cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer from acoustically resonating gas flames in a cylindrical burner

Heat transfer from premixed propane-air flames to the cooled wall of a 5-in. I.D. ramjet type of burner was studied with and without flame-generated, sonic oscillations. Frequency and amplitude measurements revealed that both transverse and longitudinal waves were resonant. The heat flux to the wall was increased significantly by the oscillations, but the gas temperature profile was changed very little. The local heat transfer coefficient was found to be a linear function of the sound pressure amplitude and independent of the mode and frequency of the resonant oscillations.
Risk reduction methods for self treatment

Face to face interviews with consumers at shopping mails in Houston, Texas, sought to evaluate the helpfulness of nine risk reduction methods for self-treatment of three selected health problems (minor eye problems, overweight, and indigestion). Professional advice provided by pharmacists and loyalty to a brand used previously were rated as the two most helpful methods for self-treatment of all three health problems. There were no significant differences found in the evaluation of the nine risk reduction methods across any demographic factors for either overweight or indigestion. For minor eye problems, respondents who were separated, divorced or widowed rated the “shopping-around” and comparing brands more helpful than did those who were engaged. Those who had self-treating experience with overweight and indigestion rated brand loyalty more helpful than those who did not have any self-treating experience. Overall, professional advice provided by pharmacists was rated as the most favourable risk reduction method for self-treatment for all three selected health problems. Consumers' self-treating experience may have an impact on their evaluation of the risk reduction methods.
Endoscopic vascular decompression for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: clinical outcomes and technical note

Objective This study sought to describe the operative technique and clinical outcomes in a series of 57 patients with trigeminal neuralgia treated with endoscopic vascular decompression (EVD) alone without the use of microscopy at any point. Methods A prospective observational study was performed on 57 consecutive patients treated with EVD alone for trigeminal neuralgia from October 2005 to October 2010. Patient outcomes were evaluated with respect to pain abatement, complication rate, length of hospital stay, and overall operative time. Pain outcome was graded using the Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity score (BNI), with BNI 1 considered an excellent result and BNI 2 or 3 considered a good result. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 72 months, with a mean of 32 months. In addition to reporting these cases, our operative technique for EVD is described in detail. Results All 57 patients reported severe preoperative pain (BNI 5); 100% of patients achieved immediate postoperative pain control or complete pain relief (BNI 1 to 3), with 82% obtaining an excellent result of BNI 1, and 18% of patients reported good results of BNI 2 or 3. At follow-up, 56 of 57 patients (98%) reported complete relief or well controlled pain (BNI 1 to 3), with 75% obtaining an excellent result of BNI 1; 23% of patients obtained a good result of BNI 2 or 3. The complication rate was 4%, with no mortality. Mean length of hospital stay was 1.6 days, with a range of 1 to 5 days; mean operative time was 133 minutes. Conclusions EVD is a safe and highly effective alternative to the more traditional open microvascular decompression or the more recently developed endoscopically assisted microvascular decompression.
Fossil Bacteria in Pyrite

A considerable variety of bacteria and similar microorganisms are present as preserved remains in pyrite samples of Pennsylvanian age obtained from the coal measures of southeastern Ohio. The types observed are similar to the present-day microflora found in stagnant pools of low oxygen and nutrient content.
Reduction of modal noise in high-speed short-distance computer data links by an electrical signal

Measured and calculated data on the tradeoffs between modal noise reduction and intermodulation penalty are presented. The authors quantify how a high modulation bandwidth and optical power can be obtained using conventional high-speed semiconductor lasers, by combining a sinusoidal auxiliary microwave signal with the normal data signal. How the characteristics of the laser diode determine the optimum values of the auxiliary carrier parameters is shown. Some results of optical data link simulations are presented. A 2.4-Gb/s transmission experiment shows an improvement of the bit error rate due to the microwave signal. >
Composite structures for the enhancement of nonlinear-optical susceptibility

Calculations of the nonlinear-optical behavior are developed for model composites of nanospheres with a metallic core and nonlinear shell or with a nonlinear core and metallic shell suspended in a nonlinear medium. Optical phase conjugation is shown to be enhanced from each nonlinear region because the optical field can be concentrated in both the interior and the exterior neighborhoods of the particle and magnified at the surface-mediated plasmon resonance. For the model composite with a metallic core, a limited range of resonance tunability can be achieved by adjustment of shell thickness; the frequency range is dependent on the dielectric dispersion of the metal. For the composite with a metallic shell instead of a metallic core, this restriction is reduced so that tunability from ultraviolet to infrared can be attained. Enhancement of the phase-conjugate signal is calculated for the electrostrictive mechanism dominant in the microsecond time scale and for the electronic mechanism dominant in the picosecond time scale. Calculations based on the dielectric functions for gold and for aluminum indicate that phase-conjugate reflectivity enhancements of 108 can be achieved. The imaginary components of the composite dielectric functions are shown to limit the magnitude of the field enhancement at the surface-plasmon resonance and determine the absorption and figure of merit of the composite.
Kriging of Eocene Sand Channels From Depth-Averaged I Overburden pH, Jewett Lignite Surface Mine, East-Central Texas

