cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does the fine-needle aspiration diagnosis of "Hürthle-cell neoplasm/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features" denote increased risk of malignancy?

The thyroid fine-needle aspiration (FNA) diagnosis of Hurthle-cell neoplasm (HCN)/follicular neoplasm with oncocytic features (FNOF) does not differentiate between Hurthle-cell adenoma and carcinoma. A majority of cases diagnosed as HCN undergo surgical excision for definite characterization. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of malignancy in cases diagnosed as HCN and identify clinical features that may help in predicting malignancy in patients with FNA diagnosis of HCN. We reviewed a cohort of 206 cases of thyroid FNA diagnosed as HCN; histological follow-up was available in 169 (82%) cases. The cases were evaluated for patient's age, sex, and size of the nodule and histological diagnosis. One hundred and sixty-six were female patients and 40 were male patients (age range, 12-83 yr). The histological diagnoses were benign in 93 (93/169, 55%) cases and malignant in 76 (76/169, 45%) cases. The malignant histological diagnoses were Hurthle-cell carcinoma (HCC), 53 cases; papillary thyroid carcinoma, 19 cases; follicular carcinoma, 3 cases; and medullary carcinoma, 1 case. The risk of malignancy was greater in nodules measuring > or =2 cm (55% vs. 45%; P value or =40 yr old (82% vs. 18%, P value < 0.0001) than in patients <40 yr. The risk of malignancy was found greater in male patients than in female patients (61% vs. 43%); however, the difference was not statistically significant. The diagnosis HCN/FNOF carries a higher risk of malignancy as compared with a diagnosis of follicular lesion/neoplasm (20% malignancy rate from previously published studies). Clinical features including size of the nodule, age, and possibly sex of the patient can be a part of the decision analysis in selecting a patient for surgery.
Differential control of sympathetic activity to kidney and skeletal muscle by ventral medullary neurons.

Abstract A rise in arterial blood pressure can be evoked by microinjections of d,l -homocysteic acid into localized regions of the ventrolateral medulla of the cat. Three patterns of sympathetic discharge can be identified during the pressor response. A differential pattern consisting of an increase in renal nerve activity and no change in sympathetic activity to skeletal muscle vasculature can be elicited from sites ventromedial to the caudal pole of the facial nucleus. From more lateral and caudal sites, a generalized sympatho-excitation is evoked in the outflow to both the kidney and hindlimb muscle vasculature. A third response consisting of a differential increase in muscle sympathetic activity simultaneous with a small decrease in renal nerve activity could be evoked from caudal sites, lateral to the inferior olives and superficial to the ventral surface. The results show that ventral medullary neurons can selectively activate sympathetic outflow to control specific vascular beds. These data may support the hypothesis that the ventrolateral medulla contains discrete groups of topographically arranged neurons that can differentially control sympathetic tone to various end-organs.
Coupled-Channel Calculations for Nuclear Bound States

The method of coupled channels is presented for situations where all channels are bound. A numerical relaxation technique is formulated for such problems and is found to be rapid and reliable. Calculations are performed for deformed nuclei (where angular momenta in a rotational band are coupled) and for the Lane isospin t\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}T potential (where proton-nucleus and neutron-analog compositions of a target nucleus are coupled). In either case the relevant radial functions may be used as form factors for the analysis of stripping or pickup experiments. The calculations are applied to (1) deformed components in spherical nuclei (${\mathrm{O}}^{18}$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}$); (2) a deformed nucleus (${\mathrm{Mg}}^{25}$); (3) $j$-dependent effects in the $1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ shell; and (4) the extraction of ($p, d$) spectroscopic factors in the $1{f}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ shell using the Lane potential. The effect of the channel coupling is found to be important in many instances.
A new model function for the permittivity of seawater at 1.413GHZ

Measurement data for the complex permittivity of seawater at 1.413 GHz for salinities of 30.002 psu, 34.997 psu and 38.274 psu is used to construct a polynomial model function. The coefficients of the polynomial are determined by minimizing the error between the model function and the data in the least square sense. The results are compared with the Klein Swift model function and the differences are discussed.
Fast synchronized dual-wavelength laser speckle imaging system for monitoring hemodynamic changes in a stroke mouse model.

In this Letter, we describe a newly developed synchronized dual-wavelength laser speckle contrast imaging system, which contains two cameras that are synchronously triggered to acquire data. The system can acquire data at a high spatiotemporal resolution (up to 500 Hz for ∼1000×1000 pixels). A mouse model of stroke is used to demonstrate the capability for imaging the fast changes (within tens of milliseconds) in oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration, and the relative changes in blood flow in the mouse brain, through an intact cranium. This novel imaging technology will enable the study of fast hemodynamics and metabolic changes in vascular diseases.
Hypereosinophilia in a monosomy 7 myeloproliferative disorder in childhood.

