cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Typification and Frontier Violence: Kate Grenville’s The Secret River

In few postcolonial contexts is the past so contested as in settler societies. For nations built on occupation and expropriation, narratives of history have an inescapable political salience, as knowledge of the violence upon which society was established seems to undermine its legitimacy, or even to open the possibility that current generations owe moral — and material — debts to those they dispossessed. These pasts cannot simply be ignored. In places like Australia and New Zealand indigenous peoples have made a concerted effort to bring their experiences and interpretations of history to public awareness. Settlers have no choice but to find ways to address those counter-narratives of national history: either by incorporating them into an expanded (often guilt-suffused) understanding of the impact of colonial settlement, or by dismissing them as politically motivated and implausible. Whatever the response, it is precisely the fact that the past is contested that drives questions of truth to the fore. Novels of colonisation cannot but engage in a dialogue with realist form, and — as this Part shows — as writers and readers grapple with how to treat historical novels as a source of knowledge of the frontier, they produce a variant of historical realism that I call settler allegory. This chapter and the next examine two texts belonging to this subset of the postcolonial historical novel.
Cardiovascular Consequences of Prostanoid I Receptor Deletion in Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Deficient Hyperlipidemic Mice

Background:Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2 alleviate pain and reduce fever and inflammation by suppressing the biosynthesis of prostacyclin (PGI2) and prostaglandin E2. However, suppression of these...
A Logic Programming Approach to Building Planning and Simulation Models

Logic programming, including languages like Prolog and its variants, is becoming popular for AI applications such as natural language processing and expert systems. These tools may also benefit more traditional management science applications such as planning and simulation. A framework is proposed for describing the problem domain (’model base’) of planning and simulation problems in logical form, separate from the inferencing mechanisms applied to them. Applications are to dynamic programming, decision trees, PERT networks, and discrete event simulation.
Changes in the Transnational Family Structures of Mexican Farm Workers in the Era of Border Militarization

Historically, undocumented Mexican farm workers migrated circularly, leaving family behind in Mexico on short trips to the United States. Scholars have argued that border militarization has disrupted circular migration as the costs of crossing the border lead to longer stays, increased settlement, and changing transnational family practices. Yet, no study has explored changes in the transnational family structures of Mexico-U.S. migrants that span the era of border militarization. Using data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey, we document a dramatic shift away from transnational family life (as measured by location of residence of dependent children) among undocumented Mexican farm workers and a less dramatic shift among documented Mexican farm workers in the United States between 1993 and 2012. These trends are not explained by changes in the sociodemographic characteristics of farm workers or by changing demographic conditions or rising violence in Mexico. One-half of the trend can be accounted for by lengthened duration of stay and increased connections to the United States among the undocumented, but none of the trend is explained by these measures of settlement among the documented, suggesting that some Mexican farm workers adopt new family migration strategies at first migration. Increases in border control are associated with lower likelihood that children reside in Mexico-a finding that holds up to instrumental variable techniques. Our findings confirm the argument that U.S. border militarization-a policy designed to deter undocumented migration-is instead disrupting transnational family life between Mexico and the United States and, in doing so, is creating a permanent population of undocumented migrants and their children in the United States.
Energetics, Thermodynamics, and Hydrogen Bonding Diversity in Ammonium Halide Clusters.

Contributions from different intermolecular and interionic forces, as well as variations in bond energies, produce size-dependent variations in the structures of acid–base molecular clusters. In this work the structures and interaction energetics of cluster particles with the nominal formulas (NH4X)n, X = (F, Cl, Br) are predicted using either “mag-walking” sawtooth simulated annealing Monte Carlo calculations or model building, followed by M06-2X or RI-MP2 geometry optimization and single-point energy calculations. Whereas the n = 1 clusters all exhibit a single hydrogen bond, small (NH4F)n particles (n = 2–5) exhibit three distinct types of hydrogen bonds as a function of size (traditional, ion-pair and proton-shared). However, (NH4Br)n and (NH4Cl)n particles (n = 2–13) all solely exhibit ion-pair hydrogen bonding, with even values of n exhibiting pronounced relative stability. The computed differential interaction energy of the bromide and chloride systems is generally near the bulk limit of the differ...
Probabilistic Models and Algorithms for Data Synchronization/Broadcast Via Network Coding

We investigate the problem of data synchronization in which a sender has a set of packets to be distributed to all the receivers via a broadcast channel. Initially, each receiver has some fraction of the packets. At each time slot, the sender might broadcast a packet to all the receivers. The goal is to find a broadcast scheme that minimizes the number of time slots until all the receivers successfully obtain all the packets. We propose two probabilistic models on how the initial fractions of packets at receivers are distributed. These models arise naturally in many large-scale systems, such as peer-to-peer networks, data centers, and distributed storage systems. Based on these models, we establish probabilistic bounds and asymptotic results on the minimum number of time slots to successfully transmit all the packets to all the receivers. Next, we propose and analyze a number of random network coding algorithms for finding the approximately optimal solution. Theoretical analysis and simulations are provided to verify the probabilistic bounds and the proposed algorithms.
Individual HIV Risk versus Population Impact of Risk Compensation after HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation among Men Who Have Sex with Men.

