cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON THE HOMOLOGY THEORY OF ABELIAN GROUPS

1. Introduction. In (1) we have introduced the notions of “construction” and “ generic acyclicity” in order to determine a homology theory for any class of multiplicative systems defined by identities. Among these classes the most interesting one is the class of associative and commutative systems II with a unit element (containing the class of abelian groups).
Microstructures, Mechanical Properties, and Erosion Resistance of Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering Deposited TiN/VN Nano-structured Coatings

Nano-structured TiN/VN coatings with a range of bi-layer periods from 3.4 to 11.0 nm were deposited on ferromagnetic 410 stainless steel (410SS) and non-ferromagnetic Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy substrates using an Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering (UMS) technique; the microstructure, mechanical properties, and erosion performance of the as-sputtered coating were evaluated. While the surface morphologies of the coatings on these two substrates were different, the XRD measurements complemented by a texture evaluation through pole figures indicated that the preferred orientations of the TiN/VN coatings on 410SS and Ti–6Al–4V were also dissimilar. A nano-mechanical indentation technique was used to determine hardness and Young’s modulus, and it was found that these parameters varied with superlattice bi-layer period and were dependent on the type of substrate material. Furthermore, the erosion resistances of the TiN/VN coatings were markedly higher than the bare substrate counterparts, and were influenced by the substrate type. Specifically, the differences in the microstructures and properties of the coatings were attributed to the difference in ion flux during the UMS deposition due to the dissimilar magnetic properties of the substrate materials.
Single-particle fracture under impact loading

Particle fracture is the elementary process that governs comminution. Understanding this elementary fracture process is indispensable to the development of improved size reduction techniques. The Ultrafast Load Cell (UFLC), has been used to investigate the deformation and fracture of single particles subject to impact. The theoretical background of the measurements is presented in detail. The Ultrafast Load Cell allows the measurement of three fundamental deformation and fracture characteristics of particulate materials: the particle fracture energy, the particle strength and the particle stiffness. These measurements can be made under impact loading similar to the conditions in typical industrial ball mills. The effect of material type, particle size and particle shape on the three fundamental fracture characteristics of brittle materials is investigated. The fracture characteristics were found to be independent of the rate of strain at rates expected to be found in industrial comminution equipment. Two practical applications of the measurements are presented and the use of the Ultrafast Load Cell to study thermally assisted comminution of quartz is discussed in detail.
Risk assessment, life history strategies, and turtles: Could declines be prevented or predicted?

The process of ecological risk assessment should involve the ability to predict adverse outcomes of particular environmental contaminants or human intrusions. Ecological risk assessment generally focuses on populations, communities, and ecosystems, rather than on individual health. We explore the importance of life history strategies of aquatic turtles to their risk from environmental contaminants and other human activities using three examples: the wood turtle Clemmys insculpta, a freshwater species; the diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin, a littoral species; and marine turtles as a group. These turtles are partly herbivorous and are at low or intermediate levels on the food chain, yet are particularly vulnerable due to their life history strategies of being long‐lived with relatively low survival of young. They suffer a variety of natural mortality factors that include predation, starvation, and disease, as well as inundation and destruction of nesting beaches and their eggs by storms. Yet they al...
Turbulent viscous drag reduction with thin-element riblets

Thin-element riblets for aircraft aerodynamic surface turbulent viscous drag reduction are presently found to be as effective as symmetric V-grooves in this role, while possessing a greater range of admissible spacings. The thin-element geometry shows the qualitatively predictable influence of independent riblet height and spacing variations. The evidence for more than one drag-reduction mechanism in thin-element riblets is found to be inconclusive.
Acute Subdural Hematoma: New Model Delineation and Effects of Coagulation Inhibitors

Objective To develop a highly reproducible rat model and behavioral tests for acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) and to investigate the role of intravascular coagulation and thrombin in the pathogenesis of brain injury in this model. Methods A new method was implemented to inject 200 microl of autologous blood subdurally in rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate intravascular fibrin deposition and thrombin levels in the cortex underlying the ASDH. Effectiveness of systemic heparin, argatroban, or ginkgolide B treatment was determined by histological lesion volume, number of occluded microvessels, and neurological deficits. Neurological deficits were monitored for 7 days after ASDH by use of forelimb placing, forelimb use asymmetry, and corner turn tests. Results Consistent brain damage and sensorimotor deficits were observed in all animals with ASDH. Histological analysis demonstrated occluded microvessels and enlarged perivascular spaces in the underlying cortex starting 1 hour after hematoma induction. Fibrin and thrombin immunoreactivity were increased in the lesioned cortical parenchyma at 4 and 24 hours. However, no intravascular fibrin deposition was detected. Heparin induced hemorrhagic transformation in the cortical lesion and did not attenuate microvessel occlusion. Argatroban and ginkgolide B did not induce hemorrhage but failed to improve microvessel occlusion, lesion volume, and neurological deficits. Conclusion Intravascular coagulation and thrombin are not the major mediators of brain damage after ASDH. The model and behavioral tests presented in this study can be used to investigate other putative mechanisms of injury and to test future therapeutic interventions in ASDH.
Inconsistent absorption from a susstained-release theophylline preparation during continuous therapy in asthmatic children

