cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Aging Effects on the Thermal Cycling Reliability of Lead-Free Fine Pitch Packages

The microstructure, mechanical response, and failure behavior of lead-free solder joints in electronic assemblies are constantly evolving when exposed to isothermal aging and/or thermal cycling environments. A direct and deleterious effect on packaging reliability has been observed during elevated temperature isothermal aging for fine-pitch ball grid array (BGA) packages with Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC105), Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC305), and Sn-37Pb solder ball interconnects. Package sizes range from 19 mm with 0.8-mm pitch BGAs to 5 mm with 0.4-mm pitch BGAs with three different board finishes (ImSn, ImAg, and SnPb) previously studied. This paper presents the latest results from an on-going investigation on the aging temperatures were 25 °C, 55 °C, 85 °C, and 125 °C, applied for a period of 12 months. Subsequently, the specimens were thermally cycled from -40°C to 125 °C with 15 min dwell times at the high temperature. Weibull analysis of failures versus cycle number show a ~ 57% reduction in package lifetimes when aged at 125 °C compared to no aging for 19 mm BGAs, for MLFs the degradation is even worse, more than 58% reduction in experiment result. In contrast, the reliability performance of Sn-37Pb is much more stable over long time up to 12 months and temperature. We also study the evolution during isothermal aging, which is one of the major failure modes of solder joints due to its high homologous temperature. The degradation is observed for both SAC alloys on all tested package sizes and board finishes. For the 19 mm SAC105 case, e.g., there was a 53% (57%) reduction of characteristic lifetime at 125 °C for 6 months (12 months) compared to room temperature aging. The trends are in the expected directions; namely, the reliability is reduced when using higher aging temperatures, smaller solder balls, and SAC105. The dominant failure mode can be associated with the growth of Cu6Sn5 intermetallic compounds during the aging, particularly on the pad side.
16 nm FinFET High-k/Metal-gate 256-kbit 6T SRAM macros with wordline overdriven assist

We demonstrate 16 nm FinFET High-k/Metal-gate SRAM macros with a wordline (WL) overdriven read/write-assist circuit. Test-chip measurements confirm improved minimum operating voltage (V min ), standby leakage current, and access time compared to planar bulk CMOS. The proposed assist circuit improves V min by 50 mV and improves read-access-time by more than 1.5 times in 256-kbit SRAM macros. Read current (I read ) dependence against the fin diffusion length was observed. An extra design guard-band is needed to provide a reliable operation margin.
Does C–S–H particle shape matter? A discussion of the paper ‘Modelling elasticity of a hydrating cement paste’, by Julien Sanahuja, Luc Dormieux and Gilles Chanvillard. CCR 37 (2007) 1427–1439

Abstract In their inspiring paper, Sanahuja et al. (CCR (37) 1427–1439) add a new dimension and degree of freedom for implementing the Materials Science Paradigm between microstructure and properties of cement-based materials, which is the particle aspect ratio of C–S–H elementary building block. The question addressed in this discussion is how far this departure from the perfect disordered morphology of C–S–H is truly relevant for cement-based materials.
Ab initio molecular orbital study of dimer CHF3

Abstract Various dimer configurations of fluoroform have been studied by means of the GAUSSIAN-70 algorithm using the minimal STO-3G basis set. The largest dimerization energy, 0.68 kcal mol , occurs in an end-to-end linear geometry with a H...F distance of 2.3 A and the electron donor molecule tilted at 45° with respect to the C-H...F axis.
SIRTF: Space Infrared Telescope Facility

SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope Facility), a one meter class cryogenically cooled observatory for infrared astronomy, is briefly discussed. The characteristics of the Infrared Array Camera, Infrared Spectrograph, and Multiband Imaging Photometer on SIRTF are summarized and the SIRTF characteristics are compared with those of IRAS. The key scientific aims and capabilities of SIRTF are outlined.
On the Mode of the Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Action of the Serotonin Receptor Blockers Metergoline, Methysergide, and Cyproheptadine

Using animals with large electrolytic lesions of the median eminence-mediobasal hypothalamus, we confirmed earlier findings that metergoline (ME) and methysergide (MS) inhibit PRL secretion through activation of the dopamine receptors of the pituitary lactotrophs and established, in a quantitative manner, that their dopaminergic potencies are comparable to the potency of the dopamine receptor agonist, piribedil, with ED50 in the order of 0.35 to 0.22 mg/kg. Cyproheptadine (CYP), acting by an unknown mechanism, had only a weak inhibiting effect (ED50 20.0 mg/kg) in these experimental conditions. In the second part of the study, the PRL-inhibiting actions of ME, MS, CYP, and piribedil, respectively, were tested against the PRL release-stimulating effect of activation of the central serotonergic system that was induced by administration of a large dose of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP; 100 mg/kg), a small dose of 5HTP (15 mg/kg) in rats pretreated with fluoxetine, or by the serotonin receptor agonist quipazine...
Lotteries and the Time Horizon

