cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epistemological shifts in knowledge and education in Islam: A new perspective on the emergence of radicalization amongst Muslims

Abstract I theorize that the idea of knowledge and education has shifted in Islam from an inclusive and rational search for all knowledge to a narrowed focus on religious knowledge, void of rationality. By synthesizing literature on education and knowledge in Islam, this study identifies three shifts in the cultural history of Islamic education. I argue that those shifts in what was deemed valuable knowledge have played a significant role in the emergence of radicalization today. The study shows that once the social world of Islam destabilized, the sense of belonging and sense making became inward and less reflexive as compared to that of early Muslims. Belief became privileged over the rationality mechanisms that had previously formed Islamic endeavors. I demonstrate that a decline in intellectual and scientific production followed, allowing extremists to skew Islam’s narrative by putting forward an idealized version of the Islamic caliphate divorced from rationality.
Performance of multisite stochastic precipitation models for a tropical monsoon region

Stochastic weather generator (SWG) produces synthetic time series of weather data based on the statistical characteristics of observed weather for a given location. Although SWG models are extensively evaluated and applied in different hydro-climate related studies, they often ignore the spatial correlation between weather patterns observed at multiple locations. This can limit the value of some spatial impact assessments such as flood modeling, agricultural crop modeling, water resources management and urban infrastructure design. To address such limitations, multisite SWG models are implemented to preserve the spatial characteristics of weather variables. In this study, we compared the performance of three multisite stochastic precipitation models, which includes modified Wilks model (modWilks), RainSim V3 (RSIM) and perturbed K-Nearest Neighbor (pKNN) models. The performances of these models are investigated for a study area located in the tropical monsoon climate region over Central Highland, Vietnam. The models are evaluated based on their performance for simulating precipitation occurrence and amount statistics on a wet day, extreme cumulative wet/dry days, transition and joint probability of wet/dry state, cross-correlation across all sites as well as the behavior of precipitation amount in relation to neighboring station state. The performance of model depends on the type of the precipitation characteristics, for example, the RSIM model performed well in term of the mean precipitation intensity. Overall, the pKNN model outperformed other models in term of temporal statistics, spatial characteristics, as well as extreme events measured based on Intensity–Duration–Frequency (IDF) curves.
Measured bremsstrahlung photonuclear production of 99Mo (99mTc) with 34 MeV to 1.7 GeV electrons

Abstract 99Mo photonuclear yield was measured using high-energy electrons from Laser Plasma Accelerators and natural molybdenum. Spectroscopically resolved electron beams allow comparisons to Monte Carlo calculations using known 100Mo(γ,n)99Mo cross sections. Yields are consistent with published low-energy data, and higher energy data are well predicted from the calculations. The measured yield is (15±2)×10−5 atoms/electron (0.92±0.11 GBq/μA) for 25 mm targets at 33.7 MeV, rising to (1391±20)×10−5 atoms/electron (87±2 GBq/μA) for 54 mm/ 1.7 GeV, with peak power-normalized yield at 150 MeV.
Nitric and Nitrous Oxide Evolution from Managed Subtropical Grassland

Humid subtropical grasslands represent an important fraction of the Earth’s savannas that are believed to be the largest contributor to the global soil source of NO x . They may also serve as a model for predicting N oxide emissions from the rapidly increasing area of pastures formed by clearing tropical forests that represent more than half the global soil source of N2O. We used a chamber technique to monitor NO and N2O emissions from ungrazed Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) pastures subject to minimum or intensive cultural management on sandy loam in humid, subtropical southern Texas. Emission of both gases was larger from intensively managed pasture and apparently resulted from the activity of nitrifying bacteria rather than denitrifiers. A large fraction of the emitted NO and N2O was lost in brief intense bursts that followed fertilization or precipitation and especially a combination of these two. Annual N2O evolution totaled 0.6 and 1.2 kg N ha-1 from plots under the two management schemes, somewhat smaller than the high fluxes characteristic of tropical regions. During the 9-week early summer period over which it was measured, NO emission averaged 7.2 times greater than N2O emission and accounted for 3.2% of added fertilizer N. If the NO evolved during this period represents the same fraction of annual emissions as was measured for N2O, its evolution from plots under the two management schemes would have totaled about 3 and 8 kg N ha-1yr-1, placing humid, subtropical grasslands among the largest biogenic NO sources and supporting the hypothesis that savanna regions dominate the global soil source of NO x .
Developmental studies in Drosophila. II. Ultrastructural analysis of the salivary glands of Drosophila pseudoobscura during some stages of development.

