cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improving Delivery Behaviors During Exposure for Pediatric OCD: A Multiple Baseline Training Trial With Community Therapists.

Abstract This study tested whether a new training tool, the Exposure Guide (EG), improved in-session therapist behaviors (i.e., indicators of quality) that have been associated with youth outcomes in prior clinical trials of exposure therapy. Six therapists at a community mental health agency (CMHA) provided exposure therapy for 8 youth with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design with random assignment to baseline lengths of 6 to 16 weeks, therapists received gold-standard exposure therapy training with weekly consultation (baseline phase) followed by addition of EG training and feedback (intervention phase). The primary outcome was therapist behavior during in-session exposures, observed weekly using a validated coding system. Therapist behavior was evaluated in relation to a priori benchmarks derived from clinical trials. Additional outcomes included training feasibility/acceptability, therapist response to case vignettes and beliefs about exposure, and independent evaluator-rated clinical outcomes. Three therapists reached behavior benchmarks only during the EG (intervention) phase. Two therapists met benchmarks during the baseline phase; one of these subsequently moved away from benchmarks but met them again after starting the EG phase. Across all therapists, the percentage of weeks meeting benchmarks was significantly higher during the EG phase (86.4%) vs. the baseline phase (53.2%). Youth participants experienced significant improvement in OCD symptoms and global illness severity from pre- to posttreatment. Results provide initial evidence that adding the EG to gold-standard training can change in-session therapist behaviors in a CMHA setting.
Solo acylhomoserine lactone synthase from predatory myxobacterium suggests beneficial participation in interspecies cross talk

The prototypical intraspecies quorum signaling systems mediated by acylhomoserine lactones are abundant in proteobacteria, and considerable efforts have provided insight into the regulated physiological features impacted by such systems. However, the high occurrence of orphaned AHL receptors present in bacterial species that do not produce cognate AHL signals suggests the involvement of AHL signals in interspecies interactions within polymicrobial communities. The specific benefits of these interactions are mostly unknown. Considered a key taxon in microbial communities, myxobacteria exist as coordinated swarms that utilize an excreted combination of lytic enzymes and specialized metabolites to facilitate predation of numerous microbial phyla. Of all the biosynthetic gene clusters associated with myxobacteria deposited in the antiSMASH database, only one putative acylhomoserine lactone synthase, agpI, was observed in genome data from the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra. Without a cognate AHL receptor, we consider AgpI an orphaned AHL synthase. Herein we report the bioinformatic assessment of AgpI and discovery of a second myxobacterial AHL synthase from Vitiosangium sp. strain GDMCC 1.1324. Heterologous expression of each synthase in Escherichia coli provided detectible quantities of 3 AHL signals including 2 known AHLs, C8-AHL and C9-AHL. The functional, orphaned AHL synthase, AgpI, from the predatory myxobacterium A. gephyra provides unique support for beneficial interspecies crosstalk within polymicrobial communities.
Cost-Effectiveness Hybrid Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Electric Vehicle

This paper investigates a three-layer hybrid permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance machine (H-PMASynRM) that exhibits the most cost-effective performance for electric vehicle applications. Two kinds of permanent magnet, ferrite and NdFeB, are interchangeably used to evaluate motor performance metrics such as the torque per cost, torque density, efficiency, peak power factor, maximum speed, and rate of irreversible demagnetization. The simulation results show that the H-PMASynRM having the first layer made of NdFeB, the second layer made of ferrite, and the third layer made of a combination of ferrite and NdFeB, can exhibit the same maximum torque of 220 Nm with $12 lower cost, 1-3% higher efficiency at speed above 8,000 rpm, 6.8% lower peak power factor, and only 17% lower torque density compared to the NdFeB-based V-type PMSM that is used in Toyota Prius 2010.
Chapter 6 DX and Related Defects in Semiconductors

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses DX and related defects in semiconductors. Often, the most difficult aspect of research into semiconductor defects is arriving at an accurate description of the properties of the defect enabling the study of the defect by any laboratory. While observations of the optical, electrical, and environmental behavior of a defect form a useful starting point, uncertainty over the necessary and sufficient properties for observation and investigation of the defect can linger for a surprisingly long time. Research on the DX center fully reflects these difficulties. Only when the atomic nature and workings of the defect are understood do the interpretations of the defect begin to converge. Such explicit atomic-level understanding has been the goal of recent DX studies, along with attempts at first-principle theories of DX centers. The chapter also discusses the Hall measurements of the electrical properties of semiconductors. A typical Hall measurement consists of a plot of the logarithm of the Hall electron concentration as a function of the inverse temperature 1/ T in kelvins. The slope of such an Arrhenius plot is the standard free enthalpy change of an electron transition from a bound state to the conduction band minimum.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of membrane protein crystals.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the three-dimensional reconstruction of membrane protein crystals. Three-dimensional reconstruction has been applied to two-dimensional crystals of many biological molecules. Some membrane proteins are found to be crystalline in vivo . The halophilic bacterium Halobacterium halobium assembles its light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin into well-ordered two-dimensional crystals, the purple membrane on the surface. Crystals can also be formed from protein purified by more standard methods and reconstituted. The two oxidase crystal forms have been prepared from purified beef heart enzyme. The purple membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin is segregated in crystalline patches on the surface of its bacterium. Reconstituted bacteriorhodopsin spontaneously forms crystals, and their order is unaffected by ionic strength and pH over a wide range. This suggests that the crystal-forming interaction is within the membrane. It is found that all the protein molecules in the crystal are arranged in trimers and have the same orientation. The Fourier transform can be used to calculate the average structure of a molecule in a crystal in a direct way.
Melanoma of unknown primary site : Presentation, treatment, and prognosis : A single institution study

