cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics and phenotyping of urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Purpose: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, collectively renamed urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes, are a group of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Diagnosis depends on excluding all possible causes of pain and treatment targets symptoms alone. An emerging body of research implicates systemic factors in the pathogenesis of urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes including abnormal sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Several new lines of evidence also suggest a genetic component to disease pathogenesis. Despite ongoing efforts, neither effective treatments nor mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes exists.Materials and Methods: We performed a survey of the available literature on urological chronic pelvic pain syndromes. We reviewed recent research implicating genetic mechanisms in the development of urological chronic pelvic pain synd...
Heat transfer in a rotating disk evaporator

Abstract Experiments were carried out in a rotating disk evaporator with and without a wiper on the evaporation side. The tests were carried out with copper and with monel disks. Overall heat transfer coefficients were obtained directly from the measurements. In addition, evaporation heat transfer coefficients were calculated and the results were correlated. The effectiveness of the wiped film evaporator was clearly manifested in the larger heat transfer coefficients that were obtained.
Verification of extensional viscosity effects in injection mold filling simulation

The effect of extensional viscosity upon wall pressure and front progression in injection molding is presented through experiments and simulations. In order to compare materials having distinctly different responses to extensional flow, unfilled and glass-filled polypropylenes were examined. Wall pressure agreement was best with an extensional viscosity included in the simulation, particularly for the filled material. Pressure gradients were large enough to indicate significant density variations in the part at the end of filling, Examination of the test materials' viscoelastic properties indicates that extensional, rather than viscoelastic, effects predominate in the behaviors shown. Flow front progression was recorded by strobe photography. Results indicate that, when cavity thickness gradient is not aligned with the the direction of flow, there is disagreement among predictions and measurements. This is principally due to the violation of the Hele-Shaw assumption that forms the basis for the simulation.
DAMAGE TO RED CELLS DUE TO THEIR COLLECTION AND STORAGE IN ACD.

Experiments were performed using aliquots of the same blood incubated at 37 C. in spinner flasks under 95%N2 – 5% CO2. Various anticoagulant systems and pH's were compared, using the rate of glycolysis and ATP levels as criteria of metabolic activity. Citrate and lower pH's were detrimental to glycolysis and the maintenance of red cell ATP levels. Non-citrate systems that were closer to normal blood pH were superior to ACD, by the criteria used in this in vitro study. The addition of phosphate, as in the citrate-phosphate-dextrose system, appeared beneficial.
FIVE YEARS' EXPERIENCE WITH THE EVALUATION OF DIURETIC AGENTS.

Twelve diuretics and 2 combinations of diuretics were evaluated by a standard methodology. Electrolyte excretion patterns were evaluated in "normal" hospitalized patients, and acute weight loss was evaluated in out-patients in congestive failure. The large standard errors of the means for natriuresis, kaluresis, and acute weight loss reflect the inherent biologic variation of such assays and permit separation of drugs into only a few overlapping categories of potency. The combination of a mercurial and a thiazide caused significantly greater sodium excretion than any other drug used alone. No single diuretic was significantly more potent than all others.
Effect of behavioral stress on plasma levels of growth hormone in sheep

Abstract In this study the effects of both acute and prolonged behavioral stress on the secretion of growth hormone was determined. Restraint of lambs in the dark chamber for ten minutes resulted in a significant increase in plasma corticosteroids without having any influence on the secretion of growth hormone. When the lambs were exposed to ten days of two-way active avoidance conditioning, there was a marked increase in plasma corticosteroids following the conditioning sessions; however, again the secretion of growth hormone was not affected. It was concluded from these data that behavioral stress does not appear to influence the secretion of growth hormone in sheep.
Proteomic Studies of Anaplasia in Wilms Tumor

Wilms tumor is the most common malignant tumor in the pediatric kidney. Anaplasia, focal or diffuse as defined by histological criteria, is the most important parameter to guide the clinical treatment plan. We sought to identify and characterize potential useful biomarkers associated with anaplasia and provide insight into the peculiar molecular biology of Wilms tumor with unfavorable histology. Utilizing isobaric tagging technology for relative and absolute quantitation, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry, we identified proteins that are differently regulated in different Wilms tumor histologies. Four Wilms tumor specimens were selected, including two with classic favorable histology, one with focal anaplasia, and one with diffuse anaplasia. A total of 256 proteins with a Protein Score >1.0 are identified from all samples (proteins with >90% confidence). Compared with classic favorable morphology: in the focal anaplasia group, we identified a total of 26 proteins of which six were underexpressed and 20 were overexpressed; in the diffuse anaplasia group, we identified a total of 20 proteins of which eight were underexpressed and 12 were overexpressed. With a total of 39 involved proteins, seven were common to both the focal and diffuse anaplasia cases, and clearly seemed to have a similar regulation. The newly identified potential markers for Wilms tumor with unfavorable histology include ENO1, GAPDH, ALDOA, SLC25A6, LDHA, PGAM1, MIF, RBP1, HBA, HP, COL1A1, CFL1, and FSCN1 etc. In Wilms tumors, though there are unfavorable histology differences (focal or diffuse anaplasia), the protein expression seems to be similarly dysregulated compared with the favorable histology group. The newly identified potential markers may provide insights into the molecular biology of Wilms tumor and may have practical implications.
Method for comparing the crack tip kinetics during creep-fatigue loading of nickel-base superalloys

