cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the Cystathionine β-Synthase Knockout Mouse, Elevations in Total Plasma Homocysteine Increase Tissue S-Adenosylhomocysteine, but Responses of S-Adenosylmethionine and DNA Methylation Are Tissue Specific

The cystathionine beta-synthase knockout mouse provides a unique opportunity to study biochemical consequences of a defective cystathionine beta-synthase enzyme. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of elevated plasma total homocysteine caused by cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency on one-carbon metabolism in 10 homozygous mutant mice and 10 age- and sex-matched wild-type mice. Plasma total homocysteine levels, S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations in liver, kidney and brain were measured by HPLC. Tissue DNA methylation status was measured by in vitro DNA methyl acceptance. Plasma total homocysteine concentration in food-deprived homozygous mutant mice (271.1 +/- 61.5 micro mol/L) was markedly higher than in wild-type mice (7.4 +/- 2.9 micro mol/L) (P < 0.001). In liver only, S-adenosylmethionine concentrations were higher in the homozygous mutant mice (35.6 +/- 5.9 nmol/g) than in wild type mice (19.1 +/- 6.1 nmol/g) (P < 0.001) and tended to be lower in kidney (P = 0.07). In contrast, S-adenosylhomocysteine concentrations were significantly higher in homozygous mutant mice compared with wild-type mice in all tissues studied. Genomic DNA methylation status in homozygous mutant compared with wild-type mice was lower in liver (P = 0.037) and tended to be lower in kidney (P = 0.077) but did not differ in brain (P = 0.46). The results of this study are consistent with the predicted role of cystathionine beta-synthase in the regulation of plasma total homocysteine levels and tissue S-adenosylhomocysteine levels. However, the fact that the absence of the enzyme had differential effects on S-adenosylmethionine concentrations and DNA methylation status in different tissues suggests that regulation of biological methylation is a complex tissue-specific phenomenon.
A mutation in the tRNA nucleotidyltransferase gene promotes stabilization of mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

To identify trans-acting factors involved in mRNA decay in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have begun to characterize conditional lethal mutants that affect mRNA steady-state levels. A screen of a collection of temperature-sensitive mutants identified ts352, a mutant that accumulated moderately stable and unstable mRNAs after a shift from 23 to 37 degrees C (M. Aebi, G. Kirchner, J.-Y. Chen, U. Vijayraghavan, A. Jacobson, N.C. Martin, and J. Abelson, J. Biol. Chem. 265:16216-16220, 1990). ts352 has a defect in the CCA1 gene, which codes for tRNA nucleotidyltransferase, the enzyme that adds 3' CCA termini to tRNAs (Aebi et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1990). In a shift to the nonpermissive temperature, ts352 (cca1-1) cells rapidly cease protein synthesis, reduce the rates of degradation of the CDC4, TCM1, and PAB1 mRNAs three- to fivefold, and increase the relative number of ribosomes associated with mRNAs and the overall size of polysomes. These results were analogous to those observed for cycloheximide-treated cells and are generally consistent with models that invoke a role for translational elongation in the process of mRNA turnover.
Hybrid inertial and vision tracking for augmented reality registration

The biggest single obstacle to building effective augmented reality (AR) systems is the lack of accurate wide-area sensors for trackers that report the locations and orientations of objects in an environment. Active (sensor-emitter) tracking technologies require powered-device installation. Limiting their use to prepared areas that are relatively free of natural or man-made interference sources. Vision-based systems can use passive landmarks, but they are more computationally demanding and often exhibit erroneous behavior due to occlusion or numerical instability. Inertial sensors are completely passive, requiring no external devices or targets, however, the drift rates in portable strapdown configurations are too great for practical use. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach to AR tracking that integrates inertial and vision-based technologies. We exploit the complementary nature of the two technologies to compensate for the weaknesses in each component. Analysis and experimental results demonstrate this system's effectiveness.
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive dissonance theory links actions and attitudes. It holds that dissonance is experienced whenever one cognition that a person holds follows from the opposite of at least one other cognition that the person holds. The magnitude of dissonance is directly proportional to the number of discrepant cognitions and inversely proportional to the number of consonant cognitions that a person has. The relative weight of any discrepant or consonant element is a function of its Importance.
A computer consultant for poker using natural language communication

A group of students and a faculty member (N.V.F.) have been studying various aspects of decision making under uncertainty and risk over the past few years [1-5]. The vehicle of our investigations has been the game of Poker. One of the projects we are interested in is how a computer consultant could be created for Poker, which has the following properties:(i) it should need minimum syntactic and semantic analysis to "understand" questions from a naive user;(ii) the preparation and input of a new knowledge base should be easy and high level;(iii) the answers given by it should be syntactically correct and the right ones.
The geometry of gauge field copies

