cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Molecular Architecture of the Salmonella Type III Secretion Machine

Type III protein secretion systems have specifically evolved to deliver bacterially encoded proteins into target eukaryotic cells. The core elements of this multi-protein machine are the envelope-associated needle complex, the inner membrane export apparatus, and a large cytoplasmic sorting platform. Here, we report a high-resolution in situ structure of the Salmonella Typhimurium type III secretion machine obtained by high-throughput cryo-electron tomography and sub-tomogram averaging. Through molecular modeling and comparative analysis of machines assembled with protein-tagged components or from different deletion mutants, we determined the molecular architecture of the secretion machine in situ and localized its structural components. We also show that docking of the sorting platform results in significant conformational changes in the needle complex to provide the symmetry adaptation required for the assembly of the entire secretion machine. These studies provide major insight into the structure and assembly of a broadly distributed protein secretion machine.
Aerothermodynamic correlations for high-speed flow

Heat flux and drag correlations are developed for high-speed flow over spherical geometries that are accurate for any Knudsen number ranging from continuum to free-molecular conditions. A stagnation point heat flux correlation is derived as a correction to the continuum (Fourier model) heat flux and also reproduces the correct heat flux in the free-molecular limit by use of a bridging function. In this manner, the correlation can be combined with existing continuum correlations based on computational fluid dynamics simulations, yet it can now be used accurately in the transitional and free-molecular regimes. The functional form of the stagnation point heat flux correlation is physics based, and was derived via the Burnett and super-Burnett equations in a recent article, Singh & Schwartzentruber (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 792, 2016, pp. 981–996). In addition, correlation parameters from the literature are used to construct simple expressions for the local heat flux around the sphere as well as the integrated drag coefficient. A large number of direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations are performed over a wide range of conditions. The computed heat flux and drag data are used to validate the correlations and also to fit the correlation parameters. Compared to existing continuum-based correlations, the new correlations will enable engineering analysis of flight conditions at higher altitudes and/or smaller geometry radii, useful for a variety of applications including blunt body planetary entry, sharp leading edges, low orbiting satellites, meteorites and space debris.
Cognitive and Perceptual Factors, Not Disease Severity, Are Linked with Anxiety in COPD: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study.

Guided by the Transactional Model of Stress and Coping, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine clinical factors—demographics, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity, cognitive/perceptual variables (appraisal and coping)—and their relationship to clinically elevated symptoms of anxiety in a sample of veterans with COPD. Participants included a sample of veterans with COPD, with or without comorbid congestive heart failure, and clinically significant symptoms of anxiety (n = 172, mean age = 65.3, SD = 8.1), who previously presented to an outpatient VA setting. Participants completed questionnaires examining COPD severity (respiratory impairment and dyspnea- and fatigue-related quality of life); perceptions of a stressor (COPD illness intrusiveness); perceptions of control (locus of health control, mastery over COPD, self-efficacy); coping strategies (adaptive and maladaptive); and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Multivariable linear regressions revealed that anxiety was positively associated with more maladaptive coping and locus of control (attributed to other people), above and beyond disease severity, demographics, and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that cognitive and perceptual factors are concurrent with anxiety; however, longitudinal investigations are needed to fully understand this relationship. Future research should also focus on identifying optimal assessment and treatment procedures when evaluating and treating patients with COPD and symptoms of anxiety. NCT01149772
Transcendence Theory Over Non-Local Fields

For any commutative ring R let Val(R) denote the set of all multiplicative real valuations. Let δ: Val(R) → R denote the map given by ϕ → δ(ϕ):= inf {ϕ(a): a ∈ R, a≠0)}. Here R is the field of real numbers. In the first part of the present paper we show that for δ(ϕ) > 0 the quotient field of R “is” either an algebraic extension of the field Q of rational numbers, if and only if ϕ is Archimedian, or an algebraic extension of a rational function field in arbitrarily many variables, if and only if ϕ is non-Archimedian, Local fields are contained in the class of rings (R,ϕ) with δ(ϕ) = 0.
Long-Term Results of Surgery Compared With Nonoperative Treatment for Lumbar Degenerative Spondylolisthesis in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT).

Study Design.Randomized trial with a concurrent observational cohort study.Objective.To compare 8-year outcomes between surgery and nonoperative care and among different fusion techniques for symptomatic lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS).Summary of Background Data.Surgical treatment of DS h
Association of dead space ventilation and prolonged ventilation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia.

