cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Yeast F1F0-ATP Synthase ANALYSIS OF THE MOLECULAR ORGANIZATION OF SUBUNIT g AND THE IMPORTANCE OF A CONSERVED GXXXG MOTIF

The F1F0-ATP synthase enzyme is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it forms dimeric complexes. Dimerization of the ATP synthase involves the physical association of the neighboring membrane-embedded F0-sectors. In yeast, the F0-sector subunits g and e (Su g and Su e, respectively) play a key role in supporting the formation of ATP synthase dimers. In this study we have focused on Su g to gain a better understanding of the function and the molecular organization of this subunit within the ATP synthase complex. Su g proteins contain a GXXXG motif (G is glycine, and X is any amino acid) in their single transmembrane segment. GXXXG can be a dimerization motif that supports helix-helix interactions between neighboring transmembrane segments. We demonstrate here that the GXXXG motif is important for the function and in particular for the stability of Su g within the ATP synthase. Using site-directed mutagenesis and cross-linking approaches, we demonstrate that Su g and Su e interact, and our findings emphasize the importance of the membrane anchor regions of these proteins for their interaction. Su e also contains a conserved GXXXG motif in its membrane anchor. However, data presented here would suggest that an intact GXXXG motif in Su g is not essential for the Su g-Su e interaction. We suggest that the GXXXG motif may not be the sole basis for a Su g-Su e interaction, and possibly these dimerization motifs may enable both Su g and Su e to interact with another mitochondrial protein.
Public reporting of surgical mortality: a survey of New York State cardiothoracic surgeons.

Abstract Background . Public disclosure of individual surgeons mortality following coronary artery bypass (CAB) is part of the New York State Department of Health Cardiac Surgery Reporting System (CSRS). The effects on the practice of cardiac surgery, as perceived by surgeons, remain unknown. Methods . All 150 New York State cardiac surgeons were sent an anonymous mail survey in 1997. Data was analyzed to determine the dominant opinion regarding the CSRS. Results . One hundred and four surgeons (69.3%) responded. The majority (70%) did not experience a change in practice. Data reporting was performed by the surgeon or an employee (58%). Many picked the incorrect definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (45%) or statistical method (60%). The aspect of CSRS most in need of improvement was gaming with risk factors (40%). Most surgeons (62%) refused to operate on at least one high-risk CAB patient over the prior year, primarily because of public reporting. Refusal was more common in surgeons in practice less than 10 years, those with less than 100 cases per year, and those with a mixed cardiothoracic practice ( p 2 test). A significantly higher percentage of high-risk CAB patients were treated non-operatively, when compared with ascending aortic dissection patients (not disclosed) ( p Conclusions . The public disclosure of surgical results may be based on imperfect data and appears to have resulted in denial of surgical treatment to high-risk patients.
In vivo biodistribution of a radiotracer for imaging serotonin-1A receptor sites with PET:[11C]LY274601.

Abstract LY274601 [R-(+)8-thiomethyl-2-(di-n-propyl-amino)tetralin], a full agonist of the 5-HT1A receptor with high affinity and selectivity, was labeled with 11C and 3H, and its in vivo behavior was studied to evaluate [11C]LY274601 as a PET radiotracer for imaging 5-HT1A receptor sites in living brain. Following intravenous tail injection into mice, [11C]LY274601 showed high blood-brain barrier permeability and accumulated in regions known to have high densities of 5-HT1A receptor sites such as the brain stem including the raphe nuclei. The binding of the radiotracer in target tissues is blocked by pre-injection of the 5-HT1A receptor selective ligand 8-OH-DPAT (1 mg kg , sc), suggesting that the binding is specific to 5-HT1A receptor sites. Using ex vivo autoradiography, the target tissues such as hippocamous CA1-4 fields, piriform cortex, dorsal raphe nucleus and lateral septum were visualized as hot spots. These tissues were observed to have binding 2–2.7 times greater than the cerebellum. The distribution of the radiotracer agrees well with the distribution of 5-HT1A receptors revealed by in vitro autoradiography with [3H]8-OH-DPAT. However, the radiotracer was metabolized quickly and cleared from target tissues with a half life of approximately 15 min. [11C]LY274601 showed high non-specific binding in regions with low number of 5-HT1A receptor sites such as cerebellum.
Redesign of the PAK1 autoinhibitory domain for enhanced stability and affinity in biosensor applications.