We show that a gauge field uniquely determines its potential if and only if its holonomy group coincides with the gauge group on every open set in spacetime, provided that the field is not degenerate as a 2-form over spacetime. In other words, there is no potential ambiguity whenever such a field is irreducible everywhere in spacetime. We then show that the ambiguous potentials for those gauge fields are partitioned into gauge-equivalence classes (modulo certain homotopy classes) as a consequence of the nontrivial connectivity of spacetime. These homotopy classes depend on the gauge group, on the holonomy group and on this last group's centralizer in the gauge group.
Measures of Validity, Reliability, and Item Analysis for Classroom Tests

(1984). Measures of Validity, Reliability, and Item Analysis for Classroom Tests. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 138-140.
A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity.

Abstract A photometric method for determining acetylcholinesterase activity of tissue extracts, homogenates, cell suspensions, etc., has been described. The enzyme activity is measured by following the increase of yellow color produced from thiocholine when it reacts with dithiobisnitrobenzoate ion. It is based on coupling of these reactions: The latter reaction is rapid and the assay is sensitive (i.e. a 10 μ1 sample of blood is adequate). The use of a recorder has been most helpful, but is not essential. The method has been used to study the enzyme in human erythrocytes and homogenates of rat brain, kidney, lungs, liver and muscle tissue. Kinetic constants determined by this system for erythrocyte eholinesterase are presented. The data obtained with acetylthiocholine as substrate are similar to those with acetylcholine.
Frost, Early FM Radio: Incremental Technology in Twentieth Century America

Gary L. (2010). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 191 pages. Hagiography, originally meaning the biography of a saint, is the bane of anyone teaching the history of invention. Some teacher...
Studies on the induction of liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the rat

Our data indicate that glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is particularly induced by dietary carbohydrate (glucose, sucrose or starch) in the presence of adequate protein. The feeding of these diets following starvation results in a great “overshoot” in the level of this enzyme apparently due to a marked increase in the synthesis of the enzyme protein. For induction to occur, adequate amounts of amino acids are required in the amino acid pool. Induction is not brought about by energy supplied as fat in a carbohydrate-free diet adequate in protein. Other enzymes, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glucokinase, are reduced by starvation and return to normal at varying time intervals after refeeding. The protein synthesis site at which the induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase occurs appears to be at the transcription level from DNA to RNA. The actual inducer at this site is still to be determined and the lag of from 48 to 72 hr in induction makes it appear that there is probably a sequence of events between the refeeding of the carbohydrate-containing diet and the induction of synthesis of the enzyme protein.
Pathobiology of Prediabetes in a Biracial Cohort (POP-ABC) Study: Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Subjects

Background: The Pathobiology of Prediabetes in a Biracial Cohort (POP-ABC) study is a prospective evaluation of the natural history impaired glucose regulation. Design and Methods: The eligibility requirements include age 18–65 yr, history of type 2 diabetes in one or both parents, normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or normal glucose tolerance, and African-American or Caucasian status. Participants underwent assessments (including dietary and exercise behavior, clinical examination, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, body composition, energy expenditure) during 2.25–5.5 yr of quarterly follow-up. The primary outcome is the occurrence of prediabetes. Baseline data are presented for the 376 enrolled participants. The cohort was also compared with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007/2008 participants meeting the age and glycemic criteria for the POP-ABC study. Results: The POP-ABC cohort [mean (±sd) age was 44.2 ± 10.6 yr] was 57.7% African-Americans, 42.3% Caucasians...
Metal speciation dynamics in dispersions of soft colloidal ligand particles under steady-state laminar flow condition.

A theory is presented for metal speciation dynamics in a swarm of soft, spherical core—shell colloidal ligand particles under steady-state laminar flow condition. Mass transfer and subsequent complexation of metal species within the reactive, permeable particle shell are governed by the interplay between (i) convective-diffusion of free metal ions M within and around the shell where ligands L are distributed, and (ii) kinetics of ML complex formation/dissociation in the shell. The local concentrations of metal M and complex ML are determined by the convective-diffusion equations with appropriate chemical source term and full account of radial and angular concentration polarization contributions. The steady-state flow field is determined from the solution of Navier-Stokes equation including convective acceleration term for the fluid external to the particle, and from Brinkman equation for the internal fluid flow. The confined location of ligands within the particle shell leads to ML formation/dissociation rate constants (denoted as k* a and k* d , respectively) that differ significantly from their counterparts (k a and k d ) defined for homogeneous ligand distribution throughout the solution. The relationship between k* a,d and k a,d is derived from the numerical evaluation of the spatial, time-dependent distributions of free and bound metal within and/or outside the particle. The dramatic dependence of k* a,d on hydrodynamic particle softness, Peclet number, soft surface layer thickness, and particle radius are analyzed in the steady-state nonequilibrium chemical regime within the context of dynamic features for colloidal complexes. The analysis covers the limiting cases of hydrodynamically impermeable, hard particles where binding sites are located at the very surface of the particle core (e.g., functionalized latex colloids) and free draining, polymeric ligand particles devoid of a hard core (e.g., porous gel particles). The formalism further applies to any values of the Peclet number, that is, for speciation dynamics determined by kinetic processes coupled to diffusion and/or convection metal mass transfer(s). A discussion is provided for the comparison between the exact numerical results and the analytical formulation based on the approximate Levich expression for convective-diffusion metal flux at the surface of hard ligand particles.
Protein dynamics and distance determination by NOE measurements

