cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Entanglement between a photon and a Quantum Dot

We present data showing entanglement between an InAs quantum dot (QD) and its spontaneously emitted photon. This entanglement realization is vital for the scalabilities of quantum information technologies.
THE MINIMUM OF KNOT ENERGY FUNCTIONS

In this paper we discuss some fundamental issues regarding knot energy functions. These include the existence of minimum values of energy functions of smooth knots and energy functions of polygonal knots within a knot type, the convergence of these minimum values in the case of polygonal knot energy and the convergence of the corresponding polygons where these minimum values are attained. When the polygonal knot energy is derived from a smooth knot energy, will the minimal polygonal knot energies converge to the infimum of the smooth knot energy? Do the corresponding polygons converge to a smooth knot at which the smooth energy achieves its minimal value? We show that one cannot expect these to be true in general and outline certain conditions that would ensure a positive answer to some of the above questions.
The real and complex Lorenz equations and their relevance to physical systems

Abstract We summarize some recently obtained results on real and complex Lorenz equations and discuss their possible significance in relation to real fluid dynamical processes.
Effects of indomethacin on biologic fixation of porous-coated titanium implants

Abstract The effect of perioperative administration of indomethacin on attachment strength and bone growth into porous-coated titanium implants was evaluated in the canine transcortical plug model. Various drug administration protocols simulating clinical use of indomethacin were studied. These included chronic treatment (starting 2 weeks prior to surgery), treatment immediately after surgery, and treatment 3, 6, 9, and 18 weeks following surgery. Indomethacin therapy was continued until sacrifice at 3, 6, 12, 18, or 24 postoperative weeks. Push-out testing was performed to determine the maximum bone—implant interface shear strength, and quantitative histologic analysis was used to determine percentage of bone ingrowth. When indomethacin was administered chronically or immediately after surgery, a statistically significant decrease in bone—implant interface attachment strength was seen at 3 postoperative weeks but not at later periods. No adverse effect was observed in any group after the 3-week period. Quantitative histologic analysis demonstrated no significant differences in percentage bone ingrowth among any of the treatment protocols at 3 or 6 weeks after surgery. No significant difference was observed between any of the groups at 18 or 24 weeks. The results of this study suggest that perioperative administration of indomethacin does not significantly affect attachment strength or bone ingrowth into porous-coated implants except at early periods, in which cases a transient decrease in attachment strength occurs.
Electronic bath theory: Multi-orbital primary zone

Abstract Second-quantized molecular time scale generalized Langevin equation (MTGLE) theory is extended to include a multi-orbital primary zone for fermion systems. A generic one-electron Hamiltonian is treated using this approach and MTGLE expressions are obtained. The specific case of a semi-infinite tight-binding chain is addressed and the resulting response function is shown to behave as a damped oscillation with respect to time. An approximation suitable for computer implementation is presented and results are given for the semi-infinite chain.
Broadband Sensor Nonlinearity during Moderate Shaking

Abstract We observe that broadband seismometers may produce artifact long-period signals that resemble impulse responses, similar to a step in acceleration, in the presence of shaking as moderate as 0.2% g . This observation accords with recent observations in Europe and elsewhere with similar instruments (e.g., Zahradnik and Plesinger, 2005). We present two case studies. For both the 8 October 2006 M 4.5 earthquake near Mt. Rainier in the Pacific Northwest and an M 5.0 event on 29 September 2004 in southern California, artifact signals, possible step tilts, and apparent sensor problems are observed as far as about 200 km from the epicenters. Such long-period artifacts, if not recognized, complicate and degrade estimation of source parameters of moderate and larger earthquakes on regional networks. The exact cause of the artifacts currently remains obscure, but may require alterations to instrument installation and/or design strategies.
Voices From the Past: Mary Parker Follett and Joseph Smith on Collaborative Leadership

The postwar literature has yielded important insights regarding developing collaborative leadership competencies in managers and collaborative leadership systems within organizations. However, the work of pre—World War II scholars and practitioners in this area has largely been overlooked. After introductory “interviews” with Mary P. Follett and Joseph Smith, we review their frameworks of collaborative leadership. Drawing on their frameworks of collaborative leadership, the authors propose an extension to Raelin’s (2006) framework of collaborative leadership and discuss the implications of this extended framework for current efforts in developing collaborative leadership in organizations
Electron spin resonance studies of radical anions of group IV dibenzo[b,f]metallepins

