cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photonic control of flexible structures—application to a free-floating parabolic membrane shell

In this paper, the photonic control of free-floating flexible parabolic shells using photostrictive actuators is investigated. The parabolic shell of revolution is considered to be one of the most difficult geometries among all shell and non-shell structures. Because of this, an approximate way to estimate the dynamic behavior and light-induced control forces for a photostrictive coupled parabolic shell is presented. On the basis of the approximate spherical model, the effects of actuator locations as well as membrane and bending components on the control action are analyzed. The analysis results presented show that the control forces are location dependent. It is also shown that the membrane control action is much more significant than the bending control action. The validation of the approximate model is done by comparing the light-induced control forces of the photostrictive coupled shells obtained using the approximate equivalent spherical shell model and those obtained using the parabolic shell model. From the comparison, it can be concluded that there is only a slight difference between a spherical shell and a parabola for a surface with a focal length to diameter ratio of 1.00 or larger.
Temperature requirements of dodecyl and hexadecylsulphate flotation of calcium activated quartz

Abstract Calcium activation of quartz in dodecyl and hexadecylsulphate flotation of the mineral was studied as a function of pH and the presence or absence of preboiling the flotation pulp. In the absence of preboiling using hexadecylsulphate as the collector the presence of up to 1 × 10 −4 Kmol/m 2 CaCl 2 failed to activate the mineral. However, strong activation occurred if the pulp containing the collector and activator was preboiled. In the case of dodecylsulphate activation did occur in the absence of preboiling which, however, became greater if the pulp was preboiled. Activation appeared to be related to the Krafft temperatures of the individual alkylsulphates and the increased to solubilization of the calcium alkylsulphates upon heating.
Increased interyarn friction through ZnO nanowire arrays grown on aramid fabric

Abstract Interyarn friction is one of the primary energy absorption mechanisms in soft body armor. However, increasing the frictional sliding force between yarns of the aramid fabric in order to enhance the ballistic resistance is challenging without damaging the fibers. Here, a novel method is developed to increase the tow to tow friction in aramid fabric through the growth of zinc oxide nanowires on the fiber surface. The vertically aligned nanowires lead to ∼23 times higher energy absorption and ∼11 times higher peak load compared to neat fabrics, while retaining the full flexibility and mechanical strength of the original aramid fabrics. The interfacial mechanism of increasing friction associated with nanowires is studied and characterized using scanning electron microscopy.
An in vivo method for the quantitative evaluation of local anesthetics

We describe a mouse model for evaluation of skin anesthesia after infiltration of local anesthetic. The method involves subcutaneous injection of the anesthetic over the abdomen, and monitoring the vocalization response to electrical stimulus as a measure of analgesia. Prior to drug injection, the vocalization threshold was determined. Mice that vocalized at < or = 8 mA were included in the study. The model was tested using representative agents of the two classes of local anesthetics, bupivacaine, an amide, and chloroprocaine, an ester. The time course and dose response were assessed after injection. The median analgesic time was 15, 40, and 55 min for 0.015%, 0.0625%, and 0.25% bupivacaine and 30, 50, and 55 min for 0.125%, 0.25%, and 2.0% chloroprocaine, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data showed that this method is sufficiently sensitive to detect differences between the dose and duration of local anesthesia (p<0.05, by log rank test of the survival curves). To further validate the model, we compared the duration of anesthesia between the 0.5% bupivacaine and a new long-acting liposomal formulation of 2% bupivacaine. The results showed that the new formulation significantly prolonged the duration of anesthesia (p<0.05). This simple and reliable method may facilitate research on the pharmacology of infiltration anesthesia and the development of new local anesthetics and/or formulations.
Novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy before allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: no evidence for increased transplant-related toxicity.

BACKGROUND. Patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are increasingly likely to have received a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (NTKI) after failing imatinib mesylate. It is unknown whether the use of these NTKIs before HSCT increases transplant-related toxicity. METHODS. The outcome of 12 patients with CML (1 in chronic phase, 6 in the accelerated phase, and 5 in the blastic phase) who received dasatinib (n = 2), nilotinib (n = 7), or both (n = 3) before HSCT were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS. The median time on treatment was 134 days, and the median time from the end of NTKI therapy to HSCT was 34 days. The preparative regimen was ablative in 8 patients and nonablative in 4. All patients engrafted within 13 days. There was no significant early transplant-related toxicity. One patient developed secondary graft failure after 6 months from the first HSCT that required a second HSCT. Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was observed in 7 and 6 patients, respectively. Nine patients achieved a molecular response: 4 complete and 5 major (quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction <0.05%). Three patients had disease progression by Day 30 after HSCT. Two patients developed disease recurrence after a median of 12 months. After a median follow-up of 10 months, 7 patients were alive in molecular response and 5 patients had died, 4 of disease progression and 1 of extensive chronic GVHD. CONCLUSIONS. Previous treatment with NTKI did not increase transplant-related toxicity in this preliminary experience. Further follow-up and a larger number of patients will be necessary to confirm these observations. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Scintographic Evidence of Severe Myocardial Hypoperfusion in a Patient With Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery Bridging—Case Report and Review of the Literature

