cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TH‐E‐201‐02: Hands‐On Physics Teaching of Residents in Diagnostic Radiology

The ABR Core Examination stresses integrating physics into real-world clinical practice and, accordingly, has shifted its focus from passive recall of facts to active application of physics principles. Physics education of radiology residents poses a challenge. The traditional method of didactic lectures alone is insufficient, yet it is difficult to incorporate physics teaching consistently into clinical rotations due to time constraints. Faced with this challenge, diagnostic medical physicists who teach radiology residents, have been thinking about how to adapt their teaching to the new paradigm, what to teach and meet expectation of the radiology resident and the radiology residency program. The proposed lecture attempts to discuss above questions. Newly developed diagnostic radiology residents physics curriculum by the AAPM Imaging Physics Curricula Subcommittee will be reviewed. Initial experience on hands-on physics teaching will be discussed. Radiology resident who will have taken the BAR Core Examination will share the expectation of physics teaching from a resident perspective. The lecture will help develop robust educational approaches to prepare radiology residents for safer and more effective lifelong practice. Learning Objectives: 1.Learn updated physics requirements for radiology residents 2.Pursue effective approaches to teach physics to radiology residents 3.Learn expectation of physics teaching from resident perspective J. Zhang, This topic is partially supported by RSNA Education Scholar Grant
Vascular Cognitive Disorders

Cognitive decline is an all-too frequent downstream consequence of stroke. Dementia associated with vascular disease has variable presentations and limited treatment options. Identifying these patients early, however, may enable the patient and family to adapt and develop techniques to work around the deficits. Here, we highlight the variable presentations of dementia associated with vascular disease, proper evaluation methods, and treatment options.
Africa and the American Civil War: The Geopolitics of Freedom and the Production of Commons

Scholars have long recognized that the histories of West Africa and North America are so fundamentally intertwined that it makes more sense to speak of the two regions as parts of a common Atlantic World than to describe discrete interactions between two autonomous geopolitical entities. This common Atlantic history is especially obvious in the period of the Atlantic slave trade, when enslaved Africans formed one of the largest, though involuntary, migrant groups to North America. The decline of the trade may have reduced the direct contacts between Africa and the Americas; however, these contacts continued and, more to the point, common political and intellectual traditions continued to inform histories around the Black Atlantic.1 Two of the most basic features of the American Civil War, the division of identifiably slave and free states and the creation of self-managing free agricultural enterprises, are, in fact, by no means unique to the USA but are rather key elements of the struggle over slavery in the African diaspora.2 While the flight of slaves and their subsequent, short-lived establishment of self-managed, economically autonomous agriculture might appear to be spontaneous, natural reactions to slavery, we should resist the temptation of regarding them as such. Rather, as E.P. Thompson taught with his study of the food riot, we should understand these actions as based in traditions of political and moral thought.3 If the reactions seem natural to us, it is because we have learned from, and perhaps even participate in, these traditions.
PNS Precursor Cells in Development and Cancer

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprised of groups of neurons and support cells whose cell bodies lie outside the spinal cord and brain. These peripheral ganglia relay sensory input back to the central nervous system (CNS), where the information is processed and physical responses are generated. The PNS is derived primarily from a population of precursor cells called neural crest cells that arise within the developing CNS but subsequently migrate to the periphery and are highly versatile with respect to the types of derivatives that they form.
Noise Effects on Feature Mining Non-Parametric Supervised Feature Extraction Techniques

In this paper two famous and commonly used feature mining non-parametric supervised feature extraction techniques (NSFETs) called Non-parametric Weighted Feature Extraction (NWFE) and Decision Boundary Feature Extraction (DBFE) are analyzed to see their efficiency in the presence of noise. In particularly these feature extraction techniques are used in classification as they give better classification accuracy. This study reveals that NSFETs are very sensitive to noise because of which the number of features increases and we get low classification accuracy. In order to see the behavior of NSFETs, spatial and spectral information from hyperspectral image classification is used. The experimental results show that in the presence of noise, spectral information is much more effected than the spatial information when features are extracted using the NSFETs. It is also examined that NWFE is more affected by noise than DBFE. The linear filtering technique is used just before the classifier in order to mitigate the noise effects in NSFETs. Using linear filtering just before the classifier does improve the final classification accuracy but with high number of spatial and spectral features. This does not satisfy the one of the main purpose of feature extraction and that is feature reduction.
STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR MARKET STRUCTURES

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on stochastic models for market structures. Some social processes can be conceived as exchange within a competitive structure. The most common processes, to which such a conception is applied, are those of economic exchange. When there is a finely divisible fungible good that can serve as a medium of exchange, then the conception of a perfect market, in which exchange is costless, prices emerge to govern the quantities exchanged and all exchanges are carried out at the equilibrium prices. This provides the conceptual foundation from which microeconomic theory stems. A matching process is a special case of the systems because each actor (each class) begins with only one resource rather than a set of resources. One form of a matching market is a market, in which matches are regarded as permanent, so that once a match is made, the two actors are removed from the market and are no longer available.
Effectiveness of a Commercial Lactic Acid Bacteria Intervention Applied to Inhibit Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on Refrigerated Vacuum-Aged Beef.

