cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Statistical Guideline #3: Designate and Justify Covariates A Priori, and Report Results With and Without Covariates

From the Editors: This is one in a series of statistical guidelines designed to highlight common statistical considerations in behavioral medicine research. The goal was to briefly discuss appropriate ways to analyze and present data in the International Journal of Behavioral Medicine (IJBM). Collectively, the series will culminate in a set of basic statistical guidelines to be adopted by IJBM and integrated into the journal's official Instructions for Authors and also to serve as an independent resource. If you have ideas for a future topic, please email the Statistical Editor, Suzanne Segerstrom at segerstrom@uky.edu.
Sexual Assault and Memory

Memory for a sexual assault and related memory functioning are directly related to persistent assault-related psychopathology such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its prevention and treatment. A complex, dynamic conceptualization of memory following a sexual assault requires understanding the processes involved in the strong encoding of emotional events and factors that alter this encoding. It also requires understanding the role of retrieval and reexperiencing as well as the acceptance of the fact that any form of memory is susceptible to unintentional memory distortions and actual errors. There are also general memory effects involved beyond the memory for the assault itself, including attention to threat, working memory deficits, and lack of specificity for memory of autobiographical events. Finally, memory is often the target for some of the strongest evidence-based treatments for assault-related psychopathology. Recognizing that memories for sexual assault are complex and dynamic ought to allow for a more flexible understanding of the range of observed memories characteristics and reduce inaccurate, misguided judgments about what “ought to be remembered.”
Pediatric Integrated Care Models: A Systematic Review:

Psychiatric disorders are becoming more frequently diagnosed within the pediatric primary care setting. Despite increased diagnosis within primary care, only a minority of patients receive further psychiatric or specialty care. The integrated/collaborative care treatment model was designed to improve access within primary care. The purpose of this review is to identify randomized controlled trials and quasi-experimental studies that have investigated whether increased access improves treatment engagement, satisfaction, and improved mental health outcomes. Six studies met inclusion criteria. Studies reviewed indicated increased access to behavioral health treatment through use of the integrated/collaborative care model and improved mental health outcomes. Recommendations for screening and treatment are provided. Limitations of the reviewed studies include lack of generalizability to urban populations, minority youth, and youth younger than 4 years of age. Practice recommendations to address these limitations are identified.
The developmental status of abused and neglected children in the Philippines

Abstract Background Traumatization with the absence of parental care becomes toxic to a child’s development (Dudley, 2015). Despite documented effects of child abuse and neglect, there is a need to explore the status of children who experienced maltreatment who are outside the home ( Roche, 2017 ). Objective This study explores the development of abused children in different areas. Likewise, it looks into differences of the level of development in relation to age, gender and type of abuse. Participants and setting 206 abused and neglected children from a local psychotherapeutic center in the northern Philippines were included. Methods The Developmental Profile III (DP-3) scores were analyzed using one-sample t-test against the minimum average score. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to find differences between developmental areas. ANOVAs and MANOVAs were used to explore demographics. Results General Development was significantly lower than the average standard score, p Conclusion Children who experienced abuse and neglect present a specific profile in terms of development and its specific areas. Results reveal heterogeneous impact on overall development and in particular developmental domains in relation to demographic factors.
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest

The routine use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) began in the 1950s with the successful development of reliable artificial oxygenation devices and the heart-lung machine. Prior to its development, intracardiac repair of even simple congenital heart defects was fraught with peril, and complex repairs were considered nearly impossible. Today, due to major medical advances, pediatric CPB is used safely all over the world, allowing precise repair of most congenital heart defects. This chapter reviews conduct of CPB, blood flow and oxygen delivery through the CPB circuit, weaning from CPB, differences between adult and pediatric CPB, and the technique of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Baseline Frequency of Inflammatory Cxcl9-Expressing Tumor-Associated Macrophages Predicts Response to Avelumab Treatment.

Summary The tumor microenvironment is rich with immune-suppressive macrophages that are associated with cancer progression and resistance to immune checkpoint therapy. Using pre-treatment tumor biopsies complemented with single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we characterize intratumoral immune heterogeneity to unveil potential mechanisms of resistance to avelumab (anti-PD-L1). We identify a proinflammatory F480+MHCII+Ly6Clo macrophage population that is associated with response rather than resistance to avelumab. These macrophages are the primary source of the interferon-inducible chemokine Cxcl9, which facilitates the recruitment of protective Cxcr3+ T cells. Consequently, the efficacy of avelumab in mouse tumor models is dependent on Cxcr3 and Cxcl9, and baseline levels of Cxcl9 in patients treated with avelumab are associated with clinical response and overall survival. These data suggest that, within the broadly immune-suppressive macrophage compartment, a pro-inflammatory population exists that promotes responsiveness to PD-L1 blockade.
Leukocyte Aggregation Test for Evaluating Cell-Mediated Immunity