BACKGROUND A retrospective analysis of 40 patients diagnosed with melanoma of unknown primary site (MUP) was undertaken to analyze the etiology and clinical behavior of this presentation. METHODS The patient records were located by a computer search of the Pigmented Lesion Clinic data base at the University of Pennsylvania. With the Cox proportional hazards model, the survival of the MUP patients with lymph node presentation was compared with that of patients with lymph node disease and a known concurrent primary melanoma. RESULTS Sixty-five percent of the patients presented with lymph node metastasis only, 28% presented with visceral lesions, and 8% presented with subcutaneous nodules. The prevalence of dysplastic nevi was 22.5%. The overall 4-year survival rate for the 40 MUP patients was 55% ± 9%. The 4-year survival (57% ± 12%) of patients with lymph node presentation was compared with that of patients presenting with lymph node disease and a known concurrent primary melanoma (19 ± 6%). Survival was significantly different between the groups (P = 0.008). This survival difference remained significant (P = 0.02) even after adjustments for number of positive lymph nodes, year of diagnosis, and age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS This analysis revealed that MUP patients with lymph node metastasis survived significantly longer than patients diagnosed with lymph node metastasis concurrent with a known cutaneous primary melanoma. The prevalence of dysplastic nevi in the MUP patient series was intermediate between that reported among primary melanoma patients and that reported among population controls, suggesting the likelihood of a primary cutaneous origin for the metastatic melanoma. Cancer 1997; 79:1816-21. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Internal fixation in fractures of the hip

Abstract 1. 1. A method of treatment, by internal fixation, of fractures of the neck of the femur is presented and technique described. 2. 2. Series of 53 cases in the hands of several surgeons shows a record of success in 89.68 per cent of cases.
The Study of Programming Languages

1. History of Programming Languages. 2. Syntax and Grammars. 3. Location, Reference, and Expressions. 4. Data Types. 5. Blocks, Procedures, and Modules. 6. PROLOG. 7. Lambda Calculus. 8. Denotational Semantics. 9. Axiomatic Approach of Hoare. Index.
Spartina alterniflora marshes on dredged material: a critical review of the ongoing debate over success.

After three decades ofexperience, environmental managers continue toquestion the use of dredged material for creation andrestoration of Spartina alternifloramarshes. Different uses of the term `success' have led to someconfusion, and poor recognition of the limitations ofresearch design have contributed to confusion instudies comparing dredged material and naturalmarshes. This paper uses data from a number ofsources to compare dredged material and naturalmarshes. Quantitative analyses based on dataavailable in the scientific literature suggest thatmean values for aboveground and belowground biomass,organic carbon in sediments, polychaete densities, andcrustacean densities may differ in dredged materialand natural marshes. There is not sufficient evidenceto conclude that differences are present for othervariables, such as densities of stems, oligochaetes,or fish. Cumulative quantitative data do not supportthe contention that dredged material sites becomeincreasingly similar to nearby natural marshes overtime as a general rule, although some attributes ofindividual dredged material marshes may becomeincreasingly similar to some natural marshes. Although it is clear that dredged material marshesprovide habitat for birds, limited data suggest thatdredged material marshes may provide habitat for adifferent community of birds than natural marshes. Similarly, limited data suggest that geomorphologicalfeatures found in natural marshes are not duplicatedin dredged material marshes. In short, datasummarized from the literature suggest that dredgedmaterial marshes provide some of the functions ofnatural marshes but probably do not replace all of thefunctions of lost natural marshes.
The Impact of Foreclosures on Neighboring Housing Sales

Housing foreclosures likely have little neighborhood impact if there are few foreclosures in a neighborhood and the foreclosed housing can resell quickly. However, when there are many foreclosures ...
Effect of wave frequency and directional spread on shoreline runup

