cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DEFINABILITY PROBLEMS FOR MODULES AND RINGS

ring theory. In Part I we characterize the rings A such that the class of free (respectively projective, respectively flat) left A-modules is elementary. In [12] we solved the corresponding problems for invective modules; here we show that the class of injective A-modules is definable in Lo if and only if it is elementary. Moreover we identify the right noetherian rings A such that the class of projective (respectively free) left A-modules is definable in L.,,. Some of the results are obtained by investigating the equivalence with respect to L.. of the direct sum and the direct product of a family of modules. For example we prove that if A is right noetherian, then the left A-modules A04o) and AMo are oow-equivalent. We prove some other results of this type and we also present a conjecture about the elementary equivalence of the direct sum and product of modules. In Part II we consider the case where W is a class of rings. For example we show that the class of artinian rings is definable in L, but the class of noetherian rings is not definable; also the class of (commutative) principal ideal domains is definable in Le, but the class of (not necessarily commutative) principal left ideal domains is not definable. We also discuss the case where W is the class of (left) perfect rings and relate it to a problem of H. Bass. This paper is written in the spirit of [12] and uses some of its terminology, although it is self-contained. Parts I and II are essentially independent except that the notational conventions and algebraic preliminaries necessary for the entire paper are contained in ??I.0 and I.1.
Prognostic value of cholesterol in women of different ages

ABSTRACT We assessed the short-term and long-term prognostic relationship between cholesterol and mortality in women of different ages with the aid of statistical graphics. Our population-based cohort study involved 2873 women in the Framingham Heart Study, with a median follow-up of 31 years. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Secondary outcome measures were coronary heart disease, noncoronary heart disease, and stroke mortality. We found that significant age interactions were present in the relationships between total cholesterol and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and non-CHD causes. For women ages ≤55, cholesterol is related positively to both short-term (p > 0.05) and long-term (p = 0.05) all-cause mortality. For women ages 56-70, there are significant U-shaped relationships between cholesterol and both short-term and long-term all-cause mortality (p < 0.01). Lowest short-term and long-term mortality rates for women in this age group are at cholesterol value...
Antiapoptotic signaling by the insulin receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

We have sought to determine whether insulin can promote cell survival and protect Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells from apoptosis induced by serum starvation. Low concentrations of insulin were an...
Airway Compromise After First Rattlesnake Envenomation

The purpose of this report is to describe an unusual presentation of anaphylaxis after first-time rattlesnake envenomation. A patient on a medical toxicology inpatient service is presented who had signs of anaphylaxis, including airway compromise, after first-time rattlesnake envenomation. An epinephrine drip and oral intubation were initiated. This case is unusual in that dermal and gastrointestinal exposure may have been the primary sensitization process that preceded a severe anaphylactic reaction after envenomation. The patient's recovery was prolonged. In conclusion, rattlesnake envenomation may result in rapidly progressive airway compromise, possibly caused by anaphylaxis in patients with previous dermal or gastrointestinal exposure to snake proteins.
Early hominid habitat preferences in East Africa: Paleosol carbon isotopic evidence

Abstract Interpretations of the habitat preferences of sympatric Homo and Australopithecus have been based mainly on regional and/or macrohabitat reconstructions of the Plio-Pleistocene environment. Microhabitat reconstructions are biased by the preservafon of many East African sites in disturbed fluvial contexts and by the rarity of organic remains that may provide site-specific evidence of habitat diversity. In order to determine early hominid foraging behavior and land-use patterns, however, their site-specific floral microhabitat use must be reconstructed across the Plio-Pleistocene landscape. Variability in the distribution and density of excavated archaeological traces over a paleolandscape may be related to hominid activities, resource use, and habitat preference. The stable isotopic composition of paleosol (buried soil) organic and pedogenic carbonate carbon can be used to estimate the original proportion of grasses (C 4 ) to woody (C 3 ) vegetation, and is a powerful tool for microhabitat reconstruction. In collaboration with a landscape archaeology project, isotopic values were determined on basal Bed II paleosol samples from trenches excavated at Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Interpreted with reference to modern East African soil and vegetation analogs, carbon isotopic ratios indicate a 1 km 2 area near HWK and FLK in the eastern paleolake Olduvai margin supported a riparian forest to grassy woodland ∼ 1·74 Myr ago. Stone artifacts and hammerstone-fractured bones are abundant across the waxy claystone paleosol, which corresponds to level 1 at HWK-E. Isotopic evidence from this preliminary study (including FLK Zinjanthropus ) suggests Plio-Pleistocene hominids in East Africa may have preferred relatively closed woodland habitats that may have offered food, shade, and predator and sleeping refuge.
Ultrasound assisted salts–metal reaction for synthesizing TiB2 particles at low temperature

