cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal patterns of genetic variation in a salmon population undergoing rapid change in migration timing

Though genetic diversity is necessary for population persistence in rapidly changing environments, little is known about how climate-warming influences patterns of intra-population genetic variation. For a pink salmon population experiencing increasing temperatures, we used temporal genetic data (microsatellite = 1993, 2001, 2009; allozyme = 1979, 1981, 1983) to quantify the genetic effective population size (Ne) and genetic divergence due to differences in migration timing and to estimate whether these quantities have changed over time. We predicted that temporal trends toward earlier migration timing and a corresponding loss of phenotypic variation would decrease genetic divergence based on migration timing and Ne. We observed significant genetic divergence based on migration timing and genetic heterogeneity between early- and late-migrating fish. There was also some evidence for divergent selection between early- and late-migrating fish at circadian rhythm genes, but results varied over time. Estimates of Ne from multiple methods were large (>1200) and Ne/Nc generally exceeded 0.2. Despite shifts in migration timing and loss of phenotypic variation, there was no evidence for changes in within-population genetic divergence or Ne over the course of this study. These results suggest that in instances of population stability, genetic diversity may be resistant to climate-induced changes in migration timing.
Heat shock protein Hsp72 plays an essential role in Her2-induced mammary tumorigenesis

The major heat shock protein Hsp72 is expressed at elevated levels in many human cancers and its expression correlates with tumor progression. Here, we investigated the role of Hsp72 in Her2 oncogene-induced neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis. Expression of Her2 in untransformed MCF10A mammary epithelial cells caused transformation, as judged by foci formation in culture and tumorigenesis in xenografts. However, expression of Her2 in Hsp72-depleted cells failed to induce transformation. The anti-tumorigenic effects of Hsp72 downregulation were associated with cellular senescence because of accumulation of p21 and depletion of survivin. Accordingly, either knockdown of p21 or expression of survivin reversed this senescence process. Further, we developed an animal model of Hsp72-dependent breast cancer associated with expression of Her2. Knockout (KO) of Hsp72 almost completely suppressed tumorigenesis in the MMTVneu breast cancer mouse model. In young Hsp72 KO mice, expression of Her2 instead of mammary tissue hyperplasia led to suppression of duct development and blocked alveolar budding. These effects were due to massive cell senescence in mammary tissue, which was associated with upregulation of p21 and downregulation of survivin. Therefore, Hsp72 has an essential role in Her2-induced tumorigenesis by regulating oncogene-induced senescence pathways.
Planned Change: Prospects for the 1980s

The objective of this paper is to suggest some directions in the 1980s for the development of the theory and practice of planned change. The author makes two basic assumptions in approaching this objective. First, the two fields most widely associated with planned change, organization development and planning, are increasingly addressing similar or related problems and, as a result, offer significant opportunities to contribute to the development of the other. Second, we will not learn very much about directions for the field of planned change if discussion proceeds without consideration of the kinds of concrete problems we will likely face in the 1980s. The opportunities suggested in the first assumption will become clear by presenting some illustrative problems to be faced in the 1980s. The illustrative problems presented are highly interdependent. Organizations which attempt to solve these problems will find that many of their goals compete with or facilitate the goals of other organizations. Such problems and organizational consequences cannot be readily dealt with through central, comprehensive planning. An alternative is to create forums within and between organizations which include representation from all parties with an affected interest in the problems at issue. Action research is proposed as a problem-solving mode appropriate to such forums. It is a mode of problem-solving which searches for common values underlying different interests and encourages commitment to solving jointly defined problems.
The Cognitive Developmental Approach and the Practicing Counselor: An Opportunity for Counselors to Rethink Their Roles.

At the present time, psychologists who describe the stages of human growth concur on the importance of cognitive elements, although they also recognize the affective and social components of development. Kohlberg's thinking was influenced by the work of Dewey and Piaget, and has been confirmed by his longitudinal study of 50 Chicago boys and by numerous other researches throughout the world. In his conception, discussions of moral problems (dilemmas) are the basis for moral growth. Through them the less mature become aware of the perspectives of those who have reached a higher level of moral judgment. These ideas and practices have been applied with young people in The Cluster School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where the ideas of justice for all and fairness have become the real themes of the school. The authors' challenge to counselors as consultants and facilitators is one of becoming deliberately involved in the value and moral growth of students. Allen E. Ivey reacts to this article by urging a value-centered advocacy model for counselors.
ROLE OF FDG-PET IN THE DEFINITION OF INVOLVED-FIELD RADIATION THERAPY AND MANAGEMENT FOR PEDIATRIC HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA

Purpose To evaluate positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) influences in involved-field radiation therapy (IFRT) field design in pediatric Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Materials and Methods From June 2003 to February 2008, 30 pediatric HL patients were treated at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) and Emory University Department of Radiation Oncology with both chemotherapy and IFRT. Diagnostic contrast-enhanced CT and PET-CT were coregistered using image fusion software. Both were reviewed for all potential sites of involvement and correlated to determine concordance and discordance. They were used in IFRT planning to determine the influence of PET-CT on target volumes and field design. Results There were 546 regions analyzed by both PET and CT modalities. Image sets were concordant in 468 regions and discordant in 78, yielding 86% concordance overall. Analysis by weighted κ statistic showed “intermediate to good” fit overall and for nodal sites, but “poor” agreement for extranodal sites. If discordant, a site was most likely PET+/CT–. Integration of PET information caused a change in staging in 15 (50%) patients, 7 upstaged and 8 downstaged. The IFRT volumes were adjusted on the basis of initial PET-CT finding in 21 (70%) patients, with 32 sites added and 15 excluded. There were four relapses, only one outside IFRT fields, but all were successfully salvaged. Conclusion PET-CT represents an important tool in the management of pediatric patients with HL and has a substantial influence on both initial staging and radiation treatment target definition and field design.
Compartmentalization of Gene Expression during Bacillus subtilis Spore Formation

Gene expression in members of the family Bacillaceae becomes compartmentalized after the distinctive, asymmetrically located sporulation division. It involves complete compartmentalization of the activities of sporulation-specific sigma factors, sigma(F) in the prespore and then sigma(E) in the mother cell, and then later, following engulfment, sigma(G) in the prespore and then sigma(K) in the mother cell. The coupling of the activation of sigma(F) to septation and sigma(G) to engulfment is clear; the mechanisms are not. The sigma factors provide the bare framework of compartment-specific gene expression. Within each sigma regulon are several temporal classes of genes, and for key regulators, timing is critical. There are also complex intercompartmental regulatory signals. The determinants for sigma(F) regulation are assembled before septation, but activation follows septation. Reversal of the anti-sigma(F) activity of SpoIIAB is critical. Only the origin-proximal 30% of a chromosome is present in the prespore when first formed; it takes approximately 15 min for the rest to be transferred. This transient genetic asymmetry is important for prespore-specific sigma(F) activation. Activation of sigma(E) requires sigma(F) activity and occurs by cleavage of a prosequence. It must occur rapidly to prevent the formation of a second septum. sigma(G) is formed only in the prespore. SpoIIAB can block sigma(G) activity, but SpoIIAB control does not explain why sigma(G) is activated only after engulfment. There is mother cell-specific excision of an insertion element in sigK and sigma(E)-directed transcription of sigK, which encodes pro-sigma(K). Activation requires removal of the prosequence following a sigma(G)-directed signal from the prespore.
Commentary---Managing Channel Profits

Channel coordination and, more generally, coordination of activities between interdependent economic agents is even more important today than when the paper was published more than 20 years ago. One reason is the trend toward globalization and outsourcing caused, in part, by the development of increasingly complex products and services that integrate many different competencies. Coordination today involves all the aspects of the marketing mix: product design coordination, price and service coordination (the focus of “Managing Channel Profits”), coordination of availability in highly hybrid distribution systems to better reach an increasingly complex and fragmented market, and coordination of communication with the target market. “Managing Channel Profits” argues a tendency toward a lack of coordination without explicit institutional arrangements and coordination mechanisms such as quantity discounts and contracts to solve the problem. The price and service coordination ideas of “Managing Channel Profits” have been successfully applied for 25 years of developments in marketing of revenue-and cost-sharing arrangements between increasingly interdependent market participants.
Building and Maintaining Trust in a Community-Based Participatory Research Partnership

Although intervention research is vital to eliminating health disparities, many groups with health disparities have had negative research experiences, leading to an understandable distrust of researchers and the research process. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches seek to reverse this pattern by building trust between community members and researchers. We highlight strategies for building and maintaining trust from an American Indian CBPR project and focus on 2 levels of trust building and maintaining: (1) between university and community partners and (2) between the initial project team and the larger community. This article was cowritten by community and academic partners; by offering the voices of community partners, it provides a novel and distinctive contribution to the CBPR literature.
New and rare fungi from cherry fruits.

Capronia hystrioides sp. nov. (anamorph Phaeoramularia hachijoensis) was isolated from cherry fruit. Also isolated were Sporormiella subticinensis comb. nov., Leptodiscella africana, and Cladosporium malorum, a synonym of C. porophorum.
Polyanionic Microbicides Modify Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Cervicovaginal Immune Responses

