cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
If We Build It They Will Come: Human Rights Violations and the Prison Industrial Complex Si on le construit, ils viendront: violations des droits de l'homme dans la création d'un complexe d'incarcération à usage industriel. Si la edificamos ocurrirán: las violaciones de derechos humanos y el negocio de las prisiones

This paper utilizes the concept of the Prison Industrial Complex (PIC) in order to examine the complex configuration comprised of the US prison system, multi-national corporations, small private businesses and the inmate population in the social and political economy of the 21st century US. Utilizing data on the PIC we pose the question: What is the purpose of prison, the rehabilitation of the inmates or the exploitation of prison labor? Specifically we argue, using Wright's neo-Marxist theory, that the current system of incarceration in the US mimics the exploitation characteristic of the slave plantation economy of the southern US, ripe with human rights violations, the products and profits of which are exported daily through the expansion of global markets. Cet article s'interroge sur le concept de creation d'un complexe industriel penal (CIP) et examine la configuration compliquee du systeme penitentiaire contemporain aux EtatsUnis, entre societes multinationales ou petites societes et la population des detenus. Utilisant des donnees du CIP nous demandons: Quel est le but des prisons – est-ce la rehabilitation des detenus ou l'exploitation par le travail des detenus en prison? Nous desapprouvons, en nous appuyant sur la theorie neo-Marxiste de Wright, que le systeme courant d'incarceration aux Etats-Unis semble reproduire le systeme des plantations du sud des Etats-Unis et de leur economie politique d'esclavage, qui inclut des violations des droits de l'homme dans le but de profiter de l'immense rentabilite collectee sur le dos des detenus. Tout comme les Etats-Unis sont devenus la nation la plus riche au monde en profitant du travail des esclaves, aujourd'hui les societes americaines assurent leur richesse en exploitant des prisonniers de droit commun, vulnerables, a majorite noire. Esta ponencia usa el concepto de Complejo Penal Industrial (PIC) para examinar la compleja configuracion del sistema penal americano de hoy, compuesto por empresas multinacionales, empresas pequenas y la poblacion encarcelada. Utilizando datos sobre el PIC, planteamos la cuestion: ?Cual es el proposito de las prisiones, la rehabilitacion de los presos o su explotacion laboral? Sostenemos, usando la teoria neo-marxista de Wright, que el actual sistema de encarcelamiento en los Estados Unidos reproduce la economia de la explotacion de esclavos en el sur de los Estados Unidos, con violaciones de derechos humanos y un enorme beneficio producido a expensas de los prisioneros.
Cryptococcosis of the colon resembling Crohn's disease in a patient with the hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-recurrent infection (Job's) syndrome

A 29-yr-old woman presenting with granulomatous colitis and a chronic perirectal abscess was found to have localized cryptococcosis associated with the hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-recurrent infection (Job's) syndrome. Similarity to previous cases of esophageal cryptococcosis and ileocecal histoplasmosis suggests an association between the hyperimmunoglobulinemia E-recurrent infection syndrome and localized fungal infections of the alimentary tract. To our knowledge, this is the first well-documented case of cryptococcosis confined to the colon and perirectal tissues.
Lane change maneuver via H/sub /spl infin// steering control methods

This paper addresses the modeling and control of the lateral motion of a highway vehicle. In particular, a controller is designed which allows the vehicle to change lanes automatically while ensuring passenger comfort and safety. The controller is designed using an H/sub /spl infin// based loop shaping design procedure due to McFarlane and Glover (1989). It is shown that this controller achieves the required performance as well as exhibiting excellent robustness. In particular the controller's robustness due to varying speeds is examined, as well as the vehicle's performance in an icy patch.
A comparative study of the inter-reader variability of breast percent density estimation in digital mammography: potential effect of reader's training and clinical experience

The variability of breast percent density (PD%) estimation from digital mammography (DM) images was evaluated using measurements from readers with different training and clinical experience Post-processed DM images (PremiumViewTM, GE Healthcare)from 40 women were analyzed Breast PD% estimation was performed using the Cumulus software (Ver 4.0, Univ Toronto) Two groups of readers were considered, one with clinical (i.e., radiologists) and one with non-clinical training (i.e., physicists) Consistency of PD% was analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and ANOVA Inter-reader agreement was higher among clinical (r=0.91, p<0.001), than non-clinical readers (r=0.83, p<0.001) Intra-reader consistency after repeated reads was on average equally high for both groups (r=0.91, p<0.001) Our results suggest that the reader's experience and training has an effect on the obtained PD% measures The higher correlation among the clinically trained readers could be attributed to their extensive exposure to post-processed DM images and their knowledge of breast anatomy.
"All data is credit data"; or, on Close Reading as a Reciprocal Process in Digital Knowledge Environments

