cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Terminating Without Fatality

The psychoanalytic relationship is unique among intimate relationships, in that its ultimate goal is separation. After termination, the analysand mourns the loss of the analyst and while feeling vulnerable and bereft, faces demanding emotional tasks alone. The post-termination phase is a precarious time during which the hard-won gains of an analysis may be threatened or even lost. Given the analysand's vulnerability, it is disturbing that many of our common termination practices may undermine the patient's leave-taking and harm the positive internal images of the analyst and the analytic relationship that have been forged during the analysis. Findings from recent research about the patient's experience after analysis are presented and implications are drawn for practice regarding the termination and post-termination phases. The author recommends that our theory and technique of termination should be reexamined and revised in light of new research and within the context of contemporary two-person theories ...
The Location of Wing Restraints and the Incidence of Residual Blood in Broiler Breast Meat

Abstract A simple technique applied during processing can improve tenderness of cooked breast meat. Wing restraint (WR) treatment stretches the breast muscles and prevents contraction, thus improving the tenderness of the meat. Based on a subjective evaluation, placement of WR as far up on the wings as possible resulted in an increase in the incidence of residual blood in the wing joint area compared to placing the WR in the mid-joint area of the wings. Regardless of location, applying WR resulted in longer sarcomeres and lower shear values compared to a group of carcasses without WR. When used in combination with electric stimulation of the carcass, WR shortens the post-chill time needed to ensure tenderness in the cooked meat. In this study, the effects of location of the WR on residual blood in the wing joint area, on length of the sarcomere (smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber), and on shear values of the cooked breast meat were determined.
Harnessing the Power of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing in Crohn’s Disease

Posttranscriptional gene silencing or RNA interference is a mechanism by which the expression of one or more genes is partially or fully suppressed by noncoding RNAs, particularly small RNAs. In the laboratory this concept has been utilized to introduce synthetic anti-microRNA (miRNA) oligonucleotides to downregulate or completely abrogate gene expression. MiRNAs are a group of small (~22 nucleotide), noncoding RNAs that confer such posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression.1 They have emerged as key regulators of a wide variety of biological processes and also as candidate therapeutic targets. MiRNAs silence genes by binding to target sites found within the 3′untranslated region (UTR) of the targeted mitochondrial RNA. This results in the suppression of protein synthesis and/or degradation of the transcript. A number of miRNAs have already been identified as regulators of pathways that underlie the pathogenesis of Crohn's Disease (CD).2 For example, miR-192, miR-122, miR-29, and miR-146a have been shown to target and repress NOD2, which has been implicated in CD.3, 4, 5, 6 Using small RNA-sequencing a suite of miRNAs were identified in colon tissue that stratify CD patients according to disease behavior independent of the effect of inflammation. Furthermore, levels of specific miRNAs in these patients could predict progression to penetrating and fistulizing CD.7 The purpose of this short review is to highlight the advances in using posttranscriptional gene silencing in understanding and treating CD.8, 9
Brilliant Green Broth as a Specific Enrichment Medium for the Paratyphoid-Enteritidis Group of Bacteria

Altho malachite green as an ingredient of solid medium was introduced by Loeffler primarily as an aid in the isolation of the typhoid bacillus, subsequent investigations have demonstrated the greater selective action of this dye for bacilli of the paratyphoiden teritidis type. Loeffler1 in 1907 described a nutrose-peptonelactose-malachite green agar medium which exerts a marked inhibitory action on the development of bacilli of the colon type, but is favorable for the growth of paratyphoid bacilli. This medium, apparently, has given good results in Germany, but as it is rather complicated and troublesome to prepare it does not seem to have been widely adopted. In the following pages is described a very simple and inexpensive fluid medium which may be prepared readily in almost any laboratory and yet which, according to our experiments, exhibits a higher degree of selective availability for growth and isolation of the paratyphoid-enteritidis group than does Loeffler's malachite green solid medium. Malachite green and brilliant green are both basic dyes and, according to Arthur G. Green,2 are closely related. In 1908 Conradi3 suggested the use of brilliant green instead of malachite green as one of the ingredients of a solid medium for the typhoid bacillus, primarily for the reason that brilliant green does not interfere with typhoid agglutination tests. According to the writer's experience neither of these dyes affects the agglutinability of bacilli of the paratyphoid group, and so far as that test is concerned it is a
Microearthquakes Associated With Long Period, Long Duration Seismic Events During Stimulation of a Shale Gas Reservoir

