cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A microcomputer program for energy assessment and aggregation using the triangular probability distribution

Abstract A general risk-analysis method was developed for petroleum-resource assessment and other applications. The triangular probability distribution is used as a model with an analytic aggregation methodology based on probability theory rather than Monte-Carlo simulation. Among the advantages of the analytic method are its computational speed and flexibility, and the saving of time and cost on a microcomputer. The input into the model consists of a set of components (e.g. geologic provinces) and, for each component, three potential resource estimates: minimum, most likely (mode), and maximum. Assuming a triangular probability distribution, the mean, standard deviation, and seven fractiles (F100, F95, F75, F50, F25, F5, and F0) are computed for each component, where for example, the probability of more than F95 is equal to 0.95. The components are aggregated by combining the means, standard deviations, and respective fractiles under three possible siutations (1) perfect positive correlation, (2) complete independence, and (3) any degree of dependence between these two polar situations. A package of computer programs named the TRIAGG system was written in the Turbo Pascal 4.0 language for performing the analytic probabilistic methodology. The system consists of a program for processing triangular probability distribution assessments and aggregations, and a separate aggregation routine for aggregating aggregations. The user's documentation and program diskette of the TRIAGG system are available from USGS Open File Services. TRIAGG requires an IBM-PC/XT/AT compatible microcomputer with 256kbyte of main memory, MS-DOS 3.1 or later, either two diskette drives or a fixed disk, and a 132 column printer. A graphics adapter and color display are optional.
Combined structural and topological stability are equivalent to Axiom A and the strong transversality condition

The purpose of this paper is to develop necessary conditions for a diffeomorphism to be topologically stable (lower semistable). Our results combine with a recent theorem of R. Mane and with earlier results of J. Robbin, C. Robinson, and Z. Nitecki to give a complete characterization of diffeomorphisms of compact manifolds that are both topologically and structurally stable: they are precisely the Axiom A diffeomorphisms that satisfy the strong transversality condition.
Spectral analysis of induced color change on periodically nanopatterned silk films

We demonstrate controllable structural color based on periodic nanopatterned 2D lattices in pure protein films of silk fibroin. We show here periodic lattices in silk fibroin films with feature sizes of hundreds of nanometers that exhibit different colors as a function of varying lattice spacing. Further, when varying the index of refraction contrast between the nanopatterned lattice and its surrounding environment by applying liquids on top of the lattices, colorimetric shifts are observed. The effect is characterized experimentally and theoretically and a simple example of glucose concentration sensing is presented. This is the first example of a functional sensor based on silk fibroin optics.
Radio science investigations with Voyager

The planned radio science investigations during the Voyager missions to the outer planets involve: (1) the use of the radio links to and from the spacecraft for occultation measurements of planetary and satellite atmospheres and ionospheres, the rings of Saturn, the solar corona, and the general-relativistic time delay for radiowave propagation through the Sun's gravity field; (2) radio link measurements of true or apparent spacecraft motion caused by the gravity fields of the planets, the masses of their larger satellites, and characteristics of the interplanetary medium; and (3) related measurements which could provide results in other areas, including the possible detection of long-wavelength gravitational radiation propagating through the Solar System. The measurements will be used to study: atmospheric and ionospheric structure, constituents, and dynamics; the sizes, radial distribution, total mass, and other characteristics of the particles in the rings of Saturn; interior models for the major planets and the mean density and bulk composition of a number of their satellites; the plasma density and dynamics of the solar corona and interplanetary medium; and certain fundamental questions involving gravitation and relativity. The instrumentation for these experiments is the same ground-based and spacecraft radio systems as will be used for tracking and communicating with the Voyager spacecraft, although several important features of these systems have been provided primarily for the radio science investigations.
Filial Piety and Functional Support: Understanding Intergenerational Solidarity Among Families with Migrated Children in Rural China

Using the intergenerational solidarity theory, the author examined how functional solidarity (intergenerational support regarding to elder care) impacts normative solidarity (filial piety) among families with migrated children in rural China. Data was drawn from a survey of 1,443 elders in three inland migrant-exporting provinces of China. The study revealed the following findings: (1) the elders did not evaluate children’s filial piety lower after their migration, which suggests an adjustment on the elderly parents’ part regarding the traditional expectations of filial piety. (2) Migrated son’s filial piety was indeed evaluated lower than those of daughters, which suggests a continuation of the traditional norms of patrilinealty for filial piety. (3) Elderly parents’ evaluations of migrated children’s filial piety were positively related to migrated children’s provision of financial care. (4) Elderly parents who took care of grandchildren had a positive evaluation of filial piety than those who did not. (5) An exchange-based intergenerational support mechanism did not have an impact on rural elderly parents’ evaluation of children’s filial piety. The author concludes that taking into consideration of the economic and cultural context of rural China, functional support, in the form of intergenerational support and exchange, suggest the continuation as well as changes of filial piety among rural families.
Insights into seeing and grasping: distinguishing the neural correlates of perception and action.

