cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-frequency resonant gate driver for enhancement-mode GaN power devices

A novel resonant gate driver designed for the high-frequency enhancement-mode GaN HEMT power devices is proposed in this work. Simulation results indicate that it reduces gate driving loss more than 50% compared to the conventional non-resonant gate driving topology, and by 20% compared to the existing GaN resonant gate driver. The loss reduction is achieved by partially recovering gate charge to the supply during charging and discharging through a resonant process using an inductance in the gate loop. The resonant condition is managed using the desired turn-on and turn-off driving pulses at the input with specific driving time and pulse width control. These inputs also generate on-chip control signals for safely clamping the GaN power devices during the remaining switching cycle after the resonant transition has concluded. Simulations reveal improved switching waveforms using the proposed gate driver compared to the existing GaN resonant gate driving topologies.
Fabrication and analysis of add-drop filters based on microring resonators in SiN

Add-drop filters based on microring resonators were fabricated in silicon-rich silicon nitride. Third-order microring filters showed an 80 GHz bandwidth, a 4 dB loss from input to drop, and a 24 nm free spectral-range.
UTSAF: a simulation bridge between OneSAF and the Unreal game engine

Rapid advances in consumer electronics have led to the anomaly that consumer off the shelf (COTS) gaming hardware and software now provide better interactive graphics than military and other specialized systems costing orders of magnitude more. UTSAF is bridging software written to take advantage of the power of gaming systems by allowing them to participate in distributed simulations with military simulators such as OneSAF which use the DIS protocol. UTSAF parses DIS PDUs and uses the information gained to control entities within the Unreal game engine using the Game-Bots modification. This paper describes the advantages of game engine based simulation and the UTSAF bridging and control architecture. Our main contribution is to build a simulation bridge that enables affordable high-quality 3-D viewers for military simulations.
Compressive sensing-based Preisach hysteresis model identification

The Preisach hysteresis model has been adopted extensively in the modeling of magnetic and smart material-based systems. Fidelity of the model hinges on accurate identification of the Preisach density function. Existing work on the identification of density function usually involves applying an input that contains sufficient excitation and measuring a large set of output data. In this paper, we propose a novel compressive sensing-based Preisach model identification approach that requires much fewer measurements. The density function is transformed into the frequency domain, generating a sparse signal of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients, which can be efficiently reconstructed using compressive sensing algorithms. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) and the maximum absolute error are adopted to examine the density function reconstruction capability and the model estimation performance. The effectiveness of the proposed identification scheme is illustrated through both simulation results and experiments involving a vanadium dioxide (VO 2 )-integrated microactuator.
Direct-Contact Gas—Solid Nonstoring Exchangers

In this chapter, we first take up the fluidized bed heat exchanger, and then various other devices such as moving grates and moving bed exchangers.
Effects of isometric work on heart rate, blood pressure, and net oxygen cost.

Abstract A study was made on the effects of a 10-sec. isometric exercise, which involved much of the large musculature, upon the heart-rate, blood pressure, and net oxygen cost. Six subjects exercised in a semireclining, fixed position against a Medart spring dynamometer. Each subject pulled to 60 percent of his previously determined maximum effort. Heart rate showed a slight increase during exercise followed by a sharp rise in the few seconds following exercise. This was followed by a drop almost to the resting level within 20 to 30 sec. following exercise. Systolic pressure rose following exercise and was highest in the period immediately following exercise, then dropped slowly to resting levels within 2 1/2 min. Oxygen consumption varied widely both between subjects and between experiments in the same subject.
Molybdenum complexes of chiral C 2 -symmetric picchxn-type ligands: Synthesis, characterization, and structural studies

Abstract A series of molybdenum complexes based on chiral C2-symmetric picchxn-type ligands (N4 ligands, defined as trans-N,N′-bis(heterocycl-2-ylmethyl)-1,2-diaminocyclohexanes) has been synthesized and characterized. Reported and novel picchxn-type ligands form (κ3-N4)Mo(CO)3, [(κ4-N4)Mo(NO)(CO)]PF6, and [(κ4-N4)Mo(NO)X]PF6 (X = Br, I) compounds. Multiple tridentate (κ3) and tetradentate (κ4) ligand configurations were observed, and the favored κ4 configuration was found to vary with N4 heterocycle identity. Heterocycle variation allowed for directed modification of the molybdenum electronic characteristics, but none of the studied {(κ4-N4)Mo(NO)}+ fragments was found to be a suitable π-base for dearomatization chemistry. The crystal structures of eight molybdenum complexes with picchxn-type ligands were determined.
Scoping calculations on leakage of CO2 in geologic storage: The impact of overburden permeability, phase trapping, and dissolution

