cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
2005 Special issue: Cortico-hippocampal interaction and adaptive stimulus representation: A neurocomputational theory of associative learning and memory

Computational models of the hippocampal region link psychological theories of associative learning with their underlying physiological and anatomical substrates. Our approach to theory development began with a broad description of the computations that depend on the hippocampal region in classical conditioning (Gluck & Myers, 1993, 2001). In this initial model, the hippocampal region was treated as an Information-processing system that transformed stimulus representations, compressing (making more similar) representations of inputs that co-occur or are otherwise redundant, while differentiating (or making less similar) representations of inputs that predict different future events. This model led to novel predictions for the behavioral consequences of hippocampal-region lesions in rodents and of brain damage in humans who have amnesia or are in the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease. Many of these predictions have, since been confirmed by our lab and others. Functional brain imaging studies have provided further supporting evidence. In more recent computational modeling, we have shown how some aspects of this proposed information-processing function could emerge from known anatomical and physiological characteristics of the hippocampal region, including the entorhinal cortex and the septo-hippocampal cholinergic system. The modeling to date lays the groundwork for future directions that increase the depth of detail of the biological modeling, as well as the breadth of behavioral phenomena addressed. In particular, we are working now to reconcile these kinds of incremental associative learning models with other models of the hippocampal region that account for the rapid formation of declarative memories.
Preventing the residential placement of young children: A multidisciplinary investigation of challenges and opportunities in a rural state

Abstract Estimates suggest that most children placed in state custody have mental or behavioral health problems. Many of these children are difficult to place with foster families and ultimately are referred for residential care. Residential care is expensive relative to other alternatives and the effects on child outcomes do not seem to justify the expense. This study identifies systemic factors contributing to the residential placement of young children and opportunities for service improvement in a rural state. Key informant interviews and surveys were used to synthesize a broad array of professional perspectives. Remarkable consensus across multiple groups suggests that young children are best served in a family setting. Strategies to reduce residential placement and improve outcomes of young children are discussed.
In utero prednisone exposure affects genital development.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The etiology of the worldwide incidence of hypospadias remains unexplained. Data from the Center for Disease Control suggest that maternal asthma exposure may be a risk factor. The development of the mouse and human urethra shows significant similarities, such as fusion of 2 epithelial edges, closure of a midline epithelial seam and subsequent cellular remodeling, to justify the use of the mouse as an experimental animal model. Prednisone may act as a weak androgen directly or alternatively lowering testosterone by hypothalamic suppression of gonadotropins. We describe the effects of prednisone on urethral formation in the mouse. Materials and Methods: The model comprised 10, 20 and 20 timed pregnant C57/6 mice exposed to 1,000, 200 and 100 mg/kg prednisone, respectively, on gestational days 12 through 18. The morphology of the genital tubercles of both sexes were examined on gestational day 19 using histological techniques and 3-dimensional computer reconstruction. Specific attention was focused on the developing urethral seam. Results: Microscopic serial analysis confirmed the presence of an arrest in seam formation in approximately 25% of male fetuses given supraphysiological doses of prednisone (1,000 mg/kg). In contrast, acceleration of urethral fold fusion and a longer urethral tube were observed in those males treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg prednisone. The female fetuses treated with the same dosages of prednisone did not show any change at the level of the urethral seam area or in the remainder of the genital tubercles. Conclusions: Supraphysiological doses of prednisone treatment has an inhibitory effect on urethral fold fusion leading to hypospadias whereas low doses accentuate urethra formation in male mouse fetuses. In mice lower doses do not cause hypospadias in the males or affect urethral formation in females.
Interspecific foraging substrate preferences among flycatchers in a primeval mixed forest (Šrámková national nature reserve).

The study had two main objectives: (1) to analyze interspecific differences in foraging substrate utilization, foraging strategies, niche breadth, and niche overlap among the five flycatchers, and (2) to test the association between species foraging patterns on trees and the study site tree structure. The study was conducted in a primeval beech-fir forest in the Sramkova National Nature Reserve, the Mala Fatra Mts., in the years 1997-2000. Species specific resource use patterns indicated their position on generalist-specialist gradient. D. urbica and M. striata showed lower values of niche breadth, but higher values of nice overlap. Foraging patterns of E. rubecula and F. parva indicated rather opportunistic use of foraging substrates. Their niche breadth reached the highest values, whereas niche overlap was generally lower in comparison to airspace specialists. Niche breadth and overlap values for F. albicollis tend to have more or less medium values giving this species a position somewhere between the two groups. Resource partitioning was also well distinguished by foraging height. All species showed considerable opportunism in feeding on tree species. None of the two most dominant tree species was significantly preferred. Acer pseudoplatanus was the most selected foraging substrate. This may be result of its relatively large leaf area, thus supporting higher numbers of insects.
Lectures on mean curvature flows in higher codimensions