During routine monitoring of hospitalized children with asthma receiving a sustained-relase theophylline formulation, we frequently observe unpredictable fluctuations in serum theophylline concentration (STC). We evaluated eight asthematic patients (ages 4 to 17 years) with inconsistent STCs to determine the cause of this phenomenon. Only minimal variation in STC and therefore theophylline clearance was noted during a 24-hour period of continuous intravenous aminophylline infusion. However, marked variability in STC was observed when measured every 2 hours for 48 hours after 6 days of continuous therapy orally. In addition, the time required to reach peack and trough STCs varied from dose to dose. Inasmuch as clearance was shown to be constant, the variability was attributed to inconsistent theophylline absorption. Unpredictable fluctuations of STC secondary to variable absorption from this sustained-relase theophylline preparation may occur in certain patients. Appreciation of this potential variability is necessary for the proper interpretation of STC measurements and subsequent dosage adjustment.
Local crystal structural modifications in pulsed laser deposited high-k dielectric thin films on silicon and germanium

Abstract The thin film growth conditions are correlated with the local structures formed in Hf x Zr 1− x O 2 ( x =0.0–1.0) high- k dielectric thin films on Si and Ge substrates during deposition. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique has been used in the synthesis of the thin films with systematic variations of substrate temperature, Zr content of the targets and substrate selection. The local structural information acquired from extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS) is correlated with the thin film growth conditions. The response of the local structure around Hf and Zr atoms to growth parameters was investigated by EXAFS experiments performed at the National Synchrotron Light Source of Brookhaven National Laboratory. The competing crystal phases of oxides of Hf were identified and the intricate relation between the stabilized phase and the parameters as: the substrate temperature; Hf to Zr ratio; have been revealed. Specifically, HfO 2 thin films on Si(1 0 0) exhibit a tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation upon increase in the substrate temperature during deposition whereas, HfO 2 PLD films on Ge(1 0 0) substrates remain in tetragonal symmetry regardless of the substrate temperature.
A mass balance model for the Mapleson D anaesthesia breathing system

A mathematical model is described which calculates the alveolar concentration of $$CO_2 (F_{ACO_2 } )$$ in a patient breathing through a Mapleson D anaesthesia system. The model is derived using a series of mass balances for CO2 in the alveolar space, dead space, breathing system limb volume and reservoir. The variables included in the model are tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate, fresh gas flow rate (Vf), dead space volume, I:E ratio, and expiratory limb volume (V1), time constant of lung expiration, and carbon dioxide production rate. The model predictions are compared with measurements made using a mechanical lung simulator in both spontaneous and controlled ventilation. Both the model and the experimental data predict that at high fresh gas flow rates and low respiratory rates, $$F_{ACO_2 } $$ is independent of Vf, at low fresh gas flow rates and high respiratory rates, $$F_{ACO_2 } $$ is independent of respiratory rate. The model and the data show that the VT influences $$F_{ACO_2 } $$ independent of minute ventilation alone, during both partial rebreathing and non-rebreathing operation. Therefore, describing the operation in terms of minute ventilation is ambiguous. It is also shown that V1 influences $$F_{ACO_2 } $$ sucn tnat, for any combination of patient and breathing-system variables, there is a V1 that minimizes the Vf required to maintain $$F_{ACO_2 } $$ . In addition, expiratory resistance can increase the fresh gas flow rate required to maintain a given $$F_{ACO_2 } $$ The respiratory patterns observed with spontaneous and controlled ventilation are responsible for the difference in Vf required with each mode of ventilation.
The world according to PARP

An immediate cellular response to DNA damage is the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) by the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This nuclear enzyme and the unique post-translational modification it catalyzes have long been considered to function exclusively in cellular surveillance of genotoxic stress. The recent identification of multiple members of a PARP family might force a revision of this concept. The novel primary structures and subcellular localizations for some of these PARPs suggests new and unexpected roles for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in telomere replication and cellular transport.
Don't be cruel: assessing beliefs about punishments for crimes against animals

ABSTRACTHypothetical scenarios depicting an act of animal abuse were given to 438 participants who rated the appropriateness of eight types of punishments. The predictive value of sex of participant, animal type, crime type (acute abuse or neglect), crime outcome (victim lives or dies), and sex of perpetrator for ratings of appropriate punishments was evaluated using a canonical correlation analysis. Sex of participant and animal type emerged as the two strongest predictors, suggesting participants tend to concentrate on the victim rather than the crime, and then use their own beliefs about that specific animal to make a decision regarding punishment. Among the various punishment types, participants placed the greatest importance on restricting the perpetrator's ability to adopt an animal in the future, rather than recommending rehabilitative measures. Also, mandatory counseling, a monetary fine, and jail time were desired. Exploratory analyses showed that early experience on a farm moderates the gender e...
Epitaxial growth and piezoelectric properties of A1N, GaN, and GaAs on sapphire or spinel

