cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF THERMAL PROCESSES FOR CONDUCTION HEATING FOODS IN PEAR‐SHAPED CONTAINERS

A numerical model was developed to study transient heat conduction in a pear-shaped can. The model was extended to perform bacterial lethality and nutrient retention calculations for foods processed in pear-shaped containers. Transient temperature distributions and lethality predictions obtained from the numerical model when applied to finite cylinders, compared favorably with previously accepted solutions. Calculations of integrated Fs values of processes for pear-shaped containers indicated up to 50% overprocessing by the single point lethality concept. An “equivalent cylinder” was defined as one having a geometry index and characteristic heat transfer length corresponding to those of a pear-shaped container. Process evaluations for “equivalent cylinders” were in agreement with solutions obtained for the pear-shaped model.
A problem by E. Landis and generic behavior of non-generic sets

We consider the question motivated by an old problem of E. Landis in the study of the complete set of zeros of a C ∞ functions and all its derivatives.
Localized melting at separation of AISI 4340 steel tensile samples

Abstract Localized melting due to plastic deformation during the separation of tensile samples has previously been investigated in three commercial titanium alloys. In the present study similar melting accompanied by radial cracking has been observed in AISI 4340 steel tensile samples tested at quasi-static strain rates. However, localized melting and radial cracking are absent in samples strained at high strain rates and samples fractured using an ultrasoft test system in which a large spring is placed in series with the tensile sample. Analysis of the results shows that the suppression of radial cracking and localized melting occurs because high rate plastic deformation prior to separation causes the neck region to be adiabatically heated above the ductile-brittle transition temperature range, causing the material to fail in a fully ductile manner.
Elevated Triglyceride Content Diminishes the Capacity of High Density Lipoprotein to Deliver Cholesteryl Esters via the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I (SR-BI)

The selective uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesteryl ester (CE) by the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is well documented. However, the effect of altered HDL composition, such as occurs in hyperlipidemia, on this important process is not known. This study investigated the impact of variable CE and triglyceride (TG) content on selective uptake. CE selective uptake by Y1 and HepG2 cells was strongly affected by modification of either the CE or TG content of HDL. Importantly, TG, like CE, was selectively taken up by a dose-dependent, saturable process in these cells. As shown by ACTH up-regulation and receptor overexpression experiments, SR-BI mediated the selective uptake of both CE and TG. With in vitro modified HDLs of varying CE and TG composition, the selective uptake of CE and TG was dependent on the abundance of each lipid within the HDL particle. Furthermore, total selective uptake (CE + TG) remained constant, indicating that these lipids competed for cellular uptake. These data support a novel mechanism whereby SR-BI binds HDL and mediates the incorporation of a nonspecific portion of the HDL lipid core. In this way, TG directly affects the ability of HDL to donate CE to cells. Processes that raise the TG/CE ratio of HDL will impair the delivery of CE to cells via this receptor and may compromise the efficiency of sterol balancing pathways such as reverse cholesterol transport.
Cross-Validation of Short-Term Productivity Forecasting Methodologies

Frequent and regular prediction of productivity is needed to effectively manage construction operations in progress. This need is proven by significant deviations in productivity between estimated values and actual values, and the dynamic and stochastic changes in productivity over time. Five statistical methodologies that are appropriate for contemporaneous time series were cross validated in the present study. Validation was conducted by comparing the performance of forecasting models constructed using the methodologies. Performance was measured by evaluating the residual sum of squares and the correlation coefficients. As a result, univariate time series analysis was found to be the best-performing methodology. The univariate time series model is particularly beneficial in two respects. Using a single series of contemporaneous productivity data in numeric form, it reduces the effort expended in collecting and analyzing data, and improves the objectivity of analysis.
Personality and Achievement in a Suburban and an Inner City School1

Three approaches to predicting academic achievement are compared: Rotter's external vs. internal fate control, Kogan and Wallach's rational vs. irrational risk taking, and Gough's role-enactment capabilities for achievement in contexts demanding either independence or conformity. The Gough formulation accomplished the largest prediction in both the suburban and urban contexts; it also evidences the greatest sensitivity to context differences, with capability for achievement via conformity being significantly more highly rewarded in the urban school. A proposed integration of the findings from all formulations tested emphasizes the ambiguity prevalent in the urban setting between intellectual achievement and moral conformity.
Stakeholder flux: Participation in technology-based international development projects

