cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tolerability of the Oscar 2 ambulatory blood pressure monitor among research participants: a cross-sectional repeated measures study

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is increasingly used to measure blood pressure (BP) in research studies. We examined ease of use, comfort, degree of disturbance, reported adverse effects, factors associated with poor tolerability, and association of poor tolerability with data acquisition of 24-hour ABPM using the Oscar 2 monitor in the research setting. Sixty adults participating in a research study of people with a history of borderline clinic BP reported on their experience with ABPM on two occasions one week apart. Poor tolerability was operationalized as an overall score at or above the 75th percentile using responses to questions adapted from a previously developed questionnaire. In addition to descriptive statistics (means for responses to Likert-scaled "0 to 10" questions and proportions for Yes/No questions), we examined reproducibility of poor tolerability as well as associations with poor tolerability and whether poor tolerability was associated with removal of the monitor or inadequate number of BP measurements. The mean ambulatory BP of participants by an initial ABPM session was 148/87 mm Hg. After wearing the monitor the first time, the degree to which the monitor was felt to be cumbersome ranged from a mean of 3.0 to 3.8, depending on whether at work, home, driving, or other times. The most bother was interference with normal sleeping pattern (mean 4.2). Wearers found the monitor straightforward to use (mean 7.5). Nearly 67% reported that the monitor woke them after falling asleep, and 8.6% removed it at some point during the night. Reported adverse effects included pain (32%), skin irritation (37%), and bruising (7%). Those categorized as having poor tolerability (kappa = 0.5 between sessions, p = 0.0003) were more likely to report being in fair/poor health (75% vs 22%, p = 0.01) and have elevated 24-hour BP average (systolic: 28% vs 17%, p = 0.56; diastolic: 30% vs 17%, p = 0.37). They were also more likely to remove the monitor and have inadequate numbers of measurements. The Oscar 2 ABPM device is straightforward to use but can interfere with sleep. Commonly reported adverse effects include pain, skin irritation, and bruising. Those who tolerate the monitor poorly are more likely to report being in fair or poor health and to remove it, particularly at night.
Effect of dried-bonito broth on mood states: A pooled analysis of four randomized controlled human trials

Dried-bonito broth is commonly employed as a soup and sauce base in Japanese cuisine and is considered to be a nutritional supplement that promotes recovery from fatigue. Previous human trials have indicated that the ingestion of dried-bonito broth improves several mood states including fatigue, however, the effects in these studies have differed. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of daily ingestion of dried-bonito broth on mood states by a pooled analysis of the randomized placebo-controlled trials. Five comparisons in four trials were selected for the pooled analysis (n = 159). The ingestion of dried-bonito broth significantly decreased the scores for fatigue (P = 0.032) and increased those for vigor (P = 0.027) compared to the placebo ingestion, suggesting that the dried-bonito broth improved fatigue felt in daily life. Furthermore, the ingestion of dried-bonito broth decreased the scores for tension-anxiety (P = 0.004) and confusion (P = 0.008) compared to the placebo ingestion. The ingestion of dried-bonito broth also significantly decreased the scores for total mood disturbance (P = 0.005). These results suggest that the ingestion of dried-bonito broth improves mood states especially fatigue, vigor, tension-anxiety and confusion.
The responsibilities of sociological poets

My contention is that we can't meet our aims and responsibilities as qualitative sociologists by writing poetry. I propose that our responsibilities include creating access to social worlds by exposing and analyzing the frameworks of meaning that uphold those worlds; writing as clearly and accessibly as we can; and making the rules of our craft known to outsiders. Poetry fails at these things because it keeps its foundations hidden, functions as a restricted code, and gives primacy to form over analytic content. I use the work of Laurel Richardson, an advocate for the use of poetry in qualitative sociology, as a foil for developing my argument. My conclusion is that, while there are ways we can use poetry in our research, the only way to meet the aims and responsibilities that define our craft and discipline is to write better prose.
Tracking nautical objects in real-time via layered saliency detection

Traditional motion-based trackers often fail in maritime environments due to a lack of image features to help stabilize video. In this paper, we describe a computationally efficient approach which automatically detects, tracks and classifies different objects within aerial full motion video (FMV) sequences in the maritime domain. A multi-layered saliency detector is utilized to first remove any image regions likely belonging to background categories (ie, calm water) followed-by progressively pruning out distractor categories such as wake, debris, and reflection. This pruning stage combines features generated at the level of each individual pixel, with 2D descriptors formulated around the outputs of prior stages grouped into connected components. Additional false positive reduction is performed via aggregating detector outputs across multiple frames, by formulating object tracks from these detections and, lastly, by classifying the resultant tracks using machine learning techniques. As a by-product, our system also produces image descriptors specific to each individual object, which are useful in later pipeline elements for appearance-based indexing and matching.
Technology decomposition theory and magnetic disk technology

