cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FAST observations of ion solitary waves

[1] Measurements from the FAST spacecraft are used to show that ion solitary waves observed at the lower edge of the acceleration region travel at velocities faster than the associated auroral proton beams. The parallel phase velocity is consistent with the acoustic speed in the reference frame of the proton beam, strongly suggesting these waves are an ion acoustic mode. Their high phase velocity places them outside the ion beam population and rules out the ion two-stream instability as their source. These low-altitude structures may arise out of turbulence generated at the lower edge of the acceleration region. Their preferential observation at FAST altitudes may result from their high velocity combined with weak Landau damping that is restricted to the tenuous hot plasma sheet ions near the loss cone. Three different methods for estimating the velocity of these structures are examined. For the FAST antennae configuration it is found that signal delays between Langmuir probes operated in either current mode or voltage mode cannot provide valid estimates of the velocities. Instead, velocities are estimated by measuring the energy shift in the electron distribution within the negative potential well of the solitary wave. Using the measured wave potential and electric field, the scale size and velocity of the structures are calculated. Asymmetric solitary waves, sometime described as weak double layers, are also examined and shown to have no significant net potential. These new velocity estimates contrast sharply with reports based upon Viking observations and differ by about a factor of 2 from recent estimates deduced from Polar observations. These results are discussed in the context of previous estimates along with possible sources of error.
Authorship and Information Sourcing for Health News on Local TV Web Sites: An Exploratory Analysis

This study provides a nationwide examination of general health information on local television Web sites, analyzing 278 news stories on 79 Web sites. Professional authorship and expert sources of information are assessed in an effort to explain how journalists, along with individuals and organizations outside of the newsroom, influence the health news stories posted in the online environment. Stories were significantly more likely to be authored by a television staff reporter than a syndicated service or wire service. Almost 15% of the stories included no attribution or quotes from health sources. When a story did include a reference, it was most often a government source. Authorship and health content varied significantly by media market size. Primary sources of information also differed significantly, depending on the authorship and health focus of the online information.
Kinetic and proteolytic identification of heat‐induced conformational changes in the urea herbicide binding site of isolated Phaseolus vulgaris chloroplast thylakoids

Kinetic parameters of 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethyl urea (DCMU)-induced inhibition of electron transport in chloroplast thylakoids isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Oregon 1604 were determined from analysis of a convergent, parallel electrical circuit. Through this analogue, the apparent affinity of the purported binding site for DCMU (K1) and the relative amount of DCMU-insensitive electron transport (vmax1/vo) were obtained using a reiterative non-linear least squares curve-fitting procedure. Exposure of thylakoids to heat caused a gradual increase in K1 (or decrease in the affinity of the thylakoid for DCMU) with an apparent activation energy of 134 kJ mol−1. Tryptic susceptibility of a protein region regulating K1 also decreased gradually with exposure to 45°C, suggesting that the heat-induced increase in K1 might be due to a protein conformational change. On the other hand, thylakoid exposure to 45°C resulted in a rapid (<5 min) irreversible increase in vmaxI/vo, which was also the apparent result of a conformational change in a region of the protein which regulates this function. These results are suggestive of the existence of differential thermal sensitivities of proteins within the thylakoids and, perhaps, of different regions within a single membrane protein.
Production of positronium in nuclear monopole transitions

The branching ratio for the formation of bound positronium atoms in nuclear pair formation is calculated. It ranges from approx. 10/sup -8/ in light nuclei to approx. 10/sup -6/ in heavier nuclei. This mechanism yields n /sup 3/S positronium atoms formed in vacuum, perturbed only by the nuclear Coulomb field, and should provide a reasonably copious source for experiments on the vacuum eigenstates.
Derivation of the Boltzmann equation from the Liouville equation

Abstract The derivation previously given for the kinetic equation for a classical gas with central-force interaction is extended to include the effects of external forces. The N -body kinetic equation is obtained, and from this the exact kinetic equation for the one-particle distribution function. The Boltzmann equation is derived as an approximation to this equation with the assumptions of short-range interactions and low density, but without the limitation of previous work to the case of weak interactions.
Voice of the customer: Customer satisfaction ratio based analysis

Voice of the customer (VOC) is a critical analysis procedure that provides precise information regarding customer input requirements for a product/service output. The ability to conduct a voice of the customer analysis, which could be gained through direct and indirect questioning, will enable engineers and other decision makers to successfully understand customer needs, wants, perceptions, and preferences. The information obtained from the customers is then translated into critical targets that will be used to ultimately satisfy the customer requirements. During this research project, different forms of customer input, including qualitative and quantitative data, were transformed to a common data format to develop a correlation between design input requirements and product/service outputs. We have developed a new method for measuring customer satisfaction ratio (CSR) by considering the following: mining both textual and quantitative data, multiple design parameters, mapping output on a scale of 0-1, and a decision template for means of measure. Previous measures of CSR fail to incorporate the cost implication of fixing customer complaints/issues; however, we include this important and unique measure in our research. The implication of this research will reduce Things Gone Wrong (TGW's) and engineering development time and will achieve improvements in JD Power ratings, quality perception, marketing tools, and customer satisfaction.
The Laser Button: A Novel Approach To The Large Scale Replication Of Holograms

