cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Oral Experience Terminate Ingestion

Using data from studies of ingestive behavior in developing rat pups we demonstrate how oral experience can contribute to the termination of ingestion. In rat pups, repeated oral stimulation with sweet solutions causes a decline in oral responsiveness. The diminished responsiveness is specific to the flavor of the stimulus experienced orally and can persist for several hours. We suggest that this experience-based decrement in responsiveness is best considered "oral habituation" and that oral habituation largely accounts for the onset of satiety. Post-ingestive feedback signals may have their influence through the oral habituation process or act in the context of oral habituation. Oral habituation is also shown to depend on the pattern of stimulus presentation, a phenomenon that adds considerable complexity to assessing the contributions of oral experience to satiety. The concept of oral habituation may be useful in understanding the immediate control of ingestion and the moment-to-moment expression of ingestive behavior in adult animals.
The effects of instructional explicitness on learning and error persistence

Abstract The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of pictorial and/or verbal instructional stimuli on learning and error persistence. Subjects were 84 third-graders and 84 fourth-graders. Students were randomly assigned to a picture, oral, or combined presentation group. Each student saw and/or heard an adapted children's story. A constructed response recall test, containing both concrete and abstract items, was administered immediately, and 1 week after, the presentation. Oral and picture presentations yielded approximately equal learning of abstract content, but pictures yielded greater learning of concrete content. Error persistence for abstract content was greatest for picture-only presentations, while persistence of concrete errors was comparable across presentations.
Are They Really That Different from Us: A Comparison of Arab and American Newspaper Advertising

Abstract This study examines cultural values reflected in U.S. and the Arab world newspaper advertisement. A total of 1245 newspaper advertisements from Egypt, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates and the United States were analyzed. The findings indicate that there are some similarities between the Arab World and the U.S. that may allow for subtle changes in cultural values and advertising strategies. The findings also indicate that there are some cultural values that have more of a religious significance than others.
Code red worm propagation modeling and analysis

The Code Red worm incident of July 2001 has stimulated activities to model and analyze Internet worm propagation. In this paper we provide a careful analysis of Code Red propagation by accounting for two factors: one is the dynamic countermeasures taken by ISPs and users; the other is the slowed down worm infection rate because Code Red rampant propagation caused congestion and troubles to some routers. Based on the classical epidemic Kermack-Mckendrick model, we derive a general Internet worm model called the two-factor worm model. Simulations and numerical solutions of the two-factor worm model match the observed data of Code Red worm better than previous models do. This model leads to a better understanding and prediction of the scale and speed of Internet worm spreading.
Neurobiological perspectives on the nature of visual and verbal processes

Abstract Wyer and colleagues in this issue summarize an array of studies that demonstrate varied and significant effects of a series of antecedents on the relative accessibility of visual and verbal strategies in memory and the ease with which these strategies can be employed to affect comprehension and judgments. We review the studies in light of findings and perspectives from psychophysiological and neuroimaging research. We discuss how measurement of event-related potentials (ERP) can illuminate automatic versus reflective forms of processes. Then the revelation of brain regions involved in the visual processing of pictures and words under different tasks and processes by functional brain imaging (e.g. functional MRI). We close by considering these bio-behavioral perspectives and the interactions among modality, task, and affect on visual and verbal encoding strategies among individuals differing in visual and verbal processing orientations.
Tempest, Arizona: Criminal Epistemologies and the Rhetorical Possibilities of Raza Studies.

This essay looks at Ethnic Studies activism in Arizona through a rhetorical lens in order to highlight epistemological aspects of activities such as a high school Chicano Literature class, Roberto “Dr. Cintli” Rodriguez’s journalism, and student activism to defend the Mexican-American Studies Department. Taking rhetoric’s premise that language is at the center of knowledge construction (epistemology), this essay turns to Chicano activism as a language that produces knowledge differently. The participation of students, particularly in the indigenous spiritual runs, is an important example of the traditionally central role of students to the field of Chicano Studies. Runs also work inwardly to strengthen participants and build group cohesion. These practices, like Chicano and Ethnic Studies in general, constitute a critical dialectical way of thinking, a disruptive opposition to traditional rationalities that tend to gloss over colonialist histories and justify status quo racial inequalities. Thinking about these activities rhetorically allows readers to understand how the participants communicate with a wider audience and how they generate knowledge uniquely around Chicano Studies.
Relationships between Sleep Disordered Breathing and Glucose Metabolism in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Context Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are insulin resistant and are at increased risk for sleep apnea, which, in turn, may contribute to insulin resistance. Objective The objective of this study was to determine relationships between risk and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and glucose metabolism in PCOS. Design and setting This study included two cohorts of women with PCOS in a tertiary care hospital. Patients and main outcome measures Cohort 1 included 40 nondiabetics who completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality, and the Berlin Questionnaire to assess risk of OSA; 32 of the 40 women had an oral glucose tolerance test. Cohort 2 included eight women who had a sleep study, glycosylated hemoglobin level, and an oral glucose tolerance test. Results In cohort 1, 62.5% of the women had poor sleep quality by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 18 (45%) had chronic daytime sleepiness by Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Thirty of the 40 women had a high risk of OSA by Berlin Questionnaire. Women with high OSA risk had higher fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment index compared with those with low OSA risk (168.2 +/- 17.3 vs. 97.2 +/- 6.4 pmol/liter, P = 0.011; 6.3 +/- 0.7 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.3 mg/dl x microU/ml, P = 0.014, respectively). Among women with normal glucose tolerance, insulin levels were significantly higher in those at high vs. low OSA risk, independently of body mass index. Women in cohort 2 had rapid eye movement (REM)-predominant OSA with lower sleep efficiency, longer sleep latency, and less REM sleep than controls. Glycosylated hemoglobin levels and the area under the glucose curve positively correlated with the apnea-hypopnea index (rP = 0.82, P = 0.013; rP = 0.96, P = 0.0008, respectively) and the number of oxygen desaturations in REM sleep (rP = 0.97, P = 0.0009; rP = 0.97, P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusion PCOS is associated with poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and increased risk for OSA. Insulin levels and measures of glucose tolerance in PCOS are strongly correlated with the risk and severity of OSA.
Diurnal variations of outgoing longwave radiation and albedo from ERBE scanner data

