cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multicultural Approaches to Disaster and Cultural Resilience. How to Consider them to Improve Disaster Management and Prevention: The Italian case of two Earthquakes

Abstract Disaster resilience, considered as the ability to cope and respond efficaciously in adverse circumstances, plays a cultural role during disaster management and the displacement phase. The aim of this paper is to give a sociological conceptual framework to enhance the operative capacity of disaster and cultural resilience during times of displacement, relocation and prevention. Through the analysis of two case studies, the last two major Italian earthquakes, a representation of multicultural approach to disaster and cultural resilience could be provided. The understanding of these issues can be facilitated by the elaboration of an analytical model based on a sociological continuum.
A reply to Maltzman.

R. IRVING MALTZMAN has not provided much of a reaction to the content of my article. I took the published results of the Sobells' study at face value in my review, just as I did the published study of Pendery, Maltzman and West (1982). As Maltzman makes clear, his issue is the validity of the Sobells' data. Given the evidence he feels he has that the Sobells did not collect their data in the manner described in their article, the results of their study is rendered suspect at best or invalid at worst. Given this position, my article was invalid and beside the point. Because I did not question the validity of the Sobells' research, I presumably have ignored this point. However, my references indicate that I was well aware of the many debates about the Sobells' data and I am familiar with all the public documents mentioned by Maltzman. Maltzman's own published remarks on the matter have also not escaped my attention. Maltzman has devoted considerable time and effort to bring to light the flaws in the Sobells' study and he has been privy to contacts with the original subjects, which I have not. Maltzman is convinced that our "science has been contaminated" and may not be "self-correcting," leading to the inference that the Sobells' study has perpetuated a conclusion about treating alcoholics that was based on error (if not fraud) and which somehow has not been "corrected" or expunged from the record of scientific research on alcoholism treatment. I am pleased that Maltzman's evidence and his point of view have finally been published in a respected professional journal where it may be reflected on by readers in light of the many other documents and discussions of this "landmark" research that are available to the public. Since my article was the occasion for Maltzman's critique, I have the opportunity to offer my own reflections.
Toughness and fatigue of encapsulation-processed silicon carbide-polymer matrix particulate composites

A new process for composite fabrication was developed which improves distribution of the particulate reinforcing phase by polymer encapsulation of the particulate prior to consolidation. The effect of such processing on the fatigue-crack propagation and fracture toughness behaviour of particulate thermoplastic composites was investigated. Composites of several particulate size ranges were fabricated into disc-shaped, compact tension specimens and tested under cyclic and monotonie loading conditions. For comparison, a composite was also fabricated using a standard casting technique. The observed fatigue-crack growth rates spanned three orders of magnitude (10−11 to 10−9 m per cycle) over an applied stress intensity range, ΔK, of 0.3 to 1.1 MPa m1/2. The measured fracture toughness values ranged from 0.69 to 2.95 MPa m1/2. Comparison of the two processing techniques indicated that encapsulation processing increased the fracture toughness of the composite by approximately 33%; however, the fatigue-crack growth behaviour was unaffected. In addition, a trend of increasing crack growth resistance (toughness) with increasing reinforcement particle size was observed. These results are discussed in the light of crack shielding and bridging models for composite toughening.
International Geomagnetic Reference Field 1965.0 in dipole coordinates

Computer program for transforming spherical harmonic coefficients to geomagnetic dipole coordinates
Western Wildfires: A Policy Change Perspective

My research objective in this article is to analyze policy change affecting wildfire suppression programs administered by the United States Forest Service and the United States Department of the Interior. Using a variant of the punctuated equilibrium approach, a content analysis of New York Times stories dealing with wildfires over the past two decades was examined in relation to both administrative and legislative policy changes. I conclude by suggesting that administrative shifts were undertaken by federal land administrators in response to crises and media attention to protect decisional autonomy as well as forest resources, while the architect of legislative change was a president taking advantage of the combined effects of increasingly intense wildfire seasons, demographic shifts involving the movement of people and structures to the high-risk wildland urban interface areas, greater media scrutiny, and pressure to act from wildfire weary constituencies.
Codominant Regulation of Keratin Gene Expression by Cell Surface Receptors and Nuclear Receptors

Abstract Epidermal keratinocytes are subject to a large variety of signals that modulate their differentiation in health and their activation in disease. Hormones and vitamins, which act via nuclear receptors, affect the differentiation process, whereas growth factors and cytokines, which act via cell surface receptors, affect keratinocyte activation and related events. Using expression of keratin genes as markers for keratinocyte phenotype, we examined the interaction between the nuclear receptor and cell surface receptor pathways. We expected to find dominance of one of the pathways. Surprisingly, we found that the two pathways are codominant. Specifically, while EGF induces expression of K6 and K16 keratin genes, retinoic acid suppresses their expression, and when both mediators are present simultaneously, the level of expression is intermediate, a product of both signals. Similar codominant effects were found on other keratin genes using interferon γ, TGFβ, and thyroid hormone signaling molecules. These codominant effects are specific only for genes that are regulated by both pathways. Our results suggest that a judicious combination of hormones, vitamins, growth factors, and cytokines may be used to target specific expression of appropriate genes in the treatment of human epidermal diseases.
Telling the truth: Don DeLillo in an age of amnesia and redress