ABSTRACT Myocardial bridging is a congenital abnormality characterized by an intramyocardial course of a major epicardial coronary artery segment. Generally considered a benign condition, myocardial bridging has been associated with angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Herein, we report a patient with an intramyocardial segment in the mid portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery with marked systolic compression. Single photon emission computed tomography with technetium-99m tetrofosmin done to evaluate an episode of chest pain showed a large predominantly fixed perfusion defect in the mid to apical anterior wall with partial reversibility. The patient’s chest pain did not recur and repeat single photon emission computed tomography imaging 14 days later with rest-redistribution thallium-201 showed normal myocardial perfusion. The overall clinical impression was that myocardial bridging resulted in severe transient anterior myocardial hypoperfusion. The literature on prevalence, diagnosis, use of perfusion imaging, and hemodynamic effects of myocardial bridging is reviewed.
Sensitization of PMMA to laser ablation at 308 nm

Abstract Pure polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is highly resistant to ablation at 308 nm. The value of PMMA in lithography and semiconductor packaging and the availability of reliable 308 nm optics has motivated the development of dopants to facilitate PMMA ablation at 308 nm. We investigate the laser ablation of solvent cast PMMA films with and without pyrene, a typical dopant. The presence of residual solvent is shown to strongly promote laser ablation at low fluences in the case of chlorobenzene (CB), but not in the case of N-methyl 2-pyrrolidinone (NMP). At low laser fluences, many laser pulses may be required before significant neutral particle emissions are observed – an incubation effect. Scanning electron microscope observations indicate that the onset of emission coincides with the rupture of a thin surface layer, presumably depleted of solvent during film manufacture. The depleted layer would be relatively impervious to volatile fragments produced in the bulk. When this layer ruptures, volatile fragments escape and can be detected. Thus, the ablation behavior depends not only on the choice of dopant, but on the choice of solvent and the details of film manufacture.
Historia de la critica española contemporánta

(1968). Historia de la critica espanola contemporanta. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 193-195.
Genetics of Dementia

Genetic factors are now recognized to play an important role in most age-related dementias. While other factors, including aging itself, contribute to dementia, in this review we focus on the role of specific disease-causing genes and genetic factors in the most common age-related dementias. We review each dementia within the context of a genes/environment continuum, with varying levels of genetic versus environmental influence. All major classes of dementia will be discussed but greatest attention will be given to the most common dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, for which several new genetic factors were recently identified.
Poured feed blocks using distillery by‐products as supplements for ruminants

A technique was developed in this study for preparing solid poured feed blocks as supplements for ruminants. Blocks containing liquid condensed solubles and dried distillers grain with solubles as the base material and protein source were prepared with different cementing agents. A method for testing the hardness of blocks, an index of the physical durability, was also developed. The hardness of blocks was positively related to the concentration of magnesium oxide and to the length of storage time. Ferrous sulphate, on the other hand, had a synergistic effect with magnesium oxide which accelerated the setting of blocks after 24 h. A feeding trial revealed a negative relationship between daily intake by cattle and hardness of blocks. Blocks prepared with about 4% magnesium oxide and 3% ferrous sulphate provide a dry, weather-resistant supplement with a degree of hardness that allows an optimum rate of intake.
Dispersion of ordered stripe phases in the cuprates

A phase separation model is presented for the stripe phase of the cuprates, which allows the doping dependence of the photoemission spectra to be calculated. The idealized limit of a well-ordered array of magnetic and charged stripes is analyzed, including effects of long-range Coulomb repulsion. Remarkably, down to the limit of two-cell wide stripes, the dispersion can be interpreted as essentially a superposition of the two end-phase dispersions, with superposed minigaps associated with the lattice periodicity. The largest minigap falls near the Fermi level; it can be enhanced by proximity to a (bulk) Van Hove singularity. The calculated spectra are dominated by two features -- this charge stripe minigap plus the magnetic stripe Hubbard gap. There is a strong correlation between these two features and the experimental photoemission results of a two-peak dispersion in La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$, and the peak-dip-hump spectra in Bi$_2$Sr$_2$CaCu$_2$O$_{8+\delta}$. The differences are suggestive of the role of increasing stripe fluctuations. The 1/8 anomaly is associated with a quantum critical point, here expressed as a percolation-like crossover. A model is proposed for the limiting minority magnetic phase as an isolated two-leg ladder.
Resolution of Yeshurun's conjecture with regard toperiodic functions

