cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Egg color as an adaptation for thermoregulation

Avian embryos are incubated at temperatures only 2-6 ! C below that at which hyperthermia beginstoinfluencesurvival.Inhabitatswheresunlightdirectlystrikestheeggs,evenforshortperiods,heatgainmay beasubstantialthreattosurvival,andreflectivepigmentationmayreducetherateofheatgain.Theresultsofprevious studies suggest that light-colored eggs acquire heat slower than dark eggs, but artificial pigments were used to create differences in egg coloration. This approach is problematic because natural eggshell pigments have low absorbance inthenear-infraredwavebandthatencompassesabouthalfofincidentsolarradiation.Weusednaturally-pigmented eggs to measure the influence of egg coloration on heat gain. Triads (N = 18) of eggs from Brewer's (Euphagous cyanocephalus), Red-winged (Agelaius phoeniceus), and Yellow-headed (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) blackbirds were crossed with six nests of each species and either exposed to full sunlight or placed under a diffusing umbrella. Thermisters recorded internal egg temperature every minute until an asymptotic temperature was reached. Eggs in full sunlight acquired heat more rapidly than eggs in the shaded environment, but heat gain did not vary with egg color in either environment. Eggs placed in Yellow-headed Blackbird nests took longer to reach asymptotic temperature, but there was no significant egg-by-nest interaction. Thus, it appears that differences in reflectivity of eggshell pigments in the visible range (400-700 nm) do not result in different rates of heat acquisition. The thermoregulation hypothesis was not supported.
Spatial Inequality and Diversity as an Emerging Research Area

Ce numero est consacre a l'identification de caracteres spatiaux des inegalites et de la diversite, temoignant ainsi de l'emergence de nouvelles orientations dans la recherche sur la stratification. Un des principaux clivages quant a la repartition des disparites se trouvant entre les espaces metropolitains et les espaces ruraux, la sociologie rurale est amenee a jouer un role de premier plan sur le front de ces recherches
1.8 Laboratory and Diagnostic Testing: A Perioperative Update

Abstract • PERIOPERATIVE NURSES are challenged to stay informed about the rapidly changing field of diagnostic and laboratory testing. • THE BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE test primarily is used to differentiate dyspnea caused by heart failure from dyspnea that results from other causes. • VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY is a promising new alternative for detecting colorectal polyps and cancers. • THE MICROALBUMIN URINE TEST provides an early indication of the development of diabetic complications. • THIS UPDATE of relatively new laboratory tests and diagnostic studies also provides implications for perioperative nurses. AORN J 85 (April 2007) 754–762.
Theoretical intensities for rotation-vibration lines of water using particles-on-a-sphere wavefunctions

Using variational wavefunctions calculated from the particles+m-a-sphere model, and an ab initio electric dipole moment function, we have calculated intensities for the allowed rotation-vibration transitions involving states with J=O, 1, 2 in the pure rotational, v2, and 2v2 bands of water. A comparison of our results with experimental and rigid-rotor intensities suggests that our wavefunctions correctly take into account substantial rotation-bending interactions, but run into difficulties for the 2~5 band, where the neglected stretch-bend interactions are important.
Effect of the resonance parameter on a chemical reaction subjected to ultrasonic waves

Experimental results are presented which indicate that the application of a fixed intensity of ultrasonic waves to a water-tetrachloride solution containing dissolved air provides yields of chlorine varying from zero to maximum simply as a function of the liquid height in the capillary above the transducer. The difference in heights of the liquid between zero and maximum yields is found to be equal to one-quarter the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in the liquid. A mathematical model to explain this phenomenon is presented.
Innovation, Product Durability, and Market Structure

Because many durable goods industries are also industries with significant innovative activity, we analyze the relationship between an oligopolistic firm's choice of product durability and cost-reducing innovation in rental and sales markets. We demonstrate the firm's durability may be greater than, equal to, or less than a social planner's, depending upon innovation's impact on the marginal cost of durability. We also show that the firm's innovation level can be maximized for moderate levels of concentration if the output is durable. This provides theoretical support for the empirical observation that innovation is often maximized in markets of moderate concentration.
Levels of estrogens, progestogens and luteinizing hormone during the menstrual cycle of the baboon.

Measurements of plasma LH, urinary LH, urinary estrogens, plasma progesterone and plasma “progestins” were made during several baboon menstrual cycles. Single midcycle LH peaks were observed in all cycles in both plasma and urine. Plasma progesterone and “progestin” patterns were similar during the cycle except that a midcycle peak in “progestins” consistently occurred coincident with LH and estrogen peaks. Urinary estrogens showed an increase during the follicular phase of the cycle with a sharp peak occurring at midcycle. No significant estrogen peaks were observed during the luteal phase. Levels of progestogens, estrogens and LH were quantitatively about one third those reported during the human menstrual cycle. The significance of these species differences is discussed.(Endocrinology 87: 658, 1970)
Impact of West Nile virus and other mortality factors on American white pelicans at breeding colonies in the northern plains of North America

