cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new engineering theory describing oblique free surface impact by flexible plates

Consideration of slamming loads within the structural design of planning hulls is of critical importance in ensuring adequate structural performance in order to avoid potential catastrophic consequences. However, because of the intricacy in the interplay between complex fluid flows and nonlinear structural deformations that accompany the phenomenology of slamming, a general engineering theory in slamming has yet to be uncovered, and so design relies on specialized theories. In this paper, we propose one such theory for a design case that has, until now, eluded a proper description. In pursuit of this theory, we employ a specialized implicit, partitioned fluid-structural interaction (FSI) simulation approach, in order to study the underlying physical mechanisms accompanying the oblique impact of a flexible plate during water entry. In the present work, we first present validation results from flexible plate water entry experiments, to confirm the veracity of the developed FSI solver. Subsequent to validation, we carry out a series of numerical analyses, in an effort to characterize the regimes in impact force and plate out-of-plane deformations, as a function of impact velocities and plate flexural rigidity. Finally, we use our FSI solver, as a kind of "microscope", to study the mechanistic evolution of fluid flows and elastic plate deformations that occur during slamming. Based on these observations, we propose a novel, but simple engineering theory for flexible plates obliquely impacting the water free surface (e.g. high speed porpoising water craft reentry).
A combinatorial property of p κλ

In a paper on combinatorial properties and large cardinals [2], Jech extended several combinatorial properties of a cardinal κ to analogous properties of the set of all subsets of λ of cardinality less than κ, denoted by “pκλ”, where λ is any cardinal ≤κ. We shall consider in this paper one of these properties which is historically rooted in a theorem of Ramsey [10] and in work of Rowbottom [12].As in [2], define [pκλ]2 = {{x, y}: x, y ∈ pκλ and x ≠ y}. An unbounded subset A of pκλ is homogeneous for a function F: [pκλ]2 → 2 if there is a k < 2 so that for all x, y ∈ A with either x ⊊ y or y ⊊ x, F({x, y}) = k. A two-valued measure u on pκλ is fine if it is κ-complete and if for all α < λ, u({x ∈ pκλ: α ∈ x}) = 1, and u is normal if, in addition, for every function f: pκλ → λsuch that u({x ∈ pκλ: f(x) ∈ x}) = 1, there is an α < λ such that u({x ∈ pκλ: f(x) = α}) = 1. Finally, a fine measure on pκλ has the partition property if every F: [pκλ]2 → 2 has a homogeneous set of measure one.
Advancing international cooperation as a strategy for managing pandemics

The COVID-19 pandemic has fractured international relationships and challenged governments to adapt in new and unprecedented ways. This crisis has caused many governments to look inward and avoid a...
It's a funny old game.

A diverse group of people with a range of skills is required to be successful in academia, just as it is in team sports, argues Bruce C. Gibb.
Glutathione depletion resulting in selective mitochondrial complex I inhibition in dopaminergic cells is via an NO-mediated pathway not involving peroxynitrite: implications for Parkinson's disease

An early biochemical change in the Parkinsonian substantia nigra (SN) is reduction in total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) levels in affected dopaminergic neurons prior to depletion in mitochondrial complex I activity, dopamine loss, and cell death. We have demonstrated using dopaminergic PC12 cell lines genetically engineered to inducibly down-regulate glutathione synthesis that total glutathione depletion in these cells results in selective complex I inhibition via a reversible thiol oxidation event. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of complex I may occur either by direct nitric oxide (NO) but not peroxinitrite-mediated inhibition of complex I or through H2O2-mediated inhibition of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH) which supplies NADH as substrate to the complex; activity of both enzymes are reduced in PD. While glutathione depletion causes a reduction in spare KGDH enzymatic capacity, it produces a complete collapse of complex I reserves and significant effects on mitochondrial function. Our data suggest that NO is likely the primary agent involved in preferential complex I inhibition following acute glutathione depletion in dopaminergic cells. This may have major implications in terms of understanding mechanisms of dopamine cell death associated with PD especially as they relate to complex I inhibition.
A Good Walk Foiled: Monopoly Power and Barriers to Entry into the PGA Tour

In order to explore whether the PGA Tour's 2013 qualifications amendments represent a meritocratic evolution or simply a monopolistic barrier to entry, this study compares the results of the 2014 PGA Tour to those of the Web.com Tour. Upon empirical examination of each tour's earnings, scoring characteristics, and course characteristics, we are able to predict the marginal skill differences between players on the two tours. In doing so, we illustrate that sufficiently talented Web.com Tour golfers are being excluded from participation in the PGA Tour. As such, the changes made by the PGA Tour regarding qualification perhaps run counter to welfare maximization in terms of tour participants and fans of professional golf. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge of the Effects of Indoor Air Quality on Health Among Women in Jordan