Objectives Risk compensation (RC) could reduce or offset the biological prevention benefits of HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among those at substantial risk of infection, including men who have sex with men (MSM). We investigated the potential extent and causal mechanisms through which RC could impact HIV transmission at the population and individual levels. Methods Using a stochastic network-based mathematical model of HIV transmission dynamics among MSM in the United States, we simulated RC as a reduction in the probability of condom use after initiating PrEP, with heterogeneity by PrEP adherence profiles and partnership type in which RC occurred. Outcomes were changes to population-level HIV incidence and individual-level acquisition risk. Results When RC was limited to MSM highly/moderately adherent to PrEP, 100% RC (full replacement of condoms) resulted in a 2% relative decline in incidence compared to no RC, but an 8% relative increase in infection risk for MSM on PrEP. This resulted from confounding by indication: RC increased the number of MSM indicated for PrEP as a function of more condomless anal intercourse among men otherwise not indicated for PrEP; this led to an increased PrEP uptake and subsequent decline in incidence. Conclusions RC is unlikely to decrease the prevention impact of PrEP, and in some cases RC may be counterintuitively beneficial at the population level. This depended on PrEP uptake scaling with behavioral indications. Due to the increased acquisition risk associated with RC, however, clinicians should continue to support PrEP as a supplement rather than replacement of condoms.
Behavior and design of steel-plate composite wall-to-wall corner or L-joints

Abstract Steel-plate composite (SC) walls used in the containment internal structures of safety-related nuclear facilities intersect each other at corners of compartments to form wall-to-wall corner or L-joints. This paper focuses on joint shear behavior and strength of wall-to-wall corner L-joints, the understanding of which is imperative for the design of wall-to-wall joints irrespective of the failure mode. This paper presents the results of a large-scale test conducted on an SC wall-to-wall corner or L-joint. The test specimen was designed to undergo joint shear failure prior to flexural yielding of the connected SC walls. The test specimen did not include any tie bars in the joint shear region, which would represent the lower bound case for these joints. The specimen was subjected to cyclic loading until failure, and the test results included the joint shear force-displacement and joint shear force-shear strain responses of the specimen along with observations of concrete cracking and crushing in the joint region. The results and observations were evaluated to establish the joint shear strength and governing failure mode. The experimentally measured joint shear strength was compared with the ACI 349-06 code equation for calculating the joint shear strength of comparable reinforced concrete beam-to-column joints. A detailed nonlinear finite element model was developed to gain additional insight into the observed behavior. The model was benchmarked using experimental results. The experimental and analytical results were compared with ACI 349-06 code provisions for calculating the joint shear strength of reinforced concrete beam-to-column joints. The results from experimental and analytical investigations indicate that the ACI 349-06 code equation could be used for estimating the joint shear strength of steel-plate composite wall-to-wall L-joints with γ of 8.
Controller tuning of generic positive sequence solar PV models used in interconnection studies

With increased penetration of renewable energy sources in the bulk electricity system, it is important for power system planners and operators to maintain grid stability and carry out system impact studies for identifying reliability-related problems. Adequate models have been developed by the industry to represent positive sequence response of solar PV plants for grid interconnection studies. In this work, both steady state and dynamic modeling of interconnected solar plants are discussed. Test systems are developed in positive sequence power system simulators such as Siemens PSS/E and GE PSLF to capture inverter models' response to various control modes. The results of this work provide a better visualization of how tuning the gains of the electrical control and the power plant control can stabilize solar plant operations in an interconnected network.
Participatory Action Research as Problem-Based Learning: A Course Study of Rural Poverty, Low-Income Housing, and Environmental Justice

For academics passionate about the study of economic justice and capitalist processes, reading debates between political economists can inspire many thoughts about why people in contemporary society prosper, or not. But, how do we get students to feel connected to these abstract theories and see that the arguments of the past frame the way we talk about and see things now? Problem-based learning (PBL) and Participatory Action Research (PAR) are pedagogical and methodological approaches motivated by the principle of empowerment by engaging students and research “subjects” in the cycle of making, interpreting, and acting on knowledge. This chapter discusses how Leontina (the instructor) introduced a local social and environmental justice case to a class and integrated community member experiential expertise into a class participatory action project.
In Vivo Evaluation of GNS Nanoprobe

