cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of embedded flash memory technology for MCU

Embedded flash memory technology has undergone tremendous growth of demands with various performance requirements driven by expanded applications of MCU (Micro Controller Unit) products. High temperature operations with highest reliability for auto-motive applications, very low power embedded EEPROM functions for smart-cards, and ultra low-voltage operations for medical applications are driving factors in developing embedded flash technologies. Together with evolving memory cell technology, resolving performance/power trade-offs by developing dedicated design platforms with optimized eFlash technology, memory interface & bus designs, and the whole chip design methodologies, has realized advanced MCU products line-ups by split-gate MONOS flash technology with a wide range of applied products including auto-motive and security applications.
Electrical Resistivity of Nickel at Low Temperatures

Measurements of the temperature dependence of the electrical magnetoresistivity of a nickel polycrystal are analyzed to find the resistivity at zero magnetic induction as a function of temperature. It is seen that quantitative differences occur between these data and data taken at zero applied field.
Phospholipase in the nematocyst toxin of Physalia physalis

Abstract The presence of phospholipase A (phosphatide acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4) and phospholipase B (lysolecithin acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.5) is demonstrated in the crude nematocyst toxin of Physalia physalis, the Portuguese man-of-war. Their significance is discussed.
Passivation, Separation and Characterization of Plasma Synthesized Silicon Nanoparticles

Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) were synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using silane as a silicon source. Allylamine was used as passivation ligands to form water-soluble Si NPs. Finally, aqueous asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation was used to successfully separate the polydisperse Si NPs into monodisperse Si NP fractions.
Microbial Communities in the Surface Mucopolysaccharide Layer and the Black Band Microbial Mat of Black Band-Diseased Siderastrea siderea

Microbial community profiles and species composition associated with two black band-diseased colonies of the coral Siderastrea siderea were studied by 16S rRNA-targeted gene cloning, sequencing, and amplicon-length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR). Bacterial communities associated with the surface mucopolysaccharide layer (SML) of apparently healthy tissues of the infected colonies, together with samples of the black band disease (BBD) infections, were analyzed using the same techniques for comparison. Gene sequences, ranging from 424 to 1,537 bp, were retrieved from all positive clones (n = 43 to 48) in each of the four clone libraries generated and used for comparative sequence analysis. In addition to LH-PCR community profiling, all of the clone sequences were aligned with LH-PCR primer sequences, and the theoretical lengths of the amplicons were determined. Results revealed that the community profiles were significantly different between BBD and SML samples. The SML samples were dominated by γ-proteobacteria (53 to 64%), followed by β-proteobacteria (18 to 21%) and α-proteobacteria (5 to 11%). In contrast, both BBD clone libraries were dominated by α-proteobacteria (58 to 87%), followed by verrucomicrobia (2 to 10%) and 0 to 6% each of δ-proteobacteria, bacteroidetes, firmicutes, and cyanobacteria. Alphaproteobacterial sequence types related to the bacteria associated with toxin-producing dinoflagellates were observed in BBD clone libraries but were not found in the SML libraries. Similarly, sequences affiliated with the family Desulfobacteraceae and toxin-producing cyanobacteria, both believed to be involved in BBD pathogenesis, were found only in BBD libraries. These data provide evidence for an association of numerous toxin-producing heterotrophic microorganisms with BBD of corals.
Low-power data memory communication for application-specific embedded processors

We propose a novel customization methodology for power reduction on the communication link between an embedded processor and its data memory. We target the address bus and show how by utilizing application information about the memory references in the data intensive program loops, a power efficient address communication protocol can be established between the processor core and the data memory. The data memory controller thus generates the addresses for the various data streams with minimal run-time information from the processor engine, achieving significant power reductions on the address bus. An efficient reprogrammable hard-ware ware support is presented for enabling the proposed methodology. The experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the approach for a set of data intensive applications.
Code generating routers: a network-centric approach to mobile code

Inexpensive wireless networks have transformed once autonomous mobile devices into nodes of large distributed systems. However, existing approaches to executing mobile code do not fully exploit the available networking infrastructure. We present an infrastructure-based network computing approach. Instead of embedding a JIT compiler component into every mobile device, we shift the mobile code optimization and compilation effort to the networking infrastructure. This conserves considerable resources on the mobile device, in terms of processor time, memory, and battery consumption. By serving as a transparent proxy, the network infrastructure intercepts mobile code returned from servers and and substitutes it for optimized native code which is sent to the PDA for immediate execution. To evaluate the feasibility of our network-based compilation architecture, we have implemented a research prototype.
Central Anomaly Magnetization High documentation of crustal accretion along the East Pacific Rise (9°55′–9°25′N)

