cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Downscaling of Seasonal Climate Prediction over Nordeste Brazil with ECHAM3 and NCEP's Regional Spectral Models at IRI

This study presents an evaluation of a seasonal climate forecast done with the International Research Institute for Climate Prediction (IRI) dynamical forecast system (regional model nested into a general circulation model) over northern South America for January–April 1999, encompassing the rainy season over Brazil's Nordeste. The one-way nesting is one in two tiers: first the NCEP's Regional Spectral Model (RSM) runs with an 80-km grid mesh forced by the ECHAM3 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) outputs; then the RSM runs with a finer grid mesh (20 km) forced by the forecasts generated by the RSM-80. An ensemble of three realizations is done. Lower boundary conditions over the oceans for both ECHAM and RSM model runs are sea surface temperature forecasts over the tropical oceans. Soil moisture is initialized by ECHAM's inputs. The rainfall forecasts generated by the regional model are compared with those of the AGCM and observations. It is shown that the regional model at 80-km resolution impr...
Viscosity, first normal-stress coefficient, and molecular stretching in dilute polymer solutions

Abstract Warner's numerical method for finitely extensible nonlinear elastic (“FENE”) dumbbells in a dilute suspension undergoing steady-state shear flow has been improved by assuming a form of the distribution function that removes the singularity at R = 0 and improves the behavior of the weight function in the Galerkin expression for large b . The comparison of the results of the present method to those of Christiansen and Bird's extrapolation and Warner's numerical solution indicates the success of this method. The material functions, the dumbbell elongation, and the distribution function for steady-state shear flow are given. In addition the newly obtained results are used to assess the accuracy of two approximate methods referred to as the FENE-P model and the FENE-P-B model.
Fine Particulate Organic Material in the Los Angeles Basin - I: Assessment of the High-Volume Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System, BIG BOSS

ABSTRACT A multi-system, high-volume, parallel plate diffusion denuder Brigham Young University Organic Sampling System (BIG BOSS) was tested using collocated samplers at the Pico Rivera Monitoring Station of the South Coast Air Quality Management District, South Coast Air Basin, in September 1994. Six-hr daytime and 9-hr nighttime samples were collected with a flow of about 200 L/min through each of the three systems designed to collect particles smaller than 2.5, 0.8, and 0.4 mm in a diffusion denuder sampler. Efficiency for the removal of gas phase organic compounds by the diffusion denuder was evaluated using both theoretical predictions and field measurements. Both measured and calculated data indicate high denuder efficiency for the removal of gas phase aromatic and paraffinic compounds. The precision of the BIG BOSS was evaluated using collocated samplers. The precision of determination of total carbon and elemental carbon retained by a quartz filter or of semi-volatile carbonaceous material lost f...
Lymphocyte-fibroblast adhesion induced by interferon-γ☆

Abstract Adhesion of lymphocytes to vascular endothelium is thought to be of importance in regulating the passage of lymphocytes from the circulation to areas of inflammation. Evidence suggests the presence of site-specific lymphocyte receptor molecules on the endothelial cell surface which can be modulated by soluble immune factors. The factors responsible for maintaining lymphocyte infiltration at tissue sites are unknown. We have examined the adherence of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes to human fibroblast monolayers in vitro and the role of interferon-γ in enhancing adherence. Treatment of fibroblasts with interferon-γ resulted in an increase in the number of adherent T cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Enhanced adhesion was noted as early as 4 hr after interferon stimulation (291 ± 7 T cells/field vs 51 ± 10 without IFN stimulation) and binding was further increased by lengthening the exposure time of fibroblasts to interferon up to 72 hr (475 ± 86 T cells/field). Kinetic and inhibition experiments using monoclonal antibody to HLA-DR demonstrated that adhesion of T lymphocytes to interferon-stimulated fibroblasts proceeds by a mechanism independent of DR induction. In addition, adherence was not histocompatibility antigen-restricted, as adherence to autologous and allogeneic fibroblast monolayers was not significantly different. Nonadherent T cells, collected at the end of adhesion assays, were deficient in their capacity to bind to a second interferon-treated monolayer, suggesting the depletion of a subpopulation of T cells responsible for adhesion. Alterations of fibroblasts in vivo by immune cell-derived cytokines may be an important mechanism for the localization of lymphocytes at sites of connective tissue inflammation.
Could intranasal insulin be useful in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?

