cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Largest separable balls around the maximally mixed bipartite quantum state

For finite-dimensional bipartite quantum systems, we find the exact size of the largest balls, in spectral ${l}_{p}$ norms for $1l~pl~\ensuremath{\infty},$ of separable (unentangled) matrices around the identity matrix. This implies a simple and intuitively meaningful geometrical sufficient condition for separability of bipartite density matrices: that their purity $\mathrm{tr}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}$ not be too large. Theoretical and experimental applications of these results include algorithmic problems such as computing whether or not a state is entangled, and practical ones such as obtaining information about the existence or nature of entanglement in states reached by nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computation implementations or other experimental situations.
Computational experiments on the intramolecular energy flow in macromolecules

Abstract The microscopic details of the flow of energy in a single chain of polyethylene containing 300 atoms is discussed. The intramolecular dynamics of the polyethylene molecule is studied as a function of CH stretch excitation, temperature, and pressure. The rate of energy flow from CH stretching modes is found to be very rapid and irreversible, occurring on a timescale of less than 0.5 ps at low temperatures, and increases with temperature. A general characteristic two-phase energy flow behavior is observed, where there is initially a very rapid flow (due to the decay of the initial excitation) followed by a slower flow (due to energy redistribution throughout the system). The mechanism for the initial facile energy flow is shown to involve strong resonant pathways. In particular, a CH stretch/HCH bend Fermi (1:2) resonance is shown to dominate the short-time dynamics and facilitates the overall process of energy redistribution. The increase in the rate of energy flow as a function of the backbone temperature is found to be due to the increase in the density of the bath states for energy redistribution which subsequently results in the formation of new low-order resonant interactions (1:1, etc). The long-time dynamics, associated to complete redistribution of the initial CH stretch energy with all of the 894 available vibrational modes, occurs within a time of 2 ps. This timescale corresponds to the time for intramolecular redistribution. A comparison of the intramolecular redistribution time to that of intermolecular redistribution (redistribution in the condensed or solid phase as opposed to a single chain) is also made. A preliminary study of energy flow in a crystal of polyethylene (system containing 19 polyethylene chains) shows that the energy flow exhibits two very different time behaviors. The first is for the intramolecular redistribution as in the single chain study and the second is for intermolecular (chain-to-chain) redistribution. The timescale for intermolecular redistribution is found to be on the order of 0.2 ns at room temperature and pressure, about two orders of magitude larger than the intramolecular timescale.
5-HT3 receptors mediate rapid responses in cultured hippocampus and a clonal cell line.

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) induces a large inward current accompanied by a conductance increase when applied focally to either neurons of mouse hippocampal cultures or cells of the NG108-15 clonal cell line. In both systems, the response is blocked by ICS 205–930, curare, and metoclopramide, while 2-methyl-5-HT is an agonist. The actions of ICS 205–930 and 2-methyl-5-HT indicate that the response is mediated by the 5-HT 3 receptor. In NG108-15 cells the response activated in as little as 35 ms. The rapidity of the response suggests a direct coupling between the 5-HT 3 receptor and a channel, which are probably both part of a single membrane protein. In both cell types, prolonged application of 5-HT resulted in desensitization; the rates of desensitization were accelerated by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin. The 5-HT 3 receptor has much in common with the nicotinic receptor and is probably involved in rapid synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain. Since this response is modulated by manipulations that elevate intracellular CAMP levels, the central synapses in which this receptor operates may exhibit plasticity.
Hydraulic Fracturing: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future?

With the introduction of hydraulic fracturing technology, the United States has become the largest natural gas producer in the world with a substantial portion of the production coming from shale plays. In this review, we examined current hydraulic fracturing literature including associated wastewater management on quantity and quality of groundwater. We conclude that proper documentation/reporting systems for wastewater discharge and spills need to be enforced at the federal, state, and industrial level. Furthermore, Underground Injection Control (UIC) requirements under SDWA should be extended to hydraulic fracturing operations regardless if diesel fuel is used as a fracturing fluid or not. One of the biggest barriers that hinder the advancement of our knowledge on the hydraulic fracturing process is the lack of transparency of chemicals used in the practice. Federal laws mandating hydraulic companies to disclose fracturing fluid composition and concentration not only to federal and state regulatory agencies but also to health care professionals would encourage this practice. The full disclosure of fracturing chemicals will allow future research to fill knowledge gaps for a better understanding of the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on human health and the environment.
Spectra of atomic Rydberg states in strong magnetic fields

