cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heart Transplant Recipients with pAMR1(H+) and pAMR2 Rejection Have the Same Amount of Myocardial Injury by Allosure

Purpose Circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA) rises in response to cell apoptosis and necrosis. The cell damage that occurs in rejection or myocardial injury results in a release of donor DNA into the circulation of the recipient and an increase in the level of dd-cfDNA (donor derived cell free DNA) making it a biomarker for myocardial injury that occurs in heart transplant rejection. Allosure®measures dd-cfDNA and has been validated in heart transplant recipients using histologic diagnosis of myocardial rejection. Transplant Cardiologists treat grade pAMR2 rejection or above per ISHLT guidelines. Using Allosure®we assessed the antibody mediated rejection dd-cfDNA levels in pAMR1(H+) and pAMR2 histologic endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) to evaluate if there is a difference in the amount of myocardial injury. Methods Prospectively unselected heart transplant recipients who underwent an EMB after transplant from 6/2019 to 8/2020 at our center and had a concomitant Allosure®were reviewed. We compared the Allosure®value in histologic pAMR0, pAMR1(H+) and pAMR2 rejection. Results 95 recipients had a concomitant EMB and Allosure®. 63 recipients had a grade pAMR0 with a Allosure®of 0.14 ±0.04 %, 22 recipients a grade pAMR1(H+) rejection with a Allosure®of 2.06 ±1.39 % and 10 recipients a grade pAMR2 rejection with a Allosure®of 2.03 ±1.58 %. The difference in Allosure®between pAMR0 and pAMR1(H+) was significant at p Conclusion Allosure®level indicates that the amount of myocardial injury or cell death in pAMR1 (H+) rejection is the same as grade pAMR2 rejection. Despite the difference in the histologic findings between the two endomyocardial AMR grades, pAMR1(H+) should be treated.
Survey of Business Owners: Presentation

The 2002 Survey of Business Owners is part of the Economic Census, conducted every five years for years ending in "2" and "7." Statistics describe the characteristics of U.S. businesses by ownership category (i.e., by gender, Hispanic or Latino origin, and race of principal owners for both employer and non-employer businesses). Data are presented for detailed industries and geographies, and by size of firm (receipts and employment information).
Decreased resting perfusion in precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex predicts tinnitus severity

Abstract Functional magnetic resonance imaging has been increasingly used to understand the mechanisms involved in subjective tinnitus; however, researchers have struggled to reach a consensus about a primary mechanistic model to explain tinnitus. While many studies have used functional connectivity of the BOLD signal to understand how patterns of activity change with tinnitus severity, there is much less research on whether there are differences in more fundamental physiology, including cerebral blood flow, which may help inform the BOLD measures. Here, arterial spin labeling was used to measure perfusion in four regions-of-interest, guided by current models of tinnitus, in a sample of 60 tinnitus patients and 31 control subjects. We found global reductions in cerebral perfusion in tinnitus compared with controls. Additionally, we observed a significant negative correlation between tinnitus severity and perfusion. These results demonstrate that examining perfusion from the whole brain may present a complementary tool for studying tinnitus. More research will help better understand the physiology underlying these differences in perfusion.
Geometrical dynamics of edge-driven surface growth

Accretion of mineralized thin wall-like structures via localized growth along their edges is observed in a range of physical and biological systems ranging from molluscan and brachiopod shells to carbonate-silica composite precipitates. To understand the shape of these mineralized structures, we develop a mathematical framework that treats the thin-walled shells as a smooth surface left in the wake of the growth front that can be described as an evolving space curve. Our theory then takes an explicit geometric form for the prescription of the velocity of the growth front curve, along with some compatibility relations and a closure equation related to the nature of surface curling. The result is a set of equations for the geometrical dynamics of a curve that leaves behind a compatible surface. Solutions of these equations capture a range of geometric precipitate patterns seen in abiotic and biotic forms across scales. In addition to providing a framework for the growth and form of these thin-walled morphologies, our theory suggests a new class of dynamical systems involving moving space curves that are compatible with non-Euclidean embeddings of surfaces.
Home pregnancy test use and timing of pregnancy confirmation among people seeking health care.