[1] Wave breaking across the surf zone elevates the mean water level at the shoreline (setup), and drives fluctuations about the mean (runup). Runup often is divided into sea-swell (0.04–0.3 Hz) and lower frequency infragravity (0.00–0.04 Hz) components. With energetic incident waves, runup is dominated by infragravity frequencies, and total water levels (combined setup and runup) can exceed 3 m, significantly contributing to coastal flooding and erosion. Setup and runup observations on sandy beaches are scattered about empirical parameterizations based on near-shoreline beach slope and deep water wave height and wavelength. Accurate parameterizations are needed to determine flooding and erosion risk to coastal ecosystems and communities. Here, numerical simulations with the Boussinesq wave model funwaveC are shown to statistically reproduce typical empirical setup and runup parameterizations. Furthermore, the model infragravity runupRs(ig) strongly depends on the incident wave directional and frequency spread (about the mean direction and peak frequency). Realistic directional spread variations change Rs(ig) equivalent to a factor of two variation in incident wave height. The modeled Rs(ig)is shown to vary systematically with a new, non-dimensional spreading parameter that involves peak frequency, frequency spread, and directional spread. This suggests a new parameterization forRs(ig) potentially useful to predict coastal flooding and erosion.
An inverse method for obtaining the attenuation profile and small variations in the sound speed and density profiles of the ocean bottom

An inverse method is presented for the determination of the compressional wave speed, compressional wave attenuation, and density as a function of depth for a horizontally stratified ocean bottom. It is based on a perturbation technique for which the required input information is the plane-wave reflection coefficient of the bottom as a function of incident angle at a fixed frequency. The reflection coefficient is related to variations of the acoustic properties about known reference values through a nonlinear integral equation which is then linearized using the Born approximation. An acceptable stable solution of the integral equation is obtained using a priori constraints on the solution. Resolution of the solution obtained is studied using the resolving power theory of Backus and Gilbert1. Examples of inversions using synthetic data are presented using noise-free and noisy data. Results obtained with noise-free data show good agreement between true and reconstructed profiles. Inversions performed with noisy data yield stable, acceptable results.
The geometry of 1-based minimal types

In this paper, we study the geometry of a (nontrivial) 1-based SU rank-1 complete type. We show that if the (localized, resp.) geometry of the type is modular, then the (localized, resp.) geometry is projective over a division ring. However, unlike the stable case, we construct a locally modular type that is not affine. For the general 1-based case, we prove that even if the geometry of the type itself is not projective over a division ring, it is when we consider a 2-fold or 3-fold of the geometry altogether. In particular, it follows that in any ω-categorical, nontrivial, 1-based theory, a vector space over a finite field is interpretable.
The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Solid Catalysts

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the effects of ionizing radiation on solid catalysts. The study of a catalyst by irradiation consists of four steps: (1) damage to the solid by irradiation, (2) the characterization of the defects produced, (3) the measurement of changes in catalytic activity or chemisorptions brought about by the irradiation, and (4) the attribution of any such changes to specific types of defect. Radiation has been observed to produce effects, such as alteration of surface area, desorption under radiation, and modification of physical adsorptivity. Because they show less variability from substance to substance than do catalysis and chemisorption, they are classed together as “nonspecific effects.” A special method for the irradiation of a catalyst is to incorporate in it atoms of a radioactive isotope. There is a connection between the preirradiation technique and the simultaneous irradiation of catalyst and substrate. Several adsorption experiments have been done under irradiation. Such experiments are simpler than radiolysis in the presence of a solid and helps in understanding the more complex systems.
Structure of complexes between a major protein of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles and polyribonucleotides.

Abstract We have investigated the structure of complexes formed between a series of poly(A) n ( n = 30 to 480) and HD40 (helix-destabilizing protein, molecular weight of 40,000), the major protein component of 30 S heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNP) from the brine shrimp Artemia salina . Protein HD40 is similar to corresponding hnRNP proteins from higher eukaryotes and the complexes it forms with single-stranded nucleic acids are strikingly similar to the native “beads-on-a-string” structure of hnRNP. Using analytical ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy we find: (1) complexes formed between HD40 and long ribohomopolymers also have a beads-on-a-string structure, showing that the ability to form this structure is an inherent property of HD40, and is not dependent on any structural features of natural RNA; (2) complexes between HD40 and poly(A) 160 form disks that are about 3 nm high by 18 nm in diameter and contain 20 HD40 molecules; (3) complexes of HD40 with poly(A) n with fewer than 160 nucleotides form sectors of a disk: 40 nucleotides give rise to a quarter of a disk, 80 nucleotides, half a disk, etc. The molecular weights increase with the size of poly(A) n at the rate of 5300 per nucleotide, a stoichiometry of eight nucleotides per HD40; (4) as the size of the poly(A) n increases beyond 160 nucleotides, the additional nucleoprotein elements may either initiate the formation of a second disk adjacent to the first or stack on top of the first disk to form a 6 nm high helix with a diameter of 18 nm. Based on these results, we propose that the existence of lateral protein-protein interactions that produce the basic 3 nm × 18 nm disk, combined with the marginal stability of the helix result in (a) interruptions of the helix that give rise to the beads-on-a-string appearance of the complexes, and (b) inherent heterogeneity of individual “beads” which may contain one or more turns of the helix. From measurements of HD40 complexes with coliphage MS2 RNA, φX174 viral DNA as well as with the homopolymers, a bead is estimated to contain an average of ~300 nucleotides; ~1.8 turns of the helix.
General 2-D Steady-State Force and Power Equations for a Traveling Time-Varying Magnetic Source Above a Conductive Plate

Two-dimensional (2-D) force and power loss equations are derived for the case when an arbitrary magnetic source is moving and/or rotating above a conductive plate composed of linear material. The problem is formulated using both the magnetic vector and scalar potential. In order to compute the forces and power loss due to the induced eddy currents, only the magnitude of the field along the surface of the conductive plate needs to be provided. The equations are validated by comparing them with a 2-D finite-element model.
Percutaneous left ventricular assist device with TandemHeart for high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention: the Mayo Clinic experience.

