cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovering peptide ligands using epitope libraries

Epitope libraries are large collections of peptides. Each peptide is displayed on the surface of a bacteriophage particle and is encoded by a randomly mutated region of the phage genome, thus associating each unique peptide with the DNA molecule encoding it. Antibodies and other binding proteins are used to select specifically for rare, phage-bearing peptide ligands; sequencing of the corresponding viral DNA will reveal their amino acid sequences. Relatively high-affinity peptides for a variety of peptide- and non-peptide-binding ligates have been affinity-isolated from epitope libraries. This technology has been used to map epitopes on proteins and to find peptide mimics for non-peptide-binding ligates. The current challenge lies in developing epitope library technology so that tight-binding peptide ligands can be detected for a wider variety of ligates, including those that recognize folded proteins. Should this be accomplished, many powerful applications can be envisioned in the areas of drug design and the development of diagnostic markers and vaccines.
Estimating and scaling stream ecosystem metabolism along channels with heterogeneous substrate

Measured diurnal curves of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration have been used to estimate the gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (R), and net ecosystem production (NP) of aquatic communities. Open-system one-station and two-station methods have been employed to estimate the rate of NP, R, and GPP. We conducted field measurements in Minnehaha Creek, MN (44o56'N, 93o28'W), to quantify the spatial and temporal variabilities of DO concentrations and, consequently, evaluated the estimates of NP. Dimensionless analysis of DO mass balance revealed the dominance of local photosynthesis over respiration, advection, re-aeration, and dispersion along the studied reach. Two alternative estimation methods of stream metabolism provided similar estimates of NP with 0.65 > kaTa > 0.17 within the studied reach where ka is the re-aeration rate and Ta is the water parcel average travel time. The spatial variability of DO change along the creek revealed an average length scale of 10 m over which DO exhibited significant autocorrelation. The autotrophic–heterotrophic balance, quantified by GPP to R ratio, scaled with local stream geomorphic and hydraulic conditions from diverse geographic areas, providing useful predictive relationships expressed in terms of easily measurable abiotic parameters. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confronting Observations and Modeling: The Role of the Interstellar Magnetic Field in Voyager 1 and 2 Asymmetries

Magnetic effects are ubiquitous and known to be crucial in space physics and astrophysical media. We have now the opportunity to probe these effects in the outer heliosphere with the two spacecraft Voyager 1 and 2. Voyager 1 crossed, in December 2004, the termination shock and is now in the heliosheath. On August 30, 2007 Voyager 2 crossed the termination shock, providing us for the first time in-situ measurements of the subsonic solar wind in the heliosheath. With the recent in-situ data from Voyager 1 and 2 the numerical models are forced to confront their models with observational data. Our recent results indicate that magnetic effects, in particular the interstellar magnetic field, are very important in the interaction between the solar system and the interstellar medium. We summarize here our recent work that shows that the interstellar magnetic field affects the symmetry of the heliosphere that can be detected by different measurements. We combined radio emission and energetic particle streaming measurements from Voyager 1 and 2 with extensive state-of-the art 3D MHD modeling, to constrain the direction of the local interstellar magnetic field. The orientation derived is a plane ∼60°–90° from the galactic plane. This indicates that the field orientation differs from that of a larger scale interstellar magnetic field, thought to parallel the galactic plane. Although it may take 7–12 years for Voyager 2 to leave the heliosheath and enter the pristine interstellar medium, the subsonic flows are immediately sensitive to the shape of the heliopause. The flows measured by Voyager 2 in the heliosheath indicate that the heliopause is being distorted by local interstellar magnetic field with the same orientation as derived previously. As a result of the interstellar magnetic field the solar system is asymmetric being pushed in the southern direction. The presence of hydrogen atoms tend to symmetrize the solutions. We show that with a strong interstellar magnetic field with our most current model that includes hydrogen atoms, the asymmetries are recovered. It remains a challenge for future works with a more complete model, to explain all the observed asymmetries by V1 and V2. We comment on these results and implications of other factors not included in our present model.
New Hardware Architectures for Montgomery Modular Multiplication Algorithm

Montgomery modular multiplication is one of the fundamental operations used in cryptographic algorithms, such as RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptosystems. At CHES 1999, Tenca and Koc proposed the Multiple-Word Radix-2 Montgomery Multiplication (MWR2MM) algorithm and introduced a now-classic architecture for implementing Montgomery multiplication in hardware. With parameters optimized for minimum latency, this architecture performs a single Montgomery multiplication in approximately 2n clock cycles, where n is the size of operands in bits. In this paper, we propose two new hardware architectures that are able to perform the same operation in approximately n clock cycles with almost the same clock period. These two architectures are based on precomputing partial results using two possible assumptions regarding the most significant bit of the previous word. These two architectures outperform the original architecture of Tenca and Koc in terms of the product latency times area by 23 and 50 percent, respectively, for several most common operand sizes used in cryptography. The architecture in radix-2 can be extended to the case of radix-4, while preserving a factor of two speedup over the corresponding radix-4 design by Tenca, Todorov, and Koc from CHES 2001. Our optimization has been verified by modeling it using Verilog-HDL, implementing it on Xilinx Virtex-II 6000 FPGA, and experimentally testing it using SRC-6 reconfigurable computer.
The non-concurrent multiple baseline across-individuals design: An extension of the traditional multiple baseline design☆