ABSTRACT Objectives Understanding the timing of pregnancy suspicion and confirmation, including the role of home pregnancy tests, can facilitate earlier entry into pregnancy-related care and identify individuals likely to be impacted by gestation-based abortion restrictions. Study design We use data from 259 pregnant individuals participating in a cross-sectional survey at 8 primary and reproductive health care clinics in 6 U.S. states (2016-2017). We use regression models to identify differences in utilization of HPTs, barriers to use, and to compare gestational duration at pregnancy confirmation. Results Three-quarters (74%) of respondents took a home pregnancy test as the first step in confirming pregnancy; this figure was lower among adolescents versus young adults (65 vs 81%, p = 0.01). Two-thirds (64%) reported delays in home testing, higher among adolescents (85%). People taking a test at home confirmed pregnancy 10 days earlier than those first testing at a clinic (41.3 vs 51.8 days gestation, p = 0.02). Those that did not test at home cited concerns about test accuracy (42%) and difficulties accessing one (26%). While overall 21% confirmed pregnancy at ≥7 weeks gestation, and 35% at ≥6 weeks, confirmation at ≥7 weeks was higher among adolescents versus young adults (47 vs 13%, p = 0.001), Latina versus white women (28 vs 11%, p = 0.02), food insecure versus secure women (28 vs 17%, p = 0.06), and people with unplanned versus planned/mistimed pregnancies (25 vs 13%, p = 0.07). Conclusions Home pregnancy testing is common and associated with earlier pregnancy confirmation. Still, barriers to at-home testing are evident, particularly among adolescents. Efforts to expand access to home pregnancy tests and increase knowledge about their accuracy may be impactful in increasing utilization. Implications While at home pregnancy testing is common and facilitates earlier confirmation of pregnancy, one in 5 confirm pregnancy at 7 weeks gestation or later (and one in 3 do so at 6 weeks or later). Gestational bans in the first trimester will disproportionately prevent young people, people of color, and those living with food insecurity from being able to access abortion.
A class of multilevel recursive incomplete LU preconditioning techniques

We introduce a class of multilevel recursive incomplete LU preconditioning techniques (RILUM) for solving general sparse matrices. This technique is based on a recursive two by two block incomplete LU factorization on the coefficient matrix. The coarse level system is constructed as an (approximate) Schur complement. A dynamic preconditioner is obtained by solving the Schur complement matrix approximately. The novelty of the proposed techniques is to solve the Schur complement matrix by a preconditioned Krylov subspace method. Such a reduction process is repeated to yield a multilevel recursive preconditioner.
Unique Finding of a Fetal Rhabdomyoma in the Lacrimal Gland

Fetal rhabdomyomas are a rare neoplasm composed of immature striated muscle cells that resemble rhabdomesenchymal cells during weeks 6-10 of embryogenesis. This tumor, though well-described in many anatomic locations, is most commonly found in the head and neck region. We report a case that highlights the difficulty in diagnosing a fetal rhabdomyoma in the lacrimal gland of a 56 year old woman. This case report gives an overview of this rare neoplasm, detailing the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora

Beginning with antiquity, Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora captures the essential political, cultural, social, and economic developments that shaped the black experience. In this second edition, Michael A. Gomez updates the text to include the most recent research on the African Diaspora. Continuing to pay particular attention to the lives of the working classes, the second edition expands its temporal boundaries to include developments into the twenty-first century, as well as integrating women and feminist perspectives more thoroughly. It also widens the geographical span to include Latin America, while incorporating more on African experiences in Europe, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf. Assessing the impact of religion, global trade, slavery and resistance, and the challenges of modernity, this edition further connects the experiences of Africans and their descendants over time and space, attending to both convergences and divergences, while explaining how the deep past informs subsequent developments.
Covalent Alterations of Protein Structure in the Inhibition of Protein Synthesis by Diphtheria Toxin

The toxicity of diphtheria toxin is believed to result from its activity in inhibiting protein synthesis in sensitive cells. This activity is now known to involve two distinct examples of covalent modification of protein structure. a) The toxin (m.wt. 63,000) inhibits protein synthesis by catalyzing a covalent modification of elongation factor 2 (EF2). The modification involves attachment of the adenosine diphosphate ribose (ADPR) portion of NAD+ to the factor, with concomitant release of nicotinamide and a proton. The modified factor can no longer function in the translocation process on ribosomes, perhaps because of its altered capacity to interact with RNA. b) The intact toxin molecules, a single 63,000 dalton chain, is inactive in catalyzing the ADP-ribosylation of EF 2, and must be subjected to limited proteolysis and reduction for this activity to be expressed. Trypsin, which is the most effective protease tested, attacks the toxin at any of at least three closely spaced arginines, splitting it into two large fragments, A (m.wt. 24,000) and B (m.wt. 39,000) linked by a disulfide bridge. Free fragment A, released after reduction of this disulfide, is responsible for the enzymic activity of the toxin.
Network Address Translation

Network Address Translation (NAT) provides flexibility and protection within the architectures. It allows one to conserve valuable IP address space and prevents the production servers from being fully exposed to Internet threats. This chapter helps one enable or disable NAT for a single host, for a range of addresses, or for an entire network. There are two different ways to employ NAT that are demonstrated and explained in detail in this chapter. Hide mode allows one to configure the gateway to translate outbound traffic so that the internal hosts may access the Internet (or other external hosts) without revealing the private topology. In addition, Hide NAT provides the necessary address change that is needed for proper routing on public networks. Static mode provides similar address hiding, but permits one to offer services on your internal or DMZ servers. This option places a one-to-one relationship between two hosts and the gateway redirects all transactions bound for the public address to the coordinating internal address. The tools one uses for NAT helps one to protect the networks from disclosure and minimize the hosts from exposure to the outside world. NAT is a key instrument in supplying a sound, optimal security policy.
The effect of wind on heavy vehicles