The purpose of this chapter is to examine fundamental aspects of potential leakage of CO 2 from geological sequestration reservoirs. Numerical simulations of fluid and heat flow are conducted to evaluate the rate at which a plume of CO 2 moves upward through the subsurface and the amounts of dissolution and phase trapping (called "residual gas trapping" in other chapters) that occur along the way. A quantity of CO 2 is injected into a 1000-m deep, 100-m thick permeable formation saturated with saline water, where it forms an immiscible, supercritical fluid phase and partially dissolves in the aqueous phase. As the supercritical CO 2 moves upward, it smoothly transitions into a gas. Between the injection interval and the ground surface, the overburden is assumed to be homogeneous. For overburden vertical permeabilities of 100 md (∼10 ―13 m 2 ), 10 md (∼10 ―14 m 2 ), and 1 md (∼10 ―15 m 2 ), using a numerical simulator that incorporates hysteretic relative permeability and capillary pressure functions, 1000-year simulations are conducted. For each permeability, simulations are carried out for a range of maximum residual gas saturations (S grmax ), which plays a key role in phase trapping and is poorly known for aqueous/CO 2 systems. The time required for the CO 2 plume to reach the surface increases with decreasing overburden permeability and increasing S grmax . Trade-offs exist between three key mechanisms for CO 2 trapping: stratigraphic trapping, phase trapping, and dissolution trapping. Low overburden permeability promotes stratigraphic trapping but hinders phase or residual gas trapping and dissolution trapping by keeping the CO 2 plume compact. High overburden permeability enables the plume to move upward more readily, but any attendant spreading promotes phase and dissolution trapping. A large value of S grmax promotes phase trapping but hinders dissolution trapping by minimizing contact between brine and immiscible (free-phase) CO 2 . Additional simulations, including a high-permeability conduit in an otherwise low-permeability overburden, provide insights into the effects of geologic heterogeneity, which can greatly shorten the time required to reach the surface.
Identification of Euro-Americans, Afro-Americans, and Amerindians from Palatal Dimensions

Seven measurements were taken on 414 Euro-American, Afro-American, and Amerindian palates in an attempt to evaluate differences in dental arcade shape among these three groups. Width measurements across the palate at the first incisor, canine, second premolar, and second molar were taken directly on the dental arcade. The distances along the sagittal plane from the front of the palate to the level of these teeth were calculated from measurements taken between the right central incisor and the canine, second premolar and second molar. Discriminant functions computed from the measurements properly classified palates by group 66.0% of the time if sex is unknown. If sex is known to be male, other functions properly classified 65.7% of the sample; for sex known to be female 72.0% correct classification was achieved. Because these percentage are more than twice that expected from probability theory alone, it is concluded that the seven measurements are useful in determining ethnic group.
Emancipatory actions displayed by multi-ethnic women: "Regaining control of my health care".

Purpose: Despite the recognized importance of patient involvement in primary care interactions, little information describing women's needs and expectations for these interactions is available. This participatory action study was based in Critical Action Theory and designed to describe any emancipatory interests that surfaced when eight ethnically diverse women examined their interactions with primary care nurse practitioners (PCNPs) over the course of five successive focus group meetings. Data Sources: Focus group meeting transcripts, field notes, interaction notations, seating maps, and first impression summaries. Conclusions: Participants wanted to learn how to “stand up” for themselves in primary care interactions. They believed this could be accomplished by developing a positive sense of self-esteem. Ultimately, they identified the right way to “talk back” to clinicians and created a method for regaining control of their own health care and maintaining equality in interactions with primary care clinicians. Implications for Practice: Nurse practitioners working in the primary setting are especially well situated to support self-management and foster patient participation by women as they live with chronic disease, engage in health promotion activities, and deal with common symptomatic problems for themselves and their families.
Structured directional coupler pair for multiplexing of degenerate modes

A technique for multiplexing degenerate modes in circular multimode fibers using the structure directional coupler pair is presented. The same device can be used for demultiplexing of degenerated modes in combination with MIMO processing.
Description and Characterization of a Novel Method for Partial Volume Simulation in Software Breast Phantoms

A modification to our previous simulation of breast anatomy is proposed to improve the quality of simulated x-ray projections images. The image quality is affected by the voxel size of the simulation. Large voxels can cause notable spatial quantization artifacts; small voxels extend the generation time and increase the memory requirements. An improvement in image quality is achievable without reducing voxel size by the simulation of partial volume averaging in which voxels containing more than one simulated tissue type are allowed. The linear x-ray attenuation coefficient of voxels is, thus, the sum of the linear attenuation coefficients weighted by the voxel subvolume occupied by each tissue type. A local planar approximation of the boundary surface is employed. In the two-material case, the partial volume in each voxel is computed by decomposition into up to four simple geometric shapes. In the three-material case, by application of the Gauss-Ostrogradsky theorem, the 3D partial volume problem is converted into one of a few simpler 2D surface area problems. We illustrate the benefits of the proposed methodology on simulated x-ray projections. An efficient encoding scheme is proposed for the type and proportion of simulated tissues in each voxel. Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the quantitative error of our approximation algorithms.
Balloon-trapped Technique for Successful OptEase Filter Retrieval

