cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exact computer calculations with infinitely repeating decimals

Both computers and calculators are limited by architecture, operating system, and software, to some predetermined level of precision within decimal number presentation and calculation. Rational fractions produce either terminating or repeating decimal numbers. In decimal form, rational fractions that produce repeating decimals cannot be represented exactly on computers or calculators. At some decimal place value, the decimal number must be truncated or rounded. This process leads to approximations, rather than exact numeric representation and calculation. Exact calculations can only be performed by computers and calculators on terminating decimal numbers. This paper demonstrates that for any rational fraction which produces a repeating decimal, there exists a base into which that number can be converted so that it produces a terminating decimal. Therefore, through converting to appropriate bases computers and calculators can provide exact representations and operations on newly formed terminating fractions.
Using Electronic Interviews to Explore Student Understanding

This paper reports on methods used to probe student understandings of optical fibers and total internal reflection (TIR). The study was conducted as part of the expansion and improvement of web‐based materials for an innovative introductory physics course. Initially, we conducted face‐to‐face Piaget‐style interviews with a convenience sample. Our next step was to interview students taking the course at Rensselaer. Physical limitations necessitated that this be done from a distance, so we conducted “e‐interviews” using a Chat Room. In this paper we focus on the e‐interview experience, discussing similarities to and differences from the traditional face‐to‐face approach. In the process, we address how each method informs us about students’ activation of prior experiences in making sense of unfamiliar phenomena (e.g., “transfer of learning”).
Pharmacology of motion sickness

Clinical trials of drugs are either operational conditions, parabolic flight. or rotation in a laboratory setting. Operational conditions include aerobatic flight. cruising small craft into ocean swells. transatlantic crossin~ by ship. OJ" maritime oreration~ Paraholic nighl descrihe~ 2( parabolas With g forcc~ i rom () let ] .S .. ~. common end point in sue\"' stLlcIie~ i '. \'(1m itin~ ~alo­ oratory tests include several variatiom on subjects seated in a chair that rotate~, while rhey make head movements in the four cardinal directions. The variations include alterations in the visual field, the use of different constant rates of rotation, or a progressive increase in the rate of rotation after each set of head movements. The end point is usually nausea. Squirrel monkeys of the Bolivian phenotype are tested in a rotating chair similar to that used -. . .. . . . RPM and adds a 15 cm sinusoidal vertical motion at 0.5 Hz (4). Suncus 11l1lrinus, an insectivore. is responsive to a reciprocating shaker. Motion is in the horizontal plane with excursions of 40 mm and a frequency of 1.0 Hz (48). Cats respond to sinusoidal vertical motion or a swing. The laboratory generating drug data uses a device similar to a Ferris wheel, differing mainly in that the subjects ride sideways rather than fore and aft (10). The cats are free to move in plexiglass boxes suspended from the ends of a 0.89 m horizontal beam. The beam rotates at the optimum frequency of 0.28 Hz (17 RPM), which is close to the human optimum of 0.2 Hz.
Influence of an extract of liver on colour and shelf stability of sliced bologna.

Abstract The influence of the substances present in an extract of liver on the characteristics of bologna sausage was studied in sliced, vacuum-packaged bologna stored under refrigeration for 70 days in darkness or exposed to light (180 ± 10ft-c). The extract replaced 0, 50 or 100% of the water added during formulation. The characteristics studied were colour intensity and stability, residual nitrite content, and oxidative rancidity. Colour fading was nearly non-existent in the batches stored in darkness but was more pronounced in those exposed to light, in which the rate of fading was inversely dependent upon the proportion of extract added. Nitrite loss over the storage period followed a first-order kinetic equation and was dependent upon both liver extract concentration (higher at higher extract levels) and the storage conditions (more pronounced in the batches exposed to light). The changes in the residual nitrite concentration could be attributed to its colour stabilizing action. While the 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) index tended to be higher at higher concentrations of liver extract, the increases were not substantial and were not dependent upon the storage period or illumination. Rancidity was not a limiting factor in the refrigerated storage of the product.
Acute exposure to caffeine selectively disrupts context conditioning in rats.

