cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Socially Mediated Public Relations Crises on Planned Behavior: How TPB Can Help Both Corporations and Nonprofits

Lowe's decision to pull advertising from All-American Muslim and Susan G. Komen for the Cure's announcement of new granting criteria impacting Planned Parenthood prompted angry outcries, as well as apologies, on social media. Through 2 online surveys, this study gauges people's thoughts about purchasing from or donating toward the organization in crisis and discusses the use of online apologies. Attitudes and social norms held the most sway over respondents’ reported intentions to donate or buy. We suggest a paradigm shift in how social media have expanded the referent others to whom people listen and about whose reactions people care.
A Multimodel Assessment of RKW Theory’s Relevance to Squall-Line Characteristics

Abstract The authors evaluate whether the structure and intensity of simulated squall lines can be explained by “RKW theory,” which most specifically addresses how density currents evolve in sheared environments. In contrast to earlier studies, this study compares output from four numerical models, rather than from just one. All of the authors’ simulations support the qualitative application of RKW theory, whereby squall-line structure is primarily governed by two effects: the intensity of the squall line’s surface-based cold pool, and the low- to midlevel environmental vertical wind shear. The simulations using newly developed models generally support the theory’s quantitative application, whereby an optimal state for system structure also optimizes system intensity. However, there are significant systematic differences between the newer numerical models and the older model that was originally used to develop RKW theory. Two systematic differences are analyzed in detail, and causes for these differences ...
Physical and Genetic Mapping of Wheat Kinase Analogs and NBS-LRR Resistance Gene Analogs

Conserved motifs within resistance genes have been utilized in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategies to isolate resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and resistance gene-like (RGLs) sequences from many plant species. RGAs have the potential to serve as closely linked markers for marker-assisted breeding or even as resistance gene candidates. The objectives of this study were to clone, sequence, and map RGAs and kinase analogs (KA). Three motifs in nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) resistance genes and two conserved motifs within R-gene kinases were used to design degenerate primers and amplify RGAs and KAs from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Eight NBS-LRR and 26 KAs were isolated. The clones were physically mapped to chromosomes by means of wheat nulli-tetrasomic lines. The probes detected 137 fragments that could be assigned to 20 of the 21 chromosomes; nearly half of the fragments mapped in the B genome. None of the fragments mapped to chromosome 4D. Genetic mapping of clones showed simple and complex loci indicating both single and multigene families. The RGAs and KAs will be useful as markers for mapping resistance gene loci.
Improvement of gas-switching abruptness for atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy

Abstract A simple gas dilution technique was implemented to minimize the limitations of the organometallic gas delivery manifold with a vent/run configuration in an organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) system. The dead space created in a switching valve upon closing can serve as a memory cell for the reactants. The importance of the problem depends on the volume and shape of the cavity. This paper reports on the effects of diluting the organometallic-saturated H2 carrier gases before the switching valves. Significant improvement in intra-layer composition uniformity and interface abruptness of AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum wells (QWs) was observed. Without the dilution flow, residual trimethylaluminum in the dead space of the switching valve resulted in a slow transition at the barrier and well interface, leading to graded heterojunctions and possibly aluminum incorporation in the well. Diluting the reactants with 50 SCCM of H2 provided more abrupt interfaces and resulted in excellent agreement between the well width obtained by the scaled bulk growth rate and that calculated with photoluminescence data and a square well model.
GABA neurons in seizure disorders: a review of immunocytochemical studies.

Immunocytochemical studies have identified alterations in GABA neurons in several models of seizure disorders. However, the changes have varied among different epilepsy models, and these variations presumably reflect the diversity of mechanisms that can lead to seizure disorders. In models of cortical focal epilepsy, there is strong evidence fordecreases in the number of GABAergic elements, and the changes closely parallel the time course of seizure development. By contrast, in some genetic models of epilepsy,increases in the number of immunocytochemically-detectable neurons have been observed in selected brain regions. In several models of temporal lobe epilepsy, there presently is little immunocytochemical evidence for alterations of GABA neurons within the hippocampal formation despite physiological demonstrations of decreased GABA-mediated inhibition in this region. However, it remains possible that certain types of GABA neurons could be differentially affected in some seizure disorders while other types are preserved. Thus, distinguishing between different classes of GABA neurons and determining their functional roles represent major challenges for future studies of GABA neurons in seizure disorders.
Advances in molecular genetics and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

