cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faults with asymmetric damage zones in sandstone, Valley of Fire State Park, southern Nevada

Abstract Models for the evolution of faults formed by shearing along joint zones in Aztec sandstone, Valley of Fire, Nevada predict damage zones either localized within the fault core or symmetrically distributed about the core or a slip surface therein. We expand these models by presenting two examples of faults with asymmetric damage zones from the same field locality. Asymmetric damage is attributed to the inherited geometry of a parent joint with a peripheral joint breakdown fringe. One example is of a fault formed along a parent joint with continuous breakdown fringe. The other example is of a fault formed in part along a parent joint with abrupt breakdown fringe. When compared with the symmetric examples, the damage in the asymmetric cases is minimized due to the presence of an already through-going surface.
A Fluorescent Indicator for Imaging Lysosomal Zinc(II) with Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)‐Enhanced Photostability and a Narrow Band of Emission

We demonstrate a strategy to transfer the zinc(II) sensitivity of a fluoroionophore with low photostability and a broad emission band to a bright and photostable fluorophore with a narrow emission band. The two fluorophores are covalently connected to afford an intramolecular Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) conjugate. The FRET donor in the conjugate is a zinc(II)-sensitive arylvinylbipyridyl fluoroionophore, the absorption and emission of which undergo bathochromic shifts upon zinc(II) coordination. When the FRET donor is excited, efficient intramolecular energy transfer occurs to result in the emission of the acceptor boron dipyrromethene (4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene or BODIPY) as a function of zinc(II) concentration. The broad emission band of the donor/zinc(II) complex is transformed into the strong, narrow emission band of the BODIPY acceptor in the FRET conjugates, which can be captured within the narrow emission window that is preferred for multicolor imaging experiments. In addition to competing with other nonradiative decay processes of the FRET donor, the rapid intramolecular FRET of the excited FRET-conjugate molecule protects the donor fluorophore from photobleaching, thus enhancing the photostability of the indicator. FRET conjugates 3 and 4 contain aliphatic amino groups, which selectively target lysosomes in mammalian cells. This subcellular localization preference was verified by using confocal fluorescence microscopy, which also shows the zinc(II)-enhanced emission of 3 and 4 in lysosomes. It was further shown using two-color structured illumination microscopy (SIM), which is capable of extending the lateral resolution over the Abbe diffraction limit by a factor of two, that the morpholino-functionalized compound 4 localizes in the interior of lysosomes, rather than anchoring on the lysosomal membranes, of live HeLa cells.
Effect of Pressure on Chemical Reaction in a Liquid Phase Electrical Discharge Reactor

The effects of pressure on liquid phase electrical discharge was investigated using a stainless steel high pressure reactor combined with a high voltage pulse forming network. The initiation breakdown voltage was obtained under various pressures up to 1379000 pascal (200 psi). The discharge characteristics including current and voltage waveforms as well as power per pulse were recorded. The effect of pressure on chemical reaction was also investigated by measuring the formation rate of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in solution. Experimental results showed that the initiation voltage is linearly dependent on pressure. On the other hand, when the input voltage exceeds the initiation voltage, the discharge characteristics are not affected by pressure. Hydrogen peroxide generation was not affected by pressure for conditions with stable discharge. To explain the above results, the bubble theory of liquid phase breakdown initiation is discussed.
Gender and success-related attributions: Beyond individualistic conceptions of achievement

Two hundred male and 42 female senior public administrators responded to a questionnaire that explored gender differences in self- and social attributions for career success. Attributions to professional, personal, and political contacts were examined in addition to ability, hard work, and luck. Ability and hard work were found to constitute a central factor, labeled the “Alger factor,” in attributions for oneself as well as for colleagues of both sexes. Professional contacts were seen as more important than nonprofessional contacts or luck by both sexes; women, however, perceived the Alger factor as more important to their own success than to that of male colleagues, and viewed professional contacts as more important to male colleagues than even the Alger factor. There were gender differences in the relationship of luck to the Alger factor: self-attributions to luck and to the Alger factor were positively correlated for women but negatively correlated for men, perhaps because of a differential sense of entitlement for the sexes. While affirming the centrality of the Alger factor in causal attributions, this research underscores the need to reconceptualize current research paradigms based on individualistic conceptions of achievement.
Some Thoughts on the Field of Organizational Behavior Management

Abstract In this article the author makes the following recommendations for the field of OBM and discusses their implications: (a) report more details of studies, (b) conduct longer-term studies and examine maintenance of effects achieved, (c) review standards for long-term studies, (d) add discussions of behavioral mechanisms involved in interventions, (e) involve more people from business in the field of OBM, and (f) engage in activities that perpetuate the field. The article closes with brief conclusions regarding the topics discussed.
Classic Article: Commentary on “Metabolic Studies in Total Parenteral Nutrition with Lipid in Man. Comparison with Glucose

