cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Predatory Effects of Copyright Piracy

Developing countries are often considered non-stakeholders in effective copyright enforcement because they have not built up robust copyright industries, and copyright piracy therein mostly targets the works of foreign copyright owners. It is also argued that, while copyright piracy mainly undermines the incentive to produce and the ability to compete on the part of foreign firms, local firms might actually have a competitive edge and be able to enjoy a healthier growth. Although various international treaties such as the Berne Convention and the TRIPS Agreement have harmonized national copyright laws at a rather high level, many developing countries regard such legislative initiatives only as a trade-off in international trade negotiations. In exchange for stronger copyright protection to secure export markets for intellectual products from developed countries, developing countries receive lower tariffs on their own exported products such as textile and agriculture. It turns out that multinational firms, which hold dominant positions in the copyright market, are not in a hurry either to enforce their copyrights against piracy in developing countries. Bill Gates once indicated that “although about 3 million computers get sold every year in China, people don’t pay for the software. Someday they will, though. As long as they’re going to steal it, we want them to steal ours. They’ll get sort of addicted, and then we’ll somehow figure out how to collect sometime in the next decade.” This article argues that, contrary to conventional wisdom, piracy of foreign works often poses a threat to the livelihood of domestic firms in a more formidable way than to foreign firms. Furthermore, unwarranted toleration of copyright piracy will likely drive small domestic developers out of the market, erect entry barriers, and eventually enhance the market power of multinational firms. To this extent, dominant firms may have the tendency to strategically acquiesce or even encourage copyright piracy, which could have significant anticompetitive effects in the same way as predatory pricing does.
An Efficient Observer Model for Assessing Signal Detection Performance of Lossy-Compressed Images

A technique for assessing the impact of lossy wavelet-based image compression on signal detection tasks is presented. A medical image's value is based on its ability to support clinical decisions, including detecting and diagnosing abnormalities. However, image quality of compressed images is often stated in terms of mathematical metrics such as mean square error. The presented technique provides a more suitable measure of image degradation by building on the channelized Hotelling observer model, which has been shown to predict human performance of signal detection tasks in noise-limited images. The technique first decomposes an image into its constituent wavelet subbands. Channel responses for the individual subbands are computed, combined, and processed with a Hotelling observer model to provide a measure of signal detectability versus compression ratio. This allows a user to determine how much compression can be tolerated before image detectability drops below a certain threshold.
Valosin-containing protein is a multi-ubiquitin chain-targeting factor required in ubiquitin-proteasome degradation.

The ubiquitin–proteasome (Ub-Pr) degradation pathway regulates many cellular activities1,2, but how ubiquitinated substrates are targeted to the proteasome is not understood. We have shown previously that valosin-containing protein (VCP) physically and functionally targets the ubiquitinated nuclear factor κB inhibitor, IκBα to the proteasome for degradation3. VCP4 is an abundant and a highly conserved member of the AAA (ATPases associated with a variety of cellular activities) family5,6,7. Besides acting as a chaperone in membrane fusions, VCP has been shown to have a role in a number of seemingly unrelated cellular activities. Here we report that loss of VCP function results in an inhibition of Ub-Pr-mediated degradation and an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. VCP associates with ubiquitinated proteins through the direct binding of its amino-terminal domain to the multi-ubiquitin chains of substrates. Furthermore, its N-terminal domain is required in Ub-Pr-mediated degradation. We conclude that VCP is a multi-ubiquitin chain-targeting factor that is required in the degradation of many Ub-Pr pathway substrates, and provide a common mechanism that underlies many of the functions of VCP.
Mechanical Properties of High Purity SiC Fiber-Reinforced CVI-SiC Matrix Composites

Mechanical properties of silicon carbide composites reinforced with highly crystalline fibers and fabricated by the chemical vapor infiltration method were evaluated. Materials used were SiC/SiC co...
Relativizations of the P =?NP and other Problems: Some Developments in Structural Complexity Theory

The P =?NP problem has provided much of the primary motivation for developments in structural complexity theory. Recent results show that even after twenty years, contributions to the P=?NP problem, as well as other problems, still inspire new efforts. The purpose of this talk is to explain some of these results to theoreticians who do not work in structural complexity theory.
Modified reaction centres oxidize tyrosine in reactions that mirror photosystem II

The participation of tyrosine in the oxidation of water by photosystem II, a multisubunit enzyme complex involved in plant photosynthesis, exemplifies the significant role amino-acid side chains play in oxidation/reduction reactions in proteins1. The influence of the surrounding protein on the properties of amino-acid radicals and the attributes necessary for electron transfer are not well understood. Here we report that modifications of reaction centres from the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides result in the generation of a tyrosyl radical in a manner similar to that of photosystem II. Our design incorporates a highly oxidizing bacteriochlorophyll dimer possessing a midpoint potential of more than 0.8 V, which was achieved by altering its local environment. After substitution of tyrosine residues at positions corresponding to the tyrosyl radicals of photosystem II, optical and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra showed changes consistent with oxidation of the tyrosine. The properties of this reaction include initiation by light and coupling to proton transfer, most probably to residues near the tyrosines.
Investigating the position of the hairpin loop in New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase, NDM-1, during catalysis and inhibitor binding

