cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Association between the Yeast Rad51 and Rad54 Recombination Proteins

The RAD54 and RAD51 genes are involved in genetic recombination and double-strand break repair in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The Rad51 protein is thought to be a yeast analogue of the Eschericia coli recA gene product and catalyzes strand exchange between homologous single- and double-stranded DNAs in vitro. RAD54 exhibits homologies to several known ATPases and is a member of the SWI2/MOT1 family. We show here that the Rad54 protein interacts with the Rad51 protein in vivo and in vitro and that the NH2-terminal 115 residues of the Rad54 protein are necessary for this interaction. Combined with previously reported results, these data imply that the Rad54 protein is part of a multiprotein yeast recombination complex.
Diagonalization and stability of multi-time-scale singularly perturbed linear systems

In this paper, an alternate approach to the method of asymptotic expansions for the study of a singularly perturbed, linear system with multiparameters and multi-time scales, is developed. The method consists of developing a linear, nonsingular transformation that enables to decouple the original system completely. This process of diagonalization thus provides a very simple and suitable tool to investigate (i) the stability analysis and (ii) approximations of solutions of original system in terms of the overall reduced system and the corresponding boundary layer systems.
The Discrete Logarithm Problem on Elliptic Curves of Trace One

In this short note we describe an elementary technique which leads to a linear algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem on elliptic curves of trace one. In practice the method described means that when choosing elliptic curves to use in cryptography one has to eliminate all curves whose group orders are equal to the order of the finite field.
Expression of Potential Regulatory Genes in Abdominal Adipose Tissue of Broiler Chickens during Early Development

The identities of genes that underlie population variation in adipose tissue development in farm animals are poorly understood. Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested that increased fat tissue involves the expression modulation of an array of genes in broiler chickens. Of special interest are eight genes, FGFR3, EPHB2, IGFBP2, GREM1, TNC, COL3A1, ACBD7, and SCD. To understand their expression regulation and response to dietary manipulation, we investigated their mRNA levels after dietary manipulation during early development. Chickens were fed either a recommended standard or a high caloric diet from hatch to eight weeks of age (WOA). The high caloric diet markedly affected bodyweight of the broiler birds. mRNA levels of the eight genes in the abdominal adipose tissue were assayed at 2, 4, 6, and 8 WOA using RT-qPCR. Results indicate that (1) FGFR3 mRNA level was affected significantly by diet, age, and diet:age interaction; (2) COL3A mRNA level was repressed by high caloric diet; (3) mRNA levels of EPHB2, ACBD7, and SCD were affected by age; (4) mRNA level of TNC was modulated by age:diet interaction; (5) changes in GREM1 and IGFBP2 mRNA levels were not statistically different.
Learning and Predicting Brain Dynamics from fMRI: a Spectral Approach

Traditional neuroimaging experiments, dictated by the dogma of functional specialization, aim at identifying regions of the brain that are maximally correlated with a simple cognitive or sensory stimulus. Very recently, functional MRI (fMRI) has been used to infer subjective experience and brain states of subjects immersed in natural environments. These environments are rich with uncontrolled stimuli and resemble real life experiences. Conventional methods of analysis of neuroimaging data fail to unravel the complex activity that natural environments elicit. The contribution of this work is a novel method to predict action and sensory experiences of a subject from fMRI. This method relies on an embedding that provides an optimal coordinate system to reduce the dimensionality of the fMRI dataset while preserving its intrinsic dynamics. We learn a set of time series that are implicit functions of the fMRI data, and predict the values of these times series in the future from the knowledge of the fMRI data only. We conducted several experiments with the datasets of the 2007 Pittsburgh Experience Based Cognition competition.
Vietnamese Diasporic Placemaking: An Ethnographic Moment in Uneven Geographic Development

The article explores the ways “uneven geographical development” conditions and is conditioned by local placemaking practices. Guided by David Harvey’s work along with Henri Lefebvre’s three dimensions of spatial production— spatial practices, representations of space, and spaces of representation or the “spatial imaginary”—I look at the ways a diasporic community of Vietnamese teachers, students, and parents negotiate heritage language and culture within an urban public elementary school. I hope to illustrate how spatial production works on individuals in ways that produce both docile and self-determining bodies negotiating tensions between unity and difference. I argue that in confining our understanding of the spatial to static backdrops, we limit our abilities to imagine spaces of difference, geographies of desire, places of radical openness and possibility, and third spaces of political opportunity.
The Mission of Sex-Based Professional Societies Should Be to Become Unnecessary

N ow that I have your attention, let me explain my point of view. Since graduating medical school in 1978, I have been an observer of and casual participant in several women’s professional organizations within my workplaces (academic medical centers), region, and area of specialty. At a national level, I have had the opportunity to participate in career development programs offered nationally to women only, such as the Association of American Medical Colleges workshops and the Executive Leadership in Academic Medicine program sponsored by the Medical College of Pennsylvania–Hahnemann University.
Rapid Technique of Occlusion of the Venae Cavae for Total Cardiopulmonary Bypass during Repeat Cardiac Operations

A new technique of occlusion of the venae cavae utilizing a cannula with an inflatable balloon cuff is described.
Distribution of Müller cells in the turtle retina: an immunocytochemical study.

