cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
29.4 A 16Gb/s 3.6pJ/b wireline transceiver with phase domain equalization scheme: Integrated pulse width modulation (iPWM) in 65nm CMOS

Asymmetric links such as memory interfaces and display drivers require the transmitter to perform necessary equalization, while the receiver remains simple and has minimal or no equalization capability. Traditionally, FFE-based equalization techniques on power-efficient voltage-mode drivers have been used on the transmit end. Based on the FFE tap resolution requirement, the output driver and pre-driver are divided into multiple segments. Although such a segmented FFE implementation helps to maintain a constant output termination impedance (50Ω) across all tap settings, it comes at the cost of (a) increased signaling power, and (b) increased switching power since multiple segments are required to achieve desired linearity [1]. Phase domain equalization techniques, such as pulse width modulation (PWM), can equalize the channel without increasing signaling power or segmenting the output driver. However, PWM encoding requires the insertion of a precise narrow pulse in every data bit, which necessitates very wide bandwidth in the high-speed data path, resulting in poor energy efficiency [2] and difficulty in scaling PWM encoding to higher data rates [3]. For example, creating a 10% duty cycle on a 64Gb/s PWM data stream would require a pulse width of 1.5ps with less than 1ps of rise/fall time at the transmitter output. Other phase domain pre-emphasis techniques are ineffective for high-loss channels [4]. In view of these limitations, we present a new phase-domain equalization technique: integrated pulse width modulation (iPWM) in a 16Gb/s transceiver, which can equalize 19dB of channel loss, while consuming 57.3mW power. Compared to state-of-the-art PWM designs, the proposed iPWM scheme achieves 36× better energy efficiency for the same data rate [2], and 3.2× higher data rate for the same energy efficiency [3].
Initial Fibular Displacement as a Predictor of Medial Clear Space Widening in Weber B Ankle Fractures

Background:The diagnosis of medial ankle instability in Weber B ankle fractures remains controversial. Manual stress and gravity stress radiographs as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are u...
Analysis of path stability within autonomous systems

Interactive and multimedia applications depend on the stability of end-to-end paths on the Internet for predictable performance and good quality of service. On the other hand, network providers depend on multiple paths to ensure fault tolerance and use load balancing between these paths to enhance the overall network throughput. In this study, we analyze the path dynamics within service providers' networks using a month of measurement data from the RIPE Atlas platform which collects path traces between a source and a destination pair approximately every 15 minutes. Determining path segments belonging to each Autonomous System (AS), we explore ingress to egress paths of an AS in addition to source to destination paths within the AS. We observe that 13.2% of ASes contain routing loops within their network indicating mis-configuration of routers. Couple of ASes had over a million loops with over 100 routers causing loops in path traces. Additionally, 77.6% of end-to-end routes have at least two alternative AS paths with some end-to-end routes going through hundreds of different AS paths. Analyzing trace segments between ingresses and egresses of an AS, we realized more than a third of the backbone ASes have consistent routing between any node pair, but others implement load balancing or have inconsistent routing policies across their network.
Comparison of prescribing patterns between United States and Dominican Republic prescribers on short-term medical mission trips.

Background Short-term medical missions (STMMs) have increased and are viewed as a way to extend care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Although benefits may exist, visiting teams may lack insight into using medications safely and effectively. The primary objective was to assess prescribing differences between US-based and Dominican Republic (DR) healthcare providers on STMMs in the DR. Methods A retrospective database review between January 2013 and 2015 was conducted. Data from US and DR groups were compared for differences in diagnoses, medication classes prescribed and prescriptions per patient. Results The mean number of medical conditions diagnosed per patient in the DR (n=423) and US groups (n=1585) were 1.4±0.9 and 1.0±0.8, respectively. The diagnosis of infectious diseases was the same as non-communicable diseases. The DR group prescribed more medications at each patient encounter (mean 2.6 vs 2.2, respectively; p<0.001). The US group prescribed more antibiotics for respiratory infections (US 46.2% vs DR 25.0%; p=0.0001), used more metronidazole than albendazole alone for parasite infections (p=0.0022) and used more oral fluconazole for vaginal candidiasis (p<0.0001) and tinea infections (US 44.6%, DR 14.3%, respectively; p=0.0020). Conclusions Although some significant prescribing differences exist between US and DR providers, many similarities were present. Visiting providers should understand the medication use system and disease burden before providing care in an LMIC.
Growth of non-toxigenic Clostridium botulinum mutant LNT01 in cooked beef: One-step kinetic analysis and comparison with C. sporogenes and C. perfringens.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the growth kinetics of Clostridium botulinum LNT01, a non-toxigenic mutant of C. botulinum 62A, in cooked ground beef. The spores of C. botulinum LNT01 were inoculated to ground beef and incubated anaerobically under different temperature conditions to observe growth and develop growth curves. A one-step kinetic analysis method was used to analyze the growth curves simultaneously to minimize the global residual error. The data analysis was performed using the USDA IPMP-Global Fit, with the Huang model as the primary model and the cardinal parameters model as the secondary model. The results of data analysis showed that the minimum, optimum, and maximum growth temperatures of this mutant are 11.5, 36.4, and 44.3 °C, and the estimated optimum specific growth rate is 0.633 ln CFU/g per h, or 0.275 log CFU/g per h. The maximum cell density is 7.84 log CFU/g. The models and kinetic parameters were validated using additional isothermal and dynamic growth curves. The resulting residual errors of validation followed a Laplace distribution, with about 60% of the residual errors within ±0.5 log CFU/g of experimental observations, suggesting that the models could predict the growth of C. botulinum LNT01 in ground beef with reasonable accuracy. Comparing with C. perfringens, C. botulinum LNT01 grows at much slower rates and with much longer lag times. Its growth kinetics is also very similar to C. sporogenes in ground beef. The results of computer simulation using kinetic models showed that, while prolific growth of C. perfringens may occur in ground beef during cooling, no growth of C. botulinum LNT01 or C. sporogenes would occur under the same cooling conditions. The models developed in this study may be used for prediction of the growth and risk assessments of proteolytic C. botulinum in cooked meats.
A Digitally Interfaced Analog Correlation Filter System for Object Tracking Applications