American white pelicans (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) are colonial-nesting birds and their breeding sites are concentrated in a few small areas, making this species especially vulner- able to factors that can influence productivity, such as disease, disturbance, predation, weather events and loss of nesting habitat. Nearly half of the American white pelican pop- ulation breeds at four colonies in the northern plains: Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in North Dakota, Bitter Lake (Waubay NWR) in South Dakota, Medicine Lake NWR in Montana, and Marsh Lake in Minnesota. Thus, sustained productivity at these colonies is crucial to the health of the entire species. During the latter half of the 2002 and 2003 breed- ing seasons, unusually high mortality of pelican chicks was observed at these colonies. West Nile virus (WNv) was identified as one source of these losses. In 2004-2007 we mon- itored three major colonies in the northern plains to assess mortality of chicks during the late breeding season. We documented severe weather events, disturbance, and WNv as fac- tors contributing to chick mortality. Before WNv arrived in the region in 2002, chick mortal- ity after mid-July was 64%, and then jumped to as high as 44% in the years since WNv arrived. WNv kills older chicks that are no longer vulnerable to other common mortality factors (e.g., severe weather, gull predation) and typically would have survived to fledge; thus WNv appears to be an additive mortality factor. Persistence of lower productivity at American white pelican colonies in the northern plains might reduce the adult breeding population of this species in the region.
Septic arthritis in sickle‐cell thalassemia

The knee of a boy with sickle-cell thalassemia became infected with Salmonella enteritidis, sensitive to ampicillin. Doses of ampicillin that achieved anti-bacterial titers of 32 in synovial fluid failed to eradicate the organism. The synovial fluid exhibited severe hypoxia, hypercapnia, and lactic acidosis. Methods were developed to estimate the oxygen saturation of blood in regional venous capillaries, the degree of periarticular sickling, changes in the viscosity of local blood, and the articular ratio of blood flow to oxygen utilization. The results suggest that local vascular insufficiency associated with sickling may affect host response to infection and efficacy of antibiotics. The Salmonella C1 readily transformed to an L form on hypertonic medium, thus acquiring resistance to ampicillin and other cell-wall inhibitors.
Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity

Exercise/muscle contraction activates glucose transport. The increase in muscle glucose transport induced by exercise is independent of insulin. As the acute effect of exercise on glucose transport...
Pulmonary Function in Klinefelter’s Syndrome

We evaluated pulmonary function in 24 patients with Klinefelter's syndrome. Of these, two had an obstructive defect, nine had a restrictive defect, and 11 had a decreased functional residual capacity. Since none had evidence of lung parenchymal disease, the restrictive syndrome may be due to chest wall abnormality.
Chinese remainder theorem based group key management

In this paper, we present two new centralized group key management protocols based on the Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT). By shifting more computing load onto the key server we optimize the number of re-key broadcast messages, user-side key computation, and number of key storages. The first protocol is the base Chinese Remaindering Group Key (CRGK) protocol, which with a group of n users requires the key server to do O(n) XORs, additions, multiplications, and Extended Euclidean Algorithm computations and broadcast 1 re-key message; each individual user is required to do only 1 modulo arithmetic and 1 XOR operation for each group key update. The second protocol is the Fast Chinese Remaindering Group Key (FCRGK) protocol, which only requires the key server to do O(n) XORs, additions, and multiplications most of the times with no change to the number of re-key messages and user computation per group key update. For both protocols each user only needs to store 2 keys all the time. One special attraction for our FCRGK protocol is that it allows most of the re-keying computation to be done preemptively, which means when a user-join or user-leave event happens the response time for the key server to send out the new group key can be very short.
The Reduction Activation of Nitroimidazoles; Modification by Oxygen and other Redox-Active Molecules in Cellular Systems

