cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effects of salinity change on the free amino acid pools of two nereid polychaetes, Neanthes succinea and Leonereis culveri

Abstract 1. 1. The response of the free amino acid pools of two nereid polychaetes, Neanthes succinea and Laeonereis culveri to both increased and decreased salinities was examined. In both species, glycine and alanine accounted for most of the observed change in the total free amino acid (FAA) pool size. 2. 2. Glutamine values increased under hypo-osmotic conditions suggesting that this amino acid plays a role in nitrogen storage during the reduction in FAAs which occurs with reduced salinity. 3. 3. The salinity response was superimposed on a “laboratory stress” response characterized by a generalized increase in the FAA pool size. The two responses appeared to be additive in nature. 4. 4. Significant differences in the responses of individual amino acids between these two species indicates that interspecific variation exists in the response to salinity change in nereid polychaetes.
Chemical weathering of a soil chronosequence on granitoid alluvium : II. Mineralogic and isotopic constraints on the behavior of strontium

The use of strontium isotopes to evaluate mineral weathering and identify sources of base cations in catchment waters requires an understanding of the behavior of Sr in the soil environment as a function of time. Our approach is to model the temporal evolution of 87Sr/86Sr of the cation exchange pool in a soil chronosequence developed on alluvium derived from central Sierra Nevada granitoids during the past 3 Ma. With increasing soil age, 87Sr/86Sr of ammonium-acetate extractable Sr initially decreases from values typical of K-feldspar to those of plagioclase and hornblende and then remains constant, even though plagioclase and hornblende are absent from the soils after approximately 1 Ma of weathering. The temporal variation of 87Sr/86Sr of exchangeable Sr is modeled by progressively equilibrating Sr derived from mineral weathering and atmospheric deposition with Sr on exchange sites as waters infiltrate a soil column. Observed decreases in quartz-normalized modal abundances of plagioclase, hornblende, and K-feldspar with time, and the distinct87Sr/86Sr values of these minerals can be used to calculate Sr flux from weathering reactions. Hydrobiotites in the soils have nearly constant modal abundances, chemistry, and 87Sr/86Sr over the chronosequence and provide negligible Sr input to weathering solutions. The model requires time and soil horizon-dependent changes in the amount of exchangeable Sr and the efficiency of Sr exchange, as well as a biologic cycling term. The model predicts that exchangeable Sr initially has 87Sr/86Sr identical to that of K-feldspar, and thus could be dominated by Sr leached from K-feldspar following deposition of the alluvium. The maximum value of 87Sr/86Sr observed in dilute stream waters associated with granitoids of the Yosemite region is likewise similar to that of the K-feldspars, suggesting that K-feldspar and not biotite may be the dominant source of radiogenic Sr in the streams. This study reveals that, when attempting to use Strontium isotopes to identify sources of base cations in catchment waters and biomass, both preferential leaching of Sr from minerals during incipient soil development and changing Sr exchange efficiency must be considered along with chemical contributions due to mineral dissolution.
Cutting for stone in augmented bladders-what is the risk of recurrence and is it impacted by treatment modality?

Purpose: Bladder stones are common after bladder augmentation, often resulting in numerous procedures for recurrence. We sought to determine whether surgical technique and stone fragmentation are significant predictors of bladder stone recurrence after bladder augmentation.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 107 patients treated for first bladder stones at our institution. Patient demographics, details of surgeries, stone therapy and recurrence were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used to determine predictors of time to first stone recurrence.Results: Of 107 patients 55.1% were female and 79.4% had neuropathic bladder. Patients underwent augmentation at a median age of 8.0 years (range 2.4 to 22.8) and were followed for a median of 12.4 years (1.8 to 34). Segments used for augmentation included ileum (72.9% of cases), sigmoid (16.8%), cecum/ileocecum (9.4%) and other (ureter, stomach/ileum, 1.8%). Bladder neck procedures were performed in 63.6% of ...
Attitudes and aesthetic reactions toward green roofs in the Northeastern United States

Abstract Green roofs may provide environmental, aesthetic, and social benefits. Their environmental benefits have been the subject of considerable research in the past decade; the aesthetic and social aspects, however, have received less attention. Some authors have questioned the visual appeal of some green roof designs. Nonetheless, little research has examined aesthetic reactions toward green roofs or attitudes concerning them. We conducted visitor surveys at seven green roofs in the Northeastern US to assess visitors’ aesthetic reactions to different types of green roofs, determine general attitudes toward green roofs, and assess values concerning benefits and costs associated with them. Attitudes toward green roofs were positive with higher importance being placed on green roof benefits than costs. Aesthetic reactions were, in general, positive. Aesthetic reactions to roofs dominated by stoloniferous grasses were more negative than to either sedum-dominated or mixed perennial roofs. Principle component analysis showed that negative aesthetic reactions were associated primarily with a perception of messiness. Furthermore, respondents felt that the grass-dominated roofs blended less well with the building and surrounding landscape. Aesthetic reactions were positively correlated with attitudes and importance placed on the benefits of green roofs. Positive visitor reactions to sedum-dominated extensive roofs is a favorable result for the green roof industry as these are the most common type of green roof and this suggests that there is high promotion potential if more of these roofs are designed to be visible from street level.
Individual construct accessibility and perceptual selection