Long period, long duration (LPLD) seismic events are relatively low amplitude signals that appear to be generated by slowly slipping faults during stimulation of a gas shale reservoir. They are remarkably similar in appearance to tectonic tremor sequences observed in subduction zones and transform fault boundaries. The ratio of the amplitudes on the three components and apparent velocities indicate that these signals are predominantly shear waves. In most cases, a few micro-earthquakes occur during the LPLD events, most likely generated on small fault segments associated with the slowly slipping faults responsible for the LPLD events. Interestingly, the hydraulic fracturing stages associated with the most LPLD events in the data set investigated lie exactly where there is a significant low amplitude anomaly in the 3D seismic data. We believe this results from a large density of pre-existing fractures and faults in this part of the reservoir. An image log in a nearby horizontal well shows the highest density of fractures and faults in the same general area. This region also shows the highest perturbation in pore pressure during hydraulic fracturing, From the spectrum of LPLD events, it is apparent that a significant part of the low frequency energy of the LPLD signals is not being recorded due to the instrument response of the 15Hz geophones. Despite this, we estimate that the moment carried by the larger LPLD events is ~10-20 times that of Mw ~ -1 microearthquake. The relatively large size of these LPLD events suggests that slow slip on faults is an important process affecting the stimulation more than microearthquakes. Two processes appear to control whether a fault slips rapidly as a microearthquake or slowly and stably. Laboratory friction date indicate that shales with high clay and kerogen tend to slip stably (Kohli and Zoback, 2011). In addition, slip along poorly-oriented faults that occurs due to reduction of normal stress by high fluid pressure is expected to propagate slowly. Taken together, stimulating slip on preexisting, faults in response to elevated fluid pressures can help optimize field operations and improve recovery.
Optimal design of near infrared imaging probe in reflection geometry

We have studied the optimal number of sources and detectors necessary for reconstructing optical properties within certain accuracy. A frequency domain model with 140 MHz modulation frequency is used in computer simulation. The results based on perturbation approximation have showed that the reconstructed optical properties are within 10% if the total number of detectors deployed over 9 cm by 9 cm area is greater than 13 while the total number of sources varies between 40 and 16. These simulation results will be verified by measurements.
ABA-regulated gene expression: cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors

ABA-regulated gene expression: cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors William R. Marcotte, Jr,t Mark J. Guiltinan* and Ralph S. Quatrano Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, CB # 3280, Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, U.S.A. 93 Introduction During plant development, phytohormones influence such diverse processes as seed maturation, germination and fruit ripening. The basis of phytohormone action has been a subject of intense interest to plant physiologists for many years, however, the molecular events involved have not been fully elucidated for any given response. While not all responses to hormones involve alterations in gene expression (e.g. stomata1 closure in response to abscisic acid (AHA), see Hetherington & Quatrano, [ 11 for review), it has been demonstrated that the expression of specific sets of RNA and protein molecules can be correlated with many of the physiological responses of plants to these compounds [2-6]. These sets of products may be unique to one response or there may be overlap in the sets between several responses. The expression of hormone-regulated genes may be regulated at several levels, including transcription [ 7 ] . The transcription machinery interacts with the DNA primarily in the 5’ flanking or promoter region of the gene and the pattern of expression of a single gene or set of genes is determined by these interactions. As such, a fundamental understanding of transcriptional regulation will be an important step in elucidating the molecular basis of phytohormone action. In this paper, we discuss recent findings which identify at least some of the cZS sequences involved in AHA-mediated gene regulation [8-10] and a protein factor which interacts specifically with those sequences [ lo]. With this central point in the AHA signal transduction pathway identified, it should now be possible to follow the response chain in both directions ultimately identifying the initial receptor for ABA, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in gene activation, and the role(s) of the proteins produced in response to this hormone.
Direct and indirect laser fusion

The pursuit of achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion has occupied many scientists since the potential benefits of the process were recognized and serious work began on it over 45 years ago. The two primary approaches to controlled fusion are magnetic confinement fusion and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Inertial fusion uses high intensity lasers or particle beams to implode a capsule containing thermonuclear fuel. High implosion velocities are required (>3 × 107 cm/sec) so that, on fraction of the fuel (the spark plug) is sufficient to ignite the spark and initiate propagating bum through the main fuel mass. There are two principal ICF approaches to using lasers to implode a fuel capsule: direct and indirect drive. This paper presents a tutorial discussion of the physics of both direct- and indirect-drive laser fusion.
A Model for Large-scale Microwave-Plasma Facilities*

AbstractThe extension of plasma-based syntheses to larger-scale operations has been limited owing, in part, to a failure to employ the three disciplines necessary to scale up a chemical process incorporating a microwave plasma: microwave technology, chemical engineering, and chemistry. When the feasibility of a large-scale facility is considered in the light of these combined technologies, a reasonable estimate of the cost of the desired reagent or product can be obtained.As a model that lends itself to these considerations, a facility for producing atomic hydrogen is used. Factors essential to the determination of the cost of forming this reagent are discussed. Among the chemical factors considered are the efficiency of the reaction utilizing atomic hydrogen, the efficiency of the dissociation process, and the chemical efficiency of microwave-power utilization. In addition, factors related to the components, such as the efficiency of the conversion of line power to microwave power, the choice of frequenc...
P027 Automation of NGS-based HLA typing assays on the Beckman Coulter Biomek series of automated liquid handlers

