cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in endogenous pain modulation by distracting and painful conditioning stimulation.

Abstract Sex differences in endogenous pain modulation were tested in healthy volunteers (32 men, 30 women). Painful contact heat stimuli were delivered to the right leg alone, and then in combination with various electrical conditioning stimuli delivered to the left forearm. Four conditioning protocols were applied to each subject in separate sessions: mild, non-painful (control); distracting; stressful-yet-non-painful; strongly painful. Thermal stimuli were rated on visual analog scales for pain intensity (INT) and unpleasantness (UNP). Distracting and painful conditioning stimuli significantly reduced heat pain INT and UNP ratings for both sexes, with significantly larger distraction effects on INT ratings for men than women (p = 0.004). No sex differences in pain-evoked hypoalgesia were detected (p > 0.05). The stress protocol did not consistently reduce heat pain ratings, possibly because the protocol was not sufficiently stressful to activate endogenous modulatory systems. Regression analysis revealed that the magnitude of pain-evoked hypoalgesia was predicted by the perceived distraction (p = 0.003) and stress (p = 0.04) produced by the painful conditioning stimulation, providing evidence that distraction and stress contribute to pain-evoked hypoalgesia. However, the contribution of stress to pain-evoked hypoalgesia differed by sex (p = 0.02), with greater perceived stress associated with greater hypoalgesia in men and the opposite trend in women, suggesting sex differences in the mechanisms underlying pain-evoked hypoalgesia. This study provides indirect evidence that multiple neural mechanisms are involved in endogenous pain modulation and suggests that sex-specific aspects of these systems may contribute to greater pain sensitivity and higher prevalence of many chronic pain conditions among women.
Characterization of Airborne Ultrafine and Nanometer Particles During Energetic Material Synthesis and Testing

Several experiments were conducted to improve our understanding of the properties of aerosol particles generated by detonation of conventional explosive and explosives prepared from nanophase materials. Initial number concentrations (∼ 10 6 −10 7 cm −3 ) of particles produced by detonations of the nano-explosives were comparable to that produced by conventional explosive. In general, data taken by a time-of-flight aerodynamic sizer and a scanning differential mobility analyzer for the first sample indicate a multi-modal distribution that there were a peak between 0.7 and 0.9 μm, and one and/or two peaks smaller than 100 nm depending upon the explosive used. The material properties and formulation of the explosive appear to play a significant role in the enhanced particle growth and increased deposition velocity leading to a higher reduction rate of total particle concentrations. Furthermore, the high level of ultrafine particles and nanoparticles in addition to the enriched toxic metals, the biological properties (e.g., the cellular toxicity) of the detonation particles need to be investigated in the near future.
Feedback Inhibition of Deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate Synthase Regulates the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway

The 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway leads to the biosynthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), the precursors for isoprene and higher isoprenoids. Isoprene has significant effects on atmospheric chemistry, whereas other isoprenoids have diverse roles ranging from various biological processes to applications in commercial uses. Understanding the metabolic regulation of the MEP pathway is important considering the numerous applications of this pathway. The 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) enzyme was cloned from Populus trichocarpa, and the recombinant protein (PtDXS) was purified from Escherichia coli. The steady-state kinetic parameters were measured by a coupled enzyme assay. An LC-MS/MS-based assay involving the direct quantification of the end product of the enzymatic reaction, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DXP), was developed. The effect of different metabolites of the MEP pathway on PtDXS activity was tested. PtDXS was inhibited by IDP and DMADP. Both of these metabolites compete with thiamine pyrophosphate for binding with the enzyme. An atomic structural model of PtDXS in complex with thiamine pyrophosphate and Mg(2+) was built by homology modeling and refined by molecular dynamics simulations. The refined structure was used to model the binding of IDP and DMADP and indicated that IDP and DMADP might bind with the enzyme in a manner very similar to the binding of thiamine pyrophosphate. The feedback inhibition of PtDXS by IDP and DMADP constitutes an important mechanism of metabolic regulation of the MEP pathway and indicates that thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent enzymes may often be affected by IDP and DMADP.
Comparison of resonance outcomes after pharyngeal flap and furlow double-opposing z-plasty for surgical management of velopharyngeal incompetence.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that no significant difference exists in the speech outcomes between patients with severe velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) who receive a pharyngeal flap and patients with less severe VPI who receive a Z-plasty for management of VPI. Design: This retrospective study from 1993 to 2002 included a review of pre- and postoperative perceptual speech and resonance assessments of patients with marginal VPI who received a Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty and patients with VPI who received a pharyngeal flap. Setting: All patients had surgical management of VPI at the Cleft Palate– Craniofacial Clinic at University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. Results: Both groups benefited from surgery with significant reduction in perceived hypernasality (p < .001). Comparison of postoperative assessments indicated no difference between the groups in hypernasality or hyponasality ratings. Neither group had a significant increase in hyponasality. Conclusion:...
Pathologic changes occurring in the prostate following transurethral laser prostatectomy.

