cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A spectrometer for high-precision ion temperature and velocity measurements in low-temperature plasmas.

We have developed a low-cost spectrometer with simple optical design that achieves unprecedented precision measurements of ion temperature (±0.01 eV) and velocity (±20 m/s). A Fabry-Perot etalon provides the simultaneous high resolving power and high throughput needed for the light levels available in singly ionized helium and argon plasmas. Reducing the systematic uncertainty in the absolute wavelength calibration needed for the specified velocity precision motivates a Bayesian analysis method called Nested Sampling to address the nontrivial uncertainty in the diffraction order. An initial emission measurement of a singly charged stationary argon plasma yields a temperature of 0.339 ± 0.007 eV and a velocity of −3 ± 4 m/s with a systematic uncertainty of 20 m/s.We have developed a low-cost spectrometer with simple optical design that achieves unprecedented precision measurements of ion temperature (±0.01 eV) and velocity (±20 m/s). A Fabry-Perot etalon provides the simultaneous high resolving power and high throughput needed for the light levels available in singly ionized helium and argon plasmas. Reducing the systematic uncertainty in the absolute wavelength calibration needed for the specified velocity precision motivates a Bayesian analysis method called Nested Sampling to address the nontrivial uncertainty in the diffraction order. An initial emission measurement of a singly charged stationary argon plasma yields a temperature of 0.339 ± 0.007 eV and a velocity of −3 ± 4 m/s with a systematic uncertainty of 20 m/s.
11b/14b Encoding – A Fault Tolerant, DC-Balanced Line Code for AC-Coupled Channel Link Transceivers

This paper presents a fault tolerant, DC-balanced line encoding scheme for use with AC-coupled Channel Link transceivers which feature 7-bit frame alignment as opposed to a more typical 8-bit alignment. Channel Link is a popular high-speed interface for aerospace applications (such as image streaming via Camera Link), popularized by Cobham-Aeroflex's radiation tolerant UT54LVDS217/8 3-lane serializer/deserializer buffer pair which is capable of 1.575 Gbps of throughput. Use of Channel Link transceivers in AC-coupled link topologies imposes stringent requirements on the runlength (maximum sequence of repetitive ‘1's or ‘0's) and running disparity (difference between total number of ‘1's and ‘0's) of the transmitted line encoded data. Existing line encoding schemes such as 8b/10b meet these requirements, however, none of them support a 7-bit aligned data frame that is imposed by Channel Link. We present a line encoding scheme that is an extension of 8b/10b encoding theory, including an adaptation of optional control (comma) codes, that supports the mapping of 11-bits of unencoded data into two 7-bit aligned encoded data frames in support of AC-coupled Channel Link interconnects. Functional verification of the encoding scheme is demonstrated through rigorous simulation and hardware prototyping featuring a UT54LVDS217 transmitter AC-coupled into a Microsemi RTG4's built-in SERDES receiver.
Speaker Intentions and Objective Metasemantics

The word ‘I’ has a context invariant meaning that suffices to determine semantic values for it in context. Many people, including the author of the present paper, think that a lot of contextually sensitive expressions aren’t like that: their context invariant meanings don’t by themselves suffice to secure semantic values for them in context. Demonstratives and demonstratively used pronouns are familiar examples of expressions that appear to be of this sort. But arguably, tense, quantifiers, gradable adjectives, modals, conditionals, possessives, expressions that take implicit arguments (‘John has had enough’), ‘only’, and more are examples of expressions of this sort as well. For such expressions, the question arises as to the mechanism by means of which they secure semantic values in context. Call an account of how one of these expressions manages to secure a semantic value in context a metasemantics for the expression in question.
A new platform for development of photosystem I based thin films with superior photocurrent: TCNQ charge transfer salts derived from ZIF-8

The transmembrane photosynthetic protein complex Photosystem I (PSI) is highly sought after for incorporation into biohybrid photovoltaic devices due to its remarkable photoactive electrochemical properties, chiefly driving charge separation with ∼1 V potential and ∼100% quantum efficiency. In pursuit of these integrated technologies, three factors must be simultaneously tuned, namely, direct redox transfer steps, three-dimensional coordination and stabilization of PSI aggregates, and interfacial connectivity with conductive pathways. Building on our recent successful encapsulation of PSI in the metal–organic framework ZIF-8, herein we use the zinc and imidazole cations from this precursor to form charge transfer complexes with an extremely strong organic electron acceptor, TCNQ. Specifically, the PSI-Zn-H2mim-TCNQ charge transfer salt complex was drop cast on ITO to form dense films. Subsequent voltammetric cycling induced cation exchange and electrochemical annealing of the film was used to enhance electron conductivity giving rise to a photocurrent in the order of 15 μA cm−2. This study paves the way for a myriad of future opportunities for successful integration of this unique class of charge transfer salt complexes with biological catalysts and light harvesters.
Evaluating the Risks of Systemic Maternal Ivermectin Exposure During Pregnancy in Human and Vertebrate Animals: A Scoping Review

