cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dual Citizenship - A Postnational View

Does the dramatic rise of plural citizenship portend a postnational future? This essay describes how plural citizenship both reflects and accelerates postnationalism, in the sense that it undermines state-based identities. This proposition may pose an initial paradox, insofar as plural citizenship could be thought to facilitate state-based connections. But acceptance of plural citizenship is likely to lower the intensity of the citizen-state affiliation and, in turn, the intensity of bonds among citizens. A citizenship regime tolerant of dual citizenship will count more members who subordinate the attachment to other national attachments, as an inevitable corollary of the move from an exclusive to a non-exclusive relationship. States, however, have incentives to accept plural citizenship notwithstanding these identity-diluting effects. Moreover, insofar as international norms begin to require acceptance of plural citizenship, at least in some cases, states will be increasingly constrained from rejecting the status at the same time that acceptance may result in constitutive challenges to the state as a form of community.
Heat shock proteins in the retina: Focus on HSP70 and alpha crystallins in ganglion cell survival

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) belong to a superfamily of stress proteins that are critical constituents of a complex defense mechanism that enhances cell survival under adverse environmental conditions. Cell protective roles of HSPs are related to their chaperone functions, antiapoptotic and antinecrotic effects. HSPs' anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective characteristics, their ability to protect cells from a variety of stressful stimuli, and the possibility of their pharmacological induction in cells under pathological stress make these proteins an attractive therapeutic target for various neurodegenerative diseases; these include Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, prion disease, and others. This review discusses the possible roles of HSPs, particularly HSP70 and small HSPs (alpha A and alpha B crystallins) in enhancing the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in optic neuropathies such as glaucoma, which is characterized by progressive loss of vision caused by degeneration of RGCs and their axons in the optic nerve. Studies in animal models of RGC degeneration induced by ocular hypertension, optic nerve crush and axotomy show that upregulation of HSP70 expression by hyperthermia, zinc, geranyl-geranyl acetone, 17-AAG (a HSP90 inhibitor), or through transfection of retinal cells with AAV2-HSP70 effectively supports the survival of injured RGCs. RGCs survival was also stimulated by overexpression of alpha A and alpha B crystallins. These findings provide support for translating the HSP70- and alpha crystallin-based cell survival strategy into therapy to protect and rescue injured RGCs from degeneration associated with glaucomatous and other optic neuropathies.
Charge and Energy Transfer in Dissociating Molecules upon Core-Shell Photoionization

Ultrafast charge rearrangement and nuclear dynamics in multiphoton inner-shell ionization of molecules by free-electron laser radiation are studied employing coincident momentum spectroscopy. Signatures of interatomic relaxation processes during molecular fragmentation are observed in time-resolved experiments.
The Conditions of Peace

I shall argue in this paper that our thinking about the question of war and peace is vitiated at its source by a series of mistaken assumptions and intentions. These misconceptions pass as sound coin because they have the air of truisms: they appear to direct our in quiries along lines that are sure to be successful and are anyway the only ones available. At the same time, these errors are so basic that they distort both theory and practice from the start: they are red herrings, putting us on a false scent from which we never free ourselves because we cannot get close enough to the quarry to recognize our mistake. It is my purpose to expose these errors and point the way to their correction.
Blood pressure responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal man.

SummaryThe relationship between blood pressure and the state of salt balance was evaluated at four levels of salt intake (10 mEq/day, 300 mEq/day, 800 mEq/day, and 1500 mEq/day) in eight normal men. Increasing salt intake resulted in progressive increases in weight, blood pressure, potassium excretion, and creatinine clearance, while plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration decreased. Cardiac output increased with increasing salt intake, while calculated systemic vascular resistance decreased. The curve defining the relationship between salt excretion and blood pressure was derived. These results support the conceptual framework integrating blood pressure regulation through the final common pathway of renal salt excretion. Moreover, they underscore the importance of salt regulation in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Preparation of Highly Purified Sodium Sulfate and Hydrogen Sulfide from Smelt

Studies were made on the preparation of high purities of sodium sulfate and hydrogen sulfide.Material for testing was smelt (17.5% of Na2S ; 52.5% of Na2CO3 ; 3.12% of Na2S2O3 ; 14.7% of Na2SO4 ; 3.52% of Na2SO3 ;0.05% of Fe2O3 and Al2O3; 0.63% of SiO2, etc.) obtained from the combustion of a NSSC black liquor in a KP type recovery furnace. Several effective methods were found out, but Process D was the simplest of all.Process DThe smelt was dissolved by water to prepare an aqueous solution (a green liquor). The green liquor was treated with 6N-H2SO4 to prepare an acid solution while generating hydrogen sulfide (83.4% of H2S ; 13.6% of CO2; <1% of SO2 and 2% of H2O). The neutralized solution was evaporated to such dryness, that a high purity of sodium sulfate (98.6% Na2SO4 ; Na2S2O3 nil; Na2S nil; 0.2% of Na2SO3 ; 4ppm of Fe) was attained.Sodium sulfate of higher purity (99.0% of Na2SO4 ; Na2S2O3 nil; Na2S nil; Na2SO3 nil) containing no reductive material was obtained by adding an oxidizing agent (H2O2 or Na2S2O8) before neutralizing the acid solution with a pH 2.5, in Process D with NaOH or by Process E or G.
Judaism in Christian Eyes: Ethnographic Descriptions of Jews and Judaism in Early Modern Scholarship. By Yaacov Deutsch

Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Religion Article DOI: lfu023 Article title: BOOK REVIEW First Author: Allison Coudert INSTRUCTIONS 1. Author groups: Please check that all names have been spelled correctly and appear in the correct order. Please also check that all initials are present. Please check that the author surnames (family name) have been correctly identified by a pink background. If this is incorrect, please identify the full surname of the relevant authors. Occasionally, the distinction between surnames and forenames can be ambiguous, and this is to ensure that the authors' full surnames and forenames are tagged correctly, for accurate indexing online. Please also check all author affiliations. 2. Figures: If applicable figures have been placed as close as possible to their first citation. Please check that they are complete and that the correct figure legend is present. Figures in the proof are low resolution versions that will be replaced with high resolution versions when the journal is printed. 3. Missing elements: Please check that the text is complete and that all figures, tables and their legends are included. 4. Special characters: Please check that special characters, equations, dosages and units, if applicable, have been reproduced accurately. 5. URLs: Please check that all web addresses cited in the text, footnotes and reference list are up-to-date, and please provide a`last accessed' date for each URL. Please specify format for last accessed date as: Month Day, Year.
Granular micromechanics model for damage and plasticity of cementitious materials based upon thermomechanics

The mechanical behavior of monolithic cementitious materials is known to be significantly affected by their granular nature. This paper describes an approach to incorporate the effects of granulari...
Evidence Regarding the Treatment of Denture Stomatitis

Denture stomatitis is a common inflammatory condition affecting the mucosa underlying complete dentures. It is associated with denture microbial biofilm, poor denture hygiene, poor denture quality, and nocturnal denture use. Numerous treatment methodologies have been used to treat stomatitis; however, a gold standard treatment has not been identified. The aim of this systematic review is to report on the current knowledge available in studies representing a range of evidence on the treatment of denture stomatitis.
Study on epidemiological investigation of relative factors of maternal transferred measles antibody level in infants

Objective To understand the relative factors and the changing of maternal transferred measles antibody in newborns,provide the basis for infants' measles vaccine immunization. Methods A total of 346 neonatal serum specimens were collected from0, 3, 6 and 8 months old infants as well as the ELLSA method had been employed for detection of measles Ig G antibody level.Results In general, neonatal maternal antibody of measles level in urban and rural areas of our city had reached 380.09 m IU/ml,which was lower than the domestic research results; Antibody level decreased year by year since 3 months old(χ2=143.30, P0.000);Rural infants' measles antibody level was higher than that of urban infants(F=16.796, P0.000). Conclusion Maternal transferred measles antibody levels gradually disappear since 3 months old. As a result, infants are susceptible to measles. Consideration should be given in advance for infants and women of childbearing age to be boosted in measles vaccines so as to control the incidence of young age measles.
Alternative method of allelic discrimination.

5′ nuclease assays for allelic discrimination use both a wild-type and a mutant probe. Here we present a new method for genotyping by 5′ nuclease assays that dispenses with the mutant probe, using the wild-type probe together with a probe for a reference gene known to be present in two copies to determine the copy number of the wild type allele relative to the reference gene. The copy number of the wild-type allele then determines the genotype: two copies indicates homozygous wild-type; one copy indicates heterozygous; and zero copies indicates homozygous mutant. We were able to use our method to correctly genotype three alleles of the thiopurine methyl transferase (TPMT) gene: TPMT *2 (c.G238C), *3B (c.G460A) and *3C (c.A719G). Our approach can be used as an alternate allelic discrimination strategy that is cost effective when multiple TaqMan assays are performed on a sample.
Failure pressures after repairs of 2-cm × 2.5-cm rhinologic dural defects in a porcine ex vivo model.

Background The objective of this study was to determine failure pressures of 6 rhinologic repair techniques of large skull base/dural defects in a controlled, ex vivo model. Methods Failure pressures of 6 dural repairs in a porcine model were studied using a closed testing apparatus; 24-mm × 19-mm dural defects were created; 40-mm × 34-mm grafts composed of porcine Duragen (Integra), fascia lata, and Biodesign (Cook) were used either with or without Tisseel (Baxter International Inc.) to create 6 repairs: Duragen/no glue (D/NG), Duragen/Tisseel (D/T), fascia lata/no glue (FL/NG), fascia lata/Tisseel (FL/T), Biodesign/no glue (B/NG), and Biodesign/Tisseel (B/T). Saline was infused at 30 mL/hour, applying even force to the underside of the graft until repair failure. Five trials were performed per repair type for a total of 30 repairs. Results Mean failure pressures were as follows: D/NG 1.361 ± 0.169 cmH2O; D/T 9.127 ± 1.805 cmH2O; FL/NG 0.200 ± 0.109 cmH2O; FL/T 7.833 ± 2.657 cmH2O; B/NG 0.299 ± 0.109 cmH2O; and B/T 2.67 ± 0.619 cmH2O. There were statistically significant differences between glued (Tisseel) and non-glued repairs for each repair category (p < 0.05). Conclusion All glued repairs performed better than non-glued repairs. Both D/T and FL/T repairs performed better than B/T repairs. No repair tolerated pressures throughout the full range of adult supine intracranial pressure.
The effects of phase transitions and compositional layering in two-dimensional kinematic models of subduction