Muller cells are the major type of glial cell in the vertebrate retina, and appear to participate in important structural and metabolic functions. Although the morphological features of Muller cells have been extensively studied, their topographic distribution across the retina has not been previously reported. We have used a Muller cell-specific monoclonal antibody, 19–33, to study the distribution of Muller cells in turtle retina. The antibody was obtained during a search for cell type-specific monoclonal antibodies in the rat retina. Immunoblotting studies show that 19–33 reacts with a 58 KDa protein that is present in Muller cells. Immunocytochemical studies withen face sections of turtle retina show that the density of Muller cells is fairly uniform across the retina although there are small regional differences. We estimate that the mean Muller cell density is about 1600 cells mm−2 of turtle retina and that each turtle retina contains about 54 000 Muller cells.
Tectonic regionalization without a priori information: A cluster analysis of upper mantle tomography

Abstract Global mantle tomography can be improved through better use of data and application of more accurate wave propagation methods. However, few techniques have been developed for objective validation and exploration of the resulting tomographic models. We show that cluster analysis can be used to validate and explore the salient features across such models. We present a cluster analysis of a global upper mantle radially anisotropic model SEMum developed using full waveform tomography and the Spectral Element Method. Applied to SEMum down to 350 km depth, the cluster analysis reveals that absolute shear wave velocity (Vs) depth profiles naturally group into families that correspond with known surface tectonics. This allows us to construct a global tectonic regionalization based solely on tomography, without the help of any a priori information. We find that the profiles of stable platforms and shields consistently exhibit a mid-lithospheric low velocity zone (LVZ) between 80 and 130 km depth, while the asthenosphere is found at depths greater than 250 km in both regions. This global intra-continental-lithosphere low velocity zone agrees with recent receiver function studies and regional tomographic studies. Furthermore, we identify an anomalous oceanic region characterized by slow shear wave speeds at depths below 150 km. Hotspots are found preferentially in the vicinity of this anomalous region. In the Pacific Ocean, where plate velocities are largest, these regions have elongated shapes that align with absolute plate motion, suggesting a relationship between the location of hotspots and small-scale convection in the oceanic upper mantle.
A note on changes in age at marriage of females and their effect on the birth rate in India.

(1967). A note on changes in age at marriage of females and their effect on the birth rate in India. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 291-295.
Osteoporosis therapies Bisphosphonates, SERMs, PTH, and new therapies

Osteoporosis therapies include antiresorptive and anabolic agents. Antiresorptive agents include the bisphosphonates (etidronate, alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, and off-label use of the intravenous drugs pamidronate and zolendronate), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) (raloxifene), calcitonin, and estrogens. An anabolic agent, teriparatide (rhPTH 1–34) was released in 2002. New therapies may be available in the coming years, including new SERMs, strontium ranelate, and an antibody to RANK ligand.
The effect of crack tunneling on crack growth: experiments and CTOA analyses

Abstract This paper compares experimental crack-front shapes recorded at various stages of crack growth with area-average crack growth values during fracture tests conducted on 2024-T351 aluminum alloy plate. Crack-front shapes were determined by fracturing the specimen to a predetermined amount of crack growth and fatigue cycling the specimen for about 4000 cycles at a high stress ratio (Pmin/Pmax) to mark the crack-front location. For each shape, the area-average crack length was determined. The evolution of tunneling was used to create a calibration curve that could be used to adjust surface measured crack-length values, for a more representative comparison with analyses that use a straight crack-front approximation. The analysis compares much more favorably with the average crack growth than with the surface measured values near maximum load. However, the area-average technique tends to over correct crack growth near the crack initiation load. Crack tunneling results show that the area-average technique produces more representative crack-length measurements compared to optical based surface measurements.
Nonlinear thermomechanical finite-element modeling, analysis and characterization of multi-turn oscillating heat pipes

Abstract Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) are promising heat dissipation devices for modern electronic systems due to their high heat transfer rate, simple construction and low manufacturing cost. Despite the unique features of OHPs, how to initiate and sustain the slug flow within the capillary tube and how different parameters affect the performance of an OHP are not well understood. This paper presents an advanced, fully nonlinear thermomechanical finite-element model that can simulate the parametrically excited oscillation of the liquid slug, the temperature distribution along the two-phase flow and the heat transfer performance of OHPs. The model can account for the influences of nonlinear spring effect of vapor slugs, interphase mass-transferring effect, fluid filling ratio, operating temperatures of the evaporator and condenser, different heating modes (top- or bottom-heating), gravity, bending pressure loss, properties of the working fluid, and different random distributions of initial velocities and lengths of fluid slugs. An Euler predictor–corrector method with convergence check is used to solve for the oscillation of and the temperature distribution within each fluid plug. The dynamics of OHPs is characterized using a newly developed time–frequency analysis technique. Numerical results show that an OHP is a parametrically excited nonlinear thermomechanical system. Latent heat transfer provides the driving force for the oscillation, and sensible heat transfer induced by forced convection contributes more than 80% of the total heat transfer rate. Generally speaking, working fluids with high thermal conductivity, low latent heat, and low viscosity are favorable for efficient heat transfer. These results provide better understanding of heat transfer mechanisms of OHPs and can be used for design optimization of OHPs.
US Army two-surgeon teams operating in remote Afghanistan--an evaluation of split-based Forward Surgical Team operations.