There are certain areas of Canada, including a number of elevated bridges, which are beset by strong winds. Local authorities are aware that empty and lightly loaded van semi-trailers may be blown over by a strong wind, so they have protocols to halt truck movement in a strong wind. This paper considers the effect of wind on various truck configurations common in Canada.
Classifier comparison and sensor selection for e-noses

The authors analyze 4 datasets produced by an e-nose based on 20 compositionally distinct polymer-carbon black sensors exposed to laboratory designed gas mixtures and one dataset produced by a second e-nose based on five thin films metal oxide sensors exposed to the headspace of seven different coffee blends. We aim at selecting the best 5 sensors (for the e-nose which has 20) using as FS criterion the test performance of Fisher linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multilayer perceptrons (MLP). The datasets were chosen to give classification problems of varying hardness: from the discrimination of two almost Gaussian distributed analytes to the discrimination of two analytes in the presence of interferents at different concentration levels. The performance of the best 5-sensors subset selected with MLP was found to be better - but not significantly better - than the performance of the LDA-selected subsets. This is true also for classes with a strong multimodal distribution. In only one case the test set performance distribution over all 5-sensors subsets was found to be clearly better with MLP than with LDA.
Child assent and parental permission in pediatric research.

Since children are considered incapable ofgiving informed consent to participate inresearch, regulations require that bothparental permission and the assent of thepotential child subject be obtained. Assent andpermission are uniquely bound together, eachserving a different purpose. Parentalpermission protects the child from assumingunreasonable risks. Assent demonstrates respectfor the child and his developing autonomy. Inorder to give meaningful assent, the child mustunderstand that procedures will be performed,voluntarily choose to undergo the procedures,and communicate this choice. Understanding theelements of informed consent has been theparadigm for assessing capacity to give assent.This method leaves the youngest, leastcognitively mature children vulnerable towaiver of assent and forced researchparticipation. Voluntariness can also becompromised by the influence of authorityfigures who can exert undue influence andcoerce children to participate in research. This paper discusses factors that may influencethe decision to give assent/permission,potential parent-child conflict in theassent/permission process and how it isresolved, and potential parental undueinfluence on research participation. Theseissues are illustrated with quotations drawnfrom a larger qualitative study of parentalpermission and child assent (data notpresented). We suggest a developmentalapproach, viewing assent as a continuum rangingfrom mere affirmation in the youngest childrento the equivalent of the informed consentprocess in the mature adolescent.
Using Auditory Feedback to Improve Dance Movements of Children with Disabilities

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of auditory feedback to improve dance movements of children with disabilities. The target behaviors were fundamental dance skills, individualized to each student, and scored using a task analysis to calculate the percentage of correct steps. The results showed that auditory feedback increased the specific dance skill for each young dancer. Although the skills decreased during the second baseline, the skills increased again in the second intervention phase.
Molecular resistance testing of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies.

Abstract Objective.—To evaluate simultaneous diagnosis of infection and molecular resistance testing of Helicobacter pylori. Methods.—Gastric biopsies were obtained from 26 rapid urease-positive and 51 rapid urease-negative test kits used to diagnose H pylori infection. Following glass bead–assisted DNA isolation, amplification of H pylori 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), glmM, and 23S rDNA target genes was performed. Results.—Helicobacter pylori DNA was successfully amplified from 100% (26/26) of urease-positive and 3.9% (2/51) of urease-negative gastric biopsies. Subsequent restriction enzyme–mediated digestion of 23S rDNA amplification products revealed that 17% (4/24) of urease-positive and H pylori DNA–positive biopsy specimens contained point mutations (A2142G or A2143G) associated with clarithromycin resistance. Helicobacter pylori DNA from gastric biopsies was successfully amplified 8 weeks following rapid urease testing. Conclusion.—Helicobacter pylori genotyping may be used to detect macrolide-resistan...
Elucidating the balance between metal ion complexation and polymer conformation in maleimide vinyl ether polymer multilayer structures

We have grown layered assemblies of poly[4-(N-maleimido)azobenzene-co-diisopropyl (2-vinyloxy)ethylphosphonate], (poly(MAB-VEP)), where interlayer connections are made using zirconium bisphosphonate (ZP) ionic complexation chemistry. The linear optical response of the azobenzene chromophore side group shows constant layer density but a layer-dependent ratio of trans-to-cis isomers. Optical null ellipsometry data show a constant average layer thickness despite the change in conformer ratio. The change in conformer ratio with the growth of multiple polymer layers results from the steric constraints imposed on the polymer side groups by the formation of the ZP interlayer linkage. The driving force for metal ion complexation is greater than the isomerization barrier of S0 azobenzene. Once the layers are formed, the side-groups do not exhibit any changes in conformer ratio, even when exposed to UV for a prolonged period.
Dispositions to rash action moderate the associations between concurrent drinking, depressive symptoms, and alcohol problems during emerging adulthood

