cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Federal Anti-Theft Legislation

Two principal points of view dominate interpretations of social phenomena. On the one hand emphasis is placed upon impersonal, dynamic forces-the "conditions" of life, which, at any particular moment, appear to be unmodifiable by human design in any appreciable degree. Many aspects of the environment, the needs of the biological organism, and a whole congeries of habitual, general and standardized human behavior (the "institutions")-all seem to hold us in a vise from which there is no immediate escape. On the other hand, one may emphasize the efforts of man to control, to direct, and to modify his course of life, and the immediately recognizable effect of such behavior. The relative importance given to each type of phenomena depends upon many factors. The nature of the issues insures their survival into the indefinite future. Laws, like other social phenomena, fall into these two molds. Thus we can regard any enactment as a "normal" manifestation of a particular culture. Existing conditions and institutions-social, political, economic, religious, and so forth-produce certain expected forms of law. These institutions must be conceived of as operating according to universal laws of causation; any phenomenon, viewed in this light, is a necessary effect. Contemporary penal legislation in this country will, accordingly, be the result (and reflection) of beliefs in freedom of the will arising from prevalent religious and philosophic views, of assumptions regarding deterrence by punishment, of our social and economic organization, and so forth. The other interpretation requires an evaluation of any law as an instrument of policy, a deliberate effort to direct certain aspects of human affairs wisely. Obviously, certain standards must exist, avowed or implicit, by reference to which a judgment can be made regarding the wisdom or unwisdom of any particular law. Unfortunately, however, in the field of law, the necessary standards are, for the most part,
Common strategies for antigenic variation by bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens

The complex relationships between infectious organisms and their hosts often reflect the continuing struggle of the pathogen to proliferate and spread to new hosts, and the need of the infected individual to control and potentially eradicate the infecting population. This has led, in the case of mammals and the pathogens that infect them, to an 'arms race', in which the highly adapted mammalian immune system has evolved to control the proliferation of infectious organisms and the pathogens have developed correspondingly complex genetic systems to evade this immune response. We review how bacterial, protozoan and fungal pathogens from distant evolutionary lineages have evolved surprisingly similar mechanisms of antigenic variation to avoid eradication by the host immune system and can therefore maintain persistent infections and ensure their transmission to new hosts.
Shorter nonparametric prediction intervals for an order statistic from a future sample

Abstract Standard nonparametric prediction intervals for a future order statistic are obtained by taking the interval between two order statistics of the initial sample. We obtain improved prediction intervals by taking the shortest of two or more standard intervals.
Cancer BiomarkersAn Invitation to the Table

The allure of the emerging genomic technologies in cancer is their ability to generate new biomarkers that predict how individual cancer patients will respond to various treatments. However, productive implementation of cancer biomarkers into patient care will require fundamental changes in how we consider approvals for cancer indications and how we track patient responses. Here we briefly describe ongoing efforts to identify and to validate cancer biomarkers, discuss the technological hurdles that lie ahead, and then focus on the more pressing political and cultural issues that, if left unheeded, could derail many of the anticipated benefits of biomarker research.
"Black Swans" and the Financial Crisis

Post-mortems of the financial crisis typically mention "black swans" as the rare events that were the Achilles heel of financial models, manifesting themselves as "25 standard deviation events occurring several days in a row". Here, we briefly discuss the implications of "black swan" events in asset pricing and risk management. We then show that the "black swans" problem virtually disappears for S&P Index returns when surprises are measured relative to the standard deviation of the conditional S&P distribution. In our illustration, we use the one-day-lagged VIX as an easy-to-understand measure of that conditional S&P standard deviation.
The nubian mesolithic: A consideration of the Wadi Halfa remains

Morphological variation of the skeletal remains of ancient Nubia has been traditionally explained as a product of multiple migrations into the Nile Valley. In contrast, various researchers have noted a continuity in craniofacial variation from Mesolithic through Neolithic times. This apparent continuity could be explained by in situ cultural evolution producing shifts in selective pressures which may act on teeth, the facial complex, and the cranial vault. A series of 13 Mesolithic skulls from Wadi Halfa, Sudan, are compared to Nubian Neolithic remains by means of extended canonical analysis. Results support recent research which suggests consistent trends of facial reduction and cranial vault expansion from Mesolithic through Neolithic times.
Dosage compensation and chromatin structure in Drosophila

Abstract The past year has brought significant advances in our understanding of the male-specific lethal (msl) genes and dosage compensation in Drosophila. The molecular characterization of the msl-2 gene has, to a great extent, solved the question of how msl-mediated dosage compensation is restricted to males. Molecular analyses of the msl genes have substantiated the proposal that the MSL proteins function as a multimeric complex to mediate dosage compensation. The finding that MSL-2 protein has a RING finger and the demonstration that an insulator protein facilitates the dosage compensation of X-linked genes inserted into the autosomes have opened promising avenues to identify the cis-acting dosage-compensation determinants.
Characterization of the level, target sites and inheritance of cytosine methylation in tomato nuclear DNA.

