cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the dynamics of PDE systems with physics-constrained deep auto-regressive networks

Abstract In recent years, deep learning has proven to be a viable methodology for surrogate modeling and uncertainty quantification for a vast number of physical systems. However, in their traditional form, such models can require a large amount of training data. This is of particular importance for various engineering and scientific applications where data may be extremely expensive to obtain. To overcome this shortcoming, physics-constrained deep learning provides a promising methodology as it only utilizes the governing equations. In this work, we propose a novel auto-regressive dense encoder-decoder convolutional neural network to solve and model non-linear dynamical systems without training data at a computational cost that is potentially magnitudes lower than standard numerical solvers. This model includes a Bayesian framework that allows for uncertainty quantification of the predicted quantities of interest at each time-step. We rigorously test this model on several non-linear transient partial differential equation systems including the turbulence of the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, multi-shock formation and interaction with 1D Burgers' equation and 2D wave dynamics with coupled Burgers' equations. For each system, the predictive results and uncertainty are presented and discussed together with comparisons to the results obtained from traditional numerical analysis methods.
Ethylene-Bridged Hexadentate Bis(amidines) and Bis(amidinates) with Variable Binding Sites

Hexadentate bis(amidines) form versatile networks of hydrogen bonds both in solid state and solution, as revealed by X-ray crystallography, IR, and NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the corresponding bis(amidinates) produce blue and green emissions in THF solution. Tethered tetradentate bis(amidines) have emerged in coordination chemistry, enantioselective catalysis, as building blocks for polyfunctional heterocycles, and in photoluminescent materials. The next generation of flexible bis(amidine)/bis(amidinate) platforms with up to six N-donor sites has now been established.
Emergency Medicine Gender in Resident Leadership Study (EM GIRLS): The Gender Distribution among Chief Residents

Objectives The goal of this research was to determine the gender distribution of chief residents in emergency medicine (EM) residencies in the United States to explore whether the gender leadership gap is present at the resident level in EM. Methods The investigators compiled a list of EM residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Investigators reached out to the programs using established best practices in survey distribution collecting the following: program name, program location, program length, total number of residents, total number of female residents, total number of chief residents, and the total number of female chief residents. Results Of the 223 programs contacted 194 programs responded and 182 programs were included in the study (a response rate of 82%). As of the 2019 to 2020 academic year, female EM residents account for 37.0% (2,459/6,718) of all EM residents and female EM chief residents account for 42.2% (250/593) of EM chief residents. The proportion of female EM chief residents was significantly higher than the proportion of both female EM residents (42.2% vs. 37%, p = 0.007) and female EM attending physicians (42.2% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). When comparing proportions of female residents based on duration of program, female physicians comprised 35.0% (1,652/4,720) of residents at 3-year programs and 40.4% (807/1998) of residents at 4-year programs (p < 0.01). Conclusions While the proportion of female EM residents remains significantly lower than the proportion of male residents, females and males are similarly represented at the chief resident role.
Effective Copper Diffusion Coefficients in CuSO₄—H₂SO₄ Electrowinning Electrolytes

Mass transport is an important factor in the deposit quality of copper electrowinning. Presently, there is limited diffusivity data available at commercially relevant concentrations between 25 and 40 ℃. Linear sweep voltammetry at a rotating disk electrode was used to measure effective diffusion coefficients of cupric ion for a wide range of copper concentrations (10–50 g/L), sulfuric acid concentrations (120–240 g/L), and temperatures (25–60 ℃). The results were well correlated by the equation: D, m2/s = 2.977 × 10−10–5.462 × 10−13 [Cu]—1.212 × 10−12 [H2SO4] + 1.688 × 10−11 × T, where [Cu] and [H2SO4] are in g/L, and T is ℃. Addition of 20 mg/L Cl− slightly increased effective diffusivity. Other common commercial organic smoothing agents were found to have no effect. The measured diffusivities were used to calculate the “maximum permissible current density” that can produce smooth dense cathodes as a function of copper concentration and temperature.
Strategic encoding and enhanced memory for positive value-location associations

People often need to remember the location of important objects or events, and also to remember locations that are associated with negative objects. In the current study, we examined how both positive and negative items might be selectively remembered in the visuospatial domain. Participants studied number-items ranging from -25 to +25 indicating point values in a grid display and were instructed to maximize their score (a summation of correctly remembered positive and negative information; incorrectly placed negative items resulted in a subtraction from the overall score). Items were presented in a sequential, simultaneous (Experiment 1), or self-regulated format (Experiment 2) where participants controlled which items to study and the length of study time per item. In Experiment 1, participants selectively recalled high-magnitude over low-magnitude items, but also displayed a positivity preference in memory. In Experiment 2, we were able to determine whether this positivity preference was a result of bottom-up, automatic, or top-down strategic processes. Results indicated that participants explicitly chose to study positive items more frequently and for more total time relative to negative items, suggesting a deliberate strategy to focus on positive information. This bias for highly positive information suggests an overt points-gained approach, as opposed to a loss-aversion approach, to remembering value in the visuospatial domain.
Conservative Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Injuries: Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation professionals are often charged with front line management of ankle sprains, tendonitis, and other various pain issues associated with the foot and the ankle. Critical to the management of peroneal tendon injuries is a detailed evaluation and differential diagnosis to ensure that the patient is being managed in the proper setting. This chapter systemically identifies the normal and pathological function of the peroneal tendons, with an emphasis on the evaluation and differential diagnosis of peroneal tendon injuries. Particular attention will be placed on the identification and treatment of the associated normal and abnormal biomechanics.
Policing Practices and Risk of HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs

Drug-law enforcement constitutes a structural determinant of health among people who inject drugs (PWID). Street encounters between police and PWID (e.g., syringe confiscation, physical assault) have been associated with health harms, but these relationships have not been systematically assessed. We conducted a systematic literature review to evaluate the contribution of policing to risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among PWID. We screened MEDLINE, sociological databases, and gray literature for studies published from 1981 to November 2018 that included estimates of HIV infection/risk behaviors and street policing encounters. We extracted and summarized quantitative findings from all eligible studies. We screened 8,201 abstracts, reviewed 175 full-text articles, and included 27 eligible analyses from 9 countries (Canada, China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Thailand, Ukraine, and the United States). Heterogeneity in variable and endpoint selection precluded meta-analyses. In 5 (19%) studies, HIV infection among PWID was significantly associated with syringe confiscation, reluctance to buy/carry syringes for fear of police, rushed injection due to a police presence, fear of arrest, being arrested for planted drugs, and physical abuse. Twenty-one (78%) studies identified policing practices to be associated with HIV risk behaviors related to injection drug use (e.g., syringe-sharing, using a "shooting gallery"). In 9 (33%) studies, policing was associated with PWID avoidance of harm reduction services, including syringe exchange, methadone maintenance, and safe consumption facilities. Evidence suggests that policing shapes HIV risk among PWID, but lower-income settings are underrepresented. Curbing injection-related HIV risk necessitates additional structural interventions. Methodological harmonization could facilitate knowledge generation on the role of police as a determinant of population health.
Mechanism of the Stereomutation of an Azaplatinacyclobutane Complex

The diastereomerically pure azaplatinacyclobutane complex , bearing a single deuterium atom at Cα, undergoes stereomutation about the Cα–Cβ bond of the azaplatinacyclobutane moiety at 30 °C with a ...
Evidence for Systemic Reactive Oxygen Species in UVB-mediated Microvesicle Formation.

Recent studies have implicated subcellular microvesicle particles (MVP) in the ability of ultraviolet B radiation to exert both local and systemic effects. Indeed, UVB generates MVP (UVB-MVP) in human skin and systemically following phototherapy. The current studies were designed to test the hypothesis that the ability of UVB to generate MVP was dependent upon reactive oxygen species (ROS). To that end, we tested urine samples from subjects undergoing UVB phototherapy for the presence of isoprostanes as well as the oxidized guanosine derivative 8OHdG. We also conducted a clinical study in which volar forearms of subjects were treated with localized UVB and erythema/MVP measured. The same cohort was then treated with 7 days of vitamin C (2 g day-1 ) and vitamin E (1000 IU day-1 ), and UVB-induced MVPs tested on the contralateral forearm. Urine specimens from subjects undergoing phototherapy were found to have increased levels of isoprostanes and 8OHdG, with maximal levels noted 8-16 h post-treatment. Treatment with antioxidant vitamins resulted in diminished UVB-generated skin MVP to baseline levels. These studies suggest that whole-body UVB generates a systemic pro-oxidative response, and that antioxidants can attenuate localized skin UVB-MVPs.
SFL pedagogies in language education: Special issue introduction

Abstract The theory and educational practices related to systemic functional linguistics (SFL) originated with the goal of enabling equity and access to the spoken and written texts through which meaning is constructed across linguistic and cultural contexts (e.g., Christie, 2007; Halliday, McIntosh & Strevens, 1964). SFL was first developed by Michael Halliday (Halliday, Mcintosh, & Strevens, 1964) and later appropriated by scholars in educational linguistics in Australia (e.g., Derewianka, 1991 ; Rose & Martin, 2012 ; Rothery & Stenglin, 1994 ). Since that time, this contextualized theory of language and the associated pedagogies have been leveraged by scholars and practitioners in second language (L2) education around the world as a means for developing learners’ ability to make meaning in particular communicative contexts. In this tradition, SFL pedagogies have enabled the teaching and learning of written and spoken literacies in a variety of languages; SFL pedagogies represent systematic instruction that develops students’ abilities to communicate in a new language within and across cultural contexts and academic content areas (e.g., Boccia et al, 2013 ; Byrnes , Maxim, and Norris, 2010; Donato, 2016 ; Herazo, 2012 ; Ryshina-Pankova & McKnight, 16 , 2021a ). This special issue of System brings together scholars in L2 education from across languages, instructional settings, and national contexts to document the innovative praxis that Halliday’s theory has inspired in L2 education. In this introduction to the special issue, we 1) outline the state of the art of SFL Praxis in L2 Education, 2) situate the contributions of this special issue in conversation with the themes identified in the state of the art, and 3) identify future directions for the work in SFL pedagogies in L2 education.
Effect of Temperature on the Shear-Thickening Behavior of Fumed Silica Suspensions.

