cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends in prenatal risk factors for the development of infantile hemangiomas.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Specific maternal risk factors have recently been identified in the development of infantile hemangiomas (IH), including gestational diabetes (GDM), maternal antihypertensive medication use or gestational hypertension (GHTN), maternal progesterone use, and artificial reproductive technologies (ART). We sought to explore the change in incidence of these risk factors over time and determine their association with the increased incidence of hemangiomas over 35 years, as previously reported. METHODS The charts of 869 mother and infant pairs (infants previously diagnosed with IH between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 2010) were reviewed for prenatal complications. Rates of the prenatal complications over the 35-year period in birth mothers of infants diagnosed with IH were determined and evaluated by year of diagnosis (1976-1990, 1991-2000, and 2001-2010). RESULTS Over the 35-year period in which the incidence of IH was previously examined, maternal age at delivery, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), use of ART, maternal progesterone use, placental abnormalities, and GDM also increased. CONCLUSIONS GDM, ART, and maternal progesterone use increased over the past 35 years, mirroring the previously reported trend of increasing incidence of IH. Maternal age and BMI also increased in mothers of infants with IH. Further exploration of this association may direct future research in the pathogenesis of infantile hemangiomas.
Probabilistic graphical fusion of LiDAR, GPS, and 3D building maps for urban UAV navigation

Because of the recent interest in unmanned air vehicle (UAV) commercialization, there is a great need for navigation algorithms that provide accurate and robust positioning in urban environments that are often Global Positioning Systems (GPS) challenged or denied. In this paper, we present a probabilistic graph-based navigation algorithm resilient to GPS errors. Fusing GPS pseudorange and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) odometry measurements with 3D building maps, we apply a batch estimation approach to generate a robust trajectory estimate and maps of the surrounding environment.We then leverage the maps to locate potential sources of GPS multipath and mitigate the effects of degraded pseudorange measurements on the trajectory estimate. We experimentally validate our results with flight tests conducted in GPS-challenged and GPS-denied environments.
Ensuring Mentorship of New Physicians in Their First Year: Constructs for New Mentoring Processes.

Introduction The importance of mentoring new physicians is well established. Objectives To evaluate and improve use of a competencies-based mentoring checklist to help new physicians understand the basic work environment and resources in their daily jobs as well as achieve needed competencies. Methods Literature searches, process improvements, and a review of curricula and mentoring from both inside and outside our large Medical Group were conducted to understand the workflow for new physician orientation, onboarding, and mentoring processes. We aimed to achieve a structured framework for mentor training, evaluation of the mentor-mentee relationship, and development of a bridge for the knowledge gaps and needs of the individual physicians in their departments. Finally, we surveyed new physician hires/mentees in 2017 about their competencies using the new checklist. Results The new mentoring process was improved compared with the current mentoring process. Polling of physician mentees after implementation of the checklist showed a 75% completion rate of checklist competencies from January 2017 to April 2018, compared with a baseline of 0%. Conclusion Review of performance data and addressing deficiencies in a mentoring relationship can lead to active participation and meaningful change in competencies among new physicians.
The Impact of Fiscal policy instruments in the money supply in Iraq for the period (1990 â€“ 2014) .

Characterized instruments of fiscal policy played a major role in influencing economic activity, the state can be achieved through the various tools of economic stability, which is where this policy Boattabarhaosluba occupied an important place for the management of national economies. As for the Iraqi economy, he won attention of many economists, researchers, and because of different circumstances in the Iraqi economy, the Iraqi economy has suffered from many structural imbalances that led to the economic performance of the decline in general, and the growing budget deficit and rising inflation and unemployment, resulting in a trend towards more effective policy can influence the monetary variables, especially (view broad money M2), as well as achieve consistency between them and other policies, particularly fiscal policy, to reach a solution optimized for impact on macroeconomic variables, so the instruments of fiscal policy constitute a system of economic stability, this represents support the march of this policy and enhance the strength of the Iraqi economy in the context of the significant challenges faced by internally and externally. This study aims to find out the most important developments of fiscal policy tools in the Iraqi economy, and evaluating the effects and descriptive record and the money supply Ms2 variable. The study starts from the premise that the instruments of fiscal policy in Iraq, with an impact on the money supply Ms2 variable, and this effect produces a positive or negative consequences for the economy as a whole under different conditions experienced by the Iraqi economy.In order to verify this hypothesis, the study structure is divided into four sections, the first dealt with the theoretical framework of the tools of fiscal policy and the money supply and the second dealt with the analysis of monetary policy tools in Iraq and the third dealt with the analysis of the evolution of the money supply in Iraq, while the fourth intake measuring the impact of monetary policy tools in the presentation cash in Iraq .
Coordinating Unlikely Companions? Patient Portals and Social Media

