cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A “Cost-Benefit State”? Reports of Its Birth Have Been Greatly Exaggerated

In a spate recent cases (Michigan v. EPA, EME Homer City v. EPA, and Entergy v. Riverkeeper), the Supreme Court has been widely viewed as abruptly changing course in its treatment of cost-benefit analysis (CBA) in environmental decision making. Professor Cass Sunstein heralded the Michigan case as “a rifle shot ringing in the Cost-Benefit State.” In fact, these cases represent less of a change in course than is commonly believed. And they fall far short of endorsing Professor Sunstein’s vision of the Cost-Benefit State — in which agencies would operate under a presumption favoring formal CBA. Riverkeeper and Homer City did not so much eliminate the Court’s previously emerging anti-cost presumption as narrow and perhaps more clearly define it. The term “cost-benefit analysis” can refer to a broad range of decisionmaking techniques and an even longer list of methods involve agencies “considering costs” in one way or another. Those cases indicate that the presumption no longer applies to cost consideration that takes the form of informal CBA or feasibility analysis. But they do nothing to disturb the anti-cost presumption as applicable to other cost consideration tools. Indeed, the Riverkeeper majority’s disclaimer against “more rigorous” forms of CBA in conjunction with Justice Breyer’s detailed critique of formal CBA in concurrence can be read to at least gesture in the direction of a continuing presumption against formal CBA. In Michigan, the Court said that EPA should have considered costs in the face of an ambiguous statute and arguably suggested that this principle is generalizable because linked to fundamental administrative law doctrines requiring rationality in agency decision making. But it also made very clear that “[i]t will be up to the agency to decide... how to account for cost,” and both the majority and the dissent included an explicit disclaimer of formal CBA. Thus, it is not entirely clear that Michigan articulated a pro-cost presumption at all, but to the extent it did, it’s a presumption that is broadly applicable to a whole range of tools outside formal CBA, and can arguably read to exclude or at least de-emphasize formal CBA. This is a long way indeed from the Cost-Benefit State.
Innovation-Weight Parametrization in Data Assimilation: Formulation & Analysis with NAVDAS-AR/NAVGEM

Abstract: An innovation-weight parametrization is introduced as a practical approach to account for deficiencies in the representation of both background error and observation error covariance in a variational data assimilation system. The adjoint-based evaluation of the forecast error sensitivity provides a computationally efficient diagnosis to observation-space distributed parameters and guidance for tuning the analysis Kalman gain operator. Theoretical aspects are discussed and preliminary results are presented with the adjoint versions of the Naval Research Laboratory Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System-Accelerated Representer (NAVDAS-AR) and the Navy’s Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM).
Comparing and Combining Generative and Posterior Probability Models: Some Advances in Sentence Boundary Detection in Speech

Abstract : We compare and contrast two different models for detecting sentence-like units in continuous speech. The first approach uses hidden Markov sequence models based on N-grams and maximum likelihood estimation, and employs model interpolation to combine different representations of the data. The second approach models the posterior probabilities of the target classes; it is discriminative and integrates multiple knowledge sources in the maximum entropy (maxent) framework. Both models combine lexical, syntactic, and prosodic information. We develop a technique for integrating pretrained probability models into the maxent framework, and show that this approach can improve on an HMM-based state-of-the-art system for the sentence-boundary detection task. An even more substantial improvement is obtained by combining the posterior probabilities of the two systems.
Ocular Complications of Congenital Infections

Congenitally acquired infections increase neonatal morbidity and mortality, as well as cause significant visual impairment and blindness in children worldwide. These infections may be acquired in utero or during delivery, and may present clinically during the neonatal period or even later during the adolescent years. The clinical presentation may include intrauterine growth restriction, microcephaly, intracranial calcifications, hearing loss, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, and ocular findings such as chorioretinal scars. This article summarizes the ocular complications of the 5 infections typically represented by the acronym TORCHES (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, and syphilis), as well as others, including newer pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency, West Nile, and Zika viruses.
A Bibliographical Guide to the History of General Ecology and Population Ecology

Bibliographie de l'ecologie generale, de l'ecologie de la population et de l'equilibre naturel depuis l'antiquite.
BOTH THE NOVEL NMR BIOMARKER OF INFLAMMATION, GLYCA, AND HS-CRP ARE INDEPENDENT AND ADDITIVE PREDICTORS OF FUTURE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY: RESULTS FROM THE INTERMOUNTAIN HEART COLLABORATIVE STUDY

Background: GlycA, a novel marker of inflammation, has been associated with future CV risk among patients with or without pre-existing coronary artery disease (CAD). Whether GlycA is an independent and additive predictor of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS-CRP) needs further study. Methods:
Evidence for the involvement of a nitrenium ion in the covalent binding of nitrofurazone to DNA