Topical microbicides are being developed as a preventative approach to reduce the sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other infections. For them to be efficacious, it is believed that they should avoid inducing inflammation while allowing the vaginal epithelium to initiate protective Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated innate responses against pathogens. In this study, human cervical and vaginal epithelial cells were exposed to polyanionic HIV entry inhibitors and the following synthetic TLR ligands: (i) the bacterial lipoprotein Pam 3 CSK 4 , binding cell surface TLR1/TLR2; (ii) macrophage activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP-2), binding cell surface TLR2/TLR6; and (iii) the viral double-stranded RNA analog poly(I:C), recognized by intracellular TLR3. Cell activation was assessed by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) reporter gene transactivation and cytokine production. In spite of enhancing TLR-triggered NF-κB activation, the polyanionic microbicide compounds dextran sulfate and polystyrene sulfonate significantly inhibited TLR-mediated cytokine production. They decreased cytokine mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory (interleukin-8 [IL-8] and IL-1β) and antiviral (beta interferon) cytokines following epithelial cell stimulation with Pam 3 CSK 4 , MALP-2, or poly(I:C). These activities were associated with the sulfate/sulfonate moieties of the polyanionic compounds, since the unsulfated dextran control did not show any effects. Our data demonstrate that these microbicide compounds are capable of selectively interfering with TLR-mediated epithelial responses at different points in their signaling pathways and underscore the importance of expanding the assessment of microbicide compatibility with vaginal innate immune function. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of this interference on HIV-1 transmission risk.
Fostering Family–School and Community–School Partnerships in Inclusive Schools Using Practice as a Guide

Partnerships between school staff, families, and community members are vital for ensuring the success of all students in inclusive schools. This article reports the results of a synthesis of two original studies: one study that examined the perspectives of family members and another study that examined the perspectives of community partners in developing partnerships with school staff at six inclusive knowledge development sites located in five geographic regions within the United States. The current synthesis study analyzes the original studies’ overlapping themes to inform concentrated efforts aimed at strengthening family and community partnerships in inclusive schools. Themes of this synthesis study include positive, inviting, and inclusive school culture; strong administrative leadership driven by a clear vision of inclusion; attributes of trusting partnerships; and opportunities for reciprocal partnerships and involvement. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
The Great Recession and the Allure of New Immigrant Destinations in the United States

In the 1990s, the immigrant population in the United States dispersed to non-traditional settlement locations (what have become known as 'new immigrant destinations'). This paper examines whether the allure of new destinations persisted in the 2000s with a particular focus on the internal migration of the foreign-born during the recent deep recessionary period and its aftermath. Three specific questions motivate the analysis. First, are immigrants, much like the U.S.-born population, becoming less migratory within the country over time? Second, is immigrant dispersal from traditional gateways via internal migration continuing despite considerable economic contraction in many new destination metropolitan areas? Third, is immigration from aboard a substitute for what appears to be declining immigrant internal migration to new destinations? The findings reveal a close correlation between the declining internal migration propensity of the U.S.-born and immigrants in the last two decades. We also observe parallels between the geographies of migration of native- and foreign-born populations with both groups moving to similar metropolitan areas in the 1990s. This redistributive association, however, weakened in the subsequent decade as new destination metropolitan areas lost their appeal for both groups, especially immigrants. There is no evidence to suggest that immigration from abroad is substituting for the decline in immigrant redistribution through internal migration to new destinations. Across destination types, the relationship between immigration from abroad and the internal migration of the foreign-born remained the same during and after the Great Recession as in the period immediately before it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Overwintering growth and development of larval Euphausia superba: an interannual comparison under varying environmental conditions west of the Antarctic Peninsula

Growth, molting, and development of larval Antarctic krill were investigated near Marguerite Bay during four cruises in austral autumn and winter 2001 and 2002, as part of the US Southern Ocean GLOBEC program. Overwintering survival of larvae has been linked to annual sea-ice formation and extent, as sea-ice biota may provide food when other sources are scarce in the water column. During autumn 2001, larvae were very abundant (1–19 individuals m � 3 ), with younger stages dominant offshelf and older stages dominant on-shelf. On-shelf larvae were in better condition than offshore larvae. During autumn 2002, larvae again were abundant offshelf (0.01–110 m � 3 ), whereas all stages were scarce on-shelf. Declining diatom and radiolarian blooms were present during autumn in both years. Average chlorophyll concentrations were low (0.10 vs. 0.22m gl � 1 ) in autumn and an order of magnitude lower in
Assessment of Mitochondrial Biogenesis and mTORC1 Signaling During Chronic Rapamycin Feeding in Male and Female Mice

Chronic inhibition of the protein synthesis regulator mTORC1 through rapamycin extends life span in mice, with longer extension in females than in males. Whether rapamycin treatment inhibits protein synthesis or whether it does so differently between sexes has not been examined. UM-HET3 mice were fed a control or rapamycin-supplemented (Rap) diet for 12 weeks. Protein synthesis in mixed, cytosolic (cyto), and mitochondrial (mito) fractions and DNA synthesis and mTORC1 signaling were determined in skeletal muscle, heart, and liver. In both sexes, mito protein synthesis was maintained in skeletal muscle from Rap despite decreases in mixed and cyto fractions, DNA synthesis, and rpS6 phosphorylation. In the heart, no change in protein synthesis occurred despite the decreased DNA synthesis. In the heart and liver, Rap males were more sensitive to mTORC1 inhibition than Rap females. In conclusion, we show changes in protein synthesis and mTORC1 signaling that differ by sex and tissue.
The IplA Ca2+ channel of Dictyostelium discoideum is necessary for chemotaxis mediated through Ca2+, but not through cAMP, and has a fundamental role in natural aggregation.

