cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lecithin associated off-aromas in fermented milk

Soy, rice and hydrogenated soy lecithins were added to milk with lactic acid fermentation to character ize and elucidate formation of volatile off-aromas. Sensory panelists detected off-aromas in fermented milk containing unmodified soy or rice lecithin. Instrumental oroma analysis revealed that off-flavor compounds included (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal and (E,Z)-and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal. Formation of 2,4-decadienals occurred within the first 4 h of lactic acid fermentation and reached maximum levels within 14 h of incubation. Enzymatic assays confirmed that washed cells of Lactococcus produced H 2 O 2 . Hydrogenated soy tecithin was suitable to use in cuitured dairy products, but use of other soy or rice lecithin resulted in off-flavor formation due to oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. La lecithine de soja ou de riz ajoutee comme additif au lait lors de la fermentation lactique est a l'origine de la formation d'aromes volatils alteres. Le (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal et le (E,E) et (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal sont les composes responsables de ces defauts d'arome. La lecithine de soja hydrogenee peut etre utilisee dans les produits laitiers fermentes sans formation de ces defauts d'aromes dus a l'oxydation des acides gras polyinsatures.
Library catalogue production on small computers

The paper discusses the production of library catalogue cards, specifically treating the Columbia-Harvard-Yale Medical Libraries Computerization Project.1 A description is provided of the bibliographic data input, general computer processing, and various output modes. The paper, also, treats of error controls, human edit procedures, and the complexity and variety of present bibliographic organization in the context of computer manipulation.
Is failure an option? Contingency and refutation

Abstract In this paper I argue, using two case studies of episodes from recent physics (the discovery of parity nonconservation in the weak interaction and the decision that the proposed 17-keV neutrino did not exist) against the contingency view advocated by social constructionists. In this view, physics, or science in general, is, in Ian Hacking’s words, not determined by anything. Much of the previous discussion has centered on examples of scientific success. In this paper I argue that experimental evidence and reasoned and critical discussion played the crucial role in the refutation of a previously strongly believed hypothesis, and in the decision that a proposed new elementary particle did not exist, leaving no reasonable doubt. I suggest that the argument against contingency does not require the absence of all possible doubt, but rather the absence of reasonable doubt.
Combined stress myocardial perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement imaging by cardiac magnetic resonance provides robust prognostic information to cardiac events

Background Accurate non-invasive risk stratification may management and impact survival of CAD patients. Stress perfusion CMR reliably assesses ventricular function, viability and myocardial ischemia in a single examination. While prognostic information may be derived from individual components of a comprehensive CMR exam, evidence that they provide complementary prognostic information is still limited. We sought to determine whether the presence of myocardial ischemia by stress perfusion CMR provides incremental prognostic information for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) beyond ventricular function, the presence of myocardial scar and traditional risk factors in a large cohort of patients referred for non-invasive assessment of CAD.
Induction of hepatic tumors with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in two species of viviparous fishes (Genus poeciliopsis).

Liver neoplasms were induced in two species of viviparous fishes, Poeciliopsis lucida and P. monacha, by repeated short-term exposures to an aqueous suspension of 5 ppm 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). Predominantly hepatocellular neoplasms developed in 47 out of 106 fish surviving the period allowed for tumor development, 6–9 months after initial exposure to DMBA. The use of short-term exposure periods of 6 hr in young fish and up to 20 hr in adults reduced stress and mortalities caused by the toxicity of DMBA at 5 ppm. A lower concentration of DMBA, 0.25 ppm, failed to induce tumors in any of the surviving 230 of 295 young fish administered repeated 20-hr exposures. This study shows for the first time that DMBA is carcinogenic to fish.
Unique deposits in mast cells fixed with pyroantimonate osmium tetroxide

Abstract Evidence for a unique cation distribution in mast cells in a variety of tissues was obtained by fixation with a modification of the potassium pyroantimonate-osmium tetroxide procedure of Komnick. Fine antimonate deposits with a heterochromatin distribution were abundant in nuclei of other cell types but were diminished to absent in mast cell nuclei. Nuclei of mast cells usually contained large coarse precipitates which measured 100–150 nm in diameter and were distributed peripherally, as well as less coarse deposits, which measured about 50 nm, and were distributed throughout the nucleus. Cytoplasmic deposits distributed in Golgi vesicles, between granules and at the plasmalemma were observed in some cells. It is suggested that these unusual deposits result from precipitation of antimonate by histamine or by cations whose distribution is affected by the highly ionic materials present in mast cells. Mast cells of man differed from those of rodents in containing cytoplasmic lipid droplets with peripheral antimonate deposits.
New insights into the pathogenesis and genetics of psoriatic arthritis

Psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are inter-related heritable diseases. Psoriatic skin is characterized by hyperproliferative, poorly differentiated keratinocytes and severe inflammation. Psoriatic joints are characterized by highly inflamed synovia and entheses with focal erosions of cartilage and bone. Genetic analyses have uncovered risk factors shared by both psoriasis and PsA. Predisposition to psoriasis and PsA arising from common variation is most strongly conferred by the HLA class I region. Other genetic risk factors implicate the interleukin (IL)-23 pathway and the induction and regulation of type 17 T-helper cells in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Secretion of cytokines, such as IL-22 and IL-17, could result in the hyperproliferative phenotype of keratinocytes and potentially synoviocytes, leading to a vicious cycle of cellular proliferation and inflammation in both the skin and joints. In synovial tissue, disease-related cytokines could also promote osteoclast formation, resulting in bone erosion. The next step will be to identify genetic risk factors specifically associated with PsA. Although therapies that target tumor necrosis factor are often highly successful in the treatment of both diseases, genetic findings are likely to lead to the development of treatments tailored to an individual's genetic profile.
Correlation between Catalyst Surface Structure and Polypropylene Tacticity in Ziegler−Natta Polymerization System†

The correlation between the surface structure of the Ziegler−Natta catalysts and the stereospecificity in propylene polymerization was shown experimentally using model catalysts and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of mesitylene as a nondestructive surface probe. Two types of titanium chloride model catalysts, with MgCl2 support (TiClx/MgCl2) and without MgCl2 (TiCly), were fabricated on an Au substrate in ultrahigh vacuum. Once activated with AlEt3 vapor, both catalysts were active for propylene polymerization in the absence of excess AlEt3 during polymerization. The TiClx/MgCl2 catalyst produced both atactic and isotactic polypropylene, while the TiCly catalyst without the MgCl2 support produced exclusively isotactic polypropylene. For the same catalysts, the mesitylene TPD revealed that TiClx/MgCl2 had two adsorption site structures, a basal plane structure and a nonbasal plane structure, while TiCly had only the latter structure. To our knowledge, this was the first direct experimental evidence...
Gender Differences in Health-Related Quality of Life and Adherence 5 Years after Heart Transplantation

Purpose There is a paucity of research on the effect of gender on outcomes after heart transplantation (HT). The purpose of our study was to examine differences in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and adherence by gender in patients (pts) who were 5 years post HT. Methods and Materials A secondary analysis was conducted from a prospective, longitudinal, multi-site study of outcomes long-term after HT, that included a sample of pts who were 5 years post HT (n=210). Pts completed the Quality of Life Index, Cardiac Depression Scale, PANAS-X, HT Stressor Scale, Jalowiec Coping Scale, HT Symptom Checklist, Social Support Index, and Assessment of Problems with the HT Regimen. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and multivariable linear regression models based on aggregated results of repeated bootstrap samples drawn from the original data. Results Our sample included men (n=168) and women (n=42) who were 57±9 vs 49±12 years of age (p Conclusions Psychological adjustment, social support, and adherence differed between men and women at 5 years after heart transplantation. Differences in these dimensions of HRQOL and adherence provide guidance in tailoring patient care long-term after heart transplantation.
Time lag and permeation rate in liquid/liquid dialysis

Time lag and permeation rate in liquid/liquid dialysis in general are found different from those in pervaporation. Theoretical treatments of time lag in liquid/liquid dialysis indicate that time lag, in certain cases, may be correlated to the “relaxation time” of the membrane, defined as the time required for the membrane to relax, or as the change of the permeation flux of diffusable species from initial flux to steady state due to the long time required for the dialysis solvent to reach steady state in the membrane. The permeation of dichlorobenzene in a Teflon-FEP membrane for both the operations of liquid/liquid dialysis and pervaporation was measured as an example. It was found that the time lag in liquid/liquid dialysis is much longer than that calculated from a diffusion constant calculated from pervaporation. Permeation rate and activation energy are also different in both operations.
Real-time space/time processing with femtosecond laser pulses

Utilization of ultrahigh bandwidth available in optical fiber networks will require development of fast and efficient parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel all- optical multiplexing techniques. Such multiplexers are also useful for interfacing to optical storage devices. In this presentation we will review the application of space/time optical processing with femtosecond laser pulse to implement such multiplexers. We will focus on a novel real time optical space-time processor based on 3-wave mixing in a nonlinear optical crystal. This processor allows conversion of temporal signal sequence to a 1D spatial image, thereby realizing a serial-to-parallel multiplexer. The processor is also used to generate a wigner distribution function, which allows to determine both amplitude and phase of ultrashort temporal signals.
Resistance of Large-Volume Parenteral Containers to Forced Microbial Contamination

The hypothesis that contamination of large-volume parenteral containers may be due to improper handling technique was examined. Extensive studies were implemented involving carefully controlled conditions for both test (900) and control (450) units. Test containers were immersed in bacterial broth preparations in intact and “partially uncapped” conditions and were not swabbed; control containers were handled under “ideal” conditions except that they were not swabbed. A new administration set was used for each container examined and was opened only at the time of examination. Statistical evaluation of the results indicated that certain procedures may indeed result in contamination in many cases, whereas there was no significant contamination of any of the three systems tested when recommended procedures, even without swabbing, were followed.
Prime‐time fathers: A study in continuity and change

