cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multistep Engineering of Synergistic Catalysts in a Metal-Organic Framework for Tandem C-O Bond Cleavage.

Cleavage of strong C-O bonds without breaking C-C/C-H bonds is a key step for catalytic conversion of renewable biomass to hydrocarbon feedstocks. Herein we report multistep sequential engineering of orthogonal Lewis acid and palladium nanoparticle (NP) catalysts in a metal-organic framework (MOF) built from (Al-OH)n secondary building units and a mixture of 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate (dcbpy) and 1,4-benzenediacrylate (pdac) ligands (1) for tandem C-O bond cleavage. Ozonolysis of 1 selectively removed pdac ligands to generate Al2(OH)(OH2) sites, which were subsequently triflated with trimethylsilyl triflate to afford strongly Lewis acidic sites for dehydroalkoxylation. Coordination of Pd(MeCN)2Cl2 to dcbpy ligands followed by in situ reduction produced orthogonal Pd NP sites in 1-OTf-PdNP as the hydrogenation catalyst. The selective and precise transformation of 1 into 1-OTf-PdNP was characterized step by step using powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The hierarchical incorporation of orthogonal Lewis acid and Pd NP active sites endowed 1-OTf-PdNP with outstanding catalytic performance in apparent hydrogenolysis of etheric, alcoholic, and esteric C-O bonds to generate saturated alkanes via a tandem dehydroalkoxylation-hydrogenation process under relatively mild conditions. The reactivity of C-O bonds followed the trend of tertiary carbon > secondary carbon > primary carbon. Control experiments demonstrated the heterogeneous nature and recyclability of 1-OTf-PdNP and its superior catalytic activity over the homogeneous counterparts. Sequential engineering of multiple catalytic sites in MOFs thus presents a unique opportunity to address outstanding challenges in sustainable catalysis.
Chapter 14 – Sustainability: Humanity Perspective

Does sustainability mean no changing? How can one adapt to change in sustainability? Sustainability is the capacity to endure in ecological terms. A sustainable system is one that has a stable nontrivial end state. Monotonous change is an indication that the system is not sustainable. The sun’s energy powers the entire ecosystem on earth: the water cycle and biomass cycle. The water cycle provides opportunity for hydroelectric power development. While both hydroelectricity and wind electricity are renewable and sustainable, hydroelectricity power plants have a more predictable load factor. The water storage reservoirs can have a stabilizing effect on the local climate, improving biomass cycles. Biomass utilization brings a sustainable state change. Switching from fossil energy use to biomass use will initially see an increase in CO2 emission into the atmosphere. However, there is a new sustainable state foreseeable. Apart from the impact on sustainability, the depletion of fossil sources has made it imperative to move away from its utilization. Wood or forest biomass has the highest standing biomass saturation, while algae have the highest production rate. High saturation biomass species are more advantageous than low saturation biomass species due to collection and transportation restrictions. The lower standing biomass also leads to more CO2 staying in the atmosphere. Depending on the life span of the final product, the effect of biomass management on carbon storage can be either positive or negative. Solar energy is vastly available, and its use is less disturbing to the ecosystem. It is clear that in the direct solar energy utilization: there is no water, carbon dioxide, or any other than substance emission involvement. Efficient capture of solar energy is key for its sustainable exploitation. Geothermal energy is the most reliable as it is stored deep underneath the earth. However, geothermal energy is neither sustainable nor renewable.
Conservatively Managed, Displaced Scaphoid Fracture in a Young, Female Collegiate Basketball Player.

Fractures of the scaphoid bone occur in 60-70% of wrist bone fractures. It most often occurs after a fall onto outstretched hand injury. Many times, the diagnosis of a scaphoid fracture is missed due to the unique anatomy and positioning of this carpal bone. Treatment options vary depending on the type of fracture and degree of displacement. We present the case of a 19-year-old female patient. She reported to the urgent care facility after a fall on an outstretched hand while playing basketball. She was diagnosed with a wrist sprain. After having continued pain she sought care at the sports medicine clinic where she was diagnosed with a displaced scaphoid fracture. She was managed conservatively with thumb-spica casting and later adjuvant therapy treatments with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) technology.
Flavonols and dihydroflavonols inhibit the main protease activity of SARS-CoV-2 and the replication of human coronavirus 229E