Background In patients with poor left ventricular function and severe left main or multivessel coronary disease, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery has been the preferred therapy. However, a number of these patients are either inoperable or poor surgical candidates due to comorbid conditions and previous cardiac surgical procedures. These patients are generally poor candidates for standard percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) techniques. A hybrid PCI approach with hemodynamic support may be a viable strategy for these patients. We report our experience using the TandemHeart percutaneous left ventricular assist device during high-risk PCI. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of prospectively collected data in 54 patients undergoing high-risk PCI using the TandemHeart device for support. Hemodynamic and clinical data were collected and analyzed. Results Baseline clinical characteristics were as follows: mean age 72 ± 1.7 years, males 78%, median ejection fraction 20%, mean serum creatinine 1.6 ± 0.3 2 mg/dL, recent myocardial infarction 52%, COPD 33%, previous CABG 50%, diabetes mellitus 41%, and hypertension 83%. The median SYNTAX score was 33, and the median Jeopardy score was 10. The predicted surgical revascularization mortality was 13% by the Society for Thoracic Surgery risk score and 33% by Euroscore. There was a significant decrease in right and left heart pressures (P < 0.05) with a concomitant increase in the cardiac output from 4.7 to 5.7 L/min (P = 0.03) during TandemHeart support. Left main and multivessel PCI was performed in 62% of patients, and rotablation was used in 48%. Procedural success rate was 97%, whereas 30-day and 6 month survival were 90% and 87%, respectively. Major vascular complications occurred in 13% of cases. None of our patients developed contrast induced nephropathy or needed dialysis. Conclusions High-risk PCI with percutaneous left ventricular support using TandemHeart is a viable therapeutic strategy for a select subset of patients at very high risk with standard percutaneous revascularization techniques. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Regio- and stereoselective addition of organolithiums to naphthalenes. an efficient synthesis of 11,2-trisubstituted and trans-2-disubstituted dihydronaphthalenes

Abstract The addition of a variety of organolithium reagents to 1-napththyloxazolines and 2-naphthyloxazolines followed by trapping with electrophiles leads to high yields of the title compounds. Very high stereoselectivity characterizes the present process in that the electrophile enters from the naphthalene face opposite to the entry of the organolithium reagent. A number of organolithiums have been investigated and it was found that in situ generation of the organolithiums from tetrasubstituted stannanes provides a superior reagent for nucleophilic addition to the naphthalene. Removal of the oxazoline efficiently led to either formyl or hydroxymethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes.
THE GEOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ORGANIC ACIDS DERIVED FROM THE DEGRADATION OF PETROLEUM CONTAMINANTS IN GROUNDWATER

Abstract The geochemical evolution of low-molecular-weight organic acids in groundwater downgradient from a crude-oil spill near Bemidji, Minnesota, was studied over a five year period (1986–1990). The organic acids are metabolic intermediates of the degradation of components of the crude oil and are structurally related to hydrocarbon precursors. The concentrations of organic acids, particularly aliphatic acids, increase as the microbial alteration of hydrocarbons progresses. The organic-acid pool changes in composition and concentration over time and in space as the degradation processes shift from Fe(III) reduction to methanogenesis. Over time, the aquifer system evolves into one in which the groundwater contains more oxidized products of hydrocarbon degradation and the reduced forms of iron, manganese, and nitrogen. Laboratory microcosm experiments with aquifer material support the hypothesis that organic acids observed in the groundwater originate from the microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons under anoxic conditions. The geochemistry of two other shallow aquifers in coastal plain sediments, one contaminated with creosote waste and the other with gasoline, were compared to the Bemidji site. The geochemical evolution of the low-molecular-weight organic acid pool in these systems is controlled, in part, by the presence of electron acceptors available for microbially mediated electron-transfer reactions. The depletion of electron acceptors in aquifers leads to the accumulation of aliphatic organic acids in anoxic groundwater.
Structural properties and electron density of NaCl

The validity of all-electron total-energy local-density calculations for ionic insulators is investigated for NaCl using our full-potential linearized augmented-plane-wave method. We find that the experimental zero-temperature structural parameters are accurately described within the local-density approximation. Comparison of theoretical and experimental form factors shows large discrepancies for odd high-indexed reflections which is attributed to the procedure used to extract T=0 results from the room-temperature measurements. We conclude that a more stringent test of the charge density awaits the availability of more precise experimental form factors measured at low temperatures.
Regulation of Prolactin Receptor Levels and Activity in Breast Cancer

