cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Primary fallopian tube carcinoma: a retrospective clinicopathologic study.

Introduction: Primary fallopian tube carcinoma is a rare tumor. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics and management of fallopian tube malignancies at a large tertiary care cancer institute. Methods: A retrospective review of the Tumor Registry was conducted to identify all primary fallopian tube carcinomas between 1980 and 2001. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed. Primary endpoints were overall survival and disease recurrence. Results: Thirty-five patients had histology consistent with fallopian tube carcinoma. The median age at diagnosis was 56 years. The most common signs or symptoms were abnormal vaginal bleeding (29%) and abdominal/pelvic mass (26%). The most common histology was adenocarcinoma in 16 (46%) patients. Five patients (14%) were Stage I, seven patients (20%) Stage II, 17 patients (49%) Stage III and six patients (17%) Stage IV. Thirty-two (91%) patients received adjuvant chemotherapy and 77% received platinum-based chemotherapy. Twenty-seven (77%) patients underwent second-look surgery, of which 17 patients (63%) were positive for disease. The 5-year survival rate was 64% for Stage I, 42% for Stage II, 32% for Stage III, and 17% for Stage IV. Conclusions: Fallopian tube malignancies are rare and carry a poor prognosis. More extensive research needs to be performed to have definitive etiologic, diagnostic and treatment guidelines.
The mixing region in freely decaying variable-density turbulence

A novel set-up is proposed to numerically study turbulent multimaterial mixing, starting from an unperturbed material interface between a light and a heavy fluid. We conduct direct numerical simulation (DNS) to better understand the role of density gradient alone on the turbulence, specifically with regard to the mixing region dynamics and anisotropy across scales. Freely decaying isotropic turbulent fields of different densities but identical kinematic viscosities are juxtaposed. The rationale for this strategy is that conventional turbulence scalings are based on kinetic energy per unit mass and kinematic viscosity. Thus, by matching the initial kinematics (root-mean-square velocity) and the dissipation (kinematic viscosity), the turbulence (kinetic energy per unit mass) decays at the same rate in both fluids. With this set-up, the effect of the density gradient alone on the turbulence can be considered, independently from other contributions (e.g. mismatch in kinetic energy per unit mass, acceleration field, etc.). We examine the mixing region dynamics at large and small scales for different density ratios and Reynolds numbers. After an initial transient, we observe a self-similar growth of the mixing region, which we explain via theoretical arguments verified by the DNS results. Inside the mixing region, the momentum of the heavier eddies causes the mean interface location to shift toward the light fluid. A higher density ratio leads to a wider, less molecularly mixed mixing region. Although anisotropy is evident at the large scales, the dissipation scales remain essentially isotropic, even at the highest density ratio under consideration (12:1). The intermittency of the velocity field exhibits isotropy, while the mass fraction field is more intermittent in the direction of the density gradient.
The Role of Premarital Agency in Delaying Marriage and Reproductive Decision Making in Urban India

Millions of adolescent girls live in low- and middle-income countries where early marriage is common and young wives face a range of social and health problems including coercive sex, limited contraceptive access and use, unplanned pregnancies, and maternal morbidity and mortality. Consistent with this pattern, almost 50% of women in India, mostly from low-income families, marry as adolescents. However, economic and social changes associated with globalization in India are creating new opportunities for low-income girls to pursue educational and employment opportunities and make new choices about their lives that can delay marriage and childbearing. Drawing on feminist and life course theories and qualitative and quantitative data, this chapter examines the ways young women in low-income communities in Mumbai, India, develop and enact agency in their transitions from their natal to marital families as well as the impact of agency on the timing of marriage and first pregnancy. This study suggests that agency developed before marriage plays a crucial role in the timing of marriage and first pregnancy for young women. Young women in familial contexts amenable to the development of agency take advantage of the opportunity to make choices about the timing of marriage and pregnancies. Young women in patriarchal families with fewer economic and social resources are often constrained to replicate patriarchal norms. However, some young women have the capacity to counter constraints to seek their own pathways. The data presented here have implications for programs seeking to improve the reproductive health of adolescent girls in low- and middle-income settings.
Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay of hERG Mutations in Long QT Syndrome

Long QT syndrome type 2 (LQT2) is caused by mutations in the human ether-a-go-go related gene (hERG), which encodes the Kv11.1 potassium channel in the heart. Over 30% of identified LQT2 mutations are nonsense or frameshift mutations that introduce premature termination codons (PTCs). Contrary to intuition, the predominant consequence of LQT2 nonsense and frameshift mutations is not the production of truncated proteins, but rather the degradation of mutant mRNA by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), an RNA surveillance mechanism that selectively eliminates the mRNA transcripts that contain PTCs. In this chapter, we describe methods to study NMD of hERG nonsense and frameshift mutations in long QT syndrome.
Life Science Students' Attitudes, Interest, and Performance in Introductory Physics for Life Sciences: An Exploratory Study.

