cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning on the Job: A Situated Account of Teacher Learning in High School Mathematics Departments

To investigate teachers' everyday on-the-job learning, I used a comparative case study design and examined the work of mathematics teachers in 2 high schools. Analysis of interviews, classroom observations, and teachers' conversations highlighted 3 key resources for learning: (a) reform artifacts oriented the teachers' attention to key concepts of a reform, whereas the interactions surrounding them established local meanings; (b) conversation-based classification systems communicated pedagogical assumptions; and (c) the rendering of classroom interactions in conversations shaped opportunities for teachers to consult with and learn from colleagues. Taken together, these learning resources provide a conceptual infrastructure for teachers to make sense of their practice. This research highlights the social and situated nature of teachers' pedagogical reasoning and specifies the role of teacher community in teacher learning.
Intravagal Paragangliomas: Report of Four Cases

The intravagal paraganglioma is a very rare tumor of the head and neck that accounts for only 5% of the paragangliomas in that area. A painless mass in the high neck with extension into the peripharyngeal space is the most common characteristic of this tumor. Malignant paragangliomas with invasion of the cervical lymph nodes and carotid artery have been reported, but the presence of metastasis, rather than the histological findings, is the only parameter for classifying them as malignant tumors. Despite the numerous descriptions of the efficacy of radiation therapy, the histological findings of irradiated specimens have shown little effect of radiation therapy on the chief cells. The only curative therapy for intravagal paragangliomas is the total resection of the tumor. Using the supra-adventitia dissection plane, we were able to achieve total resections in four cases of complex intravagal paraganglioma. The surgical management of these cases was complex because of the following: 1) misdiagnosis as a carotid body tumor, 2) previous radiation therapy and surgical procedure, 3) association with glomus jugulare, and 4) a giant tumor with invasion of the temporal bone and encasement of the internal carotid artery. We report the surgical management of intravagal paragangliomas and the role of radiation therapy, hormonal secretion, and rehabilitation care.
Nitrogen solution and titanium nitride precipitation in liquid Fe-Cr-Ni alloys

The solubility of nitrogen in liquid Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni, Ni-Cr, and Fe-Cr-Ni alloys up to 20 wt pct Ni and 40 wt pct Cr was measured by the Sieverts’ method. The first and second order interactions in iron between nitrogen and chromium, and nitrogen and nickel were determined. Chromium increases the nitrogen solubility at lower chromium concentrations but the second order interaction term which is of the opposite sign becomes significant at higher chromium levels and compensates partly for the effect of the first order interaction term. Nickel decreases the nitrogen solubility in iron. Titanium nitride formation in liquid Fe-Cr, Fe-Ni, and Fe-Cr-Ni alloys also was investigated. The first and second order interactions between titanium and chromium or nickel were determined at 1600°C. Chromium increases the solubility product of TiN, principally by decreasing the activity of nitrogen in the melt. Nickel decreases the solubility product of TiN by increasing the activities of nitrogen and titanium.
Habitat and diet differentiation by two strains of rainbow trout in Lake Superior based on archival tags, stable isotopes, and bioenergetics

Abstract Three analytical tools including archival tags, stable isotope analysis, and bioenergetics modeling were applied to two strains of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Minnesota waters of Lake Superior to determine habitat and trophic position. Between 2006 and 2009, archival tags that recorded time, temperature, and pressure were surgically implanted into the peritoneal cavities of 34 steelhead (“STT”) and 93 Kamloops (“KAM”) which were released into Lake Superior. After the initial spawning season, 10 STT and 9 KAM tags were recovered, with up to two years of recorded data. Both strains were surface-oriented, spending more than half of their time as adults in the top 1 m of water, and 80% of their time in the top 2 m. Diel vertical movements were noted more often in STT, likely reflecting higher consumption of Mysis diluviana , while the frequencies of other vertical movement patterns were similar between the two strains. Mean temperatures recorded by tags were used in bioenergetics simulations to estimate consumption of prey species. Temperatures recorded by archival tags were warmer than the water temperatures used in earlier bioenergetics simulations in Minnesota waters, and estimated consumption of prey fish by STT and KAM populations at the warmer temperatures was about 23% greater. Stable isotope analyses reflected higher consumption of small fish by both predator strains than identified in prior diet summaries based on stomach contents. Based on these analyses, habitats occupied by both strains are similar, and their impact on prey fish populations in nearshore waters is greater than previously estimated.
A 2.98nW bandgap voltage reference using a self-tuning low leakage sample and hold

A novel low power bandgap voltage reference using a sample and hold circuit with self-calibrating duty cycle and leakage compensation is presented. Measurements of 0.18µm CMOS test chips show a temperature coefficient of 24.7ppm/°C and power consumption of 2.98nW, marking a 251× power reduction over the previous lowest power bandgap reference.
The response of austenitic steels to radiation damage

