cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A laser velocimeter system for the Ames 40- by 80-foot and 80by 120-foot wind tunnels

A unique laser velocimeter has been developed that is capable of sensing two orthogonal velocity components from a variable remote distance of 2.6 to 10 m for use in the Ames 40- by 80-Foot and 80- by 120-Foot wind tunnels, as well as in the Ames Outdoor Aerodynamic Research Facility. The system hardware, positioning instrumentation, and data acquisition equipment are described in detail. System capabilities and limitations are discussed, and expressions for systematic and statistical accuracy are developed. Direct and coupled laboratory measurements of a turbulent swirling flow are compared with measurements taken with a laser velocimeter of higher spatial resolution. Sample measurements taken in the open-circuit exhaust flow of the 80- by 120-Foot Wind Tunnel 1/50-scale model are presented.
Determination of the stimuli for involuntary drifts and saccadic eye movements.

Eye movements during monocular fixation were photographically recorded using the contact lens mirror technique. Records were taken during normal viewing and during viewing with a stabilized retinal image. Flicker was used to produce various durations of disappearance of the fixated figure under both conditions. Characteristics of the drifts and saccadic components of the eye movements were compared under these conditions. It was found that, (1) the rate of drift is the same for all conditions, (2) there are many fewer saccades during stabilized than during normal viewing, and (3) the frequency of saccades is independent of the duration of disappearance for stabilized viewing. An analysis of the characteristics of saccadic movements showed that their probability of occurrence, direction, and magnitude are dependent upon the position of the retinal image on the retina. No comparable relationship was evident for the drifts of the eye. Eye movement records taken in the dark indicate that, in the absence of visual control, the eyes are incapable of maintaining their fixation. Proprioceptive feedback, therefore, does not appear to play an important part in the fine corrective movements that serve to maintain ordinary fixation. It is concluded that the primary stimulus condition for involuntary saccadic eye movements is displacement of the retinal image on the retina, and that drift is the result of an instability of the oculomotor system.
Recirculation of "B" lymphocytes in immunized rats.

THYMUS-derived, T lymphocytes and bursa-equivalent B lymphocytes cooperate in the initiation of the humoral antibody response of mammals to a variety of antigens1–5. The B cells are antibody-forming-cell precursors (AFCP) and the T cells are helper cells which serve to augment the antibody response produced by the precursor cells6. Mitchison and his colleagues4,5,7 have shown that the interaction between carrier and hapten-primed cells in the adoptive secondary antibody response to hapten-protein conjugates is an example of cooperation between T and B lymphocytes respectively.
Detection and identification of underwater objects in background noise ("acoustic daylight")

Supported by ONR, for the past two decades many researchers have been involved in 'imaging' underwater with background noise, 'Acoustic Daylight'. In the January 1996 issue of Scientific America, Dr. Buckingham and others published an article indicating that it is feasible to image underwater with background noise. Since then, many authors have published their successes in imaging underwater in Acoustic Daylight. In this paper, the author will discus his acoustic noise experiments in Kaneohe Bay with Dr. W. Au. The author presents his findings based on the theory of resonance and/or resonant scattering theory. Based on resonance technique, it appears that underwater targets can be detected and may be identified in background noise, Acoustic Daylight.
Behavioral Cusps: A Developmental and Pragmatic Concept for Behavior Analysis

Most concepts of development explain certain behavior changes as products or markers of the invariable succession of emerging periods, stages, refinements, or achievements that define and order much of an individual's life. A different but comparable concept can be derived from the most basic mechanisms of behavior analysis, which are its environmental contingencies, and from its most basic strategy, which is to study behavior as its subject matter. From a behavior-analytic perspective, the most fundamental developmental questions are (a) whether these contingencies vary in any systematic way across the life span, and thus make behavior change in a correspondingly systematic way; (b) whether some of these contingencies and their changes have more far-reaching consequences than others, in terms of the importance to the organism and others, of the behavior classes they change. Certain behavior changes open the door to especially broad or especially important further behavior change, leading to the concept of the behavioral cusp. A behavioral cusp, then, is any behavior change that brings the organism's behavior into contact with new contingencies that have even more far-reaching consequences. Of all the environmental contingencies that change or maintain behavior, those that accomplish cusps are developmental. Behavior change remains the fundamental phenomenon of development for a behavior-analytic view; a cusp is a special instance of behavior change, a change crucial to what can come next.
Understanding fluxes as media for directed synthesis: in situ local structure of molten potassium polysulfides.

