cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating guilt and shame in an expressive writing alcohol intervention.

Expressive writing interventions have shown positive physical and psychological health benefits over time, with the presumed mechanism being emotional disclosure. However, work utilizing expressive writing in behavior change has been minimal. The current research applied the expressive writing paradigm to reduce drinking intentions among college students, and evaluated the role of event-related guilt and shame in intervention effects. College students (N = 429) completed a baseline survey and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Negative (write about a heavy drinking event that was negative); Positive (write about a heavy drinking event that was positive); or Neutral (write about their first day of college). After writing, readiness to change and future drinking intentions were assessed. Results revealed intervention effects on intended drinks per week and intended number of drinks during peak and typical drinking occasions. Participants in the negative condition also displayed higher levels of event-related guilt and shame. Results showed that guilt mediated intervention effects on readiness to change, which also mediated the association between guilt-reparative behavior and drinking intentions. Results provide initial support for an expressive writing intervention on alcohol use and underscore the importance of eliciting emotions associated with reparative behavior when considering negative past experiences and future behavior change.
Effective Interaction Techniques in Information-Rich Virtual Environments

The goal of the proposed research is to examine an effective way of integrating symbolic data, such as text, video, audio, two-dimensional images, and other abstract data, into a virtual environment and to investigate the different interaction techniques. The resulting information-rich virtual environments may be ultimately more useful than traditional virtual environment. To reach our proposed goal, we must understand interaction techniques at a low level and standardize the measurement of performance. Two questions that we intend to answer are: (1) how to embed information in a virtual environment and (2) how to access information within a three-dimensional virtual world. We plan to develop guidelines on the basis of experimental results. Two controlled studies, in the areas of architectural walkthrough and biomedical training virtual environment will be performed. We hypothesize that these two applications will reflect principles and design guidelines for other general applications. 1. Two problem scenarios Immersive virtual environments (VEs) have potential in many application areas, from architectural walkthrough, medical data visualization, to training and education. However, many systems exhibit usability and interaction problems as the environments become more complex. To illustrate these problems I have listed two problem scenarios. 1.1 An architectural walkthrough problem
An Evaluation of the Potential of Radical Cation Chemistry for Coal Conversion Processes

The cleavage of the radical cations of benzyl phenyl ether and 4,4‘-dimethoxybibenzyl at low temperature (82 °C) has been studied. The cation radicals are formed by one-electron oxidation using FeIII(1,10-phenanthroline)3(ClO4)3. Cleavage of benzyl phenyl ether has been achieved using a catalytic amount of Fe(III) and air to reoxidize Fe(II) to Fe(III). While the dominant chemical process is cleavage of the bond β to the aromatic rings, substantial amounts of less reactive rearranged and higher molecular weight materials are formed. These competing reactions are expected to become more important in diffusionally limited coals. We conclude that radical cation mechanisms are not good candidates for low-temperature coal conversion processes because of the propensity of the systems to undergo aromatic substitution reactions and rearrangements to less reactive structures, processes which do not lead to depolymerization.
On splice quotients of the form {zn = f(x,y)}

The splice quotients, defined by W. D. Neumann and J. Wahl, are an interesting class of normal surface singularities with rational homology sphere links. In general, it is difficult to determine whether or not a singularity is analytically isomorphic to a splice quotient, although there are certain necessary topological conditions. Let {zn = f(x, y)} define a surface Xf, n with an isolated singularity at the origin in . We show that for irreducible f, if (Xf, n, 0) satisfies the necessary topological conditions, then there exists a splice quotient of the form (Xg, n, 0), where the plane curve singularity defined by g = 0 has the same topological type as the one defined by f = 0. We also present an example of an (Xf, n, 0) that is not a splice quotient, but for which the universal abelian cover is a complete intersection of splice type together with a non-diagonal action of the discriminant group. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
The current minor perception of V-S complication.

ydrocephalus is a common neurosurgical condition and cause of severe neurological damage if left untreated H (14). Shunting of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prevents the associated secondary neurological damage. However, CSF shunting procedures have a significantly high rate of complications. For this reason, in the last few years, the revival of endoscopic third ventriculocisternostomy (TVE) has made this technique the preferred treatment option for noncommunicating hydrocephalus, especially in case of aqueductal stenosis (9, 10). Extrathecal CSF shunts, nearly always ventriculoperitoneal (V-P) shunts, remain the procedure of choice in patients with communicating hydrocephalus, namely postinfective and posttraumatic, as well as in most cases of hydrocephalus secondary to intraventricular hemorrhage, and in spinal dysraphism, in which TVE benefits only in a minority of the affected subjects (1, 13).
Public opinion surveys as guides to public policy and spending

