cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A different perspective for the Mars rover “Opportunity” site: Fine‐grained, consolidated hematite and hematite coatings

[1] Since 2001, there have been two, parallel interpretations of Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) observations of Sinus Meridiani, which are: (1) coarse-grained (“gray”) hematite is the only spectral match; and (2) fine-grained hematite with particles closer than ∼wavelength (“fine-intimate hematite”, e.g., coating, ferricrete) is a better match, but coarse hematite is also viable. The TES team interpreted the spectra as consistent only with a large deposit (∼750 km × 350 km) of coarse hematite (>5–10 μm grain size). Coarse hematite is considered strong evidence for longstanding water, which led to the decision to land the rover Opportunity there. On the other hand, the Aerospace/LPI remote sensing team argued that fine-intimate hematite can better match TES spectra. A thin coating (∼5–10 μm thick) and a low exposure (<5%) could cause the observed signatures. The distinction is important because: (1) It is unknown whether fine-grained hematite implies abundant water; (2) Fine-intimate hematite may explain the non-detection of coexisting aqueous alteration minerals and the lack of hematite wind streaks; (3) Current “hematite abundance maps” may instead map the surface texture; (4) Coatings may be of astrobiology interest; (5) Studies are needed to determine whether visible-infrared spectra can definitively distinguish fine-intimate from coarse hematite.
Debt as the Basis of Currency: The Monetary Economics of Trust

Even more than most nineteenth-century economists, Henry Dunning Macleod recognized the importance of trust in a properly functioning monetary system. Macleod developed a credit theory of money in which he argued that money originated as a debt claim against society. The value of money depends on the willingness of economic agents to accept it, no matter what material the money is made of. Macleod applied this theory to the evaluation of other systems in which money is not based on debt, showing the dangerous consequences that could arise from pursuing other theories of money creation to their logical conclusions.
Respiratory Functions of Avian and Mammalian Hemoglobins

In birds and mammals hemoglobin (Hb) plays a central role in the delivery of the oxygen that drives aerobic metabolism and in the removal of the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen ions that would otherwise disrupt aerobic metabolism. In large measure, Hb is important because it reversibly binds O2. One important feature of O2 binding is an increased blood-O2 capacity; essentially all of the O2 supplied to tissues in birds and mammals is carried as HbO2. A second important feature of O2 binding is the affinity of Hb for O2 which insures O2 loading in lungs and sets the pressures for O2 release in tissues. A third important feature of O2 binding is cooperativity. O2 binding shows positive cooperativity, linkage of O2 to deoxy Hb increases the affinity of Hb for subsequent O2. Finally, in addition to O2, Hb reversibly binds CO2 and H+ and in so doing transports a significant portion of these metabolic products from their sites of production to lungs and other sites of turnover in the body.
Alterations in the Distribution and Proliferative Responses of Rhesus Monkey Peripheral Blood and Spleen Cells During Malaria (Plasmodium knowlesi) Infection

Rhesus monkeys are used frequently as animal models in malaria research, but few studies have evaluated lymphocyte functions in these animals after experimental infections with the primate malarial parasite Plasmodium knowlesi. In this study, the distribution and mitogen responses of mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood and spleens of 16 P. knowlesi-infected rhesus monkeys were followed. All animals included in the study developed acute infections and were bled out with parasitemias of more than 50%. With progression of the infection, alterations in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were observed, including decreases in the percentage of T cells (measured by E rosette formation) and the total numbers of E and EAC rosette-forming cells per cubic millimeter. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells displayed reduced responses to mitogen stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected animals showed similar reductions in mitogen responses when cultured in media containing 15% autologous pre- or postinfection plasma. The mitogen responses of spleen cells did not appear to be affected, but a significant reduction in the proportion of splenic T cells was observed. These lymphocyte changes in P. knowlesi-infected rhesus monkeys are similar to those reported for mice with acute rodent malaria and for humans with chronic Plasmodium falciparum infections.
Applying the Anderson-Darling Test to Suicide Clusters Evidence of Contagion at U. S. Universities?

Background: Suicide clusters at Cornell University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) prompted popular and expert speculation of suicide contagion. However, some clustering is to be expected in any random process. Aim: This work tested whether suicide clusters at these two universities differed significantly from those expected under a homogeneous Poisson process, in which suicides occur randomly and independently of one another. Method: Suicide dates were collected for MIT and Cornell for 1990–2012. The Anderson-Darling statistic was used to test the goodness-of-fit of the intervals between suicides to distribution expected under the Poisson process. Results: Suicides at MIT were consistent with the homogeneous Poisson process, while those at Cornell showed clustering inconsistent with such a process (p = .05). Conclusions: The Anderson-Darling test provides a statistically powerful means to identify suicide clustering in small samples. Practitioners can use this method to test for clust...
Fructo-Oligosaccharides and Calcium Absorption and Retention in Adolescent Girls