Mean curvature ows of hypersurfaces have been extensively studied and there are various dierent approaches and many beautiful results. However, relatively little is known about mean curvature ows of submanifolds of higher codimensions. This notes starts with some basic materials on submanifold geometry, and then introduces mean curvature ows in general dimensions and co-dimensions. The related techniques in the so called \blow-up" analysis are also discussed. At the end, we present some global existence and convergence results for mean curvature ows of two-dimensional surfaces in four-dimensional ambient spaces.
Design of the Permanent-Magnet System for NIST-4

A new watt balance, i.e., NIST-4, is currently being designed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. This apparatus will be used to realize the unit of mass after the redefinition of the kilogram has taken effect. In order to ensure smooth operation at regular mass realizations, the watt balance should be easy to use and reliable. To meet these requirements, a permanent-magnet system will be implemented to generate the magnetic flux required to operate NIST-4. A brief overview of the permanent-magnet system and its design considerations are given.
Fast algorithms for estimation and signal processing: an inverse scattering framework

The inverse scattering problem for a lossless transmission line has been used as a framework for deriving the Levinson and Schur fast algorithms for Toeplitz matrices. Here, the same framework is used to derive and attach novel simple scattering interpretations to the lattice algorithm and the split algorithms. This demonstrates that the scattering and interpretation is more fundamental to fast signal-processing algorithms than previously noted. >
De novo design of protein mimics of B-DNA.

Structural mimicry of DNA is utilized in nature as a strategy to evade molecular defences mounted by host organisms. One such example is the protein Ocr – the first translation product to be expressed as the bacteriophage T7 infects E. coli. The structure of Ocr reveals an intricate and deliberate arrangement of negative charges that endows it with the ability to mimic ∼24 base pair stretches of B-DNA. This uncanny resemblance to DNA enables Ocr to compete in binding the type I restriction modification (R/M) system, and neutralizes the threat of hydrolytic cleavage of viral genomic material. Here, we report the de novo design and biophysical characterization of DNA mimicking peptides, and describe the inhibitory action of the designed helical bundles on a type I R/M enzyme, EcoR124I. This work validates the use of charge patterning as a design principle for creation of protein mimics of DNA, and serves as a starting point for development of therapeutic peptide inhibitors against human pathogens that employ molecular camouflage as part of their invasion stratagem.
Synthesis, structure, and electronic structure of K2CuSbS3

Abstract The new compound K 2 CuSbS 3 has been synthesized by the reaction of K 2 S, Cu, Sb, and S at 823 K. The compound crystallizes in the Na 2 CuSbS 3 structure type with four formula units in space group P 2 1 / c of the monoclinic system in a cell at 153 K of a = 6.2712 (6) A, b = 17.947 (2) A, c = 7.4901 (8) A, β = 120.573 (1)°, and V = 725.81 (12) A 3 . The structure contains two-dimensional ∞ 2 [ CuSbS 3 ] layers separated by K atoms. Each ∞ 2 [ CuSbS 3 ] layer is built from CuS 3 and SbS 3 units. Each Cu atom is pyramidally coordinated to three S atoms with the Cu atom about 0.4 A above the plane of the S atoms. Each Sb atom is similarly coordinated to three S atoms but is about 1.1 A above its S 3 plane. First-principles calculations indicate an indirect band gap of 1.9 eV. These calculations also indicate that there is a bonding interaction between the Cu and Sb atoms. An optical absorption measurement performed with light perpendicular to the (0 1 0) crystal face of a red block-shaped crystal of K 2 CuSbS 3 indicates an experimental indirect band gap of 2.2 eV.
Direct adaptive control in a state-space setting

Direct adaptive control of a single-input single-output linear time-invariant n-dimensional discrete-time system is approached in terms of a 2n-dimensional state representation constructed directly from the input/output difference equation. The central result of the paper de the derivation of a simple procedure for directly determining the controller parameters in adaptive pole placement. The only assumption on the system model is that the minimal order of the system is known a priori; in particular, the given system is not required to be minimum phase. The approach taken in the paper is based on the expression of the system input as a linear function of an expanded (4n-dimensional) regression vector with the coefficient vector of the linear relationship containing the desired controller parameters. In this way the determination of the controller parameters is reduced to a linear-in-the-parameters estimation problem which can be solved using existing parameter estimation schemes. The particular parametrization constructed in this paper is a “state-space” version of the parametrization derived by Elliott [1]. The estimation of controller parameters is based on the standard recursive least squares algorithm. If the expanded regression vector is sufficiently exciting (as opposed to persistently exciting), the closed-loop system is exponentially stable with the closed-loop poles located close to the desired poles for sufficiently large values of the time index.
Ponderosa pine needle-induced parturition in cattle.