(1979). Resolution of Yeshurun's conjecture with regard toperiodic functions. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 281-282.
Perceived Risk and Worry: The Effects of 9/11 on Willingness to Fly1

Most decision-making models rely on affect-free variables to understand the decisions that people make. We tested an affectively-loaded variable-worry-as a predictor of decision making in an affectively laden context: willingness to fly after 9/11. College students rated their willingness to fly to New York City or Washington, DC, in a study conducted 34 days after 9/11. They also recorded their beliefs about the likelihood that more terrorist attacks would occur, the severity of such attacks if they were to occur, and how much they worried about flying. Finally, they made these estimates for similar others. Results showed that worry was the most powerful predictor of one's own and similar others' willingness to fly. These findings suggest that models of how people make decisions may sometimes need to take feelings into account.
A relational theory of the structural changes induced in biological systems by alterations in environment

It is shown that a wide variety of structural alterations in both the “metabolic” and “genetic” apparatus of ( $$\mathfrak{M}$$ , ℜ)-systems can result from specific changes in the environment of such systems. A number of specific examples are investigated in order to demonstrate the scope of these alterations. Certain biological applications of this discussion are suggested, including a suggestion for a possible interpretation of the mitotic cycle.
Evaluation of a Charcoal-Sorbitol Mixture as an Antidote for Oral Aspirin Overdose

(1977). Evaluation of a Charcoal-Sorbitol Mixture as an Antidote for Oral Aspirin Overdose. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 11, No. 5, pp. 561-567.
Negative pressure ventilation for infants with respiratory failure after cardiac surgery

Summary We report our experience using negative pressure ventilation (NPV) to support 40 infants who required prolonged positive pressure ventilation after cardiac surgery (average duration of post-operative positive pressure ventilation was 9.2 days). NPV was used for an average of 2.4 days, during which 20 patients were weaned to spontaneous unsupported ventilation, and 20 patients required reintubation. Progressive tachypnoea during NPV was a reliable sign of respiratory insufficiency and preceded failure of NPV. Patients who failed one trial of NPV were likely to fail later trials (11 of 13 failed repeated attempts at NPV). Complications following this therapy were minor. NPV may be successfully used as an alternative form of respiratory support for some infants who require prolonged positive pressure ventilation after cardiac surgery.
Clinical Experience With Mammary Ductoscopy

Most breast cancers begin in the ductal epithelium with normal cells and progress to atypia and finally to carcinoma. Mammary ductoscopy enables one to directly visualize and sample the ductal epithelium and, therefore, identify early changes cytologically. This article describes our initial experience with mammary ductoscopy at Beth Israel Medical Center. A prospective review of all patients who underwent ductoscopy at Beth Israel Medical Center from November 2001 to February 2004 was performed. The indications for ductoscopy were a persistent nipple discharge, high-risk status, or intraoperative margin assessment in patients undergoing lumpectomy. Seventy-four patients underwent ductoscopic evaluation of 88 ducts. Of the 32 patients who underwent office ductoscopy, 15 were high risk, and 17 had spontaneous nipple discharge. Spontaneous nipple discharge was the indication for ductoscopy in 40 of 42 intraoperative procedures. The remaining two patients underwent ductoscopy for margin assessment during breast conservation, and final pathologic analysis revealed negative margins. Thirty-eight of the 40 patients who had spontaneous nipple discharge had abnormal findings during ductoscopy and therefore underwent ductoscopically guided duct excision. Carcinoma was the final diagnosis in 5 (8.8%) of the 57 patients who were scoped for nipple discharge. Mammary ductoscopy is a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of patients with spontaneous nipple discharge. This is a well-tolerated office procedure with minimal risks and complications. Mammary ductoscopy may have a role in the assessment of high-risk women. Further research is necessary to confirm these potential applications.
The response of the rat soleus muscle to tenotomy after dorsal root section

Abstract Both soleus muscles of rats were tenotomized 5–10 days after deafferentation of one side which was achieved by section of the 4th and 5th lumbar dorsal roots. When examined 2 weeks after tenotomy, all experimental muscles showed central degenerative changes in slow fatigue-resistant fibers. These changes were absent from muscles that had been only deafferented. Experimental deafferented muscles examined 6 weeks after tenotomy showed a substantial recovery which was comparable to that seen in tenotomized muscles with intact afferent innervation. It is concluded that (1) deafferentation does not inhibit the recovery of tenotomized fibers, and (2) the loss of afferent fibers plays no part in the protection from central degeneration known to be afforded by denervation of tenotomized muscles.
Podcasting and Political Life

