cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Journal of Management Review Issue: Celebrating 35 Years

The Review Issue has been part of the Journal of Management (JOM) for more than a quarter of a century and serves as the only journal outlet in the field of management with yearly issues explicitly dedicated to reviewing the literature on important research areas in the field of management. The tradition became truly institutionalized in 1983, when Editor Jerry Hunt started publishing two Review Issues per year (Van Fleet et al., 2006). Since that time, the Review Issue has been serving to stimulate research, theoretical developments, and practice.
Does market competition explain fairness

The target article by Baumard et al. uses their previous model of bargaining with outside options to explain fairness and other features of human sociality. This theory implies that fairness judgments are determined by supply and demand but humans often perceive prices (divisions of surplus) in competitive markets to be unfair.
Structure of the vault, a ubiquitous celular component

Abstract Background: The vault is a ubiquitous and highly conserved ribonucleoprotein particle of approximately 13 MDa. This particle has been shown to be upregulated in certain multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines and to share a protein component with the telomerase complex. Determination of the structure of the vault was undertaken to provide a first step towards understanding the role of this cellular component in normal metabolism and perhaps to shed some light on its role in mediating drug resistance. Results: Over 1300 particle images were combined to calculate an approximately 31 A resolution structure of the vault. Rotational power spectra did not yield a clear symmetry peak, either because of the thin, smooth walls or inherent flexibility of the vault. Although cyclic eightfold (C8) symmetry was imposed, the resulting reconstruction may be partially cylindrically averaged about the eightfold axis. Our results reveal the vault to be a hollow, barrel-like structure with two protruding caps and an invaginated waist. Conclusions: Although the normal cellular function of the vault is as yet undetermined, the structure of the vault is consistent with either a role in subcellular transport, as previously suggested, or in sequestering macromolecular assemblies.
Properties and kinetics of thermally crystallized oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). I: Kinetics of crystallization

The crystallization kinetics of previously oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) sheets have been studied under unconstrained conditions, as functions of stretch ratio, mode of extension, and crystallization temperature. Isothermal and dynamic crystallization conditions have been utilized for the determination of half-times of crystallization and activation energies, respectively. Results indicate that rates of crystallization of pre-oriented PET increase substantially, with increasing stretch ratios. Half-times of crystallization, at a given isothermal temperature, were found to decrease from a few minutes to fractions of seconds. Similarly, the activation energies of thermal crystallization have been shown to decrease from 75 kcal/mol for unoriented PET, to less than 20 kcal/mol for highly oriented material. These changes are most apparent among samples with low to moderate levels of orientation. Highly oriented samples have proven to be less sensitive, yielding similar extents of thermal crystallization, regardless of specific initial extension ratios. These samples have also shown less sensitivity to temperature of crystallization, exhibiting only slightly higher levels of crystallinity as a result of exposure to increasing temperatures in the range from 100°C to 120°C.
Structure of Al-(Li,Mg)-Cu icosahedral alloys studied by pulsed neutron scattering.

We present results from a pulsed neutron study of ${\mathrm{Al}}_{55}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{10}$${\mathrm{Li}}_{35\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{\mathrm{x}}$(x=0 and 5) and ${\mathrm{Al}}_{51}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{12.5}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{36.5\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Li}}_{\mathrm{x}}$ (x=0 and 23.5) icosahedral alloys. Structure factors and pair distribution functions of these alloys are obtained from single-phase samples. Contrast variation of diffraction patterns, due to substitution of Li atoms by Mg atoms, is observed. Our results indicate that Al-Cu-Li and Al-Cu-Mg i phases are isostructural, but Al-Cu-Li i phase, which is more stable than Al-Cu-Mg i phase, has better medium- and long-range order. Our studies support the (Al,Zn${)}_{49}$${\mathrm{Mg}}_{32}$-type icosahedral structure of these alloys proposed by Henley and Elser.
Tensor distribution function

Diffusion weighted MR imaging is a powerful tool that can be employed to study white matter microstructure by examining the 3D displacement profile of water molecules in brain tissue. By applying diffusion-sensitizing gradients along a minimum of 6 directions, second-order tensors (represetnted by 3-by-3 positive definiite matrices) can be computed to model dominant diffusion processes. However, it has been shown that conventional DTI is not sufficient to resolve more complicated white matter configurations, e.g. crossing fiber tracts. More recently, High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) seeks to address this issue by employing more than 6 gradient directions. To account for fiber crossing when analyzing HARDI data, several methodologies have been introduced. For example, q-ball imaging was proposed to approximate Orientation Diffusion Function (ODF). Similarly, the PAS method seeks to reslove the angular structure of displacement probability functions using the maximum entropy principle. Alternatively, deconvolution methods extract multiple fiber tracts by computing fiber orientations using a pre-specified single fiber response function. In this study, we introduce Tensor Distribution Function (TDF), a probability function defined on the space of symmetric and positive definite matrices. Using calculus of variations, we solve for the TDF that optimally describes the observed data. Here, fiber crossing is modeled as an ensemble of Gaussian diffusion processes with weights specified by the TDF. Once this optimal TDF is determined, ODF can easily be computed by analytical integration of the resulting displacement probability function. Moreover, principle fiber directions can also be directly derived from the TDF.
A gradient of homeodomain protein in developing forelimbs of Xenopus and mouse embryos