Abstract Subduction zones exhibit a wide range of behaviour, from slab stagnation at the base of the transition zone, to direct sinking into the lower mantle. Numerical simulations have utilised a range of approximations to improve computational efficiency, such as limiting the phase transitions or compositional effects included in a model: the net effect of these approximations on slab dynamics remains unclear. With the goal of developing more complete, self-consistent, and less idealised simulations, we analyse the importance of various modelling choices on slab evolution: the presence of shear, adiabatic and latent heating, compositional layering and composition-dependent phase transitions. We find that slabs in models with additional heating terms (extended Boussinesq approximation) are warmer, weaker and exhibit more folding and stretching than in models without these terms (Boussinesq approximation). The presence of compositional layers and the stress-dependence of rheology acts to strengthen the slab, decreasing slab dip and leading to less folding and lateral migration of the slab. We also find that the extent of slab folding and stagnation is overestimated by modelling only the olivine phase transitions at 410 and 660 km. A more realistic subduction zone with compositional layers and all the pyrolite phase transitions exhibits almost no slab stagnation at 660 km and is instead characterised by broad, periodic, slab folding. This slab behaviour is more similar to a model with no phase changes or compositional layers. Therefore, for studies in which a complete treatment of compositional layers and phase transitions is not possible, rather than including an incomplete approximation that over-predicts folding, the large-scale deformation of slabs is best approximated by a model with no phase transitions and no layers.
Formation of supermassive black holes

Though some Hubble images of distant galaxies feature destructive collisions that could trigger quasar activity, others show that many normal, undisturbed aggregates of stars are oblivious to the cosmic thunder within their midst. This is an indication that a variety of mechanisms – some quite subtle – may be responsible for igniting a quasar. Whatever the formative process is, however, these supermassive objects seem to have spared their hosts from any obvious damage, so their prodigious outpouring of matter and radiation may be a shortlived phenomenon. Still, this observation is not sufficient to guide astronomers toward the identification of a coherent, single pattern of quasar birth and growth. For years, astrophysicists concerned with the nature of supermassive black holes have been asking themselves a cosmological “chicken and the egg” question: “Which came first, the gargantuan pit of closed spacetime, or the lively panorama of gilded stars and glowing gas that we call a galaxy?” Prior to a remarkable recent discovery that now seems to have answered this question for the majority of cases, the evidence in favor of black holes appearing first was anchored by the telling observation that the number of quasars peaked 10 billion years ago, early in the universe's existence. The light from galaxies, on the other hand, originated much later – after the cosmos had aged another 2 to 4 billion years.
Resonator/waveguide coupling in phononic crystals for demultiplexing and filtering applications

In this paper, we report the design, fabrication, and characterization of different VHF resonators communicating through a PnC waveguide. Waveguide-based resonators are employed because of their high-Q, compactness, large spurious-free spectral ranges, and the possibility of better control over coupling to PnC waveguides. Two different mechanisms of coupling (direct and side coupling) are utilized and demonstrated. It is also shown that by modifying the defects in the formation of the resonator, the frequency of the resonance can be tuned. It is shown that the signal sent through the waveguide can be picked up by the matching resonator, while the cross coupling to the other resonators at a different frequency of resonance is at the noise level. These demonstrations evidence the possibility of realizing complex signal processing devices using coupled PnC waveguides and resonators in a low loss platform.
A Review of Supercapacitor Energy Storage Using Nanohybrid Conducting Polymers and Carbon Electrode Materials

With the advancement of electronics and mobile technologies, supercapacitors are becoming the significant energy storage device. The properties of supercapacitor depend on electrochemical properties, electrochemical stability, surface area, and electrical conductivity of advanced electrode materials. Nanohybrid materials based on conducting polymers and carbon has been substantially explored over the preceding years. Strong hybridization with carbon materials, especially with graphene has been found in effectively improving the enactment of a supercapacitor with the control of size and morphology of nanoparticles, enrichment of the electron transport by adding nanocarbons, and modification of the electronic structures through charge transfer process. We have presented an overview of supercapacitor characteristics of hybrid nanostructures with conducting polymers, and carbon materials as electrode materials and extensively discusses their future trend for practical supercapacitor applications.
Analysis of the Distribution Profiles of Circulating MicroRNAs by Asymmetrical Flow Field Flow Fractionation.