Near-bottom magnetic data collected along the crest of the East Pacific Rise between 9°55′ and 9°25′N identify the Central Anomaly Magnetization High (CAMH), a geomagnetic anomaly modulated by crustal accretionary processes over timescales of ∼104 years. A significant decrease in CAMH amplitude is observed along-axis from north to south, with the steepest gradient between 9°42′ and 9°36′N. The source of this variation is neither a systematic change in geochemistry nor varying paleointensity at the time of lava eruption. Instead, magnetic moment models show that it can be accounted for by an observed ∼50% decrease in seismic Layer 2A thickness along-axis. Layer 2A is assumed to be the extrusive volcanic layer, and we propose that this composes most of the magnetic source layer along the ridge axis. The 9°37′N overlapping spreading center (OSC) is located at the southern end of the steep CAMH gradient, and the 9°42′–9°36′N ridge segment is interpreted to be a transition zone in crustal accretion processes, with robust magmatism north of 9°42′N and relatively low magmatism at present south of 9°36′N. The 9°37′N OSC is also the only bathymetric discontinuity associated with a shift in the CAMH peak, which deviates ∼0.7 km to the west of the axial summit trough, indicating southward migration of the OSC. CAMH boundaries (defined from the maximum gradients) lie within or overlie the neovolcanic zone (NVZ) boundaries throughout our survey area, implying a systematic relationship between recent volcanic activity and CAMH source. Maximum flow distances and minimum lava dip angles are inferred on the basis of the lateral distance between the NVZ and CAMH boundaries. Lava dip angles average ∼14° toward the ridge axis, which agrees well with previous observations and offers a new method for estimating lava dip angles along fast spreading ridges where volcanic sequences are not exposed.
The Structure of PowerPoint Presentations: The Art of Grasping Things Whole

We examine PowerPoint from the point of view of Jean-luc Doumont's design guidelines: those for individual slides and those for whole presentations. By analyzing two presentations on the same topic, designed for two very different audiences, we show that it follows from these guidelines that in all cases, full comprehension requires clearly articulated overall organization that integrates the verbal and the visual into a single message. This means that the crucial unit of analysis is not the individual slide, but the extent to which the individual slide is integrated into the presentation as a whole. The principle by which this integration is achieved changes as the audience does: general audience presentations are best organized by means of narrative, while professional audience presentations are best organized by means of argument. In all cases, audience adaptation is the master variable, determining what counts as the optimal integration of the verbal and the visual into a single message.
In situ thickness monitor for conducting films

A microwave probe for measuring the thickness of conducting films has been fabricated and characterized. A difference of up to 20 dB has been demonstrated between the two extrema of very small and infinitely large sheet resistivity for conducting films deposited on Si. Since the return loss will change by this amount as film thickness is increased from zero, simulation results indicate that the probe should be very effective in measuring the thickness of typical adhesion layers/diffusion barriers in VLSI and as an end-point detector in metal etching. >
Primitive normal bases for quartic and cubic extensions: a geometric approach

For the Galois field extension $$\mathbb {F}_{q^n}$$Fqn over $$\mathbb {F}_q$$Fq we let $$PN_n(q)$$PNn(q) denote the number of primitive elements of $$\mathbb {F}_{q^n}$$Fqn which are normal over $$\mathbb {F}_q$$Fq. We derive lower bounds for $$PN_3(q)$$PN3(q) and $$PN_4(q)$$PN4(q), the number of primitive normal elements in cubic and quartic extensions. Our reasoning relies on basic projective geometry. A comparision with the exact numbers for $$PN_3(q)$$PN3(q) and $$PN_4(q)$$PN4(q) where $$q\le 32$$q≤32 (altogether 36 instances) indicates that these bounds are very good; we even achieve equality in 14 cases.
Scientific Literacy and the Teacher Development Gap: Karplus’ Challenge

The late 1950’s witnessed the beginning of two revolutions, one in science with the launch of the first space satellite, and the other in education with the launch of a major paradigm shift in the teaching of elementary science. The two were intimately connected. The Soviet Union’s dramatic launch of a satellite prompted politicians, educators, and scientists to focus on the lack of a scientifically literate public in the United States and its implications for national security and scientific prowess. The challenge was how to create a scientifically literate population in the shortest possible span of time.
Effect of cyclic AMP on barrier function of human lymphatic microvascular tubes

