cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The molecular stability of metals, particularly of iron and steel

(1) ALLOW me to add some words relative to the very timely lecture on the hardening and tempering of steel, recently published by Prof. Roberts-Austen (NATURE, xli. pp. 11, 42). I desire, in the first place, to point out the bearing of the singular minimum of the viscosity of hot iron (loc. cit., p. 34) on the interpretation given of Maxwell's theory of viscosity (Phil. Mag. (5), xxvi. pp. 183, 397, 1888; xxvii. p. 155, 1889). When iron passes through Barrett's temperature of recalescence, its molecular condition is for an instant almost chaotic. This has now been abundantly proved (cf. John Hopkinson, Phil. Trans., London, clxxx. p. 443, 1889, where the literature may be found; cf. Osmond, below). The number of unstable configurations, or, more clearly, the number of configurations made unstable because they are built up of disintegrating molecules, is therefore at a maximum. It follows that the viscosity of the metal must pass through a minimum. Physically considered, the case is entirely analogous to that of a glass-hard steel rod suddenly exposed to 300°. If all the molecules passed from Osmond's β state to his a state together, the iron or steel would necessarily be liquid. This extreme possibility is, however, at variance with the well-known principles of chemical kinetics. The ratio of stable to unstable configurations cannot at any instant be zero. Hence the minimum viscosity in question, however relatively low, may yet be large in value as compared with the liquid state.
Beyond Tyler and Taba: Reconceptualizing the Curriculum Process

(1994). Beyond Tyler and Taba: Reconceptualizing the curriculum process. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 69, Our Evolving Curriculum, Part I, pp. 4-18.
The Normal Vaginal Flora, H2O2-Producing Lactobacilli, and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women

In this study of the vaginal flora of 171 pregnant women in labor at term, the flora was categorized as normal (Lactobacillus predominant), intermediate, or representative of bacterial vaginosis (BV) on the basis of a vaginal smear. BV was diagnosed in 39 women (23%); the vaginal flora was classified as normal in 50% of cases and as intermediate in 27%. H2O2-producing lactobacilli were recovered from 5% of women with BV, 37% of those with an intermediate flora, and 61% of those with a normal flora. H2O2-negative lactobacilli were equally frequent (57%-65%) in all three groups. The microorganisms most frequently recovered from women with BV included Gardnerella vaginalis, Prevotella bivia/disiens, Bacteroides ureolyticus, Prevotella corporis/Bacteroides levii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Mobiluncus species, Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Peptostreptococcus tetradius, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, viridans streptococci, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma hominis (P < .05 for each). The presence of all but three of these organisms was inversely related to vaginal colonization by H2O2-producing lactobacilli; the exceptions were B. ureolyticus, F. nucleatum, and P. prevotii. Other microorganisms were equally frequent among women with and without BV. We conclude that specific groups of anaerobes are associated with BV in this population and that a strong association exists between species associated with BV and those inhibited by H2O2-producing lactobacilli.
Retirement Calculus [Wireless Investor]

This paper presents a quantitative approach for estimating retirement numbers and the levels of savings needed to achieve them. The analysis incorporates insights provided by modern financial theory. It is careful to eliminate the "money illusion," i.e., the tendency to assume that future dollars will have the same purchasing power as current dollars, which leads to underestimation of the retirement number. It also includes several factors which, if neglected, can cause significant overestimation of the retirement number.
Factors Affecting Isolation and Survival of Bacteriophages for Lactic Streptococci

Summary Comparisons were made of the abilities of Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris and Streptococcus diacetilactis bacteriophages to endure various laboratory isolation and storage treatments. Neutralization of Cottage cheese whey containing phages offered no survival advantage over unneutralized samples; refrigeration of neutral and acid whey samples increased the survival of only the S. diacetilactis phage. About 50% of phages could be recovered from milk coagulated by addition of lactic acid to provide casein-free, clear, phage-containing whey. Sterilization of phage lysates by membrane filtration allowed collection of 92 to 99% phages; Seitz filtration allow collection of a maximum of 24%. Whey samples containing phages could be concentrated by removing water, using polyethylene glycol. Lyophilization decreased phage titers at least 50%.
New hierarchical SVM classifier for multi-class target recognition

We propose a binary hierarchical classifier to solve the multi-class classification problem with aspect variations in objects and with rejection of non-object false targets. The hierarchical architecture design is automated using our new k-means SVRM (support vector representation machine) clustering algorithm. At each node in the hierarchy, we use a new SVRDM (support vector representation and discrimination machine) classifier, which has good generalization and offers good rejection ability. We also provide a theoretical basis for our choice of kernel function (K), and our method of parameter selection (for σ and p ). Using this hierarchical SVRDM classifier with magnitude Fourier transform features, experimental results on both simulated and real infra-red (IR) databases are excellent.
Initial experience with automatic image transmission to an intensive care unit using PACS technology

This report describes the refinement of the interaction between a CR system and PACS that has made the automatic distribution of images to specified locations possible. Those interactions between the CR and the PACS that were considered important to the acceptance of the data to be sent to the ICU are described. Display and user interface considerations that were important for physician acceptance of the unit are also discussed. System enhancements and future applications will be developed based on the possible implications of this technology in both Radiology and the ICUs.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two craniosynostotic patients with 11q deletions, and review of 48 cases