Abstract Stable radical anions are produced from 5,5-dimethyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f]silepin, 5-methy]-5-phenyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f]silepin, 5,5-diphenyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f]silepin or 5,5-diphenyl-5H-dibenzo[b,f]germepin on contact with sodium/potassium alloy in dry, degassed ether solutions at room temperature. The esr spectra of the radical anions show little sensitivity to the metal atom or metal atom substituent. Except for dimethylsilepin, which exhibits a temperature dependent spectrum, esr spectra of the dibenzometallepins have hyperfine line positions that superimpose on each other and that are temperature independent from −100° to ÷70°. The unpaired electron distribution in the anions is determined by the cis -stilbene-like portion of the metallepin molecule. Under similar conditions the radical anion of 9,9-dimetyl-9H-tribenzo[b,d,f]silepin is produced. Its esr spectrum may be interpreted in terms of an appropriately substituted o terphenyl. Huckel molecular orbital calculations provide satisfactory rationalizations of all the observed esr spectra.
What We’ve Learned From Mistakes: Insights From Error-Related Brain Activity

The error-related negativity (ERN) is a neural measure of error processing that peaks just 50 milliseconds after subjects make mistakes. Although previously conceptualized in purely cognitive terms, data increasingly suggest that the ERN is related to motivation and affect. The ERN has consistently been linked to individual differences in trait anxiety. Indeed, the ERN is itself trait-like, demonstrating high heritability and stability over time. The evidence suggests that an increased ERN is a viable biomarker of risk for anxiety disorders. The ERN is also sensitive to variation in the perceived consequences of making an error (i.e., error value): Punishing errors has a lasting effect on the ERN—an effect that is larger among more anxious individuals. Collectively, these data indicate that individual differences in anxiety and learning history could interact to influence the ERN— and that the ERN could be used to better understand trajectories of risk for anxiety disorders across development.
Dietary Overlap and Foraging Competition Between Mourning Doves and Eurasian Collared-Doves

Abstract The recent Eurasian collared-dove (Streptopelia decaocto, hereafter collared-dove) invasion of North America has raised concerns regarding its effects on native species, particularly mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). Our goal was to assess the potential for, and possible consequences of, foraging competition between mourning doves and collared-doves. We compared diet selection and measured degree of dietary overlap between the 2 dove species in a captive cafeteria experiment, and we measured aggression and competitive ability of these species in 3 captive competition experiments. We evaluated the effects of body size, temperature, and food distribution on aggression and competitive ability of both species, and we measured intraspecific aggression levels and competitive ability within each species. We found a high degree of dietary overlap between species; food preferences were similar between species, and Pianka's index of foraging-niche overlap was 0.95. Neither aggression nor competitive abili...
High levels of dietary protein or methionine have different effects on cysteine metabolism in rat hepatocytes.

Cysteine catabolism in mammalian liver can occur by both cysteine sulfinate-dependent and cysteine sulfinate-independent pathways. Both pathways lead to the production of pyruvate and sulfate, but only the cysteine sulfinate-dependent pathway leads to taurine production. Cysteine dioxygenase (CDO; EC 1.13.11.20) catalyzes the first reaction in the cysteine sulfinate-dependent catabolic pathway, by which cysteine is oxidized to cysteine sulfinate. Cysteine sulfinate has two possible catabolic fates. It can be transaminated by aspartate aminotransferase (AAT; EC 2.6.1.1) which ultimately yields pyruvate and sulfate, or it can be decarboxylated by cysteine sulfinate decarboxylase (CSAD; EC 4.1.1.29) to hypotaurine. Hypotaurine is then presumably non-enzymatically oxidized to taurine. Both taurine and sulfate are important metabolites required by the body for essential functions as well as being end-products of cysteine catabolism that are excreted in the urine.
Contextual Effects on Subjective National Identity and Nationalist Vote in Catalonia

The important inflow of foreign population to western countries has boosted the study of acculturation processes among scholars in the last decades. By using the case of Catalonia, a receiver region of international and national migration since the fifties, this paper seeks to intersect a classic acculturation model and a newly reemerging literature in political science on contextual determinants on individual behavior. Does the context matters for understanding individual’s subjective national identity and, therefore, its voting behavior? Multilevel models show that environment matters. Percentage of Spain-born population in the town is statistically significant to account for variance in the subjective national identity and nationalist vote, even after controlling for age, sex, origin, language and left – right orientation and other contextual factors. This conclusion invites researchers not to underestimate the direct effect of the environment on individual outcomes such as feelings of belonging and vote orientation in contexts of rival identities.
Transient increase of fractional anisotropy in reversible vasogenic edema

Brain vasogenic edema, involving disruption of the blood-brain barrier, is a common pathological condition in several neurological diseases, with a heterogeneous prognosis. It is sometimes reversible, as in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, but often irreversible and our current clinical tools are insufficient to reveal its reversibility. Here, we show that increased fractional anisotropy in magnetic resonance imaging is associated with the reversibility of vasogenic edema. Spontaneously, hypertensive rats-stroke prone demonstrated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome-like acute encephalopathy in response to high-dose cyclosporine A treatment; the deteriorating neurological symptoms and worsening scores in behavioral tests, which were seen in acute phase, dissappered after recovery by cessation of cyclosporine A. In the acute phase of encephalopathy, the fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient increased in areas with IgG leakage. This increase of fractional anisotropy occurred in the absence of demyelination: fluid leakage into the myelinated space increased the axial, but not the radial, diffusivity, resulting in the increased fractional anisotropy. This increased fractional anisotropy returned to pre-encephalopathy values in the recovery phase. Our results highlight the importance of the fractional anisotropy increase as a marker for the reversibility of brain edema, which can delineate the brain areas for which recovery is possible.
Attention promotes episodic encoding by stabilizing hippocampal representations