The tomato nuclear genome was determined to have a G+C content of 37% which is among the lowest reported for any plant species. Non-coding regions have a G+C content even lower (32% average) whereas coding regions are considerably richer in G+C (46%).
Theory of the arrest of elastic softening in superconducting β − W compounds

Gorkov's model is employed to investigate the temperature dependence of the elastic shear modulus ${C}_{s}$ for nontransforming $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{W}$ compounds. By applying the BCS theory to describe the superconducting phase of the system, we show analytically that the onset of superconductivity stops the softening of ${C}_{s}$. This result is in agreement with experimental measurements of ${C}_{s}$ for both ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si and ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn.
ICV testosterone induces Fos in male Syrian hamster brain.

Summary Previous studies in our laboratory have demonstrated intracerebroventricular (ICV) self-administration of testosterone in hamsters. This suggests that androgens are reinforcing, independent of their anabolic effects. Furthermore, pharmacologic testosterone acts as a depressant: ICV testosterone infusion acutely reduces respiration, locomotion and body temperature. However, with chronic exposure, males develop tolerance. To understand mechanisms for androgen action, we looked for Fos expression after acute and chronic ICV infusion of testosterone or vehicle. 32 castrated males with chronic physiologic testosterone replacement ( n =8/group) were infused ICV for 4 h/day with 40 μg testosterone or 40 μl vehicle. Half of the males were perfused after the first day of ICV infusion; the remaining males were perfused after 15 days of ICV infusion. 60 μm coronal brain slices were cut. Every fourth section was stained for Fos. Additional sections were stained for androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER). Testosterone infusion induced Fos above control in the posteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTPM), posteromedial amygdala (MeP), lateral habenula (LHb), median raphe (MnR), lateral pontine nucleus (Pn), and ventral tegmental area (VTA). In particular, Fos was elevated in the BSTPM, MeP, LHb, and VTA only after 1 day of testosterone. 15 days of testosterone enhanced Fos expression above control in the MnR and lateral Pn. Importantly, Fos was not present in all brain areas involved in reward or in those with dense steroid receptors. Furthermore, AR and ER immunostaining was unaltered by testosterone infusion. We conclude that pharmacologic testosterone activates select steroid-sensitive brain regions, as well as midbrain areas involved in reinforcement of commonly-abused drugs.
Regrowth Behaviour of Ge Implanted Si

Regrowth kinetics of amorphous Si layers formed by implanting 75Ge ions to concentrations of about 0.5 at % into Si are obtained by using 1.5 MeV 4He backscattering and channeling measurements. The growth of epitaxial Si is linear in time with an activation energy that coincides with that obtained on 28Si implanted-amorphous Si. The Ge atoms occupy substitutional sites in the regrown layer. [Russian Text Ignored].
Brand Name Translation Model: A Case Analysis of US Brands in China

While it is common in the USA to see advertisements or hear commercials urging consumers to drink Coca-Cola, snack on Keebler crackers, drive Fords or smoke Marlboro cigarettes, one seldom considers the meaning of brand names abroad. Yet few brands mean the same thing across cultures. In China, Coca-Cola means ‘tastes good and makes you happy’, Keebler means ‘rare treasure’ Ford means ‘happy and unique or special’, and Marlboro means ‘a road with 10,000 treasures’.
Party Drugs: Properties, Prevalence, Patterns, and Problems

This review summarizes the latest literature on “party” or “club” drugs, defined as MDMA, GHB, ketamine, and Rohypnol, as published from 2002 to early 2005. Club drugs have been categorized as being used at raves and dance parties. The literature shows that each drug has different properties, users, and settings. Each drug has different adverse effects and requires different acute care protocols. Although these drugs were identified early, scientific information about them, including the toxicological tests to identify them, is still evolving. Increasing numbers of studies on the short- and long-term effects of these drugs on humans are being published, but because of limitations on research using human subjects, they may not always be as rigorous as desired and can be cited by drug users to discredit findings of harm. The lack of research-based information on these drugs has led to the emergence of web sites that may or may not provide accurate data. Evaluated chemical dependency treatment protocols usin...
New Environmental Theories: Toward a Coherent Theory of Environmentally Significant Behavior

This article develops a conceptual framework for advancing theories of environmentally significant individual behavior and reports on the attempts of the author’s research group and others to develop such a theory. It discusses definitions of environmentally significant behavior; classifies the behaviors and their causes; assesses theories of environmentalism, focusing especially on value-belief-norm theory; evaluates the relationship between environmental concern and behavior; and summarizes evidence on the factors that determine environmentally significant behaviors and that can effectively alter them. The article concludes by presenting some major propositions supported by available research and some principles for guiding future research and informing the design of behavioral programs for environmental protection. Recent developments in theory and research give hope for building the understanding needed to effectively alter human behaviors that contribute to environmental problems. This article develops a conceptual framework for the theory of environmentally significant individual behavior, reports on developments toward such a theory, and addresses five issues critical to building a theory that can inform efforts to promote proenvironmental behavior.
Tracking and b-Tagging Performance with an Upgraded CMS Pixel Detector

