cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Creation of Database about PFGE Typing of Salmonella in Nantong

Objective:To create database about PFGE typing of salmonellas in Nantong, and investigate homology studies in strains, so that we can provide tech-support to prevent spreading and find salmonella sources rapidly. Methods:Restriction endonuclease XbaI was used in chipping DNA extracted from five kinds of 52 salmonellas in Nantong, which then was typed in the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis apparatus, and then the similarity was calculated between the experimental strains with the PFGE molecular standards of salmonella H9812 and BioNumerics (Version 4.0) analysis software. Results:52 salmonellas were divided into four PFGE types, named type NTSpp1~4 separately. All S.essen、S.agona、S.dublin only have one type, while S.derby has four types. Sources of strains (people and food) have nothing to do with typing. The similarities between NTSpp1 and NTSpp2, NTSpp3 and NTSpp4 are 66%, 74% respectively, while similarity between clusters from NTSpp1 and NTSpp2, NTSpp3 and NTSpp4 are 63%. Conclusion: Major salmonellas in Nantong have more PFGE types, showing diversity.
Survey on AIDS-related Knowledge,Attitude and Behavior Among Entertainment Sex Workers,Dafeng City

Objective To understand the status of AIDS related knowledge and behavior among entertainment sex workers in Dafeng city,evaluate control effect,provide scientific basis for prevention and treatment measures,so as to improve the relevance of high-risk behavior intervention. Methods Some entertainment places were selected to conduct a survey on the AIDS related knowledge and behavior among 260 sex workers in the city by anonymous questionnaire investigation method during May-June in 2013,at the same time,blood samples were collected to detect HIV infection status. Results Of 260 people surveyed,the core problem of AIDS knowledge awareness rate was 73.85%(192/260);the awareness rate of AIDS core problem knowledge for intervention group and that without intervention group was 86.32% and43.51%,with significant differences(P 0.01).Considering that proper use of condoms can reduce the risk of HIV infection accounted for 87.31%(227/260);the rate of condom use in commercial sex every time was 91.54%(238/260)and85.38%(222/260)in recent time and last month;AIDS knowledge sources of respondents were mainly from television,Internet,newspapers and magazines were 88.46%(230/260),76.54%(199/260)and 53.46%(139/260). ConclusionThe overall awareness of AIDS related knowledge is not high among entertainment sex workers in Dafeng city,there are still high-risk behaviors,appropriate measures should be taken to further strengthen the knowledge of AIDS related health education and behavioral intervention to prevent the spread and prevalence of HIV/AIDS.
Small renal adenocarcinoma with metastases.

Abstract A case of a 9 mm. renal adenocarcinoma with widespread metastases, including multiple osteoblastic metastases, is presented. An extensive clinical investigation to identify a primary lesion in this patient was negative, including prostatic biopsy, serum electrophoresis, bone marrow biopsy, excretory urography, renal arteriography and abdominal computerized axial tomography scan. Examination at autopsy documented a small adenocarcinoma of the right kidney with local capsular invasion and metastases to the lungs, para-aortic lymph nodes and vertebrae. The differential pathologic and clinical features separating renal adenoma from adenocarcinoma are discussed.
Surgical treatment in myasthenia gravis. A 27 year experience.

Fifty-seven patients with myasthenia gravis have had thymectomies over a 27 year period. Of the 50 patients surviving operation, 42 have shown definite improvement, with 18 having complete remissions to this time. Thirty-four out of 37 patients without thymomas have shown sustained improvement since operation. Almost all of the patients with improvement had follicular hyperplasia of the thymus gland. At least 85 per cent of properly selected patients with myasthenia gravis should obtain improvement following thymectomy, with minimal operative morbidity and mortality.
Facilitating cortical aspiration after insertion of a capsular tension ring

We describe a simple, effective technique to prevent the cortical entrapment that can occur after a capsular tension ring (CTR) is implanted during phacoemulsification. Before the epinucleus has been removed, the blunt tip of an ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) cannula is burrowed centrally in the cortical/epinuclear plate and OVD is injected as the cannula is advanced. The cannula is turned superiorly and dissection continued to the lens equator. The cleavage plane is extended for approximately 2 clock hours in the direction of the intended CTR insertion. The CTR is then inserted below the cortical/epinuclear plate. Financial Disclosure None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Synthesis and Properties of Dithiocarbamate-Linked Acenes

A small set of unsymmetrically substituted acene derivatives containing either aniline or dithiocarbamate moieties was synthesized. A stepwise, one-pot procedure was used to transform appropriate acenequinones to aniline-linked acenes in one step with moderate yields. A heretofore-unreported carbon disulfide activation process involving the formation of a trialkylammonium dithiocarbamate intermediate was found to be essential to convert these acene anilines to acene dithiocarbamates. The effects of the aniline and dithiocarbamate moieties on the photophysical properties of selected acene chromophores were assessed by UV/vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies.
In Situ Measurements of the Activation Energy for D.C. Conduction in Polar Ice

