cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of Telehealth Cost Minimization for Patients and Health Systems in Otolaryngology.

OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in telehealth becoming commonplace in many health care fields. Telehealth benefits include improving access, decreasing costs, and elevating patient's experience. A review of cost minimization (CM) analyses was performed in order to explore scientific studies associated with integrating tele-otolaryngology in clinical practice. Our primary objective was to evaluate published literature for cost related to the implementation of telemedicine across otolaryngology, and to determine CM when compared to in-person visits. STUDY DESIGN Systematic Literature Review. METHODS We performed a systematic review using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane in May 2020, to identify studies with a cost analysis of tele-otolaryngology care. Inclusion criteria focused on articles citing CM data from telehealth services. Literature quality was assessed using the MINORS scoring system. RESULTS From 380 original articles screened only nine evaluated cost in otolaryngology. CM in the US ranged from $68 to $900 per visit. Cost was evaluated in general otolaryngology, sleep medicine, otology, and head and neck cancer surgery, the latter had the most benefit. The most common types of telehealth visits were routine follow-up and screening. Data were insufficient for meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Telemedicine has been trialed across various otolaryngology subspecialties; its incorporation is projected to have a meaningful impact on access to specialty care. This research suggests that the delivery of virtual care reduces cost with the potential of increasing net revenue across multiple otolaryngology subspecialties. Further studies are needed to better discern the entirety of cost savings and the best settings for integration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:1741-1748, 2021.
Straight From the Source: Examining Gender Differences in Inmate Advice for Avoiding Prison Sexual Victimization

Once incarcerated, inmates face a myriad of potential threats to their physical and emotional well-being. The threat of being sexually or otherwise victimized while in prison breeds anxiety and fear among inmates, especially those who are new to the prison environment. In response, inmates have developed strategies to avoid victimization. The present study, utilizing self-report questionnaires, asked a sample of male and female inmates in a large Southern prison system about the advice they would give to another newly incarcerated inmate to avoid being sexually assaulted. A thematic analysis of inmates’ open-ended responses revealed male and female inmates have different strategies for avoiding victimization, many of which can be linked back to tenets of the inmate code. Based on these findings it is suggested that gender responsive education and treatment are necessary to preventing and responding to fear about, and incidents of, sexual victimization in prisons.
BIAPSS - BioInformatic Analysis of liquid-liquid Phase-Separating protein Sequences

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) has recently emerged as a foundational mechanism for order and regulation in biology. However, a quantitative molecular grammar of protein sequences underlying LLPS remains unclear. The comprehensive databases and associated computational infrastructure for biophysical and statistical analysis can enable rapid progress in the field. Therefore, we have created a novel open-source web platform named BIAPSS (BioInformatic Analysis of liquid-liquid Phase-Separating protein Sequences) which offers the users interactive data analytic tools for facilitating the discovery of statistically significant sequence signals for proteins with LLPS behavior.
Unsupervised Clustering Of Airway Tree Structures On High-Resolution CT: The Mesa Lung Study

The morphology of the proximal human airway tree is highly variable in the general population, and known variants in airway branching patterns are associated with increased risk of COPD and with polymorphisms in growth factors involved in pulmonary development. Variation in the geometry and topology of the airway tree remains incompletely characterized, and their clinical implications are not yet understood. In this work, we present an approach to unsupervised clustering of airway tree structures in Billera-Holmes-Vogtmann tree-space. We validate our pipeline on synthetic airway tree data, and apply our algorithm to identify reproducible and morphologically distinct airway tree subtypes in the MESA Lung CT cohort.
Charges and Polarization Without QM

MD requires charges, but the only way to assign charges was to do QM, which is totally impractical for most materials problems. For proteins and DNA, one can limit the calculation to the monomers (or better trimers). Tony Rappe and I solved this problem in 1991. Saber Naserifar and I extended to polarization in 2017.
Makerspaces for Adults: Best Practices and Great Projects

A makerspace, defined in this book as any open collaborative space that could include a 3 D printer, can enhance curriculum, increase creativity, and produce a tactile object as evidence of learnin...
The "Rule of Law" in Development Assistance: Past, Present, and Future

The issue of the relationship between legal institutions and “development”, whether development is defined narrowly in economic terms, or more broadly, was originally mooted by Max Weber 100 years ago and has continued to fascinate scholars. In recent years, it has also come to interest policy makers as development institutions have placed increasing emphasis on the “rule of law” as a necessary ingredient in any development strategy. The result has been a proliferation of law reform projects and programs supported by development assistance institutions. In the 1990s, there was a massive surge in development assistance for law reform projects in developing and transition countries. These projects involve investments of many billions of dollars. The World Bank alone reports it has supported 330 “rule of law” projects and spent $2.9 billion dollars on this sector since 1990. At the beginning of this new surge of interest in law within the development community, there appeared to be a broad consensus on the reasons to create the “rule of law” in these transitional and developing economies, on what the “rule of law” meant, and on the best strategies to implement those objectives. But as more was learned about the challenges, and a burgeoning literature emerged, it has become apparent that the initial enthusiasm for the rule of law masked different, and potentially contradictory, visions and approaches. This paper seeks to trace the origins of the current wave of interest in the rule of law, identify the contradictions that have emerged, and specify issues now on the agenda.
Unpacking teachers’ moves in the classroom: navigating micro- and macro-levels of mathematical complexity