Publisher Summary Cell-mediated immunity as demonstrated in vitro consists of at least three steps: recognition, proliferation, and performance. The leukocyte aggregation test (LAT) was developed to evaluate the cellular immunity of patients undergoing renal transplantation. The LAT is based upon the adhesion of host leukocytes to target cells secondary to an immunospecific recognition of donor transplantation antigens by sensitized T lymphocytes. After this event, predominantly nonimmune leukocytes are captured at the reaction foci and appear as aggregates. The reaction requires the expenditure of metabolic energy; it is dependent upon physiological temperatures and is susceptible to inhibitors of protein and RNA synthesis. The LAT has several advantages that recommend it as a routine tool for assessing cell-mediated immunity in transplant patients: (1) completion within 5 hours, (2) requirement for only 10 ml of whole blood, permitting daily testing, (3) relative resistance to immunosuppressive agents, (4) immunological specificity, and (5) sensitivity to the modulating effects of serum factors on cellular immunity.
Composite Structures Moving in Fluids

Many structures such as ships move in fluids while other structures such as offshore structures are surrounded by moving fluid. In both cases, the structures are subjected to fluid loading and can experience FSI. In addition, the fluid may contain solid objects such as floating icebergs in oceans. As a ship navigates in such an environment, there are multiple interactions among a structure, fluid, and floating solid objects. This chapter presented those topics.
Abstract 17182: Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans is Associated With Elevated Expression of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential

Introduction: Recent evidence has demonstrated that Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential (CHIP) increases the risk of cardiovascular events. However, the exact role played by CHIP in ear...
Hospital System Adoption of Magnetic Seeds for Wireless Breast and Lymph Node Localization.

As an alternative to traditional wire localization, an inducible magnetic seed system can be used to identify and remove nonpalpable breast lesions and axillary lymph nodes intraoperatively. We report the largest single-institution experience of magnetic seed placement for operative localization to date, including feasibility and short-term outcomes. Patients who underwent placement of a magnetic seed in the breast or lymph node were identified from July 2017 to March 2019. Imaging findings, core needle biopsy, surgical pathology results, and type of surgery were collected. Outcomes included procedural complications, magnetic seed and biopsy clip retrieval rates, and need for additional surgery. A total of 842 magnetic seeds were placed by nine radiologists in 673 patients and retrieved by six surgeons at six operative locations. The majority of breast lesions were malignant (395/659, 59.9%); 136 seeds were placed for lymph node localization. The overall magnetic seed retrieval rate was 98.6%, whereas the biopsy clip retrieval rate was 90.9%. Only six patients (0.7%) experienced a complication from magnetic seed placement. Reexcision was performed in 15.2% of patients with breast cancer; 9.6% of benign/high risk lesions were upgraded to malignancy at surgical excision. The magnetic seed technique is safe, effective, and accurate for localization of breast lesions and lymph nodes, and importantly uncouples surgery from the localization procedure. The high magnetic seed retrieval rate and low reexcision rate may reflect the accuracy of magnetic marker placement as a “second chance” localization procedure, especially in cases with biopsy clip migration.
Context-specific network modeling identifies new crosstalk in β-adrenergic cardiac hypertrophy.

Cardiac hypertrophy is a context-dependent phenomenon wherein a myriad of biochemical and biomechanical factors regulate myocardial growth through a complex large-scale signaling network. Although numerous studies have investigated hypertrophic signaling pathways, less is known about hypertrophy signaling as a whole network and how this network acts in a context-dependent manner. Here, we developed a systematic approach, CLASSED (Context-specific Logic-bASed Signaling nEtwork Development), to revise a large-scale signaling model based on context-specific data and identify main reactions and new crosstalks regulating context-specific response. CLASSED involves four sequential stages with an automated validation module as a core which builds a logic-based ODE model from the interaction graph and outputs the model validation percent. The context-specific model is developed by estimation of default parameters, classified qualitative validation, hybrid Morris-Sobol global sensitivity analysis, and discovery of missing context-dependent crosstalks. Applying this pipeline to our prior-knowledge hypertrophy network with context-specific data revealed key signaling reactions which distinctly regulate cell response to isoproterenol, phenylephrine, angiotensin II and stretch. Furthermore, with CLASSED we developed a context-specific model of β-adrenergic cardiac hypertrophy. The model predicted new crosstalks between calcium/calmodulin-dependent pathways and upstream signaling of Ras in the ISO-specific context. Experiments in cardiomyocytes validated the model’s predictions on the role of CaMKII-Gβγ and CaN-Gβγ interactions in mediating hypertrophic signals in ISO-specific context and revealed a difference in the phosphorylation magnitude and translocation of ERK1/2 between cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. CLASSED is a systematic approach for developing context-specific large-scale signaling networks, yielding insights into new-found crosstalks in β-adrenergic cardiac hypertrophy.
Alban Berg: A Research and Information Guide