People chose between hypothetical alternatives of (a) a million-dollar lottery prize and (b) a much smaller but certain amount of money When probabilities of winning the lottery were above about 1/100,000, subjects avoided risk, for example, a 1/100,000 probability of the million-dollar prize was chosen about as often as $700 for sure But at probabilities below 1/100,000, subjects sought risk, for example, a 1/1,000,000 probability of the million-dollar prize was chosen about as often as $9 for sure This crossover from risk aversion to risk seeking is predicted by Mazur's (1987) hyperbolic delay discount function with probability expressed as average delay due to strings of losses followed by a win, together with a time horizon limiting subjective delay
The Combination of Surgery and Radiation in the Treatment of Cancer A Review

Although radiation and surgery have been combined for the treatment of cancer in humans and animals since the 1920s, little has been written about the methods of combining radiation and surgery and the efficacy of this combination for the treatment of animal tumors. This article reviews the rationale for combining radiation and surgery for the treatment of cancer and the ways in which these two modalities can be combined with emphasis placed on the advantages and disadvantages of preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy. The role of preoperative and postoperative irradiation for the treatment of various animal tumors is discussed. Directions for future clinical trials are pointed out. Finally, the importance of surgeons and radiation oncologists communicating with each other and participating in cooperative treatment methods is stressed.
An Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation protocol effective on a variety of cottonwood hybrids (genus Populus)

We describe a protocol for Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of hybrid cottonwoods (Populus sections Tacamahaca Spach. and Aigeiros Duby). The protocol has allowed routine transformation of several economically important cottonwood hybrids (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray×P. deltoides Bartr. ex. Marsh. and P. deltoides×P. nigra L.) that were previously difficult to transform. The procedure was applied to 11 different hybrid cottonwood genotypes and one P. deltoides genotype using kanamycin as the selection agent. Additional experiments showed a very strong interaction between auxin preculture and the effectiveness of various cytokinins for induction of shoot organogenesis. The data also demonstrated the superiority of Agrobacterium strain EHA105 over C58 and LBA4404 for T-DNA transfer based on transient assays with a reporter gene.
Pott's disease: a case of Mycobacterium xenopi infection of the spine

Pott’s disease is an infection of the spine with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that causes destruction of the spine elements resulting in progressive kyphosis. We are describing a rare case of Pott’s disease where Mycobacterium xenopi was the inculpated organism. Keywords: pott’s disease; Mycobacterium xenopi; Nasca culture (Published: 7 January 2012) Citation: Journal of Community Hospital Internal Medicine Perspectives 2013, 2 : 20150 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jchimp.v2i4.20150
Pump implantation for intrathecal baclofen infusion after laparotomy for necrotizing enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and spastic cerebral palsy are both familiar complications of prematurity. Children who are otherwise candidates for intrathecal baclofen infusion occasionally have long, transverse, right midabdominal laparotomy incisions from past management of NEC, and these incisions may interfere with selection of a site for pump implantation. Successful pump implantation immediately beneath a laparotomy incision was accomplished using a modification of the popular subfascial technique.
Performance-Related Reliability Measures for Computing Systems

We have developed measures which reflect the interaction between the reliability and the performance characteristics of computing systems. These measures can be used to evaluate traditional computer architectures, such as uniprocessors and standby redundant systems; gracefully degrading systems, such as multiprocessors, which can react to a detected failure by reconfiguring to a state with a decreased level of performance; and distributed systems. This analysis method, which provides quantitative information about the tradeoffs between reliability and performance, is demonstrated in several examples.
Nomarski serial time-encoded amplified microscope for high throughput imaging of transparent media

We report a new method of high-contrast imaging of unstained and transparent objects at ∼1000 times higher frame rates than conventional methods. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate enhanced image-contrast in 2D imaging of a transmission grating.
Enabling sustainable sensing in adverse environments

Water infrastructure has been degrading on a national scale in the U.S. for years. Much of this degradation is caused by massive leakage in aging water mains. Water is a critical, and finite resource, early identification of these leaks would not only save cities millions of dollars in revenue but also safeguard our limited natural resources. Current methods of leak detection are either too costly, unscalable, or only feasible in the short-term. We propose using environmentally powered embedded adaptive sensors to provide cost-effective water-monitoring infrastructure that can operate maintenance free for the lifetime of a water main. In this poster we will present our early monitoring system, and initial results and analysis from our current deployment in the Clemson University water distribution network. We also present future directions and key research questions.
Thermal Data Reduction for Heatsink to Rack Interfaces

