cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An efficient method for modeling flow in porous media with immersed faults.

Modeling flow in geosystems with natural fault is a challenging problem due to low permeability of fault compared to its surrounding porous media. One way to predict the behavior of the flow while taking the effects of fault into account is to use the mixed finite element method. However, the mixed method could be time consuming due to large number of degree of freedom since both pressure and velocity are considered in the system. A new modeling method is presented in this paper. First, we introduce approximations of pressure based on the relation of pressure and velocity. We furthure decouple the approximated pressure from velocity so that it can be solved independently by continuous Galerkin finite element method. The new problem involves less degree of freedom than the mixed method for a given mesh . Moreover, local problem associated with a small subdomain around the fault is additionally solved to increase the accuracy of approximations around fault. Numerical experiments are conducted to examine the accuracy and efficiency of the new method. Results of three-dimensional tests show that our new method is up to 30$\times$ faster than the the mixed method at given $L^2$ pressure error.
Endoscopic mucosal resection for early esophageal carcinoma is effective and safe but necessitates continued surveillance.

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is used for the treatment of early esophageal cancer (EEC). This a retrospective study aimed to study the efficacy, safety, and the recurrence rate of EEC following EMR. Seventy-nine patients who had undergone EMR for early EEC (T1a andT1b lesions) from 2006 to 2015 were included. EMR alone was considered curative in 51 patients who had T1a lesion. Complete remission was achieved in 50 (98%) patients. Mean number of sessions of EMR was 1.14. Cancer recurred locally in 6 (12%) of 50 patients at a median follow-up of 48 (18-72) months. Endoscopic treatment alone achieved complete remission at last follow up in 47 of 50 patients (94%) who had initial EMR with complete remission, or in 47 of all 51 patients (92%) in whom EMR was considered curative for EC. The Kaplan-Meier cancer-free survival following complete remission with EMR was 94.2% at 1 year and 88.4% at 5 years. Patients with complete eradication of Barrett’s had lower risk of recurrence of adenocarcinoma (AC) compared with patients who had persistent Barrett’s (p = 0.01). EMR alone was not considered curative in 19 patients, 16 with T1b AC and 3 with T1a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) invading the muscularis mucosa (m3). Two major adverse events were noted: delayed bleeding requiring hospitalization, and perforation that was closed endoscopically. EMR is effective and safe for the management of early EC. The risk of cancer recurrence, albeit small, warrants surveillance. Complete eradication of Barrett’s should be attempted in all patients after EMR of AC.
Coexpression enables multi-study cellular trajectories of development and disease

Abstract Single-cell transcriptomic studies of diverse and complex systems are becoming ubiquitous. Algorithms now attempt to integrate patterns across these studies by removing all study-specific information, without distinguishing unwanted technical bias from relevant biological variation. Integration remains difficult when capturing biological variation that is distributed across studies, as when combining disparate temporal snapshots into a panoramic, multi-study trajectory of cellular development. Here, we show that a fundamental analytic shift to gene coexpression within clusters of cells, rather than gene expression within individual cells, balances robustness to bias with preservation of meaningful inter-study differences. We leverage this insight in Trajectorama, an algorithm which we use to unify trajectories of neuronal development and hematopoiesis across studies that each profile separate developmental stages, a highly challenging task for existing methods. Trajectorama also reveals systems-level processes relevant to disease pathogenesis within the microglial response to myelin injury. Trajectorama benefits from efficiency and scalability, processing nearly one million cells in around an hour.
The Informal Economy of Veracruz State During the Fox Administration

Using recently available night lights and electricity consumption data for the 212 municipios (counties) of Veracruz state in southern Mexico, the informal economy is analyzed at the Mexican county level for the first time with such data. Most counties between 2000 and 2006 are found to have growing informal economies though the richest county, Boca Del Rio, exhibits a decline in informality suggesting a few wealthier counties may behave differently. Counties have a larger formal economy if they are in northern areas, have higher literacy rates, and more indigenous people. The informal economy appears to have reversed its declining share of total economic activity towards more growth during the Fox era though the regional government of Veracruz remained in the hands of the PRI perhaps limiting federal reform efforts.
Activity signature functions for high-frequency data analysis

Abstract We define a new concept termed activity signature function, which is constructed from discrete observations of a continuous-time process, and derive its asymptotic properties as the sampling frequency increases. We show that the function is a useful device for estimating the activity level of the underlying process and in particular for deciding whether the process contains a continuous martingale. An application to $ / D M exchange rate over 1986–1999 indicates that a jump-diffusion model is more plausible than a pure-jump model. A second application to internet traffic at NASA servers shows that an infinite variation pure-jump model is appropriate for its modeling.
Perceptions of Patient-Provider Communication Across the Six Largest Asian Subgroups in the USA.

