cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convolutional Code Performance in the Rician Fading Channel

The performance of short constraint length convolutional codes in conjunction with binary phase-shift keyed (BPSK) modulation and Viterbi maximum likelihood decoding on the classical Rician fading channel is examined in detail. Primary interest is in the bit error probability performance as a function of E_{b}/N_{0} parameterized by the fading channel parameters. Fairly general upper bounds on bit error probability performance in the presence of fading are obtained and compared with simulation results in the two extremes of zero channel memory and infinite channel memory. The efficacy of simple block interleaving in combating the memory of the channel is thoroughly explored. Results include the effects of fading on tracking loop performance and the subsequent impact on overall coded system performance. The approach is analytical where possible; otherwise resort is made to digital computer simulation.
Unlocking the dysplasia puzzle.

In this issue of Blood , Zhou and colleagues describe preclinical results in vitro and in vivo, showing constitutive TGF-β activation in MDS and enhanced hematopoiesis following inhibition of TBRI kinase in MDS. These investigators have previously shown that p38 MAP kinase regulates stem cell
Issues in the Assessment of “Race” Among Latinos: Implications for Research and Policy

Measurement of race and ethnicity is integral to assessing and addressing health disparities experienced by minorities. However, the unique experiences of Latinos related to race and the discordance between understandings of race among Latinos and the predominant U.S. conceptualizations of this construct impact how Latinos respond to measurement approaches. As a result, data collection methodologies often yield ambiguous responses that reveal little about this population. This paper examines Latinos' racial responding, and how this relates to their experiences and understanding of their racial identity. We recommend the use of a combined race and ethnicity question and open-ended race and ethnicity questions, when feasible, which will likely yield more meaningful data that can be used to address this populations' health needs.
Reflective attenuator for high-energy laser measurements.

A high-energy laser attenuator in the range of 250 mJ (20 ns pulse width, 10 Hz repetition rate, 1064 nm wavelength) is described. The optical elements that constitute the attenuator are mirrors with relatively low reflectance, oriented at a 45° angle of incidence. By combining three pairs of mirrors, the incoming radiation is collinear and has the same polarization orientation as the exit. We present damage testing and polarization-dependent reflectance measurements for 1064 nm laser light at 45° angle of incidence for molybdenum, silicon carbide, and copper mirrors. A six element, 74 times (18 dB) attenuator is presented as an example.
The cow as an induced ovulator: Timed AI after synchronization of ovulation

Timed-AI after synchronization of ovulation has become one of the most used reproductive technologies developed during the past 40 years. Various adaptations of this technology are now extensively used worldwide, in the beef and dairy cattle industry. Our well-cited report, published in Theriogenology in 1995, presented a method termed Ovsynch, that used GnRH and PGF2α to perform synchronization of ovulation and timed AI in lactating dairy cows. This report introduced Ovsynch, more as a concept of induced ovulation, and demonstrated the ovarian dynamics during the protocol. Validation and improvements on this method were subsequently performed in numerous university studies and on commercial dairies, worldwide. This review will provide a brief historical background, some personal recollections, and certain modifications that have been made in synchronization of ovulation protocols. Each section emphasizes the physiology that underlies the most widely-used synchronization of ovulation protocols and key modifications and some practical application of these protocols on commercial operations. Finally, the effect of timed AI in the US dairy industry and in the Brazilian beef cattle industry are compared. Although numerous studies have been done using these protocols, there is still substantial need for research to improve the synchronization, efficacy, simplicity, and practical application of these protocols.
Deriving biomedical diagnostics from NMR spectroscopic data

Biomedical spectroscopic experiments generate large volumes of data. For accurate, robust diagnostic tools the data must be analyzed for only a few characteristic observations per subject, and a large number of subjects must be studied. We describe here two of the current data analytic approaches applied to this problem: SIMCA (principal component analysis, partial least squares), and the statistical classification strategy (SCS). We demonstrate the application of the SCS by three examples of its use in analyzing 1H NMR spectra: screening for colon cancer, characterization of thyroid cancer, and distinguishing cancer from cholangitis in the biliary tract.
Technical Standards as Public Goods: Demand Incentives for Cooperative Behavior

Technical standards can be viewed as a public good, in that one firm can use a standard without diminishing another firm's use of the standard. Drawingfrom developments in radio and television, this study illustrates the choice of technical standards by manufacturers. From the consumers'perspective, joint use of particular technical standards by firms reduces the likelihood of premature technological obsolescence and increases the quantity of comple mentary goods (broadcasts) available to the owners of receivers. The decision by each firm to choose an identical standard creates compatibility, expanding market demand. Thus the choice of a technical standard by each broadcaster involves an externality.
ANALYSIS OF A CELL-CYCLE SPECIFIC MODEL FOR CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY

A class of mathematical models for cancer chemotherapy which has been described in the literature takes the form of an optimal control problem with dynamics given by a bilinear system. In this paper we analyze a three-dimensional model in which the cell-cycle is broken into three compartments. The cytostatic agent used as control to kill the cancer cells is active in a compartment which combines the second growth phase and mitosis where cell-division occurs. A blocking agent is used as a second control to slow down the transit of cells during synthesis, but does not kill cells. The cumulative effect of the killing agent is used to model the negative effect of the treatment on healthy cells. It is shown that singular controls are not optimal. This eliminates treatments where during some time only a portion of the full drug dose is administered. Consequently only treatments which alternate between a full and no dose, i.e., so-called bang-bang controls, canbe optimal for this model. Both necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of treatment schedules of this type are given.
Ribosomal RNA expression in the developing rat olfactory bulb.