Abstract Transition frequencies and intensities for exited states of atomic hydrogen in a strong magnetic field are calculated by Fourier transformation of dipole moments computed using classical trajectories. We consider states with n = 30 and Lz = 1 for fields of up to 7 T. Spectra for states labeled as librators and rotators are found to be qualitatively different, especially for the spectral component perpendicular to the field. In addition to the zero-field Kepler line, a new intra-manifold transition is located at low frequency. The frequencies and intensities are found to be sensitive functions of the field strength, and of the particular state of the Coulomb manifold involved.
Attachment Security and the Problem-Solving Behaviors of Mothers and Children

Attachment security may predict the development of competence by influencing how preschoolers solicit and receive help from their mothers during shared problem solving. Based on attachment and help-seeking literatures, we expected that preschoolers with lower security would request help more quickly and in unnecessary circumstances and express frustration and inability attributions more often than children with more secure attachments. Their mothers were expected to provide direct solutions rather than indirect assistance (e.g., hints). Thirty-six preschoolers (mean age 58 months; 17 boys, 19 girls) and their mothers were observed in manageable and difficult problem-solving tasks. As expected, children with lower security scores made more unnecessary help-seeking bids and inability statements, were more frustrated, and asked for help more quickly; differences were observed on easy and difficult tasks. Maternal behavior, however, did not differ.
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO CHLOROFORM IN A COASTAL URBAN ENVIRONMENT.

Sources contributing to human exposure to chloroform have been identified in the environment. A general approach has been followed to compare hemispheric background concentrations to those .in a co...
An analysis of changes in the characteristics of emigrating Farmers and Laborers from the Hamburg Passenger lists: 1855–1857, 1875–1877, and 1880

Abstract This study examines a sample from the Hamburg Emigration Lists in the years 1855–1857, 1875–1877, and 1880 to determine whether changing conditions that would affect expected net benefits of migrants wrought changes in the quantifiable characteristics of emigrating Farmers and Laborers. The analysis follows a human capital model of migration. The data present evidence of a decrease in the expected benefits among Farmers but weaker evidence for a decrease for Laborers.
Hydrothermal transport of heavy metals by seawater: The role of seawater/basalt ratio

Abstract Seawater reacted with basaltic glass at 260°C and 500 bars under water-dominated conditions (50 : 1 water/rock ratio) efficiently leached and maintained heavy metals in solution. Cu, Zn, and Ba are transferred in significant proportions to the aqueous phase, while Fe and Mn attain concentrations of 45 and 20 ppm respectively as the basalt is completely made over to magnesian smectite. High metal solubility is a function of acidity maintained by large excess of dissolved Mg and equilibria with the alteration phase. Metal concentrations and relative proportions are consistent within limits required for metal-rich fluid which produced East Pacific Rise metalliferous sediments. Experiments mixing metal-bearing altered seawater and normal seawater were carried out as a qualitative indicator of sea-floor precipitation processes. Bulk composition of the precipitates are strongly influenced by mixing ratio. Precipitates range from silica-magnesium rich under low dilution by seawater to essentially pure ferric hydroxide under conditions of high dilution.
Abstract 5392: Angiocidin induces differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant proliferative disorder where blast stage cells fail to terminally differentiate and accumulate in the blood and bone marrow. AML represents a very significant health risk in the general population with rising incidence in aging adults. From 2004-2008 the median age at diagnosis was 67.8 years and it is estimated 12,950 adults will be diagnosed with 9,050 deaths from AML leukemia in 2011 (http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/amyl.html, accessed November 2011). Standard AML therapy requires intensive combination chemotherapy with a low rate of durable remissions often requiring stem cell transplantation and associated with significant treatment-related toxicity, especially in elderly patients. Due to this toxicity, the majority of elderly patients are not eligible for therapy. Therefore, new therapeutic options for the treatment of AML are urgently needed. In this study, we present evidence that the human protein angiocidin, discovered in our laboratory, has the potential to be used as a novel, non-toxic therapy for AML. We found that angiocidin can induce both AML cell lines and primary patient cells to increase expression of surface markers characteristic of a more normal differentiated phenotype. We evaluated expression of CD14, a major receptor for the innate immune system in macrophages, CD54 or ICAM-1, the major adhesion receptor used by macrophages for endothelial transmigration, and CD15, a neutrophil phagocytosis receptor. Expression of these receptors was measured by flow cytometry after cells were cultured for 24 hours in media alone or media containing 10 μg/ml angiocidin. Angiocidin up-regulated these receptors by more than 10 fold in 50% of the AML cells tested. The AML cells included the cell line THP-1 and 11 primary AML patient cells. Angiocidin up-regulated CD14 and CD54 in THP-1 cells and in 3 out of 5 M5 phenotype AML patient cells tested and 1 M4 AML phenotype out of 6 M4 samples tested. Angiocidin also up-regulated CD15 in 1 M4 AML patient phenotype out of 6 M4 patient cells tested. These results suggest that angiocidin can differentiate AML cells and therefore has the potential to be developed as differentiation therapy for AML. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5392. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5392
Polyhedral water clusters, I: Formal consequences of the ice rules