Including authentic life science examples in introductory physics for life sciences majors can increase students' interest in physics as well as their exam scores.
Pregnancy and Substance Abuse

Knowledge of substance use disorders is essential for health care providers treating pregnant women. Early intervention is vital to improve the health and welfare of both the mother and child. This chapter provides an overview of the consequences and treatments of maternal substance use disorders during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Effective techniques for assessment and intervention are reviewed, as well as psychosocial problems that often accompany maternal substance abuse. Information about various illicit drugs is presented along with strategies for managing withdrawal symptoms. This chapter also outlines potential short- and long-term effects on the child from drug exposure during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Reporting and legal issues are addressed for cases of drug- and/or alcohol-dependent women who present late in pregnancy or who do not respond to available treatments before delivery.
Properties of Linear Discrete-Time System in Terms of Its Singular Value Decomposition

In this paper, we study the relationship between the non-minimum phase property of a linear discrete-time system and the output reachability of the system. We apply the singular value decomposition to the input-output matrix of a linear discrete-time system. This approach provides a geometrical interpretation of the reachable subspace of the system output. For the time-invariant case, we also prove certain symmetry properties between the singular vectors of the system input-output matrix.
Attack and brood production by the Douglas-fir beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Pinaceae), following a wildfire

In 1994 ground fire ignited in forests of Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mirb.) Franco, on Beaver Mountain, Utah. The Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, attacked a range of moder- ately fire-injured host conifers in 1995. Logistic regression models run for 1995 data illustrated that 1 year after the fire event the Douglas-fir beetle selected and attacked large-diameter Douglas-fir with 60%-80% bole char, 60%-80% crown volume scorch, and 50%-70% probability of mortality due to fire. In 1996 beetle preference shifted to smaller- diameter trees with lighter fire injury, because most large, fire-damaged conifers were colonized by beetles in 1995. Although beetle populations did not reach outbreak proportions outside the fire boundary, host selection shifted to green trees in 1997 along the burn perimeter. Log linear analysis indicated that increased brood production was condi- tioned by increased diameter and moderate fire damage to the trees.
Possible Mechanism of the Anti-Fertility Effect of Copper

Zipper et al.(1969) reported that a small copper (or zinc) loop placed in the lower portion of one of the uterine horns in rabbits produced a decrease in the number of implantation sites without producing a significant alteration in the control uterus. Silver, tin and magnesium were not effective. Zipper and co-workers (1970) utilized this observation to design a copper-containing intrauterine device for the prevention of fertility in the human female and reported that clinical effectiveness was related to the amount of copper present (Table 1).
Profiling adopters of Bt cotton in China by gender, farm size, education and communication

Bt cotton has been commercialized in China for 13 years. This study sets out to examine the pattern of Chinese farmers‘ adoption of Bt cotton, what factors influenced adoption, and what communication channels were most effective in reaching Chinese farmers. Personal interviews were conducted among 108 farmers living in villages with Bt cotton in Shandong, China. The results show that most of the farmers are Bt cotton adopters, and they are highly similar in terms of education level, information seeking behavior, seed purchase/cotton sales behaviors, satisfaction level with Bt cotton performance, and concerns about Bt cotton. This study found the diffusion of Bt cotton among farmers in Shandong China shares some common factors with the diffusion of hybrid corn among farmers in Iowa: Neighbors and salesmen from seed companies played an important role as first sources of information about Bt cotton; Interpersonal channels were more frequently used than mass media channels and company channels like seed companies or lectures from pesticide companies; farm size was a strong predictor to distinguish Bt cotton rejecters and adopters. In China local government also played a positive role in promoting Bt cotton.
The Pedagogy and Probability of the Dice Game HOG

The dice game HOG has been used successfully in a variety of educational situations as an activity that not only introduces students to concepts in probability, statistics, and simulation but also ...
Der unsichtbare Autor: Erzählstruktur und Sinngehalt in Ernst Jüngers Roman "Eumeswil"

Der Aufsatz untersucht die Erzahlstruktur von Ernst Jungers Roman Eumeswil mit besonderer Berucksichtigung des Verhaltnisses von Handlung und Digression sowie der Beziehung von Autor und Ich-Erzahler. Es geht vor allem um die Erschliesung eines weitgehend handlungslosen Romans, in dem die diskursiven Teile so sehr das Ubergewicht haben, dass er sich dem Essay nahert. Folglich scheinen Erzahler und Autor identisch zu werden. Ziel der Untersuchung ist zu zeigen, dass man dem Roman nur gerecht werden kann, wenn Erzahler und Autor analytisch getrennt werden. Der Gehalt von Eumeswil ist allererst zu erschliesen, wenn das komplexe Verhaltnis von Erzahler, fiktivem Herausgeber und Autor berucksichtigt wird.
Enabling human-robot collaboration via argumentation

A case is made for logical argumentation as a means for enabling true collaboration between human and robot partners. The majority of human-robot systems involve interactions in which the robot is subordinate, and all high-level decision making is performed by the human. However, in order to enable human-robot partnerships, both parties must be able to participate in constructive dialogue where each party can present ideas, these are discussed, and a shared conclusion is agreed upon. Argumentation is a method that can support such needs, as outlined in this short paper.
Minimal Heterochiral de Novo Designed 4Fe-4S Binding Peptide Capable of Robust Electron Transfer.