Background Ivermectin is widely used for the treatment of neglected tropical diseases associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes when infection complicates pregnancy. However, the United States FDA classification and current distribution protocols limit ivermectin treatment in pregnant women because antepartum safety has not been well-established. Objective We conducted a scoping review to address the question of what is known from both human and vertebrate animal studies about the safety of systemic ivermectin exposure during pregnancy. Method We searched PubMed for adverse outcomes related to systemic ivermectin exposure in human and vertebrate animal pregnancies, including English-language primary articles from 1900 - 2019. Results We identified 23 primary articles for evaluation, including 10 human studies and 13 vertebrate animal studies of interest. One prospective randomized, controlled trial investigating the safety of systemic ivermectin exposure during pregnancy and four retrospective human studies did not identify a significant association with adverse birth outcome metrics. Of the three human case reports, two reported uncomplicated prenatal courses and one reported stillbirth and maternal death. A retrospective cross-sectional study concluded a positive association between onchocerciasis and spontaneous abortion, mitigated by ivermectin mass drug administration. While adverse pregnancy outcomes were observed at high doses in mice, rats, and rabbits, there was overall a lack of evidence to support concerns that therapeutic doses of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) cause adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion Further research is warranted to address safety concerns regarding the use of ivermectin in pregnant women in treating and preventing neglected helminth infections that threaten maternal-child health.
Weight for length measures may not accurately reflect adiposity in preterm infants born appropriate for gestational age during hospitalisation or after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit.

Background Weight/length (W/L) indices are poor surrogates for adiposity in preterm infants born appropriate for gestational age (AGA) at birth, but whether the association subsequently improves is unknown. Objective To determine if W/L indices accurately reflect adiposity in premature infants born AGA in later infancy. Methods Associations between W/L indices and fat mass, fat mass index and percent body fat (%BF) obtained via air displacement plethysmography (ADP) were examined in 260 preterm infants (majority born AGA) at 28 to 63 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). Accuracy of W/L indices as indicators of adiposity was assessed by proportion of variance explained (R2 ) and root mean square error from linear regression of adiposity on W/L indices and proportion of infants misclassified by W/L indices. Accuracy was further compared in term vs preterm infants at term-equivalent age. The impact of early vs late preterm status on associations between W/L indices and %BF was also examined. Results BMI and W/L were most strongly associated with %BF but yielded poorly fitting models (maximum R2 = 0.35; 53% misclassification). A significant interaction of W/L indices and early vs late preterm status on %BF revealed that estimation of %BF differs by status. Accuracy of W/L indices was worse in preterm infants at term-equivalent age. Conclusions W/L indices were not good indicators of adiposity in preterm infants from 28 to 63 weeks' PMA (born AGA) with all categories of W/L indices combined. Future research should examine whether results are similar in preterm infants born with disproportionate W/L or who experience disproportionate growth postnatally.
Eosinophilic asthma and the role of monoclonal antibodies.

ABSTRACT Eosinophilic asthma presents with continuous airway inflammation resistant to inhaled corticosteroids but responsive to oral glucocorticoids and monoclonal antibodies. Diagnostic criteria include significantly elevated blood or sputum eosinophils and/or fractional exhaled nitric oxide. Five monoclonal antibodies are used for treatment, with accurate diagnosis and early intervention essential to better outcomes.
Comparison of early warning scores for sepsis early identification and prediction in the general ward setting

The objective of this study was to directly compare the ability of commonly used early warning scores (EWS) for early identification and prediction of sepsis in the general ward setting. For general ward patients at a large, academic medical center between early-2012 and mid-2018, common EWS and patient acuity scoring systems were calculated from electronic health records (EHR) data for patients that both met and did not meet Sepsis-3 criteria. For identification of sepsis at index time, National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS 2) had the highest performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.803 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.795-0.811], area under the precision recall curves: 0.130 [95% CI: 0.121-0.140]) followed NEWS, Modified Early Warning Score, and quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA). Using validated thresholds, NEWS 2 also had the highest recall (0.758 [95% CI: 0.736-0.778]) but qSOFA had the highest specificity (0.950 [95% CI: 0.948-0.952]), positive predictive value (0.184 [95% CI: 0.169-0.198]), and F1 score (0.236 [95% CI: 0.220-0.253]). While NEWS 2 outperformed all other compared EWS and patient acuity scores, due to the low prevalence of sepsis, all scoring systems were prone to false positives (low positive predictive value without drastic sacrifices in sensitivity), thus leaving room for more computationally advanced approaches.
Macronutrients and Proteins in Cheese Reduce Acute Dietary Sodium-induced Endothelial Dysfunction in the Cutaneous Microcirculation

Chronic dairy consumption is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes, but a high dietary sodium (Na) intake induces endothelial dysfunction, evidenced by reduced nitric oxide (NO)-dependen...
Three-Way-Catalyst Modeling - A Comparison of 1D and 2D simulations

