cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactions of native and modified human low density lipoproteins with human skin fibroblasts.

Abstract 125I-labeled low density lipoprotein (LDL) covalently bonded to Sepharose beads was not degraded by normal human fibroblasts nor did it trigger inhibition of sterol synthesis. The Sepharose beads loaded with LDL bound very tightly to the surface both of normal fibroblasts and fibroblasts from a subject with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia; control Sepharose beads (activated sites covered with glycine) did not adhere to either cell type. LDL was extracted by a modification of the method of Gustafson (Gustafson A. (1965) J. Lipid Res. 6, 512–517). so as to remove essentially all cholesterol, cholesterol ester and triglyceride. This modified LDL was bound, internalized and degraded as well as or better than native LDL. However, it failed to suppress sterol synthesis. These results provide additional evidence that the sterol moiety of the LDL is the key component affecting sterol synthesis. They also imply that the neutral lipids of LDL play a minor role in the binding of LDL to cell membranes and that the apoprotein rather than molecular size and shape is the critical factor.
A prospective randomized comparison of bioabsorbable and titanium anterior cruciate ligament interference screws

Purpose: To compare the Phantom bioabsorbable polymer interference screw (DePuy, Warsaw, IN) with a titanium metal interference screw when used in fixation of femoral and tibial bone blocks in central third bone–patellar tendon–bone autograft anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions. Type of study: Multicentered prospective randomized study. Methods: Two surgeons performed primary ACL reconstructions at different locations. Preoperatively, the patients were randomly assigned. One group received a titanium cannulated interference screw. The second group received the cannulated poly-L-lactic bioabsorbable Phantom screw. Data included subjective evaluation of activity level and International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Objective measures were made using the KT-1000 arthrometer (MedMetric, San Diego, CA), range of motion, presence of effusions, and complications intraoperatively or postoperatively. Measurements were made at 1 year and 2 years. Radiographic evaluation was carried out at least 2 years from the initial surgical date and interpreted by 2 independent orthopaedic surgeons. Results: At the 1-year follow-up (N = 97), pain was reported more during moderate activity in the Phantom screw group (6) compared with the titanium screw group (0) ( P = .03). No statistical difference between range of motion ( P = .45), activity level ( P = .83), swelling with activity ( P = .95), partial ( P = .13) or full ( P = .31) giving way, knee effusions ( P = .33), or KT-1000 side-to-side difference ( P = .53) were found. At the 2-year follow-up (N = 65), more subjects (18) in the Phantom interference screw group reported activity levels in the strenuous category compared with those in the titanium interference screws (7) group ( P = .02). No differences were reported with respect to pain ( P = .97), effusion ( P = .17), partial ( P = .28) or full ( P = .27) giving way, swelling with activity ( P = .21), range of motion ( P = .64), or KT-1000 side-to-side difference ( P = .96). Radiographic inspection showed no change in bone plug position, osteolysis, adverse effect, or complication caused by the bioabsorbable material. Some evidence of tunnel widening was seen in both groups. Conclusions: Use of a poly-L-lactic bioabsorbable interference screw can provide clinical results equal to that of a metal interference screw for fixation of a central third bone–patellar tendon–bone graft in ACL reconstruction. Level of evidence: Level II, therapeutic.
Binary Chromophore Systems in Nonlinear Optical Dendrimers and Polymers for Large Electrooptic Activities

Recent developments of molecular architectural control and solid-state engineering have led to exceptionally large electro-optic (EO) activities in organic and polymeric nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. A new generation of NLO dendrimers has been developed to generate well-defined nano-objects, minimize strong intermolecular electrostatic interactions, and improve poling efficiency and stability. A facile and reliable Diels−Alder “click” reaction was applied for lattice hardening to improve physical properties of cross-linkable EO polymers. The “click” chemistry also provides means to study the relationship between EO activity, chromophore shape, and number density of the chromophore, systematically. The NLO dendrimers or polymers were used as hosts for guest chromophores to increase chromophore concentration and improve poling efficiency. A variety of nanostructured organic and polymeric materials with ultrahigh r33 values (>350 pm/V at the wavelength of 1310 nm, more than 10 times that of LiNbO3) and ...
The hunt for STS-51L; Space Shuttle Challenger: the undersea search for the cause of a tragedy

Describes the means used to search for the debris from the Challenger. The operating conditions and environmental conditions are also described.
EVALUATION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE WITH CONSTANT PHASE ANGLE COMPONENT FROM THE GALVANOSTATIC STEP RESPONSE OF STEEL IN CONCRETE