"Impulsivity" has been consistently identified as a key personality predictor of alcohol-related problems and subsequent alcohol use disorder. Multiple prior studies have demonstrated impulsivity is an individual difference factor that strengthens the effects of some risk factors, such as alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms, on alcohol problems. However, recent research indicated common measures of impulsivity actually reflect multiple dispositions toward rash action, and that alcohol problems were most consistently related to one of those dispositions, negative urgency. Little research has examined how specific dispositions to rash action may act as putative moderators of other risk factors for alcohol problems. The goal of the current study was to test which dispositions to rash action moderated the effects of concurrent alcohol use or depressive symptoms on alcohol problems. Using a large cross-sectional sample of college students (n = 573), the current study utilized semicontinuous regression models, which allow prediction of both the likelihood and level of alcohol problems. Negative urgency was found to be the main predictor of alcohol problems, above and beyond other dispositions to rash action, which replicates prior research. However, each of the other dispositions exhibited risk-enhancing effects on the relations between either depressive symptoms or alcohol use and concurrent alcohol problems. Specifically, lower levels of premeditation enhanced the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol problems, while lower perseverance and higher sensation seeking were related to more alcohol problems at higher levels of alcohol use. Results suggest that multiple dispositions to rash action were related to problematic alcohol use both directly and via their interaction with other risk factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
An Integrated System Control Routing Architecture for AO&M Information Transfer

The topology of the overseas Defense Communications System (DCS) is characterized by the interconnection of a number of major switching and transmission nodes. As these switching and transmission networks become more sophisticated and evolve into a fully digital architecture, the need for having real-time status and control reporting and monitoring capability between these nodal sites and its affiliated centralized AO&M control facility will become more imperative. The proposed architecture will explore the utilization of the AN/FCC-100 (V) Low Speed Time Division Multiplexer (LSTDM) for the integrated routing of System Control (SYSCON) information between these nodes and the centralized Administration, Operation, and Maintenance (AO&M) centers. The ultimate objective of this architecture is to assist the Theater Communications Command (TCC) in fulfilling Joint as well as Combined communications requirements in a Theater-level environment.
Interactive Play: The Frequency of Related Verbal Responses.

The potential relationship between interactive play and the frequency of related responding to comments was investigated within the dyadic interactions among a 4-year-old Specifically Language Impaired (SLI) boy and normal-language users. The normal-language users were of similar chronological age or language level to the SLI boy. The results indicated that the SLI boy's frequency of related responding was variable but consistently associated with the following: the ratio of other-directed partner turns in play; the frequency of a particular discourse pattern; and the frequency of shared reference across the discourse pattern. Unlike related responses of the SLI child, the frequencies of related responses of normal children were essentially stable. Implications of the differences are discussed.
In vivo and in vitro regulation of [3H]glyburide binding to brain sulfonylurea receptors in obesity-prone and resistant rats by glucose

Abstract Select brain neurons increase their firing rate when ambient glucose levels rise, possibly via a neuronal ATP-sensitive K + (K ATP ) channel and its associated sulfonylurea receptor (SUR). We used receptor autoradiographic binding of 20 nM [ 3 H]glyburide (in the presence or absence of Gpp(NH)p which blocks binding to low-affinity sites) to assess the in vivo and in vitro effects of altering glucose availability upon high- and low-affinity binding to brain SUR. Since the brain's ability to monitor and regulate glucose metabolism is critical to maintenance of energy balance, testing was done in chow-fed male Sprague–Dawley rats which had an underlying predisposition to develop either diet-induced obesity (DIO-prone) or to be diet-resistant (DR-prone) when subsequently fed a high-energy diet. Under control conditions, both in vivo and in vitro studies showed DIO-prone rats to have reduced levels of low-, but not high-affinity [ 3 H]glyburide binding in most forebrain areas. As compared to equiosmolar infusions of mannitol, 60 min unilateral intracarotid glucose infusions at 4 mg/kg/min in awake rats reduced low-affinity [ 3 H]glyburide binding in numerous hypothalamic and amygdalar areas of both DR- and DIO-prone rats with little effect on high-affinity binding. Only in the paraventricular nucleus of DR-prone rats was there a phenotype-specific downregulation of low-affinity binding. Brain sections from other rats were incubated with [ 3 H]glyburide in the presence of 0, 5 or 10 mM glucose. The resultant in vitro effects of glucose were more variable and widespread than intracarotid infusions. Here, glucose often increased low-affinity [ 3 H]glyburide binding, particularly in DR-prone rats at 5 mM. Again, there was little effect on high-affinity binding. Thus, glucose may affect the firing of glucose-responsive neurons by indirectly altering K ATP channel function via its effects on low-affinity cell body SUR.
Kinetic and temporal patterns of three types of vertical jump among elite international divers