Electrical resistivity measurements were carried out at station J9 on the Ross Ice Shelf where temperature measurements were available to a depth exceeding three-quarters of the thickness of the shelf. As in a previously published study at a point about 30 km up-steam (Bentley, 1977), the apparent resistivities fit well to a model based upon a steady-state ice shelf with zero bottom balance-rate and an apparent activation energy in the solid ice of 0.15 to 0.25 eV (14–24. kJ mol−1), with preference for the lower end of the range. This model also fits the observed temperature data almost perfectly. Causes of resistivity variation with depth other than the temperature, such as impurity content, metamorphic history, grain size and crystal orientation, probably do not strongly affect the resistivity depth function. Our conclusion is that the true activation energy in the solid ice is less than 0.25 eV (24 kJ mol−1) and perhaps as small as 0.15 eV (14 kJ mol−1), although a reduction by a factor of two or three in the ionic impurity concentration between 50 and 250 m depth cannot be entirely ruled out as a cause of the low apparent temperature effect. A note added in proof indicates that Herron and Langway (in press) have, in fact, reported a decrease in Na+ concentration with increasing depth by a factor of two or three.
Afro-Caribbean Immigrant Faculty Experiences in the American Academy: Voices of an Invisible Black Population

Afro-Caribbean immigrants have been an integral part of the history and shaping of the United States since the early 1900s. This current study explores the experiences of five Afro-Caribbean faculty members at traditionally White institutions of higher education. Despite the historical presence and influence of Afro-Caribbean communities and the efforts within education systems to address the needs of Afro-Caribbean constituents, Afro-Caribbean faculty members continue to be rendered indiscernible in higher education and to be frequently and erroneously perceived as African–Americans. The study examines the lived experiences of these individuals in the hegemonic White spaces they occupy at their institutions with both White and Black populations. Through their narratives, issues of stereotyping, microaggression, and isolation are addressed. The participants also offer solutions to address these issues by university administrators, department heads, faculty development professionals, diversity officers, policy makers, and other stakeholders. The voices in this study shed light on an overlooked, misunderstood, and under-researched population within our faculty ranks in the American Academy.
"Cationic" Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling with Acutely Base-Sensitive Boronic Acids.

Fast, base-promoted protodeboronation of polyfluoroaryl and heteroaryl boronic acids complicates their use in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling (SMC) because a base is generally required for catalysis. We report a “cationic” SMC method using a PAd3-Pd catalyst that proceeds at rt in the absence of a base or metal mediator. A wide range of sensitive boronic acids, particularly polyfluoroaryl substrates that are poorly compatible with classic SMC conditions, undergo clean coupling. Stoichiometric experiments implicate the intermediacy of organopalladium cations, which supports a long-postulated cationic pathway for transmetalation in SMC.
Development of a quality assurance tool for additive manufacturing

Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM), more commonly referred to as 3D printing, have made the technology promising for manufacturers. However, AM has not been widely adopted because of post-production quality problems, which often stem from preventable build-time errors that go undetected. To prevent these problems, engineers must use knowledge gained from previous production iterations to improve future designs. By following each part through design, production, and post-production deployment, manufacturers can create a digital thread to promote a feedback loop for faster decision-making. The Commonwealth Center for Advanced Manufacturing (CCAM) is working to combat relatively high failure rates and unexpected defects often seen in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) prints. Current analyses on build-time sensor data are performed on an ad hoc basis, and researchers recognize that this process is slow, costly, and redundant. Researchers need a tool that streamlines and consolidates analysis techniques to promote efficient and effective quality assurance insights. The result of this research is a suite of reference tools to aid parsing, visualization, and analysis of build-time sensor data in an understandable and easily exchangeable file format. The suite is based in Jupyter Notebooks, a markup format that displays Python source code, output, and documentation in a cohesive fashion. The product's interface focuses on data produced by sensors on the EOS M 290 L-PBF printer; however, the functionality is modular and extensible to other applications. The finished product will be utilized by members of CCAM's consortium for other machines and sensor types, and is adaptable to a wide variety of analyses to make the digital thread possible.
Scheduling, Performing, and Reporting Computed Tomographic Colonography

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a practical guide for setting up a computed tomographic colonography (CTC) practice commencing with processing the initial request by a potential patient or clinician, selecting the patient cathartic and tagging agent (these issues are detailed in Chap. 6, “Patient Preparation and Tagging”), training technologists in performing the actual CTC exam (scanning and insufflation), training radiologists in interpreting the exam, and concluding with guidelines for communicating the results.
Characterization of adrenal activity in I-123 MIBG SPECT for pediatric neuroblastoma