A current step excitation method for obtaining the parameters of a system characterized by a solution resistance R s in series with the parallel combination of a polarization resistance Rp with a constant phase angle element (cpe) is described. The cpe has a base admittance Y 0 and a frequency exponent n. A numerical procedure is developed to obtain the value of the system parameters (Rp, Y 0 , n and R s ) by analysis of the potential response of the system to the current excitation step. Experiments with specimens of galvanized steel in concrete are reported in which the galvanostatic step technique is applied and the analysis procedure is performed. Good agreement with the results of independent electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the same specimens is demonstrated.
Person perception when aggressive or nonaggressive sports are primed

Previous research investigating the factors contributing to sports spectator violence has focused primarily on conscious processes such as the disinhibiting effects of aggressive models and physiological arousal. The current research borrows a methodology from social cognition work to examine the role of passive, category accessibility effects on fan hostility. Prior research has indicated that as a schema becomes more accessible in memory, the use of it to encode subsequent information is increased. It was therefore hypothesized that individuals for whom the category of hostility had been unobtrusively primed with aggressive-sports names (e.g., boxing) would rate an ambiguous target person as more hostile and as more likely to prefer hostile activities relative to persons who were primed with sports names which were not associated with violence (e.g., golf). The results supported the hypotheses, with subjects who were primed with aggressive-sports rating an unrelated target person's behavior as significantly more hostile and as more likely to prefer aggressive activities relative to subjects exposed to sentences containing references to nonaggressive-sports. Discussion includes the potential ramifications for spectator aggression at sporting events.
Discriminative training for segmental minimum Bayes risk decoding

A modeling approach is presented that incorporates discriminative training procedures within segmental minimum Bayes-risk decoding (SMBR). SMBR is used to segment lattices produced by a general automatic speech recognition (ASR) system into sequences of separate decision problems involving small sets of confusable words. Acoustic models specialized to discriminate between the competing words in these classes are then applied in subsequent SMBR rescoring passes. Refinement of the search space that allows the use of specialized discriminative models is shown to be an improvement over rescoring with conventionally trained discriminative models.
Efficient group communication with guaranteed quality of service

A specific class of multimedia applications is expected to be of importance for future communication networks: multi-party interactive multimedia (MIM). Based on the isolation and characterization of MIM applications, concrete network support requirements are derived. The varying degree of connectivity, the vastly different sizes in terms of participants and the reliance on a guaranteed quality of service make MIM support a difficult problem. Starting with the definition of multimedia communication abstractions, principles of solutions are sketched. For an important subclass of applications, a particularly efficient and practicable alternative implementation based on half-duplex channels is introduced. Interfaces at both the transport and network layers are also considered. >
Quality of life and psychosocial adjustment in gynecologic cancer survivors

Gynecologic malignancies occur in approximately 1 in 20 women in the United States. Until recently, clinical management of these cancers has focused almost exclusively on prolonging the survival of patients. A recent literature search using MEDLINE revealed relatively few research studies that reported data on quality of life (QOL) in a gynecologic cancer population. Reports in the literature have been conflicting, with some studies finding deterioration in QOL and some finding stability or improvement in QOL over time. Until recently, the impact of various treatments (surgery, radiation, chemotherapy) on QOL in this population was unknown. Recently, the QOL of women with gynecologic cancer has been compared to that of women with other types of cancer. Also, risk factors for poor adjustment in gynecologic cancer are beginning to be investigated. This presentation will attempt to 1) summarize the relevant literature on QOL in a gynecologic cancer population, 2) compare QOL in this population to other types of cancer, 3) examine risk factors for poor adjustment and 4) describe the limitations of the literature and future research directions. Overall, it appears that QOL is most negatively affected from time of diagnosis through completion of treatment. Following treatment, QOL appears to improve over the course of 6–12 months, but then appears to remain stable from that time through two years post-treatment. Compared to breast cancer patients, it appears that gynecologic cancer patients experience poorer QOL on several domains during active treatment, but that after completion of treatment, overall QOL is similar between groups. Risk factors for maladjustment include treatment with radiotherapy or multi-modality treatment, increased length of treatment, younger age, and coping using a disengaged style. Other risk factors include lower education, poor social support and lower levels of religious belief. The significance of these findings and future research directions will be discussed.
CD4+ T Cell–mediated Granulomatous Pathology in Schistosomiasis Is Downregulated by a B Cell–dependent Mechanism Requiring Fc Receptor Signaling

The effector functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes are generally thought to be controlled by distinct populations of regulatory T cells and their soluble products. The role of B cells in the regulation of CD4-dependent host responses is less well understood. Hepatic egg granuloma formation and fibrosis in murine schistosomiasis are dependent on CD4+ lymphocytes, and previous studies have implicated CD8+ T cells or cross-regulatory cytokines produced by T helper (Th) lymphocytes as controlling elements of this pathologic process. In this report, we demonstrate that B cell–deficient (μMT) mice exposed to Schistosoma mansoni develop augmented tissue pathology and, more importantly, fail to undergo the spontaneous downmodulation in disease normally observed during late stages of infection. Unexpectedly, B cell deficiency did not significantly alter T cell proliferative response or cause a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance. Since schistosome-infected Fc receptor–deficient (FcR γ chain knockout) mice display the same exacerbated egg pathology as that observed in infected μMT mice, the B cell– dependent regulatory mechanism revealed by these experiments appears to require receptor-mediated cell triggering. Together, the data demonstrate that humoral immune response/FcR interactions can play a major role in negatively controlling inflammatory disease induced by CD4+ T cells.
Diffusivities of low‐volatility species in light gases