Improved jumping ability may provide the diver with more air‐time and thus more potential for control and a higher score. Three jumping activities, (1) restricted countermovement jump (RCMJ) (knee angle 110°), (2) counter‐movement jump (CMJ), and (3) drop jump (DJ) (11 cm), were performed on a portable force platform (PFP), and were analyzed for vertical force and time characteristics. The participants consisted of a group of elite, international level male (n = 12) and female (n = 17) divers at the Kodak International Diving Invitational, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, May 1996. All subjects were previous Olympic or World Championship team members, finalists, or medalists. The PFP was interfaced to a computer via analog to digital conversion with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz. Each diver performed three trials of each jump, with hands on hips throughout. A factor analysis was performed on each jump type due to the large number of variables and small number of subjects (n = 29). A principal component, factor analysis r...
Finite-time control for spacecraft body-fixed hovering over an asteroid

A finite-time control scheme for autonomous body-fixed hovering of a rigid spacecraft over a tumbling asteroid is presented. The relative configuration between the spacecraft and asteroid is described in terms of exponential coordinates on the Lie group SE(3), which is the configuration space for the spacecraft. With a Lyapunov stability analysis, the finite-time convergence of the proposed control scheme for the closed-loop system is proved. Numerical simulations validate the performance of the proposed control scheme.
Evaluation of Programs for Handicapped Children: A Strategic Constituent Approach.

In this study the strategic constituent approach to organizational effectiveness was applied to a diagnostic program for handicapped children. The purpose was to generate dimensions of effectiveness in this program that could be used to conduct program evaluations. Supervisors, clinicians, referring school professionals, and parents were interviewed, and resultmg data was inductively categorized. From these data a rating scale was designed and completed by internal constituents. Results provide evidence for the validity of this approach and the validity and reliability of the rating scale. Suggestionsfor conducting program evaluations and further evaluative research are discussed.
Minority influence: The effect of majority reactionaries and defectors, and minority and majority compromisers, upon majority opinion and attraction

The effects of shifting opinions within a group upon majority opinion, communication between members and perceived attractiveness of other members were studied. Each subject perceived himself to be a member of the majority in a group whose opinion was divided 6–2 on an important issue. But later one to three group members changed their vote. Six conditions of change were established: Control, majority reactionary, majority compromise, majority defection (5-3), minority compromise, minority compromise plus majority reactionary. Only majority compromise or defection affected majority opinion (private and public). Majority members were disliked when they deviated from majority opinion, but particularly so when they shifted toward minority opinion. Minority members were liked most when they induced a majority member to compromise (but not defect). Majority communication to minority occurred most when the minority was compromising, but most disagreement with minority opinion was expressed when a majority member had either compromised or defected.
EFFECT OF GAMMA RADIATION ON DIETARY AND HORMONAL INDUCTION OF ENZYMES IN RAT LIVER

The dietary induction of serine dehydrase, produced by the oral intubation of hydrolyzed casein to protein-depleted rats, is markedly inhibited by doses of γ-radiation of 400 roentgens or higher provided the irradiation is given within an hour after the initial dose of casein. If the irradiation is delayed until 7 hours after the initial dose of casein, induction is not inhibited. In contrast, the cortisone induction of tyrosine α-ketoglutarate transaminase is not inhibited by doses of γ-radiation up to 3200 roentgens; in some instances hormonal induction of this enzyme appears to be enhanced by irradiation.
The 9-step problem design process for problem-based learning: Application of the 3C3R model

Abstract The design of problems is crucial for the effectiveness of problem-based learning (PBL). Research has shown that PBL problems have not always been effective. Ineffective PBL problems could affect whether students acquire sufficient domain knowledge, activate appropriate prior knowledge, and properly direct their own learning. This paper builds on the 3C3R problem design model, which is a systematic conceptual framework for guiding the design of effective and reliable problems for PBL. To help practitioners apply the 3C3R model, this paper introduces a 9-step problem design process. The initial steps guide an instructional designer through analyses on learning goal, content, and context to help select problems. Later steps ensure that the problem appropriately affords the specifications identified in the analyses. The last two steps incorporate a reflection component, as well as ensure the integrity of the 3C3R components in the problem.
The development of a high resolution mass spectrometer : a reminiscence

This article is a review of the events leading to the development of the double-focusing tandem mass spectrometer system, which is sometimes called the Johnson-Nier geometry. An essential feature of the geometry is that it eliminates second-order angular aberration, enhancing the sensitivity, without a loss in resolution. Flexibility in the choice of ion source and collector designs is assured because both are outside of regions of electric and magnetic fields. The vacuum housing permits high-temperature baking, ensuring ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Although introduced initially for the purpose of determining precise atomic masses, the design has found its greatest application in studies of structure of heavy molecules, making use of the high resolution to identify fragments. In many cases the composition of a molecule, or fragment, can be deduced from its exact mass by utilizing the known atomic masses of likely constituent atoms.
Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and animals