Ambidoxin is a designed, minimal dodecapeptide consisting of alternating L and D amino acids that binds a 4Fe–4S cluster through ligand–metal interactions and an extensive network of second-shell hydrogen bonds. The peptide can withstand hundreds of oxidation–reduction cycles at room temperature. Ambidoxin suggests how simple, prebiotic peptides may have achieved robust redox catalysis on the early Earth.
Diet quality in a nationally representative sample of American children by sociodemographic characteristics.

Background To date, Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) scores have not been published in the peer-reviewed literature for nationally representative samples of American children. Objective The aim of this study was to use the HEI-2015 to describe the diet quality of American children overall and within various sociodemographic populations. Design We used 3 cycles of NHANES dietary data sets (2009-2010, 2011-2012, and 2013-2014) to calculate HEI-2015 total and component scores by use of the population ratio method for children aged 2-18 y (n = 9000). Diet-quality scores were computed overall and by age (2-5, 6-11, and 12-18 y), gender, race or ethnicity (non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, Mexican American, other Hispanic, and other race), and family poverty-to-income ratio (below or at or above the poverty threshold). HEI-2015 mean total and component scores were computed along with 95% CIs. Results The HEI-2015 total mean score for children overall was 54.9 (range: 0-100). As the age group increased, the total scores decreased; the total mean score was significantly higher for children in the youngest age group compared with the 2 older age groups (60.1 compared with 53.9 compared with 52.0, respectively). The total mean score was significantly lower for non-Hispanic black children compared with Mexican American children, other Hispanic children, and children of other races (52.6 compared with 57.0, 56.8, and 57.1, respectively). The total mean score was significantly lower for non-Hispanic white children compared with Mexican-American children (54.2 compared with 57.0). No differences in total mean scores were apparent between boys and girls or between poverty threshold classes. The total mean scores for cross-classified sociodemographic characteristics generally followed the same patterns observed for single characteristics, with notable differences occurring within age and race or ethnicity classes. Conclusions The diet quality of American children remains low overall, with continued disparities across some sociodemographic populations, notably age and race or ethnicity. The results of these analyses can help guide the efforts of child nutrition researchers, practitioners, and other stakeholders.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children and Adolescents

Roughly half of children and adolescents exposed to significant trauma develop PTSD, yet in many at-risk populations in which trauma exposure is known, PTSD is frequently under diagnosed. Most reliable identification of PTSD involves assessment of trauma exposure information and symptomatology from multiple informants. Over the past two decades, tremendous strides have been made in the assessment and behavioral treatment of PTSD in children and adolescents. More work, however, is needed to determine optimal pharmacological intervention strategies, as well as integrative treatment approaches that can address the wide range of challenges faced by families of children with PTSD. This chapter reviews the diagnostic history of PTSD, epidemiological data, state-of-the-art assessment instruments and techniques, risk factors, evidence-based treatments, and promising practices and innovations. An illustrative case example is also presented to highlight various aspects and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood PTSD.
Constitutivism and Generics

Constitutivism is a family of theories of normativity, especially in metaethics, that rely on the concept of constitutive norms: norms that are grounded in constitutive features of the kind of thing to which they apply. In this paper, I present two conditions that any constitutivism must meet in its account of constitutive norms, if it is to remain true to its motivations: the constitutivity and broad normativity conditions. I argue that all extant accounts of constitutive norms fail to meet these conditions due to making constitutive norms either inviolable or in need of some external ground of normativity. I then propose a new account of constitutive norms that is better fitted to meet these conditions. This account relies on an analysis of constitutive norms in terms of a specific kind of generic generalization, the “generic proposition”. I explain how norms of this form can be constitutive of a kind, while also allowing for violability.
Fracture of tungsten wire in metal matrix composites

