cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rates of local cerebral protein synthesis in the rat during normal postnatal development

The degree of recycling of leucine derived from protein breakdown into the precursor pool for protein synthesis was measured in rat brain at different postnatal ages, and age-specific values were used in the calculation of regional (local) rates of cerebral leucine incorporation into protein (lCPSleu) in 44 brain regions and the brain as a whole. Early in development, a greater fraction of the precursor leucine pool is derived from protein breakdown, indicating that protein degradation is higher in young rats compared with adults. In whole brain and in most regions, values for lCPSleu were highest at 10 days and gradually decreased with age. By 60 days of age, values in cortex were approximately 60% of those at 10 days of age. In the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus, however, lCPSleu increased during development, reaching peak values in adults. In white matter of the cerebellum and the cerebrum, peaks of lCPSleu were reached at 14 and 21 days, respectively, approximately at the times of maximum rates of myelination.
Constructions of Cancer in Early Modern England

Cancer is perhaps the modern world's most feared disease. Yet, we know relatively little about this malady's history before the nineteenth century. This book provides the first in-depth examination of perceptions of cancerous disease in early modern England. Looking to drama, poetry and polemic as well as medical texts and personal accounts, it contends that early modern people possessed an understanding of cancer which remains recognizable to us today. Many of the ways in which medical practitioners and lay people imagined cancer – as a 'woman's disease' or a 'beast' inside the body – remain strikingly familiar, and they helped to make this disease a byword for treachery and cruelty in discussions of religion, culture and politics. Equally, cancer treatments were among the era's most radical medical and surgical procedures. From buttered frog ointments to agonizing and dangerous surgeries, they raised abiding questions about the nature of disease and the proper role of the medical practitioner.
Water balance test and water saving analysis of a thermal power plant

For the sake of finding out the current situation of water utilization in a thermal power plant,confirming the quantitative relationship among different water utilization systems and determining rational water consumption for each system,the water intake,utilization,drainage and consumption of the 4 × 600 MW ultra-supercritical unit in the said plant was tested.According to the water balance calculation and the analysis of water utilization situation,some advices about water saving and synthetic utilization of power plant were proposed.The results showed that,as there were serious leakage of the underground pipe network and many shortcomings of the management and maintenance of the wastewater collection and treatment system existed in the said power plant,the water saving potential of the plant was huge,and in theory,about 42.9% of the current water consump-tion could be saved.The analysis results provided the basis for the establishment of water-saving measures.
Thermostabilization of inactivated polio vaccine in PLGA-based microspheres for pulsatile release

Vaccines are a critical clinical tool in preventing illness and death due to infectious diseases and are regularly administered to children and adults across the globe. In order to obtain full protection from many vaccines, an individual needs to receive multiple doses over the course of months. However, vaccine administration in developing countries is limited by the difficulty in consistently delivering a second or third dose, and some vaccines, including the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), must be injected more than once for efficacy. In addition, IPV does not remain stable over time at elevated temperatures, such as those it would encounter over time in the body if it were to be injected as a single-administration vaccine. In this manuscript, we describe microspheres composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) that can encapsulate IPV along with stabilizing excipients and release immunogenic IPV over the course of several weeks. Additionally, pH-sensitive, cationic dopants such as Eudragit E polymer caused clinically relevant amounts of stable IPV release upon degradation of the PLGA matrix. Specifically, IPV was released in two separate bursts, mimicking the delivery of two boluses approximately one month apart. In one of our top formulations, 1.4, 1.1, and 1.2 doses of the IPV serotype 1, 2, and 3, respectively, were released within the first few days from 50mg of particles. During the delayed, second burst, 0.5, 0.8, and 0.6 doses of each serotype, respectively, were released; thus, 50mg of these particles released approximately two clinical doses spaced a month apart. Immunization of rats with the leading microsphere formulation showed more robust and long-lasting humoral immune response compared to a single bolus injection and was statistically non-inferior from two bolus injections spaced 1 month apart. By minimizing the number of administrations of a vaccine, such as IPV, this technology can serve as a tool to aid in the eradication of polio and other infectious diseases for the improvement of global health.
Sodium channel diversity in the vestibular ganglion: NaV1.5, NaV1.8, and tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents

Firing patterns differ between subpopulations of vestibular primary afferent neurons. The role of sodium (NaV) channels in this diversity has not been investigated because NaV currents in rodent vestibular ganglion neurons (VGNs) were reported to be homogeneous, with the voltage dependence and tetrodotoxin (TTX) sensitivity of most neuronal NaV channels. RT-PCR experiments, however, indicated expression of diverse NaV channel subunits in the vestibular ganglion, motivating a closer look. Whole cell recordings from acutely dissociated postnatal VGNs confirmed that nearly all neurons expressed NaV currents that are TTX-sensitive and have activation midpoints between -30 and -40 mV. In addition, however, many VGNs expressed one of two other NaV currents. Some VGNs had a small current with properties consistent with NaV1.5 channels: low TTX sensitivity, sensitivity to divalent cation block, and a relatively negative voltage range, and some VGNs showed NaV1.5-like immunoreactivity. Other VGNs had a current with the properties of NaV1.8 channels: high TTX resistance, slow time course, and a relatively depolarized voltage range. In two NaV1.8 reporter lines, subsets of VGNs were labeled. VGNs with NaV1.8-like TTX-resistant current also differed from other VGNs in the voltage dependence of their TTX-sensitive currents and in the voltage threshold for spiking and action potential shape. Regulated expression of NaV channels in primary afferent neurons is likely to selectively affect firing properties that contribute to the encoding of vestibular stimuli.
CMDragons 2015: Coordinated Offense and Defense of the SSL Champions

The CMDragons Small Size League SSL team won all of itsi¾ź6 games at RoboCup 2015, scoring a total of 48 goals and conceding 0. This paper presents the core coordination algorithms in offense and defense that enabled such successful performance. We first describe the coordinated plays layer that distributes the team's robots into offensive and defensive subteams. We then describe the offense and defense coordination algorithms to control these subteams. Effective coordination enables our robots to attain a remarkable level of team-oriented gameplay, persistent offense, and reliability during regular gameplay, shifting our strategy away from stopped ball plays. We support these statements and the effectiveness of our algorithms with statistics from our performance at RoboCup 2015.
Citizenship by Degrees: Ephebes and Demagogues in Democratic Athens, 465–460

CITIZENSHIP AND MANHOOD In Book 3 of his History , Thucydides describes a civil war gripping the city-state of Corcyra in 427, but this event inspires him to sketch out a portrait of factional strife between democrats and oligarchs everywhere in Greece where Athenian–Spartan hostilities provoked “the same human nature” (3.82.2) to acts of hostility and brutality (82.1, 82.3 and 83.1). His portrait highlights several variations on the basic script “how citizens deliberate,” and the cumulative effect of this script's several tracks dramatizes how citizens individually and in factions can assume performative attitudes toward one another which produce (in Taylor's terms) “webs of interlocution” and a “for-us” public space that is actually degenerative to city-state community. By this I mean that, in these quickly sketched variations, deliberating citizens believe they are following a familiar script to achieve the consensus necessary for dike and nomos , but in reality their deliberations sabotage the goals of the script in question and push their communities beneath the threshold of statehood. The tracks include: “forming an alliance” (82.1–3); “interpreting the habitual meanings of language” (82.3–4); “evaluating the deliberator” (82.5–6); and “how to achieve consensus” (82.6–7). If it is true that these citizens show how a city-state can fall beneath the threshold of statehood when they depart from the goals of deliberation, then it's reasonable to ask whether as deliberators they push themselves beneath the threshold of citizenship itself. What might it mean to regress from the ability to speak, think, and respond like a citizen?
Foamy Viral Vectors Efficiently Transduce Quiescent Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cells (HSC) and Restore the Long Term Repopulating Activity of Fancc −/− Stem Cells.

Fanconi anemia (FA) is characterized by bone marrow aplasia and myeloid leukemia. The identification of FA genes raises the potential of using gene transfer technology to introduce cDNAs into autologous HSCs. Current strategies using Moloney retroviruses require a 2–4 day ex vivo culture of HSC to facilitate stable integration of the transgene. However, ex vivo culture results in a time-dependent increase in apoptosis of Fancc − / − primitive HSC and mice reconstituted with the surviving cells have an increased risk of acquiring myeloid malignancies. Therefore we examined the potential of a recombinant foamy virus construct (MD9-FANCC-EGFP) to transduce murine Fancc − / − HSC in the absence of prestimulation. Forty-80% of progenitors that were in G 0 – G 1 at the time of transduction were transduced following a single 10–14 hr transduction. Aliquots of MD9-FANCC-EGFP transduced BM cells or cells encoding the EGFP transgene only were transplanted into irradiated recipient mice or recipients treated with IFN-g only. Four-six months following transplantation, recipient BM cells were isolated and clonogenic assays were established in a range of mitomycin c (MMC) concentrations. Fancc − / − progenitors encoding recombinant FANCC were found to have a similar resistance to MMC as wildtype (WT) controls while Fancc − / − progenitors encoding the reporter construct only retained a high sensitivity to MMC. To assess the potential of MD9- FANCC-EGFP to correct stem cell repopulating ability, we next utilized the competitive repopulating assay. The repopulating activity of MD9-FANCC-EGFP-transduced Fancc − / − stem cells was comparable to WT controls 18–24 months following transplantation in primary and secondary recipients. Additionally, while mice reconstituted with Fancc − / − cells transduced with the reporter construct had reduced repopulating ability as compared to the other groups, none of these recipients acquired myeloid malignancies. Collectively, these data provide in vivo evidence that an abbreviated transduction protocol utilizing a foamy-viral based vector allows efficient transduction of Fancc − / − HSC, and diminishes the selection pressure that occurs during ex vivo culture of Fancc − / − HSCs.
Evidence of real-space hot-electron transfer in high mobility, strained-Si multilayer MOSFETs

