cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptations of muscular tissue to training.

E XERCISE-TRAINING, if sufficiently vigorous, brings about adaptive increases in performance capacity. The nature of the adaptive response varies with the type of exercise stimulus. The term “exercise” includes three different types of stimulus, each with its own specific pattern of response. One type of exercise involves the learning of movement patterns and results in the development of skill, with an increase in coordination and agility. This type of exercise is exemplified by activities such as fencing, the various ball games, driving a car, or playing a musical instrument. The primary adaptive changes take place in the central nervous system and must involve a programming process initiated by repeated performance of a movement pattern until it becomes a conditioned reflex. A second type is strength exercise, which involves relatively few, very forceful muscle contractions and is exemplified by weight lifting. It results in hypertrophy of the muscle cells with an increase in strength. The increase in muscle cell proteins responsible for this hypertrophy appears to be due to both an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in the rate of protein degradation.’ The third type is endurance exercise, which is exemplified by activities such as long-distance running, swimming, or bicycling. It results in increases in endurance and in the maximum capacity to utilize O2 made possible by adaptations in the skeletal muscles, in the cardiovascular system, and in the autonomic nervous system. In contrast to strength exercise, endurance exercise does not result in muscle hypertrophy or an increase in strength. Instead, it brings about an increase in the capacity for aerobic metabolism. Considerable information is now available regarding the long-term adaptations that occur in muscle
A 1+1D Thermal Dynamic Model of a Li-Ion Battery Cell

Li-ion batteries are today considered the prime solution as energy storage system for EV/PHEV/HEV, due to their high specific energy and power. Since their performance, life and reliability are influenced by the operating temperature, great interest has been devoted to study different cooling solutions and control algorithms for thermal management. In this context, this paper presents a computationally efficient modeling approach to characterize the internal temperature distribution of a Li-ion battery cell, conceived to serve as a tool to aid the design of cooling systems and the development of thermal management systems for automotive battery packs. The model is developed starting from the unsteady heat diffusion equation, for which an analytical solution is obtained through the integral transform method. First, a general one-dimensional thermal model is developed to predict the temperature distribution inside a prismatic Li-ion battery cell under different boundary conditions. Then, a specific case with convective boundary conditions is studied with the objective of characterizing a cell cooled by a forced air flow. To characterize the effects of the cooling system on the temperature distribution within the cell, the one-dimensional solution is then extended to a 1+1D model that accounts for the variability of the boundary conditions in the flow direction. The calibration and validation of the specific model presented will be presented, adopting a detailed 2D FEM simulator as a benchmark.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Conversation and Identity: Jesus and the Samaritan Woman

This study is intended to serve as a methodological illustration of how an embedded dialogue such as that found in John 4:1—26 can be analyzed using a variety of social scientific techniques. Each method will be briefly introduced prior to the exegesis of the passage to provide a theoretical foundation for drawing conclusions. The subsequent analysis of the successive stages in the dialogue makes it clear that identity is the central focus of this narrative. It also becomes clear that the author is employing socially/culturally understood conventions of dialogue to make the characters and the setting plausible to the audience.
Comparison of Nurses and Alternative Healers

Nurses and alternative healers often share a common holistic philosophy of health and healing as well as the use of therapeutic touch. This ethnography compared the concepts of health and healing used by nurses and alternative healers. Seven categories of activities in healing or health domains common to both groups were physical, mental, attitudinal, relational, spiritual, self-caring, and help-seeking. Similarities were in the holistic approach. Differences were found in locus of responsibility and spirituality. These differences may be largely explained by various social factors in practice settings.
Brown tumour as a complication of secondary hyperparathyroidism in severe long-lasting vitamin D deficiency rickets.

Brown tumour is a localised form of fibrous-cystic osteitis associated with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism. Despite the fact that secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs in vitamin D deficiency rickets, no cases of rickets with brown tumour have so far been described. We present a 2.9-year-old girl who had brown tumour of the mandible due to severe vitamin D deficiency rickets. Treatment with vitamin D3 corrected the hyperparathyroidism rapidly which was followed by gradual regression in tumour size. Conclusion Brown tumour can develop in severe, long-standing vitamin D deficiency rickets and responds to vitamin D treatment.
Expression of the SNT-1/FRS2 phosphotyrosine binding domain inhibits activation of MAP kinase and PI3-kinase pathways and antiestrogen resistant growth induced by FGF-1 in human breast carcinoma cells