Serial gross and histopathologic examinations of the prostate following transurethral laser prostatectomy in the canine model demonstrated an immediate well-demarcated sphere of thermal necrosis measuring 2.7 cm in diameter, which, within 24 hours, had begun liquefaction and was showing multiple areas of cavitation. By the end of the 1st week, the areas of cavitation had coalesced to form a central cavity lined by a narrow layer of necrotic tissue clinging to the thin surviving peripheral belt of prostatic glandular parenchyma. At 3 weeks, the bluish-black discoloration resulting from breakdown of blood in the necrotic tissue had subsided, leaving masses of coagulonecrotic tissue within the central cavity. Within 5 weeks, the ectatic central cavity was lined by transitional epithelium. These postmortem pathologic observations confirm our surgical and clinical impressions of being able to satisfactorily perform an effective transurethral prostatectomy using neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser photoirradiation. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Caesar: Life of a Colossus – By Adrian Goldsworthy

The author of this book is an accomplished Roman military historian. Caesar: Life of a Colossus is his seventh book in a dozen years. It is very well written and accessible. Though this biography d...
Prevalence of DSM-IV Major Depression Among U.S. Military Personnel: Meta-Analysis and Simulation

ABSTRACTA meta-analysis of 25 epidemiological studies estimated the prevalence of recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) major depression (MD) among U.S. military personnel. Best estimates of recent prevalence (standard error) were 12.0% (1.2) among currently deployed, 13.1% (1.8) among previously deployed, and 5.7% (1.2) among never deployed. Consistent correlates of prevalence were being female, enlisted, young (ages 17–25), unmarried, and having less than a college education. Simulation of data from a national general population survey was used to estimate expected lifetime prevalence of MD among respondents with the sociodemographic profile and none of the enlistment exclusions of Army personnel. In this simulated sample, 16.2% (3.1) of respondents had lifetime MD and 69.7% (8.5) of first onsets occurred before expected age of enlistment. Numerous methodological problems limit the results of the meta-analysis and simulation. The article closes with a discussion of rec...
Fluctuating asymmetry of a foraging population: the Hadza of Tanzania.

Primary objectives : We present the first data on non-facial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a foraging population, the Hadza of Tanzania. We compare Hadza FA with FA of college students in New Mexico. Subjects and methods : We measured FA on 10 traits using digital calipers, and calculated a composite FA value for 63 Hadza between the ages of 18 and 72. Main outcomes and results : We found Hadza FA to be significantly higher than US FA. Female FA was higher than male FA among the Hadza, but not among the US sample. Hadza FA increases with age, unlike US FA. We discuss possible influences on FA across the lifespan.
The effects of passive inhalation of cigarette smoke on exercise performance.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of passive smoke inhalation on submaximal and maximal exercise performance. Eight female subjects ran on a motor driven treadmill for 20 min at 70% $$V_{O_{2\max } } $$ followed by an incremental change in grade until maximal work capacity was obtained. Each subject completed the exercise trial with and without the presence of residual cigarette smoke. Compared to the smokeless trials, the passive inhalation of smoke significantly reduced maximal oxygen uptake by 0.25 1·min−1 and time to exhaustion by 2.1 min. The presence of sidestream smoke also elevated maximal R value (1.01 vs 0.93), maximal blood lactate (6.8 vs 5.5 mM), and ratings of perceived exertion (17.4 vs 16.5 units). Passive inhalation of smoke during submaximal exercise significantly elevated the CO2 output (1.68 vs 1.58 l·min−1),R values (0.91 vs 0.86), heart rate (178 vs 172 bts·min−1) and rating of perceived exertion (13.8 vs 11.8 units). These findings suggest that passive inhalation of sidestream smoke adversely affects exercise performance.
Developments in biophysical and bioeconomic simulation of agricultural systems: a review

This paper reviews the features and uses of some recent biophysical and bioeconomic simulation models in agricultural economics research. Problems associated with earlier models are discussed and the extent to which recent simulators have addressed these concerns is appraised. Some salient factors that will enhance the continued relevance of simulators as research and decision support tools are indicated.
Essay Examination Prompts and the Teaching of Academic Writing.

Abstract Two hundred eighty-four essay examination prompts from 15 academic departments at Western Illinois University were classified into four main categories and a number of subcategories on the basis of the type of response they required. Specific content was then removed from each prompt, leaving organizational “frames” that correspond to each prompt type. These “frames” are listed and suggestions for using the typology in the classroom are given.
Genomic organization and promoter sequence of a gene encoding a rat liver-specific type-1 transport protein