Needles of the Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) induce premature parturition in cattle when ingested during late pregnancy, espe- cially during the third trimester. The closer to term, the more likely that pine needles will induce parturition. Experiments were designed to describe the clinical signs and behavior associated with ingestion of pine needles. Pine needles ad- versely affected only pregnant cows and did not seem to affect nonpregnant, cycling cows, sheep, goats, or rabbits. Premature parturition was more likely if cows ingested the needles after the 8th mo of pregnancy, if they ingested pine needles over a period of 3 d or more, and if cows ate a relatively large amount of pine needles (about 2.2 to 2.7 kg/ d). A synthetic progesterone, melangesterol ace- tate, and a prostaglandin inhibitor (ketoprofenl seemed to be of some prophylactic benefit; howev- er, further research is required to assess the practicality of the approach and the magnitude of the benefit. Ponderosa pine bark and new-growth branch tips, which seem to be more potent inducers of premature parturition, may be useful in the extraction and identification of the par- turifacient component(s1.
Circle talks as situated experiential learning: Context, identity, and knowledgeability in 'learning from reflection'

This article presents research that used ethnographic and sociolinguistic methods to study ways participants learn through reflection when carried out as a “circle talk.” The data indicate that participants in the event (a) invoked different contextual frames that (b) implicated them in various identity positions, which (c) affected how they could express their knowledge. These features worked together to generate socially shared meanings that enabled participants to jointly achieve conceptualization—the ideational role “reflection” is presumed to play in the experiential learning process. The analysis supports the claim that participants generate new knowledge in reflection, but challenges individualistic and cognitive assumptions regarding how this occurs. The article builds on situated views of experiential learning by showing how knowledge can be understood as socially shared and how learning and identity formation are mutually entailing processes.
Occurrence of Bacterium Coli of Intestinal Origin on Hands of Food Handlers

The purpose of the present paper is to show something of the frequency of the occurrence of Bacterium coli of intestinal origin on the hands of food handlers in restaurants, cafes, lunch counters, sandwich shops and soda fountains. The problem was suggested by seeing two waiters at a lunch counter in a hotel pass back through the lobby of the hotel to the men's room, visit the commodes, and return to the lunch counter without washing their hands. The first duty performed by one of the waiters after returning to the lunch counter was to hand a customer an unwrapped sandwich. This investigation was made in the public eating places of Waco, Texas, which has a population of about 45,000. On casual inspection the general sanitary conditions of public eating places here appear as good as those in the average American town of this size. Such places are inspected and scored monthly, or oftener, by the city health department. All the tests on the hands of the food handlers were made between 8:00 and 10:00 o'clock in the morning. Materials and Methods.?Dehydrated culture medium preparations from the Digestive Ferments Company were used: lactose broth, 13 grams per liter of distilled water; Levine's eosin methylene blue agar; and nutrient agar, IJo, for the agar slants. Koser's 1 sodium citrate medium was used for distinguishing the Bacterium coli of intestinal origin from that of vegetable origin.2 All mediums were sterilized for twenty minutes at fifteen pounds pressure, the tin plates were sterilized by dry heat at 170 C. for two hours, and all incubations were at 37.5 C. A modification of the Bacterium coli test method in bacteriologic water analysis was used as described in Standard Methods of Water Analysis, published by the American Public Health Association.3 The
Comment on "Isolating the non-polar contributions to the intermolecular potential for water-alkane interactions" [J. Chem. Phys. 141, 064905 (2014)]

The manuscript by Ballal et al.(Ref 1) presents an interesting study demonstrating the inability of popular force fields with standard combination rules to accurately describe water/alkane interactions. The authors find that the Lorentz-Berthelot combination rules on the SPC/E water and TraPPE alkane potentials give a cross interaction that fails to predict the (low-water content) water solubility in various alkanes. Realizing that both explicit polarization as well as the static octupole moment of methane are missing in these potentials, the authors examine the effect of these terms, but are still unable to resolve the discrepancy. They conclude with the statement that “the research community lacks a complete picture of water-alkane interactions at the molecular level.
Care of the Elderly Patient with Acute Diverticulitis

Diverticulitis is frequently encountered in the elderly population. Because elderly patients typically have decreased physiologic reserve and other complicating comorbid conditions, treatment decisions must be carefully made. Like with younger patients, uncomplicated diverticulitis is usually treated successfully with antibiotics alone. Frequent contact with the patient is required so that worsening is promptly detected, and a treatment escalation, if needed, is not missed. Treatment of complicated diverticulitis depends on the specific complication. For perforated diverticulitis, resection with end colostomy has been the traditional operation, but in recent years, its use has been challenged by other options including resection with anastomosis and proximal diversion and laparoscopic lavage.
Some notes on differential actions of partite muscles.