Salivary gland cells of Drosophila pseudoobscura were examined with the electron microscope during the stages of development surrounding the onset of pupation. The data indicate that great ultrastructural changes occur in the cells during this period. Cytochemical techniques were utilized to characterize certain cytoplasmic components. In late larval life the gland cells are filled with mucoprotein granules which are secreted to form a “glue.” After secretion the process of crinophagy degrades residual granules. Lysosomal activity increases with time. The cells carry out further protein synthesis, culminating in secretion of another product drying prepupal life. Histolysis of the gland occurs by both autophagic and phagocytic attack.
Network Flow and Congestion Control

This article provides an overview of flow and congestion control in communication networks. After emphasizing the importance of these mechanisms for performance and fairness, a taxonomy of flow and congestion control mechanisms is provided. Most common congestion control mechanisms that are being used in today's networks are discussed. Finally, recent developments that yield a mathematical framework for the design and analysis of flow and congestion control mechanisms are summarized. The statements are supported with simple examples and intuitive arguments to improve clarity. Keywords: congestion control; flow control; transport control protocol (TCP); fairness; window-based congestion control; network utility maximization; cross-layer design; scheduling-routing-congestion control
Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death, and in a recent analysis it was found that nearly one-third of all injury-related deaths in the US have at least one diagnosis of TBI (CDC-Quickstats, 2010). This chapter presents the burden of TBI as regards age group, gender, costs, race, emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Injury trends over a 15 year period are examined. Rehabilitation estimates and disability estimates are also available. Through good epidemiology we can better understand the causes of TBI and design more effective intervention programs to reduce injury. Important sources of evidence for this chapter include mostly studies from the US because of their leading work in the epidemiology of this important injury.
ARMY EXPERIENCE WITH SILICONE BRAKE FLUIDS

A program to evaluate silicone brake fluids for use in military vehicles operating in various climatic conditions was begun in 1967. After six years of laboratory testing and numerous improvements in the characteristics of these fluids, a vehicle field test was initiated in the spring of 1973. Three candidate silicone fluids were selected and installed in M151 1/4-ton cargo vehicles, and M-715 1-1/4-ton vehicles operating at the Tropical Test Center (TTC), Panama Canal Zone, the Yuma Proving Ground (YPG), Arizona, and the Arctic Test Center (ATC), Fort Greeley, Alaska. Brake parts were inspected after one year of operation, and all parts were removed and inspected after two years of operation. After two years of service at TTC and YPG, the two water intolerant silicone fluids were significantly better than the water tolerant silicone fluid and the conventional VV-B-680 fluid. At ATC, the water intolerant silicone fluids were removed from test after eight months due to possible crystallization at temperatures below -50 degrees F, and two new silicones were installed. The new low temperature silicones were superior to the MIL-H-13910 Arctic brake fluid after one year of service. A potential problem with silicone fluids in vacuum-over-hydraulic brake systems, used on some larger vehicles, is under investigation and should soon be resolved.
Esthétique des romans pour adolescents de Raymond Plante

Raymond Plante, l’un des principaux auteurs pour la jeunesse au Quebec, a publie sept romans pour adolescents entre 1986 et 1998. L’article propose une etude synthetique de cet ensemble en le replacant dans les courants contemporains d’ecriture pour la jeunesse. Le cadre spatio-temporel, les personnages, les techniques narratives, les fonctions de l’intertextualite, la thematique et l’axiologie sont successivement analyses. Un trait esthetique, le romantisme, retient particulierement l’attention.
What About Institutions? The Polarizing Effect of Reforms on the House of Representatives' Amendment Process

Amending bills on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives is an inherently partisan process that greatly a ffects the level of observed polarization. In this paper, I argue that the suite of reforms in the 1970s resulted in flooding the House with amendments that not only instigated procedural polarization later but contributed to polarization in their own right. By "fighting fire with fire", the amendment process that resulted from the reforms, which opened up the door to minority party and junior members, began the steady rise in party polarization we observe today. I conclude by speculating on the causal relationship between the proportion of votes in the House that are amendment votes and income inequality.
Turbulence research by numerical simulation

Our task is to describe recent progress and present prospects for research in turbulence using numerical methods. This is quite a challenge, because we know that Liepmann has not been a strong advocate of computational turbulence, or "compulence," as it has sometimes been called -the incompressible version presumably being "incompulence." We want to recognize several objectives in exploring turbulence by numerical methods, and to order these in priority as follows:
Anodic Response of Cystine at Preanodized Au and Au‐Ag Electrodes in Perchloric Acid Media