Abstract Background We set out to determine whether patients with tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (TOF/PA/MAPCA) are at risk for elevated dead space ventilation fraction (VD/VT), and whether this is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation. We hypothesized that elevated VD/VT (>20%) in the first 24 hours after unifocalization surgery is associated with increased risk for prolonged mechanical ventilation (>7 days). Methods All patients with TOF/PA/MAPCA undergoing unifocalization surgery between January 2003 and December 2015 were included in this study. Average VD/VT was calculated over the first 24 hours after surgery. Demographic and surgical data were collected. Outcome data included duration of mechanical ventilation. Patients were separated into 2 groups: elevated VD/VT and normal DVSF. Groups were compared using the Student t test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and χ 2 test. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed with VD/VT as a continuous variable to test for association. Results Of the 265 included patients, 127 (48%) had an elevated VD/VT. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in any demographic characteristic. Patients with an elevated VD/VT had longer cardiopulmonary bypass times ( P = .03), were more likely to have delayed sternal closure, and more likely to have prolonged respiratory failure (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-4.0; P = .007). The percent VD/VT was associated with duration of mechanical ventilation in univariable ( P P Conclusions Elevated postoperative VD/VT is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation in patients with TOF/PA/MAPCA following unifocalization. Elevated postoperative VD/VT may be an early indicator of patients who will require prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, allowing optimization of medical management to promote better outcomes.
Accreditation and Standards in Teacher Education

This article locates issues of teacher education standards and accreditation within the framework of professional goals, work, and societal relationships. According to this framework, the professional jurisdiction for teaching requires a professional knowledge base established on strong research evidence. Similarly, social jurisdiction for teaching requires public trust built on a professional logic of evidence and shared purposes. A professional strategy, shown to be successful in healthcare fields, built upon systemic intelligence and public engagement is described as a means to ground the future of teacher education on evidence-based standards and to enable and legitimize the establishment of evidence-based accreditation and, in turn, an evidence-based profession.
Geology of the Soviet Arctic: Kola Peninsula to Lena River

This chapter covers the geology of the western Soviet Arctic, extending from the Norwegian and Finnish borders on the west to the Lena River delta on the east. The original plan was to describe this vast region in three separately authored chapters. Members of the Institute of Arctic Geology (niiga or cevmorgeo) in Leningrad were invited to write these three chapters. In the beginning of 1978, these promised papers were not forthcoming, so the editors decided to synthesize the geology of the region from the most recently published Soviet literature. Fortunately, since the Second Arctic Geology Symposium held in 1970, the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park has routinely exchanged literature with the Soviet Institute of Arctic Geology. Using these data and our combined ability to assemble, translate, and assess Soviet literature, we attempt here to describe the geology of the western Soviet Arctic. Severe time limitations and spotty regional and topical data have made the subject coverage in this chapter somewhat uneven. Inaccuracies in translation and interpretation are also inevitable, and thus we have assembled a list of key references that are especially oriented to an English-speaking reader who may want to see the original data. The geology of the Kara, Barents, and Laptev Shelf Seas and the adjacent Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean has been synthesized by Demenitskaya and Hunkins (1971). The geology of this area has also been reviewed by both Soviet and western geologists in the Proceedings of the Second Arctic Geology Symposium (Pitcher, 1973). Since then, very few new data have been published on the marine geology of the Arctic Ocean bordering the U.S.S.R.
HOMOGENEOUS DEFORMATION OF A PARTICULATE REINFORCED METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITE

Deformation of a model particulate reinforced metal-matrix composite is studied over strain rates ranging from 10−3 to 105/s in compression and 103 to 103/s in tension. The material is 2014 aluminum alloy with alumina particulate reinforcement of 10 and 20 volume percent. Tests are also performed on 2014 aluminum to provide a baseline for comparison. Micromechanical models are used to predict material response. All tested specimens are examined via scanning and transmission electron microscopy to characterize the differences in microstructural evolution and failure modes.
YBa2Cu3O7 Thin Films Prepared by Evaporation from Yttrium, Copper and BaF2

The recent discovery of high-temperature superconductivity in mixed-valence copper oxides has stimulated great interest in the development of thin films suitable for a variety of electronic applications. These applications range from simple electronic interconnects and transmission lines, through junction devices, such as IR detectors and SQUIDS, to complex Josephson structures for memory and logic applications. Although each application imposes different materials constraints, most have a number of requirements in common. Foremost among these is the ability to make thin, superconducting films with highly controlled properties. Although the relationships between, for example, microstructure and electronic properties are not well understood at present, it is clear that fabrication and processing variables must be specially optimized for this new class of materials.
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine in Urology

Organ transplantation remains a mainstay of treatment for patients with severely compromised organ function. Despite initiatives to increase the availability of transplant organs, however, the number of patients in need of treatment still far exceeds the organ supply, and this is expected to worsen as the global population ages. In the last two decades, as a response to the needs of these patients, scientists have attempted to grow native and stem cells, engineer tissues, and design treatment modalities using regenerative medicine techniques for virtually every tissue of the human body. This chapter reviews some of these techniques and describes the progress that has been achieved in the field of urologic regenerative medicine.
Resistance Training Does Not Induce Uniform Adaptations to Quadriceps

