cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Silver Bicrystalline Nanowires

ABSTRACT This paper describes a solution-phase route to the large-scale synthesis of silver nanowires with diameters in the range of 30-40 nm, and lengths up to ~50 m. The initial step of this synthesis involved the formation of Pt nanoparticles by reducing PtCl 2 with ethylene glycol (EG) refluxed at ~160 o C. These Pt nanoparticles could serve as seeds for the growth of silver (formed by reducing AgNO 3 with EG) through heterogeneous nucleation process because their crystal structures and lattice constants matched closely. In the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), the growth of silver could be led to a highly anisotropic mode with formation of uniform nanowires. UV-visible spectroscopy was used to track the growth process of silver nanowires because different silver nanostructures exhibited distinctive surface plasmon resonance peaks at different frequencies. SEM, TEM, XRD, and electron diffraction were used to characterize these silver nanowires, indicating the formation of a highly pure face-centered cubic phase, as well as uniform diameter and bicrystalline structure. The morphology of these silver nanostructures could be varied from particles and rods to long wires by tuning the reaction conditions, including reaction temperature, and the ratio of PVP to silver nitrate. These silver nanowires could be used as sacrificial templates to synthesize gold nanotubes via a template-engaged replacement reaction. The dispersion of gold nanotubes exhibited a strong extinction peak in the red regime, which was around 760 nm. Keywords: Silver nanowires, seeded-growth, gold nanotubes, surface plasmon resonance
Anterior pituitary hormones: development of a bioassay leading to the discovery of prolactin

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online: Riddle O, Bates RW, and Dykshorn SW. The preparation, identification and assay of prolactin–...
The jitter time-stamp approach for clock recovery of real-time variable bit-rate traffic

When multimedia streams arrive at the receiver, their temporal relationships may be distorted due to jitter. Assuming the media stream is packetized, the jitter is then the packet's arrival time deviation from its expected arrival time. There are various ways to reduce jitter, which include synchronization at the application layer, or synchronization at the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) adaptation layer (AAL). The new source rate recovery scheme called jitter time-stamp (JTS) provides synchronization at the ATM adaptation layer 2 (AAL2) which is used to carry variable bit-rate traffic such as compressed voice and video. JTS is implemented, and experiments have shown that it is able to recover the source rate.
Assembly-line care: Ancillary care work in post-Fordist economies

Objectives: In the United States, health care aid is one of the fastest growing jobs. This trend is observed in many other Western countries experiencing increased demands for home and facility-based long-term care. However, the recruitment and retention of workers is difficult. The goal of this research is to provide a sound conceptual analysis of paid ancillary care as a better understanding of this type of labour can help improve the delivery and quality of services as well as the retention of workers. Methods: The activities of paid ancillary care are analysed using Marx's analysis of labour and Habermas's distinction of action types. Studies on care workers as well as the manner in which the provision of care is structured by agencies are examined in order to highlight how care work is perceived. Conclusions: Although care labour is situated in a post-Fordist economy, it is, nonetheless organised as assembly-line work reminiscent of Fordist labour. This is in part a consequence of the reduction of care to a commodity. The commodification of care erases the relational component intrinsic to adequate caring. It is suggested that care labour should be structured to support the complex activities that comprise this type of labour.
Performance-oriented placement and routing for field-programmable gate arrays

This paper presents a performance-oriented placement and routing tool for field-programmable gate arrays. Using recursive geometric partitioning for simultaneous placement and global routing, and a graph-based strategy for detailed routing, our tool optimizes source-sink pathlengths, channel width and total wire-length. Our results compare favorably with other FPGA layout tools, as measured by the maximum channel width required to place and route a number of industrial benchmarks.
Treatment of scleroderma: an update

The goal of this article is to update the reader and focus on novel therapies and clinical trials published since our last review [6]. Evidence suggests that drug intervention should target one or all of three biological processes: vascular disease, autommunity and tissue fibrosis. Efforts should be made to classify the subtype of scleroderma, to determine the activity of the disease process and the degree of specific organ involvement before specific treatment decisions are made. Cyclophosphamide in fibrosing alveolitis, intravenous prostaglandins and other vasodilators for the vascular disease, endothelin-1 inhibition in pulmonary hypertension and immunosuppressive therapy for early inflammatory disease, all appear to have benefit. Several agents used in vitro and in animal models of fibrosis also show promise including anti-transforming growth factor-β, the statins and anti-integrins. More experience in well-designed clinical trials is needed to define the role of these agents in treating scleroderma.
Passive real-world interface props for neurosurgical visualization