Abstract The luminosity upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider is foreseen to proceed in two phases. An increased luminosity of 2×10 34 cms -1 s -1 , is planned for the first phase of the upgrade, called HL-LHC Phase 1. Tracking and identificationofjets originating frombquarks (b-tagging) will continuetobeakeyelementof manyphysics analyses at the upgraded HL-LHC where much higher pileup can significantly reduce the performance. An upgrade of the CMSpixel detector proposedforthe Phase1HL-LHC should enableCMSto maintainthe currentlevelof b-tagging performance even in the presence of very high pileup. We present simulation studies of the proposed baseline Phase 1upgrade pixel detector for tracking and b-tagging performance compared to that for the current CMS detector.
Constructing an integrated and evidenced‐based model for residential services

Summary There is paucity in both the literature and in the practice of integrated, evidence‐based models of residential care for youth. This article describes the assessment and the process that led to the redesign of services at a residential center. The article describes how evidence‐based models for each of the four major disciplines (residential staff, recreation staff, teaching staff and clinical staff) were selected and integrated across me residential campus. Each discipline went through an assessment process to determine best practices and selected an evidence‐based service model based on the changing needs of the youth and families referred for residential care. Residential staff chose trauma focused cognitive‐behavior interventions. Recreational staff chose experiential education. Teaching staff chose the positive behavior intervention system. Clinical staff chose the collaborative therapy model. The article describes how the agency‐wide training program integrated the four models under guiding ...
Modal Overlap and Dissipation Effects of a Cantilever Beam with Multiple Attached Oscillators

This work was prompted by a study performed by Strasberg [7] in which numerous small spring-mass-damper systems are attached to a large suspended mass representing the master structure. The isolated natural frequency of each attached system was selected to match in average the natural frequency of the isolated master structure, Strasberg found that the critical issue when an impulse excitation is applied to the master structure is the bandwidth of the isolated attached systems in comparison to the spacing between the natural frequencies of the system. Modal overlap, which corresponds to bandwidths that exceed the spacing of those frequencies, was shown to greatly influence the response of the master structure. Light damping, for which there is little or no modal overlap, corresponds to an impulse response that consists of a sequence of nearly periodic exponentially decaying pulses, and the transfer function for harmonic excitation of the master structure indicates that the substructure acts as a vibration absorber for the master structure. Increased damping leads to modal overlap, with the result that the impulse response consists of a single decaying pulse. The frequency domain transfer function indicates that the vibration absorber effect is enhanced. The present work explores these issues for continuous systems by replacing the one degree of freedom master structure with a cantilever beam. The system parameters are selected to match Strasberg's model, with the suspended oscillators placed randomly along the beam. The beam displacement is represented as a Ritz series whose basis functions are the cantilever beam modes. The coupled equations are solved by a state-space eigenmode analysis that yields a closed form representation of the response in terms of the complex eigenmode properties. The continuous fuzzy structure is shown not to display the transfer of energy between the master structure and the substructure that was exhibited by the discrete fuzzy structure, apparently because of the asynchronous motion of the attachment points resulting from the spatial variability of the beam's motion. The vibration absorber effect for harmonic excitation is only obtained for the heavy damping in the case of a beam.
Seasonal, unimodal lunar‐day oscillations in potato O2‐consumption

Abstract O2‐consumption of sprouting potato plugs in constant conditions was monitored hourly over ten years. The data for each month was reorganized to obtain the mean rate for each hour of the lunar day. All the data revealed a very low amplitude residual lunar‐day pattern, range less than 1%, with a lesser minimum at upper transit of the moon and major maximum at lower transit. Hourly variances disclosed a significantly greater range from upper transit to lower than for the rest of the day. To discover possible inverting tendencies for the lunar cycles, the mean monthly days were divided into quarters with each quarter expressed as its deviation from the daily mean. Greater negative correlation than random (—0.333) would indicate an inverting semidiurnal cycle if found between adjacent quarters, and a diurnal if between alternate ones. A diurnal cycle was demonstrated (P<.001) using all data when the quarters included centering on upper transit but not when the quarter terminated at this time. Using th...
The seasonal course of physiological processes in Juniperus occidentalis

