cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of rainfall on weathering rate, base cation provenance, and Sr isotope composition of Hawaiian soils

A climate transect across the Kohala Peninsula, Hawaii provides an ideal opportunity to study soil processes and evolution as a function of rainfall. The parent material is the ∼150 ka Hawi alkali basalt aa flow, and median annual precipitation (MAP) changes from ∼16 cm along the west coast to ∼450 cm in the rain forest near the crest of the peninsula. We measured labile (plant-available) base cation concentrations and 87Sr/86Sr ratios of labile strontium and silicate residue from soil profiles across the transect from 18 to 300 cm MAP. Depletion of labile cations and a shift in labile 87Sr/86Sr ratios toward rainwater values with increasing rainfall clearly show the transition from a mineral-supported to a rainwater-supported cation nutrient budget. In contrast, increases in soil silicate residue 87Sr/86Sr values with increasing MAP result primarily from input of exogenous eolian material (dust derived from Asian loess), with a greater dust fraction at the high MAP sites due to aerosol washout. Most of the soil silicate strontium in high-MAP sites is still derived from the original parent material, but the shallower portions of profiles can be dust-dominated. The variations in labile 87Sr/86Sr with rainfall allow us to calculate weathering rates as a function of MAP. The primary uncertainty is the degree to which Sr in rainwater actually interacts with the labile cation reservoir before being flushed from the system; mass balance calculations for the 150 ka evolution of the profile suggest that only on the order of 5 to 50% of rainwater strontium exchanges with the labile reservoir. Our models suggest that the present-day supply of strontium by weathering increases steadily with rainfall in the low-MAP (<140 cm) sites, then decreases dramatically as the soils become depleted in weatherable parent material. This implies that the initial weathering rate of the high-MAP sites was very high, and that there may be some change in soil weathering behavior in the 100 to 160 cm MAP range. Weathering rates calculated from the labile 87Sr/86Sr are on the same order as other estimates for chemical denudation rates of basaltic terrains.
Site-selective deuterium labeling of the tetrabutylammonium cation

Four separate selectively deuterated samples of tetrabutylammonium iodide have been prepared in which each one of the four nonequivalent alkyl carbons is separately and fully deuterated. These samples were prepared for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of the aggregation of ion pairs in low polarity solvents. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tiling multidimensional iteration spaces for multicomputers

This paper addresses the problem of compiling perfectly nested loops for multicomputers (distributed-memory machines). The relatively high communication start-up costs in these machines renders frequent communication very expensive. Motivated by this concern, we present a method of aggregating a number of loop iterations into tiles where the tiles execute atomically-a processor executing the iterations belonging to a tile receives all the data it needs before executing any one of the iterations in the tile, executes all the iterations in the tile, and then sends the data needed by other processors. Since synchronization is not allowed during the execution of a tile, partitioning the iteration space into tiles must not result in deadlock. We first show the equivalence between the problem of finding partitions and the problem of determining the cone for a given set of dependence vectors. We then present an approach to partitioning the iteration space into deadlock-free tiles so that communication volume is minimized. In addition, we discuss a method for optimizing the size of tiles for nested loops on multicomputers. This work differs from other approaches to tiling in that we present a method of optimizing grain size of tiles for multicomputers.
Direction-Selective Units in Rabbit Retina: Distribution of Preferred Directions

The preferred directions of 102 direction-selective ganglion cells in the rabbit retina have been determined. Cells of the "on-off" type form four nonoverlapping groups; cells of the "on" type fall into three groups. The on-off groups appear to correspond to the directions of apparent object displacement produced by contractions of the four rectus muscles. Each group of cells could, without further processing, provide the error signal for a visual servo-systerm minimizing retinal image motion.
Materials theory based modeling of wide band gap semiconductors: from basic properties to devices

Abstract In this paper we present a general methodology, materials theory based modeling, for predicting device performance in technologically immature materials that can proceed relatively independently of experiment. The models incorporated within this general approach extend from a fundamental physics based, microscopic analysis to macroscopic, engineering based device models. Using this scheme, we have investigated the transport and breakdown properties of several emerging wide band gap semiconductor materials, i.e. GaN, InN, 3C-SiC, and 4H-SiC. The carrier drift velocities, mobilities, and impact ionization coefficients for these materials can be predicted using the materials theory based modeling method. Using these results, device level simulations can then be made. Here we report Monte Carlo and selfconsistent charge control modeling of GaN based devices. Comparison to experimental measurements is made when possible. Good agreement between the selfconsistent charge control model calculations and experiment is obtained. Some of the issues pertinent to heterostructure bipolar transistor modeling of GaN are discussed.
Effect of allopurinol and oxipurinol on pyrimidine synthesis in cultured human fibroblasts.