The replication of holograms on a large scale requires the successful completion of many intricate steps from the initial artistic concept to the finished product. Complicated manufacturing processes must be done efficiently and economically to produce replicas displayed in an esthetically pleasing manner and with the maximum possible optical effect. A description is made of the "high tech laser button" that was designed as a souvenir for the recent World's Fair and the stages involved in its replication. In the basic design, an intricate overlay of multiple holographic gratings onto a recording medium was required. From this a durable metal master was made that was subsequently used to emboss the pattern into a thin plastic sheet. The resulting metallized plastic was die cut and mounted onto a button. The practical and artistic reasons for mounting the holograms in this fashion are discussed. Also considered are subsequent, more advanced designs and the unique optical effects that result from them.
Field‐induced magnetic phase transitions in FeCl3

The ac susceptibility of FeCl3 along the c‐axis has been measured as a function of temperature for static magnetic fields Hc up to 57 kG in the same direction. Temperature sweeps from 4.2 K to 12 K for fixed values of Hc reveal a line of antiferromagnetic‐paramagnetic transition points in the Hc‐T plane, rising rapidly from TN(0) = 8.83±0.05 K with increasing field. Isothermal field sweeps above 1.1 K show susceptibility peaks whose locus resembles the spin‐flop boundary of a simple low‐anisotropy antiferromagnet. The spin‐flop field increases from 39.6 kG at 1.1 K to 44.5 kG at an apparent bicritical point near 8.2 K. A portion of a spin‐flop paramagnetic phase boundary up to 57 kG has also been observed. These results are consistent with previous Mossbauer data.
Proximal-distal gradient of sulfate transport by brush border membrane vesicles from hamster small intestine

Abstract Inorganic sulfate uptake by brush border membrane vesicles prepared from proximal and distal small intestine of hamster was studied. Vesicles were prepared by calcium precipitation and uptake was measured by rapid filtration. In the presence of an inwardly directed sodium gradient, vesicles from both proximal and distal segments demonstrated typical "overshoots" of sulfate concentration characteristic of sulfate-sodium co-transport. Sulfate uptake comprised non-saturable and saturable components. Non-saturable uptake, i.e. uptake in the absence of a sodium gradient, was greater in vesicles from distal (126) than proximal (89) intestine (data are pmoles/mg protein per 30 sec at 1 mM). V max for sodium-dependent uptake was the same in vesicles from both proximal and distal segments. However, uptake rate was greater in the vesicles from the distal than the proximal segment over the concentration range 0.05–5 mM, because K t (mM) for vesicles from the distal segment (0.8) was one-third that for vesicles from the proximal segment (2.2). Prior studies with full thickness intestinal segments of hamster show the same proximal-distal gradient we found with vesicles. We conclude that at physiologic concentrations 1) the proximal-distal gradient in sulfate transport is determined at least in part by brush border membrane function; 2) intestinal sulfate uptake is by sulfate-sodium co-transport and its rate is determined by carrier affinity not carrier density.
Relationships among variously weighted average properties including molecular weights

A number-average property such as a number-average diffusion constant Dn cannot be defined in terms of weight-related weighting factors (such as concentrations in weight per unit volume) without postulating a functional relationship between the molecular weight and that property. Conversely, an analogous statement holds concerning any weight-average property and number-related weighting factors such as mole fractions. Ordinarily the molecular weight distribution is not known initially for a given sample under study, so that assignment of any such a relationship under these circumstances would be quite arbitrary. It is proposed that the number average analog [Σci/(Σci/Qi)], which is equal to the true number average Qn only when Qi is directly proportional to the molecular weight Mi within the sample considered, be designated the number-analogous average Qx to distinguish it from Qn. (In this, ci is a weighting factor proportional to the polymer weight fraction having the value Qi of the intensive physical or chemical property under discussion.) Mn is of course necessarily equal to Mx. However, designation of Dx as the number-average diffusion constant is particularly unreasonable because it implies direct proportionality between the molecular weight and the diffusion constant. Although such a relation may hold for a specific case, in general, other factors being usual, the diffusion constant is inversely related to molecular weight. Discussion of a specific illustration shows the following: Qx may be the same for heterogeneous systems having different values of Qn. Qn cannot in general be found by analyzing a material distribution by means of a property such as the refractive index that is proportional to the mass concentration rather than to the number of molecules in a given volume. Qx sometimes can be found from such data. Although the sedimentation and diffusion constants, with the partial specific volume, define the molecular weight of a homogeneous sample, the average sedimentation and diffusion constants of a mixture do not uniquely determine its average molecular weights. Values found from weight-, number-, or number-analogous average sedimentation and diffusion constants may be either higher or lower than the weight- and number-average molecular weights, even though these latter have been deduced to be limiting values for certain postulated molecular weight distributions. In a given instance, heterogeneity indexes calculated from true weight- and number-averages of sedimentation and diffusion constants more closely approximate the ratio of the weight-average to number-average molecular weights than if the more readily determined number-analogous averages are used.
COMMENTARY: Moving From Abstract to Concrete Descriptions of Good Schools for Children With Disabilities

