cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Macrophage Insulin Resistance on Advanced Atherosclerotic Plaque Progression

Atherothrombotic vascular disease is the major cause of death and disability in obese and diabetic subjects with insulin resistance. Although increased systemic risk factors in the setting of insulin resistance contribute to this problem, it is likely exacerbated by direct effects of insulin resistance on the arterial wall cells that participate in atherosclerosis. A critical process in the progression of subclinical atherosclerotic lesions to clinically relevant lesions is necrotic breakdown of plaques. Plaque necrosis, which is particularly prominent in the lesions of diabetics, is caused by the combination of macrophage apoptosis and defective phagocytic clearance, or efferocytosis, of the apoptotic macrophages. One cause of macrophage apoptosis in advanced plaques is activation of a proapoptotic branch of the unfolded protein response, which is an endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Macrophages have a functional insulin receptor signaling pathway, and downregulation of this pathway in the setting insulin resistance enhances unfolded protein response-induced apoptosis. Moreover, other aspects of the obesity/insulin-resistance syndrome may adversely affect efferocytosis. These processes may therefore provide an important mechanistic link among insulin resistance, plaque necrosis, and atherothrombotic vascular disease and suggest novel therapeutic approaches to this expanding health problem.
Air Intrusion Effects on the Performance of Permeable Insulation Systems

The R-values of permeable insulation systems are generally determined in test apparatuses designed to assure one-dimensional heat transfer and to assure no air intrusion effects. Such classical R-values are then calculationally employed to help describe in situ heat-transfer rates through insulation systems. The research reported herein reexamines the applicability of these classical R-values to commonly encountered insulation systems where air intrusion is physically possible. Several kinds of findings are reported: (a) Laboratory-determined R-values for several types and thicknesses of permeable insulators, under conditions of no externally imposed flows. (b) Laboratory-determined heat-transfer rates for several permeable insulators under conditions of externally imposed flows (air intrusion). (c) Theoretically calculated heat-transfer rates for permeable insulation systems which sustain infiltrative-exfiltrative air intrusion effects. The results obtained show that the thermal insulation provided by a permeable insulation system may differ substantially from that which is predicted by simple application of classical R-values.
Intra-arterial Pro-urokinase in Ischemic Stroke

To the Editor: Dr del Zoppo et al are to be congratulated for successfully completing the first randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of intra-arterial pro-urokinase (pro-UK) in ischemic stroke (PROACT).1 A sophisticated route of administration of pro-UK by microcatheter into the thrombus was chosen in order to maximize lysis and minimize hemorrhagic side effects. Moreover, at the low infusion rate (6 mg over 2 hours) that was used, there is no systemic conversion of pro-UK to urokinase, and its effect is entirely fibrin specific. As a result, little or no bleeding should have occurred, because in stroke, bleeding is correlated with nonspecificity (ie, streptokinase induces more bleeding than tPA). In view of this prudent protocol, it is curious that intravenous heparin was given concomitantly with pro-UK in the treatment group or given alone in the placebo group. Early anticoagulation with heparin for ischemic stroke has long been considered hazardous, and it has been recommended that heparin be delayed for at least 48 hours after embolism.2 Even when heparin was administered by the subcutaneous route to patients with ischemic stroke, a 4-fold increase in hemorrhagic stroke was reported in the International Stroke Trial.3 Consequently, heparin has been scrupulously avoided in all of the clinical trials of tPA in stroke. Therefore, it is not surprising that …
Breakdown of gate oxides during irradiation with heavy ions

Breakdown of thin gate oxides from heavy ions is investigated using capacitor test structures. Soft breakdown was observed for 45 /spl Aring/ oxides, but not for 75 /spl Aring/ oxides. Lower critical fields were observed when experiments were done with high fluences during each successive step. This implies that oxide defects play an important role in breakdown from heavy ions and that breakdown occurs more readily when an ion strike occurs close to a defect site. Critical fields for 75 /spl Aring/ oxides are low enough to allow gate rupture to occur at normal supply voltages for ions with high LET.
Clarifying “fuzzy” hospitality-management problems with depth interviews and qualitative analysis

Excerpt] Many successful hospitality-management programs are predicated on the manager’s ability to get to know the customer, a task that is almost always easier said than done. The depth of understanding required to answer certain customer-related questions is often difficult to reach with traditional research tools such as surveys. Consider, for example, questions related to consumer decision making. Conventional wisdom suggests that a consumer’s choice of hospitality products is based on both rational and emotional considerations. That is, there is a logical component to the decision, in which the buyer considers such attributes as price, location, and ratings of service quality. There is also an emotional component, such as feelings of happiness and excitement, which are elicited by the decision itself and by emotionally evocative aspects of the choice options. The emotional aspects are likely to be strongest when a choice is made more for hedonic reasons (e.g., pleasure travel) than for utilitarian reasons (e.g., business travel). The above discussion raises the question of what we know about how, when, and why positive emotions come into play in such a choice process. The answer is, surprisingly little, even though all manner of strategic decisions associated with the marketing of hospitality products, from product and service design to marketing promotion, involve some emotion quotient. Such limited knowledge about a topic of importance to managers and customers alike has a number of causes. Perhaps the chief cause is simply that positive emotion is an ambiguous construct that is hard to define and even harder to study. Indeed, despite centuries of theorizing about and studying emotion, there remains little consensus as to what emotion really is and how best to measure it.
The Role of Lactation in GDM Women