Hyperosinophilia in association with a monosomy 7 myeloproliferative disorder is described in an eight-year-old boy. Antileukemic treatment resulted in a decrease in the eosinophilia, but did not appear to affect the blast cell population or the presence of monosomy 7 cells in the bone marrow. These findings suggest that bone marrow karyotyping may be useful in differentiating pre-malignant causes of eosinophilia from those with a more benign etiology.
Area, coarea, and approximation in W1,1

Let Ω⊂ℝn be an arbitrary open set. We characterize the space W1,1loc(Ω) using variants of the classical area and coarea formulas. We use these characterizations to obtain a norm approximation and trace theorems for functions in the space W1,1(ℝn).
Predicting pragmatic reasoning in language games.

One of the most astonishing features of human language is its capacity to convey information efficiently in context. Many theories provide informal accounts of communicative inference, yet there have been few successes in making precise, quantitative predictions about pragmatic reasoning. We examined judgments about simple referential communication games, modeling behavior in these games by assuming that speakers attempt to be informative and that listeners use Bayesian inference to recover speakers’ intended referents. Our model provides a close, parameter-free fit to human judgments, suggesting that the use of information-theoretic tools to predict pragmatic reasoning may lead to more effective formal models of communication.
Optical and EPR characterization of Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) sulfite reductase and ligand adducts

The electronic properties of the low molecular mass sulfite reductase (SiR) from the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris (Hildenborough) have been examined in both oxidized and reduced forms. Two well-resolved changes in optical spectra are observed following the addition of the first and second electron equivalents. One-electron reduced SiR shows a general decrease in the optical absorbance, with retention of all features. After addition of the second electron equivalent the broad absorbance at ∼400 nm in the oxidized spectrum was observed to split and more resemble the spectral features of the larger dissimilatory sulfite reductase from the same organism. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR) has also demonstrated the stepwise reduction of siroheme and cluster in a manner consistent with the observed changes in the optical spectrum. The signal from the oxidized siroheme was found to disappear prior to the appearance of the signal arising from the reduced cluster; that is, the one-electron reduced enzyme is EPR silent. Oxidized sulfite reductase shows a rhombic low-spin hexacoordinate siroheme (S = 12, g = 2.45, 2.38, 1.78), and the reduced enzyme shows a characteristic ferredoxin-like Fe4S4 EPR spectrum (g = 2.04, 1.93) that differs from spectra obtained with E. coli sulfite reductase (P.A. Janick and L.M. Siegel, Biochemistry 21 (1982) 3538). The AsO2− adduct of the fully reduced enzyme displays distinctive optical characteristics. Following oxidation, the AsO2− ligand remains bound, and the complex yields an optical spectrum that is again different from the native enzyme.
A Review of the Methods Used to Estimate the Cost of Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States

Background/Rationale: To determine the suitability of published estimates of the US cost of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) for use in cost-effectiveness models for new AD treatments. Methods: A systematic literature review of published information on direct medical, direct nonmedical, indirect, and informal care costs for different levels of disease severity. Results: Nineteen studies were included in the review. In studies presenting mean costs by disease severity, the change in different types of costs with increasing disease severity varied, depending on the data sources and characteristics of patients with AD. In studies presenting the results of regression analyses, costs were shown to be independently associated with cognition, functional status, behavioral symptoms, and dependence. Conclusions: Published US studies (1) did not include all the types of costs and AD populations, and (2) generally did not include all the measures of disease severity that are needed for cost-effectiveness models.
The origin of the Magellanic Stream

SHORTENED ABSTRACT: We present numerical investigations designed to critically test models of the origin of the Magellanic Stream. The most developed model is the tidal model which fails to reproduce several of its characteristic properties. We suggest an alternative model for the origin of the Stream which can explain all of its observed features and dynamics, as well as provide a strong constraint on the distribution of gas within the halo of the Milky Way. We propose that the Stream consists of material which was ram-pressure stripped from the Magellanic System during its last passage through an extended ionized disk of the Galaxy. This collision took place some 500 million years ago at a galacto-centric distance of about 65 kpc, and swept $\sim 20$\% of the least bound HI into the Stream. The gas with the lowest column density lost the most orbital angular momentum, and is presently at the tip of the Stream, having fallen to a distance of $\sim 20$ kpc from the Milky Way attaining a negative velocity of 200 \kms. To prevent the stripped material from leading the Magellanic Clouds and attaining too large an infall velocity, we postulate the existence of an extended dilute halo of diffuse ionized gas surrounding the Milky Way. If the halo gas is at the virial temperature of the potential well of the Milky Way, its thermal emission would contribute $\sim$ 40\% of the observed diffuse background radiation in the 0.5-1.0 keV (M) band, consistent with recent ROSAT measurements as well as pulsar dispersion measures. Ram pressure stripping
Using Uncover (Article Access) in a university library