The work that mathematics teachers do is frequently mathematical in nature and different from other professions. Understanding and describing common ways that teachers draw upon their content knowledge in the practice of teaching is important. Building on the descriptions by McCrory et al. (Journal for Research in Mathematics Education 43(5) 584–615, 2012) of two primary ways teachers use their content knowledge—decompressing and trimming—this paper differentiates between micro- and macro-levels of mathematical complexity as a way to extend and further conceptualize the moves that teachers make at a more nuanced grain size. This paper explains and portrays their counterparts, micro-level trimming and macro-level decompressing, which we discuss as concealing and foreshadowing complexity, respectively. Support for their use in teachers’ work is provided through specific examples. Implications for the mathematical preparation and professional development of teachers are discussed.
A sleepy patient with REM rebound.

A 25-year-old male presented to the sleep clinic with a chief complaint of excessive daytime somnolence and witnessed nocturnal “choking episodes” dating back a few years. His Epworth Sleepiness Scale score was 13. His usual bed time and rise time were 23:00 and 07:00, respectively. There was no history of snoring, and the patient denied a history of cataplexy, hypnopompic/hypnagogic hallucinations, or sleep paralysis. Six weeks prior to his sleep study, his primary care physician had prescribed paroxetine 20 mg daily, and 2 weeks prior to the study, trazodone 50 mg at bedtime had been added to his medication regimen. These medications were prescribed to treat depression with comorbid anxiety that had been present for many years but were not currently treated. In spite of a regular sleep schedule of 8 h per night, he often fell asleep on the job. The patient noted that his excessive daytime sleepiness predated the use of the antidepressants. His family history was positive for a father with obstructive sleep apnea. His physical examination revealed normal vital signs with a body mass index of 23.5. Head, ears, eyes, nose and throat examination were unremarkable, as was the cardiopulmonary examination. An overnight diagnostic polysomnogram (PSG) was obtained with the hypnogram shown in Figure 1 and a summary of pertinent results in Table 1. Figure 1 Hypnogram showing the summary of sleep stages for the sleep period. Note the large amount of REM sleep (as designated by R in the y axis) with the arrows pointing to these areas of interest. Table 1 Diagnostic Polysomnogram Summary of Sleep Time Statistics, Sleep Stage Statistics and Respiratory Event Statistics A multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) was ultimately obtained following the PSG to evaluate objectively his severity of somnolence (Table 2). Table 2 Results of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test Question: What additional information would be important to request from the patient to help explain the findings seen on the PSG and MSLT? Answer: A list of any medications or recreational drugs recently started or stopped. One may consider drug screening to ensure that the findings are not pharmacologically induced. Sleep logs for 1 week prior to the MSLT to assess prior sleep-wake schedules can sometimes be helpful to look for insufficient sleep.
Latent Transformed Growth-inhibiting Factor in Human Malignant Effusions

An inhibitor of soft agar colony formation by a human breast carcinoma-derived cell line was found to be present in latent form in the majority of cytology-positive human malignant effusions. Prior to dialysis, addition of human malignant effusions resulted in 0.8 mm). After dialysis (membrane cutoff of 3500 molecular weight), 58 of 70 malignant effusions from patients with a variety of epithelial cell carcinomas resulted in 71% mean inhibition of colony formation (range 19.1–98% inhibition). Similar inhibition of anchorage-independent growth was observed for a human colon cancerderived cell line (HCT-15) but not for polyoma and murine sarcoma virus-transformed rodent fibroblast lines. The malignant effusion-related transformed cell growth-inhibiting factor (TGIF) was sensitive to heat, sulfhydryl reduction, and protease treatment. TGIF-containing effusion resulted in parallel inhibition of thymidine incorporation in sensitive cell types in vitro . TGIF was precipitable in 28–34% ammonium sulfate with reconstitution of activity after resolubilization. TGIF was partially purified by chromatography on Biogel A-0.5 and Biogel P-100 which yielded two peaks of inhibitory activity. The predominant species had an approximate molecular weight of 110,000 and could be recovered as a single species from DEAE-cellulose at relatively high salt concentrations (0.4 m NaCl). A smaller amount of inhibitory activity was recovered from Biogel P-100 or Biogel P-60 with an apparent molecular weight of 55,000. The higher molecular-weight TGIF which appears to be a dimer of the M r 55,000 protein is distinguishable from previously described growth-promoting and -inhibiting factors.
The Psu protein of bacteriophage P4 is an antitermination factor for rho-dependent transcription termination.