Asians are the fastest-growing racial/ethnic minority group in the USA and many face communication barriers when seeking health care. Given that a high proportion of Asians are immigrants and have limited English proficiency, poor patient-provider communication may explain Asians’ relatively low ratings of care. Though Asians are linguistically, economically, and culturally heterogeneous, research on health care disparities typically combines Asians into a single racial/ethnic category. To estimate racial/ethnic differences in perceptions of provider communication among the six largest Asian subgroups. Using a nationally representative sample of adults from the 2014–2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (N = 136,836, round-specific response rates range from 72% to 98%), we estimate racial/ethnic differences in perceptions of provider communication, adjusted for English proficiency, immigration status, and sociodemographic characteristics. The main dependent variable is a 4-item scale ranging from 0 to 100 measuring how positively patients view their health care providers’ communication, adapted from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS©) program. Respondents report how often their providers explain things clearly, show respect, listen carefully, and spend enough time with them. Asians, overall, had less positive perceptions of their providers’ communication than either Whites or Latinxs. However, only Chinese-White differences remained after differences in English proficiency and immigration status were controlled (difference = − 2.67, 95% CI − 4.83, − 0.51). No other Asian subgroup differed significantly from Whites. Negative views of provider communication are not pervasive among all Asians but, rather, primarily reflect the perceptions of Chinese and, possibly, Vietnamese patients. Researchers, policymakers, health plan executives, and others who produce or use data on patients’ experiences with health care should, if possible, avoid categorizing all Asians into a single group.
Ambient Air Pollution and Atherosclerosis: Recent Updates.

During the past century, exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5) has emerged as an all-pervading element of modern-day society. This increased exposure has come at the cost of heightened risk for cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Not only can short-term PM2.5 exposure trigger acute CV events in susceptible individuals, but longer-term exposure over years augments CV risk to a greater extent in comparison with short-term exposure. The purpose of this review is to examine the available evidence for how ambient air pollution exposure may precipitate events at various time frames. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between ambient PM2.5 exposure and the presence and progression of atherosclerosis in humans. Multiple animal exposure experiments over two decades have provided strong corroborative evidence that chronic exposure in fact does enhance the progression and perhaps vulnerability characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions. Evidence from epidemiological studies including surrogates of atherosclerosis, human translational studies, and mechanistic investigations utilizing animal studies have improved our understanding of how ambient air pollution may potentiate atherosclerosis and precipitate cardiovascular events. Even so, future research is needed to fully understand the contribution of different constituents in ambient air pollution–mediated atherosclerosis as well as how other systems may modulate the impact of exposure including adaptive immunity and the gut microbiome. Nevertheless, due to the billions of people continually exposed to PM2.5, the long-term pro-atherosclerotic effects of this ubiquitous air pollutant are likely to be of enormous and growing global public health importance.
Rapid decline of a four-trophic-level system over a 15-year period

Recent climate change has produced a wide range of shifts in the phenology of species and consequent changes in the relationships among them. However, a dearth of studies exists that evaluates an entire trophic pyramid over an extended period. Here I characterize changes in several important variables on such a multitrophic suite of species, which contains two primary producers (sensitive and marsh ferns Onoclea sensibilis and Thelypteris palustris), one herbivore (caterpillars of the fern moth Herpetogramma theseusalis), one primary parasitoid (the braconid wasp Alabagrus texanus), and three facultative hyperparasitoids (including the eulophid wasp Aprostocetus sp.). I ask how the abundance of these species changes over time, how parasitism and mortality change along with the plants an herbivore selects, how the relationships between the different trophic levels change, and what effect these results play in the makeup of a trophic pyramid. Herbivores prospered most on sensitive fern, while levels of parasitism and mortality on herbivores and primary parasitoids remained relatively similar over the study period. However, facultative hyperparasitoids declined strikingly, and the few remaining individuals increased their exploitation of caterpillars (vs. Alabagrus), further decreasing the impact of the fourth trophic level. Since a previous study demonstrated that phenological change by these primary parasitoids exceeds that of their herbivore, further breakdown of the system appears likely.
Unsteady Development of the Boundary Layer in the Vicinity of a Rear Stagnation Point

The early studies of Rott [3.2, 3.71], Moore [3.1], and Sears [3.3] led to the development of a model for unsteady boundary-layer separation which has become known as the Moore-Rott-Sears model. In this model, unsteady separation is characterized by the vanishing of both the shear and the velocity at an interior point of the boundary layer, as seen in a coordinate system moving with separation. Moore [3.1] and Sears and Telionis [3.35] also argue that in the solution of the boundary-layer equations, a singularity occurs at the unsteady separation point.
Higgs Mechanism and the Structure of the Energy-Momentum Tensor in Einstein Gravity and Conformal Gravity

