cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low-energy effective field theory below the electroweak scale: anomalous dimensions

We compute the one-loop anomalous dimensions of the low-energy effective Lagrangian below the electroweak scale, up to terms of dimension six. The theory has 70 dimension-five and 3631 dimension-six Hermitian operators that preserve baryon and lepton number, as well as additional operators that violate baryon number and lepton number. The renormalization group equations for the quark and lepton masses and the QCD and QED gauge couplings are modified by dimension-five and dimension-six operator contributions. We compute the renormalization group equations from one insertion of dimension-five and dimension-six operators, as well as two insertions of dimension-five operators, to all terms of dimension less than or equal to six. The use of the equations of motion to eliminate operators can be ambiguous, and we show how to resolve this ambiguity by a careful use of field redefinitions.
Compiling Spiking Neural Networks to Neuromorphic Hardware

Machine learning applications that are implemented with spike-based computation model, e.g., Spiking Neural Network (SNN), have a great potential to lower the energy consumption when executed on a neuromorphic hardware. How- ever, compiling and mapping an SNN to the hardware is challenging, especially when compute and storage resources of the hardware (viz. crossbars) need to be shared among the neurons and synapses of the SNN. We propose an approach to analyze and compile SNNs on resource-constrained neuromorphic hardware, providing guarantees on key performance metrics such as execution time and throughput. Our approach makes the following three key contributions. First, we propose a greedy technique to partition an SNN into clusters of neurons and synapses such that each cluster can fit on to the resources of a crossbar. Second, we exploit the rich semantics and expressiveness of Synchronous Dataflow Graphs (SDFGs) to represent a clustered SNN and analyze its performance using Max-Plus Algebra, considering the available compute and storage capacities, buffer sizes, and communication bandwidth. Third, we propose a self-timed execution-based fast technique to compile and admit SNN-based applications to a neuromorphic hardware at run-time, adapting dynamically to the available resources on the hard- ware. We evaluate our approach with standard SNN-based applications and demonstrate a significant performance improvement compared to current practices.
Expanding Materials Selection Via Transfer Learning for High-Temperature Oxide Selection

Materials with higher operating temperatures than today’s state of the art can improve system performance in several applications and enable new technologies. Under most scenarios, a protective oxide scale with high melting temperatures and thermodynamic stability as well as low ionic diffusivity is required. Thus, the design of high-temperature systems would benefit from knowledge of these properties and related ones for a large number of oxides. While some properties of interest are available for many oxides (e.g., elastic constants exist for > 1000 oxides), the melting temperature is known for a relatively small subset. The determination of melting temperatures is time consuming and costly, both experimentally and computationally; thus, we use data science tools to develop predictive models from the existing data. Since the relatively small number of available melting temperature values precludes the use of standard tools, we use a multi-step approach based on transfer learning where surrogate data from first principles calculations are leveraged to develop models using small datasets. We use these models to predict the desired properties for nearly 11,000 oxides and quantify uncertainties in the space.
Oscillations of Spherical and Cylindrical Shells

We have found the complete spectrum and eigenstates for harmonic oscillations of ideal spherical and cylindrical shells, both being infinetely thin. The spectrum of the cylindrical shell has an infinite number of Goldstone modes corresponding to folding deformations. This infrared catastrophe is overcome by accounting for curvature-dependent part of energy.
Big Jets model with CPT invariance and dynamics of expansion with quantum Yang-Mills gravity

Based on particle physics, the fundamental CPT invariance suggests a Big Jets model for the beginning of the universe, in which two oppositely directed jets evolved into a gigantic "matter half-universe" and a gigantic "antimatter half-universe" after annihilation and decay processes. In the geometric-optics limit, quantum Yang-Mills gravity with $T_4$ translational gauge symmetry in flat spacetime leads to an effective metric tensor in the Hamilton-Jacobi equation for macroscopic objects. This effective metric tensor does not exist in the wave equations of quantum particles. For cosmological expansion, we assume that an "effective metric tensor" for spacetime geometry based on Yang-Mills gravity corresponds to the usual FLRW form. Dynamical equations of expansion for the matter half-universe are obtained and solved. The time-dependent scale factors and the estimated age of the universes, $t^{YM}_o \approx 15.3 \times 10^9 yr$, based on Yang-Mills gravity are consistent with experiments. CPT invariance implies that the same evolution process and dynamics of cosmic expansion also hold for the distant `antimatter half-universe.'
Baryogenesis, dark matter, and flavor structure in non-thermal moduli cosmology