Gas-phase diffusivities for high boiling point organics in common gases are determined by evaporating a single submicron aerosol droplet of the organic species, while it is suspended in an electric field in the path of a polarized laser beam. The droplet size is measured as a function of time by using Mie theory to determine the size from the light scattering data of intensity versus angle. In addition to diffusivities, the Lennard-Jones molecular interaction potential parameter, ϵii, and the collision diameter σii, are found, by applying the molecular theory of gases to interpret the evaporation rate data. Results are compared with available empirical and semi-theoretical correlations for diffusivities and Lennard-Jones parameters. The low vapor pressure organics used here are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), dibutyl sebacate (DBS) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and the carrier gases are helium, nitrogen and carbon dioxide.
Quantitative real-time PCR effectively detects and quantifies colonization of sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by Trichoderma spp

Some members of the fungal genus Trichoderma are able to colonize and destroy sclerotia, the thick-walled resting structures of the soilborne plant pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum,thusproviding apotential means ofbiologicaldisease control. However, current methods to detect and quantify colonization of sclerotia are labor-intensive, and generally qualitative rather than quantitative in nature. Our objective was to develop quantitative real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) methods to detect and measure colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma spp. Specific PCR primer/probe sets were developed for Trichoderma spp. and for S. sclerotiorum. A total of 180 ITS1 (internal transcribed spacer) and ITS2 sequences from different species in the genus Trichoderma were aligned, and consensus sequences were determined. Six candidate primer sets were based on conserved regions of the consensus sequence, and the specificity of each nucleotide sequence was examined using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; NCBI) software. Each candidate primer set was tested on genomic DNA of T. harzianum strain ThzID1-M3, as well as six different Trichoderma isolates from soil, and on genomic DNA of S. sclerotiorum. The optimum primer/ probe set selected, TGP4, successfully amplified genomic DNA of all Trichoderma isolates tested, and showed high precision and reproducibility over a linear range of eight orders of magnitude, from 85 ng to 8.5 fg of T. harzianum genomic DNA. TGP4 did not amplify S. sclerotiorum DNA. A specific PCR primer/probe set (TMSCL2) was developed for S. sclerotiorum, based on the calmodulin gene sequence. TMSCL2 did not amplify Trichoderma DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR with the primers then was evaluated in experiments to test differential effects of two soil moisture levels (� 50 kPa, � 1000 kPa matric potential) on biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum by indigenous Trichoderma spp. Periodically over 40 days, Trichoderma and S. sclerotiorum DNA in sclerotia were quantified by PCR with appropriate primers. Over 90% of the sclerotia were colonized by indigenous Trichoderma spp. at � 1000 kPa, over the 40-day period, compared to only 60% at � 50 kPa. In addition to determining incidence of colonization, the PCR method allowed measurement of the extent of sclerotial colonization, which also was significantly greater in the drier soil. Quantitative real-time PCR with the TGP4 primer/probe set provides a sensitive detection and measurement tool to evaluate colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma spp.
Temptation and Self-Control

We study a two-period model where ex ante inferior choice may tempt the decision-maker in the second period. Individuals have preferences over sets of alternatives that represent second period choices. Our axioms yield a representation that identifies the individual's commitment ranking, temptation ranking, and cost of self-control. An agent has a preference for commitment if she strictly prefers a subset of alternatives to the set itself. An agent has self-control if she resists temptation and chooses an option with higher ex ante utility. We introduce comparative measures of preference for commitment and self-control and relate them to our representations.
Multi−snail infestation of Devonian crinoids and the nature of platyceratid−crinoid interactions

The well−known association of platyceratid snails and crinoids typically involves a single snail positioned on the tegmen of the crinoid host; this has led to the inference of coprophagy. Two specimens of the camerate crinoid Arthroacantha from the Middle Devonian Silica Formation of Ohio, USA, exhibit numerous snails on their tegmens. On one of these, 6 platyceratid juveniles of approximately equal size are found on the tegmen. On the second crinoid, the largest of 7 in− festing platyceratids occupies the typical position over the anal vent while others are either superposed (tiered) upon it or are positioned elsewhere on the tegmen. These specimens illustrate that platyceratids (1) settled on crinoids as spat, (2) were not strictly coprophagous during life yet (3) benefited from a position over the anal vent.
Intestinal Drug Absorption and Metabolism III: Glycine Conjugation and Accumulation of Benzoic Acid in Rat Intestinal Tissue