Abstract Oxipurinol (4,6-dihydroxypyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine) and to a lesser extent allopurinol (4-hydroxypyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine) inhibit pyrimidine biosynthesis de novo in cultured human fibroblasts. This inhibitory effect can be localized to one of the two steps involved in the conversion oforotic acid to uridine 5′-monophosphate (UMP). It is unrelated to the inhibitory effect of allopurinol or oxipurinol on xanthine oxidase; and it is not dependent on the presence of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. We have examined the effects of allopurinol and oxipurinol as well as their major known metabolites on the substrate, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PP-ribose-P) and the enzymes, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylic decarboxylase, essential for the conversion or orotic acid to UMP. Allopurinol at a concentration of 1 × 10−3 M depletes intracellular PP-ribose-P although oxipurinol has no effect. Allopurinol, oxipurinol, allopurinol ribonucleoside, and allopurinol ribonucleotide have no inhibitory effect on orotate phosphoribosyltransferase. Allopurinol ribonucleotide but not the other compounds tested is a potent inhibitor of orotidylic decarboxylase. Although these observations provide several possible mechanisms to account for the modest inhibitory effect of allopurinol on pyrimidine biosynthesis, they fail to account for the even more striking inhibition produced by oxipurinol in cell culture.
A Physical Model of Potassium Channel Activation: From Energy Landscape to Gating Kinetics

We have developed a method for rapidly computing gating currents from a multiparticle ion channel model. Our approach is appropriate for energy landscapes that can be characterized by a network of well-defined activation pathways with barriers. To illustrate, we represented the gating apparatus of a channel subunit by an interacting pair of charged gating particles. Each particle underwent spatial diffusion along a bistable potential of mean force, with electrostatic forces coupling the two trajectories. After a step in membrane potential, relaxation of the smaller barrier charge led to a time-dependent reduction in the activation barrier of the principal gate charge. The resulting gating current exhibited a rising phase similar to that measured in voltage-dependent ion channels. Reduction of the two-dimensional diffusion landscape to a circular Markov model with four states accurately preserved the time course of gating currents on the slow timescale. A composite system containing four subunits leading to a concerted opening transition was used to fit a series of gating currents from the Shaker potassium channel. We end with a critique of the model with regard to current views on potassium channel structure.
Photoproduction of Y ∗0 resonant states

Abstract The photoproduction from hydrogen of neutral hyperon resonant states Y1∗(1385 MeV) and Y0∗(1405 MeV) has been measured at a center-of-mass angle of 90°, and average photon energies of 1450 MeV and 1525 MeV. An upper limit is set for the photoproduction of the resonant state Y0∗(1520 MeV).
Higher dimensional restricted lattice paths with diagonal steps

Abstract In this paper, restricted minimal lattice paths with horizontal, vertical, and diagonal steps, in two and higher dimensions are discussed. The Delannoy numbers, the numbers of unrestricted minimal lattice paths with diagonal steps, and some of their properties are introduced. The recurrence on the Delannoy numbers is extended to higher dimensions. The relation in two dimensions between the restricted minimal lattice paths and the Delannoy numbers is shown through the use of Andre's reflection principle. This relation is generalized from two dimensions to higher dimensions and is found to be in the form of a determinant. The relation between unrestricted and restricted weighted minimal lattice paths in two dimensions is shown by the extension of Andre's reflection principle.
Analytical and experimental evaluation of a switched-capacitor filter and remarks on the resistor/switched-capacitor correspondence

A simple high-pass filter consisting of two capacitors and a switch is analyzed in detail, and is used as a vehicle to show the type of considerations involved in switched-capacitor circuits. Theoretical results are compared to experimental. The validity of approximating switched capacitors by resistors is examined for the above circuit.
The immune response to equine arteritis virus: potential lessons for other arteriviruses

The members of the family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus, include equine arteritis virus (EAV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) of mice, and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). PRRSV is the newest member of the family (first isolated in North America and Europe in the early 1990s), whereas the other three viruses were recognized earlier (EAV in 1953, LDV in 1960, and SHFV in 1964). Although arterivirus infections are strictly species-specific, the causative agents share many biological and molecular properties, including their virion morphology, replication strategy, unique properties of their structural proteins, and their ability to establish distinctive persistent infections in their natural hosts. The arteriviruses are each antigenically distinct and cause different disease syndromes in their natural hosts. Similarly, the mechanism(s) responsible for the prolonged and/or persistent infections that characterize infections with each arterivirus in their natural hosts are remarkably different. The objective of this review is to compare and contrast the immune response to EAV with that to the other three arteriviruses, and emphasize the potential relevance of apparent similarities and differences in the neutralization characteristics of each virus.
Emotional recognition in depressed epilepsy patients