Abstract The immediate environmental context in which social events occur and the current processing goals of the perceiver have been found to be important determinants of attentional focus, person memory, and social judgment. However, individuals may bring their own idiosyncratic perceptual sensitivities to bear on the selection of stimuli for further processing. The present experiment was designed to test whether one's chronically accessible social constructs constitute such a long-term perceptual readiness. The Stroop color-naming paradigm was employed to present trait-related adjectives to subjects who were to name the color in which each word was presented as quickly as possible. Subjects were paired according to the accessibility of their constructs for four different trait dimensions (so that one subject's accessible constructs were the other subject's inaccessible constructs, and vice versa). Analyses of color-naming latencies revealed that it took reliably longer for subjects to name the color of adjectives corresponding to their chronically accessible constructs than of those related to their inaccessible constructs. These results are consistent with a model in which stimulus properties relevant to one's accessible constructs receive preferential treatment in the initial automatic analysis of the environment.
Asphericity in the magnetization distribution of holmium

In a spiral magnetic structure an aspherical magnetic moment distribution around the ions gives rise to a new set of diffraction lines indexed as third-order satellites. Neutron-diffraction measurements have been made on single crystals of holmium and a ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{0.9}$${\mathrm{Sc}}_{0.1}$ alloy to determine the magnetic structures as a function of temperature, and measure the intensities of the third-order satellites. From these intensities the experimental asphericity of the magnetization density is compared to that calculated with a single-ion model. The agreement between theory and experiment is qualitative; the experimental intensities being larger by a factor of \ensuremath{\sim} 1.5. The temperature dependence of the third-order satellite is in good agreement with a simple model proposing exchange splitting of the free-ion multiplet, with a negligible crystal-field interaction.
High-Speed Rotating-Drum X-Ray Beam Choppers for Line-Scan Dual-Energy Medical Imaging

Two 30 cm diameter steel drums with four facets rotating at 1800 RPM have produced high-quality digital-subtraction radiographs by alternately blocking and transmitting dual-energy synchrotron X-ray beams. An eight times faster system with 16.5 cm diameter tenfaceted tin-plated aluminum drums rotating at 5760 RPM is presently under construction.
Peak discharge estimates of glacial-lake outburst floods and “normal” climatic floods in the Mount Everest region, Nepal

Abstract Glacial-lake outburst floods (GLOFs) in the Mount Everest region of Nepal on 3 September 1977 and 4 August 1985 dramatically modified channels and valleys in the region by eroding, transporting, and depositing large quantities of sediment for tens of kilometers along their flood routes. Prior to this research, the GLOF discharges had not been determined and the hydrology of “normal” climatic floods (SHFFs: seasonal high flow floods) was not known. A one-dimensional step-backwater flow model was utilized, in conjunction with paleostage indicators, to estimate the peak discharges of the GLOFs and SHFFs and to reconstruct the hydrology and hydraulic conditions of the GLOFs at 10 reaches and SHFFs at 18 reaches. The most reliable GLOF and SHFF peak discharge estimates were upstream from constrictions where there was critical-depth control. The peak discharge of the 1977 GLOF at 8.6 km from the breached moraine was approximately 1900 m3/s. At 7.1 km downstream from the breached moraine, the 1985 GLOF discharge was estimated at 2350 m3/s. At 27 km downstream from the breached moraine, the 1985 GLOF attenuated to an estimated discharge of 1375 m3/s. The peak discharges of SHFFs ranged from 7 to 205 m3/s and were positively correlated with increasing drainage area. The GLOF discharges were 7 to 60 times greater than the SHFF discharges with the greatest ratios occurring near the breached moraines. The downstream decline in the ratio between the GLOF discharge and SHFF discharge is the result of the downstream attenuation of the GLOF and the increased discharge of the SHFF because of increased contributing drainage area and the increased effects of monsoonal precipitation at lower elevations.
Adaptive target recognition

This paper presents an ATR design paradigm that self configures and adapts to the diverse scenarios encountered during a mission. Today's ATR is constructed via inefficient and sub-optimal system configuration and training, whose process is very labor intensive, subjective and inaccurate. The resulting ATR is only capable of a limited amount of adaptation to changes in the environment. Moreover, the operation of such ATR systems require a user with expert algorithmic knowledge. Addressing the above-mentioned problems, the Honeywell effort is producing a self-adaptive ATR system. The system employs a Genetic Algorithm to autonomously and optimally perform configuration and training; the system also includes a specific knowledge capture mechanism, the Context Capture tool, which ties the context of the mission with an optimal configuration. Lastly, the system employs Case Based Reasoning to dynamically configure and control the ATR system based on the changing context during an ATR mission.
Pachytene Morphology of the Chromosome Complement in Cornus florida ‘Sweetwater’

