cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cathepsin B expression in human tumors

Cathepsin B has been linked to tumor progression through observations that its activity, secretion or membrane association are increased. The most malignant tumors, and specifically the cells at the invasive edge of those tumors, express the highest activity. Cathepsin B may facilitate invasion directly by dissolving extracellular matrix barriers like the basement membrane, or indirectly by activating other proteases capable of digesting the extracellular matrix. Cathepsin B also might play a role in tumor growth and angiogenesis. Cathepsin B activity is the result of several levels of regulation: transcription, post-transcrip-tional processing, translation and glycosylation, maturation and trafficking, and inhibition. The majority of reports on cathepsin B expression in tumors have focused on measurements of activity or protein staining. In some tumors, e.g., gliomas, a correlation between the amounts of cathepsin B mRNA, protein and activity and tumor progression has been established. Regulation of cathepsin B at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels is still poorly understood. Although the putative promoter regions have characteristics of housekeeping-type promoters, cathepsin B mRNA expression varies depending on the cell type and state of differentiation. We have evidence that more than one promoter could direct expression of human cathepsin B. Multiple transcript species have been detected, resulting from alternative splicing in the 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions, and possibly the use of alternative promoter regions. The existence of transcript variants indicates a potential for post-transcriptional control of expression. In support of this, ras-transformation of MCF-10A human breast epithelial cells results in an increase in protein levels without a concomitant increase in mRNA levels. Cathepsin B mRNA species with distinct 5′-or 3′-untranslated regions may differ in their stability and translatability. Variations in the coding region may also alter cathepsin B properties. We and Frankfater’s group have observed transcript species that would encode a truncated protein, lacking the prepeptide and about half of the propeptide. This truncated protein, if synthesized in cells, would be expected to be cytosolic; therefore its function is unclear. Once the several mechanisms of regulation of cathepsin B expression and activity are better understood, they could provide us with new strategies to specifically reduce cathepsin B activity in tumors.
Successful sclerotherapy of a recurrent, benign parotid cyst.

Abstract Benign parotid lesions can grow to be a cosmetic deformation with psychological sequelae for a patient. Although surgical resection is the treatment of choice, cyst aspiration has also been attempted. This, however, has been shown to recur, requiring repeat intervention. An alternative therapeutic method not as widely recognized, but which has been reported to be both effective and less invasive than surgery for treating parotid cyst lesions, is sclerotherapy. Here we describe a report of a patient with a benign, localized, cystic neck mass refractory to 2 trials of fine needle aspiration. After the patient refused surgical resection, a trial of sterile ethanol sclerotherapy was performed. Our patient tolerated the procedure well with a significant reduction in the size of the lesion.
Application of ultra-local models in automatic generation control with co-simulation of communication delay

This paper applies ultra-local models (also labeled intelligent PID) to Automatic Generation Control (AGC) for a Multi-Area power system in the presence of communication delay. The AGC model is built in Simulink/Matlab and co-simulated with Network Simulator 2 (NS2) through PiccSIM, a simulation platform for (wireless/wired) networked control systems. A careful comparison is made between the performance of intelligent-P (iP) controller and conventional PI controller under the co-simulation environment of AGC with time-varying communication delay. The results show the two controllers are largely equivalent for relatively small frequency deviations. However, intelligent-P performs better than conventional PI under more severe system variations. The avoidance of integration in the iP controller makes anti-windup algorithm unnecessary, which enhances the applicability and the simplicity of controller tuning.
A long noncoding (lnc)RNA governs expression of the phosphate transporter Pho84 in fission yeast and has cascading effects on the flanking prt lncRNA and pho1 genes

The expression of the phosphate transporter Pho84 in fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is repressed in phosphate-rich medium and induced during phosphate starvation. Two other phosphate-responsive genes in S. pombe (pho1 and tgp1) had been shown to be repressed in cis by transcription of a long noncoding (lnc) RNA from the upstream flanking gene, but whether pho84 expression is regulated in this manner is unclear. Here, we show that repression of pho84 is enforced by transcription of the SPBC8E4.02c locus upstream of pho84 to produce a lncRNA that we name prt2 (pho-repressive transcript 2). We identify two essential elements of the prt2 promoter, a HomolD box and a TATA box, mutations of which inactivate the prt2 promoter and de-repress the downstream pho84 promoter under phosphate-replete conditions. We find that prt2 promoter inactivation also elicits a cascade effect on the adjacent downstream prt (lncRNA) and pho1 (acid phosphatase) genes, whereby increased pho84 transcription down-regulates prt lncRNA transcription and thereby de-represses pho1. Our results establish a unified model for the repressive arm of fission yeast phosphate homeostasis, in which transcription of prt2, prt, and nc-tgp1 lncRNAs interferes with the promoters of the flanking pho84, pho1, and tgp1 genes, respectively.
Contemplative Prayer and its Use in Psychotherapy: A Theoretical Model:

