cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen‐bonding preferences in 2,6‐diaminopurine: uracil (thymine) and 8‐methyl adenine:uracil (thymine) complexes

We present molecular mechanical calculations on 2,6-diaminopurine (2,6-DAP):uracil (thymine) and 8-methyladenine (8-methyl A): uracil (thymine) hydrogen-bonded complexes of various geometries, namely, Watson-Crick (normal and reverse), Hoogsteen (normal and reverse), and purine N3 type. In contrast to earlier calculations [Ornstein, R. L. & Fresco, J. R. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80, 5171–5175], the 2,6-DAP:uracil (thymine) complexes are predicted to be Watson-Crick and the 8-methyladenine:uracil (thymine) to be Hoogsteen. The results presented here are more consistent with the observed crystallographic preferences.
Measuring Parenting Practices among Parents of Elementary School-Age Youth.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to establish the factor structure of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ), an instrument designed to measure parenting practices among parents of elementary school children. Methods: Exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) procedures are used to validate the APQ with 790 parents of children, ages 6—10. Results: Three subscales emerged representing parenting practices associated with child behavior management (positive reinforcement, positive discipline, and negative discipline). CFA fit indices indicated adequate fit with the model, with all items loading significantly on their respective factors. Conclusion: Findings suggest that the APQ can be used to measure parenting practices associated with child behavior management among parents of children, ages 6—10.
Care Ethics and Moral Theory: Review Essay of Virginia Held, The Ethics of Care

In The Ethics of Care, Virginia Held presents a comprehensive account of the current state of discussion in care ethics, a theory on which she has been working for some time.1 Care ethics differs from the alternative moral theories of Kantian ethics, utilitarianism, and virtue theory in a number of ways, according to Held. First, care ethics starts with the "compelling" moral significance of "attending to and meeting the needs of the particular others for whom we take responsibility." It builds on the "universal experience of caring" and of receiving care as a child. Second, care ethics values emotions as sources of understanding about what morality requires, especially emotions such as "sympathy, empathy, sensitivity, and responsiveness." Third, care ethics does not treat universal, universalizable, or impartial moral rules as having any special significance in generating moral understanding, and may treat the "compelling moral claim of the particular other" as more weighty than any universalizable rules with which it happens to conflict. Fourth, care ethics reconceptualizes the traditional dichotomy of public and private. Fifth, care ethics conceptualizes persons as "relational and interdependent," not as "self-sufficient," "independent," "self-interested," or as "rational autonomous agents."2 What is care? In Held's view, care is "a practice and a value." Held does not offer a precise definition of care. She does argue that care should not be seen primarily as a virtue, motive, or feeling. It is
Internet self-diagnosis in hand surgery

Background Some Internet sites have programs that attempt to help patients find their diagnosis based on symptoms. This study tested the null hypothesis that there are no factors associated with correspondence between online diagnosis and the hand surgeon’s diagnosis in an outpatient hand and upper extremity surgeons’ office.
Engine and Weight Characteristics of Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles and Improved On-Road Mobile Source Emissions Inventories: Engine Model Year and Horsepower and Vehicle Weight

Heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HHDDVs) are the major mobile emissions sources of oxides of nitrogen and diesel particulate matters; emissions rates from HHDDVs vary according to their engine and weight characteristics. By considering these characteristics, air quality management agencies can improve their mobile source emissions inventories, which serve as the cornerstone of successful regional air quality management planning. To develop on-road mobile source emissions inventories, air quality agencies use the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's mobile emissions model MOBILE6. However, modelers cannot adjust the engine and weight characteristics of the HHDDVs because the model considers HHDDVs as a single vehicle type, with national default parameter representing their engine and weight characteristics. Georgia Institute of Technology researchers investigated the engine and weight characteristics of HHDDVs, which included engine model year, engine horsepower, and vehicle weight, through a screen-lin...
Silent ischemic cardiomyopathy and left coronary ostial stenosis secondary to radiation therapy

A 55-year-old woman presented with profound congestive heart failure 23 years following mediastinal radiation. Ejection fraction (EF) was 35%. Symptoms markedly improved and EF increased to > 55% following saphenous vein bypass for > or = 80% ostial left main stenosis. Radiation therapy, a known risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis, may present with reversible severe silent ischemia.
Supplementation of Rumen-Undegradable Protein to the Diets of Early Lactation Holstein Cows on Grass Pasture

