cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contrasting hydrogeologic regimes along strike-slip and thrust faults in the Oregon convergent margin: Evidence from the chemistry of syntectonic carbonate cements and veins

Samples of carbonate-cemented sedimentary rocks were collected during 11 Alvin dives in two regions along the Cascadia margin, a northern strike-slip fault zone and a southern thrust-fault zone (“second ridge”). We characterized 35 samples petrographically and chemically. Northern-area samples are dominantly sandstones; second-ridge samples are all mudstones. Vugs and high percentages of carbonate cement in the mudstones suggest that these rocks were never deeply buried. The abundance of veins and brecciation in samples from both regions attests to their proximity to faults. Northern-area cements are dominantly calcite or magnesian calcite, whereas second-ridge cements generally are more dolomitic. Oxygen and Sr isotopic values of carbonate cements indicate the involvement of two very different fluid reservoirs during cementation. One reservoir generally has low δ 18 O, very low δ 13 C, and high 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, but the other has high δ 18 O, moderately negative δ 13 C, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios lower than modern seawater values. In the northern area, diagenetic carbonates are subdivided into two populations of coupled oxygen and carbon isotopic values. Population I has δ 18 O PDB values of +3‰ to +5‰ and δ 13 C PDB values of −55‰ to −45‰. Population II has δ 18 O values of −13‰ to −4‰ and δ 13 C values of −25‰ to −1‰. Such common low δ 18 O values in carbonate cements have not been observed at any other accretionary wedge. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of northern-area samples range from 0.7128 to 0.7088. Oxygen and Sr isotopic values show a correlation between increasing 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios and decreasing δ 18 O values. Oxygen and carbon isotopic values of most diagenetic carbonates from the second ridge range from +3‰ to +10‰ and −55‰ to −38‰, respectively. Enrichments of 18 O probably result from a combination of dolomitic mineralogy, cold bottom-water temperatures, and the presence of decomposing gas hydrate in the subsurface. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of carbonates from the second ridge range from 0.7086 to 0.7091. The geochemical signatures of diagenetic cements from the northern area suggest that fluids were derived from greater than 2 km depth, perhaps from the decollement. Prominent gullies throughout the northern area are probably underlain by strike-slip faults that provide conduits for upward fluid migration. Cements at the second ridge precipitated from shallowly derived fluids. The difference in fluid source depth is related to proximity to the fluid conduits and different orientations of minimum principal stress and resultant hydrofractures in the two fault regimes.
TECHNICIANS' VIEWS OF TRAINING AND FUNCTION

Up to this point in the discussion, the psychological technician has been considered primarily in an objective fashion, that is, as an object of training and utilization in a variety of clinical settings. We have examined technician input in terms of training and technician output in terms of performance, sticking very close to a traditional S-R model of behavioral analysis. It would seem relevant at this point, however, to take a more subjective approach toward the technician, that is, put the O in the S-O-R and find out exactly what is taking place within the thinking subject. Unlike the proverbial white rat, who unfortunately has never been able to communicate with his psychological master, the technician may be able to provide us with some valuable information, from the "inside" as it were, concerning the nature of this novel learning and performance situation. To this end, a four-page questionnaire was sent to all current and past technicians in the three clinical settings under discussion, requesting a self-evaluation of training and functioning within the role of psychological technician. Specific open-ended questions were asked concerning, for example: What were the strong and weak points of your training? What sorts of things would you like to see added or deleted from the training program? What are the good and bad aspects of being a technician? How do you perceive yourself and your role in relation to other levels of psychological faculty and staff, for example, interns, graduate students? Have you noticed any changes within yourself resulting from your training and work as a psychology technician? What do you see as the future of this type of role in psychology? All five of the respondents completed the questionnaire, including one from West Virginia, one from Oak Ridge, and three from Duke, one of whom had recently retired from technician service. The following is a brief summary of their views.
Measurement of junction temperature of an AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor operating at large power densities

An electrical method to determine the junction temperature of a power bipolar transistor is presented. The success of this method does not rely on the constancy of thermal resistance over the wide range of operating temperatures. It is hence suitable for transistors operating at high power densities where conventional measurement techniques would not apply. Using this method, we establish that the junction temperature can be 40/spl deg/C higher than the product of the low temperature thermal resistance and the power dissipation. >
Use of explosives to investigate liquefaction resistance of aged sand deposits