The December 2006 Iran Holocaust denial Conference and the international excoriation of it reveal a paradox of two cultural strands that are emblematic of the legacy of the twentieth century: official denial and historical amnesia on the one hand; and (inter)national attempts at truth telling and historical redress on the other. Massive violence–and associative denial—punctuate the entire twentieth century. Yet coordinated tenacious efforts at public acknowledgment of “what really happened”–a recurrent and insistent emphasis in this context of trials, reparations, and above all, truth commissions—and concomitant historical redress for state-sanctioned crimes is a particularly recent phenomenon, unique, in fact, to the 1990s. But it is not only political readers who address what Priscilla B. Hayner, in her exhaustive study of truth commissions calls, “unspeakable truths.” This essay addresses the incongruity between the recent global concern with truth telling, official apology, memory and historical redress on the one hand–an obsession that certainly includes the US—and American amnesia on the other. It is in the interstices of these two apposite late twentieth century phenomena–amnesia and truth telling; “history” distinct from “the truth of the past”; “official” opposed to “vernacular” memory — that, I argue, a new genre of historical novel develops and performs a vital cultural work: telling the truth in an age of amnesia and redress. Such novels engage the recalcitrant materials of historical experience to assert truth claims that in turn challenge nationalist histories and revise traditional mythologies. Among the foremost authors of this new “truth-telling” historical novel is Don DeLillo. Americana, the vital precursor to Libra and especially to Underworld, is the definitive harbinger of DeLillo’s third century of work that writes both within and against postmodernism. In these Cold-War era novels, DeLillo ultimately moves beyond the ironized perspective of history that is the distinguishing feature of “historiographic metafiction”; his postmodern narrative techniques (from irony to looping novelistic structures and dense intertextuality) inscribe a critical distance from history only to force a raw encounter with it. As such, DeLillo exploits the tension between innocence and violence–the literally malignant legacy of the Cold War–to reveal the way in which official culture is amnesiac by definition.
On the prediction of local patterns in cellular automata

Abstract The class of deterministic one-dimensional cellular automata studied recently by Wolfram are considered. We represent a state of an automaton as probability distribution of patterns of a fixed size. In this way information is lost but it is possible to approximate the stepwise action of the automaton by the iteration of an analytic mapping of the set of probability distributions to itself. Such nonlinear analytic mappings generally have nontrivial attrators and in the most interesting cases (Wolfram Class III) these are single points. The point attractors under appropriate circumstances provide good approximations to the frequencies of local patterns generated by the discrete rules from which they were derived. Two appropriate settings for such approximation are transient patterns generated from random starts and patterns generated in a noisy environment. In the case with noise improvement is found by correction of the analytic mappings for the effects of noise. Examples of both types of approximation are considered.
Pediatric Chest Ultrasound

Ultrasound examination of the thorax can be quite rewarding in children, because their unique thoracic anatomy provides many acoustic windows into the chest. With only a modest effort, chest ultrasonography can provide many clinically relevant answers, without the radiation exposure from CT, or the need for sedation sometimes required for CT and MR imaging.
Fast steepest descent path algorithm for analyzing scattering from two‐dimensional objects

A novel algorithm for accelerating the iterative solution of integral equations governing scattering from surfaces is presented. The proposed fast steepest descent path algorithm (FASDPA) complements previously developed fast solvers, notably the fast multipole method (FMM) and the matrix decomposition algorithm (MDA). Whereas the computational complexity per iteration of a two-level FMM and MDA is O(N3/2), the FASDPA permits a matrix-vector multiplication in O(N4/3) operations.
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction during demand ischemia: rigor underlies increased stiffness without calcium-mediated tension. Amelioration by glycolytic substrate

OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to determine the subcellular mechanism(s) underlying increased left ventricular (LV) diastolic chamber stiffness (DCS) during angina (demand ischemia). BACKGROUND Increased DCS may result from increased diastolic myocyte calcium concentration and/or rigor. Therefore, we assessed the effects of direct alterations of both calcium-activated tension and high-energy phosphates on increased DCS. METHODS Demand ischemia was reproduced in isolated, isovolumic, red-cell perfused rabbit hearts by imposing low-flow ischemia and pacing tachycardia. This resulted in increased DCS. Interventions were performed after LV end-diastolic pressure had increased approximately 7 mm Hg. Initially, to determine the effects of altered calcium concentration or myofilament calcium responsiveness, hearts received either: 1) 5 or 14 mmol/L calcium chloride; 2) 8 mmol/L egtazic acid; 3) 5 mmol/L butane-dione-monoxime (BDM); or 4) 50 mmol/L ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Then, to assess the contribution of decreased high-energy phosphate supply, hearts received 5) glucose (25 mmol/L) and insulin (400 μU/ml). RESULTS 1) Calcium chloride, 5 and 14 mmol/L, increased LV systolic pressure by 42% and 70%, respectively (p < 0.001), indicating increased calcium-activated tension, but did not further increase DCS, implying intact diastolic calcium resequestration. 2) Egtazic acid reduced LV systolic pressure by 30% (p < 0.001), indicating reduced intracellular calcium, but failed to reduce increased DCS. 3) Butane-dione-monoxime and NH4Cl chloride affected contractile function (i.e., a calcium-driven force) but did not alter increased DCS. 4) Glucose and insulin, which increase high-energy phosphates during ischemia, reduced increased DCS by 50% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased DCS during demand ischemia was insensitive to maneuvers altering intracellular calcium concentration or myofilament calcium-responsiveness, that is, evidence against an etiology of calcium-activated tension. In contrast, increased glycolytic substrate ameliorated increased DCS, supporting a primary mechanism of rigor-bond formation.
Motion-Planning with Inertial Constraints

A bodyB must move from a placementZ0 to a placementZ1, while avoiding collision with a setS of moving obstacles. The motion must satisfy an inertial constraint: the acceleration cannot exceed a given boundM. The problem is analyzed, and polynomial-time motion-planning algorithms are given for the case of a particle moving in one dimension.
Free banking during the French Revolution

Abstract In the early years of the French Revolution, the economic regulations of the ancien regime were dismantled. Pursuing laissez-faire economic policies, the government permitted the formation of hundreds of banks of issue. While many contemporaries and historians have vilified them, these banks do not appear to have affected price stability or created other major problems. This episode offers additional evidence on the viability of free banking, but it also shows how such a system can rapidly disintegrate during a political crisis.
A frequency-domain solution to unbiased equation error system identification and reduced order approximation

Estimation of the parametric input-output (IO) infinite impulse response (IIR) transfer function is considered. Some of the desirable properties of any approach to this problem are: unimodality of the performance surface, consistent identification in the sufficient-order case, and stability of the fitted model under undermodeling. Some of the well-known approaches fail to satisfy one or more of these properties. The time-domain equation error method (EEM) yields a unimodal performance surface, biased estimates in colored noise and sufficient-order case, and stable fitted models under undermodeling if the input is autoregressive. We propose a frequency-domain solution to the least-squares equation error identification problem using the power spectrum and the cross-spectrum of the IO data to estimate the IO parametric transfer function. The proposed approach is shown to yield a unimodal performance surface, consistent identification in colored noise and sufficient-order case, and stable fitted models under undermodeling for arbitrary stationary inputs so long as they are persistently exciting of sufficiently high order.
Progressivism and the Negro: White Liberals and the Early NAACP

(1975). Progressivism and the Negro: White Liberals and the Early NAACP. The Historian: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 58-76.
Image encryption using binary key-images

This paper introduces a new concept for image encryption using a binary “key-image”. The key-image is either a bit plane or an edge map generated from another image, which has the same size as the original image to be encrypted. In addition, we introduce two new lossless image encryption algorithms using this key-image technique. The performance of these algorithms is discussed against common attacks such as the brute force attack, ciphertext attacks and plaintext attacks. The analysis and experimental results show that the proposed algorithms can fully encrypt all types of images. This makes them suitable for securing multimedia applications and shows they have the potential to be used to secure communications in a variety of wired/wireless scenarios and real-time application such as mobile phone services.
Stimulation of insulin release by glyceraldehyde may not be similar to glucose

Glyceraldehyde (GA) has been used to study insulin secretion for decades and it is widely assumed that beta-cell metabolism of GA after its phosphorylation by triokinase is similar to metabolism of glucose; that is metabolism through distal glycolysis and oxidation in mitochondria. New data supported by existing information indicate that this is true for only a small amount of GA's metabolism and also suggest why GA is toxic. GA is metabolized at 10-20% the rate of glucose in pancreatic islets, even though GA is a more potent insulin secretagogue. GA also inhibits glucose metabolism to CO2 out of proportion to its ability to replace glucose as a fuel. This study is the first to measure methylglyoxal (MG) in beta-cells and shows that GA causes large increases in MG in INS-1 cells and d-lactate in islets but MG does not mediate GA-induced insulin release. GA severely lowers NAD(P) and increases NAD(P)H in islets. High NADH combined with GA's metabolism to CO2 may initially hyperstimulate insulin release, but a low cytosolic NAD/NADH ratio will block glycolysis at glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP) dehydrogenase and divert GAP toward MG and D-lactate formation. Accumulation of D-lactate and 1-phosphoglycerate may explain why GA makes the beta-cell acidic. Reduction of both GA and MG by abundant beta-cell aldehyde reductases will lower the cytosolic NADPH/NADP ratio, which is normally high.
Finasteride to Prevent Prostate Cancer: Should All Men or Only a High-Risk Subgroup Be Treated?