This article concentrates on how women, and especially men, act as parents and spouses in domestic comedies. The first section concentrates on the background and rationale for studying the portrayals of fathers and husbands in television's domestic comedies; the second section examines the way gender (with emphasis on males) has been portrayed in these shows from the 1950s through the 1980s. The final section proposes that men are presented differently in women's fiction.
Developmentally Effective Experiences for Promoting Self‐Authorship

ABSTRACT—Many national studies have identified types of experiences that are associated with enhancing college students’ learning. This study contributes to the small but growing body of research on transformative educational experiences that assist and enable college students to develop ways of understanding and being in the world that help them adapt and respond to life's complexities and prepare for future civic, occupational, and family roles. The focus of this exploratory study is on those experiences that had a positive impact on college students’ development toward self-authorship (Baxter Magolda, 2001; Kegan, 1994). Using interview data from the Wabash National Study of Liberal Arts Education, we analyzed 300 selected experiences from 174 students. We found that students’ approaches to interpreting and understanding their experiences was the major student characteristic that affected their learning (the effect of the experience). We then mapped these findings onto a sequenced developmental curriculum designed to promote self-authorship.
Linear Dependent Dimensionality Reduction

We formulate linear dimensionality reduction as a semi-parametric estimation problem, enabling us to study its asymptotic behavior. We generalize the problem beyond additive Gaussian noise to (unknown) non-Gaussian additive noise, and to unbiased non-additive models.
Transgenic and Knockout Models for Studying the Role of Lung Antioxidant Enzymes in Defense against Hyperoxia

Although a role for antioxidant enzymes in preventing lung injury from hyperoxic exposure has been implicated in a number of early studies, a direct test for the hypothesis was not available. We intended to address this question using genetically modified mice in which the expression of a single antioxidant enzyme was either enhanced or diminished. We reasoned that if an antioxidant enzyme functions in protecting lung cells against oxidant-mediated injury, the level of its gene expression would correlate with the degree of tolerance to hyperoxia. Overexpression of functional human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in lung alveolar type I and type II cells, fibroblasts, and capillary endothelial cells in strain B6C3 mice was achieved by incorporating a human β-actin promoter-based MnSOD transgene into the mouse genome. However, MnSOD overexpression failed to prolong the survival of transgenic mice on exposure to greater than 99% oxygen compared with wild-type mice. In addition, mice deficient in coppe...
So few of us and so many of them

Abstract Public protest against the Persian Gulf War in 1990–1 was only part of the story of US American women's resistance to war in general and to that war specifically. Although the gendering of war is seldom discussed outside feminist scholarship, the events of 11 September 2001 and its aftermath as well as all events and processes having to do with war are gendered events and processes. Both women and men participate in war in various ways, some of which, particularly in the case of women, are either not noticed, are deliberately ignored or made invisible. In this essay, the stories of some women who protested the Persian Gulf War are represented alongside questions that their narratives prompted about what constitutes anti-war work, and what the ramifications of such work are in the present international context.
Pruning sparse signal models using interference

Previous work on sparse approximations has shown that in the pursuit of a signal model using greedy iterative algorithms, the efficiency of the representation can be increased by considering the interference between selected atoms. However, in such interference-adaptive algorithms, atoms are still often selected that necessitate correction by subsequently chosen atoms. It is thus logical to remove these atoms from the representation so that they do not diminish the efficiency of the pursued signal model. In this paper, we propose to prune atoms from the model based on the degree and type of interference, and test its effectiveness in an interference-adaptive orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm.
Case Series of 5 Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease with Reversible Dyspnea, Heart Failure, and Pulmonary Hypertension Related to Arteriovenous Dialysis Access:

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with arteriovenous dialysis access (AVDA) can develop symptoms of heart failure and pulmonary hypertension (PH). We report on 5 patients with ESRD and AVDA who presented with shortness of breath, heart failure, and PH. All patients had partial or complete closure of AVDA and were reevaluated after AVDA revision. All 5 subjects had clinical and echocardiographic evidence of heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and PH at baseline. After complete closure ([Formula: see text]) or partial banding ([Formula: see text]) of AVDA, mean New York Heart Association class improved from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]). Mean 6-minute walk distance improved from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] m ([Formula: see text]). Serial echocardiography revealed a decrease in the right ventricle∶left ventricle ratio from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text]) and improved diastolic dysfunction parameters. On right heart catheterization before definitive AVDA revision, acute manual fistula or graft occlusion led to an average decrease in cardiac output of 1.1 L/min with no other changes in hemodynamics: [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] L/min ([Formula: see text]). However, the average decrease in cardiac output after definitive revision of the AVDA (mean, 90 days) was 4.0 L/min with marked improvements in biventricular filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressure. In patients with ESRD and AVDA presenting with heart failure and PH, revision or closure of AVDA can markedly improve dyspnea as well as the clinical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic manifestations of heart failure and PH.
Global Path-Cache Technique for Fast Handoffs in WLANs