In the standard treatment of the Einstein gravitational theory the energy-momentum tensor has always been taken to be composed of perfect fluid aggregates of kinematic Newtonian point test particles with fundamental mechanical masses. Moreover, this standard prescription was not revised after the discovery of the mass-generating Higgs mechanism which is known to be present in the elementary particle physics of these self-same sources and which is also required in the conformal invariant gravitational alternative being considered by Mannheim and Kazanas. In this short contribution we show that despite the presence of the Higgs mechanism, the standard geodesic motion and Euler hydrodynamics still obtain in the one-particle sector of the theory even while the overall energy-momentum tensor differs substantially from the conventional kinematic one.
Field emission information storage technology

Field emission information storage devices (FEISD) present exciting possibilities in an era of mobile computing and applications. Ultra high storage densities of greater than one terabit per square inch may be realized from this type of device. The device comprises three major components: a field emission tip array, a storage medium and a micromover (MEMS-based micromotor). This paper discusses results and issues of the array of field emitters for the FEISD.
Earliest known Old World monkey skull

Similarities of the skull are commonly used to support hypotheses of ancestor–descendant relationships between fossil and living ape genera, especially between the late Miocene apes Sivapithecus and Dryopithecus from Eurasia and the living orang-utan (Pongo) from Borneo and Sumatra1,2,3,4. Yet determining whether craniofacial traits shared by extant and Miocene apes are primitive or derived is severely hampered by the rarity of well-preserved fossil crania, particularly of early members of their closest outgroup, the Old World monkeys (Cercopithecoidea). The discovery of a complete and undistorted skull of Victoriapithecus at middle Miocene deposits from Maboko Island, Kenya, provides evidence of intact cranial-vault and basicranial morphology, brain size and craniofacial hafting for a primate from between 32 and 7 million years ago. Victoriapithecus represents a branch of Old World monkey that is intermediate between extant cercopithecids (Colobinae and Cercopithecinae) and the common ancestor they shared with apes (Hominoidea)5,6,7,8. The skull preserves traits widely thought to be derived for extant and fossil members of a proposed Sivapithecus/Pongo clade, but which now appear to be primitive features of ancestral Old World higher primates in general.
Compressibility Effects on Transient Gas Pipe Flow

1) Methods of iterative solution for the partial-differential equations that govern the transient flow of gases ii in pipelines are obtained by using the method of characteristics and linear finite-difference techniques. Solutions are developed for 1) a constant gas compressibility factor throughout transient conditions, and 2) a variable gas compressibility factor at constant temperature dependent upon pressures encountered during transient flow. Theoretical studies are made to compare results using both approaches for pipelines operating at various constant flowing temperatures. Results show greater differences between the two methods at lower values of flowing temperature due to the more rapidly changing compressibility factor as a function of variable pressure.
Budget rationality in a policy oriented state budget office

This paper investigates the microbudgeting decisionmaking process by budget analysts in a state budget office. Drawing upon the problem representation research in political psychology and the budget rationality research within public administration, the paper develops a microbudgetary decisionmaking model in which budget problems are treated as multi-faceted problems, with each facet viewed through a unique problem frame. A holistic approach to the budget problem yields a budget rationality needed to produce a solution set of acceptable recommendations from the analyst to the budget director and governor. The model may have wider applicability across a variety of governments.
CREB Proteins Function as Positive Regulators of the Translocated bcl-2 Allele in t(14;18) Lymphomas

The translocated and normal bcl-2 alleles in the DHL-4 cell line with the t(14;18) translocation were separated by pulsed field electrophoresis. An in vivo footprint over a cAMP response element (CRE) in the bcl-2 5′-flanking sequence was identified on the translocated allele. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with the bcl-2 CRE demonstrated complexes with mobilities identical to those with a consensus CRE. UV cross-linking experiments revealed that proteins with molecular masses of 34, 43, and 67 kDa bound to the bcl-2 CRE site. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with an antibody specific to the phosphorylated cAMP response-binding protein (CREB) demonstrated that phosphorylated CREB was present in DHL-4 cells. Treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) led to an increase in both the amount of phosphorylated CREB and the bcl-2 promoter activity. The response to PMA was dependent on an intact CRE site. The activity of the bcl-2 promoter was increased 20-fold in a construct with the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancers, and mutation of the CRE site abolished most of the induction. The addition of PMA increased the activity of the bcl-2-immunoglobulin enhancer construct by 3.5-fold. Access to the CRE site is blocked in the silent normal bcl-2 allele, while CREB proteins bind to the site on the translocated allele. We conclude that the CRE site functions as a positive regulatory site for the translocated bcl-2 allele in t(14;18) lymphomas.
Plurimatry: New terminology for multiple reproductives

meaning "a boundary" or "a limit." Terms are coined and defined to control extreme subjectivity and relativity in expressing meanings and to limit ambiguity and confusion in com- munication. Despite the importance of precisely defined terms, a number of terms are currently used to mean different things in different academic disci- plines. On a purely functional basis, there is no need to be concerned about such dual usage of the same term so long as there is no need for communication between the two disciplines using the same term. The term "polygyny" is widely used to denote a mating system in which a male mates with multiple females, while "monogamy" describes a system in which each sex has but a single mate (Emlen and Oring, 1977). "Polyandry" occurs when a female mates with multiple males. In the social insect literature, however, "polygyny" is also used to refer to "the coexistence in the same colony of two or more egg-laying queens" (Wilson, 1971; H611dobler and Wil- son, 1990). As opposed to "polygyny," the existence of a single functional queen in a colony is termed "monogyny" (not monogamy). To make matters even more confusing, "polyandry" in the social insect literature is not used as a social system term but as a mating system term to denote mating with multiple males by a single queen (e.g., Laidlaw and Page, 1984; Shermann
Mitotic force generators and chromosome segregation

