cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The transfer of a drop from a capillary to an impermeable surface

The process of the transfer of a pendent (hanging) drop from a vertical capillary to a horizontal surface is elucidated in this chapter. The chapter determines the shape of the bridge as a function of the separation distance and how the bridge partitions itself into drops between the two surfaces if the surfaces are separated while the volume of connecting liquid remains constant. When a pendent drop grows too large to be supported on the tip of a capillary the drop breaks away from the tip. However, not the entire drop leaves the tip-some remains attached. A numerical study of filament splitting suggests that the velocity distribution in the liquid along its axis plays an important role in determining how the drop partitions. At high separation rates, the liquid–solid contact line cannot move fast, compared to the elongation rate of the liquid, and consequently the dynamics near the solid surfaces occurs far from the contact boundaries in the radial direction. Conditions that lead to “splashing”—that is, the ejection of secondary drops subsequent to the impact of the primary drop is a very interesting, important, and challenging problem to be studied.
An Electronic Implementation of Lorenz Chaotic Oscillator Synchronization for Bistatic Radar Applications

The authors report the simulation and actual implementation of chaotic oscillator synchronization for a pair of three-state variable Lorenz systems. The first oscillator performs as a driver (transmitter), while the second system is made to respond the received waveform. Specifically, one of the state variables of the driver circuit is judiciously selected to generate an RF waveform. This waveform is transmitted through a noisy channel and is used to drive the response system until both the systems of all three state variables achieve complete replacement synchronization. It is known that this synchronization is sensitive to changes in received power. To overcome this, a technique hereon called generalized projective synchronization is employed to accept an attenuated version of the transmitted waveform. A sensitivity analysis reveals that generalized projective synchronization is robust with respect to deviations in the control parameter values of the response system due to tolerances of electronic components. The potential of the generalized projective synchronization is illustrated for a bistatic radar system case, where synchronization is necessary to obtain the range-Doppler information of a moving target. In this instance, the cross correlation, short-time cross-correlogram and cross ambiguity surface of the transmitted and synchronized waveforms are of high quality as indicated by their entropy measures.
INPUT /OUTPUT MODELING FOR PROCESS CONTROL

Traditionally, for ease of operation and analysis, technological systems (manufacturing systems, communication systems, etc.) have been designed to behave in as linear a manner as possible. Increasingly tight specifications, environmental considerations and economic pressures are pushing the operational windows into regions where assumptions of linearity tend to break down. Despite a flurry of activity in the area of nonlinear dynamical systems (both analysis and control system design) we see very few applications of these new results. One important reason is the lack of suitable nonlinear dynamic models. The objective of this project is the development of tools for building nonlinear models based on input/output data. The developed techniques build on results from nonlinear time series analysis, classical statistics and chemometrics. We show how to use the False Nearest Neighbor method to determine the order of a nonlinear ARMAX model, and explore the local linear structure of the input/output map via PLS (Partial Least Squares or Projection to Local Structures). By putting PLS in the general context of “significance regression” we are able to deal effectively with collinear data sets involving errors on the inputs (“Measurement Error Model”) and outliers (“Robust Regression”).
Revolution on the Hudson: New York City and the Hudson River Valley in the War of American Independence. By George C. Daughan. (New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, 2016. Pp. 432. $28.95.)

The Hudson River was the epicenter of the American War of Independence and is thus rightly a subject for historical study. General George Washington wrote in 1783 that Garrison West Point on the Hu...
The Volume-Outcome Relationship in Retroperitoneal Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Evidence of Improved Short- and Long-Term Outcomes at High-Volume Institutions

Background. We sought to study the association between RPS case volume and outcomes. Although a relationship has been demonstrated between case volume and patient outcomes in some cancers, such a relationship has not been established for retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPSs). Study Design. The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients undergoing treatment for primary RPS diagnosed between 2004 and 2013. Mean annual patient volume for RPS resection was calculated for all hospitals and divided into low volume ( 10 cases/year). Risk-adjusted regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of 30-day surgical mortality, R0 margin status, and overall survival (OS). Results. Our study population consisted of 5,407 patients with a median age of 61 years, of whom 47% were male and 3,803 (70%) underwent surgical resection. Absolute 30-day surgical mortality and R0 margin rate following surgery for low-, medium-, and high-volume institutions were 2.4%, 1.3%, and 0.5% ( ) and 68%, 65%, and 82%, ( ), respectively. Five-year overall survival rates for low, medium, and high-volume institutions were 56%, 57%, and 66%, respectively ( ). Patients treated at low-volume institutions had a significantly higher risk of 30-day mortality (adjusted OR = 4.66, 95% CI 2.26–9.63) and long-term mortality (adjusted HR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.16–2.11) compared to high-volume institutions. Conclusion. We demonstrate the existence of a hospital sarcoma service line volume-oncologic outcome relationship for RPS at the national level and provide benchmark data for cancer care delivery systems and policy makers.
What do quantitative ratings and qualitative comments tell us about general surgery residents' progress toward independent practice? Evidence from a 5-year longitudinal cohort.