Attention influences what is later remembered, but little is known about how this occurs in the brain. We hypothesized that behavioral goals modulate the attentional state of the hippocampus to prioritize goal-relevant aspects of experience for encoding. Participants viewed rooms with paintings, attending to room layouts or painting styles on different trials during high-resolution functional MRI. We identified template activity patterns in each hippocampal subfield that corresponded to the attentional state induced by each task. Participants then incidentally encoded new rooms with art while attending to the layout or painting style, and memory was subsequently tested. We found that when task-relevant information was better remembered, the hippocampus was more likely to have been in the correct attentional state during encoding. This effect was specific to the hippocampus, and not found in medial temporal lobe cortex, category-selective areas of the visual system, or elsewhere in the brain. These findings provide mechanistic insight into how attention transforms percepts into memories.
Adaptive transmission scheduling in time-varying underwater acoustic channels

We consider an underwater acoustic communication system where each packet arrives periodically at the transmitter, and is required to be sent to the receiver under an individual and predetermined delay constraint. Given the high temporal dynamics of underwater acoustic channels, it is desirable to adapt the transmission schedule to channel conditions for transmission energy efficiency. With a goal of minimizing the total packet transmission energy consumption, and assuming perfect and non-causal channel knowledge, a waterfilling algorithm is developed to recursively determine the optimal transmission schedule of each packet. Given the channel causality in practical systems, we focus on a particular type of underwater acoustic channels that exhibit periodic dynamics, and apply the Holt-Winters approach for channel prediction. An online scheduling algorithm is designed to decide the optimal action of each time slot (i.e., to transmit or hold the packet on the top of the transmitter packet queue) based on the predicted channel condition in future time slots and the packet queue status. The proposed algorithms are evaluated in simulated channels and using channel measurements from field experiments. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms yield considerable transmission energy saving relative to a benchmark method that transmits each packet upon its arrival.
The Unintended Consequences and Challenges of the Basel III Leverage Ratio: Supplementary Leverage Ratios (Presentation Slides)

The U.S standard leverage ratio, which is not as stringent as the U.S Supplementary Leverage Ratio, did not include Off Balance Sheet exposures - unlike the Basel leverage ratio. Hence the 3% Supplementary Leverage Ratio was established as part of measures to facilitate the inclusion of Off Balance Sheet exposures in July 2013 - even though many still consider the scope of such inclusion as not being extensive enough - since Secured Financing Transaction Exposures are still excluded. Furthermore, the Enhanced Supplementary Leverage Ratio increased the 3% leverage ratio to 5% (a 2% buffer) for globally systemic important banks (GSIBs) bank holding companies and 6 % for their banking subsidiaries. In respect of securities financing transaction exposures, however, U.S banks are considered to enjoy competitive advantage, since the exclusion of such exposures still persist - even though it is also argued that recent liquidity coverage and net stable funding ratio provisions should serve to address these exposures - this also being in line with the complementary functions of liquidity standards and leverage ratios within the risk-based capital adequacy framework. As well as contributing to the extant literature on supplementary leverage ratios, this paper will seek to illustrate why calibration between the risk capital adequacy framework, liquidity standards, and Basel leverage ratio is even more important than merely a focus on the relationship between the risk capital adequacy framework and the Basel leverage ratio. Meanwhile as regards Europe, there are also concerns relating to sovereign credit risks and the “inadequate pricing” of such risks which results in under capitalisation of banks, as well as potential consequences relating to serious distortions in financial stability whose effects could have repercussions extending beyond the Eurozone and globally. This paper considers two headings which have generated controversial discussions - particularly in respect of Basel III leverage ratio implementation, namely, under capitalisation of banks and the issue of calibration. It aims to illustrate why these constitute areas which are still in need of redress - even though tremendous efforts have been made to align the Basel III Leverage Ratio with the Supplementary Leverage Ratios. The paper will also demonstrate that whilst there are concerns related to the issue of calibration, certain jurisdictions such as the UK, have also introduced supplementary leverage ratios - as well as considered alternatives to the Basel leverage ratio.
Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) Oviposition Behavior, Growth, and Survival in Relation to Cotton Trichome Density

