cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of flow resistance characteristics and placement of two endotracheal tubes

BACKGROUND: In a traditional endotracheal tube (ETT), there is a linear outward pull through its attachment to the ventilator tubing that leads to risk of accidental dislodgement. This study was conducted to assess the ETT flow characteristics and to evaluate providers9 intubation experience using two ETT9s in a simulated setting. METHODS: Respiratory pressure–volume dynamics for the 2 ETTs were studied in a simulation laboratory by using 3 different flow settings and 2 different test lungs. The time taken for successful intubation on a mannikin was compared by direct observation of 33 separate intubation attempts by 11 different providers. Comfort with intubation by using both tubes was assessed with a Likert scale–based survey. The potential increase in physical and cognitive work load of nurses and respiratory therapists was assessed by the NASA task load index. RESULTS: There were slightly lower average tidal volumes delivered with SecureTube compared with the standard tube at different peak inspiratory pressures. Similarly, the same tidal volume delivered with a different flow and bag compliance required slightly higher peak inspiratory pressure compared with the standard ETT. Among providers, there was no difference in the average time to intubate when using either tube. All survey respondents (N = 11) rated intubation attempts with the SecureTube to be very easy compared with the standard tube. The NASA task load index (N = 26) showed very low task loads on all the tasks. CONCLUSIONS: There was minimal impact on flow resistance on pressure or volume with the SecureTube compared with the standard tube. Most providers felt comfortable intubating with the SecureTube and took a comparable amount of time to intubate in a simulated setting. We observed low task load scores for securement, maintenance, and manipulation per nurses and respiratory therapists.
Challenges to Trust During Change and Crises

Among the values espoused by General Electric’s leaders throughout the company are two that deal with change. These are: “Stimulate and relish change… are not frightened or paralyzed by it. See change as opportunity, not just a threat Have enormous energy and the ability to energize and invigorate others. Understand speed as a competitive advantage and see the total organizational benefits that can be derived from a focus on speed.”2
Calorimetric Studies of Pi-Molecular Complexes

The work reported here is the result of an experimental calo-rimetric investigation of a series of intermolecular complexes which fall into the category labeled “charge transfer” complexes (1–5) or “donor-acceptor” complexes (4). Specifically, the systems studied consist of two compounds which are postulated to have an electron donor-acceptor relationship to one another (1). The donor molecules used were benzene, the methyl substituted benzenes, thianthrene, naphthalene, acenaphthalene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. The acceptor molecules were tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), and picric acid (1,3,5-trinitrophenol or PA). The calorimetric experiments were carried out in methylene chloride solution, all possible donor-acceptor combinations were used, and a 1:1 acceptor to donor complex constitution was assumed. These calorimetric investigations are the first studies of this type.
Lessons From Overexpressed Mouse Models

Adrenergic receptors (ARs) belong to the largest known family of transmembrane receptors, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Two subtypes, α and β, have been described, and even though they both respond to norepinephrine and epinephrine, the cellular responses they mediate differ significantly. Many human diseases, such as heart failure, are characterized by alterations in adrenergic signaling. The generation of genetically modified mice with altered expression of one of the AR subtypes has been useful for characterization of the mechanisms of receptor activation, as well as the ensuing in vivo phenotype. The availability of numerous genetically targeted mouse models has been an important tool for the study of AR function and the identification of potential novel therapeutic strategies for a wide range of diseases.
Reducing Surface Accumulation of Aphanizomenon Flos-aquae Using Wetland Water to Increase Cellular Turgor Pressure and Interfere with Buoyancy Regulation

Rouhe AC, Rueter JG. Reducing surface accumulation of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae using wetland water to increase cellular turgor pressure and interfere with buoyancy regulation. Lake Reserve Manage. ...
Laboratory and Field Investigations on Geofoam

AbstractLightweight fill materials are being increasingly used as a construction material for enhanced construction operations featuring construction on soft ground, in cold regions, and in earthen...
Effects of retinoic acid on regenerating normal and double half limbs of axolotls : Histological studies.

