cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CONCEPTUAL NATURE OF THE CORPORATE INCOME TAX

This paper examines a long-standing controversy about the conceptual nature of the corporate income tax: whether it is an expense, a loss, a distribution of income, or some anomalous item. That controversy reflects in part different theories of the accounting entity. Despite several authoritative pronouncements stating or implying that the tax is an expense, and despite an extensive discussion in the academic and professional literature, the controversy has never been fully resolved. Additionally, the tax is not characterized as an expense in corporate financial reports. The FASB's conceptual framework does not resolve this controversy, nor does the impending joint FASB-IASB revised conceptual framework. Within the context of a coalesced (or fused) proprietary-entity theory of the accounting entity, this paper leads to the unsurprising conclusion that the corporate income tax is an expense, albeit an expense with some remarkable characteristics. Additionally, this paper shows how the conceptual nature of ...
Auxin (2,4-D) stimulation (in vivo and in vitro) of polysaccharide synthesis in plasma membrane fragments isolated from onion stems.

Abstract Glucan synthetase activity associated with plasma membrane of onion stem was increased by adding the auxin herbicide 2,4-D. The effect was expressed either by pre-incubating the tissue with 2,4-D ( in vivo ) or by adding 2,4-D to the synthetase assay ( in vitro ). The 2,4-D effect was most pronounced on the synthesis of polysaccharides soluble in hot water. This is the first biochemical deomonstration of an in vitro response to auxin of magnitude comparable to that observed in vivo . The results show that initial responses to the hormone occur at the plasma membrane.
Watermelon Esophagus: A New Visual Paradigm

A 35-year-old male with no prior medical history presented for evaluation of multi-year history of dysphagia to both solids and liquids. He underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealing linear furrows with ring-like esophagus. Pathology of biopsies showed findings consistent with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). This is a newly recognized disease entity with a rapidly increasing prevalence that cannot be entirely accounted for by the increasing awareness in medicine. All patients with clinical suspicion of EoE should undergo esophageal biopsies regardless of endoscopic findings, as normal endoscopy can be seen in up to 17% of cases. Numerous non-specific endoscopic findings have been described, including trachealization, felinization, linear furrows, crepe paper mucosa, and longitudinal shearing. We present a unique and neverbefore seen image of EoE that accentuates the findings that may be seen endoscopically
Delayed ALK5 inhibition improves functional recovery in neonatal brain injury.

Neuroinflammation subsequent to developmental brain injury contributes to a wave of secondary neurodegeneration and to reactive astrogliosis that can inhibit oligodendrocyte progenitor differentiation and subsequent myelination. Here we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of a small molecule antagonist for a TGFs receptor in a model of moderate perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (H-I). Osmotic pumps containing SB505124, an antagonist of the type 1 TGFs1 receptor ALK5, or vehicle, were implanted three days after H-I induced at postnatal day 6. Perinatal H-I induced selective neuronal death, ventriculomegaly, elevated CNS levels of IL-6 and IL-1α, astrogliosis, and fewer proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitors. Myelination was reduced by ∼50%. Anterograde tracing revealed extensive axonal loss in the corticospinal tract. These alterations correlated with functional impairments across a battery of behavioral tests. All of these parameters were brought back towards normal levels with SB505124 treatment. Notably, SB505124 preserved neurons in the hippocampus and thalamus. Our results indicate that inhibiting ALK5 signaling, even as late as three days after injury, creates an environment that is more permissive for oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination producing significant improvements in neurological outcome. This new therapeutic would be especially appropriate for moderately preterm asphyxiated infants, for whom there is presently no FDA approved neuroprotective therapeutic.
Abstract P4-06-07: PI3K Mutations Are More Common in Low Grade DCIS

Background: DCIS is a non-obligate precursor to invasive breast cancer yet it remains difficult to predict which lesions will progress or over what time interval. Factors associated with a higher risk of progression include high histologic grade and HER2 amplification. HER2 signaling via the PI3K pathway is associated with accelerated invasiveness in laboratory models and mutations in the helical domain of PI3K have been associated with a worse prognosis in invasive cancer. We hypothesized that PI3K pathway mutations are associated with higher risk of progression in DCIS and therefore would be more common in high grade DCIS. Methods: 195 cases of pure DCIS were identified from the MSKCC breast service database (1999-2003). All cases were reviewed by a single pathologist to assign histologic grade. Sections were obtained from archived formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks for manual microdissection to isolate pure DCIS lesions for DNA extraction. Multiplex array (Sequenom®) genotyping for PIK3CA was performed on prePCR amplified DNA. Comparisons were made between high and low grade DCIS using Fisher9s exact test. Results: Among 195 pure DCIS cases, 89 were classified as high grade and 106 as low grade. Sequenom® analysis was informative in all cases. PIK3CA mutations were identified in 4/89 (4%) cases of high grade DCIS and in 24/106 (23%) cases of low grade DCIS (p=0.000). All 4 mutations in high grade DCIS were located in the kinase domain, whereas in low grade DCIS, 9/24 (37%) mutations were in the kinase domain (H1047R) and 15/24 (67%) mutations were in the helical domain (E542K, E545K, N345K). Conclusion: PI3K mutations were relatively uncommon in pure high grade DCIS as compared to low grade DCIS. PI3K mutations in low grade DCIS were observed in both the kinase and helical domain. These findings support the hypothesis that breast tumorigenesis differs by grade and PI3K mutations may be more prominent in low grade carcinogenesis. The significance of helical domain mutations in low grade lesions requires further investigation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-06-07.
Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease: a population-based evaluation of the role of capsular polysaccharide serotype. Haemophilus Influenzae Study Group.