A graphical method is proposed that can be used for comparing the kinetics of various time-dependent crack tip processes operating during the dwell period of a trapezoidal creep-fatigue loading cycle for Ni-base superalloys. A comparison is shown that evaluates the kinetics of the time-dependent processes for the superalloy 718.
New ideas in dosimetry and damage calculations for fusion materials irradiations

Nuclear data and techniques are being developed to improve our ability to characterize fusion materials irradiations. The production of long-lived isotopes have been measured near 14 MeV, including reactions from AI, Fe, and Mo to 26A1, 53Mn, and 94Nb, respectively. These data can be used for fusion reactor activation, dosimetry, and plasma diagnostics. Dosimetry cross sections can be adjusted using measurements at Be(d,n) sources (Ed = 7–40 MeV) and mono-energetic neutron sources from 1 to 14 MeV. Helium production cross sections are being tested at all fusion irradiation facilities. We have recently discovered a new thermal helium production in copper, similar to the well-known effect in nickel. Recommended cross sections and procedures are included. A new program SPECOMP has been developed to calculate displacement damage for compounds. This program uses the SPECTER recoil atom distributions and integrates over secondary displacement functions for each combination of incident ion and matrix material to determine displacement cross sections for alloys, insulators, and breeder materials.
Production and detection of axion-like particles by interferometry

Abstract We propose an interferometry experiment for the detection of axion-like particles (ALPs). As in ordinary photon-regeneration (light shining through a wall) experiments, a laser beam traverses a region permeated by a magnetic field, where photons are converted to ALPs via the Primakoff process, resulting in a slight power loss and phase shift. The beam is then combined with a reference beam that originates from the same source. The detection of a change in the output intensity would signal the presence of ALPs (or possibly other particles that couple to the photon in a similar way). Because only one stage of conversion is needed, the signal is of O ( g a γ γ 2 ) , as opposed to O ( g a γ γ 4 ) for photon-regeneration experiments, where g a γ γ is the coupling between ALPs and photons. This improvement over photon-regeneration is nullified by the presence of shot noise, which however can be reduced by the use of squeezed light, resulting in an improvement in the sensitivity to g a γ γ over ordinary photon-regeneration experiments by an order of 10 1 / 2 assuming 10 dB noise suppression. Additionally, our setup can incorporate straightforwardly optical delay lines or Fabry–Perot cavities, boosting the signal by a factor of n ∼ 10 3 , where n is the number of times the laser beam is folded. This way, we can constrain g a γ γ better by yet another factor of n 1 / 2 ∼ 10 1.5 , as compared to the n 1 / 4 boost that would be achieved in photon-regeneration experiments.
MANGANESE IN MELANIN.

AQUEOUS systems were reported earlier in which a manganese-phenothiazine auto-oxidation led to the emergence of semiquinone free-radicals of the drugs1. The mildness of the required conditions permitted the postulation that this interaction might be relevant to the pharmacological action of these agents2. However, a direct biological demonstration of this specific phenomenon might require extensive technical development. Therefore, a pilot experiment was designed to discover whether manganese offered promise as a generator of free radicals in some other system of obvious biological significance. It was assumed that manganese must abound within an anatomical locus which is rich in free radicals, if this metal is indeed a biological generator of such radicals.
Co-occurrence of Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis and vaginal shedding of HIV-1 RNA.

BackgroundTrichomonas vaginalis (TV) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) are independently associated with increased risk of vaginal shedding in HIV-positive women. Because these 2 conditions commonly co-occur, this study was undertaken to examine the association between TV/BV co-occurrence and vaginal she
Planning accelerated life tests with two or more experimental factors

Accelerated life testing is a widely used tool for assessing the reliability of product components and materials. Most of the available literature on accelerated life testing deals with tests that use one accelerating factor and no other explanatory variables. Frequently, however, there is need to use more than one accelerating or other experimental factor. In this article we describe methods and guidelines for planning two-factor accelerated life test experiments for models in which there is no interaction between the factors. Although our discussion and examples focus on two-factor experiments, the extension to multifactor experiments is straightforward.
Reactivity of sulfhydryls in several β-lactoglobulins☆

Abstract Native cow β-lactoglobulins A and B, and goat and sheep β-lactoglobulins reacted with Ellman's reagent at identical rates, and all exhibited two sulfhydryl groups per mole (36,600 gm). Cow β-lactoglobulin C also contained two sulfhydryls per mole, but these reacted at only about one-tenth the rate of those in the other variants. The reactivity of the two sulfhydryl groups in a given variant appeared identical. Enzymic removal of the two carboxyl terminal residues of β-lactoglobulin B greatly increased the reactivity of the sulfhydryls to a rate comparable to that in the molecule denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Denaturation, as measured by rate of reaction of sulfhydryls with Ellman's reagent, required a higher concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate for β-lactoglobulin C than for β-lactoglobulin A, and least for β-lactoglobulin B.
Role of body weight in therapy participation and rehabilitation outcomes among individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury.