The current study examined the relationship between emotional recognition and depression using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Second Edition (MMPI-2), in a population with epilepsy. Participants were a mixture of surgical candidates in addition to those receiving neuropsychological testing as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Results suggested that patients with epilepsy reporting increased levels of depression (Scale D) performed better than those patients reporting low levels of depression on an index of simple facial recognition, and depression was associated with poor prosody discrimination. Further, it is notable that more than half of the present sample had significantly elevated Scale D scores. The potential effects of a mood-congruent bias and implications for social functioning in depressed patients with epilepsy are discussed.
On the Transformation of a Tropical Easterly Wave into a Tropical Depression: A Simple Numerical Study

Abstract Through the time integration of a simple numerical model, the transfomation of a tropical easterly wave into a tropical depression was investigated. The initial condition selected for the model is a slowly decaying adiabatic linear normal mode resembling an easterly wave. It was found that the addition of a CISK (conditional instability of the second kind) type heating effect to the model results in the growth of the wave. Addition of the nonlinearity effect alone, which includes the nonlinear zonal advection and vertical stretching of relative vorticity, has little impact on the wave evolution. However, if the above nonlinearity effect is combined with the heating effect, it can cause the contraction of the disturbance and enhance the development The initial free wave undergoes significant structural changes during its transformation into a developing system. Experiments were also performed for three different waves under various basic flow conditions. The obtained results agree with a conclusio...
Soluble cycloannulated tetroxa[8]circulane derivatives: synthesis, optical and electrochemical properties, and generation of their robust cation-radical salts

Abstract Syntheses of soluble bicycloalkane-annulated tetraoxa[8]circulane derivatives via Lewis acid-catalyzed tetramerization of readily available cycloannulated benzoquinons is described. The ready availability of the soluble circulane derivatives allows the evaluation of their optical and electrochemical properties. These circulanes form stable (isolable) cation–radical salts upon 1-electron oxidation using antimony pentachloride and various aromatic oxidants.
TEMPERATURE‐TOLERANT FISH PROTEIN GELS USING KONJAC FLOUR

Shear stress and strain values of surimi gels made from Alaska pollock and Pacific whiting were measured upon cooling, reheating, and freeze/thawing. Konjac flour was introduced to investigate its ability to maintain fracture properties of surimi gels against various temperatures. Gel colors (CIE L*,a*,b*) were also measured as affected by various levels of konjac flour. Konjac flour (5%) showed its ability to reinforce shear stress of gels 8-10 times in both whiting and pollock surimi. Gels with 4% konjac flour were the most heat-tolerant in both surimi. Surimi gels with konjac flour exhibited an ability to maintain consistent shear strain values against repeated freeze/thaw abuse. Konjac flour, up to 2%, increased lightness of gels, while yellow hue increased gradually up to 5%.
All-glass apparatus for micro-synthesis of radioactive solids

Design is described of an inexpensive all-glass apparatus for use in the sythesis of milligram amounts of radioactive organic compounds. The preparation of radioiodinated 2-amino-3,4-di-iodobenzoic acid, with a specific activity of 400 mu c/mg, is described as an example of the use of the apparatus. An exploded view of the apparatus is included. (C.H.)
Bitonic sorting using an optoelectronic recirculating architecture

An optoelectronic bitonic sorter based on a recirculating architecture is presented. The data are input in word parallel-bit parallel fashion and processed by two smart pixel arrays made up of bitwise compare-and-exchange modules. Along with the logic design, the control and synchronization of the bitwise compare-and-exchange modules are discussed. Finally, the capacity, hardware requirements, response time, and throughput of the recirculating bitonic sorter are compared with a pipeline implementation. The proposed recirculating architecture is shown to require less hardware than the pipelined systems. However, the decrease in hardware results in a decrease in system throughput.
The Absorption of Solar Radiation by Cloud Droplets: An Application of Anomalous Diffraction Theory

Abstract In this paper we demonstrate that the anomalous diffraction theory of van de Hulst with some modifications, provides a reasonable approximation of the volume extinction and absorption coefficients. We also show how the shortwave radiative properties of a water cloud can be derived in terms of 1) cloud liquid water path, 2) the effective radius of the droplet distribution, and 3) the balk absorption coefficient of water. With the aid of the approximate diffraction theory we describe how cloud albedo and shortwave absorption depend on the droplet size. We demonstrate this dependence to be somewhat complex and show that the variation of absorption with variation of droplet size depends also on the cloud liquid water path. For “deep” or semi-infinite clouds, absorption increases monotonically with increasing effective radius, but the reverse dependence is established for thin clouds. The implications of these results to the so-called absorption paradox and to the possibility of determining droplet si...
Stimulus duration modulates the interaction between opioids and nitric oxide in hypoxic pial artery dilation.

