cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Late effects of total body irradiation on hematopoietic recovery and immune function in rhesus macaques

While exposure to radiation can be lifesaving in certain settings, it can also potentially result in long-lasting adverse effects, particularly to hematopoietic and immune cells. This study investigated hematopoietic recovery and immune function in rhesus macaques Cross-sectionally (at a single time point) 2 to 5 years after exposure to a single large dose (6.5 to 8.4 Gray) of total body radiation (TBI) derived from linear accelerator-derived photons (2 MeV, 80 cGy/minute) or Cobalt 60-derived gamma irradiation (60 cGy/min). Hematopoietic recovery was assessed through measurement of complete blood counts, lymphocyte subpopulation analysis, and thymus function assessment. Capacity to mount specific antibody responses against rabies, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and tetanus antigens was determined 2 years after TBI. Irradiated macaques showed increased white blood cells, decreased platelets, and decreased frequencies of peripheral blood T cells. Effects of prior radiation on production and export of new T cells by the thymus was dependent on age at the time of analysis, with evidence of interaction with radiation dose for CD8+ T cells. Irradiated and control animals mounted similar mean antibody responses to proteins from tetanus and rabies and to 10 of 11 serotype-specific pneumococcal polysaccharides. However, irradiated animals uniformly failed to make antibodies against polysaccharides from serotype 5 pneumococci, in contrast to the robust responses of non-irradiated controls. Trends toward decreased serum levels of anti-tetanus IgM and slower peak antibody responses to rabies were also observed. Taken together, these data show that dose-related changes in peripheral blood cells and immune responses to both novel and recall antigens can be detected 2 to 5 years after exposure to whole body radiation. Longer term follow-up data on this cohort and independent validation will be helpful to determine whether these changes persist or whether additional changes become evident with increasing time since radiation, particularly as animals begin to develop aging-related changes in immune function.
Sexual activity and weekly contraceptive use among young adult women in Michigan

Past studies on the influence of sexual activity on contraceptive behaviours are inconclusive, relying heavily on cross-sectional data. We used a population-based longitudinal sample of young women in Michigan to evaluate weekly associations between sexual activity and contraceptive use at three levels of measurement: comparing between women, among individual women's partnerships, and from week to week within partnerships. We used multinomial logistic regression accounting for correlations within partnerships and women. Relative to use of least effective methods, weekly sexual activity was significantly associated with increased use of condoms, pills, and highly effective methods. For pills and highly effective methods, partnership-, woman-, and week-level effects were similar. For condoms, there was no significant woman-level effect. Evidence of immediate effects of sexual activity on contraceptive use highlights the importance of longitudinal data. These dynamics may be diluted or missed altogether when relying on cross-sectional data approaches that compare groups of individuals.
The Challenges of Dealing with Human Remains in Cultural Resource Management

Over the past few years, the lead author has had the opportunity to excavate multiple large sites in California, working on behalf of developers to keep their projects in compliance with their permits. She also worked in conjunction with local tribes to resolve burial issues with each excavation. During these excavations, she observed the challenges that the tribes encountered when dealing with fast-paced cultural resource management (CRM) projects where burial retrieval and a shortage of resources were the norm. For many years, archaeologists have viewed CRM as only dealing with the material culture of the past; however, archaeologists also consult and work with living cultures. This article will address the endemic problem in CRM that stems from a lack of planning, preparation, resources, and training and how it affects the burial excavations that archaeologists and tribes encounter in the CRM setting. It will also look for solutions to remedy a long-broken system that continues to ignore existing laws set in place to protect resources, as well as the relationships between the Native American community, agencies, researchers, and land developers.
High fat diet induces sex-specific differential gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster.

Currently about 2 billion adults globally are estimated to be overweight and ~13% of them are obese. High fat diet (HFD) is one of the major contributing factor to obesity, heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Recent findings on the role of HFD in inducing abnormalities in neurocognition and susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease are highly intriguing. Since fundamental molecular pathways are often conserved across species, studies involving Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms involving human disease. In order to study some of such mechanisms in the central nervous system as well in the rest of the body, we investigated the effect of HFD on the transcriptome in the heads and bodies of male and female flies kept on either HFD or regular diet (RD). Using comprehensive genomic analyses which include high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, pathway enrichment and gene network analyses, we found that HFD induces a number of responses that are sexually dimorphic in nature. There was a robust transcriptional response consisting of a downregulation of stress-related genes in the heads and glycoside hydrolase activity genes in the bodies of males. In the females, the HFD led to an increased transcriptional change in lipid metabolism. A strong correlation also existed between the takeout gene and hyperphagic behavior in both males and females. We conclude that a) HFD induces a differential transcriptional response between males and females, in heads and bodies and b) the non-dimorphic transcriptional response that we identified was associated with hyperphagia. Therefore, our data on the transcriptional responses in flies to HFD provides potentially relevant information to human conditions including obesity.
Physicians Should Play a Role in Ensuring Safe Firearm Ownership