Abstract To evaluate whether intranasal insulin might be useful as a meal-adjunct in the treatment of NIDDM we compared plasma glucose and insulin responses to a mixed breakfast (9 kcal/kg, 50% carbohydrate) following either intranasal insulin (INI) or placebo in eleven patients with NIDDM. Five patients treated with subcutaneous insulin and in good to moderate glycemic control and six patients who were ‘failing’ on oral agents and in poor glycemic control were studied. In the patients usually on sc insulin, INI inhibited postprandial hyperglycemia. Lower doses (1 U/kg vs 1.5 U/kg b.w.) were needed to accomplish this in 2 patients with low fasting glucose (≤7.8 mmol/l) than in three patients with higher fasting glucose (10.5 ± 0.5 mmol/l). In the patients on oral agents who had marked fasting hyperglycemia (14.8 ± 0.8 mmol/l) an only transient reduction (for 90 to 120 min) of postprandial hyperglycemia was achieved when INI (1 U/kg) was given in addition to po glyburide (10 mg) prior to the meal. Following placebo in the group previously treated with sc insulin, plasma free insulin levels increased maximally by 23 mU/l, 75 min after the meal. The group on oral agents had a comparable but later peak increment (at 180 min) indicative of an even greater impairment of endogenous insulin secretion in response to hyperglycemia. Following INI, the peak increment in plasma insulin occurred earlier (30 min after the meal) and was greater in all patients (55 ± 18, 139 ± 68, 86 ± 24 mU/l respectively for the prior sc insulin therapy group at doses of 1.0 and 1.5 U/kg and for the oral agent group at 1.0 U/kg). In summary, intranasal insulin can reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with NIDDM by increasing early postprandial insulin levels. It is more effective in those with less severe fasting hyperglycemia. Since elevated insulin levels and glucose lowering effect are transient, nasal insulin would need to be added to a regimen achieving fasting glucose control through diet, oral agents or long-acting subcutaneous insulin.
Lightweight Laser Communications Mirrors Made With Metal Foam Cores

Laser communication offers many advantages in space- and weight-critical applications. Swept volume and weight of the receiver are reduced through use of laser communications, and communications security is enhanced. A critical parameter in the performance of a laser communications system is receiver gain, given by:1 GR = π2 dR _ λ2 (1) where dR is the receiver aperture and X is the receiver operating wavelength. For maximum receiver gain, the receiver aperture should be as large as possible and the wavelength as short as possible. Wavelength is frequently decided by considerations of propagation, interference, and the availability of lasers of the appropriate characteristics. Increased gain therefore requires more receiver aperture. To maintain the advantages of light weight and minimum swept volume, the laser communications receiver must have the lightest possible receiver for a given aperture.
Let's Teach our LD Children Social Skills

Teachers of LD children need to be actively involved in the promotion and utilization of social learning in the classroom.
Ortho-metalation, rotational isomerization, and hydride-hydride coupling at rhenium (V) polyhydride complexes stabilized by aromatic amine ligands

Abstract An ortho-metalated rhenium (V) polyhydride complex has been prepared through the reaction of ReH7(PPh3)2 with 2-phenylpyridine. Additionally, a small series of neutral rhenium (V) pentahydride complexes, each of which is stabilized by an aromatic amine ligand, has been prepared. E and Z rotational isomers of the ReH5(PPh3)2(aromatic amine) complexes have been observed at low temperatures by NMR spectroscopy. The E and Z rotational isomers arise from a combination of the lack of a mirror plane symmetry element orthogonal to the aromatic ring in the aromatic amine ligands and the restricted rotation about the Re–N bond in such complexes. Restricted rotation about the Re–N bond in the related complex, ReH5(PPh3)2(Py) has previously been observed by Crabtree et al. The restricted rotation about the Re–N bond seems to result from π-donation of the lone electron pair on the rhenium (V) center to the π∗ system of the aromatic amine ligands. Different populations of the E and Z rotational isomers arise from interactions of substituents on the aromatic ring with the other ligands bound to rhenium. The values of ΔG‡ for the restricted rotation about the Re–N bonds, for the complexes containing 4-phenylpyrimidine, 2-aminopyrimidine, or 2-aminopyridine, range from 9.9 to 11.3 kcal/mole. One of the new compounds reported herein, ReH5(PPh3)2[1-(2-NH2Pyr)] is the first rhenium (V) polyhydride complex to display hydride–hydride coupling in its 1H NMR spectrum.
Hard X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Imaging with Solid State Detectors

Solid state detectors are used in x-ray and gamma-ray astronomy primarily for their fine spectroscopy. For some cases (e.g., gamma-ray observations with Ge detectors), the spectroscopy and sensitivity requirements drive the design of the aperture systems and only moderate-quality imaging is possible. In other cases (e.g., hard x-ray observations), the detectors can be finely segmented for high-quality imaging. The new room-temperature solid-state detectors like CdZnTe and HgI2 are naturally well-suited for imaging. Because of their high atomic numbers, photoelectric absorption dominates over Compton scattering to >200 keV. This, combined with their high densities, allows thin detectors to be used with segmented contacts. Position resolution in the detector plane can be on -100 µm scales giving sub-arcmin angular resolutions.
Deposition and characterization of amorphous and micro-crystalline Si,C alloy thin films by a remote plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition process : RPECVD

The RPECVD process has been extended to deposit a-Si,C:H and μ c-Si,C:H. The degree of crystallinity in the μc-Si,C:H alloys is lower than in μc-Si:H films deposited under comparable conditions. Attempts to dope μc-Si,C:H alloys indicate that high levels of both B and P doping can promote a transition from μc-Si,C:H to a-Si,C:H. Raman spectra indicate that crystallites in the μc-Si,C:H alloys are Si, while IR measurements show that the amorphous component is an a-Si,C:H alloy.
Nitrate behavior in ground waters of the Southeastern USA