Heteroepitaxial films of the III-V compounds, A1N, GaN and GaAs have been grown on insulating substrates by reactions involving Group III metal-organic compounds and Group V hydrides. The films were examined with respect to crystallography, surface topography, uniformity, residual strain, and electrical and acoustic properties with emphasis on those orientations which are of particular interest to surface acoustic wave (SAW) device applications. Aluminum nitride films up to 10 µm in thickness were grown on 1″ diameter sapphire substrates with a 5% to 10% thickness variation. The films, though characterized as single crystal by x-ray means, exhibited a grain-like structure and considerable surface faceting. The residual strain in the films depends on the crystallographic direction and increases substantially with film thickness. These films exhibit useful surface acoustic properties. Epitaxial GaN films are more easily prepared than A1N films but by contrast are semiconducting unless “doped” with Zn or Li during the growth process. Films of this material are similar crystallographically to A1N and preliminary results show that they exhibit piezoelectric properties. The lack of published data on the acoustic properties of GaN films is probably due to the difficulty in compensating the films to provide insulating layers in device structures. Preliminary results obtained on GaAs epitaxial layers are discussed briefly because of the semiconducting properties of this material.
The Quantum Analysis of the Band Spectrum of Aluminum Oxide (λ5200-λ4650)

Frequencies of lines in band spectrum of AlO.---The spectrograms were taken by R. T. Birge, using a new form of aluminum arc of his design. A table of frequencies of all measured lines is given, extending over ranges of 135, 70 and 65 lines of both branches of the (0,0), (0,1) and (1,0) bands respectively. No perturbations were observed within the range of measurement. Complete numerical formulas expressing the frequencies of all individual band lines within the range of measurement are given. The doublet separations are found to agree in bands of the same final vibration state. Numerical formulas for the doublet separation are given, in which the coefficients are consistent with the theory applied to the mean of doublet components.
Dosimetric feasibility of cone-beam CT-based treatment planning compared to CT-based treatment planning.

Purpose: Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are currently used for positioning verification. However, it is yet unknown whether CBCT could be used in dose calculation for replanning in adaptive radiation therapy. This study investigates the dosimetric feasibility of CBCT-based treatment planning. Methods and Materials: Hounsfield unit (HU) values and profiles of Catphan, homogeneous/inhomogeneous phantoms, and various tissue regions of patients in CBCT images were compared to those in CT. The dosimetric consequence of the HU variation was investigated by comparing CBCT-based treatment plans to conventional CT-based plans for both phantoms and patients. Results: The maximum HU difference between CBCT and CT of Catphan was 34 HU in the Teflon. The differences in other materials were less than 10 HU. The profiles for the homogeneous phantoms in CBCT displayed reduced HU values up to 150 HU in the peripheral regions compared to those in CT. The scatter and artifacts in CBCT became severe surrounding inhomogeneous tissues with reduced HU values up to 200 HU. The MU/cGy differences were less than 1% for most phantom cases. The isodose distributions between CBCT-based and CT-based plans agreed very well. However, the discrepancy was larger when CBCT was scanned without a bowtie filter than with bowtie filter. Also, up to 3% dosimetric error was observed in the plans for the inhomogeneous phantom. In the patient studies, the discrepancies of isodose lines between CT-based and CBCT-based plans, both 3D and IMRT, were less than 2 mm. Again, larger discrepancy occurred for the lung cancer patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the feasibility of CBCT-based treatment planning. CBCT-based treatment plans were dosimetrically comparable to CT-based treatment plans. Dosimetric data in the inhomogeneous tissue regions should be carefully validated.
An extension of Ukkonen's enhanced dynamic programming ASM algorithm

We describe an improvement on Ukkonen's Enhanced Dynamic Programming (EHD) approximate string-matching algorithm for unit-penalty four-edit comparisons. The new algorithm has an asymptotic complexity similar to that of Ukkonen's but is significantly faster due to a decrease in the number of array cell calculations. A 42% speedup was achieved in an application involving name comparisons. Even greater improvements are possible when comparing longer and more dissimilar strings. Although the speed of the algorithm under consideration is comparable to other fast ASM algorithms, it has greater effectiveness in text-processing applications because it supports all four basic Damerau-type editing operations.
Nanomechanical characterization of graphene platelets in polypropylene-based graphene nanocomposites using atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) operated in tapping mode was used to simultaneously obtain topographical, phase and loss tangent scans of polypropylene-graphene nanocomposite. This polymer nanocomposite was loaded with five percentage of graphene by weight. AFM force-distance curves were generated to further investigate the elasticity and adhesion of the polymer nanocomposite and to distinguish regions containing graphene or polymer within the nanocomposite. In addition, electrical properties of the nanocomposite surface were analyzed based on amplitude modulation electrostatic force microscopy.
Bibliometric S&T indicators to comply with users' needs