Technical communication increasingly occurs in distributed, cross-cultural, and cross-organizational environments in which stakeholders may have widely disparate—even conflicting—perspectives. Info...
Asymptotics for a class of fourth order differential equations

where each of Y, p, and 4 is a continuous nonzero complex valued function. Several results in this direction may be found in [I] and in the references cited there; however, no theorems have been available for determining the asymptotic behavior of the solutions to Eq. (1) when a = 1, r(t) = 0, p(t) = Iike q(t) = zw, Vl , v2 , and va are real, and 2v, v1 > vg > v2 2. The theorem which we present below will apply in this case. Many of the results on asymptotic behavior of n-th order equations have been established by considering an appropriate vector matrix formulation, examining the characteristic roots of the coefficient matrix, making certain transformations, and arriving at an equation to which a basic perturbation theorem (such as that of Norman Levinson [2]) is applicable, and we shall follow that basic outline in this paper. In order to facilitate reduction of the vector matrix equation it has usually been assumed that (in [3] all but one of) the characteristic roots of the coefficient matrix grow at essentially the same rate. This assumption severely restricts applicability even when the coefficient functions of the original differential equation are powers of the independent variable. Our theorem demonstrates that, while more detailed reduction of the vector matrix equation is required, meaningful asymptotic formulas may be derived without this assumption. In order to avoid roots of complex functions we shall work with the equation,
The Relationships among Manager Communication Openness, Nonverbal Immediacy, and Subordinate Motivation.

The relationship between managers' communication behaviors (openness and nonverbal immediacy) and subordinates' motivation were examined. Wharton MBA candidates were videotaped participating in an organizational simulation to resolve interpersonal conflict. Subordinates completed self‐report measures regarding openness and motivation; independent coders rated managers' nonverbal immediacy behaviors. Analysis indicated that communication openness was positively and significantly related to motivation, while nonverbal immediacy and motivation was slightly related although not significantly. The positive, yet tentative relationship between openness and immediacy, indicated that these variables occur together. Results of the multiple regression reveals that openness was more predictive of motivation, while immediacy had a more indirect impact.
Humidity profiles over the ocean

The variabilities of atmospheric humidity profile over oceans from daily to interannual time scales were examined using 9 years of daily and semidaily radiosonde soundings at island stations extending from the Arctic to the South Pacific. The relative humidity profiles were found to have considerable temporal and geographic variabilities, contrary to the prevalent assumption. Principal component analysis on the profiles of specific humidity were used to examine the applicability of a relation between the surface-level humidity and the integrated water vapor; this relation has been used to estimate large-scale evaporation from satellite data. The first principal component was found to correlate almost perfectly with the integrated water vapor. The fractional variance represented by this mode increases with increasing period. It reaches approximately 90 percent at two weeks and decreases sharply, below one week, down to approximately 60 percent at the daily period. At low frequencies, the integrated water vapor appeared to be an adequate estimator of the humidity profile and the surface-level humidity. At periods shorter than a week, more than one independent estimator is needed.
EFFECT OF AGING ON THE FORMATION OF SEQUENTIAL AND SPATIAL CONCEPTS

In their study of strategies in concept attainment, Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin (1956) demonstrated that the most efficient system is that which limits the amount of information to be stored at any one stage of hypothesis testing. This precept is difficult to follow when the concept to be discovered extends sequentially and is of indeterminate length. A sequential concept of moderate complexity n7as built into a deck of 96 cards evenly divided between black (B) and red (R) and stacked so as to consist of repeated runs of B-B-R-B-R-R. S's task was to discover this pattern as E turned the cards face up one by one, and correct prediction of 1s cards in a run constituted success. A second test of concept attainment was constructed along spa~ial dimensions. Ss were shown serially single blocks (designs) of varying shape, slze, color, etc. One group was tested on solid blocks, the other on flat figures; each sec consisted of 60 items defined by four attributes which occurred in four, three, three, and two values. The sets were divided into two classes of 30 according to the high or low value of the dichotomous attribute. S's task was to discover the criterion that distinguished the nvo classes, and he accomplished it most efficiently by testing several likely hypotheses in turn. The experimental procedures are described in Talland (1959). In several studies concerned with effects of normal aging and of neurological diseases on cognitive function, 76 men and women, none of whom was known to suffer from a mental illness or abnormal brain damage, were tested on both these tasks. Five sub-groups, each representing one decade, were compared for their concept attainment on the two tasks, assessed in terms of success or failure, with results shown in the table.
Structural conformations of nucleosomes at low ionic strength from flow birefringence and intrinsic viscosity

The shape and structure of nucleosomes from chicken erythrocytes as a function of ionic strength in solution using the complementary techniques of streaming birefringence and intrinsic viscosity were studied. As characterized by both rotational diffusion and optical anisotropy, three distinct conformational levels were observed. Above ∼8 mM ionic strength, the particles are oblate ellipsoids or discs with axial ratio of ∼0.5. Below ∼8 mM, two structural variants were observed: a relatively more symmetrical particle which exists between ∼8 and ∼0.5 mM, and a relatively asymmetric structure below ∼0.5 mM. Birefringence data are consistent with an “opened clamshell” type of model for the first of these and with a somewhat compacted form of linear DNA for the latter. The results provide insights into possible conformational states of transcriptionally active chromatin at the nucleosomal level of structure.
Collisional facilitation of aqueous alteration of CM and CV carbonaceous chondrites