During aggregation of Dictyostelium discoideum, nondissipating, symmetrical, outwardly moving waves of cAMP direct cells towards aggregation centers. It has been assumed that the spatial and temporal characteristics of the front and back of each cAMP wave regulate both chemokinesis and chemotaxis. However, during the period preceding aggregation, cells acquire not only the capacity to chemotax in a spatial gradient of cAMP, but also in a spatial gradient of Ca2+. The null mutant of the putative IplA Ca2+ channel gene, iplA−, undergoes normal chemotaxis in spatial gradients of cAMP and normal chemokinetic responses to increasing temporal gradients of cAMP, both generated in vitro. However, iplA− cells lose the capacity to undergo chemotaxis in response to a spatial gradient of Ca2+, suggesting that IplA is either the Ca2+ chemotaxis receptor or an essential component of the Ca2+ chemotaxis regulatory pathway. In response to natural chemotactic waves generated by wild-type cells, the chemokinetic response of iplA− cells to the temporal dynamics of the cAMP wave is intact, but the capacity to reorient in the direction of the aggregation center at the onset of each wave is lost. These results suggest that transient Ca2+ gradients formed between cells at the onset of each natural cAMP wave augment reorientation towards the aggregation center. If this hypothesis proves correct, it will provide a more complex contextual framework for interpreting D. discoideum chemotaxis.
Male-produced aggregation pheromone of the cerambycid beetle Neoclytus mucronatus mucronatus

Adult male Neoclytus mucronatus mucronatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) were observed to display behaviors identical to calling behaviors of the congener N. acuminatus acuminatus F., males of which produce an aggregation pheromone. Odors collected from male N. m. mucronatus contained one major male-specific compound, identified as (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one. Bioassays determined that both sexes were weakly attracted to racemic 3-hydroxy-2-hexanone. Further field trials determined that enantiomerically enriched (R)-3-hydroxyhexan-2-one (94% ee) attracted more beetles of both sexes than did the racemic blend. This aggregation pheromone is produced by glands that discharge through pores lying within shallow cuticular depressions in the pronotum of male N. m. mucronatus.
Semidefinite Representation of Convex Sets and Convex Hulls

Semidefinite programming (SDP) (Ben-Tal and Nemirovski: Lectures on Modern Convex Optimization: Analysis, Algorithms, and Engineering Applications. MPS-SIAM Series on Optimization, SIAM, Philadelphia (2001); Nesterov and Nemirovskii: Interior-point polynomial algorithms in convex programming. SIAM Studies in Applied Mathematics 13. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), Philadelphia, PA (1994); Nemirovskii, A.: Advances in convex optimization: conic programming. Plenary Lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM), Madrid, Spain, 22-30 August 2006; Wolkowicz et al.: Handbook of semidefinite programming. Kluwer’s, Boston, MA (2000)) is one of the main advances in convex optimization theory and applications. It has a profound effect on combinatorial optimization, control theory and nonconvex optimization as well as many other disciplines. There are effective numerical algorithms for solving problems presented in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). A fundamental problem in semidefinite programming concerns the range of its applicability. What convex sets S can be represented by using LMI? This question has several natural variants; the main one is to represent S as the projection of a higher dimensional set that is representable by LMI; such S is called SDP representable (SDr). Here we shall describe these variants and what is known about them. The chapter is a survey of the existing results of (Helton and Nie: Mathematical Programming 122(1):21–64 (2010); Helton and Nie: SIAM Journal on Optimization 20(2):759–791 (2009); Lasserre: Mathematical Programming 120:457–477 (2009)) and related work.
Application of hybrid finite element method to electromagnetic scattering from coated cylinders

A hybrid finite-element method is applied to solve the electromagnetic scattering (for both E- and H-polarizations) from coated cylinders. The coating material can be nonhomogeneous and have permeabilities and permittivities different from their free-space values. Three numerical examples are presented to show the validity and versatility of the method: (1) bistatic scattering from a coated circular cylinder which verifies the formulation and the computer program, (2) backscattering from a coated rectangular cylinder, and (3) backscattering from an ogival cylinder with coated edges. Computations are compared with those obtained using moment-method codes and exact solutions when applicable. >
The streaming potential of liquid carbon dioxide in Berea sandstone

We report here, for the first time, evolution of the streaming potential coupling coefficient as liquid carbon dioxide infiltrates Berea sandstone. Using 125 Omega-m tap water, the coupling coefficient determined before and after each CO2 flood of five samples averaged approximately -30 mV/0.1 MPa. After liquid CO2 passed through the specimens displacing all mobile pore water, trapped water remained and the coupling coefficient was approximately -3 mV/0.1 MPa. A bound water limit of the coupling coefficient for liquid CO2 flow was found using an air-dried sample to be -0.02 mV/0.1 MPa. For initially water-saturated samples, bulk resistivity varied during CO2 invasion from 330 Ohm-m, to 150 Ohm-m during CO2/water mixing, to a final value of 380 Ohm-m. Results suggest that trapped and bound water control electrical conduction and the electrokinetic response. Applications include monitoring CO2 injectate in subsurface reservoirs using the self potential method.
Sea-blue histiocyte disease in siblings.