The mitotic spindle uses dynamic microtubules and mitotic motors to generate the pico-Newton scale forces that are needed to drive the mitotic movements that underlie chromosome capture, alignment and segregation. Here, we consider the biophysical and molecular basis of force-generation for chromosome movements in the spindle, and, with reference to the Drosophila embryo mitotic spindle, we briefly discuss how mathematical modeling can complement experimental analysis to illuminate the mechanisms of chromosome-to-pole motility during anaphase A and spindle elongation during anaphase B.
A compatible high-resolution TV system for cablecasting

Cablecasting offers the possibility of a new and improved system of color television. New technology for wide bandwidth, for large displays, and better signal transmission systems make it desirable to improve on the National Television System Committee (NTSC) system which has served so well for over-the-air transmissions. In this paper, a system is suggested with which a subscriber owning a present TV receiver Will continue to get the same picture quality as he does now. New receivers can be designed to provide substantially improved resolution and better color reception. The system uses two adjacent 6-MHz channels for each one now used. The upper channel is standard NTSC, while the lower channel is filled with a lower sideband that permits a 7-MHz video response, Present receivers use the upper channel, while new receivers will use signals from both channels.
Abnormal Regulation of Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the Williams Syndrome

THE Williams syndrome is characterized by the triad supravalvular aortic stenosis, mental retardation, and an elfin facies.1 , 2 In addition, mild microcephaly, neurologic dysfunction, hallux valgus, hernias, pectus excavatum, and other congenital cardiac and vascular defects may be present. The unique facies is characterized by a medial eyebrow flare, short palpebral fissures, ocular hypotelorism, a depressed nasal bridge, periorbital fullness, strabismus, blue eyes, a stellate pattern in the iris, prominent lips, and molar hyperplasia.2 The syndrome is often associated with idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy, which usually occurs in the first year of life.3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Patients have increased sensitivity to vitamin D.5 , 6 Balance . . .
Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by diazepam and its relation to the CNS Met-enkephalin levels

The effect of diazepam on the development of morphine tolerance and dependence was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered tolerant and dependent by subcutaneous implantation of six morphine pellets. Diazepam (0.025, 0.25 or 2.5 mg/kg body weight) was once daily injected intraperitoneally into rats starting on the first day of implantation. Antinociception was measured by tail-flick (TF) and hot plate (HP) tests, and the extent of sedation determined by a rotarod test before and one hour after diazepam injections everyday for 5 days. Physical dependence on morphine was assessed by an antagonist-precipitated abstinence syndrome on the fifth day of treatment by injecting naloxone 10 mg/kg subcutaneously. Diazepam (0.025-2.5 mg/kg body weight) did not produce significant antinociception or sedation (sensorimotor impairment) in rats implanted with placebo pellets. Diazepam (0.25 and 2.5 mg/kg) inhibited tolerance to TF antinociception in rats implanted with morphine pellets. Sedation as evidenced by sensorimotor impairment induced by morphine pellet implantation was not influenced by diazepam (0.025-2.5 mg/kg). Diazepam administration (0.25 mg/kg) also decreased the degree of jumping behavior observed following naloxone injection in morphine pellet implanted rats. Serum morphine concentration in morphine-diazepam treated rats was not significantly different from that in morphine-saline treated rats. Finally, a decrease in the Met-enkephalin levels observed in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, cortex and spinal cord of morphine dependent rats was reversed by injecting diazepam along with morphine pellet implantation. These results suggest that diazepam inhibits morphine tolerance and dependence, and also prevents morphine-induced decrease in the CNS Met-enkephalin levels in morphine dependent rats.
Evidence for the interaction between tropomyosin and actin.

Abstract It has been shown that up to 25% tropomyosin may be present in G-actin preparations. Evidence is given suggesting that there is a stoichiometric combination between tropomyosin and F-actin; the experiments also indicate that by allowing actin to polymerize at low concentrations of MgCl 2 , actin free of tropomyosin can be prepared.
Why is the sex gap in feelings of depression wider in high gender equity countries? The effect of children on the psychological well-being of men and women

This study uses data from 23 countries in the World Values Survey and the National Survey of Families and Households and finds that the sex gap in feelings of depression is wider in high gender equity societies even though overall levels of feelings of depression are lower. Using hierarchical logistic modeling, we find that the sex difference in feelings of depression is wider in high gender equity societies because children increase depression for women in high gender equity societies, while they reduce depression for women without paid employment in low gender equity societies. There is little difference in the effect of children on feelings of depression for men across societies.
Dynamic changes in EEG spectra during obstructive apnea in children.