Glycine conjugation of 14C-benzoic acid to 14C-hippuric acid was demonstrated in in vitro rat intestinal slices and everted intestinal preparations. Hippuric acid was detected and quantified by two independent analytical techniques, a quantitative TLC method, and a reverse isotope dilution method. Comparison of hippuric acid concentration after 2 hr. in mucosal and serosal fluids when hippuric acid was formed endogenously from benzoic acid, and with mucosal and serosal concentrations when hippuric acid was added exogenously to the mucosal fluid, indicated that hippuric acid is formed in the tissue compartment rather than by bacterial or intestinal enzymes in the mucosal fluid. Hippuric acid is apparently formed enzymatically in the mucosal cell according to a previously proposed cell compartment model and subsequently diffuses to both mucosal and serosal fluids. The net amount of hippuric acid formed under the conditions of the study was small (about 1%) and was found to be due to limited synthesis rather than to extensive hydrolysis. Both exogenously added benzoic acid and hippuric acid accumulated in the intestinal tissue compartment (11.2 and 6.4%, respectively) during transfer from the mucosal fluid.
Should high school economics courses be compulsory

Abstract This paper estimates the effect of a state-imposed curriculum mandate on the academic achievement of US public school students. By 1998, 14 states across the US had mandates that high school students should take an economics course. For these states, the proportions of public schools students taking high school economics was around twice that of states without mandates. A curriculum mandate may be interpreted as an exogenous constraint on the production of more general academic achievement by students. Where there is a mandate to provide instruction in a particular subject, general academic test scores might be affected. Using a range of estimation techniques applied to a dataset of almost 600,000 public school students across the US, we find that students who are mandated to take economics post substantially lower scholastic aptitude test (SAT) scores. The mandate reduces test scores by around 0.08 standard deviations for those students who would not otherwise have enrolled. Such effects are not found for three other non-mandatory subjects—French, German, and biology—which in contrast convey a strong SAT premium.
MADIT-II and its implications.

The major risks associated with coronary disease are angina, acute myocardial infarction, reduced cardiac function as manifest by depressed left ventricular ejection fraction and congestive heartfailure, and sudden arrhythmogenic cardiac death. During the past three decades, considerableadvances have been made in the management of patients with coronary heart disease with beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, angiotensin converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, thrombolytics, balloon-stentangioplasty, and coronary artery bypass graftsurgery. The clinical course of patients with coronary disease has been meaningfully improved by these therapies, but sudden cardiac death remains a major problem and has not been impacted by these therapeutic interventions. Recently, the Center for Disease Control reported that more than 460 000 sudden cardiac deaths occur annually in the U.S., with sudden cardiac death accounting for 63% of all cardiac mortality events.1 Following the introduction of the implanteddefibrillator in 1980, the defibrillator was initially utilized as secondary prevention for patients with aborted cardiac arrest or documented life-threatening ventricular tachycardia. In 1991, the Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)investigators reported the ineffectiveness andactual harm associated with several promisingantiarrhythmic drugs that were being used toimprove survival in cardiac patients with manifest ventricular arrhythmias.2 That same year, ourMulticenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial (MADIT) research group initiated the firstrandomized trial to determine if an implantedcardioverter defibrillator (ICD) would save lives in coronary patients with prior myocardial infarction, reduced ejection fraction, non-sustained ventricular …
Paternal Factors and Schizophrenia Risk: De Novo Mutations and Imprinting

There is a strong genetic component for schizophrenia risk, but it is unclear how the illness is maintained in the population given the significantly reduced fertility of those with the disorder. One possibility is that new mutations occur in schizophrenia vulnerability genes. If so, then those with schizophrenia may have older fathers, because advancing paternal age is the major source of new mutations in humans. This review describes several neurodevelopmental disorders that have been associated with de novo mutations in the paternal germ line and reviews data linking increased schizophrenia risk with older fathers. Several genetic mechanisms that could explain this association are proposed, including paternal germ line mutations, trinucleotide repeat expansions, and alterations in genetic imprinting in one or several genes involved in neurodevelopment. Animal models may be useful in exploring these and other explanations for the paternal age effect and they may provide a novel approach for gene identification. Finally, it is proposed that environmental exposures of the father, as well as those of the mother and developing fetus, may be relevant to the etiology of schizophrenia.
Strategic Partnerships in the Domestic Textile Complex: Exploring Suppliers’ Perspectives:

A strategic partnership is an alliance between two or more firms in which resources, capabilities, and core competencies are combined to pursue mutual benefits (Hitt, Ireland, & Hoskisson, 1997). The purpose of this pilot study was to examine strategic partnerships within the domestic textile complex. Qualitative interviews were conducted spring 1999 with seven textile complex executives. A two-page interview instrument was developed for data collection, based on a theoretical framework that incorporated both Thibaut and Kelley’s (1959) social exchange theory and the Lorange and Roos (1992) Partners’ Supply Chain Model. Results showed that a) partnerships did exist in the domestic textile complex; b) costs were both financial (for partnership establishment) and relational (conflict of interest between partners); and c) benefits included sharing of private company information, sharing of financial risk, receiving exclusive access to select goods and services, and reduced time to market. Strategic partnersh...
AJR teaching file: Necrotic mass invading the heart.