Abstract A 0.7-kbp DNA fragment from bacteriophage P4 that contained the polarity suppression (psu) gene was cloned in an expression plasmid. Induction of the plasmid-borne psu gene resulted in the overproduction of a protein having the biological properties of the P4-induced polarity suppressor. In vivo, Psu protein acted in trans to suppress rho-dependent polarity in the late genes of an infecting P2 phage, in plasmid operons, and in the host chromosome. Psu action did not require the presence of other P2 or P4 phage genes. Psu caused efficient readthrough (antitermination) by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase at the rho-dependent terminators tR1 and TIS2, individually and in tandem, but did not affect termination at rho-independent sites. Neither the conserved antitermination sequence boxA nor any unique promoter or utilization sequence was required for Psu activity.
Cell Adhesion Molecules

Cell adhesion molecules, also termed cell adhesion receptors, are one of three classes of macromolecules – along with extracellular matrix molecules and adhesion plaque proteins – that mediate cell adhesion, an activity which is critical for the commencement and maintenance of the three-dimensional structure and normal function of tissues.1,2 Cell adhesion molecules are predominantly transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate binding to extracellular matrix molecules or to associated receptors on other cells, in a manner that determines the specificity of cell–cell or cell–extracellular matrix interactions.1 There are five families of adhesion receptors – integrins, cadherins, immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules (Ig CAMs), selectins, and CD44.1,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Complexes formed by cell adhesion receptors are not static, but are dynamic units capable of obtai-ning and incorporating extracellular environmental signals, and are indeed the foundation of two-way signaling between the cell and its external environment.1,10 These cell adhesion molecule families are also involved with signaling between the interior and exterior of the cell, and as such are important in cell growth, proliferation, spatial organization, motility, migration, signaling, differentiation, apoptosis, and gene transcription in normal physiological growth and development as well as in pathological conditions such as inflammation and wound healing.5,9
Measuring the value of library content collections

This research uses the methodology of web analytics to examine the usage of subscription databases at a major academic library. Our research goal is the development of key performance indicators from which academic libraries can evaluate the business value of their content collections. There are 1,447 databases to which this academic library provides access, and these databases received nearly 2.5 million customer visits in 2012 via the library's meta-search application, which is used for searching these databases. As such, these visits represent a substantial subset of the total traffic to the university's academic databases. The first level analysis shows that the top 20 most used databases represent over half the traffic to these academic databases. The second level analysis compared these heavily used databases (20) categorizing them by provider, and quantifying them with the remaining databases (428) from these providers. These results show the inequality of traffic generated by the top databases relative to the remaining databases from these providers in the context of search. The implications of this inequality illustrate the extreme usefulness of select databases and the possibility of the dispensability of less popular databases. The third level of analysis is a temporal evaluation of demand of databases over the course of two semesters (spring and fall 2012). This evaluation displayed the lack of increased demand throughout a semester beyond the top 300 databases. We used this analysis as the beginnings of the formulation of a set of web analytic metrics tailored for academic libraries.
A Biological Imitation Game

The digital reconstruction of a slice of rat somatosensory cortex from the Blue Brain Project provides the most complete simulation of a piece of excitable brain matter to date. To place these efforts in context and highlight their strengths and limitations, we introduce a Biological Imitation Game, based on Alan Turing's Imitation Game, that operationalizes the difference between real and simulated brains.
Measurement of nitric oxide by 4,5-diaminofluorescein without interferences

The fluorescent reagent 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) has been widely used for specific and quantitative measurements of nitric oxide (NO) in biological tissues. Recently it was reported that dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and ascorbic acid (AA) interfere with the measurement of NO using DAF-2. A new method of assaying NO using DAF-2 eliminates these interferences; when frozen on dry ice, the NO in the original solution still diffuses and can react with an adjacent frozen block of DAF-2, but the confounding compounds such as DHA do not. Thus, placing the microliter-volume frozen blocks of solutions containing NO and the solutions of DAF-2 adjacent to each other for 30 min results in the concentration dependent formation of fluorescent product (DAF-2T) from the reaction of NO with DAF-2. The product has been characterized and the method validated using both fluorescence spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. With this approach, the presence of DHA and AA does not interfere with NO measurements, and product formation is inhibited in the presence of NO scavengers added to either of the solutions before freezing. The contactless DAF-2 method successfully assays NO in nitric oxide synthase-positive vertebrate and invertebrate tissues. This method allows nondestructive NO detection in biological samples that can subsequently be used for morphological and/or biochemical studies.
Exopolysaccharide production by Bifidobacterium longum BB‐79