Component densities and high power dissipations have driven conduction cooled communications enclosures near their practical limits. The thermal resistance at the electronics heatsink to chassis interface acts as a major thermal choke point. Better characterizing the heatsink to chassis thermal interface will allow less conservative designs and increased performance. Extensive testing of the thermal resistance at the heatsink and chassis rail interface has been explored at Harris Corporation. The testing and data reduction focused on a method to accurately model the thermal interface. The resulting test method and data reduction technique served to more accurately characterize the module retainer to chassis interface as a parallel thermal resistance path.
PICASSO-CENA satellite-based research mission: K-12 education and public outreach (Student use of remote sensing for research validation)

The PICASSO-CENA satellite-based research mission, formally known as Pathfinder Instruments for Cloud and Aerosol Spaceborne Observations-Climatologie Etendue des Nuages et des Aerosols, is a cooperative effort led by NASA Langley Research Center. PICASSO-CENA, scheduled for launch in 2003, will add critical new measurement capabilities to satellite systems planned for NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS). Unique to PICASSO-CENA will be the use of LIDAR to provide an opportunity for more comprehensive atmospheric data collection. PICASSO-CENA will use LIDAR in concert with a near infrared spectrometer. The spectrometer will measure the spectrum of reflected sunlight in the oxygen A-band. More complete observations of cloud distributions and properties are needed to better understand their role in Earth's climate system. Many of the present uncertainties result from inadequate knowledge of the vertical distribution and degree of overlap of the clouds in these systems. To develop a scientifically literate population, there must be a venue for bringing scientific research and its implications to public awareness. In response to this need, PICASSO-CENA Outreach is collaborating with WHRO Public Broadcasting Network, the local PBS affiliate, to develop a video production on the PICASSO-CENA mission. Emphasis is being placed on providing the public with an explanation of PICASSO-CENA and the implications of its research on climatic change, health, visibility, and weather.
An optimization problem in distributed parameter systems

The optimal control problem for a furnace heating a one-dimensional slab with a quadratic performance index is analysed. This system is a typical distributed parameter system. The Hamiltonian is defined and the canonical equations are obtained. A Riccati type matrix partial differential equation is obtained from the canonical equations. An approximate method to solve these equations is derived and an example is presented to illustrate this method.
Learning the Intrinsic Dimensions of the Timit Speech Database with Maximum Variance Unfolding

Modern methods for nonlinear dimensionality reduction have been used extensively in the machine learning community for discovering the intrinsic dimension of several datasets. In this paper we apply one of the most successful ones Maximum Variance Unfolding on a big sample of the well known speech benchmark TIMIT. Although MVU is not generally scalable, we managed to apply to 1 million 39-dimensional points and successfully reduced the dimension down to 15. In this paper we apply some of the state-of-the-art techniques for handling big datasets. The biggest bottleneck is the local neighborhood computation. For 300K points it took 9 hours while for 1M points it took 3.5 days. We also demonstrate the weakness of MFCC representation under the k-nearest neighborhood classification since the error rate is more than 50%.
Face recognition by fusing thermal infrared and visible imagery

Thermal infrared (IR) imagery offers a promising alternative to visible imagery for face recognition due to its relative insensitive to variations in face appearance caused by illumination changes. Despite its advantages, however, thermal IR has several limitations including that it is opaque to glass. The focus of this study is on the sensitivity of thermal IR imagery to facial occlusions caused by eyeglasses. Specifically, our experimental results illustrate that recognition performance in the IR spectrum degrades seriously when eyeglasses are present in the probe image but not in the gallery image and vice versa. To address this serious limitation of IR, we propose fusing IR with visible imagery. Since IR and visible imagery capture intrinsically different characteristics of the observed faces, intuitively, a better face description could be found by utilizing the complimentary information present in the two spectra. Two different fusion schemes have been investigated in this study. The first one is pixelbased and operates in the wavelet domain, while the second one is feature-based and operates in the eigenspace domain. In both cases, we employ a simple and general framework based on Genetic Algorithms (GAs) to find an optimum fusion strategy. We have evaluated our approaches through extensive experiments using the Equinox face database and the eigenface recognition methodology. Our results illustrate significant performance improvements in recognition, suggesting that IR and visible fusion is a viable approach that deserves further consideration. q 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Ultrastructural Changes and Biochemical Events in Basidiospore Germination of Schizophyllum commune

Abstract Electron microscopic features and biochemical events were outlined in basidiospore germination of Schizophyllum commune. Normal ultrastructural changes included prominent vacuolization and more abundant endoplasmic reticulum. A lag phase in outgrowth included depletion of cellular reserves of trehalose, mannitol, and arabitol and subsequent increases in ribonucleic acid and protein. Depletion of polyols required exogenous carbon and nitrogen sources and was arrested by protein synthesis antagonists. Outgrowth subsequent to the lag period was accompanied by increased glycogen deposition and alkali-soluble glucan production.
Ampacity tables and circuit sizing, or you sized that feeder-how?