A study was undertaken of patients on a regimen of total parenteral nutrition comparing the nitrogen balance, energy substrates, blood amino acids, immunoreactive insulin, and immunoreactive glucagon levels during the sequential infusion of nonprotein calories as either glucose alone (glucose system) or 83% as Intralipid (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Montreal, Canada) and 17% glucose (lipid system). These nonprotein calories were administered with a constant background of amino acids (1 g/kg per day), vitamins, and minerals. Each system was infused for a week at a time and the order of infusion randomized. In some patients whole blood arteriovenous (A-V) levels of amino acids were measured across forearm muscle. During the glucose system there was a significantly higher level of pyruvate, lactate, alanine, and immunoreactive insulin, consistent with glucose being the principal source of energy. In contrast, during the lipid system there was a rise in free fatty acids and ketone bodies with a fall in insulin,...
Anthracene Clusters and the Interstellar Infrared Emission Features

The unidentified infrared bands are ubiquitous in the interstellar medium and typically attributed to emission from neutral and ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (or PAHs). The contribution of neutral PAH clusters to these bands has been impossible to determine due to a paucity of infrared spectral data. Here we investigated neutral clusters of the three-ring PAH anthracene using FTIR absorption spectroscopy of anthracene matrix-isolated at varying concentrations in solid argon. In order to determine likely cluster structures of the embedded molecules, we also calculated theoretical absorption spectra for the anthracene monomer through hexamer using density functional theory with a dispersion correction (DFT-D). The DFT-D calculations have been calibrated for the anthracene dimer using the second-order Moller-Plesset approach. Because there is some support for the hypothesis that three or four-ring PAHs are present in the Red Rectangle nebula, we discuss the application of our results to this nebula in particular as well as to the interstellar infrared emission in general.
Isolation and purification of afferent lymph dendritic cells that drain the skin of cattle.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are central to the induction of immune responses and are a pivotal control point that determines the outcome of infectious challenge. Cannulation of afferent lymphatic vessels allows the isolation of large numbers of lymph DCs. First, lymph nodes that are draining the skin are surgically removed (takes approximately 1 h). Over a period of 6–8 weeks, afferent lymphatic vessels re-anastomose with the efferent duct, forming larger 'pseudoafferent' lymphatic vessels that can be surgically cannulated. Surgical cannulation takes 2 h to perform; daily maintenance of the catheter requires 30 min. Isolation of lymph cells requires 1 h and an additional 60–180 min to enrich or purify the DCs. The lymph can be harvested for up to 1 month, with relatively constant cell numbers and subset distribution throughout this period. This technique, although technically demanding, facilitates studies of DCs and other cells that traffic in the lymph in both the steady state and following antigenic exposure.
Cortical NMDAR-1 gene expression is rapidly upregulated after seizure

The promoter region of the NMDAR-1 receptor has a cis-regulatory element that is capable of binding to the NGFI-A family of transcription factors. Based on this observation, we hypothesized that situations that cause a change in NGFI-A levels would result in a change in NMDAR-1 expression. In these studies, we have demonstrated that a seizure results in a rapid significant increase in NMDAR-1 mRNA and protein expression, at a time when NGFI-A protein levels are expected to be elevated. Our results indicate that control of NMDAR-1 expression is stimulus, time and tissue dependent.
Superiority of recognition over detection in judgments of visual orientation.

Summary.-2 human subjects were tested in two separate visual psychophysical tasks-detection and recognition. Using tachistoscopic presentation, single lines were shown at five different exposure durations. It was determined that it is easier to judge which of two lines, differing only in orientation, was flashed than to judge whether or not a given line was presented. The statistically significant superiority of recognition over detection occurred along a wide performance range, roughly from 60% to 95% correct. The data indicate that the effect is not peculiar to a simultaneous detection-recognition task or to a midrange performance level. both of which were used in a previous study. Other relevant data and theoretical explanations of the effect are discussed. In a visual simultaneous detection-recognition experiment, Doehrman (1974) presented either a single line, which could be at one of two equally likely orientations, or a blank field. The analysis involved comparing the accuracy of judging which of the two orientations was flashed on a given trial (recognition), with the accuracy of judging whether or not eicher of the two orientations had been presented (detection). The results showed that Ss were more accurate with their recognition judgments than with their detection judgments when the angular difference between the two possible orientations was at least 32'. When a performance measure of signal detectability theory (Green & Swets, 1966), d',, was used, the ratio of recognition to detection (R:D ratio) was 1.25. The superiority of judging a line's orientation over judging its presence was not dependent upon the specific measure d',. The results held up with A,, the area measure of Green (1964) which is monotonic with percent correct. The present study was designed primarily to examine whether the earlier findings were peculiar to the task conditions that were used. The two psychophysical tasks, detection and recognition, were here performed separately rather than simultaneously as before. In the detection-task condition, the line could appear at only one orientation, instead of two or eight. Only signal trials were used in testing for recognition.
Autoionization and radiationless electron capture in complex spectra