This work examines the effect of cyclic AMP (cAMP) on the in vitro barrier function of tubes of human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (LECs). Under baseline conditions, the barrier function of LEC tubes was weak, with diffusional permeability coefficients to bovine serum albumin and 10 kDa dextran of 1.4(-0.6)(+0.9)x10(-6) cm/s and 1.7(-0.5)(+0.8)x10(-6) cm/s (geometric mean+/-95% CI), respectively, and 1.2+/-0.5 (mean+/-95% CI) focal leaks per mm. Exposure to low concentrations (3 microM) of a cell-permeant analog of cAMP did not alter the barrier function. Exposure to higher concentrations (80 and 400 microM) and/or the phosphodiesterase inhibitor Ro-20-1724 (20 microM) lowered permeabilities and the number of focal leaks, and increased the selectivity of the barrier. Decreased permeabilities were accompanied by an increase in continuous VE-cadherin staining at cell-cell borders. Exposure to 1 mM 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, did not increase permeabilities. LECs expressed the lymphatic-specific master transcription factor Prox-1, regardless of whether barrier function was weak or strong. Our results indicate that the permeability of LEC tubes in vitro responds to cAMP in a manner similar to that well-described for the permeability of blood microvessels.
Just say ‘‘no thanks’’: Romantic rejection in computer-mediated communication

This research examined how certain features of online date-finding systems affect the types of message strategies users generate to refuse requests for romantic dates. An experiment analyzed how 190 participants rejected a date request from a member of the opposite sex. Politeness strategies varied as a function of the relationship between the requester and rejector (acquaintance vs. stranger) and the type of media (email vs. online dating messaging service). Results illuminate effects of interface characteristics and dyads’ relationship type on date refusal messages. Online daters exploited certain communication features provided by dating website messaging services which allow new ways for romantic refusals to be performed that were not previously available in face-to-face communication or earlier forms of computer-mediated communication.
Performance evaluation of a new cache replacement scheme using SPEC

Presents a new neural network-based algorithm called KORA (Khalid-Obaidat Replacement Algorithm), that uses a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) for the purpose of guiding the line/block replacement decisions in a cache. The KORA algorithm attempts to approximate the replacement decisions made by the optimal scheme (OPT). The key to our algorithm is to identify and subsequently discard the dead lines in cache memories. This allows our algorithm to provide better cache performance as compared to the conventional LRU (least recently used), MRU (most recently used) and FIFO (first-in, first-out) replacement policies. Extensive trace-driven simulations were performed for 30 different cache configurations using different SPEC (Standard Performance Evaluation Corp.) programs. Simulation results have shown that KORA can provide a substantial improvement in the miss ratio over the conventional algorithms. Our work opens up new dimensions for research in the development of new and improved page replacement schemes for virtual memory systems and disk caches.
Sources of Stress in Children with Asthma

Children experience stressors related to self-concept and school, family, and peer relationships. This study of children with asthma determined their perceptions of the frequency and severity of stressors they experience other than their asthma. Children with asthma are similar to peers with regard to perceptions of stressors. Teachers, health professionals, and parents should consider children with asthma as normal children who have an additional source of stress--a chronic illness. Results suggest perceptions of most stressors relate more strongly to gender-role development than to asthma. Children with asthma rated feeling left out of the group and not being good enough at sports as serious stressors. School personnel could be instrumental in encouraging management and prevention of exercise-induced asthma and promote all children's full participation in physical activities. Further examination of the relationship between stress and asthma is needed.
THE NATURAL PROGRESSION OF ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE EPIDIDYMIS

Primary tumors of the epididymis are rare and usually benign. Benign paratesticular tumors are most commonly adenomatoid, while the most common malignant paratesticular tumors are rhabdomyosarcomas. 3 According to a recent MEDLINE search using epididymis and adenocarcinoma as key words and as recently reviewed by Ganem et al, reports of a primary epididymal adenocarcinoma are extremely rare with only 22 cases in the literature. We report a case of epididymal adenocarcinoma with extended clinical followup that reflects the aggressive natural history of this rare malignancy.
What to Automate: Addressing the Multidimensionality of Cognitive Resources Through System Design

The implementation of automation relies on the assumption that automation will reduce the operator’s cognitive demand and improve performance. However, accepted models demonstrate the multidimensionality of cognitive resources, suggesting that automation must support an appropriate resource dimension to have an appreciable effect. To evaluate this theory, the present study examined the impact of various types of automation on an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) operator’s performance, workload, and stress. The use of a visually demanding task allowed for comparison between an auditory alert (supporting the heavily burdened visual dimension) and a driving aid (supporting action execution, a relatively unburdened cognitive dimension). Static and adaptive (fluctuating based on task demand) levels were implemented for each automation type. Those receiving auditory alerts exhibited better performance and reduced Worry, but also increased Temporal Demand and Effort relative to those receiving driving automation. Adaptive automation reduced workload for those receiving the auditory alerts, and increased workload for those receiving the driving automation. The results from this research demonstrate the need to consider the multidimensionality of the operator’s cognitive resources when implementing automation into a system. System designers should consider the type of automation necessary to support the specific cognitive resources burdened by the task.
Functional analysis of inappropriate mealtime behaviors