Vision contributes to both perception and visuomotor control, and it has been suggested that many higher brain structures specialize in one or the other function. An alternative view, presented here, is that most higher brain areas participate in both visuomotor and perceptual functions. In the anterior frontal cortex, for example, the activity of one population of neurons reflects perceptual reports about a visual stimulus, whereas the activity of an intermingled population reflects movements aimed at the same stimulus. Similarly, posterior parietal and inferior temporal areas appear to function in both visual perception and visuomotor control. Visuomotor signals in higher order cortical areas could contribute to the perception of one’s own action. They also might reflect the existence of two systems for visual information processing: one stressing accuracy for the control of movement and the other generating hypotheses about the world.
Controlled Crystal Structure in Patterned InAs Quantum Dot Formation By Selective Area MOCVD

We demonstrate the capability to control patterned quantum dot formation through adjusting the growth parameters inside the MOCVD reactor. Effects of altered crystallographic structure are measured using photoluminescence and SEM images.
Mesobonding (Se,Se) pairs in Si

Abstract Using symmetry, qualitative analyses of g-shift data for the (Se,Se) + deep level in Si, and the general features of the electronic structure of Si, we find the mesobonding model of (Se,Se) substitutional pairs in Si to be preferred over the ordinary model -- without relying on any detailed model Hamiltonian.
Injectables and Fillers in Male Patients

Traditionally, in facial plastic surgery, male patients were known to focus on function over form. Men typically did not consider rejuvenation surgery until they had advanced changes associated with aging, and it was often coupled with a functional concern. However, over the last several years, the number of men seeking minimally invasive cosmetic products, such as dermal fillers and injectables, has increased significantly. Motives include the desire to be more competitive and youthful in the workforce, the growing social acceptability of cosmetic procedures, and increased awareness of nonsurgical options. The optimal use of these products and procedures requires appropriate patient selection, knowledge of the products, and a thorough understanding of the regional anatomy and clinical applications.
Integrative materials design: Achievements and opportunities

The future of sustainable design and manufacturing relies on successful material-process-component integration across all manufacturing sectors. This requires defining, disseminating, and implementing a new design approach and supporting tools and strategies for failure prevention and enhanced performance, reliability, and recyclability. This paper provides an overview of these concepts and their interrelations. A general perspective on design integration is first given, followed by an example of materials-process design integration for fatigue failure prevention, and a prospective view on research opportunities in these areas. The importance of consolidating the integration elements into a platform for the emerging discipline of Integrated Computational Materials Engineering is also discussed.
Whitman on Robert Burns: An Early Essay Recovered

Introduces and presents a previously lost 1875 essay by Whitman on the Scottish poet Robert Burns.
Pharmacological Studies on the Regulation of N‐Acetyltransferase Activity and Melatonin Content of the Pineal Gland of the Syrian Hamster

Thus far, all attempts to stimulate melatonin synthesis by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists in the Syrian hamster pineal gland have failed. Neither a wide range of dosages of isoproterenol (0.5 mg/kg to 24 mg/kg), nor prolonged treatment with norepinephrine, the natural neurotransmitter, increased N-acetyltransferase (NAT) activity or melatonin production. In the present study, the administration of isoproterenol at night was likewise ineffective in advancing or enhancing the normal nightly melatonin peak. Also, we did not find a delayed effect 7 or 8 h after the administration of the drug. Furthermore, we tested the idea of coneurotransmitters such as octopamine or dopamine being possibly necessary for stimulation, but could not find any effect of these substances on melatonin synthesis. In addition, a parasympatholytic agent, atropine, did not increase the responsiveness to sympathomimetic agents. Administration of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor was also ineffective in stimulating NAT activity. On the other hand, isoproterenol did retard the drop in NAT and melatonin after lights-on at night, indicating that beta-receptors are involved in maintaining elevated melatonin levels.
Critical Thinking and Reflection on Community Service for a Medical Biochemistry Course Raise Students’ Empathy, Patient-Centered Orientation, and Examination Scores

Meta-analyses of findings for nonmedical curricula show that course-based community service, such as service learning, improves students’ academic achievement and their personal, social, and citizenship outcomes. Based on this strong evidence for K-12 and undergraduate higher education, we tested the theory that biochemistry course-based community service would improve first-year medical students’ empathy, patient-centered orientation, and examination scores. Students completed the Jefferson Scale of Empathy and the patient-practitioner orientation scale at the beginning and end of the first of three biochemistry courses. During the course, biochemistry learning teams of six to seven students selected and performed community service projects and critical thinking and reflection about the projects. They then completed a survey of their opinions about the project. To assess their academic achievement in the course, individual students took biochemistry examinations composed of multiple choice questions. Course-based community service was associated with anticipated improvements in students’ empathy (p = 0.04, effect size = r = 0.44) and patient-practitioner orientation scale (p = 0.004, r = 0.61) scores and, more modestly, with examination (p = 0.02, r = 0.27) scores. Most students agreed that their team community service would help them better to see their biases toward patients (79 %) and to be engaged with them (86 %). Team community service and critical thinking and reflection about the service appear to foster empathy and academic achievement in first-year medical students. As for critical thinking and reflection about other topics, critical thinking and reflection on community service also promote a patient-centered orientation in students.
An assessment of school councils, collegial groups, and professional Development as Teacher Empowerment Strategies