Rationale and objective: Acute caffeine administration has both beneficial and adverse effects on learning and memory; however, the brain regions underlying these effects remain unclear. Several experiments were conducted to examine the effects of acutely administered caffeine on the acquisition and expression of hippocampal-dependent and hippocampal-independent forms of conditioned fear. Methods: In the first experiment, caffeine (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg; IP) or vehicle was administered to rats 15 min prior to classical fear conditioning, which consisted of ten tone-shock pairings. Freezing to the conditioning context was measured 24 h later, whereas tone-elicited fear was measured 48 h later. A second experiment examined possible state-dependent effects of caffeine by administering caffeine (30 mg/kg) or vehicle 15 min before conditioning and before testing. Results: Pretreatment of acute caffeine severely impaired the acquisition of context conditioning, a hippocampal-dependent task. Tone conditioning, a hippocampal-independent task, was only modestly and non-significantly affected by caffeine (4–21% suppression compared with controls). The disruption of context conditioning was dose-dependent: 10 mg/kg had little effect on context or tone conditioning, whereas doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg caffeine severely disrupted context conditioning (73–87% suppression). In two subsequent experiments, it was found that caffeine's selective disruption of context conditioning could not be attributed to the fact that it is a weaker form of learning than tone conditioning or to state-dependent learning. Conclusions: Considered together, these results suggest that acute administration of caffeine may preferentially disrupt the acquisition of hippocampal-dependent learning, including context conditioning.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty involving internal mammary artery grafts

With the increasing use of the internal mammary artery as the conduit of choice in coronary bypass surgery, it is anticipated that an expanding patient population will have stenosis, usually at the site of internal mammary-to-coronary artery anastomosis. In our series 31 patients underwent dilatation at either the site of anastomosis (24), the native coronary artery beyond the anastomosis (4), or both (3) with no mortality, myocardial infarction, or need for emergency coronary artery bypass surgery. Angiographic and clinical success was achieved in 28 patients (90%). There were two internal mammary artery dissections with both patients requiring elective coronary bypass surgery. Of the patients in whom dilatation was successful, 22 (79%) have been followed for longer than 6 months and 19 (86%) have had sustained functional improvement at a mean of 35 months after angioplasty. One patient is to undergo repeat coronary bypass surgery. No patient has had a myocardial infarction or died during follow-up. Although percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of the internal mammary artery has inherent difficulties because of the anatomic characteristics of the vessel, it can be performed with a high degree of primary success and a low incidence of complications and can provide long-term clinical improvement.
Microbial production along the West Florida Shelf: Responses of bacteria and viruses to the presence and phase of Karenia brevis blooms

Abstract Bacterial abundance, production, protein and nucleic acid synthesis, growth, and viral abundance were measured in waters associated with three bloom stages of the “red tide” dinoflagellate Karenia brevis along the south West Florida Shelf (WFS). Measurements were taken: (1) when no bloom was present; (2) during the initiation stage of a bloom; and (3) during the maintenance stage of a bloom. Results indicate that the bacterial community was nutrient limited in the non-bloom period, with highest abundance and production rates occurring near and within estuaries. Abundance of virus like particles (VLPs) was higher within estuaries, but we hypothesize VLPs were not a high source of bacterial mortality, possibly due to high decay rates due to UV degradation or extracellular nucleases. High bacterial production, balanced protein to nucleic acid synthesis, and statistically similar bacteria abundances measured on consecutive days within the initiating bloom suggest a highly productive community with equally high mortality. VLP abundance declined during the first 48 h within both bloom stages, suggesting that viral genomes were either within host cells (not evident in water column samples), or bacterial mortality was due to mixotrophic grazing by K. brevis . Using a conservative grazing rate of 1 bacteria K. brevis −1 h −1 , K. brevis grazing could account for >100% of bacterial mortality during an initiating bloom. Bacterial abundance and production were significantly decreased and protein to nucleic acid synthesis became unbalanced during the maintenance phase bloom. An increase in VLP abundance during the maintenance phase was most likely the cause of bacterial mortality as mixotrophic grazing could only account for ∼4% of the change in bacterial abundance. Together, these data suggest that the associated bacteria and viruses play a critical role in the formation and termination of K. brevis blooms.
Viewpoint: Applying the Distinction Between Market-Oriented and Customer-Led Strategic Perspectives to Business School Strategy

Abstract The mission-linked AACSB accreditation standards suggest the importance of the strategic management process for business schools. The standards also emphasize customer-driven curriculum changes. This article presents an application of strategic management literature for consideration in the strategic management process of business schools. Specifically, the distinction between market-oriented and customer-led strategies is described, and the particular relevance and importance of this for business schools is explained.
Membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors: an update

Recent studies have demonstrated key roles for several membrane guanylyl cyclase receptors in the regulation of cell hyperplasia, hypertrophy, migration and extracellular matrix production, all of which having an impact on clinically relevant diseases, including tissue remodeling after injury. Additionally, cell differentiation, and even tumor progression, can be profoundly influenced by one or more of these receptors. Some of these receptors also mediate important communication between the heart and intestine, and the kidney to regulate blood volume and Na + balance.
Actinomycosis of the colon and rectum: report of two cases.