Technical change in the magnetic disk technology is investigated in light of technology decomposition theory proposed previously by the author (see ibid., vol.36, no.1, p.37-46 (1989)). The trends that provide the technical and technological measures of cost performance are presented. The technology decomposition for magnetic disk technology is postulated and the constituent values computed. Technology decomposition theory and the findings from disk technology evolution are discussed. The constituent values for magnetic disk technology are the same as have been found previously. The transfer ratio for magnet disk technology is the same as the transfer ratio found previously for microelectronics technology. The characteristics of technical change, i.e. initial effect, manufacturing constituents and concavity, are also present in the technical change of magnetic disk technology. >
Modulation of auditory processing by cortico-cortical feed-forward and feedback projections

The auditory center in the cerebrum, the auditory cortex, consists of multiple interconnected areas. The functional role of these interconnections is poorly understood. The auditory cortex of the mustached bat consists of at least nine areas, including the frequency modulation–frequency modulation (FF) and dorsal fringe (DF) areas. The FF and DF areas consist of neurons tuned to specific echo delays carrying target-distance information. The DF area is hierarchically at a higher level than the FF area. Here, we show that the feedback projection from the DF area to the FF area shifts the delay-tuning of FF neurons toward that of the stimulated DF neurons. In contrast, the feed-forward projection from the FF area to the DF area shifts the delay-tuning of DF neurons away from that of the stimulated FF neurons. The lateral projection within the DF area shifts the delay-tuning of DF neurons toward that of the stimulated DF neurons. In contrast, the lateral projection within the FF area shifts the delay-tuning of FF neurons away from that of the stimulated FF neurons. The delay-tuning shift evoked by the DF stimulation was 2.5 times larger than that evoked by the FF stimulation. Our data indicate that the FF–DF feed-forward and FF–FF lateral projections shape the highly selective neural representation of the tuning of the excited DF neurons, whereas the DF–FF feedback and DF–DF lateral projections enhance the representation of the selected tuning, perhaps, for focal processing of information carried by the excited FF neurons.
Epidemiology and Virulence of Community-Associated MRSA

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) emerged unexpectedly in the 1990s and is now a problem worldwide. CA-MRSA is epidemic in the United States and is the most common cause of community-associated bacterial infections. Here, we provide a basic overview of CA-MRSA epidemiology and discuss molecules that contribute to the enhanced virulence phenotype of this pathogen.
Sparse FIR Equalization: A New Design Framework

In this paper, we present a new approach to design sparse finite impulse response (FIR) equalizers. We consider linear equalizers, decision feedback equalizers (DFEs), and multipleinput multiple-output DFEs. We formulate greedy and convexoptimization-based solutions for sparse FIR equalizers given a maximum allowable loss in the decision-point signal-to-noise ratio. Simulation results demonstrate substantial reductions in the number of equalizer taps at small performance loss.
Foam on the Dead Sea—and off the Mæander River

A FOAM-FORMATION like that described in NATURE of March 15, p. 468, is to be seen off the mouth of the Maeander (Mendere) River in western Asia Minor, when the river is in flood. The turbid river water establishes a sharp frontier with the clear sea-water, and when the breeze is on-shore, the sea-water breaks on the river water with sufficient force to accumulate a band of foam, several inches wide, which in turn retains scum and floating debris from the river. The foam band is carried by wind and current into arc-forms, which are the more conspicuous by reason of the contrast of water-colour within and without. For the salt and fresh waters do not readily mix, and the summary deposition of the silt at the point where the flood water is checked probably explains the very steep gradient of the delta escarpment.
Quality of Life in Cirrhosis

Quality of life is a construct that reflects the positive and negative aspects of one’s life, and is expanded upon by health-related quality of life (HRQL), which specifically address the impact of health on patients’ well-being. Cirrhosis is the culmination of various pathways that leads into development of advanced hepatic fibrosis with its complications. This paper addresses the impact of cirrhosis on individuals HRQL. In addition, we will define what disease specific and general HRQL instruments aim to measure. We discuss the liver disease specific scales [Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ), Liver Disease Quality of Life 1.0 (LDQOL)] and the most commonly used generic health profile [Short Form 36 Profile (SF-36)]. Furthermore, we examine recent literature which describes how to measure and what is known about quality of life of patients with cirrhosis. This information gives insight to health care providers concerning the impact of disease on patients if treatments are not only to improve health but also function and unexpected treatment outcomes.
Combination therapy in the treatment of persistent nocturnal enuresis