GNS nanoparticles’ in vivo biodistribution, tumor uptake and pharmacokinetics are of great importance for their biomedical applications (Pekkanen et al in J Biomed Nanotechnol 10:1677–1712 2014 [3]; Chen et al in Int J Nanotechnol 10:840–849, 2013 [4]; Xie et al in Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:1064–1079, 2010 [5]; Jain and Stylianopoulos in Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7:653–664, 2010 [6]). Nanoparticles take advantage of EPR effect from tumor leaky vasculature for cancer targeting. Particle size plays an important role in determining the biodistribution and clearance pathway (via liver/spleen or kidney). Nanoparticles with size less than 10 nm have been found to be cleared by the kidney, while those greater than 200 nm are quickly filtered by the liver and spleen (Perez-Campana in ACS Nano 7:3498–3505, 2013 [7]; Sykes et al in ACS Nano 8:5696–5706, 2014 [8]). Consequently, a nanoparticle size between 30 nm and 200 nm has been considered to be ideal for accumulation in tumors through the EPR effect. Surface charge can also affect nanoparticles’ in vivo behavior. Nanoparticles with negative or positive surface charge could absorb plasma protein and get cleared quickly after IV injection. On the contrary, nanoparticles with polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating have neutral surface and been reported to lengthen circulation time, which is preferable for tumor accumulation with EPR effect (Kim et al in Small 7:2052–2060, 2011 [9]; Daou et al in Life Sci Med Bio Mater 2:236–239, 2008 [10]; Cole et al in Biomaterials 32:6291–6301, 2011 [11]; Guo et al in Biomaterials 32:8010–8020, 2011 [12]). PET, MRI and CT imaging modalities have been used for tracking nanoparticles at the whole body level while optical imaging, with higher spatial resolution, can be used to track nanoparticles at the subcellular level (Ferlay et al in Int J Cancer 127:2893–2917, 2010 [13]; Agarwal et al in J Biomed Opt 16(051307):1–7, 2011 [14]; Vo-Dinh et al in Nanoscale 5:10127–10140, 2013 [15]; Ashton et al in PLoS ONE 9(e88129):1–14, 2014 [16]; Toy et al in Nanomedicine 9:121–134, 2014 [17]; Yuan et al in J Raman Spectrosc 44:234–239, 2013 [2]; Liu et al in Sensors 15:3706–3720, 2015 [1]). The GNS multifunctional nanoprobe, with its intrinsic high TPL signal and capabilities for PET, MRI and CT imaging, provides a powerful tool to investigate how the nanoparticles’ properties affect their in vivo behaviors.
Aggregating mobile object trajectories: cumulative time geographic density estimation for GPS data

We present new approaches that expand upon the time geographic density estimation (TGDE) framework previously employed to estimate potential path trees. In the past, TGDE metrics have ident...
Introduction to the Phylum Arthropoda

Abstract This chapter analyzes the systematics, phylogeny, distribution, and diversity of freshwater arthropods of the world, with an emphasis on insects, mites, and crustaceans. Sections on general biology discuss external anatomy (including tagmatization), internal anatomy, physiology, reproduction, and development. Ecological sections cover habitat selection and physiological constraints, feeding behavior, predators, and parasites. The chapter ends with a section on collecting, preparing, and culturing arthropods.
The abstract observatory: an interface for networking telescopes

We discuss a generalised model for representing a telescope of arbitrary complexity as a networked resource that could be scheduled by a remote entity. We describe the five interfaces that enable such a telescope to i) accept authorised projects, ii) receive and update a schedule of observations, iii) report progress of ongoing observations, iv) propagate operational telemetry and v) produce retrievable science products. We are using this model to integrate the SOAR 4.1m into the Las Cumbres Observatory (LCOGT) robotic telescope network, and see it as a general approach that could be applied to other telescopes in the future.
Bleeding After HeartMate II Implantation: A Cloud in the Silver Lining∗

Over the past decade, great advances have been made in mechanical circulatory support as a therapy for end-stage heart failure. Early device technology improved survival compared with medical therapy, but long-term durability was limited [(1)][1]. Despite these challenges, pulsatile implantable left
High Rates of Community and Hospital Acquired Infections in Patients with Cellular Immunodeficiencies.

Patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are perceived to be at high risk for acquiring as well as developing complications from infections. There is little data describing the infection type and frequency these patients may acquire in the community or during hospital admissions. Data is critically needed in order to inform best practices on how to protect these vulnerable patients. This is a retrospective study which included PID patients who were discharged from Children’s National Health System (CNHS) from January 1, 2011, through August 31, 2017, and were assigned a discharge diagnosis code indicating PID. Hospitalizations that occurred in the study period were reviewed to extract information on the type of infections upon admission and during hospitalization. The rate of hospital acquired infections (HAIs) was calculated by the number of HAIs divided by the total number of days between date of admission and date of discharge or receiving the first bone marrow transplant, whichever the one came first. The rates were then compared to the HAI rate among oncology patients receiving treatment at CNHS during the same study period. During this study period, 33 PID patients were admitted 80 times for a total of 1855 patient days. Of these 80 admissions, 31 were due to an infection. Ten of the 31 admissions with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) were infection related, 4/4 in ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency due to gain of function mutation (IkappaBalpha) patients, 8/10 in Wiskott-Aldrich patients, 1/2 in STAT3 mutation patients, 1/1 in Hyper IGM patient, 1/5 in severe chronic active EBV (SCAEBV) patients, 1/1 NK defect, 2/21 in primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis patients, 3/4 chronic granulomatous disease, and 0/1 congenital neutropenia. HAI occurred in 11 out of 80 admissions (13.75%). Patients with SCID had the highest HAI rate of 13.09 per 1000 patient days, followed by SCAEBV (11.10), IkappaBalpha (6.58), and Wiskott-Aldrich (4.91). Comparing to oncology patients in which the HAI rate was 0.92 per 1000 patient days. SCID patients had 11.7 (95% confidence interval 3.7–29; p < 0.001) and T cell defects excluding SCID had 4.8 (95% CI 1.0–14.8; p = 0.03) times greater risk of acquiring an infection during a hospitalization. Patients with severe T cell defects such as SCID are at greater risk for infections in the community and in hospital settings. Additional infection prevention measures are likely needed when caring for these patients in a clinic or as an inpatient. Further studies are urgently needed to determine the most appropriate measures for these patients.
It takes a sister: sisterhood and Black womanhood in families of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities

This study explores the sibling relationships of Black women with sisters who have intellectual and developmental disabilities in the southeast United States including Georgia, South Carolina, Flor...
Polar Alignment of Λ‐Shaped Basic Building Units within Transition Metal Oxide Fluoride Materials.

A series of compounds K10(M2OnF11-n)3X (M: V, Nb, n = 2, X: (F2Cl)1/3, Br, Br4/2I4/2; M: Mo, n = 4, X: Cl, Br4/2, I4/2) is hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of KX (X: F, Cl, Br, I), M2O5 (M: V, Nb) or MoO3, and HF (autoclave, 150 °C, 24 h).
6 Adolescent Thinking

Is it All about the Brain? Developing Processing Skills Propositional and Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning and Causal Inference Learning and Knowledge Acquisition Inquiry and Scientific Thinking Argument Decision Making Epistemological Understanding and Intellectual Values Conclusions Keywords: processing skills; processing capacity; processing speed; response inhibition; propositional reasoning; deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning; causal inference; learning; knowledge acquisition; scientific thinking; inquiry; argument; decision making; epistemological understanding; intellectual values
Sustained hypoxemia in late gestation potentiates hepatic gluconeogenic gene expression but does not activate glucose production in the ovine fetus

Fetal hypoxemia is associated with pregnancy conditions that cause an early activation of fetal glucose production. However, the independent role of hypoxemia to activate this pathway is not well u...
Hermeneutics and Contract Default Rules: An Essay on Lieber and Corbin

The most provocative debate in contemporary contract law scholarship concerns default rule analysis or the manner in which courts fill gaps in incomplete contracts. The nineteenth-century scholar Francis Lieber elaborated a comprehensive solution to the default rules puzzle by first distinguishing the judicial acts of contract interpretation and construction, and then by developing principles of construction with which to choose default rules. Arthur Corbin knew about Lieber's enterprise, but, in his treatise on contracts, dismissed Lieber's distinction and never explored the rest of Lieber's hermeneutics. Had Corbin addressed Lieber, much of the professorial energy expended in the prevailing default rules debate might have been conserved. Although Lieber's work was rather limited with respect to the law of contracts, his principles of construction provide an analytical framework with which to understand and guide the way judges choose rules that conflict with the intentions of parties in contract disputes. Because Lieber's principles constitute foundational ideas, a return to them may be both efficient in conserving intellectual energy and profitable in providing fresh insights into the problems to which the ideas apply. By reviewing the distinction between interpretation and construction as Corbin adapted it from Lieber in Part I and then showing how Lieber's principles of construction bear directly on the prevailing default rules debate in Part II, this Essay invites a return to those foundational ideas and the addition of hermeneutics to the default rules debate. This essay's discussion of Lieber's hermeneutics - adapted for contract law according to Corbin's distinction between interpretation and construction - is tentative and general. It recognizes a potential intellectual debt owed to Lieber, who has been a neglected figure in contemporary American legal thought. And while Corbin has been treated as the legal academy's equivalent of royalty, even his distinction between interpretation and construction has been underappreciated.
It’s contagious: calculation and analysis of xylem vulnerability to embolism by a mechanistic approach based on epidemic modeling

