cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automated optical microscopy of coated particle fuel

Abstract Fundamental technological advances have occurred during the 20 year hiatus in US research on coated particle nuclear fuel. As part of the recent US Department of Energy’s Advanced Gas Reactor Fuel Development and Qualification program, Oak Ridge National Laboratory has utilized advancements in computer automation, digital imaging, and image analysis to modernize US optical microscopy techniques for coated particle nuclear fuel. Automated optical microscopy has enabled detailed and objective analysis of individual particles (hundreds of measurements per particle) and of large sample sizes that far exceed the capabilities of conventional manual microscopy methods (analysis of 1500–5000 particles is common). Demonstrative examples of the capabilities of this automated optical microscopy are given for: (a) shadow imaging of kernels, coated fuel particles, and graphite matrix overcoated particles and (b) cross-sectional analysis of coated fuel particles to determine layer thicknesses.
Management of adnexal masses in pregnancy

Asymptomatic adnexal masses are frequently diagnosed in pregnancy, either at the early booking scan or at the time of caesarean section. They are mostly ovarian in origin. In this article we discuss the role of magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, Doppler studies and the use of tumour markers in diagnosis. The majority of ovarian cysts in pregnancy either resolve spontaneously or are due to benign conditions. Ovarian cancer is extremely rare in women of childbearing age and thus most of these cysts can be managed conservatively. If there is a suspicion of malignancy or there is a significant cyst complication, such as torsion, and surgery is planned, this should take place during the second trimester to minimise the risk of miscarriage.
A Design Procedure To Tune The Dynamic Stiffness Of An Externally Pressurized Gas Bearing

A design procedure for flat, circular thrust bearings is presented here. The procedure is based upon a new dynamic model of the bearing and the principle of tuning the bearing's dynamic stiffness to optimize the dynamic performance of the overall, machine-bearing system. The design procedure is iterative so as to satisfy a number of different design constraints and is illustrated in an example problem.
ZBP-99 defines a conserved family of transcription factors and regulates ornithine decarboxylase gene expression.

Among transcription factors that regulate ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) gene expression are those that interact with GC-rich promoters, including Sp1 and ZBP-89. Sp1 functions as a transactivator and ZBP-89 as a transrepressor of both the ODC and gastrin promoters. This study reports the cloning and characterization of a second member of the ZBP family that also binds GC boxes. ZBP-99 contains four Kruppel-type zinc fingers that collectively share 91% amino acid sequence similarity and 79% sequence identity with those found in ZBP-89. In addition, there are highly conserved amino acid sequences in the carboxy-terminal segments of the two genes. In spite of their structural similarities, the two proteins are encoded at distinct loci, ZBP-89 on chromosome 3q21 and ZBP-99 on 1q32.1. The predicted open reading frame of ZBP-99 cDNA encodes a 99-kDa protein. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that ZBP-99 protein specifically binds to the GC-rich promoter elements of gastrin and ODC genes. Northern blot analysis showed that a major ZBP-99 transcript of 5.6 kb is expressed ubiquitously at low levels, with elevated expression levels in placenta and in adult kidney, liver, and lymphocytes. Cotransfection of AGS gastric adenocarcinoma and HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma cells with a ZBP-99 expression construct and with an ODC reporter construct show that ZBP-99 repressed basal expression in the two cell lines by 80 and 60%, respectively. Collectively, the data suggest that ZBP-99 binds GC-rich promoters and may complement the activities mediated by ZBP-89.
Subungual exostosis of the third toe

Subungual exostosis is a variant of osteochondroma that appears as a pinkish nodule under the free end of the nail plate. It becomes symptomatic when large enough to disrupt the overlying nail on the digit or through mechanical irritation of the exostosis from physical activity. Appropriate workup of such a lesion is important, because many cases of subungual exostosis are initially misdiagnosed by a variety of specialists, including dermatologists. With the use of history and roentgenography, subungual exostosis can be effectively diagnosed or excluded. Appropriate treatment of subungual exostosis can be selected- surgical excision of the lesion with significant cure rates achieved. Although most cases of subungual exostosis are localized to the great toe, we describe a 32-year-old woman who developed a subungual exostosis on her right third toe. Appropriate diagnostic workup and surgical treatment of the right third-toe exostosis has resulted in complete relief of symptoms with no signs of recurrence 7 months after surgery.
The failure of retributivism

L'A. rejette la these du retributivisme en tant qu'elle ne repond pas aux questions fondamentales soulevees par la theorie de la justification de la punition: 1) la question de la responsabilite (quel comportement doit etre sanctionne?), 2) la question de la quantite (gravite de la punition), 3) la question generale de la justification (pourquoi repondre au mefait par la punition?)
Multipath fading in wireless sensor networks: measurements and interpretation