Because of their antagonistic activity towards pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, some members of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been evaluated for use as food biopreservatives. The objectives of this study were to assess the antimicrobial utility of a commercial LAB intervention against O157 and non-O157 Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) on intact beef strip loins during refrigerated vacuum aging and determine intervention efficacy as a function of mode of intervention application. Prerigor strip loins were inoculated with a cocktail ( log10 CFU/ml) of rifampicin-resistant (100.0 μg/ml; ) O157 and non-O157 STEC. Inoculated loins were chilled to ≤4°C and treated with log10 CFU/ml LAB intervention using either a pressurized tank air sprayer (conventional application) or air-assisted electrostatic sprayer (ESS). Surviving STEC were enumerated on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 100.0 μg/ml rifampicin (TSAR) to determine STEC inhibition as a function of intervention application method (conventional, ESS) and refrigerated aging period (14, 28 days). Intervention application reduced STEC by 0.4 log10 CFU/cm2 ( ), although application method did not impact STEC reductions ( ). Data indicate that the LAB biopreservative may assist beef safety protection when utilized within a multi-intervention beef harvest, fabrication, and aging process.
Our Children, Our Hope: Voices of African American Mothers Living with HIV and Rearing Uninfected Children.

ABSTRACTParenting school-aged children while living with HIV has been associated with significant consequences for African American mothers. This article presents and discusses the results of a qualitative study that examined the parenting experiences of HIV-infected African American mothers rearing young children. A sample of 8 inner-city, African American mothers of uninfected preschool-aged children were interviewed individually. Interview guide questions explored day-to-day childcare activities from the mothers’ perspective. Five themes emerged: role of mothering, doing it all, less time for self, fear, and hope. Findings can be used to guide the development of programs to support HIV-infected mothers rearing young children.
Stress-induced plasticity of dynamic collagen networks

The structure and mechanics of tissues is constantly perturbed by endogenous forces originated from cells, and at the same time regulate many important cellular functions such as migration, differentiation, and growth. Here we show that 3D collagen gels, major components of connective tissues and extracellular matrix (ECM), are significantly and irreversibly remodeled by cellular traction forces, as well as by macroscopic strains. To understand this ECM plasticity, we develop a computational model that takes into account the sliding and merging of ECM fibers. We have confirmed the model predictions with experiment. Our results suggest the profound impacts of cellular traction forces on their host ECM during development and cancer progression, and suggest indirect mechanical channels of cell-cell communications in 3D fibrous matrices. The structure and mechanics of tissues is constantly perturbed by endogenous forces originated from cells. Here the authors show that 3D collagen gels, major components of connective tissues and extracellular matrix, are significantly and irreversibly remodelled by cellular traction forces and by macroscopic strains.
A Guide to Genome‐Wide Association Mapping in Plants

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have developed into a valuable approach for identifying the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. In this article, we provide an overview of the design, analysis, and interpretation of GWAS. First, we present results from simulations that explore key elements of experimental design as well as considerations for collecting the relevant genomic and phenotypic data. Next, we outline current statistical methods and tools used for GWA analyses and discuss the inclusion of covariates to account for population structure and the interpretation of results. Given that many false positive associations will occur in any GWA analysis, we highlight strategies for prioritizing GWA candidates for further statistical and empirical validation. While focused on plants, the material we cover is also applicable to other systems. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Recognition of transposed melodies: Effects of pitch distance and harmonic distance

People easily recognize a familiar melody in a previously unheard key, but they also retain some key-specific information. Does the recognition of a transposed melody depend on either pitch distance or harmonic distance from the initially learned instances? Previous research has shown a stronger effect of pitch closeness than of harmonic similarity, but did not directly test for an additional effect of the latter variable. In the present experiment, we familiarized participants with a simple eight-note melody in two different keys (C and D) and then tested their ability to discriminate the target melody from foils in other keys. The transpositions included were to the keys of C# (close in pitch height, but harmonically distant), G (more distant in pitch, but harmonically close), and F# (more distant in pitch and harmonically distant). Across participants, the transpositions to F# and G were either higher or lower than the initially trained melodies, so that their average pitch distances from C and D were equated. A signal detection theory analysis confirmed that discriminability (d′) was better for targets and foils that were close in pitch distance to the studied exemplars. Harmonic similarity had no effect on discriminability, but it did affect response bias (c), in that harmonic similarity to the studied exemplars increased both hits and false alarms. Thus, both pitch distance and harmonic distance affect the recognition of transposed melodies, but with dissociable effects on discrimination and response bias.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict College Students’ Intent to Use LinkedIn for Job Searches and Professional Networking

College students and recent graduates are the fastest-growing user demographic on LinkedIn, with an estimated 40 million profiles for these groups. Guided by the theory of planned behavior, 107 col...
The Sociology Literacy Framework and Students' Views of Learning in Introductory Sociology.