The objectives were to evaluate supplements differing in rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) on the performance of early lactation cows on grass pasture. Twenty-four Holstein cows averaging 68 d of lactation and 39.8 kg/d of milk were rotationally grazed on predominantly Dactylis glomerata pasture for 8 wk. Cows were blocked according to parity, milk yield, and days of lactation and were randomly assigned to a grain mixture with a low or high RUP content. Pasture and the low and high RUP grain mixtures averaged 25.6, 14.7, and 13.7% crude protein and 4.0, 7.0, and 8.4% RUP, respectively (dry matter basis). Grain was fed twice daily at 1 kg/4 kg of milk, pasture provided all forage in the diet, and grain consumption was similar (8.9 kg/d per cow) for cows on both treatments. Total dry matter intakes estimated using chromic oxide were 19.9 and 20.9 kg/d for cows fed low and high RUP grain mixtures. Milk yields did not differ between treatments; means were 34.2 and 35.5 kg/d for cows fed low and high RUP grain mixtures. Multiparous cows tended to yield more milk (36.2 vs. 34.5 kg/d) and milk protein (1.06 vs. 0.98 kg/d) when fed the high RUP grain mixture. Concentrations of plasma urea N and nonesterified fatty acids were unaffected by treatment and averaged 18.7 mg/dl and 307 μeq/L, respectively. Results indicated that a supplemental grain mixture with a high RUP content did not alter milk yield of high yielding cows when pasture was the sole forage; however, milk protein yield tended to be greater for multiparous cows fed the high RUP grain mixture.
End of empire: external and internal transitions in US policies for science, technology and innovation

Over the last 20 years, the shape of the global political economy has shifted dramatically, but US science and technology policy is continuing as though nothing has changed since the Cold War. Military research and development are prominent, and policies are still oriented towards large firms in existing industries rather than small, dynamic ones in new industries. US scientists and engineers are still world leaders in Mode 2 learning, as indicated in their active collaborations with industry; but large US markets seem to be keeping the system from putting effort into developing partnerships in the emerging economies. While the capability exists, then, the directional arrow is not pointed towards continued prosperity through innovation in the US economy. Science and technology policies are themselves in need of innovation.
Queering Beirut, the ‘Paris of the Middle East’: fractal Orientalism and essentialized masculinities in contemporary gay travelogues

In this article, I analyse discourses that have been circulating in a number of Euro-American journalistic articles, gay travelogues and an international gay tour guide since 2005, which present Beirut as a new gay tourist destination. Since representations in gay travelogues often trade in imagined ‘sexual utopias’, promise encounters and the ‘discovery’ of unfamiliar and ‘exotic’ settings with other non-heterosexual men, I explore how both Beirut and the Lebanese are represented and made intelligible. I argue that even though these representations depart from a binary distinction between East/West and Self/Other, they are still premised on Orientalist depictions of both place and people. However, these depictions are complex as they rely on and produce what I call ‘fractal Orientalism’, or ‘Orientalisms within the Orient’, and essentialized, yet relational, understandings of both ‘tourists’ and ‘locals’. Hybridity and liminality become central, whereby Beirut is presented as safe but dangerous, and glam...
Transform-Domain Penalized-Likelihood Filtering of Projection Data

We present motivation for performing the filtering step of FBP in a non-Radon domain. Specifically, we show that for penalized-likelihood regularization, with a shift-invariant penalty function, filtering noisy projection data in a domain for which the true projection data is sparse yields filtered data that is more faithful to the ideal filtered data than directly filtering the Radon-domain data. In contrast to simply penalizing across angles, the proposed method exploits correlation in the angle dimension. This allows for simple penalty matrices to be constructed, enables penalty coefficient to be calculated in a straightforward manner, and results in easily an computed, closed-form solution for the regularizing filters. Reconstructions employing this transform-domain filtering are superior to their Radon-domain filtered counterparts.
Micromechanical model for hydroxyapatite whisker reinforced polymer biocomposites

A micromechanical model was developed to predict the elastic moduli of hydroxyapatite (HA) whisker reinforced polymer biocomposites based upon the elastic properties of each phase and the reinforcement volume fraction, morphology, and preferred orientation. The effects of the HA whisker volume fraction, morphology, and orientation distribution were investigated by comparing model predictions with experimentally measured elastic moduli for HA whisker reinforced high-density polyethylene composites. Predictions using experimental measurements of the HA whisker aspect ratio distribution and orientation distribution were also compared to common idealized assumptions. The best model predictions were obtained using the experimentally measured HA whisker aspect ratio distribution and orientation distribution.
Catch curve stock-reduction analysis: An alternative solution to the catch equations

Legislative changes in the United States and elsewhere now require scientific advice on catch limits for data-poor fisheries. The family of stock reduction analysis (SRA) models is widely used to calculate sustainable harvest levels given a time series of harvest data. SRA works by solving the catch equation given an assumed value for spawning biomass relative to unfished levels in the final (or recent) year, and resulting estimates of recent fishing mortality are biased when this assumed value is mis-specified. We therefore propose to replace this assumption when estimating stock status by using compositional data in recent years to estimate a catch curve and hence estimating fishing mortality in those years. We compare this new “catch-curve stock reduction analysis” (CC-SRA) with an SRA or catch curve using simulated data for slow or fast life histories and various magnitudes of recruitment variability. Results confirm that the SRA yields biased estimates of current fishing mortality given mis-specified information about recent spawning biomass, and that the catch curve is biased due to changes in fishing mortality over time. CC-SRA, by contrast, is approximately unbiased for low or moderate recruitment variability, and less biased than other methods given high recruitment variability. We therefore recommend CC-SRA as a data-poor assessment method that incorporates compositional data collection in recent years, and suggest future management strategy evaluation given a data-poor control rule.
Dysmyelination and reduced myelin basic protein gene expression by oligodendrocytes of SHP-1-deficient mice.

