cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Topology of Catalytic Portion of Prostaglandin I2 Synthase: Identification by Molecular Modeling-Guided Site-Specific Antibodies

Prostaglandin I(2) synthase (PGIS) is an eicosanoid-synthesizing cytochrome P450, located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. The membrane topology of the catalytic portion of PGIS is still unknown. General models of the membrane topology of microsomal P450s have been proposed in two forms: (a) large part of the polypeptide exposed on the cytoplasmic side with an NH(2)-terminal membrane anchor to the ER membrane and (b) deep immersion of the polypeptide in the membrane, as described by J. P. Miller et al. (1996, Biochemistry 35, 1466-1474). We have characterized the membrane topology of catalytic portion of PGIS using molecular modeling-guided site-specific antibodies. A 3D working model of PGIS was constructed by homology modeling using P450(BM-3) crystal structure as a template (S. K. Shyue et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 3657-3662). Three hydrophilic peptides corresponding to different regions of the surface portion of PGIS with residues 109-127 (P109-127), 353-368 (P353-368), and 411-431 (P411-431) predicted from the model and an NH(2)-terminal hydrophobic peptide (residues 1-28, P1-28) were synthesized and used to prepare site-specific antibodies. All three of the hydrophilic peptide antibodies have high titer and are specifically recognized human PGIS, as shown by binding assays and Western blot analysis. In contrast, the hydrophobic NH(2)-terminal peptide has a much lower titer binding to the PGIS protein. The overall arrangement of the PGIS polypeptide with respect to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane was examined by immunocytochemistry techniques in transiently transfected COS-1 cells with recombinant human PGIS cDNA and in ECV cells expressing endogenous PGIS. The immunofluorescence staining for the cells with selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane using streptolysin O indicated that all three of the hydrophilic peptide antibodies bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the ER membrane. These results provide direct experimental evidence supporting the predicted 3D protein topological model in which the segments are located on the protein surface and the membrane topological model in which PGIS is largely exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane. It also led us to conclude that the PGIS substrate, prostaglandin H(2) (PGH(2)), produced by prostaglandin H(2) synthase (PGHS) in the ER lumenal side must pass through the ER membrane barrier to the catalytic site of the PGIS in the cytoplasmic side of the ER membrane.
Changes in the Administration of Adult Education in New Zealand, 1946–62

Since 1915 adult education in New Zealand has been chiefly the responsibility of the Workers' Educational Association. The Workers' Educational Association enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the area until 1946 when National and Regional Councils of Adult Education were established in association with the University of New Zealand. Although the National Council held the purse‐strings, control of adult education rested chiefly with the University—related Regional Councils. Problems arising from the finance, control and stalling of adult education culminated in the passing of the 19G3 Act which eliminated the Regional Councils and established a reformed National Council. The implications of the Act are university acceptance of responsibility for adult education, financial support from the University Grants Committee and a decline of local influence on programmes. A crucial issue with the growth of university interest is whether there is likely to be a disproportionate growth of professional courses at the expense of liberal studies.
Band signatures in the low-energy-electron reflectance spectra of fcc metals

The elastic reflectance spectra for low-energy electrons (0-30 eV) of fcc metals show characteristic structure related to critical points in the energy bands. The (111) surfaces of Au, Ag, Pd, Cu, Ni, and Al have been investigated and all have spectra consisting of a sharp reflectance peak followed by a broad, more intense peak at higher energy. The broad peak correlates with the forbidden gap formed by the (222) Bragg reflection. The sharp peak is insensitive to the angle of incidence and lies very near the ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{2}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ (${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{25}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ in Al) energy. From a pseudopotential model we demonstrate the connection between the spectra and the band structure. Good quantitative agreement of the peak positions with previous band calculations and photoemission data is obtained and the behavior with angle is understood qualitatively. Ultrathin metals (a few atomic layers) and thick films deposited on single-crystal or amorphous substrates produce similar reflectance spectra. This technique can be applied to the study of metal surfaces and to the initial growth stages of epitaxial films.
Hierarchical modeling of nanoindentation and microstructural evolution of face-centered cubic gold aggregates

A hierarchical computational method has been developed and used with a finite-element microstructurally based dislocation density multiple-slip crystalline formulation to predict how nanoindentation affects behavior in face-centered cubic crystalline aggregates at scales that span the molecular to the continuum level. Displacement profiles from molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation were used to obtain scaling relations, which are based on indented depths, grain-sizes, and grain aggregate distributions. These scaling relations are then used to coarsen grains in a microstructurally based finite-element formulation that accounts for dislocation density evolution, crystalline structures, and grain-sizes. This computational approach was validated with a number of experimental measurements pertaining to single gold crystals. This hierarchical model provides a methodology to link molecular level simulations with a microstructurally based finite element method formulation that can be used to ascertain inelastic effects, such as shear-slip distribution, pressure accumulation, and dislocation density and slip-rate evolution at physical scales that are commensurate with ductile behavior at the microstructural scale.
A Parallel Multilevel Method for Adaptively Refined Cartesian Grids with Embedded Boundaries