The author sets forth the basic design considerations and applicable codes and standards requirements for circuit sizing. Consideration is given to load current, insulation temperature rating, equipment terminal requirements, ambient temperature, voltage drop, energy costs, equipment grounding, conductor size, and raceway effects. Examples are given to illustrate the typical but often incorrect method and several alternative but correct methods. Guidelines and examples are given for methods to streamline this process using computer-generated, standardized tables for feeders, motors, and transformers. These tables not only reduce design time but assure increased quality control in the design process. >
The Role of Mycoplasma Species and Ureaplasma Species in Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease

The cause of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is frequently difficult to determine and may be multifactorial. A controlled cohort study was performed to examine the role of Mycoplasma species and Ureaplasma species in FLUTD. Based on culture and serologic criteria, these microorganisms did not appear to be involved in the group of cats studied. At this time, there is no evidence to implicate Mycoplasma species and Ureaplasma species in FLUTD.
Auto-tuning of fast fourier transform on graphics processors

We present an auto-tuning framework for FFTs on graphics processors (GPUs). Due to complex design of the memory and compute subsystems on GPUs, the performance of FFT kernels over the range of possible input parameters can vary widely. We generate several variants for each component of the FFT kernel that, for different cases, are likely to perform well. Our auto-tuner composes variants to generate kernels and selects the best ones. We present heuristics to prune the search space and profile only a small fraction of all possible kernels. We compose optimized kernels to improve the performance of larger FFT computations. We implement the system using the NVIDIA CUDA API and compare its performance to the state-of-the-art FFT libraries. On a range of NVIDIA GPUs and input sizes, our auto-tuned FFTs outperform the NVIDIA CUFFT 3.0 library by up to 38x and deliver up to 3x higher performance compared to a manually-tuned FFT.
FOREIGN PROPAGANDA IN AMERICA

BECAUSE of the dominant position of the United States in the world today, the opinion of Americans about international affairs is of great concern to governments, business interests, and private individuals in other countries. And in America (unlike the situation in certain countries) efforts to manipulate opinion are relatively unchecked. As revealed in a report of the Department of Justice, representatives of foreign interests are using "every conceivable device of publicity and public relations" to win the friendship of the American people. An account of some of these activities makes fascinating, if disturbing, reading. The author, a writer and counselor in the field of public relations, teaches at the New School for Social Research in New York and edits Public Relations Directory and Yearbook.
Performance of a dual-stage helical flux compression generator under varying background gas and pressure

Recent efforts at the Center for Pulsed Power and Power Electronics at Texas Tech University have been focused on the development of a compact and explosively driven High Power Microwave, HPM, system. The primary energy source (other than the seed energy source) driving the microwave load in this system is a mid-sized, dual-stage helical flux compression generator, HFCG. The HFCG has a constant stator inner diameter of 7.6 cm, a length of 26 cm, with a working volume of 890 cm3. Testing at the Center has revealed energy gains in the 30's and 40's with output energy levels in the kilo-joules regime into loads of several micro-Henries. Over the last few years, close to one hundred shots have been taken with these generators into various loads consisting of dummy inductive loads, power conditioning systems, and HPM sources. Throughout these tests, the working volume of the HFCG, i.e. the volume in between the wire stator and the explosive-filled aluminum armature, was filled with SF 6 at atmospheric pressure. This was primarily done do avoid electrical breakdown in the generator volume during operation, resulting in flux loss. Recent design updates enable pressurizing the generator volume to pressures up to 0.5 MPa, which is needed, for instance, to replace the SF 6 with other gases such as air or nitrogen. The performance of the dual-stage HFCG with pressurized working volume (SF 6 and N 2 ) is presented in this paper along with an analysis of the maximum electric field amplitude held off in the volume during operation. The design technique to seal the HFCG will also be briefly discussed.
A Bottom-Up Approach to Task Scheduling on Distributed Memory Multiprocessors

This paper presents a new approach to statically schedule parallel programs modeled as Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) on various distributed memory multi-processor topologies represented as processor graphs to reduce the overall execution time of the program. The scheduler factors in the processor topology, communication delays and delays due to channel conflicts for scheduling. Our scheme differs dramatically from existing schedulers in that tasks of the DAG are scheduled bottom up. Experimental results presentedfor message switched systems using the hypercube and torus topologies show the effectiveness of our scheme. Our scheme can also be adapted for other topologies and routing schemes such as wormhole routing and circuit switching.
Pressure analysis and countermeasure of radiotherapy technicians work

Through the analysis of various sources of pressure in face of radiotherapy technicians work, a variety of countermeasures are proposed to alleviate the pressure of radiotherapy technician, technician can be better to provide patients with high-quality medical services.
Abstract 3849: The Optimal Target for Thrombolytic Trials: The Interaction of Mismatch Size and IV tPA Treatment in Predicting Good Clinical Outcome