We have shown that the xanthine oxidase-catalyzed anaerobic reduction of nitrofurazone in the presence of added DNA leads to the formation of covalently bound adducts. Further, by systematically decreasing the pH of the reaction mixture, we have demonstrated that generation of the reactive species is facilitated under mildly acidic conditions. From these observations, we conclude that it is the nitrenium ion formed from nitrofurazone which binds to DNA.
A nearly optimal sequential testing approach to permutation-based association testing

The following technical report describes the technical details for the implementation of a sequential testing approach to permutation-based association testing in whole-genome sequencing studies. The sequential testing approach enables to control the probability of a type 1 and type 2 error at arbitrary small pre-specified levels and approaches the theoretical minimum of expected number of required permutations as these levels go to zero.
A comparison of genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered scaleshell mussel ( Leptodea leptodon ), the fragile papershell ( Leptodea fragilis ) and their host-fish the freshwater drum ( Aplodinotus grunniens )

The larvae of freshwater mussels in the order Unionoida are obligate parasites on fishes. Because adult mussels are infaunal and largely sessile, it is generally assumed that the majority of gene flow among mussel populations relies on the dispersal of larvae by their hosts. The objective of this study was to compare the genetic diversity and the degree of congruence between the population structures of two related freshwater mussels Leptodea leptodon and Leptodea fragilis and their fish host, Aplodinotus grunniens. Host specificity in parasites has been shown to result in greater congruence between the population structures of the two interacting species, and assessing the congruence of genetic structure of the endangered L. leptodon with its sister species L. fragilis and their sole host is an important step in understanding the impact of host dispersal on population structure. Analysis of microsatellite data indicated that despite its imperiled status, L. leptodon displayed greater genetic diversity than the more common L. fragilis. However, the population structures of all three species were incongruent even in the presence of substantial gene flow. Other factors such as habitat specificity may play a role in generating the differences in population structure observed. This study indicates that barriers to gene flow or lack of available host fish are not the cause of decline of the federally endangered L. leptodon, and suggests that alternative explanations should be considered.
Two methods of fractal dimension computation applied to millimeter wave radar stationary target detection

In recent years, millimeter wave (MMW) radar stationary target detection algorithms have employed methods which exploit the geometric nature of targets and clutter in order to eliminate high amplitude clutter returns. Traditional adaptive amplitude thresholding techniques (e.g., constant false alarm rate, CFAR, processing) could not yield the desired high probabilities of detection because thresholds had to be set high enough to eliminate the high amplitude clutter. Man-made targets and high amplitude clutter tend to have different geometrical characteristics. In order to improve detection results while keeping false alarms to a minimum, these differences must be exploited.
MyStory: Scary Head…

This article consists of a critical autoethnographic study of the writer's personal experience, specifically detailing experiences while wearing a headscarf in academic and social environments.
Hypomethylating agents (HMAs) effect on myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm unclassifiable (MDS/MPN-U): single institution experience.

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative overlap neoplasms (MDS/MPNs) are rare myeloid disorders that comprise chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), juvenile m...
Relationship between Safety Culture and Transport Worker Health

2nd Highest Scoring Abstract: Researcher Background Recent examples of the relationship between Safety Culture, transportation worker's health and the public health is found in the derailment of major commuter trains in Seattle and New York, not to mention the catastrophic fire and explosion that let Forty-two people dead, with five more missing and presumed dead from workers failure to properly secure a set of tank cars loaded with highly flammable petroleum that derailed and burned down most of the town of Lac-Megantic, Quebec, Canada. Several regulatory factors and the underlying and pervasive Safety Culture that exists within an organization have recently begun to receive increased attention from public health and transportation safety professionals and government officials charged with regulating transportation. Moreover, descriptions of key factors that contribute to the makeup of a safety culture as well as new and psychometrically valid measures of safety culture have recently come in to use. However, this study seeks to remedy the fact that there is very little published data that provides concrete evidence of the empirical relationship between safety culture and the occurrence of accidents, injuries and other health benefits. Methods The 68-item Safety Culture Scale (Sherry & Colarossi, 2016) for the transportation industry was administered to employees of a global shipping company. Approximately 100+ vessels and their crews were invited to complete surveys using online and paper methods. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS. Results Results from N=1601 completed surveys indicate that Safety Culture is significantly related to the decreased reporting of injuries, near misses, and lost work time. Significant correlations were found between number of work injuries and employees’ perception that supervisors, co-workers and safety officers contributed to make the work place safe (r= -.123, -.137 and -.146,p Conclusions Results provide empirical support for the preventative role of organization safety culture in the transportation industry public health and safety. A strong safety culture supported by management, safety professionals, employees and coworkers was related to improved health and the reduction of work accidents and injuries.
INDUSTRIAL BACK PAIN COMPLAINTS : A BROADER PERSPECTIVE

