cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Redesigning a Healthcare Demand Questionnaire for National Population Survey: Experience of a Developing Country.

Since its inception in 1986, the contents of the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) have been periodically updated to support emerging health data needs for evidence-based policy and program development. In 2018, the healthcare demand questionnaire was redesigned to capture diverse and changing population demand for healthcare services and their utilization pattern. This paper describes the methods and processes undertaken in redesigning the questionnaire. We aim to highlight the systematic and inclusive approach, enabling all potential evidence users to be involved, indirectly encouraging research evidence uptake for policy and program planning. We applied a systematic approach of comprehensive literature search for national-level population survey instruments implemented globally and translated non-English tools to English. The development phases were iterative, conducted in parallel with active stakeholder engagements. Here, we detailed the processes in the planning and exploratory phase as well as a qualitative assessment of the questionnaire. We included instruments from 45 countries. The majority were from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and focused on perceived health, health-related behavior, and healthcare use. Thirty-four stakeholders from 14 areas of expertise were involved. Stakeholders identified additional content areas required, such as chronic pain, alternative use of healthcare services (community pharmacy, home-visit, and private medical laboratory), family doctor, and informal caregiving. The questionnaire, redesigned based on existing literature with concordant involvement and iterative feedback from stakeholders, improved the choice of health topics through the identification of new topics and modification of existing questions to better meet future evidence needs on health problems, strategy, and program planning towards strengthening the nation’s health systems.
Intestinal Transport of Amino Acid Residues of Dipeptides 1. INFLUX OF THE GLYCINE RESIDUE OF GLYCYL-l-PROLINE ACROSS MUCOSAL BORDER

Abstract The flux of the glycine residue of glycyl-l-proline (Gly-Pro) from intestinal lumen into mucosal cell was investigated in rabbit ileum. Measurements of tissue 14C, after 60-s exposure of the mucosal surface to [Gly-14C]Gly-Pro at concentrations from 0.05 to 32 mm, suggest two saturable influx processes, one with a Vmax of 0.59 µmole per cm2 hr and an apparent affinity constant (Kt) of 0.93 mm, and the other with a Vmax of 4.03 µmoles per cm2 hr and a Kt of 56.8 mm. The low Kt process was investigated further. After brief exposure to 0.5 mm [Gly-14C]Gly-Pro, all 14C in the tissue was in the form of free glycine. The influx of [Gly-14C]Gly-Pro (Gly(Gly-Pro) influx) at 0.5 mm Gly-Pro concentration was not inhibited by 20 mm glycine and inhibited only 8% by 20 mm l-proline. Conversely, Gly-Pro (20 mm) did not inhibit the influx of either [3H]glycine (0.5 mm) or [3H]proline (0.5 mm). l-Methionine, l-phenylalanine, and l-leucine all markedly inhibited glycine influx but had little or no effect on Gly(Gly-Pro) influx. In contrast, Met-Pro and Phe-Pro strongly inhibited Gly(Gly-Pro) influx but had little effect on glycine influx. All peptides tested inhibited Gly(Gly-Pro) influx except those which lacked a free NH2-group in the α position. In the case of Leu-Leu, this inhibition was shown to be competitive. Gly(Gly-Pro) influx was dependent on the Na+ concentration in the mucosal medium, although, at a Na+ concentration close to zero, influx was far greater than could be accounted for by passive diffusion. Removal of Na+ inhibited Gly-(Gly-Pro) influx by reducing Vmax, whereas it inhibited glycine influx by increasing Kt. Loading tissues first with 50 mm glycine or Gly-Pro reduced Gly(Gly-Pro) influx, whereas prior loading with 50 mm proline, leucine, or d-glucose did not inhibit. It is concluded that most Gly(Gly-Pro) influx at low Gly-Pro concentrations occurs by a process selective for dipeptides with a free NH2 group in the α position. The process is partially inhibited by a low Na+ concentration in the mucosal medium and also by a high glycine concentration in the mucosal cell.
Isolating dependencies on failure by analyzing execution traces

Publisher Summary This chapter describes isolation of dependencies on failure by analyzing execution traces. Analyzing execution traces for dependencies does not require a model of the environment, or the planner itself. Thus, If either model is buggy, the technique can help determine dependency. Complementary to more knowledge-intensive and comprehensive approaches, this approach is most appropriate when a rich domain model is not available, or when the existing model may be incorrect, or buggy, as when the system is under development. Any execution trace can be analyzed for dependencies among any factors of interest. The algorithm for computing dependencies is indifferent to the nature of the precursors, or environment states of interest. It is found that to gain this degree of generality; the technique examines many possible combinations, and requires a lot of execution data. The algorithm for discovering the dependencies is combinatorial. As the number of factors increases and the number of values for the factors increases, so does the number of potential dependencies.
Width Effects in Transonic Flow over a Rectangular Cavity