Abstract We report the isolation and characterization of a rat gene (designated TI-LTP ) encoding a liver-specific cell-surface glycoprotein that belongs to the type-I transporter family. This gene, including 5′ and 3′ flanking domains, was cloned from a rat λDASH genomic library and its nucleotide sequence was determined. TI-LTP is a single-copy gene which spans over 6 kb and contains nine introns ranging in size from 90 bp to over 1.8 kb. Two transcription start points were located using a nuclease S-1 protection assay. The TI-LTP promoter (pTI-LTP) lacks a canonical TATA-box element, but does contain five TAGA elements. Several putative transcription-factor-binding sites were identified in the pTI-LTP , including activator protein 2 (AP-2) sites and a peroxisome proliferator response element ( PPRE ).
The duck gene for α B-crystallin shows evolutionary conservation of discrete promoter elements but lacks heat and osmotic shock response

The gene for α B-crystallin from a bird (the domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchos) has been cloned and sequenced to allow comparison with its mammalian homologues. The duck gene has the same general structure as those of humans and rodents although, unlike those of mammals, the duck gene has two polyadenylation signals at the 3′ end. The most interesting comparisons are in the 5′ flanking promoter regions. In contrast to the broad conservation of promoter sequence among mammals, only two significant blocks and a few smaller elements have been conserved during evolution in the more distantly related avian gene. Block 1 (−350/−308) corresponds to αBE-2, a functional element defined in the mouse gene. Further downstream, block 2 (−98/−65) shows 2733 identity among all three species but does not correspond to any previously defined element. Other regions are less well-conserved. In particular, putative heat-shock response elements of the mammalian α B-crystallin genes are absent from the duck gene. In contrast to the heat and osmotic stress-inducibility of mouse α B-crystallin in NIH 3T3 cells, duck α B-crystallin showed no inducibility in duck cells in culture. Thus, although high expression in lens is common to α B-crystallin genes in birds and mammals, other modes of expression appear to be taxon-specific.
Computations of structures formed by the solidification of impinging molten metal drops

Abstract Solidification of multiple molten metal drops impacting a cold wall is simulated numerically in axi-symmetric coordinates. The numerical method fully couples fluid flow and heat transfer and is based on a single set of conservation equations written for all phases. Solidification of the melt is modeled by simply assuming that the material freezes when the temperature falls below the prescribed freezing point. Since the shape of each drop depends on the Weber number, Peclet number, and nondimensional superheat, various structures can be built with precise control of these parameters. The deposition of low Weber number drops produce tall, slender towers, while high Weber number drops make short, squat towers. Numerical results also show that sufficiently high cooling rates generally result in final splat diameters independent of Weber number as the drops are not given time to fully deform before solidification. Voids or indentation may develop within the tower of solid drops when the cooling rates are lower than that required for full extensional deformation of the deposited liquid drop, and this phenomenon is characterised by a porosity factor.
The synthesis of distillation-based separation systems

Abstract The last dozen years have produced almost 50 English language articles on the synthesis of separation systems [1]. Most work has considered separating a single relatively ideal mixture into sharply split, usually pure-component products using systems of single-feed, two-product distillation columns. Of late, the work has considered heat-integrating these columns to reduce energy consumption. Present research will very likely produce valuable results for nonsharp separations. Earlier approaches developed both algorithmic- and heuristic-based tree search algorithms for discovering the better systems of non-heat-integrated columns. New results permit the design of heat-integrated systems. The paper highlights the above developments.
On Summary Measures of Skill in Rare Event Forecasting Based on Contingency Tables

Abstract The so-called True Skill Statistic (TSS) and the Heidke Skill Score (S), as used in the context of the contingency, table approach to forecast verification, are compared. It is shown that the TSS approaches the Probability of Detection (POD) whenever the forecasting is dominated by correct forecasts of non-occurrence, i.e., forecasting rare events like severe local storms. This means that the TSS is vulnerable to “hedging” in rare event forecasting. The S-statistic is shown to be superior to the TSS in this situation, accounting for correct forecasts of null events in a controlled fashion. It turns out that the TSS and S values are related in a subtle way, becoming identical when the expected values (due to chance in a k × k contingency table) remain unchanged when comparing the actual forecast table to that of a hypothetical perfect set of forecasts. Examples of the behavior of the TSS and S values in different situations are provided which support the recommendation that S be used in preference...
Correlates of Postsecondary Employment Outcomes for Young Adults with Learning Disabilities

The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to examine the efficiency of a set of selected variables for predicting postsecondary employment success for young adults classified as learning disabled in high school and (b) to provide a portrayal of employment adjustment in the first years after exiting high school. Data on both employment stability and job status were gathered through telephone interviews. Of the 284 students with learning disabilities who exited the four participating high schools between 1986 and 1989, contact was made with 175 (62%). This sample was composed of 75% males, who ranged in age from 18 to 23 years. Statistical tests reveal that students (a) with high math ability, (b) who were employed during high school, and (c) whose parents actively participated in their education were more likely to experience employment success after high school. Overall, 86% of the sample was employed either full- or part-time, with the majority in entry-level, unskilled jobs. In terms of postsecondary ed...
Methadone Binding to Human Plasma Albumin