Industry has looked to medicine for assistance in developing screening and prevention programs to reduce the problem of industrial back injuries. Unfortunately, little is known about the pathology underlying most back symptoms, and few risk factors for industrial back pain complaints have been clearly and consistently identified. These limitations in knowledge have placed obvious constraints on the design of effective intervention programs. Recent information on the importance of perceptions of the nonphysical work environment and other psychosocial factors provide a broader perspective of the industrial back pain problems that may lead to more enlightened and effective approaches.
Estimating Operational Risk Capital from Truncated Data

The idea of using the aggregated losses below threshold in context of shifted distributions was proposed in Rozenfeld, 2010. In this presentation the approach is extended to the truncated distributions. Additionally, the instability of the parameter and capital estimates due to fitting truncated data is explored.
Hospitalization Burden of Biliary Strictures and Cholangitis After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Abstract Background Postsurgical biliary disease in Roux-en-y and cholecystectomies has been investigated, but less literature exists regarding biliary complications after Whipple procedure (pancreaticoduodenectomy [PD]). Moreover, the hospital burden incurred after this complication has not been previously examined. The aim of this study is to assess the trends in hospitalization for biliary strictures and cholangitis after PD. Materials and methods The National Inpatient Sample identified all cases with a PD and a primary diagnosis of biliary complication in 2014. Cases were identified using the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modification codes. Primary outcomes were association of biliary complications with mortality, cost of admission, and length of stay. Results A total of 10,145 patients in 2014 were documented with a previous PD. Mortality was 50-fold greater without biliary complications (2.7% versus 0.05%), but a 95% increased length of stay (25.8 d versus 13.2 d, P = 0.014) and 70% increased cost of admission ($293,894 versus $165,862, P = 0.092) occurred with biliary complications. Regression analysis revealed increased length of stay in all cohorts (adjusted odds ratio: 14.3, P = 0.007) and increased cost of admission with cholangitis (adjusted odds: 458283, P = 0.00). Finally, there was increased biliary strictures, cost of hospitalization, and length of stay from 2011 to 2014. Conclusions Biliary disease due to the PD appears to longitudinally increase length of stay and cost of hospitalization. Compared with gastrointestinal bleed and delayed gastric emptying, biliary strictures and cholangitis are still very high acuity, requiring more extensive medical resources. Minimally invasive surgeries and robotics could play a vital role in minimizing biliary complications and the ensuing hospitalization burden.
History and status of the genera Enneanectes and Axoclinus (Teleostei: Blennioidei: Tripterygiidae)

The genus Enneanectes was established by Jordan and Evermann (in Jordan 1895), based on a specimen that was incorrectly identified as Tripterygium carminale Jordan and Gilbert, 1882. Brock (1940) selected Jordan and Evermann’s specimen as the neotype of Tripterygium carminale, thus transferring the name to another species. Subsequent authors have confused the issue further, at various times treating either of two biological species as the type species. We invoke provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to recognize Brock’s neotype designation and thus preserve prevailing usage of the genera Enneanectes and Axoclinus.
Seasonal treatment and economic evaluation of an algal wastewater system for energy and nutrient recovery