Abstract The inhibitory switch (IS) domain of p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) stabilizes full-length PAK1 in an inactive conformation by binding to the PAK1 kinase domain. Competitive binding of small guanosine triphosphatases to the IS domain disrupts the autoinhibitory interactions and exposes the IS domain binding site on the surface of the kinase domain. To build an affinity reagent that selectively binds the activated state of PAK1, we used molecular modeling to reengineer the isolated IS domain so that it was soluble and stable, did not bind to guanosine triphosphatases and bound more tightly to the PAK1 kinase domain. Three design strategies were tested: in the first and second cases, extension and redesign of the N-terminus were used to expand the hydrophobic core of the domain, and in the third case, the termini were redesigned to be adjacent in space so that the domain could be stabilized by insertion into a loop in a host cyan fluorescent protein (CFP). The best-performing design, called CFP-PAcKer, was based on the third strategy and bound the kinase domain of PAK1 with an affinity of 400 nM. CFP-PAcKer binds more tightly to a full-length variant of PAK1 that is stabilized in the “open” state (Kd = 3.3 μM) than to full-length PAK1 in the “closed” state (undetectable affinity), and binding can be monitored with fluorescence by placing an environmentally sensitive fluorescence dye on CFP-PAcKer adjacent to the binding site.
Exploiting antipredator behavior in white-tailed deer for resource protection†

Effects of visual obstruction on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) include enhanced vigilance and flight-initiation distances. Prior work suggests that artificial visual barriers might enhance perceived risk of predation to deer. During 2008–2010 at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Plum Brook Station (Erie County, OH), we tested the hypotheses that visual obstruction of winter feeding stations would result in fewer white-tailed deer visiting treatment stations and increased vigilance exhibited relative to deer using control stations. When feeding stations were bounded on 3 sides by a 22.5-m-long, 1.5-m-high, continuous, polyethylene visual barrier (including a 5-m opening on the fourth side), and offset from the food resource by 22.5 m, we observed no differences in deer use or vigilance compared with control stations (4.5-cm mesh, snow fencing only). In a second experiment, feeding stations bounded by individual, 1.5-m-high, polyethylene visual barriers, positioned on 3 sides only and offset from the food resource by only 7.6 m each, were characterized by 1) fewer deer, 2) increased alert behavior (e.g., head held above horizontal, ears erect, body posture noticeably stiff and animal paused, directed attention, tail flagging, or fleeing) by deer using the stations, and 3) fewer deer using stations at night, relative to control stations. Visual barriers offset at most by 7.6 m from a food resource (e.g., crops), or located randomly within target areas frequented by deer can offer temporary and easily manipulated means of diminishing deer use of resources on unfenced General Aviation airports or depredation of agricultural crops, and ready integration with other management methods. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Controlling and measuring the polarization state of light using compound gratings and other plasmonic/photonic crystal structures and applications to polarimetric sensors

Numerical, theoretical and experimental results on the use of combinations of surface plasmons, waveguide and diffraction modes to control the flow of light in transmission gratings, are described. Methods of designing compound gratings that have multiple, differently composed grooves within each period and that selectively transmit, at anomalously large amounts, s-polarized or p-polarized light, are described. It is shown how the ability to separate the polarization components and have them transmitted into different portions of the substrate can be used to design polarimetric sensors. Related phenomena of light circulation and weaving due to the excitation of phase resonances are described.
Getting Students Outside: Using Technology as a Way to Stimulate Engagement

Informal environments provide students with unique experiences that allow them to actively participate in activities while promoting a positive attitude toward and an increased interest in science. One way to enhance informal science experiences is through the integration of mobile technologies. This integration is particularly useful in engaging underrepresented students in learning science. Our informal environmental science program engages underrepresented, fifth-grade students in an informal learning environment supplemented with mobile tablet technology (iPads). The purpose of this study was to explore how fifth-grade students interacted with nature using mobile technology during a nature hike series. Participants included 55 fifth-grade students from two low-income schools. We found that students used the mobile technology to explore nature and stay engaged throughout the hike. The iPads were used as references, data collectors, and engagement tools. Students had an intense desire in returning to the site and responded positively toward interacting with nature. Prior research has indicated that students in this age group are likely to lose interest in science and the incorporation of field-friendly technology that engages students with nature, not technology alone, is a useful tool for keeping students interested in science.
Power Takeoff Analysis for Diagonally Connected MHD Channels