(1946). Some Notes on Differential Actions of Partite Muscles. Research Quarterly. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 254-262.
Ivabradine (Corlanor) for Heart Failure.

In patients with stable systolic heart failure already on maximal medication therapy, adding ivabradine may reduce the number of hospitalizations related to heart failure (NNT for two years = 20), but it does not reduce cardiovascular mortality. In addition, many patients will not tolerate the drug and will stop taking it. Patients should be monitored for the development of atrial fibrillation and bradycardia.
Bacterial endophthalmitis associated with a broken and retained small-gauge vitrectomy cannula.

PURPOSE To report a case of bacterial endophthalmitis associated with a retained small-gauge vitrectomy trocar. METHODS Retrospective case report of a 66-year-old woman who underwent 25-gauge vitrectomy surgery for an epiretinal membrane who presented with postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis and hand motions vision 3 weeks later. RESULTS Aqueous and vitreous biopsy revealed Corynebacterium species sensitive to vancomycin. The patient was initially treated with intravitreal and subconjunctival injections of vancomycin, ceftazidime, and dexamethasone. Surgical exploration during a subsequent vitrectomy surgery revealed a retained, transscleral 25-gauge cannula beneath a subconjunctival abscess. The cannula was removed, and the patient was treated with vitrectomy, debridement and closure of the transscleral wound, and injection of intravitreal antibiotics. Fifteen months of follow-up revealed no recurrence of infection and improvement of vision to 20/150. CONCLUSION Although rare, retained small-gauge vitrectomy cannulas may lead to vision threatening ocular infection. Care should be taken to inspect both the wound and the removed trocar system to ensure complete removal of this surgical device. Detailed counts of all surgical equipment should be routinely performed at the conclusion of vitrectomy surgery.
Saint or sinner? Suttee in the depiction of Flora Annie Steel and Cornelia Sorabji

Suttee is a well-discussed and widely researched topic and yet the literary representations of it are not sufficiently probed into. Suttee, if merely understood as the rite of widow burning in India, is one of the cruelest practices of female subjugation. Hence, women’s attempts at articulating their views on such a practice are significant. This becomes more arresting when two women writers come from different (even opposing!) cultures and stand on different rungs of the colonial hierarchy. Moreover, given the flexibility of fiction as a mode of expression, it can arguably best be used as a powerful tool for one’s own propaganda. Several questions emerge. How does each writer see and show suttee? How does an awareness of their respective status in an imperialist world shape their creative imagination? What kind of politics of representation is involved in their writings in face of the charged politics surrounding the topic of suttee in a colonial world? In depicting this rite, how and why does each bring...
e-Democracy and Community Networks: Political Visions, Technological Opportunities and Social Reality

Political systems and technology are interdependent and influence each other. On the one hand, political systems and political leaders aim at influencing the technological development and benefiting from technological progress; on the other, technological development has a considerable proportion of its own dynamics and potential to influence society and political systems. This chapter particularly focuses on electronic democracy and virtual communities and accordingly discusses recent ideas and plans of political leaders, derives requirements for technology, presents systems and prototypes, and reports cases demonstrating how and what technology is really used.
Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers in Tanzania: An Assessment of the Previous System of Local Government Allocations

In most developing, transitional, and industrialized countries, local government transfers form the main source of funding for local government services and infrastructure. Tanzania is no exception to this rule: with more than 80 per cent of recurrent local expenditures funded by intergovernmental grants (Table 1.1), the transfer system forms the backbone of Tanzania’s system of local government finance.
The mitogenome of the southern Brook Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon gagei (Cyclostomata: Petromyzontidae).

AbstractThe southern brook lamprey (Ichthyomyzon gagei) is a non-parasitic lamprey endemic to the southeastern US. Here, we report the complete mitogenome of this basal vertebrate and found its genomic organization to be similar to that of other reported lamprey mitogenomes. Nucleotide sequence identities for individual proteins range from 90% to 94% when compared with the congeneric species I. fossor and I. unicuspis. Finally, phylogenetic analysis revealed I. gagei to be sister to these other species of Ichthyomyzon. These genomic data provide a baseline for future investigations regarding the molecular evolution of basal vertebrates.
Active versus Passive Rotations

AbstractActive and passive rotations are used in many applied scientific fields, such as engineering, geodesy, and geophysics, just to name a few. However, a source of confusion could arise when bo...
Psychotherapy with Older Adults: Implementing and Refining Best Practices.