This study involves a comparison of the anodic response of the disulfide moiety of cystine at preanodized Au and Au-Ag rotated disk electrodes (RDEs). The goal of the study was the determination of beneficial effects that might result from the introduction of Ag-sites into Au surfaces. An anodic wave is observed for cystine at oxide covered Au and Au-Ag electrodes appearing as a shoulder to the wave for anodic discharge of H2O with evolution of O2. Both the half-wave potential for the cystine wave (E12,RSSR) and the overpotential for anodic evolution of O2 (ηO2 ) are shifted by –3.6 mV per atomic percent Ag. These negative shifts are attributed to the higher rate of the anodic discharge of H2O at Ag sites in comparison to Au sites. Values for the apparent number of electrons (napp) transferred during oxidation of 1.0 mM cystine at 1.50 and 1.55 V (vs. SCE) are approximately 5 eq mol–1 for Au and 6eq mol–1 for Au80-Ag20, as calculated from the slopes of Koutecky-Levich plots. The larger value of napp at the Au-Ag electrode is attributed to the higher rate for H2O discharge at the Ag sites. Cysteine sulfonic acid is identified as the product of extensive electrolysis (n=10eq mol–1) at a Au electrode. A preanodized Auelectrode in a flow-through cell is demonstrated for cystine detection using a flow-injection system. A 6% loss in peak response observed over a 30-min period is attributed to the slow conversion of an active surface oxide, perhaps corresponding to the equivalent of a monolayer,to an inert oxide, probably corresponding to oxide coverage exceeding a monolayer.
Fixation for biological ultrastructure. II. Cross-linking of bovine serum albumin by nanosecond pulses of ionizing radiation.

SUMMARY Very large doses of ionizing radiation were delivered quickly to concentrated albumin solutions by pulses of 500 keV in air. The electrons penetrated the aluminium foil bottom of the test cell and into the solution. A dose of 4.6 Mrad (4.6 × 104 Gy) produced a gel in the albumin solution comparable to the long-term effect of 0.36% glutaraldehyde in the same albumin solution. The cross-links created by the radiation leading to gel formation are probably irreversible and quite different from those leading to gelation in the glutaraldehyde-albumin reaction. Single large pulses of ionizing radiation may be useful for fast fixation of cells and tissues for microscopy.
Information management and decision support in critical infrastructure emergencies at the local level

In a critical infrastructure disaster incident, emergency managers are often compelled to make time-critical decisions based on incomplete information streaming in at disparate times from multiple data sources. As the incident progresses, the ability to predict where additional resources will be needed is crucial to both response and recovery. Decision making and prediction in this context requires combining (fusing) incoming data streams; presenting relevant information from these streams in a form appropriate for each user; and using data from similar historical events to predict resource needs and incident evolution. This paper discusses the role of data fusion, data integration, and data mining in decision making for municipal or regional emergency managers. It also explores the implementation of web-based decision support tools. Finally, the paper makes recommendations for improving information management and streamlining decision support.
Phenotypic variation in metamorphosis in four species of freshwater copepods

SUMMARY 1. Physiological metamorphosis accompanied by an ecological habitat shift is a widespread life-history phenomenon, and both age and size at metamorphosis are highly variable in many organisms. In this study, age and size at metamorphosis (defined as the transition from the last naupliar to the first copepodite stage) were quantified for four species of freshwater copepods to determine the scale on which these two traits vary, if age and size at metamorphosis are equally variable, and if variation at metamorphosis is related to variation in newborn size. 2. Measurements of laboratory-reared and field-caught individuals show that age and size at metamorphosis, together with newborn size, vary among siblings, between families within a population, between populations of one species and between closely related species. 3. In all populations, age at metamorphosis was the most variable trait, a result observed in many other organisms. Most of the variation in age at metamorphosis could be explained by differences between families within a population, while differences among siblings from the same clutch accounted for most of the variation in size at metamorphosis. 4. Although newborn size was variable, differences in this trait could not fully account for variation observed at metamorphosis. Newborn size differed among populations, but most interpopularional differences disappeared by the rime metamorphosis was reached. In particular, size at metamorphosis appears to be tightly constrained in freshwater copepods. 5. Age and size at metamorphosis were not equally variable among species, either. Species-specific metamorphic envelopes (joint distributions of age and size at metamorphosis) result from differences in trait means, variances and covariances, and suggest very different larval growth trajectories among three of the species examined.
Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in postmortem brains of aged humans.

The specific activity of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase, an enzyme implicated in the metabolism of damaged, isoaspartate-containing proteins, has been measured in postmortem samples of parietal cortex from 30 individuals (19 with Alzheimer's disease and 11 controls). Methyltransferase specific activity was positively correlated with age at death, increasing by 2.9 pmol/min/mg of protein for every ten years of age (r = .51, p<0.005). This correlation was significant in the control and Alzheimer's disease groups alike. Specific activity also appeared to be about 15% higher in females than in age- and diagnosis-matched males (p<0.05). No significant differences were observed between age- and sex-matched Alzheimer patients and controls, suggesting that a deficiency in this enzyme is not responsible for the accumulation of abnormal proteins in Alzheimer's disease.
Pediatric laparoscopic splenectomy.

