cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of slag characteristics on sulfate durability of Portland cement-slag blended systems

Abstract Sulfate resistance of Portland cement-slag mixtures was compared at 30, 50 and 70% cement replacement levels for slags with variable Al2O3 and MgO content and variable fineness in combination with moderate- and high-C3A cements. Sulfate resistance generally decreased with increasing slag Al2O3 content, although decreasing MgO also increased deterioration, particularly at 30% replacement. Increase in Al2O3 correlated with increased formation of secondary ettringite in the surface of the bars. A linear relationship was observed between the solid volume increase on exposure to sulfate solution predicted by GEMS and the MgO/Al2O3 ratio of slag at all cement replacement levels. There was also a linear relationship between the solid volume increase and the length of the induction period for the mortar bars exposed to sulfate solution.
Introduction to the Book: “Ahead of the Curve”

Louisiana is a state subject to extensive extreme weather which is now being exacerbated by climate change. From its experiences are drawn by the chapter authors’ deep adaptation challenges that have been addressed with varying success. The chapters of this edited book offer analysis of how such issues have emerged and what actions should be considered to improve the state’s climate change responses. Importantly the authors assert that adaptation to climate change benefits from careful appreciation of the dynamics that have reduced adaptation to extreme weather in general; identifying extreme weather events as climate-induced only makes these harmful dynamics even more so, not something that can be put aside as the new concept enters the framing. Harm done by adaptation must also be part of the analysis. Combined with consideration of what past disasters teach us is the question of the utility of a new focusing of adaptation efforts at the local and state levels.
Is there a role for therapeutic hypothermia administration in term infants with mild neonatal encephalopathy

Identifying term infants presenting with early mild neonatal encephalopathy (NE) as candidates for therapeutic hypothermia (TH) remains unclear. Study objectives were to characterize the neonatal clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and longer-term outcome in infants with mild NE treated with TH. Retrospective cohort study of infants admitted with mild or moderate NE treated with TH. Enrollment criteria included a sentinel event, severe acidosis, DR interventions, and low Apgar scores. Infants with mild (n = 11) and moderate NE (n = 37) received TH. Mild NE findings included hyperalertness (64%), hypotonia (73%), high level sensory response (91%); 64% progressed to moderate NE. Infants with mild vs. moderate NE had less severe MRI changes (0 vs. 16%) and no cerebral palsy (CP) (0 vs. 13%). Outcomes were favorable with mild NE whereas four infants with moderate NE developed CP. A potential role for TH in this population requires further study.
The synchrony of cover crop decomposition, enzyme activity, and nitrogen availability in a corn agroecosystem in the Midwest United States

Cover cropping is commonly associated with increased soil microbial activity and soil health. Cover cropping in the Upper Mississippi River Basin has increased rapidly in the last decade due to the demonstrated ability that cover crops can increase soil health and decrease nitrate losses in tile-drained fields. One reason cover cropping is not adopted in the Midwest United States is the lack of knowledge on the synchrony of cover crop residue nitrogen (N) release and corn N demand. Therefore, the overarching goal of this research was to investigate soil enzyme activity and inorganic N availability during the decomposition period of common winter cover crops. Objectives were: i) to determine if soil enzyme activity (β-glucosidase and urease) is influenced by different cover crops (cereal rye (CR), hairy vetch (HV), and HV/CR mixture) and tillage systems (reduced tillage and no-tillage residue management) during the residue decomposition period, and ii) to determine the relationship between soil enzyme activity, inorganic N availability, and critical corn growth stages during cover crop decomposition. Cover crops in this study were selected due to contrast in residue carbon (C):N ratios, their commonality among regional farmers, and their differences in physiology. Spring tillage and no-tillage were investigated because of the differing levels of soil disturbance and residue incorporation. Enzyme activities were quantified at seven sampling dates following cover crop termination from April-October during the 2016 and 2017 corn growing seasons. Results revealed significant effects of sampling date (p < 0.001) and cover crop treatment (p < 0.05) on soil β-glucosidase activity and significant interaction effects between sampling date and cover crop treatment (p < 0.05) on potential soil urease activity. Tillage had a significant impact on soil β-glucosidase (p < 0.001) and urease (p < 0.05) activities in 2017, with higher activity observed in the no-tillage soil. These findings indicate that enzyme activity fluxes can be observed in agroecosystems one year after introducing conservation practices, such as cover crops and no-tillage. Greater than 50 % of C release from cover crop residue occurred from corn emergence to tasseling, and significantly greater β-glucosidase activity for CR-based treatments during corn peak N demand did not result in more soil inorganic N. This indicates a loss of plant-available N from the agroecosystem, which could be attributed to N immobilization by the soil microbial community. This study demonstrates a need to develop adaptive N fertilization management for corn that can overcome the potential impact of N immobilization during peak corn N demand following CR.
Peripheral nerve resident macrophages are microglia-like cells with tissue-specific programming