We claim that physical manipulation of familiar real-world objects in the user’s real environment is an important technique for the design of three-dimensional user interfaces. These real-world passive interface props are manipulated by the user to specify spatial relationships between interface objects. By unobtrusively embedding free-space position and orientation trackers within the props, we enable the computer to passively observe a natural user dialog in the real world, rather than forcing the user to engage in a contrived dialog in the computer-generated world. We present neurosurgical planning as a driving application and demonstrate the utility of a head viewing prop, a cutting-plane selection prop, and a trajectory selection prop in this domain. Using passive props in this interface exploits the surgeon’s existing skills, provides direct action-task correspondence, eliminates explicit modes for separate tools, facilitates natural two-handed interaction, and provides tactile and kinesthetic feedback for the user. Our informal evaluation sessions have shown that with a cursory introduction, neurosurgeons who have never seen the interface can understand and use it without training.
Malpractice in colorectal surgery: a review of 122 medicolegal cases

Abstract Background Medical malpractice has become a rising concern for physicians, affecting the cost and delivery of health care. Colorectal procedures account for 24% of all general surgery cases, a high-risk specialty, with 15% of its physicians facing malpractice suit annually. Methods The Westlaw legal database was used to identify colorectal malpractice cases. Results In all, 122 of 230 lawsuits were included in this study. A majority of 65.6% were physician verdicts, 19.7% plaintiff verdicts, and 14.8% reached a settlement. Plaintiff payments were found to be significantly higher than settlement awards. The most common cause of alleged malpractice was failure to recognize a complication in a timely manner (45.1%), followed by damage to surrounding tissues (36.1%). Conclusions The most common cause of alleged malpractice was failure to recognize a complication in a timely manner, followed by damage to surrounding tissue. Plaintiff awards were significantly higher than settlement payments. It is important to understand the mechanism of malpractice allegations to better prevent litigation and improve patient care.
Hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells with vertically aligned ZnO/ZnO1−xSx nanorods in core-shell like nanostructure

Hybrid inorganic-organic solar cells using vertically aligned ZnO nanorod array forming a core with nanocrystalline ZnO1−xSx shell integrated with polymeric P3HT+PCBM semiconductor blend are investigated. ZnO nanorod array over SnO2:F coated transparent conductor glass substrates are capped by sulfur chemiplating to create ZnO/ZnO1−xSx core-shell 3-dimensional electron transport electrode nanostructure. Dense array of vertically aligned nanorods help mitigate the short exciton diffusion length limitation in polymeric donor-acceptor blend by enhancing surface area and proximity with electron collector. The ZnO nanorod core via anion substitution at oxygen sites with sulfur increase p-type dopability of ZnO1−xSx shell and create a junction electric field. With low p-doped ZnO1−xSx shell in contact with P3HT+PCBM blend, this junction field is favorably directed to facilitate charge exciton dissociation, carrier separation and fast electron transport and minimize interface recombination. With large junction area, inclusive electric field and direct pathway through ZnO core for electron collection, the expected photocurrent enhancement is seen. Hybrid solar cells exhibit an overall conversion efficiency of 3.58% and strong dependence of photocurrent on the length of ZnO nanorods. The results indicate that the efficiency of such hybrid solar cells is significantly improved due to the unique morphology of the ZnO/ZnO1−xSx core-shell layer.
What are the Overall Strategies for Post-Thrombolytic Care That Include Use of Angioplasty?

The approach to the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction has changed markedly over the past several years. These changes have centered on the initial management of patients with evolving myocardial infarction. The major focus of treatment now includes widespread use of thrombolytic agents. This new approach has important implications for overall strategies in the management of patients with myocardial infarction. The purpose of this paper is to address strategies for post-thrombolytic care that use mechanical recanalization in an attempt to enhance the outcome of thrombolysis alone.
An adaptive actuator failure compensation scheme for a cooperative manipulator system with parameter uncertainties

This paper studies a new fault-tolerant robot control technique, by constructing and evaluating an adaptive actuator failure compensation scheme for control of a cooperative manipulator system with both actuator failure and parameter uncertainties. The control scheme is developed based on adaptive integration of multiple individual failure compensators and direct adaptation of controller parameters. The adaptive failure compensation scheme utilizes actuation redundancy to guarantee desired closed-loop stability and asymptotic output tracking, despite actuator failures whose pattern, time and value are all uncertain. The simulation results of a cooperative manipulator benchmark system are presented to verify the desired control performance.
Methionine and Choline in a Simplified Chick Ration

Abstract SOYBEAN protein, as determined by its amino acid distribution is known to be a fairly complete protein. Almquist, Mecchi, Kratzer, and Grau (1942) reported that the principal growth limiting factor in raw soybean protein is methionine and that heated soybean protein is slightly deficient in methionine for the chick at the 20 percent protein level. At this level no indications were obtained of a deficiency of other amino acids required by chicks but choline exerted a small growth promoting effect. Hayward and Hafner (1941) showed that autoclaving soybeans gave a nutritional response similar to that obtained by adding cystine and methionine to raw soybeans. However, the greatest response was obtained when either cystine or methionine or a combination of the two were added to autoclaved soybeans. They concluded that raw soybean protein was deficient in available cystine and that cooking made the cystine available. They also suggested that choline was . . .
Computational micromechanics analysis of electron hopping induced piezoresistive response in carbon nanotube-polymer nanocomposites