Abstract Objective To examine the association between body weight, therapy participation, and functional outcomes among people with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Multisite prospective observational cohort study. Setting Six acute rehabilitation facilities. Participants Patients (N=1017) aged ≥12 years admitted for their initial rehabilitation after SCI. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measure Motor FIM at inpatient rehabilitation discharge and 1 year postinjury. Results Underweight and overweight/obese patients consisted of 2 different clusters of SCI patients. Underweight patients were more likely to be younger, black, less educated, single, have Medicaid as a primary payer, and more likely to have had a cervical level injury because of violence and vehicular-related events than their overweight and obese counterparts. We found few significant differences in hours of therapy during inpatient rehabilitation across weight groups. Among patients with C5-8 ASIA Impairment Scale (AIS) grades A, B, and C injuries, underweight patients received fewer hours of physical therapy per week than patients with a healthy weight ( P =.028). Obese patients with paraplegia AIS grades A, B, and C received more hours of occupational therapy during their rehabilitation stay ( P Conclusions Patients who had an unhealthy body weight, that is, being underweight or obese, often have therapy participation and profiles different from those deemed healthy, or just overweight. For patients with paraplegia AIS grades A, B, and C, being overweight or obese was associated with diminished motor FIM outcomes at discharge from rehabilitation. The relation between body weight status, therapy participation, and outcomes are not consistent among study group participants.
DEMOGRAPHIC EFFECTS OF CANINE PARVOVIRUS ON A FREE-RANGING WOLF POPULATION OVER 30 YEARS

We followed the course of canine parvovirus (CPV) antibody prevalence in a subpopulation of wolves (Canis lupus) in northeastern Minnesota from 1973, when antibodies were first detected, through 2004. Annual early pup survival was reduced by 70%, and wolf population change was related to CPV antibody prevalence. In the greater Minnesota population of 3,000 wolves, pup survival was reduced by 40-60%. This reduction limited the Minnesota wolf population rate of increase to about 4% per year compared with increases of 16-58% in other populations. Because it is young wolves that disperse, reduced pup survival may have caused reduced dispersal and reduced recolonization of new range in Minnesota.
Laterality differences for word identification in bilinguals.

Abstract Twenty-three Spanish-English bilinguals were tachistoscopically presented with four-letter common nouns. They viewed 20 word pairs, first in their native language, then in the other, for 40 msec under simultaneous bilateral exposure. This paradigm has previously shown a strong right visual field and therefore left hemisphere superiority for words in a single language. The results show a word identification advantage in the right visual field. This indicates a left hemisphere advantage for processing of both languages, regardless of which was learned first. There are nevertheless wide individual differences in the number of bilinguals showing the expected asymmetry, as compared with monolinguals. There may be a trend, therefore, for less unilaterality of language function in bilinguals, although both languages are seen as being equally lateralized.
Noble metal nanocrystals: plasmon electron transfer photochemistry and single-molecule Raman spectroscopy.

The excited electronic states of noble metal Au and Ag nanocrystals are very different than those of molecules. Ag and Au nanocrystal optical transitions (plasmons) in the visible can be so intense that they significantly modify the local electromagnetic field. Also, coherent elastic Rayleigh light scattering is stronger than normal electronic absorption of photons for larger nanocrystals. These two facts make Au and Ag nanocrystals ideal nanoantennas, in that they focus incident light into the local neighborhood of subwavelength size. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), in which the Raman scattering rate of nearby molecules increases by many orders of magnitude, is a consequence of this nanoantenna effect. Metallic nanocrystals also have no band gap; this makes them extraordinarily polarizable. Their electronic transitions sense the local environment. An extreme case is the interaction of two 30 nm Ag nanocrystals separated by a 1 nm gap. Their mutual polarization completely transforms the nature o...
On the Possibility of Evanescent Wave Excitation Distal from a Solid‐Liquid Interface Using Light Quenching