Fellow clinical gerontologists, in this issue we describe a number of randomized trial and program evaluation projects that examine the feasibility and effectiveness of various psychotherapeutic ap...
Musical Bottles, Flying Balloons, and Hot Stoves: The Uncommon Physics of Common Things

In the lighthearted, madcap African satire, The Gods Must Be Crazy, a Coke bottle, nonchalantly tossed from the cockpit of an airplane, landed in the midst of an isolated Bushman family never before exposed to the familiar commodities of “civilization.” Of the many uses the family found for this mysterious “heaven-sent” gift, among the most pleasing was that of a musical instrument. (As the story unfolded, however, there were other less pleasing attributes—and the resourceful Bushman went to great lengths to return the gift and recover his peace of mind.) By teaching courses based on what I have called “self-directed learning”1 —the radical proposition that students learn science better when striving to answer questions that arise out of their own curiosity—I have often been led to explore imaginative avenues of physics that would not likely have occurred to me had it not been for the curiosity of some student. In this way, I, together with a student colleague (E. R. Worthy), likewise came to realize that a Coke bottle—or, more precisely, about ten bottles containing different volumes of water—does indeed make a splendid instrument. Yet, surprisingly, for so superficially simple a structure, the tones of the bottle are by no means easily accounted for. For my student and me, as for the Bushman, the Coke bottle has not been drained of all its mystery.
Bioaccumulation of Hydrophobic Organic Pollutant Compounds

This chapter provides a brief overview of the biogeochemistry of organic chemicals of environmental concern in aquatic ecosystems and the key aspects important to uptake, retention, release, and metabolism by aquatic organisms. The literature is not exhaustively reviewed, but key review articles or books are cited within the overview context, and a few illustrative examples are discussed in more detail. An integrative mathematical modeling approach to this topic is discussed by O’Connor et al. in Chapter 9 of this book.
Toward a Theory of Contemporary Tragedy

The recent debate among Hellenists concerning the actual intent of Aristotle’s text that has come down to us in the Latin denomination De Poetica succeeds in throwing some light upon a number of more general controversial questions in aesthetics. Does the Greek title of Aristotle’s text call for an examination of the art of making, or only of interpreting a poem?1 Lexical information supplies the ground for the former, and yields a classification of relevant human activities from the most general — making — to the most specific — literature — via the species of imitations. For this interpretation there is both internal and external evidence. The external evidence is found in Aristotle’s theoretical scientific work: definitions give the essence of things and are constructed by classifying the species to be defined — here tragic poetry — into its proximate genus — here imitations, and then indicating the specific differences between the definiendum and the other members of the same genus.
Systematic approach to methods development for the capillary electrophoretic analysis of a minor enantiomer using a single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrin: A case study of l-carbidopa analysis

Abstract A methods development protocol — based on the charged resolving agent migration model — for the capillary electrophoretic analysis of a minor enantiomer using a single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrin is described here. The minor component of l -carbidopa was successfully assayed by capillary electrophoresis using the single-isomer heptakis-(2,3-diacetyl-6-sulfato)-β-cyclodextrin as chiral resolving agent. Adequate separation selectivity was secured by selecting a pH 2.5 background electrolyte, operating at 16°C and adjusting the concentration of the single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrin to just past the point where the migration direction of both enantiomers of carbidopa changes from cationic to anionic due to complexation with the single-isomer sulfated cyclodextrin. Once the background electrolyte composition which leads to adequate selectivity was identified, peak resolution was adjusted by optimizing the magnitude of the dimensionless normalized electroosmotic flow-rate via the addition of poly(ethylene glycol)900 which does not change separation selectivity. Rugged separation conditions permitting the fast, reproducible quantitation of the minor enantiomer in l -carbidopa preparations could be readily established.
Correlation of Nd Isotopic Variations with Other Isotopic Variations

With the development of Sm-Nd studies, and shortly thereafter Lu-Hf, it has become increasingly apparent that the relationships between the isotopic variations of different elements are extremely important. This has become even more obvious with the added information provided by the rare gas isotopes 3He, 40Ar, and 129Xe (e.g. Clarke et al. 1969; Craig et al. 1978a, b; Kurz et al. 1982a, b; Lupton 1983; Staudacher and Allegre 1982; Hart et al. 1979). The correspondence between Nd isotopic compositions, and the isotopes of other elements are considered in this chapter.
TrueSight: self-training algorithm for splice junction detection using RNA-seq