Bifidobacterium longum BB-79 produced an acidic extracellular polysaccharide (EPS), especially when grown on solid medium. The EPS was isolated by ethanol precipitation followed by dialysis and lyophilization. Anion exchange and gel-filtration chromatography were used to further purify and characterize the EPS. The average molecular weight was greater than 200 kDa as estimated by chromatography. Based on gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and GLC-mass spectrometry analyses, the EPS appears to be composed of galactose and an unidentified hexose (possibly glucose) with a carboxyethyl (lactic acid) substituent. Lactose, when used as the primary carbon source in liquid media, gave the highest yield of EPS. Incubation times longer than 24 h and the initial culture pH (pH 6·0–9·0) had little effect on the amount of EPS produced.
Abnormalities in the Procoagulant Activity of Alveolar Macrophages from Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease

Fibrin and fibronectin deposition is prominent in several chronic inflammatory processes involving the lung. His­ topathologic studies show fibrin both in the interstitium and along the alveolar surfaces during the cellular phases of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Sequential pathologic obser­ vations suggest that the sites of early fibrin deposition correlate with the location of the subsequent fibrotic process. 1 Sequential pathologic observations of fibronectin distribution at several sites of inflammation indicate a similar pattern. 23 Together these studies suggest fibrin/fibronectin deposition, and the determinants of their resorption may have an important influence on healing 4 and perhaps on the course of pulmonary fibrosis. Human alveolar macrophages can potentially modulate this process by several mechanisms. First, macrophages secrete fibronectin, and alveolar fluid fibronectin levels are elevated in some patients with interstitial lung disease. 5 Second, human macrophages express membrane-bound plasminogen activator and can secrete the activator into their microenvironment . This enzyme can initiate the degradation of both fibrin and fibronectin. 6 Third, normal human macro­ phages synthesize and express the initial enzyme complex of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, tissue factor, and factor VII on their cell surface. 5 Whether this cellular procoagulant activity is altered in disease states is unknown. We examined the cell-associated procoagulant activity of macrophages lavaged from patients with sarcoidosis or idiopathic pulmo­ nary fibrosis and compared the enzyme activities to that of a group of normal volunteers.
Tensile strength and microstructural characterization of HPZ ceramic fibers

Abstract Tensile strengths of as-received HPZ fiber and those surface coated with BN, BN/SiC, and BN/Si3N4 have been determined at room temperature using a two-parameter Weibull distribution. Nominally ~ 0.4 μm BN and 0.2 μm SiC or Si3N4 coatings were deposited on the fibers by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a continuous reactor. The average tensile strength of uncoated HPZ fiber was 2.0 ± 0.56 GPa (290 ± 81 ksi) with a Weibull modulus of 4.1. For the BN coated fibers, the average strength and the Weibull modulus increased to 2.39 ± 0.44 GPa (346 ± 64 ksi) and 6.5, respectively. The HPZ/BN/SiC fibers showed an average strength of 2.0 ± 0.32 GPa (290 ± 47 ksi) and Weibull modulus of 7.3. Average strength of the fibers having a dual BN/Si3N4 surface coating degraded to 1.15 ± 0.26 GPa (166 ± 38 ksi) with a Weibull modulus of 5.3. The chemical composition and thickness of the fiber coatings were determined using scanning Auger analysis. Microstructural analysis of the fibers and the coatings was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A microporous silica-rich layer ~ 200 nm thick is present on the as-received HPZ fiber surface. The BN coatings on the fibers are amorphous to partly turbostratic and contaminated with carbon and oxygen. The silicon carbide coating was crystalline whereas the silicon nitride coating was amorphous. The silicon carbide and silicon nitride coatings are non-stoichiometric, non-uniform, and granular. Within a fiber tow, the fibers on the outside had thicker and more granular coatings than those on the inside.
The developmental potential of synchronized amphibian cell nuclei.

Single cell nuclei from synchronized Rana pipiens cell cultures were transplanted into enucleated Rana pipiens eggs to determine whether there is a relationship between the phase of the cell cycle from which a donor nucleus is transplanted and its ability to promote normal embryogenesis. Synchronized populations of ICR 2A cells, a stable haploid cell line, were obtained by mitotic selection. Nuclei were transplanted at times after selection corresponding to G1, mid-S, late S, and G2. Nuclear transplants were also made from unsynchronized populations and haploid blastulae. The results of these experiments indicated that donor nuclei from G1 cells have a restricted capacity to support development beyond the blastula stage. No significant differences could be detected in the developmental competence of nuclei derived from mid-S, late S, G2, and unsynchronized nuclei. Data on the frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in nuclear transplant embryos, nuclear swelling, and thymidine incorporation by transplanted nuclei also suggest that G1 nuclei have a decreased ability to replicate their chromosomes in egg cytoplasm. It is concluded that donor cell cycle phase does have an effect on nuclear transplantation success.
Qualitative and quantitative studies of pteridine eye pigments in Drosophila. Seven species of Hawaiian Drosophila and D. melanogaster