Homogeneous and easy to update scientometric indicators for a wide spectrum of problems were obtained making use of the bibliographic database Current Contents. The procedures adopted and the major factors which can affect the accuracy of the results are reported and discussed. Case studies are presented concerning: (i) international co-operation, (ii) foreign policy and (iii) vocation for industrial settlements, which provide examples of how these indicators can comply with a variety of needs.
IT in the Chinese Healthcare Industry

China is leveraging the cloud and mobile computing to enable doctors and other healthcare professionals to collaborate, share information, and more easily access reports, scans, EMRs, lab reports, prescriptions, and medical histories. China is also garnering government support and help from various foreign companies. Here, the author reviews some of these efforts as he examine the current state and future directions of the Chinese healthcare industry.
Can patients with cystic fibrosis have a career in the health service

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) grow up in contact with a wide variety of health professionals, so it is hardly surprising that some wish to have a career in the health service. In an attempt to answer the question posed by the title, this editorial looks at three issues—the infection risks to the CF healthcare worker; the infection risks to the CF healthcare worker's patients; and the challenges of a health service career for an individual who already has to cope with the considerable demands of a CF therapy regimen.
Headaches associated with low spinal fluid pressure.

SYNOPSIS Post-lumbar puncture headache (PLPHA) and spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headache are both associated with low spinal fluid pressure. A dull or throbbing occipital ache characteristically worsened by sitting or standing and eased by lying down is peculiar to both. Additional symptoms and signs may accompany the headache. In PLPHA the pain is triggered by leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the dural rent, but the cause of the pain is probably due to intracranial arterial and venous dilatation. The same mechanism probably applies to spontaneous hypoliquorrheic headache in which the site of leakage is rarely found. The majority of cases subside without treatment over several days. Those that persist may be treated with epidural blood patch or saline infusion with good results. A simple, innocuous, yet underutilized form of treatment is caffeine sodium benzoate. This review will discuss the incidence, pathogenesis, prevention and treatment of these headaches.
CD44 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma may correlate with risk of metastasis

We retrospectively studied 25 cases of cutaneous primary, locally recurrent or metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma to see if expression of the cell surface marker CD44 correlated with metastatic potential. In 3 of 6 cases in which metastasis was documented, CD44 was found on membranes of tumor cells. Three cutaneous lesions associated with local metastasis did not express CD44. Three primary tumors expressed CD44 but had not disseminated at the time of this report; follow-up after excision of the primary lesion in these cases was less than 6 months. None of the primary or locally recurrent Merkel cell carcinomas followed longer than 6 months (14 of 19 cases) expressed CD44. We conclude that expression of CD44 in Merkel cell carcinoma may eventually be of some value in the assessment of prognosis of cutaneous Merkel cell carcinoma.
Does Synergy Work? An Examination of Cross-Promotion Effects

This experimental study was designed to examine the effectiveness of cross-media program promotion. The results showed that the employment of coordinated television and print program promotions led to higher attention from audiences, improved message recall, higher perceived message credibility, more positive attitudes toward the promotion, more positive attitudes toward the program, and greater viewing intent compared to using repetitive single-source promotions. By incorporating cognitive variables such as attention, memory, and attitudes, this study bridges a gap in the existing literature on broadcast promotion and has the potential to aid networks, media practitioners, and academic researchers to a better understanding of cross-media promotion effects.
A satisfied clientele seeking more diverse services: Latinos and the courts.

This article assesses Latino views of the court system, both of their beliefs about the courts and their experiences with the courts. Relying primarily on the Latino over-sample of the National Center for State Courts (2000) survey of public attitudes toward the courts, we evaluate three aspects of the Latino–judicial relationship. First, we measure whether there are differences between Latino and non-Latino views of the courts. Second, we assess whether there are differences within the Latino community, particularly differences based on nativity, in Latino attitudes toward the courts. Finally, we assess the implications of Latino views of the courts for US society in general. We are particularly concerned about whether having a greater share of Latinos in the population will create new pressures to reform the judiciary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isospin-nonconserving particle decays of the lowest T = 32 levels in 17F and 17O

Abstract Branching ratios have been measured for the isospin-nonconserving particle decays of the lowest T = 3 2 levels of 17F and 17O to the ground state and unresolved 6.05 and 6.13 MeV levels of 16O. The ratios of the reduced widths for decay to the 16O levels are found to be very different for the two mirror T = 3 2 levels.
Role of the dinB Gene Product in Spontaneous Mutation in Escherichia coli with an Impaired Replicative Polymerase