The electrical loading of the power take-off region of diagonally connected MHD channels is investigated by a two-dimensional model. The study examines the loading schemes typical of those proposed for the U-25 and U-25 Bypass channels. The model is applicable for the following four cases: (1) connection with diodes only, (2) connection with diodes and equal resistors, (3) connection with diodes and variable resistances to obtain a given current distribution, and (4) connection with diodes and variable resistors under changing load. The analysis is applicable for the power take-off regions of single or multiple-output systems. The general behaviors of the current and the potential distributions in all four cases are discussed. The analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental data. It is found possible to design the electrical circuit of the channel in the take-off region so as to achieve a fairly even load current output under changing total load current.
Abstract 1764: Overexpression of the DNA repair regulator PARI in pancreatic cancers promotes genomic instability and tumorigenesis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Inappropriate homologous recombination (HR) causes genomic instability and cancer. We recently showed that the protein PARI, containing a UvrD-like helicase domain, is a novel PCNA interacting partner, required for preservation of genome stability in human and DT40 chicken cells (Moldovan et al, Molecular Cell 2012). Using cell-based and biochemical assays, we showed that PARI restricts unscheduled recombination by interfering with the formation of RAD51-DNA HR structures. Thus, we proposed that PARI is a long sought-after factor that suppresses inappropriate recombination events at mammalian replication forks. We recently found that PARI is specifically overexpressed in pancreatic cancer cells (O'Connor et al, Cancer Research, in revision). PARI up-regulation results in DNA repair deficiency and genomic instability. Importantly, PARI knockdown compromises the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. PARI depletion results in an altered cell cycle, defined by S-phase accumulation, perturbed DNA replication, and activation of the DNA damage response pathway in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. Moreover, we found that in pancreatic cancer cells, PARI overexpression results in DNA damage tolerance by promoting replication of damaged DNA. Finally, using a xenograft tumor model in nude mice we show that PARI knockdown reduces pancreatic tumor growth in vivo. Thus, our work suggests that PARI is a potential target for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma therapy. Citation Format: Kevin O'Connor, Donniphat Dejsuphong, Alan D'Andrea, George-Lucian Moldovan. Overexpression of the DNA repair regulator PARI in pancreatic cancers promotes genomic instability and tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1764. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1764
Taming pattern and focus variation in VLSI design

Tight ACLV control has become increasingly diffcult due to the diminishing process constant, K1. Focus variation and pitch variation are two major systematic components of ACLV. In this paper, we demonstrate these systematic effects and propose a design flow which exploits the systematic effect. We demonstrate the systematic ACLV by showing a Bossung plot for a nominal 90nm technology node. The plot is generated by simulation with lithographic parameters closely resembling a production technology node. Traditionally, tight CD control is achieved by sophisticated RET such as OPC, SRAF, AltPSM and more recently the Dense Template Design. The CD variation is specified in the design manual and the circuit designs will ensure functionality by building in enough margin to account for the variability. Even though, the systematic components of CD variation are understood, they have always been considered together with other random components as being random. This approach has left design performance on the table. We propose a holistic design flow by integrating the technology development process, design process and the manufacturing process. This holistic approach is aiming to tame the systematic through-pitch and through-focus CD variation. We quantify the design timing benefit using this approach by circuit design experiments. Results of our experiments show that timing uncertainty can be reduced by up to 30%. We also discuss other possibilities which are infeasible to carry out in traditional approach with silos of technology development, design and manufacturing.
Parathyroid Function in Hyperthyroidism

SummaryStudies with the Hamilton and Highman test1 of parathyroid function have been performed in 6 patients with hyperthyroidism. The results compared with those obtained in normal subjects indicate increased circulating parathyroid hormone in the blood of 5 of the 6 thyrotoxic patients. This investigation is being continued to evaluate the significance of the findings.
Corporate coherence and the TOP management team

“In today's environment, a company that is a loose amalgamation of business units or a mere federation of regional subsidiaries is at a crippling disadvantage in its competitive marketplace.”
A Graphical Approach to Relatedness Inference

The estimation of relatedness structure in natural populations using molecular marker data has become an important tool in population biology, resulting in a variety of estimation procedures for specific sampling scenarios. In this article a general approach is proposed, in which the detailed relationship structure, typically a pedigree graph or partition, is considered to be the object of inference. This makes available tools used in complex model selection theory which have demonstrated effectiveness. An important advantage of this approach is that it permits a fully Bayesian approach to the problem, providing a principled and accessible way to measure statistical error. The approach is demonstrated by applying the minimum description length principle. This technique is used in model selection to provide a rational way of comparing models of varying complexity. We show how the resulting score may be interpreted and applied as a Bayesian posterior density.
Selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein over supported V2O5/Nb2O5 catalysts: An in situ Raman, IR, TPSR and kinetic study

Abstract The vapor-phase selective oxidation of propylene (H2C CHCH3) to acrolein (H2C CHCHO) was investigated over supported V2O5/Nb2O5 catalysts. The catalysts were synthesized by incipient wetness impregnation of V-isopropoxide/isopropanol solutions and calcination at 450 °C. The catalytic active vanadia component was shown by in situ Raman spectroscopy to be 100% dispersed as surface VOx species on the Nb2O5 support in the sub-monolayer region ( CHCH2*) were observed with in situ FT-IR to be the most abundant reaction intermediates. The acrolein formation kinetics and selectivity were strongly dependent on the surface VOx coverage. Two surface VOx sites were found to participate in the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein. The reaction kinetics followed a Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism with first-order in propylene and half-order in O2 partial pressures. C3H6-TPSR spectroscopy studies also revealed that the lattice oxygen from the catalyst was not capable of selectively oxidizing propylene to acrolein and that the presence of gas phase molecular O2 was critical for maintaining the surface VOx species in the fully oxidized state. The catalytic active site for this selective oxidation reaction involves the bridging V O Nb support bond.
The epistemology of religiosity: an Orthodox Jewish perspective