Rational exploratory synthesis of new materials requires routes to discover novel phases and systematic methods to tailor their structures and properties. Synthetic reactions in molten fluxes have proven to be an excellent route to new inorganic materials because they promote diffusion and can serve as an additional reactant, but little is known about the mechanisms of compound formation, crystal precipitation, or behavior of fluxes themselves at conditions relevant to synthesis. In this study we examine the properties of a salt flux system that has proven extremely fertile for growth of new materials: the potassium polysulfides spanning K2S3 and K2S5, which melt between 302 and 206 °C. We present in situ Raman spectroscopy of melts between K2S3 and K2S5 and find strong coupling between n in K2Sn and the molten local structure, implying that the Sn2– chains in the crystalline state are mirrored in the melt. In any reactive flux system, K2Sn included, a signature of changing species in the melt implies tha...
Electroid-oriented adiabatic switching circuits

A dual-rail CMOS adiabatic switching circuit approach is described which follows the electroid model of Hall. These circuits can operate in either the retractile cascade or the reversible pipeline architectures. A novel adiabatic circuit technique for generating retractile cascade clock power signals from multiphase sinusoidal AC inputs is presented, along with experimental verification for a simplified version. Design optimization considerations and experimental results for a switched inductor power supply are also presented. Finally, the operation of a reversible adiabatic 4 bit ripple counter is described. Its operation is verified experimentally and its dissipation is compared with that of a voltage scaled conventional CMOS 4 bit ripple counter.
Microbial controls on phosphate and lanthanide distributions during granite weathering and soil formation

Abstract Both microbial and geochemical factors control the form, distribution, and abundance of lanthanides during weathering and soil formation in a profile in the Bemboka Granodiorite from southern New South Wales, Australia. During the initial stages of weathering, hydrous Ce-bearing lanthanide and lanthanide-aluminum phosphates (including rhabdophane and florencite) crystallize on etched apatite surfaces throughout the profile. However, their fate depends greatly on their location within the profile. In rocks weathered 5–6 m below the soil zone (the lower profile), secondary lanthanide phosphates persist long after all apatite has been dissolved. However, in rocks weathered within 2 m of the soil zone (the upper profile), secondary phosphates are dissolved and lanthanides other than Ce are removed. Bacteria and fungal hyphae are localized on secondary phosphate surfaces, suggesting that rhabdophane and florencite are solubilized in the upper profile due to organic complexation of dissolved lanthanides and/or uptake of phosphate by cells. In the soils (defined by loss of granitic texture), secondary phosphates are replaced by Ce-oxides. Lanthanides (other than Ce) removed in solution from the upper profile precipitate as Ce-poor phosphates in the lower profile when the solubility product is exceeded due to high dissolved phosphate concentrations in proximity to apatite. Thus, the upper profile is the source of lanthanides added to the lower profile. In both the lower and upper weathered granite, the degree to which weight-based Ce abundances increase with increasing weathering is consistent with Ce immobility on the centimeter scale. We attribute the very high weight-based Ce abundances (up to 12× concentrations in fresh rock) to extensive leaching and compaction during transformation of weathered rock to soil.
Stability of feasible predator-prey systems

ROBERTS1 added a new dimension to the stability analysis of model ecosystems—feasibility, the requirement that equilibrium densities of species be positive. Previous work2–4 studied the stability of randomly constructed interaction matrices, S, which represented ecological interactions in the neighbourhood of an assumed feasible equilibrium point.
Depth Imaging In Strongly Heterogeneous VTI Media

In this paper, we apply the one-way dual-domain wave propagators for the transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI) (Han and Wu, 2003a; Han and Wu, 2003b) to the imaging problem in such media. The one-way propagator is used to perform both 2-D poststack and prestack depth migration with a synthetic qP-wave field in complex VTI media. The propagator is derived from an approximate dispersion relation of a scalar qP-wave equation. It propagates in a homogeneous VTI background medium in the wavenumber domain and calculates the effect of velocity and anisotropy perturbations in the spatial-domain. This research includes testing the ability of the propagator for imaging a qP-wave field in media with strong anisotropy and complex structures, and the capability of the propagator for accurately propagating large angle waves. The effect of anisotropy on image quality is examined. The SEG/EAEG Salt model is modified from isotropic media to VTI media, while keeping its original velocity distribution and complex structures. Good quality images from both poststack imaging and prestack imaging support its validity and accuracy for imaging complex media with strong perturbations and strong anisotropy. When imaging the same anisotropic data, isotropic algorithms produce poor quality images with background artifacts, improperly focused energy and mispositioned reflectors, and may introduce false reflectors.
Transient dynamic response of solar diffusion driven desalination

Abstract The dynamic response for the solar diffusion driven desalination (DDD) process has been investigated. The heat and mass transfer within the direct contact evaporator is analyzed by one-dimensional conservation equations. The heat and mass transport models account for the transient variations within the packed bed due to time varying inlet water and air temperatures and humidity. The conservation equations are solved numerically using a finite difference scheme to predict water, air/vapor mixture and packed bed temperatures and humidity ratio within the evaporator and the condenser. The system dynamic response for the packed bed materials, wettability, and liquid hold-up, sudden increase–decrease in the inlet water temperature is investigated. It is found that the response time for the outlet water to reach the steady state temperature in the evaporator is shorter for lower liquid hold-ups. The response time is not sensitive to the packing material. Higher wettability does not affect the response time, but it does result in improved heat transfer with a higher exit air temperature and lower exit water temperature. The steady state temperature in the evaporator is not dependent on the heat capacity of the packing material, and liquid hold up. A delayed operating mode for the solar DDD is introduced to enhance the fresh water production rate. It is found that increasing the initial saline water temperature and decreasing the initial water volume in the seawater tank results in a higher fresh water production rate.
Development of specialization scales for the MSPI: A comparison of empirical and inductive strategies