Laparoscopic surgery is becoming widely accepted as an alternative to conventional procedures. It is becoming more and more evident that laparoscopic techniques can be applied successfully to pediatric patients. Advantages of these techniques include less postoperative pain, decreased ileus, fewer pulmonary complications, and shorter hospital stays. Elective splenectomy for hematologic disease or for staging of Hodgkin's lymphoma also appears to be amenable to laparoscopic techniques. This report details 12 consecutive splenectomies successfully performed laparoscopically since July 1993. No case required conversion to laparotomy. Each case was reviewed with respect to operative time, estimated blood loss, identification of accessory spleens, time until full oral intake, analgesia requirements, and length of stay. Factors contributing to morbidity such as ileus, pulmonary complications, and wound infections were evaluated. Documentation was also reviewed for late sequelae such as intestinal obstruction and incisional hernias. These patients were compared with 20 consecutively treated patients who underwent open splenectomy in the period immediately preceding the use of laparoscopic splenectomy. Laparoscopic splenectomy, in the authors' experience, is a safe alternative to open splenectomy, has few complications, is cost effective, and has been well accepted by patients and families.
The Economics of Pollution Permit Banking in the Context of Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments

Abstract This paper presents a model of the collective emission permit banking behavior of electricity-generating units affected by Title IV of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. A rigorous treatment of the constraint that pollution permits cannot be borrowed from future allocations is introduced. This approach enables an analysis of the impact of future changes in electricity demand, regulations, and technologies on the present permit price and emissions level. The effect of uncertainty on the banking behavior is also explored.
Dispositional traits as risk in problem drinking

A trait-dispositional paradigm for conceptualizing personality provided the framework for investigating the relationship between personality dispositions and drinking problems. This approach was compared directly with personality research based on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). A total of 241 subjects (192 men and 49 women) were tested at a mandatory Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) first-offender education program. Information was gathered from the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) at time of arrest, and two personality tests--the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale (MAC) and the Problem Drinker Trait List (PDTL). The psychometric properties of the PDTL were analyzed and compared with those of the MAC. In comparing the two personality tests in terms of their capacity to predict drinking problems over a wide range of drinking severity, the PDTL performed as well or better than the MAC, particularly for drinkers with low arrest BAC. Comparative analysis between the best predictor items of the MAC and of the PDTL revealed little relationship between the item domains. The predictive trait clusters of the PDTL for men were Emotionality/Depressiveness, Impulsivity, and Low Self-Confidence, whereas predictive clusters for women included Depressiveness, Overcontrol, and Alienation.
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Presenting asa Large Metastasis to the Finger

Cutaneous metastases of gestational trophoblastic disease are extremely uncommon. A patient with metastatic, poor prognosis disease and a large metastatic lesion on her left fifth digit is presented. The clinical course and complete response to EMACO chemotherapy are outlined. The presence of metastatic disease in a reproductive-age woman requires consideration of gestational trophoblastic disease in the differential diagnosis.
Dynamical lattice systems

Abstract We have for some time studied lattice solutions within the nonintegrable Aesthetic Field Theory. These lattices arise when we specify an integration path. In this paper, we study small deviations from the lattice structure for certain three space-time dimensional systems. We find that x locations within a family of minima differ from the lattice in a sinusoidal-looking way. The motion of the maxima (minima) was found to be a simple harmonic motion in both x and y . In addition, we found that the magnitude of the maxima (minima) within a family varies slightly but in a sinusoidal way. The magnitude for a representative maximum (minimum) varies slightly in time, again in a sinusoidal-looking way. Such systems are referred to as dynamical lattices. The conclusion we reach is that dynamical lattices exist within the nonintegrable Aesthetic Field Theory, although the dynamical lattice system discussed is not a general one (for example, the y separation between members of a family appear constant). Difficulties in obtaining a more general dynamical lattice are illustrated by an example. A study is made of how the integration scheme associated with nonintegrable systems discussed in the latter part of [1] affects the dynamical lattice; y locations for members of a family deviate from the ladder symmetry (obtained when we are dealing with simple lattices) and show a sinusoidal-looking dependence. Magnitudes for maxima (minima) within a family also exhibit a sinusoidal behavior. The integration scheme affects the motion of the maxima (minima) in a rather dramatic way. We find examples of maxima (minima) that cannot be followed in time for as long as we wish as they appear and disappear.
Life cycle water consumption for shale gas and conventional natural gas.

Shale gas production represents a large potential source of natural gas for the nation. The scale and rapid growth in shale gas development underscore the need to better understand its environmental implications, including water consumption. This study estimates the water consumed over the life cycle of conventional and shale gas production, accounting for the different stages of production and for flowback water reuse (in the case of shale gas). This study finds that shale gas consumes more water over its life cycle (13–37 L/GJ) than conventional natural gas consumes (9.3–9.6 L/GJ). However, when used as a transportation fuel, shale gas consumes significantly less water than other transportation fuels. When used for electricity generation, the combustion of shale gas adds incrementally to the overall water consumption compared to conventional natural gas. The impact of fuel production, however, is small relative to that of power plant operations. The type of power plant where the natural gas is utilized ...
Renal response to low and high phosphate intake in weanling, adolescent and adult rats