Preface Organization and Contents Principles of Selection Changes in the Second Edition Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1. Alban Berg: The Making of a Classic Composer Berg's Life Berg's Music Trends in Research Sound Recordings 2. Music by Berg Original Compositions Arrangements 3. Berg's Writings: Essays, Interviews, Lectures, Libretti, Literary Works and Collections 4. Wozzeck Writings about the Opera Videorecordings 5. Lulu Writings about the Opera Videorecordings 6. Chamber Music Piano Sonata, Op. 1 String Quartet, Op. 3 Clarinet Pieces, Op. 5 Chamber Concerto Lyric Suite 7. Orchestral Music Orchestral Pieces, Op. 6 Der Wein Violin Concerto 8. Songs Seven Early Songs Four Songs, Op. 2 Altenberg Lieder, Op. 4 Other songs 9. Other Resources General Studies Exhibition Catalogs Videorecordings Index Authors, Editors, Translators, Reviewers, Arrangers, and Poets Subjects A Concordance of Titles of Berg's Music and Writings
29.3 80ns Fast-Lock 0.4-to-6.5GHz Clock Generator with Self- Referenced Asynchronous Adaptive Droop Mitigation

We present a 0.4-to-6.5GHz Frequency Locked Loop (FLL) implemented in 10nm CMOS, targeting high performance SoCs that require uninterrupted, overshoot-free clocks for Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). The FLL supports gradual frequency transitions (e.g. up to 650MHz per 100ns) where di/dt constraints prevail. When unconstrained, transitions between any two frequencies in 100ns with <1% exit frequency error are possible. Adaptive Frequency Synthesis (AFS), with 0.5-to-1.0ns reaction time, helps mitigate guardbands induced by computation-dependent supply droop [1]–[3]. Split analog and digital supplies (each driven by a low drop out regulator (LDO), see Fig. 29.3.1) and duty cycle adjustment (DCA) improve output jitter performance and clock quality.
Actions, Agents, and Interfaces

Ideally, a brain-computer interface (BCI) would enable bodily movement that is functionally and phenomenologically similar to “ordinary” behavior. One important element of this desired functionality is that the user would be able to control movement through the same types of mental activity that are used in “ordinary” behavior. For example, arm movement is caused by neural activity that underlies the conscious intention to move the arm. At present, however, the BCI-user has to learn to control movement by consciously imagining the movement, or by controlling neural activity that is only indirectly related to the intended movement. According to the standard account of action, a bodily movement qualifies as an action if its proximate cause is the conscious or unconscious intention to perform that movement. Since it can be argued that this condition is not met in the case of BCI-mediated behavior, an important question to ask is whether this type of behavior qualifies as intentional action.
An Ultra-Wideband Origami Microwave Absorber

In this work, an ultra-wideband microwave absorber based on a Tachi-Miura Polyhedron (TMP) origami structure is presented. By appropriately folding the TMP at a specific angle, the proposed absorber acts as a honeycomb design, thereby offering superior absorption performance compared to the stateof-the-art absorbers. Specifically, it exhibits an absorptivity of more than 90% in the wide frequency band of 1.22 GHz to 30 GHz for both transverse electric (TE), and transverse magnetic (TM) waves. A fractional bandwidth of 1.84 is supported that proved the ultra-wideband absorption.
Autonomic disorders in Parkinson disease: Disrupted hypothalamic connectivity as revealed from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging

Converging evidence from diverse methodologies implicate the hypothalamus in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Pathology in the hypothalamus and in hypothalamic pathways has been linked primarily to autonomic dysfunction, routinely experienced by individuals with PD throughout the course of the disease, sometimes predating onset of motor symptoms. Postmortem and molecular imaging studies have delineated pathologic changes in the hypothalamus and demonstrated alterations in neurotransmitter systems within this structure and associated pathways, which track the progression of the disease. More recently, functional interactions between the hypothalamus, thalamus, and striatum, as assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, were shown to be reduced in PD patients with high in comparison to those with low autonomic symptom burden. These functional changes may relate to micro- and macrostructural alterations which are also observed in PD. An examination of the hypothalamus and hypothalamic pathways can also shed light on atypical parkinsonian disorders and their distinct pathophysiologic characteristics relative to idiopathic PD. Altogether, the current state of knowledge on the involvement of the hypothalamus in PD is profound, yet emerging methodological advances are likely to move our understanding of hypothalamic pathology in PD significantly forward.
A Performance Comparison Between Quantum Dash and Quantum Well Fabry-Pérot Lasers

We directly compare the performance of 1.55 $\mu \text{m}$ Fabry-Perot lasers using quantum well (QW) and quantum dash gain regions. Other than the gain medium the designs were identical, grown in the same growth system, and processed at the same time. The static laser performance (light-current and spectral) were similar for both gain materials but the intensity and phase noise characteristics of the dash based lasers were significantly better. This was attributed to the self mode-locking of the dash lasers that was not observed for the QW lasers. This reduction in noise allowed individual lasing lines from the Fabry-Perot dash lasers to be used for data transmission using high order modulation schemes, with quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) demonstrated at a symbol rate of 32GBaud. This performance could not be achieved using the equivalent QW based laser.
STAT1 Gain-of-Function Variants Drive Altered T Cell Prevalence, Metabolism, and Heightened IL-6 Sensitivity