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling can bypass the requirement for estrogen receptor (ER) activation in the growth of ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer cells. Fibroblast growth factor-1 stimulation leads to phosphorylation of the adaptor protein Suc1-associated neurotrophic factor-induced tyrosine-phosphorylated target (SNT-1) on C-terminal tyrosine residues, whereas it is constitutively bound through its N-terminal phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) to FGF receptors (FGFRs). By expressing the PTB domain of SNT-1 (SNT-1 PTB) in an inducible manner in an ER+ breast carcinoma line, ML20, we asked whether we could uncouple FGFR activation from its downstream signaling components and abrogate FGF-1-induced antiestrogen-resistant growth. Induction of SNT-1 PTB resulted in a significant decrease of FGF-1-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of endogenous SNT-1, strong inhibition of complex formation between SNT-1, Gab-1 and Sos-1, and reduced activation of Ras, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase), and Akt. SNT-1 PTB also inhibited the phosphorylation of p70S6K on Thr421/Ser424 and Ser411, which may result from the abrogation of MAP kinase activity. Moreover, we also observed a decreased phosphorylation of the MAP kinase-independent site Thr389. This may reflect both inhibition of PI-3 kinase pathways and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling, as the phosphorylation of Thr389 site was sensitive to treatment with the PI3-K and mTOR inhibitors, LY294002 and rapamycin, respectively. Collectively these results suggest that SNT-1 plays a pivotal role in FGF-dependent activation of the Ras-MAP kinase, PI-3 kinase, and mTOR pathways in these cells. Fibroblast growth factor-1 dependent colony formation of ML20 cells in media containing the pure antiestrogen ICI 182,780 was also markedly inhibited upon induction of SNT-1 PTB, suggesting that blockade of FGFR–SNT-1 interactions might abrogate FGF-mediated antiestrogen resistance in breast cancers.
A numerical study of inclusion–matrix debonding in the presence of a nearby crack

Abstract Debonding of an inclusion from the surrounding matrix in the presence of a nearby crack tip is studied numerically. Finite element models of symmetric three-point bend configurations are implemented in conjunction with a stiffness degradation method and the maximum tensile stress criteria to investigate the influence of debonding on crack tip parameters. The geometry considered is a single edge cracked beam having a symmetrically positioned stiff or soft cylindrical inclusion ahead of the crack tip. The numerical model is first validated by interferometric measurements on an edge cracked epoxy specimen with a glass inclusion. The measured quantities namely, the crack mouth opening displacement, crack mouth compliance, energy release rate, dominant strain, are all successfully captured by the adopted numerical methodology, before and after the inclusion debonds from the matrix. Subsequently, the effects of parameters such as the distance between the crack tip and inclusion center (L), the inclusion diameter (d), and the Young’s modulus ratio between the inclusion and the matrix, are studied using the model. A stiff inclusion of constant (d/L) ratio debonds from the matrix at higher load levels when the inclusion interface is farther away from the crack tip. The increase in the crack driving force due to debonding is the highest when the inclusion proximity parameter ρ is approximately 0.4 and it decreases when ρ is increased or decreased relative to this value. However, when d/L ratio is varied, higher crack driving forces due to debonding are observed for larger size inclusions due to a greater loss of crack tip shielding and reinforcement. The influence of the modulus ratio (Ei/Em) due to debonding is most prominent in the range 0–1 for fixed d/L and ρ values. Additionally, a stiffer inclusion tends to debond from the matrix at lower loads for a constant interfacial strength.
Non-inductive solenoid-less plasma current startup in NSTX using transient CHI

Coaxial Helicity Injection (CHI) has been successfully used in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) for a demonstration of closed flux current generation without the use of the central solenoid. The favorable properties of the Spherical Torus (ST) arise from its very small aspect ratio. However, small aspect ratio devices have very restricted space for a substantial central solenoid. Thus methods for initiating the plasma current without relying on induction from a central solenoid are essential for the viability of the ST concept. CHI is a promising candidate for solenoid-free plasma startup in a ST. The method has now produced closed flux current up to 160 kA verifying the high current capability of this method in a large ST built with conventional tokamak components.
Substrate specificity and other properties of DOPA decarboxylase from guinea pig kidneys.

Abstract DOPA decarboxylase (aromatic- l -amino-acid carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.28) from guinea pig kidneys has been purified to a specific activity of 9370 or 330-fold. Efficient purification was possible by employing apolar interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme gives a single component on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the absorption spectrum of the enzyme reveals two froms of binding of pyridoxal 5-phosphate. The pure enzyme decarboxylates l -DOPA, 5-hydroxytryptophan, o- tyrosine and m- tyrosine but it is inactive towards phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and 3-methoxyphenylalanine. The enzyme behaves as an undissociated enzyme but only towards 5-hydroxytryptophan. It behaves as an enzyme from which the coenzyme is partially dissociated when it attacks l -DOPA, o- tyrosine and m- tyrosne .
Effects of Subchronic Exposures to Concentrated Ambient Particles in Mice: VI. Gene Expression in Heart and Lung Tissue

