cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Alcohol Marketing Landscape: Alcohol Industry Size, Structure, Strategies, and Public Health Responses

Objective:The purpose of this study is to inform public health efforts to reduce alcohol-related harm by describing the alcohol marketing landscape. We review the size, structure, and strategies of...
Life beyond Arms Control: Moving toward a Global Regime of Nuclear Restraint & Responsibility

Today, we are on the verge of a world without nuclear restraint. In the absence of formal arms control, how do we proceed? What broad principles and norms would we want? What measures might nuclear...
NASA DIAL/LIDAR Laser Technology Development Program

This paper gives an overview of the Laser Systems Branch solid-state laser technology development program. Emphasis is placed on the unique advanced laser developments needed to meet measurement requirements for important future NASA remote sensing missions.
Adaptive Invariance for Molecule Property Prediction

Effective property prediction methods can help accelerate the search for COVID-19 antivirals either through accurate in-silico screens or by effectively guiding on-going at-scale experimental efforts. However, existing prediction tools have limited ability to accommodate scarce or fragmented training data currently available. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to learn predictors that can generalize or extrapolate beyond the heterogeneous data. Our method builds on and extends recently proposed invariant risk minimization, adaptively forcing the predictor to avoid nuisance variation. We achieve this by continually exercising and manipulating latent representations of molecules to highlight undesirable variation to the predictor. To test the method we use a combination of three data sources: SARS-CoV-2 antiviral screening data, molecular fragments that bind to SARS-CoV-2 main protease and large screening data for SARS-CoV-1. Our predictor outperforms state-of-the-art transfer learning methods by significant margin. We also report the top 20 predictions of our model on Broad drug repurposing hub.
Effects of Axial Flux Magnetic Gear Misalignment

Magnetic gears have recently received significant interest as a potential replacement for mechanical gears. Some papers have proposed that magnetic gears may be more tolerant to misalignment than their mechanical counterparts. This paper describes a parametric finite element analysis (FEA) study of the effects of misalignment in an axial flux magnetic gear (AFMG). A base design is selected and important parameters, including gear ratio, pole count, and outer radius, are varied to illustrate the effect of misalignment on different designs using simulation results. The torque signature of the gear tends to be more sensitive to misalignment on the high pole count rotor than on the low pole count rotor, and increasing the pole counts makes the gear more sensitive to misalignment. However, other parameters, such as magnet thicknesses, have much smaller impacts on the gear’s sensitivity to misalignment. Experimental results confirm the simulated trends for the slip torque.
Shifting tree species composition of upland oak forests alters leaf litter structure, moisture, and flammability

Abstract In historically open-canopied and fire-dependent upland oak (Quercus spp.) forests of the central and eastern United States, fire exclusion is contributing to an increase in competing non-oak tree species that are often shade-tolerant and fire-sensitive. As these non-oak species encroach and oak abundance declines, forests are becoming denser and will likely become cooler, moister, and less flammable through a hypothesized feedback loop termed mesophication. To better understand how this gradual shift in forest composition could affect flammability of leaf litter, the primary fuel in these systems, we measured leaf litter traits and moisture dynamics of two pyrophytic oaks and three non-oaks, and implemented experimental burns on plots (~3-m2) with fuel beds comprised of single- and mixed-species leaf litter. Non-oaks produced thinner, smaller leaves with a greater specific leaf area compared to oaks, and had a higher initial fuel moisture content, traits associated with low flammability. Our experimental burns confirmed that non-oak leaf litter flammability was lower than that of oaks and that flammability decreased linearly with increasing non-oak leaf litter contribution to the fuel bed. These species-driven changes in fuelbed flammability may provide a mechanism whereby encroaching non-oak tree species create self-promoting conditions that are less favorable for regeneration of fire-dependent upland oaks. Thus, without other management interventions, our ability to reintroduce fire into these systems as a management tool to prevent further compositional shifts and improve oak regeneration will likely decline as non-oak species’ contribution to the fine fuel bed increases.
Modular Market Definition

Surging interest in antitrust enforcement is exposing, once again, the difficulty of defining relevant markets. Past decades have witnessed the invention of many tests for defining markets, but little progress has been made, or even attempted, at reconciling these different tests. Modern market definition has thus become a confused agglomeration of often conflicting ideas about what relevant markets are and how they should be defined and used. The result—unpredictable and unreliable market boundaries—is an unsure footing for the complicated cases and policy questions now before us. This Article responds to the problem of confused market definition with a simple but powerful approach to dealing with multiple tests for defining markets. The basic insight is that different tests scope markets appropriate for serving different needs. Helpful market definition can thus proceed in two steps. First, identify the substantive purposes for which markets are being defined in a particular application. Second, select the test that defines markets most suited to serving those purposes. This modular approach to market definition offers several advantages over the current conflation of different tests. First, the modular approach promises greater predictability and reliability in market definition practice. Second, it provides a more legally honest and economically coherent explanation of how the various tests for defining markets fit together. Third, it contributes to ongoing policy discussions, clarifying how relevant markets work in antitrust law and how they can be leveraged to empower more efficient and effective enforcement practices.
Minimizing Crinkling of Soft Specimens Using Holey Gold Films on Molybdenum Grids for Cryogenic Electron Microscopy.

