cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infection control: new problem organisms for infection control.

The use of glycoprotein G (gG) from the herpes simplex virus has made possible an immunoprecipitation test that distinguishes prior infection with herpesvirus type 1 (HSV-I), herpesvirus type 2 (HSV-2) or both. The test is more sensitive than previously available tests. A national study employing this new immunologic test suggests great differences in prevalence of antibodies to each of these two viruses at different ages in different ethnic groups. For example, in the 20-to 25-year age group, about 5% of Caucasians have antibody to HSV-2, while the frequency of antibody to HSV-2 in blacks is about four times that high. This study also suggests a higher prevalence of HSV infection in the population of women of childbearing age than was previously estimated with less sensitive testing methods. Since HSV disease in newborns is closely related to the frequency of herpes simplex infection in the mother, estimates of the likelihood of nosocomial infection with HSV in newborns must take these new data into account. The specificity of the new test was not discussed.
The Protein Architecture of Human Secretory Vesicles Reveals Differential Regulation of Signaling Molecule Secretion by Protein Kinases

Secretory vesicles are required for release of chemical messengers to mediate intercellular signaling among human biological systems. It is necessary to define the organization of the protein architecture of the 'human' dense core secretory vesicles (DCSV) to understand mechanisms for secretion of signaling molecules essential for cellular regulatory processes. This study, therefore, conducted extensive quantitative proteomics and systems biology analyses of human DCSV purified from human pheochromocytoma. Over 600 human DCSV proteins were identified with quantitative evaluation of over 300 proteins, revealing that most proteins participate in producing peptide hormones and neurotransmitters, enzymes, and the secretory machinery. Systems biology analyses provided a model of interacting DCSV proteins, generating hypotheses for differential intracellular protein kinases A and C signaling pathways. Activation of cellular PKA and PKC pathways resulted in differential secretion of neuropeptides, catecholamines, and β-amyloid of Alzheimer's disease for mediating cell-cell communication. This is the first study to define a model of the protein architecture of human DCSV for human disease and health.
Predictive control of a modular multilevel converter for a back-to-back HVDC system

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is one of the most potential converter topologies for high-power/voltage systems, specifically for high-voltage direct current (HVDC). One of the main technical challenges of an MMC is to eliminate/minimize the circulating currents of converter arms while the capacitor voltages are maintained balanced. This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) strategy that takes the advantage of a cost function minimization technique to eliminate the circulating currents and carry out the voltage balancing task of an MMC-based back-to-back HVDC system. A discrete-time mathematical model of the system is derived and a predictive model corresponding to the discrete-time model is developed. The predictive model is used to select the best switching states of each MMC unit based on evaluation and minimization a defined cost function associated with the control objectives of MMC units and the overall HVDC system. The proposed predictive control strategy: 1) enables control of real and reactive power of the HVDC system; 2) achieves capacitor voltage balancing of the MMC units; and 3) mitigates the circulating currents of the MMC units. Performance of the proposed MPC-based strategy for a five-level back-to-back MMC-HVDC is evaluated based on time-domain simulation studies in the PSCAD/EMTDC software environment. The reported study results demonstrate a satisfactory response of the MMC-HVDC station operating based on the proposed MPC strategy, under various conditions.
Integrating 21st Century Skills into the Curriculum

This chapter stresses the importance of imbedding 21st century skills within content area instruction. It provides a review of the 21st century skills that have been incorporated into lessons created by preservice and inservice teachers, as well as specific recommendations and resources for P–12 educators that can be utilized to incorporate the teaching of 21st century skills as identified by the Partnership for 21st Century Skills (P21) into content area lessons. Focus is on integrating in existing curriculum the instruction of 21st century content and themes (global awareness, financial, economic, business, entrepreneurial, and civic literacy, and health and wellness); learning and thinking skills (critical-thinking and problem-solving, communication and collaboration, and creativity and innovation); information, media and technology skills (information literacy, media literacy, and ICT literacy); and life and career skills (flexibility and adaptability, initiative and self-direction, social and cross-cultural interaction, productivity and accountability, and leadership and responsibility).
Management of pathologic fractures of the mandible secondary to osteoradionecrosis.

ObjectiveTo review our experience with late Marx stage III osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible in patients who present with pathologic fracture.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsThirty-seven patients were identified from June 1998 to August 2010 who underwent treatment of Marx grade III osteoradionecrosis with pathologic fracture of the mandible. All patients underwent reconstruction with osteocutaneous free tissue transfer and when possible underwent hyperbaric oxygen therapy Marx protocol.ResultsThe average time between completion of radiation therapy and presentation of ORN-induced pathologic fracture was 3.2 years. Sixteen patients developed ORN following tooth extraction. Sixteen patients had no previous documented ORN prior to presenting with pathologic fracture. Follow-up after surgery averaged 4.5 years with no recurrence of disease. The overall complication rate was 24% with no total flap loss. Of the patients, 95% returned to prefractu...
Inefficient cell spreading and cytoskeletal polarization by CD4+CD8+ thymocytes: regulation by the thymic environment.