This paper focusses on the Rabbinic suggestion that the attitude of awe, rather than any particular belief, lies at the heart of religiosity. On the basis of these Rabbinic sources, and others, the paper puts forward three theses: (1) that belief is not a sufficiently absorbing epistemic attitude to bear towards the truths of religion; (2) that much of our religious knowledge isn’t mediated via belief; and (3) that make-believe is sometimes more important, in the cultivation of religiosity than is mere belief.
Design and testing of a miniature broadband frequency domain photon migration instrument

A board-level broadband frequency domain photon migration mini-FDPM instrument has been con- structed to replace a conventional network-analyzer- based FDPM instrument. The mini-FDPM instrument with four wavelengths 681, 783, 823, and 850 nm, matches conventional FDPM instrument in performance �88 dBm noise level, 100 dB dynamic range and bandwidth 1 GHz, and recovers the same optical properties within about 6% in absorption and 4% in reduced scattering for liquid phantoms covering a wide range of relevant optical properties. Compared to the conventional FDPM instru- ment, the mini-FDPM instrument is more than 5 faster 200 ms per 401 modulation frequencies and several orders of magnitude less in size and cost. Standard fiber- optic-based probes can be used with the mini-FDPM in- strument, which increases applications in a number of clinically relevant measurement scenarios. By drastically reducing size and cost, FDPM miniaturization lowers bar- riers to access and will help promote FDPM in clinical research problems. The mini-FDPM instrument forms the core of a modular broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy instrument that can be used for a variety of clinical prob- lems in imaging and functional monitoring i.e., breast/ skin cancer, brain activation, and exercise physiology. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Clinical Consequences of Specimen Rejection: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Analysis of 78 Clinical Laboratories

Context.—Clinical laboratory specimens may be rejected as unsuitable for analysis for a variety of reasons and specimen rejection may have significant clinical consequences. Objective.—To quantify the clinical consequences of specimen rejection and determine the impact of laboratories' policies and practices on these consequences. Design.—Participants prospectively reviewed consecutive blood and urine specimens submitted to the chemistry and/or hematology laboratories to identify rejected specimens. For each rejected specimen, the patient's age, specimen type, testing priority, rejection reason, time from specimen receipt to receipt of recollected/relabeled specimen, recollection method, and test result time were recorded. Specimen/test abandonment was determined by failure to recollect or relabel a rejected specimen. Each laboratory's policy regarding relabeling of incorrectly labeled specimens was recorded, along with how many relabeled specimens were subsequently discovered to be mislabeled. Results.—S...
Discretization of a class of reflected diffusion processes

We propose three strong schemes for a class of reflected diffusion processes on different domains and show their rates of covergence.
Meron Pairs and Quark Confinement

We discuss the consequences of our classical meron-pair model on the quark-confinement phase transition in an SU(2) Yang-Mills quantum field theory.
VisualRepbase: an interface for the study of occurrences of transposable element families

Repbase is a reference database of eukaryotic repetitive DNA, which includes prototypic sequences of repeats and basic information described in annotations. Repbase already has software for entering new sequence families and for comparing the user's sequence with the database of consensus sequences. We describe the software named VisualRepbase and the associated database, which allow for displaying and analyzing all occurrences of transposable element families present in an annotated genome. VisualRepbase is a Java-based interface which can download selected occurrences of transposable elements, show the distribution of given families on the chromosome, and present the localization of these occurrences with regard to gene annotations and other families of transposable elements in Repbase. In addition, it has several features for saving the graphical representation of occurrences, saving all sequences in FASTA format, and searching and saving all annotated genes that are surrounded by these occurrences. VisualRepbase is available as a downloadable version. It can be found at http://girinst.org/repbase/update/visual_repbase.html .
Biological and physical forcings of late summer chlorophyll blooms at 30°N in the oligotrophic Pacific

Abstract Large chlorophyll blooms have been observed with ocean color satellite data in late summer near 30°N, 135–155°W in the oligotrophic subtropical Pacific. Although blooms do not develop every year, their timing and location are consistent when they do appear. Their biological and physical forcings are unknown. Here we examine biological and physical data from a number of cruises along 30°N in the eastern Pacific between 1980 and 2004, focusing on biological data from a cruise that fortuitously sampled a small chlorophyll bloom in July 2002. The climatological bloom location is characterized by elevated levels of Rhizosolenia diatom mats as well as endosymbiotic and unicellular nitrogen fixation. We conclude that nitrogen fixation and the vertical migration of Rhizosolenia diatom mats below the nutricline are likely mechanisms for the supply of new nitrogen to fuel the chlorophyll blooms and that both mechanisms could be at work. The blooms occur in the eastern gyre of the North Pacific, a region characterized by converging weak surface currents that create an environment favorable for accumulation of positively buoyant particles such as Rhizosolenia mats. These blooms could have important ecosystem consequences by impacting local carbon fluxes and serving as an aggregation point for pelagic animals.
The interaction of mexiletine with other cardiovascular drugs.

