cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coping and communication among parents and children with human immunodeficiency virus and cancer.

ABSTRACTCoping strategies and communication of three groups of 20 preschool children and their parents were compared. One group was composed of children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who displayed clinical symptoms of the disease; the second group was composed of children diag
An evaluation of winding techniques and NbTi wires for a superconducting quadrupole magnet

Abstract A number of NbTi superconducting wires for use in a quadrupole magnet have been evaluated in a mock-up configuration. These tests have included variations in insulation, helium cooling channels, winding techniques, copper to superconductor ratio, number of superconducting filaments, short sample critical current, wire size, and wire twisting. The most significant parameters for obtaining the design current at near 30 kG central field was found to be the short sample critical current and twisting of the conductor. One conductor performed reasonably well without having been twisted.
Formation and properties of Mg-based metallic glasses in Mg-TM-X alloys (TMCu or Ni; XSn, Si, Ge, Zn, Sb, Bi or In)

Abstract Amorphous Mg-TM-X (TMCu or Ni; XSn, Si, Ge, Zn, Sb, Bi or In) alloys are produced by a singlee-roller melt-spinning technique. It is found that, by varying the quenching speed, the amorphous phases can readily be formed in Mg-TM-Sn alloys and the critical thickness for forming complete amorphous ribbons can be expanded to about 150–200 μm. Calorimetry studies reveal that the reduced glass temperature T rg in Mg-TM-Sn metallic glasses is about 0.52, which is quite low compared with that of the conventional good glass formers. A fracture tensile strength as high as 900 MPa is recorded for Mg 80 Ni 15 Sn 5 metallic glass, which is much higher than that of the conventional Mg-based crystalline alloys. Substitution of Sn by Sb, Bi or In in these Mg-based alloys can also result in metallic glass formation; however a high quenching speed is needed and the tensile strengths are much reduced. The glass formability in these Mg-based alloys is discussed within the framework of current metallic glass formation theories.
A reticulated vitreous carbon spectroelectrochemical detector for flow injection analysis and liquid chromatography

A spectroelectrochemical detector for flow injection and liquid chromatography is described. The detector design has dimensions of a standard 1 cm sample cuvette with a replaceable reticulated vitreous carbon working electrode. No special cell holder or modifications to the spectrophotometer are required to use the detector. Chronocoulometry is used to indicate a trend from thin-layer behavior toward semi-infinite diffusion behavior as the electrode pore size increases. Ferro-/ferricyanide solutions were used to evaluate the flow injection characteristics of the detector. A sampling rate of 180 injections per hour was used. Linear calibration curves in the micromolar range were achieved with a reproducibility of 2–7%. A mixture of phenol, chlorophenols, and nitrophenols was used to investigated the simultaneous electrochemical and optical response for liquid chromatography.
Tactile-perceptual functioning as a factor in general psychological abilities.

This investigation was designed to study the influence of simple sensory perceptual ability (tactile perception) on various human abilities such as language acquisition, visuo-spatial problem solving, concept formation, motor skills, memory, and learning. Children with documented evidence of impaired brain functions (seizure disorder and corresponding EEG abnormality) and children without evidence or suspicion of neurological impairment were examined. The results suggest that tactile perceptual ability exerts a significant effect on the adequacy of a broad range of human abilities. Language: en
The near-ultraviolet spectrum of diacetylene trapped in solid argon at 9 K

Abstract The absorption spectra of normal and deuterated diacetylene trapped in solid argon at 9 K were investigated in the near-ultraviolet region between 2000 and 3000 A. The vibrational structure observed at low temperature for the band system at 2448 A, which was previously reported by Haink and Jungen in the gas phase, and identified as a 1Δu ← X1Σg+ transition, was analyzed. A comparison between the spectra for C4H2 and C4D2 suggests some revisions in the upper-state vibrational assignments. The possibility that the upper state assumes a C2htrans configuration of 1Au symmetry is examined. The matrix spectra also appear to indicate that the absorption spectrum observed at 2576 A in the gas phase and which has been assigned to a 1Σu− ← X1Σg+ transition may not originate in the ground state of C4H2.
Obtaining consent for do-not-resuscitate status: Advice from experienced nurses

urses are increasingly involved with the complex issues surrounding patient self-determination decisions. Often these are very difficult dec!sions for patients and families to make, especially under stressful circumstances. A nurse who has the experience and expertise in caring for patients making these decisions can be a powerful source of support. The purpose of this article is to describe the results of a study in which experienced nurses were asked about the knowledge and expertise the inexperienced nurse needs to help patients and their families through the process of making decisions about consenting to a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) status.
Controlled generation of monodisperse aerosols in the submicron range