Ordinary point kriging was used to map twenty-six vertically-averaged soil and oxidized overburden acidity values for a future mine block at the Jewett lignite mine, east-central Texas. The pH data were collected as part of a geochemical overburden characterization study to be used in post-mining reclamation decision-making. The authors used kriging, and its estimation standard error, to test the completeness of their data set and to indicate areas of need for additional closely spaced sampling. Because pH can be readily measured in the field, they chose it as the parameter of interest in the kriging. In general pH increased with depth; however, a more exciting result was that the trend and geometry of a major paleo-channel could be mapped from pH values because of the relatively higher acidity of the sand in the channel. Kriged maps were compared with manually-contoured and inverse-distance weighting interpolated maps, and found to be more easily interpretable. The kriging performed better because it allows of anisotropies in the data to be naturally included in the interpolation. Prior to the kriging, the data were studied to validate the assumptions involved in the modeling. The data are clean, well-behaved and statistically homogeneous, and the interpolation was successfulmore » even with sparse data. The knowledge of the location and morphology of the paleochannels is essential for the engineering aspects of the mining, and is useful in reclamation decision-making.« less
Isotopic evidence for futile cycles in liver cells.

Abstract To estimate futile cycles in the metabolism of glucose in liver, rat hepatocytes were incubated with glucose labelled with tritium in position 2 and 5 and uniformly with 14C. The yield in water from 2-3H glucose was 1.5 times that from 5-3H glucose and 2 to 3 times that of 14C utilization. Lactate addition had little effect on the water yield from 2-3H glucose but depressed that from 5-3H glucose and utilization of 14C. Our results indicate the occurrence of futile cycles glucose → glucose-6P → glucose and fructose-6P → fructose 1,6diP → fructose-6P in rat liver. An estimate of recycling at the glucose-6P level is presented.
The role of object recognition in young infants' object segregation.

Abstract Needham's (2001, this issue) new results confirm that young infants draw on experientially derived representations in resolving individuation ambiguities due to shared boundaries between adjacent objects. They extend previous findings in a surprising way: The memory representations that infants draw upon have bound together information about shape, color, and pattern. Our commentary on these important results draws a distinction between two senses of “recognition” and asks in which sense object recognition contributes to object individuation in these experiments.
A comparison of modulator networks for high-order oversampled Sigma Delta analog-to-digital converters

After a discussion of the practical problem of comparing the relative performance of all known high-order modulator networks with respect to resolution, stability, input range, component sensitivities, finite amplifier gains, and bandwidths, equations are derived and verified by computer simulation that relate reduction in signal-to-noise ratio to component mismatch and finite amplifier gain, allowing designers to choose the best network for a particular application. A third-order, sigma-delta ( Sigma - Delta ) oversampled analog-to-digital (A/D) modulator network is presented. It shows improved performance in most respects over previous modulators. Although its theoretical performance in the absence of circuit nonidealities is below that of the triple first-order cascade network, when practical impairments such as finite amplifier gains and component mismatch are considered, it displays superior performance. Gain and offset errors are potentially lower for this network due to its ability to use a single capacitor for input signal and D/A feedback. A markedly reduced sensitivity to nonidealities for this network implies that monolithic circuits could be manufactured with better processing yields and hence lower unit costs. >
Bilingual perceptual benefits of experience with a heritage language

Research on the linguistic knowledge of heritage speakers has been concerned primarily with the advantages conferred by heritage language experience in production, perception, and (re)learning of the heritage language. Meanwhile, second-language speech research has begun to investigate potential benefits of first-language transfer in second-language performance. Bridging these two bodies of work, the current study examined the perceptual benefits of heritage language experience for heritage speakers of Korean in both the heritage language (Korean) and the dominant language (American English). It was hypothesized that, due to their early bilingual experience and the different nature of unreleased stops in Korean and American English, heritage speakers of Korean would show not only native-like perception of Korean unreleased stops, but also better-than-native perception of American English unreleased stops. Results of three perception experiments were consistent with this hypothesis, suggesting that benefits of early heritage language experience can extend well beyond the heritage language.
MicroRNA Modulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis

Although the roles of the sterol response element binding protein-1 (SREBP1) and SREBP2 transcription factors in regulating fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis and uptake have been known for some time, it was recently discovered that 2 related microRNAs (miRs), miR-33a and miR-33b, are embedded in these genes. Studies indicate that miR-33a and miR-33b act with their host genes, Srebp2 and Srebp1, respectively, to reciprocally regulate cholesterol homeostasis and fatty acid metabolism in a negative feedback loop. miR-33 has been shown to posttranscriptionally repress key genes involved in cellular cholesterol export and high-density lipoprotein metabolism (Abca1, Abcg1, Npc1), fatty acid oxidation (Crot, Cpt1a, Hadhb, Ampk), and glucose metabolism (Sirt6, Irs2). Delivery of inhibitors of miR-33 in vitro and in vivo relieves repression of these genes, resulting in upregulation of the associated metabolic pathways. In mouse models, miR-33 antagonism has proven to be an effective strategy for increasing plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and fatty acid oxidation and protecting from atherosclerosis. These exciting findings have opened up promising new avenues for the development of therapeutics to treat dyslipidemia and other metabolic disorders.
The template update problem

Template tracking dates back to the 1981 Lucas-Kanade algorithm. One question that has received very little attention, however, is how to update the template so that it remains a good model of the tracked object. We propose a template update algorithm that avoids the "drifting" inherent in the naive algorithm.
Evidence for two neutrino mass eigenstates from SN 1987A and the possibility of superluminal neutrinos

Abstract This paper reports a new phenomenological analysis of the neutrino burst detected from SN 1987A, and it reveals the presence of two mass eigenstates. The heavier mass eigenstate has mH = 21.4 ± 1.2 eV/c2, while the lighter one has mL = 4.0 ± 0.5 eV/c2. It is not the first paper to make such a claim, but it expands on a 1988 conditional analysis by Cowsik, and it attempts to make the evidence more robust through an improved statistical analysis, and through providing reasons why alternative explanations are unlikely. It also shows how the result can be made consistent with existing smaller electron neutrino mass limits from tritium beta decay and cosmology through the existence of a third tachyonic (superluminal) mass eigenstate.
Two stable, conducting conformations of the selectivity filter in Shaker K+ channels.

We have examined the voltage dependence of external TEA block of Shaker K+ channels over a range of internal K+ concentrations from 2 to 135 mM. We found that the concentration dependence of external TEA block in low internal K+ solutions could not be described by a single TEA binding affinity. The deviation from a single TEA binding isotherm was increased at more depolarized membrane voltages. The data were well described by a two-component binding scheme representing two, relatively stable populations of conducting channels that differ in their affinity for external TEA. The relative proportion of these two populations was not much affected by membrane voltage but did depend on the internal K+ concentration. Low internal K+ promoted an increase in the fraction of channels with a low TEA affinity. The voltage dependence of the apparent high-affinity TEA binding constant depended on the internal K+ concentration, becoming almost voltage independent in 5 mM. The K+ sensitivity of these low- and high-affinity TEA states suggests that they may represent one- and two-ion occupancy states of the selectivity filter, consistent with recent crystallographic results from the bacterial KcsA K+ channel. We therefore analyzed these data in terms of such a model and found a large (almost 14-fold) difference between the intrinsic TEA affinity of the one-ion and two-ion modes. According to this analysis, the single ion in the one-ion mode (at 0 mV) prefers the inner end of the selectivity filter twofold more than the outer end. This distribution does not change with internal K+. The two ions in the two-ion mode prefer to occupy the inner end of the selectivity filter at low K+, but high internal K+ promotes increased occupancy of the outer sites. Our analysis further suggests that the four K+ sites in the selectivity filter are spaced between 20 and 25% of the membrane electric field.
Repeated Measures Designs

To facilitate innovation in applied psychology research, investigators need to be well-informed about available research designs. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of repeated measures research designs (e.g., participants exposed to more than one treatment or measured on more than one occasion). My intent is twofold. First, I underscore the wide range of repeated measures research designs available to researchers in applied psychology. Second, I argue that the differentiation and polarity of group and single-subject research designs is largely arbitrary. I use examples to illustrate each repeated measures design and present its strengths and limitations.
Tenure Buyouts: The Case for Capital Gains Treatment

In the increasingly common case where a faculty member accepts a buyout of tenure rights toward the end of his or her career, an interesting tax question arises. Does the relinquishment of tenure involve a “sale or exchange” of a capital asset, qualifying for long‐term capital gains treatment? Or should the transaction be viewed as one generating ordinary income to “replace” normal compensation that would otherwise be received in the future? Tax Court dicta indicate that the compensation received should be reported as ordinary gross income. But statutory and judicial law effective since the Tax Court decision support an interpretation that some portion of the benefits constitute a payment for a property right, triggering capital gain treatment, a much more taxpayer‐friendly result. An analogy to the capital gain result may be found elsewhere in the Code, suggesting the authors' position that the tenure buyout represents at least in part the payment for the exchange of an asset.
Visual Ontology-Based Information Retrieval System

