cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anesthesia-Based Evaluation of Outcomes of Lower-Extremity Vascular Bypass Procedures

Background This report examines the effects of regional versus general anesthesia for infrainguinal bypass procedures performed in the treatment of critical limb ischemia (CLI). Methods Nonemergent infrainguinal bypass procedures for CLI (defined as rest pain or tissue loss) were identified using the 2005 to 2008 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database using International Classification of Disease, ninth edition, and Current Procedure Terminology codes. Patients were classified according to National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data as receiving either general anesthesia or regional anesthesia. The regional anesthesia group included those specified as having regional, spinal, or epidural anesthesia. Demographic, medical, risk factor, operative, and outcomes data were abstracted for the study sample. Individual outcomes were evaluated according to the following morbidity categories: wound, pulmonary, venous thromboembolic, genitourinary, cardiovascular, and operative. Length of stay, total morbidity, and mortality were also evaluated. Associations between anesthesia types and outcomes were evaluated using linear or logistic regression. Results A total of 5,462 inpatient hospital visits involving infrainguinal bypasses for CLI were identified. Mean patient age was 69 ± 12 years; 69% were Caucasian; and 39% were female. In all, 4,768 procedures were performed using general anesthesia and 694 with regional anesthesia. Patients receiving general anesthesia were younger and significantly more likely to have a history of smoking, previous lower-extremity bypass, previous amputation, previous stroke, and a history of a bleeding diathesis including the use of warfarin. Patients receiving regional anesthesia had a higher prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tibial-level bypasses were performed in 51% of procedures, whereas 49% of procedures were popliteal-level bypasses. Cases performed using general anesthesia demonstrated a higher rate of resident involvement, need for blood transfusion, and operative time. There was no difference in the rate of popliteal-level and infrapopliteal-level bypasses between groups. Infrapopliteal bypass procedures performed using general anesthesia were more likely to involve prosthetic grafts and composite vein. Mortality occurred in 157 patients (3%). The overall morbidity rate was 37%. Mean and median lengths of stay were 7.5 days (± 8.1) and 6.0 days (Q1: 4.0, Q3: 8.0), respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated no significant differences by anesthesia type in the incidence of morbidity, mortality, or length of stay. Conclusion These results provide no evidence to support the systematic avoidance of general anesthesia for lower-extremity bypass procedures. These data suggest that anesthetic choice should be governed by local expertise and practice patterns.
Mechanisms of laser ablation from molecular dynamics simulations: dependence on the initial temperature and pulse duration

The effect of the initial sample temperature and laser pulse duration on the mechanisms of molecular ejection from an irradiated molecular solid is investigated by large- scale molecular dynamics simulations. The results of simu- lations performed for two initial temperatures are found to be consistent with the notion of two distinct regimes of mo- lecular ejection separated by a threshold fluence. At low laser fluences, thermal desorption from the surface is observed and the desorption yield is described by an Arrhenius-type depen- dence on the laser fluence. At fluences above the threshold, a collective multilayer ejection or ablation occurs and the ab- lation depth follows a critical density of the deposited energy. The same activation energy for desorption and critical energy density for ablation provide a good description of the fluence dependence of the total yield in simulations with different ini- tial temperatures. Comparison of the simulation results for two pulse durations is performed to elucidate the differences in the ejection mechanisms in the regimes of thermal and stress confinement. We find that in the regime of stress con- finement, high thermoelastic pressure can cause mechanical fracture=cavitation leading to energetically efficient ablation and ejection of large relatively cold chunks of material.
Recreation and fire management: public concerns, attitudes, and perceptions.

Abstract Data from three separate but related surveys address the linkages between recreation and public perception of and attitudes toward fire management. Recreation ranks high among alternative forest resource uses and is a serious concern vis‐a‐vis fire effects. Public acceptance of new fire‐management policies may be greater and more sophisticated than commonly thought. Public knowledge of fire effects and tolerance of light‐intensity fires can be increased through use of educational materials. However, there is some evidence that increases in knowledge and tolerance may not affect perceptual judgments of recreational acceptability or scenic beauty. Some recreational activities, particularly camping, show considerable sensitivity to fire effects. New fire‐management policies and educational programs will need to account for increasing sophistication in the public's understanding and tolerance of fire, as well as for different impacts that fire may have on various outdoor recreation activities.
The Role of Interest Groups in Collective Interest Policy‐Making: Consumer Protection in Norway and the United States*

Issues of collective interest, to the extent they are brought into the public policy-making arena, pose serious theoretical challenges for democratic societies - challenges primarily associated with interest representation and agenda setting practices. The present article takes these challenges as its point of departure, focusing in particular on the role interest groups may play in meeting these. Using consumer protection policy-making in Norway and the United States for illustrative purposes, the article explores the characteristics of consumer protection as a collective interest and then sets forth six alternative means of such interest articulation. The actual infrastructure of consumer interest representation in the Norwegian and U.S. cases is then examined, revealing major differences, and the implications of these differences are considered. The principal conclusion is that independent consumer associations are in all likelihood a sufficient, but certainly not necessary, condition for the realization of public consumer protection policies. The same also applies to a corporatist interest group arrangement as practised in Norway. Additional observations are offered regarding patterns of agenda setting and possible policy convergence in advanced industrial societies.
A METHOD FOR MEASURING SWELLING OF HANDS AND FEET. II. INFLUENCE OF NEW ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG, INDOMETHACIN, IN ACUTE GOUT.