Abstract Present analysis procedures for NMR structure determination of macromolecules presuppose fixed internuclear distances. Improvement of the precision of the requisite NOE information has stimulated the use of more quantitative distance constraints thus necessitating examination as to whether the assumption of a rigid model systematically biases the distance estimates. Analysis using the simple dependence of NOE buildup rates seriously underestimates the correct distance for spatially proximal proton pairs having fluctuations comparable to those observed in X-ray temperature factor analysis. However, by calculating the proper generalized order parameter it is shown that for nuclei undergoing rapid isotropic uncorrelated fluctuations the effective distance is identical to the distance between the mean positions of the nuclei. Similar analysis of molecular dynamics simulation data from bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor indicates that the distance obtained from the generalized order parameter predicts the distance between the mean positions to within a few percent regardless of the degree of correlation of the pairwise motion for virtually all main chain and dynamically constrained side chain protons.
Cell-free translation analysis of the vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein mRNA activity present in total RNA and polysomal extracts from chick intestine.

Abstract To further elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in the induction of a vitamin D-dependent intestinal calcium binding protein (CaBP), by the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], we have examined by cell-free translation CaBP-mRNA activity present in total cellular RNA extracts or polysomes obtained from chick small intestine. CaBP-mRNA activity was examined by immunochemical analysis of polypeptides completed upon addition of purified intestinal RNA or polysomes to a lysate system. Intestinal polysomes isolated from vitamin D-deficient chicks treated with vitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3, or 1α-hydroxyvitamin D3 were found to complete the synthesis of an immunoprecipitable protein which comigrated with authentic chick intestinal CaBP on SDS polyacrylamide gels. This product was found to represent up to 0.5–1.0% of the total polypeptides directed by polysomes isolated from treated birds but could not be detected among the products directed by intestinal polysomes obtained from vitamin D-deficient birds. A detectable level of polysomal CaBP-mRNA activity was present within 3 h and a maximal activity achieved at 9 h after administration of 1,25(OH)2D3. Increases in the levels of cytoplasmic CaBP (measured by radioimmunoassay) were first detected at 6 h, which was significantly later than the polysomal CaBP-mRNA activity. CaBP-mRNA activity in total cellular RNA isolated with guanidinium thiocyanate was also found to be dependent on treatment with vitamin D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 but represented only 0.1–0.2% of the total mRNA activity. Surprisingly, total RNA and poly(A) RNA were found to direct the synthesis and release of two additional polypeptides that were immunoprecipitated even with an affinity-purified antibody to CaBP. One, an approximately 11,000-dalton polypeptide, was clearly vitamin D dependent; the other, an approximately 38,000-dalton polypeptide, was not. The time course for appearance of CaBP-mRNA activity in total cell RNA extracts following 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment was found to be nearly identical to that observed in polysome preparations. These results indicate that induction of CaBP-biosynthesis results, at least in part, from a 1,25(OH)2D3-induced increase in the levels of total cellular CaBP-mRNA activity and are, therefore, consistent with a transcriptional regulation of CaBP biosynthesis by 1,25(OH)2D3.
Comparison of the geometrically nonlinear and linear theories of martensitic transformation

Over the last few years, a continuum model based on finite or nonlinear thermoelasticity has been developed and successfully used to study crystalline solids that undergo a martensitic phase transformation. A geometrically linear version of this model was developed independently and has been widely used in the materials science literature. This paper presents the two theories and evaluates them by comparing and contrasting the results in various problems. It is established that in analyzing particular microstructures, the linear theory does not offer significant simplifications and misses important details. However, in more general situations where the particular microstructure is unknown and may involve stress, the linear theory can address certain problems which are currently beyond the capabilities of the nonlinear theory. Such analysis can yield valuable qualitative information. Finally, an example where the two theories differ dramatically is presented.
A nonsteady-state analytical model to predict gaseous emissions of volatile organic compounds from landfills