1396 Objectives Although the overall specificity I-123 MIBG scintigraphy in detecting neuroblastoma is very high, it is not uncommon to recognize mild to moderate activity involving the adrenal gland in I-123 MIBG scan in the absence of definite anatomical abnormality. Up to this date, there has been no literature to explain this finding. The purpose of our study is to characterize this adrenal activity in correlation with anatomical imaging modality and clinical follow up. Methods Total of 30 patients (mean age 9, range 1-16) and total of 157 pediatric I-123 MIBG studies including planar and SPECT images from 2002 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed (IRB approved). Each study was evaluated for the presence of adrenal MIBG avidity, location and the intensity. The intensity was graded as 0 (less than normal liver activity), 1 (equal to liver) and 2 (more than liver). The scintigraphic findings were correlated with diagnostic CT or MRI performed within 3 month from the point of I-123 MIBG study for the presence of any anatomical abnormality and with clinical follow up for average of 18 months for the progression/development of disease. Results Total of 19/30 (63%) patients and 69/157 (44%) studies were found to have positive adrenal activity. Out of 69 positive studies, only 3 studies (4% ) had corresponding anatomical adrenal masses and/or confirmed disease in follow up with average intensity grade of 0.8 and the rest (96 %) without definite anatomical findings in CT or MRI and/or the unremarkable follow up had average intensity grade of 1.3. 27 out of 69 studies (39 %) with positive findings had unilateral with more frequent on the left side (16/27, 59%) and 42/69 (61 %) had bilateral adrenal activity All 3 studies with abnormal anatomical finding had bilateral activity. Conclusions Most of the adrenal activity in I-123 MIBG study is found to be benign. The intensity or the unilaterality or bilaterality of adrenal activity is unlikely to be reliable parameters to be used to distinguish benign finding from malignant lesion
A hybrid droplet vaporization-chemical surrogate approach for emulating vaporization, physical properties, and chemical combustion behavior of multicomponent fuels

Abstract The complex nature of multicomponent aviation fuels presents a daunting task for accurately simulating combustion behavior without incurring impractical computational costs. To reduce computation time, chemical fuel surrogates comprised of only a few species are used to emulate the combustion of complex pre-vaporized fuels. These surrogates are often unable to match the vaporization behavior and physical properties of the real fuel and fail to capture the effect of preferential vaporization on combustion behavior. Therefore, a computationally efficient, hybrid droplet vaporization-chemical surrogate approach has been developed which emulates both the physical and chemical properties of a multicomponent kerosene fuel. The droplet vaporization/physical portion of the hybrid uses the Coupled Algebraic–Direct Quadrature Method of Moments with delumping to accurately solve for the evolution of every discrete species in a vaporizing fuel droplet with the computational efficiency of a continuous thermodynamic model. The chemical surrogate portion of the hybrid is linked to the vaporization model using a functional group matching method, which creates an instantaneous surrogate composition to match the distribution of chemical functional groups (CH2, (CH2)n, CH3 and Benzyl-type) in the vaporization flux of the full fuel. The result is a hybrid method which can accurately and efficiently predict time-dependent, distillation-resolved combustion property targets of the vaporizing fuel and can be used to investigate the effects of preferential vaporization on combustion behavior.
Considerations in Counseling Veterinarians: Addressing Suffering in Those Who Care for Animals

Abstract Veterinarians have been identified as a high-risk population for various mental health and well-being concerns. Veterinary medicine is driven by human-animal relationships often credited with significant benefits to human health. However, the intensity of these relationships can lead to suffering in veterinarians. Unique cultural characteristics of the veterinary profession, limitations in veterinary training programs, and demands of the veterinary workplace also contribute to poor psychosocial functioning of veterinarians. Mental health professionals may be increasingly called upon to support veterinarians, yet they may not be aware of the challenges facing this population. Opportunities exist in multiple areas of social work and other mental health professions to develop interprofessional initiatives, and support veterinarians with workplace wellness, interpersonal relationships, conflict management, compassion fatigue, moral stress, mental health, grief, bereavement, and substance-use disorders.
Management of refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis: potential role of Janus kinase inhibition with tofacitinib

Objectives Some patients with cutaneous DM demonstrate incomplete responses to conventional therapy while some, including those with extra-cutaneous manifestations, experience disease recurrences. Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway inhibition has been reported to mitigate IFN signalling, which is thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis in DM. Four cases of refractory DM responsive to tofacitinib have been reported in the literature. Our case series investigated the use of tofacitinib in refractory cutaneous DM. Methods Our case series includes four subjects with refractory DM who received tofaticinib after failure of several immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory agents. Results All four subjects responded well to tofacitinib with significant improvement in cutaneous and extra-cutaneous manifestations. Conclusion Tofacitinib can improve cutaneous and inflammatory articular manifestations in refractory DM.
Technological Benchmark of Analog Synaptic Devices for Neuroinspired Architectures

Editor’s note: In this article, the authors present a circuit-level macro model (“NeuroSim” simulator) to estimate circuit-level performance of neuroinspired architectures to facilitate design space exploration. The model is used to analyze the impact of analog synapse device characteristics on the performance of a two-layer multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural network and identify critical device properties (on/off ratio and asymmetry, in this case) to guide technology development.—An Chen, Semiconductor Research Corporation
Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage and Aging