This paper reports a $24\times 57$ correlation filter system for object tracking applications. While digital interfacing of the input and output data enabled a standard and flexible way of communication with pre- and post-processing digital blocks, the multiply-accumulate (MAC) operations were performed in the analog domain to save power and area. The proposed system utilizes non-volatile floating-gate memories to store filter coefficients. The chip was fabricated in a 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process and occupies 3.23 mm2 of silicon area. The system dissipates 388.4 $\mu \text{W}$ of power at a throughput of 11.3 kVec/s, achieving an energy efficiency of 25.2 pJ/MAC. Experimental results for a custom filter designed to detect vehicles are presented.
Quantitative Assessment of Digital Radiography Systems

Digital radiography is a growing field of academic investigation, industrial development, and clinical applications. Quantitative assessment of the performance of the digital radiography systems at the physics and engineering level is important in clinical quality assurance. It also provides guidance for the development of new and improved systems. The commonly used quantitative parameters may include the measures of linearity, modulation transfer (MTF), noise power spectrum (NPS), and importantly, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE). This paper reviews the theory, the measuring technique, and the method of data-analysis of these important parameters.
Do Executives Approach Leadership Differently When They Are Involved in Collaborative Partnerships? A Perspective from International Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs)

Leaders of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) navigate daily between the internal politics of their own organization and the external environment. Frequently, these leaders have to...
Return-oriented programming on a resource constrained device

Abstract Microcontrollers are found in many everyday devices and will only become more prevalent as the Internet of Things (IoT) and other low power devices gain momentum. As such, it is increasingly important that they are reasonably resilient to known exploitation techniques. Modern enterprise-grade systems with virtually unlimited resources have many options when it comes to implementing state of the art intrusion prevention and detection solutions. These solutions are costly in terms of energy, execution time, circuit board area, and — of course — money. Sustainable IoT devices and power-constrained embedded systems cannot afford such costs and are forced to make suboptimal security trade-offs. One such trade-off is the design of architectures which prevent execution of injected shell code, yet have allowed Return Oriented Programming (ROP) to emerge as a more reliable way to execute malicious code following attacks. ROP is a method used to take over the execution of a program by causing the return address of a function to be modified through an exploit vector, then returning to small segments of otherwise innocuous code located in executable memory one after the other to carry out the attacker's aims. It will be shown that the Tiva TM4C123GH6PM microcontroller, which utilizes a Cortex-M4F processor, can be fully controlled with this technique. Sufficient code is pre-loaded into a ROM on Tiva microcontrollers to erase and rewrite the flash memory where the program resides. Then, that same ROM is searched for a Turing-complete gadget set which would allow for arbitrary execution. This allows an attacker to re-purpose the microcontroller, altering the original functionality to their own malicious ends. Our results show that advanced exploitation techniques are still effective against embedded systems which prioritize energy-efficiency and that more research needs to be focused on finding the right balance of security for devices with a small energy footprint.
Use of Complementary and Integrative Health for Chronic Pain Management