Shear-thickening fluids (STFs) can be subjected to a significant temperature variation in many applications. Polymeric or oligomeric fluids are commonly used as suspending media for STFs. Because the viscosities of polymeric fluids are strongly temperature-dependent, large temperature changes can profoundly affect the shear-thickening responses. Here, the effect of temperature on the shear-thickening behavior of four low-molecular-weight polymeric glycols/fumed silica suspensions is reported. The dispersed-phase volume fraction, its surface chemistry, and the chemical compositions of the suspending media were varied. These factors influence the viscosity and the interactions between the suspended particles and the suspending media. Fumed silica particles with two different silanol-group surface densities were suspended in the polymeric glycols, where these silanol surface groups formed hydrogen bonds with the suspending media’s glycols and internal oxygen atoms. Steady-shear experiments were performed ove...
The Roles of Economic Freedom and Regulatory Quality in Creating a Favorable Environment for Investment in Energy R&D, Infrastructure, and Capacity

Sustainable investment in energy requires a favorable economic and regulatory environment. A random effects model (PLS estimations), using a four-year panel, reveals the growth rate in real per capita GDP for OECD nations as an increasing function of both economic freedom and regulatory quality. These results underscore the critical roles that economic freedom and regulatory quality play, directly and indirectly, in creating an environment conducive to sustainable investment in energy R&D and infrastructure.
Holomorphic approximation on compact, holomorphically convex, real-analytic varieties

Every continuous function on a compact, holomorphically convex, real-analytic subset of C N can be approximated uniformly by functions holomorphic on the set.
Mortality trends for cervical squamous and adenocarcinoma in the United States. Relation to incidence and survival.

BACKGROUND In the United States, detection of squamous carcinoma in situ (CIS) by screening has led to reduced rates for invasive squamous carcinoma and lower mortality. Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) rates also have increased, but invasive cervical adenocarcinoma rates have not declined similarly. To make inferences about the effectiveness of screening, the authors assessed mortality trends for squamous and adenocarcinoma in relation to incidence of these tumors, incidence of their precursors and survival. METHODS Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (SEER), the authors tabulated incidence per 105 woman-years for invasive carcinomas (1976–2000) and for CIS and AIS (1976–1995) by age (< 50 years, ≥ 50 years) and race (whites, blacks). Cumulative relative survival rates were tabulated for 1976–1995 and mortality rates were estimated for 1986–2000. RESULTS Among all groups, CIS rates approximately doubled whereas rates for invasive squamous carcinoma declined. Among younger whites, mortality declined from 1.12 to 0.93, and for older whites, mortality decreased from 5.02 to 3.82. Among younger blacks, mortality for squamous carcinoma decreased from 2.69 to 1.96. Among older blacks, the mortality rates declined from 14.88 to 9.15. Although AIS rates have increased dramatically among whites (all ages) and younger blacks, adenocarcinoma incidence and mortality rates have not changed greatly. Survival for patients did not change greatly within these age-race groups. CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that increases in CIS seemed disproportionately large compared with improvements in mortality rates for squamous carcinoma. Despite increased reporting of AIS, declines in mortality for cervical adenocarcinoma have not been demonstrated conclusively. However, future analyses are required to evaluate these trends more completely. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 by the American Cancer Society.
Achievable rate regions and outer bounds for a multi-pair bi-directional relay network

In a bi-directional relay channel, a pair of nodes wish to exc hange independent messages over a shared wireless half-duplex channel with the help of relays. Recent work has mostly considered information theoretic limits of the bi-directional relay channel with t wo terminal nodes (or end users) and one relay. In this work we consider bi-directional relaying with one base station, multiple terminal nodes and one relay, all of which operate in half-duplex modes. We assume that each terminal node communicates with the base-station in a bi-directional fashion through t he relay and do not place any restrictions on the channels between the users, relays and base-stations; t hat is, each node has a direct link with every other node. Our contributions are three-fold: 1) the introd uction of four new temporal protocols which fully exploit the two-way nature of the data and outperform simple routing or multi-hop communication schemes by carefully combining network coding, random binning and user cooperation which exploit over-heard and own-message side information, 2) derivations of inner and outer bounds on the capacity region of the discrete-memoryless multi-pair two-way network, and 3) a numerical evaluation of the obtained achievable rate regions and outer bounds in Gaussian noise which illustrate the performance of the proposed protocols compared to simpler schemes, to each other, to the outer bounds, which highlight the relative gains achieved by network coding, random binning and compress-and-forward-type cooperation between terminal nodes.
Improved robustness bounds using covariance matrices