Background: Several studies have shown a positive effect of fructo-oligosaccharides on calcium absorption and retention in animals and humans. Effects of levels of these pre-biotics that can be functionally incorporated into manufactured foods, have not been studied in controlled feeding studies.Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 9 g/d of fructo-oligosaccharides as part of a controlled diet on calcium absorption and retention in adolescent girls.Design: Fourteen healthy adolescent girls aged 11–13 y were studied in a metabolic setting for two 3-week periods separated by a 2-week washout period. In a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design, the teens received a diet containing either 9 g/d oligofructose-enriched inulin in a calcium-fortified cereal or the control cereal with no inulin. Both diets contained ∼1500 mg calcium daily. Calcium retention was determined on the third week of each period. On day 14 of the diet period, fractional calcium absorption was determined from ...
A new look at the second-generation antiepileptic drugs: a decade of experience.

Objective:To review data from the literature regarding the efficacy and tolerability of the second-generation antiepileptic drugs which were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 1994.Methods:A MEDLINE search of the literature, as well as review of bibliographies, was performed to
Keeping the faith: The ‘60s contribution to the ‘90s left

(1997). Keeping the faith: The ‘60s contribution to the ‘90s left. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 109-135.
Structural heterogeneity of murine igd during ontogeny.

Abstract We have studied the expression of the two membrane δ heavy chains (δ 1 and δ 2 ) and the two native IgD structures (IgD 1 and IgD II ) in neonatal mice. Both δ-chains appear simultaneously during development and neonatal mice, like adults, express equal amounts of δ 1 and δ 2 IgD I and IgD II also appear simultaneously during ontogeny and in the same ratio as expressed by adult mice of the same strain. Thus, when IgD first appears during ontogeny it shows the same structural heterogeneity as observed in adult mice.
Artibeus jamaicensis: Delayed Embryonic Development in a Neotropical Bat

In Panama the phyllostomid bat Artibeus jamaicensis is seasonally polyestrous, and young are born in March or April and July or August. Blastocysts conceived after the second birth implant in the uterus but are dormant from September to mid-November, when normal development again resumes.
Transparent Hardware Management of Stacked DRAM as Part of Memory

Recent technology advancements allow for the integration of large memory structures on-die or as a die-stacked DRAM. Such structures provide higher bandwidth and faster access time than off-chip memory. Prior work has investigated using the large integrated memory as a cache, or using it as part of a heterogeneous memory system under management of the OS. Using this memory as a cache would waste a large fraction of total memory space, especially for the systems where stacked memory could be as large as off-chip memory. An OS managed heterogeneous memory system, on the other hand, requires costly usage-monitoring hardware to migrate frequently-used pages, and is often unable to capture pages that are highly utilized for short periods of time. This paper proposes a practical, low-cost architectural solution to efficiently enable using large fast memory as Part-of-Memory (PoM) seamlessly, without the involvement of the OS. Our PoM architecture effectively manages two different types of memory (slow and fast) combined to create a single physical address space. To achieve this, PoM implements the ability to dynamically remap regions of memory based on their access patterns and expected performance benefits. Our proposed PoM architecture improves performance by 18.4% over static mapping and by 10.5% over an ideal OS-based dynamic remapping policy.
Vascular morphology in noninflamed healed gingiva of dogs.

Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine if the regular vascular network previously reported as occurring in noninflamed marginal gingiva would become re-established following plaque control and treatment of gingiva by gingivectomy and scaling. Gingivectomies were performed on dogs with and without pre-experimental gingivitis in order to obtain gingival specimens healed for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Plaque was controlled using toothbrushing and topical applications of 0.2 % chlorhexidine gluconate. After 12 weeks, the animals were perfused via the carotid arteries with glutaraldehyde and Microfil® latex compound. Specimens were processed for either routine histology or examination of vascular morphology in methyl salicylate cleared tissues. The absence of inflammation in healed gingiva was evaluated clinically, using the Gingival and Plaque Indices, and histologically. Results showed that in healed clinically and histologically noninflamed gingiva, the vascular morphology was established as a series of looped vessels which could readily be distinguished from the regular network of vessels described by Hock (1975) in marginal gingiva that had neither been inflamed nor resected.
Melting curve and triple-point properties of fluorine

Abstract The melting pressures of fluorine have been measured at 0.1°K intervals from the triple point to a maximum pressure of 13.7 MN/m 2 (1 MN/m 2 = 9.869 23 atm). The density of solid β-F 2 at the triple point is calculated from the Clapeyron equation.
Multiplictty and martingale approach to infinite dimensional estimation

New results in infinite dimensional state estimation theory are developed here by exploiting two fundamental properties of stochastic processes: the multiplicity and representation of the observation process, and the wide-sense Martingale property in the signal process. The optimal estimate is characterized for the general case when an observation is in an arbitrary finite dimensional form with applications in the special case of additive noise. By considering the signal process as a simple linear transformation of a wide-sense Martingale the new filtering and prediction formulas are obtained.
Calculations of Differential Kinematic Properties from Lagrangian Observations in the Western Caribbean Sea