Chronic pain is one of the most common health concerns in Veterans and commonly co-occurs with psychiatric disorders. A complex relationship between chronic pain, opioid use, and psychological health suggests that addressing pain should be a vital component of any mental health treatment plan. The growing costs of pain-related morbidity, mortality, and disability and increasing evidence that conventional treatment does not adequately address pain and contribute to the opioid crisis are discussed in the National Institute for Drug Abuse (NIDA) report and the Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act (CARA).
Impact of a Mobile Health Intervention on Long-term Nonadherence After Lung Transplantation: Follow-up After a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND In a randomized controlled trial, lung transplant recipients (LTRs) using a mobile health intervention, Pocket Personal Assistant for Tracking Health (Pocket PATH), showed better adherence to the medical regimen than LTRs receiving usual care during the first year posttransplant. We examined whether these effects were maintained beyond the end of the trial and evaluated other potential risk factors for long-term nonadherence. METHODS Adherence in 8 areas was evaluated at follow-up in separate LTR and family caregiver (collateral) assessments. Pocket PATH and usual care groups' nonadherence rates were compared; multivariable regression analyses then examined and controlled for other patient characteristics' associations with nonadherence. RESULTS One hundred five LTRs (75% of survivors) were assessed (M = 3.9 years posttransplant, SD = 0.8). Nonadherence rates in the past month were 23%-81% for self-care and lifestyle requirements (diet, exercise, blood pressure monitoring, spirometry), 13%-23% for immunosuppressants and other medications, and 4% for tobacco use, with 31% clinic appointment nonadherence in the past year. In multivariable analysis, the Pocket PATH group showed lower risk of nonadherence to lifestyle requirements (diet/exercise) than the usual care group (P < 0.05). Younger age and factors during the first year posttransplant (acute graft rejection, chronically elevated anxiety, less time rehospitalized, nonadherence at the final randomized controlled trial assessment) were each associated with nonadherence in at least 1 area at follow-up (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Pocket PATH did not have sustained impact on most areas of the regimen, although we identified other risk factors for long-term nonadherence. Future work should explore strategies to facilitate sustained effects of mobile health interventions.
Commercial Banks and Savings Banks

Both commercial banks and savings & loans provide banking and loan products to consumers. Commercial banks are classified as: retail banks and wholesale banks. Commercial banks are intermediaries between the central bank (FED) and the ultimate money borrowers. However, savings banks are financial institution whose primary purpose consists of accepting savings deposits and paying interest on those deposits.
British Romantic Literature and the Emerging Modern Greek Nation / Byron and the Sea-Green Isle: by Alexander Grammatikos, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, x + 221 pp.

The thematic intersection between the studies under consideration here—Alexander Grammatikos’s British Romantic Literature and the Emerging Modern Greek Nation and Nicholas Gayle’s Byron and the Se...
Targeting the Inositol Pyrophosphate Biosynthetic Enzymes in Metabolic Diseases

In mammals, a family of three inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks) synthesizes the inositol pyrophosphate 5-IP7 from IP6. Genetic deletion of Ip6k1 protects mice from high fat diet induced obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver. IP6K1 generated 5-IP7 promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells, whereas it reduces insulin signaling in metabolic tissues by inhibiting the protein kinase Akt. Thus, IP6K1 promotes high fat diet induced hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in mice while its deletion has the opposite effects. IP6K1 also promotes fat accumulation in the adipose tissue by inhibiting the protein kinase AMPK mediated energy expenditure. Genetic deletion of Ip6k3 protects mice from age induced fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Accordingly, the pan IP6K inhibitor TNP [N2-(m-trifluorobenzyl), N6-(p-nitrobenzyl)purine] ameliorates obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver in diet induced obese mice by improving Akt and AMPK mediated insulin sensitivity and energy expenditure. TNP also protects mice from bone loss, myocardial infarction and ischemia reperfusion injury. Thus, the IP6K pathway is a potential target in obesity and other metabolic diseases. Here, we summarize the studies that established IP6Ks as a potential target in metabolic diseases. Further studies will reveal whether inhibition of this pathway has similar pleiotropic benefits on metabolic health of humans.
A new perspective on the static metabolic allometry of carabid beetles

The conventional allometric method entails fitting a straight line to logarithmic transformations of the original bivariate data and then back-transforming the resulting equation (at least implicitly) to form a two-parameter power function, Y = a × Xb , on the arithmetic scale. Although the protocol is widely used in contemporary research, it commonly performs poorly and thereby leads investigators to form inaccurate impressions of the dominant pattern in their data. Here I re-examine the metabolic allometry for six species of carabid beetle to illustrate the problem that arises when pattern in the original data can be described by two (or more) statistically equivalent equations with different functional form. Whereas conventional analyses of data for the beetles yielded only a single descriptive model for each dataset (i.e., the two-parameter power equation), the more versatile protocol used here fitted two to four statistically equivalent equations (including the two-parameter power function) to the same sets of observations. Conclusions based on just the power equation estimated by conventional allometry would be misleading because the equation does not afford a unique description for pattern in the data.
Let bees be bees

Thomas Seeley reviews a half century of research, mostly conducted by himself and his colleagues on the ecology, evolution, and natural history of wild honey bees. He provides insights into how bees reproduce, how they forage, and how they defend the colony. The final chapter, “Darwinian beekeeping” discusses how ecological and evolutionary principles can be incorporated into the practice of beekeeping.
The neuromuscular transform in a single segment of a segmented heart tube

Moving blood through the segmented heart tubes of leeches requires sequential constrictions driven by motor neurons controlled by a central pattern generator. In a single heart segment, we varied s...
Validity of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Codes for Cirrhosis.