Patients with Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) gain-of-function (GOF) pathogenic variants exhibit susceptibility to infections, autoimmunity, and cancer due to enhanced or prolonged STAT1 phosphorylation following cytokine stimulation. While interferons (IFNs) are canonical STAT1 activators, other cytokines that may also contribute to pathology in STAT1 GOF patients have been less well defined. Here we analyzed the immune profiles and cytokine responses of two patients with heterozygous GOF mutations in the STAT1 coiled-coil domain. A systems immunology approach revealed major changes in the T cell compartment and minor changes in the B cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells. Both patients with STAT1 GOF differed from healthy individuals in the abundance and phenotype of effector memory, Th17, and Treg populations. STAT1 GOF T cells displayed a pattern of increased activation and had elevated markers of glycolysis and lipid oxidation. Hypersensitivity of T cells to IL-6 was observed with intense, sustained STAT1 phosphorylation in memory T cell populations that exceeded that induced by IFNs. Together, these results show a role for STAT1 in T cell metabolism and suggest that IL-6 may play a critical role to promote T cell memory formation and activation in patients with STAT1 GOF.
English Grammar: Getting started with sentences

As you've seen, in language we combine words to form phrases. We also combine phrases to form sentences, and there are various kinds of sentences. For example, there are statements and questions, simple sentences and combinations of sentences, and negative sentences and positive sentences. In Part III, we begin to explore different kinds of sentences, looking at the functions of sentences (Unit 15), how sentences can be combined (Unit 16), and the relationships between different sentences (Unit 17). Our goal is to help you recognize some of the more common and important sentence types.
Marine Bacteria and Localized Corrosion on Polymer Coated Steel: Cause and Effect

Abstract : Diagnosis of microbiologically influenced corrosion on iron-containing substrata exposed in marine environment cannot be based solely on spatial relationships between large accumulations of bacterial cells and iron corrosion products. Field experiments were designed to evaluate the relationship between marine bacteria and localized corrosion and coated mild steel. In all cases, the distribution of bacteria was strongly influenced by the presence of iron corrosion products independent of coating combinations. In the presence of cathodic protection, coating defects were filled with calcareous deposits and few bacterial cells. Results demonstrate that bacteria are preferentially attracted to iron corrosion products in coating defects and that attraction is more influential than topography in determining the spatial distribution of bacterial cells.
Measurement of intraocular pressure in awake mice.

PURPOSE To determine whether the Goldmann applanation tonometer can be modified to measure intraocular pressure (IOP) in the awake mouse. METHODS Tonometers with reduction of the biprism angles in the applanating tips and in the weight applied by the instrument were tested in anesthetized mice in calibration experiments. Then a tonometer with the appropriate configuration of tip and weight was used in conscious, unsedated mice. RESULTS Tonometry in mice required a biprism angle of 36 degrees and weight applied of 25 mg per scale division (2 g full scale). This tonometer was calibrated in mice against manometrically measured IOP and showed good agreement across the range of IOP tested (0-50 mm Hg). In conscious mice the measured mean Goldmann value was 13.7 +/- 3.2 mm Hg (mean +/- SD; 95% confidence interval, 13.1, 14.2 mm Hg). CONCLUSIONS The Goldmann tonometer, the standard for measuring the IOP in the human eye, was modified to measure this fundamental physiologic parameter in the awake mouse. This measurement is required to confirm success in genetically engineering a model in the powerful mouse system, which mimics elevated IOP in humans. The model will open new avenues for studying the causes of the optic neuropathy of glaucoma, the regulation of IOP, and new therapeutic approaches to prevent the irreversible loss of vision from this disease.
Cantor's paradise regained: constructive mathematics from Brouwer to Kolmogorov to Gelfond

Constructive mathematics, mathematics in which the existence of an object means that that we can actually construct this object, started as a heavily restricted version ofmathematics, a version in which many commonly used mathematical techniques (like the Law of Excluded Middle) were forbidden to maintain constructivity. Eventually, it turned out that not only constructive mathematics is not a weakened version of the classical one - as it was originally perceived - but that, vice versa, classical mathematics can be viewed as a particular (thus, weaker) case of the constructive one. Crucial results in this direction were obtained by M. Gelfond in the 1970s. In this paper, we mention the history of these results, and show how these results affected constructive mathematics, how they led to new algorithms, and how they affected the current activity in logic programming-related research.
Evaluation of Organic Soybean Rust Treatments for Organic Production - Neely-Kinyon Trial, 2005