Two cases of primary actinomycotic infection involving the colon and rectum are reported. The cases illustrate different clinical modalities, from a localized and relatively benign form, to an extensive and overwhelming type of infection. Both patients recovered completely after surgical drainage and intensive penicillin therapy. The diagnosis can be most difficult, and may require a high index of clinical suspicion, as well as diligent search by the clinician, until the causative organism is identified.
The inheritance of a promise of democracy-to-come: of resistance and tolerance

This article examines Derrida's conception of democracy-to-come. It argues that democracy is but a promise, a promise to come that never actually arrives. Democracy always remains autoimmune and lacking in-itself. Such democracy always defers its own espoused values exactly in order to protect itself and to become more concrete. The article connects Derrida's discussion of democracy-to-come with resistance and tolerance. Building on Nietzsche and Mouffe the article argues that the agonistic struggle, which is crucial for the democracy that is becoming, is enabled by certain tolerance for differences. The article points to a new status and a new way of thinking of public policy that conceives of public policymaking as an incessant process of exploration of different possibilities of becoming. It concludes that the inheritance of a promise of democracy-to-come is this openness to imagining new horizons, horizons that are impossible to prevision.
Subjective and cardiovascular responses to nicotine combined with alcohol in male and female smokers.

Nicotine and alcohol are often consumed concurrently by smokers. Each drug alone produces significant subjective and cardiovascular responses, but the effects of the two drugs in combination have rarely been examined. Smokers who were moderate alcohol drinkers (n = 18, 9 males and 9 females) participated in four sessions, involving acute administration of nicotine/placebo and alcohol/no alcohol. Subjects abstained overnight from tobacco and alcohol prior to each session. Nicotine (20 µg/kg per presentation) or placebo was administered by measured-dose nasal spray every 30 min for 2 h following consumption of diet tonic water with or without alcohol (0.5 g/kg). Subjective (visual analog scales, Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Center Inventory) and cardiovascular (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) responses were assessed after each nicotine/placebo administration. Nicotine increased head rush, dizzy, and most stimulant effects (i.e. jittery, tension, and arousal and decreased fatigue and relaxed), while alcohol increased intoxication, head rush, dizzy, and jittery, with no other stimulant effects. Nicotine and alcohol generally produced additive subjective and cardiovascular effects when consumed together, although nicotine attenuated sedating and intoxicating effects of alcohol alone. Furthermore, there were several interaction effects on subjective measures involving gender. Nicotine plus alcohol tended to attenuate some subjective effects due to one drug or the other alone in men but enhanced the effects of either alone in women. These findings indicate that nicotine and alcohol generally have additive subjective and cardiovascular effects, but that men and women differentially respond on some subjective measures to the combination of alcohol and nicotine.
Global atmospheric forcing data for Arctic ice-ocean modeling

[1] We compare three forcing data sets, all variants of National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) forcing, in global ice-ocean simulations and evaluate them for use in Arctic model studies. The data sets include the standard Arctic Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (AOMIP) protocol, standard NCEP forcing fields, and the data set of Large and Yeager (2004). We explore their performance in Arctic simulations using a global, coupled, sea ice-ocean model, and find that while these forcing data sets have many similarities, the resulting simulations present significant differences, most notably in ice thickness and ocean circulation. This underscores the sensitivity of Arctic sea ice and ocean to slight changes in environmental forcing parameters. This study also highlights the difficulties faced by the model intercomparison community attempting to disentangle simulation differences due to model physics from those caused by small differences in forcing parameters. Assessing the simulation uncertainty due to inaccuracies in the forcing data provides context for the simulation uncertainty associated with model physics.
Therapeutic Effects of Aerosolized Amantadine in Naturally Acquired Infection Due to Influenza A Virus

The effect of small-particle aerosol therapy with amantadine was assessed in a randomized, double-blind study of 20 patients with naturally acquired influenza A virus infection. Aerosol treatments of 20 min with either distilled water or with amantadine hydrochloride (1.0 g/100 ml of distilled water) were given three times a day for four days. The amantadine-treated patients experienced a significantly more rapid resolution of clinical signs and symptoms when compared with placebo-treated patients. The resolution of fever was similar for both groups. Aerosol delivery of amantadine did not affect the frequency of viral isolation from upper respiratory tract secretions but was associated with a trend toward reduced quantity of viral shedding. Serial pulmonary function tests found no important differences between the groups. Amantadine-treated patients experienced a greater frequency of mild local side effects (rhinorrhea, nasal irritation) during aerosol exposures, but aerosol treatments did not cause any apparent decline in pulmonary function.
Measurements of precise internal conversion coefficients with an in-beam spectrometer