Healthcare knowledge management systems have traditionally been developed, implemented, and utilized in very different spheres. A patient care system or provider portal is typically institutional in nature, provides historical data on physician or hospital visits and medical tests, with limited, if any, interfaces to the variety of comprehensive patient care websites, applications, and other publicly available tools. Social media, in contrast, may be organization based or public and contain information that is publicly available or exclusive to a selected community. Integrated platform support for both types of systems is not available for the pediatric oncology caregiver under a single interface. A review of literature has identified a void in understanding if broadening knowledge management systems can enable more effective pediatric oncology care practice. A survey of pediatric oncology professionals provided insights on willingness to use social media. Professional concerns, in part personal liability and patient security, represent initial findings. Based on these findings, a conceptual process framework to integrate patient portals and social media platforms is presented. The framework objective is to enable practical implementation for managers in organizations looking for a reliable, trustworthy, and secure knowledge management platform.
Intelligent Packaging for Poultry Industry

SUMMARY The growth of modern poultry farming in the US has been relentless. The application of novel and innovative technologies from rearing to processing has been playing a pivotal role for such a vast growth of this industry. Notably, when a poultry or poultry product leaves the processing plant, it travels with the package to reach the consumer. Therefore, appropriate packaging is an important part of poultry production, and application of novel and innovative technologies in this area is highly desirable. The most technologically advanced invention in the packaging industry is the intelligent packaging (IP) which can track the product, sense the environment inside or outside the package, and communicate and engage with customers. Some examples of IP include time-temperature indicators, biosensors, gas sensors, and data carriers. Using IP technology in the poultry meat and meat products has the potential to prolong shelf life, maximize meat quality and safety, and enhance customer engagement. Collectively, these improvements will greatly benefit the industry by increasing product sale, building consumer trust, and expanding market size nationally and internationally. In this paper, an overview of available IP technologies is presented and their potential application in the poultry industry is analyzed.
Being there: US Navy organisational culture and the forward presence debate

This article argues that the US Navy’s roles (which have historically been bifurcated between warfighting and political use of force) manifest in its organisational culture as two different concept...
Recent advances in human stem cell-based modeling of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by epilepsy, intellectual disability, and benign tumors of the brain, heart, skin, and kidney. Animal models have contributed to our understanding of normal and abnormal human brain development, but the construction of models that accurately recapitulate a human pathology remains challenging. Recent advances in stem cell biology with the derivation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from somatic cells from patients have opened new avenues to the study of TSC. This approach combined with gene-editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9 offers the advantage of preserving patient-specific genetic background and the ability to generate isogenic controls by correcting a specific mutation. The patient cell line and the isogenic control can be differentiated into the cell type of interest to model various aspects of TSC. In this review, we discuss the remarkable capacity of these cells to be used as a model for TSC in two- and three-dimensional cultures, the potential variability in iPSC models, and highlight differences between findings reported to date.
Codelivery of improved immune complex and virus-like particle vaccines containing Zika virus envelope domain III synergistically enhances immunogenicity

Zika virus (ZIKV) reemergence poses a significant health threat especially due to its risks to fetal development, necessitating safe and effective vaccines that can protect pregnant women. Zika envelope domain III (ZE3) has been identified as a safe and effective vaccine candidate, however it is poorly immunogenic. We previously showed that plant-made recombinant immune complex (RIC) vaccines are a robust platform to improve the immunogenicity of weak antigens. In this study, we altered the antigen fusion site on the RIC platform to accommodate N-terminal fusion to the IgG heavy chain (N-RIC), and thus a wider range of antigens, with a resulting 40% improvement in RIC expression over the normal C-terminal fusion (C-RIC). Both types of RICs containing ZE3 were efficiently assembled in plants and purified to >95% homogeneity with a simple one-step purification. Both ZE3 RICs strongly bound complement receptor C1q and elicited strong ZE3-specific antibody titers that correlated with ZIKV neutralization. When either N-RIC or C-RIC was codelivered with plant-produced hepatitis B core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLP) displaying ZE3, the combination elicited 5-fold greater antibody titers (>1,000,000) and more strongly neutralized ZIKV than either RICs or VLPs alone, after only two doses without adjuvant. These findings demonstrate that antigens that require a free N-terminus for optimal antigen display can now be used with the RIC system, and that plant-made RICs and VLPs are highly effective vaccines targeting ZE3. Thus, the RIC platform can be more generally applied to a wider variety of antigens.
Implementing Community Resource Referral Technology: Facilitators And Barriers Described By Early Adopters

Health care organizations are increasingly implementing programs to address patients’ social conditions. To support these efforts, new technology platforms have emerged to facilitate referrals to c...
Recovery of Zirconium from Zircaloys Using a Hydrochlorination Process

For several decades, extensive research has been performed on the recovery and purification of zirconium from spent nuclear fuel cladding using a variety of chlorination reaction processes. After t...
Hydration-induced reversible deformation of biological materials