Abstract Background This study examines the alignment of quantitative and qualitative assessment data in end-of-rotation evaluations using longitudinal cohorts of residents progressing throughout the five-year general surgery residency. Methods Rotation evaluation data were extracted for 171 residents who trained between July 2011 and July 2016. Data included 6069 rotation evaluations forms completed by 38 faculty members and 164 peer-residents. Qualitative comments mapped to general surgery milestones were coded for positive/negative feedback and relevance. Results Quantitative evaluation scores were significantly correlated with positive/negative feedback, r = 0.52 and relevance, r = −0.20, p Conclusions We found differences in themes emphasized as residents progressed. These findings underscore improving our understanding of how faculty synthesize assessment data.
E Is for Everything: The Extra-Ordinary, Evolutionary [E-]Journal

Summary An ever-increasing number of e-journals are transcending the limitations of the paper medium by incorporating and integrating a wide variety of innovative electronic features and content. In this article, we examine the current evolution of the scholarly journal and review the emergence of functionalities that expand and extend the conventional electronic journal. We further explore additional e-journal enhancements and consider new forms and formats of scholarly communication likely to arise in the not-so-distant future.
Optimization of next generation high flow gasoline direct injection

Engine downsizing, using turbocharging in combination with a reduced number of cylinders, increases power density and leads to high injector flow rate requirements. High flow rates, combined with the trend towards increased system pressures, present a particular development challenge for the injector hardware. This paper describes the approach followed to develop a competitive next generation high flow GDi injector. The higher pressure capable injector has been optimized in particular from the magnetic circuit and the flow path point of views. Increased magnetic forces are required to operate under high pressure conditions and reduced internal pressure drops enable optimal performance under high flow conditions. In addition, hydraulic flow passages and interfaces have to be optimized to achieve the required injector dynamics. Finally, the injector nozzle needs particular attention to achieve optimal flow and spray performance in order to enable ultimate combustion efficiency across the pressure range.
Vascular Tissue Engineering Using Scaffold-Free Prevascular Endothelial–Fibroblast Constructs

Abstract Vascularization remains a substantial limitation to the viability of engineered tissue. By comparing in vivo vascularization dynamics of a self-assembled prevascular endothelial–fibroblast...
Authoritarianism, Populism, and the Environment: Comparative Experiences, Insights, and Perspectives

Recent years have seen the widespread rise of authoritarian leaders and populist politics around the world, a development of intense political concern. This special issue of the Annals explores the...
Correlation between Taijin-Kyofu-sho and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among University Students: A Self-Reported Assessment Study

Taijin-Kyofu-sho (TK) is regarded as a culture-bound anxiety disorder in East Asian counties. Despite its earlier discovery in Japan, fewer studies have focused on TK than on social anxiety disorder (SAD) and even fewer on TK comorbidity with developmental disorders. Thus, we examined the association between TK and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Japanese university students. A total of 673 students (500 male, 173 female) were assessed on the Japanese version of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-J), TK scale, and adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS; version 1.1). On the TK scale and LSAS-J, 17.4 and 10.3 percent of students, respectively, exceeded the cut-off value. Furthermore, ASRS scores more strongly correlated with TK scale than LSAS-J scores (TK scale: r = 0.427; LSAS-J: r = 0.330). To evaluate how TK or SAD with ADHD affects those scores, we divided subjects into four groups: healthy subjects, subjects with TK, those with SAD, and those with both disorders. The total ASRS score was significantly higher in TK-only subjects than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between scores of healthy and SAD-only subjects (p = 0.281). Our results indicate a possible link between ADHD and later development of TK in Japan.
The ClpCP Complex Modulates Respiratory Metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus and Is Regulated in a SrrAB-Dependent Manner.