The rat olfactory bulb undergoes rapid postnatal growth, thus requiring the continuous production of new proteins. The present study examined the development of ribosomes, a key component in protein synthesis, in the bulb using an antibody specific to ribosomal RNA (Y10b). Furthermore, the potential role of afferent activity on patterns of Y10b immunoreactivity, as well as total RNA production (using incorporation of 3H-uridine) was examined by blocking an external naris on postnatal day 1 (P1). In control pups, Y10b was restricted to mitral cells at P2, with labeling expanding to include all layers by P10. Considerable increases in staining density were observed by P30. Although no differences in Y10b immunoreactive patterns were seen in naris-occluded animals 12-48 h after occlusion, or on P10 or P20, by P30, an apparent decrease in numbers of labeled profiles (presumably tufted cells) in the external plexiform layer was found. Furthermore, no changes were seen in levels of 3H-uridine incorporation. Despite the apparent insensitivity to naris closure, the results indicate that ribosome expression, as measured by Y10b immunoreactivity, undergoes rapid postnatal changes that parallel general patterns of growth in the rat olfactory bulb.
Nutritive Value of Virginia Wildrye, a Cool‐Season Grass Native to the Northeast USA

Interest in native plant species for conservation and production has increased because of new federal policies. We evaluated accessions of the native cool-season grass Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicus L.) from the northeastern USA for nutritive value and its association with plant morphological traits. Thirteen accessions, one cultivar (Omaha), and one commercial ecotype of Elymus were transplanted into single-row field plots in late summer of 2000 at Beltsville, MD, Rock Springs, PA, and Big Flats, NY. Two orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars were included. Primary growth was harvested in April (Beltsville) or May (Rock Springs and Big Flats) of 2001 and 2002 and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), crude protein (CP), and digestible NDF (dNDF). Nutritive value measures were related to plant morphological attributes [leaf width, length, area, and leaf-to-stem mass ratio (LSR)]. Virginia wildrye accessions differed (P < 0.01) in nutritive value and often had lower NDF and higher CP and dNDF than the commercial ecotype, Omaha cultivar, and orchardgrass. The LSR accounted for most of the variation in nutritive value. Orchardgrass was more mature at harvest than Elymus entries and thus lower in nutritive value. Neutral detergent fiber was negatively correlated with LSR (r = -0.26 to -0.74, P < 0.05), whereas CP and dNDF were positively correlated (r = 0.36 to 0.80 for CP and 0.44 to 0.74 for dNDF, P < 0.05). Neutral detergent fiber was also positively correlated (r = 0.27 to 0.86, P < 0.05) with leaf length. Virginia wildrye is comparable to other cool-season grasses in nutritive value.
Direct observation of layer-by-layer wetting of graphite by ethylene

It has been demonstrated directly by use of x-ray diffraction that at temperatures below the triple point of bulk ethylene (103.8 K) adsorption of ethylene onto the basal planes of graphite only occurs up to a finite number of molecular layers. Further addition of molecules results in the formation of bulk crystallites. Reversible transitions between the total number of layers adsorbed and the coexisting bulk are observed.
Regulation of steroidogenesis and prostaglandin formation in isolated adrenocortical cells: the effects of pregnenolone and cycloheximide.

The steroidogenic response to ACTH in isolated feline cortical cells was completely blocked by calcium deprivation or cycloheximide, but neither treatment markedly impaired pregnenolone-induced steroid release. While ACTH-evoked steroid release was accompanied by an increase in PGE; and PGF2α release, a potently steroidogenic concentration of pregnenolone (3 μm) was unable to augment prostaglandin (PG) release. Cycloheximide slightly obtunded basal PGE2 and PGF2α, release but did not prevent the ACTH-induced increase in PG release. The findings indicate that the critical role of calcium in the steroidogenic process is associated with early events in the interaction of ACTH with the cell membrane; one of the early events includes activation of PG synthesis through a mechanism involving enzyme activation rather than de novo synthesis of new enzyme protein.
Comparison of hydrogen fluoride saccharification of lignocellulosic materials with other saccharification technologies

