cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Lighting-Induced Arousal on the Magnitude of Goal Valence

Recent evidence has indicated that unlabeled residual arousal is capable of enhancing the psychological impact of potential negative outcomes. Three investigations further tested this nelationship by examining the effect of environmental lighting, an unobirusive and concurrent source of arousal, on appraisals of an avoidance goal In the first, subjects were given the opportunity to avoid an aversive noise outcome under either dim or bright illumination. As predicted, ratings of noise unpleasantness increased with the level of illumination. In the second study, two further conditions were added to the design in which subjects were given explicit arousal-labeling information. In support of the interaction prediction, noise unpleasantness evaluations were low and uniform with the provision of labeling information but reliably increased as a positive function of lighting level without it. In the final experiment, the extent and nature of the arousal, proposed to be mediating the relationship betwten lighting ...
The Search for the Grail of Development

Abstract It has been argued that the Big Ideas of development economists and development agencies over the last 50 years have been deeply flawed. These include: the emphasis on government planning and control, on import substitution, on investment led growth, on education, on heavy reliance on incentives and market pricing and market allocations, on discouraging population growth rates, on following balanced or unbalanced growth and growth patterns, the resort to structural adjustment loans and explaining growth by geography or institutions and governance conditions. In contrast, I advance a contrary hypothesis. It is that there is some truth in many of the suggestions and most of them are useful in specific times and places. The internal conditions of each country are to some degree, and often to a high degree, unique and keep changing, which is true also of their external circumstances. This requires flexibility, adjustments and changing emphases. So the critical issues for each country and policies prepared for them must not only be somewhat different, but also must be continually modified.
Förster resonance energy transfer as a probe of membrane protein folding.

The folding reaction of a β-barrel membrane protein, outer membrane protein A (OmpA), is probed with Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments. Four mutants of OmpA were generated in which the donor fluorophore, tryptophan, and acceptor molecule, a naphthalene derivative, are placed in various locations on the protein to report the evolution of distances across the bilayer and across the protein pore during a folding event. Analysis of the FRET efficiencies reveals three timescales for tertiary structure changes associated with insertion and folding into a synthetic bilayer. A narrow pore forms during the initial stage of insertion, followed by bilayer traversal. Finally, a long-time component is attributed to equilibration and relaxation, and may involve global changes such as pore expansion and strand extension. These results augment the existing models that describe concerted insertion and folding events, and highlight the ability of FRET to provide insight into the complex mechanisms of membrane protein folding. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane protein structure and function.
A statistical approach for characterizing chemical durability within a waste glass compositional region

Abstract In order to qualify nuclear waste forms for disposal in geological repositories, waste glass producers must adequately describe the properties of the glass. One of the most important of these properties is chemical durability (resistance to leaching). An approach for characterizing the chemical durability of a producer's waste glass form must take into account that the composition of the glass will vary during production. Thus, leach testing performed as part of the characterization effort must investigate the range of glasses that are likely to be produced. Also, the approach must account for the fact that only a limited number of compositional variations can be tested and that the leach test results will be subject to uncertainty. A statistical approach that satisfies these goals is presented. The statistical approach for characterizing the chemical durability of waste glasses in a specified compositional region involves the following steps: defining the compositional region of anticipated production glass, selecting a test matrix of compositions via computer-aided experimental design techniques, leach testing, empirical modeling of the leach test results, investigating glass component effects, and using statistical confidence statements to describe chemical durability over the compositional region. These steps are illustrated using the results of work performed at Pacific Northwest Laboratory for West Valley Nuclear Services.
Stability Properties I

Let X be a Banach space. Recall that a unit vector x in X is said to be an extreme point if for any y, z e B(X), x = 1/2(y+z) implies x = y = z. A unit vector x in X is said to be a smooth point of X if there is a unique x* e S(X*) such that (x*, x) = 1.
A Comparison of Monitoring Techniques for the Navel Orangeworm

Techniques for monitoring populations of Paramyelois transitella (Walker) were compared in almond orchards in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Adult populations were monitored with pheromone traps containing virgin ♀ moths and with BL traps. Oviposition trends were monitored with an egg collection device baited with an oviposition attractant and by periodic examination of mummy nuts collected from the trees. Results of these comparisons showed that the artificial egg trap accurately reflected seasonal population trends of the moths and egg laying patterns by ♀ until hull-split of the new crop began and competition for oviposition was created between traps and nuts. The use of oviposition traps offers an accurate, economical, and simplified method for monitoring navel orangeworm populations in comparison to other available methods.
Tests of Systemic Insecticides for Control of Insect Pests of Ornamentals