Public opinion surveys purport to express the public's opinion. The literature on survey techniques has, however, recognized various potential limitations to the validity of survey results. While improved survey methodology may reduce statistical bias and improve validity, it cannot avoid the implicit weighting of preferences. This normative aspect of surveying has often been unrecognized or disguised as a purely technical matter. Such things as sample selection, choice of survey instrument and the method of aggregating results will each contribute to a pattern of preference weights. Several common survey techniques are examined in this light. It is proposed that no single ‘correct’ method of preference aggragation exists. Increased public recognition of, and debate on this normative aspect of surveying is recommended.
Callous and Unemotional Traits in a Juvenile Offender: A Clinical Case Study

Progress is being made in the identification of psychopathic characteristics in youth. This case study describes the clinical presentation of callous and unemotional traits in a 16-year-old juvenile offender. The developmental progression of behavioral problems is reviewed. Psychological assessment data are presented describing the expression of such traits and the behavioral management difficulties of this youth. The case is utilized as an example of how callous and unemotional traits impact peer interactions and daily functioning in a correctional environment. The need for specific therapeutic and behavioral management strategies is highlighted.
Dependance of Technology Transfer on Organizational Issues Awareness is the First Step to Understanding

The transformation and movement of technical product and/or service information between individuals, between an individual and an organization, between organizations, etc., might be considered a simple definition of technology transfer. It is often assumed that technical, scientific, and engineering functions determine the quality of technology transfer but there are many other controlling factors. The degree with which the data transferred is mission directed, needed, useful, timely, applicable, and practical for both the sender and receiver has an equally important effect on technology transfer. Individual, organizational, administrative, and management functions have a major role in determining whether these additional issues of technology transfer are met. It is imperative that both technical and support portions of an organization continually examine their effectiveness to meet changing technical objectives of the total organization, and re-structure as needed to meet those objectives to ensure the h...
Evaluating occlusal relationships, mandibular dysfunction, and temporomandibular joint pain by palpation

Abstract The strength and sequence of contraction of the muscles that elevate the mandible and the location of tender regions in the muscles involved in maxillomandibular movements provided significant clinical information regarding occlusal relations. The 12 step examination sequence is easy to perform and valuable to diagnosis of oral relations and evaluation of treatment procedures (Table I).
The Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) of net shape forged bevel gears

Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) offers American industry a method of improving forge tool quality while lowering forge part costs. These costs savings are achieved by reducing machining stock allowances and eliminating trial and error tool development. The development of forge tooling for most new parts is normally a trial and error process. This is especially true when developing tooling for net or near-net shape forged bevel gears. Even with years of experience, the tool designer relies on numerous trials to design and manufacture forge tooling. The CIM approach takes the guesswork out of the design, analysis and manufacture of forge tooling for net shape bevel gears. Computer techniques have been developed which enable the design and manufacture of forge tooling, while bypassing the trial and error stage of tool development. This paper discusses the application of CIM techniques in the design and manufacture of forge tooling for net shape bevel gears.
Integrating Conservation and Development: What We Can Learn From Caohai, China

Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) are increasingly being critiqued for having failed to meet their objectives. Designed with the goal of combining biodiversity conservation with the promotion of local economic development to create a win-win situation for both endangered species and marginalized peoples, numerous recent studies have questioned the effectiveness of the ICDP approach. This research, based on more than 200 interviews at Caohai Nature Reserve in China provides support both positive and negative assessments of ICDPs. The community development and conservation programs at Caohai, cosponsored by the Guizhou Environmental Protection Bureau, Caohai Nature Reserve, the International Crane Foundation, and the Trickle Up Program, were developed in response to violent confrontations between local people and nature reserve managers when managers attempted to enforce reserve regulations. Although the programs at Caohai have met with both failures and successes, these programs have...
A new Atlantic species of Evoplosoma with taxonomic summary and in situ observations of Atlantic deep-sea corallivorous Goniasteridae (Valvatida; Asteroidea)

A new species of corallivorous goniasterid, Evoplosoma watlingi n. sp., from Bear Seamount in the North Atlantic is described in conjunction with an overview of other species within the genus Evoplosoma. Hippasteria tasmanica McKnight, 2006 is re-classified within Evoplosoma. In situ images of Atlantic deep-sea Goniasteridae, including Evoplosoma spp., Hippasteria phrygiana and Circeaster americanus, are presented herein. Observations of several Evoplosoma species and the Atlantic C. americanus are documented for the first time, recorded by the R/V Okeanos Explorer. The feeding duration of C. americanus is also documented for the first time.
Networks, Diversity, and Productivity: The Social Capital of Corporate R&D Teams

We argue that the debate regarding the performance implications of demographic diversity can be usefully reframed in terms of the network variables that reflect distinct forms of social capital. Scholars who are pessimistic about the performance of diverse teams base their view on the hypothesis that decreased network density--the average strength of the relationship among team members--lowers a team's capacity for coordination. The optimistic view is founded on the hypothesis that teams that are characterized by high network heterogeneity, whereby relationships on the team cut across salient demographic boundaries, enjoy an enhanced learning capability. We test each of these hypotheses directly and thereby avoid the problematic assumption that they contradict one another. Our analysis of data on the social networks, organizational tenure, and productivity of 224 corporate R&D teams indicates that both network variables help account for team productivity. These findings support a recasting of the diversity-performance debate in terms of the network processes that are more proximate to outcomes of interest.
Prompt tracking of indoor airborne contaminant source location with probability-based inverse multi-zone modeling