In this study, a multiscale micromechanics based computational model is developed to capture the effect of electron hopping induced formation/disruption of conductive paths at the nanoscale which govern the effective macroscale conductive and piezoresistive response of the CNT-polymer nanocomposite. The local nanoscale conductivity at the nanoscale is allowed to evolve by tracking the position of the nanotubes under applied deformations and modifying the conductivity of the intertube region depending on the relative proximity of individual pairs of nanotubes. The formation and disruption of the high conductivity bands are highly dependent on the applied strain and yield odd microstructural symmetries for the effective electrical properties, emphasizing on the need of a computational micromechanics model. The effect of local CNT volume fractions and maximum electron hopping range on the effective macroscale gauge factors is studied for different cases of microstructure morphology i.e. CNT-polymer nanocomposites uniformly dispersed aligned CNTs and aligned/randomly oriented microscale bundles composed of aligned CNTs. Random orientation of macroscale bundles is taken into account using micromechanics based techniques by averaging over a discrete number of orientations of microscale bundles in a consistent manner. The results presented herein indicate that the effective gauge factors follow a strain dependent nonlinear response with asymmetry on application of tensile/compressive strains. In addition, the effective gauge factors were observed to be smaller for a microstructure with aligned microscale bundles as compared to randomly oriented microscale bundle. The gauge factors obtained from the current work are of comparable magnitude with those reported in the literature based on experimental investigation indicating that electron hopping could be the dominant mechanism governing the macroscale piezoresistive response of CNT-polymer nanocomposites.
Gate Control of the Conduction Mechanism Transition from Tunneling to Thermally Activated Hopping

We explore gate control of electron transport through molecules with different repeat units. In the framework of reduced density matrix theory, the computational results show (i) exponential decay in the tunneling regime and (ii) Arrhenius behavior and similar activation energies in the hopping regime, which are qualitatively consistent with experimental observations. Moreover, the gate enables tuning of the activation energy, indicating that the continuous transition from tunneling to hopping could be experimentally observed. The activation energy–gate voltage characteristics are introduced to investigate different conduction regimes.
Study and Implementation of Beowulf Parallel Computing System

Cluster system,realized by senior computer or RISC workstations through local internet’s connection,has put the high characteristic computers from research and practise area to the common area.This paper introduces how to establish Beowulf cluster system under Linux in common PC which is based on distributed memory structure.Tests using a parallel computing algorithm measure the parallel efficiency of this Beowulf system.Results show that this Beowulf system could run high parallel computing efficiency and parallel speedup.
A cytoarchitectonic study of the spinal cord of the domestic fowlGallus gallus domesticus. I. Brachial region

Abstract On the basis of cytological differences it is possible to subdivide the central gray matter of the chick spinal cord into 10 cytoarchitectonically discrete regions or laminae. While the scheme presented for the chick is basically similar to that for the cat, significant differences were found in the dorsal horn. In the cat the first 4 laminae lie one above another in a dorsoventral direction. In the chick laminae 2 and 3 lie on either side of the triangular-shaped lamina 4. Due to this orientation there is no physical contact between laminae 2 and 3. Further, a distinctive cell type in lamina 2 is described which has never been specifically mentioned in the literature.
Comparison of cerebral blood flow and structural penumbras in relation to white matter hyperintensities: A multi-modal magnetic resonance imaging study

Normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) surrounding WMHs is associated with decreased structural integrity and perfusion, increased risk of WMH growth, and is referred to as the WMH penumbra. Studies ...
Erythroblastosis fetalis: identification, management, and prevention.

Anti-Rh and other antibodies that can cause erythroblastosis fetalis are still found from time to time in pregnant women, and vigilance must be exercised to prevent fetal effects from occurring. Intrauterine fetal transfusion is widely used, but prevention of sensitization with Rh0(D) Immune Globulin is still the most important step.
Single-Electron Transmetalation via Photoredox/Nickel Dual Catalysis: Unlocking a New Paradigm for sp3–sp2 Cross-Coupling

ConspectusThe important role of transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling in expanding the frontiers of accessible chemical territory is unquestionable. Despite empowering chemists with Herculean capabilities in complex molecule construction, contemporary protocols are not without their Achilles’ heel: Csp3–Csp2/sp3 coupling. The underlying challenge in sp3 cross-couplings is 2-fold: (i) methods employing conventional, bench-stable precursors are universally reliant on extreme reaction conditions because of the high activation barrier of transmetalation; (ii) circumvention of this barrier invariably relies on use of more reactive precursors, thereby sacrificing functional group tolerance, operational simplicity, and broad applicability. Despite the ubiquity of this problem, the nature of the transmetalation step has remained unchanged from the seminal reports of Negishi, Suzuki, Kumada, and Stille, thus suggesting that the challenges in Csp3–Csp2/sp3 coupling result from inherent mechanistic constraints i...
Medical Image Reconstruction: A Conceptual Tutorial

