cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Glycine Betaine on Dimethyl Sulfide and Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Concentrations in Seawater

We investigated whether additions of a common methylated osmolyte, glycine betaine (GBT), affected the concentrations of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its principal precursor, 3-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in seawater samples. DMS concentrations were frequently elevated by additions of GBT over the concentration range 0.125-5 µM. Additions of other methylated amines including choline and trimethylamine also increased DMS concentrations but to a lesser degree than did GBT. Nonmethylated compounds such as glucose, glycine, or acrylate had no effect on DMS concentrations. GBT affected both particulate and dissolved pools of DMSP. The addition of 5µ.M GBT to a natural assemblage of growing phytoplankton decreased the production of particulate DMSP but not that of chlorophyll a. GBT substantially inhibited the consumption of dissolved DMSP (DMSPdiss) and the production of DMS from DMSPdiss. Inhibition of DMSPdiss consumption resulted in a buildup of this pool which was only transient in some cases. As the consumption of DMSPdiss resumed, DMS production was stimulated. Our findings suggest DMS and DMSP concentrations may be influenced by naturally occurring compounds such as GBT.
Implementation failure of an integrated software package: a case study from the Far East

The case study describes the process of implementation of an integrated software package at the Thai subsidiary (SMTL) of a Hong Kong-based multinational company (SMHK) engaged in the manufacturing of electronic equipment. Several factorssuch as a poor fit between the business process assumptions inscribed in the software and the business processes in SMTL, poor leadership at different levels, cultural clash between the headquarters and the Thai subsidiary, organizational politics, and poor human resource managementcontributed to the confusion in the organization, project delays, budget overruns, and ultimately, to the failure of the systems implementation project. The case study is likely to be valuable for illustrating issues related to managing IS implementation in a multinational context.
CSRR common-mode filtering structures in multilayer printed circuit boards

When complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) structures are used as common-mode (CM) filters in multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) environments, their effectiveness in filtering CM signals suffers as CM energy couples to the parallel plane waveguide which can be formed by the conducting layers below the CSRR layer. Via fences can largely prevent this coupling to allow some recovery of CM filtering effectiveness in addition to eliminating the signal integrity (SI) hazard introduced by the presence of excited parallel plane waveguide modes. Simulation and measurement results in initial investigations of filtering structures indicate CM filtering between 7 and 8 GHz and differential-mode (DM) transmission effective to 16 GHz. Simulations are provided showing that the via fences allow cascading for filtering at multiple frequencies or else to broaden filtering bandwidths. Next steps show simulations of CM filtering structures in differential links with effective DM transmission at higher frequencies.
Exploring the immunome: A brave new world for human vaccine development.

Innovators have always known that the marriage of a new technology with almost any field of inquiry is guaranteed to result in exciting new discoveries. That's why I used to run an “invention convention” workshop for my pre-teen science club (called Club DNA, of course). I handed out index cards with words on them and challenged the kids to create a new invention by combining at least two words. The inventions were fantastic and futuristic but one could imagine a day when they might become reality. In the same way, what once seemed fantastic and futuristic was the marriage of computers with large-scale genome sequencing. That combination of concepts lead to the development of many new fields of inquiry. Eventually, the field of “bioinformatics” emerged, with a host of tools that identify putative genes and align and compare gene sequences. But “immunoinformatics” (tools) and “immunomics” (the science) are still brave new words, associated with brand new approaches to vaccine science.
Examining Mental Health Court Completion: A Focal Concerns Perspective

Sociologists have long-raised concern about disparate treatment in the justice system. Focal concerns have become the dominant perspective in explaining these disparities in legal processing decisions. Despite the growth of problem-solving courts, little research has examined how this perspective operates in nontraditional court settings. This article used a mixed-method approach to examine focal concerns in a mental health court (MHC). Observational findings indicate that gender and length of time in court influence the court's contextualization of noncompliance. While discussions of race were absent in observational data, competing-risk survival analysis finds that gender and race interact to predict MHC termination.
Repair of Ultraviolet Radiation Damage in Sensitive Mutants of Micrococcus radiodurans

Various aspects of the repair of ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced damage were compared in wild-type Micrococcus radiodurans and two UV-sensitive mutants. Unlike the wild type, the mutants are more sensitive to radiation at 265 nm than at 280 nm. The delay in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis following exposure to UV is about seven times as long in the mutants as in the wild type. All three strains excise UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from their DNA, although the rate at which cytosine-thymine dimers are excised is slower in the mutants. The three strains also mend the single-strand breaks that appear in the irradiated DNA as a result of dimer excision, although the process is less efficient in the mutants. It is suggested that the increased sensitivity of the mutants to UV radiation may be caused by a partial defect in the second step of dimer excision.
Loyal to the end: The Russian legion of honor in the great war, 1917–18