This paper argues that the reciprocal nature of digital networks means (1) that the privacy issues that we face online are not radically different from those of the pre-internet era and (2) that we need to reconceive close reading as an activity of which both humans and computer algorithms are capable.
Different effects of two aldose reductase inhibitors on nociception and prostaglandin E

Abstract This study examined the effect of two structurally dissimilar aldose reductase inhibitors, N -[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-6-methoxy-1-napthalenyl]thioxomethyl]- N -methlyglycine (tolrestat) and 4-amino-2,6-dimethylphenyl-sulphonyl nitromethane (ICI 222155), on formalin-evoked behavioural responses in control and diabetic rats and on capsaicin-evoked release of prostaglandin E from spinal cord slices in vitro. Both compounds, given orally for 4 weeks, prevented hyperalgesia in diabetic rats 5–20 min after hindpaw formalin injection. ICI 222155 also prevented hyperalgesia in diabetic rats 21–60 min after formalin, whereas tolrestat suppressed activity in diabetic rats below controls and also suppressed activity in controls when given orally or intrathecally. Capsaicin-evoked release of prostaglandin E from spinal cord slices of control rats was significantly reduced by tolrestat, but not ICI 222155. These data suggest that hyperalgesia in diabetic rats is related to glucose metabolism by aldose reductase, whereas tolrestat has specific effects on formalin-evoked nociception associated with an ability to reduce spinal prostaglandin release.
Solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation employing a basis of explicit discrete-coordinate eigenfunctions: spherical and azimuthal symmetry, adiabaticity, and multiphoton excitation of a rotating Morse oscillator

Abstract We have recently presented a method for solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation by collocation on various members of a family of spatial grids and have shown that this method is interpretable in terms of the expansion of the wave function in a basis of discrete coordinate eigenfunctions. The method is applicable to molecular systems with one or multiple spatial dimensions, and also to bound or unbound molecular systems. We now place the method in the more general setting of spatial grids belonging to the family of scaled Gauss-Markov quadrature points. Further, we now treat molecular systems described in terms of the more general case of a curvilinear coordinate system. This allows us to treat, for example, a system with spherical or azimuthal symmetry and to employ the information regarding the symmetry, i.e. transform from Cartesian coordinates to spherical polar coordinates and obtain the Schrodinger equation for a wave function for a configuration space with a lower number of dimensions. In addition, we describe a modified adiabatic approach for decreasing the number of spatial dimensions in the Hamiltonian appearing in the time-dependent Schrodinger equation for the wave function. We then obtain a coupled set of differential equations describing the time evolution of the molecular system, including the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in terms of the Hamiltonian with the lower number of spatial dimensions, and we apply our method for solving the time-evolution problem for the wave function by employing the Hamiltonian with that smaller number of spatial dimensions. Finally, we demonstrate the application of this extension of our collocation method to the nonlinear problem of multiple-photon excitation of a rotating anharmonic diatomic molecule by the explicitly time-dependent term describing irradiation of the molecule by an intense classical electromagnetic field. We compare our results for the quantal approach with our results for two approximate approaches: a modification of the adiabatic quantal approach and a variation of the Monte Carlo classical trajectory approach.
Arabidopsis Touch-Induced Morphogenesis Is Jasmonate Mediated and Protects against Pests

Summary Plants cannot change location to escape stressful environments. Therefore, plants evolved to respond and acclimate to diverse stimuli, including the seemingly innocuous touch stimulus [1–4]. Although some species, such as Venus flytrap, have fast touch responses, most plants display more gradual touch-induced morphological alterations, called thigmomorphogenesis [2, 3, 5, 6]. Thigmomorphogenesis may be adaptive; trees subjected to winds develop less elongated and thicker trunks and thus are less likely damaged by powerful wind gusts [7]. Despite the widespread relevance of thigmomorphogenesis, the regulation that underlies plant mechanostimulus-induced morphological responses remains largely unknown. Furthermore, whether thigmomorphogenesis confers additional advantage is not fully understood. Although aspects of thigmomorphogenesis resemble ethylene effects [8], and touch can induce ethylene synthesis [9, 10], Arabidopsis ethylene response mutants show touch-induced thigmomorphogenesis [11]; thus, ethylene response is nonessential for thigmomorphogenesis. Here we show that jasmonate (JA) phytohormone both is required for and promotes the salient characteristics of thigmomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis , including a touch-induced delay in flowering and rosette diameter reduction. Furthermore, we find that repetitive mechanostimulation enhances Arabidopsis pest resistance in a JA-dependent manner. These results highlight an important role for JA in mediating mechanostimulus-induced plant developmental responses and resultant cross-protection against biotic stress.
Parental behavior and imprinting in cichlid fishes.