New robustness results are presented. Both structured and unstructured parameter bounds are improved for continuous systems, the L/sub infinity / bounds on output are given for continuous-time systems subject to L/sub 2/ disturbance inputs. These results are all explicitly related to the state covariance matrix. The robustness properties of any covariance controller that gives a specified state covariance to the closed-loop system are described. >
The class equation and counting in factorizable monoids

For orders and conjugacy in finite group theory, Lagrange's Theorem and the class equation have universal application. Here, the class equation (extended to monoids via standard group action by conjugation) is applied to factorizable submonoids of the symmetric inverse monoid. In particular, if M is a monoid induced by a subgroup G of the symmetric group S n , then the center Z G (M) (all elements of M that commute with every element of G) is Z(G) U {0} if and only if G is transitive. In the case where G is both transitive and of order either p or p 2 (for p prime), formulas are provided for the order of M as well as the number and sizes of its conjugacy classes.
β‐Dimethylaminomethylenation: N,N‐Dimethyl‐N′‐p‐tolylformamidine

β-Dimethylaminomethylenation: N,N-dimethyl-N′-p- tolylformamidine intermediate: [3-(Dimethylamino)-2-azaprop-2-en-1-ylidene]dimethylammonium chloride product: N,N-dimethyl-N′-p-tolylformamidine Keywords: aminomethylenation; decarboxylation; ring opening reactions; N,N-dimethylformamide; dioxane; Gold's reagent; cyanuric chloride
Magnetic correlations in the quasi-two-dimensional semiconducting ferromagnet CrSiTe 3

Intrinsic, two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductors are an important class of materials for overcoming the limitations of dilute magnetic semiconductors for spintronics applications. ${\text{CrSiTe}}_{3}$ is a particularly interesting member of this class, since it can likely be exfoliated down to single layers, where ${T}_{C}$ is predicted to increase dramatically. Establishing the nature of the magnetism in the bulk is a necessary precursor to understanding the magnetic behavior in thin-film samples and the possible applications of this material. In this work, we use elastic and inelastic neutron scattering to measure the magnetic properties of single-crystalline ${\text{CrSiTe}}_{3}$. We find that there is a very small single ion anisotropy favoring magnetic ordering along the $c$ axis and that the measured spin waves fit well to a model where the moments are only weakly coupled along that direction. Finally, we find that both static and dynamic correlations persist within the $ab$ plane up to at least 300 K, strong evidence of this material's two-dimensional characteristics that are relevant for future studies on thin-film and monolayer samples.
On Existence and Uniqueness Results for a Coupled System Modeling Miscible Displacement in Porous Media

Initial boundary value problems for a nonlinear differential system of two equations are considered in this paper. This system of equations, one of elliptic form for the pressure and the other of parabolic form for the concentration of one fluid, governs the miscible displacement of one incompressible fluid by another in a porous medium. Under some reasonable assumptions on the data, it is proved that the system possesses a weak solution, and uniqueness is also established for the semiclassical solution of the system.
Improving memory system performance with energy-efficient value speculation

Microprocessor speeds have been improving much faster than memory speeds, resulting in the CPU spending a larger and larger amount of time waiting for data. Processor designers have employed several ways to improve memory performance, including hierarchical caching, prefetching, and faster memory chips. Yet, memory accesses still represent a major performance bottleneck and much remains to be done to tolerate the increasing memory latencies. Load-value prediction has been shown to effectively hide some of this latency. However, the hardware required to achieve good performance is substantial, making load-value prediction unappealing in light of increasing power constraints. In this paper, we present a novel predictor that significantly increases CPU performance while at the same time decreasing the energy consumption of the entire processor relative to a baseline with a well-performing hybrid load-value predictor.
Association between brachial artery reactivity and cardiovascular disease status in an elderly cohort: the cardiovascular health study.

Abstract Background and objectives The association of brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) status is unclear especially in older adults whose FMD is greatly diminished. We assessed the association of FMD and the presence or absence of subclinical and clinical CVD in a population based cohort of older adults. Methods and results FMD was measured in 2971 adults aged 72–98 years (mean age 78.6 years) who participated in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to examine the association between FMD and CVD status (clinical, subclinical and free of CVD). Out of 2791 with complete data, 82.7% were Caucasians and 59% females. Seven hundred and forty-three were classified as having clinical CVD, 607 as subclinical CVD and 1441 as neither clinical CVD nor subclinical CVD (CVD free). FMD was higher in the CVD free group compared with either the clinical (3.13 ± 0.05% vs 2.93 ± 0.07%, p = 0.025) or the subclinical CVD group (3.13 ± 0.05% vs 2.95 ± 0.08%, p = 0.05) after adjusting for covariates. There was no significant difference between the FMD of subjects with clinical and subclinical CVD (2.93 ± 0.07% vs 2.95 ± 0.08%, p = 0.84). Similar but inverted associations were observed between height adjusted brachial artery diameter (BAD) and CVD status. However, FMD and BAD had poor diagnostic accuracies for identifying older adults with subclinical CVD. Conclusion Among older adults, those with either clinical or subclinical CVD have lower FMD than CVD free subjects. BAD showed similar but inverted associations with CVD status in this cohort. FMD and BAD had poor diagnostic accuracies for identifying older adults with subclinical CVD.
The Group as a Resource: Reducing Biased Attributions for Group Success and Failure via Group Affirmation