Abstract In the mid-1980s teacher empowerment emerged as the centerpiece of school reform for teachers in the USA. A policy issue now is: How can we empower teachers to become influential teacher leaders and more skilled teachers? In this article the researchers examine three strategies for their effect on empowering teachers within the new policy context of school autonomy. Teacher service on Kentucky's school councils seemed to have little effect on empowering teachers since the researchers found in two studies that teachers were not even attracted to the job in the first place. Facilitators of teacher collegial groups were found to have potential in empowering group members – provided the facilitators conceptualise their role as a learner and supporter of the classroom experimentation process. (;The principal selection of facilitator was a key factor in this empowerment strategy.) Professional development conceptualised as growth opportunities for teachers seemed effective when several factors converge...
Atrial gland activation of neuronal input into a buccal mass muscle of Aplysia

1. Previous studies have shown that peptides from both the bag cells and atrial gland of Aplysia cause egg-laying in Aplysia. 2. Atrial gland homogenates applied to buccal ganglia attached to buccal muscle 15 caused a longlasting, reversible increase in tonic electrophysiological activity recorded in muscle 15. Boiled atrial gland homogenates also caused the response. 3. The electrophysiological response was obtained with as little as 110,000 atrial gland injected into an 0.5 ml chamber and the response increased in a dose-dependent manner. 4. Specificity of the response was indicated by the lack of a similar effect with comparable tissue or protein concentrations of boiled extracts from gonad, small hermaphroditic duct, accessory genital mass, caudal large hermaphroditic duct, esophagus, crop, posterior gizzard, liver or rectum. 5. Upon fractionation on Sephadex G-50 in formic acid, atrial gland fractions most active in producing the electrophysiological response eluted with approximately the same VeV0 as excitatory material fractionated from bag cells. 6. As little as 11000 atrial gland induced egg-laying in Stylocheilus longicauda. Blind injections of Sephadex G-50 fractions of atrial glands gave egg-laying only for neuroactive fractions.
A nonchromatographic assay for sorbitol in chemically complex growth media containing sorbose

Microbiologists who lack gas-chromatographic equipment cannot easily study the microbial conversion of sorbitol to sorbose, because there is no other proven method for quantitatively measuring sorbitol in complex growth media. The purpose of this study was to determine if the polyol assay suggested by Makinen in 1980 could be used to measure sorbitol depletion in chemically complex bacteriological-culture media containing sorbose. After we pretreated the culture medium to remove interfering phosphate complexes and slightly modified Makinen's assay, we were able to detect 0.1 mg/ml differences in sorbitol concentrations that varied between 0.9 and 1.5 mg of sorbitol/ml. The presence of sorbose in the complex medium did not affect the assay. Growing cultures ofGluconobacter oxydans were used to test this assay, because these bacteria reportedly oxidize sorbitol to sorbose and quantitatively release the sorbose into the growth medium. When samples of the culture medium removed during growth were centrifuged to remove cells and precipitated to remove interfering substances then tested with the mofidied Makinen assay, these cultures showed a sorbitol depletion rate of 4.9 (±0.1) mg/ml h−1. The Fehling's assay on the same cultures showed a sorbose accumulation rate of 5.12 (±0.01) mg/ml h−1. We concluded that the modified Makinen phosphate-interference assay can be satisfactorily used to quantitatively screen cultures for their ability to oxidize sorbitol.
Partition chromatographic studies of americium, yttrium and the rare earths in the tricaprylylmethylammonium thiocyanate—ammonium thiocyanate system☆

Abstract The system Aliquat-336 (tricaprylylmethylammonium thiocyanate)—ammonium thiocyanate was investigated by column partition chromatography. The distribution coefficients for americium, yttrium and the rare earths were found to increase with thiocyanate concentration and percentage of Aliquat-336. A decrease in extraction was noted with increased acidity of the aqueous phase. Separation factors for adjacent rare earth elements ranged from 1.3 to 2.0. Some practical separation using this system are indicated.
Warriors and Healers: Preparing for Returning Veterans