Lactating women exhibit more favorable blood glucose and insulin profiles, as well as increased insulin sensitivity than nonlactating women. Yet, much less is known about whether these favorable effects on metabolic risk factors persist long-term among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The evidence that lactation reduces incident type 2 diabetes after GDM pregnancy is limited and inconsistent. Well-controlled, prospective studies that measure lactation intensity and duration, and comprehensively screen for postpartum glucose tolerance are needed to conclusively determine whether lactation can lead to reduced risk of type 2 diabetes after GDM pregnancy.
Local polariton modes in planar optical microcavities

An array of quantum dots in a microcavity is considered. It is shown that a vacancy in the array may give rise to one or two quasi-local states with a long life-time depending upon the structure of the array. One state always splits off the top of the polariton gap, and the other one may appear closer to the bottom of the gap. The life-time of the state is mostly determined by the exciton non-radiative relaxation and depends only weakly upon the properties of the cavity mirrors.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Formal modelling and analysis of XML firewall for service-oriented systems

Firewalls have been designed as a major component to protect a network or a server from being attacked. However, due to their emphasis on packet filtering rather than verifying user permissions and examining packet contents, conventional firewalls are not suitable for protecting service-oriented systems from unauthorised service invocations. In this paper, we present a formal XML firewall security model for service-oriented systems, which supports user authentication and role-based user authorisation according to policy rules that can be updated dynamically. The formal model consists of two major components, namely the application model and the XML firewall model, which are designed compositionally using coloured Petri nets. We analyse both the application model and the XML firewall model using an existing Petri net tool, and demonstrate how key properties of the formal models can be verified, and how design errors can be detected and corrected at an early design stage.
State-Space Synthesis of Virtual Auditory Space

Binaural displays for immersive listening must model realistic acoustic environments, multiple sound sources, and accommodate source and head motion. Many displays accomplish this by convolving collections of spatially distributed point sources with head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). The computational load of such a system scales linearly with the number of HRTFs modeled by the display. Realistic scenes often require a large number of HRTFs, and this framework is computationally burdensome. We propose a method that significantly eases this load by formulating the HRTF filter array as a state-space system. Three state-space architectures are explored. The performance of the most general architecture is found to suffer due to the interaural time delay (ITD). This problem may be circumvented with two alternative architectures, although the ideal choice depends on the specific display application. For each architecture, two order-reduction techniques are explored. Both techniques are based on the Hankel operator; one is ad hoc and simple to implement whereas the other is optimal in the Hankel norm. The two methods yield similar auditory performance, although the optimal method may be desirable for HRTF approximation.
Micromechanics Characterization of Unidirectional Composites during Multiaxial Plastic Deformation

This study examined the micromechanics at the scale of reinforcement in a short fiber/whisker reinforced unidirectional composite undergoing elastic/plastic deformation. The equivalent inclusion method was extended to consider composite systems comprising fiber/whisker of variable aspect ratio. The flow rule of matrix material is incorporated such that the composite deformation involved multiaxial loading can be handled. Theoretical predictions are reported on the effects of variable fiber aspect ratio, loading direction, and hydrostatic stress on the macroscopic behavior of the composite and the stress state at the reinforcement scale.
On automated discovery of models using genetic programming in game-theoretic contexts

The creation of mathematical, as well as qualitative (or rule-based), models is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Recent developments in evolutionary computation hold out the prospect that, for many problems of practical import, machine learning techniques can be used to discover useful models automatically. These prospects are particularly bright, we believe, for such automated discoveries in the context of game theory. This paper reports on a series of successful experiments in which we used a genetic programming regime to discover high-quality negotiation policies. The game-theoretic context in which we conducted these experiments-a three-player coalitions game with sidepayments-is considerably more complex and subtle than any reported in the literature on machine learning applied to game theory. >
Iggy Roca and Wyn Johnson (1999). A course in phonology . Oxford & Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers. Pp. xxi+725.