Abstract Laboratory investigations have been conducted for the past year in the MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory in collaboration with Chemical Engineering at Michigan State University on the hydrogen fluoride (HF) saccharification of cellulose and wood. Our work is an extension of the work done by Fredenhagen in Germany reported in 1933. We have produced evidence that HF saccharification of lignocellulosic materials when compared with hydrolysis saccharification techniques has the important features of: (1) high conversion of cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars; (2) recycle of HF in the process thereby eliminating the need for major acid neutralization requirements; (3) a valuable lignin byproduct for chemical use; and (4) no elaborate pretreatment requirements. High sugar yields and chemically useful lignin are essential in the long term if biomass is to replace petroleum and later coal as sources of chemical raw materials and liquid fuels. There are several laboratory investigations recommended in order to more fully evaluate the potential of HF saccharification of lignocellulosic materials. These investigations include studies on reaction conditions versus yield, removal and recycle methods, post-hydrolysis conditions versus oligomer distribution, sugar separation methods, and basic studies on uses for xylose and lignin. Results of these studies could be utilized to develop a process design and economic evaluation of the HF technology and to identify those processing steps which require pilot scale experimentation.
X-ray-absorption study of the interaction of hydrogen with clusters of supported palladium

The extended x-ray-absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and x-ray-absorption near-edge structure (XANES) at the Pd K edge were used to observe the interaction of hydrogen with palladium clusters, 5 nm in average size, supported on alumina. A sample was reduced in flowing dihydrogen at 573 K and atmospheric pressure. This sample was then cooled to room temperature (RT) in dihydrogen, allowing for the formation of \ensuremath{\beta}-phase palladium hydride. Another sample was reduced in the same way, but then evacuated at 573 K to prevent formation of the hydride. This sample was cooled to RT in vacuo and contacted with helium at atmospheric pressure. Analysis of the Pd EXAFS recorded at RT showed a 3.7% increase in the Pd-Pd distance and greater disorder for the hydride compared to the sample free of hydride. The XANES results were consistent with a narrowing of the l=1 band features for the hydride sample due to the increased Pd-Pd distance. In addition, the line shape of the edge for the hydride may result from hydrogen lowering the number of unoccupied p-like states near the Fermi level of Pd. The observed lattice expansion and modified electronic structure have been reported for bulk palladium hydride.
Hearing loss alters quantal release at cochlear nucleus stellate cells.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Auditory nerve synapses in ventral cochlear nucleus end on two principal cell types, bushy and stellate cells. Although the effects of hearing loss on bushy cells have been well studied, little is known about the effects of hearing loss on synaptic input to the stellate cells. Based on prior observations in bushy cells, we hypothesized that noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) would decrease quantal release onto stellate cells. Study Design: Prospective, randomized animal study. Methods: CBA/CaJ mice were exposed for 2 hours to 98 dB sound pressure level (SPL) 8- to 16-kHz noise to produce a temporary threshold shift (TTS) or 114 dB SPL to produce a permanent threshold shift (PTS). Spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) were then measured in stellate cells in brain slices of the cochlear nucleus. Results: Click auditory brainstem evoked response thresholds were elevated by 35 dB in both TTS and PTS mice. Spontaneous mEPSC frequency was found to be five-fold higher than normal in stellate cells of TTS mice and three-fold higher in PTS mice. The mEPSC amplitude was also larger in PTS mice. The mEPSC time course was not different between experimental and control groups. Conclusions: The dramatic increase in mEPSC frequency after NIHL was not expected. The increase in mEPSC amplitude in PTS mice suggests a postsynaptic remodeling process. Both of these effects could contribute to increased spontaneous firing in the cochlear nucleus in the absence of sound. Our results also suggest that hearing loss may have different effects at auditory nerve synapses on bushy and stellate cells in the VCN. Laryngoscope, 2010
Residents’ Yard Choices and Rationales in a Desert City: Social Priorities, Ecological Impacts, and Decision Tradeoffs

As a dominant land use in urban ecosystems, residential yards impact water and other environmental resources. Converting thirsty lawns into alternative landscapes is one approach to water conservation, yet barriers such as cultural norms reinforce the traditional lawn. Meanwhile, the complex social and ecological implications of yard choices complicate programs aimed at changing grass and other yard features for particular purposes. In order to better understand individual landscape decisions, we qualitatively examined residents’ rationales for their preferred yard types in the desert metropolis of Phoenix, Arizona. After briefly presenting landscape choices across two survey samples, the dominant reasons for preferences are discussed: appearance, maintenance, environment, recreation, microclimate, familiarity, and health/safety. Three broader analytical themes emerged from these descriptive codes: (1) residents’ desires for attractive, comfortable landscapes of leisure encompassing pluralistic tastes, lifestyles, and perceptions; (2) the association of environmental benefits and impacts with different landscape types involving complex social and ecological tradeoffs; and (3) the cultural legacies evident in modern landscape choices, especially in terms of a dichotomous human–nature worldview among long-time residents of the Phoenix oasis. Given these findings, programs aimed at landscape change must recognize diverse preferences and rationalization processes, along with the perceived versus actual impacts and tradeoffs of varying yard alternatives.
Mutational Alterations of the Key cis Proline Residue That Cause Accumulation of Enzymatic Reaction Intermediates of DsbA, a Member of the Thioredoxin Superfamily