Purpose: To describe a case of successful retrieval of OptEase filter, using the balloon-trapped technique, after failure of its retrieval by the standard techniques. Case report: An 82-year-old man had an inferior vena cava filter placed for deep venous thrombosis prophylactically. Seven days after successful catheter-directed thrombolysis, the filter was retrieved after changing the position to caudal, using a standard angioplasty balloon. The patient was discharged on warfarin anticoagulant. Conclusion: Balloon-trapped removal of the OptEase filter that failed standard retrieval attempt is an effective and safe technique that can be performed using commonly available tools and familiar to most interventionalists.
YIELD, COLOR AND SENSORY ATTRIBUTES OF PASTEURIZED WATERMELON JUICE1

Watermelon juice was pasteurized and held for 3 months at 2°C. Juice yields obtained from whole watermelons ranged, between 42 to 50%, depending on cultivar. Watermelon juice was pasteurized at 76.6°C for 17 s and held at 2°C for 3 months. The pasteurized juice was slightly darker but redder (higher hue) than the raw juice, even though the intensity (chroma) dropped after storage. Taste panelists rated the pasteurized juice (fresh and stored) the same as raw juice in color, appearance and sweetness indicating no loss of color, no phase separation, and no evidence of caramelization. The pasteurized juice samples were rated higher on flavor than the raw samples because of a “grassy” off-flavor detected in the raw juice.
Suicide attempts and overdoses among adults entering addictions treatment: comparing correlates in a U.S. National Study.

Abstract Background Suicide attempts and non-fatal overdoses are both associated with substance use. The aim of the present study was to examine correlates of suicide attempts and non-fatal overdoses simultaneously among individuals seeking addictions treatment. Methods A large U.S. national sample of individuals entering addictions treatment participated in a cross-sectional survey (n = 5892). Multinomial logistic regression modeling tested the adjusted associations of violence, injection drug use, specific substances, and depressive symptoms with a four-category outcome variable based on prior histories of suicide attempt and non-fatal overdose (neither, suicide attempt only, overdose only, both), adjusting for demographic and treatment characteristics. Results Sexual and physical victimization was associated with suicide attempts with or without overdoses (ORs 1.25–2.84), while perpetrating violence was associated with having experienced either or both outcomes (ORs 1.25–1.56). Depressive symptoms had a stronger association with suicide attempts (OR = 3.05) than overdoses (OR = 1.29). Injection drug use was associated with overdoses with or without suicide attempts (ORs 2.65–3.22). Individuals seeking treatment for marijuana use were less likely have overdosed or attempted suicide (ORs 0.39–0.67), while individuals seeking treatment for heroin use were more likely to have overdosed (OR = 1.46). Seeking treatment for use of more than one substance was associated with overdose and overdose and suicide attempt (ORs 1.58–2.51), but not suicide attempt alone. Conclusions The present findings indicate that suicide and overdose are connected yet distinct problems. Individuals who have had a history of both may be a group with particularly poor psychological functioning as well as more severe drug-related problems.
Immunoglolulin E synthesis in parasite infection

Abstract The infection of rats with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) larvae enhanced IgE synthesis prior to the formation of IgE antibody specific for parasite antigens. As early as the eighth to tenth day of infection, IgE-bearing lymphocytes appeared in lymph nodes and spleen. At this time, even bone marrow contained IgE-bearing blast cells. The IgE-forming plasma cells were detected in the lymph nodes and spleen at the tenth day and their number reached maximum at the fourteenth day. The proliferation of IgE-bearing lymphocytes in the lymphoid tissues was observed in neonatally thymectomised animals, indicating that T cells are not essential for the development of IgE-B cells in the infected animals. It appears, however, that T cells are involved in the differentiation of IgE-B cells to IgE-forming plasma cells. Nonspecific proliferation of IgE-B cells and their differentiation to IgE-forming plasma cells may explain potentiation of IgE antibody formation against unrelated antigens after infection with N. brasiliensis (Nb) . It was also found that T cells specific for parasite antigens were primed by infection with Nb . Evidence was obtained that Nb -specific T cells raised by the infection collaborated with hapten-specific IgE-B cells and IgG-B cells for the secondary antihapten antibody responses. By contrast, T cells primed by immunization with parasite antigen included in alum exerted the helper function for IgG antibody response but failed to collaborate with IgE-B cells. Dissociation between the helper function for IgE and IgG antibody response indicated that parasite infection generated a favorable condition for priming T cells for the IgE antibody response.
Release of Highly Hydrophilic Drugs from Poly(ε-caprolactone) Matrices