Abstract The expression of the homeodomain protein XIHbox 1 in developing Xenopus limbs was analyzed using specific antibodies. In the forelimb bud mesoderm XIHbox 1 shows a clear antero-posterior gradient that is strongest in the anterior and proximal region of the forelimb. Hindlimb bud mesoderm is devoid of XIHbox 1, indicating an early molecular difference between arm and leg. The innermost ectodermal cell layer is positive throughout the forelimb and hindlimb bud ectoderm, but no other areas of the skin. Similar results are obtained in developing mouse limbs, suggesting that XIHbox 1 participates in forelimb development in a variety of tetrapods. In early tadpoles analyzed at stages preceding limb bud formation, the lateral plate mesoderm is positive in the region corresponding to the earliest "field" of forelimb information, but not in the hindlimb field. These results suggest a molecular link between morphogenetic fields, gradients, and homeobox genes in vertebrate development.
LIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF THE MEDIAN NERVE IN THE PALM.

Summary An unusual median nerve tumour is described. No similar case could be found in the literature. Other palmar hamartomata and subfascial lipomata are discussed.
EPA small pen tests. II. Effects of pen and group sizes, sex combinations, and feeding levels on bobwhite body weight and fat content.

Weight gains by bobwhites during simulated EPA small pen tests showed that a diet providing 140% of the existence energy requirement of bobwhites was too much and that a diet providing only existence energy needs might be adequate for males or females in 4 X 5-ft pens. Carcasses of males had less ether-extractable fat than carcasses of females. Egg laying by female bobwhites added variability to the body weight and body fat data, and made it difficult to interpret. Because of high fat levels in female bobwhites and the periodic elimination of fat via egg production, female bobwhites may not be appropriate experimental animals for EPA small pen tests involving fat-soluble pesticides. Data from this study and our earlier one (Morrow et al. 1980) support the need to develop standardized experimental conditions for EPA small pen tests before they are used to evaluate the hazards to wildlife of various pesticidal compounds.
Insight into lithium distribution in lithium-stuffed garnet oxides through neutron diffraction and atomistic simulation: Li7-xLa3Zr2-xTaxO12 (x = 0–2) series

Abstract Lithium-stuffed garnet oxides are promising candidates of lithium ion electrolyte materials due to their high ionic conductivities and good chemical stability. In this study, time-of-flight (TOF) neutron diffraction experiments and the Rietveld refinement were performed on four garnet compounds in the Li 7-x La 3 Zr 2-x Ta x O 12 (x = 0–2) series to study their average structures. Different structural models (split-site and anisotropic displacement) for lithium disorder at tetrahedral (Td) and octahedral (Oh) sites were compared and results suggested possible lithium disorder around both ideal Oh and ideal Td sites. To study the local lithium distribution, atomistic simulations based on static energy minimization with interatomic potentials were carried out on a large number of configurations of eight compositions. We demonstrated that energy probability distribution plots were helpful in understanding the lithium disorder/order in these materials. Nuclear density maps provided a visual presentation of structural disorder at both Td and Oh lithium sites. Our simulation results suggested that Td lithium occupancy is generally lower than that obtained from the average structure (Rietveld refinement) and the exclusion principle (no nearest-neighbor Td–Oh–Td lithium triplets). In addition, the nearest-neighbor Td–Oh lithium pairs and (Oh,□)–Td–(Oh,□) lithium clusters appear to be the characteristic local features contributing to the structure and conduction of these lithium-stuffed garnet oxides.
Spin–orbit coupling and Jahn–Teller distortion in bimetallic oxalates

The C3-symmetric crystal-field potential in the Fe(II)Fe(III) bimetallic oxalates splits the L = 2 Fe(II) multiplet into two doublets and one singlet. In compounds that exhibit magnetic compensation, one of the doublets lies lowest in energy and carries an average orbital angular momentum Lcf z that exceeds a threshold value of roughly 0.25. In a range of Lcf z , a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion increases the energy splitting of the low-lying doublet and breaks the C3 symmetry of the bimetallic planes around the ferrimagnetic transition temperature. Due to the competition with the spin-orbit coupling, the JT distortion disappears at low temperatures in compounds that display magnetic compensation. A comparison with recent measurements provides strong evidence for this inverse, low-temperature JT transition. The size of the JT distortion is estimated using first-principles calculations, which suggest that the long-range ordering of smaller, non-C3-symmetric organic cations can eliminate magnetic compensation. Keywords: Jahn-Teller distortion; Spin-orbit interaction; Crystal fields; Bimetallic oxalates
Billionfold data increase from mass spectrometry instrumentation