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system consists of 21 genes and their various alleles (over 12,500 alleles discovered as of January 2015) that allow the immune system to differentiate between native cells and non-native cells and pathogens. Accurate HLA typing is essential for tissue transplants, as a close match between donor and recipient reduces the risk of transplant rejection. Traditionally, HLA typing has been performed with a laborious series of Sanger sequencing based assays that limit sample throughput and sometimes provide ambiguous results due to high levels of homology within the HLA system. More recently, a number of vendors have developed HLA typing assays that utilize next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. NGS-based HLA typing provides much higher resolution than Sanger sequencing and provides much higher sample throughput due to the massive number of sequencing reads generated in each run. However, preparing DNA samples for HLA typing utilizing NGS-based assays still requires a fairly complicated workflow that involves amplifying the HLA loci and then converting those amplicons to fragment libraries suitable for sequencing. This process necessarily involves a number of pipetting operations that leave open the possibility of pipetting errors, cross-contamination, and errors in maintaining data integrity. To reduce the complexity of the fragment-library preparation, provide greater laboratory efficiency, and prevent errors, we have developed automation protocols from a variety of reagent vendors for NGS-based HLA typing on the Biomek series of automated liquid handlers. These protocols are highly modular in design, allowing for customized installation across one or several automated liquid handlers depending on the laboratory requirements. These automation protocols also utilize Biomek Method Launcher, a new software package that streamlines method operation and instrument setup, as well as HTML-driven user interfaces that allow the user the opportunity to customize their workflows to provide greater efficiency in the laboratory. The Data Acquisition and Reporting Tool (DART) software can also be included to provide improved data handling and reporting to LIMS systems.
Characteristics of the numerous and widespread recurring slope lineae (RSL) in Valles Marineris, Mars

Abstract Recurring slope lineae (RSL) are narrow (0.5–5 m) dark features on Mars that incrementally lengthen down steep slopes, fade in colder seasons, and recur annually. These traits suggest that liquid water is flowing in the shallow subsurface of Mars today. Here we describe High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) observations of RSL within Valles Marineris (VM). We have identified 239 candidate and confirmed RSL sites within all the major canyons of VM, with the exception of Echus Chasma. About half of all the globally known RSL locations occur within VM and the areal density of RSL on Coprates Montes appears to be the greatest on the planet. VM RSL are heterogeneously distributed, as they are primarily clustered in certain areas while being conspicuously absent in other locations that appear otherwise favorable. RSL have been found on many of the interior layered deposits (ILDs) within VM. Such ILD RSL appear to traverse bedrock, instead of regolith like all other RSL. Forty-six of the VM RSL sites show incremental lengthening and exhibit similar behavior in most of the canyons of VM, but the RSL duration at one site in Juventae Chasma is significantly reduced. Furthermore, the lengthening seasonality depends solely on slope orientation, with typical VM RSL on a given slope lengthening for ∼42–74% of a Mars year. There are always RSL lengthening within VM, regardless of the season. If RSL are caused by water, such a long active season at hundreds of VM RSL sites suggests that an appreciable source of water must be recharging these RSL. Thermophysical modeling indicates that a melting temperature range of ∼246 − 264 K is needed to reproduce the seasonal phenomenology of the VM RSL, suggesting the involvement of a brine consisting of tens of wt% salt. The mechanism(s) by which RSL are recharged annually remain uncertain. Overall, gaining a better understanding of how RSL form and recur can benefit the search for extant life on Mars and could provide details about an in situ water resource.
Human Rights and People in Voluntary Isolation

In Chap. 2, we discussed the concept of indigenous citizenship in Ecuador, and its importance in protecting groups like the Tagaeri and Taromenane, Waorani clans in voluntary isolation. In this chapter, we discuss two high-profile killings (in 2003 and 2013) by contacted Waorani of small groups who continue to resist pacification and assimilation, and their connection to indigenous citizenship in Ecuador. While portrayed by the Correa administration as intra-ethnic attacks by groups with a history of belligerence, we highlight the role of extractivist interests in precipitating such bloodshed and failing to protect PVIs, whose fate is important to the state’s identity as a guarantor of human rights and more generally a champion of social justice. The Correa administration responded to the 2013 massacre of the Taromenane with denial, reticence, and occlusion. Calls by the Inter-American Commission for Human Rights to protect two young Taromenane girls abducted during the killing have yet to be heeded. Instead, the government has taken the unprecedented step of incarcerating some of the Waorani implicated in the attack. These, in turn, have asked not to be seen as Ecuadorian citizens, but as outsiders who were acting according to Waorani law, and are therefore not subject to punishment by the state. For a nation so heavily reliant upon oil extraction and expansion—yet ideologically dedicated to plurinationalism and environmental conservation—these entanglements between the Waorani, Taromenane, and state continue to challenge any type of fixed or all-encompassing categorizations of citizenship for indigenous peoples.
Aggression in Children and Adolescents Following a Residential Fire: the Longitudinal Impact of PTSD Re-experiencing Symptoms

Although the linkage between PTSD symptoms and aggression has been demonstrated among victims of interpersonal traumas, this relationship is rarely examined among child survivors of other traumas. This study was conducted to examine the association between posttraumatic stress symptoms and aggression among 135 children who survived a residential fire. Data analyses, conducted via hierarchical linear modeling (using HLM and R software packages), support the hypothesis that re-experiencing symptom severity predicts higher levels of aggression. Clinically, results from this study suggest that when children with PTSD present with aggressive symptomology, more attention should be given to the re-experiencing cluster in children. Future studies should consider investigating the impact of the re-experiencing cluster on other externalizing and internalizing PTSD symptoms.
Composition of Household Income and Child Nutrition Outcomes Evidence from Uganda.

