cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cloud-Layer Overlap Characteristics Derived from Long-Term Cloud Radar Data

Assumptions regarding the vertical overlap characteristics of horizontal cloudy layers have been shown to be important to both the radiation transfer and the cloud microphysics that are predicted in general circulation models. Certain reasonable assumptions regarding cloud-layer overlap have been applied in models up to now where vertically continuous cloudy layers were assumed to overlap maximally leading to a minimum in cloud cover, and layers separated by noncloudy layers were assumed to overlap randomly. However, these assumptions have not been systematically evaluated with a comprehensive dataset that can resolve simultaneously occurring cloud layers. Presented here is an analysis of cloud-layer overlap characteristics derived from 103 months of cloud radar data collected by continuously operating millimeter-wavelength instruments deployed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites in the Tropics, middle latitudes, and the Arctic. Using an approach recently proposed by Hogan and Illingworth, it is shown that an assumption of random overlap for layers separated by noncloudy layers is supported by observations. However, that the overlap characteristics of vertically continuous layers cannot be considered maximal is also shown. Indeed, vertically continuous cloudy layers do not appear to lend themselves to a simple overlap assumption. Therefore, to avoid significant biases in diagnosed cloud cover, the overlap properties of these layers in models will need to be parameterized. It is shown that the cloud-layer overlap characteristics in the middle latitudes do appear to be a strong function of season, suggesting that an overlap parameterization in terms of cloud system type may be possible.
Pituitary tumors and pregnancy

This paper contains a review of the natural history of pituitary tumors in nonpregnant and pregnant patients. Data were drawn from previously published reports and from responses to a questionnaire and were analyzed by life-table techniques. Follow-up of 62 nonpregnant patients with untreated pituitary tumors with and without visual field changes revealed a median time to treatment of 15 1/2 years and similar, relatively constant hazard functions. In 91 pregnancies occurring in 73 women with previously untreated pituitary tumors, ovulation had occurred spontaneously in 9 per cent, headache occurred in 23 per cent, and visual disturbances in 25 per cent with 61 per cent remaining asymptomatic. In those patients who developed symptoms, median time to headache was 10 weeks and to visual disturbance, 14 weeks. The hazard functions were relatively constant and similar. The relative risk of developing symptoms is independent of whether or not the first or second pregnancy occurred in the presence of the pituitary tumor. Of the pregnant patients with previously untreated pituitary tumors, 30 per cent required surgery or radiation therapy. Median time to treatment was 19 weeks. None of the 69 pregnant women without pituitary therapy had permanent sequelae. Only four patients who underwent surgery or received radiation treatment developed permanent symptoms and none was serious. In 78 pregnancies occurring in 73 women with previously treated pituitary tumors, headache occurred in 4 per cent and visual disturbances in 5 per cent. Only one patient required therapy. Treatment during pregnancy results in significantly increased prematurity rates but unchanged abortion and perinatal mortality rates. Small pituitary tumors do not constitute a contraindication to either induction of ovulation or pregnancy.
Imaging the Postoperative Scalp and Cranium

This chapter reviews the diagnostic imaging findings related to surgery and implants in the scalp and cranium, including occipital nerve stimulator, temporal fossa implants, Mohs micrographic surgery and skin grafting, rotational galeal flap scalp reconstruction, scalp tumor recurrence, burr holes, craniotomy, cranioplasty, autocranioplasty, craniectomy, the meningogaleal complex and suboccipital craniectomy, cranial vault surgical remodeling for craniosynostosis, cranial vault encephalocele repair, absorbable hemostatic agents, duraplasty and sealant agents, intracranial pressure monitors, subdural drainage catheters, and cranial surgery complications.
Obesity and the Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Obesity is associated with increased deposition of fat in the liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; NAFLD), which develops when hepatic fatty acid availability from plasma and de novo synthesis exceeds hepatic fatty acid disposal by oxidation and triglyceride export. Therefore, an increase in intrahepatic triglyceride content (steatosis) results from an imbalance between interacting metabolic events. Hepatic steatosis is associated with an array of adverse changes in glucose, fatty acid and lipoprotein metabolism, not only locally (in the liver) but also at the whole body level. These metabolic abnormalities are likely responsible for many cardiometabolic risk factors associated with NAFLD, such as insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. However, whether NAFLD is the cause of metabolic dysfunction or whether metabolic dysfunction is responsible for excessive intrahepatic triglyceride accumulation remains unclear at this time. Understanding the factors involved in the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of NAFLD will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the metabolic complications of obesity.
Korean Women of America: From Subordination to Partnership, 1903–1930

(1984). Korean Women of America: From Subordination to Partnership, 1903–1930. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 1-28.
Identification of essential and non-essential genes in Ambystoma tigrinum virus