Abstract Current methods of predicting liquefaction potential were largely developed using data from relatively young deposits or deposits that have been frequently disturbed (i.e., areas of high seismicity). While engineers recognize that these prediction methods are overly conservative for assessing liquefaction potential in geologically aged deposits, there is no widely accepted method for quantitatively accounting for age in these assessments. Because a major disturbance, such as an earthquake or explosion that causes liquefaction, resets a deposit's “geological age,” data from explosive compaction projects in aged deposits are used herein to provide information about both the aged and fresh deposits. A recent explosive compaction project performed in Griffin, IN, as well as four other explosive compaction projects, is used to develop an aging correction relationship for liquefaction resistance. Using a log-linear trend frequently proposed in previous studies, the method proposed herein predicts an approximate 20% gain in liquefaction resistance per time log cycle. The proposed relationship can be used directly if the time since deposition or last disturbance is known or in conjunction with the measured-to-estimated-velocity-ratio ( MEVR ) relationship proposed by Andrus et al. if the deposit's age is unknown.
A Comparison of Televideo and Traditional In-Home Rehabilitation in Mobility Impaired Older Adults

This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of using interactive video conferencing technology to diagnose problems, prescribe interventions, and implement solutions for six mobility and transfer tasks in comparison with traditional home visits. Thirty-two community-dwelling adults with new mobility devices were randomized into either traditional in-home (n = 16) or telerehab (n = 16) intervention group. Each group received weekly, one-hour therapy sessions for four consecutive weeks. There were no significant differences in the number of problems identified, recommendations made, or number of recommendations implemented for five of the six tasks. The only task for which there were significant differences, moving from room to room, is likely attributable to the nature of the protocol which did not accommodate an inherent limitation in the technology, rather than a fatal flaw in the technology itself.
Older Adults Show Deficits in Retrieving and Decoding Associative Mediators Generated at Study.

We instructed the use of mediators to encode paired-associate items, and then measured both cued recall of targets and mediators. Older adults (n = 49) and younger adults (n = 57) studied a mixed list of concrete and abstract noun pairs under instructions to either generate a sentence or an image to form a new association between normatively unrelated words. After each item was studied, they reported the mediator, if any, they had generated. After standard cued recall for each item, they were asked to recall their mediator. Large age differences (d = 1.52) occurred in mediator retrieval during a cued recall test. Older adults were less likely to retrieve mediators, and when they did, their retrieved mediators were more often gist-consistent than verbatim retrievals. Older adults were also more likely to report the wrong target word when correctly retrieving the mediator. Age differences in these decoding errors were large statistical effects, especially for abstract items (d = 1.41) relative to concrete items (d = 0.54). Older adults' associative memory deficits have more to do with retrieval mechanisms than with inadequate encoding strategies.
Study on Compensation for Secondary Arc Current on UHV Double-Circuit Lines

This paper discusses theory of secondary arc current on UHV double-circuit lines and introduces 2 compensation schemes: the neutral reactors of shunt reactor compensation and high-speed grounding switches. Using a practical UHV double-circuit line as an example, the mathematical model based on the practical parameters has been built using PSCAD/EMTDC. When the model utilizes 2 compensation schemes respectively, the secondary arc current is carried out in the case of different fault types. By synthetically comparing and analyzing, the neutral reactors of shunt reactor compensation are more suitable for UHV lines which have no transposition.
‘Only connect’: the case for public health humanities

Humanities in health has until now been primarily understood to mean humanities in medicine and has generally failed to include public health. I will argue in this paper that the common justifications for the former—including increased empathy among practitioners—are at least as applicable, if not more, to the latter. Growing emphasis on the social determinants of health and cultural competency in public health require public health students and professionals to develop a nuanced understanding of the influence of social context on health behaviour and to empathise with people in difficult circumstances. Literary fiction has been demonstrated to have an impact on skills related to empathy and social intelligence. Further, translating epidemiological evidence into public policy is a core task of public health and there is a growing body of research to indicate that statistical evidence is more persuasive when combined with narrative evidence. In this article I explore similarities and differences between proposed humanities in public health and programmes in humanities in medicine and highlight research gaps and possible implications of a more expansive view of humanities in health.
Test-Retest Reliability of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey's 5-Item Food Insecurity Questionnaire Completed by Fourth-Grade Children.