We have shown previously that myelin-forming oligodendrocytes express the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 and that myelin formation was decreased in SHP-1-deficient motheaten mice compared to that in normal littermates. These studies suggested a potential importance for SHP-1 in oligodendrocyte and myelin development. To address further this possibility, we analyzed myelin formation by microscopy and myelin basic protein (MBP) gene expression in motheaten mice at ages when myelination occurs in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, we correlate these findings with MBP gene expression in oligodendrocytes grown in vitro. We have found that CNS myelination was significantly reduced in SHP-1-deficient mice relative to their normal littermates at multiple times during the active period of myelination. Under electron microscopy, greater numbers of axons in spinal cords of motheaten mice were either unmyelinated or had thinner myelin sheathes compared to those in matched areas of normal littermates. Accordingly, MBP protein and mRNA levels were reduced in SHP-1-deficient mice compared to that in the CNS of normal littermates. In vitro, O1+ oligodendrocytes from motheaten mice expressed much less MBP than O1+ oligodendrocytes of normal littermates indicating an alteration in oligodendrocyte differentiation. The latter correlated with reduced MBP mRNA relative to cerebroside galactosyl transferase (CGT) gene mRNA in SHP-1-deficient oligodendrocytes in purified cultures. We propose that SHP-1 is a critical regulator of developmental signals leading to terminal differentiation and myelin sheath formation by oligodendrocytes. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of controlled‐release opioids

While pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships for opioids have not been consistently demonstrable or sufficiently predictive, there remain compelling reasons to pursue such relationships. Among the reasons for pursuing pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic relationships is the prospect of predicting the time-action characteristics of new therapeutics on the basis of early studies in normals using pharmacodynamic surrogates for analgesia. The realization of such a model could improve the efficiency of development of analgesics. Four studies involving 98 normals were conducted to determine whether significant and reproducible relationships existed for oxycodone in the form of an oral controlled-release tablet. All studies were analytically blinded and utilized a validated gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric, sensitive (0.2 ng/ml), and specific method for oxycodone (four studies) and oxymorphone (two studies) quantitation in 17 to 20 serial plasma samples over 36 to 48 hours following a single 20 mg (or 40 mg) dose in each study. Concurrent assessments included vital signs and opioid effect VAS questionnaires. The studies demonstrated significant relationships between plasma oxycodone (but not oxymorphone) and pharmacodynamic surrogates (particularly VAS “drug effect”) and were predictive of the 12-hour duration of pain control and prompt onset of analgesia subsequently demonstrated in multiple clinical studies involving patients with various pathological pain syndromes. The results suggest that investigators can make earlier, accurate predictions of opioid analgesic pharmacodynamics in patients based on pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic studies in normal volunteers.
Melt Quenching by Water Injection From Below: Co-Injection of Water and Noncondensable Gas

Experiments on melt quenching by the injection of water from below were conducted. The test section represented one-dimensional flow-channel simulation of the bottom injection of water into a core melt in the reactor cavity. The melt simulant was lead-bismuth alloy. For the experimental conditions employed (i.e., melt depth and water flow rates), it was found that: 1) the volumetric heat removal rate increased with increasing water mass flow rate and 2) the non-condensable gas mixed with the injected water had no impairing effect on the overall heat removal rate. Implications of these findings for ALWR ex-vessel coolability are discussed.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Analysis of the cross-channel diffusion mechanism

Abstract A molecular dynamics simulation was used to determine the effect of temperature and adatom size and energy parameters on the occurrence of the exchange mechanism in cross-channel diffusion on the Pt( 110) surface. Results showed that the exchange mechanism is highly dependent on temperature, occurring readily at sufficiently high temperatures, and is dependent upon adatom size in the case of a weakly interacting adatom, but, within the limits of the study, is not so in the case of a strongly interacting adatom.
Excitation-contraction coupling and minor triadic proteins in low-frequency fatigue

Low-frequency fatigue (LFF) is characterized by a proportionally greater loss of force at low compared with high activation frequencies and a prolonged recovery. Recent work suggests a calcium-induced uncoupling of excitation-contraction coupling underlies LFF. Here, newly characterized triadic proteins are described, and possible mechanisms by which they may contribute to LFF are suggested.
What psychology means to me.