CD4 + CD8 + double-positive (DP) thymocytes express a lower level of surface TCR than do mature T cells or single-positive (SP) thymocytes. Regulation of the TCR on DP thymocytes appears to result from intrathymic signaling, as in vitro culture of these cells results in spontaneous TCR up-regulation. In this study, we examined cell spreading and cytoskeletal polarization responses that have been shown to occur in response to TCR engagement in mature T cells. Using DP thymocytes stimulated on lipid bilayers or nontransgenic thymocytes added to anti-CD3-coated surfaces, we found that cell spreading and polarization of the microtubule organizing center and the actin cytoskeleton were inefficient in freshly isolated DP thymocytes, but were dramatically enhanced after overnight culture. SP (CD4 + ) thymocytes showed efficient responses to TCR engagement, suggesting that releasing DP thymocytes from the thymic environment mimics some aspects of positive selection. The poor translation of a TCR signal to cytoskeletal responses could limit the ability of DP thymocytes to form stable contacts with APCs and may thereby regulate thymocyte selection during T cell development.
The School Readiness Composite of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale as an Intellectual Screening Instrument

The efficacy of the School Readiness Composite (SRC) of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale (BBCS) as an intellectual screening instrument was investigated. The concurrent validity of the SRC and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) was examined along with the predictive capabilities of the SRC. The factor structure of the SRC and WPPSI-R in combination also was investigated. Data from both instruments were gathered from 83 suburban children, who ranged in age from 4 years 7 months to 4 years 10 months. Psychoeducational evaluations were conducted using a counterbalanced test administration procedure. Results indicated that the SRC correlated .77 with the WPPSI-R Full Scale IQ and evidenced 59% shared variance. A principal components factor analysis indicated a two-factor solution for the two instruments with the SRC loading highly on the g factor.
The Implementation of California's Tobacco Tax Initiative: The Critical Role of Outsider Strategies in Protecting Proposition 99

Enacted in 1988, Proposition 99 increased California's cigarette tax by 25 cents per pack and allocated a minimum of 20 percent of the revenues to fund anti- tobacco education. Tobacco control advocates had used an initiative to secure the tax increase because the legislature had not increased the tobacco tax since 1967, even though public opinion polls showed that the tax was politically popular. Advocates, however, then had to return to the legislature to negotiate implementing legislation. Between 1989 and 1996, the legislature underfunded the Proposition 99 Health Edu- cation programs by over $273 million. This underfunding occurred because the pub- lic health groups failed to exercise power, ideas, and the leadership needed for leg- islative success. Even successful litigation against the governor failed to restore the programs. In July 1996, however, the underexpenditures stopped because the issue of the diversions received significant media and public attention. The tobacco control groups used a variety of outsider strategies, including paid advertising, free media, and a grassroots campaign, and the leadership of these groups, in addition to the lob- byists, got involved in the campaign to secure implementing legislation. Without ongoing public pressure, it is likely that policy changes created by tobacco tax initia- tives will dissipate into something acceptable to powerful insider interests, such as the tobacco and medical service provider industries.
Stress invariance in planar Cosserat elasticity

We extend the CLM theorem (Cherkaev, Lurie & Milton, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A (1992) 438, 519-529) to planar linear elastic materials of Cosserat (micropolar) type, that is those having microrotation as an additional degree of freedom besides the two in-plane displacements. More specifically, it is shown that in the first planar problem of such media with smoothly varying material properties, a shift in three, out of four, compliances is possible without changing the stress field; the fourth coefficient represents a connection between the couple stress tensor and the torsion tensor, while the other three represent compliances relating traction-stress vector with the strains. Same shift holds for a locally anisotropic material, whereby the shift tensor is seen to be a multiple of a rotation by a right angle; a null-Lagrangian formulation is set up on this basis. These results are obtained for materials with smooth properties, with natural implications being drawn for their macroscopically effective moduli. Also, it is shown that no shift is possible in case of a pseudo-continuum – a material admitting couple stresses but restricted to have the same connection between rotation and displacement gradient as in classical elasticity. Finally, we establish that there is no shift in the second planar problem which represents a micropolar generalization of the classical out-of-plane elasticity.
Comma restoration using constituency information