. Asrecently as ﬁve to ten years ago, mesh generation was fre-quently the most time consuming task in a typical CFD cycle.Adaptive Cartesian mesh generation methods are capable ofproducing millions of cells around complex geometries inminutes and have substantially removed this bottleneck.Why write yet another Euler solver? With robust mesh gener-ation largely in-hand, solution time resurfaces as the pacingitem in the CFD cycle. The current work attacks this issue bydesigning a scalable, accurate Cartesian solver with robustmultigrid convergence acceleration. Our primary motivationis to gain efﬁciency by capitalizing on the simpliﬁcations andspecialized data structures available on Cartesian grids. Sig-niﬁcant savings in both CPU time and storage may be real-ized by taking advantage of the fact that cell faces arecoordinate aligned. In addition, higher-order methods withgood limiters are generally easier to design and perform morerobustly on uniform Cartesian meshes.Secondly, in any embedded-boundary Cartesian solver, thebody-intersectingcut-cellsdemand special attention. Thesecells can impose a substantial burden on the numerical dis-cretization since the arbitrary nature of geometric intersec-tion implies that a cut-cell may be orders of magnitudesmaller than its neighboring cells. This fact contrasts sharplywith the comparatively smooth meshes that are generallyfound on a good quality structured or unstructured mesh.Substantial research into these cut-cell issues have been stud-ied by references [9],[10],[6],[8], and [12] (among others)and we hope to take advantage of this investment.Thirdly, this work investigates a multigrid strategy that isspecialized for adaptively reﬁned Cartesian meshes. In ourapproach, all grids in the multigrid hierarchy cover the entiredomain and include cells at many reﬁnement levels. Thesmoother therefore iterates over the entire domain when it isinvoked on any grid in the hierarchy. In this respect, theapproach shares more with agglomeration or algebraic multi-grid techniques than with many other Cartesian or AMRmethods which iterate over only cells at the same level ofreﬁnement
Spectroscopy of the thermal oxidation of NO in solid oxygen at cryogenic temperatures

Abstract It has been found that nitric oxide can be isolated in solid oxygen at temperatures of about 13 K. Annealing the film to ∼35 K allows the formation of cis-(NO)2, which, after recooling, is observed to react slowly with the O2 matrix to form iso-N2O4. The spectroscopy of this system is discussed in this article. In particular, vibrational frequencies are given for both 14N and 15N isomers of NO, cis-(NO)2, D2h-N2O4, iso-N2O4, and N2O5 isolated in the oxygen matrix. Other species present in these experiments are two isomers of N2O3, and several unidentified species which are suggested to be different forms of N2O4. The possible presence of an isomer of NO3 is also discussed.
Statewide Multimodal Planning: Current Practice at State Departments of Transportation

This paper summarizes the results of a national survey of state departments of transportation (DOTs) focusing on the extent to which they emphasized multimodal solutions in transportation planning. The results offer insights into the size, the scope, and the progress in multimodal planning that states have been making since the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. The online survey instrument was distributed to all 50 state DOTs; 35 responses were collected. Some key challenges that apparently limited the adoption of multimodal planning approaches in earlier decades are still considered challenges today. The current snapshot of multimodal planning suggests that most state transportation agencies still do not use evaluation criteria to compare multiple modal options. Not surprisingly, constraints and limitations on project eligibility because of funding source restrictions were identified as the major limitation to advances in multimodal planning and program development,...
Regulation of Focal Adhesion Kinase by Its Amino-Terminal Domain through an Autoinhibitory Interaction

We have investigated a role for the amino-terminal FERM-like domain of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) as a negative regulator of its own activity and phosphorylation state. Deletion of the first 375 amino acids from the amino terminus of FAK increases its catalytic activity in vitro, its phosphorylation when expressed in mammalian cells, and the phosphorylation of a FAK substrate, paxillin. Deletion mutants are phosphorylated in suspension, suggesting that they are no longer regulated by adhesion. The amino terminus of FAK can interact with the kinase domain of FAK in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it might act as an autoinhibitor of FAK activity. The amino terminus of FAK can act in trans to inhibit FAK phosphorylation when expressed in mammalian cells or to directly inhibit FAK activity in vitro. Expression of the amino terminus of FAK inhibits cell cycle progression in CHO cells, consistent with its inhibition of FAK phosphorylation and function in trans. A glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing the cytoplasmic tail of the beta1 integrin stimulates FAK activity in vitro, suggesting that FAK could be regulated by molecular interactions with the amino terminus. Based on these and previous data, we propose a working model for activation of FAK in cell adhesion.
Legionnaires' Disease in the Work Environment: Implications for Environmental Health