In an effort to examine the relative position of a hairpin loop in New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase, NDM-1, during catalysis, rapid freeze quench double electron electron resonance (RFQ-DEER) spectroscopy was used. A doubly-labeled mutant of NDM-1, which had one spin label on the invariant loop at position 69 and another label at position 235, was prepared and characterized. The reaction of the doubly spin labeled mutant with chromacef was freeze quenched at 500μs and 10ms. DEER results showed that the average distance between labels decreased by 4A in the 500μs quenched sample and by 2A in the 10ms quenched sample, as compared to the distance in the unreacted enzyme, although the peaks corresponding to distance distributions were very broad. DEER spectra with the doubly spin labeled enzyme with two inhibitors showed that the distance between the loop residue at position 69 and the spin label at position 235 does not change upon inhibitor binding. This study suggests that the hairpin loop in NDM-1 moves over the metal ion during the catalysis and then moves back to its original position after hydrolysis, which is consistent with a previous hypothesis based on NMR solution studies on a related metallo-β-lactamase. This study also demonstrates that this loop motion occurs in the millisecond time domain.
A History Of The Association Psychology

It has been said of psychology that it has a lengthy past but a short history. Perhaps for this very reason, psychology has long been interested in reconstructing the origins of modern ideas about mind and psychological process. From the earliest years of the discpline, psychologists have traced the roots of general trends and specific concepts in psychological thought. Robert H. Wozniak has selected seven of the most important works of this type, and Thoemmes Press present them here in their first edition. The set opens with modern psychology's earliest history - Theodule Ribot's "English Psychology" (1873), which charts developments in English associationsim, especially in the work of J.S. Mill, Bain, Spencer and Lewes. Volume 2 comprises Alexander Archibald's analysis (1898) of the concept of "Will" from the Greeks to the mid 19th century, with penetrating discussionis of medieval Christian doctrine and of modern views in both continental and British traditions. Next comes "Psychology..." (1902) by Janet & Seailles, the first topically orientated history of psychological thought (with chapters on perception, memory, language, the feelings). Volume 4 is G. Stanley Hall's "Founders of Modern Psychology" (1912) - it examines the lives and works of Fechner, hartmann, Helmhotlz, Lotze, Wundt and Seller. The influential American psychologist James Mark Baldwin's "History of Psychology" (1913) makes up Volume 5. In Volume 6, Howard C. Warren gives detailed accounts of early experimental work in his "History of the Association Psychology" (1921). The set concludes with E.C. Wilm's landmark study, "The Theories of Instinct" (1925), which ranges in its scope from the pre-Socratics to Darwin. This set of facsimile reprints should be of interest to those working in the history of psychology, and to philosophers of mind.
Masculinity and political geographies in England, Ireland and North America

Historians have recently turned their attention to the place of masculinity in the politics of early-modern England. This essay widens that exploration to include the imperial settings of Ireland and North America. Drawing upon a range of English- and Irish-language sources – including political treatises, maps, state papers and court poetry – it contends that manhood, as a relational value between men, helped structure the form and character of politics in the metropole, the kingdom of Ireland and the American colonies. In all of those settings, the definition of acceptable male behaviour was different, the effect being that political action and theory in each place took on unique features. Consequently, the essay cautions against studying England and its colonies as distinct units of historical analysis and calls for further exploration of the particularities of colonial settings and their influence on the imperial centre. Moreover, the essay aims to demonstrate that masculinity, particularly contest ov...
Porcine parvovirus removal using trimer and biased hexamer peptides

Assuring the microbiological safety of biological therapeutics remains an important concern. Our group has recently reported small trimeric peptides that have the ability to bind and remove a model nonenveloped virus, porcine parvovirus (PPV), from complex solutions containing human blood plasma. In an effort to improve the removal efficiency of these small peptides, we created a biased library of hexamer peptides that contains two previously reported trimeric peptides designated WRW and KYY. This library was screened and several hexamer peptides were discovered that also removed PPV from solution, but there was no marked improvement in removal efficiency when compared to the trimeric peptides. Based on simulated docking experiments, it appeared that hexamer peptide binding is dictated more by secondary structure, whereas the binding of trimeric peptides is dominated by charge and hydrophobicity. This study demonstrates that trimeric and hexameric peptides may have different, matrix-specific roles to play in virus removal applications. In general, the hexamer ligand may perform better for binding of specific viruses, whereas the trimer ligand may have more broadly reactive virus-binding properties.
Does exchange rate pegging enhance credibility? Evidence from the European Monetary System