Introduction: Because IV tPA treatment initiated within 4.5 hours is the only acute stroke therapy of proven clinical efficacy, this population offers the greatest validity for determining imaging ...
CoM control for underactuated 2D hopping robots with series-elastic actuation via higher order Partial Feedback Linearization

In this work we introduce a method for enforcing stance phase trajectories on the center of mass (CoM) for a series-elastic actuated 2D hopping robot with realistic actuator dynamics and underactuation. Building on earlier work, we generate CoM trajectories by abstracting the system to a single point mass moving along a 4th order asymmetric trajectory and analytically solve for the effective ground reaction force vector to indirectly enforce stable trajectories on the body angular acceleration, while maintaining precise ballistic take-off conditions on the CoM. By controlling the CoM directly, we provide solutions that account for the real impact dynamics of the system in order to accurately regulate stride length, and provide a framework that allows for future work in the construction of trajectories to achieve desired results such as stride switching, operation on rough terrain, and disturbance rejection. We utilize Partial Feedback Linearization (PFL) control directly on the CoM position, however due to the series-elastic actuation and compliance in the leg, a classical acceleration-based PFL construction is impossible because of the spring force instantaneously determining the acceleration of the leg of the robot. Therefore we present a solution that constructs PFL control laws about the 4th derivative of the CoM position variables.
Effect of therapeutic and toxic concentrations of ouabain upon potassium content of myocardium.

SummaryIntracellular concentration and total amount of potassium in isolated guinea pig ventricle strips in the presence of both therapeutic and toxic concentrations of ouabain have been investigated. A concentration of the drug which produced an increase in the force of contraction without evidence of toxicity did not alter either intracellular concentration or total amount of this ion in the heart. A toxic concentration of ouabain which produced automaticity and a marked increase in the resting tension, followed by decline in force of contraction to zero, caused a mean decrease of 21% in intracellular potassium concentration.
Local control of newly diagnosed and distally recurrent, low-volume brain metastases with fixed-dose (20 gy) gamma knife radiosurgery.

BACKGROUND: Metastases to the brain occur in 20% to 30% of patients with cancer and have been identified on autopsy in as many as 50% of patients. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of 20-Gy Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKR) as initial treatment in patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases ≤ 2 cm in greatest diameter. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 114 consecutive adults with Karnofsky performance status ≥ 60 who received GKR for 1 to 3 brain metastases ≤ 2 cm in size was performed. Five patients lacked detailed follow-up and were excluded, leaving 109 for outcome analysis (34 men and 75 women; median age, 61.2 years). All metastases received 20 Gy to the 50% isodose line. RESULTS: One hundred nine patients underwent treatment of 164 metastases at initial GKR. Twenty-six patients (23.9%) were alive at last follow-up (median time, 29.9 months; range, 6.6 months to 7.8 years). The median overall survival was 13.8 months (range, 1 day to 7.6 years). Among the 52 patients with distant failure, 33 patients received 20 Gy to 95 new lesions. A total of 259 metastases received 20 Gy, and 4 patients lacked imaging follow-up secondary to death before posttreatment imaging. Local failure occurred in 17 of 255 treated lesions (6.7%), yielding an overall local control rate of 93.3%. Actuarial local control at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months was 96%, 93%, 89%, and 88%, respectively. Permanent neurological complications occurred in 3 patients (2.8%). CONCLUSION: Among patients with 1 to 3 brain metastases ≤ 2 cm in size who have not received whole-brain radiation therapy, GKR with 20 Gy provides high rates of local control with low morbidity and excellent neurological symptom-free survival.
Effects of an Artificial Diet and Varied Environmental Conditions on Longevity of Coeloides pissodis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)

Previous work with parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, indicated that artificial diet could increase parasitoid longevity under constant, climatically moderate laboratory conditions. This study investigates the impact of the same artificial diet on parasitoid longevity under more extreme climatic conditions in an effort to determine longevity under conditions approximating those in southern pine forests. Coeloides pissodis (Ashmead), a common parasitoid of D. frontalis, was reared from field-collected D. frontalis -infested pine bark and used to test the effects of the artificial diet on adult longevity under 6 temperature–humidity settings. Parasitoid adults were provided with water only, or water plus diet and placed in environmental chambers set to 18, 24, or 30°C and either high (80%) or low (30%) relative humidity, and longevity was recorded and compared. Across all treatments, relative humidity appeared to have a greater impact on longevity than temperature or availability of diet, although diet significantly increased longevity under high humidity conditions.
Response to Müller. Body integrity identity disorder (BIID).