Self-affirmation theory proposes that people can respond to threats to the self by affirming alternative sources of self-integrity, resulting in greater openness to self-threatening information. The present research examines this at a group level by investigating whether a group affirmation (affirming an important group value) increases acceptance of threatening group information among sports teams and fans. In Study 1, athletes exhibited a group-serving attributional bias, which was eliminated by the group affirmation. In Study 2, the most highly identified fans exhibited the most bias in terms of their attributions, and this bias was eliminated by the group affirmation. These studies suggest that groups can serve as resources from which people can draw in response to threatening group events.
The use of mysoline in the treatment of epilepsy

Summary One hundred epileptic patients,mostly children, were treated with Mysoline. The seizures were completely controlled in thirty (30 per cent) of the patients and the number of seizures were markedly reduced in twenty (20 per cent). Mysoline was effective only in major motor epilepsy. No serious side reactions were observed.
Ontogeny of immunity in humans.

Abstract During embryogenesis differentiation of cells originally derived from the single-celled zygote results in the emergence of an organism with highly complex humoral and cellular immune systems. In some species, particularly the mouse and the chicken, detailed descriptive and experimental analysis of the elements and interrelationships of the complex process of immunologic differentiation have been possible. Such studies have given rise to the original concept of a two-component immune system, one for humoral and the other for cellular immune reactions, each with its separate central organ, e.g., the bursa of Fabricius and the thymus in the chicken, respectively. The study of the ontogeny of immunity in man is still in its infancy and currently limited largely because of legal and moral restraints. However, through the use of tissue culture and other sensitive in vitro techniques, human immunologic embryology has recently emerged as a provocative and scientifically exciting endeavor. The following summarizes salient aspects of our current knowledge of the development of cellular and humoral immunity in the human fetus.
A study of system parameters affecting self-excited torsional oscillations

Self-excited oscillations are of considerable importance in mechanical systems, and are capable of completely defeating the purpose for which a device is intended, including the possibility of self-destruction. The results of a theoretical and experimental investigation of this phenomenon are presented, with particular reference to the effect of variations in the system parameters upon the critical threshold velocity at which such oscillations commence. Good correspondence between theory and experiment is observed. Results are presented in terms of dimensionless parameters β (dependent upon system stiffness and solid friction) and ζ (internal damping ratio). It is concluded that for β<0.0001 (very stiff system) there is little danger of self-excited oscillations, and also that the critical threshold velocity is extremely sensitive to small changes in ζ when ζ is small (on the order of ζ=0.01).
Compositional analysis of biomass feedstocks by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Abstract Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used extensively in lignocellulose analysis of forages and should be useful in predicting the chemical composition of biomass feedstocks. We determined the chemical composition of several woody and herbaceous feedstocks (121 samples in total) in the laboratory and used these data to calibrate an NIR spectrometer. Samples were analysed for ethanol extractives, ash, lignin, uronic acids, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, C, H, N and O. A modified partial-least-squares statistical technique was used to develop calibration equations. Twenty samples not used in the calibration were used for independent validation of the prediction equations. Calibration equations were developed successfully for concentrations of all constituents except H and O. When the equations were applied to the 20 validation samples, only extractives, lignin and arabinose had validation statistics within the control limits. Mannose, galactose, C, H and O could not be predicted with any precision or accuracy. These results indicate that NIRS can be used to predict the chemical composition of a broad range of biomass feedstocks. Increasing the population size for calibration and (or) developing more narrowly based calibrations may improve prediction ability and result in a technique that should be useful in rapid analysis of biomass feedstocks for research and industry.
A New View of Convective-Diffusive Transport Processes in the Arterial Intima