Abstract Two siblings ages 10 and 12 years with sea-blue histiocyte syndrome are described. Findings in the parents and one sibling are normal. It is postulated that this is an hereditary disorder of lipid metabolism transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.
Capacity improvement of base-station antenna arrays cellular CDMA

In this paper, the use of antenna arrays at base-station for cellular CDMA is discussed. We present a performance analysis for a multiple cell CDMA cellular system with an antenna array at base-station for both base-station to mobile (downlink) and mobile to base station (uplink) links. Considering the effects of path loss, Rayleigh fading, log-normal shadowing, multiple access interference, and the thermal noise, we show that using an antenna array at base-station, both in receiving and transmitting, to resolve angular positions of the mobiles, leads to a many-fold increase in system capacity. We also present simulation results. >
Solution of inverse dynamics problems for contour error minimization in CNC machines

For CNC machines governed by typical feedback controllers, the problem of compensating for inertia and damping of the machine axes is solved by a priori modifications to the commanded path geometry. Standard second-order models of axis dynamics are expressed in terms of the path parameter ξ rather than the time t as independent variable, incurring ordinary differential equations with polynomial coefficients. For a commanded path specified as a Pythagorean-hodograph curve R(ξ) and a P controller, a modified path $\hat{\bf R}(\xi)$ can be determined as a rational Bezier curve, that precisely compensates for the axis inertia and damping, and thus (theoretically) achieves zero contour error. For PI, PID, or P–PI controllers, exact closed-form solutions for $\hat{\bf R}(\xi)$ are no longer possible, but polynomial approximations may be computed in the numerically stable Bernstein basis on ξ ∈ [ 0,1 ]. The inverse-dynamics path modification procedure is applicable to both constant feedrates and variable feedrates defined by polynomial functions V(ξ) of the curve parameter. The method is described in the general context of PID controllers, and its implementation is then demonstrated for both P and PI controllers, governing motion along paths with extreme variations of curvature and/or parametric speed.
Anatomic and Morphological Evaluation of the Quadriceps Tendon Using 3-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reconstruction Applications for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autograft Choice and Procurement

>> were evaluated. Volumetric analysis of 3-dimensional models of the patellar and quadriceps tendons was performed before and after the removal of a 10 mm–wide graft from both tendons. Length, thickness, and width measurements of the quadriceps tendon were made at predetermined locations. Anthropometric data were collected, and subgroup analysis, sex analysis, and linear regression were performed. Results: The mean percentage of volume remaining after removal of a 10 mm–wide graft from the patellar tendon was 56.6%, compared with 61.3% when harvesting an 80 mm–long graft of the same width from the quadriceps tendon. The intra-articular volume of the proposed quadriceps tendon graft was 87.5% greater than that of the patellar tendon graft. The mean length of the quadriceps tendon was 73.5 6 12.3 mm in female patients and 81.1 6 10.6 mm in male patients. These measurements were most highly correlated with patient height. The width of the quadriceps tendon decreased as one proceeded proximally from its insertion, and the thickness of the quadriceps tendon remained relatively constant. Conclusion: The quadriceps tendon has the anatomic characteristics to produce a graft whose length and volume are both reproducible and predictable, while yielding a graft with a significantly greater intra-articular volume than a patellar tendon graft with a similar width.
Some Simple Control Aspects

In this section we consider the problem of attempting to control a predicted epidemic. Suppose, using the current initial state in one of the previously described models, a large outbreak of the Infection is predicted. There are two immediate possible courses of action — vaccination and quarantine. In the context of the models, vaccination is taking an individual from susceptible class and putting him in the removed class (or a special class) without passing through the infective stage while quarantine (isolation) is removing an individual from the infective class before the disease has run its course. Only control by vaccination will be treated in this section, but the techniques of solution could be applied in other cases.
Epistemic Analysis and the Possibility of Good Informants

Edward Craig has proposed that epistemology should eschew traditional conceptual analysis in favor of what he calls “conceptual synthesis.” He proposes we start not from the finding of necessary and sufficient conditions that match our intuitions; rather we start from considerations on what theconcept of knowledge does for us. In this paper I will explore one aspect of Craig’s proposal – the good informant. It is this aspect that is central to Craig’s epistemic method and perhaps most problematic. I will evaluate this concept by first articulating three initial worries that some have had about the concept and then show how each of the initial worries can be quelled by looking deeper into the features of what Craig’s proposal is. I then assess Craig’s proposal on its own terms by looking at the concept of a good informant in light of the criteria for an adequate explication. What I will show is that while there is much to be sympathetic with in Craig’s proposal, there are some open questions that need to be solved in order to say that an adequate explication has been reached.
The efficiency increase in suppression of ship fires by optimization of the existing fire extinguishing means

