cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Context Dependent Pitch Perception in Consonant and Dissonant Harmonic Intervals

Two experiments examined whether discrimination of component pitches in a harmonic interval is affected by the consonance or dissonance of the interval. A single probe pitch (B or C) was followed by a two note harmonic interval including that pitch (e.g., C then C-F# or C-G) or not including it (e.g., C then B-F# or B-G). On each trial, subjects indicated by key press whether the probe note was repeated in the following interval. The target note in the interval either matched the probe or differed by one semitone (B or C). The other note produced a consonant (e.g., perfect fifth) or dissonant (e.g., tritone) context for the target. Pitch discrimination was faster and more accurate in consonant intervals than dissonant, when the context note was higher than the target (Experiment 1), but there was no effect of consonance when the target was higher (Experiment 2). We conclude that the perception of the lower but not the upper pitch in a two note harmonic interval is affected by the interval’s consonance or dissonance. We discuss the results in terms of the theoretical framework of processing fluency and aesthetics proposed by Winkielman, Schwarz, Fazendeiro, and Reber (2003).
MRI assessment of temporomandibular disc position among various mandibular positions: a pilot study

Purpose: The aim of this pilot study was to assess temporomandibular joint disc movement relative to the condyle among centric relation (CR), physiologic rest position (PRP), and maximal intercuspation position (MIP) in healthy patients without signs or symptoms of any temporomandibular disorder. The hypothesis was that as the condyle rotated clockwise or translated anteriorly, the disc would also move in an anterior direction. Material and methods: Magnetic resonance images were obtained on 20 volunteers in CR, physiologic rest, and MIP. Three investigators measured the location of the disc among the different mandibular positions. Results: Disc location differences between CR and PRP exhibited the widest range of measurement. The largest amount of disc protrusion relative to the condyle was found between CR and PRP on the right side. The largest amount of disc retrusion relative to the condyle was found between CR and MIP on the right side. The hypothesis was not supported by the results. Conclusions: A...
Inheritance, Stability, and Lack-of-Fitness Costs of Field-Selected Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in Diamondback Moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) from Florida

A colony of Plutella xylostella (L.), established from crucifer fields in Florida, was used to investigate resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. kurstaki . From an initial level of >1,500-fold, resistance fell within 3 generations in the absence of selection to ≈300-fold compared with susceptible larvae. Unlike previous cases of resistance to B. thuringiensis in P. xylostella , resistance in our Florida colony was stable at ≈300-fold without additional selection in the laboratory. High levels of resistance (>1,000-fold) recurred after a single exposure to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in the 4th generation. High levels of resistance did not recur after a 2nd selection in the 8th generation. Cage studies and genetic analysis of F1 larvae and backcross progeny. where the resistant parents were characterized by stable levels of resistance, showed that resistance was an incompletely recessive, autosomal trait probably controlled by a single allele that did not confer detectable levels of reduced fitness in the absence of exposure to B. thuringiensis . As one of the few shldies to demonstrate stable resistance to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki from insects that were collected from the field and not subject to further selection in the laboratory, our results clearly emphasize the need to develop specific resistance management strategies for B. thuringiensis before there is widespread evolution of resistance.
The Atlantic War Remembered: An Oral History Collection. By John T. Mason, Jr., Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990. 480 pp. Hardbound, $29.95.

(1992). The Atlantic War Remembered: An Oral History Collection. By John T. Mason, Jr., Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990. 480 pp. Hardbound, $29.95. The Oral History Review: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 148-149.
Flip-chip blue LEDs grown on (20\bar{2}1) bulk GaN substrates utilizing photoelectrochemical etching for substrate removal

We demonstrate a 440 nm emitting flip-chip GaN LED utilizing photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching for substrate removal. The device was flip-chip-bonded to a thermally conductive silicon carbide substrate, which allowed for CW operation at current densities up to 200 A/cm2 with minimal thermal droop. The PEC etch provided a damage-free method of removing substrates and could allow for substrate reuse. The epitaxially defined etch also exposed a highly doped n-contact layer, which contributed to the low operating voltage of 3.74 V at 400 A/cm2 and a peak wall plug efficiency (WPE) of 7%.
A Familiar(ity) Problem: Assessing the Impact of Prerequisites and Content Familiarity on Student Learning

Prerequisites are embedded in most STEM curricula. However, the assumption that the content presented in these courses will improve learning in later courses has not been verified. Because a direct comparison of performance between students with and without required prerequisites is logistically difficult to arrange in a randomized fashion, we developed a novel familiarity scale, and used this to determine whether concepts introduced in a prerequisite course improved student learning in a later course (in two biology disciplines). Exam questions in the latter courses were classified into three categories, based on the degree to which the tested concept had been taught in the prerequisite course. If content familiarity mattered, it would be expected that exam scores on topics covered in the prerequisite would be higher than scores on novel topics. We found this to be partially true for “Very Familiar” questions (concepts covered in depth in the prerequisite). However, scores for concepts only briefly discussed in the prerequisite (“Familiar”) were indistinguishable from performance on topics that were “Not Familiar” (concepts only taught in the later course). These results imply that merely “covering” topics in a prerequisite course does not result in improved future performance, and that some topics may be able to removed from a course thereby freeing up class time. Our results may therefore support the implementation of student-centered teaching methods such as active learning, as the time-intensive nature of active learning has been cited as a barrier to its adoption. In addition, we propose that our familiarity system could be broadly utilized to aid in the assessment of the effectiveness of prerequisites.
P026 Using cancer registry data and job exposure matrices for occupational cancer surveillance

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US, accounting for 1 out of 4 deaths, and cancer incidence is over two-fold higher compared to cancer mortality. Occupational exposures are an important cancer risk factor, exceeded only by tobacco consumption, and infectious disease. However, it is estimated that only less than 2% of chemicals in commerce have been tested for carcinogenicity. In addition, many workers are exposed to multiple carcinogens at low levels, and the effect of exposure to these mixtures is unknown. Therefore, despite progress in understanding cancer aetiology, much is still unknown about the role played by work and workplace exposures. Without a better understanding of the occupational role in cancer aetiology, targeting public health interventions is fraught with difficulty. In October 2015 NIOSH began developing a multistate population-based occupational cancer surveillance system utilising cancer registry data from six states (California, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Texas), and creating job exposure matrices (JEMs) for use with the cancer registry data. The occupational cancer surveillance system will be used to identify occupational cancer risks, and to explore dose-response relationships using JEMs. It builds upon the successes of a NIOSH pilot initiative begun in 2007 with the California Cancer Registry. By the end of the project in 2019, it is estimated that 3.8 million cancer cases from the six participating states will be available for analysis. For each of these cases, NIOSH will have information on their longest held job (i.e. industry and occupation titles and corresponding codes, and JEM scores for at least four exposures). This presentation will provide the latest findings from the NIOSH occupational cancer surveillance project.
Ubiquitin-Proteolytic Control of HOX Homeodomain Proteins.

Abstract The HOX homeodomain proteins are key regulators of hematopoiesis. HOX genes are expressed in primitive hematopoietic cells, and their prompt downregulation is associated with hematopoietic differentiation and maturation. Although transcriptional inactivation of HOX genes during hematopoietic differentiation has been established, little is known about the biochemical mechanisms underlying the subsequent removal of HOX proteins. We have previously shown that the CUL-4A ubiquitin ligase controls the stability of HOXA9 by promoting its ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. Interfering with CUL-4A biosynthesis results in altered HOXA9 protein levels, which is mirrored by the impairment of myeloid progenitor cells to undergo proper terminal differentiation into granulocytes. Here we show that additional HOX proteins are also subjected to CUL-4A-mediated ubiquitination and destruction. Consistently, the HOX homeodomain, which is highly conserved among all HOX proteins, is responsible for controlling their stability. Silencing of CUL-4A by RNA-mediated interference in human umbilical cord blood CD34+ cells significantly perturbs their self-renewal, expansion, and differentiation properties. These results reveal a novel regulatory mechanism of hematopoiesis by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis. Recent studies on the biochemical mechanisms underlying HOX ubiquitination and by which leukemogenic HOX fusions evade CUL-4A-dependent degradation will be presented.
The on-site testing technology of PV power station power generation performance evaluation

In view of the rapidly development of PV power generation at present in our country, the power grid security and stability factors are more considered by the research institutions and Power Grid Corporations which are brought by large-scale grid-connected PV power generation, while the economical and failure efficiency are ignored which caused by the PV power station power generation performance. In this paper an on-site testing technology of the project construction quality for PV power generation is proposed. Moreover, the generality and high efficiency of this testing technology are verified based on the detection for a PV power station.
Emergent Dialysis and its Impact on Quality of Life in Undocumented Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease.

Objective: This study aimed to define the ethnographic composition and assess the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of a large population of undocumented patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) seeking emergent dialysis in the emergency depart­ment (ED) of a large public hospital in the United States. Design: All ESRD patients presenting to the hospital’s main ED were identified during a 4-week consecutive enrollment period. Consenting patients completed two surveys—an ethnographic questionnaire and the validated kidney disease quality of life-36 (KDQOL-36) instrument. Setting: The study was conducted at a large county hospital in Dallas, Texas. In 2013, the hospital recorded >50,000 ED visits and administered approximately 6,000 dialysis treatments to ED patients. Participants: 88 of 101 unfunded patients presenting to the ED during the study period consented to participate, resulting in an 87.1% response rate. 65 of these patients were undocumented immigrants. Main Outcome Measures: Quantitative scores for the 5 subscales of the KDQOL-36 were calculated for the study population. Results: Measures of physical and mental health in our study population were lower than those published for scheduled dialysis patients. 79.5% of our patients lost employ­ment due to their dialysis requirements. At least 71.4% of the study patients were unaware that they required dialysis before immigrating to the United States. Conclusions: Quality of life scores were found to be low among our population of undocumented emergent dialysis patients. Our data also provide some evidence that availability of dialysis at no cost is not a primary driver of illegal immigration of ESRD patients to the United States. Ethn Dis. 2017;27(1):39-44; doi:10.18865/ed.27.1.39.
Teaching argumentative writing to teachers and students: effects of professional development

This multiple-case study design with embedded units of analysis examined a two-year professional development (PD) program in which two rural districts received at least 90 hours of PD. This PD was ...
A Community Counseling Center Model for Multicultural and Social Justice Counselor Education

The Community Counseling, Education, and Research Center (CCERC) model addresses a critical public health need for accessible, affordable, high-quality mental health services focused on wellness. W...
Exploring the role of CSR fit and the length of CSR involvement in routine business and corporate crises settings

Abstract This 2 × 2 experimental study examines the influence of CSR fit and the length of CSR involvement on corporate reputation and CSR skepticism in a routine business setting and crisis responsibility in a victim crisis. The study demonstrates a significant interaction between the two variables on the construction of corporate reputation. The length of CSR involvement is also found to influence people’s attribution of crisis responsibility in a crisis. By comparing corporate reputation and CSR skepticism before and after a crisis, the study further articulates the destructive power of crises. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Geographic disparities in donor lung supply and lung transplant waitlist outcomes: A cohort study.

Despite the Final Rule mandate for equitable organ allocation in the United States, geographic disparities exist in donor lung allocation, with the majority of donor lungs being allocated locally to lower-priority candidates. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 19 622 lung transplant candidates waitlisted between 2006 and 2015. We used multivariable adjusted competing risk survival models to examine the relationship between local lung availability and waitlist outcomes. The primary outcome was a composite of death and removal from the waitlist for clinical deterioration. Waitlist candidates in the lowest quartile of local lung availability had an 84% increased risk of death or removal compared with candidates in the highest (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR]: 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51-2.24, P < .001). The transplantation rate was 57% lower in the lowest quartile compared with the highest (SHR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.39-0.47). The adjusted death or removal rate decreased by 11% with a 50% increase in local lung availability (SHR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.93, P < .001) and the adjusted transplantation rate increased by 19% (SHR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.17-1.22, P < .001). There are geographically disparate waitlist outcomes in the current lung allocation system. Candidates listed in areas of low local lung availability have worse waitlist outcomes.
Williams and Morrone misunderstand and inadvertently support my argument: Mexico’s SNI systematically steers ecological research

My recent publication highlighting the unintended steering influences of publication incentives on the research agenda of Mexican ecological scientists elicited a vehement critique from two renowned Mexican ecologists, Williams and Morrone. The argument I advance is that Mexico’s National System of Researchers (SNI) unintentionally steers ecological researchers away from the knowledge needs of local, national, and regional users of scientific knowledge and relinquishes research priority-setting to individuals and institutions disconnected from Mexico’s knowledge needs. Rather than engaging with the substance of argument, these critics focus on what they believe to be factual errors. In their response, Williams and Morrone effectively but unintentionally confirm the premise, mechanism, and indeed the key factual claims in my article. I stand behind my analysis as published.
Mitral Apparatus Assessment by Delayed Enhancement CMR: Relative Impact of Infarct Distribution on Mitral Regurgitation

Objectives This study sought to assess patterns and functional consequences of mitral apparatus infarction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Background The mitral apparatus contains 2 myocardial components: papillary muscles and the adjacent left ventricular (LV) wall. Delayed-enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance (DE-CMR) enables in vivo study of inter-relationships and potential contributions of LV wall and papillary muscle infarction (PMI) to mitral regurgitation (MR). Methods Multimodality imaging was performed: CMR was used to assess mitral geometry and infarct pattern, including 3D DE-CMR for PMI. Echocardiography was used to measure MR. Imaging occurred 27 ± 8 days after AMI (CMR, echocardiography within 1 day). Results A total of 153 patients with first AMI were studied; PMI was present in 30% (n = 46 [72% posteromedial, 39% anterolateral]). When stratified by angiographic culprit vessel, PMI occurred in 65% of patients with left circumflex, 48% with right coronary, and only 14% of patients with left anterior descending infarctions (p Conclusions Papillary muscle infarction is common after AMI, affecting nearly one-third of patients. Extent of PMI parallels adjacent LV wall injury, with lateral infarction—rather than PMI—associated with increased severity of post-AMI MR.
Teaching Methods in Anatomy Courses in North American Medical Schools: The Role of Radiology

Rationale and Objectives We sought to determine the current and anticipated future status of anatomy education in medical schools in North America, with particular emphasis on the role of radiologists and imaging in the curriculum. Materials and Methods A Web-based survey was sent to all schools identified using the AAMC Web site to find e-mail addresses for deans and course directors. Results Responses were obtained from approximately 50% of schools. Most courses are taught over a semester, and most are directed by anatomists. Only one is directed by a radiologist. Dissection is still the major teaching method, with radiologic anatomy averaging about 5% of total teaching time. Most directors anticipate a decrease in teaching time over the next 5 years and an increase in use of digital methods and teaching of radiologic anatomy. Conclusion The role of radiologists will probably increase in future teaching of anatomy.
Context and agency in educational leadership: framework for study

This essay argues for the utility of a sociohistorical theoretical perspective on culture and agency in the analysis of context-specific educational leadership. First, we review literature that add...
One-dimensional solute transport in open channel flow from a stochastic systematic perspective

Solute transport by river and stream flows in natural environment has significant implication on water quality and the transport process is full of uncertainties. In this study, a stochastic one-dimensional solute transport model under uncertain open-channel flow conditions is developed. The proposed solute transport model is developed by upscaling the stochastic partial differential equations through their one-to-one correspondence to the nonlocal Lagrangian–Eulerian Fokker–Planck equations. The resulting Fokker–Planck equation is a linear and deterministic differential equation, and this equation can provide a comprehensive probabilistic description of the spatiotemporal evolutionary probability distribution of the underlying solute transport process by one single numerical realization, rather than requiring thousands of simulations in the Monte Carlo simulation. Consequently, the ensemble behavior of the solute transport process can also be obtained based on the probability distribution. To illustrate the capabilities of the proposed stochastic solute transport model, various steady and unsteady uncertain flow conditions are applied. The Monte Carlo simulation with stochastic Saint–Venant flow and solute transport model is used to provide the stochastic flow field for the solute transport process, and further to validate the numerical solute transport results provided by the derived Fokker–Planck equations. The comparison of the numerical results by the Monte Carlo simulation and the Fokker–Planck equation approach indicated that the proposed model can adequately characterize the ensemble behavior of the solute transport process under uncertain flow conditions via the evolutionary probability distribution in space and time of the transport process.
Task-invariance and reliability of anticipatory postural adjustments in healthy young adults.

Abstract Background Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) occur in the trunk during tasks such as rapid limb movement and are impaired in individuals with musculoskeletal and neurological dysfunction. To understand APA impairment, it is important to first determine if APAs can be measured reliably and which characteristics of APAs are task-invariant. Research question What is the test-retest reliability of latency, amplitude and muscle activation patterns (synergies) of trunk APAs during arm-raise and leg-raise tasks, and to what extent are these APA characteristics invariant across tasks at the individual and group levels? Methods 15 young adults (mean age: 23.7 (±3.2) years) performed six trials of a rapid arm raise task in standing and a leg raise task in supine on two occasions. Latency, amplitude and coactivation of APAs in the erector spinae and external/internal oblique musculature were measured, and APA synergies were identified with principle components analysis. Test-retest reliability across the two sessions was calculated with intraclass correlation coefficients. Task-invariance was assessed at the individual level with correlation and at the group level with tests of equivalence. Results Most variables demonstrated acceptable test-retest reliability. Synergies and many features of APA activation varied across tasks, although at the individual level, motor performance time and amplitude of lumbar erector spinae activation were significantly correlated across tasks. Average pre-motor reaction time, external oblique latency, contralateral oblique amplitude and internal oblique coactivation were equivalent across tasks. Significance Characteristics of trunk muscle APAs quantified during a single task may not be representative of an anticipatory postural control strategy that generalizes across tasks. Therefore, APAs must be assessed during multiple tasks with varying biomechanical demands to adequately investigate mechanisms contributing to movement dysfunction. The reliability analysis in this study facilitates interpretation of group differences or changes in APA behavior in response to intervention for the selected tasks.
Police Procedural Justice, Lawyer Procedural Justice, Judge Procedural Justice, and Satisfaction With the Criminal Justice System: Findings From a Neglected Region of the World:

Although the impact of procedural justice on citizens’ satisfaction with the police and other branches of the criminal justice system has been tested in several geopolitical contexts, this is the f...
Abstract TP108: Dendritic Cells Mediate the Detrimental Effects of Age-related Gut Dysbiosis After Stroke

Aging is a non-modifiable risk factor for stroke. Aging is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis (a pathological imbalance of microbial organisms in the gut). Age-related ...
Hearing Preservation in Patients Who Undergo Labyrinthectomy and Translabyrinthine Procedures: A Case Report and Systematic Review

Importance Preservation of endolymphatic fluids, maintenance of a fluid-filled vestibule, and preservation of the cochlear nerve and its vasculature are believed to be necessary to retaining hearing after an inner-ear operation. However, some studies have reported no hearing loss despite the violation of the vestibule, questioning the importance of maintaining a fluid-filled vestibule in preserving hearing. Objective To report on the preservation of hearing after a complete labyrinthectomy for Meniere disease and after disruption of the vestibule. Evidence Review This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. A search of PubMed, Scopus, Ovid, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted to identify English-language articles on hearing preservation after labyrinthectomy, published from 1947 through December 11, 2019. The search strategy used a combination of boolean operators and included the following Medical Subject Heading terms and keywords: hearing preservation, labyrinth surgery, labyrinthectomy, vestibule violation, vestibule disruption, translabyrinthine approach, schwannoma removal, and semicircular canal ablation. Studies that included disruption of the vestibule and hearing preservation were included. Findings This systematic review identified 10 studies with 10 patients who underwent surgical removal of cholesteatoma or vestibular schwannoma and displayed postoperative hearing preservation. This study also reported on 1 patient with Meniere disease who retained hearing after undergoing a complete labyrinthectomy. Among these 11 patients, the mean (range) age was 45.1 (27-55) years, and 8 patients (73%) were women. Multiple theories exist that explain the mechanism behind hearing preservation, such as sealing of the ductus reuniens or closure of the remaining vestibule. Conclusions and Relevance This systematic review describes a set of patients who did not experience hearing loss after a labyrinthectomy or surgical violation of the vestibule, which seems to contradict prevailing principles for retaining hearing after inner-ear surgical procedures. This finding suggests that hearing preservation is possible after labyrinthine destruction despite the absence of a fluid-filled vestibule and that other mechanisms, such as occlusion of the ductus reuniens with granulation tissue or bone dust, may be sufficient to achieve that outcome.
Revisiting the R&D Investment–Performance Relationship: The Moderating Effects of Factor Market Characteristics

Abstract R&D activities produce knowledge, new products and processes, and augment firms’ capacities to adapt. Yet investing in R&D does not always lead to higher profits, because the value it creates is difficult to appropriate. We theorize three characteristics of industry’s tangible input factor markets raise appropriability and the returns to R&D. Using a panel dataset of 1303 business units, across 168 manufacturing industries, we find that R&D investment makes a greater contribution to profits when factor markets are diverse (provide many different, equally valued inputs), complementary (offer compositionally similar inputs), and specialized (supply inputs not used extensively in other industries).
Unfamiliar Waters: Expectations Versus Reality for a Newly Minted Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation Grant Research Partner in the City of St. Louis

The City of St. Louis, Missouri, received a Byrne Criminal Justice Innovation Planning and Implementation Grant in 2015 to support place-based and person-focused strategies intended to enhance safety in two neighborhoods, Carr Square and Columbus Square. This chapter focuses on our work as the research partner in this grant. We begin by providing an overview of the site and grant activities, describing its progression from planning through implementation. We then outline our understanding of the role of research partner and how this evolved over the duration of the grant. As part of this discussion, the ways in which the reality of our work sometimes diverged from expectations are highlighted. Next, we describe some of the challenges we faced while serving in an unfamiliar, nontraditional research role and working in a deindustrialized city struggling to transform itself. While lengthy bureaucratic processes, issues with resident engagement, and problems sustaining a relationship with the police made implementation difficult, our position as researchers, external to city government, positioned us to assist our partners with addressing some of these issues. At the same time, the assistance of our partners was critical for carrying out our activities. It is our hope that the ideas presented here can help future research partners navigate, what may be for them, unfamiliar waters.
Insights Into the Biophysical Forces Between Proteins Involved in Elastic Fiber Assembly

Elastogenesis is a complex process beginning with transcription, translation, and extracellular release of precursor proteins leading to crosslinking, deposition, and assembly of ubiquitous elastic fibers. While the biochemical pathways by which elastic fibers are assembled are known, the biophysical forces mediating the interactions between the constituent proteins are unknown. Using atomic force microscopy, we quantified the adhesive forces among the elastic fiber components, primarily between tropoelastin, elastin binding protein (EBP), fibrillin-1, fibulin-5, and lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2). The adhesive forces between tropoelastin and other tissue-derived proteins such as insoluble elastin, laminin, and type I collagens were also assessed. The adhesive forces between tropoelastin and laminin were strong (1767 ± 126 pN; p < 10−5vs. all others), followed by forces (≥200 pN) between tropoelastin and human collagen, mature elastin, or tropoelastin. The adhesive forces between tropoelastin and rat collagen, EBP, fibrillin-1, fibulin-5, and LOXL2 coated on fibrillin-1 were in the range of 100–200 pN. The forces between tropoelastin and LOXL2, LOXL2 and fibrillin-1, LOXL2 and fibulin-5, and fibrillin-1 and fibulin-5 were less than 100 pN. Introducing LOXL2 decreased the adhesive forces between the tropoelastin monomers by ∼100 pN. The retraction phase of force–deflection curves was fitted to the worm-like chain model to calculate the rigidity and flexibility of these proteins as they unfolded. The results provided insights into how each constituent's stretching under deformation contributes to structural and mechanical characteristics of these fibers and to elastic fiber assembly.
Reforms in Science Education: A Response to Changing Societal Contexts

Reforms in science teaching and learning in the United States (U.S.) have often emerged in response to major socio-political occurrences. The launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in the 1950s was viewed as a challenge to the scientific and technological prowess and signaled the beginning of a new age in geopolitics. The launch prompted a number of national responses and also raised the concerns of scientists spurring their input into science education. Science education in the immediate post-Sputnik era, saw an emphasis on the learning of science process skills and signaled the goal of developing a scientifically literate society. Later, the National Science Education Standards calling for a commitment of equitable learning experiences for all learners as a moral imperative were introduced. Even today, the standards are embraced as an important document in setting the ideals for teaching and learning science. However, the lingering challenges from each past century have remained and today have ushered in another wave of reforms in science education. This newest reform efforts were initiated by the document, A Framework for K-12 Science Education which was commissioned in direct response to the decline in science education and the lack of fundamental knowledge among the workforce.
Behavioral simulation for noise in mixed-mode samples-data systems

A direct noise analysis approach for mixed-mode systems is presented with experimental results compared with results from the traditional Monte Carlo approach. The direct approach computes noise effects by performing arithmetic on moments of distribution functions that characterize electronic noise. One key advantage of this approach is its ability to compute low error probabilities. From experimental results, it is shown that very low order moments, such as second order, are sufficient for a good estimate of noise effects. >
A novel viral strategy for host factor recruitment: The co-opted proteasomal Rpn11 protein interaction hub in cooperation with subverted actin filaments are targeted to deliver cytosolic host factors for viral replication.

Positive-strand (+)RNA viruses take advantage of the host cells by subverting a long list of host protein factors and transport vesicles and cellular organelles to build membranous viral replication organelles (VROs) that support robust RNA replication. How RNA viruses accomplish major recruitment tasks of a large number of cellular proteins are intensively studied. In case of tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a single viral replication protein, named p33, carries out most of the recruitment duties. Yet, it is currently unknown how the viral p33 replication protein, which is membrane associated, is capable of the rapid and efficient recruitment of numerous cytosolic host proteins to facilitate the formation of large VROs. In this paper, we show that, TBSV p33 molecules do not recruit each cytosolic host factor one-by-one into VROs, but p33 targets a cytosolic protein interaction hub, namely Rpn11, which interacts with numerous other cytosolic proteins. The highly conserved Rpn11, called POH1 in humans, is the metalloprotease subunit of the proteasome, which couples deubiquitination and degradation of proteasome substrates. However, TBSV takes advantage of a noncanonical function of Rpn11 by exploiting Rpn11’s interaction with highly abundant cytosolic proteins and the actin network. We provide supporting evidence that the co-opted Rpn11 in coordination with the subverted actin network is used for delivering cytosolic proteins, such as glycolytic and fermentation enzymes, which are readily subverted into VROs to produce ATP locally in support of VRO formation, viral replicase complex assembly and viral RNA replication. Using several approaches, including knockdown of Rpn11 level, sequestering Rpn11 from the cytosol into the nucleus in plants or temperature-sensitive mutation in Rpn11 in yeast, we show the inhibition of recruitment of glycolytic and fermentation enzymes into VROs. The Rpn11-assisted recruitment of the cytosolic enzymes by p33, however, also requires the combined and coordinated role of the subverted actin network. Accordingly, stabilization of the actin filaments by expression of the Legionella VipA effector in yeast and plant, or via a mutation of ACT1 in yeast resulted in more efficient and rapid recruitment of Rpn11 and the selected glycolytic and fermentation enzymes into VROs. On the contrary, destruction of the actin filaments via expression of the Legionella RavK effector led to poor recruitment of Rpn11 and glycolytic and fermentation enzymes. Finally, we confirmed the key roles of Rpn11 and the actin filaments in situ ATP production within TBSV VROs via using a FRET-based ATP-biosensor. The novel emerging theme is that TBSV targets Rpn11 cytosolic protein interaction hub driven by the p33 replication protein and aided by the subverted actin filaments to deliver several co-opted cytosolic pro-viral factors for robust replication within VROs.
Surgical Technique for Superior Capsule Reconstruction With 6-mm Acellular Dermal Allograft and Knotless Glenoid Anchors

Abstract Superior capsule reconstruction (SCR) creates a humeral head depressor in the setting of a massive, irreparable rotator cuff tear. Recently, a 6-mm-thick acellular dermal allograft (ACD) has been shown to be noninferior to the standard fascia lata autograft in recreating native shoulder biomechanics. This paper outlines a reproducible means by which to perform an arthroscopic SCR using a 6-mm ACD. A standard diagnostic arthroscopy first assesses the integrity of the subscapularis and infraspinatus tendons. The glenoid anchors are then placed. Accessory anterior and posterolateral portals are made as well as a lateral portal by which to shuttle the graft. Suture management is paramount. Ideally allograft preparation occurs on the back table simultaneously to maintain efficiency. Suture passage through premade holes in the graft, and when the sutures have passed through and been tensioned, the graft is shuttled into place and tied down with medial and lateral row anchors in SpeedBridge fashion. The thickness of ACD has been shown to influence the ability of the reconstructed superior capsule to perform its role as a humeral head depressor. This technique describes the use of a 6-mm-thick ACD to perform an arthroscopic SCR that minimizes both donor-site morbidity and operative time.
H 2 Controller Reduction by Structured Truncation

In this paper, a controller reduction approach based on the closed-loop controllability and observability gramians is proposed. The motivation is to preserve the input/output relationship of the closed-loop system while the order of the controller is reduced. A structured transformation on the gramians employed to achieve this objective.
Two-Sided Matching and Spread Determinants in the Loan Market

Empirical work on bank loans typically regresses loan spreads (markups of loan interest rates over a benchmark rate) on observed characteristics of banks, firms, and loans. The estimation is problematic when some of these characteristics are only partially observed and the matching of banks and firms is endogenously determined because they prefer partners that have higher quality. We study the U.S. bank loan market with a two-sided matching model to control for the endogenous matching, and obtain Bayesian inference using a Gibbs sampling algorithm with data augmentation. We find evidence of positive assortative matching of sizes, explained by similar relationships between quality and size on both sides of the market. Banks' risk and firms' risk are important factors in their quality. Controlling for the endogenous matching has a strong impact on estimated coefficients in the loan spread equation.
Chapter 8 Plant genotype, silicon concentration, and silicon-related responses

The silicon (Si) concentration in plants can affect their health and productivity. Several experiments evaluated the variability of Si concentration in an array of rice ( Oryza sativa ) and sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ) genotypes grown under Si-limiting conditions. In all tests, significant variation for Si concentration among genotypes was identified, and ranking of genotypes over environments was fairly stable. Indica rices appeared to be less efficient at acquiring Si than japonicas . There were significant negative correlations between Si concentration and plant disease development. Silicon did not increase leaf photosynthesis but did increase sexual fertility and grain set.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLI) in Real-Time - a New Technique in Photosynthesis Research

We describe an instrument that allows the rapid measurement of fluorescence lifetime-resolved images of leaves as well as sub-cellular structures of intact plants or single cells of algae. Lifetime and intensity fluorescence images can be acquired and displayed in real time (up to 55 lifetime-resolved images per s). Our imaging technique therefore allows rapid measurements that are necessary to determine the fluorescence lifetimes at the maximum (P level) fluorescence following initial illumination during the chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence transient (induction) in photosynthetic organisms. We demonstrate the application of this new instrument and methodology to measurements of: (1) Arabidopsis thaliana leaves showing the effect of dehydration on the fluorescence lifetime images; (2) Zea mays leaves showing differences in the fluorescence lifetimes due to differences in the bundle sheath cells (having a higher amount of low yield photosystem 1) and the mesophyll cells (having a higher amount of high yield photosystem 2); and (3) single cells of wild type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and its non-photochemical quenching mutant NPQ2 (where the conversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is blocked), with NPQ2 showing lowered lifetime of Chl a fluorescence. In addition to the lifetime differences referred to in (1) and (2), structural dependent heterogeneities in the fluorescence lifetimes were generally observed when imaging mesophyll cells in leaves.
Cholesterol content of trout plasma membranes varies with acclimation temperature

Involvement of cholesterol in thermally induced restructuring of biological membranes was investigated in several tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Cholesterol-rich plasma membranes (...
Long-term tillage, rotation and perennialization effects on particulate and aggregate soil organic matter

Abstract Perennialization and reducing tillage have increased soil organic matter (SOM) in both aggregate and particulate organic matter (POM) in short-term and small scale experiments, but there is a need for investigations into the long-term effects of agroecosystems on these dynamic pools of SOM. The objectives of this study were to investigate how management varying in crop rotation, tillage intensity and organic management from 1990 to 2013 has affected POM and aggregate C and N, and assess the relationship between these SOM fractions and biomass C inputs. We hypothesized that tillage, low biomass inputs, and annual crops in rotation would be associated with decreased POM and aggregate C and N. Soil from six systems from the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial (WICST) on a Phaeozem, or Mollisol, was sampled in 2013: Continuous Maize ( Zea mays L.), Maize–Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.], Organic Grain (including maize, soybean, and wheat [ Triticum aestivum L.] sequentially seeded with oats [ Avena sativa L.] and berseem clover [ Trifolium alexandrinum L.]), Conventional Forage (three years alfalfa [ Medicago sativa L.] followed by maize), Organic Forage (two years’ alfalfa with oats nurse crop followed by maize), and Pasture (rotationally grazed, seeded to a mixture of red clover [ Trifolium pratense L.], timothy [ Phleum pretense L.], smooth bromegrass [ Bromu sinermis L.] and orchardgrass [ Dactylis glomerata L.]). Among all systems at 0–25 cm depth, we found significantly greater concentrations of POM-C in the Pasture (4.4 g C kg −1 soil) and POM-N in Pasture (0.30 g N kg −1 soil) and Organic Forage (0.25 g N kg −1 soil). The Organic Grain system had lower concentrations of macroaggregates and lower stocks of C and N within macroaggregates. Across all systems, belowground biomass C input was significantly positively correlated with POM-C, POM-N, and aggregate C and N. The data supported our hypothesis in part, as results indicate that frequent cultivation in the form of tine weeding and rotary hoeing for weed control in Organic Grain rotation is likely disrupting formation of aggregates and storage of C and N therein. However, in systems that were chisel plowed every one to three years, high biomass C inputs maintain POM-C and POM-N and soil aggregation equivalent to the fully perennial system.
Regional patterns and local variability of dry and occult deposition strongly influence sulfate concentrations in Maine lakes

Abstract There is great uncertainty and large cost in making dry deposition measurements. We present evidence based on wet deposition, evapotranspiration, sulfur storage in lake sediments, and sulfate concentrations in lakes and streams in Maine that the dry deposition flux of sulfur to drainage basins of lakes in Maine ranges from nearly 0% to more than 100% of wet deposition, even in small areas. The regional pattern of sulfate concentrations in Maine lakes is due to gradients in both wet and dry deposition and variation in evapotranspiration. Patterns are modified locally by lake hydrologic type, elevation, vegetation, and terrestrial drainage basin aspect.
Multiple scattering of light within two-dimensional volume holograms

A method for the calculation of the propagation of fields within a two-dimensional volume hologram is presented based on the Born series. This series solution has a simple physical interpretation in terms of multiple scattering. By appropriately rearranging terms of the Born series, we represent the effect of the hologram in the form of a scattering kernel. Scattered fields are obtained as an integral over the product of the scattering kernel with the input field. A differential equation is found for the kernel so that in some cases a closed-form solution is obtainable. The solution presented here is applicable to waves that satisfy the geometric-optics approximation and are nearly Bragg matched.
Goal Characteristics and Satisfaction: Personal Goals as Mediators of Situational Effects on Task Satisfaction1

This study modeled the process underlying the experience of satisfaction by examining the interrelationships among the task situation, intention characteristics, and satisfaction. The central proposition of the model was that the effect of the situation on satisfaction is fully mediated by the nature and status of one's own intentions that result from that context. The proposed model, in which the task situation indirectly determines satisfaction only through intention characteristics, was compared to a model in which the situation both directly and indirectly determines satisfaction and to a model which contained no intention characteristics. The intention characteristics assessed in this study included their number, valence, value, commitment, probability, and perceived attainment. Two aspects of the task situation were examined: task enrichment and assigned performance goals. A total of 192 subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 conditions according to goal (no goal vs. assigned goal) and task type (enriched vs. unenriched). Intentions and their characteristics were assessed before the task period, and satisfaction with the task was measured afterward. The results provided support for a model in which the task situation and intention characteristics have independent effects on satisfaction.