Abstract Polyhedral water clusters (PWCs) are (H2O)n clusters in which every oxygen is 3-coordinated. An analog of the Bernal–Fowler ice rules, when combined with graph-theoretic facts about polyhedra, leads to a rich variety of mathematical relationships regarding structural descriptors of PWCs. These relationships are developed and rigorously proved. The emphasis is on relationships involving four structural parameters which are correlated with the electronic energy of PWCs. Principal results are the recognition of the importance of three levels of information in the H-bonding pattern of a PWC; the definition and classification of the ‘F-components’ and ‘L-components’ of a PWC; a method for generating all PWCs obeying the ice rules for a given polyhedral pattern; and a method based on the four-color theorem for producing low energy PWCs that have a property called ‘contiguity two’.
Opioid mediated effects on the immune system: sympathetic nervous system involvement

Opioids have been hypothesized to suppress parameters of immune function by acting within the central nervous system to increase the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Production of catecholamines and adrenocorticoids have been demonstrated to be responsible for many of the observed immunomodulatory effects which occur following opioid administration. In general, the sympathetic nervous system has been shown to play a role in regulating lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell activity as well as several other parameters of immune function. Here, we will focus primarily on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in modulating opioid induced immunosuppression. The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is reviewed elsewhere in this issue.
Pore pressure during metamorphism of carbonate rock: effect of volumetric properties of H 2 O–CO 2 mixtures

The molar volume of mixtures of CO2 and H2O is a strong function of the fluid composition. Both CO2 and H2O participate in the metamorphism of carbonate rocks, resulting in a change in the fluid composition during reaction. One of the effects of the change in composition is the increase in pore-fluid pressure with only small increases in extent of reaction, ξ. Pressure calculated from the volumetric properties of CO2–H2O mixtures at 400 °C increases greatly with small increases of ξ but drops at greater values because of the increase in pore volume as a result of ΔV solid. The pore pressure increase at small values of ξ, though, readily exceeds the reported tensile strength of carbonate rocks, and the rock cannot sustain significant reaction without fracturing. The result of a small amount of reaction is a fractured rock with increased permeability, which promotes fluid transport.
Memories of Conquest: Becoming Mexicano in Colonial Guatemala. By Laura E. Matthew. (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2012. Pp. ix, 318. $45.00.)

In 1524, shortly after the fall of Tenochtitlan to the Spanish, a military campaign was sent from Mexico to Guatemala, one in a series led by Spanish subordinates of Hernan Cortes into Central Amer...
Correlation of Molecular and Functional Effects of Mutations in Cardiac Troponin T Linked to Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: AN INTEGRATIVE IN SILICO/IN VITRO APPROACH*

Nearly 70% of all of the known cTnT mutations that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy fall within the TNT1 region that is critical to cTn-Tm binding. The high resolution structure of this domain has not been determined, and this lack of information has hindered structure-function analysis. In the current study, a coupled computational experimental approach was employed to correlate changes in cTnT dynamics to basic function using the regulated in vitro motility assay (R-IVM). An in silico approach to calculate forces in terms of a bending coordinate was used to precisely identify decreases in bending forces at residues 105 and 106 within the proposed cTnT “hinge” region. Significant functional changes were observed in multiple functional properties, including a decrease in the cooperativity of calcium activation, the calcium sensitivity of sliding speed, and maximum sliding speed. Correlation of the computational and experimental findings revealed an association between TNT1 flexibility and the cooperativity of thin filament calcium activation where an increase in flexibility led to a decrease in cooperativity. Further analysis of the primary sequence of the TNT1 region revealed a unique pattern of conserved charged TNT1 residues altered by the R92W and R92L mutations and may represent the underlying “structure” modulating this central functional domain. These data provide a framework for further integrated in silico/in vitro approaches that may be extended into a high-throughput predictive screen to overcome the current structural limitations in linking molecular phenotype to genotype in thin filament cardiomyopathies.
Two Thermodynamic Optima in the Design of Sensible Heat Units for Energy Storage

The paper presents a treatment of sensible-heat energy storage units as systems intended to store useful work. An analysis of the thermodynamic irreversibilities associated with storing energy from a hot gas source as sensible heat in huge liquid baths points out two important trade-offs. First, there exists an optimum well-defined quantity of hot gas to be used in order to maximize the useful work stored in the liquid bath. Using more than this optimum quantity in the hope of maximizing the amount of thermal energy stored as sensible heat leads to severe thermodynamics losses. Second, there exists an optimum relationship among the gas-liquid heat-exchanger design parameters which minimizes the system irreversibility while maximizing its capability of storing useful work. This relationship provides a procedure for estimating the heat-exchanger optimum number of transfer units. The existence of the two optima demonstrates that designing sensible heat units for maximum thermal energy storage does not necessarily amount to thermodynamically optimizing such systems.
The Stigma of Privilege: Racial Identity and Stigma Consciousness Among Biracial Individuals