Algal systems have been proposed for treating wastewater while simultaneously recovering energy and nutrients. In this study, an integrated system with algal treatment of municipal wastewater followed by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) conversion and upgrading steps was evaluated. Pilot-scale treatment of primary clarified municipal wastewater effluent was evaluated in different seasons (cold, warm, and a transitional period in between) with different strains of algae selected for each season, and the warm season strain successfully met all local discharge regulations. The collected wastewater algae biomass was subjected to HTL at 300 and 350 °C and both energy and nutrient recoveries were much improved at the higher temperature. The transitional batch was found to have the highest biocrude oil yields, and its co-products had the highest nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) contents. Economic analysis of conversion processes informed by the observed HTL product yields was conducted. While this revealed that targeting biofuel products alone was not profitable, adding nutrient co-products (e.g., ammonium sulfate fertilizer), adjusting algae harvesting time, and incorporating component-specific conversion processes could substantially improve system economics. Overall, this study highlights connections between treatment and conversion processes, and demonstrates how these connections can be leveraged for more efficient resource recovery without compromising treatment operations.
42. WHAT DO YOU WANT TO LEARN OR WORK ON TODAY?: FEASIBILITY OF ASKING RESIDENTS FOR SELF-IDENTIFIED LEARNING GOALS IN THE PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Background In the unique clinical setting of the emergency department (ED), residents and preceptors may have only a short-term relationship, such as a single shift. This poses challenges to performing accurate learner assessment, selecting ideal instructional strategies, and providing substantive feedback. Objectives The aims of this study were to determine if implementing a formal process in which residents self-identified learning goals for their ED shifts was feasible and to characterize the goals that residents self-identified. We used the conceptual framework that learner-driven goal-setting would increase engagement in learning and teaching, which would promote reflective feedback and guided discovery learning in the pediatric ED. Methods In this prospective cohort study in the ED of an academic children's hospital, residents were prompted to write a learning goal for their shift on a study card. At the end of the shift, residents were asked three yes/no questions to determine if they had identified, accomplished, and received feedback related to their goal. Logistic regression was used to determine if shift time, number of residents on shift, PGY level, and residency program type were predictors of goal identification, accomplishment, and receiving feedback. Goals were categorized by the six ACGME core competencies. Results During the 19-week study period, residents completed 306 end-of-shift surveys (74% response rate) and identified 358 learning goals. Residents reported that they identified a goal 54% of the time, accomplished 89% of identified goals, and received feedback related to their goal 76% of the time. Residents were less likely to identify goals on evening shifts (odds ratio [OR]=0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.41-0.94). The odds of receiving feedback were greatest on an overnight shift (OR=3.66, 95% CI 1.87-7.14) and lowest on an evening shift (OR=0.19, 95% CI 0.10-0.37). The number of residents on shift, PGY level, and program type did not influence the odds of goal identification, accomplishment, or receiving feedback. Most learning goals related to Patient Care and Procedural Skills (56%) or Medical Knowledge (41%) competencies. Conclusions Asking residents to self-identify learning goals for their shifts in the pediatric ED is a feasible instructional strategy. Residents were able to identify, accomplish, and receive feedback related to their goals.
Economic Inequality: Income and What It Says about You

The sharp increase in open economic inequality that characterized the end of Soviet socialism was one of the consequences most deplored by the women I interviewed. In this chapter, I discuss Soviet and post-Soviet inequality and the challenges of comparing data for the two periods. I then present my interviewees’ views of the “New Russians”—those they believed had acquired their riches through privileged access, lack of regulation and unscrupulous means, their attitudes toward poverty, and their assessments of their own economic status. I also describe one woman’s innovative approach to helping disabled adolescents and young adults. Although the ultimate goal of Soviet communism was to create a classless society, achieving this proved impossible. Over the decades, the leaders struggled to find the right degree of income differentiation, widening the gap between top and bottom pay scales, then narrowing it, then widening it again. Too much economic inequality was ideologically unacceptable, while too little left economic planners and managers without the ability to use monetary incentives to motivate the labor force.
Geographic disparity in systemic sclerosis mortality in the United States: 1999–2017:

Introduction:Previous studies reported a progressive decrease in the systemic sclerosis mortality rates in the United States from 1959 to 2002. Identification of areas with clusters of higher morta...
Functional Anatomy of the Sensory Nervous System: Updates From the Neuroscience Bench:

The simple tripartite classification of sensory neurons as A-beta, A-delta, and C fibers fails to convey the complexity of the neurons that encode stimuli as diverse as the texture of a surface, the location of a pinprick, or the direction of hair movement as a breeze moves across the skin. It has also proven to be inadequate when investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying pain, which can encompass any combination of chemical, tactile, and thermal modalities. Beginning with a brief overview of visceral and sensory neuroanatomy, this review expands upon sensory innervation of the skin as a prime example of the heterogeneity and complexity of the somatosensory nervous system. Neuroscientists have characterized defining features of over 15 subtypes of sensory neurons that innervate the skin of the mouse. This has enabled the study of cell-specific mechanisms of pain, which suggests that diverse sensory neuron subtypes may have distinct susceptibilities to toxic injury and different roles in pathologic mechanisms underlying altered sensation. Leveraging this growing body of knowledge for preclinical trials and models of neurotoxicity can vastly improve our understanding of peripheral nervous system dysfunction, advancing the fields of toxicologic pathology and neuropathology alike.
The NCAA's Graduation Success Rate: How Successful Is It?.