This paper proposes a technique called Global Path-Cache (GPC) that provides fast handoffs in WLANs. GPC maintains a history of mobile stations' mobility patterns in a network to assist in the prediction of the next point-of-attachment. GPC properly captures the dynamic behavior of the network and mobile stations, and provides accurate next AP predictions. Our simulation study shows that GPC virtually eliminates the need to scan for APs during handoffs and results in much better overall handoff delay compared to existing methods.
Fault-Tolerant Systems

Basic concepts, motivation, and techniques of fault tolerance are discussed in this paper. The topics include fault classification, redundancy techniques, reliability modeling and prediction, examples of fault-tolerant computers, and some approaches to the problem of tolerating design faults.
An Analysis of the EC Commission Plan for CAP Reform

The Commission of the European Community has proposed a restructuring of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that is independent of the ongoing General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations. This study analyzes the proposal in terms of the flexibility it would grant EC negotiators at the GATT. The results indicate that adopting the proposal would sharply reduce the volume of EC cereal, meat, and dairy product exports. EC negotiators at the GATT would be able to offer significant reductions in export subsidies, a primary concern of the United States and other exporting countries. By reducing production, the proposal would also significantly reduce internal supports. An Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) calculation estimates reductions from a base period of 1986-8 to 1997 that range from 17 percent for beef to 60 percent for pork and poultry. The proposal would provide increased market access, but would still insulate internal prices from world price fluctuations. Long-term world price increases attributable to EC export reductions are estimated to range from 5 percent to 10 percent for meat, corn, barley, and soybeans to 15 percent to 20 percent for wheat and dairy products.
Micromechanical measurement of AChBP binding for label-free drug discovery.

A potential binding assay based on binding-driven micromechanical motion is described. Acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP) was used to modify a microcantilever. The modified microcantilever was found to bend on application of the naturally occurring agonist (acetylcholine) or the antagonist (nicotine and d-tubocurarine). Control experiments show that microcantilevers modified without AChBP do not respond to acetylcholine, nicotine, and d-tubocurarine. Kd values obtained for acetylcholine, nicotine, and d-tubocurarine are similar to those obtained from radio-ligand binding assays. These results suggest that the microcantilever system has potential for use in label free, drug screening applications.
Cubic Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling in 2D electron quantum dots

We study effects of the oft-neglected cubic Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling (i.e., directly proportional p3) in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum dots. Using a semiclassical billiard model, we estimate the magnitude of the spin-orbit induced avoided crossings in a closed quantum dot in a Zeeman field. Using previous analyses based on random matrix theory, we calculate corresponding effects on the conductance through an open quantum dot. Combining our results with an experiment on an 8 microm2 quantum dot [D. M. Zumbuhl, Phys. Rev. B 72, 081305 (2005)10.1103/PhysRevB.72.081305] suggests that (1) the GaAs Dresselhaus coupling constant gamma is approximately 9 eV A3, significantly less than the commonly cited value of 27.5 eV A3, and (2) the majority of the spin-flip effects can come from the cubic Dresselhaus term.
Geochemical Behavior and Watershed Influences Associated with Sediment-Bound Mercury for South Dakota Lakes and Impoundments

Sediment cores were collected from ten eutrophic lakes in South Dakota to determine the lateral extent of sediment-bound mercury (Hg) concentrations and to assess the relationship between watershed and land use characteristics with lake Hg fish tissue consumption advisory (>1.0 mg Hg/kg fish tissue) status. Advisory lakes were characterized as having higher sediment Hg and organic matter and lower total sulfur content compared to non-advisory lakes, and results highlight the importance of sulfide and organic carbon availability associated with potential Hg methylation biogeochemical processes. Advisory lakes generally had higher percentage of areal development and grasslands, higher catchment to lake area, and lower percentage of wetlands compared to non-advisory lakes. These results signify the importance of minimizing watershed sediment transport and associated organic carbon loading as effective Hg fish tissue lake management strategies.
Anthroposophy in Kotik Letaev

The purpose of this study is to establish points of contact between the writings of Rudolf Steiner and Andrej Belyj's novel. Several of Steiner's most pertinent works have been selected to demonstrate that there is a substructure, probably not evident to the general reader, which relates directly to Anthroposophy and that Kotik Letaev is, at least in part, an artistic embodiment of Steiner's precepts. The child gradually experiences the three areas of human nature described by Steiner in Theosophy: the body, the soul (ego) and the spirit. Kotik also retraces the historical evolution of the human race (World Soul) as presented in The Occult Mysteries of Antiquity, as well as ascending the stages of Higher Knowledge, and there are indications that he encounters the Guardian of the Threshold. The doctrine of colors also plays a role in the novel. In fact, Kotik Letaev is virtually saturated with anthroposophical imagery and ideas. In conclusion, Sklovskj's view of the two-warring dominants in the work, the anthroposophical and the autobiographical, is discussed and an opposing view is advanced, that the anthropo-sophical level successfully subordinates the autobiographical, thus maintaining the unity of the work.
Glycated Hemoglobin and Risk of Hypertension in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