The Semantic Web has been evolved as a key technology, bringing new insights and solutions to well documented problems in E-learning. The research field of Semantic E-learning covers a wide range of research problems. In this paper, we present an approach to visualize an ontology driven information retrieval system in the context of E-learning. This approach has been implemented on the HyperManyMedia platform, and is already being used by online students at WKU. The design of this work is based on the following steps: (1) presenting the HyperManyMedia domain as a tree consisting of concepts and subconcepts where the leaves are the documents (lectures), (2) embedding Nutch search engine into the platform, (3) reconfiguring Nutch search engine to accommodate the semantic search, (4) using Prefuse as a visual tool to present the ontology as a graph, and (5) embedding the graph into the platform as an applet so that learners can navigate visually through the ontology of the domain by clicking on nodes.
Exactly What Congress Intended

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed by Congress and signed into law in 1990 with tremendous bipartisan support and high hopes. When President George H.W. Bush signed it, he called the law a "sledgehammer" to shatter a "shameful wall of exclusion". Unfortunately, for many people with disabilities experiencing discrimination on the job, the ADA turned out to be more of a rubber mallet. The Supreme Court, in a series of decisions in 1999 and 2002, gutted the ADA by narrowly interpreting its definition of "disability". In 2008, Congress fired back by passing the ADA Amendments Act of 2008. This Article discusses the Congress-courts dialectic surrounding the ADA: from its passage in 1990, to the pit of Supreme Court jurisprudence, to the advocacy effort that swung the pendulum back to Congress. While judicial interpretations of the Amendments are just beginning to surface, they are, for the most part, exactly what Congress intended.
Surface precursor effects above the martensitic transition in V 3 Si and Nb 3 Sn

High-resolution x-ray and neutron scattering studies of the martensitic phase transition in ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si and ${\mathrm{Nb}}_{3}$Sn show precursory broadening of the Bragg peaks as the transition is approached from above. No broadening is observed in nontransforming ${\mathrm{V}}_{3}$Si. After etching there is a drastic reduction of the peak broadening. At the same time the statistical domain population in the tetragonal phase prior to etching becomes single domain.
LG Strategist: your personal chief of staff

LG STRATEGIST is an advanced software package based on the new type of game theory called Linguistic Geometry. This theory allows us to generate best war-gaming strategies in real time. Armed with LG STRATEGIST, a commander would obtain hands-on capability to plan missions, respond immediately to crisis, run what-if analysis, and monitor the execution of operations at all levels. With little experience, a commander could turn LG STRATEGIST into a friendly tactical/operational advisor or a devil advocate, into his/her personal chief of staff.
Combining information from 3 anatomic regions in the diagnosis of glaucoma with time-domain optical coherence tomography.

In glaucoma, between 30% and 50% of the ganglion cells may be lost before abnormalities appear in perimetric testing.1, 2 Glaucomatous changes in the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) take place over time. Since less than optimal agreement has been reported in subjective assessment of optic disc photographs performed by different observers and even among glaucoma specialists,3 objective, quantitative measurement of ocular structures implicated in glaucoma is valuable.4 Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a commonly used posterior segment imaging technology that has sufficient resolution to measure macular retinal thickness, RNFL thickness, and optic disc dimensions.5 Many studies have demonstrated the value of measuring these anatomic regions with OCT for the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma.6–9 Methodologies are still being refined to enhance the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of glaucomatous changes by OCT.10–15 With data from age-matched participants enrolled in the Advanced Imaging for Glaucoma Study (AIGS), we found that in distinguishing normal eyes from glaucomatous eyes the sensitivity and specificity were optimized with an “or-logic” combination of the 3 best RNFL variables.16 Using the area under the receiver operating curve (AROC) and linear discriminant function (LDF), Medeiros et al demonstrated that a combination of optic disc and RNFL variables obtained by OCT improved the diagnostic accuracy for glaucoma detection.17 In the present study, we used available AIGS data to explore the relative strengths of or-logic combination, support vector machine (SVM),18, 19 relevance vector machine (RVM),20, 21 and LDF approaches in analyzing OCT diagnostic variables.[0] Measurements from three anatomical regions, the peripapillary RNFL, optic disc, and macular retina, were combined to increase the diagnostic accuracy of time domain OCT (TD-OCT) in detecting early glaucomatous change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time in a single study that various statistical processing strategies have been tested in such an application.
Four Methods of Sampling to Measure Populations of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae

When 4 methods of sampling to determine larval populations of Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) were compared, all of them produced essentially the same ranking of 8 treatments of azinphosmethyl. The sequential stem method of sampling (% of stems infested × number of larvae per infested stem × number of stems per ft2) recovered about 90% of the actual population and thus provided the most accurate estimate. Eight or 9 sweeps with a 15-inch net were required to produce the same estimate. D-Vac sampling recovered 19-25% of the actual population, and pan sampling recovered 29-38%.
Choosing the order of deceased donor and living donor kidney transplantation in pediatric recipients: a Markov decision process model

BackgroundMost pediatric kidney transplant recipients eventually require retransplantation, and the most advantageous timing strategy regarding deceased and living donor transplantation in candidates with only 1 living donor remains unclear.MethodsA patient-oriented Markov decision process model was
Formation of Micro-Precipitates at the Melt-Solid Interface in Semiconductors

A theory is developed for the formation of precipitates in very dilute hypereutectic two phase systems during solidification. It is based on a mechanism for the growth of microdefects at the melt -interface. The model presents a solution of the diffusion problem for the solute atoms in the melt and provides an analysis of the factors which determine the particle size and their mean distance. The possibility of microdefect nucleation in front of the melt -interface, which can lead to very large precipitates, is discussed. The model is suitable to describe the formation of microdefects in semiconductors where impurity concentrations are generally low but may exceed the solubility limit in the melt. The results of the theory are compared with experimental investigations of the silicon carbide formation in carbon rich silicon crystals grown from the melt.
Time-Resolved SAXS/WAXS Study of the Phase Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Drug/PEG Solid Dispersions

Simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering/wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) was employed to elucidate the physical state and location of various small molecule drugs blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG), as well as the time dependent microstructural evolution of the systems. Samples were prepared by comelting physical mixtures of the drug and PEG, followed by solidification at 25 °C. The model drugs selected encompassed a wide variety of physicochemical properties in terms of crystallization tendency and potential for interaction with PEG. It was observed that compounds which crystallized rapidly and had weak interactions with PEG tended to be excluded from the interlamellar region of the PEG matrix. In contrast, drugs which had favorable interactions with PEG were incorporated into the interlamellar regions of the polymer up until the point at which the drug crystallized whereby phase separation occurred. These factors are likely to impact the effectiveness of drug/PEG systems as drug delivery sy...
Bile salts: a determinant of the bile-peritoneal electrical potential difference in the rat.

The electrical potential difference (PD) between bile and peritoneal cavity of the rat was determined in order to obtain additional information concerning the mechanism of bile formation in this species. A significant negative PD (− 4.4 ± 0.6 mv) was measured in the basal state at a time when the rat was secreting normal amounts of bile salts. The intravenous administration of sodium dehydrocholate produced a significant increase in negative PD, bile salt concentration, bile salt output, and bile flow. When non-bile salt dependent canalicular secretion was studied by creating a biliary fistula, there was a marked fall in PD, bile salt concentration, and bile salt output, but only a modest decrease in bile flow. Although the genesis of the PD cannot be determined with certainty, these changes in electrical PD correlated best with changes in bile salt concentration; the PD fell toward zero when non-bile salt dependent canalicular secretion was predominant. If the measured PD reflects canalicular events, non-bile salt dependent canalicular secretion may be associated with zero PD in the rat.
Economic Influences on the Pattern of Crime in England, 1300–1348

crime to economic conditions characteristic of an industrialized society and mostly within urban settings.3 The complexity of modern industrial economies and the private and state programs to alleviate distress arising from periods of economic depression make it difficult to measure the effects of business cycles on the mass of population. Slumps in the relatively simpler agrarian economy of the middle ages, on the other hand, had a more immediate and noticeable effect upon the peasant community since life was directly dependent on the outcome of the year's crops. There were few buffers for the medieval peasant in years of economic hardship; if the crops were poor for him, they would also be poor for charitable institutions.
On the Circumspect Pooling of Reaction Times

Since Krech never wrote a paper in which reaction times were used as a dependent variable, some brief explanation as to why I include a chapter on this topic in his Festschrift is in order. I find that three of the themes that Krech stressed during the period of my graduate education in the 1950s have been cornerstones of my thinking as a psychologist ever since. Although the subjects in my experiments have shifted twice from animals to humans, and although the substance of my research has varied over a range of biological, pharmacological, educational and even social topics, these three themes have provided a continuity which is visible to me, if to no one else.
Three—Dimensional Systems and Special Problems