Abstract CM chondrites exhibit a strong correlation between the degree of alteration and the extent of particle alignment (i.e., the strength of the petrofabric). It seems likely that the S1 shock stage of essentially every CM and the high matrix abundance (∼70 vol.%) of these samples ensured that the shock waves that produced CM petrofabrics (by collapsing matrix pores and squeezing chondrules into pore spaces) were significantly attenuated and were too weak to damage olivine crystal lattices. Random collisions on the CM body produced petrofabrics and created fractures in the target rocks. Subsequent impact-mobilization of water caused hydrated phases to form preferentially in the more-fractured regions (those with the strongest petrofabrics); the less-deformed, less-fractured CM regions experienced lower degrees of aqueous alteration. Many CV3 chondrites also have petrofabrics: roughly half are from the oxidized Bali-like subgroup (CV3 OxB ), roughly half are from the reduced subgroup (CV3 R ) and none is from the oxidized Allende-like subgroup (CV3 OxA ) (which is less altered than CV3 OxB ). Nearly all CVs with petrofabrics are S3–S4 and nearly all CVs that lack petrofabrics are S1. Oxidized CVs have much higher porosities (typically 20–28%) than reduced CVs (0.6–8%), facilitating more-extensive aqueous alteration. The CV3 R chondrites formed from low-porosity material that inhibited oxidation during alteration. The oxidized CV subgroups formed from higher-porosity materials. The CV3 OxB samples were shocked, became extensively fractured and developed petrofabrics; the CV3 OxA samples were not shocked and never developed petrofabrics. When water was mobilized, both sets of porous CV chondrites became oxidized; the more-fractured CV3 OxB subgroup was more severely altered.
Single‐laboratory validation of a method to quantify bound 2‐chloropropane‐1,3‐diol and 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol in foodstuffs using acid catalysed transesterification, HFBI derivatisation and GC/MS detection

A protocol for the measurement of bound 2-chloropropane-1,3-diol (2-CPD) and 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol 3-CPD) in foodstuffs using acid catalysed transesterification and GC/MS/MS has undergone single-laboratory validation. Validation of the method included an assessment of recovery (bias) of 3-CPD from reference 3-CPD mono- and diesters using a range of fortified and unfortified cereal, oil and potato products and participation in a EC proficiency test on 3-CPD-esters. Method repeatability was assessed by measuring bound 2- and 3-CPD present in a processed cereal product. The results indicated that the method was fit for purpose for the measurement of bound 2- and 3-CPD over concentration ranges of 40–10 000 µg/kg for oils, and 4–4000 µg/kg for foodstuffs depending on the fat content. The selectivity/robustness of the method was demonstrated by fortifying samples with ‘free’ 3-CPD, chloride ions, glycerol and glycidyl butyrate: the procedure was found to be selective for ‘bound’ 3-CPD and no adventitious formation of 2- or 3-CPD occurred during analysis. Practical applications: This method provides a single-laboratory validation of a method to measure amounts of bound 2- and 3-CPD in a wide range food. The method provides the information necessary to assist researchers engaged in the selection and validation of analytical methods to measure these contaminants in foods.
Deformation mechanisms in nacre

Nacre (mother-of-pearl) from mollusc shells is a biologically formed lamellar ceramic. The inelastic deformation of this material has been experimentally examined, with a focus on understanding the underlying mechanisms. Slip along the lamellae tablet interface has been ascertained by testing in compression with the boundaries oriented at 45° to the loading axis. The steady-state shear resistance τss has been determined and inelastic strain shown to be as high as 8%. The inelastic deformation was realized by massive interlamellae shearing. Testing in tension parallel to the tablets indicates inelastic strain of about 1%, occurring at a steady-state stress, σsss ≈ 110 MPa. The strain was associated with the formation of multiple dilatation bands at the intertablet boundaries accompanied by interlamellae sliding. Nano-asperities on the aragonite tablets and their interposing topology provide the resistance to interfacial sliding and establish the level of the stress needed to attain the inelastic strain. Detailed mechanisms and their significance for the design of robust ceramics are discussed.
Therapeutic Issues with Lesbian Couples

Lesbian relationships are most importantly relationships between two women in a homophobic and sexist society. Women newly exploring a relationship with another women often experience their relationship as unique, as being the best relationship. They base this evaluation on the honest communication and open expression of caring that usually characterizes the relationship. These qualities provide the basis for a fulfilling relationship, which fosters personal growth and change. Major stresses and problem areas are due both to social pressures and to difficulties in establishing a sense of self within the relationship. This article explores the unique aspects of the lesbian relationship, suggests appropriate therapeutic interventions, and explores counter-transference issues for lesbian and heterosexual therapist.
Performance of beef cows and calves fed different sources of rumen-degradable protein when grazing stockpiled limpograss pastures