The USA is unique among industrialized nations in its dramatic rate of firearm violence. Unfortunately, firearm-related issues in America are politically divisive and fraught with controversy, thus impeding the study and implementation of safety strategies. Despite the lack of consensus, there is agreement that firearms should be kept away from individuals with criminal intent and those who are dangerous due to medical impairment. While predicting criminal intent remains challenging, assessment of medical impairment remains a viable target. One approach in which physicians could contribute their expertise includes training a subset of doctors to perform specialized medical evaluations as a prerequisite for gun ownership. Such a process is not unprecedented, as physicians currently have a role in protecting the public's safety through assessments for commercial drivers, pilots, and train operators. Certified physician examiners could conduct these evaluations with a focus on evaluating objective, skill-based metrics to limit potential evaluator bias. The results of the medical evaluation would then be considered by an existing regulatory body to determine if disqualifying criteria are present. This proposal provides a mechanism for trained physicians to meaningfully participate in addressing an alarming public health issue, while still working within existing legal frameworks.
Visualizing complex feature interactions and feature sharing in genomic deep neural networks

Visualization tools for deep learning models typically focus on discovering key input features without considering how such low level features are combined in intermediate layers to make decisions. Moreover, many of these methods examine a network’s response to specific input examples that may be insufficient to reveal the complexity of model decision making. We present DeepResolve, an analysis framework for deep convolutional models of genome function that visualizes how input features contribute individually and combinatorially to network decisions. Unlike other methods, DeepResolve does not depend upon the analysis of a predefined set of inputs. Rather, it uses gradient ascent to stochastically explore intermediate feature maps to 1) discover important features, 2) visualize their contribution and interaction patterns, and 3) analyze feature sharing across tasks that suggests shared biological mechanism. We demonstrate the visualization of decision making using our proposed method on deep neural networks trained on both experimental and synthetic data. DeepResolve is competitive with existing visualization tools in discovering key sequence features, and identifies certain negative features and non-additive feature interactions that are not easily observed with existing tools. It also recovers similarities between poorly correlated classes which are not observed by traditional methods. DeepResolve reveals that DeepSEA’s learned decision structure is shared across genome annotations including histone marks, DNase hypersensitivity, and transcription factor binding. We identify groups of TFs that suggest known shared biological mechanism, and recover correlation between DNA hypersensitivities and TF/Chromatin marks. DeepResolve is capable of visualizing complex feature contribution patterns and feature interactions that contribute to decision making in genomic deep convolutional networks. It also recovers feature sharing and class similarities which suggest interesting biological mechanisms. DeepResolve is compatible with existing visualization tools and provides complementary insights.
Undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea as a predictor of 30-day readmission for brain tumor patients.

Objective Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is known to be associated with negative outcomes and is underdiagnosed. The STOP-Bang questionnaire is a screening tool for OSA that has been validated in both medical and surgical populations. Given that readmission after surgical intervention is an undesirable event, the authors sought to investigate, among patients not previously diagnosed with OSA, the capacity of the STOP-Bang questionnaire to predict 30-day readmissions following craniotomy for a supratentorial neoplasm. Methods For patients undergoing craniotomy for treatment of a supratentorial neoplasm within a multiple-hospital academic medical center, data were captured in a prospective manner via the Neurosurgery Quality Improvement Initiative (NQII) EpiLog tool. Data were collected over a 1-year period for all supratentorial craniotomy cases. An additional criterion for study inclusion was that the patient was alive at 30 postoperative days. Statistical analysis consisted of simple logistic regression, which assessed the ability of the STOP-Bang questionnaire and additional variables to effectively predict outcomes such as 30-day readmission, 30-day emergency department (ED) visit, and 30-day reoperation. The C-statistic was used to represent the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which analyzes the discrimination of a variable or model. Results Included in the sample were all admissions for supratentorial neoplasms treated with craniotomy (352 patients), 49.72% (n = 175) of which were female. The average STOP-Bang score was 1.91 ± 1.22 (range 0-7). A 1-unit higher STOP-Bang score accurately predicted 30-day readmissions (OR 1.31, p = 0.017) and 30-day ED visits (OR 1.36, p = 0.016) with fair accuracy as confirmed by the ROC curve (C-statistic 0.60-0.61). The STOP-Bang questionnaire did not correlate with 30-day reoperation (p = 0.805) or home discharge (p = 0.315). Conclusions The results of this study suggest that undiagnosed OSA, as assessed via the STOP-Bang questionnaire, is a significant predictor of patient health status and readmission risk in the brain tumor craniotomy population. Further investigations should be undertaken to apply this prediction tool in order to enhance postoperative patient care to reduce the need for unplanned readmissions.
Shylock’s Turquoise Ring: Jane Austen, Mansfield Park and the‘Exquisite Acting’ of Edmund Kean

