cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aortic dissection masquerading as gastrointestinal disease.

Presentation of aortic dissection (AD) typically includes chest and/or abdominal pain. Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms other than abdominal pain are uncommon. Two patients with AD are described in whom the dominant presenting symptom was GI hemorrhage. Mesenteric infarction complicated acute Type I dissection in one patient whose clinicalo manifestations simulated ulcerative colitis. In the other patient an old, small asymptomatic Tupe III AD resulted in a false aneurysm in the retroperitoneum which ruptured into the duodenum. In the latter case an antemortem diagnosis was not made as angiography was limited to the visceral arteries and the abdominal aorta without appreciation of the significance of a focal compression of the abdominal aorta. The possibility of AD thus should also, be considered in the evaluation of a patient with acute GI bleeding.
Stabilization of a Neutral-Beam—Sustained, Mirror-Confined Plasma

We report results of plasma confinement experiments with an auxiliary warm-plasma component flowing along magnetic field lines to suppress ion-cyclotron instabilities. The reduced plasma losses, with the lower fluctuation amplitude, permits neutral-beam build-up of a 13-keV deuterium plasma to densities as high as 4 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ corresponding to peak beta values of 0.4. Variation of the beam energy demonstrates that longer confinement times are achieved at higher ion energies.
Tests of random matrix theory in nuclei

Abstract The fluctuation properties of nuclear states and transitions are now used as a signature for chaos. We review the status of these properties in nuclei.
A Comparison of Male and Female Directors in Popular Pornography: What Happens when Women Are at the Helm?.

Pornography is a lucrative business. Increasingly, women have participated in both its production, direction, and consumption. This study investigated how the content in popular pornographic videos created by female directors differs from that of their male counterparts. We conducted a quantitative analysis of 122 randomly selected scenes from 44 top-renting adult videos in 2005 (half male- and half female-directed). Findings revealed that all films shared similar depictions: Verbal and physical aggression was common, women were the primary targets of aggression, and negative responses to aggression were extremely rare. Compared to male-directed films, female-directed films were significantly more likely to portray women-only scenes and sexual acts. Even when controlling for main characters' gender, female-directed films showed significantly more female perpetrators aggressing against female targets and significantly more depictions of women as perpetrators of aggression. We highlight the importance of ec...
"Curas, Dones y Sodomitas": sexual moral discourses and illicit sexualities among priests in Colonial Mexico

This article analyzes how the Church, the Inquisition, and the Crown controlled and shaped colonial subjects, especially in terms of sexuality. It also looks at the interaction of social class and race and the way in which colonial subjects dealt with these social institutions. This essay seeks to shed light on the history of sexuality in New Spain, through an analysis of sodomy cases involving clergymen and these cases’ impact in colonial institutions. An examination of sodomy can increase one’s understanding of related sexuality and gender issues and, as the archival research done for this investigation has shown, may help clarify seemingly unrelated issues regarding social class and ethnicity.
Duplex scanning of normal or minimally diseased carotid arteries : correlation with arteriography and clinical outcome

This study evaluated the role of duplex scanning in the management of patients with normal or minimally diseases carotid arteries. Carotid duplex scans were interpreted according to previously established criteria and considered normal when pulsed Doppler spectral waveforms showed laminar flow or only minor flow disturbances. Normal flow patterns were noted by duplex scanning in 100 carotid bifurcations of 72 patients who also underwent carotid arteriography. Neurologic symptoms (amaurosis fugax, transient ischemic attack, or stroke) were present in relation to 23 arteries and absent in relation to 77 arteries. On the 23 symptomatic sides arteriography was interpreted as normal in eight, 1% to 15% stenosis in 14, and 16% to 40% stenosis in one. For the 77 asymptomatic sides, arteriography showed normal vessels in 15, 1% to 15% stenosis in 43, and 16% to 40% stenosis in 19. One symptomatic patient was treated by carotid endarterectomy for an irregular 1% to 15% stenosis. None of the asymptomatic lesions were in the range of 80% to 99% stenosis, which would justify endarterectomy for asymptomatic disease. Clinical follow-up for a mean interval of 28 months on 20 of the 22 symptomatic patients not undergoing surgery revealed no strokes and transient recurrent symptoms in two patients. Assuming that the single operation in this study was indicated, duplex scanning correctly identified lesions not requiring carotid endarterectomy in 96% (22/23) of the symptomatic patients. A normal duplex scan also predicted a benign clinical outcome without operation. Duplex scanning can reliably exclude surgically treatable carotid bifurcation lesions in asymptomatic patients, and endarterectomy is rarely indicated in symptomatic patients with normal duplex scan results. This study supports a nonoperative therapeutic approach for most patients with neurologic symptoms and a normal carotid duplex scan on the appropriate side.
Thermal expansion and structural transformations of stuffed derivatives of quartz along the LiAlSiO4-SiO2 join: A variable-temperature powder synchrotron XRD study