Abstract This methodological note argues that the multiple baseline across-individuals design can be usefully subdivided into two separate designs—concurrent and non-concurrent designs. The non-concurrent design, unlike the more traditional concurrent design, involves the observation of different individuals at different times. Procedural characteristics of the design are described, and its practical and theoretical advantages for applied researchers are delineated.
Distinct Regions of the Periaqueductal Gray Are Involved in the Acquisition and Expression of Defensive Responses

In fear conditioning, a rat is placed in a distinct environment and delivered footshock. The response to the footshock itself is called an activity burst and includes running, jumping, and vocalization. The fear conditioned to the distinct environment by the footshock elicits complete immobility termed freezing. Lesions of the ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) strongly attenuate freezing. However, lesions of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) increase the amount of freezing seen to conditional fear cues acquired under conditions in which intact rats do not demonstrate much fear conditioning. To examine the necessity of these regions in the acquisition and expression of fear, we performed five experiments that examined the effects of electrolytic lesions of the dlPAG and the vPAG in learned and unlearned fear. In experiment 1, lesions of the vPAG strongly attenuated, whereas lesions of the dlPAG enhanced, unconditional freezing to a cat. In experiment 2, lesions of the dlPAG made before but not after training enhanced the amount of freezing shown to conditional fear cues acquired via immediate footshock delivery. In experiment 3, vPAG lesions made either before or after training with footshock decreased the level of freezing to conditional fear cues. Neither dlPAG lesions nor vPAG lesions affected footshock sensitivity (experiment 4) or consumption on a conditioned taste aversion test that does not elicit antipredator responses (experiment 5). On the basis of these results, it is proposed that activation of the dlPAG produces inhibition of the vPAG and forebrain structures involved with defense. In contrast, the vPAG seems to be necessary for postencounter freezing defensive behavior.
Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding a "63"-kDa calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase from bovine brain.

Partially degenerate oligonucleotides based on peptide sequence were used to isolate cDNA to a 63-kDa bovine brain calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase (CaM-PDE) isozyme. A 412-base pair polymerase chain reaction fragment was obtained and used along with the oligonucleotides to isolate several cDNAs each encoding sequence identical to known peptide sequences from the 63-kDa CaM-PDE. The largest cDNA contained a full-length open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 534 amino acid, 61,005-dalton protein. It had 69% amino acid identity to the 61-kDa bovine brain CaM-PDE and included a carboxyl-terminal conserved domain containing the PDE catalytic domain consensus sequences. The NHz-terminal region fits the criteria for a calmodulin-binding domain. When its expression was driven by a cytomegalogvirus promoter on a pCDM8 vector in COS-7 cells, the cDNA encoded a catalytically active, calmodulin-stimulated PDE. Northern analysis of RNA from several tissues with a probe containing much of the conserved PDE catalytic domain showed only a single band of 4.0 kilobases. Hybridization was seen in mRNA from several regions of the central nervous system with the greatest signal in basal ganglia. Strong signals also were seen in other tissues including kidney papilla and adrenal medulla. Antisense RNA probes were used in RNaseprotection assays to look for evidence of multiple 63kDa CaM-PDE transcripts. A catalytic domain probe was fully protected by RNA from cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, adrenal medulla, and kidney papilla. However, a probe to the NHzterminal region was fully protected only by brain and adrenal medullary RNA indicating the likelihood of one or more isozyme(s) divergent in this region in the kidney papilla.
On the selection of on-chip inductors for the optimal VCO design

The selection of on-chip inductors is crucial to the design of low phase noise voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs). In this paper, we study the effect of substrate on the inductor selection criterion for the VCO circuit and resolve the long lasting argument among circuit designers about whether large or small inductors should be used to reduce the phase noise of VCOs. Several substrate types including CMOS, SOI, and substrates with patterned ground shields (PGSs) are compared, and we demonstrate that the substrate resistivity plays a key role in determining the selection criterion of the optimal on-chip inductors for VCO design.
INVERSE BIOMEDICAL IMAGING USING SEPARATELY ADAPTED MESHES FOR PARAMETERS AND FORWARD MODEL VARIABLES