A comprehensive theoretical model of contemplative prayer and its use as an adjunct to psychotherapy is presented. The model is based on a review of the literature on prayer, mysticism, and meditat...
Fault class prediction in unsupervised learning using model-based clustering approach

Manufacturing industries have been on a steady path considering for new methods to achieve near-zero downtime to have flexibility in the manufacturing process and being economical. In the last decade with the availability of industrial internet of things (IIoT) devices, this has made it possible to monitor the machine continuously using wireless sensors, assess the degradation and predict the failures of time. Condition-based predictive maintenance has made a significant influence in monitoring the asset and predicting the failure of time. This has minimized the impact on production, quality, and maintenance cost. Numerous approaches have been in proposed over the years and implemented in supervised learning. In this paper, challenges of supervised learning such as need for historical data and incapable of classifying new faults accurately will be overcome with a new methodology using unsupervised learning for rapid implementation of predictive maintenance activity which includes fault prediction and fault class detection for known and unknown faults using density estimation via Gaussian Mixture Model Clustering and K-means algorithm and compare their results with a real case vibration data.
Directed Modification of Reaction Centers from Purple Bacteria

Reaction centers from purple bacteria form a superb test system for the manipulation of electron transfer parameters. The wealth of cofactors and electron transfer reactions provides opportunities for directed modification of specific properties. In particular, the energies of each cofactor can be selectively changed by mutations of neighboring amino acid residues. The starting point for the initial electron transfer, the bacteriochlorophyll dimer, has proven to be exceptionally malleable, allowing large changes in energetics and rates. Most of the other cofactors can be exchanged or eliminated entirely, permitting considerable alteration of pathways. By orchestrating multiple changes in the reaction center, the light-initiated electron transfer pathway can be directed towards alternate ends, for example down the B branch of cofactors rather than the naturally preferred A branch. Extensive modeling of features of electron transfer such as the energetics, the coupling, and the protein dynamics has been corroborated by observed changes in the characteristics of the reactions after modification of the cofactor properties. For example, the maximum rates for several electron transfer reactions, determined by application of Marcus theory to the rates of reactions in a range of mutants, show a correlation with the distance between the cofactors. Other measurements revealing the intimate interaction of the protein and cofactors show that protein motion controls the rate of the initial electron transfer. Thus the reaction center provides a natural and modifiable template for understanding the factors governing electron transfer.
Lifestyle Medicine and Health and Wellness Coaching in Pharmacy Practice.

Pharmacists are well positioned to promote lifestyle medicine through health and wellness coaching. Pharmacists are accessible, trusted, highly knowledgeable in chronic illness treatment and preven...
Tissue oxygen saturation in dogs with acute hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate initial tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO2 ) in dogs presenting to an emergency room (ER) for acute hemorrhage. DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SETTING University veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS Thirty-eight dogs with acute hemorrhage were enrolled between July 2009 and October 2010. Seventy-eight normal dogs from a previous observational study were included to represent healthy controls ("no shock"). INTERVENTIONS Tissue oxygen saturation measurement was obtained at enrollment on dogs presented to the ER for acute hemorrhage. Baseline clinicopathologic (CBC, serum biochemical profile, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time) and physiologic (plasma lactate concentration, venous blood gas, blood pressure, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry) data were recorded from all patients with hemorrhage. An ER clinician blinded to the StO2 value guided patient management. Patient survival to discharge from the hospital in the study group was recorded. Once data collection was complete, 3 emergency and critical care clinicians blinded to the StO2 data retrospectively classified patients into 1 of 4 shock categories (no shock, mild, moderate, or severe shock). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The historical group of healthy dogs had higher StO2 concentrations compared to the dogs classified with shock at all 3 levels (mild, moderate, and severe, P = 0.0006, <0.0001, and 0.0018, respectively); however, there was no statistical difference in StO2 between the levels of shock. A cut-off StO2 value of 87.6% identified a patient as having shock (area under the curve: 0.824, 95% confidence interval 0.749, 0.899). CONCLUSIONS Dogs with hemorrhagic shock have lower StO2 than a population of healthy dogs.
Taxing a Platform: Transaction vs. Access Taxes

In two-sided markets, platform devices like smartphones, video game consoles, tablets, and eReaders are sold to consumers who also purchase content for their devices. For these industries, taxes on the devices themselves and on their content affect prices and welfare. In comparing the pass-through rate of different tax instruments, I find that the ad valorem tax on a platform device is the only instrument that can directly result in a price reduction. In terms of welfare, a social planner requires two tax instruments to achieve the first-best solution. Although it will generally be welfare improving for the social planner to use subsidies, there are conditions under which a combination of subsidies and taxes reach the first-best solution.
Chagas Disease: South American Trypanosomiasis