CASE PRESENTATION A 28-year-old woman was diagnosed as having obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) during a family screening 13 years ago. The patient was initially treated with atenolol and verapamil for chest pain, but after several years, she complained of increasing angina and dyspnea. Physical examination revealed a prominent apical impulse and a grade 2/6 precordial systolic murmur. The 12-lead electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm at 79/min, PR interval of 205 milliseconds, normal QRS axis, and left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy plus associated ST-T wave changes. The echocardiogram showed a septal thickness of 19 mm (normal, #11 mm); LV free wall, 15 mm (normal, ,11 mm); left atrium, 52 mm (normal, ,40 mm); no systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, but apposition of LV walls at the level of papillary muscles; mild mitral regurgitation; and predicted LV gradient of 85 mm Hg at rest. A cardiac magnetic resonance imaging study confirmed LV hypertrophy, most marked at the mid-LV cavity level, and an apical LV aneurysm. The pressures at cardiac catheterization were as follows: mean right atrium, 4 mm Hg; right ventricle, 36/4 mm Hg; pulmonary artery, 30/14 mm Hg; mean pulmonary arterial capillary wedge , 19 mm Hg; LV, 190/20 mm Hg; and aorta, 100/50 mm Hg. Hence, the intracavitary LV pressure gradient, measured at midcavity, was 90 mm Hg. Cardiac output was 4.7 L/min. An LV angiogram confirmed a diagnosis of midcavity obstructive HCM. Genetic studies showed that HCM in the patient’s family is caused by an Met149Val mutation of a cardiac contractile protein called essential light chain of myosin. The patient received a dual chamber (DDD) pacemaker to relieve the severe midcavity LV obstruction. Her symptoms improved, and the hemodynamic indices during DDD pacing at a 5-year follow-up cardiac catheterization were as follows: mean right atrium, 2 mm Hg; right ventricle, 32/8 mm Hg; pulmonary artery, 24/12 mm Hg; mean pulmonary arterial capillary wedge , 9 mm Hg; LV, 150/10 mm Hg; and aorta, 105/50 mm Hg (LV gradient, 45 mm Hg). Cardiac output was 4.2 L/min. With the pacemaker programmed to atrial demand mode, the pressures were as follows: mean right atrium, 2 mm Hg; right ventricle, 26/6 mm Hg; pulmonary artery, 26/14 mm Hg; mean pulmonary arterial capillary wedge, 13 mm Hg; LV, 155/10 mm Hg; and aorta, 85/48 mm Hg (LV gradient, 70 mm Hg). Cardiac output was 4.3 L/min. The DDD pacing has significantly reduced this unusual form of LV obstruction without adversely affecting filling pressures or cardiac output. Prolonged pacing has also resulted in hemodynamic changes that were evident even when DDD pacing was discontinued temporarily.
MicroRNAs: potential mediators and biomarkers of diabetic complications

The incidence of diabetes is escalating worldwide and, consequently, this has become a major health care problem. Moreover, both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with significantly accelerated rates of microvascular complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy, as well as macrovascular complications such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular and hypertensive diseases. Key factors have been implicated in leading to these complications, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, advanced glycation end products, growth factors, inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, and related increases in cellular oxidant stress (including mitochondrial) and endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the high incidence of diabetic complications, which often progress despite glycemic control, are still not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that have elicited immense interest in recent years. They repress target gene expression via posttranscriptional mechanisms and have diverse cellular and biological functions. Herein, we discuss the role of miRNAs in the pathobiology of various diabetic complications, their involvement in oxidant stress, and also the potential use of differentially expressed miRNAs as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Sluggish light and its applications in true-time-delay beam forming for wideband RF phased-array antennas

In this paper, we present a new photonic technique for producing large time delay of radio-frequency (RF) modulated optical signals and its application in a novel true-time-delay (TTD) multiple beam-forming system for wideband RF phased-array antennas using Fourier optics. The RF signal to be delayed is modulated onto a broadband optical carrier in a frequency-mapped manner by an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF). Due to the phased-matched acousto-optic interaction and the moving nature of the acoustic waves in the AOTF, di.erent frequency components of the optical carrier are only modulated and Doppler-shifted by the corresponding frequencies of the modulating RF signal. Heterodyne detection between the modulated optical beam and a timealigned reference beam from the same light source can recover the modulating RF signal. When a small optical path length di.erence is introduced between the heterodyne beams, a large RF time delay magnified by the frequency ratio between the optics and the RF will be generated, which we refer to as the sluggish-light effect. Sluggish light has potential applications in TTD beam forming for wideband RF phased-array antennas and proof-of-concept experiments of the sluggish-light based TTD beam forming for an emulated 2- and 4-channel RF array will be presented in this paper.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS : IV. DIRECT ACTION OF X-RAYS ON TRANSPLANTABLE CANCERS OF MICE.