Morphology of the pachytene chromosomes was studied in Cornus Florida L. Of the 11 pairs of chromosomes, seven were morphologically identified. The major features by which the chromosomes were distinguished are chromosome length, arm length, position of the centromere and distributional pattern of the heterochromatic chromomeres. Identification of the remaining four chromosomes was difficult, due to their similar length and lack of differential morphological markers. A general feature of the genome is an abundance of heterochromatic material which is distributed mainly around the centromere and the distal portion of the short arm. The genome is karyotypically asymmetric. Two pairs of chromosomes participate in the organization of a single nucleolus. In addition, a small nucleoluslike body associated with an interstitial segment of a bivalent was observed in most pachytene cells.
High-Volume Diffusion Denuder Sampler for the Routine Monitoring of Fine Particulate Matter: I. Design and Optimization of the PC-BOSS

Fine particulate mass will frequently be significantly underestimated in urban environments using current EPA federal reference method (FRM) single filter samplers because of loss of semivolatile organic material and nitrate from the particles during sampling. Previously described diffusion denuder samplers, such as the Brigham Young University organic sampling system (BOSS) and BIG BOSS, eliminate both positive and negative sampling artifacts by removing the gas-phase material before fine particulate mass is collected on a quartz filter and a sequential sorbent filter or bed. However, these samplers are not amenable to routine field use because they require multiple systems to accurately account for the efficiency of the denuder for each sample. The denuder efficiency is substantially improved by combining a conventional 2.5 w m cutpoint inlet and a low cutpoint virtual impactor particle concentrator to provide concentrated fine particles (0.1-2.5 w m) to a BOSS diffusion denuder sampling system (PC-BOSS...
The Relationship Between Political Parties and Interest Groups: Explaining Patterns of PAC Contributions to Candidates for Congress:

Interest groups are policy maximizers, while political parties are focused on maximizing the number of seats they win in Congress. These competing goals have important implications for the relation...
Gastrointestinal complications following transplantation

Gastrointestinal complications are common after kidney, liver, pancreas, heart, and lung transplantation. Complications can include gastrointestinal conditions preceding the transplantation, viral, fungal, and bacterial gastrointestinal infections, and gastrointestinal side effects of medications including immunosuppressive agents. Establishing the etiology of gastrointestinal complaints is often difficult because any one or a combination of these factors might be contributory in the same patient.
Animals and humans in early Buddhism

Les domaines d'application de la relation etre humain-animal : le passage d'une condition a l'autre sous l'effet du karma, les attitudes a l'egard de la vie animale : protection, sacrifice, consommation de nourriture carnee
Fractionally differenced models for water quality time series

This paper deals with the selection and evaluation of statistical techniques for use in the modeling and forecasting of water quality time series. The focus is on statistical concepts relevant to the analysis of flows and concentrations. A selection of time series procedures has been used for auditing water quality archival data, including the screening of data sets, correlation and spectrum calculations, and iterative model fitting. A summary is provided of experience with analyzing archival data on the Niagara River and the use of a fractionally differenced model.
Reply to Geertz and van de Walle

Famine control, better hygiene, and fewer wars, referred to by Clifford Geertz (1973) and Etienne van de Walle (1973) in their comments on my article "Demand for Labor and Population Growth in Colonial Java" (White, 1973), are undoubtedly conducive to population growth, but they seem inadequate as explanations of Java's population growth if the Javanese, like most other peoples of the world, have had always at their disposal various methods (both technical and social) of counteracting their influence. It therefore seemed important to ask why none of these alternatives were adopted and to examine the possibility that although population growth contributed to the impoverishment of successive generations of Javanese, the production of large numbers of children might have remained an economic imperative for successive generations of Javanese parents; for it is parents, after all, who make fertility decisions if any such decisions are made. In examining this possibility, I was criticized by Geertz for brushing aside the increasingly, complex interrelationships of the evolving, or stagnating, Javanese ecosystem in my blind and apparently unsuccessful search for the holy grail of Coontz' "demand for labor." Far from denying the importance of such interrelationships (and I apologize for major omissions in my attempt to summarize others' descriptions of them), I tried to follow the not uncommon ecological practice of examining the effects of the evolution of the total system on a single variable within that system, namely, the demand for children as potential laborers at the level of the family. I postulated that the removal of land, labor, or produce from the subsistence sector made it necessary for the Javanese to increase production on the remaining land despite the loss of adult labor; the response was the spread of irrigation (aided by the Dutch), the adoption of more labor-intensive methods, and the emergence of a high level of dry-season palawidja production. Both van
A general strategy for differential forensic analysis