Principal components analysis (PCA) was performed with water-quality data from studies conducted during 1993 to 1995 to explore potential nitrate-attenuation processes in ground waters of the southeastern USA. Nitrate reduction is an important attenuation process in selected areas of the Southeast. A nitrate-reduction component explains 23% of the total variance in the data and indicates that nitrate and dissolved oxygen (DO) are inversely related to ammonium, iron, manganese, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Additional components extracted by PCA include calcite dissolution (18% of variance explained) and phosphate dissolution (9% of variance explained). Reducing conditions in ground waters of the region influence nitrate behavior through bacterially mediated reduction in the presence of organic matter, and by inhibition of nitrate formation in anoxic ground water beneath forested areas. Component scores are consistent with observed water-quality conditions in the region. For example, median nitrate concentration in ground-water samples from the Albemarle-Pamlico Drainage Basin (ALBE) Coastal Plain is {lt}0.05 mg L{sup {minus}1}, median DOC concentration is 4.2 mg L{sup {minus}1}, and median DO concentration is 2.1 mg L{sup {minus}1}, consistent with denitrification. Nitrate reduction does not occur uniformly throughout the Southeast. Median DO concentrations in ground-water samples from the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River Basin (ACFB) aremore » 6.2 to 7.1 mg L{sup {minus}1}, and median nitrate concentrations are 0.61 to 2.2 mg L{sup {minus}1}, inconsistent with denitrification. Similarly, median DO concentration in samples from the Georgia-Florida Coastal Plain (GAFL) is 6.0 mg L{sup {minus}1} and median nitrate concentration is 5.8 mg L{sup {minus}1}.« less
Three’s a crowd: public awareness and (mis)perceptions of polyamory

In order to extend the literature on consensual nonmonogamy, we conducted two studies that examined public awareness and perceptions of polyamory. Specifically, we identified individual differences that predict people’s attitudes towards polyamory and also explored whether manipulations grounded in prejudice-reduction theory might lead to more positive perceptions. In both studies, individuals reporting more traditional traits (e.g. political conservatism and religiosity) had more negative attitudes towards polyamory. In addition, participants’ prior exposure to polyamory (i.e. familiarity with the term polyamory or knowing someone polyamorous) was positively related to attitudes towards polyamory, consistent with Allport’s contact hypothesis. Finally, an experimental manipulation revealed that participants who either received additional information about polyamory (consistent with the notion that increased knowledge about outgroups can reduce prejudice; Pettigrew & Tropp) or were asked to consider the ad...
EFFECTIVENESS OF CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORING FOR LONG-TERM RISK STRATIFICATION IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT A FAMILY HISTORY OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

Family history (FH) is a known risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) that is unaccounted for by global risk scores. These patients may harbor significant coronary artery calcium (CAC). There is little data on the potential interaction between FH and CAC for the prediction of important
olig2 is required for zebrafish primary motor neuron and oligodendrocyte development

Oligodendrocytes are produced from the same region of the ventral spinal cord that earlier generated motor neurons in bird and rodent embryos. Motor neuron and oligodendrocyte precursor cells express Olig genes, which encode basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that play important roles in the development of both motor neurons and oligodendrocytes. We found that oligodendrocytes develop similarly in zebrafish embryos, in that they arise from ventral spinal cord and migrate to new positions. Developing primary motor neurons and oligodendrocytes express olig2 as do neural plate cells that give rise to both primary motor neurons and oligodendrocytes. Loss of olig2 function prevented primary motor neuron and oligodendrocyte development, whereas olig2 overexpression promoted formation of excess primary motor neurons and oligodendrocytes. We provide genetic evidence that Hedgehog signaling is required for zebrafish olig2 expression and oligodendrocyte development. However, olig2 overexpression did not promote primary motor neuron or oligodendrocyte development in embryos with reduced Hedgehog signaling activity. One possibility consistent with these data is that Hedgehog signaling, partly by inducing olig2 expression, specifies neural precursor cells that have potential for primary motor neuron or oligodendrocyte fate
Clinical application of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, oncoprotein p53 and tumor front grading analysis in patients operated on for laryngeal cancer.

The authors assessed proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p-53 oncoprotein and morphologic tumor front grading (TFG) in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), of the larynx and a poor prognosis and tried to find a correlation with tumor stage, the Broders grading system, local and neck lymph node metastases, as well as nodal and local recurrences. In addition, utility of the parameters investigated was evaluated in developing a prognostic factor model, using uni- and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Included in this study were 54 patients (mean age 57 years ± 8.6). PCNA-positive staining was found in all but one patient with advanced disease, while p-53 stained positively in only 24 subjects (44.4%). The PCNA index ranged from 4.6 to 59.0% (mean, 23.4 ± 11.0) and the p-53 index varied from 4.0 to 42.0% (mean, 17.2 ± 8.6). The TFG score ranged from 9 to 23 points (mean, 15.1 ± 3.2). PCNA, p-53 and TFG were found to be the markers that provided significant additional information about the biological behavior of tumor cells. The high variability of the results (PCNA, p-53) and high percentage of negatively stained cells (p-53) reduced their application in clinical use. PCNA correlated with tumor grade, G (r = 0.38; P < 0.01), but negatively with nodal (N) disease(r = –0.37; P < 0.01). The mean values of PCNA and p-53 index were higher in the subgroup with local recurrences. Our present attempt to develop a useful prognostic factor model failed.
Fuzzy semistar operations on integral domains