The Graduation Success Rate (GSR) plays a critical role supporting the NCAA’s Collegiate Model of amateur college athletics. The NCAA created the GSR to correct a statistical bias in the legally mandated Federal Graduation Rate (FGR) that causes it to underestimate rates. But the GSR’s attempted correction causes it to overestimate rates. This paper reports the first estimate of the size of this statistical bias. The focus is on the big revenue sport of men’s basketball in the so-called Power Conferences. The small size of basketball squads allows a reasonably accurate estimate of GSR cohort sizes based on publically available data. This in turn enables the calculation of a “corrected” GSR. The results indicate that the GSR exaggeration is large, perhaps as much as 20 percentage points. This raises fundamental questions about the success of the GSR as a useful graduation rate metric.
HEART FAILURE WITH PRESERVED EJECTION FRACTION IS COMMON AND DOES NOT PREDICT OUTCOMES IN LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS

Right heart catheterizations (RHC) are often performed prior to liver transplantation (LT) to rule out significant portopulmonary hypertension. Many times, elevated left heart filling pressures are found consistent with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). Pre-transplant HFpEF has
Self-consistently renormalized spin-wave theory of layered ferromagnets on the honeycomb lattice

We develop a self-consistently renormalized spin-wave theory, within a mean-field approximation, for the two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnet with perpendicular easy-axis anisotropy on the honeycomb lattice, as well as its few-layer and bulk extensions. In this method, the magnetization dependence on temperature is found as the solution of the self-consistency equation. Furthermore, we account for the physical difference of surface and bulk layers by treating the layers as separate sublattices. Thus the method can be readily generalized to study various magnetic phenomena in a broad range of systems, including those comprising magnetically inequivalent sublattices. Using our theory, we calculate the temperature-dependent magnetization for two chromium-based layered van der Waals insulating magnets, ${\mathrm{Cr}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{6}$ and ${\mathrm{CrI}}_{3}$, employing various sets of Heisenberg exchange and single-ion anisotropy values reported for these materials in the existing literature. As expected, we observe a strong dimensionality effect where the ordering temperature is reduced and its sensitivity on the anisotropy is enhanced with the decrease of dimensionality.
The Dread Wayfarer: Philoctetes’ Foot

This chapter explores the wounded foot in Sophocles’ Philoctetes in connection with the theme of displacement. Starting from questions about metaphorical language and illness raised by Susan Sontag, the chapter analyzes the beginning of Sophocles’ play. A careful reading of key words in Sophocles’ Greek shows how the fallen hero’s foot stands out as a challenge to the equivalence that we moderns ordinarily make between material, concrete objects and literal meaning. And by observing that Philoctetes, Oedipus, and Odysseus are wanderers with comparable foot-related problems, this study interprets Philoctetes’ illness as an identity crisis in which his wounded foot functions as both a symptom and an underlying cause.
Effects of Exercise on Blood Pressure and Autonomic Function and Other Hemodynamic Regulatory Factors

The autonomic nervous system is important for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis in daily living. Improper autonomic function (i.e., the set of neurological control systems regulating and maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis, particularly heat rate and blood pressure) can lead to cardiovascular disease such as hypertension. This chapter discusses the role of the autonomic nervous system in hypertension and the effect of exercise on the autonomic nervous system in restoring cardiovascular health. Within, the reader will find a tutorial of the anatomy and physiology of the autonomic nervous system. Various common techniques for assessing autonomic function are also included in this discussion. The chapter finishes with a review of the literature pertaining to the acute (short-term or immediate) and chronic (i.e., long-term or training) effects of exercise on autonomic function.
Sequences and Series of Functions

In this chapter, our final one, we bring together a number of ideas that we saw in previous chapters. We learned about sequences of numbers in Chapter 8, and series of numbers in Chapter 9. In the present chapter we study sequences and series of functions, which we will then use to further our study of power series (which was commenced in Section 9.5), and finally to construct a continuous but nowhere differentiable function, a fitting point at which to conclude our study of introductory real analysis.
Image-Processing Techniques for Tumor Detection

Image-processing techniques for tumor detecttiom , Image-processing techniques for tumor detecttiom , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
A Universal Self-Organization Mechanism for Role-Based Organic Computing Systems

An Organic Computing system has the ability to autonomously (re-)organize and adapt itself. Such a system exhibits so called self-x properties (e.g. self-healing) and is therefore more dependable as e.g. some failures can be compensated. Furthermore, it is easier to maintain as it automatically configures itself and more convenient to use because of its automatic adaptation to new situations. On the other hand, design and construction of Organic Computing systems is a challenging task. The Organic Design Pattern (ODP) is a design guideline to aid engineers in this task. This paper describes a universal reconfiguration mechanism for role-based Organic Computing systems. If a system is modeled in accordance with the ODP guideline, reconfiguration can be implemented generically on the basis of an of-the-shelf constraint solver. The paper shows how Kodkod can be used for this and illustrates the approach on an example from production automation.
Targeting tumor glycolysis by a mitotropic agent