UnCover, a multidisciplinary article access database, was released in December 1988 to members of CARL (Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries). Since its release, access to UnCover has been acquired by additional libraries through a gateway connection. UnCover is made possible by the cooperation of eight of the CARL libraries, which presently send their journals to CARL Systems Inc., where they are checked in and their table of contents entered into the UnCover database (See Table 1). The journals are returned to their libraries within 24 hours. The diversity of the universities' academic programs and the many interests of the public library clients have resulted in the creation of this large database containing journal citations on virtually every subject (See Table 2). As of June 1990, UnCover contains nearly 10,000 journal titles and over 900,000 article titles.
Two Case Studies of Cardiopulmonary Effects of Intra-abdominal Hypertension

Intra-abdominal hypertension falsely elevates the pulmonary artery pressure. Volumetric pulmonary artery catheter monitoring is an optionfor estimating preload in this condition. Treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension begins with medical therapy but once abdominal compartment syndrome develops it requires decompressive laparotomy for definitive management. Pulmonary hypertension reduces cardiac function which may be improved with inotropes that simultaneously reduce pulmonary artery pressure. Oxygenation may be improved with elevated PEEP and FiO(2).
Dopamine-2 Receptor Activation Suppresses PACAP Expression in Gonadotrophs

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is expressed at a high level in the fetal pituitary and decreases profoundly between embryonic day 19 and postnatal day 1 (PN1), with a further decrease from PN1 to PN4. In this series of experiments, we investigated the hypothesis that dopamine 2 receptor (Drd2) activation interrupts a cAMP-dependent feed-forward loop that maintains PACAP expression at a high level in the fetal pituitary. Using single-cell RT-PCR of pituitary cell cultures from newborn rats, Drd2 mRNA was identified in gonadotrophs that were also positive for PACAP mRNA. PACAP expression in pituitary cultures from embryonic day 19 rats was suppressed by the PACAP6-38 antagonist and by the Drd2 agonist bromocriptine. Increasing concentrations of bromocriptine inhibited cAMP production as well as cAMP signaling based on cAMP response element-luciferase activity, decreased PACAP promoter activity, and decreased PACAP mRNA levels in αT3-1 gonadotroph cells. Furthermore, blockade of dopamine receptors by injecting haloperidol into newborn rat pups partially reversed the developmental decline in pituitary PACAP mRNA that occurs between PN1 and PN4. These results provide evidence that dopamine receptor signaling regulates PACAP expression under physiological conditions and lend support to the hypothesis that a rise in hypothalamic dopamine at birth abrogates cAMP signaling in fetal gonadotrophs to interrupt a feed-forward mechanism that maintains PACAP expression at a high level in the fetal pituitary. We propose that this perinatal decline in pituitary PACAP reduces pituitary follistatin which permits GnRH receptors and FSH-β to increase to facilitate activation of the neonatal gonad.
Prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem as treatment for ocular surface disease in patients with a history of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis.

Purpose To report the visual outcomes of prosthetic replacement of the ocular surface ecosystem (PROSE) treatment in patients with ocular surface disease related to Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN). Design Retrospective cohort study. Subjects We included 86 patients (167 eyes) with history of SJS/TEN who underwent PROSE treatment from January 1, 2006, to January 1, 2011. Methods Etiology, previous interventions, change in visual acuity, change in visual function, and duration of follow-up are reported. Paired t test and Friedman test with Dunn's post hoc test for multiple comparisons were used for statistical analysis. Main Outcome Measures Visual acuity at last follow-up and visual function based on the National Eye Institute 25-item Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) at 6 months. Results We treated 35 males and 51 females with a history of SJS/TENS; median age was 36 years. The most common reported etiologies for SJS/TENS were antibiotics (n = 25), ibuprofen (n = 15), and lamotrigine (n = 11). The median visual acuity at the initial visit was 20/60 (range, 20/400–20/25; 0.48 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR]), and the visual acuity at completion of customization was 20/25 (range, 20/200–20/20; 0.096 logMAR; P P P Conclusions In a large cohort of patients with chronic ocular surface disease related to SJS/TEN, PROSE treatment offers sustained and significant large improvement in visual function and acuity.
Month-of-birth and incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.

As a means of examining the virus-relatedness of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children, we investigated the association between month-of-birth and the occurrence of ALL in 1487 children aged 0-15 years at the time of diagnosis. Our hypothesis being that evidence of seasonal variation in births of ALL cases would suggest exposure to a transmissible etiologic agent during the perinatal period. The data were obtained Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program and consisted of children diagnosed during the years 1973-1986. Aggregate monthly incidence rates of ALL stratified by month-of-birth, for each SEER site, all sites combined, and for broad geographic regions were calculated. No evidence for an association between month-of-birth and childhood ALL was found.
Compact Femtosecond Lasers and Applications in Photothermal Spectroscopy

Compact femtosecond fiber lasers and frequency comb technology at telecommunication wavelengths are presented. Integration of such a robust fiber probe laser into photothermal microspectroscopy for chemical and biological samples is demonstrated.
Relative Influence of Genetics and Shared Environment on Child Mental Health Symptoms Depends on Comorbidity

