cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol-free diets. 2. Influence of various carbohydrates.

Summary It has been shown that the addition of saturated fat to a semi-synthetic, cholesterol-free ration is atherogenic for rabbits. Experiments were carried out in which the carbohydrate component, which comprised 40 % of the diet, was either glucose, sucrose, starch or hydrolyzed starch. This diet was fed for 33 weeks. Starch was the most hypercholesteremic and atherogenic of the carbohydrates used and glucose was the least. Hydrolyzed starch resulted in higher serum cholesterol levels than did sucrose, but in slightly lower atheromata. Serum β-lipoprotein cholesterol levels were elevated in all four dietary groups, least in the glucose-fed rabbits. The glucose group exhibited normal serum triglyceride and phospholipid levels. Serum phospholipid levels were only slightly elevated in the other dietary groups. Serum triglycerides were twice normal in the sucrose-fed rabbits and were elevated 3- and 5-fold in the starch and hydrolyzed starch groups, respectively. Liver cholesterol levels were elevated (4–6-fold) in all four carbohydrate-fed groups. Aortic cholesterol levels were elevated in all the experimental groups, and the aortic free/ester cholesterol ratio was much lower than that observed in the aortas of normal levels. The biliary bile acids were determined and showed deoxycholic acid to be the predominate component (over 90 %) in all groups. The data suggest that, in rabbits fed semi-synthetic diets, glucose is the least and starch the most atherogenic carbohydrate. In all rabbits fed the semi-synthetic diet, hypercholesteremia, elevations in serum β-lipoprotein cholesterol and atheromata were observed.
The Business of Social Movements

Many of the chapters in this volume concern the role of emotions in collective political behavior. The paradigm they take issue with is a highly rational one, In which social movement activity proceeds much as business activity proceeds. It is spearheaded by ideological entrepreneurs, competing in markets for the allegiance of potential participants. It is based on the calculated employment of well-defined organizing and oppositional strategies. It depends on the use of' these strategies during particular windows of political opportunity.
Vietnam’s Economy: Success Story or Weird Dualism? A SWOT Analysis

A standard approach in business is to conduct something called “SWOT” analysis. This looks at the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats facing a business. This paper will conduct a rudimentary SWOT analysis for the economy of Vietnam. Before beginning the analysis, there will be a brief digression to explain the word “dualism. ”
Discrete-trial functional analysis (DTFA) approach appears practical and effective

This review provides a summary and appraisal commentary on the treatment review by Chezan, L. C., Drasgow, E., & Martin, C. A. (2014). Discrete-trial functional analysis and functional communication training with three adults with intellectual disabilities and problem behavior. Journal of Behavioral Education, 23, 221–246.Source of funding and declaration of interests. There were no funding sources acknowledged and no interests declared.
Variability in Reading Achievement Test Scores as Related to Reading Curriculum

The extent of curriculum biasing was examined for seven criterion-referenced and standardized reading achievement tests in relation to five widely used commercial reading programs at the third grade level. Because of the exaggerated bias found to exist, especially with the standardized achievement tests, caution must be exercised when interpreting test results and using them for educational placement decisions. These types of decisions can best be made when the teacher is aware of the direction and degree of bias for obtained test scores.
Cost-effectiveness of the strong African American families-teen program: 1-year follow-up

Introduction Alcohol use poses a major threat to the health and well being of rural African American adolescents by negatively impacting academic performance, health, and safety. However, rigorous economic evaluations of prevention programs targeting this population are scarce.
Screening and electronic correlations in quantum wires in strong magnetic fields: Filling factor dependence

The screening of the Coulomb interaction in quantum wires, subjected to strong perpendicular magnetic fields, is assessed for integer filling factors $\ensuremath{\nu}l~3$ and low temperatures. Correlations due to bulk screening are rather weak whereas those due to screening at the edges are very strong and smoothen considerably the energy dispersion. The group velocity at the Fermi edge ${v}_{g}{(k}_{\mathrm{F}\ensuremath{\nu}})$ can be one order of magnitude larger than the Hartree velocity ${v}_{g}^{\mathrm{H}}{(k}_{\mathrm{F}\ensuremath{\nu}}).$ The exchange-correlation contribution ${v}_{g}^{\mathrm{ec}}{(k}_{\mathrm{F}})$ to ${v}_{g}{(k}_{\mathrm{F}})$ is proved to be nonsingular and for sufficiently strong magnetic fields ${v}_{g}^{\mathrm{ec}}{(k}_{\mathrm{F}})$ is proportional to ${v}_{g}^{\mathrm{H}}{(k}_{\mathrm{F}\ensuremath{\nu}})$ with a proportionality constant that depends on $\ensuremath{\nu}.$ The dispersion relation, obtained in the screened Hartree-Fock approximation, is in line with the observed strong suppression of the spin splitting for $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ and helps explain the observed destruction or absence of some quantum Hall states. For $\ensuremath{\nu}=2$ the effective ${g}_{\mathrm{op}}^{*}$ factor is constant whereas for $\ensuremath{\nu}=1(3)$ varies strongly across the channel. In addition, the calculated activation energies agree well with those determined experimentally.
Segmental ulceration of the small intestine