Radiologic Description Contiguous axial CT images (Figs. 1A and 1B) show a necrotic mass invading the pericardium and extending into the left atrium via the left inferior pulmonary vein. T2-weighted MRI shows an intrapelvic mass and a proximal left thigh mass (Fig. 1C). A smallbowel follow-through depicts the typical coiled-spring appearance of an intussusception (Fig. 1D). Subsequent contrast-enhanced MRI shows the irregularly enhancing lead point (Fig. 1E) and a large metastasis involving the proximal left thigh (Fig. 1F). Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis in a patient with a cardiac mass includes myxoma, leiomyosarcoma, papillary fibroelastoma, and angiosarcoma.
Scedosporium apiospermum Fungemia in a Lung Transplant Recipient

Scedosporium apiospermum, the asexual anamorph of the cosmopolitan fungus Pseudallescheria boydii, is emerging as an important cause of disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients. We present our experience with the first reported case of S apiospermum fungemia in a lung transplant patient. Disseminated infection resulted in sepsis, multiorgan failure, and death. Review of the literature highlights the diagnostic difficulties related to the similarities between S apiospermum and Aspergillus sp. This superficial resemblance has a significant impact on clinical outcomes considering the inherent resistance of Scedosporium to amphotericin B, the traditional antifungal of choice for disseminated hyalohyphomycoses.
Distributed biomedical terminology development: from experiments to open process.

Objective: Can social computing efforts materially alter the distributed creation and maintenance of complex biomedical terminologies and ontologies; a review of distributed authoring history and status. Background: Social computing projects, such as Wikipedia, have dramatically altered the perception and reality of large-scale content projects and the labor required to create and maintain them. Health terminologies have become large, complex, interdependent content artifacts of increasing importance to biomedical research and the communities understanding of biology, medicine, and optimal healthcare practices. The question naturally arises as to whether social computing models and distributed authoring platforms can be applied to the voluntary, distributed authoring of high-quality terminologies and ontologies. Methods: An historical review of distributed authoring developments. Results: The trajectory of description logic-driven authoring tools, group process, and web-based platforms suggests that public distributed authoring is likely feasible and practical; however, no compelling example on the order of Wikipedia is yet extant. Nevertheless, several projects, including the Gene Ontology and the new revision of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) hold promise.
Neuroprotection and recovery from early-life adversity: considerations for environmental enrichment.

In the laboratory, environmental enrichment (EE) is used as a protocol to understand the functional, behavioral and molecular mechanisms that underlie neural plasticity (van Praag et al., 2000; Sale et al., 2014). In addition, it is utilized to provide supplementary resources to animals in order to maintain their well-being and to preserve the scientific validity of the study at hand (see http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12910/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals-eighth). Generally, EE is designed using a multifactorial approach incorporating novelty (e.g., alternating toys and locations of objects within the cage) alongside opportunities for physical activity (e.g., increased cage space, running wheels) and social engagement facilitated through group housing; see Figure 1. Such refinement of animal housing conditions can reduce stress and stereotyped behaviors (e.g., bar-biting, trichotillomania), that may interfere with research endpoints, by decreasing boredom and promoting species typical behaviors such as foraging, burrowing and exploration (Simpson and Kelly, 2011).
Cloning and characterization of a growth factor-inducible cyclooxygenase gene from rat intestinal epithelial cells

Growth factors have been shown to play a role in intestinal epithelial growth regulation and transformation. Utilizing standard differential cloning techniques, we have isolated a growth factor-inducible gene (RS-2) from rat intestinal epithelial cells that has approximately 95% homology to the mouse mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2) at the amino acid level. This cDNA hybridizes to a approximately 4.5-kb mRNA from transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha-stimulated rat intestinal epithelial (RIE-1) cells and is constitutively expressed in vivo in adult rat kidney and brain. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrate that the increase of RS-2 mRNA after TGF-alpha stimulation is in part due to an increased transcription rate of the gene. The coding region for RS-2 was subcloned into a pCMV-2 expression vector, and the RS-2 protein was expressed in COS-1 cells. Microsomal fractions isolated from the COS-1 cells transfected with the RS-2 expression vector contained cyclooxygenase activity. In addition to the production of prostaglandins, the recombinant RS-2 protein also catalyzed the formation of three other eicosanoid products. In summary, we have cloned a mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase gene from rat intestinal cells that is induced following growth factor stimulation.
Strengthening mechanisms in an inertia friction welded nickel-base superalloy