Resistance training may differentially affect morphological adaptations along the length of uni-articular and bi-articular muscles. The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle morphology along the length of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) in response to resistance training. Following a 2-wk preparatory phase, 15 resistance-trained men (24.0 ± 3.0 y, 90.0 ± 13.8 kg, 174.9 ± 20.7 cm) completed pre-training (PRE) assessments of muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), cross-sectional area (CSA), and echo-intensity in the RF and VL at 30, 50, and 70% of each muscle's length; fascicle length (FL) was estimated from respective measurements of MT and PA within each muscle and region. Participants then began a high intensity, low volume (4 x 3-5 repetitions, 3min rest) lower-body resistance training program, and repeated all PRE-assessments after 8 weeks (2 d ∙ wk-1) of training (POST). Although three-way (muscle [RF, VL] x region [30, 50, 70%] x time [PRE, POST]) repeated measures analysis of variance did not reveal significant interactions for any assessment of morphology, significant simple (muscle x time) effects were observed for CSA (p = 0.002) and FL (p = 0.016). Specifically, average CSA changes favored the VL (2.96 ± 0.69 cm2, p < 0.001) over the RF (0.59 ± 0.20 cm2, p = 0.011), while significant decreases in average FL were noted for the RF (-1.03 ± 0.30 cm, p = 0.004) but not the VL (-0.05 ± 0.36 cm, p = 0.901). No other significant differences were observed. The findings of this study demonstrate the occurrence of non-homogenous adaptations in RF and VL muscle size and architecture following 8 weeks of high-intensity resistance training in resistance-trained men. However, training does not appear to influence region-specific adaptations in either muscle.
How Rewarding is the Reward? Demand Estimation of Crowdfunding Platforms

Reward-based crowdfunding platforms are best known to facilitate the fund-raising process for entrepreneurs and small businesses. Entrepreneurs seek money from the backers to kick off their projects in exchange for rewards. While the competition among the projects to get more supporters grow, many projects fail to reach their fund-raising target. We use a structural demand estimation to understand the role of different aspects of reward scheme design and pricing. More specifically, we apply an aggregate level discrete choice demand model on Kickstarter projects. We characterize the features of the projects by utilizing the document embedding vectors from natural language processing methods. We treat the endogeneity of the price by applying latent instrument variables and finite mixture model for price. The results show that the price coefficient is biased towards zero in the absence of endogeneity treatment. On the reward scheme design, we show low-level rewards cannibalize the more expensive ones. We also find that low-level rewards have the least contribution in customer welfare. Campaign creators and online platforms benefit from the insights of the model for reward scheme design and pricing.
Biosonar inspiration for radar waveform design

Bat biosonar offers a natural source for biomimetic design of radar waveforms with inspirations falling into two categories: (1) biosonar principles similar to ones already employed in radar and (2) principles used by bats that operate in ways not yet understood or not yet embraced yet for radar. This second type offers the possibility for driving radar innovation. Hyperbolic frequency modulation (HFM) waveforms were one of the first aspects of bat biosonar to catch the attention of the radar community. Relative to the popular linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform, HFM is less vulnerable to Doppler shifts from targets' relative velocities. Another promising possibility for biomimetics is the remarkable ability of some bats to resolve closely-spaced objects using acoustic frequencies on a small platform. Bats' ability to operate in swarms is of interest to radar designers concerned about mutual interference between ships or planes using the same waveforms and frequencies. As bat researchers approach an understanding of the mechanisms behind these, and other, abilities of bats, their results will find a ready audience. This talk will discuss aspects of bat biosonar offering payoffs for radar design, including but not limited to improved resolution, Doppler tolerance and mitigation of inter-system interference.Bat biosonar offers a natural source for biomimetic design of radar waveforms with inspirations falling into two categories: (1) biosonar principles similar to ones already employed in radar and (2) principles used by bats that operate in ways not yet understood or not yet embraced yet for radar. This second type offers the possibility for driving radar innovation. Hyperbolic frequency modulation (HFM) waveforms were one of the first aspects of bat biosonar to catch the attention of the radar community. Relative to the popular linear frequency modulation (LFM) waveform, HFM is less vulnerable to Doppler shifts from targets' relative velocities. Another promising possibility for biomimetics is the remarkable ability of some bats to resolve closely-spaced objects using acoustic frequencies on a small platform. Bats' ability to operate in swarms is of interest to radar designers concerned about mutual interference between ships or planes using the same waveforms and frequencies. As bat researchers approach a...
Major Adjustment: Undergraduates' Transition Experiences When Leaving Selective Degree Programs.