The factorization-interpolation model, developed to compute collisional excitation rate coefficients efficiently in dense plasma, is applied here to autoionization and radiationless electron capture. Results using a parametric atomic central potential and factorization interpolation for autoionization rates and dielectronic recombination rate coefficients in Ne-like Fe are compared to multiconfigurational Dirac-Fock calculations. Agreement is very good. As a further application, we treat the problem of indirect ionization via collisional excitation followed by autoionization in Zn-like Mo.
Neutrino Quasielastic Scattering on Nuclear Targets Parametrizing Transverse Enhancement (Meson Exchange Currents)

We present a parametrization of the observed enhancement in the transverse electron quasielastic (QE) response function for nucleons bound in carbon as a function of the square of the four momentum transfer (Q 2) in terms of a correction to the magnetic form factors of bound nucleons. The parametrization should also be applicable to the transverse cross section in neutrino scattering. If the transverse enhancement originates from meson exchange currents (MEC), then it is theoretically expected that any enhancement in the longitudinal or axial contributions is small. We present the predictions of the “Transverse Enhancement” model (which is based on electron scattering data only) for the ν μ , $\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$ differential and total QE cross sections for nucleons bound in carbon. The Q 2 dependence of the transverse enhancement is observed to resolve much of the long standing discrepancy in the QE total cross sections and differential distributions between low energy and high energy neutrino experiments on nuclear targets.
Charged residues of the rotor protein FliG essential for torque generation in the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli

The FliG protein of Escherichia coli is essential for assembly and function of the flagellar motor. Certain mutations in FliG give a non-motile, or Mot-, phenotype, in which flagella are assembled but do not rotate. Mutations with this property are clustered in a C-terminal segment of FliG that is stable when expressed alone, and thus probably constitutes an independently folded domain. Previously, we suggested that this domain forms the rotor portion of the active site for torque generation in the motor. In this work, we have used a mutational approach to identify the amino acid residues in the C-terminal domain of FliG that are most important for motor function. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to replace each of the conserved residues in this domain with alanine, and the effects on motor function were measured. Because charged residues have often been suggested to have important roles in torque generation, conserved charged residues were changed individually and in all pairwise combinations. The results show that three charged residues of FliG, Arg279, Asp286 and Asp287, are directly involved in torque generation. Mutations in these residues cause motility defects that suggest that they function jointly, in an active site whose most important property is a specific arrangement of charges. Two other charged residues, Lys262 and Arg295, may also be involved in torque generation, but are less critical than Arg279, Asp286 or Asp287. Unchanged residues of the FliG motility domain do not appear to have direct roles in torque generation, although some are needed for the stability of the protein or for normal clockwise/ counter-clockwise switching. The Mot- mutations of fliG isolated previously by random mutagenesis do not alter the putative active-site residues, but render the proteins abnormally susceptible to proteolysis, suggesting significantly altered conformations or reduced stabilities.
Influence of sea surface temperatures on air temperatures in the tropics

Interannual variations of tropical tropospheric temperatures are closely related to sea surface temperature (SST) changes in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP). This study investigated the physical mechanisms for such an air-sea interrelationship. SSTs and latent heat flux were analyzed to find the unique properties of their variations during El Nino. A Gill-type model was used to investigate how a local heat source communicates with the entire tropics. Radiative fluxes in the tropics were evaluated to search for the factors limiting air temperature increases when warm SSTs remain in the TEP. We found that interannual variabilities of SST and latent heat flux are dominated by the variations in the TEP region. The SST variations there have three unique properties that allow the ocean to influence the atmosphere effectively: large magnitude, long persistence, and spatial coherence. The Gill-type model shows that a local heat source can warm the entire tropical troposphere when the heat source is near the equator. Released latent heat in the heat source region and forced adiabatic subsidence elsewhere in the tropics warm the atmosphere. As a result, a local heat source warms the entire tropical strip. The forced subsidence depresses clouds, allowing more infrared radiation to leave the atmosphere and preventing further atmospheric warming when warm SSTs remain in the TEP. This finding is verified by reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.
Surgical site infections and bloodstream infections in infants after cardiac surgery