Evanescent wave illumination with total internal reflection is often used to provide excitation near a quartz-water interface. We now show that evanescent illumination at one wavelength and incident angle, coupled with light quenching at a second wavelength and incident angle, can be used for selective excitation of fluorophores located up to 5000 A into the aqueous phase. The displacement of the fluorophore population from the solid-liquid interface depends on the angles of incidence of the excitation and quenching beams and the optical power of the quenching beam. Light quenching with an evanescent wave was demonstrated to be experimentally possible using Pyridine2 and a light-quenching wavelength of 736 nm. The use of combined evanescent wave excitation and evanescent wave quenching could provide selective excitation of fluorophores in the cytoplasmic region of cells and may provide improved response times for optical sensors based on evanescent excitation.
Alginate microsphere fabrication using bipolar wave-based drop-on-demand jetting

Abstract Scale-up microsphere fabrication with controllable microsphere size has always been an exciting manufacturing challenge. The objective of this study is to experimentally study the effects of material properties and operating conditions on the formability of alginate microspheres and the microsphere size during drop-on-demand (DOD)-based single nozzle jetting. Alginate microspheres have been fabricated using bipolar wave-based DOD jetting, and its formability and size have been studied especially as a function of sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations, voltage rise/fall times, dwell and echo times, excitation voltage amplitudes, and frequency. It is found that (1) the formability is sensitive to the sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations, dwell and echo voltages, and voltage dwell time; and the formability decreases with the sodium alginate concentration but increases with the calcium chloride concentration, dwell and echo voltages, and voltage dwell time; (2) the size is not sensitive to the sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentrations but increases first with the dwell time and then decreases; and (3) the size increases with the dwell and absolute echo voltage amplitudes.
Morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo cells by mezerein.

Abstract Mezerein (MEZ) has been described as a weak complete tumor promoter but an effective stage II promoter in the mouse skin initiation-promotion tumor model. In this study MEZ produced a strong transformation response when tested under code in the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) clonal morphological transformation assay. Using a standard 7-day exposure protocol designed to detect complete carcinogens, MEZ was active at non-toxic concentrations, producing a linear response between 0.3 – 10 ng/ml in a log-log plot of transformation activity versus concentration. These concentrations were in the same range as those which had been shown to elicit promotion activity in several in vitro cell culture systems. Our data suggest that the SHE assay has the ability to detect some tumor promoters under the same conditions used to test for complete carcinogens. The possibility that MEZ may possess in vivo carcinogenic activity cannot be excluded.
The Difficulties of Interdisciplinary Education: Lessons from Three Failures and a Success.

Four real education programs illustrate the vicissitudes of interdisciplinary education. Five essential factors are (1) interdisciplinary education must be a primary program goal consistent with other major goals; (2) controlling educational authorities must be committed to it; (3) it may have to exist outside the main academic structure because of its inherent conflict with that structure; (4) honesty, trust, and respect are essential to the interdisciplinary endeavor; and (5) resources must be sufficient for interdisciplinary as well as traditional education. These factors are not often present, so that interdisciplinary education will exist as research and demonstration programs that support those dedicated to this approach and contribute to others by example. They require independence, academic support, self‐direction, and adequate and stable resources.
Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: lessons from inbred strains of mice

Inbred strains of mice exhibit varied patterns of susceptibility following infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Susceptible mice have progressive fulminate disease resulting in their premature death; in contrast, resistant mice are able to control bacterial replication, limit lung injury and survive longer. The use of these mouse strains in experimental infection has allowed the identification of immunological correlates of protective versus unsuccessful host responses to tuberculosis, and the identification of susceptibility loci by combining classical and molecular genetics. These immunological and genetic features that distinguish susceptible and resistant inbred mouse strains may allow us to better understand susceptibility to tuberculous disease in people. A possible benefit would be the delineation of markers of protective immunity for use in vaccine development. This is a review of recent insights into the genetics and immunology of resistance and susceptibility to virulent M. tuberculosis using genetically intact mice.
Cancer and Coagulation

Thromboembolism, including both venous and arterial events, occurs commonly amongst patients with cancer. The occurrence of thromboembolism has significant consequences for cancer patients, including direct and indirect associations with mortality, morbidity, requirement for long-term anticoagulant therapy and consumption of healthcare resources. Recent studies have resulted in a better understanding of clinical risk factors and biomarkers of cancer-associated thrombosis, and a risk assessment model incorporating both has now been validated in multiple settings. Thromboprophylaxis with either unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) has been shown to be safe and effective in high-risk settings such as hospitalization for medical illness and the postsurgical period. Emerging new data from randomized studies have focused on outpatient prophylaxis, suggesting potential benefits in this setting as well. Treatment of cancer-associated thrombosis requires long-term anticoagulation with LMWH. Results from ongoing and planned trials of novel anticoagulants in the cancer setting are awaited.
Quantitation of fibroblast population growth rate in situ using computerized image analysis