Abstract In this paper a new approach is described for the generation of monodisperse ultrafine aerosols. Although numerous research-type aerosol generators have been developed or proposed for generating monodisperse aerosols in the submicron range, there is at present no reliable method available for a controlled generation of ultrafine monodisperse aerosols for a wide spectrum of materials. The proposed method utilizes a transpiration-cooled anode operated in a high intensity arc. In this situation the aerosol is generated continuously by ablation of anode material at the steady arc attachment spot which is the hottest part of the anode surface. The transpiring gas passing through the anode provides quenching of the vapor and immediate dilution of the generated particles in the vicinity of the anode surface, in this way avoiding coagulation and formation of agglomerations. The results show that the aerosol generator described in this paper provides aerosol particles whose mean dia. can be controlled in the range from 45 A to about 1 μm with a logarithmic S.D. mainly in the range from 1·1 to 1·2; in other words, the transpiration cooled plasma torch particle generator can produce monodisperse aerosols of controlled size anywhere in the submicron range.
Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis associated with solid organ malignancies: The Mayo Clinic experience, 1996 to 2009

Background Although rare, cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis (CSVV) secondary to solid organ malignancy has been documented. Objective We sought to better understand the frequency, clinical course, therapeutic response, and outcome of CSVV associated with solid organ malignancy. Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients seen between 1996 and 2009 with diagnoses of biopsy-proven cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis and solid organ malignancy separated by less than 12 months. Results Of 17 patients (mean age, 66.5 years), 10 patients (59%) were male. CSVV occurred before (3 patients; 18%), concurrent with (3 patients; 18%), and after (11 patients; 65%) diagnosis of solid organ malignancy. The most common solid organ malignancy was of the lung (n = 4; 24%). Other associated cancers were breast (n = 3); prostate (n = 2); colon (n = 2); renal (n = 2); thyroid (n = 1); bladder (n = 1); gallbladder (n = 1); and peritoneal (n = 1). Three patients had cutaneous vasculitis in association with malignancy recurrence despite having no cutaneous vasculitis associated with their primary malignancy. Vasculitis remission with use of immunosuppressive agents alone occurred in 9 patients (53%). Eleven patients (65%) were alive at last follow-up (mean follow-up duration, 27 months). Limitations This was a retrospective study with a relatively small number of patients. Conclusion Solid organ malignancy should be considered as a possible cause of CSVV of unknown origin. In contrast to previous reports, our patients were more likely to respond to immunosuppressive therapies without treatment of the associated malignancy and to be alive at last follow-up.
Identifying, Dating, and Explaining Fire-Affected Rock Features in the Western Colorado Desert, Alta California

Many hundreds of small features composed of fire-affected rock (FAR), often with no other cultural remains in proximity to them, have been documented along or within a few kilometers of the maximum +12-m shoreline of ancient Lake Cahuilla in southwestern Imperial County. Issues to be addressed in interpreting these features include confirming their cultural rather than natural origin, placing them within the prehistoric chronology of the region, and attempting to determine the functions they served.
VLSI parasitic capacitance determination by flux tubes

A two-dimensional numerical approach for calculating capacitance between two conductors through different dielectrics is developed. The approach uses Laplace's equation in two dimensions to determine potentials on a grid system between the conductors. Equipotential lines are generated using these potentials and curvilinear squares can be formed to construct the flux tubes between the conductors. The application of Gauss's law to these potentials provides the charge on a conductor and results in the determination of capacitance values.
Metal chelates of DL-penicillamine.

Abstract Other investigators have reported that the administration of penicillamine (β,β-dimethylcysteine) to patients with Wilson's disease results in a marked urinary excretion of Cu. Also, the toxic effects of Hg and Pb are reduced by treatments with penicillamine. These observations suggest that penicillamine has an exceptional ability to bind with metals. Hence, in the present investigation, the formation constants of penicillamine chelates were determined by the potentiometric titration method of Bjerrum. Affinity of bivalent metals for penicillamine results in the following decreasing order: Hg > Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb. The over-all formation constants (log K 1 K 2 ) for the 2:1 chelates for Hg, Ni, and Cu are 23.5, 22.3, and 21.7, respectively, placing penicillamine among the most potent chelating agents for the heavier metals. The structure of the chelates was deduced as a combination of the metal between the NH 2 and SH groups as is the case with cysteine.
Novel Kidney Injury Biomarkers

New biomarkers are currently under development for acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Panels of validated biomarkers are most likely to be required to obtain information that will help in delineating acute versus chronic disease, the pathogenetic nature of the process, the severity, and the capacity for reversibility. Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein-b, a protein associated with regulation of inflammation and autophagy, is in an intermediate stage of development as a kidney injury biomarker.
State of the Climate in 2009

This report describes observations of precipitation, temperature, and other climatology metrics from different global regions.
Myopathic Changes in Chronically Denervated Muscle