The DsbA-DsbB pathway introduces disulfide bonds into newly translocated proteins. Conversion of the conserved cis proline 151 of DsbA to several hydrophilic residues results in accumulation of mixed disulfides between DsbA and its dedicated oxidant, DsbB. However, only a proline-to-threonine change causes accumulation of mixed disulfides of DsbA with its substrates.
An ab initio study of internal rotation

Abstract Ethane, propane, chloroethane, n-butane, 1-chloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane and the meso and dl isomers of 2,3-dichlorobutane (DCBs) were used as model compounds in an ab initio study of single internal rotations around the central carbon-carbon bonds. Hartree-Fock calculations using the 6-31 G∗ basis set were performed for rotation angles at 30° intervals (φi) with relaxation of all other molecular coordinates. The stationary points on the potential energy profiles were determined separately with full geometry optimization. The resulting potential energies V(φi) and derivatives V'(φi) were then fitted to Fourier-series expansions to different levels of accuracy. Potential energy functions interpolated from only the energies were found to be reasonably accurate representations; however, adding derivatives to the input is recommended for enhancing the accuracy of the fitted functions. Numerous theoretical techniques for assessing the accuracy of a potential function are discussed and demonstrated. The ab initio energy data were subsequently employed to test the vicinal-pair-energy method, a simple approach for simulating torsional energies of large molecules from those of smaller ones. The approach is found to be moderately successful in reproducing the HF/6-31G∗ optimized-rotor potential curves for the DCBs.
Use of Heavy Drinking Donors in Heart Transplantation is Not Associated With Worse Mortality.

BACKGROUND Although orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) remains the preferred treatment for end-stage heart failure, there continues to be a critical shortage of organ donors. The goal of this study is to examine outcomes after orthotopic OHT using heavy drinking donors (HDDs) in a large, national database. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing database was examined for all primary, adult OHT carried out from 2005 to 2012. RESULTS There were 14,928 total OHT performed during the study period with 2,274 (15.2%) using HDD. Recipients of HDD were older (53.4 vs. 51.9 years, P < 0.001), more likely men (80.7 vs 74.4%, P < 0.001), less likely sex mismatched (21.5 vs 27.5%, P < 0.001), more likely race mismatched (57.4 vs 52.4%, P < 0.001), and had less total HLA mismatches (4.55 vs 4.65, P < 0.001). The HDD were older (37.0 vs 30.5 years, P < 0.001), more likely men (82.2 vs 69.9%, P < 0.001), and more likely to have heavy cigarette use (38.1 vs 13.2%, P < 0.001). Length of stay was not different (20.3 vs 19.7 days, P = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, use of HDD was not associated with mortality at 30 days (hazards ratio [HR], 1.12; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.90-1.39; P = 0.30), 1 year (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.83-1.11; P = 0.56), and at 5 years (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.91-1.13; P = 0.79). Variables associated with mortality at 5 years included increasing donor age, prolonged ischemic time, worsening recipient creatinine, recipient black race, sex mismatch, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or mechanical ventilation as a bridge to transplantation. CONCLUSION Heart transplantation can be performed using carefully selected HDDs with good outcomes.
Tunability of a 946-nm Nd:YAG microchip laser by use of a double-cavity configuration

We observed the tunability of a 946-nm Nd:YAG microchip laser by using a double-cavity configuration. We shifted the lasers wavelength from 938 to 946 nm by changing the thickness of the air gap. In addition, differences in reflectivity of the output mirror yielded the tunable range of the 946-nm band, with the center oscillation wavelength maintained at 946.1 nm.
Liquid chromatographic separation of electrochemical oxidation products of biologically important purines

Abstract A liquid Chromatographie method utilizing a dual column system (Sephadex G-10 gel permeation and Sephadex QAE A-25 anion exchange) has been developed for the quantitative separation of mixtures of compounds found as products of electrochemical oxidation of biologically important purines. Milligram quantities of such product mixtures may be separated and quantitative analysis is also possible in some cases.
Language, cultural psychology, and family therapy: Japanese examples from an international perspective

Psychotherapists may find the study of foreign languages valuable in understanding the cultural psychology of relationships. The logic and grammar of the language used to form relationships may offer some insight into how relationships breakdown and can be restored in psychotherapy. Language and thought are inseparable in the Whorf and Sapir hypothesis. This paper illustrates how other-centeredness, indirection, indecision, and apology are embedded in Japanese grammar and become the foundation for Japanese relationships. Two other central ideas of Japanese culture,Amae (interdependency) andOmote/Ura (public and private selves), are also presented with implications for presenting complaints, therapeutic relationships, and treatment techniques.
Application of Pluronic gel to the study of root-knot nematode behaviour