In this paper we present a comparison of two different approaches to model three-way catalyst. First, a numerical sample case simulating light -off is used to compare the 1D and the 2D models. The advantages of each code are discussed with respect to required input data, detail level of the output, comparability, and computation time. Thus, the 2D model reveals significant radial temperature gradients inside the monolith during light-off. In a second step, the 2D model is compared with experimental data. One set of data consists of an air/fuel ratio varying sweep at isothermal conditions. Another set was gained by emission measurements during a real driving MVEG tests with varying substrate cell density & inlet conditions. From these experiments the applicability of the model to numerical parameter studies is discussed.
A Goddess of Earth or the Imagination of a Man

Homage to Gaia The Life of an Independent Scientist. James Lovelock. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000. 416 pp. £19.99. ISBN 0-19-286213-8. In this autobiography, Lovelock discusses his experiences as an inventor and scientist, the Gaia hypothesis, and his holistic perspective of organisms and the world they inhabit.
Stability assessment using Lyapunov's first method

An analytical "loss of stability" indicator is presented which can be applied to nonlinear systems of arbitrary order. The authors propose the use of the Lyapunov Exponent as a "departure index" which can be especially useful in flight control systems as a warning of instability. Testing of the approach has begun using specialized version of the flight simulation package called SLIM (Space Launch Initiative Maveric, where Maveric stands for Marshall Aerospace Vehicle Representation In C) developed at Marshall Space Flight Center for 6-DOF high fidelity reusable launch vehicle guidance and control system simulations. Simulation results obtained using SLIM are presented in this paper which show significant promise.
US Generic Advertising and Promotion Programs

Nine in ten US farmers collectively contribute about $1 billion annually to generic advertising and promotion campaigns. This chapter discusses the rationale and history of these controversial programs; explains the importance of the legal battles that shaped their development; and discusses the modern problems facing these campaigns. An especially difficult challenge is promoting commodities in a marketplace where food manufacturing is increasingly concentrated, brands are more and more prevalent, and consumer preferences are fluid. Areas for future research are cited.
Realizing the potential of branchless banking : challenges ahead

Being able to make payments conveniently and securely is an essential ingredient in modern life and commerce. It enables economic livelihoods and supports many social relationships, communal support actions, and public welfare programs. Yet most people and micro enterprises in developing countries must rely on physical delivery of cash or actual goods to make payments. This imposes large costs and risks on those beyond the reach of modern payment networks. Access to payment facilities is a major enabler for achieving universal access to finance. In this paper the author further develop a broad vision for financial inclusion sketched out in Mas (2008), where payments can be easily made through an electronic network. What makes visioning such a payments utility possible is the technology author have today, which can be used to bridge distances, close information gaps, contain settlement risks, and generally reduce transaction costs. The author is confident that today's technology can do the job. Now the challenge is to develop attractive services that engage customers and workable business models that enable decentralized, largely private, and institutions to build this payments utility.
Cryptapseudes leroyi, a New Species of Apseudomorphan Tanaidacean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Metapseudidae) from the Hawaiian Archipelago

Previously nine species belonging to the crustacean order Tanaidacea have been described from Hawaiian waters. Specimens of a new metapseudid tanaidacean, Cryptapseudes leroyi David & Heard, n. sp., from the western Main Hawaiian Islands were discovered in collections of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. The new species, which represents the fourth member of the genus Cryptapseudes Bacescu, is distinguished from the other three members of the genus by a combination of characters including an antennule with the outer flagellum having three or four articles (no more than two reported for other known species) and article-3 of the mandibular palp with seven to eight finely pectinate setae. An artificial key is presented to distinguish the four species. Discovery of C. leroyi in Hawaiian waters extends the range for the genus from the western Indian Ocean over 14,000 km northeast to the tropical waters of the midnorthern Pacific Ocean.
Development of a pointing, acquisition, and tracking system for a CubeSat optical communication module

Miniaturized satellites such as CubeSats continue to improve their capabilities to enable missions that can produce significant amounts of data. For most CubeSat missions, data must be downlinked during short low-earth orbit ground station passes, a task currently performed using traditional radio systems. Free-space optical communications take advantage of the high gain of a narrow optical beam to achieve better link efficiency, allowing more valuable data to be downlinked over the mission lifetime. We present the Nanosatellite Optical Downlink Experiment (NODE) design, capable of providing a typical 3U (30 x 10 x 10 cm) CubeSat with a comparatively high data-rate downlink. The NODE optical communication module is designed to fit within a 5 x 10 x 10 cm volume, weigh less than 1 kg, and consume no more than 10Wof power during active communication periods. Our design incorporates a fine-steering mechanism and beacon-tracking system to achieve a 10 Mbps link rate. We describe the system-level requirements and designs for key components, including a transmitter, a beacon tracking camera, and a fast-steering mirror. We present simulation results of the uplink beacon tracking and fine steering of the downlink beam, including the effects of atmospheric fading and on-orbit environmental disturbances to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach.
Social responsibility as a core business model in banking: a case study in the financial sector