The renal response to low and high phosphate intake was studied in weanling, young and adult rats. Weanling rats were started on experimental diets containing 0.37%, 0.7%, or 1.7% phosphate at 24 days and adult rats at 60 days of age. After 21 days, clearance studies were done in anaesthetized animals. Urine was collected during basal conditions and following a phosphate infusion. Urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate and creatinine, and plasma levels of phosphate and creatinine were determined. Plasma phosphate was slightly higher in the younger rats in all dietary groups but was not influenced by phosphate intake in either age group. Urinary phosphate excretion and fractional phosphate excretion increased significantly in both age groups with increasing phosphate intake. After high phosphate intake, both net and fractional phosphate excretions were significantly higher in younger rats (0.97 +/- 0.08 and 0.24 +/- 0.06 mumol min-1 100 g-1, P less than 0.01, and 47.5 +/- 3.84 and 18.15 +/- 5.59%, P less than 0.01, respectively). The urinary excretion of calcium related to creatinine was higher in younger rats in all dietary groups with the highest value found after low phosphate intake. During an acute phosphate infusion, fractional phosphate excretion increased significantly in both age groups after normal phosphate intake but remained unchanged after low or high phosphate intake. Plasma phosphate increased significantly only in younger rats with high phosphate intake (2.9 +/- 0.18, 3.88 +/- 0.43, P less than 0.05). It is suggested that hypercalciuria reflects early stages of phosphate depletion and that in young rats stabilized on a high phosphate intake, phosphate retention may occur during an acute phosphate load.
A Survey of Near Infrared Emission in Visual Reflection Nebulae

We present a survey for extended 2.2 $\mu$m emission in 20 new visual reflection nebulae, illuminated by stars with temperatures of 3,600 --- 33,000 K. We detect extended 2.2 $\mu$m emission in 13 new nebulae, illuminated by stars with temperatures of 6,800 -- 33,000 K. For most of these 13 nebulae we have measured $J-K$, $H-K$, and $K-L'$, as well as obtaining surface brightness measurements at the wavelength of the 3.3 $\mu$m emission feature. All of the reflection nebulae with extended near infrared emission in excess over scattered starlight have very similar near infrared colors and show the 3.3 $\mu$m feature in emission with similar feature-to-continuum ratios. The 3.3 $\mu$m feature-to-continuum ratio ranges from $\sim$3 to $\sim$9, both within individual nebulae and from nebula to nebula, which suggests that the 3.3 $\mu$m feature and its underlying continuum arise from different materials, or from different ranges of sizes within a size distribution of particles. No dependence on the temperature of the illuminating star is seen in the near infrared colors or 3.3 $\mu$m feature-to-continuum ratio, over a factor of two in stellar temperature. This is similar to our previous IRAS results, in which we found no dependence of the ratio of 12 $\mu$m to 100 $\mu$m surface brightnesses in reflection nebulae illuminated by stars with temperatures of 5,000--33,000 K.
Processing with colloidal Ag particles in hot forged Ag-coated BSCCO-2223 composites

Multilayer Ag-BSCCO-2223 composites have been fabricated by open-die hot forging to study the role of Ag in densification and microstructural development. The composite microstructures were produced using Ag-coated BSCCO particles produced from a chemical precipitation technique. Grain alignment and Ag microstructure effects were characterized via optical and electron microscopy.
Oral manifestations of leukemia.

Abstract We have presented a description of the effects of leukemia and the antileukemia drugs on the oral tissues. There are set forth suggestions for dental prophylactic and therapeutic care of leukemia patients, based on clinical and histopathologic findings.
Effect of pH on chloride transport a across the isolated bullfrog cornea

Abstract The effect of pH on chloride fluxes and electrical parameters was studied in the isolated cornea of the frog, Rana catesbeiana. Lowering the pH from 8·6 to 7·2 produced a decrease in unidirectional and net chloride fluxes as well as in the short-circuit current and potential difference, while the electrical resistance was increased. All the effects were fully reversible when the bathing solutions were alkalized to the initial pH. It was determined that the effect was due only to the pH change on the epithelial side. Results are consistent with a pH effect on the permeability of a chloride pathway in series with the active pump.
Intrinsic oxygen fugacities of diogenites and mesosiderite clasts

Oxygen fugacities of diogenite and mesosiderite clast material were measured with the double ZrO2 cell technique between 800 and 1150 C. The samples were taken from large clasts in the diogenites Johnstown (En73) and Tatahouine (En75), and the mesosiderites Estherville (En81), West Point (Fo88) and Emery (En68). Fugacity values for all except Emery plot near the wuestite-iron buffer curve and are interpreted as indicating similar source regions and environments of crystallization for the two suites. Emery orthopyroxene records a lower fugacity, close to the fayalite-quartz-iron buffer curve, probably as a result of equilibration with the mesosiderite matrix assemblage. The similarity of redox conditions experienced by mesosiderite orthopyroxenite and diogenites is not sufficient to require a single parent body and, if the common achondrites were derived from Vesta, mesosiderites probably came from a different body.
The Japanese experience with endoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of gastric cancer