The purpose of the current investigation was to apply the functional analysis described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994) to the inappropriate mealtime behaviors of 15 children who had been referred to an intensive program for the assessment and treatment of severe feeding disorders. During Study 1, we conducted descriptive assessments of children and parents during meals. The results of Study 1 showed that parents used the following consequences for inappropriate mealtime behaviors: coaxing and reprimanding, allowing the child to periodically take a break from or avoid eating, and giving the child preferred food or toys following inappropriate behavior. The effects of these consequences were tested systematically in Study 2 when we conducted analogue functional analyses with the children. During alternating meals, one of the consequences typically used by parents consistently followed inappropriate child behavior. Results indicated that these consequences actually worsened behavior for 10 of the 15 children (67%). These results suggested that the analogue functional analysis described by Iwata et al. may be useful in identifying the environmental events that play a role in feeding disorders.
Unconventional Spontaneous Imbibition into Shale Matrix: Theory and a Methodology to Determine Relevant Parameters

Spontaneous imbibition of fracturing fluids into a shale formation has many practical applications for shale gas recovery. Because of the strong solid–liquid interaction in low-permeability media, Darcy law is not always adequate for describing liquid flow process in a shale formation. This unconventional (non-Darcian) flow behavior, however, has not been given enough attention in the shale gas community. The current study develops a systematic methodology to address this important issue. We first review related studies in the literature on relationship between liquid flux and hydraulic (or pressure) gradient in low-permeability media; the unconventional flow behavior is characterized by nonlinearity of the relationship. Then, we propose a phenomenological model for liquid flow in shale (in which liquid flux is a power function of pressure gradient) and develop an analytical solution to a one-dimensional spontaneous imbibition problem that obeys the model. The validity of our model is verified by satisfactory comparisons of theoretical and observed relationships between cumulative imbibition and time. The potential mechanisms of the unconventional flow are discussed. Furthermore, based on the developed analytical solution, we propose a laboratory test methodology to estimate parameters for the phenomenological model from spontaneous imbibition tests.
An Integrated Treatment System for Polychlorinated Biphenyls Remediation

Bioremediation is an environmental biotechnology with promise for promoting a sustainable environment. Bioremediation makes use of natural processes and applies the metabolic properties of microorganisms for transforming contaminants to forms that are harmless in the environment. The added capability of biotechnology for tailoring microbial processes to specific problems expands the potential of bioremediation for encouraging a sustainable environment. The process for the biotransformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) described in this paper is a good example of the enhancement of bioremediation through the tools of biotechnology.
Abstract 14841: Energy Drink Exposures in the National Poison Data System: Epidemiology and Clinical Effects

Introduction: Energy drinks (ED) are beverages whose stimulant properties are likely linked to their caffeine content, including pharmaceutical caffeine and, in some cases, additional caffeine from natural sources, other additives and, prior to the FDA ban, ethanol. Of particular concern are exposures in children, especially those with underlying cardiac or neurological conditions. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of human exposures to single-substance ED formulations in the National Poison Data System of the American Association of Poison Control Centers from 10/1/10 - 9/30/13. Results: There were 10,610 cases of ED exposure, with 5,156 being single-substance exposures with identifiable contents. Over 40% involved unintentional exposures by children Conclusions: ED exposures reported to poison centers demonstrate a sizable proportion of pediatric cases, some with serious cardiac and neurological effects. Demographic changes over time may be related to public and professional educational efforts. Observed clinical effects are consistent with known effects of caffeine. Regulatory action has been followed by a decrease in poison center reports of ethanol-containing ED. We recommend improved labeling of caffeine content and continued efforts to decrease pediatric exposures to these products.
Optimum Solution Techniques for Finite Difference Equation

The results of investigation into the best digital computer solution method for finite-difference approximations to plane stress problems are presented. A general discussion of the problem and the criteria for choosing solution techniques for large systems of simultaneous equations is followed by the introduction of a new space-saving method for representing finite-difference equations. Called diagonal subscripting, it allows the coefficients of a set of 144 finite-difference equations to be stored in approximately 2,000 words of computer memory. Four methods (conjugate gradients, ordinary Gauss-Seidel iteration, accelerated Gauss-Seidel iteration, and Gaussian elimination) are described and compared from the standpoint of accuracy, computer time and storage ; requirements, and ease of programming. It is concluded that elimination is the best of the four methods for solving sparse systems of finite-difference equations, and that a slight modification of the elimination scheme provides an extremely efficient method for evaluating determinants of finite-difference matrices.
Shape memory polymer nanocomposites for application of multiple-field active disassembly: experiment and simulation.