In this paper a new theoretical framework is presented for analyzing the filtration and macromolecular convective-diffusive transport processes in the intimal region of an artery wall with widely dispersed macromolecular cellular leakage sites, as proposed in the leaky junction-cell turnover hypothesis of Weinbaum et al. [11]. In contrast to existing convection-diffusive models, which assume that the transport is either 1-D, or convection is primarily in a direction normal to the endothelial surface, the present model considers for the first time the nonuniform subendothelial pressure field that arises from the different hydraulic resistances of normal and leaky endothelial clefts and the special role of the internal elastic lamina (IEL) in modulating the horizontal transport of macromolecules after they have passed through the leaky clefts of cells that are either in mitosis or demonstrate IgG labeling. The new theory is able to quantitatively explain the growing body of recent experiments in which an unexpectedly rapid early-time growth of the leakage spot has been observed and the longer time asymptotic behavior in which the leakage spot appears to approach an equilibrium diameter. The new theory also predicts the observed doubling in macromolecular permeability between EBA labeled blue and white areas when the frequency of leakage sites is doubled. This frequency for doubling of permeability, however, is an order of magnitude smaller than predicted by the author’s previous model, Tzeghai et al. [10], in which only convection normal to the endothelial surface was considered and the pressure was uniform in the intima. The longer time model predictions are used to explain the time scale for the formation of liposomes [4] in subendothelial tissue matrix in animal feeding experiments where it has been observed that the extracellular lipid concentration rises sharply prior to the entry of monocytes into the intima [45].
Tissue-specific Regulation of the Mouse αA-crystallin Gene in Lens via Recruitment of Pax6 and c-Maf to its Promoter

Pax6 is a lineage-restricted DNA-binding transcription factor regulating the formation of mammalian organs including brain, eye and pancreas. Pax6 plays key roles during the initial formation of lens lineage, proliferation of lens progenitor and precursor cells and their terminal differentiation. In addition to Pax6, lens fiber cell differentiation is regulated by c-Maf, Prox1 and Sox1. Crystallins are essential lens structural proteins required for light refraction and transparency. Mouse αA-crystallin represents about 17% of all crystallins at the protein level and ranks as one of the most abundant tissue-specific proteins. Lens-specific expression of this gene is regulated at the level of transcription. A promoter fragment of −88 to +46 is capable of driving lens-specific expression in transgenic mouse. Here we provide data suggesting that this lens-specific promoter fragment is comprised of multiple Pax6 and Maf-binding sites. Site-directed mutagenesis of regions within these sites resulted in partially or completely reduced promoter activities in lens cells. Co-transfections using Pax6 and c-Maf alone revealed moderate and strong activations of this promoter, respectively. In contrast to synergistic activation of αB-crystallin by Pax6 and c-Maf, Pax6 has a neutral effect on c-Maf-mediated αA-crystallin promoter activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitations established in vivo interactions of Pax6 and c-Maf with the αA-crystallin promoter in lens cells. Collectively, the present data support a molecular model in which tissue-specific expression of αA-crystallin is regulated by recruitment of Pax6 and c-Maf, two proteins regulating multiple processes of lens differentiation, to its promoter. In addition, the data suggest a molecular model of temporal and spatial regulation of αB, αA and γ-crystallin genes in mouse embryonic lens by using variants of the Pax6/Maf regulatory module.
Congenital duodenal obstruction: timing of diagnosis during the newborn period

To determine age at diagnosis for congenital duodenal obstruction in the neonatal period and the relationship to clinical outcomes. A children's hospital database reflecting a 7 ½-year period was reviewed to identify infants with the diagnosis of duodenal obstruction in the neonatal period. Infants were grouped according to time of diagnosis: antepartum, postpartum in-hospital or after hospital discharge. Clinical descriptors and outcome variables were assessed between infants in these three groups. In total, 27/51 (53%) infants were diagnosed antenatally. Infants with prenatal diagnosis were less mature, more likely to have Down syndrome or other birth defects and the pregnancy was more likely to be complicated by polyhydramnios. Of the 24 infants diagnosed postnatally, 8 (33%) were diagnosed after hospital discharge. These infants tended to be breast fed and discharged before 48 h of age. They had greater weight loss and more metabolic disturbances at readmission for surgery. One infant in the late diagnosis group died. Infants with congenital duodenal obstruction, particularly if breast fed, may not present with classical findings of upper gastrointestinal obstruction in the first days of life. Careful in-hospital evaluation of infants with persistent regurgitation, even low volume, is recommended to avoid missing this diagnosis.
A note on cuts for contingency tables

In this note, we propose a general method to find cuts for a contingency table. Useful cuts are, in many cases, statistics S-sufficient for the nuisance parameter and S-ancillary for the parameter of interest. In general, cuts facilitate a strong form of parameter separation known to be useful for conditional inference [E.L. Lehmann, Testing Statistical Hypotheses, 2nd ed., Springer, New York, 1997, pp. 546-548]. Cuts also achieve significant dimension reduction, hence, increase computational efficiency. This is particularly true for the inference about cross-tabulated data, usually with a large number of parameters. Depending on the parameter of interest, we propose a flexible transformation to reparameterize the discrete multivariate response distribution. Inference on cell probabilities or odds ratios will require different parameterizations. The reparameterized distribution is not sum-symmetric. Thus, the finding in this paper expands the results in Barndorff-Nielsen [O.E. Barndorff-Nielsen, Information and Exponential Families in Statistical Theory, John Wiley, New York, 1978, pp. 202-206].
Downward Coupling between the Stratosphere and Troposphere: The Relative Roles of Wave and Zonal Mean Processes*