Legionnaires' disease is a severe pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease have occurred in hotels, hospitals, and homes but had not been reported yet in the work environment. The authors report the occurrence of Legionnaires' disease in three employees of two industrial plants. The potable water in the two plants contained high numbers of Legionella pneumophila. Monoclonal antibody subtyping of environmental and patient isolates of L. pneumophila implicated one of the plants as the source for the disease. L. pneumophila was eradicated from this plant using acidic and caustic scale removers, calcium hypochlorite, and a biocide. A systematic approach to Legionnaires' disease in the work environment, a problem which can be expected to be recognized with increasing frequency, is presented.
The Effects of Gender Identity and Heavy Episodic Drinking on Alcohol-Related Violence

This study examines the impact of masculinity and femininity on violence enacted while under the influence of alcohol. Our review of the literature, data analysis, and interpretations are framed by feminist pathways theorizing and a critique of existing gender research in the area of alcohol use and violence. Data come from a survey of Midwest university students (N = 422). The relationships between masculinity, femininity, heavy episodic drinking and three forms of alcohol-related violence (against strangers, friends/acquaintances, and intimate partners), are assessed with a series of logistic regressions. Results suggest that even when controlling for sex, gender is an important predictor for alcohol-related violence. We situate these findings within a sociology-of-gender framework.
The Bicameral Brain and the Conflicted Mind and Their Relation to Suggestion and Hypnosis

Three issues suggested by Raz & Wolfson are illuminated and discussed: (1) Differences between cognitive and dynamic unconscious and their relationship to the history of Freud’s original neurological frame of reference; his abandonment of the “Project” as a basis for clinical work and the later post-Freudian attempts to link conflict-based ego psychology to the conflict-free sphere of thought. (2). Discreteness of levels of inquiry from the vantage of instrumentation and technique, as well as the need to keep separate the language of the varied domains that are studied. (3) Suggestion, transference, and dialogue are intertwined, but the historic sequences of their emergence are important to understand Freud’s need to disavow suggestion. The independence of free association from suggestion and the significance of repression in Freud’s theory would be untenable if all he was doing was infusing the clinical field with preformed suggestions. The new method demanded discovery of what had been repressed for the...
An Examination of the Causal Relationship between Savings and Growth in the Third World

Past studies reveal a correlation between savings and GDP growth in the Third World. Those studies hypothesize that higher rates of savings cause higher growth rates of real GDP. This paper explores an alternative hypothesis: that higher growth rates of GDP cause increased savings. Higher growth rates of income boost the rate of savings and attract more foreign savings. The difference between these two hypotheses is the direction of causality. This study investigates the direction of causality using the Engle-Granger error-correction model or the Granger causality test, whichever is appropriate. The findings support the latter hypothesis in more cases.
Social relationships in a cooperatively polyandrous group of tamarins ( Saguinus fuscicollis )

This paper presents detailed data on the social relationships among the adults, and between the adults and young, of a cooperatively polyandrous saddle-back tamarin (Saguinus fusciollis; Callitrichidae) group studied for one year. Some data are also presented from groups studied in other years. Adult males in the study groups gave more grooming than they received, while the opposite was true for females (e.g. Fig. 1). The two polyandrous males in the main study group were very rarely aggressive to each other, rarely tried to disrupt each others' copulations, groomed each other, and occasionally shared food, suggesting that their relationship was more affiliative than agonistic. Data on grooming (Fig. 2), spatial relationships, and the initiation of copulations suggest that the males of this group, may have been somewhat more responsible than the female for the maintenance of male-female relationships. Both males and females performed all forms of parental care except lactation. In the main study group each of the males groomed the offspring and remained in close proximity to them more than did the female (Figs.3 and 4). These data are compared with existing data on social relationships in bird species that exhibit cooperative polyandry.
WE‐D‐T‐6E‐03: Development of a Fast Algorithm for Classifying Data Points as Inside Or Outside a Polygon

Purpose: Adaptive IMRT with image guidance requires rapid computation of dose for frequent re-optimization. As patient geometry changes throughout treatment, millions of voxels must be continually associated with the various radiotherapy structures that are delineated for the patient. In beamlet dose models it is advantageous to identify only those voxels which can receive significant dose. Both of these tasks rely on a rapid point-in-polygon classification algorithm, which has not been improved since Siddon's work in the 1980s. We present a new algorithm that significantly outperforms the standard algorithm. Method and Materials: A point-in-polygon classification algorithm was developed. Current algorithms spend substantial computational time calculating cross products between polygon vertices and grid points to establish intersection points. We present a method where entire rows of dose points are classified together using a single ray. Further, we avoid computing cross products by translating the structure polygons so that rays are cast along the +X axis (assuming polygons lie in X-Y planes). Crossings are observed where vertices display a change in Y coordinate sign. This algorithm was compared to the Siddon algorithm, with our in-house treatment-planning system for both associating voxels with radiotherapy structures and targets and for voxel down sampling using stereographic projection. Results: Our new point-in-polygon technique shows considerable decrease in calculation times. 1.7 million voxels classified in 14 structure polygons produced a 100 fold decrease (2.1 vs. 213 s on a 3.6 GHz p4 PC) in computational time. Voxel down sampling using stereographic projection in the computation of 1,466 beamlets produced a 1.8 fold decrease (185.2 vs. 334.5 s) in computational time. Conclusion: Significant improvement in performance over the existing cross-product method for polygons has been observed with the new algorithm. However, parallel computation is still currently required to produce a typical IMRT treatment plan in less than one minute.
A moving block heuristic for minimizing earliness and tardiness on a single machine with unrestrictive common due dates

