cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RNAi Trigger Delivery into Anopheles gambiae Pupae

RNA interference (RNAi), a naturally occurring phenomenon in eukaryotic organisms, is an extremely valuable tool that can be utilized in the laboratory for functional genomic studies. The ability to knockdown individual genes selectively via this reverse genetic technique has allowed many researchers to rapidly uncover the biological roles of numerous genes within many organisms, by evaluation of loss-of-function phenotypes. In the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, the predominant method used to reduce the function of targeted genes involves injection of double-stranded (dsRNA) into the hemocoel of the adult mosquito. While this method has been successful, gene knockdown in adults excludes the functional assessment of genes that are expressed and potentially play roles during pre-adult stages, as well as genes that are expressed in limited numbers of cells in adult mosquitoes. We describe a method for the injection of Serine Protease Inhibitor 2 (SRPN2) dsRNA during the early pupal stage and validate SRPN2 protein knockdown by observing decreased target protein levels and the formation of melanotic pseudo-tumors in SRPN2 knockdown adult mosquitoes. This evident phenotype has been described previously for adult stage knockdown of SRPN2 function, and we have recapitulated this adult phenotype by SRPN2 knockdown initiated during pupal development. When used in conjunction with a dye-labeled dsRNA solution, this technique enables easy visualization by simple light microscopy of injection quality and distribution of dsRNA in the hemocoel.
Opportunistic spectrum access enabled heterogeneous wireless networking for smart grid

Communication in smart grid is regarded as a backbone since the choice of communication technology in smart grid is highly critical to provide secure, reliable and efficient bi-directional information transfer between the smart grid components. However, current communication infrastructures and standards are incapable of meeting the strict requirements of smart grid systems. The dynamic/opportunistic spectrum access in heterogeneous wireless networks is a candidate technology that can be used to reduce the communication expenses (by reusing the existing infrastructures) and to improve overall performance of smart grid. In this paper, we investigate the mathematical model for the dynamic spectrum access and the impact of bandwidth accumulation in smart grid communications to maximize payoff/throughput. We evaluate the proposed approaches through simulations. The numerical results show that the proposed opportunistic spectrum access-based smart grid communication outperforms the static smart grid communications.
Further Evidence of Hereditary Resistance and Susceptibility to Cecal Coccidiosis in Chickens

Abstract THE economic impact of disease resistance studies of animals has not rivaled that conducted with plants although numerous investigations concerning the role of inheritance of disease resistance in animals have been reported. Convenient reviews of the innate resistance of animals to various diseases have been written by Gowen (1937), Brandly and Waters (1942), and Hutt (1949). Certain of these studies have led to a better understanding of the host-pathogen-environment relationship, and others have shown that the Mendelian influence on disease resistance and susceptibility does occur in the form of various defense mechanisms. Although Lerner (1950) has written, “It would appear that breeding against susceptibility to diseases which are not endemic or which can be controlled by other means is not an efficient procedure, even when the possibility of reduction in disease incidence by selective breeding has been established,” such studies may be of value if for no other reason than …
Intratumoral CCL21 and checkpoint blockade cooperatively inhibit NSCLC tumor growth in vivo to a greater extent than either monotherapy alone

IC50), but high dose EN460 didn’t sensitize cells to CDDP. In summary, high ERO1L expression was associated with poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer and resistance to CDDP therapy, which may be ameliorated with addition of EN460. These data suggest that ERO1L may promote lung cancer cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy by reduction of ER stress, and that ERO1L inhibitor may sensitize CDDP-resistant cancer cells to CDDP.
Meperidine-induced seizure in a sickle cell patient using a patient-controlled analgesia pump.

Meperidine is indicated and frequently used for the relief of moderate to severe pain associated with various disease states and procedures, including sickle cell crisis pain, postoperative analgesia, and migraine headaches. Additionally, the parenteral form is approved for preoperative medication. The use of meperidine for analgesia should not be considered benign. Common adverse reactions caused by meperidine are similar to those found with other narcotic analgesics and include dizziness, sedation, nausea, vomiting, constipation, euphoria, dysphoria, and disorientation. The major hazards with meperidine use include respiratory tract depression, respiratory arrest, shock, and cardiac arrest. Several reports of seizure activity during meperidine therapy have been described. 1-8 This seizure activity is rarely experienced with other narcotic analgesic use. Most of these seizures have occurred in patients with underlying renal insufficiency; however, in four case reports there was documented meperidine-induced seizure activity in patients without renal disease. 5-8 Only one case involved a patient receiving meperidine by means of a patient-controlled analgesic pump.s Furthermore, in many of these case reports other causes of seizures were not ruled out. This case report re-emphasizes the potential for meperidine-induced seizures in patients who have normal renal function while receiving the drug through a patient-controlled analgesic pump. Although this patient did have sickle cell anemia, there was no history of any seizures or other neurological problems.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 4G/5G Polymorphism is Associated with Reproductive Failure: Metabolic, Hormonal, and Immune Profiles