Abstract Wave and zonal mean features of the downward dynamic coupling between the stratosphere and troposphere are compared by applying a time-lagged singular value decomposition analysis to Northern Hemisphere height fields decomposed into zonal mean and its deviations. It is found that both zonal and wave components contribute to the downward interaction, with zonal wave 1 (due to reflection) dominating on the short time scale (up to 12 days) and the zonal mean (due to wave–mean-flow interaction) dominating on the longer time scale. It is further shown that the two processes dominate during different years, depending on the state of the stratosphere. Winters characterized by a basic state that is reflective for wave 1 show a strong relationship between stratospheric and tropospheric wave-1 fields when the stratosphere is leading and show no significant correlations in the zonal mean fields. On the other hand, winters characterized by a stratospheric state that does not reflect waves show a strong relat...
Size-driven domain reorientation in hydrothermally derived lead titanate nanoparticles

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy studies of hydrothermally derived platelike lead titanate nanoparticles reveal that below a critical size of approximately 70 nm, the single ferroelectric domain polarization axis reorients from perpendicular to parallel to the plate. We suggest that during particle growth, ions in the hydrothermal processing medium compensate for the ferroelectric depolarization energy. When the processing medium is removed by washing and drying, single domain nanoparticles minimize their depolarization energy by c-axis flipping.
Cafcaf: an Islamic humor magazine, no joke!

Cafcaf is a humor magazine published by a group of religiously conservative Turks, who esteem and uphold what they consider to be Islamic norms and principles in their cartoons. By offering a close reading of Cafcaf, this article sheds light on transformations among Turkey’s Islamic communities. Scholars from a wide range of disciplines have been examining how the Islamic movement in Turkey has shifted course since the late 1990s. To this end, they have been studying the extent to which Islamists in the country have undergone changes with regards to their political aspirations and social attitudes. However, only a handful of these works have analyzed how genres of popular culture have responded to and echoed these transformations. A discussion of Cafcaf fills this gap by demonstrating how a group of Muslim youth reacts and responds to the changing outlooks and lifestyles of Turkey’s Islamists. The cartoons shed light on the efforts among young Muslims to establish a middle ground where they can negotiate their religious identities with their secular surroundings. The cartoons indicate that Muslim youth’s enthusiasm and willingness to attain this goal is sometimes coupled by a cascade of trepidations and hesitations.
Gender and valvular surgery

See related editorial on page 4. C ardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death among American women. Although the majority of these deaths can be attributed to coronary artery disease, a significant number of women have valvular heart disease. In fact, of 123,000 patients discharged from the hospital in 1987 with diagnoses of aortic or mitral valve disease, 71% were women. In addition, more than 60% of heart valve replacement procedures are performed in women. In contrast, 39% of patients discharged from the hospital with diagnoses of myocardial infarction (MI) were women. Thus, while men are 15 times more likely to be discharged with diagnoses of MI, women are just 4 times more likely to be discharged with diagnoses of MI than vascular disease.
Fourier Transform estimation of reflecting thin film thickness

A parallel was recently established between an empirical procedure for the estimation of reflecting thin film thickness and new results derived from a Fourier Transform (FT) thin film synthesis technique. For simplicity the proposed FT approach was limited to a particular case. The approach is generalized in the present work and practical considerations are discussed. It is shown that good results are possible although the generalized problem is more complex from the FT point of view.
Laser effects on fibrin clot response by human meniscal fibrochondrocytes in organ culture

ofPhysicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032ABSTRACTFibrin mixtures are currently under investigation for theirability to stimulate and maintain a reparative response in theavascular portion of the meniscus. A major problem with thistechnology is the inadequate adhesive strength of conventionalfibrin clot mixtures. Argon laser assisted fibrin clot bonding(LAFCB) has been shown to increase the tensile strength of themensical—fibrin clot bond over 40 fold; however, LAFCB effect onfibrin clot's ability to stimulate meniscal repair has not beenstudied. Using in vitro tissue culture, we investigated theeffects of diode laser energy on fibrin clot's ability tostimulate repair of 2mm punch hole defects in human menisci.Four groups were created in each meniscus. Dye enhancedfibrin clot with (group I) and without (group II) exposure to 9.6watts/cm2 of continuous wave diode ion laser energy was used tofill 2.0 mm punch hole defects created in human menisci. GroupIII consisted of defects with fibrin clot alone. Unfilleddefects served as controls (group IV) .
Short Communication: HIV Type 1 Subtype C Variants Transmitted Through the Bottleneck of Breastfeeding Are Sensitive to New Generation Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Directed Against Quaternary and CD4-Binding Site Epitopes