The scanning instruments of the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment provide measurements of instantaneous broadband albedo and outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) with a spatial resolution of about 50 km. Data from the Earth Radiation Budget Satellite (ERBS), which is in an orbit that precesses through local time at the rate of one hour every three days, can be used to describe the mean, hourly diurnal variations in the distribution of OLR and albedo on this scale. Much of this variation is caused by cloud type and amount changes. Two-dimensional histograms show the coevolution of OLR and albedo with the diurnal cycle, and the distribution of albedo-OLR pairings associated with the cloud distribution in a particular region and season. The albedo-OLR pairing characterizes a cloud type and determines its net effect on the energy balance at the top of the atmosphere. Diurnal variations in cloud type and amount in many regions are sufficient to cause substantial errors in radiation budget quantities and cloud properties estimated from observations taken from a single sun-synchronous orbit. Errors in estimated net radiation can be as large as 50 W/sq m for oceanic stratus regions and for land regions during summer.
Therapeutic time window and dose dependence of xenon delivered via echogenic liposomes for neuroprotection in stroke.

Summary Aims Neurologic impairment following ischemic injury complicates the quality of life for stroke survivors. Xenon (Xe) has favorable neuroprotective properties to modify stroke. Xe delivery is hampered by a lack of suitable administration strategies. We have developed Xe-containing echogenic liposomes (Xe-ELIP) for systemic Xe delivery. We investigated the time window for Xe-ELIP therapeutic effect and the most efficacious dose for neuroprotection. Molecular mechanisms for Xe neuroprotection were investigated. Methods Xenon-containing echogenic liposomes were created by a previously developed pressurization-freezing method. Following right middle cerebral artery occlusion (2 h), animals were treated with Xe-ELIP at 2, 3, or 5 h to determine time window of therapeutic effect. The neuroprotectant dosage for optimal effect was evaluated 3 h after stroke onset. Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), protein kinase B (Akt), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was determined. Results Xenon-containing echogenic liposomes administration for up to 5 h after stroke onset reduced infract size. Treatment groups given 7 and 14 mg/kg of Xe-ELIP reduced infarct size. Behavioral outcomes corresponded to changes in infarct volume. Xe-ELIP treatment reduced ischemic neuronal cell death via activation of both MAPK and Akt. Elevated BDNF expression was shown following Xe-ELIP delivery. Conclusion This study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacy of Xe-ELIP administered within 5 h after stroke onset with an optimal dosage range of 7–14 mg/kg for maximal neuroprotection.
Observations of First-Order Liquid-to-Hexatic and Hexatic-to-Solid Phase Transitions in a Confined Colloid Suspension.

We have used digital video microscopy to study the equilibrium structure of quasi-two-dimensional suspensions of sterically stabilized uncharged polymethylmethacrylate spheres. Our experiments reveal the existence of an equilibrium hexatic phase as well as strongly first-order liquid-to-hexatic and hexatic-to-solid phase transitions. These observations are in agreement with the predictions of Bladon and Frenkel [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2519 (1995)] for a confined colloid suspension in which the pair interaction potential between particles has a hard core and either a very short range attraction or a very short range step repulsion.
Juvenile Iridoschisis and Microphthalmos

Spontaneous iridoschisis and corneal edema developed in the microphthalmic eye of an 8-year-old. There was no history of trauma, inflammation, or congenital iris abnormality.
Effect of angle of attack on the heat transfer coefficient for an annular fin