Metabolic reprogramming is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Altered metabolism in cancer cells is exemplified by enhanced glucose utilization, a biochemical signature that is clinically exploited for cancer diagnosis using positron-emission tomography and computed tomography imaging. Accordingly, disrupting the glucose metabolism of cancer cells has been contemplated as a potential therapeutic strategy against cancer. Experimental evidences indicate that targeting glucose metabolism by inhibition of glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation promotes anticancer effects. Yet, successful clinical translation of antimetabolites or energy blockers to treat cancer remains a challenge, primarily due to lack of efficacy and/or systemic toxicity. Recently, using nanotechnology, Marrache and Dhar have documented the feasibility of delivering a glycolytic inhibitor through triphenylphosphonium (TPP), a mitotropic agent that selectively targets mitochondria based on membrane potential. Furthermore, by utilizing gold nanoparticles the investigators also demonstrated the potential for simultaneous induction of photothermal therapy, thus facilitating an additional line of attack on cancer cells. The report establishes that specific inhibition of tumor glycolysis is achievable through TPP-dependent selective targeting of cancer cells. This nanotechnological approach involving TPP-guided selective delivery of an antiglycolytic agent complemented with photothermal therapy provides a new window of opportunity for effective and specific targeting of tumor glycolysis.
Model for flow of Casson nanofluid past a non-linearly stretching sheet considering magnetic field effects

Present work deals with the magneto-hydro-dynamic flow and heat transfer of Casson nanofluid over a non-linearly stretching sheet. Non-linear temperature distribution across the sheet is considered. More physically acceptable model of passively controlled wall nanoparticle volume fraction is accounted. The arising mathematical problem is governed by interesting parameters which include Casson fluid parameter, magnetic field parameter, power-law index, Brownian motion parameter, thermophoresis parameter, Prandtl number and Schmidt number. Numerical solutions are computed through fourth-fifth-order-Runge-Kutta integration approach combined with the shooting technique. Both temperature and nanoparticle volume fraction are increasing functions of Casson fluid parameter.
Objectives of an effective inventory control system.

Quantitative decision-making processes are examined as they relate to hospital pharmacy inventory control. The objective of an inventory-control system is to make inventory decisions that minimize the total cost of inventory, which is distinctly different from minimizing inventory. It is often more expensive to run out of an item (and thus be forced to obtain it through more expensive channels) than simply to keep more units in stock. Several models have been proposed in the literature for minimizing the total cost of inventory through the use of an economic order quantity, which attempts to balance the carrying costs of inventory with the cost of running out of an item. Most pharmacy inventory decisions involve replenishment--how much to order, when to decide to order, and when to place the order. There are three costs associated with pharmacy inventory: (1) carrying costs, (2) shortage costs, and (3) replenishment costs. Many of the proposed models (which are discussed in detail in the article) make certain assumptions that do not hold in the realm of hospital pharmacy. For instance, the "costs" associated with running out of a drug product used in critical care might well involve increased morbidity and mortality, clearly an unacceptable situation. However, the basic tenets of these inventory-control systems should be examined by hospital pharmacy managers and applied when appropriate. The availability of microcomputers and relatively powerful spreadsheets will increase the utility of complex models of inventory control that are too complicated for manual calculations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Body mass of prefledging Emperor Geese Chen canagica: Large-scale effects of interspecific densities and food availability

We studied body mass of prefledging Emperor Geese Chen canagica at three locations across the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta, Alaska, during 1990-2004 to investigate whether large-scale variation in body mass was related to interspecific competition for food. From 1990 to 2004, densities of Cackling Geese Branta hutchinsii minima more than doubled and were c. 2-5x greater than densities of Emperor Geese, which were relatively constant over time. Body mass of prefledging Emperor Geese was strongly related (negatively) to interspecific densities of geese (combined density of Cackling and Emperor Geese) and positively related to measures of food availability (grazing lawn extent and net above-ground primary productivity (NAPP)). Grazing by geese resulted in consumption of >= 90% of the NAPP that occurred in grazing lawns during the brood-rearing period, suggesting that density-dependent interspecific competition was from exploitation of common food resources. Efforts to increase the population size of Emperor Geese would benefit from considering competitive interactions among goose species and with forage plants.
RELIGIOUS REALISM IN FOREIGN POLICY: LESSONS FROM VATICAN II

Abstract The U.S. democratization strategy is being compromised by the foreign policy establishment's suspicion of religion, and the principles articulated in the Dignitiatis Humanae can provide an important corrective to America's faltering effort to foster Islamic democracy. A full understanding that the search for religious truth is a universal part of human nature and necessary for human flourishing would lead to greater practical incorporation of religious ideas, leaders, and dialogues in foreign policy, evident especially in better integration of the State Department's Office of International Religious Freedom.
A model gas turbine combustor with wall jets and optical access for turbulent mixing, fuel effects, and spray studies