Medical image reconstruction , Medical image reconstruction , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Modeling the effects of microfluidization conditions on properties of corn bran

Abstract Corn bran was microfluidized through a 200-μm channel in the pressure range of 124.1–158.7 MPa for 1–5 passes following the central composite experimental design. Physicochemical properties and antioxidant properties of microfluidized bran samples were measured and fitted to the second order polynomial model. The response surface equations obtained showed that all the properties examined had a positive linear relationship with pressure and a negative quadratic relationship with number of passes except for ABTS radical scavenging activity which was quadratically related to both processing parameters. The number of passes generally had a more pronounced effect on the examined properties compared with pressure. Within the experimental range, the maximum values of swelling capacity, water-holding capacity, and oil-holding capacity were respectively 10.62 ml/g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), 5.49 g water/g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), and 4.61 g oil/g d.w. (at 124.1 MPa); the maximum values of surface reactive phenolic content, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were 148.80 mg/FAE g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), 50.02 μmol TE/g d.w. (at 158.7 MPa), and 47.90 μmol TE/g d.w. (at 145.9 MPa), respectively. All maximum values of the properties occurred at 5 passes.
Cellular Automaton-Based Shading System (CASS)

This chapter collects the findings of the research on the cellular automaton-based shading systems (CASS) for building envelopes. CASS is based on congruent modular units, thus it has the potential of being inexpensive and robust. Two approaches for the realization of CASS are presented: based on the liquid crystal technology, and based on the rotation of polarized film elements. Several optimization methods of CASS are presented. The optimization criteria include: the “grayness” monotonicity, and cellular automaton (CA) pattern distribution error which represent: the level of control over the CA pattern, and its uniformity over entire array of cells, respectively. The robustness of CASS for various types of failure is discussed.
Identification of New Alloantigen-Reactive CD8+ Cytotoxic and Suppressor T Cell Subpopulations.

We sought to develop a better understanding of the T cells involved in the human allogeneic immune response, in order to eventually engineer a donor graft with reduced GVHD-mediating potential, without ablating general immune competence. Prior studies reported that all the activated CD4+ T cells responding to a specific antigen challenge reside within the CD4high population expressing high levels of membrane CD4. We identified a new population of activated CD8+ T cells that developed during an in vitro allogeneic immune response, along with the allo-activated CD4high T cell population. Analogous to activated CD4+ T cells, this new T cell population was distinguished by up-regulated CD8 (and CD38) expression (CD8highCD38+). In accordance with Martins et al. (Blood 2004, 104:3429), we found that the depletion of the CD4highCD38+ population resulted in reduced 2o response to the original 2nd party stimulators. In contrast, depletion of the CD8highCD38+ population resulted in an increased 2o response to 2nd party cells, with no change in the response to 3rd party or CMV antigens. Elevated numbers of CD8highCD38+ T cells potently reduced the 1o and 2o responses to 2nd party, but not to 3rd party cells or CMV antigens. The complementary, non-activated CD8normalCD38− T cell population had no inhibitory effect. Importantly, we found that a. CD8highCD38+ T cells mediated both a specific cytotoxic response (that could be inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD), and a specific suppressive response toward the original 2nd party stimulators (that was not affected by Z-VAD), and b. within this CD8highCD38+ population, there was a subpopulation of cytotoxic T cells (perforin+LAMP1+CD56+CD11b+CD11c+) and a subpopulation of non-cytotoxic T cells. Furthermore, we found that although CD8highCD38+ T cells differentially expressed CD28, both CD8highCD38+CD28− and CD8highCD38+CD28− T cells mediated a cytotoxic as well as a suppressor T cell response toward the original 2nd party cells (different from the published suppressive function of CD8+CD28− T cells observed by Liu et al, Int Immunol 1998, 10:775). Upon separation of cytotoxic CD8highCD38+ T cells from suppressor CD8highCD38+ T cells, we will explore the GVHD potential of these 2 novel activated CD8high T cell subpopulations, in a sensitive in vivo xenograft model for GVHD using NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull immunodeficient mice.
Natural gas and spillover from the US Clean Power Plan into the Paris Agreement