Objective To evaluate, in a retrospective study, the response rate of older children to combination therapy using a sustained-release anticholinergic agent, hyoscyamine, and a synthetic analogue of antidiuretic hormone, desmopressin acetate. Patients and method Twenty-eight patients (20 males and eight females, aged 9–18 years) diagnosed with nocturnal enuresis were evaluated using a questionnaire, history and physical examination. None had success with single-agent pharmacological therapy. All were begun on 0.375 mg of hyoscyamine and 20 μg of desmopressin intranasally at bedtime. The response rate was monitored at 2 and 4 weeks, and then every 3 months by recording dry nights on a calendar. To improve efficacy, the dosage of medication was adjusted up to 0.750 mg of hyoscyamine and 60 μg of desmopressin. Upon achieving dryness and spontaneous awakening to void, medication doses were tapered. Results Within 6 months 16 (57%) patients were completely dry and six (21%) were dry at least 80% of nights. Nine patients relapsed during dose tapering and therapy was reinstituted. Presently, 17 (60%) patients are off medication (after a mean of 8 months of medication). Eight patients are still on medication and are dry at least 80% of nights. Combination therapy failed in three patients and they have transferred to a different regimen. None experienced untoward side-effects from the medications. Conclusion Most older children with nocturnal enuresis responded to combination therapy. These children require long-term follow-up and may need medication for up to 6 months because the relapse rate is fairly high. Combination therapy appears safe and reliable in treating nocturnal enuresis in older children who have had no success with other treatment modalities.
Global review of national ambient air quality standards for PM(10) and SO(2) (24 h)

Literature comparing national ambient air quality standards (AAQSs) globally is scattered and sparse. Twenty-four hour AAQSs for particulate matter <10 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in 96 countries were identified through literature review, an international survey, and querying an international legal database. Eighty three percent, of the 96 countries with information on the presence or absence of AAQSs, have 24-h AAQSs for either PM10 or SO2. Slightly more countries have 24-h AAQSs for SO2 (76 countries) than PM10 (69 countries). The average 24-h AAQSs for PM10 and SO2 are 95 μg/m3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 82–108 μg/m3, n = 68) and 182 μg/m3 (95% CI, 158–205 μg/m3, n = 73). The population-weighted average AAQS for PM10 is 98 and 155 μg/m3 for SO2. The average AAQS for both PM10 and SO2 are substantially higher than the recommended World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline (WHO AQG) value. Several countries have promulgated AAQSs at the WHO AQG value for PM10, but none for SO2. Further examination in selected countries found that air quality monitoring data, existing AAQSs in other countries, environmental epidemiology studies, and the WHO AQGs are considered the most often in establishing or revising AAQSs.
Narrowcasting of wireless advertising in malls

Abstract Wireless devices are personal, and the advertiser can schedule ads to reach the prospect at the proper time and place, which makes wireless advertising an ideal direct marketing tool. Industry associations, fearing a backlash from uncontrolled spam, have been careful to emphasize opt-ins. Yet the market has been more promise than reality. In spite of the possibilities of personalization, one of the major complaints has been that the ads are not relevant. Proper targeting and scheduling of wireless ads can go a long way to alleviate this problem. In a recent paper [De Reyck, B., Degraeve, Z., 2003. Broadcast scheduling for mobile advertising. Operations Research 51(4), 509–517] discuss a real implementation of wireless advertising in a shopping mall in London, and provide an integer programming model to schedule ads to various segments of prospects over a week. This model was found to be very effective in increasing response rates without saturating the devices with too many ads. We show in this paper that De Reyck and Degraeve’s model can be made more effective by utilizing information that is readily available to the advertiser. Our test runs show an improvement in the sum of ad priority value of about 150%, depending on the type of traffic in the mall. We provide two enhanced integer programming models that incrementally use additional contact history information to better scheduling of ads. Results from extensive runs are presented and managerial insights discussed.
Mast cell disease.

The mast cell, equipped with enzymes, chemotactic factors, a vasoactive amine, an anticoagulant, and lipid-derived proinflammatory products, may be essential in tissue modeling as well as in defense. Its primarily perivascular location in skin and the mucosa of the respiratory tract and the gut assures its availability to counter parasites. By the same token, the mast cell is responsible for interactions with inhaled, ingested, and injected antigens that comprise IgE-mediated allergic reactions. Abnormally high numbers of mast cells in the skin, either localized or generalized, result in urticaria pigmentosa or generalized cutaneous mastocytosis, respectively. Tissue infiltration by excessive mast cells, primarily in gut, bone, liver, and spleen, results in systemic mastocytosis; this may be accompanied by myelodysplasia or lymphoma and may eventuate in mast cell leukemia. Until the etiology of mastocytosis is understood, the treatment is symptomatic: histamine antagonism by H1 +/- H2 blockade for flushing, itching, and gastric distress; cyclooxygenase inhibition to prevent prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)-induced hypotension when indicated; and oral cromolyn to prevent gastrointestinal symptoms and bone pain.
Comparison of Glycerol, Other Polyols, Trehalose, and Raffinose to Provide a Defined Cryoprotectant Medium for Mouse Sperm Cryopreservation☆