The structural behavior of stuffed derivatives of quartz within the Li1− x Al1− x Si1+ x O4 system (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) has been studied in the temperature range 20 to 873 K using high-resolution powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD). Rietveld analysis reveals three distinct regimes whose boundaries are defined by an Al/Si order-disorder transition at x=∼0.3 and a β–α displacive transformation at x=∼0.65. Compounds that are topologically identical to β-quartz (0 ≤ x axes. Landau analysis provides quantitative evidence that the charge-coupled substitution of Li+Al for Si in quartz dampens the α–β transition. With increasing Li+Al content, the low-temperature modifications exhibit a marked decrease in spontaneous strain; this behavior reflects a weakening of the first-order character of the transition. In addition, we observe a linear decrease in the α–β critical temperature from 846 K to near 0 K as the Li+Al content increases from x=0 to x=∼0.5.
A One-Day Centralized Work-up for Kidney Transplant Recipient Candidates: A Quality Improvement Report

Background Waiting time for a kidney transplant is calculated from the date the patient is placed on the UNOS (United Network for Organ Sharing) waitlist to the date the patient undergoes transplant. Time from transplant evaluation to listing represents unaccounted waiting time, potentially resulting in longer dialysis exposure for some patients with prolonged evaluation times. There are established disparities demonstrating that groups of patients take longer to be placed on the waitlist and thus have less access to kidney transplant. Study Design Quality improvement report. Setting & Participants 905 patients from a university-based hospital were evaluated for kidney transplant candidacy, and analysis was performed from July 1, 2004, to January 31, 2010. Quality Improvement Plan A 1-day centralized work-up was implemented on July 1, 2007, whereby the transplant center coordinated the necessary tests needed to fulfill minimal listing criteria. Outcome Time from evaluation to UNOS listing was compared between the 2 cohorts. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were created to assess the relative hazards of waitlist placement comparing 1-day versus conventional work-up and were adjusted for age, sex, race, and education. Results Of 905 patients analyzed, 378 underwent conventional evaluation and 527 underwent a 1-day center-coordinated evaluation. Median time to listing in the 1-day center-coordinated evaluation compared with conventional was significantly less (46 vs 226 days, P Limitations Single center, retrospective. Variables that may influence transplant practitioners, such as comorbid conditions or functional status, were not assessed. Conclusions A 1-day center-coordinated pretransplant work-up model significantly decreased time to listing for kidney transplant.
High-accuracy large-vocabulary speech recognition using mixture tying and consistency modeling

Improved acoustic modeling can significantly decrease the error rate in large-vocabulary speech recognition. Our approach to the problem is twofold. We first propose a scheme that optimizes the degree of mixture tying for a given amount of training data and computational resources. Experimental results on the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) Corpus show that this new form of output distribution achieves a 25% reduction in error rate over typical tied-mixture systems. We then show that an additional improvement can be achieved by modeling local time correlation with linear discriminant features.
String/flux tube duality on the light cone

The equivalence of quantum field theory and string theory as exemplified by the AdS/CFT correspondence is explored from the point of view of light cone quantization. On the string side we discuss the light cone version of the static string connecting a heavy external quark source to a heavy external antiquark source, together with small oscillations about the static string configuration. On the field theory side we analyze the weak/strong coupling transition in a ladder diagram model of the quark-antiquark system, also from the point of view of the light cone. Our results are completely consistent with those obtained by more standard covariant methods in the limit of infinitely massive quarks.
Possibility of social critique in an indeterminate world

To treat social and political questions normatively is to treat them in terms of "rightness" or "justice" or other notions of normative correctness. The claim to correctness is a claim to moral authority. Yet normative correctness can only be a matter of interpretation, of judgment; to judge is to interpret (unless we suppose the existence of objective and necessary criteria of correctness a supposition I discuss below). The application of norms is itself a judgment, one ever problematic because ever contested by a variety of mutually incompatible answers to the question: what is the source and validity of the norms that an individual or group actually employs, of the norms that a community or society should employ?
Frontline support at Princeton University: a centralized and decentralized approach

Frontline support and maintenance for desktop hardware and software systems at Princeton University has been uniquely structured, allowing the benefits of centralization and the freedom of decentralization.The decentralized SCAD/DCS (Support for Computing in Academic Departments/Department Computing Support) program is set up so that each department has their own support personnel with specialized access to all of the information from the centralized Office of Information Technology. The SCAD participates in monthly meetings with others in the program, along with representatives from the central Office of Information Technology. They are offered specialized training and certification programs determined by the needs of the departments and the direction of technology of the University. Departments are able to remain autonomous while garnering the benefits of a campus wide central administration.The centralized 24x7 Support and Operations Center provides telephone, instant message and e-mail consulting for general technical questions and issues as well as University business application support, support for the telephone system and operator services for the main University telephone number. Any member of the University community can call or write for assistance.This paper will discuss the funding, staffing and scheduling models for the respective programs, as well as talk about how the two programs balance and collaborate with each other and the other support resources at the University.
Fifty years of the integrated control concept: the role of landscape ecology in IPM in San Joaquin valley cotton