In this paper, we introduce the notion of fuzzy semistar operation on an integral domain and relate it to the existing notion of fuzzy star operation. We show that the set of all fuzzy semistar operations on the integral domain is a complete lattice. We also characterize when an overring of a domain is a Prufer domain and when an overring is a flat module over the domain in terms of a fuzzy semistar operation.
“I want your kidney!” Information seeking, sharing, and disclosure when soliciting a kidney donor online

Abstract Objective This study investigates how people use the Internet to search for an altruistic kidney donor. Although many opinion pieces on this phenomenon have been written, this is the first qualitative study focused on online kidney solicitation from the potential recipient's point of view. Methods Eight participants – four who successfully found donors and four who were still searching – were interviewed, and inductive content analysis was performed. Results Three themes appear in our data: choosing to go online to find a donor, information hubs, and information flow. These themes emphasize the process of information seeking and disclosure when using the Internet to find an altruistic kidney donor. Conclusion The benefits from searching online are not limited to the possibility of finding a kidney donor. Our participants also experience a wide variety of socially supportive activities from their online networks. Additionally, our participants felt that the potential benefits of finding a donor online outweighed risks to their privacy. Practice implications Not all potential recipients will find a kidney donor online. Participants indicated that through sharing educational information, staying positive, and actively maintaining their online solicitation efforts they received numerous social benefits even if they did not find a kidney donor.
Changes in hydroxy and carboxylic acid compositions in the supernatant fluids of mosquito cell cultures infected with dengue viruses

Abstract Hydroxy and carboxylic acids in the supernatant fluids of mosquito cell cultures infected with four serotypes of dengue viruses (DEN) were analyzed by frequency-pulsed electron capture gasliquid chromatography. The hydroxy acid profiles of all virus-infected cell cultures differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the profile of normal cell culture. Furthermore, the profiles of hydroxy acids in the DEN 1- and DEN 4-infected cultures were type specific. Although quantitative differences of a few peaks could be found between the hydroxy acid profiles of DEN 2- and DEN 3-infected cultures, in the absence of clear qualitative differences the two profiles were considered to be essentially indistinguishable. The carboxylic acid profiles of virus-infected cultures differed from the profile of a normal cell culture, but none of the four serotypes of DEN viruses induced type-specific profiles. Thus, these findings contrasted to previous results with rhesus monkey kidney cell cultures (LLC-MK2), in which serotype-specific sets of hydroxy acids and a DEN 1-specific set of carboxylic acids were released in the supernatant fluids by the infection with dengue viruses.
Counseling for Spiritual Wellness: Theory and Practice.

Spiritual wellness is an emerging area of interest in counseling. It still lacks clarity, however, in definition and application. To increase familiarity with and encourage counselor intervention regarding the spiritual dimension, the authors of this article attempt to define more clearly the concept of spiritual health and to describe ways to use techniques for the enhancement of spiritual wellness and the advancement of spiritual development.
Interaction of liposome-encapsulated cisplatin with biomolecules

We prepared liposomes by hydrating 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine lipid with aqueous solutions of three “probe” molecules—cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cis-[PtII(NH3)2Cl2], cisplatin), guanosine 5′-monophosphate (5′-GMP), and 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG)—in phosphate-buffered saline as well as N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N′-ethanesulfonic acid buffer. The positively charged hydrolysis product of cisplatin, [PtII(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+, is in the inner core of the liposomes and negatively charged 5′-GMP embeds in the lipid bilayer of liposomes. In the presence of cisplatin, the size of the liposomes remains unchanged, and for 5′-GMP-embedded liposomes the size increases significantly compared with that of empty or control liposomes. In contrast, the neutral biomolecule 9-EtG was found to be dispersed in the exterior bulk water and the size of the liposomes remained the same as that of empty or control liposomes. When cisplatin-containing liposomes mix with 5′-GMP-embedded liposomes or liposomes with 9-EtG, the N7 nitrogen atom of 5′-GMP or 9-EtG binds the cisplatin, thus replacing the “leaving groups” and forming a bisadduct. After 48 h of mixing, the size of the liposomes changes for the mixture of 5′-GMP-embedded liposomes and cisplatin-containing liposomes. We used 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic techniques to monitor incorporation or association of cisplatin and biomolecules with liposomes and their subsequent reactions with each other. The dynamic light scattering technique provided the size distribution of the liposomes in the presence and absence of probe molecules.
Absence of brain opioid peptide modulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the prepubertal gilt.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) in modulating luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in the prepubertal gilt. In Experiment I, 8 prepubertal (P) gilts, 160-170 days of age (puberty = 197 ± 10 days), received either I (n=2), 3 (n=3), or 6 (n=3) mg/kg BW of naloxone (NAL), an opiate antagonist, in saline iv. Blood was collected by jugular vein cannula every 15 mm for 2 h before and 2 h after NAL. All doses of NAL failed to alter serum LH concentrations. In Experiment II, 21 P gifts 160-170 days of age and 21 mature (M) gilts were ovariectomized (0 VX). At the time of 0 VX, guts were classified as prepubertal if their ovaries were devoid of corpora albicantia and corpora lutea. Three weeks after OVX, P and M gilts were injected twice daily for 10 days with either 0.85 mg/kg BW of progesterone (P4) or oil vehicle (V), resulting in the following groups: PP4 (n=11), PV (n=10), MP4 (n=11), andMV (n=10). All gilts received 1 mg/kg BW of NAL on the last day of treatment. Blood samples were collected via a jugular cannula every 15 mm for 4 h before and 2 h after NAL treatment. NAL treatment resulted in an increase (p<0.05) in serum LH concentrations only in the MP4 gifts. In Experiment III, 15 0 VX gilts 280 days of age were used. Ten of the 15 gilts were 0 VX prior to puberty at 160 days of age and were classified as chronologically mature (CM) at the time of treatment. The remaining 5 gilts were OVX after puberty, and were classified as sexually mature (SM) at the time of treatment. An additional 5 gifts were OVX prior to puberty at 160 days of age and were 170 days of age at the time of the experiment. Gilts were classified P as described in Experiment II. All pigs were injected with P4 as described in Experiment II. Four days prior to the start of P4 treatment, 5 CM gilts were
Direct digital image transfer gateway