Horizontal gene transfer is increasingly described between bacteria and animals. Such transfers that are vertically inherited have the potential to influence the evolution of animals. One classic example is the transfer of DNA from mitochondria and chloroplasts to the nucleus after the acquisition of these organelles by eukaryotes. Even today, many of the described instances of bacteria-to-animal transfer occur as part of intimate relationships such as those of endosymbionts and their invertebrate hosts, particularly insects and nematodes, while numerous transfers are also found in asexual animals. Both of these observations are consistent with modern evolutionary theory, in particular the serial endosymbiotic theory and Muller's ratchet. Although it is tempting to suggest that these particular lifestyles promote horizontal gene transfer, it is difficult to ascertain given the nonrandom sampling of animal genome sequencing projects and the lack of a systematic analysis of animal genomes for such transfers.
Digital Logic And Computing With Optics

This paper briefly reviews analog and discrete optical computing systems; it then concentrates on binary digital optical computers in which photons are the primary information medium. A critical review of various techniques for optically implementing combinatorial and sequential logic by individual devices and arrays of devices are given. The problems of communications, interconnections and input-output among logic devices (gates) , among arrays of devices (chips) and among processors are discussed. A particular optical system architecture that uses a computer-generated hologram to interconnect a planar array of logic gates in a third dimension is presented. Some of these architectures offer the potential of parallel processing, including non von Neumann digital computers. Some existing limitations and needs of optical logic devices and computing systems are discussed.
Ambiguous responsibility in the doctor-patient relationship: The case of infertility

Abstract The effects of ambiguous responsibility in the doctor-patient relationship on persons under-going medical treatment for infertility are examined through the negotiation process that ensues following diagnosis. Through the analysis of 79 interviews with women and men undergoing infertility treatment, it was found that: (1) diagnosis reinforced individuals' sense of responsibility for their infertility; (2) ambiguity in the doctor-patient relationship affected shifts in patients' perception of physician responsibility, and (3) patients eventually re-established responsibility for their medical treatment. The implications of ambiguous responsibility for symbolic meanings in biomedicine and the way those meanings are linked to power and authority are explored through an examination of power in patient and physician roles, clinical uncertainty, and medical competence.
The analysis of multiaxial cyclic problems with an anisotropic hardening model

Abstract A recently-developed constitutive model that accounts for anisotropic hardening in a very general manner is applied to four strain-controlled multiaxial cyclic problems. The constitutive model is a generalization of the Mroz multiple yield surface concept to a continuous field of yield surfaces, and results of the four problems analyzed demonstrate that the model predicts stress-strain relationships remarkably close in qualitative behavior to experimental measurements. Concerns voiced previously that the Mroz model requires excessive memory capacity in numerical analysis are shown to be rendered invalid, except for cases containing loading cycles of diminishing amplitude. Further discussion addresses the fact that this constitutive model in its present simplest form, being cyclically stable, will require modifications when the effects of cyclic hardening/softening and cyclic creep/relaxation on the material behavior become significant.
Comparison of the deformation behaviour of commercially pure titanium and Ti–5Al–2.5Sn(wt.%) at 296 and 728 K

The tension and tensile-creep deformation behaviours of a fully-α phase commercially pure (CP) Ti and a near-α Ti–5Al–2.5Sn(wt.%) alloy deformed in situ inside a scanning electron microscope were compared. Tensile tests were performed at 296 and 728 K, while tensile-creep tests were performed at 728 K. The yield stress of CP Ti decreased dramatically with increasing temperature. In contrast, temperature had much smaller effect on the yield stress of Ti–5Al–2.5Sn(wt.%). Electron backscattered diffraction was performed both before and after the deformation, and slip trace analysis was used to determine the active slip and twinning systems, as well as the associated global stress state Schmid factors. In tension tests of CP Ti, prismatic slip was the most likely slip system to be activated when the Schmid factor exceeded 0.4. Prismatic slip was observed over the largest Schmid factor range, indicating that the local stress tensor varies significantly from the global stress state of uniaxial tension. The basa...
WHEN CAN PERSISTENT HYDROURETERONEPHROSIS IN POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVE DISEASE BE CONSIDERED RESIDUAL STRETCHING