Pluronic F-127 is a stable, non-toxic, copolymer that forms a gel at room temperature and a liquid at 15°C when the concentration is 20-30%. Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) second-stage juveniles can move freely through the gel and display attraction toward roots of tomato, Medicago truncatula, common bean and Arabidopsis. The excellent clarity of the gel allows examination of behavioural changes in the nematode as it reaches and infects its host. Attraction assays showed that Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita move to roots much more rapidly than does M. hapla. Nematodes form aggregates when in contact with root tips suggesting that the presence of a signal from the nematode or from the root is involved in the attraction. Nematodes suspended in Pluronic gel without roots aggregate into balls after 1 to 2 days. A coverslip placed on the gel accelerates and serves as a focus for the aggregation, suggesting that lower oxygen, or perhaps a volatile attractant, is involved in this behaviour. These observations demonstrate that Pluronic gel is a useful medium for dissecting attraction of root-knot nematodes to their hosts and for studying additional aspects of their behaviour.
Iterative Migration In Marine CSEM Data Interpretation

In this paper we consider an application of the ideas of electromagnetic (EM) migration to the interpretation of a typical marine controlledsource (MCSEM) survey, which consists of a set of sea-bottom receivers and a moving electrical bipole transmitter. The 3-D interpretation of the MCSEM data is a very challenging problem because of the enormous amount of computations required in the case of the multi-transmitter and multi-receiver data acquisition systems used in these surveys. At the same time, we show that the MCSEM surveys with their dense system of transmitters and receivers happen to be extremely well suited for application of the migration method. In order to speed up the computation of the migration field, we apply a fast form of integral equation (IE) solution based on the multigrid quasi-linear (MGQL) approximation. The principles of the migration imaging formulated in this paper are tested on a typical model of a sea-bottom petroleum reservoir.
The minimal nanowire: Mechanical properties of carbyne

Advances in molecular assembly are converging to an ultimate in atomistic precision —nanostructures built by single atoms. Recent experimental studies confirm that single chains of carbon atoms —carbyne— exist in stable polyyne structures and can be synthesized, representing the minimal possible nanowire. Here we report the mechanical properties of carbyne obtained by first-principles–based ReaxFF molecular simulation. A peak Young's modulus of 288 GPa is found with linear stiffnesses ranging from 64.6–5 N/m for lengths of 5–64 A. We identify a size-dependent strength that ranges from 11 GPa (1.3 nN) for the shortest to a constant 8 GPa (0.9 nN) for longer carbyne chains. We demonstrate that carbyne chains exhibit extremely high vibrational frequencies close to 6 THz for the shortest chains, which are found to be highly length-dependent.
Modeling the consumer benefit in the optimal power flow

Abstract The addition of a model of the consumer into the traditional optimal power flow (OPF) algorithm that minimizes supplier costs is investigated. The development of such a model is based on the solution of the OPF using an objective function for maximization of social welfare. A traditional OPF algorithm can be modified to solve the social welfare maximization problem by including price-dependent load models. This modification to the traditional OPF is intuitive and very simple. This modified OPF formulation facilitates simulation of spot markets for both real and reactive power. The algorithm is effective on systems of hundreds of buses, but small examples to compare the results to the traditional OPF are also insightful. The impact of price-dependent loads on systems with transmission congestion, increased fuel costs, and voltage problems can be studied.
Treatment of giant pulmonary interstitial emphysema by ipsilateral bronchial occlusion with a Swan-Ganz catheter

Background Unilateral giant pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) can be seen as a complication of chronic ventilation in extremely low-birth-weight babies. Many can be managed by conventional pulmonary care which includes positioning, suctioning, chest physiotherapy, gentle conventional ventilation and high-frequency ventilation. Some may need invasive procedures such as lung puncture, pleurotomies and excisional surgery. This is the group in which single-lung ventilation may be beneficial and circumvent the need for an invasive procedure.
Vestibular migraine may be an important cause of dizziness/vertigo in perimenopausal period

Migraine disorders are more prevalent among women than men. The ovarian neurosteroids play an important role in this sex difference by modulating neurotransmitter systems involving migraine pathogenesis. During perimenopause, unlike the postmenopausal period, women are under unstable fluctuations of ovarian neurosteroid levels. Such fluctuations might be an important interval-specific trigger for activating migraines. Along with migraine headache, dizziness is one of the most common complaints of perimenopause. A significant portion of this dizziness may be caused by vestibular migraine that has heterogeneous clinical features with dizziness and/or migraine headache. Because of this variation in phenomenology, the symptom of dizziness and vertigo during perimenopause is frequently misclassified as being a nonspecific climacteric symptom or having psychological origin. The recognition of vestibular migraine and its heterogeneous clinical presentations are important to understand, differentiate and correctly diagnose the symptom of dizziness and vertigo during perimenopausal transition. Further, recognition of the steroid influences on migraine genesis will lead to improved treatment regimens for vertigo from migraine.
Transformation to Rotating Coordinates

IN the treatment of problems involving rotating coordinate frames one of two types of viewpoint is conventionally adopted. The assumption may either be made that the use of principles familiar in special relativity can be extended to the rotating coordinate case, or a general-relativistic treatment may be used, with use of an explicit coordinate transformation for uniform rotation in going from the inertial frame to the rotating frame.
Data Acquisition and Control System for the IPNS Time-of-Flight Neutron Scattering Instruments