Members of the genus Ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) are large double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses that are found world-wide infecting fish, amphibian and reptile ectothermic hosts. Ranavirus genomes range from 105 to 155kbp in length and they are predicted to encode around 90-125 genes. Currently, our knowledge of the function of ∼50% of these genes is known or inferred based on homology to orthologous genes characterized in other systems; however, the function of the remaining open reading frames (ORFS) is unknown. Therefore, in order to begin to uncover the function of unknown ORFs in ranaviruses we developed a standardized approach to generate a recombination cassette for any ORF in Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). Our standardized approach quickly and efficiently assembles recombination cassettes and recombinant ATV. We have used this approach to identify two essential, one semi-essential and two non-essential genes in ATV.
Tensile Behavior of an SBR Vulcanizate Containing a Single Rubber Particle

Abstract The effect of a single, embedded rubber particle on the tensile strength of an SBR vulcanizate has been determined. For a given size, a particle taken from an ambient grind resulted in higher strength compared to a sample containing a particle prepared by hand-cutting with a blade. In the former case, fracture initiated within the particle while, in the latter, fracture was interfacial between the particle and matrix. For both types of particles, strength decreased with increased particle size.
Postnatal respiratory compliance among premature ventilated neonates associated with variable timing and dosing of antenatal steroids.

Background Antenatal steroids (ANSs) improve the respiratory compliance of premature infants. Many premature neonates are born before the administration of a complete course of ANS. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the respiratory system compliance (Crs) of premature (≤ 32 weeks gestation), intubated neonates in relation to the dose, and timing of ANS administration. Study Design Neonates (n = 61) were divided into four groups based on the dose and timing of ANS exposure: Group 1: no ANS; Group 2: partial course (one dose of betamethasone); Group 3: complete course (two doses of betamethasone administered within 2 weeks of delivery); and Group 4: remote course (two doses of betamethasone administered > 2 weeks before delivery). Crs was measured by single-breath occlusion technique. Results Indexed respiratory compliance ± standard error of the mean (mL/cmH2O/kg) adjusted for gestational ages were 0.359 ± 0.074, 0.366 ± 0.080, 0.625 ± 0.038, and 0.505 ± 0.060 for Groups 1 to 4, respectively. The mean indexed Crs in complete ANS was significantly higher than that of no ANS (0.266 ± 0.085; p = 0.016) as well as partial ANS group (0.259 ± 0.086; p = 0.025). Conclusions Crs after birth was significantly higher among premature intubated neonates born to mothers who received a complete course of ANS within 2 weeks, compared with no ANS or a partial course of ANS.
Family Identification of Foster Children

these different strategies have not been formalized into anything approaching theories of treatment. Finally, the typology approach would have value in creating treatment programs based upon empirical evidence. With an empirical typology, propositions about treatment linked to etiological knowledge could be made with more certainty than at present. Even now, a typology could lead to tentative suggestions regarding strategies of treatment. These statements in turn could be subjected to test, so that an empirical brand of corrections might develop. Even in preliminary and tentative form, a typology provides a clearer way of thinking about treatment policies than the treatment theory discussed earlier.
Life Tables for Pecan Leaves in Texas

Life tables for pecan, Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch, were constructed for leaf cohorts established in orchard, native, wild, and urban trees with various levels of pesticide management. The greatest source of leaf loss was disappearance. Arthropods were the second largest source of leaf loss; those causing the largest amount of leaf loss were aphids and chewing insects. Over 18 species of arthropods were observed utilizing pecan leaves during these studies. Severe defoliation due to arthropods or pathogens was not observed and leaves tended to remain on trees. Generally, differences in numbers of leaves dying through time or falling in gravity cages were not observed as the result of treatments. However, treatments in which insecticides were applied to control nut feeders sustained less damage and retained leaves longer than insecticide-free treatments. Pecan foliage appears to suffer limited mortality from biotic agents in most locations and treatment regimes during most years in Texas; management of pecan foliage pests appears to be best conducted on an as-needed, rather than a prophylactic basis.
Climate, economy and justice — the interdependent aspects of global well-being: An analysis of develop-mental economy, climate and justice in light of its global politics

In his book Climate, Economy, and Justice: Global Frontiers of Social Development in Theory and Practice, Brij Mohan assembled the works of a team of experts on topics such as climate change, economics and social justice. According to the author, this book explodes myths about social welfare and development and offers a critical interface between “comparative social welfare” and “new social development”.
Detection of Compositional Fluctuations in High Temperature Exposed Waspaloy