In a negotiated exchange of men for war materiel, the tsarist government sent two brigades to fight on the Western Front on the side of their French ally in 1916. After the revolution occurred in Russia, the two brigades mutinied and were transferred to a remote corner of France, where the mutiny was suppressed. After stability was achieved, a number of loyal Russian soldiers asked to return to the front as the Russian Legion. The motive of these men was solely to honor their nation's commitment to France, and they fought well to the end of the war, suffering heavy casualties.
Hybrid Additive Manufacturing of 3D Compliant Tactile Sensors

A resistance based conformal, compliant multi-layer tactile sensor was designed and built layer by layer using a hybrid manufacturing process. A highly stretchable, photocurable, piezoresistive sensing material was deposited on a conformal, soft molded structure using a direct printing device. The principle of the sensor is based on detecting the changes in resistance as it is deformed. The fabricated tactile sensor consists of two layers of sensing elements within the 3D skin structure where the sensing elements in the top layer are orthogonally placed atop the bottom layer. Due to the multiple layers of wires, the sensor can potentially detect various external forces/motions in two and/or three dimensions. Piezoresistivity and conductivity was introduced into the nonconductive stretchable prepolymer through dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). Experiments were performed to characterize the ability of the sensor to detect the location that forces were applied to the surface. Finally, it is expected that the developed conformal tactile sensor using the hybrid manufacturing method and materials could be used for various robotics and electronics applications.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Analytic Model of Screening Times at Airport Security Checkpoints

Security checkpoints at airports across the United States are essential for preventing passengers with dangerous weapons, explosives, and other threats from boarding airplanes. However, the multiple screening technologies and speeds of passengers lead to unpredictable and sometimes long waiting times. Security agencies and airport managers must find ways to minimize screening times at checkpoints without compromising the security of aviation transportation. This paper introduces an analytic model that derives the distribution of completion times for passengers through a security checkpoint, given its architecture, passenger profiles, and expected service times at checkpoint components. By varying the model's parameters and checkpoint architecture, security agencies and airport managers can quickly understand how the end-to-end completion times of passengers are affected by policy changes and checkpoint reconfigurations. The model can also be used to forecast the performance of future checkpoint architectu...
Utilization of free amino acids by mantle tissue in the brachiopod, Terebratalia transversa and the bivalve mollusc, Chlamys hastata

Abstract 1. 1. Amino acid metabolism in mantle tissue from the brachiopod T. transversa and the bivalve mollusc C. hastata was determined in vitro by measuring CO 2 evolved from 14 C labeled amino acids. 2. 2. Of the 19 amino acids assayed, the brachiopod metabolized 11 and the bivalve mollusc metabolized 14 in different rank orders. 3. 3. Aspartic acid ranked first for the brachiopod and accounted for 52% of the total CO 2 evolved, whilst valine ranked first for the bivalve mollusc and accounted for 29%. 4. 4. The brachiopod produced about 38 μmol CO 2 /g/hr from the amino acids metabolized, whereas the bivalve mollusc produced about 138 μmol CO 2 /g/hr. 5. 5. Results suggest that T. transversa and C. hastata , sympatric along the Pacific northwest coast, utilize different amino acids at different rates.
Inflammation and Cancer V. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic inflammation appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. This observation is striking in the hereditary pancreatitis kindreds but also occurs in alcoholic, idiopathic, and tropical chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. However, the mutations associated with hereditary pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis are not found in sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinomas, suggesting that the effects are indirect by causing recurrent pancreatitis and chronic inflammation. The process of mutation accumulation and clonal expansion that is required for development of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma must therefore be accelerated in chronic pancreatitis to account for the high incidence of pancreatic cancer in these patients.
Male Rats With Inherited Insensitivity to Androgen Show Reduced Sexual Behavior

Pseudohermaphroditic Stanley-Gumbreck male rats showed infrequent and incomplete copulatory responses to receptive females. Administration of testosterone propionate produced no increase in this behavior. Injections of estradiol and progesterone induced the pseudohermaphrodites to exhibit lordosis when mounted by stimulus males, but feminine responses were no more frequent than those of normal males given the same hormonal treatment. The hypothesis is suggested that early in development sufficient endogenous testis hormone is produced to cause normal desensitization of feminine behavioral mechanisms to estradiol, but that mechanisms for male behavior are not normally sensitized to testosterone.
Seismic Reflection Studies In Eastern Nevada