Abstract A technique is described in which the NPG method is applied to the measurement of internal conversion coefficients of prompt transitions following nuclear reactions. An intermediate-image electron spectrometer and a Ge(Li) detector were used to observe simultaneously internal conversion electrons and gamma-rays produced during proton bombardment of thin targets placed at the source position of the spectrometer. With the value αT=(9.1±0.2)×10−2 for the 662 keV transition in 137Ba accepted as a standard, the total internal conversion coefficient of the 843 keV ( 1 2 + → 5 2 + ) ground-state transition of 27Al, populated through the (p,p′) reaction, was found to be αT=(4.6±0.3)×10−5. This value is in excellent agreement with the theoretical E2 value. The total internal conversion coefficient of the 413 keV ( 1 2 − → 3 2 − ground-state transition in 55Fe, populated through the 55Mn(p,n)55Fe reaction, was measured to be αT=(9.4±0.8)×10−4. This value implies a nearly pure M1 character for the 413 keV transition. The technique described can readily be extended to other transitions populated in nuclear reactions.
Intraosseous infusion of fluids in the initial management of hypovolemic shock in young subjects

Abstract Immediate aggressive fluid resuscitation of a child with life-threatening hemorrhagic shock provides the difference between life and death. Obtaining venous access in the hypovolemic child sometimes is difficult and time consuming. In order to evaluate the benefit of prehospital administration of intraosseous fluids into the tibial bone marrow as a method of gaining quick access to the systemic circulation and in resuscitating victims from severe hypovolemic shock, 13 puppies weighing 4.6 to 10 kg were subjected to progressive, controlled exsanguination until their mean arterial pressure (MAP) was 20% or less of their baseline MAP for 5 minutes (maxishock). Then an 18-gauge intraosseous needle was inserted into the tibial bone marrow and lactated Ringer's solution was infused at 300 mm Hg of pressure until a volume three times the blood loss had been administered. The MAP, central venous pressure, arterial blood gases, hematocrit, serum lactate, and urine output were recorded at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after the onset of maxishock. At the end of the experiment the left lung of each animal was sent to the pathology department to investigate the possibility of bone marrow emboli. The results were compared with a group of control dogs with maxishock and no treatment, and a group of dogs with maxishock treated with a canine military antischock trousers inflated to 50 to 55 mm Hg and no fluids. The average needle insertion time was 16 seconds; the rate of infusion of fluids varied from a maximum of 25.7 mL/min to a minimum of 4.5 mL/min, with a mean of 10.6 mL/min. The overall survival, recovery of MAP, urine output, and lactic acid clearance were significantly better in the group of dogs treated with intraosseous fluids when compared with the other two groups. We conclude that the emergency administration of intraosseous fluids in both safe and efficacious in the initial resuscitation of hypovolemic shock when the intravenous route in the field is unavailable.
Proportions of Meat Scraps and Dried Milk in Rations for Starting Chicks

Abstract A COMBINATION of meat scraps and dried milk is commonly used as the protein supplement in rations for starting chicks. However, the proportions in which these two ingredients are used vary rather widely, ranging all the way from 3:1 to 1:3 of meat scraps and dried milk respectively. Since dried milk is more expensive than meat scraps it is poor economy to use more milk than is necessary for optimum results. For this reason it seemed advisable to determine the relative value of different proportions of meat scraps and dried milk in rations for starting chicks. EXPERIMENTAL An experiment involving three lots of ninety-eight Barred Plymouth Rock chicks each was conducted for a period of ten weeks. The day-old chicks were divided into equal lots according to weight. Each chick was banded and individual weights were taken at the start and at the end of each biweekly period. For starting the chicks . . .
Cloud effects in hyperspectral imagery from first-principles scene simulations

Clouds and cloud fields introduce important backscattering, obscuration, shadowing and radiative trapping effects in visible-NIR(near-infrared)-SWIR(short-wavelength infrared) hyperspectral imagery of the ground, especially in off-nadir (slant) viewing geometries where cloud thickness effects reduce the cloud-free line of sight (CFLOS). An investigation of these effects was conducted using monochromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral scene simulations performed with the Spectral Sciences, Inc. MCScene Monte Carlo code. Cloud fields were obtained from the Cloud Scene Simulation Model (CSSM) of Cianciolo and Raffensberger. The simulations took advantage of a data-fusion-based noise-removal method that enabled a dramatic reduction in computation time. Illumination levels at the sunlit ground showed enhancements of up to ~50% due to cloud scattering. Illumination in the cloud shadows was 20% of the full solar illumination or greater, with cloud optical depths of up to 10. Most of this illumination arises from solar scattering off the cloud tops and sides; however, a significant part can be ascribed to radiative trapping between the ground and the clouds, as represented by a local atmospheric spherical albedo. A simulation of a hyperspectral scene with cloud shadows was found to reproduce shadowing effects found in real data. Deeper shadowing is observed with increasing wavelength and in water-band regions, consistent with a previous analysis of cloud shadows in real imagery. The MCScene calculations also predict shadow enhancements of column water vapor retrievals from atmospheric correction/compensation codes, also in accord with field observations. CFLOS fractions were calculated as a function of off-nadir viewing angle and were found to be very accurately represented by a semi-empirical analytical function of both angle and cloud cover.
Basic education development in China: from finance reform to World Bank projects