Abstract In situ TiB2 particles can be synthesized via salts–metal reaction by adding K2TiF6 and KBF4 mixed salts into the Al melt. In this research, a novel ultrasound assisted technique was proposed with the aim of synthesizing TiB2 particles in the Al melt at low temperature by means of introducing high-intensity ultrasound into the salts–metal reaction at 700 °C, which was at least 100 °C lower than those in the conventional methods. The effects of ultrasound on the synthesis of TiB2 particles were investigated by comparing two groups of experiments with and without ultrasound. The results showed that the yield of TiB2 particles in the ultrasonically treated sample could reach 90.4%, whereas the value of which was around 28% in the control sample without ultrasound after 10 min of reaction, indicating that ultrasound was able to promote significantly the formation of TiB2 particles at low temperature. Most of in situ formed TiB2 particles (95%) were smaller than 300 nm in size. Our research showed that significantly enhanced formation of small TiB2 particles in ultrasonic field can be attributed to faster dissolution of mixed salts powders into Al melt, accelerated mass transfer of solutes, as well as the promoted nucleation and growth of TiB2 particles due to the effects of ultrasonic cavitation.
Another case of transplacental passage of the non-ionic contrast agent ioversol.

Sir: In a prior issue of Pediatric Radiology, we reported a case of transplacental passage of non-ionic contrast agents resulting in fetal bowel opacification, a mimic of pneumoperitoneum in the newborn [1]. Several months later, we encountered a similar case that we would like to bring to the readers’ attention. A 36-yearold pregnant female with sickle cell disease presented to the emergency room with acute chest pain. The gestational age of the fetus was 34 weeks. The chest radiograph appeared clear. Due to the strong suspicion of a pulmonary embolus, CT angiography of the chest was performed using the nonionic contrast agent ioversol. Ultrasonography demonstrated oligohydramnios. One day later, a healthy baby boy was delivered via an elective cesarean section with Apgar scores of 9 and 9 at birth. Two days later, the baby developed mild abdominal distension. Abdominal radiographs demonstrated relatively mild nonspecific bowel distension with radiological contrast agent opacifying the bowel (Fig. 1). The baby had not had any examinations involving contrast agent since birth. It was presumed that the contrast agent had passed through the placenta during the CT angiography done in the mother just prior to the delivery. Pathological examination of the placenta revealed a small and congested placenta with a large subchorionic
Computation Simulation Of Autonomous Vehicle Navigation

A concept of navigation is simulated based upon heuristic search. A mobile robot with a vision system navigates with an unknown or an unclear map. The range of vision is limited, thus, inflicting various judgments concerned with the comparison of alternatives of motion. The frequency of the decision-making procedure is limited by a definite time of computation. The system is simulated with a number of maps and the results of navigation are compared.
Binding energy of positively charged acceptors in germanium - a Green's function Monte Carlo calculation☆

Abstract Recent spectroscopic measurements in Ge reveal positively charged acceptors consisting of an extra hole bound to a double or triple acceptor. Using the effective-mass approximation and a pseudo-atom model which permits up to four holes in the 1 s ground state, we calculate the binding energies of these positively charged acceptors by the Green's function Monte Carlo method. For double acceptors the results of the pseudo-atom model compare favorably with experiments, whereas for triple acceptors the differences are significant.
A fluid mechanic-based model for sedimentation and fluidization at low Reynolds numbers

A fluid mechanic model was developed to account for the bed voidage—liquid velocity or sedimentation velocity relationship for both liquid—solid fluidization and sedimentation under low Reynolds number (<0.25) conditions. The model was established based on the cell concept with consideration of two factors, namely, drag reduction due to particle alignment and nonuniformity of the local flow field (or channeling) due to distributor effects. Without considering these factors, the model yields results identical to those reported by Happel (1958) and Bhatiaet al. (1974), which have been indicated by Happel (1958) to be unsatisfactory in predicting the bed voidage—liquid velocity relationship for most of the distributors employed in fluidization or the sedimentation velocity in sedimentation. It does, however, predict well the pressure drop in a fixed bed and the bed expansion in an “ideal” fluidized bed conducted using a conical-type of distributor (Happel, 1958). For sedimentation simulated by a hexagonal arrangement of particles, the cell model incorporating the vertical particle alingment effect predicts the sedimentation velocity reasonably well in the dilute and intermediate solids concentration ranges. The cell model incorparating the nonuniformity effect of the local bed voidage as well as the particle alignment effect satisfactory accounts for the bed expansion data for liquid—solid fluidized beds with porous or perforated plate distributors or the sedimentation velocity in sedimentation with the initial condition established by fluidization.
Improving Cardiovascular Outcomes Using Electronic Health Records

