cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing soil carbon sequestration in turfgrass systems using long-term soil testing data

As part of the urbanization process, an increasing percentage of land throughout the USA is being converted into turfgrass. Because of high productivity and lack of soil disturbance, turfgrass may be making substantial contributions to sequester atmospheric C. To determine the rate and capacity of soil C sequestration, we compiled historic soil-testing data from parts of 15 golf courses that were near metropolitan Denver and Fort Collins, CO, and one golf course near Saratoga, WY. In addition, we compiled a total of about 690 data sets on previous land use, soil texture, grass species and type, fertilization rate, irrigation, and other management practices. The oldest golf course was 45 yr old in 2000, and the newest golf course was 1.5 yr old. Nonlinear regression analysis of compiled historic data indicated a strong pattern of soil organic matter (SOM) response to decades of turfgrass culture. Total C sequestration continued for up to about 31 yr in fairways and 45 yr in putting greens. However, the most rapid increase occurred during the first 25 to 30 yr after turfgrass establishment, at average rates approaching 0.9 and 1.0 t ha -1 yr -1 for fairways and putting greens, respectively. Our study also found that past land use imparted a strong control of SOM baseline; fairways converted from agricultural lands exhibited 24% lower SOM than fairways converted from native grasslands. We concluded that C sequestration in turf soils occurs at a significant rate that is comparable to the rate of C sequestration reported for USA land that has been placed in the Conservation Reserve Program.
Role of TRPV1 Channels in Glioma Cell Viability and Survival

High grade primary brain tumors are among the deadliest malignancies known to medicine. Anaplastic gliomas (WHO grade 3) and Glioblastoma Multiforme, or GBM, (WHO grade 4) are prevalent primary brain tumors in adults. Exploration of new avenues in treatment of GBM is absolutely crucial when taking into consideration the short (12-17 months) survival time after the diagnosis. Annually there are around 20,000 new cases, including over 4,000 pediatric (age 0-19) cases. The heat and capsaicin receptor TRPV1 is highly expressed in malignant gliomas, where the channels are thought to play a role in inducing apoptotic cell death. We evaluated TRPV1 expression in different glioma cell lines and determined the correlation of the protein expression with age and sex in the tissue samples obtained from patients with GMB. We found that age dependent correlation of TRPV1 expression is more characteristic for male patients with GBM than for females. However, in both groups TRPV1 expression was higher in patients of age 35-55 years old.We also investigated the sensitivity of different glioma cell lines to the TRPV1 agonists, including endovanilloid NADA and capsaicin. We found that 50 μM of capsaicin inhibited the cell growth and proliferation of U87 but not U251 glioma cells. The presence of TRPV1 on the plasma membrane was higher in U87 cells in comparison to U251, as confirmed by biotinylation, and may account for the effect of capsaicin on the cell viability. These results indicate that TRPV1 could play an important role in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis of primary brain tumors.
“Accelerator Globulin” and “Antihemophilic Globulin” in Thrombin Formation from Aged Prothrombin and in Hemophilic Blood.∗

Conclusions1. There is a new factor, or group of factors, (Quick's “labile factor” Owren's “factor V,” Ware, Guest and Seegers' “accelerator globulin”), to be recognized in the first phase of the blood-clotting system. At present it may be considered an “accessory” activator distinct from calcium, thromboplastin, and thromboplastic enzyme. 2. This factor is found abundantly in fresh plasma and prothrombin (purified by the usual methods, e. g.13), but deteriorates on “aging,” independently of the prothrombin. High dilution may be necessary to demonstrate this. The addition of fresh AcG will restore the original potency of the prothrombin, but aged AcG loses this property. 3. AcG is not “antihemophilic” and so-called “antihemophilic globulin” is not able to restore the activity of aged prothrombin. 4. “Owren's disease,”18 a specific hemorrhagic disorder associated with a plasma deficiency of this new factor, is, in all probability, a true clinical entity, which suitable tests can differentiate from “idiopat...
Changes in the open field behavior of female golden hamsters

Six female hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were given three 15-min tests, spaced 40 min apart, in an open field containing novel objects. The Ss’ behavior was sampled at 6-sec intervals and assigned to one of nine categories. The frequency of scratching and biting the floor and walls of the field and freezing increased over the three tests while the amount of nonobject sniffing decreased. Although the frequency of grooming did not change, the latency to the first recorded instance of grooming reliably decreased across test sessions.
The Effect of Priming a Thin Ideal on the Subsequent Perception of Conceptually Related Body Image Words