Mechanical properties were measured for the tungsten-fiber-reinforced Type 6061 aluminum and Type 1010 steel matrix composite systems. The tensile strength of the latter system was appreciably lower than the theoretical rule-of-mixture value. Auger spectroscopy and electron microprobe analysis showed significant iron contamination in the tungsten fibers. In addition, the tensile fracture mode at room temperature was shown to change from ductile to completely brittle upon annealing at 800 to 950°C, that is, just slightly above the fabrication temperature. Quantitative microanalysis showed that penetration of the iron diffusion front into the tungsten fiber coincided exactly with an annular fracture feature observed by scanning electron microscopy of tensile fracture surfaces. The strength degradation in steel/tungsten composites was due to fiber embrittlement caused partly by microstructural polygonization during the recovery process, but primarily by grain boundary diffusion of elemental iron from the steel matrix.
Multiple Instance Choquet Integral with Binary Fuzzy Measures for Remote Sensing Classifier Fusion with Imprecise Labels

Classifier fusion methods integrate complementary information from multiple classifiers or detectors and can aid remote sensing applications such as target detection and hy-perspectral image analysis. The Choquet integral (CI), param-eterized by fuzzy measures (FMs), has been widely used in the literature as an effective non-linear fusion framework. Standard supervised CI fusion algorithms often require precise ground-truth labels for each training data point, which can be difficult or impossible to obtain for remote sensing data. Previously, we proposed a Multiple Instance Choquet Integral (MICI) classifier fusion approach to address such label uncertainty, yet it can be slow to train due to large search space for FM variables. In this paper, we propose a new efficient learning scheme using binary fuzzy measures (BFMs) with the MICI framework for two-class classifier fusion given ambiguously and imprecisely labeled training data. We present experimental results on both synthetic data and real target detection problems and show that the proposed MICI-BFM algorithm can effectively and efficiently perform classifier fusion given remote sensing data with imprecise labels.
How to compute modulo prime-power sums

The problem of computing modulo prime-power sums is investigated in distributed source coding as well as computation over Multiple-Access Channel (MAC). We build upon group codes and present a new class of codes called Quasi Group Codes (QGC). A QGC is a subset of a group code. These codes are not closed under the group addition. We investigate some properties of QGC's, and provide a packing and a covering bound. Next, we use these bounds to derived achievable rates for distributed source coding as well as computation over MAC. We show that strict improvements over the previously known schemes can be obtained using QGC's.
Residual Benign Prostate Glandular Tissue after Radical Prostatectomy is Not Associated with the Development of Detectable Postoperative Serum Prostate Specific Antigen.

Purpose:To determine if benign glandular tissue at the surgical margin (BGM) is associated with detectable prostate specific antigen (PSA) and/or biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostate...
Values that influence employment acceptance among physical therapists practicing in primary care shortage and non-urban designation areas.

INTRODUCTION Physical therapists (PTs) in all United States, DC, and the US Virgin Islands have first-contact direct access privileges to examine and treat patients. Evidence supports the value of PT services in reducing annual healthcare costs, decreasing the need for prescription pain medication, and decreasing the need for outpatient physician care. PTs can play an essential role in managing patient health needs in primary care health professional shortage areas (pcHPSAs), especially in rural areas, which are disproportionately affected by shortage-related health disparities. The current study examined values that differentiated PTs who accept and maintain employment in pcHPSAs and non-urban areas, as a means of advising health agencies within these designation areas. METHODS A survey invitation was emailed to PTs in six states. The Determinants of Employment Acceptance Survey was used to survey the importance of six factors (attachment to place, community assets, practice environment, professional advancement, relationships, and remuneration) when considering employment. RESULTS Respondents included 373 PTs (36% pcHPSA; 33% non-urban). Professional advancement was significantly more important to PTs intending to continue their employment in a pcHPSA. Community assets were more important to PTs in non-urban areas who planned to leave their employment within 5 years. The most valued factors for PTs, regardless of practice location, were practice environment and attachment to place. CONCLUSION Employers in rural areas or pcHPSAs who are interested in recruiting and retaining PTs should consider the importance of professional advancement, practice environment, and workplace relationships, and should use strategic measures to fortify these assets within the workplace.
Rigid Versus Flexible Bronchoscopy

Flexible and rigid bronchoscopes are complementary tools for the evaluation and treatment of a variety of airway disorders. Each device has its unique set of advantages and drawbacks. Although there are several instruments that can be used with either apparatus, the operation of each type of bronchoscope varies significantly. In the right hands, the combination of bronchoscopes forms the foundation of comprehensive airway disease management. They have a wide range of applications in the diagnosis and treatment of both benign and malignant airway diseases. Independent of the type of bronchoscope used, the cornerstones of procedural success remain the same: expert skillset, appropriate patient selection, optimal positioning, control of the procedural environment, deliberate movements, and an in-depth understanding of local anatomy. In this chapter, we discuss the history, design, and contemporary applications within thoracic medicine of these two essential tools.
ANALYSIS OF BUS TRANSIT'S MAINTENANCE EFFICIENCY USING SECTION 15 DATA