Many chromosomal abnormalities have craniofacial manifestations. One such abnormality, partial monosomy of chromosome 11q, is associated with metopic synostosis and resultant trigonocephaly. We reviewed 48 published cases of 11q deletions and translocations. Eighty percent were associated with abnormal head shape. Also commonly found were hypertelorism, ptosis of the eyelids, wide or low nasal bridge, apparently low-set malformed ears, down-turned mouth, micro/retrognathia, digital and cardiac anomalies, and psychomotor retardation. We report on two patients referred for abnormal head shape. The first case had brachycephaly, flat occiput, hypertelorism, and maxillary hypoplasia. Karyotype was 46,XY,del(11)(q24.1{yields}qter). The second patient had trigonocephaly, hypotelorism, posteriorly angulated ears, horizontal crease below his lower lip, syndactyly, shawl scrotum, cryptorchidism, and inguinal hernias. Karyotype showed partial trisomy of chromosome 4q as well as partial monosomy of 11q [46,XY,11,+der(11)t(4;11)(q31.3;q25)], a combination not previously reported. Deletions of 11q appear to produce a wide spectrum of abnormalities. 46 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Triple helical recognition of pyrimidine inversions in polypurine tracts of RNA by nucleobase-modified PNA.

Peptide nucleic acids containing 2-pyrimidinone (P) and 3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazine (E) heterocycles recognized C–G and U–A inversions in a polypurine tract of double helical RNA with high affinity and sequence selectivity at pH 6.25. E-modified PNA bound strongly to bacterial A-site RNA, while no binding was observed to the human A-site RNA.
Deposition and Etching of Conformal Boron Films for Neutron Detector Applications

In this work, the deposition of boron using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) has been investigated on planar and deep reactive ion etched (DRIE) Si substrates. Deposition rate and conformal coverage have been studied. Additional studies of “dry” RIE etching and “wet” chemical etching of the deposited boron films are presented. Deposition rates as high as 1 μm/hr and conformal coverage ratios of ~80% have been achieved. Etching rates for various methods studied range widely from 0.35 μm/hr to 1.2 μm/min.
Pump‐coupled Micromasersa

We consider two micromasers coupled in series by sharing a common pumping atomic beam. Quantum correlation between the two spatially separated fields arises as atomic coherence is transferred from the first to the second cavity.
SfAA Announces the Anthropologists' Electronic Bulletin Board System

The Society for Applied Anthropology and Portland State University are now sponsoring an electronic bulletin board for use by all anthropologists. ABBS (Anthropologists' Bulletin Board System) is open to members of all professional anthropological societies including those serving archaeology and physical anthropology. The phone number is (503) 229-3912.
Using the RPE-Talk Scale to Individualize Physical Activity for Students

For some students, self-selecting a pace during exercise may not provide enough of a physical challenge. Others push themselves so hard that they tire out before they can experience the benefits of exercise. In order to improve self-monitoring of exercise intensity, a variety of tools using the perception of effort and the ability to talk while exercising have been utilized with students. The purpose of this article is to briefly explain the rationale behind the RPE Scale, the OMNI Scale, and the talk test and to describe a new scale (the RPE-Talk Scale) that combines the elements unique to each tool to further improve students' ability to achieve and maintain the right exercise intensity.
Tectonic Implications of High Level Surfaces Bordering Franklin Mountains, Texas

High level, early to mid-Pleistocene piedmont and pediment deposits and surfaces along the southern Franklin Mountains extend out toward bolson fill deposits and surfaces. On the east side of the range, 400 ft (121 m) of post-bolson fill displacement has been reported by earlier workers. There has been no concomitant uplift along the west side of the range. Thus, the range has been tilted during Pleistocene deformation, and uplift has been mainly along the eastern fault. The block rotation of about 2.3 degrees from 0.25 to 2.0 m.y. represents about 6.6 percent of the total block rotation since inception of range tectonics. A constant rate of block rotation indicates a date of inception between 4 and 30 m.y. ago, which agrees reasonably well with the accepted Miocene date of inception of the Rio Grande tectonic trench. Crustal shortening due to tilting indicates tectonic compression associated with orogenic uplift.
Dephosphorylation of skeletal muscle phosphorylase, glycogen synthase, and phosphorylase kinase β-subunit by a Mn2+-activated protein phosphatase