ABSTRACT A PC based gateway which can be used for direct digital image transfer will be described. The gateway PC contains an ACR-NEMA interface, a DR1 1W interface, an Ethernet interface, and a 9track tape drive interface. The ACR-NEMA interface, which has been designed to be cost effectiveand reasonable in performance, will be described. The many usages of the gateway, which has been designed to be used to provide the ACR-NEMA connection to various existing equipment cost- effectively, will be described also.INTRODUCTiONSince 1985, there has been a standard for digital radiology communication which has been defined byAmerican College of Radiology and the National Electrical Manufactures Association (ACR-NEMA). With updated information released in 1989, the interface has been reasonably well understood. However, for various reasons including financial and technical reasons, implementing the interfaceeven with new products has been slow by the equipment vendors. Also, when available, the interfacehas been very expensive.We have designed a direct image transfer gateway using an ACR-NEMA interface. The gateway is
Implications of Social Tagging for Digital Libraries: Benefiting from User Collaboration in the Creation of Digital Knowledge

ABSTRACT This study aims to answer whether social tagging through user collaboration could be utilized for the creation of digital knowledge of the web, and whether w e could verify the quality and efficacy of social tagging to obtain benefits from it. In particular, th is paper examines the inter-indexer consistency of social tagging in comparison to professional ind exing. It employs two different similarity measures, both of which are based on the Vector Space Model to deal with numerous indexers. It contributes to the utilization of social tagging in the organization of the web, and encourages to adopt social knowledge in developing suitable vocabularies for resources newly generated in the digital library environment. Furthermore, the comparative analysis with two different measures produced more credible results by illustrating a similar pattern of inde xing tendency in both measures. 초 록 본 연구는 이용자 협력에 의한 소셜 태깅 (social tagging) 이 웹 자원을 위한 디지털 지식 생성에 활용될 수 있으며, 태깅의 양질성(quality)과 효율성이 실증적으로 증명될 수 있는가를 다루었다. 이 논고는 특별히 소셜 태깅의 색인 일관성(indexing consistency) 을 평가하고 전문가들의 색인 일관성과 비교하여 분석하였다 . 많은 수의 색인자들 간의 색인 일관성을 측정하기 위해 벡터 공간 모델 (Vector Space Model) 에 기반한 두 가지의 유사성 측정 공식을 사용하였다. 본 연구는 웹자원 관리에 있어서 소셜 태깅의 활용성 증진에 공헌하며, 디지털 도서관 환경에서 새롭게 생성되는 자료들에 대한 보다 적합한 어휘를 개발하는 데에 있어 소셜 지식을 적극적으로 수용할 필요가 있다고 주장한다. 또한 두 가지 공식에 의한 비교분석은 두 공식에서의 비슷한 색인 경향을 보여주면서 보다 신뢰적인 결과를 제공하였다. Keywords: indexing, consistency, social tagging, folksonomies, controlled vocabularies, tags색인, 일관성, 소셜 태깅, 포크소노미, 통제 어휘, 태그
Inertial Sensor Components Using Polymer Waveguide Technology

while additionally providing a much lower cost of manufacture. Integration of polymer structures for couplers and modulators are discussed with some concepts for complete monolithic integration of all components and prototype assemblies.IntroductionAdvances in Interferometric Fiber Optic Gyroscope (IFOG) technology havelargely come to rely upon lithium niobate modulators for the phase modulation required for rotation measurement. While this type of modulator performs very well, they are of a discrete component nature when considering integration with other system components.Also, the production of this material and its processing to produce a modulator does not promote a low cost potential for manufacture. Alternatively, nonlinear optical polymer materials have been developed into suitable modulators for IFOG implementation
Managerial Risk, Innovation, and Organizational Decline