The constraints and complexity entailed in the provision of comprehensive special education services at a school site argue for the importance of using whole schools as a unit of analysis in special education efficacy research. The case studies summarized in this special issue represent an important step forward in understanding how schools that support positive academic outcomes for all students are configured. All studies found support for the importance of collaboration (although the forms varied by school). Other common themes were peer support, shared responsibility for student learning, administrative support for collaboration, and informal communication mechanisms that supplemented more formal contacts between general and special education. The case studies can serve as a stimulus for further debate about how to define exemplary outcomes in special education and the critical dimensions for characterizing schools' services to students with disabilities. They also provide directions for future resear...
Anomalies in the crystallization of cis-1,4-polyisoprene in blends with poly(vinylethylene)

Abstract The crystallization of cis -1,4-polyisoprene (PIP) in miscible blends with atactic poly (vinylethylene) (PVE) was investigated. Normalized to the PIP content, the extent of crystallization and the crystallization rate were suppressed in the mixtures. A reduction in the degree of crystallinity is contrary to the behaviour usually exhibited by blends in the absence of crosslinking. More anomalous was the observation that the magnitude of the crystallization suppression in the uncrosslinked PIP was independent of PVE concentration over a range from 5 to 50% PVE. Furthermore, whereas α-lamellae predominate for pure PIP crystallization, blending with high-molecular-weight PVE caused preferential development of the β-lamellar form. This bias may be a reflection of the known ability of the β-lamellae to incorporate non-crystallizing entities more readily into the fold plane at the crystal surface. Changes in heat capacity at T g measured before and after melting were consistent with the notion that PVE chains are trapped between the lamellae of the crystallizing PIP, with the extent of entrapment substantially greater for higher-molecular-weight PVE. The degree of crystallinity in the blends also varied with the molecular weight of the PVE, suggesting that suppression of the crystallization was a consequence of the entrapment of the PVE. In networks the suppression of crystallization significantly exceeded that observed in uncrosslinked blends and pure PIP networks. For free-radical crosslinking the presence of PVE increases the crosslink density of the PIP segments, contributing to the lower crystallinity in the crosslinked mixtures.
Amino acids in extracellular fluids of Physalia physalis and Aurelia aurita.

Abstract 1. 1. Extracellular fluid in Physalia physalis occurs chiefly in the gastrovascular cavity. In Aurelia aurita it permeates the loosely organized mesoglea. 2. 2. P. physalis gastrovascular fluid tends to be constant in composition from animal to animal regardless of size, season or nutritive state. 3. 3. Although the amino acid composition of the extracellular fluid proteins in the two animals is qualitatively similar, there are pronounced quantitative differences. 4. 4. P. physalis fluids contain from 200 to 500 times more amino acids/ml than do those of A. aurita.
Chemical binding in classical Coulomb lattices

Abstract The Coulomb energies of classical Coulomb lattices composed of two species of charge are calculated. It is shown that some of these compound lattices are chemically stable as compared with pure lattices at the same density. In particular, the NaCl structure with a ratio around 0.07 between the two species of charge is unusually stable. The question is raised, whether these results are relevant to the behavior of real matter at the densities existing in neutron-star crusts. It is shown that the screening of the nuclear Coulomb potentials by electrons does not change the chemical binding appreciably. Other real-matter effects such as zero-point energies are discussed but not calculated. Thus the existence of chemical compounds such as FeHe in neutron-star crusts is made plausible but not reliably established.
Interrater Reliability of 3 Simplified Neurologic Scales Applied to Adults Presenting to the Emergency Department With Altered Levels of Consciousness

Study objective The Simplified Motor Score was recently found to exhibit equal test performance to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) when predicting 4 clinically important trauma outcomes. The present study tests the interrater reliability of the Simplified Motor Scale, the GCS and its components, and 2 other simplified neurologic scales when applied to patients presenting to the emergency department with altered levels of consciousness from any cause. Methods In this prospective observational study, emergency physicians independently assigned the GCS, Simplified Motor Scale, and 2 4-point scales—AVPU (Alert, responds to Verbal stimuli, responds to Painful stimuli, Unresponsive) and ACDU (Alert, Confused, Drowsy, Unresponsive)—to qualifying adult subjects. Two physicians filled out prospective data forms within 5 minutes of each other while remaining blinded to each other's assessments. Data were pooled and analyzed for interrater reliability of all scales using simple agreement, unweighted κ, Spearman's ρ, and Kendall's τ-b. Results One hundred twenty-six subjects were enrolled, with 6 later excluded. Percentage agreements were 83% for the Simplified Motor Scale, 58% for the ACDU scale, 57% for the AVPU scale, and 42% for the Total GCS. The κ values were 0.70 for the Simplified Motor Scale, 0.43 for ACDU, 0.41 for AVPU, and 0.32 for the Total GCS. The Simplified Motor Scale also had the highest Spearman's ρ (.85) and second highest Kendall's τ-b (0.81). Conclusion The Simplified Motor Scale has the best interrater reliability for the assessment of altered level of consciousness of traumatic and nontraumatic cause among the scales tested.
Statistical replacement for systems with delta-correlated fluctuations