Abstract Wind-tunnel experiments were performed to investigate the sensitivity of the heat transfer coefficient for an annular fin to small angles of attack. Quasi-local measurements were made at three zones on the fin surface: (I) forward of the tube; (II) at the side of the tube; and (III) behind the tube, with separate measurements being carried out on the two faces of the fin. The angle of attack ranged from −2° to 2°. The heat transfer coefficient in zone (I) was highly sensitive to the angle of attack, increasing by about 50% on the face of the fin where leading-edge separation was activated as the arigle was varied from − 2° to 2°. The corresponding increases in zones (II) and (III) were about 10%. On the other hand, for any angle of attack in the investigated range, the two-face average for each zone was not very different from the heat transfer coefficient for zero angle of attack. Therefore, the overall heat transfer performance of an annular fin is not significantly affected by small departures of the angle of attack from zero. However, since the differences between the coefficients for the two faces were found to be significant, measurement of the coefficient at only one face may yield erroneous results for the overall performance.
Compositionally graded yttria-stabilized zirconia coating on stainless steel using laser engineered net shaping (LENS™)

Fully dense, compositionally graded yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings have been developed using LENS™. Due to high thermal gradients and cooling rates in LENS™, a fine coating microstructure with a hardness in the range of 1700–2000 Hv is produced. The rapid heat loss through the substrate resulted in the directional growth of grains along the thickness direction. The inherent advantage of this approach is its ability to simultaneously control composition and micron level features to produce feature-based thermal barrier coatings.
Dante's Ugolino and the School of Jacques-Louis David: English Art and Innovation

Between the years 1800 and 1900, Dante's Ugolino appeared at Paris state-sponsored art exhibitions (“the Salon”) and universal expositions twenty-nine times in the form of painting, sculpture, and ...
Titration of HPV-11 Infectivity and Antibody Neutralization Can Be Measured In Vitro

Human papillomavirus type 11 (HPV-11), produced from the athymic mouse xenograft system, was shown to infect cultured neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes and the HaCaT keratinocyte cell line in vitro . Infection was documented by the appearance of HPV-11-specific spliced mRNA, detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Purified HPV-11 virions at concentrations of approximately 10 7 particles/ml could successfully evoke infection in this system. Infection was completely abrogated by preincubation of the HPV-11 inoculum with mouse anti-HPV-11 monoclonal antibodies, experimentally immunized animal sera, or sera of human patients with HPV infection. Concurrent detection of cellular mRNA for the β-actin gene, also by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, provided an internal control confirming RNA recovery and successful reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Using this approach, it was possible to determine semiquantitative titers for test solutions of HPV-11-neutralizing antibodies. The in vitro system for HPV-11 infectivity and neutralization may be useful in the study of the immune response to HPV-11 infection or immunization in patients.
Magnetic resonance imaging—derived parameter of portal flow predicts volume-mediated pulmonary hypertension in liver transplantation candidates

Background Pulmonary hypertension is a source of perioperative mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The purpose of this study is to (1) characterize the pulmonary hemodynamic response in OLT candidates, and (2) determine whether portal flow index (PFI), a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived parameter, is a useful predictor of the pulmonary hemodynamic response. Methods. Twenty-five consecutive OLT candidates underwent right heart catheterization with pressure measurements at baseline and after infusion of 1 L of crystalloid. MRI, chest roentgenography, electrocardiography, and echocardiography were also performed as routine screning techniques. Sixteen patients in intensive care unit with normal liver function served as controls. Results. After volume infusion, pulmonary hypertension (mean pulmonary artery pressure greater than 25 mm Hg) developed in 9 of 25 OLT candidates with elevations in both pulmonary capillary wedge and mean pulmonary pressures. In contrast, 0 of 16 controls experienced pulmonary hypertension (p Conclusions. OLT candidates exhibit volume-induced pulmonary hypertension with responses suggestive of left ventricular dysfunction. The significance of this observation is unknown, but the MRI-derived parameter, PFI, may serve as a screening technique to limit catheterization to a select group of OLT candidates.
Analytical modeling of glacier dynamics

Flow velocities and stresses within a glacier are determined by inverting known surface velocities with a specified glacier geometry. The surface velocities depend only weakly on the unknown velocities at the bed of a glacier, so the inversion is illposed and unstable. This instability causes both numerical computation errors and data errors to grow dramatically with depth, usually masking the actual velocity and stress solutions. To control the numerical errors, an analytical modeling scheme is presented which modifies the method of mean weighted residuals (used in finite element techniques). The resulting scheme impairs convergence by producing powerseries solutions, but in an advantageous tradeoff, the coefficients to the power series can be determined analytically rather than numerically. This leads to arbitrary order analytical powerseries solutions to the internal stress state of glaciers. The symbolic powerseries solutions can be evaluated at any point in the glacier with negligible roundoff and discretization errors. Analytical model accuracy is confirmed with known stress solutions for several widely used constitutive relations for ice.
Enantiospecific determination of dl-methylphenidate and dl-ethylphenidate in plasma by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: Application to human ethanol interactions