The US Geological Survey has recently purchased over 600 km of multifold seismic reflection profiles in eastern Nevada in the vicinity of Railroad and White River Valleys to understand the regional structural setting of the Railroad Valley oil fields (35 million barrels produced through 1992). One profile extends west of Railroad Valley through the Pancake Range and into Big Sand Springs Valley; another line extends east of White River Valley into Cave, Muleshoe, and Lake valleys. Analysis of sonic logs from over 50 wells indicate that Miocene and younger valley-fill deposits vary from less than 7,000 ft/sec, average velocity in the center of Railroad Valley, to more than 16,000 ft/sec,/near the mountain fronts where conglomerates composed of Paleowic carbonate clasts occur. The conglomerates above and east of the Grand Canyon oil field (18 million barrels as of 1992) appear to have the highest velocities, and these may be due to cementation effects caused by hydrothermal upwelling. Normal faults are generally too steep to be seen as fault-plane reflections (>40{degree}), except in the vicinity of the prolific Grand Canyon oil field, where a low-angle normal fault (approx. 20{degree}) can be seen on two profiles. the overall extension in the study areamore » appears to be in the range of 25--50% except beneath eastern Railroad Valley and the adjacent Grand Range where 80 to more than 100% extension probably has occurred.« less
Effects of alginate encapsulation on mitochondrial activity

The long-term objective of our research is to study the biochemical consequences of primary genetic defects of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex, a key mitochondrial enzyme complex, by NMR spectroscopy. An established method to obtain energetic and metabolic information from intact cells involves the use of 31P and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. NMR spectra from live and fully functional cells can be obtained from cells encapsulated within alginate beads and maintained in a perfusion bioreactor throughout the NMR experiment. However, before spectroscopic studies can commence, the effects of alginate encapsulation on the general metabolism and mitochondrial activity of fibroblasts need to be determined. in this study we report glucose consumption and flow cytometry measurements (with the fluorescent markers MitoTracker GreenFM™ and Nonyl-acridine Orange™ to determine the mitochondrial status and mass) of healthy human fibroblasts encapsulated in a mannuronic acid-rich alginate matrix. The results show that alginate encapsulation of fibroblasts does not affect the glucose consumption, the mitochondrial integrity, or the mitochondrial mass during 21 days of in vitro culture.
Activation of metallothionein transcription by 4-hydroxynonenal.

Metallothioneins (MTs) protect cells from oxidative damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS). Concurrent with protecting cells from ROS-mediated damage, MT transcription is induced by ROS. ROS activate transcription by affecting several signal transduction pathways, many of which have been implicated in regulating MT transcription. ROS-activated intracellular signaling is mediated by the stable lipid peroxide 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). After determining the level of sensitivity of Hepa 1-6 cells to HNE, MT-1 mRNA expression was shown to be induced in a concentration and time-dependent manner after HNE exposure. Finally, using MT-based reporters, HNE was found to induce MT transcription via both antioxidant response and metal response elements. Thus, ROS may activate MT transcription by generating HNE that in turn affects signaling pathways that regulate MT transcription via the transcription factors AP-1 and MTF-1. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:330–334, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.20342
Intergenerational Relations as an Aspect of Assimilation: the Case of Japanese-Americans

The present research investigates the intergenerational living arrangements. interactions, and economic assistance of Japanese Americans. Compared to other groups in America, both first and second generation Japanese-Americans have a stronger desire to be geographically and emotionally close to each other. The preservation of this pattern is made possible by the aged parents’belief in the importance of instrumental self-sufficiency.
An implantable incontinence device.

Abstract The shortcomings of previous electronic and surgical prosthetic devices in restoration of urinary incontinence have led to the development of an alternative treatment technique. A device is herein described that is comprised of an inflatable cuff to occlude an encircled urethra and a totally implanted yet externally controllable hydraulic system that can maintain at a pressure and periodically remove a volume of fluid from the cuff. By pressurizing the cuff to 50 cm H2O no urethral leakage occurs for bladder pressures up to 50 cm H2O. The system was designed so that less than 6 × 105 dyns of force on the hydraulic system is required to deflate the cuff. Urethral tissue viability in dogs was not impaired due to insertion of this apparatus after two month implants.
Voltage clamp study of cat spinal motoneurons during strychnine-induced seizures.

Abstract Cat spinal motoneurons were examined by the technique of somatic voltage clamp during strychnine-induced spinal seizures. No clear alteration of voltage-dependent ionic currents was required in order for typical strychnine-induced paroxysmal depolarization shifts (PDSs) to develop in contrast to results previously obtained during penicillin-induced spinal seizures. Voltage clamp of evoked and spontaneous PDSs indicates these are generated by a synchronized mixture of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents with excitation predominating.
The uniform algebra associated with a cyclic subnormal operator

A uniform algebra is associated with each cyclic subnormal operator, and a map is defined from the spectrum of the operator into the maximal ideal space of the uniform algebra. Affirmative answers as to whether this map is continuous are given under reasonable hypothesis on the structure of the spectrum of the operator.
MODELLING REPRODUCTION IN A HERD OF DAIRY CATTLE