The Argonne Intense Pulsed Neutron System (IPNS-I) presently under construction at Argonne National Laboratory will include a number of neutron scattering instruments. This paper investigates the data acquisition requirements of these instruments and proposes three alternative multiprocessor systems which will satisfy these requirements. All proposals are star configurations with a super-mini as the central node or HOST. The first proposal is based on front-ends composed of two or more 16-bit microcomputers, the second proposal is based on front ends consisting of a combination of a mini and microcomputers, and the third is based on a minicomputer with an intelligent CAMAC controller.
II. The genome of Pneumocystis carinii

The best understood special form of P. carinii, P. carinii formae specialis (f.sp.) carinii, appears to be haploid and contains about 8 million base pairs of DNA (8.5 fg) per nucleus. The genome of P. carinii f.sp. carinii is divided into 13–15 linear chromosomes that range from 300 to 700 kb in size. Eight different P. carinii f.sp. carinii karyotypes have been observed. The karyotypes of P. carinii f.sp. carinii differ due to slight variations in the lengths of chromosomes, but the 8 karyotype-forms of P. carinii f.sp. carinii exhibit very little variation in DNA sequence. By contrast, the genome of P. carinii f.sp. carinii differs markedly in sequence from the genomes of P. carinii from other hosts, such as mouse, ferret and human. In addition, chromosomes and DNA sequences from P. carinii from mouse, ferret, and human also differ greatly from each other. The genome of a ferret P. carinii appears to be up to 1.7 times larger than those of P. carinii from other hosts. Nearly two dozen P. carinii genes have been cloned and sequenced. The typical P. carinii gene sequence is 60–65% A+T. P. carinii genes usually contain introns, which are typically less than 50 bp in length, but can be as numerous as 9 per gene. A system for naming P. carinii genes is proposed in which each gene would be designated by an italic three-letter lower case symbol. The first allele (i.e. sequence) that is found would have a superscript 1, such as xyz11. Any subsequent alleles would be designated as xyz12, etc. A protein would have the same symbol as the gene that produced it, but written in roman print with the first letter an uppercase, such as Msg1. Some of the P. carinii genome is comprised of DNA sequences that are present dozens of times. Three families of such repeated DNA sequences have been described. Two of these families (MSG and PRT) encode proteins. The third family is the telomere repeat, which is found at the ends of each chromosome, and sometimes at internal chromosomal sites, in which case it has been called the alpha repeat. Determination of the complete sequence of the P. carinii genome is both practicable and of primary importance to the understanding of this organism. The small size of the P. carinii genome and its packaging into chromosomes that are resolvable by PFGE will facilitate sequence analysis.
Indigenous algae for local bioresource production: Phycoprospecting

Abstract Photosynthetic algae represent a large and diverse group of organisms that have only a limited history of characterization and exploitation. The application of resource production from algae is relatively untapped, with the potential to produce fuels, food, fibers and nutraceuticals on a large scale. Methods to screen for indigenous species of algae have improved and can allow communities to prospect for algae suited to regional needs. When cultured locally, indigenous algae are adapted to the prevailing regional abiotic and biotic factors. Native algae commonly inhabit local waste resources and pose no risk of becoming noxious invasives. Methods for culturing algae can utilize anthropogenic waste resources including wastewater nutrients and CO 2 from fossil fuel combustion. While genetic engineering may have a role in helping future algae production succeed, the majority of algae species have yet to be identified or characterized and the genetic diversity of these unknown species may offer significant but currently unknown benefits for bioresource production. Recalcitrant problems of culture stability, biomass density, harvesting, and product refining may be overcome by exploring native biological material. Selecting indigenous algae with intrinsic characteristics amenable to bioresource production and waste mitigation – phycoprospecting – is the most sustainable path forward for widespread algae-based bioresource development. Our recent efforts in phycoprospecting of local habitats revealed a diversity of algae with significant lipid content.
Rapamycin: one drug, many effects

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a master regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Deregulation of the mTOR pathway has been implicated in a number of human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, neurological diseases, and genetic disorders. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR, has been shown to be useful in the treatment of certain diseases. Here we discuss its mechanism of action and highlight recent findings regarding the effects and limitations of rapamycin monotherapy and the potential utility of combination therapy with rapamycin.
Using geographic information system to visualize travel patterns and market research data.