Basic education (primary and junior secondary schooling) in China has experienced phenomenal development in the reform era from the late 1970s. The most important reform policies; namely, decentralization of governance and diversification of finance, have been translated into an unprecedented scale of resource mobilization for schooling expansion. This article examines China’s education finance reform and basic education development. It analyzes international aid and assistance, particularly major basic education projects financed by the World Bank and other international organizations. The article argues that China is not necessarily “in the driving seat” in cooperation with the World Bank, and that the bank does not play purely “a pivotal positive role” in helping develop Chinese basic education. In spite of its huge aid and assistance in China, the bank, to a certain extent, also contributes to the formation of China’s bifurcated schooling system.
Teaching Intercultural Communication with “An Idiot Abroad”

CoursesPublic Speaking, Small Group Communication, Intercultural Communication, Organizational Communication, Interpersonal CommunicationObjectivesStudents will understand the importance of adapting communication appropriately in intercultural settings. Students identify cultural values, assess intercultural communication competence, and practice appropriately adapting their communication.
Berkeley prosopography services: ancient families, modern tools

In this paper, we describe Berkeley Prosopography Services (BPS), a new set of tools for prosopography - the identification of individuals and study of their interactions - in support of humanities research. The BPS tools include 1) functionality to import TEI documents and convert to our data model, 2) a disambiguation engine to associate names to persons based upon configurable heuristic rules, 3) an assertion model that supports flexible researcher curation and tracks provenance, 4) social network analysis and 5) graph visualization tools to analyze and understand social relations, and 6) a workspace model supporting exploratory research and collaboration. We contrast the BPS model that uses configurable heuristic rules to other approaches for automated text analysis, and explain how our model facilitates interpretation by humanist researchers. We describe the significance of our curation model that improves upon traditional curation and annotation as a fact-based model by adding a more flexible model in which researchers assert conclusions or possibilities, allowing them to override automated inference, to explore ideas in what-if scenarios, and to formally publish and subscribe-to asserted annotations among colleagues, and/or with students. We detail the architecture and our implementation of the tools as a set of reusable web services and web application UI. We present an initial evaluation of researchers' experience using the tools to study corpora of cuneiform tablets, and describe plans to expand the application of the tools to a broader range of corpora.
An accelerated multiplier method for nonlinear programming

This paper describes an accelerated multiplier method for solving the general nonlinear programming problem. The algorithm poses a sequence of unconstrained optimization problems. The unconstrained problems are solved using a rank-one recursive algorithm described in an earlier paper. Multiplier estimates are obtained by minimizing the error in the Kuhn-Tucker conditions using a quadratic programming algorithm. The convergence of the sequence of unconstrained problems is accelerated by using a Newton-Raphson extrapolation process. The numerical effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated on a relatively large set of test problems.
Visual Historical Methods: Problems, Prospects, Applications

(1994). Visual Historical Methods: Problems, Prospects, Applications. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 167-184.
NETWORKED CONTROL SYSTEMS AND COMMUNICATION NETWORKS: INTEGRATED MODEL AND STABILITY ANALYSIS

Abstract An extended model for networked control systems is developed by integrating a networked control systems and a communication network model. This results in a deterministic switching system. Stability analysis of the integrated system is then investigated using switched system theory. Specifically sufficient conditions for global exponential stability of the systems are given in terms of plant and network dynamics. A simulation example is presented to study the properties of the extended networked control systems.
Age of the Vanda porphyry dikes in Wright Valley, southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

Abstract Samples of the Vanda porphyry dikes from Wright Valley, Antarctica, have an age of 470 ± 7 m.y. by the RbSr method. This age is consistent with field evidence. The age of 1000 m.y. obtained for these dikes by earlier investigators is interpreted to be a result of contamination with radiogenic strontium.
A Numerical Study of Stratified Tidal Rectification over Finite-Amplitude Banks. Part II: Georges Bank

Abstract Tidal rectification over a two-dimensional finite-amplitude symmetrical bank is studied using the Blumberg and Mellor primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model (ECOM-si). In the homogeneous case, the nonlinear interaction of tidal currents with the variable bottom topography generates an along-isobath residual circulation over the bank, which tends to increase as either the slope or height of the bank is increased. In the stratified case, internal waves at tidal and higher frequencies are generated over the sloping sides of the bank. Tidal mixing occurs in the bottom boundary layer, leading to horizontal tidal mixing fronts. The resulting stratified tidal rectification associated with the tidal mixing front, the generation of internal tides, and the modification of internal friction due to stratification leads to a subsurface intensification of the along-isobath residual current at the front and at the top of the bottom mixed layer over the slope, and a cross-bank double cell circulation...
Spectroscopic and Microscopic Analysis of Photo-cross-linked Vinylbenzylthymine Copolymers for Photoresist Applications

