cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Monospecific Equine Antiserum Against Cholera Exo-Enterotoxin

mouse footedema. Theserum was foundtobeuseful forassaying toxin antigen incrude andrefined products byinvitro testssuchas radial immunodiffusion, Lf,andquantitative precipitin titrations. Basedupon experimental observations, theserum was defined ascontaining 1,000 fl3cculating units ofanticholera toxin antibody perml.A flocculating dose, orLf,ofcholeragen approximates 1 MAg,andthatofcholeragenoid is0.625 ,lg. Formalin toxoids behavedlike theparent toxin inthese tests. Theserum contains approximately 2.2 mg ofantibody protein perml,whichappearstobelargely, ifnotentirely, of theIg(T) type. Itissuggested thatthis serum,whichisavailable inconsiderable supply, beconsidered foruseasa reference cholera antitoxin. Thehorse developed symptomsofanaphylactic shockduring immunization, suggesting theneedfor caution inprojected studies on toxoid-induced immunity inman. Thecholera exo-enterotoxin, which wasdesignated choleragen, hasbeenisolated andpurified inthis laboratory along witha natural toxoid whichwecall choleragenoid (5,6).Results ofa variety oflaboratory studies havegiven rise tothe hopethat anantitoxic cholera vaccine mayelicit better andlonger lasting immunity tocholera thanthat afforded byconventional, killed cellular vaccines. A field study totest this hypothesis with aFormalin toxoid iscurrently under active consideration. Ifhistory repeats itself, itmaybepossible to apply, incholera research, theclassical immunological techniques which haveproven souseful in other toxin-mediated diseases, suchasdiphtheria andtetanus. Accordingly, we undertook the preparation ofalarge quantity ofamonospecific equine antitoxic serumwhichmight serveasan international reference forfuture immunological studies incholera. Sucha serumcould beespecially useful asareagent foranalyzing thetoxin antigen content ofimmunizing preparations by radial immunodiffusion (5), Lf,andquantitative precipitin procedures. Theresults ofthepresent study indicate that this isindeed thecase. MATERIALSAND METHODS
Synaptic-Type Acetylcholine Receptors Raise Intracellular Calcium Levels in Neurons by Two Mechanisms

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) located in the postsynaptic membrane on neurons are responsible for mediating fast, excitatory synaptic transmission. If synaptic AChRs are also highly permeable to calcium as reported recently for several kinds of neuronal AChRs, the synaptic receptors could regulate calcium-dependent events in the neurons in concert with normal transmission. Chick ciliary ganglion neurons have two classes of AChRs, one located predominantly in the synaptic membrane and responsible for synaptic signaling through the ganglion and the other located almost exclusively in nonsynaptic membrane and having no known function. The nonsynaptic receptors can readily elevate intracellular calcium concentrations. The experiments reported here indicate that synaptic-type receptors can raise intracellular calcium levels to the same extent as the nonsynaptic receptors and that they do so not only by being permeable to calcium themselves but also by activating voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). Currents of equivalent amplitude are obtained through the synaptic-type receptors when neurons are bathed in solutions containing either sodium or calcium as the sole extracellular cation. Measuring the effect of ion substitutions on the reversal potential of the receptors and applying the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz constant field equation indicates the receptors are at least as permeable to calcium as to sodium. When neurons are loaded with the calcium-sensitive dye fluo-3 and challenged with nicotine, both the synaptic-type and nonsynaptic AChRs substantially elevate intracellular calcium levels under physiological conditions, and do so largely by activating VDCCs. Confirmation that synaptic-type AChRs can elevate intracellular calcium levels in the absence of contributions from VDCCs was obtained from voltage-clamp experiments on neurons loaded with fluo-3. The fluorescence signals indicate that the nicotine-induced calcium increases in neurons voltage clamped at rest are nearly as great as those induced in the same neurons when VDCCs are maximally activated by a voltage step. Calcium flux through AChRs may be particularly important for mediating local changes in calcium concentrations near the plasma membrane, which, in turn, could regulate specific membrane- associated calcium-dependent events.
The effect of changes in concentration of cations on the electrocardiogram of the isolated perfused heart.