Since December 2019, the deadly novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the current COVID-19 pandemic. To date, vaccines are available in the developed countries to prevent the infection of this virus, however, medicines are necessary to help control COVID-19. Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) causes the common cold. The main protease (Mpro) is an essential enzyme required for the multiplication of these two viruses in the host cells, and thus is an appropriate candidate to screen potential medicinal compounds. Flavonols and dihydroflavonols are two groups of plant flavonoids. In this study, we report docking simulation with two Mpro enzymes and five flavonols and three dihydroflavonols, in vitro inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, and in vitro inhibition of the HCoV 229E replication. The docking simulation results predicted that (+)-dihydrokaempferol, (+)-dihydroquercetin, (+)-dihydromyricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, myricentin, isoquercetin, and rutin could bind to at least two subsites (S1, S1, S2, and S4) in the binding pocket and inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. Their affinity scores ranged from -8.8 to -7.4. Likewise, these compounds were predicted to bind and inhibit the HCoV-229E Mpro activity with affinity scores ranging from -7.1 to -7.8. In vitro inhibition assays showed that seven available compounds effectively inhibited the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity and their IC50 values ranged from 0.125 to 12.9 {micro}M. Five compounds inhibited the replication of HCoV-229E in Huh-7 cells. These findings indicate that these antioxidative flavonols and dihydroflavonols are promising candidates for curbing the two viruses.
Variability of social interactions in new versus established relationships in female degus

When a behaving system explores a new environment or stimulus it varies its behavior to ensure proper sampling. As contingencies are learned, behavioral variance can give-way to routines and stereotypies. This phenomenon is common across a range of learning systems, but has not been well studied in the social domain in which the stimulus an agent investigates, another individual, is reactive to the agent9s behaviors. We examined the effects of social novelty on interaction variability in laboratory-reared, female degus, known to readily express affiliative behaviors with initially unfamiliar, unrelated individuals. Degus were presented with a series of 20 minute, dyadic "reunion" sessions across days, interleaving exposures to familiar and unfamiliar same-sex conspecifics. We found that dyads could be distinguished from one-another by their session-to-session interactive behaviors, suggesting dyad-specific social relationships. Following the first session, stranger dyads were unexpectedly easier to differentiate than cagemates due to a combination of higher diversity of behavior between dyads and, in some cases, lower variability within dyads. Some evidence could be found for higher variability in strangers within the first two exposures, though within-session variability increased in cagemates across reunions, ultimately exceeding levels in strangers. We also observed that while strangers interacted more than cagemates, this could be traced to only 30% of the animals and the higher interaction levels did not attenuate over sessions or after co-housing. No strong differences were observed in the temporal structure of social behavior between the two groups. Results reveal that new relationships in adult, female degus are more diverse but not more variable compared with established relationships, particularly after the first social exposure. Given known tendencies of female degus to form and maintain new relationships, these findings are consistent with the notion that higher interaction variability may be maladaptive to building social coordination and trust.
Hierarchical Control of Heavy-Duty Trucks Through Signalized Intersections With Non-Deterministic Signal Timing

This paper presents a hierarchical Green-Light Approach Speed (h-GLAS) strategy for controlling heavy-duty trucks traveling through urban/suburban environments, where future intersection signal phase and timing (SPaT) information is non-deterministic. Through vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, past SPaT information is sent to the vehicle and is used to forecast future predictions of the signal timing using a Gaussian Process (GP) model. The h-GLAS strategy uses the predicted SPaT information to generate an efficient desired velocity profile that navigates through intersections where the probability of a green light is maximized. This velocity profile is tracked by a convex model predictive controller (MPC) that simultaneously minimizes mechanical energy expenditure and braking effort over its prediction horizon. Downstream from the MPC, we implement a command governor (CG) that adjusts the MPC output by the minimum amount necessary to maintain safe vehicle following and ensure that the vehicle stops at all red lights. Using a proprietary medium-fidelity Simulink model provided by Volvo Trucks, we characterize the h-GLAS strategy's performance over a real suburban route, consisting of 10 actuated signalized intersections, using actual SPaT information provided by the NC Department of Traffic (DOT). Simulation results demonstrate a 30-43% reduction in fuel consumption, as compared to a baseline control strategy, which is attributable primarily to avoiding the massive energy losses associated with braking. Furthermore, we evaluate the computational efficiency of our approach by assessing average simulation execution times.
Special Temporary Measures and the Norm of Equality

Temporary laws or measures arise in different circumstances to deal with a wide array of perceived problems or concerns. This essay deals with one specific kind of temporary measures, which are provided for in international human rights treaties: ‘preferential treatments’ or ‘positive measures’, as they are called. The essay examines whether these measures undermine the predictability and stability of the norm of equality on which behalf they are said to have been adopted. The essay argues that these measures will be inconsistent with and destablise equality only if equality is understood narrowly as a principle that only requires sameness of treatment rather than the more substantive notion of equality (equality of opportunity) that this essay endorses and advances.
Why do small establishment hire fewer blacks than large ones

This paper shows that small establishments are much less likely to hire and employ blacks than are larger establishments. A number of possible explanations for this result are considered, such as differences across establishments in application rates from blacks, skill needs, locations, and recruiting behavior. Although these factors can account for some of the observed differences in race of new hires between small and large establishments, much remains unexplained. The results suggest that discrimination in hiring may be much more pervasive at smaller establishments than larger ones.
Beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization of wild-type but not cyc lymphoma cells unmasked by submillimolar Mg2+.