There are no Jewish characters or developed Jewish subjects in any of Austen’s novels or fragments. Despite this absence, there is an intriguing if oblique connection in her letters: in March of 1814, just as she had finished a draft of Mansfield Park, Jane Austen comments on Edmund Kean, who had debuted in the role of Shylock on 26 January 1814 at Drury Lane. Visiting London in March, Austen refers to the great ‘rage for seeing Keen [sic]’ that she shares, and then comments again on Kean’s ‘exquisite acting’ after she sees him. But the question remains: Why was she so affected by Kean’s rendition of Shylock?
Structural Studies of Human IgD

Abstract Because of the great interest in the structural differences of serum IgD and membrane IgD, our laboratory is determining the structure of a human myeloma IgD. The sequence of the Fc region has been reported by Lin and Putnam (1981). Current study to complete the sequence of the Fd region and the hinge is to produce large fragments for sequenator analysis by specific chemical cleavage at methionine and tryptophan residues. Besides three GlcN oligosaccharides in Fc, there are three (or more) GalN oligosaccharides in the hinge. These sugars may contribute to the biological function of IgD. Human serum IgD has a C δ 2 domain that is missing in the genomic DNA sequence of the putative mouse membrane IgD and also has a very different hinge structure. Whereas the C δ 3 domains of the two IgD proteins have more than 50% identity in sequence, the C δ 1 domains and also the “tailpieces” are dissimilar in structure. The significance for membrane function of these differences will be discussed.
Exploring new ways of visitor tracking using big data sources: Opportunities and limits of passive mobile data for tourism

Abstract Passive mobile data (PMD) are event data recorded by mobile network operators (MNOs) in the course of a consumer's use of mobile phones connected to public voice and data networks. Increasingly, MNOs provide such data for research and applications in tourism, anonymised according to national regulations and aggregated based on the technical and economic interests of the MNO. Alongside mobility research, it is evident that tourism research has been one of the early adopters of this data source. Possible applications of PMD in tourism research include the identification of tourists, the detection of temporal and spatial distribution patterns, and the analysis of spatial and temporal relations. However, a number of drawbacks have been identified. These include the results of anonymisation and aggregation procedures, and, most of all, the inability to identify tourist activities properly, as opposed to everyday or other non-tourist types of mobility. This paper analyses and aggregates the results of different research projects on different spatial levels in Germany in order to build a conceptual framework for the specific strengths and weaknesses of the use of PMD in tourism research. The study found that, at the current state of research, PMD can measure the mobility of people in space and time but are not suitable for correctly identifying tourists and distinguishing them from non-tourists. Destination management organisations (DMOs) that are working with PMD should be aware of these barriers and adapt their research questions accordingly. However, PMD can be a powerful instrument, particularly because of its high temporal and spatial granularity.
Cognitive measures during walking with and without lower-limb prosthesis: protocol for a scoping review

Introduction Tuning of lower-limb (LL) robotic prosthesis control is necessary to provide personalised assistance to each human wearer during walking. Prostheses wearers’ adaptation processes are subjective and the efficiency largely depends on one’s mental processes. Therefore, beyond physical motor performance, prosthesis personalisation should consider the wearer’s preference and cognitive performance during walking. As a first step, it is necessary to examine the current measures of cognitive performance when a wearer walks with an LL prosthesis, identify the gaps and methodological considerations, and explore additional measures in a walking setting. In this protocol, we outlined a scoping review that will systematically summarise and evaluate the measures of cognitive performance during walking with and without LL prosthesis. Methods and analysis The review process will be guided and documented by CADIMA, an open-access online data management portal for evidence synthesis. Keyword searches will be conducted in seven databases (Web of Science, MEDLINE, BIOSIS, SciELO Citation Index, ProQuest, CINAHL and PsycINFO) up to 2020 supplemented with grey literature searches. Retrieved records will be screened by at least two independent reviewers on the title-and-abstract level and then the full-text level. Selected studies will be evaluated for reporting bias. Data on sample characteristics, type of cognitive function, characteristics of cognitive measures, task prioritisation, experimental design and walking setting will be extracted. Ethics and dissemination This scoping review will evaluate the measures used in previously published studies thus does not require ethical approval. The results will contribute to the advancement of prosthesis tuning processes by reviewing the application status of cognitive measures during walking with and without prosthesis and laying the foundation for developing needed measures for cognitive assessment during walking. The results will be disseminated through conferences and journals.
Venture capitalists and assurance services on initial public offerings