The development of computer-assisted image analysis has provided the technology to rapidly determine the population size of cultured cell monolayers in situ. We have adapted this technology to determine the population growth rate of cultured fibroblasts for use in a highreplicate format. Human lung fibroblasts were seeded into 1/2 A 96-well plates that had one-half the culture area of standard 96-well plates. The cells were cultured in medium supplemented with different concentrations of FBS and on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7, and their nuclei were stained with propidium iodide. A microscopic field representing one-quarter of a well of fluorescent nuclear images was captured onto a Macintosh computer, and the number of nuclei were counted using an image analysis software program. There were no significant differences between the number of nuclei counted manually and the number counted using computer-assisted software, until day 7 where the cells were multilayered (P < 0.05). This image analysis method was compared to other assays typically used to estimate cell proliferation or population size, namely hemocytometer counting, a rapid colorimetric staining assay using naphthol blue-black, and [3H]-thymidine incorporation. The growth rates derived using image analysis were in close agreement with results derived from hemocytometer counts and [3H]-thymidine incorporation. However, the growth rates of cells grown in high concentrations of FBS as determined using naphthol blue-black were substantially lower than results from image analysis. We conclude that this adaptation of computer-assisted image analysis provides a method to derive accurate growth curves by directly counting the number of cells in a large number of replicates. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Clear-Sky Mask for the Advanced Clear-Sky Processor for Oceans

TheAdvancedClearSkyProcessorforOceans(ACSPO)generatesclear-skyproducts,suchasSST,clear-sky radiances, and aerosol, from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR)-likemeasurements. The ACSPO clear-sky mask (ACSM) identifies clear-sky pixels within the ACSPO products. This paper describes the ACSM structure and compares the performances of ACSM and its predecessor, Clouds from AVHRR Extended Algorithm (CLAVRx). ACSM essentially employs online clear-sky radiative transfer simulations enabledwithinACSPOwiththeCommunityRadiativeTransferModel(CRTM)inconjunctionwithnumerical weather prediction atmospheric [Global Forecast System (GFS)] and SST [Reynolds daily high-resolution blended SST (DSST)] fields. The baseline ACSM tests verify the accuracy of fitting observed brightness temperatureswithCRTM, checkretrievedSSTfor consistencywithReynolds SST,andidentifyambientcloudiness at the boundaries of cloudy systems. Residual cloud effects are screened out with several tests, adopted from CLAVRx, and with the SST spatial uniformity test designed to minimize misclassification of sharp SST gradients as clouds. Cross-platform and temporal consistencies of retrieved SSTs are maintained by accounting for SST and brightness temperature biases, estimated within ACSPO online and independently from ACSM. The performance of ACSM is characterized in terms of statistics of deviations of retrieved SST from the DSST. ACSMincreasestheamountof‘‘clear’’pixelsby30%to40%andimprovesstatisticsofretrievedSSTcompared with CLAVRx. ACSM is also shown to be capable of producing satisfactory statistics of SST anomalies if the reference SST field for the exact date of observations is unavailable at the time of processing.
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) occurs in 4% of patients with pulmonary embolism (PE). Untreated, the likelihood of survival is poor. Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare complex vascular malformation that typically includes the triad of capillary vascular malformation (port-wine stain), venous malformation(s), and soft tissue or bony hypertrophy. Patients with KTS are at increased risk for peripheral venous thrombosis and pulmonary emboli. When medical management of PE and CTEPH fails, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) is an important, potentially lifesaving therapy.
An efficient source of single photons: a single quantum dot in a micropost microcavity

Summary form only given. We have studied the micropost microcavity modes using first-principles numerical simulation. These methods have reproduced the quality factors and lifetimes observed. We have also used these simulations to optimize the design of the microcavities. We have shown that there is the possibility of simultaneously obtaining very high quality factors and low mode volumes in this system, which should allow for the observation of novel physical effects.
Post-Fisc Distributions of Income in 1950, 1961, and 1970

Distributions of income after allocating all government taxes and expenditures to households are compared over two decades. Extending prior work back an additional decade and adding extensive sensi...
Process knowledge management with traceability

Knowledge management involves the collection, assimilation, and use of the explicit and tacit knowledge spread throughout an organization. In software engineering, process knowledge is any explicit or tacit knowledge about the activities, steps, and procedures involved in creating software solutions. As the glue that links fragmented sources of knowledge, traceability helps create, store, retrieve, transfer, and apply process knowledge in software development organizations. Drawing from a large empirical study, the author presents examples of traceability's role in facilitating critical knowledge management processes.
How salient is Europe? An analysis of European election manifestos, 1979–2004

What determines how ‘European’ a party’s manifesto is? This article examines the salience of European issues in national parties’ Euromanifestos during the 1979–2004 period. I argue that domestic p...
Leadership Lessons in Global Nursing and Health From The Nightingale Letter Collection at the University of Alabama at Birmingham