Abstract The seasonal course of carbon dioxide assimilation, leaf conductance, transpiration, leaf temperature, xylem pressure potentials, growth, foliage macro- and micronutrient element concentrations, and water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies were measured in juvenile, small-adult, and large-adult western juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis ) growing under ambient field conditions in eastern Oregon to explore the timing of, and seasonal limitations on, those processes. Highest daily total assimilation occurred during July and August; over the 15 month period juveniles had significantly higher daily total assimilation and transpiration per gram foliage than small adults or large adults. As soil water became limiting, total daily assimilation of juveniles and small adults declined to levels similar to those of large adults. Juveniles had the highest leaf conductance flux densities in all except three measurement periods, when leaf conductances in all three morphotypes were equally low. Juveniles also had the tightest stomatal control over water loss; however, during periods of low soil water, juveniles had the most negative xylem pressure potentials. Soil drought affected leaf conductance independent of plant water potentials or vapor pressure deficits. Juveniles had the capacity for higher carbon dioxide assimilation over a broader range of stomatal resistances and xylem pressure potentials than did small or large adults. Foliage nitrogen concentrations were usually highest in small adults and large adults. High rates of transpiration may be required to acquire an adequate supply of nitrogen, but nitrogen did not appear to be allocated preferentially to photosynthetic compounds. Potential photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiences of J. occidentalis were very low compared with other growth forms. Branchlet elongation was greatest in June and July. Juveniles were more responsive to the changing environment than were small adults; large adults had the least seasonal variation in measured proceses.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT ESTIMATES OF SEED VERSUS POLLEN MOVEMENT WITHIN A POPULATION OF PONDEROSA PINE.

We examined the spatial distribution of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA and paternally inherited chloroplast DNA polymorphisms in a permanently marked stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws). Movement of maternally inherited mtDNA occurs only via seed dispersal, and mtDNA haplotypes showed significant patch structure. Moreover, individuals within patches identified by mtDNA haplotypes were related approximately as half-sibs based upon analysis of allozyme genotypes. Thus, seed dispersal is limited within the population, and creates matrilineal clusters in space. By contrast, paternally inherited cpDNA is dispersed by movement of both seed and pollen. Chloroplast DNA polymorphisms showed no evidence of patch structure, but rather a weak (and nonsignificant) trend toward hyperdispersion, suggesting nearly unlimited movement of pollen among trees within this stand. Two of the trees had unique allozyme alleles, which were used to directly measure pollen movement away from those trees. Marked pollen was as likely to disperse across the population as it was to fertilize near neighbors.
Use of a fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter to measure heat capacities of NaCl(aq) at temperatures from 283.15 K to 393.15 K at the pressure 0.35MPa

We have used a fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (d.s.c.) to measure heat capacities of NaCl(aq) at T = (283.15 to 393.15)K at the pressure 0.3 5 MPa. Consecutive scans at a rate of 16.7 mK.s -1 gave results that were reproducible to ±(1 to 2) μW for filled cells of nominal volume 0.9cm 3 . The difference between volumic heat capacities of liquids in the working cell for two separate experiments is proportional to the difference between the calorimetric outputs from temperature scans run at the same scan rate and pressure. In a baseline experiment, scans are made when both cells contain water. In the second experiment, the reference cell contains water and the sample cell contains the solution of interest. The calibration constant was determined over the temperature range of the experiments from results of measurements on a solution of known volumic heat capacity, 1 mol.kg -1 NaCl(aq). More dilute solutions of NaCl(aq) were then treated as unknowns to test the calorimeter's ability to measure volumic heat capacities. Apparent molar heat capacities C p.Φ calculated from the results of multiple temperature scans both upward and downward, and also from replicate experiments, have root-mean-square deviations Δ 1 , less than (0.9, 1.8, 3.2, 3.6, 34, and 68)J.K -1 .mol -1 , respectively, for m = (0.3, 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, 0.003, and 0.001) mol.kg -1 Nacl(aq) at T = (283.15 to 393.15)K and at p = 0.3 5 MPa. Deviations Δ 2 of mean values of C P.Φ of these six solutions from those calculated at T = (288.15 to 393.15)K and p = 0.3 5 MPa using Archer's equations (J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 1992, 21, 793-829) ranged from {(-0.4 to 0.4), (-0.6 to 0.3), (0.2 to 1.1), (-1.3 to 1.7), (-8.2 to -0.3), and (-5.4 to 3.4)}J.K -1 .mol -1 , respectively. The results indicate that this calorimeter is capable of yielding values of volumic heat capacities for the most dilute solutions with a relative precision of 10 -5 to 5.10 -5 between T = (283.15 to 393.15)K at p = 0.3 5 MPa.
Racial Segregation, Income Inequality, and Mortality in US Metropolitan Areas