The European Monetary System (EMS) has been credited with immediately enhancing the credibility of onetary policy among its member countries. However, there is little empirical evidence to support this view. This study provides evidence from exchange rate data that political actions taken to support the EMS enhanced rate arangement. Further, empirical results were sensitive to the specification of the estimating equations, and varied dramatically if risk premia (discounts) were absent from estimating equations.
Ferroelectric Thin Films of Bismuth‐Containing Layered Perovskites: Part III, SrBi2Nb2O9 and c‐Oriented Bi4Ti3O12 Template

Randomly and c-oriented SrBi2Nb2O9 thin films have been obtained by a metalorganic decomposition (MOD) method using a highly c-oriented Bi4Ti3O12 layer as a template. This templating procedure is generally applicable to other layered perovskites, and it has the advantage of lowering the temperature for crystallization and texture selection for these thin films. Moreover, the c-oriented Bi4Ti3O12 template can serve as a bottom electrode at the same time. Ferroelectric and dielectric properties measured for SrBi2Nb2O9 films of different orientations reveal strong anisotropy following the general trend known for other layered perovskites. Systematic differences in polarization and coercive field can be consistently explained in terms of the different m values and the lack of lone-pair electrons. The latter contribute to a higher polarization and a higher coercive field for SrBi2Nb2O9 thin films.
Modelling of the influence of residual gravity on the segregation in directional solidification under microgravity

The impact of typical microgravity conditions on the solid segregation of four technologically relevant materials is discussed here on the basis of a wide virtual Bridgman growth campaign. Constant gravity levels as well as harmonic jitters are used in the analyses of the resulting 2D solid dopant patterns.
Variations of Bender-Gestalt constriction and depression in adult psychiatric patients.

The clinical use of the Bender-Gestalt test (Bender, 1938) as an instrument for the detection of organicity, for estimating intellectual functioning, and in discriminating between various diagnostic groups has been frequently explored, but its use as a projective instrument, specifically in the detection of depression, has only been suggested by several authors (Hurt, 1969; Lerner, 1972; Murray & Roberts, 1956; Pascal & Sunell, 1951). The hypothesis that constriction of the Bender may be indicative of depression has been supported by Johnson (1973) who reported a significant difference between constricted and nonconstricted groups on the MMPI Depression scale. He defined constriction as placement of the nine figures in less than one-half sheet of paper, with no part of any figure touching the center line when the paper was folded in half vertically or horizontalIY. As defined by Johnson (1973) several types of constriction may occur, either upper or lower half or left or right half placement. The present study examined these variations in Bender constriction to determine if they differed in relation to depression as measured by the MMPI Depression scale. Psychological test records taken from the Psychological Training Service, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, were examined for patients 16 yr. of age or older who were not organic or suspected organic. Beginning with those tested most recently, and where records also contained the MMPI, inspection proceeded backward until two groups of 20 Ss were obtained, each displaying a different type of constriction. To fill both groups, records of some 2,800 patients tested over a 3X-yr. period were examined. A nondirectional t test using both Depression scale T scores and ages was employed to test for differences between the groups. The incidence of each type of constriction was tabulated using the first 200 records examined, regardless of the presence of the MMPI. Also, to test for differences between the combined Ss of the constricted groups, and 40 additional Ss from the same population who met the same criteria as the constricted Ss, but whose Benders did not show constriction, a similar t test was employed again using both Depression scale T scores and ages.
Local Logrolling? Assessing the Impact of Legislative Districting in Los Angeles

Over the past three decades, a number of U.S. cities have shifted from at-large to district-based elections. Some observers argue that this institutional change encourages elected officials to focus on district priorities while ignoring—and perhaps even sacrificing—broader municipal needs. Must district elections bring parochialism and logrolling to city councils? Using seven years’ worth of roll call data from the Los Angeles City Council, we examine the hypothesis that district elections result in vote-trading among its members. Overall, voting behavior on the council appears inconsistent with conventional logrolling accounts and instead points to a strategy of conditional deference on the part of elected officials. The results suggest that district-based elections do not always push elected officials to ignore the general interests of their city.
EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF FROZEN, VACUUM‐PACKAGED BEEF AND PORK

ABSTRACT The effect of grape seed extract (GS; 0.01 and 0.02%), oleoresin rosemary (0.02%) and water-soluble oregano extract (0.02%) on the oxidative and color stability of raw beef and pork patties, vacuum packaged and stored frozen for 4 months, was determined. Fresh beef or pork lean and trim were ground, then mixed individually with fat (30%) from their respective species. Antioxidants, mixed with salt, were added. The patties were formed, vacuum packaged and stored at −18C. Lipid oxidation was assessed using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and descriptive sensory evaluation. Color changes (instrumental and visual) and pH were determined immediately (time 0) and after 1, 2, 3 and 4 months. Based on the TBARS values, GS provided small degrees of protection against oxidation in both meat species. It did not alter (P < 0.05) the sensory perception of oxidation, redness, yellowness or color intensity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Consumer interest in food formulations containing “natural” ingredients has motivated the food industry to evaluate the effectiveness of naturally occurring components of food for functional purposes other than their commonly recognized ones. A variety of antioxidant compounds, mostly phenolic in nature, exist in plant materials. Grape seed extract (0.01–0.02%), rosemary and oregano can provide limited protection against lipid oxidation in higher fat meat products. However, higher levels may prove to be more efficacious than those used in this study.
Chaotic behavior and stability of free-standing offshore equipment

