cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Neurofibromatosis xenografts. Contribution to pathogenesis.

Abstract We transplanted Schwann cells of 3 patients with neurofibromatosis from neurofibromas, sural nerve, and from a malignant schwannoma into sciatic nerves of immunoincompetent mice. Three and six months later, the grafts and distal nerve segments contained normal myelinated fibers. After rendering host animals immune competent again, neurofibroma and malignant schwannoma Schwann cells were rejected, but grafts retained normally myelinated fibers indicating that these were of mouse origin. Sural nerve Schwann cells from a neurofibromatosis patient were rejected also leaving naked axons in the grafted segments showing that human Schwann cells from the sural nerve of one patient had invested and myelinated the regenerating mouse axons. The nature of putative signals passing between axons and Schwann cells might be elucidated by the combination of human and animal cells in immunoincompetent host nerves. Hypothetical signals for myelination of mouse axons were normally received by sural nerve Schwann cells of a patient with neurofibromatosis, but not by Schwann cells from neurofibromas or malignant schwannomas.
Modeling landowner participation in a proposed reforestation loan program

The absence of available credit to finance reforestation investments among NIPF landowners has been one of the contributing reasons why landowners do not reforest after harvest. Financial assistance programs are therefore a solution to initiating reforestation investments. However, previous studies indicate many landowners are not actively participating in existing government assistance programs. This paper examines reforestation loans as an alternative financial assistance program. Landowner participation in a proposed reforestation loan program is modeled using logistic regression. Results indicate that landowner participation in the program is influenced by ownership size, socio-demographic characteristics, and availability of other forestry incentive and assistance programs.
SACON: a knowledge-based consultant for structural analysis

This paper presents an application of artificial intelligence methods to the engineering domain of structural analysis We have developed and partially implemented an "automated consultant" called SACON (Structural Analysis CONsultant), using the EMYCIN system as its framework. SACON advises engineers in the use of a targe, general-purpose structural analysis program. The structure of the knowledge base, including the major concepts used and inferences drawn by the consultant, is presented. We conclude by making some observations in light of this application about the EMYCIN system as a representational vehicle.
A Review of “Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools”

Since its publication in August of 2011, Steven Brill's Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools has both validated and enraged those most invested (financially or personally) in th...
The CUSP Process for Preparing Concentrated, Crystalline Urania Sols by Solvent Extraction

Urania sol is used for preparing uranium oxide microspheres for nuclear reactor fuels. A new process for producing concentrated, 1 M U or more, crystalline urania sols by solvent extraction has bee...
Hat die Geldmenge ausgedient

: This article reconsiders the role of money in three dimensions of monetary policy: an empirical dimension concerning the link between money and macro-economic target variables, a theoretical dimension concerning the role of monetary aggregates in models of monetary policy, and a strategic dimension, concerning the use of monetary aggregate in the design and communication of monetary policy strategies. We review recent research and present empirical evidence for the euro area and other countries. We show that money growth is a reliable indicator of euro-area inflation in the medium and long run. In contrast, the usefulness of money to predict short-run inflation is small in times when inflation and money growth are both low and relatively stable. We show that, although the presentation of models of monetary macro-economics has changed, the role of money is still the same within these models. The strategic role of money changes over time: money moves to the foreground, when inflation is too high, and it stays in the background when inflation is low. Since there is little reason to believe that inflation will always be low in the euro area, we expect that money will regain importance in the ECB's monetary policy strategy sooner or later.
Invited talk: the many wonders of the web graph

The Web graph, meaning the graph induced by Web pages as nodes and their hyperlinks as directed edges, has become a fascinating object of study for many people: physicists, sociologists, mathematicians, computer scientists, and information retrieval specialists. Recent results range from theoretical (e.g.: models for the graph, semi-external algorithms), to experimental (e.g.: new insights regarding the rate of change of pages, new data on the distribution of degrees), to practical (e.g.: improvements in crawling technology, uses in information retrieval, web spam prevention). The goal of this talk is to convey an introduction to the state of the art in this area and to sketch the current issues in collecting, representing, analyzing, and modeling this graph.
Strongly Closed Abelian 2-Subgroups of Finite Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter presents hypothesis that implies the existence of a strongly closed abelian 2-subgroup: (1) Sylow 2-subgroups of G are abelian, (2) Sylow 2-subgroups of G are of type S z (q) or U 3 (q), (3) a Sylow 2-subgroup contains an isolated involution,(4) G has a weakly embedded 2-local subgroup, and (5) the weak closure of a central involution in its centralizer is abelian.
Turbidity alters pre-mating social interactions between native and invasive stream fishes.