New phenomena are reported in N-MOSFETs with high-mobility, strained-Si electron channels. A parasitic bipolar breakdown is observed at anomalously low drain voltages at reduced temperatures ( >
Religious Involvement, Financial Strain, and Poly-Drug Use: Exploring the Moderating Role of Meaning in Life

ABSTRACTBackground: Research indicates that greater involvement in religion is associated with lower rates of substance use and misuse. However, religion is a complex construct that can be assessed in many ways. The purpose of this study is to explore a dimension of religion that has not been evaluated in previous research on poly-drug use: a religious sense of meaning in life. Objectives: It is hypothesized that a religious sense of meaning in life will offset (i.e., moderate) the effects of chronic financial strain on poly-drug use. In order to instill greater confidence in the findings, the moderating role of a religious sense of meaning in life is compared and contrasted with a general sense of meaning in life. Methods: The data are provided by a recent nationwide survey of adults of all ages in the United States (N = 2,622). The relationships among the core study constructs are evaluated with ordinary least squares multiple regression. Results: The results indicate that a greater religious sense of m...
Automatic performance prediction of multithreaded programs: a simulation approach

The performance of multithreaded programs is often difficult to understand and predict. Multiple threads engage in synchronization operations and use hardware simultaneously. This results in a complex non-linear dependency between the configuration of a program and its performance. To better understand this dependency a performance prediction model is used. Such a model predicts the performance of a system for different configurations. Configurations reflect variations in the workload, different program options such as the number of threads, and characteristics of the hardware. Performance models are complex and require a solid understanding of the program's behavior. As a result, building models of large applications manually is extremely time-consuming and error-prone. In this paper we present an approach for building performance models of multithreaded programs automatically. We employ hierarchical discrete-event models. Different tiers of the model simulate different factors that affect performance of the program, while interaction between the model tiers simulates mutual influence of these factors on performance. Our framework uses a combination of static and dynamic analyses of a single representative run of a system to collect information required for building the performance model. This includes information about the structure of the program, the semantics of interaction between the program's threads, and resource demands of individual program's components. In our experiments we demonstrate that models accurately predict the performance of various multithreaded programs, including complex industrial applications.
Numbers are Things in Time – Seven Reflections on the Cognitive Foundation of 'Math'

These reflections are based on the need to develop a viable alternative to the hypothesis deriving numbers from spatial cognition through conceptual metaphor. Instead, temporal cognition is seen as directly involved with intersubjective articulations and symbolizations of time units. I suggest that the bodily experience of music, dance, and singing are primordial and responsible for the elementary symbolic numeracy allowing humans to refer to and share temporal instances. This derivation does not necessarily involve metaphor at all.
Attribute Noise, Classification Technique, and Classification Accuracy

Binary data classification is an integral part in cyber-security, as most of the response variables follow a binary nature. The accuracy of data classification depends on various aspects. Though the data classification technique has a major impact on classification accuracy, the nature of the data also matters lot. One of the main concerns that can hinder the classification accuracy is the availability of noise. Therefore, both choosing the appropriate data classification technique and the identification of noise in the data are equally important. The aim of this study is bidirectional. At first, we aim to study the influence of noise on the accurate data classification. Secondly, we strive to improve the classification accuracy by handling the noise. To this end, we compare several classification techniques and propose a novel noise removal algorithm. Our study is based on the collected data about online credit-card transactions. According to the empirical outcomes, we find that the noise hinders the classification accuracy significantly. In addition, the results indicate that the accuracy of data classification depends on the quality of the data and the used classification technique. Out of the selected classification techniques, Random Forest performs better than its counterparts. Furthermore, experimental evidence suggests that the classification accuracy of noised data can be improved by the appropriate selection of the sizes of training and testing data samples. Our proposed simple noise-removal algorithm shows higher performance and the percentage of noise removal significantly depends on the selected bin size.
Mimeticism and Historiography: The Making of a Hindu Past in the Thought of Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay

Mimesis is a key theme in scholarly discussions of conventions of representation. The crucial role mimesis plays in behaviour formation has been noted by European theorists such as Theodor Adorno, ...
Ballistic impact response of carbon/epoxy tubes with variable nanosilica content:

Laminated fiber reinforced polymer composites are known for high specific strength and stiffness in the plane of lamination, yet relatively low out-of-plane impact damage tolerance due to matrix do...
Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Tonsillar cancer is a form of oropharyngeal cancer that involves the pharyngeal, palatine, or lingual tonsils. PET/MR imaging effectively images tonsillar cancer represented by high FDG uptake and characteristic MRI signal changes.
Transmesis in Viktor Pelevin’s Generation “P” and Andrew Bromfield’s English translation

