cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Helix-coil equilibria of poly (rA) · poly (rU)

Abstract Absorbance melting curves of the double-stranded (rA) · (rU) helix, made with fractionated homopolynucleotides of matched length, have been obtained over a 15-fold range of [Na+] and 30° range of temperature. An excellent fit of the observed profiles was obtained with theoretical curves calculated on the basis of the simplest interpretation for the occurrence of particular equilibria [1–3]; the complete molecular partition function being evaluated by the power series method developed by Applequist [4–6]. The stability constant was evaluated from literature values for the calorimetric enthalpy. The loop closure exponent was best represented by 2.22 ± 0.04 for the mismatching loop mode of melting and 1.22 for the matching mode and was independent of [Na+] and temperature. Assuming the applicability of the nonintersecting random walk value of 1.9 ± 0.1, these results would suggest a slight bias toward matched loop formation during melting of homopolynucleotides that might be expected to form only mismatched loops. The value of the stacking parameter at 60°C was only ~6% higher than that at 30°C, 0.0221 (0.0184 for the matching case). Calculated melting curves indicate the occurrence of a fifth-order phase transition when the mean helix length is only ~13 base-pairs, or about one full turn of the helix.
3',5'-cyclic AMP binds to and promotes polymerisation on platelet tubulin

IN spite of considerable research, the regulatory mechanism of the reversible assembly–disassembly of microtubules remains obscure. Of the various processes and agents which have been examined as potential regulators probably none has received as much attention as cyclic nucleotides. Indeed, the number of reports which indicate that adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) exerts a stimulatory effect in the formation of microtubules, or maintains the latter in the presence of dissociative influences is steadily growing1–13. Most of these studies used intact cells, however, leaving unclear whether the cyclic nucleotide was directly or indirectly involved in this process. To try to resolve this problem, I have used tubulin extracted from platelets: addition of exogenous cyclic AMP has been reported to prevent cold-induced disassembly of microtubules in about 50% of the platelets14. I show here that cyclic AMP stimulates the assembly of microtubules and binds to platelet tubulin, primarily to the α-subunit.
Skin friction measurements by laser interferometry in swept shock wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions

The laser interferometric skin friction meter was used to measure wall shear stress distributions in two interactions of fin-generated swept shock waves with turbulent boundary layers. The basic research configuration was an unswept sharp-leading-edge fin of variable angle mounted on a flatplate. The results indicate that such measurements are practical in high-speed interacting flows, and that a repeatability of + or - 6 percent or better is possible. Marked increases in wall shear were observed in both swept interactions tested.
An experimental examination of the effects of SFAS No. 2 on R&D investment decisions

Abstract The effects of capitalizing or expensing R&D expenditures on decentralized managers' investment decisions were tested in a multiperiod laboratory experiment. Subjects chose from menus of R&D and property, plant and equipment (PPE) projects. Suboptimizing behavior (inferior PPE projects selected over superior R&D projects) was greater for R&D expensers. They chose relatively fewer R&D projects, spent less on R&D and generated lower terminal present values. When the accounting method for R&D changed, shifts in behavior consistent with the new method were observed.
Black lemur ( Lemur macaco ) hand preference in food reaching

The present study assessed the hand preferences exhibited by 33 black lemurs during routine feeding. Individual animals displayed hand preferences that were consistent across observations separated by as much as seven months. Within this population, 20 were left hand preferent, 12 right preferent, and 1 was ambidextrous. Correlational analysis of age and percentage left hand use indicated an inverse relationship in which younger animals tended towards the preferential use of the left hand and older animals the preferential use of the right hand. Similar analysis found no relationship between either sex and hand preference or familial relationship and hand preference. The skewed distribution of age in this sample renders tentative conclusions regarding age-related variations in hand preference. It is suggested that if the hand preferences of the black lemur are not age-related, then this species may be characterized as having a bias towards the preferential use of the left hand for food reaching.
Atp cofactor regeneration via the glycolytic pathway

Abstract In this communication the glycolytic pathway is shown to be a useful means of regenerating ATP in situ . The system has the rather attractive advantage that the two phosphoryl donor substrates, glucose and inorganic phosphate, are readily available at minimal cost. In addition, the free energy change for the ATP regeneration reaction is much more negative than other previously utilized ATP regeneration systems. Hence, the phosphorylation of compounds having high free energies of hydrolysis is thermodynamically more favorable using the glycolytic pathway as a means of ATP regeneration. The utility of the method is demonstrated by coupling the creatine kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of creatine to the glycolytic conversion of glucose to lactic acid.
AAV9: over the fence and into the woods . . .