A previous experiment by the present authors studied the flow over a finite-width rectangular cavity at freestream Mach numbers 1.5–2.5. In addition, this investigation considered the influence of three-dimensional geometry that is not replicated by simplified cavities that extend across the entire wind-tunnel test section. The latter configurations have the attraction of easy optical access into the depths of the cavity, but they do not reproduce effects upon the turbulent structures and acoustic modes due to the length-to-width ratio, which is becoming recognized as an important parameter describing the nature of the flow within narrower cavities.
Communicating “pink”: an analysis of the communication strategies, transparency, and credibility of breast cancer social media sites

In public relations, the social media explosion has significantly impacted how organizations communicate to their various publics through sites such as Facebook and Twitter. Although previous studies have investigated dialogic communication and relationship building strategies in organizations, few have carried out this in terms of an organization's overall social media presence, especially with nonprofits. Research has found most nonprofits are not taking full advantage of social media. Moreover, the organizations that did use social media typically employed one-way communication strategies focusing primarily on information dissemination. This study quantitatively analyzed the transparency and credibility of breast cancer nonprofits are participating on social media sites, specifically Facebook and Twitter, and how these sites affect perceptions of credibility and transparency. Overall, most top breast cancer nonprofits are active on both Twitter and Facebook but differ in terms of activity, credibility, and transparency. Organizations that tweeted more had more “likes”, more followers, and more overall tweets and were seen to be more transparent and credible by virtue of activity alone. This study also found a strong relationship between the transparency and credibility of the organization. Therefore, organizations need to use social media sites not only to communicate with their audiences but also to engage in dialogue on a regular basis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting boundary surface of arbitrary topology from volumetric datasets

This paper presents a novel, powerful reconstruction algorithm that can recover correct shape geometry as well as its unknown topology from arbitrarily complicated volumetric datasets. The algorithm starts from a simple seed model (of genus zero) that can be initialized automatically without user intervention. The deformable behavior of the model is then governed by a locally defined objective function associated with each vertex of the model. Through the numerical computation of function optimization, the algorithm can adaptively subdivide the model geometry, automatically detect self-collision of the model, properly modify its topology (because of the occurrence of self-collision), continuously evolve the model towards the object boundary, and reduce fitting error and improve fitting quality via global subdivision.
Mitochondrial Calcium in Relaxed and Tetanized Myocardium

The elemental composition of rat cardiac muscle was determined with electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA) of rapidly frozen papillary muscles and trabeculae incubated with ryanodine (1 microM) in either 1.2 or 10 mM [Ca2+]o-containing solutions, paced at 0.6 Hz or tetanized at 10 Hz. Total mitochondrial calcium increased significantly, by 4.2 mmol/kg dry weight during a 7 s tetanus, only in muscles tetanized in the presence of 10 mM [Ca2+]o when cytoplasmic Ca2+ is 1-4 microM (Backx, P. H., W.-D. Gao, M. D. Azan-Backx, and E. Marban. 1995. The relationship between contractile force and intracellular [Ca2+] in intact rat trabeculae. J. Gen. Physiol. 105:1-19). Comparison of total mitochondrial with free mitochondrial Ca2+ reported in the literature indicates that the total/free ratio is approximately 6000 at physiological or near-physiological levels of total mitochondrial calcium. Increases in free mitochondrial [Ca2+] consistent with regulation of mitochondrial enzymes should be associated with increases in total mitochondrial calcium detectable with EPMA. However, such increases in mitochondrial calcium occur only as the result of prolonged, unphysiological elevations of cytosolic [Ca2+].
Remaking Historical Sociology

Dans cet article, l'A discute de l'ouvrage Remaking Modernity, consacre a la sociologie historique aux Etats-Unis
A Study of Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity and Its Dependence on Proppant Wettability

Engineering design of hydraulic fracturing proppants typically focuses on maximizing permeability retention under stress, resistance to high temperatures, and controlling properties such as specific gravity and particle size; less attention is paid to the proppant's wetting characteristics and their potential impact on the deliverability of a hydraulic fracture. The purpose of this work is to investigate the effect of proppant wettability on the conductivity of hydraulic fractures through laboratory measurements. Results demonstrate a competing effect between permeability and wettability, the latter having a diminished impact on displacement efficiency at high permeability values.
Prospective remembering: perceptually driven or conceptually driven processes?