Viktor Pelevin’s novel Generation “P”, published in 1999 and translated into English by Andrew Bromfield as Homo Zapiens (2002), tells the story of Babylen Tatarsky, a copywriter who adapts America...
SPICE: Secure Proximity-based Infrastructure for Close Encounters

We present a crowdsourcing system that extends the capabilities of location-based applications and allows users to connect and exchange information with users in spatial and temporal proximity. We define this incident of spatio-temporal proximity as a close encounter. Typically, location-based application users store their information on a server, and trust the server to provide access only to authorized users, not misuse the data or disclose their location history. Our system, called SPICE, addresses these privacy issues by leveraging Wi-Fi access points to connect users and encrypt their information before it is exchanged, so only users in close encounters have access to the information. We present the design of the system and describe the challenges in implementing the protocol in a real-world application.
Delegating Powers: A Transaction Cost Politics Approach to Policy Making under Separate Powers

In this path-breaking book, David Epstein and Sharyn O'Halloran produce the first unified theory of policy making between the legislative and executive branches. Examining major US policy initiatives from 1947 to 1992, the authors describe the conditions under which the legislature narrowly constrains executive discretion, and when it delegates authority to the bureaucracy.
A continuum model (PSUMEL1) of ice mélange and its role during retreat of the Antarctic Ice Sheet

Abstract. Rapidly retreating thick ice fronts can generate large amounts of melange (floating ice debris), which may affect episodes of rapid retreat of Antarctic marine ice. In modern Greenland fjords, melange provides substantial back pressure on calving ice faces, which slows ice front calving rates. On the much larger scales of West Antarctica, it is unknown if melange could clog seaways and provide enough back pressure to act as a negative feedback slowing retreat. Here we describe a new melange model, using a continuum-mechanical formulation that is computationally feasible for long-term continental Antarctic applications. It is tested in an idealized rectangular channel and calibrated very basically using observed modern conditions in Jakobshavn fjord, West Greenland. The model is then applied to drastic retreat of Antarctic ice in response to warm mid-Pliocene climate. With melange parameter values that yield reasonable modern Jakobshavn results, Antarctic marine ice still retreats drastically in the Pliocene simulations, with little slowdown despite the huge amounts of melange generated. This holds both for the rapid early collapse of West Antarctica and for later retreat into major East Antarctic basins. If parameter values are changed to make the melange much more resistive to flow, far outside the range for reasonable Jakobshavn results, West Antarctica still collapses and retreat is slowed or prevented only in a few East Antarctic basins.
Comparison of huff-n-puff gas injection and solvent injection in large-scale shale gas condensate reservoirs

Abstract A compositional simulation approach is utilized to compare huff-n-puff gas and solvent injection in a shale gas condensate reservoir. Each injection process is analyzed in terms of the least cost, shortest payback period, smallest injected pore volume and maximized recovery of the condensate components. Two gases (methane and ethane) and two solvents (methanol and isopropanol) are chosen for the comparison. The reservoir model is calibrated based on available published rock and fluid properties, and history matching is carried out with production data. The model consists of heterogeneities representative of a shale reservoir such as a stimulated rock volume (SRV) and a non-stimulated rock volume (NSRV) that is intersected by a network of natural fractures. The reference model is used to understand and establish the basic recovery mechanisms of the four injection fluids while highlighting the principal differences between them. The effects of injection pressure, initial reservoir pressure, injection and production time, the gas-condensate composition and nanopore confinement are evaluated. Analysis of the performances of the four injection fluids are based on the total hydrocarbon recovery factors, combining the liquid and gas phases, calculated within the same operation time. Results demonstrate ethane to be a superior injection fluid with a high recovery factor for most scenarios, accompanied by a relatively higher profit to investment ratio and shorter payback period. Ethane injection recovers the heavy condensate components more efficiently compared to methane and solvent injection for a given gas condensate composition. This advantage is complemented by ethane's capability to equally recover all of other hydrocarbon components from the reservoir. The recovery performance of solvent huff-n-puff for a leaner gas condensate fluid is significantly greater than that for the richer gas-condensate reservoir fluid. The main difference in the optimization of gas and solvent performance is highlighted. Gases require longer injection and production time, whereas solvents perform better with shorter injection time and longer production time.
Virtue As the End of Law