Abstract Objective To examine test-retest reliability and internal consistency of a 5-item food insecurity questionnaire used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods Researchers administered NHANES’s questionnaire in the classroom to 92 fourth-grade children (74 African American; 48 girls) in 2 sessions 27–30 days apart in spring, 2011. Each classroom administration lasted 5–10 minutes. Results Test-retest reliability was 0.66 (Kendall tau), which is modest. Internal consistency (Cronbach alpha) was .67 and .70 for respective administrations. Food insecurity scores were related to gender (adjusted P = .05) and academic achievement (adjusted P = .004) but not to socioeconomic status or body mass index percentile (binomial regression). On average, boys reported higher food insecurity than girls. Children with lower academic achievement scores reported higher food insecurity than children with higher academic achievement scores. Conclusions and Implications NHANES’s 5-item questionnaire may be group administered to assess food insecurity efficiently as reported by individual fourth-grade children.
Modeling the intrinsic inductance of embedded capacitors

Embedded capacitors are used in digital as well as RF devices. This paper shows that, in modeling such capacitors in the gigahertz frequency range, it is necessary to consider the inductances associated with the internal magnetic field distributions. Analytical formulas for the inductances in a two-terminal, circular, embedded capacitor are derived. The impedance from the capacitor model with the derived inductances is compared to that from a full wave field solver, and a very good agreement is observed up to a few GHz.
Hepatic Venous Pressure Measurements: Comparison of End-Hole and Balloon Catheter Methods

Abstract Purpose To determine the difference in hepatic venous pressures measured with the use of an end-hole diagnostic catheter versus a balloon catheter. Materials and Methods A total of 92 patients underwent transjugular hepatic venous pressure measurements with a 5-F diagnostic end-hole catheter and a balloon catheter, with the catheter type used initially determined randomly. With both catheters, free and wedged systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures were collected. Hepatic venous pressure gradients were calculated from each pressure set. Eighty-five patients (92%) also underwent concurrent transjugular biopsy after pressures were recorded. Demographic, histologic, and specific procedural information were also collected. Results The study included 47 men and 45 women, with a mean age of 52.7 years (range, 19–84 y). For the entire population, there were statistically significant differences in mean measurements between the two catheters in wedged systolic ( P = .004), diastolic ( P = .021), and mean ( P = .036) pressures. However, the differences between the means were only 0.783, 0.609, and 0.207 mm Hg, respectively. A subanalysis based on histologic stage revealed no difference between catheter types for normal or cirrhotic livers, but a significant ( P = .017) difference in systolic wedged pressure (absolute difference of 0.67 mm Hg) in patients with mild to moderate fibrosis (stages 1–3). In all differences, the balloon catheter had the greater pressure reading. Conclusions There was a significant difference in wedged pressure measurements between the two catheter systems in the overall population and among patients with a histologic grade indicating fibrosis. However, the absolute value differences between the two systems were comparatively small (
Implementation of the START:AV in a secure adolescent service

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to establish gaps in training, involve staff in the implementation process by incorporating their views on what is helpful and what can be improved, as well as provide information that might be helpful to other sites who are considering implementing the START:AV. Design/methodology/approach – The current study is the first to examine a START:AV implementation and survey a multi-disciplinary team on their views about implementation in a medium secure service for adolescents in the UK. The survey was adapted from the one used by Collins et al. (2008). Once surveys were received the qualitative information was collated to explore themes, and frequency analysis was undertaken on the quantitative information. Findings – The staff survey on the implementation of the START:AV highlighted a number of strengths and challenges. There was significant support for the START:AV in relation to it being a dynamic assessment to measure change, that focuses equally on strengths and vu...
Using Synchronous On-Site Computerized Testing To Match Assessment To Curriculum For Accounting And Information Systems Courses

Business practitioners and academics have identified computer literacy proficiency and technology-based integration as crucial abilities for accounting and AIS graduates to possess. We provide justification that synchronous on-site computerized testing (SOCT) examinations are invaluable for student assessment with respect to various types of AIS-related course material and offer a more appropriate matching of assessment with curriculum content than traditional examination methods. Evidence is supplied describing how SOCT techniques have been successfully applied in evaluating particular cognitive skills and computer abilities of recent accounting and AIS students.
A Transitory Decrease in Glucose Tolerance Following Experimental Lesions in the Central Nervous System.

SummaryA reversible decrease in glucose tolerance, variable in magnitude, has been encountered following major intracranial procedures in dogs.
Enhancement in piezoelectric sensitivity via negative structural stiffness

Effective piezoelectric sensitivity of bimorph strip actuators was enhanced by negative structural stiffness. Negative stiffness was achieved in brass strips post-buckled in compression to an “S” s...
COMPARISON OF SCATTERING MODELS FOR PREDICTING RADAR MULTIPATH EFFECTS OVER THE SEA

Two mathematical models for predicting the effects of multipath scattering over the sea surface are presented and compared. The first model is a phenomenological model based on empirical results and observations of the scattering phenomena reported by Beard, et al, during the 1950's and 1960's. The other model is a theoretical model based on physical principles and derived using the Kirchoff assumptions. The key features of both models are described and the limitations of each are identified.
Antioxidant Substance of Sorbus Pohuashanensis Extractive Technique Study