Whereas microglia are recognized as fundamental players in central nervous system (CNS) development and function, much less is known about macrophages of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Here we show that self-maintaining PNS macrophages share unique features with CNS microglia. By comparing gene expression across neural and conventional tissue-resident macrophages, we identified transcripts that were shared among neural resident macrophages as well as selectively enriched in PNS macrophages. Remarkably, PNS macrophages constitutively expressed genes previously identified to be upregulated by activated microglia during aging or neurodegeneration. Several microglial activation-associated and PNS macrophage-enriched genes were also expressed in spinal cord microglia at steady state. While PNS macrophages arose from both embryonic and hematopoietic precursors, their expression of activation-associated genes did not differ by ontogeny. Collectively, these data uncover shared and unique features between neural resident macrophages and emphasize the role of nerve environment for shaping PNS macrophage identity.
Beyond linear mediation: Toward a dynamic network approach to study treatment processes

Few clinical scientists would disagree that more research is needed on the underlying mechanisms and processes of change in psychological therapies. In the dominant current approach, processes of change are studied through mediation. The study of mediation has been largely structured around a distinction between moderation and mediation first popularized by Baron and Kenny's (1986) seminal article, which is based on a nomothetic and cross-sectional framework. In this article, we argue that this approach is unable to adequately address change processes in psychological therapies, because it falsely assumes that treatment change is a linear, unidirectional, pauci-variate process and that the statistical assumptions are met to study processes of change in an individual using a nomothetic approach. In contrast, we propose that treatment is a dynamic process involving numerous variables that may form bi-directional and complex relationships that differ between individuals. Such relationships can best be studied using an individual dynamic network approach connected to nomothetic generalization methods that are based on a firm idiographic foundation. We argue that our proposal is available, viable, and can readily be integrated into existing research strategies. We further argue that adopting an individual dynamic network approach combined with experimental analyses will accelerate the study of treatment change processes, which is necessary as the field of evidence-based care moves toward a process-based model. We encourage future research to gather empirical evidence to examine this approach.
Toward a More Just Feminism

The history of the women’s movements and women’s involvement in civic causes and actions shows that commitment to women’s causes is no guarantee that other human rights issues will be supported. In...
Chapter 7 – Food Freezing

Freezing plays an important role in extending the shelf life and preservation of quality attributes of many foods. Various types of freezing systems are used in the food industry such as plate freezers, air-blast freezers, direct contact freezers and cryogenic immersion freezers. In designing a freezing process, food properties such as density, thermal conductivity, apparent specific heat, apparent thermal diffusivity and enthalpy must be known at subfreezing conditions. An important calculation is the determination of freezing time. Plank’s equation and Pham’s method are useful in determining freezing time. Geometric shape factors for odd-shaped objects can be determined using mathematical expressions. Similar to freezing, determining thawing time is important for foods that must be thawed before consumption. During storage certain reactions may cause quality changes in foods. Knowledge of rate kinetics of such reactions allows prediction of shelf life of frozen foods.
HIGGS PRODUCTION IN GLUON FUSION TO ${\mathcal O} (\alpha^4_s)$

The calculation of the NNLO QCD corrections to the partonic process gg → H is outlined. For the coupling of the Higgs boson to the gluons we use an effective Lagrangian in the limit of a heavy top quark. The focus is on the evaluation of the virtual two-loop corrections. It is shown that the leading ole terms are in agreement with general formula by Catani.
A Dual Pandemic: The Influence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on Trends and Types of Firearm Violence in California, Ohio, and the United States.

Abstract Background This study sought to determine the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 stay-at-home (SAH) and reopening orders on trends and types of firearm violence in California, Ohio, and the United States, hypothesizing increased firearm violence after SAH. Materials and methods Retrospective data (January 1, 2018, to July 31, 2020) on firearm incidents/injuries/deaths and types of firearm violence were obtained from the Gun Violence Archive. The periods for SAH and reopening for the US were based on dates for California. Ohio dates were based on Ohio's timeline. Mann–Whitney U analyses compared trends and types of daily firearm violence per 100,000 legal firearm owners across 2018-2020 periods. Results In California, SAH and reopening orders had no effect on firearm violence in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019 periods, respectively. In Ohio, daily median firearm deaths increased during 2020 SAH compared with 2018 and 2019 and firearm incidents and injuries increased during 2020 reopening compared with 2018, 2019 and 2020 SAH. In the United States, during 2020, SAH firearm deaths increased compared with historical controls and firearm incidents, deaths and injuries increased during 2020 reopening compared with 2018, 2019 and 2020 SAH (all P Conclusions During 2020 SAH, the rates of firearm violence increased in Ohio and the United States but remained unchanged in California. Nationally, firearm incidents, deaths and injuries also increased during 2020 reopening versus historical and 2020 SAH data. This suggests a secondary “pandemic” as well as a “reopening phenomenon,” with increased firearm violence not resulting from self-defense.
Women in Microwaves: Linda Katehi