Many important existing and upcoming biomedical imaging modalities lead to nonlinear relationships between state variables from which measurements result and the tissue properties one would like to reconstruct, and typically involve partial differential equations. For such cases, exact reconstruction formulas are rarely known and their solution requires numerical techniques such as the finite element method that approximates all involved variables on a mesh. Traditionally, the same mesh is used for all involved variables. In this contribution, we argue that this is inappropriate and meshes should be chosen independently of each other for the various variables involved. We support this claim through a numerical experiment
A Positive Psychology That Matters

The Major Contribution intended to situate positive psychology in counseling psychology's past and future and in the complex world we live and work in today. The four reactions (Frazier, Lee,& Steger; Gerstein; Linley; Mollen, Ethington,& Ridley) provide new insights into how counseling psychology has and will contribute to the study of human strengths and positive outcomes. In this rejoinder, the authors attempt to build on their colleagues'ideas and call for socially significant strength-based research and practice. A “positive psychology that matters” will address societal problems and will potentially help people capitalize on their strengths and lead more satisfying and meaningful lives.
Design of a highly specific and noninvasive biosensor suitable for real-time in vivo imaging of mercury (II) uptake.

Mercury is a ubiquitous pollutant that when absorbed is extremely toxic to a wide variety of biochemical processes. Mercury (II) is a strong, “invisible” poison that is rapidly absorbed by tissues of the intestinal tract, kidneys, and liver upon ingestion. In this study, a novel fluorescence-based biosensor is presented that allows for the direct monitoring of the uptake and distribution of the metal under noninvasive in vivo conditions. With the introduction of a cysteine residue at position 205, located in close proximity to the chromophore, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria was converted into a highly specific biosensor for this metal ion. The mutant protein exhibits a dramatic absorbance and fluorescence change upon mercuration at neutral pH. Absorbance and fluorescence properties with respect to the metal concentration exhibit sigmoidal binding behavior with a detection limit in the low nanomolar range. Time-resolved binding studies indicate rapid subsecond binding of the metal to the protein. The crystal structures obtained of mutant eGFP205C indicate a possible access route of the metal into the core of the protein. To our knowledge, this engineered protein is a first example of a biosensor that allows for noninvasive and real-time imaging of mercury uptake in a living cell. A major advantage is that its expression can be genetically controlled in many organisms to enable unprecedented studies of tissue specific mercury uptake.
New Records of Three Non-Native Darkling Beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Established in California and Nevada, USA

Recent California collection records for three adventive species of soil-dwelling darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) are provided, with observational notes on habitats and spread. Gonocephalum sericeum (Baudi), a widespread, synanthropic species in northern Africa and Middle East, is reported from the Western Hemisphere for the first time. The species is illustrated and diagnosed, and the genus is incorporated into a key to North American Opatrini. Gondwanocrypticus platensis (Fairmaire), a South American species of Crypticini often associated with nest debris of imported fire ants, has spread widely in southern California. Opatroides punctulatus Brulle, first discovered in the Sacramento area in 2003–2008, has recently been found in abundance in and around Reno, Nevada and is spreading to new California counties. All three species are thought to be facultative opportunistic ant associates in disturbed habitats.
Symmetry Factors for Differential Equations

(3) a2(x)f'(X) + (a"2(x) a,(x))f(x) = 0. Likewise, it is a familiar fact ([2, p. 45], [4]) that an odd order differential equation with real coefficients cannot be formally self adjoint. However, the answer to the following is less well known: can a differential equation of order 2n (n >? 2), with real coefficients, be made formally self adjoint by multiplying it by a suitable function f(x)? If so, how does one find this f(x)? It is the purpose of this article to answer these questions.
Relationship Quality Among Cohabiting Versus Married Couples

Using data from the nationally representative 2010 Married and Cohabiting Couples Survey of different-sex cohabiting and married couples, we compared the relationship quality of today’s cohabitors and marrieds. Consistent with diffusion theory and recent conceptual work on the deinstitutionalization of marriage, we found that the relationship between union type and relationship quality is now bifurcated with direct marrieds reporting the highest relationship quality and cohabitors without marriage plans reporting the lowest marital quality. In the middle were the two largest groups: marrieds who premaritally cohabited and cohabitors with plans to marry. These two groups did not differ in terms of relationship quality. This study adds to the growing literature indicating that the role of cohabitation in the family life course is changing in the contemporary context.
Detection of Bromine by ICP-oa-ToF-MS Following Photochemical Vapor Generation

A unique flow-through photochemical reactor is utilized for the generation of volatile methyl bromide from aqueous solutions of bromide and bromate ions in a medium of 2% acetic acid containing 3000 μg/mL NH4Cl. The volatile product is transported to a thin-film gas–liquid phase separator and directed to an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) tine-of-flight mass spectrometer for detection and quantitation using either of the 79Br or 81Br isotopes. Utilizing a sample flow rate of 3.3 mL/min and a 13 s irradiation time, a detection limit of 0.14 ng/mL is achieved, yielding a 17-fold enhancement over conventional solution nebulization. The estimated generation efficiency of 95% provides for a significant increase in analyte transport efficiency to the ICP. Precision of replicate measurement is 2.5% (RSD) at 20 ng/mL. The methodology was validated by successful determination of bromine in reference materials, including IRMM (BCR-611) low level bromide in groundwater, NIST SRM 1568b Rice Flour, and SRM 1632 bitum...
What are Eigen-Werte?