AbstractThe purpose of this exploratory study within the integrated subchronic inhalation exposure study () was to identify genes in heart and lung tissue that changed in expression level as a result of subchronic exposure to concentrated ambient particles (CAPs). Identification of CAPs exposure-related changes in gene expression could serve in the formulation of mechanistic hypotheses and/or to suggest possible biomarkers of exposure. In the exploratory study undertaken here, tissues from multiple replicates of ApoE/low-density-lipoprotein double knockout (DK) mice were examined for relative exposure-related changes in gene expression. Due to limited resources, the number of replicates was three for each tissue (lung and heart) of each exposure condition (CAPs or air control). A rigorous comparison of exposure versus control data using the“significance analysis of microarrays” (SAM) method indicated that only one gene was differentially expressed at a significant level. However, when using a less restric...
Manufacturing configuration, capacity and mix decisions considering operational costs

Abstract The design and configuration of a manufacturing facility requires crucial decisions concerning product mix and capacity. These might involve choosing between dedicated and multi-product facilities, large capacity machines versus a pool of smaller capacity machines, choice of the level of idle capacity (excess over average demand to handle uncertainties), etc. We argue that these decisions should be made not only considering capital costs, but also operational costs. Models are developed which demonstrate that factors like inventory holding costs, lead times, and batch sizes of manufacture play a significant role in capacity and mix decisions. Specific issues examined include costs of switching production from one part type to another and performance under uncertainty of alternate designs of mix and capacity.
Induction of phage-like particles from a pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by mitomycin C.

Summary A rapid drop of absorbance of cell suspensions due to cell lysis was observed midway in cell growth of a pathogenic strain, Vibrio parahaemolyticus WP1, when the cells were incubated in a growth medium containing mitomycin C. We succeeded in isolating phage-like particles from the cell lysate, but not from that of the non-pathogenic strain, WP28. The purified particle has a clear-cut envelope and is hexagonal in shape with no tail. The size of particles is about 65mμ on the diagonal and about 250 S. The particles contained one kind of protein of 45,000 dalton.
Dynamic user models for tailoring health behavior interventions

This paper describes the motivation and methodology for representing a dynamic model of a participant user in a health coaching intervention.
On an approximation operator of de La Vallée Poussin

Abstract : The paper investigates the general operators of which de la Vallee Poussin's is the prototype. Projections onto n-dimensional spaces which use n + 1 quanta of information concerning the projected element. The information is delivered in the form of values of n + 1 linear functionals. Families of such projections are examined to determine which are optimal in a certain sense. (Author)
In situ ultraviolet Raman spectroscopy of the reduction of chromia on alumina catalysts.

A fluidized bed in situ cell is used to examine the chromia on alumina catalyst surface. The loading is varied from 1 to 20% chromium oxide on alumina. The structure of the surface is monitored as a function of temperature, reduction, and hydration. This is the first study to use ultraviolet excitation to study a reduced chromium catalyst surface. Reduction of the sample in hydrogen gas leads to the formation of noncrystalline Cr3+ species. Addition of potassium to the surface reduces the size of the chromia clusters.
Effect of Subchronic Arsine Inhalation on Immune Function and Host Resistance

AbstractArsine is a toxic gas well known for its potent hemolytic effects. Immunological parameters were examined in groups of female B6C3F1 mice after a 14-day (6 h/day) exposure to air or to 0.5, 2.5, or 5.0 ppm arsine. Arsine induced marked changes in splenic cellular populations. Although there was no effect on the total number of splenic lymphocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes fell significantly in all arsine-exposed groups, from 83.4% in air controls to 45.6% in 5.0 ppm arsine, while there was a concomitant increase in rubricyte percentages. Splenic T-cell percentages were significantly depressed at all arsine concentrations, while the percentages of Bcells were depressed only at 5.0 ppm arsine. Neither the numbers of peritoneal exudate macro-phages nor their function was affected by anine exposure. In vitro analysis showed an arsine concentration-dependent decrease in natural killer cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte function. On a per lymphocyte basis, no effects were observed on the proliferative...
Effect of ganglioside GM1 on arachidonic acid release in bovine aortic endothelial cells

Abstract A role for the ganglioside GM1 in arachidonic acid release in bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) was investigated. [ 3 H]Arachidonic acid-labeled BAEC were preincubated with GM1 and incubated with one of four different stimulators. GM1 inhibited arachidonic acid release when stimulated with maitotoxin or melittin but not with ionomycin or thapsigargin. A 10 μM GM1 concentration achieved a 50% and 100% inhibition of the maitotoxin and melittin responses, respectively. The selective inhibition displayed by GM1 on the maitotoxin and melittin responses was not due to its ability to bind calcium since all four drugs, maitotoxin, melittin, ionomycin, and thapsigargin, required extracellular calcium. The effect of GM1 was not specific to arachidonic acid release. GM1 at 50 μM inhibited phosphatidylinositol polyphosphate (PIP) hydrolysis mediated by melittin, but did not affect hydrolysis mediated by ionomycin. Moreover, the activity of GM1 was not restricted to phospholipid metabolism since it also inhibited calcium influx that was stimulated by maitotoxin or melittin but not by ionomycin. We conclude that GM1 is not a specific inhibitor of phospholipases in bovine aortic endothelial cells, but rather its activity is dependent on the type of stimulant used to activate the cell.
Symptomatic calcified perineural cyst after use of bone morphogenetic protein in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a case report.