Active disassembly (AD) uses innovative materials that can perform a designed disassembly action by the application of an external field. AD provides improvements over current disassembly processes by limiting machine or manual labor and enabling batch processing for end-of-life products. With improved disassembly operations, more reuse of components and purer recycling streams may be seen. One problem with AD, however, has been with the single-field actuation because of the probability of accidental disassembly. This presentation will discuss the application of shape memory polymer (SMP) nanocomposites in a new AD process. This novel AD process requires multiple-field actuation of the SMP nanocomposite fastener. In the analysis of this AD process, thermal and magnetic field tests were performed on the SMP nanocomposite. From these tests, finite-element analysis was performed to model and simulate the multiple-field AD process. The results of the simulations provide performance variables for the AD proces...
High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Assay for Identifying Potent and Selective Small-Molecule Inhibitors of NADPH Oxidases

 Most commercially available probes used for ROS detection (e.g. lucigenin, luminol and DCFH) are non-specific and/or artifactprone due to generation of ROS by the probe itself.1  We have shown that hydroethidine assay, when coupled with HPLC-based detection is a reliable method of measurement of superoxide in cellular systems.2 The cell-impermeable analog of hydroethidine, hydropropidine can be used for monitoring extracellularily released superoxide.3  Recently, we have shown that when using probes with wellestablished redox chemistry, a combined real time monitoring of ROS production using plate reader and HPLC-based analysis of the products formed, can be used for global profiling of oxidants formed from activated macrophages.4  Here we show the application of this approach for the development of high-throughput screening assays of inhibitors of NADPH oxidase in a cell-based system using HL60 cells differentiated into neutrophils.
Effect of Suppression Strategies on Federal Wildland Fire Expenditures

aggressive strategies result in lower costs for the federal agencies than does a strategy of full perimeter control?
Universal Screening and the Representation of Historically Underrepresented Minority Students in Gifted Education: Minding the Gaps in Card and Giuliano's Research.

A research paper by Card and Giuliano took advantage of a natural experiment in a large school district to explore the impact that universal screening policies had on the identification of historically underrepresented minorities in gifted and talented programs. The authors concluded that the universal screening system was more effective than the previous teacher and parent referral system in addressing the underidentification of African American, Hispanic, female, low socioeconomic status, and English learner students. However, the present article identified gaps in the system that allowed new inequities to emerge. This review of their study concludes that districts must be advocates for gifted and talented students who come from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Implementing universal screening procedures can be an important tool in ensuring fair access to gifted and talented services, but districts must manage the increased resource demands of such programs.
Automatic cause identification from aviation safety incident reports.

The Aviation Safety Reporting System collects voluntarily submitted reports on aviation safety incidents to facilitate research work aiming to reduce such incidents. To effectively reduce these incidents, it is vital to accurately identify why these incidents occurred. More precisely, given a set of causes, or shaping factors, this task of cause identification involves identifying the shaping factors responsible for the incidents described in a report. We have investigated three approaches to cause identification. The first two of these approaches exploit information provided by a semantic lexicon, which is automatically constructed via Thelen and Riloff’s (2002) Basilisk framework augmented with our linguistic and algorithmic modifications. The first approach labels a report using a simple heuristic, which looks for the words and phrases acquired during the semantic lexicon learning process in the report. The second approach recasts cause identification as a text classification problem, employing supervised and transductive text classification algorithms to learn models from incident reports labeled with shaping factors and using the models to label unseen reports. The third approach utilizes annotation rationales, or text fragments identified by annotators as relevant to the labels assigned to the documents, to augment the training set by creating pseudo-instances. The pseudo-instances are created by selectively removing one or more rationales from a document. Then a supervised text classification algorithm is used to learn models from the augmented training set with additional constraints being placed on the misclassification of the pseudo-instances. Our experiments on the these approaches show that all of these approaches outperform their respective baseline systems significantly.
Capturing extracellular matrix properties in vitro: Microengineering materials to decipher cell and tissue level processes

Rapid advances in biology have led to the establishment of new fields with tremendous translational potential including regenerative medicine and immunoengineering. One commonality to these fields is the need to extract cells for manipulation in vitro; however, results obtained in laboratory cell culture will often differ widely from observations made in vivo. To more closely emulate native cell biology in the laboratory, designer engineered environments have proved a successful methodology to decipher the properties of the extracellular matrix that govern cellular decision making. Here, we present an overview of matrix properties that affect cell behavior, strategies for recapitulating important parameters in vitro, and examples of how these properties can affect cell and tissue level processes, with emphasis on leveraging these tools for immunoengineering.
Conceptual and Moral Disputes about Futile Treatment

A series of cases have crystallized disputes about when medical treatment are useful or futile.And consequently about the doctor-patient relationship,resource allocation,communication,autonomy,inform consent and paternalism.It's helpful to understand the four common features:(1)Grounded in medical science;(2)Value laden;(3)At or near the threshold of utility;(4)Burdensome.
Tau PET: the next frontier in molecular imaging of dementia

We have arrived at an exciting juncture in dementia research: the second major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-tau-can now be seen for the first time in the living human brain. The major proteinopathies in AD include amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) made of hyperphosphorylated paired helical filament (PHF) tau. Since its advent more than a decade ago, amyloid PET imaging has revolutionized the field of dementia research, enabling more confident diagnosis of the likely pathology in patients with a variety of clinical dementia syndromes, paving the way for the identification of people with preclinical or prodromal AD pathology, and serving as a minimally invasive molecular readout in clinical trials of putative disease-modifying interventions. Now that we are on the brink of a second revolution in molecular imaging in dementia, it is worth considering the likely potential impact of this development on the field.
Modulation of T-cell functions by peptide hormones.