Austenitic stainless steels are prominent contenders as first wall and blanket structural materials for early fusion power reactors. Properties affecting the performance of this class of alloys in the fusion irradiation environment, such as swelling, tensile elongation, irradiation creep, fatigue, and crack growth, have been identified. These properties and the effects of neutron irradiation on them are discussed in this paper. Emphasis is placed on the present status of understanding of irradiation effects.
Mutations in the Genes Regulating Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR C→T677) and Cystathione β-Synthase (CBS G→A919, CBS T→c833) Are Not Associated with Myocardial Infarction in African Americans

Abstract Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is a putative risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Molecular studies have demonstrated increased plasma homocysteine levels in the presence of DNA mutations in either the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme found in the remethylation pathway or the enzyme cystathione β-synthase (CBS) of the transsulfuration pathway. To determine whether the mutation C→T677 in the MTHFR gene or the T→C833/844ins68 and G→A919 mutations in the CBS gene are associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in African Americans, DNA was analyzed from samples obtained from a case–control study conducted at a large, inner-city hospital. One-hundred ten African American subjects with a diagnosis of MI and 185 race- and age-matched controls were recruited. Our results demonstrated that 15% of the MI cases were heterozygous for the C→T677 (MTHFR) mutation, while 1.8% were homozygous. When compared to the controls in which 15% were heterozygous and 2.1% were homozygous, no significant association with MI was observed. In addition, 34% of the cases were heterozygous for the T→C833 (CBS) mutation while 6% were homozygous. This is compared to 32% and 5% of the controls having the heterozygous and homozygous genotype, respectively. No significant association was observed for the T→C833 (CBS) mutation among the cases and controls. Although this mutation has no significant association with MI, the prevalence of the heterozygous state was higher than what has been reported for whites (12%). No mutations for G→A919 (CBS) were detected in the cases or controls. The racial differences of the CBS T→C833 polymorphism suggest that further investigation into the other areas of the CBS gene is needed.
Effects of thermal history on crystal structure of poly(phenylene sulphide)

The lattice parameters of film-grade poly(phenylene sulphide), PPS, have been studied at room temperature as a function of thermal history. Effects of crystallization temperature and annealing time for films crystallized from the rubbery amorphous state were investigated using wide- and small-angle X-ray diffraction, bulk density and thermal analysis techniques. The dimensions of the crystal lattice are found to depend upon prior thermal treatment conditions. As the cold crystallization temperature, T c, increases, or the annealing time at fixed temperature increases, the bulk density, degree of crystallinity, and crystal perfection increase. With an increase in annealing time at fixed temperature, lattice a, b, and c decrease leading to an increase in lattice density. As the cold crystallization temperature increases, lattice density also increases as a result of a systematic decrease in lattice parameters a and b.
Quantum beats in photoionization from a coherent superposition of fine-structure levels

We present a theory of quantum beats in photoionization from a coherent superposition of ${D}_{\frac{3}{2},5.2}$ levels in alkali-metal atoms. The semiclassical density-matrix formalism is used to describe both the excitation of the ${D}_{\frac{3}{2},\frac{5}{2}}$ levels by a two-photon resonant pulse and the subsequent photoionization by a delayed probe pulse. Quantum beats occur in the ionization signal as a function of the delay of the probe pulse. The depth of modulation is determined for different light polarizations.
Silicon nitride transmission X-ray mirrors.

Transmission X-ray mirrors have been fabricated from 300–400 nm-thick low-stress silicon nitride windows of size 0.6 mm × 85 mm. The windows act as a high-pass energy filter at grazing incidence in an X-ray beam for the beam transmitted through the window. The energy cut-off can be selected by adjusting the incidence angle of the transmission mirror, because the energy cut-off is a function of the angle of the window with respect to the beam. With the transmission mirror at the target angle of 0.22°, a 0.3 mm × 0.3 mm X-ray beam was allowed to pass through the mirror with a cut-off energy of 10 keV at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source. The energy cut-off can be adjusted from 8 to 12 keV at an angle of 0.26° to 0.18°, respectively. The observed mirror transmittance was above 80% for a 300 nm-thick film.
Knee biomechanics during popular recreational and daily activities in older men.