Discussions of the core in sociology have focused on faculty members’ perspectives regarding what should be taught in introductory sociology courses. Because the development of curricula is and sho...
Next-Generation Oncolytic Vaccinia Vectors

Oncolytic vaccinia viruses have made some impressive advances over the last 5 years, with a range of -different backbones displaying significant antitumor responses in preclinical models, and some exciting clinical results being reported against liver cancers. Because the virus is capable of rapid spread within the tumor, has evolved to spread relatively undetected within the blood stream, does not integrate into the host cell chromosome, and can infect almost any cell type, it is well-suited to the requirements for a successful oncolytic. In addition, the extensive clinical use of this virus means that contraindications to its use are known, and approved and experimental antivirals are available. Furthermore, because the virus has a large array of virulence genes whose deletion may target different properties of the cancer cell, and a large cloning capacity allowing for insertion of multiple transgenes, the possibilities for further development of novel and next-generation oncolytic vectors are multitude.
Omental transposition for Alzheimer 's disease.

AbstractA patient with Alzheimer’s disease of long standing was treated with omental transposition to his brain. The rational for the procedure was to use the omentum to increase cerebral blood flow and to augment cholinergic neurotransmission activity. The patient improved for a year following surgery but after that time slowly began to decline neurologically and cognitively. However; according to Alzheimers specialists who have followed the patient pre and post- operatively he still maintains, 2.5 years after surgery a higher level of performance than expected. There is theoretical and now a clinical suggestion that the omentum might play some role in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In view of the devastating nature of, the disease, it seems reasonable to suggest that a limited controlled study be carried out to support or negate the benefit of the operation. [Neurol Res 1996; 18: 103–108]
Clinical Genetic Testing and Services – The US Perspective

• Most clinical genetic tests in the US are laboratory developed tests and enter the market with limited oversight.
A Philosophy for Environmental Geochemistry

According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, philosophy “deals with ultimate reality, or with the most general causes and principles of things.” The landscape geochemistry approach to the study of environmental geochemistry has two component parts: one, which is common to all studies of the geochemistry of the environment, is called its philosophical base; the other, which deals with the concepts and principles of the subject, is called its discipline. This chapter outlines the scope of the philosophy on which the discipline (to be described in detail in Part II) is based.
The HDAC-Associated Sin3B Protein Represses DREAM Complex Targets and Cooperates with APC/C to Promote Quiescence.

Summary The mammalian DREAM complex is responsible for the transcriptional repression of hundreds of cell-cycle-related genes in quiescence. How the DREAM complex recruits chromatin-modifying entities to aid in its repression remains unknown. Using unbiased proteomics analysis, we have uncovered a robust association between the chromatin-associated Sin3B protein and the DREAM complex. We have determined that genetic inactivation of Sin3B results in the de-repression of DREAM target genes during quiescence but is insufficient to allow quiescent cells to resume proliferation. However, inactivation of APC/CCDH1 was sufficient for Sin3B−/− cells, but not parental cells, to re-enter the cell cycle. These studies identify Sin3B as a transcriptional corepressor associated with the DREAM complex in quiescence and reveals a functional cooperation between E2F target repression and APC/CCDH1 in the negative regulation of cell-cycle progression.
Decadal-Scale Acidification Trends in Adjacent North Carolina Estuaries: Competing Role of Anthropogenic CO2 and Riverine Alkalinity Loads

Decadal-scale pH trends for the open ocean are largely monotonic and controlled by anthropogenic CO2 invasion. In estuaries, though, such long-term pH trends are often obscured by a variety of other factors, including changes in net metabolism, temperature, estuarine mixing, and riverine hydrogeochemistry. In this study, we mine an extensive biogeochemical database in two North Carolina estuaries, the Neuse River estuary (NeuseRE) and New River estuary (NewRE), in an effort to deconvolute decadal-scale trends in pH and associated processes. By applying a Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM), we show that temporal changes in NewRE pH were insignificant, while pH decreased significantly throughout much of the NeuseRE. In both estuaries, variations in pH were accompanied by increasing river discharge, and were independent of rising temperature. Decreases in bottom-water pH in the NeuseRE coincided with elevated primary production in surface waters, highlighting the importance of eutrophication on long-term acidification trends. Next, we used a simple mixing model to illustrate the impact of changing river discharge on estuarine carbonate chemistry. We found that increased riverine alkalinity loads to the NewRE likely buffered the impact of CO2-intrusion-induced acidification. In the NeuseRE, however, elevated dissolved inorganic carbon loads further decreased the buffering capacity, exacerbating the effects of CO2-intrusion-driven acidification. Taken together, the findings of this study show that future trajectories in estuarine pH will be shaped by complex interactions among global-scale changes in climate, regional-scale changes in precipitation patterns, and local-scale changes in estuarine biogeochemistry.
Effects of pulse width on He plasma jets in contact with water evaluated by OH(A–X) emission and OHaq production