Abstract An Mn2+-activated phosphoprotein phosphatase of Mr = 80,000 from rabbit muscle catalyzes the dephosphorylation of skeletal muscle proteins that are phosphorylated by either phosphorylase kinase or cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphorylase or glycogen synthase labeled by phosphorylase kinase at seryl residues 14 or 7, respectively, are both dephosphorylated by the phosphatase. Phosphorylase a and glycogen synthase compete with one another for the phosphatase. The phosphatase discriminates between different sites labeled by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase: glycogen synthase phosphorylated either to 1.0 or 1.8 mol phosphate/mol, or phosphorylase kinase phosphorylated on its β-subunit serve as substrates for the phosphatase, but the phosphorylase kinase α-subunit, the phosphorylated phosphatase inhibitor 1, or casein do not. Histone fraction IIA, phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit, was a poor substrate even at a concentration of 100 μ m . Phosphorylation of the α-subunit of phosphorylase kinase had no influence on the kinetics of dephosphorylation of the β-subunit. Thus, the Mr = 80,000 phosphatase meets the functional definition of a protein phosphatase 1 [Cohen, P. (1978) Curr. Top. Cell. Regul.14, 117–196]. Furthermore, from a comparison of the known phosphorylated sites of these proteins, it appears that the phosphatase discriminates between different sites present in the phosphoproteins tested on the basis of the Km values for the reactions. It displays a preferential activity toward proteins with a primary structure wherein basic residues are two positions amino-terminal from the phosphoserine, AgrLysX-YSer(P) or LysArgX-YSer(P), rather and one residue away, ArgArgX-Ser(P).
Quantum simulation with natural decoherence

A quantum system may be efficiently simulated by a quantum information processor as suggested by Feynman and developed by Lloyd, Wiesner, and Zalka. Within the limits of the experimental implementation, simulation permits the design and control of the kinematic and dynamic parameters of a quantum system. Extension to the inclusion of the effects of decoherence, if approached from a full quantum-mechanical treatment of the system and the environment, or from a semiclassical fluctuating field treatment (Langevin), requires the difficult access to dynamics on the time scale of the environment correlation time. Alternatively, a quantum-statistical approach may be taken which exploits the natural decoherence of the experimental system, and requires a more modest control of the dynamics. This is illustrated for quantum simulations of a four-level quantum system by a two-spin NMR ensemble quantum information processor.
A Single-Input Multiple-Output Optical System for Mobile Communication: Modeling and Validation

A single-input multiple-output optical communication system based on an LED transmitter and a receiving pixel grid of a camera is considered. The LED image received at a reference distance is modeled using a Gaussian mixture and the pixel values at any other desired distance are estimated using the reference image. Both optimal and suboptimal pixel combining techniques are analyzed. The experimental validation includes placement of the camera on a motorized translation stage to analyze the effects of random locations of the LED image on the pixel grid. Results show excellent agreement between proposed model and the experiment. When random image locations over the pixel grid due to mobility are considered, a receiver that uses only the best pixel is found to lose more than 50% of the received power over a maximal ratio combiner at a distance of 2 m.
Therapeutic rationale, monetary incentive and fear behavior: a methodological note on analogue research.

Abstract Analogue research has been questioned as a means of evaluating clinical procedures (e.g. Cooper, Furst and Bridger, 1969). A major criticism has been the failure to include adequate controls. Placebo conditions have varied markedly in their similarity to active treatment procedures (Caputo, Nau and Borkovec, 1973), have not provided equally credible therapeutic rationales (Borkovec and Nau, 1972), and have thus generated differing expectancies and demands for improvement. To evaluate a therapy procedure, a comparison condition is needed in which no treatment intervenes between pre- and post-test measures, yet which provides adequate incentive for improvement. Rimm and Mahoney (1969) used a ‘contingent reinforcement’ placebo condition in which tokens, exchangeable for money, were dispensed for improvement in a graded approach to a feared stimulus. Little improvement occurred, suggesting a lack of effectiveness of money alone in improving approach behavior. However, as no therapeutic rationale was presented, it is likely that little expectancy for improvement occurred. The present study provided a ‘no treatment’ condition in which S s participated in three test sessions with no intervening treatment procedure. Unlike Rimm and Mahoney (1969), two conditions provided a rationale explaining why S s had maintained their fear and why no real therapy was needed to eliminate it. Also, monetary reward (a $5.00 bill rather than tokens) was dispensed only upon picking up the feared object. A follow-up session assessed the lasting effects of rationale and monetary incentive in the absence of extrinsic reinforcement. Thus, the present study attempted to determine the effect of therapeutic rationale and/or the possibility of receiving money, in the absence of ‘therapy’, on subclinical fear.
Frequency of use of acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and aspirin in US women.

Purpose To determine the frequency of use of the three main classes of over-the-counter analgesics: acetaminophen, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and aspirin in two large US female cohorts. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study of the frequency of analgesic use and the characteristics of users in female participants in the Nurses Health Study I (n = 86 985) and the Nurses Health Study II (n = 93 002) who were between the ages of 33 and 77 years. Information on frequency of current analgesic use was assessed by mailed questionnaire. Results All three classes of analgesics were used frequently. For example, acetaminophen was used ≥ 1 day/week by more than 20% of women. NSAIDs were used ≥ 1 day/week by 42% of women aged 51 years or younger, and aspirin was used ≥ 6 days/week by 25% women over age 51 years. The frequency of use of the individual analgesics varied by age (p < 0.001). In addition, women in the highest category of use of any of the analgesics tended to have a higher body mass index, were more likely to have hypertension and diabetes, and were more likely to be current smokers. Conclusions Analgesic use is very common among US women. Physicians should be cognizant of the frequency of use of the various over-the-counter analgesics in their female patient population. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EFFECT OF CALCIUM ANTAGONISM BY NIFEDIPINE AND CHLORPROMAZINE ON ACUTE N-(3,5-DICHLOROPHENYL)SUCCINIMIDE-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY IN FISCHER 344 RATS