Introduction Asian soybean rust, which arrived in the U.S. in 2004, has the potential to be the single most important impediment to economical organic production in the U.S., with the economic impact of ASR in organic systems ranging from $30 to $120 million in yield loss, upon its arrival in organic soybean areas. The fungus (Phakopsora pachyrhiz) survives year-round in warm areas, such as the southern United States. During a growing season, the pathogen is disseminated by northward seasonal wind.
The Effect of Hydroxymethanesulfonates on 14CO2 Photosynthesis by Algae

Abstract Photosynthesis by the algae Chlamydomonas or Chlorella was altered in three major ways by treatment with 0.001 m α-hydroxy-2-pyridinemethanesulfonate or hydroxymethanesulfonate. (a) At pH 7.6 or 8.3 these sulfonates restored the 14CO2-fixation rate to that which occurs normally at pH 6.5. This represented a 6- to 7-fold increase in rate at pH 8.3 over the rate in the nontreated algae. At pH 6.5 no stimulation of photosynthesis occurred. (b) In the presence of these sulfonates the algae accumulated much of the newly fixed 14C into sugar diphosphates, particularly ribulose diphosphate. During a 10- to 120-sec period at pH 8.3 about 18% of the total 14C fixed accumulated at a linear rate into ribulose diphosphate. At pH 6.5 the sulfonates also stimulated sugar diphosphate accumulation, but its conversion to 3-phosphoglycerate was more extensive. (c) At both pH 6.5 and 8.3 14C labeling of the amino acids was greatly inhibited by either sulfonate, and there was some increase in the percentage of 14C in pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate. Although the reason for these changes in photosynthesis caused by the hydroxymethanesulfonates remains obscure, evidently the hydroxymethanesulfonates are not specific inhibitors of glycolate oxidase. Treatment of the algae with the hydroxymethanesulfonates did not result in the accumulation of glycolate-14C as did occur in treated leaves of higher plants during 14CO2 photosynthesis. This result correlates with the absence of glycolate oxidase in algae. Thus, glycolate metabolism represents a major difference between algae and higher plants.
Understanding Variability To Reduce the Energy and GHG Footprints of U.S. Ethylene Production.

Recent growth in U.S. ethylene production due to the shale gas boom is affecting the U.S. chemical industry’s energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions footprints. To evaluate these effects, a systematic, first-principles model of the cradle-to-gate ethylene production system was developed and applied. The variances associated with estimating the energy consumption and GHG emission intensities of U.S. ethylene production, both from conventional natural gas and from shale gas, are explicitly analyzed. A sensitivity analysis illustrates that the large variances in energy intensity are due to process parameters (e.g., compressor efficiency), and that large variances in GHG emissions intensity are due to fugitive emissions from upstream natural gas production. On the basis of these results, the opportunities with the greatest leverage for reducing the energy and GHG footprints are presented. The model and analysis provide energy analysts and policy makers with a better understanding of the drivers of energy u...
Histological examination of sublethal effects of diazinon on ovary of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus.

Abstract The effects of the insecticide, diazinon (an organophosphorous compound), on the ovaries of bluegill ( Lepomis macrohirus ) were studied. Histological preparations of bluegill ovarian tissue was examined at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and 1, 2 and 3 weeks following exposure to sublethal doses of diazinon (60 μg/l). The control contained primary follicles with an intact ovigerous lamellae and tunica albuginea. The control also revealed well developed stage IV oocytes with properly distributed provitelline nucleoli. After 24 h of exposure to diazinon, primary follicles began to show adhesion and cytoplasmic retraction in oocyte II occured. Cytoplasmic degeneration and additional adhesion and more retraction were visible at 48 h in oocyte II; 72 h brought forth adhesion, retraction and cytoplamic expulsion from oocyte IV. The number of atretic oocytes increased. Damages to the oocyte IV started to occur after 72 h of exposure. Cytoplasmic retraction and clumping was more visible at 96 h in oocyte IV. Partial destruction of the ovigerous lamellae and vitellogenic membrane occurred after 1 week. Two weeks continued to reveal destruction of follicles. Severe damage of the ovigerous lamellae, increased intrafollicular spaces, vacuolated cytoplasm, extrusion of karyoplasm and necrosis in the cytoplasm were most evident following 3 weeks of exposure. The ovarian wall became frayed and broken. Additionally, a marked increase of atretic follicles, shrinkage, and embedded nucleoli into the surrounding cytoplasm in oocyte II, III and IV were observed at week 3. This study revealed that oocytes at their different stages of maturation get affected differently at various exposure. Based on observations of the ovarian tissue compositional and structural changes following given exposure times, it becomes evident that consistent sublethal doses of diazinon can and will alter microscopic anatomy of the fish ovary.
Surface displacements for high speed rubs