One of the long-term aims of gene therapy is to deliver vectors to diseased organs directly from the circulation. Efforts toward this end with recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors have been hampered by the fact that most of the vector ends up in the liver after systemic delivery. In addition, tissue-specific barriers such as the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) can limit the entry of vectors from the blood to certain organs. Two papers in this issue of Molecular Therapy describe progress in addressing these obstacles with respect to a relative newcomer to the family of AAV vector serotypes, AAV9. These new reports complement recent articles published in MT and elsewhere suggesting that AAV9 may soon take its place alongside AAV2 in the field of AAV-based gene therapy.
COMPARISON OF ALPHA-METHYLDOPA WITH STANDARD ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY IN MAN.

Abstract Fifty-seven patients with moderately severe or severe hypertension received alpha-methyldopa plus hydrochlorothiazide for an average of nine months. The daily dose of alpha-methyldopa varied between 500 to 3,000 mg., and the daily dose of hydrochlorothiazide was 100 mg. The therapeutic response was either extremely good or very disappointing. The combination produced an excellent response in 22 patients, a good response in 16 and a poor response in 19. Alpha-methyldopa plus hydrochlorothiazide produced at least as good and frequently a better therapeutic response than prior standard antihypertensive therapy in 68 per cent of patients. Nine of the patients who demonstrated an excellent response were patients who did poorly on previous antihypertensive therapy. Although the individual patient's response could not be predicted prior to therapy, the data presented indicate that there is a 3 to 1 chance that alpha-methyldopa will produce at least a good response in the patient with moderately severe or severe hypertension. Another effective method of lowering the arterial pressure is, therefore, available to the physician. Drug toxicity which occurred in only 9 patients consisted of postural dizziness, drowsiness and weakness. Although other investigators have reported drug fever and abnormal liver function tests following alpha-methyldopa therapy, serious side effects have not been observed here. Until further clinical experience has been obtained, it would seem wise to restrict the use of alpha-methyldopa to those hypertensive patients who are either not doing well or are developing serious side effects to conventional antihypertensive therapy.
A New Pharmacologic Treatment for Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) affects up to 80 percent of pregnant women. This condition is usually self-limiting, but the symptoms can be distressing and interfere with work, social activities and sleep. Symptoms can often be managed by diet and lifestyle changes, but these interventions may not be successful for everyone. In April 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved doxylamine succinate 10 mg/pyridoxine hydrochloride 10 mg (Diclegis) as the first medication to specifically treat NVP in more than 30 years. This article reviews the indications, dosage and nursing interventions associated with using doxylamine succinate/pyridoxine to treat NVP.
Vibrations of a beam with a damping tip body

We investigate a mathematical model for the dynamics of a beam with a tip body that experiences damping. The damping is due to granular material which partially fills the tip body. We establish the existence of the unique solution to the model and analyze the model. Among other things, we establish exponential energy decay when damping is present.
Differential neurite growth on astrocyte substrates: interspecies facilitation in green fluorescent protein-transfected rat and human neurons

In the present study, we used co-culture of astrocytes from one species with neurons from a different species to examine neuritic outgrowth. We include a focus on human cells. Three types of neuron were used, including rat hippocampal dentate granule cells, rat hypothalamic neurons and human cortical neurons. To visualize neuronal processes, neurons were either immunostained with GABA antiserum or transfected with the jellyfish green fluorescent protein gene. The entire axonal and dendritic fields of single neurons could be quantitatively analysed based on their strong green fluorescent protein label. Astrocytes were obtained from rat hippocampus or hypothalamus, chicken cortex, normal human cortex, human cortex lesion, and from the sclerotic human hippocampus after surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy. In the absence of astrocytes, isolated neurons died within three to four days. In contrast, neurons from both rat and human brains survived and extended dendrites and axons on rat, chicken and human astrocytes or in their conditioned medium. Astrocytes from interspecies cultures were not only capable of enhancing the survival of neuron co-cultures, but neuronal neurite extension in some cases was even greater on heterospecific astrocytes than on homospecific astrocytes. To support the hypothesis that synaptogenesis of rat hippocampal neurons was accelerated by a substrate of human astrocytes, we used a functional assay based on time-lapse confocal laser or digital imaging of calcium responses to transmitter release; synaptic responses were found earlier when rat neurons were grown on rat or human astrocytes than in the absence of these astrocytes. These data indicate that rodent glial cells enhance human neurite extension, and that rat neurite outgrowth can be used as a type of bioassay for the neurite promoting capacity of different derivations of human glia.
GPS surveying with 1 mm precision using corrections for atmospheric slant path delay