The interaction of L-[1-3H] methadone with human plasma albumin was studied by equilibrium dialysis. The percent of methadone bound to albumin was relatively independent of the concentration of methadone, but was dependent on the concentration of albumin, ranging from 8.0 to 43.8 percent bound as the albumin concentration increased from 0.400 gram to 5.00 grams per 100 milliliters of solution.
Improving Interborehole Interpretations In Unconsolidated Alluvium With the Integration of 3-D GPR, Conductivity Logs, And Grain Size Analysis

The Canadian River alluvium is the target of an ongoing study by the Oklahoma City Water Resources Division of the USGS. The basis of the study is to understand fluid flow through the alluvium so that the migration of a plume of leachate from the Norman landfill can be mapped. The correlation of three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar to geologic information, in the form of conductivity logs and grain size analysis, allows for geologic boundaries observed at the borehole to be extended into the interborehole region. The degree of resolution that this analysis provides will aid in the understanding of distribution of sediment types in the Canadian River alluvium, which ultimately determines fluid flow paths.
A precise scaling length for depleted regions

Abstract A new scaling length is described that is useful in precise modeling of depletion layers. This scaling method also permits accurate empirical modeling of inversion layers associated with depleted regions.
Accelerated Osteoporosis in Psychiatric Patients: Possible Pathophysiological Processes

Osteoporosis, a very prevalent, potentially debilitating disease, is characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Decreased BMD has recently been reported in patients suffering from several mental disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. In these patients the accelerated decrease in BMD can be attributed to drug-induced decreases in levels of estrogen and testosterone, to polydipsia and decreased calcium to smoking and alcoholism, and to increased activity of several interleukins as well as to hyperprolactinemia and hypercortisolemia. Several of these processes may be prevented or altered in order to prevent or delay decreased BMD.
HJURP is a CENP-A chromatin assembly factor sufficient to form a functional de novo kinetochore

Centromeres of higher eukaryotes are epigenetically marked by the centromere-specific CENP-A nucleosome. New CENP-A recruitment requires the CENP-A histone chaperone HJURP. In this paper, we show that a LacI (Lac repressor) fusion of HJURP drove the stable recruitment of CENP-A to a LacO (Lac operon) array at a noncentromeric locus. Ectopically targeted CENP-A chromatin at the LacO array was sufficient to direct the assembly of a functional centromere as indicated by the recruitment of the constitutive centromere-associated network proteins, the microtubule-binding protein NDC80, and the formation of stable kinetochore–microtubule attachments. An amino-terminal fragment of HJURP was able to assemble CENP-A nucleosomes in vitro, demonstrating that HJURP is a chromatin assembly factor. Furthermore, HJURP recruitment to endogenous centromeres required the Mis18 complex. Together, these data suggest that the role of the Mis18 complex in CENP-A deposition is to recruit HJURP and that the CENP-A nucleosome assembly activity of HJURP is responsible for centromeric chromatin assembly to maintain the epigenetic mark.
Instability in action potential morphology underlies phase 2 reentry: A mathematical modeling study

BACKGROUND Phase 2 reentry occurs when electrotonic current propagates from sites of normal notch-and-dome action potentials (APs) to loss-of-dome abbreviated AP sites, causing abnormal reexcitation. The existence of two neighboring regions exhibiting these two different AP morphologies is believed to be sufficient for local reexcitation and development of phase 2 reentry. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of phase 2 reentry development in simulated tissues having no gradient or continuous gradients of ionic currents that affect phase 2. In particular, we investigated gradients of the transient outward current conductance Gto, representing hypothesized right ventricular Gto gradients. METHODS Single-cell simulations of Luo-Rudy dynamic model cells with a range of Gto values were performed. In addition, one-dimensional fiber simulations were used to investigate the spatiotemporal phenomenon of phase 2 reentry. RESULTS In single-cell simulations, low and normal values of Gto produced the notch-and-dome morphology, whereas high values of Gto produced abbreviated APs with loss-of-dome morphology. However, intermediate values of Gto caused cells to switch intermittently between the two morphologies during constant pacing. Phase 2 reentry occurred in homogeneous and heterogeneous cable simulations, but only when a mass of cells had Gto values close to the unstable “switching” behavior range. CONCLUSION A main factor underlying phase 2 reentry apparently is not the presence of two different stable morphologies in adjacent regions but rather unstable switching AP morphology within a significant subset of cells.
Angiotensin-(1-7) and nitric oxide interaction in renovascular hypertension.