Abstract Equations are derived for the surface displacement of a slab in the absence of surface tractions for a moving rectangular patch of heat input of length 2 l and width 2 ϵ with a heat input density q . The normal displacement Δw can be expressed in terms of a dimensionless quantity η: Δw = 8(1 + ν) π 2 α q ϵl Pe l 1 2 η where α is the expansion coefficient, ν is Poisson's ratio, Pe l  cl kπ , c is the speed of traversal of the patch along the surface and k is the thermal diffusivity. The quantity η varies from −0.29 at the leading edge of the patch to 1.71 at the trailing edge. At the center it is unity.
Partial Discharge Pattern Recognition Using Radial Basis Function Neural Network

This paper proposed a novel radial basis function (RBF) neural network based recognition method to identify the insulation defects of high voltage electrical apparatus arising from partial discharge (PD). Basically, a defect of insulation, as resulting from PD, would have a corresponding particular pattern. Therefore, pattern recognition of PD is significant to discriminate insulation conditions of electrical apparatus. Pattern recognition of PD aims at recognizing the defects causing the PD, such as internal discharge, external discharge, or corona, etc. This information is vital for estimating the harmfulness of the discharge in the insulation. To verify the proposed approach, experiments were conducted to demonstrate the field-test PD pattern recognition of insulators by using feature vectors of field-test PD patterns. The experimental data are found to be in close agreement. The test results show that the proposed approach is efficient and reliable.
A 10-year demographic study of rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus): growth, survival and water limitation

A population of 126 adult rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus var. consimilis) was followed for 10 consecutive years from 1983 through 1992 in a sanddune ecosytem on the north shore of Mono Lake, California. The study area received an average (1981–1992) of 160 mm total annual precipitation of which 55 mm fell from April through October, making this site drier than other known sites in the Great Basin desert where C. nauseosus occurs. Cover of all shrubs was 18.0%, and that of C. nauseosus 7.5%, in the 3077 m2 study plot. Water was limiting for this population of C. nauseosus, exerting large effects on new canopy growth and reproductive effort in a given year, on survival, and on establishment of juveniles into the adult population. Growth and survivorship of the adult shrubs were significantly correlated with the depth to ground water, which varied from 3.6 to 6.0 m below the surface during the study, and not with any measure of precipitation in a given year or adjacent years. Shrubs in this population exhibited a net decrease in size between 1983 and 1992. The region experienced a significant drought from 1987 onwards, with some increase in precipitation after 1990. Mortality of shrubs began in 1987 and reached 22% by 1992. Individuals that died were smaller on average initially than individuals surviving throughout the study: 50% or more of the individuals having 4000 cm2 of canopy or less at the start of the study died by 1992. Elevation (m msl) of each shrub in the study area, presumably correlated with depth to ground water, had no effect on growth but a weak effect on survival during the study period. Specific microsite had significant effects, with shrubs on steep slopes being smaller, having more negative “growth” slopes, and being more likely to die during the drought compared to individuals occurring on flatter gradients. Recruiment of juveniles into the population did not occur after 1985. Competition between shrubs could not be definitively demonstrated during the study, but only indirect tests for competition were used. Adult C. nauseosus and adults of all species combined (Sarcobatus vermiculatus with 9.6% cover, Tetradymia tetrameres with 0.8% cover and Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus with 0.02% cover) were randomly distributed, failing to support the hypothesis of competition if competition for water results in a uniform distribution of shrubs. Moreover, comparison of the spatial dispersion of C. nauseosus individuals before (1985) and after (1992) mortality did not reveal competitive thinning toward uniformity. On the other hand, larger individuals were farther from their nearest neighbor than were smaller individuals, an effect postulated to result from competitive thinning.
Parental perceptions of children who were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care units

This study addresses two questions: (1) Do parents whose children were hospitalized in neonatal intensive care have different perceptions of their children than parents of children in the general population? and (2) How do parents of such children compare their children's health, cognitive, and emotional development to other children of the same age? Thirty-seven mothers and 26 fathers whose children were hospitalized in an intensive care nursery in a major university hospital participated in this study. Parents filled out a Child Behavior Checklist. A subsample of 24 parents was selected for clinical interviews. The findings indicate that parents in the study sample have similar perceptions of their children as parents of children in the general population. Further, parents gave favorable evaluations of their children's health, cognitive and emotional development.
Multi-agent distributed adaptive resource allocation (MADARA)

The component placement problem involves mapping a component to a particular location and maximising component utility in grid and cloud systems. It is also an NP hard resource allocation and deployment problem, so many common grid and cloud computing libraries, such as MPICH and Hadoop, do not address this problem, even though large performance gains can occur by optimising communications between nodes. This paper provides four contributions to research on the component placement problem for grid and cloud computing environments. First, we present the multi-agent distributed adaptive resource allocation (MADARA) toolkit, which is designed to address grid and cloud allocation and deployment needs. Second, we present a heuristic called the comparison-based iteration by degree (CID) heuristic, which we use to approximate optimal deployments in MADARA. Third, we analyse the performance of applying the CID heuristic to approximate common grid and cloud operations, such as broadcast, gather and reduce. Fourth, we evaluate the results of applying genetic programming mutation to improve our CID heuristic.
Daily pharmacologic prophylaxis of episodic migraine