Abstract The procedure of two dimensional thin-layer chromatography followed by fluorometric quantification of pigments provides a reliable protocol for analyzing different pteridine eye pigments in species of Drosophila . Using this procedure, a new pigment [S] was discovered in five of the seven species of Hawaiian Drosophila examined. This pigment, which occurs in varying amounts, has colour and R f values very similar to the pteridines, biopterin and 2-amino-4-hydroxypterin. The ability to quantitate these pigments provides a reproducible way to uniquely characterize these files based on a biochemical profile. Most pigments appear to be correlated with light intensity, in that, as light intensity increases, the pigment amount decreases. It is hoped that this procedure can provide a new way to look at the evolutionary relationships between these species and also furnish new data about the ecological genetics of the Hawaiian Drosophila .
Computer solution for the traveling-wave-excited N 2 laser

A computer solution is presented for the nitrogen laser excited by a longitudinal relativistic electron beam. The solution demonstrates efficient extraction by amplified spontaneous emission, and preferential radiation parallel to the electron beam, caused by the traveling-wave nature of excitation. These observations tend to validate approximations used to calculate extraction in an earlier study.
A Generalization to Bases Common to r Binary Matroids A the Weighted Matrix-Tree Theorem in the Case when the Weights are Boolean

Let M1, M2, …, Mr be r binary matroids of the same rank on the same set S = {s1, s2, …, sm}. Associate with each element si of S the weight xi where xi ∈ GF(2), the field of the integers mod 2. Set x = (x1, x2, …, xm). Let ℬ denote the set of bases common to all these matroids and consider the polynomial β(x) = ∑b ∈ ℬ ∏si ∈ bxi. In this paper we obtain a formula for β(x) in the form of the permanent of an r-dimensional array or ‘r-dimensional tensor’. The weighted matrix-tree theorem and the weighted matrix-arborescence theorem (with Boolean weights) are both special cases of this result in which two matroids are involved (r = 2). Employing the main formula with r = 2 we show that M1 and M2 have an even number of bases in common if and only if there exists a subset P of S such that P can be partitioned into circuits of M1 and P can be partitioned into cocircuits of M2.
"Our college is changing": women's college student affairs administrators and transgender students.

Student affairs administrators at contemporary American women's colleges are charged with supporting the personal, intellectual, and relational growth of students. A small but vocal group of students who identify as transgender and who are living as male, genderqueer, or transitioning to live as male, have emerged as a visible subpopulation in highly selective women's colleges. In this qualitative, phenomenological study of the perceptions of student affairs administrators (n = 31), three participant profiles—ambivalent, supporter, and advocate—emerged. Implications for student affairs practice, theory, and the continued transformation of educational environments in support of transgender students are discussed.
DOES GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF) DOWN-MODULATE ERYTHROPOIESIS IN THE HUMAN FETUS? ▴ 1704

DOES GRANULOCYTE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF) DOWN-MODULATE ERYTHROPOIESIS IN THE HUMAN FETUS? ▴ 1704
Levels of Auditory Response in Fissiped Carnivores Ernest

Peripheral auditory responses were measured in at least one representative from each of the seven families of fissiped carnivores. The cochlear microphonic potential (CM) recorded from the membrana tympani secundaria (round window membrane) was used as the index of function. Substantial differences in CM sensitivity, band width, and maximum output were noted in the 12 species tested. Based upon linear approximations of the mean sensitivity data for each species, four distinct response patterns could be established. The maximum output level of those species placed in less efficient sensitivity groups was roughly two-thirds that of species placed in the most efficient sensitivity group. No clear-cut relation was found between the functionally based groupings and accepted mammalian classification. However, estimates of peripheral auditory function may be distorted by certain artifacts associated with recording CM from the membrana tympani secundaria and with the surgical procedures used.
The Utility of Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry in Biopharmaceutical Comparability Studies

The function, efficacy, and safety of protein biopharmaceuticals are tied to their three-dimensional structure. The analysis and verification of this higher-order structure are critical in demonstrating manufacturing consistency and in establishing the absence of structural changes in response to changes in production. It is, therefore, essential to have reliable, high-resolution and high sensitivity biophysical tools capable of interrogating protein structure and conformation. Here, we demonstrate the use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (H/DX-MS) in biopharmaceutical comparability studies. H/DX-MS measurements can be conducted with good precision, consume only picomoles of protein, interrogate nearly the entire molecule with peptide level resolution, and can be completed in a few days. Structural comparability or lack of comparability was monitored for different preparations of interferon-β-1a. We present specific graphical formats for the display of H/DX-MS data that aid in rapidly making both the qualitative (visual) and quantitative assessment of comparability. H/DX-MS is capable of making significant contributions in biopharmaceutical characterization by providing more informative and confidant comparability assessments of protein higher-order structures than are currently available within the biopharmaceutical industry.
Activities related to purchasing and supply management involvement in supplier alliances