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are stably present in circulatory systems. They are bound to various carriers like proteins, lipoprotein particles, and exosomes. Investigating the process of miRNA distribution among these carriers will help improve our understanding of their functions in the extracellular environment and their potential relationship with diseases. Here, we describe how to obtain the distribution profiles of circulating miRNAs by separation of different miRNA carriers in human serum with asymmetrical flow field flow fractionation (AF4), and detection of the miRNAs in the eluted fractions that enrich particular types of carriers with RT-qPCR.
Baseline subclinical sensory deficits and the development of pain and numbness in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) being treated with chemotherapy.

9082 Background: Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose-limiting toxicity experienced by patients with MM. Patients may develop painful and non-painful (e.g., numbness) symptom...
Propelling diverse leaders to the top: A developmental network approach

Scholars and practitioners are making a strong business case for greater representation of women and other underrepresented groups on senior management teams and boards. A model is developed that highlights how to create optimal developmental networks—groups of developers who help advance people’s careers and personal growth—that can assist in propelling diverse leaders into the upper echelons of their organizations and board positions. Several literature streams are integrated in order to identify developmental networks that will help diverse leaders overcome barriers to breaking the glass ceiling in greater numbers. Numerous strategies intended to shape diverse leaders’ network structure and content are discussed, as are contextual challenges that may inhibit optimal networks’ development. Lastly, theoretical and practical implications for individuals and organizations are highlighted.
Multiple strategies to identify HIV-positive black men who have sex with men and transgender women in New York City: a cross-sectional analysis of recruitment results.

INTRODUCTION Black men who have sex with men and transgender women are at high risk for HIV infection, but are more likely to be unaware of their infection or not in care for diagnosed HIV compared to other races. Respondent driven sampling has been advanced as a method to reach stigmatized and hidden populations for HIV testing. We compared strategies to recruit black, substance-using men who have sex with men and transgender women to identify newly diagnosed HIV infection, or those previously diagnosed but not in care. METHODS The STAR (Seek, Test, and Retain) study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01790360) used several recruitment strategies to identify black, substance-using men who have sex with men and transgender women with undiagnosed HIV infection or with previously diagnosed HIV infection but who were not in HIV care. Respondent-driven sampling, community-based recruitment and online advertising were used to recruit participants. Incentivized peer referral was integrated into all recruitment strategies. Participants completed interviewer-administered questionnaires and HIV testing. Demographic and HIV risk-related characteristics and recruitment strategy were summarized and stratified by HIV status. Associations were tested using Pearson's chi-squared, Fisher's exact, and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Factors associated with HIV-positive diagnosis at p < 0.1 were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS From July 2012 through October 2015, the study enrolled 1929 participants; 96.3% men who have sex with men and 3.7% transgender women. Behavioural risk factors included recent condomless anal sex (55.6%) and recent substance use during sex (73.1%). HIV prevalence was 8.7%. In multivariable analysis, significant associations with HIV infection included being transgender; non-Hispanic black; gay/homosexual orientation; not homeless; and less likely to have insufficient income for necessities. Among recruitment strategies, respondent driven sampling was least effective in identifying HIV-positive participants. CONCLUSIONS Integrating multiple recruitment strategies yielded a large sample of black men who have sex with men and transgender women at substantial risk for HIV. Respondent-driven sampling was less effective than other strategies at identifying men who have sex with men and transgender women with HIV.
Chemical and Topographical Surface Modification for Control of Central Nervous System Cell Adhesion

We describe methods of fine scale chemical and topographical patterning of silicon substrates and the selected attachment and growth of central nervous system cells in culture. We have used lithography and microcontact printing to pattern surfaces with self-assembled monolayers and proteins. Chemical patterns can be created that localize and guide the growth of cells on the surfaces. Self-assembled surface texturing with structures at the tens of nanometers scale and lithographic based methods at the micrometer scale have been used to produce a variety of surface topographical features. These experiments suggest that surface texture at the scale of tens of nanometers to micrometers can influence the attachment of these cells to a surface and can be used as a mechanism of isolating cells to a particular area on a silicon substrate.
GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF USING STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF GLYCOCONJUGATES BY USING GLYCOSIDASES AND 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Abstract During the past two decades, several analytical methods have been developed for the structural analysis of saccharides. One of them is to use exo-glycosidases for determining the anomeric configuration and the sequential arrangement of sugar units. Recently, in addition to exo-glycosidases, several endo-glycosidases have been isolated. The first part of this paper gives the general overview on the application of exo- and endo-glycosidases for the structural analysis of glycoconjugates. Our recent work on endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from fig latex and endo-3-galactosidase from Escherichia freundii will be presented. In the second part, the 13 C NMR spectroscopy of glucosylceramide, cerasin, phrenosin and sulfatide will be used to show that C NMR spectroscopy can give the structural information for both sugar and ceramide moiety.
Psychotomimetic Drugs in Man