Problem Association between PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and reproductive failures has been postulated. We aimed to investigate its impact on metabolic, hormonal, and immune profiles of women with reproductive failures. Method of study A retrospective study was carried out in 208 women with a history of reproductive failure. Study patients were divided into three groups: women with repeated implantation failure (RIF, n = 40), recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL, n = 113), and both RIF and RPL (n = 55). Fertile controls were 92. Results PAI-1 4G/4G was prevalent in RPL, RIF, and RIF/RPL groups when compared with controls (P = 0.003) and associated with increased risks of RIF, RPL, and RIF with RPL (OR = 4.5, 2.2 and 2.7). Women with PAI-1 4G/4G have significantly higher BMI, glucose, and PAI-1 levels and lower NK cytotoxicity when compared with women without PAI-1 4G/4G. Conclusion PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism plays a major role in the pathogenesis of RPL and RIF by altering metabolic and immunological profiles.
471 REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES ARE GENERATED IN HYPOXIA IN OVINE FETAL PULMONARY ARTERY AND VEIN SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ARE LIKELY TO BE SUPEROXIDE AND PEROXYNITRITE

Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells during oxidant stress. Currently, however, the role of ROS as physiological intra-cellular signaling molecules is being investigated. We studied ROS production in ovine fetal pulmonary (PASMC) artery and vein smooth muscle (PVSMC) in normoxia and hypoxia and attempted to characterize the nature of ROS being produced. Methods Cells were grown in DMEM+10% serum and used for experiments at passage 6. Cells were incubated in normoxia (21% O2, 5% CO2) or hypoxia (0% O2, 5% CO2) for 15min, 30min, 1h, 2h, and 4h, and ROS production was detected by 2,7′-dichlorodihydroflourescin-diacetate (DCF-DA) assay. To determine the type of reactive species produced in hypoxia, cells were pretreated with scavengers of superoxide (tiron), peroxynitrite (trolox), hydrogen peroxide (sodium pyruvate) and inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex III (myxothiazol, antimycin A, stigmatellin). In addition, both cultured cells and sections of intrapulmonary arteries and veins from fetal lamb lungs were treated with a superoxide-specific probe, dihydroethidium (DET), with or without a superoxide scavenger, PEG-SOD, to detect possible production of superoxide at 30m and 4hr time points in normoxia and hypoxia. DET fluorescence was quantified by confocal microscopy. Results We observe that ROS production is induced in both PA and PV SMC during hypoxia compared to normoxia. Increase in ROS production was maximal after 30m of hypoxia and returned to normoxic levels by 2h. Only superoxide and peroxynitrite, but not hydrogen peroxide are produced. Moreover, mitochondria do not account for all hypoxia-induced ROS production. Conclusion Generation of ROS in fetal pulmonary vascular smooth muscle during hypoxia may be an important signaling mechanism for maintenance of high pulmonary vasomotor tone in the fetus.
Interface Technology of Control and Protection for Converter Valve in ±660 kV HVDC Transmission Project

Based on the control and protection scheme of H400 converter valve,the design and realization of interface between DC control protection system and the control protection of converter valve are illustrated in detail.The type and function of signals between converter control and protection(CCP) and valve vase electronics(VBE) are demonstrated,including optical control signals,electrical I/O signals and so on.The effectiveness and reliability of the control protection interface technology of converter valve are proved by the application in the Ningdong-Shandong HVDC transmission project.
Stage I squamous cell cancer of the vulva

A review of 106 patients with Stage I squamous cell cancer of the vulva treated at the Mayo Clinic from 1950 through 1975 is presented. Microinvasive lesions (5 mm penetration or less) were present in 96 patients (91%); invasive lesions (more than 5 mm penetration) were diagnosed in 10 (9%). Inguinal node involvement was present in nine patients (8.4%); one of these also had pelvic node involvement. Recurrence developed in 13 patients (12%). Four patients experienced inguinal node metastasis after initial surgical therapy. The incidence of positive nodes among patients with lesions invading the stroma for 3 mm or less was 3%. Thus, individualization for inguinal lymphadenectomy may be possible according to the age and condition of the patient when the depth of invasion is 3 mm or less.
5 Risk of subsequent injury, crime, and death among individuals hospitalised due to a firearm-related injury