Abstract Observations of the motions of drifter clusters were made in the western Caribbean Sea during the summer of 1971. By two independent analyses of the relative motions of a cluster, two time series of horizontal divergence, vorticity, shear deformation rate, and normal deformation rate are developed. The results of the two approaches are very similar. The time series for these differential kinematic properties are fairly smooth when the drifters were moving in the Yucatan Current. Otherwise, the time series are ragged with frequent changes in sign. It is speculated that the raggedness is due to small values of the shear rates relative to random observational errors or small-scale turbulent processes. The records of the differential kinematic properties are used to evaluate the stretching and material derivative terms of the vorticity equation. Calculations indicate that potential vorticity is conserved along trajectories in the Yucatan Current.
Space potential profiles in relativistic spherical inertial electrostatic confinement (SIEC) devices

Summary form only given. Spherical inertial electrostatic confinement (SIEC) devices could potentially be used as neutron generators for a number of applications. Since Hirsch put forward the hypothesis that a number of alternating virtual electrodes at the center of these devices could be acting as a confinement mechanism, a modest amount of research has been dedicated to verify the existence of these virtual electrodes. The most promising experimental evidence that supported the existence of these virtual electrodes was recently obtained by Gu. Although no sufficient theory has yet been developed to account for collisions in SIECs, collisionless models by Momota and Miley and Meyer are in good agreement with the results of Gu. A SIEC device for practical application will have to operate at several 10's of keV, allowing some electrons in these devices to obtain energies that are a significant fraction of their rest mass. Thus, relativistic corrections are made to the model of Meyer to explore the relativistic effect on virtual electrode formation
Physicians, the State and Public Health in Chile, 1881–1891

This study of public health policy in Chile uncovers some of the social tensions in that country during the 1880s, and illustrates the fragmentation of the Chilean elite prior to the Revolution of 1891. The Chilean government's controversial and contested public health policies implied the increasing bureaucratic organisation and regulation of society. The justifications offered for these policies by central government officials reveal both the deep roots in Chilean politics of a powerful Executive, and the early linkage between the ‘scientific discourses’ of medical professionals and the bureaucratic centralisation of state power.
Regulation of Rat Hepatic L-Pyruvate Kinase Promoter Composition and Activity by Glucose, n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α Agonist

Carbohydrate regulatory element-binding protein (ChREBP), MAX-like factor X (MLX), and hepatic nuclear factor-4α (HNF-4α) are key transcription factors involved in the glucose-mediated induction of hepatic L-type pyruvate kinase (L-PK) gene transcription. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and WY14643 (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist) interfere with glucose-stimulated L-PK gene transcription in vivo and in rat primary hepatocytes. Feeding rats a diet containing n-3 PUFA or WY14643 suppressed hepatic mRNAL-PK but did not suppress hepatic ChREBP or HNF-4α nuclear abundance. Hepatic MLX nuclear abundance, however, was suppressed by n-3 PUFA but not WY14643. In rat primary hepatocytes, glucose-stimulated accumulation of mRNALPK and L-PK promoter activity correlated with increased ChREBP nuclear abundance. This treatment also increased L-PK promoter occupancy by RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II), acetylated histone H3 (Ac-H3), and acetylated histone H4 (Ac-H4) but did not significantly impact L-PK promoter occupancy by ChREBP or HNF-4α. Inhibition of L-PK promoter activity by n-3 PUFA correlated with suppressed RNA pol II, Ac-H3, and Ac-H4 occupancy on the L-PK promoter. Although n-3 PUFA transiently suppressed ChREBP and MLX nuclear abundance, this treatment did not impact ChREBP-LPK promoter interaction. HNF4α-LPK promoter interaction was transiently suppressed by n-3 PUFA. Inhibition of L-PK promoter activity by WY14643 correlated with a transient decline in ChREBP nuclear abundance and decreased Ac-H4 interaction with the L-PK promoter. WY14643, however, had no impact on MLX nuclear abundance or HNF4α-LPK promoter interaction. Although overexpressed ChREBP or HNF-4α did not relieve n-3 PUFA suppression of L-PK gene expression, overexpressed MLX fully abrogated n-3 PUFA suppression of L-PK promoter activity and mRNAL-PK abundance. Overexpressed ChREBP, but not MLX, relieved the WY14643 inhibition of L-PK. In conclusion, n-3 PUFA and WY14643/PPARα target different transcription factors to control L-PK gene transcription. MLX, the heterodimer partner for ChREBP, has emerged as a novel target for n-3 PUFA regulation.
Use of Graph‐Theoretical Parameters to Predict Activity of Organosilane Insecticides