This paper offers an in-depth case study of a bank that combines profitability with social responsibility as its core business model. The case study reveals the interdependence between innovations of financial products and societal challenges in the areas that the bank is operating in, and identifies limitations and challenges of this business model.
Jackknife and Bootstrap Estimates for Cluster Validation: Examples Using U.S. Occupations:

Estimations de validite de classification par Jackknife et Bootstrap: Exemples des categories socio-professionneles americaines. L'auteur etudie la capacite et l'operationalisation des techinques de simulation Jackknife et Bootstrap pour estimer le biais dans des procedures statistiques et, en particulier, d'etablir des intervalles de confiance pour des resultats d'une classification, Elle etudie la reproductabilite d'une classification par des prcedures statistiques pour juger la stabilite des classes engendrees. Avec des donnees socio-professionnelles americanes, elle compare la simulation par Bootstrap avec des resultats d'une analyse discriminante de la validite classificatoire, et fournit un listing des commandes SAS pour construire des tirages Bootstrap.
Treatment options for advanced endometrial carcinoma

Abstract Objective Endometrial carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract. Most cases are diagnosed at an early stage due to the appearance of symptoms such as postmenopausal bleeding. However, endometrial carcinoma carries a poor prognosis when it recurs after previous definitive treatment or when diagnosed at an advanced stage. Here, treatment options for advanced endometrial carcinoma are evaluated. Methods Literature review was performed to determine current therapy options, with a focus on the treatment landscape for women with recurrent, advanced, or metastatic disease. Results Combination chemotherapy is being used more frequently as first-line treatment of advanced disease, consisting of cisplatin/doxorubicin/paclitaxel, if tolerated, or the doublet of carboplatin/paclitaxel. Options following disease progression after first-line treatment are extremely limited, particularly with the increasing use of active agents in the adjuvant setting. Fortunately, several new cytotoxic and biologic therapies appear promising for women who have progressed on first-line treatment. Conclusions Clinical trials are planned to further explore how to best incorporate novel agents into the current treatment algorithm with the aim to improve the options in both first- and second-line treatments for women with endometrial adenocarcinomas.
The ice-binding proteins of a snow alga, Chloromonas brevispina: probable acquisition by horizontal gene transfer

All ice-and snow-related unicellular algae examined so far secrete ice-binding proteins (IBPs) to mitigate freezing damage. Two types of IBP have been identified in chlorophytes. Type 1 IBPs are members of a large family of proteins that share a large domain of unknown function (DUF3494). Previous studies have suggested that the type 1 algal IBP genes were acquired by horizontal gene transfer. To test this hypothesis I sequenced the IBP genes of a snow alga, Chloromonas brevispina. The IBPs were identified by ice affinity purification, de novo sequencing of a tryptic peptide and large-scale sequencing of the transcriptome and genome. C. brevispina has genes for over 20 IBP isoforms, which strongly indicates their importance. The IBPs are all of type 1 and match fungal and bacterial proteins more closely than they match known algal IBPs, providing further evidence that the genes were acquired by horizontal transfer. Modeling of the 3D structures of the IBPs based on the known structure of a homologous protein suggests that the ice-binding site has characteristics that are shared by all DUF3494 proteins.
On-line Text Editing: A Survey

This paper is a survey of current methods for the on-line creation and editing of computer programs and of ordinary manuscripts text. The characteristics of on-line editing systems are examined and examples of various implementations are described in three categories: program editors, text editors, and terminals with local editing facilities.
Wave activity in Europa's wake: Implications for ion pickup

Intense wave power at frequencies near and below the cyclotron frequencies of heavy ions was detected in Europa's wake during the E11 and E15 flybys. The fluctuations are mainly transverse to the background magnetic field. Wave characteristics indicate that they are ion cyclotron waves driven by positively charged pickup ions. In both flybys there is evidence, derived from the wave polarization, for pickup of negatively charged chlorine ions. When the moon is near the center of the Jovian current sheet, the pickup rate inferred for the E15 flyby is larger than that for the E11 flyby, when the moon is outside the Jovian current sheet. The wave power does not provide exact pickup density values because the waves are observed in regions where their growth has not yet fully developed. At the edges of the wake region, low-frequency (< K+ gyrofrequency) magnetohydrodynamic waves are also present. We identify magnetic field signatures that are reminiscent of interchange/ballooning of mass-loaded flux tubes from the wake/pickup region expanding into ambient medium that is less dense.
Characterization of paxillin LIM domain‐associated serine threonine kinases: Activation by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells

Recently we reported a novel means of regulating LIM domain protein function. Paxillin LIM zinc-finger phosphorylation in response to cell adhesion regulates the subcellular localization of this cytoskeletal adaptor protein to focal adhesions, and also modulates cell adhesion to fibronectin (Brown et al. [1998] Mol. Biol. Cell 9:1803-1816). In the present study, we characterize further the protein kinases that phosphorylate paxillin LIM2 on threonine and LIM3 on serine. Analysis of the subcellular distribution of the LIM kinases demonstrated that the LIM3 protein kinase, but not the LIM2 kinase, resides within a detergent-insoluble fraction. The activities of the paxillin LIM domain kinases are differentially regulated during embryogenesis, and analysis of tissue distribution indicated a specificity in expression patterns between the LIM2 and LIM3 kinases. In addition, these protein kinases were refractory to inhibition by a panel of broad-spectrum serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, suggesting a novel derivation. The paxillin protein kinase activities were stimulated in serum-starved CHO.K1 cells by the mitogen phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), and by PMA and angiotensin II in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. In vivo labeling, phosphoamino acid analysis, and phosphopeptide mapping of paxillin immunoprecipitated from angiotensin II-stimulated smooth muscle cells confirmed an induction of paxillin serine/threonine phosphorylation and supports the contention that these newly identified paxillin kinases are dynamic components of growth factor signaling through the cytoskeleton.
Reproduction of Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms on Urodynamics.

Objectives: Urodynamic testing (UDS) can be a valuable tool in the assessment of urinary incontinence and voiding dysfunction. The success of UDS in reproducing patients' symptoms has not been well defined. We sought to determine the ability of UDS to reliably reproduce various lower urinary tract symptoms and secondarily the ability of UDS to produce disparate findings not associated with patients presenting symptoms. Methods: Following Institutional Review Board approval, patient data was accumulated prospectively over 10 months. Notation was made of primary and secondary symptoms as well as if these stated symptoms were reproduced during the urodynamic procedure. Presenting lower urinary tract symptoms included for analysis were stress, mixed and urge incontinence, urgency, and obstructive symptoms. We also reviewed the number of disparate urodynamic observations that did not correlate with patient history. Results: Over a 10-month period, 127 women had interpretable data with respect to whether their presenting symptoms were reproduced during UDS. Presenting symptoms were successfully reproduced on 83% of UDS studies. Disparate urodynamic observations were noted in 60% of patients. Conclusions: Reproduction of patient symptoms during UDS occurred in the majority of cases if the patient was queried regarding this association. Additional disparate urodynamic observations were also noted in a majority of patients undergoing UDS. It remains unclear whether reproduction of symptoms during UDS in females ultimately results in improved interventional outcomes. The implications of new or unexpected UDS findings during UDS are unknown.
5‐Amino‐4‐bromo‐2‐benzofuran‐1(3H)‐one

Two independent but similar mol­ecules, A and B, comprise the asymmetric unit of the title compound, C8H6BrNO2. Supra­molecular chains, involving one type of mol­ecule only, are formed via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These are connected into layers via π–π stacking [centroid-to-centroid separations = 3.763 (3)–3.783 (3) A] and C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Br inter­actions, so that the global crystal packing comprises alternating layers of mol­ecules A and B.
Microscopy & Microanalysis 2010 in Portland, Oregon

The Microscopy & Microanalysis Meeting (M&M) is the premier meeting for biological scientists, materials scientists, and nanotechnologists who use microscopy or microanalysis in their professional activities. Microscopy & Microanalysis 2010 will be no exception!
Oscillation and global stability in a delay logistic equation

We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for every positive solution of the delay logistic equation to oscillate about its positive equilibrium. We also obtain conditions under which the positive equilibrium of (*) is globally asymptotically stable.
Calculation of the magnetic states of cobalt overlayers on copper (111)

One- and two-atom layers of cobalt on a copper (111) surface were found to be magnetic with a spin polarization close to the bulk value. The calculation was performed in a tight-binding scheme, with single-site, full orbital interactions treated self-consistently. Antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic states with a two-atom periodicity were examined. A new type of ''spatially modulated'' state was found. The density of states and the spatial distribution of magnetization were obtained for each configuration. The ferromagnetic state was found to have the lowest total energy; the energy of the spatially modulated state was, however, calculated to be only 0.03 Ry per surface atom higher. Agreement with photoemission experiments is satisfactory: It is excellent for a one-atom layer of Co on Cu (111), but a theoretically predicted shift in peak location with Co layer thickness is not found experimentally. Calculations for both pure Cu (111) and Co on Cu (111) show that the spectral features observed at the corner of the surface Brillouin zone arise from the totally symmetric electronic states.
Vagabond Capitalism and the Necessity of Social Reproduction