Abstract An empirical measurement model for interest inventory construction uses internal criteria whereas an inductive measurement model uses external criteria. The empirical and inductive measurement models are compared and contrasted and then two models are assessed through tests of the effectiveness and economy of scales for the Medical Specialty Preference Inventory (Zimney, 1979). The empirical results clearly demonstrate the advantages of using an empirical model for occupational interest inventory construction, whether alone or in conjunction with an inductive model. Furthermore, the results indicated that the empirical model may be used to resolve the long-standing problems in constructing predictive inventories for specialty choice within an occupation.
Radular muscle myoglobin from the gastropod mollusc Polinices duplicatus say

1. 1. Radular muscle myoglobin from the gastropod mollusc Polinices duplicatus was isolated and found to be monomeric. 2. 2. The molecular weight of the myoglobin was estimated to be 14,500 by gel filtration chromatography, and about 13,000 by SDS-disc gel electrophoresis. 3. 3. The relationship between monomeric and dimeric prosobranch radular muscle myoglobins is briefly considered.
Heterogeneous within-herd variance. 1. Genetic parameters for first and second lactation milk yields of grade Holstein cows.

Abstract Genetic and environmental (co)variance components for 4% FCM yield were simultaneously estimated by REML for grade cows from herds stratified by within-herd SD for 305-d mature equivalent milk and time period. Data were lactation records from 299,441 daughters of 2489 AI bulls that calved for the first time from 1970 to 1985 in California, New York, or Texas. Sire and residual variance components for FCM increased with SD in all time periods and were slightly larger for second than for first lactations. Residual components were of uniform size across time periods within each SD class, but sire components were as much as 21% less for first lactations and 27% less for second lactations in the latter periods than in the earliest one. Heritabilities of first lactation FCM were largest (.154, .263, and .226 for low, medium, and high SD classes) in the earliest time period. Variance components for log-transformed records in each time period differed less than on the original scale, but both sire and residual components remained largest in the most variable herds. Genetic correlation coefficients between yields in first and second lactation were greater (.75 to .99) in all SD classes and time periods than phenotypic correlations (.40 to .61). Heterogeneous phenotypic variation for milk yield was attributed to genetic and environmental components. However, genetic variation only increased with environmental opportunity (variation).
Statistical inference for false positive and false negative error rates in mastery testing

This paper describes an asymptotic inferential procedure for the estimates of the false positive and false negative error rates. Formulas and tables are described for the computations of the standard errors. A simulation study indicates that the asymptotic standard errors may be used even with samples of 25 cases as long as the Kuder-Richardson Formula 21 reliability is reasonably large. Otherwise, a large sample would be required.
Does trophic structure dictate mercury concentrations in top predators? A comparative analysis of pelagic food webs in the Pacific Ocean

Abstract Large pelagic predators in the marine environment accumulate relative high levels of mercury (Hg), yet it is difficult to identify the ecological factors that control the fate and flow of contaminants in marine systems, in part due to the difficulty in experimenting with large, dynamic ecosystems. By comparing the eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and central north Pacific (CNP) pelagic food webs, we determined how differences in trophic pathways, versus differences in baseline Hg conditions, might translate into varying levels of Hg contamination in upper trophic levels. We developed coupled contaminant-trophic mass balance models to estimate Hg concentrations or Hg-elimination rates for species groups in each region finding generally higher Hg concentrations in the ETP model. Specifically we found Hg concentrations of yellowfin, skipjack, bigeye, and albacore tunas were two- to four-fold greater in the ETP than the CNP. These estimated differences reflected previous empirical observations of Hg concentrations in tunas across these regions. Regional differences in tuna Hg concentrations can be solely explained by differences in diets of tuna and their prey, although changes in Hg input at the base of the food web can strongly influence Hg concentrations in top predators as well. The coupled models allowed us to test hypotheses on the sources of Hg variation in top predators at a food web scale, incorporating the indirect effects of different food web structures into our regional Hg estimates. Our ability to draw firm conclusions regarding causal effects underlying known differences in Hg levels across ocean regions is restricted by data limitations that led to different assumptions made to construct the food web models.
Effect of dietary fats on blood cholesterol and lipid and the development of atherosclerosis in rabbits

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary fat on the development of atherosclerosis and changes in blood lipids in rabbits. Forty New Zealand White rabbits were divided into 5 groups and fed commercial rabbit chow with 0% oil (control), 2% corn oil, 2% fish oil, 2% oxidized oil, or 2% heated corn oil. Cholesterol (CHO, 1.5-g/kg diet) was added to all the experimental diets. The rabbits in the control and oxidized oil groups developed the highest scores for atherosclerotic lesions but those fed fish oil, corn oil, and the heated corn oil groups had the lowest lesion scores. Plasma triacylglycerol, total CHO, and low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein CHO levels ( P
Molar extinction coefficients and other properties of an improved reaction center preparation from Rhodopseudomonas viridis