Descriptions have appeared in the literature of insecticide analogues in which silicon was substituted for quaternary carbon. The interest in these compounds was that they appeared to be approximately as toxic to the target species as the carbon analogues but significantly less acutely toxic to fish. In the present paper, chemical graph theory and principal component analysis were applied to a series of these silane compounds to predict insecticidal activity, thereby unlocking the potential to identify promising candidates for chemical synthesis. Good correlations (r > 0.9) were demonstrated, and possible physical interpretations of the relevant graph-theoretical parameters were discussed.
Developmental explanation and the ontogeny of birdsong: Nature/nurture redux

Despite several decades of criticism, dichotomous thinking about behavioral development (the view that the behavioral phenotype can be partitioned into inherited and acquired components) remains widespread and influential. This is particularly true in study of birdsong development, where it has become increasingly common to diagnose songs, elements of songs, or precursors of songs (song templates) as either innate or learned on the basis of isolation-rearing experiments. The theory of sensory templates has encouraged both the dichotomous approach (by providing a role for genetic blueprints to guide song learning) and an emphasis on structural rather than functional aspects of song development. As a result, potentially important lines of investigation have been overlooked and the interpretation of existing data is often flawed. Evidence for a genetic origin of behavioral differences is frequently interpreted as evidence for the genetic determination of behavioral characters. The technique of isolation rearing remains the methodology of choice for many investigators, despite the fact that it offers only a rather crude analysis of the contribution of experience to song development and provides no information at all about genetic contributions to development. The latter could in principle be elucidated by the application of developmental-genetic techniques, but it is unlikely that these can easily be applied to the study of birdsong. Because developmental questions are so often posed in terms of the learned—innate dichotomy, "experience"istaken to be synonymous with "learning" and the possible role of nonobvious contributions to song development has largely been ignored. An alternative approach, based on Daniel Lehrman's interactionist theory of development, permits a more thorough appreciation of the problems that have yet to be addressed, and provides a more secure conceptual foundation for theories of song development.
Forensic neuropsychological evaluations in an academic medical center.

Within the expanding field of clinical neuropsychology, the subspecialty of forensic neuropsychology has developed. Currently, there is considerable diversity within the discipline as to how practitioners approach test selection, reports, and number of hours billed. How individuals handle these issu
Treatment of human aggressive behavior: four case studies of the effect of lithium.

Abstract In the past five years there has been a steady accumulation of evidence that lithium inhibits aggressive behavior in man. 1–4 The most recent and complete study employed a double-blind design and reported the effect of lithium versus placebo on 16–24 year old incarcerated male delinquents. 5 A significant reduction in threatening or assaultive behavior was found in the lithium-treated group. We now describe in detail four individual case studies from the lithium-treated group in the double-blind study. We feel these four cases exemplify representative types of lithium responsive subjects. For the purposes of this paper a “lithium responder” is defined as a subject who received at least two institutionally-administered penalties for threatening or violent behavior (“major infractions”) during the predrug control period, and had a reduction of at least two major infractions while on lithium. Of 34 lithium subjects, 11 met the control period criterion, and 9 of these met the responder criterion; of 32 placebo subjects, 7 met the control period and 1, the responder criterion. The 4 individuals discussed here showed an unambiguous improvement in their overall ability to control overt violent aggressive behavior while on lithium. The literature contains several individual case studies of the effects of lithium on “aggressive” behavior. Some of the features of these cases taken together with those found in our study serve as a basis for identifying clinical criteria which warrant a trial of lithium in certain types of exaggerated aggressive behavior in man.
Surface electrocardiogram in the detection of transmural myocardial ischemia during coronary artery occlusion

Abstract To examine whether coronary occlusion causing transmural ischemia was accurately reflected by ST-segment elevation on routine electrocardiograms, intracoronary and surface electrocardiograms were simultaneously recorded during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). The study group consisted of 54 patients who had intracoronary ST-segment elevation during transient coronary occlusion (left anterior descending [LAD]: 25 patients, left circumflex [LC]: 19 patients, right coronary artery: 12 patients). Elevation of the ST segment on the surface electrocardiogram (≥0.1 mV) was recorded in 84% of patients during LAD dilatation, in 32% of patients during LC dilatation (p
Long-Term Renal Functional Outcomes after Primary Gastrocystoplasty

Purpose: We assessed long-term renal function, morbidities and mortality in 50 patients who had undergone primary gastrocystoplasty at our institution.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients 21 years or younger who had undergone primary gastrocystoplasty between 1984 and 2004. Patients who underwent secondary gastrocystoplasty or primary composite augmentation or had cloacal exstrophy were excluded. Primary outcome was progression to end-stage renal disease. Secondary outcomes included mortality, bladder malignancy, hematuria-dysuria syndrome, electrolyte abnormalities and surgical revisions.Results: Of 50 patients who had undergone gastrocystoplasty 35 met inclusion criteria. Median age was 9.4 years and 60% of the patients were male. Median followup was 19 years (IQR 11 to 25). Of the 35 patients 15 (43%) had normal preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate and 5 (14%) had stage 2, 10 (29%) stage 3 and 5 (14%) stage 4 chronic kidney disease. Five of the 15 patients with stage...
Cytobiologic and clinical aspects in a patient with chronic neutrophilic leukemia after thorotrast exposure