The influx and efflux of water in biological structures actuates reversible deformation and recovery processes that are crucial for mechanical functions in plants and animals. These processes utilize various mechanochemical mechanisms: swelling directed by the arrangement of cellulosic microfibrils in a bilayer construct, which generates different deformation patterns; lignification gradients; hierarchical foam-like inner structures, some of which also include swelling by hygroscopic cellulose inner cell layer; turgor pressure, which is activated by osmosis and acts at the cellular level, generating reversible motions. In this Review, we present representatives of each of these four mechanisms: pine cones, wheat awns, the twisted opening of Bauhinia pods and the seed of the stork’s bill; the resurrection plant; ice plant seed capsules and carrotwood seed pod; the wilting and redressing of plant stems. Natural polymeric materials produced by animals can also exhibit hydration-driven shape and strength recovery: bird feathers and hair are prime examples. Spider silk — a non-keratinous biopolymer — also exhibits humidity-driven reversible deformation. After describing these animal-based mechanisms, we outline bioinspired applications to actuate multifunctional and biocompatible smart materials, and indicate future directions of research with potential for new bioinspired designs. The influx and efflux of water in biological structures leads to reversible deformation, which has important functions in plants (for example, in seed protection and dispersal) and animals (for example, in the recovery of the strength and shape of feathers, and for reversible changes in silk and hair). Here the authors review the main hydration-induced deformation mechanisms and highlight applications inspired by these processes.
Very-low fat diets.

To the Editor: I would like to respond to the recent Science Advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee on very low fat diets.1 The advisory ignored much of the published scientific data supporting the value of a very-low-fat diet (VLFD) for the prevention and control of coronary heart disease (CAD). No mention was made of the vast amount of epidemiological data supporting the value of a VLFD. Numerous publications from the recent China project document that a society of millions existing on a VLFD has 1/25th the incidence of heart disease we have in the United States. The statement cites 1 study by Ornish and 1 by myself from the Pritikin Center showing “impressive” results. The statement then goes on to criticize the VLFD studies for having a small number of subjects with limited follow-up. The writers ignored the previously published data on 4587 participants from the Pritikin program.2 They also ignored the follow-up data previously reported from the Pritikin program showing good long-term compliance and the avoidance of bypass surgery, as well as the control of diabetes and hypertension.3 4 They criticized the studies for not controlling for weight loss, which is a natural consequence of a VLFD. Because obesity is a major health problem in the United States, the American Heart Association should be supporting the VLFD, not criticizing it. The statement criticizes the VLFD for causing a rise in triglycerides. The writers fail to recognize that a low-fat diet does not cause triglycerides to rise if the fat is replaced by unrefined, complex carbohydrates, naturally high in fiber, as reviewed by Anderson et al.5 Ornish et al6 reported regression of CAD on a 10% fat-calorie diet in spite of a rise in triglycerides. The drop in HDL cholesterol on a …
Midlife Marital and Financial Stress and the Progression of Later-Life Health Problems for Husbands and Wives:

Objectives: Locating the family systems theory within the life course stress process perspective, this study investigates how husbands’ and wives’ marital and financial stress were implicated in th...
Second trimester prediction of gestational diabetes: maternal analytes as an additional screening tool.

Objectives Early diagnosis of gestational diabetes can lead to greater optimization of glucose control. We evaluated associations between maternal serum analytes (alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin [beta-hCG], inhibin, and estriol) and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods This retrospective cohort study identified single-ton pregnancies with available second trimester serum analytes between 2009 and 2017. GDM was identified by ICD-9 and -10 codes. We examined the associations between analyte levels and GDM and to adjust for potential confounders routinely collected during genetic serum screening (maternal age, BMI, and race) using logistic regression. Optimal logistic regression predictive modeling for GDM was then performed using the analyte levels and the above mentioned potential confounders. The performance of the model was assessed by receiver operator curves. Results Out of 5,709 patients, 660 (11.6%) were diagnosed with GDM. Increasing AFP and estriol were associated with decreasing risk of GDM, aOR 0.76 [95% CI 0.60-0.95] and aOR 0.67 [95% CI 0.50-0.89] respectively. Increasing beta-hCG was associated with a decreasing risk for GDM(aOR 0.84 [95% CI 0.73-0.97]). There was no association with inhibin. The most predictive GDM predictive model included beta-hCG and estriol in addition to the clinical variables of age, BMI, and race (area under the curve (AUC 0.75), buy this was not statistically different than using clinical variables alone (AUC 0.74) (p=0.26). Conclusions Increasing second trimester AFP, beta-hCG, and estriol are associated with decreasing risks of GDM, though do not improve the predictive ability for GDM when added to clinical risk factors of age, BMI, and race.
The Effects of a CRA-I Intervention on Students’ Number Sense and Understanding of Addition:

As students develop understanding and fluency in single-digit operations such as addition, they develop sophisticated strategies and number sense (magnitude, number order, and composition). Deficit...
Measuring the human immune response to surgery: multiomics for the prediction of postoperative outcomes.