Soil treatments of granular formulations of systemic compounds UC 21149 [2-methyl-1-2 (methylthio) propionaldehyde O -(methylcarbamoyl) oxime] and NIA 10242 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl N -methylcarbamate) gave complete control of birch leaf miner, Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier) for 2 years, and of holly leaf miner, Phytomyza ilicis (Curtis), and Andromeda lace bug, Stephanitis takeyai (Drake and Maa) [ globulifera (Matsmura) ] during the season in which they were used. UC 21149 gave somewhat better control of boxwood leaf miner, Monarthrapolpus buxi (Laboulbene), than NIA 10242. Bidrin® liquid concentrate [3-(dimethoxyphosphinyloxy) -N , N -dimethyl-cis-crotonamidej and Thiocron® granules [ O , O -dimethyl- S -(2-methoxyethyl-carbamoylmethyl) dithiophosphate] were effective only at the highest concentrations for control of birth leaf miner. Dimetilan granules did not give good control of Andromeda lace bug.
Analysis on the Surveillance Situations of the National Soil Transmitted Nematodiasis Surveillance Site in Gaozhou City in 2007

Objective To investigate the current status and risk factors of epidemic soil transmitted nematodiasis and provide scientific basis for making the control countermeasures and evaluating the control effect.Methods Surveillance site was established and soil transmitted nematode eggs in feces was detected by Kato-Katz(K-K) thick smears.Enterobius vermicularis infection of children under 12 was examined by perianal swab method.Ascarid and hookworm eggs in soil were tested by the saturated sodium nitrate flotation method.Results 877 persons received stool examination,with a total infection rate of 14.37.The infection rates of ascarid,hookworm and whipworm were 1.25,11.86 and 1.37,respectively.120 children at age 3～12 were examined by perianal swab method,with an Enterobius vermicularis infection rate of 45.83.Forty soil samples were tested,with ascarid and hookworm egg positive rates of 10 and 27.5,respectively.Conclusion The ascarid,hookworm and whipworm infection rates of residents in Gaozhou city showed an obvious decreasing trend,but the Enterobius vermicularis infection rate of children still remained high without any trend of decrease,and the detection results demonstrated that there were a great quantity of ascarid and hookworm eggs in soil.
Romeo and Juliet on Facebook: After Love Comes Destruction

on had its origin in my study of Mikhail Bakhtin’s The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays which I first read when doing graduate research in digital narrative. The phrase, “The word in living conversation,” stayed with me as a distillation of Bakhtin’s ideas on dialogism and heteroglossia: ideas particularly pertinent to a study of narrative’s adaptation to different media. I had an abiding interest in historical narrative artifacts, and that shaped my view of narrative. I saw it as millennia of storytelling with humans reinterpreting their stories over time, pushing the evolution of the narrative along with the evolution of technology. Dialogism, and Kristeva’s take on it, intertextuality, were, today, made tangible in the mashups prevalent in the websites, blogs, and social media sites my students and I visited daily.
Modeling stress relaxation of crosslinked polymer networks for biomaterials applications: A distance learning module

Abstract Distance learning has become a prevalent method of delivering education to all types of student demographics. Here we present an online materials-related activity, which can be implemented into any course (traditional or online) related to chemical, mechanical, or biomedical engineering. Students use a Matlab graphical user interface (GUI) to predict the stress relaxation behavior of crosslinked biomaterials with three viscoelastic models, the Maxwell, Kelvin–Voigt, and standard linear. By analyzing provided experimental data, students evaluate the impact of crosslinking on the stress-relaxation behavior and learn the underlying molecular mechanisms that cause this behavior. Furthermore, students learn the accuracy of each model prediction by comparison to the experiment data. Overall, the activity highlights the importance of structure-property relationships in the technological advancement of biomedical materials. Our evaluation indicates that the laboratory was effectively conducted online, as it contributed to outcomes set forth for undergraduate chemical engineering students by Rowan University and ABET.
Placement Density and Longevity of Pheromone Traps for Monitoring of the Citrus Leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Abstract The citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), is an important pest of all citrus varieties. Larvae damage young leaves, thereby reducing photosynthesis and tree vigor, and may impact yield. Wounds opened by P. citrella larvae may also increase susceptibility to citrus canker disease caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae). Sex pheromones coupled with appropriate traps are used as monitoring tools for this and other lepidopteran pests. Information compiled from trap captures is indicative of seasonal population fluctuations and may be used to guide management practices. Trap density and pheromone dispenser longevity are factors affecting the accuracy of trapping data. Our objectives were to evaluate capture of P. citrella in relation to trap density and duration under field conditions. Almost 2 yr of citrus leafminer monitoring demonstrated that a density of 1 trap per approximately 2 ha yielded similar res...
Measuring Language Acquisition

A student cited in Colin Evans’ Language People has the following wisdom to share about the role of residence abroad in language learning: ‘There is only one way to learn a language properly. If you want to get to the heart of a language, you go out there’ (Evans 1988: 43). By observing that a sojourn abroad is the sole means to attain profound knowledge of a language, this student echoes both professional folklore and popular impressions of the study abroad experience. But what does it mean to ‘get to the heart’ of language, and how can this knowledge be demonstrated, documented, assessed — in a word — proven? If popular opinion would have us believe that study abroad leads to impressive changes in students’ language ability, can this opinion be substantiated with facts? What evidence has been gathered to support claims about the crucial role of study abroad as an environment for language learning? This chapter scrutinizes the history of attempts, on the part of applied linguists and language educators, to measure the outcomes of study abroad in terms of language ability.
Democratizing an electroluminescence imaging apparatus and analytics project for widespread data acquisition in photovoltaic materials