Retinoids induce proximodistal (PD) pattern duplication in zeugopodial (lower arm or leg) regenerates of normal limbs and PD pattern duplication plus anteroposterior (AP) pattern completion in double anterior half zeugopodial regenerates. In contrast, retinoids inhibit the regeneration of double posterior half zeugopodia (Kim and Stocum, 1986). Here we describe the developmental histology of regenerating normal, double anterior half and double posterior half zeugopodia in axolotls after intraperitoneal injection of retinoic acid (RA) at the stage of initial blastema cell accumulation. In all three classes of RA-treated limbs, the accumulation of blastema cells disappeared within 3 days after injection, and dedifferentiation continued to a much more proximal extent than in controls. Subsequently, however, the developmental histology of the three limb classes was different. RA-treated double posterior limbs exhibited the histological features typical of non-regenerating limbs: the premature appearance of a thick basement membrane under the wound epidermis, formation of a thick connective tissue mat between the basement membrane and the cut ends of the stump cartilages, and failure of blastema formation. In contrast, RA-treated normal zeugopodia reformed single blastemas which grew out in a posterior or posterodorsal direction. RA-treated double anterior zeugopodia formed twin blastemas that were spatially separated to varying degrees and which grew distally. The blastemas of both these RA-treated limb types consisted of a proximal, low-density cell population that formed the girdle of the regenerate and a distal, high-density cell population that formed the free limb. In the free limb portion of the blastema, the density of the mesenchymal cell population was higher than in controls. Blastemas of RA-treated normal and double anterior zeugopodia appeared similar in size and proportions to controls at the medium bud stage, but subsequently took on the characteristics of stylopodial blastemas. These observations suggest that the extra pattern induced by RA in regenerating urodele limbs may be correlated with an increase in the number of defifferentiated cells per unit of blastema volume.
Proceedings of the Workshop on Trends in Machine-Learning (and impact on computer architecture)

Machine-Learning has now become a pervasive tool used throughout the industry. This trend, combined with the plateauing of Moore's Law, has made hardware accelerators for machine-learning one of the promising paths forward. The goal of this workshop is to help the architecture community understand where Machine-Learning is headed, so that researchers & engineers can appropriately plan and design their accelerators. Essentially, we want to kick off a two-way conversation between the Machine-Learning community and the Architecture community. For that purpose, we have assembled a list of prestigious speakers (by invitation only) from the Machine-Learning domain, both from industry and academia.
Linking Marketing Outcomes to Financial Performance

This chapter focuses on the linkages between intermediate marketing outcomes and financial performance. Linking marketing activities and expenditures to cash flow requires three things: (1) the story of how marketing activities and expenditures influence sales or margins; (2) a baseline that indicates what sales would be without marketing activity and expenditures; and (3) a set of intermediate outcome measures that are reliable predictors or antecedents of financial results. This chapter examines these three elements of the marketing/finance linkage.
Hegel and Sellars on the Unity of Things

ABSTRACTI have claimed previously that Hegel and Sellars are both, in the end, monistic visionaries, though with radically different visions of the grand unity of things. In this paper I explain an...
Dynamic changes in the immune infiltrate within hepatocellular carcinoma tumor correlate with response to PD-1 blockade.

e15644Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men worldwide, and is the most rapidly rising cause of cancer mortality in the US. Patients with res...
Consumption of vertebrate prey by the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus): An example of evolutionary responses to interspecific interactions within novel communities

ABSTRACT The House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and the brown anole (Anolis sagrei) are both invasive species in South Florida where they have occurred in sympatry for nearly 100 years. While the op...
On the Economics of Injunctions in Patent Cases

Courts in many countries continue to follow the traditional practice of awarding the prevailing patent owner a permanent injunction, absent exceptional circumstances. First-generation law-and-economics scholarship, building on Calabresi and Melamed’s work on property and liability rules, largely supported this practice, based upon the perceived advantages of injunctions (as opposed to damages awards) in inducing bargaining and reducing valuation errors. More recent scholarship, however, has questioned the wisdom of automatic injunctions, particularly in cases in which the conditions conducive to patent holdup are present — among them, cases involving standard essential patents, patents incorporated into complex, multipatent devices, and actions brought by patent assertion entities. Building upon this more recent work, I argue that the social benefits and costs of injunctions vary depending on the circumstances. To assist policymakers in rendering decisions in the real world, I propose two simplifying assumptions that would enable courts to compare the expected cost of holdup with the expected cost of valuation error. A simple set of recommendations follows, namely that courts generally should (1) grant injunctions when the probability of holdup is low, and (2) deny them when the probability of holdup is great and the expected harm from valuation error low to moderate. For indeterminate cases — for example, when the probability of holdup and the expected harm from valuation error are both high — courts can mitigate both risks to some degree by granting injunctions subject to stays pending design-around.
Mucosal Immune Responses Induced by Transcutaneous Vaccines

The skin has been investigated as a site for vaccine delivery only since the late 1990s. However, much has been discovered about the cell populations that reside in the skin, their active role in immune responses, and the fate of transcutaneously applied antigens. Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a safe, effective means of inducing immune responses against a number of pathogens. One of the most notable benefits of TCI is the induction of immune responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments. This chapter focuses on the transport of antigen into and beyond intact skin, the cutaneous sentinel cell populations that play a role in TCI, and the types of mucosal immune responses that have been generated. A number of in vivo studies in murine models have provided information about the broad responses induced by TCI. Cellular and humoral responses and protection against challenge have been noted in the gastrointestinal, reproductive, and respiratory tracts. Clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of this vaccine delivery route in humans. As with other routes of immunization, the type of vaccine formulation and choice of adjuvant may be critical for achieving appropriate responses and can be tailored to activate specific immune-responsive cells in the skin to increase the efficacy of TCI against mucosal pathogens.
Effects of Common and Rare Chromosome 4 GABAergic Gene Variation on Alcohol Use and Antisocial Behavior.