ABSTRACT The staphylococcal respiratory regulator (SrrAB) modulates energy metabolism in Staphylococcus aureus. Studies have suggested that regulated protein catabolism facilitates energy homeostasis. Regulated proteolysis in S. aureus is achieved through protein complexes composed of a peptidase (ClpQ or ClpP) in association with an AAA+ family ATPase (typically, ClpC or ClpX). In the present report, we tested the hypothesis that SrrAB regulates a Clp complex to facilitate energy homeostasis in S. aureus. Strains deficient in one or more Clp complexes were attenuated for growth in the presence of puromycin, which causes enrichment of misfolded proteins. A ΔsrrAB strain had increased sensitivity to puromycin. Epistasis experiments suggested that the puromycin sensitivity phenotype of the ΔsrrAB strain was a result of decreased ClpC activity. Consistent with this, transcriptional activity of clpC was decreased in the ΔsrrAB mutant, and overexpression of clpC suppressed the puromycin sensitivity of the ΔsrrAB strain. We also found that ClpC positively influenced respiration and that it did so upon association with ClpP. In contrast, ClpC limited fermentative growth, while ClpP was required for optimal fermentative growth. Metabolomics studies demonstrated that intracellular metabolic profiles of the ΔclpC and ΔsrrAB mutants were distinct from those of the wild-type strain, supporting the notion that both ClpC and SrrAB affect central metabolism. We propose a model wherein SrrAB regulates energy homeostasis, in part, via modulation of regulated proteolysis. IMPORTANCE Oxygen is used as a substrate to derive energy by the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus during infection; however, S. aureus can also grow fermentatively in the absence of oxygen. To successfully cause infection, S. aureus must tailor its metabolism to take advantage of respiratory activity. Different proteins are required for growth in the presence or absence of oxygen; therefore, when cells transition between these conditions, several proteins would be expected to become unnecessary. In this report, we show that regulated proteolysis is used to modulate energy metabolism in S. aureus. We report that the ClpCP protein complex is involved in specifically modulating aerobic respiratory growth but is dispensable for fermentative growth.
Host protein glycosylation in nucleic acid vaccines as a potential hurdle in vaccine design for nonviral pathogens.

Nucleic acid vaccines introduce the genetic materials encoding antigenic proteins into host cells. If these proteins are directed into the secretory pathway with a signal/leader sequence, they will be exposed to the host’s glycosylation machinery, and, if their amino acid sequences contain consensus sequons for N-linked glycosylation, they may become glycosylated. The presence of host glycans on the proteins of microbial origin may prevent a strong protective immune response either through hindering access to key epitopes by lymphocytes or through altering immune responses by binding to immunoregulatory glycan-binding receptors on immune cells. Ag85A expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial surface protein that is commonly used in nucleic acid vaccines in multiple clinical trials. Here we show that, when Ag85A is expressed in mammalian cells, it is glycosylated, does not induce a strong humoral immune response in mice, and does not activate Ag85A-specific lymphocytes as highly as Ag85A natively expressed by the bacterium. Our study indicates that host glycosylation of the vaccine target can impede its antigenicity and immunogenicity. Glycosylation of the antigenic protein targets therefore must be carefully evaluated in designing nucleic acid vaccines.
Reappraisal and Deaccessioning in Archives and Special Collections: Edited by Laura Uglean Jackson. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2019. 206 pp. $90.00 (hardcover). ISBN 978-1-53811-600-5.

This short but thought-provoking volume offers thirteen chapters that convincingly argue that reappraisal and deaccessioning are key to sustainable collections management. Although the book does no...
Investigation of wave trapping and attenuation phenomenon for a high symmetry interlocking micro-structure composite metamaterial

Extracting improved mechanical properties such as high stiffness-high damping and high strength-high toughness are being investigated recently using high symmetry interlocking micro-structures. On the other hand, development of artificially engineered composite metamaterials has significantly widen the usability of such materials in multiple acoustic applications. However, investigation of elastic wave propagation through high symmetry micro-structures is still in trivial stage. In this work, a novel interlocking micro-architecture design which has been reported previously for the extraction of improved mechanical properties has been investigated to explore its acoustic responses. The finite element simulations are performed under dynamic wave propagation load at multiple scales of the geometry and for a range of material properties in frequency domain. The proposed composite structure has shown high symmetry which is uncommon in fiber-reinforced polymer composites and a desirable feature for isotropic behavior. The existence of multiple acoustic features such as band gap and near-isotropic behavior have been established. An exotic wave propagation feature, wave trapping and attenuation, has shown energy encapsulation in a series of repeating structures in a frequency range of 0.5 kHz to 2 kHz.
Postoperative Complications After Thyroidectomy: Time Course and Incidence Before Discharge.

Abstract Background Although complication rates after thyroidectomy are well described in the literature, the timing of these events is less understood. This study delineates the timeline and risk factors for early adverse events after thyroidectomy. Materials and methods This study included a retrospective review of 161,534 patients who underwent thyroidectomy between 2005 and 2018 using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Time to specific complications was analyzed for all patients undergoing thyroidectomy, with further stratification of hemithyroidectomy and total thyroidectomy cohorts. Univariate analyses were conducted to analyze demographics, preoperative comorbidities, and complications. A multivariate logistic regression model was generated to identify significant risk factors for 7-day postoperative complications. Results The overall complication rate was 3.28%. A majority of complications arose before discharge including the following: blood transfusion (96%), hematoma formation (68%), pneumonia (53%), and cardiac arrest (67%). Approximately 37% of unplanned reoperations occurred before discharge in the hemithyroidectomy versus 63% in the total thyroidectomy cohort. Greater than 65% of mortalities occurred after discharge in both groups. Complications generally occurring within 7 d for the entire cohort included the following: pneumonia (3; 2-8 [median postoperative day; interquartile range]), pulmonary embolism (6; 2-12), cardiac arrest (1; 0-5), myocardial infarction (2; 1-6), blood transfusions (0; 0-1), and hematoma formation (0; 0-2). Superficial surgical site infection (9; 6-16) occurred later. Patients who underwent outpatient surgery had a decreased risk of complications (odds ratio 0.41) in the 7-day postoperative period. Conclusions Although early complications after thyroidectomy are rare, they have a distinct time course, many of which occur after discharge. However, in selected patients undergoing outpatient thyroidectomy, overall risk of complications is decreased. Understanding timing helps establish better preoperative communication and education to improve postoperative expectations for the provider and patient.
Absorption of microwaves by random-anisotropy magnets