Treatment with low physiological concentrations of epinephrine (5-50 nM) rapidly desensitizes beta-adrenergic stimulation of cAMP formation in S49 wild-type (WT) lymphoma cells. Previous attempts to detect this early phase of desensitization in cell-free assays of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) after intact cell treatment were unsuccessful. We have now found that reducing the Mg2+ concentrations in the adenylate cyclase assays to less than 1.0 mM unmasked this rapid phase of desensitization of the WT cells, and that high Mg2+ concentrations (5-10 mM) largely obscured the desensitization. Submillimolar Mg2+ conditions also revealed a two- to threefold decrease in the affinity of epinephrine binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor after desensitization with 20 nM epinephrine. Detection of 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) desensitization of the WT beta-adrenergic receptor was also dependent on low Mg2+ as measured either by the decrease in epinephrine stimulation of adenylate cyclase or by the re...
Single-Cell XIST Expression in Human Preimplantation Embryos and Newly Reprogrammed Female Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

The process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) during reprogramming to produce human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as well as during the extensive programming that occurs in human preimplantation development, is not well‐understood. Indeed, studies of XCI during reprogramming to iPSCs report cells with two active X chromosomes and/or cells with one inactive X chromosome. Here, we examine expression of the long noncoding RNA, XIST, in single cells of human embryos through the oocyte‐to‐embryo transition and in new mRNA reprogrammed iPSCs. We show that XIST is first expressed beginning at the 4‐cell stage, coincident with the onset of embryonic genome activation in an asynchronous manner. Additionally, we report that mRNA reprogramming produces iPSCs that initially express XIST transcript; however, expression is rapidly lost with culture. Loss of XIST and H3K27me3 enrichment at the inactive X chromosome at late passage results in X chromosome expression changes. Our data may contribute to applications in disease modeling and potential translational applications of female stem cells. Stem Cells 2015;33:1771–1781
Adult Children of Workaholics: Clinical and Empirical Research with Implications for Family Therapists

This article examines the clinical and empirical literature on the impact of parental workaholism on adult children. A case study is presented along with recommendations for family therapists on how to address the needs of adult children of workaholics in therapy.
Development of a forecast capability for coastal embayments of the Mississippi Sound

The present work focuses on results from the second phase of development of a forecast system for coastal circulation in the Mississippi Sound and surrounding embayments in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. The basis of the forecast system is the 3-D finite element model, ADCIRC, driven by tides, river inflow, and wind. Sensitivity of the forecast model to wind stress and offshore boundary forcing is demonstrated. Limited area domain models of Bay St. Louis and the Pearl River highlight the influence of seasonal river flux.
Spectral functions for the Schrödinger operator on R + with a singular potential

In this article we analyze the spectral zeta function, the heat kernel, and the resolvent of the operator −d2/dr2+κ/r2+r2 over the interval (0,∞) for κ≥−1/4. Depending on the self-adjoint extension chosen, nonstandard properties of the zeta function and of asymptotic properties of the heat kernel and resolvent are observed. In particular, for the zeta function nonstandard locations of poles as well as logarithmic branch cuts at s=−k, k∊N0, do occur. This implies that the small-t asymptotic expansion of the heat kernel can have nonstandard powers as well as terms such as tk/(ln t)l+1 for k,l∊N0. The corresponding statements for the resolvent are also shown. Furthermore, we evaluate the zeta determinant of the operator for all values of κ and any self-adjoint extension.
Estimation of 7‐day, 10‐year low‐streamflow statistics using baseflow correlation

[1] Estimators of low-streamflow statistics are often required for water quality and quantity management at gauged and ungauged sites. Here the technique of baseflow correlation is investigated as an estimator of the 7-day, 10-year low-streamflow statistic at ungauged sites. This method uses an information transfer technique to estimate streamflow statistics at an ungauged site by correlating a nominal number of measured streamflow discharges during baseflow conditions at the ungauged site with those at a nearby gauged site. A regional assessment of baseflow correlation estimators is made by employing daily streamflow values at more than 1300 USGS HCDN stream gauge sites. A jackknife simulation is performed in each of the 18 USGS water resource regions located within the conterminous United States. Potential gauged sites are selected using a variety of watershed, geographic, topographic, and geologic classification systems. The results of this study indicate that baseflow correlation performs well in the United States when baseflow measurements are nearly independent and potential gauged sites are located within 200 km. The method is improved as the number of baseflow measurements is increased, although some leveling off of performance was observed with more than 15 baseflow measurements. A comparison of baseflow correlation with regional regression shows that baseflow correlation is the preferred method for estimating low flows in much of the United States.
US City Managers' Perceptions of Disaster Risks: Consequences for Urban Emergency Management