Purpose: Persistent hydroureteronephrosis (HUN) is often seen in boys with a history of a posterior urethral valve even years after valve ablation and it is often assumed to represent residual stretching. We determined the association of HUN with urodynamic abnormalities, the effect on HUN of treating these abnormalities and when persistent HUN could be considered residual stretching. Materials and Methods: Of 71 patients with a posterior urethral valve evaluated after valve ablation 20 (28.2%) had persistent HUN in a total of 32 renal units (RUs). The degree of HUN was graded as mild, moderate or severe. Videourodynamics were performed in all patients with persistent HUN and abnormal urodynamic findings were aggressively treated. HUN was then reassessed and categorized as resolved, improved or unchanged. Results: Abnormal urodynamic findings, primarily hypocompliance and instability, were noted in all 20 patients with HUN. All patients compliant with treatment showed dramatic improvement or complete resolution of abnormal urodynamic parameters. The 32 RUs with persistent HUN were initially graded as mild (8), moderate (13) and severe (11). HUN resolved in 15 RUs and improved to a lower grade in 11 in 26 of the 27 RUs (96.3%) in the 17 patients compliant with treatment. The 3 boys (5 RUs) who were noncompliant with treatment had neither decreased HUN nor improved urodynamic parameters. The 12 of 27 RUs (44.4%) in the treatment group in which HUN failed to resolve completely had no distal ureteral obstruction or identifiable persistent urodynamic abnormality and, thus, they can be labeled as having residual stretching. Conclusions: Persistent HUN following valve ablation should not be considered residual dilatation until a thorough urodynamic evaluation has been done and any abnormal parameters are addressed. With correction of these abnormal parameters one can expect significant lessening of HUN and hopefully improved long-term preservation of renal function.
Percutaneous Penetration and Mass Balance Accountability: Technique and Implications for Dermatology

AbstractThe skin maintains a complex barrier to chemical ingress while retaining fluids within the body. It would be useful to predict the rate and extent to which compounds penetrate the skin. This would allow assessment of tox-icologic hazards and the design of systems to improve topical drug delivery. Therefore, the development and application of mass balance methodology for estimating human in vivo percutaneous absorption are worthy goals.Earlier in vivo human percutaneous absorption studies have not accounted for the disposition of the applied dose. We have developed mass balance methodology for both occlusive and nonocclusive exposure conditions that allows, in addition to the estimation of percutaneous absorption, the determination of the degree to which a compound can be removed from the skin surface (decontamination) and the magnitude of chemical sequestration within the stratum corneum (substantivity).Utilizing these methods, we have studied the human in vivo percutaneous absorption of four ster...
Generalized Langevin Equation of Mori and Kubo

The generalized Langevin equation of Mori and Kubo is derived from the theory of stochastic processes. This equation is valid for a very large and very diverse class of processes, including cases where the intuitive "physical" interpretation of the equation is incorrect.
The thermogravimetry of sulfanilamide and related sulfa drugs

Abstract TG curves are shown for 12 sulfa drugs up to a temperature of 800°C. With some minor refinements, the curves can be used for a qualitative identification of the drugs. Currently, there is not a good method for rapidly identifying this type of drug qualitatively. Sample sizes were about 2 mg, and a 2.2-mg sample gave a full scale deflection with the instrument used. Some of the evolved gases were also analyzed with SO2 found to be the major component of pyrolysis.
Neuronal primary cilia: a review

Primary cilia in neurons have often been regarded as rare, vestigial curiosities. However, neuronal cilia are now gaining recognition as ubiquitous organelles in the mammalian brain, raising speculation about what their functions may be. They might have some features tailored for the nervous system and others that serve needs shared by a spectrum of other cell types. Here we review clues from the literature and present new data supporting several possibilities for the significance of neuronal cilia. Our immunocytochemical results show regional heterogeneity in neuronal cilia. Brain regions nearer to the cerebral ventricles had longer cilia, suggesting that they might sense chemicals such as peptides, originating from cerebrospinal fluid. In mutant Tg737orpkmice, most brain regions appeared to be missing cilia. The importance of intraflagellar transport proteins establishes a functional link between neuronal cilia and other primary cilia.
Changes in the glutathione status of plasma, liver and muscle following exhaustive exercise in rats

Abstract Our results show that following physical exercise to exhaustion, the levels of reduced glutathione are increased in the plasma, but decreased in both the liver and skeletal muscle of rats. Levels of glutathione disulfide are increased in all 3 tissues. Our results are consistent with a mechanism in which the liver may be dumping reduced glutathione into the plasma in an attempt to deliver it to those tissues that need it the most: in this case, skeletal muscle GlutathioneOxidative stressPhysical exercise
Use of osteochondral bone graft in coronoid fractures

Results of the treatment of the deficient coronoid and chronic elbow instability have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to analyze the results of structural bone graft for reconstruction of the coronoid process. Structural bone graft was used to reconstruct the coronoid process of 6 patients. All injuries were of the terrible triad: fracture of the coronoid, radial head fracture, and collateral ligament disruption. All cases had persistent posterior subluxation averaging 6 months (range, 1-13 months before reconstruction. Patient charts, surgical records, and radiographs were reviewed. All patients were contacted at a mean of 64 months after treatment to answer a specific set of questions to determine the Mayo Elbow Performance score. In 1 patient, radiographs showed complete resorption of the graft and severe osteoarthritis of the elbow at 54 months after surgery (case 4). The Mayo Elbow Performance score showed 1 excellent, 2 good, 1 fair, and 2 poor results. Structural bone graft may be a useful option for a deficient coronoid process and an unstable elbow, but the outcome is unpredictable.
Radial auxiliary functions for many electron integrals