Abstract In humans, concomitant dl -methylphenidate ( dl -MPH) and ethanol results in the carboxylesterase 1 (hCES1) mediated biotransformation of MPH to the transesterification metabolite dl -ethylphenidate ( dl -EPH). The separate enantiomers of MPH and EPH are found at low ng/ml to pg/ml plasma concentrations. Substantial pharmacological differences exist between d - and l -isomers of MPH and EPH, both in terms of pharmacological potencies and receptor selectivity, as well as in pharmacokinetic properties. Accordingly, a sensitive, accurate and precise enantiospecific analytical method is required in order to fully explore pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic correlations regarding the MPH–ethanol interaction. The present study describes a novel liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for simultaneous analysis of d - and l -MPH as well as d - and l -EPH concentrations from human plasma. This assay provides baseline resolution of the individual MPH and EPH isomers utilizing a vancomycin-based chiral column. The lower limit of quantification was 0.025 ng/ml for each isomer when extracting 0.5 ml plasma aliquots. Calibration curves were linear over the range from 0.025 ng/ml to 25 ng/ml for all analytes (r2 > 0.995). Assay accuracy and precision were excellent and stability studies and assessment of potential matrix effects contributed to the validation of the method. Application of the method to human plasma samples collected after the administration of dl -MPH with or without ethanol is included, and the implications of this pharmacokinetic drug interaction discussed.
Wave propagation in 2D magneto-elastic kagome lattices

The paper discusses the wave propagation characteristics of two-dimensional (2D) magneto-elastic kagome lattices, periodic lattices governed by a combination of elastic and magnetic forces. These structures demonstrate the ability to undergo large topological and stiffness changes, which allows for dramatic changes in wave propagation characteristics. The analysis is conducted using a lumped mass system of magnetic particles with both translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Particles within the lattice interact through axial and torsional elastic forces as well as magnetic forces. Instabilities caused by the highly nonlinear distance-dependent characteristics of magnetic interactions are exploited in combination with particle contact to bring about the desired changes in the topology and stiffness of the lattices. The result is multiple stable lattice configurations with very different properties. The propagation of plane waves is predicted by applying Bloch theorem to lattice unit cells with linearized interactions. The propagation of plane waves in these lattices before and after topological changes is compared, and large differences are evident.
Studies of delayed systemic effects of ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) on the induction of contact hypersensitivity, 2. Evidence that interleukin‐10 from UVR‐treated epidermis is the critical mediator

Acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation (UVR) alters cutaneous immunity at the local site as well as systemically. Within 2-3 days of UVR exposure, recipient mice lose their capacity to develop contact hypersensitivity (CH) when hapten is painted on unexposed skin. This loss correlates temporally with a functional deficit among dendritic antigen-presenting cells within non-draining lymph nodes and spleen. In the experiments described, the delayed systemic immune deficiency following acute, low-dose UVR exposure was found to be eliminated with neutralizing anti-interleukin-10 (IL-10) antibody. Intracutaneous injection of IL-10 generated a deficiency of systemic immunity as well as a functional deficit among lymph node dendritic cells that was similar to that induced by UVR. The skin itself was found to be the source of the IL-10 responsible for these defects, and epidermis (presumably keratinocytes) rather than mast cells was found to be the source of IL-10 within UVR-exposed skin. The potential relationships are discussed between the delayed systemic immune deficit created by acute, low-dose UVR, and the systemic immune deficits caused by chronic, high-dose UVR and by a single, high-dose UVR exposure.
Ligase-assisted, upconversion luminescence resonance energy transfer-based method for specific and sensitive detection of V600E mutation in the BRAF gene

The most common BRAF mutation, V600E, accounts for a variety of cancers. Here we report a highly specific and sensitive method for the detection of the V600E mutation. The detection scheme is based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) between upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and an intercalating dye, SYBR Green I. Target DNA serves as the template for two DNA probes, one of them covalently attached to UCNPs, to be ligated into a hairpin-forming DNA strand, which brings SYBR Green I close to the upconversion nanoparticles. The number of the resulting DNA strand is amplified through thermal cycling. The degree of LRET is correlated to the amount of the initial DNA targets. Factors affecting the detection specificity and sensitivity, including ligation temperature, amount of ligase, and number of thermal cycles, have been investigated to optimize the performance of the detection method. The method can easily differentiate the V600E mutation from the wild-type sequence with a mutant-to-wild-type ratio of 1 : 1000. A detection limit of 1 femtomole BRAF V600E mutation is achieved.
Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review.