Abstract Background Physical activity is recommended for older adults, including those with knee pathology. However, demands on the knee during popular recreational activities are unclear. The study purpose was to determine knee biomechanics in healthy older men during golf and bowling and compare them to activities of daily living. Methods Three-dimensional motion analysis was used to determine knee biomechanics in 19 healthy males (45–73 years): 11 golfers and eight bowlers. Subjects performed walking, stair ascent, stair descent, and either golf or bowling. Comparisons were made between the recreational activity and activities of daily living. Results During bowling, flexion angle at peak extensor moment was as high as during stair descent, and peak extensor moment was as high as during stair ascent. For the golf lead knee, flexion angle at peak extensor moment and peak extensor moment were as high as during stair ascent, and peak abduction moment, internal and external rotation angles were larger than during all activities of daily living. Peak external rotation angle for the golf trail knee was larger than all activities of daily living. Conclusion The greatest challenge for the knee of healthy older males during bowling is eccentric control of knee flexion. Golf poses challenges in all three planes of motion for the lead knee and in the transverse plane for the trail knee. Clinical relevance Comparing mechanical demands on the knee during bowling and golf to those of stair negotiation provides a reference for clinicians when recommending recreational activities for older adults with knee pathology.
Is there a “theology’ in Seward Hiltner's pastoral theology?

Hiltner with his two-way, dialogical theology raises questions about the general adequacy of the two main options (Barth and Tillich) in theology today. Barth, it seems, has denied at least in his system an organic relationship of logic-centered and operation-centered theology. Therefore, at least in these latter days, he does not address himself adequately to the serious questions being raised both inside and outside the Church, the problems of daily life.
On Charm and Beauty Decays: A Theorist's Perspective

The present understanding of charm and bottom decays is reviewed. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the theoretical uncertainties in view of the particularly rich harvest of new data from the last year. A semi-quantitative description of D decays has emerged enabling us to address rather detailed and relatively subtle questions there, like on once and twice Cabibbo suppressed decays. Beauty physics having left its infancy is now in its adolescence; its future development towards maturity is analyzed.
Alternative trans-splicing of Caenorhabditis elegans sma-9/schnurri generates a short transcript that provides tissue-specific function in BMP signaling.

Background Transcription cofactors related to Drosophila Schnurri facilitate the transcriptional programs regulated by BMP signaling in C. elegans, Drosophila, Xenopus, and mouse. In different systems, Schnurri homologs have been shown to act as either agonists or antagonists of Smad function, and as either positive or negative regulators of transcription. How Schnurri proteins achieve this diversity of activities is not clear. The C. elegans sma-9/schnurri locus undergoes alternative splicing, including an unusual trans-splicing event that could generate two non-overlapping shorter transcripts.
Diagonal Stability on Cactus Graphs and Application to Network Stability Analysis

A square matrix E is said to be diagonally stable if there exists a diagonal matrix D >; 0 satisfying DE+ETD <; 0 . This notion has been instrumental in recent studies on stability of interconnected system models in communication and biological networks, in which the subsystems satisfy passivity properties and the matrix E combines this passivity information with the interconnection structure. This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition for diagonal stability when the digraph describing the network conforms to a “cactus” structure, which means that a pair of distinct simple circuits in the graph have at most one common vertex. In the special case of a single circuit, this diagonal stability test recovers the “secant criterion” that was recently derived for cyclic networks. The paper then incorporates the new diagonal stability test in network stability analysis where the diagonal entries of the matrix D serve as weights in a Lyapunov function constructed from storage functions that verify passivity properties of the components. Finally, the paper illustrates this stability test on examples motivated by gene networks and population dynamics.
Magnetic studies of some orthovanadates.

The perovskites L${\mathrm{VO}}_{3}$ (L=La, Lu, or Y) are canted-spin antiferromagnets. Magnetic susceptibility measurements made on cooling from room temperature in a field of 1 kOe or on heating after cooling in 1 kOe give rise to a sample magnetization M that is oriented in opposition to the magnetizing field below 138 K in ${\mathrm{LaVO}}_{3}$, but in the direction of the magnetizing field in ${\mathrm{LuVO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{YVO}}_{3}$. Orientation of the M in ${\mathrm{LaVO}}_{3}$ in opposition to the magnetizing field H occurs on cooling through a first-order magneto- strictive transition at 138 K${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}142 K that enhances the ${\mathit{V}}^{3+}$ ion orbital angular momentum. In ${\mathrm{YVO}}_{3}$, a first-order magnetic-order phase change at 78 K ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}114 K shows no evidence of a discontinuous change in the ${\mathrm{V}}^{3+}$ ion orbital angular momentum. The same is true for a phase change in ${\mathrm{LuVO}}_{3}$ at 83 K${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{N}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}105 K that leaves the magnetic order unchanged. A high-pressure (P\ensuremath{\ge}8 kbar) ${\mathrm{LaVO}}_{3}$ phase metastable below 250 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C is antiferromagnetic without spin canting. The ``anomalous diamagnetism'' previously reported for field-cooled ${\mathrm{LaVO}}_{3}$ is interpreted to reflect the first observation of a change in the direction of the persistent currents at an ion associated with a discontinuous change in an unquenched orbital angular momentum contribution to the atomic moment; a spin-orbit coupling stronger than the Zeemann coupling of the spin to the magnetizing field reverses the entire atomic moment ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{J}}$=gJ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathit{B}}$. Substitution of La by Lu or Y applies a chemical pressure that suppresses the first-order magnetostrictive distortion responsible for the anomalous diamagnetism.
Bonded acoustic-surface-wave transducers