Abstract New studies suggest that vasodilator systems may play an important role in restraining the rise in peripheral vascular resistance associated with the evolution of arterial hypertension. We...
Carbon nanotubes for transdermal drug delivery

In this study, drug carrier properties through skin and penetration enhancement effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are presented. Multi-walled and double-walled carbon nanotubes were used. Penetration enhancement into the skin following passive diffusion and iontophoresis were determined. Possible solubility enhancement effects and drug adsorption properties of CNTs were investigated. CNTs were found to be a useful drug carrier system and they can provide a high loading and enhanced transdermal penetration for especially hydrophobic drugs. The electroconductive nature of CNTs allows easy application of iontophoresis and the additional advantage of CNTs appears to be using them as electrodes.
SPECTRAL DIFFERENCE SOLUTION OF INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW OVER AN INLINE TUBE BUNDLE WITH OSCILLATING CYLINDER

A high-order spectral difference (SD) method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations on moving, deformable unstructured grids has been developed [1]. In this paper, the SD method and the artificial compressibility method (ACM) are integrated with a dual time-stepping scheme to model unsteady incompressible viscous flow past an inline tube bundle of cylinders equally sized (diameter = d) and spaced (spacing= 2:1 d) over an unstructured grid. Flow simulation results are obtained using a fourth-order space accurate SD method. Two forced oscillation cases are considered; (1) 1 st cylinder oscillation and (2) 2 nd cylinder oscillation. The Reynolds number used for both cases is 100 and the flow is laminar. Forced oscillation is performed in the tranverse direction, and the subsequent altering of the flow physics of the system is studied. The frequency of vortex shedding behind each cylinder is the same. Root mean square results show that the lift coefficient is greatest for the 4 th inline cylinder in both cases. Furthermore, a reduction in both lift and drag coefficients is seen from case (1) to case (2).
ADHD and Achievement Meta-Analysis of the Child, Adolescent, and Adult Literatures and a Concomitant Study With College Students

This article presents results from two interrelated studies. The first study conducted a meta-analysis of the published literature since 1990 to determine the magnitude of achievement problems associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Effect sizes were significantly different between participants with and without ADHD (sample weighted r = .32, sample weighted d = . 71; p = .001). Effects were also examined according to the moderators of age, gender, achievement domain (reading, math, spelling), measurement method (standardized tests vs. grades, parent/teacher ratings, etc.), sample type (clinical vs. nonclinical), and system used to identify ADHD (DSM-III-R vs. DSM-IV). Significant differences emerged from the moderator comparisons. The second study, using averaged effect sizes from the first study as a baseline for comparison, investigated achievement levels for an understudied age group with ADHD, namely, college students. Unlike previous studies at the college level, the sample incorporated both student and parent ratings (N = 380 dyads). The results were comparable to outcomes from the meta-analysis for college students and adults. Analyses demonstrated modest (R = .21) but meaningful predictive validity across 1 year to end-of-first-year grades. However, unlike earlier studies with children and adolescents, student ratings were as predictive as parent ratings. Findings are discussed in terms of the impact of moderator variables on ADHD and achievement.
Methods for Detection and Frequency of Contamination of Fetal Calf Serum with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Antibodies against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Methods used by the National Animal Disease Center to test fetal calf serum for contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and antibodies against BVDV are described. Using those methods, virus was isolated from 332 of 1,608 (20.6%) lots of raw fetal calf serum obtained specifically for the Center and 93 of 190 (49%) lots of commercially available fetal calf serum. Virus neutralization and immunoperoxidase staining tests were used to detect antibodies against BVDV in 224 of the 1,608 (13.9%) lots of raw fetal calf serum. Both BVDV and antibodies against BVDV were detected in 50 lots of raw serum. The molecular specificity of antibodies against BVDV was determined by radioimmunoprecipitation. Lots of fetal calf serum that contained BVDV-specific antibodies that did not neutralize virus were identified.
Markedly Elevated Indirect Bilirubin in an 11-Year-Old African American Boy: Normal or Aberrant?

Patient: 11-year-old African American boy. History of Present Illness: The patient presented with a 1-week history of nausea and vomiting and a 1-day history of jaundice; he reported general fatigue. Past Medical History: The patient had a history of sickle cell disease (SS type) requiring seven blood transfusions in the past few years. Medications: Over-the-counter Motrin PRN (300 mg, Q8h). Physical Examination: Scleral icterus and yellow oral mucosa were observed. No hepatosplenomegaly or altered mental status was observed. Family History: Sickle cell trait. Social History: Unremarkable. Principle Laboratory Findings: Table 1 and Table 2 1. What are the most strikingly abnormal laboratory findings? 2. Are these abnormal laboratory findings reliable? 3. What may be causing the patient’s persistent hyperbilirubinemia? 4. What may have caused the discrepancy between the in-house laboratory and the reference laboratory bilirubin results? 5. What is your diagnosis? 1. The most striking laboratory finding is the markedly elevated total bilirubin level (74 mg/dL), consisting mostly of indirect (unconjugated) bilirubin and, to a lesser extent, direct (conjugated) bilirubin (Table 1). 2. The clinical and laboratory findings suggest a mixture of pre-, intra-, and posthepatic involvement. Under normal physiological conditions, indirect bilirubin approximates the amount of unconjugated bilirubin. A marked increase in unconjugated bilirubin, together with the patient’s history of sickle cell disease, and mildly elevated aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes, indicates a prehepatic injury due to red blood cell sickling and hemolysis or an intrahepatic injury due to sickle cell hepatopathy. …
Bier Spots are an Under-recognized Cutaneous Manifestation of Lower Extremity Lymphedema: A Case Series and Brief Review of the Literature