Abstract Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 subtype C can occur in utero, intrapartum, or via breast milk exposure. While not well understood, there are putative differences in the mechanisms involved with the distinct routes of vertical HIV transmission. Here, we address the question of whether specific viral characteristics are common to variants transmitted through breastfeeding that may facilitate evasion of innate or adaptive immune responses. We amplified the envelope gene (env) from the plasma of six infants during acute infection who were infected with HIV-1 subtype C through breastfeeding, and from three available matched maternal samples. We sequenced the full-length env genes in these subjects revealing heterogeneous viral populations in the mothers and homogeneous populations in the infants. In five infants, the viral population arose from a single variant, while two variants were detected in the remaining infant. Infant env sequences had fewer N-linked glycosylation sites and shorter seque...
Editorial Comment on: Pharmacological Approaches to Reducing the Risk of Prostate Cancer

[30] Svatek RS, Lee JJ, Roehrborn CG, Lippman SM, Lotan Y. Cost-effectiveness of prostate cancer chemoprevention: a quality of life-years analysis. Cancer 2008;112:1058–65. [31] Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). J Am Med Assoc 2009;301:39–51. [32] Andriole GL, Roehrborn C, Schulman C, et al. Effect of dutasteride on the detection of prostate cancer in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 2004;64: 537–41. [33] Gleave M, Qian J, Andreou C, et al. The effects of the dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride on localized prostate cancer—results from a 4-month pre-radical prostatectomy study. Prostate 2006;66:1674–85. [34] Andriole G, Bostwick D, Brawley O, et al. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer in men at high risk: rationale and design of the reduction by dutasteride of prostate cancer events (REDUCE) trial. J Urol 2004;172:1314–7. [35] Fleshner N, Gomella LG, Cookson MS, et al. Delay in the progression of low-risk prostate cancer: rationale and design of the Reduction by Dutasteride of Clinical Progression Events in Expectant Management (REDEEM) trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2007;28:763–9.
The Early Modern English Vowels, More O' Lass

SUMMARYRoger Lass has proposed radical revisions of widely known assessments of some of the evidence concerning the pronunciation of early modern English. We accept many of his claims, but we argue that his revisions are wrong on one central point, and questionable in three less important ones. The central one is his conclusion that no qualitative difference accompanied the 'length' contrast in the high and mid vowels of early modern English. We believe that the clash between the orthoepical evidence and the traditional interpretations lies in the difficulty of reconstructing redundant vs. distinctive features in historical phonology. The other three issues have to do with aspects of the English vowel shift that have already been widely debated.RESUMERoger Lass a propose des revisions radicales des interpretations conventionnelles d'une partie de l'evidence concernant la prononciation de l'anglais moderne precoce. Les auteurs de cet article acceptent plusieurs de ses affirmations, mais ils alleguent que ses revisions sont fausses sur un point central et douteuses dans trois cas moins importants. Notre objection principale concerne la conclusion de Lass qu'aucune difference qualitative accompagnait le contraste de 'longeur' dans les voyelles hautes et moyennes de l'anglais moderne precoce. Nous croyons, par contre, que le conflit entre l'evidence orthoepique et les interpretations traditionnelles se trouve dans la difficulte, en phonologie historique, de reconstruire l'opposition entre des traits redondants et des traits distinctifs. Les trois autres points desaccord concernent des aspects du changement des voyelles en anglais qui ont ete deja debattus largement ailleurs.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGRoger Lass hat radikale Revisionen weithin bekannter Annahmen beziig-lich der Aussprache des Fruhneuenglischen vorgeschlagen. Die Autoren akzep-tieren eine Reihe von ihnen. Sie argumentieren jedoch, daB seine Revisionen zumindest in einem zentralen Punkt unrichtig sind und fraglich in drei weniger bedeutenden Punkten. Der Hauptpunkt unserer Kritik hat mit seiner SchluBfol-gerung zu tun, derzufolge der 'Langen'-Kontrast innerhalb der hohen und minieren Vokale des Fruhneuenglischen nicht von einem qualitativen Unterschied begleitet worden sei. Die Autoren nehmen dagegen an, daB der Zusammenprall von orthoepischer Evidenz und traditionellen Interpretationen in der Schwierig-keit liegt, in der historischen Phonologie den Unterschied zwischen redundan-ten und distinktiven Merkmalen zu rekonstruieren. Die ubrigen drei Einwen-dungen betreffen Aspekte der englischen Vokalverschiebung, die schon an an-derer Stelle diskutiert worden sind.
A quantitative method for dual‐pass electrostatic force microscopy phase measurements

Electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) has become a powerful tool for investigating charges on surfaces. The use of phase measurement in EFM is a direct and fast way to detect electrostatic force gradients, but only qualitatively. With the dual-pass scheme, the phase signal at lifted height is often assumed to exclude any influences from the topography, but it does not. We report the collection of both topography and phase data by EFM on charged, micron-sized metal wires. In order to quantify the electrostatic force, a cone model and finite element analysis are provided to integrate the force gradient from the phase signal.