SummaryIndomethacin, an indole derivative with a high degree of antiinflammatory activity, has shown a dramatic therapeutic effect in nine patients with classical gout and one with pseudogout. A large initial dose (300 or 400 mg.) was administered and followed by three or four additional doses of 100 mg. each. During the next two to four days 300 or 400 mg. in divided doses were given.Each patient had marked reduction of pain within two to four hours and all signs of inflammation subsided within three or four days. There were no significant side effects.
Preparation of 4-retinamidophenyl- and 4-retinamidobenzyl-C-glycosyl and C-glucuronosyl analogues of the glucuronide of 4-hydroxyphenyl-retinamide as potential stable cancer chemopreventive agents

Abstract Glucuronide metabolites of retinoic acid and its analogues have been suggested to be active cancer chemopreventive analogues of the parent molecules. However, these metabolites are susceptible to β-glucuronidase and acid-catalyzed cleavage and it is not clear whether these carbohydrate conjugates must be hydrolyzed back to the parent molecule to show activity. Thus, the multistep syntheses of stable C-glycosyl and C-glucuronosyl analogues of the known glucuronide metabolite of the breast cancer chemopreventive agent 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide (4-HPR) are outlined. The chemical and enzymatic stability of these compounds has been evaluated relative to the glucuronide of 4-HPR.
A silhouetting shape sensor for the residual limb of a below-knee amputee

A shape sensor based on silhouette imaging techniques was developed to accurately and quickly measure the external geometry of the residual limb of a below-knee amputee. The sensor represents an improvement over previous residual limb imaging methods in that the resolution was higher, the scan-time was shorter, no ionizing radiation was used, and the technique was less sensitive to hair on the residual limb. The sensor will be used for investigative research of long-term (maturation) and short-term (diurnal) residual limb shape changes-information of critical importance to prosthetic fitting because of the effects of shape changes on stress distributions between the residual limb and prosthetic socket. The shape sensor uses a charged-coupled device video camera mounted to one end of an aluminum beam which is fixed at its other end to the shaft of a stepping motor, forming a simply supported cantilever. The motor accelerates the camera around the residual limb up to a constant angular velocity of 202.3/spl deg//s. During 216/spl deg/ of the constant-velocity portion of rotation, 17 images are captured at intervals of 13.5/spl deg/ and stored electronically to a computer. The images of the residual limb are then processed to produce silhouette contour outlines which are then used to reconstruct the three-dimensional residual limb shape. Using this silhouette imaging method, the sensor could measure the geometry of residual-limb areas susceptible to shape change with a radial resolution of 0.5 mm in a scan-time of 1.07 s. >
Caries experience and periodontal pathology in erupting third molars.

Purpose This study was conducted to document the prevalence of occlusal caries experience and periodontal pathology for erupting third molars in young adults. Patients and Methods The data are from 49 subjects enrolled in an institutional review board–approved trial with at least one third molar below the occlusal plane at baseline that erupted by longest follow-up. Teeth were considered erupted if they reached the occlusal plane. Caries experience on the occlusal surface of third molars was assessed by a visual-tactile examination. At least 1 periodontal probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm in the third molar region was considered indicative of periodontal pathology. The third molar region was defined as the 6 probing sites around third molars and 2 sites on the distal of second molars. The prevalence of third molar caries experience and periodontal pathology at longest follow-up was assessed. Results Most of the 49 subjects were female (51%), Caucasian (76%), and educated at least through high school (82%). Median age was 20.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 18.4 to 24.1 years). Median follow-up was 5.1 years (IQR = 3.4 to 6.9 years). At baseline, none of the subjects had occlusal caries experience in a third molar; 51% of subjects had at least 1 PD ≥4 mm in a third molar region. At follow-up, 27% of the subjects had occlusal caries experience in at least 1 third molar that erupted to the occlusal plane; 61% had at least 1 PD ≥4 mm in a third molar region. Twenty-nine percent had occlusal caries in at least 1 third molar at the occlusal plane and at least 1 PD ≥4 mm in a third molar region. Thirty-seven percent had no third molar occlusal caries experience and all third molar region PD Conclusions For third molars that erupted “late,” periodontal pathology was more prevalent than occlusal caries.
Working toward women's economic empowerment: using information and communication technology in developing areas to market traditional crafts