One near-isogenic and two isogenic ‘Texas Marker-1’ (TM-1) cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., breeder lines differing in alleles for trichome density affected ovipositional behavior and nymphal growth weight of Lygus hesperus Knight. Femalesoviposited 28 and 31% fewer eggs on the normally hirsute and Smooth leaf lines, respectively, than the Pilose line. The leaf petiole was the most preferred oviposition site, with more than 49% of the eggs deposited there on the three lines. The Pilose isoline reduced nymphal weight by 37% compared with the Smooth leaf isoline. Differences in number of eggs laid, nymphal emergence, growth, and survival were not significantly different between the Smooth leaf and normally hirsute lines. Trichome density of 33 cotton genotypes was positively correlated with nymphal emergence. A regression equation was derived to predict nymphs per female based on trichome density
Teaching Video NeuroImages: Foville syndrome

A 68-year-old man with a pontine telangiectasia on anticoagulation developed a left conjugate gaze palsy and right hemiparesis (figure; video on the Neurology ® Web site at [Neurology.org][1]). Brain MRI showed acute pontine hemorrhage extending dorsally and to the left. [1]: http://neurology.org/lookup/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002658
Fractionated total-body irradiation and high-dose etoposide as a preparatory regimen for bone marrow transplantation for 94 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase

Ninety-four consecutive patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in first clinical chronic phase, median age of 34.0 years (range, 6.8 to 52.4 years), with a histocompatible sibling donor, were treated with fractionated total body irradiation (1,320 cGy) and high-dose etoposide (60 mg/kg) followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The median time from diagnosis to BMT was 7.0 months (range, 2.3 to 72.0 months). Sixty patients were treated before BMT with hydroxyurea alone, four patients with busulfan alone, one patient with interferon alone, and the other 29 patients were treated with various combinations of these drugs. Cumulative probabilities of overall survival, event- free survival, and relapse at 5 years were 73%, 64%, and 14%, respectively. The median follow-up time for surviving patients was 38 months, ranging from 12 to 88 months. By stepwise Cox regression analysis, significant prognostic variables were age at transplant, acute graft-versus-host disease > or = grade II, cytomegalovirus- associated interstitial pneumonitis, and years from diagnosis to BMT.
Do US electric utilities use industry-specific generally accepted accounting principles to manage earnings?

The study investigates whether rate regulated electric utilities use discretion (available under industry-specific GAAP) to manage earnings. We examine the following question: "Do electric utilities use industry specific GAAP to manage earnings?" Using a sample of electric utility firms, we estimate the earnings management metric, discretionary accruals by time series accrual expectation models and regress it against regulatory assets. Results indicate a negative relationship between discretionary accruals and regulatory assets. We interpret this finding to mean that rate regulated electric utilities use regulatory assets that is a creation of industry-specific GAAP. Results of this study are important to academia, accounting standard setters and public policy managers. First, the study contributes to earnings management literature. Secondly, the results should inform accounting standards setters about discretion in the application of accounting standards. Finally, public utility commissions should be aware of opportunistic earnings management using industry-specific GAAP to achieve rate increases.
Phase I dose escalation study of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (fSRS) for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN)

6029 Background: Limited-field re-irradiation has been used as salvage and palliative therapy in recurrent previously irradiated SCCHN. Its primary limitation is the dose to critical structures, su...
De novo RNA sequence assembly during in vivo inflammatory stress reveals hundreds of unannotated lincRNAs in human blood CD14+ monocytes and in adipose tissue

Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of cellular functions and physiology. Yet functional lincRNAs often have low, context-specific and tissue-specific expression. We hypothesized that many human monocyte and adipose lincRNAs would be absent in current public annotations due to lincRNA tissue specificity, modest sequencing depth in public data, limitations of transcriptome assembly algorithms, and lack of dynamic physiological contexts. Deep RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed in peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes (monocytes; average ~247 million reads per sample) and adipose tissue (average ~378 million reads per sample) collected before and after human experimental endotoxemia, an in vivo inflammatory stress, to identify tissue-specific and clinically relevant lincRNAs. Using a stringent filtering pipeline, we identified 109 unannotated lincRNAs in monocytes and 270 unannotated lincRNAs in adipose. Most unannotated lincRNAs are not conserved in rodents and are tissue specific, while many have features of regulated expression and are enriched in transposable elements. Specific subsets have enhancer RNA characteristics or are expressed only during inflammatory stress. A subset of unannotated lincRNAs was validated and replicated for their presence and inflammatory induction in independent human samples and for their monocyte and adipocyte origins. Through interrogation of public genome-wide association data, we also found evidence of specific disease association for selective unannotated lincRNAs. Our findings highlight the critical need to perform deep RNA-Seq in a cell-, tissue-, and context-specific manner to annotate the full repertoire of human lincRNAs for a complete understanding of lincRNA roles in dynamic cell functions and in human disease.
1,2-Fluorine Radical Rearrangements: Isomerization Events in Perfluorinated Radicals