Drawing on survey data collected from chief administrative officers (CAOs) from the largest US cities, this paper analyzes the role of CAO risk perception. Several major questions are asked. How valid are the perceptions of CAOs regarding the level of risks posed to their cities by natural disasters? Do differences in perceptions vary based upon how threatened CAOs say they feel? Do differences in management activities, public procedures, and political concerns result as a consequence of how threatened CAOs say they feel? Do perceptions of threat align with objective vulnerability characteristics? The findings show that there is misperception of risk among CAOs. Risk perceptions influence perceptions as well as management activities, public procedures, and political concerns.
Resolution of Microsporidial Epithelial Keratopathy in a Patient with AIDS

A patient with a positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) titer and cryptococcal meningitis suffered bilateral epithelial keratopathy caused by Encephalitozoon, which did not respond to sulfas, erythromycin, bacitracin, tobramycin, neomycin, polymyxin B, or fluconazole. Eventual administration of itraconazole for the meningitis apparently produced resolution of the long-lasting (2-month) ocular infection. This new oral triazole antifungal may be valuable against the increasingly prevalent microsporidial infections in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Debulking of the infection by corneal scraping may have contributed to the authors' success.
A simple numerical model for nonlinear warming of a slab

Abstract The surface temperature history of a slab, with a nonlinear warming law at the surface, is modeled by a weakly singular nonlinear Volterra integral equation. An Abel type inversion formula is derived and applied to the equation and the resulting nonlinear integro-differential equation is discretized by collocation and product integration using linear splines. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by Newton's method. Uniform convergence of the method is proved on certain time intervals and some numerical illustrations are provided.
Prospective Clinical Evaluation of Serum Cardiac Troponin T in Dogs Admitted to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

The purpose of this study was to measure serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) with a commercially available human enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) test in various groups of dogs, including those undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy. Serum samples were obtained from 6 groups of dogs: (1) normal adult dogs (n = 15); (2) dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 5); (3) dogs with congestive heart failure (n = 10); (4) dogs with untreated neoplasia (n = 20); (5) dogs with skeletal muscle trauma (n = 10); and (6) dogs with neoplasia receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy (n = 4). One serum sample was obtained from each of the normal dogs, those with asymptomatic cardiomyopathy, those with congestive heart failure, and those with untreated neoplasia. Serum samples were obtained serially from the dogs that were undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy; samples were collected before doxorubicin (30 mg/m2) administration and then 1, 5, 7, and 14 days after administration throughout 6 cycles for a cumulative total dose of 180 mg/m2. All normal dogs, dogs with untreated neoplasia, and dogs with asymptomatic dilated cardiomyopathy had cTnT concentrations below the lower limits of detection for the assay used (<0.05 ng/mL). Detectable concentrations of cTnT were found in 3 dogs with congestive heart failure and in 2 dogs with skeletal muscle trauma. Detectable concentrations also were found in both dogs that had received 180 mg/m2 of doxorubicin. We conclude that dogs with congestive heart failure and those with skeletal muscle trauma and dogs with neoplasia receiving high-dose doxorubicin chemotherapy may have increased serum cTnT concentration, which may be suggestive of myocardial damage.
Gangrene of bladder. Complication of hypogastric artery embolization.

Abstract A case of gangrene of the bladder is reported which subsequently developed after embolization of the hypogastric artery and thrombophlebitis. Regeneration of the bladder occurred after temporary urinary diversion.
Identification of a Novel 0.7-kb Polyadenylated Transcript in the LAT Promoter Region of HSV-1 That Is Strain Specific and May Contribute to Virulence

Abstract Herpes Simplex virus expresses latency-associated transcripts (LATs) the function of which remains obscure despite increasing knowledge of their structure and expression. Upstream of the LAT coding region is a region of the genome that is poorly characterized although it lies in an area that is responsible for modulation of reactivation efficiency in two different animal models. Transcript mapping with strains 17, McKrae, KOS, and F has revealed strain differences in this region of the viral genome. Strain 17 and McKrae expressed a novel polyadenylated 0.7-kb transcript that is absent from KOS and F. This transcript is expressed in the LAT direction and has the kinetics of a true late gene during the lytic cycle of infection. A deletion mutant, 17ΔBsa, which does not express the 0.7-kb RNA, is less virulent than the parental strain 17. A rescuant with F sequence (17ΔBsa/RF) shows virulence similar to F, whereas a rescuant with strain 17 sequence (17ΔBsa/R17) is similar to strain 17. Virulence is altered by deletion or substitution in the region encoding the 0.7-kb transcript ( Bsa I- Bsa I); however, reactivation in the mouse explant cocultivation assay or the adrenergically induced rabbit reactivation model remained unchanged. The importance of this region for virulence is discussed.
Axon‐glia interactions in the crayfish: Glial cell oxygen consumption is tightly coupled to axon metabolism