Multipath fading heavily contributes to the unreliability of wireless links, causing fairly large deviations from link quality predictions based on path loss models; its impact on wireless sensor networks is considerable. Although analytical models provide a probabilistic description, multipath fading is a deterministic phenomenon. Moreover, in the case of static nodes, fading is time-invariant. We illustrate its spatial nature with experimental evidence obtained using lower-end sensing node hardware. We also show the limitations of the supposed immunity of wideband radios to multipath fading in indoor deployments.
Glucocorticoids modulate G-protein α-subunit levels in PC12 cells

Abstract Regulation by the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone, dexamethasone, of the levels of several G-protein α-subunits was studied during differentiation in PC12 cells. Similar patterns, although with different magnitudes, were observed in the changes in the levels of αil, αs, and αq induced by the treatments studied, whereas αo differed from the other α-subunits. Thus, nerve growth factor (NGF) treatment increased αil, αs, and αq, and forskolin increased αil and αq, with the increase in αil being greater than the increases in the other two α-subunits after both treatments. The increases in αil, αs, and αq induced by NGF were dependent on signaling through ras, since they did not occur in NGF-treated M17 cells, which express a dominant inhibitory Ha-ras. Treatment of PC12 cells with dexamethasone antagonized the increases in αil, αs, and αq induced by NGF or forskolin, almost completely blocking any changes from control levels. The level of αo also was increased in PC12 cells by treatment with NGF or forskolin, but, in contrast to the other G-protein α-subunits, the response to NGF was not antagonized by dexamethasone in PC12 cells, or by the deficient ras activity in M17 cells. However, ras influenced the alternative splicing that regulates the levels of the two αo subtypes, αo1 and αo2, so they were expressed in a ratio of 1:2 in PC12 cells but 2:1 in ras-deficient M17 cells. These results demonstrated marked, and subtype-selective, influences of dexamethasone on the levels of G-protein α-subunits, an effect that may contribute to the effects of conditions that increase the levels of glucocorticoid hormones, such as stress or certain diseases, on signal transduction processes in brain.
Volcanic ash layers in deep-sea sediments and their petrological significance

Volcanic ash layers, which represent the products of volcanic activity within the ocean basins, are common in sedimentary cores taken near Cobb Seamount and on the actively spreading Gorda and Juan de Fuca Ridges. Petrographic and chemical analyses of the glass shards from these deposits have revealed that they are unaltered and are as chemically representative of local volcanic events as are the glassy margins of fresh pillow basalts recovered from the same areas. The presence of unhydrated glass shards in samples as old as 3.8 my is in direct conflict with published hydration rates of both terrestrial and submarine volcanic glasses. A study of a sequence of ash layers from Cobb Seamount, which spans in time much of the Seamount's history, indicates that the volcanic products from Cobb Seamount have had alkaline affinities and that its eruptions have been becoming progressively enriched in Al 2 O 3 . Recent experimental petrological evidence and the data on the chemical compositions of Cobb Seamount and the adjacent Juan de Fuca Ridge magmas are in agreement with the hypothesis that magmas are being generated at progressively greater depths beneath Cobb Seamount as it migrates away from the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
Zero-density estimates and fractional moments of Hecke L-functions

Abstract In this paper we study a relation between zero-density estimates of a Hecke L -function and fractional moments of the L -function on or near Re s = 1 / 2 . As a consequence, we prove that a bound of the type ∫ T 2 T | L ( 1 / 2 + i t ) | 2 k d t ≪ T ( log T ) A for some 0 k 1 and A > 0 is sufficient to deduce a universality theorem for Hecke L -functions.
Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells: Biology and Relevance to Disease

(1993). Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells: Biology and Relevance to Disease. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 420-439.
Factoring multiadditive mappings

There are two main results. One is a necessary and sufficient condition for a biadditive mapping to be the product of two additive maps. The other is a necessary and sufficient condition for a symmetric multiadditive map F to be of the form for some constant c and additive map A. In addition, an application to quadratic functionals is given.
Toward low cost and highly reliable sensor networks deployment

In this paper, we attack the sensor network deployment problem. We define the deployment problem as the problem of deciding how many sensor nodes should be deployed in the sensor field and the number of deployment phases. We model WSN availability and the total cost as functions of the deployment strategy and use our modeling in seeking an optimal deployment strategy that meets user-defined availability requirement with minimum total cost.
NEUROPATHOLOGY OF AGING

The brain undergoes many gross and histopathologic changes with advancing age. Some of the changes are attributable to the aging process itself while others are manifestations of age-related diseases including the various dementias. Many of the changes belong to both categories but are more severe in individuals with dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease.
Pathogenesis of postmenopausal osteoporosis

The presentation of osteoporosis to the clinician relies on the chance occurrence of fracture. Such events are sufficiently commonplace to allow identification of osteoporosis as a major public health problem. In 1986 in the USA, we expect more than 300 000 fractures of the femoral neck, and one woman in four over the age of 60 years will have a vertebral crush fracture. In 1983 it has been estimated that the USA spent $5.8 billion for health care of patients with osteoporosis. Recent evidence from both the USA and the United Kingdom suggests that the frequency of fractures occurring secondary to osteoporosis may be increasing1–3. In the USA femoral neck fracture frequency has increased from 176 000 per year in 1970 to 267 000 per year by 1980 (Fig. 8.1). If the present trend continues, by the end of the century there will be approximately 500 000 hip fractures annually.
Substructure layers and modes in the stratified boundary layer