We examine the release of two highly hydrophilic drugs, nicotine and caffeine, from poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) matrices. We find that the dominant mechanism for drug release is drug diffusion through the PCL matrices. As a result, the rate of drug release (defined by the amount of drug released per unit time) decreases exponentially with time. Coating the drug-carrying particles with a drug-free PCL layer significantly changes the release profile: instead of exponential decay, the release rate exhibits a peak whose location (time) and magnitude vary with the diffusion coefficient of the drug in the polymer and the thickness of the coating. As a result, coating may be used to control the release rate andobtain a relatively constant rate over a period of time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Predicting Noncompliant Behavior: Disparities in the Social Locations of Male and Female Probationers:

Researchers have examined post-probation recidivism, characteristics of typical probationers, and factors affecting recidivism while under probation supervision, but little has been done to explore...
Transient analysis of flexible multi-body systems. Part I: dynamics of flexible bodies

Abstract The formulation for the dynamic analysis of undamped linear structural systems using the finite element method results in two element matrices; the mass and stiffness matrices, that describe the element inertia and stiffness properties. However, these matrices are not sufficient to describe the dynamics of structures that undergo large rigid-body motion. Other element matrices, in addition to the mass and stiffness matrices, are required to account for the inertia coupling between gross motion and elastic deformation. These matrices are time-invariant and can be generated and assembled in the same manner as the mass and stiffness matrices are assembled in linear structural dynamics. An inherent relation between these matrices and the deformable body mean axes exists. This paper is the first of two parts. It presents the two-dimensional and three-dimensional formulation of the system equations of motion of inertia-variant flexible bodies. In particular, Euler parameters are employed to describe the rotations of the body reference in the spatial analysis. In Part II [13], this formulation is applied to the impact analysis of a large-scale constrained flexible aircraft which are modeled as a multi-body system consisting of interconnected rigid and flexible components.
Validity of the One and One-Half Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model and Effective Topography

We rigorously justify the so-called one and one-half layer quasi-geostrophic model from the two layer model as the ratio of the depth of the bottom layer over that of the top layer approaches infin...
Operator-in-the-loop simulation of a redundant manipulator under teleoperation

For an interactive simulation of 7 degree-of-freedom redundant manipulator under teleoperation, this paper describes an iterative form of resolved-motion rate control in which the constraint Jacobian is constructed on-line in real time and used in the pseudoinverse method as the manipulator is teleoperated. The manipulator's tasks may involve trajectory following in free space and frequent contact with the environment through pick-and-put operation. The operator's command is interpreted as a series of increments in Cartesian space, and then the constraint Jacobian is developed between two successive increments by viewing the predecessor as the initial configuration and the successor as the target configuration. The pseudoinverse of the constraint Jacobian then generates necessary changes in joint variables and subsequently joint torque. The Jacobian constructed in this way enables us to treat both free motion and environmental contact in the same way. The simulator is built on a two-processor IRIS workstation, with one processor for graphics and the other for dynamics and control analysis. This simulator has a potential for training the teleoperator, developing operational scenarios through visualization of the simulation, and testing the design of operator-machine interface.
Influence of fasting and adrenalectomy on normal and malignant lymphoid tissue composition.

SummaryWeight measurements and composition analyses of a transplantable lymphosarcoma and several normal lymphoid tissues in fasted, tumor-bearing CBA mice indicate that a 48-hour fast results in a marked retardation of tumor growth rate without completely inhibiting absolute growth. This tumor growth differential in fasted and fed mice is not dependent on the presence of the adrenals. On the other hand, uninvolved, non-malignant lymphoid structures in tumor-bearing animals show qualitatively the same involutional effect of fasting and the same dependence of this phenomenon on the presence of the adrenals as has been reported for tumor-free animals. Thus, malignant lymphoid cells (transplantable lymphosarcoma) in fasted mice exhibit a striking independence of the pituitary-adrenal cortical control which regulates the fasting involution of non-malignant lymphoid tissue. A considerably greater weight of the spleen was seen in fed, tumor inoculated mice, as compared to control animals. This splenic enlargeme...
The State of Quality Indicators in Surgical Oncology

Ask any clinician ... there isn’t a soul who would disagree. Quality in health care is important. It would also be difficult to find many who would disagree that there is much room for improvement in terms of cancer care quality. The Institute of Medicine’s ‘‘Ensuring Quality Cancer Care’’ highlighted a dearth of information on the quality of cancer care and recommended the development of better measures of the quality of cancer care for use by consumers, providers, and payers [1]. In response to this report, many healthcare stakeholders have worked to develop clinical care guidelines based on evidencebased medicine. However, the question remains: Will widespread implementation of these guidelines assure better care for cancer patients? Recent efforts have focused on the development of quality indicators, which measure processes of care. Quality indicators can be used as proxies to assess the quality of care being provided to patients. Findings of variations across providers may represent areas for improvement. Ideally, problems can be flagged and addressed since quality indicators help care providers better understand and improve performance. Physicians and hospitals would use the measurementfeedback loop to help identify areas for improvement in attempts to continually improve performance. Surgeons may be familiar with quality indictors developed by the Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP), which include consensus standards for hospital care which are specific to perioperative processes of care. The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) has also developed surgery specific measures, evaluating a multitude of patients’ pre-operative risk factors and post-operative outcomes. SCIP measures include the appropriate administration of antibiotics and use of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in the perioperative period. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has been paying hospitals for reporting compliance with certain SCIP quality measures. In addition to giving hospitals a financial incentive to report the quality of their services, this hospital reporting program provides
A stable single-chain variable fragment expressing transfectoma demonstrates induction of idiotype-specific cytotoxic T-cells during early growth stages of a murine B-lymphoma.