Abstract Reaction centers have been purified from chromatophores of Rhodopseudomonas viridis by treatment with lauryl dimethyl amine oxide followed by hydroxyapatite chromatography and precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The absorption spectrum at low temperature shows bands at 531 and 543 nm, assigned to two molecules of bacteriopheophytin b. The 600 nm band of bacteriochlorophyll b is resolved at low temperature into components at 601 and 606.5 nm. At room temperature the light-induced difference spectrum shows a negative band centered at 615 nm, where the absorption spectrum shows only a weak shoulder adjacent to the 600 nm band. The fluorescence spectrum shows a band at 1000 nm and no fluorescence corresponding to the 830 nm absorption band. Two molecules of cytochrome 558 and three of cytochrome 552 accompany each reaction center. The differential extinction coefficient (reduced minus oxidized) of cytochrome 558 at 558 nm was estimated as 20 ± 2 mM−1 · cm−1 through a coupled reaction with equine cytochrome c. The extinction coefficient of reaction centers at 960 nm was determined to be 123 ± 25 mM−1 · cm−1 by measuring the light-induced bleaching of P-960 and the coupled oxidation of cytochrome 558. The corresponding extinction coefficient at 830 nm is 300 ± 65 mM−1 · cm−1. The absorbance ratio a 280 nm a 830 nm in our preparations was 2.1, and there was 190 kg protein per mol of reaction centers. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed three major components of apparent molecular weights 31 000, 37 000 and 41 000.
Successful Prophylaxis of Febrile Convulsions with Phenobarbital

SUMMARY 1 Sixty children with febrile convulsions under the age of 3 were maintained on prophylactic phenobarbital in a dose of 3–4 mg/kg given in divided dosage twice daily. Double the ordinary dose was given for the first 2 days to achieve a therapeutic serum concentration within a few days. The serum concentration was checked before discharge from the hospital and at intervals of 1–3 months for 6 months. 2 Among 27 children with a serum concentration habitually at or over 16 mg/1, 1 had a brief febrile convulsion within 6 months (serum concentration not determined at the time of the convulsion). When the serum concentration was habitually or at the time of the convulsion at or under 15 mg/1, the incidence of recurrences was the same as in an untreated group, 21 % within 6 months. 3 It did not prove difficult to persuade the mothers to give the medication faithfully. There were few complications: hypersensitive rash in 1, emotional instability in 1 and acute intoxication in 2. If a few simple precautions are observed, prophylactic medication with phenobarbital is harmless and is effective in preventing recurrences. RESUME 1 Soixante enfants, âges sous 3 ans et ayant des convulsions febriles, ont ete maintenus a un traitement prophylactique, avec du phenobarbital a des doses de 3–4 mg/kg par jour. Pendant les 2 premiers jours, on a donne le double de la dose habituelle pour obtenir en quelques jours une concentration therapeutique dans le serum. Les concentrations seriques ont ete controlees apres l'admission a l'hopital et a des intervalles de un a trois mois pendant une periode de 6 mois. 2 Chez les sujets dont la concentration serique habituelle ou au moment des convulsions etait inferieure a 15 mg/1, les crises se sont reproduites avec un pourcentage identique a celui d'un groupe non-traite, c'est-a-dire 21 % au cours d'une periode d'observation de 6 mois. Par contre, chez 27 enfants qui avaient une concentration serique habituelle egale ou superieure a 16 mg/1, 1 seulement a presente une convulsion febrile de breve duree en 6 mois (au moment de la convulsion, on n'a pas determine la concentration serique). 3 Il s'est avere qu'il n'est pas difficile de persuader les meres de donner le traitement de facon adequate. II y a eu peu de complications: un rash hyper-sensitif dans 1 cas, une instabiliteemotive dans un cas et une intoxication aigue dans 2 cas. Si on prend quelques precautions simples, le traitement prophylactique par phenobarbital est sans danger et efficace pour prevenir la reapparition des crises.
Spinal oxygenation, blood supply localization, cooling, and function with aortic clamping.