ABSTRACT We isolated several new mutator mutations of the Escherichia coli replicative polymerase dnaE subunit alpha and used them and a previously reported dnaE mutation to study spontaneous frameshift and base substitution mutations. Two of thesednaE strains produce many more mutants when grown on rich (Luria-Bertani) than on minimal medium. A differential effect of the medium was not observed when these dnaE mutations were combined with a mismatch repair mutation. The selection scheme for thednaE mutations required that they be able to complement a temperature-sensitive strain. However, the ability to complement is not related to the mutator effect for at least one of the mutants. Comparison of the mutation rates for frameshift and base substitution mutations in mutS and dnaE mutS strains suggests that the mismatch repair proteins respond differently to the two types of change. Deletion of dinB from both chromosome and plasmid resulted in a four- to fivefold decrease in the rate of frameshift and base substitution mutations in a dnaE mutSdouble mutant background. This reduction indicates that most mistakes in replication occur as a result of the action of the auxiliary rather than the replicative polymerase in this dnaE mutant. Deletion of dinB from strains carrying a wild-typednaE had a measurable effect, suggesting that a fraction of spontaneous mutations occur as a result of dinB polymerase action even in cells with a normal replicative polymerase.
Mayo clinic experience with the AS800 artificial urinary sphincter for urinary incontinence after transurethral resection of prostate or open prostatectomy

Abstract The model AS800 artificial urinary sphincter was implanted in 56 patients with urinary incontinence after transurethral resection of the prostate and in 8 patients after open prostatectomy. Their ages ranged from fiftythree to eighty-seven years (mean, 70 years). At presentation, 92 percent had total incontinence and 8 percent had distressing stress incontinence. Fifteen patients (23 %) had had previous radiation therapy. Bulbous urethral cuffs were used in 60 (94 %) patients and vesical neck cuffs in 4 (6 %). Follow-up questionnaires were mailed to assess satisfaction rate and degree of continence. Continence was significantly improved in 90 percent, and 87 percent of the patients were satisfied with their sphincters. Surgical revisions were required in 14 patients (22 %). Cuff compression was inadequate in 9 patients, and erosion led to revision in 3 patients. At follow-up, 3 patients had had at least one component of the AS800 removed (complete device in 2 and cuff in I).
Use of Natural Resources in a Market Economy: Ethical and Legal Perspectives

The use of natural resources and the policy environment surrounding this use are informed by concepts derived from economic theory, extant technology, past uses, common law, statutory regulations, and descriptive ethics influenced by past and present social mores. As such, the uses of natural resources tend to reflect where society has been rather than where it is going. This is especially the case if we consider that existing laws and regulations controlling the allocation and utilisation of natural resources such as land, air, surface water, and groundwater are largely based on utilitarianism reflecting a worldview dating back to Greek antiquity. Given that utilitarianism and a worldview in which nature is perceived as immutable have become part of our legal foundation, technological changes now present ethical and economic problems that threaten part of this foundation. Within a market economy such as that of the United States, the legal environment regulating decisions regarding the use of natural resources contains contradictions that adversely affect the efficiency of allocative decision making. On the one hand, users of resources are urged to find the highest and best use of the resources and are supported by case law and legal precedent, while on the other, statutes based on alternative ethics increasingly prohibit certain uses of natural resources. Additionally, recent legislation, for example, the 1985 Food Security Act, is changing entitlement rules. Concurrently, legal doctrines such as public trust are challenging assumed private property rights. In this article I describe some of these ethical and economic problems while relating them to existing and emerging natural resources law and litigation. While doing so, I review the critical works of Jonas and Rawls. As opposed to utilitarians justifying their actions based on the intrinsic goodness or badness of the end(s) resulting from the action, Jonas and Rawls are ethical formalists seeking rules of right conduct that everyone performs as a matter of principle; see Taylor. In addition, I review the Public Trust Doctrine, and the manipulation of entitlement rules, as “tools” being used to address issues of environmental quality and resource utilisation. For example, see Calabresi and Melamed and Bromley.
Incidence and implications of abrasion of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads

Abstract In summary, ICD lead abrasions are frequent findings during ICD generator replacement, and may result in lead failure. Careful inspection, as well as repair or replacement, of severely abraided leads should be considered.
Computational Design of Hierarchically Structured Materials

A systems approach that integrates processing, structure, property, and performance relations has been used in the conceptual design of multilevel-structured materials. For high-performance alloy steels, numerical implementation of materials science principles provides a hierarchy of computational models defining subsystem design parameters that are integrated, through computational thermodynamics, in the comprehensive design of materials as interactive systems. Designed properties combine strength, toughness, and resistance to impurity embrittlement. The methods have also been applied to nonferrous metals, ceramics, and polymers.
Defective Hydrophobic Sliding Mechanism and Active Site Expansion in HIV-1 Protease Drug Resistant Variant Gly48Thr/Leu89Met: Mechanisms for the Loss of Saquinavir Binding Potency