Abstract Ten patients with segmental ulceration of the small intestine are presented to illustrate that diverse etiologic factors can be implicated in this unusual entity. Recent reports indicate that thiazide diuretics and potassium may produce small-bowel ulceration. Three of our patients had circumferential ulcers which produced bowel obstruction; each had received these drugs as a part of therapy for cardiovascular disease. One other patient receiving thiazide-potassium therapy had a focal ulcer which perforated; however, the site of perforation was adjacent to an adhesion which fixed the loop of bowel. In this instance torsion also may have played a role. In a fifth patient with known vascular disease, not treated with thiazides or potassium, an ulcer developed in a loop of small intestine fixed by adhesions. In five patients with no history of vascular disease or record of thiazide or potassium administration small-bowel perforations developed. Etiologic factors included penetration of the bowel by ingested foreign bodies (two), blunt abdominal trauma (one), and tumor (two). There has been a striking increase in the incidence of small-bowel ulceration during the past several years. Many of these cases appear to be related to the administration of thiazide diuretics and potassium for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In four of ten patients these agents may have played a role in the development of segmental ulceration. It is unknown whether the local toxic effects of these drugs alone may initiate necrosis or if associated vascular insufficiency is a prerequisite. It would appear that ulceration rarely follows the administration of these agents in the absence of chronic vascular disease.
EFFECTIVE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM-FACTOR OF THE NEUTRINO

The conceptual difficulties affecting the definition of the neutrino electromagnetic form factor are briefly reviewed in the context of the standard model. It is then shown that the radiative corrections ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu};l)}$(${q}^{2}$) and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu};h)}$(${q}^{2}$) relevant to \ensuremath{\nu}-lepton and \ensuremath{\nu}-hadron scattering in the renormalization scheme in which ${\mathrm{sin}}^{2}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\theta}}}_{\mathrm{W}}$\ensuremath{\equiv}1-${\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{W}}^{2}$/${\mathrm{m}}_{\mathrm{Z}}^{2}$, can be separated into two finite and gauge-invariant parts. One part ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu})}$(${q}^{2}$) is target independent and the associated function f(${q}^{2}$)\ensuremath{\equiv}-${q}^{2}$${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu})}$ (${q}^{2}$)/(2${m}_{W}^{2}$) can be interpreted as an effective electromagnetic form factor of the neutrino in the framework of the low-energy theory derived from the standard model at invariant mass scales \ensuremath{\ll}${m}_{W}^{2}$. The observability of this quantity and its dependence on the top-quark mass and the neutrino flavor are discussed. Updated estimates of the hadronic contributions to ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{(\ensuremath{\nu})}$(${q}^{2}$) are given. A strategy to search for \ensuremath{\nu} structure beyond the standard model is outlined.
Experience-based design for integrating the patient care experience into healthcare improvement: Identifying a set of reliable emotion words.

Abstract Background Experience-based design is an emerging method used to capture the emotional content of patient and family member healthcare experiences, and can serve as the foundation for patient-centered healthcare improvement. However, a core tool—the experience-based design questionnaire—requires words with consistent emotional meaning. Our objective was to identify and evaluate an emotion word set reliably categorized across the demographic spectrum as expressing positive, negative, or neutral emotions for experience-based design improvement work. Methods We surveyed 407 patients, family members, and healthcare workers in 2011. Participants designated each of 67 potential emotion words as positive, neutral, or negative based on their emotional perception of the word. Overall agreement was assessed using the kappa statistic. Words were selected for retention in the final emotion word set based on 80% simple agreement on classification of meaning across subgroups. Results The participants were 47.9% (195/407) patients, 19.4% (33/407) family members and 32.7% (133/407) healthcare staff. Overall agreement adjusted for chance was moderate (k=0.55). However, agreement for positive (k=0.69) and negative emotions (k=0.68) was substantially higher, while agreement in the neutral category was low (k=0.11). There were 20 positive, 1 neutral, and 14 negative words retained for the final experience-based design emotion word set. Conclusions We identified a reliable set of emotion words for experience questionnaires to serve as the foundation for patient-centered, experience-based redesign of healthcare. Implications Incorporation of patient and family member perspectives in healthcare requires reliable tools to capture the emotional content of care touch points.
Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during activity in snakes