This article is the first in a continuing series of biographical pieces on women who have made significant and continuous contributions to microwave science, technology, and applications over the course of their careers. Currently, women represent fewer than 7% of the members in the Microwave Theory and Technique Society (which hosts this journal). This series aims to correct that gender imbalance by highlighting the accomplishments of women and inspiring others to join their ranks. The articles are based on oral histories with the subject, conducted in conjunction with the IEEE History Center and deposited online with the Engineering and Technology History Wiki. The focus of this article is Dr. Linda Katehi, an IEEE Life Fellow, who is recognized for her contributions to phased array packaging and high-frequency characterization of novel feeding networks for printed antennas and arrays. She has spent her career in academia, including many years in university administration, but she has never been far from her research.
Drawing Lines in Shifting Sands: The U.S. Supreme Court's Mixed Messages on ERISA Preemption Imperil Health Care Reform

This article explains how and why the U.S. Supreme Court’s increasingly erratic preemption jurisprudence has fueled a health care system that routinely harms patients, frustrates health care providers, and derails state reform efforts. It begins by describing the mechanics of ERISA preemption, and then analyzes the Court’s 30 year odyssey from no preemption of state law claims against managed care payers, to broad preemption, retreating to limited preemption and, for now at least, trending again toward broad preemption. This is an extremely unstable area of the law which, at this point, demands not just an update but a thorough overview. This article does both while also tying it to federal health reform efforts, and examining the impact on ERISA preemption jurisprudence of the U.S. Supreme Court’s March 2009 decision in Wyeth v. Levine, _ U.S. _, 129 S. Ct. 1187 (2009) (holding that the Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act does not preempt product liability claims under Vermont law for inadequate labeling of prescription drug). Synthesizing all of the above demonstrates why, in a nation where 180 million already receive employer-sponsored health benefits and millions more will do so post-PPACA, Congress must tackle ERISA preemption or grant state waivers if it truly wants to reform American health care.
Nonlinear Synergetic Control for m Parallel-Connected DC-DC Buck Converters: Droop Current Sharing

In this paper we consider a general case of an m-paralleled buck converter system feeding dependent current source, which can easily represent resistive, constant current, and constant power loads. For control design, we use synergetic control theory, which is based on ideas of self-organization. The theory allows designers to derive analytical control laws for nonlinear, high-dimensional, and multi-connected systems. In the paper we derive general nonlinear PI control algorithms for the m parallel-connected DC buck converter under droop current sharing nullifying steady state current sharing error and improving voltage regulation. We study the stability of the closed loop system under different loading conditions. We clarify the choice of control law coefficients, and we show the benefits of dynamic power sharing provided by synergetic control design. The simulation results presented in the paper show good agreement with the theory.
Using a Strengths Perspective for Social Work Practice with Abused Women

ABSTRACT Recently, a strengths perspective for social work has gained burgeoning interest as an empowering guide for working with clients. While others have led the way in conceptualizing the strengths perspective for social work practice, there is a need to consider its application to different groups. This article describes the significance of using a strengths perspective for social work with women who have been abused by their male partners and how social workers might apply this perspective to multiple levels of intervention with the women.
Simulation of smart functionalities of photovoltaic inverters by interfacing OpenDSS and Matlab

With the increase in demand for clean and green power, several energy utilities are increasing renewable energy in their generation portfolio. The high penetration of PV can create problems of voltage fluctuation and frequency variation. The two major smart functionalities that address high PV penetration include dynamic Volt/VAR control for voltage fluctuations and active power control and curtailment to achieve frequency regulation. Quasi-static time series simulation of the power grid that includes the two smart functionalities of the Photovoltaic (PV) generator is needed. In this paper, the modeling and analysis of the power grid with PV generators is presented using the open source simulation tool OpenDSS. Specifically, the COM interface capability of OpenDSS is used to interface with Matlab to simulate the advanced functionalities of Volt/VAR and active power control and at the same time observe the effect of these controls in the power grid. The IEEE 13 bus feeder is used to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed simulation methodology interfacing both Matlab and OpenDSS.
VOLKSWAGEN'S NEW 1,3 L HIGH PERFORMANCE SI-ENGINE SUPERCHARGED BY THE VW G-LADER

Following the trend of sporty driveability even in the subcompact passenger car segment, a high performance gasoline engine of about 85 kW output for the VW-Polo should be developed. A comparison of different power boosting technologies, i.e. 4 valves per cylinder, turbocharging and supercharging results in advantages for the supercharger system. The VW-developed supercharger, called ''G-Lader'' shows good efficiency and excellent durability. On the basis of a 1.3 1 natural aspirated engine of current production the development of the 1,3 1 ''G-Lader'' supercharged gasoline engines is described including charge pressure control, piston modifications, optimisation of valve timing and mixture preparation system. Test results show performance and fuel consumption data comparable to a natural aspirated engine of 40 % increased displacement.
Sister Chromatid Exchanges and Mitotic Crossing-Over

Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) were discovered in the late 1950s with the same type of experiment as that which demonstrated the semiconservative replication of chromosomes (Chapter III). When cells are grown for one cycle in medium containing 3H-thymidine and for another without it, autoradiography shows that one chromatid is labeled and the other is not (Figs. III.2, III.3); this makes exchanges between them visible (Taylor, 1958).
G‐protein‐mediated Signal Transduction and Human Disorders

Heterotrimeric G proteins couple to seven-transmembrane receptors, producing diverse signals to effectors that generate intracellular signals. Loss- and gain-of-function mutations in genes encoding G-protein-coupled receptors and the α subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins have been increasingly recognized as causes of human disease. Keywords: signal transduction; receptors; G proteins; hormone resistance; second messengers
Accounting for the unexpected: fault diagnosis out of the ivory tower

Published approaches to fault diagnosis almost always assume the existence of an ideal environment: a sterile room where faults always behave according to their textbook definition, test patterns always propagate errors the way they are supposed to, and tester measurements are never wrong. Such an environment is clearly a fantasy. The starting point for diagnosis is that something has gone wrong; the behavior of a real silicon defect does not necessarily follow the strictures of any idealized fault model. In order to make fault diagnosis more successful, do we need to change the way circuits are designed? I say no-design-for-test techniques meet the needs of diagnosis. Instead of design-for-debug, we need to replace our assumption of ideal behavior with realistic expectations and robust techniques.
Bringing It All Together Through Group Learning

Interpersonal and transdisciplinary collaboration can facilitate and amplify the benefits of learning. Drawing from ideas presented throughout this volume, this culminating chapter describes ways to enhance collaborative learning within and among various stakeholder groups.
R loop mapping of the 18S and 28S sequences in the long and short repeating units of drosophila melanogaster rDNA

Cleavage of D. melanogaster rDNA with the Eco R1 restriction endonuclease reveals two major classes of repeating units: a long class of 17 kilobases (kb) and a short class of 11.4 kb. R loop mapping has been used to determine the topography of the sequences corresponding to the 18S and 28S rRNAs in both classes, including a cloned member (Dm103) of the long class. This mapping procedure derives from a novel reaction that we discovered between single-stranded RNA and homologous regions in duplex DNA molecules. In high formamide and at an elevated temperature, the RNA pairs with one of the two DNA strands in the region of homology to form an R loop in which one element is an RNA/DNA duplex and the other is single-stranded DNA (Figure 1). Mapping is accomplished by visualization of R loops in the electron microscope. The R loop map of Dm103 parallels that determined independently by Glover and Hogness (1977) from an analysis of its restriction fragments. Both maps indicate that the 28S rDNA in this cloned unit is divided into two blocks by a 5 kb insertion segment. R loop mapping of a population of long units obtained directly from the rDNA (that is, without cloning) has demonstrated that this interruption of the sequence coding for the 28S rRNA is a characteristic of the long class. By contrast, the 28S rDNA in the short units that we examined is not interrupted by an insertion segment. Otherwise, the R loop maps of the long and short units do not differ significantly. The two classes therefore correspond to repeating units that do (IN+) or do not (IN-) contain an insertion segment. Models for the transcription and function of these two classes of repeating units are discussed.
Registered nurses' willingness to serve populations on the periphery of society.

Purpose: To (a) determine the relative combined contributions of age, highest level of education, gender, and nursing certification on registered nurses' values, and (b) to identify the relative combined contributions of age, highest level of education, gender, nursing certification, and values on registered nurses' willingness to serve underserved and disenfranchised populations. Design: Survey. Methods: Web-based anonymous survey containing the AACN Values Questionnaire—Nurse, the Willingness to Serve the Underserved and Disenfranchised Scale, and a demographic questionnaire were used to assess the meaning that participants attach to seven values; the willingness of participants to care for members of diverse groups; and participant demographic information. Data analysis was accomplished using regression analyses with a convenience sample of 128. Findings: Age and highest level of education showed significant combined contributions to the values scores; however, these variables, including values, were not significant in predicting nurses' willingness to serve underserved and disenfranchised populations. Conclusions: Demographic characteristics (age and level of education) showed limited influence on values, but no variables included in this study were significantly associated with registered nurses' willingness to serve populations on the periphery of society.
Burnout of the Organic Vehicle in an Electrically Conductive Thick-Film Paste