The ideal biochemical marker for hypoxic cells1–3 would form adducts with cellular molecules uniformly and irreversibly to various cell types only as a function of oxygen concentration during the drug exposure. Additional useful properties include first, that the adduct formation (binding) be primarily to macromolecules (to allow maximum flexibility with respect to subsequent tissue processing and/or analysis), and secondly that it have some simple functional dependence on drug concentration. Clearly, the oxygen concentration range over which binding changes must be similar to the oxygen-dependent phenomena of interest (e.g. radiation sensitivity which has a half maximal value at about 4 micromolar oxygen4). Finally, the ratio of binding in hypoxia to that in normoxia (‘contrast’) should be as high as possible.
Estriol and estradiol interactions with the estrogen receptor in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The cytosolic estrogen receptor (calf uterus) bound to estradiol (E 2 ) at 0°C changes from a state with fast into a state with slow E 2 dissociation rates when placed at 28°C. This temperature accelerated transition in receptor affinity for its ligand takes place within 10 min at 28°C. Similarly, receptor bound to estriol (E 3 ) at 0°C changes, when heated, from a state with fast into a state with slow E 3 dissociation. The main difference between RE 2 and RE 3 was that E 3 dissociates from unheated 8S RE 3 and heat-transformed 5S RE 3 at a much faster rate than E 2 from RE 2 ; In the mature ovariectomized rat a slow dissociating 5S receptor estrogen complex is found in nuclei 1 h after injection of [ 3 H]E 2 or [ 3 H]E 3 . In vitro dissociation of these 2 estrogens from this nuclear bound receptor formed in vivo takes place at rates similar to those from heat-transformed cytosolic RE 2 or RE 3 complexes. Addition of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) to the slow-dissociating heat-transformed 5S estrogen receptor complexes causes rapid dissociation of E 2 or E 3 ; this effect is dose-dependent and is not due to disruption of 5S dimers, since after PLP addition RE 2 ; and RE 3 sediment unchanged as 5S dimers. The presence of a large excess of non-radioactive 4S RE 3 does not interfere with the temperature induced rapid transition of 4S R[ 3 H]E 2 complexes from the state with fast into a state with slow E 2 dissociation kinetics. A model is presented to explain the temperature induced biphasic estrogen dissociation from the receptor. It is proposed that the low affinity 4S RE 2 monomer undergoes a temperature and estrogen dependent conformation change, such that the ligand is “locked” into the receptor's binding site. This conformational change results in the formation of a high affinity 4S monomer from which estrogen dissociates at a slower rate. This reaction is independent from subsequent 4S to 5S dimerization (transformation). The different rates of ligand dissociation from the low and high affinity 4S receptors reflect the different interactions (hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding) of E 2 and E 3 with the estrogen binding domain.
Assessment Feedback Using Screencapture Technology in Political Science.

This article serves to introduce a new technology for student feedback on written assignments to political scientists. Developed in the field of composition studies, screencapture commentary is a novel technique designed to provide audiovisual responses to student writing. To receive feedback, students watch a recorded video of the instructor’s computer terminal, listening to the instructor’s commentary while watching the cursor move and highlight selections of the text for illustration. The final section of this article demonstrates preliminary evidence of improved educational outcomes in courses taught at two large 4-year universities where screencapture technology was employed. On the basis of these findings, I also argue that screencapture comments may be especially beneficial in online course environments.
The influence of high concentrations of dietary copper on vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors.

AbstractIt has been shown that high concentrations of some copper complexes can inhibit in vitro the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of specific glutamic residues. The present study was conducted in order to determine whether high levels of dietary copper would affect the circulating levels of blood clotting factors. Rats fed for 7 weeks purified diets containing 10 (control), 100, 1000, or 2000 μg/g Cu had liver copper concentrations of 4, 4, 67, and 603 μg/g Cu, respectively. The severity of the toxicity of the 2000 μg/g Cu diet was evidenced by four deaths in this diet group. Despite the severity of the copper toxicity, values for one-stage prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and Russell's Viper Venom times were similar for all groups. In addition, dietary copper level had no effect on the circulating levels of the specific vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X. These data provide evidence that an impairment in the blood clotting cascade is not a characteristic of diet...
PbTiO3 Films Deposited by an Alternating Dual-Target Ion Beam Sputtering Technique

Thin films, 0.2 μm to 2 μm thick, of ferroelectric PbTiO3 have been deposit ed on Pt coated Si wafers using a novel dual target ion beam sputtering technique. The sputtering targets of PbO and Ti are shuttled back and forth into a Xe ion beam, depositing very thin (10 - 15 A) alternating layers of PbO and TiO2. The substrate is heated in situ, allowing interdiffusion of the thin layers into a homogeneous PbTiO3 film. Film composition can be controlled accurately and repeatably by controlling the ratio of the sputtering times from each target. Structural characteristics were analyzed by x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering as a function of the sputtering time ratio and the deposition temperature on Pt and Si3N4 coated Si substrates. The stoichiometric PbTiO3 films have a tetragonal perovskite structure with a slight c-axis preference. Capacitor structures show ferroelectric hysterisis loops, dielectric constants of 100-250, loss tangents between 0.002 and 0.04 and a pyroelectric coefficient greater than 5 x 10−8 C/cm2 °C.
Response Latency: A New Measure for Scaling Brand Preference:

A scaling model is presented to estimate brand preference structures by use of response latency or choice time measures. The structure of the model and the predictive validity of the preference sca...
The Chinese Agriculture Miracle Revisited

A large body of work has tried to attribute the remarkable growth of Chinese agriculture between 1979 and 1984 to the dismantling of collectives. This paper critically reviews the evidence and finds that decollectivisation did not contribute to agricultural growth in the early 1980s. In particular, its response to Lin (1992) challenges the consensus and argues that decollectivisation was largely irrelevant to the exceptional growth in this period. It is held that a more intensive application of modern inputs and favourable weather conditions accounted for most of the spurt in growth.
PREPARING THE REPORT