Objective:Epidemiological estimates suggest that nearly half of individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorder will be diagnosed with another mental health disorder, with strong associations invol...
Species Transport and Distribution in Thin Polymer Films Using Eigenmode Analysis in Integrated Optical Structures

The use of optical waveguide techniques allows the in situ, nondestructive characterization of both the dynamics of species transport and the final distribution of a species in thin polymer films. Through the analysis of the eigenmode distributions collected while a solvent is diffusing into a film, the position of the diffusion front can be determined. The temporal dependence of the front propagation can be used to distinguish between Fickian and Case II diffusion. Films of polystyrene, on the pirn-scale in thickness, are exposed to n-hexane, its structural isomer methylcyclopentane, and a mixture of the two. The diffusion mechanism in operation is determined to be Case n, in agreement with the literature for much thicker films. Once the diffusant has reached its equilibrium distribution in the film, the eigenmode distribution and the Raman scattering from the film can be used to determine that distribution, a procedure known as optical depth profiling (ODP). This technique also permits the characterization of unknown distributions. Multiple layer films of polystyrene/poly(4-vinylpyridine) and deuterated polystyrene/polystyrene were examined through this technique and the interface positions were determined. The spatial resolution of the technique is dependent on the number of eigenmodes observed.
Acceptable Post-Heart Transplant Outcomes Support Temporary MCS Prioritization in the New OPTN|UNOS Heart Allocation Policy.

Abstract Background Temporary mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices are generally used short term to maintain adequate organ perfusion in patients with advanced heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Unacceptably high waitlist mortality in this cohort motivated changes to heart allocation policy, which recognized the severity of illness by prioritization for temporary MCS and broader sharing in the new U.S. donor heart allocation policy. We evaluated the post–heart transplant outcomes for patients bridged with temporary MCS, a control population not bridged with MCS, and a cohort bridged with durable MCS. Methods The heart transplant research database was queried to identify patients bridged with temporary MCS and bridged with durable MCS who went directly to heart transplant in our center. Temporary MCS included Impella, intra-aortic balloon pump, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Post-transplant endpoints were assessed at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year. Results From 2010 to 2017, a total of 23 patients were bridged to heart transplant with temporary MCS and 548 were transplanted without MCS bridge. Patients bridged with temporary MCS had younger age, lower body mass index, and higher frequencies of prior blood transfusion and Status 1 (1A/1B) listing at transplant compared to patients not bridged with MCS (all P Conclusion Temporary MCS as a bridge to transplant achieves similar post-transplant outcomes at 1 year compared to no MCS and durable MCS. These encouraging findings support recent changes in the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network | United Network Organ Sharing (OPTN|UNOS) adult heart allocation policy.
PTSD/Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity: Treatment Options and Public Health Needs

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co-occurs with substance use disorder (SUD) and is challenging to treat. We review all behavioral therapy models with at least one randomized controlled trial in a current PTSD/SUD population. We identify factors in selecting a model for clinical use, emphasizing a public health framework that balances the need for evidence with the need for feasibility in frontline settings. Seven published models and 6 unpublished models are reviewed. Public health considerations for choosing a model include the following: whether it has been studied across a broad range of SUDs and in complex SUD patients; whether it can be conducted in group modality; its appeal to patients and providers; its cost; workforce requirements; and its ability to reduce substance use in addition to PTSD. There are two broad types of models: those that originated in the PTSD field versus the SUD field. Overall, the latter are stronger on public health factors and more feasible in SUD settings. Published models in this category include Relapse Prevention, BRENDA, and Seeking Safety. PTSD/SUD research is at an early stage and there is a need for methodology that quantifies “level of burden” (patients’ socioeconomic disadvantages) across trials.
Opioid Use Disorder in Women and the Implications for Treatment

Objective The opioid epidemic continues to evolve and impact all groups of people. Moreover, there are concerning trends among women. The aim of this article is to provide a review of opioid use di...
A time-course study of actively stained mouse brains: DTI parameter and connectomic stability over one year

While the application of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), tractography, and connectomics to fixed ex-vivo tissue is a common practice today, there have been limited studies examining the effects of fixation on brain microstructure over extended periods. This time-course study reports the changes of regional brain volumes and diffusion scalar parameters, such as fractional anisotropy across twelve representative brain regions as measures of brain structural stability. The scalar DTI parameters and regional volumes were highly variable over the first two weeks after fixation. The same parameters were stable over a two to eight-week window after fixation which means confounds from tissue stability over that scanning window are minimal. Quantitative connectomes were analyzed over the same time period with extension out to one year. While there is some change in the scalar metrics at one year after fixation, these changes are sufficiently small, particularly in white matter to support reproducible connectomes over a period ranging from two weeks to one year post fixation. These findings delineate a stable scanning period during which brain volumes, diffusion scalar metrics and connectomes are remarkably stable.
Cross-sectional Assessment of HIV and Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E among Individuals Surveyed in National Health and Nutrition Evaluation Survey, 1999–2018