Abstract We investigate the effects of venture capital ownership on the demand for auditor reputation, the supply of assurance services, and the quality of financial reporting in the market for new issues. Extensive research exists on the relation between auditing and ownership, however, limited research exists on the relation between auditing and venture capital ownership, a form of ownership characterized as activist and that goes beyond the simple provision of capital. We find that venture capital ownership increases the demand for auditor reputation and that auditors provide a higher level of assurance service to a venture-capital-backed IPO. We also find that the presence of a venture capitalist is associated with lower financial reporting quality, however, this effect is largely offset when a high reputation auditor is also on the IPO. Our evidence is consistent with the argument that venture capitalists on the IPO influence the choice and the extent of auditing to communicate information to investors in a manner that maximizes venture capitalists’ returns for their portfolio fund.
An engineering stability technique for unsteady, two-phase flows with heat and mass transfer

Abstract This paper considers the stability of an unsteady, two-phase flow with heat and mass transfer. The model problem is motivated by loss of coolant accidents in nuclear power plants. For the example problem, two flow geometries are considered: inverted annular flow boiling and an annular mist flow. The model is comprised of coupled Mathieu equations so that stability can be determined using a Floquet analysis. The flow is found to be mathematically unstable to all perturbative wavenumbers, but for practical purposes there are regions of stability. Using the solution's growth behavior and doubling-time, the notion of practical stability, which is termed herein as "engineering stability," is quantified and a method is provided for application to other engineering stability problems.
The effects of three teaching models on undergraduate college student achievement in an online self-paced lesson

Non-classroom-based instruction (NCBI) is becoming much more common, particularly due to the growth of computer networks (Harasim, 1995). NCBI is defined in this study as any planned learning environment that is not designed to occur in the traditional classroom. With the rapid expansion of NCBI there is a need to examine its effectiveness in terms of instructional design. A primary method of evaluating various forms of NCBI lies in the examination of the teaching model employed in the instructional design. Many institutions and organizations are providing computer-based instruction for training students and employees. However a large segment of this NCBI remains exclusively in the domain of the behavioral family of teaching models, despite evidence of the effectiveness of other teaching models (Joyce et al., 1992). This is occurring even as the effectiveness of current NCBI is under scrutiny due to high drop-out and failure rates. This quasi-experimental study compared three teaching models from three distinct model classifications for effectiveness in an online self-paced lesson. The models were direct instruction from the behavioral models, concept attainment from the information processing models, and group discussion from the social interaction models. The research questions were: what effect does teaching model have on college students' achievement in a self-paced online lesson?; and what effect does teaching models have on number of test attempts? Participants were a class section of 128 undergraduate college students enrolled in a self-paced campus-based computer literacy course. The study found no significant differences in number of test attempts needed to pass the course instrument. There were also no significant differences in mean test scores or first attempt test scores for participants, regardless of teaching model or prior WWW experience. There was a significant interaction effect between teaching model and WWW experience. This may indicate that certain models are more effective for NCBI environments. Instructors may not have to train for both using the World Wide Web and for the course content. Limitations of the study included the length of time the activities were carried out, and the length, difficulty level, and comprehensiveness of the measurement instmments. Suggestions for further research included: use of other teaching models and combinations of models; increased intervention time with the teaching models; and use of altemative populations and instructional content.
Scientific Basis for Electrical Stimulation

The development of electrical stimulation as a means of meat tenderization dates back to the basic work of Harsham and Deatherage (1951) and the patents assigned by them to the Kroger Company. Although the process was reported to tenderize beef carcasses, it was not adopted by the meat industry. The reasons for its failure to be accepted are probably related to the fact that cold shortening of prerigor muscle was not yet recognized, and thus means of preventing its development were not deemed necessary. Furthermore, the importance of meat tenderness had not yet been fully emphasized by consumer studies. The role of meat tenderness in consumer satiety was fully realized only when large-scale consumer studies emphasized its importance. Development of large supermarkets and the ready availability of precut and packaged steaks in self-service meat display cases did not occur until the late 1940s and early 1950s; consequently, the resulting lack of meat tenderness was only beginning to be recognized at this time so no emphasis was placed on the importance of the discovery that electrical stimulation improved meat tenderness.
Structural Analysis of Flexible Airfield Pavements

The elastic moduli of pavement materials of conventional flexible airfield pavements are evaluated based on behavior pattern inherent in the CBR equation. This is based on the principle that a pavement designed by the CBR equation should have a thickness sufficient to prevent shear fatigue in the subgrade soil and thus two pavements designed by the CBR equation for the same load repetition level would experience approximately equal shearing strains at the surface of the subgrade soils. The computed maximum shearing strains are correlated with the performance of many full-scale accelerated traffic test sections for both single-wheel and multiple-wheel assemblies, and their applications to design of pavements and evaluation of mixed traffic and overlays are illustrated.
Pointwise bounds on eigenfunctions and wave packets inN-body quantum systems: V. Lower bounds and path integrals