Abstract Action potentials were recorded simultaneously from the cavity and the epicardium of the ventricle of the isolated perfused hearts of the dog and the turtle before and after alteration of the concentrations of the various cations in the perfusate. The major effects of an excess of potassium on the turtle heart were similar to those on the heart of the dog (prolonged QRS interval, shortened S-T interval, broad P waves, and terminally monophasic or diphasic complexes). However, in the turtle heart the atria and sinus venosus were more tolerant than the ventricle to an excess of potassium; both mechanical contraction and electrical activity of the atria persisted after complete ventricular arrest, while in the dog both mechanical and electrical activity of the atria ceased long before that of the ventricles. An increase in the amplitude of the T wave was observed in the dog and turtle hearts under the influence of an excess of potassium; the width of the T wave was increased or remained the same. The addition of extra calcium to a perfusate containing an excess of potassium lessened the delay in intraventricular conduction and further shortened the S-T interval produced by the excess of potassium. Restoration of a low sodium concentration to normal partially reversed the alterations in the electrocardiogram characteristic of an excess of potassium. In the turtle heart a reduction of the sodium concentration in the presence of an excess of potassium enhanced the effects of the latter. Increase of the sodium concentration in the presence of an excess of potassium partially antagonized the effects of the latter. Complete absence of potassium from the perfusate prolonged the P-R interval, prolonged the QRS interval, prolonged the S-T interval, and widened the T waves in the turtle heart. Except for slight or no widening of the QRS complex before atrioventricular dissociation developed, similar changes took place in the dog heart when the perfusate contained no potassium. The electrocardiographic changes in the dog heart were consistent with those found in cases of human beings with hypopotassemia.
Does shortening the training on Integrated Management of Childhood Illness guidelines reduce its effectiveness? A systematic review

OBJECTIVE: Implementation of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) strategy with an 11-day training course for health workers improves care for ill children in outpatient settings in developing countries. The 11-day course duration is recommended by the World Health Organization which developed IMCI. Our aim was to determine if shortening the training (to reduce cost) reduces its effectiveness. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review to compare IMCIs effectiveness with standard training (duration >/= 11 days) versus shortened training (5-10 days). Studies were identified from a search of MEDLINE two existing systematic reviews and by contacting investigators. We included published or unpublished studies that evaluated IMCIs effectiveness in developing countries and reported quantitative measures of health worker practices related to managing ill children under 5 years old in public or private health facilities. Summary measures were the median of effect sizes for all outcomes from a given study and the percentage of patients needing oral antimicrobials or rehydration who were treated according to IMCI guidelines. FINDINGS: Twenty-nine studies were included. Direct comparisons from three studies showed little difference between standard and shortened training. Indirect comparisons from 26 studies revealed that effect sizes for standard training versus no IMCI were greater than shortened training versus no IMCI. Across all comparisons differences ranged from -3 to +23 percentage-points and our best estimate was a 2 to 16 percentage-point advantage for standard training. No result was statistically significant. After IMCI training (of any duration) 34% of ill children needing oral antimicrobials or rehydration were not receiving these treatments according to IMCI guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Based on limited evidence standard IMCI training seemed more effective than shortened training although the difference might be small. As sizable performance gaps often existed after IMCI training countries should consider implementing other interventions to support health workers after training regardless of training duration.
Balantidiosis in a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

A young adult chimpanzee died after a brief gastrointestinal illness characterized by profuse soft stool, vomiting and dyspnoea. Necropsy examination revealed a severe typhlitis and colitis with pseudomembrane formation, and acute aspiration pneumonia. Balantidium coli, a common intestinal parasite, was found in large numbers in the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon and caecum. The inflammation and degree of invasion associated with Balantidium coli indicates that it was a primary pathogen.
The column architecture-a novel architecture for event driven 2D pixel imagers

We describe an electronic architecture for two-dimensional pixel arrays that permits very large increases in rate capability for event- or data-driven applications relative to conventional x-y architectures. The column architecture also permits more efficient use of silicon area in applications requiring local buffering, frameless data acquisition, and it avoids entirely the problem of ambiguities that may arise in conventional approaches. Two examples of active implementation are described: high energy physics and protein crystallography.
WOODY PLANT ESTABLISHMENT AND SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN GRASSLANDS

Root exclusion experiments demonstrated the importance of belowground competition between grasses and Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) during the critical seeding establishment phase of the woody plant life cycle. Belowground available volume accounted for 67% and 79% of the variance in first- and second-year Prosopis seedling growth and survival, respectively. Available volume in the vertical dimension was more important than that in the horizontal dimension. Trials spanned years with contrasting annual precipitation, suggesting that root competition occurs in years of near-average as well as below-average annual rainfall. Spatial heterogeneity in canopy gaps and belowground biomass was also quantified in a Schizachayriuim–Paspalum grassland matrix and evaluated with respect to Prosopis seedling establishment. Of the 100 grid points encountered in four grass stands, 62% were unoccupied; and 50% of these exceeded 80 cm2 (∼10 cm diameter). Gaps ≥ 10 cm in diameter were sufficient for successful Prosopi...
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of Cu2O Heterostructures for Photovoltaics

