cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Companies as Commodities

Like copper, corn, or crude oil, companies increasingly trade like commodities. Some investors — certain holders of debt, activist shareholders, and controlling shareholders, especially private equity funds — are focused solely on returns. In practice, this means that they care about the fate of the companies in which they invest no more than they care about the fate of any tonne of copper, bushel of corn, or oil barrel they happen to trade. These investors are so immune to reputational concerns that they will even prefer that the companies in which they invest fail if failure maximizes their return on investment. This Article identifies and labels these “going-concern-neutral” (GCN) investors. By virtue of their singular focus on return on investment, GCN investors are not bound by the same norms and relationships as other stake-holders in a company. This disconnect allows GCN investors to transfer an out sized share of company value to themselves. As a result, GCN investing typically increases the costs and risk faced by other stakeholders. This Article then uses property theory to understand GCN investing and the conflicts in the use of company value that it creates. Although it is contested whether GCN investors are properly understood as true owners of firms and their assets, accepting that premise to leverage the tools of property theory leads to significant insights. Analyzing these investors’ ownership claims through an exclusion framework reveals unseen nuances in the relationships between GCN investors and other stakeholders. Next, four property-law concepts — the right to destroy, waste, nuisance, and the tragedy of the commons — provide a rich source of analogies. These analogies reveal that the law has long used a number of so-called governance rules to manage property where there are several competing users. These rules restrict the rights of owners in order to address externalities and to promote welfare maximization. Although companies have been commoditized into mere property, the governance rules that restrict property ownership in other contexts do not yet apply to ownership of companies. It is time to consider interventions that would align the benefits and burdens of ownership of commoditized companies with ownership of other as-sets.
FT4 Should Replace TSH in Diagnosing Abnormal Thyroid Function

In this paper, I argue that the method for diagnosing abnormal thyroid function should be the free serum thyroxine (FT4) test. The current and most widely used method for diagnosis is the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) test. The FT4-first testing approach is more accurate and more cost-effective and should replace the TSH test.
Effects of medicaid expansion on poverty disparities in health insurance coverage.

More than 30 states have either expanded Medicaid or are actively considering expansion. The coverage gains from this policy are well documented, however, the impacts of its increasing coverage on poverty disparity are unclear at the national level. American Community Survey (2012–2018) was used to examine the effects of Medicaid expansion on poverty disparity in insurance coverage for nonelderly adults in the United States. Differences-in-differences-in-differences design was used to analyze trends in uninsured rates by poverty levels: (1) 400 % federal poverty level (FPL). Compared with uninsured rates in 2012, uninsured rates in 2018 decreased by 10.75 %, 6.42 %, and 1.11 % for 400 % FPL, respectively. From 2012 to 2018, > 400 % FPL group continuously had the lowest uninsured rate and < 138 % FPL group had the highest uninsured rate. Compared with ≥ 138 % FPL groups, there was a 2.54 % reduction in uninsured risk after Medicaid expansion among < 138 % FPL group in Medicaid expansion states versus control states. After eliminating the impact of the ACA market exchange premium subsidy, 3.18 % decrease was estimated. Poverty disparity in uninsured rates improved with Medicaid expansion. However, < 138 % FPL population are still at a higher risk for being uninsured.
FPGA Accelerated Embedded System Security Through Hardware Isolation

Modern embedded systems include on-chip FPGA along with processors to meet the high computation demand by providing flexibility to users to add custom hardware accelerators. Any confidential or sensitive information may be processed by those custom accelerators or hardware Intellectual Properties (IPs). Existing accelerator usage models in embedded systems do not prevent illegal access to the IPs, which can be a severe security breach. In this paper, we present a hardware-software co-design approach for secured FPGA accelerated embedded system design. Our proposed security framework inherits Mandatory Access Control (MAC) based authentication policies running at software down to hardware accelerators in FPGA. It ensures secured processing of confidential data in the hardware to prevent software originated attacks at hardware IPs and information leaks. We have implemented a prototype of our proposed framework, which shows that it can be easily integrated while designing an embedded system with custom accelerator IPs. The experimental results show that the proposed framework establishes secured hardware execution with a negligible amount of area and performance overhead.
Evaluation of the polyhedral mesh style for predicting aerosol deposition in representative models of the conducting airways