Summary Environmental degradation can result in the loss of aquatic biodiversity if impairment promotes hybridisation between non-native and native species. Although aquatic biological invasions involving hybridisation have been attributed to elevated water turbidity, the extent to which impaired clarity influences reproductive isolation among non-native and native species is poorly understood. We examined whether turbidity influences intraspecific and interspecific pre-mating social interactions between invasive red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) and native blacktail shiner (Cyprinella venusta) from the Upper Coosa River Basin (U.S.A.). We found that the number or duration of conspecific and heterospecific interactions increased under turbid conditions. Additionally, we found evidence indicating that native blacktail shiner females are especially likely to interact with invasive red shiner males due to species- and sex-specific responses to turbid conditions. These findings suggest that elevated turbidity can increase pre-mating social interactions between native and invasive species, which could result in greater hybridisation and promote the genetic assimilation of native species following species introductions. Thus, integrating knowledge of species behaviour into conservation and management planning can help deter the establishment and spread of invasive species.
Use of whole body MRI in detecting body injuries in suspected child abuse: A case report

Abstract Skeletal surveys are currently considered standard-of-care for the evaluation of fractures in infants with suspected abuse. It has been well described that subtle fractures may be missed and soft tissue and visceral injuries are often undetected using this radiographic modality [3] . Whole body MRI (WB-MRI) is mainly used in oncology and infectious disease, however, its application in the field of child abuse pediatrics has not been well studied. We present a case that illustrates the potential utility of WB-MRI using a 3 T magnet in evaluating infants with suspected child abuse.
Influence of usual zinc intake and zinc in a meal on 65Zn retention and turnover in the rat.

The influences of zinc in a meal and usual zinc intake on zinc retention and turnover were investigated in 7-wk-old male rats fed diets containing 12-151 mg Zn/kg for 3 wk before and after consuming a /sup 65/Zn-labeled meal containing ZnCl/sub 2/. Retention corrected to zero time and turnover rate were determined by whole-body counting. Percent zinc retention was inversely proportional to the natural logarithm of the meal zinc, between 0.09 and 26 mumol. In comparison to lower doses, higher doses resulted in lower percent retention but greater amounts of zinc retained. Although the latter relationship was slightly curvilinear, there was no indication of a limited capacity for zinc retention with high doses. However, doses above 4 mumol resulted in higher turnover rates in rats accustomed to lower zinc intakes. Percent retention and the reciprocal of the turnover rate were proportional to the reciprocal of the dietary zinc concentration. The greatest differences in retention and turnover occurred between 12 and 26 mg Zn/kg diet. The zinc dose in a meal and the usual dietary zinc separately influenced percent zinc retention. These factors also interacted, such that greater dose effects were observed at lower zinc intakes and greater dietary zinc effectsmore » were observed at lower doses.« less
Phase competition in L 0.5 A 0.5 MnO 3 perovskites

Single crystals of the systems ${\mathrm{Pr}}_{0.5}({\mathrm{Ca}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{)}_{0.5}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3},$ $({\mathrm{Pr}}_{1\ensuremath{-}y}{\mathrm{Y}}_{y}{)}_{0.5}({\mathrm{Ca}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{)}_{0.5}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3},$ and ${\mathrm{Sm}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ were grown to provide a series of samples with fixed ratio $\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{III})/\mathrm{Mn}(\mathrm{IV})=1$ having geometric tolerance factors that span the transition from localized to itinerant electronic behavior of the ${\mathrm{MnO}}_{3}$ array. A unique ferromagnetic phase appears at the critical tolerance factor ${t}_{c}=0.975$ that separates charge ordering and localized-electron behavior for $tl{t}_{c}$ from itinerant or molecular-orbital behavior for $tg{t}_{c}.$ This ferromagnetic phase, which has to be distinguished from the ferromagnetic metallic phase stabilized at tolerance factors $tg{t}_{c},$ separates two distinguishable type-CE antiferromagnetic phases that are metamagnetic. Measurements of the transport properties under hydrostatic pressure were carried out on a composition t a little below ${t}_{c}$ in order to compare the effects of chemical vs. hydrostatic pressure on the phases that compete with one another near ${t=t}_{c}.$
Iron and Heme Transport and Trafficking

Genetic defects in iron acquisition and export, and heme metabolism can result in pathologies including congenital anemia or porphyria. While the enzymes that govern heme synthesis have been elucidated and characterized, the proteins and genes that govern the transport of iron, heme, and heme intermediates are poorly studied. Knowledge of these transport mechanisms will shed light on important regulatory steps that govern heme and iron metabolism. This article focuses on summarizing current studies on heme, heme intermediates and iron transport, and attempts to identify gaps in our knowledge of these transport pathways. Additionally, we will highlight the contribution of model organisms to the understanding of heme/iron metabolism. Keywords: Heme; iron metabolism; transport; trafficking; mitochondria; porphyrin; anemia; erythroid cells; blood
Emerging roles of chloride channels in human diseases