Cu2O is a p-type semiconductor that has demonstrated attractive photovoltaic properties, but its efficiencies have been limited by surface instability and lack of high quality thin films. In this work, plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy is used to precisely control film orientation and interface chemistry of Cu2O heterostructures. Thin films of Cu2O are deposited by MBE onto thin films of Pt and Au sputtered on MgO single crystal substrates. This heterostructure configuration provides a path for an all-epitaxial thin film Cu2O solar cell, which can serve as a top cell in a tandem structure with a crystalline Si bottom cell.
The Role of Plastic Flow by Dislocation Motion in the Sintering of Calcium Fluoride

The kinetics and the mechanism of material transport in sintering calcium fluoride was investigated. For this purpose spheres of hot-pressed calcium fluoride containing a fine dispersion of stabilized zirconia as markers were sintered for various times and at various temperatures to plates of the same composition. Both conventional sintering without application of an external load and sintering with an external load on the sphere were studied. The rate of growth of the neck between sphere and plate was determined by sectioning, polishing, and photographing the sintered samples. The photo-graphs of the neck regions were carefully examined in order to determine whether the marker particles extended throughout the diameter of the neck or whether a marker-free zone existed in the outer region of the neck. Only in samples sintered for long times (400–1000 hr) did the markers not extend through the entire neck regions, but left a marker-free zone near the ends of the neck. The extent of the marker-containing central region strongly depended upon the presence of an external load. With load the marker-containing region occupied a much larger percentage of the entire neck. From the strong influence of the external load upon the marker containing region of the neck it is concluded that material transport in sintering of calcium fluoride takes place by diffusional flow only in the later stages of sintering, where the stress due to surface tension forces becomes small. In the early stages of sintering, where the stress due to surface tension forces is higher, and particularly when an additional stress is supplied by an external load, material transport takes place by slip, i.e., dislocation motion. The range of stress which separates the two mechanisms is estimated to be in the neighborhood of 105 dyn/cm2 (1.4 psi).
The Role of Benzodiazepines in the Treatment of Epilepsy

Benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed as anxiolytics, sedatives, and anticonvulsants. They act on the GABAA receptor by increasing the conductance chloride through ionic channels, promoting a state of central nervous system depression. The clinical properties of benzodiazepines are dependent upon the composition of the different subunits of the GABAA receptor. Each subunit, in turn, has multiple subtypes that are present throughout the central nervous system, all of which impart different clinical responses. Benzodiazepines are the first-line treatment of status epilepticus. Time to treatment is crucial, and clinical response to benzodiazepines is lost with prolonged status epilepticus. Non-intravenous routes of midazolam should be considered as an equally efficacious alternative to intravenous lorazepam, which is the most commonly administered benzodiazepine for status epilepticus when intravenous access is available. Outpatient therapy with benzodiazepines for the acute treatment of seizures is currently limited to rectal diazepam, but alternative routes of administration are under development. Clobazam and clonazepam are good options for seizure prophylaxis in patients with epilepsy refractory to multiple antiepileptic drugs. Clobazam is preferred due to its affinity for the α2 subunit of the GABAA receptor, which leads to less potential for sedation. Adverse effects of chronic benzodiazepine use are sedation, tolerance, and potential for addiction and misuse in some patients.
The Book in, and as, American History

Reviewing the recently completed, five-volume History of the Book in America, this essay discusses the project's inception within the context of the rise of the history of the book as an intellectual pursuit. It concludes by considering the role of the historian of the book today.
Micro acoustic resonant chambers for heating/agitating/mixing (MARCHAM)

A variety of applications require the mixing and/or heating of a slurry made from a powder/fluid mixture. One of these applications, Sub Critical Water Extraction (SCWE), is a process where water and an environmental powder sample (sieved soil, drill cuttings, etc.) are heated in a sealed chamber to temperatures greater than 200 degrees Celsius by allowing the pressure to increase, but without reaching the critical point of water. At these temperatures, the ability of water to extract organics from solid particulate increases drastically. This paper describes the modeling and experimentation on the use of an acoustic resonant chamber which is part of an amino acid detection instrument called Astrobionibbler [Noell et al. 2014, 2015]. In this instrument we use acoustics to excite a fluid- solid fines mixture in different frequency/amplitude regimes to accomplish a variety of sample processing tasks. Driving the acoustic resonant chamber at lower frequencies can create circulation patterns in the fluid and mixes the liquid and fines, while driving the chamber at higher frequencies one can agitate the fluid and powder and create a suspension. If one then drives the chamber at high amplitude at resonance heating of the slurry occurs. In the mixing and agitating cell the particle levitation force depends on the relative densities and compressibility’s of the particulate and fluid and on the kinetic and potential energy densities associated with the velocity and pressure fields [Glynne-Jones, Boltryk and Hill 2012] in the cell. When heating, the piezoelectric transducer and chamber is driven at high power in resonance where the solid/fines region is modelled as an acoustic transmission line with a large loss component. In this regime, heat is pumped into the solution/fines mixture and rapidly heats the sample. We have modeled the piezoelectric transducer/chamber/ sample using Mason’s equivalent circuit. In order to assess the validity of the model we have built and tested a variety of chambers. This paper describes the experimental results which are in general agreement with theory within the limitations of the modeling.
VESICOURETERAL REFLUX AND PYELONEPHRITIS IN CHILDHOOD.