In defining the integrated control concept, Stern, Smith, van den Bosch and Hagan described 'understanding the ecosystem' as a key underpinning of the concept. In following years, Stern and van den Bosch continued to refine and expand the role of the ecological landscape. They and their colleagues developed cultural practices that took advantage of this understanding to limit the need of pesticide intervention in cotton in the San Joaquin Valley during the 1960s and 1970s. Research and extension activities in the intervening years built upon those fundamental concepts using geospatial tools and analytical techniques to refine current understanding and develop ecological landscape level approaches to manage Lygus hesperus (Knight) in San Joaquin Valley cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.) and more recently G. barbadense (L.). The result has been a significant drop in insecticide use against L. hesperus, with less than one application per season during the 1990 s and early 2000s.
Accessible blog posts with windows live writer

Windows Live Writer is a desktop application for publishing to blogs. This paper demonstrates the ways in which Writer enables blog authors to publish accessible HTML to blogs without extra effort, knowledge of HTML or awareness of accessibility.
IL-10 production by CD4+ effector T cells: a mechanism for self-regulation

The development of Th1 lymphocytes is essential for cell-mediated immunity and resistance against intracellular pathogens. However, if left unregulated, the same response can cause serious damage to host tissues and lead to mortality. A number of different paracrine regulatory mechanisms involving distinct myeloid and lymphoid subpopulations have been implicated in controlling excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines by Th1 cells. Much of this work has focused on interleukin (IL)-10, a cytokine with broad anti-inflammatory properties, one of which is to counteract the function of Th1 lymphocytes. While studying the role of IL-10 in regulating immunopathology during infection with the intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii, we discovered that the host-protective IL-10 derives in an autocrine manner from conventional interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing T-bet(+) Foxp3(neg) Th1 cells. In the following review, we will discuss these findings that support the general concept that production of IL-10 is an important self-regulatory function of CD4(+) T lymphocytes.
Emigration of Leptorhynchoides thecatus (Acanthocephala) in Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)

Leptorhynchoides thecatus, an acanthocephalan of centrarchid fishes, occurs in the pyloric ceca and the anterior intestine of green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus. One wk post-laboratory infection, L. thecatus is found in the pyloric ceca and the anterior portion of the intestine of green sunfish, but by 3 wk postinfection, worms are present only in the pyloric ceca. This study investigated whether differential mortality (higher mortality in the intestine than in the ceca) or anteriad emigration is responsible for localization in the ceca. Chi-square analysis was performed on data obtained from 149 1-worm laboratory infections. No significant difference was found in the number of worms recovered during the course of the study; therefore, differential mortality as a mechanism for worm localization is unlikely. Furthermore, there was a decrease in prevalence of intestinal worms with a concurrent increase in prevalence of cecal worms. It is concluded that L. thecatus is localized in the pyloric ceca of green sunfish due to anteriad emigration. This emigration appears to be complete by day 2 post infection.
U–Th–Pb isotope data indicate phanerozoic age for oxidation of the 3.4 Ga Apex Basalt

Abstract The occurrence of ferric oxides in Archean rocks has played an important role in discussions on the amount of free oxygen in the atmosphere of the ancient Earth. Recognizing that post-Archean weathering may also produce oxide minerals, drill cores have been used to obtain samples beneath the depth of Phanerozoic weathering. The first core of the Archean Biosphere Drilling Project (ABDP-1) documented hematite as alteration products in 3.4 Ga basalts from the Marble Bar area of the Pilbara Craton, NW Australia, and this has been used to infer the presence of an O2-bearing atmosphere in the Archean. It is possible, however, that despite recovery of samples from > 100 m depth, oxidation of the basalts occurred much younger than the depositional age. In this study, the age of oxidation of the Apex Basalt from the ABDP-1 drill core at Marble Bar is constrained by U–Th–Pb geochronology. Lead and U concentrations of the basalts from the ABDP-1 drill core vary greatly, between
Avian influenza and the failure of public rationing discussions.