Many firms have experienced significant benefits from engaging in supplier alliances. However, alliance relationships do not evolve in isolation. Support factors for supplier alliances include purchasing’s accountability for their actions, the use of information technology, the perceived importance of the purchasing and supply management (PSM) function, and the degree of participation in strategic purchasing activities. In addition, PSM engages in cost and price‐related activities associated with supplier alliances, including total cost of ownership, understanding specific supplier costs, target costing, and market monitoring. Empirical results from a survey indicate that significant relationships exist between support factors, cost and price activities, and supplier alliance involvement by the PSM function. The exploratory findings suggest that support factors must be in place and continually improved to facilitate purchasing’s involvement in alliances. PSM involvement in cost and price activities is also strongly related to supplier alliance participation. For purchasing firms to obtain long‐term benefits from alliances with suppliers, purchasing professionals must continually provide valuable input into these relationships through their corporate influence, use of information technology, and participation in various proactive purchasing activities.
The Illinois Biology and Politics Summer Institute

interesting and timely conference examining the interplay between social and genetic factors on political behavior took place July 5-9, 2009 at the Institute for Genomic Biology on the campus of the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the Illinois Biology and Politics Summer Institute was directed by political scientist Ira Carmen and entomologist Gene Robinson, both of the University of Illinois. Six faculty presented before 23 NSF funded Fellows and nine University of Illinois Fellows over a four-day period. Most of the fellows were graduate students and post-docs from around the country, with a smattering of faculty Fellows joining the discussion. The conference kept to a very rigorous schedule, with close to seven hours of lecture and discussion per day. The focus of the conference was the new field of sociogenomics. In its narrow meaning, genomics refers to the study of the genome of an organism as a whole, as opposed to genetics, which is the study of individual genes. In a larger sense, genomics is concerned with the very complex interaction between the genomes of organisms and their structural and behavioral features. Sociogenomics, then, is the study of the molecular basis of social behavior. The various presentations were roughly evenly divided between lectures on the methods used in sociogenomic research and the findings that sociogenomicists are discovering through the thoughtful application of those methods. The Institute was clearly organized around a big idea that was emerging from genomics in general and sociogenomics in particular; namely, that the well-
Hidden oscillations in generalized linear mammillary compartmental models

Oscillations due to complex eigenvalues, known to exist but difficult to detect, are sometimes totally hidden in the output of compartmental models, i.e., none of their modes appear in the output. An example is constructed of a class of linear compartmental models with complex eigenvalues, which have oscillating modes appearing in the output for some single-pool-input/single-pool-output (SpISpO) configurations, while for other such configurations all oscillations are totally hidden in the output. To generate the example, generalized mammillary compartmental models are defined in which a central pool exchanges with peripheral submodels called clusters, through individual connector pools, and their transfer functions are calculated corresponding to all SpISpO configurations. When such a model is repetitive, i.e., when it has identical peripheral clusters, and the input or the output is in the central pool, then it is zero-state equivalent, up to a multiplicative constant, with a reduced model having one peripheral cluster only. We analyze the visibility of an eigenvalue, i.e., whether or not the modes associated with it appear in the output, for repetitive generalized mammillary models. Sufficient conditions are given for such models to have oscillating modes appearing in the impulse response for some input/output configurations, while for other such configurations all oscillations are totally hidden, i.e., none appear in the output. A particularly interesting example is presented of a class of linear models with complex eigenvalues satisfying these conditions. This class has the structure of nonlinear models used to describe the process of protein synthesis and turnover.
Qualitative Features of Quantized Gravitation

From a re-examination of a discussion by Bohr and Einstein of a gedanken experiment designed to violate the uncertainty relations, it is suggested that a qualitatively new feature of the merging quantum theory of gravitation is that it may provide a new understanding of the ‘reduction of the wave packet’ of quantum mechanics. In brief, for finitely massive observers, half of the classical dynamical variables must be employed to specify the frame of reference, whereas only the remaining half of the dynamical variables are available for unequivocal observation. Observers whose frames of reference cannot be related by definiteC-number transformations would, in general, ‘reduce wave packets’ differently.
Parametrization of causal actions of universal covering groups and global hyperbolicity

Abstract The transformation group of the universal covering of the real projective line, obtained by lifting ordinary projective transformations, is given explicitly in terms of canonical coordinates. A similar formulation is given of the action of the universal covering of SU(2, 2) upon the universal covering of the Shilov boundary of its associated bounded Hermitian symmetric domain, structured as R1 × SU(2). The former group G , isomorphic to S U(1, 1) , has a unique and continuous bi-invariant global partial ordering ⩽ (similar to that expressing space-time causality relations) corresponding to its bivariant Lorentzian metric; the partial ordering is the same as that induced by the ordering of the real line which the transformation group preserves. As an application, the compactness of the intervals [g 1 , g 2 ] = {g ϵ G : g 1 ⩽ g ⩽ g 2 } for g 1 , g 2 ϵ G , necessary for global hyperbolicity of the metric, is studied. It is shown that [g1, g2] is compact if and only if g ⩽ ζg1 for all g in a neighborhood of g2, where ζ is the generator of the center of G satisfying ζ ⩾ e. In particular, the interior of [e, ζ] is a maximal open global hyperbolic submanifold; S U(1, 1) is not globally hyperbolic.
TTA.TAA TRIPLET REPEATS IN PLASMIDS FORM A NON-H BONDED STRUCTURE