A critical factor affecting the accuracy of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations and the time required to conduct them is construction of the computational mesh. This study aimed to evaluate the relatively new polyhedral mesh style for simulating aerosol deposition in the upper conducting airways compared with established meshing techniques and experimental data. Hexahedral and polyhedral mesh solutions were compared in two benchmark geometries: 1) a 90°-bend with flow characteristics similar to the extrathoracic airways of an adolescent child, and 2) a double bifurcation representing bifurcations B3-B5 in an adult. Both 4-block and 5-block hexahedral meshes were used in the 90°-bend to capture the potential of fully-structured hexahedral meshes. In the 90°-bend, polyhedral elements matched polydisperse in vitro deposition data with 20% relative error (RE; averaged across the particle sizes considered), which is an improvement on the accuracy of the 4-block hexahedral mesh (35% RE) and is similar to the accuracy of the 5-block hexahedral mesh (19% RE). In the double bifurcation, deposition fraction relative differences evaluated between polyhedral and hexahedral meshes ranged from 0.3% to 28.6% for the different particle sizes assessed, which is an order of magnitude improvement compared with previous studies that considered hexahedral vs. hybrid tetrahedral-prism meshes for the same flow field. Solution convergence time with polyhedral elements was found to be 50% to 140% higher than with hexahedral meshes of comparable size. While application dependent, the increase in simulation time observed with polyhedral meshes will likely be outweighed by the ease and convenience of polyhedral mesh construction. It was concluded that the polyhedral mesh style, with sufficient resolution especially near the walls, is an excellent alternative to the highly regarded hexahedral mesh style for predicting upper airway aerosol transport and deposition and provides a powerful new tool in the assessment of respiratory aerosol dosimetry.
Transformation of Random Wave Spectrum on Beaches

This paper presents a new analytic solution to the problem of predicting the change of energy as random waves propagate from deep water towards the shore lines. Some relevant results of the deterministic wave theory are first reviewed along with the classical result of Longuet-Higgins on the transformation of a continuous wave spectrum based on the concepts of the conservation of energy flux.
An alkyl imidate labeling study of the organization of phospholipids and proteins in the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4

The structure of the lipid-containing bacteriophage PR4 was studied using two alkyl imidates, ethyl acetimidate (EAI), a reagent permeant to lipid bilayers and isethionyl acetimidate (IAI), which is impermeant to membranes. The virion is an icosahedral particle consisting of a protein coat surrounding a membrane of phospholipid and protein which in turn encloses the DNA genome. Upon exposure to the permeant reagent, EAI, 50% of the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) molecules reacted rapidly (half-life less than 10 min). A similar fraction of the PE also reacted with IAI, the impermeant reagent. The remaining half of the PE molecules reacted slowly with EAI (half-life of 80 min) and failed to react with IAI. All of the phage proteins reacted with both EAI and IAI (except a DNA-associated protein which reacted only with EAI). These labeling results indicate that the phage membrane consists of a lipid bilayer and that at least a portion of each phage protein (except the DNA-associated protein) is exposed on the external face of the lipid bilayer. Several of the membrane proteins could be cross-linked either to the phage membrane PE after EAI treatment or to phage phosphatidylglycerol after periodate treatment. The major structural protein of the phage was readily cross-linked to PG but failed to cross-link to PE suggesting that the protein specifically interacts with PG.
FLT3 inhibitors for acute myeloid leukemia: a review of their efficacy and mechanisms of resistance

Since the Food and Drug Administration approval of imatinib for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia in 2001, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have become a mainstay in the care of many malignancies. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), activating mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) gene result in survival and proliferation of leukemic blasts and are associated with adverse prognosis. Therefore, the FLT3 receptor is an appealing target for inhibition. Multiple small molecule TKIs are currently in development for FLT3-mutated AML, and agents are beginning to show promising efficacy. In other malignancies, the development of resistance to TKIs during the course of therapy has proven to be a challenge, and thus far, in clinical trials of FLT3 TKIs, resistance to inhibition represents a significant barrier to successful FLT3 inhibition. Understanding the mechanisms of resistance and overcoming these obstacles to target inhibition will be central to the success of these agents.
Partially additive categories and fully complete models of linear logic

We construct a new class of models for linear logic. These models are constructed on partially additive categories using the Int construction of Joyal- Street and Verity and double glueing construction of Hyland and Tan. We prove full completeness for MLL+MIX in these models.
Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish Identity in Habsburg Galicia

1. Galician Jewry under Habsburg rule: the first century, 1772-1883 2. Neither Germans nor Poles: Jewish nationalism before Herzl, 1883-96 3. Building a nation of readers: the emergence of a Yiddish populist press in Galicia 4. A broadening audience: organizational and ideological change, 1896-1904 5. The 1907 parliamentary elections and the rise of Jewish mass politics.
Liability and Admissions of Wrongdoing in Public Enforcement of Law