Introduction Accurate identification of patients with cirrhosis is important for research using administrative databases. We aimed to examine the accuracy of several major ICD-10 codes for cirrhosis diagnosis in a large and diverse patient cohort; there is little existing research on this topic. Methods Using data from 3396 patients with chronic liver disease (hepatitis B, C or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) from one university and several community medical centers, we calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for several major ICD-10 codes for cirrhosis, which was verified by individual chart review. We performed a secondary validation in a general cohort of 1560 randomly selected patients. Results While each of the individual study ICD-10 codes were specific (98.08 - 100%), none of the codes were sufficiently sensitive (0.27 - 55.70%). PPVs were high in the chronic liver disease cohort (88.41 - 100%) but lower in the general population (55.53 - 66.76%). The AUROC for having at least one code was higher (0.79) than any code alone (0.50 - 0.65). Discussion/conclusion Individual ICD-10 codes are suboptimal for identifying patients with cirrhosis in the general patient population. We recommend conditioning ICD-10 code searches with a chronic liver disease diagnosis code and/or combining diagnostic codes to maximize performance.
Developments in garnet-based scintillating composites for radiation detection applications

Garnet based scintillators have been shown to have high light yield with fast scintillation decay constants. The availability of high refractive index resin enables the fabrication of translucent garnet based scintillating composites; here, this study investigates optical transport improvements through reducing the refractive index difference between composite constituents. The results of this study will demonstrate radiation response characteristics of garnet based scintillating composites, support hard-radiation imaging applications, basic science and explore optical transport limitations in composite technology.
Atmospheric Loss to Space and the History of Water on Mars

Mars is the nearest planet that potentially harbors life and that can be explored by humans, so its history of water is of considerable importance. Water was abundant on early Mars but disappeared ...
A neural signature of choice under sensory conflict in Drosophila

Summary Feeding decisions are fundamental to survival, and decision making is often disrupted in disease, yet the neuronal and molecular mechanisms of adaptive decision making are not well understood. Here we show that neural activity in a small population of neurons projecting to the fan-shaped body higher-order central brain region of Drosophila represents final food choice during sensory conflict. We found that hungry flies made tradeoffs between appetitive and aversive values of food in a decision making task to choose bittersweet food with high sucrose concentration, but adulterated with bitter quinine, over sweet-only food with less sucrose. Using cell-specific optogenetics and receptor RNAi knockdown during the decision task, we identified an upstream neuropeptidergic and dopaminergic network that relays internal state and other decision-relevant information, such as valence and previous experience, to a specific subset of fan-shaped body neurons. Importantly, calcium imaging revealed that these neurons were strongly inhibited by the taste of the rejected food choice, suggesting that they encode final behavioral food choice. Our findings reveal that fan-shaped body taste responses to food choices are determined not only by taste quality, but also by previous experience (including choice outcome) and hunger state, which are integrated in the fan-shaped body to encode the decision before relay to downstream motor circuits for behavioral implementation. Our results uncover a novel role for the fan-shaped body in choice encoding, and reveal a neural substrate for sensory and internal state integration for decision making in a genetically tractable model organism to enable mechanistic dissection at circuit, cellular, and molecular levels.
Functional green-based nanomaterials towards sustainable carbon capture and sequestration

Abstract Solid-phase adsorbents derived from functionalized green nanomaterials have recently gained significant attention for CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) as they provide an eco-friendly and sustainable route for the removal of the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. CO2 adsorbents formed from halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), carbonic anhydrase (CA) immobilized bio-inspired silica, green metal-organic frameworks, and bio-derived porous carbons are among the most widely studied nanomaterials for CCS applications. These materials can be modified in order to facilitate efficient CO2 adsorption with minimum energy requirement and maximum regeneration capacity. A wide range of studies including synthesis, functionalization, characterization, and CO2 adsorption/desorption performance of CO2 nanosorbents originated from green materials are covered in this chapter.
Multiple recent sex chromosome fusions in Drosophila virilis associated with elevated satellite DNA abundance