Abstract Our research examined the effects of thin ideal priming on the perception of body image words in participants without an eating disorder. Half of the participants were primed by viewing thin models, and half were primed with gender-neutral shoes. Subsequently, all participants (N = 56) completed a Stroop task for three categories of words: neutral (BOOKS), shoe (CLOGS), and body (THIGHS). Lastly, all participants completed a body dissatisfaction questionnaire. We predicted that body dissatisfaction scores would be correlated with the Stroop effect. We found a significant correlation between body dissatisfaction and the body effect of slower color naming times for the body related words compared to the neutral words. Our study demonstrates that body dissatisfaction and a brief priming with thin models results in subsequent differences in performing a Stroop task in a non clinical population of female participants.
Identifying student misconceptions of programming

Computing educators are often baffled by the misconceptions that their CS1 students hold. We need to understand these misconceptions more clearly in order to help students form correct conceptions. This paper describes one stage in the development of a concept inventory for Computing Fundamentals: investigation of student misconceptions in a series of core CS1 topics previously identified as both important and difficult. Formal interviews with students revealed four distinct themes, each containing many interesting misconceptions. Three of those misconceptions are detailed in this paper: two misconceptions about memory models, and data assignment when primitives are declared. Individual misconceptions are related, but vary widely, thus providing excellent material to use in the development of the CI. In addition, CS1 instructors are provided immediate usable material for helping their students understand some difficult introductory concepts.
Cellular membranes: the biosynthesis of glycoprotein and glycolipid in hela cell membranes.

Abstract The biosynthesis of glycoprotein and glycolipid in HeLa cells was studied by following the distribution of glucosamine- 14 C, fucose- 14 C, and leucine- 3 H as a function of time. The HeLa cells were useful for studying the biosynthesis of membrane components; nearly all of the glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesized by these cells is membrane-bound or intracellular. The extracellular material constituted only 1–4%. Most of the glucosamine- 14 C and fucose- 14 C was incorporated into glycoprotein and glycolipid found in the smooth internal and plasma membranes; by contrast, the majority of the leucine- 3 H was found in the microsomal fraction and soluble protein. It was concluded that glucosamine is not attached to protein at the ribosomal or microsomal level. From chase experiments it appeared that the soluble and smooth membrane glycoprotein and glycolipid was first labeled; the labeled material then migrates progressively to the plasma membrane. A hypothesis was proposed concerning the events involved in membrane glycoprotein biosynthesis and the localization of these events within the cell. The smooth internal membranes were specified as the subcellular site for assembly of membrane glycoprotein and glycolipid. The incorporation of glycoprotein and glycolipid membrane subunits, which are eventually integrated into the substructure of the plasma membrane, was discussed.
ATLAS Offline Data Quality System Upgrade

The ATLAS data quality software infrastructure provides tools for prompt investigation of and feedback on collected data and propagation of these results to analysis users. Both manual and automatic inputs are used in this system. In 2011, we upgraded our framework to record all issues affecting the quality of the data in a manner which allows users to extract as much information (of the data) for their particular analyses as possible. By improving the recording of issues, we are able to reassess the impact of the quality of the data on different physics measurements and adapt accordingly. We have gained significant experience with collision data operations and analysis; we have used this experience to improve the data quality system, particularly in areas of scaling and user interface. This document describes the experience gained in assessing and recording of the data quality of ATLAS and subsequent benefits to the analysis users.
Matching client/server processing architectures with information processing requirements: a contingency study

Abstract The 1990s are witnessing the rapid growth of client/server (C/S) computing, but for an organization to benefit from a C/S model, it should ensure that the processing architecture matches its information needs. Researchers have suggested that organizations moving to this model should identify their information requirements, and then determine the appropriate architectures to support them. This study utilizes information processing theory to examine the match between an organization's information processing requirements and its C/S architectures. The independent variables in this study are task characteristics, and the processing architectures. The dependent variable is effectiveness. The data for this study was obtained from C/S managers and users in a variety of industries, through a combination of archival data, telephone interviews, and a mailed survey. It was analyzed using hierarchical regression. The results indicate that an appropriate match between task characteristics and C/S processing architectures is an important determinant of system effectiveness.
47. Intraindividual cortisol variability and psychological functioning in caregivers of hematopoietic stems cell transplant patients

Caregiving for hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients (HSCTp) carries a psychological burden and may affect HPA-axis dysregulation. Greater intraindividual cortisol variability (ICV) has been observed in a number of psychiatric conditions; however, no research has looked at ICV in caregivers. In this secondary analysis of cross sectional data we predicted greater ICV would be related to a lower psychological functioning in HSCTp caregivers. Participants (total n = 140) were primarily older (M age = 53.4, SD = 12.1) women ( n = 106). Salivary cortisol was collected using a filter paper method at 3 timepoints: at awakening, lunch and at 4PM. Psychological variables of interest included sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), mental health functioning (SF-36) and overall distress (principal component analysis). Multilevel modeling quantified ICV estimates. Correlation and regression analyses then examined relations between ICV and psychological variables of interest. ICV was significantly related to poorer sleep quality ( r = .17; p r = −.23; p r = .17; p p ’s (Supported in part by NIH grant CA126971 and PCORI contract CE-1304-6208.)
H-Ras Modulates N-Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor Function via Inhibition of Src Tyrosine Kinase Activity

Tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2A and NR2B subunits of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor by Src protein-tyrosine kinases modulates receptor channel activity and is necessary for the induction of long term potentiation (LTP). Deletion of H-Ras increases both NR2 tyrosine phosphorylation and NMDA receptor-mediated hippocampal LTP. Here we investigated whether H-Ras regulates phosphorylation and function of the NMDA receptor via Src family protein-tyrosine kinases. We identified Src as a novel H-Ras binding partner. H-Ras bound to Src but not Fyn both in vitro and in brain via the Src kinase domain. Cotransfection of H-Ras and Src inhibited Src activity and decreased NR2A tyrosine phosphorylation. Treatment of rat brain slices with Tat-H-Ras depleted NR2A from the synaptic membrane, decreased endogenous Src activity and NR2A phosphorylation, and decreased the magnitude of hippocampal LTP. No change was observed for NR2B. We suggest that H-Ras negatively regulates Src phosphorylation of NR2A and retention of NR2A into the synaptic membrane leading to inhibition of NMDA receptor function. This mechanism is specific for Src and NR2A and has implications for studies in which regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated LTP is important, such as synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory and addiction.
An Empirical Study of the Stability of Periodic Motion in the Forced Spring-Pendulum

The elastic pendulum is a two-degree-of-freedom, nonlinear device in which the primary mass slides up and down the pendulum arm subject to the restoring force of a linear spring. In this study, radial motion (motion along the arm) is excited directly. Responses to this excitation include purely radial motion as well as swinging motion due to a 2:1 internal resonance. Changes in the behaviour of the nonlinear spring-pendulum occur when, under the control of a parameter, one response becomes unstable and is replaced by another. These bifurcations are explored analytically, numerically and experimentally, using the basic ideas of Floquet theory. Poincare sampling is used to reduce the problem of describing the stability of a limit cycle to the easier task of defining the stability of the fixed point of a Poincare map. Empirical estimates of characteristic multipliers in four-dimensional state space are obtained by examining transient behaviour after perturbations; the Karhunen-Loeve decomposition is used to identify dominant local modes in these transients.
The logicist manifesto: At long last let logic-based artificial intelligence become a field unto itself

Abstract This paper is a sustained argument for the view that logic-based AI should become a self-contained field, entirely divorced from paradigms that are currently still included under the AI “umbrella”—paradigms such as connectionism and the continuous systems approach. The paper includes a self-contained summary of logic-based AI, as well as rebuttals to a number of objections that will inevitably be brought against the declaration of independence herein expressed.
Physicochemical processes and the formulation of dosimetry models

The major physical and chemical processes involved in the transport and absorption of O 3 or NO 2 In the lower respiratory tract are discussed. This includes the development of respiratory tract models, flow patterns, and transport in tube networks, the mucous, surfactant, and tissue layers, and chemical reactions and transport of O 3 or NO 2 within these layers. Descriptions of the individual processes are simplified and Integrated to illustrate the formulation of dosimetry models. Data from a dosimetry model, formulated from the concepts discussed, are used to illustrate the types of information obtained by modeling.
Structural Design Considerations of an Inflatable Rigidizable Space Shuttle Experiment

The Air Force Institute of Technology is in the process of designing a space shuttle experiment designated as the Rigidized Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment (RIGEX) to study the effects of microgravity on the deployment of inflatable rigidizable composite structures. Once in space, the experiment is designed to inflate and rigidize three composite tubes (which could be used in a more global space structure), then perform a vibration analysis on each by exciting the structures using piezoelectric patches mounted to the walls of the tubes and collect data via accelerometers. The experiment is designed to take part in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) get-away-special program and as such must meet structural verification standards to be pay loaded as such. This paper presents the structural and vibration analysis of the RIGEX assembly and inflatable composite tubes using ABAQUS finite-element analysis (FEA) software. Results of the FEA showed good correlation when compared to eigenvalue/eigenvector experimental results obtained from ping testing the actual structures. This finite-element analysis has been used to modify the experiments design to meet NASA structural integrity requirements and verify the natural frequency of the RIGEX structural support assemblies.
A First Look at Performance in Mobile Virtual Network Operators

Recent industry trends suggest a new phenomenon in the mobile market: mobile virtual network operators or MVNOs that operate on top of existing cellular infrastructures. While MVNOs have shown significant growth in the US and elsewhere in the past two years and have been successful in attracting customers, there is anecdotal evidence that users are concerned about cellular performance when choosing MVNOs over traditional cellular operators. In this paper, we present the first systematic measurement study to shed light on this emerging phenomenon. We study the performance of 3 key applications: web access, video streaming and voice, in 2 popular MVNO families (a total of 8 carriers) in the US, where each MVNO family consists of a major base carrier and 3 MVNOs running on top of it. We observe that some MVNOs do indeed exhibit significant performance degradation and that there are key differences between the two MVNO families.
Computing in context: video scenarios for recognizing and utilizing basic computing constructs (abstract only)