Summary This study targets the empirical space between cross-country analyses exploring links between income and nutrition without insights on micro-level determinants, and relevant microeconomic studies hindered by small sample size and/or incomplete data. We use the rural samples of the three waves of the Uganda National Panel Survey, and estimate panel regressions of child height-for-age z -scores (HAZ) controlling for time-invariant child-level heterogeneity. On the whole, we find no impact of short-term changes in total gross income on HAZ but document small positive correlations for younger children. Sector-differentiated analyses indicate that compared to wage earnings, only share of income from non-farm self-employment correlates positively with HAZ. Within agriculture, shares of income from consumption of own crop production and from low-protein crop production underlie the negative effect of share of income from crop production. While we cannot claim causal relationships, our findings suggest the possibility of “stickiness” of crop production to own consumption.
Circulatory dynamics of pregnancy. IV. Fluid accumulation.

Abstract The effect of acute volume expansion on interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) was determined. Fluid retention resulted in an elevated IFP, and edema was evident when the IFP rose to +1 cm. H 2 O or above. An analogue model of circulatory system suggested that the changing resistance to venous return during pregnancy might exert an important influence on fluid accumulation.
Physical activity modifies the influence of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele and type 2 diabetes on dementia and cognitive impairment among older Mexican Americans

Abstract Introduction The etiologies of dementia are complex and influenced by genetic and environmental factors including medical conditions. Methods We used Cox regression model to estimate the individual and joint effects of physical activity (PA), apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) e4, and diabetes status on risk of dementia and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) among 1438 cognitively intact Mexican American elderly who were followed up to 10 years. Results The risk of developing dementia/CIND was increased more than threefold in APOE e4 carriers or diabetics with low levels of PA compared with e4 noncarriers or nondiabetics who engaged in high PA (e4: hazard ratio [HR] = 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85–6.39; diabetes: HR = 3.11, 95% CI = 1.87–5.18); the presence of all three risk factors increased risk by nearly 10-fold (HR = 9.49, 95% CI = 3.57–25.3). Discussion PA in elderly Hispanics protects strongly against the onset of dementia/CIND, especially in APOE e4 carriers and those who have diabetes.
Gait variability assessment in neuro-degenerative patients by measuring complexity of independent sources

Patients suffering from neuro-degenerative diseases have difficulties with normal locomotion. This problem progresses with the course of disease. Gait assessment is an effective way of diagnosing the disease and quantifying its progress which can effectively prevent falls. In this paper, an automatic assessment method for analyzing gait data obtained by force sensor insoles is introduced. The gait analysis method is based on measuring the complexity of gait data after extracting independent sources. The results are promising an average accuracy of 94% for three different diseases.
Enantioselective Synthesis of F-Ring Fragments of Kibdelone C via Desymmetrizing Bromolactonization of 1,4-Dihydrobenzoic Acid

We previously reported a bifunctional organic catalyst that promotes highly efficient enantioselective halolactonizations of a broad array of olefinic acids. As part of that work, we demonstrated the desymmetrization of a prochiral substrate through a catalytic enantioselective halolactonization, and we report herein the application of one such desymmetrization process to the syntheses of F-ring subunit synthons of (+)-kibdelone C.
10 – Money, Credit, and the Economy

This chapter describes money, credit, and the economy. In general, money can be raised either through the sale of debt or through the sale of equity. Shares of stock represent partial ownership in a firm and have value because they carry with them the right to receive dividends. Bonds and other debt instruments, issued by both firms and governments, represent a promise of future repayment. The demand for credit is affected by the level of the interest rate, income, inflation rates, inflation expectations, and governmental policies that affect borrowing. Interest rates are set through the interaction of borrowers and lenders on the credit market. Factors that cause a change in either the supply of credit or the demand for it would change the interest rate. Disintermediation occurs when interest rates rise above the legal maximums that financial intermediaries might pay. Money is then withdrawn from these financial institutions and is invested directly in credit markets, resulting in an increase in credit availability there but a reduction in credit available through banks and financial institutions.
Ionically-Conductive Solid Solutions of Divalent Cation Salts in Poly(Ethylene Oxide)