We introduce a novel composite holey gold support that prevents cryo-crinkling and reduces beam-induced motion of soft specimens, building on the previously introduced all-gold support. The composite holey gold support for high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy of soft crystalline membranes was fabricated in two steps. In the first step, a holey gold film was transferred on top of a molybdenum grid. In the second step, a continuous thin carbon film was transferred onto the holey gold film. This support (Au/Mo grid) was used to image crystalline synthetic polymer membranes. The low thermal expansion of Mo is not only expected to avoid cryo-crinkling of the membrane when the grids are cooled to cryogenic temperatures, but it may also act to reduce whatever crinkling existed even before cooling. The Au/Mo grid exhibits excellent performance with specimens tilted to 45°. This is demonstrated by quantifying beam-induced motion and differences in local defocus values. In addition, images of specimens on the Au/Mo grids that are tilted at 45° show high-resolution information of the crystalline membranes that, after lattice-unbending, extends beyond 1.5 A in the direction perpendicular to the tilt axis.
Making the past present: Bisbee ‘17 and mediated haunting

In 1917, over 1,000 miners were deported from the mining town of Bisbee, AZ by a mob of deputized vigilantes. One-hundred years later, Bisbee ‘17 revisits the community as its residents engage the ...
Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences

Reflects the growing convergence among several disciplines that concern themselves with information and the cultural record. This encyclopedia explores the cultural institutions of more than 30 countries.
Antibody responses in rabbits to injections of whole cell, flagella, and flagellin preparations of cholera and noncholera vibrios.

Abstract Sera prepared by the injection of living cells, killed cells, flagella, or flagellins of vibrios into rabbits were examined for antibodies which cross-reacted with cholera and noncholera vibrio strains. Antisera to Vibrio cholerae strains agglutinated heterologous V. cholerae strains. They did not agglutinate strains of noncholera vibrios. Sera to noncholera strains agglutinated homologous strains only. There was no evidence that a common antigen was present in the organisms tested. The proposal for a „cholera group of vibrios” based upon sharing of an H antigen between cholera and some noncholera vibrios is held as untenable. It is indicated, however, that the use of serotyping of vibrios could be used as an added tool for better identification or description of vibrios.
The Role of Land Trusts in Biodiversity Conservation on Private Lands

This short article explores the role land trusts and conservation easements can play in the protection of biodiversity on private lands.
Direct observation of self-heating in III–V gate-all-around nanowire MOSFETs

Gate-all-around MOSFETs use multiple nanowires to achieve target ION, along with excellent 3D electrostatic control of the channel. Although self-heating effect (SHE) has been a persistent concern, the existing characterization methods, based on indirect measure of mobility and specialized test structures, do not offer adequate spatio-temporal resolution. In this paper, we develop an ultra-fast, high resolution thermo-reflectance (TR) imaging technique to (i) directly observe the increase in local surface temperature of the GAA-FET with different number of nanowires (NWs), (ii) characterize/interpret the time constants of heating and cooling through high resolution transient measurements, (iii) identify critical paths for heat dissipation, and (iv) detect in-situ time-dependent breakdown of individual NW. Our approach also allows indirect imaging of quasi-ballistic transport and corresponding drain/source asymmetry of self-heating. Combined with the complementary approaches that probe the internal temperature of the NW, the TR-images offer a high resolution map of self-heating in the surround-gate devices with unprecedented precision, necessary for validation of electro-thermal models and optimization of devices and circuits.
Outcomes of the Endoscopic Treatment of Bladder Neck Contractures in the Orthotopic Neobladder.