A vagabond, as is well known, moves from place to place without a fixed home. However, vagabondage insinuates a little dissolution—an unsettled, irresponsible, and disreputable life, which indeed can be said of the globalization of capitalist production. This paper reframes the discussion on globalization through a materialist focus on social reproduction. By looking at the material social practices through which people reproduce themselves on a daily and generational basis and through which the social relations and material bases of capitalism are renewed—and the havoc wreaked on them by a putatively placeless capitalism—we can better expose both the costs of globalization and the connections between vastly different sites of production. Focusing on social reproduction allows us to address questions of the making, maintenance, and exploitation of a fluidly differentiated labor force, the productions (and destructions) of nature, and the means to create alternative geographies of opposition to globalized capitalism. I will draw on examples from the “First” and “Third Worlds” to argue that any politics that effectively counters capitalism's global imperative must confront the shifts in social reproduction that have accompanied and enabled it. Looking at the political-economic, political-ecological, and cultural aspects of social reproduction, I argue that there has been a rescaling of childhood and suggest a practical response that focuses on specific geographies of social reproduction. Reconnecting these geographies with those of production, both translocally and across geographic scale, begins to redress the losses suffered in the realm of social reproduction as a result of globalized capitalist production. The paper develops the notion of “topography” as a means of examining the intersecting effects and material consequences of globalized capitalist production. “Topography” offers a political logic that both recognizes the materiality of cultural and social difference and can help mobilize transnational and internationalist solidarities to counter the imperatives of globalization.
Sickle Cell Trait Erythrocytes are Thrice as Stiff as Healthy Erythrocytes

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for high-resolution topography studies of biological cells and measurement of their mechanical properties in physiological conditions. In this work, AFM was employed to measure the stiffness of abnormal human red blood cells (RBCs) from patients with the genotype for sickle cell trait. The determined Young’s modulus was compared with that obtained from measurements of erythrocytes from healthy subjects. The results showed that the Young’s modulus of pathological erythrocytes was approximately three times higher than in normal cells. Observed differences indicate the effect of hemoglobin S as well as possible changes in the organization of the cell cytoskeleton associated with the sickle cell trait.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Thermodynamic modeling of creep damage in materials with different properties in tension and compression

A constitutive model is developed to describe the creep response of polycrystalline metals and alloys with different behavior in tension and compression. A second-order damage tensor is introduced in order to describe the creep damage under nonproportional loading in nonisothermal processes. The thermodynamic formulation of the creep equation and the damage evolution equation is used to study the creep behavior and creep damage in the initially isotropic materials. The determination of the material parameters in the proposed equations is demonstrated from a series of basic experiments outlined in this paper. The results generated from the model are compared with those obtained from experiments under uniaxial nonproportional and multiaxial nonproportional loading for both isothermal and nonisothermal processes.
When bacteria talk: Time elapse communication for super-slow networks

In this work we consider nano-scale communication using bacterial populations as transceivers. We demonstrate using a microfluidic test-bed and a population of genetically engineered Escherichia coli bacteria serving as the communication receiver that a simple modulation like on-off keying (OOK) is indeed achievable, but suffers from very poor data-rates. We explore an alternative communication strategy called time elapse communication (TEC) that uses the time period between signals to encode information. We identify the severe limitations of TEC under practical non-zero error conditions in the target environment, and propose an advanced communication strategy called smart time elapse communication (TEC-SMART) that achieves over a 10× improvement in data-rate over OOK.
A Trafficking Checkpoint Controls GABAB Receptor Heterodimerization

Surface expression of GABA(B) receptors requires heterodimerization of GB1 and GB2 subunits, but little is known about mechanisms that ensure efficient heterodimer assembly. We found that expression of the GB1 subunit on the cell surface is prevented through a C-terminal retention motif RXR(R); this sequence is reminiscent of the ER retention/retrieval motif RKR identified in subunits of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Interaction of GB1 and GB2 through their C-terminal coiled-coil alpha helices masks the retention signal in GB1, allowing the plasma membrane expression of the assembled complexes. Because individual GABA(B) receptor subunits and improperly assembled receptor complexes are not functional even if expressed on the cell surface, we conclude that a trafficking checkpoint ensures efficient assembly of functional GABA(B) receptors.
Read My Fingertips: A Procedure for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Time-Out with Argumentative Children

ABSTRACT Commonly occurring problems in implementing time-out are described together with a procedure for improving the effectiveness of time-out with verbally noncompliant children. The “Read My Fingertips” procedure is intended to reduce arguments and decrease aversive interactions between parents and their children during time-out. This procedure involves counting on one's fingertips each time a word is spoken by the child and equating the number of fingers counted with additional minutes in time-out. It is hoped that this procedure will facilitate the use of time-out with verbally non-compliant children.
Characteristics predictive of coronary heart disease in ex-smokers before they stopped smoking: comparison with persistent smokers and nonsmokers.