More than 80% of college students switch degree programs, and students in selective majors, such as business and nursing, often face complex processes with serious implications when leaving such se...
Transcriptomic responses in mouse blood during the first week after in vivo gamma irradiation

Due to limitations of available human models for development of gene expression based radiation biodosimetry, many such studies have made use of mouse models. To provide a broad view of the gene expression response to irradiation in the mouse, we have exposed male C57BL/6 mice to 0, 1.5, 3, 6 or 10 Gy of gamma rays, sacrificing groups of the mice at 1, 2, 3, 5, or 7 days after exposure. We then profiled global gene expression in blood from individual mice using Agilent microarrays. In general, we found increasing numbers of genes differentially expressed with increasing dose, with more prolonged responses after the higher doses. Gene ontology analysis showed a similar pattern, with more biological processes enriched among the genes responding to higher doses, and at later times after exposure. Clustering the timecourse expression data using maSigPro identified four broad patterns of response, representing different gene ontology functions. The largest of these clusters included genes with initially decreased expression followed by increased expression at later times, a pattern of expression previously reported for several genes following neutron exposure. Another gene cluster showing consistent down regulation suggests genes useful for biodosimetry throughout the first week after exposure can be identified.
Teaching Collegiate Journalists How to Cover Traumatic Events Using Moral Development Theory

The authors make the argument that trauma journalism should be taught as part of the postsecondary curriculum in journalism schools. As part of that education, students will learn that coping with ...
Deep learning approach to nuclear fuel transmutation in a fuel cycle simulator

Abstract We trained a neural network model to predict Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Used Nuclear Fuel (UNF) composition given initial enrichment and burnup. This quick, flexible, medium-fidelity method to estimate depleted PWR fuel assembly compositions is used to model scenarios in which the PWR fuel burnup and enrichment vary over time. The Used Nuclear Fuel Storage, Transportation & Disposal Analysis Resource and Data System (UNF-ST&DARDS) Unified Database (UDB) provided a ground truth on which the model trained. We validated the model by comparing the U.S. UNF inventory profile predicted by the model with the UDB UNF inventory profile. The neural network yields less than 1% error for UNF inventory decay heat and activity and less than 2% error for major isotopic inventory. The neural network model takes 0.27 s for 100 predictions, compared to 118 s for 100 Oak Ridge Isotope GENeration (ORIGEN) calculations. We also implemented this model into Cyclus , an agent-based Nuclear Fuel Cycle (NFC) simulator, to perform rapid, medium-fidelity PWR depletion calculations. This model also allows discharge of batches with assemblies of varying burnup. Since the original private data cannot be retrieved from the model, this trained model can provide open-source depletion capabilities to NFC simulators. We show that training an artificial neural network with a dataset from a complex fuel depletion model can provide rapid, medium-fidelity depletion capabilities to large-scale fuel cycle simulations.
Response to Comment on “Light-induced lattice expansion leads to high-efficiency solar cells”

Rolston et al. suggest through a convective heating scheme that the mechanism of light-induced lattice expansion is from light-induced thermal heating. We bring out key differences in the physical observables that are not discussed and different from what is observed in the original paper by Tsai et al.
Xylose-Inducible Promoter Tools for Pseudomonas Species and Their Use in Implicating a Role for the Type II Secretion System Protein XcpQ in the Inhibition of Corneal Epithelial Wound Closure.

Tunable control of gene expression is an invaluable tool for biological experiments. In this study, we describe a new xylose-inducible promoter system and evaluate it in both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. fluorescens. The Pxut promoter derived from the P. fluorescens xut operon was incorporated into a broad host-range pBBR1-based plasmid and compared to the Escherichia coli-derived PBAD promoter using gfp as a reporter. GFP-fluorescence from the Pxut promoter was inducible in both Pseudomonas species, but not in E. coli, which may facilitate cloning of toxic genes using E. coli to generate plasmids. The Pxut promoter was activated at a lower inducer concentration than PBAD in P.fluorescens and higher gfp levels were achieved using Pxut. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Pxut was more leaky than PBAD in the tested Pseudomonas species, but was expressed in a higher proportion of cells when induced. D-xylose did not support growth of P. aeruginosa or P. fluorescens as a sole carbon source and is less expensive than many other commonly used inducers which could facilitate large scale applications. The efficacy of this system aided in demonstrating a role for the P. aeruginosa type II secretion system gene xcpQ in bacterial inhibition of corneal epithelial cell wound closure. This study introduces a new inducible promoter system for gene expression for use in Pseudomonas species. ImportancePseudomonas species are enormously important in human infections, biotechnology, and as a model system for interrogating basic science questions. In this study we have developed a xylose-inducible promoter system and evaluated it in P. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens and found it to be suitable for the strong induction of gene expression. Furthermore, we have demonstrated its efficacy in controlled gene expression to show that a type II secretion system protein from P. aeruginosa, XcpQ, is important for host-pathogen interactions in a corneal wound closure model.
Female Perpetrators: Risks, Needs, and Pathways to Offending