When data were stratified by age, subtype 1 accounted for 73% (29/40) of isolates from those ^2 months but 86% (127/ 147) of isolates from those > 12 months of age. This difference was almost statistically significant (x2 , P = .06). This suggests that children 12 months of age. Takala et al. [6] reported a similar finding in Finland. The biotype prevelance of Hib subtypes was similar to that reported previously from the United States and Europe. Biotypes I, II, IV, and V accounted for 8996, 7%, 3ft, and \7c of isolates, respectively. There was no clustering of biotypes by disease manifestation.
Marrow-Infiltrating Lymphocytes – Role in Biology and Cancer Therapy

The past several years have witnessed the acceptance of immunotherapy into the mainstream of therapies for patients with cancer. This has been driven by the clinical successes of antibodies to the checkpoint inhibitors, CTLA-4 and PD-1, capable of imparting long-term remissions in several solid tumors as well as Hodgkin's lymphoma (1) and the therapeutic successes of adoptive T-cell transfer with chimeric antigen receptors (2) or modified T-cell receptors (3) that have mostly utilized peripheral T-cells. One emerging area of therapeutic T cell intervention has been the utilization of marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) - a novel form of adoptive T-cell therapy. This approach was initially developed to increase the likelihood of a precursor T-cell population with an enhanced tumor specificity in bone marrow (BM)-derived malignancies. However, the unique attributes of BM T-cells and their interaction with their microenvironment provide significant rationale to utilize these cells therapeutically in diseases that extend beyond hematologic malignancies.
Thermal Degradation of Higher Fatty Acids and their Derivatives

Epoxy fatty acids and their derivatives were heated in nitrogen atmosphere at 70, 95, 120 and 150°C, and oxirane oxygen content (and neutralization value) of each sample was determined.When solid epoxy compound lost about 20% of oxirane oxygen by heating, it was changed into viscous liquid, and when it lost about 70% of oxirane oxygen, it was changed into gel.Cis-epoxy fatty acid lost more oxirane oxygen than carboxyl group by heating, whereas traps-epoxy fatty acid lost more carboxyl group than oxirane oxygen.At experimental temperature, trans-epoxy compound was more stable than cis-epoxy compound, and ester and amide of epoxy fatty acid were much more stable than the epoxy fatty acid. Metal epoxy stearates were not stable except barium salt.
Cooccurrence of C-24 alkylated Δ7- and Δ5-Sterols in the leaves ofBeta vulgarisin the leaves ofBeta vulgaris

The 4-desmethylsterols from the leaves ofBeta vulgaris are a mixture of Δ(7)-sterols (71%) and Δ(5)-sterols (29%). The Δ(7)-sterols isolated are spinasterol (24α-ethylcholesta-7,22-dien-3β-ol; 45%), 22-dihydrospinasterol (24α-ethylcholest-7-en-3β-ol; 24%), and avenasterol (24-ethylcholesta-7,24(28)-dien-3β-ol; 1.5%). The Δ(5)-sterols isolated are sitosterol (24α-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol; 15%), 24ζ-ethylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (7.5%), and 24ζ-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (7%).
Cellular Floating Activity of Diesel-oil-degrading Bacteria:Its Effects on Diesel-oil Degradation

Effective strains of diesel-oil degrading bacteria were isolated from seawater contaminated by oil and their cellular floating activity and cell surface hydrophobicity were detected. To build the most effective bacterial colony for assimilating diesel oil,experiments were conducted to compare different groups of bacterial strains regarding their floating activities at different strength of agitation. The findings of the study suggested that cellular floating activity of each strain was positively correlated with cell surface hydrophobicity;strains without floating activity such as F6 showed stronger diesel-oil degrading capacity in intensified agitation(180 r/min),much higher than that in declined agitation(80 r/min). In general,strains having higher cellular floating activity displayed remarkable diesel-oil degrading capacity in slow agitation. The effective bacterial colony made up of strains with higher cellular floating activity including Y9,X1 and S2 degraded diesel oil by 57% within the period of 10 days. Furthermore,by addition of a kind of oloephilic fertilizer S200 and soluble nutrients,bacterial colony with floating activity could greatly upgrade its diesel-oil biodegrading capacity.
A Prediction Error Uncertainty Based Day-Ahead Unit Commitment of Large-Scale Intermittent Power Generation