Nanosecond pulsed helium plasma jets impinging on water produce hydroxyl radicals both in gas- and liquid-phase. In this study, the effects of pulse width on a repetitively pulsed plasma jet in contact with water are evaluated via OH(A–X) emission and OHaq production in water for various pulse widths ranging from 200 to 5000 ns. The maximal energy efficiency of OH(A–X) emission is obtained for pulse widths of 600–800 ns whereas the maximal efficiency of OHaq production is at 200 ns. Temporally-resolved emission spectroscopy shows that more than 40% of OH(A–X) emission is produced during the first 200 ns of the voltage pulse regardless of the pulse width. An equivalent circuit model of the plasma jet impinging on water is compiled to understand the charge transfer process, which is important for OHaq production via charge exchange reactions.
Static and dynamic abductor function are both associated with physical function 1 to 5 years after total hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Background A subset of total hip arthroplasty patients experience functional impairments past the first postoperative year. Poor hip abductor function is common before and in the early postoperative period. It is not known if abductor impairment is associated with long-term functional impairment. This study evaluated the relationships between static and dynamic abductor function and performance-based and self-reported function >1 year post-total hip arthroplasty. Methods Eighteen adults 1–5 years post-total hip arthroplasty participated. Static and dynamic abductor function were assessed through dynamometry and gait analysis, respectively. Subjects completed four physical performance tests and two self-report instruments. Findings Higher peak isometric abductor strength was associated with better performance-based function (P ≤ 0.001–0.030) and with self-reported function (P ≤ 0.001–0.012). Higher peak external adduction moment was associated with better results on 3 of 4 performance tests (P = 0.007–0.026). Together, static and dynamic abductor function predicted 35–77% of the variation in physical function. Abductor strength best predicted walking test results and self-reported function, while dynamic abductor function best predicted tests involving sit-to-stand Interpretation Static and dynamic abductor function were associated with physical function 1–5 years after total hip arthroplasty. These results support further investigation of interventions targeting abductor function for persons experiencing persistent impairments.
Family Systems and Parents' Financial Support for Education in Early Adulthood.

Young adults raised outside of two-parent families receive less financial support from their families for education compared with peers who always lived with both parents. We consider how parents’ union status over time shapes contributions for young adult children’s education. Our approach emphasizes the dynamic relationship between family structure and family economic resources. Marginal structural models with inverse probability weights estimate the association of parents’ union status history with eventual financial transfers while not overcontrolling for the effects of union status operating indirectly through time-varying characteristics, such as coresident family composition and economic circumstances. The analytic sample includes parents of a recent cohort of young adults (Panel Study of Income Dynamics, 1983–2013, N = 2,754). Compared with parents who lived continuously with a child’s other parent, unpartnered parents’ transfers to children were 44 % to 90 % smaller, and repartnered parents’ transfers were one- to two-thirds smaller, depending on how long the parent was unpartnered or repartnered. Through its influence on subsequent coresident family composition and family economic resources, parents’ union status has indirect as well as direct associations with financial transfers to adult children for education.
Exploring implicit spaces for constrained sampling-based planning:

We present a review and reformulation of manifold constrained sampling-based motion planning within a unifying framework, IMACS (implicit manifold configuration space). IMACS enables a broad class ...
Randomized Positioning DSSS with Message Shuffling for Anti-Jamming Wireless Communications

Traditional anti-jamming approaches like Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) require the sender and the receiver to share a secret key prior to their communication. If this key is compromised by the jammer, the jammer can then generate the frequency hopping patterns or the spreading codes used by the communicators to disrupt the wireless communication. In recent years, DSSS based schemes have been proposed to provide the anti-jamming communication without the shared key. In particular, Randomized Differential DSSS (RD-DSSS) was developed to spread messages based on the indices of public known spreading code sequences. RD-DSSS can effectively mitigate reactive jamming attacks and do not need a shared key, but it appends the indices, which are critical to enable the decoding at the receiver, to the end of the spread messages. As a result, the indices can easily become the jamming target of adversaries. To solve this problem, we propose the Randomized Positioning DSSS (RP-DSSS) scheme that randomly relocate the index codes for each message. Compared to RD-DSSS, the randomization hides the indices from the adversaries and thus achieves the enhanced security.
How to Structure Project-Based Learning to Meet STEAM Objectives

This chapter presents a best practices approach to the creation of well-designed project-based learning (PBL) lesson plans. PBL lesson plans can be organized in numerous ways, but a standard format ensures the inclusion of all necessary components for a good design. A standard lesson plan format also helps teacher and student participants quickly become familiar with each PBL they encounter. The chapter includes a prototype STEAM PBL designed for use by a multidisciplinary team of teachers. The chapter also focuses on student evaluation using rubrics in the PBL environment. Illustrations of rubrics for content knowledge, presentation skills, and soft skills of teamwork and self-evaluation are included.
Educating for Peace in a Global Society.