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the risks, needs, and pathways of offending for female offenders. The factors associated with the causes of criminal behavior have been studied copiously; however, much of the research has focused only on the characteristics and experiences of men. It is only within the last few decades that research has begun to shift focus to the causes and correlates of female offending. The dominant empirically relevant risk factors for offending and recidivism are overviewed, along with the pathways that shape offending trajectories for women. A special focus on victimization and the role of the victim-offender overlap in the offending patterns of women are examined. In addition, theoretical perspectives, both traditional and gender-based are examined as to their empirical utility for explaining the offending behavior of women in the USA.
Finite Deformation of Elastic Beams

Starting from a weak formulation of the boundary value problem of nonlinear elasticity, linearized equations of equilibrium are obtained by operating with the directional derivative taken with respect to an incremental displacement relative to an arbitrary deformed configuration. Using kinematic variables appropriate to finite plane bending of prismatic beams, incremental beam equations are obtained. The finite element method, utilizing a Newton-Raphson scheme, is used to solve the incremental equations of equilibrium. Restricting attention to problems of kinematic nonlinearity, examples illustrating the methodology are presented.
Pediatric Firearm Injuries and Fatalities: Do Racial Disparities Exist?

OBJECTIVE To evaluate racial disparities among White and Black pediatric firearm injury patients on a national level. BACKGROUND Pediatric firearm-related morbidity and mortality are rising in the United States. There is a paucity of data examining racial disparities in those patients. METHODS The Pediatric Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2017) was queried for pediatric (age ≤17 years) patients admitted with firearm injuries. Patients were stratified by race: White and Black. Injury characteristics were assessed. Outcomes were mortality, hospital length of stay, and discharge disposition. Hierarchical regression models were performed to determine predictors of mortality and longer hospital stays. RESULTS A total of 3717 pediatric firearm injury patients were identified: Blacks (67.0%) and Whites (33.0%). The majority of patients were male (84.2%). The most common injury intent in both groups was assault (77.3% in Blacks vs in 45.4% Whites; P<0.001), followed by unintentional (21.1% vs 35.4%; P<0.001), and suicide (1.0% vs 14.0%; P<0.001). The highest fatality rate was in suicide injuries (62.6%). On univariate analysis, White children had higher mortality (17.5% vs 9.8%; P<0.001), longer hospital stay [3 (1-7) vs 2 (1-5) days; P = 0.021], and more psychiatric hospital admissions (1.3% vs 0.1%; P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, suicide intent was found to be an independent predictor of mortality (aOR 2.67; 95% CI 1.35-5.29) and longer hospital stay (β + 4.13; P<0.001), while White race was not. CONCLUSION Assault is the leading intent of injury in both Black and White children, but White children suffer more from suicide injuries that are associated with worse outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III Prognostic.
Dakota in Exile: The Untold Stories of Captives in the Aftermath of the U.S.- Dakota War

Review of: Dakota in Exile: The Untold Stories of Captives in the Aftermath of the U.S.-Dakota War, by Linda M. Clemmons.
Communicating with medical library users during COVID-19.

Background: The Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library serves a community of over 22,000 individuals primarily from the Yale Schools of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing and the Yale New Haven Hospital. Though they are geographically close to one another, reaching these disparate populations can be a challenge. Having a clear and thorough communication plan has proved invaluable in transcending communication chasms, especially in recent times of crisis. Case Presentation: This article describes the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library’s methods for communicating and promoting its remote resources and services in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It details our communication strategies and messages leading up to, and after, the Yale campus was closed and specifies how we pivoted from reaching users inside the library to reaching our audiences remotely. Conclusions: Our communication plan has provided the foundation for all of our messaging, be it print or digital media. In recent moments of crisis, it has been especially helpful for planning and executing large scale messaging. Similarly, knowing whom to contact around our organization to promote our message in different and broader ways has been extremely beneficial. This article has been approved for the Medical Library Association’s Independent Reading Program .
Adapting Direct Services for Telehealth: A Practical Tutorial.

Due to the pandemic brought on by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), consumers of applied behavior-analytic interventions may be experiencing disrupted access to services. In response to the need for services, behavior analysts and therapists may find themselves treading unchartered waters as they use telehealth to provide direct intervention to consumers. Direct service provision via telehealth extends beyond the bounds of existing telehealth research, which primarily focuses on caregiver training and consultation. In the transition to telehealth, behavior analysts can consider how to adapt an existing evidence base of behavior-analytic strategies from a face-to-face format to intervention via a teleconferencing platform (i.e., Zoom). In this tutorial, we provide practice recommendations, task analyses, and a curated list of Zoom walk-throughs to help behavior analysts construct conceptually systematic learning opportunities in their direct telehealth services. Leveraging teleconferencing features to provide behavior-analytic intervention directly to consumers could spur future research to support these need-inspired practices and guide telehealth applications during and beyond the current pandemic.
Text is Not Enough

In Bostock v. Clayton County, the Supreme Court held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act protects gay and lesbian individuals from employment discrimination. The three opinions in the case also provided a feast for Court watchers who study statutory interpretation. Commentators across the ideological spectrum have described the opinions as dueling examples of textualism. The conventional wisdom is thus that Bostock shows the triumph of textualism. The conventional wisdom is wrong. Instead, Bostock shows what those who have studied statutory interpretation have known for decades: judges are multi-modalists, drawing from a panoply of forms of legal argumentation. In particular, Bostock shows that judges are inevitably common-law thinkers, even when interpreting statutes.
Management of High-Grade Coronary Artery Disease and Concomitant Glanzmann Thrombasthenia.