Automatic restoration of punctuation from unpunctuated text has application in improving the fluency and applicability of speech recognition systems. We explore the possibility that syntactic information can be used to improve the performance of an HMM-based system for restoring punctuation (specifically, commas) in text. Our best methods reduce sentence error rate substantially --- by some 20%, with an additional 8% reduction possible given improvements in extraction of the requisite syntactic information.
Evaluation of Various Approximations in Atmosphere and Ocean Modeling Based on an Exact Treatment of Gravity Wave Dispersion

AbstractVarious approximations of the governing equations of compressible fluid dynamics are commonly used in both atmospheric and ocean modeling. Their main purpose is to eliminate the acoustic waves that are potentially responsible for inefficiency in the numerical solution, leaving behind gravity waves. The author carries out a detailed study of gravity wave dispersion for seven such approximations, individually and in combination, to exactly evaluate some of the often subtle errors. The atmospheric and oceanic cases are qualitatively and quantitatively different because, although they solve the same equations, their boundary conditions are entirely different and they operate in distinctly different parameter regimes. The atmospheric case is much more sensitive to approximation. The recent “unified” approximation of Arakawa and Konor is one of the most accurate. Remarkably, a simpler approximation, the combined Boussinesq–dynamically rigid approximation turns out to be exactly equivalent to the unified...
KINETIC MODELING OF TIME‐RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE IN SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS

— Time-resolved fluorescence decay profiles following picosecond excitation of plant chloro-plasts or algae are now being measured with high precision and reproducibility. A number of suggestions have been put forward to explain the complex decay kinetics which are observed. In this paper three models are defined explicitly, solved rigorously, and compared in detail with experimental data. The complete description of energy transport in chloroplasts is no doubt very complicated, and only such quantitative comparisons will make it possible to decide which models are consistent with experiments. Of the three models examined, only the heterogeneous bipartite model has solutions which agree with commonly agreed upon features of the data. It offers, therefore, one starting point for more elaborate models and a guide to the design of further experiments.
Evidence for “diminishing returns” from the scaling of stem diameter and specific leaf area

Research indicates that increases in total leaf area (A(T)) may fail to keep pace with increases in total leaf mass (M(L)) across plants differing in size (e.g., as measured by stem diameter, D). This "diminishing returns" hypothesis predicts that the scaling exponent for A(T) vs. M(L) will be less than one and that the exponent for specific leaf mass (i.e., A(T) / M(L)) vs. D will be negative. These predictions were examined using data from 46 plants ranging between 0.125 cm ≤ D ≤ 0.485 m across 25 woody dicot species. Standardized major axis slopes were used to quantify scaling exponents and random effects models were used to quantify species and size effects on the numerical values of exponents. The exponents for A(T) vs. M(L) and A(T) / M(L) vs. D differed among species and different species groupings. In general, the exponent for A(T) vs. M(L) was less than one and the exponent for A(T) / M(L) vs. D was negative, as predicted. However, random effects models indicated that species effects overshadowed size effects, although size effects were statistically significant. The diminishing returns hypothesis therefore receives statistical support, i.e., although the numerical values of exponents are "species-dependent," they are less than unity, as predicted by theory.
The developmental approach to multimedia speech learning

This paper introduces the developmental approach to speech learning, motivated by human cognitive development from infancy to adulthood. Central in the developmental approach is what is called the developmental algorithm. We introduce AA-learning as a basic learning mode for our developmental algorithm. The developmental algorithm enables the system to learn new tasks without a need of reprogramming. Some experimental results for automated animal-like learning (AA-learning) using our developmental algorithm are presented.
A performance-based cost to honest signalling in male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

Sexual signals are considered costly to produce and maintain under the handicap paradigm, and the reliability of signals is in turn thought to be maintained by these costs. Although previous studies have investigated the costly nature of signal production, few have considered whether honesty might be maintained not by the costliness of the signal itself, but by the costs involved in producing the signalled trait. If such a trait is itself costly to produce, then the burden of energetic investment may fall disproportionately on that trait, in addition to any costs of signal maintenance that may also be operating. Under limited resource conditions, these costs may therefore be great enough to disrupt an otherwise reliable signal-to-trait relationship. We present experimental evidence showing that dietary restriction decouples the otherwise honest relationship between a signal (dewlap size) and a whole-organism performance trait (bite force) in young adult male Anolis carolinensis lizards. Specifically, while investment in dewlap size is sustained under low-resource condition relative to the high-resource treatment, investment in bite force is substantially lower. Disruption of the otherwise honest dewlap size to bite force relationship is therefore driven by costs associated with the expression of performance rather than the costs of signal production in A. carolinensis.
The n-r.E. Degrees: Undecidability and σ1substructures

We study the global properties of , the Turing degrees of the n-r.e. sets. In Theorem 1.5, we show that the first order of is not decidable. In Theorem 1.6, we show that for any two n and m with n < m, is not a Σ1-substructure of .
Crustal model for the Middle East and North Africa region: implications for the isostatic compensation mechanism