A moving block heuristic (MBH) is developed for earliness-tardiness scheduling problems, which are observed in just-in-time (JIT) production environments. The MBH is described for the single-machine environment under unrestrictive job due date conditions. The proposed MBH, which has polynomial computational complexity, outperforms previous heuristic solution approaches for 16 reference single-machine problems from the open literature. Experimental design results confirm the efficacy of the MBH over a wide range of single-machine earliness-tardiness problem instances.
Effect of pH on polyelectrolytes in adsorption chromatography

Abstract An ionization model of polyelectrolytes in a mobile phase and in a stationary phase was used, together with step-input adsorption chromatography, in which longitudinal dispersion in the mobile phase, radial dispersion inside the porous spherical bed packing and sorption on the internal surface of the spherical bed packing are simultaneously taking place, for the analysis of the effect of pH. The variations of the effluent time-of-breakthrough curve of this coupled model were studied numerically for six typical cases of variation of p K values in each phase. It was found that the effluent time (the retention time) is related to the p K values in the mobile phase. A guide for choosing appropriate pH and p K values for the chromatography is suggested.
Treatment of long-term psychiatric disorders in the managed care environment: an observational longitudinal study

In the USA, mental health expenditures have been rising at a rate that exceeds other medical expenditures. To control these costs, insurance companies and governmental agencies responsible for health benefit plans have turned to managed care companies who review utilisation of services and who negotiate fee reductions with providers. In this study, we examined changes in patterns of care and per person expenditures among Medicaid enrollees with major mental illness. We found that after the introduction of managed care, per person expenditures were reduced by about 25%, accomplished primarily by limiting hospital admissions. We also found that admissions (and the associated costs) were not shifted to the Department of Mental Health, which funds state hospital long-term care for the indigent. Measures of continuity of care were unchanged during the study period. We conclude that managed care met its cost-containment goals without shifting costs to another state agency.
Traumatic cardiac arrest: Scope of paramedic services

The challenge of the 1960s to ambulance care provision was the stimulus for the emergence of prehospital advanced life support (ALS) being provided by paramedic personnel. While services for cardiac disease have been accepted, paramedic activities for the trauma victim continue to be a concern for many trauma surgeons. The capability and success rate of treatment, and the time spent at the scene and during transport to the hospital have raised questions about the overall need for paramedic services. Our study period was from January 1, 1981, to December 31, 1982, and it covered 95 clinically dead trauma victims who were first seen and subsequently treated by paramedics working in a medically controlled emergency medical services system. Endotracheal intubation was successful in 81 of the patients (85%). Esophageal obturator airway use was viewed as unsuccessful intubation. Intravenous (IV) access utilizing 16-gauge angiocaths was placed successfully by a peripheral or jugular vein in 70 patients (74%). Thirty-three patients averaged 860 mL volume infusion (30 to 3,000 mL). Average scene time was 22 minutes. Scene time of patients with unsuccessful IV and endotracheal intubation was 14 minutes (P = .07). Fourteen patients (14.7%) were admitted to the operating room or intensive care unit. Only three of the study group (3.2%) survived.
On the sidewalk with the underground man

Dr Schrag suggests that we develop a ‘minimalist’ metaphysics by starting, ‘not from cosmological speculations about universality and infinity but rather from an ontology of human finitude’. Up to ...
Optimal mesh design for the finite element approximation of reaction–diffusion problems

We consider the numerical approximation of singularly perturbed problems, and in particular reaction–diffusion problems, by the h version of the finite element method. We present guidelines on how to design non-uniform meshes both in one and two dimensions that are asymptotically optimal as the meshwidth tends to zero. We also present the results of numerical computations showing that robust, optimal rates can be achieved even in the pre-asymptotic range. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“THE TASTE NO CHEF CAN GIVE”: Processing Street Food in Mumbai