Converging experimental operations and several prospective memory tasks were used across three experiments to determine the extent to which prospective remembering is supported by datadriven versus conceptually driven processes. In all experiments, subjects were asked to perform an action when a target item later occurred. When the semantic context changed from encoding to test, prospective memory significantly declined (Experiment 1). When the target event (the item, which in its subsequent appearance in the experiment was the signal to perform the action) was presented as a word (relative to picture presentation, Experiment 2) or was encoded nonsemantically (relative to semantic encoding, Experiment 3), there was a decline in prospective memory performance. Dividing attention during prospective memory retrieval substantially reduced prospective memory performance (Experiment 3). The results of this research indicated that prospective memory is largely conceptually driven, and it behaves more similarly to direct rather than indirect conceptual tests. We suggest that prospective remembering of the type studied here is mediated by a reflexive episodic associative memory system as proposed by Moscovitch (1994).
Long cycles in abc-permutations

An abc-permutation is a permutation σabc∈Sn obtained by exchanging an initial block of length a and a final block of length c of {1,…,n}, where n=a+b+c. In this note we compute the limit of the probability that a random abc-permutation is a long cycle. This resolves Arnold’s open problem (Arnold in Arnold’s problems, 2004, p. 144).
Using Artificial Noise to Improve Detection Performance For Wireless User Authentication in Time-Variant Channels

We consider a physical layer approach to enhance wireless security by using the unique wireless channel state information (CSI) of a legitimate user to authenticate subsequent transmissions (messages) from this user, thereby denying access to any spoofer whose CSI would significantly differ from that of the legitimate user by virtue of a different spatial location. In a recent solution one compares two random signal realizations representing the two messages via a binary hypothesis testing approach to ascertain whether they have identical power spectral densities. This solution is based on a time-invariant channel model leading to stationary random signals. In this letter we explore addition of artificial noise (AN) to the received signals in the two message frames in order to enhance performance under time-variant channels. We illustrate the proposed method via simulations and application to wireless user authentication.
Simulating advective-dispersive transport in groundwater: an accurate finite difference model

Finite difference models (FDMs) may provide oscillatory results when employed to predict contaminant transport in groundwater. The oscillation is usually avoided by adapting upwind methods. The upwind methods are reported to introduce large artificial dispersion. An improved FDM has been developed to provide oscillation free results with the introduction of minimum artificial dispersion. The improvement has been achieved by developing an expression of the minimum artificial dispersion needed to provide accurate results. The improved FDM provides results in excellent agreement with the analytical solution. Further, the improved FDM can easily be extended to two- or three-dimensional problems.
Photoemission studies of As and its room-temperature oxidation

Abstract The room temperature adsorption of oxygen on in situ prepared As films has been investigated with photoemission. Direct formation of a disordered As2O3 layer is confirmed by comparison of the photoemission spectra of the oxidized As film to those of gas phase As4O6 and crystalline As2O3. Discussion of the role of s-p hybridization in determining the electronic structure of As2O3 is offered based on the measured photoemission spectra.
Ethanol-water-hydrochloric acid eluents in anion-exchange separations

Abstract A ternary system of ethanol-water hydrochloric acid has been investigated for the anion-exchange separation of elements which have low adsorption coefficients in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions. A ternary system is used to express the data from batch distribution coefficients in order to facilitate the prediction of column separation. The anion-exchange separation of manganese from nickel and calcium and the separation of yttrium and scandium has been accomplished.
The body for charity, profit and holiness: commerce in human body parts.

(2000). The Body for Charity, Profit and Holiness: Commerce in Human Body Parts. Christian Bioethics: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 127-138.
Optical properties of confined polaronic excitons in spherical ionic quantum dots

We report the results of a variational calculation of the energy and the oscillator strength of the exciton ground state in a spherical ionic quantum dot as a function of radius, assuming infinite potential barriers. The strong interaction of the exciton with optical phonons is taken into account by using an effective potential between the electron and the hole as derived by Pollmann and B\"uttner. The values of the exciton ground-state energies calculated using this effective potential are compared with the results of a recent calculation that treats the exciton interaction with confined and interface phonons independently, and excellent agreement is found. Comparisons with two simpler models of excitons reveal that the high degree of confinement in small quantum dots suppresses polaronic corrections in exciton properties. The reduction of the electron-hole correlation in small quantum dots is observed in the behavior of oscillator strength, which becomes less dependent on the form of the effective interaction as the dot size is reduced. A proper definition of exciton transition energy in ionic materials is pointed out, where self-energy renormalization effects are important. The results of our calculation are presented for quantum dots of some ionic materials such as CdSe, GaN, ZnO, and CuCl.
Experiments on the Elastic Single Scattering of Electrons by Nuclei

Experiments on the elastic single scattering of electrons by nuclei are described, the measurements extending over a range of voltages, angles, atomic numbers, and foil thicknesses. Observations were made at a number of voltages from 1.27 to 2.27 Mev and at angles from 20 degrees to 50 degrees on both sides of the incident electron beam. The scattering foils were aluminum, copper, silver, platinum, and gold, the atomic numbers thus varying from 13 to 79. When the foil thickness exceeded that for a "thin" target, a correction was made for multiple scattering. The use of an accurately focused homogeneous beam of electrons from an electrostatic generator made possible clear-cut control of the basic experimental variables. The experimental method was designed to minimize the effect of x-ray background, etc. The present results are in close agreement with the relativistic theory of electron scattering, as developed by Mott, over the entire range of the experimental variables except for the case of 2.27-Mev electrons on aluminum. Excepting only this case, the average of all the ratios of experimental result to theoretical prediction is 1.01 with a standard deviation of 0.06. This is in marked contrast with most of the previous work in this field where results have been widely divergent. The results of this paper, combined with spectroscopic data, extend the range of validity of the Coulomb law of attraction between electron and nucleus in close to the surface of the nucleus. The measurements of the scattering of 2.27-Mev electrons by aluminum will be repeated as soon as circumstances permit, as these results now indicate for the larger angles an interesting divergence from theory.
Analysis of proton chemical shifts in regular secondary structure of proteins.