Roca & Johnson (R & J) are ambitious in their goals for A course in phonology (CP), now in its second printing. I would like to thank Dirk Elzinga and Sharon Hargus for helpful feedback on an earlier draft of this review. I would also like to thank Iggy Roca for his thorough commentary on that earlier draft, although I realise that he will likely remain unsatisfied with the present version. The book, intended for beginners (p. xv), covers what the authors see as the outcome of 30 years of work in mainstream generative phonology, including the framework of Optimality Theory (OT), and strives to do so in a pedagogically sound fashion. CP contains 20 chapters, divided into three parts: Phonetics and phonology, Suprasegmental structure and Advanced theory. There is, in addition, an accompanying workbook by the same authors and publisher, A workbook in phonology (WP) (pp. x+144), which is designed to be employable with other textbooks or on its own.
Production and decay of eta and omega mesons in the reaction pi+ d ---> (p)p pi+ pi- pi0 between 1.1 and 2.4 gev/c

The reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}d\ensuremath{\rightarrow}(p)p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ has been studied in a bubble-chamber experiment with pion beam momentum between 1.1 and 2.4 GeV/c; the exposure size was 14 events/\ensuremath{\mu}b. The most significant features of the final state are production and decay of $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ mesons in the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}p$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\omega}p$. The $\ensuremath{\eta}$-production characteristics are well described by a Reggeized ${A}_{2}$-exchange model using Veneziano-type residue functions. The $\ensuremath{\omega}$ production and decay characteristics are presented, and it is found that a $\ensuremath{\rho}$-exchange model with absorptive corrections is inadequate to describe these data.
Emotions in the Cross-Fire: Structuralist vs. Post-Structuralist Stances in Bilingualism Research.

What Aneta Pavlenko discusses in this fascinating article is so widely researched, so cogently conceptualized and so richly reflected upon, that one feels like a spoilsport to bring up a debate which the author herself claims to have avoided, namely the “universalist/relativist debate about basic emotions”. If I do so in this Commentary, it is not to invalidate the large body of work in cross-cultural psychology and cross-cultural semantics that Pavlenko refers to, nor to put into question the wealth of data she and Jean-Marc Dewaele have collected through their international webquestionnaire, but to bring to the fore the dilemma in which any bilingual researcher of bilingualism finds herself.
Processor design using path programmable logic

Path programmable logic (PPL) is a VLSI design methodology that is very efficient in the implementation of systems consisting of random logic, counters, and finite-state machines. Previous designs have shown that PPL does not efficiently allow the implementation of bus-oriented designs, such as microprocessors, arithmetic processors, and DSP (digital signal processor) chips. The authors present solutions that enable these architectures to be implemented more efficiently. The solutions are the introduction of automated routing and placement tools as well as the description of sophisticated PPL library cells. The implementation of a RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) processor is used as a case study to verify the effectiveness of these changes to the existing PPL methodology. >
Attributions of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes in Social Situations Relationship with expected adherence, diabetes stress, and metabolic control

OBJECTIVE —To examine the relationships among negative attributions of friend reactions (NAFRs) within a social context, anticipated adherence difficulties, diabetes stress, and metabolic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A sample of 104 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed instruments measuring demographics, attribution of friend reactions, anticipated adherence, and diabetes stress. Metabolic control was measured by HbA 1c obtained during the clinic visit. RESULTS —Path analysis demonstrated an excellent fit of a model depicting an indirect relationship between NAFRs and metabolic control through the mechanisms of expected adherence difficulties and diabetes stress. CONCLUSIONS —Adolescents who make NAFRs are likely to find adherence difficult in social situations and have increased feelings of stress, with the latter associated with poorer metabolic control. Intervention efforts to address negative attributions may impact adherence behavior and feelings of stress, especially if specific contexts of self-care behavior are taken into account.
Informal Exchanges with Non-kin among Retired Sunbelt Migrants: A Case Study of a Finnish American Retirement Community

OBJECTIVES This study examined informal exchanges with non-kin among retired Sunbelt migrants, with special emphasis on the impact of ethnic enclaves in generating exchanges of instrumental assistance and emotional support among elderly European Americans. METHODS Data were collected through interviews with four samples of elders: Finnish Americans who migrated to an ethnic retirement community in Florida; European Americans who migrated to the same community but are not part of an ethnic enclave; Finnish Americans living in an age-integrated setting in Minnesota; and retired European Americans living in the same Minnesota community. RESULTS Migrants were less likely than elders aging-in-place to report informal exchanges with non-kin. Finnish American migrants were less likely than other European American migrants to provide instrumental assistance to non-kin but were more likely to anticipate relying on informal long-term care support, regardless of proximity to kin. There were no differences in the two migrant samples in exchanges of emotional support. DISCUSSION Evidence regarding substitution of non-kin for geographically distant kin is mixed. Results are consistent with a strategy of "banking" support, at the community level among the Finnish American migrants and at the network level among other European American migrants.
Crystal structures of some Ln3Rh, Ln7Rh3 and LnRh3 Phases☆