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generate many types of damage in cellular genomes, including base lesions, base loss, and nonligatable DNA strand breaks. These lesions are repaired predominantly via the base excision repair (BER) pathway, which is initiated by the removal of damaged bases from DNA by specific DNA glycosylases. There is strong evidence for the presence of two BER pathways, named BER I and BER II, in mammalian cells. AP-endonuclease (APE) functions as an endonuclease in BER I, which is utilized when abasic (AP) sites are generated by simple DNA glycosylases. APE functions as a DNA 3’ phosphoesterase/exonuclease in the BER II pathway which is used when 3’ blocked ends are generated in DNA either by ROS or during removal of oxidized base lesions by complex DNA glycosylase/AP lyases. In addition to its central role in the BER pathways, the major human APE (hAPE-1) possesses other unrelated activities as an activator of several transcription factors, and as a Ca2+-dependent repressor of several genes including its own. APE-1 is activated transiently in human and rodent cells by a variety of sublethal levels of ROS, but not by other genotoxic agents. Similar activation was observed in the livers of mice treated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide, an ROS inducer. This effect was less pronounced in the aged (24 mo-old) than in the young (4 mo-old) animais. These results indicate complex regulation of the APE level during age-dependent stress response of mammalian cells.
Synthesis and characterization of the wide band-gap compound Pr2Te4O11

Abstract Single crystals of Pr 2 Te 4 O 11 have been grown through the reaction of Pr 6 O 11 and TeO 2 in a CsCl flux at 1123 K. This compound, which is isostructural with Nd 2 Te 4 O 11 and Ho 2 Te 4 O 11 , crystallizes in space group C 2/ c of the monoclinic system with four formula units in a cell of dimensions at 153 K of a =12.6880(6) A, b =5.2361(3) A, c =16.2920(8) A, β =106.052(1)°, and V =1040.17(9) A 3 . The three dimensional structure is made from the interconnection between ∞ 2 [Pr 2 O 10 14− ] and ∞ 2 [Te 4 O 11 6− ] networks. Pr 2 Te 4 O 11 is a Curie–Weiss paramagnetic with an effective magnetic moment of 3.59(2) μ B . Optical diffuse reflectance spectroscopy shows typical 4f–4f optical transitions for Pr(III), in addition to a wide band gap of 3.65 eV.
Economic Development Incentives: What Can We Learn From Policy Regime Changes?:

The authors investigate state-level economic incentive policies in the United States using the Panel Database on Incentives and Taxes for economic development (PDIT). Although interest in evaluatin...
Health in Need of Healing: Church History as a Road Map for Future Evangelization in Medicine:

Western medicine developed as an expression of Christian charity and played a large role in the growth of the early church. Despite its original foundation in Christian moral principles, modern med...
Ultrasound Guided Brachial Plexus Block

The brachial plexus innervates nearly the entire upper extremity, with minor supplements from the cervical plexus to the shoulder and thoracic nerves T2 to the medial side of the arm.
Self-Reported Interoceptive Sensibility Does Not Moderate the Relationship Between Eating Disorder Symptoms and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors

Abstract Past research has demonstrated a strong relationship between eating disorders (EDs) and suicidality (i.e., suicidal thoughts, plans, and attempts), and preliminary work within the framework of the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide (Joiner, 2007) suggests that potentially painful ED behaviors (binge eating, purging, fasting, excessive exercise) may contribute to increased risk of suicide through heightened pain tolerance and increased capability of suicide. However, additional explanations are needed for why only some individuals with EDs actually engage in suicidal behaviors (i.e., attempt suicide), whereas others do not. A growing body of literature suggests that interoceptive deficits (a disconnection from one’s own bodily sensations and emotions; IDs) might be a factor linking eating disorders and suicide. To better understand this relationship, the current study tests the moderating effects of self-reported IDs on the relations between ED behaviors and suicidality and past suicide attempts in a transdiagnostic ED sample (N = 181). We hypothesized that ED behaviors would directly relate to suicidality, but that IDs would moderate the relationship between ED behaviors and past suicide attempts, such that those high in IDs would demonstrate a stronger relationship between ED behaviors and suicide attempts. Contrary to our hypothesis, IDs did not moderate the relationship; instead, fasting and purging had significant and strong main effects on suicidality and past suicide attempts without moderation effects. Results suggest that fasting and purging may be important ED behaviors to consider in the relationship between EDs and suicidality. Future directions include further examining the relationship between IDs, suicidality, and EDs using measures of IDs that better encompass physical (as opposed to emotional) aspects of IDs.
Clinicopathologic, genomic, and tumor microenvironment correlates of aneuploidy and immunotherapy outcomes in NSCLC.