What the title of this article means to me after decades on a university faculty is very broad. It would include topics of my research and writing, of my graduate and undergraduate teaching, and of what I read in the area, including papers that have been submitted to me as editor of the American Journal of Psychology. What I can write here focuses on my research and writing and related metatheoretical views, including what I have considered the deeper and more significant questions formulated in philosophy of mind and submitted to empirical investigation in psychology. Of most active concern today, and over the years, are those asking about the roles of consciousness, symbolic representation, and volition in mental activity and action. Is symbolic representation carried out consciously or unconsciously, or both? This paper recognizes the 19th century attempt to establish a science of consciousness, a behavioristic movement that rejected consciousness as being the soul of theology, a cognitive metatheory giving some place to consciousness but emphasizing non-conscious symbolic representation. This summarizes our experimental examinations of my theories of the source of intentional action, of causal reasoning, and of explicit and implicit learning. It also summarizes the overarching mentalistic metatheory I have described.
Role of protein kinase C in regulation of gene expression and relevance to tumor promotion

The tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has highly pleiotropic effects on cells in culture and on tissues in vivo, including effects on protein kinase C (PKC) activation and gene expression. In order to determine the mechanism of activation of gene transcription by TPA, DNA sequences whose transcription is modulated in cells undergoing a mitogenic response to TPA were isolated by differential screening of a cDNA library from TPA-treated cells. TPA-S1 corresponds to an mRNA species whose abundance is increased within 1 hr of exposure of quiescent C3H 10T1/2 mouse embryo fibroblasts. TPA-R1 corresponds to an mRNA species whose abundance is decreased in TPA-treated cells. The induction of TPA-S1 is blocked by actinomycin D and is specific for phorbol esters with tumor-promoting activity. The transcription of this sequence is not induced by cycloheximide, nor is there an enhancement of the TPA response. Several lines of evidence demonstrate that PKC activation plays a critical role in the regulation of TPA-S1 expression. The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of TPA-S1 exhibits homology with sequences representing a peptide with erythroid-potentiating activity, a metalloproteinase inhibitor protein, and a murine protein with beta-interferon-like activity. The role of TPA-S1 in tumor promotion is suggested by the expression of this sequence in mouse skin carcinomas induced by dimethyl-benzanthracene-TPA treatment, but not in papillomas or in control tissue. The consideration of signal transduction pathways may be useful in the design of short-term risk assessment assays for agents that act as tumor promoters.
EFFECT OF MAILLARD CONDENSATION WITH D-GLUCOSE ON THE HEAT STABILITY OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN

A Maillard complex of bovine serum albumin and D-glucose was prepared by equilibrating a freeze-dried mixture of the protein and sugar at 52% relative humidity followed by heating at 55°C for 18 hr. No visible brown pigmentation was observed in the resulting powder. An 80% reduction in free amino groups was measured during the heating period. Solutions of the protein and the protein-sugar complex were heated for 30 min at temperatures ranging from 60–100°C. The heated albumin was insoluble at the isoelectric pH while the albumin-glucose complex maintained solubility over a pH range of l-7. Increases in levorotation due to heat treatment were similar for the protein and the protein-sugar complex. These results indicate that the complexing of bovine serum albumin with D-glucose increases the stability of the protein by protection against precipitation of the denatured molecules rather than protection against changes in internal configuration.
Off-axis optical transfer function calculations in an adaptive-optics system by means of a diffraction calculation for weak index fluctuations

The effects of turbulence-induced anisoplanatism cause the performance of an adaptive-optics system to be dependent on the separation angle between the imaged object and the source used as a reference. One method of quantifying this performance is through the optical transfer function (OTF). A new method is presented for calculating the upper bound on the OTF that is due to the residual or uncorrected phase and amplitude variations in an adaptive-optics system. The method includes diffraction effects, which in turn result in phase and amplitude effects. These results are compared with the geometric optics and are shown to yield a larger isoplanatic angle. A general expression for the OTF is obtained that permits evaluation of the effect of the inner- and outer-scale size of turbulence. A method is presented for layering the atmosphere and scaling the transfer function to different values of r0 and Cn2 profiles without the need to recompute the entire OTF. We show that with four layers placed at 200 m, 2 km, 10 km, and 18 km the calculated OTF’s are within 1% of the OTF’s obtained with a continuous atmosphere.
Inelastic electron-electron scattering in silicon (100) inversion layers

In a weakly disordered system where $\frac{\mathrm{kT}{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{e}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}}\ensuremath{\sim}1$, we find experimentally that the electron inelastic scattering rate deduced from the magnetoconductance measurement is separable into a ${T}^{2}$ term and a $T$ term, which agree with the theoretical calculations on the electron-electron interaction in the ordered and diffusive limits. Since the scattering process formulated in the diffusive limit is momentum nonconserving, it affects conductivity directly. This idea is supported by the data published earlier by Cham and Wheeler.
A new approach to the study of terrestrial‐solar relationships