Abstract Background context Human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is commonly used in spinal surgery to augment arthrodesis, and a number of potential complications have been documented. Purpose To present the case of a delayed radiculopathy that occurred because of a calcified perineural cyst that formed after an L4–L5 transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in which BMP-2 was used. Study design/setting Case report of a 70-year-old man presented with back and right lower extremity pain. Methods A 70-year-old man who had previously undergone a right L4–L5 TLIF presented 20 months after surgery with progressively radiating right leg pain. Imaging revealed a right-sided L4–L5 cystic lesion posterior to the interbody cage. The patient underwent reexploration, and a calcified mass was discovered. Results Histopathology revealed fragments of organized collagenous connective tissue, new collagen, and partially calcified fragments of fibrocartilage, bone, and ligament. Conclusions This is the first reported case of a symptomatic calcified perineural cyst developing after a fusion procedure in which BMP-2 was used. The presence of connective tissue with metaplastic bone formation and maturation within the lesion suggests that formation of the cyst was secondary to application of BMP-2, as it possesses both osteogenic and chondrogenic capabilities.
Amprenavir and didanosine are associated with declining kidney function among patients receiving tenofovir.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of antiretroviral agents and clinical factors on the development of tenofovir-associated kidney dysfunction. METHODS Observational cohort study of HIV-infected patients receiving tenofovir in an HIV clinic population. Patients' kidney function prior to initiating and while receiving tenofovir was evaluated in relation to other antiretroviral medications and demographic and clinical characteristics. Decline in kidney function was assessed by the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) equation, which incorporates weight. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine factors associated with GFR of > 90, 60-90, 30-60, and < 30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) while on tenofovir. Secondary analyses used the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. RESULTS Among the 445 patients initiating tenofovir, 51 (11%) developed a decline in kidney function. In multivariate analysis, there was a significant association between decline in kidney function and concurrent use of amprenavir [odds ratio (OR) 3.6; P = 0.045] and didanosine (OR, 3.1; P = 0.006), age over 50 years (OR, 4.4; P = 0.03), and lower baseline weight (OR, 0.95/kg; P < 0.001). Patients identified with kidney dysfunction by the MDRD equation did not fully overlap with those identified by the CG equation. CONCLUSIONS Didanosine and amprenavir use, increased age, and lower baseline weight were significantly associated with risk for kidney dysfunction among patients receiving tenofovir. GFR results using the MDRD equation were inconsistent with those using CG, which highlights the impact of including weight in the estimation of GFR among HIV-infected patients.
Tensor Product of Generalized Sample Spaces

The tensor product of generalized samples spacer or manuals is defined within the framework of empirical logic The requirement to accurately reflect the interaction of experimental procedures for coupled systems leads to three levels of product: the cross-product, operational product, and tensor product. The structure of the weights of these products is examined and is used to give a condition for the existence of the tensor product Categorical properties of the tensor product, including a universal mapping theorem, are given.
Design of Simple Broad-Band Wave-Guide-to-Coaxial-Line Junctions

A wave-guide-to-coaxial-line junction having a better than 2-to-1 bandwidth with less than 2-to-1 voltage-standing-wave ratio was required in the design of microwave filters and receiver transmission systems. Several types of junctions satisfying these requirements were designed using simple transmission-line theory. One type designed for a standard wave-guide cross section has a bandwidth ratio of 2.7 to 1. The design method is presented in this report with a detailed description of a number of particular junctions. Some of these models are for use with very thin wave guide, which is ideally suited for wave-guide filters; some for use with the more usual rectangular cross sections; and one for use with ridge ("loaded") wave guide. The latter junction is capable of at least a 6-to-1 bandwidth.
A calculation of semileptonic neutral currents assuming partons and Weinberg's renormalizable theory☆

Abstract The Weinberg renormalizable theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions and its simple extension to hadron interactions are applied to a simple parton model. Strange partons are neglected. Inelastic neutrino and antineutrino cross sections for charged and neutral currents are expressed as functions of the parton charges, the Weinberg angle and the parton distributions in the Feynman variable x. Using the experimental charged current results, the neutral current to charged current total-cross section ratios are given as a function of the Weinberg angle for both integral and fractionally charged partons. Comparing these ratios with the experimental limits we conclude (a) that integral charges are excluded, and (b) that, given fractional charges, the Weinberg angle is constrained to be 40° ± 5°. It is shown that this result is not inconsistent with other published limits.
A measure of coherence for human information filters

When an information processing system is faced with an excess of input information the task of selecting the items which are to get immediate processing is frequently assigned to a human being. A quantitative measure of the extent to which a man avoids random activity during such filtering operations is derived in terms of two parameters (normalized overload and correct proportion of selections) which are determined from experimentally available quantities. This coherence measure may be used for studies of random behavior, comparison of rules for selecting items, and perhaps prediction of human performance at filtering tasks.
Student Perceptions of Aggressive Behaviors and Predictive Patterns of Perpetration and Victimization: The Role of Age and Sex.

