cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Use of Electrical Stimulation to Increase Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Force in an Elderly Patient Following a Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background and Purpose. Persistent residual quadriceps femoris muscle force deficits after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are commonly reported and can prevent patients from returning quickly and fully to functional activities. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation offers a potentially more effective means of increasing muscle force than current rehabilitation protocols. Case Description. The patient was a 66-year-old man. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for increasing quadriceps femoris muscle force was initiated 3 weeks after TKA for 11 sessions to supplement stretching exercises and a high-intensity volitional strengthening program. Outcome. The patient's isometric quadriceps femoris muscle force increased from 50% (involved/uninvolved) at 3 weeks after surgery to 86% at 8 weeks after surgery. A concurrent increase in his uninvolved quadriceps femoris muscle force concealed the patient's true increase in his involved quadriceps femoris muscle force in a side-to-side comparison. The patient's final involved quadriceps femoris muscle force (10 weeks after surgery) was 93% of the initial uninvolved quadriceps femoris muscle force. Discussion. Our patient was able to return to independent activities of daily living and recreational activities, with force gains that surpassed those reported in the literature.
Competitive fitness of isolates enriched on phenanthrene sorbed to model phases.

We evaluated the competitive fitness of three phenanthrene-mineralizing isolates that were provided with nonsorbed or sorbed phenanthrene in competition experiments. One isolate had a clear advantage when presented with Amberlite IRC-50-sorbed phenanthrene, yet none were favored when presented with nonsorbed or Amberlite XAD-7-sorbed phenanthrene. Our results indicate that contaminant availability alone does not determine the isolates’ competitive fitness.
Personality Disorder Symptoms and Marital Functioning

Pathological personality is strongly linked with interpersonal impairment, yet no study to date has examined the relationship between concurrent personality pathology and dysfunction in marriage--a relationship that most people find central to their lives. In a cross-sectional study of a community sample of married couples (N = 82), the authors used multilevel modeling to estimate the association of self- and spouse-reported symptoms of personality disorder (PD) with levels of marital satisfaction and verbal aggression and perpetration of physical violence. Inclusion of self- and spouse report of total PD symptoms resulted in improved model fit and greater variance explained, with much of the improvement coming after the addition of spouse report. The incremental validity of spouse report for several of the 10 PD scales was supported for marital satisfaction and verbal aggression, particularly for the Borderline and Dependent PD scales.
Effects of oxygen on soot formation in methane, propane, and n-butane diffusion flames

Overventilated coflow axisymmetric laminar diffusion flames of methane, propane, and n-butane were used to study the influence of oxygen addition to the fuel side on soot formation. The line-of-sight soot volume fractions and the visible flame profiles were measured as a function of axial location along the centerlines of pure fuel flames, and the flames in which the fuel was diluted either with oxygen or nitrogen at selected temperatures of the reactants, to maintain a constant adiabatic flame temperature. The relative influences of dilution and direct chemical interaction effects of oxygen in the fuel gas mixture were quantified. It was found that, when allowance was made for the influence of dilution and thermal effects, the addition of oxygen to the methane diffusion flame chemically suppressed soot formation. This suppression was argued to be due to the reduction in acetylene concentration in the pyrolysis products as the oxygen mole fraction in methane was increased. The chemical influence of oxygen addition to methane decreased when the adiabatic flame temperature was decreased by decreasing the temperature of the reactants. In propane and n-butane flames, on the other hand, oxygen addition chemically enhanced soot formation. The degree of enhancement was small for low mole fractions of oxygen, but increased with increasing oxygen. When oxygen is added to the fuel side of a diffusion flame, two counteracting chemical effects are expected: Oxygen promotes fuel pyrolysis and hence production of hydrocarbon radicals and H atoms which enhance soot formation. On the other hand, aromatic radicals and critical aliphatic hydrocarbon radicals are removed by reactions with molecular oxygen and oxygen atom. The net chemical influence is the difference of these two counteracting effects.
COL5A1: fine genetic mapping and exclusion as candidate gene in families with nail-patella syndrome, tuberous sclerosis 1, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome type II.