Despite its ideological differences, social work has had a long history of affiliation with the military. In 1918, the Smith College School for Social Work was established to respond to the mental health needs of “shell‐shocked veterans.” In 2008, the School renewed this commitment by sponsoring a three‐day conference aimed at preparing social workers to respond to the new and complex needs of veterans returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. A joint planning process effectively developed a program that helped military and civilian social workers gain insight into the impact of multiple deployments, traumatic brain disorder, post‐traumatic stress disorder and other factors present in today’s new military culture.
N1-Acetylspermidine is not a substrate for N-acetylspermidine deacetylase

Abstract The specificity of N -acetylspermidine deacetylase from rat liver for the two naturally occurring forms of monoacetylated spermidine was studied. N 8 -Acetylspermidine is the preferred substrate in vitro for this enzyme, and, in fact, N 1 -acetylspermidine is the more appropriate substrate for assaying N -acetylspermidine deacetylase activity.
Regulation of bacterial translocation by nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) appears to play a paradoxical role in intestinal physiology. Although NO has potent bactericidal effects, a growing body of evidence suggests that it mediates intestinal injury and breakdown of gut barrier function. Data from our lab and others show an increased incidence of bacterial translocation following endotoxin challenge, and upregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and protein in the intestine. These phenomena co-localize with enterocyte apoptosis at the tips of the intestinal villi and immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine. Electron microscopy reveals swollen mitochondria, implicating these organelles as putative targets for NO or its reactive nitrogen intermediates. We review some of the literature and discuss our current work in trying to define this mechanism.
THE SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION OF LIVER RIBONUCLEIC ACID.

Abstract A heterogeneous, rapidly labeled ribonucleic acid fraction, ranging in size from 6 to more than 30 S, has been found in rat liver nuclei. A less rapidly labeled fraction in rat liver cytoplasm, has a sedimentation of approximately 4 S. The rapidly labeled nuclear RNA is broken down to 5′- and 3′-mononucleotides by rat liver nuclear extracts, but only to 3′- nucleotides by cytoplasmic extracts.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF THE RACCOON (PROCYON LOTOR) WITH BORRELIA BURGDORFERI

The reservoir competence of the raccoon (Procyon lotor) for the Lyme disease spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi) was evaluated in the laboratory during September 1991 to April 1993. Five raccoons were exposed to spirochete-infected (JD1 and Wisconsin 210 Wise strains) Ixodes scapularis nymphs (20/raccoon). A second feeding of spirochete-infected (Wisconsin 210 Wise strain) nymphs (20/raccoon) was performed with four of the original raccoons. Xenodiagnosis with cohorts of I. scapularis larvae (300/cohort) or nymphs (150/cohort) that were periodically placed on each animal was used to detect infection. We examined 1943 engorged ticks by a indirect immunofluorescence monoclonal antibody assay, but no spirochetes were detected. After exposure to spirochete-infected ticks, blood samples were collected at approximately weekly intervals and ear-skin biopsy samples were taken from each animal every third week. These tissues were placed in Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly media. Spirochetes were isolated in cultures of skin (wk 3, 5, 9, 81, and 83) and blood (wk 5, 8, 9, 11, and 12) of one raccoon and the skin (wk 28 and 31) of another raccoon. Antibody response of each animal was monitored through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunoblotting of blood serum against B. burgdorferi proteins. Except for one animal, raccoons did not have an antibody response until they were fed upon by a second cohort of infected I. scapularis nymphs. Based on Western blot analyses, raccoons exposed to B. burgdorferi via tick bite responded to the 31- (OspA) and 34-KDa (OspB) antigens. Response to other antigens varied among raccoons. Based on our results raccoons may be inefficient reservoirs for B. burgdorferi. Although some raccoons can become infected with B. burgdorferi, they may not transfer the infection to attached ticks.
Performance prediction of a parallel simulator

There are at least three major obstacles thwarting widespread adoption of parallel discrete-event simulation: lack of need; lack of tools; and lack of predictability in behavior and performance. The plain truth is that most simulation studies can be adequately done on ordinary serial computers. Parallel simulation tools are products of research efforts, and simply do not stand up to the demands of modern software engineering. The results of 20 years of research in parallel simulation reveal it to be a highly complex endeavour, with performance results very much dependent on implementation details and model characteristics. The Scalable Simulation Framework (SSF) is an effort to address some these concerns. It addresses lack of need in two ways; it provides a modeling API that is attractive both for serial and parallel simulation, with parallel execution requiring no change to the model, and it targets large-scale telecommunication system modeling, an application area that requires the computational capabilities of parallelism. We address the concern over unpredictable behavior. We show how we measured the internal overheads of the Dartmouth implementation of the SSF API (DaSSF), and how those measurements can be used to predict the performance of a given model, using given features of the simulator, without having to run, or even build, the model.
Using private forecasts to estimate the effects of monetary policy