The flu has an interesting history with respect to health care rationing in the United States. Consider that just about two years ago, the American public faced a shortage of influenza vaccine. Dire predictions were made about how many people might perish, and rationing protocols were created. However, many of the rationing protocols were ignored. Luckily, that flu season did not result in the horrible fatalities that were predicted. For these reasons, problems of health care rationing around issues of the flu were postponed, rather than resolved. Over the last year, the public has focused its anxious attention on the possible avian influenza pandemic. Last week I noticed that at least once each day I heard mention in some discussion or another of the threat of this disease becoming easily transmissible from human to human.
Amino acid synthesis in Europa's subsurface environment

It has been suggested that Europa's subsurface environment may provide a haven for prebiotic evolution and the development of exotic biotic systems. The detection of hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid, water, hydrates and related species on the surface, coupled with observed mobility of icebergs, suggests the presence of a substantial subsurface liquid reservoir that actively exchanges materials with the surface environment. The atmospheric, surface and subsurface environments are described with their known chemistry. Three synthetic schemes using hydrogen peroxide, sulfuric acid and hydrocyanic acid leading to the production of larger biologically important molecules such as amino acids are described. Metabolic pathways based on properties of the subsurface ocean environment are detailed. Tidal heating, osmotic gradients, chemical cycling, as well as hydrothermal vents, provide energy and materials that may support a course of prebiotic evolution leading to the development or sustenance of simple biotic systems. Putative organisms may employ metabolic pathways based on chemical oxidation–reduction cycles occurring in the putative subsurface ocean environment.
Hyperosmotic pressure on HEK 293 cells during the growth phase, but not the production phase, improves adenovirus production

Hyperosmotic stress has been widely explored as a means of improving specific antibody productivity in mammalian cell cultures. In contrast, a decrease in cell-specific productivity of adenovirus production has been reported in several studies in which virus production in HEK 293 cell cultures was conducted under hyperosmotic conditions. However, production of viral vectors and, in particular, adenoviral vectors is the result of two consecutive phases: the growth phase and the virus production phase. In this study, the singular and combined effects of osmolality on the phases of cell growth and virus production were evaluated in culture media with osmolalities ranging from 250 to 410mOsm. A two-factor, five-level full factorial design was used to investigate the effect of osmotic stress on cell physiology, as determined through the characterization of cell growth, cell metabolism, cell viability, cell cycle, cell RNA and total protein content, and total virus yield/cell-specific virus productivity. Overall, the results show that the growth of cells under hyperosmotic conditions induced favorable physiological states for viral production, and the specific virus productivity was improved by more than 11-fold when the medium's osmolality was increased from 250 to 410mOsm during the cell growth phase. Both hypo- and hyperosmotic stresses in the virus production phase reduced virus productivity by as much as a factor of six. Optimal virus productivity was achieved by growing cells in media with an osmolality of 370mOsm or greater, followed by a virus production phase at an osmolality of 290mOsm. Compared to standard culture and production conditions in isotonic media, the shift from high to low osmolality between the two phases resulted in a two- to three-fold increase in virus yields. This hyperosmotic pressure effect on virus productivity was reproduced in five different commercial serum-free media.
Females experience a more severe disease course in batten disease

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL; CLN3 disease; Batten disease) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease of childhood. Symptoms typically present at school age with vision loss followed by progressive cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, seizures, and behavior problems. Studies on sex differences in JNCL have yielded mixed results, but parent anecdotes suggest that females experience a more precipitous disease course. Therefore, we sought to determine if sex-based differences exist in JNCL. We used data from the Unified Batten Disease Rating Scale (UBDRS), the Batten Disease Support and Research Association (BDSRA) database, and the PedsQL quality of life (QoL) survey to evaluate sex-based differences in functional independence and time from symptom onset to death. On average, females had JNCL symptom onset one year later and death one year earlier than did males. Despite a later age at onset, females had lower functional capability, earlier loss of independent function, and lower physical QoL. Future research in sex differences in JNCL may help to further understand the biological mechanisms underpinning the disease course and may point to targeted therapies.
Insulin inhibition of hormone and theophylline induced glycerol release in isolated adipocytes

Abstract The ability of insulin to inhibit the norepinephrine, theophylline and ACTH induced glycerol release from isolated fat cells was investigated. At concentrations of 100 μ units/ml, beef insulin was capable of blocking by about 50% the glycerol release produced by a mideffective concentration of norepinephrine. At 1 m unit/ml complete inhibition of the glycerol release by as much as 5 × 10 −7 M norepinephrine was produced. Similar findings were noted with theophylline where 100 μ units/ml of insulin inhibited about 45% of the glycerol release caused by a mideffective concentration of theophylline. The lipolytic effect of ACTH was also inhibited by insulin and this inhibition appeared to be greater than that seen when norepinephrine or theophylline was used as the lipolytic agent.
Hybrid Measurement Chains for the SAS-C Spacecraft