9119Background: Cancer aneuploidy, an unbalanced number of chromosomes, is associated with somatic mutation rate, expression of proliferative genes, and altered immune signaling. Whether aneuploidy...
Addiction to Golgi-resident PI4P synthesis in chromosome 1q21.3-amplified lung adenocarcinoma cells

A chromosome 1q21.3 region that is frequently amplified in diverse cancer types encodes phosphatidylinositol (PI)-4 kinase IIIβ (PI4KIIIβ), a key regulator of secretory vesicle biogenesis and trafficking. Chromosome 1q21.3-amplified lung adenocarcinoma (1q-LUAD) cells rely on PI4KIIIβ for Golgi-resident PI-4-phosphate (PI4P) synthesis, prosurvival effector protein secretion, and cell viability. Here, we show that 1q-LUAD cells subjected to prolonged PI4KIIIβ antagonist treatment acquire tolerance by activating an miR-218-5p-dependent competing endogenous RNA network that up-regulates PI4KIIα, which provides an alternative source of Golgi-resident PI4P that maintains prosurvival effector protein secretion and cell viability. These findings demonstrate an addiction to Golgi-resident PI4P synthesis in a genetically defined subset of cancers.
Multidrug-resistant organisms: A significant cause of severe sepsis in pediatric intestinal and multi-visceral transplantation.

Severe sepsis in immunocompromised children is associated with increased mortality. This paper describes the epidemiology landscape, clinical acuity, and outcomes for severe sepsis in pediatric intestinal (ITx) and multi-visceral (MVTx) transplant recipients requiring admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Severe sepsis episodes were retrospectively reviewed in 51 ITx and MVTx patients receiving organs between 2009 and 2015. Twenty-nine (56.8%) patients had at least one sepsis episode (total of 63 episodes) through December 2016. Bacterial etiologies accounted for 66.7% of all episodes (n = 42), occurring a median of 122.5 days following transplant (IQR 59-211.8 days). Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) accounted for 73.8% of bacterial infections; extended spectrum beta-lactamase producers, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, and highly-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most commonly identified. Increased mechanical ventilation and vasoactive requirements were noted in MDRO episodes (OR 3.03, 95% CI 1.09-8.46 and OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.09-8.61, respectively; p < .05) compared to non-MDRO episodes. PICU length of stay was significantly increased for MDRO episodes (7 vs. 3 days, p = .02). Graft loss was 24.1% (n = 7) and mortality was 24.1% (n = 7) in patients who experienced severe sepsis. Further attention is needed for MDRO risk mitigation and modification of sepsis treatment guidelines to ensure MDRO coverage for this population.
Measuring Subjective Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Harmonization between the Cognitive Change Index and the Measurement of Everyday Cognition Instruments

BackgroundSelf and informant (proxy or study partner) reports of everyday cognitive functioning have been shown to be associated with incipient neurodegenerative disease. The 20-item Cognitive Change Index (CCI) and the 39-item Measurement of Everyday Cognition (ECog) were each developed to characterize early subjective changes in cognitive function. ObjectiveWe examined the relationship between CCI and ECog self and informant evaluations to determine content overlap and provide a co-calibration for converting between these widely used instruments. Methods950 participants (57.1% female, mean age=71.2yrs) from ADNI and the Indiana ADRC with self evaluations and 279 participants (60.9% female, mean age=71.8yrs) with informant evaluations (Indiana ADRC) were included. Analyzed variables for the CCI and ECog included domain mean scores, memory domain total scores, and total scores for all items. Pearson correlations, regression analyses, and frequency distributions were used to assess the relationship between CCI and ECog. Sex, years of education, race, APOE {varepsilon}4 carrier status, and baseline diagnosis were also analyzed as potentially relevant covariates. ResultsCCI and ECog total scores were highly correlated for the self (r=0.790, p<0.001) and informant (r=0.860, p<0.001) versions. Frequency distributions of total scores were generated and self and informant histograms were plotted separately. Quadratic regressions for self (r2=0.682) and informant (r2=0.863) scores were used to create a translation table between the CCI and ECog total scores. ConclusionSelf and informant total scores can be harmonized and translated between the CCI and ECog to facilitate cross-study and longitudinal assessment of perceived cognitive change, an important patient-reported outcome.
Fuzzy Rationality and Negotiated Equilibria of the Social Goal-Objective Set in the Political Economy