We present a description of an electroluminescence (EL) apparatus, easily sourced from commercially available components, with a quantitative image processing platform that demonstrates feasibility for the widespread utility of EL imaging as a characterization tool. We validated our system using a Gage R&R analysis to find a variance contribution by the measurement system of 80.56%, which is typically unacceptable, but through quantitative image processing and development of correction factors a variance contribution by the measurement system of 2.41% was obtained. We further validated the system by quantifying the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and found values consistent with other systems published in the literature, at SNR values of 10-100, albeit at exposure times of greater than 1 s compared to 10 ms for other systems. This SNR value range is acceptable for image feature recognition, providing the opportunity for widespread data acquisition and large scale data analytics of photovoltaics.
Design Principles for High H2 Storage Using Chelation of Abundant Transition Metals in Covalent Organic Frameworks for 0–700 bar at 298 K

Physisorption is an effective route to meet hydrogen gas (H2) storage and delivery requirements for transportation because it is fast and fully reversible under mild conditions. However, most current candidates have too small binding enthalpies to H2 which leads to volumetric capacity less than 10 g/L compared to that of the system target of 40 g/L at 298 K. Accurate quantum mechanical (QM) methods were used to determine the H2 binding enthalpy of 5 linkers which were chelated with 11 different transition metals (Tm), including abundant first-row Tm (Sc through Cu), totaling 60 molecular compounds with more than 4 configurations related to the different number of H2 that interact with the molecular compound. It was found that first-row Tm gave similar and sometimes superior van der Waals interactions with H2 than precious Tm. Based on these linkers, 30 new covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were constructed. The H2 uptakes of these new COFs were determined using quantum mechanics (QM)-based force fields a...
How Use of Location-Based Social Network (LBSN) Services Contributes to Accumulation of Social Capital

The goal of this study is to examine the association between location-sharing in location based social networking (LBSN) services and social capital, such as trust, reciprocity, and network resources. A cross-sectional survey (n = 491) was conducted by adopting a simple random sampling method in 2014. The findings showed that intensity of LBSN services is positively associated with all social capital aspects. In general, compared to a group of non-users of LBSN services, those groups of users with low and high intensity of LBSN services were higher in trust, reciprocity, and network resources. Therefore, this study proposes theoretical and practical implications of location-sharing to scholars in social sciences demonstrating how use of LBSN services influences accumulation of social capital.
Unexpected Functional Consequences of the Loss of the Autophagy-Related Conjugation System.

We discuss the recent finding by Mizishima’s group regarding the role of the autophagy-related conjugation system in mediating the closure of autophagosomes and its implication in the study of autophagy in mammalian cells. The study not only shows a novel function of the autophagy-related conjugation system but also indicates that mammalian cells are capable of generating autophagosomes even without it.
A new weight vectors generation method for R2 indicator based evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithm

In multi-objective optimization problems (MOPs), set-based performance indicators are commonly used to assess the convergence and diversity of Pareto front approximation. Performance indicators can be used as the selection strategies. The selection strategy of indicator based evolutionary multi-objective algorithms (EMOAs) is guided by a general preference information, which maps objectives into a single contribution value by means of a set of utility functions. R2-EMOA is one of the most important indicator-based algorithms to solve MOPs. We use fast R2-ranking to rank the individuals of EMOAs. This paper suggests a new weight generator strategy, which is based on direction angles, for MOPs. Our main purpose is to explore the relationship among direction angles, weight vectors and direction vectors. Our proposed weight generator scheme is incorporated to two different search engines, resulting in two new EMOAs, named IR2-MOGA and IR2-MODE. The performance of our proposed method is validated and compared with other R2-EMOAs on a number of unconstraint benchmark problems. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithms can significantly improve the convergence and diversity of R2-EMOA.
Listeria monocytogenes PdeE, a phosphodiesterase that contributes to virulence and has hydrolytic activity against cyclic mononucleotides and cyclic dinucleotides

We have identified and partially characterized a putative HD domain hydrolase, LMOf2365_2464, which is highly expressed during listerial intracellular replication. LMOf2365_2464 is annotated as a putative HD domain-containing hydrolase. The ability of an isogenic mutant strain, F2365Δ2464, to adhere, invade and replicate in intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) was significantly lower than parent strain F2365. Colonization of mouse liver and spleen by L. monocytogenes F2365 was significantly higher than it was for the mutant. The recombinant protein showed phosphodiesterase activity in the presence of divalent metal ions, indicating its role in nucleotide metabolism. It has activity against several cyclic nucleotides and cyclic dinucleotides, but its strongest activity is against cyclic di-AMP and cyclic AMP. Based on this enzymatic activity, we designated LMOf2365_2464 phosphodiesterase E (PdeE).
Cardiac Metastasis from Renal Cell Carcinoma