Abstract : Background: United States Army Forward Surgical Teams (FSTs) consist of twenty personnel and are the Army's smallest surgical units. Currently, they provide the majority of resuscitative surgical care for combat casualties in Afghanistan where the mission of the FST has been further extended to include split-based operations. The effectiveness of these 10-person teams is unknown and outcome data has not been previously reported in the literature. This article evaluates the effectiveness of one split FST during a 14-month period in remote Afghanistan. Methods: The primary endpoint was died of wounds (DOW) outcomes among United States Forces, Coalition Afghani Forces, and local national citizens. Mortality was evaluated separately for patients who received a blood transfusion. Secondary endpoints of the study included number of blood products transfused, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and mechanism of injury. Results: Seven hundred sixty-one patients were treated and 327 patients underwent an immediate surgery. The average ISS was 12.05, and the DOW percentage was 2.36%. There were 61 patients with an ISS of greater than 24 (mortality 23.0%), and 47 patients with an ISS of 16 to 24 (mortality 2.13%). Nine of 121 patients transfused (7.4%) died. A total of 27 patients required massive blood transfusion and on average received 12.6 units of fresh frozen plasma and 18.2 units of packed red blood cell (ratio 1:1.49). Seven of 27 patients who received massive blood transfusion (25.9%) died. Conclusions: Small two-surgeon surgical teams can achieve acceptable DOW rates when compared with other larger surgical units currently operating in the Global War on Terror.
Electrochemical Studies of Catalyst Free Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

A novel catalyst free carbon nanotube (CNT) electrode was fabricated by a Carbo Thermo Carbide Conversion (CTCC) method. The morphology and nanostructure of the CNT electrodes were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical characterization using potassium ferricyanide, ferroin and catechol shows these CNTs have higher current capacity, faster electron transfer rate and larger microscopic surface area than glassy carbon (GC) electrode.
Autofocus and super-resolution synthetic aperture radar image formation

An FFT (fast Fourier transform) based parametric algorithm, referred to as MCCLEAN, is devised for cross-range phase error compensation in SAR (synthetic aperture radar) imaging. It can be used as an independent autofocus approach for the SAR imaging of a large scene. The authors also present a similarly structured algorithm for simultaneous autofocus and super-resolution SAR image formation of a small scene or small region of interest (ROI) in a large scene. Examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithms.
Osmotically-Driven Transport through Carbon Nanotube Pores

Ion and water transport through biological membranes by osmosis is essential in many biological processes and the complex nature of biological pores and channels involved in these processes is not fully understood. We are developing simplified robust models of ion channels based on smooth, narrow and hydrophobic pores of carbon nanotubes. Incorporation of these pores into liposomes gives us a convenient system to study osmotically-induced transport using dynamic light scattering. We will present our measurements of the transport of charged and uncharged chemical species through the carbon nanotube pores and also discuss the role of the charges at the nanotube pore ends in regulating the ion transport selectivity.
Highly Extensible Bio-Nanocomposite Fibers

Here, we show that a poly(ethylene oxide) polymer can be physically cross-linked with silicate nanoparticles (Laponite) to yield highly extensible, bio-nanocomposite fibers that, upon pulling, stretch to extreme lengths and crystallize polymer chains. We find that both, nanometer structures and mechanical properties of the fibers respond to mechanical deformation by exhibiting strain-induced crystallization and high elongation. We explore the structural characteristics using X-ray scattering and the mechanical properties of the dried fibers made from hydrogels in order to determine feasibility for eventual biomedical use and to map out directions for further materials development.
Suppression of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by carbon tetrachloride.