(1943). What are Eigen-Werte? The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 279-287.
What Is Severe Aortic Stenosis and Why Do People Die From It

A 63-year-old man notes that his exercise tolerance has diminished over the past year and that he is limited to climbing 1 flight of stairs, reduced from 2 flights previously. His physical examination reveals a late peaking systolic ejection murmur, and his carotid upstrokes are delayed.
Bifurcation analysis of nonlinear retinal horizontal cell models. II. Network properties.

1. We have previously presented a model of horizontal-cell soma isolated from fish retina. The model consists of a synaptic conductance representing input from photoreceptors in parallel with voltage-dependent membrane currents. Membrane-current models are based on I-V curves measured in isolated fish horizontal cells. Bifurcation theory was used to analyze model properties. The major findings of this study were 1) the inward Ca2+ current must be inactivated to account for horizontal-cell resting potentials and hyperpolarizing responses to light stimuli in a background of dark, and 2) the synaptic conductance controls the bifurcation structure of the model, with bistable behavior occurring at small and monostable behavior occurring at larger values of the synaptic conductance. The synaptic conductance at the point of transition from bistable to monostable behavior corresponds to the activation of as few as 100 synaptic channels. Thus tonic synaptic input from photoreceptors and inactivation of the inward ...
Communication and cooling aware job allocation in data centers for communication-intensive workloads

Energy consumption is an increasingly important concern in data centers. Today, nearly half of the energy in data centers is consumed by the cooling infrastructure. Existing policies on thermally-aware workload allocation do not consider applications that include many tasks (or threads) running on a large set of nodes with significant communication among the tasks. Such jobs, however, constitute most of the cycles in high performance computing (HPC) domain, and have started to appear in other data centers as well. Job allocation strongly affects the performance of such communication-intensive applications. Communication-aware job allocation methods exist, but they focus solely on performance and do not consider cooling energy. This paper proposes a novel job allocation methodology to jointly minimize communication cost and cooling energy consumption in data centers. We formulate and solve the joint optimization problem using binary quadratic programming. Our joint optimization algorithm reduces cooling energy by 16.4 % on average with only a 2.66 % average increase in application running time compared to solely performance-aware allocations. To further optimize the communication cost, we develop a Charm++ based framework that extracts the communication behavior of applications. We then integrate our job allocation policy with recursive coordinate bisection (RCB) based task mapping method to place highly-communicating tasks in close proximity. Experimental results show that task mapping further decreases the communication cost by up to 20.9 % compared to assuming all-to-all communication, a popular assumption in much of the prior work. We jointly optimize the cooling and communication costs via job allocation.Our joint allocation strategy saves 16.4% cooling energy on average.We design a framework to extract the communication patterns of HPC applications.Combining joint allocation with task mapping reduces communication costs by 20.9%.
Tidal volume measurement error in pressure control modes of mechanical ventilation

Tidal volume (VT) measurement during pressure control (PC) ventilation with preset inspiratory time may produce errors due to patient inspiratory effort. We evaluated VT error in 3 common ICU ventilators. MethodsSimulated patient: 60kg adult with ARDS using IngMar Medical ASL 5000 having moderate inspiratory effort. Ventilators evaluated: Covidien PB 840, Maquet Servo-i, and Drager Evita XL, PC breaths at preset inspiratory time (TI) 0.6-1.4s. VT error was defined as ventilator displayed VT minus the simulator displayed VT (mL/kg or % of true). ResultsRelaxation of inspiratory effort caused flow reversal (exhalation) during TI, which led to VT error. For the PB 840, VT error was proportional to TI (maximum -2.0mL/kg, -19%). For the Servo-i, VT error was not related to TI (maximum error -0.2mL/kg or -1.2%). Volume error for Evita XL was not related to TI (maximum error was -0.7mL/kg or -6%). ConclusionsCalculation of VT as the integral of flow over the preset inspiratory time rather than the period between zero crossings of flow may result in underestimation of both inhaled and exhaled volumes. The size of VT error can be large enough to potentially affect patient outcomes on some ventilators. Some pressure control modes allow exhalation during the preset inspiratory time.Exhalation during the inspiratory period can lead to error calculating tidal volume.Tidal volume calculation error can be large enough to affect patient outcomes.
Essential lessons of gerontology and geriatrics.