Vulnerability of xylem to embolism is expressed by vulnerability curves (VC) depicting accumulating loss of hydraulic conductivity against mounting pressure stress. VCs are obtained experimentally by curve fitting, providing important benchmark data on vulnerability of a species, organ, or other specific xylem categories. Since embolism spread by air seeding represents principally an epidemic process, a method based on epidemic modeling is introduced in this contribution which allows rapid and efficient calculation of continuous VC directly from mechanistic equations. The approach is based on the classic SIR model which considers the population to be divided into susceptibles S (functional), infectives I (embolized), and “removed” R individuals (embolized conduits which have exhausted their capacity to pass gas to their neighbors). It is also possible to consider xylem which is composed of different conduit groups (differing in interconnectivity and/or conduit vulnerability). The approach is able to reconstruct all sorts of VC shapes on the basis of two key parameters of embolism, conduit vulnerability and interconnectivity, and the amount of native embolism (initial proportion of I and R conduits). The effect of I and R conduits on VC is different. High initial I leads to non-sigmoidal VC, whereas high initial R promotes sigmoidal VC. Heterogeneous conduit populations being composed of conduit groups of different sizes, interconnectivities, and conduit vulnerabilities can also lead to non-sigmoidal VC with complex shapes.
Total synthesis of angularly fused natural products

ion to form a 1,4-diradical by a 1,5-hydrogen shift. Together, the cyclization and cleavage reactions are referred to as the Norrish Type II process (Scheme 1). Compounds in which the carbonyl functionality and the y-hydrogen are separated by a ethene or a benzene unit (as in a,P-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and 2-all^l aryl ketones ) still undergo photoinduced intramolecular hydrogen abstraction. In such cases, cleavage reactions cannot occur, but both classes of compovmd imdergo photoenolizatioii^'^ to yield photoenols with varying efficiency (Scheme 2). Scheme 2 R R R R The electronic structure of simple ethenes can be readily described in terms of a* and it bonding and a* and it* antibonding orbitals. The lowest energy electronic transition of simple ethenes involves excitation of an electron from the highest occupied ic orbital to the lowest imoccupied n* orbital. Compared with the others, this transition is the most intense. The resulting (tc, 7C*) state leads to cis-trans (Z-E) interconversion (geometrical photoisomerization) of 1,2-disubstituted ethenes. The photoinduced isomerization of 1,2-disubstituted ethenes is an extremely general and wellstudied process which has synthetic uses and is of importance in some biological systems.^
Immigration and health among non-Hispanic whites: The impact of arrival cohort and region of birth

Abstract Immigration is central to our understanding of U.S. racial and ethnic health disparities, yet relatively little is known about the health of white immigrants – a group whose ethnic origins have become increasingly diverse. To the extent that whites are included in social stratification research, they are typically used as the reference category for gauging health inequities, with little attention to diversity among them. This study addresses this question using nationally representative data from the American Community Survey (2008–2017). We disaggregate non-Hispanic whites by nativity, region of birth, and period of arrival in the U.S. and examine differences in physical disability among adults aged 40 and older (n = 12, 075, 638). The analysis finds that foreign-born whites have a slightly lower prevalence of disability than U.S.-born whites, and this varies by arrival cohort. Immigrants who arrived in the 1981–1990 and 1991–2000 cohorts have a smaller advantage over U.S.-born whites than immigrants in the earlier and later cohorts. Compositional changes in the region of birth of white immigrants, especially the influx of eastern Europeans and Middle Easterners during the 1980s and 1990s, explained this variation. These findings challenge the oft-assumed notion that whites are a monolithic group and highlight growing intra-ethnic heterogeneity that is obscured by the aggregate category. Our findings also suggest that the standard practice of using whites as the reference for benchmarking health inequities may mask health inequities not only among them, but also between whites and other racial and ethnic populations.
Lessons Learned—Fluoride Exposure

Laboratory workers are potentially exposed to a wide range of chemical hazards while performing experimental research. Moreover, unique combinations of chemicals can generate hazards that the indiv...
Ustekinumab for the Treatment of Giant Cell Arteritis.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ustekinumab (UST) in giant cell arteritis (GCA). Methods We conducted a prospective, open-label trial of UST in patients with active new-onset or relapsing GCA. Active disease was defined as the presence of GCA symptoms and elevation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP) level within 6 weeks of baseline. All patients received a 24-week prednisone taper and subcutaneous UST 90 mg at baseline and at weeks 4, 12, 20, 28, 36, and 44. The primary endpoint, prednisone-free remission, was defined as the absence of relapse through week 52 and normalization of the ESR and CRP level. Relapse was defined as the recurrence of GCA symptoms requiring treatment intensification. A sensitivity analysis excluding ESR/CRP level normalization from the prednisone-free remission definition was performed. Results The study enrolled 13 patients (target sample size 20). Enrollment was closed prematurely after 7 of the initial 10 patients relapsed. Five patients (39%) had new-onset disease. The initial prednisone doses were 20 mg (1 patient), 40 mg (9 patients), and 60 mg (3 patients). All patients entered disease remission within 4 weeks of baseline. Only 3 (23%) achieved the primary endpoint. Of the 10 patients (77%) who failed to achieve the primary endpoint, 7 relapsed after a mean period of 23 weeks. The remaining 3 patients met the alternative definition of prednisone-free remission that did not require ESR/CRP level normalization. One serious adverse event occurred. Conclusion UST combined with 24 weeks of prednisone was associated with a high rate of treatment failure in this prospective GCA trial.
Effect of different standard rodent diets on ethanol intake and associated allodynia in male mice.