In allusion to the uncertainty of both intermittent power generation output and load demand prediction, the uncertainty of prediction error is led in and the uncertain variables in the system are regarded as the total uncertain prediction error of the system, and based on chance-constrained programming a unit commitment model, in which the randomness of error is taken into account, is established. Besides, considering the feature that the distributions of prediction error under different output levels of intermittent power generation are not the same, on the basis of considering both regularity of prediction error distribution and resulting reserve capacity all sidedly, the unit commitment, in which the prediction error is taken into account, is refined. Taking a 10-machine system for example, the proposed unit commitment model is solved by Monte Carlo simulation based particle swarm optimization algorithm, and simulation results show that above-mentioned method and model are effective and practicable.
Horizontal well multistage refracturing practice in Well Baimiao-H1

Well Baimiao-H1 is a stepped horizontal well with casing completion.The well was stimulated in its main gas layer L81 using hydraulic jet fracturing technique by way of two stages after being put into operation,but did not succeed.Later,all the main gas layers were perforated,and the gas production rate was still not as good as expected.Considering its huge production potential,Baker Hughs open hole completion multistage fracturing tools were adopted,by which multistage fracturing operations with a total of seven stages were conducted on its main gas layer and other newly perforated gas layers.The total fracturing fluid of the initial design was 1520.2 m3 with 128.1 m3 fracturing proppant.After the mini-fracturing,the operational parameters were adjusted,and a total of 1659.6 m3 fluid was actually pumped down into the hole with 170 m3 proppant added.7 days later,fracturing fluid was flew back to the hole through ?3 mm choke,and the daily gas flow rate reached 8459-18700 m3 while the daily oil flow rate was 12.9-16.8 t.The successful practice on this well provides the developing direction for future completion and fracturing technologies that suitable for low permeability horizontal wells in Zhongyuan Oilfield.
Low-Regrets Incrementalism Land Use Planning Adaptation to Accelerating Sea Level Rise in Florida’s Coastal Communities

Sea level rise is one of the climate change effects most amenable to adaptation planning as the impacts are familiar and the nature of the phenomenon is unambiguous. Yet, significant uncertainties ...
Corporate Lawyers in Emerging Markets

The growth of corporate law firms in emerging markets is mainly followed by practitioner journals reporting new offices and mergers, the openness of markets to non-national lawyers, and various rankings of local and transnational law firms. There is a small but growing academic literature that, for the most part, relies on US theoretical models, asking whether the corporate law firms are converging toward a global standard or what form of global/local hybrid is taking root. This literature fits well with the practical concerns about the specific spread of corporate lawyers. A complementary approach looks more into the global processes that produce the expectation that corporate lawyers will evolve into some modern model resembling the US corporate lawyer. For this more general line of research the position of corporate lawyers in relation to the state becomes more important, as do the hierarchical and imperial relationships that are manifested in different roles and statuses for those from the core and th...
The effects of tax and expenditure limits on state fiscal reserves

To help policy makers manage expenditures during periods of economic downturns, most states have formal budget stabilization funds and unreserved fund balances. Using indices of tax and expenditure limitations laws restrictiveness, we examine the relationship between tax and expenditure limitations and state reserves for years 1992–2010 to help determine the extent to which tax and expenditure limitations constrain or in other ways affect how states manage fiscal reserves. This time period is particularly relevant because it includes two recessions and most states had budget stabilization funds and tax and expenditure limitations. Findings suggest that state-constructed tax and expenditure limitations have little effect on state capacity to react to fiscal shocks.
The Prevalence of Exposure to Workplace Secondhand Smoke in the United States: 2010 to 2015.

Objective To compare changes in exposure to workplace secondhand smoke (SHS) by industry of employment and occupation from 2010 to 2015. Methods Data were collected from 2010 and 2015 National Health Interview Survey. Weighted estimates of the prevalence of exposure to workplace SHS among currently working nonsmokers in 2010 (n = 12 627) and 2015 (n = 16 399) were compared. Results The prevalence of exposure to workplace SHS among currently working nonsmokers was 10.0% in 2015 and 9.5% in 2010. Exposure to workplace SHS is disproportionally high among male workers, young workers, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, workers with low education and low income, and workers residing in the Southern United States. Tobacco control policies have effectively reduced exposure to workplace SHS in a few white-collar and service job categories but blue-collar workers remain to have a high prevalence of exposure to workplace SHS. From 2010 to 2015, "transportation and warehousing industries" had the largest increase in SHS exposure (13.3%-21.5%, p value = .004) and "arts, entertainment, and recreation industries" had the largest decline in prevalence of exposure to SHS (20.1%-11.5%, p value = .01). In the multivariate analysis, workers with service (aOR = 1.4, p < .0001) and blue-collar occupations (aOR = 2.5, p < .0001) had a significantly higher prevalence of exposure to workplace SHS than those with white-collar occupations. Conclusions Disparities of SHS exposure by industry, occupation, and social demographic class continue to exist. Blue-collar workers, especially those working in "transportation and construction industries," along with young workers and workers in high risk social classes are priority groups for future workplace SHS prevention. Implications An estimated 12.6 million working nonsmokers were regularly exposed to SHS at work in 2015. We compared the changes in prevalence of exposure to workplace SHS from 2010 to 2015 by social demographic class, industry of employment and occupation. Our findings could help inform the policymakers and health practitioners to establish stronger smoke-free air laws and conduct education campaigns to reduce the exposure to workplace SHS, especially among certain industries and occupations with a disproportionally high prevalence of exposure to workplace SHS.
Treatment of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Liver with Yttrium-90 Microsphere Embolization.