Objective: DPPH removal rate of the Sorbus pohuashanensis Hedl as the index, in order to guarantee the high antioxidant activity of extract. Methods: Experiment established the alcohol concentration, ratio of material to solvent, ultrasonic temperature three factors and the return of the clearance between DPPH optimization model, to optimize the ultrasonic assisted extraction process. Results: The optimal parameters for extraction process are settled: alcohol concentration 81%, ratio of material to solvent 10∶51, ultrasonic temperature 52 ℃, and the antioxidant activity of DPPH is 3328.79(μmol TE/100 g). Conclusion: The experiment result indicates that RSM is feasible to the optimization of the antioxidant activity of Sorbus pohuashanensis extractive, and a theoretical basis is offered with an increased antioxidant activity of extract.
Social motivation and point of view

Social media facilitates interaction and information dissemination among an unprecedented number of participants. Why do users contribute, and why do they contribute to a specific venue? Does the information they receive cover all relevant points of view, or is it biased? The substantial and increasing popularity of social media makes these questions more pressing, but also puts answers within reach of automated methods. I investigate scalable algorithms for finding user behavior changes, predicting the effect of feedback on where users will make contributions, and evaluating the topics and points of view presented in peer-produced content. Users tend to take actions which in the past have led to social interaction, creating herding effects when large groups exchange feedback. In peer production, positive and negative interactions between users can reveal topical disputes, enabling inferences about points of view. Such learning from large-scale social interactions allows us to monitor the quality of information and the health of venues, but also provides fresh insights into human behavior.
Adding up cranial nerves to localize the lesion: eight-and-a-half syndrome

A 62-year-old man presented with double vision and a left facial droop. Neurological examination revealed binocular horizontal diplopia. Examination of the extraocular muscles at various points of gaze is shown in Figure 1a. On leftward gaze, he had an abduction deficit in the left eye and adduction deficit in the right eye. On rightward gaze, he had an adduction deficit in the left eye and nystagmus in the right eye. Upward gaze, downward gaze …
Childhood diabetes mellitus

Long-term check of 68 type 1 diabetes patients (1978-1998); 23 under age 19, mean age 13.4 +/- 4.1 (group A) and 45 above age 20, mean age 26.7 +/- 4.9 (group B) were analyzed. 1) Mean onset age were 5.5 +/- 3.9 years old in group A whereas 7.8 +/- 3.5 in B. 2) In all type 1 diabetes high prevalences of positive HLA-DQ region gene and ICA and/or GADA were found. About 11% of all these patients showed the clinical pattern of slowly progressive variants. 3) Treatment modalities in individuals were successfully selected out of various combinations of insulin and multiple daily injection (MDI) styles. 4) Late complication prevalences were none in A and very little in B (8.9% background and none proliferative retinopathy, 2.2% nephropathy and 2.2% hypertension). 5) Five married females were able to have 7 normal babies. Sixteen type 2 diabetes patients, including one MODY 2, were successfully treated with combinations of sulfonylureas/alphaglucosidase inhibitors/insulin.
Intensive Care Risks of Pediatric Neurosurgery

Pediatric patients who have undergone intracranial neurosurgical procedures are generally best managed in a critical care setting. These patients may experience hemodynamic, respiratory, and neurologic fluctuations postoperatively and will therefore need frequent assessment to ensure a stable recovery. In centers with high-volume, specialized neurocritical care teams have been demonstrated to improve patient outcomes for both adult and pediatric populations. The transition from operating suite to ICU should begin with clear communication of the patient’s history, intraoperative course (including relevant events such as airway issues, bleeding, and brain edema), and anticipated postoperative course including potential concerning focal neurologic deficits.
Labour–Management Partnership in the USA: Islands of Success in a Hostile Context

The current context for labor–management partnerships in the USA is unfriendly in almost all ways. Union density, at 11.1 % overall and 6.6 % in the private sector, is at a modern low (US BLS 2015). With few exceptions, there is no significant encouragement of partnerships from either the federal or the state governments. There is no organization or forum that regularly brings together leaders of the labor and business communities for social dialogue about economic or other policies. And many of the “best examples” of partnerships in the last couple of decades have not been sustained. There are still “islands” of success, but they function in spite of the system rather than because of it.
A new theory of plant–microbe nutrient competition resolves inconsistencies between observations and model predictions