Improving quality of care through the enhanced use of digital technologies is becoming an increasingly primary focus of the health care industry in general and cardiovascular (CV) medicine in particular. The recent rapid adoption of electronic health records (EHR) has the potential to improve the management of CV disease by removing variability and assuring at least consideration of guideline-recommended care and appropriate use criteria. This can lead to improved cardiac outcomes at all phases of care; beginning with the automated identification of patients who are at increased risk, implementing evidence based medicine for primary CV prevention, using online decision support tools for acute management, and, possibly most importantly, by connecting the health care provider and the patient through open accessibility to their EHR. The widespread use of EHR is the dawn of a new era where evidence based guidelines can be seamlessly translated to patient care and where patients are actively involved in their own health. As transformative as this will be, it is important to recognize that we are currently experiencing only the very earliest potential of the EHR in improving CV outcomes.
Stresses in anisotropic rock masses: an engineering perspective building on geological knowledge

Rock stress measurement is cast in the more general context of the determination of boundary conditions for rock engineering. A study on the effect of elastic anisotropy on underground excavations reveals that this effect is actually controlled by the imposed boundary conditions. Applications to tunneling and to the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Canada, exemplify a procedure for boundary condition estimation formerly developed by the authors. In this procedure, previous information is accounted for, so that boundary conditions can be updated at the various stages of a project, as soon as new information becomes available; strain, stress, or displacement measurement can be used as input data. The procedure displayed fast convergence despite the complex geometry, and the high degree of non-linearity of the models. The application to the two-dimensional (2-D) plane strain synthetic model of a tunnel in a yielding rock mass shows the need to use absolute displacements (rather than relative displacements) in order for the boundary condition identification problem to be well-posed. As for the URL application, the 3-D model was able to completely reproduce the complex measured stress pattern, and the 90° rotation of the principal in situ stresses with depth. In order to reliably estimate the boundary conditions reproducing the current in situ state of stress, response measurements of the rock mass to current disturbances are necessary as input data.
Precocious entrainment and associated characteristics of activity patterns following pinealectomy and reversal of photoperiod

Spontaneous running activity was studied in individual female S1 rats under controlled conditions. Matched siblings, pinealectomized (p), sham-operated (s) and unoperated (u) at 2212–2412 weeks of age, were studied in their responses to four successive reversals (ΔΦ = 12) of the environmental photoperiod (LD 12:12; 200–800:3–15 lux) when they were 2712–3712 weeks old. Initial mean shift in activity starting time following ΔΦ was 6–7 hr ahead in the p animals as compared with the controls, and mean re-entrainment time, according to activity starting time, was 3.03 ± 1.00 days in the p animals as compared to the controls (s −8.60 ± 0.97; u −9.36 ± 1.16; p < 0.01). The post ΔΦ activity of the p animals also differed in showing a sharp differentiation of circadian (pre-lights-off) and photoperiod-dependent (post-lights-off) segments of activity phase (α), and in having an unusually close temporal relation and suggested dependency to the white-lights-off Zeitgeber during the first days following ΔΦ. Possible contributions of age, experience and central mechanisms underlying the pineal effects are discussed.
Approximate solutions of the regulator equations for nonlinear DPS

One of our overall research goals is the design of feedback control laws that can be used to solve problems of output regulation for nonlinear distributed parameter systems (DPS). Towards this end, we recast the well-known regulator equations as a nonlinear fixed point problem in terms of which we derive a numerical algorithm for obtaining approximate solutions of the regulator problem for nonlinear DPS. The numerical methods are based on either fixed point or Newton iteration with initial state obtained by solving the regulator equations associated with the corresponding linearized problem. The method is applied to a specific example of a reaction diffusion equation with a quadratic nonlinearity. We present the results of two numerical simulations.
Comparison of histomorphology and DNA preservation produced by fixatives in the veterinary diagnostic laboratory setting.

Histopathology is the most useful tool for diagnosis of a number of diseases, especially cancer. To be effective, histopathology requires that tissues be fixed prior to processing. Formalin is currently the most common histologic fixative, offering many advantages: it is cheap, readily available, and pathologists are routinely trained to examine tissues fixed in formalin. However, formalin fixation substantially degrades tissue DNA, hindering subsequent use in diagnostics and research. We therefore evaluated three alternative fixatives, TissueTek® Xpress® Molecular Fixative, modified methacarn, and PAXgene®, all of which have been proposed as formalin alternatives, to determine their suitability for routine use in a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. This was accomplished by examining the histomorphology of sections produced from fixed tissues as well as the ability to amplify fragments from extracted DNA. Tissues were sampled from two dogs and four cats, fixed for 24–48 h, and processed routinely. While all fixatives produced acceptable histomorphology, formalin had significantly better morphologic characteristics than the other three fixatives. Alternative fixatives generally had better DNA amplification than formalin, although results varied somewhat depending on the tissue examined. While no fixative is yet ready to replace formalin, the alternative fixatives examined may be useful as adjuncts to formalin in diagnostic practices.
Modeling of a Lagrangian Flamelet with Radiation Interaction