Background: Comorbidity among childhood mental health symptoms is common in clinical and community samples and should be accounted for when investigating etiology. We therefore aimed to uncover latent classes of mental health symptoms in middle childhood in a community sample, and to determine the latent genetic and environmental influences on those classes. Methods: The sample comprised representative cohorts of twins. A questionnaire-based assessment of mental health symptoms was used in latent class analyses. Data on 3223 twins (1578 boys and 1645 girls) with a mean age of 7.5 years were analyzed. The sample was predominantly non-Hispanic Caucasian (92.1%). Results: Latent class models delineated groups of children according to symptom profiles–not necessarily clinical groups but groups representing the general population, most with scores in the normative range. The best-fitting models suggested 9 classes for both girls and boys. Eight of the classes were very similar across sexes; these classes ranged from a ‘‘Low Symptom’’ class to a ‘‘Moderately Internalizing & Severely Externalizing’’ class. In addition, a ‘‘Moderately Anxious’’ class was identified for girls but not boys, and a ‘‘Severely Impulsive & Inattentive’’ class was identified for boys but not girls. Sex-combined analyses implicated moderate genetic influences for all classes. Shared environmental influences were moderate for the ‘‘Low Symptom’’ and ‘‘Moderately Internalizing & Severely Externalizing’’ classes, and small to zero for other classes. Conclusions: We conclude that symptom classes are largely similar across sexes in middle childhood. Heritability was moderate for all classes, but shared environment played a greater role for classes in which no one type of symptom predominated.
Credible commitments and constitutional constraints: state debt repudiation and default in nineteenth century America

Between 1839 and 1842 the United States suffered through an acute debt crisis. Over this period, eight states and one territory defaulted, five of which outright repudiated all or parts of their outstanding debts. However, for many of those same states, reentry into capital markets occurred relatively rapidly and at rather favorable terms. The question then arises, how and why was this possible? This work attempts to explain this phenomenon by suggesting that soon after default or repudiation many states enacted constitutional amendments meant to significantly constrain and credibly commit future governments from overextending credit and simultaneously to pursue time-consistent public policy. I explore this by examining the impact that these newly imposed constitutional amendments, which limited both the type and amount of debt and created stronger procedural safeguards for issuing debt, had on average bond prices, gathered from New York market data. Overall, my results show that newly constrained states had higher average bond prices than states that did not impose constitutional limits on debt financing, suggesting that markets did, in fact, perceive these constitutional changes to be binding and credible.
Color Sensitivity of the Amoeba Revisited

SYXOPSIS. The duration of photic suppression of plasmosol movement was used as a measure of the sensitivity of Amoeba proteus to selected wavelengths of monochromatic stimulation. Radiant energy was equated across the wavelengths which ranged from 420 to 620 millimicrons. The data generally confirm previous findings but indicate that maximum sensitivity lies in the green (515 mμ) rather than the previously held blue (450-490 mμ) region.
4754 The role of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in diagnosing opportunistic upper gastrointestinal infection in the solid organ transplant recipient.

Opportunistic infections of the upper gastrointestinal tract are a significant problem in the transplant recipient. This study investigates the utility of EGD in diagnosing these infections. Between April 1998 and August 1999, 222 consecutive EGDs were performed in 156 kidney and/or pancreas transplant recipients. Indications for endoscopy included nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, dysphagia, odynophagia, or bleeding. Clinical findings were documented and biopsies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum were sent for histopathology and cultured for microbiology, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), acid-fast bacilli (AFB), and fungus. The presence of an opportunistic infection was defined as a positive culture or AFB results, or histologic evidence of invasive infection. Full biopsy and culture results were available for 103 EGDs in 90 patients and comprise the basis of this report. Gross endoscopic abnormalities were observed in 84/103 procedures (82%). Patient symptoms did not correlate with clinical EGD findings. Opportunistic infections were found in 29/90 (32%) patients. Fungal infection alone was present in 24/90 (27%), viral infection alone in 1/90 (1%), and concurrent fungal and CMV infection in 4/90 (4%). HSV was cultured in only 1 patient who had concurrent CMV and fungal growth. AFB cultures and stains were negative in all patients. Nineteen (18%) patients had an entirely normal EGD (normal esophagus, stomach, and duodenum). Despite this, 6/19 (32%) had evidence of opportunistic infection on "blind" biopsy. When reviewed by organ, a grossly normal esophagus was found in 51/103 EGDs but on biopsy 14/51 (27%) had evidence of fungal growth. Similarly, 4/38 (10%) grossly normal stomachs, and 11/71 (15%) duodenums were culture positive for fungus when "blind" biopsies were taken. In conclusion, this study clearly demonstrates the utility of EGD in the evaluation of symptomatic transplant recipients. The majority of patients had abnormal findings on EGD and the incidence of opportunistic infection was high. "Blind" biopsies are indicated in the face of normal appearing mucosa because of the presence of a significant number of unsuspected opportunistic infections. HSV and AFB biopsies are not recommended because their yields are extremely low. A prospective study is planned to determine the impact of these findings on patient treatment and clinical course.
Discriminating Environmental Conditions for Significant Warm Sector and Boundary Tornadoes in Parts of the Great Plains