Metastases are the most common malignant cardiac tumors. FDG PET/MR imaging combines anatomic and functional information to aid in the evaluation of benign and malignant cardiac masses which can help guide management.
A Method for Modeling Utilization Data from Multiple Sources: Application in a Study of Linkage to Primary Care

In many studies designed to measure health outcomes, information about subject utilization of health services is often obtained from multiple sources (or informants). Key methodological challenges in analyzing such data concern how they should best be represented and interpreted in statistical models.
An ERP study of multidimensional source retrieval in depression.

Abstract We collected event-related potentials (ERPs) from 24 unmedicated adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and 24 controls during source memory retrieval. Words were encoded on the left or right during animacy and mobility judgments. Mobility judgments were slower than animacy judgments, suggesting deeper encoding. Participants then recalled the encoding judgment (Question cue) and position (Side cue) for each word. Depressed adults, but not controls, showed better accuracy for words from the mobility task presented under the Question vs. Side Cue. Furthermore, depressed adults showed larger left parietal ERPs to words from the mobility task presented under the Question vs. the Side Cue from 400 to 800 ms and 800–1400 ms. This ERP effect was negatively correlated with sleep quality. Thus, deep encoding followed by retrieval of the encoding judgment supported memory in MDD and augmented left parietal ERPs that have been linked to recollection and that appear sensitive to sleep disturbance.
Introduction: Intellectual Property and Diverse Rights of Ownership in Science:

1. Mertan R K. Priorities in scientific discovery: a chapter in the sociology of science. Amer. Sociol. Rev. 22:63S-59, 1957, 2. Garfield E. Delayed recognition in scientific discove~: citation frequency analysis aids the search for case histories. Current Conrenrs (23):3-9, 5 June 1989. 3. -----------Is there room in science for self-promotion? THE SCIENTIST 1(27):9, 14 Dccemkr 1987, 4. Cosaens S E, ed. Theme section changing notions of ownership in science, Sci. Technol. Hum. Vaf, 13(1 & 2):7-63. Winter& Spring 1988. 5. ZuckermanH A. Introduction:intellectual property and dkerse rights of nwnership in science. Sci. Techrd. Hum. Val. 13(1 & 2):7-16, Winter & Spring 1988. 6. Garffeld E. Patem citation indexing and the notions of novelty, similarity, and relevame. Essays of an irforrn.arion scientiw: the awards of science and other essays. Philadelphia: 1S1Press, 1985, Vol. 7. p. 536-42. (Reprinted from J. Chem. Dec. 6:63-5, 1966,) 7. Arrdersorr G C. Utah’s “fusion” fiels heated debate. THE SCfENTIST 3(9):1-3; 8, 1 May 1989. 8. Dohm C. Utah can hardly contain its reaction to nuclear fusion. Wall Srreef Journal 31 March 1989. p, B3. 9. Garfield E. Contemplating a science court: on the question of instimtionslizing scientific facttindin8. THE SCIENTIST 1(6):9; 29, 9 Febmary 1987.
Free Tarsoconjunctival Grafts and Composite Grafts

Free tarsoconjunctival and full-thickness composite grafts are utilized in reconstructing eyelids in which defects may be due to tumor removal, trauma, or congenital coloboma.1,2,3 These grafts may be utilized in conjunction with other types of flaps or grafts.
The Cardinal Series

A signal is bandlimited in the low pass sense if there is a B > 0 such that $$X(u) = X(u)\prod (\frac{u}{{2B}}).$$ (3.1)
Reeling in the Outlier: Gonzales v. Carhart and the End of Facial Challenges to Abortion Statutes

This Note elaborates on the justifications for demanding as-applied challenges in the abortion context, and responds to critics' arguments that facial overbreadth challenges are both necessary in this context and have been endorsed by the Court in a wide array of contexts outside the First Amendment. Part I of this Note begins with a general background on facial versus as-applied challenges. It then discusses those challenges more specifically in the abortion context and summarizes the Court's history of shifting standards to satisfy a facial challenge to an abortion statute. The Part concludes with an extensive discussion of the Gonzales v. Carhart opinion, which represents a significant turning point in the facial challenge debate. Part II attempts to prove that the Court's holding in Gonzales was justified by the traditional requirement of as-applied adjudication to which the Court has adhered in areas outside abortion and the First Amendment. This Part demonstrates that the justification for allowing facial overbreadth challenges to statutes regulating First Amendment rights does not translate to the abortion context. Finally, Part III responds to critics' arguments that the overbreadth doctrine has been expanded to reach many more areas than just the First Amendment. Supreme Court precedent dictates that the overbreadth doctrine is justified by, and limited to, the First Amendment, and the Court's holding in Gonzales was merely a principled attempt to bring abortion challenges back where they belong - into the mainstream of as-applied adjudication.
The Preparation of Counselors for Assessment

The preparation of counselors for assessment represents one of the more important issues that confronts the counseling profession. The centrality of this issue may be stated as follows: Counseling ...
Menthol and flavor capsule cigarettes in the Philippines: A comparison of pack design.