Purpose of review Postoperative complications including infections, cognitive impairment, and protracted recovery occur in one-third of the 300 million surgeries performed annually worldwide. Complications cause personal suffering along with a significant economic burden on our healthcare system. However, the accurate prediction of postoperative complications and patient-targeted interventions for their prevention remain as major clinical challenges. Recent findings Although multifactorial in origin, the dysregulation of immunological mechanisms that occur in response to surgical trauma is a key determinant of postoperative complications. Prior research, primarily focusing on inflammatory plasma markers, has provided important clues regarding their pathogenesis. However, the recent advent of high-content, single-cell transcriptomic, and proteomic technologies has considerably improved our ability to characterize the immune response to surgery, thereby providing new means to understand the immunological basis of postoperative complications and to identify prognostic biological signatures. Summary The comprehensive and single-cell characterization of the human immune response to surgery has significantly advanced our ability to predict the risk of postoperative complications. Multiomic modeling of patients' immune states holds promise for the discovery of preoperative predictive biomarkers, ultimately providing patients and surgeons with actionable information to improve surgical outcomes. Although recent studies have generated a wealth of knowledge, laying the foundation for a single-cell atlas of the human immune response to surgery, larger-scale multiomic studies are required to derive robust, scalable, and sufficiently powerful models to accurately predict the risk of postoperative complications in individual patients.
Polymorphism of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on the putative sex chromosomes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is not sex related.

Polymorphism of the nucleolus organizer region (NOR) on the putative sex chromosomes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) was examined using conventional cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Variation was observed in the number, size and position of rDNA loci on the sex pair. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses showed that the sex chromosomes of Arctic char lack the repetitive DNA sequences (MboI/BglII family) that are a prominent feature of the sex chromosomes of lake trout (S. namaycush). Southern analyses of genomic DNAs using an rDNA fragment as probe revealed extensive restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) variation among individuals. Despite the presence of variation in all aspects of this rDNA locus, no sex-specific differences were detected. Repetitive DNAs (multicopy rDNA as in Arctic char or tandem repetitive DNA as in lake trout) appear to play important but different roles in the evolution of the sex chromosomes in these species.
Alternative methods for modeling fatigue and performance

The use of nonparametric approaches and semiparametric approaches for modeling fatigue and performance are analyzed. Nonparametric approaches in the form of stand-alone artificial neural networks and semiparametric (hybrid) approaches that combine neural networks with prior process knowledge are explored and compared with existing parametric approaches based on the two-process model of sleep regulation. Within the context of a military application, we explore two notional semiparametric approaches for real-time prediction of cognitive performance on the basis of individualized on-line measurements of physiologic variables. Initial analysis indicates that these alternative modeling approaches may address key technological gaps and advance fatigue and performance modeling. Most notably, these approaches seem amenable to predicting individual performance and quantitatively assessing the reliability of model predictions through estimation of statistical error bounds, which have eluded researchers for the last two decades.
A Sound and Complete Fuzzy Logic System Using Zadeh's Implication Operator

We present a formalization of fuzzy logic based on Zadeh's implication operator a→b=max{1-a, b}. Our logical system allows the specification of both lower and upper bounds of the truth value of a formula. We present a specific system of axioms and inference rules which are both sound and complete. We also provide a generalization of the classical resolution method which acts as a decision procedure in a finite fuzzy theory.
Attitudes of Primary Care Practitioners in Managing Chronic Pain Patients Prescribed Opioids for Pain: A Prospective Longitudinal Controlled Trial.

Objective There is increasing concern among primary care practitioners (PCPs) regarding medication misuse and noncompliance among chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain. This study investigated the benefits of interventions designed to track potential opioid misuse and to improve practitioner confidence in managing patients with chronic pain through the use of risk assessment, monthly monitoring of compliance, and specialty support. Methods Fifty-six PCPs and 253 chronic pain patients were recruited into the study. All patients were assessed for risk and called once a month for 6 months to monitor pain and opioid compliance. Practitioner knowledge about opioids, concerns about analgesic prescriptions, practice behavior, and attitudes of managing chronic pain patients were assessed and questionnaires were repeated after 1 year. Practitioners in the experimental group received monthly patient summary reports that consisted of pain, mood, activity levels, healthcare utilization, and results of the Opioid Compliance Checklist, while practitioners in the control group did not receive the monthly reports. Results After 1 year all the PCPs reported improvement in identifying patients at risk for misuse (P < 0.05), perceived confidence in prescribing opioids for pain (P < 0.05) and increased satisfaction with communication with pain specialists (P < 0.05). The patients reported greater compliance with their opioid medication and felt that the monthly monitoring was beneficial. Despite modest improvements, many PCPs still lacked confidence in managing pain patients and reported reluctance to prescribe opioids for chronic noncancer pain, especially among younger practitioners. This study demonstrates the benefits of careful monitoring of chronic pain patients and need for pain management support within primary care.
Development and testing of the AC battery system