Vesicoureteral reflux, occurring in a large proportion of children with pyelonephritis, results from various causes. The degree of kidney damage depends on the amount of reflux and whether bacteria are present in the urinary tract.A motion-picture voiding cystogram is the best method of diagnosing reflux. Cystoscopy and intravenous pyelography are also helpful.The decision to operate should be individualized, based on documentation of infection, amount of reflux, appearance of the upper urinary tract, and previous treatment the patient has received.
State estimation for flag Hidden Markov Models with imperfect sensors

State detection is studied for a special class of flag Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), which comprise 1) an arbitrary finite-state underlying Markov chain and 2) a structured observation process wherein a subset of states emit distinct flags with some probability while other states are unmeasured. The focus of this article is to develop an explicit computation of the probability of error for the maximum-likelihood filter, specifically for the case that the sensors are imperfect. The algebraic result is leveraged to address sensor placement in a couple of examples, including one on activity-monitoring in a home environment that is drawn from field data.
Nucleotides, micro- and macro-nutrients, limonoids, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamates composition in the phloem sap of sweet orange

ABSTRACTCurrently, the global citrus production is declining due to the spread of Huanglongbing (HLB). HLB, otherwise known as citrus greening, is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllids (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. ACP transmits CLas bacterium while feeding on the citrus phloem sap. Multiplication of CLas in the phloem of citrus indicates that the sap contains all the essential nutrients needed for CLas. In this study, we investigated the micro- and macro-nutrients, nucleotides, and others secondary metabolites of phloem sap from pineapple sweet orange. The micro- and macro-nutrients were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Nucleotides and other secondary metabolites analysis was accomplished by reversed phase HPLC coupled with UV, fluorescence detection, or negative mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Calcium (89 mM)...
When To Hospitalize The Emphysema Patient

With emphysema now ranking second among causes of disability in men past 40, Dr. Haas believes that careful reappraisal of the criteria for hospitalization in this disease is indicated. Critical to this reappraisal, he maintains, is recognition that many patients now “written oil'” as hopeless cripples may be returned to “the dignity of economic and social independence.”
Calderón–Zygmund Theory for Second-Order Elliptic Systems on Riemannian Manifolds

The main goal here is to develop a Calderon-Zygmund theory for singular integral operators of boundary layer potential type naturally associated with second-order elliptic systems on Riemannian manifolds which is effective in the treatment of boundary value problems in rough domains.
Heterogeneity in Dopamine Neuron Synaptic Actions Across the Striatum and Its Relevance for Schizophrenia

Brain imaging has revealed alterations in dopamine uptake, release, and receptor levels in patients with schizophrenia that have been resolved on the scale of striatal subregions. However, the underlying synaptic mechanisms are on a finer scale. Dopamine neuron synaptic actions vary across the striatum, involving variations not only in dopamine release but also in dopamine neuron connectivity, cotransmission, modulation, and activity. Optogenetic studies have revealed that dopamine neurons release dopamine in a synaptic signal mode, and that the neurons also release glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid as cotransmitters, with striking regional variation. Fast glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid cotransmission convey discrete patterns of dopamine neuron activity to striatal neurons. Glutamate may function not only in a signaling role at a subset of dopamine neuron synapses, but also in mediating vesicular synergy, contributing to regional differences in loading of dopamine into synaptic vesicles. Regional differences in dopamine neuron signaling are likely to be differentially involved in the schizophrenia disease process and likely determine the subregional specificity of the action of psychostimulants that exacerbate the disorder, and antipsychotics that ameliorate the disorder. Elucidating dopamine neuron synaptic signaling offers the potential for achieving greater pharmacological specificity through intersectional pharmacological actions targeting subsets of dopamine neuron synapses.
Etiologic Causes of Metabolic Acidosis II: Normal Anion Gap Acidoses