The mass spectrometers of 1910–1950 gave 10–100 separately measurable mass values (resolution increments) in a single spectrum; the few other analytical methods then with this capability, such as emission spectroscopy, were not suitable for molecular characterization. The introduction of high-resolution mass spectra 40 years ago gave a 102 increase in resolution increments, while tandem mass spectrometry (MS2) 30 years ago promised a similar exponential gain. A key to the present realization of this was the discovery of Fourier-transform mass spectrometry 20 years ago, while electrospray ionization of large molecules 10 years ago greatly extended the upper mass limit of spectra. These improvements can now give 105–106 resolution increments in the mass spectrum of a large molecule. Extending this with MS2 ions in any of > 104 mass regions can be dissociated to produce a mass spectrum with these > 105 resolution increments. With the several steps of MSn now achievable, this represents a > 109 data gain since 1950. However, utilization of this amazing capability is in its infancy, presenting a tremendous challenge for our field.
Dynamic Effects of Extending the 2001 and 2003 Income Tax Cuts

This paper focuses on the impact of permanently extending most of the provisions in EGTRRA and JGTRRA, coupled with potential legislative changes to the AMT, on the federal deficit, the distribution of after-tax income, and economic growth. The paper shows that including moderate behavioral responses offsets 16 percent of the static revenue loss estimate from 2005 to 2014. In addition, including behavioral responses implies that the percentage change in after-tax income from permanently extending the 2001 and 2003 income tax cuts would be largest for taxpayers with incomes ranging from $20,000 to $40,000. Finally, the simulation results suggest that extending the 2001 and 2003 income tax cuts and reducing the growth rate of government spending (excluding Social Security and Medicare), assuming that government expenditures are cut to avoid dramatic increases in government consumption relative to GDP in comparison to historical norms, would increase investment, employment, and output. However, postponing the implementation of tight spending controls would more than offset the positive benefits of lower tax rates on the size of the economy and leave future generations with fewer resources for private consumption and production.
Fracture-toughness behavior of 2090-T83 aluminiumlithium alloy sheet at ambient and cryogenic temperatures

Etude de la tenacite de toles minces (1,6 mm) d'alliage Al-Li 2090-T83 entre 298 et 77K et comparaison avec des toles de 12,7 mm d'epaisseur en alliage 2090-T81 de composition similaire et durci par precipitation
Extended Nonlinear Lifting-Line Method for Aerodynamic Modeling of Reconfigurable Aircraft

Cl = section lift coefficient c = local chord length D = fading-memory constant G = nondimensional circulation l = section lift force/length m = number of points used in sine series expansion of circulation function N = consecutive iterations convergence parameter r = perpendicular distance from vortex tol = iteration relative tolerance of conversion U1 = freestream velocity magnitude w = downwash velocity y0 = wing semispan, y coordinate of wingtip = wind incidence angle, wing angle of attack eff = effective angle of attack 2D = 2-D vortex-induced wind incidence angle 3D = 3-D wake-induced wind incidence angle = circulation magnitude = nondimensional spanwise coordinate = local wing twist angle = local wing sweep angle = nondimensional chordwise coordinate = air density = trigonometric spanwise coordinate
Short TR, variable flip angle, gradient echo scans of the cervical spine: comparison of 2DFT and 3DFT techniques

A prospective study of 16 patients was performed to compare quantitatively a contiguous single slice 2DFT version with a 3DFT version of a short TR, variable flip angle, gradient echo (GRASS) pulse sequence. The 3DFT GRASS scans had higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) of cord and CSF compared to the single slice 2DFT GRASS scans. The 3DFT GRASS scans, however, had lower CSF-cord and CSF-disc contrast than the single slice 2DFT version. The 3DFT GRASS sequence demonstrated comparable contrast only on the end slices of an imaging volume suggesting influence of an entry phenomenon. The lower CSF-cord and CSF-disc contrast of the 3DFT GRASS technique diminished its usefulness in the diagnosis of cervical disc disease compared to the single slice 2DFT GRASS technique. Two different slice thicknesses (3 mm and 5 mm) were investigated with the 2DFT GRASS technique and found to be comparable although the 3 mm scans had sharper disc and dural margins because of less partial volume artifact.
Chiral Separation in Microflows

Molecules that only differ by their chirality, so-called enantiomers, often possess different properties with respect to their biological function. Therefore, the separation of enantiomers presents a prominent challenge in molecular biology and has long been a main pursuit of organic chemistry. We suggest a new separation technique for chiral molecules that is based on the transport properties in a microfluidic flow with spatially variable vorticity. Because of their size the thermal fluctuating motion of the molecules must be taken into account. These fluctuations play a decisive role in the proposed separation mechanism.
Correlation between lightning types

[1] The spatial correlation of cloud-to-ground (CG), intra-cloud (IC), and narrow-bipolar event (NBE) lightning was investigated. Lightning data were collected for a two-month period in Florida. Separate analyses were performed for lightning over land and lightning over water. Space-time cells were defined, and lightning flash density was computed on each cell for the three lightning types. Correlation coefficients were computed for each of the three pairs of lightning types: CG-IC, IC-NBE, and CG-NBE. The CG-IC lightning pair was correlated most strongly. Best fit curves were also produced for each pair of lightning densities. These were second order polynomial fits in log space. These fits displayed curvature on log-log axes, signifying that the relative fractions of lightning types vary with storm intensity. The land/water separation did not have a strong effect on the relationships.
Hemopoietic activities of cryopreserved murine fresh and postmortem bone marrow cells.

