15 year period from 1980 to 1994. The journals selected include Management Science, Decision Sciences, Journal of Operations Management, IIE Transactions and International Journal of Production Research . A previous study had ranked these as the top 5 journals publishing high quality POM research. Results indicate that among the 50 institutions that emerged from our study as the top ranked ones, no single institution dominated the rankings across all the journals. The diversity of institutions reflected in these rankings shows that the field of POM is maturing and growing. Even though the overall research productivity has increased tremendously over the course of the past 15 years, the longitudinal analysis reveals that often there are periods of high and low productivity in the life of individual research institutions. The results of this study can be used by industrial researchers, doctoral students, and faculty members to assess the primary sources of contribution to each journal, to better guide their publication strategies, and even to help plan their careers.
AN EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL STRATEGIES FOR MAKING EQUATING FUNCTION SELECTIONS

Nine statistical strategies for selecting equating functions in an equivalent groups design were evaluated. The strategies of interest were likelihood ratio chi-square tests, regression tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and significance tests for equated score differences. The most accurate strategies in the study were the likelihood ratio tests and the significance tests for equated score differences.
INTERNAL FRICTION DAMPING IN A RAPIDLY SOLIDIFIED Al-Fe-Ce POWDER METALLURGY ALLOY

Etude du frottement interne a basse frequence pour l'alliage de metallurgie des poudres Al-8,6Fe-3,8Ce entre 77 K et 700 K pour des frequences comprises entre 0,6 et 1,5 Hz
A Case Study Approach To Understanding the Impact of Information Technology On Competitive Advantage in the Lodging Industry

The lodging industry, along with most parts of the service sector, is making significant capital investment in information technology to improve the quality and efficiency of its business processes...
A temporally detailed reanalysis of the conditional heart rate response in dog.

Abstract We used rapid (500 Hz) digital sampling to derive a detailed analysis of the HR conditional response in dog (n=11) to a 30-sec tone (CS+) followed by a 1 2 - sec shock. We found an initial bradycardia at 1.5 ± 1.0 sec in 6 of 11 dogs from a pre-CS+ control of 85 ± 26 bpm (mean ± SD) to 74 ± 25 bpm (p
Receptor-regulated Translocation of Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase

The endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS) is activated by transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ elicited by stimulation of diverse receptors, including bradykinin B2 receptors on endothelial cells. eNOS and B2 receptors are targeted to specialized signal-transducing domains in the plasma membrane termed plasmalemmal caveolae. Targeting to caveolae facilitates eNOS activation following receptor stimulation, but in resting cells, eNOS is tonically inhibited by its interactions with caveolin, the scaffolding protein in caveolae. We used a quantitative approach exploiting immunofluorescence microscopy to investigate regulation of the subcellular distribution of eNOS in endothelial cells by bradykinin and Ca2+. In resting cells, most of the eNOS is localized at the cell membrane. However, within 5 min following addition of bradykinin, nearly all the eNOS translocates to structures in the cell cytosol; following more protracted incubations with bradykinin, most of the cytosolic enzyme subsequently translocates back to the cell membrane. The bradykinin-induced internalization of eNOS is completely abrogated by the intracellular Ca2+ chelator BAPTA; conversely, Ca2+-mobilizing drugs and agonists promote eNOS translocation. These results establish that eNOS targeting to the membrane is labile and is subject to receptor-regulated Ca2+-dependent reversible translocation, providing another point for regulation of NO-dependent signaling in the vascular endothelium.
A 1-day imported fire ant rush immunotherapy schedule with and without premedication

Abstract Background Rush immunotherapy (RIT) schedules can expedite protection in individuals sensitive to imported fire ant (IFA) stings. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 1-day RIT with IFA whole body extract (WBE) and determine the benefit of premedication with antihistamines and prednisone. Methods Patients with systemic reactions to IFAs and evidence of specific IgE by skin test or serologic test started a 1-day RIT protocol without premedication. The 1-day RIT protocol consisted of a total of 10 injections every 30 to 60 minutes to achieve a 0.3-mL 1:100 (wt/vol) dose. A higher systemic reaction rate (SRR) prompted protocol revision to include a 3-day course of oral 20 mg of prednisone twice daily, 150 mg of ranitidine, and 10 mg of loratadine started 2 days before the 1-day RIT. Patients returned on days 8 and 15 to receive a 0.5 mL 1:100 (wt/vol) maintenance injection. The effectiveness of the RIT was evaluated with a sting challenge on approximately day 22. Results Eighty of the 96 patients enrolled initiated the 1-day RIT. The first nonpremedicated group exhibited a SRR of 24.3% (9 of 37 patients), whereas the revised premedicated group had a SRR of 9.5% (4 of 42 patients; P = .07). The most severe reaction during RIT included dizziness, angioedema, and urticaria. Sting challenges on 53 patients resulted in 1 mild rhinitis reaction (efficacy, 98.1%). Conclusion One-day RIT with IFA WBE for IFA hypersensitivity is efficacious. Although there was a trend with premedications to reduce SRRs during the RIT, safety data with premedication require confirmation in a larger trial.
τενκην δ δλως λω: Reading Sappho’s ‘Confession’ (fr. 94) through Penelope