A review of the research literature is provided regarding vulnerability and psychological resource characteristics of the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology. Common generalizations about the effect of vulnerability variables such as age, gender, and previous level of functioning are seldom supported. Coping styles appear promising predictive variables. Attitude variables deserve further attention. More complex designs are suggested to determine interaction effects between disaster and victim variables.
Apatite Converted from 3‐D Ordered Macroporous Sol–Gel Bioactive Glass (3DOM‐BG) Particles

3-D ordered macroporous sol–gel bioactive glass particles (3DOM-BG, pore size: 345 nm; molar composition: 75 SiO2–21 CaO–4 P2O5) were converted into nano-crystalline calcium-deficient carbonate apatite after soaking at 37°C in simulated body fluid. The as-formed, flake-like apatite transformed into a coral-like, highly crystalline hydroxyapatite with a minor tri-calcium phosphate phase after heating for 1 h at a temperature of 700°C. Fourier transform infrared results show the loss of carbonate and isolation of hydroxyl during heating. The heat treatment improved the apatite's resistance to dissolution in a buffer solution (pH=5).
Effect of cocaine on the production of puberty-accelerating pheromone by male mice

This study examined whether chronic cocaine exposure could reduce reproductive fitness of adult male mice by interfering with their production of the puberty-accelerating pheromone, an androgen-dependent urinary pheromone that accelerates puberty in juvenile female mice. Administered at a high dose of 60 mg/kg body weight/day, cocaine caused mortality, body weight loss, and suppression of circulating testosterone during the first week of treatment. However, at 40 mg/kg/day, it resulted in little adverse effect on these parameters. Animals showed habituation to repeated cocaine exposure by regaining part of the lost weight and reelevating suppressed testosterone level at later stages of treatment. Urine samples collected from animals receiving 60 mg/kg cocaine daly for 2 weeks lost the puberty-accelerating effect. However, neither a 3-day treatment of the same dose nor a lower dose of 40 mg/kg reduced the effectiveness. The diminished effect of cocaine-treated male mouse urine might reflect lowered testosterone levels with a lag of 10 to 15 days, similar to that of castrated male mouse urine. These results indicate that cocaine has no direct effect on the production of priming pheromone, and its metabolites in the urine did not affect the response of juvenile females to the pheromone.
Cobalt cytochrome c: enzymic assays.

Abstract An improved synthesis for cobalt-cytochrome c has been developed; its half reduction potential is −140 ± 20mV. Reduced Cocyt- c ‡ is oxidized by bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase at a rate ∼45% that of the native cytochrome c . It is not reduced by mitochondrial NADH or succinate cytochrome c reductase nor by microsomal NADH or NADPH cytochrome c reductase.
Transdifferentiation and retinal regeneration.

Abstract The neural retina of amphibians and chick embryos regenerates following damage. Retinal regeneration requires a change in the differentiated state of the cells of the pigmented epithelium of the retina to a neural progenitor phenotype. The molecular mechanisms that control the cell fate decision between these two very different cell types involves both soluble growth factors of the fibroblast growth factor family, as well as components of the extracellular matrix. Recent experiments have also begun to detail differences in gene expression between the neural retina and the pigment epithelium that may be critical for their phenotypic distinction.
Effects of bulbectomization, strain, and gentling on emotionality and exploratory behavior in rats

Abstract The present research was concerned with the effects of olfactory bulb removal, strain, and gentling on emotionality, exploration and spontaneous alternation behavior. Whereas, emotionality and open-field ambulation were found to be increased; exploration behavior was reduced following bulbectomization. Strain differences were also observed. Within a broad range of emotionality, bulbectomization was not found to adversely effect the level of spontaneous alternation behavior.
Canonical Runge-Kutta-Nystro¨m methods of orders five and six

Abstract In this paper, we construct canonical explicit five-stage and seven-stage Runge—Kutta—Nystrom methods of orders five and six, respectively, for Hamiltonian dynamical systems.
Do scientists and engineers need each other

Historically, man has been a curious animal, and this has spurred his progress. He has searched for the invisible and has probed for the unknown; he has groped for the inaccessible and has struggled for the unattainable. He has disobeyed every injunction that he not eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge. But he has accepted the great challenge that if you know the truth, “the truth shall make you free.” The fruit of the tree of knowledge has been sweet, and it has been bitter. If knowledge and truth shattered the dream of some placid Eden, man has been content to labor outside the gates. And today, even though the prospect may sometimes be awesome, he is using all the keys of his genius to unlock the doors that hide Nature's secrets.
Microcontact Printing of Uniform Nanoparticle Arrays

Uniform, close-packed monolayer and bilayer arrays of alkanethiol-coated gold nanoparticles have been used as “ink” for microcontact printing (μCP) following the technique of Xia and Whitesides (see Xia, Y.; Whitesides, G. M. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1997, 77, 596). The process is accomplished in two steps. First, a uniform monolayer of the nanoparticles is self-assembled on a water surface and is transferred intact to a patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp pad by the Langmuir−Schaefer (LS) method. In the case of multilayer printing, this “inking” step is repeated as many times as desired. Because multilayer arrays are assembled on the stamp pad layer-by-layer, adjacent layers may be made up of the same or different particles. The nanoparticles are transferred to a solid substrate by conformal contact of the stamp pad and the substrate. The technique has been used to print patterned monolayer and bilayer arrays on both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substrates. The quality of the transferred arrays h...
Boulder batholith: A result of emplacement of a block detached from the Idaho batholith infrastructure?