Reporting experimental work after its completion is usually required. The main sections of the report are introduction; review of the literature; materials and methods (procedures); results and discussion; summary and conclusions; and references. The headings are subject to some variation and the sections are subject to some combining. The “introduction” section includes a statement of purpose and provides justification for the work. The “literature review” section is combined with the introduction, providing the background for the stated purpose of the study and the justification. The “review of literature” may be a separate section if it is long and if the introduction does not depend on it. A long review should not consist only of separate summaries but should be organized into a cohesive exposition of the subject. The purpose of the “materials and methods” section is to state what was done in the experiment. The results and discussion may be either combined or presented as separate sections. In a short report, they are likely to be combined. Tables and figures are helpful in the presentation of results. The “results and discussion” section might end with conclusions or the section might be followed by a separate summary and statement of conclusions. The “list of references” section at the end of the report should follow a definite form consistently.
Kinematic Error Budgeting to Obtain the Best Feasible Task Performance for a Specified SCARA Manipulator

The positioning accuracy of the end effector of a robot manipulator with respect to its workplace has become significantly more important as the number of industrial and commercial processes that require robotic assembly have increased. Various technical approaches have been proposed and/or investigated for increasing the accuracy of the robot’s end effector. It is well appreciated that geometric errors in the kinematic links and Joints of the robot manipulator are obvious contributors to the positioning error of the end effector. This paper develops the analytical assessment of the positioning error of the robot end effector caused by kinematic errors in the link/Joint parameters that describe the manipulator geometry. This assessment is performed for several point-to-point end effector tasks within the robot’s preferred workspace. A kinematic error budgeting program is used to determine the best feasible end effector performance for a given SCARA manipulator based on an error evaluation of the desired versus actual paths for specific link/Joint errors.
Teaching science through video games.

Imagine a class without lessons, tests and homework, but with missions, quests and teamwork. Video games offer an attractive educational platform because they are designed to be fun and engaging, as opposed to traditional approaches to teaching through lectures and assignments.
Context matters: Multilingual learners on public speaking courses

ABSTRACTThis study assessed whether L1 (English as first language), L2 (English as second language, recent transition to the United States), and Generation 1.5 (English as second language, years of United States–based education) students are able to grow and perform similarly in a public speaking course on measures of public speaking anxiety, information literacy, and several types of learning assessments. Results show no differences between L1, L2, and Generation 1.5 students. This study also assessed whether L2 students are more successful in integrated or protected section, and had mixed findings.
Gene drives and the management of agricultural pests

ABSTRACTGene editing using CRISPR-Cas9 provides potential for novel ways of genetic pest control by improving gene drives. Like all pest control strategies, gene drives are not hazard-free. Difficulties involved in the containment of gene drives may restrict their use and require international agreements before release of approved types. Ecological risk assessment of gene drives designed to control agricultural pests should be conducted before their deployment. Public support will be crucial for the implementation of gene drives for pest control. Natural and social scientists need to work together to design ways to include the public in the decision-making process. The present commentary provides some thoughts on some of the issues one should consider when contemplating using gene drives in the management of agricultural pests.
Market Surveys to Determine Availability of Reduced Glycemic Load/High Fiber Products

Availability of prepared foods in today’s market that provide healthy diets for consumers 65 and older is lacking. A general market survey, covering nine grocery stores and approximately 400 items ...
Beyond the Histone Code: A Physical Map of Chromatin States.

Post-translational modifications of histones are widely used to discriminate between different types of chromatin. In a recent issue of Molecular Cell, Becker et al. (2017) delineate chromatin states based on physical properties, thereby expanding our understanding of chromatin function.
Ciproxifan, an H~3~ Receptor Antagonist, Improves Learning and Memory in the APP Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Mice that express the mutant form of the human amyloid precursor gene associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease demonstrate memory deficits and amyloid plaques. We show here that ciproxifan, a prototypical antagonist of H~3~-type histamine receptors, alleviates two types of learning and memory impairments in such mice. These data support the idea that modulation of H~3~ receptors represents a viable therapeutic strategy in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Selective mRNA Translation Tailors Low Oxygen Energetics

In plant cells, severe oxygen deprivation (hypoxia/anoxia) dramatically curtails the efficient production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Survival is mediated in part by limiting energy consumption and maximizing the substrate level production of ATP. This strategy entails regulation of gene expression at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational levels. Based on studies on Arabidopsis thaliana, low oxygen stress promotes an energy conservation program that tailors cytosolic protein synthesis to the proteins required for anaerobic metabolism to maintain cell viability. For example, mRNAs that encode enzymes associated with energy-efficient sucrose catabolism and anaerobic metabolism are efficiently translated. Despite maintained abundance during low oxygen stress, mRNAs encoding proteins associated with growth, such as components of the ribosome, translational machinery, and cell walls, are poorly translated. This chapter summarizes the robust evidence of selective translation during hypoxia and proposes that an important component of this process is the sequestration of mRNAs from the translational machinery until reoxygenation. Cytosolic domains known as stress granules and processing bodies, which in animals contain translationally repressed RNA and RNA-binding proteins, are found in plants. Their possible role in mRNA sequestration and regulation of translational activity is discussed.
Tests of Existence of Generalized Riemann Integrals