Abstract A patient with fairly typical chronic neutrophilic leukemia, as represented by some two dozen such reported cases, had been given Thorotrast more than 20 years before. Typical myeloblastic crisis developed with remarkable terminal leukocytosis. Mature blood neutrophils had normal function with respect to phagocytosis, bacterial killing, metabolic activation, and chemotactic response. The number of cells producing colonies of neutrophils and monocytes in in vitro semisolid cultures was normal in the blood and increased in marrow. Colony size was smaller than is usually observed in normal patients or in typical patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Termination in blast crisis, also seen in a few other patients with chronic neutrophilic leukemia, indicates that this is indeed a form of leukemia and not a "leukemoid" reaction of obscure cause. The differential diagnosis of extreme neutrophilia is discussed.
Electric field-induced astrocyte alignment directs neurite outgrowth.

The extension and directionality of neurite outgrowth are key to achieving successful target connections during both CNS development and during the re-establishment of connections lost after neural trauma. The degree of axonal elongation depends, in large part, on the spatial arrangement of astrocytic processes rich in growth-promoting proteins. Because astrocytes in culture align their processes on exposure to an electrical field of physiological strength, we sought to determine the extent to which aligned astrocytes affect neurite outgrowth. To this end, dorsal root ganglia cells were seeded onto cultured rat astrocytes that were pre-aligned by exposure to an electric field of physiological strength (500 mV mm−1). Using confocal microscopy and digital image analysis, we found that neurite outgrowth at 24 hours and at 48 hours is enhanced significantly and directed consistently along the aligned astrocyte processes. Moreover, this directed neurite outgrowth is maintained when grown on fixed, aligned astrocytes. Collectively, these results indicate that endogenous electric fields present within the developing CNS might act to align astrocyte processes, which can promote and direct neurite growth. Furthermore, these results demonstrate a simple method to produce an aligned cellular substrate, which might be used to direct regenerating neurites.
Educating Engineers for Rebuilding Rather Than Building

The subject of this New York Conference on the Infrastructure: Maintenance and Repair of Public Works is timely. The broad-based view represented by the speakers which covers government policies, public financing, influence of maintenance and repair on building codes and standards, and the recognition that reconstruction requires different technological innovations is particularly pertinent to this session on civil engineering education and research. The purpose of this paper is to discuss what civil engineering educators and researchers must do to prepare new engineers for these new challenges. The United States has had a relatively unique position in the technological development arena. Many of our cities and public works were initiated and expanded while the new technologies were being created and improved. Our transportation systems evolved through waterway systems including canals, railroads, auto and truck traffic on dirt roads, and paved highways and expressways, and by air. In almost all of these cases the newest of the technology was applied as additions to or replacements for existing systems. Many parallels exist for water supply and waste treatment. The same is also true for our buildings. The evolution of building technology from timber, stone, and brick through iron, concrete, steel, aluminum, and prestressing has in general left us with a broad supply of building types and materials. Historically, when new facilities were needed the old facilities would be demolished and replaced by newer, bigger, better facilities. Design analysis has had a similar history. Each step of the evolution from simple design analysis procedures through the more complex interconnected systems designs now common followed the development of new analytical capabilities. Even though we now need large digital computers to effectively use our analytical capabilities for the particular problem being studied, we should not forget that earlier designers faced the same decisions that we do now. Many public officials and engineers, not too many years ago, firmly believed that the results of a computer simulation provided the answer for their decisions. At the present time there is a growing recognition that computer modeling and input data are not sufficient to provide the final answer in all cases. However, reevaluation of our past experiences based on current knowledge is necessary. Interaction between our real nonlinear, nonelastic,
Clouds and stars: efficient real-time procedural sky rendering using 3D hardware

Real-time virtual reality applications, including games, increasingly use outdoor environments. A common task in an earth-type environment is to render a sky that is realistic both in terms of imagery and physics. Programmable graphics hardware offers the opportunity to procedurally generate and render a highly realistic sky at a minimal cost. We propose an integrated set of efficient algorithms that run in graphics hardware for interactive sky rendering that is fully parameterized for real-time control. Features of our method include multi-layered dynamic clouds and stars that individually flicker at varying intensity and rate.
Analytic and experimental studies of a wavelet identification of Preisach model of hysteresis

Abstract Preisach model has enjoyed extensive applications in describing the hysteresis phenomena. An important open question in the analysis of hysteresis using Preisach models is the determination of the model parameters and is referred as the identification problem. However, no general mathematical methods appear to be available for identification and customized identification algorithms must be developed for each specific area of applications. In order to describe physical systems more closely, it becomes increasingly difficult to derive the Preisach function and its associated parameters from the experimental results as the complexity of hysteresis models increases. This paper presents a new approach — a wavelet identification of Preisach model. Since a wavelet can generate a basis for all functions with finite energy, in this application the system output and the Preisach functions are represented by using wavelet approximation. The coefficients of the wavelet approximation expansion can be obtained by a series of experimental data. The modeling and prediction of hysteresis can be done by manipulating the wavelet series. Some comparison of experimental and computational results are also presented in this paper.
Relationship between substorm onset locations and nightside convection pattern features