Abstract From the Kaiser-Permanente multiphasic checkup data for white and black men and women with three or more examinations, ex-smokers and continuing smokers have been compared for a large number of characteristics associated with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in our study population or others. Assessments of these characteristics were made at a time when all were smoking cigarettes and persons who remained nonsmokers provided an additional comparison group. Smokers who later quit showed statistically significant differences from smokers who continued smoking, in certain cardiovascular symptoms, social and personal characteristics, smoking intensity, and some other traits. Compared to persistent smokers, quitters in most or all race-sex subgroups had higher relative weight and lower alcohol consumption, but smoked fewer cigarettes for shorter duration, inhaled less, had higher vital capacity, lower leukocyte count, lower prevalence of abnormal electrocardiogram, less exertional chest pain. exertional dyspnea and exertional leg pain, higher educational level, and a tendency to answer a psychological questionnaire less like persons who later developed myocardial infarction. Although statistically significant, most of these differences were quantitatively small. Other CHD-related characteristics such as cholesterol and blood pressure showed small differences. Controlling for smoking quantity had little effect on differences between the persistent quitters and persistent smokers for certain characteristics which seemed likely to be smoking-related. For several characteristics, quitters were more similar at index examination to never smokers than to persistent smokers. Comparison of CHD outcomes among ex-smokers with those of persistent smokers should take into consideration smoking intensity and other baseline characteristics which may affect the degree to which quitting smoking might alter risk of CHD.
Synthesis of visible light-active nanostructured TiOx (x < 2) photocatalysts in a flame aerosol reactor

Titanium dioxide is a wide band gap (3.2 eV) semiconductor which is photo-active when irradiated with UV light. For wider scale use of TiO2 as a photocatalyst, its activity needs to be extended to the visible light region (constituting 45% of total incident solar energy). A diffusion flame aerosol reactor (FLAR) with an oxygen lean environment in the particle formation zone has been used to synthesize oxygen deficient titanium suboxide (TiOx with x < 2) nanoparticles. Using a standard-based electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) technique, the non-stoichiometry (x in TiOx) in the flame synthesized particles has been quantified with high accuracy (uncertainty less than 3%). Under an oxygen lean environment in the particle formation zone, the non-stoichiometry in the TiOx particles is a function of the flame temperature. The value of x in the flame synthesized TiOx nanoparticles is in the range of 1.88 < x < 1.94. Diffuse reflectance spectra confirmed that the oxygen deficient TiOx particles absorbed visible light. Visible light activity of the TiOx particles is demonstrated by photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange solution under visible light illumination.
Effect of blackbody radiation on the hydrogen spectrum

The partition function of a single hydrogen atom diverges. While the astrophysical solution to this dilemma is the introduction of a density dependent alteration of the partition function, the question of what happens in an arbitrarily rarefied gas remains open. It is argued that in this case blackbody radiation changes the atom’s spectrum. A unified derivation including these effects and the nonrelativistic Lamb shift and spontaneous emission is presented. Then recent numerical calculations performed by workers in the field of Rydberg atom spectroscopy are utilized to estimate the principal quantum number for which blackbody radiation significantly alters the spectrum.
Granular cell myoblastoma: Perineal neoplasm of probable neural origin

A seventy-year-old man with a painless, perineal neoplasm was found to have a granular cell myoblastoma densely adherent to the bulbar urethra. This case represents the fourth known perineal neoplasm of neural origin.
Line parameter variations and the profile dependence of atmospheric transmittance

Errors introduced by line parameter variations into atmospheric transmittance calculations in which the absorption line shape is assumed to be described accurately by the Galatry profile are compared with errors introduced by the use of approximate line profiles. Variations in two line parameters, the collision-broadened halfwidth at half-maximum (HWHM) under standard conditions, and the temperature dependence of the collision cross section are found to be significant. Calculations are presented that illustrate conditions for which variations in these two parameters will mask the profile dependence in a given transmittance calculation.
Effect of Leak Location on Measured Respirator Fit

A significant difference in leak detection as a function of leak location was observed during a study assessing how well current models of quantitative fit-test systems detect leakage. Known sources of leakage (matched hypodermic needles) were introduced at three fixed locations into factory-probed half-mask and full-face respirators mounted on a headform-breathing machine system. The leak locations were the bridge of the nose, the cheek, and the chin. Baseline leakage into each respirator was determined by conducting a fit-test with all fixed leak sources capped. Fit tests were repeated with each individual source uncapped. Study objectives included determining (1) how well each system measured the leakage, and (2) whether leak location had any effect on leak measurement. An ambient aerosol fit-test system (Portacount Plus) and a controlled negative pressure (CNP) fit-test system (FitTester 3000) were used. The ambient aerosol system detected an overall average of 37.2% of the known leakage, with a coeff...
116 INTRARENAL BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION (IRBFD) AND RENAL RENIN SECRETORY RATES (RRSR) IN CHILDREN WITH COARCTATION