This poster presents a tool for providing novice students with a context in which to develop the ability to identify problems and patterns for their solutions by using video scenarios. A video scenario is a short film (typically 2-7 minutes) which has an extemporaneous feel. Each video depicts individuals facing a particular problem that can be helped through a computing solution. A selection of video scenarios is presented which is specifically designed to cultivate the problem identification and solution formulation skills of novice programmers by focusing on problems which can be solved using basic computing constructs. The videos can be used in a wide variety of settings and are suitable for use at the middle school, high school and college levels.
A Note on the Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimate of the Fraction of a Normal Distribution below a Specification Limit

(1971). A Note on the Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimate of the Fraction of a Normal Distribution below a Specification Limit. The American Statistician: Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 18-20.
Effects of age on dopamine D2 receptor availability in striatal subdivisions: a high-resolution positron emission tomography study.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between age and dopamine D2 receptor availability in striatal subdivisions of young and middle-aged healthy subjects using high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C]raclopride to better characterize the nature of age-related decrements in striatal D2 receptor availability. Twenty-four healthy volunteers completed 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution [11C]raclopride PET scans. The analyses using linear and exponential models revealed that age had a significant negative correlation with D2 receptor availability in the post-commissural putamen (postPU) and that D2 receptor binding in the postPU decreased significantly more with age than in the ventral striatum, suggesting subregional differences in age-related changes in D2 receptor binding. The postPU, which belongs to the sensorimotor striatum, may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of age in young and middle-aged subjects.
Personality Type and Student Performance in Principles of Economics

The relationship between students' personality types, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator, and their performance in introductory economics is explored. In addition to comparing a student's learning style with a professor's teaching style, options are suggested for improving instruction by offering a variety of different teaching and grading strategies that better accommodate student personality types and learning styles.
Wavelet-based Spatiotemporal Multiscaling in Diffusion Problems with Chemically Reactive Boundary

Chemically reacting flows over catalytic and non-catalytic surfaces are one of the elementary operations in chemical processing plants. The underlying physical phenomena span time- and length-scales over several orders of magnitude, for which a robust and flexible modeling framework must efficiently account for. With this purpose as the eventual goal, we propose a wavelet-based multiscale numerical framework and demonstrate it on coupling of two prototype methods for the problem of species generated on a chemically reactive boundary and diffusing through the bulk. The two methods consider different time and length scales. The first method in this coupling, termed "fine," models the chemical reactions on the reactive boundary stochastically by the kinetic Monte Carlo method (KMC) and the diffusion in the medium deterministically using relatively small time increments and small spatial discretization mesh size. The second method, termed "coarse," models both the reaction and the diffusion deterministically and uses drastically larger time increments and spatial discretization size than the fine model. The two methods are coupled by forming a spatiotemporal Compound Wavelet Matrix (CWM) that combines information about the time and spatial scales contained in them.
Calcium acquisition rates do not support age-appropriate gains in total body bone mineral content in prepuberty and late puberty in girls with cystic fibrosis

Few longitudinal data are available characterizing bone development in adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) although this is a critical time for bone mineralization. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were obtained at 1- to 4-year intervals in 18 prepubertal and pubertal girls (age 7–18 years) with CF to determine calcium (Ca) accretion rates and changes (Δ) in total body bone mineral content (TBBMC) and lumbar spine bone mineral density (LS BMD) Z-scores. Daily Ca acquisition rates were calculated assuming TBBMC was composed of 32.2% Ca. Bone Ca accretion averaged 82 mg/day (2.05 mmol/day) [(range:–38 to +197 mg/day (–0.95 to 4.9 mmol/day)] on ∼1,200 mg/day (30 mmol/day) Ca intakes. Estimated mean peak Ca accretion was 160 mg/day (4 mmol/day) at age 13 years; losses of bone Ca occurred in late puberty. Gains in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) predicted Ca accretion (p<0.06). Body mass index (BMI) Z-score predicted LS BMD and TBBMC Z-score cross-sectionally but did not predict ΔTBBMC Z-score. Changes in TBBMC Z-score paralleled Ca accretion rates with age. Bone Ca accretion in girls with CF fell below rates in healthy girls during prepuberty and late puberty despite Ca intakes approaching recommendations. IGF-1 and BMI Z-scores may identify children with CF at risk of compromised bone accretion, and more data are required to elucidate roles of lung function and glucocorticoid use in compromised bone health.
The Magnetoviscoelastic Response of Elastomer Composites Consisting of Ferrous Particles Embedded in a Polymer Matrix