This article examines a Mumbai street food called the vada pav. I describe how a local political party branded its own version of the food, elaborate how streetside vendors make and sell the food, and then show how corporate franchises inspired by McDonald's rendered the vada pav “safe” and “clean” through mechanized processing. In contrast to treating the street as an empty container inside which food is placed, this article elaborates how the street is critical for changing a food from one version to another. I argue that the street lies at the heart of what I will describe as attempts at food processing. Food processing isolates raw ingredients; it singles them out to transform a food into something else. My aim is to expand what processing might entail across sites of vernacular politics and intensified corporatization. Differences in possible transformations allow for guesses about how one thing transforms into another. The particular relationship of the vada pav to the street shapes what kind of guesswork is necessary to understand processing's political and social effects. The street marks efforts to transform the vada pav, and, accordingly, ideologies and acts of processing must move beyond a focus on location to accommodate how the street generates possibilities for urban life.
A stable algorithm for 3D-IHCP

Abstract The numerical solution of the three-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) on an infinite slab is investigated. By applying a mollification procedure, a fully explicit space-marching finite-difference scheme is developed. The stability analysis of this scheme is presented together with some computational examples of interest.
Determining the phase of the structure factor by Kossel cone analysis with the use of synchrotron radiation.

We investigate the feasibility of using Bragg-case Kossel lines to measure phase angles of structure-factor amplitudes. Several experimental geometries utilizing a focused beam of synchro- tron radiation to produce a suitable source are proposed. As an example, line profiles and excess integrated intensities are calculated for the [111] and [333] Ga Kossel lines from a GaAs crystal cut parallel to a (111) face. Sources of uncertainty and applicability of this technique are also discussed. The analysis shows that by using this method it should be possible to measure phase angles to within a few degrees, despite ``smearing'' of the line profiles due to angular resolution and the inherent linewidth of the emitted x rays.
Orthogonal polynomials for power amplifier modeling and predistorter design

The polynomial model is commonly used in power amplifier (PA) modeling and predistorter design. However, the conventional polynomial model exhibits numerical instabilities when higher order terms are included. In this paper, we introduce a novel set of orthogonal polynomials, which can be used for PA as well as predistorter modeling. Theoretically, the conventional and orthogonal polynomial models are "equivalent" and, thus, should behave similarly. In practice, however, the two approaches can perform quite differently in the presence of finite precision processing. Simulation results show that the orthogonal polynomials can alleviate the numerical instability problem associated with the conventional polynomials and generally yield better PA modeling accuracy as well as predistortion linearization performance.
ALTERNATIVE ALLERGY AND THE GENERAL MEDICAL COUNCIL

In July 1992 Dr Keith Mumby, a clinical ecologist, appeared before the professional conduct committee of the General Medical Council on five charges to do with his practice of clinical ecology. He was found guilty of two of the charges--touting for publicity and failing to give a patient adequate medical attention--and admonished. The GMC failed, however, to address the issue of the nature of Mumby9s treatments--clinical ecology itself. This is based on the idea that some patients are unusually susceptible to their environment, the diagnosis and treatment are based on an unstandardised provocation-neutralisation test. A variety of medical bodies have failed to find scientific foundation for the technique. The GMC9s policy on advertising services to patients is inconsistent, and in this case it has shown a regrettable reluctance to deal with the issue of treatments that are not scientifically validated.
X-Band Microwave Properties and Ignition Predictions of Neat Explosives

Microwave frequency electromagnetic properties are critical for understanding and predicting the heating and ignition behavior of explosives subjected to microwave irradiation. In this work we report relative complex permittivity measurements in the X-band (8–12 GHz) for 13 neat explosives measured by the circular cavity technique. This data set was then used in conjunction with COMSOL 4.3 Multiphysics® finite element analysis software to design and simulate a low power (100 W), high electric field X-band microwave applicator. The role of the sample holder on our ability to directly study the response of explosives to electromagnetic energy is examined and shown to be critical. Times to ignition were predicted for PETN, TATB, and HMX and indicate that for the proposed applicator and considered properties ignition may occur in less than one second exposure. These predictions show that explosives can be effectively heated in short time scales through direct microwave heating without absorptive binders or inclusions.
Characterizing the convective boundary layer turbulence with a High Spectral Resolution Lidar

High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) aerosol backscatter coefficient observations collected in Norman, Oklahoma, USA, between April and July 2012 were analyzed to characterize the turbulent fluctuations in the convective boundary layer (CBL). Seventeen cloud-free 2 h periods, during which the CBL was quasi-stationary in the late afternoon, were selected. Autocovariance techniques were applied to each 2 h period to derive vertical profiles of statistical moments and integral scale. The low random noise level in the HSRL allowed meaningful estimates of the variance, skewness (S), and kurtosis (K) of the aerosol backscatter field to be computed. The S profiles showed a transition from negative to positive just below the top of the CBL (zi); this suggests that there are relatively few narrow plumes of aerosol-laden air being lofted from the CBL into the free troposphere (yielding positive S above zi) and similarly that there are some plumes of cleaner air descending from the free troposphere into the CBL (negative S below zi). Vertical profiles of K indicated that the distribution of aerosols transitioned from leptokurtic to platykurtic just above zi. However, the profile of K is not symmetric around zi; the turbulence is more intermittent above zi and below 0.8 zi, but the turbulent motions are relatively constant between 0.8 zi and zi. The relationship between S and K in the upper portion of the CBL and through the interfacial layer indicated that the distribution of turbulence is not Gaussian (i.e., S is 0 and K is 3) at any height.
Elevational Dependence of Projected Hydrologic Changes in the San Francisco Estuary and Watershed