OBJECTIVE Diabetes and hypertension often co-occur and share risk factors. Hypertension is known to predict diabetes. However, hyperglycemia also may be independently associated with future development of hypertension. We investigated glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) as a predictor of incident hypertension. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a prospective analysis of 9,603 middle-aged participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study without hypertension at baseline. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we estimated the association between HbA 1c at baseline and incident hypertension by two definitions 1 ) self-reported hypertension during a maximum of 18 years of follow-up and 2 ) measured blood pressure or hypertension medication use at clinic visits for a maximum of 9 years of follow-up. RESULTS We observed 4,800 self-reported and 1,670 visit-based hypertension cases among those without diagnosed diabetes at baseline. Among those with diagnosed diabetes at baseline, we observed 377 self-reported and 119 visit-based hypertension cases. Higher baseline HbA 1c was associated with an increased risk of hypertension in subjects with and without diabetes. Compared with nondiabetic adults with HbA 1c 1c in the prediabetic range (5.7–6.4%) was independently associated with incident self-reported hypertension (hazard ratio 1.14 [95% CI 1.06–1.23]) and visit-detected hypertension (1.17 [1.03–1.33]). CONCLUSIONS We observed that individuals with elevated HbA 1c , even without a prior diabetes diagnosis, are at increased risk of hypertension. HbA 1c is a known predictor of incident heart disease and stroke. Our results suggest that the association of HbA 1c with cardiovascular risk may be partially mediated by the development of hypertension.
Effects of Initial Flow Rate and Breath Termination Criteria on Pressure Support Ventilation

To assess whether adjustments in the initial flow rate or breath termination criteria affected patient-ventilator synchrony, we studied the ventilatory pattern response to PS in 33 patients under two sets of circumstances: during seven different levels of delivered initial PS flow and during PS termination at 50 percent and at 25 percent of peak flow. In the study on initial PS flow, we found the following: (a) an optimal initial PS flow could be defined for a given level of PS that resulted in the patient obtaining maximal pressure and volume from the ventilator; (b) initial PS flows above and below this optimal flow were associated with faster breathing frequencies, shorter inspiratory times, smaller tidal volumes and a tendency for airway pressure to not reach the selected PS level; and (c) optimal initial PS flow was fastest in patients with the lowest compliances and the most active ventilatory drives. Changing PS termination criteria from 50 to 25 percent of peak flow had minimal effects on the ventilatory pattern or synchrony. We conclude that the initial PS flow to achieve the selected PS level is important in patient-ventilator synchrony but that termination criteria set between 25 and 50 percent of peak flow is not. (Chest 1991; 99:134–38)
1,25-DIHYDROXY VITAMIN D3 INHIBITS ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION AND GENE EXPRESSION IN MURINE BONE MARROW STROMAL CELL CLONES AND PRIMARY CULTURES

Bone marrow stromal stem cells differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. These two lineages are thought to be reciprocally related, in part due to the observation that the osteoblast-inducing factor, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], inhibited adipogenesis of rat femoral-derived stromal cell cultures. However, the literature is divided concerning the adipogenic effects of this steroid hormone. This work examined the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 (10(-12)-10(-8) M) on murine femoral-derived bone marrow stromal cell differentiation in response to adipogenic agonists employing two different classes of nuclear hormone receptors: the glucocorticoid receptor (hydrocortisone) or peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (thiazolidinediones). Experiments used the multipotent murine bone marrow stromal cell line, BMS2, and its subclones, as well as primary-derived murine bone marrow stromal cell cultures. In all systems examined, 1,25(OH)2D3 blocked adipogenesis induced by hydrocortisone, methylisobutylxanthine, and indomethacin based on flow cytometric analysis of lipid accumulation. This correlated with reduced messenger RNA levels of the late adipocyte gene markers, aP2 and adipsin. In the BMS2 subclone no. 24, the 1,25(OH)2D3 actions were concentration dependent. Whereas 1,25(OH)2D3 partially inhibited thiazolidinedione-induced adipogenesis in the parental BMS2 cell line, it had minimal effect on the thiazolidinedione-induced differentiation of the BMS2 subclone and primary cultures. These findings indicate that 1,25(OH)2D3, at nanomolar concentrations, completely inhibits murine bone marrow stromal cell differentiation in response to glucocorticoid-based adipogenic agonists but is a less effective adipogenic antagonist following induction with thiazolidinediones. This work supports the conclusion that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits murine femoral-derived bone marrow stromal cell adipogenesis.
Priors in Bayesian learning of phonological rules