Scholarship on Sappho’s use of epic models focuses primarily on her incorporation and rewriting of motifs and characters from the Iliadic cycle. This paper rather turns to the Odyssey’s Penelope as exemplar for Sappho fragment 94, also known as Sappho’s ‘Confession’. The author argues that fragment 94 alludes to Penelope and her situation through a series of associative, lexical and narrative points, particularly through the unique adverb δλως and the symbolic image of the soft bed as a locus for desire. At the same time, Sappho can be seen to subvert aspects of Penelope’s fictional story, thereby more poignantly highlighting the focus on separation and change in the poem. Reading Sappho 94 through the Odyssey’s Penelope also supports ascribing the first extant line of the poem to the departing girl and bolsters arguments for a marriage context for the fragment.
Analysis of Doppler-limited spectra of the CO stretch fundamental of CD3OH

Abstract Doppler-limited linewidth diode laser spectra of the low- J P and R branches of the ν 4 band (CO stretch) of CD 3 OH were recorded and analyzed. Hindered internal rotation and molecular asymmetry are handled by exact matrix diagonalization. Fermi resonance between ν 4 and the τ = 1, n = 3 and n = 4 torsional levels of the ground vibration state was found to be responsible for several anomalous spectral features. Direct LMS fitting of the data to a set of 11 excited-state parameters lead to the assignment of 160 lines with a rms error of ±0.00088 cm −1 .
INSTABILITIES: CONVECTIVE VERSUS ABSOLUTE.

The response of a medium to a pulse disturbance is determined by the zeros of the dispersion function $D(k,\ensuremath{\omega})$ in the complex domain of both the wave number $k$ and the frequency $\ensuremath{\omega}$, and the asymptotic nature of the response near the origin depends on the velocity $V$ of the frame of reference of the observer. In particular, a crucial feature for an unstable medium is the behavior, as a function of $V$, of the position of the saddle points of $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}(k)=\ensuremath{\omega}(k)\ensuremath{-}kV$, defined by the requirements $D(k,\ensuremath{\omega})=0, \frac{\ensuremath{\partial}D}{\ensuremath{\partial}k}+\frac{V\ensuremath{\partial}D}{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\omega}}=0,$ since $\mathrm{Im}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ for suitably defined saddle points gives the asymptotic growth in frame $V$. Thus, if $\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\omega}}{d{k}^{2}}$ is taken along the contour $D=0$, the differential equations for the variation of a saddle point $\frac{\ensuremath{\delta}k}{\ensuremath{\delta}V}={(\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\omega}}{d{k}^{2}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}, \frac{\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\omega}}{\ensuremath{\delta}V}=V{(\frac{{d}^{2}\ensuremath{\omega}}{d{k}^{2}})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}, \frac{\ensuremath{\delta}\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}}{\ensuremath{\delta}V}=\ensuremath{-}k$ (only two of which are independent) can be used to plot the asymptotic pulse shape. A new phenomenon of general interest to the theory of singularities of a function of two complex variables is described which, in the present context, is associated with the significance or insignificance of a given saddle point in contributing to instability, and with how this significance may change with $V$. This (mathematical) phenomenon may also be of relevance to elementary-particle theory through its inportance to the theory of the analytic structure of scattering amplitudes. The results of the theory are applied to certain examples of plasma physics, obtaining for these cases quantitative descriptions of the asymptotic shape of a pulse disturbance in unstable media.
The September 11 Victim Compensation Fund: A Circumscribed Response or an Auspicious Model