Abstract Alcohol is the most ubiquitously consumed and misused mind-altering substance in the world. Various animal models exist to aid in our neurobiological understanding of alcohol addiction. One variable too often taken for granted and not consistently controlled is the “standard” chow diet rodents are maintained on. In this set of experiments, we sought to determine the effect of different commonly used diets on ethanol intake, ethanol preference, and mechanical pain sensitivity in a widely used mouse model of heavy alcohol drinking, the intermittent access to 20% alcohol model. We found that male mice kept on LabDiet 5001 (Diet 2 [LD5001]) and on Teklad Diet 7012 (Diet 3 [H7012]) consistently drank more ethanol than mice kept on Teklad Diet 2918 (Diet 1 [H2918]) as well as compared to mice on LabDiet 5V75 (Diet 4 [LD5V75]). In addition, water intake was consistently lower in mice kept on LabDiet 5001 (Diet 2 [LD5001]), and occasionally in mice kept on Teklad Diet 7012 (Diet 3 [H7012]), compared to the Teklad Diet 2918 (Diet 1 [H2918]) group. We found that male mice showed a strong mechanical allodynia following 8 weeks of intermittent ethanol drinking at 72 h of withdrawal, compared to water Control mice, regardless of the diet and hence of the different amount of ethanol consumed. Our data provide evidence that the type of rodent diet subjects are exposed to is an important variable to report and control, in all ethanol drinking studies.
Effect of NCPAP united high-dose mucosolvan in treatment of respiratory distress syndrome

Objective To discuss the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NC-PAP) combined high - dose mucosolvan in treatment of respiratory distres syndrome (RDS). Methods One hundred and twenty -four cases were eligible for the study stratified into two groups. Randomly as-signed to the same treatment on the basis of the treatment group (66 cases) NCPAP application of the joint high - dose mucosolvan. The control group (58 cases) and the application of conventional NCPAP and dosage mucosolvan( 2 years old 15 rag/time). The two groups on both 10 minutes infusion one time every 8 hours for 10 days. Observation of the two groups before and after treatment in children with clinical and respiratory function (PaCO2, PaO2/FiO2 and SaO2) changes, com-pared with two groups in the treatment of up to the stability of the time, NCPAP total ventilation time,drug 1,2,3,4,5,7,10 days after the chest X -ray, as well as changes in the incidence of complicationsin children, the incidence of death. Results 1,2 in two days of drug treatment of the respiratory function were improved, there was no significant difference, P > 0.05 ; but the group reached the stability of the treatment time and total NCPAP ventilation were significantly shorten the time, when the oxygen out NC-PAP significantly increase the value of the index, the difference was statistically significant, P < 0.05 ;chest X - ray therapy in two days, the rate of improvement in the treatment group improved significantly,P <0.01; in the treatment group,the incidence of complications and death rate decreased, P <0.05.Conclusions NCPAP treatment of RDS can improve lung ventilation, pulmonary ventilation and oxygen-ation,avoid endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to reduce the rate. Mucosolvan can pro-mote the respiratory secretions of viscous mucus, reduce the exclusion and detention, stimulate surfactant synthesis and secretion of substances. The two methods combined can further improve the oxygenation,shorten the time for RDS and clinicalprocesses, reduce the cost of treatment andreduce the incidence of complications and mor-tality, improve the clinical cure rate. Key words: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure; Mucosolvan; Respiratory distress syn-drome
Design and improvement of medical radioisotope dose calibrator

Objective To improve the hardware of a medical radioisotope dose calibration system base on LabVIEW platform.Methods Hiish performance voltage-frequency-converter VFC32 was applied to realize hardware circuit design of medical radioisotope dose calibrator,and the function of the circuit wag analyzed.The output voltage signal from the calibrator ionization chamber was processed by the designed circuit.The output frequency signal from the circuit was obtained by USB-6009 DAQ and was then processed by virtual instrument designed using LabVIEW 8.0.Results Experimental data graphs indicated that the improved system had a better linearity in the low and medium frequency band.Conclusion The redesigned radioisotope dose calibrator has advantages in improving measuring accuracy,measuring range,feeble-minded detection limit and so on. Key words: Badioisotope dose calibrator; Voltage-to-frequency converter; Visual instrument
Directed energy deposition of AlSi10Mg: Single track nonscalability and bulk properties

Abstract Additive manufacturing of Al alloys presents an opportunity to produce complex parts that leverage their high specific strength. This paper aims to study the effect of processing parameters on the fabrication of single tracks and thin walls using AlSi10Mg powder in L-DED. A processing window was identified to enable continuous single track deposition with a regular shape. Deposition of thin walls and single tracks were used as a guideline to deposit blocks. Blocks were deposited using L-DED, and the physical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated. Results demonstrated that the morphology of the thin walls were a better indicator of the morphology of the block samples than single tracks were, and care must be taken when transitioning from depositing single tracks to bulk (thin walls and blocks) samples. Results from mechanical testing show slight inhomogeneity as a function of height within the build for elongation and ultimate tensile strength. Microhardness and yield strength, however, were mostly uniform throughout the build. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that L-DED is suitable for depositing AlSi10Mg and obtaining mechanical properties superior to those achieved through casting.
10 years of Dart (invited talk)