Introduction Tobacco use is a major public health problem in the Philippines. Menthol flavored and flavor capsule cigarettes are independently associated with increased smoking initiation and appeal to youth and young adults. Packaging is an important tobacco marketing tool. We describe cigarette packs sold in the Philippines market and describe products' flavor and capsule inclusion. Methods Tobacco packs were systematically collected in the Philippines in 2016 and categorized as non-flavored non-capsule, menthol non-capsule, menthol capsule, and non-menthol capsule. Structural elements (e.g. pack type, shape) and graphic components (e.g. imagery, descriptors, color) of the packs were compared. Results Menthol capsule packs were significantly more likely to be hard packs than menthol non-capsule. Menthol packs were more likely to be colored green than non-flavored packs. Non-menthol capsule packs were more likely to display the term 'fresh' than non-capsule packs. Capsule packs were more likely to display technological appeals than non-capsule packs. Conclusions Menthol and flavor capsule cigarettes are packaged differently (most notably, in terms of color and technological appeals) than non-menthol and non-capsule packs. Packaging and labeling policy should take this into consideration.
Was lehrt uns die letzte Erderwärmung

Vor 56 Mio. Jahren ereignete sich die rasanteste globale Erwarmung der Erdgeschichte. Lange galt sie als warnendes Beispiel fur die Gegenwart. Doch nun fanden Forscher heraus, dass der damalige Temperaturanstieg wesentlich langsamer als gedacht vonstattenging. Der heutige Klimawandel ist viel dramatischer.
Lessons from the Research Field on Partnership in Pediatric Primary Care with Urban, Low-Income African American Parents

Qualitative data collection offers a unique opportunity to partner with research participants. Lessons learned through the process of data collection with urban, low-income, African American parents are reflective of the research findings themselves. Carefully designed research studies can remove barriers and empower participants, broadening the reach and results. Recruitment within communities develops trust, and focus groups offer a more empowering method for interviewing marginalized populations. Parents desire to have solid partnerships with their children’s health-care providers so that with their providers’ guidance, their children can flourish. The process of implementing the research itself, and not just the results, reveals strategies for improving partnership between parents and health-care providers.
Impacts of an Early Childhood Mathematics and Science Intervention on Teaching Practices and Child Outcomes

This randomized controlled trial examined effects of the MyTeachingPartner-Math/Science intervention on the quality and quantity of teachers’ mathematics and science instruction, and children’s mat...
Does Reciprocity Affect Analysts’ Incentives to Release Timely Information? Evidence from Syndication Relationships in Securities Underwriting

Reciprocity is a subtle but influential factor in maintaining business relationships. We examine the stock recommendations, earnings forecasts, and target prices issued by “reciprocity-pressured” a...
Introduction: Human Security, Oil Revenues, and Conflict

West Africa’s maritime regions, including its onshore and offshore basins and rifts, are experiencing an unprecedented expansion in oil exploration and development as a result of their proven hydrocarbon reserves and high prospectivity. Along the stretch of coastline between the Senegal basin in the north right down to the more profitable Gulf of Guinea and on to southwest Africa, more than 500 oil (and gas) companies from various Western countries and from as far away as India, Malaysia, and Singapore are participating vigorously in the upstream (exploration, discovery, development, and production) and downstream activities (refining, marketing, and shipping) of one of the most important commodities in international trade. In addition to the traditional oil-producing and exporters, such as Nigeria and Angola strengthening their capacity, major new and significant producers have now emerged including Ghana, Equatorial Guinea, and Sao Tome and Principe. There have also been significant new offshore discoveries in Cote d’Ivoire and the under-explored Senegal basin, in the northern tip of West Africa. As a result of this frenetic exploration activities, the region is witness to frequent new basin openings and relatively high discovery success of ‘sweet crude’, one of the world’s most coveted type of crude oil. The subregion, once viewed largely through the prism of Nigerian oil, sub-Saharan Africa’s largest oil producer, is now a central part of the global energy economy, largely due to its ongoing widely dispersed commercially profitable oil finds. The region is projected to increase its crude oil production from 1935.90 in 2018 to 3006.24 thousand barrels per day in 2024. As widespread prospecting and drilling for commercial oil takes hold across the subregion however, concerns are being raised about the rapacious and non-consultative manner of exploitation and its implications for good governance, development, human security, and stability.
Rejuvenation Versus Overaging: The Effect of Cyclic Loading/Unloading on the Segmental Dynamics of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Glasses

The acceleration of structural relaxation or physical aging by deformation, known as overaging, has been reported in experiments and simulations of polymer and colloid glasses, and correct accounti...
Event Tree Reliability Analysis of Electrical Power Generation Network using Formal Techniques