The success of semiconductor technology over the last few decades has clearly established the importance of photoresists in manufacture of these devices. While the fundamental focus of the development in the photoresists area has often been in obtaining smaller feature size(s) at reduced cost, the toxicity and the environmental impact of these photoresists are not always factored into the design of these resists. Here we report a new family of water-soluble photopolymers that can potentially be useful as environmentally benign “negative working” photoresists. This water-soluble polystyrene copolymer, vinylbenzylthymine−vinylphenylsulfonate (VBT−VPS) can be easily coated on a variety of substrates including flexible plastics such as polyethylterephthalate (PET). The chemistry of the cross-linking and immobilization of these “bio-inspired” photoresists has been derived from a simple photochemical transformation that occurs in nature (2π + 2π photodimerization of thymine). In this study we report the irradia...
Ninnaji and Otherworlds in the Nō Tsunemasa

AbstractThis essay discusses the Nō Tsunemasa in connection with narratives about the life of the warrior Taira Tsunemasa, killed during the Genpei War, and his biwa lute, Seizan. A mugen Nō (“dream Nō,” in which the main character, the shite, is a ghost) in one act, the play exhibits an unusual structure: it is the enactment of a memorial musical service for the dead Tsunemasa, set at Ninnaji, the temple at which he served during his youth, rather than at the locale where he died, the more common setting for such plays. Focusing on Ninnaji as the setting for the play, I discuss how its structure as a performance of a service creates connections with several other scenes of virtuoso biwa performance found in Tsunemasa’s life story. I argue that the play’s use of the meaningful site of Ninnaji—arguably the center of Shingon practice and a temple at which royal princes served as Omuro, or “prince-abbot”—creates complex ways of addressing the character of Tsunemasa historically and within the performance traditions of Heike monogatari recitation and the Nō.
Convexity analysis in detecting a steel plant hidden global optimum

This case study demonstrates the value of classical analysis and to a lesser degree, system decomposition for finding a global optimum missed by a sequential linear programming scheme which converges to a non-global local minimum. The example is a 20 variable steelmaking problem in which the variable annual cost to be minimized is linear, as are all constraints except a non-convex one in each blast furnace. The sequential linear programming method gives a provenlocal minimum, although the non-convex nonlinearity prevents any proof of global optimality. The provenglobal minimum found here has a 4% lower cost. The local minimum costs only 0.2% per annum less than the rather flat global maximum, so the original local minimization only achieved about 5% of the economy possible. In the overall plant, the cost saving is over three million US$ (1972) annually.
General Considerations on the Photo-Electric Effect

It is shown that the equality of the stopping potentials, which is expressed in the equation ${V}_{\mathrm{AB}}=(\frac{h}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}})({\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{oB}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{oA}})$, is a consequence of the principle of detailed balancing, without any assumption about the mechanism of photo-electric emission. If the relation is not satisfied, the system cannot be in equilibrium, and there must be slow transformations taking place with evolution of energy. Differentiation of the equation above gives a hold on the numerical magnitude of the temperature coefficient of the Volta difference, and also on the magnitude of the surface heat. In potassium the latter must be much larger than the ordinary Peltier heat. In a cavity in any body the equilibrium electron density is the same whether the photo-electric or the thermionic mechanisms act separately or conjointly. This gives certain connections between the photo-electric threshold frequency and thermionic emission. It is shown that the difference between the photo-electric and the thermionic work functions must be a universal constant for all metals, as must also the difference between the specific heat of the metal and a surface charge, and the difference between the entropy of the metal and a surface charge at 0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} Abs. Experiment makes it probable that these three universal constants are each zero. Applying this result to thermionic emission, it is probable that the abnormal emission from coated substances involves non-equilibrium conditions. Finally it is suggested that the considerations of this paper enable another significance to be attached to the argument of Lawrence that photoelectric and thermionic emission are identical.
Towards a theoretical basis of paleoecology: concepts of community dynamics

The science of paleoecology suffers from a lack of conceptual frameworks. Paleoecologists have been overconcerned with the inadequacies of the fossil record: as a result, community palmecology has historically developed very slowly. At the community ecosystem level, the need for a theoretical framework is so great that paleoecology must ‘borrow’ the hypotheses of modem ecology. Consideration of the stability-time hypothesis of Sanders in conjunction with the physical setting of transgression and regression has permitted the structuring of three community types and the interpretation of their behavior under variations in the physical environment. These community types (opportunistic. stable mature, relict mature) are recognizable in the fossil record and examples are given from the Upper Pennsylvanian of the Appalachian Basin.
High-repetition-rate three-dimensional OH imaging using scanned planar laser-induced fluorescence system for multiphase combustion

