cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the tension between Tarski's nominalism and his model theory (definitions for a mathematical model of knowledge)

Abstract The nominalistic ontology of Kotarbinski, Slupecki and Tarski does not provide any direct interpretations of the sets of higher types which play important roles in type theory and in set theory. For this and other reasons (to be explained below) I will interpret those theories as descriptions of some finite structures which are actually constructed in human imaginations and stored in their memories. Those structures will be described (mathematically defined) in this lecture. They are hinted by the idea of Skolem functions and Hilbert's e-symbols, and they constitute a finitistic modification of Tarski's concept of a model. They suggest also a form of the evolutionary process which leads to the development of human intelligence and language.
Reduction of plasma triglycerides by diet in subjects with chronic renal failure.

Reduction of plasma triglycerides by diet in subjects with chronic renal failure. The response of plasma triglyceride levels to changes in the composition of meal formula diets was studied in 12 subjects who had moderate to severe chronic renal failure. Fasting hypertriglyceridemia (> 150 mg/100 ml) was present in seven of 12 subjects. Fasting plasma triglyceride levels decreased in all subjects in response to a reduction in the proportion of carbohydrate (from 50 to 35% of total daily calories) and an increase in the polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio (from 0.2 to 2.0) in an isocaloric diet. Fasting plasma cholesterol and postprandial triglyceride levels were unchanged. Both the triglyceride production rate and the insulin response were significantly lower on a diet lower in carbohydrate and higher in polyunsaturated fat. These data indicate that hypertriglyceridemia occurs in subjects with moderate to severe chronic renal failure, and that dietary modification promptly reduces triglyceride levels over an 11 day period. A long term study on a dietary program incorporating these changes is indicated to determine whether this effect is sustained. Deminution des triglycerides plasmatiques chez les sujets en insuffisance renale chronique. La reponse des triglycerides plasmatiques aux modifications de la composition des regimes alimentaires a ete etudiee chez 12 sujets atteints d'insuffisance renale chronique moderee ou severe. Une hypertriglyceridemie a jeun (150 mg/100 ml) existait chez sept parmi les 12 sujets. Les concentrations plasmatiques des triglycerides a jeun ont diminue chez tous les sujets en reponse a la diminution de la proportion d'hydrates de carbone (de 50% a 35% du total des calories) et a l'augmentation du rapport des acides gras non satures aux acides gras satures (de 0.2 a 2.0) dans un regime iso-calorique. Le cholesterol plasmatique a jeun et les triglycerides post-prandiaux n'ont pas ete modifies. La production de tryglycerides et la reponse a l'insuline ont ete significativement diminuees au cours du regime pauvre en hydrates de carbone. Ces resultats indiquent que l'hypertriglyceridemie survient ches des sujets atteints d'insuffisance renale chronique moderee on severe et que les modifications dietetiques reduisent rapidement l'hypertriglyceridemie sur une periode de 11 jours. Une etude de longue duree d'un programme dietetique utilisant ces donnees est utile pour savoir si l'effet obtenu est durable.
Incidence of coronary heart disease in blacks in Charleston, South Carolina

We studied a cohort of 2275 blacks and whites of both sexes in Charleston County, South Carolina, during the period of 1960-1961 to 1974-1975. There were 93 prevalent cases of coronary heart disease (CHD) at intake, and 317 new cases occurred by 1975 in persons originally free of CHD. White males had the highest incidence rates for all types of CHD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Black males and black females had the next highest rates. The incidence of angina pectoris in black females was double the rate in white females and five times the rate in white males. The rate of sudden death in black males was two and one-half times the rate in black females, three times the rate in white males, and four times the rate in white females. One hundred and one black males who had been selected on the basis of high socioeconomic status (SES) had AMI and CHD rates half that of other black males. None of the high SES black males experienced angina pectoris, AMI death, or sudden death during the observation period.
Circular birefringence and dichroism due to shear stress: Optical measurement of non-Newtonian viscosity

Abstract The semi-classical molecular theory is given of circular birefringence, dichroism and laser ellipticity due to shear stress, the angle of rotation being given in terms of the shear strain rate and non-Newtonian shear viscosity through a perturbation of the imaginary part of the dynamic frequency dependent molecular polarisability. The non-Newtonian shear viscosity can be measured spectroscopically in terms of the angle of rotation at a given frequency (for example a visible laser line) for a given strain rate and sample dimension.
Portable Advanced Medical Simulation for New Emergency Department Testing and Orientation