Abstract This research investigated the strengthening mechanisms associated with the as-welded microstructure developed during inertia friction welding of dissimilar superalloys LHSR and Mar-M247. The weld interface and heat affected regions of the sample were analyzed using hardness indentation techniques and subsequently characterized using SEM, TEM and advanced atom probe tomography. The yield strength of the welded joint was modeled to determine the impact of the gradients in the as-welded microstructure on strengthening mechanisms within the LSHR material. Characterization centered on formation of γ′, γ grain size and chemical segregation within the heat affected regions. Results indicate an increased hardness in the vicinity of the weld interface, resulting from the refined dispersion of γ′ and γ grains.
Children’s Interstitial Lung Diseases in Early Infancy

Children’s interstitial lung disease is a group of relatively rare pulmonary disorders that can present in the neonatal or early infancy periods. A classification scheme was developed in 2007 to aid clinicians and researchers in more accurate recognition and diagnosis. Infants who present with a prolonged oxygen requirement and/or persistent tachypnea may suffer from one of these conditions. Although more widely described afflictions, such as pulmonary hypoplasia or genetic errors of surfactant metabolism, may be considered in the differential diagnosis of these symptoms, a few of the remaining disorders have been only recently described, making them important entities to become familiar with in contemporary medical practice. This article describes the lesser-known conditions that have the potential to cause significant pulmonary disease in infancy.
Further Development of Feedback Control of Cavity Flow Using Experimental Based Reduced Order Model

*† ‡ § ** †† ‡‡ In our recent work we presented preliminary results for subsonic cavity flow control using a reduced-order model based feedback control derived from experimental measurements. The model was developed using the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition of PIV images in conjunction with the Galerkin projection of the Navier-Stokes equations onto the resulting spatial eigenfunctions. A linear-quadratic optimal controller was designed to reduce cavity flow resonance by controlling the time coefficient and tested in the experiments. The stochastic estimation method was used for real-time estimation of the corresponding time coefficients from 4 dynamic surface pressure measurements. The results obtained showed that the controller was capable of reducing the cavity flow resonance at the design Mach 0.3 flow, as well as at other flows with slightly different Mach number. In the present work we present several improvements made to the method. The reduced order model was derived from a larger set of PIV measurements and we used 6 sensors for the stochastic estimation of the instantaneous time coefficients. The reduced order model so obtained shows a better convergence of the time coefficients. This combined with the 6sensor estimation improves the control performance while using a scaling factor closer to the theoretically expected value. The controller also performed better in off design flow conditions.
Synthesis of the silaisocyanoacetylene molecule.

The hitherto elusive silaisocyanoacetylene molecule (HCCNSi)—a member of the silaisocyanide family—has been synthesized for the first time through the reaction of the silicon nitride radical (SiN) with acetylene (C2H2) in the gas phase under single collision conditions. Compared to the isoelectronic reaction of the cyano radical (CN) with acetylene, the replacement of the carbon atom in the cyano group by an isovalent silicon atom has a pronounced effect on the reactivity. Whereas the silicon nitride radical was found to pass an entrance barrier and adds with the nitrogen atom to the acetylene molecule, the cyano radical adds barrierlessly with the carbon atom forming the HCCH(NSi) and HCCH(CN) intermediates, respectively. These structures undergo hydrogen loss to form the linear silaisocyanoacetylene (HCCNSi) and cyanoacetylene molecules (HCCCN), respectively. Therefore, the isovalency of the silicon atom was found to bear little resemblance with the carbon atom having a dramatic effect not only on the r...
Bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm as an unsuspected cause of hemoptysis in a pediatric patient.

Objective:Hemoptysis in the pediatric population may be caused by foreign body aspiration, cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, or infection. Vascular causes are uncommon. We present a rare cause of hemoptysis related to a bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm.Methods:We report the case of a child with a bronchial artery pseudoaneurysm causing hemoptysis and describe the clinical evaluation, treatment, and outcome.Results:A 12-year-old girl presented to a tertiary children’s hospital with a history of daily, intermittent, moderate-volume hemoptysis. Rigid bronchoscopy showed a fresh clot occluding the right bronchus intermedius. Computed tomography angiogram was concerning for mild external vascular compression of the right mainstem bronchus. A bronchial arteriogram showed a right mid-bronchial pseudoaneurysm, which was embolized without complication. On repeat bronchoscopy, thrombus was removed from the bronchus intermedius with no new active bleeding. The patient was discharged in stable condition and did not hav...
EVOLUTION OF OBLIGATE SIBLICIDE IN BOOBIES. 2: FOOD LIMITATION AND PARENT–OFFSPRING CONFLICT