I develop a methodology that uses the forecasts of market participants and of policy makers to estimate the effects of monetary policy on output and inflation. My approach has advantages over the standard practice of fitting a vector autoregression to the data. I apply my methodology to data on output, interest rates and prices. I find that, even using the Federal Reserve Board's Greenbook forecasts to control for the policy maker's information set, prices rise initially in response to a monetary contraction. This finding undermines the standard justification for including an index of commodity prices in VARs.
An examination of reactivity to craving assessment: Craving to smoke does not change over the course of a multi-item craving questionnaire

Abstract Introduction Self-report measures are typically used to assess drug craving, but researchers have questioned whether completing these assessments can elicit or enhance craving. Previous studies have examined cigarette craving reactivity and found null craving reactivity effects. Several methodological limitations of those studies, however, preclude definitive conclusions. The current study addresses limitations of previous studies and extends this area of research by using a large sample size to examine: (1) item-by-item changes in craving level during questionnaire completion, (2) craving reactivity as a function of craving intensity reflected in item content, (3) craving reactivity differences between nicotine dependent and nondependent smokers, and (4) potential reactivity across multiple sessions. This study also used a more comprehensive craving assessment (the 32-item Questionnaire on Smoking Urges; QSU) than employed in previous studies. Methods Nicotine dependent and nondependent smokers (n = 270; nicotine dependence determined by the Nicotine Addiction Taxon Scale) completed the QSU on six separate occasions across 12 weeks. Craving level was observed at the item level and across various subsets of items. Results Analyses indicated that there was no significant effect of item/subset position on craving ratings, nor were there any significant interactions between item/subset position and session or level of nicotine dependence. Conclusions These findings indicate that, even with relatively sensitive procedures for detecting potential reactivity, there was no evidence that completing a craving questionnaire induces craving.
Continuous-flow thermal gradient PCR.

Continuous-flow thermal gradient PCR is a new DNA amplification technique that is characterized by periodic temperature ramping with no cyclic hold times. The device reported in this article represents the first demonstration of hold-less thermocycling within continuous-flow PCR microfluidics. This is also the first design in which continuous-flow PCR is performed within a single steady-state temperature zone. This allows for straightforward miniaturization of the channel footprint, shown in this device which has a cycle length of just 2.1 cm. With a linear thermal gradient established across the glass device, the heating and cooling ramp rates are dictated by the fluid velocity relative to the temperature gradient. Local channel orientation and cross-sectional area regulate this velocity. Thus, rapid thermocycling occurs while the PCR chip is maintained at steady state temperatures and flow rates. Glass PCR chips (25 × 75 × 2 mm) of both 30 and 40 serpentine cycles have been fabricated, and were used to amplify a variety of targets, including a 181-bp segment of a viral phage DNA (ΦX174) and a 108-bp segment of the Y-chromosome, amplified from human genomic DNA. With this unique combination of hold-less cycling and gradient temperature ramping, a 40-cycle PCR requires less than 9 min, with the resulting amplicon having high yield and specificity.
A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Investigation of Charge Transfer Complexes between Silver and Nitric Oxide: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of AgNO+,0,- and Agx(NO)y Clusters (x, y = 1, 2) in Solid Argon and Neon

Laser-ablated silver atoms are reacted with nitric oxide, and products are isolated in solid argon and neon. The pseudo-hyponitrite complex Ag(NO)2Ag is the dominant product, with AgNOAg and AgONNO present in smaller yields. These complexes are shown using density functional theory to include significant charge transfer from silver but are not as ionic as the analogous alkali metal complexes of nitric oxide. The neutral and ionic mononitrosyls AgNO+, AgNO, and AgNO- are also observed, and qualitative trends in bond lengths and frequencies in this series are discussed.
Impedance cardiography assessed treatment of acute severe pregnancy hypertension: a randomized trial.

Objective: Using noninvasive bedside impedance cardiography (ICG), we compared the effectiveness and the hemodynamic impact of intravenous labetalol versus hydralazine for the reduction of acute-on...
Simple schedule and signal-key multiple schedule responding and behavioral contrast

Pigeons’ rates of responding on simple schedules appearing alone or as components of signalkey multiple schedules were not systematically different early in training, but were different later in training. This suggests that a simple schedule may be an appropriate baseline from which to measure behavioral contrast. Positive behavioral contrast, like the present differences between simple and multiple schedule responding, does not appear when naive subjects respond on signalkey multiple schedules, but does appear when experimentally experienced subjects are used.
Modern Pollen Influx in Tallgrass and Shortgrass Prairies, Southern Great Plains, USA