Rise of the Cordilleran infrastructure during the last half of Mesozoic time provided the gravity potential for lateral spreading and overthrust movements. Near the northeastern margin of the Idaho batholith a tectonic block, 100 by 75 km in size, became detached from the infrastructure in the later stages of its evolution and moved more than 25 km east. We suggest that the emplacement of the Boulder batholith is related to the eastward movement of the block of the tectonic suprastructure.
The relationship between binge eating severity and body fat in nonpurge binge eating women

The relationship between binge eating severity, measured by caloric intake, and amount of body fat, measured by percent of body fat and body mass index (BMI), was examined in nonpurge binge eating women. Although there was a low, but significant, relationship between binge eating severity and BMI, the relationship was not significant between binge eating severity and percent of body fat. Age and weight cycling were the best predictors for percent of body fat, while weight cycling alone was the best predictor for BMI. It cannot be assumed that caloric intake during binge eating is the central cause of obesity in nonpurge binge eating women. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Earthquake source scaling and self‐similarity estimation from stacking P and S spectra

[1] We study the scaling relationships of source parameters and the self-similarity of earthquake spectra by analyzing a cluster of over 400 small earthquakes (ML = 0.5 to 3.4) recorded by the Anza seismic network in southern California. We compute P, S, and preevent noise spectra from each seismogram using a multitaper technique and approximate source and receiver terms by iteratively stacking the spectra. To estimate scaling relationships, we average the spectra in size bins based on their relative moment. We correct for attenuation by using the smallest moment bin as an empirical Green's function (EGF) for the stacked spectra in the larger moment bins. The shapes of the log spectra agree within their estimated uncertainties after shifting along the ω−3 line expected for self-similarity of the source spectra. We also estimate corner frequencies and radiated energy from the relative source spectra using a simple source model. The ratio between radiated seismic energy and seismic moment (proportional to apparent stress) is nearly constant with increasing moment over the magnitude range of our EGF-corrected data (ML = 1.8 to 3.4). Corner frequencies vary inversely as the cube root of moment, as expected from the observed self-similarity in the spectra. The ratio between P and S corner frequencies is observed to be 1.6 ± 0.2. We obtain values for absolute moment and energy by calibrating our results to local magnitudes for these earthquakes. This yields a S to P energy ratio of 9 ± 1.5 and a value of apparent stress of about 1 MPa.
Total radiative heat loss in jet flames from single point radiative flux measurements

Abstract A method for estimating total radiant output of turbulent jet flames based on the measurement of radiative heat flux at a single location is reported. The radiative flux from a variety of jet flames was measured and plotted in normalized coordinates to establish the feasibility of this approach. In addition, the radiative flux from acetylene-air diffusion flames to representative detector locations, for two different burner geometries and flow conditions, was calculated using the Planck-averaged equation of transfer coupled with a multiray technique. The local temperature and soot volume fractions for the calculations were obtained from emission/absorption measurements. The normalized calculated heat flux for the two flames also collapse with the experimental data. This result shows that scalar property distributions combined with the appropriate view factor for the single location are the basis for the single point technique.
Subcellular and ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase in lactating rat mammary glands.

Abstract The subcellular fractions of lactating rat mammary glands were isolated by differential centrifugation. The mean specific activity of alkaline phosphatase in various fractions was in order greatest to least: microsomes, Golgi, mitochondria, nuclei, and cytosol. Alkaline phosphatase was examined cytochemically by transmission electron microscopy. Alkaline phosphatase activity was localized on myoepithelial membranes, basal and possibly lateral membranes of secretory epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. This finding agreed with biochemical data associating this enzyme activity with microsomes. However, intracellular activities could not be detected on Golgi, secretory vesicles, or apical plasma membranes. Saponin uncovered the activity in that portion of the endoplasmic reticulum of secretory cells adjacent to myoepithelial cells. The identity of this enzyme was further confirmed by selective inhibition studies using dithiothreitol and levamisole. Alkaline phosphatase activities were detected biochemically in lipid droplet “membranes” of secretory epithelium and fat globule membranes. Activity decreased with increasing globule size, indicating that milk alkaline phosphatase originates from lipid droplets of secretory epithelium. The predominance of alkaline phosphatase activity in myoepithelial cell plasma membranes suggests that this enzyme could be involved in cell surface reactions related to oxytocin-mediated milk ejection. In secretory epithelium, it was associated with basal and possibly lateral membranes and lipid droplets that lead to the secretion of milk fat.
Octa(3‐chloroammoniumpropyl) octasilsesquioxane