By using Agmon's geodesic ideas to single out particular regions in path space, we obtain optimal lower bounds on the leading behavior for the fall off of the ground state of multiparticle system.
AVIATION ENGLISH: HISTORY AND PEDAGOGY

Pilots who fly internationally must demonstrate a basic level of English language proficiency set forth by the International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) in a set of descriptors outlining varying ability levels.This insures clear communication between aircraft and air traffic control (ATC), a key element of air safety. Course design addressing ab initio students / trainees and licensed pilots in need of recurrency training must take into account learners’ specific needs for operational proficiency and licensure within the greater institutional framework. English communication standards exist to foster a safe and efficient operating environment. This paper will illustrate the connection between accident prevention, the implementation of language testing in aviation training, and the techniques and materials used in the aviation classroom.
Value-update rules for real-time search

Real-time search methods have successfully been used to solve a large variety of search problems but their properties are largely unknown. In this paper, we study how existing real-time search methods scale up. We compare two realtime search methods that have been used successfully in the literature and differ only in the update rules of their values: Node Counting, a real-time search method that always moves to the successor state that it has visited the least number of times so far, and Learning Real-Time A*, a similar real-time search method. Both real-time search methods seemed to perform equally well in many standard domains from artificial intelligence. Our formal analysis is therefore surprising. We show that the performance of Node Counting can be exponential in the number of states even in undirected domains. This solves an open problem and shows that the two real-time search methods do not always perform similarly in undirected domains since the performance of Learning RealTime A* is known to be polynomial in the number of states at worst.
On the characterization of level planar trees by minimal patterns

We consider characterizations of level planar trees. Healy et al. [8] characterized the set of trees that are level planar in terms of two minimal level non-planar (MLNP) patterns. Fowler and Kobourov [7] later proved that the set of patterns was incomplete and added two additional patterns. In this paper, we show that the characterization is still incomplete by providing new MLNP patterns not included in the previous characterizations. Moreover, we introduce an iterative method to create an arbitrary number of MLNP patterns, thus proving that the set of minimal patterns that characterizes level planar trees is infinite.
An end-to-end rate control protocol for multimedia streaming in wired-cum-wireless environments

Evaluating the end-to-end congestion control protocols in heterogeneous wired-cum-wireless environment is becoming important and challenging, because wireless networks have their own characteristics such as high burst packet loss due to deep fading, handoff, and roaming. This paper addresses the rate control protocol, end-to-end, for streaming media in mobile wireless Internet. Specifically, we propose an end-to-end rate control protocol that can efficiently recover from rate reduction of heavy burst loss, while having good TCP-friendliness under low loss cases. Analysis and simulation results demonstrate the efficiency, fairness, and TCP-friendliness of our approach for streaming media in heterogeneous mobile wireless Internet.
A linear combined trap for on-line spectroscopy

The linear combined trap is a superposition of the conventional Paul and Penning traps in one device. Using a four-rod structure, a linear configuration can be constructed. Such a linear combined trap is particularly well suited for catching ions produced externally, since both the effective potential due to the driving RF-field and the DC-magnetic field contribute to the ion confinement. The use of this novel trap for on-line laser and mass-spectroscopy of rare short-lived isotopes is proposed.
Predicting Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to develop regression equations to predict oxygen uptake (VO2) in adolescents. Thirty-nine subjects had maximum oxygen uptake measured on a cycle ergometer. Anthropometric measurements included triceps, subscapular, and thigh skin folds. The subjects ran 12-minute and 2.4-km runs on separate days. Using a multiple-stepwise forward regression analysis, equations were developed to predict oxygen uptake as VO2 and VO2/kg, accounting for 81% and 64% of the variance, respectively. A validation procedure was done 5 months later when all runs and measurements were repeated, and predicted and measured oxygen uptake were compared. The equation for predicting VO2 accounted for 88% of the variance, with the SE of the estimate equal to 0.07 L/min. The equation for predicting VO2/kg accounted for 58% of the variance, with the SE of the estimate equal to 27 mL of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute. The VO2 can be accurately predicted using indirect means in adolescents, while VO2/kg cannot.
Effect of Cultural Management Practices on the Severity of False Smut and Kernel Smut of Rice

False smut (Ustilaginoidea virens) and kernel smut (Neovossia horrida) are diseases of rice (Oryza sativa) that reduce both grain yield and quality. False smut is an emerging disease worldwide that is rapidly gaining in importance, whereas kernel smut has historically been a chronic minor disease with sporadic outbreaks that cause considerable losses. Highly effective disease control was obtained for susceptible cultivars by employing conservation tillage (69% reduction in false smut), continuous rice cropping (88% reduction in false smut), and moderate nitrogen fertility rates (34 and 60% reductions in false smut and kernel smut, respectively). Combining these treatments nearly eliminated smuts from cultivars that were fully susceptible under conventional cultivation practices. Furthermore, using a nursery designed to promote smut diseases, two rice hybrids were identified that possessed kernel smut resistance under the most favorable disease conditions. The genetic basis of the resistance is unknown. However, the utility for disease control is great because hybrids occupy significant portions of production rice acreage.
Surface structure and composition of β- and 6H-SiC