Devising effective degradation technologies for perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is an active area of research, where the molecular mechanisms involving both oxidative and reductive pathways are still elusive. One commonly neglected pathway in PFAS degradation is fluorine atom migration in perfluoroalkyl radicals, which was largely assumed to be implausible because of the high C–F bond strength. Using density functional theory calculations, it was demonstrated that 1,2-F atom migrations are thermodynamically favored when the fluorine atom migrated from a less branched carbon center to a more branched carbon center. Activation barriers for these rearrangements were within 19–29 kcal/mol, which are possible to easily overcome at elevated temperatures or in photochemically activated species in the gas or aqueous phase. It was also found that the activation barriers for the 1,2-F atom migration are lowered as much as by 10 kcal/mol when common oxidative degradation products such as HF assisted the rearrangem...
Independent and mentored video review of OSCEs.

BACKGROUND Video review of OSCE (objective structured clinical examination) performance allows students to analyse their performance, identify actions and behaviours for correction or reinforcement, and develop a plan for improvement of clinical skills. Student perceptions of the utility of independent and mentored video review are unknown. METHODS We created a pilot programme of post-OSCE structured video review. Students were randomised to mentored (M) or independent (I) review. In the mentored group, a faculty member facilitated the process. Both groups completed an assessment rubric and created an action plan. We examined student perceptions of the process, helpful elements of each type of review and perceived impact after a follow-up OSCE. RESULTS The mentored group (n = 12) was more comfortable watching themselves than the independent group (n = 11); using a five-point Likert scale, where 1 indicates 'strongly disagree' and 5 indicates 'strongly agree': 3.5 ± 1.2 (I) versus 4.5 ± 0.2 (M) (p = 0.02). The mentored group more strongly agreed that their clinical skills would improve: 3.6 ± 1.1 (I) versus 4.9 ± 0.2 (M) (p < 0.01). After the follow-up OSCE, the mentored group (n = 10) tended to feel more strongly that their clinical skills had improved compared with the independent group (n = 9): 3.6 ± 1.3 (I) versus 4.3 ± 0.7 (M) (p = 0.14). DISCUSSION This pilot study demonstrates the utility of using a structured framework for post-OSCE video review, both for the assessment of performance and for the development of a behavioural action plan. There are advantages to using a mentor-guided model, but further study is needed to determine whether actual OSCE performances improve as a consequence. Video review of OSCE performance allows students to analyse their performance.
Regional variation of bone density, microarchitectural parameters, and elastic moduli in the ultradistal tibia of young black and white men and women.

Abstract Whole-bone analyses can obscure regional heterogeneities in bone characteristics. Quantifying these heterogeneities might improve our understanding of the etiology of injuries, such as lower-extremity stress fractures. Here, we performed regional analyses of high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography images of the ultradistal tibia in young, healthy subjects (age range, 18 to 30 years). We quantified bone characteristics across four regional sectors of the tibia for the following datasets: white women (n = 50), black women (n = 51), white men (n = 50), black men (n = 34), and all subjects (n = 185). After controlling for potentially confounding variables, we observed statistically significant variations in most of the characteristics across sectors (p
Biogeochemical controls on black shale deposition during the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis in the Illinois and Appalachian Basins, USA, inferred from stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon

Abstract The Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis is marked by two distinct intervals known as the Lower and Upper Kellwasser Events (KWEs) that in many locations are associated with deposition of organic-rich shales. Sedimentary nitrogen and carbon isotopes offer insight into the biogeochemical processing of nutrients, production of organic matter, and palaeoceanographic conditions during the KWEs. Here we present new bulk nitrogen (δ15Nbulk) and organic carbon (δ13Corg) isotope data from the Late Devonian Appalachian and Illinois Basins (AB and IB), with a focus on intervals encompassing the KWEs. Black shales from the IB and AB, including the KWEs, are 15N-depleted (−1.0–+2.0‰) and have significantly lower δ15Nbulk than interbedded grey shales (+0.5–+4.0‰), a trend consistent with many instances of black shale deposition in the Phanerozoic. Organic carbon isotopes exhibit the broad, positive excursions (~+3.5‰ from background) that are typical of the KWEs globally. Superimposed over these positive excursions in δ13Corg are sharp decreases of up to ~3.0‰ within the black shale beds, to as low as −30.5‰. The pattern of δ15Nbulk and δ13Corg values suggests that the depth of the chemocline and the degree of water-column stratification exert a primary control on both δ15Nbulk and δ13Corg during black shale deposition. In the context of the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis, the oscillating redox state and changing temperatures would have likely placed extreme stress on organisms within the marine environment of the AB and IB and may potentially have been a contributing factor to diversity loss over this time period.
Phrygians east of the red river: Phrygianisation, migration and desertion

The purpose of this paper is to suggest mechanisms pertaining to the foundation of a new city on the Kerkenes Dag, in the highlands of central Anatolia in the mid-first millennium BC. Archaeological evidence that Kerkenes was a new foundation is discussed, after which its thoroughly Phrygian culture is outlined. The core of the paper discusses possible explanations for the unexpected appearance of this new capital. Possibilities include Phrygianisation or acculturation, centralisation of pre-existing Phrygian settlements east of the Kizilirmak, eastward expansion of the Kingdom of Phrygia and a large migration from central or western Phrygia. It is proposed that a single large migration provides the most plausible explanation for the founding of the city, for the display of its Phrygian-ness and perhaps also for its ultimate failure.
Automating patient care with closed-loop control.