[1] This paper presents a study using the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) convection database in conjunction with a list of substorm onsets determined from the IMAGE satellite to examine the relationship between substorm onset locations and features of the convection pattern. Particular attention is devoted to the latitude of onset locations compared to the latitude of the near-midnight convection reversal boundary (CRB) and the latitude at which the highest flow velocity (the flow peak) was observed equatorward of the CRB. Because of this focus, the set of observations examined is limited to cases where SuperDARN provided sufficient observations in the midnight sector to determine the latitude of the CRB. Distributions of the latitude difference between the onset location and the CRB and flow peak were examined for different times leading up to substorm onset and for a few different conditions. It was found that the onsets occurred equatorward of the CRB in more than 95% of the cases and that the distribution was approximately centered on the flow velocity peak.
Differential cholera-toxin sensitivity of supraspinal antinociception induced by the cannabinoid agonists Δ9-THC, WIN 55,212-2 and anandamide in mice

Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration to mice of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC), WIN 55,212-2 or the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide induced dose-related antinociception in the 55 degrees C warm-water tail-flick test. Pretreatment (24 h, i.c.v.) with pertussis toxin dose-dependently reduced the antinociceptive effect of delta9-THC (955 nmol), WIN 55,212-2 (30 nmol) and anandamide (135 nmol) (IC50 = 0.13, 5.5, and 0.32 nmol, respectively). In contrast, pretreatment (24 h, i.c.v.) with cholera toxin (0.1-3.0 mg) reduced the antinociception of WIN 55,212-2, had minimal effect on delta9-THC, and dose-dependently increased the antinociception of anandamide (ED50 = 0.50 nmol). These data suggest differences in the receptor-effector coupling of delta9-THC, WIN 55,212-2 and anandamide in supraspinal-induced antinociception in mice.
Control of skeletal muscle perfusion at the onset of dynamic exercise

At the onset of exercise there is a rapid increase in skeletal muscle vascular conductance and blood flow. Several mechanisms involved in the regulation of muscle perfusion have been proposed to initiate this hyperemic response, including neural, metabolic, endothelial, myogenic, and muscle pump mechanisms. Investigators utilizing pharmacological blockade of cholinergic muscarinic receptors and sympathectomy have concluded that neither sympathetic cholinergic nor adrenergic neural mechanisms are involved in the initial hyperemia. Studies have also shown that the time course for vasoactive metabolite release, diffusion, accumulation, and action is too long to account for the rapid increase in vascular conductance at the initiation of exercise. Furthermore, there is little or no evidence to support an endothelium or myogenic mechanism as the initiating factor in the muscle hyperemia. Thus, the rise in muscle blood flow does not appear to be explained by known neural, metabolic, endothelial, or myogenic influences. However, the initial hyperemia is consistent with the mechanical effects of the muscle pump to increase the arteriovenous pressure gradient across muscle. Because skeletal muscle blood flow is regulated by multiple and redundant mechanisms, it is likely that neural, metabolic, and possibly endothelial factors become important modulators of mechanically induced exercise hyperemia following the first 5-10 s of exercise.
Changes in acute phase reactants and disturbances in metabolism after burn injury.

Abstract A series of 23 patients, 12 severely burned and 11 mildly burned, was studied in order to investigate changes in serum proteins in relation to hormonal changes after burn trauma.
HLA CLASS I AND CLASS II ASSOCIATIONS IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA 91

Various HLA class I and II associations previously reported in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have been inconclusive, probably due to the disease heterogeneity. Epidemiological studies have also put forward the hypothesis that childhood ALL could be a rare outcome of a common infection. On this ground immunogenetic susceptibility provided to a certain degree by HLA genes, might be suspected. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate the possible HLA associations in childhood ALL in a Greek population. The study group consisted of 60 Greek children (35 boys/25 girls, age range: 9 months to 14 years) diagnosed and treated in our Department. The study group was also subdivided according to immunophenotype and classical risk criteria. 47 out of 60 patients had common ALL (cALL). 39 patients(39/60) comprised the high-risk subgroup (HR-ALL). A group of 200 healthy blood donors of Greek origin was used as controls. HLA typing of all known HLA class I and class II alleles was performed by serological method using immunomagnetic beads and double fluorescence. HLA antigen frequencies were analyzed by x2 test with Yates correction. Relative risks (RR) were calculated by cross-ratio. The results showed: 1) In overall ALL: increased frequency of HLA-B39 (RR=2.7, p=0.025), HLA-B27 (RR=2.8, p<0.05), HLA-Cw2(RR=2.4, p<0.05), HLA-DQ1 (RR=2.1, p<0.05). Increased frequencies of DR2 and DR4 were also found without reaching statistically significant level. 2)In cALL: increased frequency of HLA-A32, HLA-B22, HLA-B27, HLA-Cw2 and HLA-DQ1, with p<0.05. 3) In HR-ALL: increased frequency of HLA-B39 (p=0.025), HLA-B27, HLA-Cw7, HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQ3, with p<0.05. Conclusions: - HLA moderately statistically significant associations were found in childhood ALL and in the subgroups of cALL and HR-ALL - Some previously reported HLA associations in other populations (Cw7, DR4, DQ1, DQ3) were also found in this study - Our findings indicate that HLA-associated susceptibility in ALL may be determined inde-pendently by more than one HLA loci (HLA-B, -Cw, -DR, and -DQ loci).
Factors associated with intradialytic systolic blood pressure variability.