Waspaloy is a nickel base super-alloy used in aircraft engines. When this alloy is placed in service, it is subjected to long term exposure at high temperatures, which can cause the reinforcing gamma prime precipitate population to fluctuate and thus affect its structural integrity. The population fluctuates as a result of coarsening, dissolution or re-precipitation. Samples exposed to 1200° F for times ranging from 0 to 12626 hours were characterized using impedance spectroscopy, microhardness measurements, x-ray diffraction and quantitative stereology. Two important parameters were derived from the impedance measurements: (1) the imaginary admittance peak magnitude (Ymax) and (2) the associated relaxation frequency (fmax). As the distribution, shape and size of the precipitates change with exposure time, these parameters were also found to vary. In addition to the changes in precipitate geometry, lattice constant changes detected by analyzing x-ray diffraction data suggest that there are compositional shifts in the matrix as well as the gamma prime precipitates. Furthermore, the preferred orientation of the precipitates can also be seen to change with exposure time. These changes in composition, size and shape as a function of thermal exposure time are accompanied by changes in the volume fractions of primary and secondary gamma prime particles present. Using effective medium models, it is possible to predict that the measured properties are related to the gamma prime population. The grain boundary carbides do not appear to play any role at the conditions presented.
Construction and immunoprotection of recombinant BCG with ADF-IL-2 gene

The rBCG vaccine expressed Eimeria tenella ADF and chicken IL-2(chIL-2) was constructed and its efficacy against E.tenella challenge was observed.ADF gene of E.tenella and chIL-2 gene were cloned into pMV261 and pMV361 vector,respectively,the recombinant plasmids were transformed into BSG by electroporation and producd rBCG carrying ADF-IL-2 gene.Chickens were immunized with rBCG pMV261-ADF-IL-2 and pMV361-ADF-IL-2 via different immune route and analyzed its immunoprotection against E.tenella.The result show the rBCG vaccines were successfully constructed and the rBCG immuned with intranasal route showed the better efficacy against E.tenella than the other routes,their ACI were 176.08 and 172.89,respectively.The rBCG could provide an immunoprotection to chicken challenged E.tenella oocysts.
Foundations for Physical Fitness

(1942). Foundations for Physical Fitness. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 391-430.
Development of an empirical model relating permeability and specific stiffness for rough fractures from numerical deformation experiments

The coupling between hydraulic and mechanical properties of porous and fractured geologic media are critical for many geophysical processes and practical applications. Thus, the prediction of this linkage between these properties is broadly important. Here we present a potentially predictive model that links fracture permeability and specific stiffness with empirical coefficients dependent on fracture roughness, correlation length of aperture field, and rock mechanical properties. The equation was developed empirically from results of modeling the deformation and flow through synthetic fractures with aperture fields that follow a normal distribution. The fractures were subjected to increasing normal stress and deformed following an elastic model. Specific stiffness was directly quantified from these numerical deformation experiments. Permeability was estimated through calculation of the local flow field while considering effects of local fracture roughness and tortuosity. The empirical model roughly captures the transition from effective medium to percolation flow regimes with increasing specific stiffness.
Coherently coupled vertical cavity laser arrays with frequency detuning and asymmetric gain distribution

By solving the coupled oscillator equations we study the effect of frequency detuning and asymmetric gain distribution on coherently coupled VCSEL arrays. Beam steering and parity-time symmetry breaking behavior has been predicted and experimentally observed.
Sedimentological records of the C.E. 1707 Hōei Nankai Trough tsunami in the Bungo Channel, southwestern Japan

A tsunami generated by the C.E. 1707 Hōei earthquake is largely thought to be the flood event of record for southwestern Japan, yet historical documentation of the event is scarce. This is particularly true within the Bungo Channel, where significant inconsistencies exist between historical records and model-derived tsunami heights. To independently assess flooding from the Hōei tsunami in this region, we present complementary reconstructions of extreme coastal inundation from three back-barrier lakes in the northern Bungo Channel: Lake Ryuuoo, Lake Amida, and Lake Kamega. At all sites, the age of the most recent prominent marine overwash deposit is consistent with the timing of the 1707 tsunami. When combined with historical documentation of the event, these sedimentological records provide strong evidence that the 1707 tsunami is the most significant flood of recent centuries and one of the most significant floods over the last millennium in the region. At Lake Ryuuoo, modern barrier beach elevations and grain sizes in the tsunami’s resultant deposit provide ~4 m as the first physically based height constraint for the 1707 tsunami in the northern Bungo Channel. A concurrent transition in lithology that is consistent with regional geomorphic change is also observed at all three sites around 1000 years ago, although the precise timing and nature of the transition remain unclear.
Buckling Instabilities and Complex Trajectories in a Simple Model of Uniflagellar Bacteria