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) forms solid solutions with MgCl2, PbI2, PbBr2, and various other salts of divalent cations. DSC analysis and a study of the temperature dependence of conductivity indicate that these materials consist of several crystalline phases, corresponding to pure PEO and salt-rich complexes, and a coexisting elastomeric phase. MgCl2.(PEO) has an ionic conductivity comparable to that of LiCF3 SO3.(PEO) from 10−516 (ohm cm)−1 at 80°C, and the conductivity of PbBr2.(PEO)8 is 1096 − 10−7 (ohm cm)−1 at 180°C and about 10−5 (ohm-cm)−1 at 250°C. The lead halide complexes conduct both Pb2+ and halide anions. All of the divalent halide complexes are stable to nearly 300°C.
Evolution of New World Primate MHC Class I Genes

We cloned, sequenced and transfected the MHC class I genes from three other species of bone-chimeric primates (the saddle-backed tamarin, S. fuscicollis; the common marmoset, Callithrix jacehus; and the golden-headed lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia) and a single species of a non-bone marrow-chimeric New World primate (the owl monkey, Aotus trivirqatus). The MHC class I genes of the bone marrow-chimeric species all displayed low levels of MHC class I variation; the MHC class I genes of the non-bone marrow-chimeric A.trivirqatus were highly variable. This finding suggests that bone marrow-chimerism may indeed be related to a reduction in MHC class I variation in New World primates. To investigate the relatedness of these New World primate MHC class I genes, gene trees were constructed. All of the New World primate classical MHC class I genes, including those of A.trivirqatus, were related to the human non-clasical HLA-G gene. The S.fuscicollis MHC class I genes were indistinguishable from those of S.oedipus. Surprisingly, the MHC class I genes of C.jacchus were only distantly related to the MHC class I genes of S.oedipus and S.fuscicollis. Interestingly, the functional MHC class I genes of C.jacchus were closely related to two pseudo genes of S.oedipus. These data suggest that MHC class I evolution in New World primates may take place by duplication and subsequent inactivation or expansion of certain genes.
Applications of the Cauchy Theory

Let \(U \subseteq \mathbb{C}\) be an open set and let f be holomorphic on U. Then C∞(U). Moreover, if \(\bar{D}(P,r) \subseteq U\) and z ∈ D(P,r), then $$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{{\left( {\frac{\partial }{{\partial z}}} \right)}}^{k}}f(z) = \frac{{k!}}{{2\pi i}}\oint_{{|\zeta - P| = r}} {\frac{{f(\zeta )}}{{{{{\left( {\zeta - z} \right)}}^{{k + 1}}}}}d\zeta ,} } & {k = 0,1,2, \ldots .} \\ \end{array}$$ (3.1.1.1)
A Simple Sand Column Laboratory Exercise to Illustrate Pollutant Hydrology in Groundwater Systems

The transport of pollutants in groundwater systems is an important concept taught in contaminant hydrology. Yet, surprisingly, no relevant soil column experiments have been described in the pedagogical literature (Journal of Chemical Education, Chemical Education Research and Practice, or Journal of Geoscience Education). This experiment illustrates the transport of tracers in a sand column using the conservative (non-retained and non-reactive) tracer fluorescein, along with a step input of non-conservative (retained/adsorbed) cadmium ion. The experiment is easy to set up, uses inexpensive commercially-available glassware and sand, and is highly reproducible. Step inputs of conservative tracer elute in one pore volume (the volume needed to completely replace the water held in the saturated column), with cadmium eluting in three pore volumes. This experiment can be completed in two, three-hour laboratory periods.
Clinical Research Participation

Advancements in clinical research depend on the willingness of patients to become study participants, especially in rare diseases such as Wilson disease. However, participation is always voluntary, and anyone considering joining a study should be given the chance to review all aspects of the study before coming to a decision. Primary care physicians (PCPs) can play a vital role in connecting patients with research opportunities and serve as a resource when patients make decisions about study participation. The purpose of this chapter is to provide PCPs and patients with an overview of clinical research (including clinical trials and patient registries), information on rights and responsibilities, and a map to prepare for the informed consent process. Clinical research should be considered a partnership between participants and investigators aimed at the common goal of improving the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
Ryanodine Receptor 1-Related Myopathies: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches.

Ryanodine receptor type 1-related myopathies (RYR1-RM) are the most common class of congenital myopathies. Historically, RYR1-RM classification and diagnosis have been guided by histopathologic findings on muscle biopsy. Main histological subtypes of RYR1-RM include central core disease, multiminicore disease, core–rod myopathy, centronuclear myopathy, and congenital fiber-type disproportion. A range of RYR1-RM clinical phenotypes has also emerged more recently and includes King Denborough syndrome, RYR1 rhabdomyolysis-myalgia syndrome, atypical periodic paralysis, congenital neuromuscular disease with uniform type 1 fibers, and late-onset axial myopathy. This expansion of the RYR1-RM disease spectrum is due, in part, to implementation of next-generation sequencing methods, which include the entire RYR1 coding sequence rather than being restricted to hotspot regions. These methods enhance diagnostic capabilities, especially given historic limitations of histopathologic and clinical overlap across RYR1-RM. Both dominant and recessive modes of inheritance have been documented, with the latter typically associated with a more severe clinical phenotype. As with all congenital myopathies, no FDA-approved treatments exist to date. Here, we review histopathologic, clinical, imaging, and genetic diagnostic features of the main RYR1-RM subtypes. We also discuss the current state of treatments and focus on disease-modulating (nongenetic) therapeutic strategies under development for RYR1-RM. Finally, perspectives for future approaches to treatment development are broached.
Bikeability: Assessing the Objectively Measured Environment in Relation to Recreation and Transportation Bicycling:

The objectives of this study were to examine the association between objectively measured environmental variables and transportation and recreation bicycling frequency, and to develop transportatio...
Shock-Driven Decomposition of Polymers and Polymeric Foams.