Repetitive satellite DNA is highly variable both within and between species, and is often located near centromeres. However, the abundance or array length of satellite DNA may be constrained or have maximum limits. Drosophila virilis contains among the highest relative satellite abundances, with almost half its genome composed of three related 7 bp satellites. We discovered a strain of D. virilis that has 15% more pericentromeric satellite DNA compared to other strains, and also underwent two independent centromere-to-centromere sex chromosome fusion events. These fusions are presumably caused by DNA breakage near the pericentromeric satellites followed by repair using similar repetitive regions of nonhomologous chromosomes. We hypothesized that excess satellite DNA might increase the risk of DNA breaks and genome instability when stressed, which would be consistent with the apparent high rate of fusions we found in this strain. To directly quantify DNA breakage levels between strains with different satellite DNA abundances, we performed the comet assay after feeding flies gemcitabine and administering low-dose gamma radiation. We found a positive correlation between the rate of DNA breakage and satellite DNA abundance. This was further supported by a significant decrease in DNA breakage in an otherwise genetically identical substrain that lost the chromosome fusion and several megabases of satellite DNA. We find that the centromere-to-centromere fusions resulted in up to a 21% nondisjunction rate between the X and Y chromosomes in males, adding a fitness cost. Finally, we propose a model consistent with our data that implicates genome instability as a critical evolutionary constraint to satellite abundance.
Systems of Feeding

Cattle are noted for their ability to utilize fibrous feeds and subsist on feeds of relatively poor quality. However, in order to maximize efficient use of harvested crops, byproducts, and feeds that may have low salvage value, it may be necessary to feed cattle under confined conditions, sometimes referred to as drylot. In other situations when inclement weather conditions and a scarcity of range forage conditions prevail supplemental feeding may be necessary. Also, when a surplus or large quantities of grain are available, the cattle may be finished for slaughter to meet the market demands for tender, tasty and juicy steaks and other delicious cuts of meat. The latter system is commonly referred to as fattening cattle in the feedlot.
275 The Operational Effects of Implementing Electronic Provider Documentation in the Emergency Department

electronic documentation; electronic health records; HITECH Act; meaningful use; quality assurance/quality improvement
The association of diabetes mellitus and carcinoma of the endometrium.

Abstract In a study of 483 consecutive patients with carcinoma of the endometrium, 5.6 per cent were found to have diabetes mellitus as compared with 5.4 per cent in the general population of the same sex and age. These figures do not confirm the hypothesis that there is a positive association between diabetes mellitus and endometrial carcinoma.
Coupled catalytic oscillators: CO oxidation over polycrystalline Pt

Abstract We have observed unusual oscillations in the rate of CO oxidation over a polycrystalline Pt wire loop. In contrast to simple oscillations between states of low and high reactivity, the unusual oscillations occurred between low, intermediate, and high values of the reaction rate. Experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure in a gas flow reactor over a range of gas temperatures and CO partial pressures. The reaction rate was measured using a thermocouple spotwelded to the loop. For a given CO partial pressure, oscillations occurred over a range of gas temperatures. Oscillations were simple at high gas temperatures and became complex as the temperature was lowered. When we monitored two thermocouples on opposite sides of the loop, we found that oscillations on the two sides occurred in phase, but differed in details of shape and amplitude. When we cut the loop and separated the halves, the complex oscillations at lower gas temperatures disappeared, and oscillations on the half-loops occurred with different frequencies. Results obtained by varying the separation showed that coupling between the half-loops occurred primarily through the gas phase. When the loop was spotwelded back together, oscillations became resynchronized, and complex waveforms reappeared at lower gas temperatures. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration that coupling chemical oscillators can increase the parameter space over which oscillatory instabilities occur.
Product Champions: Truths, Myths and Management

Champions represent powerful forces in most organizations. Champions are passionate about what they do; they generate support for ideas; and they keep ideas and projects alive. The research literat...
Equiorthogonal Frequency Hypercubes: Preliminary Theory

Using a strong definition of frequency hypercube, we define a strengthened form of orthogonality, called equiorthogonality, for sets of such hypercubes. We prove that the maximum possible number of mutually equiorthogonal frequency hypercubes (MEFH) of order n and dimension d based on m distinct symbols is (n-1)d/(m-1). A set of (n-1)d/(m-1) such MEFH is called a complete set. Because of the stronger conditions on the hypercubes, we can find complete sets of MEFH of all lower dimensions within any complete set of MEFH; this useful property is not shared by sets of mutually orthogonal hypercubes using the usual, weaker definition.
λ Lysogens of E. coli reproduce more rapidly than non-lysogens

THE evolutionary basis for the integration of phage DNA into bacterial chromosomes (lysogeny1,2) is not understood. A generally accepted explanation is that when the bacterial population is large and growing well, the phages prefer the lytic pathway since they can multiply without elimination of all host bacteria. If conditions deteriorate so that the supply of bacteria becomes limited or if growth is slowed, the phages tend to lysogenise. There have been few studies of the evolutionary mechanisms which may have selected for lysogeny. We now report that in certain growth conditions λ lysogens of Escherichia coli reproduce more rapidly than isogenic, non-lysogenic strains.
Globular Cluster Systems as Probes of Elliptical Galaxy Formation