To the Editors: I write in response to Sabine Muller's Body Integrity Identity Disorder (BIID)—Is the Amputation of Healthy Limbs Ethically Justified? (2009). In her article, Ms. Muller attributes ...
A Smashing Success? The Paradox of Hungarian Cultural Imperialism in Nazi New Order Europe, 1939–42:

This article investigates the flooding of the Yugoslav film market by Hungarian features between 1939 and 1941, the impact of which continued well into 1942. This torrent and the simultaneous expansion of Hungary’s domestic market substantially influenced not only the Hungarian film industry, but surprisingly the cultural politics of southeastern Europe during the early imposition of the Nazi New Order. Viewing Hungarian cinematic success through the lens and rhetoric of cultural imperialism, the article examines the centrality of Jewish participation in and expulsion from Hungarian cultural production, Hungary’s perception of its role in southeastern Europe, and Nazi Germany’s understanding of Hungarian film as an existential threat to its European New Order. By ‘Europeanizing’ Hungary’s venture in Yugoslavia, the article opens new avenues of thought about the space afforded to small states in Nazi-dominated Europe. It explains how Hungary’s achievements in Yugoslavia reinvigorated a faltering industry a...
Passive Detection Technique Based on Multi-point Radiation

The passive detection technique based on multi-radiant point is studied.Firstly,the signal environment is analyzed,and a project is presented for the passive detection based on multi-point radiation.Then,the signal extract technique for reference direct-arrive signal and the signal detection technique for small-signal from multi-target reflection are investigated.Finally,simulation is given to illustrate the study result.
The Recurring Governance Crisis: Director Independence and the Disconnect Between Structural Reform and Conduct

Governance reform, introduced after the corporate scandals of the 1980s and 1990s, failed to significantly improve corporate conduct and accountability. That much is evidenced by the accounting and other scandals that have held us captive since the first word on Enron hit the street. With what confidence should we then embrace the post-Enron reforms introduced by the same reformers, such as the SEC, Congress, the Federal Accounting Standards Board (FASB), The Conference Board, the NYSE and NASDAQ, and the courts in Delaware? In a short history of what they call the "revolutionary idea of the company," Micklethwait and Wooldridge describe the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX), as "arguably the toughest piece of corporate legislation since the 1930s" (2003:151).1 Their assertion about the far-reaching effect of SOX should pique our interest about whether recent reform initiatives will have the same staying power as did the 1930s initiatives; such staying power likely based on the ability of SOX to produce the corporate conduct intended by reformers. Have reformers finally managed to settle the disconnect between structural reform and substantive conduct, or does the "recurrent crisis in corporate governance" (Mac A voy and Millstein, 2003) remain unresolved?2
Influence of Air Conditioner's Compressor on Vehicle's Interior Noise

In this paper,two kinds of vehicle interior noise caused by air conditioner's compressor are studied.It is discovered that(1) the booming noise appears when the rotation speed of the engine reaches about 4750rpm,due to the resonance caused by the powertrain modal frequency of the compressor's support and the engine's second order vibration frequency;and(2) the beat noise of idling is due to the beat phenomenon caused by the irrational speed ratio of the engine and the air conditioner's compressor.
A Review of “Treaty Politics and the Rise of Executive Agreements”

The controversies surrounding George W. Bush's presidency rekindled debates in the scholarly and policy communities alike over the overuse and abuse of presidential power. Such debates often evoke ...
Constraint-modified J−R curves and its application to ductile crack growth

The concept of J-controlled crack growth is extended to J−A 2 controlled crack growth using J as the loading level and A 2 as the constraint parameter. It is shown that during crack extension, the parameter A 2 is an appropriate constraint parameter due to its independence of applied loads under fully plastic conditions or large-scale yielding. A wide range of constraint level is considered using five different types of specimen geometry and loading configuration; namely, compact tension (CT), three-point bend (TPB), single edge-notched tension (SENT), double edge-notched tension (DENT) and centre-cracked panel (CCP). The upper shelf initiation toughness J IC, tearing resistance T R and J−R curves tested by Joyce and Link (1995) for A533B steels using the first four specimens are analysed. Through finite element analysis at the applied load of J IC, the values of A 2 for all specimens are determined. The framework and construction of constraint-modified J−R curves using A 2 as the constraint parameter are developed and demonstrated. A procedure of transferring the J−R curves determined from standard ASTM procedure to non-standard specimens or practical cracked structures is outlined. Based on the test data, the constraint-modified J−R curves are presented for the test material of A533B steel. Comparison shows the experimental J−R curves can be reproduced or predicted accurately by the constraint-modified J−R curves for all specimens tested. Finally, the variation of J−R curves with the size of test specimens is produced. The results show that larger specimens tend to have lower crack growth resistance curves.
Deconvolving the Productivity of Salespeople via Constrained Quadratic Programming