Observations of uniflagellar bacteria show that buckling instabilities of the hook protein connecting the cell body and flagellum play a role in locomotion. To understand this phenomenon, we develop models at varying levels of description with a particular focus on the parameter dependence of the buckling instability. A key dimensionless group called the flexibility number measures the hook flexibility relative to the thrust exerted by the flagellum; this parameter and the geometric parameters of the cell determine the stability of straight swimming. Two very simple models amenable to analytical treatment are developed to examine buckling in stationary (pinned) and moving swimmers. We then consider a more detailed model incorporating a helical flagellum and the rotational degrees of freedom of the cell body and flagellum, and we use numerical simulations to map out the parameter dependence of the buckling instability. In all models, a bifurcation occurs as the flexibility number increases, separating equilibrium configurations into straight or bent, and for the full model, separating trajectories into straight or helical. More specifically for the latter, the critical flexibility marks the transition from periodicity to quasi-periodicity in the behavior of variables determining configuration. We also find that for a given body geometry, there is a specific flagellar geometry that minimizes the critical flexibility number at which buckling occurs. These results highlight the role of flexibility in the biology of real organisms and the engineering of artificial microswimmers.
Efficient electroluminescent cooling with a light-emitting diode coupled to a photovoltaic cell (Conference Presentation)

The new breakthrough in photovoltaics, exemplified by the slogan “A great solar cell has to be a great light-emitting diode (LED)”, has led to all the major new solar cell records, while also leading to extraordinary LED efficiency. As an LED becomes very efficient in converting its electrical input into light, the device cools as it operates because the photons carry away entropy as well as energy. If these photons are absorbed in a photovoltaic (PV) cell, the generated electricity can be used to provide part of the electrical input that drives the LED. Indeed, the LED/PV cell combination forms a new type of heat engine with light as the working fluid. The electroluminescent refrigerator requires only a small amount of external electricity to provide cooling, leading to a high coefficient of performance. We present the theoretical performance of such a refrigerator, in which the cool side (LED) is radiatively coupled to the hot side (PV) across a vacuum gap. The coefficient of performance is maximized by using a highly luminescent material, such as GaAs, together with device structures that optimize extraction of the luminescence. We consider both a macroscopic vacuum gap and a sub-wavelength gap; the latter allows for evanescent coupling of photons between the devices, potentially providing a further enhancement to the efficiency of light extraction. Using device assumptions based on the current record-efficiency solar cells, we show that electroluminescent cooling can, in certain regimes of cooling power, achieve a higher coefficient of performance than thermoelectric cooling.
Estimating treatment effects in observational studies with both prevalent and incident cohorts

Registry databases are increasingly being used for comparative effectiveness research in cancer. Such databases reflect the real-world patient population and physician practice, and thus are natural sources for comparing multiple treatment scenarios and the associated long-term clinical outcomes. Registry databases usually include both incident and prevalent cohorts, which provide valuable complementary information for patients with more recent diagnoses in the incident cohort as well as patients with long-term follow-up data in the prevalent cohort. However, utilizing such data to derive valid inference poses two major challenges: the data from a prevalent cohort are not random samples of the target population, and there may be substantial differences in the baseline characteristics of patients between treatment arms, which influences the decisions about treatment selection in both cohorts. In this article we extend propensity score methodology to observational studies that involve both prevalent and incident cohorts, and assess the effectiveness of radiation therapy (RT) in SEER-Medicare patients diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer. Specifically we utilize the incident cohort to estimate the propensity for receiving RT, and then combine data from both the incident and prevalent cohorts to estimate the effect of RT by adjusting for the propensity scores in the model. We evaluate the proposed method with simulations. We demonstrate that the proposed propensity score method simultaneously removes sampling bias and selection bias under several assumptions. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 202–219; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
The A-Rule and Deletion Formation During Abasic and Oxidized Abasic Site Bypass by DNA Polymerase θ.

DNA polymerase θ (Pol θ) is implicated in various cellular processes including double-strand break repair and apurinic/apyrimidinic site bypass. Because Pol θ expression correlates with poor cancer prognosis, the ability of Pol θ to bypass the C4′-oxidized abasic site (C4-AP) and 2-deoxyribonolactone (L), which are generated by cytotoxic agents, is of interest. Translesion synthesis and subsequent extension by Pol θ past C4-AP or L and an abasic site (AP) or its tetrahydrofuran analogue (F) was examined. Pol θ conducts translesion synthesis on templates containing AP and F with similar efficiencies and follows the “A-rule,” inserting nucleotides in the order A > G > T. Translesion synthesis on templates containing C4-AP and L is less efficient than AP and F, and the preference for A insertion is reduced for L and absent for C4-AP. Extension past all abasic lesions (AP, F, C4-AP, and L) was significantly less efficient than translesion synthesis and yielded deletions caused by the base one or two nucleotid...
Optical response of mixed methylammonium lead iodide and formamidinium tin iodide perovskite thin films