Objective: To assess the extent of knowledge about symptoms relating to respiratory illnesses and home environments among a random sample of 200 urban Jordanian women. Method: This customized, validated, cross-sectional questionnaire evaluated the knowledge of these women about the association between the indoor environment and health, the presence or absence of indoor discomforts, symptoms of respiratory illnesses, and behaviors related to the home environment such as cleaning practices. Results: Results showed an alarming rate of smoking in the homes; the extent of knowledge was moderate but higher among those exhibiting symptoms and those with children. Cleaning practices associated with healthy home environments were reported at a high rate but seemed to be based on cultural influences. Conclusions: This type of information is crucial to the formation of health education programs and policy recommendations for pollutant source and exposure reductions in homes in the Middle East and other developing co...
Model of neutrino-induced multilepton events

We describe certain novel leptonic processes suggested by the ambidextrous model of weak interactions. Heavy charged leptons are occasionally produced by neutrinos or antineutrinos. They can decay via right-handed current-current couplings into a muon, a massive neutral lepton, and its antiparticle. Subsequent decay of the heavy neutrals yields from three to five final-state leptons. Same-sign (or ''symmetric'' opposite-sign) dimuon events are produced by an alternative decay mode of the heavy charged leptons.
Renin and distal tubule Na during stop flow in dogs.

SummaryUsing radioimmunoassay techniques, arterial (A) and renal venous (RV) plasma renin activities were measured in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs during clearance and stop-flow periods. Changes in RV-A renin were used to estimate changes in renin secretion. RV-A renin increased during stop flow from its average value during clearance periods, whether 10% mannitol in 0.15 M NaCl or 10% mannitol in 0.1 M Na2SO4 was being administered intravenously. However, RV-A renin during mannitol + NaCl stop-flow periods was significantly greater than during mannitol + Na2SO4 stop-flow periods. Distal tubular fluid Na concentrations as indicated by stop-flow analysis were higher during the latter. These observations suggest that a macula densa stimulus, Na concentration, and/or load, may control renin secretion during ureteral occlusion.This research was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB 35263 and grants from the Kidney Foundation of Michigan and the Michigan Heart Association.
CLINICAL UPDATES IN HAIR

It is now known that there are major differences in the systemic and cellular mechanisms that mediate hair loss in women versus men. The severity or degree of hair loss in women with androgenetic alopecia is usually much less than in men. It is usually assumed that the hormonal basis for androgenetic alopecia in women is the same as in men; that is, the same target tissue-active androgens, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, are being produced systemically to aggravate scalp hair follicles, resulting in hair loss. This article reviews some of the latest findings in androgenetic alopecia for both men and women, along with new and old treatments and drugs, doses, and effectiveness. Research findings indicate that levels of androgen-metabolizing enzymes and receptors differ in the scalps of women versus men, which may be important in formulating more effective hair growth treatments in the future.
APPLICATION OF THE RENORMALIZATION GROUP TO A SECOND-ORDER QCD PHASE TRANSITION

An earlier suggestion that the chiral phase transition in QCD for two flavors of massless quarks might be a second-order transition has gained credibility as a result of recent numerical simulations. One can test this hypothesis, and draw very specific quantitative consequences from it, using universality and renormalization group ideas. This hypothetical second order phase transition is in the universality class of a four component isotropic Heisenberg antiferromagnet—a model which has been investigated intensely by condensed matter physicists. Existing calculations can be adapted to yield predictions for critical exponents governing the QCD transition. The perturbation due to small equal quark masses maps onto an external staggered magnetic field; that due to unequal quark masses is effective only in second order and generates a quadratic anisotropy. Several other potential applications of the renormalization group to related questions are suggested, including a model of the tricritical point which aris...
SU‐FF‐I‐50: Whole Body and Distal Organ‐Specific Dosimetry Using Parallel SN Methods

Purpose: To create a new methodology for dose computations applicable to general medical physics applications, based upon a direct deterministic solution of the (3‐D) Boltzmann transport equation (BTE). Method and Materials: Using the multigroup discrete ordinates (SN) deterministic method in the PENTRAN‐MP (Parallel Environment Neutral‐particle TRANsport‐Medical Physics) code system, fluxes and corresponding doses were determined for a clinical test case using a UF Series B whole‐body voxelized pediatric patient phantom. With a 90 keV planar x‐ray source, we performed two sets of transport calculations based on the same phantom model, employing both the Monte Carlo(MC) and SN methods. SN calculations were performed using PENTRAN, and the MCNP5 code was used for MC calculations. Post processing in the PENTRAN‐MP code system includes seamless parallel data extraction using the PENDATA code, followed by application of the 3D‐DOSE code to compute dose in each phantom voxel, with dose‐volume histograms for critical organs of interest. Results: We demonstrate that the deterministic SN and MC solutions are, in the vicinity of the source region, completely in agreement; the largest statistical error of the MC simulation was 2000 hrs) to produce meaningful results with an acceptable stochastic error to enable comparison with the well‐converged SN results. Conclusions: A new methodology for 3D dose calculations has been developed based on a parallel discrete ordinates (SN) solution of the BTE. With the proper discretization applied, the SN method presents an accurate, fast solution yielding a complete 3‐D dose distribution without stochastic error.
Process Knowledge Capture in BIM-Based Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Design Coordination Meetings