BACKGROUND As clinicians, adult children of aging parents, taxpayers, and future retirees, optometrists have multiple reasons for wanting to know more about aging and for wanting to communicate better with older people. METHODS Fundamental principles emerging from gerontological and geriatrics research are reviewed. Suggestions are offered for improving clinical approaches and practice settings. RESULTS Population heterogeneity is the rule with aging due to sociocultural as well as biophysiological changes. Follow through with treatment regimens depends on the availability of financial and human resources and on what else is going on with the older patient at the time. CONCLUSIONS Diseases should be treated at all ages. Particular attention should be devoted to medications management, to compensating environmentally for normal age changes in sensory functioning, and to avoiding iatrogenic consequences of treatment.
MRI of Transplanted Neural Stem Cells

Stem cell-based therapy has the potential to improve the prospect of patients suffering from many untreatable diseases. Applications of stem cells for therapy of neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, or stroke, are particularly appealing as damage of the central nervous system is irreversible and the efficacy of conventional therapy is limited. Despite a broad interest among researchers and clinicians, progress in this field has been slow due to the remarkable complexity of the brain, which makes the task of repairing damaged tissue with stem cells extremely challenging. Making advances can be expedited by novel technologies that can monitor transplanted cells non-invasively. In vivo cellular imaging allows for the repetitive, real-time observation of targeted cells over the course of treatment without the need for invasive biopsies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an excellent non-invasive cellular imaging modality as it has superior resolution, is widely used clinically, and has no radiation. This technique currently requires magnetic labeling of cells using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIOs) and transfection agents. In this chapter, methods for cellular labeling with SPIOs, transplantation of stem cells into the mouse brain, and MR imaging of the cells both in vivo and postmortem will be described. Additional histological and immunohistochemical procedures for analysis of the transplanted cells and the diseased brain environment are also provided.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and The White Company (1891)

The first thirty years of Arthur Conan Doyle’s life (1859–1930) do not seem to have been blessed by a benevolent deity. At the time, as well as in the autumn years of his career, it seemed rather ordinary, and even dispiriting, to the man who was destined to create the most universal and enduring character of Victorian fiction. Born into an artistically talented Catholic family, Conan Doyle could take pride in John Doyle, his grandfather, well known for his caricatures and portraits, and three of his uncles, who also achieved fame as artists (one of them, Richard, designed the figure of ‘Punch’, and was closely associated with that periodical for several decades, while another became Director of the National Gallery, Dublin). He could also experience intermittent feelings of family pride at the accomplishments of his father, who kept a genteel but increasingly shabby home as his fortunes deteriorated. Charles Altamont Doyle, like John Doyle, drew illustrations for magazines and children’s books, but derived his primary income from the Board of Works in Edinburgh; there he worked as a civil servant until, in failing health, he entered (and never left) the institutional life of a number of asylums. His great-uncle and godfather, Michael Conan, was a well-known journalist who lived in Paris. His mother, Mary Doyle, loved French culture and the ideals of medieval chivalry; she taught her son the fine points of heraldry, which he would put to use in his later historical romances.
From Bleeding Gums to Green Thumbs: A True Story

This case discusses the pharmacodynamic interaction between leafy green vegetables and warfarin, resulting in loss of anticoagulant effect.
Birth and Death Functions

The number of particles in the systems gets changed because of processes that could be accommodated through the boundary conditions of population balance equations particularly with respect to internal coordinates. This chapter discusses the birth and death processes focusing on the modeling of processes in which particles may appear or disappear at any point in the particle state space. Birth and death events are generally a consequence of particle breakage and/or aggregation processes. The modeling of the breakage frequency must proceed by examining the events on the time scale in which they occur before either leading to breakage or leaving the particle intact. Particles distributed according to their mass (or volume) are frequently encountered in applications. The size reduction of solid materials exhibits a breakage process. The evolution of drop size distributions in a stirred liquid–liquid dispersion in which the dispersed phase fraction is small occurs mainly by drop breakage, because coalescence effects would be negligibly small at least at the initial stages. The growth of a bacterial population in which reproduction occurs by binary cell division provides another case of such a “breakage” process.
Genetic predisposition to leukemia and other hematologic malignancies.