Indoor air quality (IAQ) has a significant influence on occupants' comfort, health, productivity, and safety. Existing studies show that the primary causes of many IAQ problems are various airborne contaminants that either are generated indoors or penetrate into indoor environments with passive or active airflows. Accurate and prompt identification of contaminant sources can help determinate appropriate IAQ control solutions, such as, eliminating contaminant sources, isolating and cleaning contaminated spaces. This study develops a fast and effective inverse modeling method for identifying indoor contaminant source characteristics. The paper describes the principles of the probability-based adjoint inverse modeling method and formulates a multi-zone model based inverse prediction algorithm that can rapidly track contaminant source location with known source release time in a building with many compartments. The paper details the inverse modeling procedure with modification of an existing multi-zone airflow and contaminant transport simulation program. The application of the method has been demonstrated with two case studies: contaminant releases in a multi-compartment residential house and in a complex institutional building. The numerical experiments tested the source identification capability of the program for various contaminant sensing scenarios. The investigation verifies the effectiveness and accuracy of the developed method for indoor contaminant source tracking, which will be further explored to identify more complicated indoor contamination episodes.
DTPA Fe(III) decreases cytokines and hypotension but worsens survival with Escherichia coli sepsis in rats

Nonselective inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) with NO synthase antagonists decreases hypotension but worsens outcome clinically. We investigated whether iron (III) complex of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid [DTPA Fe(III)], a scavenger of NO as well as other oxidant mediators, has similar divergent effects in E. coli challenged rats. Animals with venous and arterial catheters and challenged with intrabronchial or intravenous E. coli were randomized to treatment with DTPA Fe(III) in doses from 3 to 800 mg/kg or placebo. Mean blood pressure (MBP) was measured in all animals and plasma NO, cytokines, and blood and lung leukocyte and bacteria counts in animals administered intrabronchial E. coli and DTPA Fe(III) 50 mg/kg or placebo. Animals received antibiotics and were observed 168 h. Independent of drug regimen or infection site, compared to placebo, DTPA Fe(III) increased MBP although this was greater with high vs. lower doses. Despite increased MBP, DTPA Fe(III) worsened the hazards ratio of survival . At 6 and 24 h DTPA Fe(III) decreased NO but not significantly and decreased four cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins 1 and 10, and macrophage inflammatory protein 3α) and lung lavage neutrophils. From 6 to 24 h DTPA Fe(III) increased blood bacteria. DTPA Fe(III) while increasing blood pressure has the potential to worsen outcome in sepsis. Further preclinical testing is required before this agent is applied clinically.
Electrochemical, fluorescence, and liquid chromatographic studies on the oxidation of soterenol

The oxidation of soterenol and subsequent reaction of the substituted o-quinoneimine in acidic media were studied by cyclic voltammetry, flow-through coulometry, liquid chromatography combined with electrochemistry and fluorescence spectroscopy. The methanesulfonamide group is readily hydrolyzed following oxidation leading to products identical to those produced from oxidation of isoproterenol.
Aqueous Transformations of Zincophosphate Microporous Materials: Influence of Framework Topology

This paper reports on the acid-promoted dissolution of microporous zincophosphate frameworks of faujasite (ZnPO-X) and sodalite (ZnPO-S) topologies. Elemental analysis of the solution as well as local pH changes around the dissolving crystallites were measured. In addition, diffraction and electron microscopy of the resulting solid that formed on the microporous zincophosphates upon dissolution was examined. It was found that hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2, was formed in both cases, though with quite distinct sizes, being of the order of ∼1 μm on ZnPO-X and ∼30 μm on ZnPO-S. The hopeite coating on ZnPO-X was dense as compared to that on ZnPO-S. The local pH change around the dissolving crystal correlated well with hopeite formation. Both elemental analysis and pH measurements indicated that the formation of hopeite was more pronounced on the ZnPO-X. Upon gentle stirring of the medium around the dissolving crystallites, the pH changes around ZnPO-X and ZnPO-S became similar, suggesting similar hopeite formation rates....
A Single-Center Experience of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Performed in a Western Setting

Background Compared with the piecemeal resection associated with endoscopic mucosal resection, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) enables en bloc resection of larger lesions, allows for more accurate histological assessments, and has reduced recurrence rates. ESD is not widely performed in Western countries given increased technical difficulty, high complication rates, and long procedure times.
Three Dimensional Volumetric Velocity Measurements in the Inner Part of a Turbulent Boundary Layer Over a Rough Wall Using Digital HPIV