Closed-loop or feedback control systems have been in use for many years. The Babylonians in 2000 B.C. used a float-controlled irrigation system: if the output stream became too low, the lowered float caused the flood gate to open wider [1]. The Egyptians had similar systems. The principle behind these ancient techniques is now being combined with recent developments in control theory to automate patient care.
Detection of antibody-induced feedback suppression in spleen cell populations of primed and unprimed mice.

Feedback suppression has been proposed as a natural mechanism of regulating immune responses. Both activated T and B cells, and their products have been shown to induce feedback regulatory circuits by interacting with T cells from normal, unprimed mice (1–4). If feedback suppression is a regulatory mechanism that occurs in vivo to down-regulate antibody responses, it would require that the antigen-primed host be able to generate feedback suppression in the absence of the exogenous unprimed T cells used to detect suppression in the experimental models. This study reports the results of experiments designed to investigate whether all the cells participating in the feedback suppression circuit are present in the antigen-primed host.
Nucleotide-dependent DNA gripping and an end-clamp mechanism regulate the bacteriophage T4 viral packaging motor

ATP-powered viral packaging motors are among the most powerful biomotors known. Motor subunits arranged in a ring repeatedly grip and translocate the DNA to package viral genomes into capsids. Here, we use single DNA manipulation and rapid solution exchange to quantify how nucleotide binding regulates interactions between the bacteriophage T4 motor and DNA substrate. With no nucleotides, there is virtually no gripping and rapid slipping occurs with only minimal friction resisting. In contrast, binding of an ATP analog engages nearly continuous gripping. Occasional slips occur due to dissociation of the analog from a gripping motor subunit, or force-induced rupture of grip, but multiple other analog-bound subunits exert high friction that limits slipping. ADP induces comparably infrequent gripping and variable friction. Independent of nucleotides, slipping arrests when the end of the DNA is about to exit the capsid. This end-clamp mechanism increases the efficiency of packaging by making it essentially irreversible.
Humans use multi-objective control to regulate lateral foot placement when walking

A fundamental question in human motor neuroscience is to determine how the nervous system generates goal-directed movements despite inherent physiological noise and redundancy. Walking exhibits considerable variability and equifinality of task solutions. Existing models of bipedal walking do not yet achieve both continuous dynamic balance control and the equifinality of foot placement humans exhibit. Appropriate computational models are critical to disambiguate the numerous possibilities of how to regulate stepping movements to achieve different walking goals. Here, we extend a theoretical and computational Goal Equivalent Manifold (GEM) framework to generate predictive models, each posing a different experimentally testable hypothesis. These models regulate stepping movements to achieve any of three hypothesized goals, either alone or in combination: maintain lateral position, maintain lateral speed or "heading", and/or maintain step width. We compared model predictions against human experimental data. Uni-objective control models demonstrated clear redundancy between stepping variables, but could not replicate human stepping dynamics. Most multi-objective control models that balanced maintaining two of the three hypothesized goals also failed to replicate human stepping dynamics. However, multi-objective models that strongly prioritized regulating step width over lateral position did successfully replicate all of the relevant step-to-step dynamics observed in humans. Independent analyses confirmed this control was consistent with linear error correction and replicated step-to-step dynamics of individual foot placements. Thus, the regulation of lateral stepping movements is inherently multi-objective and balances task-specific trade-offs between competing task goals. To determine how people walk in their environment requires understanding both walking biomechanics and how the nervous system regulates movements from step-to-step. Analogous to mechanical "templates" of locomotor biomechanics, our models serve as "control templates" for how humans regulate stepping movements from each step to the next. These control templates are symbiotic with well-established mechanical templates, providing complimentary insights into walking regulation.
Serum uric acid as a marker of disease risk, severity, and survival in systemic sclerosis-related pulmonary arterial hypertension:

The object of this paper is to assess associations between serum uric acid (UA) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) risk, disease severity, and mortality in a well-characterized cohort of sys...
Feeding and FPIES