1. The Perron integral 1(f) and, equivalently, the restricted Denjoy integral [13, 201, 241, 247]_were given an equivalent definition, many years later, by J. Kurzweil and R. Henstock. This definition is merely a quite simple variation of a familiar definition of the Riemann integral. The terms generalized Riemann integral (integrable), abbreviated here GRI, refer to 1(f) as defined by this variation. Thus GRI is at the same time very elementary but more powerful than Lebesgue and includes as special cases the Riemann, improper Riemann, Lebesgue and other integrals. It seems very sensible to make GRI the standard integral of the working analyst: [3]_is a textbook essentially doing this. (It uses, however, instead of GRI, the term gauge integral). [10] is a Carus Monograph on the subject, while [5, 6, 8, 12] are more technical monographs on GRI using for it also other names. The articles [2] and [9] introduce GRI and relate it to other integrals (e.g., improper Riemann). [2] contains also the simple proof of (1) below.
Identifying Driver Mutations in Cancer

A key question in cancer genomics is how to distinguish “driver” mutations, which contribute to tumorigenesis, from functionally neutral “passenger” mutations. Driver mutation is critically important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer development and progression, which will ultimately help tailor more targeted and effective treatments for patients. In this chapter, we introduce recent developments in computational methods for identifying driver mutations. We summarize existing methods into several major categories and discuss challenges in discovering the whole spectrum of driver mutations in cancer for future computational and systems biology studies.
Translation of UAG as Pyrrolysine

Pyrrolysine followed selenocysteine in order of discovery. While both atypical amino acids are encoded by canonical stop codons, the mechanisms by which they are inserted into protein are very different. Pyrrolysine is carried to the ribosome by tRNAPyl (encoded by pylT) whose unusual structure possesses the CUA anticodon needed to decode UAG. A pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (product of pylS) ligates pyrrolysine to tRNAPyl. Pyrrolysine is made by the products of the pylBCD genes without the need for tRNAPyl, contrasting with selenocysteine synthesis on tRNASec. Isolated examples of the pylTSBCD genes, often in a single cluster, have been found in genomes of methanogenic Archaea, G+ Bacteria, and δ-proteobacteria. Escherichia coli transformed with pyl genes translates UAG as endogenously synthesized pyrrolysine. The ease of the lateral transfer of the genetic encoding of pyrrolysine is now being exploited for tailoring recombinant proteins. Pyrrolysine incorporation appears to occur to some extent by amber suppression on a genome-wide basis in methanogenic Archaea. With some methylamine methyltransferase transcripts, a putative pyrrolysine insertion sequence (PYLIS) forms an in-frame stem-loop 3′ to the translated UAG, analogous to such loops required in Bacteria for translation of UGA as selenocysteine. PYLIS sequences are not found in all types of methylamine methyltransferases. Unlike the precedent of selenocysteine, after deletion of PYLIS, significant UAG translation remains with a marked increase in UAG-directed termination, suggesting some part of the PYLIS sequence functions in enhancing amber suppression. Some methanogen genomes encode additional homologs of elongation and release factors, however, their limited distribution suggests at best a nonessential role in enhancing UAG translation as pyrrolysine.
Model-Based Recognition and Localization from Sparse Range Data

This paper discusses how local measurements of three-dimensional positions and surface normals may be used to identify and locate objects, from among a set of known objects. The objects are modeled as polyhedra having up to six degrees of freedom relative to the sensors. We show that inconsistent hypotheses about pairings between sensed points and object surfaces can be discarded efficiently by using local constraints on: distances between faces, angles between face normals, and angles (relative to the surface normals) of vectors between sensed points. We show by simulation that the number of hypotheses consistent with these constraints is small. We also show how to recover the position and orientation of the object from the sense data. The algorithm's performance on data obtained from a triangulation range sensor is illustrated.
A Review of REDCRAFT: Simultaneous Investigation of Structure and Dynamics of Proteins from RDC Restraints

Residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) have emerged as a viable source of NMR data for the study of protein structure and dynamics. Although very informative and accurate, their use has been limited because of challenges associated with comprehensive analyses of RDC data. The REDCRAFT software package has been designed to use RDCs exclusively for the simultaneous study of protein structure and dynamics. This has enabled the direct study of protein backbones and facilitated the fragmented study of proteins for instances where only partial data may be available. REDCRAFT's effective search engine has also resulted in a reduction in the number of RDC data required per residue to near theoretical limits. Here, we demonstrate the ability of REDCRAFT in structure determination of proteins using only backbone {N–H, Cα–Hα} RDCs from two alignment media, or {C–N, N–H, C–H} from one alignment medium and {N–H} from the second alignment medium. In addition, we present the success of REDCRAFT in identification of internal dynamics and its proper treatment in application to simulated data.
Forensic Economics—Always There