Objective To examine the outcomes of endoscopic procedures for bladder neck contracture (BNC) in the orthotopic neobladder (ONB) after radical cystectomy focusing on success rates for patients who require multiple treatments. Materials and Methods Patients who underwent treatment for cystoscopically confirmed BNC in an ONB from 2007 to 2014 were studied. Treatment information included procedure type, use of adjuvant clean intermittent catheterization (CIC), and follow-up procedures. Procedures followed by additional interventions were categorized as failures. Success was defined as no additional surgical procedure with at least 1 year of follow-up. Procedures were classified by a number of prior endoscopic treatments. Results Seventy-one patients underwent 155 individual endoscopic procedures (146 urethrotomy, 3 dilation, and 6 transurethral resection of bladder neck). All patients were male without prior radiation. Median follow-up after initial endoscopic treatment was 26.8 months (interquartile range: 16.6-51.7), and time to recurrence was 3.5 months (1.6-6.3). Success was experienced for 50 of 136 individual procedures (37%) after excluding 19 procedures for inadequate follow-up. Success rates remained 25%-43% even after multiple prior interventions. Adjuvant CIC was associated with a higher success rate (14/24 or 58%) compared to procedures without CIC (36/112 or 32%, P = .02). Successful outcomes were seen in 50 of 71 patients (73%) with 2 patients requiring ONB removal. Conclusion Individual endoscopic treatments of BNC in the ONB were met with 37% success. The rate did not decrease with subsequent procedures. Adjuvant CIC improved the outcomes. Overall, a successful outcome was achieved for most patients, but the majority required more than one procedure.
Net Energy Value for Lactation of High- and Low-Protein Diets Containing Corn Silage

Abstract Fifty-two complete energy balance trials were performed with lactating and dry cows consuming 40% of the dry matter from concentrate and 60% from corn silage. Two concentrate mixtures were given so that the total diets contained 16.0 and 11.2% crude protein. The diets were fed in amounts near calculated requirements to prevent changes in body tissue reserves. Total energy balance was measured by complete collection of feces, urine, and milk during a 10-day metabolism trial and by measurement of heat and methane production by open-circuit indirect calorimetry during four consecutive 24-hour periods within the metabolism trial. Regression of total energy balance on dry matter intake indicated net energies of 1.55 and 1.45 Mcal NE milk /kg dry matter for the high and low protein diets. The lower net energy of the low protein diet was explained by a decreased digestibility of energy rather than reduced metabolic efficiency.
A coordination polymer from a cyanoscorpionate complex

Abstract Reaction of the copper(II) complex of Bp Ph,4CN with Rh 2 (CF 3 COO) 4 results in coordination of the CN groups of the Bp ligand to Rh and the formation of a coordination polymer. This material has been characterized by IR and EPR spectroscopy and electrospray mass spectrometry.
Natural language processing for information assurance and security: an overview and implementations

This research paper explores a promising interface between natural language processing (NLP) and information assurance and security (IAS). More specificall~ it is devoted to possible applications to, and further dedicated development of, the accumulated considerable resources in NLP for, IAS. The expected and partially accomplished result is in harnessing the weird, illogical ways natural languages encode meaning, the very ways that defy all the usual combinatorial approaches to mathematical--and computational--complexity and make NLP so hard, to enhance information security. The paper is of a mixed theoretical and empirical nature. Of the four possible venues of applications, (i) memorizing randomly generated passwords with the help of automatically generated funny jingles, (ii) natural language watermarking, (iii) using the available machine translation (MT) systems for (additional) encryption of text messages, and (iv) downgrading, or sanitizing classified information in networks, two venues, (i) and (iv), have been at least partially implemented and the remaining two (ii) and (iii) are being implemented to the proof-of-concept level. We must make it very clear, however, that we have done very little experimentation or evaluation at this point, though we are moving quickly in that direction. The merits of the paper, if any, are in its venture to make considerable progress achieved recently in NLE especially in knowledge representation and meaning analysis, useful for IAS needs. The NLP approach adopted here, ontological semantics, has been developed by two of the coauthors; watermarking is based on the pioneering research by another coauthor and his associates; most of the implementation of the password memorization software has been done by the fourth coauthor. All the four of us have agonized whether we should report this research now or wait till we have fully implemented all or at least some of the systems we are developing. At the end of the day, we have reached a consensus that it is important, even at this early stage, to review for the information security community what NLP can do for it and to invite feedback and further efforts and ideas on what seems likely to become a new paradigm in information security. To the body of the paper, we Mikhail J. Atallah, Craig J. McDonough, Victor Raskin Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS, www.cerias.purdue.edu) Purdue University W. Lafayette, IN 47907 mja, raskin, mcdonoug@cerias.purdue.edu Sergei Nirenburg Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University Las Cruces, NM 88003 sergei@crl.nmsu.edu have added two self-contained deliberately reference-free appendices on NLP and ontological semantics, respectively, primarily for the benefit of those IAS readers, who are interested in expanding their understanding of those fields and further exploring their possible fruitful interactions with IAS.
Apology versus defense: Antecedents and consequences