This chapter reviews the pathophysiological basis of the non-gap metabolic acidoses from the perspective of derangements in the numerous adaptive mechanisms that maintain acid–base balance in the face of daily acid loads from exogenous sources, such as the typical Western diet, and endogenously, from acid products of metabolism. The several causes of non-gap metabolic acidosis are reviewed within this framework as a means of linking the pathophysiology of each disorder to more detailed review of the differential diagnosis, appropriate laboratory tests and recommended treatment that follows in subsequent chapters. The chapter reveals that the pathogenesis of each disorder is quite unique, thus aiding the student in developing a better foundation so that diagnosis and treatment can be considered comprehensively.
Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Ge-Sb-Se waveguides at telecom wavelengths

Sub-micron Ge-Sb-Se waveguides, fabricated by e-beam lithography, thermal evaporation, and lift-off, were characterized at 1.53–1.55 μm. Linear loss is compared under various fabrication conditions, and spectral broadening measurements reveal a large nonlinearity.
The epidemiology of thoracolumbar trauma: A meta-analysis.

Abstract Purpose To describe the epidemiology of thoracolumbar fractures and associated injuries in blunt trauma patients. Methods A systematic review and metaanalysis was performed based on a MEDLINE database search using MeSH terms for studies matching our inclusion criteria. The search yielded 21 full-length articles, each sub-grouped according to content. Data extraction and multiple analyses were performed on descriptive data. Results The rate of thoracolumbar fracture in blunt trauma patients was 6.90% (±3.77, 95% CI). The rate of spinal cord injury was 26.56% (±10.70), and non-contiguous cervical spine fracture occurred in 10.49% (±4.17). Associated injury was as follows: abdominal trauma 7.63% (±9.74), thoracic trauma 22.64% (±13.94), pelvic trauma 9.39% (±6.45), extremity trauma 18.26% (±5.95), and head trauma 12.96% (±2.01). Studies that included cervical spine fracture with thoracolumbar fracture had the following rates of associated trauma: 3.78% (±5.94) abdominal trauma, 21.65% (±16.79) thoracic trauma, 3.62% (±1.07) pelvic trauma, 18.36% (±4.94) extremity trauma, and 15.45% (±11.70) head trauma. A subgroup of flexion distraction injuries showed an associated intra-abdominal injury rate of 38.70% (±13.30). The most common vertebra injured was L1 at a rate of 34.40% (±15.90). T7 was the most common non-junctional vertebra injured at 3.90% (±1.09). Burst/AO type A3 fractures were the most common morphology 39.50% (±16.30) followed by 33.60% (±15.10) compression/AO type A1, 14.20% (±8.08) fracture dislocation/AO type C, and 6.96% (±3.50) flexion distraction/AO type B. The most common etiology for a thoracolumbar fracture was motor vehicle collision 36.70% (±5.35), followed by high-energy fall 31.70% (±6.70). Conclusions Here we report the incidence of thoracolumbar fracture in blunt trauma and the spectrum of associated injuries. To our knowledge, this paper provides the first epidemiological road map for blunt trauma thoracolumbar injuries.
Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy

The Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy (sane) was founded through a New York Times advertisement with forty-eight sponsors, including former First Iuidy Eleanor Roosevelt and numerous religious and academic leaders. About 2,500 people responded to the ad, and it was reprinted in thirty-two newspapers around the country. In response to this ground- swell of interest, the original sponsors created a permanent organization. Within the year, it had 130 chapters with 25,000 members, sane steered a cautious course, enlisting scientists, movie stars, and businesspeople to rebut charges of its being pro-Communist. It made opposition to nuclear war respectable and mobilized broad support for banning nuclear tests in the earth’s atmosphere. These efforts helped lead to the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963.
Bacteriochlorin Dyads as Solvent Polarity Dependent Near-Infrared Fluorophores and Reactive Oxygen Species Photosensitizers

Symmetrical, near-infrared absorbing bacteriochlorin dyads exhibit gradual reduction of their fluorescence (intensity and lifetime) and reactive oxygen species photosensitization efficiency (ROS) with increasing solvent dielectric constant e. For the directly linked dyad, significant reduction is observed even in solvents of moderate e, while for the dyad containing a 1,4-phenylene linker, reduction is more parallel to an increase in solvent e. Bacteriochlorin dyads are promising candidates for development of environmentally responsive fluorophores and ROS sensitizers.
Reducing Cost Through Standardization