The dramatic growth of storage capacity and network bandwidth is making it increasingly difficult for forensic examiners to report what is present on a piece of subject media. Instead, analysts are focusing on what characteristics of the media have changed between two snapshots in time. To date different algorithms have been implemented for performing differential analysis of computer media, memory, digital documents, network traces, and other kinds of digital evidence. This paper presents an abstract differencing strategy and applies it to all of these problem domains. Use of an abstract strategy allows the lessons gleaned in one problem domain to be directly applied to others. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Chronic exposure to inhaled anesthetics increases cholesterol content in Acholeplasma laidlawii

Abstract Acholeplasma laidlawii cells were grown in cholesterol-enriched medium and exposed continuously to either air (control), 4.0 vol.% halothane in air at 1 atm pressure (4% atm halothane), or 80% cyclopropane in oxygen for 24 h at 37°C. Cells grown in the presence of 4% atm halothane or 80% cyclopropane had approximately twice as much membrane cholesterol content/mg protein as the control cells. Cells grown in an anesthetic environment also tended to have a higher membrane cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratio compared to control cells. Membranes isolated from halothane-exposed cells grown in a cholesterol-enriched medium were more ordered at 37°C (measurements were made with no anesthetic present) than membranes from control cells grown in an identically enriched medium. This difference in membrane physical state between control and anesthetic-exposed cells decreased as the temperature decreased, and disappeared at approx. 23°C. Continuous exposure of A. laidlawii to 4% atm halothane or 80% cyclopropane for 24 h did not markedly affect membrane fatty acid composition, either in cells grown on an unsupplemented medium or in cells grown in a medium enriched in myristic, palmitic or stearic acids. These results further support the hypothesis that an increased membrane cholesterol content may play a role in the tolerance or dependence that develops after chronic exposure to anesthetic agents.
Role of sex in the treatment and clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

ABSTRACTObjective:To examine sex differences in medical therapy and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Methods:We performed a cross-sectional analysis of children with Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) using data from the ImproveCareNow Network
Soil moisture variation and dynamics across a wildfire burn boundary in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) forest

Summary A year after the most destructive wildfire in Texas (USA) history which occurred in and around Bastrop State Park, we established a 165 m-long study transect, bridging burned and unburned areas, to study post-wildfire soil moisture dynamics. Soil moisture content (θ) was monitored indirectly approximately monthly for half a year using a variety of methods with different measurement scales including: 2D electrical resistivity (ER) imaging and surface and vertical profiles using probes which measure soil dielectric properties. The burned section, where the majority of loblolly pine trees were killed, had higher θ and lower ER whereas the unburned end which is still populated by live pine trees had lower θ and higher ER. This pattern persisted from the ground surface and down to ∼2 m and through the study period even after a rainfall event which made the whole transect generally wetter but with the burned end showing a much stronger wetting response to the storm. The differences in θ cannot be explained by differences in soil texture with the burned end with sand soil and the unburned end with less permeable loamy sand. The differing results may be explained by loss of canopy cover and by reduced transpiration at the burned end where the dead roots may also potentially serve as macropores. Thus, after fires and until new vegetation cover has grown, the burned areas will store and transmit more water which could lead to increased groundwater recharge and promote the recovery or invasion of certain types of vegetation.
Queuing of side-street traffic at a priority type vehicle-actuated signal

THE QUEUING OF SIDE-STREET TRAFFIC AT A PRIORITY TYPE VEHICLE-ACTUATED SIGNAL IS STUDIED. IT IS ASSUMED THAT A MINIMUM RED PERIOD MUST ELAPSE BETWEEN SIDE-STREET GREEN PERIODS. A DISCRETE TIME MODEL IS FORMULATED, AND THE STEADY-STATE DISTRIBUTION AND MEAN VALUE OF THE QUEUE LENGTH AT THE END OF THE CYCLE AND THE STEADY-STATE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SIDE-STREET RED PERIOD LENGTH ARE FOUND. SOME NUMERICAL RESULTS ARE ALSO PRESENTED. /TR/
The common forces: conservative or nonconservative?

Of the forces commonly encountered when solving problems in Newtonian mechanics, introductory texts usually limit illustrations of the definitions of conservative and nonconservative forces to gravity, spring forces, kinetic friction and fluid resistance. However, at the expense of very little class time, the question of whether each of the common forces is conservative or nonconservative can be settled once and for all. I provide here brief arguments for classroom use that establish the conservative or nonconservative nature of each force commonly encountered in mechanics problems, including forces whose conservative or nonconservative natures are seldom or never addressed by textbooks.
Reversal of hypoglossal dominance in canaries following unilateral syringeal denervation