Purpose Finasteride has been shown to reduce the incidence of prostate cancer. Yet the use of finasteride remains low, likely because of the risk of adverse effects. We sought to determine whether prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels could identify a high-risk subgroup for which the benefits of finasteride treatment outweigh the potential harms. Patients and Methods Raw data from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial were used to model chemopreventive treatment strategies: treat all men, treat no men, or treat a high-risk subgroup based on PSA level. We weighted the benefits (reduction in cancer rate) and harms (treatment rate) of each strategy using numbers-needed-to-treat thresholds—the maximum number of men a clinician would treat with finasteride to prevent one cancer. Results
Stability analysis of parallel DC-DC converters

We develop analytic methodologies for stability analyses (using nonlinear and linear methodologies) of parallel dc-dc converters (under unsaturated and saturated operating conditions) using their switching model, discrete model (based on nonlinear map), and averaged model. We describe the approach for investigating the behavior of the stable and unstable equilibrium solutions of a parallel dc-dc converter under parametric variations and illustrate the methodology using a load-sharing dc-dc buck converter. For unsaturated operating condition, using bifurcation analysis and Floquet theory, we predict the stability boundary of the nominal solution, determine its postinstability dynamics, and investigate the dependence of the converter dynamics on its initial conditions. Subsequently, we demonstrate the differences in the predictions of the instabilities and instability boundaries using (conventional) linearized averaged (small-signal) and discrete and switching models.
Threat Modeling: Diving into the Deep End

Optimizing the working relationship between a company's IT security (ITS) group and its internal business customers is difficult at best. Who is responsible for security? What does "responsible" mean? For that matter, what does "security" mean? If ITS is solely responsible for security, as is often the case, then everything across the board will likely receive the same level of protection. In their defense, the members of ITS often don't know which asset means the most to the business, so the safest approach is to protect everything as much as possible.
A Perivascular Niche for Brain Tumor Stem Cells

Cancers are believed to arise from cancer stem cells (CSCs), but it is not known if these cells remain dependent upon the niche microenvironments that regulate normal stem cells. We show that endothelial cells interact closely with self-renewing brain tumor cells and secrete factors that maintain these cells in a stem cell-like state. Increasing the number of endothelial cells or blood vessels in orthotopic brain tumor xenografts expanded the fraction of self-renewing cells and accelerated the initiation and growth of tumors. Conversely, depletion of blood vessels from xenografts ablated self-renewing cells from tumors and arrested tumor growth. We propose that brain CSCs are maintained within vascular niches that are important targets for therapeutic approaches.
Mother-toddler interaction patterns associated with maternal depression.

Interactive coordination was observed in laboratory play interactions of pairs of 29 clinically depressed and 14 nondepressed mothers and their 13-29-m onth-old children (M = 18.9 months). Nondepressed mothers and their children displayed more interactive coordination than depressed-m other dyads ( p < .001). Depressed mothers were less likely to repair interrupted interactions, and their toddlers were less likely to maintain interactions than nondepressed controls. Toddlers m atched their nondepressed but not their depressed m others’ negative behavior rates. Results suggested that early interventions focus on training mothers to attend to, maintain, and repair m other-child interactions to more closely approxim ate normal levels of interactive coordination. Adaptive success in infancy requires develop­ ment of the baby’s ability to coordinate activi­ ties in the social and physical environment while maintaining affective equilibrium (Tronick & Cohn, 1989). In normal social devel­ opment, infants are helped by their mothers to develop effective strategies to coordinate their actions with those of interactional partners in a mutually satisfying manner. Tronick (1986) described interactions as coordinated when participants achieve a joint focus of attention on a mutual goal over a majority of the inter­ action period. Coordination may be accom­ plished by maintaining the interaction over an extended period of time with few breaks in Videotaped interactions analyzed in this study came from a longitudinal study directed by authors Gelfand and Teti and supported by NIM H grant num ber 41474. W e thank participants and the maternal depression research group,
Human skeletal muscle cells in ex vivo gene therapy to deliver bone morphogenetic protein-2