In this review, we provide an overview of familial myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)/acute leukemia (AL) and bone marrow failure syndromes, as well as insights into familial myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), familial multiple myeloma (MM), familial Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), familial lymphoma, and cancer predisposition syndromes with increased risk of MDS/AL. This field will continue to accelerate as next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques identify novel predisposition alleles in families with a genetic predisposition to hematologic malignancies. Newly identified predisposition genes continue to inform the field of inherited leukemia and other hematologic malignancies. Current developments in clinical translation include techniques detailing the acquisition of appropriate germline material for patient work-ups, methods for genetic testing, and nuances essential for the treatment and clinical management of patients with a genetic predisposition to hematologic malignancies.
Projecting CMOS circuit hot-carrier reliability from DC device lifetime

We present generalized hot-carrier-reliability technology qualification and circuit design rules. The inverse duty factors, i.e. DC to AC time conversion factors for N- and P-MOSFETS are found to be 4/ft/sub rise/, and 10/ft/sub fall/ or 120 and 300 respectively. Typically, /spl Deltaspl tau/spl tau/ of an inverter is 1/4 /spl Delta/I/sub dI/sub d/ of NMOSFET minus 1/2 /spl Delta/I/sub dI/sub d/ of PMOSFET. The proposed design rules are valid for both 5 V and 3.3 V technologies and can be easily incorporated into existing DC lifetime prediction routines. >
Why are Latinos More Politically Trusting than Other Americans

This paper examines why Latinos, over the past thirty years, are consistently more trusting of the federal government than are Anglos and Blacks. We address this puzzle by turning to previous research on racial politics and political trust. Consistent with previous research, discrimination and generational status are important predictors of Latinos' levels of political trust, with first generation Latinos more trusting than later generation Latinos. Encounters with racial discrimination also make Latinos and Blacks less trusting of government. In contrast, Anglos' levels of political trust can be explained by their economic evaluations as well as their partisanship. While these findings are insightful, they do not directly address why inter-group differences arise when it comes to their trust in government. We argue that, combined with generational distinctions amongst Latinos in their levels of trust, the heavy flow of Latino immigration in the past thirty years has changed the Latino population in such a way that the views of the foreign-born are disproportionately represented in survey questions related to trust in government. This is producing a Latino population that is more inclined to trust government than Anglos or Blacks. We then examine the impact of political trust on individuals' opinions towards redistributive policies. Political trust has a strong and positive effect on Latinos' attitudes towards such policies. These findings have important implications for the future of public opinion and redistributive policy-making in the U.S.
Volatility and change in chronic pain severity predict outcomes of treatment for prescription opioid addiction.

Background and aims Buprenorphine–naloxone (BUP–NLX) can be used to manage prescription opioid addiction among persons with chronic pain, but post-treatment relapse is common and difficult to predict. This study estimated whether changes in pain over time and pain volatility during BUP–NLX maintenance would predict opioid use during the taper BUP–NLX taper. Design Secondary analysis of a multi-site clinical trial for prescription opioid addiction, using data obtained during a 12-week BUP–NLX stabilization and 4-week BUP–NLX taper. Setting Community clinics affiliated with a national clinical trials network in 10 US cities. Participants Subjects with chronic pain who entered the BUP–NLX taper phase (n = 125) with enrollment occurring from June 2006 to July 2009 (52% male, 88% Caucasian, 31% married). Measurements Outcomes were weekly biologically verified and self-reported opioid use from the 4-week taper phase. Predictors were estimates of baseline severity, rate of change and volatility in pain from weekly self-reports during the 12-week maintenance phase. Findings Controlling for baseline pain and treatment condition, increased pain [odds ratio (OR) = 2.38, P = 0.02] and greater pain volatility (OR = 2.43, P = 0.04) predicted greater odds of positive opioid urine screen during BUP–NLX taper. Increased pain (IRR = 1.40, P = 0.04) and greater pain volatility [incidence-rate ratio (IRR) = 1.66, P = 0.009] also predicted greater frequency of self-reported opioid use. Conclusions Adults with chronic pain receiving out-patient treatment with buprenorphine-naloxone (BUP–NLX) for prescription opioid addiction have an elevated risk for opioid use when tapering off maintenance treatment. Those with relative persistence in pain over time and greater volatility in pain during treatment are less likely to sustain abstinence during BUP–NLX taper.
The Archival Collection of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America

ABSTRACTThe author discusses the digitization of the archival collection of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America (PIASA), the long-term planning of this project, financial support, collaboration with Polish institutions, and several selected collections. Digitized archival documents are available on the PIASA website and are included in the database of the National Archives of Poland.
The Next Contender in High Speed Transport Elon Musks Hyperloop