Abstract The rocking behaviour and overturning stability of free-standing offshore equipment subjected to support excitations is investigated. This study focuses on systems with realistic slenderness ratios subjected to both horizontal and vertical excitations. Fully nonlinear equations governing the rocking motion are used in the analysis. Additional nonlinear effects due to the transition of governing equations at impact, the abrupt reduction in angular velocity associated with impact energy dissipation, and the coupling of the vertical (parametric) excitation with the rocking response are examined in detail. Analytical methods and numerical techniques are developed to determine the response time histories, phase diagrams, Poincare maps, Lyapunov exponents, and fractal dimensions. Chaotic and quasi-periodic response are shown to co-exist with periodic and overturning responses. Results show that the response of non-slender (fully nonlinear) systems are more sensitive to perturbations in system and excitation parameters than their slender (piecewise-linear) counterparts. The transition nonlinearity at impact induces chaotic behavior, and is the major cause of response sensitivity. Increasing the impact energy dissipation decreases the sensitivity of the rocking response. For the range of magnitude considered, increasing vertical excitation increases the sensitivity of the rocking response.
Characterization of Trichomonas vaginalis haemolysis

The haemolytic activity of live Trichomonas vaginalis organisms was investigated. Optimal haemolysis of human erythrocytes was observed at a parasite to erythrocyte ratio of 1:5 during a 2 h incubation period. No haemolytic activity was detected in concentrated culture supernatants after overnight growth of trichomonads or when parasites were separated from erythrocytes by a 3 microns filter, suggesting a contact-dependent mechanism for haemolysis. The haemolytic activity was temperature-dependent and maximal haemolysis occurred at 37 degrees C. Treatment of trichomonads with metronidazole reduced levels of haemolysis by greater than 50%. Maximal haemolysis occurred at the pH range of the vagina during trichomoniasis. N-alpha-tosyl-L-lysyl-chloromethyl ketone and iodoacetamide, inhibitors of trichomonad cysteine proteinases, reduced the haemolytic activity of live parasites.
Breast Cancer Survival According to Number of Nodes Removed

Background:Results from randomized trials indicate a 5.4% survival advantage associated with axillary dissection. To gain insight on survival outcomes when less than an axillary dissection is performed, we performed a retrospective analysis to determine survival outcome for node-negative and node-positive breast cancer patients when a variable number of nodes were excised.
Relationship between plaques, tangles, and dystrophic processes in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract AD is characterized by paired helical filaments (PHFs) in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and dystrophic neuronal processes, and PHFs are formed from derivatized tau known as PHFtau. Amyloid is made from 39–43 amino acid long peptides (Aβ) and amyloid fibrils are the dominant structures in senile plaques (SPs), but Aβ fibrils in SPs are associated with PHFtau and other neuronal components. Although a dense mesh of PHFtau positive dystrophic processes permeates nearly all amyloid plaques in the AD neocortex, a similar mesh is not seen in the neocortex of elderly controls. Taken together with evidence that injections of PHFtau into rat brain induce Aβ deposits, we infer from these observations that the formation of neuritic amyloid plaques could involve interactions between Aβ and neuronal proteins released into the extracellular space of the AD neocortex. Thus, the conversion of soluble Aβ into insoluble amyloid fibrils and the formation of neuritic plaques may be a multi-step process involving interactions between soluble Aβ and pathologic co-factors some of which may be derived from degenerating neurons.
Carcinoma of the larynx in patients with gastroesophageal reflux

Abstract Purpose: To study the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the development of laryngeal cancer in patients who lack other accepted risk factors for the development of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of patients either treated surgically or with radiation therapy for stage 1 or stage 2 laryngeal carcinoma with specific reference to smoking history and the presence of GERD. Results: We present 9 lifetime nonsmoking patients with stage 1 or 2 laryngeal carcinoma in whom GERD was clinically and/or radiographically shown. Also, 14 patients are identified who quit smoking more than 15 years before the development of laryngeal cancer and who also had evidence of GERD. Conclusion: We propose that the development of laryngeal carcinoma in this cohort of patients who lack typical risk factors supports the notion that GERD plays a role in the etiology of carcinoma of the larynx. Because the accepted risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma such as smoking and alcohol use increase the likelihood of reflux, GERD may act as a cocarcinogen in smokers and drinkers. Of interest, the treatment of GERD can reverse the signs of chronic laryngitis and should be instituted in patients with laryngeal pathology who have GERD.
A Molecular Mechanism Regulating the Timing of Corticogeniculate Innervation