In recent years, there has been a significant proliferation in the use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), such as wind/solar systems, for power generation. However, the main obstacle that these resources face is their intermittent nature, which greatly affects their ability to deliver constant power to the power network. This raises several reliability-related concerns and existing sampling-based simulation tools, such as the Monte-Carlo approach, cannot guarantee absolute accuracy of the reliability analysis results due to their inherent incompleteness. In this paper, we propose to use formal techniques based on theorem proving to conduct the reliability analysis of electric grids as an accurate alternate approach. In particular, we use the HOL4 theorem prover, which is a computer-based mathematical reasoning tool. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach by analyzing the reliability of the IEEE 39-bus power grid incorporating RES power plants and and also determine its reliability indices, such as System Average Interruption Frequency and Duration ($\mathcal{S}\mathcal{A}\mathcal{I}\mathcal{F}\mathcal{I}$ and $\mathcal{S}\mathcal{A}\mathcal{I}\mathcal{D}\mathcal{I}$). To assess the accuracy of our proposed approach, we compare our results with the commercial reliability analysis tool Isograph and the MATLAB toolbox based on Monte-Carlo approach.
An Economic Analysis on the Transition to Dryland Production in Deficit-Irrigated Cropping Systems of the Texas High Plains

The objective of this analysis was to successfully integrate hydrologic, agronomic, and economic methods to evaluate various management strategies by changing crop choices to better manage the dwindling resources of the Ogallala aquifer. A non-linear optimization model was used to estimate the optimal water use, crop mix, crop yield, and net returns over a 50 year period under dryland and deficit irrigation scenarios in the Texas High Plains. Results indicate growers can maintain profitability by switching from fully irrigated center pivots to irrigating ½ and ¼ pivots.
Water-soluble polycarbodiimides and their cytotoxic and antifungal properties.

We have successfully synthesized water-soluble neutral and polyelectrolyte helical polycarbodiimides and studied their biological properties. These polymers were prepared by decorating carbodiimide backbones with nonionic, hydrophilic functional groups such as dimethylamine, piperazine, and morpholine. Additionally, the 3° amines present in these functional groups were quaternized using methyl iodide as the alkylating agent to produce their ionic analogs. Polycarbodiimides were chosen as the base polymer used because of their facile chemical modification, pH tolerance in terms of both their helical conformations and degradation behaviors, and tunable helical inversion barriers. Hydrophilic side groups, such as morpholine, dimethylamine, and piperazine, can be used to balance the amphiphilic architecture of the polycarbodiimides along with lipophilic groups, such as alkyl side chains. A chiral R or S BINOL Ti(IV) isopropoxide catalyst was used to control the handedness of the polycarbodiimide helices in these studies. These ionic and neutral polycarbodiimides were subsequently studied for potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Poly[N-methyl-N'-2-morpholinoethylcarbodiimide], as an example, exhibited significant antifungal properties against Candida albicans. Also, Poly[N-methyl-N'-2-morpholinoethylcarbodiimide] showed significant inhibition of biofilm formation. This suggests that the polymer is a promising candidate for antifungal biomedical applications. Measuring cytotoxicity against urinary bladder cancer cells, poly[N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl)]-N'-[3-(morpholino)propyl]carbodiimide] (S-cat) and poly[N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl)]-N'-[3-(morpholino)propyl]carbodiimide]-MeI (S-cat) showed significantly low IC50 values. The IC50 values of poly[N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl)]-N'-[3-(morpholino)propyl]carbodiimide] (S-cat) and Poly[N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl)]-N'-[3-(morpholino)propyl]carbodiimide]-MeI (S-cat) are 3.50 μM and 1.27 μM, respectively. The significantly low cancer cell growth inhibition concentration implies the highest cytotoxicity of the polymers, suggesting potential applications as cancer therapeutics. These results also showed that the functionalization and chirality of polycarbodiimides modulate their anticancer and antifungal activity.
A Collagen-Conducting Polymer Composite with Enhanced Chondrogenic Potential.