Imaging dynamic multiphase combusting events is challenging. Conventional techniques can image only a single plane of an event, capturing limited details. Here, we report on a three-dimensional, time-resolved, OH planar laser-induced fluorescence (3D OH PLIF) technique that was developed to measure the relative OH concentration in multiphase combustion flow fields. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a 3D OH PLIF technique has been reported in the open literature. The technique involves rapidly scanning a laser sheet across a flow field of interest. The overall experimental system consists of a 5 kHz OH PLIF system, a high-speed detection system (image intensifier and CMOS camera), and a galvanometric scanning mirror. The scanning mirror was synchronized with a 500 Hz triangular sweep pattern generated using Labview. Images were acquired at 5 kHz corresponding to six images per mirror scan, and 1000 scans per second. The six images obtained in a scan were reconstructed into a volumetric representation. The resulting spatial resolution was 500×500×6 voxels mapped to a field of interest covering 30 mm×30 mm×8 mm. The novel 3D OH PLIF system was applied toward imaging droplet combustion of methanol gelled with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) (3 wt. %, 6 wt. %), as well as solid propellant combustion, and impinging jet spray combustion. The resulting 3D dataset shows a comprehensive view of jetting events in gelled droplet combustion that was not observed with high-speed imaging or 2D OH PLIF. Although the scan is noninstantaneous, the temporal and spatial resolution was sufficient to view the dynamic events in the multiphase combustion flow fields of interest. The system is limited by the repetition rate of the pulsed laser and the step response time of the galvanometric mirror; however, the repetition rates are sufficient to resolve events in the order of 100 Hz. Future upgrade includes 40 kHz pulsed UV laser system, which can reduce the scan time to 125 μs, while keeping the high repetition rate of 1000 Hz.
Improved image reconstruction from multiple frames

A method is described for reconstructing images from incomplete data sets if subsets of the data are obtained with different data acquisition systems. The proposed method is able to incorporate prior information about the object into the reconstruction process. The general scheme is applied to construct improved images from multiple low resolution frames of the same scene, where each frame is obtained with an imaging system characterized by a different response function. The working principle is demonstrated with synthetic data for a set of generic imaging systems. Additional attention is given to the potential of the inherent superresolution capabilities of this method in the context of compressed image representations.
Enhanced angiotensin converting enzyme 2 regulates the insulin/Akt signalling pathway by blockade of macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression.

Background and purpose: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is now known to be a pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with insulin resistance. Our aim was to investigate whether angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) could modulate the expression of MIF and the insulin/Akt-endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) signalling in a human endothelial cell line (EAhy926). Experimental approach: A recombinant plasmid encompassing human ACE2 gene was constructed and transfected into the EAhy926 cells. The mRNA, phosphorylation and protein levels of p22phox, MIF, Akt and eNOS in endothelial cells were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. Key results: Gene transfer of ACE2 suppressed the expression of p22phox and MIF induced by angiotensin (Ang) II and Ang IV, accompanied by a decreased level of malondialdehyde in cells. In addition, Ang II diminished insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (at Ser473) and eNOS (at Ser1177) and NO generation, effects which were reversed by ACE2 gene transfer and anti-MIF treatment in endothelial cells. Conclusions and implications: The results reveal that gene transfer of ACE2 regulated Ang II-mediated impairment of insulin signalling and involved the Akt-eNOS phosphorylation pathway. These beneficial effects of ACE2 overexpression appear to result mainly from blocking MIF expression in endothelial cells, suggesting that the ACE2 gene may be a novel therapeutic target for diseases related to inflammation and insulin resistance. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 66–74; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707482; published online 1 October 2007
Plasma from a Patient with Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Induces Endothelial Cell Apoptosis and Platelet Aggregation