The contribution of peptide groups to Hα and Hβ proton chemical shifts can be modeled with empirical equations that represent magnetic anisotropy and electrostatic interactions [Osapay, K. and Case, D.A. (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 9436–9444]. Using these, a model for the ‘random coil’ reference state can be generated by averaging a dipeptide over energetically allowed regions of torsion-angle space. Such calculations support the notion that the empirical constant used in earlier studies arises from neighboring peptide contributions in the reference state, and suggest that special values be used for glycine and proline residues, which differ significantly from other residues in their allowed ϕ,ψ-ranges. New constants for these residues are reported that provide significant improvements in predicted backbone shifts. To illustrate how secondary structure affects backbone chemical shifts we report calculations on oligopeptide models for helices, sheets and turns. In addition to suggesting a physical mechanism for the widely recognized average difference between α and β secondary structures, these models suggest several additional regularities that should be expected: (a) Hα protons at the edges of β-sheets will have a two-residue periodicity; (b) the Hα2 and Hα3 protons of glycine residues will exhibit different shifts, particularly in sheets; (c) Hβ protons will also be sensitive to local secondary structure, but in different directions and to a smaller extent than Hα protons; (d) Hα protons in turns will generally be shifted upfield, except those in position 3 of type I turns. Examples of observed shift patterns in several proteins illustrate the application of these ideas.
Scaling the Multifluid PPM Code on Blue Waters and Intel MIC

Over the course of the last year, we have worked to adapt our multifluid PPM code to run well at scale on the Blue Waters machine at NCSA as well as on networks of Intel Xeon Phi coprocessors. The work on Blue Waters has been in collaboration with Cray and that with Intel's MIC co-processors in collaboration with Intel. Our starting point for this work was a version of the code that was developed to run well at scale on the Los Alamos Roadrunner machine. We therefore began with an implementation that was designed to take advantage of heterogeneous processor systems. In this paper, we will discuss scaling issues encountered on Blue Waters as well as issues encountered with Intel's MIC co-processors. We present the code structure that we developed in this work, beginning with its parallel implementation using heterogeneous MPI processes and proceeding to its parallel implementation on a single multi- or many-core CPU. We also present a sampling of results from a simulation on Blue Waters on a 1.18 trillion cell grid that ran at a sustained rate in 32-bit precision of 1.5 Pflop/s.
The hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of some RCo5 alloys

Abstract The objective of this work was to compare the hydriding and dehydriding kinetics of a series of RCo 5 hydrides (R = La, Ce, Pr) with those of LaNi 5 . Experiments were designed in such a way that all comparisons were made under isobaric and isothermal conditions and at equivalent constant pressure thermodynamic driving forces. The LaNi 5 reacted faster than any of the RCo 5 hydrides. In addition, the reaction rates of the RCo 5 hydrides varied with R in the order: R = Ce > Pr > La. Since the stability of these hydrides is in the reverse order it was concluded that the reaction rate in this series is inversely proportional to the hydride stability. First order rate constants and activation energies were also determined and compared.
Effects of spherical aberration on laser beam quality

We present simple formulas for the degradation in beam quality factor M2 of a laser beam caused by quartic phase aberrations, such as may occur in spherically aberrated optical components, thermally aberrated rods or windows, or divergent beams passing through planar dielectric interfaces, as in unstable-resonator diode lasers. The beam quality degradation in all cases is found to be small for beams smaller than a certain critical spot size wq, but degrades as M2 approximately equals (w/wq)4 for beam sizes greater than wq. Experimental results confirming the beam quality degradation from an uncorrected plano- convex lens are also given.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Dark flash photography

Camera flashes produce intrusive bursts of light that disturb or dazzle. We present a prototype camera and flash that uses infra-red and ultra-violet light mostly outside the visible range to capture pictures in low-light conditions. This "dark" flash is at least two orders of magnitude dimmer than conventional flashes for a comparable exposure. Building on ideas from flash/no-flash photography, we capture a pair of images, one using the dark flash, other using the dim ambient illumination alone. We then exploit the correlations between images recorded at different wavelengths to denoise the ambient image and restore fine details to give a high quality result, even in very weak illumination. The processing techniques can also be used to denoise images captured with conventional cameras.
Fabrication and characterization of vapor-deposited niobium and zirconium carbides☆