Children are less likely to demonstrate EEG arousal during obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) than adults. We hypothesized that changes in spectral EEG characteristics occur during REM-associated OSA in the absence of arousal. Eight snoring children underwent overnight polysomnography. OSA events during REM periods not associated with EEG or behavioral arousal were identified. EEG signals from C3A2 and C4A1 leads corresponding to 1) 4 OSA events were analyzed. In single OSA, delta OSA amplitude was lower than in PRE (P < 0.01) and in POST (P < 0.001). Furthermore, POST delta amplitude was higher than PRE (P < 0.01). In contrast, in OSA clusters, the dynamic differences in delta amplitude disappeared after the second OSA. Reciprocal increases and decreases occurred for the theta frequency domain during OSA and post-OSA, while sigma and beta frequency power did not change. We conclude that during isolated OSA episodes without arousal, significant decreases in power selectively occur for delta frequency, and are followed by a rebound increase upon termination of apnea. The delta changes are progressively attenuated during repeated OSA. We postulate that delta changes may reflect ongoing adaptations in sleep pressure which are necessary to relieve the respiratory compromise, and may represent subtle evidence for arousal and consequent sleep fragmentation in children with OSAS.
Prevention and Surgical Management of Postburn Contractures of the Hand

In addition to burn surgeons, skilled nurses, and therapists, hand surgeons are a key part of the multidisciplinary team caring for patients following thermal injury to the hand. Despite appropriate initial treatment and compressive therapy, contractures are common after deep burn. The most common and functionally limiting are web space and hand contractures. Web space contractures can be managed with excision followed by local soft tissue rearrangement or skin grafting. The classic burn claw hand deformity includes extension contracture of the metacarpophalangeal joints and flexion contractures of the proximal interphalangeal joints. The mainstay of management of these postburn contractures includes complete surgical release of scar tissue and replacement by full-thickness skin graft. In cases in which scar contracture release results in major exposure of the tendons or joints, distant tissue transfer is required. This review focuses on prevention and management of late sequelae of thermal injury to the hand focusing on contractures of the webspaces and hand.
Long-term trends in the incidence rates of upper digestive tract cancer in the Netherlands Antilles.

Data from the Cancer Registry in the Netherlands Antilles made clear that the incidence rate of cancer of the upper digestive tract in this country was among the highest in the world. To study the long-term trends in the incidence rate a retrospective population-based case-finding survey was performed. The author presents the results of the period 1958 to 1981; data from earlier periods appeared to be incomplete. The highest incidence rates were found in the indigenous populations of Curacao and Bonaire. In the period studied, the rates of oral and esophageal cancer dropped approximately 3% per year, while a shift was seen towards a later onset of the disease. A breakdown of the rates by island of residency showed that the decline was highly significant only for the population of Curacao, the main island, with 89% of the total population studied. The presence of a downward trend on the other islands might be obscured by the small size of the populations. No significant change was found in the incidence rate of pharyngeal cancer, although a tendency toward lower rates was observed. Abuse of alcohol and tobacco, mineral deficiencies, malnutrition, the use of sorghum in the daily diet, and reverse smoking by females, are factors believed to be responsible for high rates in the past. With the exception of abuse of alcohol and tobacco, these factors have changed considerably in a favorable direction. It has been claimed that these changes have contributed to the sharp decrease in the incidence rates of oral and esophageal cancer.
The impact of lower threshold values for the detection of gestational diabetes mellitus

Abstract Objective: To compare the 4th International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) 100-g OGTT (NEW) criteria to the current ACOG criteria. Methods: An analysis of a comprehensive perinatal database (1991–1998) identified women with singletons who underwent a 100-g OGTT after an abnormal 50-g GCT performed at 24 weeks or more. Women were classified into three groups for comparison: those who met the ACOG criteria and received diet or insulin therapy or both; those who did not meet ACOG criteria, but did meet the NEW criteria; and those who met neither criteria (non-GDM). Results: Of 3,253 women, 478 women met ACOG criteria, 319 women would have been reclassified as GDM by the NEW criteria, and 2,456 women met neither criteria. The selected characteristics and outcomes (%) for the three groups are as follows: legend . legend Cesarean LGA BWT ≥4,000 g Shoulder dystocia Non-GDM 17.5 18.4 9.7 5.5 NEW 21.8 28.1 17.0 7.3 ACOG 26.5 29.0 16.5 8.7 P value NS legend LGA indicates large for gestational age; BWT, birth weight. After controlling for confounders (including maternal weight, age, race, parity, and smoking status), the adjusted odds ratios and 95% CI, compared with non-GDM women are as follows: Cesarean LGA BWT ≥4,000 g Shoulder dystocia NEW 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) 1.3 (0.98, 1.8) 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) 1.7 (0.6, 4.6) ACOG 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) 1.5 (1.2, 2.0) 1.4 (1.0, 2.0) 2.5 (1.1, 5.5) Conclusions: At our institution, utilization of the NEW criteria would increase the diagnosis of GDM by 40% and identify gravidas with similar risks of cesarean delivery and macrosomia as those with GDM diagnosed by ACOG criteria. Whether or not standard GDM therapy in women with the disease diagnosed by the NEW criteria can reduce the incidence of cesarean delivery and macrosomia to rates comparable with non-GDM women remains to be verified by well-designed randomized controlled studies.
A resource for the assessment of lung nodule size estimation methods: database of thoracic CT scans of an anthropomorphic phantom