In the past decade, there has been remarkable progress in understanding of the roles of Cl− channels in the development of human diseases. Genetic studies in humans have identified mutations in the genes encoding Cl− channels which lead to a loss of Cl− channel activity. These mutations are responsible for the development of a variety of deleterious diseases in muscle, kidney, bone and brain including myotonia congenita, dystrophia myotonica, cystic fibrosis, osteopetrosis and epilepsy. Recent studies indicate that some diseases may develop as a result of Cl− channel activation. There is growing evidence that the progression of glioma in the brain and the growth of the malaria parasite in red blood cells may be mediated through Cl− channel activation. These findings suggest that Cl− channels may be novel targets for the pharmacological treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. This review discusses the proposed roles of abnormal Cl− channel activity in the pathogenesis of human diseases.
Some observations on the validity of the Rorschach Inkblot Method.

Current literature reflects a persistent inclination in some quarters to denigrate the Rorschach Inkblot Method as an invalid and useless instrument for assessing personality functioning. Although perhaps warranted to some extent in years past, such harsh criticism of the Rorschach runs counter to abundant contemporary data demonstrating its psychometric soundness and practical utility. This article offers some observations concerning the kinds of information that are necessary to validate assessment instruments and provides examples of lines of research that document Rorschach validity and utility for various purposes.
Second-harmonic generation reveals a relationship between metastatic potential and collagen fiber structure

Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) of collagen signals allows for the analysis of collagen structural changes throughout metastatic progression. The directionality of coherent SHG signals, measured through the ratio of the forward-propagating to backward propagating signal (F/B ratio), is affected by fibril diameter, spacing, and order versus disorder of fibril packing within a fiber. As tumors interact with their microenvironment and metastasize, it causes changes in these parameters, and concurrent changes in the F/B ratio. Specifically, the F/B ratio of breast tumors that are highly metastatic to the lymph nodes is significantly higher than those in tumors with restricted lymph node involvement. We utilized in vitro analysis of tumor cell motility through collagen gels of different microstructures, and hence different F/B ratios, to explore the relationship between collagen microstructures and metastatic capabilities of the tumor. By manipulating environmental factors of fibrillogenesis and biochemical factors of fiber composition we created methods of varying the average F/B ratio of the gel, with significant changes in fiber structure occurring as a result of alterations in incubation temperature and increasing type III collagen presence. A migration assay was performed using simultaneous SHG and fluorescent imaging to measure average penetration depth of human tumor cells into the gels of significantly different F/B ratios, with preliminary data demonstrating that cells penetrate deeper into gels of higher F/B ratio caused by lower type III collagen concentration. Determining the role of collagen structure in tumor cell motility will aid in the future prediction metastatic capabilities of a primary tumor.
Neonatal Escherichia coli septicemia--bacterial counts in blood

Bacterial counts in blood of E. coli (number of viable organisms per milliliter) are reported for 30 neonates whowere cultured because of suspected septicemia. Fifteen of the infants died; 13 of the deaths occurred within 48 hours after cultures were obtained and appropriate antibiotic therapy had been initiated. Thirty-five positive cultures were obtained from the 30 neonates; in 11 (31%) of the cultures the colony counts were in excess of 1,000/ml; in 5 (14%), the counts ranged from 50 to 1,000/ml; in 11 (31%), from 5 to 49/ml; in 8 (23%), from 0 to 4/ml. Seventy-three per cent (8/11) of the neonates with colony counts greater than 1,000/ml died.
An Object-Oriented Approach To Imaging

AN OBJECT -ORIENTED APPROACHTO IMAGINGIan R. Greenshields, Joel A. RosieneGeorge. McA. BeshersDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering,University of ConnecticutStorrs CT 06268AbstractThe paper discusses an Object -Oriented approach to an integrated imaging /visualization system with particularapplication to medical image processing. We explore the relationships between imaging and geometric constructs,and show how an Object -Oriented approach imbues the system with considerable flexibility.1. IntroductionWith the enormous popularity of 3- dimensional imaging modalities in medicine (such as Computed Tomography(CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)) there has arisen a demand not only for the classical goals of imageprocessing (image enhancement, entity extraction etc.) but for a visualization tool which will permit the attendingclinicians to view the 3 -d data in terms of its innate 3- dimensional structure rather than as a collection of planarslices[1,2,3,4, 51. As part of this integrated approach to medical imaging, we have opted to integrate the techniquesand structures of computational geometry into the imaging environment under development at the University of
Characterization of thermolysis products of cuticular wax compounds of green tobacco leaf