That statistical procedures are not only appropriate but expeditious to the point of necessity for furthering our knowledge concerning the relations between solar and terrestrial phenomena, need not be argued here. In so far as the technique of correlation has been employed for this purpose, it is notable that only the simple correlation-coefficients are generally calculated. Such restriction implies the hope of discovering one single, directly observable, solar phenomenon which shall be closely connected with one single, directly observable, terrestrial phenomenon, and indicates slight interest in more complicated relationships. Multiple and partial correlation-methods seem rather to have been avoided. Several reasons for this may suggest themselves, namely, lack of parallel series of data, increased labor of computation, difficulty in interpreting the results, etc. Aside from lack of data, the most important reason has very likely been that it was not obvious that any new information would be gained by such methods.
TRANSPIRATION OF PINE SEEDLINGS AS INFLUENCED BY FOLIAGE COATINGS.

Widespread losses frequently occur in conifer plantations during the first weeks after the young trees are set in the field. This early mortality is largely attributable to "physiological drought" resulting from continued transpiration and the concomitant failure of the recently disturbed root systems to make up the daily water deficit. Under such conditions permanent wilting occurs, and death soon follows. In attempting to reduce this mortality, methods have been sought to encourage the early establishment of the root system and to reduce the excess of transpiration over absorption during the establishment period. This latter approach to the problem has been used with gratifying success by nurserymen who frequently top-prune hardwoods as a means of reducing transpiration and of increasing survival of transplanted stock. Reducing the transpiring surface of conifers by this method has not proved feasible, but it is possible that coating the foliage with various waxes, fats, and oils might produce an equally effective reduction in water loss. This has been attempted but with variable results both in terms of water loss and field survival ; to date the practice has not received widespread acceptance. The literature contains but slight mention of the degree to which transpiration of coniferous seedlings is reduced by foliage coatings ; unfortunately the information available has generally been obtained by the use of coatings which, under some conditions at least, have proved of little value for increasing resistance to drought. Emerson and Hildreth (1), for example, found that corn oil and several other substances reduced water loss from dormant Pinus austriaca seedlings as much as 88.4 per cent, and caused no foliage injury under conditions prevailing in Wyoming. No actual test of drought resistance was reported. However, in tests at Beltsville, Maryland (2), under both field and artificial drought conditions, corn oil caused injury to the foliage of a number of coniferous species and did not materially increase resistance to drought. In similar tests, Shirley and Meuli (4) studied the effects of 1 rubber and 3 wax coatings on two-year-old seedlings of white spruce. Two of the coatings materially reduced transpiration, but in extensive field trials with several species none of the substances increased survival. A number of experiments (2) conducted during the past several years, both in the field and under conditions of artificial drought, have shown that foliage coatings of emulsified lanolin and a commercial paraffin wax increase first year survival about 10 per cent. Under more specific conditions, such as late fall planting, foliage coatings of these substances may produce even greater benefits. The purpose of this report is to present data showing the
In vitro incorporation of (3H)serine into phospholipids of proliferating and calcifying epiphyseal cartilage and liver.

Abstract 1. 1. The in vitro metabolism of [3H]serine into phospholipids of proliferating and calcifying epiphyseal cartilage, and of liver, of chickens has been investigated for periods up to 6 h using pulse-labeling techniques. 2. 2. Serine was very rapidly incorporated into both epiphyseal cartilage and liver phospholipids, at roughly equivalent rates, but in markedly different ways. In liver the label was passed rapidly from phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine, and to a minor extent into phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. In contrast, in cartilage more of the label remained in phosphatidylserine with much slower transfer to phosphatidylethanolamine. However, a much larger proportion of label became incorporated into sphingomyelin. 3. 3. Comparison of the two epiphyseal cartilage layers revealed that there was greater synthesis and more rapid turnover of phosphatidylserine in the calcifying zone. In contrast, the incorporation of serine into sphingomyelin by proliferating cartilage was double that of calcifying cartilage. 4. 4. We interpret the unusually active synthesis of sphingomyelin by proliferating cartilage to be related to the expansion of plasma membranes which would be associated with cell proliferation and hypertrophy. On the other hand, the rapid synthesis of phosphatidylserine by calcifying cartilage appears to be associated with the exfoliation from chondrocytes of matrix vesicles whose lipids have been shown to be markedly enriched in phosphatidylserine. 5. 5. Data are presented which suggest that the incorporation of serine into the phosphatidylserine of calcifying cartilage is probably by a base-exchange mechanism. In contrast to liver, enzymes in epiphyseal cartilage capable of decarboxylating phosphatidylserine to phosphatidylethanolamine are relatively inactive.
Reducing transit fleet emissions through vehicle retrofits, replacements, and usage changes over multiple time periods