Objective: To assess the association with HIV with five strains of viral hepatitis, in adults 18-59 years, who have taken the NHANES survey for HIV, and to determine if there is a positive association with HIV in each of the five viral hepatitis strains adjusted by age, gender, and race. Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of HIV Screening Test by Laboratory test results for Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E screenings, using 10 pooled datasets from the 1999-2018 biennial National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. Statistical analyses performed included Spearman’s Correlations, weighted Rao-Scott Chi-Square tests, and weighted binary logistic regression modeling. Results: In the subset of 33,214 adult participants surveyed in the 1999-2018 NHANES the percentage of HIV positivity was 0.44% (standard error=0.05), with 56% occurring in 2009-2018. Weighted Rao-Scott Chi-Square Tests had a statistically significant association between HIV and the five hepatitis strains, with four having a p-value <=0.0001, except for Hepatitis D. After adjustment by age, race, and gender HIV was positively associated odds ratios. Hepatitis A had a statistically significant odds ratio for 1999-2018 but was not significant for 1999-2006 and 2007-2018. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C had a statistically significant association in all three subsets. Hepatitis D had no HIV coinfection in 1999-2006, so it was not reported, and a nonsignificant association in 2009-2018. Hepatitis E, which started collection in 2009, had a nonsignificant association with HIV in 2009-2018. Conclusion: Based on this analysis and the review of HIV and viral hepatitis guidelines it is suggested that immunocompromised individuals, including HIV positives, should be screened for all five strains of viral Hepatitis. Further research is needed in order to better understand the connection between HIV and viral hepatitis strains, especially Hepatitis A, Hepatitis D, or Hepatitis E.
A quasi complex-lamellar solution for a hemispherically bounded cyclonic flowfield

This work describes an inviscid solution for a cyclonic flowfield evolving in a hemispherical chamber configuration. In this context, a vigorously swirling motion is triggered by a gaseous stream that is introduced tangentially to the inner circumference of the chamber's equatorial plane. The resulting updraft spirals around while sweeping the chamber wall, reverses direction while approaching the headend, and then tunnels itself out through the inner core portion of the chamber. Our analysis proceeds from the Bragg–Hawthorne formulation, which proves effective in the treatment of steady, incompressible, and axisymmetric motions. Then using appropriate boundary conditions, we are able to obtain a closed-form expression for the Stokes streamfunction in both spherical and cylindrical coordinates. Other properties of interest are subsequently deduced, and these include the principal velocities and pressure distributions, vorticity, swirl intensity, helicity density, crossflow velocity, and the location of the axial mantle; the latter separates the outer annular updraft from the inner, centralized downdraft. Due in large part to the overarching spherical curvature, the cyclonic motion also exhibits a polar mantle across which the flow becomes entirely radial inward. Along this lower and shorter spherical interface, the polar velocity vanishes while switching angular direction. Interestingly, both polar and axial mantles coincide in the exit plane where the ideal outlet size, prescribed by the mantle position, is found to be approximately 70.7% of the chamber radius. We thus recover the same mantle fraction of the cyclonic flow analog in a right-cylindrical chamber where an essentially complex-lamellar motion is established.
Adaptation and well-being : social allostasis

Introduction 1. Evolutionary perspectives and hominoid expression 2. Social competence and cortical evolution 3. A window into the brain 4. Chemical messengers and the physiology of change and adaptation 5. Social neuroendocrinology 6. Cephalic adaptation, devolution and incentives 7. Neocortex, amygdala and prosocial behaviors Conclusion: evolution, social allostasis and well-being References Index.
Frugal linear network-based test decompression for drastic test cost reductions

In This work we investigate an effective approach to construct a linear decompression network in the multiple scan chain architecture. A minimal pin architecture, complemented by negligible hardware overhead, is constructed by mathematically analysing test data relationships, delivering in turn drastic test reductions. The proposed network drives a large number of internal scan chains with a short input vector, thus allowing significant reductions in both test time and test volume. The proposed method constructs an inverter-interconnect based network by exploring the pairwise linear dependencies of the internal scan chain vectors, resulting in a very low cost network that is nonetheless capable of outperforming much costlier compression schemes. We propose an iterative algorithm to construct the network from an initial set of test cubes. The experimental data shows significant reductions in test time and test volume with no loss of fault coverage.
Effect of Post‐Sintering Microwave Treatments on the Mechanical Performance of Silicon Nitride

Post sintering heat treatments were used to vary the microstructural characteristics in two types of hot-pressed silicon nitride. Particular emphasis was placed upon comparing changes in grain size; degree of crystallization of the intergranular phases; and chemistry of the intergranular phases resulting from conventional and microwave annealing. The effect of these post-sintering treatments upon the mechanical performance was evaluated by measuring the creep deflection in flexure as a function of time and applied stress at 1260 and 1370{degree}C in air. 16 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.
MR venography of the fetal brain using susceptibility weighted imaging