An immune response is a net result of a myriad set of cellular interactions, each interaction having multiple regulatory points. Although the nature of the regulatory factors is not fully known, the role of genetics, age, nutrition and circadium rhythm in affecting immunocompetence has been described (Rogers et al, 1979). More recently, it has been suggested that psychoneurological components may also be a potential source of immunomodulatory influences (Solomon, 1981; Riley, 1981; Fauman, 1982). Circumstantial evidence collected as a result of measuring the effects of central nervous system lesions, sympathectomy and emotional status on immunity have led to the concept of nerve mediated regulation of immune responses (Solomon, 1981; Riley, 1981; Jankovic and Isakovic, 1973). Whether denoted as “psychoimmunology”, “psychoneuroimmunology” or “neuroimmunomodula­tion”, the common denominator is the prediction that lymphoid cell function may be modulated as a consequence of the release of neuropep­tides within the lymphoid tissue microenvironment. Innervation of lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus have been described in several spe­cies. In vitro experimentation have indicated that some neuropeptides can augment or inhibit immune responses (Payan and Goetzl, 1985). While these data suggest that neuroendocrine substances may serve as immunomodulators there are discrepancies in the literature concerning the effects mediated by some neuropeptides.
Stroke and Migraine

This chapter discusses the various aspects of stroke and migraine. Headache occurs in more than one-third of the patients in the United States with an acute stroke and more than one-quarter of patients with acute cerebral infarction. It is found that physicians, ages 40–84, who had self-reported migraine attacks were 80% more likely to have a subsequent stroke, and twice as likely to have an ischemic stroke, as physicians without a migraine history. Migraine attacks appear to originate in the brain itself with secondary vascular and hemodynamic changes both intracranially and extracranially. During the aura of migraine, a slowly spreading wave of cortical neuronal depression is thought to be associated with spreading oligemia of the cerebral cortex. Calcium channel blockers have been noted anecdotally to decrease the frequency of prolonged auras associated with migraine. The use of a vasoconstrictive agent such as ergotamine or sumatriptan should be avoided in the setting of a migraine attack with an aura in patients with a prior migraine-induced stroke. It is suggested that primary and secondary stroke prevention in migraineurs should focus on control of known stroke risk factors and daily use of an antiplatelet agent.
Utility of preclinical assays to assess stored platelet function.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increased use of platelets and the brief shelf life allowed by storage at 22 °C are promoting exploration of new methods to store platelets. As storage may affect the hemostatic efficacy of platelets, it is very important to assess their in-vivo hemostatic efficacy. The potential usefulness of preclinical models in evaluating methods for storing platelets will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS The use of new technologies to examine the in-vitro characteristics of stored platelet products continues to evolve. Although in-vitro evaluation, coupled with posttransfusion recovery in healthy volunteers and studies in thrombocytopenic patients, are mainstays of evaluating new platelet products, the inclusion of preclinical animal models for the systematic evaluation of the in-vivo hemostatic function of these products would enhance the information gained from these studies. SUMMARY The application of novel integrated platforms will be key in realizing advancements in the field of platelet storage. These preclinical models can be applied to rapidly assess the effect of new additive solutions and storage methods on platelet hemostatic function prior to performing human clinical trials.
Time-Delay Duffing Oscillators

In this chapter, periodic motions in a periodically excited Duffing oscillator with a time-delayed displacement are investigated through the Fourier series, and the stability and bifurcation of such periodic motions are discussed through eigenvalue analysis.
Target-Based, Privacy Preserving, and Incremental Association Rule Mining

We consider a special case in association rule mining where mining is conducted by a third party over data located at a central location that is updated from several source locations. The data at the central location is at rest while that flowing in through source locations is in motion. We impose some limitations on the source locations, so that the central target location tracks and privatizes changes and a third party mines the data incrementally. Our results show high efficiency, privacy and accuracy of rules for small to moderate updates in large volumes of data. We believe that the framework we develop is therefore applicable and valuable for securely mining big data.
Implementation of metasurface based nano-cavities

Subwavelength cavities are implemented by replacing conventional mirrors with reflecting metasurfaces that introduce arbitrary phase-shifts compensating for the reduced accumulated phase through the cavity. 140-nm cavities showed resonance at wavelengths from 600 to 900 nm.
Using mass cytometry to identify novel B cell subsets in red meat allergy