California's primary hydrologic system, the San Francisco Estuary and its upstream watershed, is vulnerable to the regional hydrologic consequences of projected global climate change. Previous work has shown that a projected warming would result in a reduction of snowpack storage leading to higher winter and lower spring-summer streamflows and increased spring-summer salinities in the estuary. The present work shows that these hydrologic changes exhibit a strong dependence on elevation, with the greatest loss of snowpack volume in the 1300–2700 m elevation range. Exploiting hydrologic and estuarine modeling capabilities to trace water as it moves through the system reveals that the shift of water in mid-elevations of the Sacramento river basin from snowmelt to rainfall runoff is the dominant cause of projected changes in estuarine inflows and salinity. Additionally, although spring-summer losses of estuarine inflows are balanced by winter gains, the losses have a stronger influence on salinity since longer spring-summer residence times allow the inflow changes to accumulate in the estuary. The changes in inflows sourced in the Sacramento River basin in approximately the 1300–2200 m elevation range thereby lead to a net increase in estuarine salinity under the projected warming. Such changes would impact ecosystems throughout the watershed and threaten to contaminate much of California's freshwater supply.
Warrant without truth

This paper advances the debate over the question whether false beliefs may nevertheless have warrant, the property that yields knowledge when conjoined with true belief. The paper’s first main part—which spans Sections 2–4—assesses the best argument for Warrant Infallibilism, the view that only true beliefs can have warrant. I show that this argument’s key premise conflicts with an extremely plausible claim about warrant. Sections 5–6 constitute the paper’s second main part. Section 5 presents an overlooked puzzle about warrant, and uses that puzzle to generate a new argument for Warrant Fallibilism, the view that false beliefs can have warrant. Section 6 evaluates this pro-Fallibilism argument, finding ultimately that it defeats itself in a surprising way. I conclude that neither Infallibilism nor Fallibilism should now constrain theorizing about warrant.
Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of skin disease.

Skin is the largest body organ that serves as an important environmental interface providing a protective envelope that is crucial for homeostasis. On the other hand, the skin is a major target for toxic insult by a broad spectrum of physical (i.e. UV radiation) and chemical (xenobiotic) agents that are capable of altering its structure and function. Many environmental pollutants are either themselves oxidants or catalyze the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly or indirectly. ROS are believed to activate proliferative and cell survival signaling that can alter apoptotic pathways that may be involved in the pathogenesis of a number of skin disorders including photosensitivity diseases and some types of cutaneous malignancy. ROS act largely by driving several important molecular pathways that play important roles in diverse pathologic processes including ischemia–reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory responses. The skin possesses an array of defense mechanisms that interact with toxicants to obviate their deleterious effect. These include non-enzymatic and enzymatic molecules that function as potent antioxidants or oxidant-degrading systems. Unfortunately, these homeostatic defenses, although highly effective, have limited capacity and can be overwhelmed thereby leading to increased ROS in the skin that can foster the development of dermatological diseases. One approach to preventing or treating these ROS-mediated disorders is based on the administration of various antioxidants in an effort to restore homeostasis. Although many antioxidants have shown substantive efficacy in cell culture systems and in animal models of oxidant injury, unequivocal confirmation of their beneficial effects in human populations has proven elusive.
The hard work of working out. Defining leisure, health, and beauty in a Japanese fitness club.

The author has taken the fitness club as the institutional focus through which to explore how health, beauty, and leisure are constructed, consumed, and challenged in late-capitalist Japan. Given the cultural emphasis on effort and the pervasive and narrow standard for female beauty in Japan, the fact that most fitness club members do not want to work at working out is surprising. This grounded analysis will expose the fitness club as a contradictory space where the tensions between labor and leisure, and between health and beauty, prove to be irreconcilable.
Entrepreneurship and Financial Frictions: A Macrodevelopment Perspective

We review both the theoretical and empirical literature on entrepreneurship and financial frictions, with an emphasis on the heterogeneous and dynamic microlevel implications of financial frictions for macrodevelopment.
Regulation of the cfos serum response element by C/EBPbeta.