NEUROMUSCULAR diseases are generally divided into two categories: the neuropathies and the myopathies. Neuropathic disorders are those in which motor nerve cells or their processes are first affected, resulting secondarily in atrophy of muscle. In the primary myopathies the disease process is assumed to involve the muscle directly, without damaging its nerve supply. Clinical, laboratory, and electromyographic findings are often useful in distinguishing between these two classes of disorders, but the muscle biopsy may be the deciding factor. In general, interpretation of the muscle biopsy has been based on two principles: (1) Following denervation, muscle fibers belonging to the same motor unit undergo atrophy together and are located in groups. By contrast, myopathies attack individual muscle fibers at random, giving rise to scattered changes throughout the muscle. (2) In myopathic disorders architectural changes are found in medium-sized and larger muscle fibers. On the other hand, denervation leads to
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A 68-year-old former heavy smoker with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease presents to the emergency room with a two-day history of worsened dyspnea and increased purulence and volume of phlegm. Chest radiography shows hyperinflation and no acute infiltrates. Measurement of arterial blood gases while the patient is breathing ambient air shows acute respiratory acidosis. How should this patient be treated?
Quark-gluon vertex with an off-shell O(a)-improved chiral fermion action

We perform a study of the quark-gluon vertex function with a quenched Wilson gauge action and a variety of fermion actions. These include the domain wall fermion action (with exponentially accurate chiral symmetry) and the Wilson clover action both with the nonperturbatively improved clover coefficient as well as with a number of different values for this coefficient. We find that the domain wall vertex function behaves very well in the large-momentum-transfer region. The off-shell vertex function for the on-shell improved clover class of actions does not behave as well as the domain wall case and, surprisingly, shows only a weak dependence on the clover coefficient ${c}_{\mathrm{SW}}$ for all components of its Dirac decomposition and across all momenta. Including off-shell improvement rotations for the clover fields can make this action yield results consistent with those from the domain wall approach, as well as helping to determine the off-shell improved coefficient ${c}_{q}^{\ensuremath{'}}$.
Investigation and characterization of Cr3C2-based wear-resistant coatings applied by the cold spray process

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of the cold spray (CS) process in applying Cr3C2-25wt.%NiCr and Cr3C2-25wt%Ni coatings on 4140 alloy for wear-resistant applications. This article discusses the improvements in Cr3C2-based coating properties and microstructure through changes in nozzle design, powder characteristics stand off distance, powder feed rate, and traverse speed that resulted in an improved average Vickers hardness number comparable to some thermal spray processes. Cold spray process optimization of the Cr3C2-based coatings resulted in increased hardness and improved wear characteristics with lower friction coefficients. The improvement in hardness is directly associated with higher particle velocities and increased densities of the Cr3C2-based coatings deposited on 4140 alloy at ambient temperature. Selective coatings were evaluated using x-ray diffraction for phase analysis, optical microscopy (OM). and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for microstructural evaluation, and ball-on-disk tribology experiments for friction coefficient and wear determination. The presented results strongly suggest that cold, spray is a versatile coating technique capable of tailoring the hardness of Cr3C2-based wear-resistant coatings on temperature sensitive substrates.
The zero curvature formulation of the Boussinesq equation

Abstract We derive the Boussineq equation from the zero curvature condition associated with the group SL (3, R ). We also present a connection between this formulation and the one based on a combined conformal and spin-3 flow.
Characteristics of convection over the Arabian Sea during a period of monsoon onset

Abstract The organization of convection during the pre-onset, onset, and post-onset phases of monsoon has been studied using a linear stability model of convection which parameterized the latent heat released in preexisting cumulus convection, and the special thermodynamic and wind soundings collected during the Summer Monsoon Experiment (SMONEX) of 1979. The motivation for this study came from several satellite and research aircraft observations during SMONEX, which revealed that convection was organized into mesoscale bands over the Eastern (EAS), Central (CAS), and Western (WAS) Arabian seas. These bands varied in size from 20 to 100 km in length. Some (called longitudinal) were oriented parallel to the vertical shear of the base state winds; some (called transverse) were perpendicular. The linear stability model performed a normal mode analysis of convection and examined the factors governing the orientation of bands; longitudinal bands resulted when precipitation efficiency was high, and transverse, when the efficiency was low. The phase propagation of bands was reduced when more moisture was available. The linear stability model utilized a One Dimensional Steady State cloud (1DSS) model to estimate the latent heat released in preexisting cumulus convection. The 1DSS model developed Cumulus (Cu) clouds based on the observed temperature and humidity soundings in various parts of the Arabian Sea during different phases of the monsoon. Although this simple 1DSS model cannot reproduce faithfully all the characteristics of cumulus convection in the monsoon, some of the results, such as estimates of cloud tops, agreed well with those observed. Based on the 1DSS results and the kinematically computed mesoscale vertical velocities, three composite vertical cross sections (one for each): pre-onset, onset, and post-onset phases of the monsoon were constructed. Highlights of the cross sections were (1) during the pre-onset stage, WAS developed moderately strong Cu convection while EAS was inversion dominated; (2) during the onset stage, both CAS and EAS developed vigorous Cu convection while WAS did not show strong convection; and (3) during the post-onset stage, both CAS and EAS continued to develop Cu convection while WAS was inversion controlled. The growth of Cu convection seems to be in accord with satellite and research aircraft observations.
Genetic and Molecular Characterization of an Escherichia coli Plasmid Coding for Hydrogen Sulfide Production and Drug Resistance