These experiments indicate that the direct action of x-rays in more powerful doses than can be applied therapeutically is somewhat injurious to tumor cells, but by no means destroys them. Experiment 1 also indicates that the cancer cells establish a resistance to the x-rays after repeated doses. This harmonizes with the experience of clinicians who have succeeded in checking cancerous growths for some time but reach a point where no response can be effected by repeated doses. The rays of low penetration used in Experiment 2 are apparently more harmful to tumor cells than the penetrating rays used in Experiment 1.
Workshop on low-frequency electrical precursors to earthquakes

An NSF-sponsored workshop entitled “Low-Frequency Electrical Precursors to Earthquakes: Fact or Fiction?” was held at the Lake Arrowhead Hilton in California from June 14 to 17. Thirty-seven scientists participated in a review of past and current experiments that began with a poster session followed by an open discussion. Highlights of research presented at this workshop included seismic electric signals from Greece, precursory changes of resistivity in China, a reassessment of the ULF anomaly at Loma Prieta, and identification of geophysical constraints for mechanisms possibly causing precursory signals. Discussion focused on instrumentation, laboratory studies, definition of anomalous signals, mechanisms, and the significance of correlations between anomalies and earthquakes. While much is still uncertain, some of the precursory phenomena exist and expanded measurement programs are warranted. The participants identified three main guidelines to improve and quantify their attempts to monitor electrical and electromagnetic precursors and to extend their understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the generation of precursory signals.
Embedding Real Time Ethernet: EtherNet/IP on resource constricted platforms

Real Time Ethernet protocols have become commonplace in automation orientated communication. An important applied research question is whether generic embedded applications can benefit from these new protocols. This industry practice paper investigates the “embeddability” of EtherNet/IP on resource constrained platforms. We show that, within the cost structure of RTE implementations in general, EtherNet/IP can be implemented in resource constrained hardware and in fact can be successfully be ported to existing embedded, Ethernet enabled, hardware.
Cultural studies of four North American species in the Ganoderma lucidum complex with comparisons to G. lucidum and G. tsugae

Cultural characteristics of four species in the Ganoderma lucidum complex from North America were studied: G. colossum, G. zonatum, G. oregonense and G. meredithiae . Isolates of G. colossum produced thick-walled, globose chlamydospores with spines projecting from surface reticulations. Isolates of G. zonatum, G. oregonense and G. meredithiae did not produce chlamydospores; however, all three species produced staghom hyphae, thin- and thick-walled cuticular cells, and thin-walled hyphal vesicles that ruptured readily when prepared for bright-field microscopy. These characteristics were not observed in cultures of G. colossum . Isolates of G. zonatum produced previously undescribed structures which are termed hyphal rosettes. These structures were composed of several hyphal branches projecting from a common origin and are not found in other species. Optimum temperature ranges for isolates of species studied were: G. colossum 35–40 °C, G. zonatum and G. meredithiae 25–30°, and G. oregonense 20–25°. Isolates of G. oregonense did not grow above 30°, while isolates of G. zonatum and G. meredithiae grew at 35° but not at 40°. Isolates of G. colossum grew slowly at 45° and survived exposure to 50°. Cultural characteristics of the species studied were compared to isolates of G. lucidum and G. tsugae . All six can be distinguished by cultural morphology and temperature relationships, except G. tsugae and G. oregonense , which were different from the others but similar to each other. A cultural description of G. zonatum is presented.
Design and Construction of a Shallow Water Sediment Core Sampler

Abstract A shallow water core sampler was constructed from plumbing materials and extruded plexiglas tubing. Construction of the sampler is simple and the total cost of materials is approximately $35. The sampler is capable of taking cores at water depths up to 6m and by modification at greater depths. The total weight of the sampler is 12 kg; it is easy to operate and can be used for sediments ranging in texture from sand to highly organic clayey material. Core samples varying in length and cross-sectional area can be obtained by changing the dimensions of the plexiglas tube.
Physician detection of drinking problems in patients attending a general medicine practice

Objective:To assess the patient and physician characteristics that influence physicians’ detection of problem drinking in their medical patients.
Wall Material Effect on Total Conduction Heat Gain of Office Buildings in Hot and Dry Climate

The large difference between maximum and minimum daily temperatures and considerable amount of solar heat gain are characteristics of hot and dry climate. In this situation walls and roof of a building act as thermal storage elements which store heat during the day and remove it at night therefore the direction of heat transfer can change throughout a day. This should be considered in total conduction heat gain calculation. In the present study the effect of wall and insulation material is studied in a simple office building. Outside temperature is considered to change periodically with time. In addition, the outside surface of the wall is considered to be exposed to the sun during day light. A one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation with time dependent boundary conditions is solved numerically using the Crank-Nicolson method. Different wall materials and insulations were investigated in order to find the best insulation and material from total conduction heat gain viewpoint. It is shown that by using proper materials and location of insulation within the wall the heat gain and energy cost can be decreased considerably.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Molecular simulation of ligand-binding with DNA: implications for 125I-labeled pharmaceutical design.