Mixed tin (Sn) and lead (Pb) based perovskite thin films have been prepared by solution processing combining methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) and formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) precursors. Optical response in the form of complex dielectric function (e = e1 + ie2) spectra and absorption coefficient (α) spectra of (FASnI3)1-x(MAPbI3)x based perovskite films have been extracted over a spectral range 0.74 to 5.89 eV using spectroscopic ellipsometry. Absorption band edge energy changes as a function of composition for films including FASnI3, MAPbI3, and mixed x = 0.20, 0.35, 0.40, and 0.6 (FASnI3)1-x(MAPbI3)x perovskites. (FASnI3)0.60(MAPbI3)0.4 is found to have the minimum absorption band edge energy near ∼1.2 eV.
Tables for the Construction of Matched Single, Double, and Multiple Sampling Plans with Application to MIL-STD-105D

Tables are presented for the construction and evaluation of matched sets of single, double, and multiple sampling plans. They may be used to derive two-point individual plans to meet specified valu...
Cellular delivery of doxorubicin mediated by disulfide reduction of a peptide-dendrimer bioconjugate

Abstract In this study, we developed a peptide-dendrimer-drug conjugate system for the pH-triggered direct cytosolic delivery of the cancer chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) using the pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP). We synthesized a pHLIP-dendrimer-DOX conjugate in which a single copy of pHLIP displayed a generation three dendrimer bearing multiple copies of DOX via disulfide linkages. Biophysical analysis showed that both the dendrimer and a single DOX conjugate inserted into membrane bilayers in a pH-dependent manner. Time-resolved confocal microscopy indicate the single DOX conjugate may undergo a faster rate of membrane translocation, due to greater nuclear localization of DOX at 24 h and 48 h post delivery. At 72 h, however, the levels of DOX nuclear accumulation for both constructs were identical. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that both constructs mediated ∼80% inhibition of cellular proliferation at 10 µM, the dendrimer complex exhibited a 17% greater cytotoxic effect at lower concentrations and greater than three-fold improvement in IC50 over free DOX. Our findings show proof of concept that the dendrimeric display of DOX on the pHLIP carrier (1) facilitates the pH-dependent and temporally-controlled release of DOX to the cytosol, (2) eliminates the endosomal sequestration of the drug cargo, and (3) augments DOX cytotoxicity relative to the free drug.
Interaction of galactosyltransferase with alpha-lactalbumin and substrates.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various studies regarding the interaction of galactosyltransferase, substrates, and α -lactalbumin to understand how α -lactalbumin interacts with galactosyltransferase and controls its catalytic activity. The physical interaction of galactosyltransferase and α -lactalbumin has been demonstrated by affinity chromatography, gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, fluorescence, and chemical cross-linking. The interaction is highly dependent upon the presence of substrates and the 1:1 complex of galactosyltransferase; α -lactalbumin also contains substrates. Generally, substrates enhance the binding of α -lactalbumin to galactosyltransferase and vice versa. The binding of galactosyl acceptors and α -lactalbumin is highly synergistic. The interaction between galactosyltransferase and α -lactalbumin is unique in the sense that α -lactalbumin dissociates at each turn of the catalytic cycle and therefore, participates in the Michaelis complex leading to products. α -Lactalbumin has a high degree of structural homology to lysozyme and structural models of α -lactalbumin have been constructed based on the coordinates of lysozyme. A large number of chemical modification studies have been done on α-lactalbumin in an attempt to define amino acid residues critical for the interaction with galactosyltransferase. Modifications of a number of residues such as tyrosine, tryptophan, and histidine result in loss of activity of α -lactalbumin. It appears that a number of residues in the cleft region of α -lactalbumin are important for the interaction with galactosyltransferase.
The Fossil History of Ascomycetes

Examples of fossil ascomycetes are described from throughout the geologic record with the oldest forms coming from rocks of Silurian age. During the Carboniferous there were several forms that morphologically resemble modern plectomycetes. Epiphyllous fungi are probably an ancient group that radiated extensively during the Tertiary. Both the fossil record and molecular sequence data suggest that the ascomycetes are older than previously thought.
Defining preoperative imaging findings of sacral chordomas associated with decreased overall survival and local recurrence

Sacral chordomas represent the most common primary malignant tumor found in the sacrum (1). Arising from the remnants of the notochord (2), these slow-growing tumors often present with vague symptoms, usually low back pain, in patients in the 5th and 6th decade of life (2,3). The clinical repercussions of the indolent nature of sacral chordomas are two-fold.
pointerchain: Tracing pointers to their roots – A case study in molecular dynamics simulations