The song of intact male canaries develops under the almost exclusive control of the left hypoglossus and left syringeal half. Section of the left hypoglossus or of its tracheosyringealis branch induces the right hypoglossus to assume a dominant control over vocal behavior. When this operation is done during the first two weeks after hatching the ensuing song is under sole right hypoglossal control; if done during the third and fourth week after hatching song develops under shared right-left hypoglossal control. In either case the quality of song is close to that of intact birds of comparable age. If the left hypoglossal innervation to the syrinx is cut when song development is already well under way (plastic song) or after stable adult song has been acquired, then the quality of song developed is markedly poorer than that of controls. From these observations we may conclude that: 1) Left or right hypoglossal dominance are not necessary for the production of normal canary song. 2) Soon after hatching either hypoglossus has the potential to assume a dominant role in song development. 3) The ability of the right hypoglossus to develop normal song decreases as birds master song under dominant left hypoglossal control. It is suggested that hypoglossal dominance and dominance reversal may provide convenient material to study neuronal changes related to the learning of new motor tasks.
What Are We Doing to Our Patients and Should We Care If Anyone Else Knows

Three major issues engendered by Clement's model are discussed in this commentary. These include (a) the importance of using such models for self-evaluation of one's practice, (b) the inevitable negative consequences that can arise from a continuation of the civil war between researchers and practitioners, and (c) the importance of focusing on strategies geared to facilitate one's clinical judgment.
An adenylyl cyclase that functions during late development of Dictyostelium

A variety of extracellular signals lead to the accumulation of cAMP which can act as a second message within cells by activating protein kinase A (PKA). Expression of many of the essential developmental genes in Dictyostelium discoideum are known to depend on PKA activity. Cells in which the receptor-coupled adenylyl cyclase gene, acaA, is genetically inactivated grow well but are unable to develop. Surprisingly, acaA(-) mutant cells can be rescued by developing them in mixtures with wild-type cells, suggesting that another adenylyl cyclase is present in developing cells that can provide the internal cAMP necessary to activate PKA. However, the only other known adenylyl cyclase gene in Dictyostelium, acgA, is only expressed during germination of spores and plays no role in the formation of fruiting bodies. By screening morphological mutants generated by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration (REMI) we discovered a novel adenylyl cyclase gene, acrA, that is expressed at low levels in growing cells and at more than 25-fold higher levels during development. Growth and development up to the slug stage are unaffected in acrA(-) mutant strains but the cells make almost no viable spores and produce unnaturally long stalks. Adenylyl cyclase activity increases during aggregation, plateaus during the slug stage and then increases considerably during terminal differentiation. The increase in activity following aggregation fails to occur in acrA(-) cells. As long as ACA is fully active, ACR is not required until culmination but then plays a critical role in sporulation and construction of the stalk.
Genetics of virulence in Cochliobolus sativus and resistance in barley

ABSTRACT Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is one of the most common foliar diseases of barley in the upper midwest region of the United States. To examine the genetics of host-specific virulence in C. sativus, a cross was made between isolate ND90Pr (which exhibits high virulence on barley genotype Bowman and low virulence on genotype ND 5883) and ND93-1 (which exhibits low virulence on both genotypes). Ascospore progeny segregated 48:55 for low virulence/high virulence on Bowman, indicating the presence of a single virulence gene in isolate ND90Pr. To complement the study of host-specific virulence in the pathogen, an experiment also was conducted on the genetics of specific resistance in the host. Progeny from a Bowman/ND 5883 cross were evaluated for their infection responses (IRs) to isolate ND90Pr at the seedling stage. The F2 population segregated 1:3 for low IRs (resistant)/high IRs (susceptible), indicating the presence of a single resistance gene in genotype ND 5883. This result was c...
Fungal dimorphism regulated gene expression in Ustilago maydis: I. Filament up-regulated genes

SUMMARY Ustilago maydis displays dimorphic growth alternating between a budding haploid form and a filamentous dikaryon resulting from mating of two haploid cells. This morphological switch plays a critical role in pathogenicity because only the filamentous dikaryon can infect corn plants. Previously, we identified a role for the cAMP signal transduction pathway in dimorphism and pathogenicity. The repression of a subset of genes in filamentous cells may be critical for programming virulence. To identify these filament down-regulated genes and to understand better the role of wild-type budding cells in the life and disease cycle of U. maydis in nature, we used suppression subtractive hybridization. We arrayed a library of approximately 5500 cDNA clones and showed by reverse Northern blot analysis that most, as expected, are down-regulated during filamentous growth. By an iterative sequencing and hybridization process to eliminate previously determined sequences, we showed that > 88% of the clones detected as differential in the reverse Northern blot screening harbour sequences corresponding to 48 different genes. Differential expression was confirmed for 37 of these genes by Northern blot analysis. For eight of these confirmed differential genes, expression could only be detected in budding cells. For genes expressed in both growth forms, levels of differential expression varied from as much as 65-fold to only two-fold higher levels in budding cells. Twenty-seven of the 37 genes confirmed to be differential had similarity to database sequences, and fell into several putative functional categories. In future studies we will produce deletion mutants in several highly differentially expressed genes to study their roles in morphogenesis and pathogenesis.
Compared With Dietary Monounsaturated and Saturated Fat, Polyunsaturated Fat Protects African Green Monkeys From Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis

Atherogenic diets enriched in saturated, n-6 polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids were fed to African green monkeys for 5 years to define effects on plasma lipoproteins and coronary artery atherosclerosis. The monkeys fed polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat had similar plasma concentrations of LDL cholesterol, and these values were significantly lower than for LDL in the animals fed saturated fat. Plasma HDL cholesterol concentrations were comparable in animals fed saturated and monounsaturated fat and were significantly higher than in animals fed polyunsaturated fat. Thus, the monounsaturated fat group had the lowest LDL/HDL ratio. LDL particle size was largest in the saturated and monounsaturated fat groups, significantly larger than in the polyunsaturated fat group. LDL particle enrichment with cholesteryl oleate was the greatest in the animals fed monounsaturated fat, next greatest in the saturated fat-fed animals, and was least in the polyunsaturated fat-fed animals. Coronary artery atherosclerosis as measured by intimal area was less in the polyunsaturated fat compared with the saturated fat groups, was less in the animals fed polyunsaturated fat compared with the monounsaturated fat-fed animals, but did not differ between the monounsaturated and saturated fat groups. Cholesteryl ester, particularly cholesteryl oleate, accumulation in the coronary arteries was also similar between groups fed monounsaturated and saturated fat but was minimal in the animals fed polyunsaturated fat. In sum, the monkeys fed monounsaturated fat developed equivalent amounts of coronary artery atherosclerosis as those fed saturated fat, but monkeys fed polyunsaturated fat developed less. The beneficial effects of the lower LDL and higher HDL in the animals fed monounsaturated fat apparently were offset by the atherogenic shifts in LDL particle composition. Dietary polyunsaturated fat appears to result in the least amount of coronary artery atherosclerosis because it prevents cholesteryl oleate accumulation in LDL and the coronary arteries in these primates.
Magnesium chloride supported high mileage catalysts for olefin polymerization. XX. Solid state NMR

Magic-angle spinning cross polarization solid state NMR spectra and relaxation data have been obtained for the MgCl2/ethyl benzoate (EB)/p-cresol (PC)/AlEt3 (TEA)/TiCl4 catalyst (CW) system following each stage of preparation. The change of chemical shifts of certain carbons in EB and their extremely short TH1 suggest strong complexation of EB with MgCl2 and that the EB is in a rigid physical state. The broad linewidths indicate dispersity in binding sites giving a range of chemical shifts. PC also forms a rigid complex with MgCl2 and has the effect of rendering the bound EB less rigid. Reaction between PC and TEA produces EtnAl (OC6H4Me)3-n species. The ethyl carbons cannot be observed by cross polarization or by a simple π/2 carbon polarization. Treatment with TiCl4 removes most but not all of the PC moieties by extraction and conversion of the aluminum compounds to AlCl3. The 13C-NMR of EB in the catalyst have chemical shifts like in MgCl2/EB.
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy of jet-cooled 1-pyrenecarboxyaldehyde (C17H10O) and 1-methylpyrene (C17H12) cations

To study the correlation between pyrene-like species and the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), we have investigated the electronic transitions of 1-pyrenecarboxaldehyde + and 1-methylpyrene + , which were prepared with a pulsed discharge slit nozzle and detected by cavity ring-down spectroscopy. Several vibronic bands were observed near the k4428 DIB is detected. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed to aid the assignment of these bands. It is found that none of the observed bands correlate with the k4428 DIB. The effect of side groups on the vibronic spectrum of pyrene + is discussed.
Histaminergic Involvement in ThyrotropinReleasing Hormone Stimulation of Antral Tissue in the Rat

The mechanism of action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on antral motility was investigated in vitro. With the recent detection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in gastrointestinal tissue, the possibility exists that the peptide may play a physiologic role in gastrointestinal motility. Results indicate that the hormone stimulates antral motility through a noncholinergic excitatory pathway based on the inability of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, to block the response. A histaminergic pathway is an attractive possibility to explain the excitatory response, because both pyrilamine and cimetidine inhibit the thyrotropin-releasing hormone induced response and the peptide has no further influence on antral motility after the tissue is exposed to a supramaximal concentration of histamine.
Use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aquaculture raceway design to increase settling effectiveness