Abstract In the present case report, we describe the management of severe coronary artery disease in a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. To the best of our knowledge, there are no established ...
Allosteric Inhibitors of Hsp70: Drugging the Second Chaperone of Tumorigenesis

Cancer cells survive in the presence of stresses that would normally cause cell death. To accomplish this feat, they express elevated levels of the molecular chaperones: heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Knockdown of these chaperones is selectively toxic to cancer cells, suggesting that they might be promising nodes for anticancer therapy. However, while inhibitors of Hsp90 are well known, progress in the development of Hsp70 inhibitors has proven more difficult. Hsp70 binds tightly to ATP through a highly conserved domain of the actin/hexokinase superfamily, making it challenging to identify selective, competitive inhibitors. Despite this obstacle, progress has been made and first-generation molecules are being deployed. To supplement these efforts, compounds that target important allosteric sites on the chaperone have also been discovered. In some of these cases, the molecules have been shown to control key protein–protein interactions between Hsp70 and its co-chaperones. In other cases, allosteric sites have been used to gain unexpected selectivity for members of the Hsp70 family. Here, we review recent progress in the development of Hsp70 inhibitors.
Third-Party Reproduction and Adoption After Cancer: Practical and Emotional Considerations

Young women are increasingly treated successfully for cancer. When the treatment or the cancer itself leaves them with limited or no reproductive capacity, but not without the desire for children, they increasingly seek motherhood through third-party reproduction, such as oocyte donation or gestational surrogacy, or through adoption. Fortunately, there are a number of resources available for guidance and support in making the transition to parenthood through third-party reproduction or adoption.
The Role of Two‐Component Signal Transduction Systems in Bacterial Stress Responses

This chapter discusses the state of our understanding of two-component pathways on all levels, beginning with the initial input stimulus through the final output response. Its goal is to demonstrate the key principles and paradigms for how these signaling pathways work by drawing on specific, illustrative examples. Two-component signaling proteins are among the most prevalent signaling molecules in the bacterial kingdom and represent a primary means by which bacteria sense and respond to a range of stresses and environments. In many cases, histidine kinases are bifunctional: acting as both kinases and phosphatases for their cognate substrates. All histidine kinases have two conserved domains: the dimerization and phosphotransfer (DHp) domain and the catalytic and ATP-binding (CA) domain. Most bacteria are faced with a constantly changing environment and a multitude of stressors that challenge their survival. Two-component signaling proteins are one of the predominant means by which bacteria sense and respond to such challenges. Since their initial discovery two decades ago, histidine kinases and response regulators have been implicated in countless stress responses. But it remains a major challenge to understand how cells evolve new signaling pathways to respond to new stressors.
Measuring Information Technology Investment Payoff: Contemporary Approaches

Information Technology Investment and Organizational Performance - New Perspectives from Information Systems Research and Practice An Integrative Research Approach to Assess the Business Value of Information Technology A Roadmap for IS/IT Evaluation The Relationship Between Firms' Information Systems Policy and Business Performance - a Multivariate Analysis Client Server Technology - Management Issues, Adoption and Investment Towards an Understanding of EIS Implementation Success Investments in Reusable Software - a Study of Software Reuse Investment Success Factors Information Technology Investment Payoff - the Relationship Between Performance, Information Strategy and the Competitive Environment A Road-Map for the Evaluation of Information Technology Investment A New Efficiency Methodology for IT Investment Analysis Studies ISO-Based Model for the Justification of Telecommunications Investment - a Conceptual Framework Measuring Software Process Improvement Payoff Enhancing Corporate Investment Decisions for IS/IT - the Role of Leadership Strategies Using an Activity Based Approach to Determine the Cost of Client/Server Systems Understanding the Business Value of Information Systems - a Flexibility-Based Perspective Evaluating Information Technology Investment - a Methodology for Managing Risk An Empirical Assessment of Financial EDI Value to Corporate Adopters A Framework for Assessing IT Investment in Reengineering Initiatives - a Case Study Achieving Information Systems Value - a Case Study Analysis Measuring the Success of Implementing Multimedia CBTs in Business Business Use of the Internet Impact of IT Supported Knowledge Work - Case of "CARVE" at Morgan Stanley.
Promoting a Primary Good in Schools: An Aristotelian Defense of Bilingual Education