Microscopic digital Holographic PIV is used to measure the 3D velocity distributions in the roughness sublayer of a turbulent boundary layer over a rough wall. The sample volume extends from the surface, including the space between the tightly packed, 0.45 mm high, pyramidal roughness elements, up to about 5 roughness heights away from the wall. To facilitate observations though a rough surface, experiments are performed in a facility containing fluid that has the same optical refractive index as the acrylic rough walls. Magnified in line holograms are recorded on a 4864×3248 pixel camera at a resolution of 0.67μm/pixel. The flow field is seeded with 2μm silver coated glass particles, which are injected upstream of the same volume. A multiple-step particle tracking procedure is used for matching the particle pairs. In recently obtained data, we have typically matched ∼5000 particle images per hologram pair. The resulting unstructured 3D vectors are projected onto a uniform grid with spacing of 60 μm in all three directions in a 3.2×1.8×1.8 mm sample volume. The paper provides sample data showing that the flow in the roughness sublayer is dominated by slightly inclined, quasi-streamwise vortices whose coherence is particularly evident close to the top of the roughness elements.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Role of sympathetic neural activation in age- and habitual exercise-related differences in the thermic effect of food.

The thermic effect of food (TEF) declines with advancing age in adult humans but is enhanced in the habitually exercising state. The responsiveness of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has been implicated in these differences in TEF. We tested the hypotheses that 1) the reduction in TEF with aging is associated with an attenuated SNS response to acute energy intake; and 2) the greater TEF observed in endurance exercise-trained adults is associated with an augmented SNS response. Four groups of healthy men were studied: 16 young and 11 older sedentary men and nine young and 10 older habitually exercising men. Metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry, ventilated hood), skeletal muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA; peroneal microneurography), and plasma norepinephrine and plasma epinephrine concentrations were measured before and for up to 4 h after ingestion of a carbohydrate drink (2.5 g/kg fat-free mass). TEF was approximately 50% greater in young compared with older men (P < 0.05) and approximately 25% greater in exercising compared with sedentary men (P < 0.05). In contrast, the MSNA, plasma norepinephrine, and plasma epinephrine responses were not different among the four groups. Covarying for MSNA did not significantly alter the observed differences in TEF. Habitual exercise status did not affect the age-associated decline in TEF. These findings demonstrate that altered postprandial whole-body and skeletal muscle SNS activation is not an important mechanism mediating either the reduction in TEF with aging or the augmented TEF associated with the exercise-trained state in healthy men. Differences in -adrenergic responsiveness to postprandial sympathoadrenal stimulation and/or nonsympathetic adrenergic influences likely explain the age- and habitual exercise-related differences in TEF. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89: 5138 –5144, 2004)
Modeling Coordination in Software Construction: An Analytical Approach

Software development projects are typically team efforts, wherein groups of specialists work toward the common goal of building a software system. The individual efforts of team members need to be coordinated to ensure product quality and effectiveness of the team. In this paper we model the process of coordination in the construction phase of incrementally developed, modular software systems. The analytical model proposed here supports macro-level decisions regarding the development team size and the coordination policy, based upon micro-level interactions between the modules in a system. The objective in this model is to minimize the effort spent on coordination activities subject to the requirement that the system must be completed within a specified period. Results from the model are used to examine coordination related trade-offs. We show that: 1 more complex systems need a higher level of coordination than simpler ones, 2 if the time available for construction reduces, it is optimal to reduce the level of coordination, and 3 marginal productive output is a diminishing function of team size. The sensitivity of the analytical model with respect to its assumptions is studied by constructing a set of simulation experiments where these assumptions are relaxed. The results of these experiments provide support in establishing the robustness of the analytical model.
Cloning of the cDNAs coding for cat growth hormone and prolactin

Abstract Characterization of the prolactin (PRL) amino acid (aa) or cDNA sequences has not been reported for any member of the Felidae family. We cloned cat growth hormone (cGH) and cat PRL (cPRL) cDNA sequences from a feline pituitary cDNA library. High homology between species allowed bovine PRL (bPRL) and bGH cDNA clones to be used to identify clones encoding the 229-aa cPRL and 216-aa cGH sequences. The cGH protein is most homologous to pig and dog GH. Similarly, cPRL shares the most aa identity to pig PRL (pPRL). Northern blot analysis revealed the mRNA size for cGH and cPRL to be approx. 1 and 1.1 kb, respectively. These results reveal that GH and PRL from the Felidae family are highly conserved to other families of GH and PRL.
A new snowfall detection algorithm over land using measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)

[1] This study introduces a new snowfall detection algorithm over land using AMSU measurements. The algorithm utilizes a combination of channels in the microwave window, water vapor and oxygen absorption regions. The new algorithm is combined with the current NOAA operational AMSU rain rate product for falling snow and rain areal extent retrievals over the U.S. These retrievals are compared with NEXRAD radar precipitation and local meteorological observations. Preliminary results demonstrate that the algorithm is robust in capturing winter precipitation with minimum classification errors.
Cross-reactive tumor antigens in the skin of mice exposed to subcarcinogenic doses of ultraviolet radiation.