Abstract We show in this chapter that the New Orleans storm surge problem in Hurricane Katrina was the result of an improper benefit-cost analysis. The conclusion is that the least cost alternative was the construction of barriers that block a storm surge, thus reducing or eliminating the costs of property damage, environmental damage, and deaths and injuries. The Dutch experience with the Delta Plan is one of the bases for our opinion on this. Katrina represented a failure to establish meaningful standards to guide the process. A lack of use of those engineering standards with economic and political reality caused the disaster.
Management and Treatment of Recurrent Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Most women with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer will experience many episodes of recurrent disease with progressively shorter disease-free intervals. For women whose disease continues to respond to platinum-based drugs, the disease can often be controlled for 5 years or more. Enormous progress has been made in the management of this disease, and new targeted treatments such as antiangiogenic drugs, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors offer potential for improved survival. A variety of combination strategies are being evaluated to leverage these agents. The role of secondary cytoreduction remains a topic of active investigation.
Understanding Immigration Detention: Causes, Conditions, and Consequences

During the summer of 2018, the US government detained thousands of migrant parents and their separated children pursuant to its zero-tolerance policy at the United States–Mexico border. The ensuing...
Approximate Solution of Linear Differential Equations

The theory of linear differential equations is so powerful that one can usually predict the local behavior of the solutions near a point x 0 without knowing how to solve the differential equation. It suffices to examine the coefficient functions of the differential equation in the neighborhood of x 0.
Modeling water diffusion in polybenzimidazole membranes using partial immobilization and free volume theory

Abstract This study extends previous work on modeling water sorption, dilation, and diffusion in polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) by comparing water transport properties of commercial PBI (Celazole®) with three sulfone-containing PBIs. A model is developed combining free volume and partial immobilization theories to describe water diffusion coefficients across a wide range of concentrations and degrees of swelling. Water vapor sorption and dilation follow dual-mode behavior and generally correlate with the availability of strong hydrogen bonding sites on the polymer chains. At low concentrations, water diffusion coefficients are suppressed by partial immobilization of Langmuir species, while at high concentrations, water diffusion coefficients increase due to significant swelling and plasticization. To account for the influence of plasticization on free volume and water mobility, local Henry's law mobility coefficients are correlated with fractional free volume (FFV), where the volume occupied by water molecules is considered to contribute to dynamic free volume and is assumed to be as accessible for water diffusion as unoccupied free volume. Contributions to diffusion coefficients from thermodynamic and convective frame of reference effects and concentration averaging are also considered.
Expanding Understanding of Emergent Literacy: Empirical Support for a New Framework:

Emergent literacy in young children with visual impairments is examined using a conceptual framework proposed by Senechal, LeFevre, Smith-Chant, and Colton (2001). The utility of this framework for...
Hyperpolarized 15 N-labeled, deuterated tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine as an MRI sensor of freely available Zn 2+

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) coupled with 15N magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides an opportunity to image quantitative levels of biologically important metal ions such as Zn2+, Mg2+ or Ca2+ using appropriately designed 15N enriched probes. For example, a Zn-specific probe could prove particularly valuable for imaging the tissue distribution of freely available Zn2+ ions, an important known metal ion biomarker in the pancreas, in prostate cancer, and in several neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we prepare the cell-permeable, 15N-enriched, d6-deuterated version of the well-known Zn2+ chelator, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA) and demonstrate that the polarized ligand had favorable T1 and linewidth characteristics for 15N MRI. Examples of how polarized TPA can be used to quantify freely available Zn2+ in homogenized human prostate tissue and intact cells are presented.
Donor CMV Reactivation as a Novel Risk Factor for CMV Replication in Seropositive Liver Transplant Recipients.

Risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia in CMV seropositive liver transplant recipients are incompletely defined and have focused primarily on recipient factors. We hypothesized that active CMV replication (CMV viremia) in seropositive donors might increase the risk for CMV viremia in recipients, as reported for other viruses in organ transplantation. Methods From January 3, 2009, to July 27, 2015, stored plasma from consecutive CMV seropositive liver donors was retrospectively tested for CMV viremia by PCR. From April 20, 2012, to July 27, 2015, CMV seropositive recipients of a liver transplant from the donors during this time period received preemptive therapy for CMV prevention (valganciclovir therapy for CMV viremia ≥250 IU/mL). The association of recipient factors and donor CMV viremia with viremia in recipients was assessed. Results Among 317 CMV-seropositive donors, CMV viremia was detected in 11 (3.5%) and was associated with longer time to collection after admission and bacteremia. Among 115 CMV-seropositive liver recipients, 5 (4.3%) received an organ from a donor with CMV viremia. Donor CMV viremia was independently associated with higher incidence of CMV viremia ≥250 IU/mL and shorter time to onset of CMV viremia ≥250 IU/mL in recipients: 4 (80%) versus 26 (23.6%), P = 0.02, and hazard ratio 8.55 (2.60-28.10), P = 0.003, respectively. Conclusion Donor CMV reactivation is associated with CMV viremia in seropositive orthotopic liver transplant recipients receiving preemptive therapy, identifying a novel potential risk factor for CMV infection in seropositive liver transplant recipients. Future studies should independently validate and assess these findings in other organ transplant settings.
Techniques of the Neck Anastomosis