Abstract A general mathematical model is developed to predict emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from hazardous or sanitary landfills. The model is analytical in nature and includes important mechanisms occurring in unsaturated subsurface landfill environments: biogas flow, leachate flow, diffusion, adsorption, degradation, volatilization, and mass transfer limitations through the top cover. Two initial conditions simulating different environments are examined. The model is able to predict changes in subsurface concentrations and emission fluxes with time. The equations presented here can be extended to three dimensions to model VOC emissions from complex landfill sites.
Overgrowth competition, fragmentation and sex-ratio dynamics: a spatially explicit, sub-individual-based model

Sessile organisms that compete for access to resources by overgrowing each other may risk the local elimination of one sex or the other, as frequently happens within clumps of the dioecious liverwort Marchantia inflexa. A multi-stage, spatially implicit differential-equation model of M. inflexa growing in an isolated patch, analysed in a previous study, indicated that long-term coexistence of the sexes within such patches may be only temporary. Here we derive a spatially explicit, sub-individual-based model to reconsider this interpretation when much more ecological realism is taken into account, including the process of fragmentation. The model tracks temporally discrete growth increments in continuous space, representing growth architecture and the overgrowth process in significant geometric detail. Results remain generally consistent with the absence of long-term coexistence of the sexes in individual patches of Marchantia. Dynamics of sex-specific growth qualitatively resemble those generated by differential-equation models, suggesting that this much simpler framework may be adequate for multi-patch metapopulation models. Direct competition between fragmenting and non-fragmenting clones demonstrates the importance of fragmentation in overgrowth competition. The results emphasize the need for empirical work on mechanisms of overgrowth and for modeling and empirical studies of life history tradeoffs and sex-ratio dynamics in multi-patch systems.
Seismic Anisotropy: Tracing Plate Dynamics in the Mantle

Elastic anisotropy is present where the speed of a seismic wave depends on its direction. In Earth's mantle, elastic anisotropy is induced by minerals that are preferentially oriented in a directional flow or deformation. Earthquakes generate two seismic wave types: compressional (P) and shear (S) waves, whose coupling in anisotropic rocks leads to scattering, birefringence, and waves with hybrid polarizations. This varied behavior is helping geophysicists explore rock textures within Earth's mantle and crust, map present-day upper-mantle convection, and study the formation of lithospheric plates and the accretion of continents in Earth history.
Values influencing neonatal nurses' perceptions and choices.

The purpose of this research was to identify the values influencing the nurses' perception and choice of behavior in a hypothetical clinical situation. The theoretical framework was Rokeach's theory on the nature of human values and value systems. A descriptive study using a mailed survey was conducted on a random sample of 331 members of the National Association of Neonatal Nurses. Data on individual nurse's values, perception of information, and behavioral choices were collected with an investigator-developed questionnaire consisting of a values scale, and an information scale and choice alternatives related to three hypothetical vignettes: a low-birthweight infant, an infant with chromosomal anomalies, and a chronically ill infant. Results of this study indicate that nurses identified a hierarchy of values related to their practice. Information related to infant characteristics was consistently most important; however, in uncertain situations, rules or external protocols had an increased influence on the behavioral choice process. The behavioral choice option with the greatest agreement was different for each situation. A consistently negative correlation between the options within each vignette indicates that nurses have clearly defined choice preferences. Model testing revealed a consistent relationship across the three vignettes between the variable being just and protocol, doing right and infant characteristics, and infant characteristics and the choice options (p < .05).
Sensitivity to change of the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and other clinical and health status measures in rheumatoid arthritis results of short‐term clinical trials and observational studies versus long‐term observational studies

To obtain evidence concerning short-term and long-term efficacy of clinical and health status measures in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we conducted two observational studies--a 6-month study of 233 patients receiving methotrexate and a 10-year study of 157 patients receiving multiple treatments in a rheumatic disease clinic. Results of the 6-month study yielded effect sizes for treatment similar to the meta-analyses reported by Felson [corrected] et al. (Arthritis Rheum 33:1449-1461, 1990) and the controlled trials of methotrexate reported by Weinblatt et al. (Arthritis Rheum 33:330-338, 1990), suggesting that observational studies provide valid measurements of treatment effect. The effect size for the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was 0.5. By contrast, the 10-year study suggested that standard clinical variables changed little and were not useful in assessing RA outcome, while the effect size of the HAQ was -2.39. These data continue to underscore the differences between short-term trials and the long-term outcome of RA, and suggest an important place for the HAQ or similar instruments in all phases of RA evaluation and assessment.
Précis---Sufficiency Conditions for Constrained Optima

The sufficiency conditions for constrained optimization problems are derived through an alternate approach and result in a simpler form than one latest work [Schechter, R. S., G. S. G. Beveridge. 1966. Sufficiency conditions in constrained variations. Indus. Eng. Chemistry Fundamentals5 571--573.]. The relations can be used with equality and/or inequality constraints. The sufficiency conditions of Phipps [Phipps, C. G. 1952. Maxima and minima under restraint. Amer. Math. Monthly59 230--235.] which have been quoted for years in the literature were corrected in this work.
Effects of aging and pH on dissolution kinetics and stability of chloropyromorphite.