Objectives: Efforts to mitigate unexpected problems during transition of an active emergency department (ED) to a new physical plant are imperative to ensure effective health care delivery and patient safety. The authors used advanced medical simulation (SIM) to evaluate the capacity of a new ED for emergent resuscitative processes and assist facility orientation before opening day. Methods: Operational readiness testing and orientation to the new ED of a large academic center were arranged through a Transportable Enhanced Simulation Technologies for Pre-Implementation Limited Operations Testing (TESTPILOT) project. Using a portable life-sized computerized manikin, the project required participants to perform assorted patient care interventions on-site. Cardiac arrest, multitrauma, uroseptic shock, and pediatric toxicology scenarios elicited the dynamics of real-life ED activities. Debriefings and surveys assessed participants' perceptions of the new facility's clinical readiness and identified areas needing administrative attention. Subjective utility of SIM orientation was compared with that of standard facility orientation. Results: Fourteen ED clinicians and five SIM facilitators participated over two sessions. The new facility received mean (± SD) and median five-point Likert scale scores of 4.4 (± 0.8) and 5 for ability of clinical staff to perform resuscitations. The respective scores for ability of simulated scenarios to prepare staff for new ED function were 4.6 (± 0.5) and 5, compared with 4.2 (± 1.0) and 4 for non-SIM orientation (p = 0.22; not significant). Problems with equipment location, inadequate procedural surfaces, and insufficient orientation were discovered and rapidly corrected. Conclusions: Transportable SIM was used to evaluate the clinical functions of a new ED. Significant operational issues identified by participants were corrected before opening of the facility. Limited comparison did not reveal SIM enhancement of orientation.
Universal curve, biological time, and dynamically varying scaling exponent in growth law

Abstract A general quantitative model for ontogenetic growth of organisms was derived by West et al. based on fundamental principles for the allocation of metabolic energy in which a universal parameterless growth curve was established in terms of the biomass ratio and a dimensionless biological time. This model was then extended by Guiot et al. to account for the growth of tumors in vivo in which the fractional scaling exponent p becomes a dynamic parameter depending on time t . In this paper, we present a method that may be used effectively to construct a generalized universal growth curve for such a growth law model with an arbitrary dynamically varying fractional exponent. As by-products of this method, we show that the assumption that a biological time variable flows forward in the universal curve allows us to predict the behavior of p with regard to the developmental stages of organisms characterized by body mass which is consistent with the findings of Guiot et al. based on biomedical data, and that, the universal curve is independent of the properties of p as a function of t . We also consider the situation when time increases discretely and the fractional scaling exponent is periodic. We observe the familiar, but superimposed, period-doubling and transition-to-chaos phenomenon.
Molecular genetics of ecological diversification: Duplication and rapid evolution of toxin genes of the venomous gastropod Conus

Predatory snails in the marine gastropod genus Conus stun prey by injecting a complex mixture of peptide neurotoxins. These conotoxins are associated with trophic diversification and block a diverse array of ion channels and neuronal receptors in prey species, but the evolutionary genesis of this functional diversity is unknown. Here we show that conotoxins with little amino acid similarity are in fact products of recently diverged loci that are rapidly evolving by strong positive selection in the vermivorous cone, Conus abbreviatus, and that the rate of conotoxin evolution is higher than that of most other known proteins. Gene duplication and diversifying selection result in the formation of functionally variable conotoxins that are linked to ecological diversification and evolutionary success of this genus.
The Failure of Success in Natural Resource Policy: Pacific Salmon Harvest Policy in New York State

Natural resource management policies like the Pacific salmon harvest policy developed by New York State often did not anticipate the extent of social, economic, and ethical concerns that would be generated, largely because the agency concentrated on biological considerations. The number of concerned stakeholders grew in proportion to both the success and failure of the initial policy. Had all participants been equally willing to recognize both the successes and the failures, development of a revised policy through group negotiations may have been possible, resulting in a cooperative mode of decision making. Instead, institutional mechanisms based on legislated process were ultimately the approach chosen for policy revision.
Donor dendritic cell repopulation in recipients after rat-to-mouse bone-marrow transplantation.

Sir,—Bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells are powerful antigen-presenting cells, which are 100-times more effective than macrophages in activating T lymphocytes in mixed-lymphocyte culture1 and in intact animals.2 These cells are pivotal in the generation of the T-cell repertoire, including provision of the appropriate ligand for negative selection of potentially autoreactive T lymphocytes.3 We now describe the tissue distribution of donor dendritic accessory cells in fully xenogenic (F344 rat → B10 mouse) radiation bone-marrow chimeras that were permanently tolerant to donor-specific xenoantigens, yet fully reactive to third-party mouse and rat lymphoid cells.4,5 Laboratory animals were typed for chimerism by flow cytometry, and 3 per group were killed for a complete tissue survey at 1,2,3,4,6, and 8 weeks and at 8 months after reconstitution. Immunohistochemical staining for rat-derived dendritic cells (class II bright) was with the monoclonal antibody L-21-6 directed at the invariant chain of the rat class II molecule without cross-reactivity in mouse cells (provided by Dr Yuichi Iwaki, University of Pittsburgh). In the first 2–3 weeks after reconstitution, the structure of the class-II-positive rat cells migrating into the tissue of the mice appeared more rounded than stellate and were thought to be an immature, less differentiated form of dendritic cell. By the end of one month and invariably thereafter, the rat dendritic cells were found in all of the mouse tissues examined: thymic cortex and medulla (figure, top), spleen, other lymphoid structures, liver, fat, peripheral nerve roots, brain (cerebellum, cerebrum), trachea, oesophagus, pancreas, lungs, bronchi, heart, and skin (figure, bottom). Their morphology, cell density, and distribution in the chimeras resembled that of normal rat tissues examined as controls. Figure 1 Mouse thymus (top) and skin (bottom) six months after rat-to-mouse bone-marrow transplantation The extent as well as the normal pattern of “homing” of the rat bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells in a xenogeneic mouse environment, suggests the presence of a highly conserved receptor-ligand mechanism. We are currently investigating the possible role of these ubiquitous cells in the induction and maintenance of specific transplantation tolerance across both allogeneic and xenogeneic histocompatibility barriers.
Epitaxial Bain paths and metastable phases from first-principles total-energy calculations