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of performing fetal brain magnetic resonance (MR) venography using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) sequence.
Lower‐crustal earthquakes in the West Kunlun range

[1] Reviewing data from regional permanent seismic stations and a 2001–2002 deployment of portable broadband seismic stations along the Tibet-Tarim border, we identified five unusually deep earthquakes located beneath the West Kunlun range. Application of regional centroid moment tensor analysis puts these events at depths of 40–60 km, with overall uncertainty ranging between 5–8 km. Previous investigations of the region indicate a Moho depth of ∼62 km, implying that these earthquakes occurred near the bottom of the crust. Hence we infer that the lowermost crust beneath the range is brittle and seismically active. Two of these earthquakes are located directly beneath the trace of the Altyn-Tagh fault, with a nodal plane nearly parallel to the local strike of the fault, and a left-lateral sense of slip consistent with the long-term displacement across the fault. The two events suggest that the Altyn-Tagh fault extends through the entire crust in the West Kunlun.
Desarrollo de proyectos viales y aportes del estado en terrenos

Este articulo tiene como objetivo central identificar las condiciones bajo las cuales es factible que el aporte estatal a un proyecto vial (en el contexto de asociaciones publico privadas) este representado por cesion de terrenos y derechos de uso exclusivo de los mismos en zonas aledanas a una carretera concesionada. En el desarrollo del trabajo, se busca, en particular: 1) Identificar los aspectos criticos que se deben prever para organizar los concursos, valorar y negociar los aportes publicos, supervisar el contrato y resolver potenciales disputas con la contraparte privada; 2) Aplicar los principios obtenidos al caso de Honduras, cuya Secretaria de Obras Publicas, Transporte y Vivienda (SOPTRAVI) esta interesada en encontrar estructuras financieras para mantener y ampliar su infraestructura vial, de acuerdo a los lineamientos del documento "Programa de Concesiones de Participacion Publico-Privada en Honduras"; 3) Presentar conclusiones y recomendaciones generales, especialmente sobre el ambito de aplicabilidad del esquema.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of hybrid CoxNi1 x(OH)2 nanosheets: Tuning the composition for high performance supercapacitor

Abstract Hybrid CoxNi1−x(OH)2 nanosheets have been successfully synthesized via a facile microwave-assisted synthetic route. The size of CoxNi1−x(OH)2 nanosheets decreases with the increase of nickel amount; however, the layered crystal structure can be maintained at any ratios of Co:Ni due to the chemical and physical similarities between these two elements. The lattice spacing of the hexagonal nanosheets can be slightly varied by adjusting the ratios of Co:Ni. The hybrid Co0.2Ni0.8(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets deliver a high capacity of above 1170 F g−1 at a current density of 4 A g−1. The higher specific capacitance of Co0.2Ni0.8(OH)2 nanosheets than their monometallic counterpart could be attributed to the enhancement of the electro-active sites participated in the redox reaction due to the possible valence interchange or charge hopping between Co and Ni cations. These results indicate the importance of layered hydroxide nanosheets with tuned transition-metal composition for high-performance energy storage devices.
Efficiency and Proper Efficiency in Vector Maximization with Respect to Cones

Abstract Vector maximization problems arise when more than one objective function is to be maximized over a given feasibility region. The concepts of efficiency and proper efficiency have played a useful role in the analysis of such problems. Recently these concepts have been extended to vector maximization problems in which the underlying domination cone is a convex cone. In this paper, efficient and properly efficient solutions for the vector maximization problem in which the underlying domination cone is any nontrivial, closed convex cone are examined. Differences between properly and improperly efficient solutions are established. Characterizations of efficient and properly efficient solutions are presented, and conditions under which efficient solutions exist and fail to exist are derived.
Rumination on automation, 1998

Abstract In recent years there has been great interest in the evidence that with experience human decision-making becomes “automatic”, “recognition-primed”, “naturalistic”, “situated”, and “ecological”. Advocates of these approaches have rejected classical decision theory as a description of decision-making in real tasks. This rejection poses a challenge to better understand human automaticity by extending normative decision modeling. Two approaches, both based on state-space reduction, are discussed. There is also the challenge of relating these models to what is being learned in neurobiology, and again a model is presented which potentially explains how behavior can become automatic. Implications for computer-based automation of decision aiding and control are also proposed, including a revised four-stage format for scaling levels of automation.
Lower respiratory tract endoscopy in the cat: diagnostic approach to bronchial disease.