A number of interrelated factors can affect the precision and accuracy of lung nodule size estimation. To quantify the effect of these factors, we have been conducting phantom CT studies using an anthropomorphic thoracic phantom containing a vasculature insert to which synthetic nodules were inserted or attached. Ten repeat scans were acquired on different multi-detector scanners, using several sets of acquisition and reconstruction protocols and various nodule characteristics (size, shape, density, location). This study design enables both bias and variance analysis for the nodule size estimation task. The resulting database is in the process of becoming publicly available as a resource to facilitate the assessment of lung nodule size estimation methodologies and to enable comparisons between different methods regarding measurement error. This resource complements public databases of clinical data and will contribute towards the development of procedures that will maximize the utility of CT imaging for lung cancer screening and tumor therapy evaluation.
Electron transport in glyoxysomal membranes.

Abstract Glyoxysomes were isolated from germinating castor bean endosperm by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation in a vertical rotor. To recover the membranes, glyoxysome ghosts were prepared by osmotic shock and then subjected to differential centrifugation. The glyoxysomal membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), isolated by the same methods, were assayed for electron transport components. Both organelles contained NADH ferricyanide reductase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, and cytochromes b 5 and P -420. The ER also contained cytochrome P -450. Pyridine hemochrome derivatives of the organelle membranes and hemin produced coincident difference spectra, indicating that only b-type cytochromes are present in glyoxysomal and ER membranes. The maximal activities of ferricyanide reductase and cytochrome c reductase in glyoxysomes, 2.19 and 0.33 μmol min −1 mg membrane protein −1 , respectively, represent 30 and 18% of the activities in the ER. The cytochrome b 5 content of the glyoxysomal membrane is 0.108 nmol mg −1 , 31% of the level found in ER. The reductases from both organelles were resistant to solubilization by salt (0.2 m KCl) and were easily solubilized by detergent (1% Triton X-100). Flavin analysis of the organelles from germinating castor beam endosperm confirmed spectral evidence that the flavin content of glyoxysomes is quite high, 100 pmol mg protein −1 , more than twice that of mitochondria. Three-quarters of the glyoxysomal flavin was solubilized by KCl, but even after salt treatment the glyoxysomal membrane flavin content, 98 pmol mg membrane protein −1 , is three times greater than that of the ER.
Systems approach toward nationwide air-pollution control III. Mathematical models

The future air-pollution control system that is described in Parts I and II of this article will be equipped with sensors to monitor the current status of local air pollution and meteorological factors such as wind, stability, or mixing depth. The system will be furnished not only with data on the location and strength of pollution sources and synoptic weather conditions, but with any other information needed to forecast air quality for a period of 24 hours or more. Once these statistics have been compiled, however, it is the job of the mathematical model to convert the data into pragmatic decisions for controlling the air resource.
Resolution of DL-glutamic acid with optically active neutral amino acid amides.

DL-Glutamic acid has been resolved into optically active forms as the diastereoisomeric salt of optically active neutral amino acid amides, and the salt is easily converted to the sodium salt of the active forms. By resolution with L-tyrosinamide and L-leucinamide, sodium L-glutamate was obtained in 65 and 80 per cent yield respectively. Attempts to extend this method to resolution of DL-glutamic acid using L-phenylalaninamide as resolving agent resulted in poor yield of less pure D-glutamic acid.By the infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis it has been confirmed that the diastereoisomeric salts of L-leucinamide or L-tyrosinamide with L- or D-glutamic acid compose a combined salt structure in solid state, whereas L-phenylalaninamide with L- or D-glutamic acid does not compose a characteristic diastereoisomeric salt but rather the mechanical mixture of L-phenylalaninamide and L- or D-glutamate anion in solid state.In the previous study1), it was reported that L-leucinamide forms the character...
FATAL OUTBREAKS OF PROLIFERATIVE ENTERITIS CAUSED BY LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS IN YOUNG COLONY-RAISED RHESUS MACAQUES