Participants imagined themselves in face-threatening predicaments in two studies that examined the reproach and evaluation phases of predicament management. In Study 1, participants gave accounts of their behavior after receiving hypothetical reproaches that were mild/moderate or severe. Results showed that reproach severity influenced perpetrator accounts in opposite ways for females and males. Male perpetrators became more defensive under severe reproach, whereas females became less defensive. Expectations for a future relationship were more negative under severe reproach, and this was more pronounced when the victim was an acquaintance rather than a friend. Individuals high in Self-Determination were less defensive under mild/moderate reproach, but not under severe reproach. In Study 2, participants gave evaluations after receiving hypothetical accounts that varied in responsibility-taking. Results showed that greater responsibility-taking led to more positive victim evaluations and better expected future relationships. The advantage of responsibility-taking was especially pronounced when the perpetrator was a friend, suggesting that friends are forgiven more than acquaintances when they take responsibility and apologize, but not if they fail to do so. Results are interpreted in terms of reciprocal facework and thresholds for face threat.
Comparison of hybrid-stress element through-thickness distributions corresponding to a high-order plate theory

Abstract A study using the hybrid-stress model is presented to assess various through-thickness element stress distributions to be used in conjunction with a high-order plate theory. The plane-strain example problem of a semi-infinite plate under transverse sinusoidal loading is chosen so that a computationally efficient comparison of the stress assumptions can be made using 2-D plane-strain elements. The displacement assumption for all elements allows for inplane and transverse displacements which are cubic and quadratic, respectively. On the basis of results obtained in this pilot study, recommendations are made for extensions to single- or multi-layer thick plate elements.
Equivalence of physically based statistical fracture theories for reliability analysis of ceramics in multiaxial loading

The present comparison of the Batdorf (1974) flaw density and orientation distribution approach with Evans' (1978) elemental strength approach, with a view to identities in fracture criteria and distribution functions, notes that despite their fundamental differences in multiaxial loading fracture probabilities, the two approaches yield identical predictions. Lamon's (1988) assertion to the contrary, in light of different theoretical predictions by the two methods for the case of alumina disks loaded in flexure, is demonstrated to be in error.
Islanding control of DG in microgrids

This paper discusses islanding control of power electronics interfaced distributed generation (DG) systems in microgrids. Particularly, the following topics will be addressed: microgrid sytem configurations and features, grid-connected system control mode, transient analysis during power outage, islanding detection and load shedding, standalone system control mode, synchronization in reconnection. Some simulation and experimental results are also shown in this paper to illustrate the above mentioned issues.
Rook's tour representation of the genetic code.

Disconnected recurrences of the stop signal, serine and arginine appear in the original representation of the genetic code, and of the stop signal, arginine, serine and leucine in the codon ring representation. To achieve connectedness along with structural continuity, arook’s tour representation is presented here. On the basis of structural similarities and disparities in their side groups, each of the 20 amino acids is associated with a domain comprised of from one to six contiguous squares on the chess board. As the rook moves on the chess board, it reaches all 64 squares in the ordering of the codon numbers, which prescribe the codons by a simple formula based on the position and size of the nucleotides in a triplet. Recurrences of the stop signal, arginine and serine occur naturally on the tour as the rook enters each of the latter domains for the second time. A mathematical equivalent of the rook’s tour may enter as a programming device in the implementation of the code by the RNAs.
Marijuana and cannabinoid regulation of brain reward circuits.

The reward circuitry of the brain consists of neurons that synaptically connect a wide variety of nuclei. Of these brain regions, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc) play central roles in the processing of rewarding environmental stimuli and in drug addiction. The psychoactive properties of marijuana are mediated by the active constituent, Δ9-THC, interacting primarily with CB1 cannabinoid receptors in a large number of brain areas. However, it is the activation of these receptors located within the central brain reward circuits that is thought to play an important role in sustaining the self-administration of marijuana in humans, and in mediating the anxiolytic and pleasurable effects of the drug. Here we describe the cellular circuitry of the VTA and the NAc, define the sites within these areas at which cannabinoids alter synaptic processes, and discuss the relevance of these actions to the regulation of reinforcement and reward. In addition, we compare the effects of Δ9-THC with those of other commonly abused drugs on these reward circuits, and we discuss the roles that endogenous cannabinoids may play within these brain pathways, and their possible involvement in regulating ongoing brain function, independently of marijuana consumption. We conclude that, whereas Δ9-THC alters the activity of these central reward pathways in a manner that is consistent with other abused drugs, the cellular mechanism through which this occurs is likely different, relying upon the combined regulation of several afferent pathways to the VTA.
Role of Kupffer cells in peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocyte proliferation.