Abstract A study was undertaken to determine the pyrolysis products of leaf surface constituents of tobacco that may contribute to the flavor and aroma of smoke. Compounds previously identified in cuticular waxes of green tobacco (diterpenes, aliphatic alcohols, wax esters, hydrocarbons) were subjected to semimicro pyrolyses within a range of temperatures (200–800°C) that are encountered during smoking of tobacco products. Recovered products were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. During thermolysis, the aliphatic hydrocarbons were found to undergo thermal desorption. The C 22 alcohol, docosanol, exhibited thermolytic behavior analogous to that of the paraffinic hydrocarbons, mainly distilling and producing only minor amounts of the corresponding 1-alkene. The duvane diterpenes, the α- and β-duvatrienediols, yielded four major products, with mass spectrometric characteristics of C 20 monols or C 20 -seco cembranoids. The labdane diterpene, cis -abienol, thermally isomerized to the trans -neo-abienol isomer. The thermal degradation of wax esters increased with chain length, producing the corresponding alkene, alcohol, and acid products.
Determination of the second-order nonlinear susceptibility elements of a single nanoparticle using coherent optical microscopy

We present a technique based on the use of coherent confocal microscopy that can be used to estimate, to within a scale factor, all of the elements of the second-order susceptibility tensor of a single pointlike nanoparticle under permutation and Kleinman symmetry. An estimate of the three-dimensional position of a nanoparticle is also obtained. A forward model for the problem is presented and a method for solving the inverse problem is demonstrated. The approach is tested through simulations which show that the position and the elements of the susceptibility tensor can be robustly retrieved using this method.
Keeping Your Eye on the Prize: Remaining Focused on the End User When Everything Around You Appears Chaotic

ABSTRACT Digital library services have become integral components of 21st century educational institutions. Librarians have been quick to adopt new technologies to serve their new remotely located patrons. This eagerness to adopt new technology, along with a willingness to adapt to new working environments and a continuing emphasis on the end users of our services have enabled success with regards to serving the distance education patron. This paper will review and discuss the evolution of Embry Riddle Aeronautical University's (ERAU) Extended Campus Library Services (ECLS), and how a conscious effort to focus on the end users of Embry-Riddle's ECLS has helped Embry-Rid-dle manage and respond to the explosive growth of its distance learning population over the last 30 years.
PPARδ Activation Promotes Stratum Corneum Formation and Epidermal Permeability Barrier Development during Late Gestation

The goal of epidermal ontogenesis is to form a stratum corneum (SC), which is required for post-natal permeability barrier function. The regulation of epidermal ontogenesis is poorly understood, but nuclear hormone receptors have been shown to have an important function. As peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-δ (PPARδ) is very abundant in fetal epidermis and PPARδ activation stimulates differentiation and permeability barrier formation in adults, we hypothesized that PPARδ might regulate epidermal ontogenesis. Treatment of fetal rat explants with the PPARδ ligand, GW 610742X, accelerates permeability barrier development, evidenced by a decrease in transepidermal water loss and an enhanced outside-in barrier function, attributable to the presence of more mature lamellar membranes in the SC and enhanced expression of loricrin and involucrin. Similarly, the intra-amniotic administration of GW 610742X also accelerates the formation of the SC and permeability barrier development. Finally, in PPARδ-deficient mice the formation of the SC and the expression of differentiation-related proteins were delayed on days 16.5 and 17.5 of gestation. However, at later stages (day 18.5 and after birth), there were no differences between wild-type- and PPARδ-deficient mice, indicating only a transient delay in epidermal ontogenesis. These studies show that PPARδ has a role in SC formation and permeability barrier development.
Ideology and the Experience of Poverty Risk: Views About Poverty Within a Focus Group Design

This study analyzes the tension between ideological individualism with regard to views about poverty, versus the high social risk of poverty that prevails in the U.S. Because of this tension, we anticipate fissures and caveats to individualism, contingent on the individual's direct experience with poverty. Eight focus groups comprised of 80 individual respondents are interviewed across three communities in upstate New York, and the analysis confirms that individualism is the dominant attitude toward poverty. The article also identifies significant challenges to individualism, and that social stigma is a defining element within the experience of poverty.
Analysis of sulfur in soil, plant and sediment materials: Sample handling and use of an automated analyzer

Abstract Methods for analyzing soil, vegetation and sediment samples for total S and handling soil samples for analysis of S constituents were examined. A LECO automated total S analyzer (SC-132) was used for the analysis of vegetation, sediments and soil samples. Results from the LECO analyzer compared favorably with other currently used total S techniques such as alkaline oxidation. Calibrating the instrument on soil or vegetation standards using two combusion accelerators improved accuracy and recovery. The upper 99% confidence interval RSD values for duplicate samples using the LECO analyzer were
A systematic error from count rates in neutron activation analysis of archaeological materials

Abstract Errors of the order of a few per cent may occur in trace element measurements because of changes in the Ge(Li) detector resolution caused by count rate; errors appear when photopeak intensities are measured by summing a fixed number of data channels. A simple correction method based on a gaussian approximation is proposed. The problem is discussed in the context of trace element measurements in archaeological material.
Use of Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer Among the Elderly: A Population-Based Study