Abstract The effects of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), following 7 consecutive days of exposure ip at 500, 1000, and 1500 mg/kg, were determined on murine humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, body and organ weights, spleen cell blastogenesis following mitogenic stimulation, and clinical serum parameters for liver injury. In vivo sensitization of CCl4-treated B6C3F1 mice resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of the T-dependent antibody response to sheep red blood cells (sRBC) at all doses—36, 48, and 53%, respectively. The T-independent in vivo antibody response to DNP-Ficoll was suppressed only at 1500 mg/kg, and only by approximately 16%. This dosing regimen also resulted in a significant decrease in thymus weights; however, there were no significant effects on liver, kidney, lung, or body weights. The serum chemistry profile indicated a dose-dependent increase in serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels (34-, 47-, and 55-fold) and a non-dose-dependent increase in serum bilirubin and total protein. Serum glucose and albumin levels were unaffected. Splenocytes from mice treated with 1500 mg/kg and sensitized in vitro with antigen demonstrated a comparably suppressed antibody response to the antigens sRBC and DNP-Ficoll as observed in vivo—66 and 28% respectively. This dose of CCl4 had no effect on the in vitro antibody response to the polyclonal antigen lipopolysaccharide. The mixed lymphocyte response was dose dependently suppressed following CCl4 exposure; however, the delayed-type hypersensitivity response was unaffected. Lymphocyte blastogenesis following mitogenic stimulation with lipopolysaccharide or concanavalin A was also inhibited by CCl4 exposure. These studies demonstrate that exposure to CCl4 results in a marked suppression in both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses at concentrations which also affect the liver as evidenced by the marked increase in SGPT levels.
Oligosaccharide storage in brains from patients with fucosidosis, GM1-gangliosidosis and GM2-gangliosidosis (Sandhoff's disease).

— Analysis of whole autopsy brain from a patient with fucosidosis (α-fucosidase deficiency) revealed minor storage of H-antigen glycolipid [Fuc (α, 12) Gal-GlcNAc-Gal-Glc-Ceramide] and a slightly abnormal ganglioside composition in the form of a two-fold elevation of GM1 and the presence of a fucose-containing glycolipid (a minor component) which co-migrated with GD1a. The major storage materials in fucosidosis brain were an oligosaccharide (Fuc-Gal-GlcNAc-Man[Fuc-Gal-GlcNAc-Man]-ManGlcNAc) and a disaccharide [Fuc(α, 16)-GlcNAc] in the approximate ratio of 5:1. Lesser amounts of a related oligosaccharide (Gal-GlcNAc-Man[Gal-GlcNAc-Man]-Man-GlcNAc) were isolated from the brain of patients with GM1-gangliosidosis (Types I and II) where the major storage material is known to be GM1-ganglioside (Gal (β, 13)GalNAc(β, 14) [NeuNAcf(α, 23) Gal(β, 14)Glc-Ceramide). Similarly, a related oligosaccharide (GlcNAc-Man [GlcNAc-Man]-Man-GlcNAc) was isolated from the brain of a patient with a total deficiency of N-acetyl-β-d-hexosaminidase (Sandhoff variant of GM2-gangliosidosis) where the major storage products are known to be GM2-ganglioside (GalNAc (β 14) [NeuNAc (α, 23)Gal(β, 14)Glc-Ceramine) and its asialo derivative. These studies indicate that glycoproteins containing at least 2 mol of l-fucose per oligosaccharide unit are normally catabolized in human brain. Further, it appears that such glycoproteins are initially catabolized by an endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase to release an oligosaccharide which is then degraded by the sequential action of exo-glycosidases.
Mentoring and the emotions

Drawing on data from nine secondary school mentor teachers, the authors explore the emotional aspects of mentoring. Embracing a view of ‘cool’ professionalism, the mentors hid from their interns the intensity and complexity of their work as mentors. The authors argue that to maximize the value of mentoring neophyte teachers should be given a glimpse into its difficulty as part of engaging in rich conversations about teaching and learning.
Integration of Crawling Waves in an Ultrasound Imaging System. Part 2: Signal Processing and Applications

This paper introduces methods to generate crawling wave interference patterns from the displacement fields generated from radiation force pushes on a GE Logiq 9 scanner. The same transducer and system provides both the pushing pulses to generate the shear waves and the tracking pulses to measure the displacements. Acoustic power and system limitations result in largely impulsive displacement fields. Measured displacements from pushes on either side of a region-of-interest (ROI) are used to calculate continuously varying interference patterns. This technique is explained along with a brief discussion of the conventional mechanical source-driven crawling waves for comparison. We demonstrate the method on three example cases: a gelatin-based phantom with a cylindrical inclusion, an oil-gelatin phantom and mouse livers. The oil-gelatin phantom and the mouse livers demonstrate not only shear speed estimation, but the frequency dependence of the shear wave speeds.
THE ATTACHE CASE COMBINATION LOCK: AN INFORMAL LOOK