Objective Few recent studies have assessed the epidemiology of and risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) and bloodstream infections (BSIs) in infants after cardiac surgery. We hypothesized that infants younger than 30 days old and those with higher Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery-1 scores would have an increased risk of SSIs, but not an increased risk of BSIs after surgery. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of infants younger than 1 year of age undergoing cardiac surgery from January 2010 to December 2011 to determine the rates of SSIs and BSIs occurring within 3 months of surgery, risk factors associated with these infections, and causative pathogens. Multivariable associations using Cox proportional hazard modeling assessed potential risk factors for BSIs or SSIs. Results Overall, 8.7% (48 of 552) of surgical procedures were complicated by SSIs (n = 19) or BSIs (n = 29). Thus, SSIs and BSIs occurred after 3.4% and 5.3% of procedures, respectively. Multivariate models found age younger than 30 days, incorrect timing of preoperative antibiotics, and excessive bleeding within 24 hours of surgery to be significant predictors for SSIs, and duration of use of arterial lines to be a significant predictor for BSIs. Gram-positive bacteria caused 75% of SSIs and BSIs and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus caused 63% of SSIs. Discussion We identified some potential strategies to reduce risk, including closer monitoring of timing of preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis and enhanced efforts to achieve intraoperative hemostasis and earlier removal of arterial lines. Conclusions SSIs and BSIs remain important complications after cardiac surgery in infants.
Contrasting the Interaction Structure of an Email and a Telephone Corpus: A Machine Learning Approach to Annotation of Dialogue Function Units

We present a dialogue annotation scheme for both spoken and written interaction, and use it in a telephone transaction corpus and an email corpus. We train classifiers, comparing regular SVM and structured SVM against a heuristic baseline. We provide a novel application of structured SVM to predicting relations between instance pairs.
Evaluating mitigation and calibration techniques for hypothetical bias in choice experiments

Due to the persistence of hypothetical bias in contingent valuation, some researchers have turned to choice experiments to value the multi-dimensions of non-marketed goods that may not be as prone to the bias. The recent empirical studies of choice experiments have found it may also be prone to hypothetical bias. This paper investigates what role mitigation and calibration techniques such as cheap-talk scripts and follow-up certainty questions can play in mitigating or calibrating for hypothetical bias in choice experiments. While these techniques are not as straightforward in choice experiments, due to their multiple-choice nature, the findings indicate that hypothetical bias may not be present when using a local quasi-public good in the valuation exercise. In addition, cheap-talk and follow-up certainty are found to reduce marginal willingness to pay estimates to be less than actual willingness to pay estimates.
Can a computer proof be elegant

In computer science, proofs about computer algorithms are par for the course. Proofs by computer algorithms, on the other hand, are not so readily accepted. We present one viewpoint on computer assisted proofs, or what we call proofs via the computational method [13]. While one might expect pure mathematicians to be a bit leery of the computational method, one would hope that computer scientists would be more receptive. In the author's experience, this has not been the case. The comment one often hears is "Can't you find a better proof"? One of the arguments given against the computational method is that a computer assisted proof cannot possibly be elegant. We question this argument here.It is important to define precisely what the computational method is. In the computational method we seek to prove results using a computer program. More specifically, given a theorem we want to prove, we exhibit a computable Boolean function f and prove that the truth of f implies the theorem. Next, we give an algorithm for computing f. Finally, we execute this algorithm on a computer. If all goes well, the theorem is proven. The first (as far as we know) and most famous use of the computational method was in the proof of the four-color theorem by Appel and Haken [2]. This should be contrasted with the use of a computer to find a proof that is easily checked by hand. For instance, a counter-example found via a computer search, as in [9, 10], is not an example of the computational method.As the proof of the four-color theorem was the first use of the computational method, it generated a large amount of controversy. Foremost among the decryers of the Appel and Haken proof was Halmos [7, page 578], who states:By an explosion I mean a load noise, an unexpected and exciting announcement, but not necessarily a good thing. Some explosions open new territories and promise great future developments; others close a subject and seem to lead nowhere. …the four-color theorem [is] of the second [kind].Halmos goes further, attacking the computational method in general, stating "Down with oracles, I say---they are of no use in mathematics". While we cannot speak to the four-color theorem proof---the author has not seen it---we disagree with Halmos' assertion that computer proofs have no use in mathematics.In [13], we tried to give some motivation for using the computational method and address some of the complaints against it. We tried to argue that, in certain cases, a computer proof may be preferable to a traditional one. However, we feel that one point overlooked in [13], namely the question of elegance of computer proofs, should be addressed. Other authors have also addressed the question of computer aided proofs. For some alternative viewpoints, see [3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14].
Measuring the stages of change in cigarette smokers

This article describes preliminary reliability testing of an instrument for measuring a smoker's progress toward abstinence or relapse. We have developed a set of visual-analog scales intended to measure subtle changes in the smoking cessation process. These are based on the Stages of Change described by DiClemente and Prochaska and the presentation format suggested by Biener and Abrams. In this study, we presented the scales in two different formats (projected on a screen using an overhead projector or printed on sheets of paper) to 23 subjects, all inpatients in a chemical dependency treatment program. The subjects' response on the two modalities were highly correlated, indicating reliability of the scale between modalities and within the time frame studied. We offer this instrument as an inexpensive and efficient means of evaluating smoking cessation strategies and the progress of individuals in smoking cessation programs.
Multi-loop control approach to designing iterative learning controllers