Racial identification is a complex and dynamic process for multiracial individuals, who as members of multiple racial groups have been shown to self-identify or be identified by others differently, depending on the social context. For biracial individuals who have white and minority ancestry, such identity shifting (e.g., from minority to white, or vice versa) may be a way to cope with the threats to their racial identity that can be signaled by the presence or absence of whites and/or minorities in their social environment. We examine whether stigma con- sciousness (Pinel in J Pers Soc Psychol 76(1):114-128, 1999; i.e., the chronic awareness of the stereotyping and prejudice that minorities face) interacts with the sociocul- tural context to predict social identity threat, belonging, and racial identification. Using experience sampling methodology, minority/white biracial individuals (27 Asian/white, 22 black/white, and 26 Latino/white) reported the racial composition of their environment, social identity threat for their component racial identities, overall feelings of belonging, and racial identification over a 1-week per- iod. Results suggest that stigma consciousness predicts the extent to which biracial people identify with their white background and experience belonging in different racial contexts. We discuss racial identity shifting in response to context-based threats as a protective strategy for biracial people, and identity where participants' sociocultural contexts and experiences with racial identity and threat differ as a result of their minority racial group or ascribed race.
Long-wavelength infrared instrumentation.

I have no novelties nor new results to bring to you since my recent work is in the region, λλ < 20. Accordingly, I am constrained to give a summing up of my long-wavelength experience--aimed to be appropriate now when this spectral region is burgeoning.
Ion-containing polymers: new energy & clean water

New generations of materials are being sought as solid-state electrolytes that facilitate fast ion conduction in mechanically robust, yet thin, polymer membranes. Breakthroughs in device performance will usher in new applications and wide-spread adoption of novel power source technology as ion-conducting polymers are engineered to lower the ionic resistance in fuel cells and batteries, facilitate ion transfer and increase reaction rates at the electrolyte-electrode interface, and increase a device's tolerance to environmental excursions of temperature and relative humidity. This article describes the current state-of-the-art in our understanding of water-facilitated ion transport in polymeric membranes and provides some directions for future endeavors in the field, such as anion exchange membranes. Additionally, ties between ion-conducting polymer electrolytes and water treatment membranes are made to illustrate that the underlying mechanisms that control ion transport in fuel cell membranes may also be harnessed to catalyze the development of new membrane materials for water purification.
On the Interaction of Theory and Data in Concept Learning

Standard models of concept learning generally focus on deriving statistical properties of a category based on data (i.e., category members and the features that describe them) but fail to give appropriate weight to the contact between people's intuitive theories and these data. Two experiments explored the role of people's prior knowledge or intuitive theories on category learning by manipulating the labels associated with the category. Learning differed dramatically when categories of children's drawings were meaningfully labeled (e.g., “done by creative children”) compared to when they were labeled in a neutral manner. When categories are meaningfully labeled, people bring intuitive theories to the learning context. Learning then involves a process in which people search for evidence in the data that supports abstract features or hypotheses that have been activated by the intuitive theories. In contrast, when categories are labeled in a neutral manner, people search for simple features that distinguish one category from another. Importantly, the final study suggests that learning involves an interaction of people's intuitive theories with data, in which theories and data mutually influence each other. The results strongly suggest that straight-forward, relatively modular ways of incorporating prior knowledge into models of category learning are inadequate. More telling, the results suggest that standard models may have fundamental limitations. We outline a speculative model of learning in which the interaction of theory and data is tightly coupled. The article concludes by comparing the results to recent artificial intelligence systems that use prior knowledge during learning.
Thermal stability of dye-sensitized solar cells with current collecting grid

Abstract Several endurance tests were carried out to investigate thermal stability of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC). In the case of applying an ionic liquid-based electrolyte, no obvious leakage of electrolyte components such as iodine was detected on keeping the cell at 85 °C. In addition, double-sealing package was applied to the cell by way of separate cell components from outer moisture. Based on the result, large-sized DSCs with current collecting Ag grid were fabricated, and over 1000 h stability of the cell was accomplished under the heat and humidity environment (85 °C, 85% RH). It was also showed almost no degradation of the performance under the heat and cool cycle stress (−40 and 90 °C) for more than 200 cycles.
A-B type and the relationship between police officers and ghetto citizens.

Police officers identified by A-Bstatus interviewed black, male ghetto citizens with the goal of eliciting personal information. Contrary to predictions, As were not more successful than Bs and, further, Bs were better liked by the citizens and tended to be rated as more trustworthy. In turn Bs rated the citizens as more likable than did the A.Citizens interviewed by As tended to rate themselves as less active and potent following the interview than did citizens interviewed by Bs. The value of the complementary hypothesis in interpreting the results was noted, as well as the contribution of the citizens social class to the superior performance of the Bs.
Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion.