Some judges and scholars have questioned the social value of the standard form in which the Securities and Exchange Commission settles its corporate enforcement actions, including the agency’s use of essentially unreviewed consent decrees that include no admission of liability or wrongdoing. This essay for a symposium on SEC enforcement provides an analysis of the deterrent effects of the three main components of settlements in public enforcement of law: liability, admission, and remedy. The conclusions are the following. All three components have beneficial deterrent effects. Cost considerations nonetheless justify some settlements that dispense with liability or admission, or even both. But a practice like the SEC’s of uniformly institutionalizing settlements without admissions, such that the deterrent effects of admissions are never realized, even for bargaining leverage, is not justified. Further, there is reason to believe that some form of judicial review of enforcement settlements would contribute to deterrence. To put the argument another way, the SEC and other agencies engaged in public civil enforcement could learn something from contemplating why the federal criminal justice system strongly disfavors nolo contendere pleas and why a plea bargaining system dominated by nolo pleas would be so undesirable as to be unthinkable.
A Review of “Life Stages of the Museum Visitor: Building Engagement over a Lifetime”

In Life Stages of the Museum Visitor: Building Engagement over a Lifetime, authors Wilkening and Chung describe characteristics of various life stages of specific segments of museum visitors. They ...
The interaction of a nonionic detergent with protein. I. Physical properties of the protein detergent complex.

The addition of Triton X-100, a nonionic detergent, to solutions of bovine plasma albumin resulted in a small but significant increase in intrinsic viscosity and a decrease in electrophoretic mobility. The specific optical rotation of bovine plasma albumin, ribonuclease, and oxidized ribonuclease was unchanged by the addition of detergent. The number of reactive sulfhydryl groups of bovine serum albumin and muscle aldolase was unchanged in the presence of detergent. These data indicate that no gross structural change occurs in the protein but are consistent with the view that the degree of hydration is increased in the presence of detergent.
The Economics and Regulation of Bank Overdraft Protection

Consumer use of bank overdraft protection has risen rapidly over the past decade, leading to increased scrutiny and the imposition of new regulations. Public and political debate regarding overdraft protection has highlighted anecdotal stories about irresponsible college students who overdraw their accounts to buy a cup of coffee, thereby triggering substantial overdraft fees. But there has been little systematic examination of the safety and soundness or consumer protection issues implicated by the increased use of overdraft protection.Available evidence indicates that those who rely on overdraft protection tend to have low credit ratings, use overdraft protection because it is sometimes less expensive, to maintain short-term liquidity needs, and more convenient than available alternatives. These alternatives include other credit options, such as payday lending, or options such bounced checks or dishonored payments, which may result in eviction or termination of utilities or other services.There is also no evidence that those who use overdraft protection are unaware of the cost or otherwise use overdraft protection foolishly or unknowingly. In addition, there is no evidence that banks are earning economic rents off the issuance of overdraft protection, as increases in overdraft revenues have been offset by dramatic increases in free checking, improved quality, and free services offered to bank customers. A serious reduction in overdraft revenues would reverse all of these trends and result in many consumers being driven out of the mainstream financial system, especially low-income consumers.Absent a demonstrable market failure or demonstration of systematic consumer abuse, restriction on consumer choice of overdraft protection would likely impose substantial costs on consumers and banks with minimal gains.
Effect sizes for research: A broad practical approach.

Preface. Introduction. Confidence Intervals for Comparing the Averages of Two Groups. The Standardized Difference Between Means. Correlational Effect Sizes for Comparing Two Groups. Effect Size Measures That Go Beyond Comparing Two Centers. Effect Sizes for One-Way Anova Designs. Effect Sizes for Factorial Designs. Effect Sizes for Categorical Variables. Effect Sizes for Ordinal Categorical Variables.
Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Logic Optimization

Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Logic Optimization is the second in a set of two monographs devoted to the synthesis of Finite State Machines (FSMs). The first volume, Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Functional Optimization, addresses functional optimization, whereas this one addresses logic optimization. The result of functional optimization is a symbolic description of an FSM which represents a sequential function chosen from a collection of permissible candidates. Logic optimization is the body of techniques for converting a symbolic description of an FSM into a hardware implementation. The mapping of a given symbolic representation into a two-valued logic implementation is called state encoding (or state assignment) and it impacts heavily area, speed, testability and power consumption of the realized circuit. The first part of the book introduces the relevant background, presents results previously scattered in the literature on the computational complexity of encoding problems, and surveys in depth old and new approaches to encoding in logic synthesis. The second part of the book presents two main results about symbolic minimization; a new procedure to find minimal two-level symbolic covers, under face, dominance and disjunctive constraints, and a unified frame to check encodability of encoding constraints and find codes of minimum length that satisfy them. The third part of the book introduces generalized prime implicants (GPIs), which are the counterpart, in symbolic minimization of two-level logic, to prime implicants in two-valued two-level minimization. GPIs enable the design of an exact procedure for two-level symbolic minimization, based on a covering step which is complicated by the need to guarantee encodability of the final cover. A new efficient algorithm to verify encodability of a selected cover is presented. If a cover is not encodable, it is shown how to augment it minimally until an encodable superset of GPIs is determined. To handle encodability the authors have extended the frame to satisfy encoding constraints presented in the second part. The covering problems generated in the minimization of GPIs tend to be very large. Recently large covering problems have been attacked successfully by representing the covering table with binary decision diagrams (BDD). In the fourth part of the book the authors introduce such techniques and extend them to the case of the implicit minimization of GPIs, where the encodability and augmentation steps are also performed implicitly. Synthesis of Finite State Machines: Logic Optimization will be of interest to researchers and professional engineers who work in the area of computer-aided design of integrated circuits.
Postinduction positron emission tomography assessment of N2 nodes is not associated with ypN2 disease or overall survival in stage IIIA non–small cell lung cancer