This article discusses the ways of improving the effectiveness of putting out onboard fires. The main aim of the research is substantiation and selection of the tools aimed at firefighting procedures optimization through the application of the least expensive way to modernize existing onboard firefighting. Decreasing of oxygen concentration in an airtight ship compartment is one of the perspective ways of firefighting activities optimization. That is achieved by aligning the in-compartmental pressure to an atmospheric pressure and rarefying the in-compartmental media with inertial gases with the aid of nitrogen firefighting systems membrane mechanisms. Nitrogen is a low-expensive, chemically neutral and toxically safe inert gas which can be used to put out equipment under voltage causing a minimal damage to material. All these advantages make nitrogen ideal firefighting media. Optimization of the existing firefighting system by the use of nitrogen extinguishers (which enable not only put out a fire but also prevent material from possible ignitions) and membrane mechanisms (which provide for nitrogen in firefighting systems) will ensure the equipping of the Ukrainian Navy with modern and highly effective firefighting instrument
Kinetic heterogeneity of Na-D-glucose cotransport in teleost gastrointestinal tract

D-[3H]glucose transport properties of brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of upper intestine and pyloric ceca of the Pacific copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) were characterized and compared. Vesicles from both organs exhibited Na-dependent, phloridzin-sensitive, carrier-mediated transport systems. Kinetic constants for D-[3H]glucose influx across vesicle membranes were as follows: upper intestine, apparent affinity of glucose (Kt) = 0.14 +/- 0.02 mM, maximal glucose influx (JM) = 1,649 +/- 57 pmol.mg protein-1.10 s-1; pyloric ceca, Kt = 0.58 +/- 0.12 mM, JM = 2,439 +/- 178 pmol.mg protein-1.10 s-1. A hyperbolic relationship, following Michaelis-Menten kinetics, occurred between D-glucose influx and external Na concentration for pyloric ceca, while a sigmoidal function, following Hill cooperativity kinetics (n = 1.71 +/- 0.31), was disclosed between the variables for the intestine. External phloridzin, D-glucose, methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, and D-galactose were the most potent inhibitors of D-[3H]glucose influx in each organ. Other compounds were generally more inhibitory in vesicles from the pyloric cecum than those of the intestine except for D-mannose which was considerably more potent in the intestine. Results suggest that there may be proximal-to-distal hexose- and Na-binding gradients in the teleost gut for optimizing sugar absorption during passage of food through the gastrointestinal tract.
Professional Preparedness and Perspectives on Transition for Individuals Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing

This article presents results from a large-scale study of professionals who work with individuals who are deaf or hard-of-hearing (DHH). Participants were 1,345 professionals who work in a variety ...
Numerical Simulation of Unsteady Flow Evolution and Flame Dynamics in a Solid Rocket Motor

A comprehensive analysis and data-acquisition of the time-resolved numerical simulations of combustion dynamics of double-base homogenous propellant in a rocket motor is performed. The physicochemical processes occurring in the flame zone and their influence on the unsteady flow evolution in the combustion chamber are investigated in-depth using large eddy simulation (LES) techniques. A fivestep reduced-reaction mechanism is used to obtain a two-stage flame structure consisting of a primary flame, dark zone, and secondary luminous flame in the gas phase. It is observed that, for homogeneous propellant combustion, the chemical time scale is much higher than the smallest Kolmogorov time scale, rendering a highly stretched and thickened flame. The chemical reactions proceed at a slower rate than turbulent mixing and propellant combustion may be locally treated as a well-stirred reactor. The unsteady flowfield in the chamber indicates three regions of flow evolution: the upstream laminar region, transition zone, and fully developed turbulent regime further downstream. The oscillatory flame modifies the vorticity distribution through strong baroclinic effects causing mismatch of the radial density and axial pressure gradients. Volume dilatation also plays an important role in affecting the vorticity transport. A theoretical formulation exploring the coupling between the oscillatory heat-release, and ensuing entropy and vorticity waves in turbulent flows is established by deriving a generalized wave equation. The work done by Reynolds stresses and the interactions between vorticity and flame dynamics may cause resonance effects and excite eigenmode pressure oscillations leading to self-sustained unstable motions within the chamber. Nomenclature a = speed of sound
Simulation-based daylighting analysis procedure for developing urban zoning rules

ABSTRACTIncreasing urban density leads to a conflict between space-use efficiency and daylight access. Cities have traditionally relied on zoning guidelines that consist of section-based geometric evaluation techniques and/or hours of access to direct sunlight. However, it is now possible to quantify the performance of detailed design proposals before construction. Annual climate-based daylighting performance metrics for urban environments can be computed accurately, in high spatial resolution and in a timely manner. Given that massing design decisions at the urban planning level may make or break the long-term daylighting potential of a whole neighbourhood, the adoption of these tools by zoning boards, developers and urban planners seems particularly relevant. A simulation-based daylighting analysis procedure reveals the capabilities for both formulating more nuanced prescriptive zoning rules as well as for use by design teams. The procedure is used to evaluate the daylighting performance of 50 block typ...
Histopathologic review of pineal parenchymal tumors identifies novel morphologic subtypes and prognostic factors for outcome.