Abstract A dynamic stochastic model to simulate the reproductive process in a herd of dairy cattle has been constructed. The next event scheduling approach was utilized with four events being specified: perturition, ovulation, embryonic loss and replacement. The control variables included in the model are first breeding policy ( 1BDG ), reproductive culling policy ( RCLG ), heat detection program ( HDPM ), breeding program ( BDPM ) and service sires selection program ( SSPM ). In addition, the model uses numerous endogenous variables such as parturition type (PRTY), oestrus behaviour (EBHV), cow's fertility (CFTY), embryonic mortality (EBLS), non-reproductive culling rate (NRCL) and others. The model was evaluated against independent experimental results. The simulated result closely approximates the average reproductive performance and variability of reproductive performance in a dairy herd.
A guide to building a university trading room

Abstract Many business schools are currently considering investing in trading rooms to help educate their students relative to capital markets. This article summarizes the benefits, costs, and alternatives associated with building a financial information or trading room. The benefits include; quick and easy access to a large amount of financial data, increased exposure to real-time financial market activity, and reputational capital for the school. We discuss the current databases available, and introduce software and hardware solutions. We also provide tips on room design, how to raise money, and potential uses of the room.
The Effects of Heckling and Media of Presentation on the Impact of a Persuasive Communication

Distraction has been suggested as a mechanism which will facilitate attitude change. Heckling is a standard procedure used by members of society to distract from the content of a speech. The current study presented a persuasive message to six groups of students. Three of these groups received the message straight, while the other three groups received the message with heckling. A second variable, the medium of presentation, was utilized so that one group in each of the two presentation procedures received either a live presentation, a video presentation, or an audio presentation. The results indicate that the message was effective in changing attitudes. However, when the speech was heckled, the message elicited no attitude change. Further, the audio presentation was more effective than both the video and the live presentation. The results were interpreted in terms of distraction theory and media effects.
A boundary-layer analysis for natural convection in vertical porous enclosures—use of the Brinkman-extended Darcy model

Abstract A boundary-layer solution for natural convection in rectangular enclosures containing a porous medium is presented. The Brinkman-extended Darcy model, which allows the no-slip boundary condition to be satisfied, is used in the formulation. The method of solution is based on the modified Oseen technique. The flow field is found to be governed by the parameter E = Ra 0 Da / A . Except in a thin region next to a wall, as E → 0 the flow field is similar to that given by a pure Darcy analysis. Based on results obtained for the Nusselt number, it is determined that a pure Darcy analysis is applicable when E −4 . The accuracies of the present solution and the solution obtained from a pure Darcy approach are examined.
Practice patterns for peptic ulcer disease: are family physicians testing for H. pylori?

Background. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a problem common in family medicine. Recent evidence of Helicobacter pylori as an etiological agent of PUD has led to National Institutes of Health recommendations for treatment to eradicate H. pylori through antibiotic therapy. The purpose of this study is to examine practice patterns of family physicians in treating PUD, their use of H. pylori testing, and knowledge of current recommendations for PUD. Materials and Methods. A mail survey was sent to a random sample of 1,500 members of the American Academy of Family Physicians. Six hundred thirty useable surveys (49.1%) were available for analysis. Descriptive statistics were obtained, as were inferential statistics focusing on the relationship of physician background characteristics to practices. Results. Thirty-eight percent of the respondents order diagnostic procedures for the majority (50% or more) of their suspected PUD cases. Of the physicians who reported ordering any diagnostic tests, 52% ordered the combination of upper gastrointestinal series and endoscopic gastroduodenoscopy. For patients with clinical diagnoses of PUD, 77% of doctors reported ordering a diagnostic test for H. pylori. Approximately 68% were aware that some kind of guidelines existed; only 11% reported that they were familiar with the National Institutes of Health recommendations for PUD. Conclusions. Although some of the practices of family physicians for treatment of PUD deviate from current recommendations, the majority of practices are consistent with current evidence.
Testing a model for parental acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccine in 9- to 18-year-old girls: a theory-guided study

Gardasil is the first vaccine developed to prevent cervical cancer and other diseases caused by certain types of genital human papillomavirus in females, but little is known about parental acceptance of this vaccine. The purpose of this study was to test a model that predicts intention to vaccinate that includes constructs from the health belief model and the theory of reasoned action.
Anticholinergic blockade of schedule-induced polydipsia☆

Abstract Intraperitoneal administration of atropine sulfate and atropine methyl nitrate (3, 6, 9 mg/kg) decreased schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of increasing drug dosage. Physiological saline had no effect. Of the two anticholinergic drugs administered, atropine sulfate attenuated the polydipsic response more effectively. It was concluded that schedule-induced polydipsia, like other types of excessive drinking (e.g. chemical, deprivation and salt induced drinking) is mediated, at least in part, by cholinergic neural pathways. Some drug effect on eating was observed, particularly following atropine methyl nitrate, but control data indicated that any effects on eating were secondary, and related to anticholinergic effect upon water intake and salivation.
A review of image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for spinal tumors.