Abstract Similar to other methods of organ preservation, "spinoplegia" may protect the spinal cord from the effects of oxygen desaturation during aortic cross-clamping. In porcine experiments, spinal cord O 2 saturation was studied during intraoperative localization of the blood supply to the spinal cord using hydrogen; division of arteries not supplying the spinal cord; aortic cross-clamping for 60 minutes; and 60 minutes after unclamping. In 5 animals, 120 mL of cold saline solution with lidocaine (100 mg/dL) was infused into the aorta during aortic cross-clamping. During sequential localization, O 2 saturation dropped by 40.02% (standard deviation, 20.16%) for T-14 artery testing versus a decrease of 17.27% (standard deviation, 11.88%; p = 0.0075) for L-5 artery segment testing in the control animals and returned to baseline thereafter. During aortic cross-clamping maximal O 2 desaturation was 5% of baseline (15.7%; p p = 0.048 versus maximum) and then returned to baseline (97.1% of baseline ± 41%) with unclamping; 5 minutes later, hyperoxygenation occurred with a progressive decline thereafter (68% of baseline ± 29.3%; p = 0.025, 45 minutes after unclamping versus baseline). The decrease in spinal motor evoked potentials was significantly less ( p 2 saturation of the spinal cord fell by 56% (standard deviation, 29%; p = 0.0025) with aortic cross-clamping. We conclude that spinal cord ischemia occurs with aortic cross-clamping in both animals and humans. Preservation of hydrogen-localized arteries maintains oxygenation of the spinal cord and is accurate in both animals and humans. Segmental infusion of a "spinoplegia" prevented the loss of spinal motor evoked potentials. Further research may identify improved spinal cord preservation techniques, including "spinoplegia," and effective agents.
Cleavage of mammalian repetitive deoxyribonucleic acids by a mammalian site-specific endodeoxyribonuclease.

Abstract We probed the structure of mammalian repetitive DNAs with a site-specific mammalian endodeoxyribonuclease, which we recently identified, and which apparently represents a common enzyme activity among the mammals (McKenna et al. , 1981). With several of the DNAs (e.g. mouse satellite, guinea pig β-satellite, variable repeated spacer DNA from mouse ribosomal genes and primate alphoid sequences), the endonuclease activity gave highly specific cleavage patterns when the digestion products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis. These patterns were not always identical to those produced by microbial restriction enzymes. However, in other cases (e.g. bovid and caprid satellites and guinea pig α-satellite) the repetitive DNAs appeared to be degraded randomly. Thus, the mammalian enzyme reveals structural features of the repetitive sequences that are not rendered immediately obvious by microbial restriction enzyme analysis. Evidence from mapping data presented here suggests that the mammalian site-specific endonucleases are not sequence specific but have special affinity for imperfect or hyphenated palindromic sequences in repetitive DNAs and in other eukaryotic DNA sequences.
Epifaunal community structure and ammonium uptake compared for the invasive algae, Gracilaria salicornia and Acanthophora specifera, and the native alga, Padina thivyi

Abstract Macroalgae play an important role in coastal ecosystems by taking up nutrients from the water column and providing habitats and food for epifauna. Invasion of alien macroalgae can displace native macroalgae and cause habitat modification. This may result in changes in the capacity of the community to remove nutrients and the structure of epifaunal assemblages in the area. In Hawaii, the alien invasive macroalgae, Gracilaria salicornia and Acanthophora specifera have been the focus of removal projects in recent years, but little has been studied about their ecological impacts and functions. We investigated potential impacts of these invasive algae by comparing their capacity for ammonium uptake and their epifaunal community structure to those of the native alga Padina thivyi . The capacities of G. salicornia and P. thivyi to remove ammonium as individuals (per gram nitrogen in algae) were comparable. However, ammonium uptake as a community was, on average, higher in the invasive-dominated canopies than in the native-dominated canopies, probably due to a higher density (biomass per sediment surface area) of G. salicornia than P. thivyi . Invasive canopies harbored higher abundances and species richness of epifauna (per sediment surface area) than native canopies. Most of the numerically dominant epifauna in the present study were detritivores and were associated with G. salicornia . Amphipod grazers were the only numerically dominant taxon whose abundance was positively correlated with the biomass of P. thivyi . A. specifera had no apparent effects on epifaunal distributions. This study showed facilitative effects of G. salicornia , but the difference in the epifaunal community structure ( i.e. detritivores in the invasive canopies vs. herbivores in the native canopies) should be treated as a potential ecological concern and calls for further investigations of how nutrients taken up by these algal species are cycled in the food web.
Taking the Thrombin “Fork”

The proverb that probably best exemplifies my career in research is attributable to Yogi Berra (http://www.yogiberra.com/), ie, “when you come to a fork in the road … take it.” My career is a consequence of chance interactions with great mentors and talented students and the opportunities provided by a succession of ground-breaking improvements in technology.
Queens for a Day: Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and the Neoliberal Project

This paper moves beyond a conventional critique of gay stereotyping on Bravo's popular makeover show Queer Eye for the Straight Guy to consider how the show puts gay cultural expertise to work to reform a heterosexual masculinity that is compatible with the neoliberal moment. At issue are the newly public acknowledgement of gay taste and consumer expertise; the “crisis of masculinity” that requires that heterosexual men must now attend to their relationships, image, and domestic habitus; and the remaking of the straight guy as not only an improved romantic partner—the metrosexual—but a more flexible, employable worker. The author concludes by considering how camp deconstructs some of Queer Eye's most heteronormative aims, even while leaving its class and consumption rationales intact.
Hematopoietic toxicity of linoleic acid anilide: importance of aniline.