Abstract The burning history of a spherical diffusion flame element (Lagrangian flamelet) is modeled under three distinctive burning conditions: a quasi-steady burning process, a quasi-periodic burning mode, and a purely transient burning condition. In the quasi-periodic burning mode, the time scale of the oscillations is shown to affect the chemistry by providing an observed extinction reignition process associated with the unsteady fuel flux into the flame sheet. For the purely transient burning process radiation extinction occurs for certain soot loadings, initial fuel element sizes, and environmental temperatures.
China in the Indian Ocean Region: Lessons in PRC Grand Strategy

This article examines China's grand strategy by analyzing evidence of the PRC's activity in the Indian Ocean region. This includes a review of applicable theoretical concepts from the realist school of thought, a discussion of Chinese activities in the region, and a consideration of alternative perspectives. The overarching theme throughout this study is an attempt to determine what effect China's view towards the United States has on its southwestern development, and what the nature of China's grand strategy could mean for the Indian Ocean region in the future. The study concludes with an analysis of the applicability of the selected international relations literature, and a qualified prediction of future PRC involvement in the region.
The use of cervical caps at the University of California, Berkeley: A survey

Abstract A survey of cap use and efficacy of women who initially purchased a cervical cap at the University of California at Berkeley Student Health Service is described. It reports the follow-up of 65 U. C. women students who purchased either Vimule or Cavity-rim cervical caps from May, 1978 through June, 1981 and raises questions about cervical cap use and efficacy. Participants were divided into two groups: regular and irregular users. Of the 33 regular users, 16 experienced unplanned pregnancy during the study. Survival probabilities were 80% at 6 months, 73% at one year and 52% after 2 years. Life table analysis of the 33 regular users indicated a 20% probability of pregnancy in the first 6 months of use, 27% by 1 year and 48% by the end of 2 years.
Identification of suitable copulas for bivariate frequency analysis of flood peak and flood volume data

Multivariate flood frequency analysis, involving flood peak flow, volume and duration, has been traditionally accomplished by employing available functional bivariate and multivariate frequency distributions that have a restriction on the marginals to be from the same family of distributions. The copula concept overcomes this restriction by allowing a combination of arbitrarily chosen marginal types. It also provides a wider choice of admissible dependence structure as compared to the conventional approach. The availability of a vast variety of copula types makes the selection of an appropriate copula family for different hydrological applications a non-trivial task. Graphical and analytic goodness-of-fit tests for testing the suitability of copulas are beginning to evolve and are being developed; there is limited experience of their usage at present, especially in the hydrological field. This paper provides a step-wise procedure for copula selection and illustrates its application to bivariate flood frequency analysis, involving flood peak flow and volume data. Several graphical procedures, tail dependence characteristics, and formal goodness-of-fit tests involving a parametric bootstrap-based technique are considered while investigating the relative applicability of six copula families. The Clayton copula has been identified as a valid model for the particular flood peak flow and volume data set considered in the study.
Climate Effects of Black Carbon Aerosols in China and India

In recent decades, there has been a tendency toward increased summer floods in south China, increased drought in north China, and moderate cooling in China and India while most of the world has been warming. We used a global climate model to investigate possible aerosol contributions to these trends. We found precipitation and temperature changes in the model that were comparable to those observed if the aerosols included a large proportion of absorbing black carbon ("soot"), similar to observed amounts. Absorbing aerosols heat the air, alter regional atmospheric stability and vertical motions, and affect the large-scale circulation and hydrologic cycle with significant regional climate effects.
Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum prevents mortality from sepsis

Carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum has been shown to attenuate the inflammatory response after laparoscopy. This study tested the hypothesis that abdominal insufflation with CO2 improves survival in an animal model of sepsis and investigated the associated mechanism. The effect of CO2, helium, and air pneumoperitoneum on mortality was studied by inducing sepsis in 143 rats via intravenous injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To test the protective effect of CO2 in the setting of a laparotomy, an additional 65 animals were subjected to CO2 pneumoperitoneum, helium pneumoperitoneum, or the control condition after laparotomy and intraperitoneal LPS injection. The mechanism of CO2 protection was investigated in another 84 animals. Statistical significance was determined via Kaplan– Meier analysis for survival and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for serum cytokines. Among rats with LPS-induced sepsis, CO2 pneumoperitoneum increased survival to 78%, as compared with using helium pneumoperitoneum (52%; p < 0.05), air pneumoperitoneum (55%; p = 0.09), anesthesia control (50%; p < 0.05), and LPS-only control (42%; p < 0.01). Carbon dioxide insufflation also significantly increased survival over the control condition (85% vs 25%; p < 0.05) among laparotomized septic animals, whereas helium insufflation did not (65% survival). Carbon dioxide insufflation increased plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels by 35% compared with helium pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.05), and by 34% compared with anesthesia control (p < 0.05) 90 min after LPS stimulation. Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum resulted in a threefold reduction in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared with helium pneumoperitoneum (p < 0.05), and a sixfold reduction with anesthesia control (p < 0.001). Abdominal insufflation with CO2, but not helium or air, significantly reduces mortality among animals with LPS-induced sepsis. Furthermore, CO2 pneumoperitoneum rescues animals from abdominal sepsis after a laparotomy. Because IL-10 is known to downregulate TNF-α, the increase in IL-10 and the decrease in TNF-α found among the CO2-insufflated animals in our study provide evidence for a mechanism whereby CO2 pneumoperitoneum reduces mortality via IL-10-mediated downregulation of TNF-α.
Use of an adaptive kernel home-range estimator in a GIS environment to calculate habitat use