Background Although blood pressure lability during hemodialysis has long been recognized, little is known about factors that promote nonsystematic intradialytic blood pressure variability. Study Design Prospective observational cohort. Setting & Participants Random cluster sample of 218 prevalent hemodialysis patients treated at 5 participating DaVita Dialysis units. Predictors Clinical variables that may plausibly influence intradialytic systolic blood pressure (SBP) variability. Outcomes SBP variability as described by: (1) the deviation of SBP from its anticipated course (primary metric) and (2) the absolute value of the difference between successive SBP measurements (secondary metric). Measurements SBPs measured and recorded (n = 19,170) per clinical protocol during hemodialysis treatments (n = 2,422; median 11 per patient) occurring in the first 30 days of study. Predictors were assessed through standardized interview, examination, and medical record abstraction. Results Results were similar when SBP variability was considered in terms of the primary and secondary metrics. Older age and longer dialysis vintage were associated with increased SBP variability, whereas other patient characteristics were not. Greater fluid removal during hemodialysis (whether considered as volume or rate either absolute or relative to total-body water) was associated with greater SBP variability independently of its effects on net pre- to posttreatment SBP reduction. Neither number nor dialyzability of antihypertensive medications nor individual classes of agents showed an association with SBP variability. Limitations Over-representation of African Americans and patients with congestive heart failure; observational design; use of clinically measured blood pressures; absence of medication adherence confirmation. Conclusions Increased intradialytic SBP variability is associated with greater dialytic fluid removal and rate, as well as demographic characteristics, such as older age and dialysis vintage. Further work is needed to confirm these findings and measure associations between SBP variability and clinical outcomes.
Thrombosis, nephrosis, and corticosteroid therapy.

Thromboemboli occurred in 5 children receiving corticosteroid therapy for idiopathic nephrosis; 3 had fatal pulmonary thromboemboli and 2 survived peripheral involvement. The factors related to thromboemboli in children with nephrosis are considered and discussed in relationship to the known and possible effects of corticosteroid therapy.
Science camera calibration for extreme adaptive optics

The nascent field of planet detection has yielded a host of extra-solar planet detections. To date, these detections have been the result of indirect techniques: the planet is inferred by precisely measuring its effect on the host star. Direct observation of extra-solar planets remains a challenging yet compelling goal. In this vein, the Center for Adaptive Optics has proposed a ground-based, high-actuator density extreme AO system (XAOPI), for a large (~10 m) telescope whose ultimate goal is to directly evidence a specific class of these objects: young and massive planets. Detailed system wave-front error budgets suggest that this system is a feasible, if not an ambitious, proposition. One key element in this error budget is the calibration and maintenance of the science camera wave front with respect to the wave-front sensor which currently has an allowable contribution of ~ 5 nanometers rms. This talk first summarizes the current status of calibration on existing ground-based AO systems, the magnitude of this effect in the system error budget and current techniques for mitigation. Subsequently, we will explore the nature of this calibration error term, it’s source in the non-commonality between the science camera and wave front sensor, and the effect of the temporal evolution of non-commonality. Finally, we will describe preliminary plans for sensing and controlling this error term. The sensing techniques include phase retrieval, phase contrast and external metrology. To conclude, a calibration scenario that meets the stringent requirement for XAOPI will be discussed.
Child mental health consultation with families of medically compromised infants