Abstract As scientific frameworks become sophisticated, so do their data structures. A data structure typically includes pointers and arrays to other structures in order to preserve application’s state. In order to ensure data consistency from a scientific application on a modern high performance computing (HPC) architecture, the management of such pointers on the host and the device, has become complicated in terms of memory allocations because they occupy separate memory spaces. It becomes so severe that one must go through a chain of pointers to extract the effective address. In this paper, we propose to reduce the need of excessive data transfer by introducing the idea of pointerchain , a directive that replaces the pointer chains with their corresponding effective address inside the parallel region of a code. Based on our analysis, pointerchain leads to a 39% and 38% reduction in the amount of generated codes and the total executed instructions, respectively. With pointerchain , we have parallelized CoMD, a Molecular Dynamics (MD) proxy application on heterogeneous HPC architectures while maintaining a single portable codebase. This portable codebase utilizes OpenACC, an emerging directive-based programming model, to address the need of memory allocations from three computational kernels in CoMD. Two of the three embarrassingly parallel kernels highly benefit from OpenACC and perform better than the hand-written CUDA counterparts. The third kernel performed 61% of peak performance of its CUDA counterpart. The three kernels are common modules in any MD simulations. Our findings provides useful insights into parallelizing legacy MD software across heterogeneous platforms.
The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution.

Microplastic pollution caused by washing processes of synthetic textiles has recently been assessed as the main source of primary microplastics in the oceans. Therefore, understanding the effective contribution of the washing process of synthetic clothes to this environmental problem, is of great importance. In this study, wash trials at real scale were performed on commercial clothes by using a household washing machine in order to gain reliable data about the release of microplastics, and to identify possible influences of textile characteristics on the release. The wastewater was collected and filtered through subsequent filters with decreasing porosity, and the amount and dimensions of microfibres were determined. Microfibre release was analysed in relation to the nature and characteristics of the washed clothes. Results showed that microfibres released during washing range from 124 to 308 mg for kg of washed fabric depending from the type of washed garment that corresponds to a number of microfibres ranging from 640,000 to 1,500,000. Some textile characteristics, such as the type of fibres constituting the yarns and their twist, influenced the release of microfibres during washing. A great amount of microfibres of cellulosic nature was also released during washing of clothes made with a blend of polyester/cellulose. Finally the most abundant fraction of microfibres shed was retained by filters with pore size of 60 µm, presenting an average length of 360–660 μm and an average diameter of 12–16 μm, indicating dimensions that could pass through wastewater treatment plants and pose a threat for marine organisms.
The United Kingdom and Ireland

England has been the source of much of the legal history of the Western world. “Our English police system…rests on foundations designed with the full approval of the people, we know not how many hundreds of years before the Norman conquest, and has been slowly molded by the careful hand of experience, developing as a rule along the line of least resistance, now in advance of the general intelligence of the country, now lagging far behind, but always in the long run adjusting itself to the popular temper, always consistent with local self-government, and even at its worst, always English” (Lee, 1971, p. xxvii). The development of our common law system, like that of our modern police, is seated in the English traditions.
Differential Prevalence and Predictors of Preclinical Diastolic Dysfunction in a Hispanic Population with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Based on 2009 versus 2016 ASE Diastolic Function Guidelines

Introduction The prevalence and predictors of undetected pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction (PDD), Stage B heart failure, in the Hispanic population with type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not well defined. In 2016, the American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) recommended a revised diastolic dysfunction categorization guideline. Objectives To identify prevalence and predictors of PDD in Hispanic adults with T2D, and compare differences in clinical and echocardiographic characteristics utilizing 2009 versus 2016 ASE diastolic function guidelines. Methods A cross-sectional study of Hispanic adults with T2D from 2013 to 2016 was performed. Subjects without signs or symptoms of heart failure (HF) underwent 2D/Doppler echocardiography and grouped into two sub-cohorts: 1) normal diastolic function, and 2) PDD, defined by 2009 or 2016 ASE criteria. Univariable and multivariable logistic analysis were performed to identify characteristics associated with PDD. Results Among 307 subjects, by 2009 criteria, 63% and 37% had normal diastolic function and PDD, respectively. By 2016 criteria, 85%, 7%, and 8% had normal diastolic function, PDD, and indeterminate diastolic function, respectively. Those with PDD were older (mean age 59.1±12.7 vs 52.2±12.2 years, p Conclusions By utilizing 2016 versus 2009 diastolic function criteria to a Hispanic population with T2D, the prevalence of PDD decreased from 37% to 7%, consistent with the new guidelines being more specific and less sensitive for diagnosing PDD.
Insider trading around auto recalls: Does investor attention matter?