The mechanical response of elastomer composites to applied magnetic fields is examined. These elastomer composites consist of carbonyl iron particles embedded within a molded elastomer matrix. The composite is subjected to a strong magnetic field during curing, which causes the iron particles to form columnar structures that are parallel to the applied field. This special composite geometry is known to enhance the mechanical response to the application of post-cured magnetic fields. Experimental data is presented that shows that up to a 0.6 MPa change in mechanical shear modulus (which represents 30-40% change in modulus for the materials tested) is possible in response to an applied magnetic field for a composite containing 30% (V/V) iron particles. A simple quasi-static dipole model is presented to examine the magnetoviscoelastic effect of these elastomer composites. The model is semi-empirical in that it may be fit to experimental data over a broad range of applied fields by adjusting a parameter that ...
Carcinogenicity of dibenzo (a,1)pyrene.

DIBENZO(a,1)PYRENE (1,2,3,4-dibenzopyrene) has been shown to be present in cigarette smoke condensate and in automobile exhaust gas in small quantities1–5. In view of this, the relative dearth of tests for the carcinogenic activity of this substance is surprising. Though dibenzo(a,1)pyrene was regarded as a strong carcinogen by Cook and Kennaway6 and by Pullman and Pullman7, the only biological evidence we could find in the literature has been presented by Bachmann et al.8. These authors placed a 0.3 per cent dibenzo(a,1)pyrene solution in benzene on two mice. After 6 months one mouse died. The remaining mouse lived for 262 days and had developed an epithelioma. To our knowledge no other group of workers has reported the carcinogenic activity of dibenzo(a,1)pyrene9.
Influence of viscoelasticity on the interfacial dynamics of air displacing fluid flows—a computational study

Abstract A pseudo-solid domain mapping technique, based on a finite strain model, coupled with a DEVSS finite element formulation is applied to study the effects of viscoelasticity on free surface displacement flows. The flow type analyzed is the displacement of a dilute polymeric solution, modeled by a FENE-CR constitutive equation, in a Hele Shaw Cell. Our study indicates the presence of two distinct flow regimes. In the absence of gravity, a recirculation flow at low Ca (Ca 1.0), are observed. In the recirculation flow we observe the formation of elastic stress boundary layers in the capillary transition region (the thickness of which decrease with increasing elasticity), an increase in the hydrodynamic film thickness with increasing elasticity and a meniscus invasion when the stresses in the elastic boundary layer become very large. We have also qualitatively studied the effect of channel wall divergence on the flow dynamics and ascertained that the elastic stress boundary layer formation is a purely local phenomenon and largely independent of geometric considerations. For the bypass flow, in addition to the elastic stress boundary layer in the capillary transition region, an additional elastic stress boundary layer near the bubble tip is observed. As the Wi is increased, film thickening is observed but no meniscus invasion occurs. We have also studied the effect of gravity on both flows. Addition of gravity in recirculation flow results in a film thinning effect and an increase in the normal stresses in the capillary transition regime. For the bypass flow, even a small amount of gravity introduces recirculation. Finally, we discuss how both flows are elastically unstable and plausible mechanisms for the onset of instability are suggested.
The isolation of crosslinked peptides of collagen involving α1-CB6☆

Abstract On cooling a solution of the peptides from a CNBr digest of insoluble steer-corium collagen a precipitate was formed which represented about 20% of the total protein. No such precipitate formed when reconstituted soluble collagen was similarly treated. Amino acid analysis of the washed precipitate showed that there was an approximate equivalence between the content of 3-hydroxyproline and homoserine, indicating a mixture of α1-CB6 and other peptides. Three fractions were isolated from the precipitate. One was analyzed to be two α1-CB6 peptides linked to one α1-CB(0,1)′, another was one α1-CB6 plus one α1-CB(0,1). The third was a combination of α1-CB6 with a small CNBr peptide containing homoserine.
Against “reading”: Text and/as other in John Fowles’ the French lieutenant's woman

(2001). Against “reading”: Text and/as other in John Fowles’ the French lieutenant's woman. Women's Studies: Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 521-542.
Determinants of physiological responses to symbolic stimuli: the role of the social environment.