In this paper we consider convergence of iterative learning control (ILC) algorithms. We use a multiloop control interpretation of the signal flow in ILC to derive a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence of discrete-time, linear, time-invariant systems. We then use our multiloop approach to develop an iterative learning control algorithm that can converge in as few as four trials. The scheme uses an adaptive (in trial number) gain adjustment that does not have to be "tuned". This is combined with the use of feedforward correction terms (in time) to produce the complete algorithm. A simulation illustrates the effectiveness of the strategy. The paper concludes with comments on how the multiloop approach can be used to address (i) higher-order ILC schemes for dealing with noise in the process and with initial state uncertainty (using a Kalman filter in trial number); (ii) ILC convergence for nonlinear and time-varying systems; and (iii) the adaptive gain adjustment rule.
ERP Evidence for the Time Course of Graphic, Phonological, and Semantic Information in Chinese Meaning and Pronunciation Decisions.

Two words that varied in their relationship were presented sequentially to Chinese readers who made meaning and pronunciation decisions. In the meaning task, they decided whether the words had the same meaning. In the pronunciation task, they decided whether the words had the same pronunciation. In both tasks, the word pairs represented 1 of 4 relationships: graphically similar, homophonic, semantically related, or unrelated. Event related potentials (ERP) recordings made from the onset of the 2nd word suggested a temporal unfolding of graphic, phonological, and semantic effects. Specifically, graphically related pairs produced a smaller P200 in the pronunciation task and a smaller N400 in the meaning task. Homophones produced reduced N400 component with bilateral sources in the meaning task. Reading a word involves a rapid temporal unfolding of information sources—the appearance of the word, its formal graphic constituents (e.g. letters or other graphic components), its pronunciation (phonological constituents), and its meaning. How these sources of information are used in any given reading event is a different question. In reading for meaning, semantic information must be used, and in reading aloud, phonological information must be used. More generally, skilled readers have knowledge about graphic, phonological, and meaning components that they use in any word-reading task. Theories of word reading are essentially about how these different sources of information become available and provide information for further processing. Theories with very different frameworks share the assumption that all three sources of information can be used when a word is read (e.g., Berent & Perfetti, 1995; Coltheart, Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993; Forster & Davis, 1984; Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989). Although the above description can apply to reading across all writing systems, most of the research that supports it comes from alphabetic writing systems, especially English. Chinese provides a case of high contrast for alphabetic systems, because its graphic units, characters, do not represent phonemes as alphabetic writing systems do. Instead a character typically represents a syllablemorpheme, usually a whole word, and sometimes a nonword morpheme. Not only does the Chinese system not provide phoneme level units, it allows the reader, in principle, to bypass phonology altogether by associating the character with a meaning. However, because the character also is associated with a spoken word, reading a character may activate both meaning and wordlevel pronunciation. Indeed, research in recent years has pointed to exactly that conclusion. When Chinese readers read to make mean
TRPV1 receptors mediate particulate matter-induced apoptosis

Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is a world-wide health problem mainly because it produces adverse cardiovascular and respiratory effects that frequently result in morbidity. Despite many years of epidemiological and basic research, the mechanisms underlying PM toxicity remain largely unknown. To understand some of these mechanisms, we measured PM-induced apoptosis and necrosis in normal human airway epithelial cells and sensory neurons from both wild-type mice and mice lacking TRPV1 receptors using Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated annexin V and propidium iodide labeling, respectively. Exposure of environmental PMs containing residual oil fly ash and ash from Mount St. Helens was found to induce apoptosis, but not necrosis, as a consequence of sustained calcium influx through TRPV1 receptors. Apoptosis was completely prevented by inhibiting TRPV1 receptors with capsazepine or by removing extracellular calcium or in sensory neurons from TRPV1(-/-) mice. Binding of either one of the PMs to the cell membrane induced a capsazepine-sensitive increase in cAMP. PM-induced apoptosis was augmented upon the inhibition of PKA. PKA inhibition on its own also induced apoptosis, thereby suggesting that this pathway may be endogenously protective against apoptosis. In summary, it was found that inhibiting TRPV1 receptors prevents PM-induced apoptosis, thereby providing a potential mechanism to reduce their toxicity.
A Commentary on the Relationship Between Model Fit and Saturated Path Models in Structural Equation Modeling Applications