Patients with high frequencies of migraine, high disability or impact from migraine, and frequent users of acute migraine medications merit migraine prophylaxis in the form of daily medication. The choice of migraine-preventive medication is best based on the opportunity to treat multiple concomitant disorders as well as migraine with 1 medication. Migraine-preventive medications, at best, work in approximately half of patients to reduce migraine frequency by about 50%, so careful establishment of expectations with use of headache diaries is crucial for therapeutic success. Treatment should always begin with low doses and be gradually increased to optimal dosing, which then should be maintained for 2 to 3 months to evaluate effectiveness. Medications with the best evidence for efficacy in the prevention of migraine are amitriptyline, propranolol, timolol, valproate, and topiramate. Although all migraine preventive medications are nonspecific and have multiple potential mechanisms for their effects, they often share a tendency to reduce central neuronal hyperexcitability by inhibiting excitatory neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and norepinephrine, increasing inhibitory tone via GABA, reducing the likelihood of cortical spreading depression, or favorably altering channelopathies or mitochondriopathies thought to be intrinsic to migraine pathophysiology.
Transformations of epithelial monolayers during wing development of Manduca sexta.

Abstract The two epithelial monolayers of the insect wing undergo striking morphogenetic changes during the course of adult development, but the exact interactions between these monolayers were not evident until the ultrastructure of the cells was carefully examined. The interaction of the dorsal monolayer with the ventral monolayer continually changes as the two initially separate monolayers first lose their pupal basal laminae and then come together along a sharp interface to form microtubule-associated junctions. As blood space between the two monolayers expands 2 days later, new adult basal laminae and cuticle form. Concomitantly the epithelial cells stretch along their apicobasal axes to create a thin cellular M layer halfway between the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing that represents the site where connections between the monolayers are maintained at specialized basal junctions. The elongated processes of each monolayer that make up this M layer first fasciculate and then span the space separating the two monolayers, but only at relatively widely-spaced intervals. During later stages of adult development, dense aggregates of microtubules appear in these epithelial processes and presumably contract as cells dramatically shorten along their apicobasal axes during expansion of the wing. Examination of the ultrastructure of the developing adult wing has revealed how certain cellular events can account for the mechanics of cuticle and wing expansion after adult emergence.
Relaxation times of breast tissue at 1.5T and 3T measured using IDEAL

Purpose: To accurately measure T1 and T2 of breast fibroglandular tissue and fat at 1.5T and 3T, and note the partial volume effects of the admixture of fibroglandular tissue and fat on the relaxation rates using an approach termed iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least squares estimation (IDEAL) imaging. Materials and Methods: T1 and T2 values were measured on the right breasts of five healthy women at 1.5T and 3T. T1 data were collected using two sequences: inversion recovery without IDEAL, and inversion recovery with IDEAL. T2 data were collected using Hahn Echo scans. SNR and CNR analyses were conducted on collected data. Results: T1 increased for both fat (21%) and glandular tissue (17%) from 1.5T to 3T. Thus, the TR and TI of breast protocols at 3T should be lengthened accordingly. SNR more than doubled for both tissue types from 1.5T to 3T. IDEAL imaging demonstrated the partial volume effects of fat and glandular tissue on measuring relaxation rates of independent tissue types. Conclusion: With separated fat and water images, more precise measurements can be made for the lipid component in fat, and the water component in fibroglandular tissue. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Comment on Strauss' and Carpenter's Definitions of “What Is Schizophrenia”

Any disorder can be defined as the result of a myriad of influences, but it serves little purpose to include the entire causal network as the definition--assuming that we know the causes. It is better to limit the definition to the salient features shared by all or almost all persons with the disorder. Since we know so little about the etiology of schizophrenia, or its pathophysiology, it is best to use clinical features and some gross description of course, as is described in DSM-III, as the definition most likely to be useful and least likely to contain wrong information.
Nonlinguistic symbolic and conceptual abilities of language-impaired and normally developing children

This study was motivated in part by the claim that language-impaired children with normal nonverbal intelligence suffer from representational and symbolization deficits (Morehead & Ingram, 1973). The study also examined the developing concepts of class, number, and order in these children to evaluate the claim that their thinking and reasoning in the nonlinguistic domain were within normal limits. Subjects were language-impaired children and two groups of normally developing children, one matched for MA and the other for MLU to the language-imparied group. Each group consisted of ten children. Each child was administered six nonstandardized cognitive tasks from the Piagetian literature. These tasks were designed to assess developing nonlinguistic symbolic abilities and conceptual knowledge of class, number, and order relations. The language-impaired children consistently performed better than MLU-matched controls but more poorly than MA-matched peers. However, only one task--Haptic Recognition--uncovered a significant difference between the language-impaired and MA-matched groups. The difficulty that language-impaired children experienced on this task was taken as evidence that they had deficient nonlinguistic symbolic abilities. Some tentative conclusions are offered concerning the role representational abilities play in language development.
Investigation of Phonemic Awareness and Phonic Skills in Spanish-English Bilingual and English-Speaking Kindergarten Students