Purpose: By using computer‐assisted molecular modeling software, to assess the effects of structural modification on the interaction of 125I‐labeled iodoHoechst ligands and DNA and to design new analogs with specified distances between the Auger‐electron‐emitting 125I atom and the DNA central axis.Materials and methods: The Lamarckian genetic algorithm (AutoDock 3.0) was used to model the interaction between DNA and m‐iodo‐p‐methoxyHoechst (IMH), a ligand whose binding to the minor groove of DNA has been demonstrated (crystal structure) and which is available in the Protein Data Bank. m‐Iodo‐p‐ethoxyHoechst (IEH), a radioligand we had previously synthesized and characterized, was then docked onto DNA, the IEH–DNA complex minimized, and the binding free energy and inhibition constant (Ki) estimated and compared with those for IMH–DNA. Using the protocol, several novel iodoHoechst analogs (IH‐A and IH‐B) were designed. Finally, Insight II was used to measure the distances between the iodine atom (e.g. 125I)...
On the co-existence and stability of trijunctions and quadrijunctions in a simple model

Abstract Junctions of four domain walls (quadrijunctions) are shown to be stable in Ising-type ordering models with weak first and strong second neighbor interactions that give rise to certain ordered structures with four or more domains, such as the striped rectangular phase on ordering of a two-dimensional square lattice and the B32 (NaTl) structure on ordering of b.c.c. When first neighbor interactions in the model are set to zero, quadrijunctions are stable with respect to dissociation into two trijunctions for all orientations and all temperatures below the critical ordering temperature. When the magnitude of first neighbor interactions in the model is increased, the stable range of orientation for quadrijunctions diminishes, and quadrijunctions co-exist with trijunctions in a microstructure. When the magnitude of the first neighbor interaction reaches the limit of the existence of the ordered phases, the range of orientation for which the quadrijunction is stable vanishes. Results of confirming computer simulations are presented.
Evaluation that Accommodates Minority Teacher Contributions

Greater flexibility in evaluative procedures to aid minority group-and other-teachers improve leaning.
Ca transients from Ca channel activity in rat cardiac myocytes reveal dynamics of dyad cleft and troponin C Ca binding.

The properties of the dyad cleft can in principle significantly impact excitation-contraction coupling, but these properties are not easily amenable to experimental investigation. We simultaneously...
High-dimensional covariance estimation by minimizing ℓ1-penalized log-determinant divergence

Given i.i.d. observations of a random vector X 2 R p , we study the problem of estimating both its covariance matrix � ∗ , and its inverse covariance or concentration matrix � ∗ = (� ∗ ) −1 . We estimate � ∗ by minimizing an l1-penalized log-determinant Bregman divergence; in the multivariate Gaussian case, this approach corresponds to l1-penalized maximum likelihood, and the structure of � ∗ is specified by the graph of an associated Gaussian Markov random field. We analyze the performance of this estim ator under high-dimensional scaling, in which the number of nodes in the graph p, the number of edges s and the maximum node degree d, are allowed to grow as a function of the sample size n. In addition to the parameters (p, s, d), our analysis identifies other key quantities that control rates: (a) the l∞-operator norm of the true covariance matrix � ∗ ; and (b) the l∞ operator norm of the submatrix ∗, where S indexes the graph edges, and ∗ = (� ∗ ) −1 (� ∗ ) −1 ; and (c) a mutual incoherence or irrepresentability measure on the matrix ∗ and (d) the rate of decay 1/f(n, δ) on the probabilities {|b n � ∗| > δ}, where b � n is the sample covariance based on n samples. Our first result establishes consistency of our estimate b � in the elementwise maximum-norm. This in turn allows us to derive convergence rates in Frobenius and spectral norms, with improvements upon existing results for graphs with maximum node degrees d = o( p s). In our second result, we show that with probability converging to one, the estimate b � correctly specifies the zero pattern of the concentration matrix � ∗ . We illustrate our theoretical results via simulations for various graphs and problem parameters, showing good correspondences between the theoretical predictions and behavior in simulations. 1. Introduction. The area of high-dimensional statistics deals with estimation in the “large p, small n” setting, where p and n correspond, respectively, to the dimensionality of the dat a and the sample size. Such high-dimensional problems arise in a variety of applications, among them remote sensing, computational biology and natural language processing, where the model dimension may be comparable or substantially larger than the sample size. It is well-known that such high-dimensional scaling can lead to dramatic breakdowns in many classical procedures. In the absence of additional model assumptions, it is frequently impossible to obtain consistent procedures when p ≫ n. Accordingly, an active line of statistical research is based on imposing various restrictions on the model—-for instance, sparsity, manifold structure, or graphical model structure—-and then studying the scaling behavior of different estimators as a function of sample size n, ambient dimension p and additional parameters related to these structural assu mptions.
Irreversible magnetization in superconductors