Oxygen consumption (QO2) of single isolated axons and their associated glial cell sheath was investigated under a variety of conditions to determine the contribution of each cell type to whole tissue QO2. It was found that the QO2 of the sheath, in the absence of a functional axon, represented approximately 30% of the total tissue QO2. When the axon was injected with carboxyatractyloside, an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that is membrane impermeant, electrophysiological properties of the axon were not affected and glial sheath respiratory activity was stimulated by 1.7 to 2.7 times the untreated control level. These results suggest that glial cell metabolic activity is regulated by the metabolic activity of the axon. Depending on the experimental conditions the glial sheath accounts for 30% to nearly 100% of the QO2 of axon-glial cell tissue. On the basis of these and morphometric measurements we estimate that in a normally functioning axon-glial cell system the glial sheath accounts for 90% of the tissue QO2.
Printer profiling for forensics and ballistics

We describe a technique for authenticating printed and scanned text documents. This technique works by modeling the degradation in a document caused by printing. The resulting printer profile is then used to detect inconsistencies across a document, and for ballistic purposes - that of linking a document to a printer.
Fermi level control of compensating point defects during metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth of Si-doped AlGaN

A Fermi-level control scheme for point defect management using above-bandgap UV illumination during growth is presented. We propose an extension to the analogy between the Fermi level and the electrochemical potential such that the electrochemical potential of a charged defect in a material with steady-state populations of free charge carriers may be expressed in terms of the quasi-Fermi levels. A series of highly Si-doped Al0.65Ga0.35N films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with and without UV illumination showed that samples grown under UV illumination had increased free carrier concentration, free carrier mobility, and reduced midgap photoluminescence all indicating a reduction in compensating point defects.
Nitric oxide reduces basal efflux of catecholamines from perfused dog adrenal glands

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, and both the free and extended forms of [met]enkephalin spontaneously efflux from adrenal glands under basal conditions. The present study was done to determine whether nitric oxide has a regulatory role in these effluxes. Isolated adrenal glands (n=63) from mongrel dogs were perfused retrogradely with Krebs–Ringer solution. In some experiments NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (3×10−4 M), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, was added to the perfusate. In other experiments one of the nitric oxide donors, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (10−7 M or 10−5 M) or sodium nitroprusside (10−6 M or 10−4 M) was added. Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and their metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in perfusates were quantitated by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and in some experiments the [met]enkephalins were determined by radioimmunoassay. In the presence of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, the basal effluxes of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine were significantly increased from control, but the effluxes of the free and extended forms of the [met]enkephalins were not changed. The effects of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine on catecholamine efflux were reversed in the presence of l-arginine (10−3 M). Sodium nitroprusside (10−6 M) inhibited effluxes of norepinephrine and epinephrine and 3-morpholinosydnonimine had no effect on these effluxes. Dopamine efflux appeared to be under different controls from those of norepinephrine and epinephrine since dopamine efflux was unaffected by sodium nitroprusside and was decreased over time by 3-morpholinosydnonimine (10−7 M). It is concluded that endogenously produced nitric oxide inhibits the basal efflux of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine from isolated dog adrenal glands; this inhibition appears to be near maximal for norepinephrine and epinephrine but not for dopamine.
A decision analysis approach to neuroleptic dosing: insights from a mathematical model.

Background: Although several published studies suggest that little benefit accrues from raising doses of conventional antipsychotic drugs above 500-800 chlorpromazine equivalents per day (CPZeq/day), institutionalized patients with schizophrenia often receive larger doses. Decision analysis could alter this practice by helping clinicians select doses through use of quantitative models that incorporate the consequences of each dose, the likelihood of those consequences, and explicit risk/benefit weightings. Method: This study uses representative published data to develop equations and graphs that describe dose-associated likelihoods of treatment response, side effects, and balances between benefits and incidence of side effects. Results: Response rates fit a sigmoid curve that flattens at 500 CPZeq/day; a hyperbolic curve describing side effects reaches a plateau at much higher doses. Combining these curves shows that higher drug doses yield ever diminishing returns, because as the dose increases, the number of side effects per benefited patient also increases. A table and graphs show clinicians how to use these results to critique their current practices and make explicit risk/benefit judgments about dosages. Conclusion: Mathematical expressions for dose-related side effect and response rates are potentially useful tools for evaluating low-, intermediate-, or high-dosage neuroleptic treatment regimens.
Alkali—SCl2 chemiluminescence: Vibrational population inversion in the B state of S2