Abstract The Fe3C-type structure occurs in the phases Nd4Rh, Gd3Rh, Y3Rh and Er3Rh. The atomic positional parameters in the Pnma space group are: 4Er in 4(c) 0.021, 0.250, 0.138 B 1 = 2.0 A 2 8Er in 8(d) 0.180, 0.061, 0.667 B 2 = 2.0 A 2 4Rh in 4(c) 0.389, 0.250, 0.937 B 3 = 0.5 A 2 Phases with the Ln7Rh3 stoichiometry in the GdRh, YRh and ErRh systems possess the Th7Fe3-type structure. The same structure occurs in the alloys of the light rare earths, La, Ce and Nd at the Ln3Rh stoichiometry. Unlike LaRh3 and NdRh3, CeRh3 crystallizes in the Cu3Au-type structure. It is shown that electronic factors rather than the size factor play prominent roles in stabilizing these structures in the rare-earth alloys.
State-of-the-Art Imaging of the Placenta

Abnormalities of the placenta can have long-term implications on fetal and maternal health. Imaging with ultrasound, and sometimes magnetic resonance imaging, is the only means of observing the placenta in vivo, hence playing a significant role in clinical and research efforts for early detection of placental abnormalities. We present a review of placental morphology, imaging appearance of normal placenta and placental abnormalities such as placental implantation disorders and intrauterine growth restriction with emphasis on role of advanced imaging techniques. We hope the review will encourage the readers to give the placenta its much deserved second look.
Accumulation of Nuclear p53 and Tumor Progression in Bladder Cancer

Background We have previously demonstrated a strong association between nuclear accumulation of p53 protein, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis, and mutations in the p53 gene. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between nuclear accumulation of p53 and tumor progression in transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder. Methods Histologic specimens of transitional-cell carcinoma of the bladder (stages Pa, noninvasive disease, to P4, disease with direct extension into adjacent organs or structures) from 243 patients who were treated by radical cystectomy were examined for the immunohistochemical detection of p53 protein. Nuclear p53 reactivity was then analyzed in relation to time to recurrence and overall survival. Results The detection of nuclear p53 was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence of bladder cancer (P<0.001) and with decreased overall survival (P<0.001). In patients with cancer confined to the bladder, the rates of recurrence for stage P1, P2, ...
Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of cancer, Part 1

Monoclonal antibodies used in the treatment of cancer are discussed. Monoclonal antibodies are a new class of agents targeted at specific receptors on cancer cells. In addition to having direct cellular effects, antibodies can carry substances, such as radioactive isotopes, toxins, and antineoplastic agents, to the targeted cells. Five monoclonal antibodies--rituximab, trastuzumab, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, alemtuzumab, and ibritumomab tiuxetan--are available for clinical use. Rituximab is active against indolent lymphomas, providing a valuable alternative for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Rituximab plus cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-vincristine-prednisone (CHOP) increased survival over CHOP alone in patients with high-grade lymphomas. Trastuzumab has significant activity against HER-2-positive breast cancer, especially in combination with paclitaxel or an anthracycline and cyclophosphamide. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin is an active second-line therapy in older patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, but its role in combination regimens is unclear. Alemtuzumab is a valuable option for salvage therapy of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ibritumomab tiuxetan delivers radioactive isotopes to tumor cells and is active against indolent lymphomas in patients who have relapsed after chemotherapy or rituximab therapy. The most common adverse effects of monoclonal antibodies are myelosuppression, infusion-related reactions, and hypersensitivity reactions. Rituximab may cause tumor lysis syndrome, arrhythmias, and pulmonary dysfunction. Alemtuzumab causes immunosuppression, increasing the risk of infection. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin may cause hepatotoxicity, and trastuzumab may cause significant pulmonary or cardiac toxicity. Investigational monoclonal antibodies include edrecolomab and tositumomab. Monoclonal antibodies have a significant role in the management of patients with advanced refractory or relapsed lymphomas and leukemias.
Coleophora klimeschiella , Biological Control Agent for Russian Thistle: Host Specificity Testing

Coleophora klimeschiella Toll, whose larvae feed as case bearers on the foliage of Russian thistle, Salsola iberica Sennen and Pau, was introduced into quarantine in the U. S. in 1975. Detailed oviposition and larval feeding tests were conducted during 1975–76 on closely related plants and crop and ornamental species. Although eggs were laid on several non-host plant species, the insect was not able to complete larval development on any plant tested except Russian thistle. Coleophora klimeschiella has been approved for field release by state and federal agencies.
Computed large-scale compressible boundary layer structure stimulated by vortical perturbations

Recent investigations into coherent structure in turbulence, growth of "optimal perturbations", and linear non-modal analysis all suggest that the disturbances most likely to induce transition in threedimensional wall-bounded flows are streamwise vortices. Here we assume that the same class of perturbations is important in coarse-grid numerical simulations of these flows. Using a Mach 2.85 laminar flat plate boundary layer flow as a test problem, we apply vortical perturbations to demonstrate that a range of structures consistent with turbulent motion in low Reynolds number boundary layers is produced. The qualitative comparison is illustrated with flow visualization images of the structures.
Site-directed removal of N-glycosylation sites in the bovine cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor: effects on ligand binding, intracellular targetting and association with binding immunoglobulin protein.