Practical relevance:Respiratory endoscopy is a useful diagnostic tool to evaluate the airways for the presence of mass lesions or foreign material while allowing for sample collection for cytologic and microbiologic assessment. While bronchial disease (eosinophilic or neutrophilic) is the most common lower respiratory disease identified in cats, infectious, anomalous and neoplastic conditions can clinically mimic inflammatory bronchial disease. Diagnostic imaging is unable to define the etiology for clinical signs of cough, tachypnea or respiratory difficulty, necessitating visual evaluation and collection of airway samples. Endoscopy allows intervention that can be life-saving and also confirmation of disease, which is important given that life-long medication is likely to be required for management of inflammatory airway disease.Patient group:Cats with either airway or pulmonary disease benefit from laryngoscopy, tracheoscopy and bronchoscopy to determine an etiologic diagnosis. In the best situation, a...
A case of adult hepatic toxocariasis

Background A 56-year-old female presented to the emergency room with a 2-week history of fevers, chills and right upper quadrant pain. She had no sick contacts, had not traveled recently and denied high-risk sexual behavior. The patient had adopted a stray cat 1 month before presentation. Investigations Physical examination; laboratory tests (including complete blood count with differential, complete metabolic panel including liver enzymes, and serum Toxocara serology); chest and abdominal CT scans; and percutaneous liver biopsy. Diagnosis Toxocariasis (visceral larva migrans). Management Supportive care and antihelmintic agents.
Crystal-to-crystal oxidative deprotonation of a di(μ-hydroxo) to a di(μ-oxo) dimer of dimolybdenum units

A crystal-to-crystal transformation of (DAniF)3Mo2(μ-OH)2Mo2(DAniF)3 (1) to (DAniF)3Mo2(μ-O)2Mo2(DAniF)3 (2), where DAniF is the anion (p-anisyl)NC(H)N(p-anisyl), by dioxygen provides rare insight into the deprotonation process effected by dioxygen. In this dimolybdenum system, the conversion occurs without significant loss of crystallinity. Although no intermediates have been directly observed, a compound containing the [(DAniF)3Mo2(μ-OH)(μ-O)Mo2(DAniF)3]+ cation, a proposed intermediate, has been obtained independently. Possible pathways for the overall conversion of 1 to 2 are discussed.
Blue Sky Boys, Professional Citizens, and Knights-in-Shining-Money: Philadelphia's Penn Center Project and the Constraints of Private Development:

During the 1950s, urban analysts frequently cited Philadelphia's Penn Center office project as emblematic of an urban “renaissance” in the United States. The development of Penn Center, however, was characterized by a series of conflicts that belie notions that the shared interests of public and private actors led to the quick formation of progrowth coalitions after the Second World War. Penn Center clearly demonstrated that local planners lacked the political, legal, and financial tools to control urban redevelopment projects implemented by private actors. Such constraints help to explain why even housing-oriented liberal officials such as those in Philadelphia supported the broadening of federal urban redevelopment legislation beyond its original “primarily residential” orientation.
Wealth in America: Trends in Wealth Inequality. By Lisa A. Keister. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 307p. $59.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.

Lisa Keister's work offers students of research methods, and of public policy, an ideal model. It also offers, albeit indirectly, a study that should inform policy makers as they discuss proposals to alter inheritance and estate tax policies and privatize Social Security. Wealth in America explores the distribution of household resources from 1962 through 1995. Questions regarding the distribution of wealth in the United States are seldom addressed directly because readily available data do not permit a straightforward approach. Because it is easier to deal with questions related to the distribution of income than with the distribution of wealth, research generally focuses on income distribution and we assume that there is a relatively straightforward relationship between the two. Keister tackles the data problems associated with measuring household assets allowing her to evaluate the distribution of wealth. Since measuring assets at any point in time is a challenge, it is all the more remarkable that she is able to examine changes in the distribution of household assets over time.
Microstructural mechanism of combustion in heterogeneous reaction media

The process of combustion wave propagation in heterogeneous gasless reaction medium was studied experimentally. A novel technique of digital hight-speed microscopic video recording, which allows in situ observation of rapid (time resolution up to 10−4 s) processes occurring at the microscopic level (spatial resolution 1.7 μm), was used to investigate the combustion reaction in the Ti+ Si system. The experimental results clearly demonstrated that macroscopically steady propagation of the combustion wave proceeds microscopically through a sequence of sparks and extinctions (so-called scintillating reaction wave mode). The characteristics features and parameters of this propagation mode were studied and quantitatively analyzed. It was shown that experimentally observed complex behavior of the combustion wave at the microscopic scale is strongly correlated with microstructural characteristics of the reaction medium. Finally, it was demonstrated that description of heterogeneous combustion on the microscopic level fits well with effects observed on the macroscopic scale.
Trying to avoid your sister.