Abstract The percentage of preservation of erythropoietic and granulopoietic precursor cells in the murine bone marrow was studied using in vitro methylcellulose clonal cell culture assays and in vivo murine spleen colony assays. This study clearly demonstrates a . Type of Spleen Colonies Induced by 6-hr Postmortem Murine Bone Marrow Cells a Mean (%) Type of colonies t Score P Value Unfrozen Frozen Erythrocytic 26.283 14.100 2.09 0.059 Granulocytic 23.741 32.917 1.45 0.173 Mixed 49.321 52.700 0.55 0.59 a N = 92 . the presence of pluripotent hemopoietic precursor cells in cryopreserved 0-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-hr postmortem murine bone marrow cells. Apparently, the erythropoietic precursor cells are more sensitive to freezing injury as compared to granulopoietic precursor cells.
Optimizing the spatial configuration of a seven-talker speech display

Although there is substantial evidence that performance in multitalker listening tasks can be improved by spatially separating the apparent locations of the competing talkers, very little effort has been made to determine the best locations and presentation levels for the talkers in a multichannel speech display. In this experiment, a call sign based color and number identification task was used to evaluate the effectiveness of three different spatial configurations and two different level normalization schemes in a seven-channel binaural speech display. When only two spatially adjacent channels of the seven-channel system were active, overall performance was substantially better with a geometrically spaced spatial configuration (with far-field talkers at −90°, −30°, −10°, 0°, p10°, p30°, and p90° azimuth) or a hybrid near-far configuration (with far-field talkers at −90°, −30°, 0°, p30°, and p90° azimuth and near-field talkers at ±90°) than with a more conventional linearly spaced configuration (with far-field talkers at −90°, −60°, −30°, 0°, p30°, p60°, and p90° azimuth). When all seven channels were active, performance was generally better with a “better-ear” normalization scheme that equalized the levels of the talkers in the more intense ear than with a default normalization scheme that equalized the levels of the talkers at the center of the head. The best overall performance in the seven-talker task occurred when the hybrid near-far spatial configuration was combined with the better-ear normalization scheme. This combination resulted in a 20p increase in the number of correct identifications relative to the baseline condition with linearly spaced talker locations and no level normalization. Although this is a relatively modest improvement, it should be noted that it could be achieved at little or no cost simply by reconfiguring the HRTFs used in a multitalker speech display.
Religiosity and sexual behavior among heterosexual college students

Abstract The relationship between religiosity and sexual behavior is examined with a sample of 290 female and 151 male college students. Across a wide range of sexual behaviors and dimensions of sexuality, religiosity is found to be negatively related to sexual experience. This relationship does not differ by gender. Additionally, religiosity among males is related to the sequence in which sexual behaviors are experienced in adolescence. Highly religious males have a significant tendency to reverse the sequence of sexual behaviors by having oral sexual experience before coitus. This reversal is discussed in terms of the outcome of an interaction between male sexual socialization and peer pressure which place a strong emphasis on males' obtaining sexual experience, and religious beliefs which emphasize the prohibition of coitus outside of marriage. This sequence reversal is thus seen as maintaining technical virginity at an age and in an environment which emphasize sexual experience.
Simultaneous addition of two ligands: a potential strategy for estimating divalent ion affinities in EF-hand proteins by isothermal titration calorimetry.

Abstract Capable of providing a detailed thermodynamic picture of noncovalent association reactions, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) has become a popular method for studying protein–ligand interactions. We routinely employ the technique to study divalent ion-binding by two-site EF-hand proteins from the parvalbumin- and polcalcin lineages. The combination of high Ca 2+ affinity and relatively low Mg 2+ affinity, and the attendant complication of parameter correlation, conspire to make the simultaneous extraction of binding constants and –enthalpies for both ions challenging. Although global analysis of multiple ITC experiments can overcome these hurdles, our current experimental protocol includes upwards of 10 titrations – requiring a substantial investment in labor, machine time, and material. This paper explores the potential for using a smaller suite of experiments that includes simultaneous titrations with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ at different ratios of the two ions. The results obtained for four proteins, differing substantially in their divalent ion-binding properties, suggest that the approach has merit. The Ca 2+ - and Mg 2+ -binding constants afforded by the streamlined analysis are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from the standard analysis protocol. Likewise, the abbreviated analysis provides comparable values for the Ca 2+ -binding enthalpies. However, the streamlined analysis can yield divergent values for the Mg 2+ -binding enthalpies – particularly those for lower affinity sites. This shortcoming can be remedied, in large measure, by including data from a direct Ca 2+ titration in the presence of a high, fixed Mg 2+ concentration.
Is Heat a Substance