Abstract Geophysical flows include small-scale substructures that support shear instabilities where the smoothed mean profiles indicate only stability. The substructures must draw their energy from the mean flow, probably through wave interactions, and it is shown that the substructures themselves give rise to a type of mode that is well suited for nonlinear interactions with the flow in and around them. The study indicates that substructures and their associated modes form a dynamically interacting system that may contribute to the chaotic nature of a stably stratified region.
Motivations for using the mobile phone for mass communications and entertainment

This study draws on the uses and gratifications framework to examine expanded use of a hybrid medium-the mobile phone-for mass communications and entertainment. Results of a telephone survey of 208 users show different motivations predict diverse uses of the mobile phone. Instrumental use motives drive the use of the mobile phone for news-seeking and Web-surfing. Further, the motive of pass time is significantly linked to playing video games via the mobile phone. In addition, the high-tech mobile phone enabled users to be more active: the more intensively people use mobile phones for voice calls, the more likely they will be to use mobile data services. Thus, the hybrid mobile phone bridges interpersonal and mass communication. Finally, younger users are more likely to use mobile phones for getting news and entertainment. Implications for the industry and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Intraductal Papillary Cholangiocarcinoma Associated With von Meyenberg Complexes: A Case Report

Intraductal papillary cholangiocarcinoma (IPC) is a rare form of bile duct neoplasm with only 28 cases reported in the English literature to date. We report a rare case of an IPC arising in a liver containing many von Meyenberg complexes (VMC) in a 70-year-old woman. She presented with colicky right upper quadrant pain and nausea, mimicking biliary colic. Imaging studies showed a mass in the left lobe of the liver. A left hepatectomy, which included segments 2 and 3 was performed, and an ill-defined shiny polypoid nonhomogenous mass (8.2x2.9 cm) was identified within the lumen of a dilated bile duct without invading the liver parenchyma. Histologically, the tumor was composed of papillary fronds with fine fibrovascular cores lined by tall biliary columnar mucus secreting epithelium. Focally the cells were of the gastric foveolar type. The tumor extended into the peribiliary glands and merged with an adjacent large VMC. A possibility that the carcinoma may have originated in a VMC was considered. On follow-up after 12 months the patient is doing well and is without any disease or recurrence.
The population policy of China

Summary China has a consistent and well-defined policy to regulate the growth of her population. Population policy is considered as an integral part of overall social and economic development policy. It promotes the reduction of the growth rate in densely populated areas but encourages the increase of population in sparsely populated areas and among national minorities. A series of planned internal migration policies has regulated the spatial distribution of population. Main factors affecting the implementation of China's population policy are the establishment of an effective organization and communication system, the participation of the masses in the work, the socialist transformation of the national economy, the changes in the structure and functions of the Chinese family, the changing status of Chinese women, the development of public health services and the campaign for late marriage and family planning.
A tissue specific approach for analysis of membrane and secreted protein antigens from Haemonchus contortus gut and its application to diverse nematode species

General methods to conduct tissue specific analysis are largely lacking for nematodes. An approach is described that focused on isolation of membrane and secreted protein genes from the gut of the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. The approach capitalized on a monoclonal antibody that recognizes multiple membrane and secreted worm proteins. Polyclonal antisera made against these proteins were used to screen expression cDNA libraries made either from adult worm gut or whole worm. The genes identified encode predicted or known membrane and secreted proteins from gut, including a cysteine protease, a zinc metallopeptidase and a previously described GA1 protein. Another gene, Hc40, was isolated from the whole worm cDNA library and is nearly identical to a vaccine patent sequence pBTA879. Tissue analysis demonstrated the intended focus on membrane and secreted proteins from parasite gut was achieved. Proteins related to each of those described were identified from other nematode species through data base analysis. Additionally, this analysis led to (1) identification of homologues of each gene in C. elegans; (2) deduction of a dimorphic structure in the Hc40 protein; (3) recognition of both monomorphic and dimorphic families of Hc40-related proteins; and (4) detection of two apparent classes of transcripts (mep1a and mep1b) that would each encode a divergent version of the putative zinc metallopeptidase MEP1. The tissue specific approach and information base described should generally contribute to investigations on nutrient digestion and related secretory processes in nematode gut.
A viscoelastic Timoshenko beam with Coulomb law of friction