We have examined whether primary human muscle-derived cells can be used in ex vivo gene therapy to deliver BMP-2 and to produce bone in vivo. Two in vitro experiments and one in vivo experiment were used to determine the osteocompetence and BMP-2 secretion capacity of cells isolated from human skeletal muscle. We isolated five different populations of primary muscle cells from human skeletal muscle in three patients. In the first in vitro experiment, production of alkaline phosphatase by the cells in response to stimulation by rhBMP-2 was measured and used as an indicator of cellular osteocompetence. In the second, secretion of BMP-2 was measured after the cell populations had been transduced by an adenovirus encoding for BMP-2. In the in vivo experiment, the cells were cotransduced with a retrovirus encoding for a nuclear localised beta-galactosidase gene and an adenovirus encoding for BMP-2. The cotransduced cells were then injected into the hind limbs of severe combined immune-deficient (SCID) mice and analysed radiographically and histologically. The nuclear localised beta-galactosidase gene allowed identification of the injected cells in histological specimens. In the first in vitro experiment, the five different cell populations all responded to in vitro stimulation of rhBMP-2 by producing higher levels of alkaline phosphatase when compared with non-stimulated cells. In the second, the five different cell populations were all successfully transduced by an adenovirus to express and secrete BMP-2. The cells secreted between 444 and 2551 ng of BMP-2 over three days. In the in vivo experiment, injection of the transduced cells into the hind-limb musculature of SCID mice resulted in the formation of ectopic bone at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after injection. Retroviral labelling of the cell nuclei showed labelled human muscle-derived cells occupying locations of osteoblasts in the ectopic bone, further supporting their osteocompetence. Cells from human skeletal muscle, because of their availability to orthopaedic surgeons, their osteocompetence, and their ability to express BMP-2 after genetic engineering, are an attractive cell population for use in BMP-2 gene therapy approaches.
Team Leaders and Team Members in Interorganizational Networks An Examination of Structural Holes and Performance

Through the examination of 11 intact interuniversity research project teams, this study examines the relationship between team leaders, team members, their communication networks (represented as structural holes), and performance. The study shows that in the conduct of their work, the team leaders bridged more structural holes than team members. Although team leaders demonstrated a higher level of out-of-alliance performance, they did not demonstrate higher levels of individual performance on their teams (compared with team members). Furthermore, we examined the relationship between structural holes and both individual team member performance and overall team performance. Contrary to our expectations, bridging structural holes were not significantly related to individual team member performance but were negatively and significantly related to overall team performance, the effect of which came mainly from team members’ effective size.
Antibody-Based Submicron Biosensor for Benzo[A]Pyrene DNA Adduct

Abstract Fiberoptic-based sensors have been developed for monitoring human exposure and health effects associated with polycyclic aromatic compounds such as benzo[a]pyrene. These sensors take advantage of the physical properties of optical fibers including their relatively small size, remote sensing capabilities, and their inertness to electrical interferences. the recent development of submicron-sized optical fibers provides an opportunity to further reduce the size of fiberoptic-based sensors for application in submicron environments. This paper describes the development of an antibody based submicron fiber biosensor. the antibody-based biosensor is more selective and sensitive than a nonantibody sensor and has an absolute detection limit of ≈ 300 zeptomoles (10−21 moles) for benzo pyrene tetrol, a product of the benzo[a]pyrene DNA adduct. This submicron-size biosensor could provide a useful tool for measurements of toxic chemicals and related metabolites in sub cellularsize environments.
In a Southern Minute—Messages, Mindfulness, and Pie: The 2011 Southern States Communication Association President's Address

This article is based on the president's speech given at the annual breakfast meeting of the 81st Annual Convention of the Southern States Communication Association, Little Rock, Arkansas, March 25, 2011. The address uses the metaphor of food consumption to examine the effects of the value of expediency on contemporary communication and argues that like fast food (fast communication), a slow communication movement supportive of values such as eloquence is needed to combat the negative effects of fast communication.
Why the Nutrition Label Fails to Inform Consumers

As it becomes clear that the Nutrition Facts panel (NFP) and other information disclosure policies have failed to improve consumers’ dietary choices, many health advocates have declared information-based policies ineffective and instead advocate measures that would manipulate consumers’ choices. In contrast, this paper argues that health advocates are too quick to blame consumers for the ineffectiveness of information disclosure policies. Using the NFP as an example, the paper shows that information disclosures are often poorly designed and fail to actually inform consumers. They often fail to account for how consumers perceive and interpret information or for the differences in their socioeconomic backgrounds. Thus, it may not be consumers’ behavioral biases but rather poor policy design and implementation that is be responsible for the NFP’s ineffectiveness. Consequently, the paper argues that nutrition labels should follow smart disclosure principles, which emphasize information salience and usability.
The paradox of inclusion and exclusion in membership associations