Most procedures for mouse sperm cryopreservation have utilized raffinose to provide hypertonicity for cell desiccation prior to freezing and glycerol to block intracellular ice formation. Trehalose has been shown in other cell systems to provide positive protection to the plasma membrane and so was examined as a replacement for raffinose. Comparison of 3 and 6% glycerol and 7.5 and 20% sugar showed that 6% glycerol and 7.5% sugar gave maximal protection consistently and so were adopted as standard. Comparison of raffinose and trehalose at this concentration showed trehalose to give significantly better recovery of intact cells: 48 ± 6% for trehalose, 36 ± 9% for raffinose (± SE,n= 5; arc sine transformed data;P< 0.01). Less hydrophilic polyols should prove more permeant to the membrane than glycerol, enter the cell rapidly, and so possibly inhibit lethal intracellular ice formation effectively. We hypothesized that one of these polyols plus glycerol would be a more effective cryoprotectant than glycerol alone. The polyols tested as supplements to 6% glycerol were propane-1,2-diol, propane-1,3-diol, 1,1,1-tris-(hydroxymethyl)ethane (THME), and 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-propane-1,3-diol (EHMP). With 6% glycerol and 7.5% raffinose or trehalose, the two diols and THME gave less cryoprotection than with glycerol alone, and EHMP reduced postthaw membrane integrity to nil, thus invalidating the hypothesis. Comparison of bicarbonate-containing medium MJB to bicarbonate-free medium NTP, both with 6% glycerol/7.5% trehalose, showed no difference in recovery of membrane-intact cells. For ease of pH maintenance, NTP was chosen for studies of addition prefreeze and removal postthaw of 6% glycerol/7.5% trehalose cryoprotectant within vitrofertilization as endpoint. Three protocols for cryoprotectant handling were tested: serial addition/dilution; dialysis addition and removal; and dialysis addition and direct insemination without cryoprotectant removal. The last proved significantly superior (P< 0.01), giving 62% fertilized eggs, normalized to controls, compared to 21% for dialysis addition and removal and 32% for serial addition and dilution. The glycerol/trehalose combination thus provides a defined cryoprotectant which, when used with addition by dialysis prefreeze and direct insemination postthaw, yields a satisfactory yield of fertilized eggs in anin vitrofertilization system.
Changes in reliance on auditory feedback cues as a function of oral practice.

This experiment used a two-by-two factorial design to investigate the effects of two levels of oral practice and two types of auditory feedback upon reading times and number of speech disfluencies ...
Biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides in cultured root callus of Cucurbita pepo

Callus cultures derived from roots of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L. c.v. Early Prolific Straightneck) grown in the dark at 27° C on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented per liter with 30 g sucrose, 100 mg myo-inositol, 10 mg indole-butyric acid, 2 mg glycine, 1 mg thiamin, 0.5 mg nicotinic acid, 0.5 mg pyridoxine, and 2 g Gelrite were capable of synthesizing pyrimidine nucleotides both de novo and through salvage of existing pyrimidine nucleotides and bases. Evidence that the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides proceeded via the orotate pathway in this tissue included: (a) demonstration of the incorporation of NaH14CO3 and [14C6]orotic acid into uridine nucleotides (ΣUMP), and (b) demonstration that the addition of 6-azauridine blocked the incorporation of these two precursors into ΣUMP. The synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides through the salvage of existing pyrimidine bases and ribosides was demonstrated by measuring the incorporation of [14C2]uracil and [14C2]uridine into ΣUMP. Salvage of both [14C2]uracil and [14C2]uridine was sensitive to inhibition by 6-azauridine or one of its metabolites. The orotic acid pathway for the de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides was demonstrated to be sensitive to end-product inhibition. Uridine, or one of its metabolites, inhibited the incorporation of NaH14CO3, but not [14C6]orotic acid, into ΣUMP. Evidence is presented suggesting that Aspartate carbomoyltransferase is the site of feedback control.
Water sample contamination by glass fiber and cellulose filters.

Abstract The magnitude of chemical alteration by five cellulose and five glass fiber filters during sample preparation of environmental solutions was tested. Solutions chemically similar to precipitation and throughfall in a northeastern U.S. hardwood forest were prepared. Two volumes (50 and 500 mL) were vacuum‐filtered. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3, Cl, and SO4 were determined. All filters tested contributed either positive or negative contamination for two or more of the analyzed ions. For some ion‐filter‐solution combinations, the concentrations in the 50 mL samples were different than the concentrations in the 500 mL samples.
Further Floristics on Late Tertiary Lacustrine Deposits in the Southern Arizona Deserts

Abstract The unusual edaphic habitats of late Tertiary lacustrine deposits in Sonoran Desert basins of central Arizona have previously been shown to harbor endemic taxa and disjunct taxa from other floristic regions, which inhabited the Sonoran Desert during previous climatic regimes. The infertile limestone soils contrast sharply with the surrounding volcanic soils, excluding the dominant Sonoran Desert vegetation and thereby providing an ecological opening for the disjuncts. The disjunctions provide clues for interpreting the biogeographical history of Arizona. Here, thirteen additional examples are documented. Taxonomic changes to two of the earlier examples, Eriogonum apachense and Hymenoxys acaulis var. arizonica, are discussed. Erigonum apachense from the San Carlos Basin is revealed to be a disjunct population of the northern E. heermannii var. argense, not a separate endemic species; and, a recently named taxon, Tetraneuris verdiensis, from the Verde Valley, is shown to be a rayless form of T. aca...
From “Swinging Hard” to “Rocking Out”: Classification of Style and the Creation of Identity in the World of Drumming