Author(s): Raleigh, David R; Solomon, David A; Lloyd, Shane A; Lazar, Ann; Garcia, Michael A; Sneed, Penny K; Clarke, Jennifer L; McDermott, Michael W; Berger, Mitchel S; Tihan, Tarik; Haas-Kogan, Daphne A | Abstract: BackgroundPineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs) are rare neoplasms of the central nervous system, and data concerning clinical outcomes are limited. The purpose of this study was to define the clinical behavior of PPT according to current histopathologic criteria and identify prognostic factors to guide therapeutic decisions.MethodsSeventy-five patients treated for PPT at a single institution between 1992 and 2015 were retrospectively identified. Forty-five resection specimens were available and re-reviewed. Freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank tests.ResultsMedian follow-up was 4.1 years. All patients initially underwent surgery; 78% of patients with PPT of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) and all patients with pineoblastoma received adjuvant therapy. Pathologic re-review refined classification in 27% of cases, with the majority of these being adult patients with pineal tumors originally classified as pineoblastomas that more accurately resembled PPTID based on the 2007 WHO classification.ClassificationOur histologic review also identified that PPTIDs can be classified into small-cell and large-cell morphologic subtypes, which have distinct clinical outcomes. Tumor grade, extent of resection, and neuraxis spread were prognostic for FFP. PPTID subtype, extent of resection, and neuraxis spread were prognostic for OS. Genetic analysis of a pineoblastoma case identified somatic mutations of DICER1, ARID1A, and KDM5C genes.ConclusionsPPTIDs can be classified into 1 of 2 novel morphologic subtypes that are associated with distinct clinical outcomes. Tumor grade, neuraxis spread, and extent of resection also influence outcome for patients with PPT.
Growth and Characterization of Al2O3 Atomic Layer Deposition Films on sp2-Graphitic Carbon Substrates Using NO2/Trimethylaluminum Pretreatment

The growth of Al2O3 films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on model sp2-graphitic carbon substrates was evaluated following a nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and trimethylaluminum (TMA) pretreatment to deposit an Al2O3 adhesion layer. Al2O3 ALD using TMA and water (H2O) as the reactants was used to grow Al2O3 films on exfoliated highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) at 150 °C with and without the pretreatment procedure consisting of five NO2/TMA cycles. The Al2O3 films on HOPG substrates were evaluated using spectroscopic ellipsometry and electrochemical analysis to determine film thickness and quality. These experiments revealed that five NO2/TMA cycles at 150 °C deposited an Al2O3 adhesion layer with a thickness of 5.7 ± 3.6 A on the HOPG substrate. A larger number of NO2/TMA cycles at 150 °C deposited thicker Al2O3 films until reaching a limiting thickness of ∼80 A. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed that five cycles of NO2/TMA pretreatment enabled the growth of high quality i...
Giant-Cell Reaction of Bone: REPORT OF TWO CASES

Two cases of giant-cell reaction are described and added to the previously reported cases bringing the total number in the literature to five. All lesions involve the small bones of the hand and are roentgenographically lytic lesions. Giant-cell reaction responds to conservative surgical treatment, and there have been no known recurrences. This lesion should be considered when a bone lesion with numerous giant cells is found in the hand.
Imaging of the developmentally delayed child.

SUMMARY Delayed acquisition of developmental milestones is probably the most common indication for neuroimaging in pediatric patients. The causes of developmental delay are many and include brain injury (pre- peri-, or postnatal), infection, malformation, phakomatosis, metabolic disorder, and rarely, tumor. MR imaging, mcluding high resolution imaging sequences and, when indicated, proton spectroscopy and perfusion studies are the imaging modalities of choice in the evaluation of developmentally delayed infants. Good imaging evaluation will facilitate accurate diagnosis, which is essential for proper counseling and therapy.
Coronary artery air embolism following pulmonary valvotomy for pulmonary atresia: A note of caution

A case of coronary artery air embolism following open pulmonary valvotomy for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum is reported. The presumptive source of this complication is a fistulous communication between the coronary artery and right ventricle, and may be preventable by certain modifications in technique.
Coordinating multi-agent reinforcement learning with limited communication

