cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Student Learning in an Introductory GIS Course: Using a Project-Based Approach

Introductory courses in Geographic Information Science (GIS) expose students to the concepts and practices necessary for future academic and professional use of GIS tools. Traditional GIS courses balance lectures in the theories of GIS with pre-built and pre-packaged lab activities to learn the practices of GIS. This article presents a case study of an experimental introductory course in which students conducted novel, independent project-based group research under the supervision of graduate or advanced undergraduate students enrolled in the course, culminating in a class presentation and publication quality paper. Surveys and interviews indicated that students reacted more positively to project-based group research than to traditional activities. Students felt the projects better prepared them for ‘real world’ applications of GIS, and recommend project-based group research in other GIS coursework. Additionally, our findings indicate that students appreciate interactions with peers of varying skill levels and experiences, as these broaden their capabilities to work with other GIS users.
Quantitative service differentiation: a square-root proportional model

Due to the open and dynamics nature of ubiquitous computing environments and services, quantitative service differentiation is needed to provide controllable quality of service (QoS) levels to meet changing system configuration and resource availability and to satisfy different requirements of applications and users. A proportional differentiation model was proposed in the DiffServ context, which states that QoS factors of certain classes of aggregated traffic be proportional to their differentiation weights. While it provides compelling proportionality fairness to clients, it lacks of the support of a server-side QoS optimization with respect to the resource allocation. In this paper, we propose and promote a square-root proportional differentiation model for delay-sensitive Internet services. Interestingly, both popular QoS factors with respect to delay, queueing delay and slowdown, are reciprocally proportional to the allocated resource usages. We formulate the problem of quantitative service differentiation as a resource allocation optimization towards the minimization of system delay, defined as the sum of weighted responsiveness of client request classes. We prove that the optimization-based resource allocation scheme essentially provides square-root proportional service differentiation to clients. We then propose a generalized rate-based resource allocation approach. Simulation results demonstrate that the approach provides quantitative service differentiation at a minimum cost of system delay
Systemic lupus erythematosus as a cause of severe mitral regurgitation. New problem in an old disease.

Abstract Clinical and morphologic observations in three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and severe mitral regurgitation are described. Attention is called to the “healing” of Libman-Sacks endocarditis, an infrequent occurrence in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in the era before steroid therapy. The mitral regurgitation in our patients appears to have resulted from “healing” of the Libman-Sacks vegetations by scarring and calcification. The healing is attributed to longterm corticosteroid therapy.
Detection of penicillin and extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates by use of the E test.

Increasing penicillin resistance and the initial recognition of resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates have placed greater emphasis on accurate methods for susceptibility testing of clinical isolates. This study has evaluated the use of the E test (AB Biodisk NA, Piscataway, N.J.) for the detection of penicillin and cefotaxime resistance among 147 pneumococcal clinical isolates in three geographically separate laboratories. These included 42 penicillin-resistant (MIC, > or = 2 micrograms/ml) and 14 cefotaxime-resistant (defined here as an MIC of > or = 2 micrograms/ml) isolates. E test strips were applied to the surface of Mueller-Hinton sheep blood agar plates and incubated at 35 degrees C in 5% CO2 for 20 to 24 h. E test MICs were compared with MICs determined with lysed horse blood-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth in a microdilution format as recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Penicillin MICs agreed within one log2 dilution for 136 of 147 (92.5%) isolates, and cefotaxime MICs agreed within one log2 dilution for 142 of 147 (96.6%) isolates. No very major or major interpretive errors occurred with either penicillin or cefotaxime E test MIC results. There were 9.5 and 5.4% minor interpretive category errors with penicillin and cefotaxime E test MICs, respectively. These data indicate that the E test represents a convenient and reliable method for the detection of penicillin or cephalosporin resistance in pneumococci.
A peroxide/ascorbate-inducible catalase from Haemophilus influenzae is homologous to the Escherichia coli katE gene product.

Bacterial catalases are induced by exposure to peroxide (e.g., Escherichia coli katG) or entry into stationary phase (e.g., E. coli katE). To study regulatory systems in Haemophilus influenzae, we complemented an E. coli rpoS mutant, which is unable to induce katE in stationary phase, with a plasmid library of H. influenzae Rd- chromosomal DNA. Nineteen complementing clones with a catalase-positive phenotype were obtained and characterized after screening about 10(5) transformants. All carried the same structural gene for an H. influenzae catalase. The DNA sequence of this gene, called hktE, encodes a 508-amino-acid polypeptide with strong homology to eukaryotic catalases and E. coli katE. However, hktE is regulated like E. coli katG, with catalase activity increasing 10-fold and hktE mRNA levels increasing 4-fold upon exposure to ascorbic acid, which serves to generate hydrogen peroxide. Mutations in the known global regulatory genes of H. influenzae--crp, cya, and sxy--do not affect the inducibility of hktE. The hktE gene maps to a 225-kb segment of the H. influenzae chromosome in a region encoding resistance to spectinomycin.
Obesity as a Predictor of Vascular Access Outcomes: Analysis of the USRDS DMMS Wave II Study

Arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) are widely regarded as the preferred vascular access in hemodialysis patients due to their primary patency and patient survival benefits. While the obesity paradox has been associated with improved cardiovascular morbidity and all-cause mortality in dialysis patients, its long-term vascular access outcomes are less clear. Recent literature has suggested that obese patients may have increased early and late fistula failure. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between obesity and vascular access outcomes. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis using the USRDS DMMS Wave 2 data set. All incident dialysis patients as of January 1, 1996, over the age of 18, receiving only hemodialysis as mode of renal replacement therapy were eligible for inclusion. Among other variables, data collected for the DMMS Wave 2 included: type and location of vascular access, AVF maturity, vascular access revision, and failure. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between obesity and vascular access outcomes, adjusting for important covariates. In all, 1486 hemodialysis patients were included. Using body mass index (BMI) or=35 kg/m(2)) (aOR 3.66 [95% CI 1.27-10.55], p = 0.017). Peripheral vascular disease was independently associated with an increased risk of AVF failure (aOR 2.78 [95% CI 1.01-7.63], p = 0.047) and arteriovenous graft (AVG) failure (aOR 1.65 [95% CI 1.03-2.64], p = 0.036). Obesity was not associated with increased AVF or AVG revision rates or failure and only associated with poorer AVF maturity at highest BMI quartile. We conclude that obesity should not preclude placement of AVF as vascular access of choice, except in the very obese where assessment should be individually based.
CT evaluation of extra-articular glenoid neck fractures: does the glenoid medialize or does the scapula lateralize?

OBJECTIVES Medial translation of the glenoid is frequently described as the main mode of displacement after glenoid neck fracture. Indeed, plain radiographs typically show the glenoid medialized relative to the scapular body. However, whether this truly represents medialization of the glenoid relative to the axial skeleton or lateralization of the scapular body remains unclear. The goal of this investigation was to assess the relationship between the glenoid, the scapular body, and the axial skeleton in patients with glenoid neck fractures using computed tomographic data analysis with the contralateral shoulder serving as an internal control. DESIGN Retrospective radiographic review. SETTING Two Level I trauma centers. PARTICIPANTS Eighteen patients (5 women and 13 men; average age, 38.7 years; range, 17-75 years) admitted between January 2000 and March 2006 with isolated extra-articular glenoid neck fractures (OTA 14C1 fractures) and chest computed tomographic scans that included both shoulders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Glenoid to midline distance and scapular width. RESULTS The injured glenoid was lateralized an average of 9.8 mm (range, 8 mm medialized to 23 mm lateralized) (P < 0.001). Relative to the uninjured side, glenoid medialization infrequently occurred (4 of 18 patients) and when present was less than 1 cm (range, 2-8 mm). Lateralization occurred more frequently (14 of 18 patients), with an average displacement of 13.7 mm (range, 1-23 mm). The injured scapula was shortened by an average of 3.3 mm (range, 18 mm shorter to 20 mm longer) (P = 0.09). In 15 of 18 patients, the scapular width was shortened by an average of 5.9 mm (range, 1-18 mm), whereas in only 3 of 18 patients was the injured scapular width longer, an average of 9 mm (range, 1-20 mm). CONCLUSIONS In patients with glenoid neck fractures, pure medial translation of the glenoid relative to the axial skeleton rarely occurs. Instead, there is typically a component of shortening of the scapula width combined with lateralization of the scapular body.
The Calculus of Consent: Enduring contributions to public choice and political science

Although the early 1960s were an exciting era for political scientists it was not an auspicious period in which to publish The Calculus of Consent (1962). A theory based on methodological individualism or rational utility maximization flew in the face of the high-flying behavioralism then the rage among young, aspiring political analysts. Behavioralism's commitments stood and remain in stark contrast to those of The Calculus. It was Social Psychology vs. Economics. And the latter lost; in the fact, it was no contest.
Adaptive discriminant analysis for microarray-based classification