The scientific study of heat, like much else in science, has its roots in the most primitive experiences of daily life. One of the first things we learn is to recognize the difference between hot things and cold things, and for the rest of our lives that difference remains important. It is not surprising that the ancient Greeks, among other peoples, engaged in speculations about what it is that makes hot things hot. According to one of their theories, fire is one of four basic elements—the others being earth, air, and water—that make up all substances. We know today that this theory is wrong, that the elements are not earth, air, fire, and water, but oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, iron, and so on. The old theory sounds absurd to us now. But the reader, if asked how we know that oxygen is an element and fire is not, might be hard put to answer. The four-element theory seemed to its followers to give order and coherence to a confusing world, which is one of the conditions any scientific theory has to satisfy. One purpose of this chapter is to explain why we no longer believe that fire is an element.
Contraception Language in Informed Consent Forms: A Survey of Biopharmaceutical Companies:

Although contraception language is typically required in subject informed consent forms (ICFs) used in clinical trials, there are no regulatory guidelines on the type and duration of methods of con...
The cell polarity scaffold Lethal Giant Larvae regulates synapse morphology and function

Lethal Giant Larvae (LGL) is a cytosolic cell polarity scaffold whose loss dominantly enhances neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synaptic overgrowth caused by loss of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). However, direct roles for LGL in NMJ morphological and functional development have not before been tested. Here, we use confocal imaging and two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology at the Drosophila larval NMJ to define the synaptic requirements of LGL. We find that LGL is expressed both pre- and postsynaptically, where the scaffold localizes at the membrane on both sides of the synaptic interface. We show that LGL has a cell autonomous presynaptic role facilitating NMJ terminal branching and synaptic bouton formation. Moreover, loss of both pre- and postsynaptic LGL strongly decreases evoked neurotransmission strength, whereas the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion events is increased. Cell-targeted RNAi and rescue reveals separable pre- and postsynaptic LGL roles mediating neurotransmission. We show that presynaptic LGL facilitates the assembly of active zone vesicle fusion sites, and that neuronally targeted rescue of LGL is sufficient to ameliorate increased synaptic vesicle cycling imaged with FM1-43 dye labeling. Postsynaptically, we show that loss of LGL results in a net increase in total glutamate receptor (GluR) expression, associated with the selective elevation of GluRIIB subunit-containing receptors. Taken together, these data indicate that the presynaptic LGL scaffold facilitates the assembly of active zone fusion sites to regulate synaptic vesicle cycling, and that the postsynaptic LGL scaffold modulates glutamate receptor composition and function.
Modified statistical dynamical diffraction theory: analysis of model SiGe heterostructures

A modified version of the statistical dynamical diffraction theory (mSDDT) permits full-pattern fitting of high-resolution X-ray diffraction scans from thin-film systems across the entire range from fully dynamic to fully kinematic scattering. The mSDDT analysis has been applied to a set of model SiGe/Si thin-film samples in order to define the capabilities of this approach. For defect-free materials that diffract at the dynamic limit, mSDDT analyses return structural information that is consistent with commercial dynamical diffraction simulation software. As defect levels increase and the diffraction characteristics shift towards the kinematic limit, the mSDDT provides new insights into the structural characteristics of these materials.
Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer: An Underutilized Opportunity for Reducing Harm

The management of localized prostate cancer is controversial, and in the absence of comparative trials to inform best practice, choices are driven by personal beliefs with wide variation in practice patterns. Men with localized disease diagnosed today often undergo treatments that will not improve overall health outcomes, and active surveillance has emerged as one approach to reducing this overtreatment of prostate cancer. The selection of appropriate candidates for active surveillance should balance the risk of harm from prostate cancer without treatment, and a patient’s personal preferences for living with a cancer and the potential side effects of curative treatments. Although limitations exist in assessing the potential for a given prostate cancer to cause harm, the most common metrics used today consider cancer stage, prostate biopsy features, and prostate-specific antigen level together with the risk of death from nonprostate causes based on age and overall state of health.
STEMscopes: contextualizing learning analytics in a K-12 science curriculum

In this paper, we discuss a scalable approach for integrating learning analytics into an online K-12 science curriculum. A description of the curriculum and the underlying pedagogical framework is followed by a discussion of the challenges to be tackled as part of this integration. We also include examples of data visualization based on real student and teacher data. With more than one million students and fifty thousand teachers using the curriculum, a massive and rich dataset is continuously updated. This repository depicts teacher and students usage of an inquiry-based science program, and offers exciting opportunities to leverage research to improve both teaching and learning. The growing dataset, with more than a hundred million items of activity in six months, also poses technical challenges such as data storage, complex aggregation and analysis with broader implications for pedagogy, big data, and learning.
Self-knowledge and the Limits of Transparency

A number of recent accounts of our first-person knowledge of our attitudes give a central role to transparency - our capacity to answer the question of whether we have an attitude by answering the question of whether to have it. In this paper I raise a problem for such accounts, by showing that there are clear cases of first-person knowledge of attitudes which are not transparent.
Dehydration-induced synaptic plasticity in magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus.