Globular cluster systems provide valuable fossil records of the formation history of their parent galaxies. This review specifically concentrates on using color distributions of the globular cluster systems of elliptical galaxies to distinguish between competing models for the formation of these galaxies. The observational requirements for testing various formation models are discussed, and the results of past and current studies are reviewed. The conclusions of these studies are that most color distributions appear to have two or more peaks, indicating an episodic formation history. This result is consistent with previous predictions of merger models for the formation of elliptical galaxies. Possibilities for improving these results in the future are also presented.
Remarks on Primitive Notions for Elementary Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Plane Geometry

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses relationships between primitive notions in elementary plane geometry to determine the possibility of defining certain notions in terms of others. All the primitive notions are predicates whose arguments are the primitive elements. Definitions using only the restricted predicate calculus are called elementary and the others are called set-theoretic. The chapter considers Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry and uses a set of axioms equivalent to Hilbert's without the axioms of completeness and of Archimedes. Further, the chapter exhibits the role played by axiom (P12) in the definability of concepts in elementary geometry. The Euclidean and elliptic geometry of this particular axiom plays an essential role in the possibility of defining order in terms of collinearity.
Integrating Scalable Process Management into Component-Based Systems Software

The Scalable Systems Software Project is exploring the design of a systems software architecture based on separate, replaceable components interacting through publicly defined interfaces. This talk will describe how a scalable process manager has provided the implementation of the process management component of that design. We describe a general, implementation-independent definition of process management and how a scalable process management system was used to provide its implementation.
Focal Cerebral Arteriopathy: The Face With Many Names.

Abstract Objective Focal cerebral arteriopathy is a term used to describe unilateral intracranial arteriopathy involving the distal internal carotid artery and proximal segments of the middle and anterior cerebral artery. We describe the disease course of 10 pediatric arterial ischemic stroke patients with focal cerebral arteriopathy from a single quaternary-care center. Methods We retrospectively reviewed pediatric stroke patients with focal cerebral arteriopathy without lenticulostriate collaterals treated at our institution between 2005 and 2014. Angiography was reviewed by a child neurologist and a pediatric neuroradiologist, and chart reviews were performed. Results Ten individuals with focal cerebral arteriopathy were identified. At the time of stroke presentation, four patients were diagnosed with arterial dissection, two with moyamoya disease, one with embolic occlusion, one with hemorrhagic stroke, and two with arterial dissection or vasculitis. At last follow-up, six patients had a change in diagnosis: four were diagnosed with transient cerebral arteriopathy, two with arterial dissection, and four with moyamoya disease. Four children experienced stroke recurrence. All were administered aspirin, one was administered heparin, two were administered intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, and five underwent surgical revascularization. Conclusions Among pediatric stroke patients with a similar angiographic appearance, there is variable concordance between diagnosis, prognosis and treatment choice. Improved consensus-based diagnostic criteria and further research is needed to identify disease biomarkers and predictors of arterial progression.
Measurement and Mismeasurement of Social Development in Infants Later Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (autism) is a common and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder of genetic origins defined by challenges in social communication and clusters of restrictive and repetitive behaviors. An emerging hypothesis of autism pathogenesis describes symptoms as the results from deviations from normative developmental processes. In this account, symptoms represent the outcome of variable instantiation of genetic liabilities – in terms of dosage and timing – leading to disruptions in the developmental trajectories of foundational social adaptive skills. Given the fast pace of change in behavior and brain development in the first two years of life, we pose that the currently prevalent cross-sectional experimental designs are ill-suited to capture changes from normative benchmarks that might be small at any data point but which inexorably and cumulatively increase divergences in developmental trajectories that ultimately culminate in the unmistakable cluster of atypical behaviors we now call autism. We argue that only densely-sampled longitudinal experimental designs can capture the underlying dynamic processes moving the individual child’s development towards or away from normative benchmarks. We illustrate this phenomenon via a detailed example in which a cross-sectional comparison between a clinical and a control cohort failed to find differences, which could only be detected by ascertaining that the developmental trajectory of one cohort was moving upwards while the other was moving downwards, with the developmental lines intersecting at the cross-sectional data point. We conclude by magnifying Karmiloff-Smith’s assertion, oft-quoted but seldom followed, that “development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders” [1].
Asthma education: the adolescent experience

Recent studies show that prevalence of asthma is higher among adolescents than children. Adolescents have poor asthma self-management skills resulting in a significant increase in the severity of asthma exacerbations and a reduction in their quality of life. Despite this, few self-management programs have been developed for adolescents. Adolescents experience developmental transitions that both hinder and facilitate asthma self-management. In this paper we discuss developmental transitions in cognition, knowledge, autonomy, identity development, and peer relations in terms of their influence on adolescents' management of asthma. Next, we describe the Asthma Self-Management for Adolescents (ASMA) program that incorporates developmental characteristics into an age-appropriate school-based asthma education program. Preliminary data is presented indicating that the program is successful in enrolling and engaging the interest of adolescents with persistent asthma.
A model of the classical gold standard with depletion