This study investigated a rural sample of boys' and girls' (N = 205) perceptions of what behaviors constitute bullying and examined whether being a victim of aggression was predictive of perpetrating physical and relational aggression. Results indicated that predictors of perpetrating relational aggression included victimization of relational aggression, student age, and perpetration of physical aggression. Predictors of physical aggression included perpetration of relational aggression and being a victim of physical aggression. A mixed model MANOVA indicated that students were more likely to perceive physical aggression as bullying and younger students found both physical and relational aggression more hurtful than older students. Results suggest the behaviors students perceive as bullying vary with age and gender and demonstrate the relationship between victimization and perpetration of physical and relational aggression.
Locomotor behavior following kindling in three different brain sites

Spontaneous and drug-induced interictal and post-ictal locomotor behavior of rats was investigated following electrical 'kindling' of different limbic structures at 3 brain sites which differ in the relative amount of innervation from dopamine cells of the ventral tegmentum: nucleus accumbens (N.Acc.), amygdala (AMYG), and dorsal hippocampus (DHPC). Kindling produced decreases in spontaneous post-ictal locomotion that did not appear to depend on the site of stimulation, but produced region specific attenuations in spontaneous interictal behavior as well as amphetamine-induced interictal and post-ictal responses. The most dramatic decreases were seen in N.Acc. kindled animals and the least dramatic were seen in rats kindled via DHPC. These data suggest that the mesolimbic dopamine system may participate in the changes in locomotion seen following kindled seizures, and may also provide a model for the study of human post-ictal and interictal behavior.
The impact of device type and sizing on phase noise mechanisms

Phase noise mechanisms in integrated LC voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) using MOS transistors are investigated. The degradation in phase noise due to low-frequency bias noise is shown to be a function of AM-PM conversion in the MOS switching transistors. By exploiting this dependence, bias noise contributions to phase noise are minimized through MOS device sizing rather than through filtering. NMOS and PMOS VCO designs are compared in terms of thermal noise. Short-channel MOS considerations explain why 0.18-/spl mu/m PMOS devices can attain better phase noise than 0.18-/spl mu/m NMOS devices in the 1/f/sup 2/ region. Phase noise in the 1/f/sup 3/ region is primarily dependent upon the upconversion of flicker noise from the MOS switching transistors rather than from the bias circuit, and can be improved by decreasing MOS switching device size. Measured results on an experimental set of VCOs confirm the dependencies predicted by analysis. A 5.3-GHz all-PMOS VCO topology demonstrates measured phase noise of -124 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset and -100dBc/Hz at 100-kHz offset while dissipating 13.5 mW from a 1.8-V supply using a 0.18-/spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS process.
What's Going on in This Picture? Visual Thinking Strategies and Adult Learning

The Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS) curriculum and teaching method uses art to help students think critically, listen attentively, communicate, and collaborate. VTS has been proven to enhance reading, writing, comprehension, and creative and analytical skills among students of all ages. The origins and procedures of the VTS curriculum are described, and the applicability of the VTS curriculum for adult learners is explored.
The Relevancy of North American Planning Education for Overseas Practice: A Survey of Graduates.

In the long-standing discussion of how to best prepare urban planning students to practice effectively in other countries, scholars generally fall into two camps: those that take a general principles approach and those that argue that planning is best taught within a specific context Many argue that North American planning education is irrelevant for practice in other countries, but little empirical evidence has been put forward to test their assertions. A survey of graduates of accredited planning programs working overseas indicates that these practitioners see themselves as successful, and report that their education played a key role in that success. Moreover, they report having less difficulty adapting what they have learned to other contexts than is generally thought. The authors suggest that a key to educating international as well as domestic students is to focus on ways of translating the theoretical and abstract into solutions applicable to real world situations.
Dental factors in the genesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

This study investigated the role of dental factors in the genesis of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. 99 newly diagnosed patients with advanced head and neck cancer were evaluated for potential demographic, dental and prosthetic risk factors. Patients with extra-oral malignancies were used as controls in the analysis of dental factors in patients with intra-oral cancers. We performed multiple comparisons of these factors against the primary tumour sites. An analysis of dental and prosthetic factors and patients with intra-oral versus extra-oral tumours revealed no significant differences. However, all 28 intra-oral malignancies arose in areas in contact with teeth and/or appliances. For example, all 10 oral tongue lesions arose on the lateral borders and all six floor of (drop) mouth primary tumours developed at the flange extension of a lower denture. Patients with partial or full dentures had significantly lower node (N) scores than patients without a prosthesis. Although this paper suggests a relationship between dental factors and the genesis of oral squamous cell malignancies, a larger prospective study would be required to achieve definitive data. Patients at risk should be followed carefully for the development of chronic irritation from teeth and appliances.
Linear models for contrast phenomena.