Microarray technology has generated enormous amounts of high-dimensional gene expression data, providing a unique platform for exploring gene regulatory networks. However, the curse of dimensionality plagues effort to analyze these high throughput data. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Biased Discriminant Analysis (BDA) are two popular techniques for dimension reduction, which pay attention to different roles of the positive and negative samples in finding discriminating subspace. However, the drawbacks of these two methods are obvious: LDA has limited efficiency in classifying sample data from subclasses with different distributions, and BDA does not account for the underlying distribution of negative samples.In this paper, we propose a novel dimension reduction technique for microarray analysis: Adaptive Discriminant Analysis (ADA), which effectively exploits favorable attributes of both BDA and LDA and avoids their unfavorable ones. ADA can find a good discriminative subspace with adaptation to different sample distributions. It not only alleviates the problem of high dimensionality, but also enhances the classification performance in the subspace with naive Bayes classifier. To learn the best model fitting the real scenario, boosted Adaptive Discriminant Analysis is further proposed. Extensive experiments on the yeast cell cycle regulation data set, and the expression data of the red blood cell cycle in malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum demonstrate the superior performance of ADA and boosted ADA. We also present some putative genes of specific functional classes predicted by boosted ADA. Their potential functionality is confirmed by independent predictions based on Gene Ontology, demonstrating that ADA and boosted ADA are effective dimension reduction methods for microarray-based classification.
Quantum requirements for growth and fatty acid biosynthesis in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) in nitrogen replete and limited conditions.

We determined the quantum requirements for growth (1/ϕμ ) and fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis (1/ϕFA ) in the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, grown in nutrient replete conditions with nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen sources, and under nitrogen limitation, achieved by transferring cells into nitrogen free medium or by inhibiting nitrate assimilation with tungstate. A treatment in which tungstate was supplemented to cells grown with ammonium was also included. In nutrient replete conditions, cells grew exponentially and possessed virtually identical 1/ϕμ of 40-44 mol photons · mol C(-1) . In parallel, 1/ϕFA varied between 380 and 409 mol photons · mol C(-1) in the presence of nitrate, but declined to 348 mol photons · mol C(-1) with ammonium and to 250 mol photons · mol C(-1) with ammonium plus tungstate, indicating an increase in the efficiency of FA biosynthesis relative to cells grown on nitrate of 8% and 35%, respectively. While the molecular mechanism for this effect remains poorly understood, the results unambiguously reveal that cells grown on ammonium are able to direct more reductant to lipids. This analysis suggests that when cells are grown with a reduced nitrogen source, fatty acid biosynthesis can effectively become a sink for excess absorbed light, compensating for the absence of energetically demanding nitrate assimilation reactions. Our data further suggest that optimal lipid production efficiency is achieved when cells are in exponential growth, when nitrate assimilation is inhibited, and ammonium is the sole nitrogen source.
Surgical Analysis of the Preoptico-Tuberal Pathway Controlling Ovulatory Release of Gonadotropins in the Rat

According to the current concept there is a dual neural control of the adenohypophysial gonadotropin secretion in the female rat. The first level is assumed to be located in the medial basal tuberal region. This controls tonic discharge of gonadotropin secretion, and this in turn is controlled by a second level which is responsible for initiating the ovulatory surge of gonadotropins. The second level appears to be located in or to operate through the septal-prej optic area. Electrochemical stimulation applied to this area can induce ovulation in the pentobarbital-blocked rat. This study was designed to investigate the nature of the neural pathway connecting these 2 levels by the method of hypothalamic transection performed with a small knife. Unilateral transection, extending between the 0.3 and 1.4 mm parasagittal planes in rostral or caudal suprachiasmatic (SCh) planes, blocked the ovulation-inducing effect of ipsilateral preoptic (POA) stimulation (10 μamp D.C., 60 sec, steel concentric electrode, appl...
Renal Responses to Acute Angiotensin II Inhibition and Administered Angiotensin II in the Aging, Conscious, Chronically Catheterized Rat

Abstract Studies of conscious, chronically catheterized, young (3 to 5 months of age) and old (19 to 22 months of age) male Sprague Dawley rats in the baseline state showed that glomerular filtration rate (factored for body weight) was lower and urine flow higher in old compared with young rats. Acute blockade of endogenous angiotensin II (All) with either converting enzyme inhibitor (CEI) or Losartan (Dupont Merck, Wilmington, DE) caused small variable decreases in blood pressure in both age groups and produced a significant renal vasodilation with increases in renal plasma flow in the older rats. In separate studies using low-dose All infusion (5 ng/kg body weight/min), an increase in filtration fraction was the only effect seen in both young and old rats with an intact renin/All system; no effect was seen with CEI. During high-dose All (20 ng/kg body weight/min), significant and similar increases were seen in blood pressure and renal vascular resistance in old and young rats, and the patterns of blood pressure and renal hemodynamic responses were similar with and without acute CEI. A natriuretic and diuretic response to high-dose All was seen in young rats with intact endogenous renin/All, whereas old rats were completely refractory to this action of All. Against a background of acute CEI, no natriuretic/diuretic response to high-dose All was seen in either age group. Thus, in the baseline state, renal hemodynamics in the old kidney are controlled by endogenous All since eEl and Losartan produce renal vasodilation in old but not young rats. Renal hemodynamic responses to administered All are generally similar in both age groups, irrespective of the presence or absence of CEI, suggesting an unaltered renal vascular sensitivity to All in aging. The inability of the old kidney to generate a natriuretic or diuretic response to All with an intact endogenous renin/All system may reflect a more generalized defect in the natriuretic capacity or may be due to enhanced All-dependent proximal tubular reabsorption in the old kidney. The mechanism by which acute CEI prevents the All-induced diuresis/natriuresis in young rats is unknown.
Selection of growth rate model for activated sludges treating phenol