Vehicle maintenance expenses contribute approximately 21 percent to the total operating expenses and are the second highest expense category after vehicle operations. In addition, the cost efficiency of vehicle maintenance is declining. If maintenance becomes more cost efficient, overall cost reductions and service quality improvements are possible. Direct comparisons among systems are not generally useful, because cost variations are largely a function of factors that are determined by system operating characteristics and the environment in which the system operates, and are mostly outside the system operator's control. In this paper, the relationship and effect of these factors on vehicle maintenance efficiency and productivity components are explored. A cross-sectional analysis is performed through a set of regression equations that may be used by transit managers as a tool to identify and diagnose the sources of their inefficiencies, and assist them in the development or modification of their maintenance policies.
The Prospect of Open Deliberations on the Wisconsin Supreme Court

In the wake of recent episodes of dysfunction on the Wisconsin Supreme Court, Chief Justice Shirley Abrahamson proposed a number of reforms for her colleagues’ consideration. The most notable among these was a call for the court to open its deliberations to the public. Although this proposal was rejected by the other justices, it raised interesting questions about why judicial deliberations in American appellate courts are uniformly closed affairs, and what the effects of open deliberations might be. This short piece offers a few preliminary thoughts.
THE PHONETICS OF NASAL PHONOLOGY: THEOREMS AND DATA

Publisher Summary Physiologically a nasal speech sound is quite simple: it just involves lowering of the soft palate to a degree sufficient to couple the oral and nasal cavities acoustically. With a concomitant oral closure, a nasal consonant is produced; without it, a nasal vowel. This chapter discusses the extent to which sound patterns in language can be derived, such as theorems from first principles, the latter being facts that are empirically verifiable and pertinent as well to domains other than speech. The function of the speech mechanism may be considered the conversion of static or slowly varying air pressure into the rapid air pressure variations that are called sound. This task is accomplished by what is in effect an interconnected series of chambers whose volumes, and thus, also air pressures, may be varied by piston-like mechanisms and whose input and output of air flow are regulated by various valves.
Numerical estimation of the variance of the completeness index applied to cancer data

Cancer prevalence is the proportion of people in a population diagnosed with cancer in the past and still alive. One way to estimate prevalence is via population-based registries, where data on diagnosis and life status of all incident cases occurring in the covered population are collected. In this report a numerical method for the estimation of the variance of the completeness index (NUMCOMP) is developed, and comparisons are made with a previous analytical method (VARCOMP) proposed by Gigli et al.(2006). The paper is organized as follows: section 1 introduces the problem; section 2 illustrates the new method; section 3 describes the algorithm in details; finally in section 4 the new and old methods are applied to the following cancer sites: all sites, anus, brain, colorectal for males and females, and to breast cancer for females (all races/ethnicities) and results are compared and commented.
Towards GIS Mapping and Spatial Modelling of Archaeological Sites in the Southeast Queensland Bioregion

In the early 1980s a strategic approach to the description, assessment and management of cultural heritage places using biogeographical boundaries was developed in Queensland. A recent refinement correlates sites on the Environmental Protection Agency's Indigenous Sites Database with environmental variables for the Moreton Basin Province of the Southeast Queensland Bioregion. Archaeological sites in the province are correlated with distance to water, elevation and particular geological and vegetation types. These correlations may reflect either real relationships or biases in the data. Preliminary correlative models developed are not considered substitutes for further inventory surveys and ongoing model refinement. The development of such models is considered useful in providing initial understanding of site distribution patterns.
Conflict and Cooperation in Wild Chimpanzees

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the current knowledge of competition and cooperation in wild chimpanzees. It explicitly focuses on recent field studies that shed new light on how chimpanzees compete, cooperate, and cooperate to compete. It outlines the social, demographic, and ecological contexts within which wild chimpanzees compete and cooperate. Within groups, males compete over status and access to fecundable females. High-ranking males gain clear reproductive benefits as they monopolize mating with females when they are most likely to conceive. Rank striving also incurs significant physiological costs, and the extent to which these are mitigated by survival benefits, such as increased access to resources, is not clear. Males direct frequent aggression against females, much of which appears to function as sexual coercion, decreasing the chance that a female will mate with other males. Females are aggressive primarily in the context of feeding competition. Despite evidence that female rank has important effects on reproduction, aggression by parous females against other parous females is rare, and female dominance ranks are stable over long periods of time. Intergroup relations among chimpanzees are predictably hostile. The evolutionary mechanisms that account for chimpanzee cooperation require further study. Current data suggest little role for kin selection. Some patterns of exchange are suggestive of reciprocal altruism, but better data are required to rule out the alternative hypothesis of mutualism.
Streamflow generation from snowmelt in semi-arid, seasonally snow-covered, forested catchments, Valles Caldera, New Mexico