The Japanese experience with endoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of gastric cancer is reviewed and compared with Western results. Various graphic classifications for prediction of the depth of transmural penetration characterize the Japanese approach. Differentiation of early gastric cancers from advanced cancers has been emphasized, with the concordance rate of the ultrasonographic interpretation and the pathology exceeding 90%. When pre-operative staging by the TNM system was attempted, results were similar to the reports from the West, with overall concordance rate for tumor depth of greater than 80%. The Japanese system of classification may be useful in differentiating advanced cancers from early gastric cancers with co-existing ulceration and fibrosis. The reliability of endoscopic ultrasonography in the pre-operative staging of gastric cancer in Japan is similar to that in the West.
New aspects of impaired mitochondrial function in heart failure

This minireview focuses on the impairment of function in cardiac mitochondria in heart failure (HF). It is generally accepted that chronic energy starvation leads to cardiac mechanical dysfunction in HF. Mitochondria are the primary ATP generator for the heart. Current evidence suggests that the assembly of the electron transport chain (ETC) into respirasomes provides structural support for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by facilitating electron channeling and perhaps by preventing electron leak and superoxide production. Defects have been purported to occur in the individual ETC complexes or components of the phosphorylation apparatus in HF, but these defects have not been linked to impaired mitochondrial function. Moreover, studies that reported decreased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in HF did not identify the site of the defect. We propose a sequential mechanistic pathway in which the decrease in functional respirasomes in HF is the primary event causing decreased oxidative phosphorylation and increased reactive oxygen species production, leading to a progressive decrease in cardiac performance.
Effects of ethanol on sodium, 3- O -methyl glucose, and l -alanine transport in the jejunum

Effects of ethanol on Na+, Cl−, 3-O-methyl glucose (3-O-MG), andl-alanine fluxes were studied in the isolated rabbit jejunal mucosa. Ethanol (3% v/v present on both sides of the mucosa) decreased electrical potential difference (PD), short-circuit current (Isc) and inhibited active transport of Na+, 3-O-MG, andl-alanine. This concentration also increased the permeability of the mucosa for Cl−, 3-O-MG, andl-alanine. Ethanol at 5.4% potentiated the effects on PD, Isc, and the permeability for electrolytes and organic substances. These effects of ethanol could not be fully explained by an osmotic action.
OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF LOW MASS X-RAY BINARIES AND MILLISECOND PULSARS

We review recent results from optical observations of low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) and millisecond pulsars. We discuss the optical and X-ray properties of those LMXBs which have been suspected of harboring black holes, reviewing in particular recent work on GX 339-4. We also present preliminary results from new optical observations of the ablating millisecond pulsar system PSR 1957 + 20. The orbital modulation is smooth and symmetrical, and is at least four magnitudes deep in R. However, the overall shape of the light curve can be reproduced by a simple model assuming blackbody reradiation from the secondary.
Eustatic and autocyclic influences on deposition of the lower Pennsylvanian Mary Lee coal zone, Warrior Basin, Alabama

Abstract Deposition of marine strata associated with the Lower Pennsylvanian Mary Lee coal zone (Pottsville Formation) was controlled by the allocyclic mechanism of eustatic sea-level change. The vertical stacking of marine, marginal marine, and terrestrial facies indicates that this interval was deposited during a single transgression-regression-transgression cycle. Ravinement surfaces, and associated autochthonous macro-invertebrate and trace-fossil assemblages record the landward retreat of the shoreline and abrupt deepening due to rapid rise in sea-level. These horizons are overlain by terrigenous clastic facies, either tidal sand bodies or shelf mudstones, which indicate shoaling due to progradation during the subsequent filling of the generated accommodation space. Although marine influence, including the effects of tidal currents, continued during the more terrestrial phases of deposition, autocyclic factors, including the control of paleotopography by differential compaction of buried peat bodies, were also important in determining facies distribution.
Fluorescence in the presence of traps. II. Coherent transfer

A study is made of the time dependence of the donor fluorescence in a system where there is a small concentration of randomly distributed acceptor ions which act as traps for the excitation. It is assumed that the donor-donor transfer is coherent and that the donor-acceptor transfer is a one-way process involving the emission of a phonon. The probability amplitude characterizing the decay of an eigenstate of the donor array is calculated in the average $t$-matrix approximation. Both ordered and disordered donor arrays are treated. In the case of the former the decay of the amplitude of the $k=0$ mode is studied in detail. It is found that the decay is exponential in three dimensions and varies as ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}$ and ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ in one and two dimensions, respectively. In disordered systems the distinction is made between extended and localized modes. Approximate calculations appropriate to dilute arrays, which interpolate between these limits, are discussed. The analysis sheds light on the applicability of the Born approximation for the $t$ matrix in both ordered and disordered systems and on the use of fluorescence experiments to detect the existence of a mobility edge between localized and delocalized states in a disordered system.
Eclipse Spectroscopy of Io's Atmosphere