Women face many challenges in regard to empowerment, especially economic empowerment. The United Nations (UN) has made a point in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that work still needs to be done so women can reach some of the empowerment that their male counterparts enjoy. Traditional handicrafts are a rich part of indigenous women's heritage and these women should be enabled to market these items to a worldwide audience of customers. Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) can be used to help women accomplish this. With proper dedication, education, and training, women can reach a new level of economic empowerment, along with other benefits, by selling their items via the Internet and other ICT-based technologies.
Air motion within and above forest vegetation in non-ideal conditions

Abstract Gaining a good knowledge of air motion in forest vegetation is a necessary step towards a better understanding of a number major abiotic impacts on the trees such as wind risk, pollutant and nutrient deposition, frost, material dispersion and transport, and energy, water and carbon exchanges. In a recent survey study, Raupach et al. [Raupach, M.R., Finnigan, J.J., Brunet, Y., 1996. Bound.-Layer Meteorol. 78, 351–382] reviewed the current state of knowledge about air flow under ideal conditions (neutral to slightly unstable conditions, homogeneous and extensive canopy, flat terrain). This paper extends the knowledge by employing advances in our understanding of the flow in ‘non-ideal’ situations. The paper is divided into four topic areas: canopy flow under stable stratification, disturbed flow (forest edge, forest clearing, sparse canopy), canopy flow over complex terrain, and extreme wind events. Discussion of the latter two topics is of limited scope because of the scanty literature. A detailed account is given to the nighttime canopy wave phenomenon, broad patterns of the transitional flow across forest edges, and models of various complexities of the disturbed flows. Both observational and modeling aspects are discussed wherever possible. This synthesis study has identified a number of important questions in need of further research.
When a Map Is Worth One-Thousand Anovas: Applications of Statistical Cartography in Special Education Research and Planning

Statistical cartography, the production of statistical maps, has been widely used in fields such as medicine, geophysics, criminology, linguistics, and biology to address questions concerning the spatial distribution of phenomena. Recent advances in computer hardware and software have made it possible to produce statistical maps rapidly and economically. Few applications of the methodology in special ecuation research and planning have yet surfaced, however. The article describes the basic methods and procedures of computerized statistical cartography and provides several suggestions for its application in special education research and planning, both state and national. A study of regional low-incidence handicap service patterns is presented. Included are examples of special education service maps produced by computer.
Temporal response of the optically generated electric field in InAs/GaAs coupled quantum dots

Coupled quantum dots (CQDs) can provide a sensitive probe of the electric field within a device. With non-resonant excitation above the wetting layer (WL) energy, optical generation of an electric field within the CQD structure was observed. By alternating this non-resonant excitation the temporal response of the optically generated electric field was measured. Decay of this field was measured to be on the order of 110-140 μsec whereas the onset of the optically generated electric field was observed to be less than the temporal resolution of our experiment (7.5 μsec). This may provide a means for fast, non-contact, electric field modulation techniques.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibits IFN-γ and IL-4 Levels During In Vitro Polarization of Primary Murine CD4+ T Cells

Following their activation, naive CD4 + T cells can differentiate into one of two effector cell subsets, Th1 and Th2. These two subsets have different cytokine secretion patterns and thus mediate separate arms of the immune response. It has been established that the fat-soluble vitamin D 3 metabolite 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) and its nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor, play an important role in the immune system primarily through the transcriptional inhibition of cytokine genes that either are required for Th1 differentiation or are products of differentiated Th1 cells. Therefore, we wanted to test directly the ability of 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 to alter the Th differentiation process. Our results indicate that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 inhibits not only the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ but also the Th2 cytokine IL-4 in naive CD62 ligand + CD4 + T cells during their in vitro polarization. This effect is most dramatic when the ligand is present from the onset of the differentiation process. If the ligand is added after the polarization has ensued, the inhibition is significantly diminished. In activated (CD62 ligand − CD4 + ) T cells, 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 is still able to inhibit IFN-γ but has no effect on IL-4 production. Our results also indicate that inhibition of these two cytokines in naive cells by vitamin D receptor and its ligand is neither a result of a cell cycle block nor an inhibition of Th1 or Th2 transcription factor expression but, rather, at least in the case of Th2 differentiation, an attenuation of IL-4 transcription by the receptor.
The Discursive Voice of Psychoanalysis: A Case for Culturally Constituted Defenses

The cultural construction of defense mechanisms has been a central concern of psychoanalytic and psychological anthropologists. Billig (1998) offers a novel perspective orn this issue. The approach advanced in this article goes beyond Billig's discursive view by taking seriously the determinative influence of preoedipal phase and preverbal communication for the establishment and maintenance of repression or psychological defense and by locating psychoanalysis within the wider field of social and biological sciences. The Euro-American middle-class bias prevalent in psychoanalysis and psychology overemphasizes verbal interactive and socialization strategies. This article suggests that an understanding of defense mechanisms in a cultural context can be furthered by ethnographic descriptions of the social and interpersonal environments of infants and young children prior to, during and after the emergence of language.
Early nutritional support is associated with decreased length of hospitalization in dogs with septic peritonitis: A retrospective study of 45 cases (2000–2009)