This article investigates a virtue-centered approach to normative legal theory in the context of legislation. The core idea of such a theory is that the fundamental aim of law should be the promotion of human flourishing, where a flourishing human life is understood as a life of rational and social activities that express the human excellences. Law can promote flourishing in several ways. Because peace and prosperity are conducive to human flourishing, legislation should aim at the establishment and maintenance of these conditions. The human excellences (or virtues) are developed in childhood and young adulthood by stable and nurturing families and by educational institutions: therefore, the law should support and foster families and schools. Although some critics have argued that an aretaic theory of legislation must support so-called “vice laws,” this is not the case. A virtue-centered approach must take into account the effects produced by criminalization of alcohol, drugs, gambling, and prostitution. If prohibition is counterproductive, then human flourishing may best be supported by a regime of decriminalization or legalization, accompanied by programs of education, treatment, and support.
COOPERAÇÃO INTERNACIONAL POR MEIO DOS REGIMES DE PREVENÇÃO E RESPOSTA DE DESASTRES NATURAIS: A EFETIVAÇÃO DO DIREITO POR MEIO DA GOVERNANÇA INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION THROUGH NATURAL DISASTER PREVENTION AND RESPONSE REGIMES: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAW BY GOVERNANCE

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a efetividade do conjunto normativo no cenario internacional no que diz respeito a prevencao e resposta dos desastres naturais. Para que isso seja alcancado, primeiramente foi contextualizado a tematica dos desastres naturais, conceituando-os para logo a seguir examinar os regimes existentes e sua efetividade. O estudo realizado e de natureza qualitativa descritiva, desenvolvido por meio de consultas documentais e bibliograficas, percorrendo as mais importantes fontes extraidas das principais Organizacoes Internacionais envolvidas. Foram levantadas as principais convencoes e reunioes sobre meio ambiente, seus historicos e seus resultados. Conclui-se que tais conjuntos normativos sao efetivos, porem nao existe uma autoridade supranacional que demande a obrigatoriedade deles, nao sendo possivel assim extrair o melhor resultado dos regimes existentes.
Inotropic agents modulate gap junctional conductance between cardiac myocytes.

Cardiac gap junction channels mediate the intercellular exchange of second messenger and small molecules. Through effects on conduction velocity, enhanced junctional conductance (gj) facilitates ra...
The Translational Potential of Memory Reconsolidation

Abstract Memories represent a means through which we bring to bear past experience on current processing in order to respond adaptively and predict the future. One process that reflects this utility is reconsolidation. When memories are retrieved, they sometimes return into a labile state so that they can be updated and consolidated anew. This represents a potential therapeutic window for illnesses in which memory processing has gone awry; that is, it might be possible to render memories labile and excise the aberrant and maladaptive. In this chapter, we discuss this opportunity with regard to serious mental illnesses such as post-traumatic stress disorder, psychosis, and drug addiction. Although the preclinical data are promising, that preclinical potential has yet to be realized. We discuss some of the ethical implications of memory erasure as well as some of the practical impediments to this approach.
Financial Markets and Cliometrics

The study of financial markets is a growing part of cliometrics for at least three reasons. First, appreciation of the role financial markets played in the rise and spread of capitalism has grown, along with concerns about financial crises. Second, accessibility to the immense amount of data generated by financial markets keeps improving thanks to continued advances in digital communications technology. Third, analytical techniques for determining the behavioral patterns of time series have advanced. While typically only price data for financial assets are available without the corresponding volume of the assets being traded, the consequences of sharp, or sustained, changes in the price of financial assets can be detected in other economic data. Interesting insights on fundamental historical issues are also possible by applying economic and political theory to cliometric studies of financial markets.
NMR structure determination and DNA binding properties of GCN4 peptidomimetics designed for α-helix initiation and stabilization

GCN4 is a eukaryotic transcription regulating protein in the basic-leucine zipper (b-zip) family. Like all members of this family, it binds to DNA as a dimer. The two basic regions in the dimer constitute its entire DNA recognition surface. These peptide segments are disordered in aqueous solution, but fold into an conformation upon specific DNA binding [1]. We have previously shown that the monomeric GCN4 basic-region peptide (yeast GCN4 residues 226-254) binds specifically to duplex DNA containing its recognition half-site, and that stabilization of its helical conformation increases its affinity for this DNA site [2]. We are now engaged in the development of small peptidomimetics for specific DNA binding, based on the minimal recognition surface of the GCN4 basic region found within residues 234-243:
Hysteretic Elastic Systems: Geophysical Materials

The chapter describes the elastic properties of geophysical materials with emphasis on hysteretic behavior. The geophysical materials of interest are rocks/soils. The point of view adopted in the chapter is to initially skirt the issue of “which real materials are these guys talking about,” and to develop a model of a quite general hysteretic elastic material, and to explore the consequences of this model. Thus, the chapter compares the behavior found for the model with the experimental behavior seen in one real material, a rock, sandstone.. This chapter illustrates the basic model of a rock that involves three fields. A set of point masses, assigned to the “grains,” are described by the displacement field that is derived by the applied stresses. The chapter explores the consequences of this model and also develops the description of the coupling between the elastic system and the forces that arise from temperature and pore fluids.
Developing Local Order Parameters for Order–Disorder Transitions From Particles to Block Copolymers: Application to Macromolecular Systems