In this article, the author considers “podcasting” in relation to the work of McLuhan and other medium theorists. He then looks at the growing popularity of this new media form as another possible manifestation of Walter Ong’s secondary orality. In the tradition of the town crier, the beat poet, the DJ, and most recently, the blogger, podcasting recasts the personal experience (the “phenomenological feel”) as well as the actual perspectives and preferences accessible to people on the fly via digital storage and playback of audio content. Podcasting certainly seems to blur notions of “public” and “private” in unprecedented ways, and a recent concept dubbed “publicy” (privacy that occurs under the intense acceleration of instantaneous communications) accounts for this. Although the podcast may be the latest and perhaps purest form of publicy, is publicy itself really anything new, or is it just a new form of orality (i.e., secondary orality) that recasts all as witness-participants to the chants and decrees...
Glucocorticoids regulate expression of dihydrofolate reductase cDNA in mouse mammary tumour virus chimaeric plasmids

Fusions between the mouse mammary tumour virus long terminal repeat and a mouse dihydrofolate reductase cDNA have been constructed in a SV40 vector. When these plasmids are transferred into recipient cells, the production of dihydrofolate reductase is regulated by glucocorticoid hormones. These results define a hormonally responsive region of the viral genome.
Familial polyposis coli and periampullary malignancy

Patients with polyposis coli have an increased risk of developing periampullary malignancies, particularly if duodenal polyps are present. Since periampullary neoplasms occur, on the average, 15 years following the initial diagnosis of colonic polyps, periodic follow-up radiologic studies of the upper gastrointestinal tract are necessary in the management of polyposis coli.
Understanding User's Emotional Engagement to the Contents on a Smartphone Display: Psychiatric Prospective

Mobile phones are a ubiquitous and preferred communication, entertainment, and information access platform. Smartphones may provide an opportunity to better assess mood and behavior and to provide intervention timely, economical, rapid and effective intervention for those with mental disorders. This is an important target because behavioral health problems are associated with many of the medical disorders most responsible for morbidity and cost. Today, psychiatrists seek for various channels of mobile technology that can reduce evaluation costs and increase accuracy and also facilitate ubiquitous longitudinal monitoring of treatment and outcome measures on patients' smartphone. Facial expression recognition is one of the active research areas in the field of psychiatry to evaluate a patient's emotional health. Smartphone technology for recognizing facial expression of emotions is still emerging and offers an open platform for the research areas such as ubiquitous intelligence and computing. In this research, we present a framework to track user's emotional engagement to videos played on a smartphone. The presented framework processes user's video recorded from the front-facing camera of a smartphone and tracks facial features to detect joyful durations induced by the played videos. We also conducted subject studies on healthy individuals to evaluate the applied approach of emotional engagement. We believe that the presented results are promising and present a valuable insight to build ubiquitous intelligent systems that can help various areas of psychiatric research.
Effect of Probenecid on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Procainamide

Renal tubular transport of organic anions and cations is assumed to be mutually exclusive. However, results of a number of in vitro and in vivo studies suggest an interaction between the organic anion, probenecid, and various organic cations in the proximal renal tubule. To evaluate the clinical importance of such an interaction, the authors investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of procainamide, an organic cation with a low therapeutic index that is excreted in part by active secretion in the proximal tubule, in the presence and absence of probenecid. In a randomized crossover study, six healthy subjects received a single 750-mg IV dose of procainamide, with and without prior probenecid administration (2 g orally). Blood and urine samples were obtained and pharmacokinetic parameters of procainamide were determined in each treatment period. QT intervals were measured from ECG recordings that were obtained at blood collection times for pharmacodynamic evaluation. Coadministration of probenecid did not result in any significant change in the overall disposition of procainamide. In particular, renal clearance was not significantly different (488 +/- 95 mL/min without probenecid vs. 478 +/- 69 mL/min in the presence of probenecid). Our data suggest an interaction between probenecid and procainamide in the proximal renal tubule does not exit. Reasons for this lack of interaction are discussed.
Surface anchoring effect on the morphology and performance of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal

Surface effects on the phase separation dynamics, morphologies, and electro-optic properties of thin polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) cells are investigated. Four types of surface alignment layers were studied: ITO only, Polyimide (PI) without rubbing, homogeneous cell, and 90° twisted nematic (TN) cell. The ITO-only and non-rubbed PI cells do not provide enough anchoring force to prevent LC droplets flow and coalesce. As a result, the droplets are larger and less uniform. For the homogeneous and TN cells with sufficiently high anchoring energy, almost all the nucleated LC droplets grow at a fixed position during phase separation. The appearance of the coalescence is not obvious and the formed LC droplets are relatively uniform. For the rubbed cells with polar anchoring energy >2x 10 -4 J/m 2 , the droplet size is smaller and more uniform than those in the conventional PDLC cell. The phase separation dynamics determine the final composite morphology which affects the electro-optic properties of a PDLC device. The morphologies in the homogeneous and TN cells are similar, but the TN cell is polarization independent while the homogeneous cell is polarization dependent. Moreover, the TN PDLC cell exhibits a higher contrast ratio. The light shutter made of TN PDLC shows no haze and 5-10 ms response time.
Transcription of the β2‐adrenergic receptor gene in rat liver is regulated during early postnatal development by an upstream repressor element

As early postnatal development of the male rat proceeds, there is a decline in transcription of the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene in liver which is associated with a decline in beta2-adrenergic receptor mediated glucose mobilization. In this study, primary cultures of rat hepatocytes transiently transfected with fusion genes containing various segments of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene 5'-flanking DNA fused to a promoterless luciferase reporter gene were used to identify genetic elements that might control beta2-adrenergic receptor gene expression during the first 10 days of postnatal life. We found that 261 bp of beta2-adrenergic receptor gene 5'-flanking region (-372 to -95, start of translation is +1) was sufficient to direct high luciferase expression in fetal day 18 hepatocytes and therefore included the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene promoter. Luciferase activities in fetal day 18 hepatocytes transfected with pbeta2AR(-372/-95), pbeta2AR(-1,335/-95) and pbeta2AR(-3,349/-95) were fourfold greater than that in either postnatal day 5 or postnatal day 10 hepatocytes transfected with the same fusion genes. By use of gel mobility shift assays, we observed increased protein binding to a 50 bp segment (-372 to -323) of the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene 5'-flanking region with nuclear extracts prepared from postnatal day 5 and postnatal day 10 hepatocytes compared to fetal day 18 hepatocytes. These findings suggest the presence of a regulatory element in the 5'-flanking region of the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene that appears to be involved in suppression of transcription of the beta2-adrenergic receptor gene in liver during early postnatal development.
Amygdaloid kindling increases enkephalin-like immunoreactivity but decreases dynorphin-A-like immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus

Abstract The effects of amygdaloid kindling on the regional levels and distribution of enkephalin-like and dynorphin-A (DN)-like immunoreactivity (LI) were examined. One day after completion of kindling, radioimmunoassay revealed a 71% decrease in DN1–8-LI and a 43% increase in [Met5]-enkephalin-LI in the hippocampus. Immunostaining revealed a depletion of DN1–17-LI in the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway and an increase in [Leu5]-enkephalin-LI in the temporoammonic pathway. Four weeks after completion of kindling, the levels and immunostaining intensity of dynorphin and enkephalin in the hippocampus had returned to control values.
Computationally efficient scale covariant time-frequency distributions

Scale is a physical attribute of a signal which occurs in many natural settings. Time-frequency distributions (TFDs) belonging to Cohen's class are invariant to time and frequency shifts, but are not necessarily covariant to the time scalings of the signal. Conditions on the time-frequency kernel for yielding a scale covariant distribution have been previously derived (Cohen, 1995). In this paper, a new class of computationally efficient scale covariant distributions is introduced. These distributions are constructed using the eigendecomposition of time-frequency kernels (Burrus et al., 1997). The performance of this new class of distributions is illustrated with examples and is compared to conventional scale covariant distributions.
Transmission Electron Microscopy: Direct Observation of Crystal Structure in Refractory Ceramics

Using high-resolution multibeam interference techniques in the transmission electron microscope, images have been obtained that make possible a real-space structure analysis of a beryllium-silicon-nitrogen compound. The results illustrate the usefulness of lattice imaging in the analysis of local crystal structure in these technologically promising ceramic materials.
Smoking Initiation in the United States: A Role for Worksite and College Smoking Bans