Conducting polymers (CPs) have demonstrated promise for promoting tissue repair, yet their ability to facilitate cartilage regeneration has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Integrating CPs into common scaffolds for tissue regeneration, such as collagen, would enable mechanistic studies on the potential for CPs to promote cartilage repair. Here, we combine absorbable collagen sponges (ACS) with the CP PEDOT-S and show that the PEDOT-S-collagen composite (PEDOT-ACS) has enhanced chondrogenic potential compared to the collagen sponge alone. PEDOT-S was incorporated through a simple incubation process. Changes to scaffold topography, elastic modulus, swelling ratio, and surface charge were measured to analyze how PEDOT-S affected the material properties of the scaffold. Changes in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (rBMSC) functionality were assessed with cell viability and glycosaminoglycan production assays. Macrostructure and microstructure of the scaffold remained largely unaffected by PEDOT-S modification, as observed through SEM images and quantification of scaffold porosity. Zeta potential, swelling ratio, and dry elastic modulus of the collagen scaffold were significantly changed by the incorporation of PEDOT-S. Seeding cells on PEDOT-ACS improved cell viability and enhanced glycosaminoglycan production. We demonstrate a practical approach to generate PEDOT-S composites with comparable physical properties to pristine collagen scaffolds. We show that PEDOT-ACS can influence cell functionality and serve as a promising model system for mechanistic investigations on the roles of bioelectronic signaling in the repair of cartilage and other tissue types.
Declining Use of Inguinofemoral Lymphadenectomy in the Treatment of Clinically Negative, Pathologic Node Positive Vulvar Cancer: A National Cancer Database Analysis.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFL) is a morbid procedure, and studies support the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as an initial staging procedure for women with early stage operable vulvar cancer. However, in the recently presented GROINSS-V II study, for patients with SLNB metastasis > 2 mm, groin radiotherapy with a total dose of 50 Gy was not a safe alternative to IFL due to an increased number of groin recurrences. Therefore, the management of patients with SLNB-positive groin disease remains controversial. We used the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to examine national trends in the use of SLNB, IFL, and adjuvant therapies in clinically node negative, pathologic node positive (cN-/pN+) vulvar cancer. MATERIALS/METHODS The NCDB was used to identify patients with cN-/pN+ vulvar cancer between 2012 and 2017. Patients with benign histologies, Paget's disease, and melanoma were excluded. Demographic and clinical data were compared with the chi-squared and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to determine factors associated with OS. RESULTS A total of 1,715 patients with cN-/pN+ vulvar cancer were identified. Of this group, sentinel lymph node data was recorded for 1,172 patients. The rate of SLNB with or without IFL increased from 10.2% in 2012 to 24.0% in 2017. The rate of patients who had SLNB alone increased from 3.4% to 15.1% and conversely, the rate of IFL +/- SLNB decreased from 96.6% to 84.9% (P < 0.05). The SLNB-alone cohort (n = 126) did not differ from the IFL +/- SLNB (n = 1046) cohort in terms of race, age, tumor size, margin status, treatment at academic vs. community center, income, insurance, and residence in a metropolitan or non-metropolitan area. Rates of adjuvant treatments were similar with radiation therapy utilized in 63.5% and 64.9% of the SLNB-alone and IFL +/- SLNB cohorts, respectively. Rates of adjuvant chemoradiation were 29.4% and 31.1% of the SLNB-alone and IFL +/- SLNB cohorts, respectively. Median follow-up was 29 months. On multivariate analysis, there was no significant difference in OS between patients who received SLNB-alone vs. those who received IFL +/- SLNB (HR:0.92, 95% CI: 0.7-1.3, P = 0.617). CONCLUSION In this large national sample of vulvar cancer patients with cN-/pN+ groin disease, the rate of IFL is decreasing with time as SLNB is becoming more common and a majority receive either adjuvant radiation or chemoradiation. There was no significant difference in OS observed between patients who received SLNB-alone vs. those who received IFL +/- SLNB. Whether the favorable outcomes in the SLNB-alone cohort may be attributed to radiation technique and/or use of chemoradiation warrants further study. AUTHOR DISCLOSURE M. Mokhtech: None. S. Gao: None. M. Kassick: None. G. Menderes: None. S. Damast: None.
A96 Rising gasoline prices increase new motorcycle sales and fatalities in the United States

Abstract Background Motorcycle safety has received much attention from both researchers and policymakers in the United States (US), especially because motorcycle fatalities and injuries are increasing at the same time that overall motor vehicle fatalities have been decreasing. To our knowledge, no study has linked trends in gasoline prices with new motorcycle sales in the US. New motorcycle sales data are more likely to be associated with less experienced riders who may be entering motorcycling in response to escalating gasoline prices. We compare trends in gasoline prices with industry-provided data on new motorcycle sales, and then estimate the impact of new motorcycle sales on crash fatalities. Methods Data come from the Motorcycle Industry Council and Fatality Analysis Reporting System for 1984-2009. Autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) regression is used to model the relationship of inflation-adjusted gasoline prices with sales. The impact of these new sales on fatalities is estimated. Results New motorcycles had their lowest sales with 186,000 units in 1992 and, afterward, grew every year until 2008, reaching 888,000 units—a 400% increase. Sales and gasoline prices are highly correlated (r=.78). ARIMA regression modeling predicts that for every $1 increase in gasoline prices, there are an additional 286,000 new motorcycle sales in the US (p Conclusions Although prior research shows a negative relationship between gasoline prices and driving, we present evidence that gasoline prices may be increasing incentives to purchase motorcycles, leading to an increase in fatalities from motorcycle crashes. These findings lend support to traffic safety initiatives to improve motorcycle safety gear and training requirements for new motorcycle riders.
Can galileons solve the muon problem