We present a case of successful treatment of chemoresistant hepatic lymphoma using yttrium-90 micropheres. A 41 year-old male with a history of hepatitis C presented with fatigue, night sweats, right upper quadrant pain, a 20 pound weight loss, and hypercalcemia. CT scan of the abdomen revealed a 13.4 x 10.0 cm mass involving the right hepatic lobe, along with portohepatic, celiac, and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound-guided core biopsy of the portohepatic mass showed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The patient had a partial response to R-CHOP, and was subsequently treated with 3 additional chemotherapeutic regimens. Despite this extensive therapy, as well as surgical resection of hepatic lesions, he had residual lymphoma within the liver. Due to inadequate chemosensitivity, he was not a candidate for stem cell transplantation. Repeat biopsy showed loss of CD20 expression, eliminating radioimmunotherapy as an option. Because the residual lymphoma was confined to the liver, the patient was treated with yttrium-90 microspheres (TheraSphere®). The patient had a significant improvement in his abdominal pain. Furthermore, six weeks after treatment, a complete response in the hepatic lesions was documented by PET/CT scan. Although the patient later developed recurrent disease outside of the liver, the case clearly demonstrates the potential clinical utility of this approach in properly selected lymphoma patients. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case documenting clinical activity of yttrium-90 microspheres for lymphoma.
The evolution of the board interlock network following Sarbanes-Oxley

Abstract We examine the impact of the passage of Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) on the evolution of the board interlock network for Fortune 300 firms during the 1998–2006 period using a stochastic actor-oriented model. Placing particular emphasis on director accountability and board independence, SOX created considerable disparity in demand and supply in the labor market for corporate directors. We examine whether the regulatory change may have led firms to draw more on socially embedded processes of board interlock partner selection such as reciprocity, transitivity, and multiplexity after SOX. We find that after the passage of SOX, a firm’s tendency to reciprocate board interlock ties has been reinforced. Similarly, firms appear to have relied more on their existing alliance partners to fill their board seats in the post-SOX period.
Enhancing Engagement Through Effective Performance Management

As a subset of these organizational practices, the performance management system (PMNG) also enhances employee engagement. Performance management involves setting performance expectations through goal-setting and regularly providing employees with feedback about their level of performance. Goals provide employees with a way to evaluate their performance, allowing them to make adjustments as necessary, increase their efforts as required, and ultimately persist until they attain their goals. In effective organizations, these goals are also used as the basis for performance evaluations.
Neutron Interferometry — Macroscopic Manifestations of Quantum Mechanics

The perfect-silicon-crystal neutron interferometer has provided us with a very sophisticated didactic device to investigate fundamental quantum mechanical phenomena occurring over macroscopic distances. In these lectures, we review the history and progress in this field over the past 15 years. We describe in some detail the following three experiments: (a) Gravitationally-induced quantum interference; (b) the effect of the Earth’s rotation upon the quantum mechanical phase of the neutron (Sagnac Effect); (c) the quantum phase shift of a neutron diffracting around a charged-electrode (Aharonov-Casher effect).
Antibiotic Prescribing Patterns for Sinusitis Within a Direct-to-Consumer Virtual Urgent Care.

Abstract Background: Direct-to-consumer virtual visits are increasingly popular across both for-profit and nonprofit healthcare systems. Introduction: Virtual visits offer a convenient affordable w...
Distract, delay, disrupt: examples of manufactured doubt from five industries

Manufactured doubt describes the efforts used by organizations or individuals to obscure the harmful effects of their products or actions by manipulating science. Although approaches to do so are widely used, relevant stakeholders are often unaware of these tactics. Here, we examine the strategies used in five cases of manufactured doubt: tobacco and adverse health; coal and black lung; Syngenta and the herbicide atrazine; the sugar industry and cardiovascular disease; and the Marshall Institute and climate change. By describing the tactics used in these cases, effective methods for identifying and countering instances of manufactured doubt can be generated.
Females bet on the known: crayfish females recognize and prefer males from familiar population, males are not picky

Reproductive behaviour is a central pattern in animals and understanding mate choice is among major challenges in behavioural and ecological studies. Mate choice is often based on recognition of conspecifics, their physiological state and social experiences, which play important roles in decision making. In crayfish, females are choosier than males because of their higher energy costs for reproduction (oogenesis, incubation, parental care). We analysed mate preferences of the spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) where the choosing crayfish was faced with two similarly sized mature counterparts or different origin (three geographically separated populations were used). Both sexes were presented either with a single familiar and unfamiliar counterpart or with two unfamiliar ones, reflecting the source population. Our results suggest that females are able to recognize and prefer mates from the familiar population, whereas males do not exhibit any specific preference. Chemical communication is the most possible driver but the mechanism of recognition at population level is not known. The specific population microbiome may be contributing to this pattern.
Effects of urbanization on resource use and individual specialization in coyotes (Canis latrans) in southern California