A systematic two-stage procedure for finding metastable phases from first-principles total-energy calculations is derived and applied to tetragonal structures. In the first stage we calculate the system's epitaxial Bain path (EBP) in the tetragonal plane, whose coordinates are the tetragonal lattice constants; the EBP is defined so that it goes through all tetragonal energy minima. In the second stage we prove or disprove metastability by evaluating the elastic constants at the minima and checking the stability conditions. Application of the procedure to some metallic elements and compounds has led to a substantial number of metastable phases, many of them new, which exist in addition to the ground state. A generalization to finite hydrostatic pressure permits finding metastable phases under pressure, but a third stage must be added which converts the energy to a free energy whose minima now give the phases. Various properties of EBP's are described, including the existence of inherently unstable states along the EBP which cannot be stabilized by application of external stresses, and determination of the point on the EBP at which a thermodynamic phase transition between tetragonal phases occurs that is produced by epitaxial strain.
Negative Thought Patterns of Undecided Community College Students: Implications for Counselors and Advisors

The purpose of this study was to explore the negative thinking patterns of incoming community college freshmen who were undecided about choosing a major and to suggest an approach for addressing these issues on a community college campus. Sixty community college freshmen attending their freshman orientation (FO) were surveyed using the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI). Results indicated that the students who participated in the study scored higher on all CTI scales than high school or college students in the normative sample. There were no differences in scores in terms of ages, gender, or ethnicity. These results suggest that community colleges should design programming that can help new students, particularly freshmen; to identify and to address their unconstructive thoughts with the aim of helping these students learn how to manage their anxiety upon entering college. Counselors and advisors should work more collaboratively by shifting from an individual model of delivering services to a more holistic l...
Organozinc Chemistry Enabled by Micellar Catalysis. Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings between Alkyl and Aryl Bromides in Water at Room Temperature.

Negishi-like cross-couplings between (functionalized) alkyl and aryl bromides are described. Despite the fact that organozinc reagents are intolerant of water, their formation as well as their use in an aqueous micellar environment is discussed herein. Each component of this complex series of events leading up to C–C bond formation has an important role which has been determined insofar as the type of zinc, amine ligand, surfactant, and palladium catalyst are concerned. In particular, the nature of the surfactant has been found to be crucial in order to obtain synthetically useful results involving highly reactive, moisture-sensitive organometallics. Neither organic solvent nor heat is required for these cross-couplings to occur; just add water.
Problem-free drinking over 16 years among individuals with alcohol use disorders.

Abstract Background Limited data exist on the rates and long-term stability of non-problem drinking in individuals who sought help for an alcohol use disorder. Methods A sample of initially untreated individuals with alcohol use disorders ( n = 420) was surveyed at baseline and 1 year and was re-assessed at 8 and 16 years. Results In the 6 months prior to the 1-year assessment, 36% ( n = 152) of participants reported abstinence from alcohol, 48% ( n = 200) reported drinking with problems, and 16% ( n = 68) reported non-problem drinking. At each follow up, 16–21% of the sample reported non-problem drinking. Compared to individuals in the abstinent and problem-drinking groups, individuals who were drinking in a problem-free manner at 1 year had reported, at baseline, fewer days of intoxication, drinks per drinking day, alcohol dependence symptoms, and alcohol-related problems, less depression, and more adaptive coping mechanisms. Over time, 48% of participants who engaged in non-problem drinking at 1 year continued to report positive outcomes (either non-problem drinking or abstinence) throughout the long-term follow-up, whereas 77% of those abstaining at 1 year reported positive outcomes throughout the same time period. Additionally, 43% of individuals with problematic alcohol consumption at 1 year reported positive outcomes over the remaining follow-up interval, a rate that was not significantly different from the rate of positive outcomes of 48% observed in those with initial problem-free drinking. Conclusions Although some individuals report non-problem drinking a year after initially seeking help, this pattern of alcohol use is relatively infrequent and is less stable over time than is abstinence. An accurate understanding of the long-term course of alcohol use and problems could help shape expectations about the realistic probability of positive outcomes for individuals considering moderate drinking as a treatment goal.
Differential effects of RET and TRKB on axonal branching and survival of parasympathetic neurons.