Dart might be the only contemporary programming language that changed its core principles so radically between two major versions. 10 years ago, in 2010, it was born as a dynamically typed programming language with optional static types - ideas of Strongtalk wrapped into familiar C-like syntax. A language destined to be executed in a native VM with an adaptive JIT compiler. Yet over the years Dart has evolved into a language with a sound static type system, and is being deployed in contexts that require ahead-of-time compilation and prohibit JITing. Now, it is even trying to get rid of the “billion-dollar mistake” - null - and incrementally transition to non-nullable by default reference types. This talk focuses on the architecture of Dart Virtual Machine and how it followed the evolution of the Dart language, adapting to the new semantics and new execution environments, where users wanted to bring Dart to.
Voice Search Technology: An Overview

Voice search technology is not new. It's been there since Audrey came out. But now it is increasing. People are using voice assistants, and so far 420 million voice assistants have been sold. This is growing rapidly because artificial intelligence integrated with voice search technology is more accurate and faster than text search. According to Google, its accuracy has improved to 95%. In short, it's an old technology that's gaining popularity with the rise of mobile phone voice assistants. In this study, the researcher has introduced different aspects and practical implications of voice search technology.
From policy to practice: Examining the role of recess in elementary school

Abstract Objectives To examine the relationship between school recess policies, the quality of the recess environment and body mass index (BMI) among elementary school children. Study design Observational. Methods Data were collected at 23 schools across four geographically distinct regions of the United States. Measures included recess observations using the Great Recess Framework-Observational Tool (GRF-OT), recess policies were collected with the School Physical Activity and Policy Assessment, and BMI was obtained through height and weight measurements among 429 students in third and fifth grade. Results Results showed that school policies related to recess access significantly predicted children’s BMI, and school policies related to investment in recess significantly predicted recess quality as measured by the GRF-OT. Conclusions Results from this study can be used to help inform future research regarding how school recess policies can impact child-level outcomes and the recess environment.
4.3 An Eight-Core 1.44GHz RISC-V Vector Machine in 16nm FinFET

Modern workloads, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), increasingly rely on dense arithmetic compute patterns that are ill-suited for general-purpose processors, leading to a rise in domain-specific compute accelerators [1]. Many of these workloads can benefit from varying precision during computation, e.g. different precisions among layers and between training and inference for DNNs has been shown to improve energy efficiency [2].
Ethical Arguments for Providing Access to Mental Health Care through Longitudinal Relationships

A focus on access to mental health care is critical for beneficent and just care of individuals experiencing homelessness. The delivery of this care is strengthened through building longitudinal relationships between clinicians and persons experiencing homelessness—relationships that are best understood, perhaps, through the lens of attachment theory. In this paper, we look at the prevalence of mental illness among individuals experiencing homelessness and the history of deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill. We then evaluate how three modern-day interventions—street medicine, community health clinics, and supportive housing programs—play integral roles in providing mental health care and constructing a trusting relationship. We conclude with a call for increased funding to support the expansion of these essential mental health care interventions, especially in the aftermath of COVID-19.
A Digital Flux-Locked Loop for High Temperature SQUID Magnetometer and Gradiometer Systems with Field Cancellation

Numerous challenges stand in the way of “fieldable” biomagnetic sensors that can be practically used unshielded in everyday ambient environments. A few of the possible applications of a fieldable biomagnetic sensor include bedside monitoring and emergency medical diagnosis of cardiac and brain function (i.e., trauma), and monitoring of cardiac or brain activity in specialized environments such as the NASA Shuttle. One futuristic vision of a miniature portable biomagnetic sensor has been related by Wikswo[l]. To date, however, biomagnetic measurements of the heart and brain using Superconducting QUantum Interference Device (SQUID) sensors have been made almost exclusively inside shielded rooms or within systems of field cancellation coils, with only a few noted exceptions[2,3]. Shielding or active cancellation is usually necessitated by the debilitating affect of everpresent ambient background fields and radio-frequency (RF) interference on the Performance of SQUIDs. Methods of shielding or compensating the ambient background fields use bulky hardware that is not practical for portable field applications and, in the case of shielded rooms, are extremely expensive. A further impediment to miniaturizing SQUID sensor systems has been the bulk associated with the cryogenic systems required to maintain low critical-temperature (LTC) devices at liquid helium temperatures (to maintain the superconducting State).
Data Fingerprinting with Similarity Digests

State-of-the-art techniques for data fingerprinting have been based on randomized feature selection pioneered by Rabin in 1981. This paper proposes a new, statistical approach for selecting fingerprinting features. The approach relies on entropy estimates and a sizeable empirical study to pick out the features that are most likely to be unique to a data object and, therefore, least likely to trigger false positives. The paper also describes the implementation of a tool (sdhash) and the results of an evaluation study. The results demonstrate that the approach works consistently across different types of data, and its compact footprint allows for the digests of targets in excess of 1 TB to be queried in memory.
"On the Basis of Sex": Using Title IX to Protect Transgender Students from Discrimination in Education