Abstract Climate change has been identified as one of the today's great challenges, and mitigation likely requires policy intervention. As such, in 2015 the United States introduced the Clean Power Plan (CPP) which aims to reduce CO 2 emissions from electricity production 32% from 2005 levels by 2030 and the Paris Agreement, which seeks to reduce national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, measured by global warming potential (GWP), 28% from 2005 levels by 2025. However, it remains unknown how the more narrowly-scoped CPP might affect the ability to achieve wider-scoped national GHG targets like the Paris Agreement. In our current state-of-world, characterized by inexpensive natural gas, the CPP will be met through large shifts from high-emitting coal power to less-emitting natural gas power, which translates to a 9.6% reduction in total US 100-year GWP without accounting for the fugitive methane. Spillover from fugitive methane could cut this reduction modestly by 0.2–1.4% or as much as 4.4% if evaluated using 20-year GWP – elucidating how different assumptions leads to different perspectives of natural gas as a "bridge fuel". The results here demonstrate the need to coordinate policies – either through additional policy (e.g. regulation of fugitive methane) or a larger-scoped CPP that includes upstream activities.
Straight Back Syndrome

Straight back syndrome is a rare condition usually associated with mitral valve prolapse and "pseudo-heart disease" caused by a very narrow anterior-posterior chest due to the loss of the normal dorsal curvature of the thoracic spine. More rarely, the narrowed upper chest may compress the trachea causing extrinsic tracheal obstruction. If severe enough, this requires operative repair by effectively opening up the upper chest by a variety of techniques to allow the trachea enough room to avoid compression.
Business Ethics East vs. West: Myths and Realities

The West has a stereotypical image of businesses, officials, and politicians, etc., in the East (Third World) countries being pervasively corrupt while it views itself as being almost completely uncorrupt. One closer look, however, realities turn out to be quite different. Business corruption is much more universal that Westerners are generally willing to accept. The major differences are that corruption in the East is practiced so blatantly that it makes major news. Western businesses, on the other hand, have, over time, developed sophisticated techniques whereby corruption becomes almost invisible. This paper discusses the myths and realities of Eastern versus Western corruption and discusses several means which have allowed Western companies to exploit others through subtle and, almost invisible means. The overall advantage, however, still goes to the West where petty corruption has been pretty much eliminated.
The Concept and Measurement of Coordination in Speech Disorders

Several speech disorders have been described as having impaired coordination of movement as at least one of their characteristics. Among these disorders are stuttering, some of the dysarthrias, apraxia of speech. Broca's aphasia, conduction aphasia, and deafness. This chapter considers the evidence for coordination impairment in these disorders. First, the concept of movement coordination in speech is discussed. Second, procedures for the identification and measurement of coordination impairment are described. Third, data on the speech disorders are reviewed with respect to the general issue of coordination. Finally, theories of coordinative control in speech are evaluated against these data.
Exploration of the Personal Health Record as a Tool for Spinal Cord Injury Health Self-Management and Coordination of Care.

Background: A personal health record (PHR) is a collection of electronic health data drawn from multiple sources but managed by the patient. The PHR is a strategy that enables patients to be proactive in the coordination of their care. Objective: The purpose of this clinical improvement study was to discover what worked, what did not work, and what could be improved in the initial implementation of MyPHR, a PHR tailored to patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), to make it a useful tool for care coordination and health self-management. Methods: Five individuals with chronic (>1 year) SCI carried out trial use of MyPHR. Twelve hours of interactions, including screen navigation and think-aloud reflection, were recorded and analyzed using formative research, a qualitative method and type of case study research. Results: Two key themes emerged to guide the implementation of PHR technology: selectivity in the identification of information for the patient to track, and continual support and communication with t...
Molecular manipulation of the mating-type system and development of a new approach for characterizing pathogen virulence in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.

Abstract The ascomycete Pyrenophora tritici-repentis ( Ptr ) is an important fungal pathogen worldwide that causes tan spot of wheat. The fungus is self-fertile because each isolate contains both mating type ( MAT ) idiomorphs. In this work, we developed knockouts of the MAT genes in Ptr and tested fertility of the knockout strains and outcrossing between the knockout strains carrying the opposite mating type. The fungal strains with deletions of either MAT1-1 - 1 or MAT1-2 - 1 did not form mature pseudothecia making them functionally heterothallic. The cross between the heterothallic strains of the same isolate (86–124) was fully fertile with the only difference compared to the homothallic wild type strain being the slightly lower percentage of pseudothecium formation. However, the cross between 86–124 (race 2, ToxA -containing isolate) and DW5 (race 5, ToxB -containing isolate) was partially fertile and had fewer mature pseudothecia. Furthermore, most mature asci produced only two or four instead of eight functional ascospores. A collection of ascospores from this cross was obtained and genotyped for the presence of the ToxA , ToxB and MAT genes as well as simple sequence repeat markers. The segregation of these genes and markers and recombination of different allele types at these loci was observed. This work clearly demonstrates that the fungus requires both MAT genes for sexual production and can undergo outcrossing and sexual recombination. It also establishes a new and practical way for further characterizing fungal virulence in Ptr through the development of segregating fungal populations and subsequent genetic analysis.
Extra-pancreatic complications, especially hemodialysis predict mortality and length of stay, in ICU patients admitted with acute pancreatitis.