The brooding cycles of Hemichromis bimaculatus and Aequidens portalegrensis are very similar in timing except that the latter have a longer pit young stage. Exchanges of eggs or wrigglers between the two species resulted in ready acceptance of foreign young. Experienced as well as inexperienced pairs raised foreign spawn successfully in alternation with their own or were induced to brood mixed schools. Acceptance of eggs, wrigglers or free-swimming young was limited to those individuals, regardless of species, which matched in age and behavior the parents' brooding phase. Therefore, it is concluded that parent H. bimaculatus and A. portalegrensis are not imprinted on the species characteristic of their first or subsequent young. Instead, there appears to be an internal mechanism regulating the duration of the phases of parental care, that limits the responsiveness of the parents to particular stages of young.
Encapsulated chondrocyte response in a pulsatile flow bioreactor.

We have developed a bioreactor-based millifluidic technique that allows for dynamic culture conditions and measurement of the fluid flow impinging upon a three-dimensional tissue engineering scaffold. Chondrocytes in scaffolds have been shown to require mechanical stimulation to produce an extracellular matrix that resembles native cartilage. This study investigates the effect of pulsatile flow on chondrocyte response in a model poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate hydrogel. Bovine chondrocytes were encapsulated in the hydrogel and cultured for 7, 14 and 21 days at pulsatile flow frequencies of 0.5 Hz (15 ml/min) and 1.5 Hz (17 ml/min). The scaffolds cultured under dynamic conditions were compared to those cultured under static (non-flow) conditions. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify collagen type I, collagen type II and aggrecan gene copy numbers as markers for chondrocyte phenotypic expression. Histological sections stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and Alcian blue confirmed chondrocyte morphology and matrix formation. Interestingly, regulation of the collagen type II gene was particularly sensitive to the flow conditions. The understanding of the cell response to encapsulation and flow could be used to identify the appropriate culture conditions necessary to design and develop hydrogel carriers to promote the formation of extracellular matrix as well as to further our knowledge of chondrocyte mechanobiology.
Does a neuroimmune interaction contribute to the genesis of painful peripheral neuropathies

Painful peripheral neuropathies are precipitated by nerve injury from disease or trauma. All such injuries will be accompanied by an inflammatory reaction, a neuritis, that will mobilize the immune system. The role of the inflammation itself is difficult to determine in the presence of structural damage to the nerve. A method has been devised to produce a focal neuritis in the rat sciatic nerve that involves no more than trivial structural damage to the nerve. This experimental focal neuritis produces neuropathic pain sensations (heat- and mechano-hyperalgesia, and cold- and mechano-allodynia) in the ipsilateral hind paw. The abnormal pain sensations begin in 1–2 days and last for 4–6 days, with a subsequent return to normal. These results suggest that there is a neuroimmune interaction that occurs at the outset of nerve injury (and perhaps episodically over time in slow developing conditions like diabetic neuropathy) that produces neuropathic pain. The short duration of the phenomena suggest that they may prime the system for more slowly developing mechanisms of abnormal pain (e.g., ectopic discharge in axotomized primary afferent neurons) that underlie the chronic phase of painful neuropathy.
Moisture and char reactivity modeling in pulverized coal combustors

This paper discusses the development of specialized subroutines used in a Computational Fluid Dynamics code (FLUENT™) to accurately predict temperature, velocity, and species profiles in a down-fired, pilot-scaie, pulverized coal combustor and in the t-fired industrial boiler. A Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm, along with an advanced char burnout kinetic (CBK) model, was used to accurately predict the representative particle trajectories, as well as the loss of carbon from coal particles. The devolatilization and burnout parameters for the full-scale industrial combustion model were generated using the first principles and the combination of drop-tube/pilot-scale experiments. Additionally, the moisture that evolved from coal/biomass char heating is included via surface reactions, which accounts for char
Critical thinking as disciplinary practice

Critical thinking in psychology has traditionally focused on method-centered tasks such as the assessment of method use, data analysis, and research evidence. Although helpful in some ways, this fo...
HUMAN LEFT-SIDED CRADLING PREFERENCES FOR DOGS

Photographs of men and women holding dogs were analyzed for side-holding preferences. A significant majority of women in dog-themed magazines held dogs on their left sides, similar to reports of women holding infants. Men did not show the same left-sided preference, which is also consistent with other studies. The implications of these results for various hypotheses about infant cradling behavior were discussed.
Reactor similarity for plasma–material interactions in scaled-down tokamaks as the basis for the Vulcan conceptual design