In 1990, the Department of Energy tasked Sandia National Laboratories with the responsibility for technical oversight on a development contract awarded to Omnion Power Engineering, Inc. of East Troy, Wisconsin. Sandia assumed responsibility for managing the development and testing of the AC Battery prototype in collaboration with Omnion. The AC Battery is designed to provide up to 250 kW of power, 167 kWh of energy, on a single charge, and to provide up to 200 deep cycle discharges using 384 off-the-shelf, lead-acid marine batteries. The unique features of the system and the most recent field testing results are reported in this paper. >
An abecedarium for the elements

Following the four elements in their movements suggests a method of thinking about the world that is atheological and unpredetermined, a secular and speculative vitalism. The article is structured around an abecedarium, or alphabetic list, a mnemonic device with a long history.
Novel Copolymers of Styrene and Some Halogen Ring-substituted 2-Phenyl-1,1-dicyanoethylenes

Novel copolymers of trisubstituted ethylene monomers, ring-substituted 2-phenyl-1,1-dicyanoethylenes, RC6H3CH═C(CN)2 (where R is 2-bromo,3-bromo, 3-chloro, 2,3-dichloro, 2-chloro-6-fluoro, 2,6-difluoro, 3,4-difluoro, and 3,5-difluoro) and styrene were prepared at equimolar monomer feed composition by solution copolymerization in the presence of a radical initiator (AIBN) at 70°C. The composition of the copolymers was calculated from nitrogen analysis, and the structures were analyzed by IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. High T g of the copolymers in comparison with that of polystyrene indicates a substantial decrease in chain mobility of the copolymer due to the high dipolar character of the trisubstituted ethylene monomer unit. The gravimetric analysis indicated that the copolymers decompose in the 200–800°C range.
Interhospital CT image communication: T-1 line versus courier service

The Mount Zion Hospital (MZH) in San Francisco, Calif. is associated with the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) medical center. These hospitals are approximately two miles apart. The UCSF radiology department supports specialty image reading for MZH daily. The major issue involved with this service is the access of patient images. Currently, the patient image access is through two ways: (1) inter-hospital travel, and (2) image delivery. Both methods are neither efficient nor economic. If patient images can be transferred from MZH to UCSF to be viewed in digital form in a reasonable time period, the issue of patient image accession can be resolved. This study attempts to use an available digital communication technology, a T-1 line, to verify this hypothesis. The study is centered on the comparison between the T-1 line and courier service with respect to cost and image delivery performance. This comparison study focuses on CT images with an emphasis on neuroradiology application.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Air entrainment in a roll coating system

Abstract Experiments are performed to determine the critical speed at which air is entrained by a roll, rotating partially submerged about an axis parallel to t free surface. Data for Newtonian fluids correlate in terms of a critical Capillary number, Ca* = U* μ/σ, which is found to depend on a parameter γ = σ(ϱ/μ4g) 1 3 over four decades in γ. A model based on simple force balances at the dynamic meniscus reflects these observations. Data obtained with viscoelastic polymer solutions indicate that elasticity is a strong stabilizing factor.
Mechanism of Inactivation of Enzyme Proteins by Ultraviolet Light

Some quantum yields for the destruction of amino acids have been determined. The inactivation of the enzymes hymotrypsin, lysozyme, ribonuclease, and trypsin by ultraviolet light can be accounted for quantitatively by summing the products of (i) the probability that light is absorbed by a given amino acid residue, epsilon(4), and (ii) the probability that absorbed light induces a chemical change, with a quantum efficiency phi(4), in the residue. The principal residues involved are cystyl and tryptophanyl. Peptide bond rupture is not important. Analysis of inactivated enzymes verifies the assumption of the existence of several inactivation mechanisms.
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Causes Variable of Diverse Immunoglobulin Isotypes in Kidneys of Lupus-Prone Mice

We investigated the role of immunoglobulin isotypes in the exacerbation of lupus nephritis associated with exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data indicate that enhanced polyclonal B-cell activation and exacerbated autoimmune disease evoked by lipopolysaccharide are associated with an increase in the concentration of isotypes in plasma and in renal eluate, that this isotype response is polyclonal and preferential but not restrictive, that all B cells are responsive but all are not equally sensitive to the effects of lipopolysaccharide, and that some expanded isotypes may be more nephritogenic in certain strains of lupus-prone mice.
Explaining economic backwardness and weak governing capability in Bihar state in India