Abstract Drug-drug interactions can be adverse or beneficial and can be classified as pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic. Several adverse pharmacokinetic drug interactions have been described for mexiletine. Because it is a weak base, mexiletine undergoes several pH-dependent drug interactions in the gastrointestinal tract and kidney. Since mexiletine is metabolized by hepatic mixed-function oxidases, its metabolic rate can be altered by drugs that induce or inhibit this drug metabolizing system. Phenytoin and rifampin have been shown to increase mexiletine clearance and decrease its plasma concentration. Striking examples of beneficial pharmacodynamic interactions occur with mexiletine. Combining mexiletine with either β-adrenergic blocking drugs or with quinidine markedly increases antiarrhythmic efficacy and substantially decreases the incidence of adverse effects. These beneficial interactions will have a major impact on the clinical use of mexiletine.
The pulmonary vascular response to oxygen and its influence on operative results in children with ventricular septal defect

The ratio of pulmonary vascular resistance to systemic resistance was determined before and after oxygen administration in 25 children with an isolated large ventricular septal defect and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance (pulmonary/systemic resistance ratio, Rp/Rs>0.25). A fall of 30% or more in the Rp/Rs, after 20 minutes of oxygen inhalation (F1O2>0.90), was considered a positive response to oxygen. In the 6 children with Down's syndrome, the Rp/Rs fell significantly more in oxygen (52%) than it did in the 19 children without Down's syndrome (31%, p<0.05). No other clinical or baseline hemodynamic finding was predictive of vascular responsiveness.
Patients With Spina Bifida and Bladder Cancer: Atypical Presentation, Advanced Stage and Poor Survival

Purpose: Patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to spina bifida have been reported to be at increased risk for bladder cancer. Recent publications suggest that bladder augmentation is also a significant risk factor. We reviewed our experience with treating patients with spina bifida and bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Patients with spina bifida treated for bladder cancer between 1995 and 2005 were identified. Patient demographics, mode of bladder management, risk factors and presenting symptoms were recorded along with therapy, pathological findings and outcome. This patient cohort was combined with all prior known published studies for analysis.Results: Eight patients with a median age of 41 years were treated. Only 1 patient (13%) had undergone bladder augmentation. Locally advanced stage (T3 or greater) or lymph node metastases were present in 88% of cases. Median survival was 6 months with only 1 patient alive with no evidence of recurrence at 20 months. A total of 11 prior published c...
The effects of collagen synthesis inhibitory drugs on somitogenesis and myogenin expression in cultured chick and mouse embryos.

Abstract The role of fibrillar collagen on myogenic differentiation has previously been studied in tissue culture cell lines but has not been studied in situ . We treated cultured chick and mouse embryos with collagen synthesis inhibitors to determine the role of fibrillar collagen on somitogenesis and on myogenic differentiation in vivo . Stage 12 chick embryos and 8.7 dpc mouse embryos were cultured incontrol medium or a range of concentrations of the collagen synthesis inhibitors ethyl-3, 4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB) or cis-hydroxy-proline (CHP). Chick embryos were cultured for 24 h and mouse embryos were cultured for 30 h. Both collagen synthesis inhibitors produced a range of somite abnormalities including formation of fewer and irregular somites in both chick and mouse at high drug concentrations, as well as formation of double somites in EDHB-treated chick embryos. Examination of EDHB-treated mouse embryos by scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a dosage-dependent loss of fibrillar collagen and associated extracellular matrix. Expression of myogenin in EDHB-treated mouse embryos, examined by whole-mount in situ hybridization, was suppressed at higher dosage levels. This study suggests that inhibition of fibrillar collagen production and/or loss of fibrillar collagen in the developing avian and mammalian embryo results in abnormal somite formation and perturbed myogenic differentiation.
Hemodynamic and angiographic comparison of intravenous nitroglycerin and nicardipine mainly in subjects without coronary artery disease

Abstract Twenty patients were studied during cardiac catheterization to compare hemodynamic and quantitative angiographic effects of intravenous nicardipine and nitroglycerin. After baseline measurements, nicardipine or nitroglycerin was administered by randomized continuous infusion beginning at 10 μg/min titrated to achieve a 10 to 12% reduction in systemic arterial pressure. Hemodynamic measurements and angiography were then repeated. Nicardipine did not change heart rate, and a small decrease (82 ± 4 vs 75 ± 4 beats/min) was observed with nitroglycerin, whereas mean arterial pressure decreased similarly (−11%) in both groups. Nicardipine increased (+13%) and nitroglycerin decreased (−21%) cardiac output. Although both drugs were associated with significant reductions in pulmonary artery wedge and pulmonary artery pressures, changes were greater with nitroglycerin for pulmonary artery wedge (−49% vs −26%) and pulmonary artery (−39% vs −13%) pressures, whereas only nitroglycerin reduced right atrial pressure significantly. Neither drug altered left ventricular ejection fraction or pulmonary vascular resistance, and only nicardipine decreased systemic vascular resistance significantly. Quantitative coronary angiography (videodensitometry) showed dilation of the left main, proximal, mid and distal anterior descending and circumflex segments by both nitroglycerin and nicardipine. Nicardipine dilated small ( 2 ) and large (>2) arterial segments equally, whereas nitroglycerin showed a proportionately greater effect on small vessels.
Assessment of thermal stratification within stream pools as a mechanism to provide refugia for native trout in hot, arid rangelands