Background and aims Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) with acute pancreatitis (AP) are at risk for extra-pancreatic complications given their severe illness and prolonged length of stay. We sought to determine the rate of extra-pancreatic complications and its effect on length of stay (LOS) and mortality in ICU patients with AP. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of ICU patients admitted to a tertiary-care center with a diagnosis of AP. A total of 287 ICU patients had a discharge diagnosis of AP, of which 163 met inclusion criteria. We calculated incidence rates of extra-pancreatic complications and performed a univariate and multi-variable analysis to determine predictors of LOS and mortality. Results There were a total of 158 extra-pancreatic complications (0.97 extra-pancreatic complications per patient). Ninety-five patients had at least one extra-pancreatic complication, whereas 68 patients had no extra-pancreatic complications. Patients with extra-pancreatic complications had a significantly longer LOS (14.7 vs 8.8 days, p < 0.01) when controlling for local pancreatic complications. Patients with non-infectious extra-pancreatic complications had a higher rate of mortality (24.0% vs 16.2%, p = 0.04). Patients requiring dialysis was an independent predictor for LOS and mortality (incidence risk ratio [IRR] 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.263-2.378 and IRR 1.50, 95% CI 1.623-6.843, p < 0.01) on multi-variable analysis. Coronary events were also a predictor for mortality (p = 0.05). Other extra-pancreatic complications were not significant. Conclusions Extra-pancreatic complications occur frequently in ICU patients with AP and impact LOS. Patients with non-infectious extra-pancreatic complications have a higher mortality rate. After controlling for local pancreatic complications, patients requiring dialysis remained an independent predictor for LOS and mortality.
Archival research: Expanding the methodological toolkit in social psychology

Abstract Laboratory experiments have many benefits and serve as a powerful tool for social psychology research. However, relying too heavily on laboratory experiments leaves the entire discipline of social psychology vulnerable to the inherent limitations of laboratory research. We discuss the benefits of integrating archival research into the portfolio of tools for conducting social psychological research. Using four published examples, we discuss the benefits and limitations of conducting archival research. We also provide suggestions on how social psychological researchers can take advantage of the benefits while overcoming the weaknesses of archival research. Finally, we provide useful resources and directions for utilizing archival data. We encourage social psychologists to increase the robustness of this scientific literature by supplementing laboratory experiments with archival research.
Traumatic encephalopathy: review and provisional research diagnostic criteria.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of neurobehavioral signs and symptoms reported in every published case of traumatic encephalopathy with a view toward the development of clinical diagnostic criteria with predictive validity. INTRODUCTION: Cases of persistent or progressive neurological or neurobehavioral change following exposure to one or more head injuries have been reported since 1928. This condition is often referred to as traumatic encephalopathy (TE). To date, however, no diagnostic criteria have been advanced or accepted for the clinical diagnosis of TE. Provisional research diagnostic criteria are required not only for meaningful diagnosis but also to facilitate research to determine the epidemiology, etiology, course, prognosis, imaging and biomarkers, neuropathological features and potentially effective treatments of TE. METHODS: All 436 published cases of TE in all languages were reviewed. All symptoms and signs reported in these cases were classified and enumerated. RESULTS: Ninety-seven cases met inclusion criteria based on sufficient documentation of the history and neurobehavioral examination. Provisional research diagnostic criteria for clinically probable and clinically possible TE were developed based on the most frequently reported clinical features. CONCLUSION: The provisional diagnostic criteria for TE presented here are the first published criteria for this condition based upon a systematic analysis of its clinical characteristics. This is the first a step toward scientifically derived consensus criteria, which are essential to accelerate progress in the investigation of this important condition.
Status of Biodiversity of Taxa and Nontaxa of Salmonid Fishes: Contemporary Problems of Classification and Conservation

The recent publication by Nehlsen et al. (1991) makes it clear that the greatest challenge in preserving the genetic diversity of salmonid fishes concerns the protection of nontaxa. These authors list 214 “stocks” of Pacific salmon and steelhead at risk of extinction in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Of these, 101 are judged to be at high risk and 18 may already be extinct. These stocks of salmon and trout do not meet any of the generally accepted criteria for taxa recognition. They are not geographically isolated and although they maintain their integrity by reproductive isolation as a result of homing, they exhibit virtually no distinguishing morphological nor quantifiable genetic characteristics. Their intraspecific differentiation concerns life history and ecological adaptations to specific environments. Intraspecific fracturing of a species into numerous discrete stocks or populations is driven by natural selection to expand future evolutionary options for genetic continuity and acts to maximize the abundance of a species. Obviously, any conservation program to preserve biodiversity, to be truly effective, must begin at the lowest nontaxon level.
Pilot randomized trial of an electronic symptom monitoring intervention for hospitalized patients with cancer.