Experimental and theoretical results on the operation of single-crystal bonded acoustic-surface-wave transducers are presented. They show that broadband low-insertion-loss transduction can be achieved at frequencies up to 50 MHz. The coupling strengths realisable are greater than those possible with the piezoelectric substrates currently available.
The pursuit of effective neuroprotection during infant cardiac surgery

Advances in infant cardiac surgery have resulted in a dramatic decline in mortality rates; however, neurological morbidity remains an important concern. The effectiveness of a number of interventional strategies to prevent or minimize brain injury during open heart surgery are currently being investigated. This article provides an overview of two approaches: (1) interventions to enhance intraoperative cerebral oxygenation so as to prevent hypoxicischemic insults, and (2) the application of cerebral rescue therapies to attenuate the cascade of brain injury. Infant cardiac surgery provides a controlled environment in which to apply these neuroprotective approaches, so as to optimize the quality of life of these vulnerable children.
Parasitism of Azotobacter and Rhizobium species by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.

Attempts to isolate, from soil, strains ofBdellovibrio bacteriovorus parasitic on variousAzotobacter andRhizobium species were not successful. However, a strain ofBdellovibrio bacteriovorus isolated from soil as a parasite ofEscherichia coli was shown to produce plaques onAzotobacter chroococcum as well but not onAzotobacter vinelandii or variousRhizobium species.
Best Practices for Preventing or Reducing Bullying in Schools

Reducing violence in schools is a major concern of educators, parents, and legislators. Violence manifests itself in numerous ways, and there is growing evidence that low-level or underlying forms of violence have a profound effect on the learning environment ofthe school. Bullying is the most prevalent form of low-level violence in schools today and, if left unchecked, can lead to more serious forms of violence. Consequently, an essential aspect of school violence prevention is the identification and implementation of interventions and strategies designed to prevent or reduce bullying in schools. The authors discuss various forms of bullying in schools, prevalence rates, and the consequences of bullying for the bully, the victim, and the school community. Practical bullying prevention strategies that target multiple levels (that is, individual, classroom, and school) are provided, and best practices guidelines for implementing bullying prevention programs in schools are discussed.
Interaction of the magnetized solar wind with the moon.

The experimental results obtained from the Explorer 35 spacecraft indicate that a detached bow shock wave does not exist in the vicinity of the moon. Thus, the flow conditions near the moon do not resemble those near the magnetosphere of the earth. The solar‐wind flow around the moon is treated theoretically as a free‐molecule flow of guiding‐center plasma. Analytical results are obtained to describe the ion flow in the vicinity of the moon. The disturbed region forms a long wake in the downstream of the moon. The thickness of the wake, measured perpendicular to the plane of the solar‐wind velocity and the interplanetary magnetic field, is constant at one lunar diameter. On the other hand, the width of the wake, measured parallel to that plane, increases with distance from the moon.
Sociology, Religion, and Historians Revisited: Towards an Historical Sociology of Religion

(1974). Sociology, Religion, and Historians Revisited: Towards an Historical Sociology of Religion. Historical Methods Newsletter: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 29-38.
Type-Curve Analysis Using the Pressure Integral Method

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A Saint-Venant principle for the neumann problem with a non-thin two-dimensional domain

Abstract Quantitative treatment of the Saint-Venant Principle has been carried out extensively in recent years by a number of researchers. Their results, however, are applicable only to thin domains. The present paper is the first attempt of the author to give a quantitative treatment of the Saint-Venant Principle for non-thin domains. The simple two-dimensional Neumann problem is considered. Explicit estimates for the energy integral or the Dirichlet integral as well as the harmonic function itself are obtained.
Context-specific multiagent coordination and planning with factored MDPs

We present an algorithm for coordinated decision making in cooperative multiagent settings, where the agents' value function canbe represented as a sum of context-specific value rules. The task of finding an optimal joint action in this setting leads to an algorithm where the coordination structure between agents depends on the current state of the system and even on the actual mmaerical values assigned to the value rules. We apply this framework to the task of multiagent planning in dynamic systems, showing how a joint value function of the associated Markov Decision Process can be approximated as a set of value rules using an efficient linear programming algorithm. The agents then apply the coordination graph algorithm at each iteration of the process to decide on the highest-value joint action, potentially leading to a different coordination pattern at each step of the plan.
Targeted Adenoviral Vectors for Cancer Gene Therapy