Abstract This work focuses on the analysis and numerical simulations of dynamic frictional contact between a Timoshenko beam and a stationary rigid obstacle. The beam is assumed to be viscoelastic, and is clamped at its left end while it is free at its right end. When the beam moves horizontally and its right end contacts the rigid obstacle, contact forces arise and then the vertical motion of its right end is considered with friction. Thus the right end of the beam satisfies two contact conditions: the Signorini unilateral contact condition and Coulomb law of dry friction. Moreover, the slip rate dependence of the coefficient of friction is taken into account. The existence of weak solutions to the problem is shown by using finite time stepping and the necessary a priori estimates that allow us to vanish the time step in the limiting process. The energy balance in the system is investigated both theoretically and numerically. A fully discrete numerical scheme for the variational formulation of the problem is implemented and numerical results are presented.
Murray and Reshef Revisited: Toward a Typology/Theory of Paradigms of National Trade Union Movements

This article builds on Murray and Reshef (1988) to develop a four-cell paradigm typology. Next, a theoretical model is developed to examine the determinants of national union paradigms, to present national case studies of the four paradigms, and to investigate the effects of paradigms on union organizational structures, levels of industrial conflict, and decline rates of national union movements. Finally, the effects that declining unionism has on paradigms and the research implications of this study are examined.
Lipid composition is important for highly efficient target binding and retention of immunoliposomes.

Abstract By taking advantage of a monoclonal IgG antibody, 34A, which is highly specific to pulmonary endothelial cells, we have prepared liposomes containing various amounts of antibody molecules (immunoliposomes). These immunoliposomes accumulate specifically in the lung when injected i.v. Two lipid compositions were used: phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/phosphatidylserine (PS), 10:5:1 (mol/mol), a composition that allows liposomes to be readily taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (liver and spleen), and phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol/ganglioside GM1, 10:5:1 (mol/mol), a composition that allows liposomes to avoid or delay the RES uptake (the so-called stealth liposomes). Although an increase in the number of antibody molecules per liposome was accompanied by an increased level of lung binding of the immunoliposomes, differences due to the lipid composition were more profound. For example, stealth immunoliposomes containing an antibody/lipid ratio = 1:37 (wt/wt) accumulated in lung to a level of 60% of the injected dose, whereas PS-containing immunoliposomes with a higher antibody/lipid ratio (1:8) only accumulated 50% of the injected dose in the lung. Conjugation of antibody to the stealth liposome did not increase the rate of liposome uptake by liver; this rate was approximately 10-fold lower than that of the PS-containing liposomes without antibody. Stealth immunoliposomes with high antibody content also showed long retention in the lung. The t1/2 of lung residence for the stealth immunoliposomes with an antibody/lipid ratio = 1:11 (wt/wt) was approximately 24 hr. The fact that stealth immunoliposomes showed a longer retention time in the lung than the PS-containing immunoliposomes of similar antibody content suggests that macrophages may play a role in the removal of the bound immunoliposomes from the pulmonary endothelium. Alternatively, dissociated stealth immunoliposomes may reenter the circulation and rebind to the lung target, causing an apparent slow overall dissociation rate. These results can be understood on the basis of two competing kinetic processes: lung binding whose rate is directly proportional to the antibody content of the immunoliposomes and uptake by RES whose rate is significantly reduced in the case of the stealth liposomes. Even for a modest level of antibody content, the half-life for target binding of immunoliposomes was significantly shorter than the half-life of liver uptake of the liposomes, resulting in a favorable target binding. Significant immunoliposome binding to the lung is not due to the fact that tail vein-injected liposomes flow through the lung capillary bed before they encounter the liver, because portal vein-injected immunoliposomes showed the same rate and extent of target binding as the tail vein-injected ones.
Protamine-induced hypocalcemia.

Protamine, administered intravenouslyin doses of 5–10 mg/kg, induced hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in intact and nephrectomized rats, and hypocalcemia in thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Protamine inhibited parathyroid hormone-induced bone resorption in cultured calvariae of newborn mice, and both acute and long-term studies using 46Ca in the intact rat suggested that protamine also inhibited bone resorption in vivo. Whereas protamine appeared to mimic the action of thyrocalcitonin in the above respects, the mechanism of protamine-induced hypocalcemia probably differs from that of thyrocalcitonin. The dose-response curves for hypocalcemia induced by protamine and by thyrocalcitonin were not parallel. The hypercalcemic effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP was blocked by protamine, and protamine produced hypocalcemia in the presence of theophylline, suggesting that 3′,5′-cyclic AMP may not be involved. Protamine was apparently cleared from blood, or bound to some fraction of blood, very rapidly; heparin admini...
Vacuum ultraviolet MCD and absorption spectra of benzene isolated in an Ar matrix using synchrotron radiation

Abstract The 1 B 1u 1 E 1u valence and 2R Rydberg states of benzene isolated in Ar matrices have been studied using synchrotron radiation. The 1E 1u MCD A term is positive as in solution. Various features of the condensed and vapor phase MCD are rationalized in light of the large Ar matrix blue-shift of the 2R Rydberg state.
Combined use of chiral ionic liquid and CD for MEKC: Part II. Determination of binding constants.