Neural circuit formation demands precise timing of innervation by different classes of axons. However, the mechanisms underlying such activity remain largely unknown. In the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN), axons from the retina and visual cortex innervate thalamic relay neurons in a highly coordinated manner, with those from the cortex arriving well after those from retina. The differential timing of retino- and corticogeniculate innervation is not a coincidence but is orchestrated by retinal inputs. Here, we identified a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) that regulates the timing of corticogeniculate innervation. Aggrecan, a repulsive CSPG, is enriched in neonatal dLGN and inhibits cortical axons from prematurely entering the dLGN. Postnatal loss of aggrecan from dLGN coincides with upregulation of aggrecanase expression in the dLGN and corticogeniculate innervation and, it is important to note, is regulated by retinal inputs. Taken together, these studies reveal a molecular mechanism through which one class of axons coordinates the temporal targeting of another class of axons.
Postpartum Depression Among Adolescent Mothers: A Comprehensive Review of Prevalence, Course, Correlates, Consequences, and Interventions

Postpartum depression (PPD) among adult women is a prevalent and impairing problem, with evidence suggesting risk of adverse consequences for mothers and their infants. Few studies have investigated adolescent PPD; however, the increased risk of depression among girls compared with boys beginning in adolescence and the prevalence of adolescent pregnancy suggest increased attention is needed. An emerging body of research examines the psychopathology of adolescent PPD and addresses two questions: What is the prevalence and course of PPD among adolescents? What are the correlates and consequences of adolescent PPD? Additionally, this comprehensive review examines literature regarding this question: What prevention and intervention methods hold promise for adolescent PPD? Utilizing the framework of developmental psychopathology, recommendations for future research and clinical practice are provided.
Effect of breakup on the deuteron nucleus spin orbit and tensor potentials

Abstract A previous treatment of breakup in terms of a coupled channel formulation is generalized so as to include the spin of the nucleus. The break up spectrum is described in terms of the eigenstates of the free neutron proton Hamiltonian, based on the Reid soft core potential. Nearly spherically symmetric as well as nearly quadrupole deformed break up states are included. The latter give large contributions to the correction to the spin orbit and tensor parts of the deuteron-nucleus elastic optical model. A numerical application for 13 MeV and 21.6 MeV deuterons incident on Ni is presented, in which virtual breakup is included to second order in the breakup transition matrix element. The breakup correction to the deuteron potential is strongly dependent on the orbital angular momentum and the energy of the deuteron-nucleus motion. The spin orbit potential is rendered less diffuse and acquires an imaginary part. The tensor potential correction is comparable in radial shape to the Watanabe static folding model result, and tends to increase its magnitude by nearly 100%.
G162 Impact of national prenatal screening guidelines on the detection rates of transposition of the great arteries in neonates undergoing the arterial switch procedure

Aims Prenatal diagnosis of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) has been shown to improve pre-operative clinical condition and long term outcome. In 2008 the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) published guidelines advising that ventricular outflow tracts should be assessed as part of the routine prenatal assessment and this was consolidated in the 2010 FASP guidelines. This had a large impact on sonographer training requirements and although skills are increasing, prenatal detection differs significantly by region. Our aim was to review the effect of these new guidelines on our prenatal detection rate and evaluate the impact of these changes on our patient population. Method All patients undergoing the arterial switch procedure (ASO) for simple TGA between 2001 and 2013 were identified. This enabled assessment of patient outcomes before and after the introduction of the 2008 NICE guidance. Patients with septal defects were included but those with additional CHD were excluded. A retrospective review of patient records was performed. Data was gathered regarding patient demographics, timing of diagnosis and subsequent admission to the cardiac centre. For patients admitted, their pre-operative status, surgical intervention and immediate and long term outcomes were reviewed. Results 219 patients with simple TGA +/- septal defects who had the arterial switch procedure were identified during the 13 year period. The rate of antenatal diagnosis has been consistently increasing since 2008 (see Figure 1), from 11% prior to 2008 to 41% from 2008 onwards and 62% in the most recent year. Conclusions Nationally antenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease is improving according to CCAD data. Locally our prenatal diagnosis rate has been consistently increasing since 2007 but there remains room for improvement with higher prenatal detection rates in other regions. Further analysis is required to determine the outcome following a prenatal diagnosis both regionally and nationally.
Novel MRI methodology to detect human whole-brain connectivity changes after ingestion of fructose or glucose

A novel MRI protocol has been developed to investigate the differential effects of glucose or fructose consumption on whole-brain functional brain connectivity. A previous study has reported a decrease in the fMRI blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal of the hypothalamus following glucose ingestion, but due to technical limitations, was restricted to a single slice covering the hypothalamus, and thus unable to detect whole-brain connectivity. In another previous study, a protocol was devised to acquire whole-brain fMRI data following food intake, but only after restricting image acquisition to an MR sampling or repetition time (TR) of 20s, making the protocol unsuitable to detect functional connectivity above 0.025Hz. We have successfully implemented a continuous 36-min, 40 contiguous slices, whole-brain BOLD acquisition protocol on a 3T scanner with TR=4.5s to ensure detection of up to 0.1Hz frequencies for whole-brain functional connectivity analysis. Human data were acquired first with ingestion of water only, followed by a glucose or fructose drink within the scanner, without interrupting the scanning. Whole-brain connectivity was analyzed using standard correlation methodology in the 0.01-0.1 Hz range. The correlation coefficient differences between fructose and glucose ingestion among targeted regions were converted to t-scores using the water-only correlation coefficients as a null condition. Results show a dramatic increase in the hypothalamic connectivity to the hippocampus, amygdala, insula, caudate and the nucleus accumben for fructose over glucose. As these regions are known to be key components of the feeding and reward brain circuits, these results suggest a preference for fructose ingestion.
Bilateral epicondylitis in a karate instructor

Epicondylitis can be a debilitating condition that restricts activity and causes pain. Severe cases can require surgical repair. Early and thorough assessment and instituting treatment expeditiously will help prevent lengthy rehabilitation. It is well documented that sports requiring repetitive wrist movements or tension overloading of wrist extensors, such as racquet sports and bowling, are associated with the development of epicondylitis. In this case study, the sport of karate precipitated this condition in a 38-year-old instructor. The significance of karate as a possible risk factor in epicondylitis is important given the proliferation of karate schools, especially those for children.
Sustained improvement in left ventricular diastolic function after alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Aims Impaired diastolic function is responsible for many of the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) whose symptoms are refractory to medical therapy, alcohol septal ablation (ASA) reduces left ventricular (LV) outflow tract gradient, with short-term improvement in LV diastolic function. Little is known about the longer term impact of ASA on diastolic function. Methods and results We evaluated LV diastolic function at baseline and 1- and 2-year follow-up after successful ASA. In 30 patients (58±15 years, 22 men) who underwent successful ASA, New York Heart Association class was lower at 1-year follow-up compared with baseline (3.0±0.5 to 1.5±0.7; P <0.0001). LV outflow tract gradient (76±37 to 19±12; P <0.0001), interventricular septal thickness (19±2 to 14±2; P <0.0001), and left atrial volume (26±5 to 20±4; P <0.0001) were decreased. Significant improvement in E-wave deceleration time, isovolumic relaxation time, early diastolic mitral lateral annular velocity ( E ′), mitral inflow propagation velocity ( V p), ratio of transmitral early LV filling velocity ( E ) to early diastolic Doppler tissue imaging of the mitral annulus ( E / E ′), and E / V p were observed at 1 year following successful ASA. These changes persisted in the subset cohort ( n =21) for whom 2-year data were available. Conclusion Successful ASA for HOCM leads to significant and sustained improvement in echocardiographic measures of diastolic function, which may contribute to improved functional status after successful ASA.
Swirler Effects on Passive Control of Combustion Noise and Instability in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor

High strength porous inert media (PIM) placed in the reaction zone of a swirl-stabilized lean-premixed combustor is a passive method of controlling combustion noise and instabilities. In this study, the effect of swirler location and swirl number on combustion without and with PIM has been investigated experimentally, using a methane-fueled quartz combustor at atmospheric pressure. Three axial swirlers were designed with 8 vanes, a solid centerbody, and vane angles of 30, 45, and 55 degrees to yield calculated swirl numbers of 0.45, 0.78, and 1.10, respectively. Swirler location was varied to obtain recess depth in the premixer tube of 0.0 cm, 2.5 cm, and 5.0 cm. A downstream bluff body was used with the recessed swirlers to stabilize the flame at the dump plane. Experiments were conducted at constant air flow rate of 300 SLPM and equivalence ratios of 0.70, 0.75, and 0.80. PIM annular rings with increasing and decreasing cross-sectional area in the flow direction were tested, referred to as diverging and converging PIM. The performance of each test case is compared by observing the flame behavior and measuring sound pressure level (SPL) with a microphone probe. Results include total SPL and SPL in one-third octave bands. PIM proved effective in mitigating combustion noise and instability for all flush-mounted swirlers with total SPL reductions of up to 7.6 dBA. The effectiveness of the PIM generally improved with increasing equivalence ratio. Combustion instability that occurred within the frequency band centered about 630 Hz was suppressed with both PIM configurations. These results confirm that PIM is an effective method to control combustion noise and instabilities in swirl-stabilized LPM combustion.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Color stability and resistance to staining of resin veneering materials