The delineation of the molecular basis of cancer allows for the possibility of specific intervention at the molecular level for therapeutic purposes. To this end, viral and nonviral vectors have been designed for delivery and expression of genes into target malignant and non-malignant cells. Gene transfer by available vectors, applied both in the ex vivo and in in vivo contexts, has resulted frequently in the desired cellular phenotypical changes. In this regard, recombinant adenoviruses have been particularly efficient for in vivo gene transfer. Importantly, numerous human clinical protocols using adenoviruses have rapidly entered Phase I clinical trials. However, major vector-related problems remain to be solved before the transfer of therapeutic genes by adenoviruses can become an effective and common place strategy for cancer. An overriding obstacle is the basic ability to deliver therapeutic genes specifically into tumor cells. Here we review a diverse number of advances in adenoviral vectors being developed for overcoming this obstacle. As vector technology fulfills these requirements for obtaining the “targetable-injectable” vector, it is anticipated that promising results already observed in pre-clinical studies will translate quickly into the clinic.
Zygospores of selected Trichomycetes in larval Diptera of the families Chironomidae and Simuliidae.

The midgut-inhabiting fungi (Harpella- ceae) Harpella melusinae and Stachylina pedifer were induced to form zygospores, using an application of a pH 10 potassium hydroxide solution with culture media. The previously unknown zygospores of S. ped- ifer are borne perpendicular to the zygosporophore, as in Harpella melusinae. The zygospores of the hind- gut-inhabiting species Smittium coloradense, borne obliquely to the zygosporophore (in vivo), are de- scribed for the first time.
Designing a Service-Oriented Computing Course for High Schools

Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) is becoming the dominating paradigm for software development in many areas, including e-business, robotics, gaming, and scientific computation. One of the key issues lagging behind is the education. In spite of significant progress in SOC applications, SOC education has not been taught in introductory classes. Existing SOC courses are graduate or senior-level courses in universities that require full programming background. While various issues regarding SOC are being explored and discussed, the issues for SOC education, especially at high school level, still remain uncultivated, which does not match up with the importance of SOC paradigm. Sponsored by U.S. Department of Education, the Computer Science & Engineering Department and the College of Education at Arizona State University, in cooperation with Scottsdale Unified School District and Coronado High School, we pioneered the first SOC course for high school students in Spring 2007. The same course was taught to high school teachers in summer 2007, and the service-oriented robotics development part was taught to high school students in a summer camp in 2007. This paper discusses the design of the course and reports the experience and lessons in teaching these classes.
Electron microscope tomography of cells and tissues: studying the 3D structure of molecular machines at molecular resolution

Despite the large number of protein structures, we know little about their assembly into multi-protein complexes in cells. Such molecular machines are often transient, depend on their cellular environment, and therefore too complex, rare, and fragile to be purified, and therefore unsuitable for most structural techniques. I will illustrate the potential of EM tomography of cells and tissues with an emphasis on hearing machinery. I will describe the difficulties encountered, such as noise, macromolecular crowding and the complexity of the 3D data. I show how we currently overcome these challenges in order to achieve biological interpretations of the 3D cellular sceneries. We are using a variety of image processing analysis tools, mostly provided by others, such as bilateral filtering, gradient-based feature extraction, watershed immersion segmentation. We have started to employ skeletonization schemes to assess differences and similarities between these molecular machines in their respective cellular environment. In order to achieve the ultimate goal of understanding cells and tissues at a truly molecular level, we will need further improvements in automated image segmentation, template matching, as well as pattern recognition. Moreover, we hope to interest the audience in the development of an interactive, virtual reality-like 3D visualization and segmentation program, that may-make scientific analysis of cellular 3D volumes as easy and enjoyable as a video game. (Support: HFSPO (LT-0532); Agouron Institute/Jane Coffin Childs Fund; US-DOE (DE-A C03-76SF00098)).
Comparing Postural Stability Entropy Analyses to Differentiate Fallers and Non-fallers

The health and financial cost of falls has spurred research to differentiate the characteristics of fallers and non-fallers. Postural stability has received much of the attention with recent studies exploring various measures of entropy. This study compared the discriminatory ability of several entropy methods at differentiating two paradigms in the center-of-pressure of elderly individuals: (1) eyes open (EO) vs. eyes closed (EC) and (2) fallers (F) vs. non-fallers (NF). Methods were compared using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver-operating characteristic curves developed from logistic regression models. Overall, multiscale entropy (MSE) and composite multiscale entropy (CompMSE) performed the best with AUCs of 0.71 for EO/EC and 0.77 for F/NF. When methods were combined together to maximize the AUC, the entropy classifier had an AUC of for 0.91 the F/NF comparison. These results suggest researchers and clinicians attempting to create clinical tests to identify fallers should consider a combination of every entropy method when creating a classifying test. Additionally, MSE and CompMSE classifiers using polar coordinate data outperformed rectangular coordinate data, encouraging more research into the most appropriate time series for postural stability entropy analysis.
Combining Satellite Imagery and 3D Drawing Tools for Nonproliferation Analysis: A Case Study of Pakistan's Khushab Plutonium Production Reactors