PURPOSE: Combined adjuvant fluorouracil (5-FU)–based chemotherapy with radiation is now the standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer in the United States. We investigated the use of these treatments for stages II and III rectal cancer among the elderly and the effectiveness of these treatments on a population-based scale. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results–Medicare database was used to identify 1,807 Medicare beneficiaries ≥ 65 years of age with stage II or III rectal cancer who underwent surgical resection between 1992 and 1996. We excluded members of a health maintenance organization in the 12 months before or 4 months after their diagnosis and those who died within 4 months of diagnosis. We used multivariate analysis to identify factors associated with combined 5-FU and radiation therapy, and propensity score methodology to determine survival benefit for those treated. RESULTS: We found that 37% of patients received both adjuvant 5-FU and radiation t...
Active amino acids of the Kell blood group protein and model of the ectodomain based on the structure of neutral endopeptidase 24.11.

In addition to its importance in transfusion, Kell protein is a member of the M13 family of zinc endopeptidases and functions as an endothelin-3–converting enzyme. To obtain information on the structure of Kell protein we built a model based on the crystal structure of the ectodomain of neutral endopeptidase 24.11 (NEP). Similar to NEP, the Kell protein has 2 globular domains consisting mostly of α-helical segments. The domain situated closest to the membrane contains both the N- and C-terminal sequences and the enzyme-active site. The outer domain contains all of the amino acids whose substitutions lead to different Kell blood group phenotypes. In the model, the zinc peptidase inhibitor, phosphoramidon, was docked in the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis of amino acids in the active site was performed and the enzymatic activities of expressed mutant Kell proteins analyzed and compared with NEP. Our studies indicate that Kell and NEP use the same homologous amino acids in the coordination of zinc and in peptide hydrolysis. However, Kell uses different amino acids than NEP in substrate binding and appears to have more flexibility in the composition of amino acids allowed in the active site.
Synthesis and Structures of Intramolecularly Base-Coordinated Group 15 Aryl Halides.

Four group 15 monochlorides of the type EAr2Cl [Ar = 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenyl, 2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4 (C9H12N), E = Sb (4), E = Bi (5); Ar = 8-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthyl, 8-(Me2N)C10H6 (C12H12N), E = Sb (6), E = Bi (4)] have been prepared via the salt elimination reactions of 2 equiv of either 2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4Li or 8-(Me2N)C10H6Li with ECl3. Four related group 15 dihalides of the type EArX2 [Ar = 8-(Me2N)C10H6, X = Cl, E = As, (8), E = Sb (9); Ar = 2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4, X = Cl, E = Bi (10); X = I, E = Bi (11)] have been prepared via the salt elimination reactions of equimolar amounts of 8-(Me2N)C10H6Li or 2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4Li with EX3. The X-ray crystal structures of 4-6, 5, 9, and 11 are described, and the observed trends in the degree of intramolecular coordination of the nitrogen atoms are consistent with the view that the Lewis acidity of these complexes is associated with the E-X sigma* orbitals. Crystal data for 4: triclinic, space group P (1) over bar, a = 9.1483(1) Angstrom, b = 9.4868(1) Angstrom, c = 12.9776(2) Angstrom, alpha = 70.614(8)degrees, beta = 85.738(9)degrees, gamma = 83.094(9)degrees, V = 1054.0(2) Angstrom(3), Z = 2, R = 0.0420. Crystal data for 5: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 11.9498(1) Angstrom, b = 11.4695(1) Angstrom, c = 13.9456(8) Angstrom, beta = 104.536(6)degrees, V = 1850.2(3) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, R = 0.0375. Crystal data for 6: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/n, a = 9.4991(5) Angstrom, b = 23.455(4) Angstrom, c = 9.726(1) Angstrom, beta = 100.629(8)degrees, V = 2129.8(4) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, R = 0.0406. Crystal data for 8: orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 9.713(3) Angstrom, b = 9.835(4) Angstrom, c = 13.310(3) Angstrom, V = 1273.8(5) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, R = 0.0695. Crystal data for 9: orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), a = 9.7140(3) Angstrom, b = 10.0196(1) Angstrom, c = 13.444(3) Angstrom, V = 1308.5(3) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, R = 0.0320. Crystal data for 11: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 7.9455(7) Angstrom, b = 19.3949(3) Angstrom, c = 8.6226(9) Angstrom, beta = 93.338(9)degrees, V = 1326.5(2) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, R = 0.0379.
SEMIAUTOMATIC MODULUS OF RUPTURE TESTER FOR OPERATION IN VACUUM OR INERT ATMOSPHERES

The construction and operation of a semiautomatic modulus of rupture tester for determining the modulus of rupture up to 2400°C in either vacuum or inert atmospheres are described. One of the unique features of the apparatus is its ability to test up to 18 specimens without being reloaded. This paper includes a description of the auxiliary equipment used in conjunction with the tester and a typical curve of modulus of rupture against temperature obtained with this tester.
Fitts' Law for Manipulative Temporal Motor Responses with and without Path Constraints:

This study shows that a univariate linear model, analogous to Fitts' arm movement model, is appropriate for manipulative motor responses involving serial hand movements with a maximum information r...
Scoring confidence index: statistical evaluation of ligand binding mode predictions

Protein-ligand docking programs can generate a large number of possible binding orientations for each ligand candidate. The challenge is to identify the orientations closest to the native binding mode using a scoring method. Many different scoring functions have been developed for protein-ligand scoring, but their performance on binding mode prediction is often target-dependent. In this study, a statistical approach was employed to provide a confidence measure of scoring performance in finding close to the correct docked ligand orientations. It exploits the fact that the scores provided by an adequately performing scoring function generally improve as the ligand binding modes get closer to the correct native orientation. For such cases, the correlation coefficient of scores versus distances is expected to be highest when the most native-like orientation is used as a reference. This correlation coefficient, called the correlation-based score (CBScore), was used as an indicator of how far the docked pose was from the native orientation. The correlation between the original scores and CBScores as well as the range of CBScores were found to be good measures of scoring performance. They were combined into a single quantity, called the scoring confidence index. High values of the scoring confidence index were indicative of pronounced and relatively smooth binding energy landscapes with easily discernable global minima, resulting in reliable binding mode predictions. Low values of this index reflected rugged energy landscapes making the prediction of the correct binding mode very difficult and often unreliable. The diagnostic ability of the scoring confidence index was tested on a non-redundant set of 50 protein-ligand complexes scored with three commonly employed scoring functions: AffiScore, DrugScore and X-Score. Binding mode predictions were found to be three times more reliable for complexes with scoring confidence indices in the upper half than for cases with values in the lower half of the resulting range of 0-1.6. This new confidence measure of scoring performance is expected to be a valuable tool for virtual screening applications.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic localization of residual atrial shunts after the Senning procedure.

Abstract The most common complication of Mustard repair of transposition of the great arteries is a baffle leak, with incidence rates averaging approximately 20%. 1–3 Although there are fewer follow-up data for the Senning procedure, the incidence of residual atrial shunting is probably similar after both the Mustard and Senning procedures. 4 We investigated whether 2-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography can successfully localize the site of interatrial shunting following Senning repair.
Polarization Vortex Illumination: Predicting and Measuring the Correlation Matrix

A reversed-wavefront Young interferometer is used for direct measurement of polarization- dependent and spatially dependent correlation matrices. We show critical illumination systems with polarization vortex mode converters in the pupil produce an improvement in image contrast.
Plasticity of photoreceptor-generating retinal progenitors revealed by prolonged retinoic acid exposure.

Background Retinoic acid (RA) is important for vertebrate eye morphogenesis and is a regulator of photoreceptor development in the retina. In the zebrafish, RA treatment of postmitotic photoreceptor precursors has been shown to promote the differentiation of rods and red-sensitive cones while inhibiting the differentiation of blue- and UV-sensitive cones. The roles played by RA and its receptors in modifying photoreceptor fate remain to be determined.
Child and Parent Report of Parenting as Predictors of Substance Use and Suspensions From School

This study examined how child and parent reports of parenting were related to early adolescent substance use and school suspensions. Data were from two time points 6 months apart on 321 families with an eighth-grade student attending one of five schools in the Pacific Northwest. Child- and parent-report measures of family management practices were moderately correlated (r = .29). Child report, but not parent report, of more positive family management practices uniquely predicted a lower likelihood of adolescent substance use. Also, discrepancies between child and parent report of parenting predicted substance use, with child positive report of family management losing its protective association with adolescent substance use when parents had negative reports of their parenting. Parent report, but not child report, of better parenting predicted lower likelihood of suspensions, suggesting that the salience of child and parent report may depend on the type of behavioral outcome.
Temperature and strain rate dependence of the strength of heavily cold-drawn copper, niobium and Cu20%Nb

Abstract The temperature dependence and strain rate sensitivity of the ultimate tensile was examined in heavily cold-drawn copper, niobium and Cu20%Nb. The results show that the activation parameters for plastic deformation of Cu20%Nb and niobium are similar and are significantly greater than those for plastic deformation of copper. It appears that plastic deformation of Cu20%Nb reflects the deformation behavior of the niobium filaments rather than of the copper matrix.
Estimating the density of Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) in the Tongue of the Ocean (TOTO) using passive acoustics