[1] Streamflow generation in the semiarid, seasonally snow-covered, and forested mountain catchments of the Valles Caldera, New Mexico, was investigated using chemical tracers. Samples were collected from snow, subsurface flow from hillslopes, and streamflow at Redondo and La Jara Creeks from December 2004 to July 2005. A new modeling procedure was developed by combining diagnostic tools of mixing models and end-member mixing analysis to evaluate the assumptions of mixing models. This procedure was successfully used to determine conservative chemical tracers, identify the number of end-members that contribute to streamflow, and evaluate eligibility of end-members. The results show that streamflow at Redondo Creek was generated from two end-members: lateral subsurface flow (∼80%) and thermal meteoric water (∼20%). Streamflow at La Jara Creek was primarily from lateral subsurface flow alone. Overland flow of snowmelt was not a significant contributor to streamflow in either catchment. Lateral subsurface flow is an important process of streamflow generation in semiarid environments in the southwest United States and should play a critical role in regulating biogeochemical cycles.
Comparison of thin film and bulk forms of the transparent conducting oxide solution Cd1+xIn2−2xSnxO4

Physical and structural properties of thin films prepared via rf magnetron sputtering of the transparent conducting oxide spinel Cd1+xIn2−2xSnxO4 are compared to those reported for bulk specimens (prepared via high-temperature solid state reaction at 1175 °C). Optical band gaps measured on thin films of Cd1+xIn2−2xSnxO4 were 3.5, 3.70, and 3.65 eV for x=0.15, 0.45, and 0.70, which where 0.57, 0.94, and 0.95 eV higher than their bulk counterparts. Thin film Seebeck coefficients were −18.0, −15.5, and −15.5 μV/K for x=0.15, 0.45, and 0.70, respectively, which were 27, 24, and 19 μV/K smaller in magnitude than their bulk counterparts. Sn-Mossbauer spectroscopy revealed isomer shifts that averaged 0.2 mm/s for both bulk and thin films specimens. The presence of quadrupole splitting, which averaged near 0.48 mm/s for film specimens and 0.39 mm/s for bulk specimens, suggests that Sn+4 in all specimens is in octahedral coordination. The difference in quadrupole splitting suggests that thin films have a different cation distribution than their bulk counterparts. The effective mass at the base of the conduction band, measured via the method-of-four-coefficients, was found to be 0.25, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.22 me for x equal to 0.15, 0.45, 0.70, and 1.0, respectively. A model that explains the changes in optical gap and thermopower as a result of differences in the fundamental band gap (resulting from a changing cation distribution), conduction band curvature, and carrier density is presented.
Multiphoton crosslinking for biocompatible 3D printing of type I collagen

Multiphoton fabrication is a powerful technique for three-dimensional (3D) printing of structures at the microscale. Many polymers and proteins have been successfully structured and patterned using this method. Type I collagen comprises a large part of the extracellular matrix for most tissue types and is a widely used cellular scaffold material for tissue engineering. Current methods for creating collagen tissue scaffolds do not allow control of local geometry on a cellular scale. This means the environment experienced by cells may be made up of the native material but unrelated to native cellular-scale structure. In this study, we present a novel method to allow multiphoton crosslinking of type I collagen with flavin mononucleotide photosensitizer. The method detailed allows full 3D printing of crosslinked structures made from unmodified type I collagen and uses only demonstrated biocompatible materials. Resolution of 1 μm for both standing lines and high-aspect ratio gaps between structures is demonstrated and complex 3D structures are fabricated. This study demonstrates a means for 3D printing with one of the most widely used tissue scaffold materials. High-resolution, 3D control of the fabrication of collagen scaffolds will facilitate higher fidelity recreation of the native extracellular environment for engineered tissues.
A Virtual Environment for Teaching Technical Aspects of Privacy

Most of Information Technology and Information Systems courses teach students about possible invasion of privacy as a result of poor information system security, not about privacy as an essential principle in information systems. Moreover, students must know not only policy and compliance aspects of privacy, but also technical safeguards, so they can develop or configure systems to avoid privacy violations. Laboratory exercises are crucial in understanding technical aspects of privacy. This paper describes a virtual environment we have developed for "hands-on" laboratory exercises that allow students to recognize what happens "behind the scene" when they interact with information systems. Two example modules are developed and presented.
Human papillomavirus: a review

Human papillomavirus infection remains a great source of morbidity and mortality. Progress in understanding the structure of HPV and its pathogenesis has led to a wide variety of possible new treatment modalities to combat HPV-related disease. Most HPV infections (whether high risk or low risk) resolve without any medical intervention. Persistent or progressive disease, however, remains difficult to treat. Although currently available therapies have proved efficacious and tolerable in the treatment of nongenital and genital warts, no single therapy is uniformly effective in eradicating persistent HPV infection. Cytodestructive methods, such as cryotherapy, remain the primary treatment modality for nongenital warts. Immune response modifiers, such as imiquimod, currently show the greatest promise in treating HPV-induced anogenital lesions, both with respect to complete response and in preventing recurrence. Human papillomavirus infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases in the world, and cervical cancer still causes significant morbidity and mortality. Pap smear tests have greatly reduced the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developed countries. Additional research will focus on primary and secondary prevention strategies. Vaccines against high-risk HPV types are promising modalities currently under investigation to prevent HPV infections and possibly to treat them.
A preliminary investigation of sudden gains in exposure therapy for PTSD