Earlier works on the attache case include a study of the percentage of commuters exiting a railroad station in the morning carrying a case (1) and an inquiry as to the probability of opening a case in its upside down position (2). To gather some insight as to the practice of people relative to their use of the three-digit combination lock, with which some cases are equipped, a convenience sampling of carriers were queried as to the setting of their locks. Over a number of years people having a case in their possession, who were either known to the investigator or appeared to be friendly, were asked, after explaining the reason for the question, as to their lock's combination. While many were approached, a count was not kept of the number, relatively few (understandably) were willing to provide the requested information. After about four years, 1987 through 1990, 100 usable responses were obtained. Seventy-three claimed a zero-zero-zero setting. The remaining 27 reported other combinations, which appeared to have no marked pattern. Those claiming a zero-zero-zero setting, generally the combination of the lock when a case is purchased new, were asked why they did not have a different setting. Answers generally fell into five categories: don't carry anything important, easy to remember, don't want to tinker, never got around to changing it and, lost the instructions on how to do it. Other less frequent responses included: if something happens to me, want people to be able to open the case, if the case is stolen, and then recovered, i t is more likely to be undamaged, too much trouble to change and, don't need another set of numbers to remember. Recognizing the limitations of the method, the intrinsic subjectivity involved in the responses, the presence of local culmral biasing, and the inherent restraint on replication of the work, the results seem to imply some support for the proposition that the attache case combination lock is generally not perceived by many owners as a particularly useful functional accessory. Ln a time of double locked steel doors, proliferating handguns and assault weapons, and improved body armor and eavesdropping devices, it may well be that the deterrent effect of the combination lock is seen as ranging from little to none. However, none of those using the zero-zero-zero setting gave this as a reason for their lock's sertlng This could possibly be explained in terms of what was being reported were covering excuses rather than underlying reasons. Regardless, attache cases with combination locks continue to be offered on the market. This would suggebt that there are other considerations involved, perhaps of a status symbol nature, which are valued by buyers.
The Tufts-MIT Prescription Guide: Assessment of Users to Predict the Suitability of Augmentative Communication Devices

Under contract to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, we developed a system for prescribing augmentative communication devices for motor-impaired, nonvocal people. The system is novel in that it scores devices for their suitability for a client based on assessments that do not involve trial-and-error evaluation of client performance with devices. The “benchmarks” it calculates are designed to be predictive of the overall utility of a device given the client's needs, and of the communication rate the client will achieve with it once it has become completely familiar. The scoring process is performed by a program known as the Tufts-MIT Prescription Guide, which runs on IBM XT-compatible computers. Special-purpose assessment instrumentation has been developed to perform the motor-assessment tasks required by the Guide to estimate expert rate. An exhaustive questionnaire is used to get at the device features and functions that will be useful and preferable to a clien...
Iterative estimation and cancellation of clipping noise for OFDM signals

Clipping is an efficient and simple method to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. However, clipping causes distortion and out-of-band radiation. In this letter, a novel iterative receiver is proposed to estimate and cancel the distortion caused by clipping noise. The proposed method is applied to clipped and filtered OFDM signals. It is shown by simulation that for an IEEE 802.11a typical scenario the system performance can be restored to within 1 dB of the nonclipped case with only moderate complexity increase and with no bandwidth expansion.
A test of the latitudinal defense hypothesis : herbivory, tannins and total phenolics in four North American tree species

It is widely believed that insect herbivory is less intense at higher latitudes, due to winter mortality which would tend to keep insect herbivores from reaching density-limitation of their populations. One prediction of this theory is that plants should tend to be better defended at lower latitudes. Here we investigated latitudinal trends in herbivory and tannins, in four species of common North American trees. Our comparisons spanned 15° of latitude in Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, and Quercus alba, and 10° latitude in Liquidambar styraciflua. Sun leaves on forest edges were sampled, at phenologically equivalent times of year. Analysis revealed significant differences between populations, including those at similar latitudes, but no significant latitudinal trend in herbivory, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins, or total phenolics measured as Folin–Denis reactives in any of the four species. Our findings contradict the theory that low latitude plants are better defended, in that lower latitude populations of the four tree species showed no greater amounts of phenolics. The possible implications for community ecology are discussed.
Efficient Inference and Structured Learning for Semantic Role Labeling

We present a dynamic programming algorithm for efficient constrained inference in semantic role labeling. The algorithm tractably captures a majority of the structural constraints examined by prior work in this area, which has resorted to either approximate methods or off-the-shelf integer linear programming solvers. In addition, it allows training a globally-normalized log-linear model with respect to constrained conditional likelihood. We show that the dynamic program is several times faster than an off-the-shelf integer linear programming solver, while reaching the same solution. Furthermore, we show that our structured model results in significant improvements over its local counterpart, achieving state-of-the-art results on both PropBank- and FrameNet-annotated corpora.
Using the Sharpe Portfolio Model to Choose Economic Sectors for Expansion in a Rural Indiana County

The Sharpe stock portfolio model is used to analyze the economy of a rural Indiana county in the first attempt to use this model to analyze a regional economy. The major objective was to develop a technique that nontechnical people could use to identify regional industries that would be good candidates for expansion. Several promising industries for expansion were identified and a local chamber of commerce is currently working to encourage expansion in these sectors.
Perceptual consciousness overflows cognitive access