Techniques to detect and localize marine mammals including Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) using the bottom-mounted hydrophones of the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center have been developed. A series of verification tests using these passive acoustics techniques to determine the presence and position of vocalizing animals are being conducted. These acoustic "sightings" are verified by a team of surface observers. Based on Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution tag data and the ongoing verification tests, vocalizations associated with M. densirostris appear to be distinct in type, frequency, and repetition rate. Group size estimates have been derived from these tests and from previous long-term observations. By acoustically mapping the distribution of animals and applying estimates of average group size an initial density estimate for M. densirostris is derived.
Underpotential deposition of lithium on aluminum in ultrahigh-vacuum environments

The electrochemical properties of clean aluminum in LiClO{sub 4}(PEO) solutions have been investigated in ultrahigh vacuum using as electrodes both foils and thin films vapor deposited on boron-doped diamond (BDD) layers supported on Si substrates. Voltammetric scans recorded at temperatures of about 55 C yielded a set of deposition/stripping peaks at potentials positive to the onset of Li/Al alloy formation, attributed to Li underpotential deposition on Al. The positions of these peaks were found to be in relatively good agreement with those predicted by Gerischer-Kolb`s work function correlation, as well as with recent theoretical calculations reported by Lehnert and Schmickler. In the case of Al films supported on BDD/Si, the charge under the stripping peak obtained after polarizing the Al electrode at potentials slightly positive to Li bulk deposition was found to increase with the film thickness. Further optimization of this type of experiments, by using, for example, a quartz crystal microbalance to determine the actual amount of Al deposited on the BDD/Si substrate, will make it possible to measure the stoichiometry of the alloy as a function of the applied potential.
The global attractor of a competitor-competitor-mutualist reaction-diffusion system with time delays

Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the asymptotic behavior of time-dependent solutions of a three-species reaction–diffusion system in a bounded domain under a Neumann boundary condition. The system governs the population densities of a competitor, a competitor–mutualist and a mutualist, and time delays may appear in the reaction mechanism. It is shown, under a very simple condition on the reaction rates, that the reaction–diffusion system has a unique constant positive steady-state solution, and for any nontrivial nonnegative initial function the corresponding time-dependent solution converges to the positive steady-state solution. An immediate consequence of this global attraction property is that the trivial solution and all forms of semitrivial solutions are unstable. Moreover, the state–state problem has no nonuniform positive solution despite possible spatial dependence of the reaction and diffusion. All the conclusions for the time-delayed system are directly applicable to the system without time delays and to the corresponding ordinary differential system with or without time delays.
Compatible temporary tooth health and gingival protection

Abstract A technique of temporary tooth coverage was described which makes an effort to control both gingival and pulpal inflammation. It is economic in both time and materials and can be retained in the mouth as long as other methods of temporary coverage.
Analysis of photoconductivity applied to cadmium-sulfide-type photoconductors

Abstract The model of a photoconductor including two different types of recombination centers, filled in the dark, and with trapping centers, empty in the dark, is able to adequately describe such photoconductivity phenomena in CdS-type photoconductors as supralinearity, temperature dependence, infra-red quenching, and variations in speed of response. Thus the conceptual description of R ose , which has been previously shown to have semiquantitative validity, is put on a more detailed quantitative basis. The application of the theoretical calculations to experimental data for CdSe gives self-consistent values for the ratio (8 × 10 5 ) of the capture cross-section of the “sensitizing” centers for holes to that for electrons, and for the energy difference (0.64 eV) between the level corresponding to this type of center and the top of the valence band. On the basis of the model, the relatively fast response of CdSe is associated with the specific location of these levels, which location carries with it the occurrence of supralinearity and large temperature dependence of photosensitivity.
Estradiol 17 beta decreases the in vitro phosphorylation of a 49K cytosolic protein from the adult female rat preoptic-hypothalamus.

Abstract Acute treatment (2 hours) with estradiol resulted in decreased in vitro phosphorylation of a specific 49, 000 MW protein in cytosolic extracts of female preoptic-hypothalamus from intact and ovariectomized rats. Estradiol had no effects on the phosphorylation of this or any other cytosolic protein from the estradiol-insensitive female cortex.
Stability and Change in Optimism: A Study among Spouse Caregivers

The extent to which caregivers (N = 30) for spouses with probable Alzheimer's disease show lability in optimism was explored. The relationship between caregivers' level of state optimism and level of affect was examined as well. The caregivers completed a measure of optimism and affect every day for 30 consecutive days. They showed variability in optimism over time, and their state optimism could be differentiated from their affect. In addition, we found individual differences in lead-lag relationships between optimism and affect over time. The results section clearly shows that most individuals did not show lead-lag relationships. These findings are integrated into the literature on caregiving.
A reexamination of the reported decline in partial hospitalization.