From its traditional identity as a hormone involved in growth and differentiation of mammary epithelium and in lactation, to having a pertinent role in the development of mammary carcinoma, the peptide hormone/cytokine prolactin (PRL) has emerged as a versatile signaling molecule. There has been significant progress in our understanding of the fine working of PRL in the past several years. Notably, much effort has been concentrated on the mediator of PRL action, namely, the prolactin receptor (PRLr). The causal link between increased PRLr expression and breast cancer is being increasingly appreciated. Considering that the level of the receptor on the surface is a critical determinant of signaling output in response to PRL, the uncovering of regulatory elements that control receptor expression becomes important. The principle focus of this review is on the regulation of PRLr expression and activity in breast cancer with a brief overview of different isoforms of PRLr, their expression, signaling capabilities and the biological outcomes of PRL/PRLr signaling.
Robotic-enhanced arterial revascularization for multivessel coronary artery disease

Abstract Background . A tendency to reduce operative trauma is determining the evolution of cardiac surgical techniques lately. The introduction of robotic-enhanced endoscopic systems enables surgeons to perform arterial revascularization for multivessel disease without sternotomy. Methods . From May 1999, 17 (4 women, 13 men; median age 63 ± 7.4 years) patients with multivessel coronary artery disease were treated surgically using arterial revascularization by means of bilateral internal mammary arteries. Both arteries were harvested endoscopically using the da Vinci system (Intuitive Surgical, Mountain View, CA). These vessels were anastomosed using the "Dresden technique." Results . Survival was 100%. Mean duration of the operation was 255 ± 40.4 minutes. Bilateral internal mammary artery harvesting took 88.5 ± 15.9 minutes; cross-clamp time was 36 ± 8.7 minutes. An average of 2.06 anastomoses were performed per operation. Postoperatively, patients remained in the intensive care unit for 21 ± 13 hours. One patient (5.8%) needed reexploration due to bleeding. Conclusions . The robotic surgical system introduces a new treatment of coronary artery disease to surgical practice, and enables arterial revascularization with distinctly reduced surgical trauma.
Photonic switching of photoinduced electron transfer in a dithienylethene-porphyrin-fullerene triad molecule.

A dithienylethene (DTE)−porphyrin (P)−fullerene (C60) triad molecule in which intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer is controlled by the photochromic DTE moiety has been prepared. Irradiation of the molecule with visible light gives the open form of the dithienylethene (DTEo). Excitation of the porphyrin gives DTEo-1P-C60, which undergoes photoinduced electron transfer with a time constant of 25 ps to generate DTEo-P•+-C60•-. Irradiation with ultraviolet light produces the closed form of the dithienylethene (DTEc). Excitation of DTEc-P-C60 yields DTEc-1P-C60, whose porphyrin first excited singlet state is quenched in 2.3 ps by singlet−singlet energy transfer to DTEc, generating 1DTEc-P-C60 and precluding significant photoinduced electron transfer. Such highly reversible photonically controlled intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer may eventually be useful in the design of photonic or optoelectronic devices.
The Effect of Electric Fields on the Dispersion of Oligonucleotides Using a Multi-Point Detection Method in Capillary Gel Electrophoresis

Abstract A multi-point detection method is proposed to study the dispersion of oligonucleotides in polyacrylamide gel capillary. In this method a single gel filled capillary is curved into loops, with several detection points aligned with a common detector. In this manner, several electropherograms can be obtained at different migration times during one capillary electrophoresis (CE) run, thus permitting studies of changes in the spatial peak variance σ2 as a function of time. Investigations of polydeoxyadenylic acids in the range of 40–60 bases indicate that the diffusion coefficient of these compounds increases at higher voltages in the polyacrylamide gel-filled capillaries. Using this simple multi-point detection method one can estimate the band broadening originating from sample injection (σ2 inj), which is otherwise difficult to measure.
Preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide is as independent predictor of ventricular dysfunction and mortality after primary coronary artery bypass grafting.

Objective Elevated B-type natriuretic peptide is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in ambulatory patients with congestive heart failure or acute coronary syndromes. Its utility in predicting adverse cardiac surgical outcomes is less certain. We hypothesized that preoperative plasma B-type natriuretic peptide would independently predict in-hospital postoperative ventricular dysfunction, hospital stay, and up to 5-year mortality after primary coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods This is a prospective, longitudinal study of 1023 patients at two institutions undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ventricular dysfunction was defined as requirement for at least two inotropes or new intra-aortic balloon pump or ventricular assist device support after coronary artery bypass grafting. Multivariable analyses assessed independent roles of preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting postoperative ventricular dysfunction, hospital stay, and 5-year all-cause mortality. Results Preoperative plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration predicted ventricular dysfunction, hospital stay, and mortality in univariate and multivariable analyses. Logistic regression demonstrated preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide to independently predict ventricular dysfunction (odds ratio 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.12–3.29, P = .018), after adjustment for preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, congestive heart failure severity, and other clinical predictors. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models showed preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide to independently predict hospital stay (hazard ratio 1.42, 95% confidence interval 1.18–1.72, P = .0002) and mortality (hazard ratio 1.89, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.33, P = .026). Conclusion Preoperative plasma B-type natriuretic peptide independently predicted in-hospital ventricular dysfunction, hospital stay, and up to 5-year all-cause mortality after primary coronary artery bypass grafting.
The Fire Next Time in the civil sphere: Literary journalism and justice in America 1963