Peroxisome proliferators are a group of structurally diverse compounds that cause an increase in both the number and size of peroxisomes, elevate rates of cell proliferation, and cause liver cancer...
Surface treatment and history-dependent corrosion in lead alloys

Abstract In oxygen-controlled lead and lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE), steel corrosion may be strongly history dependent. This is due to the competition between liquid metal dissolution corrosion and oxidation as a “self-healing” protection barrier. Such effects can be observed from corrosion testing of a variety of surface-treated materials, such as cold working, shot peening, pre-oxidation, etc. Shot peening of austenitic steels produces surface-layer microstructural damages and grain compression, which could contribute to increased Cr migration to the surface and enhance the protection through an impervious oxide. Pre-oxidation under conditions different from operating ones may form more protective oxides, reduce oxygen and metal ion migration through the oxides, and achieve better protection for longer durations. Corrosion and oxidation modeling and analysis reveal the potential for significantly reducing long-term corrosion rates by initial and early-stage conditioning of steels for Pb/LBE services.
Pedagogical Changes in the Delivery of the First-Course in Computer Science: Problem Solving, Then Programming

A teaching reform initiative, started in the spring semester of 1993 at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), is described. The program seeks to increase student success in a freshman computer science course, and ultimately in the entire NJIT curriculum. The traditional teaching methods where the teacher presided over a lecture session supplying facts and figures, providing ideas, and presenting problems and their solutions, has been altered. The new learning environment described in this paper aims to create an all-inclusive setting inviting the students to make the transformation from passive learners to active participants. Rather than merely listening to lectures, students formulate problems and devise their own approaches to answering questions and finding solutions. Such a teaching/learning methodology requires instructional redesign and role redefinition. The presentation of class material is reordered as the teacher and students cross each other's confines becoming a more cohesive entity.
Particle sizing using particle imaging velocimetry for two-phase flows

Abstract The major factors influencing the successful measurement of particle size from Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV) image data are described. Components of a standard PIV system, a high resolution CCD camera and argon ion laser, are used to capture images of stationary particles. The image data are used to ascertain the limitations of estimating particle size. The effects of the Gaussian distributed intensity variation across the depth of the light sheet and the optical collection system's depth of field are investigated. These effects provide insight into designing a balanced illumination and collection optical system necessary to obtain constant particle size estimates, independent of their position within the light sheet. Using a ‘balanced’ optical set-up, monodisperse particle images are shown to be reproducible and predictable over a range of particle sizes and fields of view. Accuracy in the particle size estimates on the order of 9% are obtained consistently. It is also shown that size distributions in a mixture of polydisperse particles can be obtained with a maximum deviation of 10–20% from the true size distribution.
Mission Effectiveness and European Airspace: U.S. Air Force CNS/ATM Planning for Future Years:

The U.S. Air Force (USAF) uses the term Communication Navigation Surveillance/Air Traffic Management (CNS/ATM) for capabilities that allow its aircraft to use civil airspace and air traffic control services. The resulting ability to interoperate with air traffic control systems around the world supports the USAF's global, multi-faceted mission, but entails great expense in on-board equipage and training. It is important to understand the trade-offs that the USAF must make in assessing the value of specific CNS/ATM capabilities. In this paper, we describe a model-driven analysis to assess mission effectiveness. The analysis is accomplished via a five-step process involving military route generation, simulation of the civilian airspace activity, simulation of delay events for military flights, and evaluation of several figures of merit. The software modules used for these activities were a combination of existing packages and some newly-developed programs. The analysis accounts for planned USAF CNS/ATM capa...
Development of molecular sieving properties in microporous carbons

Abstract Molecular Sieving properties of microporous carbons were investigated by adsorption and diffusion of Ar, N 2 and O 2 . Modification of the pore structure of these carbons to a molecular sieve type was made by thermal treatment, controlled gasification or carbon deposition from pyrolysis of organics. Sieving behavior was improved in the case of carbons containing a significant distribution of micropores of narrow size (~0.5 nm). Carbon deposition from cracking of propylene on a carbon containing an appropriate pore structure improved its sieving properties for kinetic separation of O 2 from Ar. Deposition of a controlled amount of carbon can be achieved from chemisorption of propylene. Similar treatment of activated carbons showed no useful improvement in selectivity for separation. The basic pore structure of the precursor carbon was found to be critical for the development of molecular sieving properties.
Is the United States country zero for the First-World AIDS epidemic?