Feeding skill development generally follows a predictable progression. When a child’s feeding experiences are atypical, then we expect that progression to be interrupted. Interruption anywhere along the child’s feeding progression can alter the child’s feeding trajectory and place the child at risk for developing a pediatric feeding disorder. Pediatric feeding disorders are associated with deficits in four primary areas: nutritional, medical, skill, and psychosocial. These may include slow weight gain and growth, micronutrient deficiencies, constipation, delays in the development of skills associated with eating and feeding, refusal to eat certain foods (picky eating), refusal to eat enough food to gain weight and grow, or other disruptive behaviors that are incompatible with eating. For the child with food allergy or FPIES, discomfort and pain associated with food reactions can adversely impact the child’s learning about feeding. As with any other pediatric feeding disorder, children with FPIES are ideally evaluated and managed using a multidisciplinary approach that allows for the identification of contributing factors in multiple domains (nutritional, medical, skill development, and psychosocial) and allows for intervention in all those realms.
Sudden cardiac arrest and ventricular arrhythmias following first type I myocardial infarction in the contemporary era.

INTRODUCTION Myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with an increase in subsequent heart failure (HF), recurrent ischemic events, sudden cardiac arrest, and ventricular arrhythmias (SCA-VA). The primary objective of the study to determine the role of intercurrent HF and ischemic events on the development of SCA-VA following first type I MI. METHODS AND RESULTS A retrospective cohort study of patients experiencing first type 1 MI in Olmsted County, Minnesota (2002-2012) was conducted by identifying patients using the medical records linkage system (Rochester epidemiology project). Patients aged ≥18 years were followed from the time of MI till death or 31 July, 2017. Intercurrent HF and ischemic events were the primary exposures following MI and their association with outcome SCA-VA was assessed. Eight hundred and sixty-seven patients (mean age was 63 ± 14.5 years; 69% male; 49.8% ST-elevation myocardial infarction) who had their first type I MI during the study period were included. Majority of acute MI patients were revascularized using percutaneous coronary intervention and bypass surgery (628 [72.43%] and 87 [10.03%] respectively). During a mean follow-up of 7.69 ± 4.17 years, HF, recurrent ischemic events and SCA-VA occurred in 155 (17.9%), 245 (28.3%), and 40 (4.61%) patients respectively. Low ejection fraction (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93-0.98; P < .001), intercurrent HF (adjusted HR 3.11; 95% CI, 1.39-6.95; P = .006) and recurrent ischemic events (adjusted HR 3.47; 95% CI, 1.68-7.18; P < .001) were associated with subsequent SCA-VA. CONCLUSION SCA-VA occurred in a small proportion of patients after MI and is associated with intercurrent HF and recurrent ischemic events.
Monopole Polarization with a Surface Delta Interaction

The monopole vertices \(\left\langle {\text{jv}\left[ {\text{j}\left( {\text{ph}} \right)^{\text{J}_\text{0} \text{ = 0,T}_\text{0} } } \right]^\text{j} } \right\rangle \text{,T}_\text{0} \text{ = 0}\,\text{and}\,\text{T}_\text{0} = 1\) are constructed with a surface delta interaction -4πGTδ(Ω12) using The results are GT=0=1.07, GT=1=0.49
Deriving Evidence from Secondary Data in Hand Surgery: Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions

Health services research using secondary data is a powerful tool for guiding quality/performance measure development, payment reform, and health policy. Patient preferences, physical examination findings, use of postoperative care, and other factors specific to hand surgery research are critical pieces of information required to study quality of care and improve patient outcomes. These data often are missing from data sets, causing limitations and challenges when performing secondary data analyses in hand surgery. As the role of secondary data in surgical research expands, hand surgeons must apply novel strategies and become involved in collaborative initiatives to overcome the limitations of existing resources.
Of Non-Mice and Non-Men: Against Essentialism in Joshua Ferris's The Unnamed

Noticing the recent trend in disability studies to entertain essentialism in an attempt to capture the efficacy of identity politics, this essay articulates the reductive implications of doing so. By way of a meta-theoretical synthesis that guides a reading of The Unnamed by Joshua Ferris - a novel that defies categories precisely by defying the categorization of its protagonist's fictional disability in which he is unable to stop himself from walking - disability theory merges here with a range of speculative realisms to expose how the dangers of essentialism are reflected even in the very term "ableism."
Increase in cochlear implant electrode impedances with the use of electrical stimulation.