(1994). Explaining economic backwardness and weak governing capability in Bihar state in India. South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies: Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 63-89.
Some properties of the Levitzki radical in alternative rings

Two local nilpotent properties of an associative or alternative ring A containing an idempotent are shown. First, if A = A 11 + A 10 + A 01 + A 00 is the Peirce decomposition of A relative to e then if a is associative or semiprime alternative and 3-torsion free then any locally nilpotent ideal B of A ii generates a locally nilpotent ideal 〈 B 〉 of A . As a consequence L ( A ii ) = A ii ∩ L(A) for the Levitzki radical L . Also bounds are given for the index of nilpotency of any finitely generated subring of 〈 B 〉. Second, if A (x) denotes a homotope of A then L(A) ⊆ L(A (x) ) and, in particular, if A (x) is an isotope of A then L(A) = L(A (x) ) .
Thymidine resistance in Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro

Abstract Thymidine resistance in V79 Chinese hamster cells has been investigated. Phenotypically stable variant resistant lines occurred at a high frequency, and the mutation rate (2.67 × 10−3 per cell per generation) to 400 μm/ml thymidine resistance as measured by the standard Luria-Delbruck fluctuation analysis was extremely high. Populations of cells maintained for extended periods in F-10 medium spontaneously increased in resistance, possibly as a result of selective pressures due to the thymidine present in F-10 medium since this change was not observed in Dulbecco's medium. The degree of resistance for a given variant was correlated with the amount of thymidine employed in its selection. Metabolic cooperation, resulting in the suppression of the resistant phenotype, was demonstrated in artificial mixtures of sensitive and resistant clonal lines. Clones isolated in high levels of thymidine possessed lowered uptake of [3H]thymidine and the depression in uptake was related to the level of resistance of the particular clone. Although thymidine kinase specific activity levels were slightly depressed in variant cell lines, growth rate and uridine uptake were unaffected. We conclude that thymidine resistance is due to a genetically controlled depression of external thymidine uptake.
Mineralogical characteristics of residues produced in microbiological treatment of acidic mine drainages

Abstract Inorganic residues produced on the disks of rotating biological contactor (RBC) wastewater treatment units during microbiological oxidation of the ferrous iron in both natural and synthetic acidic mine drainages were analyzed using x‐ray energy‐dispersive microanalysis, x‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The predominant mineral forms were x‐ray amorphous ferric hydroxysulfates. In addition, jarosites were detected in RBC units which treated natural mine drainages, and magnetite was detected in solids generated during treatment of a synthetic acidic mine drainage. Bacteria were observed on the surface of the inorganic residues and in gelatinous films seen microscopically following chemical dissolution of the iron crust.
Artery Sparing Radical Prostatectomy—Myth or Reality?

Purpose: Not all patients in whom the neurovascular bundles are preserved recover erectile function after radical prostatectomy. A significant proportion of these men have vascular abnormalities that can impact erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy. We describe the available evidence supporting the need to spare not only the nerves, but also the arteries to improve erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: A literature review was done to determine the available evidence supporting vascular insufficiency as a contributor to erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy.Results: There is no question that preservation of the cavernous nerves is key to erectile function recovery after radical prostatectomy. In addition, it is believed that erectile tissue requires oxygenation to maintain its integrity, which can be significantly affected if the arteries irrigating the cavernous bodies are damaged intraoperatively, such as the accessory pudendal arteries....
Hepatic Granulomas: Pathogenesis and Differential Diagnosis

Granulomatous liver disease constitutes a category of hepatic disorders and is at present diagnosed in approximately 4% of liver biopsies. Hepatic granulomas develop through the interactions of T lymphocytes and macrophages, with the integral involvement of T-helper (T H ) 1 or T H 2 pathways or both, depending on the specific granulomatous disease. Hepatic granulomas may be manifested clinically by elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and g-glutamyltransferase enzymes, damage to specific structures (eg, intrahepatic bile ducts in primary biliary cirrhosis), or infrequently, progressive liver disease with portal hypertension and cirrhosis (eg, sarcoidosis). Systemic immunologic disorders, infectious diseases, drug hepatotoxicity, and reaction to neoplastic disease are the major causative factors responsible for granulomas in the liver. These causes and recent epidemiologic trends are covered in this discussion.
Generic flow-sensitive optimizing transformations in C++ with concepts