Multipath and atmospheric effects can limit GPS surveying precision. We surveyed a 43 km baseline using large diameter choke ring antennas to reduce multipath and pointed radiometer and barometric data to correct for atmospheric slant delay. Based on 11 daily solutions, atmospheric slant delay corrections improved vertical precision to 1.2 mm rms and horizontal precision to sub-mm. Applications for high precision GPS surveying include deformation monitoring associated with earthquake and volcanic processes, subsidence, isostasy, and sea level measurements; monitoring of atmospheric water vapor for climate and global change research, and to improve the resolution of synthetic aperture radar; calibration of satellite altimeters; and precise satellite orbit determination.
Activation of covalent molecules by some noble metal complexes: The role of the metal

Abstract Thermodynamic data are presented and compared for the reversible addition of some small molecules to isostructural d8 complexes of rhodium and iridium. The results, together with related observations on other noble metal complexes, are assessed in terms of the role of the metal in these interactions which are interpreted as generalized acid-base reactions. The sequences of stability (Kc) and heats of formation (-ΔHo) of metal complex adducts with acid molecules (H2, O2, SO2) are, or appear to be: third row metal> second row metal (Ir>Rh). With «amphoteric» molecules (CO, C2H2, C2H4), the role of the metal emerges as a more complex one, and the limited thermodynamic data presently available allow no clear definition of the factors which determine the activation of these species.
A FRET approach to phosgene detection

A FRET approach towards potential detection of phosgene is presented, which is based on a selective chemical reaction between phosgene (or triphosgene as a simulant) and donor and acceptor fluorophores.
Subplanes of order 3 in Figueroa planes

Abstract In this study we show the existence of subplanes of order 3 in Figueroa planes of odd order.
A perturbation on Raoult's Law

Abstract Four conditions sufficient for the applicability of Raoult's Law are stated. A generalized expression for phase equilibrium is derived by relaxing three of those conditions by accounting for the liquid-phase molal volume and by describing the gas phase by the virial equation of state. This expression is then expanded in a power series about the Raoult's Law value of vapour pressure or mole fraction.
THE ROLE OF CALCITONIN IN THE PREVENTION OF OSTEOPOROSIS

This article discusses calcitonin as an alternative for patients with established osteoporosis who cannot, will not, or should not proceed with estrogen replacement therapy. Clinical trial data for calcitonin in both injectable and nasal spray formulations and for both lower-dose and higher-dose regimens are presented.
Expected values from probabilities of fuzzy subsets

Abstract In many applications in decision theory and expert systems we may have information regarding the probability of some variable being equal to a fuzzy subset. In this paper we provide a methodology for using this information to obtain the expected value of the variable.
Syntax-guided synthesis

The classical formulation of the program-synthesis problem is to find a program that meets a correctness specification given as a logical formula. Recent work on program synthesis and program optimization illustrates many potential benefits of allowing the user to supplement the logical specification with a syntactic template that constrains the space of allowed implementations. Our goal is to identify the core computational problem common to these proposals in a logical framework. The input to the syntax-guided synthesis problem (SyGuS) consists of a background theory, a semantic correctness specification for the desired program given by a logical formula, and a syntactic set of candidate implementations given by a grammar. The computational problem then is to find an implementation from the set of candidate expressions so that it satisfies the specification in the given theory. We describe three different instantiations of the counter-example-guided-inductive-synthesis (CEGIS) strategy for solving the synthesis problem, report on prototype implementations, and present experimental results on an initial set of benchmarks.
Diagnosis of unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis: laryngeal electromyography, subjective rating scales, acoustic and aerodynamic measures.

Objective/Hypothesis: To determine whether specific laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) patterns in patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis (UVFP) are related to etiology of injury, time from onset of injury, patient perception of symptom severity, acoustic measures, and laryngeal aerodynamic measures. Study Design: This is a retrospective review of 75 patients. Methods: Each patient received LEMG, acoustic and aerodynamic testing, and a subjective rating scale assessment (the Glottal Closure Index). Statistical analysis by groups were performed using both ξ2 and single-factor analysis of variance testing. Results: An iatrogenic etiology was associated with poor tone on LEMG (P = .05). Those individuals evaluated after 3 months after onset demonstrated more nascent units, a sign of reinnervation, compared with individuals evaluated before 3 months (P < .02). Individuals with fewer normal motor units on LEMG had significantly higher mean translaryngeal air flows (P = .044). Individuals with poor recruitment had significantly shorter maximum phonation times (P = .034) and higher mean flows (P = .044). Individuals with better laryngeal tone as noted on LEMG had significantly lower mean flows (P = .06). Conclusions: Specific LEMG patterns are related to the etiology of the UVFP and time course since recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. LEMG appears to reflect vocal fold muscle tone as seen on laryngeal function studies. In combination, these studies provide a cohesive assessment of laryngeal function in patients with UVFP.
Potential impacts of emerald ash borer invasion on biogeochemical and water cycling in residential landscapes across a metropolitan region