Bier spots represent a benign vascular mottling characterized by multiple irregular white macules along the extensor surfaces of the arms and legs. They have been reported in a variety of diverse conditions with no consistent disease association. We have identified a novel association between these physiologic anemic macules and lower extremity lymphedema. Eleven patients between 23 and 70 years of age (5 male and 6 female) were diagnosed with Bier spots as evidenced by reversible white macules ranging from 3 to 8 mm in diameter on the extensor portions of the feet, ankles, and calves. The thighs were affected as well in 2 morbidly obese subjects. We suspect that these lesions are not uncommon in lymphedema but are simply under-recognized.
A technique to improve the homogeneity of electron dose distribution in chest wall irradiation

When high energy electrons are used for chest wall irradiation the presence of ribs may contribute excessive inhomogeneity of dose distribution in the volume of interest. We have used a 10 kg (SI unit: IT) bending magnet to reduce these effects. We present measurements performed in polystyrene phantoms that are embedded with simulated ribs.
Practical method for obtaining a feasible integer solution in hierarchical layout optimization

Layout optimization is a powerful technique for design migration, circuit performance tuning and design for manufacturing. In this paper, we study the problem of layout optimization for the hierarchical circuits in modern VLSI designs which essentially can be formulated as the integer linear programming (ILP) problem. Existing approaches are either unable to handle hierarchy, inefficient or failing to provide the feasible integer solutions for large scale hierarchical layouts. We present a practical method, IRLS algorithm (iteratively rounding and LP solving) which consists of a proper rounding strategy based on the careful analysis of hierarchical layout constraints, to obtain a feasible integer solution in the constraint-based layout modification process, thus enabling efficient optimization for large scale hierarchical layouts, and specifically avoiding the need to use the general ILP solvers. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the IRLS algorithm. Compared with the general ILP/MILP solver, the IRLS algorithm can obtain decent results with much less runtime (speed-up ranging from 4.000X to 360.000X). Compared with the two-step approach(Allen et al., 2003) on legalizing a set of large scale industry circuit layouts, the IRLS algorithm can provide much better solution (satisfying all abutment/alignment constraints that the two-step approach fails to meet).
Tectonic SAM: Exact, Out-of-Core, Submap-Based SLAM

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a method that robots use to explore, navigate, and map an unknown environment. However, this method poses inherent problems with regard to cost and time. To lower computation costs, smoothing and mapping (SAM) approaches have shown some promise, and they also provide more accurate solutions than filtering approaches in realistic scenarios. However, in SAM approaches, updating the linearization is still the most time-consuming step. To mitigate this problem, we propose a submap-based approach, tectonic SAM, in which the original optimization problem is solved by using a divide-and-conquer scheme. Submaps are optimized independently and parameterized relative to a local coordinate frame. During the optimization, the global position of the submap may change dramatically, but the positions of the nodes in the submap relative to the local coordinate frame do not change very much. The key contribution of this paper is to show that the linearization of the submaps can be cached and reused when they are combined into a global map. According to the results of both simulation and real experiments, Tectonic SAM drastically speeds up SAM in very large environments while still maintaining its global accuracy.
Utility of barium studies for patients with recurrent weight gain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Aim To determine the utility of barium studies for detecting abnormalities responsible for recurrent weight gain after gastric bypass surgery. Methods A computerized search identified 42 patients who had undergone barium studies for recurrent weight gain after gastric bypass and 42 controls. The images were reviewed to determine the frequency of staple-line breakdown and measure the length/width of the pouch and gastrojejunal anastomosis. A large pouch exceeded 6 cm in length or 5 cm in width and a wide anastomosis exceeded 2 cm. Records were reviewed for the amount of recurrent weight gain and subsequent weight loss after additional treatment. Results Staple-line breakdown was present in 6/42 patients (14%) with recurrent weight gain. When measurements were obtained, 13/35 patients (37%) with recurrent weight gain had a large pouch, three (9%) had a wide anastomosis, and four (11%) had both, whereas 22/42 controls (52%) had a large pouch, one (2%) had a wide anastomosis, and two (5%) had both. Ten patients (24%) with recurrent weight gain underwent staple-line repair (n = 3) or pouch/anastomosis revision (n = 7). These 10 patients had a mean weight loss of 38.1 lbs versus a mean loss of 8.6 lbs in 19 patients managed medically. Conclusion Only 14% of patients with recurrent weight gain after gastric bypass had staple-line breakdown, whereas 57% had a large pouch, wide anastomosis, or both. Not all patients with abnormal anatomy had recurrent weight gain, but those who did were more likely to benefit from surgical intervention than from medical management.
Familial Amyloidotic Polyneuropathy Type I: Characterization of the Prealbumin Amyloid Subunit and Precursor Protein