Oxygen consumption and blood lactate concentration in the snakesColuber constrictor, Crotalus viridis, Lichanura roseofusca andMasticophis flagellum and whole body lactate concentration inCrotalus viridis andMasticophis flagellum were determined under standard conditions and after a bout of maximal activity induced by a 5 min period of mechanical stimulation. Observations were made atTb=35°C inColuber, Crotalus, andMasticophis and 32°C inLichanura. Maximal oxygen consumption inColuber andMasticophis was twice that ofCrotalus and 4 x that ofLichanura (Fig. 1). Post-active whole body lactate concentration inMasticophis was twice that ofCrotalus (Fig. 2). Immediately post-active and 30 min post-active blood lactate concentration inColuber andMasticophis was 1.5 x and 3.5 x that ofCrotalus andLichanura, respectively (Fig. 3). These data support conclusions that: (a) maximal energy production by these snakes correlates well with their respective modes of predation and defense, the highly active predatorsColuber andMasticophis being capable of the greatest net energy production during activity; (b)Coluber andMasticophis exhibit aerobic scopes as high or higher than any other comparably sized reptile heretofore investigated; (c) weight specific anaerobic metabolism probably does not decrease with increasing body size in reptiles; (d) anaerobic metabolism provides >50% of net energy production during five minutes of activity in all species examined (Table 1).
Sooting tendencies of unsaturated esters in nonpremixed flames

Abstract Biodiesel fuels form an important constituent of the renewable energy resources landscape. These fuels are produced through transesterification of fatty acids with methanol or ethanol to yield long-chain methyl or ethyl esters of 16–18 carbon atoms, frequently with one or more C C double bonds. The C C double bonds are expected to play a major role in the combustion chemistry of these biodiesel fuels, especially in the area of soot emission. To better understand the effect of these double bonds on the sooting properties of esters, we have measured the sooting tendencies of twenty C4 to C7 unsaturated esters and report their Yield Sooting Indices (YSI). The C C double bond was found to have a significant effect on the sooting tendency. In most cases, the unsaturated ester was more sooting than its saturated counterpart, although the increase in sooting tendency was strongly influenced by other structural features of the compound. Esters with the C C double bond nearest the carbonyl group had lower increases in the sooting tendency from the parent saturated ester than compounds where the C C double bond was further along the carbon backbone. Unsaturated methyl esters had larger increases in YSI (compared to their parent saturated ester) than unsaturated ethyl or propyl esters. The strong dependence of the sooting tendencies of these esters on their chemical structure indicates the complexity of the chemical processes involved, and is an important area for further studies of these compounds.
Properties of the human erythrocyte glucose transport protein are determined by cellular context.

Human erythrocyte hexose transfer is mediated by the glucose transport protein GLUT1 and is characterized by a complexity that is unexplained by available hypotheses for carrier-mediated sugar transport [Cloherty, E. K., Heard, K. S., and Carruthers, A. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 10411−10421]. The study presented here examines the possibility that the operational properties of GLUT1 are determined by host cell environment. A glucose transport-null strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (RE700A) was transfected with the p426 GPD yeast expression vector containing DNA encoding the wild-type human glucose transport protein (GLUT1), mutant GLUT1 (GLUT1338-A3), or carboxy-terminal hemagglutinin-polyHis-tagged GLUT1 (GLUT1-HA-H6). GLUT1 and GLUT1-HA-H6 are expressed at the yeast cell membrane and restore 2-deoxy-d-glucose, 3-O-methylglucose, and d-glucose transport capacity to RE700A. GLUT1-HA-H6 confers GLUT1-specific sugar transport characteristics to transfected RE700A, including inhibition by cytochalasin B and hi...
Cyclic antiautomorphisms of Mendelsohn triple systems

Abstract A cyclic triple ( a , b , c ) is defined to be set {( a , b ),( b , c ),( c , a )} of ordered pairs. A Mendelsohn triple system of order v , M (2, 3, v ), is a pair ( M , β ), where M is a set of v points and β is a collection of cyclic triples of pairwise distinct points of M such that any ordered pair of distinct points of M is contained in precisely one cyclic triple of β. An antiautomorphism of a Mendelsohn triple system ( M , β ) is a permutation of M which maps β to β -1 , where β -1 ={( c , b , a ); ( a , b , c ) ϵβ }. In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a Mendelsohn triple system of order v admitting an antiautomorphism consisting of a single cycle of length d and having v - d fixed points. Further, we give a more general result for partial Mendelsohn triple systems in which the missing ordered pairs are precisely those containing two fixed points.
Two-stage microplastic surface deformation in Al 2219-T851

Abstract A theory of the cyclic deformation of a microplastic surface grain is developed that enables the deduction of the mechanical properties of individual grains from certain strain measurements. The measurements are of the hysteresis loop widths measured at zero external stress after a step change in cyclic stress range. To account for the available data, the grain must be presumed to have a lower flow stress corresponding to the onset of measurable plasticity, and an upper flow stress above which flow is nearly perfectly plastic. Only the largest grains, more than twice the average in size, are found to exhibit plasticity. These are, therefore, usually surrounded by an essentially elastic matrix. An application of the model to determine the mechanical properties of two such individual surface grains in an Al 2219-T851 alloy is described.
The Importance of 'Nutshells'