A 9-year-old girl presents with fevers and myalgias for the past 3 days. Earlier today, her father noted that her left eyelid appeared “puffy.” The girl and her parents just returned from a 3-week trip to Peru, exploring the coastline and visiting the Incan ruins at Machu Picchu. For much of the visit, they stayed as guests in the home of their guide family, a three-room thatched structure with a dirt floor and makeshift tin roof. They report being diligent about taking malaria prophylaxis as prescribed and only drinking water treated with iodine. On physical examination, the girl is febrile. Her left eyelid and periorbital soft tissues are slightly swollen, and her left bulbar conjunctiva is injected. Shotty lymphadenopathy is present along the left anterior cervical chain. Three nontender pea-sized mobile lymph nodes are also palpable just anterior to her left ear. The remainder of her physical exam is normal. Laboratory test results show a normal complete blood count. Thick and thin “malaria smears” were negative for the presence of Plasmodium species but clearly demonstrated the presence of several extracellular, flagellated protozoa identified by the laboratory parasitologist as Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of South American trypanosomiasis (aka Chagas disease). After conferring with the experts at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the patient was treated with the antiparasitic medication benznidazole. During treatment, complete blood counts and serum hepatic transaminases were monitored weekly as recommended. The patient made a full recovery.
Evolution and functional analysis of orf1 within nif gene cluster from Paenibacillus graminis RSA19.

Paenibacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic and endospore-forming bacteria. Genomic sequence analysis has revealed that a compact nif (nitrogen fixation) gene cluster comprising 9–10 genes nifBHDKENX(orf1)hesAnifV is conserved in diazotrophic Paenibacillus species. The evolution and function of the orf1 gene within the nif gene cluster of Paenibacillus species is unknown. In this study, a careful comparison analysis of the compositions of the nif gene clusters from various diazotrophs revealed that orf1 located downstream of nifENX was identified in anaerobic Clostridium ultunense, the facultative anaerobic Paenibacillus species and aerobic diazotrophs (e.g., Azotobacter vinelandii and Azospirillum brasilense). The predicted amino acid sequences encoded by the orf1 gene, part of the nif gene cluster nifBHDKENXorf1hesAnifV in Paenibacillus graminis RSA19, showed 60–90% identity with those of the orf1 genes located downstream of nifENX from different diazotrophic Paenibacillus species, but shared no significant identity with those of the orf1 genes from different taxa of diazotrophic organisms. Transcriptional analysis showed that the orf1 gene was expressed under nitrogen fixation conditions from the promoter located upstream from nifB. Mutational analysis suggested that the orf1 gene functions in nitrogen fixation in the presence of a high concentration of O2.
Isotope Effect of Superconducting α-Uranium

Calculations show that the large, positive, isotope effect in $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{uranium}$ does not necessarily establish the existence of a new coupling mechanism to produce superconductivity.
Variation in the Use of Mechanical Ventilation and Medications for Pediatric Status Asthmaticus

Purpose: Practice variation exists in the management of children with status asthmaticus. There are no explicit recommendations for the intensive treatment of asthma, particularly for the use of invasive and non-invasive positive pressure ventilation. Our purpose was to describe national practice and trends in the use of invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV), non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NiPPV), and second-line medications; and, to report treatment complications for children with status asthmaticus. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children ages 2-18 years admitted with status asthmaticus to 46 pediatric hospitals participating in the Pediatric Health Information System from 2010 to 2015. We excluded children who had complex chronic conditions, no asthma …
Liquid Level Sensing Using Commodity WiFi in a Smart Home Environment

The popularity of Internet-of-Things (IoT) has provided us with unprecedented opportunities to enable a variety of emerging services in a smart home environment. Among those services, sensing the liquid level in a container is critical to building many smart home and mobile healthcare applications that improve the quality of life. This paper presents LiquidSense, a liquid level sensing system that is low-cost, high accuracy, widely applicable to different daily liquids and containers, and can be easily integrated with existing smart home networks. LiquidSense uses existing home WiFi network and a low-cost transducer that attached to the container to sense the resonance of the container for liquid level detection. In particular, our system mounts a low-cost transducer on the surface of the container and emits a well-designed chirp signal to make the container resonant, which introduces subtle changes to the home WiFi signals. By analyzing the subtle phase changes of the WiFi signals, LiquidSense extracts the resonance frequency as a feature for liquid level detection. Our system constructs prediction models for both continuous and discrete predictions using curve fitting and SVM respectively. We evaluate LiquidSense in home environments with containers of three different materials and six types of liquids. Results show that LiquidSense achieves an overall accuracy of 97% for continuous prediction and an overall F-score of 0.968 for discrete predication. Results also show that our system has a large coverage in a home environment and works well under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) scenarios.
Recovery of reward function in problematic substance users using a combination of robotics, electrophysiology, and TMS.