Nonlinear systems with stochastic parameters are approximated by simpler systems using a method that we call “statistical replacement.” This method is an extension of the previously developed AGREE which was restricted to systems with additive fluctuations. Statistical replacement incorporates the distinctions between globally stable thermodynamically closed systems and thermodynamically open systems that can be unstable.
Adapting lean manufacturing principles to the textile industry

A research project was conducted to determine which lean principles are appropriate for implementation in the textile industry. Lean manufacturing involves a variety of principles and techniques, all of which have the same ultimate goal: to eliminate waste and non-value-added activities at every production or service process in order to give the most satisfaction to the customer. To stay competitive, many US textile manufacturers have sought to improve their manufacturing processes so that they can more readily compete with overseas manufacturers. This study identifies the different tools and principles of lean. The use of lean manufacturing in the textile industry was examined in this research through interviews, plant tours and case studies. A model for implementing lean tools and principles in a textile environment was developed.
The placebo concept in medicine and psychiatry.

The standard technical vocabulary used to define placebo therapies and experimental placebo controls in medicine and psychiatry is both confusing and obscure. To achieve conceptual clarity in the theory of placebogenic phenomena, this paper offers a rigorous articulation of the placebo notion, a lucid new terminology that obviates the defects intrinsic to the traditional locutions employed in the placebo literature, and a substantial revamping of A. K. Shapiro's influential prior definition of 'placebo'. This paper supersedes an earlier version (Grunbaum, 1981).
A message-array-based mechanism for tracking control effects in supervisory control software

Supervisory control is a very popular paradigm for computer-controlled systems. Knowledge and tracking the control effect of every control operation is crucial to the control tasks. In the paper, we present a message-array-based mechanism to track control effects in supervisory control software. A novel data type, message array, is designed to efficiently support this tracking mechanism. The operation algorithms, adding algorithm (AA), removing algorithm (RA), and scheduler algorithm (SA) are proposed to operate the tracking messages in message array, which forms the special first input X output (FIXO) strategy of message array. Automatically tracking, recording, and rolling back are the characteristics of our tracking mechanism. We implement this messagearray-based mechanism on the famous human machine interface (HMI) software platform-proficy iFix, and construct experiments to evaluate the performance of the mechanism in various cases. The results show our mechanism can be well satisfied with supervisory control software.
Stochastic studies of aging and mortality in multi-cellular organisms. I. The asymptotic theory

Abstract A quantitative phenomenological theory of aging is described, free of assumptions regarding the molecular character of initial steps in senescence, yet consistent with known kinetic and thermodynamic results. As such, it becomes a yardstick against which microscopic theories must eventually be judged. The derivation is couched in terms of the operation of an abstract biological clock whose role is to count the occurrence of k otherwise unspecified rate-limiting events out of a larger set of n . We establish the counting rules by which such a clock may operate, and discover that observed kinetic results have their fundamental explanation in general probabilistic considerations. If the rate-limiting events occur in random order, and n is permitted to grow large, then for k = 1 only three nonperiodic asymptotically stable, limit distributions exist to describe the survival of a cohort as a function of time. One solution yields the power-law expression for the mortality rate; the second gives Gompertz law; and the third is of no value in the present context. These results are obtained without reference to the mathematical character of possible rate-limiting processes. In fact, for arbitrarily chosen functions, no asymptotically stable limit distributions generally exist. Criteria are provided which define the domains of attraction for the two limit distributions of interest. This makes it possible to determine whether a suggested rate-limiting process would be consistent with the power- law, Gompertz law or neither, and obviates the need for detailed and time-consuming mathematical analysis. It becomes clear that the mathematical character of the rate- limiting process may differ sharply from the power law or Gompertz law yet, by virtue of the counting rule established for the clock's operation, still yield the macroscopic kinetic results observed in practice. The consequence of this finding is that macroscopic kinetic results do not reflect, in any simple way, the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for senescence. In fact, no rate-limiting process may be uniquely chosen on the basis of kinetic results alone.
Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Drugs III: Penicillins

The natural abundance 13C-NMR spectra of a series of penicillins (penicillin V methyl ester, penicillin V, penicillin G, methicillin, oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin) were studied. The chemical shifts were assigned using the pulse Fourier transform technique with the aid of long-range carbon-13 hydrogen coupling. The previous assignments of penicillin V methyl ester were revised.
Curriculum Topics for Special Education Teacher Preparation