An H 2 S-producing variant of Escherichia coli (strain 142) isolated from a urinary tract infection was found to be resistant to high levels of tetracycline, ampicillin, streptomycin, and sulfonamide. The H 2 S trait segregated spontaneously at a frequency of 2.5 × 10 −3 . No segregation was observed for the drug resistance determinants. Neither ethidium bromide nor acridine orange affected the rate of segregation of the drug resistance determinants or the trait for H 2 S production. Antibiotic resistance and hydrogen sulfide production were conjugally transferred to E. coli K-12 recipients at a frequency of approximately 10 −5 per donor cell. Antibiotic resistance and hydrogen sulfide production were also transduced as a single unit with phage P1L4. Genetic data, based on the segregation of resistance determinants and the H 2 S trait among transconjugant and transductant classes, suggested the presence of two R plasmids. Plasmid DNA was isolated by cesium chloride-ethidium bromide centrifugation. Two plasmid species were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis of purified plasmid DNA, a large molecule of about 80 × 10 6 daltons (designated pSR12) and a small molecular species of approximately 5.5 × 10 6 daltons (designated pSR13). Transformation studies using purified plasmid DNA showed that the large pSR12 plasmid confers resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, and streptomycin and also carries the gene(s) for H 2 S production. The small pSR13 plasmid confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide. Images
The crystal structure of octyl-1-thio-β-D-xylopyranoside: a disordered smectogenic structure

Abstract Octyl-l-thio-β-D-xylopyranoside, C13H26O4S, forms a mesophase at 373 K and melts at 387 K, with an intermediate solid-to-solid phase transition at 330 K. The structure is disordered at 293 K and remains so at 123 K. The average room temperature [low temperature] crystal structure, at 293 K [123 K], is orthorhombic P212121, Z = 4, with a = 7.675(2) [7.597(3)], b = 4.830(9) [4.762(1)], c = 40.954(7) [40.828(9)] A, V = 1518.2 [1447.0] A3, Dx = 1.216 g cn−3, Dm = 1.218 g cm −3. The average structure was solved using MULTAN and refined on 1356 [1573] observations to R = 0.059 [0.040], Rw = 0.066 [0.059]. The disorder is in the carbohydrate moiety, which has two orientations with equal occupancy. The intercalated alkyl chains are ordered. The diffuse diffraction corresponds to a super lattice a, 2b, 2c, with a periodic variation along b.
Effects of scale and interface on the three-dimensional micromechanics of polymer nanocomposites:

Nanocomposite materials hold the power to revitalize and revolutionize the field of composite materials. Nanoscaled, even common materials can exhibit strikingly different material properties from the bulk counterparts. If these properties can be accessed at the bulk scale, not only can materials be better tailored to suit various applications, but the possibility of designing multi-functional materials expands exponentially. In this study, the Generalized Method of Cells (GMC) micromechanics model is used to model 3D nanoscale composite architecture, including an interfacial region between the included and matrix phases, and predict the effective viscoelastic properties of a gold nanorod, polymer matrix, nanocomposite. Scale is introduced by referencing the dimensions of the interface to those of the nanorods. Comparisons are made of micromechanical response based on volume fraction and number density, highlighting the scale effects resulting from the high surface area to volume ratio of nanoparticles. E...
Assessment of long-term quality of life after laparoscopic and open surgery for Crohn's disease

Objective Surgery for Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with a high recurrence rate and quality of life (QOL) in these patients is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess QOL in patients after laparoscopic and open surgery for CD by two different validated instruments, a generic nonspecific score and a specific gastrointestinal QOL index. Patients and methods Patients with CD who underwent elective laparoscopic or open ileocaecal resection with primary anastomosis between 1992 and 2000 were followed for recurrence and surgery-related complications. QOL was assessed by the SF-36 Health Survey containing a mental (MCS) and a physical (PCS) component summary score and by the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) developed by Eypasch. Results Thirty-seven patients with a mean age of 48.8 ± 18.4 years including 23 females and 14 males were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 42.6 ±25.8 months (minimum of 8 months). Twenty-one (57%) patients underwent laparoscopic resection and 16 (43%) open surgery. Both groups were well matched for age, gender, ASA class and body mass index. Fourteen (38%) patients developed recurrent disease and 3 (8%) had postoperative incisional hernias. Overall, QOL scores were 103 ± 26.8 for the GIQLI, 47.2 ± 11.8 for the PCS, and 49.2 ± 11.5 for the MCS. The GIQLI correlated well with the SF36, correlation coefficient = 0.68 for GIQLI vs PCS (95% CI, 0.41,0.95) and 0.67 for GIQLI vs MCS (95%CI, 0.39, 0.95), respectively. When compared to the general US population, mean GIQLI scores (−13.8, P = 0.002) and mean PCS scores (−4.7, P = 0.001) were significantly lower in these patients than in healthy individuals. In a multivariate analysis of impact factors on QOL, recurrence within the follow-up period was the single significant determinant reducing the PCS (−35.1, P = 0.026) and the GIQLI (−36.1, P =0.018). Conclusion QOL is significantly reduced in patients with CD at long-term follow-up after both laparoscopic and open surgery. Recurrence is the only factor adversely affecting QOL of CD patients in remission irrespective of the operative technique applied.
A fuzzy-logic based dual-purpose adaptive circuit for vibration control and energy harvesting using piezoelectric transducer