Microscopic model of the interaction of spins with a microwave field in a random-anisotropy magnet has been developed. Numerical results show that microwave absorption occurs in a broad range of frequencies due to the distribution of ferromagnetically correlated regions on sizes and effective anisotropy. That distribution is also responsible for the weak dependence of the absorption on the damping. At a fixed frequency of the ac-field, spin oscillations are localized inside isolated correlated regions. Scaling of the peak absorption frequency agrees with the theory based upon the Imry-Ma argument. The effect of the dimensionality of the system related to microwave absorption by thin amorphous magnetic wires and foils has been studied.
In Their Own Words: Using Open-Ended Assessment to Identify Culturally Relevant Concerns among Kenyan Adolescents

Standardized assessment tools developed in western contexts may systematically miss certain problems that are considered important in non-western cultures. In this mixed-methods study, we used an open-ended assessment tool (the Top Problem Assessment; TPA) to identify culturally relevant concerns among low-income Kenyan youth. We then (a) applied thematic analysis to identify the most frequently reported problems and (b) examined the extent to which these problems were reflected in standardized mental health measures. Using the TPA, we identified common social, academic, and economic problems facing Kenyan youths. Specifically, 61% of the sample reported a social problem, 38% an academic problem, and 35% an economic problem. By contrast, the standardized assessments revealed that worrying and difficulty concentrating were the most commonly reported symptoms. However, the emotional and behavioral problems assessed via the standardized measures were only reported as top problems by 17% of the sample. Overall, our findings are consistent with the idea that standardized measures can miss certain culturally-salient concerns that can be acquired through open-ended assessments. We discuss how brief open-ended assessment tools could complement standardized measures, inform the development of culturally relevant standardized measures, and offer rich data about the experiences of people in understudied cultural contexts.
Promoting academic success in college students with ADHD and LD: A systematic literature review to identify intervention targets.

College students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or a learning disorder (LD) are at higher risk for not attaining a bachelor’s degree. The purpose is to identify the predic...
Increased Pulse Pressure Variability Within the First 24 Hours Leads to Poor Disposition in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients.

BACKGROUND Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality despite treatment advancements. Although high blood pressure (BP) remains a significant risk factor in aneurysmal SAH and rerupture, the role of BP parameters and fluctuation in prognostication remains unclear. We sought to define how BP parameters and variability within 24 hours of hospitalization in acute-onset SAH affects patient discharge outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected cohort of SAH patients. Hourly BP parameters, including systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP, pulse pressure (PP), and their corresponding variability (delineated by SD), were collected to investigate associations with the primary endpoint of discharge disposition. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-four SAH patients were included in the study. On bivariate analysis, Hunt-Hess (HH) score, Fisher grade, intraventricular hemorrhage, external ventricular drain placement, and SBP and PP variability were significantly associated with a poor disposition. Poor disposition was significantly associated with age, HH score, intraventricular hemorrhage, and PP variability on multivariate analysis. PP variability remained an independent predictor for poor disposition (odds ratio 1.11, 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.21, P = 0.02) when adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS Increased BP and PP variability within the first 24 hours of admission portends a poor discharge disposition for aneurysmal SAH patients.
Localization of bacterial communities within gut compartments across Cephalotes turtle ants