As has been discussed in [R7.13] [R7.14] [R15.1] [R15.19] [R15.29] [R15.33],every decision-choice action by cognitive agents has a knowledge support which in turn has information support. The decision-choice actions in either competitive or non-competitive situation are driven by the individual and collective motivations which affect the nature of the information-knowledge structures. The information available to decision-choice agents is processed into knowledge which then becomes an input into the decision-choice modules. Information on all human decision-choice actions is defective in the sense of carrying the characteristics of vagueness and incompleteness. It is, here, and elsewhere referred to as defective information structure which characterizes all knowledge and decision-choice systems. The vagueness relates to quality of information and the incompleteness relates to the quantity of information which will include the classification of information on the basis of national security. In the political economy, the defective information structure may be contaminated with a complexity of deceptive information structure which is made up of disinformation and misinformation. Disinformation relates to stripping the mind off what is known in order to create a cognitive vacuum, while misinformation relates to filling the cognitive vacuum with contaminated information to create confusion in reasoning in order to influence cognitive calculations of the benefit-cost imputations. The deceptive information structure may be related to propaganda. It is here that the concepts of the battle of ideas and the winning of minds acquire meaning in the decision-choice processes in social set ups since most decision-choice actions are obtained by computing with words.
Mechanisms of Ribosomal Protein Translational Autoregulation

About 10 years ago several laboratories showed that expression of many E. coli ribosomal proteins in is translationally regulated (Lindahl & Zengel, 1979; Dennis & Fiil, 1979; Yates et al., 1980; Brot et al., 1980). These observations were eventually summarized in the autoregulation hypothesis (Nomura et al., 1984), which stated that 1) Each ribosomal protein operon contains one ribosomal protein which can bind a target site in the mRNA to repress translational of all ribosomal proteins in the operon; 2) Ribosome assembly competes with the repressor function of a regulatory ribosomal protein, so that repression only takes place when a free pool of repressor protein starts to accumulate; and 3) competition is a consequence of the repressor protein using the same binding site to recognize both ribosomal RNA and the messenger RNA target.
Gene Therapy Strategies to Augment Contractile Function in Heart Failure

Congestive heart failure (CHF) represents a leading cause for hospitalization in the United States and other developed nations. Despite vast improvements in the management of coronary artery disease over the past decades, an effective treatment of CHF remains elusive. Heart failure itself represents a final common endpoint for several disease entities, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and cardiomyopathy. Several biochemical features, however, remain common to the failing myocardium. These include, but are not limited to, adrenergic desensitization and changes in calcium homeostasis. These molecular alterations may, in turn, offer potential therapeutic targets for genetic manipulation. In this chapter, we will review the changes in adrenergic signaling and calcium handling that occur in CHF. We will then examine the specific approaches to augment biochemical and physiologic function that address these alterations. Finally, we will review cardiac gene transfer vectors as well as technical approaches to myocardial gene delivery.
Urban ecology as an interdisciplinary field: differences in the use of “urban” between the social and natural sciences

Though there is a growing appreciation of the importance of research on urban ecosystems, the question of what constitutes an urban ecosystem remains. Although a human-dominated ecosystem is sometimes considered to be an accurate description of an urban ecosystem, describing an ecosystem as human-dominated does not adequately take into account the history of development, sphere of influence, and potential impacts required in order to understand the true nature of an urban ecosystem. While recognizing that no single definition of “urban” is possible or even necessary, we explore the importance of attaching an interdisciplinary, quantitative, and considered description of an urban ecosystem such that projects and findings are easier to compare, repeat, and build upon. Natural science research about urban ecosystems, particularly in the field of ecology, often includes only a tacit assumption about what urban means. Following the lead of a more developed social science literature on urban issues, we make suggestions towards a consistent, quantitative description of urban that would take into account the dynamic and heterogeneous physical and social characteristics of an urban ecosystem. We provide case studies that illustrate how social and natural scientists might collaborate in research where a more clearly understood definition of “urban” would be desirable.
China and the English Enlightenment: Literature, Aesthetics, and Commerce

China played a crucial role in the transformation of English ideas of civilization, enlightenment, and aesthetics during the 18th century. Well into the century, China served two crucial and imaginary roles for British readers: it offered the fantasy of both an insatiable market for British exports and an inexhaustible storehouse of luxury goods (from tea to textiles) that could be paid for by exports rather than silver bullion. Such idealizations of China, however, began to corrode over the course of the 18th century as porcelain, silk, tea, and other commodities became markers of a culturally feminized chinoiserie for novelists like Daniel Defoe. As tastes changed and chinoiserie began to fall out of favor, it still continued to mark changing aesthetic attitudes and changing perceptions of social, gender, and national identity. By the late 18th century, British accounts of the Canton trade became important sites for debating cultural difference and philosophical enlightenment for theorists from Adam Smith to Karl Marx.
Elastic Wave Scattering Methods: Assessments and Suggestions

I was asked by the meeting organizers to review and assess the developments over the past ten or so years in elastic wave scattering methods and to suggest areas of future research opportunities. I will highlight the developments, focusing on what I feel were distinct steps forward in our theoretical understanding of how elastic waves interact with flaws. For references and illustrative figures, I decided to use as my principal source the proceedings of the various annual Reviews of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE). These meetings have been the main forum not only for presenting results of theoretical research but also for demonstrating the relevance of the theoretical research for the design and interpretation of experiment. In my opinion a quantitative NDE is possible only if this relevance exists, and my major objective is to discuss and illustrate the degree to which relevance has developed. I apologize if any one feels slighted by my not mentioning a particular work To keep the size of “review” manageable, I had to be brief and to the point.
Cusp as a source for high-latitude boundary layer energetic ions