INTRODUCTION Bilingual education is an educational model designed to provide students content area instruction in two languages. These programs as they serve language minority students now face their most strident attacks since the nativist movements of the early Twentieth century. Ironically, when the Bilingual Education Act was passed in 1968, there was very little scientific research to support it. Since then, a number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of bilingual education and yet Propositions 227 and 203 in California and Arizona, respectively, severely curtailed and, in many districts, resulted in the elimination of these programs.
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis: A Prognostic Sign for Severe Graves Ophthalmopathy

Purpose: To study superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in a relatively large group of patients and to determine whether a relation exists with thyroid dysfunction. Methods: The medical records of 57 patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis who were examined between 1980 and 1993 were reviewed. Results: Thirty-seven patients (64.9%; 95% confidence interval, 51.1–77.1) had objective evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Of patients with superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis and thyroid disease, 33 (89.2%) had ophthalmopathy, which in 16 patients (48.5%) was sufficiently severe to require orbital decompression. Conclusion: Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis is associated with thyroid dysfunction and appears to be a prognostic marker for severe Graves ophthalmopathy.
Overview no. 43. Binary ordering prototype phase diagrams in the cluster variation approximation

Abstract The Tetrahedron Octahedron Cluster Variation Method (TO-CVM) has been employed to investigate f.c.c. based order-disorder phase diagrams with first (positive) and second nearest neighbor pair interactions. The investigation covers the entire range of α values, the ratio of second to first nearest neghbor pair interactions. Ground state structures are discussed in detail and phase diagrams for seven different α values are presented. Good qualitative (topological features) and reasonable quantitative (transition temperatures) agreement is obtained with available Monte Carlo results, thereby confirm the reliability of the TO-CVM phase diagram calculations. The present study concludes the first global phase diagram investigation of f.c.c.-based Ising model with first and second nearest neighbor pair interactions, and can be regarded as a precursor to more elaborate first principles phase diagram calculations.
Ideology in the Language of Judges: How Judges Practice Law, Politics, and Courtroom Control

Ideology in the Language of Judges: How Judges Practice Law, Politics, and Courtroom Control. Susan U. Philips. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 206 pp.
Ground states of σ-bonded molecules—XIII : 7-Norbornyl, 7-norbornenyl, and 7-norbornadienyl ions and radicals☆

Abstract MINDO/2 calculations are reported for 7-norbornyl, 7-norbornenyl and 7-norbornadienyl ions and radicals, for the parent hydrocarbons, and for the degenerate rearrangement by “flipping” of 7-norbornadienyl cation.
A new algorithm for the computation of the product H(z/sub 1/, z/sub 2/) H(z/sup -1//sub 1/, z/sup -1//sub 2/)

The product H(z/sub 1/, z/sub 2/)H (z/sup -1//sub 1/, z/sup -1//sub 2/) arises in many areas of 2D signal/image processing, and its computation is time consuming. An algorithm for the evaluation of this product is given. It is straightforward and requires fewer arithmetic operations than the traditional methods. >
Interpretação juridica: a janela do texto como transparente, opaco ou translúcido

It is a common metaphor that the text is a window onto the world that it depicts. In legal interpretation, the metaphor has been developed in two ways – the legal text as transparent or opaque – and the Article proposes a third – the legal text as translucent. The claim that the legal text is transparent has been associated with more liberal methodological approaches. According to this view (often articulated by critics), the legal text does not markedly delimit meaning. Delimitation comes from the interpreters. By contrast, stress on the opacity of the legal text comes from those who give priority to the text rather than to any separable purpose lying behind the text. The Article’s emphasis on the legal text as translucent builds on the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur and emphasizes the interrelation of text and context. To comprehend a legal text by reference to its context is to appreciate the light that the context brings to the text and renders the thickness and color of the text no longer opaque but translucent. The text is translucent to its context. The context is not outside the text but part of it. Attention to the text without regard for its external context may distort its meaning. The Article exemplifies this perspective by drawing on recent legal scholarship and applies it briefly to a decision by the United States Supreme Court. The Article frames the attention to the legal text by referencing the debate over the text as transparent, opaque, or translucent in literary and philosophic interpretation. Key words: legal interpretation, hermeneutics, Ricoeur, transparent, opaque and translucent.
Sleep disordered breathing in children in a general population sample: prevalence and risk factors.