AbstractUsing system-relative composites, based on a dataset of significant tornadoes and null supercell events, environmental conditions associated with occurrences of significant tornadoes near discernible surface boundaries were compared to nontornadic boundary supercells, and warm sector significant tornadoes to nontornadic warm sector supercells, for a portion of the Great Plains. Results indicated that significant boundary tornadoes were associated with the exit region of a 300-hPa jet maximum, while null boundary events were in closer proximity to the 300-hPa jet entrance region. The differences at 300 hPa led to significant differences at the surface, as the null composite indicated deformation and confluence into the surface boundary and enhanced frontogenesis, while this was not present in the boundary significant tornado composite. Significant synoptic differences also were noted between the warm sector tornadoes and the warm sector null events. The warm sector significant tornadoes were associ...
Origin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris

A wild leguminous vine growing in Mexico and Central America is identified as conspecific with the cultivated Phaseolus vulgaris. The exact origin of the common cultivated bean has not certainly been known. Evidence from comparative morphology, geographic distribution, ecology, genetic relationship, and archeologic history all indicate the wild vines are progenitors of the common American bean. Collections of both wild and cultivated seeds graphically illustrate the evolution of the cultivated beans and display evidence for multiple origins in Mesoamerica. The recognition of the wild beans and their acquisition provides agriculture with a renewed genetic resource for the protein deficient world.
Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgical Techniques in the Closure of Ventricular Septal Defect: An Alternative Approach

Abstract Background . Minimally invasive cardiac surgical techniques recently have been applied in the management of a variety of intracardiac lesions. Methods . Fourteen patients (6 boys and 8 girls; age, 8.9 ± 5.5 years; body weight, 29.0 ± 13.5 kg) were operated on using minimally invasive cardiac surgical techniques for the closure of a ventricular septal defect (subarterial in 11 patients and perimembranous in 3 patients). The operations were performed through a left anterior minithoracotomy and were guided by video-assisted endoscopic techniques under femorofemoral cardiopulmonary bypass. The myocardium was protected by continuous coronary perfusion with hypothermic fibrillatory arrest. The right ventricular outflow tract was entered after pericardiotomy was performed. Results . Closure of the defect (directly in 4 patients and by patch in 10 patients) was performed successfully in all patients. A right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and ruptured sinus of Valsalva aneurysm also were repaired in 1 patient each. The duration of cardiopulmonary bypass was 41 ± 10 minutes (range, 28 to 100 minutes) and the total operative time was 2.2 ± 0.8 hours (range, 1.3 to 3.5 hours). All the patients recovered rapidly from their operation and had an uneventful postoperative course. Follow-up (mean, 6.2 months; range, 6 to 9 months) was complete in all patients. There were no late deaths. Transthoracic echocardiographic examination showed no residual shunt and no aortic regurgitation in all patients. Conclusions . Our experience demonstrates that minimally invasive cardiac surgical techniques are technically feasible and an alternative option for the repair of a ventricular septal defect.
Pharmacologic approaches to daytime and nighttime symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is associated with sleep disturbances, daytime somnolence, and fatigue. The exact relationship between rhinitis and sleep disturbance is unknown; however, both the symptoms and underlying pathology of allergic rhinitis can interfere with sleep quality. Nasal congestion, which has been shown to cause sleep-disordered breathing, is thought to be primarily responsible for rhinitis-related sleep disorders. The severity of nasal congestion follows a circadian rhythm, being worst at night and in the early morning. Chronotherapy is the study of the effects of administration time on the safety and efficacy of drug therapy based on circadian influences on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications. Chronotherapy studies in allergic rhinitis suggest there are benefits to nighttime dosing of antiallergy medications. For example, the antihistamine mequitazine has shown improved efficacy when administered in the evening compared with morning dosing. More study is needed to determine whether this is a class effect. Leukotriene receptor antagonists are indicated for evening administration; these drugs significantly improve nighttime rhinitis symptoms. Intranasal corticosteroids administered in the morning have demonstrated efficacy in improving nighttime symptoms; however, it is unknown whether evening administration would improve their effects on nocturnal rhinitis symptoms. Because of the significant detrimental effects of nocturnal rhinitis symptoms on quality of life, allergic rhinitis therapies should be evaluated for efficacy in ameliorating nighttime symptoms.
Imbibitional Chilling Sensitivity and Soluble Carbohydrate Composition of Low Raffinose, Low Stachyose Soybean Seed