The incidence for AIDS per hundred thousand is several times higher in the United States than in the rest of the First World. Earlier work by Thompson (1984, 1989a, b, 1990, 1998) indicated that a relatively small proportion of gay males frequenting the bathhouses in the United States, drove AIDS over the epidemiological threshold in the U.S. It is shown that the rate of growth of AIDS is essentially the same for the United States and other First-World countries. An argument is advanced, based on WHO AIDS data, to the effect that it is contact with the pool of infectives in the United States that drives the epidemic in other First-World Countries.
Transient electromagnetic response of a polarizable ground

When a uniform ground has a conductivity which may be described by a Cole‐Cole relaxation model with a positive time constant, then the transient response of such a ground will show evidence of induced polarization (IP) effects. The IP effects cause the transient initially to decay quite rapidly and to reverse polarity. After this reversal the transient decays much more slowly, the decay at this stage being about the same rate as a nonpolarizable ground.
Inorganic ion‐doped glass fibres as microspectrofluorimetric standards

SUMMARY Uranyl and europium ion-doped fibres of 5–45 μm diameter were prepared which emit in the green and red spectral regions, respectively. Measurements were made of fluorescence flux as a function of fibre length, dopant concentration, slit shape and fibre diameter. The flux was found to be proportional to fibre length and fluorophor concentration and proportional to the square of the fibre radius. In addition, the fluorescence flux as a function of aperture size and shape and fibre position has been measured experimentally and compared to computer generated fluorescence flux envelopes. It is suggested that inorganic ion-doped fibres are suitable for use as microspectrofluorimetric standards.
Cardiac troponin T forms a tetramer in vitro

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) is a myofibrillar protein essential for calcium-dependent contraction. This property has led to functional studies of developmentally expressed cTnT isoforms and mutants identified in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The release of cTnT into the serum following myocardial infarction has led to the development of antibody-based assays for measuring cTnT serum concentration. We examined the behavior of cTnT in solution. Recombinant human cTnT 3 , the dominant isoform in the adult human heart, was used. The protein was pure and functional, as demonstrated by SDS-PAGE and surface plasmon resonance. cTnT 3 was found to bind specifically and in a concentration-dependent manner to cTnC. Routine size exclusion chromatography suggested a higher-than-expected MW for cTnT. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, we found cTnT 3 in solution to be mainly in the form of a tightly bound tetramer at concentrations as low as 4 μmol/L. Our sedimentation velocity and transmission electron microscopy results indicate that the tetramer's shape is elongated rather than globular. CTnT's self-association in solution is an important consideration in the design and interpretation of experiments with the aim of understanding the biochemical and biophysical properties of cTnT, its isoforms, and its mutants.
Treating mixed dyslipidemias: why and how.

Patients with only mildly elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values but low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and/or high triglyceride levels are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (also known as statins) have been shown to slow coronary heart disease (CHD) progression, reduce CHD events in patients with low HDL-C levels, and raise HDL-C concentrations in patients with mixed dyslipidemias. Some, but not all trials of fibrates have shown benefit in patients with low HDL-C levels. Combination therapy with a statin plus either a fibrate or niacin is effective in improving the entire lipid profile, but may increase cost and side effects.
GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY IN PRIMARY CARE: A Focus on Ambulatory Settings

Considering how tightly interwoven are the strands of mental and physical health in the fabric of late life, it would be unwise for psychiatrists and primary care physicians to continue to insist on separately tracing and mending frayed old threads, each in mostly one direction, occasionally irritated by the shortcomings in the others work, and only occasionally seeking or offering assistance. As reflected in their help-seeking behavior and their characterization of suffering, the elderly often do not see, or do not choose to recognize, the theoretical and professional distinctions we hold so dear. Acknowledging the impact of the unmet needs of elderly patients, and respecting the wisdom of their choices, primary care physicians and psychiatrists have an obligation to work together more effectively. Improved mental health in our geriatric patients will require major efforts in the areas of research, public education, health care funding, and community resource development, as well as in individual patient care. Medical disciplines working in isolation or in opposition will not attenuate these obstacles effectively.
Therapy of coronary vasoconstriction in patients with coronary artery disease

Abstract Patients with obstructive coronary artery disease and stable, exertional angina respond to the alpha adrenergic stimulus of the cold pressor test with an inappropriate increase in coronary vascular resistance. The clinical significance of this abnormal response and its possible role in the pathogenesis of ischemie heart disease are discussed. Comparison of the anti-anginal agents currently in use or undergoing investigation suggests that the calcium antagonists may be the most effective therapy for coronary vasoconstriction. Nifedipine, 10 mg buccally, successfully prevented the increase in coronary vascular resistance during the cold pressor test in 10 of 10 patients, whereas the response in placebo-treated patients was unaltered. This dose of nifedipine was without effect on systemic hemodynamics or myocardial oxygen consumption, suggesting a selective antivasoconstrictor effect on the coronary vasculature.
Modeling the Evolution of Stresses Induced by Corrosion Damage in Metals