Abstract Bus transit is often promoted as a green form of transportation, but surprisingly little research has been done on how to run transit systems in a green manner. Both vehicle task assignment and purchase models are generally constructed to minimize financial costs. Integrating vehicle task assignment with purchase decisions is made challenging by the different time scales involved. An integer programming approach is used to combine vehicle purchase, retrofit and aggregated task assignment decisions. The formulation is designed to operate in sequence with traditional vehicle task assignment models, to add emissions and long term financial cost elements to the objective, while maintaining computational tractability and feasible input data requirements. In a case study, a transit agency saves money in the long term by using stimulus money to buy CNG infrastructure instead of purchasing only new buses. Carbon prices up to $400/(ton CO 2 equivalent) do not change vehicle purchase decisions, but higher carbon prices can cause more diesel hybrid purchases, at a high marginal cost. Although the motivation and numerical case study are from the US transit industry, the model is formulated to be widely applicable to green fleet management in multiple contexts.
Theory-W software project management principles and examples

A software project management theory is presented called Theory W: make everyone a winner. The authors explain the key steps and guidelines underlying the Theory W statement and its two subsidiary principles: plan the flight and fly the plan; and, identify and manage your risks. Theory W's fundamental principle holds that software project managers will be fully successful if and only if they make winners of all the other participants in the software process: superiors, subordinates, customers, users, maintainers, etc. Theory W characterizes a manager's primary role as a negotiator between his various constituencies, and a packager of project solutions with win conditions for all parties. Beyond this, the manager is also a goal-setter, a monitor of progress towards goals, and an activist in seeking out day-to-day win-lose or lose-lose project conflicts confronting them, and changing them into win-win situations. Several examples illustrate the application of Theory W. An extensive case study is presented and analyzed: the attempt to introduce new information systems to a large industrial corporation in an emerging nation. The analysis shows that Theory W and its subsidiary principles do an effective job both in explaining why the project encountered problems, and in prescribing ways in which the problems could have been avoided. >
Gravitational Correction to Running of Gauge Couplings

We calculate the contribution of graviton exchange to the running of gauge couplings at lowest nontrivial order in perturbation theory. Including this contribution in a theory that features coupling constant unification does not upset this unification, but rather shifts the unification scale. When extrapolated formally, the gravitational correction renders all gauge couplings asymptotically free.
Developing A Field with More Soul: Standpoint theory and Public Policy Research for Management Scholars

The article discusses standpoint theory and public policy research for management scholars. Many management scholars believe that partisanship should be purged from scientific research and theory d...
An alternative mechanism for chemical protection against radiation damage.

STUDIES of the effects of chemicals in decreasing the radiation damage suffered by exposed organisms have revealed a number of compounds which are quite efficient in this respect1–3. While several mechanisms have been suggested for their mode of action4, none has been universally accepted. It seems possible that the protective action may function through several alternative routes. It is the purpose of this communication to show another possible mode of action of these agents and some of the evidence which supports it. The mode of protection cited here need not be an exclusive one.
Iridoid glycosides from Penstemon species: A C-5, C-9 trans iridoid and C-8 epimeric pairs

Abstract The following new iridoid glycosides were isolated from Penstemon species: (5αH)-6-epidihydrocornin (the first iridoid glycoside with a trans -fused cyclopentanopyran ring system), 8-epihastatoside, 10-hydroxyepihastatoside, 10-griselinosidic acid, and 10-benzoylcatalpol. The new glycoside 3-methoxy-4-primeverosylacetophenone was also identified. In addition to the trans -fused iridoid glycoside, P. secundiflorus yielded two pairs of C-8 epimeric iridoids. The presence of these compounds suggests a unique anomaly in the normal cyclization mechanism from a monoterpene precursor for this species.
Cognitive–behavioral profiles of college risk-takers with Type II and psychopathic personality traits

Abstract Prevention efforts would be enhanced by identification of factors that increase the greater relative risk of some college students for dangerous activities such as heavy drinking, illicit drug use, and unsafe sex. Students with Cloninger's [Science 236 (1987) 410.] “Type II” personality characteristics or with psychopathic traits were compared on indices of drinking and risk-taking, and potential mechanisms of unique behavioral patterns were explored. Freshmen ( N =331, 50% male) completed self-report measures from which students with Type II and psychopathic traits were identified and compared with the remaining sample. Students with Type II traits reported heavy drinking and frequent intoxicated risk-taking, whereas students with psychopathic traits reported frequent sober risk-taking. Both groups held strong positive outcome expectancies, yet only those with Type II traits reported weak negative outcome expectancies. Moreover, negative outcome expectancies mediated the relation between Type II traits and intoxicated risk-taking. The collective findings suggest that Type II and psychopathic traits underlie differing behavioral profiles, and that students with Type II traits may take risks when intoxicated due to limited recognition of potential negative behavioral consequences.
Fabrication of a polymeric tapered HARMs array utilizing a low-cost nickel electroplated mold insert