Few drugs have had more scientific or social impact than the psychotomimetics. Few have been so peculiarly potent in their actions and so uniquely active in humans. While we may surmise that animals may be thinking strangely or perceiving erroneously or having marked alterations in mood, only man’s symbolizing ability lets us know for certain the degree to which relatively small amounts of psychotomimetics may profoundly alter mental functions. Therefore it would appear to be worth considering the pharmacology of these drugs in humans to see if we can grasp a few elusive clues concerning its mode of action.
Constructing a Place for Religion and Spirituality in Psychodynamic Practice

A focus on spirituality has become in vogue for the media as well as for professional conferences, journals, and schools of social work. Likewise, our clients are struggling with how to integrate religion and/or spirituality with their therapy. The premise of this paper is that we have a role in assisting our clients with this integration and to consider some of the current postmodern approaches. However, in attempting such an integration it is important to retain certain parameters and guidelines that have been helpful to our clinical work. This paper will examine how to make room for religion and spirituality in psychodynamic psychotherapy and the ways in which constructivism can be helpful in this process. The influences of psychodynamic theories and postmodernism shape the discussion in the following areas: definition of terms, self-awareness, deconstruction of clients' narrative, assessment of strengths and vulnerabilities, and reconstruction of a useful narrative.
Applying Situational Theory of Problem Solving in Cancer Information Seeking: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 2014 HINTS Survey

Informed by the Situational Theory of Problem Solving (STOPS), this study used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey, a large and representative national sample, to examine predictors of information seeking and information accessing of health information, including cancer-related information. We found that the independent variables in STOPS-problem recognition, involvement recognition, and referent criterion- well predicted people's information seeking of cancer-related information and accessing of health information on line. However, the impact of trust in online health information was more complicated than anticipated. Our study demonstrated the utility of the STOPS in the health information context. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
ELEMENTS OF CLINICAL RADIATION ONCOLOGY

This chapter provides an overview of the elements of clinical radiation oncology. Thoughtful application of ionizing radiations requires consideration of their effects on normal tissues, and of the type of tumor and its extent. The volume to be treated and intended radiation doses are then determined. Treatment planning explores the choices of technique, and the best method is executed. Finally, periodic evaluation of the patient after treatment is essential. Periodic evaluation of most patients after radiotherapy is an important component of radiation oncology, especially after the higher doses of curative intent. The chapter describes the serious adverse effects of irradiation that may not be manifested for several years after treatment. Therefore, those patients who survive a usually fatal illness such as carcinoma of the lung may also survive long enough to develop radiation myelopathy. The fact that adverse effects of therapeutic irradiation may be delayed in making their appearance emphasizes the need for follow-up. Patients who receive radiation therapy before reaching physical maturity are subjected to a host of adverse outcomes because irradiation often limits subsequent normal tissue or organ development. This is most frequently observed after irradiation of skeletal muscles and bones that do not develop as fully as their non-irradiated symmetrical counterparts. A shortened extremity of limited muscular development may result from the irradiation of an extremity in childhood, and kyphoscoliosis is a potential sequel of irradiation of a segment of the spine. Incidental irradiation of the neck for a variety of benign conditions, especially in childhood, is associated with the development of a variety of thyroid abnormalities 5–35 years later.
Phase Synchronization of Coupled Optical Oscillators

The problem of creating phase synchronization between coupled optical oscillators of different individual frequencies is theoretically investigated. The synchronization coupling threshold is obtained for a dimmer as well as an array of coupled oscillators.
Fujiwo Ishimoto Exhibition: From Marimekko Flowers to Ceramic Fruits in Dialogue with the Rinpa

Exhibition Review Exhibition catalog: Yoshinao Yamada, Fujiwo Ishimoto: From Marimekko Flowers to Ceramic Fruits. Tokyo: Wacoal Art Center, 2018. 23 pp. ¥1,188 Exhibition schedule: The Museum of Art, Ehime, October 27 – December 16, 2018; Hosomi Museum, Kyoto, March 9 - April 21, 2019; Spiral Garden, Tokyo, June 19 – June 30, 2019.
Skin Deep: An Assessment of New Zealand Blue Whale Skin Condition