Abstract COL5A1, the gene for the α1 chain of type V collagen, has been considered a candidate gene for certain diseases based on chromosomal location and/or disease phenotype. We have employed 3′-untranslated region RFLPs to exclude COL5A1 as a candidate gene in families with tuberous sclerosis 1, Ehlers—Danlos syndrome type II, and nail-patella syndrome. In addition, we describe a polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) within a COL5A1 intron. This SSR is used to exclude COL5A1 as a candidate gene in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler—Rendu—Weber disease) and to add COL5A1 to the existing map of “index” markers of chromosome 9 by evaluation of the COL5A1 locus on the CEPH 40-family reference pedigree set. This genetic mapping places COL5A1 between markers D9S66 and D9S67.
Sexual Health and Dissociative Experiences among Abused Women

Sexually transmitted infections are a significant public health issue impacting women. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is one risk factor for STIs/HIV. Women who are the victims of IPV often experience psychological difficulties, including dissociation. Dissociative symptoms may play a role in women's ability to practice safe sex and negotiate condom use, although this has been underexplored. This mixed methods study examined the dissociative symptoms of 22 women experiencing IPV and examined the ways in which these women described their own sexual health and behaviors as well as how they protected themselves from sexually transmitted infections and HIV.
Complications of small bowel endoscopy

With the advent of techniques to fully image and intervene on the small intestine, including capsule endoscopy, single- and double-balloon enteroscopy, and spiral enteroscopy, our diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities have increased significantly. These new technologies are not without risk, and these techniques have led to a large body of literature addressing the complications that can arise from these procedures. This chapter will review the complications associated with capsule endoscopy, single- and double-balloon enteroscopy, and spiral enteroscopy.
Pixel distribution analysis: can it be used to distinguish clear cell carcinomas from angiomyolipomas with minimal fat?

Purpose: To retrospectively determine if pixel histogram analysis of unenhanced computed tomographic (CT) images can be used to distinguish angiomyolipomas (AMLs) with minimal fat from clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCCs). Materials and Methods: The human studies committee approved this HIPAA-complaint study, with waiver of informed consent. Patients with pathologically proved AMLs lacking visible macroscopic fat at CT and patients with pathologically proved CCRCCs were included. Lesions were measured, and a histogram (number of pixels with each attenuation) was calculated electronically within a central region of interest. The percentage of pixels below the attenuation thresholds −20 HU and 10 HU was calculated in both cohorts. The unpaired Student t test was used to compare the average percentage of subthreshold pixels at each threshold. P < .05 indicated a significant difference. The number of lesions with more than the selected percentage of subthreshold pixels was calculated in both groups, and ...
Characterization of meta-materials using computational electromagnetic methods

An efficient and powerful computational method is presented to synthesize a meta-material to specified electromagnetic properties. Using the periodicity of meta-materials, the finite element methodology (FEM) is developed to estimate the reflection and transmission through the meta-material structure for a normal plane wave incidence. For efficient computations of the reflection and transmission over a wide band frequency range through a meta-material a finite difference time domain (FDTD) approach is also developed. Using the Nicholson-Ross method and the genetic algorithms, a robust procedure to extract electromagnetic properties of meta-material from the knowledge of its reflection and transmission coefficients is described. Few numerical examples are also presented to validate the present approach.
Positive selection of the peripheral B cell repertoire in gut-associated lymphoid tissues

Gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) interact with intestinal microflora to drive GALT development and diversify the primary antibody repertoire; however, the molecular mechanisms that link these events remain elusive. Alicia rabbits provide an excellent model to investigate the relationship between GALT, intestinal microflora, and modulation of the antibody repertoire. Most B cells in neonatal Alicia rabbits express VHn allotype immunoglobulin (Ig)M. Within weeks, the number of VHn B cells decreases, whereas VHa allotype B cells increase in number and become predominant. We hypothesized that the repertoire shift from VHn to VHa B cells results from interactions between GALT and intestinal microflora. To test this hypothesis, we surgically removed organized GALT from newborn Alicia pups and ligated the appendix to sequester it from intestinal microflora. Flow cytometry and nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the VHn to VHa repertoire shift did not occur, demonstrating the requirement for interactions between GALT and intestinal microflora in the selective expansion of VHa B cells. By comparing amino acid sequences of VHn and VHa Ig, we identified a putative VH ligand binding site for a bacterial or endogenous B cell superantigen. We propose that interaction of such a superantigen with VHa B cells results in their selective expansion.
Evaluating the stratigraphic response to eustasy from Oligocene strata in New Jersey

Previously published Oligocene eustatic records are compared with observed stratigraphic architecture at the New Jersey continental margin in order to evaluate the stratigraphic response to eustatic change. Lower to mid-Oligocene sequence boundaries (33.8‐ 28.0 Ma) are associated with relatively long hiatuses (0.3‐0.6 m.y.), in which sedimentation in many places terminated during eustatic falls and resumed early during eustatic rises. Upper Oligocene sequence boundaries are associated with relatively short hiatuses (,0.3 m.y.), and provide the best constraints on phase relations between sea-level forcing and margin response. The interval represented by each upper Oligocene sequence varies in dip profile. At updip locations, landward of the clinoform rollover in the underlying sequence boundary, sedimentation commenced after the eustatic low and terminated before the eustatic high (with partial erosion of any younger record). At downdip locations, sedimentation within each sequence was progressively delayed in a seaward direction, beginning during the eustatic rise and terminating near the eustatic low. Combining data from all available boreholes, ages of sequence boundaries (correlative surfaces) correspond closely with the timing of eustatic lows, and ages of condensed sections (intervals of sediment starvation) correspond with eustatic highs.
Adaptations of vertebrate neurons to hypoxia and anoxia: maintaining critical Ca2+ concentrations.