Two experiments evaluated the effects of different sources of RDP on forage characteristics, animal performance, and ruminal and blood parameters of beef cattle grazing stockpiled limpograss (Hemarthria altissima) from January to May 2011 and 2012. In Exp. 1, 24 mature lactating beef cows and their respective calves were allocated to 8 stockpiled limpograss pastures (3 pairs/pasture). Treatments were 2 different sources of RDP, urea or cottonseed (Gossypium spp.) meal (CSM), distributed in a completely randomized design with 4 replicates. Feather meal and corn (Zea mays) meal were added to the urea treatments to balance RUP and energy. Treatments were mixed in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) molasses, which resulted in 3 kg DM/cow per day of supplement. There were no differences (P > 0.10) in herbage mass (HM; 3,200 ± 400 kg DM/ha), herbage allowance (HA; 1.9 ± 0.2 kg DM/kg of BW), CP (5.2 ± 0.2%), and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM; 47 ± 0.5%) concentrations. There was a decrease (P 0.10) among treatments. Sixteen cow-calf pairs were moved to 8 drylot pens after Exp. 1, maintained on the same treatment, and evaluated for forage and total DMI. There was no difference in forage (P = 0.16; 2.1 ± 0.1% BW) and total DMI (P = 0.12; 2.5 ± 0.1% BW) between treatments. In Exp. 2, 2 rumen-cannulated steers were used in a 2 × 2 Latin square design, replicated in 2011 and 2012, to test the effects of the same treatments on rumen fluid and blood parameters. There was no difference (P > 0.10) in ruminal NH3-N (12.9 ± 0.3 mg/dL), pH (6.5 ± 0.1), propionic acid (25 ± 2.2 mol/100 mol), acetic acid (69.2 ± 2.9 mol/100 mol), and butyric acid (4.5 ± 0.5 mol/100 mol) as well as branched-chain VFA (1.3 ± 2.2 mol/100 mol) concentrations in the rumen. In addition, there was no difference (P = 0.91) in PUN (7.9 ± 0.3 mg/dL) concentration between treatments. Therefore, urea can be as effective as CSM as the main source of RDP in the molasses-based supplement offered to mature lactating beef cows grazing stockpiled limpograss pastures.
ATP and ADP actin states

This minireview is dedicated to the memory of Henryk Eisenberg and honors his major contributions to many areas of biophysics and to the analysis of macromolecular states and interactions in particular. This work reviews the ATP and ADP states of a ubiquitous protein, actins, and considers the present evidence for and against unique, nucleotide-dependent conformations of this protein. The effects of ATP and ADP on specific structural elements of actins, its loops and clefts, as revealed by mutational, crosslinking, spectroscopic, and EPR methods are discussed. It is concluded that the existing evidence points to dynamic equilibria of these structural elements among various conformational states in both ATP- and ADP-actins, with the nucleotides impacting the equilibria distributions.
Fitting concentration-time data to biexponential equations

A digital computer study using simulated data containing random error indicates no difference in the precision and accuracy of parameter estimation when the data are fitted to several different equations.
Mitochondrial DNA damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease decreases amyloid beta plaque formation

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species have been associated with and implicated in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. To study how mtDNA damage affects reactive oxygen species and amyloid beta (Ab) pathology in vivo, we generated an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model expressing an inducible mitochondrial-targeted endonuclease (Mito-PstI) in the central nervous system. Mito-PstI cleaves mtDNA causing mostly an mtDNA depletion, which leads to a partial oxidative phosphorylation defect when expressed during a short period in adulthood. We found that a mild mitochondrial dysfunction in adult neurons did not exacerbate Ab accumulation and decreased plaque pathology. Mito-PstI expression altered the cleavage pathway of amyloid precursor protein without increasing oxidative stress in the brain. These data suggest that mtDNA damage is not a primary cause of Ab accumulation.
Using a Formative Program Portfolio to Enhance Graduate School Psychology Programs

This article examines the implementation of a program portfolio in a graduate program in school psychology. This effort had two broad goals: (a) to diversify the assessment of student outcomes and (b) to enhance students’ ability to reflect on their graduate professional education and how their experiences, both intellectual and practical, have shaped their professional evolution. The portfolio process described in this article was influenced by the work of Donald Schon on the reflective practitioner and the notion that professional knowledge and practice is enhanced by making what is tacit, explicit. Connecting students with the broader standards of the profession and guiding them in the selection of supporting documentation related to these standards were major concerns in developing the assessment model described. Incorporating the standards set by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP), the program portfolio was designed to facilitate this process of reflective professional development. Ultimately, the portfolio served to strengthen the graduate program while developing students’ higher level thinking skills and critical evaluation of their skill development. Student response to the process is incorporated in the discussion.
{1‐Methyl‐2‐[3‐(trimethyl­silylethyn­yl)phenyl­imino]propyl­idene}[3‐(trimethyl­silylethyn­yl)phen­yl]amine