Trees provide important ecological services in cities, yet the vulnerability of the urban forest to massive tree losses from pest outbreaks could threaten those services, with unknown environmental consequences. The outbreak of emerald ash borer is an imminent threat to the ash population in North America. In the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota, metropolitan area, ash trees are present in 50 % of residential landscapes in Ramsey and Anoka Counties. We used a large survey of household activities, a tree inventory, a Household Flux Calculator accounting tool, and a set of annual evapotranspiration measurements, to quantify the current carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus storage in ash trees, the cycling of these elements, and the total evapotranspiration from ash trees in residential areas in the metropolitan region. Ash represented 6 % of the trees in residential areas and the removal of the entire ash population would correspondingly reduce net primary production and carbon sequestration by only a few percent and would have negligible effects on losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from residential landscapes. Similarly, the effects of ash loss on the hydrologic cycle would be minimal and would depend largely on management choices for the ground currently underneath ash tree canopies. Overall, the percentage change in biogeochemical and hydrological fluxes corresponded closely with the percent of the total urban tree population that was represented by ash, suggesting that areas with higher densities of ash would experience correspondingly larger effects. A hypothetical tree replacement scenario with similar broadleaf species was determined to be likely to re-establish the original biogeochemical and hydrological conditions once the replacement trees reach maturity.
Molecular similarities among the adenovirus-associated virus polypeptides and evidence for a precursor protein.

Abstract The structural polypeptides (VP1, VP2, and VP3) of adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) were tested for biochemical, immunochemical, and biosynthetic relationships. It was found that the three proteins were similar in their content of leucine, lysine, and aspartic acid. They were tested in radioimmunoprecipitation assays and immunocompetition assays which demonstrated high levels of antigenic similarity. There were also unique regions of antigenic nonhomology. Several nonstructural proteins were found in infected cells, one of which had a molecular weight of 120,000 (VPO) and appeared to have a kinetic relationship with VP1, VP2, and VP3, based on pulse-chase experiments. It was suggested that VPO could be the primary AAV gene product and that it is processed to VP1, VP2, VP3, and other nonstructural fragments during the AAV replicative cycle.
What's new in hip arthroplasty

Total hip arthroplasty is one of the most clinically efficacious and cost-effective medical interventions. Surgeons and scientists have continued to produce a tremendous amount of research data related to clinical outcomes, biomaterials, surgical techniques, treatment of complications, and socioeconomic analysis. Between April 2004 and April 2005, fifty-five reports related to total hip arthroplasty were published in The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume), 140 were published in the Journal of Arthroplasty, and sixty-eight were published in Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research . In addition, 190 abstracts on this topic were presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, forty-two were presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons, and eighty were presented at the fall and spring meetings of the Hip Society. There were also numerous abstracts and papers from the Orthopaedic Research Society and reports in other peer-reviewed publications. We have organized this review update into seven sections: (1) primary total hip arthroplasty (including surface arthroplasty), (2) revision, (3) bearing surface, (4) minimal incision surgery, (5) complications, (6) practice management, and (7) cost analysis. Special focus is given to two of these topics: bearing surfaces and cost analysis. ### Fixation with Cement Controversies exist with regard to the most optimal stem surface finish for cement fixation. Callaghan et al. reviewed the minimum ten-year results of 574 hip replacements that had been performed by a single surgeon using stems with three different surface finishes (5, 30, and 80 Ra). The rates of revision for aseptic loosening were 0% (5 Ra), 2% (30 Ra), and 10.8% (80 Ra). The combined rates of revision and radiographic failure were 0% (5 Ra), 3.6% (30 Ra), and 13% (80 Ra). The difference was significant between the 5-Ra and 80-Ra groups (p < 0.05) and between the …
PUTTING PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS ON THE TREE OF LIFE: THE EVOLUTION AND ECOLOGY OF MOSSES

Physcomitrella patens is an important model system for studies of genet- ics and physiology, and with its newly sequenced genome, it is perfectly placed phylogenetically to serve as a point of comparison for angiosperms. This chapter addresses three main questions: (1) How typical of a moss is P. patens ? It is rather atypical, given the reasons that it was selected as a model system, such as its rapid life cycle and reduced morphology, yet it is representative in many ways. (2) Where does it belong in the phylogenetic history of land plants? The mosses are mono- phyletic, and share a common ancestor with hornworts and tracheophytes, with P. patens nesting within the 'true mosses'. (3) What are the special attributes of moss ecology and evolution that can lend special interest to the study of P. patens ? When comparing P. patens with tracheophytes, it is important to understand both its similarities and differences with its larger cousins - we discuss how many pro- cesses influencing their physiology, ecology and evolutionary diversification seem to be quite different from the tracheophytes.
Perchlorate in pleistocene and holocene groundwater in north-central New Mexico.