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed with low raffinose, stachyose, and phytin is desired for feeding nonruminant animals to improve feed efficiency, increase mineral uptake, and reduce flatulence, but may have reduced agronomic quality. Composition of soluble carbohydrates in seed parts and sensitivity of mature seed to imbibitional chilling were determined for low raffinose and stachyose (LRS) seed; low raffinose, stachyose, and phytin (LRSP1, LRSP2) seed; and normal raffinose, stachyose, and phytin (CHECK) seed. Cotyledons and axes of seed from the three modified lines had low raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose compared to the CHECK. Cotyledons from LRS seed had significantly higher concentrations of galactinol and the di- and tri-α-galactoside derivatives of myo-inositol, D-pinitol, and D-chiro-inositol than cotyledons from LRSP1 and LRSP2 seed. Seed coats of all four lines were similar in soluble carbohydrate composition indicating the modifications were expressed in embryo tissues. Mature seed of LRS and CHECK was tolerant to imbibitional chilling, but LRSP1 and LRSP2 seed were sensitive to imbibitional chilling. The higher accumulation of cyclitol α-galactosides in embryos (cotyledons) of LRS seed (90% cotyledons, 2% axis, 8% seed coat) may have contributed to imbibitional chilling tolerance.
Treatment of isolated perilunate and lunate dislocations with combined dorsal and volar approach and intraosseous cerclage wire.

Abstract Purpose To determine the clinical outcome of patients with perilunate and lunate dislocations treated with a combined dorsal and volar approach and intraosseous cerclage wire. Methods A combined dorsal and volar approach with an intraosseous wiring technique was used to treat 22 isolated perilunate and lunate dislocations. The mean interval between injury and surgery was 3 days. Outcome was assessed after an average of 49 months. Patients were assessed subjectively with a Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire and were asked to rate their overall satisfaction, pain relief, problems with activities of daily living, and return to work and previous activity status. Results were assessed objectively by range of motion and grip-strength measurements and initial postsurgical radiographs were compared with final radiographs with regard to scapholunate angle and gap. Results Patient satisfaction was high in 15 of 22 patients. Seven patients stated they had problems with activities of daily living after their injury. Only 10 patients returned to the same job they had before their injury; however, all 22 patients were able to return to some type of work. Sixteen of the patients stated they were able to return to their previous level of activity. The wrist flexion-extension arc and grip strength averaged 80% and 77%, respectively, compared with the opposite side. Follow-up radiographs showed no significant change in scapholunate angle or gap with time. As expected the scapholunate cerclage wire broke frequently. The cerclage wire was removed in 16 patients, 12 because of broken hardware and 4 because of pain. Conclusions Our results show that a combined dorsal and volar approach with an intraosseous wiring technique can restore effectively normal intercarpal relationships, providing acceptable pain relief, functional motion, and grip strength.
Decomposing the energetic impact of drug resistant mutations in HIV-1 protease on binding DRV.

Darunavir (DRV) is a high affinity (4.5 × 10−12 M, ΔG = −15.2 kcal/mol) HIV-1 protease inhibitor. Two drug-resistant protease variants FLAP+ (L10I, G48V, I54V, V82A) and ACT (V82T, I84V) decrease the binding affinity with DRV by 1.0 and 1.6 kcal/mol, respectively. In this study, the absolute and relative binding free energies of DRV with wild-type protease, FLAP+, and ACT were calculated with MM-PB/GBSA and thermodynamic integration methods, respectively. Free energy decomposition elucidated that the mutations conferred resistance by distorting the active site of HIV-1 protease so that the residues that lost binding free energy were not limited to the sites of mutation. Specifically the bis-tetrahydrofuranylurethane moiety of DRV maintained interactions with the FLAP+ and ACT variants, whereas the 4-amino phenyl group lost more binding free energy with the protease in the FLAP+ and ACT complexes than in the wild-type protease, which could account for the majority of the loss in binding free energy. This s...
Real-time predictors of suicidal ideation: Mobile assessment of hospitalized depressed patients

Suicidal ideation is a risk factor for suicide attempt and completion. Cross-sectional or retrospective studies cannot capture the dynamic course and possible predictors of suicidal ideation as it occurs in daily life. This study utilizes an experience sampling paradigm to identify real-time predictors of suicidal ideation in inpatients with major depressive disorder. Thirty-one depressed patients admitted to a psychiatric unit were signaled by a mobile device to record suicidal ideation, affect, and other symptoms, multiple times a day over 1 week. Participants completed a total of 1350 questionnaires. Seventy-four percent of the sample reported suicidal ideation during the week. Time-lagged analyses revealed that momentary ratings of Sadness, Tension, and Boredom (as well as suicidal ideation itself) predicted subsequent suicidal thoughts in the following hours. Baseline severity of depression and past suicide attempts were both correlated with mean ideation severity during the week. A number of predictors identified in prior research (e.g. hopelessness) were unrelated to subsequent suicidal ideation in the current study. Momentary interventions that guide individuals through activities designed to reduce levels of Sadness, Tension, and Boredom in real-time (e.g., thought challenging, relaxation, behavioral activation) may be especially warranted.
Amide interactions in chlorinated solvents