Norepinephrine plays a critical role in the regulation of hypothalamic neuroendocrine function, in large part through modulation of synaptic glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) release. Hypothalamic magnocellular neuroendocrine cells undergo dramatic changes in synaptic organization under conditions of increased hormone release, including increased numbers of glutamatergic, GABAergic and noradrenergic synapses. We studied the functional plasticity of magnocellular neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus induced by chronic dehydration using whole-cell recordings in hypothalamic slices. Dehydrated rats showed increases in glutamate and GABA release onto magnocellular neurons, as evidenced by an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory (29%) and inhibitory (33%) postsynaptic currents. The change in glutamate release was likely due to increased numbers of release sites because paired-pulse facilitation analysis did not reveal a change in the probability of transmitter release. In untreated rats,...
An Alternative Route to Yomogi Alcohol

Abstract On the basis of spectral data plus results of selective partial hydrogenation, yomogi alcohol, a new artemisia-type monoterpene originally considered to have structure I,1 was reformulated as II.2 Meanwhile, Willhalm and Thomas3 and later Thomas and Pawlak4 reported a nonselective synthesis of II along with a study of its chemistry. Independently, Sucrow5 developed a specific route to II and also a synthesis of I. Here we report an efficient, alternative two-step synthesis of II starting from 3,3-dimethylpent-1-en-4-yne (III).6
Solubility and Dissolution of Etoposide from Solid Dispersions of PEG 8000

AbstractThe Solubility and dissolution of etoposide from solid dispersion of PEG 8000, prepared by the fusion method, were investigated. Stability studies revealed that the etoposide was stable in water for three days at 37 ± 0.5°C alone and as a physical mixture with PEG 8000. However, nearly 5% decomposition was oberved in aqueous solutions made from solid dispersions. TLC, IR and HPLC studies showed both the drug and carrier were stable during the fusion process. Aqueous solubility of etoposide from solid dispersions with etoposide: PEG 8000 ratios of 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40, was studied at 37 ± 0.5°C, and found to be significantly higher than that of etoposide alone or from its physical mixtures with PEG 8000. These dispersions increased the solubility of etoposide by 32.3%, 96.8%, 133.5%, 280.7% and 326.6% respectively compared to that of etoposide alone, whereas only 1:40 etoposide: PEG 8000 physical mixture demonstrated a significant increase in etoposide solubility (16.1%). Dissolution stud...
The Dede Korkut Ethic

The Book of Dede Korkut is an early record of oral Turkic folktales in Anatolia, and as such, one of the mythic charters of Turkish nationalist ideology. The oldest versions of the Book of Dede Korkut consist of two manuscripts copied sometime during the 16th century. The twelve stories that are recorded in these manuscripts are believed to be derived from a cycle of stories and songs circulating among Turkic peoples living in northeastern Anatolia and northwestern Azerbaijan. According to Lewis (1974), an older substratum of these oral traditions dates to conflicts between the ancient Oghuz and their Turkish rivals in Central Asia (the Pecheneks and the Kipchaks), but this substratum has been clothed in references to the 14th-century campaigns of the Akkoyunlu Confederation of Turkic tribes against the Georgians, the Abkhaz, and the Greeks in Trebizond. Such stories and songs would have emerged no earlier than the beginning of the 13th century, andthe written versions that have reached us would have been composed no later than the beginning of the 15th century. By this time, the Turkic peoples in question had been in touch with Islamic civilization for seeral centuries, had come to call themselves "Turcoman" rather than "Oghuz," had close associations with sedentary and urbanized societies, and were participating in Islamized regimes that included nomads, farmers, and townsmen. Some had abandoned their nomadic way of life altogether.
Somatosensory feedback from the limbs exerts inhibitory influences on central neural drive during whole body endurance exercise

We investigated whether somatosensory feedback from contracting limb muscles exerts an inhibitory influence on the determination of central command during closed-loop cycling exercise in which the ...
Micromagnetic modeling of adjacent track erasure in longitudinal recording

Adjacent track erasure in longitudinal recording was studied using a micromagnetic model. The gap and fringe fields of two heads designed to work for 100 kTPI were used to write and erase a 31-bit pseudorandom sequence (PRS) in the main track. Comparisons on recording performance were made based on the calculated magnetization profile and the equalized PRS read back signal. It was shown that, for the case of a 3800-Oe fringe field, the quality of the transitions degraded drastically when the transitions were exposed to the fringe field more than 1000 times. On the other hand, a 2000-Oe fringe field left unaffected transitions even when the transitions were exposed to the field more than 100 000 times.
Seasonal steroid hormone levels and their relation to reproduction in the Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnake, Crotalus atrox (Serpentes: Viperidae)