The appearance of scalar/moduli fields in the early universe, as motivated by string theory, naturally leads to non-thermal “moduli cosmology”. Such cosmology provides a consistent framework where the generation of radiation, baryons, and dark matter can occur while maintaining successful Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and avoiding the cosmological moduli problem. We present a relatively economical construction with moduli cosmology, building on a variety of string-inspired components (e.g. supersymmetry, discrete symmetries, Green-Schwarz anomaly cancellation). We address a range of outstanding problems of particle physics and cosmology simultaneously, including the fermion mass hierarchy and flavor puzzle, the smallness of neutrino masses, baryogenesis and dark matter. Our setup, based on discrete ℤ 12 symmetry and anomalous U(1)A, is void of the usual issues plaguing the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, i.e. the μ-problem and the overly-rapid proton decay due to dimension-4,-5 operators. The model is compatible with SU(5) Grand Unification. The smallness of Dirac neutrino masses is automatically established by requiring the cancellation of mixed gravitational-gauge anomalies. The decay of the moduli field provides a common origin for the baryon number and dark matter abundance, explaining the observed cosmic coincidences, ΩB ∼ ΩDM.
Stopping Cooling Flows with Cosmic-Ray Feedback

Multi-Gyr two-dimensional calculations describe the gas dynamical evolution of hot gas in the Virgo cluster resulting from intermittent cavities formed with cosmic rays. Without cosmic rays, the gas evolves into a cooling flow, depositing about 85 solar masses per year of cold gas in the cluster core—such uninhibited cooling conflicts with X-ray spectra and many other observations. When cosmic rays are produced or deposited 10 kpc from the cluster center in bursts of about 1059 erg lasting 20 Myr and spaced at intervals of 200 Myr, the central cooling rate is greatly reduced to 0.1-1 solar masses per year, consistent with observations. After cosmic rays diffuse through the cavity walls, the ambient gas density is reduced and is buoyantly transported 30-70 kpc out into the cluster. Cosmic rays do not directly heat the gas and the modest shock heating around young cavities is offset by global cooling as the cluster gas expands. After several Gyr the hot gas density and temperature profiles remain similar to those observed, provided the time-averaged cosmic-ray luminosity is about L cr = 2.7 × 1043 erg s–1, approximately equal to the bolometric cooling rate LX within only ~56kpc. If an appreciable fraction of the relativistic cosmic rays is protons, gamma rays produced by pion decay following inelastic p-p collisions may be detected with the Fermi Gamma-Ray Telescope.
THE CEPHEID PERIOD-LUMINOSITY RELATION AT MID-INFRARED WAVELENGTHS. I. FIRST-EPOCH LMC DATA

We present the first mid-infrared period-luminosity (PL) relations for Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) Cepheids. Single-epoch observations of 70 Cepheids were extracted from Spitzer IRAC observations at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 μm, serendipitously obtained during the SAGE (Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution) imaging survey of the LMC. All four mid-infrared PL relations have nearly identical slopes over the period range 6-88 days, with a small scatter of only ±0.16 mag independent of period for all four of these wavelengths. We emphasize that differential reddening is not contributing significantly to the observed scatter, given the nearly 2 orders of magnitude reduced sensitivity of the mid-IR to extinction compared to the optical. Future observations, filling in the light curves for these Cepheids, should noticeably reduce the residual scatter. These attributes alone suggest that mid-infrared PL relations will provide a practical means of significantly improving the accuracy of Cepheid distances to nearby galaxies.
Piezoelectricity of Cholesteric Elastomers

We consider theoretically the properties of piezoelectricity in cholesteric elastomers. We deduce using symmetry considerations the piezoelectric contributions to the free energy in the context of a coarse-grained description of the material. In contrast to previous work we find that compressions or elongations of the material along the pitch axis do not produce a piezoelectric response, in agreement with fundamental symmetry considerations. Rather only suitable shear strains or local rotations produce a polarization. We propose some molecular mechanisms to explain these effects
Is There Still Room for Warm/Hot Gas? Simulating the X-Ray Background Spectrum

At low redshifts, a census of the baryons in all known reservoirs falls a factor of 2-4 below the total baryon density predicted from big bang nucleosynthesis arguments and observed light-element ratios. Recent cosmological hydrodynamic simulations suggest that a significant fraction of these missing baryons could be in the warm/hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) in the filaments and halos within which most field galaxies are embedded. With the release of source count results from Chandra and recent detections of this gas in O VI quasar absorption lines, it becomes interesting to examine the predictions and limits placed on this component of the X-ray background (XRB). We have used new hydrodynamical simulations to predict the total X-ray spectrum from the intergalactic medium and the WHIM alone in the 100 eV-10 keV range. We find that, when uncertainties in the normalization of the observed XRB and the value of Ωb are taken into account, our results are consistent with current observational limits placed on the contribution of emission from the WHIM to the XRB. In the 0.5-2 keV range, we expect the contribution from this component to be 0.24 × 10-12 ergs s-1 cm-2 deg-2 or between 5% and 15% of the extragalactic surface brightness. The peak fraction occurs in the 0.5-0.8 keV range where the predicted line emission mirrors a spectral bump seen in the latest ASCA/ROSAT XRB data.
Remarks on high energy evolution