Polymers and foams are pervasive in everyday life, as well as in specialized contexts such as space exploration, industry, and defense. They are frequently subject to shock loading in the latter cases, and will chemically decompose to small molecule gases and carbon (soot) under loads of sufficient strength. We review a body of work—most of it performed at Los Alamos National Laboratory—on polymers and foams under extreme conditions. To provide some context, we begin with a brief review of basic concepts in shockwave physics, including features particular to transitions (chemical reaction or phase transition) entailing an abrupt reduction in volume. We then discuss chemical formulations and synthesis, as well as experimental platforms used to interrogate polymers under shock loading. A high-level summary of equations of state for polymers and their decomposition products is provided, and their application illustrated. We then present results including temperatures and product compositions, thresholds for reaction, wave profiles, and some peculiarities of traditional modeling approaches. We close with some thoughts regarding future work.
Phosphorus Requirement of Rhododendron ‘Victor’ and Cotoneaster adpressa praecox Grown in a Perlite-Peat Medium

Rooted cuttings of Rhododendron ‘Victor’ (a PJM cultivar) and Cotoneaster adpressa praecox were grown in the greenhouse with phosphorus (P) levels ranging from 0 to 15 ppm in a perlite-peat medium. Shoot growth of Rhododendron was equal at P levels from 2.5 to 15 ppm. Maximum growth of shoots and roots of Cotoneaster was at 10 ppm. Maximum Rhododendron leaf P content occurred at 5 ppm in the medium and remained the same at higher P levels. The P content of Cotoneaster leaves increased throughout the range of P levels in the growing medium. A P level of 10 ppm in soilless media solution is suggested for most nursery crops.
A Review of the Use and Appeal of Flavored Electronic Cigarettes

E-cigarettes are available in a variety of flavors not found in traditional tobacco products (i.e., “nontraditional flavors”), which is a commonly cited reason for e-cigarette use. This review examines the prevalence of nontraditional-flavored e-cigarette use, mechanisms through which flavorings enhance product appeal, use of nontraditional-flavored e-cigarettes for smoking cessation, and differences in these findings between youth and adults. Nontraditional-flavored e-cigarettes are used at e-cigarette initiation by the majority of youth. These flavors enhance the appeal of e-cigarettes by creating sensory perceptions of sweetness and coolness and masking the aversive taste of nicotine. Use of nontraditional-flavored e-cigarettes is higher among youth and young adults (vs. older adults) and among nonsmokers (vs. combustible cigarette smokers). Nontraditional-flavored e-cigarettes are popular among youth, but may be less common among older adults and combustible cigarette smokers. Further research is needed to determine whether use of e-cigarettes in nontraditional flavors affects smoking cessation.
Examination of the composition and mechanism of discoloration of the fugitive pigment copper resinate

Abstract Copper resinate was a green pigment used through the Renaissance when it was largely discontinued due to its tendency to discolor to brown over time. Historically, this pigment was made by grinding copper(II) acetate, or verdigris, in a tree resin rich in abietic acid. Commercial copper resinate and copper(II) abietate mixtures were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, infrared and visible spectroscopy. The pigment consists of mixed organic copper salts with bridged acetate (Ac) and abietate (Ab) ligands (i.e, [Cu2Ab4], [Cu2Ab3Ac], and [Cu2Ab2Ac2]) based upon sodiated ions detected in mass spectra. The lipophilic abietate groups allow the molecules to dissolve in the resin and oil binders for a transparent glaze free of pigment particles. A paddlewheel bridged-dimer structure of [Cu2Ab4] modeled by density functional theory has similar bond distances to copper(II) acetate. Experimental results suggest that copper(II) abietate lacks the axial water ligands found in copper(II) acetate. The green color of copper resinate originates from a combination of the blue typical for organic copper salts and the yellow of free abietate/abietic acid. Solutions of both verdigris and copper resinate quickly discolor to brown upon the addition of a dilute basic solution. Slow conversion of organic copper salts in the paint layer to brown copper(II) oxide, possibly enhanced by environmental conditions or cleaning with alkaline materials, may be an alternate discoloration mechanism in cultural artifacts. Copper detected by portable energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) in discolored paint layers of an Italian Renaissance painting by Tintoretto is consistent with this artist’s established use of copper resinate.
Novel Noncompetitive Type Three Secretion System ATPase Inhibitors Shut Down Shigella Effector Secretion.