Abstract Objective Induction therapy is often recommended for patients with clinical stage IIIA-N2 (cIIIA/pN2) lung cancer. We examined whether postinduction positron emission tomography (PET) scans were associated with ypN2 disease and survival of patients with cIIIA/pN2 disease. Methods We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database to identify patients with cIIIA/pN2 non–small cell lung cancer treated with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery between January 2007 and December 2012. The primary aim was the association between postinduction PET avidity and ypN2 status; the secondary aims were overall survival, disease-free survival, and recurrence. Results Persistent pathologic N2 disease was present in 61% of patients (61 out of 100). PET N2-negative disease increased from 7% (6 out of 92) before induction therapy to 47% (36 out of 77) afterward. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of postinduction PET for identification of ypN2 disease were 59%, 55%, and 57%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis indicated that postinduction PET N2 status was not associated with ypN2 disease. Of the 39 patients with both pre- and postinduction PET N2-avidity, 25 (64%) had ypN2 disease. The 5-year overall survival was 40% for ypN2 disease versus 38% for N2-persistent disease ( P = .936); the 5-year overall survival was 43% for postinduction PET N2-negative disease versus 39% for N2-avid disease ( P = .251). The 5-year disease-free survival was 34% for ypN2-negative disease versus 9% for N2-persistent disease ( P = .079). Conclusions Postinduction PET avidity for N2 nodes is not associated with ypN2 disease, overall survival, or disease-free survival in patients undergoing induction chemotherapy for stage IIIA/pN2 disease.
Aerobic stability of distillers wet grains as influenced by temperature

BACKGROUND: The storability of distillers wet grains (DWG) influences the economic, energetic, and carbon balances of fuel ethanol production, yet there are limited published data on the deterioration of DWG following its production. We used biogenic CO2 production to assess the aerobic stability of DWG incubated at three temperatures (12 °C, 22 °C, 32 °C) and compared CO2 production over time to the appearance of mold and changes in DWG color parameters. RESULTS: CO2 production and mold colonization indicate that at temperatures near 12 °C, the aerobic stability of DWG was high and that it can be stored for at least a 10-day period. At temperatures close to 22 °C, the onset of increased microbial activity and visible mold colonization occurred between 4 and 7 days and both activity and mold ratings were very high by the ninth day in all three experiments. At 32 °C, 2 days may be a more appropriate limit for storage. CONCLUSION: Temperature and time interact in a nonlinear fashion that permits the prediction of DWG stability boundaries. The simple visual appearance of mold appears to be a reasonable indicator that correlates well (r = 0.694) with CO2 production, a measure of the aerobic stability of DWG. Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UMR: a multi-round algorithm for scheduling divisible workloads

In this paper we present an algorithm for scheduling parallel divisible workload applications. Our algorithm uses multiple rounds to overlap communication and computation between a master and several workers. We use "uniform" rounds, i.e. a fixed amount of work is sent out to all workers at each round. This restriction makes it possible to compute an approximately optimal number of rounds, which was not possible for previously proposed algorithms. In addition, we use more realistic platform models than those used in previous works. We provide an analysis of our algorithm both for homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms and present simulation results.
Multiple model adaptive estimation applied to the VISTA F-16 flight control system with actuator and sensor failures

Multiple model adaptive estimation is applied to the Variable In-flight Stability Test Aircraft (VISTA) F-16 flight control system. Single actuator and hard sensor failures are introduced and system performance is evaluated. A modified Bayesian approach allows for a blending of state estimates and provides lower bounds to enhance algorithm convergence properties. Scalar residual monitoring aids in resolving ambiguities by demonstrating residual characteristics consistent with a true failure. The algorithm demonstrates good convergence characteristics during purposeful commands and dither signals. Optimizing the dither to improve algorithm performance is effective. >
Growth of Single Crystals of Lead Sulphide in Silica Gels near Ambient Temperatures

THE application of intermetallic compounds in electronic devices has been limited by the difficulties of preparing single crystal materials with desirable properties1. Typical techniques used involve growth from the melt at high temperatures and, frequently, high pressures, or by chemical transport. We wish to report an alternative method—the growth of single crystals of lead sulphide in silica gels near ambient temperatures. This shares the various advantages usually associated with low temperature techniques.
ON THE CONDITIONS OF ELICITATION OF CERTAIN EATING REFLEXES.