OBJECTIVE A new paradigm for the radiotherapeutic management of paraspinal tumors has emerged. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has gained wide acceptance as a way of delivering highly conformal radiation to tumors. IMRT is capable of sparing sensitive structures such as the spinal cord of high-dose radiation even if only several millimeters away from the tumor. Image-guided treatment tools such as cone beam computed tomography coupled with IMRT have reduced treatment errors associated with traditional radiotherapy, making highly accurate and conformal treatment feasible. METHODS This review discusses the physics of image-guided radiotherapy, including immobilization, the radiobiological implications of hypofractionation, as well as outcomes. Image-guided technology has improved the accuracy of IMRT to within 2 mm of error. Thus, the marriage of image guidance with IMRT (IG IMRT) has allowed the safe treatment of spinal tumors to a high dose without increasing the risk of radiation-related toxicity. With the use of near real-time image-guided verification, very-high-dose radiation has been given for tumors in standard fractionation, hypofractionated, and single fraction schedules to doses beyond levels traditionally believed safe in terms of spinal cord tolerance. RESULTS Clinical results, in terms of treatment-related toxicity and tumor control, have been very favorable. With follow-up periods extending beyond 30 months, tumor control rates with single fraction IG IMRT (1800-2400 cGy) are in excess of 90%, regardless of histology, and without serious sequelae such as radiation myelopathy. Patients also report correspondingly high rates of palliation. Excellent results, both in terms of tumor control and minimal toxicity, have been consistently reported in the literature. CONCLUSION IG IMRT represents a significant technological advance. Paraspinal IG IMRT is proof of principle, making it possible to give very-high-dose radiation within close proximity to the spinal cord. By reducing treatment-related uncertainties, margins around tumors can be shortened, thereby reducing the volume of normal tissue that must be irradiated to tumoricidal doses, reducing the likelihood of toxicity. Similarly, higher doses of radiation can be administered safely, improving the likelihood of eradication. Dose escalation can be done to increase the likelihood of tumor cell kill without increasing the dose given to nearby sensitive structures.
Recovery of Virus Morphologically Identical with Psittacosis from Thiamin-Deficient Pigeons.

Summary and ConclusionsA virus closely related to, if not identical with that of psittacosis was isolated from about 5% of 400 pigeons on a thiamin-deficient diet. The observations made suggest: 1. That pigeons should be added to the list of birds naturally infected with psittacosis virus and therefore of possible importance in the epidemiology of the disease, and 2. That thiamin deficiency may be capable of changing a latent infection with psittacosis virus into an active stage, with consequent danger of spread to other birds and to man.Acknowledgment should be made of the assistance of Dr. T. M. Rivers who kindly examined our sections and stated that the intra-cellular bodies seemed identical with those of psittacosis.
The Use of Resources in Resource Acquisition

The author considers the processes through which a firm can acquire resources and argues that its current stock of resources create asymmetries in competition for new resources. Two simple models illustrate how this can work through linkages on the demand and/or cost side. The normative implication is that firms should expand their resource portfolios by building on their existing resources; different firms will then acquire different new resources, and small initial heterogeneities will amplify over time.
On the propagation of transient acoustic waves in isothermal bubbly liquids

Abstract The dynamic propagation of acoustic waves in a half-space filled with a viscous, bubbly liquid is studied under van Wijngaarden's linear theory. The exact solution to this problem, which corresponds to the compressible Stokes' 1st problem for the van Wijngaarden–Eringen equation, is obtained and analyzed using integral transform methods. Specifically, the following results are obtained: (i) van Wijngaarden's theory is found to be ill-suited to describe air bubbles in water; (ii) At start-up, the behavior of the bubbly liquid is similar to that of a class of non-Newtonian fluids under shear; (iii) Bounds on the pressure field are established; (iv) For large time, the solution exhibits Taylor shock-like (i.e., nonlinear) behavior.
Expression of the hematopoietic stem cell antigen CD34 on blood and bone marrow monoclonal plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma

Expression of the hematopoietic stem cell antigen CD34 on blood and bone marrow monoclonal plasma cells from patients with multiple myeloma
Small scintillating cells as the active elements in a digital hadron calorimeter for the e + e − linear collider detector