The relationship between saturated path-analysis models and their fit to data is revisited. It is demonstrated that a saturated model need not fit perfectly or even well a given data set when fit to the raw data is examined, a criterion currently frequently overlooked by researchers utilizing path analysis modeling techniques. The potential of individual case residuals for saturated model fit assessment is revealed by showing how they can be used to examine local fit, as opposed to overall fit, to sense possible model deficiencies or misspecifications, and to suggest model improvements when needed. The discussion is illustrated with several numerical examples.
Plato and his Liberal Opponents

In One of the few thoughtful essays that have come out of the controversy about the Republic's political theory, Renford Bambrough draws attention to the basic philosophical issue underlying the controversy in the following manner:
Improvements of video coding over wireless channel and analysis of error probability and rate control

Conventional video coding schemes such as H.261/H.263 have reduced performances over a wireless link. In this paper, two methods are proposed to increase video coding performances over a wireless link. The first method is based on the dynamic working set of motion vectors. It detects and recovers errors occurring in motion vector fields. The second method improves performances by changing the video coding granularity to the macro block level. An implementation scheme for the second method is presented. The constraints that rate control imposes on the discard threshold are discussed and the corresponding performance model is provided.
Defect-tolerant molecular electronics

The integrated circuit, manufactured by optical lithography, has driven the computer revolution for three decades. If we are to continue to build complex systems of ever-smaller components, we must find a new technology that will allow massively parallel construction of electronic circuits at the atomic scale. Our Hewlett-Packard and University of California research team is currently developing the molecular electronics building blocks and computer aided design algorithms for a defect-tolerant reconfigurable architecture which allows one to electrically download the designed complexity of a computer into a chemically assembled regular but imperfect nanostructure.
Changing Concepts in Focal Epilepsy. Clinical - EEG Considerations

SUMMARY 1. Factual and hypothetical data which form the basis of our present concept of focal epilepsy are briefly outlined. 2. The main atypical features in both electroencephalographic and clinical fields are enumerated and discussed. Reasons for, or possible mechanisms involved in their determination are suggested. An attempt is made to differentiate between simply complicating factors and atypical factors which might actually justify a re-evaluation of the validity of our present concepts. 3. Other possible discrepancies in current thinking in the field of focal epilepsy are briefly discussed; the various results of its surgical treatment and, in particular, partial or total failures, are reviewed and critically analyzed. RESUME 1. Les donnees effectives et hypothetiques qui forment la base de notre conception actuelle de l'epilepsie corticale partielle sont exposees succinctement. 2. Les principales caracteristiques atypiques, a la fois dans les domaines electro-encephalographique et clinique, sont enumerees et discutees. On suggere des raisons ou les mecanismes possibles impliques dans leur determination. On essaye d'etablir la difference entre les simples facteurs de complication et les facteurs atypiques qui pourraient en realite justifier une reevaluation de la validite de nos conceptions presentes. 3. On discute brievement a propos d'autres oppositions possibles dans les conceptions courantes au sujet de l'epilepsie corticale partielle; les differents resultats de son traitement chirurgical et, en particulier, les echecs partiels ou totaux, sont passes en revue et on en fait l'analyse critique.
Assignment of several epitopes to cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine retinal S-antigen by immunoblotting with peptide-specific antibodies.

Peptide fragments of bovine S-antigen, an immunopathogenic retinal autoantigen which mediates experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, were produced by cyanogen bromide cleavage and used to study antibody-defined epitopes, primarily those defined by antibodies from Lewis rats immunized with the intact antigen or various peptide fragments purified from the digests by HPLC. Antibodies from the sera have been affinity-purified on several of the peptides and examined by western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on S-antigen, digests and purified fragments. By immunoblotting it could be shown that five of the purified peptides, CB46, CB47, CB67, CB74 and CB123 were immunogenic, eliciting antibodies which recognized the peptides to which they were prepared; all, except for CB67, elicited antibodies which also bound intact S-antigen. Two more peptides, CB14 and CB27 were not immunogenic and did not contain epitopes. An epitope was also found in CB35, a previously uncharacterized peptide. Using th...
Role of PET/CT in the evaluation of cervical cancer.

Abstract PET imaging utilizes a dedicated camera system with multiple positron detector rings. PET/CT precisely aligns and combines metabolic PET mages with anatomical CT images, and is being increasingly preffered over PET scanning alone. FDG is the most widely used radiotracer in the management of cancer patients, and the prototypical PET/CT protocol used in other cancers can also be applied to the management of cervical carcinoma patients. The applications of PET/CT in cervical cancer patients include: assessing local tumor extension (information on metabolic tumor activity and possible endometrial involvement), evaluating pelvic nodal involvement (even in cases with negative CT or MRI studies), detection of distant metastases (PET/CT should be the first imaging technique used to evaluate extrapelvic disease before pelvic exenteration), radiation therapy planning (in patiens with PET scans positive for lymph nodes), identification of persistent/recurrent disease (especially in assessing response to neoadjuvant therapy and prognosis (with an inverse response–survival relationship.
Phase ripening in particulate binary polymer blends