Native trout species, such as the redband trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), occupy thermally harsh stream habitats in hot, arid rangeland basins of the western United States. Declines in the distribution and abundance of these species has generated interest in understanding how these cold water species survive in these systems, as well as in identifying opportunities to restore these species to their former ranges. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential for thermal stratification to provide thermal refuge for redband trout in stream pools characterized by warm intermittent flow conditions on arid rangelands. We studied vertical thermal stratification in two pools during three summers on Boles Creek located on the Modoc Plateau in extreme northeastern California. Water and air temperature data were collected on a 0.5 h time step from 15-Jun through 15-Sep during 1996, 1997, and 2000 using commercial temperature data-loggers. Water temperature was measured at the top (0.3 m below pool surface) and bottom (0.3 m above pool substrates) of each pool. Vertical thermal stratification occurred within these pools creating conditions as much as 7.6 ˚C cooler and consistently more constant at the bottom of pools compared to pool surface waters. Thermal stratification was dependent upon air temperature with the magnitude of stratification increasing as air temperature increased. The magnitude of thermal stratification varied significantly from year to year, likely reflecting variation in annual weather conditions. The thermal regime in the study pools was often near the upper lethal limit reported for redband trout, but temperatures at the bottom of these pools did offer refuge from lethal temperatures realized near the pool surface. Temperatures at pool bottom were consistently above optimal levels published for redbands.
Determination of molecular order in supported lipid membranes by internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

When polarized internal reflection infrared spectroscopy is used to determine molecular order in supported lipid membranes, the results are critically dependent on the accuracy of assumptions made about the evanescent electric field amplitudes in the membrane. In this work, we examine several expressions used for calculating evanescent electric field amplitudes in supported lipid monolayers and bilayers, and test their validity by measuring the infrared dichroism of poly-gamma-benzyl-L-glutamate and poly-beta-benzyl-L-aspartate under conditions in which their molecular order is known. Our results indicate that treating such systems as a simple single interface between two semi-infinite bulk phases is more accurate than the commonly employed thin-film approximation. This implies that earlier conclusions about molecular order in supported lipid membranes may require substantial revision.
Motor-Driven Exciters for Turbine Alternators

THIS PAPER presents a study of the performance of a motor-driven excitation set designed for large turbine alternators connected to modern power systems. This excitation set has been so designed that its performance, both steady state and transient, is essentially comparable with the usual direct-connected (shaft-driven) exciter even when the driving motor is receiving its voltage from the alternator to which the generator is supplying excitation.
Opportunities and challenges in the wireless world

ABSTRACT The technology driving the wireless world is moving at warp speed and the consequences affecting the organization are immense. As the technology is assimilated, the changes in the relationship between the employer and employee are morphing requiring more trust, more communication, and a major change in the supervisory thinking and function. This adoption leads to cost reductions for the organization, a required 24–7 mentality for the employee, and the realization that while the physical strings have been cut, the wireless strings that bind the relationship between employer and employee are tighter than ever. The paper presents a model that includes a set of organizational processes that may reduce individual resistance, facilitate technological transition, and result in a greater understanding of the technology assimilation process.
Heats of combustion and solution of liquid styrene and solid polystyrene and heat of polymerization of styrene

Bomb calorimetric measurements have yielded for the heats of combustion (—ΔHoc) at 25°C. of liquid styrene and solid polystyrene to form gaseous carbon dioxide and liquid water the values 4394.88 ± 0.67 int. kjoule per mole (1050.58 ± 0.14 kcal. per mole), and 4325.09 ± 0.42 int. kjoule per C8H8 unit (1033.89 ± 0.10 kcal. per C8H8 unit), respectively, and for the heat of polymerization of liquid styrene to solid polystyrene at 25°C. the value 69.79 ± 0.66 int. kjoule per mole (16.68 ± 0.16 kcal. per mole). The results obtained on two samples of polystyrene of different molecular weight were in agreement within the precision of the measurements. Measurements of the heat of solution of solid polystyrene in liquid monomeric styrene gave the value 3.59 ± 0.21 int. kjoule (0.86 ± 0.05 kcal.) evolved per C8H8 unit of polystyrene at 25°C. Addition of this to the value for the heat of polymerization of liquid styrene to solid polystyrene gives the value 73.38 ± 0.69 int. kjoule (17.54 ± 0.16 kcal.) per mole of styrene for the heat of polymerization of liquid styrene at 25°C., when the final product is a solution of polystyrene in styrene containing 6.9% by weight of polystyrene.
IRES: image retrieval expert system