Our instantaneous worldwide communications network propels us into the global society. The WEB informs people of the vast inequities that exist in daily living conditions for children and families....
Training Pediatric Interns to Be Trauma-Responsive Providers By Adapting A National Curriculum for Pediatricians

Background: Two decades ago, the medical literature reported an association between adverse childhood events (ACEs) and poor adult health outcomes. In 2012, the AAP issued a policy statement calling attention to toxic stress. Yet, a majority of pediatricians rated themselves as “not familiar” with childhood trauma in national surveys. Despite its importance, there is no standard structured curriculum for educating residents and medical students on these topics. A review of the medical education literature reveals a handful of medical schools and residency programs with independent lectures, but none with a cohesive curriculum. The AAP with the …
Top-down Physical Design of Soft Embedded FPGA Fabrics

In recent years, IC reverse engineering and IC fabrication supply chain security have grown to become significant economic and security threats for designers, system integrators, and end customers. Many of the existing logic locking and obfuscation techniques have shown to be vulnerable to attack once the attacker has access to the design netlist either through reverse engineering or through an untrusted fabrication facility. We introduce soft embedded FPGA redaction, a hardware obfuscation approach that allows the designer substitute security-critical IP blocks within a design with a synthesizable eFPGA fabric. This method fully conceals the logic and the routing of the critical IP and is compatible with standard ASIC flows for easy integration and process portability. To demonstrate eFPGA redaction, we obfuscate a RISC-V control path and a GPS P-code generator. We also show that the modified netlists are resilient to SAT attacks with moderate VLSI overheads. The secure RISC-V design has 1.89x area and 2.36x delay overhead while the GPS design has 1.39x area and negligible delay overhead when implemented on an industrial 22nm FinFET CMOS process.
A Case of Multiple Organ Disseminated Cryptococcosis

Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast found worldwide.1 Patients with immunosuppression, including individuals with HIV/AIDS, transplant recipients and/or individuals with other T-cell mediated immunosuppression are more susceptible to becoming infected with Cryptococcus neoformans than immunocompetent individuals.2 This is a case report of a 66-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with an unsteady gait and urinary incontinence. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on presentation showed a large C5-C6 central disc protrusion. The patient underwent surgical repair and was treated with five days of IV steroids. Later in the course of her hospitalization, she had an unexplained increasing leukocytosis and tachycardia with witnessed episodes of unresponsiveness. She subsequently had a pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest and succumbed despite resuscitative efforts. A post-mortem diagnosis revealed Cryptococcus neoformans fungemia and disseminated cryptococcosis involving multiple organs. Disseminated cryptococcosis primarily affects the central nervous system3, and thus this report presents a rare case of disseminated cryptococcosis involving multiple organs.
Liquidity Synchronization and Asset Valuation in Selected Emerging Asian Economies

This study examined the impact of liquidity synchronization on stock valuation in selected emerging economies in Asia. Empirical testing was motivated by the relevance of liquidity synchronization in asset pricing. Liquidity synchronicity is a non-diversifiable risk, which can affect the overall functioning of a market. The regulatory environments of Asian firms are different from those investigated in previous studies. Comprehensive analysis of the subject is limited in emerging economies mainly due to the small size of the markets and the constraint of data availability. A substantial knowledge gap provides the underlying foundation of this study. Three emerging economies of Asia – China, Pakistan and India – were selected for analysis using data from 2010 to 2019. The implied cost of equity pricing model and realized returns pricing model were employed to study the impact of liquidity synchronicity on asset valuation. Liquidity synchronization was found to have a significant impact on asset valuation in emerging Asian economies and the effect is stronger during market volatility.
The effect of the auditory signal on videolaryngostroboscopy ratings and interpretation.

OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to examine the effect of the videolaryngostroboscopic auditory signal on videolaryngostroboscopy (VLS) ratings and interpretation in normophonic and dysphonic speakers. STUDY DESIGN Prospective repeated measures design METHOD: Eight speech-language pathologists evaluated rigid VLS exams obtained from 12 dysphonic speakers with vocal fold pathology and 4 normophonic speakers with normal VLS exams. VLS exams were evaluated with the auditory signal present and absent with a washout period between rating sessions. VLS measures were obtained using the Voice-vibratory Assessment of Laryngeal Imaging (VALI) and a 100mm visual analog scale (VAS). The effects of the auditory signal and its interaction with voice quality severity on 9 VLS ratings, diagnostic billing codes, and treatment recommendations were examined. RESULTS There was no effect of auditory information on VLS measures or overall severity of laryngeal function evaluated using the VAS (ps > 0.05). There was a main effect of auditory information and a significant interaction with voice quality severity for only one VLS measure (non-vibrating portion-left) evaluated using the VALI (P = 0.05). Post-hoc analysis for this rating showed significant increases (t-test adjusted P < 0.05) when voice quality severity was moderate-severe (M = 4.8%; SD = 1.65%) and auditory information was present. Agreement in individual clinician's selection of diagnostic codes (73%) and treatment recommendations (65.6%) when auditory cues were present and absent was moderate to high. CONCLUSION The presence of the videolaryngostroboscopic auditory signal had a minimal effect on VLS ratings, treatment recommendations, or diagnostic billing codes.
Contribution of blood to nuclear Overhauser effect at -1.6 ppm.

Purpose A relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement (rNOE) saturation transfer effect at around -1.6 ppm from water, termed NOE(-1.6), was previously reported in rat and human brain, and some publications suggest that it may be related to blood. Here, we studied whether the NOE(-1.6) arises from blood through in vivo and ex vivo experiments. Methods To evaluate the contribution from in vivo blood to NOE(-1.6), intravascular signals in rat brain were suppressed by two approaches: (1) signal acquisition with a diffusion-weighting of b = 400 s/mm2 ; (2) intravascular injection of 5 mg/kg monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticle (MION). Ex vivo blood sample was also prepared. The signals were acquired using a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) pulse sequence. Multiple-pool Lorentzian fitting of CEST Z-spectra was performed to quantify the NOE(-1.6) signal. Results There are no significant variations in the fitted in vivo NOE(-1.6) signals when measured with or without diffusion-weighting, but significant signal decease does occur after injection of MION. The NOE(-1.6) signal from ex vivo blood is weaker than that from in vivo tissues. Conclusion Considering the relatively small volume of blood in brain, the in vivo experiments with diffusion weighting and the ex vivo experiments both suggest that the NOE(-1.6) is not mainly from blood. The mechanism for the in vivo experiments with MION are less clear. MION not only suppresses MR signals from intravascular space, but changes the susceptibility in the perivascular space. This result suggests that although the NOE(-1.6) is not mainly from blood, it may be vasculature dependent.
Issues, the Spatial Theory of Voting, and British General Elections: A Comparison of Proximity and Directional Models

Competing spatial models of voter choiceare compared in the context ofparliamentary representatives selectedthrough single-member district, pluralityelections where party platforms areemphasized over individual candidates.Respondents of the 1987, 1992, and 1997British general election surveys ratepolitical parties on a series of issuescales. Ordered logistic regressions ofparty evaluations under proximity,directional, and mixed models reveal thatthe classic spatial model and thedirectional model perform equally well.Differences center on perceptions of thestatus quo, as voters appear to evaluatethe incumbent party (here, theConservatives) slightly differently thanminority parties (Labour and the LiberalDemocrats). The proximity model worksbetter for voter evaluations of governingparties while the directional model workswell for opposition parties.
The Mixed Case

In this and the following chapters, we will be dealing with more realistic cases in which motives of the voters are mixed. In this chapter, we have mainly a theoretical discussion of what I think is a fairly simple case, a case in which the only issue for voters is a transfer to the poorer part of the population and where the upper-income groups have genuinely charitable motives and hence want to make at least some transfer. It differs from the last chapter in that the poor people will be permitted to vote, too. The situation can be seen in Figure 5.1. Once again we have A and B who have genuinely charitable intentions with respect to C. The cost of the transfers is shown by a horizontal straight line in the usual way. A’s and B’s demands for a transfer are shown by the appropriate demand curves, and we note that with private provision, C would receive at least B 0 . The social optimum from the standpoint of A and B only is shown by the sum of lines A and B, or line A + B. This would lead to a transfer of O. All of this is reminiscent of the last chapter.
Endogenous formation of a city without agglomerative externalities or market imperfections

Abstract This paper develops a general equilibrium model to endogenously generate a linear city. Rather than assuming agglomerative externalities or increasing returns in production/transportation technology, interregional transactions costs are considered. To rectify a deficiency associated with the standard continuum framework, we modify the concept of social optimum. A modified social optimum exists under appropriate assumptions and exhibits a concentrated market structure when there are high market set-up costs, thus yielding a unitary central business district. In an economy without trust, a standard monocentric city may emerge. The social optimum generating a monocentric city has competitive price support under proper assumptions.
trans splicing in Leishmania enriettii and identification of ribonucleoprotein complexes containing the spliced leader and U2 equivalent RNAs.