Abstract Annual pollen-influx data from two series of Tauber trap studies in the shortgrass and tallgrass prairies in the southern Great Plains show that shortgrass vegetation is characterized by low influx values of Ambrosia and high influx of Artemisia, compared with those in tallgrass vegetation. The shortgrass prairie further differs from tallgrasses by higher percentages of Chenopodiaceae pollen. Arboreal pollen influx and percentage values are related to abundance and nearness of trees to the grasslands; the tallgrass prairie is marked by high influx of Quercus and Juniperus, and the shortgrasses have higher influx and percentages of Pinus. Poaceae pollen influx values in both shortgrass and tallgrass prairies are identical, although Poaceae percentages in the tallgrasses are lower owing to the higher influx of pollen from non-grass taxa.
Regulation of technology transfer: The Mexican experience

Beginning some 20 years ago, regulation of technology transfer became common-place in a number of developing countries. Whether such regulation could prove beneficial was often questioned, particularly in the industrialized world. But with a 15–20 year history to study, we can now look at the impact that regulation has had. Mexico presents a good case study, as its original law was one of the earliest, and the country's political continuity has led to a detectable evolvement of the technology-transfer process that allows analysis of various factors over time.
Geropharmacology for the rheumatologist

Drug administration to older patients with rheumatic disease is a challenge because they are more likely to have adverse drug reactions compared with younger patients. Elderly patients are at risk for adverse drug effects because they often have multiple acute and chronic illnesses and are on several prescription and over-the-counter medications. This article will enhance the practitioner's understanding of how disease and age modulate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications commonly prescribed for rheumatic disorders. Minimizing the number of drugs prescribed, starting medications at low doses and increasing slowly, and monitoring for toxicity are especially important in the elderly. With judicious use of medications, the quality of life of older patients with rheumatic disease can be enhanced.
Gravity-induced stresses by an obturator prosthesis

Abstract Recontruction after surgical resection of tumors of the maxillae and paranasal sinuses is difficult. In addition to the intermittent forces encountered during function, the prosthesis is subjected to the constant force of gravity. This investigation photoelastically studies the gravity-induced stresses transmitted to the remaining oral structures by various obturator prosthesis framework designs. Frameworks which used I-bar and circumferential retainers with buccal retention were most kind to remaining structures. These same designs with lingual retention were most severe, while the swinglock and light wire retainers were intermediate in generated stress.
Fracture-Exafs: A New Method for the Study of Interfaces in thin films and Polycrystalline Materials

Fracture-EXAFS is a technique, proposed here for the first time, which combines an appropriate mechanical test with EXAFS analysis to investigate the atomic processes involved in the fracture process. Fracture-EXAFS builds upon the fracture-Auger electron spectroscopy technique, which was used to study the elemental composition of fracture surfaces, and has yielded significant insight into phenomena such as grain boundary embrittlement and composite interface fracture. Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) analysis yields structural, as well as chemical information. The identity, coordination number, position and degree of disorder of atoms in the vicinity of interfaces and surfaces can be determined. Thus, EXAFS comparison of the imminent (latent) fracture surface to the fracture surface can yield structural, as well as chemical information about the fracture process. In this preliminary report, emphasis will be given to the application of Fracture-EXAFS to the study of interfaces in thin films. Discussion will also include the use of Fracture-EXAFS to study grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials.
International trade and inclusive growth: a primer

Purpose – This article aims to provide two analytical frameworks for understanding the role of trade in promoting inclusive growth in developing economies.Design/methodology/approach – A working definition of inclusive growth focuses on long‐term, sustained growth associated with productivity growth and employment opportunities for broad portions of households and firms within countries. International integration can promote inclusive growth when workers and firms are able to adjust to enter into growing economic activities and adopt technologies availed through international trade. The frameworks described in this note build on simple household and firm choice models, which require only basic knowledge of development economics.Findings – The discussion highlights how these frameworks can help analysts focus on research and policy questions related to the impacts of international trade across the distribution of households and firms within countries. It also discusses publicly available data sets that can...
Vacationing from Facebook: Adoption, Temporary Discontinuance, and Readoption of an Innovation

Individuals discontinue use of a technological innovation in two situations: when a superior innovation outmodes an inferior one (replacement discontinuance) and when the performance of an innovation is no longer perceived as satisfactory (disenchantment discontinuance). In both situations, diffusion of innovations (DOI) theory implicitly assumes the rejection of the innovation is permanent. However, a new behavioral phenomena surrounding Facebook—the so-called “Facebook vacation”—suggests some innovations are only temporarily discontinued. Using nationally representative survey data, this study explores demographic and motivational factors that contribute to “temporary discontinuance” and readoption of Facebook. Results show, counter to DOI's predictions, that respondent socioeconomic status and geographical location explain little variation in temporary Facebook discontinuance behavior. Additionally, a majority of Facebook users report temporarily leaving because the Web site is a burden on personal tim...
Inhibition of the acetyl cholinesterase from the imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri (forel), by dye-sensitized photooxidation