We make several remarks on the B-JIMWLK hierarchy. First, we present a simple and instructive derivation of this equation by considering an arbitrary projectile wave function with small number of valence gluons. We also generalize the equation by including corrections which incorporate effects of high density in the projectile wave function. Second, we systematically derive the dipole model approximation to the hierarchy. We show that in the dipole approximation the hierarchy has a simplifying property that allows its solution by solving the classical equation followed by averaging over the ensemble of initial conditions.
Generalized multi-SNP mediation intersection-union test.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying genetic variants identified from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for a variety of phenotypic traits encompassing binary, continuous, count, and survival outcomes, we propose a novel and flexible method to test for mediation that can simultaneously accommodate multiple genetic variants and different types of outcome variables. Specifically, we employ the intersection-union test approach combined with the likelihood ratio test to detect mediation effect of multiple genetic variants via some mediator (e.g., the expression of a neighboring gene) on outcome. We fit high-dimensional generalized linear mixed models under the mediation framework, separately under the null and alternative hypothesis. We leverage Laplace approximation to compute the marginal likelihood of outcome and use coordinate descent algorithm to estimate corresponding parameters. Our extensive simulations demonstrate the validity of our proposed methods and substantial, up to 97%, power gains over alternative methods. Applications to real data for the study of Chlamydia trachomatis infection further showcase advantages of our methods. We believe our proposed methods will be of value and general interest in this post-GWAS era to disentangle the potential causal mechanism from DNA to phenotype for new drug discovery and personalized medicine.
Simple graphs of order 12 and minimum degree 6 contain $K_6$ minors

We prove that every simple graph of order 12 which has minimum degree 6 contains a K6 minor, thus proving Jorgensen’s conjecture for graphs of order 12. In the process, we establish several lemmata linking the existence of K6 minors for graphs to their size or degree sequence, by means of their clique sum structure. We also establish an upper bound for the order of graphs where the 6-connected condition is necessary for Jorgensen’s conjecture.
Natural oscillations of a sessile drop on flat surfaces with mobile contact lines

The sessile drop oscillation with free contact lines (the contact angle remains constant when the contact line moves) is investigated through numerical and theoretical analysis. A parametric study is carried out to characterize the effects of contact angle and Bond number on the frequencies for the first and high-order modes. An inviscid theoretical model is developed to provide an explicit expression for the dominant first mode frequency.
Piecewise polyhedral formulations for a multilinear term

Abstract In this paper, we present a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulation of a piecewise, polyhedral relaxation (PPR) of a multilinear term using its convex-hull representation. Based on the PPR’s solution, we also present a MILP formulation whose solutions are feasible for nonconvex, multilinear equations. We then present computational results showing the effectiveness of proposed formulations on standard benchmark nonlinear programs (NLPs) with multilinear terms and compare with a traditional formulation that is built using recursive bilinear groupings of multilinear terms.
School Desegregation and Black Teacher Employment

Prior to the racial integration of schools in the southern United States, predominantly African American schools were staffed almost exclusively by African American teachers as well, and teaching constituted an extraordinarily large share of professional employment among southern blacks. The large-scale desegregation of southern schools occurring after passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act represented a potential threat to this employment base, and this paper estimates how student integration affected black teacher employment. Using newly assembled archival data from 781 southern school districts observed between 1964 and 1972, I estimate that a school district transitioning from fully segregated to fully integrated education, which approximates the experience of the modal southern district in this period, led to a 25% reduction in black teacher employment. A series of tests indicate that these employment reductions were not due to school district self-selection into desegregation or unobserved district characteristics associated with desegregation. Additional estimates using synthetic cohorts from the Decennial Censuses indicate that displaced southern black teachers either entered lower skill occupations within the South or migrated out of the region to continue teaching, and that southern school districts compensated for reduced black teacher employment by employing fewer total teachers and by increasing their recruitment of white teachers, especially less experienced white teachers and white male teachers.
Fingerprint Synthesis: Search with 100 Million Prints