Data from four National Health Interview Surveys were combined, and a birth-cohort analysis was undertaken to determine the age when regular smoking is initiated. By the age of 25 years, most smokers have already become regular smokers. Among men, the proportion of each birth cohort who become regular smokers has declined at a rate of about 1.0% for each year of birth since 1945. There has been no identifiable decline in successive birth cohorts of women. For those born in the most recent birth cohorts, there was no sex difference in the proportion who became regular smokers. The proportion of smokers beginning to smoke during the secondary-school years (less than or equal to 18 years of age) has increased steadily, especially among people with a high-school education or less. However, in the latest birth cohort (1960-1962), over 18% of ever smokers with at least a high-school education did not start to smoke regularly until their young-adult years (19-24 years of age). If the effect of tobacco-education programs in the schools is to postpone the uptake of regular smoking, it is important to have tobacco policies in place in other areas of society that will maintain non-smoking behavior through the young-adult years. Accordingly, the banning of smoking in colleges, universities, and worksites, as well as in secondary schools, may significantly decrease the proportion of young people who eventually become regular smokers.
Some Aspects of American Indian Migration

This paper is a study of federally assisted American Indian migration from the reservations to urban areas. The education of the migrants, their earnings before and after relocation, and the change in the degree of antisocial behavior after leaving the reservation are analyzed. It is found that while relocation can enhance the standard of living of those participating in federal programs, budget limitations prevent these programs from assisting enough applicants, to markedly reduce the level of surplus labor on the reservations. T he purpose of this paper is to present information on the magnitude and character of migration of American Indians from the reservations to urban areas, and its effect on the reservation economy. There are approximately 380,000 American Indians residing on or adjacent to reservations (U.S. Public Health Service, 1966:10). These individuals comprise the most povertystricken minority group in the United States. The median family income for reservation Indians is $1,800 per annum, with 76 percent of all reservation families earning incomes below the poverty threshold (U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1967). Unemployment of reservation males in. 1967 was 37.3 percent of the labor force, or 50 percent higher than in the United States as a whole during the worst part of the Great Depression (U.S. Department of Labor, 1968:68). In 1966, according to a task force on Indian housing, over 75 percent of all reservation homes were substandard, with over 50 percent needing to be replaced (U.S. 13ureau of Indian Affairs, 1966:5). In order to ameliorate the problems of poverty and surplus labor on the reservations, the Bureau of Indian Affairs operates two separate relocation or employment assistance programs for reservation Indians. The first is a * This study was in part financed by funds provided by the William H. Donner Foundation, Inc., to the Brookings Institution where the author was a Research Associate. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.59 on Sun, 16 Oct 2016 04:54:08 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms
Global color constancy: recognition of objects by use of illumination-invariant properties of color distributions

Color pixel distributions provide a useful cue for object recognition but are dependent on scene illumination. We develop an algorithm that assigns color descriptors to an object that depend on the surface properties of the object and not on the illumination. An object is defined by a set of possibly textured surfaces and gives rise to a color pixel distribution. For a trichromatic system, the algorithm assumes a three-dimensional linear model for surface spectral reflectance. There are no assumptions about the contents of the scene and only weak constraints on the illumination. The global color invariants can be computed in an amount of time that is proportional to the number of pixels that define an object. A set of experiments on complex scenes under various illuminants demonstrates that the global color constancy algorithm performs significantly better than previous recognition algorithms based on color distribution.
Aperture antenna shape prediction by feedforward neural networks

The emergence of adaptive "smart" materials has led to the design of active aperture antennas. Inherent in these antennas is the ability to change their shape in real time to meet various performance characteristics. When examining the usefulness of these antennas, one of the primary concerns is the antenna shape needed for a particular radiation pattern. Aperture antenna shape prediction is also a concern in the industrial production of semi-paraboloidal antennas. The work in this study employs an artificial neural network to model the aperture antenna shape in real time. To test the accuracy of the network, the "threefold holdout technique" was employed. In this technique, sets of examples are "held out" of the training process and used to obtain the "true error" of the network. The network accurately predicted the aperture shape exactly, to within three significant digits, 96% of the time.
Myocardial repair/remodelling following infarction: roles of local factors

Heart failure is a global health problem, appearing most commonly in patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI). Cardiac remodelling, particularly fibrosis, seen in both the infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium is recognized to be a major determinant of the development of impaired ventricular function, leading to a poor prognosis. Elucidating cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of extracellular matrix is essential for designing cardioprotective and reparative strategies that could regress fibrosis after infarction. Multiple factors contribute to left ventricular remodelling at different stages post-MI. This review will discuss the role of oxidative stress and locally produced angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of myocardial repair/remodelling after MI.
The rate-distortion function on classes of sources determined by spectral capacities