AbstractIn recent years, building information modeling (BIM) has been increasingly applied in design coordination of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems to enhance coordination and c...
Divisive Primaries and Participation in Fall Presidential Campaigns: A Study of 1984 New Hampshire Primary Activists

Remarkably little research has been published on divisive presidential primaries and activists who take part in them. This case study of 1984 New Hampshire Democratic primary activists investigates...
ZINC, MANGANESE AND PHOSPHORUS INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON IRON AND COPPER IN CHELATOR-BUFFERED SOLUTION GROWN RUSSET BURBANK POTATO

Three hydroponic experiments were conducted with Russet Burbank potato to elucidate zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) relationships and associated interactions with other nutrients at different levels of phosphorus (P). Except when P was optimal, root Mn concentration was reduced at optimal solution Zn relative to deficient or excessive Zn levels. Shoot Mn generally increased with augmented solution Zn. As solution Zn increased, root P declined while shoot P and copper (Cu) and root iron (Fe) and Cu increased. Increasing solution Mn generally decreased Zn in all plant tissues—especially in roots. The Mn influence on plant P, Cu, and Fe concentrations was nearly opposite the Zn impact, indicating that Zn and Mn have counter effects. Partitioning between root and shoot micronutrient concentrations occurred when available P was either deficient or excessive, which may also help explain poor plant health and adverse micronutrient relationships in potato when available P is not optimally maintained.
An Analysis of the Training Level Necessary to Increase Independent Question Asking in an Adult with Schizophrenia

Abstract The question asking behavior of an adult male with chronic schizophrenia was targeted for improvement. In the first training phase, a brief pre-phase instructional lecture on the importance of asking questions during a conversation was followed by a 3-step prompting procedure and praise for appropriate question asking behavior during sessions. The second training phase consisted of the same pre-phase instructions plus a pre-phase discrete trial training component that the participant mastered before sessions began. Sessions during the second phase were identical to those during the first phase. Independent question asking increased somewhat during the first training phase and increased substantially during the second training phase. The necessity of the discrete trial training component and issues surrounding skill generalization with this population are discussed.
The Last Will and Testament in Literature: Rupture, Rivalry, and Sometimes Rapprochement from Middlemarch to Lemony Snicket

Although the psychological literature on the last will and testament is sparse, authors of fiction and memoir have filled the gap, writing in rich detail about the impact of wills on families. Henry James, George Eliot, J. R. Ackerley, and others reveal that a will is not only a legal document but a microcosm of family life: a coded and non-negotiable message from the will's writer to its intended readers, the heirs, delivered at a stressful time and driving home the truth that options for discussion between testator and heirs are now gone, all factors which may intensify the ambivalence of grief and stall its resolution. Among the problems the authors chronicle: reinvigorated sibling rivalries, vindictive testators, and the revelation of traumatic family secrets. Writers also demonstrate how contemporary social factors, such as divorce, second families, and geographic distance between family members, may complicate wills and ensuing family relations. Exemplary wills, or will-like documents, appear in fiction by Maria Katzenbach and Marilynne Robinson, allowing the living to make rapprochements with the dead, and pointing to testamentary strategies clinicians might develop to lead to a resolution of grief. The depth of these writers' accounts allows clinicians to imagine points at which they might productively intervene in matters pertaining to a will.
Block principal component analysis with application to gene microarray data classification.

We propose a block principal component analysis method for extracting information from a database with a large number of variables and a relatively small number of subjects, such as a microarray gene expression database. This new procedure has the advantage of computational simplicity, and theory and numerical results demonstrate it to be as efficient as the ordinary principal component analysis when used for dimension reduction, variable selection and data visualization and classification. The method is illustrated with the well-known National Cancer Institute database of 60 human cancer cell lines data (NCI60) of gene microarray expressions, in the context of classification of cancer cell lines.
Interpretation of routine blood cultures in young infants