Using a comprehensive sample of customer complaints filed with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, we examine the differences in the timing of insiders’ and investors’ use of outside generated public information. We first find that levels of customer complaints predict future auto recalls and their financial consequences, suggesting that these publicly available customer complaints contain value-relevant information. We then find that customer complaints are not contemporaneously associated with stock returns but predict large negative abnormal stock returns during the period following the recall announcement. Thus, we find that the market generally fails to impound the information contained in customer complaints in a timely manner. We then examine whether mutual funds, as sophisticated investors, appear to use the complaint data and find that, consistent with the overall market, in the aggregate they do not appear to use the complaint data to inform their trades until after recall announcements. However, mutual funds that focus more of their trades in the auto industry appear to pay more attention to the complaint data and trade consistent with the data before recall announcements. We then find that the top five executives of the car manufacturers in our sample are significant sellers of personal shares prior to the announcement of auto recalls, particularly when customer complaints are high. Our findings suggest that insiders’ informational advantage is at least in part due to general investor limited attention to publicly available information.
Exploiting asymmetric signals from choices through default selection

Setting defaults is an effective nudge, but few studies have examined situations where individuals can select their own default settings. Past research suggests that even when the final outcome is identical, observers perceive stronger signals from choices that switch from, rather than stay with, the default. In five experiments using hypothetical scenarios and an incentivized economic game, we test whether decision-makers driven by image concerns could strategically exploit that asymmetric signal. We found that in the presence of observers, participants were more likely to self-select into defaults that require them to switch to enhance a positive signal and into defaults that require them to stay to attenuate a negative signal. Our results support the framework of choice architecture as an implicit social interaction, and have potential implications for behavioral interventions in real-world settings.
Paleoecology and taxonomy of Schoenaster carterensis, a new encrinasterid ophiuroid species from the Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) Slade Formation of northeastern Kentucky, USA

Schoenaster carterensis new species, is an asteroid-like ophiuroid (Echinodermata) from Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) shallow-water carbonates in the Ramey Creek Member of the Slade Formation in northeastern Kentucky. First described in the 1860s from Lower and Middle Mississippian rocks, Schoenaster Meek and Worthen, 1860 is not a well-known fossil genus, but the 39 specimens in this collection permitted further definition of the genus and extended its range by ca. 17 Ma into Late Mississippian (Chesterian) time. The number of specimens also permitted differentiation of growth stages based on average arm length and showed that arm length, disk perimeter, and disk area are interrelated in statistically significant ways. Although replaced by chert, the specimens are nearly intact due to rapid burial as rare constituents in habitat communities distributed among four once-contiguous habitats, including shoal, shoal margin, transitional, and basinal. Most of the ophiuroids were concentrated on firm grounds or hardgrounds in shoal and transitional environments, concentrations that probably reflect substratum stability and the ability to support the ophiuroid's generalist feeding strategy. Many fossil ophiuroid species are known from only a few specimens, severely limiting interpretations about their detailed taxonomy, individual variation, and ecology. In contrast, the greater number of specimens and extensive knowledge of geologic occurrence in this study permitted detailed interpretations regarding the taxonomic, intraspecific, and ecologic attributes of this species, which might be useful in the study of other fossil ophiuroids.UUID: http://www.zoobank.org/ffd945d8-63ac-4c38-a2d3-8647558dbbf0
Parvalbumin interneuron vulnerability and brain disorders

Parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PV-INs) are highly vulnerable to stressors and have been implicated in many neuro-psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorder, and bipolar disorder. We examined the literature about the current knowledge of the physiological properties of PV-INs and gathered results from diverse research areas to provide insight into their vulnerability to stressors. Among the factors that confer heightened vulnerability are the substantial energy requirements, a strong excitatory drive, and a unique developmental trajectory. Understanding these stressors and elaborating on their impact on PV-IN health is a step toward developing therapies to protect these neurons in various disease states and to retain critical brain functions.
Follicular and Mantle Cell Lymphomas: Technical and Interpretive Considerations; Karyotyping, FISH, Chromosomal Microarray, Sequencing, B Cell Clonality, Minimal Residual Disease

A tremendous amount of work has gone into clarifying the genetic determinants of follicular lymphoma (FL) and mantle cell lymphomas (MCL), and a large body of knowledge has been accumulated. Because these diagnoses can usually be rendered based on morphologic and phenotypic characterization, genetic studies are generally assigned secondary importance in present clinical workups. That being said, the relatively recent proliferation of new testing modalities has revitalized general interest in the genetic interrogation of lymphomas. Here we will discuss some technical and interpretive considerations as related to the clinical genetic testing of follicular and mantle cell lymphomas.
Dispute Settlement in EU Free Trade Agreements with Arab Countries

The dispute settlement mechanism in FTAs is necessary as they provide means to settle disagreements on interpretation or compliance with treaty obligations. The dispute settlement mechanism help ease tensions among FTA parties and maintain healthy relationships among trading partners. The dispute settlement process in the EU association agreements with Tunisia, Israel, Morocco, Jordan, and Egypt is short and similar in drafting. Only one article in each of these association agreements address dispute settlement.
Phylodynamics of hepatitis C virus reveals transmission dynamics within and between risk groups in Lyon

A recommendation – based on reviews by Chris Wymant and Louis DuPlessis – of the article: Danesh, G., Virlogeux, V., Ramiere, C., Charre, C., Cotte, L. and Alizon, S. (2020) Quantifying transmission dynamics of acute hepatitis C virus infections in a heterogeneous population using sequence data. bioRxiv, 689158, ver. 5 peer-reviewed and recommended by PCI Evol Biol. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/689158
Evaluating the Impact of Inadequate Meal Consumption on Insulin-Related Hypoglycemia in Hospitalized Patients.