Abstract The effect of phosphatidyinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) on mouse sperm–egg interaction was investigated in this study to determine if glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are involved in mammalian fertilization. When both sperm and zona-intact oocytes were pretreated with a highly purified preparation of PI-PLC and coincubated, there was no significant effect on sperm–zona pellucida binding; however, fertilization was reduced from 59.6% (control group) to 2.8% (treatment group). A similar reduction in fertilization rates was found when zona-intact oocytes were treated with PI-PLC and washed prior to incubation with untreated sperm. The effect of PI-PLC on sperm binding and fusion with zona-free oocytes was then investigated. Treatment of sperm with PI-PLC had no significant effect on sperm–egg binding or fusion. However, treatment of eggs with PI-PLC significantly reduced sperm–egg binding and fusion from 6.2 bound and 2.1 fused sperm per egg in the control group to 2.1 bound and 0.02 fused sperm per egg in the treatment group. This decrease in sperm–egg binding and fusion depended on the dose of PI-PLC employed, with a maximal inhibitory effect on binding and fusion at 5 and 1 U/ml, respectively. PI-PLC-treated oocytes could be artificially activated by calcium ionophore, demonstrating that the oocytes were functionally viable following treatment. Furthermore, treatment of oocytes with PI-PLC did not reduce the immunoreactivity of the non-GPI-anchored egg surface integrin, α6β1. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that PI-PLC affects fertilization by specifically releasing GPI-anchored proteins from the oolemma. In order to identify the oolemmal GPI-anchored proteins involved in fertilization, egg surface proteins were labeled with sulfo-NHS biotin, treated with PI-PLC, and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by avidin blotting. A prominent high-molecular-weight protein cluster (∼70 kDa, p I 5) and a lower molecular weight (∼35–45 kDa, p I 5.5) protein cluster were released from the oolemmal surface as a result of PI-PLC treatment. It is likely that these GPI-anchored egg surface proteins are required for sperm–egg binding and fusion.
Open base situation transport (OBAST)architecture

This paper outlines the requirements for a set of open IP based protocols enabling seamless mobility across diverse radio access networks. We begin by stating some architectural tenets upon which the requirements for the OBAST protocol set are based. Furthermore, what the authors currently believe to be the eventual desirable wireless Internet architecture is described. This architecture is shown to enable a common protocol set that we refer to as the open base station transport (OBAST) protocol set.
The Effects of Physical Layer on the Routing Wireless Protocol

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are characterized by multiple entities, a frequently changing network topology and the need for efficient dynamic routing protocols. In MANETs, nodes are usually powered by batteries. Power control is tightly coupled with both the physical and medium access layers (MACs). However, if we increase the transmission power, at the same time we increase the interference to other nodes which diminish the transport capacity of wireless systems. Thus, the routing protocols based on hop count metric suffer from performance degradation when they operate over MANET. Routing in ad hoc wireless networks is not only a problem of finding a route with shortest length, but it is also a problem of finding a stable and good quality communication route in order to avoid any unnecessary packet loss. Cross-layer design of ad hoc wireless networks has been receiving increasing attention recently. Part of these researches suggests that routing should take into account physical layer characteristics. The goal of this paper is to improve the routing reliability in MANET and to reduce power consumption through cross-layer approach among physical, MAC and network layers. The proposed cross-layer approach is based on signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and received signal strength indication (RSSI) coming from the physical layer. This solution performs in one hand the ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing protocol by choosing reliable routes with less interferences using SINR metric and in another hand; it permits to reduce the power transmission when sending the data packets by using RSSI metric.
Congenital Syphylitic Hepatitis: A Case Report With Multiple Imaging Modalities (Syphilitic Hepatitis)

A case of syphilitic hepatitis is described with no evidence of mass effect on the ultrasonic and computerized tomographic study, but discrete areas of decreased uptake on liver scan suggestive of space-occupying lesion. This is the second instance in the literature of the incongruence of the liver scan and the other imaging modalities in syphilitic hepatitis.
The Youth and the Arab Spring: Cohort Differences and Similarities

The Arab Spring has been described as a youth rebellion driven by grievances about unemployment and dissatisfaction with existing regimes. In this article, we assess these claims by examining the characteristics of the current youth generation in the Arab world in comparison with earlier cohorts. We find that some of the conventional assumptions about this generation—that they are less religious, more likely to be unemployed, and more likely to protest—are true, but others—that they are more supportive of secularization, more interested in politics, and more dissatisfied with their regimes—should be reconsidered. Using the first wave of the Arab Barometer survey, we discuss how patterns of political attitudes and behavior vary across cohorts, and cast doubt upon the claim that the Arab Spring was the result of an angry youth cohort that was especially opposed to the old regimes.
Limited donepezil inhibition of acetylcholinesterase measured with positron emission tomography in living Alzheimer cerebral cortex