Abstract Hematopoietic Toxicity of Linoleic Acid Anilide: Importance of Aniline. Khan, M. F., Boor, P. J., Kaphalia, B. S., Alcock, N. W., and Ansari, G. A. S. (1995). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 25, 224-232. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of hydrolysis products of linoleic acid anilide (LAA), i.e., aniline aud linoleic acid (LA), in the toxicity to the hemopoietic system, especially to the spleen. To achieve this, the parent compound (LAA) and its putative hydrolysis products, i.e., aniline or linoleic acid (LA), were given to male SD rats at equimolar doses (0.7 mmol/ kg) in 0.25 ml mineral oil by gavage, daily, for 14 days. The controls received equal volumes of vehicle only. Five animals from each group were euthanized at Days 1, 7, and 28 following the last dose. At all time points, spleen weights increased in the LAA- and aniline-treated rats, but spleen to body weight ratios were increased only at Days 1 and 7 in these groups. No changes were observed in the LA-treated rats at any time point. RBC counts were decreased in the LAA and aniline groups at Days 1 and 7, whereas hemoglobin content was decreased by 20 and 13% in the LAA- and aniline-treated rats, respectively, only at Day 1. Methemoglobin content in the LAA and aniline groups also increased by 76 and 101%, respectively, at Day 1. Serum transaminases (AST and ALT) decreased in the LAA, aniline, and LA groups but the decreases were more consistent in the LA group. Serum IgA increased in the LAA and aniline groups only at Day 1. Splenic iron content was increased 381, 486, and 51% in the LAA-treated rats and 474, 491, and 58% in the anilinetreated rats at Days 1, 7, and 28, respectively. Histopathological changes were confined to the spleen. At Day 1, spleens of both LAA- and aniline-treated rats showed severe vascular congestion and heavy iron deposition. In both groups, vascular congestion diminished by Day 7 and then disappeared by Day 28, although iron deposition within red pulp sinusoids appeared to be unchanged through Day 28. A mild increase in splenic fibrous tissue, which included the capsule, was observed in both LAA and aniline groups at Day 28 only. The similarity in toxic responses of LAA and aniline supports the concept that LAA is hydrolyzed and released aniline is the putative toxin. Further, iron accumulation in the spleens could also contribute to the toxicity through iron-mediated free radical reactions.
Genome-wide mutagenesis of Zea mays L. using RescueMu transposons

Derived from the maize Mu1 transposon, RescueMu provides strategies for maize gene discovery and mutant phenotypic analysis. 9.92 Mb of gene-enriched sequences next to RescueMu insertion sites were co-assembled with expressed sequence tags and analyzed. Multiple plasmid recoveries identified probable germinal insertions and screening of RescueMu plasmid libraries identified plants containing probable germinal insertions. Although frequently recovered parental insertions and insertion hotspots reduce the efficiency of gene discovery per plasmid, RescueMu targets a large variety of genes and produces knockout mutants.
Cross-layer rate control for end-to-end proportional fairness in wireless networks with random access

In this paper, we address the rate control problem in a multi-hop random access wireless network, with the objective of achieving proportional fairness amongst the end-to-end sessions. The problem is considered in the framework of nonlinear optimization. Compared to its counterpart in a wired network where link capacities are assumed to be fixed, rate control in a multi-hop random access network is much more complex and requires joint optimization at both the transport layer and the link layer. This is due to the fact that the attainable throughput on each link in the network is `elastic' and is typically a non-convex and non-separable function of the transmission attempt rates. Two cross-layer algorithms, a dual based algorithm and a primal based algorithm, are proposed in this paper to solve the rate control problem in a multi-hop random access network. Both algorithms can be implemented in a distributed manner, and work at the link layer to adjust link attempt probabilities and at the transport layer to adjust session rates. We prove rigorously that the two proposed algorithms converge to the globally optimal solutions. Simulation results are provided to support our conclusions.
Anxiety overrides the blocking effects of high perceptual load on amygdala reactivity to threat-related distractors

Amygdala reactivity to threat-related distractor stimuli can be abolished in perceptually demanding contexts. Premised on the biological imperative to respond swiftly to threat, we demonstrate, however, that when participants are threatened by shock, greater amygdala responses to fearful compared to neutral distractor faces is preserved under conditions of high attentional demand. Lateral prefrontal cortices also showed selective responding to fearful distractor faces under these conditions, suggesting that threat-related distractor stimuli engaged attentional control mechanisms. We conclude that anxiety elicited by looming threat promotes neurocognitive processes that broaden attention and enhance sensitivity to potential danger cues, even when perceptual systems are taxed.
Interlaced crystals having a perfect Bravais lattice and complex chemical order revealed by real-space crystallography.