Statement of purpose Annually, 32,000 deaths, 74,000 injuries, and 470,000 violent crimes related to the use of firearms occur in the United States. Hospitalisation may provide a “teachable moment” for interventions that reduce morbidity and mortality; unfortunately, important information on the risk of subsequent injury, crime, and death following a firearm-related hospitalisation (FRH) is currently lacking. We sought to provide this information through a state-wide epidemiologic investigation. Methods/approach We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all individuals with an injury-related index hospitalisation in 2006–2007 in Washington State. A random sample of all individuals with a non-injury-related hospitalisation frequency matched on age served as the reference group. Probabilistic Methods were used to link the hospitalisation, arrest, conviction, and vital status records within five years before and five years after the index hospitalisation. Cox regression models were employed to compare the risk of rehospitalisation, arrest, conviction, and death across hospitalisation categories defined by the injury mechanism and intent using E-Codes. Analyses were controlled for age, sex, and history of substance abuse, psychiatric disorder, arrest, and conviction. Results There were 680 FRHs (51% assault, 13% self-inflicted, 28% unintentional, 8% other) among 76,942 injury-related index hospitalizations. A large proportion of individuals with an FRH were males (86%) and aged 21–30 years (38%). The risk of firearm-related rehospitalisation (hazard ratio [HR] = 25.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.1–70.8) and death (HR = 6.1; 95% CI: 2.2–17.2), as well as subsequent firearm or violence-related arrest (HR = 3.2; 95% CI: 2.5–4.0) and conviction (HR = 3.3; 95% CI: 2.3–4.6), was significantly greater among individuals with FRHs than those with non-injury-related hospitalisations. Conclusions FRH is strongly associated with an increased risk of subsequent firearm or violence-related injury, crime, and death. Significance and contributions Findings provide critical information for developing appropriately-targeted and integrated clinical, criminal justice, and public health interventions to reduce firearm-related morbidity and mortality.
After Neugebauer: Recent Developments in Mesopotamian Mathematics

When Otto Neugebauer began writing on Old Babylonian mathematics in the late 1920s, despite a certain amount of pre-history and heroic efforts by early pioneers, it was still a little-studied and poorly understood area. Once he engaged with the subject, a torrent of papers followed, leading up to the publication of the monumental Mathematische Keilschrift-Texte (MKT) in three volumes in 1935 and 1937. The appearance in 1945 of Mathematical Cuneiform Texts (MCT (Neugebauer and Sachs 1945)), mostly concerned with publishing tablets from Yale that had not been available to him earlier in Europe, as well as the infamous Plimpton 322, essentially completed his project. Neugebauer had read, translated, understood and described in precise mathematical detail the known corpus of Old Babylonian problem texts, as well as giving a categorization of the various types of table texts. Neugebauer himself moved on and, while his work on astronomy continued for the rest of his life, he rarely published on mathematics again. What was there left to do?
Correction for Abrisch et al., Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Causes Near-Complete Loss of RNA Polymerase II Occupancy on the Host Cell Genome.

Volume 90, no. 5, p. 2503–2513, 2016. Page 2511, Fig. 6: The images shown in Fig. 6C and D were mistakenly generated using the translational start sites for herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) genes rather than the transcriptional start sites. To our knowledge, a complete and accurate annotation of all HSV-1 transcriptional start sites is not available at this time, preventing correction of the panels. This does not impact the primary focus and conclusions of the paper regarding the near-complete loss of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy on the host cell genome after infection. We regret the mistake regarding the localization of Pol II occupancy on HSV-1 genes. Conclusions made regarding the position of RNA Pol II with respect to HSV-1 transcriptional start sites should be disregarded, as delineated below.
Compared to What? The Importance of Control Groups in Social Comparison Research

ABSTRACTTwo experiments demonstrate the importance of control groups in social comparison research. When comparing to downward targets leads to more favorable self-evaluations than comparing to upward targets, results are often interpreted as demonstrating bidirectional contrast effects. However, without a no-comparison control group, these claims cannot be supported. The present experiments provided participants with performance feedback; some participants received information about an upward target, a downward target, or a bidirectional target (one upward, one downward). Results suggest that social comparison effects are not always bidirectional: Downward and bidirectional comparisons led to contrast whereas upward comparisons were not different from the control. Experiment 2 assessed the role of lateral targets. Overall, results suggest that existing interpretations of contrast effects should be reexamined.
Designing A New Rod

In this chapter, we explore the reasoning used by students as they design a possible new rod that could appropriately represent the requested fraction as a solution to a task that otherwise has no correct solution using the given rods. The students extended their reasoning about this design task to make a generalization about sets of rods that would satisfy the conditions of the original task.
Lessons From Transitional Reforms: What Are The Fundamentals For Successful Transformation?

After more than two decades of enduring global reforms, the current paper makes an attempt to investigate the fundamental prerequisites of a successful reform program. The study is particularly complicated by the ambiguity surrounding the very subject matter. While most scholars are united in the view that in order to facilitate a successful transitional process, transitional economies must execute fundamental grassroots reforms, there is no formally accepted universal blueprint of what is considered to be an acceptable transitional program. In an effort to broaden the scope of the investigation, the author probes into neoclassical economic thinking and examines ‘conventional reform indicators’ commonly associated with successful reforms. But the quest brings the author to the realization that mainstream neoclassical economic thinking by itself is not sufficient; it leaves behind unanswered fundamental questions which—for the sake of methodological and pragmatic necessity—demands resolution. Consequently, the author excavates beneath superficial philosophical thinking, and probes ‘mainstream theories’ for answers to valid problems confronting transitioning economies. The inquiry is not only beneficial for knowledge, but has implications for policy-making. The paper is sectioned into four parts: introduction is an appraisal of conventional thinking; section II examines reform pre-requisites and pragmatic questions; section III is an attempt to suggest answers to questions prompted in section II and rationalize unequal reform outcomes in reforming societies that execute identical reform program; the concluding section synchronously weaves together the different pieces and ideas by drawing attention on the uniqueness of contemporary reforms and lessons learned from past reforms.
Abstract LB-159: A missense variant inFTCDis associated with arsenic metabolism efficiency and arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh

Exposure to drinking water contaminated with inorganic arsenic (iAs), a known human carcinogen, affects over 100 million people worldwide. Arsenic-induced skin lesions are an early sign of arsenic toxicity and a risk factor for subsequent cancer. Once absorbed into the blood, iAs can be converted to mono-methylated (MMA) and then di-methylated (DMA) forms of arsenic, with methylation facilitating the excretion of arsenic in urine. The relative abundance of these arsenic species in urine (iAs%, MMA%, DMA%) represents the efficiency with which an individual metabolizes arsenic. The AS3MT region is the only locus known to harbor variants that influence arsenic metabolism efficiency in humans. In order to identify additional variants that impact arsenic metabolism, we measured protein-coding variants across the human exome using Illumina’s Exome Chip for 1,660 Bangladeshi individuals participating in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study. Among 20,265 exonic variants with a minor allele frequency greater than 1%, only rs61735836 showed associations of experiment-wide significance for all three arsenic metabolite percentages (P=8x10-22, P=7x10-16, and P=2x10-12 for DMA%, MMA%, and iAs%, respectively). The minor allele (A) has a frequency of ~7% in our study (consistent with 1,000 Genomes data) and is associated with decreased DMA% and increased MMA% and iAs%. In subsequent analyses of 2,401 skin lesions cases and 2,472 controls, the low-efficiency allele (A) was associated with increased skin lesion risk (OR=1.25; P=5x10-4), suggesting this variant impacts arsenic toxicity through its impact on metabolism and internal dose of arsenic. rs61735836 is a missense variant (p.Val101Met) in exon 3 of FTCD, which codes for forminidoyltransferase cyclodeaminase. This enzyme is involved in one-carbon metabolism and is critical for production of methenyltetrahydrofolate, a donor of one-carbon groups to the methionine cycle. Methionine provides methyl groups for arsenic metabolism, and variation in folate status and one-carbon metabolism have long been hypothesized to influence arsenic metabolism, with folate supplementation resulting in increased arsenic metabolism efficiency in a randomized trial. FTCD expression in liver (the primary site of arsenic metabolism) is higher than in any other human tissue, but rs614735826 is not associated with gene expression in any tissue (based on GTEx). Furthermore, rs61735836 is not in LD (r2 Citation Format: Brandon L. Pierce, Lin Tong, Maria Argos, Farzana Jasmine, Mary V. Gamble, Joseph Graziano, Muhammad G. Kibriya, Habibul Ahsan. A missense variant in FTCD is associated with arsenic metabolism efficiency and arsenic toxicity in Bangladesh [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-159. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-LB-159
Synthetic mesh vs. allograft extensor mechanism reconstruction in total knee arthroplasty - A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis.

Abstract Background: Extensor mechanism disruption after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a devastating complication. Reconstruction with allograft and synthetic mesh has been described. However, these reports have typically been small case series, and controversy exists with regard to which reconstruction technique is optimal. Methods: The authors performed a systematic review using PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Clinicaltrials.gov , and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews identifying 14 articles meeting inclusion criteria and producing 204 knees for comparison. Studies with repairs performed under full knee extension were included. Case reports and non-English studies were excluded. Available demographics and clinical outcome data were collected from each study. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed to compare the variables. Results: Baseline demographics and patient complexity were similar between the two cohorts. Reconstruction success rates (76% allograft vs. 74% mesh), average time to diagnosis/treatment, Knee Society Scores (KSS), knee range of motion/extensor lag, and complication rates yielded no statistical difference. Synthetic mesh was used more frequently with concomitant revision of components. Discussion: This systematic review shows equivalent success of allograft and synthetic mesh with approximately 25% failure rate in both groups. Periprosthetic joint infection remains a common and significant complication and reason for failure in both groups. Overall, synthetic mesh showed equivalent extensor mechanism reconstruction success as allograft but with much lower cost, near universal availability, lack of disease transmission, and potential for diminishing graft stretch-out. Future research in larger case series or comparative study is needed to help aid in management of this largely unsolved problem in total knee reconstruction.
Modeling of creep-fatigue interaction effects on crack growth at elevated temperatures