Groundwater from remote parts of the Middle Rio Grande Basin in north-central New Mexico has perchlorate (ClO4-) concentrations of 0.12−1.8 μg/L. Because the water samples are mostly preanthropogenic in age (0−28 000 years) and there are no industrial sources in the study area, a natural source of the ClO4- is likely. Most of the samples have Br-, Cl-, and SO42- concentrations that are similar to those of modern bulk atmospheric deposition with evapotranspiration (ET) factors of about 7−40. Most of the ET values for Pleistocene recharge were nearly twice that for Holocene recharge. The NO3-/Cl- and ClO4-/Cl- ratios are more variable than those of Br-/Cl- or SO42-/Cl-. Samples thought to have recharged under the most arid conditions in the Holocene have relatively high NO3-/Cl- ratios and low δ15N values (+1 per mil (‰)) similar to those of modern bulk atmospheric N deposition. The δ18O values of the NO3- (−4 to 0 ‰) indicate that atmospheric NO3- was not transmitted directly to the groundwater but may hav...
The structure determination of uranocene and the first COT lanthanide complexes

This paper results from my introductory talk at the symposium “Frontiers of Organo-f-Element Chemistry.” Although my active research in organoactinide and -lanthanide chemistry ended early in my career, it led to an interest in actinide coordination chemistry that continues to this day; I am a member of the actinide research group of the Chemical Sciences Division of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. My remarks will be somewhat personal and are intended to provide a perspective on the history of this field, but I hope to connect it to what has become a new and very active area of research; this class of compounds is now associated with what are essentially quantum confined multiconfigurational molecules.
Global Cooling by Grassland Soils of the Geological Past and Near Future

Major innovations in the evolution of vegetation such as the Devonian origin of forests created new weathering regimes and soils (Alfisols, Histosols) that increased carbon consumption and sequestration and ushered in the Permian-Carboniferous Ice Age. Similarly, global expansion of grasslands and their newly evolved, carbon-rich soils (Mollisols) over the past 40 million years may have induced global cooling and ushered in Pleistocene glaciation. Grassland evolution has been considered a consequence of mountain uplift and tectonic reorganization of ocean currents, but it can also be viewed as a biological force for global change through coevolution of grasses and grazers. Organisms in such coevolutionary trajectories adapt to each other rather than to their environment, and so can be forces for global change. Some past farming practices have aided greenhouse gas release. However, modern grassland agroecosystems are a potential carbon sink already under intensive human management, and carbon farming techniques may be useful in curbing anthropogenic global warming.
ASSESSING THE ROBUSTNESS OF COMPOSITE INDICES RANKINGS

Ranking objects in terms of different attributes is a crucial practice that is typically sensitive to the choice of attributes' weights. In this paper we present rigorous methods to assess the extent to which the weight-based rankings are robust to the choice of alternative weights. Empirical illustrations are provided, showing the robustness of country rankings arising from the values of the UNDP Human Development Index, the Gender-related Development Index, or the Human Poverty Index among others. The ideas and techniques presented in this paper can be used to assess the reliability of multiattribute rankings. The evaluation and posterior ranking of objects by means of multicriteria comparisons is a pervasive activity in many spheres of human life. To name a few examples: a list of projects have to be evaluated by different referees to decide which is best suited to receive economic support; a list of students have to be ranked to decide which ones deserve a fellowship or to join a certain institution; the social services of a given community need to evaluate the needs of the poorest individuals to know who deserves financial aid; a list of countries has to be ranked in terms of aggregate well-being to decide how to allocate scarce resources; and so on. In all these examples, the different objects are evaluated and ranked using multiple criteria. These criteria might include the opinion of different experts or referees, valuable attributes or characteristics of the objects to be ranked, or both things at the same time. Finally, these multiple criteria or attributes are usually aggregated to obtain a summary numerical measure that will be used to rank the different objects. In practice, it is very common to summarize this multidimensional informa- tion using the so-called weighted means; that is, when aggregating the values of the different attributes, a specific weight is given to each of them according to their relative importance. This is a simple and intuitive way of summarizing information that allows for the possibility of giving more emphasis to those components of the Note: I would like to thank Kaushik Basu and Erik Thorbecke for their valuable comments on this manuscript. I would specially like to thank two anonymous referees whose comments have greatly improved the contents and presentation of this paper. Support from the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Fulbright Commission is gratefully acknowledged.
Aromatase Inhibitors for Ovulation and Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Objective:To evaluate evidence for use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and pregnancy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2009) was conducted using the search terms anastrozole, aromatase inhibitors, axemestane, letrozole, ovulation, and polycystic ovary syndrome to identify relevant studies.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Prospective clinical trials published in English and conducted in humans were identified. Trials using intrauterine insemination methods for pregnancy were excluded. The resulting articles were separated into 2 groups: aromatase inhibitor use in clomiphene-resistant patients and use in treatment-naive patients. Eleven trials were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Accepted pharmacologic treatments for women with PCOS and infertility include clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. Each medication has variable efficacy rates and adverse effects. Therefore, other treatments are neede...
Interactions between a Developing Mesoscale Convective System and Its Environment. Part II: Numerical Simulation