Coordinated multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) provides a promising approach to scaling learning in large cooperative multi-agent systems. Distributed constraint optimization (DCOP) techniques have been used to coordinate action selection among agents during both the learning phase and the policy execution phase (if learning is off-line) to ensure good overall system performance. However, running DCOP algorithms for each action selection through the whole system results in significant communication among agents, which is not practical for most applications with limited communication bandwidth. In this paper, we develop a learning approach that generalizes previous coordinated MARL approaches that use DCOP algorithms and enables MARL to be conducted over a spectrum from independent learning (without communication) to fully coordinated learning depending on agents' communication bandwidth. Our approach defines an interaction measure that allows agents to dynamically identify their beneficial coordination set (i.e., whom to coordinate with) in different situations and to trade off its performance and communication cost. By limiting their coordination set, agents dynamically decompose the coordination network in a distributed way, resulting in dramatically reduced communication for DCOP algorithms without significantly affecting overall learning performance. Essentially, our learning approach conducts co-adaptation of agents' policy learning and coordination set identification, which outperforms approaches that sequence them.
Arylation, Vinylation, and Alkynylation of Electron-Deficient (Hetero)arenes Using Iodonium Salts.

Arylation, vinylation, and alkynylation of electron-deficient arenes and heteroarenes have been achieved by chemoselective C–H zincation followed by copper-catalyzed coupling reactions using iodonium salts. This approach offers a direct and general access to a wide scope of (hetero)biaryls as well as alkenylated and alkynylated heteroarenes under mild conditions. It is particularly useful and valuable for the rapid and modular synthesis of diverse (hetero)aryl compounds, as demonstrated in the synthesis of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonists and angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1 receptor) antagonists.
Chemotherapy: Does Neoadjuvant or Adjuvant Therapy Improve Outcomes?

Since preoperative chemotherapy has been clearly shown to improve outcomes for patients with Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma, practitioners have attempted to extend the use of adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemotherapy to other types of adult soft tissue sarcoma. Given the high risk of distant recurrence and disease-specific death for patients with soft tissue sarcoma tumors larger than 10 cm, these patients should be considered candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy as well as investigational therapies. Yet, potential toxicity from cytotoxic chemotherapy is substantial, and there remains little consensus and wide variation regarding the indications for use of chemotherapy in the adjuvant/neoadjuvant setting.
Spatial segregation and class subjectivity in Turkey

AbstractDrawing on ethnographic research in an upper-class district in Turkey, this article examines social and spatial experiences of young low-wage service workers who travel daily back and forth between their homes in low-income neighbourhoods and their jobs in gated communities, upscale shopping malls and corporate offices. The paper argues that the significance of upper class districts or gated communities for urban inequality lies not in the sites themselves, nor the lifestyles of their elite inhabitants as commonly treated in the literature, but rather in the ways in which they relate to the outside and outsiders. Within this framework, the paper analyses the district’s effect on urban spatial segregation and urbanites’ sense of place in society. While resentment and reaction to inequalities and upper class customers are prevalent in young workers’ narratives, workers’ class subjectivities are also marked by a sense of mobility and liminality between the upper middle classes in their work district ...
Power saving solutions in DC/DC converter for data and telecommunication power system

The paper reviews new power saving and efficiency regulations applied to server and telecom power supplies. It discusses aspects of system architectures with AC and DC uninterruptable bus on facility level, and then focuses on zero-voltage switching (ZVS), phase-shifted full-bridge DC/DC converter as a good candidate in such applications. The paper describes a new control strategy demonstrating power saving and high efficiency over the whole output power range. A new model for switching losses of super junction MOSFETs is provided that can be used for design optimization of the converter. Advantages of suggested control strategy are verified by test results of 660-W DC/DC converter for server power supply with the efficiency up to 94.5%, and illustrated by captured waveforms at different operation modes.
Bear: A Framework for Understanding Application Sensitivity to OS (Mis) Behavior

Applications are generally written assuming a predictable and well-behaved OS. In practice, they experience unpredictable misbehavior at the OS level and across OSes: different OSes can handle network events differently, APIs can behave differently across OSes, and OSes may be compromised or buggy. This unpredictability is challenging because its sources typically manifest during deployment and are hard to reproduce. This paper introduces Bear, a framework for statistical analysis of application sensitivity to OS unpredictability that can help developers build more resilient software, discover challenging bugs and identify the scenarios that most need validation. Bear analyzes a program with a set of perturbation strategies on a set of commonly used system calls in order to discover the most sensitive system calls for each application, the most impactful strategies, and how they predict abnormal program outcome. We evaluated Bear with 113 CPU and IO-bound programs, and our results show that null memory dereferencing and erroneous buffer operations are the most impactful strategies for predicting abnormal program execution and that their impacts increase ten-fold with workload increase (e.g. number of network requests from 10 to 1000). Generic system calls are more sensitive than specialized system calls—for example, write and sendto can both be used to send data through a socket, but the sensitivity of write is twice that of sendto. System calls with an array parameter (e.g. read) are more sensitive to perturbations than those having a struct parameter with a buffer (e.g readv). Moreover, the fewer parameters a system call has, the more sensitive it is.