Previous studies have identified a novel food allergy driven by IgE antibodies specific for galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal), an oligosaccharide found in red meat. While it is known that B cells play an important role in allergy as the producers of IgE antibodies that drive the allergic response, little is known about the phenotype of these B cells. The number of markers used to identify the major human B cell subsets by flow cytometry has been limited to common B cell proteins and thus precludes high dimensional immune phenotyping of B cell subsets, including unique phenotypes present in allergic individuals. We have addressed this problem by using mass cytometry (CyTOF), which enables the simultaneous analysis of up to 40 markers in a single staining panel. Here we analyzed the expression of 23 cell surface markers in PBMCs from 19 alpha-gal-allergic patients and 20 non-allergic controls by CyTOF. Additionally, we combined our CyTOF data with clinical endpoints to identify markers that may correlate with allergic disease. Our data reveals substantial heterogeneity within major B cells subsets on an individual level. Furthermore, our analysis identifies a number of markers that vary significantly in their expression in allergic versus non-allergic B cells and correlate with serum alpha-gal IgE titers. We hypothesize that B cells with this phenotype play an important role in mediating alpha-gal allergy. These findings demonstrate the power of using CyTOF and analytical tools to extract a hierarchy from high dimensional cytometry data in an unsupervised manner to identify known B cell subsets as well as to find novel B cell populations that differ between alpha-gal allergic and non-allergic individuals.
The Direct Examination Blueprint: Nine Empirically Supported Principles for Maximum Attention, Retention, and Comprehension

There are nine principles trial lawyers should bear in mind in preparing, choreographing, and executing direct examinations. They are (1) using a conversational tone; (2) blocking or segmenting the examination; (3) headlining each block or segment; (4) staging or choreographing the various blocks; (5) personalizing the witness; (6) freeze-framing critical information; (7) eliciting appropriate feelings; (8) introducing visual reinforcement; and (9) mitigating damaging evidence by pricking boils. The discussion of each principle is followed by empirical data supporting that principle.
Case 10-2017 — A 6-Month-Old Boy with Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Abdominal Pain

A 6-month-old boy presented with gastrointestinal bleeding and intermittent abdominal pain. Tachycardia and pallor were present. The hemoglobin level was 5.7 g per deciliter, and the hematocrit 17.5%. A diagnosis was made.
Design and Current Status of the NSABP Breast Cancer Prevention Trial

When the invitation to contribute to this volume was accepted, in the Fall of 1993, we anticipated that the NSABP Breast Cancer Prevention Trial (BCPT) would have completed or nearly completed accrual and that we, along with the rest of the world’s trialists, would be anxiously awaiting for the data to mature. In the intervening time we would continue to conduct an extensive quality assurance program to assure that the trials outcomes were carefully and accurately monitored. In addition, we would maintain an infrastructure to promote the participants and investigators’ adherence to the protocol and to maintain enthusiasm for its completion.
Revolutionizing the Food Supply Chain in the USA: The Impact of Nanotechnology

This chapter provides with evidence to the large-scale impact of nanotechnology on the food industry in the USA. The existing reservations on the implementation side along with the extent of productivity improvements and the possible proliferation of the new products and processes are discussed. A prescription to this dilemma, i.e., the safety concerns that might affect the population health versus the economic gains from the application of nanotechnology, is offered. Unlike the development of the Internet and its recently recognized impacts on a nation’s security and the recent regulation efforts, this multifaceted industry and its implications are argued to be best regulated on a piecemeal basis where the technology implementation and regulation are developed simultaneously.
Family-Centered Care From the Perspective of Parents of Children Cared for in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Integrative Review

Abstract Problem The Institute for Patient- and Family-Centered Care's (IPFCC) definition of family-centered care (FCC) includes the following four core concepts: respect and dignity, information sharing, participation, and collaboration. To date, research has focused on the provider experience of FCC in the PICU; little is known about how parents of children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) experience FCC. Eligibility Criteria Articles were included if they were published between 2006 and 2016, included qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods results, related to care received in a PICU, and included results that were from a parent perspective. Sample 49 articles from 44 studies were included in this review; 32 used qualitative/mixed methods and 17 used quantitative designs. Results The concepts of respect and dignity, information sharing, and participation were well represented in the literature, as parents reported having both met and unmet needs in relation to FCC. While not explicitly defined in the IPFCC core concepts, parents frequently reported on the environment of care and its impact on their FCC experience. Conclusions As evidenced by this synthesis, parents of critically ill children report both positive and negative FCC experiences relating to the core concepts outlined by the IPFCC. Implications There is a need for better understanding of how parents perceive their involvement in the care of their critically ill child, additionally; the IPFCC core concepts should be refined to explicitly include the importance of the environment of care.
Laughing about It: Emotional and Affective Spaces of Humour in the Geopolitics of Migration

ABSTRACTEvery day, migrants from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras risk their lives attempting to reach the US. Accordingly, accounts of migration from Central America are often framed by traged...
An Initial Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Word Processing in Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairment.