If I were asked to make a very short list of the main events in western legal history I would choose: the flowering of Roman private law until the end of the so-called classical period around 235 A.D.; the codification of Roman law between 528 and 534 by the Byzantine emperor, Justinian I; the Reception of Roman law in western Europe (and beyond) from the late eleventh century onwards; the development of English common law into a recognizable system; and its spread overseas in English-speaking territories, especially North America; the European codification movement from the eighteenth century onwards, most notably the French Code civil of 1804, and its influence on Codes in Europe and Latin America. In all of these the role of "Nutshells" was of vital importance.' Indeed, although I use the term "Nutshell," I am thinking of something even more restricted in scope. In what follows I will use that term to designate books written as teaching manuals (whether in a law school or for home study) for beginning law students or to instruct non-lawyers in the elements of the law: books, at that, with a wide scope, covering at least the whole of private law. Such Nutshells are less detailed than many in West's celebrated Nutshell Series. Nutshells are also valuable student aids for examination preparation, but that aspect will not be stressed here.2 Nutshells even come to be statute law (with, of course, wider implications) and, as such, are prominent in modern law. The facts that I wish to present are obvious and, indeed, known, and they would be denied (I believe) by no scholar in the fields. But they are under-emphasized, and not considered together. When the facts are put together, they present an (almost) unbelievable picture.
Electron and ion transport in magnetron plasmas

We demonstrate experimentally that there is a strong link between electron transport and ion transport in sputtering magnetron plasmas. Electron densities and discharge currents for He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe discharges are measured and used to infer the charged particle confinement time. We find that the confinement time increases with ion mass. Further we find fair agreement between the experimental results and a model which assumes that ion motion is collisionless and unmagnetized, and that the spatial dependence of the electric potential and ion source are similar in the different discharges.
Women and Depression

suffering is incalculable. In addition to the despair and loss of pleasure suffered by depressed individuals (and their families), two thirds of the 30,000 reported suicides in this country each year may be linked to clinical depression. The economic expense to American society in lost productivity and health care is stag gering. Annual costs for "mental ill ness" exceeded $129 billion in 1988. Depression and the affective disorders are recurrent and consti tute a major public and mental health problem. Still, they are often unrecognized, undiagnosed, and untreated. The predominant affective disor ders are major depressive disorder, affecting some 3% of our adult pop ulation; dysthymia, affecting an other 3%; and bipolar disorder (manic-depression), which affects about 1% of our citizens. Depres sion also often accompanies physi cal illness and may be a response to high-stress and disruptive life events. No sex diff?rences are found for bi
The Inhibition of gypsum and barite nucleation in NaCl brines at temperatures from 25 to 90°C

Abstract The inhibition of gypsum and barite nucleation in NaCl brines by phosphonates and polycarboxylates was studied at 25, 50, 70 and 90°C in terms of the prolonged induction period. Hexamethylene-diaminetetra (methylene phosphonic) acid (HDTMP) was found to be an effective inhibitor for the scaling of calcium sulfate dihydrate. Hydroxyethylene-1, 1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP) and phosphinopolycarboxylic acid (PPPC) were found to be effective inhibitors for barium sulfate scaling. The inhibition of nucleation through prolongation of the nucleation induction period likely resulted from an increase in the interfacial tension between the crystal and aqueous solution due to the presence of the inhibitors. It was observed that the inhibition of nucleation depends highly on the lattice cation/anion molar ratio and the pH of the solution as well as the degree of supersaturation and temperature for a given inhibitor.
Current efficiencies and regeneration of poisoned raney nickel in the electrohydrogenation of glucose to sorbitol

Poisoning of the Raney nickel cathode during the paired syntheses of sorbitol and gluconic acid has been studied. Sorbitol poisons the Raney nickel powder cathode and sorbitol current efficiencies decrease from 100% to <50%. Current losses of the poisoned Raney nickel were due to hydrogen evolution. Electrocatalytic activity was restored by washing the Raney nickel in a 17 wt% NaOH solution at 60°. This procedure, when performedin situ for the undivided packed bed flow reactor, increased sorbitol current efficiencies from 35–45% to 70–100%. The effects of glucose concentration and applied current on sorbitol and gluconic acid current efficiencies havealso been examined. High sorbitol current efficiencies were obtained with fresh Raney nickel when glucose concentrations were high and the current low. The high gluconic acid current efficiencies were independent of current and glucose concentration. To maintain high sorbitol current efficiencies as glucose was consumed, a systematic procedure for lowering the applied current was developed in which the current was decreased from 500 mA per 10 g of Raney nickel at 1.6M glucose to <100 mA per 10 g at 0.2M glucose.
Cd2+ versus Zn2+ uptake by the ZIP8 HCO3--dependent symporter: kinetics, electrogenicity and trafficking.