Abstract A computational fluid dynamics model was used to evaluate the impact of potential raceway design modifications on the in-raceway settling of solids. Settling effectiveness was evaluated on the basis of the percentage of solids removed by settling relative to the mass of solids introduced into the raceway, with solids settling primarily in the quiescent zone (QZ). The design modifications were applied to a simulated standard raceway (SSR). The SSR was a rectangular concrete raceway 30.2 m long, 3.0 m wide, 0.9 m deep, with a slope of 0.01. The raceway included a QZ of approximately 5.0 m (length), which was separated from the rearing area by a screen. The flow rate was 0.058 m3/s. For simulation purposes, six groups of particles were used to account for the total suspended solids (TSS). The representative particle sizes were 692, 532, 350, 204, 61, and 35 μm, for Groups 1–6, respectively. The smallest particles (Groups 5 and 6) are the most difficult to settle because of their low settling velocity. After analyzing the velocity profiles obtained from the SSR and considering various design constraints, several raceway design alternatives were simulated. Among the alternatives tested, six designs were chosen based on their PSR values. The main feature in all the modifications presented is the addition of a baffle before the QZ or at the entrance of the QZ replacing the screen. The main purpose of adding these baffles was to increase the velocities under the baffle, which causes an increase in the accumulation of the solids after the baffle (in the QZ). According to the simulations, the highest PSR was obtained with the combination of a baffle and a screen under the baffle. The overall improvement of PSR with respect to the original system was small, with the most noticeable increases taking place for the smaller groups of particles, from 83 to 84%, 3 to 14%, and 1 to 5% for Groups 4–6, respectively. Further studies should include the evaluation of some of these alternatives in real raceways and the comparison of simulated and experimental PSR results.
Minimal access keyhole surgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy

A keyhole surgical approach for the treatment of medically intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is described. Additionally, patients who had keyhole surgery are contrasted with individuals who underwent a non-keyhole approach for outcome parameters of seizure freedom, complications, and speed of recovery. Patients who had a keyhole approach for temporal lobe epilepsy with over 2 years follow-up were compared with all patients who had selective amygdalohippocampectomy performed in a non-keyhole fashion over the same time period. Rates of seizure freedom were comparable in the 17 patients with keyhole surgery and the 34 individuals who had a non-keyhole approach. However, patients treated with keyhole surgery were discharged from the hospital earlier than non-keyhole patients (p = 0.04), and with a shorter operative time (p = 0.0001). The restricted keyhole surgical exposure has not limited the ability to perform surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy with favorable results on reducing the seizure tendency, and patients may be benefited by a minimal access technique with a more rapid recovery from surgery.
Effects of Hispanic Ethnic Identification on Marital Roles in the Purchase Decision Process

The research reported in this article investigated the relationship between Hispanic ethnic identification and marital roles as couples proceed through the purchase decision process. Significant differences were found among the Hispanic ethnic identification groups in most of the decision stages for a variety of product categories, even after the effects of social class and length of marriage were removed. The findings of this study revealed a significant positive relationship between ethnic identification and husband dominance in decision making. However, because ethnic identification and product class interact with role specialization and relative influence in decision making, generalizations cannot be made about Hispanic marital roles in the decision-making process. Furthermore, the effect of ethnic identification on marital roles in decision making interacts with the phase of the purchase decision process.
Social Status, Social Stress and Fat Distribution in Primates

The relationship between the stress associated with low social status and disease susceptibility is apparent in human and non-human primates. In human beings, low socioeconomic status is associated with increased mortality from all causes, increased coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality, increased rates of depression, the prevalence of themetabolic syndrome, and central obesity (1). We have studied these relationships in female cynomolgus monkeys for many years. Like human beings, low social status (subordinate) female monkeys are more susceptible than their dominant counterparts to a number of pathological processes that result in disease, including depression and coronary artery atherosclerosis. This chapter will focus on the relationship between social status, fat distribution patterns, and two disease endpoints in adult female cynomolgus monkeys, coronary heart disease risk and depression.
Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema.

Brain myo-inositol, an organic osmolyte, is decreased in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy but appears unchanged in fulminant hepatic failure. An osmoregulatory response to the increase in brain glutamine may explain the decrease in brain myo-inositol; if this is the case, organic osmolytes may account for differences in the development of brain edema seen in acute or chronic liver failure. The response of myo-inositol and nine other organic osmolytes to the increase in brain glutamine at different time intervals after portacaval anastomosis (PCA) in the rat was studied. Organic osmolytes were measured in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. Water in cerebral cortex was measured after ammonia infusion with the gravimetric method. Six weeks after PCA, despite an increase in brain glutamine (PCA, 16.4 +/- 2 mmol.kg wt-1.kg wt-1; sham, 5 +/- 1 mmol.L-1.kg wt-1), the content of total organic osmolytes did not increase (PCA, 44.1 +/- 3; sham, 43 +/- 4) because of a decrease of other osmolytes (myo-inositol, 54%; urea, 39%; taurine, 33%; and glutamate, 8%). Brain myo-inositol was lower at 3 weeks (3.4 +/- 0.5 kg wt-1) than at 1 day after PCA (4.7 +/- 0.5 kg wt-1). An ammonia infusion resulted in brain edema at both time points. In conclusion, the reduction in brain myo-inositol in PCA rats is accompanied by the decrease of other organic osmolytes, supporting the view that changes in myo-inositol reflect an osmoregulatory response. The decrease in brain myo-inositol is more marked as time elapses after PCA. In a model in which short-term and large doses of ammonia were infused, the decrease in brain myo-inositol did not prevent the development of brain swelling. Understanding brain osmoregulatory mechanisms may provide new insights into hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in fulminant hepatic failure.
Linking volitional preferences for emotional information to social difficulties: A game approach using the microsoft kinect