This article introduces managers' personal risk considerations into the relationship between organizational decline and innovation. The agency-based perspective is used to complement threat rigidity theory and prospect theory in examining how managerial ownership and slack resources affect managers' innovation decisions when firms experience poor performance. The findings indicate that more managerial ownership decelerates innovation spending. The availability of slack resources also reduces the rate of innovation investments. Firms with more slack resources and higher levels of managerial ownership jointly reduce innovation under circumstances of decline. Last, poorly performing firms that continue investments in innovation exhibit a lower probability of survival.
Symptoms and signs of prostatism as risk factors for prostatectomy

Symptom questionnaires and physical examinations administered periodically to 1,057 men followed prospectively for up to 30 years in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) were analyzed to determine which symptoms of prostatism were predictive of subsequent prostatectomy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Change in the size and force of the urinary stream (P = 0.0001) and a sensation of incomplete emptying (P = 0.0005) were the only symptoms positively predictive in a multivariate analysis. Prostate enlargement by rectal palpation was an independent risk factor for prostatectomy (P less than 0.03) and was associated with hesitancy (P less than 0.02) and a sensation of incomplete emptying (P less than 0.02). Of the men with all three risk factors, 37% (41/112) eventually had a prostatectomy, in contrast to 8% of the remaining 945 men. This is the first study to document the extent to which urologic symptoms and a digital rectal examination predict subsequent prostatectomy for BPH.
DSP-Based Direct Torque Control (DTC) of Five-Phase Induction Motors

This paper presents a fully digital direct torque control (DTC) scheme for a five-phase induction motor based on a 32-bit floating-point TMS320C32 Digital Signal Processor (DSP). The similarities and differences of DTC of the five-phase and three-phase induction motors are analyzed and investigated. In the case of the five-phase induction motor, DTC method has unique advantages. Compared with 8 voltage vectors of the three-phase induction motor drive system, DTC of the five-phase motor drive system has 32 space voltage vectors with different magnitudes. The increased number of the space voltage vectors enables DTC of the five-phase induction motor greater flexibility in selecting the inverter switching states, and achieves a better control of the stator flux and torque. Simulation and experimental results validate the theoretical analysis, and further demonstrate that DTC of the five-phase induction motor yields better performance than that of the three-phase induction motor.
Manometric characteristics of the human ileocecal junctional zone.

Summary Five patients with surgical procedures allowing ready access to the ileocecal junction were studied to ascertain the manometric characteristics of this area. A 4-cm zone of elevated pressure was consistently demonstrated at the junction of human ileum and colon. This zone showed a decline in pressure with ileal balloon distention and a rise in pressure with colonic balloon distention. Based on the manometric characteristics of other alimentary tract sphincters, it is concluded that a true sphincter exists at the human ileocecal junction.
Observations on the fluorescence and toxicity of botulinum toxin.

SUMMARY The suggestion that the fluorescence and toxicity of botulinum toxin were due to a common structure within the molecule has been found to be invalid. It was found possible to inactivate the toxin by treatment with urea and adsorption on a cel- lulose ion exchange resin without parallel reduction in fluores- cence. The role of native configuration in protein fluorescence has been discussed. Acknowledgments--The authors wish to extend their apprecia- tion to Dr. Gregorio Weber for his helpful discussion. The tech- nical assistance of James M. Watry and Gerald A. Dominick in this work is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES 1. BOROFF, D. A., AND FITZGERALD, J. E., Nature (London), 181, 751 (1958). 2. BOROFF, D. A., Intern. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol., 16, 74 (1959). 3. DU~GAN, D. E., BOWMAN, R. L., BRODIE, B. B., AND UDEN- FRIEND, S., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 68, 1 (1957). 4. PETERSON,
Comparison of two families of entropy-based classification measures with and without feature selection

Many decision tree (DT) induction algorithms, including the popular C4.5, are based on the conditional entropy (CE) measure. An interesting question involves the relative performance of other entropy measures, such as class-attribute mutual information (CAMI). We therefore conducted a theoretical analysis of CAMI that enabled us to expose relationships with CE and correct a previous CAMI result. Our computational study showed that there was only a small variation in the performance of the two measures. Since feature selection is important in DT induction, we conducted a theoretical analysis of a recently-published blurring-based feature selection algorithm and developed a new feature selection algorithm. We tested this algorithm on a wider set of test problems than in the comparable study in order to identify the benefits and limitations of blurring-based feature selection. These results provide theoretical and computational insight into entropy-based induction measures and feature selection algorithms.
Characteristics of alpha males in Nepal gray langurs