As a form of communication that can inspire solidarity through appeals to democratic ideals, literary journalism can play a constitutive role in social and political struggles for justice and freedom in democratic societies. In 1963, at a pivotal moment in the US Civil Rights Movement, James Baldwin’s The Fire Next Time helped many Americans, including those in the highest offices of the federal government, understand the moral good of the goals of the African American freedom struggle and the democratic imperative to enact and protect the civil rights of all Americans. In this way, Baldwin’s work, along with other key historical forces, helped to expand the civil sphere and build a more just and democratic society in the United States. Civil sphere theory helps explain the role of such communication in social struggles for democracy.
Second-Order Hydrodynamic Interactions in an Array of Vertical Cylinders in Bichromatic Waves

Abstract A complete second-order solution is presented for the hydrodynamic forces on an array of bottom-mounted, surface-piercing, vertical cylinders of arbitrary cross-section in bichromatic waves. Exploiting the constant structural cross-sections, the vertical dependency of the linearized potentials is expressed in terms of eigenfunction expansions. A two-dimensional Green's function approach may then be utilized to solve the first-order problem. Green's second identity is applied to express the second-order forces due to the second-order potential in terms of free-surface and structural integrals involving firs-order quantities and associated linearized radiation potentials obtained by oscillating each of the structures in turn at the sum and difference frequencies of the component first-order waves. Considerable attention is focussed on developing an efficient numerical technique to compute the oscillatory free-surface integral appearing in the second-order force formulation. In the near field the integration is carried out numerically, while in the far-field the integration is carried out analytically utilizing the asymptotic behavior of the potential components. Numerical results are presented for an array of four circular cylinders which illustrate the importance of interaction effects at both the sum and difference frequencies on the second-order hydrodynamic loads on the cylinders.
Effect of integral membrane proteins on the lateral mobility of plastoquinone in phosphatidylcholine proteoliposomes.

Pyrene fluorescence quenching by plastoquinone was used to estimate the rate of plastoquinone lateral diffusion in soybean phosphatidylcholine proteoliposomes containing the following integral membrane proteins: gramicidin D, spinach cytochrome bf complex, spinach cytochrome f, reaction centers from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome bc 1 , and beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase. The measured plastoquinone lateral diffusion coefficient varied between 1 and 3 · 10 -7 cm 2 s -1 in control liposomes that lacked protein. When proteins were added, these values decreased: a 10-fold decrease was observed when 16–26% of the membrane surface area was occupied by protein for all the proteins but gramicidin. The larger protein complexes (cytochrome bf, Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers, cytochrome bc 1 , and cytochrome oxidase), whose hydrophobic volumes were 15–20 times as large as that of cytochrome f and the gramicidin transmembrane dimer, were 15–20 times as effective in decreasing the lateral-diffusion coefficient over the range of concentrations studied. These proteins had a much stronger effect than that observed for bacteriorhodopsin in fluorescence photobleaching recovery measurements. The effect of high-protein concentrations in gramicidin proteoliposomes was in close agreement with fluorescence photobleaching measurements. The results are compared with the predictions of several theoretical models of lateral mobility as a function of integral membrane concentration.
Characterization of recombinant RIβ and evaluation of the presence of RIβ protein in rat brain and testicular extracts

Based upon recent reports that the mRNA for the regulatory (R) RIβ subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) was expressed in testicular extracts, we determined whether testicular extracts exhibited RIβ protein. To accomplish this goal, we initially determined the fundamental labeling and ionic characteristics of recombinant RIβ. Recombinant RIβ eluted from DEAE-cellulose with a salt concentration (of 0.075 M) equivalent to its elution position from soluble mouse brain extracts with catalytic subunit-free RIα. As predicted by its amino acid sequence homology to RIα, recombinant RIβ was not phosphorylated by PKA but was labeled specifically with 8-azido-adenosine 3′:5′-[32P]monophosphate (8-N3[32P]cAMP). Additionally, RI antisera reacted equally with RIα (47 kDa) and recombinant RIβ (53 kDa). However, recombinant RIβ exhibited an unexpectedly basic pI of 6.65–6.85. By using a pH gradient for isoelectric focussing that allowed for clear focussing of 8-N3[32P]cAMP-labeled recombinant RIβ, 8-N3[32P]cAMP-labeled RIβ was readily detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in rat brain particulate extracts and exhibited a pI equivalent to that of recombinant RIβ. The 53-kDa RIβ was undetectable either by its immunoreactivity or upon photoaffinity labeling with 8-N3[32P]cAMP by one or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in soluble or particulate extracts of testes of 14-day-old, 45-day-old, or adult rats or in epididymal sperm. However, 8-N3[32P]cAMP-labeled RIβ was detected, albeit in very small levels, by two-dimensional electrophoresis upon separation of PKAs in testes of 14-day-old rats by DEAE-cellulose chromatography but was absent in equivalent extracts from adult rat testes. These results demonstrate that the unexpectedly basic pI of RIβ allows for its clear separation by two-dimensional electrophoresis from the RII proteins and therefore allows for its unambiguous identification. Further studies, however, are required to resolve the basis for the apparent disparity in testis RIβ mRNA and protein.
The structure of the highly conjugated polymers of dichloroprotoanemonin