We use interviews and a focus group with leaders of a sample of nonprofit professional and trade membership associations based in the United States to understand what the leaders recognize to be their membership association’s diversity challenges and initiatives. We identify incentives, identity and power challenges as fundamental influences on the diversity of potential and existing members. Our analysis reveals a paradox in which attempts to increase the association’s inclusiveness are met with countervailing desires to maintain the membership association’s exclusiveness. We find that leaders may attempt to manage the paradox through strategies that legitimize diversity initiatives, change the membership association’s identity to reflect the valuing of diversity, and take advantage of organizational structures to embed diversity-related practices and accountability. These strategies have been discussed in the diversity management literature but without our paradox perspective. Additionally, paradox lite...
Perceived Discomfort Glare from an Adaptive Driving Beam Headlight system Compared with Three Low Beam Lighting Configurations

Abstract Adaptive driving beams (ADB) avoid glare for approaching or leading drivers but otherwise provide high beam lighting. Audi's implementation uses a matrix of LED units to deactivate individual LEDs when it detects leading or approaching vehicles. A test track study measured perceived discomfort glare by having 20 participants view and rate headlight configurations from five roadway approaches. The headlight conditions included an Audi A8 with ADB, the A8 with ADB deactivated (resulting in an LED low beam pattern that met European specifications), a 2013 Mazda 3 with low beam adaptive curve HID headlights, and a 2014 Dodge Durango SUV with low beam HID headlights. Five approaches included left and right gradual and sharp curves and a straight approach. Participants rated glare comfort on a scale from 1 to 9, with higher ratings indicating more acceptable glare. Glare from the Durango was rated as less comfortable (M = 6.15) than the other three systems. The Mazda 3 (M = 6.82) received more acceptable glare ratings than the Durango. The A8 ADB (M = 7.25) received more acceptable glare ratings than the Durango and the Mazda 3 but was not rated differently from the A8 low beam LED condition (M = 7.36). Mean and maximum illuminance measures for the approach vehicles corresponded well with subjective ratings. These findings demonstrate the promise for adaptive driving beam headlight systems, and the tested adaptive driving beam system is presently available for use in the European market. However, FMVSS 108 requires discrete high and low beam settings, which does not allow adaptive driving beam systems in the United States. Measuring illuminance dynamically may provide an alternative regulatory approach.
Framing the Future Community Colleges and the New Public Health

The Framing the Future Task Force identified critical roles for community colleges in the spectrum of education in public health. The time for innovation is now.
FARNESYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS : A NEW CLASS OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS

The family of Ras proteins plays a central role in the regulation of cell growth and integration of regulatory signals which can govern the cell cycle and proliferation. Mutant m s genes (derived from murine sarcoma viruses) were among the first oncogenes described for their ability to transform cells to a cancerous phenotype [l]. Mutations in one of the three genes (H-, Nand K-rus) encoding Ras proteins have been intimately associated with unregulated cell proliferation and are found in an estimated 30% of all human cancers [2]. The frequency of i-us mutations appears to depend upon the specific tumour type analysed. For example, an estimated 90% of pancreatic carcinomas contain a mutated oncogenic Ras protein while i a s mutations are rarely found in mammary carcinomas. Thus an understanding of the physiology of the Ras proteins and development of inhibitors of Ras function may be important in their applications as chemotherapeutic agents in clinical cancer therapy. The function of normal and oncogenic Ras proteins is absolutely dependent on a series of post-translational modifications which promote membrane association. The physical association and localization to the plasma membrane is a prerequisite for Ras function and has propelled development of inhibitors to block the oncoprotein's membrane targeting. The first and obligatory modification in post-translational processing is S-farnesylation of a cysteine residue near the C-terminus of the protein. The precursor to the mature Ras protein contains a cysteine (C) as the fourth residue from the C-terminal amino acid of the protein. This cysteine residue is followed by two amino acids with aliphatic side chains (AA) and ultimately another residue, X. This tetrapeptide motif, referred to as a CAAX box, is the recognition sequence for protein farnesylation by the enzyme protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase). The amino acid in the ' X position is important
The High Line and the ideal of democratic public space

ABSTRACTThis study examines New York’s internationally acclaimed High Line with regard to the democratic ideal of urban parks as places of social mixing among diverse groups in the city. Observational surveys were conducted to assess the levels of racial/ethnic diversity among visitors to the High Line and four other Manhattan parks, and census data were collected on the race/ethnicity of residents in surrounding neighborhoods, the borough of Manhattan, and New York City. The data show that the High Line crowd is overwhelmingly White, to a degree that is far out of line with the racial/ethnic demographics of the borough and city, that the level of racial homogeneity significantly exceeds that of other comparable parks, and that the lack of diversity cannot be explained by neighborhood composition. The author concludes that the High Line is failing as a democratic public space and draws on the work of political scientist E. E. Schattschneider to assert the importance of diversity in public spaces.
miRNAs to Regenerate the Heart