Habitat use analyses have traditionally relied on telemetry relocation points as the primary source of data. Home-range estimations have generally been disregarded as a means of quantifying habitat use and availability. Seasonal habitat use of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)calculated from a home-range estimator using an adaptive kernel method was compared with relocation point data from Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota from 1 January 1993 to 27 June 1994, to determine if an adaptive kernel home-range estimator approximates traditional methods of quantifying habitat use. No differences between proportional area of seasonal home-ranges and point data were detected (P>0·05), indicating that habitat use calculated from an adaptive kernel home-range estimate was similar to habitat use calculated from relocation points. Potential benefits of home-range estimations include consideration of radio-telemetry error, biological independence of observations, and complete utilisation distributions. Given the success of home-range estimators at quantifying habitat use, a new alternative to habitat use analysis is offered. In situations where inherent telemetry error is unavoidable, using proportional area of home-range contours to define habitat use avoids the pitfalls associated with telemetry relocation point data.
Virucidal effect of stimulated eosinophils on human immunodeficiency virus type 1

ABSTRACT Eosinophils, when stimulated, release a variety of agents that can be toxic to ingested or extracellular targets. Among these systems is one that consists of eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), H2O2, and a halide. We report here that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated human eosinophils are virucidal to HIV-1 in a chloride-containing medium. When the eosinophil concentration is decreased to a level at which the virucidal effect is incomplete, the addition of bromide or iodide restored complete virucidal activity. The virucidal effect of eosinophils, PMA, and bromide under these conditions is inhibited by the peroxidase inhibitor azide and catalase, but not heated catatase or Superoxide dismutase, implicating the EPO–H2O2–halide system. Purified EPO when combined with H2O2 in a chloride-containing medium is virucidal to HIV-1. When the EPO concentration is suboptimal, virucidal activity is increased by bromide, iodide, and, in this instance, thiocyanate and the virucidal activity of the bromide-su...
Validation of volume measurements in esophageal pseudotumors using 3D endoluminal ultrasound.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the accuracy and reliability of volume measurements using three-dimensional (3D) endoluminal ultrasound (ELUS) in canine pseudotumor esophageal specimens in vitro. Pseudotumors were created by injecting various volumes of US gel (0.1–1.0 ml) into canine esophageal specimens. A stepping-motor was used to pull either a 9, 12.5 or 20 MHz transducer through the lumen of the specimen at 1.5 mm/s. Images were downloaded to a LIFE computer system for 3D reconstruction. Volume measurements were made by two investigators and compared to spiral CT images. Averaging across all measurements, the average magnitude of error was 8.7% in individual US determinations and 11.9% in CT measures. Volumes estimated from images spaced 0.5 and 1.0 mm apart, from images in the original and reconstructed planes, and from different scan frequencies, produced percentage errors that were not statistically significantly different from each other on ELUS. 3D ELUS can be used accurately and reproducibly to measure tumor volumes with a low mean percent in vitro.
Topology Optimization for Synthesizing Extrusion Based Nonlinear Transient Designs

Concept designs synthesized using conventional topology optimization methods are typically not easily manufacturaed, in that multiple finishing processes are required to construct the component. A manufacturing technique that requires only minimal effort is extrusion. Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile. Extrusion often minimizes the need for secondary machining, although not necessarily of the same dimensional accuracy as machined parts. The result of using this process is lower costs for the manufacture of the final product. In this paper, a non-gradient hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) algorithm is developed to synthesize constant cross section structures that are subjected to nonlinear transient loading. Examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed methodology in synthesizing these structures. The methodology is first demonstrated for elastic-static modeling. The novelty of the proposed method is the ability to generate constant cross section topologies for plastic-dynamic problems since the issue of complex gradients can be avoided using the HCA method.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Immunoglobulin E antibodies in young children with possible allergic symptoms.