Connections between chromosomes are essential for theiraccurate segregation during cell division. In somatic cells dividingby mitosis, newly replicated sister chromatids are connected bycohesin proteins. When the sister chromatids become attached tomicrotubules emanating from opposite poles of the spindle,cohesins resist the pulling forces and the ensuing tension stabilizesthe chromatid–microtubule attachments. In this way, each pair ofsister chromatids achieves a stable bipolar attachment to thespindle. Consequently, when cohesion is destroyed at the onset ofanaphase, sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles and eachnew cell receives a full complement of maternal and paternalchromosomes.In the germline, meiosis employs two successive rounds ofnuclear division to produce gametes containing half the number ofchromosomes as the original precursor cell. During the firstdivision, sister chromatids remain connected while the paternaland maternal homologs are segregated (one homolog comprises apair of sister chromatids). Homolog segregation during meiosis isgoverned by the same mechanical principles as sister segregationduring mitosis and, as such, homologs must be connected. Theseconnections are called chiasmata, and they are established via aprocess called homologous recombination, a DNA repair processthat involves interaction between a broken chromosome and ahomologous template chromosome.To ensure that each pair of homologs is connected by at leastone chiasma, homologous recombination during meiosis isregulated at several levels. A key aspect of this regulation is thechoice of recombination template. The sister chromatid is thepreferred template for recombinational repair in cells dividing bymitosis. However, during meiosis this bias must be overcome sothat homologs recombine and become connected by chiasmata.How template choice is regulated remains unclear, but studies ofmeiotic recombination in budding yeast have suggested a numberof possible mechanisms.
I'm absolutely certain that's probably true: Exploring epistemologies of sophomore engineering students

Changes in students' personal epistemology are especially important for engineering educators to examine because they may affect the way students learn and their ability to adapt to engineering education learning environments and culture. Despite the large amount of theoretical research that has been done concerning students' conceptual change, little research has been done concerning their epistemological change. This study is a preliminary effort in identifying students' beliefs about knowledge and their effect on learning and successful comprehension of engineering concepts. The cohort consisted of 10 Civil Engineering students in a sophomore level Statics class, and each student participated in a 90-minute interview. The questions were based around an epistemological framework currently in development, which includes six separate dimensions but allows for examination of the ties between the dimensions. Analysis was completed in multiple stages, and involved two researchers co-coding for inter-relater reliability. Most students viewed knowledge as very simple, certain and objective. However, many students felt that different people had different knowledge of statics because of their different backgrounds and learning. These beliefs may be leveraged to support pedagogical practices of proven effectiveness such as peer-tutoring or other active learning methods.
The quantitative determination of benzylpenicillin by ultraviolet absorption.

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric method for the determination of benzylpenicillin in chloroform solution is presented. Separation of active benzylpenicillin form interfering compounds is obtained using the extraction procedure of Boxer and Everett. The active penicillin is extracted at pH 2.0 into chloroform and thus separated from basic and neutral material as well as from any chloroform insoluble acidic substances such as penicilloic acid. A correction for any acidic interfering substances extracted with the chloroform is obtained by a separate chloroform extraction of the acidified alkali-inactivated penicillin. The values obtained by assaying commercial samples by this method are compared with those obtained by the official N-ethyl piperidine method.
Alternative approaches to solve the multi-floor facility layout problem

Abstract Alternative approaches to solve the multi-floor facility layout problem are compared in this paper. In particular, because the multi-floor facility layout problem is NP-complete, the effectiveness of heuristically solving it via a single-stage approach (where each department, unless it is fixed or constrained by the user, is allowed to occupy any floor during the execution of the heuristic) versus a two-stage approach (where in the first stage each department is permanently assigned to one of the floors and in the second stage the layout is determined for each floor) is evaluated. Generally speaking, given no limits on run times, one would expect the single-stage approach to outperform the above two-stage approach because the former allows departments to change floors during the execution of the algorithm. However, if the run times are required to be reasonable able comparable, it is no longer clear that the single-stage approach will lead to superior solutions because it has to explore a larger solution space. The performance of the two-stage approach, on the other hand, depends on the quality of the floor assignments obtained in stage one. Instrumental to the quality of these assignments is a newly developed simplified formulation with a linear objective to optimize the inter-floor handling cost in stage one. The resulting two-stage approach is then evaluated with respect to a single-stage approach using various test problems. The evaluation includes a variation of the above two-stage approach where the floor assignments obtained in stage one are not permanent; that is, departments are allowed to change floors in the second stage. The evaluation indicates that the proposed two-stage approach compares quite well to both of the other approaches. The results obtained by the two-stage approach are shown from a data set that is based on a real-world manufacturing facility.
Growth hormone effects on creatine uptake by muscle in the hypophysectomized rat.