Interactions between neurons and their targets of innervation influence many aspects of neural development. To examine how synaptic activity interacts with neurotrophic signaling, we determined the effects of blocking neuromuscular transmission on survival and axonal outgrowth of ciliary neurons from the embryonic chicken ciliary ganglion. Ciliary neurons undergo a period of cell loss due to programmed cell death between embryonic Days (E) 8 and 14 and they innervate the striated muscle of the iris. The nicotinic antagonist d-tubocurarine (dTC) induces an increase in branching measured by counting neurofilament-positive voxels (NF-VU) in the iris between E14-17 while reducing ciliary neuron survival. Blocking ganglionic transmission with dihyro-β-erythroidin and α-methyllycacontine does not mimic dTC. At E8, many trophic factors stimulate neurite outgrowth and branching of neurons placed in cell culture; however, at E13, only GDNF stimulates branching selectively in cultured ciliary neurons. The GDNF-induced branching at E13 could be inhibited by BDNF. Blocking ret signaling in vivo with a dominant negative (dn)ret decreases survival of ciliary and choroid neurons at E14 and prevents dTC induced increases in NF-VU in the iris at E17. Blocking TRKB signaling with dn TRKB increases NF-VU in the iris at E17 and decreases neuronal survival at E17, but not at E14. Thus, RET promotes survival during programmed cell death in the ciliary ganglion and contributes to promoting branching when synaptic transmission is blocked while TRKB inhibits branching and promotes maintenance of neuronal survival. These studies highlight the multifunctional nature of trophic molecule function during neuronal development. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013
Project Galileo: farewell to the major moons of Jupiter

Abstract After a six-year odyssey, Galileo has completed its survey of the large moons of Jupiter. In the four years since the end of the primary mission, Galileo provided new insights into the fundamental questions concerning Jupiter and its moons and magnetosphere. Longevity, changing orbital geometry, and multiple flybys afforded the opportunity to distinguish intrinsic versus induced magnetic fields on the Galilean moons, to characterize the dusk side of the magnetosphere, to acquire high resolution observations supporting the possibility of subsurface water within Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, and to monitor the highly dynamic volcanic activity of Io. In January 2002, a final gravity assist placed the spacecraft on a two-orbit trajectory culminating in a Jupiter impact in September 2003. With the successful completion of the Io encounters, plans are being made for the final encounter of the mission. In November 2002, the spacecraft will fly one Jupiter radius above the planet's cloud-tops, sampling the inner magnetosphere and the gossamer rings. The trajectory will take Galileo close enough to Amalthea (a small inner moon) to obtain the first gravity data for this body. Because a radiation dose of 73 krads is expected on this encounter, which will bring the total radiation dose to greater than four times the spacecraft design limits, the command sequence has to account for the possibility of subsystem failure and the loss of spacecraft control after this perijove passage. One of the primary objectives this year has been to place the spacecraft on a trajectory to impact Jupiter on orbit 35. Galileo's discovery of water beneath the frozen surface of Europa raised concerns about forward contamination by inadvertently impacting that moon and resulted in an end of mission requirement to dispose of the spacecraft. A risk assessment of the final two Io encounters was performed to manage the project's ability to meet this requirement. Radiation affected the extended mission through damage to electronic parts in the attitude control subsystem, the computer memory and some science instruments and by causing transient bus reset indications. Software patches and changed operating strategies were implemented to work around most of the radiation effects. Recovery efforts to enhance the robustness of the Solid State Imaging camera paid off in the acquisition of images at both Io 32 and Io 33. Data on spacecraft performance in the harsh jovian environment may be useful to designers of future missions to Jupiter and its moons.
TIME-DEPENDENT INVISCID VORTICES IN GLOBAL SELF-SIMILAR EXPANSION

A family of time‐dependent solutions is derived, which describe the self‐similar motion of an inviscid γ=5/3 adiabatic fluid in arbitrary three‐dimensional geometry. The derivation identifies a non‐Galilean frame of reference in which the self‐similar flows are observed to be steady, subject to a (fictitious) inertial force. This theory generalizes a primitive version, previously published, to allow for quite general velocity structures which are topologically no less complex than those belonging to the set of all steady flows. The existence of these self‐similar flows stems from a compatibility between the conservation laws governing the internal energy of the γ=5/3 adiabatic gas and its angular momentum. Illustrative analytic solutions are presented for vortices of finite spatial extent isolated in a body of fluid undergoing purely radial expansion. These vortices consist of axisymmetric, closed meridional circulations, with or without swirls. A related set of self‐similar, magnetohydrodynamic solutions for the γ=2 adiabatic fluid in the Cartesian plane are derived in the second of two appendices.
Bicalutamide in the treatment of advanced prostatic carcinoma: a phase II multicenter trial.