Abstract Dimensionless parameter scaling techniques are a powerful tool in the study of complex physical systems, especially in tokamak fusion experiments where the cost of full-size devices is high. It is proposed that dimensionless similarity be used to study in a small-scale device the coupled issues of the scrape-off layer (SOL) plasma, plasma–material interactions (PMI), and the plasma-facing material (PFM) response expected in a tokamak fusion reactor. Complete similarity is not possible in a reduced-size device. In addition, “hard” technological limits on the achievable magnetic field and peak heat flux, as well as the necessity to produce non-inductive scenarios, must be taken into account. A practical approach is advocated, in which the most important dimensionless parameters are matched to a reactor in the reduced-size device, while relaxing those parameters which are far from a threshold in behavior. “Hard” technological limits are avoided, so that the reduced-size device is technologically feasible. A criticism on these grounds is offered of the “P/R” model, in which the ratio of power crossing the last closed flux surface (LCFS), P, to the device major radius, R, is held constant. A new set of scaling rules, referred to as the “P/S” scaling (where S is the LCFS area) or the “PMI” scaling, is proposed: (i) non-inductive, steady-state operation; (ii) P is scaled with R2 so that LCFS areal power flux P/S is constant; (iii) magnetic field B constant; (iv) geometry (elongation, safety factor q*, etc.) constant; (v) volume-averaged core density scaled as n ≈ n ¯ e ∼ R − 2 / 7 ; and (vi) ambient wall material temperature TW, 0 constant. It is shown that these scaling rules provide fidelity to reactor conditions in the divertor of the reduced-size device, allowing for reliable extrapolation of the behavior of the coupled SOL/PMI/PFM system from the reduced-size device to a reactor. The P/S scaling is used as the basis for the Vulcan tokamak conceptual design.
CARNOSINE AND TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM ION AND ATP-INDUCED SHORTENING OF GLYCEROL-TREATED MUSCLE FIBERS.

Abstract Recently, it has been reported that tetramethylammonium chloride causes contraction of acetylated glycerol-treated muscle fibers while small metallic cations cause little or no contraction ( Bowen and Martin, 1964 ). This led to speculation concerning the effect of large cations on the ATP-induced contraction of normal glycerinated muscle fibers. Several large cations have been tested and will be discussed in forthcoming publications. The present report concerns the effect of tetramethylammonium ion (TMA) and carnosine on the ATP-induced contraction of glycerinated muscle fibers. Carnosine is a constituent of vertebrate muscle and exists in rabbit to the extent of about 0.6 percent ( Severin, 1964 ).
Pure material melting and solidification with liquid phase buoyancy and surface tension forces

Abstract Melting and solidification of pure materials, during which liquid convection is driven by buoyancy, or a combination of buoyancy and surface tension forces is considered. A numerical model, which is verified by comparing its predictions with experimental results, is used to show that thermocapillary effects can be of primary influence upon local melting rates in both relatively high and low Pr materials, and it can have a significant impact upon overall solidification. In low Pr materials, overall solidification rates are affected by thermocapillary convection more than overall melting rates. Thermocapillary convection is shown to have a significant influence upon phase change, regardless of the value of the dynamic Bond number considered in this study.
Clinical outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery.

Purpose of reviewChronic rhinosinusitis continues to present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges for clinicians. Recently, attention has been focused on reliable and valid measures of outcomes for many sinonasal diseases. As a significant fraction of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis will come
P300 in schizophrenia: Confirmation and statistical validation of temporal region deficit in P300 topography☆

Abstract Comparison of normal and medicated schizophrenic groups on (he auditory P300 component of the event-related potential confirmed our earlier finding of a left temporal deficit in P300 amplitude in schizophrenia. A difference in P300 topography between groups was evident in both color mapping and in grand-averaged waveforms, which was statistically validated by the presence of a group-by-scalp region interaction ( p The left temporal area in schizophrenics was denoted as the region of greatest deficit and of maximal statistical separation ( p relative to normals by t statistic mapping (SPM), Hotelling's T-squared "protected" contrasts of individual scalp regions, and the relative ratio of left scalp amplitudes to right scalp amplitudes. The left temporal scalp region yielding maximal group separation in the previous study also statistically separated the schizophrenic group from the normal group. This feature correctly differentiated 9 of II schizophrenics and 7 of 9 controls. These findings are compatible with other histological, metabolic, and electrophysiological studies suggesting temporal lobe abnormality in schizophrenia .
Inferring path average C^2_n values in the marine environment

Current mathematical scintillation theory describing laser propagation through the atmosphere has been developed for terrestrial environments. Scintillation expressions valid in all regimes of optical turbulence for propagation in the maritime environment, based on what we believe to be a newly developed marine atmospheric spectrum, have been developed for spherical waves. Path average values of the structure parameter, C2n, were inferred from optical scintillation measurements of a diverged laser beam propagating in a marine environment, using scintillation expressions based on both terrestrial and marine refractive index spectra. In the moderate-to-strong fluctuation regime, the inferred marine C2n values were about 20% smaller than inferred terrestrial C2n values, but a minimal difference was observed in the weak fluctuation regime. Measurements of angle-of-arrival fluctuations were used to infer C2n values in the moderate-to-strong fluctuation regime, resulting in values of the structure parameter that were at least an order of magnitude larger than the two scintillation-inferred C2n values.
Improving models of democracy: The example of lagged effects of economic development, education, and gender equality