Due to their two-way electromechanical coupling effect, piezoelectric transducers can be used to synthesize passive vibration control schemes, e.g., RLC circuit with the integration of inductance and resistance elements that is conceptually similar to damped vibration absorber. Meanwhile, the wide usage of wireless sensors has led to the recent enthusiasm of developing piezoelectric-based energy harvesting devices that can convert ambient vibratory energy into useful electrical energy. It can be shown that the integration of circuitry elements such as resistance and inductance can benefit the energy harvesting capability. Here we explore a dual-purpose circuit that can facilitate simultaneous vibration suppression and energy harvesting. It is worth noting that the goal of vibration suppression and the goal of energy harvesting may not always complement each other. That is, the maximization of vibration suppression doesn’t necessarily lead to the maximization of energy harvesting, and vice versa. In this research, we develop a fuzzy-logic based algorithm to decide the proper selection of circuitry elements to balance between the two goals. As the circuitry elements can be online tuned, this research yields an adaptive circuitry concept for the effective manipulation of system energy and vibration suppression. Comprehensive analyses are carried out to demonstrate the concept and operation.
Effect of temperature on wear rate of homopolar pulse consolidated electrical brushes

Abstract Binderless copper-graphite composite electrical brushes are being developed using a high-energy, high-rate pulse sintering technique by the Center for Electromechanics at The University of Texas at Austin (CEM-UT). Experiments were done to investigate temperature's effect on the homopolar pulse consolidated (HPC) brush wear rate for an apparent brush current density of 180 A cm −2 , a brush downforce of 44.5 N, and rotor surface sliding speeds of 10 m s −1 and 40 m s −1 . At a sliding speed of 10 m s −1 , it was found that brush wear rate dropped steeply as the brush bulk temperature increased from 80 °C to 103 °C. Other than this unusual wear finding in this particular sliding speed and temperature range, test results indicated that brush wear rate generally increased with increasing brush bulk temperature. At a sliding speed of 40 m s −1 , it was found that brush wear rate suddenly increased by several times as the brush bulk temperature approached 149 °C. In the case of 10 m s −1 sliding speed, no stepwise rise in brush wear rate was observed even as the brush bulk temperature reached 156 °C.
CONJUGATED 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS IN PLASMA: MEASUREMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION TO SURGICAL TRAUMA

Measurement of the concentration of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OH-CS) glucuronide conjugates in plasma has been suggested as a means of estimating changes in the rate of free steroid metabolism. In the present study a modification of the Nelson-Samuels technique was utilized for the measurement of 17-OH-CS concentration in serum after glucuronidase hydrotysis. This technique proved to be reliable; the results coincided with those obtained by previously reported procedures. The response of the serum free and conjugated 17-OH-CS in normal subjects to maximal adrenal stimulation with corticotropin was compared to the response in patients within seventy-two hours after subtotal gastrectomy. The rise in the serum level of free 17-OH-CS was more rapid following gastrectomy in the surgical patients than following adrenal stimulation in the normal subjects; however, the rise in the serum level of conjugated 17-OH-CS was more gradual in the surgical patients.
Plasma doping of high aspect ratio structures

Doping high aspect ratio (HAR) structures poses a major challenge for device manufacturers, particularly in the advanced memory and CMOS image sensor technology spaces. CMOS technology scaling limitations have led to the emergence of vertically integrated cells, which leading-edge chipmakers are already introducing into mass production. Each case involves HAR structures that may require doping to improve or even enable device operation. Meanwhile, scaling is driving CMOS image sensor device challenges in pixel-to-pixel isolation, dark-current reduction, and noise reduction. This study demonstrates the capability of plasma doping as an enabling technology for doping in these challenging HAR structures. Plasma doping process flow optimization and analytical techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), are demonstrated.
Evaluation of contrasting cellular-level acclimation responses to leaf water deficits in three wheat genotypes