Objectives. The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide were investigated in a Phase II trial in 150 patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Methods. Patients took bicalutamide, 50 mg daily, in an open-label multicenter North American trial. Results. The objective response rate (modified European Organization on Research and Treatment of Cancer [EORTC] criteria) was 70% (57% partial, 13% stable); 59 (39%) of 150 patients had either a >90% decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels or a decline to <4 ng/mL. Extent of disease on the bone scan was a significant predictor of response. Patients with <6 metastatic lesions were more likely to respond. Breast pain and gynecomastia occurred in 76% and 60% of patients, respectively. Gastrointestinal toxicity was very infrequent (diarrhea, 5%) The mean drug plasma concentration was 8528 (±2928) ng/mL. Conclusions. Bicalutamide, 50 mg daily, was well tolerated and has efficacy in metastatic prostate cancer. The percentage of men who had >90% decline in PSA levels is less than observed with surgical or medical castration and has led to trials using this antiandrogen at higher doses as monotherapy.
Elucidation of the human serum albumin (HSA) binding site for the Cu‐PTSM and Cu‐ATSM radiopharmaceuticals

The Cu-PTSM (pyruvaldehyde bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II)) and Cu-ATSM (diacetyl bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II)) radiopharmaceuticals exhibit strong, species-dependent binding to human serum albumin (HSA), while Cu-ETS (ethylglyoxal bis(thiosemicarbazonato)copper(II)) appears to only exhibit nonspecific binding to human and animal serum albumins. This study examines the structural basis for HSA binding of Cu-PTSM and Cu-ATSM via competition with drugs having known albumin binding sites. Warfarin, furosemide, ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, benzylpenicillin, and cephmandole were added to HSA solutions at drug:HSA mole ratios from 0 to 8:1, followed by quantification of radiopharmaceutical binding to HSA by ultrafiltration. Warfarin, a site IIA drug, progressively displaced both [(64)Cu]Cu-PTSM and [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM from HSA. At 8:1 warfarin:HSA mole ratios, free [(64)Cu]Cu-PTSM and [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM levels increased 300-500%. This was in contrast to solutions containing ibuprofen, a site IIIA drug; no increase in free [(64)Cu]Cu-PTSM or [(64)Cu]Cu-ATSM was observed except at high ibuprofen:HSA ratios, where secondary ibuprofen binding to the IIA site may cause modest radiopharmaceutical displacement. By contrast, and consistent with earlier findings suggesting Cu-ETS exhibits only nonspecific associations, [(64)Cu]Cu-ETS binding to HSA was unaffected by the addition of drugs that bind in either site. We conclude that the species-dependence of Cu-PTSM and Cu-ATSM albumin binding arises from interaction(s) with the IIA site of HSA.
NACA 0012 benchmark model experimental flutter results with unsteady pressure distributions

The Structural Dynamics Division at NASA Langley Research Center has started a wind tunnel activity referred to as the Benchmark Models Program. The primary objective of this program is to acquire measured dynamic instability and corresponding pressure data that will be useful for developing and evaluating aeroelastic type computational fluid dynamics codes currently in use or under development. The program is a multi-year activity that will involve testing of several different models to investigate various aeroelastic phenomena. This paper describes results obtained from a second wind tunnel test of the first model in the Benchmark Models Program. This first model consisted of a rigid semispan wing having a rectangular planform and a NACA 0012 airfoil shape which was mounted on a flexible two degree of freedom mount system. Experimental flutter boundaries and corresponding unsteady pressure distribution data acquired over two model chords located at the 60 and 95 percent span stations are presented.
Dlg, Scrib and Lgl regulate neuroblast cell size and mitotic spindle asymmetry

Asymmetric cell division is important in generating cell diversity from bacteria to mammals. Drosophila melanogaster neuroblasts are a useful model system for investigating asymmetric cell division because they establish distinct apical–basal cortical domains, have an asymmetric mitotic spindle aligned along the apical–basal axis, and divide unequally to produce a large apical neuroblast and a small basal daughter cell (GMC)1,2. Here we show that Discs large (Dlg), Scribble (Scrib) and Lethal giant larvae (Lgl) tumour suppressor proteins regulate multiple aspects of neuroblast asymmetric cell division. Dlg/Scrib/Lgl proteins show apical cortical enrichment at prophase/metaphase, and then have a uniform cortical distribution. Mutants have defects in basal protein targeting, a reduced apical cortical domain and reduced apical spindle size. Defects in apical cell and spindle pole size result in symmetric or inverted neuroblast cell divisions. Inverted divisions correlate with the appearance of abnormally small neuroblasts and large GMCs, showing that neuroblast/GMC identity is more tightly linked to cortical determinants than cell size. We conclude that Dlg/Scrib/Lgl are important in regulating cortical polarity, cell size asymmetry and mitotic spindle asymmetry in Drosophila neuroblasts.
Effects of hypoxic hypoxia on cerebral phosphate metabolites and pH in the anesthetized infant rabbit