One of the most important issues concerning the foundations of conscious perception centers on the question of whether perceptual consciousness is rich or sparse. The overflow argument uses a form of ‘iconic memory' to argue that perceptual consciousness is richer (i.e., has a higher capacity) than cognitive access: when observing a complex scene we are conscious of more than we can report or think about. Recently, the overflow argument has been challenged both empirically and conceptually. This paper reviews the controversy, arguing that proponents of sparse perception are committed to the postulation of (i) a peculiar kind of generic conscious representation that has no independent rationale and (ii) an unmotivated form of unconscious representation that in some cases conflicts with what we know about unconscious representation.
Estimating the efficient frontier of a probabilistic bicriteria model

We consider a problem that trades off cost of system design with the risk of that design, where risk is measured by the probability of a bad event, such as system failure. Our interest lies in the problem class where we cannot evaluate this risk measure exactly, even for a given system design. We approach this problem via a bicriteria optimization model, replacing the risk measure by an Monte Carlo estimator and solving a parametric family of optimization models to produce an approximate efficient frontier. Optimizing system design with the risk estimator requires solution of a mixed integer program. We show that we can minimize risk over a range of cost thresholds or minimize cost over a range of risk thresholds and we examine associated asymptotics. The proximity of the approximate efficient frontier to the true efficient frontier is established via an asymptotically valid confidence interval with minimal additional work. Our approach is illustrated computationally using a facility-sizing problem.
The limitations of melting on the reactivation of silicic mushes

Abstract High crystallinity silicic ignimbrites (such as the Monotonous Intermediates) typically erupt magma with an average crystallinity ranging from 40 to 50%. This average crystallinity is believed to be just under the threshold at which magma behaves as a solid (50–60% crystals), i.e. the locking point crystallinity, where convection is suppressed and large eruptions are unlikely. These magmas often display textural features which suggest that their average crystallinity was once higher and decreased before the eruption as a result of reheating through the injection of new magma. In this study, we use a theoretical 1D heat conduction model with phase change to test the ability of different melting scenarios of crystal mushes to meet the 40 to 50% crystallinity constraint observed in the field. Our heat conduction and melting models allow us to derive analytical solutions for the average crystallinity in the magma body (initially a crystal mush). We focus on the propagation of the melting front coinciding with the locking point crystallinity for different crystallinity–temperature relationships and various choices of temperature boundary conditions. We develop another analytical model based on stagnant-lid convection scaling to assess the role of convection on the expected average crystallinity of the magma subjected to wholesale steady-state convection. We find that, for all realistic melting scenarios, the average crystallinity of a silicic magma body that passed through the rheological transition is always substantially lower than what is observed in the field. We further show with a simple energy balance that the thermal energy needed to unlock/remobilize these magma bodies requires the intrusion of about an order of magnitude of more magma than the mush. Based on these results we argue that, although melting is a key process in the thermal reactivation of high crystallinity magma bodies, another coupled process is required in order to reactivate large volumes of crystal mushes. Moreover this additional process has to (1) be more efficient energetically and (2) lead to a smaller overall crystallinity reduction than melting alone.
EFFECT OF DIAZEPAM AND PENTOBARBITAL ON AMINOOXYACETIC ACID‐INDUCED ACCUMULATION OF GABA

— The effect of diazepam and pentobarbital on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, the aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA)-induced accumulation of GABA, and the in vitro activity of l-glutamate 1-carboxyl-lyase (EC 4.1.1.15) [GAD] were studied in various regions of rat brain. Diazepam increased GABA levels in the substantia nigra, diminished the AOAA-induced accumulation of GABA in the caudate nucleus, cingulate, parietal and entorhinal cortex and had no effect on GABA accumulation in the pyriform and cerebellar cortex. After pentobarbital, GABA levels were elevated in the caudate nucleus but decreased in the parietal and pyriform cortex; the AOAA-induced accumulation of GABA also diminished in all cortical regions studied. No correlation was found between the apparent changes in GABA synthesis, as estimated by accumulation after inhibition of 4-aminobutyrate-2-oxoglu-tarate (EC 2.6.1.19) [GABA-T] with AOAA, and the changes in GABA levels induced by these drugs. The reduction in AOAA-induced GABA accumulation after diazepam and pentobarbital treatment was most pronounced in regions which showed the greatest accumulation of GABA after AOAA administration. Neither diazepam nor pentobarbital administration affected the activity of GAD in homogenates of cingulate cortex. Chlorpromazine, at a dose which decreased spontaneous activity, enhanced the AOAA-induced GABA accumulation in the cingulate cortex, suggesting that drug-induced sedation is not necessarily associated with decreased GABA synthesis. While regional differences were observed in the effects of diazepam and pentobarbital on GABA synthesis, both agents appear to inhibit GABA synthesis in vivo and both do so, in at least some brain areas, at subsedative doses.
Phase II Trial of Murine 131I-Labeled Antitenascin Monoclonal Antibody 81C6 Administered Into Surgically Created Resection Cavities of Patients With Newly Diagnosed Malignant Gliomas