We report seasonal variation in steroid hormone levels in blood samples from free-ranging Western Diamond-backed Rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox), and the relationship between these hormones and events in the reproductive cycle. At a field site in the Sonoran Desert of south-central Arizona, we collected monthly blood samples over the course of two active seasons from 17 radiotelemetered females, and over three active seasons from 103 randomly encountered males. We used radioimmunoassay to measure plasma levels of 17b-estradiol, progesterone, corticosterone, and testosterone in samples from females, and corticosterone and testosterone in samples from males. Non-reproductive females have consistently low levels of circulating 17b-estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone throughout the year. In reproductive females, 17b-estradiol levels increase dramatically and testosterone levels increase modestly during vitellogenesis in April and May, while progesterone levels increase dramatically at ovulation in June and then steadily decline until parturition in August. Corticosterone levels appear relatively constant in non-reproductive females, whereas reproductive females show increased levels at the end of gestation. Plasma testosterone levels in males are low in early summer and are elevated during spring and late summer, corresponding to the two mating periods of C. atrox. Plasma corticosterone levels in males did not vary seasonally and were not related to testosterone levels.
MICROSTRUCTURAL EFFECT OF THE SHRINKAGE OF CEMENT-BASED MATERIALS DURING HYDRATION, AS INDICATED BY ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT

The shrinkage of cement-based materials during hydration is a cause of defects (such as cracks) in these materials. The extent of microstructural change (which precedes an event such as cracking) and the evolution of the microstructure as shrinkage occurs are important for understanding the shrinkage process. This article reports on a study in which the effect of shrinkage during hydration on the microstructural change in cement-based materials was evaluated by measuring electrical resistivity and shrinkage strain. Results show that the microstructural change caused by shrinkage is diminished with silica fume and increased with sand. The fractional change in resistivity per unit shrinkage strain is much larger than the fractional change in resistivity per unit compressive strain in the cured state.
Image-based calibration of a deformable mirror in wide-field microscopy

Optical aberrations limit resolution in biological tissues, and their influence is particularly large for promising techniques such as light-sheet microscopy. In principle, image quality might be improved by adaptive optics (AO), in which aberrations are corrected by using a deformable mirror (DM). To implement AO in microscopy, one requires a method to measure wavefront aberrations, but the most commonly used methods have limitations for samples lacking point-source emitters. Here we implement an image-based wavefront-sensing technique, a variant of generalized phase-diverse imaging called multiframe blind deconvolution, and exploit it to calibrate a DM in a light-sheet microscope. We describe two methods of parameterizing the influence of the DM on aberrations: a traditional Zernike expansion requiring 1040 parameters, and a direct physical model of the DM requiring just 8 or 110 parameters. By randomizing voltages on all actuators, we show that the Zernike expansion successfully predicts wavefronts to an accuracy of approximately 30 nm (rms) even for large aberrations. We thus show that image-based wavefront sensing, which requires no additional optical equipment, allows a simple but powerful method to calibrate a deformable optical element in a microscope setting.
Feeding and Foraging of Wild and Sterile Mediterranean Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Presence of Spinosad Bait

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used to control wild Mediterranean fruit fly introductions in California and Florida in the U.S. In the past, bait sprays containing malathion proved invaluable in treating new outbreaks or large populations before the use of SIT. Recently, a spinosad protein bait spray, GF-120, has been developed as a possible alternative to malathion, the standard insecticide in protein bait sprays. In this study, protein-deficient and protein-fed Vienna-7 (sterile, mass-reared, “male-only” strain) flies and wild males and females were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the GF-120 protein bait containing spinosad with respect to bait attraction, feeding, and toxicology. There were no effects of diet or fly type on feeding duration in small laboratory cages. Wild flies, however, registered more feeding events than Vienna-7 males. Flies that fed longer on fresh bait died faster. Protein-deficient flies were more active and found the bait more often than protein-fed flies. Data suggest that adding protein to the diet of SIT flies may decrease their response to baits, therefore, reduce mortality, and thus, allow the concurrent use of SIT and bait sprays in a management or eradication program.
Landlords, Tenants and E-Commerce: Will the Retail Industry Change Significantly?

Executive Summary. Internet sales of goods were approximately $170 billion in 1999 and are expected to increase rapidly (Center for Research in Electronic Commerce, 1999). Predictions about the impact of e-commerce on retailers change just as rapidly. No study to date has analyzed the impact the Internet might have on individual retailers and their plans for expansion. This study provides an empirical baseline from which to track changes. On-site interviews of tenants at four types of retail locations revealed that unique products, high levels of service and closeness to the customer are important retailer strategies. Further, only a small number of retailers expect Internet sales to have a negative impact on their need for retail space.
Ramifications of Weaning Spring- and Fall-Born Calves Early or Late Relative to Weaning at Conventional Ages1