The nephrotoxicity induced by a wide variety of chemical compounds can be attenuated by agents which modify calcium ion (Ca2+) movement across membranes or calcium-dependent processes. The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of nifedipine, a calcium channel blocking drug, and chlorpromazine (CPZ), an antagonist of many calcium-dependent processes, to attenuate the nephrotoxicity induced by the agricultural fungicide N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) or its metabolite N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxysuccinimide (NDHS). Male Fischer 344 rats (4 rats per group) were pretreated intraperitoneally (i.p.) with nifedipine (0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg), CPZ (1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg) or vehicle 1 h before NDPS (0.4 mmol/kg), NDHS (0.1 mmol/kg) or vehicle (sesame oil, 2.5 ml/kg). In separate experiments, rats were pretreated with nifedipine (0.25 or 0.50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) starting 2 days before NDPS or NDPS vehicle and continuing throughout the experiment. Renal function was monitored at 24 and 48 h. Nifedipine (single or multiple treatments) and CPZ (1.0 mg/kg) were ineffective in substantially altering NDPS (0.4 mmol/kg)-induced nephrotoxicity. However, CPZ (5.0 mg/kg) markedly attenuated all aspects of NDPS-induced nephropathy. Also, CPZ (5.0 mg/kg) partially protected against NDHS (0.1 mmol/kg)-induced renal effects. These results demonstrate the inability of the calcium channel blocker nifedipine to attenuate NDPS nephrotoxicity. Attenuation of NDPS nephrotoxicity by CPZ could suggest that CPZ is antagonizing calcium influx into renal tissue and/or renal intracellular calcium-dependent processes to modify the renal response to NDPS. However, the inability of CPZ to markedly attenuate NDHS nephrotoxicity could indicate that CPZ protected against NDPS nephrotoxicity by inhibiting biotransformation of the parent compound to its toxic chemical species.
Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease

Sleep disturbances are very common in patients with PD and are associated with a variety of negative outcomes. The evaluation of sleep disturbances in these patients is complex, as sleep may be affected by a host of primary sleep disorders, other primary medical or psychiatric conditions, reactions to medications, aging or the neuropathophysiology of PD itself. In this article, we review the evaluation of the common disturbances of sleep seen in PD. This includes the primary sleep disorders, the interaction of depression and insomnia, the impact that medications for PD have on sleep, as well as the role of factors such as nocturia, pain, dystonia, akinesia, difficulty turning in bed, and vivid dreaming. The treatment of sleep disturbances in PD is largely unstudied but recommendations based on clinical experience in PD and research studies in other geriatric populations can be made. Important principles include, diagnosis, treating the specific sleep disorder or co-occurring disorder, and control of the motor aspects of PD.
Differences between arterial and mixed venous levels of plasma hydroperoxides following major thoracic and abdominal operations

Fatty acid hydroperoxides in the plasma of 18 patients who were undergoing normal postoperative periods following major thoracic or abdominal operations were measured by using a sensitive assay based upon the activation of the cyclooxygenase activity of prostaglandin H synthase. Following major thoracic operations of nine patients, the mean difference between the arterial (0.49 ± 0.13 μM, mean ± S.E.M.) and mixed venous (−0.09 ± 0.12 μM) level of hydroperoxide was 0.58 ± 0.13 μM (p < 0.01). In marked contrast to this result, major abdominal operations of nine patients led to a mean difference between the arterial (−0.19 ± 0.16 μM) and mixed venous (0.46 ± 0.08 μM) hydroperoxide levels of −0.65 ± 0.17 μM (p < 0.01). Both pulmonary and intraabdominal tissues appear capable of generating significant amounts of fatty acid hydroperoxide in response to standard surgical procedures. The A-MV differences suggest that the blood-borne hydroperoxides were rapidly cleared from the circulation by tissue capillary beds.
Order and Difficulty of Debugging

The earlier findings of Shooman and Bolsky, that the difficulty of detecting or correcting a software bug is independent of its order of detection, is challenged by new data which shows definite tendencies for early bugs to need less time to be detected and more to be corrected than later bugs.
FAMILIAL PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY IS ASSOCIATED WITH RECURRENT THROMBOSIS