Terrestrial plants assimilate anthropogenic CO2 through photosynthesis and synthesizing new tissues. However, sustaining these processes requires plants to compete with microbes for soil nutrients, which therefore calls for an appropriate understanding and modeling of nutrient competition mechanisms in Earth System Models (ESMs). Here, we survey existing plant-microbe competition theories and their implementations in ESMs. We found no consensus regarding the representation of nutrient competition and that observational and theoretical support for current implementations are weak. To reconcile this situation, we applied the Equilibrium Chemistry Approximation (ECA) theory to plant-microbe nitrogen competition in a detailed grassland 15 N tracer study and found that competition theories in current ESMs fail to capture observed patterns and the ECA prediction simplifies the complex nature of nutrient competition and quantitatively matches the 15 N observations. Since plant carbon dynamics are strongly modulated by soil nutrient acquisition, we conclude that (1) predicted nutrient limitation effects on terrestrial carbon accumulation by existing ESMs may be biased and (2) our ECA-based approach may improve predictions by mechanistically representing plant-microbe nutrient competition.
Letter in response to Drs Lee and Hoge's commentary

Dear editor, We are pleased to respond to Drs Lee and Hoge's1 commentary on our randomised controlled trial (RCT) published in JAMA (a summary of the original article can be found at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241597).2 While we readily acknowledge several limitations to the study, Drs Lee and Hoge have failed to consider or acknowledge several aspects of the study and its results. The main concern with Lee and Hoge's critique is its focus on a single time-point of data that seems to invite readers to ignore all other data. Lee and Hoge argue that the lack of a statistically significant difference between groups at post-treatment equates, of necessity, to a lack of evidence of effectiveness. The authors neglect to consider that despite appropriate randomisation procedures, which they commend, there were significant differences between groups on baseline PTSD symptoms. Participants in the mindfulness-based stress reduction group had significantly greater severity of baseline PTSD symptoms than those in the present-centred therapy group as measured …
Office Setting as Organizational Structure in “Bartleby the Scrivener”:

This article uses a methodology from the social sciences known as institutional ethnography to analyze the office setting in Herman Melville’s short story “Bartleby the Scrivener” as a site of soci...
Self-Management Procedure for Serving Behaviorally Disordered Children and Youth in Rural Settings.

This article presents a program for teaching rural children and youth who are behaviorally disordered to assume responsibility for managing their own classroom behavior. The rationale for adopting ...
Finite-Element Methods: Spaces and Properties

Finite-element method(s) (FEM) were first introduced by R. Courant [56] in 1943. Since the 1950s, the method has found wide applications in civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering. A rigorous mathematical theory also began to emerge in the late 1960s. Many software packages for applying these methods to various types of partial differential equations have been developed by scientists and engineers. Today, the FEM are probably the most important and powerful tools for obtaining numerical solutions of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations; see § 1.3. The main references for this chapter are [173, 49]. In discretizing boundary integral equations, finite elements are used to collocate the equations at nodal points. In this chapter, we will introduce the commonly used finite-elements in one, two and three space dimensions, and prove some of the basic properties of finiteelement approximation spaces, which are essential in understanding the collocation error estimates for BEM in Chapter 10.
Development and application of a population physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for penicillin G in swine and cattle for food safety assessment.

Penicillin G is a widely used antimicrobial in food-producing animals, and one of the most predominant drug residues in animal-derived food products. Due to reduced sensitivity of bacteria to penicillin, extralabel use of penicillin G is common, which may lead to violative residues in edible tissues and cause adverse reactions in consumers. This study aimed to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict drug residues in edible tissues and estimate extended withdrawal intervals for penicillin G in swine and cattle. A flow-limited PBPK model was developed with data from Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank using Berkeley Madonna. The model predicted observed drug concentrations in edible tissues, including liver, muscle, and kidney for penicillin G both in swine and cattle well, including data not used in model calibration. For extralabel use (5× and 10× label dose) of penicillin G, Monte Carlo sampling technique was applied to predict times needed for tissue concentrations to fall below established tolerances for the 99th percentile of the population. This model provides a useful tool to predict tissue residues of penicillin G in swine and cattle to aid food safety assessment, and also provide a framework for extrapolation to other food animal species.
Abstract 3279: Circulating inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein and radiotherapy-related pain in breast cancer patients