Evidence of the association between income inequality and mortality has been mixed. Studies indicate that growing income inequalities reflect inequalities between, rather than within, racial groups. Racial segregation may play a role. We examine the role of racial segregation on the relationship between income inequality and mortality in a cross-section of US metropolitan areas. Metropolitan areas were included if they had a population of at least 100,000 and were at least 10% black (N = 107). Deaths for the time period 1991–1999 were used to calculate age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates for each metropolitan statistical area (MSA) using direct age-adjustment techniques. Multivariate least squares regression was used to examine associations for the total sample and for blacks and whites separately. Income inequality was associated with lower mortality rates among whites and higher mortality rates among blacks. There was a significant interaction between income inequality and racial segregation. A significant graded inverse income inequality/mortality association was found for MSAs with higher versus lower levels of black–white racial segregation. Effects were stronger among whites than among blacks. A positive income inequality/mortality association was found in MSAs with higher versus lower levels of Hispanic–white segregation. Uncertainty regarding the income inequality/mortality association found in previous studies may be related to the omission of important variables such as racial segregation that modify associations differently between groups. Research is needed to further elucidate the risk and protective effects of racial segregation across groups.
Partial purification and specificity of an arginine-converting enzyme from bovine epidermis

Abstract An enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of intraprotein arginine residue to intraprotein citrulline residue is present in bovine snout epidermis. This arginine-converting enzyme has been partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 preciptation chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and chromatography on Sephadex G-200. The enzyme is active at neutral pH, requires Ca2+ and a reducing agent and has an apparent molecular weight of 69 000. Its substrates include histone, polyarginine, S- carboxymethyl cysteine-hair keratin, S- carboxymethyl cysteine epidermal keratin and prekeratin and S- carboxymethyl cysteine-trichohyalin. A large number of proteins, synthetic and naturally occurring peptides, and other guanidine-containing compounds were not substrates of the arginine-converting enzyme.
Shape Amphiphiles in 2-D: Assembly of 1-D Stripes and Control of Their Surface Density

The morphology of monolayers assembled from mixtures of a shape-amphiphilic molecule, {33,19} = 1-((hentriaconta-14,16-diyn-1-yloxy)methyl)-5-((heptadecyloxy)methyl)anthracene, and a symmetric molecule, {192}, at the solution-HOPG interface depends strongly on the components' solution concentrations and sample annealing history. The kinked alkadiyne side chain, {33}, packs optimally only with antiparallel aligned, {33} side chains. Thus, optimal packing of {33} side chains should assemble "{33} stripes" consisting of two adjacent {33,19} columns with interdigitated {33} chains. The aliphatic {19} side chain of {33,19} can pack with antiparallel aligned {19} side chains from {192} or from {33,19}. Thus, {33} stripes can incorporate as "guests" within {192} "host" monolayers. The composition and morphology of monolayers formed by drop casting solutions of {33,19} and {192} at 19 °C are dominated by assembly kinetics. Short {33} strips are immersed haphazardly in monolayers comprised mostly of {192}. Thermal annealing promotes fuller expression of {33,19}'s shape amphiphilicity and assembly of thermodynamically determined monolayers incorporating 1-D {33} stripes within a 2-D matrix of {192}. Larger solution mole fractions of {192} yield annealed monolayers with nearly constant {33} strip lengths, decreased {33} strip density, and increased {33} strip spacing.
The metal ion binding properties of calreticulin modulate its conformational flexibility and thermal stability.

Calreticulin (CRT) is a soluble chaperone involved in the conformational maturation of glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Using biochemical and biophysical techniques including circular dichroism, proteolysis, and analytical ultracentrifugation, we have determined the effects of calcium and zinc ions on the structural properties of human CRT. Circular dichroism analysis has shown that the binding of calcium and zinc ions to CRT induces no significant changes in the secondary structure of the protein but affects in very distinct ways the local tertiary packing of these elements. More specifically, these studies have revealed that CRT adopts a more rigid and thermally stable structure upon binding calcium ions and a more loosely packed and thermally destabilized structure upon binding zinc ions. Consistent with these results, proteolysis experiments demonstrated that the intrinsic conformational flexibility of CRT can be modulated toward either a decrease or an increase in susceptibility to cleavag...
Microstructural effects on the tensile properties and deformation behavior of a Ti-48Al gamma titanium aluminide