The absorption coefficient of various substances for y-rays from ThC" filtered through 6.8 cm. of lead is given in table B. The lead absorber is of 0.682 cm. thick, and the thickness of other absorbers is approximately equivalent to this. From the above table, it is seen that the value ue obtained by dividing the absorption coefficient . by the number of external electrons per cc., increases with the atomic number, while according to the theoretical formulae it should be constant. This might be explained by the following alternatives. (1) A part of the scattering may be due to electrons inside the nucleus as suggested by Professor Millikan in a report made to the National Academy in Nov., 1929, in which cosmic rays were shown to exhibit this same effect in still greater degree. (2) The scattering of a tightly bound electron of the atoms of high atomic numbers may be greater than that of a loosely bound electron. (3) There may still be some true absorption due to the photo-electric effect. At present, an investigation of the process of scattering is being carried on which might possibly throw some light on these questions. I should like to express my gratitude to Professor R. A. Millikan and Professor I. S. Bowen for the suggestion of this experiment and their help in carrying it through, and also to Dr. H. N. McCoy who helped with the preparation of the Radio-Thorium. * Research fellow of The China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture.
An investigation of vinyl-ester : Styrene bulk copolymerization cure kinetics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

A Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy technique was developed to investigate the effects of reaction temperature and reactant composition on the isothermal curing kinetics of commercial vinyl nester resins comprised of vinyl–ester monomer (dimethacrylate of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A DGEBA) and styrene. This technique enables a more complete evaluation of the bulk copolymerization reaction of vinyl–esterstyrene systems by monitoring the depletion of vinyl–ester and styrene double bonds independently. The results indicate that the rate of fractional conversion of styrene double bonds is initially less than that of vinyl–ester vinyl groups. However, styrene monomer continues to react after conversion of vinyl–ester double bonds has ceased. In addition, the overall extent of conversion was found to increase with increasing isothermal cure temperature, and it was observed that higher styrene concentration enhances final conversion of vinyl–ester double bonds and not styrene double bonds. Increasing styrene monomer concentration also resulted in lowering the apparent activation energy for the reaction of vinyl groups from both monomers as characterized by an empirical autocatalytic model used to fit the conversion results for styrene and vinyl–ester double bonds independently. The results of this work demonstrate that reaction temperature and resin composition significantly affect the cure behavior of vinyl–ester resins and provide insight into the development of the resulting network structure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 1572–1582, 2000
A stochastic, multiscale model of microwave backscatter from the ocean

[1] The conventional view of microwave backscatter from the ocean is based on composite surface and quasi-specular theories. In this view, backscatter at intermediate incidence angles is due to Bragg scattering from freely propagating short surface waves that are advected and modulated by longer waves. At small incidence angles the scattering process becomes quasi-specular, coming from small facets aligned normal to the incident waves. The transition between these two processes is said to occur at incidence angles of about 10° to 20°. In this paper we demonstrate that advances in scattering theory and in computing speed make it possible to improve this view. We show that recent scattering theories agree on the form of the backscatter for incidence angles below that where multiple scattering must be considered, i.e., below about 80°. This form involves the Kirchhoff integral multiplied by a coefficient dependent on dielectric constant and incidence angle. We avoid the higher-order calculations necessary in these theories to include the variable local incidence angle caused by surface wave slopes by applying them over restricted regions of the surface. We successively break the surface into regions from which the scatter comes from small-, intermediate-, and large-scale waves. We show that in this picture, scattering from small-scale waves is classic Bragg scattering and is very common while from large-scale waves it is classic quasi-specular scattering and is rarely important. For intermediate-scale waves we evaluate the Kirchhoff integral numerically; this type of scattering becomes increasingly important with increasing wind speed. For all scales but the large one we correct the incidence angle for the slopes of all longer waves as required by composite surface theory. On this picture the transition from Bragg scattering to Kirchhoff scattering occurs gradually in a manner that is dependent on incidence angle, azimuth angle, wind speed, and the surface wave spectrum. The model indicates that Bragg scattering is often viable to surprisingly low incidence angles at low wind speeds. The model is sensitive to the wave height variance spectrum over a wide range of wave numbers. We use two recently published forms of this spectrum to compare the predictions of the model to various data that have been collected over the incidence angles range from 0° to 50°. At 0° this model produces a better fit to Ku band data from the TOPEX altimeter than does quasi-specular theory and does so with no artificial “effective reflection coefficient.” As the incidence angle increases, the model continues to show good agreement with data without an artificial division into “quasi-specular” and “Bragg” scattering. The advantage of this formulation over a quasi-specular one is demonstrated by comparing the two models with data on received power taken at 36 GHz for incidence angles between nadir and 30°.
Phase-Coherent Optical Pulse Synthesis from Separate Femtosecond Lasers