Shigella is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery and is responsible for an estimated 165 million infections and 600,000 deaths annually. Like many Gram-negative pathogens, Shigella relies on a type three secretion system (T3SS) to initiate and sustain infection by directly injecting effector proteins into host cells. Protein secretion through the needle-like injectisome and overall Shigella virulence rely on the T3SS ATPase Spa47, making it a likely means for T3SS regulation and an attractive target for therapeutic small molecule inhibitors. Here, we utilize a recently solved 2.15 A crystal structure of Spa47 to computationally screen 7.6 million drug-like compounds for candidates which avoid the highly conserved active site by targeting a distal, but critical, interface between adjacent protomers of the Spa47 homohexamer. Ten of the top inhibitor candidates were characterized, identifying novel Spa47 inhibitors that reduce in vitro ATPase activity by as much as 87.9 ± 10.5% with IC50's as low as 25 ± 20 μM and reduce in vivo Shigella T3SS protein secretion by as much as 94.7 ± 3.0%. Kinetic analyses show that the inhibitors operate through a noncompetitive mechanism that likely supports the inhibitors' low cytotoxicity, as they avoid off-target ATPases involved in either Shigella or mammalian cell metabolism. Interestingly, the inhibitors display nearly identical inhibition profiles for Spa47 and the T3SS ATPases EscN from E. coli and FliI from Salmonella. Together, the results of this study provide much-needed insight into T3SS ATPase inhibition mechanisms and a strong platform for developing broadly effective cross-pathogen T3SS ATPase inhibitors.
Innovative teaching knowledge stays with users

Programs seeking to transform undergraduate science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses often strive for participating faculty to share their knowledge of innovative teaching practices with other faculty in their home departments. Here, we provide interview, survey, and social network analyses revealing that faculty who use innovative teaching practices preferentially talk to each other, suggesting that greater steps are needed for information about innovative practices to reach faculty more broadly.
Yoga Practice Predicts Improvements in Day-to-Day Pain in Women With Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Abstract Context Women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) experience a significant symptom burden, including cancer pain. Yoga is a mind-body discipline that has shown promise for alleviating cancer pain, but few studies have included patients with metastatic disease or examined the acute effects of yoga practice. Objectives To determine whether daily pain changed significantly during a randomized controlled trial of the Mindful Yoga program among women with MBC and whether time spent in yoga practice was related to daily pain. Methods On alternate weeks during the intervention period, we collected daily measures of pain from a subset of 48 women randomized to either yoga (n = 30) or a support group condition (n = 18). We also assessed daily duration of yoga practice among patients randomized to yoga. Results Pain levels were low for women in both conditions, and no differential treatment effects were found on daily pain. However, among women randomized to yoga, a dose/response relationship was found between yoga practice duration and daily pain. When patients had spent relatively more time practicing yoga across two consecutive days, they were more likely to experience lower pain on the next day. This finding is consistent with an earlier MBC study. Meditation practice showed the strongest association with lower daily pain. Conclusion Findings suggest that yoga practice (meditation practice in particular) is associated with acute improvements in cancer pain, and that yoga interventions may be more impactful if tested in a sample of patients with advanced cancer in which pain is relatively elevated.
Long-term follow-up of branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms with No change in first 5 Years of diagnosis.

Abstract Background Discontinuation of branch-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (BD-IPMN) surveillance after 5 years of no change remains controversial. Long-term outcomes of BD-IPMN without significant changes in the first 5 years were evaluated. Methods We performed a multi-center retrospective analysis of patients with BD-IPMN diagnosis from 2005 to 2011 (follow-up until 2017). Significant changes were defined as pancreatic cancer (PC), pancreatectomy, high-risk stigmata (HRS), worrisome features (WF) and worrisome EUS features (WEUS). Results Of 982 patients who had no significant changes, 5 (0.5%), 7 (0.7%), 99 (10.1%), 4 (0.4%) patients developed PC, HRS, WF, WEUS, respectively, post-5 years. PC and HRS/WF/WEUS incidences at 12 years were 1.0% and 29.0%, respectively. Patients that developed HRS/WF/WEUS had larger cyst size in first 5 years compared to those that did not [16 (12–23) vs. 12 (9–17) mm, p = 0.0001], cyst size of >15 mm having higher cumulative incidence of HRS/WF/WEUS. PC mortality was 0.8%; all-cause mortality was 32%. Incidence of mortality due to PC was higher in HRS/WF/WEUS group, p Conclusions Incidence of PC in patients with BD-IPMN without significant changes in first 5 years of diagnosis remains low at 1.0%. Incidence of HRS/WF/WEUS was higher at 29.0%. PC-related mortality was higher in HRS/WF/WEUS group. These risks should be weighed against patients’ overall mortality (utilizing scoring systems such as ACCI) when making surveillance decision of BD-IPMN beyond 5 years.
MANAGEMENT OF PEDIATRIC FACIAL FRACTURES DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused delays in medical and surgical interventions in most health care systems worldwide. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMSs) delayed operations to protect themselves, patients, and staff. This article (1) presents one institution's experience in the management of pediatric craniomaxillofacial trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) suggests recommendations to decrease transmission. Methods This was a retrospective review of children aged 18 years or younger who underwent surgery at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta in Atlanta, GA, between March and August 2020. Patients (1) were aged 18 years old or younger, (2) had one or more maxillofacial fractures, and (3) underwent surgery performed by an OMS, otolaryngologist, or plastic surgeon. Medical records were reviewed regarding (1) fracture location, (2) COVID-19 status, (3) timing, (4) personal protective equipment, and (5) infection status. Descriptive statistics were computed. Results Fifty-eight children met the inclusion criteria. The most commonly injured maxillofacial location was the nose. Operations were performed 50.9 hours after admission. Specific prevention perioperative guidelines were used with all patients, with no transmission occurring from a patient to a health care worker. Conclusions With application of our recommendations, there was no transmission to health care workers. We hope that these guidelines will assist OMSs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Discovery, Processing, and Potential Role of Noncanonical Caps in RNA