The objectives of this research were to understand the effect of aging time on chloropyromorphite stability by dissolution, to examine physical and chemical alterations of the pyromorphite samples, and to model the kinetic data collected from the dissolution experiments. The results of this investigation indicate that chloropyromorphite formation is kinetically rapid and that its dissolution in acid is thermodynamically stable, ideal conditions for Pb immobilization that has emerged as a potential remediation strategy. In terms of aging prior to dissolution, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopies were unable to distinguish fundamental differences in progressively aged samples; however, high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTGA) did demonstrate that the thermostability of the chloropyromorphite material increased with increasing residence time. The stirred-flow and batch dissolution studies suggest that the aging process ceased within 24 h and that the dis...
"Total therapy" studies of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children. Current results and prospects for cure.

The ultimate goal of “total therapy” studies has been to establish a significant cure rate for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. The principle features of these studies have included administration of maximum tolerated combination chemotherapy and “prophylactic” central nervous system (CNS) irradiation. In the first three studies, a 17% 7-year leukemia-free remission rate was attained. The number of patients in complete remission decreased exponentially until 2 to 3 years, but stabilized thereafter. Complete remission duration was the earliest and most accurate indicator of long-term leukemia-free remission. In Study V, more aggressive CNS therapy was given and over half the patients have been in continuous complete remission for 3 1/2 to 4 years. Similar results are emerging in subsequent studies which also employ aggressive “prophylactic” CNS therapy. Therapy was stopped after 2 or more years of complete remission in 42 patients in “total therapy” studies, and nine have relapsed. Six of the nine had not received “prophylactic” CNS irradiation. If current trends in these studies continue, we can expect a 50% long-term leukemia-free remission rate. Thus, with currently available modalities of therapy, the prospects for cure appear bright.
ON THE CHARACTERIZATION OF ELASTOMERIC MATERIALS FOR MODELING HELICOPTER LAG DAMPERS

When proposing a representation of elastomeric material properties to be used in modeling helicopter rotor lag dampers, one must consider the means that will be used to identify the parameters required for the model. This paper examines closed-form, linear solutions for four material models of increasing complexity, when subjected to simple tests that may be used to characterize the material properties. The results show that as the complexity of the models increases, the task of parameter identification based on the linear solutions quickly reaches a point of excessive mathematical difficulty. Extension of the procedures for obtaining linear material properties to those used to obtain nonlinear properties clearly indicates that the use of even moderately complex models is impractical from the viewpoint of material characterization. Nomenclature
Ultrasonic fragmentation of large risidual Biliary tract stone

A large residual common hepatic duct stone was fragmented successfully by a flexible ultrasonic drill passed through a T-tube tract into the duct.
Adiabatic mode expansion laser diodes fabricated by selective area growth

Adiabatic mode expansion laser diodes (AME-LDs) with small beam divergence fabricated by selective area growth (SAG) are described. The AME-LDs have low thresholds of around 12 mA. The lateral and vertical far field angles (FWHM) are reduced from 25° and 300 to 8° and 14°, respectively. The measured alignment tolerance to a cleaved single mode fiber (SMF) is 3 pm.
Protein Surface-Assisted Enhancement in the Binding Affinity of an Inhibitor for Recombinant Human Carbonic Anhydrase-II

We elaborate on a novel strategy for enhancing the binding affinity of an active-site directed inhibitor by attaching a tether group, designed to interact with the surface-exposed histidine residue(s) of enzymes. In this approach, we have utilized the recombinant form of human carbonic anhydrase-II (hCA-II) as the enzyme source and benzenesulfonamide and its derivatives as inhibitors. The steady-state kinetic and the ligand binding data revealed that the attachment of iminodiacetate (IDA)-Cu2+ to benzenesulfonamide (via a triethylene glycol spacer) enhanced its binding affinity for hCA-II by about 40-fold. No energetic contribution of either IDA or triethylene glycol spacer was found (at least in the ground state of the enzyme−inhibitor complex) when Cu2+ was stripped off from the tether group-conjugated sulfonamide derivative. Arguments are presented that the overall strategy of enhancing the binding affinities of known inhibitors by attaching the IDA-Cu2+ groups to interact with the surface-exposed hist...
Gavarni at the casino: reflections of class and gender in the visual culture of 1848.