The author examines how time delayed effects of economic development, education, and gender equality influence political democracy. Literature review shows inadequate understanding of lagged effects, which raises methodological and theoretical issues with the current quantitative studies of democracy. Using country-years as a unit of analysis, the author estimates a series of OLS PCSE models for each predictor with a systematic analysis of the distributions of the lagged effects. The second set of multiple OLS PCSE regressions are estimated including all three independent variables. The results show that economic development, education, and gender have three unique trajectories of the time-delayed effects: Economic development has long-term effects, education produces continuous effects regardless of the timing, and gender equality has the most prominent immediate and short term effects. The results call for the reassessment of model specifications and theoretical setups in the quantitative studies of democracy.
Thermodynamics and superconductivity of the Th7(Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir)3 system

Expanding the temperature range of previous specific-heat measurements on the Th7(Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir)3 system, we measure the effect of transition-metal substitution on total entropy ( ), electronic specific heat (γ), and Debye temperature (ΘD). In addition we measure the pressure dependence, up to 10 kbar, of the superconducting transition.
Temperature-induced perturbations in the circular dichroic spectrum of the synthetic polymer poly[d(G-C)]

The effect of increasing temperature on the double-helical synthetic DNA polymer poly[d(G-C)] with alternating base sequence, was studied by ultraviolet absorbance and circular dichroic techniques. While a cooperative hyperchromic effect was noticed in the ultraviolet absorbance spectrum above a temperature of 70 degrees C, an inversion of the circular dichroic spectrum was observed at a similar temperature range. On cooling to room temperature, the spectrum was reversed to the initial one. These observations, first reported here, are tentatively attributed to a conformational change of the polymer, from the right-handed double helix to the left-handed single strands, prior to complete denaturation.
Budgeting as a means for control and loose coupling

Abstract Budgeting has been traditionally viewed as one means for achieving control over activities performed at middle and lower levels in the organization through an essentially downward flow of information. This paper proposes that the use of budgeting, particularly in the nursing services area where centralized control by a hospital administration may not be attainable, is more complex than this traditional definition would suggest. In such a setting, budgets may well be used as a negotiating tool with which middle level managers advocate the needs of the subunit to upper-level organizational members. Such a use of budgets would emphasize an upward flow of information which is, in turn, consistent with the image the organization wishes to portray to its environment.
Comparison of 700-hPa NCEP-R1 and AMIP-R2 Wind Patterns over the Continental United States Using Cluster Analysis

Abstract Clustering techniques are adapted to facilitate the comparison of gridded 700-hPa wind flow patterns spanning the continental United States. A recent decade (1985–94) of wind component data has been extracted from two widely used reanalysis datasets: NCEP-R1 and the NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, phase two (AMIP-R2). Metrics and measures are identified that facilitate the identification and comparison of large-scale wind flow. Comparison of the cluster results reveals dominant wind patterns common to both datasets as well as three types of reanalysis model differences: 1) relatively minor numerical differences; 2) differences produced by model corrections or parameterization changes, such as snow mask, snow depth, and moisture flux; and 3) systematic differences, such as orography, overocean radiation fluxes, and overocean data assimilation. A second analysis examines the frequency of 700-hPa wind patterns associated with key ozone-season (May–September...
Something smells fishy: Olfactory suspicion cues improve performance on the Moses illusion and Wason rule discovery task

Abstract Feelings of suspicion alert people not to take information at face value. In many languages, suspicion is metaphorically associated with smell; in English, this smell is “fishy”. We tested whether incidental exposure to fishy smells influences information processing. In Study 1, participants exposed to incidental fishy smells (vs. no odor) while answering questions were more likely to detect a semantic distortion (the “Moses illusion”), but not more likely to falsely identify an undistorted question as misleading. In Study 2, participants exposed to fishy smells (vs. no odor) were more likely to engage in negative hypothesis testing (falsifying their own initial hunch), resulting in better performance on the Wason rule discovery task. These findings show that incidental olfactory suspicion cues can affect performance on social as well as nonsocial reasoning tasks.
WriteOn1.0: a tablet PC-based tool for effective classroom instruction

A Tablet PC combines all the features of a regular laptop computer with a digitizing screen that interacts with a complementary electronic pen stylus. The ability to annotate on a lecture presentation using the pen stylus of the Tablet PC has attracted the attention of academics to use them as a potential tool for effective classroom instruction. Tablet PC based educational software like Classroom Presenter allows the instructor to supplement lecture material comprising of static text-based PowerPoint® slides by directly annotating on them. However, computer science and engineering classes often involve the use of non text-based lecture material like a simulation demo over which a lecturer would like to make annotations. In order to facilitate this, we present a Tablet PC-based educational tool called WriteOn1.0, the second core implementation of the WriteOn tool, developed at Virginia Tech. WriteOn allows the instructor to utilize electronic ink to annotate on top of any application window visible on the Tablet PC screen, including those that play active content like a movie or simulation, by activating its virtual transparency surface called the eVellum (electronic vellum).The ability of WriteOn to improve classroom presentation were pedagogically very useful as shown by initial classroom testing. However, in order to deploy WriteOn on large scale in classrooms as an active and effective teaching tool of choice, some aspects of the application like its operational CPU performance and the GUI called for improvement. WriteOn1.0 addresses the drawbacks of WriteOn with the introduction of features such as the dynamic eVellum, a picture-based GUI and an improvement to the operational CPU performance of the screen capture process. In this paper, we shall present how WriteOn1.0 can potentially aid in effective lecturing, especially for subject matter like programming and digital circuit design, both of which involve the use of dynamic presentation material.
A concentrated force inside a thick plate