The idiotypic determinants associated with the variable regions of antibody molecules are known to function as tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). However, there is no clear-cut evidence documenting their efficacy in inducing TAA-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). In most previous studies, idiopeptides were implicated in elicitation of TAA-specific CD4+ T-cells. Using a murine B-cell lymphoma, 2C3, we earlier demonstrated induction of splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes directed to idiotypic Ig of the tumor. In the present study, we provide more direct evidence of the existence of Id-specific CTLs in the spleens of 2C3 bearing BALB/c mice using an scFv-transfectoma, P815A4, as a target. While both P815A4 and 2C3 cells were equally susceptible to cytolysis by the effector cells, lysis was evident only during early tumor progression. Moribund animals at the late stage of tumor growth failed to demonstrate any significant cytotoxic immune response against either tumor. Antibodies to MHC class I alleles Kd, Dd, Ld, β2m and CD8 molecules all inhibited cytotoxicity. The CTL population from early tumor-bearers recognized 2C3 tumor in the context of all major H-2d alleles; however, in case of P815A4 cells, it was restricted to Kd and Dd alleles only. Based on these antibody inhibition studies, it appears that the idiopeptides generated in both tumors are in some way different, yet they were recognized equally by CTLs not only from the tumor-bearers but also by CTLs from 2C3-hyperimmune mice. It appears that scFv-containing transfectomas expressing antibody variable region epitopes would be useful for both elucidating CTL-defined idiopeptides and monitoring TAA-specific CTL response in tumor-bearing animals.
ALLIUM SATIVUM (GARLIC) AND CANCER PREVENTION

Epidemiological studies reveal an inverse relationship between garlic consumption and death rate for gastric cancer in populations in China. These reports suggest a role for garlic in the prevention of human cancer. Garlic has been shown to inhibit the growth of transplantable tumors and to reduce the incidence of certain spontaneously-occurring tumors. Components of garlic have also been found to inhibit the activity of diverse chemical carcinogens during both the initiation and promotion phases of carcinogenesis. There is additional evidence that components of garlic modulate specific and nonspecific anti-tumor immunity. Recent literature suggests that a wide range of mechanisms are available to account for the biological activities of garlic.
Combinations of parallel and sink flows at low Reynolds number: models for duct-bifurcation

Explicit solutions and corresponding wall vorticities are calculated for Stokes flows in which a fraction of the flux of a plane or axisymmetric duct flow is forced to leave the duct via a wall sink.
ON ANALOG FEEDBACK CONTROL FOR MAGNETOSTRICTIVE TRANSDUCER LINEARIZATION

Abstract The magnetostrictive transducer output force, displacement, and bandwidth characteristics are well suited for a variety of active vibration control applications. However, their use is limited in part because these transducers are known to be non-linear. The transducer in this study is assumed to be a linear system and its output harmonics are assumed to be disturbance inputs. Two feedback control models are proposed and one is used to obtain expressions for predicting the change in harmonic amplitudes of displacement and acceleration as functions of frequency and parameters for the controller, load, and transducer. An approach based on magnetostrictive transduction modelling is presented for experimentally determining appropriate transducer model parameters for use in the feedback control model. Experimental measurements using simple, analog, PD (proportional plus derivative) acceleration feedback control are presented to validate the expressions. The closed loop feedback control system model resulted in predicted changes in harmonic acceleration amplitudes ranging from +2 to −30 dB (depending upon the frequency of the disturbance input) that were verified experimentally. A significant extension of the linear range of transducer behaviour, due to feedback control, is also demonstrated.
Vapor-solid-solid synthesis of Ge nanowires from vapor-phase-deposited manganese germanide seeds.