Drawing on cultural history and opposing the idea that British visual culture in 1848 has nothing interesting to say about class, politics, and revolution, this article examines a depiction of the London dance-hall Laurent's Casino by Guillaume-Sulpice Chevalier, better known as Paul Gavarni, made to accompany an essay by Albert Smith for the collaborative work Gavarni in London (1849). The image appeared against the backdrop of revolutions abroad, and just weeks after rioting in Trafalgar Square. Reconstructing the location of the casino, the history of the venue, the entertainments enjoyed there, and descriptions of its patrons—the gent and his female counterpart—reveals the dynamic performance of class enacted there, and contemporary reactions to that performance.
The Structure of Interests and Self-Efficacy Expectations: An Expanded Examination of the Spherical Model of Interests.

A questionnaire packet assessing occupational preferences, activity preferences, and career self-efficacy expectations was administered to 2 samples of college students. The structural invariance of each data set (activity, self-efficacy, and occupation items) was examined for the 1st sample via principal-components analysis, and they correlated. The structure was found to be highly similar across data types. The items were then aggregated into 18 scales representing the spherical model of interests proposed by T. J. G. Tracey and J. Rounds (1996b). The 18 scales were found to fit the spherical model for both the original and validation samples. No gender differences in the structure of the scales were found, but there were gender mean differences found in the scale scores similar to results of past research.
From gastrulation to neurulation: Transition in retinoic acid sensitivity identifies distinct stages of neural patterning in the rat

Early neural development is a multistep process with morphologically distinct stages; however, the molecular events that underlie morphologic development are poorly understood. Retinoic acid (RA) was chosen as a teratogen to perturb development because this endogenous molecule is thought to play an integral role in normal neuraxis formation in many vertebrate species. We have examined the effects of RA on early neural patterning in the rat at three morphologically distinct stages: late streak, foregut pocket, and early somite. In this model exogenous RA exposure during mid-gastrulation (late streak stage) leads to severe disruption of anterior neural development as determined by morphologic and molecular (Engrailed [En] gene expression) markers. This disruption in anterior neural development is associated with excessive cell death in the hindbrain posterior to the En expression domain. In contrast, at the time the neural folds begin to elevate (foregut pocket stage) there is a dramatic reduction in the sensitivity of anterior neural development to exogenous RA as reflected by En expression and cell death patterns. These results suggest that we have identified a major transition in the development of the anterior neuraxis that is reflected in a transition in sensitivity to RA. This transition in sensitivity demonstrates that the fundamental patterning mechanisms that separate fore- and midbrain from hindbrain occurs very early in neurogenesis.
A model for the distribution of materials in the fluids of the central nervous system.

Summary Consideration is given to the processes which govern the distribution of matter in the fluids of the brain. Because the real system is too complicated for precise treatment a simplified model is taken instead. The model is a slab in which there is a distributed source, the surface being bathed by a fluid which is mixed and continuously renewed. The behavior has been studied under a variety of circumstances and several examples of the application of the model are presented.
Critical pedagogy in the computer classroom: Politicizing the writing space

Abstract This article explores how technology might compliment a critical literacy pedagogy focused on writing as the ideological problem to be examined. Relying on classroom experiences, I examine how the use of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) and hypertext in such a pedagogy can support (a) a critical examination of how discursive contexts position authors in potentially oppressive ways, and (b) help high-light how discursive agency might be constructed so that students might see their cultural difference as potential for intervening into ideology. This article concludes by suggesting that such critical examinations of the contexts of academic discourse can lead to student writing that acts in favor of social- and self-transformation.
National Trends in Implementing Wraparound: Results from the State Wraparound Survey

The wraparound process has been promoted in the children’s services field as a mechanism to achieve collaborative service planning and delivery for families of young people with complex emotional and behavioral needs that span multiple agencies. We compared results of two surveys of state children’s mental health directors, completed in 1998 and 2008, to derive estimates of the extent of wraparound implementation in the United States and to better understand trends in how wraparound has been implemented and supported over time. Results from 2008 found that 88% of states reported having some type of wraparound program that conformed to the definition and provided an estimate of 100,000 children and families served via wraparound in that year. Between 1998 and 2008, states reported increased application of wraparound standards, a greater number of agencies involved in wraparound initiatives, and more formal evaluations of wraparound initiatives. Results provide substantiation of the widespread implementation of wraparound implementation in the United States, and evidence that the model is becoming more consistently supported by formal implementation structures over time.
An experimental investigation of the interaction between a transverse sonic jet and a hypersonic stream