Objective To determine whether the timing and route of nutritional support strategy affect length of hospitalization in dogs with naturally occurring septic peritonitis. Design Retrospective study encompassing cases from 2000 to 2009. Setting University teaching hospital. Animals Forty-five dogs that survived septic peritonitis. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Nutritional strategy for each dog was categorized as either enteral nutrition (EN: free choice voluntary eating or assisted tube feeding) or central parenteral nutrition (CPN). Early nutritional support was defined as consistent caloric intake initiated within 24 hours postoperatively. Consistent caloric intake occurring after 24 hours was defined as delayed nutritional support. Data reflective of nutritional status included body condition score, serum albumin concentration, and duration of inappetence before and during hospitalization. Body weight change from the beginning to the end of hospitalization was calculated. A modified Survival Prediction Index 2 score was calculated for each dog at admission. Additional clinical data recorded for comparison of illness severity included indicators of severe inflammation (eg, presence of toxic changes in neutrophils and immature neutrophils), coagulopathy (eg, prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time), the use of vasopressors and blood transfusions, and presence of concurrent illnesses. Nutrition-related complications were classified as mechanical, metabolic, or septic complications. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship of nutritional strategy with hospitalization length, while considering the presence of nutrition-related complications, the nutritional status- and illness severity-related variables. While controlling for other variables, dogs that received early nutrition had significantly shorter hospitalization length (by 1.6 days). No statistically significant association was found between route of nutrition and hospitalization length. The presence of concurrent illnesses and nutrition-related metabolic complications were also associated with longer hospitalization length (by 2.1 and 2.4 days, respectively). Conclusion Early nutritional support in dogs with septic peritonitis is associated with a shorter hospitalization length.
Determination of immune response to morphine. I: Binding of morphine to rabbit serum proteins.

As a result of this study we have concluded that the immune response and the proposed immunological mediation of drug tolerance to morphine is not due to the classical mechanism of drug hypersensitivity with morphine binding to a serum protein and acting as a hapten.
Application of replacement theory in dairy cows and its use in disease treatment

Abstract A model to simulate the costs and returns of an individual dairy cow over 14 years under various assumptions of genetic potential, health status and management was developed especially to evaluate the effects of diseases that reduce production and reproduction efficiency and to evaluate alternative management interventions. Data were collected from the Food Animal Health Resource Management System (FAHRMX), Today's Electronic Planning (TELPLAN), Today's Electric Farm Accounting (TELFARM) databases and secondary sources at Michigan State University. A case study of cystic ovaries was analysed using the model. The results showed that it is more economical to treat cystic ovaries than not to treat, and treatment with Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GNRH) was superior to Human Chrionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Four to five lactations were the optimum for keeping a dairy cow to replacement and it was estimated that there is a loss of US$0.45 per day of extended calving interval (days open beyond the optimal 70 days).
Interactions of thyroid hormones and catecholamines in severely burned patients.

A prospective study of thyroid function was performed in 20 thermally injured patients. Serum levels of free thyroxine (FT4) and free 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (FT3) were measured in 10 patients (mean age, 34 years; mean burn size, 56%) studied during a period of clinical deterioration and in 10 patients of comparable age and burn size who were clinically stable. Both FT4 and FT3 values were significantly lower in the unstable patients, P less than .01. All FT3 values for the unstable patients, 193 +/- 14 pg/dl (mean +/- SE), were beneath the normal range for FT3, 230-669 pg/dl. Interactions of thyroid hormone and catecholamines were assessed in eight additional burned patients (mean age, 31 years, mean burn size, 57%). Plasma norepinephrine correlated negatively with serum T3 (r = -.70; P less than .01). A similar reciprocal relationship was described for plasma epinephrine and serum T3 (r = -.56; P less than .025). The reciprocal relationship described for serum T3 and plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine is consistent with that of similar observations in states of clinical hypothyroidism. In conclusion, the observations of suppression of free thyroid hormone with clinical deterioration and of a reciprocal relationship between T3 and catecholamines suggest that the critically ill burned patient may be chemically hypothyroid; this may be an adaptive response to assumption of metabolic control by the sympathetic nervous system and does not result from caloric deprivation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hemodynamic and Light-Scattering Changes of Rat Spinal Cord and Primary Somatosensory Cortex in Response to Innocuous and Noxious Stimuli.