The copolymerization of dichloroprotoanemonin with methyl methacrylate is accompanied by the elimination of half of the chlorine that originally entered the copolymer. This result is consistent with a 1,4-addition mechanism, the product of which would readily eliminate hydrogen chloride. A strong infrared band at 1770 cm.−1 and a weak band at 1810 cm.−1 indicates that the loss of hydrogen chloride proceeds primarily by 1,4-elimination but to a small extent by 1,2-elimination. The copolymerization of dichloroprotoanemonin with styrene results in the elimination of 10 to 20% of the total chlorine that entered the copolymer. Infrared bands at 1765 and 1800 cm.−1 reveal the presence of both conjugated and nonconjugated lactone carbonyl groups. Treatment of the copolymer with hot pyridine resulted in further elimination, up to about 30% of the total chlorine. The decrease in the intensity of the 1800 cm.−1 band relative to the 1765 cm.−1 band as a result of the pyridine treatment confirmed the conversion of the nonconjugated structure into the conjugated one. The failure to achieve 50% elimination indicates that in the styrene case copolymerization may have occurred in part by 1,2-addition, the product of which would not be expected to lose hydrogen chloride. These results suggest that the ratio of 1,4- to 1,2-addition may depend in part upon the nature of the comonomer. Thermal homopolymerization of dichloroprotoanemonin at 210°C. results in a solid, black polymer, insoluble in the common solvents. The elimination of 76% of the total chlorine suggests that under the conditions of the polymerization the lactone ring opens, giving an α-chloroketone, which then undergoes further elimination.
Enophthalmos in Horner's Syndrome

Exophthalmometer readings in 94 cases of Horner's syndrome demonstrated enophthalmos in only one instance. However, a comparison of averages in these cases with those from two groups of a like number of normal subjects indicated a tendency to enophthalmos in those affected with Horner's syndrome. The author considers this to be due to shrinkage of the orbital tissue, not to relaxation of the smooth muscles of the lids and orbits. From the Section on Ophthalmology, The Mayo Clinic. Read before the American Ophthalmological Society, in Washington, D.C., May 8-10, 1933.
Medical and sociological typologies: the case of epilepsy.

Abstract The dominance of the medical model and the categories that derive from it have inhibited the development of more independently sociological perspectives on illness. Using the case of epilepsy, this paper compares the standard medical typology of characteristic seizure patterns (grand mal, petit mal, psychomotor, etc.) to a sociological typology that emerges from our depth interviews with 80 people who have epilepsy. Our preliminary analysis yields a typology of characteristic ways of dealing with epilepsy based on how the condition is experienced by those who have it. Grounded types of adaptation are presented in terms of “adjusted” (including “pragmatic”, “secret” and “quasi-liberated”) and “unadjusted” (including “debilitated”) reactions. Comparison allows us to examine toward what ends typologies are constructed and highlights the different insights of medical and sociological perspectives on epilepsy. A sociological typology constructed independent of and complementary to the medical one illuminates the social experience of illness in a new way.
A role for cyclooxygenase II inhibitors in modulating temporomandibular joint inflammation from a meal pattern analysis perspective

Abstract Purpose Developing a valid noninvasive animal model to study temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation/pain has proved difficult. However, its has been recently demonstrated that meal pattern analysis, and in particular meal duration, can be used as a biologic marker for TMJ inflammation/pain induced by bilateral injections of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). The present study was undertaken to confirm previous findings and extend them by using rofecoxib (VIOXX; Merck & Co, West Point, PA), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (COX-2-I). Materials and methods Forty-eight male rats were assigned to 1 of 4 groups: group 1, no CFA and no COX-2-I treatment; group 2, no CFA and treatment with the COX-2-I; group 3, bilateral TMJ CFA injection and no COX-2-I treatment; and group 4, CFA injection and treatment with the COX-2-I. Food intake was recorded by computer 24 hours before and for 48 hours after CFA injection. TMJ swelling, chromodacryorrhea, and meal patterns were quantified. Results CFA increased swelling ( P P P Conclusions These data confirm that meal pattern analysis, and in particular meal duration, is a noninvasive measure of TMJ inflammation/pain. However, this experiment has extended this model as a marker of drug treatment efficacy, specifically the efficacy of COX-2-I in treatment of orofacial inflammation/pain.
A NEW COMBINATORIAL STUDY OF THE ROGERS–FINE IDENTITY AND A RELATED PARTIAL THETA SERIES

We provide a transparent combinatorial derivation of a variant of the Rogers–Fine identity and a new combinatorial proof of a related partial theta series.
Titania-Supported Au and Pd Composites Synthesized from Dendrimer-Encapsulated Metal Nanoparticle Precursors