This paper describes a Bayesian procedure for unsupervised learning of phonological rules from an unlabeled corpus of training data. Like Goldsmith's Linguistica program (Goldsmith, 2004b), whose output is taken as the starting point of this procedure, our learner returns a grammar that consists of a set of signatures, each of which consists of a set of stems and a set of suffixes. Our grammars differ from Linguistica's in that they also contain a set of phonological rules, specifically insertion, deletion and substitution rules, which permit our grammars to collapse far more words into a signature than Linguistica can. Interestingly, the choice of Bayesian prior turns out to be crucial for obtaining a learner that makes linguistically appropriate generalizations through a range of different sized training corpora.
Photoacidic and Photobasic Behavior of Transition Metal Compounds with Carboxylic Acid Group(s).

Excited state proton transfer studies of six Ru polypyridyl compounds with carboxylic acid/carboxylate group(s) revealed that some were photoacids and some were photobases. The compounds [RuII(btfmb)2(LL)]2+, [RuII(dtb)2(LL)]2+, and [RuII(bpy)2(LL)]2+, where bpy is 2,2′-bipyridine, btfmb is 4,4′-(CF3)2-bpy, and dtb is 4,4′-((CH3)3C)2-bpy, and LL is either dcb = 4,4′-(CO2H)2-bpy or mcb = 4-(CO2H),4′-(CO2Et)-2,2′-bpy, were synthesized and characterized. The compounds exhibited intense metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) absorption bands in the visible region and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) with long τ > 100 ns excited state lifetimes. The mcb compounds had very similar ground state pKa’s of 2.31 ± 0.07, and their characterization enabled accurate determination of the two pKa values for the commonly utilized dcb ligand, pKa1 = 2.1 ± 0.1 and pKa2 = 3.0 ± 0.2. Compounds with the btfmb ligand were photoacidic, and the other compounds were photobasic. Transient absorption spectra indicated that bt...
Clinical diffusion mismatch better discriminates infarct growth than mean transit time-diffusion weighted imaging mismatch in patients with middle cerebral artery-M1 occlusion and limited infarct core.

Background and purpose Our purpose was to compare clinical diffusion mismatch (CDM) and mean transit time (MTT)-diffusion mismatch as predictors of infarct growth in patients with proximal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and small infarct core on presentation. Methods Retrospective analysis of consecutive stroke patients with: (1) MCA-M1 occlusion; (2) MRI performed ≤10 h from symptoms onset; and (3) baseline MRI-diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) volume ≤25 mL. Definitions included: CDM=baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score ≥8 and DWI volume ≤25 mL; MTT-DWI mismatch=visually assessed unthresholded MTT lesion ((MTT-DWI))/DWI) ≥20% and ≥10 mL larger than the DWI lesion; and significant infarct growth (>20% (≥5 mL) increase in infarct volume on follow-up). Uni-/multivariate analyses were performed to define the predictors of infarct growth. Results 63 stroke patients with MCA-M1 occlusions and MRI within 10 h of onset were evaluated. 20 patients were excluded on the basis of DWI volume >25 mL leaving 43 patients (mean age 75.8 years; median NIHSS=13) in the study cohort. On univariate analysis, larger admission DWI volume (p 125 mg/dL (p=0.024), poor CT angiography collaterals (p=0.046), and lower admission Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) (p=0.049) predicted infarct growth. Baseline NIHSS score ≥8 was the only independent predictor of stroke growth in the multivariate analysis (p=0.001). All patients had MTT-DWI mismatch >20%. There was no significant association between the amount of MTT-DWI mismatch and infarct growth (p=0.33). Conclusions CDM is the most powerful predictor of infarct growth in patients with MCA-M1 occlusion and small infarct core. Most of these patients will have a significant oligemic MTT lesion regardless of admission NIHSS score.
Drug-Eluting Stents: Capable of Saving Lives in Dialysis Patients?

It is well established that chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease, with a strong association between reduction in glomerular filtration rate and increase in all-cause and cardiovascular mortality [(1)][1]. Among those patients with the most severe disease on dialysis,
OUTCROSSING IN NATURAL POPULATIONS. V. ANALYSIS OF OUTCROSSING, INBREEDING, AND SELECTION IN CLARKIA EXILIS AND CLARKIA TEMBLORIENSIS.