The drive for standardization of care within pediatrics based on medical evidence is gaining momentum among hospitals and providers. Initiated by care guidelines with origins in specialty societies, adoption of pathways is now being implemented in many settings. The keys to success of these algorithms in narrowing practice variation and their potential contribution to reducing utilization of unnecessary resources are not uniformly addressed in advance. Clinical guidelines are often not updated frequently to incorporate new evidence from the literature. Education of providers about the goals and process of pathways in advance may not be sufficient depending on the commitment of the clinical champions of the algorithms. Anticipatory modeling to identify potential barriers in the workflow that interfere with proper implementation of pathways is beneficial with the opportunity to refine the algorithm where appropriate. In order to confirm cost reduction, economic data points need to be defined in advance for comparisons between pre-implementation and post-implementation periods. It is possible that improved outcomes from narrowed practice variation may not always lead to cost reduction which should be reconciled by analysis of the data. Our experience with these limitations motivated our Department of Cardiology to seek a different approach to care pathways, standardized clinical and management pathways (SCAMPs) which engender algorithm design informed by existing evidence and experience of clinicians coupled with targeted questions that can be addressed by active data collection. Providers are free to depart from recommendations in the algorithm but must explain their reasons, an option that promotes participation. Data analysis combined with new medical evidence leads to iterative changes, greater standardization, and reduction of cost.
Algorithms for Active Classifier Selection: Maximizing Recall with Precision Constraints

Software applications often use classification models to trigger specialized experiences for users. Search engines, for example, use query classifiers to trigger specialized "instant answer" experiences where information satisfying the user query is shown directly on the result page, and email applications use classification models to automatically move messages to a spam folder. When such applications have acceptable default (i.e., non-specialized) behavior, users are often more sensitive to failures in model precision than failures in model recall. In this paper, we consider model-selection algorithms for these precision-constrained scenarios. We develop adaptive model-selection algorithms to identify, using as few samples as possible, the best classifier from among a set of (precision) qualifying classifiers. We provide statistical correctness and sample complexity guarantees for our algorithms. We show with an empirical validation that our algorithms work well in practice.
The Heat Equation

In this chapter we will discuss the derivation of the heat equation and develop some basic properties, our first example of a PDE of parabolic type.
Stock or Print? Impact of 3-D Printing on Spare Parts Logistics

We present a general framework to study the design of spare parts logistics in the presence of three-dimensional (3-D) printing technology. We consider multiple parts facing stochastic demands and ...
Under the big top: An exploratory analysis of psychological factors influencing circus performers

Abstract There is a substantial body of literature addressing psychological experiences of performers in sport domains; however, there is a paucity of literature exploring the psychological experiences of performers in other domains, specifically circus arts. This study was designed to be an exploratory investigation of the mental challenges faced by circus performers as well as mental strengths that contribute to performance excellence. The researchers hoped to gain: (a) a general insight into the mental side of circus arts, (b) insight into differences between the mental side of circus arts and sports/performing arts, and (c) insight into the differences that might exist amongst specific disciplines within circus arts. Participants (n = 4) consisted of 2 aerialists and 2 clowns/mimes. Participants each engaged in a 30–60 min semi-structured interview about the mental aspects of practice and performance. Results showed that mental skills such as confidence, concentration, energy management, and emotional management are considered integral to success in circus arts. Results also reflected differences that exist between circus and sport domains, such as the ability to embody emotions and connect with the audience. Future research should explore phenomena more systematically as well as continue to examine the differences that exist between circus arts and other performance domains.
Notes on the Fauna of the Chipola Formation - XXIV the Genus Astarte (Mollusca:Bivalvia)

In 1936 Gardner reported the presence of the bivalve genus Astarte in the fauna of the Chipola Formation of Calhoun County, Florida. Based upon a single, worn, right valve that had been sent her by the Florida Geological Survey, and said to have been collected from "one-fourth mile below Bailey's Ferry, Chipola River, Calhoun County, Florida;" the form was described and figured (1936, p. 20, pl. 4, fig. 1) as "Astarte (Ashtarotha) species." As noted by Gardner this was the "first record of this typically cold-water genus in the Chipola of Florida."
On the Mechanism of the Paradoxical Effect of Salicylate on Urate Excretion

In 1959 Yu and Gutman reported that aspirin in a dose of 2g/day or less resulted in decreased urate excretion while at doses greater than 3g/day, urate excretion was increased (1). They also found that alkalinization of the urine with bicarbonate increased both salicylate and urate excretion. These results were interpreted as showing that low concentrations of salicylate in tubular urine inhibited tubular secretion of urate and high concentrations inhibited both tubular secretion of urate and reabsorption of urate. Since the overall result of tubular transport of urate is net re-absorption, uricosuria appeared when tubular salicylate concentrations were sufficiently increased.
BLENDED TEACHING FOR RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS COURSES