SUMMARY We present a new 3-D crustal model for the Middle East and North Africa region that includes detailed topography, sediment thickness, and Moho depth values. The model is obtained by collecting, integrating, and interpolating reliable, published sedimentary rock thickness and Moho depth measurements in the Middle East and North Africa region. To evaluate the accuracy of the model, the 3-D gravity response of the model is calculated and compared with available observed Bouguer gravity anomalies in the region. The gravity modelling shows that the new crustal model predicts large portions of the observed Bouguer anomalies. However, in some regions, such as the Red Sea and Caspian Sea regions, where crustal structure is relatively well-determined, the residual anomalies are of the order of a few hundred milligals. Since the new crustal model results in large residual anomalies in regions where reasonably good constraints exist for the model, these large residuals cannot simply be explained by inaccuracies in the model. To analyse the cause of these residuals further we developed an isostatically compensated (Airy-type) Moho-depth model and calculated its gravity response. Isostatic gravity anomalies are in nearly perfect agreement with the observed gravity values. However, the isostatic model differs significantly from the new (3-D) crustal model. If isostasy is to be maintained, crustal and/or upper mantle lateral density variations are needed to explain the large observed gravity residuals.
Political Instability: Its Effects on Financial Development, Its Roots in the Severity of Economic Inequality

We here bring forward strong evidence that political instability impedes financial development, with its variation a primary determinant of differences in financial development around the world. As such, it needs to be added to the short list of major determinants of financial development. First, structural conditions first postulated by Engerman and Sokoloff (2002) as generating long-term inequality are shown here empirically to be exogenous determinants of political instability. Second, that exogenously-determined political instability in turn holds back financial development, even when we control for factors prominent in the last decade’s cross-country studies of financial development. The findings indicate that inequality-perpetuating conditions that result in political instability are fundamental roadblocks for international organizations like the World Bank that seek to promote financial development. The evidence here includes country fixed effect regressions and an instrumental model inspired by Engerman and Sokoloff’s (2002) work, which to our knowledge has not yet been used in finance and which is consistent with current tests as valid instruments. Four conventional measures of national political instability - Alesina and Perotti’s (1996) well-known index of instability, a subsequent index derived from Banks’ (2005) work, and two indices of managerial perceptions of nation-by-nation political instability - persistently predict a wide range of national financial development outcomes for recent decades. Political instability’s significance is time consistent in cross-sectional regressions back to the 1960’s, the period when the key data becomes available, robust in both country fixed-effects and instrumental variable regressions, and consistent across multiple measures of instability and of financial development. Overall, the results indicate the existence of an important channel running from structural inequality to political instability, principally in nondemocratic settings, and then to financial backwardness. The robust significance of that channel extends existing work demonstrating the importance of political economy explanations for financial development and financial backwardness. It should help to better understand which policies will work for financial development, because political instability has causes, cures, and effects quite distinct from those of many of the key institutions most studied in the past decade as explaining financial backwardness.
Intellectualist Aristotelian Character Education: An Outline and Assessment

Since its resurgence in the 1990s, character education has been subject to a bevy of common criticisms, including that it is didactic and crudely behaviorist; premised on a faulty trait psychology; victim-blaming; culturally imperialist, racist, religious, or ideologically conservative; and many other horrible things besides. Matt Ferkany and Benjamin Creed examine an intellectualist Aristotelian form of character education that has gained popularity recently and find that it is largely not susceptible to such criticisms. In this form, character education is education for practically intelligent virtue, or the intrinsically motivated and psychically harmonious exercise of robust and stable traits involving practical intelligence conducive to individual and collective human flourishing.
Thematic mapping with microcomputers: graphic display of social scientific data

This paper presents the current state of thematic mapping with microcomputers. It is intended to afford social scientists a view of the potential of using microcomputer-generated thematic maps as data presentation and research tools. Readers will take from this work an understanding of the types of map they might use for research and data presentation, an understanding of the general process of creating maps with microcomputers, and a view of the capabilities of microcomputer-based mapping software. Graphic images of five types of thematic map are presented. Keywords: thematic maps, microcomputers, microcomputer graphics, mapping software, graphic data display.
Cost considerations and applicant characteristics for the Pediatric Surgery Match