Abstract Since recent studies show that pial artery dilation during a 20 or 40 min hypoxic exposure was less than that observed during a 5 or 10 min exposure, stimulus duration determines the nature of the vascular response to hypoxia. Decremented hypoxic pial dilation during longer exposure periods results, at least in part, from decreased release of methionine enkephalin (Met), an opioid known to contribute to dilation during hypoxia. Nitric oxide and cGMP contribute to both release and the vascular response to this opioid. The present study was designed to determine if the stimulus duration modulates the interaction between opioids and NO in hypoxic pial dilation using newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Elevation of CSF cGMP during hypoxia (Po 2 ≈35 mmHg) was dependent on stimulus duration (435±31, 934±46, 747±25, and 623±17 fmol/ml cGMP during normoxia and after 10, 20, and 40 min of hypoxia). Met-induced pial dilation during hypoxia was also stimulus duration dependent (7±1, 10±1, and 15±1, vs. 4±1, 6±1, and 8±2 vs. 2±1, 3±1, and 5±1% for 10 −10 , 10 −8 , 10 −6 M Met during normoxia, and after 20, and 40 min of hypoxia). Additionally, the release of cGMP by Met during hypoxia was also stimulus duration dependent (1.8±0.1 vs. 1.6±0.1 vs. 1.3±0.1 fold change in CSF cGMP for 10 −8 M Met during normoxia and after 20 and 40 min of hypoxia). These data indicate that the diminished role of Met in pial dilation during longer hypoxic exposure periods results from a diminished capacity of this opioid to elicit dilation. Such impaired dilation is correlated with diminished stimulated cGMP release. These data also suggest that diminished CSF cGMP release during prolonged hypoxia contributes to decreased release of Met during longer hypoxic periods. Therefore, stimulus duration modulates the interaction between opioids and NO in hypoxic pial artery dilation.
Characterization of crystallization in Metglas 2826 MB alloy

The crystallization behaviour of the Metglas 2826 MB alloy (Fe40Ni38Mo4B18) has been studied using resistance measurements and X-ray diffraction techniques. Three annealing sequences were used to follow the process. Samples were annealed isothermally (a) at 780° C in a vacuum of 2×10−5 torr for times in the range 1 sec to 4 h, (b) for 2 h in an argon atmosphere at temperatures where the resistance curve indicated phase changes to occur, and (c) for 300 h in 100 torr of helium at 400, 600, 700 and 850° C. From these annealing sequences it was found that the alloy did not crystallize below 410° C and followed a crystallization process of: amorphous Fe40Ni38Mo4B18 → Fe x Ni23−x B6 (cubic)+glassy matrix → Fe x Ni23−x B6+(Fe, Ni) (FCC) → (Fe, Ni)3B(bct). This series of transformations was followed for Sequences (a) and (c) above, but was slightly different for Sequence (b). An orthorhombic (Fe, Ni)3 B phase was found in the samples annealed in a vacuum of 2×10−5 torr.
The watermelon mitochondrial URF-1 gene: evidence for a complex structure.

We have cloned and sequenced a fragment of watermelon mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which contains a gene homologous to mitochondrial URF-1 (Unidentified Reading Frame-1) of vertebrates, Drosophila yakuba and Aspergillus nidulans. URF-1 is thought to encode a component of the respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase. Two coding regions in the watermelon gene are separated by approximately 1,450 by of untranslatable DNA. These two exons encode the central portions of URF-1, and are highly conserved. We postulate that three additional exons, selected by their map location and amino acid homology to other URF-1 sequences, encode the remainder of the polypeptide. This is the first description of a plant mitochondrial gene with multiple introns.
Distinct changes in adult lymphopoiesis in Rag2-/- mice fully reconstituted by α4-deficient adult bone marrow cells

Objective α4 Integrins are major players in lymphoid cell trafficking and immune responses. However, their importance in lymphoid reconstitution and function, studied by antibody blockade or in genetic models of chimeric animals with α4 KO embryonic stem (ES) cells, competitive repopulation experiments with fetal liver KO cells, or in β1/β7 doubly-deficient mice has yielded disparate conclusions. Materials and Methods To study the role of α4 integrin (α4β1, α4β7) during adult life, we transplanted lethally irradiated Rag2 –/– mice with α4 Δ/Δ or α4 f/f adult bone marrow (BM) cells and evaluated recipients at several points after transplantation. Results Lymphomyeloid repopulation (8 months later) was entirely donor-derived in all recipients, and novel insights regarding lymphoid reconstitution and function were revealed. Thymic repopulation was impaired in all α4 Δ/Δ recipients, likely because of homing defects of BM-derived progenitors, although a role of α4 integrin in intrathymic expansion/maturation of T cells cannot be excluded; reconstitution of gut lymphoid tissue was also greatly diminished because of homing defects of α4 Δ/Δ cells; impaired immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgE, but normal IgG responses were seen, suggesting compromised initial B-/T-cell interactions, whereas interferon-γ production from ovalbumin-stimulated cells was increased, possibly reflecting a bias against Th2 stimulation. Conclusion These data complement previous observations by defending the role of α4 integrin in thymic and gut lymphoid tissue homing, and by strengthening evidence of attenuated B-cell responses in α4-deficient mice.
Amyloidosis of the breast: Predominantly AL type and over half have concurrent breast hematologic disorders