Evaluation of large-scale fingerprint search algorithms has been limited due to lack of publicly available datasets. To address this problem, we utilize a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to synthesize a fingerprint dataset consisting of 100 million fingerprint images. In contrast to existing fingerprint synthesis algorithms, we incorporate an identity loss which guides the generator to synthesize fingerprints corresponding to more distinct identities. The characteristics of our synthesized fingerprints are shown to be more similar to real fingerprints than existing meth- ods via eight different metrics (minutiae count - block and template, minutiae direction - block and template, minutiae convex hull area, minutiae spatial distribution, block minutiae quality distribution, and NFIQ 2.0 scores). Additionally, the synthetic fingerprints based on our approach are shown to be more distinct than synthetic fingerprints based on published methods through search results and imposter distribution statistics. Finally, we report for the first time in open literature, search accuracy against a gallery of 1 00 million fingerprints (NIST SD4 Rank-1 accuracy of 89.7%).
On the Existence of an Equilibrium in Models of Local Public Good Use by Cities to Attract the Creative Class

We analyze a stylized model of competition between two cities that use a local public good (LPG) to attract members of the creative class. The creative class consists of artists and engineers and we study the behavior of a representative artist and an engineer. The level of the LPG in each city is determined by majority voting of the two representative creative class members. If both representative members choose to live in the same city then the LPG provision is the average of the preferred quantities of the two members. In this setting, we perform three tasks. First, we ascertain the preferred quantity of the LPG for the representative artist and the engineer. Second, assuming that the representative artist and the engineer accurately predict the outcome of living in a particular city, we describe a scenario in which there is no equilibrium in our model. Finally, we show that if the representative artist and the engineer treat the LPG provision levels in each city as exogenous then an equilibrium does exist in the model.
Machine learning for guiding high-temperature PEM fuel cells with greater power density.

Summary High-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs) are enticing energy conversion technologies because they use low-cost hydrogen generated from methane and have simple water and heat management. However, proliferation of this technology requires improvement in power density. Here, we show that Machine Learning (ML) tools can help guide activities for improving HT-PEMFC power density because these tools quickly and efficiently explore large search spaces. The ML scheme relied on a 0-D, semi-empirical model of HT-PEMFC polarization behavior and a data analysis framework. Existing datasets underwent support vector regression analysis using a radial basis function kernel. In addition, the 0-D, semi-empirical HT-PEMFC model was substantiated by polarization data, and synthetic data generated from this model was subject to dimension reduction and density-based clustering. From these analyses, pathways were revealed to surpass 1 W cm−2 in HT-PEMFCs with oxygen as the oxidant and CO containing hydrogen.
Collision of a hard ball with singular points of the boundary.

Recently, physical billiards were introduced where a moving particle is a hard sphere rather than a point as in standard mathematical billiards. It has been shown that in the same billiard tables, the physical billiards may have totally different dynamics than mathematical billiards. This difference appears if the boundary of a billiard table has visible singularities (internal corners if the billiard table is two-dimensional); i.e., the particle may collide with these singular points. Here, we consider the collision of a hard ball with a visible singular point and demonstrate that the motion of the smooth ball after collision with a visible singular point is indeed the one that was used in the studies of physical billiards. Therefore, such collision is equivalent to the elastic reflection of hard ball’s center off a sphere with the center at the singular point and the same radius as the radius of the moving particle. However, a ball could be rough, not smooth. In difference with a smooth ball, a rough ball also acquires rotation after reflection off a point of the boundary, which leads to more complicated dynamics.
Brands as Copyright

Trademark law’s foundational purpose is to protect consumers from being misled about the source of a good or service. While trademarks are typically included within the larger concept of a company’s brand identity, brands are used for purposes other than assuring a consistent source for products. This article argues that brands should be reconceptualized under copyright law instead of their traditional treatment as an extension of trademarks. Numerous scholars have argued against the rapid expansion of trademark law that has created new grounds for liability for claims like dilution and post-sale confusion. This expansion of trademark law can be viewed as the result of trademark law’s attempt to protect the interests of brand owners. While intended to benefit brands, these changes to trademark law have had unintended consequences, many of which actually harm brand owners. Marketers envision a brand as a story that unfolds over many marketing efforts, and this brand narrative offers consumers creative content with which to engage and adopt as part of their own self-identity. Brands invite consumer involvement in the brand development process in a way that is not contemplated, and is often prohibited, under trademark law. As such, a better approach to brands views them in a similar fashion to copyrighted works and fanfiction under copyright law. By recognizing the proper place for brands under copyright law, trademark law can reclaim its focus on protecting consumers, and brand owners will be better supported in their efforts to build strong, creative and engaging brands.
ANALYTICAL COMPARISONS OF OPTION PRICES IN STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODELS

This paper gives an ordering on option prices under various well-known martingale measures in an incomplete stochastic volatility model. Our central result is a comparison theorem that proves convex option prices are decreasing in the market price of volatility risk, the parameter governing the choice of pricing measure. The theorem is applied to order option prices under q-optimal pricing measures. In doing so, we correct orderings demonstrated numerically in Heath, Platen, and Schweizer (Mathematical Finance, 11(4), 2001) in the special case of the Heston model.
On the extinction of species in jointly determined stochastic systems

The sizeable literature on extinction in economics has paid scant attention to the problem of constructing measures of species extinction. Moreover, this literature has not studied the question of species extinction in stochastic systems that are jointly determined. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to use probability theory to construct a measure of species extinction in jointly determined ecological-economic systems.
Intangible assets and capital structure

Abstract A substantial and increasing proportion of corporate assets consists of intangible assets. Despite their growing importance, internally-generated intangible assets are largely absent from balance sheets and other corporate reports. Consequently, the empirical capital structure research has struggled to evaluate the effects of intangible assets on financial leverage. High valuation risk and poor collateralizability of some intangible assets — e.g. goodwill, may discourage debt financing. In contrast, identifiable intangible assets may support debt because they are separately identifiable, valuable, and potentially collateralizable, and are instrumental in generating cash flows. Utilizing a recent accounting rule change that allows us to observe granular market-based valuations of intangible assets, we find a strong positive relation between identifiable intangible assets and leverage. Overall, identifiable intangible assets support debt financing as much as tangible assets do, in particular in firms that lack abundant tangible assets.
The Fragility of Commitment

We show that the value of commitment in many standard games is frag- ile. Speci…cally, when the second mover faces a small cost to observe the …rst mover's action, equilibrium payos are identical to the case where observation is in…nitely costly or the …rst mover's actions are completely unobservable. Ap- plications of our result include standard Stackelberg-Cournot and dierentiated product Bertrand games, as well as forms of commitment highlighted in Bolton and Scharfstein (1990) and Bulow, Geanakoplos, and Klemperer (1985).
Emerging markets finance

Abstract Emerging markets have long posed a challenge for finance. Standard models are often ill suited to deal with the specific circumstances arising in these markets. However, the interest in emerging markets has provided impetus for both the adaptation of current models to new circumstances in these markets and the development of new models. The model of market integration and segmentation is our starting point. Next, we emphasize the distinction between market liberalization and integration. We explore the financial effects of market integration as well as the impact on the real economy. We also consider a host of other issues such as contagion, corporate finance, market microstructure and stock selection in emerging markets. Apart from surveying the literature, this article contains new results regarding political risk and liberalization, the volatility of capital flows and the performance of emerging market investments.
A Rawlsian approach to solving the problem of genetic discrimination in toxic workplaces.

The completion of a rough draft of the sequence of the human genome, the first major phase of the Human Genome Project, produced a great deal of discussion about the issue of genetic testing and genetic discrimination. The overwhelming majority of those commenting on the issue urged that employers be barred from using genetic tests to make employment decisions and President Clinton signed Executive Order No. 13,145 (2000) preventing federal employers from requesting, requiring or collecting genetic information about employees (except in order to determine whether or not radiation-exposed employees had suffered genetic damage as a result). In this article, I argue that, contrary to the executive order and the anti-genetic-testing consensus, requiring validated genetic testing for hypersensitivity to workplace toxins would be the ethically just course of action, provided that a compensation plan is provided for those excluded by virtue of their genetic susceptibility. My argument for requiring such genetic testing draws heavily on John Rawls' A Theory of Justice (rev. ed. 1999). I first assert that we are still behind the veil of genetic ignorance (albeit for not much longer). I conclude that the agreement that would be reached by parties behind the veil would be to test, exclude, and compensate, in those cases where a genetic test could identify persons who were at a significant risk of a life-threatening disease from exposures to levels of toxins that would be of no significant risk to the great majority of workers.
A Cup of Coffee after the Waterboard: Seemingly Voluntary Post-Abuse Statements

This symposium article focuses on the impact that abusive and coercive interrogation techniques will have on the admissibility of statements derived from non-abusive, non-coercive interviews. Were subsequent, legal, and humane interviews indelibly impacted by the "taint of torture" regardless of how they were conducted? Accordingly, are statements made in those subsequent non-coercive settings inadmissible on voluntariness grounds? This article first details the coercive interrogation techniques authorized against suspected terrorists detained in Guantanamo Bay Cuba. Next, the article details the changing circumstances of detainee custody and treatment to set the stage for a discussion of whether earlier abuses, if corroborated, will invalidate subsequent statements made by the victims of that abuse. I explain how the U.S. government, recognizing that its earlier interrogation tactics may have jeopardized its legal case against the detainees implemented "clean teams." Building off of these factual premises, I next synthesize the tests a judge will need to apply in order to determine the admissibility of seemingly voluntary post-abuse statements. In this synthesis I highlight how factors such as the time between statements, change in location, change in identity of interrogators, nature of the previous unlawful interrogation methods, and use of illegally procured statements as leverage in obtaining new statements each impact the admissibility analysis.
On the Predictability of Stock Returns in Real Time