The 5' ends of Leishmania mRNAs contain an identical 35-nucleotide sequence termed the spliced leader (SL) or 5' mini-exon. The SL sequence is at the 5' end of an 85-nucleotide primary transcript that contains a consensus eucaryotic 5' intron-exon splice junction immediately 3' to the SL. The SL is added to protein-coding genes immediately 3' to a consensus eucaryotic 3' intron-exon splice junction. The authors' previous work demonstrated possible intermediates in discontinuous mRNA processing that contain the 50 nucleotides of the SL primary transcript 3' to the SL, the SL intron sequence (SLIS). These RNAs have a 5' terminus at the splice junction of the SL and the SLIS. The authors examined a Leishmania nuclear extract for these RNAs in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles. Density centrifugation analysis showed that the SL RNA is predominately in RNP complexes at 60S, while the SLIS-containing RNAs are in complexes at 40S. They also demonstrated that the SLIS can be released from polyadenylated RNA by incubation with a HeLa cell extract containing debranching enzymatic activity. These data suggested that Leishmania enriettii mRNAs are assembled by bimolecular or trans splicing as has been recently demonstrated for Trypanosoma brucei. Furthermore, they determined the partial sequence of themore » Leishmania U2 equivalent RNA and demonstrated that it cosediments with the SL RNA at 60S in a nuclear extract. These RNP particles may be analogous to so-called spliceosomes that have been demonstrated in other systems.« less
Disturbingly Weak: The Current State of Financial Management Education in Library and Information Science Curricula.

Financial management skills are necessary for responsible library management. In light of the profession’s current emphasis on financial literacy, the authors posed four questions: (1) to what extent are library and information science schools providing courses in financial management for their graduates; (2) what is the quality and quantity of library financial management textbooks available for current librarians and librarians in training; (3) to what extent are there sufficient library continuing education venues available in North America to provide this training; and (4) does any evidence exist to show that librarians with library financial management responsibilities are well-trained enough to manage library finances competently and effectively? This study attempts to answer the first question. The authors examined the curricula of all American Library Association (ALA) English-language accredited library schools in North America to determine the extent to which financial management skills are taught. The results are worrying. Although many accredited Library and Information Science (LIS) programs require a general library management course for program completion, only a small percentage of these courses offered even a brief focus on financial management. The authors conclude by encouraging professional organizations and graduate library schools to enhance their menus of educational programs. The profession must provide the skills and support necessary to ensure the profession’s future.
Radiocarbon ages of ground water as a basis for the determination of safe limits of aquifer exploitation.

Abstract Deep ground waters of the Biscayne aquifer of south Florida were studied with radiocarbon dating techniques. Dissolved carbonates served as the material for the age determinations. Limestone dilution corrections of the measured carbon 14 activities were made by comparison of the relative concentrations of bicarbonate and total carbonates. The deep well waters of the southern portion of the deposit have corrected radiocarbon contents indicating thermonuclear weapon testing contamination; they are, therefore, less than 20 years old. The ages of the ground waters generally increase in the northern direction. This is interpreted as due to the greater depth of the deposit of that region. A model is formulated for ground water movement in an unconfined producing hydrological unit and applied to the radiocarbon results of the most intensively exploited zone of the Biscayne aquifer. It is shown that the water which is extracted by the municipal wells in this area is limited to the bottom third of the deposit. The avoidance of pollution from the surrounding septic tanks in the shallower depths of the area is explained in this way. The model leads to an objective estimation of the safe limit for the ground water extraction rate in the zone. By application of radiocarbon dating, it is possible to obtain useful information without disturbing the water supply.
The Vortical Structure of Parasitic Capillary Waves

A two-dimensional numerical simulation of the parasitic capillary waves that form on a 5 cm gravity-capillary wave is performed. A robust numerical algorithm is developed to simulate flows with complex boundary conditions and topologies. The free-surface boundary layer is resolved at the full-scale Reynolds, Froude, and Weber numbers. Seventeen million grid points are used to resolve the flow to within 6 X 10 -4 cm. The numerical method is used to investigate the formation of parasitic capillary waves on the front face of a gravity-capillary wave. The parasitic capillary waves shed vorticity that induces surface currents that exceed twenty-five percent of the phase velocity of the gravity-capillary wave when the steepness of the parasitic capillary waves is approximately 0.8 and the total wave steepness is 1.1. A mean surface current develops in the direction of the wave's propagation and is concentrated on the front face of the gravity-capillary wave. This current enhances mixing, and remnants of this surface current are probably present in post-breaking waves. Regions of high vorticity occur on the back sides of the troughs of the parasitic capillary waves.
Long term changes of chemical weathering products in rivers heavily impacted from acid mine drainage: Insights on the impact of coal mining on regional and global carbon and sulfur budgets