Amyloidosis is a disorder characterized by extracellular deposition of proteins in an abnormal fibrillar configuration. Amyloidosis can be localized or systemic and may affect any organ. Breast involvement by amyloidosis has rarely been reported. In this study, we described the characteristics of 40 cases of breast amyloidosis that were reviewed at the Division of Anatomic Pathology at Mayo Clinic from 1995 to 2011. The cohort included 39 women and 1 man with a mean age of 60 years. The type of amyloidosis, determined by immunohistochemistry or mass spectrometry-based proteomics in 26 patients, was immunoglobulin-associated in all cases (AL-kappa type in 15 (58%) cases, AL-lambda in 10 (38%) and mixed heavy and light chains (AH/AL) in 1 (4%) case). Mass spectrometry-based proteomics was able to determine the type of amyloidosis in 95% of cases tested compared with 69% of cases by immunohistochemistry. In addition to amyloidosis, the breast biopsy showed a hematologic disorder in 55% of cases, most commonly MALT lymphoma. One patient had concurrent intraductal carcinoma, but none had invasive carcinoma. Of the 15 patients seen in our institution, 53% had localized amyloidosis and 47% had extramammary amyloid involvement, which was diagnosed before breast amyloidosis in most patients. M-spike was detected in the blood in 62%. After a median follow-up of 33.5 months in 12 patients, 5 died, mostly of complications of lymphoma or leukemia. In conclusion, our findings indicate that breast amyloidosis is of the AL type in the vast majority of patients (usually kappa). It is associated with systemic amyloidosis in close to half of patients and with hematologic malignancy in the breast in over half of patients. Therefore, further work up to rule out hematologic malignancy and/or systemic amyloidosis is recommended. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is superior to immunohistochemistry for typing of breast amyloidosis.
Reforming the NCTM standards in light of historical perspective: Premature changes

Abstract The mathematics education community finds itself in strange times; times of transition and continual change. The constant evolution of mathematics education reform is upon us. A full nine years into the publishing and partial implementation of the NCTM Curriculum and Evaluation Standards mathematics educators eagerly anticipate the evaluation, rewriting, and publication of reform Standards. However, a din of opposition has arisen: one, a call for reform from within, seeking to rewrite the current Standards, and call from without, calling for a return to “Back to Basics.” This parallels the reform antagonism and Back to Basics movement which followed the unsuccessful reform effort of the New Math Movement more than three decades ago. Therefore, since historical precedence exists, this present phenomenon must be thoroughly considered in light of past reform efforts. This paper defines some of the historically consistent events and situations surrounding both the New Math Movement and the NCTM Standards. These commonalities include: overestimating teachers; overly ambitious suggestions in curriculum modifications; delayed teacher training; philosophically inconsistent evaluatory methodologies; and insufficient programmatic assessment. Arguing from these commonalities, this paper reports that any immediate reform of the NCTM Standards is premature and not supported by empirical evidence.
Sex steroid regulation of insulin-like growth factor system gene expression and proliferation in primate myometrium

To investigate the role of locally produced insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in sex steroid-induced growth in the primate uterus, ovariectomized rhesus monkeys were treated with placebo (control), estradiol (E2) alone, or E2 plus progesterone (P4). After 2 weeks, uteri were removed, and serial thin uterine sections were analyzed by in situ hybridization for IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-I and -II receptor messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) and by immunocytochemistry for the cell proliferation-specific antigen Ki-67. IGF-I and IGF-II and both IGF receptor mRNAs are coexpressed by smooth muscle cells, supporting the possibility of autocrine/paracrine IGF action in stimulating myometrial growth. IGF-I mRNA is barely detected in control myometrium, is significantly increased by E2 treatment, and is augmented even more by the combination of E2 and P4 treatment, whereas little change is noted in myometrial IGF-II or IGF-I receptor mRNA levels. Ki-67-positive myometrial nuclei are also significantly increased by E2 ...
Recrystallization of implanted amorphous silicon layers. II. Migration of fluorine in BF + 2 -implanted silicon

Fluorine distribution profiles for silicon implanted with BF+2 have been measured by SIMS as a function of anneal temperature and time. Anomalous migration of fluorine is observed in samples having amorphized layers after implantation. Outdiffusion of fluorine occurs during recrystallization of the amorphous layer, and fluorine collects in regions of residual damage during annealing. This gettering of fluorine by defects illustrates the residual damage below the amorphized layer in samples implanted at room temperature is more difficult to anneal out than that in samples implanted at lower temperture (∼−110 °C).
Effects of Gender Roles and Self Perceptions on Affective Reactions to Horror Films.