In species with strong male-male competition, access to females in multimale-multifemale groups is usually regulated via a dominance hierarchy. The highest ranking (alpha) male often has priority of access and sires most offspring. The alpha male can change in three basic ways: (i) a recent immigrant or a resident challenges and becomes the new alpha; (ii) formation of a new group; (iii) succession-becoming alpha after higher ranking males have left. When, in a given primate population, the alpha male changes in different ways, two questions arise: (a) which is the most successful tactic and (b) do male attributes, such as age, aggressiveness or propensity to commit infanticide, affect the outcome? We examined these questions in the seasonally breeding Nepal gray langurs (Semnopithecus schistaceus) at Ramnagar, where new alpha males were either recent immigrants or residents. Success was measured as alpha tenure, residency duration, and the number of offspring sired (paternity exclusion based on DNA analysis, 28 infants). We documented 12 alpha-male tenures across two multimale-multifemale groups between 1991 and 1997. The predominant mode of change was the immigrant tactic. Age had no effect perhaps because alpha males were among the youngest adult males in their group. As expected, infanticidal males performed similarly to non-infanticidal ones. Alpha tenure was highly variable and longer for immigrant alphas and hyper-aggressive ones. However, none of the tactics or attributes examined resulted in significantly longer residencies or more offspring, likely because of the timing of immigrations and stochastic effects (i.e., the number of conceptions occurring per alpha tenure). The influence of female mate choice on male reproductive success requires further investigation. Furthermore, it remains to be examined why resident alpha males-with their presumed better knowledge of their opponents -performed so poorly. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22437, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical, Biological, and Management Responses to Variable Freshwater Flow into the San Francisco Estuary

Freshwater flow is the principal cause of physical variability in estuaries and a focus of conflict in estuaries where a substantial fraction of the freshwater is diverted. Variation in freshwater flow can have many effects: inundation of flood plains, increase loading and advective transport of materials and organisms, dilution or mobilization of contam- inants, compression of the estuarine salinity field and density gradient, increase in stratification, and decrease in residence time for water while increasing it for some particles and biota. In the San Francisco Estuary, freshwater flow is highly variable, and has been altered by shifts in seasonal patterns of river flow and increases in diversions from tidal and non- tidal regions, entraining fish of several species of concern. Abundance or survival of several estuarine-dependent species also increases with freshwater outflow. These relationships to flow may be due to several potential mechanisms, each with its own locus and period of effectiveness, but no mechanism has been conclusively shown to underlie the flow relationship of any species. Several flow-based management actions were established in the mid-1990s, including a salinity standard based on these flow effects, as well as reductions in diversion pumping during critical periods for listed species of fish. The effectiveness of these actions has not been established. To make the salinity standard more effective and more applicable to future estuarine conditions will require investigation to determine the underlying mechanisms. Effects of entrainment at diversion facilities are more straightforward conceptually but difficult to quantify, and resolving these may require experimental manipulations of diversion flow.
Projecting, Predicting, Shaping: The Challenge of Workforce Models

Hollywood loves creating movies in which the hero has seen the future and then acts to prevent an apocalyptic outcome by manipulating events leading up to it. At the end, the audience may be left debating the age-old question: Can you change the future? The goal of Shipman et al1 is less dramatic than that of the silver screen, and an oversupply of general pediatricians can hardly be viewed as apocalyptic. The authors are quite cautious, in fact, and don’t pretend to “predict” the future but rather to “project” it, that is to project workforce supply based on current available data and a refined projection model. But how well can one project the future workforce or manipulate the pipeline to change it? Workforce projections are not new, although methodologies and factors influencing the analyses have varied. One report suggested that it takes 50 years to stabilize the physician-to-population ratio; thus, manipulating the future is definitely slow and problematic.2 How successful were past prophesies in either predicting or modifying the future? Let us examine 3 specific areas: the supply of pediatric generalists versus subspecialists; predictions about job opportunities for other specialties such as anesthesiology; and attempts to remedy physician maldistribution. In the early 1990s, we were … Address correspondence to Carol D. Berkowitz, MD, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson St, Box 437, Torrance, CA 90509. E-mail: carolb{at}pol.net
Optical diffusion tomography by iterative- coordinate-descent optimization in a Bayesian framework

Frequency-domain diffusion imaging uses the magnitude and phase of modulated light propagating through a highly scattering medium to reconstruct an image of the spatially dependent scattering or absorption coefficients in the medium. An inversion algorithm is formulated in a Bayesian framework and an efficient optimization technique is presented for calculating the maximum a posteriori image. In this framework the data are modeled as a complex Gaussian random vector with shot-noise statistics, and the unknown image is modeled as a generalized Gaussian Markov random field. The shot-noise statistics provide correct weighting for the measurement, and the generalized Gaussian Markov random field prior enhances the reconstruction quality and retains edges in the reconstruction. A localized relaxation algorithm, the iterative-coordinate-descent algorithm, is employed as a computationally efficient optimization technique. Numerical results for two-dimensional images show that the Bayesian framework with the new optimization scheme outperforms conventional approaches in both speed and reconstruction quality.
Turbulent flow in stirred tanks. Part I: Turbulent flow in the turbine impeller region