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in American women. Post-surgery adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) significantly improves clinical outcomes. However, many patients develop treatment-related pain that negatively impacts quality of life. Methods: We evaluated an inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP) in RT-associated pain in a prospective study of 366 breast cancer patients (64% Hispanic whites, 20% African Americans, 16% non-Hispanic whites) undergoing RT. In each patient, we measured pre- and post-RT plasma CRP levels using a highly-sensitive ELISA kit. Pain score was assessed at pre- and post-RT as the mean of four pain severity items (i.e., pain at its worst, least, average, and now) from the Brief Pain Inventory. Pain scores of 4-10 were considered clinically-relevant pain. Association between pain and CRP levels was evaluated using logistic regression models after adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Overall, 16% patients at pre-RT and 31% patients at post-RT had pain. In multivariable analyses, RT-related pain score change >4 was significantly associated with CRP change >1 mg/L (OR=3.24, 95%CI=1.33, 7.88), age Conclusion: This is the first study to suggest that increased inflammatory biomarker, CRP level was associated with RT-related pain. Impact: Future larger studies are warranted to validate our findings and facilitate the discovery and development of anti-inflammatory agents to protect patients from RT-related pain and improve quality of life in breast cancer patients undergoing RT. Citation Format: Eunkyung Lee, Omar L. Nelson, Carolina Puyana, Cristiane Takita, Jean L. Wright, Wei Zhao, Isildinha M. Reis, Rick Lin, Jennifer J. Hu. Circulating inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein and radiotherapy-related pain in breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3279. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3279
Fast growth phenotype of E. coli K-12 from adaptive laboratory evolution does not require intracellular flux rewiring

Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) is a widely-used method for improving the fitness of microorganisms in selected environmental conditions. It has been applied previously to Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 during aerobic exponential growth on glucose minimal media, a frequently used model organism and growth condition, to probe the limits of E. coli growth rate and gain insights into fast growth phenotypes. Previous studies have described up to 1.6-fold increases in growth rate following ALE, and have identified key causal genetic mutations and changes in transcriptional patterns. Here, we report for the first time intracellular metabolic fluxes for six such adaptively evolved strains, as determined by high-resolution 13C-metabolic flux analysis. Interestingly, we found that intracellular metabolic pathway usage changed very little following adaptive evolution. Instead, at the level of central carbon metabolism the faster growth was facilitated by proportional increases in glucose uptake and all intracellular rates. Of the six evolved strains studied here, only one strain showed a small degree of flux rewiring, and this was also the strain with unique genetic mutations. A comparison of fluxes with two other wild-type (unevolved) E. coli strains, BW25113 and BL21, showed that inter-strain differences are greater than differences between the parental and evolved strains. Principal component analysis highlighted that nearly all flux differences (95%) between the nine strains were captured by only two principal components. The distance between measured and flux balance analysis predicted fluxes was also investigated. It suggested a relatively wide range of similar stoichiometric optima, which opens new questions about the path-dependency of adaptive evolution.
Closed-Form model of extremely thin conformal magnetic antenna with high gain-bandwidth product

A model of the input impedance of the toroidal permeable antenna, which is the dual of the conventional metal loop antenna, is derived, starting from Schelkunoff's transmission line description of the loop antenna instead of the electrically small limit model. The input impedance for the dipole mode is expressed in a form that has a frequency independent resistor terminating a reactive network which is called the Darlington form. Since such a circuit mimics the input impedance of the dipole modes of the spherical mode expansion, it works very well as we go beyond the electrically small limit even for magnetic antennas as large as multiple wavelengths. The realistic feed loop contribution is explicitly accounted for and results are compared with fullwave simulations of a typical toroidal antenna which shows good agreement well beyond the electrically small limit.
Patient-Selected Strategies for Post Cardiac Rehabilitation Exercise Adherence in Heart Failure.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of patient-selected exercise adherence strategies following cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Design Twenty patients with heart failure (HF) were recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention or control group at completion of CR. Methods The intervention included the use of six adherence strategies (logs, graphs, pedometers, phone follow-up, education, and a letter from CR staff), which were provided for 6 weeks post CR and during home-based exercise. After 6 weeks, the intervention group selected strategies to continue, and only those were provided for the last 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, patients were retested. Findings Patients with HF demonstrated improvement in distance walked and less HF symptoms and adhered to exercise at levels recommended during CR. Conclusion Inclusion of patient-selected adherence strategies supports continued exercise and helps to sustain physiological improvements. Clinical relevance Results from this study have implications for CR programs serving HF patients and provide insight into adherence strategies.
Comparisons of specific and nonspecific bronchoprovocation in subjects with asthma, rhinitis, and healthy subjects.