This article analyzes the components of Florence Nightingale's visionary leadership for global health and nursing within the historical context of Great Britain's colonization of India. The descriptive study used the qualitative approach of narrative analysis to analyze selected letters in the Nightingale Letter Collection at the University of Alabama at Birmingham that Nightingale wrote to or about Dr. Thomas Gillham Hewlett, a physician and health officer in Bombay, India. The authors sought to increase understanding of Nightingale's visionary leadership for global nursing and health through a study of the form and content of the letters analyzed as temporally contextualized data, focusing on how the narratives are composed and what is conveyed. Several recurring themes central to Nightingale's leadership on global nursing and health emerge throughout these letters, including health and sanitation reform, collaborative partnerships, data-driven policy development, and advocacy for public health. These themes are illustrated through her letters to and testimony about Dr. Thomas Gillham Hewlett in her vivid descriptions of health education and promotion, data-driven policy documents, public health and sanitation advice, and collaboration with citizens, medicine, policy makers, and governments to improve the health and welfare of the people of India. The focus on leadership in nursing as a global construct highlights the lessons learned from University of Alabama at Birmingham's Nightingale Letter Collection that has relevance for the future of nursing and health care, particularly Nightingale's collaboration with policy leaders, her analysis of data to set policy agendas, and public health reform centered on improving the health and well-being of underserved populations.
Responses to iron limitation are impacted by light quality and regulated by RcaE in the chromatically acclimating cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon

Photosynthetic organisms adapt to environmental fluctuations of light and nutrient availability. Iron is critical for photosynthetic organismal growth, as many cellular processes depend upon iron cofactors. Whereas low iron levels can have deleterious effects, excess iron can lead to damage, as iron is a reactive metal that can result in the production of damaging radicals. Therefore, organisms regulate cellular iron levels to maintain optimal iron homeostasis. In particular, iron is an essential factor for the function of photosystems associated with photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes. Photosynthetic organisms, including cyanobacteria, generally respond to iron deficiency by reduced growth, degradation of non-essential proteins and in some cases alterations of cellular morphology. In response to fluctuations in ambient light quality, the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon undergoes complementary chromatic adaptation (CCA). During CCA, phycobiliprotein composition of light-harvesting antennae is altered in response to green light (GL) and red light (RL) for efficient utilization of light energy for photosynthesis. We observed light-regulated responses to iron limitation in F. diplosiphon. RL-grown cells exhibited significant reductions in growth and pigment levels, and alterations in iron-associated proteins, which impact the accumulation of reactive oxygen species under iron-limiting conditions, whereas GL-grown cells exhibited partial resistance to iron limitation. We investigated the roles of known CCA regulators RcaE, RcaF and RcaC in this light-dependent iron-acclimation response. Through comparative analyses of wild-type and CCA mutant strains, we determined that photoreceptor RcaE has a central role in light-induced oxidative stress associated with iron limitation, and impacts light-regulated iron-acclimation responses, physiologically and morphologically.
Laser-assisted capsulorrhaphy for multidirectional instability of the shoulder.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review the clinical results of laser-assisted capsulorrhaphy performed on 27 shoulders in 26 patients for multidirectional shoulder instability with minimum follow-up of 2 years. Type of Study: Prospective case series. Methods: Laser shrinkage was performed on the entire capsule. In patients in whom the rotator interval did not shrink, suture plication of this area was performed. All patients were evaluated with respect to the incidence of recurrent instability, need for reoperation, and ability to return to their previous level of activity or sports participation. In addition, all patients were rated as satisfactory or unsatisfactory using criteria established by Neer. Results: Twenty-six of 27 shoulders (96%) remained stable and asymptomatic a minimum of 2 years after surgery. Of 14 athletes in the study group, 12 (86%) returned to their previous level of sports participation. Conclusion: Our results suggest that laser-assisted capsulorrhaphy is an effective treatment alternative for multidirectional instability. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 1 (January), 2001: pp 25–30
Musings of a Well‐Wvelled Editor

If you would not be forgotten, As soon as you are dead rotten, Either write things worth reading, Or do things worth the writing. Poor Richard's Almanac Benjamin Franklin, 1738
Dynamic and Heterogeneous Mutations to Fluconazole Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans

Infections with the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast Cryptococcus neoformans are often treated with fluconazole. Resistance to this antifungal agent has been reported. This study investigated the patterns of mutation to fluconazole resistance in C. neoformans in vitro. The MIC of fluconazole was measured for 21 strains of C. neoformans. The MICs for these 21 strains differed (0.25 to 4.0 μg/ml), but the strains were selected for this study because they exhibited no growth on plates of yeast morphology agar (YMA) containing 8 μg of fluconazole per ml. To determine their mutation rates, six independent cultures from a single original colony were established for each of the 21 strains. Each culture was then spread densely on a YMA plate with 8 μg of fluconazole per ml. A random set of putative mutants was subcultured, and the MIC of fluconazole was determined for each mutant. The 21 strains evinced significant heterogeneity in their mutation rates. The MICs of the putative mutants ranged widely, from their original MIC to 64 μg of fluconazole per ml. However, for this set of 21 strains, there was no significant correlation between the original MIC for a strain and the mutation rate of that strain; the MIC for the mutant could not be predicted from the original MIC. These results suggest that dynamic and heterogeneous mutational processes are involved in generating fluconazole resistance in C. neoformans.
Ideas About Possible NSF Grand Challenges in Economics Over the Next Twenty Years

