cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ferin Martino: A Small Piano Algorithm and Its Lessons on Creativity, Interaction, and Expression

The process of developing and making music with Ferin Martino, a piano-playing software algorithm has opened up a number of inquiries surrounding modern performance and creativity. Although it is relatively simple program, it is capable of much unique, expressive output that maintains a consistent style. Instead of constructing musical passages note by note, its musical character arises from its structure, independent of content. Recombination of previously-played material ensures that the first randomly generated notes end up yielding musically and stylistically coherent passages without compromising the variety of musical material produced. A flow of pseudorandom numbers is disturbed by motion in front of a camera, making the music responsive to its surroundings. Human-machine collaboration with this system has been effective in a variety of applications ranging from background music to computer-aided composition and live performance. A brief explanation of the algorithm is followed by explorations of its resulting character; strengths and challenges; and perspectives it inspires on the relationships between humans and machines and on twenty-first century musicianship. Ferin Martino is a responsive and expressive piano-playing software algorithm with a consistent musical style and playful character resulting from my focus on building structure (rather than content) and allowing environmental motion to disrupt its processes. Originally intended as an installation, human-machine collaborations with it have been effective in computer-aided composition as well as live improvised performance. The algorithm is relatively small: a singlescreen Max patch (Favreau et al. 1986). Scholars in algorithmic music are often inclined to ask how musical material/structure and how human motion/pitch input are represented within the system. In short, they are not given any representation beyond their original sensation: streams of MIDI note events and a single video motion value changing over time. The character of the system emerges from simplistic and indifferent processes interfacing with intricacies of organize motion and human engagement. Unlike David Cope’s work (Cope 2013), mine is not an expert system gaining its style from statistical tendencies in the music Copyright c 2014, Association for the Advancement of Artificial
DIII-D research to address key challenges for ITER and fusion energy

DIII-D has made significant advances in the scientific basis for fusion energy. The physics mechanism of resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) edge localized mode (ELM) suppression is revealed as field penetration at the pedestal top, and reduced coil set operation was demonstrated. Disruption runaway electrons were effectively quenched by shattered pellets; runaway dissipation is explained by pitch angle scattering. Modest thermal quench radiation asymmetries are well described NIMROD modelling. With good pedestal regulation and error field correction, low torque ITER baselines have been demonstrated and shown to be compatible with an ITER test blanket module simulator. However performance and long wavelength turbulence degrade as low rotation and electron heating are approached. The alternative QH mode scenario is shown to be compatible with high Greenwald density fraction, with an edge harmonic oscillation demonstrating good impurity flushing. Discharge optimization guided by the EPED model has discovered a new super H-mode with doubled pedestal height. Lithium injection also led to wider, higher pedestals. On the path to steady state, 1 MA has been sustained fully noninductively with βN = 4 and RMP ELM suppression, while a peaked current profile scenario provides attractive options for ITER and a βN = 5 future reactor. Energetic particle transport is found to exhibit a critical gradient behaviour. Scenarios are shown to be compatible with radiative and snowflake divertor techniques. Physics studies reveal that the transition to H mode is locked in by a rise in ion diamagnetic flows. Intrinsic rotation in the plasma edge is demonstrated to arise from kinetic losses. New 3D magnetic sensors validate linear ideal MHD, but identify issues in nonlinear simulations. Detachment, characterized in 2D with sub-eV resolution, reveals a radiation shortfall in simulations. Future facility development targets burning plasma physics with torque free electron heating, the path to steady state with increased off axis currents, and a new divertor solution for fusion reactors.
Concurrent experimental and computational study of combustion dynamics in a single-element lean direct injection (LDI) gas turbine combustor

A concurrent effort comprising simulation and experiment to assess the ability of highfidelity models to predict combustion dynamics in a high pressure (1 MPa) liquid fueled lean direct inject (LDI) combustor are presented in the paper. Results from experiment and computations at an inlet air temperature of 800 K and an equivalence ratio of 0.6 are described. High frequency wall pressure and 10 kHz OH-PLIF measurements from experiment are compared with corresponding wall pressure, heat release and OH mass fraction results from hybrid RANS-LES simulations using both 2-step global and a reduced 18-reaction kinetics model. A dominant mode in the 1450-1650 Hz rangecorresponding to the 4L chamber modeis observed in the combustor, both in experiments and simulations, with a pressure fluctuation amplitude of ~10% P’/Pc. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) of the OH-PLIF data and the simulation results identify similar dominant unstable modes in the combustor.
Effect of oral neomycin on normal intestinal flora of dogs and man.

Summary1. Ten random strains of each of the following species were sensitive in vitro (3 exceptions in 40 cultures) to 6.2 μg/cc or less of neomycin in a 48-hour nutrient broth culture: E. coli, A. aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, B. proteus vulgaris, Hemolytic staphylococcus aureus and Hemolytic streptococcus. In 5 strains of enterococci the range of sensitivity was 25-3.2 μg neomycin/cc, while Clostridia were not sensitive at a concentration of 200 μg/cc or higher. When neomycin is effective, its antibacterial action is bactericidal and not bacteriostatic under the conditions of the test(8). 2. Oral administration of neomycin usually eliminates coliform bacilli from stool cultures in dogs and in man within 48 hours and frequently within 24 hours. Continuation of the drug for 5-6 days resulted in the appearance of resistant strains of E. coli in dogs. Such resistance was not observed in 25 humans. 3. The numbers of Enterococci, Ps. aeruginosa, and B. proteus vulgaris in the stool are reduced in most ca...
Carbon monoxide, isocyanide, and nitrile complexes of cationic, d(0) vanadium bisimides: π-back bonding derived from the π symmetry, bonding metal bisimido ligand orbitals.