The octahydrochloride salt of octa(3-aminopropyl)octasilsesquioxane can be isolated in 30% yields by controlled hydrolytic condensation of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane in strongly acidic methanol. The analytically pure product can be filtered from the reaction solution. The product was characterized by standard analytical and spectroscopic tools. Efforts were made to explore the potential utility of the product for preparing amide and imide compounds that serve as models of polyimides with the goal of making novel materials, especially those that offer high strength and that are flame-resistant. Efforts to make the octa-acetamide were unsuccessful as the hexadeca-acetamide was formed in preference. These results provided the motivation to explore the synthesis of the succinic-anhydride-derived octa-imide. This reaction was found to proceed quite readily. The latter compound is stable in nitrogen to ≈500 °C and more importantly, it appears to behave as a liquid-crystalline material in the temperature range 90–190 °C. This behavior is unusual, given that no aromatic or mesogenic groups are present on the cube. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Implantable Wireless Heating System for Hyperthermia Based Treatment of Brian Tumor

Development of an implantable wireless heating system capable of controlling the growth of malignant brain tumors is proposed by heating the tumor to hyperthermic temperatures (43–45°C) for a specified period of time. This investigation involves designing and fabricating microheaters to heat up the tumor and developing a complete system by integrating various components like pulse generator, microheaters, and wireless power transfer system. A software tool will aid the physician in the treatment planning. The software take the geometry and size of the tumor as input and provide strength and location of heaters as output. Depending on these outputs the physician can then decide the location of heaters in the tumor and the thermal dosage required to treat the patient. A minor surgery is required for implanting the system where the heaters are placed stereotactically into the brain tumor through holes made in the skull by small catheters slid. The number of required heaters depend on the tumor size. Minimal invasiveness, wireless power transfer and a scientific method to determine the location and strength of the heat sources are some of the significance of this study.© 2007 ASME
Effects of deformation behavior on fatigue fracture surface morphology in a nickel-base superalloy

Abstract Fatigue crack propagation fracture surface morphologies in nickel-base superalloys vary substantially with changes in loading parameters such as temperature, Δ K , load ratio, frequency, and additionally microstructure. Quantitative fracture surface roughness can vary from sub-micron levels to a maximum value of approximately half the grain size. Atomic Force Microscope studies of surface slip traces in compression specimens revealed a clear relationship between slip homogeneity in compression testing and fracture surface roughness under similar fatigue loading conditions. It has been shown in this study that changes in Δ K , strain level, temperature, grain size, and load ratio can all affect slip heterogeneity, which in turn controls the fracture surface roughness. Finally, a model is developed that quantitatively predicts fracture surface roughness and roughness-induced crack closure stress intensity values from measurements of slip line spacing in a compression specimen.
An Isotope of Oxygen of Mass 17 in the Earth's Atmosphere

SINCE we reported the presence of an isotope of oxygen with mass 18 in the earth's atmosphere (NATURE, 123, 318; 1929) we have found further confirmation. Mr. Harold D. Babcock has sent us thirty-four lines which were withheld from publication by Dieke and Babcock (Proc. N.A.S., 13, 670; 1927) because it was not known that they were due to oxygen. Twenty-seven of these are due to the alternate rotation levels of the 18–16 oxygen molecule. Thus the 18–16 molecule has every rotation state where the 16–16 molecule has only alternate levels. Such an excellent confirmation of the predictions of wave mechanics in this regard has not heretofore been possible since the presence of nuclear spin usually permits all states to exist although not in equal amount. The more complete discussion of the data will appear elsewhere (Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., May 1929). In the meantime Babcock, who obtained the data at Mount Wilson Observatory, has re-examined his plates and also obtained additional measurements. He has found a number of extremely weak lines in addition to extending the various 18–16 series, and has kindly permitted us to examine his manuscript in advance of publication (Proc. N.A.S.).
Non-neoplastic diseases of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts

Abstract Non-neoplastic diseases of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts are collectively called "cholangiopathies", in which biliary epithelial cells or cholangiocytes are the primary target of the disease process. The spectrum of cholangiopathies ranges from acquired conditions due to disordered immunity, infections, ischaemia, drugs/toxins to congenital disorders of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts. The diagnosis of these diseases is best made through consideration of the possible differential diagnoses, familiarity with the histologic patterns of injury and a correlation with the clinical setting. This review will provide an insight into the non-neoplastic biliary pathology with an overview of the various patterns of bile-duct injury and emphasis on clinico-pathologic correlation.
A low-loss rectifier unit for inductive-powering of biomedical implants