Abstract Osmotic adjustment, increased apoplastic water fraction (AW) and increased cell wall elasticity have been cited as cell physiological responses to leaf water deficits which could allow acclimation to water stress. All three cell responses to stress should allow the maintenance of greater turgor (Ψp) at low water potential (Ψw). The physiological significance of drought-induced changes in these cell water relations parameters were evaluated in plants of three wheat ( Triticum sp.) genotypes exposed to successive water stress episodes using results from pressure/volume curve analysis. Maintenance of Ψp at low leaf Ψw during subsequent water stress episodes was taken as a measure of plant acclimation to stress. Net photosynthesis was used as a measure of cell metabolic function during the stress episodes. Results indicated that stress-induced increases in AW and cell wall elasticity were not associated with acclimation to water deficits, while osmotic adjustment did result in acclimation and enhanced photosynthesis at low Ψw. It was concluded that among these wheat genotypes osmotic adjustment, and not the other cell responses to water deficits, is an important acclimation mechanism which can allow for the maintenance of relatively greater metabolic function at low leaf Ψw.
Scalable synthesis of vertically aligned, catalyst-free gallium arsenide nanowire arrays: towards optimized optical absorption

Recently nanostructure materials have emerged as a building block for constructing next generation of photovoltaic devices. Nanowire based semiconductor solar cells, among other candidates, have shown potential to produce high efficiency. In a radial pn junction light absorption and carrier collection can be decoupled. Also nanowires can increase choice of materials one can use to fabricate high efficiency tandem solar cells by relaxing the lattice-match constraint. Here we report synthesis of vertical III-V semiconducting nanowire arrays using Selective-Area Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition (SA-MOCVD) technique, which can find application in various optoelectronic devices. We also demonstrate nanosphere lithography (NSL) patterning techniques to obtain ordered pattern for SAMOCVD. Reflection spectrum of nanowires array made by this technique shows excellent light absorption performance without additional anti-reflection coating layer. Thus, we show that highly ordered nanowire structure is 'not needed' to maximize the absorption in vertical nanowire array. Our scalable approach for synthesis of vertical semiconducting nanowire can have application in high throughput and low cost optoelectronic devices including photovoltaic devices.
Development and Regional Distribution of Deoxyuridine 5′‐Triphosphatase in Rabbit Brain

The development and regional distribution of deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphatase (dUTPase) in rabbit brain was studied. After partial purification of the dUTPase activity, newborn brain and liver activities fell from Vmax values of 1.0 and 6.9 nmol/mg protein/min, respectively, to adult levels of 0.1 (brain) and less than 0.01 (liver). The dUTPase activity was evenly distributed throughout the entire adult rabbit brain, and there was no difference in the Km of dUTPase in newborn and adult brain (0.1 microM). The low level of dUTPase in adult brain and the lack of activity in adult liver were not due to inhibitors or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride-sensitive proteases. dUTPase in brain, as in other tissues, probably inhibits the misincorporation of uracil into DNA.
Structural changes in the activation of chymotrypsinogen and trypsinogen; effect of urea on chymotrypsinogen and delta-chymotrypsin.

Abstract In an attempt to detect structural differences between chymotrypsinogen and chymotrypsin, and trypsinogen and trypsin, measurements of the optical rotation and of the enzymatic activity of these proteins were carried out. The results indicate that the decrease in specific levorotation on activation of these zymogens is correlated with the appearance of enzymatic activity, and that the structure of the active enzyme is more sensitive to pH changes than that of the zymogen. Measurements of the effect of urea on optical rotation, viscosity, and biological activity of chymotrypsinogen and δ-chymotrypsin are also reported in this communication. These include the effects of time and urea concentration on the measured parameters. On the basis of the data presented, in conjunction with other information on the chemical and physical characteristics of chymotrypsinogen and δ-chymotrypsin, tentative conclusions have been drawn concerning the structural changes involved in activation and denaturation, respectively.
Ambiguous Loss and Posttraumatic Stress in School-Age Children of Prisoners

We describe a sample of school-age children of incarcerated parents enrolled in a federally funded mentoring program. A mixed methods approach was applied to discern key themes related to caregiver incarceration. Results demonstrated a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress as well as high rates of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Descriptions of children’s stress and coping behaviors in response to the ambiguous loss associated with parental incarceration are presented. Further, implications for similar mentoring programs are discussed.
AN INTEGRATED BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS SYSTEM WITH INTERACTIVE COMPUTER GRAPHICS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL LINEAR-ELASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS

Abstract An analysis system for three-dimensional fracture mechanics based on an interactive computer graphic preprocessor and a linear-elastic boundary element code is described. The system is designed for virtual memory mini-computer operations and incorporates a multidomain modeling capability which allows the treatment of domains built up as a sequence of adjacent regions. In the application of the BEM to linear-elastic fracture mechanics, two issues are addressed: crack surface modeling and singularity representation. The multidomain option is used to separate numerically the two crack surfaces by including the crack plane within the interface of two adjoining subdomains. Quadratic, isoparametric elements are made to embody the correct crack tip displacement variation by repositioning side nodes at the quarter-point. The inclusion of the correct singular traction term is accomplished by multiplying the traction shape functions by an “ad hoc” shape function. The combined strength of BEM analysis and interactive preprocessing is demonstrated by the application of the integrated system to a variety of three-dimensional fracture mechanics problems.
Cultivation of attenuated hepatitis A virus antigen in a titanium static mixer reactor