I N A PREVIOUS report from this clinic, Dunham has shown that bacteremia in the first month of life is not a rare occurrence. ~ In the cases she studied, the mortality was high, and in many instances the mode of entry of the infection was not obvious, and the classic signs of sepsis were absent. As a result of these observations, the present investigation was undertaken in which blood cultures have been taken routinely in obscure illnesses of young infants as well as in cases of obvious infection. POstmortem cultures have been done regularly within twenty minutes of death. The findings in this study may help to answer certain questions concerning the practicability and value of routine blood cultures in this age period and the significance of positive cultures. The chief questions which arise have to do with the difficulty of taking blood and the frequency of contamination, the possibility of clinical recognition of cases of generalized infection, the prognostic significance of a positive blood culture, and the actual part played by infection in a given case. In interpreting the results of these blood cultures, the term bacteremia has been applied only to cases in which a pathogenic organism was demonstrated either on two successive cultures or on broth and plate from one sample of blood. Postmortem blood cultures have been interpreted conservatively, not because of postmortem dissemination of organisms, which would be negligible within twenty minutes after death, ~ but because on its way to the heart the needle may pick up organisms from the lung. Accordingly, the postmortem culture has beer~ accepted as the sole proof of bacteremia only when there are over 200 colonies in the 1 e.e. pour plate. Staphylococcus albus and Streptococcus v~ridans have been regarded as contaminants unless present in both bro th and pour plate. There is no difficulty in recognizing the other common contaminants . In the per iod f r o m June 1, 1932, to Jan . 30, 1934, blood cul tures were done on 114 infants not more than one month old. In 96 cases the blood cul tures yielded nothing of significance. In 20 of these cases the only cul tures were t aken pos tmor tem, and of these, 15 showed no growth, 4 showed staphylococcus, and 1 Streptococcus viridans. In the remaining 76 cases, 116 cultures were taken, all dur ing l ife; 105 of these were sterile, staphylococci were found in 15, diphtheroids in 3, Streptococcus viridtns in 2, and B. subl~itis in 1. These f i~lres i l lustrate the pract icabi l i ty of routine blood cultures in young infants and show
T cell signaling and apoptosis in HIV disease.

Groundbreaking research has led to an understanding of some of the pathogenic mechanisms of HIV-1 infection. Surprisingly, an unanswered question remains the mechanism(s) by which HIV-1 inactivates or kills T cells. Our goals are to define candidate T cell signaling cascades altered by HIV infection and to identify mechanisms where by HIV-infected cells escape the apoptosis triggered by this aberrant signaling. In earlier work, we found that HIV reprograms healthy T cells to self-destruct by a process alled apoptosis. We asked whether apoptosis occurs in organs of infected people and made a surprising discovery—this cell death occurs predominantly in healthy by stander cells and only rarely in infected cells. We hypothesize that HIV may be doubly diabolical—healthy T cells are killed in HIV infection, while infected cells resist killing. Thus, the virus protects its viral factory and allows HIV to turn the cell into a “Trojan Horse,” with the virus in hiding or “latent.” In this review, we discuss the role of viral and cellular proteins in HIV-induced T cell anergy and death. We also discuss mechanisms by which HIV may protect infected T cells from apoptosis. These studies will yield new insights into the pathogenesis of AIDS, identify cellular targets that regulate HIV-1 infection, and suggest novel therapeutic approaches to cure HIV infection.
An improvement of convection fidelity in Euler calculations

A new solution procedure is presented to solve the Euler equations for steady, compressible, rotational, inviscid flows. The approach is aimed at achieving real inviscid solutions in Euler calculations by eliminating numerical diffusion. The variables in the Euler equations are divided into elliptic and convective quantities, using the Clebsch velocity decomposition. The convective quantities are then transported without numerical contamination using an efficient convection operator, while the elliptic quantities are integrated with a relaxation procedure. This approach provides a generalization of the full potential formulation to rotation Euler physics by allowing variations of convective quantities. Results are demonstrated for several transonic flows in two dimensions.
Ethical perceptions of marketers: The interaction effects of machiavellianism and organizational ethical culture

This study examines the interaction effects of Machiavellianism and organizational ethical culture on two components of a marketer's ethical decision — perceptions of an ethical problem and perceptions of remedial alternatives. The results suggest that certain aspects of ethical perceptions are related to the interaction between Machiavellianism and organizational ethical culture.
Chemical energy release in self-sustaining detonation waves in condensed explosives

Abstract The nonequilibrium Zel'dovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) model of a one-dimensional detonation wave is applied to condensed phase (solid and liquid) explosives in this paper. In condensed explosives, the detonation wave is assumed to consist of four main zones: a narrow leading shock wave; a much thicker induction zone in which the intra- and intermolecular vibrational degrees of freedom rapidly equilibrate and the rate-determining endothermic bond-breaking reaction then proceeds at a rate governed by the equilibrium von Neumann spike conditions; a narrow chemical reconstitution zone in which the unreacted explosive rapidly decomposes and recombines into highly vibrationally excited reaction products; and another thick relaxation zone in which the reaction products expand and approach thermal equilibrium at the Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) state. Gruneisen-type equations of state are used to calculate the energy release in several condensed explosives at various initial densities. Along with kinetic and chemical energy release, the release of potential or cold compression energy in the exothermic chemical reconstitution and vibrational deexcitation zones sustains the leading shock front. The conditions for amplification of transverse pressure waves in the zone of highly vibrationally excited reaction products are shown to exist for condensed explosives. The effects of the resulting complex cellular structure of detonation waves on the energy release in homogeneous (liquid) and heterogeneous (solid) explosives are qualitatively discussed.
HuR binding to cytoplasmic mRNA is perturbed by heat shock