The well-known load frequency effect on creep-fatigue crack growth is explained by the interactions between fatigue and creep loading and is quantified using the concept of plasticity-induced crack closure. It is shown that the hold time during creep loading affects crack growth rates during subsequent fatigue cycles. Longer hold times lead to lower crack-tip opening stresses and faster crack growth rates during fatigue loading. To model the impact of hold time on crack opening stresses during fatigue loading, a strip-yield model was developed for creep-fatigue crack growth. The strip-yield model computes crack-tip opening stresses, which determine the effective stress intensity factor range and crack growth rate during the fatigue portion of each loading cycle. Maximum stress intensity factor is used to compute the crack growth rate during the creep portion of each cycle. The proposed strip-yield model is used to compute creep-fatigue crack growth rates for several structural materials, i.e., an Astroloy, aluminium alloy 2650 and 316 stainless steel. The model predictions of crack growth rates compare well with published experimental data for these alloys. This model achieves reliable predictions of crack growth rates and life prediction on components subjected to creep-fatigue loading at elevated temperatures by considering loading interaction effects.
Evaluate autoconversion and accretion enhancement factors in GCM warm-rain parameterizations using ground-based measurements at the Azores

Abstract. A great challenge in climate modelling is how to parametrize sub-grid cloud processes, such as autoconversion and accretion in warm rain formation. In this study, we use ground-based observations and retrievals over the Azores to investigate the so-called enhancement factors, E auto and E accr , which are often used in climate models to account for the influences of sub-grid variances of cloud and precipitation water on the autoconversion and accretion processes. E auto and E accr are computed at a variety of tempo-spatial scales corresponding to different model resolutions. The calculated E auto increase from 1.79 (0.5-hr/36 km) to 3.15 (3.5-hr/126 km), and the calculated E accr increases from 1.25 (0.5-hr/36 km) to 1.6 (5-hr/180 km). Comparing the prescribed enhancement factors to the values from observations shows that GCMs are using a much higher E auto (3.2) and lower E accr (1.07). This helps to explain why most of the GCMs produce too frequent precipitation events but with too light precipitation intensity. The ratios of rain to cloud liquid water at E accr = 1.07 and E accr = 2.0 are 0.048 and 0.119, respectively, further proving that the prescribed value of E accr = 1.07 used in GCMs is too small to simulate correct precipitation intensity. Both E auto and E accr increase when the boundary layer becomes less stable, and the values are larger in precipitating clouds (CLWP > 75 gm −2 ) than those in nonprecipiting clouds (CLWP 75 gm −2 ). Therefore, the selection of E auto and E accr values in GCMs should be regime-dependent.
Abstract 9071: P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1 Deficiency is Protective Against Perivascular Macrophage Infiltration and Obesity-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction

Introduction: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (Psgl-1) is a leukocyte ligand which binds to selectins and mediates leukocyte trafficking in several disease states. The goal of the current study was to assess the effects of Psgl-1 deficiency on perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) macrophage accumulation and endothelial dysfunction in the setting of obesity. Methods: Psgl-1 deficient ( Psgl-1 -/- ) and control ( Psgl-1 +/+ ) mice were fed either normal or DIO chow for 10 weeks (n=5-7 mice per group). Mesenteric arterioles were then mounted on a pressure myograph to evaluate vascular function. Norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction, acetylcholine (Ach)-induced (with and without N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced vasorelaxation were evaluated. Mesenteric PVAT macrophage content was assessed with Mac-3 immunohistochemistry. Results: The body weight of DIO mice was greater than standard chow-fed mice (46.5±1.4 vs 21.2±1.6g, p Psgl-1 +/+ and Psgl-1 -/- mice on DIO or standard chow, however, relaxation responses to Ach were significantly impaired in DIO Psgl-1 +/+ mice compared with standard chow-fed Psgl-1 +/+ mice (maximal relaxation, 36.0±7.8% vs 73.4±5.3%, p Psgl-1 -/- DIO mice were protected from endothelial dysfunction and were similar to Psgl-1 -/- mice on standard chow (maximal relaxation, 75.1±4.8% and 83.8±3.7%). Ach-induced vasorelaxation was completely inhibited in all groups in the presence of L-NAME. Endothelium-independent relaxation responses to SNP were similar in all groups. Mac-3 staining showed reduced macrophage content in mesenteric PVAT of DIO Psgl-1 -/- mice compared to DIO Psgl-1 +/+ mice (18.2±1.5% vs 30.0±2.6% , p Psgl-1 +/+ mice with a Psgl-1 antibody for 4 weeks resulted in Ach-induced relaxation of 71.6±10.9%, which was similar to Psgl-1 -/- DIO mice. Conclusions: Endothelial function and vascular NO bioavailability are impaired in a DIO mouse model. Psgl-1 deficiency is protective against PVAT inflammation and endothelial dysfunction induced by obesity. Psgl-1 inhibition may be useful for treatment of obesity-related vascular diseases.
Microstructural analysis of gas atomized Al-Cu alloy feedstock powders for cold spray deposition