Electrode impedances play a critical role in cochlear implant programming. It has been previously shown that impedances rise during periods of non-use, such as the post-operative recovery period. T...
PIK3IP1 Promotes Extrafollicular Class Switching in T-Dependent Immune Responses

PI3K plays multiple roles throughout the life of a B cell. As such, its signaling is tightly regulated. The importance of this is illustrated by the fact that both loss- and gain-of-function mutations in PI3K can cause immunodeficiency in humans. PIK3IP1, also known as TrIP, is a transmembrane protein that has been shown to inhibit PI3K in T cells. Results from the ImmGen Consortium indicate that PIK3IP1 expression fluctuates throughout B cell development in a manner inversely correlated with PI3K activity; however, its role in B cells is poorly understood. In this study, we define the consequences of B cell-specific deletion of PIK3IP1. B cell development, basal Ig levels, and T-independent responses were unaffected by loss of PIK3IP1. However, there was a significant delay in the production of IgG during T-dependent responses, and secondary responses were impaired. This is likely due to a role for PIK3IP1 in the extrafollicular response because germinal center formation and affinity maturation were normal, and PIK3IP1 is not appreciably expressed in germinal center B cells. Consistent with a role early in the response, PIK3IP1 was downregulated at late time points after B cell activation, in a manner dependent on PI3K. Increased activation of the PI3K pathway was observed in PIK3IP1-deficient B cells in response to engagement of both the BCR and CD40 or strong cross-linking of CD40 alone. Taken together, these observations suggest that PIK3IP1 promotes extrafollicular responses by limiting PI3K signaling during initial interactions between B and T cells.
A Dynamic Model for Digital Advertising: The Effects of Creative Formats, Message Content and Targeting on Engagement

The authors study the joint effects of creative format, message content, and targeting on the performance of digital ads over time. Specifically, they present a dynamic model to measure the effects of different sized static (GIF) and animated (Flash) display ad formats; and consider whether different ad contents, related to brand or a price offer, are more or less effective for different ad formats and targeted or re-targeted consumers. To this end, they obtain daily impressions, clicks, targeting, and ad creative content data for a six-month period, from a major US retailer; and develop a dynamic zero-inflated (DZI) count model. Given the sparse, nonlinear, and non-Gaussian nature of the data, the study designs a particle filter/MCMC scheme for estimation. Results show that carryover rates for dynamic formats are greater than for static formats; yet static format can still be effective for price ads and re-targeting. Most interesting, results also show that re-targeted ads are effective only if they offer price incentives. The study then considers the import of these results for the retailer’s media schedules.
Opioid-Induced Tolerance and Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia in Critical Illness

Opioids are the most commonly used analgesics to treat pain in critically ill patients but carry a significant risk for many adverse effects, contributing to problematic long-term use. Long-term opioid use leads to tolerance (i.e., less susceptibility to the analgesic effects of the opioid, which can result in a need for higher and more frequent doses to achieve the same analgesic effect), opioid-withdrawal symptoms during weaning and may contribute to the development of opioid-induced hyperalgesia, a paradoxical hypersensitivity to pain. Hyperalgesia is particularly problematic as pain persists, yet further opioid prescribing is largely futile. Both opioid tolerance (OT) and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) can contribute to both poorly controlled pain and dose escalation. OT can develop with opioid exposure during a variety of acute and chronic disease states; the magnitude, however, often appears exaggerated in critically ill patients. The development of OT and OIH in critically ill patients is due in part to the large doses of opioids needed to control pain as well as the duration of administration. However, the inflammatory response seen in critically ill or injured patients also plays an important role in tolerance and OIH. Critical care clinicians have not typically been overly concerned about OT and OIH instead focusing their attention on management of acute life-threatening conditions. However, a growing body of evidence suggests long-term harms may be associated with prolonged opioid exposure during this critical illness. It is crucial for the critical care practitioner not only to be aware of the issues of tolerance, addiction and withdrawal, but also to have knowledge of the possibility for OIH. By improving understanding of the underlying mechanisms and diagnosis, it may be possible to develop strategies to better manage pain associated with critical illness and injury, to improve efficacy and safety of opioid use, and to minimize long-term harms.
Physiological and genetic regulation in plants

Abstract We are now in a position to make a major thrust in controlling the productivity of plants. For a long time it has been known that all living things are the product of the interplay of the environment and their genetics. Until the past 60 years the environmental component of the genetics-environmental equation has received the most attention. Advances in biochemistry and knowledge of steps in metabolic pathways together with information on the division of labor in organelles, membranes and compartments together with discoveries of how physical conditions are sensed and how this information is transmitted to specific genes have revealed many control points. Such knowledge allows for reasoned human intervention. Examples are presented showing how environmental factors such as light and temperature are perceived and how this information is transmitted through the cytoplasm, into the nucleus and targeted to a specific gene or group of genes. Response of these activated or repressed genes is crucial in the production of peptides - the chief products of the genetic code. At this point the peptides come predominantly under the control of the chemical environment of the cell. Regulation of enzymes through the production of isoenzymes, their allosteric properties and feedback control are considered. How protection against the destructive effects of light generated free-radicals to the photosynthetic apparatus is described. A model of how a hormone such as indole acetic acid brings about genetic activity is presented.
The Variable Effects of Tie Strength and Social Resources How Type of Support Matters

Drawing upon data from more than 5,000 dyads, the authors examine how the strength of employees’ intraorganizational ties and the social resources of their network members affect influence-conferri...