Responses to graphic horror films have been shown to be modified by a number of personality variables, and in particular, by gender-specific rules for social conduct. In earlier horror research it has been assumed that gender-specific responses are largely determined by biological gender. More recent research has focused on psychological patterns of gender identity that often transcend biological gender lines. This investigation sought clarification by examining the impact of individuals' self-perceived gender role and other personality characteristics on affective responses to horror. Subjects' perceptions of how same- and opposite-gender peers would respond to such materials were also assessed. Consistent with theoretical expectations, the findings revealed strong effects on the estimation of opposite-gender target's reactions as a function of both the rater's gender role characteristics and biological gender. Other personality factors were found to influence responses to horror only marginally, however. The results are discussed in terms of the gender role socialization model of affect.
Versatile Low Temperature and High Magnetic Field Thermometers: The Low Temperature Magneto Resistance of Thin Film Cermets

The magnetoresistance of a Pt-Al-O composite has been studied in fields up to 20 tesla and at temperatures down to 50 mK. The fill fraction of Pt is 0.44. The magnetoresistance is found to saturate above 2 Tesla at a value only 5% less than that of the zero field resistance.
Cysteine-reactive polymers synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization for conjugation to proteins.

In this communication we report a strategy for the synthesis of semitelechelic polymers reactive to cysteines. An initiator modified with a pyridyl disulfide was prepared and used for the CuBr/2,2‘-bipyridine-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. Polydispersity indices (Mw/Mn) of the polymers with different molecular weights were 1.25 or less. The pyridyl disulfide end group was preserved during the polymerization and allowed direct conjugation of the polymer to cysteine residues of bovine serum albumin. The described method provides a general way for the preparation of protein−polymer conjugates through a reversible disulfide bond without the need for postsynthesis modification of the polymers.
The effects of intragenic and intergenic complementation on catalase structure and function in maize: a molecular approach to heterosis.

Abstract Two distinct genetic loci coding for catalase have been studied in Zea mays. In any given inbred line homozygous for the Ctl gene, which is expressed during seed development, a second gene Ct2 is also expressed, but at a different stage of development. However, there is a point in sporophytic development when the two genes overlap in their expression and their products interact to generate hybrid catalase molecules. Hybrid catalases are also generated in heterozygotes between allelic genes at the Ct1 locus. Our results demonstrate that the homotetrameric and heterotetrameric catalases differ with respect to their biochemical properties (i.e., specific activity, Kapp, temperature sensitivity, photosensitivity, inhibitor sensitivity, etc.). In most instances the heterotetramers generated by either intragenic or intergenic complementation, exhibit improved physicochemical properties over the least efficient parental molecules; this suggests that hybrid proteins may be of advantage to the organism carrying them.
Euroregions — new potential destinations

Europe as a destination seems to be in a critical stage. There is more competition than cooperation between European nations and regions Our continent needs new solutions and patterns of tourism development. As new initiatives take place in transborder regions it is important to analyze opportunities for transborder tourism development. Several euroregions function only as “umbrellas” facilitating tourism development in national components however some of them are becoming attractive transborder destinations. The author tries to compare regions and euroregions as destinations. The paper shows the role of structural funds (e.g. Interreg), in transnational cooperation and to describes examples of good practice in transborder tourism. According to Association of European Border Regions, “the border regions themselves would not be able to overcome their problems without being granted assistance from the UE. The Oresund is one of the first euroregions promoted as transnational destination. The creation of a transborder destination is a long term process. It requires stable partnership between national components that leads from alienation to integration
Experimental study of fading characteristics for wireless communications in high-speed railway environments

This paper presents the fading characteristics for wireless communication system in the 2.5GHz band over THSR environment. Based on measurement results, we propose the propagation model and conduct a field trial to investigate the effects of Mobile WiMAX system performances in moving train. The result in downlink TCP throughput shows that the throughput will rise again when the train is passing across bent area. It indicates that the reflecting wave in bent area is disappearing. The propagation loss returns to the free space loss. Our proposed model can not only predict the propagation loss for the cell planning but also observe the effects of wireless communication systems for high-speed railway environments.
Characterization and mapping of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA and mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila melanogaster