Abstract AU-rich elements (AREs) located in the 3′ untranslated region target the mRNAs encoding many protooncoproteins, cytokines, and lymphokines for rapid degradation. HuR, a ubiquitously expressed member of the embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) family of RNA-binding proteins, binds ARE sequences and selectively stabilizes ARE-containing reporter mRNAs when overexpressed in transiently transfected cells. HuR appears predominantly nucleoplasmic but has been shown to shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm via a novel shuttling sequence HNS. We report generation of a mouse monoclonal antibody 3A2 that both immunoblots and immunoprecipitates HuR protein; it recognizes an epitope located in the first of HuR's three RNA recognition motifs. This antibody was used to probe HuR interactions with mRNA before and after heat shock, a condition that has been reported to stabilize ARE-containing mRNAs. At 37°C, approximately one-third of the cytoplasmic HuR appears polysome associated, and in vivo UV crosslinking reveals that HuR interactions with poly(A)+ RNA are predominantly cytoplasmic rather than nuclear. This comprises evidence that HuR directly interacts with mRNA in vivo. After heat shock, 12–15% of HuR accumulates in discrete foci in the cytoplasm, but surprisingly the majority of HuR crosslinks instead to nuclear poly(A)+ RNA, whose levels are dramatically increased in the stressed cells. This behavior of HuR differs from that of another ARE-binding protein, hnRNP D, which has been implicated as an effector of mRNA decay rather than mRNA stabilization and of the general pre-RNA-binding protein hnRNP A1. We interpret these differences to mean that the temporal association of HuR with ARE-containing mRNAs is different from that of these other two proteins.
Seismic detection of folded, subducted lithosphere at the core–mantle boundary

Seismic tomography of the D″ region beneath the Caribbean reveals a 100-km vertical step in an otherwise flat D″ shear velocity discontinuity and localized low velocities at the edge of the slab material, which may involve upwellings caused by the slab laterally displacing a thin hot thermal boundary layer. Seismic tomography has been used to infer that some descending slabs of oceanic lithosphere plunge deep into the Earth's lower mantle1,2. The fate of these slabs has remained unresolved, but it has been postulated that their ultimate destination is the lowermost few hundred kilometres of the mantle, known as the D″ region. Relatively cold slab material may account for high seismic velocities imaged in D″ beneath areas of long-lived plate subduction, and for reflections from a seismic velocity discontinuity just above the anomalously high wave speed regions3,4. The D″ discontinuity itself is probably the result of a phase change in relatively low-temperature magnesium silicate perovskite5,6. Here, we present images of the D″ region beneath the Cocos plate using Kirchhoff migration of horizontally polarized shear waves, and find a 100-km vertical step occurring over less than 100 km laterally in an otherwise flat D″ shear velocity discontinuity. Folding and piling of a cold slab that has reached the core–mantle boundary, as observed in numerical and experimental models, can account for the step by a 100-km elevation of the post-perovskite phase boundary due to a 700 °C lateral temperature reduction in the folded slab. We detect localized low velocities at the edge of the slab material, which may result from upwellings caused by the slab laterally displacing a thin hot thermal boundary layer.
Polystyrene-b-Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) and Polystyrene-b-Poly(acrylic acid) Dendrimer-Like Copolymers: Two-Dimensional Self-Assembly at the Air−Water Interface

The two-dimensional self-assembly at the air/water (A/W) interface of two dendrimer-like copolymers based on polystyrene and poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBA) or poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) was investigated through surface pressure measurements (isotherms, isochores, and compression−expansion hysteresis experiments) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging. The two dendrimer-like block copolymers have an 8-arm PS core (Mn = 10 000 g/mol, ∼12 styrene repeat units per arm) with a 16-arm PtBA (Mn = 230 000 g/mol, ∼112 tert-butyl acrylate repeat units per arm) or PAA (Mn = 129 000 g/mol, ∼112 acrylic acid repeat units per arm) corona. The PS-b-PtBA sample forms stable Langmuir monolayers and aggregates into circular surface micelles up to a plateau observed in the corresponding isotherm around 24 mN/m. Beyond this threshold, the monolayers collapse above the interface, resulting in the formation of large and irregular desorbed aggregates. The PS-b-PAA sample has ionizable carboxylic acid groups, and it...
Micro-Level Opportunity Structures as Determinants of Non-CEO Executive Pay