Particulate polymer-in-polymer mezodispersions show a pronounced increase in the size of the dispersed particles during melt-phase annealing. Three ripening mechanisms have been proposed: Brownian coalescence, Ostwald ripening, and hydrodynamic coarsening. The modified Cahn–Hilliard equation predicts growth by Ostwald ripening and diffusion-induced coalescence. Simulations of this mechanism show a self-similar particle size distribution, but the distribution broadens with the increasing volume fraction of the minor phase. Hydrodynamic coarsening caused by concentration gradients and random Brownian forces has been simulated according to the hydrodynamic model. The simulations show that concentration-driven hydrodynamics have little effect on the particle size distribution. Experiments have been performed to investigate the relative importance of these ripening mechanisms for polybutadiene in a polystyrene system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 603–612, 2004
Continuous-Flow Differential Mobility Analysis of Nanoparticles and Biomolecules

The differential mobility analyzer (DMA) is a powerful instrument that continuously separates aerosol particles according to their migration velocities in an electric field with high resolution. Because of the low fields employed, the mobility can be related to particle size or ion cross section. Combined with a sensitive detector, such as a continuous-flow condensation particle counter, the DMA enables differential size distribution measurements to be made within minutes to seconds. Over the past few decades, these capabilities have made the DMA a central tool for aerosol characterization in the 10–1,000-nm size range. DMAs have been adapted recently for measurement of particles as small as 1 nm and are now contributing to our understanding of nucleation, nanotechnology, and gas ions. Moreover, the opposed migration classifier, a new approach to differential mobility analysis, expands the dynamic range and shows promise both for increasing resolution beyond present levels and for changing the way that in...
TO TWIN OR NOT TO TWIN? TRADE-OFFS IN LITTER SIZE AND FAWN SURVIVAL IN MULE DEER

Parents often face a trade-off between allocating resources to many young with lower survival, or fewer young with higher survival. To examine trade-offs in litter size and juvenile survival in mule deer, and how survival was influenced by the nutritional condition of the female, we compared the survival of 30 twin and singleton mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawns during their 1st summer in eastern Washington. Overall fawn mortality was high (51.6%), especially during the 1st half of the summer (61.3%). Coyote predation caused 58.3% of all identified fawn mortalities. Twin fawns had a risk of dying 2.6 times higher than single fawns, and the difference between twin and singleton survival was most drastic during the first 1.5 months of life. Body fat of females during their last trimester of pregnancy predicted the number of fetuses they were carrying and whether they had at least 1 fawn surviving until the fall, but not the number of fawns surviving. Under these conditions, a litter size of 2 would be considered optimal because mothers giving birth to twins produced an average of 0.92 fawns by fall, whereas mothers producing singles ended up with only 0.75 fawns. However, our model suggested that a population producing only twins would be expected to increase only 4% faster than one producing only singletons.
Journey of Education in Control Systems from IIT (1965) to ISU (2012)

Abstract An overview of the author's journey of education and research experiences in Control System Engineering (CSE) from 1965 at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur to 2012 at Idaho State University (ISU) is presented. A Master of Technology or Science (MTech/MS) program in CSE within the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT started in 1958 is perhaps one of the oldest graduate programs in CSE anywhere in the world. Over the past nearly 50 years, the author had the fortune of working in various institutions around the world in the areas of theory and applications of Control Systems to a wide spectrum of fields in science and engineering such as aerospace, electrical, and biomedical engineering, and welding, ecology, and biological sciences.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION THEORY AND LANGUAGE PEDAGOGY. Fred F. Eckman, Diane Highland, Peter W. Lee, Jean Milcham, and Rita Rutkowski Weber (Eds.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. Pp. xvii + 326. $69.95 cloth.

This volume is very much in the North American tradition; it is an edited collection of papers originally presented at a conference (the Twenty-Second University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Linguistics Symposium on Second Language Acquisition). The book represents both the strengths and weaknesses of its origins.
What Is a Pandemic

The sudden emergence and rapid global spread of a novel H INI influenza virus in early 2009 [ 1 ] has caused confusion about the meaning of the word "pandemic" and how to recognize pandemics when they occur. Any assumption that the term pan demic had an agreed-upon meaning was quickly undermined by debates and dis cussions about the term in the popular media and in scientific publications [2-5]. Uses of the term by officiai health agencies, scientists, and the media often seemed to be at odds. For example, some argued that a level of explosive transmissibility was sufficient to declare a pandemic, whereas others maintained that severity of infec tion should also be considered [2-5]. Commentators questioned whether we could effectively deal with a pandemic when we could not agree on what a pan demic is or whether we were experiencing one. Amid this discussion, a New York Times commentary, published 8 June 2009, struck at the heart of the problem with its challenging headline, "Is This a Pandemic? Define 'Pandemic'" [5]. Three days later, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the pandemic
Indirect technique for making porcelain inlays