Recent studies have demonstrated that protein C deficiency is associated with recurrent familial thrombosis. In plasma, activated protein C functions as an anticoagulant. This anticoagulant response requires a vitamin K-dependent plasma protein cofactor, referred to as protein S. Since the anticoagulant activity of activated protein C is dependent on protein S, we hypothesized that patients lacking functional protein S might have associated thrombotic disease. Two related individuals with otherwise normal coagulation tests are described whose plasma is not effectively anticoagulated with activated protein C. Addition of purified human protein S to their plasma restores a normal anticoagulant response to activated protein C. We have developed a rapid one-stage clotting assay for protein S to quantitate the level of protein S in their plasma. Plasma is depleted of protein S by immunoadsorption with immobilized antiprotein S antibodies. The resultant plasma responds poorly to activated protein C, but is effectively anticoagulated in a dose-dependent fashion upon addition of purified protein S or small quantities of plasma. The affected individuals possess less than 5% protein S activity. Using Laurell rockets, protein S antigen was detected in the plasma but was at reduced levels of 13 and 18% in the two individuals. When the barium eluate of the patient plasma was chromatographed on quaternary aminoethyl Sephadex, a single peak of protein S antigen devoid of protein S anticoagulant cofactor activity was detected early in the chromatogram. In contrast, the barium eluate from normal donors separated into two peaks, one emerging early and also devoid of anticoagulant cofactor, and the second peak with anticoagulant activity emerging later. The first peak of protein S antigen, from both the normal donor and the patient, chromatographed in the region of the complement component C4-binding protein-protein S complex. These studies suggest that protein S deficiency may result in recurrent thrombotic disease.
Monte Carlo studies of oxygen ordering in the YBa2Cu3O7−δ basal plane

Abstract Using Monte Carlo simulation of a 2−d lattice-gas model with anisotropic long range interaction, we have investigated the order-disorder transition in the basal plane of YBa2Cu3O7−δ(0 ≦ δ ≦ 1). With a suitable choice of parameters, we can explain most of the experimental observation semi-quantitively. In particular, the values of oxygen concentration at the order-disorder transition temperature suggests that the interaction between two oxygen atoms bridged by a copper ion is attractive.
Prostaglandin F2α amplifies tumor necrosis factor-α promoter activity by the FPB prostanoid receptor

Abstract This study examines the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) promoter activity by prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) in HEK cells stably expressing either the FPA or FPB prostanoid receptors. Cells were transiently transfected with a luciferase reporter plasmid under the control of a TNF-α promoter and luciferase activity was measured. In the absence of PGF2α basal TNF-α reporter gene activity is elevated in FPB cells as compared with FPA cells. This elevated basal activity is blocked by pretreatment with a Rho inhibitor, but not by pretreatment with an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC). TNF-α reporter activity in FPB cells is stimulated by PGF2α and this is decreased by pretreatment with a chelator of intracellular calcium or by a gap junction inhibitor. In FPB cells pretreatment with a Rho inhibitor combined with either a calcium chelator or a gap junction inhibitor decreases both basal and PGF2α stimulated TNF-α reporter activity. Interestingly post-treatment of FPB cells with an inhibitor of PKC decreased PGF2α stimulated TNF-α reporter gene activity even though pretreatment did not. It, therefore, appears that PGF2α stimulated TNF-α reporter activity in FPB cells is amplified by a Rho-dependent mechanism involving calcium, gap junctions, and PKC. These findings may help in understanding the function of the FPB isoform in the corpus luteum.
Inducible Resistance to Oxidant Stress in the Protozoan Leishmania chagasi

Abstract Leishmania sp. protozoa are introduced into a mammalian skin by a sandfly vector, whereupon they encounter increased temperature and toxic oxidants generated during phagocytosis. We studied the effects of 37 °C “heat shock” or sublethal menadione, which generates superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, on Leishmania chagasi virulence. Both heat and menadione caused parasites to become more resistant to H2O2-mediated toxicity. Peroxide resistance was also induced as promastigotes developed in culture from logarithmic to their virulent stationary phase form. Peroxide resistance was not associated with an increase in reduced thiols (trypanothione and glutathione) or increased activity of ornithine decarboxylase, which is rate-limiting in trypanothione synthesis. Membrane lipophosphoglycan increased in size as parasites developed to stationary phase but not after environmental exposures. Instead, parasites underwent a heat shock response upon exposure to heat or sublethal menadione, detected by increased levels of HSP70. Transfection of promastigotes withL. chagasi HSP70 caused a heat-inducible increase in resistance to peroxide, implying it is involved in antioxidant defense. We conclude that leishmania have redundant mechanisms for resisting toxic oxidants. Some are induced during developmental change and others are induced in response to environmental stress.
Photochemical energy storage in a spatially organized zeolite-based photoredox system

Zeolites are often employed as organizational media or supports for entrapped or adsorbed transition-metal catalysts and photo-catalysts1–6. In such applications, the individual catalytic species have been associated with the framework structure of the zeolite in a purely statistical (randomized) arrangement. A synthetic strategy developed recently7 has shown how a much higher level of organization can be obtained, so pointing the way to the generation of systems in which two or more active components can be arranged—both spatially and in terms of reactivity— within the zeolite host to enhance the efficiency of a desired catalytic reaction. Here we describe an application of this approach to photochemical storage of light energy. Such an application requires efficient photoinduced charge transfer between donor and acceptor molecules to form long-lived charge-separated states: the competing thermal back electron transfer reaction must be minimized. This is achieved in our system by arranging the active components (donor, acceptor and a 'sensitizing' intermediate molecule) such that they occupy adjacent cages within the zeolite framework, and results in unprecedented levels of net charge-separation efficiency.
Genome Sequence of Edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146, a Strain Associated with a Natural Channel Catfish Outbreak of Enteric Septicemia of Catfish