Based on surrogate assays of peripheral red blood cells, reports state that widely prescribed doses of donepezil hydrochloride provide nearly complete inhibition of cerebral cortical acetylcholinesterase activity in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To test this, direct positron emission tomography measures of cerebral acetylcholinesterase activity were made in AD patients before and after treatment with donepezil (5 and 10 mg/day) for at least 5 weeks and compared with similar measures in normal controls who were untreated or after acute administration of another AChE inhibitor, physostigmine salicylate (1.5 mg/hr). After physostigmine, acetylcholinesterase inhibition averaged 52% in normal cerebral cortex. After donepezil, cerebral cortical inhibition in AD brain averaged only 27%. Clinical trials of this donepezil dose schedule are not testing the effect of nearly complete cerebral cortical inhibition.
Retinoic acid in limb-bud outgrowth: review and hypothesis

Limb outgrowth is arguably the most fundamental aspect of limb development. It begins with the emergence of buds from the embryo's lateral body wall. More rapid growth along each bud's proximodistal axis than along its anteroposterior or dorsoventral axes yields the limb's basic elongated shape. Many processes that generate refinements of this basic limb form are now being explored at the molecular level. Yet, there remain gaps in our understanding of basic limb outgrowth itself. This review examines the pivotal role of the apical ectodermal ridge in promoting and maintaining limb-bud outgrowth. It discusses the interplay between the apical ectodermal ridge and the subridge limb mesenchyme. It examines evidence that the pattern of limb anomalies in the offspring of mothers exposed to exogenous retinoids such as retinoic acid strongly suggests interference with apical ectodermal ridge function. It covers evidence that cellular retinoic acid-binding protein in the cytoplasm of the cells under the apical ectodermal ridge limits the effects of retinoic acid, a potent retinoid and teratogen, on retinoic acid-driven gene transcription. It explains that retinoic acid generally enhances differentiation in a variety of cell types. On the basis of the information presented, it is suggested that the limb ectoderm promotes cellular retinoic acid-binding protein expression in the subridge mesenchyme and thereby limits the access of retinoic acid to its nuclear receptors in these cells. Cellular-retinoic-acid-binding-protein-mediated, local sequestration or inactivation of free retinoic acid is suggested as a prerequisite not only for the continued responsiveness of the distal mesenchyme to growth promotion by the apical ectodermal ridge, but to the maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge itself by the subridge mesenchyme.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER DESORPTION AND LOW-TEMPERATURE DENSIFICATION OF COLLOIDAL ANATASE THIN-FILMS

Films consisting of discrete anatase crystals with an average diameter of 8 nm were deposited from a colloidal sol synthesized from titanium(IV) isopropoxide. From ion-beam analysis (FRES and RBS) and ellipsometry, we found that desorption of Type I water from the films is accompanied by a decrease in the refractive index but no densification. Conversely, desorption of Type II water or surface hydroxyls at higher temperatures leads to film densification but has no apparent effect on the refractive index. The densification involves progressive condensation of hydrogen-bonded hydroxyls and finally isolated hydroxyls. The refractive index for films exposed to air for 6 months increases regardless of heat treatment because of surface rehydration which nearly recreates the original surface.
DC plasma‐polymerization of pyrrole: Comparison of films formed on anode and cathode

Thin films of plasma-polymerized pyrrole were deposited on stainless steel substrates from a parallel-plate DC reactor. They were characterized by XPS, 1 H-NMR, STM, cyclic voltammetry, and by reflection-absorption infrared (RAIR) and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The films simultaneously formed on the anode and the cathode were compared. Substantial differences were found between the structures of these films, although their overall compositions were very similar. The films on the anode appeared to be less crosslinked and contained less unsaturation and conjugation than the films on the cathode. The observed effects are explained in a model in which the concurrent positive ion bombardment plays an important role in modifying the structure of a growing plasma-polymerized film.
Abstract 3913: Establishing a genomic profile of four gastric carcinoma cell lines using array CGH, FISH and cytogenetic analyses