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and toxicity of intraresection cavity 131I-labeled murine antitenascin monoclonal antibody 81C6 and determine its true response rate among patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this phase II trial, 120 mCi of 131I-labeled murine 81C6 was injected directly into the surgically created resection cavity of 33 patients with previously untreated malignant glioma (glioblastoma multiforme [GBM], n = 27; anaplastic astrocytoma, n = 4; anaplastic oligodendroglioma, n = 2). Patients then received conventional external-beam radiotherapy followed by a year of alkylator-based chemotherapy. RESULTS: Median survival for all patients and those with GBM was 86.7 and 79.4 weeks, respectively. Eleven patients remain alive at a median follow-up of 93 weeks (range, 49 to 220 weeks). Nine patients (27%) developed reversible hematologic toxicity, and histologically confirmed, treatment-related neurologic toxicity occurred in five patients (15%). One patient (3%) ...
Evaluation of the 3M Rapid Detection Test for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) in Children during the Early Stages of the 2009 RSV Season

We report the results of the 3M rapid detection respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assay. This study includes pediatric patient results from nasopharyngeal swabs submitted from October to December 2009. There was a sensitivity of 74% and specificity approaching 100% compared to the PCR-based xTAG respiratory viral panel.
MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in cancer

Cancer remains a worldwide epidemic. An improved understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms and development of effective targeted therapies are still required for many deadly cancers. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) nearly 20 years ago introduced a new layer of complexity to gene regulation, but it also afforded us the opportunity to further our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of cancers. Dysregulation of miRNAs is fundamental to the pathogenesis of many cancers based on their involvement in basic cellular functions. In addition, these previously underrecognized, noncoding RNAs have the capacity to target tens to hundreds of genes simultaneously. Thus, they are attractive candidates as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer. However, several challenges remain in translating our current understanding of miRNAs to clinical therapies. Herein, we provide a review of the current knowledge of miRNAs in both solid and hematological malignancies with a focus on their potential application as therapeutic targets in cancer.
Mechanisms by Which the G333D Mutation in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Facilitates Dual Resistance to Zidovudine and Lamivudine

Recent studies have identified a role for mutations in the connection and RNase H domains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) resistance to nucleoside analog RT inhibitors (NRTI). To provide insight into the biochemical mechanism(s) involved, we investigated the effect of the G333D mutation in the connection domain of RT on resistance to zidovudine (AZT) and lamivudine (3TC) in enzymes that contain both M184V and thymidine analog mutations (TAMs; M41L, L210W, and T215Y). Our results from steady-state kinetic, pre-steady-state kinetic, and thermodynamic analyses indicate that G333D facilitates dual resistance to AZT and 3TC in two ways. First, in combination with M184V, G333D increased the ability of HIV-1 RT to effectively discriminate between the normal substrate dCTP and 3TC-triphosphate. Second, G333D enhanced the ability of RT containing TAMs and M184V to bind template/primer terminated by AZT-monophosphate (AZT-MP), thereby restoring ATP-mediated excision of AZT-MP under steady-state assay conditions. This study is the first to elucidate a molecular mechanism whereby a mutation in the connection domain of RT can affect NRTI susceptibility at the enzyme level.
Optimal bi-weighted binary trees and the complexity of maintaining partial sums

Let A be an array. The partial sum problem concerns the design of a data structure for implementing the following operations. The operation update(j,x) has the effect, A[j]/spl larr/A[j]+x, and the query operation sum(j) returns the partial sum, /spl Sigma//sub i=1//sup j/A[i]. Our interest centers upon the optimal efficiency with which sequences of such operations can be performed, and we derive new upper and lower bounds in the semi-group model of computation. Our analysis relates the optimal complexity of the partial sum problem to optimal binary trees relative to a type of weighting scheme that defines the notion of bi-weighted binary tree. >
Use of Nasopharyngoscopy in the Evaluation of Children With Noisy Breathing

Study objective: To evaluate the practice of using nasopharyngoscopy without routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy for children presenting to a pediatric pulmonary practice with nonspecific noisy breathing. Design: Retrospective chart review. Records of patients who underwent nasopharyngoscopy between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 1999, were reviewed. Follow-up was obtained by office records and direct contact with the patient’s family and/or primary care physician. Setting: Academic, tertiary care facility. Results: Eighty-one children who underwent upper airway endoscopy to evaluate noisy breathing consistent with extrathoracic lesions were identified. One child had two evaluations separated by years for differing complaints, making a total of 82 procedures. Stridor was the chief complaint in three fourths of the children. Half of the children with stridor were found to have laryngomalacia. Long-term follow-up was available for 75 of 81 children, with median follow-up of 6 years (range, 1 to 13 years). No medical problems related to missed airway lesions developed in any infants initially evaluated using nasopharyngoscopy. Conclusions: Nasopharyngoscopy without lower airway endoscopy can be used safely for the initial evaluation of noisy breathing in infants and children provided excellent follow-up is available. (CHEST 2004; 125:1265–1269)
The Classification and Solution Strategy of Conflicts in Deep Web Query Interface Integration