Proximate limitation on parental food delivery has long been invoked to explain the evolution of single-chick broods of pelagic seabirds such as masked boobies (Sula dactylatra). A second possible proximate limit on brood size is siblicide driven by genetic parent-offspring conflict (POC) over brood size, if siblicidal offspring can reduce brood size to one even if the parents' optimal brood size is greater than one. I tested these two hypotheses by experimentally suppressing obligate siblicide in masked booby broods and comparing breeding parameters of these broods with unmanipulated single-chick control broods. Per capita mortality rate of experimental nestlings was higher than that of controls, but this deficit was more than made up by larger brood size. Parents of experimental broods brought more food to offspring, had higher fledging success, and apparently incurred no additional major short-term cost of reproduction, relative to parents of control broods, thus refuting the food limitation hypothesis. Estimates of inclusive fitness of chicks in experimental broods were higher than were those of control nestlings, a result inconsistent with the POC hypothesis that the siblicidal offspring's optimal brood size is one while the parents' optimum is greater than one. This discrepency between natural brood size and apparent brood size optima might be resolved in several ways: experimental artifacts may give misleading estimates of optimal brood size; experimental and control offspring may have different reproductive values at the time of fledging; nestling masked boobies may face a special frequency-dependent case of POC in which the high risk of sharing a nest with a siblicidal sibling makes invasion of other behavioral genotypes difficult even when offspring and parent inclusive fitnesses are higher from a nonsiblicidal brood of two than from a brood of one.
Understanding a Community: Observations from the Global Game Jam Survey Data

The Global Game Jam® is the world's largest game creation event, a physical jam that is held annually for eight years now. The 48-hour activity brings together game design enthusiasts in over 90 countries around the world for a weekend of experimentation. The organization facilitates tens of thousands of jam registrations every year, and thousands of responses to its annual survey. In this paper, we analyze Global Game Jam using multiple largely unexamined sources of data. We produce and discuss some key observations supported by the evidence. These observations cover everything from jammers' age, gender, education and attitudes to a look at the different factors that enhance or detract from the jam experience. We hope our findings will lead to a better understanding of the Global Game Jam community and increase the quality of jams to come.
Interpretive methodology: some problems, limitations, and remedial strategies.

Clinical interpretation is difficult and fallible. Basic methodologic problems make errors inevitable in interpretive work. This report reviews some of the major problems and limitations of interpretive methodology, and describes remedial strategies for dealing with them, i.e., "learning from error" by use of error-detecting, error-correcting, and validating procedures.
Tissue and cellular differences in the expression of cytochrome P-450 isozymes

Metabolism of exogenous chemicals by the cytochrome P-450 mono-oxygenase system (P-450 system) of various tissues and cells is necessarily dependent upon the contents and specificities of the individual isozymes of cytochrome P-450 present. Therefore, we should be able to relate differences in tissue or cellular metabolism of xenobiotics to constitutive isozyme profiles and to differential changes in profiles due to the inductive and/or repressive effects of chemical modulators of P-450 synthesis. The complexity of P-450 isozyme profiles requires that sensitive methods for detection and quantitation be employed and that these methods be applicable to different tissues and cell types under both native and altered conditions. Our past studies of rabbit liver and lung have pointed out a number of marked differences and similarities between the P-450 systems of these two tissues (Philpot & Wolf, 1981). With the development of highly sensitive immunochemical methods, we have now been able to examine P-450 systems in greater detail and have extended our observations to other tissues and species.
A Cluster-Based Method for Calculating Baselines for Residential Loads

Demand response (DR) programs provide incentives for load reductions during event periods. Measuring these reductions requires estimating load if there was no event, known as baselines. Differences in metered load below the baseline are assumed to be load reductions. Baselines are typically calculated from historical data, sometimes with adjustments from pre-event periods. This paper presents a cohort-based baseline method that utilizes event-day metered load. The cohorts, a group of consumers with a similar consumption pattern, are developed from correlations between normal nonevent day loads. Baselines for DR participants are established using event-day metered load of nonparticipating cohort members. This method implicitly incorporates weather and other complex factors into the baseline. Our method is compared with several traditional methods using actual utility meter data. Baselines are calculated for each nonevent day and compared with the actual meter data on these days. The results show that cohort-based baselines are significantly more accurate than traditional methods.
16S rRNA analysis provides evidence of biofilms on all components of three infected periprosthetic knees including permanent braided suture