The bovine cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) contains five potential N-linked glycosylation sites, four of which are utilized. To evaluate the function of these oligosaccharides, site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate glycosylation-deficient CD-MPR mutants lacking various potential glycosylation sites. The mutants were constructed in both a full-length and a soluble truncated (STOP155 construct) form of the receptor and their properties were examined in transfected COS-1 cells. The results showed that the presence of a single oligosaccharide chain, particularly at position 87, on the CD-MPR significantly enhanced its mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P)-binding ability when compared with non-glycosylated receptors. In addition, the presence of a single oligosaccharide chain at position 87, and to a lesser degree at position 31 or 81, promoted the secretion of the STOP155 CD-MPR. Pulse-labelling of transfected COS-1 cells followed by immunoprecipitation with binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP)-specific and CD-MPR-specific antibodies indicated that BiP associated with the non-glycosylated forms of the receptor but not with the wild-type CD-MPR. Furthermore, the association of the various glycosylation-deficient forms of the CD-MPR with BiP correlated inversely with their ability to bind Man-6-P. From these results we conclude that N-glycosylation of the bovine CD-MPR facilities the folding of the nascent polypeptide chain into a conformation that is conductive for intracellular transport and ligand binding. Images
To Investigate the Degree of Knowledge about Highly Pathogenic Bird Flu among the Villager of Minority Nationality in the Less Developed Areas

Objective Using the results assessed the importance about the popularization related knowledge of the public health emergencies of control and prevention disease among the country.Methods In the less developed area the 113 minority villager who have certain understanding of degree to the highly pathogenic bird flu were investigated,using questionnaire and conversation.Results Among them,knowing about the bird flu,the routes of highly pathogenic bird flu and its harm was 58.4%,9.7% and 5.3,respectively.They were not known the preventive measure,the judge knowledge and the methods of reports;The people of knowing the disease using three ways processing suddenly died domesticated fowls mainly was edible,sells and giving other people.Conclusion Rapidly popularizes the knowledge of the high pathogenic birds flu to less developed areas personnel,only this way we could reach the national standard about group to prevent and the group control.
Overview and Summary of the Scleroderris Canker Symposium and Future Research Needs

Scleroderris canker caused by the fungus Gremmeniella abietina has caused major damage to pine and spruce forests in Europe since the original report by Brunchorst in 1888. The disease seems to have been most damaging to Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, P. cembra and other conifer stands especially when the trees were planted as exotics. Disease epidemics have been periodic throughout the European countries and epidemics appear to be primarily related to years with favorable climatic conditions for infection combined with the availability of highly susceptible hosts.
Wind alters landing dynamics in bumblebees.

ABSTRACT Landing is an important but understudied behavior that flying animals must perform constantly. In still air, insects decelerate smoothly prior to landing by employing the relatively simple strategy of maintaining a constant rate of image expansion during their approach. However, it is unclear whether insects employ this strategy when faced with challenging flight environments. Here, we tested the effects of wind on bumblebees ( Bombus impatiens ) landing on flowers. We find that bees9 approach paths to flowers shift from multidirectional in still air to unidirectional in wind, regardless of flower orientation. In addition, bees landing in a 3.5 m s −1 headwind do not decelerate smoothly, but rather maintain a high flight speed until contact, resulting in higher peak decelerations upon impact. These findings suggest that wind has a strong influence on insect landing behavior and performance, with important implications for the design of micro aerial vehicles and the ecomechanics of insect flight.
Structure determination and stability for Pa-Si, Np-Si and U-X-Si (X = Mo, Th, Np) phases from first-principles

Abstract Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed for Pa-Si, Np-Si and uranium-based ternary silicide phases. Structure prediction calculations are used to search for competing phases in these systems. Results using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), on-site Coulomb correction (GGA + U ) and van der Waals interactions are presented. All Pa-Si compounds reported here are structurally analogous to those found in other actinide silicide systems. The electronic structure of Pa 3 Si 2 shows the f-orbital electrons are largely unoccupied, which is in contrast to calculations for Np 3 Si 2 . For the Np-Si system, predicted stable structures using GGA differ from the experimentally observed structures, which, however, are energetically preferred in results using the GGA + U method. Structure searches for U 2 MoSi, U 2 ThSi 2 and UNpSi reveal dynamically stable ternary compounds. The phonon dispersion curves, elastic constants and electronic density of states for the various phases are compared to those from previous DFT calculations for U-Si phases.
What Makes for a Scientific Golden Age