Abstract Research was undertaken for the purpose of selecting a growth rate model, i.e. a function relating specific growth rate, μ, to substrate concentration, S , for acclimated heterogeneous microbial populations metabolizing a phenolic waste and to gain an insight into the expected average and range of values of the kinetic “constants” for the selected model. Various sources of seed populations were employed and batch growth curves were generated using phenol as sole source of carbon. Comparison of the fit of the data obtained from 113 growth curves to five inhibition functions failed to distinguish a function which was statistically superior to the others. Since the Haldane equation proved to be the most readily adapted to curve-fitting procedures and insertion into mass balance equations for reactor performance, it was selected as the best representation of the experimental data. The values of the three pertinent biokinetic constants were as follows: μ max , range = 0.08–0.36 h −1 , mean = 0.19 h −1 ; K S , range = 1.3–266 mg l −1 , mean = 75 mg l −1 ; K i , range = 66–1463 mg l −1 , mean 449 mg l −1 . Analysis of chemostat performance using growth constants determined in separate batch growth studies with seed from the chemostat showed that reasonably accurate prediction of the dilution rate at which the system attains μ∗, the peak or critical specific growth rate designated by the Haldane equation, could be made. This finding indicates that batch growth rate data can be used for predictive control of activated sludge reactors treating toxic wastes.
TOTAL BODY BONE MINERAL CONTENT (TBBMC) IN PRETERM INFANTS AT BIRTH USING DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DEXA). 1856

TOTAL BODY BONE MINERAL CONTENT (TBBMC) IN PRETERM INFANTS AT BIRTH USING DUAL ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY (DEXA). 1856
A proposed mechanism for hydrodynamically-controlled onset of significant void in microtubes

Abstract Data and analysis have shown that bubble nucleation and ebullition phenomena in microchannels are different than in large channels. The macroscale models and correlations often fail to predict data representing bubble ebullition processes in microchannels. It is hypothesized here that hydrodynamically-controlled onset of significant void in microchannels is due to bubble departure from wall cavities, and the latter process may be controlled by thermocapillary and aerodynamic forces that act on the bubble. Accordingly, the limited available relevant experimental data are semi-analytically modeled, and the soundness of the proposed hypothesis is shown.
Privilege at Play On the Legal and Social Fictions That Sustain American Indian Sport Imagery

Using legal scholar Felix Cohen’s philosophy of Indian rights, this article provides a broad interpretive analysis of the American Indian sport imagery issue. The article begins with an introductio...
The impact of a storm surge on business establishments in the Houston MSA

This paper examines the possible storm surge damage from a major hurricane to hit the Houston Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA.) Using storm surge analysis on a unique data set compiled from the Texas Workforce Commission (QCEW), the paper estimates the expected industry-level damage for each county in the Houston MSA. The advantages of using GIS to analyze the expected storm surge damage estimation is that it provides an accurate estimation of the number of affected employees and probable wages losses, by industry and county, based on QCEW data. The results indicate that the ‘Basic Chemical Manufacturing’ and ‘Oil and Gas Extraction’ industries incur the highest employee and payroll losses while the ‘Restaurants and Eateries’ has the largest establishment damage if a major hurricane were to hit the Houston MSA.
Looking Ahead: Addressing Ethical Challenges in Public Health Practice

Ethical challenges in public health can have a significant impact on the health of communities if they impede efficiencies and best practices. Competing needs for resources and a plurality of values can challenge public health policymakers and practitioners to make fair and effective decisions for their communities. In this paper, the authors offer an analytic framework designed to assist policymakers and practitioners in managing the ethical tensions they face in daily practice. Their framework is built upon the following set of six considerations: determining population-level utility of the proposed action; demonstrating evidence of need and effectiveness of actions; establishing fairness of goals and proposed implementation strategies; ensuring accountability; and, assessing expected efficiencies and costs associated with the proposed action. Together, these considerations create a structured guide to assist decision-makers in identifying potential ethical challenges and in assessing the moral considerations that underlie public health practice - and possibly even, if the conditions are met, reduce the creation of ethical tension. Although the authors’empirical experiences provide the basis for the framework advanced here, their approach remains to be tested and evaluated by public health practitioners.
Improving Educational Outcomes of Hispanic Students in a Professional Degree Program.