THE PREVALENCE OF SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING (SDB) IN CHILDREN, BASED ON OBJECTIVE FINDINGS, HAS BEEN ESTIMATED IN SEVERAL STUDIES.1–10 These prevalence estimates have varied widely from 0.7% to 13.0%. This wide range of prevalence is at least partially due to the fact that SDB in children was defined based on an assortment of methods of assessing for the presence of SDB. These methods included: only hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2)2,8; SpO2 + airflow3,4; and SpO2 + airflow + effort.5,7,9 Only 3 of these studies used a full polysomnogram (PSG),1,6,10 however, the number of subjects evaluated in these PSG studies was very small (N = 12–50). The majority of these studies had relatively narrow age ranges,2–4,6–10 while others had relatively wide age ranges.1,5 Some of these studies were primarily focused on ages < 6 years 2–4,8 while others included subjects as old as 18 years.1,5 Another limitation of the available studies is that they have not systematically assessed a wide range of risk factors that may contribute to SDB in children. This may reflect the paucity studies large enough to evaluate potential variables. Thus, the objectives of this study were (1) to establish the prevalence of SDB based on cutoff points of respiratory events that we have previously observed to be associated with a clinically significant risk (i.e., elevated systolic blood pressure), and (2) to identify independent risk factors for SDB. This study is based on the largest population-based sample of elementary school-aged children available to date.
The plume of the Yukon River in relation to the oceanography of the Bering Sea

The ecosystem of the northern Bering-Sea shelf was studied using data from the NOAA Very High Resolution Radiometer and AVHRR and the Landsat MSS and Thematic Mapper (TM) in conjunction with shipboard measurements. Emphasis was placed on the influence of the Yukon River on this inner shelf environment and on the evaluation of the utility of the new Landsat TM data for oceanography. It was found that the patterns of water mass distribution obtained from satellite images agreed reasonably well with the areal patterns of temperature, salinity, and phytoplankton distributions. The AVHRR, MSS, and TM data show that the Yukon-River discharge is warmer and more turbid than the surrounding coastal water that originates to the south; thus, the Yukon water contributes to the higher temperatures and lower transmissivity of the coastal water. The high resolution of the TM thermal IR band made it possible to observe complex patterns and structures in the surface water that could not be resolved on previous data sets.
Everlasting secrecy in disadvantaged wireless environments against sophisticated eavesdroppers

Secure communication over a wireless channel in the presence of a passive eavesdropper is considered. Our main interest is in the disadvantaged wireless environment, where the channel from the transmitter Alice to the eavesdropper Eve is (possibly much) better than that from Alice to Bob, hence making information-theoretic secrecy challenging. We present a method to exploit inherent vulnerabilities of the eavesdropper's receiver through the use of “cheap” cryptographically-secure key-bits, which only need be kept secret from Eve for the (short) transmission period of the message, to obtain information-theoretic (i.e. everlasting) secret bits at Bob. In particular, based on an ephemeral cryptographic key pre-shared between Alice and Bob, a random jamming signal with large variations is added to each symbol. The legitimate receiver Bob uses the key to subtract the jamming signal immediately, while Eve is forced to perform the inherently nonlinear operation of recording the signal; when Eve then obtains the key, which we assume pessimistically (for Alice) happens right after message transmission, Eve can then immediately subtract the jamming signal from the recorded signal. But, because of the intervening non-linear operation in Eve's receiver and the non-commutativity of nonlinear operations, Bob's channel and Eve's channel have different achievable rates and information-theoretic secrecy can be obtained, hence achieving the goal of converting the vulnerable cryptographic secret key into information-theoretic secure bits. The achievable secrecy rates for different settings are evaluated. Among other results, it is shown that, even when the eavesdropper has perfect access to the output of the transmitter (albeit through an imperfect analog-to-digital converter), the method can still achieve a positive secrecy rate.
Superradiant emission from a partially inverted slab of two-level atoms

Abstract Using the eigenmodes of the 1-D Lienard–Wiechert Green's function, I compute the superradiant emission from an initially partially inverted slab of two-level atoms. I find that in regime I, ( T = 0 ) > n max , there is no superradiant emission (where n ( T = 0 ) = n ground ( T = 0 ) − n excit ( T = 0 ) ); in regime II, n max > n ( T = 0 ) > n crit , there is weak intensity superradiance; while in regime III, n crit > n ( T = 0 ) ≥ − 1 , superradiant emission share the same features as that of an initially completely inverted system. I show, further, that in regime II, the superradiant emission intensity increases exponentially as a function of − n ( T = 0 ) , while in regime III, it increases nearly linearly as a function of − n ( T = 0 ) .
Finite element calculation of viscoelastic flow in a journal bearing: I. small eccentricities

Abstract The two-dimensional flows between two slightly eccentric cylinders with the inner one rotating are calculated by finite-element methods for five viscoelastic constitutive equations each derived as a limit of the Giesekus model. Comparisons with exact results for Newtonian, second-order, and corotational Maxwell-like fluids set the accuracy of the calculations as a function of eccentricity and Deborah number (De). Computer-implemented perturbation methods are used to demonstrate bifurcation and turning points in De for an upper-convected Maxwell fluid. The locations of the limit points are moderately stable to extensive mesh refinement and, therefore, seem to be an intrinsic property of this constitutive equation. Similar solution pathology is demonstrated for the three-constant Oldroyd-B model, but no limiting value of De is found for calculations with the Leonov-like version of the Giesekus fluid.