RNA-seq has proven to be a powerful technique for transcriptome profiling based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. However, due to the limited read length of NGS data, it is extremely challenging to accurately map RNA-seq reads to splice junctions, which is critically important for the analysis of alternative splicing and isoform construction. Several tools have been developed to find splice junctions by RNA-seq de novo, without the aid of gene annotations [1-3]. However, the sensitivity and specificity of these tools need to be improved. In this paper, we describe a novel method, called TrueSight, that combines information from (i) RNA-seq read mapping quality and (ii) coding potential from the reference genome sequences into a unified model that utilizes semi-supervised learning to precisely identify splice junctions.
The Retinoic Acid-Induced Cascade of Events Leading to Granulocyte Differentiation in HL60 through a Postulated GTP-Regulated Inducing Molecule

Cells which are self renewing and whose progeny have the potential of establishing more than one lineage are called stem cells. When stem cells are induced to differentiate they lose their multipotency and establish lineages leading to the development of functional end cells. Of the many differentiating systems which use the strategy of the stem cell (1,2), the hemopoietic system is one of the more intensely studied because the process occurs continuously in the adult animal (see ref 3). The cells of the blood arise from multipotent hemopoietic stem cells which give rise to progenitor cells of committed lineage. The granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell has at least one more lineage establishment decision to make in the progression toward functional end cells and can be used as a model for decision making in lineage establishment.
Analysis and Simulation of the IEEE 802.11ay Single-Carrier PHY

IEEE 802.11ay is an amendment that enables enhanced throughput for IEEE 802.11 systems operating in the license-exempt 60 GHz band. By specifying advanced physical layer (PHY) features such as channel bonding and aggregation, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission, and non-uniform modulation constellation, IEEE 802.11ay supports a maximum data rate of 100 Gb/s, making it an amendment of great interest for applications as diverse as wireless virtual reality (VR) and backhauling. In this paper, we provide a description and analysis of certain fundamental elements of the single-carrier (SC) PHY defined by IEEE 802.11ay. Among the topics that are discussed are the new frame format, modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), and beamforming training field defined in the amendment. Simulation results of key aspects for the topics covered are presented.
Detecting Chromosomal Inversions from Dense SNPs by Combining PCA and Association Tests

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of dense single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data has wide-ranging applications in populations genetics, including detection of chromosomal inversions. SNPs associated with each PC can be identified through single-SNP association tests performed between SNP genotypes and PC coordinates; this approach has several advantages over thresholding loading factors or sparse PCA methods. Insect vector SNP data often have a high proportion of unknown (uncalled) genotypes, however, that cannot be reliably imputed and prevent the direct usage of association tests. Building on our previous work, we propose a novel method for adjusting the association tests to handle these unknown genotypes. We demonstrate the utility of the method through two applications: detecting chromosomal inversions and characterizing differentiation processed captured by PCA. When applied to SNP data from the 2L and 2R chromosome arms of 34 karyotyped Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles coluzzii mosquitoes, our method clearly identifies the 2La, 2Rb, 2Rc, 2Rj, and 2Ru inversions. Using our method to identify SNP associated with 2L-PC3, we observed one of the two insecticide-resistance variants in the Rdl gene; our results suggests that the PC is capturing differentiation driven by insecticide usage.
New linear codes over non-prime fields

One of the most important and challenging problems in coding theory is to explicitly construct linear codes with best possible parameters. Computers are often used to search for optimal codes. However, given the large size of the search space and computational complexity of determining the minimum distance, researchers usually focus on promising classes of linear codes with rich algebraic structures. One such class of codes is quasi-twisted (QT) codes which contains cyclic, constacyclic, and quasi-cyclic (QC) codes as sub-classes. Improving and automatizing existing search algorithms for QT codes, we have been able to obtain 64 record-breaking linear codes (codes with better parameters than currently best known linear codes) over the non-prime fields $\mathbb {F}_{4}$ , $\mathbb {F}_{8}$ and $\mathbb {F}_{9}$ . Moreover, we obtained 82 additional new codes from the standard constructions of puncturing, extending and shortening a code. Further, we have found 15 QT codes that are new among the class of QT codes.
Advancement Of Teledentistry At The University Of Rochester’s Eastman Institute For Oral Health

Dental caries is the most prevalent infectious disease among US children. National surveys have shown that poor and minority-group children are not only disproportionately affected by dental caries...
Forecasting cyberattacks with incomplete, imbalanced, and insignificant data

Having the ability to forecast cyberattacks before they happen will unquestionably change the landscape of cyber warfare and cyber crime. This work predicts specific types of attacks on a potential victim network before the actual malicious actions take place. The challenge to forecasting cyberattacks is to extract relevant and reliable signals to treat sporadic and seemingly random acts of adversaries. This paper builds on multi-faceted machine learning solutions and develops an integrated system to transform large volumes of public data to aggregate signals with imputation that are relevant and predictive of cyber incidents. A comprehensive analysis of the individual parts and the integrated whole demonstrates the effectiveness and trade-offs of the proposed approach. Using 16-months of reported cyber incidents by an anonymized victim organization, the integrated approach achieves up to 87%, 90%, and 96% AUC for forecasting endpoint-malware, malicious-destination, and malicious-email attacks, respectively. When assessed month-by-month, the proposed approach shows robustness to perform consistently well, achieving F-Measure between 0.6 and 1.0. The framework also enables an examination of which unconventional signals are meaningful for cyberattack forecasting.
Laser-induced fluorescence of C2 and C3 in colliding carbon plasma