This article takes a social constructionist approach to the study of a seldom considered subculture—the “world” of drumming. I describe this subculture from both the “etic” and “emic” perspectives, showing how drummers and drumming are perceived and experienced by the musicians themselves (insiders) as well as the “outside” public. The main focus is on the drummers' intersubjective “mental maps” of their world, specifically exploring how they create musical and personal identities by adhering to a rigid classification scheme surrounding “styles” of drumming. I demonstrate how drummers use drumming equipment, personal appearance, education, and “purist” attitudes to separate styles of drumming and to construct distinct social selves. Of special interest is how drummers are cognitively socialized into “thought communities” which teach and reinforce attitudinal and behavioral norms. I conclude with a discussion of the possibilities of applying my analytical framework to other worlds of music and art, as well as some forms of occupational and avocational specialization.
Uniform strong unicity constants for subsets of C(X)

Etude de l'existence des constantes d'unicite fortes uniformes pour les sous-ensembles de C(X) (ensemble de fonctions a valeurs reelles continues sur l'espace metrique compact X de metrique p)
Effective Doctor–Patient Communication: An Updated Examination

This article examines, in detail, the quality of doctor-patient interaction. Doctor-patient communication is such a powerful indicator of health care quality that it can determine patients' self-management behavior and health outcomes. The medical visit (i.e., the medical encounter) plays a pivotal role in the health care process. In fact, doctor-patient communication is one of the most essential dynamics in health care, affecting the course of patient care and patient compliance with recommendations for care. Unlike many other analyses (that often look at only one or two specific aspects of doctor-patient relationships), this analysis is more encompassing; it looks at doctor-patient communication from multiple perspectives.
Residual stress in ceramics with large thermal expansion anisotropy

Residual stress was measured in sintered and heat-treated Fe_2TiO_5 samples with various grain sizes. The influence of texturing was assessed by comparing the residual stress states of samples having randomly oriented grains and highly oriented grains produced through magnetically assisted processing. The residual stress was measured with x-ray diffraction using Cr K_α radiation. Due to the significant texture and the consequential oscillations in the d_(φψ) vs sin^2 ψ data, the residual stress was calculated using the Marion-Cohen method. Textured samples showed significantly lower residual stresses except when spontaneous microcracking accompanied grain growth in the randomly oriented systems. Elastic modulus measurements showed a direct correlation between the decrease in residual stress and the microcrack density.
The Sun and the Solar Wind Close to the Sun

The structure of the solar corona is directly reflected in the structure of the solar wind. But, the importance of this simple observation to coronal modeling has become much greater with the arrival of results from Ulysses and SOHO. High speed wind is relatively smooth and uniform (Ulysses) but the coronal holes from which it comes contain highly filamented flows that expand in area by factors of two to sevenfold between the solar surface and 10 solar radii (SOHO). Different models of the relationship between solar and interplanetary magnetic fields produce similar predictions and are still being reconciled. Slow wind seems to come from the boundaries of streamers (Ulysses) by a process which is even less well understood. Again, there are different ideas for the leakage of slow wind from streamers but these models are quickly becoming highly constrained by new data on composition in the core and boundaries of streamers (SOHO). Perhaps the most significant conclusion is that there is a changing paradigm for the processes governing solar wind acceleration and energy flow, one that requires the presence of filamented, energetic, transient flows in a low-beta plasma close to the Sun that become mixed to produce the evolving turbulent MHD plasma that Is observed in the interplanetary medium.
Inter)subjectification and unidirectionality

In this paper the importance of distinguishing synchronic (inter)subjectivity and diachronic (inter)subjectification is stressed. Questions are posed concerning the robustness of hypotheses about matches between semantic function and syntactic position at the left or right periphery of the clause in Japanese, the extent to which subtypes of (inter)subjective function constrain the direction of shift over time, and the optimal unit of analysis (sentence, clause, or intonation unit).
bcl‐2 expression in the spectrum of preinvasive breast lesions