Edwardsiella ictaluri is the cause of extensive mortalities and economic losses to the channel catfish industry of the southeast United States. Here we report the complete genome of Edwardsiella ictaluri 93-146. Whole-genome sequence analysis of E. ictaluri provides a tool for understanding the genomic regions specific to the species and the Edwardsiella genus.
Formation of Galaxies in Classical Cosmology

Galaxies may have arisen out of thermal fluctuations in early stages in the expansion of the universe.
An historical review of US defense strategy from Vietnam to operation Iraqi freedom

Facing nearly half a billion dollars in spending cuts over the next five years, US defense planners and strategists must simultaneously rebuild a war-weary Army weakened from over a decade of war, build new sea and air capabilities for the Pacific theater, and reduce manpower, procurement, and contractor budgets while promoting innovation. The US defense department is embarking on what may be the most sweeping period of defense transformation in recent memory. This article reviews the history of American defense transformation, focusing on an important but largely overlooked period of military innovation that began in the shadow of Vietnam and ended with troops fighting through blinding sandstorms at night on the road to Baghdad. The multifaceted transformation strategy conceived in the 1970s paved the way for a military revolution in the 1990s and enabled unprecedented battlefield adaptation in the 2000s. After reviewing the revolutionary changes that led to American dominance in conventional warfare in ...
The effect on hydrogen decomposition pressures of group IIIA and IVA element substitutions for Ni In LaNi5 alloys

Abstract The alloys LaNi4.6In0.4 and LaNi4.6Sn0.4 were prepared and their hydrogen absorption properties studied. Hydrogen desorption pressures for both corresponding hydrides were found to be lower than those determined previously for LaNi4.6Al0.4 and LaNi4.6Ga0.4. Enthalpies and entropies of transition for both hydrides were calculated and their hydrogen absorption-desorption hysteresis appeared to be negligible.
Cyclosporin A: Drug discontinuation for the management of long‐term toxicity after liver transplantation

After liver transplantation, long-term cyclosporin A (CsA) administration is commonly complicated by renal insufficiency and other side effects. To manage these problems, 1.5 to 2.0 mg · kg-1 · day-1 of azathioprine for at least 6 weeks was prescribed; CsA was then discontinued or reduced to or = 1.5 mg/dL), in 1 patient because of headaches and in 1 patient because of a generalized sensory neuropathy; 1 patient refused to continue taking the drug. The CsA dose was reduced in 13 patients, 12 because of nephrotoxicity and 1 because of headaches. One patient in whom administration of CsA was stopped developed azathioprine hepatotoxicity, whereas 1 patient whose dose was reduced developed acute cellular rejection. These complications were controlled by discontinuing azathioprine and reinitiating CsA. In the patients in whom CsA was discontinued, the mean serum creatinine level decreased from 2.42 +/- 0.48 to 1.72 +/- 0.39 mg/dL (P = .00004); in the patients in whom CsA was reduced, the mean serum creatinine level decreased less markedly. This report suggests that discontinuation of CsA along with increased doses of azathioprine is safe for some patients and may be effective in managing CsA-related nephrotoxicity and other side effects after liver transplantation. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this approach is safe and effective for the growing number of post-transplantation patients who may be candidates for such therapy. (Hepatology 1996 Nov;24(5):1085-9)
Quality Attributes of Fermented and Acidified Green Beans

A study was conducted with two styles and four blanch methods on green beans which were acidified with one of four organic acids or fermented. The beans were compared with conventional canned beans for selected quality attributes. Analyses showed that acidified and fermented beans were acceptable in color, firmness and flavor regardless of style, blanch or storage. The acidified and fermented beans were much firmer with less sloughing than conventional canned beans. Minor differences were noted in nutritive value of the beans. Panel ratings for flavor of acidified beans were not significantly different from the conventional canned beans except in fermented beans. Flavor differences in fermented beans were probably caused by flavor volatiles produced by the bacteria. Acidified and fermented beans should be suitable for many types of dishes prepared with green beans such as casseroles, salads, etc. as well as for salad bars.
FORTRAN Graphics Library for PC‐Based Crop Simulation Models

A graphics library is presented for PC-based crop growth simulation models written in the FORTRAN programming language. The library can be incorporated into simulation models with only minor programming. It allows the user to graphically plot simulated variables and measured values on the computer screen while a model is running. Graphs can also be sent to an output device such as a plotter, printer, or slide maker. Procedures for installing the library in a simulation model are described with the SIMPOTATO potato model as an example. The library is a module that can be quickly and easily added to FORTRAN simulation models by even relatively inexperienced programmes
Sexuality during pregnancy and the year postpartum.