### Study Hypothesis MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small nucleic acid products that simultaneously modulate expression levels of several different genes by partial complementation, leading to posttranscriptional regulation. Among their functions, miRNAs have been shown to regulate cardiac development and differentiation. During heart development, immature cardiomyocytes proliferate actively to accommodate increasing heart size and function; however, this proliferation is abruptly abrogated shortly after birth, leaving the heart with a limited regenerative capacity insufficient to replace substantial amounts of tissue lost after injury. In this article, Eulalio et al hypothesize that neonatal proliferation capacity can be reactivated in adult cardiomyocytes by the exogenous administration of selected miRNAs, leading to cardiac repair. ### How Was the Hypothesis Tested? The authors used a synthetic whole-genome human miRNA library to induce individual expression of miRNAs in neonatal cardiomyocytes. To assess the effect of the miRNA mimics, they immunostained transfected cells for cardiac-specific proteins together with markers of DNA synthesis and proliferation. High-content fluorescence microscopy enabled quantification of proliferating cardiomyocytes and selection of the miRNAs with the highest potential to induce cell cycle reentry. To ensure that DNA replication led to nuclear division (karyokinesis) and cytoplasm division (cytokinesis), characteristic markers for late mitosis and …
A Study of Extended Defects in Silicon Crystals After Exposure to a Hydrogen Plasma

The distribution, number density, and nature of extended defects in crystalline silicon which is exposed to plasma-generated atomic hydrogen at a temperature of 250°C are characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Cross-sectional and plan-view modes are used for these characterizations. Extended defects are typically detected in the near surface region of a crystal and their number density may exceed 109 defects-cm2, depending on die plasma exposure time, wafer temperature, gas pressure, and power. These defects exhibit contrast features which are characteristic of small dislocation loops (> 50nm in dia) and the nature of their associated strain field is assessed by diffraction-contrast techniques. The relationship between loop-like contrast features and die so-called hydrogen-induced platelet is established by both diffraction-contrast and phase-contrast imaging techniques. The results show that loop-like and platelet-like images exhibit contrast features which are consistent with a compressive strain field and therefore it is concluded that the extended defects in this study are interstitial in nature.
The process of infection with bacteriophage φX174

Procedures are described for the preparation of density- and radioactivity-labelled φX174 particles. The process of bacterial infection with such particles has been studied by density-gradient analysis of the contents of the infected cells prior to normal lysis. Upon entry into a susceptible cell, the single-stranded DNA of φX174 is converted to an altered “replicative form” (RF). The RF, which is infective to bacterial protoplasts, is then multiplied manyfold. Conversion to RF and multiplication of RF can take place in the presence of chloramphenicol. At no time during the infective process is there a pool of free single-stranded DNA. In normal infection single-stranded progeny DNA appears in mature progeny virus particles as early as eight minutes after infection. In chloramphenicol neither progeny virus particles nor single-stranded DNA are formed. Several properties of the RF are similar to those of double-stranded DNA. It is lighter in density than the single-stranded DNA. The density of the RF particles containing the density-labelled parental DNA is approximately that which would be expected if these molecules had been converted to a double-stranded complementary form. Upon heating, the RF appears to denature in a manner similar to double-stranded DNA. The RF is considerably more resistant to inactivation by ultraviolet radiation than is the single-stranded DNA; this resistance can be melted out by heating of the RF.
Temporary colostomy—An outmoded procedure?

The intracolonic bypass is a procedure preventing the gastrointestinal secretions and fecal contents from coming into contact with an anastomotic closure site without interrupting the intraluminal continuity of fecal flow from proximal to distal colon. Experimental and clinical data have indicated that the intracolonic bypass can protect such an anastomosis, in the presence of maximal colonic loadings, dehiscences, and fecal peritonitis. This single stage procedure obviates the necessity for construction and subsequent closure of a temporary colostomy in situations where it is currently indicated; the morbidity, mortality, psychologic problems, and economic costs associated with these multiple procedures are avoided. Sufficient experience now has been gained to recommend the intracolonic bypass as a viable alternate to temporary colostomy.
Identification and Characterization of Putative Translocated Effector Proteins of the Edwardsiella ictaluri Type III Secretion System.