Ternary nanoparticles have shown uses in areas such as thermoelectric devices. Here, the authors synthesise such nanoparticles and observe a crystalline ordering consisting of a global Bravais lattice, wherein the cation sublattice displays a range of interlaced chemical ordering.
Stress and Resilience: The Social Context of Reproduction in Central Harlem

Stress and Resilience: The Social Context of Reproduction in Central Harlem. Leith Mullings and Alaka Wali. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001. 210 pp., tables, appendix, references, index.
Fast waveguide mode computation using wavelet-like basis functions

The use of wavelet-like basis functions for solving electromagnetics problems is demonstrated. In particular, the modes of an arbitrarily shaped hollow metallic waveguide are found, using a surface-integral-equation/method-of-moments (MOM) formulation. A class of wavelet-like basis functions is used to produce a sparse MOM impedance matrix, allowing the use of sparse matrix methods for fast solution of the problem. The same method applies directly to the external scattering problem. For the examples considered, the wavelet-domain impedance matrix has about 20% nonzero elements, and the time required to compute its LU factorization is reduced by approximately a factor of 10 compared to that for the original full matrix. >
Real options valuation

Managerial flexibility has value. The ability of their managers to make smart decisions in the face of volatile market and technological conditions is essential for firms in any competitive industry. This advanced tutorial describes the use of Monte Carlo simulation and stochastic optimization for the valuation of real options that arise from the abilities of managers to influence the cash flows of the projects under their control. Option pricing theory supplements discounted cash flow methods of valuation by considering managerial flexibility. Managers' options to take actions that affect real investment projects are comparable to options on the sale or purchase of financial assets. Just as a financial option derives much of its value from the potential price movements of the underlying financial asset, a real option derives much of its value from the potential fluctuations of the cash flows generating the value of the investment project.
The economics of marriage in North Africa

Marriage is the single most important economic transaction and social transition in the lives of young people. Yet little is known about the economics of marriage in much of the developing world. This paper examines the economics of marriage in North Africa, where asymmetric rights in marriage create incentives for extensive up-front bargaining and detailed marriage contracts. As well as describing the limited literature on the economics of marriage in North Africa, this paper draws on economic theories of the marriage market and game-theoretic approaches to bargaining to propose a unifying framework for the economics of marriage in North Africa. New empirical evidence is presented on the economics of marriage in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, illustrating how individualsâ€™ characteristics and ability to pay shape bargaining power and marriage outcomes, including age at marriage, marriage, costs, consanguinity, and nuclear residence.
Rietveld refinement and ab initio calculations of a C14-like Laves phase in Ti-Zr-Ni

Ternary Ti-Zr-Ni alloys form icosahedral and other complex phases near the composition Ti 41.5 Zr 41.5 Ni 17 . Among these is a C14-like Laves phase, u -(Ti-Zr-Ni), which forms at a composition Ti 37 Zr 33 Ni 30 . The crystal structure of this phase is determined by a Rietveld analysis. Ab initio calculations are used to confirm the structural details and to investigate the energetic stability of the structure. We show that u -(Ti-Zr-Ni) is a high-temperature phase, with a MgZn 2 -type structure with Zr occupying primarily the Mg sites and Ti and Ni randomly occupying the Zn sites.
Motoring down the microvilli. Focus on "PTH-induced internalization of apical membrane NaPi2a: role of actin and myosin VI".

the kidneys filter 120 ml/min at the renal glomeruli, and two thirds of this ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. To accomplish this high rate of reabsorption, the proximal tubule has a tall brush border formed by densely packed microvilli each with a core of actin filaments bundled
GLOBAL WARMING AND TROPICAL LAND-USE CHANGE: GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM BIOMASS BURNING, DECOMPOSITION AND SOILS IN FOREST CONVERSION, SHIFTING CULTIVATION AND SECONDARY VEGETATION

Tropical forest conversion, shifting cultivation and clearing of secondary vegetation make significant contributions to global emissions of greenhouse gases today, and have the potential for large additional emissions in future decades. Globally, an estimated 3:1 10 9 t of biomass carbon of these types is exposed to burning annually, of which 1:1 10 9 t is emitted to the atmosphere through combustion and 49 10 6 t is converted to charcoal (including 26-31 10 6 t C of black carbon). The amount of biomass exposed to burning includes aboveground remains that failed to burn or decom- pose from clearing in previous years, and therefore exceeds the 1:9 10 9 t of aboveground biomass carbon cleared on average each year. Above- and belowground carbon emitted annually through decomposition processes totals 2:1 10 9 t C. A total gross emission (including decomposition of unburned aboveground biomass and of belowground biomass) of 3:41 10 9 t C year 1 results from clearing primary (nonfallow) and secondary (fallow) vegetation in the tropics. Adjustment for trace gas emissions using IPCC Second Assessment Report 100-year integration global warming potentials makes this equivalent to 3:39 10 9 to f CO 2-equivalent carbon under a low trace gas scenario and 3:8310 9 t under a high trace gas scenario. Of these totals, 1:0610 9 t (31%) is the result of biomass burning under the low trace gas scenario and 1:50 10 9 t (39%) under the high trace gas scenario. The net emissions from all clearing of natural vegetation and of secondary forests (including both biomass and soil fluxes) is 2:0 10 9 t C, equivalent to 2.0-2:4 10 9 to f CO 2-equivalent carbon. Adding emissions of 0:4 10 9 t C from land-use category changes other than deforestation brings the total for land-use change (not considering uptake of intact forest, recurrent burning of savannas or fires in intact forests) to 2 :4 10 9 t C, equivalent to 2.4-2:9 10 9 to f CO 2-equivalent carbon. The total net emission of carbon from the tropical land uses considered here (2:4 10 9 t C year 1 ) calculated for the 1981-1990 period is 50% higher than the 1:6 10 9 t C year 1 value used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The inferred (D 'missing') sink in the global carbon budget is larger than previously thought. However, about half of the additional source suggested here may be offset by a possible sink in uptake by Amazonian forests. Both alterations indicate that continued deforestation would produce greater impact on global carbon emissions. The total net emission of carbon calculated here indicates a major global warming impact from tropical land uses, equivalent to approximately 29% of the total anthropogenic emission from fossil fuels and land-use change.
162 Prediction of Events in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Application of the Seattle Heart Failure Model to the MEDAMACs Population