We develop a theory wherein the pay of non-CEO executives can be explained by micro-level opportunity structures - the intersection of executives' particular functional positions, CEO background, human capital, and the strategic resource allocation decisions made by the focal firm. Specifically, our framework suggests that executives will be paid more when they occupy positions made visible and important by the actions and resource allocation decisions arising from a firm's strategy, or have a functional background similar to that of the CEO. Moreover, we further suggest that executives' human capital will benefit them most, in terms of pay, when their position helps the firm manage such strategic resource allocations. Support for this multilevel framework is provided using a unique, longitudinal data set that combines survey and archival data on the four highest echelons of senior executives in large U.S. firms.
Lineage switch in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Background. An 8-year-old boy, initially diagnosed with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (French-American-British [FABI-Ll), relapsed with Ph+ acute myelogenous leukemia [AML) (FAB-M2) 21 months after successful ALL treatment with standard therapy. Methods. The initial ALL presentation and subsequent AML relapse were analyzed by conventional morphologic, cytochemical, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic studies. Results. Molecular analysis based on the polymerase chain reaction identified the presence of a bcr-I-abl fusion transcript at initial ALL presentation, the completion of ALL therapy, and AML relapse. Conclusions. The cytogenetic and molecular results support a common clonal origin for this process. This is case of lineage switch in a Ph+ acute leukemia. This case thus illustrates a manifestation of heterogeneous lineage differentiation among Ph+ acute leukemias. Cancer 1994; 73:1526-32.
Postnatal development of the electrical activity of rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons

Abstract Extra- and intracellular recordings were obtained in vivo from dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons in rat pups ranging in age from postnatal day (PD) 1 to PD28, and in adult rats. Neurons from PD1— rats were active at very low rates in a random pattern, rarely showed bursting activity, and often exhibited long periods of up to several minutes of silence. Spontaneous spikes were of relatively low amplitude and long duration. The mean firing rate increased and became more regular over time, and short bursts consisting of only 2 spikes were observed. By the second postnatal week, the initial segment component of the spontaneous spike resembled that seen in adults, but the somadendritic component was still relatively small, and there was often a very marked temporal delay between the two. Near the end of the second postnatal week, neurons exhibited a transient phase of pacemaker-like activity. Mean firing rates continued to increase with time, as did the incidence and complexity of bursting activity. The spontaneous firing rate, pattern and spike morphology approached adult values by the fourth postnatal week. Antidromic responses from neostriatum were obtained as early as PD1, and consisted of a significantly greater proportion of full initial segment-soma dendritic spikes compared to nigrostriatal neurons from adult rats. There was usually a long delay between the initial segment and somadendritic components of the spike. Mean antidromic latency and mean antidromic threshold did not vary significantly from PD1 — to adults. Axonal conduction velocity reached maximal adult values by PD16— 21. Neostriatal-evoked orthodromic responses consisted principally of a poststimulus inhibition whose duration decreased from PD1 through adulthood. Pure excitatory responses were very rarely observed at any age. Intracellular recordings from PD2, PD3 and PD5 rats revealed striatal-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in non-dopaminergic nigral neurons with a mean onset latency (9.8 ± 3.8 ms) which did not differ from that previously reported for adult rats.
Studies on Indian Rhubarb. II. Rheum emodi

Abstract A study of rhizomes and roots of Indian Rhubarb from Indian and Ametican‐grown plants is reported.
Diagnosis and Management of Heart Murmurs in Children

The physician taking care of children must meet the problem of an easily audible heart murmur almost every day. In order to do so, the physician must be able to perform an excellent cardiovascular examination, should have an approach to making the differential between abnormal and normal murmurs, and should be able to figure out what the common cardiac lesions sound like. If one places an intracardiac phonocatheter at the root (origin) of the pulmonary artery or root of the aorta in all nondiseased people, a heart murmur will be documented (Figs 1 and 2).1-3 This murmur is present for two reasons: (1) because the origin of each great artery is narrower than the ventricle which ejects the blood into it, and (2) because each great artery arises from the ventricle at an angle. A useful analogue to explain the normal murmur to families is to suggest that they go to the basement of their home, find a water pipe, and listen with ears close to the pipe. As the water goes through the pipe it can easily be heard, and, of course, that is a murmur. If one finds the input to that water pipe and turns the spigot such that the space for the entering stream is narrowed, that murmur will become louder; and if then one finds an angle in the pipe where turbulence is likely, the murmur is again recognized to be louder.
System Structure, Campaign Stimuli, and Voter Falloff in Runoff Primaries

In a model that relies entirely on legal and structural factors, Wright (1989) seeks to account for changes in voter participation from the initial primary to the runoff. This article tests an alternative, campaign-centered model of voter turnout in 109 congressional runoffs from 1982 through 1996. The analysis indicates that candidate-centered factors, including the amount of money expended by the candidates in the runoff and the political experience of the primary leader, influence turnout in runoff primaries. Generally, when more money is spent during the runoff, voter participation declines less relative to the initial primary, suggesting that a more stimulated political environment encourages greater participation. Spending before the initial primary is less influential than spending between the primary and runoff in maintaining voter turnout, which indicates that any potential effects from stimulation of the environment in the prior campaign have largely dissipated by the time of the second election.
The Relationship Between Mood, Somatization, and Alexithymia in Premenstrual Syndrome