High resolution optical (4193–6619 A) spectra of Io in eclipse show auroral emission in five lines: [Oi] 6300, 6363, 5577 A and Na 5889, 5896 A. We conclude that Io's diffuse red emissions imaged by the Galileo Solid State Imager (P. E. Geissler et al. 1999, Science 285, 870–874) are due to impact or dissociative excitation of oxygen, while diffuse green emissions are caused by the impact or dissociative excitation of sodium. No emission lines were detected in the blue region of the spectra, suggesting that the intense emission observed above Io's equatorial plumes is due to a molecular species such as SO_2 or SO.
The resident’s call: Challenging case deftly handled by a radiology resident evaluating placement of a nasogastric tube

Nasogastric tube placement, a seemingly harmless procedure, has been documented as a source of iatrogenic complications such as aspiration, gastric and bronchial puncture, and aortoesophageal fistula formation. Additionally, malposition involving the distal esophagus, skull, and respiratory tract has been reported. This case report describes the placement of a nasogastric tube which exited the patient’s stomach and abdomen via a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube tract to lie external and lateral to the patient’s flank. A brief review of the literature that discusses the malpositions, radiographic appearances, and complications of nasogastric tube placement is included.
Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism among patients with chronic kidney disease.

ABSTRACT Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with morbid complications that lead to high mortality and costs. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) are frequent complications of CKD. Methods We reviewed the current literature regarding the prevalence, diagnosis, complications, and management of vitamin D deficiency and SHPT among patients with CKD. Results There is a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adolescents and adults in the United States (age and gender dependent). Patients with CKD or those who are dialysis-dependent are much more likely to have low levels of vitamin D in comparison to those without kidney disease. In order to avoid significant complications including SHPT and musculoskelatal diseases, vitamin D needs to be measured routinely by primary care physicians and nephrologists. In the majority of CKD patients, SHPT is not diagnosed until late, leading to advanced cardiovascular and bone diseases. Conclusions In conclusion, current management of vitamin D deficiency and SHPT is suboptimal. Early diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and SHPT are integral to optimal management of CKD, and additional research is needed in this area.
The amygdala but not the hippocampus is involved in pattern separation based on reward value.

A total of 32 male Long-Evans rats were tested on a modified version of Flaherty, Turovsky, and Krauss's (1994) anticipatory contrast paradigm to assess pattern separation for reward value. Prior to testing, each rat received either a control, a hippocampal, or an amygdala lesion. In the home cage, each rat was allowed to drink a water solution containing 2% sucrose for 3 min followed by a water solution containing 32% sucrose for 3 min. Across 10 days of testing, the rats in each lesion group showed significantly increased anticipatory discriminability as a function of days. To assess the operation of a pattern separation mechanism, each rat was then tested using the same procedure except the 2% solution was followed by a 16% solution for 10 days and then by an 8% solution for 10 days. Control and hippocampal-lesioned rats continued to show high discriminability when the 2% solution was followed by a 16% solution; however, the amygdala-lesioned rats showed low anticipatory discriminability. On trials where the 2% sucrose solution was followed by an 8% sucrose solution, all groups showed low discriminability scores, suggesting that when two reward values are very similar even control animals are not able to separate the reward values in memory. However, the results of a preference task revealed that all groups can perceptually discriminate between a 2% and an 8% sucrose solution. The data suggest that the amygdala but not the hippocampus is involved in the separation of patterns based on reward value.
Prime subprogram parsing of a program

A parsing method based on the triconnected decomposition of a biconnected graph is presented. The parsing algorithm runs in linear time and handles a large class of flow graphs. The applications of this algorithm to flow analysis and to the automatic structuring of programs are discussed.
Radioiodine dilution due to levothyroxine when using recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone: case report and discussion.

Abstract: Following thyroidectomy, a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma was found to have widespread radioiodine-avid metastatic lesions and was treated with I-131. When follow-up scanning was anticipated, his 24-hour urinary iodine was found to be 254 μg. Because of the interim development of moderate renal failure, he was considered to be a candidate for preparation using recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH), with continued administration of thyroid hormone. To decrease the dilution effect of nonradioactive iodine, levothyroxine was replaced with liothyronine, with a resultant decrease in 24-hour urinary iodine to less than 110 μg, followed by radioiodine imaging, dosimetry, and retreatment with I-131 for persistent, though improved disease. The dilution of radioiodine with nonradioactive iodine from any source may degrade image quality and reduce the effectiveness of therapy. The use of rhTSH has advantages in the evaluation and I-131 treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer. There is evidence that this approach results in a longer effective half-time of radioiodine in remnants, improved bone marrow dosimetry, and comparable remnant ablation efficacy as compared with hormone withdrawal. However, it entails continued administration of thyroid hormone, which is a source of nonradioactive iodine. Reduction of the nonradioactive iodine burden of levothyroxine by conversion to liothyronine warrants investigation as possibly enhancing the advantages of rhTSH.
Gasteranthus diverticularis , a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Ecuador

A new species of Gasteranthus (Gesneriaceae, Beslerieae) is described from the eastern Andean slopes of southern Ecuador. The presence of a strongly hypocyrtoid corolla with lateral protrusions along the pouch and ternate leaves differentiate Gasteranthus diverticularis from all other congeners.
Nonluteal estrous cycles of 3-week duration are initiated by anovulatory luteinizing hormone peaks in African elephants.