Researchers have documented an abundance of evidence that stock returns are predictable ex post facto. In this study, we address the ex ante predictability of the cross section of stock returns by investigating whether a real‐time investor could have used book‐to‐market equity, firm size, and one‐year lagged returns to generate portfolio profits during the 1974–97 period. We develop variations on common recursive out‐of‐sample methods and demonstrate a marked difference between ex post and ex ante predictability, suggesting that the current notion of predictability in the literature is exaggerated.
Economic development and efficiency criteria in the satisfaction of basic needs

This paper aims to give a possible mathematical formalization of economic efficiency in an economy concerned with attaining acceptable levels of per capita consumption of basic goods, subject to economic and social welfare constraints. This model was constructed as an underlying mathematical economic structure of Latin American world model of Fundacion Bariloche. It has been used in a modified form, as a feasibility study of possible growth paths id such underdeveloped economies. The model has a methodological intersection with the theory of optimal economic growth, and that the efficient growth paths are solutions of a constrained optimization problem: they optimize a social welfare criterion satisfying constraints given by a set of differential equations with initial values. In the usual optimal growth models these differential equations represent production-investment-consumption relations through time, formalizing a trade-off between present and future consumption (more present consumption implies less present investment). Here in addition, the admissible paths also satisfy a differential equation which relates the rate of population growth to the level of consumption of basic goods (a proxy standard of living) which introduces further relationships between present and future consumption. The admissible paths are assumed to satisfy additional requirements per capita consumption of all basic goods must be non-decreasing throughout time. This is a welfare consideration for countries with low levels of consumption. A brief description of the dynamics of the model in sequential form can be given as follows. Initial values of production, consumption, and investment in three basic sectors are given (nutrition, housing, health and education), and in a fourth sector of services and consumption foods complementary to the production and consumption of the three basic goods.
Asynchronous Code-Division Random Access Using Convex Optimization

Abstract Many applications in cellular systems and sensor networks involve a random subset of a large number of users asynchronously reporting activity to a base station. This paper examines the problem of multiuser detection (MUD) in random access channels for such applications. Traditional orthogonal signaling ignores the random nature of user activity in this problem and limits the total number of users to be on the order of the number of signal space dimensions. Contention-based schemes, on the other hand, suffer from delays caused by colliding transmissions and the hidden node problem. In contrast, this paper presents a novel pairing of an asynchronous non-orthogonal code-division random access scheme with a convex optimization-based MUD algorithm that overcomes the issues associated with orthogonal signaling and contention-based methods. Two key distinguishing features of the proposed MUD algorithm are that it does not require knowledge of the delay or channel state information of every user and it has polynomial-time computational complexity. The main analytical contribution of this paper is the relationship between the performance of the proposed MUD algorithm in the presence of arbitrary or random delays and two simple metrics of the set of user codewords. The study of these metrics is then focused on two specific sets of codewords, random binary codewords and specially constructed algebraic codewords, for asynchronous random access. The ensuing analysis confirms that the proposed scheme together with either of these two codeword sets significantly outperforms the orthogonal signaling-based random access in terms of the total number of users in the system.
States Side Story: Career Paths of International LL.M. Students, or “I Like to Be in America”

This Article draws on an empirical study of the careers of international law graduates who earned an LL.M. in the United States, and considers the role of a U.S. LL.M. as a path for building a legal career in the United States. It identifies the institutional, political, and economic forces that present challenges to graduates who attempt to stay in the United States. While U.S. law schools prize the international diversity of their graduate students, this study reveals that the U.S. legal profession is most accessible to international students from English-speaking common law countries, whose language and background allow them to blend into the U.S. legal profession because their “foreignness” is less evident than students without these characteristics. International law students also are the topic of the companion article by Swethaa Ballakrishnen that follows, in which the experience of international law students who return to their home country of India is presented as a contrast. Together, these articles offer insight into the different barriers that shape entry and access into legal markets, and suggest implications for the way we understand international credentialism and the global legal profession.
Copyright Law and the Myth of Objectivity: The Idea-Expression Dichotomy and the Inevitability of Artistic Value Judgments