The prealbumin amyloid subunit protein from individuals with hereditary amyloid of Swedish origin has been isolated and characterized by amino acid sequencing of the entire molecule. Comparison with normal prealbumin peptides showed that an amino acid substitution of methionine for valine had occurred at position 30. This variant prealbumin was also found in the plasma of patients with FAP Type I where it accounted for approximately one-third of the circulating prealbumin. In the amyloid fibril the variant prealbumin represented approximately two-thirds of the subunit protein with the other one-third being normal prealbumin. From this structural information and the known three dimensional structure of prealbumin a mechanism for amyloid formation is proposed. It involves formation of the amyloid fibrils by aggregation of prealbumin dimers or tetramers. Each dimer must contain at least one variant peptide chain while the tetramer must contain at least two abnormal chains. Either of these models could explain the observed amount of normal prealbumin in amyloid fibrils. No proteolytic processing of this molecule is required because the entire undegraded prealbumin molecule is found in the fibrils.
Periaortic lymphoma as a mimic of posttraumatic intramural hematoma

Computed tomography (CT) of an 87-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with chest pain after a motor vehicle collision demonstrated multiple broken ribs and a thoracic periaortic soft tissue mass which was high density on precontrast images and enhanced postcontrast. The scan also demonstrated a mass encircling the left ureter and masses in the axilla and pelvis. The enhancement of the periaortic lesion and the presence of the additional soft tissue masses suggested lymphoma as opposed to intramural hematoma (IMH). The diagnosis of follicular B-cell lymphoma was rapidly confirmed with fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT and excisional biopsy of the axillary lymph node. While this is an atypical presentation, lymphoma and other extravascular pathology must be considered in the evaluation of a periaortic high attenuation mass seen on CT.
Waveform moment methods for improved interconnection analysis

A circuit analysis program is described aimed at quickly solving linear interconnection circuits with inductance and coupling. It computes circuit responses to varying degrees of detail, varying from a simple Elmore delay to a good waveform estimate. The algorithms are based on a new moment polynomial nodal analysis (MPNA) technique that solves for a circuit response with nodal analysis matrix techniques. Allowable circuit forms are much more flexible than for existing Elmore delay algorithms. Large networks or distributed lines can be reduced to a form of transfer function that can subsequently be analyzed much more efficiently with the waveform moment methods. >
A tumor necrosis factor-α-inducible promoter variant of interferon-γ accelerates CD4+ t cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals

A polymorphism, -179G/T, in the promoter of the interferon (IFN)-gamma gene (IFNG) confers differential tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inducibility to the IFNG promoter. The rarer allele, -179T, but not -179G, is inducible by TNF-alpha. We investigated the effects of IFNG -179G/T on AIDS pathogenesis. In 298 African American human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 seroconverters, the IFNG -179G/T genotype was associated with accelerated progression to CD4 <200 and AIDS-1993, a finding suggesting that IFNG -179T is a risk factor for AIDS progression, as measured by CD4 cell count. It is possible that increased IFN-gamma production induced by TNF-alpha when -179T is present causes CD4 cell depletion by apoptosis.
Avatars in Analytical Gaming

This paper discusses the design and use of anthropomorphic computer characters as nonplayer characters (NPC’s) within analytical games. These new environments allow avatars to play a central role in supporting training and education goals instead of playing the supporting cast role. This new ‘science’ of gaming, driven by high-powered but inexpensive computers, dedicated graphics processors and realistic game engines, enables game developers to create learning and training opportunities on par with expensive real-world training scenarios. However, there needs to be care and attention placed on how avatars are represented and thus perceived. A taxonomy of non-verbal behavior is presented and its application to analytical gaming discussed.
Development of the primate area of high acuity, 3: temporal relationships between pit formation, retinal elongation and cone packing.