Future priorities fall nto five categories: theory, measurement, econometrics, aggregation, people. Some key challenges and opportunities in each area are presented.
Lamb wave generation with piezoelectric wafer active sensors for structural health monitoring

The capability of embedded piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) to perform in-situ nondestructive evaluation (NDE) is explored. Theoretical developments and laboratory tests are used to prove that PWAS transducers can satisfactorily perform Lamb wave transmission and reception, pulse-echo, pitch-catch, and phased array functions of conventional ultrasonics thus opening the road for embedded ultrasonics. Subsequently, crack detection in an aircraft panel with the pulse-echo method is illustrated. For large area scanning, a PWAS phased array is used to create the embedded ultrasonics structural radar (EUSR). For quality assurance, PWAS self-tests with the electromechanical impedance method are discussed.
How Political Parties Can Use the Courts to Advance Their Agendas: Federal Courts in the United States, 1875–1891

This case study of late-nineteenth century federal courts in the United States sheds light on two seemingly unrelated questions of general interest to political scientists: What tools are available to party leaders who seek to institutionalize their policy agendas or insulate those agendas from electoral politics? and How do we account for expansions of judicial power? Using an historical–interpretive analysis of partisan agendas, party control of national institutions, congressional initiatives relating to federal courts, the appointment of federal judges, judicial decision making, and litigation patterns, I demonstrate that the increased power, jurisdiction, and conservatism of federal courts during this period was a by-product of Republican Party efforts to promote and entrench a policy of economic nationalism during a time when that agenda was vulnerable to electoral politics. In addition to offering an innovative interpretation of these developments, I discuss the implications arising from this case study for our standard accounts of partisan politics, political development, and the determinants of judicial decision making.
Speaking Solutions: Interaction, Presentation, Listening, and Pronunciation Skills

Unit 1 Interacting in class Listening Practice Communication Skills Organizing Small Group Activities Brainstorming Using Appropriate Language Styles Participating in Class Pronunciation Practice Word Stress Learning Strategies Analyzing Needs Cross-Cultural Communication Considering Classroom Behavior Unit 2 Maintaining a Conversation Listening Practice Communication Skills Asking Questions Encouraging Communication Making Small Talk Pronunciation Practice The Past Tense -ed Sound Learning Strategies Expanding vocabulary Cross-Cultural Communication Considering nonverbal Communication Unit 3 Speaking to a Group Listening Practice Communication Skills Building Confidence Improving your Delivery Including Specific Information Speaking from Notes Pronunciation Practice The Final -s Sound Learning Strategies Focusing on Fluency Cross-Cultural Communication Explaining Proverbs Unit 4 Making a Group Decision Listening Practice Communication skills Considering Rights and Obligations Exchanging Opinions Considering Values Taking Turns Pronunciation Practice Sentence Stress Learning Strategies Assessing Your Progress Cross-Cultural Communication Considering Cultural Values Unit 5 Developing a Presentation Listening Practice Communication Skills Assessing the Speaking Situation Exploring Your Topic Organizing Your Ideas Developing an Effective Introduction Developing a Strong Conclusion Pronunciation Practice Rhythm and Reductions Learning Strategies Considering Successful Language Learners Cross-Cultural Communication Considering Classroom Behavior Unit 6 Taking a Stand Listening Practice Communication skills Leading a Group Discussion Examining Consequences Listening Actively Judging Ethical Behavior Supporting a Position Pronunciation Practice Linking within Thought Groups Learning Strategies Focusing on Grammar Cross-Cultural Communication Considering Academic Dishonesty Unit 7 Solving a Problem Listening Practice Communication Skills Analyzing a problem Gathering Information Evaluating Solutions Following Steps in Problem Solving Pronunciation Practice Intonation Patterns in Questions Learning Strategies Assessing your Progress Evaluating the Course Cross-Cultural Communication Considering Social Situations Appendix A Evaluation Forms Unit 1: Class Participation Evaluation Form Unit 2: Conversation Evaluation Form Unit 3: Presentation Evaluation I Form Unit 4: Group Discussion Evaluation I Form Unit 5: Presentation Evaluation II Form Unit 6: Individual Evaluation of Group Members Form Unit 7: Group Discussion Evaluation II Form Appendix B Subjects Appendix C Guidelines for Developing an Oral Presentation Appendix D Final Course Evaluation Form Answer Key
Current Interruption at Powers up to 1 GW with Crossed-Field Tubes