CTG·CAG, CGG·CCG, and AAG·CTT triplet repeats proximal to or in disease genes expand by a non-Mendelian genetic process to cause several human hereditary syndromes. As part of our physical, biological, and genetic studies on the 10 possible triplet repeats, we discovered that the TTA·TAA repeat, isolated from the upstream region of the variant surface glycoprotein gene of Trypanosoma brucei, shows a propensity to adopt a non-H bonded structure under appropriate conditions. The other nine triplet repeat sequences do not exhibit this property. (TTA·TAA)n, where n = 90, 60, 30, and 18, cloned into pUC19 was studied by chemical and enzymatic probes as well as two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analyses under a variety of conditions. The helix opening was observed for all four inserts in supercoiled plasmids as a function of temperature, pH, metal ions, and buffer conditions using OsO4, diethyl pyrocarbonate, and chloroacetaldehyde probes. This unusual property of the TTA·TAA repeat suggests that it plays a different role from the other nine triplet repeats in gene expression.
NEUTRON YIELDS FROM THICK TARGETS BOMBARDED BY 18- AND 32-Mev PROTONS

Neutron yields from thick targets bombarded by 32- and 18-Mev protons were measured for 59 elements and compounds. For 23 metallic elements, yields were also measured from targets thick enough to degrade the proton energy from 32 to 18 Mev. The neutrons were detected by counting the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{56}$ activity produced by neutron capture in MnS${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ solution contained in a 3-ft by 3-ft tank that surrounded the targets. The efficiency of the neutron-detection system was determined with a calibrated Ra-$\ensuremath{\alpha}$-Be source. For all three energy intervals, the neutron yields increased abruptly at $Z=20$ and $Z=30$, and Ni had a yield $\frac{1}{3}$ that of neighboring elements.The yields were compared with calculations based on the statistical theory of nuclear reactions. The agreement was fair for $Zg30$, but the calculated yields did not reproduce the sudden jump at $Z=30$.
Radiation transfer in absorbing, emitting, isotropically scattering, homogeneous cylindrical media

Abstract One-dimensional radiative transfer in an absorbing, emitting, gray, isotropically scattering, homogeneous, solid cylinder having a diffusely reflecting boundary surface and externally incident radiation is solved by using the appropriate expansion functions. Expressions for the radiation intensity, incident radiation and net radiative heat flux are presented. To illustrate the computational aspects of the method, the following two situations are considered: (1) a uniform externally incident radiation and (2) a source within the medium of the form Q(r) = (1−ω) [1−(r/R)2]. For the first case, it is shown that the convergence of the numerical results is fast and that first-order approximations are accurate; for the second case, results accurate to five significant digits are shown. Since the solution method does not require the knowledge of a particular solution, it is a viable approach for solving the radiation part in problems in which the radiation interacts with either conduction or convection. Furthermore, the method also has the potential for generalization to problems involving anisotropic scattering.
Erythema multiforme limited to the oral cavity: report of case.

A 7-year-old boy was seen with ulcerations on the lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Although the results of a physical examination were within normal limits and despite oral administration of penicillin and the use of oral rinses, the condition of the patient deteriorated during the next 11 days. As no sign of remission was evident, the patient was admitted to the hospital and an attempt was made to control hemorrhage of the lesions with chemical cauterization. His condition remained unchanged. A diagnosis of erythema multiforme limited to the oral cavity was made and treatment was recommended. After the use of corticosteroids for two weeks, the lesions appeared to be healed.
Cuticle Protein Genes of Drosophila: Structure, Organization and Evolution of Four Clustered Genes

Abstract Most of a 9 kb region of the Drosophila genome containing genes for several cuticle proteins has been sequenced. Five cuticle-gene-like sequences have been identified and mapped. Amino acid sequences of four of the five major third instar cuticle proteins have been determined. These four sequences are identical with those predicted from the sequences of four of the five genes. Two cuticle genes are transcribed in one direction and two in the opposite direction. The fifth cuticle-like gene is judged to be a pseudogene because several features of its structure and the absence of detectable transcripts suggest it is nonfunctional. Sequence comparisons indicate that it arose by an unequal crossing-over event involving two closely related and adjacent cuticle genes. Each of the four cuticle genes contains a signal peptide coding sequence interrupted by a short intervening sequence (about 60 bp) at a conserved site. Conserved sequences occur in the 5′ mRNA untranslated region, in the adjacent 35 bp of upstream flanking sequence and at -200 bp from the mRNA start position in each of the cuticle genes. We discuss the structure, organization and evolution of these cuticle genes as a model small gene family.
Relevance of Dopamine Autoreceptors for Psychiatry: Preclinical and Clinical Studies