Neuroimaging technologies with an exceptional spatial resolution and noninvasiveness have become a powerful tool for assessing neural activity in both animals and humans. However, the effectiveness of neuroimaging for pain remains unclear partly because the neurovascular coupling during pain processing is not completely characterized. Our current work aims to unravel patterns of neurovascular parameters in pain processing. A novel fiber-optic method was used to acquire absolute values of regional oxy- (HbO) and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations, oxygen saturation rates (SO2), and the light-scattering coefficients from the spinal cord and primary somatosensory cortex (SI) in 10 rats. Brief mechanical and electrical stimuli (ranging from innocuous to noxious intensities) as well as a long-lasting noxious stimulus (formalin injection) were applied to the hindlimb under pentobarbital anesthesia. Interhemispheric comparisons in the spinal cord and SI were used to confirm functional activation during sensory processing. We found that all neurovascular parameters showed stimulation-induced changes; however, patterns of changes varied with regions and stimuli. Particularly, transient increases in HbO and SO2 were more reliably attributed to brief stimuli, whereas a sustained decrease in SO2 was more reliably attributed to formalin. Only the ipsilateral SI showed delayed responses to brief stimuli. In conclusion, innocuous and noxious stimuli induced significant neurovascular responses at critical centers (e.g., the spinal cord and SI) along the somatosensory pathway; however, there was no single response pattern (as measured by amplitude, duration, lateralization, decrease or increase) that was able to consistently differentiate noxious stimuli. Our results strongly suggested that the neurovascular response patterns differ between brief and long-lasting noxious stimuli, and can also differ between the spinal cord and SI. Therefore, a use of multiple-parameter strategy tailored by stimulus modality (brief or long-lasting) as well as region-dependent characteristics may be more effective in detecting pain using neuroimaging technologies.
ISOTOPIC STUDIES OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THE CEREBROSIDE FATTY ACIDS IN RATS.

SUMMARY Groups of weanling rats were given a single injection of labeled acetate and were sacrificed at intervals up to 56 days. The saturated acids of brain cerebrosides and brain were isolated by gas-liquid chromatography, counted, and chemically degraded to measure the distribution of activity. The total activity in the cerebroside acids, except 18:0, increased with time over a period of 14 days or more, then slowly decreased. The latter period of decreasing activity shows that these acids undergo metabolic conversion. Degradation of the acids showed the carboxyl group had a maximal relative activity at around 4 hr, which declined with time toward values close to or below that expected for de novo synthesis from acetate. From these observations, it was concluded that the cerebroside acids are made by a chainlengthening process from one or more shorter fatty acids. The relative activity in the carboxyl of 23h:O decreased very rapidly with time and the activity in its a-carbon reached a high value; from this it is concluded that this acid is made by two enzyme systems, one being a 1-carbon degradation of a CZ4 acid. The later samples of cerebroside 18:O showed uniform distribution of activity, suggesting that it is made directly from acetate. The 16:O of total brain showed the same effect, while the 18:O of whole brain resembled the cerebroside longer acids. The specific activity data suggested that the hydroxy and normal acids are made from a common precursor.
GENDER EFFECTS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN IN APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I-DEFINED LIPOPROTEIN SUBPOPULATIONS

Two subpopulations of apolipoprotein A-I-containing lipoproteins, those containing only apoA-I (LpA-I) and those containing both apoA-I and apoA-II (LpA-I/A-II), were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography of plasma from 44 subjects, comprising four groups (male or female, with or without hyperlipidemia). ApoA-I-defined particles (LpAs) were assessed for their content of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and for their ability to act as substrates for CETP. Although plasma CETP concentration was similar in all groups, the plasma concentration of LpA-I-associated CETP was significantly higher in females than in males (1.56 +/- 0.11 versus 0.93 +/- 0.13 mg/l, P
Cancer's final act?

DeVita talks about the war against cancer. The real impediment in the war is the regulatory environment and an outdated infrastructure for it, created well before people knew much about the disease. As a result, outdated beliefs persist; bureaucratic battles erupt among physicians and medical groups.
Why Antifraud Provisions Are Not Enough: The Significance of Opportunism, Candor and Signaling in the Economic Case for Mandatory Securities Disclosure