Abstract The temperature and field dependence of hysteresis for tin, lead and niobium is described by attributing it to three different sources. First, there is supercooling, which was observed only for tin and lead and sometimes disappeared for them at certain temperatures. Second, various inhomogeneities distributed throughout the material seem responsible for trapped flux that had the same temperature dependence as J c for tin and lead and that had the behavior expected from the pinning model for niobium. Third, the very small trapping that occurred when the external field was cycled between + H max and − H max with H max so small that the sample never entered the intermediate or mixed state, is attributed to microscopic surface irregularities.
COLOUR PHASES OF THE BANANAQUIT COEREBA FLAVEOLA ON ST VINCENT, WEST INDIES

exist on the island of St Vincent in the West Indies. The purpose of this paper is to describe a morph ratio cline in the yellow and black morphs. The yellow-breasted morph (designated here as the yellow morph) has a widespread distribution throughout the West Indies, Central and South America. It is the only morph known from the Grenadines to the south and St Lucia to the north of St Vincent. This morph is characterized by a bright yellow breast and rump, gray throat, white superciliary stripe above the eye, with dark gray dorsal surface, wings and tail. A white spot on the primaries is visible when the wing is closed, while areas of white are apparent in the wing and tail during flight. The melanic colour phase (designated here as the black morph) is entirely black. A faint olive wash on the breast and rump corresponds to the regions of bright yellow on the yellow morph. Thus it appears that in the black morph melanin was deposited over the carotenoids found on the yellow morph. The polymorphism applies only to colour. Although the black morph is the most abundant morph on St Vincent and Grenada it has a very limited distribution; the other islands on which it occurs are Los Testigos, Los Roques and Cay0 Sal all along the coast of Venezuela (Bond
In vivo analysis of plant promoters and transcription factors by agroinfiltration of tobacco leaves.

A convenient, Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay has been evaluated for rapid analysis of plant promoters and transcription factors in vivo. By simple infiltration of Agrobacterium cells carrying appropriate plasmid constructs into tobacco leaves in planta, reproducible expression assays could be conducted in as little as 2-3 days without using expensive equipment (e.g. biolistic gun or electroporation apparatus) or complicated procedures (e.g. preparation of protoplasts). Biotic and abiotic treatments could be applied to the intact plant to examine their influence on promoter activity and gene expression. Using this method, we have tested the stress-responsive as-1 and heat shock elements, yeast GAL4 transactivation system, two promoters of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes as well as a heat shock promoter. Through deletion analyses of tobacco PR1a promoter and a novel myb1 promoter, we have also successfully identified the cis-regulatory regions in these promoters that are responsive to salicylic acid treatment or tobacco mosaic virus infection. Together, our results demonstrate that Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression is a simple and efficient method for in vivo assays of plant promoters and transcription factors.
Targeting B lymphoma with nanoparticles bearing glycan ligands of CD22

CD22 is a member of the siglec (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin) family expressed on B cells that recognizes glycans of glycoproteins as ligands. Because siglecs exhibit restricted expression on one or a few leukocyte cell types, they have gained attention as attractive targets for cell-directed therapies. Several antibody-based therapies targeting CD22 (Siglec-2) are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of hairy cell leukemia and other B cell lymphomas. As an alternative to antibodies we have developed liposomal nanoparticles decorated with glycan ligands of CD22 that selectively target B cells. Because CD22 is an endocytic receptor, ligand-decorated liposomes are bound by CD22 and rapidly internalized by the cell. When loaded with a toxic cargo such as doxorubicin, they are efficacious in prolonging life in a Daudi B cell lymphoma model. These B cell targeted nanoparticles have been demonstrated to bind and kill malignant B cells from patients with hairy cell leukemia, marginal zone lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The results demonstrate the potential of using CD22 ligand-targeted liposomal nanoparticles as an alternative approach for the treatment of B cell malignancies.
THE INFLUENCE OF "FOLIC ACID" ON SPONTANEOUS BREAST CANCERS IN MICE

Complete regressions of spontaneous breast cancers in mice were observed in 38 among 89 animals (43 per cent.). The treatment consisted of daily intravenous injections of 5 micrograms of l. casei factor ("folic acid"). The treated animals lived longer than the controls, especially the healed mice. The incidence of the development of new tumors was decreased among the treated mice as compared with the controls.
Regulatory Arbitrage and Cross-Border Bank Acquisitions

We study how differences in bank regulation influence cross-border bank acquisition flows and the share price reactions to cross-border deal announcements. Using a sample of 7,297 domestic and 916 majority cross-border deals announced between 1995 and 2012, we find evidence of a form of “regulatory arbitrage” in which acquisition flows involve acquirers from countries with stronger regulations than their targets. Target and aggregate abnormal returns around deal announcements are positive and larger when acquirers come from more restrictive bank regulatory environments. We interpret this evidence as more consistent with a benign form of regulatory arbitrage than a potentially destructive one.
The role of senescent cells in ageing