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C26H32N2Si2, there are two independent half-mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, each molecule lying on a crystallographic inversion center, and hence, in both, the two imine groups are mutually trans. One of the mol­ecules is disordered.
Endovascular mechanical clot retrieval in a broad ischemic stroke cohort.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Our aim was to describe an expanded experience with endovascular mechanical embolectomy in a broad group of patients, including those not meeting entry criteria for the MERCI multicenter trials. METHODS: We performed an analysis of all patients with ischemic stroke treated with the Merci Clot Retrieval Device at a single academic center outside of the Mechanical Embolus Removal in Cerebral Ischemia (MERCI) trials. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients were treated with the device. Nine were MERCI trial ineligible: 4 received intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 1 received IV tPA and was younger than 18 years of age, and 4 had time-to-treatment of longer than 8 hours. Mean age was 64 years (range, 14–89 years; 42% women). Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was 21 (range, 11–30). Median symptoms-to-procedure-start time was 303 minutes (range, 85–2385 minutes). Recanalization (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction, 2–3) was achieved in 15/24 (63%). In device-only patients, recanalization occurred in 10/16. In patients who failed IV tPA undergoing rescue embolectomy, recanalization was achieved in 4/5. Three patients unresponsive to device therapy received rescue intra-arterial tPA/abciximab; recanalization was achieved in 2/3. Recanalization was achieved in 3/4 patients in whom treatment was started longer than 8 hours after symptom onset. Asymptomatic hemorrhage occurred in 38%; symptomatic hemorrhage, in 8%. Three device fractures occurred; none worsened clinical outcome. In-hospital mortality was 17%; 90-day mortality, 29%. Good 90-day functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale, ≤2) was achieved by 25% (6/24). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular mechanical embolectomy is an effective means of achieving revascularization in patients with acute ischemic stroke, including patients with late treatment start and intravenous tPA failure. Device-based therapy achieved recanalization in nearly two thirds of patients and good clinical outcomes in one fourth, with symptomatic hemorrhage in less than one tenth.
178 Molecular Systematics of the Ulvellaceae (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) Inferred from Nuclear and Chloroplast DNA Sequences

The diversity and phylogeny of endophytic, microfilamentous green algae in the family Ulvellaceae (Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae) are poorly understood. Members of this family have suffered a long history of confusing taxonomy, resulting from phenotypic plasticity and few stable morphological characters. Using DNA sequence data from two molecular markers, the plastid encoded elongation factor TU (tufA) and the nuclear encoded small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA), we tested taxonomic concepts in Ulvellaceae. Concordance between plastid and nuclear phylogenies revealed the following: 1) Ochlochaete is distinct from Acrochaete and may represent a separate family, 2) Ochlochaete is not monotypic, consisting of at least two genetically distinct species, 3) the tribe Ulvelleae, separated from the Acrochaeteae on the basis of radial (versus linear) germination and bifurcate apical cells, is not supported as one of the members, Pringsheimiella scutata groups with a suite of Acrochaete species and 4) the Ochlochaete clade is the proximal outgroup for the Ulvaceae. These findings will be presented in the light of morphological characters that are currently used to define species and genera in the Ulvellaceae.
The Integrative Team Knowledge Building Training Strategy in Distributed Problem-Solving Teams

Team knowledge building requires teams to discuss all available pertinent task information. However, teams tend to extract information ineffectively due to impediments including the sampling advant...
Gigahertz waveform sampling and digitization circuit design and implementation

A series of multichannel transient waveform digitization integrated circuits with up to 5 GHz sample rates and parallel 10-bit digitization have been designed, tested, and fabricated in large quantities. The current CMOS circuit uses four arrays of 128 fast switched capacitors per channel to record four parallel analog transient inputs. High-speed sample clock generation is provided by an analogically adjustable asynchronous active delay line that uses look-ahead to generate 128 multi-GHz four-way interleaved clocks without the need for external high-speed clocking. After transient capture, each channel is fed into 128 parallel 10-bit analog to digital converters for fast, channel-parallel digitization, followed by digital readout. The fast triggering and waveform capture, channel-parallel digitization and convenient word-parallel digital readout results in a responsive and low dead-time system. Acquisition sample rates range from /spl sim/50 kHz to /spl sim/3 GHz. Analog input bandwidth was measured to be /spl sim/350 MHz. Temporal noise is typically equivalent to /spl sim/1 mV root mean square (rms) for a signal-to-noise ratio of /spl sim/2500:1 rms. Fixed-pattern spatial noise, after on-chip digitization, is equivalent to /spl sim/5 mV rms. Current design directions are intended improve on this technology with sample rates in excess of 10 GHz and an analog bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz.
Slug Flow Characteristics and Their Effect on Corrosion Rates in Horizontal Oil and Gas Pipelines