A competitive inhibition mechanism is proposed to investigate the interactions among 2,3,6-tri-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD), cationic ionic liquid (IL) type surfactants, N-undecenoxy-carbonyl-L-leucinol bromide (L-UCLB) and profens (PROFs) using affinity capillary electrophoresis. The apparent binding constant of TM-β-CD to L-UCLB was estimated by nonlinear and linear plotting methods. The binding constants of one representative PROF (e.g., fenoprofen) to TM-β-CD and to L-UCLB were estimated by a secondary plotting approach. The R- and S-fenoprofen have different binding constant values, resulting in the enantioseparation due to the synergistic effect of the two chiral selectors, TM-β-CD and L-UCLB.
779 PHYSIOLOGIC JAUNDICE

Maximum serum bilirubin (SB) levels and feeding methods were analyzed in 2388 infants (99% white) admitted to our well baby nursery in 1976-1980. The vast majority of breast feeding mothers had 24 hour rooming in and fed their babies on demand. Virtually all infants with SB>13 mg/dl received phototherapy which may have depressed the upper percentiles. The clear differences (for whatever reason) between these populations imply that our standards for non-physiologic jaundice should be modified. SB>13mg/dl might require evaluation in a bottle fed baby whereas SB>15.5mg/dl would be necessary to arouse similar concerns in a breast fed infant. This approach would save money, if nothing else.
A three-dimensional edge-crack finite element for fracture mechanics applications

Abstract A three-dimensional extension of a previously published two-dimensional cracked finite element [Potirniche, G.P., Hearndon, J., Daniewicz, S.R., Parker, D., Cuevas, P., Wang, P.T., Horstemeyer, M.F., 2008. A two-dimensional damaged finite element for fracture applications. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 17(13), 3895–3908] is presented in this paper. The new element has an embedded edge crack, and was developed to model damage in three-dimensional structures using the finite element method. The element simulates the presence of a crack without physically inserting it in the three-dimensional finite element mesh. The method involves the derivation of a modified stiffness matrix that accounts for the change in the element flexibility due to the crack presence. The cracked element was analytically formulated and implemented in the finite element code ABAQUS Standard as a User-defined Element (UEL) subroutine. Tests of various cracked beam configurations were used to estimate the accuracy of the element by comparing two models: one with a UEL and another with an embedded edge crack. Beam deflections and natural frequencies were analyzed and compared for the two models. The results indicate that the new element has a good potential in modeling cracks in three-dimensional parts. Moreover, the method using this UEL computes the global response of damaged structures, in which cracks can be placed at various locations and in an unlimited number.
Sea Floor off Magdalena Delta and Santa Marta Area, Colombia

The slope bordering the Magdalena delta and the adjacent outlier of the Andes has a complex morphology. This includes typical delta-front slope valleys directly off the Magdalena River and off its old mouths, bordered to the west by anticlinal hills and synclinal valleys, and to the north by fault blocks with a northeasterly trend. To the east, the slope has a concentration of mud diapirs rising mostly from between 400 and 750 fm (730 and 1,370 m). Farther east, a partly filled synclinal valley extends seaward from the Golfo de Santa Marta. Off the mountainous coast east of Santa Marta, a large submarine canyon winds down the slope almost to Colombia Basin. This canyon cuts through a large fault scarp, which forms part of the southeast margin of the basin. The sea-floor relief has been formed by a combination of complex faulting and folding, prograding sediment from the Magdalena with attendant formation of slump valleys, partial filling of structural valleys with the sediment, diapiric intrusion of plastic mud from underlying formations, and marine erosion producing a large submarine canyon. The source of the sediment that has excavated the canyon is unknown but presumably is supplied by streams entering the sea from a north outlier of the Andes.
A dynactin subunit with a highly conserved cysteine-rich motif interacts directly with Arp1.

Dynactin is a multisubunit complex and a required cofactor for most, or all, of the cellular processes powered by the microtubule-based motor cytoplasmic dynein. Using a dynein affinity column, the previously uncharacterized p62 subunit of dynactin was isolated and microsequenced. Two peptide sequences were used to clone human cDNAs encoding p62. Sequence analysis of the predicted human polypeptide of 53 kDa revealed a highly conserved pattern of eleven cysteine residues, eight of which fit the consensus sequence for a Zn2+-binding RING domain. We have characterized p62 as an integral component of 20 S dynactin by biochemical and immunocytochemical methods. Affinity chromatography experiments demonstrate that p62 binds directly to the Arp1 subunit of dynactin. Immunocytochemistry with antibodies to p62 demonstrates that this polypeptide has a punctate cytoplasmic distribution as well as centrosomal distribution typical of dynactin. In transfected cells, overexpression of p62 did not disrupt microtubule organization or the integrity of the Golgi but did cause both cytosolic and nuclear distribution of the protein, suggesting that this polypeptide may be targeted to the nucleus at very high expression levels.
Evolution, Biology, and Society A Conversation for the 21st-Century Sociology Classroom