The titanium static mixer reactor, demonstrated for a variety of vaccine processes during the late 197s, was investigated for the production of attenuated hepatitis A virus antigen from anchorage-dependent MRC-5 cells. This reactor system used Charles River Biotechnological Services cabinets for monitoring and process control. Cell inoculation protocols, using 6000-10,000 cells/cm(2), resulted on over 95% attachment at both the laboratory and pilot scales. Indirect monitoring techniques using oxygen, glucose, L-serine, and L-glutamine uptake rates were indicative of cell growth prior to virus inoculation as well as environmental and/or nutrient limitations. Seven laboratory-scale (3900 cm(2)) runs and one pilotscale (265,000 cm(2)) run were conducted to investigate refeeding regiments, parallel versus perpendicular element orientation, increased element surface area per unit volume, and scale-up performance. In general, lysate antigen yields achieved were similar to those of parallel T-flasks cultivated under similar conditions.
Regulated and Unregulated Emissions from Highway Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines Complying with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2007 Emissions Standards

As part of the Advanced Collaborative Emissions Study (ACES), regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions from four different 2007 model year U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-compliant heavy-duty highway diesel engines were measured on an engine dynamometer. The engines were equipped with exhaust high-efficiency catalyzed diesel particle filters (C-DPFs) that are actively regenerated or cleaned using the engine control module. Regulated emissions of carbon monoxide, nonmethane hydrocarbons, and particulate matter (PM) were on average 97, 89, and 86% lower than the 2007 EPA standard, respectively, and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were on average 9% lower. Unregulated exhaust emissions of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions were on, average 1.3 and 2.8 times higher than the NO, emissions reported in previous work using 1998- and 2004-technology engines, respectively. However, compared with other work performed on 1994- to 2004-technology engines, average emission reductions in the range of 71-99% were observed for a very comprehensive list of unregulated engine exhaust pollutants and air toxic contaminants that included metals and other elements, elemental carbon (EC), inorganic ions, and gas- and particle-phase volatile and semi-volatile organic carbon (OC) compounds. The low PM mass emitted from the 2007 technology ACES engines was composed mainly of sulfate (53%) and OC (30%), with a small fraction of EC (13%) and metals and other elements (4%). The fraction of EC is expected to remain small, regardless of engine operation, because of the presence of the high-efficiency C-DPF in the exhaust. This is different from typical PM composition of pre-2007 engines with EC in the range of 10-90%, depending on engine operation. Most of the particles emitted from the 2007 engines were mainly volatile nuclei mode in the sub-30-nm size range. An increase in volatile nanoparticles was observed during C-DPF active regeneration, during which the observed particle number was similar to that observed in emissions of pre-2007 engines. However, on average, when combining engine operation with and without active regeneration events, particle number emissions with the 2007 engines were 90% lower than the particle number emitted from a 2004-technology engine tested in an earlier program.
Transproteomic evidence of a loop-deletion mechanism for enhancing protein thermostability.

Understanding the molecular determinants of protein thermostability is of theoretical and practical importance. While numerous determinants have been suggested, no molecular feature has been judged of paramount importance, with the possible exception of ion-pair networks. The difficulty in identifying the main determinants may have been the limited structural information available on the thermostable proteins. Recently the complete genomes for mesophilic, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic organisms have been sequenced, vastly improving the potential for uncovering general trends in sequence and structure evolution related to thermostability and, thus, for isolating the more important determinants. From a comparative analysis of 20 complete genomes, we find a trend towards shortened thermophilic proteins relative to their mesophilic homologs. Moreover, sequence alignments to proteins of known structure indicate that thermophilic sequences are more likely than their mesophilic homologs to have deletions in exposed loop regions. The new genomes offer enough comparable sequences to compute meaningful statistics that point to loop deletion as a general evolutionary strategy for increasing thermostability.
Electron and hole conductivity in CuInS2

Abstract Single crystals of CuInS 2 have been grown from the melt and annealed in In or S to produce good n - or p -type conductivity, respectively. Two donor levels, one shallow and one deep (0.35 eV), and one acceptor level at 0.15 eV are identified. The hole-mobility data are best fitted with an effective mass m p ∗≅1.3m e , which can be explained by simple, two band k . p theory if the valence band has appreciable d character. Above 300°K, the hole mobility falls rapidly, evidently due to multiband conduction and/or interband scattering between the nondegenerate and degenerate valence bands. The conduction band mobility appears to be dominated, in many samples, by large concentrations ( >10 18 cm −3 ) of native donors and acceptors, which are closely compensated.
PARSIMONY, HOMOLOGY AND THE ANALYSIS OF MULTISTATE CHARACTERS