To examine the relationship between mood, somatization, and alexithymia in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 66 women with a prospectively confirmed diagnosis of PMS were compared with a group of 49 non-PMS control women on a battery of self-administered tests measuring depression, anxiety, somatization, and alexithymia.Based on their scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, the PMS patients were sub-divided into a high-depression and low-depression group and compared with the non-PMS control group on ali test measures. Significantly greater somatization and alexithymia were reported in the high-depression PMS group, and no differences were found on any of the test measures between the low-depression PMS and non-PMS control groups.
Allocating the Cost of Congestion with the Nucleolus

A natural approach to solve resource sharing problems is to model them as cooperative games and use the results to allocate the costs of the shared resource. The nucleolus, a solution concept derived from cooperative game theory, requires an exponential number of computations since the solution must adhere to individual and coalitional rationality conditions. Littlechild (1974) provides a linear algorithm which produces the nucleolus of a cost allocation game when the cost of a coalition is the cost of the largest player in that coalition. In this paper, we show that for a large class of congestion cost allocation games, where each player has an independent impact on the shared resource, we can nonetheless bypass all the computational complexity and derive allocations in closed form.
EPO modulation of cell-cycle regulatory genes, and cell division, in primary bone marrow erythroblasts.

Erythropoietin (EPO's) actions on erythroblasts are ascribed largely to survival effects. Certain studies, however, point to EPO-regulated proliferation. To investigate this problem in a primary system, KitposCD71high erythroblasts were prepared from murine bone marrow, and were first used in the array-based discovery of EPO-modulated cell-cycle regulators. Five cell-cycle progression factors were rapidly up-modulated: nuclear protein 1 (Nupr1), G1 to S phase transition 1 (Gspt1), early growth response 1 (Egr1), Ngfi-A binding protein 2 (Nab2), and cyclin D2. In contrast, inhibitory cyclin G2, p27/Cdkn1b, and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) were sharply down-modulated. For CYCLIN G2, ectopic expression also proved to selectively attenuate EPO-dependent UT7epo cell-cycle progression at S-phase. As analyzed in primary erythroblasts expressing minimal EPO receptor alleles, EPO repression of cyclin G2 and Bcl6, and induction of cyclin D2, were determined to depend on PY343 (and Stat5) signals. Furthermore, erythroblasts expressing a on PY-null EPOR-HM allele were abnormally distributed in G0/G1. During differentiation divisions, EPOR-HM Ter119pos erythroblasts conversely accumulated in S-phase and faltered in an apparent EPO-directed transition to G0/G1. EPO/EPOR signals therefore control the expression of select cell-cycle regulatory genes that are proposed to modulate stage-specific decisions for erythroblast cell-cycle progression.
A Prospective Longitudinal Study of the Release of Oxytocin and Prolactin in Response to Infant Suckling in Long Term Lactation

We studied prospectively eight healthy postpartum breast-feeding women for 6 months during early, middle, and late lactation. Blood for measurement of oxytocin (OT), PRL, and arginine vasopressin was drawn before and every 3 min from each women during 15 min of infant suckling for two consecutive feedings during each stage of lactation. Basal plasma OT was not different in breast-feeding [0.7 +/- 0.1 (+/- SEM) microU/ml] and nonbreast-feeding women (0.8 +/- 0.2 microU/ml). OT increased significantly in response to infant suckling (P less than 0.00001) to 5.9 +/- 0.5 microU/ml and remained elevated throughout a feeding. OT was released during infant suckling in an episodic pattern in some, but not all, women; peak OT varied among women (5.0-23.3 microU/ml). There was no significant difference in the mean stimulated OT or the pattern of release comparing the first and second feedings of the same day. The mean OT (n = 8) released during 15 min of infant suckling was not significantly different in early (3.9 +/- 0.3 microU/ml), middle (4.5 +/- 0.3 microU/ml), and late (5.8 +/- 0.4 microU/ml) lactation. In the four women who breast fed exclusively, the mean stimulated OT was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) during late lactation (8.6 +/- 0.4 microU/ml) vs. early (4.6 +/- 0.4 microU/ml) or middle (6.1 +/- 0.4 microU/ml) lactation. In the other four women who provided formula supplements, OT did not change. Plasma arginine vasopressin did not increase in response to infant suckling. Plasma PRL increased in response to infant suckling, reaching a peak at 15 min. Mean basal PRL decreased progressively from weeks 1-24 postpartum. Mean peak PRL decreased significantly from early (162 +/- 29) to middle (130 +/- 15) to late (77 +/- 10) ng/ml lactation (P less than 0.05). OT release in response to infant suckling continues throughout the first 6 months postpartum in breast-feeding women, and the pattern is reproducible. The maximum release of OT is dependent upon continuous regular nipple stimulation. In contrast to basal and suckling-induced levels of PRL, which decreased with time postpartum, basal and suckling-induced OT release did not decrease from early to late lactation.
Young Children's Exposure to Community Violence:

Exposure to community violence can affect young children's development, even when the children are not direct victims of violence. This review explores the impact of community violence on young children, discusses some of the processes through which early development can be affected, and suggests the potential vulnerabilities of young children with developmental disabilities. Characteristics of young children's responses to stress and trauma are reviewed. Child, family, and community factors contributing to resilience are noted. Intervention approaches are described and suggestions offered for supporting children and families in order to reduce the negative impact of exposure to violence.
Print quality measurements for high-speed electrophotographic printers

Described here are some of the characteristics that make electrophotographic printing esthetically pleasing, and the use of a recently developed computer-controlled scanner for measuring those characteristics. New print quality measurements are described (for example, measurements of modulation, image gray-scale fidelity, and tangential-edge roughness) that allow the monitoring of the advanced printing functions made possible by all-point addressability. The requirements for and implementation of the scanner are discussed. Also discussed are the effects and limitations on print quality measurement resolution imposed by the algorithms used and the scanner; the effect of light scatter hy the paper; and the usefulness of the print quality measurements as an aid in making design trade-off decisions and in manufacturing control.
Effects of estrogen-depletion of rat casein gene expression

Mammary tissue from rats that had been ovariectomized and adrenalectomized 4 weeks previously was compared to that from intact rats in terms of epithelial content and hormone-responsiveness in vitro. The endocrinectomy resulted in about a 30% enlargement of the gland, but led to a loss of only about 12% of the epithelium. This estrogen-depleted epithelium was able to acquire full responsiveness in vitro to insulin in terms of the accumulation of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid, and induction of glucose-6-phosphate and gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenases. It was also fully responsive to cortisol in relation to the induction of NADH-cytochrome C reductase, and to prolactin in terms of total RNA synthesis. However, estrogen-depletion led to an 82% loss in the ability of a unit amount of the epithelium to synthesize casein in response to these 3 hormones, and to a similar loss in relation to the accumulation of 25K casein mRNA. Estrogen administration in vivo could prevent and reverse the casein lesion. The disparity between constitutive and casein hormone-responsiveness in the absence of estrogen is discussed in relation to cell commitment.
Modeling mutual context of object and human pose in human-object interaction activities

Detecting objects in cluttered scenes and estimating articulated human body parts are two challenging problems in computer vision. The difficulty is particularly pronounced in activities involving human-object interactions (e.g. playing tennis), where the relevant object tends to be small or only partially visible, and the human body parts are often self-occluded. We observe, however, that objects and human poses can serve as mutual context to each other – recognizing one facilitates the recognition of the other. In this paper we propose a new random field model to encode the mutual context of objects and human poses in human-object interaction activities. We then cast the model learning task as a structure learning problem, of which the structural connectivity between the object, the overall human pose, and different body parts are estimated through a structure search approach, and the parameters of the model are estimated by a new max-margin algorithm. On a sports data set of six classes of human-object interactions [12], we show that our mutual context model significantly outperforms state-of-the-art in detecting very difficult objects and human poses.
Application of Advanced Technology to Team Training

Research on civil aircraft inspection and maintenance has shown the importance of teamwork in completing aircraft inspection and maintenance tasks. Training has been identified as one of the primary intervention strategies in improving team performance. If training is to be successful, it is clear that we need to provide aircraft maintenance technicians (AMTs) with training tools to help enhance their team skills and improve team performance within the aircraft inspection/maintenance environment. In response to this need, this paper describes the development of a computer-based multimedia team training tool, the Aircraft Maintenance Team Training (AMTT) software.
Bioinformatic Primer for Clinical and Translational Science

The advent of high-throughput technologies has accelerated generation and expansion of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. Acquisition of high-dimensional datasets requires archival systems that permit efficiency of storage and retrieval, and so, multiple electronic repositories have been initiated and maintained to meet this demand. Bioinformatic science has evolved, from these intricate bodies of dynamically updated information and the tools to manage them, as a necessity to harness and decipher the inherent complexity of high-volume data. Large datasets are associated with a variable degree of stochastic noise that contributes to the balance of an ordered, multistable state with the capacity to evolve in response to stimulus, thus exhibiting a hallmark feature of biological criticality. In this context, the network theory has become an invaluable tool to map relationships that integrate discrete elements that collectively direct global function within a particular –omic category, and indeed, the prioritized focus on the functional whole of the genomic, transcriptomic, or proteomic strata over single molecules is a primary tenet of systems biology analyses. This new biology perspective allows inspection and prediction of disease conditions, not limited to a monogenic challenge, but as a combination of individualized molecular permutations acting in concert to effect a phenotypic outcome. Bioinformatic integration of multidimensional data within and between biological layers thus harbors the potential to identify unique biological signatures, providing an enabling platform for advances in clinical and translational science.