Abstract This paper presents a solution for a concentrated force acting at a point inside a thick plate of infinite size. The force is either perpendicular or parallel to the plane surfaces of the plate. The solution in either case is constructed by superposing the corresponding Mindlin's solution for a semi-infinite solid.
Bifurcation problems in nonlinear parametric programming

The nonlinear parametric programming problem is reformulated as a closed system of nonlinear equations so that numerical continuation and bifurcation techniques can be used to investigate the dependence of the optimal solution on the system parameters. This system, which is motivated by the Fritz John first-order necessary conditions, contains all Fritz John and all Karush-Kuhn-Tucker points as well as local minima and maxima, saddle points, feasible and nonfeasible critical points. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a singularity to occur in this system are characterized in terms of the loss of a complementarity condition, the linear dependence of the gradients of the active constraints, and the singularity of the Hessian of the Lagrangian on a tangent space. Any singularity can be placed in one of seven distinct classes depending upon which subset of these three conditions hold true at a solution. For problems with one parameter, we analyze simple and multiple bifurcation of critical points from a singularity arising from the loss of the complementarity condition, and then develop a set of conditions which guarantees the unique persistence of a minimum through this singularity.
Identification of penicillin diffusion at the onset of epileptogenesis in the cat striate cortex following differential laminar microinjection.

Abstract Diffusion patterns of14C-labeled penicillin, resulting from microinjections into different neocortical laminae, were compared with simultaneous electrophysiologic monitoring of epileptogenesis across these laminae. Injections into layer IV produced response alterations quickly in all recorded layers even with penicillin confined to this granular cell layer. Supra- and infragranular layer injections also initiated epileptic response abnormalities, though much more slowly and only after penicillin had diffused into layer IV. Injections where penicillin diffusion was shown to be limited to either of the non-granular layers did not induce epileptogenesis. These results indicate not only that layer IV is the most penicillin-sensitive neocortical layer, but that (1) it issufficient for epileptogenesis when initially injected and, that due to this heightened sensitivity, (2) it serves as anatural trigger for epileptiform response development in other layers when they are injected first. Neurochemical and neuromorphologic correlates within striate cortex are discussed in an attempt to identify the reason for this granule cell layer sensitivity to penicillin-induced epileptogenesis.
Gettier and Factivity in Indo-Tibetan Epistemology

The similarities between contemporary externalist theories of knowledge and classical Indian and Tibetan theories of knowledge are striking. Drawing on comparisons with Timothy Williamson's recent work, I address related topics in Indo-Tibetan epistemology and show that correct analysis of these issues requires externalist theories of mind and knowledge. The topics addressed range from a discussion of possible Gettier cases in the Tibetan philosophical tradition to an assessment of arguments for and against the existence of factive mental states/events that fail to be knowledge states/events. I conclude by explaining how these matters in Indian and Tibetan epistemology can inform us about the viability of externalist epistemologies of the sort articulated by Williamson.
The War's Impact on the Korean Peninsula

There are perhaps only two other events in modern Korean history that can rival the Korean War in terms of the scope and duration of impact on the Korean people. They are Japanese colonial rule (1910 45) and the partition of the Korean peninsula in the wake of the Japanese surrender in World War II. During the three-year conflict (1950-53) about three million Koreans were killed, wounded, or miss ing. Those whose families were broken up by the war numbered an astounding ten million—a third of the combined population of the two Korean states in the early 1950s. Four decades after the Korean Armistice, the separated family members have yet to be reunited; the wall dividing the Korean people remains to be dismantled, even though the prospects for its gradual removal have improved measurably in the past year or so. The war has had such a pervasive impact on Korean society and politics that it is hard to find an area that can be totally insulated from it.
Technological analysis and democratic policy-making

The paper centers upon the implications of technical analytical methodologies, especially those which are computer-based, for public policy-making. A generalized analysis of the lack of suitable educational and experiental background of most public policy-makers is presented, and it is suggested that this lack makes it difficult for such officials to adequately evaluate technical analyses. Means to ameliorate this problem are discussed, and a model of policy-maker/computer methodology interface is presented. The example used is based on a computer simulation model and related methodologies which are presently developed for HUD to study New Town fiscal and economic viability.
Membrane-based hybrid processes for high water recovery and selective inorganic pollutant separation