By establishing an avascular, highly elastic, region within the fetal area of high acuity (AHA), the developing primate eye has created a unique substrate on which the mechanical forces of intraocular pressure (IOP) and growth-induced retinal stretch (stretch) can act. We proposed (Springer & Hendrickson, 2004b) that these forces generate both the pit and high cone density found in the adult AHA. In this paper, we use quantitative measures to determine the temporal relationships between nasal and temporal retinal elongation, changes in pit depth, cone packing, and cone morphology over M. nemestrina retinal development. Retinal length increased rapidly to about 105 days postconception (dpc; Phase 1) and then elongation virtually ceased (Phase 2) until just after birth (180 dpc). Retinal elongation due to stretch resumed during Phase 3 until approximately 315 dpc (4–5 months), after which time the retina appeared mature (Phase 4). The pit appeared during the quiescent Phase 2, suggesting that IOP acts, in conjunction with molecular changes in the inner retina, on the highly elastic, avascular, AHA to generate a deep, narrow pit and causes inner retinal cellular displacements. Subsequently (Phase 3), the pit widened, became 50% shallower and central inner retinal lamina thinned slightly due to a small amount of retinal stretch occurring in the AHA. Centripetal movement of cones was minimal until just after birth when the pit reached 88% of its maximal depth. Accelerated cone packing during Phase 3 was temporally correlated with increased stretch. A slight stretching of the central inner retina generates “lift” forces that cause the pit to become shallower and wider. In turn, these “lift” forces draw cones toward the center of the AHA (Springer, 1999). Localized changes in cone morphology associated with packing, included smaller cell body size, a change from a monolayer to a multilayered mound of cell bodies, elongation of inner segments and tilting of the apical portion toward the AHA. These changes began in cones overlying the edges of the pit, not its center. Henle cone axons formed initially in association with centrifugal displacement of the inner retina during pit formation, with an additional subsequent elongation due to cones moving centripetally. An integrated, two-factor model of AHA formation is presented. Initially, during the second half of gestation (Phase 2), IOP acts on the hyperelastic avascular zone of the AHA to generate a deep pit in the inner retina. In the first 4 months after birth (Phase 3), central retinal stretch generates tensile “lift” forces that remodel the pit and pack cones by drawing them toward the AHA center.
False-Positive [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose-Avid Lymph Nodes on Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography After Allogeneic but Not Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation in Patients With Lymphoma

Purpose Determine the clinical significance of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)–avid lesions in patients with lymphoma treated with stem-cell transplantation. Methods All patients who underwent stem-cell transplantation for lymphoma at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between January 2005 and December 2009 and had post-transplantation FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) examinations were included. PET/CT examinations were evaluated for FDG-avid lesions suggestive of disease. Clinical records, biopsy results, and subsequent imaging examinations were evaluated for malignancy. Results Two hundred fifty-one patients were identified, 107 with allogeneic and 144 with autologous stem-cell transplantation. Of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation recipients, 50 had FDG-avid lesions suggestive of lymphoma, defined as FDG-avidity greater than liver background. However, only 29 of these 50 demonstrated lymphoma on biopsy, whereas biopsy attempts were benign in the other 21 patients. Sensi...
Peer-Mediated Instruction and Interventions and Students with Mild Disabilities

Teaching is more difficult today than in the past, and most educators predict that it will become even more challenging in years to come. Exponential increases within the school curriculum, spectacular changes in student demographic characteristics, and dwindling instructional resources make it extremely difficult for even the most responsive teachers to provide a high-quality education for all pupils. These challenges become more formidable when teachers attempt to meet the needs of students with mild disabilities in less restrictive settings (e.g., general education classrooms). In this article, we describe how a variety of peer-mediated instruction and interventions might assist classroom teachers in meeting such instructional challenges. We describe the extensive academic and behavioral needs of this population of students, provide an illustrative review of peer-teaching methods, and suggest future directions for research and practice.
The role of oxygen during fracture healing

Oxygen affects the activity of multiple skeletogenic cells and is involved in many processes that are important for fracture healing. However, the role of oxygen in fracture healing has not been fully studied. Here we systematically examine the effects of oxygen tension on fracture healing and test the ability of hyperoxia to rescue healing defects in a mouse model of ischemic fracture healing. Mice with tibia fracture were housed in custom-built gas chambers and groups breathed a constant atmosphere of 13% oxygen (hypoxia), 21% oxygen (normoxia), or 50% oxygen (hyperoxia). The influx of inflammatory cells to the fracture site, stem cell differentiation, tissue vascularization, and fracture healing were analyzed. In addition, the efficacy of hyperoxia (50% oxygen) as a treatment regimen for fracture nonunion was tested. Hypoxic animals had decreased tissue vascularity, decreased bone formation, and delayed callus remodeling. Hyperoxia increased tissue vascularization, altered fracture healing in un-complicated fractures, and improved bone repair in ischemia-induced delayed fracture union. However, neither hypoxia nor hyperoxia significantly altered chondrogenesis or osteogenesis during early stages of fracture healing, and infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils was not affected by environmental oxygen after bone injury. In conclusion, our results indicate that environmental oxygen levels affect tissue vascularization and fracture healing, and that providing oxygen when fractures are accompanied by ischemia may be beneficial.
Advancing epidemiological science through computational modeling : a review with novel examples

Computational models have been successfully applied to a wide variety of research areas including infectious disease epidemiology. Especially for questions that are difficult to examine in other ways, computational models have been used to extend the range of epidemiological issues that can be addressed, advance theoretical understanding of disease processes and help identify specific intervention strategies. We explore each of these contributions to epidemiology research through discussion and examples. We also describe in detail models for raccoon rabies and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, drawn from our own research, to further illustrate the role of computation in epidemiological modeling.
Malignant cerebral edema following cranioplasty

Malignant cerebral edema following cranioplasty is a very rare and devastating complication. We present a case of postoperative death following cranioplasty due to malignant cerebral edema. Similar cases and possible pathogenesis are discussed. This fearsome complication should be discussed with the patients and their families as part of the informed consent procedure.