Abstract The composition and structure of the (001) and (111) surfaces of β-SiC, and the (0001) surface of 6H-SiC, have been studied using low energy electron diffraction, and Auger and energy loss spectroscopies. The (001) orientation exhibited five distinct phases: the 3 × 2, c(4 × 2), 2 × 1, c(2 × 2), and 1 × 1. New models for some of these phases are proposed. It is suggested that ordering of asymmetric dimers is responsible for the c(4 × 2) and 3 × 2 structures. The c(2 × 2) manifested altered bonding at the surface, implying that the usual dimerization was absent. Results for the (111) and (0001) surfaces were indistinguishable, consistent with the crystal structures of these polytypes and the penetration depth of the electron beams used in the measurements. Three distinct phases were observed for these orientations: 3 × 3, (√3 × √3)R30°; and 1 × 1. The 3 × 3 is identified with an adsorbed Si bilayer, and is believed to be a member of the N × N class of reconstructions common to Si and its alloys.
Macroeconomics in an Open Economy

The customary treatment of national economies as closed and self-contained must be substantially modified to allow for those economies that typically trade goods, services, and securities with other countries in increasing volume. Open economy macroeconomics is essential to understanding the major events of the U.S. economy over the past half dozen years. Both the sharp rise in the dollar and the unprecedentedly large U.S. trade deficit are linked to the U.S. budget deficit, as is the drop in the rate of inflation.
The valence and dipole-bound states of the cyanomethide ion, CH2CN−

Abstract The electronic and geometrical structures of the cyanomethyl radical, CH 2 CN, and cyanomethide ion, CH 2 CN − , are investigated with the Hartree-Fock method, Moller-Plesset perturbation theory and coupled cluster theory. It is found that the lowest singlet and triplet dipole-bound states ( 1 B 1 and 3 B 1 ) of the anion correspond to a σ-attachment of the extra electron to the ground ( 2 B 1 , C 2v state of the CH 2 CN radical. The ground valence ( 1 A′, C s ) anionic state results from a π-attachment, which leads to some pyramidalization of the flat configuration of the neutral parent. The calculated electron affinities of CH 2 CN with respect to both anionic states are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Building buy-in: The need for internal relationships and informal coalitions

Abstract Significant research has focused on influencing senior leadership, and this study offers new insights into building internal relationships and informal coalitions to provide strategic counsel. These strategies involve internal communications, a neglected area of research and practice. The findings are based on in-depth interviews with 30 executives representing multiple departments in four U.S. companies. A new role justifying public relations’ membership in executive decision teams is internal boundary spanning or gathering intelligence internally across business units, and requires public relations to have a seat at multiple decision tables.
Noninvasive identification of severe coronary artery disease using exercise tomographic thallium-201 imaging

The ability of exercise thallium-201 tomographic imaging to predict the presence of left main or 3-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) was examined in 688 patients who underwent both exercise thallium-201 testing and coronary angiography. Significant differences existed for multiple variables between patients with (n = 196) and without (n = 492) severe left main or 3-vessel CAD. Logistic regression analysis identified 4 variables as independently predictive of left main or 3-vessel CAD. These variables were the magnitude of ST-segment depression with exercise, the number of visually abnormal short-axis thallium-201 segments, the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, and the change in systolic blood pressure with exercise. Using these variables, patients were classified by nomograms into low-, intermediate- and high-probability groups. Patients at high probability (n = 205) had a 52% prevalence of 3-vessel or left main CAD, whereas those at low probability (n = 170) had only a 12% prevalence. Only 53 patients (29%) with 3-vessel or left main CAD had perfusion abnormalities in all 3 coronary territories. Clinical and exercise parameters provide important independent information in the identification of left main or 3-vessel CAD by exercise thallium-201 tomographic imaging, because thallium scintigraphy alone is suggestive of extensive CAD in few patients.
A monotone conservative Eulerian–Lagrangian scheme for reaction‐diffusion‐convection equations modeling chemotaxis

A numerical method for convection dominated diffusion problems, that exploits the use of characteristics, is derived and analyzed. It is shown to preserve positivity of solutions and be locally mass conserving. Stability, consistency and order one convergence are verified. Because of the way in which it determines characteristic pre-images of grid cells, the method can be easily implemented for 1-, 2-, or 3-dimensional problems on rectangular grids.© 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2007
A temperature-programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TPXPS) study of chlorine adsorption and diffusion on Ag(1 1 1)