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Four gastric carcinoma cell lines (CRL-1739TM, CRL-5822TM, CRL-5971TM and CRL-5973TM), established in the 1970s and 1980s, were purchased from ATCC. These cell lines have been distributed throughout the world and are regularly used for biomedical research. Cytogenetic information is available for three of these cell lines, and two of the three are known to have complex chromosomal rearrangements, though these have not been well characterized. In part, this is due to the complexity of chromosomal changes and the limited ability of G-banded chromosome analysis. Establishing a genomic profile of these cell lines is vitally important, so that their genotypes and phenotypes can be compared. In the current study, G-banded chromosome analysis, array CGH and FISH analyses were performed on these 4 cell lines. The G-banded chromosome analysis was performed and followed by array CGH using 720k oligonucleotide based array chip. The imbalanced regions and chromosome rearrangements, detected by G-banded chromosome and array CGH analyses, were confirmed by FISH using the appropriate DNA probes. Based on the combined data generated by these assays, we established genomic profiles of each cell line; deletions, duplications, translocations and insertions and a chromosomal homogenous staining region. Deletions of 3p and 18q, duplication of 8q, 19q and extra chromosome 20 were found to be common. These findings are consistent with array CGH analyses of fresh gastric tumor samples (data to be presented separately). The results of this study are important as they will provide important information on the status of genomic profiles, allow the expression patterns of gene(s) to be compared, and provide a mechanism for monitoring the genomic changes in these cell lines. This information, we believe, will allow laboratories to make more informed decisions about the need for replacing existing cell lines due to changes in their biological characteristics. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3913. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3913
Diet of winter flounder in a New Jersey estuary: Ontogenetic change and spatial variation

Juvenile and adult winter flounder,Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum (Pleuronectidae), from the Navesink River and Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey, U.S., were examined for ontogenetic, seasonal, and spatial variation in dietary content. Fish (n=1291 non-empty) were placed by cluster analysis of dietary content into three size groups: 15–49, 50–299, and ≥300 mm total length. Clear ontogenetic patterns were revealed, in particular the disappearance of calanoid copepods from the diet as fish grew >50 mm and an increase in number of taxa in the diet with growth. Fish in size group 1 fed upon spionid polychaetes, the calanoid copepodEurytemora affinis, and ampeliscid amphipods. Fish in size group 2 added various species of polychaetes, amphipods, and siphons of the bivalveMya aremaria to their diets. Size group 2 was present during all months of the survey, but only minor seasonal differences in their diet were apparent. One obvious change was the increase in consumption of the shrimpCrangon septemspinosa in summer and fall. Size group 3 fish, collected mainly in fall, ate large volumes ofM. arenaria and glycerid polychaetes. Cluster analysis showed a largescale spatial pattern in diet among fish of size group 1, related to the presence ofE. affinis in winter flounder diets in the river and a marsh cove in the bay. Small-scale spatial differences in diets of fish in size group 2 were possibly related to prey distribution.
Infinite products in a Banach algebra

Abstract A theory is developed for infinite products in a noncommutative Banach algebra. Sufficient conditions for the convergence of such a product are given. Conditions for analyticity of the product are also given in the case when the factors depend on a complex parameter.
DNA Binding of Ruthenium Tris(1,10-phenanthroline): Evidence for the Dependence of Binding Mode on Metal Complex Concentration.

The interaction with calf thymus DNA, poly(dA-dT)2 and poly(dG-dC)2 of the two enantiomers (Λ and Δ) of [Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)3]2+, denoted PHEN, and of [Ru(4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)3]2+, denoted [4,7], [Ru(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)3]2+, denoted [5,6], and [Ru(3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)3]2+, denoted [3,4,7,8], has been investigated by normal absorption, linear dichroism (LD), circular dichroism (CD), and computer modeling. These studies have been performed at the saturated binding limit and the “isolated” limit where the DNA is in excess. The binding mode is dependent upon the enantiomer (Λ or Δ), the DNA base sequence, the ring substituent pattern, and, for the Δ enantiomer, the relative concentrations of DNA and metal complex. Both the Λ and Δ enantiomers of PHEN and [4,7] show at least two binding regimes. One binding regime operates below a metal complex:DNA phosphate mixing ratio, R, of 1:4−6. The average site size (number of DNA bases per bound metal complex) also dec...
Virus-lymphocyte interactions: infection of Tg and Tm subsets by measles virus.

Abstract The ability of Edmonston strain measles virus to replicate and produce infectious virus in subpopulations of human T lymphocytes was investigated. It was found that measles virus can productively infect both TG (suppressor) and TM (helper) lymphocytes from human blood, and that replication and expression of measles virus was dependent upon mitogenic stimulation of the infected lymphocyte subpopulations. Ultrastructural studies of infected T-lymphocyte subpopulations demonstrated the presence of viral nucleocapsids and budding virus. Despite the insertion of large amounts of viral polypeptides into the cells' plasma membranes there was no deficiency in the expression of Fc receptors on the surfaces of activated human T lymphocytes.
“Prisoner's Dilemma” and “Chicken” Models in International Politics

This is a preprint of an article published in International Studies Quarterly, published by Oxford University Press.
Electric Field Theory of Auroræ