This study suggests that cross-reactive tumor-associated antigens (TAA) are induced in the epidermis mice exposed to subcarcinogenic doses of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Foot-pad immunization of C3H mice with viable epidermal cells from syngeneic UVR-exposed mice induced cytotoxic cells in the draining lymph nodes (DLN). These cells were capable of lysing a battery of UVR-induced tumor targets in a short-term chromium release assay. In contrast, the DLN cells of mice immunized with epidermal cells from normal non-UVR-exposed mice did not mature into effector cells with antitumor activity. The spectrum of tumor recognition of cytotoxic cells induced by immunization with UVR-exposed epidermal cells was identical to that of cytotoxic T cells obtained from animals that were foot-pad immunized with UVR-induced tumor cells. Both cytotoxic cell populations were shown to lyse tumors of diverse origin, including syngeneic UVR- and methylcholanthrene-induced tumors, as well as allogeneic UVR-induced tumors. These cells displayed minimal lytic activity against YAC-1 lymphoma cells, peritoneal exudate cells, and concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes. The results from this study demonstrate that antigens are expressed on UVR-exposed mouse epidermal cells prior to the emergence of skin tumors, and these antigens can induce cytotoxic cells with specificity for TAA. We conclude that the early antigenic changes observed in UVR-exposed epidermis and their effect on the host's immune system may influence the emergence and progression of UVR-induced skin cancers.
Monoclonal antibody form and function: Manufacturing the right antibodies for treating drug abuse

Drug abuse continues to be a major national and worldwide problem, and effective treatment strategies are badly needed. Antibodies are promising therapies for the treatment of medical problems caused by drug abuse, with several candidates in preclinical and early clinical trials. Monoclonal antibodies can be designed that have customized affinity and specificity against drugs of abuse, and because antibodies can be designed in various forms, in vivo pharmacokinetic characteristics can be tailored to suit specific clinical applications (eg, long-acting for relapse prevention, or short-acting for overdose). Passive immunization with antibodies against drugs of abuse has several advantages over active immunization, but because large doses of monoclonal antibodies may be needed for each patient, efficient antibody production technology is essential. In this minireview we discuss some of the antibody forms that may be effective clinical treatments for drug abuse, as well as several current and emerging production systems that could bridge the gap from discovery to patient use.
Early compaction on day 3 may be associated with increased implantation potential.

Objective To determine whether day 3 embryos exhibiting early compaction have an improved implantation potential compared to embryos without compaction. Design A retrospective cohort study. Setting Hospital-based academic medical center. Patient(s) Women 8 cells. Intervention(s) Standard IVF protocol. Main Outcome Measure(s) Compaction grading and implantation rates of 1,047 embryos as related to fragmentation of ≥ 8-cell embryos in patients with either 0% or 100% implantation. Result(s) Compaction grading was strongly associated with implantation potential; however, the direction of this effect depended on the degree of fragmentation. In embryos with Conclusion(s) Assessing the degree of compaction can be a valuable addition to traditional morphologic assessment in identifying optimal embryos for transfer on day 3.
Construction of probe interval models

An interval graph for a set of intervals on a line consists of one vertex for each interval, and an edge for each pair of intersecting intervals. A probe interval graph is obtained from an interval graph by designating a subset P of vertices as probes, and removing the edges between pairs of vertices in the remaining set N of non-probes. We examine the problem of finding and representing possible layouts of the intervals, given a probe interval graph. We obtain an O(n + m log n) bound, where n is the number of vertices and m is the number of edges. The problem is motivated by an application to molecular biology.
The Dynamics of Welfare Stigma

Drawing on the symbolic interactionist tradition, this paper focuses on the construction and management of welfare stigma in female welfare recipients' daily lives. In-depth interviews with ten women on welfare are analyzed, particularly in terms of how respondents manage their use of food stamps as stigma symbols. The complex and often contradictory pictures the women in this study painted of their feelings of stigma do not support the assumption, which underlies most research on welfare stigma, that welfare stigma is a coherent and relatively constant entity. The results of this study suggest instead that welfare stigma may vary depending on the social audience, situation, and recipient's life history. This analysis suggests that a symbolic interactionist approach to studying welfare stigma illuminates complex and dynamic aspects of welfare stigma that are obscured in other approaches and that future research on welfare stigma would benefit from drawing on the symbolic interactionist tradition.
Territory, Scale, and Why Capitalism Matters

A number of recent contributions have been critical of those theorizations of scale and territory that emerged in the last two decades. They have argued, variably, that a de-centered world of flows and networks, whether a recent phenomenon or something that is in the nature of space relations, trumps the assumptions of verticality, centricity and fixity that are, in their view, central to those theorizations. They define their view of space as relational in contrast to what they believe to be the non-relational view embedded in concepts of scale and territory. These critiques have been met, in turn, by a number of ripostes which argue, essentially, that there is no contradiction between relational views of space and the concepts of scale and territory. In both the critiques and the rebuttals, though, there is a curious refusal to seriously engage with concrete social relations; relations that make scale and territory and pace the rebuttals, necessary features of spatial organization rather than contingent...
A cephalometric investigation of the sagittal growth of the second-trimester fetal face.