Although continuum mechanics is much better developed than discrete field mechanics, there is available only a small number of useful three dimensional solutions in the continua; however, it is relatively easy to write discrete field solutions to a variety of functional three-dimensional lattices and two such systems will be analyzed briefly in this section. A three dimensional system is one for which three coordinates are required to locate a typical node. This is as distinct from a latticed shell for example which is a space structure of only two dimensions as regards the number of surface or projected plane coordinates required to define a typical node. (Latticed shells are often improperly designated as three dimensional structures).
10 - A FLOW CHAMBER FOR CAPILLARY NETWORKS: LEUKOCYTE ADHESION IN CAPILLARY-SIZED, LIGAND-COATED MICROPIPETTES

Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the arrest of leukocytes in capillaries. It has been hypothesized that cells become mechanically trapped in these small vessels or, alternatively, that leukocytes adhere to capillary endothelial cells via endothelial cell adhesion molecules (ECAMs) in a manner similar to that in venules. Recent work using glass microcapillary tubes coated with adhesion molecules supports the proposition that leukocyte arrest in capillaries involves both mechanical and adhesive forces and that the biochemical adhesive force is strongly modulated by mechanical forces that alter the area of contact between leukocytes and the endothelium. These in vitro microcapillary flow chambers allow the effects of vessel geometry, cell deformation, and ECAM chemistry to be studied in a well-controlled manner. The work promises to provide important insights into the process of leukocyte retention in capillaries in the same way that parallel-plate flow chamber assays helped to make possible a detailed understanding of leukocyte adhesion in the venular circulation.
Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Data using CANOCO 5: Case study 4: Evaluation of experiments in randomised complete blocks

Introduction Randomized complete blocks design is probably the most popular experimental design in ecological studies, because it controls in a powerful way the environmental heterogeneity. For a univariate response (e.g. number of species, total biomass) the results of experiments set in randomized complete blocks are evaluated using a two-way ANOVA without interactions. The interaction mean square is used as the error term – the denominator in the calculation of F -statistics. In the following tutorial, you will use the program CANOCO in a similar way to evaluate the community response (i.e. a multivariate response of the species composition of the vegetation). The example is based on an experiment studying the effect of dominant species, plant litter and moss on the composition of a community of vascular plants, with special attention paid to seedling recruitment. In this way, some of the aspects of the importance of regeneration niche for species coexistence were tested. The experiment was established in four randomized complete blocks, the treatment had four levels and the response was measured once. The experiment is described in full by Spa ckova et al. (1998). Here is a simplified description of the experiment. The experiment was established in March 1994, shortly after snowmelt, in four randomized complete blocks. Each block contained four plots, each with a different treatment: (1) a control plot where the vegetation remained undisturbed; (2) a plot with the removal of litter; (3) a plot with removal of the dominant species Nardus stricta ; and (4) a plot with removal of litter and mosses. Each plot was 2 m × 2 m square.
Photography-based Method for Measuring Wrist Range of Motion

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that at-home photography-based wrist range of motion (WROM) measurements would be as reliable as traditional physician-performed goniometry. Methods: Sixty-nine postoper...
Prediction of factors affecting clinical trial accrual at the Cancer Therapy and Research Center in San Antonio.

168Background: Oncology is a very rapidly emerging science with need for more investigational drugs. It is highly essential to accrue patients into clinical trials to develop new drugs. According to the available data, about 38 % of the CTEP/NCI supporting oncology trials close due to inadequate accrual. In this study, we propose to develop a model that will predict clinical trial accrual and retrospectively validate the effectiveness of this model. Methods: Eligible studies included treatment and supportive care intervention studies either open or closed to accrual between 09/1999 and 012/2015 at our center. Data abstracted includes coordinating group, sponsor type, presence of competing trials, trial phase, disease category, single institutional study, author, primary purpose of the study, interventional modality, targeted therapy, advanced disease, randomization, presence of placebo, rare cancer category and new investigational agents. Statistical analysis was performed in the statistic software R (R F...
Ghosts And Guests: A Pastoral Theology Of Belonging For Ministry With Persons With Mental Illness:

The purpose of this article is to develop a pastoral theology of belonging which opposes the systemic marginalization of persons with mental illness. In the course of developing this argument I wil...
Agent-Based Modeling and Complexity

Complexity theory provides a common language and rubric for applying agent-based processes to a range of complex systems. Agent-based modeling in turn advances complexity science by actuating many complex system characteristics, such as self-organization, nonlinearity, sensitivity, and resilience. There are many points of contact between complexity and agent-based modeling, and we examine several of particular importance: the range of complexity approaches; tensions between theoretical and empirical research; calibration, verification, and validation; scale; equilibrium and change; and decision making. These issues, together and separately, comprise some of the key issues found at the interface of complexity research and agent-based modeling.
The problem of parametric neural coding in the motor system.