Cellular senescence has historically been viewed as an irreversible cell-cycle arrest mechanism that acts to protect against cancer, but recent discoveries have extended its known role to complex biological processes such as development, tissue repair, ageing and age-related disorders. New insights indicate that, unlike a static endpoint, senescence represents a series of progressive and phenotypically diverse cellular states acquired after the initial growth arrest. A deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the multi-step progression of senescence and the development and function of acute versus chronic senescent cells may lead to new therapeutic strategies for age-related pathologies and extend healthy lifespan.
Universal IP multicast delivery

A ubiquitous and efficient multicast data delivery service is essential to the success of large-scale group communication applications. The original IP multicast design is to enhance network routers with multicast capability [S. Deering, D. Cheriton, Multicast routing in datagram internetworks and extended LANs, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 8(2) (1990) 85-110]. This approach can achieve great transmission efficiency and performance but also poses a critical dependency on universal deployment. A different approach, overlay multicast, moves multicast functionality to end hosts, thereby removing the dependency on router deployment, albeit at the cost of noticeable performance penalty compared to IP multicast. In this paper we present the Universal Multicast (UM) framework, along with a set of mechanisms and protocols, to provide ubiquitous multicast delivery service on the Internet. Our design can fully utilize native IP multicast wherever it is available, and automatically build unicast tunnels to connect IP Multicast "islands" to form an overall multicast overlay. The UM design consists of three major components: an overlay multicast protocol (HMTP) for inter-island routing, an intra-island multicast management protocol (HGMP) to glue overlay multicast and native IP multicast together, and a daemon program to implement the functionality at hosts. In addition to performance evaluation through simulations, we have also implemented parts of the UM framework. Our prototype implementation has been used to broadcast several workshops and the ACM SIGCOMM 2004 conference live on the Internet. We present some statistics collected during the live broadcast and describe mechanisms we adopted to support end hosts behind Network Address Translation (NAT) gateways and firewalls.
General analysis of narrow strips and slots

The general problems of TE- and TM-excited slots in screens and conducting strips whose widths are narrow relative to the wavelength are investigated. The narrow width approximation is imposed upon the slotted-screen and strip equations from which result approximate equations that are solved exactly. For general excitation, solutions are presented for both polarizations as products of series of Chebyshev polynomials and appropriate singular functions exhibiting the known edge condition. Special attention is afforded the problem of the slot/strip excited by illumination which can be represented by two terms of a Taylor series due to the practical importance of this situation.
Effect of dietary salt intake on circadian calcium metabolism, bone turnover, and calcium oxalate kidney stone risk in postmenopausal women

Abstract Increasing dietary salt (sodium chloride) increases urinary calcium excretion, which may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis and kidney stones. Ten postmenopausal women without osteoporosis or kidney stones who were not undergoing hormone replacement therapy ate all meals in a metabolic unit for 14 days: 7 days at each salt level in a crossover design. The 2 diets differed only by the addition of 150-mmol salt supplement to a 50-mmol baseline diet containing 780-mg calcium. Urinary calcium was higher in all 10 subjects taking the high-salt diet. Fasting calcitriol was not different. Comparing fasting with mid-morning, mid-afternoon, and evening samplings on day 7 of each diet, urinary deoxypyridinoline and N-telopeptide concentrations per mmol creatinine were higher in the evening on the high-salt diet. Fasting and postdinner osteocalcin values were higher on the low-salt diet. Ionized calcium, mid-molecule parathyroid hormone, and bone alkaline phosphatase were not different at any time point. Urinary volume, calcium, and oxalate but not magnesium, citrate, and the calculated calcium oxalate kidney stone risk index were higher on the high-salt diet. High dietary salt intakes by non–stone-forming postmenopausal women not taking estrogen may increase the risk of developing osteoporosis but not that of calcium oxalate kidney stones.
Contribution of bovine papillomavirus type 1 E1 protein residue 48 to replication function.