The effects of hypoxic hypoxia on high-energy phosphate metabolites and intracellular pH (pHi) in the brain of the anesthetized infant rabbit were studied in vivo using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Five 10- to 16-day-old rabbits were anesthetized with 1.5% halothane. Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocarbia. Inspired O2 fraction was adjusted to produce three states of arterial oxygenation: hyperoxia (PaO2 greater than 250 mm Hg), normoxia (PaO2 approximately 100 mm Hg), and hypoxia (PaO2 25-30 mm Hg). During hypoxia, blood pressure was kept within 20% of control values with a venous infusion of epinephrine. During hyperoxia, the phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratio was 0.86, a value that is 2-2.5 times less than that reported for adults. During normoxia, ATP decreased by 20% and Pi increased by 90% from hyperoxia values. During 60 min of hypoxia, the concentrations of high-energy phosphate metabolites did not change, but intracellular and arterial blood pH (pHa) decreased significantly. When hyperoxia was reestablished, pHi returned to normal and pHa remained low. These results suggest that during periods of hypoxemia, the normotensive infant rabbit maintains intracellular concentrations of cerebral high-energy phosphates better than has been reported for adult animals.
Synthetic peptide K+ carrier with Ca2+ inhibition.

Abstract Based on a proposed solution conformation of the Ca 2+ ion complex of the repeat hexapeptide of elastin, l -Val- l -Ala- l -Pro-Gly- l -Val-Gly, it is possible to modify the molecule making it more lipophilic for lipid bilayer permeation while retaining its complexation features. Therefore the two peptides, For-MeVal-Ala-Pro-Sar-Pro-Sar-OMe and For-MeVal-Ala-Pro-Sar-Pro-Sar-OH, were synthesized and evaluated for lipid bilayer activity and cation binding (For, N -formyl; Me, N -methyl; Sar, N -methyl glycine). Both peptides bound Ca 2+ preferentially but did not exhibit the properties of a Ca 2+ carrier. They were however active as K + carriers although K + ion titration curves showed a much lower affinity for K + than for Ca 2+ . The addition of Ca 2+ or Mg 2+ to the bilayer system inhibited the peptide K + carrier activity. Three possible explanations of this interesting Ca 2+ inhibition of carrier activity are irreversible complexation of Ca 2+ , mixed ligand complex formation involving Ca 2+ , lipid and peptide, and impermeability of the lipid layer when peptide is complexed with a divalent cation.
Parent behavioral training to modify child noncompliance: Effects on untreated siblings

Abstract The purpose of the present study was twofold: (a) to examine changes in parent behavior toward an untreated sibling after parent behavioral training to modify a target child's noncompliance and (b) to examine changes in the untreated sibling's behavior. Eight clinic- referred children and their mothers served as the subjects. Parent training consisted of the use of a standardized clinic program to modify child noncompliance. The outcome measure was home observations of the parent and untreated child's interactions. The results indicated significant changes in both the parent's behavior and the untreated sibling's noncompliance.
Trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder and problem drinking in sexual assault survivors.

Objective: Sexual assault history is associated with higher risk of problem drinking in women, yet little is known about mechanisms linking trauma histories to women's problem drinking. This study examined how trauma histories, alcohol-related cognitive mediators and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) relate to past-year problem drinking in adult female sexual assault survivors. Method: Data from self-report questionnaires completed by a large, diverse sample (N = 865) of community-residing women who had experienced adult sexual assault were analyzed. Structural equation modeling was used to test a theoretical model examining the relationship between trauma exposure, alcohol-related cognitive mediators, PTSD symptoms and past-year problem drinking. Results: These analyses suggested that trauma exposure, drinking to cope with distress and tension-reduction expectancies are the most consistent factors associated with problem drinking, whereas PTSD symptoms are not. Drinking to cope and tension-reduction e...
Anatomy of a spectrum policy court decision

This month?s column reviews a recent U.S. Court of Appeals decision that considered a pectrum policy matter that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had decided. This matter should be of interest to readers because it shows how a transparent regulatory system works with a system of checks and balances. Also, many members of this multinational society either work in the United States or develop products for sale in the U.S. market, and thus their work is affected by such decisions.
Bonded Joint Elements for Structural Modeling and Failure Prediction