Abstract The operation and properties of the classical gold standard are well recognized. However, one aspect that has not been dealt with is that gold has the characteristics of a durable, but depletable resource. In this paper, we compare the simple classical model of the gold standard with a model of the gold standard that incorporates the durable, depletable nature of gold. Using numerical simulation techniques, we demonstrate an inescapable tendency to long-run deflation when account is taken of the resource constraint. These results are consistent, with and without technological progress and variable real rates of return.
An investigation of the age of an alleged centenarian

At times, persons have been reported as living to extremely advanced ages such as 130, or even higher (McWhirter and McWhirter, 1977, p. 26; Medvedev, 1974; Merrill, 1976). However, controlled studies of closed groups like Civil War veterans (Myers and Shudde, 1955) have not shown any persons surviving beyond age 110, when age has been reasonably verified. It seems, therefore, highly plausible that reports of extremely advanced ages at death reflect exaggerations of age rather than reality. This note reports a case history which supports this view and illustrates how ages can be verified using available census data.
A study of the alkaline ashing method for determination of protein-bound iodine in serum.

Abstract 1. 1. When protein precipitates were incinerated with NaOH or Na2CO3 in crucibles or wide-mouthed test tubes, losses of iodine, in some cases exceeding 50% of 131I added to the precipitates, occurred from volatilization. The loss occurred during the decomposition of the organic matter while the temperature was rising from 400 to 600. Continuation of the heating at 600° did not increase the loss, nor did any loss occur when inorganic 131I was heated with alkali to 600 in the absence of organic matter. 2. 2. The loss of iodine during ineineration could be kept within 2 or 3% by using KOH instead of Na2CO3 or NaOH as alkali, and by using incineration vessels of a shape that minimized circulation of gases. Such vessels are tlie 15 by 125 mm test tubes used by BARKER3, or 50 ml test tubes witli necks narrowed to 8 mm bore. 3. 3. A second loss by volatilization of iodine can occur if tlie dry ash is dissolved in excess acid. The loss appears to occur with the stormy evolution of CO2. It is avoided if the ash is first extracted with water (vilkki7) and the acid, necessary for subsequent reaction of Ce(IV) and As(III), is added to the solution instead of to the dry ash. 4. 4. Carbon particles left in the ash by incomplete incineration are difficult to remove from acid solution of the ash by centrifugation. They exert a marked accelerating effect on the reduction of Ce(IV) by As(III), and can cause gross plus errors in estimation of iodine from the rate of reduction. Occurrence of carbon in the ash can be prevented bv marlow's13 device of adding kclo3 to the alkali incineration mixture, or by opening the muffle oven for short intervals during incineration, after temperature has reached 600°, to permit access of air to the ash. 5. 5. VILLKI'S7 demonstration, that inorganic iodine can be separated from serum proteins as completely by 12-hour dialysis as by precipitation and washing of the proteins, is confirmed. However, in the writers' experience, precipitation and washing proved to be more rapid and convenient for routine analyses. 6. 6. A procedure is described for determining the presence of iodine contaminating the reagents. It depends on the fact that a slight amount of mercuric ion inhibits the accelerating effect of iodine on tlie reduction of Ce(IV) by As(III). 7. 7. For determining iodine in the ash extract by means of the catalytic effect of I− on the reduction of Ce(IV) by As(III), conditions of reaction time and of cerie, arsenite, and chloride concentrations have been ascertained such that extinction readings for minimal to maximal iodine values cover the extinction range, 0.70 to 0.15, where percentage error of reading is minimal. 8. 8. A procedure for PBI determination is outlined which is believed to minimize the danger of aberrant results.
Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in binary distillation—I: Theory

Abstract Binary distillation in continuous contact equipment is modeled as a simultaneous heat and mass transfer process. In order to account for the interactions between heat and mass transfer between the two phases, the equations developed from enthalpy and material balances are analyzed simultaneously and it is revealed that the individual phase mass transfer coefficients can be evaluated rigorously by measuring liquid phase compositions and temperatures in distillation experiments. Using the theoretical relations, it is proved that the liquid phase in a distillation column will be saturated if and only if there is negligible resistance to mass transfer in the liquid film. For the case of comparable resistances in both phases, the possible amount of superheat in the liquid phase would be considerable and thus convenient to determine experimentally. The liquid phase temperatures are shown to be important in experimental analysis (i.e. in determining the individual phase transfer coefficients) but not in design applications. For the latter case, the model equations reduce to the conventional mass transfer relations which are not as sensitive to temperatures.
Learning to Manage and Managing to Learn: Sustaining Freshwater Recreational Fisheries in a Changing Environment