What are the implications, if any, of the September 11 Victim Compensation Fund of 2001 for the future? Although the tort option was not foreclosed for the victims of Sept. 11, Congress made a serious effort to provide incentives that would channel claims into the no-fault compensation scheme established by the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act. At this distance from the event, it seems appropriate to reflect on whether the Fund, established in the turmoil following the most riveting single-event, mass disaster in the nation's history, should be regarded as a singular response, or as a window for thinking about redress of future victims of terrorist activity - or even, perhaps, victims of criminal violence more generally. I begin by offering a set of building blocks: three scenarios of terrorist activity considered from the vantage point of recovery in tort. Next, I shift ground to no-fault as an option for addressing these various types of claims, grounding my discussion in a brief recapitulation of the Sept. 11 scheme, as well as the model that emerges from the regulatory gloss provided by the Special Master designated to implement the scheme. In addition, I offer some context by discussing briefly a limited number of alternative no-fault strategies that have been employed in offering redress to the victims of terrorist acts, and more broadly, to victims of criminal violence. Finally, I address a more fundamental question: Can a satisfying principle be articulated for treating those suffering injuries from terrorist acts as a distinct category of beneficiaries? In the end, I conclude that fairness considerations suggest not so much the normative superiority of tort for addressing every manner of personal injury, as the problematic nature of affording special status to victims of terrorism as no-fault claimants, whether in mass calamities or in isolated incidents.
Substitution between activities with different energy intensities

Abstract An increase in the real price of energy will have both direct and indirect effects on the composition of activities with different energy intensities. Of the two effects, the direct one is the most intuitive. It is usually presumed to reduce participation in energy-intensive activities, e.g., reducing vehicle miles driven. We show that the direction of the (income-compensated) substitution effect is not known unambiguously but instead depends upon the energy intensities of the activities as well as the utility function. Then focusing upon the two-activity case, we show that (1) greater input substitution within each activity decreases this shift between activities, and (2) value-added measures of output are likely to bias the true substitution between activities. Under some conditions, an increase in the energy price can actually result in an apparent shift towards the more energy-intensive activity when measured in terms of value added.
Generation of ELF/ULF waves in the ionosphere by dynamo processes

It is shown that amplitude modulated HF heating in the ionospheric E-region, can produce substantial power in the ELF/UI range even in the absence of ambient ionospheric currents. The signals are associated with spontaneous generation of magnetic fields caused by the coupling of the hot spot temperature gradient to the ambient ionospheric density gradient (Vn x VT). The mechanism produces values for PC5 micropulsations consistent with those observed by Stubbe and Kopka (1981).
Results of the First Year's Tagging of Mullet, Mugil Cephalus L., on the West Coast of Florida

Abstract This paper reports results of the first year's tagging experiment on black or striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, carried on by the Marine Laboratory of the University of Miami on behalf of the Florida State Board of Conservation. Mullet support the most important commercial fishery in Florida with average annual landings from 1939 to 1949 of 39,000,000 pounds. Part of this catch is silver mullet, M. curema, but most of it is black mullet, M. cephalus. Mullet were tagged with Petersen tags at 12 locations on the Florida west coast, from Naples to Pensacola. A total of 1,050 tagged fish were released the first year. The total recovery of tags was 26.5 percent, and the maximum recovery for one location was 50 percent. A higher return was made by the fishery from Apalachicola west to Pensacola (37.0 percent) than from St. Marks south to Naples (20.6 percent). This result suggests that there is a more intense fishery in the northwestern part of the state. Most tagged mullet were recaptured within compara...
Clinical aspects of silent myocardial ischemia in China.

Abstract Since the recognition of silent myocardial ischemia, there has been controversy about its prevalence among different patient subgroups. 1–4 There has also been controversy over the frequency and diagnostic applicability of asymptomatic ST-segment depression found during ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring. 5 Also, few data exist on the occurrence of silent myocardial ischemia among different ethnic groups. This report describes the occurrence of ambulatory monitored ST-segment depression in a large group of Chinese subjects.
Inhibition of norepinephrine autoxidation by a rat brain cortical factor.

Abstract Autoxidation in a physiological salt solution of 100–200 μM norepinephrine was measured, detecting formation of noradrenochrome spectrophotometrically at 480 nm. Samples from the 100,000 g supernatant of a rat cortex (10% w/v homogenate), diluted 100-fold by the reaction mixture, suppressed aminochrome formation approximately 90% for 5 h. The active principle, even in such high degree of dilution, proved to be a considerably more potent antioxidant than the metal chelating agent EDTA at optimal concentration. The antioxidant effect was most marked in the moderately alkaline pH range. The activity is associated with a relatively heat and acid stable, non-dialyzable protein (mol wt > 50,000), found in the 100,000 g supernatant.