Two different approaches are compared for preparing titania-supported Au and Pd using dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticle (DENs) precursors. First, preformed dendrimerencapsulated nanoparticles (1-2 nm in diameter) were deposited onto a commercial solidoxide support via wetness impregnation. Second, the same DENs were incorporated into an amorphous titania network prepared using sol-gel chemistry. The latter approach is especially interesting, because in this case both the inside and the outside of the dendrimer act as templates: the exterior of the dendrimer templates pores within the sol-gel matrix, and the interior templates the metal nanoparticles. In all cases, the dendrimer can be removed by calcination to leave behind the metal nanoparticles. The wetness impregnation method leads to a 4-fold increase in the average Au nanoparticle size following calcination. Significantly, less than a 2-fold increase in particle size was found for the sol-gel approach.
Hazardous workspace modeling for manipulators using spatial hazard functions

This paper describes an approach to motion planning that includes hazards individually characterized as continuous functions of space. These functions contribute to a complex and discontinuous yet practical representation of the hazards found in a manipulator's workspace. The hazard model is a smoothed and scaled representation of the actual physical hazard sampled discretely over the robot's workspace. This research is primarily motivated to reduce damage to manipulators working in high-radiation environments, but is easily extended to other spatial hazards including heat sources, overlapping workspaces, etc. The gradient of the hazard function is used to generate a force that can be included by an artificial potential field motion planner easing its integration with other existing techniques used for obstacle avoidance, target acquisition, etc. The motion planner additionally scales the robot's velocity in proportion to the magnitude of the hazard model and determines the path. This results in a motion influenced in the direction of greatest hazard reduction at a speed that reduces the time the robot is subject to abnormally high hazard. These techniques are demonstrated on a port-deployed glovebox manipulator in a simulated hazardous environment. Over the course of a demonstration task, the radiation exposure to the robot is reduced by over 50%.
Metal-mediated reduction of cytochrome c by thioglycolic acid

Abstract The reduction of cytochrome c by thioglycolic acid was found to be extremely sensitive to metal catalysis. The rate of the uncatalyzed reaction was negligible in comparison with rates obtained from reactions supplemented with catalytic amounts of copper or iron. Both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions were independent of pH (near neutrality) but when o-phenanthroline was included in the reaction mixture, a pH dependence was induced. This pH dependence is the result of an interference of oxygen with the metal complexes. A comparison of the rate constants at zero ionic strenght, which were obtained from the application of the Debye-Huckel theory for the ionic strength dependence, demonstrated that copper complexes are superior catalysts as compared with iron complexes. Our results suggest that in the copper-mediated reaction, the catalyst is a cupric thioglycolate complex with a net charge of −2. The addition of o-phenanthroline to the reaction mixture results in a tenfold decrease in the catalytic activity and in a change in the net charge of the catalyst to −1. At pH 8 the iron-mediated reduction is catalyzed by a ferric thioglycolate complex, whereas at pH 7 a ferrothioglycolate complex provides the catalytic activity. Both complexes have a net negative charge of −2. At both pH's the catalytic activity is completely abolished by the addition of o-phenanthroline. The results demonstrate the effectiveness by which metal-sulfur complexes can facilitate one-electron transfer reactions and could there-fore serve as a model in the study of various biological oxidations.
A Redox-Mediated Molecular Brake: Dynamic NMR Study of 2-[2-(Methylthio)phenyl]isoindolin-1-one and S-Oxidized Counterparts

A redox-mediated molecular brake based on the sulfide−sulfoxide redox cycle is illustrated by modulation of the rotation rate of an N−Ar “shaft” by varying the oxidation state of sulfur in 2-[2-(sulfur-substituted)phenyl]isoindolin-1-ones. N−Ar rotational barriers in methylsulfinyl (2) and methylsulfonyl (3) derivatives (13.6 kcal mol-1) are ∼5 kcal mol-1 higher than sulfide 1. Rate reduction for N−Ar rotation is ∼104 s-1 (280 K) upon oxidation. Correlated N-pyramidalization/N−Ar rotation reduces the effectiveness of the brake by decreasing the energy barrier to N−Ar bond rotation.
A Methodology for Diagnosing Multiple Simultaneous Faults in Vapor-Compression Air Conditioners

Existing methods addressing automated fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) for vapor-compression air-conditioning equipment have good performance for faults that occur individually but have difficulty handling multiple simultaneous faults. In addition, these methods either require high-cost measurements or measurements over a wide range of conditions for training reference models, the development of which can be time consuming and cost prohibitive. This paper formulates model-based FDD in a generic way and demonstrates that decoupling is the key to handling multiple simultaneous faults. To eliminate a cost-prohibitive overall system model, an alternative physical decoupling methodology to mathematical decoupling is developed. During the mathematical development, a previously developed FDD method termed the statistical rule-based method is reexamined and cast within the general mathematical framework. The paper also includes an evaluation of the FDD method in terms of both sensitivity and robustness.