We report the sexual patterns of 570 women and 550 of their husbands/partners, not recruited specifically for sex research, at the fifth month of pregnancy (T1), 1 month postpartum (T2), 4 months postpartum (T3), and 12 months postpartum (T4). Although approximately 90% of couples engaged in sexual intercourse at T1, T3, and T4, only about 19% did at T2. On average, couples resumed intercourse around seven weeks postpartum. At T2 and T3, breastfeeding women showed significantly less sexual activity and less sexual satisfaction, compared with nonbreastfeeding women. There were few differences between women who delivered vaginally and those who delivered by cesarean, except that the latter resumed intercourse somewhat earlier. There was a high degree of agreement between husbands’ and wives’ reports, supporting the validity of self‐reports of sexual behavior.
Recall Antigen Response in Pediatric Cancer Patients Receiving Parenteral Hyperalimentation

ABSTRACT. Delayed hypersensitivity was evaluated in 24 pediatric cancer patients who received intravenous hyperalimentation (IVH). Hypersensitivity, as analyzed by skin test antigens, was recorded before and after IVH therapy. With the exception of malnourished patients, tumor response, nutritional status, and delayed hypersensitivity were not correlated in the way suggested by similar studies in adult patients. However, hypersensitivity was correlated with nutritional status post-IVH.
Road Rage: User-Reported Antecedents and Potential Solutions

Road rage (intentional high risk driving behavior) is a factor that increases the likelihood that a driver will be involved in a vehicle crash. The focus of this study was to determine potential antecedents of road rage and methods to prevent road rage. A sample of 372 participants were surveyed. Based upon responses, participant profiles were established to analyze the data. Analyses using Chi-square and Fisher's Exact test revealed a significant negative relationship between age and the tendency toward aggressive driving, particularly tailgating. in addition, content analysis revealed a number of potential antecedents of and solutions to road rage. Human factors implications are discussed.
Sensory-motor interactions in antennal reflexes of the American lobster

1. The behavior, proprioceptors, musculature, and innervation of the distal three segments of the antenna of the American lobster,Homarus americanus, were studied. 2. The unrestrained lobster moves the two distal joints of the antenna in two ways: 1) simultaneous extension or flexion at both joints, or 2) movement of the distal segment by itself. 3. Sensory information about the movements at the two joints is provided mainly by two proprioceptors, the MCF chordotonal organ spanning both joints and the CF myochordotonal organ spanning the most distal joint. 4. The MCF chordotonal organ is an unusual proprioceptor in that some of its units respond similarly to movement at either joint. 5. Movement at the two distal joints is controlled by four muscles, one pair of flexors and one pair of extensors. 6. The innervation pattern involves seven excitatory motor neurons: one independent motor neuron to each of the four muscles, one common motor neuron to the flexor muscles, and two common motor neurons to the extensor muscles. 7. Induced joint movements generate resistance-reflex responses: flexion drives the two independent extensor motor neurons E4 and E5 and one of the two common extensor motor neurons EC1; extension drives the independent motor neurons F4 and F5. The response is the same to movement at either joint. 8. Direct mechanical stimulation of the MCF chordotonal organ also generates resistance reflexes: stretch drives the flexor motor neurons F4 and F5; relaxation drives extensor motor neurons E4, E5, and EC1. These responses are similar to those produced by induced joint movement. 9. The functional significance of the relationship between the common proprioceptor and the motor neurons is discussed.
Three-party competition in parliamentary democracy with proportional representation

This article studies the long-run dynamics of policy choices, government formations, and voting behavior under a parliamentary constitution and proportional representation. I develop an infinite period game where, in each period, voters participate in a proportional representation election, and three farsighted parties bargain over one-dimensional policy programs and government positions. The model incorporates the interaction between elections and coalition bargaining, which is the essence of politics in most parliamentary systems, as well as a dynamic environment of policymaking: a policy once implemented remains in effect until another replaces it. I find a Markov perfect equilibrium in which (1) there is no majority party in any election; (2) election results converge over time to a stable vote distribution; (3) policy outcomes change over time but eventually stay within a set of three points; (4) minimal winning coalitions and minority governments are formed with positive probability and alternate over time.
Gamma Rays from the Low-Lying Levels of F 18

A 5-mm-thick lithium-drifted germanium counter was used to detect the low-energy gamma rays ($E\ensuremath{\gamma}l1.8$ MeV) emitted at 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to the beam following bombardment of an ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$ gas target with ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$ ions with a mean energy of 1.8 MeV. The excitation energies of the first seven levels of ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ were determined to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2 keV or better from energy measurements of the de-excitation gamma rays from these levels. The decay of the ${\mathrm{F}}^{18}$ 2.10-MeV level to the 0.94- and 1.08-MeV levels was confirmed, and an upper limit of 6% was placed on the branch to the 1.045-MeV level.
Chronic phencyclidine treatment decreases phencyclidine and dopamine receptors in rat brain

Chronic phencyclidine treatment (10 mg/kg/day, SC for 14 days) significantly decreased the number of [3H]phencyclidine and [3H]spiperone binding sites in rat brain. [3H]Dihydromorphine binding was not affected by the same treatment. An acute treatment with phencyclidine (10 mg/kg, SC) did not modify any of the binding sites under study. These results suggest that a chronic phencyclidine treatment induces a down-regulation of phencyclidine and dopamine receptors without affecting opiate receptors. These reductions in the number of phencyclidine and dopamine binding sites might be related to the development of tolerance and/or dependence to phencyclidine.
Secondary attachments and adolescent self concept