Abstract 1. 1. Acetylcholinesterase contained in whole-head homogenates from the imported fire ant was susceptible to dye-sensitized photooxidation induced by the presence of rose bengal, phloxin B, erythrosin B, eosin yellowish and flourescein. 2. 2. Rhodamine B was incapable of eliciting this reaction. 3. 3. The reaction has been shown to consume molecular oxygen and to be dependent on light intensity. 4. 4. In vivo , the dye caused death, but did not affect acetylcholinesterase levels in the head-thorax. 5. 5. A correlation was observed between halogenation of the ring systems and photooxidation efficiency.
Mössbauer spectroscopy as a probe of silicate glasses

Mossbauer spectroscopy of tin and iron has been used to probe silicate glasses. The research was motivated by the need to understand the structure and behaviour of float glass when tin diffuses into the surface during manufacture. Iron is also present in small quantities as it is an impurity in the sand from which the glass is made, and it is known to affect the tin uptake. Because float glass is a complex mixture of silica and several modifier oxides, Mossbauer spectroscopy on simpler systems containing silica and a single alkali or alkaline earth modifier has been carried out first to facilitate the interpretation of the data. The spectra have broad lines, reflecting the large number of different sites in an atomically disordered material. Several conclusions were reached from a review of the literature on silicate glasses. The isomer shifts and quadrupole splittings identify the ionic states of the Mossbauer atoms, and the changes when the composition is varied by adding modifier atoms are due to small changes in the local structure and atomic volume. It appears that Sn2+ and Fe3+ act as conditional glass formers in silicate glasses, while Sn4+ and Fe2+ are modifiers. From measurements of the relative areas of Sn2+ and Sn4+ in the Mossbauer spectrum of sectioned specimens, the depth profiles of each oxidation state were determined separately. By monitoring the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+ produced by heat treatment in air, the diffusion coefficient of oxygen was determined. Measurements on tinted float glass containing several per cent of iron show that the iron and tin react with each other, the Fe3+ oxidizing the Sn2+ to Sn4+. By combining these data with the depth profiles, a flow diagram of the chemical reactions in the float-glass process has been proposed.
The research that radiologists do: perspective based on a survey of the literature.

To determine the nature of radiologic research as practiced by both radiologists and nonradiologist physicians, original imaging-related reports published in the clinical literature during the first 6 months of 1989 were classified and compared. Most of the research by radiologist first authors involved technology development: invention (12%), standardization (35%), and description (32%). Original reports by nonradiologist-physician first authors involved description (28%), standardization (16%), validation (12%), assessment of other technologies (17%), and assessment of pathophysiology (19%). There were few patient outcome or cost-related articles in either category. The greatest difference between the categories was the larger number of reports by the nonradiologists that assessed pathophysiology by functional rather than morphologic criteria. The author concludes that the research performed by radiologists is primarily technology development, that assessment of pathophysiology with radiologic technique...
Production and Fractionation of Xylose Oligomers from Switchgrass Hemicelluloses Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography

Xylose oligomers are of interest to many fields of study and are intermediate reaction products of the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses. Protocols to generate xylose oligomers are reported, but these methods lead to the production of a pool of nonfractionated xylose oligomers with a wide range in degree of polymerization (DP). This work used switchgrass hemicelluloses as feedstock for production of purified xylose oligomers. Switchgrass hemicelluloses were autohydrolyzed at 160°C. Yields of xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotetraose, xylopentose, and xylohexose were 24, 34, 23, 19, and 38 mg, respectively, per g of hemicelluloses. The crude xylose oligomer mixture was fractionated using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) with a butanol:methanol:water (5:1:4, V:V:V) solvent system. Xylose oligomers with a DP from two to six were successfully purified. Purities obtained by CPC separation, as calculated by mass of a given oligomer divided by the total mass of detected oligomers and degradation products and then...
0 - 0 + beta decay and muon capture in the A=16 nuclei

The muon-capture process ..mu../sup -/ + /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) ..-->.. /sup 16/N* (0/sup -/) + ..nu../sub ..mu../and the ..beta.. decay /sup 16/N* (0/sup -/) ..-->.. /sup 16/O(0/sup +/) + e/sup -/ + nu-bar/sub e/ are analyzed in the elementary particle treatment. Theoretical results are shown to be consistent with experiment and do not support any necessity of a significant upward renormalization of the nucleon form factor g/sub P/ in nuclei as suggested by a previous analysis by Palffy et al. Slight downward renormalization of g/sub P/ is consistent with experimental data.
Ethanol and illicit drugs do not affect the diagnostic utility of base deficit and lactate in differentiating minor from major injury in trauma patients.