HIV drug resistance continues to emerge; consequently, there is an urgent need to develop next generation antiretroviral therapeutics.1 Here we report on the structural and kinetic effects of an HIV protease drug resistant variant with the double mutations Gly48Thr and Leu89Met (PRG48T/L89M), without the stabilizing mutations Gln7Lys, Leu33Ile, and Leu63Ile. Kinetic analyses reveal that PRG48T/L89M and PRWT share nearly identical Michaelis–Menten parameters; however, PRG48T/L89M exhibits weaker binding for IDV (41-fold), SQV (18-fold), APV (15-fold), and NFV (9-fold) relative to PRWT. A 1.9 A resolution crystal structure was solved for PRG48T/L89M bound with saquinavir (PRG48T/L89M-SQV) and compared to the crystal structure of PRWT bound with saquinavir (PRWT-SQV). PRG48T/L89M-SQV has an enlarged active site resulting in the loss of a hydrogen bond in the S3 subsite from Gly48 to P3 of SQV, as well as less favorable hydrophobic packing interactions between P1 Phe of SQV and the S1 subsite. PRG48T/L89M-SQV...
A two-dimensional operative-temperature model for thermal energy management by animals

Abstract 1. 1.|The directional nature of sum and wind produces two-dimensional variations in the thermal load on the surface of an animal. 2. 2.|Corresponding distributions of colour and insulation are seen on many animals. 3. 3.|An operative-temperature-based heat-transfer model is presented for analyzing the thermoregulatory significance of such patterns. 4. 4.|A test calculation shows that coordinated patterns of thermal load and surface properties have significant thermoregulatory effects not correctly predicted by one-dimensional models. 5. 5.|Standard isothermal laboratory enclosures may not accurately assess these thermoregulatory effects, especially for combinations of strong wind and solar radiation.
CHILDREN'S FREE RECALL AND CLUSTERING RELATED TO LIST-TASK ORGANIZATION, INSTRUCTION TO LEARN AND PRESENTATION RATE

Free recall of 144 fifth grade children given a handwriting orienting task was improved by instruction to learn as opposed to incidental instruction and by slower presentation rate. Active taxonomi...
Correlation function on quantum phase space

Abstract We show that a quantum equation of motion and the correct expectation value of an observable can be defined on quantum phase space using a two-point correlation function.
The effect of autoclave sterilization on endodontic files.

Abstract Repeated autoclave sterilization of stainless steel endodontic files results in reductions in their torque-resistance values. This lower value does not appear to be clinically significant.
From up above

Remote Sensing: Methods and Applications. By R. Michael Hord. Wiley: 1986. Pp.363. £43.25, $44.95.
Matrix metalloproteinases and small artery remodeling

Inward eutrophic remodeling is a common structural change found in small resistance arteries that has been associated with an increased risk for life threatening cardiovascular events, the number one cause of death in industrialized societies. Because inward eutrophic remodeling is the most prevalent small artery structural change found in hypertension, hypertensive animals are the most common in vivo models used to study this particular remodeling process. In vitro , the isolated artery, pressure myograph has also been used as a model to study the mechanisms responsible for the development of small artery remodeling. Compelling recent evidence indicates that the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of endopeptidases whose primary function is the cleavage and degradation of extracellular matrix components, are involved in vasoconstriction and the pathogenesis of hypertension. In this review, we provide an overview of the known and potential roles that MMPs have on vascular remodeling, paying particular attention to their role on the inward eutrophic remodeling process of small resistance arteries that occurs in hypertension.
2-D spatial frequency dependence of VEPs: A neural network analysis

An approach to black-box identification-function problems is introduced. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from normal subjects using stimulus patterns that evolved from a totally random distribution of intensities to an ordered distribution representing a bar. The contribution of all spatial frequencies to the amplitudes of the evoked potentials was studied by performing a 2-D FFT on the stimulus images. The FFT spectra were used as inputs to a neural network as a black box approach in order to study the VEP spatial frequency tuning curves of the subjects. >
Anodal stimulation as a cause of pacemaker-induced ventricular fibrillation.

Abstract A review of animal investigations suggests that pacemaker-induced ventricular fibrillation usually occurs at the anode, and in fact is difficult to evoke at the cathode. A search of the literature showed that every documented episode of pacemaker-induced ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation in humans has been with a bipolar electrode system. Since the problem most often occurs during temporary pacing associated with myocardial infarction, bipolar catheter electrodes should not be used for temporary pacing, and the use of unipolar (cathodal) pacing systems should increase the safety of electrical pacing.
Enhanced Sequence-Based Function Prediction Methods and Application to Functional Similarity Networks

After reviewing the underlying framework required for computational function prediction in the previous chapter, we discuss two advanced sequence-based function prediction methods developed in our group, namely the Protein Function Prediction (PFP) method and the Extended Similarity Group (ESG) method. PFP extends the traditional homology search by incorporating functional associations between pairs of Gene Ontology terms based on the frequencies of co-occurrences in annotation of the same proteins in the database. PFP also considers very weakly similar sequences to the query, thereby increases its sensitivity and ability to predict low resolution functional terms. On the other hand, ESG recursively searches the sequence similarity space around the query to find consensus annotations in the neighborhood. The last part of the chapter discusses the network structure of gene functional space built by connecting proteins with functional similarity. Function annotation was enriched by predictions by PFP. Similarity to structures of protein-protein interaction networks and metabolic pathway networks is discussed.
Employee Reactions to Job Insecurity in a Declining Economy: A Longitudinal Study of the Mediating Role of Job Embeddedness