Urban environments are unique because fragments of natural or semi-natural habitat are embedded within a potentially permeable matrix of human-dominated areas, creating increased landscape and, potentially, habitat heterogeneity. In addition, urban areas can provide diet subsidies for wildlife species in the form of fruiting ornamental plants, trash, and domestic animals. Ecological opportunity in the forms of habitat and food heterogeneity are thought to be important mechanisms in maintaining individual specialization. Identifying which contexts, traits, and mechanisms determine the success or failure of individuals within an urban wildlife population could potentially provide predictions about which populations may succeed in human-dominated landscapes and which may experience local extinction. We used both scat and stable isotope analysis of whiskers to investigate the degree to which coyotes (Canis latrans) utilized anthropogenic subsidies and exhibited individual diet specialization across the urban-rural gradient in southern California. Land use surrounding scat and isotope sample locations was also evaluated to determine the effect of land cover on diet. Human food constituted a significant portion of urban coyote diet (22% of scats, 38% of diet estimated by stable isotope analysis). Domestic cats (Felis catus) and ornamental fruit and seeds were also important items in urban coyote diets. Consumption of anthropogenic items decreased with decreasing urbanization. In suburban areas, seasonality influenced the frequency of occurrence of anthropogenic subsidies with increased consumption in the dry season. The amount of altered open space (areas such as golf courses, cemeteries, and landscaped parks) nearby had a negative effect on the consumption of anthropogenic items in both urban and suburban areas. Contrary to our hypothesis, urban coyotes displayed reduced between-individual variation compared to suburban and rural coyotes. It is possible that the core urban areas of cities are so densely developed and subsidized that wildlife inhabiting these areas actually have reduced ecological opportunity. Suburban animals had the broadest isotopic niches and maintained similar individual specialization to rural coyotes. Wildlife in suburban areas still have access to relatively undisturbed natural areas while being able to take advantage of anthropogenic subsidies in neighboring residential areas. Therefore, areas with intermediate urban development may be associated with increased ecological opportunity and specialization.
Handheld Cough Testing: A Novel Tool for Cough Assessment and Dysphagia Screening

Aspiration pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Parkinson’s disease (PD), occurring as a result of impaired cough and swallowing function. However, portable diagnostic tools for cough assessment and dysphagia screening are limited. Therefore, the aims of this study were to determine if: (1) ‘Handheld Cough Testing’ (HCT), a novel tool developed for cough assessments, could detect differences in cough airflow and sensation during reflex and voluntary cough tasks; and (2) HCT could screen for dysphagia in PD with high sensitivity. Twenty-two people with PD underwent HCT and swallowing assessments. Cough airflow (‘PEFR’) and sensation (‘UTC’) was recorded during reflex and voluntary cough tasks. Flexible endoscopy was used to identify people with and without dysphagia. Within-subject statistical analyses were used to detect differences in PEFR and UTC across cough tasks and between-subject statistical analyses were used to detect differences in cough function between people with and without dysphagia. Results revealed significant differences in PEFR (p < 0.0005) and UTC (p < 0.0005) across cough tasks using HCT. Additionally, reflex cough PEFR was significantly different between people with and without dysphagia (p < 0.05). A cut-off of 42.5 L/min exhibited an excellent ability to predict dysphagia in people with PD (90.9% sensitivity; 80.0% specificity). This study revealed that HCT was a valid tool for cough assessment and dysphagia screening. It identified differences in cough airflow and sensation during reflex and voluntary cough tasks and screened for people with dysphagia in PD with high sensitivity.
COVID-19 in pregnancy

Evidence continues to emerge on the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) in pregnancy. Compared with previous coronavirus outbreaks (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome), recent reports suggest that pregnant women who contract SARS-CoV-2 have lower rates of maternal and fetal complications; however, the incidence of preterm birth remains elevated. The potential for vertical transmission is still under investigation. Universal testing of women admitted to labor and delivery is being encouraged in most centers.
Effects of access to hay on cognition of pre-weaned dairy calves and behavior upon social grouping after weaning