The flow characteristics of slug flow and their effect on the corrosion rates are examined experimentally in a 100 mm diameter, horizontal, Plexiglass pipeline. The system was maintained at a pressure of 2 bars and temperature of approximately 35 0C. Mter initial tests with oil only and water only, 80% water and 20% oil, and 60% water and 40% oil mixtures were examined. Carbon dioxide was used as the gas. Using the stationary slugs described by Jepson1,2, the mean wall shear stress and turbulent intensity at 7 different axial and three circumferential locations were measured using flush mounted TSI hot f1lm anemometer probes. The regions included the f1lm region ahead of the slug, the mixing zone at the slug front, and a short distance into the slug body. The oil, water, and carbon dioxide fractions were measured across a vertical diameter using. a sampling probe. Corrosion rates at the top and bottom of the pIpe were measured using electrical resistance probes. Pressure gradients across the slug front were also taken. The results clearly show that the slug front is a highly turbulent region that has large wall shear stresses at the bottom of the pipe. The wall shear stress decreases with circumferential position but increases with increasing oil fraction in the fluids. For a Froude number of 12, the shear stress for water only is 26 N/m2. For the mixture of 60% water and 40% oil a value of 97 N/m2 is attained. These are much greater than anticipated. Instantaneous values are much larger than this. The corrosion rates are much greater than those predicted by usual laboratory methods such as rotating cylinde~s or disks. The rates are shown to be grea;est at the bottom of the pIpe and correspond to the regions of high wall shear. Corrosion rates increase with an increase in oil concentration at the same Froude number. It is concluded that the wall shear stress associ~ted with the slug front is sufficient to continuously remove corrOSIonproducts from the pipe wall.
In vitro evaluation of endothelial and smooth muscle function of primary varicose veins.

Abstract Experiments were designed to study functional changes in superficial leg veins of patients with primary varicosity. Excess segments were taken from 19 patients undergoing elective vein resection. Excess segments of greater saphenous veins taken from 13 patients undergoing coronary or lower extremity arterial bypass were used as controls. These rings, some with endothelium deliberately removed, were suspended for the measurement of isometric force in organ chambers. Segments of veins were also evaluated with respect to their total protein content, endothelin content, and histologic structure. In varicose veins, maximal contractions in response to potassium chloride ( n = 9), norepinephrine (n = 9), and endothelin ( n = 4) were reduced 71.1%, 78.2%, and 75.6%, respectively, compared with contractions in control veins ( p 50 ) between segments of nonvaricose greater saphenous vein and adjacent varicose tributaries from the same patient. Rings with and without endothelium contracted similarly. In varicose veins, endothelium-dependent relaxations produced by the calcium ionophore A23187 were attenuated 89.7% compared with relaxations in controls ( n = 6, p n = 6) and forskolin ( n = 3) were diminished 86.8% ( p p n = 17, p n = 17, p = 0.1) compared with those values in control veins ( n = 5). Microscopic study showed a disrupted arrangement and decreased amount of smooth muscle. These results suggest that both endothelial and smooth muscle function is impaired in vein segments removed from patients with primary varicosity. Similar functional, biochemical, and structural changes were seen not only in varicose tributaries but also in nonvaricose saphenous veins from the same patient. These findings support the hypothesis that abnormalities within the venous wall that affect both smooth muscle and endothelial cells exist before and perhaps contribute to the formation of varicosities. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:679–86.)
TDP-43 pathology in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by motor symptoms including limb weakness, dysarthria, dysphagia, and respiratory compromise, and pathologically by inclusions of transactive response DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43). Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis also may demonstrate non-motor symptoms and signs of autonomic and energy dysfunction as hypermetabolism and weight loss that suggest the possibility of pathology in the forebrain, including hypothalamus. However, this region has received little investigation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this study, the frequency, topography, and clinical associations of TDP-43 inclusion pathology in the basal forebrain and hypothalamus were examined in 33 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: 25 men and 8 women; mean age at death of 62.7 years, median disease duration of 3.1 years (range of 1.3 to 9.8 years). TDP-43 pathology was present in 11 patients (33.3%), including components in both basal forebrain (n= 10) and hypothalamus (n= 7). This pathology was associated with non-motor system TDP-43 pathology (Χ2= 17.5, p= 0.00003) and bulbar symptoms at onset (Χ2= 4.04, p= 0.044), but not age or disease duration. Furthermore, TDP-43 pathology in the lateral hypothalamic area was associated with reduced body mass index (W= 11, p= 0.023). This is the first systematic demonstration of pathologic involvement of the basal forebrain and hypothalamus in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Furthermore, the findings suggest that involvement of the basal forebrain and hypothalamus has significant phenotypic associations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, including site of symptom onset, as well as deficits in energy metabolism with loss of body mass index.
Manufacturing Cost Modeling for Product Design