The renal mechanisms involved in sustaining hypertension were evaluated in 7 children ages 5-11 with coarctation. IRBFD was determined following renal artery injections of 133Xe which measures rates of flow and the fraction of total renal blood flow to the outer cortical (OC) nephrons in which renin is produced. RRSR was calculated by multiplying OC flow by the renal venous minus arterial difference in immunoreactive plasma renin activity (PRA). When measurements were made in both kidneys (4 children), results between the kidneys were averaged. when compared to data obtained in 8 normal kidneys the following was found in the 7 children with coarctation and 5 patients with L-R shunts. OC flow was reduced in children with shunts or coarctation (p < 0.01). Fractional flow to the OC was reduced only in children with shunt lesions (p <0.01). RRSR in shunt lesions (430±201 SEM) were not different from that observed in coarctation (201 ng/ml/min/100 gm ± 92 SEM) (p = 0.28). These findings as well as the demonstration of normal renin profiling in three children (4 hr upright PRA vs. 24 hr. urinary sodium excretion compared to a series of approximately 100 normal children) with coarctation suggest that the persistence of hypertension in coarctation is independent of the renin angiotensin system and compatible with the experimental two kidney model of hypertension. Supported in part by NIH grant HE12651, RR-75 and RR-5624).
The power of discourse: Michel Foucault and critical theory

Abstract The debate that contrasts Marxism and the work of Michel Foucault often overlooks that both projects share a political and ethical commitment. Both have moreover engaged that commitment by challenging what Marx called ‘traditional ideas’, viewing them as historically compilcit with the exercise of power. This ‘radical rupture’ with traditional ideas has been the hallmark of the critical theory project since The Communist Manifesto. By challenging traditional notions of power and language, however, Michel Foucault went further than the Marxist tradition in carrying out the critical theory project. Foucault's alternative ideas of discourse/practice and of power as ‘positive’ are moreover intricately linked in a way that has not been sufficiently appreciated. This is evident in a genealogy of Foucault's early work, where neither notion is able to take hold in the absence of the other. It only after The Archaeology of Knowledge, where Foucault rethought the relationship of language to reality, that h...
A Fortran Program to Calculate Proximity Values and an Averaged Proximity Matrix

Proximity analysis is a data analytic approach which measures the contiguity of subjective organization of output. One approach to operationalize this is to measure the proximity, or inversely the distance, between all pairs in an ordered response sequence. The procedure is often used to investigate the organization of information in memory, assessed with some measure of recall. The basic premise is that items which are grouped together in memory will also be grouped together at retrieval and output. Proximity is a FORTRAN 77 program for computing inter-item proximity values. The method was proposed by Friendly (1979) but no computer program was developed for it.
Looking for Bears: Space Geodesy for Earthquake Studies

A common problem in seismology can be illustrated by a simple analogy: Given the higher number of fatalities in this century due to grizzly bear attacks in Montana relative to New York, what can be said about the future hazard? Is New York a “bear gap,” where attacks are overdue and hence likely, or is the hazard intrinsically less? Given no information beyond the short record, either assumption is tenable because of the ambiguity involved in reasoning from the nonoccurrence of an event. To resolve the issue, we need an independent method of looking for bears. Using the earthquake record to estimate the recurrence and hazard of future large earthquakes raises a similar problem. The historical record is short by geological standards, and the instrumental record is even shorter. Hence a standard way to obtain additional insight is to assume that earthquake occurrence is grossly linked to plate motions or intraplate deformation such that strain which accumulates on long time scales is released seismically. Although it is unclear how this process...
917-96 In Vitro Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Sterol 27-Hydroxylase Metabolites

Sterol 27-hydroxylase controls side chain oxidation of bile acids and is found in vascular endothelial cells. Two metabolites of this oxidation are 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH), which inhibits smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation in vivo, and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (C27). We quantified the inhibitory capacity of both these compounds in vitro using a rabbit aortic SMC preparation. Early passage SMC were grown to confluence, plated at a density of 5,000 cells/well, and synchronized for 24 hrs. The cells were then grown in the presence of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with 5% delipidated fetal calf serum alone (control), in increasing concentrations (10, 20,30 μM) of 27-OH and C27 dissolved in 2-hydroxypropyl-p-cyclodextrin (HPBCD), in an equivalent amount of HPBCD alone (control), and in colchicine (1 mg/dl). Cell proliferation at 24 hrs was measured via formazans formation from the tetrazolium salt MTS by absorbance at OD 490 nm There was no significant difference in absorbance between the control and the HPBCD (absorbance 0.402 ± 0,037 vs 0.400 ± 0.057) or 10 μM concentration 27-OH (0.383 ± 0.0561 or C27 (0.374 ± 0.022) groups. However, concentrations of 20 and 30 μM of 27-0H produced a significant growth inhibition (0.362 ± 0.030 and 0.350 ± 0.021, P l 0.01) compared to controls, as did C27 at 20 and 30 μM (0.357 ± 0.22 and 0.344 ± 0.28, P l 0.01), while the colchicine group exhibit the greatest inhibition (0.125 ± 0021). Thus 27-OH and C27 demonstrated a dose response growth inhibition of SMC, and endothelial sterol 27-hydroxylase may play an important role in modulation of myointimal hyperplasia during the atherosclerotic process.