A model laboratory reactor is presented and characterized for the study of spray-fired combustion in a swirl-stabilized, complex, three-dimensional flow representative of a gas turbine combustor. The reactor features optical access for non-intrusive diagnostics, and clean boundary conditions for modeling. The aerodynamic and thermal fields are characterized using laser anemometry and a thermocouple probe respectively. The droplet size and droplet velocity fields are resolved using phase Doppler interferometry. The performance of the reactor is found to be representative of a practical combustor with a well defined dome region primary zone, a secondary zone between the two rows of wall jets in which reaction persists, and a relatively well-mixed and cool dilution zone. A parametric study of the dome geometry indicates that the structure of the dome region recirculation is relatively insensitive to a change from a step to a 45° divergent dome expansion. A parametric study of the dome swirl, primary jet, and dilution jet flows shows that the primary air provides closure to the dome recirculation and enhances the turbulent mixing. The reactor is attractive for studies of turbulent mixing, fuel effects, and spray dynamics in this class of flows.
Occultations by possible rings in Saturn's outer magnetosphere - 1982-1985

The presence of particulate rings in the outer magnetosphere of Saturn is suggested by Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft low energy plasma ion data analyses. For each of the 14 stars near which Saturn passes, the table presented furnishes the date or dates on which the occultation would occur and the star's SAO catalog number. Of these 14 star occultations due to the hypothesized rings projected for the August 1982-December 1985 period, three stars are also occulted by Saturn and its known rings.
Impact of Rater Characteristics and Prosodic Features of Speaker Accentedness on Ratings of International Teaching Assistants' Oral Performance.

Few prior studies have examined degree of fidelity between raters' assessments of oral performances and objectively observable prosodic indices of accentedness. Prosodic indices of accentedness quantify trait-relevant variance, whereas rater background variables represent trait-irrelevant variance. The present study, therefore, investigated the extent to which raters' background characteristics and instrumentally measured prosodic indices of speakers' accentedness jointly influenced the rating of oral performances. Seventy U.S. undergraduate students rated the speaking and teaching proficiency of 11 international teaching assistants (ITAs). Using the PRAAT computer program, 5 min of continuous speech from each of the ITAs were instrumentally analyzed for a number of indices of speech rate, pausing, stress, and intonation. Dependent variables were undergraduates' ratings of ITA oral proficiency and instuctional competence. Rater background variables such as the listener's native speaker status and experien...
Energy dependence of the NN t matrix in the optical potential for elastic nucleon-nucleus scattering

The influence of the energy dependence of the free NN t matrix on the optical potential of nucleon-nucleus elastic scattering is investigated within the context of a full-folding model based on the impulse approximation. The treatment of the pole structure of the NN t matrix, which has to be taken into account when integrating to negative energies, is described in detail. We calculate proton-nucleus elastic scattering observables for {sup 16}O, {sup 40}Ca, and {sup 208}Pb between 65 and 200 MeV laboratory energy and study the effect of the energy dependence of the NN t matrix. We compare this result with experiment and with calculations where the center-of-mass energy of the NN t matrix is fixed at half the projectile energy. It is found that around 200 MeV the fixed energy approximation is a very good representation of the full calculation; however, deviations occur when going to lower energies (65 MeV). {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
The Social Stress Model of Substance Abuse among Childbearing-Age Women: A Review of the Literature:

The Social Stress Model of Substance Abuse has been derived from numerous psychosocial theories and models. This model suggests that the likelihood of an individual engaging in drug abuse is influenced by the stress level and the extent to which it is offset by stress modifiers such as social networks, social competence and resources. This article synthesizes current empirical evidence for this model. Thirteen primary research studies of women are synthesized and described, with special attention to the four key constructs inherent in the model: stress, social networks, social competencies, and resources. Consistencies and inconsistencies in the findings, a critique of key methodological issues, implications for future research, and implications for clinical policy and practice are provided.
Dental treatment in the cardiothoracic intensive care unit for patients with ventricular assist devices awaiting heart transplant: a case series.

Objective This report aims to describe the dental protocol for treating in the intensive care unit patients with end-stage heart failure who have had ventricular assist devices (VADs) emergently implanted as a bridge to heart transplant. This protocol permitted the rendering of safe and effective dental care in this setting and did not result in near-term (1-30 days) excessive hemorrhage, local and systemic infection, or contamination of the VAD. Study Design This descriptive cross-sectional study by the University of California, Los Angeles, Hospital Dental Service examined the dental care of 9 patients (mean age, 50 ± 12.9 years) with class IV stage D heart failure. Results Nine patients, 22 days (mean) after VAD placement, received dental treatment after intravenous prophylactic antibiotics and maintenance of prior anticoagulation, antiplatelet, or antithrombin regimen. Eight patients had extractions (mean, 4; range, 1-12), and one of them also required scaling and root planing (SRP) of the remaining teeth. A ninth individual only required SRP of 4 quadrants. No adverse outcomes developed. Conclusions Emergent removal of active dental disease in patients with VAD awaiting heart transplant can be safely accomplished using established protocols with extended vigilance.
Zooplankton Abundance and Diversity in Central Florida Grass Carp Ponds