This study examined the popular notion that crushes or secondary attachments to celebrity figures are an important aspect of self-concept development during adolescence. In a repeated measures design, 79 male and female 5th, 8th, and 11th graders and college sophomores completed a set of personality scales, first describing themselves and later, describing the favorite celebrity. Repeated measures multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) analysis of self-object congruence revealed no significant main or interaction effects for the type of attachment, gender, or age of subject. Significant within subject effects were obtained for the repeated measures factor (self-object congruence). Overall, students perceived their attachment objects to be more agentic, yet less expressive and emotionally vulnerable than themselves. MANOVA analyses indicated that males and older students perceived their attachment objects to be higher in agency than expressivity, whereas females and younger students perceived their attachment objects to be higher in expressivity than agency. These data indicate that the function served by secondary attachments in the development of self-concept may be quite similar for adolescent males and females.
Functional consequences of treating turkey liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase with penicillin G.

Treatment of turkey liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase with penicillin G progressively inactivated the enzyme and desensitized the enzyme toward high substrate inhibition. The treatment also led to reduced sensitivity to AMP inhibition and the loss of cooperative interaction among AMP-binding sites. These altered properties were not reversed by dialysis, but were prevented when treatment with penicillin G was performed in the presence of substrate.
Naltrexone and Brief Counseling to Reduce Heavy Drinking

Naltrexone (NTX) has been shown to be safe and effective in reducing relapses among alcoholics. Among nondependent heavy drinkers, who are more numerous in the general population than are alcohol-dependent drinkers, brief counseling has been shown to reduce alcohol consumption. The authors conducted a 6-week randomized study of the effects of adding 25-mg or 50-mg daily doses of NTX to brief counseling in 14 nondependent heavy drinkers. NTX was well-tolerated. Desire for alcohol, drinking frequency, frequency of heavy drinking, total alcohol consumption, and serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase all decreased significantly during treatment. A placebo-controlled trial is warranted to evaluate further the efficacy of NTX in this group of problem drinkers.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S disrupts Ras-mediated signal transduction by inhibiting guanine nucleotide exchange factor-catalyzed nucleotide exchange.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exoenzyme S double ADP-ribosylates Ras at Arg41 and Arg128. Since Arg41 is adjacent to the switch 1 region of Ras, ADP-ribosylation could interfere with Ras-mediated signal transduction via several mechanisms, including interaction with Raf, or guanine nucleotide exchange factor-stimulated or intrinsic nucleotide exchange. Initial experiments showed that ADP-ribosylated Ras (ADP-r-Ras) and unmodified Ras (Ras) interacted with Raf with equal efficiencies, indicating that ADP-ribosylation did not interfere with Ras-Raf interactions. While ADP-r-Ras and Ras possessed equivalent intrinsic nucleotide exchange rates, guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Cdc25) stimulated the nucleotide exchange of ADP-r-Ras at a 3-fold slower rate than Ras. ADP-r-Ras did not affect the nucleotide exchange of Ras, indicating that the ADP-ribosylation of Ras was not a dominant negative phenotype. Ras-R41K and ADP-r-Ras R41K possessed similar exchange rates as Ras, indicating that ADP-ribosylation at Arg128 did not inhibit Cdc25-stimulated nucleotide exchange. Consistent with the slower nucleotide exchange rate of ADP-r-Ras as compared with Ras, ADP-r-Ras bound its guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Cdc25) less efficiently than Ras in direct binding experiments. Together, these data indicate that ADP-ribosylation of Ras at Arg41 disrupts Ras-Cdc25 interactions, which inhibits the rate-limiting step in Ras signal transduction, the activation of Ras by its guanine nucleotide exchange factor.
A Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Crossover Study of the Acute Metabolic Effects of Olanzapine in Healthy Volunteers

Background and Rationale Atypical antipsychotics exhibit metabolic side effects including diabetes mellitus and obesity. The adverse events are preceded by acute worsening of oral glucose tolerance (oGTT) along with reduced plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and leptin in animal models. It is unclear whether the same acute effects occur in humans.
Lupus erythematosus in a patient with amyloidosis, adrenal insufficiency, and subsequent immunoblastic sarcoma. Demonstration of the le phenomenon in the lung

A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus of long duration developed secondary amyloidosis and finally died after the additional complication of malignant lymphoproliferative disease. Multiple system involvement, typical serologic findings, and postmortem evidence substantiated the diagnosis of lupus erythematosus. Amyloid deposition was found in several organs, but was notably extensive in the adrenal cortex. This extensive deposition resulted in adrenal insufficiency, which was diagnosed clinically and treated until the patient's death from lymphoma. The particular nature of the malignant lymphoma is emphasized; a distinctive feature was the disappearance of positive lupus erythematosus cells from the buffy coat and the reduction in titers of relevant serologic tests toward the end of the illness. In spite of this reduction, many hematoxylin bodies and abundant complete lupus erythematosus cells were found in the lungs on postmortem examination.