The process of product design is driven toward achieving design specifications while meeting cost targets. Designers typically have models and tools to aid in functional and performance analysis of the design but few tools and little quantitative information to aid in cost analysis. Estimates of the cost of manufacture often are made through a cost multiplier based on material cost. Manufacturing supplies guidelines to aid in design, but these guidelines often lack the detail needed to make sound design decisions. A need was identified for a quantitative way for modeling manufacturing costs at Motorola. After benchmarking cost modeling efforts around the company, an activity-based costing method was developed to model manufacturing cycle time and cost. Models for 12 key manufacturing steps were developed. The factory operating costs are broken down by time, and cost is allocated to each product according to the processing it requires. The process models were combined into a system-level model, capturing subtle yet realistic operational detail. The framework was implemented in a software program to aid designers in calculating manufacturing costs from limited design information. Since the information tool provides an estimate of manufacturing costs at the design prototype stage, the development engineer can identify and eliminate expensive components and reduce the need for costly manufacturing processing. Using this methodology to make quantitative trade-offs between material and manufacturing costs, significant savings in overall product costs are achieved.
Perceived Task Characteristics and Employee Performance: A Literature Review

We review 13 studies dealing with empirical relationships between perceived task scope and employee performance. Results from these studies are contradictory and inconclusive. Most studies use less than adequate measures of employee performance. Moreover, although a causal relationship is assumed, reciprocal or reverse causality may exist. There is a clear need for further theoretical explication and improved laboratory and field research aimed at enhancing both construct validity and substantive considerations.
Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea

b O structive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) affects 1.2–5.7% of children. OSAS affects children of all ages but the peak prevalence occurs at 2–8 years of age, which coincides with the peak age of tonsillar and adenoidal hypertrophy. African American ethnicity, increased body mass index, tobacco exposure, and reduced family income correlate with an increased severity of OSAS. A study in children younger than 2 years old revealed an increased incidence of OSAS in those with a history of prematurity, males, children with Trisomy 21, African Americans, and in those attending daycare. In prepubertal children, the incidence of OSAS is similar in boys than in girls. After puberty OSAS is more common in boys. Children with craniofacial abnormalities, certain genetic conditions with structural factors that lead to airway narrowing and children with neuromuscular disorders are at increased risk of OSAS (Table 1).
Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation via the Isolation of Individual Reactive Intermediates: Role of Alkoxy Radical Structure

The study of the chemistry underlying secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation is complicated by the large number of reaction pathways and oxidation generations available to a given precursor species. Here we simplify such complexity to that of a single alkoxy radical (RO), by forming SOA via the direct photolysis of alkyl nitrite (RONO) isomers. Chamber experiments were conducted with 11 C10 RONO isomers to determine how the position of the radical center and branching of the carbon skeleton influences SOA formation. SOA yields served as a probe of RO reactivity, with lower yields indicating that fragmentation reactions dominate and higher yields suggesting the predominance of RO isomerization. The largest yields were from straight-chain isomers, particularly those with radical centers located toward the terminus of the molecule. Trends in SOA yields can be explained in terms of two major effects: (1) the relative importance of isomerization and fragmentation reactions, which control the distribution of...
Prediction of Ion Trajectory in Pulsed Magnetic Flux Compression Reaction Chambers

A three-dimensional Particle-in-cell computer model to simulate ion trajectories inside a pulsed magnetic flux compression reaction chamber was developed. Four-Stage Runge-Kutta time integration method was used to integrate the plasma-dynamic equations for each individual ion particle. The electromagnetic field is computed by solving Maxwell equations. A Particle-in-Cell algorithm was developed to interpolate interactions between the electromagnetic field and particles. A detailed numerical algorithm is described. The field and ion interactions and ion trajectories inside a simplified chamber with vacuum cavity were computed. The numerical results indicate that the code was suitable for the plasma debris trajectory simulation in the parameter regime evaluated.
Optoelectronic Junction Devices Based on Organic/Inorganic Hetero-paired Semiconductors

The use of hybrid devices consisting of organic and inorganic semiconductors provides many advantages for opto electronic applications, such as combining the high charge carrier mobilities in inorganic polycrystalline thin films and high photosensitivity, intense photoluminescence, and ease of deposition of conjugated molecules. In this paper, thin film hybrid structures based on organic conjugated molecules and II-VI inorganic semiconductors were fabricated using spin-coating, evaporation and pulsed-laser deposition (PLD), respectively. A promising hetero-pairing is CdS and DQP, a diisoquinoline perrylene derivate, with the potential to form sensitive photodiodes and effective solar cells. Varying the deposition techniques alters the quality of the interface between CdS and DQP and results in different efficiencies of charge collection and recombination in the device.
Acute and long-term effects of neural implants examined with two-photon and optical coherence microscopy (Conference Presentation)

The abstract is not available © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Geriatric assessment programs in the United States. Their growing role and impact.