Compilers are typically hardwired to attempt optimizations only on expressions involving particular built-in types. Ideally, an optimizing compiler can recognize a rewrite opportunity whenever the operands in an expression satisfy the (algebraic) properties that justify the rewrite. This paper applies the principles and techniques of generic programming and the planned "concepts" language feature of C++ to approximate this ideal. Concretely, a concept defines the signature and algebraic laws of a class of types. We attach rewrite rules to a concept, so that the rules apply to all types in the class defined by a concept. The annotation burden to a programmer is thus small---the declaration that a type models a particular concept is simultaneously taken as an annotation that enables optimizations. To increase the applicability of generic rewrite rules, we instantiate them to type-specific rules, enabling the use of data-flow information from the compiler's existing analyses, and interleave the application of rewrite rules with function inlining. Our prototype is implemented as an extension of the ConceptGCC compiler; our experiments show the approach is effective in eliminating abstraction penalties.
A Twenty‐First‐Century Reception for Diversity in the Public Sector: A Case Study

In the past decade, most large public-sector organizations have adopted a philosophy of valuing workforce diversity and have implemented a variety of initiatives for effectively utilizing and managing the current and projected workforce diversity. However, whether organizational members subscribe to the diversity value or support the employer-sponsored diversity-management initiatives still largely remains unanswered. This article discusses the influence of employee race/ethnicity and gender identity, associated stereotyping and prejudice, and the nature of interpersonal relations on acceptance of diversity and support for diversity-management initiatives. The hypothesis that these three variables have a significant influence on receptivity to diversity in the workplace was empirically tested in a case study of diversity-management practices of a federal agency, and the study findings are reported in this article.
Genetic relationships among the apes and humans

Epistemological difficulties and contradictory sets of molecular genetic data show that the question ‘What is our closest living relative?’ is surprisingly difficult to answer decisively. It is highly likely that we have not a single closest relative but, at the genus level, two equally close ones.
The 1881 census in the Russian Baltic provinces: An inventory and an assessment

The 1881 census of the Russian Baltic provinces of Livland, Estland, and Kurland was the first modern-type systematic population enumeration in the Baltic area. It had been preceded by enumerations of other kinds—land cadastres that included aggregate population counts (during Swedish control of the area) in the 17th century, and fiscal revisions (during Russian control of the area) that did list residents by name but did not follow any principles of modern census-taking. The Baltic German politico-economic elite, which controlled public affairs in the Baltic provinces, decided to carry out a census of a modern kind, and produced the 1881 count. Although initially the initiative was coordinated by the statistical specialists of the three provinces, the publication of results was decentralized, resulting in a series of volumes that supplied different tables for each province. The article analyzes the contents of the census, some of its shortcomings, as well as its strengths.
Cocycles in commutative semigroup cohomology

An alternate description of triple cohomology for commutative semigroups is given in dimensions 1,2, and 3
On slant surfaces with constant mean curvature in C2

In this paper, we completely classify proper slant surfaces with constant Gaussian curvature and nonzero constant mean curvature in C2.
The Chemistry of Nitroxyl-Releasing Compounds

Nitroxyl (HNO) demonstrates a diverse and unique biological profile compared to nitric oxide, a redox-related compound. Although numerous studies support the use of HNO as a therapeutic agent, the inherent chemical reactivity of HNO requires the use of donor molecules. Two general chemical strategies currently exist for HNO generation from nitrogen-containing molecules: (i) the disproportionation of hydroxylamine derivatives containing good leaving groups attached to the nitrogen atom and (ii) the decomposition of nitroso compounds (X-N=O, where X represents a good leaving group). This review summarizes the synthesis and structure, the HNO-releasing mechanisms, kinetics and by-product formation, and alternative reactions of six major groups of HNO donors: Angeli's salt, Piloty's acid and its derivatives, cyanamide, diazenium diolate-derived compounds, acyl nitroso compounds, and acyloxy nitroso compounds. A large body of work exists defining these six groups of HNO donors and the overall chemistry of each donor requires consideration in light of its ability to produce HNO. The increasing interest in HNO biology and the potential of HNO-based therapeutics presents exciting opportunities to further develop HNO donors as both research tools and potential treatments. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 1637–1648.
Culture and the state: Manufacturing traditions for tourism

Most scholars in cultural studies treat culture either as a relatively autonomous sphere of human activity or as largely influenced by economic forces. As a result, they fail to consider the role of the state in the production, patterning, preservation, or prohibition of culture. This essay is a case study of how the state in Singapore influences the production and patterning of cultures through the policy of national tourism. National tourism is a central part of the nation‐building process in newly independent nation‐states, where a national culture is actively created and projected to the international polity and international mass market. The chief image of national tourism in Singapore is the diversity of ethnic “traditions”;: the lifestyles, food, religious rituals, and customs of selected groups are simultaneously advertised and manufactured for the potential tourist to sample, savour, and see. This policy of national tourism has important implications on the way cultures of ethnicity are lived.
Balancing Their Budget: The Potential Ethical Decision Facing Skilled Nursing Facilities

(2000). Balancing Their Budget: The Potential Ethical Decision Facing Skilled Nursing Facilities. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation: Vol. 7, Vascular Dementia: Implications for Stroke Rehabilitation, pp. 67-70.
Enhancing access to the levy sheet music collection: reconstructing full-text lyrics from syllables