Down-regulation of ion channel activity ('channel arrest'), which aids in preserving critical ion gradients in concert with greatly diminished energy production, is one important strategy by which anoxia-tolerant neurons adapt to O2 shortage. Channel arrest results in the elimination of action potentials and neurotransmission and also decreases the need for ion transport, which normally requires a large energy expenditure. Important targets of this down-regulation may be channels in which activity would otherwise result in the toxic increases in intracellular [Ca2+] characteristic of anoxia-sensitive mammalian neurons. In turtles, Na+ channels and the Ca2+-permeable ion channel of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor undergo down-regulation during anoxia. Inactivation of NMDA receptors during hypoxia occurs by a variety of mechanisms, including alterations in the phosphorylation state of ion channel subunits, Ca2+-dependent second messenger activation, changes in Ca2+-dependent polymerization/depolymerization of actin to postsynaptic receptors and activation of other G-protein-coupled receptors. Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (e.g. gamma-aminobutyrate) and neuromodulators (e.g. adenosine) into the brain extracellular fluids may play an important role in the down-regulation of these and other types of ion channels.
Reproduction in Three Species of Smilisca from Costa Rica

Abstract The reproductive modes for Smilisca puma, Smilisca sila, and Smilisca sordida are reported for the first time. Smilisca puma has the generalized reproductive mode of anurans with eggs deposited as a surface film in lentic water. Smilisca sila and S. sordida have the basin construction reproductive mode. Smilisca sila constructs an open depression and deposits eggs within the depression. Basins of S. sordida consist of three types: (1) basins with eggs attached to the substrate (AE); (2) basins with eggs floating on the surface of the water (FE); and (3) eggs buried beneath the substrate. Length of AE basins was, on average 10% longer than FE basins. The area in which eggs were buried was about 1.5 times greater in basins with buried eggs than other basins. Eggs of S. sordida are also deposited in streams indicating that basin building is a facultative behavior for this species. The frequency of basin types varied spatially and temporally during the reproductive season. More basins were constructe...
Forms of Aggregativity

At least since Plato and Aristotle, philosophers and biologists have puzzled over the differences between systems which are mere “aggregates” of their parts (such as a heap of stones) and systems which are “complex organized wholes” (such as biological organisms). The rallying cry for many of these differences has been the aphorism that “an organism is more than the sum of its parts” — whereas a heap of stones, presumably, is “nothing more” than the “sum” of its parts.
Life course SES and cardiovascular risk: Heterogeneity across race/ethnicity and gender

We examine four life course models as they relate to adolescent SES, adult SES, and cardiovascular risk--the sensitive period, pathways, accumulation, and social mobility models. Accounting for race/ethnic and gender differences in life course processes, we analyzed Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally representative sample of individuals enrolled in grades 7-12 when they were first interviewed in 1994/5. We restricted our sample to whites, blacks, and Latinos who were interviewed in Waves I and IV and provided biomarker data (n = 11,397). The cardiovascular risk score at Wave IV combined waist circumference, blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, and C-reactive protein. We found evidence for each of the four life course models for white women, whereas the sensitive period was indicated for white men. Upward mobility was also associated with higher CVD risk among white men as compared to those who were socio-economically advantaged at both time points. The pathway model was significant for Latino women. No life course models were significant for black men or women or Latino men. Our findings demonstrate the importance of applying an intersectional lens to understanding CVD risk over the life course.
DIOGENES:: A Database for Medical Regulatory Information

This paper describes the DIOGENES database available though BRS Information Technologies. The database focuses on drug and medical device regulatory information from the Food and Drug Administration. The specific strengths of DIOGENES are mentioned as well as some plans for further development of the database.
New Species of Hyphomycetes

Stratum very thin, effused, floccose to definite crust-like layer, brownish-yellow, raw sienna-antique brown in Ridgeway's Color Standards and Nomenclature, with white patches and streaks scattered over the surface; hyphae hyaline, septate, branched; sporophores long, branched, septate, attenuate upwards, with upper division bearing spicules; spores ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline to yellow by transmitted light, with granular contents, variable in size, median size 10-12 X 14-16 p.
Cytological studies of developing muscle with special reference to myofibrils, mitochondria, Golgi material and nuclei

Developing striated muscle in the chick embryo was studied with special reference to the cytological changes which occur as the myofibrils are being elaborated. Observations were made on the mitochondria, cytoplasmic granules, Golgi material, neutral red bodies, nuclei, and nucleoli, and on the developing fibrils. Particular attention was directed to the early part of the histogenetic process when a few primary myofibrils are being formed and becoming striated. This period is characterized by hypertrophy of the Golgi material, nuclei, and nucleoli.
Stage B: What is the Evidence for Treatment of Asymptomatic Left Ventricular Dysfunction?