Spacecraft electronic systems usually demand tight packaging. It was this consideration which initially forced us to consider hybrid circuits for the analog signal processing circuits in the Small Astronomy Satellite-C (SAS-C) scientific payload. We gradually discovered that increased reliability, low power consumption, and reduced program costs all followed. This paper will attempt to share our laboratory's first experience with hybrid circuits and indicate those areas which we found to be important.
SU‐E‐J‐127: An Initial Application of Evaluating Lung Tumor Motion Throughout Radiotherapy

Purpose: We present a novel method for evaluating lungtumor motion incorporating planning CT scan,imaging for patient localization, and during treatment delivery. Methods:Tumor motion is evaluated at three stages of the treatment process. Following the acquisition of 4D CT scans for treatment planning,tumors are contoured at one phase and registered to other phases to obtain tumor motion patterns. Tumor motion prior to each treatment is evaluated by identifying tumors directly on every raw projection of the daily localization CBCT scans. Finally, tumor motion during treatment is evaluated by analyzing MV treatment beam images. Every frame of image is evaluated as three components, each with separate DRRs: all non‐moving structures, the tumor, and other moving structures. The locations of three components are determined though a registration process. In order to quantify tumor motion, the cumulated probability, the percentage of time when the tumor motion is equal to or smaller than a given range, is evaluated at every stage. Results: This methodology has been applied to five lungcancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. More than 5400 frames from MV treatment beam images and 24 CBCT scans were acquired from 12 fractions. Both the average tumor position and the cumulated probability with the range were evaluated. The tumor motion ranges are generally larger than those obtained from 4D CT. Significant variation in motion patterns was observed as well. Conclusions: Information obtained from 4DCT is insufficient for motion assessment. In contrast, our novel methodology is capable of accurately characterizing lungtumor motion on a daily basis, without the need for implanted fiducial markers and without additional imaging dose. It provides daily verification that the tumor range is within prior estimates and covered by the treatment planning volume. This research is supported by CPRIT Individual Investigator Award RP110329.
CARCINOMA OF CECUM ASSOCIATED WITH INTUSSUSCEPTION.

Intussusception in adults is uncommon and, in contrast to children, is usually caused by an intrinsic lesion of the intestine. The diagnosis of intussusception is seldom made in adults before operation which is probably related to its infrequency and to the unusual manifestations. Carcinoma of the cecum has been encountered as a cause of intussusception in three patients on the pavilion surgical service of The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center over a six-year period. The diagnostic and therapeutic considerations which have been suggested by these patients stimulated this report. Report of Cases Case 1. —A 78-year-old white woman first noted intermittent right lower quadrant pain approximately one year prior to admission. The pain increased in severity two months before admission and during the last four weeks was associated with one or two loose stools daily. The patient had not suffered from nausea, vomiting, or melena. She reported a 70-pound weight
Structural features of λ site-specific recombination at a secondary att site in galT

Abstract Integration of bacteriophage λ DNA into the chromosome of its E. coli host proceeds via a site-specific recombination between specific loci ( att sites) on the phage and bacterial chromosomes. Infection of an E. coli host deleted for the primary bacterial att site results in λ integration with reduced efficiency at a number of different "secondary att sites" scattered around the E. coli chromosome. The first DNA sequence analysis of such a secondary att site, that occurring in the gal T gene, is reported here, and several features pertinent to the mechanism of int -dependent site-specific recombination are discussed. Previous studies have shown that the crossover in int -dependent recombination must be somewhere within a 15 bp sequence (core region) common to the phage and primary bacterial att sites, as well as to the left and right prophage att sites which are at the junctures between prophage and host DNA. Comparison of the gal T secondary prophage att sites with the primary prophage att sites allows determination of the analogous "core" region in the gal T secondary att site. The 15 bp sequence thus identified shows an interrupted homology (8 out of 15) with the wild-type core. The extent and arrangement of nonhomologous bases allow precise placement of the crossover point for this recombination to the +4–+5 internucleotide bond of the core region. Sequences flanking the core region show no obvious homology with analogous sequences of the phage or primary bacterial att sites. Comparison of the gal T left prophage att site with the analogous wild-type site is of particular interest and is discussed in relation to binding studies with purified int protein.
Quantitative FT-IR spectrometry of blood constituents

The evaluation of blood constituents can provide a powerful clinical diagnostic tool. Improvements in technology point to continuous non-invasive measurements and optical techniques seem to be a viable approach. To assess feasibility, albumin, cholesterol, ethanol, glucose, lactic acid and urea were measured in-vitro using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The peak height and corresponding peak area of the spectra were computed for concentration prediction. This univariate method was compared with partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) multivariate routines. The standard errors of calibration obtained were: albumin (49.1 mg/dl), cholesterol (7.8 mg/dl), ethanol (7.8 mg/dl), glucose (10.2 mg/dl), lactic acid (3.3 mg/dl) and urea (8.4 mg/dl).
Quantitative Elemental Analysis of Solid Samples by Arf-Excimer Laser-Ablated atomic Emission Spectrometry