Abstract Background: We studied subjects with atopic asthma, atopic rhinitis, and nonatopic healthy subjects to evaluate responsiveness to bronchoprovocation with both methacholine and allergen. Methods: Subjects with a demonstrable FEV 1 PD 20 to methacholine or allergen (responders) were further analyzed for putative sensitivity (PD 20 FEV 1 ) and reactivity (dose-response slopes) to determine whether any characteristics could distinguish individuals with asthma from other responders. Subjects were recruited without sex restrictions and were between the ages of 18 and 45 years old. They were nonsmokers, had no other medical problems, and were free of upper respiratory infection for at least 6 weeks before challenge. All had a history taken, physical examination, limited laboratory screening, chest radiography, pulmonary function testing, and intradermal skin testing before admission to the study. Results: Although the groups were significantly different in both sensitivity and reactivity to methacholine, responses to allergen bronchoprovocation were sufficiently similar between responders with asthma and those with rhinitis to prevent separation on the basis of either sensitivity or reactivity. The fall in FEV 1 at the nadir of the late response, which was greater in the asthma group, was significantly correlated with sensitivity and reactivity of the immediate response to allergen but not to methacholine. Regression analysis demonstrated a stronger association between allergen and methacholine responsiveness in subjects with rhinitis than in subjects with asthma. Conclusion: We concluded that (1) nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness fails to explain why patients with allergic asthma have clinical asthma as a result of allergen exposure and patients with allergic rhinitis do not; (2) hyperresponsiveness to allergen does not simply reflect quantitative or qualitative airway nonspecific hyperresponsiveness; and (3) clinical asthma may involve mechanisms difficult to elucidate by laboratory bronchoprovocation techniques.
Representing sequences in description logics

Representing and manipulating sequences in description logics (DLs) has typically been achieved through the use of new sequence-specific operators or by relying on host-language functions. This paper shows that it is not necessary to add additional features to a DL to handle sequences, and instead describes an approach for dealing with sequences as first-class entities directly within a DL without the need for extensions or extra-linguistic constructs. The key idea is to represent sequences using suffix trees, then represent the resulting trees in a DL using traditional (tractable) concept and role operators. This approach supports the representation of a variety of information about a sequence, such as the locations and numbers of occurrences of all subsequences of the sequence. Moreover, subsequence testing and pattern matching reduce to subsumption checking in this representation, while computing the least common subsumer of two terms supports the application of inductive learning to sequences.
Construction of Representative Pore Morphologies in Disordered Nanoporous Two-Phase Materials

Materials with nanometer size heterogeneities are commonplace in the physical and biological sciences and often exhibit complex morphologies. Although this morphology has a dramatic effect on the materials' properties (e.g., transport and reaction processes), it is often difficult to accurately characterize. We describe a method, using a novel analysis of small angle x-ray scattering data, of generating representative three-dimensional morphologies of isotropic two-phase materials (one class of heterogeneous materials) where the morphology is disordered. This is applied to thin films containing nanometer sized pores with a range of porosities (4-44%). These representations provide a visualization of the pore morphology, give the pore size scale and extent of interconnection, and permit the determination of the transitions from closed pore to interconnected pores to bicontinuous morphology. This methodology will be valuable for characterizing two-phase systems, such as polymer blends, microemulsions, porous geological materials, bones, cements and ceramics.
Metal stable isotopes in weathering and hydrology

This chapter highlights some of the major developments in the understanding of the causes of metal stable isotope compositional variability in and isotope fractionation between natural materials and provides numerous examples of how that understanding is providing new insights into weathering and hydrology. At this stage, our knowledge of causes of stable isotope compositional variability among natural materials is greatest for the metals lithium, magnesium, calcium, and iron, the isotopes of which have already provided important information on weathering and hydrological processes. Stable isotope compositional variability for other metals such as strontium, copper, zinc, chromium, barium, molybdenum, mercury, cadmium, and nickel has been demonstrated but is only beginning to be applied to questions related to weathering and hydrology, and several research groups are currently exploring the potential. And then there are other metals such as titanium, vanadium, rhenium, and tungsten that have yet to be explored for variability of stable isotope composition in natural materials, but which may hold untold surprises in their utility. This impressive list of metals having either demonstrated or potential stable isotope signals that could be used to address important unsolved questions related to weathering and hydrology, constitutes a powerful toolbox that will be increasingly utilized in the coming decades.
Pathogenesis of the Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque

Vascular inflammation plays a major role in the development of chronic coronary atherosclerosis and the onset of acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction, a leading cause of death in the United States (1). Macrophage accumulation and the consequent expression of proteolytic and thrombogenic molecules critically contribute to the formation of “vulnerable” plaque prone to disruption and thrombus formation, leading to fatal obstruction of the coronary arteries. A number of clinical investigations suggest hypercholesterolemia as one of the major coronary risk factors. Preclinical studies demonstrate that hypercholesterolemia promotes accumulation of oxidatively modified low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the arterial wall, inducing endothelial cell (EC) activation and, in turn, invasion of inflammatory cells such as macrophages (Fig. 1) (1, 2, 3). Recent advances in vascular medicine provide evidence that lipid-lowering therapy prevents acute coronary complications in patients, most likely by functionally improving inflammation of atheroma (1,4). This chapter will discuss the biology of vascular inflammation and acute coronary complications, as well as evidence of mechanisms by which lipid lowering stabilizes the vulnerable plaque.
Similarity-Based Reconstruction Loss for Meaning Representation