Although patients with American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Stage B heart failure, or asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction (ALVD) are at high risk for developing symptomatic heart failure, few management strategies have been shown to slow disease state progression or improve long-term morbidity and mortality. Of the pharmacologic therapies utilized in patients with symptomatic disease, only angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (and to a lesser extent, angiotensin receptor blockers, or ARBs) have been shown to improve clinical outcomes among patients with ALVD. Although evidence to support the use of beta blockers in this setting has been primarily derived from retrospective studies or subgroup analyses, they are generally recommended in most patients with ALVD, especially those with ischemic etiology. Statins are associated with improvements in both major adverse cardiovascular events and heart failure events among patients with a history of acute myocardial infarction. Finally, in eligible patients, placement of an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) has been associated with reduced mortality rates among those with ALVD due to ischemic cardiomyopathy, and some subgroups may derive benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy or biventricular pacing.
Responses of primate frontal cortex neurons during natural vocal communication

The role of primate frontal cortex in vocal communication and its significance in language evolution have a controversial history. While evidence indicates that vocalization processing occurs in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex neurons, vocal-motor activity has been conjectured to be primarily subcortical and suggestive of a distinctly different neural architecture from humans. Direct evidence of neural activity during natural vocal communication is limited, as previous studies were performed in chair-restrained animals. Here we recorded the activity of single neurons across multiple regions of prefrontal and premotor cortex while freely moving marmosets engaged in a natural vocal behavior known as antiphonal calling. Our aim was to test whether neurons in marmoset frontal cortex exhibited responses during vocal-signal processing and/or vocal-motor production in the context of active, natural communication. We observed motor-related changes in single neuron activity during vocal production, but relatively weak sensory responses for vocalization processing during this natural behavior. Vocal-motor responses occurred both prior to and during call production and were typically coupled to the timing of each vocalization pulse. Despite the relatively weak sensory responses a population classifier was able to distinguish between neural activity that occurred during presentations of vocalization stimuli that elicited an antiphonal response and those that did not. These findings are suggestive of the role that nonhuman primate frontal cortex neurons play in natural communication and provide an important foundation for more explicit tests of the functional contributions of these neocortical areas during vocal behaviors.
TU-H-BRC-02: Biological Dose Escalation for Liver SBRT Through Spatiotemporal Fractionation

Purpose: Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has become an established treatment option for liver cancer. For patients with large tumors, the prescription dose is often limited by constraints on the mean liver dose, leading to tumor recurrence. In this work, we demonstrate that spatiotemporal fractionation schemes, ie delivering distinct dose distributions in different fractions, may allow for a 10% increase in biologically effective dose (BED) in the tumor compared to current practice where each fraction delivers the same dose distribution. Methods: We consider rotation therapy delivered with x-ray beams. Treatment plan optimization is performed using objective functions evaluated for the cumulative BED delivered at the end of treatment. This allows for simultaneously optimizing multiple distinct treatment plans for different fractions. Results: The treatment that optimally exploits fractionation effects is designed such that each fraction delivers a similar dose bath to the uninvolved liver while delivering high single fraction doses to complementary parts of the target volume. Thereby, partial hypofractionation in the tumor is achieved along with near uniform fractionation in the surrounding liver - leading to an improvement in the therapeutic ratio. The benefit of such spatiotemporal fractionation schemes depends on tumor geometry and location as well as the number of fractions. For 5-fraction treatments (allowing for 5 distinct dose distributions) an improvement in the order of 10% is observed. Conclusion: Delivering distinct dose distributions in different fractions, purely motivated by fractionation effects rather than geometric changes, may improve the therapeutic ratio. For treatment sites where the prescriptions dose is limited by mean dose constraints in the surrounding organ, such as liver cancer, this approach may facilitate biological dose escalation and improved cure rates.
Implicit Authentication for Mobile Devices Using Typing Behavior

An attacker that compromises the unlock mechanism of a mobile device can fundamentally use the device as if it were their own, with access to a large portion of the user’s sensitive data and communications. We propose a secondary implicit authentication scheme which monitors typing behavior to detect unauthorized use and lock down the mobile device. We build a basic implementation of our scheme on the Android operating system. Our user studies on the implementation show that we can achieve an accuracy of up to 97 % identifying one user out of a set of fifteen, with an FAR of \(<3\,\%\) and an FRR of \(<.5\,\%\).
Physics of the Upper Atmosphere