BACKGROUND The bcl-2 gene encodes for a protein that blocks apoptosis. Although the bcl-2 protein has been identified in some invasive breast cancers, its expression in preinvasive breast lesions has not been well characterized. METHODS We studied bcl-2 expression using immunohistochemistry in cases of normal breast tissue (n =10), ductal hyperplasia (n = 18), atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (n = 10), atypical lobular hyperplasia/lobular carcinoma in situ (lobular neoplasia, LN) (n = 10), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 42). We also related bcl-2 expression to p53 expression in these lesions because the p53 gene is altered in many invasive breast cancers and is also involved in the regulation of apoptosis. RESULTS bcl-2 was consistently expressed in the epithelial cells in all normal breast tissue, ductal hyperplasia, ADH, and LN lesions. In contrast, bcl-2 expression was present in 76% of the DCIS cases and was related to the histologic grade of DCIS. Staining for bcl-2 was observed in 100% of the well differentiated DCIS cases, 90% of intermediately differentiated cases, and 33% of poorly differentiated cases (P < 0.001). No immunoreactivity for the p53 protein was seen in any of the cases of normal breast tissue, ductal hyperplasia, ADH, or LN lesions. However, 24% of the DCIS cases were p53 positive. The bcl-2+/p53− phenotype, as seen in all cases of normal breast tissue, ductal hyperplasia, ADH, and LN was also observed in 67% of the DCIS cases. In contrast, the remaining 33% of DCIS cases showed combinations of bcl-2 and p53 expression that differed from that of normal breast epithelium and the other pathologic lesions studied. Most lesions with altered bcl-2/p53 phenotypes, including all bcl-2−/p53+ cases, represented examples of poorly differentiated DCIS. CONCLUSIONS The bcl-2 protein is consistently expressed in normal breast epithelium, ductal hyperplasia, ADH, and LN. bcl-2 expression is variable in DCIS. Among DCIS cases, bcl-2 is most common in well differentiated and intermediately differentiated lesions. Most DCIS lesions are bcl-2+ and p53−, similar to normal epithelium, benign proliferative lesions, and LN. However, a minority of DCIS lesions show combinations of bcl-2 and p53 expression that differ from normal breast epithelium and from the other pathologic lesions studied. It is possible that such lesions may represent a subset of DCIS in which the regulation of apoptosis is no longer under normal control mechanisms, resulting in enhanced tumor cell survival and tumor growth. Cancer 1996;77:499-506.
Disproportionation of CO: I. Over iron and silicon-iron single crystals

A detailed study of the catalytic disproportionation of CO over Fe and 3.5% SiFe single crystals in the range 550–800 °C has been made. For both Fe and SiFe it has been demonstrated that γ-Fe2O3 is the active catalytic species. It is considered that the defect type structure associated with this oxide aids the diffusion of Fe3+ ions to the surface where they may facilitate the breakdown of CO molecules. The notable reduction in rate of reaction at temperatures above 550 °C was shown to be a direct result of the formation of α-Fe2O3 in which the diffusion of Fe3+ ions is considerably less than in γ-Fe2O3. Electron microscopy and selected area diffraction studies of the highly fibrous carbonaceous products formed at various stages in the reaction revealed that at 550 °C the reaction proceeds via the breakdown of Fe2C whiskers (predominately) and platelets. The overall reaction is discussed in terms of the conditions necessary for the formation of the particular Fe oxides and the growth and reactions of Fe carbides.
Plug flow cytometry: An automated coupling device for rapid sequential flow cytometric sample analysis.

Background: The tools for high throughput flow cytometry have been limited in part because of the requirement that the samples must flow under pressure. We describe a simple system for sampling repetitively from an open vessel. Methods: Under computer control, the sample is loaded into a sample loop in a reciprocating eight-way valve by the action of a syringe. When the valve position is switched, the plug of sample in the sample loop is transported to the flow cytometer by a pressure-driven fluid line. By coupling the plug-forming capability to a second multi-port valve, samples can be delivered sequentially from separate vessels. Results: The valve is able to deliver samples at rates ranging up to about 9 samples per minute. Each plug of sample has uniform delivery characteristics with a reproducible coefficient of variation (CV). Even at the highest sampling rate, carryover between samples is limited. Conclusions: Plug-flow flow cytometry has the potential to automate the delivery of small samples from unpressurized sources at rates compatible with many screening and assay applications. Cytometry 37:156‐159, 1999. r 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A transactions cost approach to the theoretical foundations of water markets.

Water marketing is often cited as a means of alleviating the stresses attached to allocation of water use. Frequently, marketing is suggested in a context that implies substitution of competitive markets for the allocation based on the prior appropriation doctrine. This study examines water marketing from the perspective of a transactions cost approach to the private and broad social agreements (contracts) that support water alloca- tion. It examines the major behavioral challenges faced by any contract, and the alternative approaches to those challenges, with respect to water allocation. It also examines the impact of market design on the existence of externalities, costs imposed by transactions on society and individuals not party to the transaction. It finds that the most robust water market designs will be found in systems with sufficient property rights protection to sup- port investment, sufficient hydrologic information to provide accurate analysis of third party effects, conjunctive management of surface and groundwater, and a governance structure capable of administering the rules while not determining outcomes. (KEY TERMS: prior appropriation; property rights; transactions costs; water law; water markets ⁄marketing ⁄ externalities; water scarcity economics.)
A study of the 7Li(p, α)α reaction as a student exercise☆

Abstract This report contains the details of an experiment that can be performed in the nuclear engineering curriculum by schools that have small Cockcroft-Walton or Van de Graaff accelerators. Many universities have these accelerators but, to date, they are used primarily as neutron generators for activation analysis or other neutron-induced reactions. These accelerators can easily be modified so that charged particle experiments can be studied. It is felt that these studies will round out a nuclear engineering programme. The information needed for these modifications is given in this report. Also the experimental details for measuring the 7 Li(p, α)α reaction are given. The differential cross section is measured and the kinematic relationships for the reaction are verified. The alpha-alpha coincidence spectra is also measured and then used to verify these energy and momentum relationships for the reaction.
Nerve endings of the lemur (Lemur fulvus rufus).