We generated a coherently synthesized optical pulse from two independent mode-locked femtosecond lasers, providing a route to extend the coherent bandwidth available for ultrafast science. The two separate lasers (one centered at 760 nanometers wavelength, the other at 810 nanometers) are tightly synchronized and phase-locked. Coherence between the two lasers is demonstrated via spectral interferometry and second-order field cross-correlation. Measurements reveal a coherently synthesized pulse that has a temporally narrower second-order autocorrelation width and that exhibits a larger amplitude than the individual laser outputs. This work represents a new and flexible approach to the synthesis of coherent light.
Changes In Total Fat Intakes of Children and Their Food Group Sources of Fat, 1989-91 Vs. 1994

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To better understand what changes in dietary patterns are contributing to decreasing overall fat intake for children 2-17 years of age between 1989-91 and 1994. The U.S Department of Agriculture's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) 1989–91 and 1994 data indicate that fat intakes by children 2–17 years of age declined from 34 percent of calories in 1989–91 to 33 percent of calories in 1994. Using descriptive statistics with weighted data, this study investigated fat intakes of these children by selected age and sex groups to determine which age-sex groups have experienced the largest declines in fat intakes. In addition to examining total fat intake, we examined fat intakes from selected food groups to obtain knowledge of what changes in dietary patterns are contributing to decreasing overall fat intake. The sample included 5,632 children 2–17 years of age who provided valid 24-hour dietary recall data from either CSFII 1989–91 or CSFII 1994. One child was randomly selected from each survey household to avoid household clustering effects. Results suggest that male children ages 12–17 experienced the largest decline in fat intake between 1989–91 and 1994. Their fat intake declined from 35 percent of calories in 1989–91 to 32 percent of calories in 1994. For all children ages 2–17 whole milk consumption declined substantially, while skim milk consumption rose. Consumption of grain mixtures increased from 1989–91 to 1994 while fat density of grain mixtures decreased slightly. Other lowfat products such as beverages increased, contributing to a decreased fat density of the diet. Although overall fat density decreased, total calories increased. Consumption rates and fat density of selected food groups are compared for selected age and sex groups within the 2–17 age range between 1989–91 and 1994. Overall food group consumption patterns are examined, and implications of the findings for overall diet quality are considered.
Spectral and Modulation Characteristics of the Concentrated-Arc*

Measurements of the times of decay of light emitted in various spectral regions by the concentrated-arc indicate that the principal part of the visible and infra-red radiation is a continuum having its origin in a thin solid or liquid surface film on the arc cathode.
A sparse third-order orthogonal frequency-domain Volterra-like model

Abstract The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first objective is to develop a discrete frequency-domain orthogonal third-order Volterra model valid for both nonGaussian and Gaussian stationary random inputs in order to eliminate the presence of ‘interference’ terms. The second objective is to develop a sparse third-order frequency-domain Volterra model by identifying the most significant frequency-domain Volterra kernel coefficients using a given amount of raw experimental times series data. The concept of coherence function is extended to the orthogonal higher-order model in order to quantify the goodness of both the model and its constituent linear, quadratic, and cubic components and, then, is utilized as a criterion to select the most significant frequency-domain Volterra kernel coefficients to be included in the sparse Volterra model. Identification of the most significant frequency-domain Volterra coefficients is based upon a frequency-domain extension of the well-known orthogonal-search method. Finally, the practicality and feasibility of these approaches are demonstrated by utilizing them to model actual physical nonlinear systems given experimental input-output data from such systems.
The Sustainable Mobility Learning Laboratory: Interactive Web-Based Education on Transportation and the Environment

The transportation field has for many years been dominated by engineers and other technical specialists. This article describes the Sustainable Mobility Learning Lab (SMLL), a Web-based tool designed to support classroom and university outreach activities to help initiate a more inclusive, nontechnical discussion about the role of transportation technology and human behavioral changes in sustainability. The SMLL includes both a general, “one-room schoolhouse” approach, in which Web users at a variety of levels can participate, along with classroom exercises for more targeted education. In our first runs with the project, the students were engaged with the material and reported positive experiences, and the Web-based format has allowed us to use the materials in a variety of outreach and open source settings.
Theory of Meaning