The effects of microstructure on the tensile properties and deformation behavior of a binary Ti-48Al gamma titanium aluminide were studied. Tensile-mechanical properties of samples with microstructures ranging from near γ to duplex to fine grained, near- and fully-lamellar were determined at a range of temperatures, and the deformation structures in these characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microstructure was observed to exert a strong influence on the tensile properties, with the grain size and lamellar volume fraction playing connected, but complex, roles. Acoustic emission response monitored during the tensile test revealed spikes whose amplitude and frequency increased with an increase in the volume fraction of lamellar grains in the microstructure. Analysis of failed samples suggested that microcracking was the main factor responsible for the spikes, with twinning providing a minor contribution in the near-lamellar materials. The most important factor that controls ductility of these alloys is grain size. The ductility, yield stress, and work-hardening rate of the binary Ti-48Al alloy exhibit maximum values between 0.50 and 0.60 volume fraction of the lamellar constituent. The high work-hardening rate, which is associated with the low mobility of dislocations, is the likely cause of low ductility of these alloys. In the near-γ and duplex structures, slip by motion of 1/2<110] unit dislocations and twinning are the prevalent deformation modes at room temperature (RT), whereas twinning is more common in the near- and fully-lamellar structures. The occurrence of twinning is largely dictated by the Schmid factor. The 1/2<110] unit dislocations are prevalent even for grain orientations for which the Schmid factor is higher for <101] superdislocations, though the latter are observed in favorably oriented grains. The activity of both of these systems is responsible for the higher ductility at ambient temperatures compared with Al-rich single-phase γ alloys. A higher twin density is observed in lamellar grains, but their propagation depends on the orientation and geometry of the individual γ lamellae. The increase in ductility at high temperatures correlates with increased activity of 1/2<110] dislocations (including their climb motion) and twin thickening. The role of microstructural variables on strength, ductility, and fracture are discussed.
Quantum-state tomography of two-mode light using generalized rotations in phase space

We introduce a method for quantum-state tomography for a pair of optical modes, which we call generalized rotations in phase space. Rather than using a dual-mode local oscillator field for implementing balanced-homodyne detection, as in previous methods, a single-mode local oscillator field can be used in our method, greatly simplifying certain aspects of experiments. The signal field is put through a series of general transformations before entering the detection system where quantum statistics are measured.
A comparison of properties of goldfish retinal ganglion cells as a function of lighting conditions during dissection.

Abstract Recordings of action potentials were made from single ganglion cells in the isolated retinas of goldfish; retinas were dissected from the eye either in normal room lights or under dim red illumination. Cells from retinas isolated in normal lighting were usually not spectrally opponent, having a sensitivity dominated by the long wavelength sensitive cones; rod input to these cells could not be demonstrated. Cells from retinas isolated in dim red light, on the other hand, commonly were spectrally opponent and generally had demonstrable rod input. Other properties of the cells from retinas isolated under either lighting condition were the same.
Molecular Order Induced by Cell Walls: Part I, Experimental Results

Abstract Coatings or surface changes produced by exposure to r.f. plasma's have a profound effect on liquid crystal alignment. Oxide type surface (SiO2, SnO2, In2O3) produce parallel alignment. fluoride type surface (F. etched glass, fluorocarbon polymers) produce perpendicular alignment. ϵ(H) data are analyzed using conventional theory. The theory fails for mixed aligned cells but shows good agreement for all-parallel and all-perpendicular alignment.
The Role of Family Residential Mobility in Explaining the Lower Academic Achievement of High School Children from Reconstituted Families

Abstract This study tests McLanahan and Sandefur's hypothesis that children from reconstituted families score lower in academic achievement due to the fact that their custodial families are more likely to move than children from intact families. If this hypothesis is correct, one would expect that children from reconstituted families whose parents moved during a substantial period of time would perform more poorly academically than their counterparts whose families did not move during the same period. Using the NELS 1988-1992 data set, the academic achievement of children whose parents remained remarried during the entire 1988-1992 period was examined. The academic achievement of children from these households whose custodial parent moved during the 1988-1992 period was compared to their counterparts whose custodial parent did not move during the same period. The analyses were performed for children from both divorced and widowed reconstituted families and also those from only divorced reconstituted famil...
Longitudinal and lateral spectra of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer at the Kennedy Space Center

Boundary layer atmospheric turbulence at Kennedy Space Center obtained for engineering spectral model, discussing energy balance
Performance implications of flash and storage class memories

The storage industry has seen incredible growth in data storage needs by both consumers and enterprises. Long-term technology trends mean that the data deluge will continue well into the future. These trends include the big-data trend (driven by data mining analytics, high-bandwidth needs, and large content repositories), server virtualization, cloud storage, and Flash. We will cover how Flash and storage class memories (SCM) interact with some of these major trends from a performance perspective.
Two extensions of the alternating algorithm of Von Neumann

Siano U e V due sottospazi chiusi di uno spazio di Banach X, Pu e Pv due operatori di migliore approssimazione su U (resp) V e sia K=(I−PV)(I−PU). Von Neumann ha provato che Knx converge verso\((I - P_{\overline {U + V} } )x\) per ogni x e ogni coppia U, V se X e uno spazio di Hilbert. Teoremi di convergenza in ipotesi piu restrittive sono stati dati da diversi autori in spazi uniformemente convessi. Il teorema di Von Neumann e questi ulteriori risultati sono qui estesi al caso in oui U e V sono due «wedges» chiusi. Alcuni nuovi risultati per la convergenza di Kn sono inoltre provati quando X=C(S×T), U=C(S) e V=C(T).
Biomedical publication for neurosurgery residents: a program and guide.