We report the isolation and some properties of the mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (mt-rRNA) of Drosophila melanogaster, and a restriction map of the mtDNA of this organism which shows the position of the rRNA genes and of the A + T-rich region in the DNA. The mt-rRNAs are about 860 and 1500 nucleotides long and have the unusual composition of about 20% G+C. Some 25% of the mtDNA is very rich in A+T and is visualized as a contiguous early melting region in denaturation mapping. We mapped the three cleavage sites of the restriction endonuclease Hae III and the four sites of Hind III on mtDNA relative to each other and relative to the early melting region. The rRNA genes have been positioned on this map. The two rRNA genes are next to each other, separated by a gap of about 160 bases. We determined the polarity of the rRNA molecules: transcription proceeds in the direction small-to-large rRNA. Despite great divergence in nucleotide composition and sequence, the properties of mt-rRNA and the arrangement of mt-rRNA genes are very similar in Drosophila and vertebrate animals.
The psychological foundations and consequences of moral conviction

Moral conviction refers to a meta-cognitive belief that a given position is based on one's core moral beliefs and convictions. Attitudes that are high in moral conviction (‘moral mandates’) differ from equally strong but non-moral attitudes in a host of ways. Among other things, stronger moral convictions are associated with (a) believing that one's attitude is more universally applicable and objectively true, (b) greater political engagement (e.g., voting, political activism), (c) greater preferred social and physical distance from those who disagree, (d) increase resistance to compromise, (e) inoculation from the usual pressures to obey authorities and the law, and (f) increased acceptance of violent solutions to conflict. Implications are discussed.
Bayesian portfolio selection with multi-variate random variance models

We consider multi-period portfolio selection problems for a decision maker with a specified utility function when the variance of security returns is described by a discrete time stochastic model. The solution of these problems involves a dynamic programming formulation and backward induction. We present a simulation-based method to solve these problems adopting an approach which replaces the preposterior analysis by a surface fitting based optimization approach. We provide examples to illustrate the implementation of our approach.
Action of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on hippocampal neurons.

1. Intracellular recordings were obtained from guinea pig hippocampal neurons maintainedin vitro. Current- and voltage-clamp techniques were used to study the effect of microiontophoresis of excitatory amino acid agonists. Modification of agonist responses by bath application of known concentrations of antagonist agents was also examined. 2. All agonists used, glutamate, aspartate,N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA), and quisqualate, depolarized hippocampal neurons and caused repetitive firing. NMDA was also noted to induce burst-firing in some neurons. Quisqualate and NMDA were more potent than glutamate or aspartate. 3. In slices perfused with a nominally calcium-free saline containing tetrodotoxin and manganese, quisqualate application produced a depolarization associated with a conductance increase. Under those conditions, NMDA-induced depolarizations caused apparent decreases as well as increases in conductance. The apparent decreases in conductance were observed in the voltage range of -40 to -70 mV, whereas increases in conductance were observed at membrane potentials more positive than-35 mV. 4. Under voltage-clamp conditions, quisqualate produced an inward current whose amplitude increased with hyperpolarization and decreased upon depolarization, reversing near 0 mV. The conductance change induced by quisqualate was independent of voltage. NMDA application resulted in an inward current that was maximal around the resting potential and decreased with both hyperpolarization and depolarization. Response reversal was not observed with hyperpolarization to-100 mV but was apparent with depolarization beyond 0 mV. Conductance changes induced by NMDA were voltage dependent, and the application of this agent was associated with the appearance of a region of negative slope conductance in the current-voltage relationship. 5. Apparent decreases in conductance in response to NMDA were reduced when the extracellular magnesium concentration was lowered. Response amplitudes were not affected. 6. The NMDA receptor antagonistdl-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (dl-APV) was a potent and selective blocker of NMDA responses, whereas the antagonistdl-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (dl-APB) was less potent and did not select between NMDA and quisqualate responses. Analysis of iontophoretic dose-response curves indicated thatdl-APV was a competitive antagonist. 7. The results of these experiments indicate that hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons possess separate receptors for quisqualate and NMDA, with different pharmacological and electrophysiological profiles.
Men, Women, and Televised Violence: Predicting Viewer Aggression in Male and Female Television Viewers

This study examined whether the motivation for watching television violence and several audience and contextual factors, including locus of control, experience with crime, exposure to television violence, perceived realism, and involvement, explain differences in viewer aggression in women and men. Motivation was a much more important predictor of viewer aggression for males than for females. Among men, when exposure to televised violence was a significant predictor of aggression, experience with crime, locus of control, and motivation were stronger predictors. Among women, background factors (experience with crime and locus of control) predicted aggression. These results support the “uses and gratifications” theoretical suppositions that individual characteristics mediate the impact of media exposure. Because background factors and motivation for watching television violence impacted viewer aggression differently in men and women, the data raise questions about research concluding that sheer exposure to ...
Solid-Phase microextraction with Whatman 1PS paper and direct room-temperature solid-matrix luminescence analysis.