Earlier papers in this series (Vasek, 1964b, 1965, 1967, 1968) have been concerned with the estimation of outcrossing for the purpose of comparing the breeding systems of closely related Clarkia species. Outcrossing estimates have been obtained for three populations of Clarkia exilis and one population of Clarkia unguiculata. The latter species has an outcrossing frequency of essentially 100%, an estimate in accord with expectations based on its long styled, protandrous flowers. Clarkia exilis has received greater emphasis because the first estimates of about 44% were higher than expected on the basis of its short styled, synandrogynous flower structure, and because several fairly large populations with suitable markers were known and accessible. A continuing search for suitable markers in large populations of the other species in the section has not been particularly successful. However, markers have been located and studied in several relatively small populations of C. tembloriensis and in two additional populations of C. exilis. These studies permit an initial estimate of the breeding system of C. tembloriensis, a comparison of small populations with large populations of C. exilis, and an assessment of whether a reasonable outcrossing estimate is possible from a small population or whether a large population is necessary. The same studies also permit an evaluation of inbreeding in these populations and an evaluation of selection by comparing gametic with sporophytic gene frequencies. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and evaluate these parameters.
The contribution of inorganic compounds to the particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in suspended matter and surface sediments of Chesapeake Bay

Particulate carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus samples from the water column and surficial sediments of the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay were thermally partitioned into their organic and inorganic components. During periods of both high and low fluvial input and high and low phytoplanktonic production, particulate organic carbon accounted for a mean of 99.3% of the total particulate carbon and particulate organic nitrogen accounted for a mean of 99.1% of the total particulate nitrogen. The particulate organic phosphorus contribution was variable both seasonally and spatially, accounting for 14–77% of the total pool of particulate phosphorus. The highest concentrations were found in the surface waters during maximum phytoplanktonic production and low fluvial input. The contribution of particulate inorganic phosphorus to the seston and to total particulate phosphorus decreased as distance from the primary fluvial source increased, reflecting a greater relative inclusion of particulate phosphorus in the biologically bound component in the higher salinity zone seaward of the turbidity maximum. Organic carbon and nitrogen constituted over 99% of the surficial sediment carbon and nitrogen, and organic phosphorus was 10–40% of the surficial sediment phosphorus.
A note on the Kazdan-Warner type condition

Abstract This paper addresses the necessary conditions for a function K(x) on Sn to be the scalar curvature function of a metric pointwise conformal to the standard metric on Sn. The well known necessary conditions are: K(x) is positive somewhere and satisfies the Kazdan-Warner type condition (see the text below). It has remained an outstanding problem for many years whether the above necessary conditions are also sufficient. Recently W. Chen and C. Li ([ChL]) proved that the above conditions are not sufficient by producing changing sign functions K which satisfy the above conditions, but are not scalar curvature functions of any metric pointwise conformal to the standard metric on Sn. In their construction, it is essential that K changes sign. In fact, for n = 2, it follows from the results of [XY] that for the class of positive nondegenerate axisymmetric functions the Kazdan-Warner type condition is actually necessary and sufficient. This brings up a natural question that whether this is a general fact, or it is only so for axisymmetric functions. In this note we answer the above question for 2 ≤ n ≤ 4 by producing a family of positive functions K which satisfy the Kazdan-Warner type condition, but nevertheless are not scalar curvature functions of any metric pointwise conformal to the standard metric on Sn.
Abstract B53: Post‐translational modification of p53 by HDAC inhibitors leads to selective assembly of transcriptional complexes at the p21 locus

CG‐1521 is a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor that stabilizes the acetylation of p53 at lysine 373, triggering G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in LNCaP cells. This is in contrast to the well known HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) which stabilizes the acetylation of lysine 382 on p53 and triggers G1/S phase arrest and senesence. The known p53 target gene, p21, contains two p53 response elements (RE) and 6 Sp1 binding sites in its promoter. Previous work in LNCaP cells indicates acetylated p53 isoform‐modulated assembly of an active or inactive transcriptional complex at these p53REs in response to CG‐1521 or TSA, respectively. Consistent with this finding, p21 mRNA levels were increased only upon treatment with CG‐1521. Treatment with either HDAC inhibitor led to the upregulation of p21 protein levels, with a difference in the speed and duration of this increase. A second protein, p21B, coded within the exons and introns of the classical p21 protein, has been implicated in the apoptotic response, should the cellular DNA repair machinery fail to resolve a genomic insult. p21B appears to be controlled by a p53RE within the first intron of p21. This RE exhibits the same qualitative loading characteristics of the classical p21 p53RE in response to cellular stress and the acetylation state of p53, yet is temporally expressed later than p21. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays at narrow timepoints, we have determined the temporal loading characteristics of this region upon treatment with the HDAC inhibitors CG‐1521 and TSA. Our results demonstrate a clear difference in the components of the basal transcriptional complex depending on the HDAC‐stabilized acetylation state of p53. This indicates the acetylation state of the p53 protein is an important regulator of the cellular response to stress and suggests HDAC inhibitors may have an important role as cancer therapeutics beyond their traditional role in histone modification. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):B53.
Diagnostic problems encountered in thoracic diseases.