This is a sequel to the section “The upper atmosphere” in the Compendium of meteorology (Malone, 1951) and is a report of the progress in the subject which has occurred since that volume went to press in 1950. Major advances have been made by means of instruments carried to great heights on rockets with which the vertical distribution of atmospheric density was measured to 219 km, of the pressure to 130 km, of ozone to 70 km, and of the electron density to 219 km. Data were obtained on oxygen dissociation to 128 km, composition of the air to 137 km, and O and O2 to 219 km. By means of optical spectrographs, and of photon counters for ultraviolet and X rays, many features of the solar spectrum nearly outside the atmosphere in the region from 3000A to 6A have been observed and measured, leaving however an unexplored gap in the important region from about 970 to 100A.
The Advent of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Modern microsurgical techniques have made possible a broad spectrum of novel means for the reconstruction of complex bone and soft tissue defects. These techniques, in combination with developments in transplant immunology, have led to successful hand and facial allotransplantation and achievement of the highest rung in the reconstructive ladder - truly replacing like with like. The utilization of contemporary microsurgical technique in the context of vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) (1) permits successful technical execution and feasibility of VCA, (2) facilitates the study of immunologic tolerance in VCA preclinical models, and (3) optimizes functional VCA outcomes.
Political de-radicalization: why it is no longer possible in the wilāyāt system of the Islamic State

The emergence of the Islamic State as a regional and ideological player deeply affected the mechanisms of radicalization witnessed worldwide. The article will compare a former instance of jihadism, the Egyptian al-Gamā’a al-Islāmiya (Islamic Group, IG), with the phenomenon of the Islamic State and its wilāyāt system. The Islamic Group, which has been active during the last three decades of the Twentieth century, constitutes an ideal case study because it performed a process of political de-radicalization and disengagement that led its members to abandon violence. The hypothesis underlying the paper is that a similar process could no longer take place in the case of the Islamic State. Indeed, the transnational project of the Caliphate is likely to exclude every chance of undertaking a de-radicalization and/or disengagement process in which a group effectively negotiates with a nation-state, and this difference is likely to represent one of the major counter-terrorism challenges arising from the Syrian-Iraqi scenario. In order to complete its de-radicalization process, the IG issued four books of murāga’āt , “recantations”, in January 2002, under the general title of The Correcting Conceptions Series . The major one was titled The Initiative for Ceasing Violence: a Realistic View and a Legitimate Perspective . It was authored by two Shura Council members and it generally addressed the practical and the ideological reasons behind the initiative. Unquestionably, this gradual process has been possible not only thanks to the new attitudes towards violence endorsed by al-Gamā’a al-Islāmiya, but also to the perceptive reaction of the State. By contrast, the a-national nature of the Islamic State obstructs this process. Indeed, after the local-oriented attitude of the first gam’iyāt and the emergence of al-Qa’ida as the premium brand of global terror, aims, push factors and geographical horizons of jihadism deeply changed. It is therefore not a question whether jihad is a binding religious prescription: it unquestionably is. The fundamental issue is whether and how one is to conduct it by lawful and prudent means and it is precisely this question that profoundly and irremediably divides the national jihadi movements from the Islamic State. As an internal Islamist critique - one that relies on a common Salafi substratum - the gam’iyāt refutation of global jihad may shed a light over the role of Da’ish in the contemporary jihadi panorama.
A reexamination of the two kinds of scientific conjecture

Inestimable confusion has resulted from the common practice of discussing the role of theory in science without specifying the kind of theory referred to: i.e., conjectures based on abstraction from past sensory observations, which are the backbone of science, or Type 2 conjectures, which postulate imagined properties. The latter can never receive empirical support (by “indirect confirmation” or otherwise); they impede the progress of science; they contribute nothing to scientific knowledge; and they cause much waste of time, money, and journal space in futile debates. Hypothetical constructs—giving out “a dream of our own imagination for a pattern of the world”—serve no useful purpose in science.
Spinosity, regeneration, and targeting among Paleozoic crinoids and their predators