The quantity \sup_{a \in \cal R} R{a}(D) is considered, where \cal R is a class of homogeneous n -parameter sources and R_{a}(D) denotes the single-letter mean-square-error (MSE) rate-distortion function for the individual source a. In particular, the case in which the class \cal R is specified in terms of spectral information is treated for general classes of spectral measures whose upper measures are capacities (in the sense of Choquet) alternating of order two. This type of class includes many common models for spectral uncertainty such as mixture models, spectral band models, and neighborhoods generated by variation and Prohorov metrics. It is shown that each such class contains a worst-case source whose rate-distortion function achieves the supremum over the class for each value of distortion. This source is characterized as having a spectral density that is a derivative (in the sense of Huber and Strassen) of the upper spectral measure with respect to Lebesgue measure on [-\pi,\pi]^{n} . Moreover it is shown that the spectral measure of the worst-case source is closest, in a sense defined by directed divergence, to Lebesgue measure (which corresponds to a memoryless source). Numerical results are presented for the particular case in which the source spectral measure is a mixture of a Gauss-Markov spectrum and an unknown contaminating component.
Organizing and Regulating as Rhizomatic Lines: Bank Fraud and Auditing:

This paper is concerned with failures of organizing: with how and why things become disorganized. It's also concerned with failures of regulation: with regulators in an already escaping present, freezing the circumstances of a past failure of organization in order to derive future policy prescriptions. Movement is key to our analysis: the continuous movement between organizational components and between their connections to regulatory techniques is such that organization can be considered as always an unfinished and imperfect activity. Bank fraud and auditing provide the empirical material for the paper. The conceptual tools we use to help us with the idea of movement rely heavily upon the work of Deleuze and Guattari.
An engineer's approach for terminating finite element meshes in scattering analysis

When solving open-region scattering problems via the finite-element method, the infinite region exterior to the scatterer must be truncated with an artificial boundary in order to limit the number of unknowns. An approach that can be used to truncate the infinite region in a finite-element analysis is proposed which involves an artificial conducting boundary (either electric or magnetic). As can be expected, this boundary will cause nonphysical reflections of the scattered field; however, these can be minimized by coating the inner face of the boundary with a layer or several layers of fictitious dielectric whose thickness and constitutive parameters can be so chosen that it absorbs the field over a wide range of incidence angles. Based on the formulation presented, a simple finite-element program was written using a banded matrix algorithm with a variable bandwidth storage scheme. Numerical results are presented. >
Preschoolers' Evaluations of Physical Disabilities: A Consideration of Attitudes and Behavior

Assessed preschoolers' attitudes about orthopedically handicapped individuals with a standard picture-ranking task. Children generally exhibited a functionally related preference for nonhandicapped individuals. One month later, the same children were videotaped reading and playing basketball with a female adult in a wheelchair or in a chair. Preferences for a normal play partner during reading or during sports on the picture-ranking task did not relate to frequency of social interactions. Liking preference for a normal play partner, in conjunction with gender of the child, predicted frequency of social interactions during both tasks regardless of examiner's handicap status. Thus, the adoption of a negative bias had a general influence; any potential behavioral biases, as reflective of preference biases, were undifferentiated and unfocused in these preschoolers.
Design, analysis and loss minimization of a fractional-slot concentrated winding IPM machine for traction applications

This paper presents details of the design and analysis of a high-performance fractional-slot concentrated winding (FSCW) interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine that has been designed to meet demanding FreedomCAR traction machine specifications. Attention is focused on the design of the IPM rotor, including investigations of the impact of varying the magnet height and the depth of the magnet chevron midpoint on key performance metrics. This paper also addresses interaction between the electromagnetic and structural characteristics of the rotor as bridge and post widths are varied. Predicted performance characteristics of the machine are presented and design techniques are described for improving the machine efficiency at high operating speeds. Test results gathered from an experimental machine exhibit promising agreement with the predicted performance.
An Estimation of the Effects of Women's Work on Available Leisure Time

In this article we examine the leisure time expenditures of married women in the paid labor force. Our analysis delineates two categories of leisure activities (active and passive) that are differentially affected by women's work. Using the 1981 Time Use Study (Juster, Hill, Stafford, and Parsons, 1983), we estimate a path model of the amount of leisure time available to married women showing the effects of time spent in paid labor, age, number of children, and time spent on household labor on available leisure time. We estimate that women's responsibilities for paid work and unpaid household labor come at the expense of their leisure time. Paid work time has an estimated negative effect on both active and passive leisure time, while household labor time has an estimated direct negative effect on total leisure time. We speculate that because paid work and household tasks are requisite for most women today they must schedule leisure time around both activities.
Obligate Symbionts Activate Immune System Development in the Tsetse Fly