Recent studies indicate the importance of settings or environmental variables in accounting for individual behavior. Measurement of the perceived social climate is a particularly promising way of i...
Functional Implications of Interactions of Extracellular Ions with Ligands of the Cell Membrane

Three examples are discussed in which interactions of chemical agents with ligands of the plasma membrane have been chemically characterized and in which the resulting disturbance in membrane function has been quantitatively measured. Uranyl ion reacts with phosphoryl groups and specifically blocks the transfer of glucose across the membrane. Cationic redox dyes and mercuric chloride react with sulfhydryl groups and destroy the structural integrity of the membrane. Arsenate competes with phosphate for a specific active-transport system and blocks the system by irreversibly combining with one of its components.
A Direct theory of viscous fluid flow in channels

This paper deals with an Eulerian formulation of the theory of directed fluid sheets appropriate for incompressible, linear viscous fluid flow in channels with arbitrary shapes for their major boundaries which may be moving or fixed. Special cases of the theory are applied to a number of two-dimensional fluid flow problems and these solutions are in general discussed for unsteady flow. Specific applications include fluid flow in a channel whose boundaries are symmetric with respect to a middle plane in the channel, subjected to time-dependent pressure gradient at one end; and to lubrication problems in a general shaped channel when one of the channel walls is a fixed plane while the other is moving with a constant velocity. Flow of a viscous fluid with a free surface over a fixed boundary is also discussed.
Interferometric strain/slope rosette for static and dynamic measurements

The interferometric strain/slope rosette (ISSR) is extended from the interferometric strain gage (ISG) and the interferometric strain rosette (ISR) for measuring three derivatives of out-of-plane displacements in addition to three derivatives of in-plane displacements. The ISSR can be used for both static and dynamic measurements. The principle of the measurement is a combination of diffraction and interference of laser beams. The miniature ISSR is applicable to complex geometries that are unaccessible to conventional sensors. As six displacement derivatives are measured, components of a strain tensor and rotation can be determined. The principle and image-processing system are described. Sensitivities to rigid-body translations are thoroughly studied. The technique is noncontacting, in contrast to resistance strain gages and accelerometers, which require attachment of transducers to specimen surfaces.
Regulatory Perspective on in Vitro Assays as Predictors of Phototoxicity and Photo Co-Carcinogenicity:

Drugs from a variety of chemical classes used for a wide range of therapeutic indications can be photosensitizers in humans. Several drugs are phototoxic in animal models as well; there are no nonclinical data for many. In vitro tests have been developed as predictors of phototoxicity and although they have been used as screens, none have replaced the in vivo tests done in rodents (usually mice or guinea pigs) since these have been good predictors of clinical phototoxicity. Some phototoxic drug classes are co-carcinogens with ultraviolet radiation (UVA and/or UVB) in hairless mice, specifically psoralens, retinoids, and fluo-roquinolones. Treatment with 8-methoxypsoralen and ultraviolet A radiation for psoriasis is also carcinogenic in humans. It has been suggested that in vitro photogenotoxicity assays using microorganisms or mammalian cells may be predictive of photo co-carcinogenicity. Some attractions of these in vitro assays, compared to the hairless mouse photo co-carcinogenicity assay, are their ge...
Estimating Arundo donax ramet recruitment using degree-day based equations

Arundo donax is a tall perennial reed. Once established, it spreads by producing new shoots (ramets) from rhizomes. We performed two separate experiments to test the hypotheses that temperature (7, 8, 14, 16, or 20 °C) and combinations of temperature and nitrate concentration (0, 0.3, 0.6,1.2, 2.4, 3.6, 4.8, and 6.0 mg/l nitrate) regulated the initiation of ramet production. No ramets emerged from rhizome sections at 7 or 8 °C, but ramets emerged at 14, 16, and 20 °C. Neither time to ramet emergence nor the number of ramets that emerged was influenced by nitrate level in the watering solution. We used the above results in combination with ramet emergence data from plants grown outdoors at Davis, California to develop degree-day equations for three separate ramet cohorts. When compared to ramet emergence from different plants in different years, there was very good agreement between predicted and actual ramet emergence indicating that these equations provide a realistic representation of processes involved in ramet emergence. This is an important step in developing integrated management plans for this species.
Using a three-dimensional model of the Ankle–Foot Orthosis/leg to explore the effects of combinations of axis misalignments

Background and Aim:Misaligning the mechanical axes of Ankle–Foot Orthoses with the ankle axis may lead to tissue damage, reduced gait efficiency, and mechanical wear on the orthosis. Previous model...
Fatty acid composition of major phospholipids from the fat body, flight muscle and testis of the house cricket, and positional distribution of fatty acids in testicular phospholipids.

Abstract 1. 1. The composition and positional distribution of fatty acids of the two major phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, in testes, and fatty acid composition of these two types of phospholipid in fat body and flight muscle of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus , have been determined. 2. 2. Gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters indicated 18:2 as the predominant fatty acid then varyingly less of 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 in both phospholipid classes for all three tissues. In both types of phospholipid from each tissue, the unsaturated acids were approximately twice as abundant as the saturated acids. 3. 3. The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids from fat body and flight muscle was similar. However, fatty acid composition of testicular phospholipids differed considerably from those of the other two tissues and consisted of at least eight different fatty acids including one tentatively identified as trans -18:1. 4. 4. Enzymic hydrolysis of testicular phospholipids using phospholipase A 2 revealed that position sn -1 of both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine contained more saturated fatty acids than position sn -2. Trans -18:1 was confined to position sn -1 of both these classes of phospholipid.
State crimes against democracy in the war on terror: applying the Nuremberg principles to the Bush–Cheney Administration