Evolving interactions between predators and prey constitute one of the major adaptive influences on marine animals during the Paleozoic. Crinoids and fish constitute a predator—prey system that may date back to at least the Silurian, as suggested by patterns of crinoid regeneration and spinosity in concert with changes in the predatory fauna. Here we present data on the frequency of breakage and regeneration in the spines of the Middle Devonian camerate Gennaeocrinus and late Paleozoic cladids, as well as an expanded survey of the prevalence of spinosity and infestation by platyceratid gastropods on crinoid genera during the Paleozoic. Spine regeneration frequency in the measured populations is comparable to arm regeneration frequencies from Mississippian Rhodocrinites and from modern deepwater crinoid populations. The prevalence of spinosity varies by taxon, time, and anatomy among Paleozoic crinoids; notably, spinosity in camerates increased from the Silurian through the Mississippian and decreased sharply during the Pennsylvanian, whereas spines were uncommon in cladids until their Late Mississippian diversification. Among camerates, tegmen spinosity is positively correlated with the presence of infesting platyceratid gastropods. These results allow us to evaluate several hypotheses for the effects of predation on morphological differences between early, middle, and late Paleozoic crinoid faunas. Our data corroborate the hypothesis that predators targeted epibionts on camerate crinoids and anal sacs on advanced cladids and suggest that the replacement of shearing predators by crushing predators after the Hangenberg extinction affected the locations of spines in Mississippian camerates.
The Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Fluphenazine in Patients with Tourette Syndrome (P02.057)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of fluphenazine in patients with Tourette syndrome. BACKGROUND: Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by motor and phonic tics, often associated with neurobehavioral co-morbidities, such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. In addition to dopamine-depleting drugs, such as tetrabenazine, dopamine-receptor blocking drugs continue to be used in the treatment of tics (Jankovic J, Kurlan R. Mov Disord 2011;26:1149-56). Although haloperidol and pimozide are the only drugs currently approved by the FDA for the treatment of TS, the side effects, include tardive dyskinesia, limit the use of neuroleptics. Fluphenazine appears to have a high efficacy with fewer side effects. DESIGN/METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed in all the patients with TS that have been treated with fluphenazine over a 21 year period. Patients without at least one follow up encounter such as a clinic visit, telephone conversation or email, were excluded from this study. The response to treatment was rated 1 through 5 (1 = marked reduction in tics, 5 = worsening of tics). RESULTS: A total of 160 patients, 131 male, were included in the study. Mean age at commencement of treatment was 17.6±12.2 years and the treatment was continued for a mean duration of 3.2±3.7 years (range: 0.02-16.8); mean dose 3.4±2.4 mg. Of all patients, 83.5% showed marked to moderate improvement (response rating 1 and 2) and none had worsening of symptoms; 21.3% discontinued treatment due to side effects. Commonest side effect was drowsiness/fatigue (22.2%), followed by weight gain(7.8%), akathisia(7%), depression (5.7%), dystonic reactions (3.5%). There were no cases of tardive dyskinesia. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that fluphenazine is safe and effective in patients with TS. Although tardive dyskinesia is potential risk it did not occur in this large cohort of patients treated with fluphenazine for up to 16.8 years. Disclosure: Dr. Wijemanne has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation for activities with Allergan, Inc., Chelsea Therapeutics, EMD Serono, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Lundbeck, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant. Dr. Jankovic has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Medlink: Neurology in Clinical Practice. Dr. Jankovic has received research support from Allergan, Inc, Allon Therapeutics, Ceregene, Inc, Chelsea Therapeutics, Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, EMD Serono, Huntington9s Disease Society of America, Huntington Study Group, Impax Pharmaceuticals, and Ipsen Limited.
Biochemistry and structure of mammalian neurofilaments.

Neurofilaments are the apparently unique intermediate filaments of neurons, different in their composition and structure from the intermediate filaments of other types of cells. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the biochemistry and structure of neurofilaments. Special emphasis is placed on studies in vitro and on the properties of mammalian neurofilaments. Several unresolved questions are discussed that appear to arise naturally from the work done thus far.
Non-Additive Beliefs in Solvable Games

This paper studies how the introduction of non-additive probabilities (capacities) affects the solvability of strategic games.
Above the Fray: Supreme Court Should Let Judges Keep a Hand in Who Gets Executed

In Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000), the Supreme Court held that any fact that increases a defendant's statutory maximum sentence must be proved to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt. This Term, in Ring v. Arizona, the Court will decide whether to extend Apprendi to ban capital sentencing by judges. This op-ed essay analyzes the Apprendi debate as a clash of the historical ideal of individualized justice by juries versus practical concerns about equality and efficiency. This essay supports the continuation of judicial capital sentencing, as it is a promising tool for combatting racial disparities in the death penalty.
Designing for Manufacturing Scalability in Clean Energy Research

Kevin Huang is a postdoctoral associate in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He studies methods for assessing and enhancing the manufacturing scalability of laboratory-derived clean energy technologies. He has a PhD from MIT, an MS from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and a BS from Cornell University, all in materials science and engineering. Liang Li is a graduate student in the Technology and Policy Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her current research is focused on the manufacturing scalability of materials for clean energy applications. She holds a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the National University of Singapore. Elsa Olivetti is the Atlantic Richfield Associate Professor of Energy Studies in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her research focuses on improving the environmental and economic sustainability of materials using methods informed by materials economics, machine learning, experimental inquiry, and techno-economic analysis. Dr. Olivetti received her BS degree in engineering science from the University of Virginia. Her PhD in materials science and engineering from MIT focused on the development of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.
The reluctant regulator: The Rural Utilities Service and American broadband policy