Nerve structures in lemur skin (Lemur fulvus rufus) studied with silver impregnation and histochemical methods presented certain unique features. The primary nerve structure of the skin was found to be the hair nerve end-organ. In this animal it contained no cholinesterase. The specialized nerve endings of the glabrous skin were Meissner-form corpuscles similar to those of other primates and contained nonspecific cholinesterase. Vater-Pacini corpuscles were observed in deeper tissue. The mammalian end-organ was observed in the nose, palate and lip and it was readily demonstrated by silver impregnation and cholinesterase methods. The nasal end-organ of intraepithelial neurofibrils is described. The lemur is the only primate that has the mammalian end-organ as a major form of sensory receptor.
Characterization of Mixing and Ignition Effects in Flow-Reactor Facilities Using a Particle Method

Stationary power plants utilizing integrated gasi cation combined cycle (IGCC) technologies are considered to be a viable option for clean electricity generation. Considerable design challenges still exist that are attributed to the IGCC-operating conditions and requirements for the stable combustion of syngas and high hydrogen content (HHC) fuels. Recent investigations have indicated discrepancies between measurements and simulations of the ignition delay for syngas-mixtures at high-pressure and low-temperature conditions. The objective of this study is to characterize e ects of turbulence and oweld inhomogeneities on the mixing and ignition-dynamics in ow-reactors. To this end, an idealized ow-reactor is considered and a particle method is used to describe the mixing, induction, and subsequent ignition of the reactants. Utilizing this model, parametric studies are performed to quantify e ects of oweld and scalar inhomogeneities on the ignition-process for practically relevant temperature and pressure conditions. Results suggest that the unsteady velocity eld a ects the ignition location and residence time in the ow-reactor. Stochastic events, such as the formation of localized ignition spots upstream of the main ignition front could be observed in the simulation. Their impact on the global ignition dynamics needs to be evaluated in further research activities.
A cell-permeable gadolinium contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of copper in a Menkes disease model

We present the synthesis and characterization of octaarginine-conjugated Copper-Gad-2 (Arg8CG2), a new copper-responsive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent that combines a Gd3+-DO3A scaffold with a thioether-rich receptor for copper recognition. The inclusion of a polyarginine appendage leads to a marked increase in cellular uptake compared to previously reported MRI-based copper sensors of the CG family. Arg8CG2 exhibits a 220% increase in relaxivity (r1 = 3.9 to 12.5 mM−1 s−1) upon 1 : 1 binding with Cu+, with a highly selective response to Cu+ over other biologically relevant metal ions. Moreover, Arg8CG2 accumulates in cells at nine-fold greater concentrations than the parent CG2 lacking the polyarginine functionality and is retained well in the cell after washing. In cellulo relaxivity measurements and T1-weighted phantom images using a Menkes disease model cell line demonstrate the utility of Arg8CG2 to report on biological perturbations of exchangeable copper pools.
Application of boundary detection information in breast tomosynthesis reconstruction

Digital tomosynthesis mammography (DTM) is one of the most promising techniques that can potentially improve early detection of breast cancers. DTM can provide three-dimensional (3D) structural information by reconstructing the whole imaged volume from a sequence of projection-view (PV) mammograms that are acquired at a small number of projection angles over a limited angular range. Our previous study showed that simultaneous algebraic reconstruction technique (SART) can produce satisfactory tomosynthesized image quality compared to maximum likelihood-type algorithms. To improve the efficiency of DTM reconstruction and address the problem of boundary artifacts, we have developed methods to incorporate both two-dimensional (2D) and 3D breast boundary information within the SART reconstruction algorithm in this study. A second generation GE prototype tomosynthesis mammography system with a stationary digital detector was used for PV image acquisition from 21 angles in 3° increments over a ±30° angular range. The 2D breast boundary curves on all PV images were obtained by automated segmentation and were used to restrict the SART reconstruction to be performed only within the breast volume. The computation time of SART reconstruction was reduced by 76.3% and 69.9% for cranio-caudal and mediolateral oblique views, respectively, for the chosen example. In addition, a 3D conical trimming method was developed in which the 2D breast boundary curves from all PVs were back projected to generate the 3D breast surface. This 3D surface was then used to eliminate the multiple breast shadows outside the breast volume due to reconstruction by setting these voxels to a constant background value. Our study demonstrates that, by using the 2D and 3D breast boundary information, all breast boundary and most detector boundary artifacts can be effectively removed on all tomosynthesized slices.
Seeding of Gases for Magnetohydrodynamic Applications

To achieve sufficiently high electron concentrations at reasonable temperatures for MHD applications, a general approach using seeding compounds rather than elements is discussed together with an extensive survey of the literature. Several examples are given in which the ionization potential of a compound is lower than the elements composing the compound. A trend in the ionization potential to decrease with decreasing valency unsaturation is noted, and some evidence for this is given.
Ventricular Septal Defects in the Infant Age Group