This Article focuses on the problem of how artistic values affect determinations of copyright management. It discusses how the copyright statutes embody a congressional desire to have determinations of eligibility for copyright made without regard for the artistic value of the work at issue. This Article also explores the dangers that Justice Holmes and those who have followed his lead saw in using assessments of artistic value to make copyright decisions. It also discusses how assessments of artistic value influence copyright infringement determinations, specifically through the application of the idea-expression dichotomy, a principle used to determine whether the copyright in a copyrighted work has been infringed.
ENTICE-BR: The effects of backstop technology R&D on climate policy models

Recent attempts to endogenize technology in climate policy models have produced mixed results. Models finding large gains from induced technological change (ITC) consider alternative energy technologies, but assume learning-by-doing, which ignores the opportunity costs of technological change. Models representing ITC through R&D spending consider opportunity costs, but typically include only a single representative energy technology. I address these shortcomings by including policy-induced energy R&D in a model with a backstop energy technology. While ITC is important, larger welfare gains come from simply adding an alternative technology to the model, as opportunity costs limit the role ITC can play. Moreover, since the backstop technology improves welfare even without climate policy, accurate policy analysis depends on a carefully constructed baseline simulation.
Professional skepticism and auditor cognitive performance in a hypothesis-testing task

Purpose – This paper aims to study the effects of two different types of state skepticism prompts, as well as the effect of the trait of professional skepticism on auditor cognitive performance in a hypothesis-testing task. It examines the effect of a professional skepticism prompt, based on the presumptive doubt view of professional skepticism, as well as the effect of a cheater-detection prompt, based on social contracts theory. Design/methodology/approach – Seventy-eight audit students and 85 practising auditors examine an audit case and determine the evidence needed to test the validity of a management's assertion in a Wason selection task. The experiment manipulates the presence of a professional skepticism prompt and the presence of a cheater-detection prompt. The personality trait of professional skepticism is measured with Hurtt's scale. Findings – The presence of a professional skepticism prompt improves cognitive performance in the sample of students, but not in the sample of auditors. The prese...
A Re-Examination of the Cost of Capital Benefits from Higher-Quality Disclosures

ABSTRACT: Prior research suggests a negative relation between disclosure and costs of capital, but Francis, Nanda, and Olsson (2008; hereafter FNO) find the relation weakens considerably or disappe...
DSS Success: Measurement and Facilitation

Decision Support Systems (DSS) represent an ever increasing portion of the investment in computer-based systems in organizations. Unlike earlier systems which aimed to replace existing clerical processes with faster, more efficient clerical processes, DSS attempt to extend and expand the capabilities of organizational decision makers. This fundamental difference in purpose between DSS and clerical systems causes our existing notions about system success to be inadequate. This paper explores the issue of DSS success, asking what it is, how it can be measured, and what can be done to facilitate it.
Can managers time the market? Evidence using repurchase price data

Little is known about the price firms pay for stock repurchases. Using a data set of all U.S. repurchases from 2004 to 2011, we compare the actual average price paid monthly in a repurchase with the average market price for the same stock over various horizons. We find that firms repurchase stock at a significantly lower price than the average market price in all sample years. Less frequent repurchasers, firms that repurchase when insiders buy on their own account, and firms that experience low stock returns prior to the repurchase obtain significantly lower prices. After controlling for risk factors, repurchasing firms earn positive returns. Infrequent repurchasers earn a significantly higher return up to three years following the actual repurchase.
Deviance, Aspiration, and the Stories We Tell: Reconciling Mass Atrocity and the Criminal Law

© 2014, Yale Law Journal. All rights reserved. The historian Raul Hilberg once observed that we would all be happier if we believed the perpetrators of the Holocaust were crazy. But mass atrocity is never so simple. We may search in Germany, Bosnia, the Congo, or Rwanda for the madman or the deviant, but often we will find instead an ordinary person, one who commits a crime at the barrel of a gun or who succumbs to the awful indirect coercion that pervades entire communities in the throes of transformative violence. In the ashes of atrocity, criminal courts have been created, but many scholars have come to think that the basic structures of criminal law—built to address willful deviance from society’s norms—are inappropriate for dealing with the complex context of mass atrocity crimes. This Article challenges this critique by making three contributions. First, it presents a novel descriptive account of how courts addressing mass atrocity crimes wrestle with the concept of deviance in criminal responsibility. Second, applying principles of domestic criminal law, the Article proposes a theory of “aspirational expressivism,” which envisions international criminal law as legitimately and positively setting forth aspirations for human behavior, rather than simply drawing a line between normalcy and deviance. Finally, the Article builds on the theory of aspirational expressivism to make the normative claim that courts can be more than forums for condemning the world’s horrors, as their role has been predominantly conceived. Instead, they can be—and should be—sites of storytelling, providing an opportunity for understanding how individuals choose to perpetrate unspeakable crimes, articulating how we hope people will behave in the most demanding of circumstances, and shaping our beliefs about the way we ought to behave under the unflattering light of the way we actually do.
Information Transmission between Financial Markets in Chicago and New York