Discrete and continuous linear models are defined to describe contrast phenomena such as Mach bands. Two-sided z transforms are used to describe the discrete systems and Fourier transforms are used to describe continuous systems. A psychological model is defined based on the work of v. Bekesy on skin and vision which suggests a “neural unit” consisting of an area of sensation surrounded by an area of inhibition. A physiological model is also defined based on the experiments of Hartline et al., describing lateral neural interaction in the eye of Limulus. It is shown that the physiological model is related to the psychological model and that the form of the physiological inhibitory coefficients kp uniquely specify the form of the psychological neural unit hp, and vice versa. Also, by assuming a “blurring” of the stimulus spatial distribution as the excitation distribution of the receptors, a neural unit is obtained from the physiological model which is similar to the psychological neural unit suggested by the experiments of v. Bekesy. Illustrative examples are given.
Burn injury caused by laptop computers

Laptop burn is a real condition and medical reports indicate that using a laptop across the legs can indeed cause it. in very rare cases, the condition can cause damage leading to skin cancer. A 24-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic reddish brown pigmentation on the thighs. After an extensive work-up, burning caused by use of a laptop was observed. Burning was induced in 3 days by using laptop for 4 h daily. Laptop should be used in properly ventilated and air-conditioned rooms. The most effective way of preventing erythema is to use the laptop on the table or desk.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among chronic methamphetamine users: frequency, persistence, and adverse effects on everyday functioning.

Abstract Aims Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is widely regarded as a common comorbidity of methamphetamine (MA) dependence, but the frequency, persistence, and real-world impact of ADHD among MA users are not known. Methods Four hundred individuals with MA use disorders within 18 months of evaluation and 355 non-MA using comparison subjects completed a comprehensive neuropsychiatric research battery, including self-report measures of everyday functioning. Results In logistic regression models adjusting for potential confounds, lifetime diagnoses of ADHD as determined by a structured clinical interview were significantly more prevalent among the MA participants (21%) versus comparison subjects (6%), particularly the hyperactive and combined subtypes. MA use was also associated with an increased persistence of combined subtype of ADHD into adulthood. Among the MA users, lifetime ADHD diagnoses were uniquely associated with greater concurrent risk of declines in instrumental activities of daily living, elevated cognitive symptoms in day-to-day life, and unemployment. Conclusions Findings indicate that ADHD is prevalent among chronic MA users, who are at increased risk for persistence of childhood diagnoses of ADHD into their adult years. ADHD also appears to play an important role in MA-associated disability, indicating that targeted ADHD screening and treatment may help to improve real-world outcomes for individuals with MA use disorders.
Adherence to calcium/vitamin D and estrogen protocols among diverse older participants enrolled in a clinical trial.

Purpose: This study was intended to identify characteristics of those who adhere poorly to calcium/vitamin D and estrogen replacement protocols, and aimed to assess the effects of ethnicity, socio-economic status, and health status on medication adherence. Methods: The adherence rates of 107 older white, African American and Hispanic participants of a clinical trial involving calcium/ vitamin D and either estrogen replacement or placebo therapy were analyzed. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis that minority participants would have lower adherence rates than white participants, but only if they had lower household incomes and educational achievement, more osteoporosis risk factors, negative health assessments, and fewer somatic complaints than white participants. Results: The average age of participants was 76 years. Minority participants and those with lower SES had lower adherence rates than white participants and those with higher SES. Plausible models that met goodness-of-fit criteria showed that the estrogen/ placebo adherence rates were affected directly by being African American or Hispanic and the SF-36 mental health score, and indirectly by somatic complaints. History of fracture and household income directly predicted calcium/vitamin D adherence rates. Conclusion: Efforts to improve adherence to medical regimens should consider differences in adherence behaviors based on ethnicity, SES, and mental health.
Control of Apoptosis by Human Adenovirus Genes