In the context of the Great Recession, we examined the relationships among perceptions of job insecurity, job embeddedness, and important individual work outcomes. Specifically, we tested the role of job embeddedness as a mediator between job insecurity and the withdrawal outcomes of intention to remain and job search behavior. Results of a longitudinal study of 115 working adults indicated that perceptions of job embeddedness fully mediated the relationship between perceptions of job insecurity and intention to remain and partially mediated job insecurity’s relationship with job search behavior.
Variable Patterned Pudendal Nerve Stimuli Improves Reflex Bladder Activation

We evaluated variable patterns of pudendal nerve (PN) stimuli for reflex bladder excitation. Reflex activation of the bladder has been demonstrated previously with 20-33 Hz continuous stimulation of PN afferents. Neuronal circuits accessed by afferent mediated pathways may respond better to physiological patterned stimuli than continuous stimulation. Unilateral PN nerve cuffs were placed in neurologically intact male cats. PN stimulation (0.5-100 Hz) was performed under isovolumetric conditions at bladder volumes up to the occurrence of distension evoked reflex contractions. Stimulus evoked reflex bladder contractions were elicited in eight cats. Across all experiments, bursting of 2-10 pulses at 100-200 Hz repeated at continuous stimulation frequencies evoked significantly larger bladder responses than continuous (single pulse) stimulation (52.0 plusmn 44.5%). Bladder excitation was also effective at 1 Hz continuous stimuli, which is lower than typically reported. Variable patterned pulse bursting resulted in greater evoked reflex bladder pressures and increased the potential stimulation parameter space for effective bladder excitation. Improved bladder excitation should increase the efficacy of neuroprostheses for bladder control.
Mercury bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in the terrestrial food web of a montane forest

We investigated mercury (Hg) concentrations in a terrestrial food web in high elevation forests in Vermont. Hg concentrations increased from autotrophic organisms to herbivores < detritivores < omnivores < carnivores. Within the carnivores studied, raptors had higher blood Hg concentrations than their songbird prey. The Hg concentration in the blood of the focal study species, Bicknell’s thrush (Catharus bicknelli), varied over the course of the summer in response to a diet shift related to changing availability of arthropod prey. The Bicknell’s thrush food web is more detrital-based (with higher Hg concentrations) in early summer and more foliage-based (with lower Hg concentrations) during late summer. There were significant year effects in different ecosystem compartments indicating a possible connection between atmospheric Hg deposition, detrital-layer Hg concentrations, arthropod Hg concentrations, and passerine blood Hg concentrations.
Localization, morphology and transcriptional profile of Aspergillus flavus during seed colonization

Summary Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that infects maize kernels pre-harvest, creating major human health concerns and causing substantial agricultural losses. Improved control strategies are needed, yet progress is hampered by the limited understanding of the mechanisms of infection. A series of studies were designed to investigate the localization, morphology and transcriptional profile of A. flavus during internal seed colonization. Results from these studies indicate that A. flavus is capable of infecting all tissues of the immature kernel by 96 h after infection. Mycelia were observed in and around the point of inoculation in the endosperm and were found growing down to the germ. At the endosperm–germ interface, hyphae appeared to differentiate and form a biofilm-like structure that surrounded the germ. The exact nature of this structure remains unclear, but is discussed. A custom-designed A. flavus Affymetrix GeneChip® microarray was used to monitor genome-wide transcription during pathogenicity. A total of 5061 genes were designated as being differentially expressed. Genes encoding secreted enzymes, transcription factors and secondary metabolite gene clusters were up-regulated and considered to be potential effector molecules responsible for disease in the kernel. Information gained from this study will aid in the development of strategies aimed at preventing or slowing down A. flavus colonization of the maize kernel.
Enhancing form factor and light collection of multiplex imaging systems by using a cubic phase mask

The bulky form factor of traditional optical sensors limits their utility for certain applications. Flat multiplex imaging-sensor architectures face the light-gathering challenges inherent with small collection apertures. We examine a wavefront-coding approach wherein a cubic phase mask is used to increase the aperture sizes of multiplex imaging systems while maintaining the distance from the lens to the detector array. The proposed approach exploits the ability of cubic-phase-mask systems to operate over a large range of misfocus values. An exact expression for the optical transfer function of cubic-phase-mask systems is presented, and its misfocus-dependent spatial-filtering properties are described. Criteria for form-factor enhancement are assessed and trade-offs encountered in the design process are evaluated.
Teacher Education in the Age of Standards of Professional Practice