Abstract Background/Purpose Formal training in pediatric surgery is highly competitive. The limited number of accredited positions has historically favored applicants with basic science experience, numerous publications, national presentations, and exposure to well-known pediatric surgeons. This review analyzes characteristics of successful applicants and cost associated with the Match. Methods A survey was e-mailed to 45 applicants after the 2003 Match. Geographic provenance, demographics, qualifications, costs, and valued program characteristics were assessed. Statistics were formulated by χ 2 and Student's t test. Results Thirty-six applicants (80%) responded. Successful characteristics for matched vs unmatched included number of publications, 11.2 vs 5.7 ( P P = .02); basic science papers, 5.7 vs 1.7 ( P P = .02); and presentations at pediatric surgical meetings, 2.0 vs 0.6 ( P = .04). Ninety percent of matched applicants took time off to perform basic science research ( P Conclusions Results of this study are important to those interested in the future of pediatric surgery. Successful applicants were shown to have several national presentations and multiple scientific publications, especially in basic sciences. Applicant costs are high, totaling more than $236,000 for survey respondents.
Incidence of Postpartum Anestrus in Suckled Beef Cattle: Treatments to Induce Estrus, Ovulation, and Conception12

Conception during the first week of the breeding season is limited by the proportion of cows that have resumed normal estrous cycles (cycling) before the beginning of the breeding season. Only 54% of 3,269 beef cows studied were cycling before onset of the breeding season. Parity, days postpartum (DPP), and body condition score (BCS) influenced the proportion of cows cycling as assessed by concentrations of progesterone in blood serum. Compared with multiparous cows, fewer (P 90 d, cycling activity increased (P<0.01) by 7.5 ± 0.7%. As BCS increased from ≤ 3.5 to ≥ 6.0 (1 = thin to 9 = fat), the percentage of cows cycling increased linearly (P<0.01) by 18 ± 2% for each unit increase in BCS. Ovulation was induced most successfully in noncycling cows after injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or GnRH plus a progestin [controlled internal drug release (CIDR®) (Pharmacia Animal Health, Kalamazoo, MI) insert containing progesterone for 7 d following GnRH or 14-d feeding of melengestrol acetate (MGA®) (Pharmacia Animal Health.) ending 12 d before GnRH]. Induction of ovulation after initial GnRH injections was limited in primiparous cows until BCS were ≥ 5.0. In older cows, induction of ovulation increased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing BCS. As BCS increased from ≤ 3.5 to ≥ 6.0, expressed estrus increased (P<0.05), as more cycling than noncycling cows expressed estrus during the first 5 d of the breeding season. Expression of estrus in cycling and noncycling cows was greatest after treatment with prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), when preceded 7 d earlier with a GnRH injection plus a norgestomet (NORG) implant that was removed at the time of PGF2α administration. Compared with treatments consisting of MGA® before GnRH + PGF2α, GnRH + PGF2α, or two injections of PGF2α 14 d apart (2 × PGF), pregnancy rates after timed AI (TAI) were greater (P<0.05) for primiparous cows treated with the CIDR® or NORG for 7 d, if they were inserted or implanted just prior to GnRH injection and if those cows received PGF2α 7 d later at removal of the implant, with TAI occurring between 48 and 60 h later. In multiparous cows, treatments with GnRH + CIDR + PGF2α, GnRH + NORG + PGF2α, and MGA + GnRH + PGF2α, were superior (P<0.05) to the remaining treatments. Based on detected estrus, no treatments studied produced superior conception rates. Of the systems studied, anestrous suckled cows responded best to treatments that included GnRH plus a short-term progestin to maximize ovulation induction before PGF2α administration and expression of estrus and conception after PGF2α administration.
Control of photoinduced fluorescence enhancement of colloidal quantum dots using metal oxides

It is well known that irradiation of colloidal quantum dots can dramatically enhance their emission efficiencies, leading to so-called photoinduced fluorescence enhancement (PFE). This process is the result of the photochemical and photophysical properties of quantum dots and the way they interact with the environment in the presence of light. It has been shown that such properties can be changed significantly using metal oxides. Using spectroscopic techniques, in this paper we investigate emission of different types of quantum dots (with and without shell) in the presence of metal oxides with opposing effects. We observed significant increase of PFE when quantum dots are deposited on about one nanometer of aluminum oxide, suggesting such oxide can profoundly increase quantum yield of such quantum dots. On the other hand, copper oxide can lead to significant suppression of emission of quantum dots, making them nearly completely dark instantly.
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis: a retrospective review of 109 cases in a district general hospital.