ONE OF THE most pressing obligations in academic neurosurgery is the publication of clinical and basic science research results. Publication documents intellectual property and communicates findings among researchers working to improve neurosurgical treatment. It documents productivity, justifies funding for research, creates reputations, and builds careers. Nonetheless, the actual writing of reports is a skill often learned by osmosis in academic medicine. To give residents the tools necessary to negotiate the biomedical publication process successfully, we developed a publications program based on the premise that residents seeking an academic career must be prepared to generate publishable reports with maximum efficiency. The program consists of a “publication kit,” a series of seminars, and one-on-one tutorials with academic biomedical editors that permit residents individually to improve the quality of their reporting. We describe this program, provide guidelines that can help residents write high-quality papers and publish their work more efficiently, and summarize important content regarding the framework for a successful paper, the elements of a conventional research report, brief guidelines for specific types of papers, reporting standards for clinical trials and meta-analyses, keys to citation in bibliographic indexes, and ethical and legal considerations related to research approval, confidentiality requirements, copyright law, permission to use previously published material, and conflict of interest. Residents who are able to view their work with a sharp critical focus and are educated about the standards of biomedical publication are better prepared to succeed in building a career in academic medicine.(Neurosurgery 47:739‐749, 2000)
Comparison of Pressure and Flow Triggering Systems During Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

Study objective: Compare the inspiratory work of breathing (WOB I ) during pressure triggering (PT), and flow triggering (FT) using two microprocessor ventilators. Design: A randomized, crossover comparison of triggering strategies and ventilators was used. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit. Patients: Ten patients recovering from acute respiratory failure (eight men, two women; mean age, 48 ± 12 years) breathing on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) of 5 cm H 2 O were studied. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to either receive 5 cm H 2 O CPAP via one of two units (Hamilton Veolar or Puritan Bennett 7200ae) using either PT or FT. Each patient had 30-min trials using the following: (1) Veolar FT; (2) Veolar PT; (3) 7200ae FT; and (4) 7200ae FT. Measurements and results: During each trial period, work of breathing (WOB) and pressure time product (PTP) were measured using a respiratory monitor (Bicore CP-100). All patients were placed in semi-Fowler position and esophageal balloons were inserted and their position confirmed using the occlusion technique. Continuous measurements of peak negative pressure during inspiration, tidal volume (VT), minute ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (f) were accomplished with a flow transducer at the proximal airway. FT with the 7200ae was superior to PT as measured by both the WOB (0.58 ± 0.3 vs 0.84 ± 0.2 J/L, p 2 O/s/min, p,0.05). FT with the Veolar was also superior to PT with respect to the WOB (0.53 ± 0.2 vs 0.93 ± 0.2 J/L, p 2 O/s/min, p Conclusion: FT reduces the WOB compared with PT, regardless of the ventilator used. The reduction in WOB during FT is related to improved responsiveness and changes in the posttrigger phase.
Composite-fermion Hall conductance at ν=

We show that in the limit of vanishing bare electron mass, and in the presence of particle-hole symmetric disorder (which can be of vanishing strength), the composite-fermion Hall conductance is constrained to be -${\mathrm{e}}^{2}$/h. We discuss the implications of this result for the existence and nature of a composite Fermi liquid in the lowest Landau level.
In vivo effect of calcitriol on calcium transport and calcium binding proteins in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.

The abnormal intestinal Ca2+ transport reported in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) has been attributed to decreased responsiveness to calcitriol. We reexamined this hypothesis by studying the calcitriol regulation of SHR duodenal calbindin-D9K and calmodulin and the relation of calcitriol to Ca2+ uptake by isolated enterocytes. SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were injected with either 50 ng/d calcitriol (vit-D) or vehicle alone (control) for 3 days. Decreased calbindin-D9K (P < .001) and cellular Ca2+ flux (P < .001) were observed in control SHR. Calcitriol increased total cell and brush border calbindin-D9K (P < .0001); this variation paralleled plasma calcitriol levels in both strains. In contrast, Ca2+ flux, which increased in vit-D animals, remained lower in SHR for plasma calcitriol levels similar to those in WKY rats. Immunoreactive calmodulin was similar in both strains whether assayed in total cell or brush border membranes. In contrast, when measured by ligand blotting (45Ca), calmodulin was lower in SHR than in WKY rats (P < .01), suggesting the existence of a calmodulin pool with reduced Ca2+ binding capacity in the hypertensive strain. Calcitriol had no effect on calmodulin in either strain. In conclusion, Ca2+ binding protein regulation by calcitriol is normal in the SHR, and decreased hormone responsiveness cannot account for the defective duodenal calcium transport of this experimental model of hypertension.
Genetic structure of Pacific Flyway avian influenza viruses is shaped by geographic location, host species, and sampling period.