Results summarized for spring- and fall-born calves indicate that, in general, if early weaned (EW) calves are fed some form of concentrate diet from time of EW until age at which they would be conventionally weaned (CW), their BW will be equal to or greater than the BW of calves allowed to nurse their dams and CW. Feedlot ADG and carcass weight tend to be less, carcass yield grade is equal, and the percentage of carcasses grading greater than or equal to Low Choice tend to be equal to or greater for EW cattle relative to CW cattle. When the stress of lactation is removed by EW, cows gain BW and condition and begin to cycle; pregnancy rate is increased. Subsequent preweaning productivity is similar for cows that were weaned early or late (LW) as calves relative to cows that were CW.
Angiogram vascular territory concordance and elapsed time following Tc-99m-labeled red blood cell scintigraphy: A 10-year review of 608 patients with lower GI bleeds

1965 Objectives Evaluate the accuracy of Tc-99m-labeled red blood cell (tagged RBC) scintigraphy to localize lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeds and determine timing parameters which predict active extravasation on angiography. Methods A retrospective review of prospectively acquired data on 608 patients with a clinical diagnosis of GI bleeding who underwent tagged RBC scintigraphy from 12/2003-11/2013 was performed. Patients with an indeterminate exam were excluded. Vascular territory concordance was determined by comparison of paired scintigraphy and angiography exams for each patient. Elapsed time from first scintigraphy image to time of aortogram injection was calculated using PACS. Time elapsed data were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed rank test, Chi-square, and multivariate analysis using JMP (SAS) statistical software. Results Of the 608 patients, 47.5% of scintigraphy studies were positive, 47.4% were negative, and 5.1% were indeterminate. Of positive studies, 59.9% underwent angiography and 30% demonstrated active bleeding. Vascular territory concordance was 92.3%. The superior mesenteric artery was the vessel most frequently involved with active bleeding. Median time after positive scintigraphy for those with positive angiogram was 249 min (60-1987), and for those with negative angiogram 326 (86-3093; one outlier excluded). Decreasing time after tagged RBC scintigraphy correlated with increased chance of extravasation detection on angiogram (p = 0.0081). Time elapsed Conclusions Results over a 10-year period comparing tagged RBC scintigraphy and angiography in lower GI bleeding demonstrate a 92% vascular territory concordance. Time elapsed
Application and analysis of SIL3 used in DCS system at HONGSA power plant 626MW unit in Laos

It is mainly for security level problems of important protection items of modern thermal power plant in this article, the main protection including boiler protection and turbine protection and so on, make the standard of SIL used in the control system of thermal power plant, using SIL3 safety level to improve the safety level of the thermal power plant main protection, to ensure safe and stable operation of the whole thermal power plant, at the same time use Laos HONGSA power plant 626MW sub-critical unit as an example, explain further the application of SIL3 used in DCS system and control analysis, through actual parameters of the running unit prove the safety and reliability of the method.
Effects of Different Dietary Interventions on Blood Pressure Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of individual dietary approaches for blood pressure (BP) control, but their relative effectiveness is not well established. We performed a systematic review of published dietary pattern interventions and estimated the aggregate BP effects through meta-analysis. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases were searched to identify studies published between January 1, 1990 and March 1, 2015. Studies meeting specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected. Data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis models. Twenty-four trials with 23 858 total participants were included. The overall pooled net effect of dietary intervention on systolic BP and diastolic BP was -3.07 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -3.85 to -2.30) and -1.81 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, -2.24 to -1.38), respectively. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet had the largest net effect (systolic BP, -7.62 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, -9.95 to -5.29] and diastolic BP, -4.22 mm Hg [95% confidence interval, -5.87 to -2.57]). Low-sodium; low-sodium, high-potassium; low-sodium, low-calorie; and low-calorie diets also led to significant systolic and diastolic BP reductions, whereas Mediterranean diet participants experienced a significant incremental reduction in diastolic but not systolic BP. Subgroup analysis also showed important variations in effectiveness based on duration, size, and participant demographics. In conclusion, dietary modifications are associated with clinically meaningful, though variable, reductions in BP. Some diets are more effective than others and under different circumstances, which has important implications from both clinical and public health perspectives.
The Impact Of State Policies On ACA Applications And Enrollment Among Low-Income Adults In Arkansas, Kentucky, And Texas

States are taking variable approaches to the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion, Marketplace design, enrollment outreach, and application assistance. We surveyed nearly 3,000 low-income adults in late 2014 to compare experiences in three states with markedly different policies: Kentucky, which expanded Medicaid, created a successful state Marketplace, and supported outreach efforts; Arkansas, which enacted the private option and a federal-state partnership Marketplace, but with legislative limitations on outreach; and Texas, which did not expand Medicaid and passed restrictions on navigators. We found that application rates, successful enrollment, and positive experiences with the ACA were highest in Kentucky, followed by Arkansas, with Texas performing worst. Limited awareness remains a critical barrier: Fewer than half of adults had heard some or a lot about the coverage expansions. Application assistance from navigators and others was the strongest predictor of enrollment, while Latino applic...