6. Goessler MC, Riggs TW, Deleon S, Paul MH. Echocardiographic diagnosis of tricuspid valve endocarditis in a child with a normal heart. Pediatr Cardiol 1982;2:141. 7. Panidis IP, Kotler MN, Mintz GS, Segal BL, Ross JL. Right heart endocarditis: clinical and echocardiographic features. Am Heart J 1984;107:759. 8. Ginzton LE, Siegel R J, Criley M. Natural history of tricuspid valve endocarditis: a two-dimensional echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol 1982;49:1853. 9. Stewart JA, Silimperi D, Harris P, Wise NK, Fraker TD, Kisslo JA. Echocardiographic documentation of vegetative lesions in infective endocarditis: clinical implications. Circulation 1980;61:374. 10. Panidis IP, Kotler MN, Mintz GS, Ross J, Wever J. Clinical and echocardiographic correlations in right heart endocarditis. Int J Cardiol 1984;6:17. 11. Berger M, Delfin LA, Jelveh M, Goldberg E. Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in right sided infective endocarditis. Circulation 1980;61:855. 12. Barbour DI, Roberts WC. Valve excision only vs valve excision plus replacement for active infective endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve. Am J Cardiol 1986;57:475. 13. Arbulu A, Asfaw I. Tricuspid valvulectomy without prosthetic replacement: ten years of experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1981;82:684. 14. Stern H J, Sisto DA, Strom JA, Soeiro R, Jones SR, Frater RWM. Immediate tricuspid valve replacement for endocarditis: indications and results J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91:163.
Moral considerations in outsourcing to foreign labor

This paper argues that the principles of capitalism do not condone the widespread practice of labor exploitation occurring across the globe. Instead, they demand that some countermeasure be enacted to mitigate the structural oppression of laborers in less developed economies. Through heavy use of two scholars, Horace Fairlamb and Robert Goodin, the author concludes that corporations outsourcing their labor to such workers must pay a “sustainable living wage”. Fairlamb's analysis of Adam Smith reveals the potential undervaluation of labor in free markets, and Goodin's ethical theory produces a principle of group responsibility that the author applies to corporations, who are in the best position to remedy the situation.
The study and treatment of 119 cases of carcinoma of the thyroid with radioactive iodine.

SINCE the time when radioactive iodine was first shown to be collected by thyroid tissue, the possibility of the collection of this radiationproducing substance by cancer of the thyroid has been under consideration (1). Investigation has subsequently been made on the uptake of radioactive iodine by various thyroidal tumors and particularly those carcinomas of the thyroid which have spread beyond the limits of complete surgical excision (1–28). This report concerns 119 patients with carcinoma of the thyroid who have been studied with radioactive iodine at the Thyroid Clinic of the Massachusetts General Hospital for the past six years. The purpose of this publication is to summarize some of the information that has been collected: 1) the uptake of radioactive iodine by carcinomas of the thyroid, 2) the means by which the uptake may be increased, 3) the therapeutic application in patients, and 4) the results of radiation not only in the malignant tissue but in other tissues of the body.
Confounds in multivariate pattern analysis: Theory and rule representation case study.

Abstract Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) is a relatively recent innovation in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods. MVPA is increasingly widely used, as it is apparently more effective than classical general linear model analysis (GLMA) for detecting response patterns or representations that are distributed at a fine spatial scale. However, we demonstrate that widely used approaches to MVPA can systematically admit certain confounds that are appropriately eliminated by GLMA. Thus confounds rather than distributed representations may explain some cases in which MVPA produced positive results but GLMA did not. The issue is that it is common practice in MVPA to conduct group tests on single-subject summary statistics that discard the sign or direction of underlying effects, whereas GLMA group tests are conducted directly on single-subject effects themselves. We describe how this common MVPA practice undermines standard experiment design logic that is intended to control at the group level for certain types of confounds, such as time on task and individual differences. Furthermore, we note that a simple application of linear regression can restore experimental control when using MVPA in many situations. Finally, we present a case study with novel fMRI data in the domain of rule representations, or flexible stimulus–response mappings, which has seen several recent MVPA publications. In our new dataset, as with recent reports, standard MVPA appears to reveal rule representations in prefrontal cortex regions, whereas GLMA produces null results. However, controlling for a variable that is confounded with rule at the individual-subject level but not the group level (reaction time differences across rules) eliminates the MVPA results. This raises the question of whether recently reported results truly reflect rule representations, or rather the effects of confounds such as reaction time, difficulty, or other variables of no interest.
The temperature dependence of phospholipid deacylation/reacylation in isolated hepatocytes of thermally acclimated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract Rates of glycerol and fatty acid (18:0, 18:1, 18:3 and 20:4) incorporation into phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerol were measured in isolated hepatocytes of thermallyacclimated (5° C and 20° C) rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) in order to assess the contribution(s) of the de novo and deacylation/reacylation pathways to the metabolism of membrane lipids. In PC, the effects of acclimation temperature were fatty acid dependent; for 18:0 and 20:4 n − 6 rates of fatty acid incorporation were greater in warm- than cold-acclimated trout, whereas the reverse was true for the incorporation of 18:1. In the case of both PE and triacylglycerol, unsaturated, but not saturated, fatty acids (18:0) were incorporated more rapidly by hepatocytes of cold- than warm-acclimated trout. For PC, ratios of fatty acid / glycerol incorporation were consistently lower than the corresponding ratios for phosphatidic acid regardless of the fatty acid, assay or acclimation temperature. In contrast, fatty acid / glycerol ratios for PE were higher than those for phosphatidic acid in (i) cold- compared to warm-acclimated trout and (ii) in assays conducted at 5°C compared to 20°C for cold-acclimated fish; in addition, ratios generally increased with the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid in cold-acclimated trout. In the triacylglycerol fraction, fatty acid / glycerol ratios were greater than those for phosphatidic acid in warm-acclimated trout only, and were generally greater in warm- than cold-acclimated fish. These results were interpreted to indicate: (1) an increased contribution of the deacylation/reacylation cycle to the incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into PE in cold- compared to warm-acclimated fish, and at 5° C compared to 20° C in cold-acclimated trout; and (2) a role for the deacylation/reacylation cycle in excluding the incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into PC, particularly evident in warm-acclimated trout. The possibility that different metabolic mechanisms are operating to maintain the composition of PE at different temperatures is discussed.
Expert systems in law: a survey and case study