Microbial communities within the animal digestive tract often provide important functions for their hosts. The composition of eukaryotes' gut bacteria can be shaped by host diet, vertical bacterial transmission, and physiological variation within the digestive tract. In several ant taxa, recent findings have demonstrated that nitrogen provisioning by symbiotic bacteria makes up for deficiencies in herbivorous diets. Using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and qPCR, this study examined bacterial communities at a fine scale across one such animal group, the turtle ant genus Cephalotes We analyzed the composition and colonization density across four portions of the digestive tract to understand how bacterial diversity is structured across gut compartments, potentially allowing for specific metabolic functions of benefit to the host. In addition, we aimed to understand if caste differentiation or host relatedness influences the gut bacterial communities of Cephalotes ants. Microbial communities were found to vary strongly across Cephalotes gut compartments in ways that transcend both caste and host phylogeny. Despite this, caste and host phylogeny still have detectable effects. We demonstrated microbial community divergence across gut compartments, possibly due to the varying function of each gut compartment for digestion.IMPORTANCE Gut compartments play an important role in structuring the microbial community within individual ants. The gut chambers of the turtle ant digestive tract differ remarkably in symbiont abundance and diversity. Furthermore, caste type explains some variation in the microbiome composition. Finally, the evolutionary history of the Cephalotes species structures the microbiome in our study, which elucidates a trend in which related ants maintain related microbiomes, conceivably owing to co-speciation. Amazingly, gut compartment-specific signatures of microbial diversity, relative abundance, composition, and abundance have been conserved over Cephalotes evolutionary history, signifying that this symbiosis has been largely stable for over 50 million years.
Abstract P193: Psychosocial Profiles And Hypertension Control: Results From The Multi-ethnic Study Of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Introduction: Increasing research demonstrates psychosocial factors are associated with blood pressure control (BPC) among individuals with hypertension. To date, little research has examined multi...
The Gangster Discourse (1981–2000)

This chapter details the transformation of the Black Panther Party for Self Defense counterculture into a primary influence on gangster, politically and socially conscious, and alternative rap music subgenres in Oakland, the East Bay Area, and the West Coast during the last 1980s and 1990s. Locally, rappers such as 2Pac drew heavily on the Party’s legacy of militant and radical critique. Much of this discourse used violence as a primary mode of communication and hustling as a solution, and expressed disregard for local, state, and US institutions and apparatuses. As a result of the inability or unwillingness of public officials, academics, and outside observers to recognize these claims, the local Oakland/East Bay sound further developed into a style that could better broadcast these claims while carrying the radical and militant elements of local discourse.
Improving knowledge and decreasing depressive symptoms in caregivers of children with asthma through the asthma academy: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background: Caregivers of children with asthma demonstrate higher levels of anxious and depressive symptoms when compared to caregivers of healthy children. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to: 1) Evaluate feasibility and acceptability of two nurse-led, remotely offered interventions for caregivers of children with asthma; 2) Compare effectiveness of two interventions (a virtual education session and a virtual education session supplemented with a telehealth visit) in relation to caregiver outcomes, and 3) Assess the preliminary effect of the interventions on caregivers’ knowledge of asthma, sleep, anxiety and depressive symptoms. Methods: A mixed methods approach was used inclusive of a qualitative, descriptive design and randomized controlled trial design. Caregivers were provided virtual education and telehealth visits and evaluated from pre-posttest. Results: The intervention was found to be feasible and acceptable. Both the virtual education session and telehealth visit were effective. The intervention had a significant effect on caregiver's asthma knowledge and depressive symptoms (p Conclusions: Remotely conducted, nurse-led interventions such as virtual education sessions and telehealth visits are a feasible, acceptable, and effective way to improve caregiver outcomes.
In Situ EXAFS of CoMo/γ -Al2O3 Catalysts During Hydrodesulfurization of Benzothiophene

The treatment of oil and coal liquefaction products with hydrogen at high pressures and temperatures over CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts to remove organic sulfur in the form of gaseous H2S is a well-established technology. The recent application of EXAFS to the study of the catalyst has had considerable impact in the understanding of the structure of the active phase. Most authors agree today that the catalyst exhibits a MoS2-like structure with Co atoms probably located on the edges [1,2,3]. However, all published studies have been carried out with the catalyst sample in a non-reacting atmosphere under ambient conditions of pressure and temperature. The assumption that the structure of the active phase does not change during cooling down and depressurization after reaction is implicit in the analysis of the results.
Implementation of an obstetric cell salvage service in a tertiary women’s hospital

Intraoperative cell salvage (ICS) is an important aspect of patient blood management programmes. An ICS service was introduced at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, from 2 May 2011 to 30 April 2013 to aid in the management of massive obstetric haemorrhage.With support from the Ministry of Health's Healthcare Quality Improvement and Innovation Fund, a workgroup comprising obstetricians, anaesthetists and nursing staff was formed to develop training requirements, clinical guidelines and protocols for implementing ICS using the Haemonetics Cell Saver 5. Pregnant women with an anticipated blood loss of > 1,000 mL during Caesarean delivery, a baseline haemoglobin level of < 10 g/dL, rare blood types and who had refused donor blood were recruited to the service after obtaining informed consent.A total of 11 women were recruited to the ICS service; the primary indications were placenta praevia and placenta accreta. Median blood loss in these 11 patients was 1,500 (range 400-3,000) mL. In four patients, adequate autologous blood was collected to initiate processing and salvaged, processed blood was successfully reinfused (mean 381.3 [range 223.0-700.0] mL). Median blood loss among these four patients was 2,000 (range 2,000-3,000) mL. No adverse event occurred following autologous transfusion. Mean immediate postoperative haemoglobin level was 8.0 (range 7.1-9.4) g/dL.The implementation of an obstetric ICS service in our institution was successful. Future studies should seek to address the cost-effectiveness of ICS in reducing allogeneic blood utilisation.
Innovators, Innovations and Implementation: A Framework for Curricular Research in School Health Education.