There are many types of anastomotic techniques that may be employed in the neck from the cervical esophagus to the gastric conduit. The type of technique used varies mostly based on surgeon experience and training; however, length of available esophagus or conduit may affect the type of anastomotic techniques possible for the patient. Therefore, understanding of available techniques is important. Detailed descriptions of techniques used for the neck gastroesophageal anastomosis is described.
Imaging and Interpretation of Fibro-Osseous Disease

Summary Fibro-osseous diseases of the craniofacial bones share many characteristics, including radiologic patterns. Some of these lesions appear to evolve in a similar biologic fashion, beginning as a radiolucency composed essentially of fibrous matrix with minimal calcification and maturing to progressively more radiopaque lesions containing more mineralized tissue. The clinician has a number of modalities at his or her discretion for the radiologic evaluation of a suspected fibro-osseous lesion. Conventional intraoral and panographic radiography remain the mainstay of initial evaluation. CT, however, is extremely helpful for the detection of abnormal calcification and ossification, as well as osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity. CT is somewhat limited in its ability to detect soft-tissue lesions when compared with MR imaging, but it can be used to detect subtle bone erosion. The Dentascan and similar reconstructive programs have the ability to format CT data in panographic and other planes to optimally define these lesions. MR imaging is an especially useful technology for assessing the involvement of adjacent soft tissues with the pathologic process, for diagnosing osteomyelitis complicating FOD, and for establishing the extent of involvement of the marrow spaces for a variety of different fibro-osseous lesions. MR imaging is a relatively sensitive imaging modality, but can be nonspecific for the detection and characterization of lesional calcifications.
Creating Value: Many Roles of a Centralized Pediatric Fellowship Office.

Abstract Pediatric medicine fellowship administration often takes place in individual divisions within a pediatric department, which may result in a lack of coordination and potential inefficiencies. A centralized fellowship office may reduce overlap and streamline shared processes. In this paper, the authors first share the results of a survey of designated institutional officials of children’s hospitals ranked by US News & World Report 2019-2020 (n=83) which asked whether the programs had a centralized fellowship office and included questions about the governance structure, funding sources, and barriers to successful implementation. Of the 50 programs that responded (60.2%), slightly more than half (54%; 27) reported using a centralized pediatric fellowship office. Most were overseen by a combination of the pediatrics department and graduate medical education office. After discussing the survey results, the authors describe their model for a centralized office that administers multiple pediatric medicine fellowship programs at a medium-sized children’s hospital. With a focus on recruitment, education, research, wellness, and a personal/professional development curriculum, their office is staffed by a full-time administrative coordinator and a director and can serve as a model for programs looking to implement a centralized fellowship office.
How Twitter drives the global news agenda: Tweets from Brazil, Russia, India, China, the UK and US and online discourse about the 2016 US presidential election:

A manual content analysis compares 6019 Twitter comments from six countries during the 2016 US presidential election. Twitter comments were positive about Trump and negative about Clinton in Russia...
Supporting the Development of Silent Reading Fluency: An Evidence-Based Framework for the Intermediate Grades (3-6)

Developing silent fluent reading is an important goal to be achieved in elementary literacy instruction. This article reviews characteristics of effective silent reading fluency instruction and practice. Next, the authors make the case for four components of effective silent reading fluency practice routines. Finally, the authors describe two evidece-based silent reading fluency routines – Scaffolded Silent Reading (ScSR) and R5. Evidence of efficacy along with richly described and illustrated examples provide readers with all the necessary information to implement these effective silent reading fluency routines in elementary classrooms.
Antigene und Antikörper

Antigene sind Substanzen, die nach parenteraler Aufnahme in den Organismus einer anderen Species die Bildung von Antikorpern in Gang setzen und mit Antikorpern reagieren konnen. Antigene sind gewohnlich Proteine, aber auch Polysaccharide und Polypeptide konnen als komplette Antigene wirken. Lipide und Nucleinsauren sind nur dann als Antigene wirksam, wenn sie an Proteine gebunden sind.
A One-Line High School Algebra Proof of the Unimodality of the Gaussian Polynomials [kn] for k < 20

By “squeezing the combinatorics out” of Kathy O’Hara’s magnificent combinatorial proof of the unimodality of the Gaussian polynomials [n k] we give an extremely short and elementary proof of this unimodality for k < any fixed integer, and a fairly short, semi-combinatorial proof for general k. Combined with Macdonald’s paper in this volume the present paper implies an entirely elementary algebraic proof of the unimodality of the Gaussian polynomials.
A Comparison of Public Opinion on Abortion in El Salvador, Poland, and the United States