Corrosion is one of the most damaging mechanisms in aluminum alloys commonly used in aerospace engineering structures. Cracks usually initiate from the pits/defects, and currently, there are no measurement probes that can estimate the stress environment around corrosion pits. In this article, a systematic study is conducted to investigate the evolution of corrosion-damage-induced stresses in aluminum alloy 2024-T3 as a function of time. Corrosion experiments were conducted on a metal sample under controlled electrochemical conditions and the surfaces were imaged using AFM techniques. A computational procedure was developed to investigate the stresses resulting from corrosion damage/pits using the AFM image, CAD, and finite element analysis. Analysis was also carried out on corroded specimens under bending and tension loadings in order to see how the loading affects the induced stresses. The results indicated that the stress distribution and levels on the corroded surface varied due to irregularities and randomness in the metal sample. The results also indicated that the stress initially increases and reaches a plateau with increasing corrosion time and may be responsible for failure (crack initiation) of the metals.
Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on pulmonary function in scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease.

Objective We sought to determine the effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in scleroderma- associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). Methods We retrospectively identified patients who met criteria for systemic sclerosis, had evidence of SSc-ILD on chest CT, received > 1 g/d of MMF for ≥ 6 months, and had pulmonary function data available. Vital capacity (VC) and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (D lco ) at treatment onset were compared with VC and D lco values 12 months before and 12 months after treatment onset. Twelve-month values were imputed from regression lines generated using all VC and D lco measurements made in the 24-month period either prior to or following treatment onset. Results Among 13 patients who met inclusion criteria, MMF was associated with a significant improvement in VC (mean, + 159 mL; confidence interval [CI], + 30 to + 289 mL; and + 4% of the predicted normal value; CI, + 2 to + 7%) after 12 months of treatment. In contrast, patients had a significant decrease in VC (mean, – 239 mL; CI, – 477 to – 0.5 mL; and − 5% of the predicted normal value; CI, – 11 to − 0.3%) in the 12 months prior to MMF treatment. D lco did not change significantly during MMF treatment (mean, + 1% of the predicted normal value; CI, – 2 to + 5%) but decreased significantly in the 12 months prior to treatment (mean, – 5% of the predicted normal value; CI, − 10 to − 1%). Conclusion These retrospective data suggest MMF improves VC in patients with SSc-ILD.
The heterogeneity of the age-related decline in immune response: impairment in delayed-type hypersensitivity and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity occur independently.

Abstract Aged mice are known to have a heterogeneous cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to an influenza challenge. We sought to determine whether delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was also heterogeneous in aging and, if so, whether this correlated with anti-influenza CTL activity. Aged mice developed mean footpad swelling of 0.24 ± 0.09 mm following SRBC challenge and mean CTL activity of 35 ± 18%. Even though these values were significantly lower than those from young mice (0.54 ± 0.10 mm and 51 ± 2%, respectively), no correlation was found between anti-influenza CTL activity and DTH to SRBC (r = 0.01). We believe the most likely reason for this independent decline in immune response is because different activation signals are required for DTH and CTL activity. Our data thus suggest an age-related functional mosaicism in the immune system.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering and photoemission of C 60 on noble-metal surfaces

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of monolayer ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ deposited in UHV on noble metals yields substantial shifts of the high-frequency, ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{g}}$(2) pentagonal pinch mode. These shifts, which increase in the series Au, Cu, and Ag, are attributed, in part, to charge transfer to the fullerene. This behavior is consistent with a decrease in noble-metal work function in this sequence. Confirmation of charge transfer in Cu and Ag is directly obtained by He I, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy measurements which indicate formation of a lowest-unoccupied-molecular-orbital (LUMO) -derived band similar to that observed in ${\mathrm{K}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ and ${\mathrm{Rb}}_{3}$${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$. The form and Fermi edge behavior of the LUMO-derived band further imply the formation of a metallic interfacial layer. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy measurements indicate shifts of the C 1s core level which differ from trends noted in Raman scattering, suggesting that interfacial effects beyond charge transfer may be important.
Theoretical evaluation and limitations of the extrapolation method for measuring reaction enthalpy by titration calorimetry

Abstract The extrapolation method of evaluating reaction enthalpies in thermometric titrations is examined by computing theoretical curves from the fundamental equations and simulating the extrapolation by means of a least-square best fit to the temperature-time curve. The accuracy of the method is dependent upon the magnitude of the heat transfer modulus of the calorimeter, the rate of change of heat capacity due to titrant addition, and the details of the extrapolation procedure. Computed results show that the complex equations can be accurately simulated by a simple algorithm. Use of this mathematical device leads to an accurate (0.1–0.5%) method of data evaluation which does not require measurement of the heat transfer characteristics of the calorimeter.
Synergism between Tat and VP16 in Trans-activation of HIV-1 LTR