Skin condition assessment of wildlife can provide insight into individual and population health. Yet, logistics can limit skin condition assessment of large whales. We developed a standardized, quantitative protocol using photographs to assess skin condition of blue whales in New Zealand, and demonstrate the value gained by testing hypotheses, documenting new morphologies, and establishing baselines that can be monitored for change. We reviewed a photo-identification catalog to compile common markings, categorized markings according to existing definitions, and described markings not previously documented. Photographs of blue whale skin (n=1,466) were assessed to quantify marking prevalence, severity, and co-occurrence patterns. Of the whales assessed (n=148), 96.6% had cookie cutter shark bites, 80.4% had blister lesions, 56.0% had pigmentation blazes on the dorsal fin, and 33.7% had holes in the dorsal fin. Additionally, 35.8% had “starburst” lesions, a previously undocumented marking. Blister and cookie cutter shark bite severity did not accumulate linearly, indicating that the two marking types are unrelated. There was a positive relationship between blister severity and number of starbursts, indicating that the two could be related; based on morphological similarities, starburst lesions may derive from ruptured blisters. Whales with holes in their dorsal fin had significantly higher blister severity than those without, indicating that these markings could be related; this is supported by observed blisters on dorsal fins of blue whales. There was a significantly higher probability of fresher cookie cutter shark bites on whales observed at more northerly latitudes, but no relationship between blister severity or number of starbursts and latitude. These latitudinal patterns indicate that blue whales in New Zealand accumulate cookie cutter shark bites at more northerly latitudes; this finding is supported by the known range of cookie cutter sharks in New Zealand waters. Of the eight individual whales re-sighted across multiple years, there was no uniform pattern in lesion change over time, however individual cases revealed lesion healing over a multi-year timeframe. Our protocol for quantifying skin condition can be applied to any cetacean photo-identification catalog, and can be used to compare across individuals and populations, and explore causal links between skin condition and cetacean health.
Approaches to investigate the role of chelation in the corrosivity of biomass-derived oils

Abstract The need to provide the U.S. market with a renewable liquid fuel energy source from a non-food feedstock stream has gained considerable traction due to benefits such as improved energy efficiency, reduced environmental impacts, and enhanced national security. Practical achievement of these goals via biomass and bio-waste utilization involves production of liquid intermediates containing corrosive, reactive species like carboxylic acids, ketones, aldehydes, and hydroxyaldehydes. Such mixtures challenge materials of containment, processing, and transport. It is widely recognized that the smaller organic acids, such as acetic and formic, are corrosive and can remove protective surface oxides on alloys used in bio-oil processing infrastructure, and ketones can swell sealing polymers. However, literature shows, and findings herein confirm, larger carboxylic acids and bidentate alcohols are present. This highlights the potential for synergistic, detrimental effects of constituents in bio-oil corrosion, including direct reactivity of small acids compounded with the possibility of mobilization of protective metal oxide layers via chelation by larger acids and oxygenates. The question of whether species beyond small acids can significantly contribute to corrosion requires analytical approaches previously not applied to bio-oil corrosion studies and certainly not previously applied corroboratively. This work introduces a combination of optical, mass spectral, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies with an incubation approach to study metal mobilization, to facilitate elucidating chelation's role in bio-oil corrosive pathways. To enable systematic study of these oxygenates' material compatibility individually and in combination, a model matrix of bio-oil constituents was also developed based on identification of key components of real bio-oils.
Use of Forest Products Who Lives in Mountain Areas of Mersin Province

Mersin ili dag koylerinde yapilan calismada basit tesadufi ornekleme yontemiyle secilen 99 kisi ile yuz yuze gorusme yapilmistir. Bireylerin %64,6’sini erkekler, %35,4’unu kadinlar olusturmakta ve %35,4’u ilkokul mezunudur. Ortalama hane halki genisligi 2,38 ve ortalama yas 50,32’dir. Kucukbas hayvan yetistiriciligi ve aricilik faaliyetleri dag koylerinde yasayan bireylerin temel gecim kaynagi iken; ayni zamanda orman urunlerinden faydalandiklari da tespit edilmistir. Orman urunleri daha cok kantaron, kekik, kusburnu, mantar, bogurtlen, keciboynuzu, andiz gibi tibbi aromatik bitki grubundan olusmaktadir. Agir isgucu gerektiren odun, kereste ve recine gibi islerde erkekler daha yogun calisirken; kantaron, bogurtlen, kusburnu gibi urunler daha cok kadin nufus tarafindan toplanmaktadir. Bireylerin, orman ve orman urunlerine bakis acilari cinsiyete, yasa ve egitim duzeyine gore degismemistir. Bunun nedeni yasamlarini idame ettirebilmek icin ormana ve urunlerine ihtiyac duymaktadirlar. Genel olarak degerlendirildiginde, dag koylerinde yasayan nufusun orman ve orman urunlerine dayali bir yasam surdurmekte olduklari belirlenmistir. Bu baglamda bolgede orman alanlarin korunmasi hem bolge halki hem de cevresel tahribat acisindan oldukca onemlidir. Bireysel bilinclendirmenin yani sira orman ve urunlerinin kullanilmasi ve korunmasi konusunda ilgili bakanliklar tarafindan destek saglanmalidir. Bu calismanin amaci Mersin ili dag koylerinde yasayan bireylerin orman urunlerini kullanim durumlarini ortaya koymak ve orman hakkindaki dusuncelerini tespit etmektir.
Chapter 12 – Genetic Engineering