Previous attempts to characterize the estrous cycle of elephants have yielded conflicting estimates of cycle length and LH profiles. In order to establish artificial breeding programs in this species, resolution of these issues is needed. Therefore, four female African elephants housed at the Indianapolis Zoo were studied for approximately 6 mo beginning in December 1994. Blood was collected weekly, and the serum was immediately analyzed for progesterone (P4). Whenever the weekly concentration of P4 was found to be low, blood was collected one or four times per day. All serum samples were assayed for LH, and the daily samples were assayed for P4 and estradiol. Transient increases of serum LH (designated as peaks) were observed four times in each of the four females. Of these 16 LH peaks, 8 were classified as ovulatory LH (ovLH) peaks and 8 were classified as anovulatory LH (anLH) peaks. Peaks designated ovLH averaged 3.60 +/- 0.67 ng/ml (mean +/- SEM); serum P4 measured during these peaks began to increase 2-3 days before each ovLH peak and continued to increase for several weeks thereafter, reaching a peak of 675 +/- 35 pg/ml. The eight other LH peaks, designated anLH peaks, were of similar (p > 0.05) magnitude averaging 3.07 +/- 0.72 ng/ml, but the serum concentration of P4 remained very low (< 80 pg/ml) during and for several weeks after these peaks. Six peaks designated anLH occurred an average of 12.2 +/- 1.4 days after serum P4 had declined below 80 pg/ml. In each elephant, there was a regular sequence in which each ovLH peak was followed by a luteal-active period lasting about 60 days and then about 12 days later by one anLH peak. Each anLH peak was followed 19-22 days later by one ovLH peak, but serum P4 remained at nonluteal levels throughout this interval between peaks. The authors propose to designate this interval after the anLH peak and before the next ovLH peak as a nonluteal (i.e., low P4) estrous cycle of only 3-wk duration. Following each short nonluteal estrous cycle, there was a single ovLH peak that initiated one luteal-active estrous cycle lasting 10-11 wk until terminated by the next anLH peak. The present results demonstrate that nonpregnant African elephants, housed in the absence of males, alternate between short nonluteal estrous cycles and long luteal-active estrous cycles. Daily measurements of serum P4 can be used to distinguish between the two types of estrous cycles and thereby provide a clinical prediction about the optimum time for artificial insemination.
The process of parenting and the remembrance of things past

Mothers' developing representations of the child and of caregiving are examined in light of their early attachment representations. The influence of mothers' remembrances and repetitions of the past are traced from their narrative descriptions of early childhood, to their descriptions of the emotional aspects of pregnancy and the unborn child, to their depictions of early caregiving. Three mothers were followed from pregnancy through their child's second year in a longitudinal study of attachment and parental representation. Adult Attachment Interviews and other representational interviews collected at repeated intervals during pregnancy and early infancy provide a backdrop for a discussion of the complex interplay of structure, fantasy, and affect in processes of intergenerational transmission and repetition of the past, and in the development of parental representations of the child. Patterns and modes of representation in secure and insecure mothers are contrasted. Dyads demonstrating concordance between mother and child attachment status as well as those demonstrating discordance are examined.
The effect of erosion rate on vegetation patterns of an east coast barrier island

Abstract The relationship between geomorphic processes and barrier island vegetation patterns was analysed along the northern 14 km of Assateague Island National Seashore, Maryland. Long-term shoreline change on this sediment-starved coast ranges from erosion of 6·6 m year −1 to deposition of 0·4 m year −1 resulting in a continuum of vegetation patterns from an overwash dominated community to a stable shrub thicket and associated salt-marsh community. Correlation of geomorphic process variables with vegetation responses analysed by principal component analysis revealed that long-term erosion rate is a primary factor affecting vegetation patterns. Erosion rates greater than a critical threshold of 4·5 m year −1 result in an overwash community which persists over time. The concept of critical erosion rate can be used to model vegetation dynamics on sediment-starved barrier islands.
Superposition and quantum mechanics

This work is primarily concerned with finding those statements or observations from which quantum mechanics can reasonably be said to follow. Within the context of characterizing quantum mechanics as any probability field (with bounded probability density) whose associated stochastic velocity field is governed by a differential equation of first order in time, it is shown that the single statement required is the stipulation that the superposition principle is satisfied. This is demonstrated by showing that only the Schrodinger equation is an acceptable dynamic description for such probability fields if the superposition principle is to hold.