The concept of the trailing vortex introduced by van't Riet and Smith (1975) is used for evaluation of the mean velocity and intensity of periodic velocity fluctuations in the turbine impeller discharge flow. From the analysis of forces acting on the trailing vortex, it follows that geometric similarity in the impeller discharge flow can be expected for the Reynolds number range Re e 〈1.5 × 104; 9.0 × 104〉 and for the radial distance up to one-tenth of the impeller diameter. The calculated profiles of mean velocity and intensity of periodic velocity fluctuations agree with published data and permit the declaration of boundary conditions for the impeller discharge flow for numerical modeling of turbulent fluid flow in turbine impeller agitated tanks.
Occupational Therapists Views and Beliefs Regarding the Risks and Benefits of Childhood Vaccinations

ABSTRACT This study presents findings from an exploratory study of occupational therapists' views and beliefs regarding childhood vaccination safety and vaccination requirements for day care and school attendance. One-on-one, semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted over a six-week period with 25 pediatric occupational therapists across the United States. Participants expressed ideas similar to those found in surveys of parent vaccination attitudes and beliefs, as well as the need to extend the vaccination schedule to prevent overloading a child's immune system. Differences among participants were most clearly seen when comparing those with post-entry-level training to those with only an entry-level degree. The results appear to support the idea that lack of clear communication of public health concepts extends to healthcare professionals as well as consumers.
Designing Security-Hardened Microkernels For Field Devices

Distributed control systems (DCSs) play an essential role in the oper- ation of critical infrastructures. Perimeter eld devices are important DCS components that measure physical process parameters and per- form control actions. Modern eld devices are vulnerable to cyber at- tacks due to their increased adoption of commodity technologies and that fact that control networks are no longer isolated. This paper de- scribes an approach for creating security-hardened eld devices using operating system microkernels that isolate vital eld device operations from untrusted network-accessible applications. The approach, which is inuenced by the MILS and Nizza architectures, is implemented in a prototype eld device. Whereas, previous microkernel-based implemen- tations have been plagued by poor inter-process communication (IPC) performance, the prototype exhibits an average IPC overhead for pro- tected device calls of 64.59 s. The overall performance of eld devices is inuenced by several factors; nevertheless, the observed IPC overhead is low enough to encourage the continued development of the prototype.
Highly Reliable Mobile Desktop Computing in Your Pocket

We present DeskPod, a portable system that provides a highly reliable desktop computing environment for mobile users by leveraging rapid improvements in capacity, cost, and size of portable storage devices. DeskPod enables a user?s live computing environment to be suspended to portable storage, carried around, easily copied for faultresilience, and resumed from the storage device to provide the user with the same persistent, personalized computing environment on another computer. DeskPod achieves this by providing a virtualization and checkpoint/restart mechanism that decouples a desktop computing environment from any single hardware device so that it can be stored and executed anywhere, improving desktop computing reliability by eliminating a potential single point of failure. We have implemented a Linux DeskPod prototype and demonstrate its ability to quickly suspend and resume desktop sessions, enabling a seamless mobile experience.
Physics and the ‘marginalist revolution’

Interest in the origins of neoclassical theory has a number of motivations. The first is antiquarian: it is concerned with tracing the intellectual antecedents of a given inno vation. The second is epistemological: the methods of great discoverers are held to pro vide an exemplar for currently accepted methods of research. The third is ontological: the occurrence of independent simultaneous discovery is used to suggest the substan tiality and reality of the phenomenon identified. William Stanley Jevons, for instance, wrote that, 'The theory in question has in fact been independently discovered three or four times over and must be true' (Jevons, 1972, IV, p. 278). The fourth is practical: it provides a reservoir of metaphors and theoretical suggestions which might serve to prompt novel contemporary lines of inquiry which are obscured or slighted by modern theory. Confusion or doubt over the origins of modern neoclassical economic theory would introduce the possibility of serious historical, epistemological, ontological and practical confusions in its exposition. At present, the most popular textbook of the history of economic thought attempts to dispose of the issue by absolving itself of any responsibility for discussing origins:
Shadow photography: An aid to microscopy

SUMMARY The use of a small-size electronic flash lamp, as a point source, makes possible a useful system for recording silhouette photographs of many subjects, such as plankton. Limitations of conventional microscopy methods, such as (1) small areas covered, (2) depth of field, and (3) subject motion, are partly overcome for some examples.
When proteome meets genome: the alpha helix and the beta strand of proteins are eschewed by mRNA splice junctions and may define the minimal indivisible modules of protein architecture

The significance of the intron-exon structure of genes is a mystery. As eukaryotic proteins are made up of modular functional domains, each exon was suspected to encode some form of module; however, the definition of a module remained vague. Comparison of pre-mRNA splice junctions with the three-dimensional architecture of its protein product from different eukaryotes revealed that the junctions were far less likely to occur inside the α-helices and Β-strands of proteins than within the more flexible linker regions (‘turns’ and ‘loops’) connecting them. The splice junctions were equally distributed in the different types of linkers and throughout the linker sequence, although a slight preference for the central region of the linker was observed. The avoidance of the α-helix and the (Β-strand by splice junctions suggests the existence of a selection pressure against their disruption, perhaps underscoring the investment made by nature in building these intricate secondary structures. A corollary is that the helix and the strand are the smallest integral architectural units of a protein and represent the minimal modules in the evolution of protein structure. These results should find use in comparative genomics, designing of cloning strategies, and in the mutual verification of genome sequences with protein structures.