Enthalpies of solution and of transfer of amides for the solvents chloroform (CHCl3), methylenechloride (CH2Cl2), carbontetrachloride (CCl4), cyclohexane (C6H12), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), and ethylacetate (EtOAc) have been used to isolate and quantify the solvation interactions of amides in chlorinated solvents. Specific interactions at the aminde carbonyl and N−H groups have been identified. An analysis of the transfer enthalpies of pyrrole and methylpyrrole from cyclohexane to the chlorinated solvents shows that specific interactions between the pyrroles and these solvents are similar in nature. A means of calculating differences in the transfers of different solutes between the same solvent pair is given.
Paternal contribution: new insights and future challenges

It has been widely held that all that fathers essentially contribute to the next generation is half their genome. However, recent progress towards understanding biological processes such as sperm maturation and fertilization now indicates that the paternal contribution has been underestimated. To tackle some of the misconceptions surrounding the paternal contribution, the factors that are actually delivered by the sperm at fertilization and their potential developmental functions will be discussed using data from humans and animal models. Although still in their infancy, the practical applications of using sperm RNAs have already emerged in reproductive medicine as markers that are indicative of successful vasectomy. They are also beginning to appear in the forensic sciences and, within the next decade, might appear in the environmental sciences.
Two-timing attention

The attentional blink reveals a fundamental limit in the temporal resolution of attention. By describing the entire sequence of electrophysiological events underlying the blink, a new study provides the first glimpse into the neural cause of this bottleneck.
Generalized measure theory

It is argued that a reformulation of classical measure theory is necessary if the theory is to accurately describe measurements of physical phenomena. The postulates of a generalized measure theory are given and the fundamentals of this theory are developed, and the reader is introduced to some open questions and possible applications. Specifically, generalized measure spaces and integration theory are considered, the partial order structure is studied, and applications to hidden variables and the logic of quantum mechanics are given.
Genetic fingerprinting of Flavobacterium columnare isolates from cultured fish.

Aims: To evaluate the intraspecific diversity of the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare Methods and Results: Genetic variability among Fl. columnare isolates was characterized using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rDNA gene, intergenic spacer region (ISR) sequencing, and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP®) fingerprinting. Thirty Fl. columnare cultures isolated from different fish species and geographical origins as well as reference strains were included in the study. Fifteen isolates belonged to genomovar I while eleven were ascribed to genomovar II. Analysis of the ISR sequence confirmed the genetic differences between both genomovars but revealed a higher diversity among genomovar I isolates. The maximum resolution was provided by AFLP® fingerprinting, as up to 22 AFLP profiles could be defined within the species. Conclusions: We confirmed the division of Fl. columnare isolates from cultured fish into different genogroups. We showed that both genomovars I and II are present in channel catfish from the US. We described a unique genetic group represented by four Fl. columnare isolates from tilapia in Brazil which appears to be related to both genomovars. We were able to further subdivide the species by analysing the ISR. Finally, the use of AFLP® allowed us to fingerprint the species at clone level without losing the higher genetic hierarchy of genomovar division. Significance and Impact of the Study: This paper reports on an extensive assessment of the use of molecular tools for the study of the epidemiology of the fish pathogen Fl. columnare.
Were adolescent sexual offenders children with sexual behavior problems

This article compares responses of three groups of incarcerated adolescents who admitted to sexual offending in an anonymous survey project on measures of trauma, sexual offending, the relationship between trauma and perpetration, and adjudication status. The first group admitted to sexual offending before the age of 12 only (n = 48), the second after the age of 12 only (n = 130), and the third before and after the age of 12 (n = 65). More than 46% of the sexually aggressive adolescents began their deviant behaviors before the age of 12. Level and complexity of perpetration acts were more severe for the continuous offenders than for the other groups. Victimization and perpetration were significantly correlated for all three groups. This study supports a social learning hypothesis for the development of sexual offending by adolescents. Implications for research and clinical practice are drawn.
Nocturnal penile tumescence studies in spinal cord injured males

Traditional methods of evaluating sexual function in disabled individuals using neurological examinations, interviews, and psychological screening has been well established. A patient's ability to have erections and ejaculations are recorded through interviews with the patient and his partner. Therefore, to obtain a more objective view of the patient's sexual function, we used a nocturnal penile tumescence monitor in 12 tetraplegics and 12 paraplegics. Patients were interviewed for sexual histories before and after the injury. Their penile size was monitored during sleeping time using two strain gauges attached to each end of the penile shaft. The bridge output from these strain gauges was amplified to a single channel recorder. The spontaneous increase of penile circumference and its duration was recorded. The result showed that: 1. tetraplegics had a greater increase of penile size and longer duration of erection than paraplegics, 2. there is no correlations between incompleteness of spinal lesion and erection, 3. there is no correlation between the presence of bulbocavernosus reflex and erection, and 4. there is no correlation between sex dreams and erections.
Gilbert damping and current-induced torques on a domain wall: A simple theory based on itinerant 3d electrons only