With the present market trend, businesses and organisations with large salesforces are experiencing much turnover among their sellers. Movement of salespeople from one company to another is a continual process as long as there is market demand. In the traditional sense, a salesperson’s productivity is directly proportional to the revenue that he or she brings to the company. Importantly, the senior leaders in organisations are interested in knowing the variations in sales productivity as a result of hiring and attrition in the salesforce. In this paper we focus our attention on the characterisation of sales productivity based on four categories. When an existing salesperson leaves, what is the sales productivity over time if replaced by a new hire from a university, an experienced new hire, or a transfer from another division in the company? In addition if an organisation ventures into acquisition, what is the anticipated sales productivity from this? We model the sales productivity of new hires as a linear time-invariant system and estimate productivity profiles with a least-squares deconvolution formulation. By applying business constraints on productivity profiles for regularisation, we are left with a constrained quadratic program to solve. We demonstrate the estimation technique on real-world sales data from a global enterprise, finding productivity profiles under the four different cases listed above.
High levels of serum collagenase in premature labor - a potential biochemical marker

An improved sensitive assay for collagenase, which uses [3H]telopeptide-free collagen as a substrate, was used to measure changes in serum collagenase levels in 96 women and ten men (18-35 years old). Both latent and active forms of collagenase were detected in serum by molecular sieve chromatography; these forms had a relative molecular weight (Mr) of 65,000 and 45,000, respectively. Only latent collagenase was detected in crude serum after destroying inhibitors by treatment with 3 M potassium thiocyanate. Collagenase levels in males were lower than in nongravid females (34 +/- 5 versus 53 +/- 5 U/dL; mean +/- SEM; 1 unit = 1 microgram collagen digested per minute at 30C). During pregnancy there was no significant change in serum collagenase levels until the onset of spontaneous labor in full-term pregnancies (37-42 weeks), at which point there was a 66% increase over the nongravid level to a value of 88 +/- 5 U/dL. There was a further rise at one day postpartum, and high levels continued for at least four days. Women in premature labor (24-36 weeks) exhibited an eightfold increase in the level of serum collagenase to 405 +/- 110 U/dL; 16 of 17 patients in this group had collagenase levels above the 95th percentile for women at 16-40 weeks but not in labor. This evaluation of serum collagenase may provide a key for detecting premature labor. It is suggested that the increase in serum collagenase arises from the lower uterine segment and cervix.
Diabetes in the Impoverished Population; How Can We Help?

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus presents a major disease burden globally. This project set out to discuss the experiences of living with diabetes with a group of lowincome patients with poorly controlled diabetes at a particular clinic to determine barriers to care that they face. Responses were analyzed to determine if diabetes self-management education (DSME) would be an approach sufficient to address the needs of these patients. Methods: Clinic staff selected 15 patients from a pool of patients diagnosed with diabetes that had been designated by the clinic as low-income and poorlycontrolled. These patients were interviewed using a series of 17 questions. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Pertinent responses were selected from the text and moved to an Excel spreadsheet. Responses were then analyzed for
Buckling of spherical shells revisited

A study is presented of the post-buckling behaviour and imperfection sensitivity of complete spherical shells subject to uniform external pressure. The study builds on and extends the major contrib...
Crowd Control: E7 Conservation Is the Key to Cancer

Several human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) oncoproteins contribute to cellular transformation in vitro. In this issue of Cell, Mirabello and colleagues use high-throughput sequencing data to assess the diversity of HPV16 isolates from human patients. These data suggest that the E7 oncoprotein is the fundamental contributor to in vivo carcinogenesis.
Influence of Ionic Constituents and Electrical Conductivity on the Propagation of Charged Nanoscale Objects in Passivated Gel Electrophoresis

When determining the electric field E acting on charged objects in gel electrophoresis, the electrical conductivity of the buffer solution is often overlooked; E is typically calculated by dividing the applied voltage by a separation distance between electrodes. However, as a consequence of electrolytic reactions, which occur at the electrodes, gradients in the ionic content of the buffer solution and its conductivity can potentially develop over time, thereby impacting E and affecting propagation velocities of charged objects, v, directly. Here, we explore how the types and concentrations of ionic constituents of the buffer solution, which largely control its conductivity, when used in passivated gel electrophoresis (P-gelEP), can influence E, thereby altering v of charged nanospheres propagating through large-pore gels. We measure the conductivity of the buffer solution in the center of the gel region near propagating bands of nanospheres, and we show that predictions of E based on conductivity closely correlate with v. We also explore P-gelEP involving two different types of passivation agents: nonionic polyethylene glycol (PEG) and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Our observations indicate that using a conductivity model to determine E from the local current density and the conductivity where spheres are propagating can lead to a better estimate than the standard approach of a voltage divided by a separation. Moreover, this conductivity model also provides a starting point for interpreting the complex behavior created by amphiphilic ionic passivation agents, such as SDS, on propagating nanospheres used in some P-gelEP experiments.
Measurements of trace stratospheric molecules using far infrared and mid infrared thermal emission spectroscopy