Recently, a growing contingent of “evolutionary sociologists” has begun to integrate theoretical ideas and empirical findings derived from evolutionary biology, especially sociobiology, into a variety of sociological inquiries. Without capitulating to a naive version of either biological reductionism or genetic determinism, these researchers and theorists have begun to synthesize sociological thought with research produced in various branches of the evolutionary life sciences. These recent developments provide sociology instructors with new opportunities to reconsider how they address the topic of biology’s relevance to sociology. In this article, the authors review key issues pertaining to evolutionary explanations of social behavior, offer clarifications and explanations of several issues that are sometimes misrepresented and misunderstood, and provide specific suggestions for instructors who are interested in updating and improving the quality of instruction on this important topic.
Development of an automated spatial synoptic climatological classification

A spatial synoptic climatological index is developed that both characterizes the dynamic and thermodynamic surface weather regime and is capable of assessing and analysing the impact of synoptic-scale variations on numerous environmental parameters. Based upon surface weather data for the contiguous USA for 1984, daily maps are produced that show those areas under the influence of similar weather conditions. The index is developed by applying principal components analysis to a daily matrix of 141 stations by 24 weather elements (chosen to represent the thermal-moisture and surface flow characteristics). The resulting component scores are grouped using a two-stage clustering technique. This yields a map showing lobes of air having relatively homogeneous weather characteristics. These lobes (clusters) are spatially coherent and correspond closely to surface weather map features. To allow for daily tracking of the clusters and identification days or weeks after disappearance, the means of each of the daily clusters are grouped across days. The resulting 90-cluster categorization describes all of the major synoptic situations that occurred in 1984. Some of the common categories include maritime and continental polar air masses, frontal passages, and continental high dominance. These groups demonstrate seasonality, regionality, and high within-category similarity. The resulting maps are useful since they are surface weather maps yet add clarity for environmental interpretation.
Diffusion Coefficients of Three Organic Solutes in Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Solutions.

Tracer diffusion coefficients of phenol, toluene, and benzoic acid in aqueous solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were measured by the Taylor dispersion technique. In addition, the viscosities and densities of the SDS solutions were measured. For phenol and toluene, the effect of micelle formation on the diffusion coefficient is pronounced. When the SDS concentration is below the critical micelle concentration (cmc), the diffusion coefficients are almost independent of the SDS concentration. However, above the cmc there is a rapid decrease in the diffusion coefficients, and the apparent diffusion coefficients of the two solutes are the weighted average of free solute diffusion and the micelle diffusion. A model is presented to describe the diffusion behavior of the two solutes in aqueous micellar solutions of SDS. The interaction between the two solutes and the micelles has been investigated and the fraction of each solute that is solubilized by the micelles is estimated from the measured apparent diffusion coefficient. For benzoic acid, the diffusion coefficient is dependent on the joint contribution of the benzoic acid molecules that are solubilized by the micelles as well as the corresponding benzoate ions. The effect of micelle formation on the diffusion coefficient of benzoic acid is not as pronounced as for phenol and toluene.
Immediate quadriparesis after manipulation for bilateral cervical facet subluxation : A case report

Closed reduction of the cervical spine is a commonly performed method of treatment for acute subluxations or dislocations. Although the recommendation has been debated by many authors3,10, a magnetic resonance image or a myelogram of the cervical spine has been advised for evaluation of lesions occupying the canal before closed reduction in patients who are neurologically intact or who have an incomplete injury of the spinal cord. A sudden or gradual worsening of the neurological status of a patient during reduction should alert the physician to the presence of high-grade compression of the spinal cord. Causes of neurological compression include a spinal epidural hematoma, a herniated intervertebral disc, direct compression of the cord due to osseous fracture fragments, edema of the cord, hemorrhage of the cord, and subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage13. The prevalence of spinal epidural hematoma associated with fracture of the cervical spine was 4 per cent (two of fifty-two) in the study reported by Wortis and Sharp and 1.7 per cent (six of 357) in that reported by Foo and Rossier. Traumatic causes of spinal epidural hematoma include vertebral fracture-dislocation, birth trauma, lumbar puncture, postoperative bleeding, and missile injury1,4,15-17. Spinal epidural hematoma due to trauma has been reported relatively infrequently in the orthopaedic and neurosurgical literature, and it usually results in progressive neurological deficits that necessitate operative decompression8. We report the case of a patient who had bilateral subluxation of the facet of the fifth cervical vertebra on that of the sixth cervical vertebra. The patient was initially neurologically intact and had a gentle closed reduction with slow extension of the cervical spine. Subsequent acute neurological deterioration indicated the need for urgent acquisition of a magnetic resonance image of the cervical spine, …
Discovery and disclosure of incidental findings in neuroimaging research.