Abstract Background Hospitalized patients with cancer experience a high symptom burden, which is associated with poor health outcomes and increased health care utilization. However, studies investigating symptom monitoring interventions in this population are lacking. We conducted a pilot randomized trial to assess the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a symptom monitoring intervention to improve symptom management in hospitalized patients with advanced cancer. Patients and methods We randomly assigned patients with advanced cancer who were admitted to the inpatient oncology service to a symptom monitoring intervention or usual care. Patients in both arms self-reported their symptoms daily (Edmonton Symptom Assessment System and Patient Health Questionnaire-4). Patients assigned to the intervention had their symptom reports presented graphically with alerts for moderate/severe symptoms during daily team rounds. The primary end point of the study was feasibility. We defined the intervention as feasible if >75% of participants hospitalized >2 days completed >2 symptom reports. We observed daily rounds to determine whether clinicians discussed and developed a plan to address patients’ symptoms. We used regression models to assess intervention effects on patients’ symptoms throughout their hospitalization, readmission risk, and hospital length of stay (LOS). Results Among 150 enrolled patients (81.1% enrollment), 94.2% completed >2 symptom reports. Clinicians discussed 60.4% of the symptom reports and developed a plan to address the symptoms highlighted by the symptom reports 20.8% of the time. Compared with usual care, intervention patients had a greater proportion of days with lower psychological distress (B = 0.12, P = 0.008), but no significant difference in the proportion of days with improved Edmonton Symptom Assessment System-physical symptoms (B = 0.07, P = 0.138). Intervention patients had lower readmission risk (hazard ratio = 0.68, P = 0.224), although this difference was not significant. We found no significant intervention effects on hospital LOS (B = 0.16, P = 0.862). Conclusions This symptom monitoring intervention is feasible and demonstrates encouraging preliminary efficacy for improving patients’ symptoms and readmission risk. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02891993
Diplomacy and the Appointment of officials in Late Qing China: He Ruzhang and Japan’s Annexation Of Ryukyu

The Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by Meiji Japan in late 1879. Past scholarly works have focused on Li Hongzhang and the Zongli Yamen, the stewards of affairs relating to foreigners, in examining the ...
Early Mobilization of Infants Intubated for Acute Respiratory Failure.

Background Early mobility in the intensive care unit is being promoted as a way to improve outcomes but has not been studied in young infants. Objective To determine the safety of a holding intervention for infants intubated for respiratory failure. Methods Infants less than 6 months of age intubated for respiratory failure underwent a holding intervention in which a caretaker held the infant at least twice a day once the infant was medically stabilized. Rates of adverse events were compared with historical controls matched by age and Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 score. Vital signs before and during holding were recorded to assess for physiologic tolerance. Results Twenty-four infants with a total of 158 holding interventions were studied. Mean holding duration was 99 minutes. Twenty holding interventions were terminated early, most commonly because of agitation. The 24 historical controls had 1 unplanned extubation and 2 arterial catheter removals. The intervention group had no unplanned extubations, inadvertent central catheter removals, or urinary catheter removals and had 1 arterial catheter removal that was not associated with holding. Vital signs before and during holding were similar. There were no differences between the control and intervention groups in duration of intubation (7.3 vs 6.0 days, P = .98), length of intensive care unit stay (9.1 vs 9.0 days, P = .52), or length of hospital stay (11.5 vs 12.5 days, P = .28). Conclusions Holding intubated infants in the intensive care unit was well tolerated, without an increase in adverse events.
Simultaneous Quantitation of S(+)- and R(-)-Baclofen and Its Metabolite in Human Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid using LC-APCI-MS/MS: An Application for Clinical Studies.

Baclofen is a racemic mixture that is commonly used for the treatment for spasticity. However, the optimal dose and dosing interval to achieve effective cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of baclofen are not known. Moreover, it is unclear if there are differences in the ability of R- or S-baclofen to cross the blood–brain barrier and achieve effective CSF concentrations. We have validated a liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with improved selectivity and sensitivity for the simultaneous quantitation of R- and S-baclofen and metabolites in plasma and CSF. Protein precipitation by acetonitrile was utilized to obtain an acceptable recovery of the analytes. The detection and separation of analytes was achieved on a 48 °C-heated Crownpak CR(+) column (150 mm × 4.0 mm, 5μ) with elution using 0.4% formic acid (FA) in water and 0.4% FA in acetonitrile as the mobile phase running at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Accurate quantitation was assured by using this MS/MS method with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Therefore, this method is enantioselective, accurate, precise, sensitive, reliable, and linear from 1 to 1500 ng/mL for baclofen and 2 to 4000 ng/mL for the metabolites. An additional method was developed to separate racemic baclofen 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4 hydroxybutyric acid metabolites for individual concentration determination. Both validated methods were successfully applied to a clinical pharmacokinetic human plasma and CSF study evaluating the disposition of baclofen and metabolites.
When Psychotherapy Is Not Working: Ethical Considerations