Abstract The chemical and physical properties of vapor-deposited niobium and zirconium carbides were determined on thick-wall tubes of each carbide deposited under varying conditions. The effects studied included the coefficient of thermal expansion, the impurity level, the carbon-to-metal ratio and the metallographic structure. The most impure niobium carbide coatings contained up to 3000 ppm total impurities (mainly oxygen and chlorine), but the impurity level decreased when the deposition temperature was increased. Zirconium carbide deposited at 1050 °C contained up to 4% O and 1.5% Cl, and the coatings were unstable length and weight change) when heated above the deposition temperature. As the deposition temperature was increased, the impurity level decreased and the stability increased. Raising the deposition temperature to 1400 °C reduced the oxygen and chlorine content to about 500 ppm and produced stable coatings with a predictable and consistent coefficient of thermal expansion upon repeated heating to 2000 °C.
Effects of CoCrAlY coating on microstructural stability and creep behavior of a nickel-base superalloy

Abstract High temperature creep and microstructural stability of a cast nickel base superalloy Rene 80, coated with electron beam physically vapor deposited CoCrAlY alloy and subsequently heat treated, were studied. Creep tests were performed on coated and uncoated Rene 80 specimens at 1000°C in air. The analysis of the creep data shows that the creep rupture life of the coated specimens is close to the extreme case in which the coating does not bear any load. As a result of the heat treatment a diffusion zone rich in (Ni,Co)Al precipitates was formed at the boundary between the coating and the superalloy substrate. Pores of size about 0.5 μm were found at the interface between the coating and the diffusion zone. These pores are formed during the deposition of the coating. Yttrium-rich precipitates, about 0.1 μm in size, were observed at the interface between the coating and the diffusion zone. Creep cavities of size about 10 μm were formed in the gauge section of the creep-ruptured specimens and they were more prevalent in the diffusion zone. The cracks were initiated in the diffusion zone and propagated into the substrate along grain boundaries.
Induction of retrovirus gene expression by selenium compounds.

Abstract Sodium selenite, sodium selenate, selenium oxide, selenophypoxanthine, selenopurine, selenocysteine, selenoethionine and selenomethionine were tested for their ability to induce endogenous retrovirus expression in cultured AKR mouse embryo fibroblasts. All except selenoethionine were highly toxic to the cells. Only selenomethionine however, had the ability to induce virus expression under the conditions used. The level of virus induction (plaque-forming-units/10 5 cells) was roughly proportional to dose over the range of concentrations from 0.25 mM to 5.0 mM. Induction was best observed when a treatment duration of 48 h was used and required the treatment of actively dividing cells. The induction and the cytotoxic effects of selenomethionine could be abrogated by simultaneous treatment with methionine. A ratio of methionine to selenomethionine of 1:10 inhibited induction by approx. 60% while equivalent amounts of methionine inhibited selenomethionine-mediated induction by greater than 96%, indicating that methionine was more efficiently recognized by the cells than was selenomethionine. A possible mechanism for selenomethionine induction involving the production of undermethylated DNA is presented.
The role of expectations in austerity cycles: The political economy of crisis management in Ireland and Greece

The main goal of the paper is to explain the role of expectations in austerity cycles during financial bailouts. The paper presents a political economy model of bailouts, where the conditions, their implementation, and market reception are considered as forms of a social dilemma. In such situations, expectations about the actions of other actors approximated by the concepts of trust or distrust play a critical role. An environment of trust is conducive to mitigating the size and effects of fiscal contraction, while an environment of distrust is likely to magnify both. It is also argued that the credibility of government is the key driving force in these self-reinforcing cycles. The crisis management experiences of Greece and Ireland serve to illustrate the theoretical model.
Superego distortions and self-attack

Some people demand an unachievable level of self-perfection, and experience extremely harsh self-criticism when they inevitably fall short of this impossibly high standard. As a result of early trauma or neglect, patients who have internalized part-objects that are particularly responsive to aggression also appear to lack supportive introjects which could normally serve to counterbalance innate aggressivity. The resultant superego malformations are overly harsh and charged with self-destructive intent. Self-attack may range from guilt-ridden self-loathing to physical assault on the body. Suicide is viewed as restorative and survivable. Treatment interventions include superego analysis as a way to identify internalized self-attack, disentangle organized self-destructive elements and support counter-balancing forces for affect tolerance.
TLR7 induces anergy in human CD4+ T cells

The recognition of microbial patterns by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is critical for activation of the innate immune system. Although TLRs are expressed by human CD4(+) T cells, their function is not well understood. Here we found that engagement of TLR7 in CD4(+) T cells induced intracellular calcium flux with activation of an anergic gene-expression program dependent on the transcription factor NFATc2, as well as unresponsiveness of T cells. As chronic infection with RNA viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces profound dysfunction of CD4(+) T cells, we investigated the role of TLR7-induced anergy in HIV-1 infection. Silencing of TLR7 markedly decreased the frequency of HIV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells and restored the responsiveness of those HIV-1(+) CD4(+) T cells. Our results elucidate a previously unknown function for microbial pattern-recognition receptors in the downregulation of immune responses.
Sedimentary organic matter geochemistry of Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia

Surface sediment samples from three interconnected fjords of Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia, were density fractionated (1.6 g cm -3 ) to isolate discrete organic debris (OD) from mineral-associated organic matter (MOM). Total organic carbon (OC) values varied greatly, ranging from <0.1% to 8.8% by weight, with a general decreasing trend from fjord head to the continental shelf. Within the sediment, terrestrial OM was present either as vascular plant debris or soil MOM. Down-fjord, the woody vascular plant material in the OD fraction acquires nitrogen, which is hypothesized to be due to the bacterial incorporation of nitrogen from the water. Terrestrial OC in the MOM is incompletely replaced by marine OC within the fjords, resulting in a 65% net loss of MOM. Sediments deposited under oxic and intermittently anoxic water column conditions have organic carbon to surface area ratios (OC:SA) ranging from 0.4 to 1.2 mg C m -2 , similar to that of typical continental margin sediments. Given that temperate fjords contain an estimated 12% of the continental margin sediment deposited during the last 100,000 yr, and that they bury at least a margin-equivalent amount of OC (either weight or surface area normalized), we hypothesize that temperate fjords may contain 12% or more of the sedimentary OC buried during this time.
Mechanisms coupling the hemostatic system to colitis-associated cancer.

A link between inflammation and the development of cancer is well established. Indeed, approximately 15–20% of malignancies are thought to arise secondary to chronic inflammation [1]. One of the clearest illustrations of the link between inflammation and cancer is the strong association between chronic colitis (i.e., ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease) and colon cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths [2–5]. The precise mechanisms coupling inflammatory processes to colon cancer progression have not been fully defined and are likely to be numerous and complex. Chronic bowel inflammation has been proposed to drive cancer initiation by increasing intestinal epithelial cell turnover, increasing the likelihood of an epithelial carcinogenic mutation. Chronic exposure of epithelial cells to inflammatory mediators, such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, may also lead to mutagenesis by causing DNA damage [6,7]. Additionally, local inflammation may support the proliferation of transformed epithelial cells and the development of tumor stroma through the local release of chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, and proangiogenic factors [8]. While an association between inflammation and colon cancer progression has been well established, the specific factors that both drive local inflammatory processes and support tumor progression in this setting remain poorly defined. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence suggests that multiple hemostatic factors more traditionally associated with the maintenance of vascular integrity and prevention of blood loss are critical determinants of local inflammatory and malignant pathologies. The concept that hemostatic system components are determinants of colitis and colon cancer is supported by several clinical observations. Both colitis and colon cancer are associated with activation of
Thrombolysis for experimental deep venous thrombosis maintains valvular competence and vasoreactivity

Abstract Purpose: Thrombolysis protects the structural and functional integrity of vein wall in an experimental model of acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) immediately after treatment, but late sequelae have not been studied. We designed experiments to compare the effects of thrombolysis and surgical thrombectomy at 4 weeks after the treatment of DVT. Methods: DVT was produced bilaterally in male mongrel dogs by proximal and distal femoral vein ligation. Five dogs underwent sham operation. After 48 hours, the ligatures were removed, and the thrombosis was treated with either Fogarty balloon catheter thrombectomy (shear force, 60 g; n=6) or catheter-directed urokinase infusion (4000 U/min for 90 minutes; n=6). At 4 weeks, patency and valvular competence were determined by duplex ultrasound scanning. Thrombogenicity was studied by the measurement of radiolabeled fibrin and platelet deposition. Veins were explanted and prepared for histologic examination, scanning electron microscopy, and functional studies in organ chambers. Results: All veins were patent at 1 month. Recanalized thrombus was observed histologically in four (66%) thrombectomized veins, one (17%) thrombolyzed vein, and none of the sham-operated veins ( P =.04). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated similar luminal endothelial cell loss (11%-25%) in all three groups. Platelet and fibrin depositions were not different among groups. Valvular incompetence (reflux duration, >0.5 sec) did not differ significantly in the groups (thrombectomized veins, 2 of 12 (17%); thrombolyzed veins, 0 of 12 (0%); P = NS). In organ chamber studies, endothelium-dependent relaxations to calcium ionophore, but not adenosine diphosphate, were inhibited by an antagonist of nitric oxide production after thrombectomy ( P Conclusion: Both thrombectomy and thrombolysis restored patency and achieved similar valvular competence. Surgical thrombectomy, however, resulted in more residual thrombus and contributed to changes in endothelium-mediated relaxations at 4 weeks. Thrombolysis maintained both structural integrity and endothelial function. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:1193-205.)
De novo Sulfation of l‐Tyrosine in HepG2 Human Hepatoma Cells and Its Possible Functional Implication