Purpose: To examine different protocols for handling incidental findings on brain research MRIs, and provide a platform for establishing formal discussions of related ethical and policy issues. Materials and Methods: Corresponding authors identified from a database of peer-reviewed publications in 1991– 2002 involving functional MRI (fMRI), alone or in combination with other imaging modalities, were invited to participate in this web-based survey. The survey asked questions regarding knowledge and handling of incidental findings, as well as characteristics of the scanning environment, training required, IRB protocol requirements, and neuroradiologist involvement. Results: Seventy-four investigators who conduct MRI studies in the United States and abroad responded. Eighty-two percent (54/66) reported discovering incidental findings in their studies, such as arteriovenous malformations, brain tumors, and developmental abnormalities. Substantial variability was found in the procedures for handling and communicating findings to subjects, neuroradiologist involvement, personnel permitted to operate equipment, and training.
Suicide Coverage in U.S. Newspapers Following the Publication of the Media Guidelines

A nationally representative sample of 968 local and national newspapers was examined to determine whether the 2001 U.S. media guidelines were followed in articles published in 2002-2003, and featuring individual cases of suicidal behavior (N = 157). We found that, during this period of time, U.S. newspaper suicide coverage did not consistently reflect the influence of the media guidelines. On the positive side, only 19% of stories included inappropriate imagery. On the negative side, suicide stories often detailed suicide method (56% of stories) and location (58%), and rarely provided information about warning signs and risk factors (1%), the roles of depression (4%) and alcohol (2%), and prevention resources (6%). Our findings, together with previous evidence, suggest the need for sustained dialogue with the media about suicide reporting.
Maximal k-edge-colorable subgraphs, Vizings Theorem, and Tuzas Conjecture

We prove that if M is a maximal k-edge-colorable subgraph of a multigraph G and if F={vV(G):dM(v)k(v)}, then dF(v)dM(v) for all vV(G) with dM(v)
Clinically relevant doses of methylphenidate significantly occupy norepinephrine transporters in humans in vivo.

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a psychiatric disorder that starts in childhood. The mechanism of action of methylphenidate, the most common treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is unclear. In vitro, the affinity of methylphenidate for the norepinephrine transporter (NET) is higher than that for the dopamine transporter (DAT). The goal of this study was to use positron emission tomography to measure the occupancy of brain norepinephrine transporter by methylphenidate in vivo in humans. Methods We used (S,S)-[ 11 C] methylreboxetine ([ 11 C]MRB) to determine the effective dose 50 (ED 50 ) of methylphenidate for NET. In a within-subject design, healthy subjects ( n = 11) received oral, single-blind placebo and 2.5, 10, and 40 mg of methylphenidate 75 min before [ 11 C]MRB injection. Dynamic positron emission tomography imaging was performed for 2 hours with the High Resolution Research Tomograph. The multilinear reference tissue model with occipital cortex as the reference region was used to estimate binding potential non-displaceable (BP ND ) in the thalamus and other NET-rich regions. Results BP ND was reduced by methylphenidate in a dose-dependent manner in thalamus and other NET-rich regions. The global ED 50 was estimated to be .14 mg/kg; therefore, the average clinical maintenance dose of methylphenidate (.35–.55 mg/kg) produces 70% to 80% occupancy of NET. Conclusions For the first time in humans, we demonstrate that oral methylphenidate significantly occupies NET at clinically relevant doses. The ED 50 is lower than that for DAT (.25 mg/kg), suggesting the potential relevance of NET inhibition in the therapeutic effects of methylphenidate in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
The Amino Terminus of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA Helicase Rrm3p Modulates Protein Function Altering Replication and Checkpoint Activity

The Pif1 family of DNA helicases is conserved from yeast to humans. Although the helicase domains of family members are well conserved, the amino termini of these proteins are not. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome encodes two Pif1 family members, Rrm3p and Pif1p, that have very different functions. To determine if the amino terminus of Rrm3p contributes to its role in promoting fork progression at >1000 discrete chromosomal sites, we constructed a deletion series that lacked portions of the 249-amino-acid amino terminus. The phenotypes of cells expressing alleles that lacked all or most of the amino terminus were indistinguishable from those of rrm3Δ cells. Rrm3p deletion derivatives that lacked smaller portions of the amino terminus were also defective, but the extent of replication pausing at tRNA genes, telomeres, and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was not as great as in rrm3Δ cells. Deleting only 62 amino acids from the middle of the amino terminus affected only rDNA replication, suggesting that the amino terminus can confer locus-specific effects. Cells expressing a fusion protein consisting of the Rrm3p amino terminus and the Pif1p helicase domain displayed defects similar to rrm3Δ cells. These data demonstrate that the amino terminus of Rrm3p is essential for Rrm3p function. However, the helicase domain of Rrm3p also contributes to its functional specificity.
Effects of dispersion on the activity and selectivity of alumina-supported ruthenium catalysts for carbon monoxide hydrogenation

A study was performed to determine the extent to which metal dispersion affects the activity and selectivity of RuAl2O3 catalysts used for CO hydrogenation. For dispersions below 0.7, the specific activity for synthesis of methane and C2+ products decreases with increasing dispersion, but neither the probability for chain growth nor the olefin-to-paraffin ratio is affected. The decrease in activity over this range is ascribed to a decrease in the fraction of sites present on planar surfaces. For dispersions above 0.7, the specific activity for synthesis of all products decreases dramatically, and is accompanied by a slight decrease in the probability of chain growth and a rapid decrease in the olefin-to-paraffin ratio. These changes are attributed to changes in the electronic properties of the Ru microcrystallites with size and the occurrence of metal/support interactions. In situ infrared spectra reveal that only those sites that adsorb one linearly bound CO molecule per Ru atom are active for CO hydrogenation. Adsorption of two CO molecules per Ru site is also observed but these site are catalytically inactive.
Molecular and Clinical Advances in Core Binding Factor Primary Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Paradigm for Translational Research in Malignant Hematology