Abstract Quantitative analysis of chromium in standard low alloy steel samples by excimer laser ablated plasma atomic emission spectrometry was obtained. A calibration curve was developed which related the chromium concentration in a solid steel matrix to the intensity ratio of Cr(I) 520.84 nm to Fe(I) 516.75 nm. The chromium concentration determined ranged from 0.062 to 1.31 %. A detection limit of 20 μg/g (approximately 0.002 %) was estimated.
Vectored immunoprophylaxis protects humanized mice from mucosal HIV transmission

The vast majority of new HIV infections result from relatively inefficient transmission of the virus across mucosal surfaces during sexual intercourse. A consequence of this inefficiency is that small numbers of transmitted founder viruses initiate most heterosexual infections. This natural bottleneck to transmission has stimulated efforts to develop interventions that are aimed at blocking this step of the infection process. Despite the promise of this strategy, clinical trials of preexposure prophylaxis have had limited degrees of success in humans, in part because of lack of adherence to the recommended preexposure treatment regimens. In contrast, a number of existing vaccines elicit systemic immunity that protects against mucosal infections, such as the vaccines for influenza and human papilloma virus. We recently demonstrated the ability of vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) to prevent intravenous transmission of HIV in humanized mice using broadly neutralizing antibodies. Here we demonstrate that VIP is capable of protecting humanized mice from intravenous as well as vaginal challenge with diverse HIV strains despite repeated exposures. Moreover, animals receiving VIP that expresses a modified VRC07 antibody were completely resistant to repetitive intravaginal challenge by a heterosexually transmitted founder HIV strain, suggesting that VIP may be effective in preventing vaginal transmission of HIV between humans.
Differential social evaluation of pregnant teens, teen mothers and teen fathers by university students

Youth may be particularly attuned to social evaluation during the teen years with implications for physical and mental health. Negative attitudes and stereotypes constitute an important type of social evaluative threat. Pregnant and parenting teens not only encounter challenges associated with their early transition to parenthood, but also are confronted with unfavourable attitudes of others. A university sample of 255 men and women responded to surveys targeting their feelings and beliefs about pregnant teens, teen mothers and teen fathers. Teen mothers were generally perceived more positively than pregnant teens who were perceived more positively compared to teen fathers. Social evaluations were generally unrelated to respondents' sex or race, but respondents who had contact with a friend or family member who had experienced a teen pregnancy were selectively more positive, as were freshmen compared to seniors. Risks attributed to early childbearing may be exacerbated by negative social evaluations.
ELASTIC ALPHA-PARTICLE SCATTERING AT 8.75, 9.35, AND 10.15 MeV.

Abstract The angular distributions of elastically scattered alpha particles have been measured for the natural targets of Be, C, O, Al, Ca and Ni at lab energies of 8.75, 9.35 and 10.15. Fairly good optical-model fits can be made except for 16 O and for 12 C at 10.15 MeV where an extra oscillation appears in the diffraction-like pattern. The energy dependence of the oxygen data is pronounced, and the optical model does not appear to be valid at these energies. The variation of best-fit, optical model parameters was studied with an automatic search routine. In the final analysis geometric parameters for a given nucleus were fixed at average values and a more or less consistent set of best-fit parameters was obtained for the three energies. However, the corresponding best-fit values of the real potential varied widely from nucleus. For the three heaviest nuclei, the values of the radius parameter are larger and the diffuseness parameter smaller than reported at higher energies.
Gate Oxide Long-Term Reliability of 4H-SiC MOS Devices

Reliability of the gate oxide on SiC is a pressing concern for deploying SiC MOS-based devices in real systems. While good projected oxide reliability was obtained recently under highly accelerated test conditions, indication that such projection may not be valid at lower operating fields was also reported. In this work, results from long-term TDDB stress (over 7 months) at 6 MV/cm and 300 °C on 4H-SiC MOS capacitors is reported. We confirm that lifetime projection from high-field data continues to be valid and no change in field acceleration factor is observed. The discrepancy between our results and the early prediction of poor reliability is examined.
The Effect of Irradiation on Normal and Neoplastic Brain Tissue

Introduction2 The use of roentgen rays in the treatment of brain tumors has at one time or another aroused great interest both in the neurosurgeon and radiologist. At various periods more or less hopeful claims have been made for the roentgen therapy of brain tumors. Some have felt that in certain types of tumors this mode of treatment offered a real hope as against surgery. On the whole, however, the general trend has been to use roentgen therapy as an adjunct to surgical treatment, particularly in the case of gliomata which have been found on exposure to be inoperable and inaccessible. Conflicting reports have resulted from this tendency, and we are in more or less of a dilemma concerning the efficacy of the roentgen ray in prolonging the life of individuals with inoperable gliomata. With recent advances in our knowledge of the gliomata and of their varied structure, further opportunity is offered to study the several types of tumors of this sort, in order to determine their sensitivity to roentgen rays. This is all the more important because most of our studies have been confined to a consideration of the clinical improvement following surgery and roentgen therapy without due appraisal of the actual changes to be noted in the irradiated tissue itself, changes which might be attributed to irradiation. We have attempted, therefore, in this study to determine what effects the roentgen rays have upon gliomata of different types, and at the same time to evaluate the changes wrought in the normal brain tissue in irradiated cases.
Comparison of frequency-response calibration techniques for wide-bandwidth photodetectors