In the early visual and auditory system neurons are sensitive to a variety of parameters including orientation, contrast, and spatial and temporal frequencies, amplitude, timing, and spectral variables. There are theoretical reasons to believe that neural tuning for these particular parameters is fundamental to the information processing in each area. In contrast, we argue on both principled and empirical grounds that the idea of parametric encoding that has been so fruitfully applied to processing in early sensory systems does not have the potential to achieve more than heuristic or operational status in explanations of the motor system. In the motor system, inherent correlations among parameters of motion that occur in natural movements will necessarily make a neuron that is tuned to one variable also appear to be sensitive to other variables at different time lags. Similarly, depending on the nature of the task, neurons that appear to be tuned to parameters in one coordinate frame will often appear to be tuned to correlated variables in other coordinate frames. Finally, we point out that the tuning for any parameter can vary significantly with time lag. For all these reasons, we suggest that it may not be particularly meaningful to ask whether one or another movement parameter is represented in motor cortex. Instead, we propose that the tuning of any movement-sensitive cortical neuron is best envisioned as carving out a specific hyper-volume in a high-dimensional movement space. When one considers the way this tuning space changes over time, the time-varying preferred parameter values of the neuron describe a small segment of movement that we call a “movement fragment”.
Functionalism, Formalism, and Undue Influence

Neal Dickert and his colleagues make a welcome contribution to discussions of informed consent in research. Their function-based approach serves both to elevate informed consent by providing a robu...
Queer Shakespeare: desire and sexuality

A recent offering in the Bloomsbury/Arden Shakespeare series, Queer Shakespeare: Desire and Sexuality is not an entirely satisfying collection. Containing essays by both well- and lesser-known scho...
Influence of South-Seas Emigration on Certain Chinese Provinces

The Chinese are changing,” we heard this said many times even before the last war. Numerous books, mainly popular in nature, have been written on this very theme. Most of us often fail to realize that it is largely an assumption. Unlike other assumptions about the Chinese it has, however, rarely been seriously questioned. To what extent have the Chinese changed? What are the most important factors responsible for their change? What are some of the directions of their change? These and other questions have been variously asked, but have usually been given answers so full of generality that few students of science found them useful.
QUADRATURE SAMPLING FOR PHASED ARRAY APPLICATION

Receiver beam-forming in ultrasonic phased array systems typically demands very wide-band delay systems, having wide dynamic range and often complicated electronics. Sampled approaches to these delay lines generally employ sampling rates at least twice the highest frequency component in the returned RF signal. However, since the RF is bandlimited about some center frequency, by sampling in quadrature with respect to this center frequency the actual sampling rate may be substantially lowered. This produces two channels of information — the in-phase or “real” component, and the quadrature or “imaginary” component. This “complex video” from each array element may be delayed and added to that from the other elements to provide receiver focusing. In addition to lowering the sampling rate, this technique retains all phase information for Doppler processing as well.
Role of oxytocin in the ventral tegmental area in social reinforcement.

The rewarding properties of social interactions play a critical role in the development and maintenance of social relationships, and deficits in social reward are associated with various psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we used a novel Operant Social Preference (OSP) task to investigate the reinforcing properties of social interactions under conditions of high or low reward value, and high or low behavioral effort in male Syrian hamsters. Further, we investigated the role of oxytocin (OT) in a key structure of the mesolimbic reward system, the ventral tegmental area (VTA), in mediating the reinforcing properties of social interaction. Adult male hamsters were placed in a three-chambered apparatus, and allowed access to either a social chamber containing an unrestrained conspecific or a non-social chamber, by pushing through a one-way entry, vertical-swing door. Increasing the duration of social interaction (reward value) decreased the frequency of entering the social interaction chambers, whereas decreasing the duration of social interaction conversely increased the frequency of entries. Moreover, increasing behavioral effort required to access social interaction decreased the frequency of entries, especially under conditions when the duration of social interaction was only 5 s. OT injected into the VTA decreased the frequency of entering social interaction chambers in a manner similar to that observed when duration was increased, whereas injection of an OT receptor antagonist in the VTA increased the frequency of seeking social interaction. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that activation of OT receptors in the VTA are critical for the reinforcing properties of social interactions. Furthermore, social interactions may exhibit duration and cost dependent reinforcing effects on behavior similar to those observed with food and drugs of abuse.
The Relationship Between Service Quality and Service Recovery Quality in Retail Stores

As service has been emphasized as an important aspect of the current retail industry (Kandampully, 2012), researchers and marketers have recently been required to understand customer expectations for service quality and service recovery quality in the retail industry. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between service quality expectations (personal attention, tangibles, and reliability) and service recovery evaluations (distributive and interactional justice and positive and negative emotions) in the retail environment. The results of this study imply that service providers should carefully manage customers' service quality expectations to enhance the effects of service recovery in cases where customers encounter service failure. In particular, they need to pay attention to individual customers while managing their retail stores' visual appeal. In addition, once service providers fail, they need to carefully respond to customers' problems no matter what expectations customers have about service quality.
The intersection of food insecure populations in the Midwest U.S. and rates of chronic health conditions