An analysis was made of the 23 cases of isolated ventricular septal defects seen at autopsy over a 20-year period at a children's hospital. All of the deaths occurred during the first 15 months of life. In addition to the clinical and morphologic findings, cardiac catheterization data obtained on 6 of the infants are presented. A wide range of electrocardiographic variation with respect to ventricular hypertrophy was found. No simple relationship between the size of the defect and the clinical manifestations could be demonstrated. The surgical implications of the findings are discussed.
Effector T cells control lung inflammation during acute influenza virus infection by producing IL-10

Activated antigen-specific T cells produce a variety of effector molecules for clearing infection but also contribute to inflammation and tissue injury. Here we report an anti-inflammatory property of antiviral CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells (T(eff) cells) in the infected periphery during acute virus infection. We find that, during acute influenza infection, interleukin-10 (IL-10) is produced in the infected lungs in large amounts--exclusively by infiltrating virus-specific T(eff) cells, with CD8+ T(eff) cells contributing a larger fraction of the IL-10 produced. These T(eff) cells in the periphery simultaneously produce IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines and express lineage markers characteristic of conventional T helper type 1 or T cytotoxic type 1 cells. Notably, blocking the action of the T(eff) cell-derived IL-10 results in enhanced pulmonary inflammation and lethal injury. Our results show that antiviral T(eff) cells exert regulatory functions--that is, they fine-tune the extent of lung inflammation and injury associated with influenza infection by producing an anti-inflammatory cytokine. We discuss the potential implications of these findings for infection with highly pathogenic influenza viruses.
Race and Representation in Detroit’s Community Development Coalitions:

This article examines how race affects conflict between advocates of community development and neighborhood revitalization and local government led by a black mayor. The article shows that partly due to issues of racial representation in community development leadership, some activists, even white activists and leaders supportive of social change, can be ensnarled in the fissures of racialized community development politics. The article analyzes the advocacy initiatives of the Detroit Save Our Spirit (SOS) coalition—a majority white but progressive alliance—as they challenged Mayor Coleman Young’s community proposals between 1985 and 1993. Although Young was admired because he challenged racial inequality, his promotion of a progrowth economic development agenda led him to exploit Detroit’s racial divide to demobilize black and white critics. We demonstrate how SOS represented a multicultural inclusion model to overcome some of the racial fissures in community development.
A net-centric metadata framework for service-oriented environments

The US Department of Defense (DoD) Chief Information Office (CIO) has embarked on an enterprise data management transformation initiative known as the DoD Net-Centric Data Strategy (NCDS). NCDS-related directives require DoD components, such as the United States Air Force (USAF), to describe mission-critical information assets using shared metadata catalogues and metadata registries. To satisfy NCDS requirements, the USAF is transitioning to a service-oriented environment (SOE). The USAF Net-Centric Metadata Framework (NCMF) extends the NCDS notion of metadata and the information assets that it describes in order to support the USAF SOE. The NCMF is implemented in the USAF Metadata Environment (MDE), which enables enterprise-level semantic consistency by linking information asset metadata, service specification metadata, and ontologies. This paper presents the USAF Net-Centric Metadata Framework and its MDE implementation as a practical and potentially reusable approach for achieving semantically interoperable information sharing capability in an enterprise-scale SOE.
Approaches to run-time and standby mode leakage reduction in global buses

In this paper, we present various design approaches to leakage minimization in global repeaters. We demonstrate the applicability of the MTCMOS scheme to global repeaters for leakage reduction. We then analyze two design approaches called Duplicated Skewed Buses and Skewed Pulsed Buses. We show that significant reduction in standby leakage power can be obtained using these approaches while providing significant improvements in performance. We also illustrate the use of these proposed techniques with the MTCMOS approach to obtain further savings in leakage power. Simulations results in a 90nm process show that skewed pulsed buses with MTCMOS can provide 20% improvement in performance with over 25% reduction in active mode leakage and nearly 100X reduction in standby mode leakage.
Novel techniques for measurement of thermal conductivity of both highly and lowly conducting solid media

Abstract Two novel methods for the measurement of the thermal conductivity of solids are described. One of the methods serves for high-conductivity media (all metals), while the second is appropriate for media of low conductivity (as low as that of air). Both of these methods are distinguished by the unique simplicity of their constituents, the low cost of the measurement apparatus, the easy-to-use operational protocol, and the inherent control of the level of accuracy. The method used for the measurement of high conductivity values is based on a quasi-steady model. Its experimental implementation demonstrated excellent agreement with literature values and indicated that insulation was not necessary to achieve high accuracy. In an enhanced form, it could be applied over a very wide range of temperatures. For low-conductivity media, in contrast to common practice, the experimental approach did not involve guard heating. Synergistic numerical simulation provided the conditions for optimal use of the measurement device. In particular, the accuracy of the measured conductivity values could be predicted without approximation, and guidance was provided for an experimental protocol according to which any desired accuracy could be obtained. Numerical simulation was also used to support the measurement technique for high-thermal-conductivity media. The synergistic use of experimentation and numerical simulation enabled highly accurate values for thermal conductivity to be obtained in the most simple, least costly, and easy-to-use device.