Abstract The mouse Slc39a8 gene encodes the ZIP8 transporter, which has been shown to be a divalent cation/ HCO 3 - symporter. Using ZIP8 cRNA-injected Xenopus oocyte cultures, we show herein that: [a] ZIP8-mediated cadmium (Cd2+) and zinc (Zn2+) uptake have Vmax values of 1.8 ± 0.08 and 1.0 ± 0.08 pmol/oocyte/h, and Km values of 0.48 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.09 μM, respectively; [b] ZIP8-mediated Cd2+ uptake is most inhibited by Zn2+, second-best inhibited by Cu2+, Pb2+ and Hg2+, and not inhibited by Mn2+ or Fe2+; and [c] electrogenicity studies demonstrate an influx of two HCO 3 - anions per one Cd2+ (or one Zn2+) cation, i.e. electroneutral complexes. Using Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) polarized epithelial cells retrovirally infected with ZIP8 cDNA and tagged with hemagglutinin at the C-terminus, we show that—similar to ZIP4—the ZIP8 eight-transmembrane protein is largely internalized during Zn2+ homeostasis, but moves predominantly to the cell surface membrane (trafficking) under conditions of Zn2+ depletion.
Timing of operative vaginal delivery and associated perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women

Objective. To compare perinatal outcomes in nulliparous women who had operative vaginal delivery early during second stage (1–3 h) to those who delivered vaginally with a prolonged second stage (>3...
Coordinate structures in English

: Comparable samples of speech and writing in the British and American components of the International Corpus of English were examined to study certain formal and functional properties of coordinate structures in English. This analysis indicated that and is a primary coordinator in English, and that but and or are more peripheral; that the concept of coordination without a coordinator (so-called asyndetic coordination) should be made more precise by requiring that some other signal of coordination be present (e.g. ellipsis found only in coordinate structures); and that because coordinate structures in speech violate certain grammatical constraints on coordination, coordination is best viewed as a grammatical category whose constraints are sometimes violated in speech for purely pragmatic (i.e. communicative) reasons.
Performance of antiscatter grids in diagnostic radiology: experimental measurements and Monte Carlo simulation studies.

We have devised an experimental method with which one can accurately measure the transmission of primary radiation and the transmission of total radiation by an antiscatter grid in a setting similar to a practical radiographic examination. We measured the transmission values for 27 combinations of x‐ray tube potentials, phantom thicknesses, screen–film systems, and grid parameters. The standard deviation of one measurement was estimated to be 2.9% and 1.5% for the total and primary transmissions, respectively. The measured grid transmission was compared with results predicted by our Monte Carlo calculations; 92% of the measured and calculated values agree within two standard deviations. This close agreement indicates that our Monte Carlo calculation can accurately predict the performance of antiscatter grids under diagnostic imaging conditions.
Expression of membrane-bound and secreted forms of equine herpesvirus 1 glycoprotein D by recombinant baculovirus

Analyses of the synthesis and processing of recombinant full-length glycoprotein D of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1; gD392) or recombinant truncated gD (gD352) expressed in baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells revealed the following: (1) gD polypeptides encoded by both recombinant baculoviruses react with gD-specific antibodies including peptide-specific antiserum that neutralizes EHV-1 in a plaque reduction assay, (2) both the full-length recombinant gD392 and the truncated gD352 are expressed predominantly as gD species that contain high mannose-type oligosaccharides (55 kDa and 52 kDa, respectively), (3) both the full-length recombinant gD392 and the truncated gD352 are also expressed in lesser amounts as gD species that contain complex-type oligosaccharides (58 kDa and 55 kDa, respectively) as well as the unglycosylated forms of gD (43 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively), (4) flow cytometric analyses of cells expressing gD392 revealed that gD first appears on the cell surface at 24 h post infection; by 60 h, 95% of the cells express high levels of cell surface gD, (5) cells expressing gD352, in contrast to cells expressing gD392, secrete gD into the extracellular medium. This initial demonstration that immunoreactive EHV-1 glycoprotein D can be produced as a secreted polypeptide in the baculovirus system should provide reagents to assess the potential use of gD as a subunit vaccine in an animal model.
A New Era of Test-Based Educational Accountability

I thank Isaac Bejar for organizing this issue and for asking me to be a part of it. With Race to the Top Assessment Program proposals (U.S. Department of Education, April 2010) recently due, the to...
Update on next generation metrology tool for DPL reticles