The effect of the Asian grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) upon the zooplankton in three adjacent experimental ponds (0.139 ha each) was studied for one year. The ponds contained nine species of aquatic macrophytes. Grass carp were stocked into Pond 1 (65 per ha) and Pond 2 (611 per ha) three months after the study was started. At the time of stocking, physichochemical and biological parameters were similar among the ponds. Grass carp did not affect water quality and had little direct or indirect effect upon the zooplankton in the ponds. The abundance and species diversity of zooplankton (number of species, Shannon Index, and Simpson Index) were not significantly different (P < 0.05) between ponds prior to grass carp stocking. After stocking with grass carp, the number of species and species diversity were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) between Pond 1 (low grass carp stocking rate) and Pond 2 (high grass carp stocking rate). Additionally, significant differences (P < 0.05) in populations between ponds were found for Lecane luna, Monostyla bulla, Lepadella ehrenbergii, Polyarthra sp., and Synchaeta sp. Temporal variation rather than grass carp was probably responsible for those differences. The number of zooplankton per group (Rotifera, Cladocera, and Copepoda) and species diversity were not significantly different (P<0.05) between ponds containing different stocking rates of grass carp. During the study, zooplankton were collected with a shallow-water sampler. No significant differences (P < 0.05) between collections were found for the sampler and a No. 20 mesh nylon zooplankton net.
Design optimization of a six meter toroidal grating monochromator

Abstract We summarize the results of a comprehensive ray tracing study of a 6-m toroidal grating monochromator. The ray tracing program incorporates a realistic characterization of the synchrotron radiation source as well as the set of holographically ruled toroidal gratings. Several optical configurations consisting of ellipsoidal mirrors and toroidal mirrors are studied including options which incorporate a translating exit slit. The result of the study is an optimized optical design which yields excellent energy resolution and transmitted flux over the applicable energy range (20–180 eV).
James Bell Benedict 11 November 1938 to 8 March 2011

James Bell Benedict passed away at the age of 72 on 8 March 2011 at his mountain home located within the area of the Tertiary erosion surface of the Front Range, Colorado. His decades of research f...
A randomized, double-blind, dose-response study of ondansetron in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting

Abstract Study Objective: To determine the dose-response relationship of ondansetron in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in women undergoing elective surgery. Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Setting: University-affiliated hospital. Patients: 175 women aged 18 to 80 years scheduled for elective surgery. Interventions: One of six doses of ondansetron (0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg, 8 mg, 16 mg) or placebo was given prior to the induction of general anesthesia with propofol. Maintenance was with nitrous oxide, isoflurane, opioid, and muscle relaxant. Measurements and Main Results: The study period began when the patient emerged from anesthesia. Nausea scores were recorded on a 0 to 10 scale at multiple time points during the 24-hour study period. Patient satisfaction via a visual analog scale (VAS) was determined at 1 and 24 hours after awakening. Rescue medication was given for severe nausea, three emetic episodes within 15 minutes, or if requested by the patient. The primary efficacy variable was the need for rescue antiemetic therapy. The dose-response curve (by logistic regression) of the percentage of patients not rescued versus dose indicated an ED50 of 0.54 mg (95% confidence interval 0.03–1.05 mg). Fewer patients required rescue in the 4 mg dose group compared with lower doses. However, the difference reached significance only in comparison with the 0.5 mg dose group. Survival analysis of the need for rescue, and nausea score versus time curves, also both suggested the superiority of the 4 mg dose compared with lower doses. In addition, there was a highly significant correlation between the lack of need for rescue and satisfaction with anesthesia at 24 hours after emergence. Conclusion: The recommended dose of ondansetron for PONV prophylaxis in women remains 4 mg.
Renormalization and elimination of preacceleration and runaway solutions of the Lorentz-Dirac equation

Abstract By exact explicit solution it is shown that the Lorentz-Dirac equation with radiation reaction and proper initial conditions does not violate causality, even if the force is nonanalytic. We also show that if the equation is correctly renormalized there are no runaway solutions.
Jimpy mouse: in vitro studies of brain sphingolipid biosynthesis.

Microsomal preparations from brains of Jimpy mice are able to synthesize only 10–20% as much galactosylceramide as preparations from control littermates. Synthesis of glucosylceramide and ketodihydrosphingosine is only slightly impaired.