Abstract Drawing on the increasing body of literature on policy stakeholders and the ever-growing acknowledgement that communication policy is crafted by more than just parliamentarians and formal communication regulators this paper examines the role that another set of regulators plays in communication policy: agriculture regulators. Based on a study of the United States Department of Agriculture's Rural Utilities Service (RUS), this paper explores alternative agents of communication policy. More specifically, through document analysis we examine the way in which the Rural Utilities Service has shaped rural broadband policy in the United States over the last three decades. The implications for this research are wide, as it brings another policy actor into the policy making melee, and pushes communication policy scholars to consider the role that non-traditional communication regulators play in the communication policy making process.
Understanding the relationship between quality and security: a large-scale analysis of Android applications

Android applications (apps) are not immune to the problems which also plague conventional software including security vulnerabilities, quality defects, permission misuse, and numerous other issues. Many developers even intentionally create vulnerable or malicious apps (malware) for often highly lucrative purposes. We need to better understand current trends in app quality and security to create higher quality software, and more effectively battle malware. To gather this critical information, we collected and reverse engineered 70,785 Android apps from the Google Play store, along with 1,420 malicious apps from other sources. Each app was analyzed using several static analysis tools to record a variety of information about each of them including requested permissions, size (LOC), possible defects and permission misuse. Our findings conclude that: 1) app categories substantially differ in terms of permissions misuse; 2) at an aggregate level, there is no significant correlation between an app's quality and security; 3) that malware typically requests more permissions and suffers from several quality-related metrics in comparison to benign apps; 4) that malware and benign apps are growing annually both in terms of LOC and requested permissions. We also present an easy to use, robust dataset for the community to replicate or extend this study.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Pediatric Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: What a Difference a Few Decades Make.

BACKGROUND Liver transplantation in children is often associated with coagulopathy and significant blood loss. Available data are limited. In this observational retrospective study, we assessed transfusion practices in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation at a single institution over the course of 9 years. METHODS Data were retrospectively collected from patient medical records at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. All patients who underwent liver transplantation from January 2008 to June 2017 were included. Primary and secondary outcomes were volume of red blood cells (RBCs) transfused and mortality, respectively. RESULTS From January 2008 to June 2017, there were 278 liver transplants in 271 patients. The number of primary transplants were 259, second retransplants 15, and third retransplants 4. Average age at transplantation was 6.9 years. Biliary atresia, maple syrup urine disease, urea cycle defect, and liver tumor were the leading indications accounting for 66 (23.7%), 45 (16.2%), 24 (8.6%), and 23 (8.3%) of transplants, respectively. Seventy-six cases (27.3%) did not require RBC transfusions. Among those transfused, 181 (89.6%) of the cases required 12 months of age (0.12 BV). By diagnosis, the group requiring the highest median volume transfusion was patients with total parenteral nutrition-related liver failure (3.41 BV) followed by patients undergoing repeat transplants (0.6 BV). Comparison of primary versus repeat transplants shows a trend toward higher volume transfusions in third transplants (median, 2.71 BV), compared to second transplants (0.43 BV) and primary transplants (0.18 BV). Four of 271 patients (1.5%) died during admission involving liver transplantation. Nine of 271 patients (3.3%) died subsequently. Total mortality was 4.8%. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to historically reported trends, evaluation of current transfusion practices reveals that most patients undergoing liver transplantation receive <1 BV of packed RBCs. More than 1 in 4 transplantations require no transfusion at all. Risk factors for greater transfusion need include younger age, total parenteral nutrition-related liver failure, and repeat transplantation.
Reactivity of Atomic Layer Deposition Precursors with OH/H2O-Containing Metal Organic Framework Materials

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of three-dimensional porous architectures that can be chemically functionalized. The ability of atomic layer deposition (ALD) to incorporate metal atoms or functional groups into MOFs offers an interesting alternative to chemically modify MOFs for applications such as catalysis and gas separation, for which transport, adsorption, and the reaction of gases are critical. Optimization of these deposition processes requires an understanding of the underlying reaction mechanisms that is best derived from in situ characterization. We have therefore combined in situ infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with in situ sputtering, and ab initio calculations to elucidate the reaction mechanisms of the common ALD precursors trimethylaluminium (TMA), diethylzinc (DEZ), and TiCl4 with several Zr-MOFs containing hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) groups. Focusing on the OH and H2O groups is particularly revealing because it makes it possible to explore the reactiv...
Book Review: Radical Women: Latin American Art, 1960–1985 by Cecilia Fajardo-Hill and Andrea Giunta