Abstract Synchrotron-based temperature programmed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TPXPS) has been used to investigate the surface chloridation of Ag(1 1 1) to monolayer coverages. At 100 K both atomic and molecular chlorine species are present on the surface; adsorption at 300 K or annealing the adlayer at 100 K to this temperature generates adsorbed Cl atoms. As the surface is heated from 300 to 600 K, chlorine atoms diffuse below the surface, as demonstrated by attenuation of the Cl2p signals in TPXPS experiments. Quantitative analysis of the extent of attenuation is consistent with chlorine diffusion below the topmost silver layer. For coverages in the monolayer and sub-monolayer regime, chlorine diffusion to and from the bulk appears not to be significant, in contrast to previous results obtained at higher chlorine loadings. Chlorine is removed from the surface at 650–780 K by desorption as AgCl. These results demonstrate that chlorine diffusion beneath the surface does occur at coverages and temperatures relevant to olefin epoxidation processes carried out on silver catalysts with chlorine promoters. The surface sensitivity advantages of synchrotron-based XPS experiments were critical to observing Cl diffusion to the sub-surface at low coverages.
The new factory system and the unions: The national cash register company dispute of 1901

(1974). The new factory system and the unions: The national cash register company dispute of 1901. Labor History: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 163-178.
The Effect of Fats and Fatty Acids in Chick Rations

Abstract RECENT studies by Sielder and Schweigert (1953), Yacowitz (1953), Sunde (1954a), and Runnels (1955) indicated that the use of animal fats in poultry rations improved the utilization of the feed for broilers. Sunde (1954b) and Carver et al. (1954) reported that a hydrogenated fat or stearic acid would not improve feed utilization, but that all other fats tested would improve the utilization of the feed fed to young chicks. Both workers reported that the saturated fats were not absorbed by the digestive tract, and therefore offered very little nutritionally. Biely and March (1954) reported that in both chick and poult rations the addition of fat may be advantageous when relatively high levels of protein are fed. Siedler et al. (1955) reported that 3 or 6 percent fat or 3 percent free fatty acids did not decrease the rate of gain and were utilized efficiently. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Day-old chicks of both …
The significance of the generalized density of states function for nuclear spectra

Abstract The cluster model of the nucleus suggests that three- (or more-)body decay may be treated as a time sequence of two-body interactions. The cross section for particle emission into a spectrum of energies may be calculated if it assumed that the reaction a + A → D ∗ → → b + C + c occurs as a sequence of two-body decays: D ∗ → B ∗ + b ; B ∗ → c + C . If B∗ is produced in a localized state of radius a and decays only via the single two-body channel c+C whose phase shift is known, then the cross section for emission of particles b is largely determined by a density of states factor ϱ = (1/π)d/dEB(δl(EB)+ϕl(a, EB)). This result is discussed and compared both to experiments and to other treatments of the same problem.
Vulnerability, Process, and Preston's “Edge of Awareness”

In this discussion of Preston's article, “The Edge of Awareness,” I share my reactions and pose some questions. I will not try to answer them. The central theme of the article relates to a sense of process that is often referred to by clinicians, but seldom clearly defined. When we speak about a sense of process, are we talking about pushing the edge of awareness? Can we define this sense more clearly, or is it itself often on the edge of awareness? In essence, is this sense of process an implicit walking of the boundary between knowing and not knowing? The discussion closes with a brief illustration of a “sustained empathic focus.” Even in the abstracted form presented here, I think that it is a good example of one of the many ways that analysts intuitively encourage the exploration of Preston's concept of the “edge of awareness.” En esta discusion sobre “El Limite de la Consciencia” de Preston, voy a compartir mis reacciones al articulo y propondre algunas preguntas. No voy a tratar de responderlas. El ...
Through silicon via (TSV) effects on devices in close proximity - the role of mobile ion penetration - characterization and mitigation

A new interaction between TSV processes and devices in close proximity, different from mechanical stress, is identified, studied and mitigated. Detailed characterization via Triangular Voltage Sweep (TVS) and SIMS shows the role of mobile ion penetration from BEOL layers. An improved process is presented and confirmed in test structures and DRAM.
Geographies of environmental intervention in Africa

This article analyses geographical assumptions underlying the latest in a long history of environmental interventions in Africa, including: 1) the distinct political problems of managing natural resources under the divergent ecological conditions of dearth and diversity; 2) the attempt by planners to resolve spatial conflicts arising in connection with land-use zoning strategies (protected areas, buffer zones, wildlife corridors); 3) the changed political ecological relationships resulting from the commodification of natural resources; and 4) the politics of scale embedded in environmental planning efforts.
Patients' rights on the World Wide Web.