Abstract Adenovirus infection induces apoptosis by multiple paradigms that involve viral proteins coded by three different early gene regions, E1A, E3, and E4. These cell death programs are antagonized by a different set of viral proteins coded by early gene blocks E1B, E3, and E4. The E1A proteins activate the cellular transcription factor E2F and also increase accumulation of the p53 tumor suppressor protein, both proteins with known apoptotic activity. The E1B-19K protein, a distantly related member of the BCL-2 family of antiapoptosis proteins, efficiently suppresses both p53-dependent and -independent apoptosis induced during adenovirus infection. Two other proteins, E1B-55K and E4-36K, which inactivate p53 by physical protein complex formation suppress p53-dependent apoptosis. The mechanisms by which the E1B-19K protein acts are not fully known, but at least one appears to involve antagonizing the activity of various cellular pro-apoptotic proteins such as BAX, BAK, and BIK. One of the two major E1A proteins, 289R, also appears to induce cell death via transactivation of the cellular transcription factor NF-κB as well as two early gene blocks, E3 and E4. NF-κB is believed to induce expression of TNF and various inflammatory cytokines in virus-infected cells. The E3 and E4 gene blocks each code for a cell death protein, E3-11.6K (ADP) and E4-orf4. The E1A proteins also sensitize infected cells for TNF-induced apoptosis and this activity is linked to the cell cycle regulatory activities of E1A. In addition to the E1B-19K protein, three E3 proteins, 14.7K, 10.4K, and 14.5K, specifically protect cells against TNF-induced cell death. One of the mechanisms by which the E3-14.7K and E3-10.4K/14.5K complex suppress TNF-induced toxicity appears to be mediated by the release of arachidonic acid by the cytosolic phospholipase A2. The E3 proteins also inhibit Fas-agonist-induced apoptosis by endosome-mediated internalization and degradation of Fas from the cell surface. Suppression of E1A-induced apoptosis in nonpermissive cells by E1B-19K, E1B-55K, and E4-36K proteins leads to oncogenic transformation.
Markovian structures in biological sequence alignments

Abstract The alignment of multiple homologous biopolymer sequences is crucial in research on protein modeling and engineering, molecular evolution, and prediction in terms of both gene function and gene product structure. In this article we provide a coherent view of the two recent models used for multiple sequence alignment—the hidden Markov model (HMM) and the block-based motif model—to develop a set of new algorithms that have both the sensitivity of the block-based model and the flexibility of the HMM. In particular, we decompose the standard HMM into two components: the insertion component, which is captured by the so-called “propagation model,” and the deletion component, which is described by a deletion vector. Such a decomposition serves as a basis for rational compromise between biological specificity and model flexibility. Furthermore, we introduce a Bayesian model selection criterion that—in combination with the propagation model, genetic algorithm, and other computational aspects—forms the cor...
Real time observation of low frequency heme protein vibrations using femtosecond coherence spectroscopy.

Femtosecond laser pulses, resonant with the Soret bands of myoglobin (Mb) and cytochrome c, are used to probe coherent low frequency nuclear motion of the heme group. The time domain analysis is in good agreement with frequencies obtained independently using spontaneous resonance Raman spectroscopy. The deoxyMb data reveal a strong oscillation near 300 fs (\ensuremath{\sim} 100 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$) and a persistent feature also appears near 50 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. This is near the frequency expected for heme doming motion, which has been associated with the ligand binding reaction coordinate of Mb.
Historical essay: Of monsters and prodigies: The interpretation of birth defects in the sixteenth century

In the sixteenth century, a time of religious and social upheaval, naturalistic theories of generation were joined to ideas that monstrous births were divine signs. In this paper, we explore how medicine and theology were combined to explain the almost cataclysmic religious, social and political events of the century. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Legendre polynomials and complex multiplication, I

Abstract The factorization of the Legendre polynomial of degree ( p − e ) / 4 , where p is an odd prime, is studied over the finite field F p . It is shown that this factorization encodes information about the supersingular elliptic curves in Legendre normal form which admit the endomorphism − 2 p , by proving an analogue of Deuring's theorem on supersingular curves with multiplier − p . This is used to count the number of irreducible binomial quadratic factors of P ( p − e ) / 4 ( x ) over F p in terms of the class number h ( − 2 p ) .
Quantum-classical transition of correlations of two coupled cavities

We study the difference between quantum and classical behavior in a pair of nonidentical cavities with second-harmonic generation. In the classical limit, each cavity has a limit-cycle solution, in which the photon number oscillates periodically in time. Coupling between the cavities leads to synchronization of the oscillations and classical correlations between the cavities. In the quantum limit, there are quantum correlations due to entanglement. The quantum correlations persist even when the cavities are far off resonance with each other, in stark contrast with the classical case. We also find that the quantum and classical limits are connected by an intermediate regime of almost no correlations. Our results can be extended to a wide variety of quantum models.
Parental, personality, and peer correlates of psychoactive mushroom use.