Double Patterning Lithography (DPL) techniques for next generation wafer exposures are placing greater demand on the requirements for pattern placement accuracy on photomasks for three reasons. First, a new source of wafer overlay error results from interactions between the two masks, so the specification for each individual mask must be tightened to compensate. Second, specifications have become so tight that the distortion caused by the pellicle bending the mask has become a significant contributor to the wafer overlay error budget. Pellicle-induced distortions are particularly insidious because they are not repeatable from substrate to substrate. Third, the tightening of overlay specifications demands tighter e-beam pattern placement control throughout the die, regardless of pattern density. This makes measuring actual features in-die instead of registration test structures important. The combination of increased demand for greater pattern placement accuracy, a need to characterize the influence of pellicle distortions, and the requirement to measure actual device features drives the need for a pattern placement metrology system capable of high resolution through-pellicle in-die measurements. Key enablers of this capability include high measurement resolution, a low noise platform and a long working distance objective. This paper reports experimental results on mask features of various sizes using a next-generation pattern placement metrology system designed to meet the strict DPL requirements outlined here.
Association Models and Canonical Correlation in the Analysis of Cross-Classifications Having Ordered Categories

Abstract The association models considered in Goodman (1979a) for the analysis of cross-classifications having ordered categories are presented in a somewhat different form in the present article to facilitate comparison of the results obtained using these models with those obtained using the earlier canonical correlation approach. Both the association models and the canonical correlation approach can provide meaningful scores for the row and column categories, and these scores can be used to partition into relevant components the usual chi-squared statistic for testing the null hypothesis of statistical independence between the row classification and column classification. However, while the usual procedure for testing the statistical significance of chi-squared components is invalid when these components are based on the canonical correlations, a corresponding procedure is valid when these components are obtained with the association models. The components of association obtained with the association mo...
A topology‐based multilevel scheme for fast integral‐equation methods

A topology-based multilevel scheme is proposed for fast integral-equation simulations. Low-level subdomains are formed at first by exploring topological connectivity between basis functions. Profile reduction and quad-tree image compression are then applied to construct a heuristic multilevel scheme from a symbolic rank map. Numerical results verified this approach and demonstrated its computational efficiency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 52:2195–2198, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.25468
Effects of TCDD upon IκB and IKK subunits localized in microsomes by proteomics

Abstract Biochemical studies have shown that microsomes represent an important subcellular fraction for determining 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) effects. Proteomic analysis by two-dimensional gel-mass spectrometry of liver microsomes was undertaken to gain new insight into the actions of TCDD in male and female rats. Proteomic analysis showed TCDD induced several xenobiotic metabolism enzymes as well as a protein at 90 kDa identified by mass spectrometry as IκB kinase β/IKK2. This observation led to the discovery of other NF-κB binding proteins and kinases in microsomes and effects by TCDD. Western blotting for IKK and IκB family members in microsomes showed a distinct pattern from cytosol. IKK1 and IKK2 were both present in microsomes and were catalytically active although, unlike cytosol, IKKγ/NEMO was not detectable. TCDD exposure produced an elevation in cytosolic and microsomal IKK activity of both genders. The NF-κB binding proteins IκBβ and IκBγ were prevalent in microsomes, while IκBα and IκBe proteins were absent. TCDD treatment produced hyperphosphorylation of microsomal IκBβ in both sexes with females being most sensitive. In cytosol, IκBα, IκBβ, and IκBe, but not IκBγ, were clearly observed but were not changed by TCDD. Overall, proteomic analysis indicated the presence of NF-κB pathway members in microsomes, selectively altered by dioxin, which may influence immune and inflammatory responses within the liver.
Multi-user data sharing in radar sensor networks

In this paper, we focus on a network of rich sensors that are geographically distributed and argue that the design of such networks poses very different challenges from traditional "mote-class" sensor network design. We identify the need to handle the diverse requirements of multiple users to be a major design challenge, and propose a utility-driven approach to maximize data sharing across users while judiciously using limited network and computational resources. Our utility-driven architecture addresses three key challenges for such rich multi-user sensor networks: how to define utility functions for networks with data sharing among end-users, how to compress and prioritize data transmissions according to its importance to end-users, and how to gracefully degrade end-user utility in the presence of bandwidth fluctuations. We instantiate this architecture in the context of geographically distributed wireless radar sensor networks for weather, and present results from an implementation of our system on a multi-hop wireless mesh network that uses real radar data with real end-user applications. Our results demonstrate that our progressive compression and transmission approach achieves an order of magnitude improvement in application utility over existing utility-agnostic non-progressive approaches, while also scaling better with the number of nodes in the network.
Patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia commonly present with iron deficiency and those with severely depressed transferrin saturation levels show response to parenteral iron administration.