High-frequency trading has led to widespread efforts to reduce information propagation delays between physically distant exchanges. Using relativistically correct millisecond-resolution tick data, we document a three millisecond decrease in one-way communication time between the Chicago and New York areas that occurred from April 27, 2010 to August 17, 2012. We attribute the first segment of this decline to the introduction of a latency-optimized fiber optic connection in late 2010. A second phase of latency decrease can be attributed to line-of-sight microwave networks, operating primarily in the 6–11 GHz region of the spectrum, licensed during 2011 and 2012. Using publicly available information, we estimate these networks' latencies, costs, and bandwidths.
Creating Social Capital in Russia: The Novgorod Model

Abstract The Novgorod region of Russia displays high levels of economic performance, trust in government, and associational activity—three common indicators of high levels of social capital. This paper traces the high level of social capital in the region to local government's efforts to promote an historical image of Novgorod as a vibrant mercantile democracy, and argues that local government policies have contributed to the rapid development of social capital in the region. The region's success shows that, even in the absence of a national consensus, local governments can do much to establish common social values and priorities for their communities.
Extensive limit of a non-extensive entanglement entropy

An important calculation has been that of the (von Neumann) entanglement entropy of the ground state of 1-dimensional lattice models at criticality and of their massive perturbations. This entropy turned out to be, generally, non-extensive. It was noticed, by contrast, that the Tsallis entropy of such systems can be extensive for a particular value of the non-extensive parameter. This value was expressed as function of the central charge of the underlying conformal field theory. We provide an answer to the question on why for central charge approaching infinity, extensivity of the von Neumann entropy of the ground state is restored.
Affect, Empathy, and Regressive Mispredictions of Others Preferences Under Risk

Making effective decisions under risk often requires making accurate predictions of other peoples decisions under risk. We experimentally assess the accuracy of peoples predictions of others risky choices. In four studies, we find evidence of systematic inaccuracy: predictions of others choices are too regressive. That is, people predict that others choices will be closer to risk neutrality than those choices actually are. Where people are risk seeking, they predict that others will be risk seeking but substantially less so; likewise, where people are risk averse, they predict that others will be risk averse but substantially less so. Put differently, people predict that others choices will reveal a more muted form of prospect theorys fourfold pattern of risk preferences than actually prevails. Two psychological concepts, the notion of risk-as-feelings and of an empathy gap, help account for regressive mispredictions. We explore several debiasing techniques suggested by these notions and also find that self-reported ratings of empathy moderate the magnitude of regressive mispredictions.
State-level tobacco control and adult smoking rate in the United States: an ecological analysis of structural factors.

CONTEXT A variety of population-level tobacco control measures (TCMs) exist, such as excise taxation, smoking restrictions, cessation program funding, counter-advertising, and restrictions on tobacco marketing. Several factors may contribute to often-suboptimal levels of implementation of TCMs at the state level. OBJECTIVE To use the American Lung Association (ALA) grading framework to assess impacts of TCMs and to explore relationships between environmental factors and level of implementation of TCMs as rated by the ALA. DESIGN Secondary data analysis of publicly available data, using linear regression to examine relative effects of state TCMs on adult smoking rates and the extent to which environmental factors influence the strength of each TCM in states. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The 50 US states, excluding territories, districts, and possessions. INTERVENTIONS Cigarette excise taxes, state-level tobacco control expenditures relative to Center for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, smoking restrictions, and support for smoking cessation by state Medicaid programs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Adult smoking rate in each state for 2010; strength of TCMs as measured by the ALA. RESULTS The ALA smokefree score (β = -.045, P = .005) and tax rate per pack (β = -1.205, P = .019) were significant negative predictors of state adult smoking rates in 2010. Percentage of seats in lower houses of state legislatures held by Republicans was significant in predicting tax per pack (β = -.032, P < .001), and ALA smokefree score was negatively influenced by tobacco revenue as a percentage of state gross product (β = -15.663, P = .039), although this effect was not significant in the presence of covariates. State funding both for TCMs and for cessation coverage was also negatively influenced by tobacco-related economic factors. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous literature, taxation and smoking restrictions have the most immediate statewide impacts on smoking rate. Probusiness/antitax politics and tobacco manufacturing affect level of implementation of these and other effective TCMs.