enrolled NYHA class III/IV HF patients who were not listed for transplant, were not requiring inotropes, had an LVEF 30% and either had 2 HF hospitalizations in 12 mos or 1 HF hospitalization and 1 high-risk clinical feature. Results: Mean age was 57 yrs and LVEF was 17%. The distribution of IM profiles 4, 5, 6 and 7 was 23%, 31%, 34% and 12%, respectively. A majority described limitations with 4 of 5 health state dimensions: mobility (75%), usual activities (80%), pain/discomfort (62%), and anxiety/depression (64%). The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 52 21, which was in-line with previously reported trends (Figure). The mean EQ-5D index score was 0.67 0.19. The EQ-5D index score significantly increased across increasing IM profiles (p 0.01). Diabetes, lower IM profiles, and unemployment status were independently associated with a lower EQ-5D index score (p 0.01) after adjusting for traditional covariates (age 60, male, white, ischemic, and creatinine 1.6) and other covariates that were significant on univariate analysis. Conclusions: Patients with INTERMACS profile 4-7 heart failure have significantly reduced QOL. Lower INTERMACS profiles, diabetes, and unemployment status were independently associated with a worse health state as determined by the EQ-5D index score. This data may be helpful when determining whether LVADs can be beneficial earlier in the spectrum of advanced heart failure.
Use of TOF-SIMS for the analysis of surface metals in H2O2-bleached lignocellulosic fibers

Oxidation of cellulose, caused by metal-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposi- tion, is one of the main potential reactions that can occur during the alkaline peroxide bleach- ing of pulp. This oxidation decreases the individual fiber strength and thus the sheet strength. The bleaching reaction should be controlled to limit cellulose degradation. The goal of this project was to characterize the fiber surface metal distribution using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) on laboratory-generated hydrogen peroxide-bleached pulps. For this study, a single black spruce was chosen and kraft pulped. Peroxide bleaching was conducted via benchtop polyethylene bag bleaching in a temperature-controlled water- bath. The overall metals content was determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), whereas the surface metals were determined with TOF-SIMS. Many fundamental approach- es to study metal identity and content in fibers have been undertaken, including ICP, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), X-ray fluorescence, and UV-vis. None of these methods can provide the localized density distribution and metal-mapping ability that is available through TOF-SIMS. It has spectacular imaging capabilities that were exploited for evaluating metals on the fiber sheets used in this work. The samples were subjected to other sheet and fiber testing. Tests conducted on select samples included brightness and viscosity. Factors in this experiment included metal addi- tion, chelation, and peroxide charge.
Verbal abuse and physical violence among a cohort of low-income pregnant women

We report on the occurrence of verbal abuse and physical violence during pregnancy for 358 low-income women. Overall, 65% of the women in our study experienced either verbal abuse or physical violence during their pregnancies. Twenty percent of the women in our sample experienced moderate or severe violence. Perpetrators, although primarily male partners, included family members and friends. These rates varied by age, with younger women experiencing significantly higher rates of verbal abuse and physical violence. There was no association between verbal abuse or physical violence and birth weight or gestational age. Prenatal care may be one of the only opportunities that women, and especially disadvantaged women, may have to get proper assistance with domestic violence. We conclude that enhanced screening, counseling, and referral by obstetricians and other health care providers are some of the immediate activities that could be implemented in prenatal care settings to address the compelling problems of violence during pregnancy.
Report of Committee on Underground Waters, 1940–41

The membership of the Committee during the past year has continued as it was a year ago [see Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, p. 433, 1940]. During a large part of the year, particularly during the last few months, many of the members of the Committee have been engaged in activities more or less closely related to defense. As a consequence it has been necessary to omit or postpone some research studies that might otherwise have been carried on, and the following report is briefer than usual.
A Comparison of Cognitive Heuristics Use between Engineers and Industrial Designers

The present study focuses on an exploration and identification of design heuristics used in the ideation process in both industrial designers and engineering designers. Design heuristics are cognitive strategies that help the designer generate novel design concepts. These cognitive heuristics may differ based on the design problem, the context defined, and designers’ preferences.
The Tensor Description of Euclidean Spaces

Armed with the tensor notation introduced in Chap. 4, we present a differential description of Euclidean spaces in tensor terms. The objects presented here are of great importance in the coordinate-based description of space and play a central role in the remainder of this book.