The purpose of the current study was to examine sudden gains in those receiving treatment for PTSD and whether these rapid changes were related to overall symptom reduction in a small sample of female assault survivors with PTSD undergoing prolonged exposure (PE) therapy. Sudden gains were found to occur in 52% of the sample. Among those who experienced a sudden gain, the average magnitude (12.4 points) accounted for 61% of overall symptom reduction. Importantly, treatment outcome was better for those who experienced sudden gains than those who did not. The experience of a sudden gain may result in patients becoming more fully engaged with treatment, and recognition of them may result in identifying potential process-related predictors of treatment response.
Femme avec une Fleur

"Femme avec une Fleur" guides us into an impressionist world through paintings at a museum. We are given a rare opportunity to view a different time and place through the eyes of an artist. Along the way, we linger near a forest path, which borders a field and a sparkling, peaceful river. We pass several groups of people enjoying a beautiful spring day under a brilliant azure sky. Our journey ends with a simple scene: a woman with a flower. Utilizing numerous techniques to produce a temporally coherent painterly effect, "Femme avec une Fleur" uses modern technology to reinterpret a classic period and artistic vision.
Effects of Salmon-Borne Nutrients on Riparian Soils and Vegetation in Southwest Alaska

Spawning Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) contribute marine-derived nutrients to riparian ecosystems, potentially affecting characteristics of the associated soils and vegetation. We quantified these effects by comparing soil and vegetative characteristics upstream and downstream of natural migratory barriers on ten spawning streams in southwest Alaska. Mean δ15N values—indicative of salmon-borne nutrients—were significantly higher in the O horizon and surface mineral soils downstream of barriers (near spawning reaches) than in soils upstream of barriers (near non-spawning reaches). However, the mean total N concentration in surface mineral soil was lower downstream than upstream. Mean foliar δ15N values were higher downstream for three plant species (Picea glauca, Salix alaxensis and Arctagrostis latifolia) with contrasting physiognomies. Mean overstory stem density was 100% higher downstream, primarily due to a fivefold difference in the density of large-diameter willows (Salix spp.). Mean understory stem density was 47% lower downstream, also driven by a difference in willow density. Mean ground layer non-vascular and dwarf shrub species covers were 28% and 73% lower downstream, respectively. Of the ten soil and vegetative characteristics that differed upstream to downstream, two (O horizon and Picea glauca δ15N) were correlated with the density of spawning salmon. Collectively, the data suggest that salmon-borne nutrients alter riparian soils and vegetation, while factors unrelated to salmon are responsible for the ultimate expression of many community characteristics.
Using Stories in Coach Education: A Commentary

INTRODUCTION I applaud Douglas and Carless for sharing the results of an innovative approach to continuing professional development (CPD) for coaches. This is a good example of using stories in coach education, and the results look very promising. I believe the storytelling approach both complements and extends similar approaches in coach education such as coaching scenarios and critical incidents [1, 2]. The authors are well qualified to tell this ‘story’ because of their line of research and practice in coach development. The use of stories is grounded in a strong conceptual framework, thereby allowing the article to make a contribution both to learning theory and coach education in practice.
Photothermal response of tissue phantoms containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes

Inclusion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) into tissue prior to laser therapy has the potential to enhance the selectivity and effectiveness of cancer therapy by providing greater and more controlled thermal deposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the optical and thermal response of tissue representative phantoms containing MWNTs to optical radiation. Tissue representative phantoms 20 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness were created from sodium alginate. Following the inclusion of MWNTs (900 nm in length, 40-60 nm in diameter) in phantoms, the distribution of MWNTs was observed using transmission electron microscopy. A predominantly, evenly dispersed and randomly oriented distribution of MWNTs was observed with a rare presence of MWNT clustering or clumping. In order to characterize the response of MWNT inclusion on optical properties of phantoms, the transmittance and reflectance spectra of phantoms with and without MWNT inclusion were measured with a spectrophotometer over a wavelength range of 200-1400 nm. Inclusion of MWNTs in phantoms dramatically enhanced light absorption across the entire wavelength range as evidenced by a diminished transmittance and reflectance compared with phantoms without MWNTs. In order to evaluate the spatiotemporal temperature distribution associated with laser irradiation of phantoms with and without MWNTs, the temperature was measured at discrete radial distances from the center of the incident laser beam using thermocouples. The rate of temperature increase and peak temperature for phantoms containing MWNTs was much greater compared with phantoms without MWNTs at all measurement locations. In conclusion, MWNT inclusion in tissue phantoms increases the optical absorption and temperature elevation, which may enable more effective photothermal therapies of human disease utilizing lasers.
The Very Model of a Minor/Major Change: A Current Look at Serials Cataloging Title Change Rules