One of the most powerful laboratory tools used in biotechnology is the engineering of specific genes. This chapter will cover methods of cutting double-stranded DNA, inserting it into plasmids, and sealing the plasmids. The use of plasmids allows for their amplification via prokaryotes such as E. coli. After an incubation period measured in hours, the E. coli are lysed and plasmid DNA is harvested by a series of separation that will be technically described in detail. The chapter will conclude with a discussion of how the amplified plasmids are quantified.
Economic Considerations with Bovine Respiratory Disease Interventions

A Monte Carlo spreadsheet (Microsoft® Excel; Oracle® Crystal Ball) model was designed to compare return to ownership and management between alternate bovine respiratory disease (BRD) prevention strategies and between alternate first-pull BRD treatment regimens based on probability distributions of performance variables, as well as different BRD risk and outcome (retreatment percentage and/or case fatality risk). These stochastic models indicate that factors unrelated to the incidence and outcome of BRD are important drivers affecting the economic value of both BRD prevention and treatment. Results also indicate that today’s historically high cost of gain places negative pressure on the economic value of BRD prevention and treatment. In addition, the models indicate that level of morbidity risk has a stronger association with dollars available to prevent or treat BRD than any of the measures of BRD prevention or treatment effectiveness. Therefore, being able to accurately predict groups of cattle at high risk for BRD and focusing expenditures on those groups, while minimizing expenditures on cattle with low BRD incidence, has the highest potential for economic pay-back, and this is increasingly important as cost of gain increases.
Conceptualizing recovery capital for older adults with substance use disorders

The older adult population in the United States is projected to grow significantly due to improvements in healthcare and sustained population growth. Adults aged 65 and older experience unique risks for, and consequences of, substance misuse. This Endpage applies recovery capital theory to outline the distinctive physical, social, human, and community and cultural forms of recovery capital for older adults. Based on this conceptualization, we provide directions for examining recovery from substance use disorders among older adults.
Degenerative Changes of Joints

Degenerative changes of peripheral joints appear most frequently in the lower extremities, and are sometimes observed primarily and distinctly in the articular surface of the patella [806]. The cause of these changes may lie in injuries or mechanical disuse, particularly in young adults who do not manifest changes in any other joint. Not only are unequivocal traumata adduced as causes of this condition but, as Buedinger [210] noted, more commonly mechanical stresses associated with vertical pressure and tangential friction. Such stresses are produced by appositional tenseness of the contracting quadriceps muscle. In this context, Karlson [854] described cases in which alterations in the patellar articular cartilage were observed secondary to repeated minor traumata. These directly posttraumatic alterations are classified as idiopathic chondropathia patellae due to the nature of the observed pathological changes.
The Struggle toward Equality in Higher Education:The Impact of the Morrill Acts on Race Relations in Virginia, 1872-1958

iv Chapter 1: Background on the Passage of the Morrill Act and its Effect on Virginia 1 Chapter 2: Virginia Tech’s Establishment in Accordance with the 1862 Morrill Act 31 Chapter 3: The Establishment and Operation of Virginia State University 47 Chapter 4: Education, Agriculture, and Race Relations in Virginia 78 Chapter 5: Federal and State Responsibility for the Effects of Segregation in Virginia’s public higher education system 92
Rule Learning in Healthcare and Health Services Research

Successful application of machine learning in healthcare requires accuracy, transparency, acceptability, ability to deal with complex data, ability to deal with background knowledge, efficiency, and exportability. Rule learning is known to satisfy the above criteria. This chapter introduces rule learning in healthcare, presents very expressive attributional rules, briefly describes the AQ21 rule learning system, and discusses three application areas in healthcare and health services research.
Recent developments in the chemistry of perchloropolysilanes: A general summary☆

Abstract The amine induced disproportionations of disilicon hexachloride and trisilicon octachloride produce Si 5 Cl 12 and Si 6 Cl 14 in good yields. The product is determined by the conditions under which the disproportionation is effected. The implications of the formation of these and higher perchloropolysilanes and a possible mechanism for the disproportionation of the perchloropolysilanes are discussed.
A compartmental analysis of solute transfer and exchange across blood-nerve barrier

A three-compartment model was derived to analyze solute exchange among plasma, peripheral nerve epineurium, and endoneurium. The model was fit to measured tibial-nerve epineurial and endoneurial contents of [14C]sucrose after intravenous bolus injection of tracer in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized rats. The transfer constant (K) for tracer at epineurial vessels approximated 1.1 X 10(-3) ml.s-1.g whole-nerve-1. K at the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) equaled 1.36-1.51 X 10(-5) ml.s-1.g endoneurium-1. The endoneurial uptake data were analyzed also by a simplified two-compartment model incorporating solute exchange between plasma and endoneurium. K at the BNB (1.46 X 10(-5) ml.s-1.g endoneurium-1), determined by multiple uptake time graphic analysis, was only threefold greater than K at the blood-brain barrier. The transfer constant at the perineurium alone was determined in situ and equaled (1 X 10(-6) ml.s-1.g endoneurium-1. Calculated permeability coefficients (X 10(-8) cm/s) equaled 3.2 at the perineurium, 23 at the endoneurial capillaries, and 3.2 at the brain vasculature. The results demonstrate that for hydrophilic nonelectrolytes 1) flux across the perineurium contributes significantly to solute uptake from plasma into the endoneurium; 2) although nerve capillaries are more permeable than brain capillaries, the tissues of the BNB function as a unit to markedly restrict solute diffusion into the endoneurium; and 3) a two-compartment analysis accurately describes hydrophilic solute transfer from plasma into peripheral nerve.
Further Evidence for the Accumulation of a Hydroxyproline-deficient, Collagenase-degradable Protein during Collagen Biosynthesis in Vitro