Abstract Comparative tests of color stability and resistance to staining were conducted on acrylic, polyvinyl, and epoxy types of dental veneering resins. Exposure to the ultraviolet light according to A.D.A. Specification No. 12 showed that the poly (methyl methacrylate) resin specimens withstood the test best, the polyvinyl acrylic resin resisted color change well, unless the ultraviolet light exposure was prolonged, and the epoxy resin became much darker. Staining tests based on boiling the samples in coffee and marking them with lipstick showed that only the epoxy resins retained staining marks. Cigarette smoke from a cigarette smoking machine caused no permanent stain on any resins tested.
Euler’s “De Partitio Numerorum”

Chapter 16 of Euler’s Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum is titled De Partitio Numerorum. Our goal is to provide a survey of the impact of Euler’s chapter on the study of partitions in the following 250 plus years. We ask the natural question: Do we still have anything to learn from Euler? The answer is “yes”.
Impure Exchange-Coupled Paramagnets; Electron-Paramagnetic-Resonance Studies

The effects of substituting ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$, ${\mathrm{Co}}^{++}$, and ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{++}$ for ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$ in RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$ on the EPR linewidth and $g$ values have been studied as a function of impurity concentration and temperature above ${T}_{N}$. Severe line broadening for relatively small impurity concentrations is observed with ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{++}$ and ${\mathrm{Co}}^{++}$ but not with ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$. The results are interpreted using both a high-temperature-moment method and a coupled-equation-of-motion approach. Both have as a central feature the importance of the interplay of host-impurity exchange rate (${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) and impurity-single-ion spinlattice damping rate (${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{SL}}$) in determining the effects that the impurity has on the resonance linewidth. Quantitative agreement is found for the magnitude and temperature dependence of the linewidths for resonable values of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{SL}}$. The interesting correspondence between these effects and the impurity-conduction-electron spin-resonance problem in metals is noted. An analysis of the sign and temperature dependence of the $g$ shift in the RbMn${\mathrm{F}}_{3}$: Ni system indicates that the local susceptibility of the ${\mathrm{Ni}}^{++}$ ion is negative throughout most of the temperature region studied.
What causes phase coexistence in ordering alloys

Abstract A phenomenological theory of domain growth in intermediate two-phase fields is proposed. Using it to interpret the divergent behavior of the thermal relaxation time of Cu 3 Au, one learns that the upper and lower portions of its coherent two-phase region acquire their temperature broadness from the stresses around edge dislocations and point defects, respectively. Similarly it is inferred that point defects act in the lower part of the semi-coherent two-phase field of Ni 3 Mn. It is noted that the crystal defects can also be identified through studies of domain development in samples quenched to T c , the singular point of the thermal relaxation time.
Fantasy, Irony, and Economic Justice in Aristophanes' Assemblywomen and Wealth

In his final two surviving plays, Assemblywomen and Wealth, Aristophanes turns his comic art toward a consideration of the possibilities of radical economic change. His presentation of those possibilities has been read as either indulging in fantasy or as ironically reinforcing the economic status quo. This essay argues that the two plays in fact work to instill in their audience a complex and challenging sensibility that holds fantasy and irony in tension with one another. Drawing on recent arguments about the relationship and relative priority of economic redistribution and cultural recognition as political goals, I suggest that this sensibility provides an attractive model for theorists and ordinary citizens alike as they grapple with issues of economic and social justice.
OmpR‐dependent and OmpR‐independent responses of Escherichia coli to sublethal attack by the neutrophil bactericidal/permeability increasing protein

Summary Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) of neutrophils is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding antibacterial protein with specificity for Gramnegative bacteria. BPI binding to the bacterial surface rapidly triggers potentially reversible bacterial growth inhibition and alterations of the outer membrane and, later, disruption of the inner membrane and lethal injury. Initial effects include selective OmpR-dependent changes in the synthesis of outer membrane porins (OmpF and OmpC). Because OmpR is a global transcriptional regulator, we have examined its possible role in responses of E. coli to sublethal injury caused by BPI. Early (<15 min) reversible effects of BPI on bacterial colony-forming ability and outer membrane permeability were virtually identical in isogenic wild-type (wt) and ompR−E. coli. Both strains could repair the outer membrane permeability barrier after Mg2+-induced displacement of bound BPI. However, OmpR was essential for the ability of E. coli to tolerate low doses of BPI and escape the progression of sublethal to lethal damage. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that BPI treatment produced greater membrane perturbations in the ompR− strain, apparent even before lethal injury. These findings suggest that the fate of E. coli exposed to BPI depends on both OmpR-independent mechanisms engaged in outer membrane repair and OmpR- dependent processes that modulate porin synthesis and retard progression of injury from the outer to the inner membrane.
Strong final-state term dependence of nondipole photoelectron angular distributions from half-filled shell atoms

It is predicted that the near-threshold nondipole photoelectron angular distribution parameters of valence $ns$ electrons from atoms having an $n{d}^{5}$ half-filled shell in the ground state differ markedly for different final-state terms of the residual ion. This is due to the strong term dependence of electron correlation in these systems. As an example, the nondipole $4s$-photoelectron angular distribution parameters below the $3d$ ionization threshold of the $\mathrm{Mn}(3{d}^{5}4{s}^{2}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{6}S)$ atom, leading to ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+}(4{s}^{1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{7}S)$ and ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{+}(4{s}^{1}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}^{5}S)$, have been calculated within the framework of the ``spin-polarized'' random phase approximation with exchange. The phenomenon should be a general property of all half-filled shell atoms and ions.
In vitro assessment of intestinal permeability and hepatic metabolism of 4'-bromoflavone, a promising cancer chemopreventive agent.