Anemia often prompts therapy in Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), although is not fully explained by bone marrow disease involvement in many patients. Hepcidin regulates gut absorption and distribution of iron and is elevated and associated with anemia in WM. Since hepcidin evaluation remains experimental, we initiated an American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) practice improvement project to determine baseline transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels in untreated anemic patients with WM. Among 108 patients with WM evaluated, 56 (52%) had a TSAT level ≤ 20%, which included 25 (23%) patients with severely depressed TSAT levels (≤ 10%). Sixteen patients with TSAT levels ≤ 10% received parenteral iron, and 14 of these patients showed improved hematocrit values (28.75% to 32.75%; P < .0001), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (84.7 to 89.9; P = .006), and TSAT levels (8.1% to 21.2%; P < .0001). Anemia in 8 of these patients was previously refractory to oral iron therapy. Routine screening of iron saturation levels may therefore identify patients with WM and severe iron deficiency who may be candidates for parenteral iron therapy.
Self-reported adherence to medications in a pediatric renal clinic: psychological aspects.

Background Chronically ill children and adolescents comprise a vulnerable population that requires specific considerations in order to positively impact their treatment outcome. Pediatric renal patients can be non-compliant and also forgetful in taking their medications. Objective The objectives of the study were to (a) assess medication adherence and (b) to identify emotionality and variables that influence non-adherence by use of "The Child & Adolescent Adherence to Medication Questionnaire" (CAAMQ), which was constructed at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. Methods Pediatric renal patients from 10 to 21 years-of-age, taking three or more medications, for longer than a three-month period, were eligible to complete the CAAMQ. Results Thirty-four patients participated in the study. Many of the respondents had problems remembering to take their medications on weekends (P = 0.021). The majority of the patients stated that they were not bothered about having to take their medications (70.6%); and that taking pills did not interfere with their daily activities (85.3%). Open-ended questions in the CAAMQ identified patients' feelings of sadness, distress, and the importance of strong family support systems. The study participants reported that they preferred to take their medications at school, in the nurses' office or in a place where privacy was assured. The results indicated that Prednisone was the most disliked of all of the medications. Female patients were more reactive and secretive than males regarding peers knowing about their disease and medication schedules (P Conclusions Non-adherence in pediatric patients is a complex and serious problem, which ultimately affects the patients' health. Privacy and daily routine were found to impact the patients' adherence to medications. Creative and individualized reminders for teenagers need to be developed and validated. Further studies that take into consideration developmental and motivational factors may help researchers identify modifiable psychosocial predictors that will lead to improved medication adherence.
Reproducibility of an automated scheme for the detection of clustered microcalcifications on digital mammograms

Computer-aided diagnosis can be defined as a diagnosis made by a radiologist who takes into account the computerized analysis of the radiograph. The potential advantage of this approach is that errors by human observers that are caused by intra-observer variation, can be caught by the computer, which performs a thorough, methodical search of the image. However, if the input image to computer comes from a digitized radiograph, then the process of digitization introduces variability into the computer analysis of the image. Because the film digitizer samples the image, re-digitization will not necessarily produce the exact same digital image, and subsequently, the computerized scheme may produce different results on the different samples of the original image. The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of variability introduced by film digitization by measuring the reproducibility of our computerized scheme for the detection of clustered microcalcifications on mammograms when the mammogram is digitized a number of times. We have found in general that if the detected cluster (either a true or false cluster) corresponds to some obvious anatomical structure, then the cluster will be re-detected upon re-digitization. If, however, the cluster corresponds to low contrast objects within the breast, including image noise, then the cluster is not likely to be re- detected. As a result, true clusters tend to be much more reproducible than false-positive clusters. In the future, when direct digital radiographs are used as input to the computerized schemes, problems with reproducibility will not exist.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ophthalmic Clinical Pharmacology Reiview: Epinephrine and the Therapy of the Glaucomas

AbstractAny attempt to understand the role of epinephrine in the treatment of the glaucomas requires an understanding of the different pathophysiologies within this group of diseases and an appreciation for the pharmacodynamics of epinephrine's ability to lower intraocular pressure. This review attempts to correlate the pharmacology of epinephrine with recent advances in related medical sciences. Epinephrine's actions and uses are reinterpreted from the viewpoint provided by these advances and their relevance to current ophthalmic practice is underscored. Emphasis is on the application of epinephrine's pharmacodynamics to ophthalmic therapeutics. These objectives are consistent with the philosophy and purpose of ophthalmic clinical pharmacology.
The implementation of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of Eastern Europe's totalitarian regimes, a consensus seems to have emerged, worldwide, for the introduction of new standards into international standards, commonly called 'democratic clauses'. The aim of these clauses is to promote the emergence of and contribute to the development of states based on respect for certain democratic principles in the world, particularly in Africa. However, the impact of these standards and principles seems to have been relatively limited. As a continent which, in 45 years, has experienced almost 85 coups d'etat, as well as one-party regimes, states hooked into the 'sacrosanct' principle of non-interference in internal affairs, dictatorships known as among the worst in the world, and which was the theatre, between 1963 and 1998, of nearly 26 armed conflicts which affected about 61 per cent of its population, Africa urgently needed to call on these standards and principles in order to promote the return to peace, security and stability in certain of its regions.
Gender Equality and the Rights of Women and Girls