The high-altitude dayside cusp is an extremely dynamic region in geospace. Compared to the equatorial magnetosheath, orders of magnitudes enhancements of energetic ions (from 40 keV to MeV) of both the solar wind and the ionospheric origins have been observed in the high-altitude dayside cusp. These measured cusp energetic ions were associated with a dramatic decrease and large fluctuations in the local magnetic field strength. One important question is where are these ions going? Previous studies suggested that the cusp plasma may enter into the magnetopause boundary layer and that no obvious ion heating was observed inside the high-latitude boundary layer (HLBL). During high solar wind pressure periods when the magnetosphere was compressed, the POLAR spacecraft might travel through the magnetopause boundary layer and the sheath-like region. Recent POLAR observations indicated that the energetic ions in the dayside magnetopause/magnetosheath boundary layers were a mixture of ions of solar wind and ionospheric origins, similar as in the cusp. Further comparisons of the ion energy spectra, the ion charge state composition, and the ion anisotropies suggest a likely source for the HLBL energetic ions exists in the cusp region.
The relation of cardiovascular disease to apoplexy; a review of 155 cases with autopsy.

Abstract One hundred fifty-five patients who died from apoplexy were studied in relation to associated cardiovascular disease. Hypertension was present in nearly 90 per cent. Functional cerebrovascular disease (probably spasm) appeared to be the important factor in most cases, while systemic circulatory failure accounted directly for very few cerebral accidents. A cause and effect relationship was entertained in patients with cerebral aneurysm with hypertension.
Prototype-based languages

Many people believe the notion of "class" is fundamental to an object-oriented (OO) approach to software design. A typical view of OO design is that it combines "[t]he concepts of objects, classes, types, messages, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation and reflection"[1]. But it should not be surprising that one can develop using an OO methodology without relying on classes and there are several programming languages (Self[2], Io[3], Javascript[4], NewtonScript[5]) that support class-less OO programming.
The Regulation of Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism by Growth Hormone

The sections in this article are: 1 In Vitro Actions of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I on Protein Metabolism 1.1 Effects of Growth Hormone In Vitro 1.2 Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I In Vitro 1.3 In Vitro Actions of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I on Protein Degradation 2 In vivo Actions of Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I on Protein Metabolism 2.1 Effects of Growth Hormone In Vivo 2.2 Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I In Vivo 3 Comparison of the Actions of Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, and Insulin on Protein Metabolism in vivo 4 Interactions of Growth Hormone with Gonadal Steroids 5 Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I as Therapy in Catabolic States 6 Summary
What if we succeed? (A media viewpoint).

This paper reports on the results of a telephone survey of 29 U.S.-based science journalists about the implications of a SETI success for their work. The reporters and editors were asked about their interest in SETI, what would happen if there were an unambiguous or an ambiguous success, the attitudes of their editors or producers, and the reactions of the public. Some of their opinions should give scientists working in the SETI field interesting food for thought.
Endothelin Signaling and Actions in the Renal Mesangium

Endothelins (ETs), and particularly ET-1, activate a complex network of interconnected signaling cascades in mesangial glomerular cells, which play an important role in the physiology and pathophysiology of the glomerulus. Excessive stimulation of ET-1 production by mesangial cells results in activation of a wide variety of signaling pathways in the renal mesangium, which is at least partially responsible for glomerular damage in the setting of diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis. Mesangial cells express both types of ET receptors (ET(A)-R and ET(B)-R), which are G protein-coupled receptors. ET-1 induces mobilization of Ca(2+); activation of phospholipases A, C, and D; activation of protein kinase C; GTP-loading of several families of small GTPases; and activation of intracellular tyrosine kinases resulting in protein tyrosine phosphorylation of adaptor, scaffolding, and signaling proteins. ET-1-triggered posttranslational modification of signaling molecules sets the base for the formation of multiunit signaling complexes which define the specificity of ET signaling. Long-term effects of ET-1 are also mediated via increased expression of particular signaling proteins. It is likely that ET-1 acts via ET(A)-R to trigger the contraction of mesangial cells, which decreases glomerular filtration area and reduces the glomerular filtration rate, promoting impaired renal function. Proliferation of mesangial cells is observed in the progress of several types of glomerulonephritis. ET-1 is a potent mitogen of mesangial cells and the ability of ET-1 to support mesangial cell proliferation is likely to be associated with both recruitment of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases which activate the Shc-Sos-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway and transactivation of the EGF receptor. The guanine nucleotide exchange factor βPix and the adaptor protein p66(Shc) are important players in Akt-independent inactivation of FOXO3a transcription factor. This results in the depletion of the inhibitor of cell cycle progression p27(kip1), and promotion of mesangial cell proliferation. Plentiful evidence suggests an essential role of ET-1-signaling and action in the renal mesangium for renal biology and pathobiology.
Inequalities for the transformation operators and applications