SUMMARY In a retrospective survey of 109 patients with gastrointestinal tuberculosis, 91 occurred in immigrants of Asian origin, six were diagnosed at post-mortem, and only 31 had evidence of pulmonary disease. Abdominal pain, weight loss, fever and vomiting were the most common symptoms. Barium contrast studies showed abnormalities in 56 per cent of cases but these could not be distinguished from the changes caused by other chronic inflammatory bowel diseases. Drug treatment was used in all patients, combined with biopsy in 37 and resection in 36. Results of treatment were good with low morbidity and mortality, there were few long-term problems and no relapses have occured.
Semiconducting Properties of Mg 2 Si Single Crystals

High-purity $n$-type single crystals of the semiconducting compound ${\mathrm{Mg}}_{2}$Si were prepared from melts of stoichiometric proportions of the constituents in graphite crucibles; $p$-type crystals were obtained when the melt was doped with silver or copper. Carrier concentrations in the saturation region were as low as 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for $n$-type and 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for $p$-type samples. Electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and Hall coefficient $R$ were measured from 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Hall mobility $\frac{R}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ showed a temperature dependence in the intrinsic range of approximately ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{5}{2}}$ for all samples. At 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, $\frac{R}{\ensuremath{\rho}}$ was as high as 406 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec for $n$-type and 56 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/volt-sec for $p$-type material. The ratio of electron mobility to hole mobility was approximately five. The energy gap, determined from the least-square slopes at high temperature of the curves $log(R{T}^{\frac{3}{2}}) \mathrm{vs} \frac{1}{T}$, was 0.78 ev. The electron mobility at any temperature in the range 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K can be explained quantitatively by a combination of scattering by optical modes and scattering by ionized impurities.
The Neutral Axis in Plastic Bending of Beams

The motion of the neutral axis in symmetrical pure bending of beams in plasticity is discussed. Both perfectly plastic beams and beams with linear strain hardening are considered. A method is given by means of which it is possible to correlate in a simple manner the motion of the neutral axis with the motion of the elastic-plastic boundaries. Formulas are found for the motion of the neutral axis with increasing curvature. Conditions are established for reversal of direction of motion of neutral axis.
Market Development in Central Southern Burundi

Burundi lies by the western arm of the Great Rift Valley, at the head of Lake Tanganyika, and shares frontiers with Zaire, Rwanda and Tanzania. This study centres on that region of Burundi known as Bututsi, an undulating plateau at an altitude of approximately 1800 to 2200 metres. An outline will be given of the development of markets from traditional times, through the colonial experience to the present. A discussion is held on the nature of the market system of this area in the light of present theory and with reference to the information gathered during fieldwork.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Person-Centered Approaches in Schools

This special issue of the Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies journal was commissioned to emphasize the usefulness of person-centered approaches in schooling practices and contexts, br...
NIRS-Based Hyperscanning Reveals Inter-brain Neural Synchronization during Cooperative Jenga Game with Face-to-Face Communication.

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an increasingly popular technology for studying social cognition. In particular, fNIRS permits simultaneous measurement of hemodynamic activity in two or more individuals interacting in a naturalistic setting. Here, we used fNIRS hyperscanning to study social cognition and communication in human dyads engaged in cooperative and non-cooperative interaction while they played the game of Jenga™. Novel methods were developed to identify synchronized channels for each dyad and a structural node-based spatial registration approach was utilized for inter-dyad analyses. Strong inter-brain neural synchrony (INS) was observed in the posterior region of the right middle and superior frontal gyrus, in particular Brodmann area 8, during cooperative and obstructive interaction. This synchrony was not observed during the parallel game play condition and the dialogue section, suggesting that BA8 was involved in goal-oriented social interaction such as complex interactive movements and social decision-making. INS was also observed in the dorsomedial prefrontal region (dmPFC), in particular Brodmann 9, during cooperative interaction only. These additional findings suggest that BA9 may be particularly engaged when theory-of-mind is required for cooperative social interaction. The new methods described here have the potential to significantly extend fNIRS applications to social cognitive research.
The Effects of Reference Prices in Retail Advertisements

This article considers the effects of reference prices in retail advertisements, that is, comparison prices cited as evidence of the savings represented by advertised prices. Reference prices are f...
Astigmatism Outcomes Following Spherical Photorefractive Keratectomy for Myopia

BACKGROUND: Our aim was to examine the change in astigmatism after spherical photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). These effects are essential to optimizing photoastigmatic refractive keratectomy (PARK) to correct astigmatism to within fractions of a diopter. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 98 eyes of 178 patients with mild to moderate myopia and cylinder < or = 1.00 diopter (D) treated with spherical PRK (VISX 20/20 STAR excimer laser system); 31 eyes had epithelium removed mechanically with a blade and 67 eyes by a laser-scrape technique. RESULTS: Refractive astigmatism was reduced by greater than 0.25 D in 27 eyes (28%); refractive astigmatism was induced by greater than 0.25 D in 31 eyes (32%); the average vector-corrected difference between an eye's astigmatism before and after surgery was 0.01 +/- 0.52 D (P = .85). Eyes with high topographic astigmatism but low refractive cylinder before PRK showed an average of 0.07 +/- -0.60 D change in refractive cylinder after PRK. Refractive astigmatism of more than 0.25 D was induced in 16 eyes (44%) that received manual removal of epithelium versus 15 eyes (24%) that received laser removal of epithelium (odds ratio 2.51, P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: When using PRK for astigmatism correction, refractive cylinder before surgery rather than topographic astigmatism may be the most appropriate method for targeting the astigmatism correction, especially when the two values are discordant. An unpredictable mild increase or decrease in astigmatism may be expected.
New perspectives for perfusion imaging in echocardiography