: Ten juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) died acutely in two separate disease outbreaks. The animals had segmental thickening of the distal ileum with associated proliferative, rugous appearing mucosae. Microscopically, necrosis, exudative inflammation, mucosal ulceration, and crypt hyperplasia were present. Intracellular organisms were seen histochemically and ultrastructurally, and were confirmed to be Lawsonia intracellularis using a specific immunohistochemical method. Proliferative enteropathic conditions caused by L. intracellularis are reported in an ever-increasing range of hosts, suggesting that the infection may exist unrecognized in an even greater array of species, possibly including man.
Connecting a viral DNA replication apparatus with gene expression

The mechanisms that generate the connection between bacteriophage T4 DNA replication and activation of the viral late genes are described. Transcriptional activation requires enhancer-like DNA sites that serve as loading points for the direct transcriptional activator gp45, (the T4 gene 45 protein). Gp45 also confers processivity on replicative DNA chain elongation. The structures of the gp45-homologous replication proteins that track along DNA are discussed, and an interpretation of their principal modes of action is offered. A closing section presents some speculations about the prospect for recognizing the operation of similar mechanisms in other biological systems.
A prototype live oral cholera vaccine.

Using the methods of molecular genetics it should be possible to develop a cholera vaccine that produces long lasting immunity. To this end Vibrio cholerae mutants deficient in choleragenic activity have been isolated.
Switch-on transient of shallow-profile bipolar transistors

This paper presents 2-D computer simulations of the switch-on characteristics of shallow-profile silicon bipolar transistors with a focus on the current distribution and the base charge storage time calculations. From the simulations, we learned that 1) although the initial turn-on current predominantly flows through the edge of the emitter, after the transient, most current flows under the emitter, not through the edge; 2) a fast rise in collector current can be accomplished by a small voltage overdrive which causes a peak transient current larger than the final dc value at the emitter edge and 3) the charge storage time derived from the transient simulation is not necessarily the same as the one derived from the quasi-static method. The latter does not take the nonuniform current distribution into account.
AN EVOLUTIONARY CRITIQUE OF THE CREATED CO‐CREATOR CONCEPT

The created co-creator theology states that human beings have the purpose of creating the most wholesome future possible for our species and the global ecosystem. I evaluate the human aspect of this theology by asking whether it is possible for human beings to do this. Do we have sufficient knowledge? Can we be motivated to do what is necessary to create a wholesome future for ourselves and our planet? We do not at present have sufficient knowledge, but there is reason to believe that with further scientific research we will be able to acquire it. The more difficult question is whether we can be motivated to cooperate on the scale necessary to fulfill this purpose. Evolutionary theories of human sociality, altruism, and cooperation are reviewed. I conclude that it is possible for human beings to fulfill the purpose defined for us by the created co-creator concept, but doing this will not be easy.
Neurobiological Basis of Fever

Fever is a coordinated endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral response organized by the brain in response to inflammatory stimuli. We examined the mechanism of the febrile response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the rat. LPS caused activation of microglia and tissue macrophages in the meninges and along penetrating blood vessels. The microglia produce cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and cyclooxygenase type 2. The latter produces prostaglandins, which may cross the blood-brain barrier. We found that inhibition of COX at the preoptic area prevented fever, whereas injection of PGE2 at this site produced fever. Either i.v. LPS or PGE2 into the preoptic area activated a specific set of pathways, including the ventromedial preoptic area, which we believe to be a key regulatory site, and the paraventricular nucleus, which we believe produces autonomic and endocrine responses that cause elevation of body temperature. We hypothesize that the pathway connecting these two sites involves a double inhibitory relay through temperature-sensitive GABAergic neurons in the hypothalamus. This pathway would essentially "turn up the thermostat" during a fever, causing an increase in body temperature via normal thermoregulatory pathways.
Aqueous Polymeric Solutions as Environmentally Benign Liquid/Liquid Extraction Media

Several liquid-phase extraction technologies employing environmentally benign phase- or micelle-forming polymers in aqueous solution have the potential to replace volatile organic compounds in classical solvent extraction technologies. The examples reviewed here include aqueous biphasic systems, cloud-point extraction, micellar extraction, and thermoseparating polymer systems. The apparent similarities of these systems, their phase-separating properties, and their ability to solubilize a wide variety of solutes ranging from metal ions, organic compounds, and biologicals are discussed. Some comparative data from the literature whereby the solvating power of these systems may be compared to traditional solvents are presented along with new data on the polarity of the phases in typical aqueous biphasic systems. The need for additional comparative data in this area and the need to demonstrate the validity of the approach in operational processes are emphasized. A “toolbox” approach to implementing environment...
How much did the Medicaid expansions for children cost? An analysis of state Medicaid spending, 1984-1994.