Elements based on the exact stiffness matrix method contain an embedded analytical solution that can capture detailed local fields, enabling more efficient mesh independent finite element analysis. In the present study, this method was applied to adhesively bonded joints. The adherends were modeled as Euler-Bernoulli beams, and the adhesive layer was modeled as a bed of linear shear and normal springs. The field equations were derived using the principle of minimum potential energy, and the resulting solutions for the displacement fields were used to generate shape functions and a stiffness matrix for a single joint finite element. Additionally, the capability to model non-linear adhesive and adherend constitutive behavior was developed, and progressive failure of the adhesive was modeled by using a strain-based failure criteria and re-meshing the joint as the adhesive fails. Example joint configurations were analyzed to demonstrate element convergence and the modeling of functionally graded adhesives.
RISK OF ASSAULT AMONG EDUCATION SPECIALISTS IN THE UNITED STATES: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY

Background School violence threatens educators, in addition to students. From initial analyses, education specialists (ES, advanced academic degree training), were identified at high risk for assaults, compared with all other education professionals (OEP) (kindergarten through grade 12: OR 6.35, 95% CI 4.46 to 9.04). Aims/Objectives/Purpose Investigate assault risks for ES and OEP. Methods Randomly selected licensed Minnesota educators (n=26 000) were screened by mailed questionnaire; 6469 were eligible (worked in previous year). Phase 1 identified 372 educators reporting student-perpetrated physical assaults in the previous year. Phase 2 (case-control study) identified exposures in the month before assaults (cases) or randomly selected work months for 1116 controls. Confounders were selected for multivariable logistic regression analyses using directed acyclic graphs to examine assault risks for ES and OEP; reweighting adjusted for potential response and unknown eligibility biases. Results/Outcome Increased risks (OR, 95% CI) were found for ES: student contact hours (1.2, 1.009 to 1.3 per hour); and inadequate school resources ('always'/'frequently' vs 'sometimes:' 3.38, 1.52 to 7.51). Reduced risks were identified for ES: ≥8 vs 1000 vs 501-1000 students (0.37, 0.19 to 0.74). Compared to ES, OEPs had increased risks for: inadequate building safety ('always'/'frequently' versus 'sometimes': (4.82, 2.18 to 10.66); assigned students' racial status different from educator (3.43, 1.99 to 5.91); worked in urban versus suburban schools (2.49, 1.55 to 4.01). Significance/Contribution to the Field Identification of risk differences enables targeted opportunities for interventions essential to educators. This is an abstract of a presentation at Safety 2012, the 11th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, 1-4 October 2012, Michael Fowler Center, Wellington, New Zealand. Full text does not seem to be available for this abstract.
Creating Sustainable Cyberinfrastructures

In this paper we report the results of a qualitative research study of the GENI cyberinfrastructure: a program of four federated cyberinfrastructures. Drawing on theories of stakeholder positioning, we examine how different GENI stakeholders attempt to enlist new participants in the cyberinfrastructures of GENI, and leverage existing relationships to create sustainable infrastructure. This study contributes to our understanding of how cyberinfrastructures emerge over time through processes of stakeholder alignment, enrollment, and through synergies among stakeholder groups. We explore these issues to better understand how cyberinfrastructures can be designed to sustain over time.
Simulations of retinal-based electronic components for application to THz frequency sensing platforms

The electro-optical properties of organic and bio-molecules have been previously investigated that have potential for selectively filtering and controlling the transmission of electromagnetic signals with carrier frequency in the THz band. Specifically, retinal isomers have been studied because they exhibit the type of THz characteristics needed for the design of molecular electronic devices. Here, the goal is to define bio-molecular filters that have utility in integrated platforms for sensing THz spectral signatures. According to our calculations, retinal isomers demonstrate the type of properties needed for the design of molecule-based optically-controllable filters in THz region. An initial challenge for this type of bio-architecture is the integration of the retinal-based components into conventional semiconductor devices. This paper presents a potential methodology for achieving such integrated sensor components. In particular, by modifying one end of retinal with a thiol linker, it is possible to chemically graft the retinal to gold surfaces. Therefore, since two-dimensional gold nanostructure arrays can be produced by depositing gold onto pit-patterned highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface or semiconductor substrates, this approach could be applied to achieve large-scale integration of bio-molecular devices. This paper will report on simulations of ground state and metastable state energies, along with the associated THz spectra of the retinal isomeric molecule connected to a gold atom via the link of a cysteine molecule. In addition to the retinal isomers, this paper also investigates another isomer trans- and cis- stilbene and presents results suggesting that stilbene may also be a good candidate for molecular electronics. Hence, this paper provides results for the THz spectral characteristics and required optical excitations for a novel type of bio-device for sensing.
Are Intra-Industry Investment Patterns Consistent with Cost Disadvantages to Cross-Border Investing? Evidence from the U.S. Chemical Industry

This paper tests whether the pattern of related and unrelated acquisitions is consistent with the existence of cost disadvantages to cross-border investing. Data from the U.S. chemical industry (1978–89) are consistent with the implications that foreign investors are more likely than domestic investors to make closely related acquisitions. The data also indicate that U.S. FTC antitrust policy affected the pattern of domestic acquisitions.
Mail surveys: A linear programming solution