Prematurity and birth defects present parents with a crisis for which they have usually had little preparation and no prior education. Both types of early medical complications may represent a state of suspended animation for most parents. Even large premature infants with good prognoses induce anxiety and symbolize potential death and disability, and children with birth defects may portend years of medical procedures and long-term disability. The fear of serious neurologic impairment or mental retardation presents parents with a long period of ambiguity and chronic anxiety. During this period, they must be helpless observers rather than active participants. Recent research has indicated that the active involvement of parents in the care of their premature infants can be helpful in alleviating the guilt and anxiety related to loss and impairment. Similarly, early physical contact between parents and their severely malformed infant is equally critical. Even if the ultimate complexities of early attachment have yet to be delineated fully, this is a worthwhile practice and useful approach in the nursery. Child mental health professionals have important roles to fulfill in helping staff members deal with increased parental participation and directly managing family members with intense distress related to their infants' fragility. The role of the mental health professional in such consultation may cover five related tasks: 1. Understanding the nature of the biologic issues facing the child and integrating that understanding with an evaluation of the child's neurobehavioral profile. 2. Understanding the family's relationship with the child and their overall level of functioning during an acutely stressful time. 3. Developing an appreciation of the place of the child in his or her family and how the parents understand the nature of the medical problems. 4. Forming a collaborative relationship with the pediatricians and other subspecialists who care for the child so that behavioral and psychological interventions are integrated with the child's biomedical care. 5. Fostering a brief, or sometimes long-term, therapeutic relationship with the family or facilitating the family's finding such a relationship with another clinician. There will never be enough child and adolescent psychiatrists and psychologists to treat all families of medically compromised infants. Knowledge of normative responses has advanced to the point at which basic skills can be used by and transmitted to others who can provide basic services. There is much to be learned about the short- and long-term sequelae of such stressful situations on individuals and family systems with preexisting psychopathology. For such families, child mental health professionals are uniquely suited to play a further role in research and treatment.
Manejo da síndrome do compartimento abdominal pós-ressecção transuretral de próstata

Resumo A sindrome compartimental abdominal aguda e mais comumente associada a trauma abdominal fechado, embora tenha sido observada apos ruptura de aneurisma da aorta abdominal, transplante de figado, pancreatite e reanimacao com volume macico. A sindrome compartimental abdominal aguda surge quando a pressao intra‐abdominal aumenta para 20‐25 mm Hg e e caracterizada pelo aumento das pressoes das vias aereas, ventilacao e oxigenacao inadequadas, funcao renal alterada e instabilidade hemodinâmica. Este relato de caso descreve o desenvolvimento da sindrome compartimental abdominal aguda durante a resseccao transuretral de prostata com ruptura da bexiga extra e intraperitoneal sob anestesia geral. Os primeiros sinais da sindrome compartimental abdominal aguda nesse paciente eram pressoes de pico elevadas das vias aereas e dificuldade para fornecer volumes correntes. O manejo da sindrome de compartimento inclui reintubacao, laparotomia exploratoria de emergencia e drenagem de liquidos de irrigacao. A dificuldade na ventilacao deve alertar o anestesiologista para que considere a sindrome compartimental abdominal em primeiro lugar na lista de diagnosticos diferenciais durante qualquer caso de endoscopia de bexiga ou intestino.
Inactivation of human factor VIII by activated protein C: evidence that the factor VIII light chain contains the activated protein C binding site

Abstract Factor VIII is represented as a series of heterodimers composed of an 83(81) kDa light chain noncovalently bound to a variable size (93 to 210 kDa) heavy chain. Activated protein C inactivates factor VIII causing several cleavages of the factor VIII heavy chain(s). When factor VIII subunits were dissociated and component heavy and light chains isolated, the heavy chains were no longer a substrate for proteolysis by activated protein C. However, when factor VIII heavy chains were recombined with light chain, the reconstituted factor VIII activity was inactivated by activated protein C. The rate of factor VIII inactivation catalyzed by activated protein C was reduced by the presence of free light chain. The extent of this inhibition was dependent upon the concentration of light chain. Control experiments indicated that this protective effect of free light chain was not the result of inhibition of the activated protein C — lipid interaction. Fluorescence analysis demonstrated binding between the factor VIII light chain, chemically modified with eosin maleimide, and activated protein C, modified at its active site by dansyl-Glu-Gly-Arg chloromethyl ketone. Similar to proteolysis of factor VIII by activated protein C, this binding was dependent upon a lipid surface. Based upon the degree of fluorescence quenching, a spatial distance of 26Awas claculated separating the two fluorophores. These results demonstrate direct binding of activated protein C to the factor VIII light chain and suggest that this binding is an obligate step for activated protein C-catalyzed inactivation of factor VIII.
Dynamic cycling with Hsp90 stabilizes neuronal nitric oxide synthase through calmodulin-dependent inhibition of ubiquitination.

NO production by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) requires calmodulin and is enhanced by the chaperone Hsp90, which cycles dynamically with the enzyme. The proteasomal degradation of nNOS is enhanced by suicide inactivation and by treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors, the latter suggesting that dynamic cycling with Hsp90 stabilizes nNOS. Here, we use a purified ubiquitinating system containing CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) as the E3 ligase to show that Hsp90 inhibits CHIP-dependent nNOS ubiquitination. Like the established Hsp90 enhancement of NO synthesis, Hsp90 inhibition of nNOS ubiquitination is Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent, suggesting that the same interaction of Hsp90 with the enzyme is responsible for both enhancement of nNOS activity and inhibition of ubiquitination. It is established that CHIP binds to Hsp90 as well as to Hsp70, but we show here the two chaperones have opposing actions on nNOS ubiquitination, with Hsp70 stimulating and Hsp90 inhibiting. We have used two mecha...