Abstract Solid-phase microextraction has been combined with solid-matrix luminescence for the detection of a variety of compounds at sub-nanogram levels for the first time. Whatman 1PS paper was placed in water solutions of polar and nonpolar compounds for the selective removal of the nonpolar compounds such as benzo(a)pyrene. Distribution constants were obtained for 4-phenylphenol, benzo(f)quinoline, benzo(h)quinoline, phenanthrene, and benzo(a)pyrene. The distribution constants showed that phenanthrene and benzo(a)pyrene in water had a very strong affinity for the 1PS paper. Once the solutes were extracted for a fixed period of time, the 1PS paper was dried, and either the solid-matrix fluorescence or solid-matrix phosphorescence was detected from the adsorbed lumiphors by using the appropriate excitation wavelengths. It was a simple matter to detect at least three adsorbed compounds on the 1PS paper by solid-matrix luminescence. Benzo(a)pyrene was easily detected at a level of 0.02 ng ml−1 in water.
Morphologic pattern of tenascin as a diagnostic biomarker in colon cancer.

Background: Immunohistochemical methods were used to study the pattern of expression of tenascin (TN) in invasive colon cancer and its relation to prognosis. Methods: Sixty patients (29 males, 31 females) with a mean age of 77 years were studied. TN expression was evaluated by immunohistochem-istry using paraffin-embedded tissue sections, TN expression levels were correlated with patient age, tumor stage, and survival. Results: TN positivity varied from trace to 4+. Staining patterns were as follows: in well-differentiated cancer, TN fibers form thick bands around invading tumor glands. In poorly differentiated cancer, TN fibers had an interstitial pattern surrounding individual tumor cells. Using Cox's proportional hazard regression method, survival was significantly related to TN score (P < 0.0001) and stage of disease (P < 0.05). No significant relationship was found between survival and age (P = 0.375). Conclusion: Patients with more TN expression had better long-term survival than patients with no or weak TN expression. Pathologic and clinical entities in colon cancer have distinct immunohistochemical TN matrix patterns that may correlate with predictive value and long-term survival.
Synthesis and characterization of superconducting lead films by electroless plating on metallic and non-metallic substrates

Superconducting lead films have been synthesized using an electroless plating technique on a number of different substrates, including copper, silicon and sapphire. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirm that the films are lead with lead oxide impurities, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the films prepared on copper are uniform. However, samples deposited on silicon and sapphire exhibit pronounced structural irregularities. Temperature and magnetic field dependent magnetization measurements confirm that all three samples are superconducting with transition temperatures close to the value expected for bulk Pb. The Pb films deposited on a copper substrate have a superconducting volume fraction of approximately 45%, while the superconducting fraction for films on silicon and sapphire is on the order of 1%. We attribute this lower superconducting fraction to the presence of lead oxide impurities and structural defects in the samples.
Revisiting differences in individuals with bulimia nervosa with and without a history of anorexia nervosa: Eating pathology, personality, and maltreatment.

Objective: Early research in subtyping bulimia nervosa (BN) by history of anorexia nervosa (AN) generally found more similarities than differences, but recent research and limitations of the early work suggest the need to revisit this approach. We examine differences between women with BN with and without a history of AN regarding eating pathology, personality, and childhood maltreatment. Method: Participants were women (aged 18–55) recruited from the community and eating disorder clinics who met DSM-IV criteria for BN; 37 had a history of AN and 101 did not. Participants completed questionnaires related to eating disorder pathology, multidimensional perfectionism, multidimensional impulsivity, and childhood maltreatment. Results: Women with BN and a history of AN had higher levels of dietary restraint and purging and lower body mass indices as well as higher levels of all forms of childhood neglect and abuse. In contrast, no group differences were found for perfectionism or impulsivity dimensions. Conclusion: The group differences in terms of eating pathology and maltreatment have clinical implications. Further research is needed regarding if and how a history of AN among those with BN may reflect different etiological pathways and predict different outcomes. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Geometry of density matrices. VI. Superoperators and unitary invariance

We examine and compare ways of dividing into subspaces the space whose elements are density matrices or other operators for the class of model problems defined by a finite one-particle basis set. One method of decomposition makes the significance of the subspaces apparent. We show that this decomposition is also complete, in the group-theoretic sense, for the group of unitary transformations of the set of one-electron basis functions. The irreducible subspaces are labeled by particle number and by an additional integer we call the reduction index. For spaces of particle-number-conserving operators, all subspaces with the same reduction index are isomorphic, and an analogous isomorphism exists for non-particle-number-conserving cases. The general linear group also plays a key role, and we introduce the term “canonical superoperators” to characterize those superoperators which commute with this group. When an appropriate basis set is chosen for the matrix spaces, the supermatrices corresponding to these superoperators have a particularly simple form: a block structure with the only nonzero blocks being multiples of unit matrices. The superoperators of interest can be constructed in terms of two operators, , and these two have been expressed simply in terms of creation and annihilation operators. When only real orthogonal transformations of the basis are considered, a further decomposition is possible. We have introduced superoperators associated with this decomposition.