Abstract Background Theoretical and empirical work suggest that addictive drugs potentiate dopaminergic reinforcement learning signals and disrupt the reward function of its neural targets, including the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) and the basal ganglia. Here, we aim to use prefrontal 10-Hz TMS to enhance aMCC reward activity and reward learning by the basal ganglia in problematic substance users. Methods 22 problematic substance users were randomized into an Active and SHAM (coil flipped) TMS group. We recorded the reward positivity—an electrophysiological signal believed to index sensitivity of the aMCC to rewards—while participants engaged in 4 blocks (100 trials per block) of a reward-based choice task. A robotic arm positioned a TMS coil over a prefrontal cortex target, and 50 pulses were delivered at 10-Hz before every 10 trials of blocks 2–4 (1500 pulses, 400 trials). Participants then completed a decision-making task that is diagnostic of striatal dopamine dysfunction. Results The present study revealed three main findings. First, both groups failed to elicit a reward positivity during the first two task blocks. Second, applying robot-assisted TMS enhanced the amplitude of the reward positivity in the Active group, but not the SHAM group, across the last two task blocks. Third, the Active group performed relatively better at reward-based learning than the SHAM group. Conclusion These results demonstrate that 10-Hz TMS is successful in modulating the reward function of the aMCC and basal ganglia in problematic substance users, which may have utility in the treatment of reward-related neural dysfunction commonly associated with substance use disorders.
Specially Designed Instruction in Middle and High School Co-taught Classrooms

Students with disabilities are increasingly participating in co-taught classes where they have access to the general curriculum. However, researchers have discovered that co-teaching often resemble...
Profile of Solriamfetol in the Management of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness Associated with Narcolepsy or Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Focus on Patient Selection and Perspectives

Excessive sleepiness (ES) is a symptom of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and narcolepsy that has severe consequences. Wake-promoting drugs and stimulants are utilized as accessory treatment in OSA to reduce propensity to sleep but they do not improve sleep-disordered breathing. Solriamfetol is a first-line therapeutic agent to combat sleepiness in OSA and narcolepsy patients that is approved both by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). For excessively sleepy adult patients with OSA despite primary treatment or narcolepsy patients without cataplexy, solriamfetol may be used as initial therapy or as replacement therapy in patients who fail treatment or experience unacceptable side effects with modafinil, armodafinil, pitolisant, or stimulants. It can also be used as add-on therapy in OSA or narcolepsy patients when ES is only partially controlled with modafinil, armodafinil, pitolisant, sodium oxybate, or stimulants. Solriamfetol is a phenylalanine derivative whose wake-promoting action may be mediated through its selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibition. This paper reviews the profile of solriamfetol in treating ES associated with OSA or narcolepsy and discusses patient selection and clinical perspectives. Mechanism of action, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of solriamfetol are described. The Treatment of OSA and Narcolepsy Excessive Sleepiness (TONES) solriamfetol trials demonstrated the efficacy of solriamfetol in reducing propensity to sleep and maintaining wakefulness, with significant improvements in mean maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) sleep latencies and significant reduction in Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) scores compared to placebo. With solriamfetol, significantly higher percentages of patients showed improvement in patient's and clinician's global impression of change.
Examination of the Use of Intrauterine or Systemic Antimicrobial Therapy to Prevent Puerperal Metritis in Dairy Cows with Dystocia

Cows with dystocia are considered as abnormal calving if delivered by hand or with a calf puller, and as having risk factors for puerperal metritis (PM) if a discharge occurs following calving. In recent years, untreated cows with postpartum metritis have increased the debate over the need of intrauterine or systemic antibiotic in the treatment of PM. This is further complicated by the studies that lack good control groups of untreated cows. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of non-treatment, intrauterine antibiotic, and systemic antibiotics on PM incidence of dairy cows with abnormal calving.
The soft path revisited: Policies that drive decentralization of electric power generation in the contiguous U.S.

Abstract New renewable energy generators such as solar photovoltaics and wind turbines have the ability to be sited in a more decentralized manner than conventional generators such as coal, nuclear, hydroelectric, or natural gas plants. However, at the commercial scale, these new renewable generators are often built in existing generation corridors and are not necessarily more decentralized. This paper analyzes the degree of centralization of generators in the contiguous U.S. between 2001 and 2018 and identifies the state level policies that may be driving differences in the degree of centralization between states and regions. The results show that community solar programs such as those in North Carolina and Minnesota have driven greater decentralization of generation while community choice aggregation programs such as those in California have not led to greater decentralization of generation. The degree of centralization of generation assets has implications for sociotechnical systems, communities, energy security, and resiliency against manmade and natural disasters.
Inhibition of miR-29 Activity in the Myeloid Lineage Increases Response to Calcitonin and Trabecular Bone Volume in Mice