In an attempt to reduce the educational achievement gap of Hispanic students in a professional degree program, two courses grounded in the Keller method were implemented at a pharmacy school. The Keller method is characterized by breaking course content into modules, then allowing students to test and repeatedly remediate and retest until competency is achieved. Outcomes from this intervention-based cohort study suggest that the Keller method is effective in reducing the educational achievement gap of Hispanic students in a professional degree program.
The Hering-Breuer Reflex and Sleep State in the Premature Infant ♦ 1663

Objective: The Hering-Breuer reflex is an important reflex in the control of breathing and a critical component in the measurement of passive respiratory mechanics in the newborn. There is conflicting data however, on the strength of this reflex in different sleep states. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sleep states on the Hering-Breuer reflex.
How Advances in Search Combine Databases, Sentence Diagramming, and "Just the Facts"

Among the most studied subfields of natural language processing (NLP) are information retrieval (IR, aka search) and information extraction (IE). Yet, even though researchers have wanted to combine IR and IE for nearly a decade, we are only now starting to see commercial applications that put the notion into practice. The search market remains dominated by traditional IR technologies, as evidenced by the likes of Google, Yahoo, and Verity. (Granted, Google's page-rank algorithm departs from traditional IR algorithms by including link data, but the underlying index of terms is conventional.) Two forces are driving the need for advanced search technologies: (a) users are more knowledgeable and are demanding greater search engine precision; and (b) vendors must create new search products, particularly enterprise search applications. This issue's theme articles represent several of these advancements. In this article, the author detail how IE-in particular action-oriented event extraction-enables new search functionality
BTEV: a dedicated B physics detector at the Fermilab Tevatron Collider

The capabilities of future Dedicated Hadron Collider B Physics experiments are discussed and compared to experiments that will run in the next few years. The design for such an experiment at the Tevatron Collider is presented and an evolutionary path for developing it is outlined.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHICALLY ISOLATED POPULATIONS OF FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA AND WEISSIA CONTROVERSA

Geographically isolated populations of Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. and Weissia controversa Hedw. were cultured under controlled axenic conditions in the laboratory to determine the developmental variability found between and within two species of widespread distribution. Funaria plants were found to grow more rapidly than those of Weissia; the latter could not be induced to complete the life cycle in culture, and generally had a less broad tolerance to environmental extremes than did Funaria. Optimum temperatures of 30 C for spore germination and 25 C for protonematal growth and gametophore formation were observed in all populations of Funaria. Gametangial formation required cooler temperatures in all populations; however, optimal temperature requirements and sporophytic growth characteristics were populationdependent. The temperature responses of the various stages of the life cycle correlate well with seasonal temperature fluctuations that might be expected in nature. The presence of ecological races in Funaria hygrometrica is demonstrated in the behavior of the reproductive stages of the life cycle. SINCE the early work of Turesson (1922a,b), there has been an increasing amount of documented evidence of the presence of geneti
Responses of milk fat composition to dietary fat or nonstructural carbohydrates in Holstein and Jersey cows.

Abstract Milk fat from Jersey cows contains less oleic acid ( cis -C 18:1 ) and more short- and medium-chain fatty acids than does milk fat from Holstein cows. The objective of this experiment was to determine responses in milk fat composition when Jersey and Holstein cows were fed diets either high (37% of dry matter) or low (27% of dry matter) in content of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) and supplemented with either 0 or 2.5% (of dry matter) of a mostly saturated fat source. Four Holstein cows and four Jersey cows were used in a Latin square design with 28-d periods; diets were in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Fat supplementation decreased contents of fatty acids synthesized de novo within the mammary gland and increased contents of C 18:0 and cis -C 18:1 . Low-NSC diets tended to increase C 16:0 and to decrease C 18:0 , cis -C 18:1 , and C 18:3 . Despite the differences in fatty acid composition between breeds, both breeds generally responded similarly to dietary treatments. An interaction of breed and fat indicated that the content of cis -C 18:1 in milk fat was increased more by supplemental fat in Holsteins than in Jerseys. Interactions of breed x fat and breed x carbohydrate type showed that the ratio of cis -C 18:1 to C 18:0 decreased when Jerseys were supplemented with fat but increased for Holsteins, and decreased when Jerseys were fed the low-NSC diet but increased when Holsteins were fed low NSC. The data are consistent with the hypothesis (Beaulieu and Palmquist, 1995, J. Dairy Sci. 78:1336–1344) that mammary activity of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase is lower in Jerseys than in Holsteins.
Soft X-ray shadowing by the Draco cloud

THE astronomical soft X-ray background has both extragalactic and, at lower energies, galactic components. Using the Roentgen Astronomy Satellite (ROSAT), we have detected shadowing of the X-ray background in the ¼ keV band (presumed to be of galactic origin) by the unusual interstellar cloud in Draco. The Draco cloud is at high galactic latitude and, at several hundred parsecs distance from the Sun, is well away from the galactic plane. It reduces the ¼ keV emission by 63% relative to the adjacent sky, implying that a substantial contribution to the X-ray background in this direction comes from hot gas beyond the cloud. This is the first direct evidence for a million-degree galactic halo of gas, but the significance of this observation for understanding the global diffuse X-ray background is unclear, as it contradicts earlier studies1–3 which failed to find shadowing by galactic gas. More observations of this sort, covering objects distributed throughout the galaxy, are needed to explore the morphology of the hot and cold gas in the nearby interstellar medium.
Discovery and initial validation of α 1-B glycoprotein fragmentation as a differential urinary biomarker in pediatric steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Purpose: In this cross-sectional pilot study we set out to discover a non-invasive biomarker that could distinguish steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) from steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). Experimental design: Urine and clinical data were collected from patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome and healthy controls. Using SELDI-TOF-MS, we identified an 11-fold upregulated 13.8 kDa fragment of α 1-B glycoprotein (A1BG) in urine in SRNS. To validate our findings, A1BG was detected by Western blot. Creatinine was measured and transformed to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by the new Schwartz formula and classified to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage. p-Values were determined by unpaired t-test and Mann–Whitney rank sum test. Microalbumin was also measured to determine albumin/creatinine ratios. Results: The 13.8 kDa A1BG was present in 7 of 19 patients with SRNS; but absent in all SSNS (n=15) and controls (n=10). The A1BG+ patients had lower GFR than A1BG− patients (p<0.009) and tended to have higher CKD stage. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The 13.8 kDa A1BG fragment had a high discriminatory power for steroid resistance in pediatric nephrotic syndrome, but is only present in a subset of patients. Additional longitudinal studies are required to determine the usefulness of this biomarker as a non-invasive predictive marker of therapeutic response.
Trephine epilepsy surgery: the inferior temporal gyrus approach.

OBJECTIVE: To describe our technique for temporal lobe epilepsy surgery using a minimal-acess approach. METHODS: Our epilepsy surgery registry was reviewed, and all patients with at least 2 years follow-up were queried. Clinical data included age, sex, side of lesion, presence of mesial temporal sclerosis, surgical complications, and Engel class outcome. Our operation was performed through a 6- to 8-cm linear vertical incision extending upward from just anterior to the tragus. An oval trephine (2 x 3 cm) craniotomy was performed flush with the middle fossa floor. Resection of part of the inferior temporal gyrus provided corridor to the mesial temporal lobe. Identification of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle was followed by resection of the parahippocampal gyrus, the amygdala, and the uncus. Segregation of the hippocampus and its subsequent resection in subpial fashion preserved perimesencepthalic vasculature. Use of a line suture for skin closure produced a cosmetic result. RESULTS: In our 8-year series of 201 patients with a minimum follow-up duration of 2 years, we have observed a low number (1.5%) of complications and a 78% rate of Engel Class I seizure-free outcome. Surgery times were short (average, 2-5 h; range, 2 h 20 min-4 h 10 min) and hospital stays brief (<3 d; range, 1-4 d). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the trephine craniotomy with the inferior temporal gyrus approach has the advantage of minimal invasiveness, including brief operative times and postoperative stays, and also effectively reduces or eradicates medically intractable seizures.
Class-monopoly rent, finance capital and the urban revolution

Harvey D. (1974) Class-monopoly rent, finance capital and the urban revolution, Reg. Studies 8, 239–255. This paper seeks to establish the significance of class-monopoly rent to the urbanization process. The concept of “class-monopoly rent” describes any situation in which the rate of return to a class of providers of an urban resource (such as housing) is set by the outcome of conflict with a class of consumers of that resource. The Baltimore case shows that such situations are structured by the policies of various financial institutions and that geographically distinct housing sub-markets—within which identifiable community groups live—are created as a result. Residential differentiation is thus necessary to the realization of class-monopoly rent, and class-monopoly rent provides the necessary incentive structure for the urbanization process to proceed. The process can become unbalanced because there are multiplier effects internal to it (speculation in the inner city can increase the demand for suburba...
Heavy metal distribution in Newark Bay sediments

Abstract Bottom sediments have been analysed from Newark Bay, New Jersey, for zinc, lead, cadmium, and mercury. The bottom sediment analyses show that the bay sediments are enriched over background levels up to 65 times for zinc, 128 times for lead, 180 times for cadmium, and 155 times for mercury. Analyses of the metal distribution and of available tidal hydraulic data indicate the metal concentrations are due to a combination of source and tidal hydraulics. Dye tracer experiments gathering Lagrangiantype data appear to yield the best result in the investigation of metal trasport phenomena.
Exchange and Quadrupole Broadening of Nuclear Acoustic Resonance Line Shapes in the III-V Semiconductors

Nuclear acoustic resonance (NAR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are used to study the line-widths, second moments, and line shapes of nuclear-spin systems of InAs, InSb, GaAs, GaSb, and AlSb. These cw measurements are made at frequencies of 8-10 MHz and at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K in single crystals with intrinsic or near intrinsic concentrations of impurities. Different NAR and NMR linewidths for the same nuclear-spin system are explained by the different interaction Hamiltonians for spin-phonon and spin-photon couplings to the nuclear-spin system. When the magnetic field is along $〈001〉$ directions, the resonance line shapes are broadened by dipole-dipole and isotropic nuclear-exchange interactions. When the magnetic field is rotated from $〈001〉$ directions, increased broadening of the resonance line shapes is explained by small anisotropic dipole-dipole and much larger anisotropic quadrupole interactions. The measured like-spin and unlike-spin exchange constants agree with an exchange-constant dependence on the inverse fourth power of the internuclear distance. Like-spin and unlike-spin exchange constants are determined at the nuclear positions in each compound and used with a theory for indirect nuclear-spin exchange to predict the $s$-character electronic wave-function density. The strongly anisotropic quadrupole broadening is explained by electric field gradients produced by the electric fields associated with ionized substitutional impurities. From the measured field gradients, antishielding constants at the In, Sb, Ga, and As nuclear positions are determined relative to each other.
Revisions to tolerances in cylinder axis and in progressive addition lens power in ANSI Z80.1-2005.

Abstract Background ANSI Z80.1 (American National Standards Institute) is a voluntary standard that provides tolerance guidelines for ophthalmic lens parameters. The recently approved ANSI Z80.1-2005 changes tolerances for cylinder axis for all ophthalmic lenses and for distance power for progressive addition lenses (PALs). Methods The ANSI Z80.1 committee analyzed the amount of unwanted residual cylinder created by rotating a cylinder axis away from its desired orientation for a range of cylinder powers. The limits of axis orientation error that keep the residual unwanted cylinder error within the tolerances for cylinder power were determined. For PALs, a tolerance for distance power error was sought that considers the currently followed standards for front surface power error and the tooling steps used for the rear surface. Results Tolerances for cylinder axis error were changed to ±14 degrees for 0.25 diopter (D) cylinders and to ±7 degrees for 0.50 D cylinders. Tolerance for error in back vertex power of PALs was changed to ±0.16 D for both sphere and cylinder. Conclusion Tolerances for cylinder axis for low cylinders have been made in ANSI Z80.1-2005 to be consistent with tolerances in cylinder power. Changes in tolerance for power errors in PALs have been made to recognize fabrication challenges.
Multifunctional Power-Generating and Energy-Storing Structural Composites for U.S. Army Applications

Many U.S. Army systems, such as ground vehicles and fully equipped soldiers, are comprised of multiple subcomponents which each typically perform unique functions. Combining these functions into single, multifunctional components could reduce mass and improve overall system efficiency. In particular, creating structural materials that also provide power generating or energy storing capacity could provide significant weight savings over a range of platforms. In this study, structural composite batteries, fuel cells, and capacitors are proposed. To ensure performance benefits, these multifunctional composites are designed so that the materials involved in power and energy processes are also load bearing, rather than simply packaged within monofunctional structural materials. Fabrication and design details for these multifunctional systems, as well as structural and power/energy performance results, are reported. Critical material properties and fabrication considerations are highlighted, and important technical challenges are identified.
FORMULATION OF GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR PROBLEMS IN THE SPATIAL REFERENCE FRAME

This paper presents a new formulation for geometrically non-linear problems and their numerical treatment by the p-version of the finite element method. The formulation is characterized by a weak form based on the spatial representation of the equilibrium equations, a deformed geometry mapped by the displacement field, a natural description for non-conservative loads that keeps the symmetry of the equations, and a direct (non-incremental) iterative algorithm to solve the equations. The paper is concerned only with problems for which the solution is unique, i.e. the load–displacement curves are single-valued, and the strains are small. Examples are presented. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture mechanics of protein materials

Proteins are the fundamental building blocks of a vast array of biological materials involved in critical functions of life, many of which are based on highly characteristic nanostructured arrangements of protein components that include collagen, alpha helices, or beta sheets. Bone, providing structure to our body, or spider silk, used for prey procurement, are examples of materials that have incredible elasticity, strength, and robustness unmatched by many synthetic materials. This is mainly attributed to their structural formation with molecular precision. We review recent advances in using large-scale atomistic and molecular modeling to elucidate the deformation and fracture mechanics of vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs), which are hierarchical self-assembled protein networks that provide structure and stability to eukaryotic cells. We compare the fracture and failure mechanisms of biological protein materials (BPMs) with those observed in brittle and ductile crystalline materials such as metals or ceramics. Our studies illustrate how atomistic-based multiscale modeling can be employed to provide a first principles based material description of deformation and fracture, linking nano- to macroscales.
Rethinking Kingship and Authority in South Asia: Amber (Rajasthan), ca. 1560-1615

The literature on South Asian kingship has typically explored the idioms in which kingship—a king’s assertion of his right to rule—was articulated, while assuming ready consent to such assertions of royal authority among a king’s subjects, vassals, peers, and overlords. This paper re-examines the nature and limits of South Asian kingship by investigating the modes in which Man Singh Kachhwaha, a prominent regional chief in the Mughal Empire, claimed royal status. I examine how target audiences—consisting of literati, peers, rivals, and the Mughal overlord—may have received an ambitious chief’s claims to kingly status in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. This essay reinterprets the abundant evidence from Man Singh’s reign to reveal the character of kingship in South Asia as much more circumscribed and contingent than has often been assumed, and as continually open to challenge and contestation.
Transmission of substituent effects in anilinetricarbonylchromium compounds

The acidities of several substituted phenoltricarbonylchromium compounds have been determined in 50% ethanol. A plot of pKa values versus Hammett substituent constants indicates that no distortion of substituent effects occurs upon complexation of an aromatic system to the tricarbonylchromium moiety.
Kinetics of Maize Leaf Elongation III. Silver Thiosulfate Increases the Yield Threshold of Salt-Stressed Plants, but Ethylene Is Not Involved

The involvement of ethylene in the short-term responses of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf elongation to salinity was investigated. Leaf elongation rates (LER) were monitored with linear variable differential transformers. Salinity (80 mm NaCl) rapidly inhibited LER. Pretreatment with 4 mm silver thiosulfate (STS), an inhibitor of ethylene action, decreased LER of salt-stressed plants, but not that of controls. Investigation of the growth parameters affected by the interaction of STS and salinity indicated that the yield threshold was increased and the cell wall extensibility was decreased. All other growth parameters controlling cell elongation were unaffected. Further investigation indicated that ethylene production may not be involved in this reponse because treatments with 10 mum aminoethoxyvinylglycine, an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, did not affect the growth of salt-stressed plants, and no increase in ethylene production was detected in salt-stressed plants compared with controls. No changes in sensitivity to ethylene were evident because LER of both control and salt-stressed plants were inhibited to the same extent with exposure to 1.2 ppm ethylene. The above evidence indicated that ethylene was not involved in the short-term LER responses of salt-stressed maize.
Clinical Supervisor and Counselor Perceptions of Clinical Supervision in Addiction Treatment

Little is empirically known about clinical supervision in addiction treatment. This study describes multiple domains of clinical supervision in addiction treatment from the perspectives of clinical supervisors and their counselors. Survey data were obtained from 484 matched clinical supervisor-counselor dyads working in diverse addiction treatment programs across the United States. Supervisors report wide-ranging experiences and training in supervision. Counselors generally perceive their supervisors' job performance as effective. Supervisors and their counselors largely differ in their perceptions of supervision practices, with supervisors reporting greater supervision given and their counselors reporting less supervision received. The implications are discussed.
Ethnicity and prenatal depression: women's experiences and perspectives on communicating about their emotions and feelings during pregnancy

The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between ethnicity, the presence of moderate to severe symptoms of depression, and communication about emotions and feelings during prenatal visits. The purpose was also to describe women's perceptions of the barriers to communicating with providers, family, and friends about their emotions or feelings and how to overcome these barriers. Seventy-three women were recruited and interviewed by a bilingual research assistant between June and September 2002 after a prenatal visit occurring between 12- and 32-week gestation. Nineteen percent of women screened as having moderate to severe symptoms of depression. Quality of social relationships had a significant negative relationship with whether women had moderate to severe symptoms of depression. Almost 29% of women reported discussing their emotions or feelings with their providers and this did not differ significantly by ethnicity. Women who discussed their emotions or feelings with their providers did have significantly higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) than those who did not. Thirty-four percent of women stated that there were barriers to expectant or new mothers communicating with their providers. Women who felt that there were barriers to expectant or new mothers discussing their emotions with their providers did have significantly higher BDI-II scores than those women who did not. Thirty-seven percent of women believed that there were barriers to expectant or new mothers communicating with their family about their emotions. Women felt that providers and families could try to develop trust with them and try to make them feel more comfortable discussing their feelings.
Symmetric quivers, invariant theory, and saturation theorems for the classical groups

Abstract Let G denote either a special orthogonal group or a symplectic group defined over the complex numbers. We prove the following saturation result for G: given dominant weights λ 1 , … , λ r such that the tensor product V N λ 1 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ V N λ r contains nonzero G-invariants for some N ⩾ 1 , we show that the tensor product V 2 λ 1 ⊗ ⋯ ⊗ V 2 λ r also contains nonzero G-invariants. This extends results of Kapovich–Millson and Belkale–Kumar and complements similar results for the general linear group due to Knutson–Tao and Derksen–Weyman. Our techniques involve the invariant theory of quivers equipped with an involution and the generic representation theory of certain quivers with relations.