The formation of transient molecular species, C2 and C3, was studied in the collision of two laser-produced carbon plasmas using laser-induced fluorescence. In vacuum, two closely neighboring laser-produced plasmas will collide, as they expand into one another or are forced into occupying the same space. This so-called colliding plasma produces a highly collisional composite plasma plume from the two individual plasmas which persists longer with enhanced prevalence of certain plasma processes such as recombination. In an inertial fusion energy (IFE) chamber, successive shots will ablate first wall material (e.g., graphitic carbon). Inwardly collapsing plasma will attain such a colliding plasma state as it converges inwards toward the chamber center. The presented results elucidate the early formation of C2 and C3, precursors to larger carbon structures which may contaminate an IFE chamber.The formation of transient molecular species, C2 and C3, was studied in the collision of two laser-produced carbon plasmas using laser-induced fluorescence. In vacuum, two closely neighboring laser-produced plasmas will collide, as they expand into one another or are forced into occupying the same space. This so-called colliding plasma produces a highly collisional composite plasma plume from the two individual plasmas which persists longer with enhanced prevalence of certain plasma processes such as recombination. In an inertial fusion energy (IFE) chamber, successive shots will ablate first wall material (e.g., graphitic carbon). Inwardly collapsing plasma will attain such a colliding plasma state as it converges inwards toward the chamber center. The presented results elucidate the early formation of C2 and C3, precursors to larger carbon structures which may contaminate an IFE chamber.
Enabling chip, package and PCB system co design and analysis in a heterogeneous integration environment - An EDA approach

A holistic system design approach is presented in this work which helps co-design and analyse a multi technology array of ICs, packages and PCBs. The proposed methodology provides the key functionality to simulate and thus co design an IC in context of its PCB and package parasitic models, at the same time, staying within the IC designers preferred design and simulation environment requiring minimal knowledge of packaging and PCB design techniques. It is, primarily, an IC centric co design environment and a simulation solution that allows the analog, RF, and mixed-signal designers to drive designs of package modules to their packaging teams and define simulation testbenches that include the native IC and its corresponding package, and PCB interconnect and component level parasitic models prior to tape-out. The breadth of this “one-ocean” solution caters equally to a wide array of applications including mm-wave RF, power management ICs and low power analog front ends.
Applications of Intelligent Tutoring Systems to Human-Robotic Exploration of Mars

Space missions with small crews extending over several years with time-delay preventing normal conversations with people on earth will raise many challenges for training. Of special interest are possible three-year missions to Mars, requiring refresher instruction and learning new skills based on unexpected problems with machines and environmental conditions. For example, the crew will be required to monitor and repair more complex life support systems for air and water recycling than we even know how to build today. Highly educated astronauts, often with several doctorate degrees, require a very different mode of interaction than we have developed for school children or even typical college students. Explanation methods may need to differ-using analogies and techniques from different domains-depending on whether the astronaut is an astrophysicist, a pilot, or a geologist.Virtual reality (e.g., for Hubble repair missions) and "integrated" simulations (involving role-playing and emphasizing failure scenarios) are the most common advanced forms of instruction used in space flight today. The emphasis is on collaborative, embodied interaction with the same workstations and tools used in practice (e.g., a cockpit simulator). Otherwise, computerized instructional technology used by NASA is not model-based or tutorial in nature. This discussion will review some of the key instructional methods used at NASA over the past two decades and consider why ITS methods have not been exploited. Some of the problems and opportunities for training for Mars missions are examined, including how using robots in exploration activities will help but raise new training problems. These ideas will be illustrated with examples from the BrahmsVE system in which a browser- based virtual reality display with avatars allows interacting with a distributed multiagent system, in which agents can be people, robots, or software programs. Using BrahmsVE may provide a way for astronauts to interact with proxies of people who serve as instructional coaches on Mars.
COVID-19 herd immunity strategies: walking an elusive and dangerous tightrope