Abstract S 2 (B-X) chemiluminescence, primarily from ν′ = 0 and 1, has been observed in alkali atom—SCl 2 reactions. The addition of He or Ar buffer gas to the reaction chamber alters the reaction dynamics, and at certain buffer gas pressures the S 2 emission originates exclusively from the ν′ = 6–9 vibrational levels of the B( 3 Σ u − ) state.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: Rapid detection of heterozygotes by use of hair follicles

A method is described which permits rapid phenotypic diagnosis of the Lesch-Nyhan heterozygote by direct assay of hypoxanthine guanine phosphori-bosyltransferase activity in single hair follicles obtained from the scalp.
Marketing Research in the Scientific and Technical Information Services Industry: Development and Future Directions

The general availability of government-sponsored studies on scientific and technical information (STI) provides an opportunity to trace the development of “marketing research” in a specific industry. A review of this research tradition revealed two major orientations; a series of “user”-oriented studies, followed by “systems”-oriented studies. It is suggested that traditional STI user studies may have produced “myopic” research results, and systems studies may have produced “macropic” research results for STI policy decisions. An emerging “managerial” orientation is identified which espouses the definition of a more meaningful unit of analysis as the focus of future research efforts.
Optimal filtering for the backward heat equation

For the backward heat equation, stabilized by an a priori initial bound, an estimator is determined for intermediate values that is optimal with respect to the bound and the observation accuracy. It is shown how this may be implemented computationally with error estimates for the computed approximation which can be made arbitrarily close to the uncertainty level induced by the ill-posedness of the underlying problem. Thus, the feasibility of this for practical computation, inevitably severely limited by that inherent uncertainty, is as good as possible.
Rag Virulence Among Soybean Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Wisconsin

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, a pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and native of Asia, invaded North America sometime before 2000 and rapidly became the most significant insect pest of soybean in the upper Midwest. Plant resistance, a key component of integrated pest management, has received significant attention in the past decade, and several resistance (Rag) genes have been identified. However, the efficacy of Rag (Resistance to Aphis glycines) genes in suppressing aphid abundance has been challenged by the occurrence of soybean aphids capable of overcoming Rag gene-mediated resistance. Although the occurrence of these Rag virulent biotypes poses a serious threat to effective and sustainable management of soybean aphid, little is known about the current abundance of biotypes in North America. The objective of this research was to determine the distribution of Rag virulent soybean aphids in Wisconsin. Soybean aphids were collected from Wisconsin during the summers of 2012 and 2013, and assayed for Rag1, Rag2, and Rag1+2 virulence using no-choice tests in a greenhouse. One clone from Monroe County in 2012 reacted like biotype 4, three clones in different counties in 2013 responded like biotype 2, and eight others expressed varying degrees of Rag virulence. Rag virulence in 2013 was observed in aphids from 33% of the sampled sites and was accounted for by just 4.5% of sampled clones, although this is likely a conservative estimate. No-choice test results are discussed in light of current questions on the biology, ecology, and population genetics of soybean aphid.
Salmonella typhosa infection of kidney

Abstract A case of Salmonella typhosa infection with calculous pyelonephritis is presented. The incidence and pathology of S. typhosa urinary tract infections are reviewed. It is suggested that a predisposing anatomic abnormality must usually be present for urinary salmonella infection to occur. Further damage, including calculous formation, may occur or calculi may be a major predisposing factor. Therapy for a case without gross anatomic changes should consist of ampicillin 100 mg. per kilogram body weight per day for four to six weeks. When the infection persists in spite of ampicillin therapy, surgical intervention, including nephrectomy, may be necessary. Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole may effectively suppress the infection.
The Fastest Flights in Nature: High-Speed Spore Discharge Mechanisms among Fungi

Background A variety of spore discharge processes have evolved among the fungi. Those with the longest ranges are powered by hydrostatic pressure and include “squirt guns” that are most common in the Ascomycota and Zygomycota. In these fungi, fluid-filled stalks that support single spores or spore-filled sporangia, or cells called asci that contain multiple spores, are pressurized by osmosis. Because spores are discharged at such high speeds, most of the information on launch processes from previous studies has been inferred from mathematical models and is subject to a number of errors. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we have used ultra-high-speed video cameras running at maximum frame rates of 250,000 fps to analyze the entire launch process in four species of fungi that grow on the dung of herbivores. For the first time we have direct measurements of launch speeds and empirical estimates of acceleration in these fungi. Launch speeds ranged from 2 to 25 m s−1 and corresponding accelerations of 20,000 to 180,000 g propelled spores over distances of up to 2.5 meters. In addition, quantitative spectroscopic methods were used to identify the organic and inorganic osmolytes responsible for generating the turgor pressures that drive spore discharge. Conclusions/Significance The new video data allowed us to test different models for the effect of viscous drag and identify errors in the previous approaches to modeling spore motion. The spectroscopic data show that high speed spore discharge mechanisms in fungi are powered by the same levels of turgor pressure that are characteristic of fungal hyphae and do not require any special mechanisms of osmolyte accumulation.
Sustainable Value on Construction Projects and Lean Construction