The ability to distinguish between hadronic W and Z decays is one of the most challenging requirements for the future linear collider detector. Such sensitivity requires unprecedented jet energy resolution, which may be possible with energy-flow algorithms. A calorimeter that is optimized for energy-flow must have fine lateral and longitudinal segmentation. Small scintillating cells with wavelength shifting fibre readout represent an attractive basis for a digital hadron calorimeter that trades dynamic range for superior granularity, at an affordable price. We present the expected jet resolution for such a device, based on Monte Carlo simulations. Then we describe the initial prototyping studies. In particular, detailed studies are presented on cell performance under different combinations of manufacture and assembly.
Stomatal Responses of Fraxinus pennsylvanica Seedlings during and after Flooding

Effects of flooding for 10, 20, 30, or 40 days on leaf diffusion resistance (r1) of fraxinus pennsylvanica seedlings were studied during the period of flooding and continuing for 17 days after flooding. All Flooding treatments induced stomatal closure, as indicated by increased r1. There was some evidence of stomatal adaptation to flooding, with stomata beginning to reopen after a critical period of flooding. After termination of flooding, stomata opened further within 6 to 10 days to near preflooding levels. The degree of stomatal opening was only slightly higher after 10 days than after 40 days of flooding. Some stomata may have been permanently damaged by flooding. The stomatal adaptation to flooding as well as rapid recovery of stomatal opening, even after prolonged flooding, appeared to be important factors in the flooding tolerance of Fraxinus petmsylvanica and are consistent with its distribution on wet sites.
Thermodynamic properties of 1-phenylnaphthalene and 2-phenylnaphthalene

Abstract Measurements leading to the calculation of thermodynamic properties in the ideal-gas state for 1-phenylnaphthalene (Chemical Abstracts registry number [605-02-7]) and 2-phenylnaphthalene (Chemical Abstracts registry number [612-94-2]) are reported. Experimental methods for 1-phenylnaphthalene were adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, inclined-piston manometry, comparative ebulliometry, vibrating-tube densitometry, and combustion calorimetry. For 2-phenylnaphthalene, the experimental methods were adiabatic heat-capacity calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and comparative ebulliometry. Critical properties were estimated for both compounds. Molar thermodynamic functions (enthalpies, entropies, and Gibbs free energies) for the condensed and ideal-gas states were derived from the experimental studies at selected temperatures. Statistical calculations were performed based on molecular geometry optimization and vibrational frequencies calculated at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d, p) and B3LYP/cc-pVTZ levels of theory. Ideal-gas entropies derived with two the independent methods are shown to be in good accord for 1-phenylnaphthalene, but significant differences are apparent for 2-phenylnaphthalene. These differences are likely due to a disorder of unknown type in the crystals of 2-phenylnaphthalene at low temperatures, as evidenced by the presence of a glass-like transition in the measured heat capacities for the solid state. All experimental results are compared with property values reported in the literature.
Prognostication in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension with Submaximal Exercise Testing.

Introduction: The submaximal exercise test (SET), which gives both a measure of exercise tolerance, as well as disease severity, should be a more robust functional and prognostic marker than the six-minute walk test (6MWT). This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of SET as predicted by the validated REVEAL (Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term Pulmonary Artery Hypertension Disease Management) registry risk score (RRRS). Methods: Sixty-five consecutive patients with idiopathic and associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) underwent right-heart catheterization, echocardiogram, 6MWT and a three-minute SET (Shape-HF™). Analyses explored the association between SET variables and prognosis predicted by the RRRS. Results: Although multiple SET variables correlated with the RRRS on univariate analyses, only VE/VCO2 (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001) remained an independent predictor in multivariate analysis (β = 0.05, p = 0.0371). Additionally, the VE/VCO2 was the most discriminatory (area under receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.84) in identifying the highest-risk category (RRRS ≥ 10), with an optimal cut-off of 40.6, resulting in a high sensitivity (92%) and negative-predictive value (97%), but a lower specificity (67%). Conclusion: SETs, particularly the VE/VCO2, appear to have prognostic value when compared to the RRRS. If validated in prospective trials, SET should prove superior to the 6MWT or the RRRS, with significant implications for both future clinical trials and clinical practice.
Status of the MINOS experiment

We report on the status of the MINOS long baseline neutrino experiment presently under construction at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and the Soudan mine. There is growing evidence that the solar neutrino and atmospheric neutrino anomalies [1] are the result of neutrino oscillations. The MINOS experiment is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment designed to study the region of parameter space indicated by the SuperKamiokande atmospheric neutrino results [2]. The experiment consists of two detectors, one with a mass of 980 tons located at Fermilab (the near detector) and the other of mass 5400 tons located 731 km away in the Soudan mine in northern Minnesota (the far detector). The third component is the neutrino beam which is currently under construction at Fermilab.
In vivo evidence for endogenous DNA alkylation damage as a source of spontaneous mutation in eukaryotic cells.