Purpose Previous behavioral studies have found deficits in lexical–semantic abilities in children with specific language impairment (SLI), including reduced depth and breadth of word knowledge. Thi...
Navigating the Depths

It is 2:01 a.m. Pacific time September 23, 1999. Having fallen through interplanetary space for nine and a half months, the US$125 million Mars Climate Orbiter is beginning1 to fire its on-board 640 N rocket engine. This is the long-awaited sixteen-minute Mars Orbit Insertion (MOI) burn, slowing the craft in order to place it into a fourteen-hour elliptical orbit over the planet’s poles. Its planned mission will be to study Martian weather, and relay communications between surface vehicles and Earth. Shortly, the craft will pass behind Mars, and its radio signal will disappear from the DSN’s receivers.
Coherent Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy of Excitons in Quantum Wells

Coherent nonlinear laser spectroscopy of excitons in quantum wells based on frequency domain four wave mixing and picosecond photon echoes shows the presence of long dephasing times due to disorder. Measurements demonstrate that these excitons relax primarily by phonon assisted migration between localization sites. However, measurements of the polarization dependence of the nonlinear response shows the simple picture of excitons is inadequate for describing the interaction. Furthermore, the measurements indicate that there are two distinct resonant contributions to the nonlinear response which are characterized by different relaxation, saturation and transport properties.
Properties and Superconductivity of Large Bipolarons

The proposal of this article may be summarized simply. Specifically, ferroelectriclike materials (defined here as materials for which the ratio of the static and optical dielectric constants, e0/e∞, is exceptionally large, » 2) provide mediums within which individual electronic carriers can pair to form large bipolarons, bipolarons that extend over several atomic sites. Large bipolarons, like large polarons, are presumably mobile. As such, large bipolarons act as mobile charged bosons. As a result, in sufficient (yet moderate) densities large bipolarons can condense into a superconducting state. Thus, the unusual superconductivity of modest densities of charge carriers in ferroelectric-like materials, e.g., WO3, SrTiO3, BaBiO3 and CuO2-based materials, may be bipolaronic superconductivity.
The Angular Derivative

At the end of the last chapter we managed to coax a fair amount of geometric intuition out of the condition $$ \mathop {\lim }\limits_{\left| z \right| \to 1 - } \frac{{1 - \left| {\varphi \left( z \right)} \right|}}{{1 - \left| z \right|}} = \infty $$ (1) which characterizes compactness for univalently induced composition operators. Because this condition involves the limit of a difference quotient, one might suspect that its real meaning is wrapped up in the boundary behavior of the derivative of φ. This is exactly what happens: we will see shortly that condition (1) is the hypothesis of the classical Julia-Caratheodory Theorem, which characterizes the existence of the “angular derivative” of φ at points of ∂U, and provides a compelling geometric interpretation of (1) in terms of “conformality at the boundary.” After discussing its connection with the compactness problem, we present a proof of the Julia-Caratheodory Theorem that emphasizes the role of hyperbolic geometry. The following terminology describes the limiting behavior involved in this circle of ideas.
Finean feminist metaphysics

Feminist metaphysicians have recently argued that some of the most influential contemporary meta-metaphysical frameworks are at odds with feminist metaphysics. In this paper I argue that the Finean...
Occupational imbalance in hurried African American working mothers

Investigations on occupational imbalance and on hurriedness have shown that working mothers experience diminished well-being in response to time pressures and efforts to balance work and family. Fe...
Medical Management of Endometriosis in Adolescents

Endometriosis in adolescents, like in adults, is considered a chronic disease without a cure. It is also considered a progressive disease which can continue to advance if left untreated (Doyle et al., J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 22:257–263, 2009). Medical management of endometriosis has evolved throughout the ages from questionable oral concoctions to our modern treatment options. The goals of contemporary treatment include adequate pain control and hormonal suppression (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Obstet Gynecol 132:e249–e258, 2018). Diagnostic laparoscopy is commonly utilized in the evaluation of suspected endometriosis. At the time of initial laparoscopy, conservative surgical therapy with resection, coagulation, or ablation of endometriotic lesions is recommended (Laufer et al., J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 16:S3–11, 2003). Following surgery, hormonal suppressive therapy is the first-line therapy for adolescents which can be initiated post-operatively or continued if previously started in cases of suspected endometriosis (The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Obstet Gynecol 132:e249–e258, 2018). There is no single best therapy for the medical management of endometriosis, and multiple treatment modalities are usually necessary.