Abstract Individually housed dairy calves typically have restrictive environments which could lead to detrimental effects on cognition. We hypothesized that providing calves with hay prior to weaning, in addition to a standard starter diet and milk, would improve cognitive ability and influence adaptation to a novel environment and social group after weaning. Individually-housed Holstein heifer calves were assigned at birth to receive pelleted starter only (n = 8), or hay in addition to starter (n = 9), in addition to milk (8 L/d) fed via teat in 2 daily meals. During week 5 of life, initial and reversal learning ability were assessed in a discrimination task conducted in a T-maze. Calves were tested over 5 d and received 5 sessions/d or until the learning criterion (moving directly to correct side in 3 consecutive sessions) was reached for both stages. Behavior was recorded from video during the test, including time to complete the test, movement inside maze, licking/sniffing, and frequency of kicking. Calves provided hay required fewer sessions to pass the initial learning stage compared to calves provided starter only (3.6 vs. 12.1; SE = 2.1). During the initial learning stage, calves provided hay were also faster to find the reward, and kicked and moved between sections of the maze less frequently. Of the calves that continued onto reversal learning (n = 6 calves provided starter only; n = 9 calves provided hay), sessions required to meet the learning criterion was similar between treatments and behavior within the maze did not differ. After weaning, calves were introduced into a social group on pasture, and their behavior was recorded for an 11 h observation period beginning at time of introduction. Duration of time spent in different areas of the pasture, feeding time, and latency to begin feeding after introduction did not differ between treatments. However, calves provided hay tended to have less frequent visits to the feeding area. Activity was similar on the day of introduction and across the first 5 d after entry into the pasture. These results suggest that providing hay during the milk-feeding stage improved initial learning, but we did not find an effect on reversal learning or on ability to adapt to a novel group after weaning.
Deuterium solid-state NMR quadrupolar order rotating frame relaxation with applications to amyloid-β fibrils.

We describe a new method for measuring molecular dynamics based on the deuterium solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quadrupolar order rotating frame relaxation rate R1ρ,Q under static conditions. The observed quadrupolar order coherence is created using the broad-band Jeener-Broekaert excitation and is locked with a weak radio frequency (RF) field. We describe the experimental and theoretical approaches and show applications to a selectively deuterated valine side chain of the phosphorylated amyloid-β (1-40) fibrils phosphorylated at the serine-8 position. The R1ρ,Q rate is sensitive to the rotameric exchange mode. For biological samples, the low spin-lock field in the 5- to 10-kHz range has the advantage of avoiding sample heating and dehydration. Thus, it provides an alternative to approaches based on single-quantum coherence, which require larger spin-lock fields.
Hydraulic fractures from non-uniform perforation cluster spacing: Laboratory study on gelatin and data-driven modeling

Hydraulic fracture treatments in horizontal wells involve complexities contemporary analytical and numerical models do not incorporate. Interactions between simultaneously propagating fractures affects neighboring fractures making them grow dissimilarly to each other. This leads to a non-homogeneous fracture geometry, which in many instances results to ineffective or prematurely terminated fractures and therefore sub-optimal economic performance. This project involves the creation of a probabilistic predictive model (PPM), which incorporates empirical inputs from laboratory-scale experimental tests. Random probabilistic distributions are biased statistically in order to generate profiles that match the experimental results. The PPM developed is using Monte Carlo simulation to give a likely final multi-frac geometry.
Efecto de la dieta mediterránea sobre indicadores histológicos y pruebas de imagen en enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico

Resumen Objetivo Analizar la evidencia cientifica respecto al efecto de la dieta mediterranea sobre las caracteristicas de las pruebas de imagen y biopsia en sujetos con enfermedad de higado graso no alcoholico (EHGNA). Metodos Se realizo la busqueda bibliografica en esta revision narrativa en las bases de datos Pubmed y Web of Science, considerando los estudios publicados entre los anos 2011-2020, en idioma ingles o espanol, ensayos clinicos aleatorizados y estudios observacionales en pacientes con diagnostico de EHGNA, en sujetos mayores de 18 anos de ambos sexos. Resultados En los trabajos observacionales encontrados destaca una asociacion inversa entre la adherencia a dieta mediterranea y el dano hepatico, mientras que en los estudios de intervencion con medicion de biopsia hepatica se encontro una reduccion del 4,4% en lipidos intrahepaticos, y con resonancia magnetica, entre el 4,2 y el 10,2%. En estudios experimentales con medicion de ultrasonido disminuyo la proporcion de personas con grado moderado (6-16%) y severo (25%) y los estudios con elastografia transitoria presentaron disminucion de la rigidez hepatica entre 0,5-2,1 kPa. Conclusiones La dieta mediterranea contribuye al tratamiento de la EHGNA, lo cual se manifiesta en las caracteristicas de las pruebas de imagen hepaticas e histologicas.
Pregnancy Associated Breast Cancer

Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) is a subset of cancer that is too often diagnosed at a more advanced stage due to physiologic changes of the breast and lack of awareness among patients and physicians, resulting in higher mortality rates. While PABC is rare, it is postulated that as women delay childbearing, the rate of PABC may increase. Therefore, it is important to discuss appropriate workup, safety of mammography during pregnancy, and biopsy techniques.
Apocalypse (A User's Manual): Joseph Mede, the Interpretation of Prophecy and the Dream Book of Achmet