The miR-29-3p family (miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-29c) of microRNAs is increased during receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis. In vivo, activation of a miR-29-3p tough decoy inhibitor in Cre recombinase under the control of the lysozyme 2 promoter-expressing cells (myeloid lineage) resulted in mice displaying enhanced trabecular and cortical bone volume because of decreased bone resorption. Calcitonin receptor (Calcr) is a miR-29 target that negatively regulates bone resorption. CALCR was significantly increased in RANKL-treated miR-29-decoy osteoclasts, and these cells were more responsive to the inhibitory effect of calcitonin on osteoclast formation. Further, cathepsin K (Ctsk), which is critical for resorption, was decreased in miR-29-decoy cells. CALCR is a Gs-coupled receptor and its activation raises cAMP levels. In turn, cAMP suppresses cathepsin K, and cAMP levels were increased in miR-29-decoy cells. siRNA-mediated knock-down of Calcr in miR-29 decoy osteoclasts allowed recovery of cathepsin K levels in these cells. Overall, using a novel knockin tough decoy mouse model, we identified a new role for miR-29-3p in bone homeostasis. In RANKL-driven osteoclastogenesis, as seen in normal bone remodeling, miR-29-3p promotes resorption. Consequently, inhibition of miR-29-3p activity in the myeloid lineage leads to increased trabecular and cortical bone. Further, this study documents an interrelationship between CALCR and CTSK in osteoclastic bone resorption, which is modulated by miR-29-3p.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of amino acids, peptides, and proteins.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to protein chemistry primarily in terms of the information that the technique can contribute to the protein structure and function. The chapter examines information about proteins that can be derived from NMR spectra, the premises and procedures necessary to interpret the observations. It also discusses whether NMR is merely another method for confirming conclusions reached by other methods or does it, in fact, permit findings not obtainable otherwise. With the success of selective deuteration of proteins, the two major problems of protein NMR spectroscopy—resolution and assignment of resonance lines—have been shown to be soluble at least in principle. It is to be expected that future difficulties in overcoming these problems will be proportional to the complexity of the protein. Success, however, is to be sought in experimental ingenuity rather than through further advances in instrumentation.
SU-E-T-298: Dosimetric Assessment of Using Brass Mesh Bolus with High Energy X-Ray Beams

Purpose: Brass mesh bolus has been shown to be an acceptable substitute for tissue equivalent bolus to increase superficial dose for 6 MV chest wall tangent plans. It may be advantageous to deliver a portion of the treatment using higher energy beams to decrease dose heterogeneity. The purpose of this study is to investigate the photoneutron production and activation of brass mesh bolus by high energy x-ray beams. Methods: MCNPX was used to determine brass mesh photoneutron energy spectrum and PDDs for 15 MV and 24 MV beams. PDD and photoneutron spectra were determined with and without photoneutron production to assess the contribution of photoneutrons to CAX dose. Brass mesh was placed on a solid water slab phantom and irradiated with 500 MU of 15 MV photons at 100cm SSD. A Geiger-Mueller counter was used to record counts in 10-second intervals for 30 minutes. A survey meter was used to estimate dose on contact immediately following irradiation. Results: The thickness of brass mesh bolus for MCNPX simulation was 0.4 mm. The PDDs with and without photoneutron production were statistically equivalent (i.e. the increase in neutron dose at the central axis is insignificant). Using ICRP 103 dose conversion coefficients, the increase in effective dose from en-face delivery of 300 MU was 0.047 mSv for 15 MV and 0.525 mSV for 24 MV. The dose rate on contact after the 500 MU irradiation was 0.4 mrem/hr. The effective half-life was estimated to approximately 6 minutes. Conclusion: The use of brass mesh bolus with high energy beams does not significantly affect central axis PDD. The use of a 24 MV beam with brass bolus results in nearly 10 times the increase in effective dose as with 15 MV. The activation products produced by brass bolus have an effective half-life of approximately 6 minutes.
Workshop: how to include ultrasound in your anatomy course (83.1)

Attendees will be introduced to the principles of ultrasound, the ultrasound machine and probes, and some approaches to applying ultrasound imaging in the anatomy lab. Attendees will have an opportunity to use ultrasound to obtain images relevant to the thyroid, wrist, liver and gallbladder, which would give one experience with the common probes being used in ultrasound clinics. A demonstration will precede the ultrasound activity. Attendees will work in groups and use the ultrasound machine on each other. There will also be a demonstration of musculoskeletal ultrasound imaging of the upper limb (rotator cuff muscles) to demonstrate the relevance of ultrasound to illustrate the rotator cuff muscles and their function. The last part of this activity will be to view the heart on a live model. A live model will be available.
The role of trauma in conduct disorder.