The rapid injection into the coronary circulation of solutions containing microbubbles produces an ultrasonic contrast effect in the myocardium. The time-intensity curves generated by sequential videodensitometric analysis of contrast intensity, which is corrected for myocardial background intensity, resembles the curves used in indicator dilution techniques. Studies done in vitro have demonstrated a direct relation between contrast intensity and amount of microbubbles. In animal studies, measurements derived from these curves correlated with changes in myocardial blood flow assessed by microspheres but with varying controversial results. Differences between investigators in technique of injection and size of microbubbles injected are among the list of factors that will alter the time-intensity curve and explain some of the differences in results between investigators. Several factors limit the application of myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) to the quantitation of myocardial blood flow. Nevertheless, the results from multiple investigations suggest that the technique is sensitive to changes in perfusion and may be applicable to the evaluation of regional coronary reserve and assessment of the results of revascularization procedures. Peak intensity and area under the time-intensity curve have provided consistent results between investigators; therefore, these measurements have been used to assess regional coronary reserve in experimental studies and patients with coronary artery disease. Although the results are encouraging, they cannot distinguish well between normal and mild impairments in coronary reserve and are subject to larger reproducibility errors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Myeloablation with diaziquone: in vitro assessment.

The promising antineoplastic agent diaziquone is associated with prolonged aplasia and rare instances of bone marrow necrosis, but only mild extramedullary toxicity. To explore the drug's potential as a myeloablative agent prior to bone marrow transplantation, we compared its effects on hematopoietic versus marrow stromal cells. After short- term (one to six hours) or prolonged (three to seven days) exposure to the drug, marrow was assayed for hematopoietic (CFU-Mix, BFU-E, CFU-GM) and stromal (CFU-F) colony-forming cells and studied in long-term marrow culture (LTMC). One- and three-hour treatments produced little cytotoxicity, even at 5000 ng/mL. After six-hour treatments with this dose, marrow was depleted of CFU-Mix, BFU-E, and CFU-GM, but produced CFU-GM in LTMCs, indicating an ongoing input of CFU-GM from a surviving pre-CFU-Mix population. In contrast, elimination of the latter may be inferred from the absence of CFU-GM in LTMCs exposed for three to seven days to diaziquone at only 150 ng/mL. Under these conditions, CFU-F recovery was 40% and adherent stromal layers in LTMCs were similar to untreated controls regarding rate of development and cellular composition. Our in vitro pre-CFU-Mix-ablative regimen correlates with clinical data that show prolonged but reversible myelosuppression at steady-state diaziquone plasma levels of 101 +/- 10 ng/mL (mean +/- standard error of mean) during 7-day constant infusions. In conclusion: hematopoietic cells are more sensitive than marrow stromal cells to the dose- and highly time-dependent cytotoxicity of diaziquone, a direct drug-induced noxious effect on the marrow microenvironment is an unlikely cause of the isolated episodes of marrow necrosis after the use of diaziquone in vivo, and prolonged infusion of diaziquone represents an attractive means for achieving myeloablation in selected clinical situations.
Infrared emissivity of seawater and foam at large incidence angles in the 3–14 μm wavelength range

Abstract The emissivity of the sea surface is an important parameter for infrared measurements at large incidence angles, and the increased radiance of foam from breaking wave crests, attributed to the higher emissivity of foam over foam-free water, has not been confirmed experimentally at angles above 65°. Here we report on outdoor laboratory experiments performed to confirm model predictions of a dramatic decrease in seawater emissivity at large incidence angles and to provide the first measurements of foam emissivity in this regime. A method is presented using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to measure the spectral emissivity of seawater and foam at incidence angles from 60° to 85° and wavelengths from 3.5–5.5 to 8–14 μm. The emissivity of water and foam are found to decrease dramatically for incidence angles above 65°, with the decrease being less dramatic for foam than for water. The emissivity of foam is found to be higher than that of water for all wavelengths and incidence angles above 65° where the difference is statistically significant. The difference between the emissivity of foam and the emissivity of water increases with incidence angle and reaches a maximum of 0.23 at 8.9 μm and 85° incidence. The significant difference between the emissivity of foam and water should be accounted for in infrared models of the sea surface at large incidence angles.
Component Moving Region Operations: Implementing Set Operations on Region Streams