Diagnostic problems in thoracic diseases are not always easy. Roentgenologic study of the thorax is by far the most accurate single examination availabel at present, but even this procedure has its restrictions. It is safer at present to explore an indeterminate thoracic lesion than to observe it. It is not always safe to watch a lesion until the results of gastric culture for fungi and tuberculosis become availabel.
ARM?? Cortex??-M4 Other Peripherals Programming

This chapter provides general information about a few ARM?? Cortex??-M4 microcontroller related peripherals and their implementations. These peripherals include the controller area network (CAN), quadrature encoder interface (QEI) and analog comparators. The discussion also includes the general-purpose input output (GPIO) ports and pins related to the CAN, QEI, and analog comparators modules used in the TM4C123GH6PM MCU system. The chapter then presents an overview of the CAN standard frame, extended frame, and CAN signal as well as error detections. Next, the chapter discusses the working principle of the increment rotary encoder and its application in a simple closed-loop control system, which is called a bang-bang control system. A more professional and traditional closed-loop control system is a so-called proportional integral differential (PID) control system. The fuzzy logic controller in this closed-loop control system belongs to a general-purpose controller that can handle both linear and nonlinear control systems.
Comparison of univariate and multivariate models for prediction of major and minor elements from laser-induced breakdown spectra with and without masking

Abstract This study uses 1356 spectra from 452 geologically-diverse samples, the largest suite of LIBS rock spectra ever assembled, to compare the accuracy of elemental predictions in models that use only spectral regions thought to contain peaks arising from the element of interest versus those that use information in the entire spectrum. Results show that for the elements Si, Al, Ti, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Ni, Mn, Cr, Co, and Zn, univariate predictions based on single emission lines are by far the least accurate, no matter how carefully the region of channels/wavelengths is chosen and despite the prominence of the selected emission lines. An automated iterative algorithm was developed to sweep through all 5485 channels of data and select the single region that produces the optimal prediction accuracy for each element using univariate analysis. For the eight major elements, use of this technique results in a 35% improvement in prediction accuracy; for minors, the improvement is 13%. The best wavelength region choice for any given univariate analysis is likely to be an inherent property of the specific training set that cannot be generalized. In comparison, multivariate analysis using partial least-squares (PLS) almost universally outperforms univariate analysis. PLS using all the same wavelength regions from the univariate analysis produces results that improve in accuracy by 63% for major elements and 3% for minor element. This difference is likely a reflection of signal to noise ratios, which are far better for major elements than for minor elements, and likely limit their prediction accuracy by any technique. We also compare predictions using specific wavelength ranges for each element against those employing all channels. Masking out channels to focus on emission lines from a specific element that occurs decreases prediction accuracy for major elements but is useful for minor elements with low signals and proportionally much higher noise; use of PLS rather than univariate analysis is still recommended. Finally, we tested the generalizability of our results by analyzing a second data set from a different instrument. Overall prediction accuracies for the mixed data sets are higher than for either set alone for all major and minor elements except Ni, Cr, and Co, where results are roughly comparable.
US Troops in Europe

The evolution toward US-Soviet strategic parity in the late 1960s had strengthened the need for conventional forces in NATO. Yet there was a growing Senate pressure for a reduction of US troops in Europe. In preparing for the twentieth-anniversary celebration of NATO in Washington, Kissinger in a memorandum urged President Nixon to emphasize the Administration’s commitment to maintain strong American forces in Europe, but pointed out that Congressional support required proportionate contributions from the Allies.1 This recommendation was consistent with Kissinger’s conviction that the defence of Western Europe could not be left to the Europeans, regardless of their stand on burden-sharing. But it also reflected his concern that Congress might legislate troop reductions unless the Allies appeared to make the proportionate contributions.
Continuous Profile Models in ASL Syntactic Facial Expression Synthesis.

To create accessible content for deaf users, we investigate automatically synthesizing animations of American Sign Language (ASL), including grammatically important facial expressions and head movements. Based on recordings of humans performing various types of syntactic face and head movements (which include idiosyncratic variation), we evaluate the efficacy of Continuous Profile Models (CPMs) at identifying an essential “latent trace” of the performance, for use in producing ASL animations. A metric-based evaluation and a study with deaf users indicated that this approach was more effective than a prior method for producing animations.
Necessary but Not Sufficient: The Role of Policy for Advancing Programs of School, Family, and Community Partnerships

Since the release of Equality of Educational Opportunity, researchers have emphasized the importance of applying the results of research to policies for school improvement. Policies tell educators to do something, but not how to enact specific laws. This study analyzes data from 347 schools in 21 districts to identify variables that support the enactment of policies for parental engagement. We address research questions on how school and district practices affect the quality of school-based partnership programs. Our results indicate that a policy on parental involvement may be a good first step, but other factors—principals’ support for family and community engagement and active facilitation of research-based structures and processes by district leaders—are important for establishing a basic partnership program. These factors promote programs that engage all students’ families. Schools that take these steps have higher percentages of engaged families and report higher rates of average daily attendance among their students.