Abstract Objective Meal intake is sometimes reduced in hospitalized patients. Meal-time insulin administration can cause hypoglycemia when a meal is not consumed. Inpatient providers may avoid ordering meal-time insulin due to hypoglycemia concerns, which can result in hyperglycemia. The frequency of reduced meal intake in hospitalized patients remains inadequately determined. This quality improvement project evaluates the percentage of meals consumed by hospitalized patients with insulin orders and the resulting risk of postmeal hypoglycemia (blood glucose [BG] Methods This was a retrospective quality improvement project evaluating patients with any subcutaneous insulin orders hospitalized at a regional academic medical center between 2015 and 2017. BG, laboratory values, point of care, insulin administration, diet orders, and percentage of meal consumed documented by registered nurses were abstracted from electronic health records. Results Meal consumption ≥50% was observed for 85% of meals with insulin orders, and bedside registered nurses were accurate at estimating this percentage. Age ≥65 years was a risk factor for reduced meal consumption (21% of meals 0%-49% consumed, P Conclusion This project demonstrates that hospitalized patients treated with subcutaneous insulin have a low attributable risk of postmeal hypoglycemia related to inadequate meal intake.
Interpretation and Use of Auditor Fee Disclosures

Publicly available fee disclosures have been used by investors and regulators to assess various matters, including the quality of a company's audit, financial reporting, and corporate governance. We find that many companies' disclosures are insufficient, standardized, or inconsistently prepared. This finding has implications for the usefulness of the data because disclosures are informative only to the extent that analysts fully understand their composition, the possibility of varying interpretations, and the potential for bias.
Call for Submissions: BIPOC Writers and Intersectionality in Plath

CFP: BIPOC Writers and Intersectionality in Plath Deadline: Juneteenth, 2022 What are the connections of Plath studies and Plath’s writing with intersectionality, racial justice, Pan-African, and diasporic studies? Are these connections meaningful ways to engage in scholarship of Plath, or is Plath and her era “in the way”? How can we as responsible, ethical scholars critique Plath and reposition her work and the work of writers like her in the context of social justice in 2021 and beyond? What questions can we ask the canon and how can we productively interrogate writers who, up to now, have been given the floor over other writers - of color, differently-abled, LGBTQIA+, trans*, and other identities? In the present era of intense scrutiny, amid the vital work of reparations and accountability and anxiety over race and other aspects of identities collective and individual, Plath Profiles wants to reflect on how our study and field has both failed and succeeded in the ongoing struggle against oppression.
HiDAC (High-Dose Ara-C; Cytarabine; Cytosine Arabinoside; Cytosar-U; Depocyt)

Ara-C remains one of the most effective drugs used in the treatment of acute leukemia and other hematopoietic malignancies. In particular, high-dose ara-C is used during remission induction or as consolidation therapy after complete remission of acute myeloid leukemia in adults. Ara-C has also been used as an antiviral agent, particularly against herpes, although this application has been limited by the relatively high toxicity of the pharmaceutical.
Multidisciplinary Management of Genitourinary Malignancies

The outcomes for patients with genitourinary malignancies range from highly curable to palliative depending on both disease extent and site of origin. Overall results across the spectrum of these tumours are optimized by a planned integrated multimodality approach. Keywords: multidisciplinary team; genitourinary cancers; bladder; kidney; prostate; testicular
The Meaning of Poverty Questions of Distribution and Power

Focusing on the low-income parts of the world and reviewing the different ways we can define poverty, I first argue that what people generally mean by poverty – or, more broadly, by economic well-being – cannot be adequately captured by a single, absolute measure such as income level or a more complex aggregate such as the Human Development Index. Not only do these measures fail to account for the complexity of human material needs, but they also fail to recognize the importance of distributional issues. The failure to incorporate a consideration of distribution in defining poverty is conceptually problematic, if not simply wrong. This failure also creates serious practical problems for campaigns against poverty, at best limiting their impact and at worst dooming them to failure. The United Nations Millennium Goals program is a case in point. If poverty is viewed simply in absolute terms rather than including a consideration of distributional issues, the social structures that generate poverty tend to be ignored. Policy is then viewed as a technical issue and often focuses on particular programs that are directed to helping the poor improve their absolute situation: new seed varieties to raise income, mosquito nets treated with insecticide to improve health, more schools to raise the level of education. These sorts of policies, when they are actually implemented successfully, can have positive impacts. Yet they leave unexamined and unaddressed the social structures and power relations that have generated and continue to generate poverty.