Travel pattern data collected from a rural county in western North Carolina, United States, was analyzed using a geographic information system. Travel pattern data are valuable to destination marketers as it highlights potential regional promotions and development partners. Geographic information systems (GIS) can easily display in map form spatially oriented concepts such as travel patterns and provides easy viewing of the data. The generated maps provided a clear indication of regions, counties, and towns that tourism promoters in the rural county may consider as potential marketing and development collaborators. Additionally, by modeling trip distances per travel pattern, potential new markets were identified.
Endocrine and chronobiological effects of fasting in women

Abstract Objective: To determine whether fasting in women would suppress GnRH/LH drive in a high- versus low-gonadal steroid milieu. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Academic clinical research center. Patient(s): Eleven eumenorrheic women and eleven women taking combined oral contraceptives. Intervention(s): Seven of the eleven women in each group underwent an acute 72-hour fast. Blood samples were obtained at 15-minute intervals for 24 hours before the fast and during the last 24 hours of fasting. Main Outcome Measure(s): Twenty-four–hour profiles of LH, cortisol, and melatonin were assessed. Ovarian activity was tracked with estradiol and progesterone levels, and metabolic responses were gauged by measuring thyroid hormone and β-hydroxy-butyric acid levels. Result(s): Fasting increaseed β-hydroxy-butyric acid and reduced free thyronine. Fasting in the midfollicular phase had no effect on LH pulsatility or on FSH, estradiol, or subsequent luteal-phase progesterone levels. However, fasting elevated cortisol and resulted in a phase advance in melatonin secretion of 81 minutes in both the midfollicular and luteal phases. Conclusion(s): Fasting in women elicited expected metabolic responses and apparently advanced the central circadian clock without compromising reproductive function.
Optimization of hydrogen bonds for combined DNA/collagen complex.

Abstract Many natural and biological systems including collagen and DNA polymers are formed by a process of molecular self-assembly. In this paper, we developed two novel structural models and built heterogeneous DNA/collagen complexes through a preferable arrangement of multiple hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) between DNA and collagen molecules. The simulation results based on three sets of criteria indicate that one of the models with five collagen molecules, which are positioned around each strand of DNA molecules emerged to form a suitable polymer complex with the maximum number of H-bonds. Our predictions quantitatively validated and agreed with the molecular structure reported by Mrevlishvili and Svintradze [2005. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 36, 324–326].
The structure of liquid crystalline copolyesters prepared from 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy naphthalene, and terephthalic acid: 2. Atomic models for the copolymer chains☆

Abstract The X-ray fibre patterns from copolyesters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxynaphthalene, and terephthalic acid show meridional maxima that are aperiodic. The positions of these peaks can be reproduced by calculation of the scattering characteristics of copolymer chains of random sequence modelled as linear arrays of points, where each point represents a monomer separated from adjacent points by the appropriate monomer lengths. By introducing atomic models for the monomers, good agreement is also obtained between the observed and calculated intensities. It is shown that the intensity agreement is improved by refinement of the orientation of the monomers with respect to the fibre axis.
Extracellular enzymic activity of poultry spoilage bacteria.

The extracellular enzymic activity has been studied of 224 strains of bacteria isolated mainly at 1° from spoiling chickens and turkeys and from poultry processing plants. The isolates comprised 44 strains of pigmented Pseudomonas, 57 strains of nonpigmented Pseudomonas, 29 strains of Ps. putrefaciens, 50 strains of oxidase positive Acinetobacter and 44 strains of oxidase negative Acinetobacter. None of the strains showed any significant activity against dextrin, starch, glycogen, inulin, dextran, xylan or pectin. Proteolytic activity was found mainly amongst 2 groups of pigmented pseudo-monads, and Ps. putrefaciens. Nuclease activity was found particularly amongst strains of Ps. putrefaciens and the oxidase negative Acinetobacter strains isolated from spoiling poultry. Almost all of the strains showed lipolytic activity when tested with tributyrin and a proportion of strains could also attack chicken fat. This latter property was particularly evident amongst the nonpigmented Pseudomonas strains.
Assessment of hazards posed to fluid‐borne cells in airlift reactors

In sparged reactors, interfacial phenomena can produce very energetic liquid-phase motions; the important interfacial events may include bubble formation, bubble breakage and coalescence, and bubble disengagement. The latter has generally been singled out as a leading cause of cellular damage and death in the large-scale culture of mammalian cells. In the present work, the danger to cells posed by disengagement phenomena in airlift reactors is quantified through the combination of three separate factors: 1) the number of exposures per hour of operation; 2) the mean residence time (per exposure) in the region of the disengagement disturbances; and 3) the disturbance energy contained in the appropriate range of frequencies. A system for estimating hazard levels in aerated reactors (based upon these three factors) is proposed. The methodology described in this paper makes quantitative comparison of both reactors and reactor operations possible. Dans les reacteurs asperges, les phenomenes d'interface peuvent provoquer des deplacements de la phase liquide tres energetiques; les principaux phenomenes d'interface pouvant survenir sont la formation de bulles, la rupture des bulles et la coalescence, et enfin le degagement ou separation des bulles. Ce dernier phenomene est generalement designe comme etant la principale cause de deterioration et de mort des cellules dans la culture a grande echelle de cellules de mammiferes. Dans ce travail, le danger que posent pour les cellules les phenomenes de degagement dans les reacteurs airlift est quantifie par la combinaison de trois facteurs distincts: 1) le nombre d'expositions par heure de fonction-nement; 2) le temps de sejour moyen (par exposition) dans la region des perturbations de degagement; et 3) l'energie des perturbations contenue dans la gamme appropriee des frequences. On propose un systeme pour l'estimation des niveaux de risque dans les reacteurs aeres (d'apres ces trois facteurs). La methodologie decrite dans cet article fait une com-paraison quantitative des reacteurs et des fonctionnements de reacteur possibles.
The effects of nonstandard lightning voltage waveshapes on the impulse strength of short air gaps