(1983). Innovators, Innovations and Implementation: A Framework for Curricular Research in School Health Education. Health Education: Vol. 14, Curricular Issues in High School Education, pp. 20-25.
Discrete optimization with estimation

A computational method is proposed for finding a global solution to the discrete optimization problem in which the objective function must be estimated by Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed method is very simple, requiring mainly a computer program for simulating the system and evaluating its performance, yet it can be shown to find a global optimum solution. The method should be practical, since it can be easily used in conjunction with heuristics and yet retain its global convergence property. The Markov chain generated by the method is analyzed. It is shown under mild conditions that the probability that the current solution estimate is globally optimum converges to one. The method is expected to find many practical applications in the fields of manufacturing engineering, traffic engineering, operations research, and management science. >
Estimating spatially variable representative elementary scales in fractured architecture using hydraulic head observations

[1] Water resources within large-scale fractured aquifers are typically evaluated using continuum models. While any arbitrary scale of continuum can be imposed to represent fracture architecture, using the representative elementary volume eliminates errors that result from estimating network connectivity. In traditional theory, representative elementary scales (RES) are equal in magnitude and geometry throughout a domain and are normally determined using a structural indicator such as porosity or effective hydraulic conductivity. We present a fluid-based methodology, analyzing scale-dependent energy variation, to estimate RES using relatively low cost, readily available hydraulic head data. Hydraulic head predictions of RES (HYRES) reveal a spatial variation in elementary scale consistent with the flow field and fracture architecture. Porosity predictions of RES (PORRES) incorporate the structural effect of disconnected fracture regions but do not account for fluid behavior. RES estimated from hydraulic conductivity (KRES) are sensitive to fracture connectivity, which controls fluid movement, but are difficult to quantify because of scale and spatial variability. HYRES may be the superior approach for evaluating water resources because it is sensitive to fracture connectivity and avoids complications with scale and spatially dependent averaging. Our method is sensitive to fracture density, clustering, connectivity, and flow direction, but is insensitive to the magnitude of hydraulic gradient. HYRES is a novel approach to estimating spatially variable RES that improves water resource evaluation and flow characterization in fractured aquifers.
Lean Methods, Creating Flow with

Lean thinking and lean manufacturing are terms associated with effective delivery of goods and services to the customer. These are management tools that are typically used in conjunction with Six Sigma. This article presents a brief discussion on the real purpose of lean, which is to create a smooth flow of goods or services across the entire supply chain. It describes how lead-time reduction is vital to achieve this purpose. Lean is an ongoing effort, and this article also briefly discusses how organizations can use the tools and techniques of lean to undertake the lean journey. Keywords: just in time; lead-time reduction; kaizen; pull systems
Cross-modulation interference for pulse position modulated UWB signals

The detection issues of UWB signals depend on the type of modulation scheme used during the transmission. The cross-modulation interference (CMI) for pulse position modulated (PPM) UWB signaling is introduced. The effects of CMI on the detection mechanism of selective-Rake (SRake), transmitted-reference (TR) and energy detector (ED) receivers are analyzed. The bit-error-rate (BER) performance of all three receivers in the presence and absence of CMI are studied through computer simulations. The results show that the CMI amount varies according to the modulation index and the performance degradation due to CMI can be extremely severe depending on the modulation index for all three receivers. The validity of the conventional optimal and orthogonal PPM criteria are checked considering the CMI effects. The results demonstrate that the conventional orthogonal PPM for all three receivers and the conventional optimal PPM criterion for N-SRake and TR receivers can be used in the presence of CMI. On the other hand, the BER performance of ED receivers using the conventional optimal PPM criterion result in error floor and this criterion is not valid to be used for ED receivers
Gene promoter hypermethylation in tumors and lymph nodes of stage I lung cancer patients