The expression “golden age”, originally signifying a mythical period in history when our ancestors lived in plenty and harmony and bliss, has become a fairly technical term in the hand of historians, especially of culture, to designate not so much peace and plenty as cultural flourish. The Golden Age of Moslem Spain, as well as of Christian Spain, are the paradigms, but the age of Pericles, the high Renaissance in Italy in the sixteenth century and in the Low Countries in the seventeenth century, primarily in the works of historians of the plastic arts, are not less celebrated. What makes for a golden age?
Have guns, will travel

In the latter decades of the Cold War, defense industries were at the heart of the Soviet economy, absorbing one-third of the country`s industrial force; 60 percent of the machine-building industry; 80 percent of all research and development personnel; and 20 percent of Soviet energy output. Today, the Russian defense economy is near collapse. In 1996, Russia`s air force could not buy a single combat plane. President Boris Yeltsin admitted in his State of the Union address on March 6 that {open_quotes}the Russian armed forces are five to 10 years, sometimes 15 years, behind the world`s most powerful armies in the general level of {open_quote}technical equipment.{close_quote}{close_quotes} The only {open_quotes}bright{close_quotes} spot in the Russian military-industrial complex-the arms trade. Russia is desperately pushing weapons in the international market in an attempt to salvage its defense industrial base. Russia`s enormous arms complex includes about 2,000 enterprises directly engaged in military production, a host of subcontractors, 920 research organizations, and a work force of roughly 5 million.
Monte Carlo simulation of a 30 nm dual-gate MOSFET: how short can Si go?

Monte Carlo simulation is used to explore the characteristics of an n-channel MOSFET at the presently perceived limits of scaling. This dual-gated 30 nm gate-length FET is found to have excellent characteristics for use in digital logic, including a transconductance as high as 2300 mS/mm and an estimated ring-oscillator delay of 1.1 ps. The various motivations for this device design are discussed, illuminating the reasons for claiming that it is at the limits of scaling. >
Using Extended Kalman Filter for robust control of a flying inverted pendulum

We propose the use of an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) for reliable state estimation in order to permit advanced control of the tip of a flying inverted pendulum while maintaining safety. We demonstrate the capabilities of an EKF in tandem with an accurate model to overcome bad or false data from a multiple camera motion capture system used for positioning.
SNAP-Based Incentive Programs at Farmers' Markets: Adaptation Considerations for Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Recipients

Abstract Objective To describe the design, implementation, and consumer response to a coupon-style intervention aimed to increase Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) use at a farmers' market (FM) among Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) participants. Design A quasi-experimental trial to evaluate redemption response to 2 coupon interventions; baseline surveys characterized coupon redeemers and non-redeemers. Setting Urban. Participants The TANF recipients were assigned to either a plain (n = 124) or targeted marketing coupon intervention (n = 130). Intervention(s) Both groups received 10 $2 coupons to double fruit and vegetable SNAP purchases at the FM. The targeted marketing group also received an oral presentation designed to reduce perceived barriers to FM use. Main Outcome Measure Coupon redemption. Analysis The researchers used t tests and chi-square/Fisher exact tests to examine associations between redeemers and non-redeemers; logistic regression was used to adjust for the intervention. Results No male and few female participants redeemed coupons (6.3%). Among women, those with knowledge of vegetable preparation were 3 times more likely to redeem coupons than were those with little or no knowledge (odds ratio = 3.77; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–13.77). Conclusions and Implications Stand-alone coupon incentive programs may not be a high-reach strategy for encouraging FM use among the population using TANF. Complementary strategies to build vegetable preparation knowledge and skills are needed.
The Morally Informed Consumer: Examining Animal Welfare Claims on Egg Labels

The labeling of shell eggs fails to reveal the inhumane conditions under which most laying hens are raised in the United States. Most of the eggs sold in major supermarkets come from factory farms. This article examines how the failure to regulate misleading animal welfare claims on egg labels creates a risk that consumers are buying products that they otherwise would not buy. This article explains why, from a moral and a legal standpoint, consumers should avoid purchasing most eggs.
Nonenzymic Method for Determination of Beta-Glucan in the Presence of Starch1

Current methods of analysis of β-glucans in cereal grains generally employ enzymes, but these methods are either laborious or imprecise. (β-Glucans are generally accompanied by starch in the aqueou...
Trajectories of Limitations with Activities of Daily Living Among Older Adults of Mexican Descent: The Role of Widowhood

Using seven waves of data from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (1993–2011), this study applies multiphase growth models to examine changes in limitati...
Community-Labor Coalitions