Abstract Lean production is a systemic approach to meeting customer expectations, whatever they value, by reducing waste. At first glance, lean then could only contribute to sustainability, while s...
Polymer crystallization : Metastable mesophases and morphology

A path of polymer crystallization has recently been proposed by Strobl by which lamellae are first formed in a mesophase, which then convert to the crystal form with a nanoscale granular or blocklike structure. The crystallization temperature dependence of the lamellar thickness was argued to imply a transient mesophase. Here we argue that the granular structure of the lamellae is itself a fingerprint of the transient mesophase into which a lamella originally grows and its conversion to the higher-density stable form. The lower interfacial energy of the mesophases, which cause them to be favored as the initial growing phase, is directly connected to their lower density. The reduction in area at the mesophase-stable transition, being frustrated by the tethering of the stems to the amorphous region, results in the granular structure. We also discuss the effect of the relaxation of the stresses in the amorphous region and importance of hysteresis at the mesophase-to-crystal transition.
The effect of continuous heparin infusion for one year on serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the dog.

Abstract Fourteen normal dogs received continuous infusions of intravenous heparin for one year by means of an implantable infusion pump. Heparin was admistered at an overall mean rate of 666 units/kg/day, a dose sufficient to prolong the Lee-White clotting time to greater than twice normal. Eight control, animals, under the same dietary and activity regimen, received continuous infusions of bacteriostatic water for one year by means of implanted pumps. Serum cholesterol concentrations rose to 50% above control values after one month of heparin infusion, and remained significantly ( P
Sarcoma of the cervix: natural history and outcomes.

Abstract Introduction Cervical sarcomas are rare neoplasms thought to follow an aggressive course. We examined the natural history of cervical sarcomas and compared their outcomes to that of squamous cell and adenocarcinomas of the cervix. In addition, we examined the prognostic significance of various demographic, clinical, and treatment related factors. Methods The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to identify all women with primary cervical sarcomas diagnosed between 1988 and 2005. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of women with cervical sarcomas were compared to patients with squamous cell and adenocarcinomas of the cervix. Survival was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and the Kaplan–Meier method. Results A total of 33,074 women with invasive cervical neoplasms were identified including 323 (1%) patients with cervical sarcomas. Among women with cervical sarcomas, carcinosarcoma was the most common and accounted for 40% (128) of the cases while adenosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas each accounted for 21% (67). Compared to women with squamous cell and adenocarcinomas, patients with cervical sarcomas tended to be younger, diagnosed in the later years of the study, have larger tumors, and have more advanced stage disease ( p Conclusion Primary cervical sarcomas are aggressive neoplasms. The prognosis for women with cervical sarcomas is inferior to that of squamous cell and adenocarcinomas matched by stage.
Zeta Function Resummation of Spectral Functions

This article continues an extensive analysis of spectral functions such as for both general and explicitly known spectra {λm}. In physical applications (which in quantum field theory are numerous) the spectral functions are mode sums. Our main analytic tool is the ζ-function resummation method which expresses f(s|x) in powers of x and perhaps other simple functions of x. Here the general spectrum will be replaced by its asymptotic form λm = (const) mα with α > 0 (Weyl's theorem). This preserves certain global features of the general spectrum problem but enables one to work entirely in terms of known functions. This simplified problem will be fully analysed and certain aspects of it (in particular the continuum limit) studied for the first time. Several mode-sum calculations illustrate physical application of the method.
Purification and properties of nitrogenase from the cyanobacterium, Anabaena cylindrica.

The nitrogenase complex was isolated from nitrogen-starved cultures of Anabaena cylindrica. Sodium dithionite, photochemically reduced ferredoxin, and NADPH were found to be effective electron donors to nitrogenase in crude extracts whereas hydrogen and pyruvate were not. The Km for acetylene in vivo is ten-fold higher than the Kmin vitro, whereas this pattern does not hold for the non-heterocystous cyanobacterium, Plectonema boryanum. This indicates that at least one mechanism of oxygen protection in vivo involves a gas diffusion barrier presented by the heterocyst cell wall. The Mo-Fe component was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight (220000), subunit composition, isoelectric point (4.8), Mo, Fe, and S2− content (2, 20 and 20 mol/mol component), and amino acid composition indicate that this component has similar properties to Mo-Fe-containing components isolated from other bacterial sources. The isolated components from A. cylindrica were found to cross-react, to varying degrees, with components isolated from Azotobacter vinelandii, Rhodospirillum rubrum, and P. boryanum.
Advocacy in Constitutional Choice: The Cramer Treason Case, 1942–1945