Promoter hypermethylation is an important pathway for repression of gene transcription in cancer cells and a promising marker for cancer detection. We tested five gene promoters [CDKN2A (p16), O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), and death-associated protein kinase (DAPK)] by real-time methylation-specific PCR in primary tumors from 90 stage I lung cancer patients for aberrant DNA methylation. We then used the presence of tumor methylation as a marker to investigate the presence of occult metastasis in corresponding histologically negative lymph nodes. Of the primary tumors, 73 of 90 (81%) displayed promoter hypermethylation in at least one of the genes studied: 17% (15 of 90) at p16 (CDKN2A); 16% (14 of 90) at O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase; 8% (7 of 90) at GSTP1; 72% (65 of 90) at APC; and 17% (15 of 90) at DAPK. Squamous histology was predictive of worse overall survival (P = 0.074, log-rank test). APC methylation and GSTP1 methylation in the primary tumor were both correlated with nonsquamous histology (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01 likelihood ratio respectively). The presence of both APC methylation and DAPK methylation in the primary tumor predicted a worse outcome, with 7 of 13 (54%) deaths in this group compared with 21 of 77 (27%) deaths in cases without both genes methylated (P = 0.229, log-rank test). The same methylation pattern was detected in DNA from at least one of the corresponding lymph nodes in 11 of 73 (15%) cases. Five of 11 (45%) patients with occult metastasis detected by methylation analysis have died compared with 17 of 62 (27%) patients with negative lymph nodes, although survival analysis did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.632, log-rank test). Promoter hypermethylation is common in lung cancer and represents a promising marker for the molecular staging of lung cancer patients. Although this study showed important trends, a larger prospective study is required to better understand the value of methylation analysis in detecting occult metastasis.
Recursive Neural Net Modelling of a Multi-Zone Tenter Frame Dryer

A neural net was trained to simulate a single-zone tenter frame dryer over a wide range of operating conditions. The dryer fabric inputs and first zone air temperature were used to compute the first zone outputs of a multi-zone dryer. These outputs (fabric temperature and moisture content) along with the second zone air temperature were then input to the same single-zone model to predict the second zone outputs. This process was repealed until the final dryer outputs were obtained. This recursive modeling scheme provided an excellent simulation of a six-zone dryer over a range of fabric inlet conditions, fabric velocity, and zone air temperatures. This recursive modeling approach should be applicable to other distributed parameter systems, and also to dynamic systems simulation.
The Evolution of a Distinguished Neuroscience Journal: A Progress Report

in july 2014, a rotation of the Journal of Neurophysiology editors occurred. The new editorial team introduced a number of initiatives aimed at increasing the submission of high-quality manuscripts to the Journal . Those initiatives included: 1 ) a new manuscript type, Rapid Reports: complete but
Time-dependent simulations of emission from the FSRQ PKS 1510−089: multiwavelength variability of external Compton and synchrotron self-Compton models

We present results of modelling the broad-band spectral energy distribution (SED) and multiwavelength variability of the bright flat spectrum radio quasars PKS 1510−089 with our time-dependent multizone Monte Carlo/Fokker–Planck code. As the primary source of seed photons for inverse Compton scattering, we consider radiation from the broad-line region (BLR), from the hot dust of the molecular torus and the local synchrotron radiation [synchrotron self-Compton (SSC)]. We evaluate the viability of different Compton models by comparing simulated multiwavelength light curves and SEDs with one of the best observed flares by PKS 1510−089, in 2009 March. The time dependence of our code and its correct handling of light travel time effects allow us to fully take into account the effect of the finite size of the active region, and in turn to fully exploit the information carried by time-resolved observed SEDs that are becoming increasingly available since the launch of Fermi. We confirm that the spectrum adopted for the external radiation field has an important impact on the modelling of the SED, in particular for the lower energy end of the Compton component which is observed in the X-ray band, which in turn is one of the most critical bands to assess the differences between external Compton and SSC emission. In the context of the scenario presented in this paper, where the flaring is caused by the increase of the number of relativistic electrons ascribed to the effect of the interaction of a portion of the jet (blob) with a shock, we cannot firmly discriminate the three main scenarios for γ-ray emission. However, results show clearly the differences produced by a more realistic treatment of the emitting source in the shape of SEDs and their time variability over relevant, observable time-scales, and demonstrate the crucial importance of time-dependent multizone models to advance our understanding of the physics of these sources, by taking full advantage of the wealth of information offered by the high-quality data of current multiwavelength campaigns.
MO‐A(SAM)‐BRC‐02: Respiratory Motion Mitigation during Radiation Treatment Delivery

This presentation reviews methods to manage respiratory motion during radiation delivery. Technological advances have made available new capabilities for measuring and reducing respiratory motion. Optical and spirometry devices, external to the patient, provide monitoring of patient voluntary motion and respiration.Radiographic detection of implanted fiducial markers has enabled internal motion monitoring at treatment. Methods that are currently used clinically or under investigation to actively mitigate respiratory motion include abdominal compression, breath hold, respiratory gating, breathing‐synchronized treatment, and real‐time motion tracking. Abdominal compression is the most commonly used technique with stereotactic body radiotherapy to reduce target respiratory motion. The organ deformations induced by the compression and residual target motion generally will vary with each patient setup, thus requiring image‐based evaluation and adjustment. Most widely used gating and breath‐hold systems infer tumor position from respiration monitors external to the patient. A large source of uncertainty stems from changes in the positional relationship between tumor and external signal, both between and within treatment fractions, thus requiring at least daily image guidance and recalibration. Real‐time motion tracking, involving image‐guidedtreatment delivery with automated motion correction, is challenging owing to temporal variations in breathing patterns. One such clinical system is based on a motion model that correlates real‐time external motion monitors with periodic x‐ray images of implanted fiducial markers. The accuracy of motion corrections depend on the x‐ray imaging system, tracking algorithm, and motion correlation model. Accuracy of implanted markers depends on their proximity and motion relative to the tumor. Learning Objectives: 1. Understand various radiation delivery practices to mitigate respiratory motion. 2. Understand the limitations, current expectations, and possible further improvements of motion mitigation systems
Affective mediators of a physical activity intervention for depression in multiple sclerosis.