Serum response element binding protein (SRE BP) is a novel binding factor present in nuclear extracts of avian and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts which specifically binds to the cfos SRE within a region overlapping and immediately 3' to the CArG box. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with transfection experiments in NIH 3T3 cells showed that binding of both serum response factor (SRF) and SRE BP is necessary for maximal serum induction of the SRE. In this study, we have combined size fractionation of the SRE BP DNA binding activity with C/EBPbeta antibodies to demonstrate that homodimers and heterodimers of p35C/EBPbeta (a transactivator) and p20C/EBPbeta (a repressor) contribute to the SRE BP complex in NIH 3T3 cells. Transactivation of the SRE by p35C/EBPbeta is dependent on SRF binding but not ternary complex factor (TCF) formation. Both p35C/EBPbeta and p20C/EBPbeta bind to SRF in vitro via a carboxy-terminal domain that probably does not include the leucine zipper. Moreover, SRE mutants which retain responsiveness to the TCF-independent signaling pathway bind SRE BP in vitro with affinities that are nearly identical to that of the wild-type SRE, whereas mutant SRE.M, which is not responsive to the TCF-independent pathway, has a nearly 10-fold lower affinity for SRE BP. We propose that C/EBPbeta may play a role in conjunction with SRF in the TCF-independent signaling pathway for SRE activation.
Sustained Authorship: Digital Writing, Self-Publishing, and the Ebook:

This article reports on a digital ethnography that examines writing, authorship, and self-publication in an online niche market. Drawing on interview and web data collected over 3 years, it focuses on the writing practices that have supported the production, distribution, and sanction of 13 ebooks self-published by online poker players. The article advances an understanding of authorship as sustained interaction among writers and readers as the work of publishing becomes absorbed into online networks as literate activity. In lieu of the capital investment of publishers that produces the materiality of the book, participants in these spaces have manufactured valued texts through collective literacy practices, coming to a loose consensus on what constitutes a book, and working together to enable proprietorship over texts, even amid environments of mass collaboration.
Integrated electromagnetic-vibroacoustic high-fidelity modeling, simulation and optimization of microelectromechanical motion devices

This paper addresses and solves complex electromagnetic-vibroacoustic problems for rotational microscale electromechanical motion devices (MEMDs). The results reported enable one to straightforwardly and explicitly apply fundamental concepts developed to utilize the full potential of MEMDs attaining optimal overall performance. The studied MEMDs are the electromagnetic-based rotational devices. Correspondingly, coherent analysis and design must be performed. We report novel paradigms integrating complex electromagnetic, electromechanical and vibro-acoustic nonlinear phenomena and effects. It is demonstrated that there is a need to design and optimize electromagnetic-electromechanical systems as well as to device novel MEMDs topologies and architectures.
Long-term observations of deepwater renewal in Crater Lake, Oregon

We examine observations of key limnological properties (primarily temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen), measured over a 14-year period in Crater Lake, Oregon, and discuss variability in the hypolimnion on time scales of days to a decade. During some years (e.g., 1994–1995), higher-than-average wintertime deep convection and ventilation led to the removal of significant amounts of heat and salt from the hypolimnion, while dissolved oxygen concentrations increase. In other years, such as the winter of 1996–1997, heat and salt concentrations increase throughout the year and dissolved oxygen levels drop, indicating conditions were dominated by the background geothermal inputs and dissolved oxygen consumption by bacteria (i.e., minimal deep convection). Over the entire 14 year period, no statistically significant trend was observed in the annual hypolimnetic heat and salt content. Measurements from several thermistors moored in the hypolimnion provide new insight into the time and space scales of the deep convection events. For some events, cool water intrusions are observed sequentially, from shallower depths to deeper depths, suggesting vertical mixing or advection from above. For other events, the cooling is observed first at the deepest sensors, suggesting a thin, cold water pulse that flows along the bottom and mixes more slowly upwards into the basin. In both cases, the source waters must originate from the epilimnion. Conditions during a strong ventilation year (1994–1995) and a weak ventilation year (1996–1997) were compared. The results suggest the major difference between these 2 years was the evolution of the stratification in the epilimnion during the first few weeks of reverse stratification such that thermobaric instabilities were easier to form during 1995 than 1997. Thus, the details of surface cooling and wind-driven mixing during the early stages of reverse stratification may determine the net amount of ventilation possible during a particular year.
Adenosine A 2A receptors promote collagen production by a Fli1- and CTGF-mediated mechanism

Introduction Adenosine, acting through the A2A receptor, promotes tissue matrix production in the skin and the liver and induces the development of dermal fibrosis and cirrhosis in murine models. Since expression of A2A receptors is increased in scleroderma fibroblasts, we examined the mechanisms by which the A2A receptor produces its fibrogenic effects.
An in-vivo evaluation of the effects of anesthesia carrier gases on ultrasound contrast agent circulation