The modification of RNA species has been well documented for decades. In mRNA, both internal and 5′ end modifications can occur. Specifically, modification of the 5′ end is known as capping. The 5′-5′ triphosphate linked N7-methyl guanosine (m7G) structure is involved in a myriad of RNA processes and was long presumed to be the only functional cap. In recent years, this view was overturned by reports that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical redox cofactor, can serve as an RNA cap in bacteria. Subsequently, yeast, mammalian, and plant RNA species were also found to harbor the NAD+cap. Apart from NAD+, other noncanonical nucleotide analogs, including NADH, FAD, dpCoA, UDP-Glucose, and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, were found to be caps in endogenous RNA, suggesting that a wide repertoire of RNA caps may be present. However, the functions of noncanonical capping remain mostly unknown. This chapter describes the detection methods for noncanonical RNA caps, their mode of capping and decapping, and their potential molecular and biological functions. The discovery of noncanonical caps represents a revolution in research on RNA modifications and prompts future efforts to delve into novel epitranscriptomic processes, which may link cellular metabolism with gene expression.
Recombinant BCGs for tuberculosis and bladder cancer.

Abstract Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccine is an attenuated live strain of Mycobacterium bovis. It may be the most widely used vaccine in human history and is the only licensed human tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available. Despite its excellent safety history, a century of use in global vaccination programs, and its significant contribution to reducing TB mortality among children, the efficacy of BCG continues to be disputed due to its incomplete protection against pulmonary TB in adults. Still vaccines offer the best chance to contain the ongoing spread of multi-drug resistance TB and disease dissemination. The development of improved vaccines against TB therefore remains a high global priority. Interestingly, recent studies indicate that genetically modified BCG, or administration of existing BCG through alternate routes, or revaccination, offers improved protection, suggesting that BCG is well poised to make a comeback. Intravesical BCG is also the only approved microbial immunotherapy for any form of cancer, and is the first-line therapy for treatment-naive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMBIC), which represents a majority of the new bladder cancer cases diagnosed. However, almost a third of patients with NMIBC are either BCG unresponsive or have tumor recurrence, leading to a higher risk of disease progression. With very few advances in intravesical therapy over the past two decades for early-stage disease, and a limited pipeline of therapeutics in Phase 3 or late Phase 2 development, there is a major unmet need for improved intravesical therapies for NMIBC. Indeed, genetically modified candidate BCG vaccines engineered to express molecules that confer stronger protection against pulmonary TB or induce potent anti-tumor immunity in NMIBC have shown promise in both pre-clinical and clinical settings. This review discusses the development of second generation, genetically modified BCG candidates as TB vaccines and as anti-tumor adjuvant therapy for NMIBC.
Semantic Media Conversion: Possibilities and Limits

With recent amazing progress in machine intelligence, it is becoming increasingly easy to "convert" information reliably from one medium to another. For example, there is already a regular annual conference on "Text as Data". We will soon have similar facility to deal with images, videos, music, and so on. Let's call this semantic media conversion. In this talk, I will outline some possibilities with high quality semantic media conversion. In particular, it becomes possible to convert all media into alphanumeric data, nicely organized in structured tables with limited loss of information. Multimedia data, so converted, becomes easy to use, to aggregate, and to analyze, leading to new Data Science opportunities. But this ease of analysis also leads to questions of appropriateness. We shouldn't necessarily do everything that we have the ability to do. What are our values How do we apply them in practice What limits do we apply to semantic media conversion and the analysis enabled by it.
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a treatment strategy for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)-infected patients that consists of administering three or more different drugs, including nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
An Initial Examination of Prehistoric Obsidian Exchange in Hidalgo County New Mexico

Recent archaeological surveys in southwestern New Mexico have produced a large volume of data relating to the prehistoric procurement and exchange of obsidian from the Antelope Wells source in Hida...