Many insects rely on the presence of symbiotic bacteria for proper immune system function. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon are poorly understood. Adult tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) house three symbiotic bacteria that are vertically transmitted from mother to offspring during this insect's unique viviparous mode of reproduction. Larval tsetse that undergo intrauterine development in the absence of their obligate mutualist, Wigglesworthia, exhibit a compromised immune system during adulthood. In this study, we characterize the immune phenotype of tsetse that develop in the absence of all of their endogenous symbiotic microbes. Aposymbiotic tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans [Gmm(Apo)]) present a severely compromised immune system that is characterized by the absence of phagocytic hemocytes and atypical expression of immunity-related genes. Correspondingly, these flies quickly succumb to infection with normally nonpathogenic Escherichia coli. The susceptible phenotype exhibited by Gmm(Apo) adults can be reversed when they receive hemocytes transplanted from wild-type donor flies prior to infection. Furthermore, the process of immune system development can be restored in intrauterine Gmm(Apo) larvae when their mothers are fed a diet supplemented with Wigglesworthia cell extracts. Our finding that molecular components of Wigglesworthia exhibit immunostimulatory activity within tsetse is representative of a novel evolutionary adaptation that steadfastly links an obligate symbiont with its host.
Poisson-Distributed Electron-Transfer Dynamics from Single Quantum Dots to C60 Molecules

Functional quantum dot (QD)-based nanostructures are often constructed through the self-assembly of QDs with binding partners (molecules or other nanoparticles), a process that leads to a statistical distribution of the number of binding partners. Using single QD fluorescence spectroscopy, we probe this distribution and its effect on the function (electron-transfer dynamics) in QD-C60 complexes. Ensemble-averaged transient absorption and fluorescence decay as well as single QD fluorescence decay measurements show that the QD exciton emission was quenched by electron transfer from the QD to C60 molecules and the electron-transfer rate increases with the C60-to-QD ratio. The electron-transfer rate of single QD-C60 complexes fluctuates with time and varies among different QDs. The standard deviation increases linearly with the average of electron-transfer rates of single QD-C60 complexes, and the distributions of both quantities obey Poisson statistics. The observed distributions of single QD-C60 complexes and ensemble-averaged fluorescence decay kinetics can be described by a model that assumes a Poisson distribution of the number of adsorbed C60 molecules per QD. Our findings suggest that, in self-assembled QD nanostructures, the statistical distribution of the number of adsorbed partners can dominate the distributions of the averages and standard deviation of their interfacial dynamical properties.
Road rescue implements a flexible continuous process improvement framework

Abstract Continuous improvement programs traditionally focus on making small incremental improvements to a system. Unfortunately, their success can be limited due to the rapidly changing environment within which most small companies operate. Improvement efforts should be flexible enough to capitalize on incremental and radical changes to a system. This paper presents a case analysis of how Road Rescue, an ambulance manufacturer, uses a continuous improvement framework to capitalize on both radical and incremental improvement opportunities. Results include a 10% increase in throughput, reduced cycle time of 44%, increased customer satisfaction, and higher quality.
A New Radiometer for Earth Radiation Budget Studies

A critical need for the US Global Change Research Program is to provide continuous, well-calibrated radiometric data for radiation balance studies. This paper describes a new, compact, relatively light-weight, adaptable radiometer which will provide both spectrally integrated measurements and data in selected spectral bands. The radiometer design is suitable for use on (small) satellites, aircraft, or Unmanned Aerospace Vehicles (UAVs). Some considerations for the implementation of this radiometer on a small satellite are given. 17 refs.
Basic Compensation for the Victims of Climate Change

Even if the world implements an optimal program for reducing greenhouse emissions, significant effects of climate change will still occur. Examples include changes in sea level, precipitation patterns, geological features such as permafrost, and harm to sensitive ecosystems such as coral reefs. This paper considers how the costs of those effects might be redistributed from victims to large emitters. It provides a sketch of a possible compensation system, which could be implemented either internationally or within the U.S., and either through litigation or an administrative scheme. In order to avoid difficult valuation issues, problems of proving causation, and long time lags, damages would be based on the cost of climate change adaptation, such as the expenses of preventing damage to or restoring infrastructure and ecosystem services. While undercompensating victims, the scheme could provide a practical method of reallocating the costs created by climate change.
Trap Effects in PbS Quantum Dots

We have found that traps can dominate important relaxation processes in PbS nanoparticles prepared by precipitation in borosilicate glass. The primary photoluminescence peak energy falls about 50 meV below the lowest absorption peak energy and has a long decay time of ~4 µs. Photoinduced bleaching of the lowest absorption peak also has a long decay lifetime of ~2 µs. Photoinduced bleaching also exhibits a surprisingly long rise time of hundreds of nanoseconds. Such long-lifetime effects must be attributed to multiple traps.