Both clinical and preclinical ultrasound imaging studies use microbubble contrast agents. Short in-vivo lifetimes limit the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of these contrast agents, and currently there is research interest in how to lengthen their circulation times. Differences have been observed in contrast agent circulation times during preclinical studies depending on the type of inhaled anesthesia carrier gas. This paper presents the observations from a controlled experiment that evaluated differences in circulation times for lipid shelled perfluorocarbon-filled contrast agents circulating in rodents as a function of inhaled anesthesia carrier gas. Both pure oxygen and medical air are considered and we discuss the persistence of the contrast agents as determined by ultrasound video intensity. The results show a significantly longer in-vivo contrast agent circulation for animals breathing medical air as compared to breathing pure oxygen. Simulations show enhanced contrast persistence may be explained by classical diffusion and that nitrogen plays a critical role by contributing to the volume and diluting the other gas species in the microbubble gas core.
Receptive Fields of Disparity-Tuned Simple Cells in Macaque V1

Binocular simple cells in primary visual cortex (V1) are the first cells along the mammalian visual pathway to receive input from both eyes. Two models of how binocular simple cells could extract disparity information have been put forward. The phase-shift model proposes that the receptive fields in the two eyes have different subunit organizations, while the position-shift model proposes that they have different overall locations. In five fixating macaque monkeys, we recorded from 30 disparity-tuned simple cells that showed selectivity to the disparity in a random dot stereogram. High-resolution maps of the left and right eye receptive fields indicated that both phase and position shifts were common. Single cells usually showed a combination of the two, and the optimum disparity was best correlated with the sum of receptive field phase and position shift.
The first seriatim study into old age for weight, stature and BMI: the Fels Longitudinal Study.

Purpose To document the serial status of measures of weight, stature and BMI from birth into old age.
Intersection of Hippo/YAP and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

Traditionally, signaling pathways have been perceived to act in an autonomous manner to regulate tissue morphology, size, differentiation, and development. Recent evidence suggests that these pathways often intersect and regulate one another to elicit an appropriate response to a complex set of stimuli. Two pathways known to be important for development, growth, and homeostasis are the Wnt/β-catenin and the Hippo/YAP pathways. Growing data indicate that these two pathways influence each other in a number of ways to properly regulate tissue growth and repair. Deregulation of these pathways often contributes to tumorigenesis. In this review, we will discuss the points of intersection between the Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo/YAP pathways and how these interactions contribute to homeostasis, organ repair, and tumorigenesis.
Effects of long-term prednisone (≥5 mg) use on outcomes and complications of percutaneous coronary intervention

To assess the potential risk of long-term steroid use in the setting of coronary angioplasty, 114 patients of 12,883 consecutively treated patients who were on long-term steroids were compared with those not taking steroids. Steroid use was not associated with increased risk of composite major ischemia events but was associated with a threefold risk (p = 0.01) of major vascular complications and a three- to fourfold risk (p = 0.026) of coronary perforation.
The running butterfly suture: A novel, everting alternative to the running subcuticular technique

SOLUTION The running butterfly suture is a novel approach to closing wounds under minimal tension. The technique is performed as follows: with the wound oriented parallel to the surgeon’s body, the needle is inserted through the outside of the wound, lateral to the apex, exiting in the interior of the wound. Alternately, a buried anchoring suture, such as a simple buried suture, buried vertical mattress suture, or set-back dermal suture, may first be placed. The far wound edge is then gently reflected back with the forceps, as the needle enters at the junction where the base of the incised wound edge meets the undersurface of the dermis (Fig 1). The needle then proceeds on a diagonal course, angling upward toward the surface of the skin and outward away from the wound edge, before exiting again at the base of the undermined wound edge, further along the length of the wound than its entry point (Fig 2). The needle is then reloaded, and the procedure is repeated on the contralateral wound edge. As when using the standard running subcuticular technique, the entry point on the contralateral wound edge should be slightly backtracked from the exit point on the prior side to reduce the risk of tissue bunching. Alternating bites on each side of the wound are taken until the end of the wound is reached, at which time either a final anchoring suture may be placed or the suture material can exit lateral to the apex and be secured, leaving a well-everted wound (Fig 3).
Biotin in the bacterial deamination of certain amino acids.

SummaryInactivation of bacterial aspartic acid deaminase activity by exposure of cells to pH 4 M phosphate buffer and its reactivation with biotin has been confirmed.
Interdisciplinary chronic pain management

Chronic pain is a significant and costly problem in the United States as well as throughout the industrialized world. Unfortunately, there have been concerns about the effectiveness of traditional medical interventions, suggesting the need for alternative chronic pain treatment strategies. However, the introduction of the biopsychosocial model of pain during the past decade stimulated the development of more therapeutically effective and cost-effective interdisciplinary chronic pain management programs. In the present article we briefly review the history of pain management, discuss the major components of a "true" interdisciplinary pain management program, focus on the evidence-based outcomes that have documented the effectiveness of such interdisciplinary pain management programs, and note the barriers that have blocked the wider use of such programs. Finally, we discuss future directions in interdisciplinary pain management.