Freshwaters are being transformed by multiple environmental drivers, creating uncertainty about future conditions. One way of coping with uncertainty is to manage for resilience to unanticipated events while facilitating learning through adaptive management. We outline the application of these strategies to freshwater recreational fisheries management using a case study in Wisconsin, USA, where black bass (Micropterus spp.) populations are increasing, while Walleye (Sander vitreus) populations are decreasing. Managing for heterogeneity in functional groups (e.g., age classes and prey species of sport fishes), fishery objectives, and regulations can increase resilience, although heterogeneity must be balanced with replication to facilitate learning. Monitoring designed to evaluate management objectives and inform about critical uncertainties, when combined with heterogeneity, creates opportunities for adaptive management, another critical resilience strategy. Although barriers exist to implementing resilie...
Tuberculosis Skin Testing Among Homeless Adults

To document the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) skin test positivity among homeless adults in Los Angeles and determine whether certain characteristics of homelessness were risk factors for TB. Cross-sectional study. Shelters, soup lines, and outdoor locations in the Skid Row and Westside areas of Los Angeles. Tuberculosis tine test reactivity was measured. The overall prevalence of TB skin test positivity was 32%: 40% in the inner-city Skid Row area and 14% in the suburban Westside area. Using multiple logistic regression, TB skin test positivity was found to be associated with living in crowded or potentially crowded shelter conditions, long-term homelessness, geographic area, history of a psychiatric hospitalization, and age. Homeless adults living in congested inner-city areas are at high risk of both latent and active TB. Endemic risk factors and limited access to medical care support the need for aggressive treatment of active TB cases and innovative programs to ensure completion of prophylactic regimens by homeless individuals with latent infection.
Large‐scale deformation in the India‐Asia collision constrained by earthquakes and topography

Analysis of earthquake focal mechanisms allows division of the India-Asia collision into kinematic domains that strongly correlate with topography. These kinematic domains indicate strain partitioning dominated by oblique slip deformation. The Kunlun and south Tibetan fault systems mark discontinuities in the strain field and bound the high, flat topography of the plateau which deforms by transtension. The northern and southern margins of Tibet deform by transpression or contraction and are topographically steep. Correlations between seismicity and topography are due to Mohr–Coulomb wedge mechanics at the northern and southern plateau margins which produce naturally steep surface slopes, whereas the flat interior and eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is underlain by viscous crust which supports subdued topography further muted by Cenozoic basin fill. These data indicate that the long wavelength topography of the India-Asia collision is controlled by seismically caused surface displacements which are linked to deep crustal deformation mechanics.
Previous preterm cesarean delivery: Identification of a new risk factor for uterine rupture in VBAC candidates

Objective. A major risk of trials of labor in patients with prior cesarean delivery is uterine rupture. We evaluated the question of whether a previous cesarean delivery at an early gestational age...
Origin of Languages

IT seems to me that your correspondents, Mr. Taylor and S. J., have discovered merely imaginary differences between the origin of species and the origin of languages. Mr. Taylor sees an essential difference in the fact that in the one case the process “is carried on by the countless efforts of rational beings,” whilst in the other case there is “reasonless variation and selection.”
Cystinophanes, a Novel Family of Aromatic-Bridged Cystine Cyclic Peptides: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Molecular Recognition, and Conformational Studies

A novel family of aromatic-bridged cystine cyclic peptides (cystinophanes) has been synthesized by a single-step procedure involving condensation of 1,3 aromatic (Ph or Pyr unit) dicarbonyl dichloride with either the simple l-cystine dimethyl ester to provide cystinophanes of 26-, 39-, and 52-membered rings through 2+2, 3+3, and 4+4 cyclization, respectively, or with cystine bis-peptides (H2N-Xaa-Cyst-Xaa-NH2) leading to a variety of 1+1 cystine-based peptidocyclophanes. 1H NMR and CD studies have shown these cystinophanes to adopt a β-turn-like structure in solution. X-ray crystal structure of a representative member (3a) containing two aromatic rings has shown a collapsed ring conformation with a near parallel face-to-face orientation of aromatic ringsa feature also suggested by NMR studies. The propensity of cystinocyclophanes to adopt β-turn-type conformation is attributed to the presence of S−S linkage and the need to maintain a near orthogonal value of its torsion angle. The potential of cystinophan...
A Non-Aging Screen to Prevent Wearout of Ultra-Thin Dielectrics

As MOS gate dielectrics are scaled to thinner dimensions, lognormal statistics determine the limit at which aging screens are no longer effective in reducing the time-dependent failure rate of dielectric breakdown. This paper presents an alternative non-aging reliability screen as applied to ultra-thin DRAM storage gate dielectrics. Early breakdown is correlated with increased dielectric leakage current, which can be detected using the DRAM charge retention characteristics at elevated voltage across the storage dielectric. Accelerated lifetest of screened production 64K DRAMs has confirmed the effectiveness of using non-aging screens to enhance product reliability.