Abstract A linear programming model is developed to allocate a budget for response inducements. Assuming a given initial sample size and a desired final sample size, the program is formulated to minimize the necessary expenditures. The process is tested and demonstrated using field data, and the implications and limitations of the results are discussed.
Management of Catheter-Related Infections in Pediatric Patients

Broviac catheters are commonly used to provide parenteral nutrition and access for infusion of blood products and drugs to pediatric patients. Sepsis is the most common serious complication of continued catheter use. Although removal of the catheter is generally recommended when it becomes contaminated, it may not be feasible to do so without compromising patient care. We evaluated the management of catheter-related infections in pediatric patients with and without removal of catheter. Seventy-seven episodes of catheter sepsis were evaluated in 61 pediatric patients; 24 were neonates and 37 were older children. The catheters were used for multiple purposes in 75% of cases. The most common microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus epidermidis in 26%, Klebsiella pneumoniae in 9%, and Streptococcus viridans in 8% of cases; other pathogens included group D Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated in four older children. Thirty-five patients were treated with antibiotics without catheter removal. Thirty patients received appropriate antibiotic therapy based on the susceptibility data. Twenty-six of these 30 patients responded within 5 days of therapy whereas the others required 15-39 days of treatment. Lack of response was mainly associated with the presence of abscess, immunocompromised status, and organisms P. aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Based on the sensitivity and minimum inhibitory concentration data, a combined regimen of gentamicin and vancomycin would be an effective initial therapy. These findings suggest that (1) catheter sepsis can be managed with appropriate antibiotics, and (2) when continued use of Broviac catheter is desired, a trial of antibiotic therapy should be attempted before catheter removal.
Biofeedback-assisted control of peripheral skin temperature: a methodological study.

To maximize the production and detection of training effects in biofeedback-assisted control of peripheral skin temperature, this study incorporated these methodological features: (a) differential feedback between dominant and nondominant hands, (b) monetary incentives, (c) within-subjects manipulation of training direction and multiple-training sessions, (d) graphic-based visual feedback, and (e) no-feedback self-control periods. Eight male subjects participated in eight sessions each consisting of adaptation (22 min.), bidirectional self-control (10 min.), and bidirectional feedback training (35 min.). Mean differential temperature changes were significantly different for increase and decrease conditions, but the magnitude of control did not change over sessions. Differential feedback control was of small magnitude and tended to be accomplished by decreasing both hands at different rates; self-control did not develop during the course of training. This methodology did not produce large-magnitude feedbac...
MiR-145 reduces ADAM17 expression and inhibits in vitro migration and invasion of glioma cells.

MicroRNAs are important regulators of gene expression and have been suggested to play a key role in tumorigenesis. In this study, we show that miR-145 is significantly downregulated in glioma cell lines compared to normal brain tissue and negatively regulates tumorigenesis. Restoration of miR-145 in glioma cells significantly reduced in vitro proliferation, migration and invasion. Also, overexpression of miR-145 reduced ADAM17 and EGFR expression. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the miR-145-mediated suppression of cell proliferation, migration and invasion is, at least in part, due to silencing of ADAM17 and EGFR gene expression. Using luciferase reporters carrying the 3′-untranslated region of ADAM17 combined with western blotting, we identified ADAM17 as a direct target of miR-145. Collectively, these results suggest that as a tumor suppressor, miR-145 inhibits not only tumor proliferation, but also cell migration and invasion, and warrants further investigation.
Using the web infrastructure to preserve web pages

To date, most of the focus regarding digital preservation has been on replicating copies of the resources to be preserved from the “living web” and placing them in an archive for controlled curation. Once inside an archive, the resources are subject to careful processes of refreshing (making additional copies to new media) and migrating (conversion to new formats and applications). For small numbers of resources of known value, this is a practical and worthwhile approach to digital preservation. However, due to the infrastructure costs (storage, networks, machines) and more importantly the human management costs, this approach is unsuitable for web scale preservation. The result is that difficult decisions need to be made as to what is saved and what is not saved. We provide an overview of our ongoing research projects that focus on using the “web infrastructure” to provide preservation capabilities for web pages and examine the overlap these approaches have with the field of information retrieval. The common characteristic of the projects is they creatively employ the web infrastructure to provide shallow but broad preservation capability for all web pages. These approaches are not intended to replace conventional archiving approaches, but rather they focus on providing at least some form of archival capability for the mass of web pages that may prove to have value in the future. We characterize the preservation approaches by the level of effort required by the web administrator: web sites are reconstructed from the caches of search engines (“lazy preservation”); lexical signatures are used to find the same or similar pages elsewhere on the web (“just-in-time preservation”); resources are pushed to other sites using NNTP newsgroups and SMTP email attachments (“shared infrastructure preservation”); and an Apache module is used to provide OAI-PMH access to MPEG-21 DIDL representations of web pages (“web server enhanced preservation”).