Inequalities for the transformation operator kernel $A(x,y)$ in terms of $F$-function are given, and vice versa. These inequalities are applied to inverse scattering on half-line. Characterization of the scattering data corresponding to the usual scattering class $L_{1,1}$ of the potentials, to the class of compactly supported potentials, and to the class of square integrable potentials is given. Invertibility of each of the steps in the inversion procedure is proved.
Big House, Little House: Relative Size and Value

How do markets value relative house size in a neighborhood? The literature offers differing rationales: atypical houses sell for less, capitalization of property taxes penalizes larger and benefits smaller houses in mixed neighborhoods and conspicuous consumption reinforces the value of relatively larger houses and reduces the value of relatively smaller houses to consumers. Using a simultaneous price-liquidity model that controls for neighborhood supply and demand conditions, this article finds a dominant tax capitalization effect on price and marketing time that appears to override any extant atypicality or conspicuous consumption effects.
Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke Results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial

Background: There has been recent interest in the possible role of reperfusion-induced inflammation with neuronal injury after stroke. Enlimomab, a murine intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody, reduces leukocyte adhesion and infarct size in experimental stroke studies. The purpose of the current clinical trial was to evaluate the use of enlimomab after ischemic stroke. Methods: A total of 625 patients with ischemic stroke were randomized to receive either enlimomab (n = 317) or placebo (n = 308) within 6 hours of stroke onset. Treatment was given over 5 days. Patients were evaluated at baseline and on days 5 and 90 after initiation of treatment; long-term assessments were carried out after 6 and 12 months. The primary efficacy endpoint was the response to therapy at 90 days on the Modified Rankin Scale; other endpoints included Barthel Index (BI) and NIH Stroke Scale and survival. Results: At day 90, the Modified Rankin Scale score was worse in patients treated with enlimomab than with placebo ( p = 0.004). Fewer patients had symptom-free recovery on enlimomab than placebo ( p = 0.004), and more died (22.2 versus 16.2%). The negative effect of enlimomab was apparent on days 5, 30, and 90 of treatment ( p = 0.005). There were significantly more adverse events with enlimomab treatment than placebo, primarily infections and fever. Patients experiencing fever were more likely to have a poor outcome or die. Conclusions: The authors conclude that anti-ICAM therapy with enlimomab is not an effective treatment for ischemic stroke in the model studied and, indeed, may significantly worsen stroke outcome.
Evaluation of submucosally injected polyethylene glycol-based hydrogel and bovine cross-linked collagen in the canine urethra using cystoscopy, magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology.

Objective To (1) investigate the tissue response to a novel urethral bulking agent, polyethylene glycol carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel (PEG-CMC) injected submucosally in the canine urethra and (2) compare PEG-CMC with bovine collagen (BC), the current standard for urethral bulking. Study design Experimental study. Animals Purpose-bred female hound dogs (n = 8). Methods Standardized submucosal urethral injections of BC and PEG-CMC were performed in 8 female dogs. Injection sites were evaluated by cystoscopy on days 0 (n = 8), 30 (n = 4), and 90 (n = 4), magnetic resonance imaging on days 0 (n = 8), 30 (n = 8), and 90 (n = 4) and by histopathology on days 30 (n = 4) and 90 (n = 4). Results Both PEG-CMC and BC were detectable on MRI as hyperintense foci on T2-weighted images. Grossly, PEG-CMC formed more prominent blebs than BC. On follow-up cystoscopic examination, 6/8 PEG-CMC injection needle tracts were visible, and 3 of these sites had mucosal erosions. Histopathologic scores for foreign body reaction and inflammation were significantly higher for PEG-CMC compared with BC (P < 0.005). BC elicited a lymphoplasmacytic reaction whereas PEG-CMC incited a granulomatous response. Conclusions The overall physical characteristics and histologic response associated with PEG-CMC support its use as a urethral bulking agent; however, the current formulation needs to be adjusted for clinical use.
Structure and Conformations of Cyclopentasilane, Si5H10

Three different conformations of cyclopentasilane, Si5H10, have been analyzed in detail using ab initio and density functional methods at the HF/B2, MP2/B2, CCSD/6-31G*, and B3LYP/B2 levels of theo...
Failure of quinoxaline-1,4-di-N-oxide to increase the survival time in irradiated dogs infused with autologous marrow

Summary Quinoxaline-1,4-di-N-oxide administered in divided doses to a total of 200 mg./kg. prior to irradiation stimulated leukopoiesis in autografted dogs, thus making their bone marrow more susceptible to the damaging effects of x-irradiation. The end result was a decrease in both mean survival time and total survival as compared to control dogs receiving the autograft alone. The authors wish to thank Manuel Sanchez for his assistance during the course of this investigation.