It has often been reported that facial proportions remain constant throughout the fetal period. Such conclusions, however, have been based largely on the erroneous assumption that two dimensions are growing isometrically if one bears a statistically significant linear relation to the the other. In order to test the hypothesis that proportion is independent of time, sagittal histologic sections from 32 human fetuses (12–25 weeks) were analyzed cephalometrically. The linear regression on head length (HL) and the associated coefficient of correlation were calculated for each of a variety of craniofacial measures. In addition, all linear dimensions were transformed so that the size of the anterior cranial base was held constant throughout the series. It was assumed that if shape be constant, all Y-intercepts should be zero, and angular and transformed linear dimensions should show no statistically significant linear correlation with HL. These three criteria were met uniformly by facial and anterior cranial base dimensions, but not by measurements which involved the posterior cranial base. It is concluded, therefore, that in the sagittal plane the second trimester mandible, midface, and anterior cranial base grow isometrically, while the posterior cranial base becomes relatively smaller.
Estimation of sulfur in biological materials by atomic absorption spectrometry.

Abstract Atomic absorption spectrometry has been applied to the estimation of barium and thus indirectly of sulfate in the low concentration in which this may be found in biological materials. Preliminary oxidation procedures for conversion of organic sulfur to the inorganic form included Benedict's method and the Schoniger oxygen flask technique. Standard determinations and recovery experiments demonstrated the precision of the analyses. The method is simple and rapid and therefore it has been concluded that it could be applied to both medical and biological research where multiple sulfur estimations are indicated.
Creation of a voxel phantom of the ICRP reference crab.

Abstract The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has modeled twelve reference animal and plant (RAP) species using simple geometric shapes in Monte–Carlo (MCNP) based simulations. The focus has now shifted to creating voxel phantoms of each RAP in order to estimate doses to biota with a higher degree of confidence. This paper describes the creation of a voxel model of a Dungeness crab from CT images with shell, gills, gonads, hepatopancreas, and heart identified and segmented. Absorbed fractions were tabulated for each organ as a source and target at twelve photon and nine electron energies: 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.0 MeV for photons and 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0 MeV for electrons. AFs whose error exceeded 5% are marked with an underline in the data tables; AFs whose error was higher than 10% were excluded, and are shown in the tabulated data as a dashed line. A representative sample of the data is shown in Figs. 3–8 ; the entire data set is available as an electronic appendix. The results are consistent with previous small organism studies ( Kinase, 2008 ; Stabin et al., 2006 ), and suggest that AF values are highly dependent on source organ location and mass.
Theoretical and Experimental Approaches to Address Possible Thresholds of Response in Carcinogenicity

The determination and utilization of the actual low dose-response relationship for chemical carcinogens has long interested toxicologists, experimental pathologists, modelers and risk assessors. To date, no unequivocal examples of carcinogenic thresholds in humans are known. However, at least 5 examples of thresholds of preneoplastic foci or tumors have been observed in animals. The two largest dose-response studies utilized 20,880 mice (2-acetylaminofluorene) and 7,200 rainbow trout fry (aflatoxins). In both of these studies linear relationships were observed for DNA adducts and for liver tumors. A threshold relationship was observed for 2-acetylaminofluorene induced mouse urinary bladder cancer. Other comprehensive dose-response studies have examined the chemicals 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]-quinoxaline, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenolimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and diethylnitrosamine. Taken collectively, the DNA adduct data for these 6 well studied chemicals are fairly linear. The foci and tumor data show either supralinear, linear or threshold curves, making it difficult to generalize. All the 6 studied chemicals cause multiple biological effects including genotoxicity, cytotoxicity and cell proliferation in complex dose and time dependent patterns that are not fully understood. We do know that there are multiple possible biological defenses (at least 7 pharmacokinetic and 7 pharmacodynamic) against the development of cancer. Currently, we have limited scientific and regulatory understanding of chemicals that act simultaneously or sequentially via both linear and nonlinear carcinogenic pathways (genotoxic and nongenotoxic). If an 100% experimental approach is used to elucidate the dose-response of chemicals of dual carcinogenic dose-response properties (linear and non linear), this would require studying 2 or more such chemicals in a large scale coordinated fashion employing at least 1,000 animals, 5 different treatment groups, 7 different study parameters and 8 different scientific disciplines.
Postpartum ovarian activity in multiparous Holstein cows treated with bovine somatotropin and fed n-3 fatty acids in early lactation