[Introduction]. In 1632, the English theologian Joseph Mede proposed a new avenue for interpreting a text whose importance, for him and others, was literally worldhistorical. The biblical Apocalypse, Mede announced, should be read with the help of a Near Eastern book of ancient dream interpretations attributed to 'an Arab' called Achmet. Once it was understood that John's prophecies were, on one level, an accurate prediction of the course of world political history, Achmet's book of symbols allowed the attentive reader to cut with confidence through the Apocalypse's morass of bloody seas, horned beasts, and astronomical prodigies to determine exactly what part of John's prophecy was past and what was yet to come. Because these were among the clearest claims in Mede's Commentarius apocalypseos ('Commentary on the Apocalypse') - a book written to aid the bewildered readers of his even more difficult Clavis apocalyptica ('Key to the Apocalypse') of 1627 - and because both of Mede's books were later published in English by order of the Long Parliament in 1643, Achmet's name gained large currency among Protestant interpreters of prophecy throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. 1 Nor did those interpreters confine themselves merely to repeating Mede. As late as 1796, an anonymous British follower of Joseph Priestley discovered, with the aid of 'the Oriental oneirocritics', that John had prophesied both the French and American Revolutions.2 If Achmet is little known today outside Byzantinist circles - and was little known to early modern readers before Mede's intervention - his seventeenth-century rise to fame deserves our attention not least because it reveals the priorities and the manifold difficulties of a typical scholarly churchman.
Kinetics of the Rabbit Muscle Enolase-catalyzed Dehydration of 2-Phosphoglycerate FLUORIDE AND PHOSPHATE INHIBITION

Abstract The kinetics of the rabbit muscle enolase-catalyzed dehydration of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate was investigated by an automated fluorometric procedure. All experiments were performed at pH 8.0, 25°, in 0.05 m triethanolamine-HCl-0.2 m KCl. At Mg2+ levels between 5 µm and 240 µm, the apparent Km values for substrate decreased with increasing Mg2+ concentration and the kinetic data could be treated as a simple cyclic equilibrium. At higher Mg2+ concentrations, inhibition by Mg2+ was observed, associated with an apparent dissociation constant of 2 mm. Inhibition by phosphate was competitive with respect to 2-phosphoglycerate and was characterized by a Ki of about 2 mm. Weak inhibition by fluoride, dependent on the Mg2+ concentration, was observed in the absence of phosphate. Inhibition by mixtures of fluoride and phosphate is much stronger than by either anion alone and is due principally to the cooperative binding of these two anions by the enzyme to form an E·Mg2+·F-·Pi complex. Dissociation of fluoride from this complex is characterized by an apparent dissociation constant of 50 µm. In contrast to the Mg2+-dependent reaction, the Km for substrate in the Mn2+-dependent dehydration of 2-P-glycerate was independent of Mn2+ concentration at low levels of the metal ion. The maximum velocity of the Mn2+-dependent reaction was 50 to 60% that of the Mg2+-dependent reaction, and the Ki for fluoride in the presence of phosphate was 40 times higher when Mn2+ instead of Mg2+ was the activating metal ion. Inhibition of the Zn2+-dependent reaction by fluoride was negligible even in the presence of phosphate. The values for the constants suggest direct coordination of fluoride ion to the metal ion. Fluoride ion probably inhibits the reaction by acting as an analog of the hydroxide ion generated during the normal enolase-catalyzed reaction.
Comparison of LOCI Digoxin Assay and iDigoxin Assay for Rapid Detection of Convallatoxin, the Active Glycoside of the Lily of the Valley Plant

Objective: Lily of the Valley is a poisonous plant, used as an herbal remedy, with toxic effects due to convallatoxin, a cardiac glycoside. It has been reported that the LOCI digoxin assay, a luminescent oxygen channeling based digoxin immunoassay, has sufficient cross reactivity with Lily of the Valley extract, and the specific toxic component, convallatoxin. Yet, cross reactivity by the iDigoxin immunoassay, a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, has not been reported in the literature. In this study, we evaluate iDigoxin immunoassay's ability to detect Lily of the Valley and convallatoxin, and compare these findings to those measured by the LOCI digoxin assay. Materials and Methods: Aliquots of drug free and digoxin serum pools were supplemented with microliter amounts of Lily of the Valley extract or nanogram quantities of convallatoxin. Digoxin concentrations were measured using the iDigoxin immunoassay applied to the ARCHITECT i2000SR analyzer (Cabbott Laboratories), and the LOCI digoxin assa...
Low temperature reduction of hexavalent chromium by a microbial enrichment consortium and a novel strain of Arthrobacter aurescens.