Objectives: Base deficit (BD) and lactate are valuable screening tools for injured patients. They reflect the degree of oxygen debt and have been shown to predict outcome. Intake of ethanol and illicit drugs may further derange acid-base status. The authors evaluated the effect of blood alcohol level (BAL) and illicit drugs on admission BD and lactate levels in trauma patients. Methods: Prospective, observational study of trauma patients in a Level 1 trauma center. Patients with penetrating or blunt trauma were included in the study. Patients were further stratified into major or minor categories. Major was defined by an Injury Severity Score >15, blood transfusions, or a decrease in hematocrit of more than ten points. Injury categories were further divided into several subgroups'based on presence or absence of ethanol (BAL ≥0.08 g/dL) or positive urine toxicology screen (Utox). Results: A total of 520 patients (84% male) with a mean (′SD) age of 33 (′15) years were studied. Compared with the minor injury categories, BD and lactate levels were significantly higher in the major injury categories in all different intoxication subgroups. Testing the diagnostic performance of BD and lactate in detecting major injury, the authors observed significant (p < 0.05) differences between the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for these two diagnostic tests compared with baseline in both intoxicated (BAL ≥0.08 g/dL and/or positive Utox) and nonintoxicated (BAL <0.08 g/dL and negative Utox) patients. Conclusions: The presence of ethanol and/or illicit drugs did not affect the ability of BD or lactate to identify patients with major injuries.
Effects of the angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor antagonist losartan on functional recovery of isolated rat hearts undergoing global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion.

Study Objective. To investigate the effects of the angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist losartan on functional recovery of isolated rat hearts undergoing global myocardial ischemia-reperfusion compared with myocardial protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. Design. Ex vivo experiment using isolated perfused rat heart. Setting. Academic laboratory. Intervention. Hearts from Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer and randomized to one of four groups: time control, vehicle, ischemic preconditioning, or losartan. Measurements and Main Results. After randomization, hearts underwent 30 minutes of global ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Changes in end-diastolic pressure (EDP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), and infarct size were examined between treatment groups by two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures. Cardiac angiotensin II receptor (ATR) density and infarct size were measured in control hearts and in a subgroup of hearts exposed to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Total ATR density and percentage of myocardial AT1R were increased in hearts exposed to ischemia-reperfusion. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in a 56% reduction in LVDP from baseline in hearts randomized to vehicle. However, it declined by only 22% and 28% in hearts randomized to ischemic preconditioning and losartan, respectively. Compared with vehicle, both ischemic preconditioning and losartan decreased EDP (ischemic preconditioning 39 ± 3 mm Hg, losartan 54 ± 5 mm Hg, vs vehicle 78 ± 8 mm Hg), and reduced infarct size (ischemic preconditioning 9%, losartan 12%, vs vehicle 36%). Conclusion. Treatment of isolated rat hearts with losartan before ischemia-reperfusion injury resulted in significant cardioprotection similar to that observed with ischemic preconditioning.
Spider mimicry in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): further experiments on the deterrence of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) by Zonosemata vittigera (Coquillett)

Zonosemata vittigera (Coquillett) possesses dark transverse wing bands and abdominal eye spots, which cause it to resemble a salticid spider. Jerky motion, wing flicking behavior, and sudden short flights to nearby foliage enhance this resemblance. Here we provide observations on the behavioral interactions between jumping spiders and Z. vittigera . In the laboratory, sympatric jumping spiders (Salticidae) attacked and captured more house flies ( Musca domestica L.) or wing-painted Z. vittigera (wing markings disguised by green paint) than unpainted Z. vittigera . Furthermore, salticids backed away from, or gave threat or courtship displays to, normal Z. vittigera but not to house flies or wing-painted Z. vittigera . These results provide further evidence that Z. vittigera mimic jumping spiders and that this resemblance reduces jumping spider predation.
The Decision to Modernize U.S. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles

The issues surrounding the intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) modernization decision are addressed. Consideration is given to both Rail Garrison MX and the mobile Midgetman system. The centr...
Luminescence of ribonuclease A.

Abstract The effect of disulfide bonds on the phosphorescence properties of tyrosyl residues of model compounds and ribonuclease A was investigated. 1. 1.|The tyrosyl residues of polytyrosine, insulin heptapeptide, lysine-tyrosine copolymer, and cysteinyltyrosine are characterized by luminescence ratios ( q P q F ) which are close to 1. The phosphorescence emission decays in an exponential manner with phosphorescence lifetimes (τP) fluctuating between 2.3 and 2.6 sec. 2. 2.|The cystinyl-bis-tyrosine peptide exhibits an abnormal behavior in its luminescence properties when compared to free tyrosine. Its luminescence ratio ( q P q F ) is equal to 0.2 and its decay time (τP = 0.2 sec) is shorter than the value of free tyrosine. 3. 3.|Ribonuclease A is characterized by a luminescence ratio of 0.58 and by a phosphorescence decay time of 1.4 sec. Reductive cleavage of the disulfide bonds brings about an increase in the phosphorescence yield ( q P q F = I ) and phosphorescence decay time (τP = 2.3 sec). The low phosphorescence yield of ribonuclease A is related to a quenching effect exerted by the disulfide bonds on the triplet excited state of tyrosyl residues.