Even in the face of recent evidence of pervasive market failure in issuer disclosure, many continue to argue that U.S. securities markets have experienced merely a problem of antifraud enforcement and that mandatory disclosure as a policy is largely irrelevant to these events. This article challenges the view that market incentives, supplemented by government enforcement of antifraud prohibitions alone, are sufficient to lead issuers to choose voluntarily socially optimal levels of disclosure. Informational asymmetry between issuers and investors impairs economic efficiency by enabling less candid issuers to impose a negative externality on the disclosure of candid issuers. This problem is not plausibly redressed by antifraud prohibitions alone because investors generally will be unable to infer the true state of affairs based solely on an issuer's voluntary disclosure. The financial economics literature reveals that the conditions necessary to support unraveling or invertability (i.e., the ability to infer the true informational state of affairs based merely on observed voluntary disclosure) are not present in securities markets. Mandatory disclosure provides a useful remedy to some aspects of this asymmetry problem. Mandatory disclosure requirements, like antifraud prohibitions, establish a mechanism by which candid issuers are better able to signal their candor so that investors value candid issuers' disclosure more highly. Unlike antifraud prohibitions that promote issuer credibility by enhancing the accuracy of affirmative issuer representations, mandatory disclosure is aimed at making disclosure more candid by limiting issuer discretion to conceal information. These considerations provide support for why mandatory disclosure as a signaling mechanism is superior to private signaling (or issuer choice) mechanisms, such as issuer self-signaling, collective private-ordering arrangements, or jurisdictional competition. In jurisdictions with comprehensive disclosure requirements, such as the United States, mandatory disclosure requirements are generally qualitatively superior than voluntary disclosure schemes because they more effectively constrain issuer discretion in the disclosure process. Although mandatory disclosure may be more costly than issuer choice methods, the disparity in cost is frequently overstated and misunderstood. If costs are properly formulated, the social gains from enhanced credibility under mandatory disclosure will likely outweigh the additional disclosure costs. This article also examines other economic justifications for mandatory disclosure based on the existence of positive informational externalities or excessive private information gathering by investors and concludes that the justification based on the corrosive effects of informational asymmetry on issuer credibility is more compelling.
Nonadiabatic dynamics of positive charge during photocatalytic water splitting on GaN(10-10) surface: charge localization governs splitting efficiency.

Photochemical water splitting is a promising avenue to sustainable, clean energy and fuel production. Gallium nitride (GaN) and its solid solutions are excellent photocatalytic materials; however, the efficiency of the process is low on pure GaN, and cocatalysts are required to increase the yields. We present the first time-domain theoretical study of the initial steps of photocatalytic water splitting on a GaN surface. Our state-of-the-art simulation technique, combining nonadiabatic molecular dynamics and time-dependent density functional theory, allows us to characterize the mechanisms and time scales of the evolution of the photogenerated positive charge (hole) and the subsequent proton transfer at the GaN/water interface. The calculations show that the hole loses its excess energy within 100 fs and localizes primarily on the nitrogen atoms of the GaN surface, initiating a sequence of proton-transfer events from the surface N–H group to the nearby OH groups and bulk water molecules. Water splitting re...
Charge Transfer and Polarization in Solvated Proteins from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics

Charge transfer at the Bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) protein–water interface was analyzed by means of ab initio Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics simulation of the entire protein running on graphical processing units (GPUs). The efficiency of the GPU-based quantum chemistry algorithms implemented in our TeraChem program enables us to perform these calculations on a desktop computer. Mulliken and Voronoi deformation density (VDD) population analysis reveals that between 2.0 and 3.5 electrons are transferred from surrounding water molecules to the protein over the course of the 8.8 ps simulation. Solving for the electronic structure of BPTI in the absence of surrounding water molecules (i.e., in the gas phase) leads to large intraprotein charge transfer, where approximately one electron in total is transferred from neutral to polar residues. Solvation relieves this polarization stress, leading to a neutralization of the excess positive charge of the neutral residues.
Site Response in Providence, Rhode Island: Constraints from Ambient Noise Measurements

We conducted an ambient noise survey to assess the potential for seismic site response in Providence, Rhode Island. Providence is built on bedrock valleys that are partially filled with unconsolidated Holocene sediments. Because similar valley structures exist in other heavily populated coastal and river cities of the northeastern United States, the results of this study are relevant to seismic hazards throughout the region. At sites located in the river valleys beneath downtown Providence, we found peaks in ambient noise frequency spectra that suggest amplification of energy in the range of 2–3 Hz. This spectral peak occurs in the spectra from sediment sites and in spectral ratios that reference sediment to hardrock stations. We used geotechnical borehole records to constrain valley structure and seismic refraction data to determine bedrock velocity, and we calculated the theoretical response to ground motion for one-dimensional models that approximate basin structure. The modeling shows that the 2–3 Hz ambient noise peak can be interpreted as the fundamental resonance frequency of low-impedance surface sediment layers.
Vaccination with Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Protects from Mucosal, but Not Necessarily Intravenous, Challenge with a Minimally Heterologous SIV

UNLABELLED Few studies have evaluated the impact of the viral challenge route on protection against a heterologous simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) challenge. We vaccinated seven macaques with a live attenuated SIV that differed from SIVmac239Δnef by 24 amino acids, called m3KOΔnef. All animals were protected from an intrarectal SIVmac239 challenge, whereas only four animals were protected from subsequent intravenous SIVmac239 challenge. These data suggest that immune responses elicited by vaccination with live attenuated SIV in an individual animal can confer protection from intrarectal challenge while remaining insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge. IMPORTANCE Our study is important because we show that vaccinated animals can be protected from a mucosal challenge with a heterologous SIV, but the same animals are not necessarily protected from intravenous challenge with the same virus. This is unique because in most studies, either vaccinated animals are challenged multiple times by the same route or only a single challenge is performed. An individually vaccinated animal is rarely challenged multiple times by different routes, so protection from different challenge routes cannot be measured in the same animal. Our data imply that vaccine-elicited responses in an individual animal may be insufficient for protection from intravenous challenge but may be suitable for protection from a mucosal challenge that better approximates human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exposure.
Multiple endosomal recycling pathways in rat adipose cells