Transgender students are vulnerable to discrimination, exclusion, and harassment, and it is not clear to what extent this discrimination is prohibited by law. Title IX, the federal law prohibiting discrimination "on the basis of sex" in federally-funded schools, does not expressly prohibit discrimination against transgender students. Yet it is possible to interpret the prohibition on sex discrimination in a number of different ways that would make the law available to transgender plaintiffs in some, many, or all cases of discrimination otherwise covered by the statute. Since Title IX has only been invoked in a handful of transgender rights cases, litigants must reference judicial decisions interpreting the sex-discrimination prohibition in Title IX's employment discrimination analog, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Article examines judicial regulatory decisions interpreting sex discrimination for purposes of Title VII, and describes the handful of cases to date in which courts have considered Title IX’s applicability to cases involving transgender plaintiffs. The Article then envisions how Title IX applies to transgender discrimination contexts that the courts haven’t considered yet. The Author demonstrates that a number of interpretations support Title IX as a source of legal rights for transgender plaintiffs in contexts like harassment, admissions, and expulsion, while plaintiffs challenging discrimination in those aspects of education that are lawfully segregated by sex can benefit from recent and emerging interpretations of sex discrimination borrowed from the Title VII context.
Easy and nearly simultaneous proofs of the Ergodic Theorem and Maximal Ergodic Theorem

We give a short proof of a strengthening of the Maximal Ergodic Theorem which also immediately yields the Pointwise Ergodic Theorem.
The Tetrad Test: Looking Back, Looking Forward

Until recently, the tetrad test was considered an interesting idea but was seldom used. It was not until Ennis and Jesionka revisited the topic of power for discrimination tests, that it was observed that the tetrad test had, theoretically, considerably more power than the triangle test. This made it a suitable candidate as a replacement for the low powered, yet commonly used, triangle method. This has sparked a lot of activity concerning the tetrad and there will be more to come. Yet, the tetrad had been explored beforehand, for the purposes of testing Thurstonian models. Had the authors had the right tools, could they have produced any evidence to support Ennis and Jesionka's observation? Practical Applications The use of difference tests where the attribute change is not described to the judge, is especially useful for testing consumers in normal conditions of consumption. In such normal conditions, unlike those for a two-alternative forced choice (paired comparison), there is no person nearby specifying the nature of the attribute that should be attended to while consuming food samples. The nature of the difference between such food samples has to be discovered by the consumer. Available tests like the triangle or duo-trio are not statistically powerful and therefore require large samples of data, which can incur greater expense. Yet, the tetrad is more theoretically powerful than these tests and is thus worthy of, and is indeed receiving, further investigation.
Regulation of Dendritic Cell Function by Vitamin D

Studies over the last two decades have revealed profound immunomodulatory aspects of vitamin D on various aspects of the immune system. This review will provide an overview of Vitamin D metabolism, a description of dendritic cell subsets, and highlight recent advances on the effects of vitamin D on dendritic cell function, maturation, cytokine production and antigen presentation. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)₂D₃, has important immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, the 1,25(OH)₂D₃-Vitamin D₃ complex can affect the maturation and migration of many dendritic cell subsets, conferring a special immunoregulatory role as well as tolerogenic properties affecting cytokine and chemokine production. Furthermore, there have been many recent studies demonstrating the effects of Vitamin D on allergic disease and autoimmunity. A clear understanding of the effects of the various forms of Vitamin D will provide new opportunities to improve human health.
Absence of shivering in the cat during paradoxical sleep without atonia

Abstract There is good evidence that in many species there is no effective thermoregulation in paradoxical sleep (PS), either to ambient or hypothalamic thermal stimuli. In the present work placement of pontine tegmental lesions released elaborate behaviors during PS without atonia. Regulation of brain temperature was not altered by these lesions, and shivering, piloerection, and curled posture in a cold room were lost during PS even when motor neurons were thus permanently disinhibited throughout PS. The lack of thermoregulation is considered as part of a pattern of suspension of homeostasis in highly activated states.
Enhancement of lyoluminescence by radiation sensitization and chemical dopants

Abstract Enhancement of the lyoluminescent effect has been accomplished by radiation sensitization of solutions of trehalose using doses of about 30, 100 and 300 krad. The disaccharide, along with associated radiolysis products, is then recrystallized from solution. Preliminary comparison of these doped sugars with untreated sugars, irradiated at doses of 1, 5 and 10 rad, indicate they give a better signal-to-background ratio for lyoluminescence dosimetry. A promising reaction model is postulated which assumes a two-component exponential decay of light, multiplied by a first-order buildup term for the dissolving factor. The model seems to fit both the ordinary and the luminol-enhanced lyoluminescent glow-curves.