The ability to read on grade level is a fundamental skill required for children to achieve academic success. Students who are English language learners (ELLs) and/or those who have learning disabilities often find it extremely difficult to achieve at the reading expectation level. This study examines English phonemic awareness and phonic skills in four groups of kindergarten students with and without disabilities: (a) 20 high-reading-level English monolinguals, (b) 20 low-reading-level English monolinguals, (c) 20 high-reading-level English-Spanish bilinguals, and (d) 20 low-reading-level English-Spanish bilinguals. Findings indicated differences for monolingual versus bilingual speakers in their ability to identify voiced versus voiceless contrasts. It appears from these findings that an achievement gap in reading levels between monolingual and bilingual students exists even at the kindergarten grade level.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation in the Mover-Stayer Model

Abstract The discrete time mover-stayer model, a special mixture of two independent Markov chains, has been widely used in modeling the dynamics of social processes. The problem of maximum likelihood estimation of its parameters from the data, however, which consist of a sample of independent realizations of this process, has not been considered in the literature. I present a maximum likelihood procedure for the estimation of the parameters of the mover-stayer model and develop a recursive method of computation of maximum likelihood estimators that is very simple to implement. I also verify that obtained maximum likelihood estimators are strongly consistent. I show that the two estimators of the parameters of the mover-stayer model previously proposed in the literature are special cases of the maximum likelihood estimator derived in this article, that is, they coincide with the maximum likelihood estimator under special conditions. I thus explain the interconnection between existing estimators. I also pre...
Computing the L2-induced norm of a compression operator

Abstract A new computationally viable approach is derived for computing the induced norm of a state space compression operator; that is an integral operator defined on the finite length space L2[0,h]. Determining this norm is a crucial component in the control analysis of both delay systems and sampled-data systems. The technique developed may have application to a wider variety of integral operators.
Geosynchronous orbiter tracking by VLBI - Demonstration results

A demonstration has been designed to determine the three dimensional position of a satellite in geosynchronous earth orbit, with 5 meter accuracy, using tracking techniques based on very-long-base-line interferometry (VLBI). Two experiments are analyzed: the first uses tracking stations in California, Australia, and Guam, and the second uses stations in California, Australia, and Japan. Satellite VLBI observables are defined and measurement errors are predicted. Both experiments employ alternate observations between the satellite and extra-galactic radio sources to determine the satellite plane-of-sky position. Positional accuracy resulting from various combinations of data acquired over the satellite's orbital period is discussed. A strategy is devised for resolving integer cycle phase ambiguities, inherent in VLBI, without relying on an externally provided reference trajectory.
A Reply to Thompson and Tucker

Thompson and Tucker raise a number of issues pertaining to our work in their article, the most important of which is their claim that regime transitions are statistically independent of war. In what follows, we address this claim by conducting a simple statistical analysis, the results of which continue to indicate that democratization increases the likelihood of war. But before turning to this analysis, two other issues need to be addressed.
Reliability of Goniometry-Based Q-Angle

Objective To establish the stability reliability, precision, and minimum value for detecting real differences for quadriceps angle (Q-angle) measurements based on standardized protocols and surface goniometry. Design An intratester reliability study. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Fifty-two healthy, young, relatively lean adults (25 men and 27 women) from the university community with no history of knee injury. Methods Q-angle was assessed with surface goniometry on 2 separate occasions separated by 48 hours. Subjects assumed a supine position with: (1) extended hips and knees, (2) neutral hip rotational position, (3) neutral foot position, and (4) isometrically contracted quadriceps femoris muscles. The axis of a manual extendable-arm goniometer was placed over the center of the right patella with the proximal arm situated over the anterior-superior iliac spine and the distal arm over the center of the tibial tuberosity. Main Outcome Measures Stability reliability was calculated with use of intraclass correlation (ICC, 2-way random model) and precision was calculated by standard error of measurement (SEM). The 95% limits of agreement also were calculated to estimate the minimum detectable difference in Q-angles. The lowest acceptable ICC was set at ≥0.70 for stability reliability. Results The following ICC (SEM) values were found: all subjects=0.88 (1.0°), men=0.77 (1.0°), and women=0.85 (1.0°). The 95% limits of agreement were 3° for the same 3 groups. Conclusions The surface goniometry protocol described herein appeared to be reliable for relatively lean young men and women. Although measures were precise to 1.0°, it appears a difference of 3° may be needed to detect a real difference in Q-angles when measured in this fashion.