The 19 July 1993 mesoscale convective system (MCS), discussed in Part I, was simulated using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). The model was initialized with variable physiographic and atmospheric data with the goal of reproducing the convective system and its four-dimensional environment. Four telescopically nested, moving grids allowed for horizontal grid spacings down to 1.67 km on the cloud resolving grid. Comparisons with the analysis show that the propagation, evolution, and structure of this MCS were well simulated. The simulation is used to further investigate the interactions between this MCS and its surrounding environment. In Part I, the Doppler-derived winds indicated that upshear (westward) propagating gravity waves left uppertropospheric front-to-rear and midtropospheric rear-to-front flow perturbations in their wake. A similar flow structure developed in the simulated MCS, and unlike the Doppler results, the low-frequency waves that produced it were resolved in the data. In the simulation, much of the convectively generated temperature and momentum perturbations propagated westward with the waves, leaving a warm wake in the clear air trailing the system. Although the gravity waves traveled rearward, the perturbation flow in their wake was not strong enough to reverse the upper-tropospheric storm-relative winds. Thus, most of the anvil condensate advected ahead of the convective line. As the MCS encountered the low-level jet, the midtropospheric upward mass flux increased, but gravity wave motions became less detectable. The upper-tropospheric anvil pushed westward into the strong flow as the system expanded into a characteristically oval shape. Temperature and momentum perturbations propagated rearward along with the anvil in a disturbance that resembled an advective outflow. Unlike the gravity waves, this disturbance became almost stationary with respect to the ground, and it retained its continuity through the rest of the simulation. Vertical cross sections indicate that a large slab of convectively processed air had detrained into the upper troposphere. Prior to this event, much of the warm temperature anomalies generated within the convective towers either remained in the updrafts, or propagated outward with the gravity waves. Early on, individual updrafts were relatively erect and although condensate did detrain eastward in the forward anvil, the temperature anomalies did not propagate with it. In contrast, convective updrafts associated with the expanding oval anvil disturbance were more continuous, and they tilted strongly westward with height.
Fuzzy adaptive control

Abstract Fuzzy controllers can be made to adapt to changing process and environment dynamics. One methodology to adapt the initial knowledge base to changing operating conditions is presented. The membership functions associated with the process controller output are adjusted in response to future or past performance of the feedback control system. A linearized process model is identified on-line and is used to predict the future performance of the controller. This performance index is used to adapt the controller as long as the identified process model is statistically reliable. If the process model is considered unreliable then an index related to the past performance of the controller is used to make the adjustments.
Using Programmable On-Product Clock Generation (OPCG) for Delay Test

On-product clock generation (OPCG) has been used for many years, often in conjunction with logic and memory BIST, but it is a labor-intensive process to identify the cut- points and the OPCG behavior so the ATPG tools can ignore the OPCG logic. Supporting programmable OPCG logic in an ASIC methodology flow required us to automate the OPCG test generation flow. This paper describes how we provide a means for dealing with the programmable aspects of OPCG for use during ATPG and show some results for a few real designs.
Zebra mussels anchor byssal threads faster and tighter than quagga mussels in flow.

SUMMARY While the invasive zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha has rapidly spread throughout the Great Lakes and inland waterways, it is being displaced by the quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis in shallow water habitats. However, zebra mussels remain dominant in areas with higher water velocity. We hypothesized that the persistence of zebra over quagga mussels in habitats with higher water velocity might result from greater rate and strength of byssal thread attachment. We examined whether zebra mussels relative to quagga mussels have: (1) higher byssal thread synthesis rate, (2) lower dislodgment in flow and (3) greater mechanical force required for detachment from substrate. Specifically, we examined byssal thread synthesis rate and dislodgment of both species in response to water velocities of 0, 50, 100 and 180 cm s –1 . Byssal thread synthesis rate was significantly higher for zebra than for quagga mussels at all velocities. Dislodgment from the substrate increased for both species with increasing velocity but was significantly lower for zebra than for quagga mussels. We also tested the mechanical force to detach mussels after short (32 h) and long (two and three months) periods of attachment on hard substrate. Detachment force was significantly higher for zebra than for quagga mussels only after short-term attachment. Higher byssal thread synthesis rate in zebra mussels was a likely factor that minimized their dislodgment in flow and increased short-term attachment strength. Differences in byssal thread synthesis rate between the two species might partly account for the ability of zebra mussels to maintain dominance over quagga mussels in habitats with high velocities.
Sulindac and its metabolites induce carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in human colon cancer cells