This paper describes the current interruption and voltage holdoff capabilities of a wide range of crossed-field tubes (XFTs). The XFTs investigated have active electrode areas ranging from 96 to 8000 cm2 with mean diameters from 2 to 56 cm. For the larger XFTs, currents up to 10 kA have been interrupted at voltages up to 100 kV, corresponding to a switched power of 1 GW. Experiments have shown the peak interruptible current to vary linearly with tube radius. The mechanism responsible for the limitation may be related to the self-generated magnetic field, but other factors are also shown to play a role.
Estimating the Impact of Adding C-Reactive Protein as a Criterion for Lipid Lowering Treatment in the United States

There is growing interest in using C-reactive protein (CRP) levels to help select patients for lipid lowering therapy—although this practice is not yet supported by evidence of benefit in a randomized trial. To estimate the number of Americans potentially affected if a CRP criteria were adopted as an additional indication for lipid lowering therapy. To provide context, we also determined how well current lipid lowering guidelines are being implemented. We analyzed nationally representative data to determine how many Americans age 35 and older meet current National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) treatment criteria (a combination of risk factors and their Framingham risk score). We then determined how many of the remaining individuals would meet criteria for treatment using 2 different CRP-based strategies: (1) narrow: treat individuals at intermediate risk (i.e., 2 or more risk factors and an estimated 10–20% risk of coronary artery disease over the next 10 years) with CRP > 3 mg/L and (2) broad: treat all individuals with CRP > 3 mg/L. Analyses are based on the 2,778 individuals participating in the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with complete data on cardiac risk factors, fasting lipid levels, CRP, and use of lipid lowering agents. The estimated number and proportion of American adults meeting NCEP criteria who take lipid-lowering drugs, and the additional number who would be eligible based on CRP testing. About 53 of the 153 million Americans aged 35 and older meet current NCEP criteria (that do not involve CRP) for lipid-lowering treatment. Sixty-five percent, however, are not currently being treated, even among those at highest risk (i.e., patients with established heart disease or its risk equivalent)—62% are untreated. Adopting the narrow and broad CRP strategies would make an additional 2.1 and 25.3 million Americans eligible for treatment, respectively. The latter strategy would make over half the adults age 35 and older eligible for lipid-lowering therapy, with most of the additionally eligible (57%) coming from the lowest NCEP heart risk category (i.e., 0–1 risk factors). There is substantial underuse of lipid lowering therapy for American adults at high risk for coronary disease. Rather than adopting CRP-based strategies, which would make millions more lower risk patients eligible for treatment (and for whom treatment benefit has not yet been demonstrated in a randomized trial), we should ensure the treatment of currently defined high-risk patients for whom the benefit of therapy is established.
Certified assembly programming with embedded code pointers

Embedded code pointers (ECPs) are stored handles of functions and continuations commonly seen in low-level binaries as well as functional or higher-order programs. ECPs are known to be very hard to support well in Hoare-logic style verification systems. As a result, existing proof-carrying code (PCC) systems have to either sacrifice the expressiveness or the modularity of program specifications, or resort to construction of complex semantic models. In Reynolds's LICS'02 paper, supporting ECPs is listed as one of the main open problems for separation logic.In this paper we present a simple and general technique for solving the ECP problem for Hoare-logic-based PCC systems. By adding a small amount of syntax to the assertion language, we show how to combine semantic consequence relation with syntactic proof techniques. The result is a new powerful framework that can perform modular reasoning on ECPs while still retaining the expressiveness of Hoare logic. We show how to use our techniques to support polymorphism, closures, and other language extensions and how to solve the ECP problem for separation logic. Our system is fully mechanized. We give its complete soundness proof and a full verification of Reynolds's CPS-style "list-append" example in the Coq proof assistant.
Ethnic differences in drinking outcomes following a brief alcohol intervention in the trauma care setting.

Background Evidence suggests that brief interventions in the trauma care setting reduce drinking, subsequent injury and driving under the influence (DUI) arrest. However, evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions in ethnic minority groups is lacking. The current study evaluates the efficacy of brief intervention among whites, blacks and Hispanics in the United States. Methods We conducted a two-group parallel randomized trial comparing brief motivational intervention (BMI) and treatment as usual with assessment (TAU+) to evaluate treatment differences in drinking patterns by ethnicity. Patients were recruited from a level 1 urban trauma center over a 2-year period. The study included 1493 trauma patients, including 668 whites, 288 blacks and 537 Hispanics. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to evaluate ethnic differences in drinking outcomes including volume per week, maximum amount consumed in 1 day, percentage days abstinent and percentage days heavy drinking at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Analyses controlled for age, gender, employment status, marital status, prior alcohol treatment, type of injury and injury severity. Special emphasis was given to potential ethnic differences by testing the interaction between ethnicity and BMI. Results At 6- and 12-month follow-up, BMI significantly reduced maximum amount consumed in 1 day (P Language: en