In part 1 of this two-paper series, a local order parameter framework was put forth that could track the changes occurring when block copolymer-like mesophases formed from a disordered state. The framework was developed using a two-particle model and involved identifying the local symmetries and geometric motifs that were unique to a given mesophase. In this paper, this framework is suitably modified to track the mesophase formation of standard coarse-grained bead–spring simulation models of polymers and oligomers. In particular, a mesoscale chain model typically employed with dissipative-particle dynamics is used to study the ordering transition of a linear symmetric diblock copolymer into a lamellar phase, and a more detailed bead–spring model of branched bolaamphiphile molecules is used to track the formation of a single diamond phase. These applications illustrate the robustness of the method in handling molecules with intramolecular degrees of freedom (including multiple chemical blocks and branched ...
Health Years in Total: A New Health Objective Function for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.

Abstract Objectives To find an alternative for quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) and equal value of life (EVL) measures. Despite the importance of QALY in cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA)—because it captures the effects of both life expectancy and health-related quality of life (QOL) and enables comparisons across interventions and disease areas—its potential to be discriminatory towards patients with lower QOL presents a critical challenge that has resulted in the exclusion of its use in some public decision making (eg, US Medicare) on healthcare in the United States. Alternatives to QALY, such as EVL, have not gained traction because EVL fails to recognize the QOL gains during added years of life. Methods We present a new metric for effectiveness for CEA, health years in total (HYT), which overcomes both the specific distributional issue raised by QALY and the efficiency challenges of EVL. Results The HYT framework separates life expectancy changes and QOL changes on an additive scale. HYT have the same axiomatic foundations as QALY and perform better than both QALY, in terms of the discriminatory implications, and EVL, in terms of capturing QOL gains during added years of life. HYT are straightforward to calculate within a CEA model. We found that thresholds of $34 000/HYT and $89 000/HYT correspond to CEA thresholds of $50 000/QALY and $150 000/QALY, respectively. Conclusions The HYT framework may provide a viable alternative to both the QALY and the EVL; its application to diverse healthcare technologies and stakeholder assessments are important next steps in its development and evaluation.
Prioritizing data flows and sinks for app security transformation

Abstract There have been extensive investigations on identifying sensitive data flows in Android apps for detecting malicious behaviors. Typical real world apps have a large number of sensitive flows and sinks. Thus, security analysts need to prioritize these flows and data sinks according to their risks, i.e., flow ranking and sink ranking. In this paper, we present an efficient graph-algorithm based risk metric for prioritizing risky flows and sinks in Android grayware apps. The new risk metric is quantitative and can differentiate the sensitivities of flows and sinks in an app. In the experiments, our risk prioritization produces orderings that are highly consistent with manual inspection. To enable post-detection security enforcement of sensitive sinks, we also present an automatic rewriting framework that utilizes the above prioritization technique. Our rewriting strategies are more feasible than the state-of-art solutions by supporting flow- and sink-based rewriting. We implement our prototype as ReDroid. ReDroid is designed for security analysts who manage organizational app repositories and customize third-party apps to satisfy organization imposed security requirements. We use ReDroid to rewrite both benchmark apps and real world grayware.
Evening salivary cortisol as a single stress marker in women with metastatic breast cancer.

Abstract Background Flattened diurnal salivary cortisol patterns predict shorter subsequent survival with breast, lung, and renal cell carcinomas. The underlying cause of this flattened slope is undetermined, though it has been hypothesized to be secondary to a deficit in the amplitude of the circadian clock. To gain greater insight into the portions of the diurnal salivary curve that are associated with cancer survival, we examined (1) which points in the diurnal curve are predictive of the slope of the curve and (2) whether elevated evening cortisol levels alone are associated with reduced HPA-axis feedback inhibition (i.e., decreased sensitivity to the dexamethasone suppression test). Method We examined study hypotheses on adult women with advanced breast cancer (age = 54.3 ± 9.58 years; n = 99) using non-parametric Wilcoxon’s rank-sum tests, Spearman correlation coefficients and an accuracy formula based on a confusion matrix. Cortisol was sampled five times per day for three consecutive days, with dexamethasone administered late on the second day. Results Salivary cortisol concentrations did not vary between those with flat and steep slopes during the morning (p’s > .05), but did vary in the evening (p’s Conclusions Evening cortisol levels are a sensitive indicator flattened diurnal cortisol slope, suggesting evening cortisol may also be a useful predictor of breast cancer survival. Future research should focus on determining the causes of abnormally increased evening cortisol.
Characterizing morphology in organic systems with resonant soft X-ray scattering