The burnout of the organic vehicle in a silver-particle, glass-free, electrically conductive, thick-film paste during firing in air was studied. For a vehicle consisting of ethyl cellulose dissolved in ether, burnout primarily involves the thermal decomposition of ethyl cellulose. The presence of ether with dissolved ethyl cellulose facilitates the burnout of ethyl cellulose. Excessive ethyl cellulose hinders the burnout. A high heating rate results in more residue after burnout. By interrupting the heating at 160°C for 15 min, the residue after subsequent burnout is diminished probably because of reduced temporal overlap of the processes of organic burnout and silver particle necking. By interrupting the heating at either 300°C or 385°C for 30 min, the temperature required for complete burnout is reduced. The addition of silver particles facilitates drying at room temperature and burnout upon heating.
Word processing in the writing class: Tutorials can help break the ice

Having taught both writing and word processing in the past, I knew that there could be trouble when I decided to incorporate word processing into my writing course. On one hand, word processing takes so much of the drudgery out of editing, revising, and retyping that writing teachers do a disservice to their students if they fail to acquaint them with at least one of these programs. On the other hand, a writing course is a writing course--not a word-processing course. And, as the above quotatio n suggests, learning to use a word-processing program effectively can take weeks. Consequently, when I decided to introduce my students to word processing, I also decided to
A new “hybrid” spectrometer for inelastic thermal neutron scattering

Abstract A new thermal neutron spectrometer has been installed at the CP-5 reactor at Argonne. The instrument is intended mainly for the study of inelastic scattering from isotropic systems, and consists of a double crystal assembly for producing a monochromatic incident beam and a multiple-detector time-of-flight system for energy and momentum transfer analysis of the scattered beam. The paper gives a brief description of the facility and discusses the reasons leading to the choice of this type of instrument, the incorporation of a number of special features and the specification of parameters for the various components. Performance is described in terms of resolution and intensity.
Interaction between Prostatic Fibroblast and Epithelial Cells in Culture: Role of Androgen*

Abstract We have established and characterized two cell lines from the ventral prostate gland of normal Nb rats: NbE-1 (prostatic epithelial) and NbF-1 (prostatic fibroblast) cell lines. To identify the direct mitogenic action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), we incubated these cell lines alone and together (in the presence and absence of cell contact) with various concentrations of DHT (0.1–10,000 ng/ml) for 24–72 h and assayed for the rate of DNA synthesis and the total number of cells in tissueculture at specified time periods. Results demonstrate that the primary target for DHT mitogenic action is the prostatic fibroblasts, DHT inhibited the growth of prostatic epithelial cells by themselves, but stimulated prostatic epithelial cell growth when the epithelial cells were cocultured with prostatic fibroblasts. Furthermore, the cell-conditioned medium obtained from either the fibroblast or the epithelial cells stimulated in an autocrine or a paracrine manner the growth of prostatic cells in culture. These r...
The systems engineering started in the middle process: A consensus of systems engineers and project managers

The systems engineering process often begins somewhere in the middle of a project. Naturally, the systems engineering process should be different for a project where systems engineering starts in the middle versus a project where it starts at the beginning of the project. This article presents a consensus of senior systems engineers and project managers at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory and Raytheon Missile Systems about how systems engineering is done when it starts in the middle of a project. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 156–167, 2001
Estimates of springtime soot and sulfur fluxes entering the Arctic troposphere: Implications to source regions

Abstract A box model calculation is used to make preliminary estimates of the springtime fluxes of carbon and sulfur particles into the Arctic troposphere. These fluxes are large and can only be accounted for by major sulfur and soot sources. Comparison of these fluxes with the amount of fuel burned in various latitude bands indicates that the Arctic haze cannot be due to Arctic sources and strongly suggests that the dominant source regions are below 60°N latitude. Comparisons of Arctic sulfur fluxes with sulfur emissions on a regional and global basis indicate that significant fractions enter the Arctic.
Inhibition of cell growth and induction of apoptosis in ovarian carcinoma cell lines CaOV3 and SKOV3 by natural withanolide Withaferin A

Abstract Objective Withaferin A, a natural withanolide, has shown anti-cancer properties in various cancers including breast cancer, but its effects in ovarian cancer remain unexplored. Notch 1 and Notch3 are critically involved in ovarian cancer progression. We decided to examine the effects of Withaferin A in ovarian carcinoma cell lines and its molecular mechanism of action including its regulation of Notch. Methods The effects of Withaferin A were examined in CaOV3 and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cell lines using MTS assay, clonogenic assay, annexin V/propidium iodide flow cytometry, and cell cycle analysis. Western analysis was conducted to examine the molecular mechanisms of action. Results Withaferin A inhibited the growth and colony formation of CaOV3 and SKOV3 cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These changes correlated with down-regulation of Notch1, Notch3, cdc25C, total and phosphorylated Akt, and bcl-2 proteins. Conclusions Withaferin A inhibits CaOV3 and SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cell growth, at least in part by targeting Notch1 and Notch3.
The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 μmol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 μmol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 μmol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.
Scattered remains and paper bodies: Margaret Cavendish and the Siege of Colchester

Many histories of the civil war and biographies of Margaret Lucas Cavendish recount the story that, in 1648, parliamentary soldiers desecrated the Lucas family tomb, scattered the remains of Cavendish’s mother and sister, and tore out the corpses’ hair to wear in their hats. Tracking down the sources of this widely repeated story, this essay examines the role of textual accounts in producing the effect that bodies precede them. Events and stories, flesh, facts, and fiction, prove to be very difficult to untangle.
788-5 Does Abnormal Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Contribute to Fatigue During Repetitive Activities in CHF?