Image Retrieval Expert System (IRES), a knowledge-based system for automatic image retrieval, is being prototyped at the University of Arizona (U of A). IRES is to couple with the distributed database system designed for Structured PACS (S-PACS)1 to achieve the high system performance required by radiologists. IRES encompasses the "intelligence" of multiple expert radiologists. The system will predict and migrate the "old" images needed for comparison purposes during radiological exam readings from slower or remote storage devices to the local buffers of workstations. The use of IRES with the PACS Distributed Database System (DDBS) is expected to shorten the PACS system response time, save the time of radiologists in selecting films, minimize the turnaround time of the exam interpretation function, and increase diagnostic effectiveness by providing relevant images automatically. This paper presents the implementation details of this IRES prototype.
In vivo three-photon calcium imaging of brain activity from layer 6 neurons in mouse brain

We demonstrate three-photon microscopy (3PM) at 1300-nm excitation for imaging neuronal activity as deep as layer-6 (L6) of adult mouse cortex using genetically-encoded calcium indicators. In vivo imaging of subcortical, GFP-labeled neurons is also demonstrated.
Insect natural history, multi-species interactions and biodiversity in ecosystems

The composition and dynamics of ecosystems are influenced by insects serving as providers, eliminators and facilitators across multiple trophic levels. The role of insects in ecosystems may be documented by manipulative field studies involving exclusion techniques applied to species that are decomposers, herbivores or predators. The presence or absence of insects is important to the distribution, abundance and diversity of plants and vertebrates, which typically are the premier species in conservation efforts. Thus, policy-making in environmental management programmes should consider the role of insects in ecosystems when establishing objectives and procedures for species conservation and biodiversity.
Mental health: Depression needs large human-genetics studies

To understand the molecular mechanisms of depression, collect genetic data from more than 100,000 people, says Steven Hyman.
Agal region mutant that requires cAMP for growth on galactose in an adenyl cyclase negative (cyaΔ) background

Strains ofEscherichia coli K12 that contain a deletion of the adenyl cyclase gene (cyaΔ), required for the synthesis of cyclic adenosine-3′; 5′ monophosphate (cAMP), grow on galactose-containing minimal medium. A mutant was isolated that grows on this medium only if cAMP is added. The mutation (designatedgalP20) is linked to thegal operon region as determined by both generalized transduction with bacteriophage P1 and specialized transduction with bacteriophage λ. Studies withgalP20 cyaΔ strains as well asgalΔ (deletions of thegal operon)cyaΔ strains indicate that synthesis of the physiologically important transport mechanism for galactose (galactose permease) requires either cAMP or a function missing from both thegalΔ strains and thegalP20 strain.
Global gene expression in channel catfish after vaccination with an attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri

To understand the global gene expression in channel catfish after immersion vaccination with an attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri (AquaVac-ESC™), microarray analysis of 65,182 UniGene transcripts was performed. With a filter of false-discovery rate less than 0.05 and fold change greater than 2, a total of 52 unique transcripts were found to be upregulated in vaccinated fish at 48 h post vaccination, whereas a total of 129 were downregulated. The 52 upregulated transcripts represent genes with putative functions in the following seven major categories: (1) hypothetical (25%); (2) novel (23%); (3) immune response (17%); (4) signal transduction (15%); (5) cell structure (8%); (6) metabolism (4%); and (7) others (8%). The 129 downregulated transcripts represent genes with putative functions in the following ten major categories: (1) novel (25%); (2) immune response (23%); (3) hypothetical (12%); (4) metabolism (10%); (5) signal transduction (7%); (6) protein synthesis (6.2%); (7) cell structure (5%); (8) apoptosis (3%); (9) transcription/translation (2%); and (10) others (6%). Microarray analysis revealed that apolipoprotein A-I was upregulated the most (8.5 fold, P = 0.011) at 48 h post vaccination whereas a novel protein (accession no. CV995854) was downregulated the most (342 fold, P = 0.001). Differential regulation of several randomly selected transcripts in vaccinated fish was also validated by quantitative PCR. Our results suggest that these differentially regulated genes elicited by the vaccination might play important roles in the protection of channel catfish against E. ictaluri.
Text and Turbulence Representing Adolescence as Pathology in the Human Services

This article examines constructions of adolescence and pathology and their relation to human service intervention. The author locates a history of discourses of adolescence and pathology along a tr...
A Comparison of Memory and Attention in Turner Syndrome and Learning Disability