The measurement of the frequency response of a photodiode typically involves comparing the measured frequency response to a previously calibrated photodiode or optical receiver. We compare three different techniques for calibrating the reference photodiode. Two techniques use modulated light, one with an optical modulator and one by mixing two lasers operating at different frequencies (a heterodyne system). A third method uses a short optical pulse formed by gain-switching a laser diode.
Effects of Improving Transportation Infrastructure on Competitiveness in World Grain Markets

Abstract South America has emerged as a major competitor of the United States in world grain markets. Spatial models of the international corn and soybean economies are used to evaluate the effect of recent and expected improvements in transportation infrastructure in South America on competitiveness in world grain markets. Results suggest these improvements yield noteworthy gains in South America with producer revenues increasing over $1 billion/year and annual exports increasing 3.28 million tons. As a result of the added efficiency and increased exports, world prices decline and projected exports and producer revenues in the United States decline 1.37 million tons and $290 million, respectively. Although the absolute losses in the United States are significant, they represent a fraction (< 1.4%) of total revenues and exports.
A mathematical theory of the affective psychoses

The theory introduces two variables ϕ and ψ. The first represents the intensity of emotion, the second measures the intensity of activity. A set of integrodifferential equations is assumed to govern the variation of ϕ and ψ with respect to time. Since for increasing values of ϕ the conduct of the organism varies from great impassivity through a normal level of feeling to extremes of a circular depression or catatonic excitement; whereas an increase of ψ results in a transition from stupor to manic excitement, the solutions of the equations represent quatitative specifications of different psychotic states.
Experienced and Novice Teachers’ Concepts of Spatial Scale

Scale is one of the thematic threads that runs through nearly all of the sciences and is considered one of the major prevailing ideas of science. This study explored novice and experienced teachers’ concepts of spatial scale with a focus on linear sizes from very small (nanoscale) to very large (cosmic scale). Novice teachers included undergraduates in science teacher education and students enrolled in a Masters of Arts in Science Teaching Program. Experienced teachers included students enrolled in a Master of Science Program. Participants’ knowledge of conceptual categories of size, scale accuracy, and experiences learning scale were assessed. Results showed both experienced and novice teachers were most accurate in their knowledge of human scale (1 m or body length) and both groups were more accurate with large scale than small scale. Experienced teachers held more accurate concepts of small‐scale measurements such as the nanometre than novice teachers. There was evidence that being able to directly exp...
One-Pot Conversion of Azides to Protected Guanidines via the Staudinger Reduction; Synthesis and Utilization of the Phe-Arg Hydroxyethylene Dipeptide Isostere

During the course of the synthesis of the Phe-Arg hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere [1] as a potential inhibitor of botulinum neurotoxin A we developed a simple one-pot reduction/guanylation procedure for the conversion of alkyl azides to N, N’-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)guanidines. Herein we describe this procedure and discuss progress made towards incorporating this isostere into a 17-mer peptide chain.
Processing‐morphology relationships of compatibilized polyolefin/polyamide blends. Part I: The effect of an lonomer compatibilizer on blend morphology

The morphology of compatibilized polyolef in/polyamide blends was found to be significantly dependent on the concentration of an ionomer compatibilizer (polyethylene-methacrylic acid-isobutyl acrylate terpolymer) in the blend. For a dispersed phase content of 10% by weight, a maximum reduction in phase size was observed when only 0.5% by weight of ionomer was added to the blend, A more significant reduction of the dispersed phase size was observed when the minor phase was nylon, due to interactions which exist between the ionomer and the polyamide. These interactions have been confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At high concentrations of the ionomer, flocculation of the nylon dispersed phase was observed. In comparison to one-step mixing, blends prepared by two-step or batch mixing were characterized by a smaller dispersed phase when nylon was the matrix, and a larger particle size when nylon was the minor phase. The results observed are explained in terms of a speculative model of the interactions occurring across the nylon-polvolefin interface.
Criteria for the design of experiments to measure differential cross sections and other polynomial distributions