The removal of heavy metals (e.g. Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), etc.) and oxyanions (e.g. nitrate, As(III, V), Cr(VI), etc.) is of immense interest for treatment of groundwater and other dilute aqueous systems. However, the presence of non-toxic components, such as hardness (Ca, Mg) and sulfate, can interfere with the separation of toxic species. For example, pressure-driven membrane processes, such as reverse osmosis (RO), have been limited for water treatment due to problems that these extraneous components cause with water recovery and ionic strength (osmotic pressure) of the retentate. In addition, nitrate rejection by RO is considerably lower than NaCl rejection, resulting in permeate concentrations that may be too high for groundwater recharging. Other separation systems that rely solely on sorption of toxic species (e.g. ion exchange resins) may not have sufficient selectivity for efficient use in the presence of competing ions. Hence, implementation of pressure-driven membrane separations and high capacity sorbents in hybrid processes shows much promise for remedying these difficulties. For example, selective separation of nitrate may be achieved by combining nanofiltration (NF) for sulfate removal, followed by RO or ion exchange for nitrate removal (see example 1). When small concentrations of toxic metals are present, the large retentate volumes of RO processes may be reduced by selective removal of toxic species with a high capacity sorbent, thus permitting disposal of a lower volume, non-toxic stream (see example 2). The use of microfiltration membrane-based sorbents containing multiple polymeric functional groups is a novel technique to achieve high metal sorption capacity under convective flow conditions. These sorbents are formed by the attachment of various polyamino acids (MW: 2500-10,000), such as polyaspartic acid (cation sorption), polyarginine (oxyanion sorption), and polycysteine (chelation exchange), directly on the membrane pore surfaces. Since these sorbents have also been found to have high selectivity over non-toxic metals, such as calcium, they are ideal candidates for hybrid processing with RO/NF.
Formation of ionized excited states through the loss of the metastable electron in noble-gas atoms.

Simultaneous excitation and ionization of noble gas atom by removal of metastable electron by fast collision
453 SALT WASTING WITH POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES

Clinical manifestations of posterior urethral valves (PUV) may vary widely. Biochemical abnormalities have not been emphasized. Seven male infants (mean age 6 weeks, range 9 days to 6 months), seen over a ten year period, presented with laboratory evidence of salt wasting suggesting adrenal insufficiency. Admission sodium, potassium, BUN, creatinine, serum pH, and urine pH and specific gravity were recorded. When available simultaneous urine and serum electrolytes were noted. In all cases PUV were confirmed by voiding cystourethrogram. The mean sodium on admission was 117 ± 11 mEq/L (range 95-127) while the mean potassium was 7.9 ± 1.3 mEq/L (range 6.5-9.6). The BUN and creatinine were 76 ± 42 mg/dl (range 27-136) and 3.7 mg/dl (range 2.2-5.8) respectively. The mean specific gravity of the urine was 1.007 ± .004 (range 1.005-1.017). In four patients simultaneous serum and urine electrolytes were determined. The mean serum sodium was 132 while the mean urine sodium was 9.25 mEq/Kg/L. All of the patients manifested an impaired ability to conserve water and sodium. In addition, an impaired ability to excrete acids into the urine resulted in acidosis and hyperkalemia. The sodium, potassium, water and acid imbalance is not due to aldosterone deficiency but reflects a glomerulus-tubular dysfunction. Infants presenting with hyponatremia and hyperkalemia who have a very high BUN should have a urethral catheter implaced and a diagnosis of PUV ruled out.
On mimicking networks representing minimum terminal cuts

Given a capacitated undirected graph G=(V,E) with a set of terminals [email protected]?V, a mimicking network is a smaller graph H=(V"H,E"H) which contains the set of terminals K and for every bipartition [U,K-U] of the terminals, the cost of the minimum cut separating U from K-U in G is exactly equal to the cost of the minimum cut separating U from K-U in H. In this work, we improve both the previous known upper bound of 2^2^^^k[1] and lower bound of (k+1)[2] for mimicking networks, reducing the doubly-exponential gap between them to a single-exponential gap as follows:*Given a graph G, we exhibit a construction of mimicking network with at most k'th Hosten-Morris number (~2^(^(^k^-^1^)^@?^(^k^-^1^)^/^2^@?^)) of vertices (independent of the size of V). *There exist graphs with k terminals that have no mimicking network with less than 2^k^-^1^2 number of vertices.
Immunologic deficiencies in small-for-dates neonates.