A simple low-cost technique has been developed to fabricate a mold insert for replicating polymeric tapered high aspect ratio microstructures. A backside exposure technique is used to first obtain a tapered sidewall structure as an electroplating mold in SU-8 photoresist on a glass wafer. Nickel electroplating is utilized to form the mold insert. The lowest average surface roughness of the nickel mold insert on the side that interfaces with the glass wafer during electroplating is measured to be 7.02 nm. A novel technique involving use of titanium putty is introduced here to reduce cost and effort required to fabricate the mold insert. Replication of tapered microstructures in polymeric materials utilizing the fabricated mold insert is demonstrated here in polydimethylsiloxane by a direct molding process and in polymethyl methacrylate by hot embossing. The fabrication details for the mold insert are described. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of titanium putty for achieving superior metal surface finish are given.
Data-Driven Model for Estimation of Friction Coefficient Via Informatics Methods

As technologies progress, the development of new mechanical systems demands the rapid determination of friction coefficients of materials. Data mining and materials informatics methods are used here to generate a predictive model that enables efficient high-throughput screening of ceramic materials, some of which are candi- date high-temperature, solid-state lubricants. Through the combination of principal component analysis and recursive partitioning using a small dataset comprised of intrinsic material properties, we develop a decision tree-based model comprised of if-then rules which estimates the friction coefficients of a wide range of materials. This data- driven model has a high degree of accuracy with an R 2 value of 0.8904 and provides a range of possible friction coefficients that accounts for the possible variability of a material's actual friction coefficient.
Cerebral perfusion in early and late opiate withdrawal: a technetium-99m-HMPAO SPECT study

The purpose of this study was to determine if cerebral blood flow (CBF) alterations are associated with discontinuation of heroin in chronic heroin users, and whether these alterations are reversible during abstinence. Ten physically healthy opioid-dependent males, hospitalized on an inpatient drug rehabilitation unit, were studied. Each patient had an initial single photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) scan with the radiotracer technetium-99m-d,l-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) 1 week after opiate discontinuation and a repeat scan 2 weeks later. The initial scans in 9 of the 10 subjects demonstrated significant, often discrete, perfusion defects, especially in the frontal, parietal, and temporal cortices. Two weeks later, repeat brain perfusion SPECT scans showed improvement in all nine subjects who had abnormal scans. Comparisons of the first scan with the second scan showed an increase in cortical uptake on the repeat SPECT study. All subjects had normal computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging scans. The results of this preliminary study suggest that the chronic use of opiates, like chronic use of cocaine, results in perfusion abnormalities without corresponding abnormalities on imaging studies of cerebral anatomy and morphology. This study also documents that these perfusion defects are partially reversible with short-term abstinence.
Degradation of forests through logging and fire in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

Abstract The status of tropical forests in the Amazon basin is often expressed in terms of deforestation extent. However, in the eastern Brazilian Amazon logging and ground fires degrade forest structure and create land cover types that are intermediate between intact and cleared forest. The objective of this study was to provide a basis for understanding the implications of forest degradation by comparing the impacts of varying intensities of logging and fire on forest structure and composition. Field inventories in forests whose impacts ranged from none to logged and heavily burned were conducted in 14, 10 m ×500 m plots located on 10 properties in the region of Paragominas, Para, Brazil. Live aboveground biomass of intact forest was estimated at 309 t ha−1. Following moderate intensity logging (35 m3 ha−1 removed), this value was decreased by 20%, but a 48% reduction was observed following high intensity logging (69 m3 ha−1 removed). Light burning of moderately logged forest resulted in a total biomass reduction equal to that of high intensity logging whereas moderately logged and heavily burned forest had 83% less live biomass than intact forest. Recovery of pre-degradation biomass and forest structure is likely to be impeded by abundant lianas and the high incidence of crown and stem damage in the residual stands. Although burning killed the majority of large diameter woody vines, increase in the abundance of lianas
Impact of Model Complexity on CO2 plume modeling at Sleipner