Abstract Managed care reform, commonly referred to as “patients' rights” legislation, has become a hot topic. Many groups, including consumers, health care professionals, employers, managed care organizations, political parties, and government agencies, have strong opinions about measures that should be taken and what the outcomes of these measures might be. Those investigating this multidisciplinary topic will want to examine health care administration, ethics, health services research, and political science sources. Web resources covered in this article include: clearinghouses; government agencies; federal legislative and legal sites; and home pages of professional and trade associations, policy research institutes, and consumer advocacy organizations.
Optimal optical designs for planar GaAs single-junction solar cells with textured and reflective surfaces

With much effort devoted to the improvement of material and electrical designs, high-quality GaAs single-junction solar cell performance is getting close to its theoretical limit. To further improve device performance, it is critical to find the optimal optical designs for single-junction solar cells. In this work, planar single-junction solar cells are investigated using a semi-analytical model, where combinations of smooth, textured, non-reflective, and reflective surfaces are explored. Statistical ray tracing is used to obtain the optical properties of planar structures and the impact of critical design parameters such as junction thickness, together with material quality and solar concentration on the device performance is analyzed. The combination of textured and reflective surfaces shows the best performance by effectively increasing the photon and carrier densities, which leads to higher open-circuit voltages and conversion efficiencies. It is expected that the GaAs single-junction cells can practically achieve ~30% conversion efficiency under one sun AM1.5G, with optimal optical structures, the state-of-art material quality, and properly designed doping profile. Even higher efficiency of ~38% is possible via concentration of 1000 suns.
Major Airway Injury in Closed Chest Trauma

Major fracture of the intrathoracic airway following closed chest trauma is a potentially lethal Injury which can be repaired successfully if the diagnosis is made early. Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, hemoptysis, mediastinal emphysema, or pneumothorax not responding to drainage via intercostal tube and a deterioration of the patient's clinical condition out of proportion to the apparent closed chest injury, should alert the clinician to the possibility of this entity. This report describes the findings in a patient with a longitudinal disruption of the entire intrathoracic trachea and the findings in a second patient with complete transection of the right main bronchus. Each was repaired primarily, with eventual recovery. The principles of management of this difficult group of injuries are reviewed.
Opioid, 5-HT1A and α2 receptors localized to subsets of guinea-pig myenteric neurons

The expression of mu opioid, alpha 2 and 5-hydroxytryptamine1A (5-HT1A) receptors on guinea-pig myenteric neurons was determined using receptor selective agonists during intracellular recordings in vitro. Agonists known to hyperpolarize myenteric neurons by increasing potassium conductance were tested: noradrenaline and UK 14304 (alpha 2 agonists); 5-HT, 8-hydroxydipropylaminotetralin, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-HT1A agonists); normorphine, [Met5]-enkephalin and D-Ala2-Phe4, Gly-ol5 enkephalin (mu agonists). The alpha 2 agonists hyperpolarized 46/67 AH cells; mu agonists hyperpolarized 11/66 AH cells and 5-HT1A agonists inhibited 28/57 AH cells. Hyperpolarizations to both alpha 2 and mu agonists were observed in 11/59 AH cells; hyperpolarizations to both alpha 2 and 5-HT1A agonists were observed in 23/49 AH cells. Hyperpolarizations mediated at alpha 2 receptors were observed in 11/54 S neurons and mu agonists hyperpolarized 17/45 S cells. alpha 2 and mu receptors were localized together on 10/43 S cells tested with receptor selective agonists. 5-HT1A-mediated hyperpolarizations were not observed in 36 S cells. Presynaptic inhibition of fast excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fast e.p.s.p.s., S neurons) was observed in all cells tested with alpha 2 agonists (n = 32); in 14/23 cells tested with 5-HT1A agonists and in 8/22 cells tested with mu agonists. Both alpha 2 and 5-HT1A agonists inhibited fast e.p.s.p.s in 15/23 cells, while alpha 2 and mu agonists both inhibited the fast e.p.s.p. in 8/21 cells. Inhibition of fast e.p.s.p.s by mu and 5-HT1A agonists occurred together in 2/19 cells. Slow non-cholinergic e.p.s.p.s were inhibited by alpha 2 agonists in 19/19 cells and by 5-HT1A agonists in 19/21 cells. alpha 2- and 5-HT1A-mediated inhibition of slow e.p.s.p.s occurred together in 12/14 cells. These data allow AH neurons to be divided into two groups: those expressing alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors and those expressing alpha 2 and mu receptors. alpha 2 and mu receptors coexist on S neurons which do not express 5-HT1A receptors. Terminals that release acetylcholine express either alpha 2 and mu or alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors, consistent with the idea that they are provided by AH cells. Terminals that release mediators of the slow e.p.s.p. express primarily alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors.