cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Astrocytic clasmatodendrosis in hippocampal organ culture.

Mechanisms by which astrocytes are irreversibly injured from ischemic brain injury remain incompletely defined. More than 90 years ago Alzheimer showed that astrocytes lose their distal processes (i.e., undergo "clasmatodendrosis") when irreversibly injured by a reduction in blood flow, a process shown by Friede and van Houten (1961) to be due to energy failure and acidosis. Such alterations in astrocytic morphology can relate directly to changes in cell function. However, astrocytic clasmatodendrosis has largely been lost to the modern literature, perhaps because of a inability to study it under controlled conditions. In the present study, novel four-dimensional (4D)and digital deblurring imaging of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunostaining changes in hippocampal organ cultures (HOTCs) were used to establish an in vitro model of astrocytic clasmatodendrosis. Also, astrocytes in primary culture were transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to show the occurrence of clasmatodendrosis via a parallel and separate means. In HOTCs, a significant reduction in astrocytic process length occurred 15 min (and remained for 60 min) after exposure to acidic Ringer's and mitochondrial inhibition in the pyramidal cell body layer. Time-lapsed images of primary cultures showed thinning of cell processes within 15 min of exposure to acidic Ringer's and mitochondrial inhibition. Distal processes subsequently broke away but retained their fluorescence for minutes before disintegrating along with their parent cell bodies. This report shows the spatiotemporal occurrence of clasmatodendrosis in astrocytes of HOTCs closely parallels that seen in vivo. Thus, HOTCs, where microenvironmental conditions can be controlled and single, identified cells can be followed in space and time, can be applied to study the interrelations between energy metabolism and pH that result in clasmatodendrosis.
Low-speed test limit of V/STOL model located vertically off-center

A vertically off-centered V/STOL model - a 2-ft-diam three-bladed aluminum propeller operating in a rotor mode - is tested in an 8 by 12 ft wind tunnel with and without ground plane along with an associated 3 by 4.5 ft test section insert. The objective was to assess the effect of the vertically off-centered model on the low-speed test limit. The aerodynamic data of the model at a constant negative angle of attack (-3 deg) are recorded at selected tunnel dynamic pressures to provide adequate data points to define the model lift variation with respect to the tip speed ratio. The adverse effect of the rotor low-speed test limit is observed in the form of lift change with respect to the tip speed ratio. A major conclusion is that for rotors tested with a ground plane or in the vicinity of the floor, the ratio of distance between floor and model to rotor radius defines the low-speed test limits.
Probing the CFTR Chloride Channel with Channel Permeant Thio-Reactive Reagent Au(CN)2-

Previous cysteine scanning experiments on the CFTR channel have identified transmembrane segments (TM) 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 as pore-lining components. using bulky MTS reagents, we and others have demonstrated a restrictive region in TM 1 and 6 that prevents MTS from passing through the CFTR pore. State-dependent modification data also suggest a lack of a physical gate cytoplasmic to this restrictive region. Here we further tested gated access of engineered cysteines in TM6 by using channel permeant probes, like [Ag(CN)2]- and [Au(CN)2]-. We first focused our effort on two positions, 338 and 344, located external and internal respectively to the restrictive region. In excised inside-out patches, application of [Au(CN)2]- causes a biphasic decay of the currents for both I344C- and T338C-CFTR. Since the fast phase is reversible and also seen with the cysless background, it is likely the slow phase reflects covalent modification of introduced cysteines by [Au(CN)2]- while the fast phase is due to blockade of the pore by the negatively charged reagent. Measurements of the modification rate in the presence or absence of ATP suggest that I344C can be accessed in both the open and the closed states, consistent with our previous studies using channel impermeant probes. However, preliminary data suggest the modification rate for C338 in the presence of ATP is ∼10-fold higher than that in the absence of ATP. More extensive studies are in process to unravel the underlying gating motion of CFTR's TMs.
Cooking rate, pH and final endpoint temperature effects on color and cook loss of a lean ground beef model system.

Abstract To assess the effects of pH, heating rate and endpoint temperature on instrumental and visual color of ground beef, pH was adjusted to 5.2–6.4, samples were heated at 0.7°C or 3°C/min to 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 or 80°C in a water bath. Cooking rate had no effect on cook loss, instrumental or visual color. Regression equations for linear, quadratic and/or cubic effects of pH and/or endpoint temperature were significant for most color indices. Amount of variance explained by the model and R 2 was increased by adding the calculated percentages of metmyoglobin and/or deoxymyoglobin to the regression models. The predicted sensory brownness score (0=very pink, 7.5=intermediate pink/brown, 15=intense brown) for samples with pH 5.75 cooked to 70°C was 9.75. Samples with a pH of 5.5 achieved this brownness score at 67°C. Samples with a pH of 5.2 achieved this brownness at 58°C.
Performance of tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell at reduced temperature and cathode porosity

Abstract The effect of decreasing the inlet temperature and the cathode porosity of tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) with one air channel and one fuel channel is investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. The CFD model was developed using Fluent SOFC to simulate the electrochemical effects. The cathode and the anode of the cell were resolved in the model and the convection and conduction heat transfer modes were included. The results of the CFD model are presented at inlet temperatures of 700 °C, 600 °C and 500 °C and with cathode porosity of 30%, 20% and 10%. It was found that the Fluent-based SOFC model is an effective tool for analyzing the complex and highly interactive three-dimensional electrical, thermal, and fluid flow fields associated with the SOFCs. It is found that the SOFC can operate in the intermediate temperature range and with low porosity cathodes more efficient than at high temperatures given that the transport properties of the cathode, anode and the electrolyte can be kept the same.
Statistische analyse eines nichtlinearen systems mit mehreren eingängen durch optimale linearisierung

As compared to linear systems for which well-proven standardised procedures exist, the analysis of nonlinear systems based on random signals cannot be handled in a similar manner because of the lack of a nonlinear systems theory. A number of different procedures has been published, the most popular of them based on the application of the Volterra series, but also procedures based on the optimal linearisation of a given nonlinearity. This paper applies the procedure of optimal linearisation to a system with several imputs and one output. It is possible to extend the procedure to systems having several outputs. As an example, the parameters of the coupling function of a one-stage nerve-network will be computed. The practicability of the procedure and associated errors will be investigated.
Stokes shifted laser lines in KrF-pumped hydrogen: reduction of beam divergence by addition of helium.

The beam diυergences of the recollimated Stokes shifted lines of H2 excited by a focused KrF laser are reduced by addition of helium.
The bovine μ-opioid receptor: cloning of cDNA and pharmacological characterization of the receptor expressed in mammalian cells

Abstract The cDNA coding for the bovine μ-opioid receptor has been cloned and sequenced. Conserved sequences from murine δ-receptor cDNA were used as primers in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify cDNA, prepared by reverse transcription of bovine brain mRNA. This cDNA was used to probe a bovine brain library. The partial sequence obtained was extended to provide the full length clone by PCR. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 1203 base pairs (bp) with a 3′-untranslated region of 1900 bp and a 5′-untranslated region of 265 bp. The protein contains 401 amino acids and has 94% amino acid identity with the human and 91% with the rat μ-opioid receptor. It has the putative seven transmembrane domains, characteristic of G protein-coupled receptors and contains 5 potential N-linked glycosylation sites near the N-terminus. Several potential phosphorylation sites and a putative palmitoylation site are also present. The receptor was stably expressed in HEK293 cells. The binding profile was found to be that of a typical μ receptor, i.e., μ agonists and antagonists, but not δ and κ ligands, bound with high affinity. Functional assays, namely, opioid stimulation of [ 35 S ]GTPγS binding and inhibition of forskolin-activated adenylyl cyclase, were also found to be highly specific for μ-opioid agonists. The receptor was downregulated by chronic exposure to μ agonists but not δ or κ agonists. Evidence is presented indicating that the cloned receptor is the same as the bovine μ receptor previously purified to homogeneity in our laboratory. No evidence was found for genes for multiple μ-type opioid receptors.
Synthesis and Degradation Behavior of Cyclic Poly(ε-caprolactone)

Narrow polydisersity cyclic poly(caprolactone) was synthesized by cyclization of linear α,ω-functionalized poly(caprolactone). The linear precursors were prepared via ring-opening polymerization from an azido-functionalized initiator, followed by end group modification to attach a terminal alkyne. Click coupling afforded the cyclic polymer in high yields and provided linear and cyclic poly(caprolactone) with exactly identical molecular weight distributions. The thermal and acid-catalyzed degradation of analogous linear and cyclic poly(caprolactone) samples were investigated to determine the effect of architecture.
Energy conservation capacity and morphological integrity of mitochondria in hypotonically treated rabbit epididymal spermatozoa.

Abstract Hypotonic treatment of rabbit epididymal spermatozoa in 10 mM phosphate buffer disrupts the plasma membrane and removes the cytoplasmic droplet from those cells to which it is still attached. There is, however, no effect on the mitochondria, which retain their helical configuration around the axial filament complex, have intact inner and outer membranes, and show the same cristal morphology as do the mitochondria in untreated cells. Hypotonically treated spermatozoa respire with added malate-pyruvate, succinate, and ascorbate plus N , N ′-tetramethyl- p -phenylenediamine, but not with added fructose or NADH. Respiration is inhibited by oligomycin and stimulated by uncoupler, showing that the mitochondria have retained their capacity for energy conservation. The uncoupled respiration rate is not further stimulated by added cytochrome c . Reduced- minus -oxidized difference spectra obtained at −196 °C of the hypotonically treated cells show a full complement of cytochromes, including cytochrome c . This result implies that the cytochrome c lost from mammalian spermatozoa on storage or chilling [Mann, T. (1951) Biochem. J. 48, 386–388] is cytoplasmic cytochrome c not yet incorporated into the mitochondria. The mitochondrial cytochrome c remains firmly held inside the intact outer membrane.
The developmental genetics and physiology of honeybee societies

Eusocial animal societies, as diverse as those found in the ants, bees, wasps, shrimp and naked mole-rats, are structured around one or few reproductive females. The remaining females are helpers called ‘workers’ that are mostly sterile. A paradigm in studies of eusociality is that worker sterility is a key to societal functions because advanced sociality cannot be achieved when there is conflict over reproduction. Yet, traits such as sensory responsiveness, foraging and hoarding behaviour that change between female reproductive life stages also vary between workers. This variation is central to worker division of labour, a complex social trait believed to be instrumental for the ecological success of animal societies. Thus, we took a step back from established views on worker sterility and societal functions, and hypothesized that division of labour can be better understood if adaptive variation in worker behaviour is seen as emerging from pre-existing mechanisms associated with female reproduction. In exploring this reproductive ground plan hypothesis (RGPH) in honeybee workers, we established that variation in foraging division of labour correlates with ovary size and is affected by expression changes in vitellogenin, an egg yolk protein precursor. Here, we explain and reconcile the RGPH with data on honeybee sensory sensitivity, genomic mapping, transcript and endocrine profiling, and link our discussion with Ihle et al. (2010, this issue, pp. 1001–1006) . The findings bring together mechanistic and evolutionary explanations of honeybee worker behaviour. This essay suggests that a broader view on worker reproductive traits can increase the understanding of animal social behaviour.
La Novela Mexicana (1967–1982): Los que Siguieron Narrando

(1983). La Novela Mexicana (1967–1982): Los que Siguieron Narrando. Symposium: A Quarterly Journal in Modern Literatures: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 91-105.
Rapid Endovascular Warming for Profound Hypothermia

Profound hypothermia is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Optimal outcomes have been reported with invasive extracorporeal warming techniques not readily available in most hospitals. Endovascular warming devices may provide a less invasive alternative. A 68-year-old woman developed profound hypothermia after environmental exposure. On arrival, she was comatose, severely bradycardic, without palpable pulses, and with a core body temperature of 23.0°C (72°F). Attempts to warm her with traditional methods during 2 hours were ineffective. An endovascular temperature control system was placed and effectively warmed the patient at about 3°C (4.5°F) per hour, with return of hemodynamic stability. When hypothermia is profound, surface warming works poorly and invasive strategies, including cardiopulmonary bypass, are recommended. Rapid warming from profound hypothermia can be accomplished with endovascular systems, and these may be an effective alternative to more invasive extracorporeal methods.
Doppler-shifted reflections of x rays in beamfoil spectroscopy.

Carbon foils were positioned at roughly 10 deg to the conventional perpendicular position so that the spectrometer would view the beam on emergence from the foil, with no radiation shielded by a bowed or wrinkled foil or by the foil holder. Extraneous peaks due to reflected radiation were detected in the spectrum obtained with the tilted foil. A large satellite appears longward of the spectral line and is attributed to Doppler-shifted radiation reflected from the foil surface. Special tests arranged to validate the origin of the satellites are described. The relative intensity of the reflected radiation compared with the direct radiation observed is at variance with the relative intensities reported for longer wavelengths. The reasons for this, possible effects of spectrometer geometry, and applications in the investigation or generation of polarization remain to be investigated
Moments, source dimensions and stress drops of shallow-focus earthquakes in the Tonga-Kermadec arc

Abstract Estimates of moments, source dimensions and stress drops were made for 34 shallow-focus earthquakes in the Tonga arc between 1963 and 1969. Moments were determined from mantle wave spectra and from long period P and S wave spectra. Source dimensions were estimated from the corner frequency of the P and S wave spectra using Brune 's (1970) theory. From the moment and the source dimension, the stress drop was approximately determined. Source dimensions and the stress drops increase with moment, and stress drops are typically between a few bars and a few tens of bars for earthquakes with body wave magnitudes of about 5 1 2 to 7. In addition, the data suggest regional variations in stress drops. The earthquakes with relatively large stress drops did not occur along the main underthrusting zone of the arc that defines the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates. These earthquakes, instead, reflect deformation within one plate of lithosphere, and not movement along pre-existing faults that separate two distinct plates. Thus, some of these earthquakes may result from the creation of new faults. High stresses might be expected for such earthquakes because of the high strength of unfaulted rock.
Differential induction of Egr‐1 expression in WEHI‐231 sublines does not correlate with apoptosis

To determine whether the absence of inducible Egr-1 expression correlates with apoptosis and growth arrest, we compared the inducible expression of two Egr family members (Egr-1 and Egr-2) in three sublines of WEHI-231. Expression of Egr-2 is induced in all sublines of WEHI-231 following surface immunoglobulin (sIg) cross-linking, but Egr-1 expression is induced in only two. We find that the lack of inducible Egr-1 expression corresponded to an increase in the methylation pattern of the Egr-1 gene. In spite of these differences in Egr-1 expression, all the sublines demonstrate similar inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation following anti-Ig treatment. Growth arrest leads to apoptosis in only two of the sublines, but apoptosis does not correlate with the absence of inducible Egr-1 expression. Demethylation, by treatment with 5-azacytidine, in the Egr-1 non-expressing subline allows for induction of Egr-1 expression by anti-Ig, but fails to prevent growth arrest and apoptosis. Therefore, we conclude that the lack of Egr-1 expression is not responsible for either the apoptotic response or growth arrest induced by anti-Ig in WEHI-231.
Molecular crosstalk between the proteasome, aggresomes and autophagy: Translational potential and clinical implications

Targeting the ubiquitin+proteasome protein degradation pathway with the therapeutic agent bortezomib has significantly improved the survival of cancer patients but drug resistance inevitably develops. Aggresomes and the autophagy pathway serve as compensatory protein-clearance mechanisms that eradicate potentially toxic proteins to promote resistance to proteasome inhibitors and, hence, tumor survival. Pre-clinical evidence has emerged to demonstrate active crosstalk between these protein degradation pathways and has revealed novel therapeutic targets and strategies. Translational research and clinical trials are now focused on these pathways to prevent the emergence of drug resistance, enhance apoptosis and further improve the survival of cancer patients.
A Single Neonatal Injury Induces Life-Long Deficits in Response to Stress

Approximately 500,000 infants are born prematurely each year in the United States. These infants typically require an extensive stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where they experience on average 14 painful and invasive procedures each day. These procedures, including repeated heel lance, insertion of intravenous lines, and respiratory and gastric suctioning, typically result in an inflammatory response, inducing pain and stress in the newborn. Remarkably, the majority of these procedures are performed in the complete absence of pre- or post-emptive analgesics. Recent clinical studies report that former NICU patients have increased thresholds for pain and stress later in life as compared with term-born infants. However, to date, the mechanisms whereby early-life inflammation alters later-life response to stress and pain are not known. The present studies were conducted to determine if neonatal injury impairs adult responses to anxiety- and stress-provoking stimuli. As we have previously reported that early-life pain results in a significant increase in opioid peptide expression within the midbrain periaqueductal gray, the role of endogenous opioids in our behavioral studies was also examined. Male and female rats received an intraplantar injection of the inflammatory agent carrageenan (1%) on the day of birth. In adulthood, animals were assessed for changes in response to anxiety- and stress-provoking stimuli using the open field and forced swim tests, respectively. Injury-induced changes in sucrose preference and stress-induced analgesia were also assessed. As adults, neonatally injured animals displayed a blunted response to both anxiety- and stress-provoking stimuli, as indicated by significantly more time spent in the inner area of the open field and a 2-fold increase in latency to immobility in the forced swim test as compared to controls. No change in sucrose preference was observed. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we observed a 2-fold increase in enkephalin mRNA and protein expression, respectively, in stress-related brain regions including the central amygdala and lateral septum. Administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone reversed the attenuated responses to forced swim stress and stress-induced analgesia, suggesting the changes in stress-related behavior were opioid-dependent. Together, these data contribute to mounting evidence that neonatal injury in the absence of analgesics has adverse effects that are both long-term and polysystemic.
Normal growth despite GH, IGF-I and IGF-II deficiency.

A 6.5-year-old male with normal linear growth, despite septo-optic dysplasia, panhypopituitarism and a deficient GH/IGF axis, is presented. In addition to measuring IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3, serum IGFBP-1, -2, -4 and -5 were measured. A human osteosarcoma cell line was used to assess growth-promoting activity in the patient's serum. The role of leptin in linear growth in this case was investigated. There was no evidence for hyperinsulinism or hyperandrogenism. GH was undetectable upon multiple stimulation. GHBP was elevated. Serum IGF-I (25 microg/l), IGF-II (194 microg/l), IGFBP-3 (0.4 mg/l), and IGFBP-5 (87 microg/l) levels were low compared to age-matched prepubertal children. Serum IGFBP-4 level was normal. Molecular size of IGF-II in the patient's serum was normal, suggesting normal IGF-II bioavailability. Human osteosarcoma cell proliferation in response to the patient's serum was similar to sera from age-matched normal controls. Leptin levels were markedly elevated. Osteoblast cell proliferation was not stimulated by leptin. The data demonstrate that normal growth and osteoblast cell proliferation in this patient is not mediated by GH, total IGFs, insulin, or leptin, and suggest the presence of a yet unidentified growth factor or mechanism. The case offers a detailed picture of binding proteins in a case of growth without GH. It introduces osteoblast cell proliferation as a method of assessing serum growth-promoting activity in such cases. It adds IGF-II and leptin to the list of excluded growth-promoting candidates in GH-independent growth, and further demonstrates our incomplete understanding of the phenomenon of growth.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of HNS Degradation

Hexanitrostilbene (HNS) is a widely used explosive, due in part to its high thermal stability. Degradation of HNS is known to occur through UV, chemical exposure, and heat exposure, which can lead to reduced performance of the material. Common methods of testing for HNS degradation include wet chemical and surface area testing of the material itself, and performance testing of devices that use HNS. The commonly used chemical tests, such as volatility, conductivity and contaminant trapping provide information on contaminants rather than the chemical stability of the HNS itself. Additionally, these tests are destructive in nature. As an alternative to these methods, we have been exploring the use of vibrational spectroscopy as a means of monitoring HNS degradation non-destructively. In particular, infrared (IR) spectroscopy lends itself well to non-destructive analysis. Molecular variations in the material can be identified and compared to pure samples. The utility of IR spectroscopy was evaluated using pressed pellets of HNS exposed to DETA (diethylaminetriamine). Amines are known to degrade HNS, with the proposed product being a �1 -adduct. We have followed these changes as a function of time using various IR sampling techniques including photoacoustic and attenuated total reflectance (ATR).
Hypothesis: Prostaglandins mediate defective glucose recognition in diabetes mellitus

The glucoreceptor hypothesis proposes that diabetics have a selective defect in both pancreatic and extra-pancreatic tissues in the recognition of, and hormonal responses to glucose. Many of these defective or even paradoxical responses to hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia can be mimicked by known actions of prostaglandins, particularly PGE, in normal subjects. Inhibition of PGE synthesis in diabetics partially reverses several abnormal responses. We propose that excessive production of, or sensitivity to, prostaglandins may play a role in some of the metabolic abnormalities associated with defective glucose recognition in diabetes mellitus.
Antibody fragments labeled with fluorine-18 and gallium-68: in vivo comparison with indium-111 and iodine-125-labeled fragments.

Abstract Although monoclonal antibodies have been radiolabeled with many different radionuclides, the application of positron emission tomography (PET) to the imaging of radiolabeled antibodies has been limited to the investigation of a small number of long-lived radionuclides. In this study, we labeled F(ab′) 2 fragments of a mouse monoclonal antibody (BB5-G1) specific for a human parathyroid surface antigen with the positron emitting radionuclides, gallium-68 and fluorine-18. The biodistribution of the fragments was evaluated in a nude mice model and the results were compared to those obtained with fragments labeled with iodine-125 and indium-111 using conventional labeling techniques. All labeled fragments bound to human parathyroid tissue implanted in nude mice, with parathyroid-to-muscle ratios reaching as high as 10:1, 4 h after administration. A major difference was observed in the uptake and clearance of the various labeled fragments through the kidney. The halogen activity cleared, but the metal radioactivity was retained in the kidney. The results indicate that the fluorine-18 or gallium-68 labeled fragment may be useful for parathyroid imaging with positron emission tomography.
609 LOCALIZATION OF THE SITE OF ACTION OF A SERUM INHIBITOR OF ERYTHROPOIESIS

Serum IgG inhibitors of erythropoiesis have been found in adults with acquired pure red cell aplasia but have not been described in children. We studied the mechanism of action of such an inhibitor in a 51/2 year old male with acquired erythroblastopenia and severe anemia of 4 months duration. After an unsuccessful trial of corticosteroids, normal erythropoiesis was established with the administration of Cytoxan(CT). When the patient's erythroblastopenic marrow cells were cultured in plasma clots, increased numbers of CFU-E and BFU-E derived colonies formed in the presence of erythropoietin. Addition of the patient's pretreatment whole serum both to erythroblastopenic autologous marrow and to allogenic normal marrow cells suppressed CFU-E but not BFU-E derived colony formation. The specific inhibitor of CFU-E derived colony formation was present in the IgG fraction of the pretreatment serum. Whole serum obtained following the CT-induced remission no longer inhibited erythroid colony formation. Acquired pure red cell aplasia associated with a serum inhibitor occurs in the pediatric age group. Our findings suggest that this inhibitor is an IgG immunoglobulin which acts directly on the more mature CFU-E but not on the less differentiated BFU-E precursor.
Laser Spectroscopic Studies of Interactions of UVI with Bacterial Phosphate Species

We investigated the interactions of U(VI) with two bacterialphosphate species: Gram-positive B. sphaericus and Gram-negative P.aeruginosa. The Gram-positive B. sphaericus was investigated using Ramanspectroscopy and time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy(TRLFS). We found that living cells, spores, and intact heat-killed cellscomplexed U(VI) (pH 4.5) through phosphate groups bound to theirsurfaces, while decomposed cells released H2PO4- and precipitated U(VI)as UO2(H2PO4)2. TRLFS of U(VI) showed that Gram-negative P.aeruginosa-genetically engineered to accumulate polyphosphate,subsequently degrade it, and secrete phosphate-precipitated U(VI)quantitatively at pH 4.5. The same bacterial strain, not induced tosecrete phosphate, sorbed only a small amount of U(VI).
Operationalizing Trance II: Clinical Application Using a Psychophenomenological Approach

Although many clinicians use the word "trance" to describe the subjective effects associated with being hypnotized, heretofore there has been no means to operationalize that concept. In a prior paper (Pekala & Kumar, 2000) the authors operationalized the notion of trance by using a retrospective, self-report instrument, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI), to quantify the subjective experience of being hypnotized. Trance was operationalized in terms of: hypnotic depth via a pHGS (predicted Harvard Group Scale) score (derived from regression analysis using subdimensions of the PCI) that gives a quantitative measure of subjective trance depth; and trance typology profiles (derived from cluster and discriminant analyses of the PCI dimensions and subdimensions) that give a qualitative measure of empirically derived clusters of subjective trance experiences. These measures, when used in conjunction with data on the individual PCI dimensions and subdimensions, provide the clinician with specific information on phenomenological events experienced by the client during hypnosis which can be used in better adapting hypnotic suggestions to the client's phenomenological world. Two clinical cases are presented in which use of the above approach has been helpful in facilitating treatment planning.
The biochemical toxicity of perfluorodecanoic acid in the mouse is different from that of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

Perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) is an industrial surfactant that has been reported to produce signs of toxicity in rats similar to those due to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). In order to characterize the biochemical toxicity of PFDA in the mouse and to determine whether PFDA toxicity is mediated by the Ah locus, congenic female C57BL/6J mice differing only at the Ah locus (normal homozygous responsive Ahb/b, heterozygous responsive Ahb/d, and homozygous nonresponsive Ahd/d) were administered a single oral dose of PFDA. The wild type (Ahb/b) mice were killed 2, 7, 14, or 30 days after administration of 0, 40, 80, 100, 120, or 160 mg PFDA/kg. Mice from the other two congenic strains were killed 30 days after dosing with 0, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg. PFDA produced a 2.5-fold increase in absolute liver weight, a 5- to 15-fold increase in hepatic fatty acyl Co-A oxidase activity, and a 70% decrease in hepatic ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity. These effects were dose and time dependent. Total hepatic lipids were increased at an early time point and at the lowest dose. At later time periods and/or higher doses, the lipid concentration was decreased approximately 20% from that of controls. Hepatic protein concentrations were depressed approximately 25% from control levels 30 days after treatment. There was little difference in any of these parameters between responsive (Ahb/b, Ahb/d) and nonresponsive (Ahd/d) mice. These results suggest that the Ah allele has little effect in regulating the toxicity of PFDA in the mouse and that the biochemical response to PFDA in the mouse is markedly different from that of TCDD. Furthermore, the biochemical response to PFDA in the mouse is different from that reported in the rat.
Imaging of molybdenum erosion and thermography at visible wavelengths in Alcator C-Mod ICRH and LHCD discharges

We describe results from imaging observations of atomic line and continuum emission in the 550.6 nm region on Alcator C-Mod. Both the 550.6 nm neutral molybdenum emission and the adjacent 549 nm continuum emission are imaged separately to isolate line emission. A few complications of using imaging to infer erosion in this wavelength region are discussed including subtraction of continuum emission and determination of an appropriate S/XB coefficient. Diagnostics of surface erosion and thermography using these emissions are briefly reviewed, and used to study phenomenology during ohmic operation, ion cyclotron range of frequencies heating (ICRH), and lower hybrid current drive (LHCD). In addition to broadening of Mo I emission regions in the outer divertor and main limiter during ICRH compared to ohmic operation, mid-plane localized heating of the main limiter associated with fast-ion impact is observed which exceeds the divertor heat flux. During LHCD operation, several localized regions of increased brightness associated with hot spots are interpreted as heating due to localized density peaking, which re-iterates the importance of imaging continuum emission for subtraction. These sources of surface heating exacerbate plasma–material interactions at the device wall and may require additional mitigation if they cannot be avoided in future machines.
A molecular picture of diffusion controlled reaction: role of microviscosity and hydration on hydrolysis of benzoyl chloride at a polymer hydration region.

In this study, we have attempted to explore the molecular mechanism associated with a diffusion controlled reaction at a polymer hydration region by monitoring temperature-dependent solvolysis reaction of benzoyl chloride (BzCl) in water−poly(ethylene glycol) mixture at low water concentration. BzCl being highly hydrophobic resides in the vicinity of the PEG surface and the reaction takes place at the interface. Temperature-dependent solvolysis allows one to estimate the overall Arrhenius type activation energy barrier associated with the reaction. To understand the relative contribution of hydration and diffusive motion on the overall activation energy we studied the temperature-dependent picosecond-resolved solvation dynamics using a fluorescence probe Coumarin 500 (C500). The observed acceleration of solvation dynamics with temperature finds its origin in temperature-induced transition of bound to free type interfacial water molecules near the PEG surface. Temperature-dependent acoustic and densimetric...
The Origin of High-Alumina Clay Minerals—A Review

High-alumina minerals refer, in this paper, to Al-rich, normal sedimentary phases, including gibbsite, boehmite, diaspore, possibly “proto-diaspore” and “proto-alunite”, “Al-chlorite”, and corundum, in association with kaolin minerals. They may be derived from any common Al-containing rock. Processes of origin include direct bauxitization of non-clay silicate minerals and rocks, and the desilication of any of the common clay minerals, particularly of the kaolin group. Apparently aluminous gels were formed within certain marshy basins, and/or were transported into basins, giving rise to concretionary masses of high-alumina minerals. Concretionary deposits were formed by dissolution of Al and reprecipitation.
6 Between Informal Mediation and Formal Adjudication: The Third Realm of Qing Civil Justice

Litigation in the Qing can be separated into three stages: the filing of the complaint by the plaintiff, the initial response of the yamen (court), and the final court session rendering a decision. This chapter suggests that the Qing civil justice system actually operated in large measure in that intermediate third realm where the formal and informal overlapped. The participation of both the formal and informal in the third realm of Qing civil justice accounts in part for the debates in past scholarship about the nature of the system. It suggests that to clarify how civil justice worked in the Qing, we need to delineate three realms of that system: the informal realm of community and kin mediation, the formal realm of court adjudication, and the third realm in which both systems operated, often in a negotiatory type of relationship. Keywords: court adjudication; informal mediation; Qing civil justice
poolHiTS: A Shifted Transversal Design based pooling strategy for high-throughput drug screening

A key goal of drug discovery is to increase the throughput of small molecule screens without sacrificing screening accuracy. High-throughput screening (HTS) in drug discovery involves testing a large number of compounds in a biological assay to identify active compounds. Normally, molecules from a large compound library are tested individually to identify the activity of each molecule. Usually a small number of compounds are found to be active, however the presence of false positive and negative testing errors suggests that this one-drug one-assay screening strategy can be significantly improved. Pooling designs are testing schemes that test mixtures of compounds in each assay, thereby generating a screen of the whole compound library in fewer tests. By repeatedly testing compounds in different combinations, pooling designs also allow for error-correction. These pooled designs, for specific experiment parameters, can be simply and efficiently created using the Shifted Transversal Design (STD) pooling algorithm. However, drug screening contains a number of key constraints that require specific modifications if this pooling approach is to be useful for practical screen designs. In this paper, we introduce a pooling strategy called poolHiTS (Pooled High-Throughput Screening) which is based on the STD algorithm. In poolHiTS, we implement a limit on the number of compounds that can be mixed in a single assay. In addition, we show that the STD-based pooling strategy is limited in the error-correction that it can achieve. Due to the mixing constraint, we show that it is more efficient to split a large library into smaller blocks of compounds, which are then tested using an optimized strategy repeated for each block. We package the optimal block selection algorithm into poolHiTS. The MATLAB codes for the poolHiTS algorithm and the corresponding decoding strategy are also provided. We have produced a practical version of STD algorithm for pooled drug screens. This pooling strategy provides both assay compression and error-correction capabilities that can both accelerate and reduce the overall cost of HTS in drug discovery.
Speciation of dissolved metals associated with organic matter in coastal seawaters

By combined use of chloroform extraction and Amberlite XAD-2 resin chromatography, metal-organic compounds dissolved in coastal seawaters of Harima Sound, the Seto Inland Sea, were separated into three groups: hydrophobic, hydrophilic neutral and basic, and hydrophilic acidic. The hydrophobic metal-organic compounds, which are associated with organic matter with molecular weight less than 300, accounted for only a small fraction of the metal-organic compounds; 6 % for Cu and an insignificant fraction for Fe, Mn and Zn. The hydrophilic metal-organic compounds with molecular weights between 100 and 1,500 were major components of the metal-organic compounds. The metals associated with the organic matter on average accounted for 12 % of the Fe, 11 % of the Mn, 7 % of the Zn and 23 % of the Cu of the reactive dissolved metals.
Block by extracellular divalent cations of Drosophila big brain channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.

Drosophila Big Brain (BIB) is a transmembrane protein encoded by the neurogenic gene big brain (bib), which is important for early development of the fly nervous system. BIB expressed in Xenopus oocytes is a monovalent cation channel modulated by tyrosine kinase signaling. Results here demonstrate that the BIB conductance shows voltage- and dose- dependent block by extracellular divalent cations Ca 21 and Ba 21 but not by Mg 21 in wild-type channels. Site-directed mutagenesis of negatively charged glutamate (Glu 274 ) and aspartate (Asp 253 ) residues had no effect on divalent cation block. However, mutation of a conserved glutamate at position 71 (Glu 71 ) in the first transmembrane domain (M1) altered channel properties. Mutation of Glu 71 to Asp introduced a new sensitivity to block by extracellular Mg 21 ; substitutions with asparagine or glutamine decreased whole-cell conductance; and substitution with lysine compromised plasma membrane expression. Block by divalent cations is important in other ion channels for voltage-dependent function, enhanced signal resolution, and feedback regulation. Our data show that the wild-type BIB conductance is attenuated by external Ca 21 , suggesting that endogenous divalent cation block might be relevant for enhancing signal resolution or voltage dependence for the native signaling process in neuronal cell fate determination.
Space Station utilization for the Astrometric Telescope Facility

It is shown how it is possible for the Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF) to utilize the Space Station Freedom as an attached payload by complying with changes in the Station concept and schedule. The ability of the station to accommodate ATF's firm requirements is also addressed. The main factors that led the ATF to utilize the Space Station Freedom are the Station's relative orbital stability and longevity, the availability of maintenance and repair services, and the provision of utilities.
Efficacy of interventions designed to inhibit the progression of coronary atherosclerosis

This paper reviews the design and results of published randomized coronary angiographic trials and estimates treatment effect sizes for these trials to clearly demonstrate that antiatherosclerosis interventions are effective in inhibiting the progression of coronary artery disease (CAD). Furthermore, these interventions show differential treatment benefit on particular lesion populations defined by initial lesion severity. The efficacy of such interventions have been virtually unstudied in diabetic populations. Ancillary analyses of these trials implicate certain risk factors for the continued progression of CAD assessed by coronary angiography; although standard lipids such as total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol are important risk factors, recent evidence suggests that triglycride-rich lipoproteins are also important contributors to progression of CAD, both in treated and untreated trial subjects. Recent reports demonstrating an association between progression of coronary disease assessed by coronary angiography and the risk of clinical events provide critical validation for the use of serial coronary angiography as a surrogate endpoint measure in controlled clinical trials. Finally, the advent of noninvasive ultrasonographic measures of carotid intima-media thickness may provide an important avenue for future testing of antiatherosclerosis interventions.
Increased amplitude and duration of acoustic stimuli enhance distraction

Extraneous sounds have a variety of effects on animals; they may interfere with communication, cause physical harm, increase wariness, influence settlement decisions, or they may cause distractions in ways that increase vulnerability to predation. We designed a study to investigate the effects of changing both the amplitude and duration of an acoustic stimulus on distraction in a terrestrial hermit crab (Coenobita clypeatus). In experiment 1, we replicated the key findings from a field result: crabs hid more slowly in response to a silent visual stimulus when we simultaneously broadcast a white noise than they did when in a silent condition. In experiment 2, we altered the noise duration and found that a long noise generated greater latencies to hide than a short noise. In experiment 3, we increased the noise amplitude and found that hide latency increased with higher-intensity auditory stimuli. These experiments demonstrate a variety of stimulus factors that influence distraction. Our results suggest that prey animals could be in greater danger from predators when in an environment with auditory distractions.
Focal liver lesion detection and characterization with diffusion-weighted MR imaging: comparison with standard breath-hold T2-weighted imaging.

Purpose: To retrospectively compare diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with standard breath-hold T2-weighted MR imaging for focal liver lesion (FLL) detection and characterization, by using consensus evaluation and other findings as the reference standard. Materials and Methods: Approval for this retrospective HIPAA-compliant study was obtained from the institutional review board; informed consent was waived. Fifty-three consecutive patients (30 men, 23 women; mean age, 60.7 years) with at least one FLL of 1 cm or greater in diameter were evaluated. Two independent observers reviewed DW (b values of 0, 50, and 500 sec/mm2) and T2-weighted images for FLL detection and characterization. Reference standard for diagnosis was obtained from consensus review by the two observers of DW, T2-weighted, and dynamic contrast material–enhanced images, pathologic data, and follow-up imaging results. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured for FLLs identified at consensus review. DW and T2-...
Biochemistry in an Undergraduate Writing-Intensive First-Year Program: Seminar Courses in Drugs and Bioethics.

The College of the Holy Cross offers a universal first-year program called Montserrat, in which first-year students participate in a living-learning experience anchored by a yearlong seminar course. The seminar courses are part of a thematic cluster of four to eight courses; students in the cluster live together in a common dormitory and participate in shared co-curricular events designed to engage the entire cluster in intellectual discourse related to the theme. A two-semester seminar within the "Natural World" cluster was offered using biochemical principles as the underlying content. In the first semester, students were introduced to drug design, activity and abuse via student presentations and guided readings on ethnobotany, drug laws, drug use in religion, and prescription drug costs. In the second semester, students discussed primary readings in ethics followed by case study analyses of assisted reproduction technologies, informed consent, genetic privacy, performance enhancing drugs and genetically modified organisms. Student learning outcomes were evaluated via rubrics and a College-facilitated survey.
TEXTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TEXTURIZED PROTEINS

Sensory and instrumental tests employed for characterizing the texture of texturized plant proteins and their combinations with meat are reviewed. This methodology has borrowed heavily from that evolved for meat and, similarly to the studies on meat, has emphasized two parameters: toughness/tenderness and juiciness. Although it appears that this two-parameter approach may be adequate, multiple-parameter instrumental testing should be continued in order to prouide a data bank for the selection of the most accurate, reproducible and simplest measurements. It is suggested that researchers working in the commodity areas should make fuller use of the texture methodology literature.
Biofilms Protect Mycoplasma pulmonis Cells from Lytic Effects of Complement and Gramicidin

The length of the tandem repeat region of the Vsa protein of Mycoplasma pulmonis has previously been shown to modulate the susceptibility of mycoplasmas to killing by complement: cells that produce a short form of the Vsa protein are highly sensitive, and cells producing the long Vsa protein are resistant. In contrast to their differing susceptibilities to complement, the mycoplasmas were highly sensitive to gramicidin irrespective of the length of the Vsa protein produced. We show here that when encased within a biofilm, cells of M. pulmonis producing a short form of the Vsa protein were more resistant to complement and gramicidin than mycoplasmas that were dispersed. The resistance appeared to be localized to those mycoplasmas within tower structures of the biofilms. Biofilm formation may be a mechanism that protects mycoplasmas from host immunity.