Many electronic theories of Gilbert damping in ferromagnetic metals are based on the $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ exchange model, where localized $3d$ magnetic spins are exchanged-coupled to itinerant $4s$ electrons, which provide the needed spin relaxation. Recently, Tserkovnyak et al. have obtained Gilbert damping from itinerant $3d$ electrons alone, which have their own spin relaxation. We show that simple semiclassical equations of motion for precessing itinerant $3d$ spins predict exactly the same formula $\ensuremath{\alpha}=1/({\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{sr}^{d})$ for the Gilbert damping constant as the full Green's function quantum treatment by Tserkovnyak et al. Here, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{d}$ is the precession frequency of $3d$ spins in the $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ mutual exchange field, and ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{sr}^{d}$ the $3d$ spin-relaxation time. A correct form for the spin-relaxation torque is crucial for success: The spins relax toward an instantaneous direction which is that of the vector sum of external field and $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ exchange field. Remarkably, $d\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ exchange torques disappear completely from the equations of motion for the total $3d$ magnetization, and exchange plays only an indirect role through the spin relaxation. This purely $3d$ model is simpler than the traditional $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ model. We also present a theory of current-induced torques on a domain wall, based on the $3d$ model. We find equivalents to the so-called adiabatic and nonadiabatic torques. They are given by formulas similar to those holding for the $s\text{\ensuremath{-}}d$ exchange model.
Al-26 from red giants

Simplified models of thermally pulsing red giants are investigated, with particular emphasis on predicting the extent to which nuclear processing at the base of the convective envelope in conjunction with processing in the thermally unstable He shell can synthesize Al-26 (tau/1/2/ = 7.2 x 10 to the 5th yr). Values of Al-26/Al-27 of about 0.5-1, with Al-27/Al-27(solar) of about 1-2, are predicted in some cases. It is pointed out that such results can lead to isotope shifts in the absorption lines of AlH and AlO, which should be observationally identifiable in some late-type supergiants. The possible connection with the anomalous Mg-26 content (assigned to the decay of Al-26) detected in some meteorites and the connection with formation of the solar system are also touched on.
Regulation of DCC Localization by HTZ-1/H2A.Z and DPY-30 Does not Correlate with H3K4 Methylation Levels

Dosage compensation is a specialized form of gene regulation that balances sex-chromosome linked gene expression between the sexes. In C. elegans, dosage compensation is achieved by the activity of the dosage compensation complex (DCC). The DCC binds along both X chromosomes in hermaphrodites to down-regulate gene expression by half, limiting X-linked gene products to levels produced in XO males. Sequence motifs enriched on the X chromosome play an important role in targeting the DCC to the X. However, these motifs are not strictly X-specific and therefore other factors, such as the chromatin environment of the X chromosome, are likely to aid in DCC targeting. Previously, we found that loss of HTZ-1 results in partial disruption of dosage compensation localization to the X chromosomes. We wanted to know whether other chromatin components coordinated with HTZ-1 to regulate DCC localization. One candidate is DPY-30, a protein known to play a role in DCC localization. DPY-30 homologs in yeast, flies, and mammals are highly conserved members of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methyltransferase Set1/MLL complexes. Therefore, we investigated the hypothesis that the dosage compensation function of DPY-30 involves H3K4 methylation. We found that in dpy-30 animals the DCC fails to stably bind chromatin. Interestingly, of all the C. elegans homologs of Set1/MLL complex subunits, only DPY-30 is required for stable DCC binding to chromatin. Additionally, loss of H3K4 methylation does not enhance DCC mislocalization in htz-1 animals. We conclude that DPY-30 and HTZ-1 have unique functions in DCC localization, both of which are largely independent of H3K4 methylation.
A period detection instrument for nuclear reactor safety systems

Abstract A reactor-period detection instrument featuring a high degree of freedom from scrams due to spurious signals has been designed, constructed, and tested. The technique employed is suitable for critical facilities and power reactors. Voltage level changes V ( t ) from a logarithmic amplifier are utilized to determine reactor period when signal levels are small, and both voltage level changes V ( t ) and the rate-of-change of voltage level d V ( t )/d t are utilized when signal currents are large. Due to the low noise level of this hybrid circuit, the overall response speed of the log N amplifier and the d V ( t )/d t period circuit can be significantly improved while greatly decreasing the chance of noise-induced scrams.
A Multiprocess Latent Class Analysis of the Co-Occurrence of Substance Use and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Adolescents

Objective: To assess the co-occurrence of patterns of adolescent substance use and sexual behavior and test for potential moderating effects of gender. Method: The 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey sample of 13,953 high school students was used in this study. Latent class analyses were conducted to examine the relation between patterns of substance use and sexual risk behavior in a nationally representative adolescent sample. The final model controlled for demographic covariates and an interaction between gender and substance-use classes. Results: Four class solutions to each behavior provided optimal fit. Substance-use classes were nonusers (27%), alcohol experimenters (38%), occasional polysubstance users (23%), and frequent polysubstance users (13%). Sexual risk classes were abstainers (53%), monogamous (15%), low-frequency multipartner (18%), and high-frequency multipartner (14%). Substance-use class had a strong association with sexual behavior even when controlling for demographic covariates. African ...