Background Chromium is a transition metal most commonly found in the environment in its trivalent [Cr(III)] and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] forms. The EPA maximum total chromium contaminant level for drinking water is 0.1 mg/l (0.1 ppm). Many water sources, especially underground sources, are at low temperatures (less than or equal to 15 Centigrade) year round. It is important to evaluate the possibility of microbial remediation of Cr(VI) contamination using microorganisms adapted to these low temperatures (psychrophiles).
Packaging of Optical Components and Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Optical Components 2 Packaging 3 Packaging Philosophy and Roadmap
Fish Oils Lower Rat Plasma and Hepatic, but Not Immune Cell α-Tocopherol Concentration

These studies were designed to measure the impact of different fish oil sources of dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid on the alpha-tocopherol content of rat immune cells. In the first experiment, rats were fed diets containing either lard, corn oil, menhaden fish oil or cod liver oil. In the second study, sardine fish oil replaced corn oil. Dietary fat source did not significantly influence body weights or the yield of immune cells in either study. In both studies, plasma and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations were significantly lower in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid-fed rats than in rats fed lard. In the first study, immune cell alpha-tocopherol concentrations followed those observed in the plasma and liver. These concentrations closely paralleled the amount of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate added to diets and not the total vitamin E present, which was the same for all treatment groups. However, in the second study, alpha-tocopherol concentration of immune cells was not significantly different among rats fed lard, menhaden fish oil, and sardine fish oil. In that study both the amount and form of vitamin E were carefully balanced across dietary treatment groups. In conclusion, despite having similar amounts of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, two out of three fish oils tested did not lower immune cell alpha-tocopherol concentration even in the face of significantly reduced plasma and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations.
Assignment of the human gene for CREB1 to chromosome 2q32.3-q34.

Abstract The nuclear phosphoprotein cAMP-response-element-binding-protein 1 (CREB1) is involved in the transcriptional regulation of cAMP-inducible genes. We have determined the chromosomal location of the human CREB1 gene by using a cDNA probe. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from a panel of mouse-human somatic cell hybrids indicated that the CREB1 gene resides on human chromosome 2. Analysis of a somatic cell hybrid containing a chromosome 2 translocation narrowed assignment of the CREB1 locus to the terminal third of chromosome 2. Finally, in situ hybridization allowed localization of the gene to the 2q32.3–q34 region. This knowledge may prove valuable in molecular analysis of translocations occurring in this region and in exploring the possibility of a role for the CREB1 locus in malignancy.
Preparation and properties of poly(silarylene siloxane)s

A series of exactly alternating silarylene-siloxane homopolymers and copolymers was prepared by the step-growth polymerization reaction of arylenedisilanols with bis(ureido)silanes. The polymers were obtained in high molecular weight and were found to have low glass transition temperatures and excellent thermal stabilities at high temperatures, particularly in an inert atmosphere. Copolymers containing vinylsiloxane units could be filled and crosslinked to form elastomers with useful mechanical properties and resistance to degradation in air at temperatures up to 250°C.
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Adolescents

OBJECTIVE: Vitamin B12 is involved in the production of adrenaline from noradrenaline. It is the cofactor involved in catecholamine degradation and plays a role in myelin synthesis. The current study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin B12 levels and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) during adolescence when accelerated myelin synthesis increases the vitamin B12 need. METHODS: One hundred twenty-five patients (mean age 11.1 ± 2.3 years; 60% female) reporting short-term loss of consciousness and diagnosed with vasovagal syncope based on anamnesis with a normal distribution and 50 control subjects (mean age 10.94 ± 2.5 years, 62% female) were included in this study. Serum vitamin B12, folic acid, and ferritin levels were measured prospectively in addition to other tests. We defined vitamin B12 deficiency as a serum level <300 pg/mL.[1][1]–[4][2] RESULTS: Vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in the patient group compared with the control group (47.2% vs 18%, P < .001). In the patient group, children with the POTS pattern had significantly lower vitamin B12 levels compared with children without the POTS response ( P = .03). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with POTS may lead to sympathetic nervous system baroreceptor dysfunction. * Abbreviations: CFS — : chronic fatigue syndrome CoA — : coenzyme A COMT — : catecholamine- O -methyltransferase HUTT — : head-up tilt test POTS — : postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-4
Revisiting the finite temperature string method for the calculation of reaction tubes and free energies.

An improved and simplified version of the finite temperature string (FTS) method [W. E, W. Ren, and E. Vanden-Eijnden, J. Phys. Chem. B 109, 6688 (2005)] is proposed. Like the original approach, the new method is a scheme to calculate the principal curves associated with the Boltzmann–Gibbs probability distribution of the system, i.e., the curves which are such that their intersection with the hyperplanes perpendicular to themselves coincides with the expected position of the system in these planes (where perpendicular is understood with respect to the appropriate metric). Unlike more standard paths such as the minimum energy path or the minimum free energy path, the location of the principal curve depends on global features of the energy or the free energy landscapes and thereby may remain appropriate in situations where the landscape is rough on the thermal energy scale and/or entropic effects related to the width of the reaction channels matter. Instead of using constrained sampling in hyperplanes as in the original FTS, the new method calculates the principal curve via sampling in the Voronoi tessellation whose generating points are the discretization points along this curve. As shown here, this modification results in greater algorithmic simplicity. As a by-product, it also gives the free energy associated with the Voronoi tessellation. The new method can be applied both in the original Cartesian space of the system or in a set of collective variables. We illustrate FTS on test-case examples and apply it to the study of conformational transitions of the nitrogen regulatory protein C receiver domain using an elastic network model and to the isomerization of solvated alanine dipeptide.