This study compares the opinions of teacher educators, teachers, and state directors of special education with re gard to curriculum topics they believe important for inclusion in teacher educa tion programs. Teacher educators were represented by chairpersons in special education departments in colleges and universities. Teachers were represented by practicing special education class room teachers and were randomly selected from a national pool. State directors were represented by the per son holding the highest leadership post in special education within each state department of education in the various states. A rating instrument was con structed from concepts and topics found in the professional literature. The instru ment covered 25 curriculum topics, with each topic rated for importance using a five point bipolar scale. Data analysis was completed by a Kruskal-Wallis Analysis of Variance of Ranks and by comparative rankings. Specific findings relative to the topics surveyed are dis cussed in the paper.
Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric identifications of the hydrocarbons and fatty acids of Plantago ovata seeds

Abstract Gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry have been used to study the distribution of fatty acids and hydrocarbons in the seeds of Plantago ovata . The occurrence in the seed coat of the low molecular weight hydrocarbons (C 16 -C 19 ) with a significant percentage of an even carbon-numbered hydrocarbon (anteiso-C 18 ; 10·1 per cent) were unusual features in relation to earlier reports on plant hydrocarbons. The seed coat of P. ovata showed mainly linoleic, oleic, and palmitic acid in decreasing concentrations while the seed itself did not contain an appreciable amount of fatty acids. The results rule out a simple precursor-product relationship between fatty acids and hydrocarbons as the likely pathway to explain the biogenesis of all the hydrocarbons.
An in vitro evaluation of the long-term resin bond to a new densely sintered high-purity zirconium-oxide ceramic surface.

Statement of problem Successful long-term bonding to zirconia ceramic remains a challenge, requiring special cements and surface roughening by airborne-particle abrasion, which might negatively affect the ceramic. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of composite resin cylinders to a modified zirconia surface using different luting techniques after thermal cycling. Material and methods Composite resin (TPH3) cylinders with a diameter of 3 mm were bonded to zirconia ceramics (Procera Zirconia) with a modified surface (RZ) and a machined surface (MZ). Three different adhesive luting cements (Panavia F2.0, RelyX ARC, RelyX Unicem) in combination with and without airborne-particle abrasion (50-μm and 110-μm Al 2 O 3 ) were used. RZ was bonded using all 3 cements with (50 μm) and without airborne-particle abrasion; with 110 μm, only Panavia F2.0 was used. MZ was bonded using only Panavia F2.0 with (50 μm, 110 μm) and without airborne-particle abrasion. SBS was tested in a universal testing machine (Instron) before and after 90 days of water storage and 20,000 thermal cycles (dwell time, 15 seconds). Statistical analysis was performed using a multifactorial ANOVA model with α=.05. Results Mean SBS ranged from 10.1 to 20.0 MPa after 3 days and from 0.16 to 14.8 MPa after thermal cycling. Thermal cycling decreased SBS significantly. Airborne-particle abrasion significantly decreased SBS to the modified surface, regardless of cements used. SBS to the modified zirconia surface was significantly higher than to the machined surface. Conclusions SBS to the modified zirconia surface is higher than to airborne-particle-abraded, machined zirconia. Airborne-particle abrasion of the modified zirconia surface is not recommended. (J Prosthet Dent 2009;101:29-38)
An immersed boundary method for fluids using the XFEM and the hydrodynamic Boltzmann transport equation

Abstract This paper presents a stabilized finite element formulation of the hydrodynamic Boltzmann transport equation (HBTE) to predict nearly incompressible fluid flow. The HBTE is discretized with Hermite polynomials in the velocity variable, and a streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin formulation is used to discretize the spatial variable. A nonlinear stabilization scheme is presented, from which a simple linear stabilization scheme is constructed. In contrast to the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations, the HBTE is a first order equation and allows for conveniently enforcing Dirichlet conditions along immersed boundaries. A simple and efficient formulation for enforcing Dirichlet boundary conditions is presented and its accuracy is studied for immersed boundaries captured by the extended finite element method (XFEM). Numerical experiments indicate that both the linear and non-linear stabilization methods are sufficiently accurate and stable, but the linear formulation reduces the computational cost significantly. The accuracy of enforcing boundary conditions is satisfactory and shows second order convergence as the mesh is refined. Augmenting the boundary condition formulation with a penalty term increases the accuracy of enforcing the boundary condition constraints, but may degrade the accuracy of the global solution. Comparisons with results of a single relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method show that the proposed finite element method features greater robustness and lesser dependence of the computational costs on the level of mesh refinement.
Expression of Truncated Transient Receptor Potential protein 1α (Trp1α) EVIDENCE THAT THE Trp1 C TERMINUS MODULATES STORE-OPERATED Ca2+ ENTRY