1. The intestinal permeability and hepatic metabolism of the investigational cancer chemoprevention agent 4′-bromoflavone were investigated in vitro using human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers, human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry were used for quantitative analysis in support of the Caco-2 cell studies and for the characterization of metabolites of 4′-bromoflavone.2. The Caco-2 cell model indicated that 4′-bromoflavone would be absorbed by the intestine at a moderate rate by means of direction-independent, passive diffusion. There was no indication of active transport or efflux.3. Three monohydroxylated metabolites and one monohydroxylated, hydrated metabolite of 4′-bromoflavone were detected at relatively low levels in the human liver microsomal and hepatocyte incubations. The structures of these metabolites were confirmed by comparison with synthetic standards. Hydroxylation occurred on the A-ring of 4′−bromoflavone but not...
Older Adults' Use of Health Maintenance Organizations:

The effects of Health Maintenance Organization membership on the use of physicians and hospitals. by older adults was examined using data from the 1975 National Health Interview Survey. Comparison of the HMO and non-H MO groups revealed that the HMO members differed on several demographic variables. While the HMO members tended to have more frequent physicians' visits than the nonmembers, the two groups did not differ in their number of hospitalized days or hospital episodes. In both populations, use of physician's services was most strongly influenced by poor health, although the effects were stronger in the HMO than the non-HMO group, indicating the physicians' services were more accessible by older adults in HMOs than in fee-for-service systems. Hospital utilization was affected equally strongly by poor health in both groups.
Bacteriophage lambda derivatives carrying two copies of the cohesive end site

Abstract A spontaneously arising tandem duplication derivative of bacteriophage lambda has been isolated, which carries two copies of the site where the cohesive ends are formed (designated cos ). Its structure has been determined by electron microscopy of DNA heteroduplexes. These heteroduplexes reveal that the duplication is usually, but not always, carried on the left end of the chromosome. A second duplication phage having two copies of cos , constructed by Feiss & Campbell (1974), has also been studied by electron microscopy and is found to have a similar property. Unlike most tandem duplication derivatives of phage λ, the mutant studied here is not stable during growth in the absence of generalized recombination, but segregates both the triplication and the parental phage. This verifies that both cos sites are functional. The triplication does not arise as a result of end-to-end aggregation of phage chromosomes or site-specific recombination catalyzed by the chromosome maturation system at cos . It must therefore result from the cutting of mature ι chromosomes from concatemeric replication intermediates. The pattern of cutting observed shows that the λ cohesive ends are not created by a free nuclease acting on unpackaged DNA. The cutting appears to be influenced by the amount of DNA previously packaged into a phage head. A model for λ packaging is presented which explains the results. The duplication phage of Feiss & Campbell (1974) carries a novel addition containing self-complementary sequences.
Simulations of Cosolute Effects on Protein's Stability

Cosolutes are small miscible organic molecules that affect the solubility of proteins. Many different kinds of cosolutes have been observed to affect the conformational equilibrium of proteins in solution. Of special consideration are cosolutes that are able to denature (urea), stabilize (TMAO), or prevent aggregation (arginine). We take under consideration a special case of cosolutes termed osmolytes that have a sizable effect on the osmotic pressure of the solution. In particular, we are interested in how simple amino acids (Arg, Pro, Gly) increase the stability and solubility of proteins. We use molecular dynamics simulations to study the interactions of these cosolutes with proteins. The system under study is the mini protein trp cage, simulated in a variety of solutions consisting of different amino acids as cosolutes, in ensembles that are representative of the folded and the unfolded states. We calculate the osmotic pressure to measure the cosolute-cosolute interactions, and the preferential interaction coefficients to further assess the protein-cosolute interactions. These calculations provide information about the interactions of various amino acids with proteins. The calibration and validation with experimental data provide a way of refining force field parameters for modeling proteins in solution.
Source term research and prognosis

Abstract The work sponsored by EPRI on source term technology is discussed (source terms describe the fission product releases to the environment in a severe hypothetical accident). The experimental programs include (1) fission product release from fuel, (2) fission product transport in the reactor primary circuit, (3) aerosol behavior in reactor containment, (4) aerosol scrubbing by water pools, and (5) hydrogen combustion in the containment. Code development work is also included.