The ability to extract three-dimensional (3D) data from two-dimensional satellite images provides opportunities to apply novel geospatial techniques to problems relating to nuclear arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament. This study demonstrates some of these techniques by estimating the plutonium production capacity of the heavy water nuclear reactors at the Khushab complex in Pakistan, where since 1998 Pakistan has produced plutonium for its nuclear arsenal. Three-dimensional analysis is used to assess the viability of using the horizontal cross-sectional area of the Khushab reactors’ mechanical draft cooling towers to estimate the thermal capacity of each reactor and set an upper bound for the reactors' abilities to produce plutonium. The horizontal area approach suggests the three completed Khushab reactors have a thermal power of 40–90 MWt each. The results suggest that a horizontal area approach can be used successfully with the Khushab reactors, as well as other low power, research-type rea...
Root Zones of Porphyry Systems: Extending the Porphyry Model to Depth

The root zone of a porphyry system is a specific region beneath a porphyry orebody that was a site of focused fluid flow, as evidenced by abundant quartz veins, widespread wall-rock alteration, or porphyry dikes merging downward into a porphyritic granite cupola. These zones constitute an important source region of ore fluids and other components, and in certain geologic terrains the characteristics of root zones may point to previously undiscovered deposits. The root zones of four Laramide porphyry copper systems in Arizona recently have been characterized at a reconnaissance level: the Miami Inspiration system associated with the Schultze Granite, the Sierrita-Esperanza system associated with the Ruby Star Granodiorite, the Ray system associated with the Granite Mountain pluton, and the Kelvin-Riverside system associated with the Tea Cup pluton. The two well-studied root zones related to the Jurassic Yerington batholith in Nevada, and associated with the Yerington mine and the Ann-Mason deposit, provide a basis of comparison. All six systems occur in areas with unusually large exposures in both lateral and vertical paleodirections, locally to paleodepths of >10 km, because of postore extensional faulting and associated tilting. No two systems are alike, but many share the presence of the following hydrothermal characteristics: quartz veins and potassic alteration, sodic-calcic and sodic alteration, calcic alteration, and relatively coarse grained muscovite-quartz (greisen). Quartz veins and potassic alteration are focused centrally, directly above related cupolas; sodic-calcic and sodic alteration, calcic alteration, and evidence for leaching of silica are observed on the deep flanks of certain systems; and greisen occurs directly beneath ore within and beneath coeval cupolas in many systems. Certain systems exhibit evidence of multiple cycles of release of magmatic fluid followed by incursion of saline ground waters, which are analogous to the biological cycle of exhale-inhale, respectively. The characteristics of the root zones provide important constraints on the exsolution and transport of the magmatic aqueous phase that leads to ore formation, the variable incursion of external fluids into the hydrothermal system, and the degassing of magmatic volatiles that may not be related directly to porphyry ore formation. The most robust conclusions are drawn from the localities that offer the greatest quality of exposure and degree of continuity (including compelling structural reconstructions) between the roots and the ore deposit, from the studies that identify timelines linking processes in the roots with those in the mineral deposit, and from systems in which the deposit itself is well characterized.
Some remarks on exact controllability of strings and beams with boundary controls in L/sup p/(0,T), p>or=2

The problem of exact null controllability of normalized strings and beams subject to boundary controls in an L/sup p/(0,T)-space, where p is larger than or equal to two, is discussed. In particular, the case of L/sup infinity /-controls is of great importance in the applications. It is shown that subtle questions about Fourier series come into play in this problem. In particular, dealing with beam related control problems, lacunary Fourier series play a dominant role; this refers to the notions of (p,q)-sets. Various results on exact controllability with L/sup p/-controls of special string and beam models are given. >
Philosophical Underpinnings of an Emergent Methodology for Nursing as Caring Inquiry

Two research approaches congruent with the theory of nursing as caring are described: group interpretive phenomenology and nursing as caring research as praxis. The idea of praxis and the theory of communicative action are explored for congruence as philosophical underpinnings of a possible eventual methodology for developing knowledge of nursing as caring.
Hyperfine structure and isotope shifts of transitions in neutral and singly ionized ytterbium

The present experimental investigation of the hyperfine structure and isotopic shifts of transitions in neutral and singly-ionized Yb, which constitute a system of some interest to microwave-frequency standards, used counterpropagating pump and probe laser beams directed through a hollow-cathode discharge lamp. The results obtained are in agreement with previous measurements except in the case of the Yb-173(+) 6 2P0 sub 3/2 state, which is more accurately determined.
Moral character and social science research