By use of purified bacterial collagenase it has been possible to demonstrate that a proline-rich, hydroxyproline-deficient, collagenase-degradable protein accumulates in many collagen-forming systems when proline hydroxylation is impaired. These experiments provide further evidence that proline is incorporated into a collagen-like polypeptide prior to hydroxylation. The collagenase-tannic acid procedure may be used as a means of studying collagen synthesis independent of proline hydroxylation.
Stem cells in craniofacial and dental tissue engineering.

Authors – Risbud MV, Shapiro IM Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been identified in a variety of adult tissues as a population of pluripotential self-renewing cells. Based on their adherence and colony forming properties, a small number of MSC can be isolated from most mesenchymal tissues as well as bone marrow. In the presence of one or more growth factors, these cells commit to lineages that lead to the formation of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and adipose tissue; recent studies indicate that stem cells for cementum, dentine and the periodontal ligament also exist. All of these cells can be expanded in vitro, and, embedded in a scaffold, inserted into defects to promote healing and tissue replacement. Increased understanding of the molecular mechanism directing lineage specification and morphogenesis is providing a rational approach for the regeneration of craniofacial tissues and oral structures.
Fracture Strength and Crack Growth in Tubular Perovskite Membranes

Fracture strength of tubular perovskite membranes was determined in three different atmospheric conditions: room temperature in air, at 1000°C in N 2 and at 1000°C in CO 2 /CO gas mixtures. The strength of the membrane decreased with temperature and severity of reducing conditions although the strength distribution (Weibull parameter, m) was relatively unaltered. Surface and volume flaws dominated the fracture origins and the overall fracture was purely transgranular. Crack growth studies with Vickers indents as pre-starter flaws however, indicated a mixture of intergranular and transgranular fracture. The change in fracture mode provides useful insight on the microscopic-events controlling the strength and fracture in perovskite exposed to reducing environments.
Parthenogenetic embryos from unfertilized Chinese painted quail eggs alter albumen pH, gases, and ion concentrations during incubation.

Parthenogenesis is a form of embryonic development that occurs without fertilization. Recently, parthenogenesis has been reported in Chinese painted quail eggs. In Japanese quail, it has been shown that albumen pH of incubated fertile eggs is lower than that of incubated infertile eggs. However, it is unknown if alterations, similar to those in incubated fertile eggs, occur in albumen pH, gases, or ion concentrations from unfertilized eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if any differences in pH, gases, or ion concentrations exist between incubated unfertilized eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development versus unfertilized eggs with no development over incubation. In this study, eggs were collected daily from Chinese painted quail hens that were separated from males at 4 weeks of age, before sexual maturity. Eggs were stored for 0 to 3 days at 20 °C and incubated at 37.5 °C for 12 days. Eggs were weighed before and after incubation to obtain percentage egg weight loss. After incubation, embryo size and albumen O2, CO2, Ca(2+), Na(+), and Cl(-) concentrations as well as pH were obtained from each incubated egg. Over incubation, albumen from unfertilized eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development had a lower pH as well as less O2 and Cl(-), yet a higher Ca(2+) and Na(+) concentration as compared with the albumen of unfertilized eggs with no development. Also, eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development had a higher albumen CO2 concentration as compared with eggs without development. The rate of egg weight loss was much lower in eggs exhibiting parthenogenetic development as compared with eggs without development. Also, as parthenogen size increased, there was a decrease in albumen pH, O2, and Cl(-), yet an increase in CO2 and Ca(2+). In conclusion, it appears that, over incubation, parthenogenetic development from unfertilized eggs alters the composition of albumen as compared with the albumen from unfertilized eggs with no parthenogenetic development.
Edentulism in High Poverty Rural Counties

Purpose: To examine the differences in oral health status among residents of high-poverty counties, as compared to residents of other rural or urban counties, specifically on the prevalence of edentulism. Methods: We used the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and the 2006 Area Resource File (ARF). All analyses were conducted with SAS and SAS-callable SUDAAN, in order to account for weighting and the complex sample design. Findings: Characteristics significantly related to edentulism include: geographic location, gender, race, age, health status, employment, insurance, not having a usual source of care, education, marital status, presence of chronic disease, having an English interview, not deferring care due to cost, income, and dentist saturation within the county. Conclusions: Significant associations between high-poverty rural and other rural counties and edentulism were found, and other socioeconomic and health status indicators remain strong predictors of edentulism.