Sulindac is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that has been demonstrated to be a potent chemopreventive agent against colorectal cancer in both human and animal models. In vivo, sulindac may be reversibly reduced to the active antiinflammatory compound, sulindac sulfide, or irreversibly oxidized to sulindac sulfone. Sulindac has also been shown to inhibit polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-induced cancer, but the molecular mechanisms of its antitumor effect remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of sulindac and its metabolites on the expression of enzymes that metabolize and detoxify PAHs in 2 human colon cancer cell lines, LS180 and Caco-2. Sulindac and sulindac sulfide induced a sustained, concentration-dependent increase in CYP enzyme activity as well as an increase in the mRNA levels of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1. Sulindac and sulindac sulfide induced the transcription of the CYP1A1 gene, as measured by the level of heterogeneous nuclear CYP1A1 RNA and verified by the use of actinomycin D as a transcription inhibitor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that sulindac and sulindac sulfide also increased the nuclear level of activated aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the transcription factor which mediates CYP expression. Additionally, sulindac and both metabolites increased the activity and mRNA expression of the carcinogen detoxification enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, as well as the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase mRNA. These results show an overall upregulation of carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in colon cancer cells treated with sulindac, sulindac sulfide and sulindac sulfone that may contribute to the established chemoprotective effects of these compounds.
Gamma-Ray Induced Coloring of Some Phosphate Glasses

The changes in gamma-ray induced optical absorption in phosphate glasses resulting from changes in composition, conditions during melting, and additions of small amounts of some oxides are discussed. A resolution of the induced spectra showed that the observed absorption is due to the superposition of three bands at 2.3, 2.9, and 5.5 e.v. (540, 425, and 225 mu) and to a fourth band whose absorption peak is beyond 6 e.v. The ultraviolet induced absorption increases, whereas the visible absorption decreases in glasses melted under reducing conditions as opposed to those melted under normal conditions in air and on replacement of K+ by Na+ or Li+. A similar effect is produced on replacement of Ba++ by Pb++ and on the addition of T12O to a CaO-P2O5 glass or the addition of As2O3 to a CaOP2O5, GeO2 glass. Additions of large amounts of GeO2 are accompanied by a decrease in the number of nonbridging oxygens and a decrease in the visible induced absorption. Replacement of Ca ++ by Ba++ ions showed an over-all decrease in the induced absorption. The addition of small amounts of the oxides of germanium, titanium, iron, thallium, niobium, and arsenic showed an appreciable effect in inhibiting the visible induced coloration.
Inner Worlds, External Reality, and Interactional Systems

The purpose of this chapter is to lay the groundwork for an integrative conceptual model for the treatment of marital discord. It is assumed that each of the treatment models reviewed in previous chapters offers a valuable contribution to the conceptualization and treatment of marital discord. However, each model, in and of itself, is only a partial theory of treatment. What is needed is a model that integrates intrapsychic, interpersonal, and behavioral data. Such an integration will necessitate diversions into various unrelated areas in order to forge the necessary conceptual linkages.
The recurrent origin of plant races and species

Abstract Whereas there is increasing evidence that some polyploid taxa have multiple independent origins, little attention has been given to the possibility that taxa arising through selective processes without ploidal shifts also may be the products of recurrent evolution. I argue that there are no necessary reasons why ecologically distinct races and species could not arise from separate lineages at different times and in different places. Similarity of the genetic structure of progenitor populations combined with parallel selective pressures would make this possible, as would evolution in the direction of greatest genetic variance. Putative examples of multiple independent origins of single and multiple adaptations are reviewed. The possibility that some taxa are polyphyletic is suggested by the presence of isolated populations in different clades. I also consider the possibility of the recurrent origins of reproductive isolating mechanisms and of species. Communicating Editor: Paul Wilson
The Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations

(1976). The Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations. The Black Scholar: Vol. 8, Unity and Struggle against Domination, pp. 27-38.
A Longitudinal Study of Moral, Religious, and Identity Development in a Christian Liberal Arts Environment

Moral, religious, and identity development were assessed in a longitudinal study by sampling students enrolled at a Christian liberal arts college during their first semester, and again 3½ years la...
Robotic, intraperitoneal harvest of the rectus abdominis muscle.

Background:The rectus abdominis muscle is a workhorse for free and pedicled muscle coverage. Traditional harvest violates the anterior rectus sheath and requires an abdominal incision. Robotic harvest can be reliably and efficiently performed using three ports and no additional incisions.Methods:Ten
Derivability, Defensibility, and the Justification of Judicial Decisions

Philosophers of law generally appear to assume that there is a very close connection between a judicial decision's being required by law and its being justified. In this paper I shall try to show that this assumption is mistaken. Legal theory recently has focused on the problem of "hard cases," in which there is reason to doubt that the law requires a particular decision, to the exclusion of alternative possible decisions. The relevant question is not whether the law requires that a judge render some decision or other, thus deciding those cases, but whether the law that can truly be said to exist before a decision is rendered requires one particular decision. Discussions of this issue often seem to assume that this is equivalent to the question, whether a particular decision is uniquely justifiable. Less attention has been paid to what we may call "easy cases," in which it seems clear that the law requires a particular decision. What is said about them, however, does appear to assume that a particualar decision's being required by law is equivalent to its being justified. Those who believe that there is a significant connection between a judicial decision's being required by law and its being justified would no doubt agree, upon reflection, that the connection is not one of equivalence. Some qualification of the view under discussion would seem to be required by considerations such as the following. First, someone who believes that no particular decision is required by law in a hard case need not hold that no decision can then be justified. It may be possible for a court to justify a par ticular decision, to the exclusion of the alternative decisions, even when no decision is required by law. In that event, any justification must turn on doctrines that come from outside the law. If so, however, we should not assume that a judicial decision can be justified only when it is required by law. In other words, we must allow that a judicial decision's being required by law is not, in general, a necessary condition of its being justified. Second, and perhaps more controversially, it seems possible for a judicial decision to be justified, all things considered, even when it is con trary to a decision that is required by law. This can happen when the in justice that would be done by following the law provides sufficient reason for a judge not to follow it and to render a different decision. If we wish to leave room for this possibility, then we must allow that a judicial decision's
Liquid Crystal Influenced Self-assembly in Mesogenic Polymer and Liquid Crystal Blends

In this work, we found that by performing photo-polymerization of the mesogenic monomer RM257 in liquid crystals, well organized polymer walls were formed through out the cell by self-assembly of the polymer within the anisotropic host – the liquid crystal. The polymerization conditions, which were parameterized as UV intensity, photo-reactivity (characterized by photo initiator concentration), curing temperature, monomer concentration and mesophase of the liquid crystal host, were systematically varied. Different liquid crystal host also raised some difference in polymer network. We believe this kind of morphology comes from spinodal decomposition and the anisotropic elastic property of the liquid crystal host. It is found that for RM257 and low molecular weight nematic liquid crystals a monomer concentration of 5% is sufficient to use liquid crystal hosts to work as templates for well structured polymer walls.
Conjoint Behavioral Consultation Research

Several previous reviews of the consultation outcome research literature that have been published will not be discussed here (see Mannino & Shore, 1975; Medway, 1979, 1982; Medway & Updyke, 1985; Sibley, 1986). In addition, various methodological and conceptual issues in research on consultation have been discussed in detail (see Bergan & Kratochwill, 1990; Kratochwill et al., 1988). The research on teacher and parent training is also relevant to the consultation outcome literature, but is not discussed here. Recently, empirical studies in the area of CBC have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the model for various target problems. Some preliminary research has also been conducted assessing the communication processes that have been identified in successful conjoint consultation cases. Likewise, one study evaluated a national sample of school psychologists’ reported acceptability of the model. These studies are reviewed in this chapter.
[Evaluation on the hepatitis A vaccine in preventing hepatitis A infection in Tianjin, from 2000 to 2011].

Objective Hepatitis A immunization strategies were carried out in 2001 in Tianjin. We wanted to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies related to hepatitis A control programs and to provide the basis for fiarther modification of the strategies. Methods Descriptive epidemiology study was used to analyze the hepatitis A epidemic situation in 2000-2011 in Tianjin and to evaluate the disease reporting system. Hepatitis A vaccine coverage of target population and serum epidemiological study were carried out in 1999, 2005 and 2010 to check on the hepatitis A antibody levels so as to evaluate the immuno-barrier condition in the normal population. Cox-Stuart test was used to analyze the epidemic trend of hepatitis A and other intestinal infectious diseases in Tianjin. Results The incidence rate of hepatitis A decreased from 2.89/100 000 in 2000 to 0.12/ 100 000 in 2011, and the percentage of hepatitis A in all types of viral hepatitis decreased from 8.02% in 2000 to 0.48% in 2011 in Tianjin. The positive rates of hepatitis A antibody also increased in the residents. Conclusion The hepatitis A vaccination program was successful in the programs on prevention and control of hepatitis A in Tianjin, China. Key words: Hepatitis A; Immunization strategies; Vaccination; Evaluation studies