Abstract Expert systems are slowly infiltrating the legal field. They have already been used in medical diagnosis, mineral exploration, and many other areas. Now, an increasing number of expert systems are being designed for law. This paper surveys some of this work, and presents EVIDENT, an expert system for determining admissibility of evidence.
THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) ACCELERATES FETAL LUNG ULTRASTRUCTURAL MATURATION VIA STIMULATION OF EXTRA THYROIDAL PATHWAY. • 1930

THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) ACCELERATES FETAL LUNG ULTRASTRUCTURAL MATURATION VIA STIMULATION OF EXTRA THYROIDAL PATHWAY. • 1930
Biomedical informatics: the future for drug development

The problems that exist in drug development are well documented: the limited number of new chemical entities, increased cost of drug development, problems in clinical trials (Phase III), product launches that result in withdrawal, and pressure to reduce the cost of pharmaceuticals from the government. It appears that the promise of genomics has not yet reached its full potential to impact the process. This review identifies the need to develop and implement the area of biomedical informatics for increased success in drug development and healthcare in general.
Role relevant sex typing and opportunity in agentic and communal domains

The hypothesis associating psychological androgyny with greater personal adjustment has recently been contradicted in several studies in which masculine individuals, regardless of gender, generally appeared to be better adjusted than either androgynous or feminine persons. In the present research, five studies involving 363 subjects tested the hypothesis that such data may reflect a culture that values and differentially rewards agentic (masculine) characteristics and competencies in both men and women while taking communal (feminine) characteristics somewhat for granted. Subjects evaluating candidates for agentic roles preferred masculine candidates (regardless of gender). Masculine and androgynous persons were preferred for a communal role, while feminine persons were almost never chosen for either agentic or communal roles.
Some closed-form solutions of the temperature field due to bending magnet and undulator heating in APS

Several temperature field solutions due to bending magnet and undulator x-ray heating are developed and presented in this paper. The Gaussian power distribution is simulated as the bending magnet whereas a Gaussian-parabolic type of power distribution is used for the undulator/wiggler heating. The heating on a 2-D plane, 3-D block, thin disk, infinite wedge plane, infinite wedge block, and beryllium-copper composite are analyzed. Parametric studies are also included to determine the optimized temperature.
Minimum degree and disjoint cycles in generalized claw-free graphs

For s>=3 a graph is K"1","s-free if it does not contain an induced subgraph isomorphic to K"1","s. Cycles in K"1","3-free graphs, called claw-free graphs, have been well studied. In this paper we extend results on disjoint cycles in claw-free graphs satisfying certain minimum degree conditions to K"1","s-free graphs, normally called generalized claw-free graphs. In particular, we prove that if G is K"1","s-free of sufficiently large order n=3k with @d(G)>=n/2+c for some constant c=c(s), then G contains k disjoint triangles. Analogous results with the complete graph K"3 replaced by a complete graph K"m for m>=3 will be proved. Also, the existence of 2-factors for K"1","s-free graphs with minimum degree conditions will be shown.
The Credibility Paradox: Violence as a Double-Edged Sword in International Politics?

Implicit in the rationalist literature on bargaining over the last half-century is the political utility of violence. Given our anarchical international system populated with egoistic actors, violence is thought to promote concessions by lending credibility to their threats. From the vantage of bargaining theory, then, empirical research on terrorism poses a puzzle. For nonstate actors, terrorism signals a credible threat in comparison with less extreme tactical alternatives. In recent years, however, a spate of studies across disciplines and methodologies has nonetheless found that neither escalating to terrorism nor with terrorism encourages government concessions. In fact, perpetrating terrorist acts reportedly lowers the likelihood of government compliance, particularly as the civilian casualties rise. The apparent tendency for this extreme form of violence to impede concessions challenges the external validity of bargaining theory, as traditionally understood. In this study, I propose and test an important psychological refinement to the standard rationalist narrative. Via an experiment on a national sample of adults, I find evidence of a newfound cognitive heuristic undermining the coercive logic of escalation enshrined in bargaining theory. Due to this oversight, mainstream bargaining theory overestimates the political utility of violence, particularly as an instrument of coercion.
Loss of surface and volume electrical conductivities in polymer compounds due to shear-induced migration of conductive particles