Food insecurity is the state of having insufficient access to adequate food in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle due to limited economic resources. This study expands upon the annual survey conducted by the USDA ERS, while providing evidence that additional factors, notably, medical or health-related issues play vital roles in the relationship between households and food security. The data for this study were generated by surveying Midwestern residents. The sample of respondents was targeted to be representative of the Midwest in terms of sex, age, and income and was completed by 1265 respondents. The survey included the CPS Food Security Supplement to assess the food security of respondents. All respondents were asked the 10 household focused food security questions and respondents who indicated having children were asked the additional 8 child focused questions. Additionally, respondents were asked demographic, food security, and health status questions. Of the sample, 25% were considered food insecure. Being male, middle aged, having children, having household diabetes, having a household eating disorder, and having household depression/anxiety are significant determinants of decreased food security. Establishing clear relationships between health and food can help to inform legislation. This analysis suggests the inclusion of chronic illness and health information to improve metrics and inform food security legislation.
Additional Analytic Topics

The concept of “domain of holomorphy” is central to the function theory of several complex variables. The celebrated solution of the Levi problem tells us that a connected open set (a domain) is a domain of holomorphy if and only if it is pseudoconvex. For us, in the present book, pseudoconvexity is Levi pseudoconvexity; this is defined in terms of the positive semi-definiteness of the Levi form.
Prioritizing R&D for the U.S. Department of Energy's Weapons Complex Clean-Up

Prioritizing the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) targeted R&D program supporting weapons-complex clean-up has been problematic. Considering issues common to all R&D evaluation, linking R&D prioritization to clean-up project prioritization, the latter aligned with institutional goals, offers a pragmatic solution. This method is illustrated with results of a clean-up prioritization model of DOE's Oak Ridge National Laboratory site.
Is surgical thrombectomy to salvage failed autogenous arteriovenous fistulae worthwhile

The Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiatives guidelines emphasize placement of autogenous arteriovenous (AV) fistulae for patients on hemodialysis. This recommendation is based on studies that demonstrate enhanced patency for AV fistulae compared with grafts. However, closer review of the data demonstrates that although primary patency of AV fistulae is superior to grafts, the secondary patency rates are equivalent. This suggests that secondary procedures to maintain fistula patency are inferior to those performed on arteriovenous grafts. Surgical thrombectomy of AV fistulae can be challenging. It is often difficult to completely remove thrombus adjacent to the anastomosis of the fistula, and pseudoaneurysms within the fistula can prevent passage of the thrombectomy catheter and complete removal of thrombus from the fistula. Consequently, some surgeons simply abandon thrombosed AV fistulae and place a new access. We have developed a method for completely clearing thrombus from failed AV fistulae by locating the fistulotomy close to the arterial anastomosis and using a technique to manually extract thrombus from the fistula before passing a thrombectomy catheter. The purpose of this study was to review our results with this procedure. Between 2001 and 2004, 10 patients with a previously functioning AV fistula presented with thrombosis. There were seven brachiocephalic fistulae and three radiocephalic fistulae. All patients underwent surgical thrombectomy and fistulography. Five patients underwent balloon angioplasty of a venous stenosis and one patient underwent surgical revision of an arterial stenosis. Technical success, defined as being able to completely clear thrombus from the fistula and treat the cause for fistula failure, was achieved in 70 per cent (7/10) of cases. Technical failure was caused by vein rupture during the balloon angioplasty in two cases and a central venous occlusion that could not be treated in one case. The 6-month primary and secondary patency for cases that were technically successful was 51 and 69 per cent, respectively. Our conclusion was that surgical thrombectomy can significantly extend fistula functionality in patients who present with thrombosis.
Operations and Algebraic Thinking

In this chapter, you will deal with content-practice, teaching, and learning issues relevant to the Operations and Algebraic Thinking (OA) domain from kindergarten (K) through Grade 5 of the CCSSM. Table 5.1 lists the appropriate pages for your convenience.
On the Mode of Action of an LHRH Agonist in Man and Its Potential Use as Contraceptive

The isolation of LHRH (Schally et al., 1971; Burgus et al., 1971) was followed by the development of a large number of analogs (Vale et al., 1977). The compound D-Trp6-Pro9-N-Ethylamide LHRH (LHRHA) has a potency 144 times that of native LHRH in causing LH release in in vitro systems (Vale et al., 1977). However, when administered in vivo to the rat, “paradoxical” gonadal atrophy was observed (Tcholakian et al., 1978; Sandow et al., 1980).