HepG2 human hepatoma cells, labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence of 10–30 μg/ml of cycloheximide, released up to 64% of the amount of free tyrosine-O -[35S] sulfate produced and released by cells labeled in the absence of cycloheximide. A time-course study revealed that, in cells incubated in medium containing [3H] tyrosine, free [3H] tyrosine-O -sulfate was produced within 5 min of incubation, whereas no [3H] tyrosine-sulfated proteins were detected until 20 min after the incubation had begun. Using 3′-phosphoadenosine, 5′-phospho[35S]sulfate as the sulfate donor, HepG2 cell homogenate was shown to contain enzymic activity catalyzing the sulfation of l-tyrosine with the formation of tyrosine-O -[35S] sulfate. Upon subcellular fractionation, the majority of the enzyme activity was found in the cytosolic fraction. The enzyme, designated tyrosine sulfotransferase, displayed the optimum activity at pH 8.0 in the presence of 10m Mn2+. Under optimum conditions, the apparent Km of the enzyme for l-tyrosine, at 4.5-μM concentration of 3′-phosphoade-nosine, 5′-phosphosulfate, was determined to be 1.95 mM, while that for 3′-phosphoadenosine, 5′-phosphosulfate, at 1 mM l-tyrosine concentration, was 8.3 μM. The Vmax determined under these conditions was 1.05 pmol · min−1. mg protein−1. A tyrosine-dependence study showed that, for cells labeled with [35S] sulfate, the production and release of free tyrosine-O -[35S] sulfate appeared to proceed actively and increase proportionally to the l-tyrosine concentration when it was raised above a threshold level in the culture medium. These results may imply a possible involvement of sulfation in removing excess intracellular l-tyrosine.
Officer perceptions of crisis intervention team training effectiveness

This paper presents the initial findings of a multi-stage research project. The purpose of the study is to examine officer perception of preparedness after receiving Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) training, specifically the elements of CIT that focus on mental illness. An additional goal of this study was to examine the underlying factors contributing to these perceptions. The sample utilised was 32 CIT-trained officers out of a population of 70 from a large urban police department in Connecticut. CIT-trained officers were administered a 13-item self-report questionnaire that required participants to evaluate perceptions of preparedness. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to obtain a more in-depth understanding of the findings. Results indicate that, overall, police feel better prepared to deal with the mentally ill population due to CIT training. Additionally, results indicated that although officers felt more prepared to deal with the mentally ill population after CIT traini...
A Mediaeval Sauce-Book

III. The emendation X to *Y is probably not justified. No. 4. Type 'Abe'. Examplesfrom theLindisfarne Gospels: gefotad to *gefetad, fatas to *fetas. No. 6. Type 'aBc'. Example from the Lindisfarne Gospels: nweudc to *nlinige? No. 7. Type 'abC'. Example from the Lindisfarne Gospels: heftd to *heafod or *heafud. IV. The emendation X to *Y is certainly not justified. No. 8. Type 'abc'. Example from the Lindisfarne Gospels: clioppende to *clyppende.
Models of Not-So-Good Behavior: Yet Another Way to Squeeze Causality and Recommendations for Practice out of Correlational Data.

Two previous studies examining 5 empirical educational psychology research journals (Hsieh et al., 2005; Robinson, Levin, Thomas, Pituch, & Vaughn, 2007) found that in the 21-year period from 1983 to 2004, there was a decrease in intervention and randomized experimental research, whereas in the 10-year period from 1994 to 2004, there was an increase in recommendations for practice based on nonintervention observational/correlational research. The present study extends this research to determine the extent to which statistical modeling analyses were conducted in articles published in the 10-year period from 2000 to 2010. The aforementioned trends continued: In 2010, only 23% of the published empirical research studies used random assignment, and 46% of nonintervention observational/correlational articles included recommendations for practice. Additionally, the percentage of the latter articles that used statistical modeling analyses increased from 15% in 2000 to 54% in 2010. Moreover, across the 2 time periods, observational/correlational articles that incorporated modeling analyses were about 1.7 times more likely to contain recommendations for practice than such articles that did not incorporate modeling analyses (59% vs. 35%, respectively). These findings suggest that educational researchers may be overstepping the warrants of statistical modeling techniques by using them to confirm, rather than simply to disconfirm, causal hypotheses derived from correlational data (Whitehurst, 2003).
The mechanism of the HO-SO2 reaction

Kinetic studies of the HO-SO2 reaction have been made using long-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to follow the chemical changes in irradiated HONO, CO, SO2, NOx, O2N2 gaseous mixtures. The [HO], as monitored by the rate of CO2 generation from the reaction HO + CO(+ O2) → HO2 + CO2, is insensitive to the concentration of SO2 in the mixture (0–172 ppm). The results suggest that SO2 termination of HO-HO2-chain reactions is relatively unimportant. The often-employed, simplified overall reaction, HO + SO2 → H2SO4, should be replaced with the more nearly correct overall reaction, HO + SO2 (+ O2, H2O) → H2SO4 + HO2 in atmospheric models used to simulate SO2 transformat transport rates.
Tyrosinase inhibitory p‐Coumaric acid from Ginseng leaves