Specific radioactive enzyme assays were developed to measure the effect of growth hormone on kidney transamidinase and liver methyltransferase in the hypophysectomized rat. In contrast to minimal changes (20%) in liver methyltransferase, kidney transamidinase was decreased threefold in the hypophysectomized rat. Enzyme activities were equal to normal values in those rats receiving growth hormone for three days. The formation of creatine from radioactive precursors and the uptake of 14C-creatine in muscle was examined under these conditions. After injection of 14C-arginine in the hypophysectomized rat, the 14C-creatine content of muscle was greatly decreased compared to sham operated controls and the 14C-creatine content was normal after growth hormone administration. After injection of 14C-guanidoacetate and of 14C-creatine, the 14C-creatine content of muscle was decreased in the hypophysectomized rat, but was equal to sham control values in rats receiving growth hormone. These studies indicate that the uptake of newly synthesized creatine by muscle is impaired in the hypophysectomized rat and that growth hormone can have a role in controlling the rate of creatine uptake by muscle in addition to its effect on kidney transamidinase and to other factors involved in creatine metabolism.
The Incidence and Implications of Binding Farm Program Payment Limits

Payment limits have played an important role in U.S. farm policy deliberations for the last 30 years. Current limits are largely non-binding because of the use of commodity certificates and the difficulties associated with tracing payments to individuals. Proposals to limit payments have played an important role in deliberations over the 2007 Farm Bill. An amendment to the Senate version of the legislation would significantly strengthen and enforce limits on payments. We use farm-level data on production, ex-post realizations of payments, and reported base yields and acreage to consider the potential impacts of payment limits. Our results suggest that rice, peanuts, and cotton would be the only crops to realize substantial impacts from the limits currently under discussion. However, even for these commodities, the likely proportion of growers and total acreage subject to the limits would be relatively modest.
Softening hair with dithiothreitol (Cleland's reagent) for histological sectioning in paraffin.

(1973). Softening Hair with Dithiothreitol (Cleland's Reagent) for Histological Sectioning in Paraffin. Stain Technology: Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 198-199.
Isolated Rat Hepatocytes Bind Lactoferrins by the RHL-1 Subunit of the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor in a Galactose-Independent Manner†

Isolated rat hepatocytes bind and internalize the iron-binding protein lactoferrin (Lf) by a set of high-affinity, recycling, Ca2+-dependent binding sites. We have purified a 45-kDa membrane protein (p45) from rat hepatocytes that exhibits Ca2+-dependent receptor activity. In this study, we found p45 to be identical to the major subunit (RHL-1) of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor. Two tryptic fragments of p45 showed 100% identity with RHL-1 internal sequences (Leu121 --> Lys126 and Phe198 --> Lys220), and monospecific antisera against p45 and RHL-1 cross-reacted equally well with each protein. Molar excesses of anti-p45 IgG, anti-RHL-1 IgG, asialoorosomucoid, and asialofetuin competitively blocked the binding of 125I-Lf to isolated rat hepatocytes at 4 degrees C. Similarly, either excess anti-p45 or Lf blocked the binding of 125I-asialoorosomucoid to cells at 4 degrees C. We did not detect the minor subunits of the rat asialoglycoprotein receptor (RHL-2/3) in p45 preparations from Triton X-100 extracts of hepatocytes and 125I-Lf bound to purified RHL-1 but not to RHL-2/3 immobilized on nitrocellulose. Nonetheless, anti-RHL-2/3 IgG reduced the binding of 125I-Lf to hepatocytes at 4 degrees C. Exoglycosidases were used to remove terminally-exposed N-acetylneuraminyl, alpha- and beta-galactosyl, and N-acetylhexosaminyl sugars from human and bovine Lf glycans, and lectin blotting confirmed that glycosidase-treated Lfs lacked detectable terminal galactosyl sugars. Unexpectedly, these deglycosylated Lfs exhibited no loss in their ability to compete with unmodified Lfs for binding to isolated hepatocytes. In addition, molar excess of beta-lactose but not sucrose competitively blocked the binding of 125I-Lf to cells, indicating that Lf bound at or very near the carbohydrate-recognition domain of RHL-1. We conclude that RHL-1 is the Ca2+-dependent Lf receptor on hepatocytes and that it binds Lf at its carbohydrate-recognition domain yet in a galactose-independent manner.
Sigurd Ramfjord and Major Ash, Jr.: Periodontology and Occlusion at Michigan:

and Dr. MajorM.Ash,Jr. Asa graduatestudentatthe University of Michigan, and later as a colleague andfriend, I had the opportunity to observe the unique talents,contributions, and collaboration of these two individuals.Whenrecently invited to write this article for "Discovery!",it occurred to methat manypeople do not knowhowSig
The electrical properties and defect structure of pure and chromium-doped MnO

Abstract X-ray, chemical analysis and electrical studies have been made as a function of temperature and oxygen activity on pure and chromium-doped MnO. MnO always contains an excess of oxygen, the majority defect being the doubly ionized cation vacancy at lower concentrations of excess of oxygen. Chromium is incorporated substitutionally as Cr 3+ . The heat and entropy of solution of 1 g atom oxygen at 1 atm into MnO are −11 kcal and − 16·5 cal deg −1 respectively. It is concluded that MnO is either a ‘hopping’ type semiconductor with a band gap of 2·2 eV or that the band gap is even lower (about 1·85 eV) with ‘band’ conduction for electrons.