— The order of states in a transformation series describes an internested set of synapomorphies. States adjacent to each other in the transformation series thus share a degree of homology not found in the other states. Whether the level of homology is relatively apomorphic is determined by rooting the order with outgroup comparison. The analysis of state order is a homology problem and is solved with a two-step process using similarity and congruence with other characters as criteria. Other methods that have been proposed (e.g. transformation series analysis, non-additive analysis, morphocline analysis, ontogenetic analysis) fail to apply both similarity and congruence, and thus cannot be used independently for determining character state order.
CMV Matrices with Super Exponentially Decaying Verblunsky Coefficients

We investigate several equivalent notions of the Jost solution associated with a unitary CMV matrix and provide a necessary and sufficient conditions for the Jost solution to consist of entire functions of finite growth order in terms of super exponential decay of Verblunsky coefficients. We also establish several one-to-one correspondences between CMV matrices with super-exponentially decaying Verblunsky coefficients and spectral data associated with the first component of the Jost solution.
Proactive interference plays a role in the word-length effect

The word-length effect is the advantage that lists of short words show over lists of long words in immediate recall. Typically, the word-length effect is used as strong support for decay-based theories of immediate retention. However, the present two experiments show that the traditional word-length effect emerges only after several trials in an experimental session, a result reminiscent of earlier findings in distractor-based short-term forgetting experiments. These results suggest that any complete account of the word-length effect will need to consider a role for proactive interference.
Manifestations of Neoliberal Discourses Within a Local Job-Training Program

The purpose of conducting this study was to understand how neoliberal discourses manifest within the local context of a short‐term, job‐training program offered at a two‐year college in the USA. Et...
Effects of Bacterial Antibiotic Production on Rhizosphere Microbial Communities from a Culture-Independent Perspective

The effects of antibiotic production on rhizosphere microbial communities of field-grown Phaseolus vulgaris were assessed by using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis. Inoculum strains of Rhizobium etli CE3 differing only in trifolitoxin production were used. Trifolitoxin production dramatically reduced the diversity of trifolitoxin-sensitive members of the α subdivision of the class Proteobacteria with little apparent effect on most microbes.
Identity Construction through Theatrical Community Practice

Despite the longstanding use of theatrical techniques in community social work practice, the role of theater in the construction of identity is understudied in the social work literature. Drawing on over 100 hours of observation and 22 in-depth interviews with members of a theatrical community education troupe for youth, I describe how participation as performers in a play to prevent dating violence constructed youths’ identities as survivors of violence. Findings reveal that the process of identity construction through theatrical community practice occurred in three overlapping phases: first, learning the language to name the identity; next, embodying a character experiencing dating violence; and third, publicly claiming the identity in group interaction with audience members. Based on these findings, I draw implications for community social work practice with youth.
Settling and coagulation characteristics of fluorescent particles determined by flow cytometry and fluorometry

A new technique for detecting particles in natural waters relies upon analysis of fluorescent emission by flow cytometry. Fluorescent pigment particles ranging in radius from -0.1 to 5 pm are available in sufficient quantity to be useful as model particles. Laboratory coagulation and settling experiments analyzed by fluorometry demonstrate that the efficiency with which the pigment particles coagulate with sewage particles is very low (less than 5 X lo-*). Hence, in field applications these particles provide the limiting case of low-interaction behavior relative to natural particles. Removal from laboratory columns occurs primarily by noninteractive settling while thermal convection currents maintain nearly uniform particle concentration within the columns. Observed decreases in particle number are exponential (first order) for each size class as predicted for settling from well-mixed suspensions. The decrease in total suspended particle mass is higher order as a result of the difference in settling rates among particles. Thus, a system in which noninteractive settling dominates mimics systems in which coagulation processes are important. Flow cytometric analysis of particles removed by noninteractive settling shows the fluorescent emission from individual particles to be proportional to the particle surface area. These results enable flow cytometry to be used to detect, count, and size large numbers of particles rapidly.
Heterogeneous integration of CdS filters with GaN LEDs for fluorescence detection microsystems

Microassembly of a hybrid fluorescence detection microsystem by heterogeneous integration of a CdS thin-film filter, an (In, Ga)N thin-film blue LED, and a disposable PDMS microfluidic device onto a Si PIN photodetector substrate is described. The CdS thin film filter was deposited directly onto a photodetector by pulsed-laser deposition. A thin-film (In, Ga)N LED was then transferred by a novel “pixel-to-point” laser lift-off process from the sapphire growth substrate to the silicon photodetector substrate. The final integration step was achieved by positioning a disposable polymer microfludic device onto the excitation/detection subsystem. Pixel-to-point transfer is potentially an enabling microassembly process for the fabrication of multicolor fluorescence-based bioassays and chemical detection microsystems.