Bacterial biofilms are the main etiological agent of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI); however, it is unclear if biofilms colonize one or multiple components. Because biofilms can colonize a variety of surfaces, we hypothesized that biofilms would be present on all components. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing analysis was used to identify bacteria recovered from individual components and non-absorbable suture material recovered from three PJI total knee revision cases. Bray-Curtis non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis revealed no significant differences in similarity when factoring component, material type, or suture versus non-suture material, but did reveal significant differences in organism profile between patients (P < 0.001) and negative controls (P < 0.001). Confocal microscopy and a novel agar encasement culturing method also confirmed biofilm growth on a subset of components. While 16S sequencing suggested that the microbiology was more complex than revealed by culture contaminating, bacterial DNA generates a risk of false positives. This report highlights that biofilm bacteria may colonize all infected prosthetic components including braided suture material, and provides further evidence that clinical culture can fail to sufficiently identify the full pathogen profile in PJI cases.
Spatial variation in vegetation productivity trends, fire disturbance, and soil carbon across arctic-boreal permafrost ecosystems

In arctic tundra and boreal forest ecosystems vegetation structural and functional influences on the surface energy balance can strongly influence permafrost soil temperatures. As such, vegetation changes will likely play an important role in permafrost soil carbon dynamics and associated climate feedbacks. Processes that lead to changes in vegetation, such as wildfire or ecosystem responses to rising temperatures, are of critical importance to understanding the impacts of arctic and boreal ecosystems on future climate. Yet these processes vary within and between ecosystems and this variability has not been systematically characterized across the arctic-boreal region. Here we quantify the distribution of vegetation productivity trends, wildfire, and near-surface soil carbon, by vegetation type, across the zones of continuous and discontinuous permafrost. Siberian larch forests contain more than one quarter of permafrost soil carbon in areas of continuous permafrost. We observe pervasive positive trends in vegetation productivity in areas of continuous permafrost, whereas areas underlain by discontinuous permafrost have proportionally less positive productivity trends and an increase in areas exhibiting negative productivity trends. Fire affects a much smaller proportion of the total area and thus a smaller amount of permafrost soil carbon, with the vast majority occurring in deciduous needleleaf forests. Our results indicate that vegetation productivity trends may be linked to permafrost distribution, fire affects a relatively small proportion of permafrost soil carbon, and Siberian larch forests will play a crucial role in the strength of the permafrost carbon climate feedback.
Mining implicit 3D modeling patterns from unstructured temporal BIM log text data

Abstract Building information modeling is instrumental in documenting design, enhancing customer experience, and improving product functionality in capital projects. However, good building models do not happen by accident, but rather as a result of a managed process that involves several participants from different disciplines and backgrounds. Effective management of this process requires an ability to closely monitor the modeling process and correctly measure modelers' performance. Nevertheless, existing methods of performance monitoring in building design practices lack an objective measurement system to quantify modeling progress. The widespread utilization of Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools presents a unique opportunity to retrieve granular design process data and conduct accurate performance measurements. As a building's 3D model is gradually developed, model generation software packages, such as Autodesk Revit, automatically create log files that record design activities. This paper investigates what information these log files contain and how one can extract and further analyze the information to provide insight into the design modeling process. The specific objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate the presence of implicit patterns in 3-D design log files; and (2) to empirically characterize the performance of modelers based on the time it takes them to execute similar modeling tasks. To fulfill these objectives, design log files provided by an international architecture and design firm were analyzed. Using a tailored text file parser, user-model interaction data including modeler characteristics, command type, and command time were extracted from the journal files. To identify implicit command execution patterns, a sequence mining algorithm based on Generalized Suffix Trees (GST) was implemented. It was shown that there is a statistically significant difference between the average time it takes modelers to execute each command sequence. This study extends the existing knowledge by proposing a novel methodology to extract meaningful patterns from time-stamped unstructured design log data. This research contributes to the state of practice by providing a better understanding of information embedded in design log files.
Understanding teacher resistance to instructional coaching

Research provides strong support for the promise of coaching, or job embedded professional development, particularly on improving teachers’ classroom instruction. As part of a comprehensive profess...
Modeling Insight into Battery Electrolyte Electrochemical Stability and Interfacial Structure

ConspectusElectroactive interfaces distinguish electrochemistry from chemistry and enable electrochemical energy devices like batteries, fuel cells, and electric double layer capacitors. In batteries, electrolytes should be either thermodynamically stable at the electrode interfaces or kinetically stable by forming an electronically insulating but ionically conducting interphase. In addition to a traditional optimization of electrolytes by adding cosolvents and sacrificial additives to preferentially reduce or oxidize at the electrode surfaces, knowledge of the local electrolyte composition and structure within the double layer as a function of voltage constitutes the basis of manipulating an interphase and expanding the operating windows of electrochemical devices. In this work, we focus on how the molecular-scale insight into the solvent and ion partitioning in the electrolyte double layer as a function of applied potential could predict changes in electrolyte stability and its initial oxidation and red...