FROM time to time theories of the aurora have been proposed which invoke locally developed electric fields as the mechanism causing acceleration of solar particles into the relatively low levels of the ionosphere at which visible aurora usually occurs. However, these theories have been concerned mainly with an explanation of the classical idealized magnetic storm, treating the auroral phenomena as a by-product, and not attempting any detailed explanation of auroral morphology. One notable exception is the recent work of Chamberlain1, in which an attempt has been made to explain the luminosity-height characteristics of an auroral ray in terms of an electric field in the ionosphere. The purpose of this communication is to present a crude qualitative description of the development of a typical auroral display as a result of the growth of an electric field in the ionosphere.
Stress-tuned stimulated light scattering in p-type semiconductors

Abstract We propose a new mechanism for generating tunable high power coherent radiation in the wavelength range 10micro–25micro from a single laser system. The proposed device is based on stimulated light scattering continuously tuned by stress in p-type semiconductors. The conditions and feasibility for such Raman laser operation are discussed in detail.
Expression of aromatase in the ovary: Down-regulation of mRNA by the ovulatory luteinizing hormone surge

Abstract Aromatase (CYP19) mRNA is induced by follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles and subsequently is rapidly diminished as a consequence of the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Primary cultures of rat granulosa cells were used to identify some of the cellular mechanisms by which FSH increases and LH decreases steady-state levels of aromatase mRNA. Induction of aromatase mRNA by FSH was increased by cycloheximide but was blocked by α-amanitin and the C-kinase activators gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In contrast, the decrease in steady-state levels of aromatase mRNA by LH was mimicked by A-kinase (forskolin) and C-kinase (PMA or GnRH) activators. The decrease in aromatase mRNA was associated with decreased amounts of mRNA and protein for steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), a nuclear orphan receptor that binds and trans -activates the aromatase promoter, and with the A-kinase subunit type II (RIIβ), which is required for mediating cAMP action in these cells. The down-regulation of aromatase, SF-1, and RIIβ by each kinase activator and α-amanitin was prevented by cycloheximide when the drug was added in combination with the activator. If, however, cycloheximide was added 2 h after PMA (or LH), the drug did not prevent the rapid loss of mRNA. When granulosa cells were transfected with an aromatase CAT transgene, CAT activity was stimulated 10- to 20-fold by FSH and forskolin but not by PMA. Taken together, these results indicate that the A-kinase but not the C-kinase pathway can trans -activate the aromatase gene in immature granulosa cells, whereas the C-kinase, as well as A-kinase pathways, mimic the LH surge to decrease aromatase mRNA in preovulatory cells. By increasing degradation of aromatase mRNA and by inhibiting transcription, the LH surge rapidly terminates the granulosa cell pattern of gene expression while reprogramming the cells to express genes associated with ovulation and luteinization.
Molecular analysis of a novel schizosaccharomyces pombe gene containing two RNP consensus-sequence RNA-binding domains.

Proteins containing RNP consensus-sequence RNA-binding domains (CS-RBDs) play diverse roles in many aspects of RNA metabolism. Using a PCR strategy, we cloned portions of six newSchizosaccharomyces pombe genes encoding RBD proteins, including a putative homolog of the mammalian splicing factor SAP49. The genomic locus corresponding to a second PCR product, designatedrnp24, was cloned and characterized in detail. Sequence analysis revealed that the Rnp24 protein is highly charged and contains a second RBD with an unusually long Loop-3 sequence. Strains containing a disrupted copy of thernp24 gene display neither loss of viability nor any discernible growth defects under a variety of conditions, suggesting that the function of Rnp24p overlaps with that of another fission yeast protein. Although database searches did not identify proteins that share extensive amino-acid identity with Rnp24p, phylogenetic analysis suggests that its closest relatives are metazoan hnRNP proteins. The lack of an observable phenotype inS. pombe cells lacking Rnp24p is consistent with this classification, since hnRNP proteins in higher cells include several distinct subfamilies with similar sequences and RNA-binding specifities.
The effect of tooling temperature on the formability of sheet steel

Abstract This paper describes the results of an investigation that was made to determine the effect of controlling the punch and die temperatures on the drawability of cylindrical sheet metal cups. Tooling temperatures may reach 100 to 200°C in commercial press forming operations due to the work of deformation and interference friction. For this reason, circular blanks of aluminum-killed drawing quality (AKDQ) steel sheet were press formed into cylindrical cups using various punch and die temperature combinations in an attempt to control the strength and drawability of the sheet metal. Increasing the die temperature from 20°C to 125°C had little or no effect on sheet formability regardless of punch temperature. Cooling the punch to temperatures between 5 and 10°C, however, increased the limiting drawing ratio by about 15% and increased the forming height by approximately 50%. These observations are rationalized on the basis of the strength vs. temperature relationship for the aluminum-killed steel.