Abstract Resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS) has proven to be a highly useful technique for studying the morphology of soft matter thin films due to the large intrinsic contrast between organic materials and the anisotropic nature of the resonant electronic state transitions from which the contrast originates. This allows R-SoXS users to measure spatial composition correlations from crystalline and amorphous phases in heterogeneous organic samples, infer relative domain purity, and determine average local molecular ordering correlations. R-SoXS has been used to study the morphology of organic photovoltaics, organic thin film transistors, biological systems, and block copolymer engineering applications. The mesoscopic morphological information compliments molecular packing information determined with hard X-rays, so that complex structure–property relationships can be elucidated over a large range of length scales. Extensions of R-SoXS have also emerged that make use of more advanced sample setups or different experimental geometries than normal transmission, such as θ–2θ reflectivity or grazing incidence.
Woke skin, white masks: race and communication studies

This essay questions whether resistance and resignation are the only options available to Communication scholars whose work is focused on race. Resistance can only be understood in counter to White...
The Ecological Influences of Categorical Niche Width and Category Contrast on Crowd Evaluation

Self-categorization based on socially constructed classification systems is a key feature in many online communities. Institutionalized categories are often employed by community members to highlig...
Hybrid Analysis of Android Apps for Security Vetting using Deep Learning

The phenomenal growth in use of android devices in the recent years has also been accompanied by the rise of android malware. This reality warrants development of tools and techniques to analyze android apps in large scale for security vetting. Most of the state-of-the-art vetting tools are either based on static analysis or on dynamic analysis. Static analysis has limited success if the malware app utilizes sophisticated evading tricks. Dynamic analysis on the other hand may not find all the code execution paths, which let some malware apps remain undetected. Moreover, the existing static and dynamic analysis vetting techniques require extensive human interaction. To address the above issues, we design a deep learning based hybrid analysis technique, which combines the complementary strengths of each analysis paradigm to attain better accuracy. Moreover, automated feature engineering capability of the deep learning framework addresses the human interaction issue. In particular, using lightweight static and dynamic analysis procedure, we obtain multiple artifacts, and with these artifacts we train the deep learner to create independent models, and then combine them to build a hybrid classifier to obtain the final vetting decision (malicious apps vs. benign apps). The experiments show that our best deep learning model with hybrid analysis achieves an area under the precision-recall curve (AUC) of 0.9998. In this paper, we also present a comparative study of performance measures of the various variants of the deep learning framework. Additional experiments indicate that our vetting system is fairly robust against imbalanced data and is scalable.
New Paradigm for R&D and Business Model of Textile Circularity

Recycling of garments is difficult due to the complexity of blended materials used during manufacturing. There is also the logistics challenge of processing these used materials in cities where there are no factories. Added to all this is the sheer size of this growing problem. Environmental sustainability is an urgent global challenge. We not only need to come up with innovative technologies but also to scale up these innovations rapidly into viable businesses. New research paradigms and new business models are all necessary to materialize technology and innovation into viable and impactful solutions. We share our story of the accelerated development of innovative and scalable solutions in recycling used apparel through a public-private partnership. Our key innovations include a resource-efficient and low-cost hydrothermal materials separation system and an automated, intelligent, and chemical-free mechanical recycling system that enables us to process used garments into high-value raw materials for new clothes as well as new business model for scaling up the garments recycling.
The localization of quantum random walks on sierpinski gaskets

We consider the discrete time quantum random walks on a Sierpinski gasket. We study the hitting probability as the level of fractal goes to infinity in terms of their localization exponents $\beta_w$ , total variation exponents $\delta_w$ and relative entropy exponents $\eta_w$ . We define and solve the amplitude Green functions recursively when the level of the fractal graph goes to infinity. We obtain exact recursive formulas for the amplitude Green functions, based on which the hitting probabilities and expectation of the first-passage time are calculated. Using the recursive formula with the aid of Monte Carlo integration, we evaluate their numerical values. We also show that when the level of the fractal graph goes to infinity, with probability 1, the quantum random walks will return to origin, i.e., the quantum walks on Sierpinski gasket are recurrent.
With Respect to Elderly Patients: Finding Kidneys in the Context of New Allocation Concepts

The elderly have benefited from increased access to renal transplantation in recent years. New allocation concepts would shift distribution of kidneys to younger recipients, making expanded criteria and living donor kidneys more relevant for seniors. Current issues impacting expanded criteria donor kidney availability and living donor transplant opportunities for the elderly are explored. It is hoped that the kidney donor profile index will improve risk assessment and utilization of marginal kidneys. The usefulness of procurement biopsy remains controversial. Dual kidney transplantation and machine perfusion appear to be effective mechanisms to increase organ availability. "Old-for-old" allocation systems, donation service area variation and regulatory and reimbursement issues highlight disparities and disincentives affecting expanded criteria donor organ utilization, and considerations for the way forward are discussed. Living donor transplantation, even with older donors, may provide the best option for elderly recipients, and careful expansion of the living donor pool appears appropriate. In light of new allocation concepts, it will be important to understand issues pertinent to seniors and develop effective strategies to maintain or improve their access to the benefits of transplantation.
A Bayesian hierarchical model for forecasting intermountain snow dynamics