A theory of word meaning developed jointly by Adrienne and Keith Lehrer is summarized, which accommodates the empirical facts of natural languages, especially the diversity of types of words. Reference characterizes the application of words to things, events, properties, etc. and sense the relationship among words and linguistic expressions. Although reference and sense are closely connected, neither can be reduced to the other. We use the metaphor of vectors to show how different, sometimes competing forces interact to provide an understanding of what a word in context means. Topics discussed include vagueness, indeterminacy, the role of experts, possible worlds, pragmatic influences, semantic change, semantic networks, fields, and entailments. A formal theory for understanding the relationship of idiolects, dialects, and communal languages is proposed to account for the dynamic interaction of individuals and communities which occurs continuously.
The determinants of aggregate-merger activity—Before and after Celler-Kefauver

Regression analysis was used to determine the significant determinants of aggregate merger activity before and after 1950. This study found that stock prices were positively related to merger activity both before and after 1950. However, interest rates were positively related to merger activity prior to 1950, and negatively related to merger activity after 1950. This may have been the result of the Treasury Accord of 1951, which stopped pegging of interest rates. The unemployment rate was negatively related to mergers before 1950, but insignificantly related to mergers after 1950. The decreased significance of the unemployment rate could be the result of the passage of the Celler-Kefauver amendment to the Clayton Act. Tightened regulation may have caused businesses to take a longer run view of merger activity and decreased the business cycle effect. In conclusion, changes in both the regulatory environment and monetary policy have influenced the level of merger activity since 1950.
Loss of radiopacity may impede localization of intrauterine contraceptive device

While ultrasound is the primary modality for localization of an intrauterine contraceptive device, plain films are often employed if the ultrasound examination is negative. A case is reported in which loss of radiopacity hampered identification of an intrauterine device.
The Complement Fixation Reaction as applied to Leprosy.

By means of a method differing in important details from those of previous investigators it has been determined that the blood serum of cases of leprosy exhibits the ability to fix complement with a wide variety of antigens including to a greater or less extent those derived from any culture of the acid-fast group of bacteria available to us. This property of multiple fixation may sufficiently characterize the disease to be of diagnostic significance, although our experience is hardly sufficient to enable us to speak with complete assurance on this point. Certainly, control sera from normal individuals, from cases of tuberculosis, or from cases of syphilis as obtained in our locality have entirely failed to react with certain antigens, whereas serum from cases of leprosy have so reacted to the extent of over 93 per cent. The most characteristic fixation given by the leprosy sera is that with Bacillus leprae (Clegg) used as antigen, either in the form of a bacterial emulsion or of an alcoholic extract of the dried culture. Antibody absorption may be demonstrated in the acid-fast group if the absorbing bacteria are removed by filtration. Otherwise the resulting fluid is strongly anticomplementary. Leper serum is not deprived of the complement-fixing body when so treated with either Bacillus tuberculosis or Bacillus leprae (Clegg).
Self‐Interest, Symbolic Attitudes, and Support for Public Policy: A Multilevel Analysis

This paper examines the role of self-interest and symbolic attitudes as predictors of support for two domestic policy issues—guaranteed jobs and incomes and national health insurance—in the American National Election Survey (ANES) between 1972 and 2004. As was the case in 1976 when Sears, Lau, Tyler, and Allen (1980) first explored this topic, symbolic attitudes continue to be much more important predictors of policy attitudes than various indicators of self-interest over the 30 years we analyze. We explore this finding further to determine whether any individual/internal and external/contextual variables affect the magnitude of self-interest effects on policy support. Five possible internal moderators of self-interest effects are examined: (1) political knowledge, (2) issue publics, (3) political values, (4) social identifications, and (5) emotions, but none are found to boost the magnitude of the self-interest effect. However, we do find some evidence that contextual variables representing the social/information environment moderate the impact of self-interest on public opinion.
Reactions of trimethylgallium multilayers on silicon (100)

Abstract Trimethylgallium (TMGa) is an important source gas for metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and metal-organic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE). In a previous paper Lee et al. (Surf. Sci. 216 (1989) 173) found that at coverages below 2 × 10 14 molecules/cm 2 , TMGa decomposes via an intramolecular transfer hydrogen process to yield methane, carbon, gallium, and hydrogen. Here we consider the mechanism of TMGa decomposition on top of this first monolayer of TMGa using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is found that at TMGa exposures > 1 × 10 16 molecules/cm 2 , TMGa transiently populates a weakly bound state. The TMGa desorbs from this weakly bound state if the sample is held in vacuum for several minutes at 300 K. However, the weakly bound TMGa will react if the sample is flashed immediately after dosing. The weakly bound TMGa decomposes at 400–600 K to yield dimethylgallium (DMGa (abs) ). methane, and CH x groups. The DMGa reacts upon further heating to yield monomethylgallium (MMGa (abs) ), methane and additional CH x groups. The MMGa decomposes above 700 K, to yield methyl radicals and gallium. Traces of ethylene are also seen. These results verify that carbon deposition is an intrinsic part of TMGa decomposition on Si(100). In contrast, MMGa can decompose cleanly. Hence, MMGa may be a promising intermediate for MOMBE.
Design Considerations for 1.06- $mu$ m InGaAsP&#8211;InP Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiodes

For Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes, the two most important performance metrics for most applications are dark count rate (DCR) and photon detection efficiency (PDE). In 1.06-mum separate-absorber-avalanche (multiplier) InP-based devices, the primary sources of dark counts are tunneling through defect levels in the InP avalanche region and thermal generation in the InGaAsP absorber region. PDE is the probability that a photon will be absorbed (quantum efficiency) times the probability that the electron-hole pair generated will actually cause an avalanche. A device model based on experimental data that can simultaneously predict DCR and PDE as a function of overbias and temperature is presented. This model has been found useful in predicting changes in performance as various device parameters, such as avalanche layer thickness, are modified. This has led to designs that are capable simultaneously of low DCR and high PDE
From imaging to understanding: Frontiers in Live Cell Imaging, Bethesda, MD, April 19–21, 2006

A recent meeting entitled Frontiers in Live Cell Imaging was attended by more than 400 cell biologists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians, and engineers. Unlike typical special topics meetings, which bring together investigators in a defined field primarily to review recent progress, the purpose of this meeting was to promote cross-disciplinary interactions by introducing emerging methods on the one hand and important biological applications on the other. The goal was to turn live cell imaging from a “technique” used in cell biology into a new exploratory science that combines a number of research fields.
Grating-coupler assisted infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy for the characterization of organic thin films.

We demonstrate how grating-coupler assisted infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy can be used to simultaneously determine the chemical identity and relative thickness of organic thin films. With a grating substrate, a threshold anomaly associated with passing off of the −1 diffracted order occurs at grazing angles of incidence, resulting in a sharp absorbance in the infrared. The position of this peak is sensitive to the grating geometry as well as the dielectric environment near its surface. Thus, shifts in the peak position can be used to determine the relative thickness of adsorbed films or quantify molecular adsorption events. To illustrate the characteristics and sensitivity of this phenomenon, several samples were prepared and tested, including self-assembled alkanethiolate monolayers with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid, 11-mercapto-1-undecanol, decanethiol, and a covalently linked layer of bovine serum albumin on a commercial, gold-coated grating. For these samples, the position of the threshold ...
Influence of dielectric surface properties on the generation of surface microplasmas

Alumina samples with different surface polishing (unpolished, 9 micrometers diamond-finished, and 9 micrometers SiC-finished samples) were used in our studies in vacuum, under pulse excitation, to understand the influence of surface preparation on the surface predischarge associated with microplasmas. The unpolished sample exhibited very active predischarge events, consisting of active localized plasmas on the surface, with associated large predischarge current and high intensity of luminosity, and low electrical breakdown strength. Compared to the SiC-finished sample, the diamond-finished sample showed more active predischarge events and lower conditioned and hold-off voltages. There seems to be a correlation between the predischarge activity and the surface preparation. Our experimental studies indicate that the phenomena of predischarge localized plasmas are related to the physical state of the dielectric surface.
Bandwidth study of a resonant circuit applicable to underwater transducer work

Abstract This study presents the bandwidth information for a specific resonant circuit used in two different configurations. In the first configuration the circuit represents and approximate equivalent circuit of many series-tuned underwater transducers. In the second configuration the same circuit can be used as a notch filter. The behaviour of both schemes has been studied over a wide range of circuit parameters and the computed bandwidth information for both appears in the six included tables. Applications of the tables to underwater transducer work are discussed.
Coprime processing for the Elba Island sonar data set

Coprime sensor arrays (CSAs) use interleaved uniform linear arrays (ULAs) containing a relatively small number of sensors to obtain resolution comparable to a single densely populated ULA. For narrowband CSA processing, each interleaved subarray is beamformed independently, and the resulting outputs are multiplied and averaged over time to obtain the CSA power spectrum. Although the individual subarrays are undersampled, the overall CSA output is not aliased. This paper considers the problem of designing coprime arrays for passive sonar and applies CSA processing to analyze the existing Elba Island data set.
Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milstone Scales(CAT/CLAMS) is a Valid Pediatric Screening Tool for Detection of Mental Retardation in Early Childhood ♦ 653

Clinical Adaptive Test/Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milstone Scales(CAT/CLAMS) is a Valid Pediatric Screening Tool for Detection of Mental Retardation in Early Childhood ♦ 653