The E1 protein of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) is the origin recognition protein and is essential for the initiation of viral DNA replication. We reported previously that there is a conserved motif between residues 25 and 60 of all papillomavirus E1 proteins that resembles a casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylation site. The corresponding serine in BPV-1, serine-48, is an efficient substrate for CKII in vitro. To examine the functional role of this potential phosphorylation site, three amino acid substitutions were constructed at serine-48. Conversion of serine-48 to a glycine (S48G) resulted in a BPV-1 genome that was unable to replicate and had reduced transformation capacity. The S48G E1 protein also failed to support replication of a BPV-1 origin-containing plasmid when expressed from a heterologous vector rather than the viral genome, indicating a direct replication defect. In contrast, conversion of serine-48 to acidic residues (S48D or S48E), which mimic the charge and structure of phosphoserine, maintained the wild-type replication phenotype. These mutational results are consistent with a replication requirement for a negative charge at serine-48, presumably supplied by in vivo phosphorylation. The mechanistic basis for the negative charge requirement was examined by testing several activities of the S48G mutant E1 protein in vivo using yeast one- and two-hybrid systems. No gross defect was observed for stability, origin binding or interaction with E2 or for E1–E1 interaction, although subtle defects in these activities would not likely be detected. Overall, the results suggest that important phosphoregulatory control of E1 replication function is mediated through the N-terminal region of this protein.
Automated geolocation network for use in GPS-degraded environments

Geolocation in instances where the Global Positioning System (GPS) is degraded has become an important issue in today's world. Many military and commercial applications, including unmanned systems, require an accurate location on the earth to be determined, even inside buildings or complex urban environments. This paper presents a method of complementing GPS with a mobile ad-hoc network of nodes, each of which are capable of obtaining ranges to surrounding nodes. GPS is used where available, but this method takes over when GPS is degraded. In this approach, all nodes can potentially be used by surrounding nodes to calculate position. Algorithms are being developed to select the best nodes from those available and to perform the location calculation. Some important issues are addressed, including determining the number of nodes needed to perform accurate calculations given certain error situations and understanding the way error propagates between nodes.
Studying Triggers for Interest and Engagement Using Observational Methods

In this article, we discuss the contribution of observational methods to understanding the processes involved in triggering interest and establishing engagement. We begin by reviewing the literatures on interest and engagement, noting their similarities, differences, and the utility to each of better understanding the triggering process. We then provide background information about observational methods and a case illustration of their use in a post hoc analysis of observation records collected during an out-of-school biology workshop. In conclusion, we consider the advantages and limitations of observational methods. We suggest that they can offer unique insight into the triggering process. In the post hoc analysis, this includes information about multiple, co-occurring triggers for interest and variation in responses to triggers based on learner characteristics. It is acknowledged that observational methods are not sufficient, but they are necessary; they provide essential detail, especially for underst...
Bt Crops: Past and Future

The development and commercialization of transgenic plants expressing insecticidal toxin genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has revolutionized agriculture in the past two decades. Development of this revolutionary insect pest control technology was facilitated by the identification and characterization of insecticidal Bt proteins and advancements in plant transformation and genetic engineering. While commercialization of this technology is currently limited to a number of countries, these transgenic “Bt crops” are replacing in most cases conventional crop varieties due to their insect resistance, lower spraying requirements, and higher yields. However, concerns related to the increasing adoption of this technology include gene flow to wild relatives, evolution of resistance in target pests, and unintended effects on the environment. In this chapter, we discuss key events in the history of Bt crop development and summarize current regulations aimed at reducing the risks associated with increased adoption of this technology. By analyzing the history of Bt transgenic crops and the current marketplace trends and issues, we aim to examine the outlook of current and impending Bt crops as well as potential issues that may emerge during their future use.
Downmodulation of key inflammatory cell markers with a topical Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor.

Background INCB018424 is a novel, potent Janus kinase (JAK)1/JAK2 inhibitor that blocks signal transduction of multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Objectives To evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and preliminary efficacy of topical INCB018424 phosphate cream in patients with plaque psoriasis. Methods Topical INCB018424 phosphate 1·0% or 1·5% cream was applied once daily (QD) or twice daily (BID) for 4 weeks to 2-20% body surface area in five sequential cohorts of five patients aged 18-65 years. Target lesions were scored on a scale of 0-4 for erythema, scaling and thickness. Additionally, the overall disease activity in each patient was measured using Physician's Global Assessment. INCB018424 concentrations were measured in plasma, and cytokine stimulated phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation (pSTAT3) levels in peripheral blood cells were evaluated. Pretreatment and post-treatment skin biopsies were compared with healthy skin, including evaluation of histopathology, immunohistochemistry and mRNA expression. Results Treatment with INCB018424 phosphate cream either 1·0% QD or 1·5% BID resulted in improvements in lesion scores. No significant inhibition of pSTAT3 in peripheral blood cells was observed following topical application, consistent with the generally low steady-state plasma concentrations of INCB018424 measured. Transcriptional markers of immune cell lineage/activation in lesional skin were reduced by topical INCB018424, with correlations observed between clinical improvement and decreases in markers of T helper 17 lymphocyte activation, dendritic-cell activation and epidermal hyperplasia. INCB018424 treatment reduced epidermal hyperplasia and dermal inflammation in most patient samples, with reductions in CD3, CD11c, Ki67 and keratin 16 observed by immunohistochemical analysis. Conclusions Topical INCB018424 dosed for 28 days QD or BID is pharmacologically active in patients with active psoriasis and modulates proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of psoriatic lesions.
The Landscape of Greek Quantifiers