Trauma is proposed as a key to understanding the development and persistence of conduct disorder, in conjunction with other contributing factors. Trauma history is ubiquitous in the conduct disordered population, and trauma effects can help to account for many features of conduct disorder, including lack of empathy, impulsivity, anger, acting-out, and resistance to treatment. The current standard of care fails to fully address trauma, which may partially explain the low success rate of extant treatment approaches. A trauma-informed perspective is introduced to current models of conduct disorder. Research, prevention, and treatment implications are discussed.
Effects of manipulating protein and phosphorus nutrition of feedlot cattle on nutrient management and the environment

Feedlot nutrition will play a role in meeting challenges such as nutrient management. Nitrogen and phosphorus are two nutrients that are currently studied in this context. One nutritional method is formulating diets not to exceed requirements for nitrogen and phosphorus. Requirements are different for calves and yearlings. The requirements also change during the finishing period. Phosphorus requirements have not been extensively studied for feedlot cattle between 270 and 600 kg. Therefore, P requirements studies were conducted to determine the P requirement of calves (265 kg) and yearlings (385 kg). The requirement was not detected with P levels as low as 0.14 (yearlings) and 0.16% (calves) of diet DM based on performance and bone ash. Compared to NRC-predicted P requirements, P intakes ranged from 76 to 190% (calves) and 71 to 162% (yearlings). In separate nutrient balance experiments, decreasing dietary P to NRC-predicted requirements (0.22 to 0.28%) did not influence gain but decreased P input by 33 to 45% and excretion by 40 to
A systematic verification approach for mondex electronic purses using ASMs

In previous work we solved the challenge to mechanically verify the Mondex challenge about the specification and refinement of an electronic purse, using the given data refinement framework. In this paper we show that using ASM refinement and generalized forward simulations instead of the original approach allows to find a more systematic proof. Our technique of past and future invariants and simulations avoids the need to define a lot of properties for intermediate states during protocol runs. The new proof can be better automated in KIV. The systematic development of a generalized forward simulation uncovered a weakness of the protocol that could be exploited in a denial of service attack. We show a modification of the protocol that avoids this weakness, and that is even slightly easier to verify.
The Prague Post’s readership in postcommunist Czech Republic

Abstract This article presents a case study to analyse the readership and explore the role of an English‐language newspaper in a region where English is not the dominant language. This study focused on a weekly publication in the former Communist Czech Republic, The Prague Post, reports a 1999 readership survey and, through use of interviews of the managers of the newspaper at that time, interprets the findings of the readership survey. It compares results of the most‐recent study with previous research conducted by the newspaper's marketing department. The Prague Post was found to serve a sophisticated and diverse multilingual audience; regular readers were found to be highly educated, international in both their personal and business‐professional lives working in professional‐level careers, multilingual, young, mostly single, mostly male, and economically varied.
Early divergence of central and peripheral neural retina precursors during vertebrate eye development.

Background: During development of the vertebrate eye, optic tissue is progressively compartmentalized into functionally distinct tissues. From the central to the peripheral optic cup, the original optic neuroepithelial tissue compartmentalizes, forming retina, ciliary body, and iris. The retina can be further sub-divided into peripheral and central compartments, where the central domain is specialized for higher visual acuity, having a higher ratio and density of cone photoreceptors in most species. Results: Classically, models depict a segregation of the early optic cup into only two domains, neural and non-neural. Recent studies, however, uncovered discrete precursors for central and peripheral retina in the optic vesicle, indicating that the neural retina cannot be considered as a single unit with homogeneous specification and development. Instead, central and peripheral retina may be subject to distinct developmental pathways that underlie their specialization. Conclusions: This review focuses on lineage relationships in the retina and revisits the historical context for segregation of central and peripheral retina precursors before overt eye morphogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 244:266–276, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of incident restless legs syndrome with outcomes in a large cohort of US veterans

Restless legs syndrome is a common sleep disorder, but there is a paucity of large cohort studies examining the association of restless legs syndrome with clinical outcomes, including all-cause mortality, incident coronary heart disease, stroke and chronic kidney disease. From a nationally representative prospective cohort of over 3 million US veterans [93% male, median follow-up time of 8.1 years (interquartile range: 7.0-8.5 years)] with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2), a propensity-matched cohort of 7392 patients was created, and the association between incident restless legs syndrome and the following was examined: (1) all-cause mortality; (2) incident coronary heart disease; (3) incident strokes; and (4) incident chronic kidney disease defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2). Associations were examined using Cox models. The mean ± SD age of the propensity-matched cohort at baseline was 59 ± 12 years; 89 and 8% of patients were white and black, respectively; 31% of the patients were diabetic; and the mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate was 83.9 ± 15.1 mL min(-1) 1.73 m(-2). Propensity matching resulted in a balanced cohort, with the disappearance in baseline differences in comorbidities. Compared with restless legs syndrome-negative patients, incident restless legs syndrome was associated with 88% higher mortality risk [hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval: 1.88 (1.70-2.08)], and almost four times higher risk of coronary heart disease and stroke [hazard ratio: 3.97 (3.26-4.84) and 3.89 (3.07-4.94), respectively]. The risk of incident chronic kidney disease was also significantly higher in incident restless legs syndrome patients [hazard ratio: 3.17 (2.74-3.66)] compared with restless legs syndrome-negative counterparts. In this large and contemporary cohort of US veterans, incident restless legs syndrome was associated with higher risk of mortality, incident coronary heart disease, stroke and chronic kidney disease.
EFFICIENCY OF GOVERNMENT SOCIAL SPENDING IN CROATIA