Compared short-term verbal memory, sustained attention, and impulsivity in 13 children with Turner syndrome to 13 females and 14 males with learning disability who had neuropsychological patterns similar to the children with Turner syndrome. Similar patterns of short-term memory deficits were found in all three groups. There were no significant differences among the groups on computer measures of sustained attention and impulsivity. However, extreme variability of the attention and impulsivity scores for the Turner syndrome group may reflect atypical attention deficit disorder in some of these children.
Lack of Evidence for Human Herpesvirus–8 Transmission via Blood Transfusion in a Historical US Cohort

Background. Recent studies have found evidence of occasional human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 transmission via blood transfusion. However, because these studies were conducted outside the United States or did not have linked donor-recipient pairs, they have a limited ability to inform US blood-banking policy. Methods. We investigated HHV-8 transmission via blood transfusion in the United States by conducting HHV-8 serologic testing among participants of the Transfusion-Transmitted Viruses Study (TTVS), who enrolled during the 1970s. Results. HHV-8 seroprevalence was 2.8% (29/1023) among blood donors, 7.1% (96/1350) among transfusion recipients, 7.7% (46/599) among surgical control patients who did not receive transfusions, and 96.3% (77/80) among control patients with Kaposi sarcoma. One transfusion recipient seroconverted (0.08% [1/1259]), but this patient did not receive any HHV-8-seropositive blood units, suggesting that the infection was not related to blood transfusion. One of the surgical control patients who did not receive transfusions also seroconverted (0.18% [1/556]). Rates of seroconversion were 1.6 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.04-8.9 per 1000 person-years) for the transfusion recipients and 3.6 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 0.09-20.1 per 1000 person-years) for the surgical control patients who did not receive transfusions (P = .61). Conclusions. Rates of HHV-8 seroconversion in the transfusion and nontransfusion groups were not statistically different, and the historical nature of the cohort (e.g., before leukoreduction) suggests that any current transmission via blood transfusion is rare.
Exploring the relationship between resilience and diabetes outcomes in African Americans

Purpose: The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study is to describe the relationship between resilience scores and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in African-American women with type 2 diabetes. Data sources: Demographic data were collected from a voluntary sample of 71 African-American women who received care for type 2 diabetes at a federally qualified health center in southern Connecticut. The Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale was used to measure resilience scores in each participant. HbA1c levels were obtained at time of enrollment in the study. Conclusions: The majority of the women were resilient with over half the sample scoring in the high resilience range. Only nine participants had resilience scores that were considered low. Interestingly, HbA1c levels and resilience scores had a significant negative correlation, as individuals scored high on the resilience scale, HbA1c levels went down, suggesting that resilience may influence glycemic control in this sample. Implications for practice: Nurse practitioners (NPs) have an opportunity to consider resilience in the care of minority populations with a chronic illness such as type 2 diabetes. High levels of resilience were significantly related to lower HbA1c levels indicating better glycemic control. Clinical implications based on the findings of this study included preventing complications of poorly controlled diabetes. NPs need to recognize holistic approaches to care that integrate not only the physiological aspects of care but also the psychological aspect of the person, including interventions to help build individual resilience.
IT'S JUST A GAME, RIGHT? TYPES OF PLAY IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE CMC

This study focuses on the various playful uses of language that occurred during a semester-long study of two German language courses using one type of synchronous network-based medium, the MOO. Research and use of synchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) have flourished in the study of second-language acquisition (SLA) since the late 1990s; however, the primary focus has been on the potential benefits of using CMC to increase the amount of communication (Beauvois, 1997; Kern, 1995; Warschauer, 1997), motivate students (Beauvois, 1997; Kern, 1995; Warschauer, 1997) and foster the exchange of ideas (Beauvois, 1997; Kern, 1995; von der Emde, Schneider, & Kotter, 2001; Warschauer, 1997). Only more recently has research within SLA begun to investigate the types of communication that occur online. 1 An analysis of the transcripts from a second-semester German course and an upper-level German communication course reveal that a large portion of the language use online cannot be described using standard referential definitions of communication, but rather is playful in nature. Using research from SLA and theories on social interaction, this article investigates the different types of play that occurred within the online discussions and the possible implications of the presence of play in online discourse.
SUPERCONDUCTOR-INSULATOR TRANSITIONS IN TWO DIMENSIONS

The current status of the experimental study of the superconductor-to-insulator transition is reviewed for systems which are two-dimensional and nominally homogeneous. Interest in this problem has been heightened by the prospect that the transition may be representative of a new class of quantum phase transitions at zero temperature. An ubiquitous feature of the experiments is that films, depending on their properties, or the value of an applied magnetic field, exhibit either insulating or superconducting behavior in the limit of zero temperature. In particular, there appears to exist a limiting behavior which is associated with a finite zero-temperature resistance. In the case of the zero-field transition the value of the limiting resistance may be universal and very close to h/4e2, the quantum resistance for pairs. The experimental results on both the zero- and finite-field transitions will be reviewed and their implications for a particular theoretical picture, the dirty boson model, will be discussed. It has been argued that this model is relevant to the superconductor-insulator transitions.