Joan French lists key aspects of UNICEF's approach to child rights and gender equality. She underlines that the rights of women and girls are inextricably linked and can only be achieved through complementary and collaborative action.
Impact of a Bronchiolitis Guideline on ED Resource Use and Cost: A Segmented Time-Series Analysis

OBJECTIVE: Bronchiolitis is a major cause of infant morbidity and contributes to millions of dollars in health care costs. Care guidelines may cut costs by reducing unnecessary resource utilization. Through the implementation of a guideline, we sought to reduce unnecessary resource utilization and improve the value of care provided to infants with bronchiolitis in a pediatric emergency department (ED). METHODS: We conducted an interrupted time series that examined ED visits of 2929 patients with bronchiolitis, aged 1 to 12 months old, seen between November 2007 and April 2013. Outcomes were proportion having a chest radiograph (CXR), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) testing, albuterol or antibiotic administration, and the total cost of care. Balancing measures included admission rate, returns to the ED resulting in admission within 72 hours of discharge, and ED length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: There were no significant preexisting trends in the outcomes. After guideline implementation, there was an absolute reduction of 23% in CXR (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11% to 34%), 11% in RSV testing (95% CI: 6% to 17%), 7% in albuterol use (95% CI: 0.2% to 13%), and 41 minutes in ED LOS (95% CI: 16 to 65 minutes). Mean cost per patient was reduced by $197 (95% CI: $136 to $259). Total cost savings was $196 409 (95% CI: $135 592 to $258 223) over the 2 bronchiolitis seasons after guideline implementation. There were no significant differences in antibiotic use, admission rates, or returns resulting in admission within 72 hours of discharge. CONCLUSIONS: A bronchiolitis guideline was associated with reductions in CXR, RSV testing, albuterol use, ED LOS, and total costs in a pediatric ED.
Evolution of Darwin's Finches Caused by a Rare Climatic Event

Populations of animals and plants often undergo conspicuous ecological changes when subjected to climatic extremes. Evolutionary changes may accompany them but are less easily detected. We show that Darwin9s finches on a Galapagos island underwent two evolutionary changes after a severe El Nino event caused changes in their food supply. Small beak sizes were selectively favoured in one granivorous species when large seeds became scarce. The effects of selection were transmitted to the next generation as a result of high trait heritabilities. Hybridization between this species and two others resulted in gene exchange, but only after the El Nino when hybrid fitness was much enhanced under the altered feeding conditions. These observations imply that if global warming increases the frequency or severity of El Nino events on the Galapagos, microevolutionary changes in animal and plant populations are to be anticipated.
A pox virus of the army cutworm

Abstract A pox virus was isolated from a field-collected larva of the army cutworm, Euxoa auxiliaris . Death of diseased larvae usually occurred 16–18 days after infection when from 1 to 1.5 million polyhedral inclusion bodies per milligram of larval tissue were recovered. The primary site of viral replication appeared to be the cytoplasm of fat body cells; limited infection occurred in the tracheal matrix and gut musculature. Within the fat body, oval immature virions bounded by double membranes were observed budding from viroplasms. After further maturation but before they were occluded in a protein matrix, these virions contained brick-shaped cores. Mature virions, which measured 165 × 260 nm and were loosely bounded by a wavy membrane, were occluded in polyhedra that averaged 3.7 × 4.7 μ.
Transaction of cognitive-linguistic abilities and adult input : a case study of the acquisition of colour terms and colour-based subordinate object categories

Data from a comprehensive diary study of early lexical development were analysed to document the acquisition of colour terms and the acquisition of colour-based subordinate object categories by one child who learned all 11 basic colour terms prior to age 2:0 years. The pattern of child colour-term production and adult feedback for colour-term usage was recorded beginning with the first production of a colour term. Information concerning the child's non-linguistic knowledge of colour categories, comprehension of colour-terms, syntactic development, acquisition of colour-based subordinate object categories and adult strategies of introduction of colour terms and colour-based subordinate object categories also was available. Findings support a transactional process between this child's cognitive-linguistic knowledge and adult input.
Procurement models in the agricultural supply chain: A case study of online coffee auctions in India

During the past few years, several innovative IT-based applications have emerged around the world that promise to bridge the proverbial ''digital divide'' by linking growers directly to domestic and international markets through the Internet. Online commodity auctions are an example of such initiatives and have the potential to impact the livelihood of millions around the world. However, an important factor that affects the benefits obtained by growers is the supply chain structure that results from the introduction of the online platform. In this paper, we provide a case study of an online coffee auction established in India for selling various grades of coffee beans. The focus of the case study is on the supply chain structure that is likely to evolve under various product and supplier characteristics. We argue that the online direct selling of commodities by growers is likely to evolve only under a certain set of conditions. We also argue that governments and platform providers can facilitate online direct selling by growers through initiatives that increase the bargaining power of the growers and increase the confidence of the buyer to directly procure from lesser known growers.