This paper analyzes the relative efficiency of social spending and service delivery in Croatia by comparing social spending and key social (outcome) indicators in Croatia to those of comparator countries. The analysis finds evidence of significant inefficiencies in Croatia’s social spending, mainly related to inadequate cost recovery for health and education services, weaknesses in the financing mechanisms and institutional arrangements, weak competition in the provision of social services, and weaknesses in targeting benefits. The paper also identifies areas for cost recovery and reform.
Ionospheres: Ionization and Energy Exchange Processes

Solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and particle, mostly electron, precipitation are the two major sources of energy input into the thermospheres and ionospheres in the solar system. Aschematic diagram showing the energy flow in a thermosphere–ionosphere system caused by solar EUV radiation is shown in Figure 9.1. Relatively long wavelength photons (≳900 A) generally cause dissociation, while shorter wavelengths cause ionization; the exact distribution of these different outcomes depends on the relevant cross sections and the atmospheric species. The only true sinks of energy, as far as the ionospheres are concerned, are airglow and neutral heating of the thermosphere. Even the escaping photoelectron flux can be reflected or become the incoming flux for a conjugate ionosphere. The specific distribution of the way that energy flows through the system is very important in determining the composition and thermal structure of the ionospheric plasmas. This chapter begins with a discussion of the absorption of the ionizing and dissociating solar radiation and the presentation of information needed to calculate ionization and energy deposition rates. This material is followed by a description of particle transport processes. The chapter ends with a presentation of electron and ion heating and cooling rates that can be used in practical applications. Absorption of solar radiation Radiative transfer calculations of the solar EUV energy deposition into the thermosphere are relatively simple because absorption is the only dominant process.
Giant excised patch recordings of recombinant ion channel currents expressed in mammalian cells

Abstract The giant excised patch variant of patch clamp recording combines microsecond time resolution of macroscopic currents with rapid exchange of the experimental solutions at the intracellular membrane surface. This technique has been applied to a limited number of cell types, including Xenopus oocytes, muscle cells, and photoreceptors. We have applied this technique to recording recombinant ion channel currents expressed in membrane patches excised from HEK293 cell lines. Giant inside-out patch recordings of Na + channels and SK Ca type calcium-activated potassium channels show high temporal resolution and excellent signal to noise characteristics. This technique will facilitate the study of recombinant ion channels expressed in mammalian cells.
Room temperature CW operation of DFB quantum cascade lasers with wide wavelength coverage near 5.2 μm

We demonstrated room temperature CW operation of DFB quantum cascade lasers with wide wavelength coverage from 4.83 μm to 5.44 μm, corresponding to a wavenumber coverage of 232 cm−1, for NO x sensing applications.
Examining Relationships Between Executive Functioning and Delay Aversion in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Although motivation and cognition are often examined separately, recent theory suggests that a delay-averse motivational style may negatively impact development of executive functions (EFs), such as working memory (WM) and response inhibition (RI) for children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; Sonuga-Barke, 2002). This model predicts that performance on delay aversion and EF tasks should be correlated for school-age children with ADHD. However, tests of these relationships remain sparse. Forty-five children ages 8 to 12 with ADHD and 46 non-ADHD controls completed tasks measuring EFs and delay aversion. Children with ADHD had poorer WM and RI than non-ADHD controls, as well as nonsignificantly worse delay aversion. Consistent with previous research, RI was not related to delay aversion. However, delay aversion did predict WM scores for children with and without ADHD. Implications for the dual-pathway hypothesis and future research on cognitive and motivational processing in ADHD are dis...
Activity scheduling in the dynamic multi-project setting: choosing heuristics through deterministic simulation

Tools for project scheduling, such as Gantt charts and PERT/CPM networks, have existed for some time. However, these tools have significant shortcomings for settings characterized by constrained resources and multiple projects that arrive dynamically. The paper identifies the power and benefit that deterministic simulation can bring to the practice of project management and project scheduling. The paper is intended for those in the daily practice of project management, and those in the field of developing project management software. Deterministic simulation using available project data to choose an activity scheduling heuristic not only allows for the establishment of good project schedules, it determines ahead of time which resources will be assigned to specific project activities.
Low Activation Energy Damage in Ion Bombarded YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x Thin Films