Biomedical implants have been developed in the recent years with a focus for continuous and real-time monitoring of physiological parameters. Battery-less operation of the implanted unit requires energy harvesting from an inductive link or from the neighboring environment. For efficient conversion of harvested energy to a usable DC level, a rectifier block is employed. However conventional CMOS full bridge rectifier incurs a significant amount of power loss and lowers the overall efficiency of the powering system. In this work a cross-coupled MOSFET based LC oscillator structure has been presented as a modified rectifier circuit. Cross-coupled structure minimizes the loss of the MOS switches and LC tank circuit boosts up the output DC level. The rectifier unit has been designed and simulated using 0.5-µm standard CMOS process. For simulation purposes, different biomedical frequency bands are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed circuit. Simulation results show that the proposed rectifier circuit can achieve 75% PCE compared to the conventional full bridge CMOS rectifier of only 3% PCE.
Description of the male Dorsipes auncinius (Acari: Podapolipidae) from Tefflus sp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in kenya and comparison of adult and larval females of Dorsipes auncinius from democratic republic of the congo and southeast kenya

Abstract The previously unknown male of Dorsipes auncinius Husband, 2000 is described from specimens collected from Tefflus sp. (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Kenya. Females and larvae are compared with the type specimens collected from Tefflus zebulianus reichardi Kolbe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Transdermal influenza immunization with vaccine-coated microneedle arrays.

Background Influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. Due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. However, vaccine coverage is incomplete, and improvement in immunization is needed. The objective of this study is to investigate a novel method for transdermal delivery using metal microneedle arrays (MN) coated with inactivated influenza virus to determine whether this route is a simpler and safer approach than the conventional immunization, capable to induce robust immune responses and confer protection against lethal virus challenge.
Helping surgical patients quit smoking: why, when, and how.

Millions of cigarette smokers undergo elective surgery each year. Efforts to help them quit smoking could improve immediate perioperative outcomes, such as those related to the cardiac and respiratory systems, and the healing of surgical wounds. Perhaps more importantly, the scheduling of elective s
Photon radiotherapy for the treatment of high-grade gliomas

High-grade gliomas are diseases characterized by poor overall survival despite aggressive multimodality therapy. Radiation therapy has been unequivocally established as the mainstay of therapy after surgical intervention, regardless of the extent of surgical resection. Despite theoretical and technological advances in the planning and delivery of radiation therapy, overall survival remains grim. In this review, we outline the evolution of radiation therapy, report the pivotal trials that have shaped this therapy and speculate on the future direction of this field.
Analysis of drought severity-area-frequency curves using a general circulation model and scenario uncertainty

[1] With increasing water scarcity around the world, exacerbated by spatial and temporal variability of drought incidences along with the uncertainties associated with climate change, droughts are receiving much attention these days. This paper investigates the impact of climate change on severity-area-frequency (SAF) curves for annual droughts in the Kansabati River basin, India. Historical droughts are compared with historical SAF curves and with SAF curves developed on the basis of projected rainfall using a general circulation model and scenario uncertainty. A downscaling method, based on Bayesian Neural Network (BNN), is applied to project precipitation from six GCM models using two scenarios. Standardized precipitation indices (SPI 3 and SPI 12) are used as drought indices for construction of SAF curves for two periods (2001–2050 and 2051–2100). The results show that there are likely to be more severe droughts in 2001–2050 with more spatial extent than those that have occurred historically.
Dissolution phenomena of phenolic molecular glass photoresist films in supercritical CO2

The dissolution characteristics of small molecule photoresist films in supercritical CO2 are measured using laser interferometry. These small molecule photoresists, referred to as molecular glasses, have shown impressive CO2 solubility in recent reports, and in order to understand this behavior the structure–property relationships that control thin-film dissolution of phenolic molecular glasses are explored. Fully tert-butoxycarbonyl-protected versions of these molecular glasses are tested, and they show relatively fast (>500 nm min−1) dissolution rates that depend primarily on molecular weight and not on the number of carbonyl groups. Material glass transition temperature also plays a role, as those films that are not sufficiently plasticized by the supercritical CO2 have much slower dissolution rates than films of comparable molecular size and type. Small molecules containing up to two unprotected polar hydroxyl groups still show significant dissolution rates in supercritical CO2.
Ultrahigh-finesse, low-mode-volume Fabry–Perot microcavity

Ultralow-loss concave micromirrors with radius of curvature below 60μm were fabricated by laser ablation and reflective coatings. A 10-μm-long microcavity with a mode volume of 40μm3 was set up with two such mirrors, and the cavity linewidth was measured both spectrally and temporally. The smallest linewidth obtained was 96MHz, corresponding to a quality factor of 3.3×106 and a finesse in excess of 1.5×105. With these parameters, we estimate that a variety of solid-state quantum emitters coupled to the cavity may enter the strong coupling regime.
An experimental reading program for neurologically impaired, mentally retarded, and severely emotionally disturbed children.

Since reading is a highly valued socialization skill, the exceptional child who reads is in a position for more favorable interaction with his environment. Results from an experimental reading program indicate that children often considered noneducable can be taught basic reading skills when principles of programmed instruction and empirical learning theory are applied.