Autoreceptors are those receptors located on neuronal bodies, dendrites, and nerve terminals, which respond to the neurotransmitter released by that neuron, and contribute to the regulation of the synthesis and release of the neurotransmitter itself. Autoreceptors have been identified on the neurons of the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons. Stimulation of these autoreceptors by dopamine agonists decreases dopaminergic activity. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that administration of low doses of conventional dopamine agonists such as apomorphine can inhibit the activity of some dopaminergic neurons and be of therapeutic use in the treatment of excited psychotic states and a variety of abnormal movement disorders. Specific autoreceptor agonists and antagonists may prove to be of considerable clinical and theoretical importance in psychiatry. This article reviews the major preclinical and clinical research on dopamine autoreceptors.
Survey of Active Aeroelastic Control for Flutter Suppression

Aeroelastic flutter is the potentially destructive aerodynamic vibration of an elastic body in an air-stream. The interactions of aerodynamic, inertial and structural forces cause coupled torsional and bending modes on the aircraft, which can exceed its structural strength. An aircraft’s wing, tail and control surfaces are at the greatest risk of experiencing flutter. The goal of a flutter suppression system is to clear the flight envelope from flutter. This paper provides an overview regarding the current state-of-the-art hardware, techniques and analytical methods used in implementing Active Aeroelastic Control (AAC) in the design of a flutter suppression system.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Racial differences in oral and pharyngeal cancer treatment and survival in Florida.

Objective: This study examined racial differences in treatment and survival for blacks and whites in Florida diagnosed with oral or pharyngeal cancer. Methods: Data for 21,481 malignancies of the oral cavity or pharynx diagnosed from 1988 to 1998 were derived from the Florida Cancer Data System. Type of cancer treatment was compared by race, stratified by anatomic site and summary stage at diagnosis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to compare survival rates and Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios for race. Covariates included age, sex, census tract income, and treatment. Results: Stratifying by tumor site and stage, blacks consistently had poorer survival rates than whites. Across tumor stages, blacks with oral cavity cancer were consistently more likely than whites to have received only radiotherapy and less likely to have received cancer-directed surgery. Trends were similar for pharyngeal cancer, although statistically significant only for regional stages. Across site and stage, blacks consistently had elevated hazard ratios (range: 1.20-1.53) relative to whites. Conclusions: In Florida, there were racial differences in patient treatment for oral or pharyngeal cancer. Blacks had lower survival rates than whites, but differences in treatment did not entirely account for racial disparities in survival.
Current ripple cancellation for asymmetric multiphase interleaved dc-dc switching converters

Multiphase dc-dc converters are widely used in power electronics, as they enable the processing of high power by splitting the load-current into multiple phases. Conventional multiphase circuits are supplied by a common source, and the goal is to distribute the processed power evenly between the phases. The best possible ripple cancellation can then be performed by shifting the switching operations of each phase by angles of even distance. However, in recent applications, such as maximum power point (MPP) tracking for solar photovoltaic (PV), multiple converters are supplied by sources that are often restricted to operate at different voltages and currents leading to asymmetric converter operation. To achieve improved ripple cancellation under these conditions, phase-shifting by uneven phase-angles is required. In this work, analytic formulas are derived to obtain suitable angles for phase-shifting. Simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, and a practical example of implementation with three dc-dc buck converters is presented.
The effect of frequency and number of pairs in a verbal discrimination task

The assumption, derived from the frequency theory of verbal discrimination learning, that list length does not affect verbal discrimination learning proficiency was tested. Results indicated that (a) the number of correct items to be learned does affect learning proficiency significantly when the differential frequency cue is held constant; (b) previous findings reported by Ekstrand, Wallace, and Underwood (1966), that a 20-pair list involving 10 right items repeated twice is superior to a 20-pair control group with no repeated items. may have been due, at least in part, to the fewer number of items to be learned and not solely to the larger differential frequency cue.
Magneton Numbers of Iron in some Complex Salts

DR. L. C. JACKSON'S letter in NATURE of June 27, p. 981, points out the fact that an iron atom, known definitely to be ferrous, can have at least four distinct magnetic moments; namely, 26, 26.5, 27, and 27.5 when expressed in the magneton of Weiss. The purpose of this note is to present preliminary data tending to show that the magneton numbers for ferrous iron are not limited to 26–27.5, but can be 0 and 10 as well. Likewise, a ferric iron atom can have a magnetic moment corresponding to 0 and 10 magnetons in addition to the 29 magnetons usually obtained from measurements on simple paramagnetic salts. An example is included of an iron compound, the carbonyl, in which the iron certainly plays the part of a diamagnetic element.