This article asks whether, in waging war in the Middle East, the Bush–Cheney Administration developed and executed a conspiracy comparable to the one for which Nazi leaders were tried, convicted, and executed at Nuremberg after World War II. To meet the Nuremberg standards, such a conspiracy must include efforts to subvert the constitutional order. Today, scholars refer to these actions as ‘state crimes against democracy’ (SCADs). After explicating the Nuremberg standards, the article applies them to the Bush–Cheney Administration's ‘war on terror’. The conclusion reached is that evidence of a SCAD-driven conspiracy is extensive and certainly adequate by the Nuremberg standards to warrant investigations and trials.
A purified catalytically competent spliceosome.

The compositional complexity of the spliceosome creates a serious obstacle for its experimental analysis. Purification of a compositionally defined splicing complex C capable of completing the second step of splicing in the absence of additional proteins opens the door for future mechanistic and structural analyses.
Master of science in telecommunications systems management at Southern Methodist University

Abstract Managers in telecommunications, whether they work for users, service providers, or vendors, need a knowledge of the technology, business principles, and human communication. The Southern Methodist University (SMU) program is designed for the budding manager who is employed and who has a bachelor's degree in any discipline. The 10-course program has a technical core designed primarily for a person whose baccalaureate is nontechnical. There are suitable electives to round out the individual's education. The program is available via TV in the Dallas-Ft. Worth areas and nationally via the National Technological University.
Partitioning and Effects of Silver in Amended Freshwater Sediments

Sediments that represented a wide range of characteristics were amended with silver compounds to observe partitioning and bioavailability. In laboratory studies, silver partitioning to particulates, sediment pore water, and overlying water was measured and bioavailability of silver was determined usingHyalella aztecain 10-day sediment toxicity tests. Three silver compounds were used as sources of silver for this study: silver nitrate, silver chloride, and silver thiosulfate complex. Sediment amendment procedures were adjusted as necessary depending on the characteristics of the individual compounds. Several sediment characteristics such as organic carbon, pH, redox, and acid volatile sulfides regulated silver partitioning and bioavailability. Bioavailability of silver was correlated with the overlying water concentration of silver. Ten-day LC50values ranged from 1.62 to 379.7 mg Ag/kg forH. aztecaexposed to sediments amended with AgNO3. In laboratory experiments, silver chloride and silver thiosulfate were orders of magnitude less toxic and bioavailable than silver nitrate, with 10-day LC50values greater than the highest concentrations of AgCl and silver thiosulfate complex amended to sediments (2560 and 1125 mg Ag/kg, respectively).
Strategy for the synthesis of the C10C19 portion of amphidinoide-A

A stereospecific synthesis of a potential C10C19 fragment of the novel antineoplastic macrolide amphidinolide-A is described.
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return: case report and review of the literature.

Isolated partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (APVR) is an uncommon finding. A patient with isolated APVR had pulmonary hypertension without demonstrable left-to-right shunting prior to anticoagulant treatment of pulmonary emboli. After anticoagulant therapy, with a fall in pulmonary pressures and resistance to near-normal levels, left-to-right shunting was then detected by oximetry and angiography. The anomaly was visualized on electron beam angiography and confirmed by conventional angiography after anticoagulant therapy. Contrary to the expected obligatory drainage of highly saturated blood associated with APVR, lack of detectable shunting was thought to be due to the obstruction of regional blood due to thromboembolism.
Extracting hydration sites around proteins from explicit water simulations.

Two new methods are assessed for determining the location of hydration sites around proteins from computer simulation. Current methods extract hydration sites from peaks in the water density constructed in the protein frame. However, the dynamic nature of the water molecules, the nearby protein residues, and the protein reference frame as a whole tend to smear out the water density, making it more difficult to resolve sites. Two techniques are introduced to better resolve the water density. The first is to construct the water density from the time-averaged position of each water molecule in the protein frame while the water remains within a given distance of this averaged position. The second technique is to construct the water density from the time-averaged position of each water in the reference frame only of the nearby residues. Criteria for determining hydration sites from the water density are examined. Both techniques are found to significantly improve the detail in the water density and the number of hydration sites detected.
Understanding competing fatigue mechanisms in powder metallurgy Ti–6Al–4V alloy: Role of crack initiation and duality of fatigue response