Elon Musk, progressive futurist and business magnate has proposed a fifth mode of transportation called the Hyperloop. Just as he did with the resurrection of electric vehicle, and the privatization of space ight, Musk is taking the established concepts of the vactrain and maglev technology and is attempting to bring it back into the spotlight but with key improvements. This paper attempts to provide a brief historical literature review of High Speed Transport to Very High Speed Transit (VHST) and to discuss the limitations of the existing and theoretical technologies of Maglev trains and evacuated tube transport. The Hyperloop is proposed as the next contender in High Speed Transport, and a simplified energy analysis is performed to aid in evaluating the feasibility of the Hyperloop. This paper also attempts to highlight several features of the Hyperloop that distinguishes it from traditional vactrains and evacuated tube technologies by using capsules or pods to travel in a medium-pressure environment as opposed to a dicult-to-maintain vacuum environment. A diuser-compressor-nozzle system has also been proposed to overcome the Kantrowitz Limit. This paper reviews the Hyperloop concept and its specific advantages to the future development of a cost-eective and sustainable high-speed mass transport technology.
Esophageal Damage During Epicardial Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation

We describe a pericardioesophageal defect resulting from thermal injury during epicardial left ventricular tachycardia ablation in a 69-year-old man who failed 2 endoepicardial ablation attempts. Ventricular tachycardia was localized to the scar ([Figure 1A][1]). Unipolar radiofrequency ablation (
Anion-mediated negative thermal expansion in lanthanum hexaboride

Abstract Lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) is well known for its thermionic emission, mechanical hardness, and intriguing optical properties. Though this material has been studied for decades, it is difficult to design LaB6 to meet application needs because little is understood about the mechanistic details of the synthesis. The ability to observe lattice formation during the reaction through in-situ x-ray diffraction is helping improve our knowledge. We report here the strong influence of anion size of the lanthanum precursor in the solid state reaction of LaX3 (X = Cl or I) and NaBH4. The Cl atom of the precursor remains within LaB6 post-synthesis and causes negative thermal expansion when the lattice is heated. Replacing Cl with the larger I atom has a larger impact on crystal growth; however, I does not remain within the lattice post-synthesis. These results suggest subtle new synthetic knobs may be available to optimize the synthesis of LaB6 that have previously gone unexplored.
Towards Robot-Assisted Retinal Vein Cannulation: A Motorized Force-Sensing Microneedle Integrated with a Handheld Micromanipulator †.

Retinal vein cannulation is a technically demanding surgical procedure where therapeutic agents are injected into the retinal veins to treat occlusions. The clinical feasibility of this approach has been largely limited by the technical challenges associated with performing the procedure. Among the challenges to successful vein cannulation are identifying the moment of venous puncture, achieving cannulation of the micro-vessel, and maintaining cannulation throughout drug delivery. Recent advances in medical robotics and sensing of tool-tissue interaction forces have the potential to address each of these challenges as well as to prevent tissue trauma, minimize complications, diminish surgeon effort, and ultimately promote successful retinal vein cannulation. In this paper, we develop an assistive system combining a handheld micromanipulator, called “Micron”, with a force-sensing microneedle. Using this system, we examine two distinct methods of precisely detecting the instant of venous puncture. This is based on measured tool-tissue interaction forces and also the tracked position of the needle tip. In addition to the existing tremor canceling function of Micron, a new control method is implemented to actively compensate unintended movements of the operator, and to keep the cannulation device securely inside the vein following cannulation. To demonstrate the capabilities and performance of our uniquely upgraded system, we present a multi-user artificial phantom study with subjects from three different surgical skill levels. Results show that our puncture detection algorithm, when combined with the active positive holding feature enables sustained cannulation which is most evident in smaller veins. Notable is that the active holding function significantly attenuates tool motion in the vein, thereby reduces the trauma during cannulation.
Delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy among stage III colon cancer patients at a public versus private hospital in New York City.

Prior studies of timeliness of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) initiation in stage III colon cancer have suggested longer time to AC at public compared with private hospitals. Few studies have explored differences in AC completion. We investigated whether timely initiation and completion of AC differed between a public and private hospital, affiliated with the same academic institution in a large, urban setting. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of stage III colon cancer patients who had surgery and AC at the same medical center between 2008 and 2015, either at its affiliated public hospital (n = 43) or private hospital (n = 79). We defined timely initiation as receiving AC within 60 days postoperatively, and completion as receiving ≥ 75% of planned AC. Univariate and stepwise multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with AC delivery. Median number of days to AC was significantly greater among patients at the public (53, range 31–231) compared with the private hospital (43, range 25–105; p = 0.002). However, the percentage of patients with timely AC initiation did not differ substantially by hospital (74 vs 81%, p = 0.40). In multivariable analysis, age (OR 0.95/year, 95% CI 0.91–0.99) and laparoscopic versus open surgery (OR 5.65, 95% CI 1.92–16.62) were significant factors associated with timely AC initiation. Moreover, AC completion did not differ significantly between public (83.7%) and private (89.9%) hospital patients (p = 0.32). The proportions of patients with timely initiation and completion of AC were similar at a public and private hospital affiliated with a large, urban medical center. Future research should investigate how specific system-level factors help alleviate this expected difference in timely care delivery.
Cognition and Memory