We report the sequential synthesis of solid-phase manganese germanide seed particles and crystalline Ge nanowires using low-pressure thermal chemical vapor deposition. Mn was deposited on inert substrates from a gas-phase precursor. Mn particles were converted to solid manganese germanide particles upon exposure to germane gas, and these seed particles directed the one-dimensional growth of Ge nanowires. Growth rates for this vapor−solid−solid process approached 200 nm per minute, and the diameter distribution was tightly clustered around 18 nm. This approach to Ge nanowire growth has at least three attractive features: (1) the seed particle is not Au, avoiding the potentially negative influence of Au impurities on electrical properties; (2) the vapor-phase deposition and self-assembly of the seed greatly simplifies the nanowire synthesis process; and (3) the self-assembled seed naturally produces a narrow distribution of nanowire diameters.
Study of Artificial Respiration on Anesthetized Men

In an earlier paper1 the authors reported the results of a study of the methods of artificial respiration when conscious subjects were used. In that study three methods of artificial respiration were investigated: namely, the Schafer prone-pressure method, the modified prone-pressure method, in which the hands were rolled or snapped off the subject's back, and the pole-top method.2 A total of 15 men was tested, and the volume of air moved by the three methods of artificial respiration was measured. All of these men were conscious, and the results indicated that all the methods were adequate, with the pole-top method in the lead. Although all of the subjects were intelligent and presumably capable of completely relaxed passivity, such results are always open to the criticism that the subject may have co-operated, perhaps unintentionally.
Actuator Prototype: Capture and Release of a Self-Entangled [1]Rotaxane

A conformationally dynamic chain compound that rapidly and reversibly samples both self-entangled and disentangled conformations, yet favors disentangled conformations, and an exclusively self-entangled [1]rotaxane were separately prepared and characterized. The conformationally dynamic state and the conformationally locked state were shown to reversibly and controllably interconvert under appropriate conditions, with an accompanying observable change in size that was calculated to approximate a 35% contraction in length upon capture of the self-entangled state.
Thermal effects on the mass spectra of benzophenone oximes obtained by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry

Benzophenone oxime and substituted benzophenone oximes can be pyroiyzed to the imines to a small extent in the heated transfer line from the gas chromatograph to the mass spectrometer source and to a large extent in the hot injection port of a gas chromatograph at high temperatures using the splitless mode of sample injection. The pyrolysis of the oximes to the imines appears to be largely a surface reaction and does not form the benzophenones as pyrolysis products. Decomposition of benzophenone oxime to benzophenone was produced by another reaction at the front of the chromatographic column. Thermal isomerizaton of benzophenone oxime to benzanilide was not observed under these conditions.
Adapting Kohlberg to Enhance the Assessment of Managers’ Moral Reasoning

This paper presents an adaptation of Lawrence Kohlberg's Moral Judgment Interview and Standard Issue Scoring method. The adaptation emphasizes four points: (1) a mixture of less familiar and more familiar moral dilemmas, (2) followup questions which probe managers’ moral reasoning by focusing upon key organizational values, (3) the flexibility of utilizing either an oral or written interview method, and (4) a simpler, yet reliable, system for scoring the managers’ responses and identifying their stage of moral reasoning. An empirical investigation found that each adaptation could enhance the assessment of managers’ moral reasoning.
Recent progress in atomic layer epitaxy of III–V compounds

Abstract Atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) has been recently established as a new growth technique which allows control of the growth process at the monolayer level through a self-limiting growth mechanism. We report here on recent progress and current problems facing this technology. Side wall growth by ALE has been demonstrated with deposited structures that differ from conventional chemical vapor deposition growth. Also ALE shows promise in the growth of GaAs on nonpolar substrates such as Ge. The problem of background doping in ALE films will be addressed.
Statistical mechanics results in the P(φ)2 quantum field theory

Abstract We apply ideas and methods from classical statistical mechanics to study the P ( φ ) 2 self-coupled two-dimensional Boson field theory in the Euclidean region. In particular, we consider correlation inequalities of Griffiths type; the thermodynamic limit for the pressure, the average interaction and the entropy; and the equilibrium equations for states associated with a given interaction.
Effect of Gibberellin on Growth, Protein Secretion, and Starch Accumulation in Maize Endosperm Suspension Cells

The physiologic effect of gibberellins (GA) in seed development is poorly understood. We examined the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth, protein secretion, and starch accumulation in cultured maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm suspension cells. GA3 (5 and 30 μm) increased the fresh weight, dry weight, and protein content of the cultured cells, but the effect of GA3 at 50 μm was not significantly different. However, the protein content in the culture medium was increased by these three concentrations of GA3. The effect of GA3 on the amount of cellular structural polysaccharides was not significant, but GA3 had a dramatic effect on the starch content. At 5 μm, GA3 caused an increase in the starch content, but at 50 μm the starch accumulation was reduced. Chlorocholine chloride (CCC), an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis, significantly increased the starch content and decreased the structural polysaccharide content of the cultured cells. The effects of CCC at 500 μm on the starch and polysaccharide content were partially reversed by 5 μm GA3 applied exogenously. Based on these results we suggest that GA does not favor starch accumulation in the cell cultures and that the addition of lower concentrations of GA3 in the medium may provide an improved balance among the endogenous GA in the cultured cells.
A pressure boundary integral method for direct fluid-particle simulations on Cartesian grids