The interaction of an underexpanded jet with a hypersonic stream is studied. The investigation includes an experimental study of a finite span sonic jet on a 7°-semivertex angle sharp cone in a Mach number 5.8 stream. A range of unit Reynolds numbers of 2 X 10 to 4 X 10/ft is covered in the experiments, producing laminar, transitional and fully turbulent boundary layers on the conical surface. The models are instrumented with 60-surface pressure taps from which data on normal force coefficients are derived. In addition, the resultant forces are checked with a strain balance. Shock-wave and streamwise patterns in the plane of symmetry of the flowfield are obtained from Schlieren photographs. The experimental study is primarily intended to provide quantitative data on interaction forces due to the three-dimensional effects of a finite span jet. It is observed in these experiments that the cross flow can produce a favorable net interaction with the mainstream, thereby providing an induced normal force coefficient equal to or possibly exceeding the two-dimensional values, at the same Mach number and jet mass flux ratio. The experimental data show that a positive normal force (lift) contribution can be obtained from the flow downstream of the jet slot. Finite span fences have been tested for comparison with jet controls. It is found that the total normal force coefficient produced by the jet for which the Mach disk penetrates the flowfield to the same height as the fence is much larger than that produced by the fence.
Enolate Generation under Hydrogenation Conditions: Catalytic Aldol Cycloreduction of Keto-Enones

[reaction: see text] Formal heterolytic activation of elemental hydrogen under Rh catalysis enables the reductive generation of enolates from enones under hydrogenation conditions. Enolates generated in this fashion participate in catalytic C-C bond formation via carbonyl addition to aldehyde and, as demonstrated in this account, ketone partners. Notably, the use of appendant dione partners enables diastereoselective formation of cycloaldol products possessing 3-stereogenic centers, including 2-contiguous quaternary centers.
Effect of electrodeposition of gold on porcelain-to-metal bond strength

The effect of electrodeposition of two different thicknesses of gold on porcelain-metal bond strength with three different base metal alloys was determined and compared to a control high gold alloy. The following conclusions can be drawn. Mean porcelain-metal bond strengths of all four alloys were in the same range when conventional porcelain application techniques were used. However, the base metal porcelain-metal bond is clinically suspect because of adhesive failure through the porcelain-metal interface. A thin 180A gold coat increased the porcelain-metal bond strength and generally resulted in cohesive failure through the porcelain. A thicker gold coat (720A) decreased the bond strength and generally resulted in adhesive failure. The mechanism of action of the gold coat on bond strength is likely its effect on the oxide layer on the surface of the base metal alloy.
A method for the production of pigmentless eggs in Xenopus laevis.

Pigmentless oocytes may be obtained from adult Xenopus laevis females by a combination of repeated induced ovulations with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and the continuous administration of the antimelanogenic compound phenylthiourea (PTU). Pigmentless eggs obtained in this manner are apparently normal since they may be fertilized and subsequently develop into normal, but pigmentless, embryos and tadpoles. Cessation of the PTU and HCG treatments results in normal pigmentation of immature oocytes; however, those oocytes which are more nearly mature become pigmented to a lesser degree. Those oocytes which are mature at the time treatment is stopped remain pigmentless.
Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe add-on therapy to a bile acid resin-based regimen for hypercholesterolemia

Combination lipid-reducing therapy is increasingly used, particularly for the management of severe or combined dyslipidemia in patients at high risk for coronary heart disease. To assess the potential additive effects of combining the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe with a bile acid resin (BAR), a prospective chart review was performed of 40 patients in whom ezetimibe 10 mg/day was added to a stable regimen that included a BAR. At an average follow-up of 107 ± 57 days, ezetimibe coadministration significantly reduced total cholesterol by 18%, triglycerides by 14%, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 19% (all p ≤0.03), without significantly changing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the combination was well tolerated.
Adaptive process control for turning operation using expert systems

Process control is concerned with the reduction of variance in the key aspects of a process. Process control is practiced in a variety of industries, including the chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, glass, steel and electric power generation industries. Traditional systems still have difficulty dealing with the non-linear nature of various processes, the vagueness of information about the process and the rapidly changing nature of the information about the process. Expert systems have the capacity to solve these problems because of their ability to process information with real time updating, deal with uncertain or incomplete knowledge, incorporate new knowledge into the program easily and put less pressure and responsibility on the human operator. This paper demonstrates the use of expert systems in process control using a realistic example and evaluates the effect of different manufacturing parameters.
Changes in alcohol intake resulting from prior experiences with alcohol odor in young rats