Objective Previous analyses showed that a telephone-based intervention to increase physical activity in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) and depression resulted in significantly improved depressive symptoms compared to a wait-list control group. The aim of this study was to test positive affect and negative affect as mediators of the effect of the physical activity counseling on depressive symptoms. Method Ninety-two adults with MS, who met diagnostic criteria for either major depression or dysthymia and who reported low levels of physical activity, were randomized 1:1 to a 12-week telephone-based motivational interviewing (MI) intervention to improve physical activity (n = 44) or to a 12-week wait-list control group (n = 48). Self-reported positive and negative affect, physical activity, and depressive symptoms were gathered at baseline and postintervention. Path-analysis was used to test whether positive affect and negative affect mediated the positive effects of the intervention on depressive symptoms. Results Both positive and negative affect were significant mediators of the effects of the intervention on depressive symptoms; however, only positive affect mediated the association between changes in physical activity and improved depressive symptoms. Conclusions Findings support physical activity and positive affect as key mediators of the MI treatment effect on improved mood. Decreases in negative affect were also evident in the treatment group, but were not related to improved physical activity. Findings may suggest the use of exercise-based interventions in conjunction with treatments that specifically target negative affective mechanisms for depression.
Sphingolipid base metabolism. Chemical syntheses and properties of N-acetyl derivatives of 4R-, 4S-S, 5R-, and 5S-hydroxysphinganine

Abstract The following compounds were prepared by chemical synthesis from tribenzoylsphingosine: (2S,3S,4S)-2-acetamido-1,3,4-trihydroxyoctadecane, (2S,3S,4R)-2-acetamido-1,3,4-triydroxyoctadecane, (2S,3S,5S)-2-acetamido-1,3,5-trihydroxyoctadecane, and (2S,3S,5R)-2-acetamido-1,3,5-trihydroxyoctadecane. These compounds were characterized by melting point determination, low and high resolution mass spectra, infrared, optical rotation, chromatographic, and chemical degradation studies. In addition, each of the compounds was converted to the corresponding free base and N -benzoyl derivative. (2S,3S,4R)-2-Benzylamino-1,3,4-trihydroxyoctadecane was prepared from the N -benzoyl derivative of authentic phytosphingosine.
High Temperature Studies of Stoichionetric Cerium Dioxide

High-resolution, neutron time-of-flight Bragg scattering measurements have been carried out on polycrystalline CeO2 as a function of temperature (20<T<1200C). Systematic deviations between theory and experiment for the integrated intensities of the Bragg reflections were observed; these deviations increased with increasing temperature. The deviations result from cubic anharmonic interactions that appear only on the oxygen sublattice. The results are discussed in terms of higher order cumulant tensor representations. We observe that these anharmonic interactions exhibit the same symmetry as those associated with defects incorporated into the fluorite lattice when CeO2 is made nonstoichiometric.
Combining hybrid forecasting and fare adjustment with various unconstraining methods to maximize revenue in a global network with four airlines

In their competitive environment, airlines are always searching for ways to maximize revenues. This article uses the sophisticated Passenger Origin-Destination Simulator (PODS) simulator to examine the revenue impact of four implementations of hybrid forecasting (HF) and fare adjustment (FA) in combination with three different methods of unconstraining – Expectation Maximization (EM), Projection Detruncation (PD) and Booking Curve (BC). Owing to the competitive nature of PODS (four airlines competing for customers) and its allowance for customer choice, we are able to assess all the implications of these HF and FA implementations in combination with unconstraining, including the impact of spill, upgrades and recapture. We find that in the fully/semi-restricted fare environment, under either EM or PD, the optimal combination is HF only, independent of demand level and that under BC unconstraining, the optimal combination is HF with FA equal to 0.5 (medium demand) or HF only (high demand) if using leg optimization. Under network optimization, it is best to use HF with FA equal to 0.5 for EM/PD unconstraining and HF only if using BC unconstraining, independent of demand level. When using realistic booking data from major global airlines to calibrate the largest PODS global network (U1), we show that becoming more aggressive with HF and FA can lead to revenue gains of 0.3–2.3 per cent.