ABSTRACT Edwardsiella ictaluri, a major pathogen in channel catfish aquaculture, encodes a type III secretion system (T3SS) that is essential for intracellular replication and virulence. Previous work identified three putative T3SS effectors in E. ictaluri, and in silico analysis of the E. ictaluri genome identified six additional putative effectors, all located on the chromosome outside the T3SS pathogenicity island. To establish active translocation by the T3SS, we constructed translational fusions of each effector to the amino-terminal adenylate cyclase (AC) domain of the Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin CyaA. When translocated through the membrane of the Edwardsiella-containing vacuole (ECV), the cyclic AMP produced by the AC domain in the presence of calmodulin in the host cell cytoplasm can be measured. Results showed that all nine effectors were translocated from E. ictaluri in the ECV to the cytoplasm of the host cells in the wild-type strain but not in a T3SS mutant, indicating that translocation is dependent on the T3SS machinery. This confirms that the E. ictaluri T3SS is similar to the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 T3SS in that it translocates effectors through the membrane of the bacterial vacuole directly into the host cell cytoplasm. Additional work demonstrated that both initial acidification and subsequent neutralization of the ECV were necessary for effector translocation, except for two of them that did not require neutralization. Single-gene mutants constructed for seven of the individual effectors were all attenuated for replication in CCO cells, but only three were replication deficient in head kidney-derived macrophages (HKDM). IMPORTANCE The bacterial pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), an economically significant disease of farm-raised channel catfish. Commercial catfish production accounts for the majority of the total fin fish aquaculture in the United States, with almost 300,000 tons produced annually, and ESC is the leading cause of disease loss in the industry. We have demonstrated the survival and replication of E. ictaluri within channel catfish cells and identified a secretion system that is essential for E. ictaluri intracellular replication and virulence. We have also identified nine proteins encoded in the E. ictaluri genome that we believe are actively transferred from the bacterium to the cytoplasm of the host cell and act to manipulate host cell physiology to the advantage of the bacterium. The data presented here confirm that the proteins are actually transferred during an infection, which will lead to further work on approaches to preventing or controlling ESC.
Chinese and Soviet Political Strategies

How compatible are evolving Chinese and Soviet foreign-policy aims with the restoration of friendly relations with the Republic of Korea? Both Communist powers have long-standing written obligations to defend the security of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. They have continued to host top-level officials on state visits from North Korea and have issued communiques of friendship and support. Both the USSR and China have contributed to North Korea’s defense through military and economic aid. One Korean foreign affairs expert pointed out several years ago, that “whether from the necessity of a balance of power or a balance of commitment, it is certain that the survival of North Korea has been more important to China (and the Soviet Union) than South Korea has been to the United States.” 1
A Tribute to Wendy Gerzog

This column is a collection of tributes in honor of Professor Wendy C. Gerzog, who recently retired from full-time law teaching in December 2015 after more than 32 years on the faculty at the University of Baltimore School of Law. Professor Gerzog contributed over 200 articles to Tax Notes and is the founder of the "Estate and Gift Tax Rap" column. Contributing to this column are Gerry W. Beyer, Jonathan G. Blattmachr, Fred B. Brown, Anthony C. Infanti, Lily Kahng, Robert H. Lande, Mary F. Radford, Anne-Marie Rhodes, Kerry A. Ryan, Elizabeth J. Samuels, Walter D. Schwidetzky, Nancy E. Shurtz, and Ronald Weich.
COMMENT: SNOWBALL VERSUS RESPONDENT-DRIVEN SAMPLING

Leo Goodman (2011) provided a useful service with his clarification of the differences among snowball sampling as originally introduced by Coleman (1958–1959) and Goodman (1961) as a means for studying the structure of social networks; snowball sampling as a convenience method for studying hard-to-reach populations (Biernacki and Waldorf 1981); and respondent-driven sampling (RDS), a sampling method with good estimability for studying hard-to-reach populations (Heckathorn 1997, 2002, 2007; Salganik and Heckathorn 2004; Volz and Heckathorn 2008). This comment offers a clarification of a related set of issues. One is confusion between the latter form of snowball sampling, and RDS. A second is confusion resulting from multiple forms of the RDS estimator that derives from the incremental manner in which the method was developed. This comment summarizes the development of the method, distinguishing among seven forms of the estimator.
Tailored Communications for Health-Related Decision-Making and Behavior Change

Tailoring is a health communication practice that involves customizing messages to the individual. The current chapter provides an overview of tailoring, focusing on how it operates, communication channels used in tailoring, use of theory, and evidence of efficacy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of future directions for research on tailoring in health communication.
Vehicle make and model recognition using local features and logo detection

Vehicle Make and Model Recognition (VMMR) plays an important role in Intelligent Transportation Systems. Due to the increase in volume and diversity of vehicles on the road, traffic monitoring has become both important and difficult. Several cues could be used in VMMR. Examples include salient features extracted from vehicle representing the shape of different parts or logo detection and recognition. The challenge is in identification of regions of interest and optimal fusion of pertinent cues. This paper presents a two-stage framework for VMMR that uses Multiple Instance Learning for fine grained classification. Our solution lies in constraining the high dimensional instance space by selecting the most informative clues of a given visual category. In the second phase, vehicle manufacturer logo is detected for the images classified with low confidence in the first stage, to verify the output of system. Empirical evaluation on a very large VMMR dataset confirms the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Enhanced Camera Capturing Using Object-Detection-Based Autofocus on Smartphones

The paper proposed a novel method to autofocus on object and capture photo at stable fashion. An object-detection based approach has been proposed to automatically generate pixel objectness to find the optimal focus point. The temporal information has been used to measure the stableness. Experiments show the proposed approach could enhance the photo quality taken on the mobile devices.