Abstract Three genes that participate in the repair of DNA alkylation damage were recently cloned from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: the MGT1 O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase gene, the MAG 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase gene, and the APN1 apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease gene. Altering the expression levels of these three genes produced significant changes in the S. cerevisiae spontaneous mutation rate. Spontaneous mutation increased in the absence of the MGT1 DNA methyltransferase, presumably because unrepaired, spontaneously produced, O6-alkylguanine lesions mispair during replication. Moreover, changing the ratios of the MAG 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase and the APN1 AP endonuclease had profound effects on spontaneous mutation rates. In the absence of APN1, the overexpression of MAG increased spontaneous mutation, and the underexpression of MAG decreased spontaneous mutation. We infer that the MAG glycosylase acts upon spontaneously produced 3-alkyladenine and 7-alkylguanine DNA lesions to produce mutagenic abasic sites, and that if the repair of these abasic sites is not initiated by the APN1 AP endonuclease they cause mutations during replication. Our results indicate that eukaryotic cells harbor endogenous metabolites that alkylate nuclear DNA at both oxygens and nitrogens.
Deposition and diagenesis of Miocene arc-fringing platform and debris-apron carbonates, southwestern Viti Levu, Fiji

Abstract Carbonate deposition was widespread in the eastern Melanesian arc during the late Early to early Middle Miocene. In southwestern Viti Levu, Fiji, limestones of this age include a massive to crudely bedded reef or platform facies, and a well-bedded horizon of redeposited limestone rudites and calcarenite turbidites interbedded with hemipelagic lime mudstones. The redeposited limestones are considered to represent a series of carbonate debris aprons deposited in relatively deep water in the early Middle Miocene. The subsurface equivalents of the reef/platform limestones are likely to form the best potential hydrocarbon reservoir rocks in Fiji. Carbonate deposition coincided with an increase in epiclastic sediment yield to the forearc basin, indicating increased emergence and erosion of the arc. It is suggested that by bringing larger submerged areas into the photic zone, uplift of the arc was the main factor allowing widespread shallow-water carbonate deposition at this time. Primary pore space in the reef/platform carbonates was largely occluded in the marine phreatic zone by microcrystalline cements, isopachous fibrous or blocky cement fringes, and micritic internal sediments. Remaining primary pores and secondary biomouldic pores were filled by equant sparry calcite during meteoric phreatic and burial diagenesis. Reef- or platform-derived limestone clasts are abundant in the redeposited limestones, and there is evidence of an Early to Middle Miocene depositional hiatus accompanied by early subaerial exposure within the largest platform carbonate body. It is therefore suggested that the debris-apron carbonates were deposited as the result of emergence and erosion of the nearby shallow-water limestones, which may have been related to sharp but short-lived eustatic sea-level falls at 16 and 15 Ma.
Presentation format, other-person strategies, and cooperative behavior in the Prisoner's Dilemma.

80 college students played a 50-trial Prisoner's Dilemma. Variables were manipulated at 2 levels each: (1) presentation format (matrix vs nonmatrix), (2) initial behavior of the confederate (hostil...
At the intersection of sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and cervical cancer screening: assessing Pap test use disparities by sex of sexual partners among black, Latina, and white U.S. women.

Abstract Understanding how various dimensions of social inequality shape the health of individuals and populations poses a key challenge for public health. Guided by ecosocial theory and intersectionality, we used data from the 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth, a national probability sample, to investigate how one dimension of sexual orientation, sex of sexual partners, and race/ethnicity jointly influence Pap test use among black, Latina and white U.S. women aged 21–44 years (N = 8840). We tested for an interaction between sex of sexual partners and race/ethnicity (p = 0.015) and estimated multivariable logistic regression models for each racial/ethnic group, adjusting for socio-demographic factors. The adjusted odds of Pap test use for women with only female sexual partners in the past year were significantly lower than for women with only male sexual partners in the past year among white women (odds ratio [OR] = 0.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.12,0.52) and may be lower among black women (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.07,1.52); no difference was apparent among Latina women (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 0.31,7.73). Further, the adjusted odds of Pap test use for women with no sexual partners in the past year were significantly lower than for women with only male sexual partners in the past year among white (OR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.22,0.41) and black (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15,0.37) women and marginally lower among Latina women (OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.38,1.03). Adding health care indicators to the models completely explained Pap test use disparities for women with only female vs. only male sexual partners among white women and for women with no vs. only male sexual partners among Latina women. Ecosocial theory and intersectionality can be used in tandem to conceptually and operationally elucidate previously unanalyzed health disparities by multiple dimensions of social inequality.
Role of host plant phenology in host use by Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Solidago (Compositae)