Twenty-one day old rats were exposed to either alcohol or lemon odor, paired or unpaired with lithium chloride (LiCl) induced toxicosis, and were tested 7 days later for odor preferences and ethanol intake. Additional control groups received neither the conditioned nor the unconditioned stimuli and were merely tested on either odor preference or alcohol consumption. Ethanol odor exposure per se resulted in an enhanced ingestion of a 5.6% ethanol solution. This effects was attenuated by pairing such exposure with internal malaise. Furthermore, ethanol odor-LiCl pairings decreased olfactory preferences for ethanol relative to lemon odor, whereas lemon-LiCl pairings increased ethanol odor preference relative to lemon odor. Order of testing also affected odor preferences. Rats previously tested on ethanol consumption demonstrated a strong rejection of the alcohol odor when compared to rats initially tested in the olfactory task. These results suggest that early learned and unlearned experiences with alcohol odor can not only affect subsequent ethanol odor preferences but can also lead to significant changes in alcohol consumption.
The Flicker Fusion Frequency and Its Response to Nitroglycerin in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Krasno and Ivy have claimed that the change after sublingual nitroglycerin in the frequency at which a flickering light appears to fuse (f.f.f.) sharply differentiates between cardiovascular normals and patients with coronary and/or hypertensive disease and that this test may be useful in detecting and evaluating such disease. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the original publication and of data on 304 men these claims are denied. Indications for further study of flicker phenomena are discussed and fiducial norms are presented.
Transcription factor RBPJ/CSL: A genome-wide look at transcriptional regulation

The transcriptional regulator RBPJ, otherwise known as CSL (“CBF-1, Suppressor of Hairless, Lag-2,” after its mammalian, Drosophila, and Caenorhabditis elegans orthologues) is a highly conserved DNA-binding protein that plays a central role in cell fate decisions in metazoa. RBPJ mediates canonical Notch signaling (1). In the absence of active Notch, RBPJ is thought to be primarily a transcriptional repressor that exists in complexes with corepressors (2). When bound to the active intracellular domain of Notch (NICD), RBPJ recruits a coactivator complex, including a Mastermind homologue (MAML1-3 in mammals), and drives a complex transcriptional program with pervasive phenotypic effects. This program is used during development and adult tissue homeostasis, and is frequently dysregulated in cancer (3, 4). In the hematopoietic system, Notch/RBPJ controls, among other things, the commitment of common lymphoid progenitors to the T-cell lineage and the expansion of marginal-zone B cells (5). Aberrant activation of the Notch–RBPJ transcriptional program in T-lineage cells leads to T-lymphoblastic leukemia (T-LL), and is the most frequent genetic alteration found in this malignancy (6). Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein EBNA2, which is essential for the transforming activity of EBV, has been known for some time to mimic NICD and activate RBPJ (7, 8). EBV-induced immortalization is an important cause of B-cell malignancies such as Burkitt lymphoma and some Hodgkin lymphomas, as well as lymphoproliferative disorders in immune-suppressed patients (9, 10). The structure of DNA-bound RBPJ in complex with NICD and a fragment of MAML1 has been resolved (11, 12). However, the mechanism whereby RBPJ is capable of activating different transcriptional programs in different cells remains unclear. Understanding how RBPJ controls the gene expression programs of T and B cells will give us invaluable insights into physiological cell fate determination and neoplastic transformation. Two reports in PNAS (13, 14) shed light on the functions of RBPJ at the genomic level.
Technique for Concept Selection Using Interactive Probabilistic Multiple Attribute Decision Making

Design is a decision-making process that depends on multiple attributes. Analysis of alternatives with respect to a single metric representing the “goodness” of the concept is difficult without resorting to subjective weightings on an overall evaluation criterion. The use of subjective factors in a decision-making process is often met with criticism, as the selection of a design may be traced to preferential decisions made on a certain day by a single individual. A methodology is needed that reduces the impact of uncertainty in the subjective weighting factors while retaining the traceability, defensibility, and rigor provided by traditional multiple attribute decision-making techniques. In this work, a standard process for systems engineering using the quality function deployment approach with a multiple attribute decision-making technique for concept selection is supplemented through the use of parametric slide bars to play “what-if” games and a probabilistic environment that plays all possible “what-if” games and summarizes the results. Using the modified process, families of concepts can be rapidly examined based on varying levels of subjective preferences. Decision makers, armed with a rapid parametric sensitivity analysis tool, can make more informed decisions about future concepts, policies, and acquisition decisions. An interactive graphical environment can be used to visualize the diverse sets of trades and understand non-intuitive answers by tracing customer needs to proposed solutions in real-time. In practice, the proposed process facilitates iteration between needs and concepts and fosters and increased understanding of the concept space between designer and decision maker.
Algorithm for the geometric construction of an optimum shading device

Given that there is a need to shade a window from the summer sun and also a need to expose it to the winter sun, this article describes an algorithm to design automatically a geometric construct that satisfies both requirements. The construct obtained represents the minimum solution to the simultaneous requirements. The window may be described by an arbitrary convex polygon and it may be oriented in any direction, and it may be placed at any chosen latitude. The algorithm consists of two sequential steps: first to find a winter solar funnel surface; and the second to clip the surface subject to the summer shading conditions. The article introduces the design problem, illustrates the results through two examples, outlines the logic of the algorithm and includes the derivation of the mathematical relations required to implement the algorithm. This work is part of the MUSES project, which is a long term research effort to integrate Energy Consciousness with Computer Graphics in Architectural Design.