Abstract This work describes the micro- and nanostructures of inert gas atomized Al-Cu alloy powder particles over a range of compositions. For cold spray deposition, the microstructure and elemental distribution within the feedstock powder play a critical role in determining the final microstructure and properties of the fabricated material. A series of Al-Cu binary alloy powders, ranging from 2 to 5 wt% Cu, were produced by inert gas atomization and were then thoroughly characterized using electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The gas atomized powder particles, nominally 20 μm in diameter, presented a cellular structure with θ (Al2Cu) phase forming along the cell boundaries. The continuity and phase fraction of the θ phase increased systematically with copper content. No Guinier-Preston zones were observed in the powders, but small, incoherent θ phase particles were observed in the matrix near the cell boundaries. The as-atomized particles were observed to be in a non-equilibrium state with a reduced amount of θ phase and altered lattice parameters for the α and θ phases. A mild, post-atomization annealing returned the θ phase fraction and lattice parameters to their equilibrium values.
Best-Bet Legumes for Smallholder Maize-Based Cropping Systems of Malawi

Malawi’s burgeoning population and dependence on maize (Zea mays L.) as a staple food had led to continuous maize cultivation and declining soil organic matter levels. Devaluation of the Malawi Kwacha and removal of fertilizer and maize price subsidies have contributed to increased interest in legumes as sources of human nutrition and soil fertility in the N-depleted soils of Malawi. However, the intense land pressure means that any leguminous system must be competitive with continuous maize in terms of calorie production per hectare and economic net benefits. Legumes that can satisfy economic and food security criteria while still improving soil fertility are termed ‘best-bet’ systems because smallholder maize producers are more likely to adopt them.
Genetics of E. Coli Cytochromes which are Components of the Aerobic Respiratory Chain

The cytochromes of E. coli have been studied for many years, but it has only been recently that the methods of genetics and molecular biology have been effectively directed at these systems (see 1). The impact has been substantial and it is the purpose of this paper to briefly review the current status of this field with an emphasis on some current problems being examined using molecular biology.
DESCRIBING POSSIBLE SITE IMPACTS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods for quantifying the possible impacts of any particular candidate site. The purpose is to familiarize one with the different approaches and procedures. These are presented only in summarized fashion both to indicate the basic ideas as effectively as possible and because a voluminous literature exists on the subject for anyone wishing more details. It discusses the impacts with respect to the environment, economics, socioeconomics, health and safety, and public attitudes. Long time horizons often applicable to the siting of energy facilities complicate the description of possible impacts. This results from two distinct factors. One is that the same impact occurring at different time periods is not necessarily evaluated the same. This is clearly the case for economic costs: 1 million dollars cost today does not have the same value as 1 million dollars cost in 10 years. The second factor is that there are greater uncertainties about impacts years in the future than in the short-term. As a result of these factors, it may be appropriate to have the probability distribution describe possible impacts over time. There are essentially three different approaches used to describe the possible impacts at any site: (1) collecting and synthesizing data, (2) modeling the processes leading to site impacts, and (3) assessing professional judgments directly. Often, combinations of these are used. For illustration, each of the approaches is considered separately.
NUTRIENT UPTAKE AND UTILIZATION BY TUNDRA PLANTS

Nutrient availability is limited in tundra soils due to many direct and indirect effects of low temperature upon nutrient cycling. Arctic plants adapt to a cold, nutrient-poor environment through: 1) a high root-to-shoot ratio which requires root growth at low temperatures and, 2) high rates of nutrient uptake. Phosphate uptake by arctic graminoids is adaptive at low temperature because of a low sensitivity to temperature (35 percent of the 20° rate being maintained at 1°C) but not through any change in temperature optimum. Tundra graminoids differ from most crop plants in having substantial tissue concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, even when growth is strongly limited by both elements. High nutrient concentrations appear necessary to maintain high metabolic levels necessary for rapid growth at low temperature. Tundra plants respond to nutrient deficiency by reduced growth rather than by production of nutrient-deficient tissue. Nutrient use changes substantially through the growing season. A much larger proportion of leaf nitrogen is associated with photosynthesis at mid-season than in spring or fall. Tundra deciduous shrubs translocate substantial quantities of nutrients into leaves from belowgrcund storage each year, whereas evergreen shrubs store nutrients in leaves from one year to the next.
Reflections on writing and identity: exploring the role of qualifying exams in the sociocultural development of doctoral students

This qualitative study focuses on critical incidents identified by three U.S. PhD students as they reflected on the process of writing qualifying examinations. This study is couched in sociocultura...
Endocannabinoid-Mediated Neuromodulation in the Olfactory Bulb: Functional and Therapeutic Significance