. Health is dependent upon good nutrition because of the interactions of immunologic function with nutritional status. Full-term neonates—and even more so prematures—present with various immaturities of their humoral and cellular immunologic mechanisms, particularly during the first days of life. Foetal growth retardation causes further deficiencies to the immature neonatal host defence mechanisms by decreasing thymic hormone activity and by reducing the numbers and activity of T and B-lymphocytes in their peripheral blood. Furthermore, very low levels of IgG 1 immunoglobulin and reduced bacteriocidal capacity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils have been found in small-for-dates neonates. Impaired im-munocompetence in growth-retarded neonates is probably the main cause of the increased frequency and severity of infections they develop.
NADPH oxidase 4 is a critical mediator in Ataxia telangiectasia disease

Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration and a greatly increased incidence of cancer among other symptoms, is caused by a defective or missing ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. The ATM protein has roles in DNA repair and in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is involved in manifesting A-T disease. We showed that NOX4 expression levels are higher in A-T cells, and that ATM inhibition leads to increased NOX4 expression in normal cells. A-T cells exhibit elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks and replicative senescence, all of which are partially abrogated by down-regulation of NOX4 with siRNA. Sections of degenerating cerebelli from A-T patients revealed elevated NOX4 levels. ATM-null mice exhibit A-T disease but they die from cancer before the neurological symptoms are manifested. Injecting Atm-null mice with fulvene-5, a specific inhibitor of NOX4 and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), decreased their elevated cancer incidence to that of the controls. We conclude that, in A-T disease in humans and mice, NOX4 may be critical mediator and targeting it will open up new avenues for therapeutic intervention in neurodegeneration.
Lymphocyte homing: The scent of a follicle

The recent discovery of a receptor needed for lymphocyte migration into lymphoid follicles indicates that multiple chemoattractive gradients allow lymphocytes to navigate to specialized niches in lymphoid organs.
A comparison of techniques for obtaining convergent beam electron diffraction patterns with a JEOL 200CX

Abstract Three different techniques for obtaining convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) patterns using a JEOL 200CX transmission electron microscope will be described and compared. The first technique, described by Goodman, will be shown to yield clear, undistorted patterns, but only with relatively large camera length, and a limited field of view. A second technique, which is a modification of Goodman's technique, will be shown to yield CBED patterns of both large camera length and small camera length with a much larger angular coverage, but the magnitude of the beam convergence is limited by distortion in the pattern. A third technique will then be presented which permits the formation of small camera length, relatively undistorted CBED patterns with large angular coverage and greatly increased beam convergence; high quality large camera length CBED patterns can also be obtained by simply increasing the strengths of the diffraction lenses.
General methodology combining engineering optimization of primary hvac&r plants with decision analysis methods—part I: Deterministic analysis

This paper is the first of a two-part sequence that proposes a general methodology for dynamic scheduling and optimal control of complex primary HVAC&R plants, which combines engineering analyses within a practical decision analysis framework by modeling risk attitudes of the operator. The methodology involves a computationally efficient, deterministic engineering optimization phase for scheduling and controlling primary systems over the planning horizon, followed by a systematic and comprehensive stochastic sensitivity and decision analysis phase, where various sources of uncertainties are evaluated along with alternative non-optimal but risk-averse operating strategies. This paper describes the deterministic component of the analysis methodology, which essentially involves the development of response surface models for different combinations of system configurations to be used for static optimization and then using them in conjunction with the modified Dijkstra's algorithm for dynamic scheduling and opt...
An improved method for the high-precision isotopic measurement of boron by thermal ionization mass spectrometry

An improved procedure for the determination of boron isotopic ratios, which is based on the measurement of the ion Cs2BO+2 has been investigated. Improved signal intensity and reproducibility is achieved by coating the filament substrate with graphite. Measurement of the 11B/10B ratio with a relative standard deviation of 0.006% has been demonstrated. The effect of various experimental factors on precision, including sample size, Cs:B ratio, and sample purity, have been evaluated. The boron isotopic compositions of samples of borax from the United States and Turkey are compared.
The prospect and purpose of locating community research and action in religious settings

Although the importance of working with people within their natural settingshas been advocated since the 1965 conference at Swampscott, communitypsychologists have had relatively little discourse about religious settings whencompared to the vast number of studies undertaken in other settings—schools, family environments, workplaces, and hospitals, to name a few.Only in recent years have some community psychologists begun to explore the potential beneﬁts of working within religious and spiritual settings. Weassert that this omission has resulted in little work centered in the context ofreligious settings, and consequently may limit the scope of our theories andthe effectiveness of our interventions. In this article we argue that there issufﬁcient evidence to conclude that locating research and interventionprojects in religious contexts can enrich the study and practice in the ﬁeld.We consider ﬁrst the history of the relationship between religion andpsychology in research and practice, and review community psychology’sdiscussion of religious settings over the past 25 years. We then discuss therelevance of these settings for community psychology by reviewing empiricalﬁndings within a conceptual framework of key constructs of communitypsychology. We argue that work in many religious settings is consistent withthe priorities associated with these constructs. Furthermore, collaborationwith religious organizations which share priorities with communitypsychology can help both community psychologists and participants of thesereligious settings achieve their goals. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.