This paper addresses the problem of representation learning. Using an autoencoder framework, we propose and evaluate several loss functions that can be used as an alternative to the commonly used cross-entropy reconstruction loss. The proposed loss functions use similarities between words in the embedding space, and can be used to train any neural model for text generation. We show that the introduced loss functions amplify semantic diversity of reconstructed sentences, while preserving the original meaning of the input. We test the derived autoencoder-generated representations on paraphrase detection and language inference tasks and demonstrate performance improvement compared to the traditional cross-entropy loss.
Abstract 232: NFkB1 Pathway is a Major Dysregulated Biological Pathway in Cardiac Myocytes in Myocyte-Specific Lamin A/C Deficient Mice

Lamin A/C (LMNA) is a major component of the nuclear membrane, involved in regulation of gene expression. Mutations in the LMNA gene cause a heterogeneous group of diseases, collectively referred t...
Convergence and Limit Theorems

The construction of models of random phenomena often relies on simplifications and approximations whose validity is typically justified by asymptotic arguments. Such arguments require extending to random variables the familiar convergence analysis of real numbers. We recall that if xn, n ≥ 1 is a sequence of real numbers, it converges to a real limit x if for each 𝜖 > 0, there exists and integer n(𝜖) such that |xn − x| < 𝜖 for all n ≥ n(𝜖). The main difficulty in extending this concept to sequences Xn(ω), n ≥ 1 of random variables is that random variable sequences can be viewed as families of real number sequences indexed by the outcome ω ∈ Ω. So convergence can be defined in a variety of ways depending on whether we look at each sequence individually, or on whether we allow averaging across outcomes to measure the closeness of Xn to its limit X. This chapter describes different modes of convergence: almost sure convergence, mean-square convergence, convergence in probability, and convergence in distribution, and their relations.
Chapter 13 Light-emitting diode lighting products

Abstract Over a span of only a few years in the early to mid-2010s the lighting industry was revolutionized by the arrival on the market of products using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for general lighting applications. During that period, LED lighting products underwent both a dramatic growth in sales along with a precipitous decline in price. In the United States alone, sales of LED-based standard household light bulbs rose by more than two orders of magnitude, while falling nearly 10-fold in price. This rapid rate of change in both price and production represented an excellent opportunity for tracking the effects of technological learning in real time. Measuring the learning effect directly on manufacturing costs is challenging, owing to a lack of available data on cost, as well as very rapid evolution in product design. Because LED products are sold directly to consumers through online retail channels, it was possible to use web-crawling techniques to track retail prices at high frequency and track the price decline in great detail. A variety of studies using web crawling and other retail tracking approaches pointed consistently to a steady 20%–30% annual rate of price decline for household LED light bulbs from 2011 to 2018, in both the United States and elsewhere. Coupling this with a public sales index for the US market, a picture emerges of a technological learning curve characterized by an 18% price decline for each doubling of cumulative sales. Projecting these trends forward implies that substantial price declines are still to come, with prices expected to drop by more than a factor of four between 2015 and 2030.
Communities With Bikeshare Programs Might Have a Lower Risk of Bicycle-Related Maxillofacial Injuries: Results From an Early Adopter of Bikeshare Programs.

Purpose Although bikeshare programs can relieve traffic congestion, concerns for cyclist safety have been reported, secondary to the low frequency of helmet use observed among bikeshare users. The purpose of the present study was to measure and compare the risk of cycling-related maxillofacial injuries in communities with and without bikeshare programs. Materials and Methods We designed a retrospective cohort study and enrolled a sample of patients who had presented to a level 1 trauma center for evaluation of bicycle-related injuries. The primary predictor variable was the community's status regarding bikeshare programs, coded as present or absent. The primary outcome variable was the presence of a facial injury, coded as present or absent. Other study variables included demographic and injury-related parameters. Uni-, bi-, and multivariate statistics were computed, and statistical significance was set at P ≤ .05. Results The study sample included 1346 subjects. Of the 1346 patients, 507 (37.7%) had been injured in communities with bikeshare systems, and facial injuries were present in 305 (22.7%). Facial injuries were less common in the patients injured in communities with bikeshare than in those injured in communities without bikeshare (18.1 vs 25.4%; relative risk, 0.7; P = .002). Conclusions In contrast to expectations, bicyclists injured in communities with bikeshare programs had a 30% decreased risk of maxillofacial injuries compared with bicyclists injured in communities without bikeshare programs. This finding might be partially explained by the low performance associated with the current bikeshare bicycles.