When tethered to heterologous DNA both Tat and VP16 can activate transcription from the HIV-1 LTR. To determine if they act by similar mechanisms, we constructed several hybrid effectors between Tat or VP16 and DNA-binding domains of GAL4 or LexA proteins. We tested these effectors on substituted reporter targets, which contained one to six GAL4 or LexA DNA-binding sites placed upstream of the HIV-1 promoter. Whereas Tat acted very inefficiently via DNA even with five DNA-binding sites, effects of VP16 were observed with a single DNA-binding site and increased with increasing number of sites. More importantly, effects of VP16 via DNA were synergistic with those of Tat via TAR RNA when both proteins were expressed simultaneously. We next created a tripartite fusion protein, which contained the GAL4 DNA-binding domain and activation domains of both Tat and VP16, which could be targeted to the HIV-1 LTR either via DNA or RNA. By introducing individual deleterious mutations into either Tat or VP16, we confirmed that effects of VP16 predominated via DNA whereas Tat but not VP16 acted via TAR RNA. Thus, Tat and VP16 act at different steps of the transcription process and increase expression from the HIV-1 LTR by different mechanisms.
ATN baseline-2 communications architecture

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation discussing two alternatives for future communication architectures.
Thermal addition and the benthos, Cape Cod Canal

Based on laboratory experimentation and field observations a study was conducted concerning the possible effects of thermal additions on the finfish and benthic mussel communities found in Cape Cod Canal.
Effect of Preoperative Nutritional Deficiency on Mortality After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer

Purpose: Poor preoperative nutritional status is a risk factor for adverse outcomes after major surgery. We evaluated the effect of preoperative nutritional deficiency on perioperative mortality and overall survival in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: A total of 538 patients underwent radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma between January 2000 and June 2008, and had nutritional parameters documented. Patients with preoperative albumin less than 3.5 gm/dl, body mass index less than 18.5 kg/m2 or preoperative weight loss greater than 5% of body weight were considered to have nutritional deficiency. Primary outcomes were 90-day mortality and overall survival. Survival was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared using the log rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used for multivariate survival analysis.Results: Of 538 patients 103 (19%) met the criteria for nutritional deficiency. The 90-day mortality rate was 7.3% overall (39 deaths), ...
The time course of phonological and orthographic processing of acronyms in reading: evidence from eye movements.

The present experiment presented acronyms preceded by eithera oran in a sentence. The key stimuli were acronyms that begin with a consonant such asF, whose letter name begins with a vowel sound, or with the vowelU, whose letter name begins with a consonant sound. The durations of first fixations were influenced solely by phonology: For example,a FBI caused as much disruption (relative toan FBI1) as didan CIA (relative toa CIA). Somewhat later processing (most notablygo-past time andtotal time) was influenced by orthography as well, as combinations such asan FBI had longer processing times than did combinations such asa CIA. Although the initial coding of visual stimuli must proceed from an orthographic code to a phonological one, these data indicate that the phonological representation of the acronym is the primary initial code that makes contact with the article that precedes it and suggest that the initial contact with the sentence context is phonological.
Statistical analysis of damage accumulation in viscoelastic systems

Highway pavements are generally represented by a threelayer viscoelastic model. In this paper a two-part model is presented to account for damage accumulation in such structures. The first part of this model uses simulation techniques to relate the statistical characteristics of the system response to the variability of the operating environment and of the material properties. The stress, strain and deflection outputs are used in the second part of the model to yield the statistical characteristics of three damage indicators: rutting, roughness and cracking. This second part of the model is based on a closed-form probabilistic solution. The material properties as well as the operating conditions, i.e., temperature, loading patterns and velocities, are given in terms of their statistical characteristics. The structural integrity and reliability with respect to each of the damage indicators are measured. A special feature of the second part of the model is that the responses are given for varying temperatures. An example of application is provided.
Parental hesitation in immunizing children in Utah.

ABSTRACT Objectives: To determine why parents in a Utah community hesitated in immunizing their children. Design and Sample: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 86 parents of under-immunized children in the county health department and local pediatric and family practice offices. Measures: Participants were asked to complete an immunization hesitancy survey including questions regarding why parents hesitated to immunize their children, parental concerns regarding immunizations, and what advice they would give to a friend or family member who had concerns about childhood vaccines. Parents could also write in any other comment, concern, or suggestion they had regarding childhood immunizations. Results: 2 major themes were identified: concerns regarding immunization safety and lack of perceived need. The most commonly reported concerns regarding immunization safety included autism, immune system overload, and other adverse reactions. Many parents did not recognize the need for childhood immunizations, especially multiple immunizations given simultaneously on a strict timeline. Conclusions: The manner in which immunization information is shared with hesitant parents can be particularly important. There is a need for health care providers to assess and increase parental knowledge regarding immunizations.