Abstract An indirect porcelain inlay technique has been described whereby a new refractory investment eliminates the need for a rigid die and a platinum matrix. The simplicity of this procedure should place the porcelain inlay within the capability of any dentist who finds a need for this fine restoration in the treatment of his patients.
Acute Elevation of Serum Transaminase and Lactic Dehydrogenase During Circulatory Shock

Abstract Serum enzyme activities were measured in 43 patients who had hypotension and the clinical features of shock caused by hemorrhage, bacterial infection, neurologic injury and vascular obstruction. None had evidence of myocardial infarction or primary hepatic or biliary disease at the onset of shock. Elevation of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase occurred in 70 per cent, of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase in 37 per cent, and of lactic dehydrogenase in 52 per cent. The degree of elevation of serum transaminase corresponded to the duration of shock. Abnormally high enzyme activities were observed during shock due to hemorrhage, bacterial infection and neurologic injury. It is concluded that elevations of SGOT and LDH are not helpful in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction from other causes of shock.
Towards accurate recognition for children's oral reading fluency

Systems for assessing and tutoring reading skills place unique requirements on underlying ASR technologies. This paper presents VersaReader, a system automatically measuring children's oral reading fluency skills. Critical techniques that improve the recognition accuracy and make the system practical are discussed in detail. We show that using a set of linguistic rules learned from a collection of transcriptions, the proposed rule-based language model [1] outperformed traditional n-gram language models. Combined with a specific acoustic model with explicit long silence modeling, plus adaptation, a WER 7.25% was achieved in our test set. The impact of different kinds of rules on performance is also discussed. We demonstrate that VersaReader can provide highly accurate Words Correct Per Minute scores automatically, which are virtually indistinguishable from scores provided by careful human analysis.
Specific domains in anterior pharynx-defective 1 determine its intramembrane interactions with nicastrin and presenilin.

γ-Secretase, a multi-subunit transmembrane protease comprised of presenilin, nicastrin, presenilin enhancer 2, and anterior pharynx-defective 1, participates in the regulated intramembrane proteolysis of Type I membrane proteins including the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Although Aph-1 is thought to play a structural role in the assembly of γ-secretase complex and several transmembrane domains (TMDs) of Aph-1 have been shown to be critical for its function, the importance of the other domains of Aph-1 remains elusive. We screened a series of Aph-1 mutants and focused on 9 mutations distributed in 6 different TMDs of human APH-1aS, assessing their ability to complement mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking Aph-1. We showed that mutations in TMD4 (G126) and TMD5 (H171) of Aph-1a prevented the formation of the Nct/Aph-1 subcomplex. Importantly, although mutations in TMD3 (Q83/E84/R85) and TMD6 (H197) of APH-1aS did not affect Nct/Aph-1 subcomplex formation, both mutations prevented further association/endoproteolysis of PS1. We propose a model that identifies critical TMDs of Aph-1 for associations with Nct and PS for the stepwise assembly of γ-secretase components.
I Know What Not To Do. Now What? Rethinking Business Ethics Education

Most business ethics classes are supplemented with cases, the majority of which have a negative orientation. We empirically measure the preponderance of negative-oriented cases found in the top selling textbooks used in many business ethics courses. However, neuroscience research indicates that a negative orientation is less effective than a positive or balanced approach for learning. An ethics course focused on scandal, corruption, fraudulent behavior, and misdeed often leaves students with a view for avoiding ethical pitfalls, but not much clarity on achieving moral excellence in the marketplace. We offer some pedagogical suggestions for creating ethics courses which strengthen students’ moral resolve by demonstrating what excellent ethical business looks like.
Pivot thinking: Predicting entrepreneurial intent among engineering students and faculty using problem solving style preference

This research explores the concept of “pivot thinking” or the ability to pivot between domain specific problem solving heuristics, and the impact of this cognitive trait on entrepreneurial career intent. A review of popular problem solving heuristics is presented for comparison purposes. The research sample includes engineering and science-trained students and faculty (n = 114) and measures both business skill self-efficacy and cognitive problem solving style using a four-factor psychometric instrument called the Herrmann Brain Dominance Indicator (HBDI). Results show that both higher levels and a balance between problem solving styles of analytical-factual (Factor A) and conceptual-intuitive (Factor D) predict entrepreneurial intent. Business skill self-efficacy is also an important predictor of entrepreneurial intent with emphasis on understanding business finance and communication skills. The implications of this research on engineering and entrepreneurship education are discussed.