How did advocacy at each level of the federal judiciary help shape the leading decision in American law of treason? This article, adapted from a forthcoming biography of Judge Harold R. Medina, is a case study based on Justice Department archives and the personal papers of Medina, Charles Fahy, and seven Supreme Court Justices. It analyzes the whole case, from the lawyers’standpoint, to illuminate the role of counsel in transforming a minor wartime incident into the first treason case decided on the merits by the Supreme Court and the tribunal's only decision during World War II to limit constitutional war powers. Accenting litigation strategy and the use of history in constitutional interpretation, it is a story also of the struggle by counsel on both sides of the case to uphold high professional standards amid the passions of total war.
Increasing Exclusive Breast Milk Feeding Rates at an Urban Academic Hospital

Creation and implementation of Donor Pasteurized Milk Policy; all nurses attended mandatory education session Implementation of 24-hour rooming in (no separation of mothers and newborns via standard nursery) Survey given to patients to identify the most popular reasons for supplementation Journal clubs discussing breastfeeding issues Consultations with lactation consultants at other facilities Increasing rates and duration of initial skin-toskin contact and first breastfeeding session Daily patient rounds and assessments by international board certified lactation consultant Mandatory interdisciplinary breastfeeding education for all nurses, obstetricians, and pediatricians Education related to alternative breast milk feeding methods Outside speaker (international board certified lactation consultant) that moderated discussion of obstacles to exclusive breast milk feeding Feeding care plans (for complicated situations) developed collaboratively with nurses and international board certified lactation consultants Implementation of mother and newborn “quiet time”
Auricular cartilage: harvest technique and versatility in rhinoplasty.

Abstract Objectives/Hypothesis This study aims to present an improved technique for auricular cartilage harvest that maximizes graft volume while preserving auricular cosmesis. Also discussed is the versatility of auricular cartilage utilization in rhinoplasty. Study Design A retrospective review of a single surgeon's experience. Methods All auricular cartilage harvest and rhinoplasty operations performed by the senior author (CSC) from December 2006 through December 2009 cartilage were reviewed. Results Twenty-two cases were identified in which the described technique was used to harvest auricular cartilage for the purpose of functional or aesthetic rhinoplasty. There was sufficient tissue harvested in all operations, and no patients required costal cartilage harvest. Pain at the donor site after surgery was minimal and well controlled with oral medication. There were no donor-site complications and no cases of wound infection. Conclusions The proposed technique allows for optimal auricular cartilage harvest. By applying this method, the ear retains the preoperative appearance while the surgeon is able to obtain the largest graft possible. Auricular cartilage is a versatile source of grafting material in primary and secondary rhinoplasty.
Experimental therapeutics of neurodegenerative disorders: unmet needs.

The experimental therapeutics of neurodegenerative disorders is in its infancy, but neuroprotective strategies are already being applied in healthy persons at high risk of developing disease as well as in patients with manifest illness. Knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis, improved design of clinical trials, the development of biological markers, the advent of genetic animal models, the enhanced identification of susceptibility factors, and more effective drug delivery—such advances have improved the prospects for forestalling onset of illness and clinical decline in the growing numbers of people affected by neurodegenerative disorders.
Meshless Integral Method for Analysis of Elastoplastic Geotechnical Materials

The meshless integral method based on regularized boundary equation [1][2] is extended to analyze elastoplastic geotechnical materials. In this formulation, the problem domain is clouded with a node set using automatic node generation. The sub-domain and the support domain related to each node are also generated automatically using algorithms developed for this purpose. The governing integral equation is obtained from the weak form of elastoplasticity over a local sub-domain and the moving least-squares approximation is employed for meshless function approximation. The geotechnical materials are described by pressure-sensitive multi-surface Drucker-Prager/Cap plasticity constitutive law with hardening. A generalized collocation method is used to impose the essential boundary conditions and natural boundary conditions are incorporated in the system governing equations. A comparison of the meshless results with the FEM results shows that the meshless integral method is accurate and robust enough to solve geotechnical materials.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Syncope associated with exertional dyspnea and angina pectoris

Abstract Cases of syncope associated with exertional dyspnea and angina pectoris have been presented. Serveral of the common types of heart disease are included in the group. The patients described in remarkably the same manner the sequence of events leading to syncope. Syncope was always preceded by both exertional dyspnea and angina, and was prone to occur at times when congestive heart failure was most marked. Physical examination failed to reveal anything other than the usual features of the underlying disease. With one exception, carotid sinus stimulation and hyperventilation produced no abnormal responses. The various common types of cardiovascular syncope have been considered in connection with these patients. The cause of their syncope remains obscure, but it is suggested that exertion beyond the capacity of the cardiac output and reflexes arising from engorged lungs and an ischemic myocardium may be important factors.