Abstract The goal of geologic carbon sequestration (GCS) is to store carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the subsurface for time periods on the order of thousands of years. Mathematical modeling is an important tool to predict the migration of both CO 2 and brine to ensure safe and permanent storage. Many modeling approaches with different levels of complexity have been applied to the problem of GCS ranging from simple analytic solutions to fully-coupled three-dimensional reservoir simulators. The choice of modeling approach is often a function of the spatial and temporal scales of the problem, reservoir properties, data availability, available computational resources, and the familiarity of the modeler with a specific modeling approach. In this study we apply a series of models with different levels of model complexity to the 9 th layer of the Utsira Formation. The list of modeling approaches includes (from least complex to most complex): numerical vertical-equilibrium model with sharp-interface, numerical vertical-equilibrium model with capillary transition zone, vertically-integrated model with dynamic vertical pressure and saturation reconstruction, and fully- coupled three-dimensional model. The model domain consists of a 3 x 6 km section of the 9 th layer, as described in the IEAGHG benchmark dataset. The layer thickness varies in space, ranging from 5 to 30 m, while porosity and permeability are close to constant at 0.36 and 1.8 Darcy, respectively. The models are all based on the same input data, and initial and boundary conditions are chosen in a way that ensures the different models are comparable. In addition, a simple box model is used for preliminary simulations. The models are compared based on the predicted CO 2 plume footprints and saturation cross-sections. The predicted CO 2 plumes are also compared to the actual CO 2 plume footprint from seismic surveys to determine the ability of the different models to predict the actual CO 2 plume footprint. The results show that vertical-equilibrium models are sufficient to model CO 2 migration in the 9 th layer of Sleipner, due to the formation's higher permeability and relatively thin capillary transition zone. None of the models used in this study was able to accurately predict the actual plume footprint; this suggests the modeling approaches used here are missing essential physics or that some parameters in the site model (e.g., topography of the caprock) are inaccurate.
Linear IgA bullous dermatosis of adults.

The skin disorder designated as linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD), identified in 1979 (l), had been for many years a matter of controversy. This controversy was due mainly to its clinical diversity, as some cases closely resemble dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), some cases are indistinguishable from bullous pemphigoid (BP), and still other cases combine features of both (2). No wonder that some authors considered this disease as DH or its variety (3 6), others as BP (7,8), and yet others as intermediate or mixed forms of DH and BP (2,9). In support of the relationship with DH were the skin immune deposits of immunoglobulin A (IgA) class and, as a rule, a dramatic response to sulfones. Supporting the relationship with BP were the linear pattern of IgA deposits along the basement membrane zone (BMZ) and, occasionally, the concomitant presence of complement in the same distribution (1,2,9). Furthermore, at least in some cases, the ultrastructural depositions of IgA, in the lamina lucida, similar to that in BP, suggested some relationship between LABD and BP (10 12). In a proportion of cases of LABD, the linear IgA deposits are found below the basal lamina (12-14) or in both locations (6,11,12,15). The main difference from BP is the IgA-class skin deposits, papillary microabscesses in the histology, and, as a rule, a good response to sulfones. The most important reason for separation of LABD from DH is that LABD is not associated with gluten-sensitive enteropathy and, as could be expected, a glutenfree diet is not effective treatment for LABD (16). Recognition of LABD as a distinct entity, despite the clear-cut differences from DH and BP, took a long time until more data on immunoelectron microscopy, serology, genetics,
In different spaces: The cultural turn in urban and regional political economy

Abstract For many years, those involved in the fields of urban and regional political economy have called for increasing attention to cultural studies, both to add richness to contemporary interpretations of geographically uneven development and as a means of expanding class analysis to encompass more openly questions of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and everyday life. What has happened recently, however, has not been simply the addition of cultural analysis to political economy but the beginning of a radical restructuring of the very foundations of urban and regional political economy to contend with the emergence of what is now being called a New Cultural Politics. I will explore three ways in which the New Cultural Politics differs significantly from what might be called the Old Economic Politics. The first difference arises from the epistemological restructuring that has marked the shift from modernist to post‐modernist critical theory. The second difference, growing out of the first, is a rethi...
Significance of Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in Nutritional Support

Changes in the fatty acid profile of plasma total lipids in patients maintained on TPN were determined in 2 studies. In the first study, 20 newborns, 2–25 days of age, receiving comparable nitrogen, c
USING PARENTS AS THERAPISTS TO EVALUATE APPROPRIATE BEHAVIOR OF THEIR CHILDREN: APPLICATION TO A TERTIARY DIAGNOSTIC CLINIC

We conducted a preliminary analysis of maintaining variables for children with conduct disorders in an outpatient clinic. Eight children of normal intelligence between the ages of 4 and 9 years were evaluated during 90-min sessions. The children's parents conducted the assessments by varying task demands (easy and difficult) and parental attention (attention and no attention) within a multielement design. The assessment focused on appropriate child behavior and was conducted to formulate hypotheses regarding maintaining contingencies. Results demonstrated that the children's appropriate behavior varied across assessment conditions and, for 7 of the 8 children, occurred at a higher rate during one condition than during other conditions. In addition, treatment integrity data demonstrated that parents were able to implement the procedures as intended. The recommended treatments were rated as being both effective and acceptable to parents for up to 6 months following the evaluation. Our results extend previous studies of functional analytic procedures conducted by trained experimenters with severely handicapped children in more controlled settings.