Abstract The criteria presented in this paper enable an experimenter to select a set of positions at which a distribution should be measured in order that the resulting set of measurements should determine the distribution most efficiently, i.e., with minimum uncertainty for a given expenditure of time, effort, or money. The results are applicable to the measurement of any distribution that can be represented by a finite-degree polynomial in the independent variable or in some function of the independent variable. Thus, for example, the criteria can be used to select a set of angles at which measurements of the particle flux would most efficiently determine the corresponding differential cross section or polarization distribution. In particular, we determine the positions at which a polynomial distribution should be sampled in order to minimize a given linear combination of the sample variances in the resultant estimated values of the polynomial coefficients. It is shown that an approximate minimum of this quantity can be obtained even when the only a priori information about the distribution to be measured is that it is a polynomial of finite degree. Criteria are given also for the selection of measurements that provide “most sensitive” tests of hypotheses about the degree of the distribution. The analysis makes possible the use of a computer to program (and control) suitable experiments in order to attain a desired objective most efficiently.
Orbit-averaged implicit particle codes

The merging of orbit-averaged particle code techniques with recently developed implicit methods to perform numerically stable and accurate particle simulations are reported. Implicitness and orbit averaging can extend the applicability of particle codes to the simulation of long time-scale plasma physics phenomena by relaxing time-step and statistical constraints. Difference equations for an electrostatic model are presented, and analyses of the numerical stability of each scheme are given. Simulation examples are presented for a one-dimensional electrostatic model. Schemes are constructed that are stable at large-time step, require fewer particles, and, hence, reduce input-output and memory requirements. Orbit averaging, however, in the unmagnetized electrostatic models tested so far is not as successful as in cases where there is a magnetic field. Methods are suggested in which orbit averaging should achieve more significant improvements in code efficiency.
Estimation of lower crust magnetization from satellite derived anomaly field

Various lines of evidence point to the lower crust as the source of the long-wavelength magnetic anomaly field measured by the POGO and Magsat satellites. Using seismically determined lower crust thicknesses and equivalent source inversion of the satellite anomaly data, magnetization for the lower crust for much of the United States has been calculated. The average magnetization for two hundred sixty-six 150 x 150 km areas is 3.5 A/m with a standard deviation of 1.1 A/m. These values are consistent with laboratory measurements of mafic-ultramafic rocks expected in the lower crust, and in agreement with previous estimates of lower crust magnetization based on long-wavelength aeromagnetic data. Average lower crust thickness for the same areas is 18.2 km (sigma = 6.4). Thus, over large regions, it appears that variation in magnetization and variation in magnetic layer thickness contribute almost equally in causing the anomaly field variation at satellite altitude.
Phases of higher-order terms in the topological expansion.

We give here the general rules for determining the relative phases of higher-order terms in the topological expansion. We treat separately topological amplitudes and their discontinuities. Phases associated with the various discontinuities of a given topological amplitude are found to be (-1)/sup n/, where n is the total number of quark loops in the intermediate state. Further rules are also given for determining the relative phases for the different topological contributions to the same process. Based on these results, the effects of higher-order terms can now be studied.
Public opinion and knowledge about childhood sexual abuse in a rural community.

Abstract Objectives: To explore the knowledge and attitudes of the general public about child sexual abuse (CSA) through a population-based survey. Method: A survey was completed by 246 respondents living in Klamath Falls, a small city in rural eastern Oregon. Specific areas of inquiry included who respondents believed were likely perpetrators of CSA, when a child was most likely to disclose sexual abuse, whether respondents believed that children would be truthful, reasons a child might not acknowledge that they had been sexually abused, what respondents knew about how CSA could be diagnosed, and what attitudes respondents thought that a sexually abused child might have towards the perpetrators of their abuse. Finally, respondents were asked how they would report a suspected case of CSA and about their receptivity to personal safety training to prevent CSA. Results: While significant proportions of respondents were fairly knowledgeable about CSA, gaps in knowledge were found in all age groups and ethnic groups. Groups with the most significant knowledge deficits about CSA included men, unmarried respondents, respondents who had not had children, respondents in younger age groups, respondents of Latino descent, and respondents with low incomes or low education. Respondents were most likely to report CSA to their physician or the police. There is community interest in training about CSA and its prevention. Conclusion: These data indicate that significant deficits as well as strengths in knowledge about CSA exist in this rural community, and identify populations to which community education about CSA could be directed.
Upwind relaxation methods for the Navier-Stokes Equations using inner iterations

A subsonic and a supersonic problem are respectively treated by an upwind line-relaxation algorithm for the Navier-Stokes equations using inner iterations to accelerate steady-state solution convergence and thereby minimize CPU time. While the ability of the inner iterative procedure to mimic the quadratic convergence of the direct solver method is attested to in both test problems, some of the nonquadratic inner iterative results are noted to have been more efficient than the quadratic. In the more successful, supersonic test case, inner iteration required only about 65 percent of the line-relaxation method-entailed CPU time.