The rapid growth in cases of COVID-19 has threatened to overwhelm healthcare systems in multiple countries. In response, severely affected countries have had to consider a range of public health strategies achieved by implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions. Broadly, these strategies have fallen into two categories: i) "mitigation", which aims to achieve herd immunity by allowing the SARS-CoV-2 virus to spread through the population while mitigating disease burden, and ii) "suppression", aiming to drastically reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission rates and halt endogenous transmission in the target population. Using an age-structured transmission model, parameterised to simulate SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the UK, we assessed the prospects of success using both of these approaches. We simulated a range of different non-pharmaceutical intervention scenarios incorporating social distancing applied to differing age groups. We found that it is possible to suppress SARS-CoV-2 transmission if social distancing measures are sustained at a sufficient level for a period of months. Our modelling did not support achieving herd immunity as a practical objective, requiring an unlikely balancing of multiple poorly-defined forces. Specifically, we found that: i) social distancing must initially reduce the transmission rate to within a narrow range, ii) to compensate for susceptible depletion, the extent of social distancing must be vary over time in a precise but unfeasible way, and iii) social distancing must be maintained for a long duration (over 6 months).
Documenting Ceremonial Situations and Institutional Change at Middle Woodland Geometric Enclosures in Central Kentucky

The construction of earthen enclosures changed how the Middle Woodland landscape was monumentalized in central Kentucky. Archaeologists have long associated these monuments with important social ch...
Tangible Long-Lived Asset Impairments and Future Operating Cash Flows under U.S. GAAP and IFRS

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the predictive value of tangible long-lived asset impairments for changes in future operating cash flows under U.S. GAAP and IFRS. We find that impairments reported under IFRS are negatively associated with changes in future operating cash flows, whereas those under U.S. GAAP, on average, are not. We investigate whether differences in the predictive value are attributable to differences in recognition or measurement, providing evidence suggesting that impairment recognition under U.S. GAAP is delayed. Evidence also suggests that the value-in-use measurement attribute, allowed under IFRS, does not induce under-impairing as IFRS and U.S. GAAP impairments are similarly related to future impairments. The main result of a negative association under IFRS, but not U.S. GAAP, holds after considering future impairments to control for measurement differences, macro-economic factors, and firm reporting incentives. Further, impairment losses under IFRS are more predictive in high-enfo...
How Do Clinical Electives during the Clerkship Year Influence Career Exploration? A Qualitative Study

Problem: Although many students begin medical school with some idea of their specialty interest, up to 80% of these students choose a different specialty by their final year. This pivot tends to ha...
World Christianity and Indigenous Experience: A Global History, 1500–2000

In this book, David Lindenfeld proposes a new dimension to the study of world history. Here, he explores the global expansion of Christianity since 1500 from the perspectives of the indigenous people who were affected by it, and helped change it, giving them active agency. Integrating the study of religion into world history, his volume surveys indigenous experience in colonial Latin America, Native North America, Africa and the African diaspora, the Middle East, India, East Asia, and the Pacific. Lindenfeld demonstrates how religion is closely interwoven with political, economic, and social history. Wide-ranging in scope, and offering a synoptic perspective of our interconnected world, Lindenfeld combines in-depth analysis of individual regions with comprehensive global coverage. He also provides a new vocabulary, with a spectrum ranging from resistance to acceptance and commitment to Christianity, that articulates the range and complexity of the indigenous conversion experience. Lindenfeld's cross-cultural reflections provide a compelling alternative to the Western narrative of progressive development.
SU-E-J-188: Theoretical Estimation of Margin Necessary for Markerless Motion Tracking

Purpose: To estimate the margin necessary to adequately cover the target using markerless motion tracking (MMT) of lung lesions given the uncertainty in tracking and the size of the target. Methods: Simulations were developed in Matlab to determine the effect of tumor size and tracking uncertainty on the margin necessary to achieve adequate coverage of the target. For simplicity, the lung tumor was approximated by a circle on a 2D radiograph. The tumor was varied in size from a diameter of 0.1 − 30 mm in increments of 0.1 mm. From our previous studies using dual energy markerless motion tracking, we estimated tracking uncertainties in x and y to have a standard deviation of 2 mm. A Gaussian was used to simulate the deviation between the tracked location and true target location. For each size tumor, 100,000 deviations were randomly generated, the margin necessary to achieve at least 95% coverage 95% of the time was recorded. Additional simulations were run for varying uncertainties to demonstrate the effect of the tracking accuracy on the margin size. Results: The simulations showed an inverse relationship between tumor size and margin necessary to achieve 95% coverage 95% of the time using the MMT technique.more » The margin decreased exponentially with target size. An increase in tracking accuracy expectedly showed a decrease in margin size as well. Conclusion: In our clinic a 5 mm expansion of the internal target volume (ITV) is used to define the planning target volume (PTV). These simulations show that for tracking accuracies in x and y better than 2 mm, the margin required is less than 5 mm. This simple simulation can provide physicians with a guideline estimation for the margin necessary for use of MMT clinically based on the accuracy of their tracking and the size of the tumor.« less