Geriatric assessment programs have become a growing component of the health care delivery system for the elderly in the United States. They generally provide interdisciplinary assessment, treatment planning, case management, and often rehabilitation for frail elderly persons and are especially important for persons suspected of needing long-term institutional care. Among their demonstrated benefits are better diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning, more appropriate placement decisions with less referral to nursing homes, and improved patient functional status, general well-being, and survival. In addition to an overview of geriatric assessment programs and their effectiveness, this article provides practical guidelines for their establishment in the hospital setting.
Fuzzy-Rough Set Based Multi-labeled Emotion Intensity Analysis for Sentence, Paragraph and Document

Most existing sentiment analysis methods focus on single-label classification, which means only a exclusive sentiment orientation negative, positive or neutral or an emotion state joy, hate, love, sorrow, anxiety, surprise, anger, or expect is considered for the given text. However, multiple emotions with different intensity may be coexisting in one document, one paragraph or even in one sentence. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy-rough set based approach to detect the multi-labeled emotions and calculate their corresponding intensities in social media text. Using the proposed fuzzy-rough set method, we can simultaneously model multi emotions and their intensities with sentiment words for a sentence, a paragraph, or a document. Experiments on a well-known blog emotion corpus show that our proposed multi-labeled emotion intensity analysis algorithm outperforms baseline methods by a large margin.
On facies belts and facies mosaics: Holocene isolated platforms, South China Sea

Although the general criteria for recognition and environmental interpretation of different carbonate facies are well-established, a predictive understanding of the areal extent and spatial patterning of facies bodies and why they might organize into facies belts or facies mosaics is poorly constrained. To explore patterns and process dynamics of facies on isolated carbonate platforms, quantitative analysis of thematic maps derived from remote sensing images of 27 Holocene atolls of the Paracel and Spratly chains in the South China Sea explores variability within and among platforms. On these systems, most annular shelf-margin reefs are less than 500 m wide on both chains; inboard of the reefs, reef sand aprons range up to 500 m (Spratlys) and 1000 m (Paracels) wide. Around individual platforms, Spratly Chain sand apron widths are wider to north-west, whereas apron widths in the Paracel Chain are more symmetrical; collectively, data indicate log-normal width-exceedance probability distributions. Platform-interior patch reefs include area-exceedance probability distributions and gap size distributions (lacunarity) consistent within chains, but distinct between the chains. To understand the processes underlying distinct distributions, simulations explored distinct growth scenarios. Results suggest that differences may represent distinct process classes: proportional growth processes with multiplicative random effects (reef sand aprons – belts), versus non-linear, size-proportional growth of randomly aged and distributed elements (patch reefs – mosaics). The probabilistically distinct sizes and spatial patterns of geomorphic elements within these general process classes are interpreted to represent ‘variations on themes’ related to different impacts of tropical storms, winter cold fronts and circulation in each chain. The results highlight fundamentally different growth patterns impacting the sizes and distribution of facies belts and mosaics on isolated carbonate platforms. Because these bodies ultimately construct stratigraphy, the themes could be applied to understand and predict variability in the architecture of subsurface reservoir analogues. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Manganese enrichments near a large gas‐hydrate and cold‐seep field: a record of past redox and sedimentation events

The spatial distribution, mineralogy, and origin of manganese enrichments surrounding a large gas hydrate and cold seep field (Mississippi Canyon 118, Gulf of Mexico) are investigated in this study, to better constrain their biogeochemical context in deep-sea sediments and to assess how gas hydrates may alter such records. Manganese depth profiles from 10 sediment cores, documented using centimetre-scale X-ray fluorescence core scanning, display highly-enriched 1 to 10 cm thick layers. These manganese-rich layers are more numerous, but of lower concentration, in close proximity to the field, and show no consistent relationship with sedimentology (clay vs. carbonate content) or the established chronostratigraphic framework at the site. X-ray diffraction and sequential dissolution procedures indicate that the manganese enrichments are authigenic carbonates, which formed along a palaeo redox boundary during periods of prolonged steady-state conditions. The hypothesis that spatial heterogeneity of this manganese record is linked to the nearby gas hydrate and cold seep field, by influencing redox conditions and/or sedimentation processes, is investigated here. Results are consistent with more frequent interruption of steady-state sedimentation in closer proximity to the salt-tectonic induced bathymetric mound, which contains the active cold seeps and gas hydrate deposits. Thus, spatial mapping of manganese enrichment horizons provides a tool to reconstruct sedimentation surrounding these volatile sea bed features, yielding a measure of past activity of gas hydrates and cold seeps.
Seduced by Symmetry, Smarter by Half

The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) remains the dominant paradigm in financial risk management—at least among practitioners, if not among scholars.1 Courts and regulators likewise depend on the CAPM, and in so doing confer legal significance on this model.2 Once upon a time, long long ago, “the hegemony of the CAPM” could be attributed “mostly to its apparent ease of applicability and, to a lesser extent, its empirical justifications.”3 The latter excuse, at least, has withered away. Despite evidence that beta is not positively related to returns on stock,4 to say nothing of beta’s failure to account for macroeconomic5 and idiosyncratic6 factors affecting security prices and returns, much of contemporary mathematical finance still hinges on the CAPM. Even Eugene Fama, beta’s leading nemesis, has conceded that “market professionals (and academics) still think about risk in terms of market β.”7