Abstract Multiparous cows (n = 59) were blocked by expected calving date and previous 305-d mature-equivalent milk yield and assigned randomly to a 2 × 2 factorial design to determine the effects of bovine somatotropin (bST; Posilac, Monsanto Animal Agricultural Group, St. Louis, MO) and dietary fat on ovarian activity during the first 90 d in milk (DIM). Diets that included whole, high-oil sunflower seeds [SS; 10% of dietary dry matter; rich in linoleic acid (18:2)] or a mixture of Alifet-High Energy and Alifet-Repro [AF; Alifet USA, Cincinnati, OH; 3.5 and 1.5% of dietary dry matter, respectively; protected source of linolenic (18:3), eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic fatty acids] were provided from calving. Diets were isocaloric at equal intakes, but AF provided more net energy for lactation at actual intakes (1.54 vs. 1.66 Mcal/kg of dry matter). Cows received 0 or 500 mg of bST (N, Y) every 10 d from 12 to 70 DIM and at 14-d intervals from 70 to 280 DIM. Breeding was initiated after 90 DIM. Follicular dynamics, luteal growth and development (15 to 90 DIM), and plasma progesterone concentrations (1 to 90 DIM) were evaluated (3 times per week). Days to first ovulation (33.6 ± 1.4) and incidence of anovulation at 45 or 70 DIM did not differ among treatments. Interovulatory intervals were similar among treatments (22.1 ± 0.9 d). Incidence of estrous cycles with 2 follicular waves was greater for SSY (71.0%) and AFN (80.0%) than for other groups, but more 3-wave cycles occurred with AFY (83.3%). Growth rate of the ovulatory follicle was greater for AF than SS (1.9 vs. 2.2 ± 0.11 mm/d) and diameter of ovulatory follicles was larger for AFN than the other treatments (17.9 vs. 15.7 ± 0.7 mm). Area under the progesterone curve was reduced for SSY (63.2, 48.1, 55.5, and 61.4 ± 5.1 ng·d/mL for SSN, SSY, AFN, and AFY, respectively). The number of class 1 (3 to 5 mm) follicles was decreased and the number of class 2 (6 to 9 mm) follicles was increased by bST. The number of class 2 follicles was reduced by AF. Initiation of bST administration at 12 DIM and dietary n-3 fatty acids altered ovarian activity during the first 90 DIM and could benefit reproductive performance. Dietary n-3 fatty acids interacted with bST administration in early lactation to increase the incidence of estrous cycles with 3 follicular waves. Although these changes could benefit reproductive performance, evaluation with a larger number of cows is needed to determine if these alterations improve fertility.
The ICARE Method

The ICARE method is a flexible, widely applicable method for systems engineers to solve problems and resolve issues in a complete and comprehensive manner. The method can be tailored by diverse users for direct application to their function (e.g. system integrators, design engineers, technical discipline leads, analysts, etc.). The clever acronym, ICARE, instills the attitude of accountability, safety, technical rigor and engagement in the problem resolution: Identify, Communicate, Assess, Report, Execute (ICARE). This method was developed through observation of Space Shuttle Propulsion Systems Engineering and Integration (PSEI all things required to produce system-level results, qualities, properties, characteristics, functions, behavior and performance. The ICARE method can be used to improve all elements of a system and, consequently, the system-level functional, physical and operational performance. Even though ICARE was specifically designed for a systems engineer, any person whose job is to examine another person, product, or process can use the ICARE method to improve effectiveness, implementation, usefulness, value, capability, efficiency, integration, design, and/or marketability. This paper provides the details of the ICARE method, emphasizing the method s application to systems engineering. In addition, a sample of other, non-systems engineering applications are briefly discussed to demonstrate how ICARE can be tailored to a variety of diverse jobs (from project management to parenting).
Retinoic-acid-induced modulation of c-myc not dependent on its continued presence: Possible role in pre-commitment for HL-60 cells

Induced differentiation of HL-60 human promyelocytic cells along the myeloid or monocytic lineages has been previously shown to involve an intermediate regulatory state, the pre-commitment state. Pre-commitment cells have completed the early events in the processes leading ultimately to terminal differentiation and require only an abbreviated subsequent exposure to inducer for onset of terminal differentiation. The pre-commitment state has 2 properties relevant to the present communication: (1) when induced by retinoic acid (RA), it has a characteristic duration following removal of the RA; and (2) it can also be induced by a pulse exposure to hydroxyurea. In the present studies, it was observed that after exposure of HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells to RA for 24 hr (ca. one division cycle) their levels of c-myc RNA were elevated. The c-myc RNA level then remained elevated for several subsequent division cycles despite the removal of retinoic acid. Thus, retinoic acid induced a change in HL-60 c-myc RNA levels which was sustained regardless of the continued presence or absence of RA. The elevation, decreasing to control levels 3 division cycles after termination of the pulse exposure, paralleled the known duration of the pre-commitment memory state. Furthermore, a pulse exposure of HL-60 cells to a subcytotoxic dose of hydroxyurea, which is also known to induce a pre-commitment state, also induced an elevation of c-myc RNA levels. The observed changes in c-myc levels were not common to all oncogenes. C-fos responded differently to the retinoic acid treatment. Furthermore, although hydroxyurea affected c-myc levels, it did not alter c-fos levels. Most significantly, the present results suggest a cellular function for the c-myc gene product, which is derivation of the pre-commitment state.
A Cyclopropenylidene Approach to Tricarbide Complexes: Synthesis and Structure of [M(CO)5{μ2-C3(OCH2CH3)}Fe(CO)2(Cp)] (M = Cr, Mo, W)