A solid understanding of statistics and research methods is essential for all graduate students in education, social sciences, and psychology. However, effective teaching in statistics and research methods is challenging because students are less likely to enjoy these courses. The author of this paper argued that blended teaching should work as an alternative to traditional face-to-face teaching, including (1) conceptual lectures in class and hands-on activities out of class, (2) lab work online by group with peer support, (3) project-based course design. At the end of this paper, instructor’s self-reflection and students’ feedback on blended teaching were reported. This paper is of interest to both faculty and students who are teaching and learning statistics.
The Role of NAD-Linked Dehydrogenases in the Biosynthesis of UDP-D-Xylose

The aldopentose o-xylose is widely distributed in nature, mainly occurring as the d-xylopyranosyl moiety. This sugar is especially abundant in the polysaccharides of higher plants (1). It also is found in the polysaccharides of some species of yeast (i.e. Cryptococcus laurentii (2) and in the lipopolysaccharides of a number of gram-negative bacteria (3). In the animal kingdom o-xylose, although quantitatively less important, plays a highly specific role in the structure of many acid mucopolysaccharide-protein complexes (4).
Using latent class analysis to identify treatment-use subgroups among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Among parents of 2,582 children (ages 4-17 years old) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we used latent class analysis to identify subgroups and profiles of treatment users and included annual household income in the specification of the models, then described characteristics of each subgroup. Based on three indicators of fit (Akaike's Information Criterion, Bayesian Information Criterion, and Lo-Mendell-Rubin), six latent classes of treatment users emerged. Subgroups included users of: (a) mostly private and school speech and occupational therapies; (b) nearly all treatment types; (c) mostly speech and occupational therapies, plus intensive behavioral and "other" treatments, but little medication use; (d) private therapies almost exclusively; (e) primarily psychotropic medications; and (f) mostly school-based therapies. Income significantly predicted class differences for all but one latent class. Probabilities of families' lifetime use of nine treatment types varied depending on latent classification. Proportions of families reporting having observed children's developmental regression were largest in those with the highest overall treatment use, and these children also had the lowest cognitive and adaptive-functioning scores and the highest ASD symptom scores. Understanding patterns of treatment use among families of children with ASD is an important first step in enhancing treatment-related selection and implementation. Autism Research 2019, 12: 843-854. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: We identified six different groups of treatment users to help explain patterns in treatment implementation among parents of children and adolescents with autism. These included families who used: (a) mostly used private and school speech and occupational therapies; (b) nearly all treatment types (private and school therapies, intensive behavioral, biomedical, psychotropic medications, and other treatments); (c) mostly speech and occupational therapies, plus intensive behavioral and "other" treatments, but little medication use; (d) private therapies almost exclusively; (e) primarily psychotropic medications; and (f) mostly school-based therapies.
Teacher-Directed Evaluation of Mathematics Laboratories.

JL he evaluation of mathematics laboratories has been a thorn in the side of mathematics educators and teachers for the past decade. When is an activity called a mathematics laboratory lesson? Should a teacher emphasize process or cognition in a mathematics laboratory? Are student attitudes really improved when students work in a mathematics laboratory? Is the mathematics laboratory most succesful with lower-ability students? Should our school start a mathematics laboratory next year? Clear-cut answers to these and other attending questions have not surfaced. There is an obvious need for research dealing with mathematics laboratories. Research carried on by classroom teachers (action research), while quite informal and lacking external validity, can and does answer many of the above questions for a specific classroom. This article focuses on ways a classroom teacher can evaluate laboratory situations. Some parameters are set regarding the goals for the evaluation, the methods used for evaluation, and the instruments used in the evaluation process. The goals for the evaluation could be the improvement of instruction. The methods used would be quite open, often depending on teacher perception and sensitivity to learning situations. The instruments might be locally or individually constructed with no data on reliability but they would be pertinent to immediate instructional strategies. Traditional research designs are not likely to be useful in helping teachers evaluate the effectiveness of laboratory methods in the teaching of mathematics. Formal research designs can be valuable in longterm curriculum studies, but various problems arise when they are applied to decision-making on a daily basis in class-
Learning to lead: Higher education faculty explore self-mentoring

Using collective case-study inquiry the research question of how a formal semi-structured self-mentoring programme can support professional growth and faculty leadership development for new and existing university faculty is explored. A research project was funded through the University of North Carolina-Wilmington Charles L. Cahill Award. Participants were recruited from a south eastern university. The results suggest that self-mentoring is a process to support faculty's individualized path to both acclimation and growth in higher education through increased confidence as self-leaders.
Identity, Strength, Purity, Quality, and Safety: Common Goals for New Drugs