We have previously shown that skeletal muscle endurance and early (5 minutes) recovery of muscle function are impaired in CHF. Since abnormal muscle recovery could explain the fatigue commonly experienced by CHF patients during repetitive activities, the present study examined whether subsequent recovery of muscle function is prolonged and whether this is associated with impaired recovery of submaximal exercise capacity. 18 class I–IV CHF patients (peak VO 2 16 ± 1 ml/kg/min) and 10 age-matched sedentary controls (CON, peak VO 2 26 ± 1) underwent serial 9-min self-powered treadmill tests and evaluations of quadriceps function over a 24 hr period. Muscle function was assessed by measurements of maximum voluntary contraction force (MVC in ft-Ibs). work during 25 knee extensions (WORK in ft-Ibs), and endurance ratio (ER, the ratio of average peak torque during final 3 to initial 3 repetitions) using an isokinetic dynamometer at baseline and after 10 min, 30 min, 1 hr, 3 hr and 24 hr. Distance walked in 9 min (DIS in m) was measured at baseline and after 30 min, 1 hr, 3 hr and 24 hr. At baseline, CHF patients walked less far (367 ± 32 vs 667 ± 27 m, p l 0.001) and performed less knee extensor work (1075 ± 116 vs 1390 ± 110 ft-Ibs, P l 0.05) than controls. MVC and ER also trended lower in CHF patients (80 ± 4 vs 90 ± 6 ft-Ibs, p = 0.15, and 0.51 ± 0,03 vs 0.58 ± 0.02, P = 0.11, respectively. Although DIS and WORK remained significantly lower in CHF patients at each subsequent time point, there was complete recovery to baseline values in both groups by the first repeat measurement. As compared to baseline, the DIS walked on subsequent tests ranged from 99–108% and 100–102% of baseline in CHF patients and controls, respectively. Similarly, WORK ranged from 93–103%, and 99–105% of baseline, MVCfrom 97–106% and 95–104%, and ER from 98–119% and 108–117%, in patients and controls, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that the fatigue experienced during daily activities by CHF patients is not due to impaired recovery of muscle function and is not manifested as a delay in the recovery of submaximal exercise capacity.
Effects of inescapable shock on low-activity escape/avoidance responding in rats

Exposure to inescapable shock proactively interferes with the acquisition of shuttle or barpress escape responding. The learned inactivity hypothesis proposes that this deficit results primarily from the active nature of the test escape response. In support of this position, it has been demonstrated that inescapable shock not only fails to interfere with but also actually facilitates the acquisition of a low-activity escape/avoidance response. However, in this demonstration, it is unclear whether the response was emitted by the animal or elicited by the test procedure employed. The present experiment examined the effects of inescapable shock on the acquisition of a low-activity response in a context that precluded the possibility of recording elicited responses as escape/avoidance responses. We found no evidence of facilitated acquisition of the low-activity response as a result of inescapable shock. This finding, in conjunction with others, questions the data base for the learned inactivity hypothesis.
Postinjection kinetics of antepartum Rh immune globulin

The disappearance kinetics of a standard dose of 300 micrograms of Rh immune globulin given at 28 weeks' gestation was investigated. Ten Rh-negative unsensitized women were given 300 micrograms of Rh immune globulin at 28 weeks and blood samples were drawn at weekly intervals until delivery. Sera were titrated with Ror red blood cells in a saline solution-antiglobulin method. Titers ranged from 1 to 4 by the first week after injection. In nine of 10 patients the titers were zero at 49 to 70 days after injection. With R2R2 red blood cells and LISS, papain, polybrene, or a combination of methods, Rh immune globulin could still be detected until delivery in four of the nine patients. Because these serologic methods can detect 5 ng/ml anti-D, five of 10 subjects may not have been protected for 8 to 29 days before delivery. This study indicates that a titer of less than or equal to 4 is expected for passively acquired anti-D during pregnancy, and that antepartum administration of Rh immune globulin may not always produce detectable passive antibody for as long as theoretically predicted.
The 90- and 110-kDa human NFAR proteins are translated from two differentially spliced mRNAs encoded on chromosome 19p13.