We consider a new Cartesian grid method for direct numerical simulations of fully coupled interaction of incompressible flow and spherical particles, based on a discontinuous extension of the pressure Poisson equation (PPE) across particle boundaries. We give a complete mathematical description of the boundary-integral treatment of the discontinuous PPE that includes the derivation of a new pressure boundary condition for accelerating boundaries and the solution of the system of boundary integral equations using spherical harmonics expansions. The model was validated with the standard test for finite Reynolds number flow around a sphere and with a novel test using the analytical solution for the Stokes flow past two adjacent spheres moving with the same velocity. The model capability and numerical efficiency was demonstrated with simulations for the collective settling of groups of 64-512 particles.
Dosage of nifedipine in hypertensive crises of infants and children.

Eight hypertensive crises (HC) were treated with 2.5 mg of sublingual nifedipine in three children with weights below 10 kg (group A); 16 HC in 6 children between 10 and 20kg with 5 mg (group B); and 40 HC in 10 children over 20kg with 10 mg of nifedipine (group C). The relative decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was similar in all groups. The decrease was more rapid in groups A and B when the contents were extracted from the capsule and given directly. The hypotensive effect lasted 4h. There were no side effects. The effective and safe single dose of nifedipine has been established to be 2.5 mg for children weighing less than 10 kg, and 5 mg for children weighing between 10 and 20 kg.
Multivalent polypeptides for tunable cell adhesion

Cell adhesion to surfaces has applications in biomaterials science, surface chemistry, and micropatterning tehcnologies. Control of this process is currently achieved using a limited set of molecules, including fibronectin and its derived peptide RGD. Here, we use recombinant strategies to create multivalent, monodisperse polypeptides containing up to 80 repeats of RGD. By varying the number of repeats, we are able to tune the adhesion of cells to surfaces. Cells on these modified surfaces further showed strong resistance to cell delamination under fluid shear forces in a microfluidic channel [1].
Chylomicrons and Lipoprotein Lipase at the Endothelial Surface: Bound and GAG-ged?

At the endothelial cell surface, binding of chylomicrons and lipoprotein lipase (LpL), the major enzyme involved in the processing of these triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, is thought to involve electrostatic interactions with glycosaminoglycans. A new study published in this issue of Cell Metabolism (Beigneux et al., 2007) provides evidence for a specific chylomicron/LpL receptor, which may serve as a platform for LpL-mediated processing of chylomicrons on the capillary endothelium.
Effective Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Isotropic Soils with Multidimensional Heterogeneity

Accurate simulation and prediction of flow and transport of solutes in a heterogeneous vadose zone requires the appropriate hydraulic properties corresponding to the spatial scale of interest. Upscaling techniques provide effective properties to describe the vadose zone system’s behavior with information collected at a much smaller scale. Realizing that a saturated system can be considered as a special state of the unsaturated system, the methodologies for upscaling the saturated hydraulic conductivity of heterogeneous isotropic porous media under steady-state flow conditions can be extended for upscaling the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity. An advantage of this approach is that the extended upscaling methods are independent of the choice of hydraulic function models. The Matheron, small-perturbation, and self-consistent upscaling methods were used to demonstrate the approach. The extended upscaling methods were tested using multi-step numerical experiments of gravity-induced flow into Miller-similar synthetic soils with different levels of heterogeneity. Results show that, under 3-D flow conditions in isotropic soils, the self-consistent method applies to all the soil heterogeneity conditions considered while the Matheron and small-perturbation methods are acceptable for soil of relatively low variability.
Humidity-induced phase transitions of ferric sulfate minerals studied by in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction

Phases encountered in the hydration of monoclinic and trigonal anhydrous Fe2(SO4)3 and evaporation of Fe2(SO4)3 solutions at room temperature were determined using in situ and ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) under dynamic relative humidity (RH) control at room temperature (22–25 °C). Both monoclinic and trigonal forms of Fe2(SO4)3 remain anhydrous at 11% RH or below, and undergo the following phase evolution sequence: anhydrous Fe2(SO4)3 → (ferricopiapite, rhomboclase) → kornelite → paracoquimbite at RH between 33 and 53% as a function of time. Evaporation of aqueous Fe2(SO4)3 solutions at 40% < RH < 60% results in precipitation of ferricopiapite and rhomboclase during evaporation, followed by a transition to kornelite and then paracoquimbite. Evaporation at RH < 33% produced an amorphous ferric-sulfate phase. The presence of some iron sulfate hydrates and their stability under varying RH are not only determined by the final humidity level, but also the intermediate stages and hydration history (i.e., either ferricopiapite or paracoquimbite can be a stable phase at 62% RH depending on the hydration history). The sensitivity to humidity change and path-dependent transitions of ferric sulfates make them potentially valuable indicators of paleo-environmental conditions and past water activity on Mars. The phase relationships reported herein can help in understanding the diagenesis of ferric sulfate minerals, and are applicable to geochemical modeling of mineral solubility in multi-component systems, an endeavor hindered by the need for fundamental laboratory studies of iron sulfate hydrates.
Clinical efficacy of antimicrobial mouthrinses