Clonal chromosomal abnormalities are the most important prognostic indicators in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recent advances in molecular biology have allowed structural and functional characterization of many of these genomic rearrangements and have provided evidence for their primary role in leukemogenesis. Two of the most prevalent cytogenetic subtypes of adult primary or de novo AML, t(8;21)(q22;q22) and inv(16)(p13q22), are characterized by disruption of the AML1(CBF alpha 2) gene at 21q22 and the CBF beta gene at 16q22, respectively. Both genes encode a subunit of core binding factor (CBF), a regulator of normal hematopoiesis. At the molecular level, t(8;21)(q22;q22) and inv(16)(p13q22) result in the creation of novel fusion genes, AML1/ETO and CBF beta/MYH11, whose structures and functions are being successfully characterized by in vitro studies and transgenic animal models. Detection of t(8;21)(q22;q22) or inv(16)(p13q22) in adult patients with primary AML is a favorable independent prognostic indicator for achievement of cure after intensive chemotherapy or bone marrow transplantation and may serve as a paradigm for risk-adapted treatment in AML. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advances in the molecular biology and clinical management of t(8;21)(q22;q22) and inv(16)(p13q22) primary AML, collectively referred to here as CBF AML.
Vapor phase detection of a narcotic using surface acoustic wave immunoassay sensors

Currently, the narcotic sniffing dog remains the most accurate, reliable, and widely used sensing technology in the war on drugs. However, recent studies done at the Institute for Biological Detection Systems at Auburn University, Auburn, AL, have shown that in the presence of extraneous odors (nontarget odors), these animals show a higher propensity for so-called false alarms. For this reason, there have been an increasing demand for a portable, highly specific vapor-sensing device capable of distinguishing a target vapor signature in a complex odor. In this paper, we present the results of a series of experiments demonstrating real-time vapor phase detection of cocaine molecules. A distinctive response or signature was observed under laboratory conditions, where the cocaine vapors were presented using an INEL vapor generator and under "field" conditions facilitated by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation Crime Lab. For these experiments, the sensor component was an ST-X quartz resonator with a center frequency of approximately 250-MHz. Anti-benzoylecgonine (anti-BZE) antibodies are attached to the electrodes on the device surface via a protein-A cross linker. We observed a large transient frequency shift accompanied by baseline shift with the anti-BZE coated sensor. After repeated experiments and the use of numerous controls, we believe that we have achieved real-time molecular recognition of cocaine molecules.
Image indexing using moments and wavelets

Histogram comparison is a popular technique for image and video indexing. The complexity of the technique can be reduced by representing the histogram by its moments. In this paper, we propose two techniques to improve the performance of the basic histogram/moment-based technique. First, we propose to use orthogonal Legendre moments for representing histograms. Since Legendre moments are orthogonal, they provide superior indexing performance compared to regular moments at a similar complexity. Secondly, we propose to compare the histograms of wavelet coefficients at different scales. The wavelet coefficients provide important directional information, and hence improve the performance of the basic histogram-based technique. The proposed scheme can be easily extended to color images and also be integrated into a wavelet-based image coder.
A design and modeling methodology for performance evaluation in real-time, distributed software systems

The authors present a new design methodology which constructs software systems to meet performance objectives. The goal is to integrate performance engineering into software engineering. The process begins early in the software lifecycle and uses performance models to identify satisfactory designs and to eliminate those that are likely to have unacceptable performance, before developers invest significant time in implementation. The process includes the performance analysis and special parallel software design phases (i.e., restructuring, partitioning, and allocation) as an integral part of the software design process. >
Antioxidant Capacity of Tea and Common Vegetables

Previously, some fruits were shown to contain high antioxidant activities. In this paper, we report the antioxidant activities of 22 common vegetables, one green tea, and one black tea measured using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay with three different reactive species: a peroxyl radical generator, a hydroxyl radical generator, and Cu2+, a transition metal. Based on the fresh weight of the vegetable, garlic had the highest antioxidant activity (μmol of Trolox equiv/g) against peroxyl radicals (19.4) followed by kale (17.7), spinach (12.6), Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, broccoli flowers, beets, red bell pepper, onion, corn, eggplant (9.8−3.9), cauliflower, potato, sweet potato, cabbage, leaf lettuce, string bean, carrot, yellow squash, iceberg lettuce, celery, and cucumber (3.8−0.5); kale had the highest antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radicals followed by Brussels sprouts, alfalfa sprouts, beets, spinach, broccoli flowers, and the others. The green and black teas had muc...