To assess whether plant phenology may affect potential for host shifts, S. altissima and S. gigantea were monitored in the field in Minnesota (both host races), in Pennsylvania ( S. altissima , sole host), and in a Pennsylvania common garden of both host plants from both sites. Plant height was measured every other day, and growth rates were calculated through the oviposition period in the field and season-long in the common garden. Greenhouse-grown S. gigantea from both locations were subjected to oviposition by Minnesota Eurosta to compare galling susceptibility. Minnesota hosts had more comparable growth rates and more intraspecific variability than the same species in Pennsylvania. S. gigantea growth peaked earlier and fell more rapidly than that of S. altissima for all populations, suggesting an earlier, narrower window of host suitability. Pennsylvania S. gigantea will support gall formation, but ramet growth rate was significantly less than that of Minnesota S. gigantea under greenhouse conditions, and Minnesota Eurosta strongly preferred Minnesota ramets to those from Pennsylvania. Variations in daily growth rate fluctuations between species may confound Eurosta's detection of suitable hosts. These results indicate a higher probability of a host shift occurring in Minnesota than in Pennsylvania and may indicate why colonization of S. gigantea has not occurred in Pennsylvania.
Handicap signalling: when fecundity and viability do not add up

It is widely accepted that a requirement for honest handicap signalling is that higher-quality signallers pay lower marginal costs for advertising. This is a simple, powerful principle, but it is correct only if the fitness effects of fecundity and viability are strictly additive. Additivity would not be expected from most life history models. The general criterion for honest handicap signalling is that higher-quality signallers must have higher marginal fitness effects of advertising. This might result from higher benefits rather than lower costs. The general criterion implies the existence of a ridge on the fitness surface for two correlated characters, quality (or viability) and advertising. This has important implications for the design of experiments. Critical tests of the handicap hypothesis should establish that signallers of different quality are on a rising fitness ridge because of different cost-benefit trade-offs. The further question of whether receivers are maximizing their fitness requires additional experiments because handicap signalling does not require that the receivers maximize their fitness, only that they return benefits to signallers as an increasing function of the size of the signal. If receiver preferences are exaggerated by sensory bias or indirect selection, the resulting exaggerated signals may be consistent with the handicap principle. Copyright 1998 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
The Five Hour Glucose Tolerance Test and Effect of Low Sucrose Diet in Migraine

SYNOPSIS Seventy-four patients were evaluated who suffered from migraine and associated their attacks to the mid-morning or mid-afternoon fasting state. These seventy-four patients underwent a standard five hour, 100 gram glucose tolerance test. The glucose tolerance curves of six of the patients were classified diabetic and fifty-six patients exhibited a curve consistent with degrees of reactive hypoglycemia, i.e., serum glucose of less than 65 mg% or a drop of 75 mg% within one hour. Following dietary therapy with a low sucrose, six meal regimen, all patients who demonstrated a diabetic glucose tolerance curve showed an improvement of greater than 75%, and three have been headache free. Of the fifty-six patients who showed reactive hypoglycemia curves, forty-three returned for follow-up after dietary instruction. Of those forty-three patients 27, (63%) showed greater than 75% improvement, 17 (40%) showed 50 to 75% improvement and 4 (9%) showed 25 to 50% improvement.
Microcarrier cell culture: New methods for research-scale application

A positive-charge-carrying, dextran microsphere has been developed which serves as an excellent surface for the attachment and growth of anchorage-dependent cells in microcarrier culture. With standard cell culture media, saturation cell concentrations in excess of 4×106cells/ml are routinely obtained for secondary chicken embryo fibroblasts or normal diploid human fibroblasts. The use of microcarriers reduces the time, expense, and apparatus complexity required for the routine propagation of anchorage-dependent cells.
The purification of milligram quantities of vitamin A.

Abstract 1. 1. A simple method for the purification of milligram quantities of vitamin A occurring in the petroleum ether extract of rat liver has been proposed. 2. 2. The “ E values ” for the purified vitamin A have ranged from 1605 to 1795, which represented a purity range between 95 and 105%. 3. 3. The recovery of the vitamin A has been between 68 and 89%.
How Do Harvest Rates Affect Angler Trip Patterns

Abstract Incorporating catch or harvest rate information in repeated-choice recreation fishing demand models is challenging, since multiple sources of information may be available and detail on how harvest rates change within a season is often lacking. This article develops a theoretically consistent harvest expectations repeated mixed logit angling demand model that can be used to evaluate the contributions made by different sources of information in predicting observed patterns of fishery participation and trip frequency. In an application to saltwater salmon fishing in Alaska, we find that both of the two available harvest rate information sources contribute to better predictions and should be used. In addition, information on whether a species is being targeted makes a significant improvement to model performance. Model tests indicate that non-targeted species have a significant marginal utility and it is different from the marginal utility of targeted species. The median value of a fishing choice occ...