This study examines recent trends in the organization of partial-hospitalization services in the United States. Contrary to two recent reports describing declining support for partial hospitalization, data from the National Institute of Mental Health’s Inventory of Mental Health Organizations reveal that the number of “partial-care” providers increased by 20% between 1984 and 1988, with increases occurring among privately and publicly funded programs. However, there has been a 56% decline in the average length of stay, with both privately and publicly funded programs showing proportional shifts to more acute care. An increase in the number of long-stay “day care” programs may be attributable to educational and rehabilitation programs that report as partial-care providers. Future study is proposed to create a better typology of partial-hospitalization programs.
Simulations of the 100 kW TJNAF FEL using a step-tapered undulator

Abstract The Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) free electron laser (FEL) can be upgraded to operate at 100 kW average power in the near future using a configuration that recirculates the electron beam to recover energy. It is important to extract the maximum energy from the electron beam in a pass through the undulator while inducing the minimum amount of exhaust energy spread. A larger energy extraction reduces the requirement for a large recirculating current, while a smaller exhaust energy spread allows the intense electron beam to be recirculated without damaging components. To improve FEL performance, we explore the use of the step-tapered undulator, which alters the resonance condition halfway through the undulator. Short pulses complicate the desired interaction. Comparisons are made to the conventional periodic and linearly-tapered undulators.
Effects of Virtual Human Animation on Emotion Contagion in Simulated Inter-Personal Experiences

We empirically examined the impact of virtual human animation on the emotional responses of participants in a medical virtual reality system for education in the signs and symptoms of patient deterioration. Participants were presented with one of two virtual human conditions in a between-subjects experiment, static (non-animated) and dynamic (animated). Our objective measures included the use of psycho-physical Electro Dermal Activity (EDA) sensors, and subjective measures inspired by social psychology research included the Differential Emotions Survey (DES IV) and Positive and Negative Affect Survey (PANAS). We analyzed the quantitative and qualitative measures associated with participants' emotional state at four distinct time-steps in the simulated interpersonal experience as the virtual patient's medical condition deteriorated. Results suggest that participants in the dynamic condition with animations exhibited a higher sense of co-presence and greater emotional response as compared to participants in the static condition, corresponding to the deterioration in the medical condition of the virtual patient. Negative affect of participants in the dynamic condition increased at a higher rate than for participants in the static condition. The virtual human animations elicited a stronger response in negative emotions such as anguish, fear, and anger as the virtual patient's medical condition worsened.
Optimal design of production lines

Abstract A model is presented for jointly determining the profit-maximizing number of workstations and interstation buffer capacities for stochastic unpaced lines. Several important implementation issues are discussed and system sensitivities examined, providing the line designer with new and important tools and insights.
Changing Faces Adaptation of Highly Skilled Chinese Workers to a High-Tech Multinational Corporation

As the first major multinational corporation (MNC) comes to Chengdu, China, the home of the Changing Faces Opera, thousands of young, highly skilled Chinese workers had an opportunity to work for t...
Trends and Variability in Snowmelt Runoff in the Western United States

Abstract The timing of snowmelt runoff (SMR) for 84 rivers in the western United States is examined to understand the character of SMR variability and the climate processes that may be driving changes in SMR timing. Results indicate that the timing of SMR for many rivers in the western United States has shifted to earlier in the snowmelt season. This shift occurred as a step change during the mid-1980s in conjunction with a step increase in spring and early-summer atmospheric pressures and temperatures over the western United States. The cause of the step change has not yet been determined.
Boronated Unnatural Cyclic Amino Acids as Potential Delivery Agents for Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron delivery characteristics of cis and trans isomers of a boronated unnatural amino acid, 1-amino-3-boronocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ABCPC) were tested in the B16 mouse model for human melanoma. Both ABCPC isomers delivered comparable boron to B16 melanoma tumor cells as l-p-boronophenylalanine (BPA). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis revealed the presence of boron throughout the tumor from these compounds, and a near homogeneous distribution between the nucleus and cytoplasm of B16 cells grown in vitro. These encouraging observations support further studies of these new boron carriers in BNCT.
Figurative language and cognitive psychology

Abstract The past decade has witnessed the development of a significant body of research and theory concerning the areas of figurative language use and comprehension. The purpose of the present paper is to examine the broader implications of this research for contemporary cognitive psychology. The results of this examination reveal that cognitive psychology has dealt with figurative language as less important than literal language largely because of an implicit bias towards rationalistic philosophy and because of an unwillingness to deal with issues of ambiguity, novelty, beauty, and context; precisely those issues made salient by current research on figurative language.
Drag Anemometer Measurements of Turbulence over a Vegetated Surface

Abstract Turbulent fluctuations of vertical wind and fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat measured with a drag anemometer are compared to like data measured with other instruments. Means of the measured parameters agreed well with energy balance computations of the heat fluxes and profile measurements of the momentum flux. Drag anemometer measurements of turbulent fluxes generally exceeded those obtained with a propeller anemometer, run concurrently. Spectral analysis indicates that the propeller anemometer did not respond well at high frequencies, causing an underestimation of the fluxes and vertical wind fluctuations. The drag anemometer appears to respond well up to 5 Hz.