The leptonic bound states positronium and muonium are used to constrain Galileon contributions to the Lamb shift of muonic hydrogen. Through the application of a variety of bounds on lepton compositeness, it is shown that either the assumption of equating the charge radius of a particle with its Galileon scale radius is incompatible with experiments, or the scale of Galileons must be $Mg1.33\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, too large to solve the muon problem. The possibility of stronger constraints in the future from true muonium is discussed.
Electrochemistry of methotrexate

Abstract The electrochemical reduction of methotrexate has been studied in the pH range of 2 to 11. Methotrexate exhibits three two-electron/two-proton reduction steps in neutral and acidic media. Based on the results of cyclic voltammetry and high performance liquid chromatographic analysis of the products formed in controlled potential electrolysis, the first reduction produces 5,8-dihydro-MTX which undergoes either a heretofore unreported proton-dependent cleavage or proton-dependent tautomerization to 7,8-dihydro-MTX. The rate constant for the tautomerization was pH dependent and varied from 0.41 s−1 to 0.019 s−1 in the pH range of 3.5 to 7.6. The second reduction cleaves the C(9)−N(10) bond of the 7,8-dihydro-MTX. The final reduction produces a 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro derivative of the substituted pteridine. In alkaline media, a single two-electron/two-proton reduction is observed due to the very slow tautomerization process required to produce the reactant for subsequent reductions.
Perpetuating the Impermanence of Foster Children: A Critical Analysis of Efforts to Reform the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children

This article presents a critical analysis of recent efforts to reform the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children and proposes substantive changes to improve the interstate placement of foster children. First, the article presents a brief overview of the Compact, including an analysis of the major problems that the uniform law currently poses to foster children. Second, the article analyzes current efforts to reform the statute on both a state and federal level. Third, the article argues that these efforts do not address the permanency needs of foster children because they fail to alter the status quo in any meaningful way, preserving the elements of the current system -- untimely home studies, poor decision-making and inadequate review procedures -- that are harming children. Finally, the article will propose substantive changes to the process of making interstate placement decisions that will honor the best interests of children.
The Lysozyme of Bacteriophage λ III. ORDERING THE CYANOGEN BROMIDE PEPTIDES

The three cyanogen bromide peptides obtained from the single polypeptide chain of λ-lysozyme were isolated and ordered as the first step in a two-step program to determine the orientation of the structural gene for this enzyme. The results are summarized in the following diagram: Download : Download full-size image where the numbers indicate the residue position in λ-lysozyme.
Strategies for Enhancing Private Sector Participation in the Funding of Secondary School in Delta State Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to examine the strategies for enhancing private sector participation in the funding of secondary schools in Delta State, Nigeria. Three research questions were reviewed and two hypotheses were tested. Data were collected through the use of structured questionnaire. The statistic method used for the analysis is the t-test method. The results reveal that the private sectors recognize the educational enterprise as an expensive social service. The study finds that the abhorrent policies of the government towards the private sectors prevent them from funding secondary schools. It is recommended that policies be devised by the State government to encourage the participation of the private sectors in the funding of secondary schools and that the private sectors should be more involved in the promotion of education by contributing towards the renovation of school buildings; and, the provision of instructional materials.
A Techno-Passion that is Not One: Rethinking Marginality, Exclusion, and Difference

Contemporary portrayals of the gender-computing relationship are limited in their perceptions and constructs. Dependent on overly generalized subjects (girls and women not much interested in computing) and a singular and all-consuming notion of what constitutes a passion for technology, girls and women are cast as uninterested bystanders or moral critics of computing. To varying degrees, girls’ and women’s disinterest is explained as an outcome of their techno-passion gap. Highlighting three women digital artists’ technology stories, I develop an alternative story that plays out in the marginal spaces of artists’ practices, performances, and reflective marginality. I begin with a broad and brief overview of three common gender-technology stories and elucidate some of their limitations. My focus turns to a mainstreamed educational and popular narrative that ‘girls and women just aren’t that into computing’. I argue for an alternate story that finds value in marginality and a web of ambivalent passions and ethical commitments that drive an artist’s interests in technology.
Practical chirocentric 3DUI platform for immersive environments

Chirocentric 3D user interfaces are sometimes hailed as the “holy grail” of human-computer interaction. However, implementations of these UIs can require cumbersome devices (such as tethered wearable datagloves), be limited in terms of functionality or obscure the algorithms used for hand pose and gesture recognition. These limitations inhibit designing, deploying and formally evaluating such interfaces. To ameliorate this situation, we describe the implementation of a practical chirocentric UI platform, targeted at immersive virtual environments with infrared tracking systems. Our main contributions are two machine learning techniques for the recognition of hand gestures (trajectories of the user's hands over time) and hand poses (configurations of the user's fingers) based on marker clouds and rigid body data. We report on the preliminary use of our system for the implementation of a bimanual 3DUI for a large immersive tiled display. We conclude with plans on using our system as a platform for the design and evaluation of bimanual chirocentric UIs, based on the Framework for Interaction Fidelity Analysis (FIFA).