Gilbert Harman and John Doris (among others) have maintained that experimental studies of human behaviour give good grounds for denying the very existence of moral character. This research, according to Harman and Doris, shows human behaviour to be dependent not on character but mainly on one's ‘situation.’ My paper develops a number of criticisms of this view, among them that social science experiments are ill-suited to study character, insofar as they do not estimate the role of character in continuously shaping the direction of one's life—including what situations one is apt to get into in the first place.
DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF PROBE VEHICLES FOR FREEWAY TRAVEL TIME ESTIMATION BY MICROSCOPIC SIMULATION

Using probe vehicles to collect real-time traffic information is considered an efficient method in real-world applications. How to determine the minimum number of probe vehicles required for accurate estimate of link travel time is a question of increasing interest. Although it usually is assumed that link travel time is normally distributed, it is shown, on the basis of simulation results, that sometimes this is not true. A heuristic of determining the minimum number of probe vehicles required is developed to accommodate this situation. In addition, the impact of traffic volume on the required probe vehicle number is discussed.
A positron annihilation spectroscopy study of carbon-epoxy composites

Many positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS) studies have been carried out during the last several years for characterizing various polymeric materials. In this work, the PAS technique is used to investigate some positron annihilation characteristics of the combination of carbon fibers with epoxy polymers to form carbon-epoxy composites. These composites are receiving wide and increasing application in industrial markets where light-weight materials with high strength and excellent fatigue characteristics are required. We have found that PAS is capable of detecting different concentrations of carbon fiber in these composites and a relationship is shown to exist between fiber fractions found by PAS and apparent volume and weight fractions found by density measurements. Positron annihilation centers have also been found that we believe were created at the carbon-epoxy interface when the composite was prepared. Characterization of this interface is important for the development of composites with improved mechanical properties.
Pitfalls in Identifying Causal Mutations for Disease

What can you learn from sequencing seven genes? Flannick et al. have done just this in genes that carry mutations causing maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) in a well-phenotyped, population-based sample of 4003 individuals. This set of genes is instructive for understanding the implications of personalized genetics: Each has well-established dominant Mendelian risk variants that cause disease; the illness occurs early, typically before age 25; many of these affected individuals either go undiagnosed or are misdiagnosed; and knowing carrier status can help because lifestyle changes can substantively reduce risk. The overall study design contrasts the sequences of these genes from randomly sampled members of the population to those sampled from the extremes of the phenotypic distribution. The authors applied two primary bioinformatics approaches to select variants for evaluation: those that were previously reported in the literature to potentially cause pathogenic effects, and those predicted by computational methods such as SIFT and PolyPhen2 to have functional consequences. The individuals selected from the phenotypic extremes of the population showed that low-frequency nonsynonymous variants confer risk, and that these individuals carry an excess of both previously reported causal mutations and possibly pathogenic mutations. However, in the random samples from the population, ~5% of individuals carried a low-frequency nonsynonymous variant, ~1.5% of individuals carried a previously reported variant from the Human Gene Mutation Database (HGMD), and ~0.5% of individuals carried a variant reported to be possibly pathogenic in HGMD. Overall, the carriers in the random sample did not show a MODY phenotype or an apparent increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes or impaired fasting glucose. What we learn from sequencing these seven genes is that the current best practices for screening rare mutations in genes already known to harbor disease-causing Mendelian mutations do not unequivocally identify true pathogenic mutations. A pressing challenge is to develop the ability to accurately annotate which mutations are relevant to disease. Furthermore, the current estimates about the penetrance of mutations in Mendelian genes may be somewhat inflated as a result of the study designs that focus on extreme phenotypes. J. Flannick et al. , Assessing the phenotypic effects in the general population of rare variants in genes for a dominant Mendelian form of diabetes. Nat. Genet ., published online 6 October 2013 (10.1038/ng.2794). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ng.2794.html
Effects of Bird Resistant Sorghum Grain and Various Commercial Tannins on Chick Performance

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine: (1) the effect of protein level on the performance of chicks fed bird resistant sorghum grains; (2) the influence of two levels of dl -methionine in alleviating the detrimental effects of bird resistant sorghum grains; (3) the effects of various sources of commercial tannic acid on chick performance. Bird resistant sorghum (BR64) produced poorer chick performance than nonresistant sorghum (RS671) in sorghum-soybean meal diets containing 16 and 20% dietary protein. Addition of 0.15% dl -methionine to both sorghum grain diets resulted in significant improvements in chick performance, but the magnitude of the response was greater with the bird resistant than with the non-resistant sorghum grain diets. After methionine supplementation, the BR64 diets supported similar chick weight gains as the RS671 diets at both dietary protein levels; however, feed efficiency of chicks fed the BR64 diets remained poorer. In additional studies, non-resistant sorghum RS610 supported significantly better chick performance than either bird resistant sorghum BR64 or sorghum RS610 plus 1% isolated tannic acid. The addition of 0.15% dl -methionine to sorghum RS610 and BR64 diets resulted in significant improvements in chick weight gains with no further increase being noted when 0.30% supplemental dl -methionine was fed. Adding methionine to the RS610 plus tannic acid diet had little effect on chick weight gain. Supplemental methionine resulted in significant improvements in feed conversion with both the BR64 and RS610 plus tannic acid diets. Addition of tannic acids of varying molecular weights to a non-resistant sorghum grain diet resulted in significant depressions in chick performance. The detrimental influence of the tannins did not appear to be closely associated with their molecular weights as all depressions in chick weight gain and feed conversion were roughly similar. The supplementation of 0.15% dl -methionine to diets containing each of the tannic acids had little effect on improving chick performance.
Reoperative surgery following colorectal anastomotic leaks