The NFAR gene (nuclear factor associated with dsRNA) encodes a putative transcription-associated factor that we have shown is a substrate for the interferon-inducible, dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. However, our protein expression analysis has revealed that NFAR exists as two major protein species of 90 kDa (NFAR-1) and 110 kDa (NFAR-2) in the cell. To resolve the genetic identity of NFAR-1 and -2, we carried out sequence analysis of genomic and cDNA NFAR clones and determined that the coding region of this gene spans 16.2 kb and comprises 21 exons. Our data indicate that NFAR-1 and -2 arise from a single gene on chromosome 19p13 and are generated through alternative splicing events. NFAR-1 (HGMW-approved symbol ILF3) was found to comprise 1 extra exon, 18, that contains several stop codons to ensure termination of the protein at amino acid 702. In contrast, NFAR-2 lacks this exon, though it comprises an additional 3 coding exons (exons 19, 20, and 21) located at the carboxyl region to generate an extended product of 894 amino acids. Our studies, the first to elucidate the gene structure and chromosomal assignment of NFAR, establish the genetic basis for future NFAR research in humans.
Heterologous expression of cytochrome P450 2D6 mutants, electron transfer, and catalysis of bufuralol hydroxylation: the role of aspartate 301 in structural integrity.

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 2D6 is a polymorphic human enzyme involved in the oxidation of >50 drugs, most of which contain a basic nitrogen. In confirmation of previous work by others, substitutions at Asp301 decreased rates of substrate oxidation by P450 2D6. An anionic residue (Asp, Glu) at this position was found to be important in proper protein folding and heme incorporation, and positively charged residues were particularly disruptive in bacterial and also in baculovirus expression systems. Truncation of 20 N-terminal amino acids had no significant effect on catalytic activity except to attenuate P450 2D6 interaction with membranes and NADPH-P450 reductase. The truncation of the N-terminus increased the level of bacterial expression of wild-type P450 2D6 (Asp301) but markedly reduced expression of all codon 301 mutants, including Glu301. Reduction of ferric P450 2D6 by NADPH-P450 reductase was enhanced in the presence of the prototypic substrate bufuralol. Bacterial flavodoxin, an NADPH-P450 reductase homolog, binds tightly to P450 2D6 but is inefficient in electron transfer to the heme. These results collectively indicate that the acidic residue at position 301 in P450 2D6 has a structural role in addition to any in substrate binding and that the N-terminus of P450 2D6 is relatively unimportant to catalytic activity beyond a role in facilitating binding to NADPH-P450 reductase.
Modeling the spontaneous reactivation of experience-specific hippocampal cell assembles during sleep.

During slow-wave sleep (SWS) following periods of spatial activity, hippocampal place cells that were temporally correlated, by virtue of the overlap of their place fields, exhibit enhanced temporal correlations, even though the animal sleeps in a different location (Wilson and McNaughton [1994] Science 267:676-679). The discharge of cells with overlapped place fields is more correlated in subsequent sleep, particularly during sharp waves, than in sleep episodes prior to the behavior, or than cell pairs with non-overlapped place fields. The reactivated correlated states appear during hippocampal sharp waves (SPWs), and are weak or absent in the inter-SPW interval. A simple conceptual hypothesis for this phenomenon is developed, based on the idea that hippocampal place fields reflect a two-dimensional distribution of continuously overlapping dynamic attractors in which each location is represented by the self-sustaining activity of a small subset of neurons with overlapping place fields. A numerical simulation of this hypothesis, based on a simplified representation of the CA8 recurrent network, accounts qualitatively for the main observations, including SPW-like dynamics. It is shown that, under conditions in which the connection patterns have been previously established, either associative or nonassociative mechanisms might underlie the reactivation of recently experienced states. These two alternatives appear, under at least some conditions (e.g., sparse coding), to be indistinguishable.
Evidence of Medullary Bone in Two Species of Thrushes

Abstract We used micro-computed tomography to examine if medullary bone was present in Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) and Veery (Catharus fuscescens), two species of Passeriformes. We scanned bones from males and females collected during spring and fall migration, and the breeding season. Medullary bone was found in the humerus, radius-ulna, and tibiotarsus-fibula of a breeding female Wood Thrush and a breeding female Veery, both of which were ovulatory at necropsy. Two other breeding female Wood Thrush, both post-ovulatory at necropsy, did not have medullary bone. We did not observe medullary bone in females collected during spring or fall migration, nor in any males. Our findings support the presence of medullary bone in breeding female passerines, but future studies with larger, targeted sample sizes are needed to examine the phenology of medullary bone formation and resorption, and to explore the extent of medullary bone's role in eggshell formation in passerines.
Health Promotion for Inner-City Minority Elders

Older people living in large metropolitan areas are often trapped in deteriorating communities and must learn to survive in difficult conditions. Project CAPABLE (Community Advocacy Promoting and Building Lifelines for Elders) provides a haven for 55-year-olds and older who live in a low-income, largely Hispanic neighborhood in Houston, Texas. Using a health-promotion model, Project CAPABLE provides health-promotion and case management services to help these older people remain in their homes and empowers them to assume an active role in their own health promotion.
Real Wages, Business Cycles and New Production Patterns

In contrast with most conventional business cycle models, empirical data show no clear correlation between real wage movements and output and employment. This paper presents a model, largely based on concepts presented by Joseph Schumpeter,in which economic growth and the business cycle are triggered by endogenous real “shocks” to technology. It suggests that the speed and magnitude by which technological “shocks” spread throughout the economy determine whether the resulting changes in real wages will be pro-or counter-cyclical.
Elective radical neck dissection in epidermoid cancer of the head and neck. A retrospective analysis of 853 cases of mouth, pharynx, and larynx cancer.