Abstract The long term impacts of acid mine drainage (AMD) on stream chemistry and regional carbon and sulfur budgets were explored using watersheds of Pennsylvania underlain by extensive coal deposits. Areas of these watersheds have been mined for 200 yr, yet mining activity decreased to 2 watersheds, witnessed dramatic changes in pH, alkalinity, calcium, magnesium and sulfate. Sulfate fluxes from these watersheds, for instance, were 4–12 times higher in the 1940s than they are currently. Fluxes of sulfate and magnesium from the Susquehanna River at Danville, the major tributary to the Chesapeake Bay, are currently 32 and 70% of what they were in the 1940s, while alkalinity fluxes have doubled and pH has recovered 0.8 pH units. The direct impact on regional carbon budgets through the degassing of CO 2 from carbonates was intense during the height of AMD but the long term regional impact is modest, resulting in the loss of ~ 3.1 Tg of carbon to the atmosphere over the last century. During the 1940s, the export of AMD derived sulfate to the 29,000 km 2 portion of the Susquehanna River studied here was twice as large as the current input from SO x deposition to the entire 71,000 km 2 Susquehanna watershed. This is surprising, comparing the small spatial footprint of AMD to the large footprint of the entire Susquehanna watershed. Normalizing these export rates to coal production data we estimate that global sulfur releases from AMD could account for 28–40% of riverine sulfate derived from pyrite oxidation, and be equal to ~ 20% of anthropogenic S from atmospheric deposition. This study emphasizes the potential importance of AMD to global S budgets, particularly since coal mining is predicted to increase by 50% in the coming century.
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage alters resting blood flow to the bed nucleus of stria terminalis

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) plays a key role in modulating emotional responses, yet the precise neural mechanisms underlying this function remain unclear. vmPFC interacts with a number of subcortical structures involved in affective processing, including the amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal gray, ventral striatum, and bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST). While a previous study of non-human primates shows that vmPFC lesions reduce BNST activity and anxious behavior, no such causal evidence exists in humans. In this study, we used a novel application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in neurosurgical patients with focal, bilateral vmPFC damage to determine whether vmPFC is indeed critical for modulating BNST function in humans. Relative to neurologically healthy subjects, who exhibited robust rest-state functional connectivity between vmPFC and BNST, the vmPFC lesion patients had significantly lower resting-state perfusion of the right BNST. No such perfusion differences were observed for the amygdala, striatum, hypothalamus, or periaqueductal gray. This study thus provides unique data on the relationship between vmPFC and BNST, suggesting that vmPFC serves to promote BNST activity in humans. This finding is relevant for neural circuitry models of mood and anxiety disorders.
Investigating an approach to identifying the biomechanical differences between intercostal cartilage in subjects with pectus excavatum and normals in vivo: preliminary assessment of normal subjects

The cause of pectus excavatum (PE) is unknown and little research has been done to assess the material properties of the PE costal cartilage. One source reported, after studying ex vivo various properties of the costal cartilage in cases of PE that the biomechanical stability of PE cartilage is decreased when compared to that of normals. Building on this idea, it would be beneficial to measure the biomechanical properties of the costal cartilages in vivo to further determine the differences between PE subjects and normals. An approach to doing this would be to use a modified FARO arm, which can read applied loads and resulting deflections. These values can be used to establish a finite element model of the chest area of a person with PE. So far, a validated technique for the registration between a CT based 3D model of the ribcage and a skin surface scan in case of PE has been addressed. On the basis of the data gathered from 10 subjects with normal chests using a robot arm, stylus and 3D laser scanner, we tried to evaluate the influence of inter-measurement respiration of a subject on results accuracy and the possibility of using the stylus for deflection measurement. In addition, we established the best strategy for taking measurements.
Controls on groundwater Rn‐222 concentrations in fractured rock

Approximately 150 Rn-222 analyses from groundwater wells in fractured lithologies of eastern Connecticut were made to evaluate the intralithologic and interlithologic variability. Although there is a control of Rn-222 activity in porefluids by uranium (radium) concentration in the host rock, the variability of local Rn-222 is dominated by site-specific rock properties. These are (with their contribution to the variability); (i) the specific fracture surface area (>10{sup 3}{times}), which is functionally dependent on crack width, (ii) the emission efficiency (>10{sup 2}{times}) which is functionally related to the fracture spacing and (iii) the enrichment of uranium (Ra-226) on the fracture surface (>10{sup 2}{times}). Thus, the activity of radon in fractured lithologies is difficult to predict and the measurement of radon activity does not uniquely constrain the geometry of the rock or the chemical inhomogeneity.