The authors examine the relationship between the Medicaid eligibility expansions for children and state Medicaid spending during the period from 1984 to 1994. They find that the Medicaid expansions had relatively low incremental cost per enrollee—substantially below the average Medicaid expenditure for children. Expansion children tend to be older and have fewer disabilities. Moreover, many of the most expensive expansion children would have been covered by Medicaid-medically-needy provisions had the expansions not occurred. The authors examine the implications of our findings for intensified Medicaid outreach efforts and for the State Children’s Health Insurance Program.
Advances in Pediatric Pain Management

Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, there has been a groundswell of interest in effective pain management for children, reflecting an appreciation of the psychologic and neurodevelopmental impact of unrelieved pain on our smallest patients. New understanding about the ontogeny of pain pathways in the developing brain and the importance of neural plasticity provide researchers with a sense of urgency to improve the management of perioperative pain. At the bedside, clinicians have more experience in the use of the patientcontrolled analgesia (PCA) modality, whether administered by patient or proxy. The advantages of this technique have now been extended to regional anesthesia, which now enjoys greater implementation and success with the advent of ultrasound techniques and stimulating catheters. Finally, the acceptance of multimodal analgesia has caught on in pediatrics, because using several techniques together provides for good analgesia while minimizing the most onerous side effects of each. In this article, the authors discuss commonly used oral pain medications, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), intravenous opioids, including PCA therapy, nontraditional analgesics and adjuncts, alternative routes for analgesia, and regional analgesic techniques. We also recognize the essential inclusion of nonpharmacologic approaches to perioperative pain. Perioperative teaching, parental presence, good positioning and physical measures, high-quality sleep, physical therapy, and Child Life interventions should all be components of the pain management plan, although we are unable to address those strategies here. Likewise, developmental and cognitive-behavioral approaches may significantly contribute to the management of anxiety, depression, and pain. The assessment and management of
Lessons learned from randomizing infants to marine oil-supplemented formulas in nutrition trials

The effect of n-3 fatty acid intake on docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6)) status, growth, retinal physiology, visual acuity, and development (Bayley Mental Developmental Index and Fagan Infantest) has been evaluated in infants randomized to a marine oil source of docosa hexaenoic acid or to standard infant formula. This article will focus on the lessons learned in conducting these randomized trials—issues related to design, implementation, and interpretation. By addressing these issues it is hoped that several general concepts related to nutrition studies in infants can be explored that might prove useful to others who undertake clinical nutrition trials in general, and trials with n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in particular.
Symptomatic Ascites in a Patient with Hypothyroidism of Short Duration

Symptomatic ascites as a presenting symptom of hypothyroidism is quite rare. In most of the case reports, patients with ascites requiring therapeutic abdominal paracentesis have long-standing hypothyroidism. We present a case of symptomatic ascites in a subject with hypothyroidism following radioiodine therapy for Graves disease. A 70-year-old African-American man presented with increasing weakness, shortness of breath, weight gain, constipation, and abdominal distention. Past history was significant for coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension and history of radioiodine therapy for Graves disease 9 months prior to the presentation. He was taking levothyroxine at 50 microg per day for 3 months prior to the presentation. Physical examination findings were significant for puffiness around the eyes, decreased breath sounds at the lung bases, and distended abdomen with free fluid, hung-up reflexes, and cold extremities. The thyroid-stimulating hormone level at the time was 64 with a free T4 less than 0.4 ng/dL. Analysis of the ascitic fluid revealed an exudative effusion with a serum to ascitic fluid albumin gradient of 1.2. The patient required therapeutic abdominal paracentesis twice, with 4 L each time, to relieve the symptoms. Work-up to rule out other causes did not reveal any other relevant abnormality. After initiation of thyroid hormone replacement, the patient responded very well and the ascites resolved within 2 months. We conclude that ascites associated with hypothyroidism is rare but must be recognized early, since thyroid replacement is the definitive therapy.
Effect of time of early weaning and time of lambing on accelerated lambing in Polypay sheep

Abstract Effects of early weaning, lactation, and day-of-year lambing on the ability of Polypay ewes to rebreed following winter and summer lambings were evaluated. Winter lambing ewes did not successfully rebreed while lactating. However, when winter-born lambs were weaned at 31 days postpartum, more ewes rebred and produced summer lambs (35.7%) than when lambs were weaned at 41 days postpartum (23.6%). Ewes that lambed during the early part of the winter lambing period had an advantage over later lambing ewes in the percentage which subsequently lambed the following summer. This was apparently the result of a difference in length of breeding exposure rather than a higher fertility rate during the early part of the breeding period. When summer lambing ewes were rebred during the early part of the summer breeding period (late summer to early fall), stress associated with lactation did not affect subsequent winter lambing performance. Summer lambing ewes belonging to a late weaning (80 days) treatment group did not differ (P>0.05) from those belonging to an early weaning (31 days) treatment group in winter fertility, prolificacy, day-of-year lambing or lambing interval.