A retrospective analysis of 853 patients with cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx operated on over a 30-year period was performed. Four hundred fifty-seven of them had a radical neck dissection (RND) at some point. Five hundred ninety patients had no clinically positive nodes (N-o) necks at the time of primary treatment; 99 of these had elective neck dissection, whereas 95 others had a delayed RND when nodes became clinically involved. Twenty-three percent of all N-o patients had microscopically involved nodes and less than half of these were among those patients selected for elective RND. Furthermore, 58% of those patients who had elective RND did not have positive nodes. Comparative analysis of elective RND, delayed therapeutic RND after clinical appearance of nodes, and composite operations for patients with Nl-N3 disease indicates little difference in disease-free survival when the nodes in the elective RND were positive microscopically for tumors (56%, 49% and 47% respectively). It thus seems that elective RND offers no real advantage over a careful watchful waiting approach in most patients. Cancer 67:67-71,1991. VER SINCE the early anatomic descriptions of regional E lymphatic drainage and Handley’s early work on the “centrifugal” spread of cancer,’ and its application by Halstead’ in the treatment of breast cancer, regional lymphadenectomy performed in continuity with the resection of a malignant tumor has been a traditional oncologic concept. Over the years, it has been applied to practically all malignant tumors but became more generally accepted in epithelial cancers of the head and neck. The concept of “elective” regional node dissection in the absence of palpable nodes (sometimes called “prophylactic” node dissection) evolved from our desire to remove “en block” the lymphatic drainage together with the primary tumor. Recommendations for elective node dissection have been based on the tendency of the particular
Grease-lubricated wear of aluminum bronze for jackscrew application

Abstract The failure of a grease-lubricated jackscrew, following an order-of-magnitude transition in wear rate above that normally experienced in service by aluminum bronze (C95500) threads of the nut sliding against those of the steel (AISI 4140) screw, contributed to a recent accident involving a commercial passenger airliner. With maintenance records of the development of endplay and knowledge of typical loading and sliding profiles jackscrews experienced per flight, a wear rate of ∼10 −5 mm 3 /N m is thought to exist under normal service with traditional grease lubrication. However, in this case, the grease type had recently been switched in the years immediately preceding the accident. Hypotheses put forth for this unexpected transition to a more rapid bronze wear rate have included a lesser lubricating capability of the newly introduced grease relative to that previously employed, or incompatibility between the greases that may have occurred upon mixing during introduction of the new grease. The overall goal of this study, to determine if any difference in relative performance of these greases existed, was pursued by testing primarily by the block-on-ring method, in which aluminum bronze blocks were slid against nitrided and bead-blasted steel rings. Tests of the two greases were conducted at an average oscillatory speed of 0.08 m/s, characteristic of jackscrew thread sliding, under loads of 250, 510, 920 and 1600 N with wear recorded as a function of time to enable characterization of steady-state wear volume. Steady-state wear behaviors were characterized at a wear scar width of 6.35 mm, though those wear rates were generally found to be adopted earlier, for smaller scar widths. Thus, steady-state wear rates were characterized from 5.5 to 55 MPa, covering a wide range of potential jackscrew thread pressures. The wear factors measured in the presence of the original grease were in the (5–8)×10 −6 mm 3 /N m range, with the value increasing towards 20×10 −6 mm 3 /N m under the lowest load. Steady-state wear factors in the presence of the replacement grease were in every instance lower than for the original grease, ranging over (2–5)×10 −6 mm 3 /N m for the same loads. Wear factors in the presence of a 50/50 grease mixture were generally intermediate to those for each of the greases separately. These lower wear factors for the replacement grease were unaffected by potential contaminants such as water, de-icing fluid, or salt-water, whether pre-mixed (5% by volume) into the grease or dripped into the steady-state contact. However, in each of the three repeat tests conducted at 920 N without any grease lubricant, dry sliding caused the wear factor of aluminum bronze to transition to higher values of (40–70)×10 −6 mm 3 /N m. In thrust-washer tests, conducted at 1.5 MPa contact pressure, wear factors were similarly high under dry sliding, to values in excess of 100×10 −6 mm 3 /N m, whereas upon application of either grease or their mixture wear factor became immeasurably small.