Abortion attitudes are compared in three countries whose laws have become more restrictive: El Salvador, Poland, and the US. The sources of abortionatittudes in these countries are compared to those in Mexico, Czech Republic, and Canada, respectively. In the first two comparisons, feminist attitudes are significant sources of abortion attitudes in Mexico and Czech Republic, but not El Salvador and Poland. This pattern is not observed in US and Canada comparison.
The role of wild foliage plants in the diet† : A case study from Lushoto, Tanzania

While most human societies make some use of wild plants in the diet, there have been few systematic studies of the extent to which such plants are actually consumed, or of their nutritional significance. Data gathered in Lushoto District, Tanzania, indicate that vegetable relishes prepared from the foliage of wild plants are an integral and essential element in the diet of the Shambaa people at all seasons of the year. Introduced cultivated vegetables are not replacing wild relishes; the use of the label “supplementary,” implying that they are peripheral to the diet, is inappropriate. KEY WORDS: nutrition, Tanzania, vegetable relishes, wild plants, gathering, michicha, indigenous foods.
A comparative study of O3 formation in the Houston urban and industrial plumes during the 2000 Texas Air Quality Study

[1] Ozone formation in the Houston area during a period of high ozone concentrations that occurred on 29 August 2000 during the TexAQS 2000 study is examined to understand differences in the sources of O3 precursors and the rate and efficiency of ozone formation over the city of Houston and the industrialized Ship Channel region to the east of Houston. From late morning through late afternoon on 29 August, a period of stagnation occurred, allowing accumulation of O3 and product species separately over downtown Houston and the Houston Ship Channel. Three aircraft flights were made in the region, starting from about 0900 CST and extending to about 1700 CST. A localized plume of high O3 ranging between 120 and 200 ppb was observed over the Ship Channel on all of these aircraft flights. Over the same time period, O3 concentrations over the city were much lower ranging between 40 and 90 ppb. NOx concentrations measured in the two regions in the late morning were roughly the same, but hydrocarbon reactivities over the industrial area were much higher, by as much as a factor of 10. Photochemical box model calculations constrained by observations of NOx, hydrocarbons, O3, and other stable species indicated that the instantaneous ozone formation rate was much lower (3–18 ppb/h) over downtown Houston than it was over the Ship Channel (3–80 ppb/h). The much faster O3 formation rates and higher concentrations observed over the Ship Channel are attributed to the much higher hydrocarbon reactivity, the majority of which was contributed by low molecular weight alkenes. These high hydrocarbon reactivities also caused O3 over the Ship Channel to be produced with much higher efficiency than over urban Houston. Comparison of photochemical product distributions suggests that O3 formation in the urban area is much more hydrocarbon limited than in the Ship Channel, consistent with the geographic distribution of major hydrocarbon sources in the area.
Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms

This chapter introduces a few features of the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and its computation through the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which interpolates finite sequences of numbers by Fourier Series. The Fast Fourier Transform provides a comparison and contrast with the Fast Haar and Daubechies Wavelet Transforms in a context that involves complex exponentials and some linear algebra but that does not yet require calculus.
The unsolved general glacier sliding problem

The status of the theory of glacier sliding is reviewed in this paper. The theory of Nye and Kamb essentially solves the problem of glacier sliding when the basal ice is in intimate contact with a non-deformable bed. But experimental work is needed on cyclic creep and the regelation process in order to put better numbers into the theory. The outstanding problem that remains to be solved, called in this paper the general glacier sliding problem, is the case of sliding when basal ice is not in intimate contact with a non-deformable bed because of the presence of cavities and a water film of finite thickness. This problem involves solving an intricately coupled basal water-flow problem. A new field of research is the study of the motion of glaciers over deformable beds.
Abstract P297: Repeated Measures of Albuminuria in the Rancho Bernardo Study: 1992-2005

Albuminuria is an early, non-invasive marker of kidney injury, and an independent, potentially modifiable, risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Between 1992-96, 1764 community-dwelling men and women 31-98 (mean 71) years old were assessed for albuminuria using spot urine albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR). Median (interquartile range) ACR was 12 (7-20) mg/g. ACR was repeated in 1997-99 (n=926; ACR 12 [7-20]), 1999-2002 (n=977; ACR 16 [9-32]) and 2003-05 (n=755; ACR 11 [6-20]) (Figure). In analyses limited to 977 participants with ACR measured at 1992-96 and 1999-2002 visits, mean 6.6 (range 4.5-9.5) years later, median change in ACR was 4 (-1-17) mg/g; ACR doubled or greater in 36%, halved or less in 10%, and was unchanged in 54%. Table shows change in ACR by baseline characteristics. Using logistic regression, only sex was associated with doubling of ACR (vs. less than doubling); OR 1.42 (95% CI 1.08-1.87, p=0.01) for women; age, blood pressure, and diabetes were not; none of these were associated with halving of ACR. Further studies of predictors of albuminuria may inform future interventions to modify albuminuria and mitigate kidney and cardiovascular risk. ![][1] ![][2] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/graphic-2.gif