The diethoxycyclopropenylidene complexes [M(CO)5{C3(OCH2CH3)2}] (M = Cr, Mo, W) react with K[Fe(CO)2(Cp)] to give the bimetallic cyclopropenylidene complexes [M(CO)5{μ2-C3(OCH2CH3)}Fe(CO)2(Cp)], bu...
Cervical Cancer: Successes and Failures

The decline in deaths from cervical cancer in the US, as well as the improved survival of women with advanced disease have resulted, according to Dr. Rubin, from widespread application of routine screening with the Pap test, the emergence of gynecologic oncology as a distinct medical subspecialty, and the completion of important clinical trials.
Biotransformation of 1-dehydrotestosterone in the equine male castrate: identification of the neutral unconjugated and glucuronic acid conjugated metabolites in horse urine.

The in vivo biotransformation of (1,2(n)-3H)1-dehydrotestosterone was studied in three equine male castrates and a number of neutral metabolites were identified in the urinary unconjugated and glucuronic acid conjugate fractions by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The metabolites were extracted from aliquots of the 0–24 h urine samples by Amberlite XAD-2 and separated into combined unconjugated plus glucuronic acid conjugated and sulphoconjugated fractions by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. After enzymatic hydrolysis of the glucuronides, the crude neutral unconjugated steroids plus the aglycones were partially purified by Kieselgel H chromatography and identified as their methyloxime trimethylsilyl derivatives. In the unconjugated fraction, the major metabolites were isomers of androsta-1,4-diene-6,16,17-triol-3-one. In the aglycone fraction a small amount of the parent steroid was present but the major metabolite was the 17α isomer androsta-1,4-dien-17α-ol-3-one. Other metabolites containing the 1,4-dien-3-one group were isomers of androsta-1,4-diene-16,17-diol-3-one and androsta-1,4-diene-6,16-diol-3-one. Reduction of the 4-ene functionality leading to the formation of 5-androst-1-en-16-ol-3,17-dione, 5-androst-1-ene-16,17-diol-3-one and of the 1-ene functionality leading to the formation of 5-androst-1-en-16-ol-3,17-dione, 5-androst-1-ene-16,17-diol-3-one and of the 1-ene functionality leading to the formation of testosterone and its further reduction leading to the formation of C19O2 and C19O3 androstane metabolites was observed. Some interesting features on the electron impact fragmentations of the methyloxime trimethlysilyl derivatives of steroids containing a 1,4-dien-3-one group were also observed.
Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine, 1885–1935

Preface Part I. The Medical Officer of Health and the Local Sanitary Authority: 1. The new M. O. H. and his town 2. Fact, theory, and the epidemic milieu 3. The urban environment and the M. O. H.'s authority 4. The municipal hospital and the isolation of acute infectious diseases 5. The epidemiology of infected food and the limits of sanitary jurisdiction 6. Tuberculosis: public policy and epidemiology Part II. Newsholme at the Local Government Board: 7. Poverty, fitness, and the poor law 8. The Local Government Board and the nation's health policy 9. Launching a national tuberculosis program 10. The Great War and the public health enterprise 11. Infant and maternal mortality, interdepartmental conflict, and Newsholme supplanted Part III. The Old World and the New: Newsholme as Elder Statesman: 12. Newsholme's transatlantic retirement 13. Assessments of a career.
Phospholipid transfer protein maps to distal mouse chromosome 2

This report describes the localization of phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) gene to mouse chromosome 2 using the method of linkage analysis of restriction fragment length variants. The human PLTP gene has been localized to human chromosome 20q12-q13.1 by somatic cell hybridization. 14 refs., 1 fig.
Telephone Techniques for Secretarial Students

(1977). Telephone Techniques for Secretarial Students. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 52, No. 8, pp. 358-360.
Third party roles played by Turkish managers in subordinates' conflicts

This study investigated the third party roles of Turkish managers and how these roles were related to the conflict management styles used by their subordinates. Questionnaire data were collected from 295 Turkish managers in seven firms. Mediation and facilitation were found to be the third party roles reported more frequently than autocratic intervention and laissez-faire. Subordinates reported increased use of collaboration and compromise toward the other party when their managers, in a third party role, were seen as using more mediation and facilitation. Competitive behavior increased when the third party was seen as autocratic. The paper discussed the relationship of these findings to cultural characteristics such as uncertainty avoidance and collectivism.