1.1. Plasma Samples Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) A TTP plasma sample was obtained from plasmais characterized pathologically by platelet pheresis during treatment through a blood bank. thrombi deposition and localized microvasThe diagnosis was based on clinical manifestations cular endothelial cell proliferation in arterioles and of thrombocytopenia, schizocytic hemolytic anecapillaries [1]. The pathogenesis of this syndrome mia, renal dysfunction, and fluctuating neurologic is still obscure. The disease process may be initiated symptoms. Plasma controls were obtained from by an abnormal interaction between plasma and healthy volunteers through venepuncture as well platelets and/or vascular endothelium, leading to as from two non-TTP patients undergoing plasmaplatelet thrombi formation with some fibrin in mipheresis. Informed consents were obtained and the crovessels [2]. The presence of factors in plasmas study approved by the Institutional Ethics Comfrom patients with TTP to induce platelet aggregamittee on Human Research. tion/agglutination has been reported [3–7]. Endothelial cell damage has also been speculated to be 1.2. Endothelial Cell Culture a crucial feature in some serial events that proceed to develop microvascular thrombotic lesions [8–10]. Human endothelial cell line ECV-304 from AmeriIn the present study, we demonstrate that subcan Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD) is a stance(s) in the plasma from a patient with TTP spontaneously transformed immortal endothelial induces both endothelial cell apoptosis and platecell line established from the vein of an apparently let aggregation. normal human umbilical cord. Cells were maintained in M-199 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) in a huAbbreviations: dUTP, deoxyuridine triphosphate; HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purmidified incubator at 378C with 5% CO2. pura; mAb monoclonal antibody; PI, propidium iodide; PE, R-Phycoerythrin; TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. 1.3. Cell Treatment This manuscript was presented at the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Florence, Italy, June 1997. Corresponding author: Eric C.-Y. Lian, M.D., Sylvester Cancer 2310 viable cells in 1 ml were seeded in 6-well Center (D8-4), 1475 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL 33136. Tel: plates and grown to a confluence. Before use, cells 11 (305) 326 8041; Fax 11 (305) 324 3375; E-mail: ,elian@ mednet.med.miami.edu.. were rinsed with M-199 medium and then incu-
Project Integration Architecture (PIA) and Computational Analysis Programming Interface (CAPRI) for Accessing Geometry Data from CAD Files

Integration of a supersonic inlet simulation with a computer aided design (CAD) system is demonstrated. The integration is performed using the Project Integration Architecture (PIA). PIA provides a common environment for wrapping many types of applications. Accessing geometry data from CAD files is accomplished by incorporating appropriate function calls from the Computational Analysis Programming Interface (CAPRI). CAPRI is a CAD vendor neutral programming interface that aids in acquiring geometry data directly from CAD files. The benefits of wrapping a supersonic inlet simulation into PIA using CAPRI are; direct access of geometry data, accurate capture of geometry data, automatic conversion of data units, CAD vendor neutral operation, and on-line interactive history capture. This paper describes the PIA and the CAPRI wrapper and details the supersonic inlet simulation demonstration.
A Simple Model for the Compressive Failure of Weakly Bonded, Fiber-Reinforced Composites:

A model for the compressive failure of fiber-reinforced composites with brittle, weakly bonded constituents is presented. This model is an extension of the classic fiber micro buckling analysis to situations in which slippage occurs at the fiber-matrix interface when the interfacial shear stress reaches some critical value. Slippage is found to eliminate the support usually offered by the matrix to the fiber and, thereby, leads to substantially lower predictions of compressive strength. An explicit formula for the compressive strength in terms of the interfacial shear strength and the degree of fiber misalignment is derived, and comparisons with experiments are discussed.
Association between soil type and paratuberculosis in cattle herds.

Objective—To determine the association between soil type and paratuberculosis in cattle. Sample Population—Soil samples and test results for paratuberculosis in 92 Indiana cattle herds. Procedure—Testing records from herds in which ≥ 20 cattle were tested for paratuberculosis by use of an ELISA between 1998 and 2002 were identified. Soil type was characterized on the basis of herd location. Clusters of herds with seroprevalence greater than the median seroprevalence were identified. Association between clusters and soil types was estimated by logistic regression, adjusted for herd type (dairy or beef). Results—A spatial cluster of greater than the median seroprevalence was identified in northeast Indiana. Soils with low silt content were associated (odds ratio [OR], 7.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1 to 24.5) with this cluster. Adjusting for herd type did not substantially alter this association (OR, 6.7). Herds located in areas with sandy loam (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 27.4) and loam (OR, 3.6; 95% CI,...
Evolution: spot on (and off).

The repeated appearance and loss of a spot on the wings of fruitflies during their evolution is caused by mutations in one gene. This finding provides an unprecedented window on the genetics of convergent evolution.
Projecting the performance of erbium-doped fiber devices in a space radiation environment

The optical attenuation induced in two erbium-doped fibers by 60Co (gamma) -ray exposures to 200 krad has been measured at 3 different dose rates, approximately, 35, 1000, and 20,500 rad/min. The growth of the induced loss was measured at 980, 1300, and 1500 nm. In some instances recovery of the loss after exposure was also measured. The effect of temperature on radiation-induced loss was examined by irradiating one of the erbium-doped fibers at three different temperatures, -54, 30, and 80 C. A simple physical model describing the thermal annealing process of the induced loss in the fibers is presented. The model yields expressions, with only two adjustable parameters, which describe the dose rate and temperature dependence of both the radiation-induced loss growth and recovery kinetics. The simple model accurately describes the form of the growth and recovery kinetics but overestimates the dependence of induced loss on dose rate and temperature.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.