Adipose and skeletal-muscle cells can translocate several membrane proteins from intracellular compartment(s) to the cell surface in an insulin-dependent fashion. Among these proteins is Glut4, a physiologically important glucose transporter which mediates insulin's effect on blood glucose clearance. Under basal conditions, Glut4 is localized in uniform, intracellular membrane vesicles with an average diameter of 50-70 nm and a sedimentation coefficient of 100-120 S. The nature of this compartment and its trafficking pathway to the plasma membrane is still unresolved. We show here that, in addition to Glut4, the aminopeptidase gp160 or insulin-responsive aminopeptidase ('IRAP'), sortilin, and an acutely recycling population of the insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor, this compartment includes 60% of the intracellular population of the transferrin receptor. We used subcellular fractionation, cell-surface biotinylation, and radioactive-ligand (125I-transferrin) uptake to demonstrate that the transferrin receptor recycles between this compartment and the plasma membrane in response to insulin along with Glut4 and other protein components of these vesicles. The co-localization of Glut4 and several endosomal markers in the terminally differentiated fat-cells during several stages of their cycling pathways suggests that the 'Glut4 pathway' may derive from the hormone-insensitive endosomes of undifferentiated preadipocytes. The insulin receptor is excluded from Glut4-containing vesicles in both insulin-stimulated and unstimulated adipocytes, and thus it is likely to traffic independently from Glut4 through different intracellular compartments. Our data show that, in adipose cells, the ligand-dependent recycling pathway of the insulin receptor is structurally separated from the ligand-independent pathway of the transferrin receptor, and that Glut4 is specifically targetted to the latter.
Incorporation of farnesol significantly increases the efficacy of liposomal ciprofloxacin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in vitro

The challenge of eliminating Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, such as in cystic fibrosis lungs, remains unchanged due to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Poor drug penetration into dense P. aeruginosa biofilms plays a vital role in ineffective clearance of the infection. Thus, the current antibiotic therapy against P. aeruginosa biofilms need to be revisited and alternative antibiofilm strategies need to be invented. Fungal quorum sensing molecule (QSM), farnesol, appears to have detrimental effects on P. aeruginosa. Thus, this study aimed to codeliver naturally occurring QSM farnesol, with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin as a liposomal formulation to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilms. Four different liposomes (with ciprofloxacin and farnesol, Lcip+far; with ciprofloxacin, Lcip; with farnesol, Lfar; control, Lcon) were prepared using dehydration-rehydration method and characterized. Drug entrapment and release were evaluated by spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The efficacy of liposomes was assessed using standard biofilm assay. Liposome-treated 24 h P. aeruginosa biofilms were quantitatively assessed by XTT reduction assay and crystal violet assay, and qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ciprofloxacin release from liposomes was higher when encapsulated with farnesol (Lcip+far) compared to Lcip (3.06% vs 1.48%), whereas farnesol release was lower when encapsulated with ciprofloxacin (Lcip+far) compared to Lfar (1.81% vs 4.75%). The biofilm metabolism was significantly lower when treated with Lcip+far or Lcip compared to free ciprofloxacin (XTT, P < 0.05). When administered as Lcip+far, the ciprofloxacin concentration required to achieve similar biofilm inhibition was 125-fold or 10-fold lower compared to free ciprofloxacin or Lcip, respectively (P < 0.05). CLSM and TEM confirmed predominant biofilm disruption, greater dead cell ratio, and increased depth of biofilm killing when treated with Lcip+far compared to other liposomal preparations. Thus, codelivery of farnesol and ciprofloxacin is likely to be a promising approach to battle antibiotic resistant P. aeruginosa biofilms by enhancing biofilm killing at significantly lower antibiotic doses.
Francis H. Grundy, [‘The Decline and Fall of Branwell Brontë’] (1841–1848), in Pictures of the Past: Memories of Men I Have Met and Places I Have Seen (London: Griffith and Farran, 1879), pp. 73–93

Soon after I came to Halifax, I made the acquaintance of a genius of the highest order, Patrick Branwell Bronte, who was at least as talented as any member of that wonderful family.1 Much my senior, Bronte took an unusual fancy to me, and I continued, perhaps, his most confidential friend through good and ill until his death. Poor, brilliant, gay, moody, moping, wildly excitable, miserable Bronte! No history records your many struggles after the good — your wit, brilliance, attractiveness, eagerness for excitement — all the qualities which made you such ‘good company’, and dragged you down to an untimely grave. But you have had a most unnecessary scandal heaped upon you by the author of your sister’s Biography, which that scandal does its best to spoil.
Religious Tourism Through a Gender Lens