Many natural phenomena are intuitively represented as spatiotemporal data objects, or moving objects. For example, vehicles, rivers, hurricanes, low pressure systems, areas of high density of foliage, etc align well with a geometric representation, and all change position or shape over time. Moving object models exist that represent real world objects as point, line, and region geometries that change continuously over time, leading to research into spatiotemporal analysis functionality over these objects. Models of moving objects are ideal for representing data streams that record the motion of spatial data over time. However, the implementation of operations to support spatiotemporal analysis over moving objects, particularly over moving regions, has proven difficult. In this paper, we develop a mechanism to support the implementation of the set operations of intersection, union, and difference between pairs of moving regions. The mechanism builds on the Component Model of Moving Regions and the semantic specifications of its operations. Specifically, we develop a generalized method of computing an intermediate data structure from which the results of various operations are then derived. The mechanism utilizes well-known 2D and 3D operational primitives and achieves O(n lg n) time complexity using appropriate data structures.
Zur inelastischen Streuung in der Kontinuumtheorie

Fur denCompound-Kern des Streuprozesses wird ein kontinuierliches Niveauschema angenommen. Die Hauptschwierigkeiten in der Berechnung des Wirkungsquerschnitts fur die inelastische Streuung werden vermieden durch Berucksichtigung derγ- Strahlung, durch die der erregte Kern wieder in den Grundzustand zuruckkehrt. Die Verhaltnisbildung zweier Wirkungsquerschnitte fur Streuprozesse mit verschiedenen Einfallsenergien, aber gleicherγ-Strahlung erspart einem die Berechnung derγ-Ubergangswahrscheinlichkeit. Das Verhaltnis ist wesentlich spinabhangig. Zahlenmasige Werte werden fur Niveaus von Cd111 gegeben.
Should we be concerned about preserving agency and personal identity in patients with Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation systems

A considerable amount of theoretical neuroethics literature on deep brain stimulation (DBS) has focused on how DBS might impact agency and personal identity. The use of devices that stimulate speci...
Legalizing Marijuana: California’s Pot of Gold?

In early 2009, a member of the California Assembly introduced a bill that would have legalized marijuana in an effort to raise tax revenue and reduce prison costs. While the bill's proponent withdrew the bill, he vowed to renew his efforts in the next term. Other prominent California officials, including Governor Schwarzenegger, have indicated their willingness to study legalization in light of California's budget shortfall. For the first time in over thirty years, politicians are giving serious consideration to a proposal to legalize marijuana. But already, the public debate has degenerated into traditional passionate advocacy, with ardent prohibitionists raising the specter of doom, and marijuana advocates promising billions of dollars in tax revenues and reduced prison costs. Rather than rehashing the old debate about legalizing marijuana, this Essay offers a balanced view of the proposal to legalize marijuana, specifically as a measure to raise revenue and to reduce prison costs. It raises some of the central problems with proponents' arguments, including how their goal of reducing prison costs effectively undercuts their goal of raising revenue. Additionally, it challenges extravagant claims of the prohibitionists that legalizing marijuana will lead to significant increases in marijuana use and attendant social harm. In the end, the author offers a mild endorsement for legalization.
High Blood Cholesterol and High Blood Pressure: State of Knowledge Today and Implications for Prevention and Control of Epidemic Adult Cardiovascular Disease

This presentation aims to review the key data sets on the role of elevated serum cholesterol and elevated blood pressure in the production of mass premature coronary heart disease (CHD). Its purpose is to set down the information needed by the health professions and the general public to act effectively in the growing effort to control the contemporary CHD epidemic in the industrialized countries and to prevent its emergence in the developing countries. To aid in accomplishing this objective, a most useful document is the just published report of the World Health Organization Expert Committee on the Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease1This document summarizes current knowledge on these matters and on that basis presents an effective strategy for the health services and the general public for the effort to control this epidemic. (For an extensive review of the research literature in this field — i.e., the scientific basis of the preventive effort — see also the recently published Volume 2 of the Report of the Working Group on Arteriosclerosis of the U.S. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute2.
Story Structure and Social Structure in Genesis: Circles and Cycles

The patriarchal traditions of Genesis represent one of the most complex tapestries of theme and character development in the Old Testament. Source criticism has provided minute differentiation of textual elements in Genesis, and great diversity of contemporary thinking on the dating of oral traditions, story blocks, and redactional stages of the book (see, for example, Van Seters, 1975; Hayes and Miller, 1977; Thompson, 1974; Gammie, 1979). Structural analysis has been employed as an adjunct activity to source criticism within the community of biblical scholarship and by anthropologists working on problems of social structure and symbolic representation (see Leach 1969; Andriolo, 1973; Carroll, 1977; Marshall, 1979). This essay attempts to unite the broad concerns of structural and semiotic analysis with the source critical questions surrounding the Genesis redaction.