Intestinal anastomotic leak (AL) is one of the most dreaded and challenging complications encountered after bowel surgery. Despite advances in surgical technique and innovation, anastomotic leak rates remain relatively unchanged over the past several decades. Management of an anastomotic leak typically necessitates a lengthy hospitalization often associated with considerable morbidity, suffering as well as overwhelming cost and resource utilization. The aim of this article is to provide evidence-based and experience-driven advice to a practicing surgeon on the management and reoperative strategies following an anastomotic leak.
Treatment of hypocalcemia in critical illness--part 1.

Aberration in calcium homeostasis is an important but ften undetected complication in critically ill patients reeiving specialized nutritional support [1]. Severe hypocalemia, if left untreated, can lead to serious neurologic and ardiovascular complications [2,3]. The intent of this report part 1) is to review the pathogenesis, identification, and ncidence of hypocalcemia during critical illness. In addiion, the clinical relevance of hypocalcemia and a discussion f whether to treat or not is discussed. Treatment of acute ypocalcemia is discussed in part 2.
An ovarian dermoid cyst with numerous sebum balls

Abstract An unsual dermoid cyst of the ovary containing 250 sebum balls which occurred in a 53-year-old Italian woman is reported. Only a few such cases have been reported in the literature and mention is made of them in this article.
Juvenile mental health courts and therapeutic jurisprudence: facing the challenges posed by youth with mental disabilities in the juvenile justice system.

Ever-increasing numbers of children struggle to live and develop under the burden of mental disability. Yet the juvenile justice system-an institution created in large part to look after these very children-has often failed to meet, address, or fully realize their mental health needs. As children's mental health issues have entered the spotlight in recent years, the juvenile court's gross inadequacy as a guardian of child development and gatekeeper of treatment services has become clearer. Indeed, many have concluded that "the inadequate and uneven delivery of mental health services to children and families in the juvenile justice system is a national crisis."
Avermectin B1a and Milbemycin D as Contact Toxicants for Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Larvae and Eggs

At 24 h the LD50 of Avermectin B1a for third-instar gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., was 0.024 μg/g and 0.124 μg/g for sixth in stars. The LD50 for Milbemycin D was 0.119 μg/g for third in stars, but sixth in stars were not affected. Milbemycin demonstrated a faster paralytic (lethal) response than Avermectin for third in stars. Egg hatch was reduced after 10 ppm of either chemical contacted the chorion. At 1 ppm, Avermectin had little effect on hatch but resulted in the death of newly emerging larvae. Milbemycin had no effect on hatch or larvae at 1 ppm. Although both compounds are toxic to the gypsy moth, differences in instar susceptibility indicate possible anatomical differences related to metamorphosis, multiple receptors, or physiological biotransformation.
Revisiting compressed sensing: exploiting the efficiency of simplex and sparsification methods

We propose two approaches to solve large-scale compressed sensing problems. The first approach uses the parametric simplex method to recover very sparse signals by taking a small number of simplex pivots, while the second approach reformulates the problem using Kronecker products to achieve faster computation via a sparser problem formulation. In particular, we focus on the computational aspects of these methods in compressed sensing. For the first approach, if the true signal is very sparse and we initialize our solution to be the zero vector, then a customized parametric simplex method usually takes a small number of iterations to converge. Our numerical studies show that this approach is 10 times faster than state-of-the-art methods for recovering very sparse signals. The second approach can be used when the sensing matrix is the Kronecker product of two smaller matrices. We show that the best-known sufficient condition for the Kronecker compressed sensing (KCS) strategy to obtain a perfect recovery is more restrictive than the corresponding condition if using the first approach. However, KCS can be formulated as a linear program with a very sparse constraint matrix, whereas the first approach involves a completely dense constraint matrix. Hence, algorithms that benefit from sparse problem representation, such as interior point methods (IPMs), are expected to have computational advantages for the KCS problem. We numerically demonstrate that KCS combined with IPMs is up to 10 times faster than vanilla IPMs and state-of-the-art methods such as $$\ell _1\_\ell _s$$ and Mirror Prox regardless of the sparsity level or problem size.