Emotional intelligence has been positively associated with social competence. In addition, attentional responses to emotional information have been associated with psychological characteristics related to mental health. In this study, we used the Microsoft Kinect platform as a tool to examine relationships between responses to emotional information in a gameplay environment and psychological factors. 45 typically developing individuals participated in the study, which involved 1) the Kinect game, requiring participants to engage in unprompted volitional whole-body responses to emotional stimuli, and 2) psychosocial assessments such as the Broader Autism Phenotype Questionnaire (BAPQ) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Principal component analysis revealed patterns of gameplay that were associated with psychological characteristics of individuals. Preference for emotional content in general was associated with fewer social difficulties. The present work offers preliminary support for utilizing Kinect video games to understand emotion orienting and social capabilities, and shows that implicit patterns of preference identified during gameplay may relate to psychological and psychiatric phenomena. While the issues are complex and further research is needed, this work may inform the development of novel approaches to diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
On the Separation of Singularities in the Numerical Solution of Integral Equations of the Potential Theory

We propose new procedures for the separation of singularities in the kernel and in the potential density for weakly singular Fredholm integral equations for the simple-layer potential in the case where the boundary surface has edges, ribs, and corner points. These procedures are based on the projection methods for the solution of these equations and finite-element approximations of the required potential density.
The Unilateral Undermining of Conventional International Trade Law via Section 301

Perhaps no other trade statute has caused as much debate and controversy as Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. Section 301 authorizes the President to retaliate for an 'unfair' trade practice even if it has not been shown to violate any international agreement, even if no authorization for sanctions has been given by the WTO . . . and perhaps if the retaliation itself may violate U.S. international obligations. Recent threats by U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) Charlene Barshefsky to apply unilateral sanctions against the European Union in the Bananas Case have prompted questions and confusion whether Section 301 is compatible - from an international trade law standpoint - with World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement rules. This article argues that Section 301 violates international conventional law as reflected in the WTO dispute resolution mechanism. Part I discusses the WTO dispute resolution mechanism. In particular, this part discusses obligations imposed on WTO members to adhere to dispute resolution procedures and refrain from unilateral determinations of WTO violations. Part II describes the main provisions of Section 301 and provides examples of cases where sanctions were applied. Part III explains both how Section 301 breaches international conventional law as embodied in the WTO agreements, and how Section 301 leads to distortions in international trade among businesses and relations among governments. Finally, the article concludes that the U.S. should refrain from using Section 301 and Congress should amend Section 301 to reflect U.S. international legal obligations assumed under the WTO dispute resolution.
Substitution for copper in YBa2Cu3Oy: The first 3%

A systematic study of published data on the effects of substitution of transition and nontransition metal ions for copper in YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub y/ suggests that: (a) limiting behavior can be deduced for its effect on both the critical temperature T/sub c/ and the spontaneous strain (SS) from studies on closed-shell dopants (Ga/Al,Zn); (b) the cross correlation between initial values (0%--3%) for dT/sub c//d(%M) and d(SS)/d(%M) provides the definitive discrimination between preferential occupation of the Cu(1) and Cu(2) sites; and, (c) selective doping applies to open shell (Fe/sup 3+/, Co/sup 3+/ in the Cu(1) site and Ni/sup 2+/ in the Cu(2) site) ions as well as closed-shell (Ga/sup 3+/ and Al/sup 3+/ in the Cu(1) site and Zn/sup 2+/ in the Cu(2) site) ions. It can be further suggested that charge selectivity may well be at the root of the site selectivity expressed in these chemically complex materials.
Regarding Ends: What Economists Have to Say

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the argument that economists have nothing to say about ends is false. While it is true that economists must refrain from making normative judgments about ends, economists do have much to say about them. I argue that in order for economists to properly take an end as "given," we must insist that the end satisfy three criteria, namely, that it is completely identified, internally consistent, and references a scale of value. I then apply these criteria to Amartya Sen's book Development As Freedom in order to illustrate where Sen's work falls short and to demonstrate the pertinence of the criteria.
Healing Times of Diabetic Ulcers in the Presence of Fixed Deformities of the Foot Using Total Contact Casting

In a diabetic foot, ulcers can lead directly to the loss of a limb, and they may be life threatening if the patient is not provided effective intervention directed at healing. This study reports on...
Cereal Leaf Beetle Pupation Under Controlled Temperatures and Relative Humidities

Cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), prepupae, pupae, and adults in pupal cases were subjected to regimes of 4 temperatures and 5 relative humidities to determine mortality at each developmental stage. Temperatures ranged from 26.7 to 35.0°C and relative humidities from 13 to 71%. Mortality was greatest at the higher temperatures and lower relative humidities. These findings suggest that high soil temperatures with low soil moisture might limit cereal leaf beetle survival in the warm, dry Great Plains states.