Series solutions to the radial auxiliary integrals that are needed for the evaluation of many electron integrals are given. These auxiliary integrals will facilitate the calculation of all the many electron integrals which occur in Hylleraas type wave functions, which involve rr terms with linked indicies.
Finding an Analytic Frame for Faculty-Student Interaction within Faculty-in-Residence Programs

In this article we describe a case study analyzing how a Faculty-in-Residence program fosters student engagement. Using Cox & Orehovec’s typology to add granularity to the National Study on Student Engagement’s criteria for student engagement, we suggest best practices for the implementation of these in-situ faculty engagement programs.
Advances in Imaging of the Paranasal Sinuses

Significant changes in surgical technique, surgical instrumentation, and imaging technology have occurred during the past 20 years. These changes have largely resulted from a better understanding of the pathophysiology ofa specific pathologic process, the inflammation of paranasal sinus mucosa. As surgical techniques were adapted to address clinical issues, new instrumentation was developed. Changes in imaging technology were also a result of these and similar issues pressing from other similar medical/surgical fields. The obsolescence of plain-film imaging is being addressed by miniaturization of large and bulky cross-sectional imaging equipment that will gradually become available and embraced by the clinical practice. These changes will bring about greater responsibilities, the foremost of which is vigilance in reducing radiation dose to the patient.
Thermotropic Behavior of Cardiolipin and Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine Bilayers in the Presence and Absence of Calcium

Cardiolipin is an unusual lipid in that it is comprised of two diacylglycerols linked by a glycerol bridge. It is in found primarily in membranes in which electron transport is coupled to phosphorylation. There it plays a critical role in effective functioning of the electron transport chain. The mechanism by which cardiolipin plays this role may be through effects on bilayer properties as well as through direct interactions with protein complexes. In this study we investigate the influence of increasing the composition of tetramyristoyl cardiolipin (TMCL) on the thermotropic behavior of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC experiments were performed using a MicroCal VP-DSC microcalorimeter. Lipid dispersions of DMPC/TMCL were prepared in which TMCL constituted 0, 5,10, 20, 50 and 100 mole percent of the total lipid. In these studies the Tm increased from 25 oC to 40 oC as the TMCL composition increased. Ca++ has been shown to have a plethora of in vivo effects on biological membranes and to induce alterations in lipid phase behavior of model membranes. Therefore we further investigated the thermotropic behavior of DMPC/TMCL bilayers in the presence of Ca++. Above 20 mole percent TMCL a distinct phase separation was induced. The effect of Ca++ on cardiolipin/PC membranes was also investigated using 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethylaminonaphthalene (LAURDAN). These data are consistent with an alteration of the hydration of the bilayer in the headgroup region in the presence of Ca++ and suggest that Ca++ induces tighter packing.
Ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorgamma and retinoic acid receptor inhibit growth and induce apoptosis of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in BNX mice.

Induction of differentiation and apoptosis in cancer cells through ligands of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) is a novel and promising approach to cancer therapy. All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), an RA receptor-specific NHR ligand, is now used for selective cancers. The NHR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is expressed in breast cancer cells. Activation of PPARγ through a synthetic ligand, troglitazone (TGZ), and other PPARγ-activators cause inhibition of proliferation and lipid accumulation in cultured breast cancer cells. TGZ (10−5 M, 4 days) reversibly inhibits clonal growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells and the combination of TGZ (10−5 M) and ATRA (10−6 M, 4 days) synergistically and irreversibly inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of MCF7 cells, associated with a dramatic decrease of their bcl-2 protein levels. Similar effects are noted with in vitro cultured breast cancer tissues from patients, but not with normal breast epithelial cells. The observed apoptosis mediated by TGZ and ATRA may be related to the striking down-regulation of bcl-2, because forced over-expression of bcl-2 in MCF7 cells cultured with TGZ and ATRA blocks their cell death. TGZ significantly inhibits MCF7 tumor growth in triple immunodeficient mice. Combined administration of TGZ and ATRA causes prominent apoptosis and fibrosis of these tumors without toxic effects on the mice. Taken together, this combination may provide a novel, nontoxic and selective therapy for human breast cancers.
Beyond verisimilitude: A linguistically invariant basis for scientific progress

This paper proposes a solution to David Miller's ‘Minnesotan-Arizonan’ demonstration of the language dependence of truthlikeness (Miller 1974), along with Miller's first-order demonstration of the same (Miller 1978). It is assumed, with Peter Urbach, that the implication of these demonstrations is that the very notion of ‘truthlikeness’ is intrinsically language dependent and thus non-objective. As such, ‘truthlikeness’ cannot supply a basis for an objective account of scientific progress. I argue that, while Miller is correct in arguing that the number of true atomic sentences of a false theory is language dependent, the number of known sentences (under certain straightforward assumptions) is conserved by translation; ‘degree of knowledge’, unlike ‘truthlikeness’, is thus a linguistically invariant notion. It is concluded that the objectivity of scientific progress must be grounded on the fact (noted in Cohen 1980) that knowledge, not mere truth, is the aim of science.