This book chapter provides a summary and overview of current research from the field of cognitive psychology regarding the development of cognition and memory in children. Functional improvements in attention and strategy use lead to many improvements in cognitive abilities but do not explain the whole picture of developmental change in typically developing children. Important improvements in working memory abilities, including the connections to memories within long-term memory, and the ease of retrieving those memories, play an additionally important role. We discuss research conducted with both typically developing and atypically developing children, to promote a better understanding of cognitive development across the field of psychology broadly. Finally, we present conclusions regarding the future directions of research in these areas, as well as the need for careful research in the area of working memory training.
Stream network conflation with topographic DEMs

Abstract This paper presents DEM-Stream-Conflation (DSC) algorithm – a scale-independent robust technique of aligning vector streams with flowpaths dictated by raster DEMs. Designed as an alternative to both stream-burning and threshold-dependent stream segmentation techniques, DSC utilizes the existing vector flowlines to identify the channel heads and a sink filled hydrologically conditioned DEM to resolve the flowpaths. The algorithm conceptually initiates the movement of water on a DEM at the starting node of channel heads, from which it traces the path of water to its ultimate watershed outlet. Each trace represents a stream, which is in perfect alignment with the direction dictated by the raster DEM. The algorithm is tested with different DEMs, and its efficacy is demonstrated through the replication of the original vector drainage pattern, derivation of geomorphic attributes that are independent of tested DEM scale, and the visualization of monotonically decreasing longitudinal stream profiles.
Waveform design for CASA radar network

The Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA), an engineering research center (ERC) established by the National Science Foundation (NSF), will deploy its first generation network of four low-power, short-range, X-band, dual-polarized Doppler weather radars known as NETRAD. Each radar node is a pulsed Doppler radar with the maximum unambiguous range (r max ) and maximum unambiguous velocity (v max ) determined by the pulse repetition time and the wavelength. There is always a conflicting trade off between r max and v max and the product is fixed for a given wavelength. This trade off is more stringent for X-band radars due to the shorter wavelength. NETRAD is primarily for “targeted applications” such as tornado detection, flash flood monitoring, and hydrological applications. Such applications will have range overlay and velocity folding problems with conventional pulse-pair processing. This paper describes the adaptive waveforms for the individual radar nodes based on NETRAD operational requirements, such as scan speeds, volume coverage pattern and system/hardware limitations, to resolve range and velocity ambiguities. The waveforms considered here will include phase coding and multi-PRF waveforms for X-band implementation. The first generation NETRAD systems are magnetron based systems and can only support random phase processing. The advent of high-speed digital processors with IF sampling and extensive computational power with the capability of real time spectral processing makes such schemes possible.
Passing the Baton to the Next Generation: A Few Problems That Need Solving.

This is a personal account of some of the people and factors that were important in my career in chemical oceanography. I also discuss two areas of oceanographic research and training that I think ...
A Tale of Two Bodies: The Cartesian Corpse and the Lived Body

Open a medical textbook; lie down upon a physician’s examining table; attend grand rounds at a teaching hospital; and you find yourself immersed in a complex web of discourses and practices which together constitute the paradigm of modern medicine. This paradigm involves certain governing assumptions which are often overlooked because they are simply taken for granted. These include assumptions concerning the nature of disease entities, the canons of acceptable explanation, the modes of proper treatment. Moreover, such assumptions can ultimately be traced back to an implicit metaphysics. Ours is not a medicine of evil spirits or angry Gods, but of material causes and manifestations. If we are to understand the strengths and limits of our medicine and envision its alternatives, we must come to grips with the world-view it assumes. In what follows I shall address a key aspect of this world-view — the notion of “body” operative in modern medicine. After doing so, I will suggest a relevant alternative developed in twentieth-century phenomenology: that is, the model of the “lived body”.
Deformation and Fracture of Al-Li Alloys in Mechanical-Impact Tests

Mechanical-impact tests in liquid and gaseous oxygen atmospheres aid in the assessment of Al-Li alloys for their use in cryogenic tankage for Advanced Launch Systems. In these tests, a falling plummet-striker pin assembly impacts a small disc specimen. Compressive, radial shear, and tensile (hoop) stresses are imparted to the disc specimens. The combination of these stresses and the high strain rate results in unique deformation and fracture characteristics. These characteristics include adiabatic shear bands, micro-cracking, specimen splitting, specimen heating (local melting), radial deformation in preferred orientations, and shear lips at the specimen-striker pin interface. These deformation and fracture modes are described and compared for various tempers of Al-Li alloys 8090, 2090, 2095, and alloy 2219. Distinctions between the Al-Li alloys and alloy 2219 are discussed.