Fifty-three college undergraduates reporting use of a hallucinogenic mushroom (Psilocybe) were matched on demographic variables to fifty-three nonusers. The subjects were given a detailed questionnaire and were administered four psychological tests. Hallucinogenic mushroom use by men was most associated with peers' mushroom use, whereas mushroom use by women was most associated with parental drug use, especially fathers' marijuana use. Personality measures were secondary in predicting mushroom use. Given these distinctive patterns, researchers examining social and personality influences on drug use should analyze their data separately by sex.
‘I Actually Contributed to Their Research': The influence of an abbreviated summer apprenticeship program in science and engineering for diverse high-school learners

This study describes an investigation of a research apprenticeship program that we developed for diverse high-school students often underrepresented in similar programs and in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) professions. Through the apprenticeship program, students spent 2 weeks in the summer engaged in biofuels-related research practices within working university chemistry and engineering laboratories. The experience was supplemented by discussions and activities intended to impact nature of science (NOS) and inquiry understandings and to allow for an exploration of STEM careers and issues of self-identity. Participants completed a NOS questionnaire before and after the experience, were interviewed multiple times, and were observed while working in the laboratories. Findings revealed that as a result of the program, participants (1) demonstrated positive changes in their understandings of certain NOS aspects many of which were informed by their laboratory experiences, (2) had an opportu...
Ill-posedness and precision in object-field reconstruction problems

The inherent stability or instability in reconstructing an object field, in the presence of observation noise, for a class of ill-posed problems is investigated for situations in which constraints are imposed on the object fields. The class of ill-posed problems includes inversion of truncated Fourier transforms. Two kinds of constraint are considered. It is shown that if the object field is restricted to a subset of L2 space over Rn that is bounded, closed, convex, and has nonempty interior, then a (nonlinear) least-squares estimate always exists but is unstable. It is also shown that if one is primarily concerned with the situation in which the object field belongs to a compact parallelepiped in L2, aligned in a natural way, there is a satisfactory, stable linear estimate that is optimal according to a min–max criterion. This also leads to a nonlinear modification for the case in which the object field is actually restricted to the parallelepiped. A summary of some relevant mathematical background is included.
Expressive control, expressive consistency, and the correspondence between expressive behavior and personality1

Does expressive behavior reflect personality? This paper proposes that expressive control is an important “moderating variable” affecting expressive behavior, expressive consistency, and the correspondence between expressive behavior and personality. To demonstrate this, a study was carried out in which 68 subjects were selected, according to a 2×2×2 factorial design, who were low and high on assessed extraversion, neuroticism, and self-monitoring (a measure of expressive control). Subjects were then videotaped as they role-played being teachers. A number of specific expressive behaviors were measured (subjects' stride length, graphic expansiveness, percent of forward eye-contact, and percent of time talking), and also groups of naive judges rated how “extraverted” and “anxious” subjects appeared. The following results supported our hypothesis: (1) Self-monitoring was significantly related to subjects' expressive behaviors and judged personalities, while assessed extraversion and anxiety were not. (2) Expressive control was used to suppress the “accurate” display of anxiety but not extraversion. (3) Bodily expression was less controlled than facial or vocal expression. And (4), persons low and high on self-monitoring showed different patterns of cross-situational and cross-channel (face, body, voice) expressive consistency.
An amphiphilic molecular basket sensitive to both solvent changes and UV irradiation.

A molecular basket was obtained by linking four cholate units to a cone-shaped calix[4]arene scaffold through azobenzene spacers. The molecule turns its polar faces inward in nonpolar solvents to bind polar molecules such as sugar derivatives. In polar solvents, the nonpolar faces turn inward, allowing the binding of hydrophobic guests such as pyrene. The molecule can also respond to UV irradiation by trans−cis isomerization of the azobenzene spacers. Response toward both solvents and UV light is fully reversible.
The major nucleoside triphosphatase of nuclear scaffold is distinct from actin

The major nucleoside triphosphatase of rat liver nuclear scaffold, a 46 kD protein thought to participate in nucleocytoplasmic RNA translocation, is distinct from immunologically-identified scaffold actin on Western blots, has a substantially different amino acid composition, and its enzymatic activity is not affected by anti-actin antibodies. Thus, although the contractile protein actin is found in nuclear scaffold and appears to interact with RNA, it is not associated with the nucleoside triphosphatase activity in such preparations.
Neurointerventional Procedural Volume per Hospital in United States Implications for Comprehensive Stroke Center Designation

Background and Purpose—Availability of neurointerventional procedures is recommended as a necessary component of a comprehensive stroke center by various regulatory guidelines that also emphasize adequate procedural volumes. We studied the volumes of neurointerventional procedures performed in various hospitals across the United States with subsequent comparisons with rates of minimum procedural volumes recommended by various professional bodies or used in clinical trials to ensure adequate operator experience. Methods—We reviewed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database in the United States for the years 2005 to 2008. Using International Classification of Disease—Clinical Modification, 9th revision, and Medicare severity diagnosis-related group codes, we identified among hospitals that admit stroke patients those that met the minimum criteria for overall and individual procedural volumes specified in various guidelines. We then compared the characteristics between the high-volume hospitals that performed...