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Greek this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in Chapter 1. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Greek, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.
Effects of Remanufacturable Product Design on Market Segmentation and the Environment

Despite documented benefits of remanufacturing, many manufacturers have yet to embrace the idea of tapping into remanufactured-goods markets. In this article, we explore this dichotomy and analyze the effect of remanufacturable product design on market segmentation and product and trade-in prices by studying a two-stage profit-maximization problem in which a price-setting manufacturer can choose whether or not to open a remanufactured-goods market for its product. Our results suggest that it is optimal for a manufacturer to design a remanufacturable product when the value-added from remanufacturing is relatively high but product durability is relatively low and innovation is nominal. In addition, we find that entering a remanufactured-goods market in and of itself does not necessarily translate into environmental friendliness. On the one hand, the optimal trade-in program could result in low return and/or remanufacturing rates. On the other hand, a low price for remanufactured products could attract higher demand and thereby potentially result in more damage to the environment. Meanwhile, external restrictions imposed on total greenhouse gas emissions draw criticism in their own right because they risk stifling growth or reducing overall consumer welfare. Given these trade-offs, we therefore develop and compare several measures of environmental efficiency and conclude that emissions per revenue can serve as the best proxy for emissions as a metric for measuring overall environmental stewardship.
Begging the Question as a Criticism of an Argument in Itself in Topics 8.11

At Topics 8.11 161b19–33 Aristotle lists five criticisms () which may be leveled against a dialectical argument ‘in itself’ (). The five criticisms correspond in many respects to the familiar conditions Aristotle places on syllogism and refutation. However, begging the question (BTQ)—the violation of the condition that the conclusion of a syllogism be something different () from the premises—seems not to appear on the list of five criticisms . That this omission is only apparent becomes clear once it is seen that the five criticisms are not independent but rather amount to five successive filters through which an argument may be passed before its non-genuineness (as a syllogism or refutation) is exposed. This result sheds light on Aristotle's curious insistence, in the face of the heterogeneity of his examples of BTQ in Topics 8.13, that every question-begging refutation contains a premise that is ‘the same’ as the conclusion. The fact that the five criticisms expose BTQ as a defect in syllogistic reasoni...
X-linked Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita Due to NR0B1 (DAX1) Deficiency Presenting as Severe Respiratory Distress in Near Term Infants.

Acute respiratory distress in near-termneonates constitutes a medical emergency and may require ventilator support, vasopressors, inhaled nitric oxide, and in some cases, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We describe two infants who presented with severe respiratory distress in whom dramatic improvement occurred after they were diagnosed with adrenal failure and started on hydrocortisone. Boy BC was an African American neonate born at 36 weeks of gestation to a 20-year-old mother by C-section due to failure to progress and a failed attempt at vacuum extraction. His birth weight was 2258 g (< 10%ile), length 46 cm (< 10% ile), and head circumference (HC) 31 cm (< 10%ile). Family history was significant for the death of two maternal uncles during infancy. Pregnancy was uncomplicated and the infant required oxygen and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the delivery room. Apgar scores were 5 and 7, respectively. He developed hypothermia and hypoglycemia, and he was started on empiric antibiotics; his initial complete
t-Probabilities as Finite Sums

(2000). t-Probabilities as Finite Sums. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 217-218.
Increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide content and synthesis in Plasmodium falciparum-infected human erythrocytes

Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (RBCs) are characterized by increases in the activity of glycolytic enzymes. Because nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and NAD phosphate (NADP) are cofactors in the reactions of glycolysis and pentose phosphate shunt, we have examined NAD and NADP content in P. falciparum-infected RBCs. Although NADP content was not significantly altered, NAD content was increased approximately 10-fold in infected RBCs (66% parasitemia) compared with uninfected control RBCs. To determine the mechanism for the increase in NAD content, we examined the activity of several NAD biosynthetic enzymes. It is known that normal human RBCs make NAD exclusively from nicotinic acid and lack the capacity to make NAD from nicotinamide. We demonstrate that infected RBCs have readily detectable nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NPRT), the first enzyme in the NAD biosynthetic pathway that uses nicotinamide, and abundant nicotinamide deamidase, the enzyme that converts nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, thereby indicating that infected RBCs can make NAD from nicotinamide. In addition, infected RBCs have a threefold increase in nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), the first enzyme in the NAD biosynthetic pathway that uses nicotinic acid. Thus, the increase in NAD content in P falciparum-infected RBCs appears to be mediated by increases in NAD synthesis from both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.