Abstract Transient receptor potential protein 1 (Trp1) has been proposed as a component of the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channel. However, the exact mechanism by which Trp1 is regulated by store depletion is not known. Here, we examined the role of the Trp1 C-terminal domain in SOCE by expressing hTrp1α lacking amino acids 664–793 (ΔTrp1α) or full-length hTrp1α in the HSG (human submandibular gland) cell line. Both carbachol (CCh) and thapsigargin (Tg) activated sustained Ca2+ influx in control (nontransfected), ΔTrp1α-, and Trp1α-expressing cells. Sustained [Ca2+]i, following stimulation with either Tg or CCh in ΔTrp1α-expressing cells, was about 1.5–2-fold higher than in Trp1α-expressing cells and 4-fold higher than in control cells. Importantly, (i) basal Ca2+ influx and (ii) Tg- or CCh-stimulated internal Ca2+ release were similar in all the cells. A similar increase in Tg-stimulated Ca2+ influx was seen in cells expressing Δ2Trp1α, lacking the C-terminal domain amino acid 649–793, which includes the EWKFAR sequence. Further, both inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-3 and caveolin-1 were immunoprecipitated with ΔTrp1α and Trp1α. In aggregate, these data suggest that (i) the EWKFAR sequence does not contribute significantly to the Trp1-associated increase in SOCE, and (ii) the Trp1 C-terminal region, amino acids 664–793, is involved in the modulation of SOCE.
Effects of Recovery Duration and Blood Lactate Level on Power Output During Cycling

This study identifies the quickest recovery between consecutive anaerobic tests to maintain power output (PO) on the repeated test. Sixteen male cyclists finished three sessions of max rpm initial ...
Properties of oxygenated cadmium sulfide (CdS:O) and their impact on CdTe device performance

In this work, we report on the development of a reactive sputtering process for CdS:O for high efficiency CdTe solar cells. X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry were used to characterize the crystal structure, composition, and optical properties, respectively. All films were slightly Cd-rich, while the bulk oxygen content increased up to 45 at. % in direct proportion to the O 2 partial pressure. Optical absorption in cells was reduced by increasing the oxygen fraction in the sputtering ambient. Optimal performance was obtained from cells with CdS sputtered in a 6% O 2 /Ar ambient, yielding efficiency >14% and V OC >840 mV.
An optometric approach to patients with sensory integration dysfunction.

Abstract Background Sensory integration dysfunction is a neurologic condition that can cause children to process environmental sensations in an inappropriate way. As a result, they may either seek out strong sensations or avoid even mild sensations. Some of the characteristics of these children may be hyperactivity, poor awareness of pain, high risk taking, listening to loud sounds, clumsiness, poor fine motor skills, poor gross motor skills, poor visual tracking, problems with sequencing, and problems with balance. Sensory integration dysfunction often is related to children with developmental disabilities, autism, and attention deficits. Methods Two children from the same family were examined for general eye examinations because of a history of sensory integration problems. J.H., an 11-year-old girl, and her 6-year-old half-brother, A.T., returned to the clinic for visual-perceptual testing: the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), the Developmental Eye Movement Test (DEM), and the Visagraph (Compevo AB, Stockholm, Sweden). The use of yoked prisms with these children was also explored. Results Both children showed oculomotility problems based on the DEM and Visagraph results. Whereas J.H. performed well on the visual-perceptual profile overall, A.T. showed problems in many areas such as reversals, visual spatial relations, visual sequential memory, visual form constancy, and attention. Both children were low hyperopes and showed positive postural and balance changes when tested with yoked prisms. Conclusions Children with sensory integration dysfunction can have a number of signs and symptoms that may bring them to the optometrist’s office. It is important to thoroughly test their visual, perceptual, and oculomotor systems to determine the best way to help these patients. The use of vision therapy and yoked prisms can be beneficial treatment options for many of these patients.
Pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine in rats: application to interspecies scale-up.

The effects of dose on the pharmacokinetics of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (DDC), a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, have been studied in rats. DDC was administered intravenously at doses of 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg-1. Plasma and urine drug concentrations were determined by HPLC. Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by area/moment analysis. DDC plasma concentrations declined rapidly with a terminal half-life of 0.98 +/- 0.18 h (mean +/- s.d.). No statistically significant differences were observed in pharmacokinetic parameters between the four doses. Total, renal and non-renal clearance values were independent of dose and averaged 1.67 +/- 0.24, 0.78 +/- 0.11, and 0.89 +/- 0.27 L h-1 kg-1, respectively. Approximately 50% of the dose was excreted unchanged in urine. Steady state volume of distribution was also independent of dose and averaged 1.2 +/- 0.21 L kg-1. Protein binding of DDC to rat serum proteins was independent of drug concentration with the fraction of drug bound averaging 0.45 +/- 0.12. Thus, the disposition pattern of DDC in the rat is independent of the administered dose even at high doses. Significant interspecies correlations were found for total, renal and non-renal clearance and steady state volume of distribution. Interspecies scaling resulted in superimposable plasma DDC concentration-time profiles from four laboratory animal species and man. Thus, plasma DDC concentrations in humans can be predicted from pharmacokinetic parameters obtained in laboratory animals.
Coherent locomotion as an attracting state for a free flapping body.