This chapter compares Gilbert’s narrative and the yoga tourists with another form of religiously based tourism, short-term mission trips sponsored largely by Protestant congregations, sometimes called “gospel tourism.” In exploring the discourses around each, the chapter argues that the former is gendered female and the latter gendered male. Although the privileged middle-class status of both groups of travelers is mostly taken for granted, the yoga tourists are often seen as narcissistic and self-indulgent, whereas the short-term mission trips are frequently discussed in terms of service and civic engagement. The chapter suggests that we need to examine how assumptions about gender shape these discourses. Placing both in the context of “lived religion” helps illuminate our understanding of how religious trajectories are gendered.
MEDNIK Syndrome: A Defect of Copper Metabolism

Investigators at Bambino Gesu Children’s Hospital, Rome, and other centers in Italy, Canada and France report an 8-year-old female Sephardic-Jewish patient with MEDNIK syndrome associated with a new AP1S1 homozygous mutation.
Coxian Historicism as an Alternative Perspective in International Studies

Robert W. Cox's work may be considered as a major influence in the development of an alternative to mainstream approaches to international relations. Indeed, it can be argued that Coxian historicism is growing in appeal because of its explanatory power and openness. In this article, I will draw together Cox's core analytical propositions. Notwithstanding the publication of his 1996 anthology, some of his important papers are still not well known, and I will supplement them with references to his unpublished work.1 Another purpose of this article is to probe the tensions and ambiguities in his framework and attempt to offer a constructive critique. To a degree, in North American theorizing, there has been a move away from "problem-solving theory" and its preoccupation with great-power politics, associated with the intellectual hegemony of neorealism and neo-utilitarian rational-choice approaches. Two moments of theoretical innovation helped to promote this shift. In a seminal essay, Cox not only developed a critical notion of the meaning and purpose of theory, but also linked it to an examination of a range of problems and issues in international relations, including a reconsideration of the concept of imperialism (the latter concept had effectively vanished from the theoretical lexicon of mainstream theory).2 Another key challenge to this orthodoxy was offered in Richard Ashley's pathbreaking piece entitled "The Poverty of Neorealism."3 Drawing on the work of English social theorists such as E. P. Thompson, the political philosophy of Jurgen Habermas, and the
A Simplified Approach to Encephalitis and Its Mimics: Key Clinical Decision Points in the Setting of Specific Imaging Abnormalities.

Rationale and Objectives Infectious encephalitis is a relatively common cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of infectious encephalitis with antiviral medication can be highly effective when administered promptly. Clinical mimics of encephalitis arise from a broad range of pathologic processes, including toxic, metabolic, neoplastic, autoimmune, and cardiovascular etiologies. These mimics need to be rapidly differentiated from infectious encephalitis to appropriately manage the correct etiology; however, the many overlapping signs of these various entities present a challenge to accurate diagnosis. A systematic approach that considers both the clinical manifestations and the imaging findings of infectious encephalitis and its mimics can contribute to more accurate and timely diagnosis. Materials and Methods Following an institutional review board approval, a health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA)-compliant search of our institutional imaging database (teaching files) was conducted to generate a list of adult and pediatric patients who presented between January 1, 1995 and October 10, 2013 for imaging to evaluate possible cases of encephalitis. Pertinent medical records, including clinical notes as well as surgical and pathology reports, were reviewed and correlated with imaging findings. Clinical and imaging findings were combined to generate useful flowcharts designed to assist in distinguishing infectious encephalitis from its mimics. Key imaging features were reviewed and were placed in the context of the provided flowcharts. Results Four flowcharts were presented based on the primary anatomic site of imaging abnormality: group 1: temporal lobe; group 2: cerebral cortex; group 3: deep gray matter; and group 4: white matter. An approach that combines features on clinical presentation was then detailed. Imaging examples were used to demonstrate similarities and key differences. Conclusions Early recognition of infectious encephalitis is critical, but can be quite complex due to diverse pathologies and overlapping features. Synthesis of both the clinical and imaging features of infectious encephalitis and its mimics is critical to a timely and accurate diagnosis. The use of the flowcharts presented in this article can further enable both clinicians and radiologists to more confidently differentiate encephalitis from its mimics and improve patient care.
An NIR-emitting lysosome-targeting probe with large Stokes shift via coupling cyanine and excited-state intramolecular proton transfer

An NIR-emitting probe (λem ∼ 700 nm) with a large Stokes shift (Δλ ≈ 234 nm) is synthesized by using excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT). The phenolic proton, which controls ESIPT, acts as a switch to give strong fluorescence at pH ≈ 5. The probe can selectively show lysosome organelles, therefore leading to a lysosome probe without exhibiting "an alkalinizing effect".