Investigation of the effects of ion bombardment and subsequent annealing of YBa2Cu3O7-x thin films indicates that a major part of the damage for low ion doses is associated with low activation energy processes. This conclusion is based on the partial recovery of the superconducting properties (TR.n and 3c) and the c-axis lattice parameter by annealing at temperatures as low as 300°C. The recovery can be substantial; in some cases superconduc-tivity reappeared in films where it had been completely lost and the c-parameter recovered more than half the increase that had occurred due to ion bombardment. This suggests that the likely damage mechanism at low doses is in the oxygen sublattice, such as the destruction of the long range order in the Cu-0 chains and generation of vacancies in the Cu-0 square planes. Almost full recovery of the 0+ implanted films occurs with 900°C annealing. However, in Si+ implanted films recovery occurs only up to 700-750°C followed by severe degradation of Tc and L for anneals at 900°C.
Perturbative QCD analysis of pion and kaon form factors and pair production in photon-photon collisions using a frozen coupling constant.

Within the framework of leading-order perturbative QCD and using a frozen coupling constant, we calculate the pion and kaon form factors and the cross section of pion and kaon pair production in two-photon collisions. We use the same frozen coupling constant as taken in the nucleon Dirac-form-factor analysis and find that the results for the {pi} and {ital K} form factors, the reactions {gamma}{gamma}{r arrow}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup {minus}},{ital K}{sup +}{ital K}{sup {minus}}, and the proton Dirac form factor are in fair agreement with the available experimental data. The cutoff value of the frozen coupling constant used in our analysis is consistent with the theoretical estimation presented by Cornwall.
Resistance Plasmid Transfer by Serratia marcescens in Urine

Abstract Resistance plasmids were transferred in urine from a multi-drug-resistant Serratia marcescens to Escherichia coli. Transfer of resistance to kanamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, and carbenicillin occurred readily after 4 h of incubation at room temperature (25°C). The urinary catheter collection bag is postulated as a potential site for extraintestinal resistance plasmid transfer in the Enterobacteriaceae, especially for pathogens such as Serratia, which do not frequently colonize the intestinal tract.
Influence of sodium impurities on ArF excimer-laser-induced absorption in CaF 2 crystals

The formation of color centers induced by irradiation with ArF excimer lasers in CaF2 crystals was found to depend strongly on the sodium impurity concentration. Sodium-related color centers were generated by two-photon absorption because the slope of the induced absorption coefficient just after irradiation started was proportional to the square of the laser fluence. The saturation absorption also depended on laser fluence, and a photobleaching induced absorption phenomenon was observed. We concluded that the saturation absorption level was determined by the equilibrium between two-photon excitation and one-photon reverse reaction.
Doña Marina/La Malinche. A historiographical approach to the interpreter/traitor

This paper provides a historiographical approach to the figure of Dona Marina or La Malinche, the interpreter of Hernan Cortes during the conquest of Mexico, in order to reassess the fictionalization of the character that we often find in Translation Studies. It is argued that this discipline has used her name in an impressionistic way and, therefore, it seems necessary to complement the translation scholar’s approach with that of the historian. The paper will explore the ways in which Dona Marina has been presented by translation scholars. The next section will provide the perspective of historians, focusing on three aspects relevant for Translation Studies: (1) the facts known about her origin, which explain her ability to communicate in two local languages, (2) her role as interpreter during the conquest of Mexico, (3) her alleged participation in the Cholulan massacre as an informant of Cortes. It will conclude with a discussion that aims to highlight the contrast between the use of impressionistic views of historic figures and the more balanced narratives based on factual rather than mythical elements.
Development and Validation of a Dynamic Thermal Model for a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell

The development and validation of a control-oriented dynamic thermal model for a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack is presented. This model is based on the first law of thermodynamics within four defined control volumes in the fuel cell; the cathode channel, anode channel, coolant channel, and fuel cell stack body. Energy and mass conservation equations are developed for each control volume. Transient dynamics captured by this model include the electrochemical reaction, heat transfer and mass transport. Activation, ohmic, and concentration voltage losses are also modeled to improve the accuracy of the voltage model response. This allows the stack voltage and cell temperature to be modeled based on the inlet temperature, pressure, and species flow rate and the relative humidity level setting.An experiment was conducted to give a baseline with which to tune the model. Tuning of the model parameters was performed and validation of these adjustments was then conducted through comparison to another experiment. The model predicts the dynamic thermal and electrical response of the fuel cell system with a good degree of accuracy in both cases.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Common Ground?: Tetracyclines, Matrix Metalloproteinases, Pustular Dermatoses, and Loxoscelism

The fear of spiders is ancient and common throughout much of the world. Skin ulceration and necrosis due to Loxosceles spider envenomation ("bites") is among the best known sequelae of a usually accidental encounter. Therapies for Loxosceles envenomations either are not well documented or have adverse side effects that limit their use by generalists. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies in rabbits injected with purified or recombinant sphingomyelinase D2, Paixao-Cavalcante et al. (2007) propose in this issue that topical tetracyclines could become safe, efficacious therapy for cutaneous loxoscelism.