Abstract Multiple mechanisms of fatigue crack initiations from pores leading to short-term and long-term fatigue life have been observed in a powder metallurgy (PM) Ti–6Al–4V alloy made by the hydrogen sintering and phase transformations (HSPT) process. The pores in the sintered alloy could be classified into two groups; type-I being caused by particle interstices that did not fully close during sintering (sinter-pores) and the type-II originating from larger voids that did not close during powder packing (cave-pores). The fatigue life trends can be classified by the type and the location of pore from which the crack initiated. Interestingly, the two types of pores, and the two different locations (surface versus interior) from which the cracks initiated lead to four distinct S–N trends in the fatigue data. When the stress amplitude level and the pore size were accounted for through initial stress intensity factors, the fatigue data reduced to dual S–N fatigue curves. The results offer new insights into how pores, especially their type and size, and location control the fatigue behavior of PM Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Large improvements in fatigue life can be obtained if the large cave-pores are eliminated or their volume density reduced to very low levels.
Grafting of Homo- and Block Co-polypeptides on Solid Substrates by an Improved Surface-Initiated Vapor Deposition Polymerization

Grafting of poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate) (PBLG) on silicon native oxide surfaces by the surface-initiated vapor deposition polymerization (SI-VDP) method was first demonstrated by Chang and Frank (Langmuir 1998, 14, 326). In the current study, we have further improved this method by redesigning the reaction chamber and optimizing the reaction parameters, including monomer concentration, substrate temperature, and reaction time. Through the process optimization, we can fabricate end-grafted α-helical PBLG films with tunable thicknesses from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers in less than 1 h of reaction time. For example, a 187 nm PBLG grafted film was synthesized at 95 °C monomer evaporating temperature, 75 °C substrate temperature, and 0.1 Pa in 30 min. In this study, the SI-VDP process was also applied to synthesize other homo-polypeptide and block co-polypeptide thin film systems. The successful syntheses of poly(γ-methyl l-glutamate) (PMLG), poly-l-phenylalanine (PLPA), poly(β-benzyl l-aspartate...
Will leptin become the treatment of choice for functional hypothalamic amenorrhea

Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea is associated with low levels of leptin, consistent with a state of energy deprivation. The author of this Viewpoint discusses whether administration of recombinant human leptin could replace the nutrition and behavioral interventions that are currently the treatment of choice for this disorder.
Sustainable and Conventional Farmers: A Comparison of Socio-Economic Characteristics, Attitude, and Beliefs

The main objective of this study was to analyze and compare the socio-economic characteristics, attitude and beliefs of sustainable and conventional farmers. The results show that there was a signi...
Automatic synthesis of compression techniques for heterogeneous files

We present a compression technique for heterogeneous files, those files which contain multiple types of data such as text, images, binary, audio, or animation. The system uses statistical methods to determine the best algorithm to use in compressing each block of data in a file (possibly a different algorithm for each block). The file is then compressed by applying the appropriate algorithm to each block. We obtain better savings than possible by using a single algorithm for compressing the file. The implementation of a working version of this heterogeneous compressor is described, along with examples of its value toward improving compression both in theoretical and applied contexts. We compare our results with those obtained using four commercially available compression programs, PKZIP, Unix compress, StuffIt, and Compact Pro, and show that our system provides better space savings.
Client Evaluation of Three Welfare Programs A Comparison of Three Welfare Programs

Three welfare programs—Social Security, Public Welfare, and Unemployment Compensation—are compared with respect to client evaluations of services received. To structure this comparison, an independent variable of administrative program is derived from three components, namely, climate, technology, and clientele. Data on client evaluation are obtained from exit interviews of clients as they leave welfare offices. A hypothesized order of client satisfaction among the three programs is supported empirically in large measure. It is proposed that the field of comparative administration concern itself more with such comparisons instead of concentrating on cross-national comparisons.
Beurling's analyticity theorem

In 1967, I sent some reprints to the Institute for Advanced Study as part of an application for a visiting membership. In one of these papers [5], Arne Beurling saw a result of mine which suggested to him a conjecture which he subsequently proved. The result is still scarcely known. It is a real variable result whose proof uses some complex analysis and harmonic analysis. It has implications for the study of one-parameter semigroups of operators, Markov processes, structure of Banach spaces, and certain aspects of chaos theory. It is the intent of this article to describe the result, give the setting under which it was found, and indicate some of its implications. I also hope to contribute to a fuller picture of Beufling. First, I describe what Beurling saw which led to the discovery of his theorem. We need some notation for higher-order finite differences: There is the following easy consequence:
Interferometry on stars at mid-infrared wavelengths

The ISI (Infrared Stellar Interferometer), an interferometer operating at mid-infrared wavelengths will be discussed, including both the instrumentation and results of stellar measurements. The ISI operates in the 10 micron wavelength region using three movable telescopes and heterodyne detection with CO 2 laser local oscillators. Phase closure allows rather complete imaging of stars and their dust shells, including measurement of asymmetries. Measurements have been conducted of the emission of material from stars, some ejected at very high velocity, the size and change of size of some stars, stellar ellipticity, and stellar asymmetry. Material blown off from stars is often emitted in periodic shells, and frequently asymmetric.