There are different arrangements by which a radiopharmaceutical can be studied in humans. The metabolim and pharmacology of derivatives of approved drugs can be studied under the mechanism of the Research Drug Research Committee (RDRC). The procedures, safeguards and safety issues are reviewed and approved by an institutional committee, which in turn is answerable to regulatory agencies. For studies involving efficacy for either diagnostic or therapeutic clinical application, an Investigational New Drug exemption must be requested. Details of manufacture, testing, and safety must be submitted to US FDA in a formal application. Such an IND study may be sponsored by a company intending to commercialize a product or by physicians studying a disease state. Before the product may be sold or distributed, a New Drug Application (NDA) must be filed and approved by the FDA. Once approved, the radiopharmaceutical can be routinely prescribed in clinical practice.
Research Collaboration beyond the Boundary: Evidence from University Patents in China

Geographical distance constitutes friction of searching research collaborators. Taking advantage of a quasi-natural experiment featured by recently connected High-Speed Railway (HSR) lines in China, this paper seeks to identify the impact of a substantial improvement in intercity transportation infrastructure on collaborative innovation across cities, with a focus on university-industry collaboration. The data pertain to a universe of patent applications filed by all universities and colleges in China and their citations during the 1985-2016 period. Using the city-level and applicant pair-level datasets, a variant of the difference-in-differences (DID) model is employed to tease out the causal relationship between HSR and collaborative innovation. We find that HSR contributes to a substantial increase in collaborative patent applications between university and industry and the associated citations. The induced effects are salient in research partners with a closer technological distance or located within a 3-hour to 5-hour HSR traveling distance. Besides, HSR contributes to industry collaboration by utilizing universities’ strong academic disciplines into the related technological fields. Lastly, we find that HSR facilitates universities to search for new research partners with better quality beyond the geographical boundary. The searching of corporate partners is disproportionately affected.
Chapter 3 – Euclidean Geometry

Publisher Summary An isometry, or rigid motion, of Euclidean space is a mapping that preserves the Euclidean distance d between points. This chapter focuses on the rigid motions (isometries) of Euclidean space and illustrates how congruency theorms of triangles can be extended to other geometric objects. It emphasizes that an arbitrary isometry of Euclidean space can be uniquely expressed as an orthogonal transformation followed by a translation. A consequence is that the tangent map of an isometry F is, at every point, essentially just the orthogonal part of F. This chapter proved an analogue for curves of the various criteria for congruence of triangles in plane geometry; more specifically, it showed that a necessary and sufficient condition for two curves in R3 to be congruent is that they have the same curvature and torsion (and speed), and the unit-speed curve for position in R3 is determined by its curvature and torsion. Furthermore, the sufficiency proof shows how to find the required isometry explicitly.
Basic Radiobiology and Radiation Physics Primer

Ionization radiation induces DNA damage, most importantly the double-strand DNA break which is difficult to repair and may be lethal to the cell. The sensitivity of cancer cells to radiation is dependent on many factors including capacity to detect and repair DNA damage (termed the DNA-damage response), tumor hypoxia, cell cycle distribution, and radiation dose and fractionation. Inherited deficiencies in the DNA-damage response are associated with profound cancer predispositions, reflecting the essential role of DNA repair on organismal function. Radiosensitizing drugs improve the efficacy of radiation therapy. For example, the addition of temozolomide to radiation therapy for glioblastoma patients with O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) epigenetic silencing improves survival compared to radiation therapy alone. Early toxicity following radiation therapy is reversible and occurs due to depletion of cells in highly proliferative tissues, while late toxicity is permanent and occurs due to fibrosis and loss of organ function. Ionizing radiation can cause genomic instability and acquisition of a mutator phenotype through damage to genes critical for DNA repair, making cells less likely to repair additional oncogenic mutations. As a result, radiation therapy is associated with risk of secondary malignancy. Radiation therapy most commonly utilizes photons, which are high-energy X-rays. Photons collide with orbital electrons to produce reactive oxygen species which are highly volatile and damage nearby DNA. Proton radiation therapy utilizes hydrogen atoms stripped of their electrons. Compared to photons, the depth-dose characteristics of protons allow for decreased radiation dose to normal tissues adjacent to the tumor. As a result, protons offer the potential to reduce early and late toxicity, including risk of secondary malignancy.
Prospects for Wide Bandgap and Ultrawide Bandgap CMOS Devices

Power and RF electronics applications have spurred massive investment into a range of wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductor devices which can switch large currents and voltages rapidly with low losses. However, the end systems using these devices are often limited by the parasitics of integrating and driving these chips from the silicon complementary metal–oxide-semiconductor-based design (CMOS) circuitry necessary for complex control logic. For that reason, implementation of CMOS logic directly in the wide bandgap platform has become a way for each maturing material to compete. This review examines potential CMOS monolithic and hybrid approaches in a variety of wide bandgap materials.