This article provides serials professionals with explanations and examples of rules for minor and major changes in the 2002 revision of Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd ed. (AACR2), as applied to serials. The authors outline minor/major rules and Library of Congress Rule Interpretations (LCRIs) and give examples for each rule. They also discuss initiatives and meetings leading up to these changes and provide key definitions as well as explore various problems with AACR2 and the intended goals for the revision. Additional discussion focuses on the impact of the minor/major changes on areas such as workflow in technical services, shelving, binding, and training.
Limiting availability of system with non-identical lifetime distributions and non-identical repair time distributions

The limiting availability, or steady state availability of a repairable system is studied. It is assumed that the lifetimes of system are independent but not necessarily identically distributed, and the times for repairing the failed systems are also independent but not necessarily identically distributed. It can be used to better model the real situation than the usual i.i.d. assumption. In this paper, sufficient conditions are given under which the limiting availability of the system exists and its closed-form expression is also derived.
Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows fed diets with 2 different levels of dietary crude protein and starch with or without monensin

Rumensin (monensin; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) has been shown to reduce ammonia production and microbial populations in vitro; thus, it would be assumed to reduce ruminal ammonia production and subsequent urea production and consequently affect urea recycling. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of 2 levels of dietary crude protein (CP) and 2 levels of starch, with and without Rumensin on urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cattle. Twelve lactating Holstein dairy cows (107 ± 21 d in milk, 647 kg ± 37 kg of body weight) were fed diets characterized as having high (16.7%) or low (15.3%) CP with or without Rumensin, while dietary starch levels (23 vs. 29%) were varied between 2 feeding periods with at least 7d of adaptation between measurements. Cows assigned to high or low protein and to Rumensin or no Rumensin remained on those treatments to avoid carryover effects. The diets consisted of approximately 40% corn silage, 20% alfalfa hay, and 40% concentrate mix specific to the treatment diets, with 0.5 kg of wheat straw added to the high starch diets to enhance effective fiber intake. The diets were formulated using Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (version 6.1), and the low-protein diets were formulated to be deficient for rumen ammonia to create conditions that should enhance the demand for urea recycling. The high-protein diets were formulated to be positive for both rumen ammonia and metabolizable protein. Rumen fluid, urine, feces, and milk samples were collected before and after a 72-h continuous jugular infusion of (15)N(15)N-urea. Total urine and feces were collected during the urea infusions for N balance measurements. Milk yield and dry matter intake were improved in cows fed the higher level of dietary CP and by Rumensin. Ruminal ammonia and milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations corresponded to dietary CP concentration. As has been shown in vitro, Rumensin reduced rumen ammonia concentration by approximately 23% but did not affect urea entry rate or gastrointestinal entry rate. Urea entry rate averaged approximately 57% of total N intake for cattle with and without Rumensin, and gastrointestinal rate was similar at 43 and 42% of N intake for cattle fed and not fed Rumensin, respectively. The cattle fed the high-protein diet had a 25% increase in urea entry rate and no effect of starch level was observed for any recycling parameters. Contrary to our hypothesis, Rumensin did not alter urea production and recycling.
Analysis of the time interval between diagnoses in women with double primary breast and ovarian or primary peritoneal cancers.

Abstract Objectives The time interval between diagnoses of breast and epithelial ovarian cancer is not well established in women with dual primary tumors of both organ sites. Our goals were to examine the time interval between diagnoses and identify any relationship to clinicopathologic factors. Methods We identified 49 patients who developed both cancers. These patients were divided into two groups: group 1 patients developed breast cancer first, group 2 patients had ovarian before breast cancer. The risk of a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation in our study subjects was estimated using the BRCAPRO. Parameters were compared using either the χ 2 or the Kruskal–Wallace test. Results There were 26 and 23 patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The mean time interval was longer in group 2 (86 vs. 45 months; P = 0.013). Median PFS and OS were longer in group 2 for both cancers [PFS: 161 vs. 61 months for breast ( P = 0.85) and 132 vs. 39 months for ovarian ( P = 0.019); OS: 250 vs. 115 months for breast ( P = 0.77) and 277 vs. 42 months for ovarian ( P = 0.0013)]. OS was longer in group 2 for both cancers combined 217 vs. 115 ( P = 0.026). The estimated risk of BRCA mutation was at least 20% in the majority of the patents. Conclusions Our data indicates that the time interval between the diagnosis of breast and ovarian carcinomas is 4 years. In contrast, the time interval between the diagnosis of ovarian and breast carcinomas is 7 years. These results could be useful in counseling women at risk.