Endocannabinoid synthesis in the human body is naturally occurring and on-demand. It occurs in response to physiological and environmental stimuli, such as stress, anxiety, hunger, other factors negatively disrupting homeostasis, as well as the therapeutic use of the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol and recreational use of exogenous cannabis, which can lead to cannabis use disorder. Together with their specific receptors CB1R and CB2R, endocannabinoids are major components of endocannabinoid-mediated neuromodulation in a rapid and sustained manner. Extensive research on endocannabinoid function and expression includes studies in limbic system structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. The wide distribution of endocannabinoids, their on-demand synthesis at widely different sites, their co-existence in specific regions of the body, their quantitative differences in tissue type, and different pathological conditions indicate their diverse biological functions that utilize specific and overlapping pathways in multiple organ systems. Here, we review emerging evidence of these pathways with a special emphasis on the role of endocannabinoids in decelerating neurodegenerative pathology through neural networks initiated by cells in the main olfactory bulb.
Phase II spatial patterning of vulture scavenged human remains

This project expands on a pilot study by Spradley, Hamilton, and Giordano (2012) that investigated the patterns and effect of vulture scavenging of human remains, with special focus on the effect of microenvironments. Five donated bodies from the Willed Body Donation Program at Texas State University were placed in various locations at the university's Forensic Anthropology Research Facility (FARF). The bodies were monitored by motion capture cameras and after each vulture scavenging event the dispersal and location of the bodies' skeletal elements were mapped with a high accuracy GPS unit. The degree and direction of dispersal by vultures were then analyzed with GIS. Phase II revealed that vultures will begin scavenging at variable times, will continue to return to and move remains after a body has been skeletonized, and tend to move remains from higher elevations to lower elevations. The data also suggested that vultures may scavenge in larger groups (n > 20) in cooler temperatures, but in warm to hot temperatures they may scavenge more frequently in smaller groups (n ≈ 5). Future directions for vulture scavenging profiles are briefly discussed.
Specifically Regulated Pesticides in Florida: Bromacil

Bromacil is a general use pesticide that is marketed in Florida under many names and is used on sites such as citrus, pineapple, and industrial areas. This 2-page document discusses the characteristics and use of bromacil. Written by Frederick M. Fishel and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, May 2018.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi112
Citizens & Southern National Bank v. Bougas --Achieving Justice under the Venue Provision of the National Bank Act

The Supreme Court decided in Citizens & Southern National Bank v. Bougas that for purposes of state-court venue, a national bank is located either in the county where the bank is chartered or in any county where it conducts branch banking. The Court's holding, however, applied only to suits filed in state courts. Thus, at least two issues are still unresolved. First, is a national bank subject to suit in the federal district where it conducts branch banking? Second, what effect does Bougas have on venue with respect to business transacted by a national bank in a foreign jurisdiction when such business does not amount to branch banking? The purpose of this article is to resolve these questions in light of the Supreme Court's decision in Bougas; for background, Bougas and other related cases will be discussed first.
Dealer attention, the speed of quote adjustment to information, and net dealer revenue.

Abstract Using trade and quote data from the NYSE, we examine the relation between dealer attention, dealer revenue, and the probability of informed trade. We find that dealer revenue net of losses to better-informed traders in NYSE stocks is positively related to the speed at which quotes adjust to full information levels. The speed of quote adjustment is faster for stocks with greater dealer attention, as measured by a stock’s relative prominence at its post and panel location on the NYSE floor. The level of dealer attention in turn is positively related to a stock’s probability of information-based trading. The results are consistent with a theoretical model we derive in which dealers trade multiple securities and must optimally allocate their limited attention to monitoring order flow to minimize losses to better-informed traders.
Exploring Transgender and Gender Diverse Young Adult Tobacco Use.

Aside from prevalence estimates and comparisons to heterosexual and presumed cisgender (i.e., not transgender) samples, little is known about transgender and gender diverse (TGD) young adult tobacc...
Incorporation of the CardioMEMS™ System During an Exercise Physiology Test in a Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Patient Contributing to Medical Decision-Making

Exercise testing among the pediatric congenital heart disease population continues to transform and expand the way patients are evaluated and managed. We describe a case where a stress echocardiogram was performed while successfully collecting data from a previously implanted CardioMEMS™ HF system which helped guide decision-making.
Evaluating the Effect of Incorrect Specification of a Regression Model, Part 2: Further Example and Discussion

This is the second part of a two-part paper on the effect of incorrectly specifying a regression model. The first five sections of the paper appeared in the last issue of this journal (April 1978, Vol. 10, No. 2). These sections dealt with statistical m..
Carbon Isotopic Chemistry

Isotopic molecular abundances are used to interpret Galactic chemical evolution and the properties of interstellar clouds. The isotopic chemistry of carbon plays an important role in the interpretation of these measurements. This paper reviews the recent measurements of the carbon twelve to thirteen ratio across the Galaxy and the isotopic chemistry.
Targeting Angiogenesis in the Treatment of Hepatic Metastasis