Sphere-sphere, rod-rod and rod-plane air gaps, each 5-cm long, were tested with lightning surges of eight voltage waves of both polarities. The critical breakdown voltage levels of the tested air gaps attained a minimum plateau within a specific range of wavefronts of the lightning surges. Long time delays of breakdown for the fast-front and short time delays for the slow-front waves were observed. These phenomena would significantly affect the insulation coordination of the power apparatus and systems. >
Knowledge discovery with networks for climate science: questions and answers from ckd hamburg

The use of complex networks has been motivated in climate to understand attributes of large-scale dynamics, for example, correlations between variables and relations among climate oscillators. This talk addresses two specific questions that arose from discussions at the first Climate Knowledge Discovery Workshop held in Hamburg earlier this year. The first part revolves around the ability to represent the salient features of the climate system via networks. We show that the structure of networks constructed from outputs of physically-based climate models generally exhibit less intra-model variability (among members of an initial condition ensemble of the same model) than inter-model variability (between different models run with the same forcing). Moreover, we illustrate the stability of these patterns over a long-term integration of a climate model run. The second part deals with the effect of model resolution on large-scale phenomena. Specifically, we examine some high-level features (dipole patterns) extracted from two runs of the same climate model run at different resolutions using graph-based methods. The findings from both of these investigations lend additional credence to this growing field of network-based representation and analysis of complex systems.
Intra-VTA adenosine A1 receptor activation blocks morphine stimulation of motor behavior and cortical and limbic Fos immunoreactivity.

Abstract Drugs of abuse produce psychomotor stimulation as one of their characteristic behavioral effects. Single administration of opiates stimulates motor activity via effects on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Adenosine A 1 receptor agonists inhibit VTA GABAergic and dopaminergic transmission and are predicted to alter the behavioral effects of opiates. This study examined the effects of intra-VTA administration of selective adenosine A 1 receptor agonist N 6 -cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) and antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dimethylxanthine (CPT) on morphine-induced motor stimulation in C57BL/6 mice. It also examined the effects of CPA on morphine's activation of VTA neurons projecting to limbic and cortical regions including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), anterior cingulate cortex (ACg) and prelimbic cortex (PrL) via quantitation of immediate-early gene c-Fos protein in these regions. Mice received subcutaneous morphine and intra-VTA administration of CPA and then automated motor activity was measured. Morphine treatment induced both motor activity and Fos immunoreactivity in the NAc, ACg and PrL suggesting that behavioral stimulation is produced by neural activation in these regions. Intra-VTA CPA administration produced a dose-dependent inhibition of morphine-induced motor stimulation and blocked c-Fos induction in all three regions. Intra-VTA CPT treatment had no effects on motor activity or on morphine-induced motor stimulation. VTA adenosine A 1 agonist inhibition of morphine's effects on motor activity and of neural activation of VTA projections suggests that these neurons and their regulation are critical to morphine's stimulant effects. Adenosine A 1 receptor agonists and purinergic modulators may represent useful treatment approaches for blocking the behavioral effects of opiates.
Amphotericin and model membranes. The effect of amphotericin B on cholesterol-containing systems as viewed by 2H-NMR.

Abstract (1) The interactions between amphotericin B and sterol-containing model membranes were monitored by 2H-NMR of deuterium-labelled dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC), cholesterol and epicholesterol. (2) The addition of amphotericin B to a cholesterol/DMPC ( 3:7 ) system was perceived differently by the lipid, depending upon the depth in the bilayer: no structural change was manifest in the acyl chain region associated with the plateau in molecular ordering (C4′), whereas the lipid clearly senses two environments near the center of the bilayer (C13′, C14′). The amount as well as the ordering properties of the more ordered antibiotic-induced component, sensed at C14′, increased with decreasing temperature. (3) The structural parameters of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in cholesterol/DMPC mixtures were unchanged upon addition of amphotericin B, regardless of the bilayer depth. (4) Upon addition of amphotericin B, the lipid T 1 values are unchanged, whereas the T 2 values are reduced by a factor of 2. The minimum in T 1 observed for cholesterol in DMPC at 32–35°C was shifted towards 38–40°C in the presence of amphotericin B. (5) Epicholesterol-containing dispersions of DMPC had properties similar to those of their cholesterol-containing analogs; a noticeable difference between the systems was an approx. 10% increase in the segmental order parameters on the addition of amphotericin B to the system containing the α-isomer of cholesterol. (6) The concept of a dynamic complexation between amphotericin B and sterol is discussed.