Abstract Objective The goal of this report is to present the current state of the evidence evaluating the efficacy of anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis mouthrinses and to determine the clinical relevance of the evidence. Material and methods To accomplish this goal a two stage approach was used. First a systematic review of the literature was done to find any systematic review that evaluated the efficacy of anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis mouthrinses from long term (six months) randomized placebo controlled clinical trials. Secondly, the clinical relevance was determined by comparing the percent reduction in plaque and gingivitis attributable to the anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis mouthrinses to change over time in the placebo groups attributable to adult prophylaxis and oral hygiene instructions. Results Three systematic reviews and one meta-analysis were found that evaluated the efficacy of anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis mouthrinses. The systematic reviews concluded that there is strong evidence supporting the efficacy of chlorhexidine and essential oils as anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis mouthrinses. The evidence for cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC) was weaker due to few clinical trials testing the same formulations of CPC. There was one meta-analysis of studies from a manufacure of Delmopinol, but it was not a systematic review of the literature. The report based on the meta-analysis concluded that Delmopinol was an effective anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis agent. Evaluation of clinical relevance by estimating percent reduction due to the active agents and changes over time in the placebo groups, demonstrated that the clinical effect of both chlorhexidine and essential oil containing mouthrinses met or exceeded reductions over time for placebo groups. Again the results for CPC were less consistent, but were similar to reductions over time in the placebo groups. Conclusions These results suggest that the clinical benefits of anti-plaque, anti-gingivitis mouthrinses are similar to the benefits of oral prophylaxis and oral hygiene instructions at six month recall appointments.
Study on Ultrasonic Generator for Ultrasonically Assisted Machining

Ultrasonic vibration cutting can be widely used in lathe, planer, milling machine, grinding machine, thread processing and gear processing, etc. Ultrasonic vibration cutting system is composed mainly of ultrasonic generator, ultrasonic transducer, luffing rod, cutting tool, etc. Here, ultrasonic generator is the most important. The stand or fall of signal, which is produced by ultrasonic generator, has direct influence on anticipated effect and ability of ultrasonic machining. In order to generate a signal, which can be suitable for ultrasonic machining, ultrasonic vibration cutting system is studied, and ultrasonic signal generator based on direct digital frequency synthesis (DDS) is designed and conducted a cutting test with this ultrasonic machining system. The results show that the signal generator, which is made up by DDS technology, can generate the signal with stability, reliability and greater flexibility, and can be fully applicable to the ultrasonic machining.
Cell-free Studies on the Regulation of the Arabinose Operon

A DNA directed, cell-free system which synthesized L-ribulokinase coded by the L-arabinose operon ara OIBAD, has been developed. L-arabinose but not the araC gene product is required for the expression of this operon and, in addition, cyclic AMP and guanosine tetraphosphate are needed for optimal synthesis.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in semiconductor nanowires

The novel properties of semiconductor nanowires, along with their potential for device applications in areas including nanoscale lasers and thermoelectrics, have led to a resurgence of interest in their growth and characterization over the past decade. However, the further development and optimization of nanowire-based devices will depend critically on an understanding of carrier relaxation in these nanostructures. For example, the operation of GaN-based photonic devices is often influenced by the presence of a large defect state concentration. Ultrafast optical spectroscopy can address this problem by measuring carrier transfer into and out of these states, which will be important in optimizing device performance. In this work, we use ultrafast wavelength-tunable optical spectroscopy to temporally resolve carrier dynamics in semiconductor nanowires. Wavelength-tunable optical pump-probe measurements enable us to independently measure electron and hole dynamics in Ge nanowires, revealing that the lifetime of both electrons and holes decreases with decreasing nanowire diameter. Similar measurements on CdSe nanostructures reveal that the surface-to-volume ratio strongly influences carrier relaxation. Finally, ultrafast optical experiments on GaN nanowires probe carrier dynamics in the defect states that influence device operation. These experiments provide fundamental insight into carrier relaxation in these nanosystems and reveal information critical to optimizing their performance for applications.
Can Increasing an Input Price Increase Competitive Profits

The envelope theorem asserts that the effect of an input price change on firm profit equals the negative of the quantity of the input used. Students of policy, however, believe that an increase in an input price can result in decreased production and higher product price, and possibly even in higher profit. The theorem is partial equilibrium and is not applicable to situations in which a parametric change generates general equilibrium effects. Conditions are identified under which an input price change can change profit in the same direction. Increasing corn price can increase profits from livestock.