The liver is the most common site for the development of metastases from gastrointestinal malignancies. Although the only potentially curative option for patients with liver metastases is resection, only a minority are candidates. In order to increase the number of patients who may be candidates for resection, preoperative systemic chemotherapy and targeted therapy approaches have been utilized. Angiogenesis has been shown to be integral for the growth and metastasis of many tumor types including the development of liver metastases. The development of anti-angiogenic approaches, particularly anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy with bevacizumab, has shown great promise in the treatment of patients with liver metastases, particularly from colorectal cancer and to a lesser degree, neuroendocrine carcinoma. These approaches have allowed physicians to increase the number of patients that may be amenable for curative resection. As angiogenesis and VEGF have been shown to be important in liver hypertrophy and regeneration, however, the possible effects of anti-VEGF therapy on liver recovery may carry significant risks along with the potential benefits.
Does Baumol's Cost Disease Account for Nonfederal Public‐Sector Cost Growth in the United States? A New Test of an Old Idea*

Objectives To examine if Baumol's cost disease of the service sector offers an explanation for the growth of state and local government costs in the United States. Methods The study tests whether state-wide increases in wage rates relative to productivity influence the growth of state and local government spending using a relatively new econometric test along with a panel data set of the 50 states over the period from 1980 to 2009. Results Findings are robust to various multiple regression specifications and show that Baumol's cost disease does account for some of the growth of state and local government costs over time. Conclusion Unless the delivery of public services takes on a more capital-intensive process or is absorbed by the private sector, the implication is that consumer-voters should become better accustomed to the government sector comprising an increasingly larger proportion of their state and local economies over time.
Geometry-Aware Single-Event Enabled Compact Models for Sub-50 nm Partially Depleted Silicon-on-Insulator Technologies

A new geometry-aware single-event enabled compact model for sub-50 nm partially depleted silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs is presented. The model extends the bias-dependent single-event modeling methods with an integrated parasitic BJT using the SPICE Gummel Poon equations and parameters derived from the manufacturer’s process design kit, physical layout, and technology information. The model compares well with TCAD and test data.
Surgical Cutting Simulation and Topology Refinement of Bio-Tissues and Bio-Object

In this paper, we propose methodology and algorithms to generate realistic cuts on heterogeneous deformable object models. A three-dimensional node snapping algorithm is presented to modify the topology of deformable models, without adding new elements. Smooth cut is generated by duplicating and displacing mass points that have been snapped along the cutting path. Several sets of triangles representing different soft tissues are generated along the new cut to present the internal structures and material properties of heterogeneous deformable objects. A haptic device is integrated into cutting simulation system as a cutting tool. The proposed cutting techniques can be used in surgical simulation or other virtual simulations involving topological modification of heterogeneous soft materials to enhance the fidelity and realism.
Proof = Guarantee + Explanation

Twenty years ago I wrote the following: Logic deals with what follows from what. ...The correctness of a piece ...does not depend on what the reasoning is about. (Robinson, 1979, p. 1)
"Supernatural role playing game," by J. Chambers

Review of Jamie Chambers. Supernatural role playing game. Williams Bay, WI: Margaret Weis Productions, 2009, hardcover, $39.99 (224p) ISBN 978-1931567497.
Optimization of cascade blade mistuning. II - Global optimum and numerical optimization

The values of the mistuning which yield the most stable eigenvectors are analytically determined, using the simplified equations of motion which were developed in Part I of this work. It is shown that random mistunings, if large enough, may lead to the maximal stability, whereas the alternate mistunings cannot. The problem of obtaining maximum stability for minimal mistuning is formulated, based on numerical optimization techniques. Several local minima are obtained using different starting mistuning vectors. The starting vectors which lead to the global minimum are identified. It is analytically shown that all minima appear in multiplicities which are equal to the number of compressor blades. The effect of mistuning on the flutter speed is studied using both an optimum mistuning vector and an alternate mistuning vector. Effects of mistunings in elastic axis locations are shown to have a negligible effect on the eigenvalues. Finally, it is shown that any general two-dimensional bending-torsion system can be reduced to an equivalent uncoupled torsional system.
Precursive pore pressure changes associated with premonitory slip during stick-slip sliding

Abstract Undrained, triaxial-compression, pore pressure experiments have been conducted to monitor pore pressure changes during stick-slip sliding of 35° sandstone precuts. Pore pressure changes reflect changes in pore volume (i.e., dilatancy). During the stick portion of the stick-slip cycle, there are linear increases in the displacement, force, and pore pressure that indicate elastic compaction. Just prior to the major seismic-slip event, premonitory slip always occurs. Coinciding with the onset of premonitory slip, the linear rises in pore pressure and force become nonlinear and level off or decrease immediately prior to the major seismic-slip event. With increasing total displacement along the precut there is an increase in the amount of premonitory slip that precedes individual stick-slip events and a corresponding increase in the precursive drop in pore pressure. During the major seismic-slip event, the stress on the specimen is relieved resulting in a corresponding coseismic drop in pore pressure. The precursive drop in pore pressure is related to observed microfracturing in grains immediately adjacent to the sliding surface. It is suggested that if dilatancy in the form of increased fracture porosity along the sliding surface is to occur before stick-slip events, premonitory slip is necessary.