The query interface integration is the key technology in realization of Deep Web information integration. However the bottleneck problem is the solution of differences and conflicts of query interfaces. TheThe most existed query interface integration work mainly focused on the conflict of attribute labels and attribute value, but there are many kinds of conflicts between interfaces because of the special nature of interfaces, such as attribute set structure conflict, attribute requirement conflict and so on. Ignore these conflicts will lead to incomplete and inaccurate integrated interface. Based on the query interface features, this paper presents the formal definition of interface, gives the framework for classification of the conflicts in query interface integration, and for each kind of conflict there is a corresponding solution strategy that lays a good foundation for interface integration.
Diel movements of bat rays, Myliobatis californica, in Tomales bay, california : evidence for behavioral thermoregulation?

We used ultrasonic telemetry to examine movement patterns of 11 bat rays, Myliobatis californica, in Tomales Bay, California. Tomales Bay is long (20 km) and narrow (1.4 km), and is hydrographically separated into outer and inner bay regions. The outer bay (the outermost 8 km) is characterized by oceanic conditions while the shallow inner bay (the innermost 12 km) features wide seasonal temperature shifts. Five rays were tracked monthly from October 1990 to November 1991 and six rays (four of which carried temperature-sensing transmitters) were tracked daily from 30 June to 16 July 1992. Mean bat ray movement rate was 8.84 m min−1 (range 4.49 to 13.40 m min−1) and was not significantly affected by size (p=0.592), tidal stage (p=0.610), or time of day (p=0.327). Movement direction was unrelated to tidal stage (p=0.472) but showed a highly significant diel pattern (p<0.001). From 2:50–14:50 h, rays moved toward the warmer and shallower inner bay, while from 14:50–2:50 h they moved toward the cooler and deeper outer bay. These telemetry data, along with known bat ray foraging patterns and respiratory temperature-sensitivity, argue for behavioral thermoregulation as the primary influence on this movement pattern.
Uptake of l-Triiodothyronine-131I by Erythrocytes During Pregnancy

By means of modifications of Hamolsky and co-workers' method and Adams and co-workers' formula, the uptake of Ltriiodothyronine by erythrocytes was determined during the course of normal pregnancy in 201 women as well as in 15 pregnant women who had had hemorrhage for 1 or more weeks and in 25 paired mothers and infants at term. In the course of normal pregnancy the mean uptake was decreased, compared to values in nonpregnant women, by the third lunar month; the mean was more than 2 standard deviations below the normal nonpregnant range by the sixth lunar month. The mean (±2 standard deviations) for newborn infants was at euthyroid levels. A curve was established showing the changes in normal pregnancy. The test was shown to give results of little prognostic significance when they are normal for the time in pregnancy.
Keepin’ This Little Town Going Gender and Volunteerism in Rural America

Past studies have shown that women’s volunteer work benefits communities but that women themselves tend to minimize their efforts. Most of these studies, however, have been limited to women volunteering in suburban and urban contexts. Drawing on a study of women volunteers in rural Iowa, the authors find that women frame their volunteer experiences in three ways: (1) as an expression of their maternal nature, (2) as a way to socialize, and (3) as a contribution to the local economy. The authors’ findings depart from past research in that the women in their sample do not downplay the importance of their volunteer work; rather, they recognize the importance of their unpaid labor for the social and economic vitality of the community. The authors argue this recognition stems from the particular context in which their volunteerism takes place, namely, in a devastated rural economy in which future economic potential rests on women’s hospitality work.
A Niche for Sustainability? Fair Labor and Environmentally Sound Practices in the Specialty Coffee Industry

Abstract Facing a worldwide coffee crisis in which prices fell to levels that do not support small-scale production or living wages for coffee workers, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and specialty coffee companies have attempted to promote transparent and sustainable exchanges between producers and buyers. The NGO-based initiatives are diverse; they may focus on improving the lot of small farmers via Fair Trade, emphasize environmental protection, provide technical and/or business assistance to producers, or offer differentiating certifications based how producers score on a long list of social and environmental indicators. Specialty coffee roasters have introduced their own comprehensive sustainability projects. This is a critical review of many sustainability projects and their outcomes to date, including two examples of smallholder farmer-NGO collaborations that have yielded positive results. A Chinese version of this article's abstract is available online at: www.informaworld.com/rglo
General methodology for solid-phase synthesis of N-alkyl hydroxamic acids

Polymer-supported N-benzyloxy-2-nitrobenzenesulfonamides 1 were N-alkylated using three different routes: via Fukuyama reaction with alcohols, by N-alkylation with alkylbromides, and by Michael addition reaction with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The N-alkylated products prepared on the linker 1b were obtained in excellent purity and yield. The 2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Nos) group was cleaved under mild conditions to yield polymer-supported N-alkylated benzyloxyamines. Acylation by carboxylic acids and cleavage with TFA yielded N-alkyl hydroxamic acids.