Abstract Evidence-based practice (EBP) models have been developed, in part, to enhance the likelihood that the outcome of health care treatment, including psychotherapy, leads to positive improvement. However, two additional outcomes can occur: no change and poor outcome (e.g., harm, worsening of symptoms). What does the clinician do when psychotherapy is not working? When faced with various treatment decisions, such as this, the EBP model posits that therapists should apply their clinical expertise in considering the “best available research” within the context of various patient characteristics. In part because of various limitations of this approach, I suggest that another important set of principles are important to consider in tandem when faced with this clinical dilemma—that is, ethical concerns. Borrowing from the American Psychological Association’s (2017a) Ethics Code, I discuss how the following issues exist when clinicians wrestle with this question: avoidance of harm, competence, conflicts of interest, and informed consent. I conclude this paper with a list of suggestions that can potentially foster the application of ethical principles when making treatment decisions.
Firms of Endearment: Organizational Imprinting in Business Ecosystems

Business ecosystems have been advanced as an analytical lens for studying multilateral arrangements of firms that span industries and in which the boundaries between competition and collaboration a...
Protocol for proteogenomic dissection of intronic splicing enhancer interactome for prediction of individualized cancer prognosis.

Summary Inter- or intra-patient tumor heterogeneity hinders the discovery of biomarkers for predicting individualized prognosis. Here, we present a protocol for an alternative splicing activity-based proteogenomic approach for identification of candidate prognostic markers in cancer cell lines and human breast cancer specimens. The pull-down of protein complexes with intronic splicing enhancer (ISE) probes is followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) peptide sequencing. The proteogenomic analysis of data from these ISE-MS/MS assays identifies new prognostic markers that can be utilized to stratify patients with poor prognosis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Wang et al. (2018) .
Population attributable risk for colorectal and breast cancer in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom

Background: The population attributable risk (PAR) is a statistic commonly used for quantifying preventability of cancer. We report here PAR estimates for the United Kingdom (UK) along with its constituent countries for up-to-date risk factor-attributable colorectal cancer (CRC) and breast cancer (BC), focusing on diet and nutrition related factors and tobacco (CRC) using representative national surveys. Methods: The PAR was calculated using established, modifiable risk factors by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR): physical activity, body mass index (BMI), alcoholic drinks, red meat, processed meat, dietary fiber, dietary calcium, as well as cigarette smoking for CRC, and physical activity, BMI, alcoholic drinks, and fruits and vegetable consumption for BC. National prevalence estimates and relative risks (RRs) for CRC and BC were obtained from meta-analyses or large pooled analyses. Results: Based on eight dietary and lifestyle risk factors, the estimates for attributable cases of CRC for males and females, respectively, were as follows: England: 67% and 60%; Scotland: 68% and 59%, Wales: 66% and 61%; Northern Ireland: 67% and 61%; and UK: 67% and 60%. Excluding smoking, the PAR for the UK was 61% for men and 52% for women. Based on four dietary and lifestyle risk factors, the estimates for BC were as follows: England: 26%, Scotland: 27%; Wales: 25%; Northern Ireland: 26%; and UK: 27%. Conclusion: Up to 67% for CRC and 27% of BC were attributable to modifiable dietary and lifestyle factors in the UK. Moderate differences in PAR are observed between countries due to different prevalence of exposure to risk factors.
Pregnancy-related weight among immigrant and US-born mothers: The role of nativity, maternal duration of residence, and age at arrival.

Objectives:The goals of this study were to examine the associations between nativity and pregnancy-related weight and to assess the associations between maternal duration of residence and age at ar...
A High-Linearity, 24–30 GHz RF, Beamforming and Frequency-Conversion IC for Scalable 5G Phased Arrays

Phased array antenna modules can benefit from splitting beamforming and frequency-conversion functions between different ICs to enable scalability, configurability and Si area efficiency. This work introduces a frequency-conversion IC that features architecture and high-linearity features that enable support of dual-polarized 5G scaled phased arrays with >64 antenna elements. The IC integrates two $\text{TX}+\text{RX}$ frequency conversion cores (one for each antenna polarization). Each core comprises (1) an RX path with two high-linearity mixers sharing a common load for power combining, (2) a TX path with an up-conversion mixer followed by a power splitter and two PAs, and (3) T/R switches. The IC occupies 10.6 mm2 and supports 24–30 GHz RF and 2–5 GHz IF. On-wafer measurement results from the full IC and an RX mixer core breakout are presented. The TX path achieves 7–14 dBm oP1dB while the RX mixer achieves >+14 dBm IIP3 at 28GHz. The TX path has a conversion gain >25 dB and -1 dB conversion gain and <15 dB NF.
Anomalies in the Earth’s Magnetic Field Increase the Scatter of Pigeons’ Vanishing Bearings

Homing pigeons were released under sunny conditions at places with large variations in the total intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field. At five out of six such places, pigeons were more scattered in their homeward orientation than at magnetically normal sites. This suggests that some aspect of the magnetic field affects either the pigeon’s sun compass or its navigational system.