A recent experiment [Vandenberghe, N., Zhang, J. & Childress, S. (2004) J. Fluid Mech. 506, 147–155] has shown that an axle-mounted blade can spontaneously rotate when oscillated (or “flapped”) above a critical frequency in a fluid. To understand the nature of flapping locomotion we study numerically the dynamics of a simple body, flapped up and down within a viscous fluid and free to move horizontally. We show here that, at sufficiently large “frequency Reynolds number,” unidirectional locomotion emerges as an attracting state for an initially nonlocomoting body. Locomotion is generated in two stages: first, the fluid field loses symmetry by an instability similar to the classical von Karman instability; and second, precipitous interactions with previously shed vortical structures “push” the body into locomotion. Body mass and slenderness play central and unexpected roles in each stage. Conceptually, this work demonstrates how locomotion can be transduced from the simple oscillations of a body through an interaction with its fluid environment.
Centre of rotation for torsional vibration of bridges

Abstract The torsional modes of vibration of bridges do not in general involve pure rotation about the elastic axis of the deck structure because simultaneous lateral motion of the elastic axis occurs. Instead, the complex motion can be thought of as rotation about some point vertically above or below the equilibrium position of the elastic axis. The origins of torsional-lateral coupling and the implications for aerodynamic stability are discussed. A method for simulating the effects of torsional-lateral coupling on sectional models is given.
Salicylate kinetics in old age.

Salicylate kinetics were determined in 28 subjects 25 to 92 years old who received single, oral doses of sodium salicylate (1 gm/1.73 m2). The serum AUC∞ of total salicylate did not correlate with age. There was a weak positive correlation between the AUC∞ of free (unbound) drug and age, but there was no apparent difference between the AUC∞ values of the 15 women and 13 men. Seven of the 16 subjects > 70 years of age cleared salicylate at about the same rate as the younger subjects. A comparison of these seven subjects with the nine > 70 years old who were slow eliminators of salicylate revealed that the latter group consisted of more bedridden patients and that these patients had somewhat lower serum albumin concentrations, but they did not differ from the more rapid eliminators with respect to serum creatinine or urea nitrogen levels, SGOT, average age, female/male ratio, and average body weight. The serum protein binding of salicylate decreased with increasing age, apparently due mainly to decreasing serum albumin concentrations. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1985) 38, 6–11; doi:10.1038/clpt.1985.124
Relationships between marital quality, social, and familial interactions by residential location: Implications for human service professionals

Gerontological literature is reviewed concerning the factors contributing to marital quality of later life couples. Data are presented which compare the marital quality of older couples residing in a retirement facility and elderly couples living in the community-at-large. The couples' interactions with friends and frequency of visits with children are examined in terms of the relationship between these variables and marital quality of the subjects. Implications for practice are discussed.
Sex Differences in Post-Coital Behaviors in Long- and Short-Term Mating: An Evolutionary Perspective

Few empirical studies have been devoted to exploring behaviors occurring immediately following sexual intercourse. Therefore, this study conducts an exploratory investigation of various post-coital behaviors that the authors propose may reflect the divergent adaptive reproductive strategies of each sex as understood from an evolutionary perspective. An online questionnaire was administered to 170 individuals examining sex differences in post-coital compared to pre-coital activities related to pair-bonding with long-term mates, as well as a variety of common post-coital activities comparing short- and long-term mating contexts. It was found that females were more likely than males to initiate and place greater importance on several behaviors related to intimacy and bonding following sex with long-term partners. Males were more likely to initiate kissing before sex, and females after sex. Intimate talk and kissing were rated by both sexes as more important before intercourse with a long-term partner, whereas cuddling and professing one's love was rated more important after sex. In a second set of more specific post-coital behaviors, females were more likely to engage in post-coital behaviors related to bonding with both short- and long-term partners, whereas males were more likely to engage in ones that were extrinsically rewarding or increased the likelihood of further coital acts.
A Coupled Solution Method for Predicting the Thermostructural Response of Decomposing, Expanding Polymeric Composites

A new solution method has recently been developed to analyze the thermal and structural response of polymeric composites during chemical decomposition (Sullivan and Salamon, 1992a). This method couples the equations of energy, mass transport and momentum and solves these equations simultaneously at each time step. In this paper, the couples solution method is applied to analyze the response of a glass phenolic composite during its chemical decomposition. The numerical solution to this particular problem was originally performed by Henderson, et al. (1985) and the actual response was measured by Henderson and Hagen (1985) and Ramamurthy (1988). In addition to further verification of the coupled solution method, the present solution offers additional insight into certain physical events which occur during chemical decomposition.
Synthesis of glutamate receptor antagonist philanthotoxin-433 (PhTX-433) and its analogs