Communities are both impacted by and manifest the economic conditions of local community members. Rising wage and wealth inequality that characterize the American workforce, combined with cuts in programs and services that address the needs of low-income communities, have undermined many urban localities. As a result, uneven community functioning and severely stressed social environments characterize a growing number of U.S. cities and neighborhoods. This is particularly the case in areas that never recovered from deindustrialization, job loss, and white flight of the mid to late 20th Century. These patterns disproportionately impact communities of color, even when the overall urban area may be experiencing economic revitalization. In response to these conditions, demands for economic justice have emerged and social movements based on community-labor partnerships have developed in many metropolitan areas. This essay illustrates the nature of these partnerships and evaluates how they contribute to the wider repertoire of community organizing in the United States.
A novel LED/detector integrated circuit

A new device that contains arrays of light sources (LEDs) and photo-detectors is proposed in this paper. The new device is fabricated by hybridizingg arrays of nanowire LEDs on arrays of photo-detectors and readout/control circuits on a silicon wafer. The proposed integrate LED/detector device opens up several new research avenues, including: lens-less microscope, self-calibrating LED, visible light communication, and smart lighting systems.
L’Imagination au Pouvoir: Comparing John Rawls’s Method of Ideal Theory with Iris Marion Young’s Method of Critical Theory

This chapter compares the philosophical methods used respectively by John Rawls and Iris Marion Young. Rawls’s theory is ideal in several interrelated methodological respects: he emphasizes principle over practice; he relies on a fictional reasoning process; and his theory is designed for an imagined world that lacks many problematic aspects of the real world. Young’s method, which she characterizes as critical theory, is non-ideal in all the respects that Rawls’s method is ideal. Young emphasizes practice; she respects the reasoning of actual people; and she directly addresses existing injustices. If Young has been able to develop philosophical ideals of justice that are more comprehensive, relevant, and substantively acceptable than Rawls’s, I suggest that one reason may be the non-ideal aspects of her methodology. In the end, however, Young’s philosophical contributions cannot be attributed only to her method; they are also the product of her unique political passion and creative imagination.
Diagnosing Path Inflation of Mobile Client Traffic

As mobile Internet becomes more popular, carriers and content providers must engineer their topologies, routing configurations, and server deployments to maintain good performance for users of mobile devices. Understanding the impact of Internet topology and routing on mobile users requires broad, longitudinal network measurements conducted from mobile devices. In this work, we are the first to use such a view to quantify and understand the causes of geographically circuitous routes from mobile clients using 1.5 years of measurements from devices on 4 US carriers. We identify the key elements that can affect the Internet routes taken by traffic from mobile users (client location, server locations, carrier topology, carrier/content-provider peering). We then develop a methodology to diagnose the specific cause for inflated routes. Although we observe that the evolution of some carrier networks improves performance in some regions, we also observe many clients - even in major metropolitan areas - that continue to take geographically circuitous routes to content providers, due to limitations in the current topologies.
Placebos, Use of: Ethical Aspects

Placebos are therapies (real or simulated) having unspecified activity for the condition being treated, but relieve medical or psychological symptoms. Placebo effects were presumed to which be cures before modern medicine, later regarded as nuisance variables to be controlled for, and finally studies as interesting phenomena in their own right, having therapeutic value and complex underlying physiological and psychological effects. Ethics of placebo use depends on the paradigm employed. Pharmacologic paradigms treat placebos as inert substances used to satisfy lying or malingering patients who request inappropriate medication. Research on new treatments may employ placebo controls and are double blind since researcher belief also affects results. Ethical requirements include, among other things, informing subjects that they may receive placebos, monitoring subject reactions, not using placebos on highly vulnerable subjects. Remembered wellness paradigms do not regard placebos as absence of treatment, but as use of patients' and physicians' positive beliefs and expectations as part of effective therapy. Thus conceptualized, reductionistism and impersonal managed care, not placebo effects, become ethically questionable. Theories of placebo mechanisms include conditioning (learning), hope and expectancy (cognition), and neurobiology (subjective experience). These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and each provides scientific and ethical insight into placebo use.
Concluding Comments and Future Considerations for Stressful Life Events and Transitions Across the Life Span

Life itself is a process of beginnings and endings, of transitions and transformations. Within the natural course of life, there are periods when there are multiple transitions, or so it seems and then there are other times when life events move slowly and do not seem to change at all. Within the course of life, many of these transitions are stressful for some and at least require adaptation and adjustment for most. Transitions in the life span are as natural as the changing seasons.
Competition, Consumer Protection and Energy Deregulation: A Conference Introduction

It is most fitting that the deregulation of the energy industry, and in particular the introduction of competition in electrical power, was the subject of the fall 2001 conference at Loyola University Chicago School of Law sponsored by the Institute for Consumer Antitrust Studies and the Loyola University Chicago Law Journal. 1 While there are many important and controversial issues pending in the antitrust area, 2 none has the direct and immediate impact on consumers as the deregulation of electrical power. Electricity is one of the few true necessities in life, and the deregulatory process is fraught with complicated scientific, economic, and legal issues. Important questions remain whether consumers truly will benefit from greater competition and still receive secure reliable service as needed. Nearly half the states have begun the deregulatory process for electricity. 3 The inefficiencies of traditional regulation and technological progress have changed the way we look at the energy industry and led to significant policy changes as to what segments of the industry should continue to be regulated as natural monopolies and what segments should be opened to competition. For example, in Illinois,
Ureteral Embryology, Developmental Anatomy, and Myology