The goal of the Lester S. Levy Sheet Music Collection, Phase Two project is to develop tools, processes, and systems that facilitate collection ingestion through automated processes that reduce, but not necessarily eliminate human intervention[1]. One of the major components of this project is an optical music recognition (OMR) system[2] that extracts musical information and lyric text from the page images that comprise each piece in a collection. It is often the case, as it is with the Levy Collection, that lyrics embedded in music notation are written in a syllabicated form so that each syllable lines up with the note or notes to which it corresponds. Searching the syllabicated form of words, however, would be counterintuitive and cumbersome for end-users. This paper describes the evolution of a tool that, using a simple algorithm, rebuilds complete words from lyric syllables and, in ambiguous cases, provides feedback to the collection builder. This system will be integrated into the workflow of the Levy Sheet Music Collection, but has broad applicability for any project ingesting musical scores with lyrics.
Dietary exposure of largemouth bass to OCPs changes expression of genes important for reproduction

Dieldrin and p,p'-DDE are ubiquitous contaminants known to act as endocrine disruptors, causing impaired development and reproduction in fish and wildlife. In order to elucidate the mechanisms by which dieldrin and p,p'-DDE cause endocrine disruption in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), fish were exposed subchronically through the diet to both contaminants. Following 120 days of exposure, p,p'-DDE decreased estradiol in females, but increased 11-ketotestosterone in both sexes. Dieldrin on the other hand, decreased estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone in both sexes. Both pesticides also altered steady state mRNA expression levels of a set of genes chosen to represent three possible mechanisms of endocrine disruption: (1) direct interaction with soluble sex steroid receptors, (2) biosynthesis of endogenous sex hormones, and (3) metabolism of endogenous hormones. p,p'-DDE acted as a weak estrogen, increasing the expression of vitellogenin and estrogen receptor alpha in the liver. p,p'-DDE also altered the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of endogenous hormones as well as their metabolism. Dieldrin, on the other hand, only altered expression of vitellogenin and not estrogen receptor alpha. Dieldrin also altered the expression of genes involved in hormone synthesis and metabolism, and it dramatically lowered plasma hormone levels. Both pesticides targeted expression of genes involved in all three modes of action, suggesting that they each have multiple modes of action.
Clinical diagnostic testing for the cytogenetic and molecular causes of male infertility: the Mayo Clinic experience

Purpose Approximately 8% of couples attempting to conceive are infertile and male infertility accounts for approximately 50% of infertility among couples. Up to 25% of males with non-obstructive infertility have chromosomal abnormalities and/or microdeletions of the long arm of the Y-chromosome. These are detected by conventional chromosome and Y-microdeletion analysis. In this study, we reviewed the results of testing performed in the Mayo Clinic Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Laboratories and compared our findings with previously published reports.
Rat lungs as affected by an acute exposure to an increased level of carbon dioxide in the ambient air.

Changes in lung characteristics of healthy adult male rats were studied following a 24-hr exposure to 15% CO2 in air. The animals were weighed before and after the exposure period. Following the CO2-exposure, the lungs of the rats were removed and their weights were determined. Continuous pressurevolume curves including inflation and deflation first with air and then with 0.9% saline were recorded from the excised lungs. The average gain in body weight of the control rats during the 24-hr period was 9 g while the CO2-exposed rats lost 24 g. The mean values for wet and dry lung weights and trapped gas volume in the lung were essentially the same in the two groups of rats. Similarly the lung tissue compliance both during inflation and deflation was not significantly different between the two groups of animals. One characteristic feature of the total lung compliance for 69% of the CO2-exposed rats was a progressive decrease in compliance on successive runs associated with a decrease in the area described by the compliance curves. These would suggest instability of lung alveoli in these rats with a significant alteration of their surfactant activity.
Perfusion of cell spheroids for study by NMR spectroscopy

Abstract Many anchorage-dependent types of cells can be cultured in suspension as small clumps of defined size known as spheroids. These spheroids are particularly suited for study with NMR spectroscopy because, unlike suspensions of single cells, they can be perfused without being carried along with the perfusate, thus eliminating the need for filters or gels. We have successfully maintained human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and Chinese hamster cells (V 79) in a physiological steady state as spheroids for more than 80 hours in a 10 mm NMR tube using a simple and inexpensive perfusion setup which requires no modification of NMR instrumentation. Although we were primarily interested in obtaining 31P NMR spectra, cell mass was sufficiently high that natural abundance 13C NMR spectra were also readily obtained.
Differentiation of pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus strains by restriction endonuclease analysis.

Genomes of six virulent and three attenuated vaccine strains of pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) virus were compared by cleavage with five restriction endonucleases. Differences either in number or in size of DNA fragments could be detected among all nine strains.