The article discusses the training of language teachers and the professional standards like certification that they must meet in order to teach in the U.S. The author examines the standards themselves in order to figure out which standards have helped student teachers and which ones have not been helpful. One positive benefit of the standards is that education, language, and literature departments have been forced to collaborate and this has been good for student teachers. One of the drawbacks of standards, the author feels, is that they cannot accurately reflect the thought processes that teachers use.
PERFLUOROCHEMICAL LIQUID AS A RESPIRATORY MEDIUM

The use of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids to facilitate or support respiration has been under study for several decades. The low surface tension and high respiratory gas solubility of liquid PFC enable adequate oxygenation and carbon dioxide removal at low insufflation pressures relative to gas ventilation in the immature or injured lung. Because liquid ventilation homogeneously inflates the lung and improves V/Q matching it has been studied as a vehicle for delivering biologically active agents to the lung tissues and systemic circulation. More recently, we have shown the utility of highly opaque PFC liquids as a high resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) bronchographic contrast agent either during LV or gas breathing after tracheal instillation of small quantities of PFC. As a result of extensive experimental work in premature animals as well as lung injury models, liquid PFC ventilation has been recently implemented as an investigational therapy for severe respiratory distress in human infants. This manuscript summarizes the physiological principles and applications of LV as well as the results of initial investigational clinical studies in human neonates with severe respiratory distress.
Two-dimensional pattern matching with k mismatches

Abstract We give an algorithm which finds all occurrences of an m1 × m2 pattern array embedded as subarrays in an n1 × n2 array of text, where at most k mismatches are allowed per occurrence. The algorithm runs in time O((k + a)(b log b + n1n2)), where a = min(m1, m2) and b = max(m1, m2). This improves upon the previously best known algorithm, and is asymptotically optimal for k ≈ a.
Surface state additives in the catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide

Abstract A catalyst system with zinc oxide as a support and redox couples deposited as additives on the surface was examined as a catalyst for CO oxidation. The Fermi energy of the system was controlled by these “surface state” additives, as determined by a study of the electrical properties of the ZnO. Evidence is presented that the rate of CO oxidation depends on such control of electron availability. Manganese and chromium additives, with a low “surface state energy,” cause an active catalyst, while additions of iron cyanide, with a high “surface state energy,” lead to an inactive catalyst. Evidence is presented that the low temperature form of adsorbed oxygen, probably O 2 − , is the active form for CO oxidation. A low Fermi energy increases the ratio of the low temperature to high temperature form and thus increases the catalytic activity. The experiments illustrate a new experimental technique, where the electrical properties of a supported catalyst are monitored by using a suitably chosen support.
Nurses trained in the use of the ROSIER tool can assess signs and symptoms of stroke with comparable accuracy to doctors performing standard neurological assessment.

Commentary on: B Byrne, P O’Halloran, C Cardwell. Accuracy of stroke diagnosis by registered nurses using the ROSIER tool compared to doctors using neurological assessment on a stroke unit: a prospective audit.Int J Nurs Stud2011;48:979–85.
Endosomal ClC-3 and Nox1 Moving Marksmen of Redox Signaling?

Despite tremendous advances in our knowledge of the role of oxidative species in vascular disease, much debate remains regarding the mechanism by which NADPH oxidases (Nox) impart specific effects in cells. Over the past 2 decades, the term oxidative stress has often been used to describe the effects of Nox-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Much credence was initially given to relatively large quantities of ROS as mediators of myriad and varied cellular responses, ranging from connective tissue expression to differentiation, hypertrophy, proliferation, and apoptosis.1 With the discovery of multiple Nox isoforms and emergence of loss-of-function and gain-of-function technologies manipulating the levels of individual isoforms, a large body of literature emerged suggesting that small, localized ROS derived from individual Nox proteins can impart unique cellular responses. The lack of sophisticated detection methods for localizing perhaps subtle changes in ROS continues to stymie our understanding of how one Nox may confer activation of a specific signaling cascade and render distinct cell changes. The conundrum of why similar whole cell or tissue increases or decreases in ROS confer disparate phenotypes continues to confound leaders in the field. See accompanying article on page 345 One such phenotypic change with broad implication for human disease is vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) hyperplasia and neointimal growth. Central to neointimal formation is the proliferation and migration of SMCs, processes in which ROS and matrix metalloproteinase activation are established factors.2–5 It is now broadly accepted that (1) inflammation plays an important role in atherosclerosis and SMC activation, which leads to neointimal formation,2 and (2) cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), are important mediators in this response6,7. Indeed, inflammatory …
Shifting Economic Power In World Oil Markets

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has encountered rough times before, but never has its power over the world oil market been in question as it is today. Along with the global recession, and following the tragedy of September 11 th , there has been a noticeable shift in the priorities and objectives of both OPEC 1 and non-OPEC members. As a result, OPEC’s once dominant position in world oil markets appears to be weakening.