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses ureteral embryology, developmental anatomy, and myology. The developmental process of ureter starts as an outgrowth of the mesonephric duct at the end of the fourth week of embryonic life. The outpouching then grows cranially to meet and unite with the metanephric cap. The time of this meeting and union is important, as it determines future nephric development and ascent. The ureter neither begins at the renal pelvis nor ends at the bladder. The ureter is only a segment of one continuous unit that starts cranially at the cortical level of the kidney and ends caudally at the genital ducts in the male and at the vaginal vestibule in the female. The ureter achieves relative fixation at both ends. The most terminal part of the ureter has a purely longitudinal arrangement; this is probably because of a tremendous pulling force along a longitudinal axis, first during the period of the absorption of the mesonephric duct into the urogenital sinus and again during the expansion of the absorbed mesodermal tissue as the urogenital sinus grows and stretches.
Increasing Walking in VR using Redirected Teleportation

Teleportation is a popular locomotion technique that lets users safely navigate beyond the confines of available positional tracking space without inducing VR sickness. Because available walking space is limited and teleportation is faster than walking, a risk with using teleportation is that users might end up abandoning walking input and only relying on teleportation, which is considered detrimental to presence. We present redirected teleportation; an improved version of teleportation that uses iterative non-obtrusive reorientation and repositioning using a portal to redirect the user back to the center of the tracking space, where available walking space is larger. A user study compares the effectiveness, accuracy, and usability of redirected teleportation with regular teleportation using a navigation task in three different environments. Results show that redirected teleportation allows for a better utilization of available tracking space than regular teleportation, as it requires significantly fewer teleportations, while users walk more and use a larger portion of the available tracking space.
Multivariate Time Series Nearest Neighbor Search: A Case Study on Solar Flare Prediction

Accurate solar flare prediction is crucial for the safety of the infrastructures both in space and on the ground. In this paperm, we examined the solar flare prediction problem from a multivariate time series perspective. We use a feature-free multivariate time series nearest neighbor search classifier applied on the solar flare data. We compared different data extraction priors and spans, and ranked the importance for different solar magnetic parameters
Addressing the Increase in Depression in College Students.

Concern is mounting in both popular and professional publications about depression among American college students (D’Amico, Mechling, Kemppainen, Ahern, & Lee, 2016; Reilly, 2018). To readers of t...
4CPS-157 Tumour necrosis factor inhibitors: utility of pharmacokinetics monitoring in inflammatory bowel disease management

Background Infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA) are two monoclonal antibodies (inhibitors of tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF)) that have revolutionised the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is a high rate of patients who show no initial clinical benefit for anti-TNF therapy or who lose the response over time. This fact, besides the high cost of these drugs, makes it necessary for an adequate individualisation of the therapy in order to optimize it. Purpose To describe the pharmacokinetic determinations of serum levels of IFX and ADA in patients with IBD and to evaluate its impact on clinical decision-making. Material and methods Retrospective, cross-sectional study, carried out in a general hospital. We analysed all anti-TNF determinations (ADA and IFX) performed during 1 year (2017) in patients with IBD. After the analytical determination, the pharmacy service performed a pharmacokinetic study (Bayesian adjustment) and recommended a new posology to the digestive specialist. Anthropometric data of the patients, diagnosis, reason for the request for monitoring, analytical result, pharmacokinetic recommendation and acceptance of this by the physician were collected. Results A total of 71 determinations were obtained corresponding to 49 participants (60.2% males; 45.6±15.4 age; 63.3% Crohn’s disease and 36,7% ulcerative colitis; 57% treated with ADA). The main reason for monitoring was the presence of activity of the disease (65% ADA; 64% IFX), followed by periodic control (35% ADA; 32% IFX) and other reasons. The drug levels obtained in the monitoring were 5.0±4.0 mcg/mL (0.1–12.3) for ADA and 6.4±3.9 mcg/mL (1–18.5) for IFX. A large number of patients presented serum levels outside the target range (63% ADA and 32% IFX underdosed, 2% ADA and 46% IFX overdosed). The main recommendation was the maintenance of the regimen and the intensification of the dose. The gastroenterologist acted following the suggestion of the pharmacist in more than 80% of the cases. Conclusion Results obtained show a high percentage of patients with inadequate anti-TNF serum levels and support the use of anti-TNF pharmacokinetic monitoring as a useful tool in clinical decision-making. References and/or acknowledgements To my workmates, thank you. No conflict of interest.