Radical Women: Latin American Art, 1960–1985 , by Cecilia Fajardo-Hill and Andrea Giunta. Los Angeles: Hammer Museum; New York: DelMonico Books/Prestel, 2017, 376 pp., 550 color illus. $60 (cloth), ISBN 978-3-7913-5680-8. Reviewed by Ana Maria Reyes. Radical Women: Latin American Art, 1960–
Early Total Hip Arthroplasty for the Treatment of Acetabular Fractures

Early total hip arthroplasty in patients with acetabular fractures is considered in rare situations with specific indications. Generally, this treatment option is considered in patients older than 55 or 60 years, but the physiological age must also be considered. The patient should be functional and ambulatory before the injury and healthy enough to tolerate the insult of a surgical procedure of this magnitude. Preexisting conditions such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis encourage consideration of total hip arthroplasty. Specific injury patterns are predictive of fixation failure in older patients with acetabular fractures. These findings represent worse articular injury and low bone density that would intuitively lead to failure. This “gull sign” or “seagull sign” describes either the central–superior dome impaction seen in high-transverse fractures or the impaction of the subchondral bone on the intact edge of a partial posterior column fracture. Other radiographic predictors of failure in posterior wall fractures include comminution of more than three fragments, involvement of the superior dome in high posterior wall fractures, and marginal impaction. Older patients have a high incidence of these radiographic findings, predictive of fixation failure without arthroplasty. Other injury characteristics including concomitant displaced femoral neck fracture and femoral head injury are also indications for total hip arthroplasty in older patients. Acute hip arthroplasty can be performed using the posterolateral, direct lateral, anterolateral, and anterior approaches to the hip. There are also reports of patients who underwent combined approaches to the hip for stabilization of the injury using the anterior intrapelvic approach and ilioinguinal approach. Combined approaches are generally not recommended. Extended approaches are not recommended or necessary for early arthroplasty in acetabular fractures. This review article highlights recent trends of early total hip arthroplasty in senior patients with acetabular fracture, and the indications for the procedure, complications, clinical outcomes, and technical considerations, with cases to highlight these concepts.
Modeling dynamic behavior of navigable inland waterways

The inland waterway transportation system of the United States links its inland ports with the rest of the world by providing a cost-effective, fuel-efficient, and environmentally friendly mode of freight transportation. For this research study, a maritime transportation simulator (MarTranS) that integrates agent-based modeling, discrete-event simulation, system dynamics, and multiregional input–output analysis was developed to elucidate the relationships between inland waterway transportation system components and their associated economic impacts. An improved understanding of these relationships is critical to the assessment of risk reduction within the system, decisions concerning investment in support infrastructure, and future economic impacts. It is hypothesized that failure to invest in future improvements to the infrastructure that supports the inland waterway transportation system will have negative long-term economic consequences. While the performance of the MarTranS is demonstrated through a case study of the McClellan–Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System, the work is generalizable to other segments of the inland waterway transportation system and can enable maritime transportation stakeholders to better allocate investment budgets and increase the economic benefits of waterway transportation systems.
Multi-model techniques in photogrammetry

The concepts of multi-model photogrammetry are described. Methods of restituting photographs in a multi-model framework are examined, and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discuss...
Creation of a score to predict risk of high conscious sedation requirements in patients undergoing endoscopy.

Background and Aims The administration of intravenous conscious sedation to patients undergoing GI endoscopy carries a risk of cardiopulmonary adverse events. Our study aim was to create a score that stratifies the risk of occurrence of either high-dose conscious sedation requirements or a failed procedure. Methods Patients receiving endoscopy via endoscopist-directed conscious sedation were included. The primary outcome was occurrence of sedation failure, which was defined as one of the following: (1) high-dose sedation, (2) the need for benzodiazepine/narcotic reversal agents, (3) nurse-documented poor patient tolerance to the procedure, or (4) aborted procedure. High-dose sedation was defined as >10 mg of midazolam and/or >200 μg of fentanyl or the meperidine equivalent. Patients with sedation failure (n = 488) were matched to controls (n = 976) without a sedation failure by endoscopist and endoscopy date. Results Significant associations with sedation failure were identified for age, sex, nonclonazepam benzodiazepine use, opioid use, and procedure type (EGD, colonoscopy, or both). Based on these 5 variables, we created the high conscious sedation requirements (HCSR) score, which predicted the risk of sedation failure with an area under the curve of 0.70. Compared with the patients with a risk score of 0, risk of a sedation failure was highest for patients with a score ≥3.5 (odds ratio, 17.31; P = 2 × 10−14). Estimated area under the curve of the HCSR score was 0.68 (95% confidence interval, 0.63-0.72) in a validation series of 250 cases and 250 controls. Conclusions The HCSR risk score, based on 5 key patient and procedure characteristics, can function as a useful tool for physicians when discussing sedation options with patients before endoscopy.