Abstract The synthesis of the non-competative glutamate receptor inhibitor, philanthotoxin 433 (PhTX-433) is described. Furthermore, two synthetic routes are described for the preparation of a variety of structural analogs.
Bromide as a conservative tracer for soil-water studies

The assumption that potassium bromide is a conservative tracer for soil-water studies was tested in a series of batch sorption experiments. Sorption experiments were conducted on soil samples collected from the O, E, and A horizons of the Albemarle soil series near Charlottesville, VA. The experiments were conducted under conditions of differing bromide concentration and filter treatments. Bromide concentrations in soil-solution mixtures were measured through time using an Orion bromide-specific electrode. An analysis of variance of results showed no significant sorption of bromide through time under any concentration level or filter treatment (α = 0·01). No sorption of bromide between different soil horizons could be determined. This work clearly indicates that bromide is conservative under the conditions examined.
Modification of Radiolethality by Vitamin K5 and Certain Analogs in Model Systems and in Foodsa

SUMMARY Spores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger and B. stearothermophilus irradiated in nitrogen were killed in greater numbers in the presence of vitamin KC, 4.amino-1-naphthol, or 2-amino-1-naphthol than when irradiated without chemical. When irradiation was performed in air, the chemicals were without effect, or even protective. Spores of both organisms were particularly sensitive when irradiated in nitrogen with 4-amino-1-naphthol. Irradiation of Micrococcus radiodurans in anoxia with these naphthol derivatives gave losses in cell recovery that resulted in much lower populations than could he attributed to chemical toxicity per se. These chemicals were found to be toxic to a yeast that had been isolated from frozen orange juice when the preparations were in buffer of pH 7.0 and 4.0. When the yeast was suspended in orange juice, on the other hand, the chemicals were neither toxic nor radiosensitizers. Milk was also found to interfere with the bactericidal and radiolethal activities of these chemicals. Sulfhydryl compounds were shown to decrease radiolethal action.
The ethical imperative to lead change: overcoming the resistance to change

School administrators must be forward looking and recognize shifting paradigms in contemporary society. The rapid rate of change in the new millennium influences administrators in the small rural school district as well as the large urban school district. An effective school administrator understands the significance of needed change and consequences of what it means to be a change‐driven school administrator. A starting point for an effective school administrator is to know when it is time to leave one paradigm and embrace a new paradigm shift.
Gamma Rays at High Altitudes

The technique used to obtain data on charged particles and gamma rays is described along with corrections for changes in latitude during the two flights. Models that permit comparison of data obtained in different geometries are discussed. Analysis gives values of 0.0709 surface proces 0.0005, 0 0092 surface proces 0.0005, and 0.0017 surface proces 0.0001/cm/sup 2/-sec-sr for the charged particle, primary , and secondary fluxes, respectively. A more detailed analysis gives a primary flux of 0.0054 surface proces 0.0007 /cm/sup 2/-sec-sr. (D.C.W.)
Spectral linewidth of a free-running continuous-wave single-frequency external-cavity quantum-well InGaAs/AlGaAs diode laser

The linewidth of a room-temperature free-running 940-nm cw single-frequency 1-mm-long quantum-well InGaAs/AlGaAs diode laser in a 10-cm-long external cavity has been measured as a function of the output power by the heterodyne technique. The power-dependent component of the observed Lorentzian linewidth displays a linewidth–power product of 28 ± 4 kHz mW, which is 2 orders of magnitude larger than that predicted from the spontaneous emission model. The shot-noise model of Welford and Mooradian [Appl. Phys. Lett. 40, 560 (1982)] for the power-independent linewidth has been extended to account for the observed power-dependent linewidth.
Selective feeding on bivalves by Polinices alderi (Forbes) (Gastropoda)

Abstract Laboratory experiments indicate that Polinices alderi (Forbes) feeds selectively when offered different species of bivalves. Shell thickness appears to be an important factor and the species with the thinnest shell, Mya arenaria L., is strongly preferred. The snails also showed size selectivity when offered different size classes of either Spisula sub-truncata (da Costa) or Spisula elliptica (Brown). The larger size classes were not preferred, although they could be handled by the predator. It is suggested that the size and shape of the bivalve, which affects ease of handling by the predator, rather than shell thickness is responsible for this result. The shell thickness of different species greatly affected the time required to drill and consume prey items of the same size. Nevertheless over a period of 14 days the snails spent a similar proportion of their time drilling irrespective of prey species. The number of bivalves which were consumed therefore depended on the shell thickness.
THE GEOMETRY OF DISSIPATIVE EVOLUTION EQUATIONS: THE POROUS MEDIUM EQUATION

We show that the porous medium equation has a gradient flow structure which is both physically and mathematically natural. In order to convince the reader that it is mathematically natural, we show that the time asymptotic behavior can be easily understood in this framework. We use the intuition and the calculus of Riemannian geometry to quantify this asymptotic behavior.