The eight gene segments of avian influenza virus (AIV) reassort frequently and rapidly to generate novel genotypes and subtypes that are transmissible to a broad range of hosts. There is evidence that AIV can have a restricted host range and can segregate in space and time. Host–virus relationships at the species, geographic, and spatial scales have not been fully defined for AIV populations of the Pacific Flyway, particularly among the diverse waterfowl that occupy the Flyway in Alaska and California. Using the sequence analysis program Bayesian Tip-association Significance testing (BaTS) created for analysis of phylogeny–trait associations, we determined whether the genetic structure of Pacific Flyway AIVs sampled between 2006 and 2008 was influenced by the host species, geographic location of virus collection, and time of sampling. In posterior sets of trees, genetically similar viruses clustered by host species for thick-billed murres and glaucous gulls (order Charadriiformes), and for northern shovelers, northern pintails, and mallards (order Anseriformes). AIVs from Alaska and California were strongly spatially structured, clustering separately by region across all segments. The timing of sampling influenced the genetic structure of California AIV gene segments, possibly reflecting waves of host species movement into wintering areas. The strength of phylogeny–trait association varied by virus segment and by trait of interest, which we hypothesize is related to the frequent genetic reassortment and interspecies transmission in waterfowl.
Direct measurements of bipolaron-band development in doped polypyrrole with inverse photoemission

Inverse-photoemission spectroscopy has been used to investigate dopant-dependent electronic properties of polypyrrole (PPy) films doped with ${\mathrm{BF}}_{4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ (tetrafluoroborate) or (PSS${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ [poly(4-styrenesulfonate)]. The results show that the bonding and antibonding bipolaron bands appear at \ensuremath{\sim}1.0 and \ensuremath{\sim}2.6 eV above the valence-band maximum for heavily doped PPy films (\ensuremath{\sim}1 dopant per 3 pyrrole units). The bandwidth of each of these bipolaron bands is \ensuremath{\sim}0.4 eV and the band gap for heavily doped films is \ensuremath{\sim}3.6 eV. The bipolaron bands move toward the band edges and the gap shrinks with decreasing dopant concentration. Annealing of heavily doped films at 300 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C leads to dopant loss from the surface. This effect is less pronounced for the larger polymeric anions such as (PSS${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ than for the smaller counterions such as ${\mathrm{BF}}_{4}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$, suggesting that the former is more stable or has a greater thermal activation energy for bipolaron dissociation into single polarons.
Perceived environmental uncertainty, organizational adaptation, and employee performance: A longitudinal study in professional accounting firms

Abstract The importance of organizational adaptation to the environment has been long recognized. A major feature of this adaptation process involves coping with environmental uncertainty. This paper reports the results of an exploratory longitudinal study which investigated the effectiveness of organizational coping in several large professional accounting firms. A significant positive relationship was observed between the reported level of organizational coping and employee performance. The implications of this finding for professional accounting firms, and organizations in the general, are discussed.
Effect of Ethanol on Lipid-Mediated Transfection of Primary Cortical Neurons

Successful introduction of nucleic acids into mammalian neurons has revolutionized the analyses of gene regulation and cellular function. Various methods, including viral infection, have been developed to introduce plasmid DNA into primary neuronal cultures. However, transfection of primary cultures of neurons using the calcium phosphate precipitation method and electroporation have been comparatively inefficient. In this paper, we describe a method to successfully transfect cultured fetal cortical neurons using a cationic lipid reagent, lipofectamine. Cells were cultured in the absence and presence of 50 mM ethanol. To monitor transfection of neurons, we employed three mammalian expression vectors containing Renilla luciferase and/or firefly luciferase, or the beta-galactosidase reporter gene. Fetal cortical neurons were isolated and cultured in the absence or presence of 50 mM ethanol, for two days. On day 3, neurons were washed, fed with serum-free medium, and transfected with the DNA-lipofectamine complex. After two hours, cells were washed, fed complete medium lacking or containing 50 mM ethanol and cultured for two additional days with a change of medium after 24 h. Cultures were terminated 48 h after transfection. Cells were either stained for beta-galactosidase activity using X-gal or lysed to prepare cell extracts to assay for luciferase activity using a luminometer. When neurons were cotransfected, Renilla luciferase was used as an internal control to normalize the expression of the firefly luciferase reporter gene. Analysis of results showed that expression of the reporter gene, firefly luciferase, was approximately 2.5 times greater in ethanol treated neuronal cultures than for neurons cultured in the absence of ethanol. An increased number of neurons expressing beta-galactosidase was also observed in ethanol-treated neurons. These data suggest that perhaps ethanol treatment of fetal cortical neurons improved the DNA uptake and/or increased the expression of the reporter genes.
Loss and Grief between and Among Cultures: The Experience of Third Culture Kids:

This study explored the loss and grief experiences of third culture kids (TCKs), persons who accompanied their parents to live all or part of their childhood outside the country for which they hold...