The loss of surface and volume electrical conductivities of conductive polymer compounds as a result of shear-induced migration of conductive filler particles is elucidated with the help of model equations by considering flow of uniformly mixed conductive polymer compounds through two-dimensional channels, as in injection molding or extrusion of sheets and films. Matrix polymers of shear-thinning nature and non-colloidal conductive particles of spherical shape are considered. The effect of particle migration is found to be most severe in the case of compositions around the percolation threshold-an otherwise uniformly mixed conductive compound turns into an insulator because of migration of conductive particles from the surface to the bulk. In addition, the extent of migration of particles and consequently the loss of conductivity are found to be the greatest for Newtonian polymer matrices, where the gradients of shear stress are the highest. The extent of migration gradually reduces as the polymer becomes more shear-thinning.
Psychological research on depression: A methodological review

Abstract This paper discusses some of the problems associated with research on depression. Research issues such as subject selection, multimodal assessment, and psychiatric diagnosis are discussed. The relative merits of alternative research methodologies, such as single-case, group, and correlational field designs, are also considered. Finally, some suggestions for the synthesis of research methodologies are offered.
Distribution of 4a-hydroxytetrahydropterin dehydratase in rat tissues Comparison with the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases

A 4a-carbinolamine intermediate is generated stoichiometrically during the tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent phenylalanine hydroxylation reaction catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase. The dehydration of the carbinolamine is catalyzed by the enzyme, 4a-hydroxytetrahydropterin dehydratase. We have now examined the distribution of the dehydratase activity in various rat tissues by activity measurements and by immunoblot analysis to explore the possibility that the dehydratase may also play a role in tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylation. The only two tissues that express relatively high dehydratase activity are liver and kidney, which are also the only two tissues that express phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. The dehydratase activity was generally very low in those tissues which contain high levels of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase activity, except for the pineal gland. These results suggest that the dehydratase may not play an important role in the regulation of the synthesis of those neurotransmitters which are derived from the hydroxylated aromatic amino acids.
Simultaneous expression of c-Jun and p53 in retinal ganglion cells of adult rat retinal slice cultures.

Purpose. To determine whether the apoptosis-associated transcription factor c-Jun and the regulator protein p53 are expressed together during retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death in slice cultures of adult rat retina, and whether c-Jun expression or p53 expression is altered by glutamate. Methods. Newborn rat RGCs were retrogradely labeled by Di-I microinjections into the superior colliculus. Retinas were isolated 2 to 4 months later, cut into 200 µm-thick slices. These slices were cultured with 0–300 µM glutamate in the presence or absence of MK801. Survival was assessed using Sytox green and ethidium homodimer. Cultures also were immunostained for Thy-1, c-Jun and/or p53. The linear density of stained RGCs was determined by confocal laser microscopy. Results. RGCs in freshly-isolated adult retina slices did not express either c-Jun or p53. By 12 hours in vitro, 12.0 ± 3.1 cells/mm of RGCs expressed c-Jun and 18.5 ± 3.5 cells/mm of RGCs expressed p53 in control cultures. Exposure to glutamate increased both...
On the determination of intestinal epithelial cell generation time from labeling index and DNA synthesis duration

Dans l'epithelium de la souris, la duree des phases de generation fut determinee theoriquement par la relation Tg=Ts/LI. Les resultats, sans tenir compte des cellules caliciformes, furent compares aux donnees obtenues par les courbes PLM.
Challenging Cases in Pediatric Anesthesia

Administering anesthesia to pediatric patients can always be challenging, especially for the nonpediatric anesthesiologist. Certain types of pathology and non-operating room settings can make these cases even more of a challenge, even for the most skilled pediatric anesthesiologist. This article will outline a few of these special situations, and attempt to give the practitioner an approach to the management of these patients.
Molecular network model for the rheology of gelling polymer solutions

Abstract A molecular network model is proposed to describe the rheology of macromolecular solutions undergoing chemical or physical gelation. The model is based on the Bird—Carreau network model [1] with the addition of chemical reaction kinetics to predict the formation of chemical crosslinks among the polymer molecules in solution. The goal is to provide a framework for describing the rheology of gels, that are currently used as fracturing fluids in oil well simulation, formed from polymer solutions that are crosslinked by the addition of transition metal ions. The model has the ability to predict an increase in storage modulus with time, shear thinning viscosity, stress overshoot upon the inception of shear flow, and viscosity changes during the simulation of flow histories that are representative of those encountered in fracturing operations.