Far infrared emission spectroscopy is a powerful technique for the measurement of a number of molecules that are important in stratospheric (i.e., ozone layer) chemistry. The technique is particularly applicable to polar molecules with large, hydrogenic rotational constants [Chance et al., 1985]. These molecules include diatomics (HCl, HF, HBr, and OH), and nearly symmetric prolate molecules with large perpendicular components of their dipole moments (HOCl, H 2 O 2 , and HO 2 ). They have strong rotational spectra in the far infrared that persist to sufficiently high energy (80 cm -1 and above) that their spectra do not suffer great interference from the rotational lines of H 2 O and O 3 which dominate the far infrared atmospheric spectrum. Thus, this type of molecule can be measured with great sensitivity from about 80 to 200 cm -1 .
Interactive Multiple Objective Programming: Concepts, Current Status, and Future Directions

This paper discusses 32 topics that summarize interactive multiple objective programming, the area represented by STEM by Benayoun, de Montgolfier, Tergny and Larichev (1971), the Geoffrion-Dyer-Feinberg Procedure (1972), the Zionts-Wallenius procedure (1976 and 1983), Wierzbicki’s Reference Point Method (1977, 1982 and 1986), etc. The concensus is that a spectrum of interactive procedures is necessary because the procedure to use on a given application is usually problem and user dependent.
Greedy robust wind farm layout optimization with feasibility guarantee

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a method with light data requirements for generating robust wind farm layouts. Robustness in this work is quantified as the lowest energy conversion efficiency of the ...
Compact Third-Order Bandpass Frequency Selective Surface with Wide Spurious-Suppression Bandwidth

A compact third-order bandpass frequency selective surface (FSS) with high selectivity and wide spurious-suppression bandwidth characteristics is presented. The proposed multi-layer FSS filter operating in the C-band, is composed of three Jerusalem Cross (JC) periodic array layers coupled together through periodic square aperture layers. The wide rejection band is obtained by incorporating bandstop JC layers that are designed to suppress spurious responses. The analysis of the design based on its equivalent circuit model (ECM) shows that the proposed FSS design can be synthesized with inductively coupled bandpass resonators from filter theory. To demonstrate its superior response, the proposed third-order FSS is compared through full wave simulation with its counterpart [5], which uses complementary JC layers that behave as parallel LC bandpass resonators.
Follow-Up After Gastric Cancer Treatment

The follow-up of patients after curative gastrectomy for cancer is controversial. Many clinicians perform routine postoperative follow-up despite the lack of supporting evidence with no clear consensus on the utility or mode of surveillance in these patients. In this chapter, we explore the reasons for routine follow-up and delve into the literature on recurrence patterns, surveillance modalities, the impact of follow-up on survival outcomes, the current guidelines and recommendations and take a glimpse at what the future holds.
Metastatic optic nerve sheath calcification with optic atrophy associated with untreated hyperparathyroidism

Abstract Background To date, the etiology of optic nerve sheath calcifications is unclear and visual loss secondary to optic nerve sheath calcifications has been reported infrequently. Case description We report the case of a patient with an untreated parathyroid adenoma with longstanding elevated parathormone levels and hypercalcemia. This patient presented with optic atrophy and visual loss bilaterally (right worse than left) with associated exuberant calcification of the optic nerve sheaths and choroid plexus. Conclusions Our patient demonstrates that metastatic optic nerve sheath calcification can occur in the setting of untreated hyperparathyroidism with longstanding hypercalcemia. Patients who present with optic nerve sheath calcification, with or without visual loss, should be studied for hypercalcemia and the possibility of an occult parathyroid adenoma should be considered as a possible cause.
Appendix E: Semi-empirical Treatment of Simple Wall-Bounded Flows

Engineering models for turbulent flows are sets of finite numbers of equations (usually of differential type) to mimic the properties of selected classes of turbulent flows. They cannot claim rigorosity, since they apply unsupported guesses together with experimental information, dimensional analysis and mathematical properties to express the additional unknown terms (called closure models) as functions of the system variables.
Effect of Zwitterionic Molecules on Ionic Transport under Electric Fields: A Molecular Simulation Study

Zwitterionic molecules can associate with both cations and anions in electrolytes. This ability can be leveraged to manipulate ionic associations and transport if we understand the related mechanisms. We investigate the effect of zwitterionic molecules on ionic associations and transport in the electrolytes composed of 1:1 Li salts (anions: [TFSI]− and [BETI]−) and zwitterionic molecules containing imidazolium and sulfonate groups under 0–1.1 V/nm electric fields using molecular dynamics simulations. The ionic associations and transport in the electrolytes are analyzed using Li+-zwitterion and Li+-anion radial distribution functions, association number and lifetimes, and diffusion coefficients of Li+, anion, and zwitterionic molecules. The simulation results show a close correlation between the ionic association and transport. Small Li+ ions and large anions diffuse at the same level with the presence of zwitterionic molecules. The electric field must be stronger than a threshold to influence diffusion an...