By bioassay-guided fractionation using mushroom tyrosinase, p-coumaric acid was characterized as the principal tyrosinase inhibitor from the fresh leaves of Panax ginseng (Araliaceae). It inhibited the oxidation of L-tyrosine more strongly than that of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) by this enzyme. On the basis of this finding, various related phenylpropanoid analogues were also tested in order to gain new insights into their structural criteria.
Loop scheduling and partitions for hiding memory latencies

Partition scheduling with prefetching (PSP) is a memory latency hiding technique which combines the loop pipelining technique with data prefetching. In PSP, the iteration space is first divided into regular partitions. Then two parts of the schedule, the ALU part and the memory part, are produced and balanced to produce an overall schedule with high throughput. These two parts are executed simultaneously, and hence the remote memory latency are overlapped. We study the optimal partition shape and size so that a well balanced overall schedule can be obtained. Experiments on DSP benchmarks show that the proposed methodology consistently produces optimal or near optimal solutions.
Towards unraveling the photochemistry of TATB

A combined theoretical and experimental chemical analysis has been conducted to unravel the mechanism, underlying the color change of yellow 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) to green upon UV irradiation. There is a strong evidence to show, for the first time, that the process is photochemical in nature and due to the formation of the mono nitroso derivative. We have identified a chemical synthesis by which this derivative compound can be produced in the laboratory, thus allowing for direct testing and determination of its chemical and physical properties. Calculations also show only a slight decrease in the sensitivity and performance of the irradiated materials, attributed to the formation of this previously unidentified species.
Can Technology Get Your Eyes Back on the Road

Technology can provide alerts as well as long-term feedback to help drivers pay attention to the road.
Electrocardiographic changes during vasodilator SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging: Does it affect diagnosis or prognosis?

Significance of electrocardiographic (ECG) changes during vasodilator stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is controversial. We examined the diagnostic and prognostic significance of ECG changes during vasodilator single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) MPI. We studied consecutive patients who underwent vasodilator SPECT MPI from 1995 to 2009. Patients with baseline ECG abnormalities, previous history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery or myocardial infarction (MI) were excluded. Significant coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as >70% stenosis of any vessel or ≥50% stenosis of left main. Mean follow-up was 2.4 ± 1.5 years for cardiac events (cardiac death and non-fatal MI). Of patients in the diagnostic cohort, ST depression was associated with increased incidence of CAD with abnormal (P = .020 and P <.001) but not in those with normal perfusion (P = .342). Of 3,566 patients with follow-up in the prognostic cohort, including 130 (5.0%) with ST depression and normal perfusion, the presence of ST depression ≥1 mm did not affect the outcomes in any summed stress score category. ST depression ≥1 mm during vasodilator SPECT MPI is associated with CAD in patients with abnormal perfusion, but provides no additional risk stratification beyond concomitant perfusion imaging, including those with normal studies.
Simulation results of bent crystal extraction in the Tevatron

Abstract We present simulation results describing parasitic extraction of a high energy proton beam from the Tevatron via a bent Silicon crystal — demonstrated recently by E853 experiment at Fermilab. In a spirit of parasitic extraction the transverse phase-space of the beam is initially prepared, so that only high amplitude particles from the beam halo interact with the Silicon crystal (inserted into the beam), without affecting the ‘core’ of the beam. As a result of the beam halo-crystal interaction (multiple scattering and wide angle nuclear interaction), some fraction of the beam halo channels into the crystal — a multi-turn extraction occurs. The ultra strong focusing environment of a crystal channel combined with the externally imposed curvature (vertically bent crystal) provide excellent guiding features of an efficient extraction line. Here, we use a realistic model of the Tevatron lattice to describe the beam optics of the machine. Presented phase-space simulation describes a ‘kick’ mode of the E853 experiment. To enhance the beam halo interaction with the crystal, the proton beam is initially excited by firing a transverse kicker, which induces horizontal oscillations of the beam centroid on the subsequent turns. A realistic phase-space tracking yields turn-by-turn channeling efficiency, which sheds light on multi-turn extraction mechanisms. It also allows us to optimize experimental configuration parameters for maximum extraction efficiency.
The influence of spatial separation of sound sources on the auditory evoked response

Abstract The N1P2 component of the auditory evoked response in man was measured under conditions in which sounds alternated between loudspeakers located in the horizontal plane (Experiment 1) and in the vertical plane (Experiment 2). When compared with response amplitudes to sounds originating always at the same location, significant increments were found when sounds alternated between loudspeakers separated by 90 deg. in either the horizontal or vertical plane. The data were interpreted in terms of a place theory of cortical organization for auditory space perception.