Because of a continual increase in the demand for water as well as an ongoing regional drought, there is an imminent need to monitor and forecast water resources in the Western United States. In particular, water resources in the Intermountain West rely heavily on snow water storage. Thus, the need to improve seasonal forecasts of snowpack and considering new techniques would allow water resources to be more effectively managed throughout the entire water-year. Many available models used in forecasting snow water equivalent (SWE) measurements require delicate calibrations. In contrast to the physical SWE models most commonly used for forecasting, we offer a statistical model. We present a data-based statistical model that characterizes seasonal SWE in terms of a nested time series, with the large scale focusing on the inter-annual periodicity of dominant signals and the small scale accommodating seasonal noise and autocorrelation. This model provides a framework for independently estimating mainly the temporal dynamics of SWE for the various snow telemetry sites. We use snow telemetry data from 10 stations in Utah over 34 water-years to implement and validate this model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Stone — von Neumann Uniqueness Theorem and Its Ramifications

In the mid to late 1920s, the emerging theory of quantum mechanics had two main competing (and, initially, mutually antagonistic) formalisms — the wave mechanics of E. Schrodinger [61] and the matrix mechanics of W. Heisenberg, M. Born and P. Jordan [27][2][3].1 Though a connection between the two was quickly pointed out by Schrodinger himself — see paper III in [61] — among others, the folk-theoretic “equivalence” between wave and matrix mechanics continued to generate more detailed study, even into our times.
The Legal Regulation of Adolescence

Legal Assumptions About Childhood Drawing the Line Between Legal Childhood and Adulthood Recognizing Adolescence in Juvenile Justice Policy Conclusion Keywords: law/legal system; juvenile justice; abortion; policy; decision making
15.8%-efficient (1-sun, AM1.5G) GaAs solar cell on optical-grade polycrystalline Ge substrate

The authors present the first demonstration of a high efficiency GaAs solar cell on a commercially available, cast, optical-grade, polycrystalline Ge substrate. Under AM1.5G simulation, NREL-measured cell parameters include a V/sub oc/ of 0.9323 V, a J/sub sc/ of 24.87 mA/cm/sup 2/, a fill-factor of 0.6822, and an efficiency of 15.8%. This represents the highest 1-sun total-area efficiency for a polycrystalline solar cell in any compound semiconductor even though it is only an initial attempt at the demonstration of a poly GaAs cell with efficiencies comparable to those obtained in state-of-the-art CdTe and CIS material systems. The cell area is about 1 cm/sup 2/ and was grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. The poly GaAs p/sup +/-n junction has been characterized by dark I-V measurements. The choice of junction polarity (p/sup +/-n vs. n/sup +/-p) for the growth of GaAs solar cell on poly-Ge substrates is discussed based on the reduction of dark currents originating from the grain boundaries. Introduction of an undoped spacer in the p/sup +/-n junctions is shown to significantly improve the V/sub oc/ and fill-factor values in small-area (0.174 cm/sup 2/) cells where series resistance is not limiting the fill factor, Spectral-response measurements indicate further improvement possible in the red response of the poly GaAs solar cells, I-V data indicate series resistance is presently limiting the efficiency of 1-cm/sup 2/-area cells. Further development is likely to lead to 1-sun efficiency approaching over 21 percent and concentrator (500 suns) efficiencies approaching 24 percent in the near-term. >
Effect of selection for growth traits on age and weight at puberty in bovine females.

This 20-yr study, using 584 beef heifers born in the spring of 1984 or 1985, was conducted to determine whether selection for growth traits affected age and weight at puberty. Heifers were from three Hereford lines selected for weaning weight, final weight, and final weight plus muscling score, a control line and a line of Angus cattle. In addition, heifers from reciprocal crosses among the selection lines, control and Angus groups were evaluated. Intact bulls and androgenized heifers fitted with marking harnesses were used to aid in detection of estrus for heifers born in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The time of puberty was identified by the first behavioral estrus. During both years, heifers were weighed at 56-d intervals; these weights were used to calculate weight at puberty. Mean age at puberty was determined using survival analysis; percentages of heifers that were pubertal by the end of the study were transformed to logits for analysis. Heifers born in 1985 were heavier (P less than .05) at puberty than those born in 1984. Heifers in lines selected for growth traits were younger at puberty (P less than .05; 20 d) than were heifers in the control line because of combined direct and maternal genetic effects. Heifers from the final weight, control (P less than .05) and weaning weight lines (P less than .10) weighed less at puberty than Angus heifers; selection line x Angus crossbred heifers were heavier at puberty (P less than .05) than their respective pureline or purebred contemporaries due to heterotic effects. Selection for weaning weight, final weight or final weight plus muscling score did not have a detrimental effect on age at puberty in heifers.