A series of carbon monoxide, isocyanide, and nitrile complexes of [V(PR3)2(NtBu)2][Al(PFTB)4], (R = Me, Et) were prepared. [V(PMe3)3(NtBu)2][Al(PFTB)4], (PFTB = perfluoro-tert-butoxide) reacts with 2,6-xylylisocyanide (CNXyl) or acetonitrile to afford complexes [V(PMe)2(NtBu)2(CNXyl)][Al(PFTB)4] (2) and [V(PMe)2(NtBu)2(MeCN)][Al(PFTB)4] (3). Complex 2 was crystallographically characterized, revealing a C–N bond length of (1.152(4) A); the C–N stretching frequency occurs at 2164 cm–1 in the IR. To access the analogous carbon monoxide complex, the larger cone angle phosphine, triethylphosphine, was employed, starting from the chloride VCl(PEt3)2(NtBu)2, 4, then to the lower coordinate C2v symmetrical complex, [V(PEt3)2(NtBu)2][Al(PFTB)4], 5. Derivatization of 5 with DMAP (4-dimethylaminopyridine) afforded complex 6, [V(DMAP)(PEt3)2(NtBu)2][Al(PFTB)4]. Treatment of 5 with CNXyl yielded [V(CNXyl)(PEt3)2(NtBu)2][Al(PFTB)4] (7) in 60% yield (υC–N = 2156 cm–1). The d0 vanadium bisimido, carbonyl complex, [V(η1-C...
Numerical simulation of foam aluminum composite under explosion loading

The personnel injury inside shelter caused by the shock overpressure can not be ignored along with the development of weapon,so aluminum foams composite was created and made.The stress-strain curve of foam aluminum composite was derived through experiment.The researches on the characters of aluminum foams composite under explosion loading was done by mean of numerical simulation.The results show an attenuation of shock wave when it spread in the foan aluminum composite.It means the material possesses perfect ability for energy absorption and could be chosen as a new type of protective buffer materials simplifying the structure.
Response of early weaned rabbits to source and level of dietary fiber.

Growth, cecal volatile fatty acids, mineral profile of plasma, liver weight and gastrointestinal weights were measured in rabbits fed isonitrogenous, equicaloric diets containing 3, 6, 9 or 12% dietary crude fiber from either alfalfa or Coastal Bermuda grass. Rabbits were fed from 4 to 8 wk of age. Alfalfa diets improved (P less than .05) average daily gain (20.5 vs 11.9 g/d) and livability (67.5 vs 42.5%). Feed intake, average daily gain and livability increased linearly with increasing fiber content within the alfalfa diets only. Source of fiber had no effect on total or individual cecal volatile fatty acids, except for an increased proportion of isobutyrate in rabbits fed Coastal Bermuda grass. Increased fiber level did not affect total volatile fatty acids, but did increase the proportion of butyrate and the butyrate:propionate ratio for both sources. Decreased propionate and valerate proportions were observed in cecal contents of rabbits fed Coastal Bermuda grass. Increased fiber levels decreased cecal pH in Coastal Bermuda grass-fed, but not alfalfa-fed rabbits. Relative cecal weights decreased as fiber levels increased for both sources. Coastal Bermuda grass diets resulted in larger stomach weights. Neither dietary fiber source nor level caused a consistent alteration in plasma mineral profile. The butyrate:propionate ratio reflected to a greater extent the value of feeds in fattening rabbits than did the acetate:propionate ratio normally calculated for ruminants and horses. It is concluded that the growing rabbit requires greater than 9% dietary crude fiber and that Coastal Bermuda grass is not a suitable source of fiber.
Neuere Kälteeinrichtungen mit Wasserdampf

Wasserdampf ist vom thermodynamischen Standpunkte aus betrachtet der beste Kaltetrager, wie die Beispiele Zahlentafel 2 zeigen. Seine Verwendung bietet dagegen Schwierigkeiten, hauptsachlich durch das Auftreten der ausergewohnlich grosen Volumen, die aus dem Verdampfer zu schaffen sind. Fruher wurde diese Aufgabe einzig dadurch gelost, das man den gebildeten Dampf von Schwefelsaure verschlucken lies (Absorptionsmaschine), um ihn bequem aus dem unter hohem Vakuum stehenden Verdampfer zu entfernen.
Multipolar Ewald methods, 1: theory, accuracy, and performance.

The Ewald, Particle Mesh Ewald (PME), and Fast Fourier–Poisson (FFP) methods are developed for systems composed of spherical multipole moment expansions. A unified set of equations is derived that takes advantage of a spherical tensor gradient operator formalism in both real space and reciprocal space to allow extension to arbitrary multipole order. The implementation of these methods into a novel linear-scaling modified “divide-and-conquer” (mDC) quantum mechanical force field is discussed. The evaluation times and relative force errors are compared between the three methods, as a function of multipole expansion order. Timings and errors are also compared within the context of the quantum mechanical force field, which encounters primary errors related to the quality of reproducing electrostatic forces for a given density matrix and secondary errors resulting from the propagation of the approximate electrostatics into the self-consistent field procedure, which yields a converged, variational, but nonethel...
Sarcomas of Soft Tissue and Bone

In 2001, there were an estimated 8700 new diagnoses of malignant tumors of soft tissues with 4400 resulting cancer-related deaths [1].
Background about the Eye Muscles

Although an investigation of the mechanisms of the single muscles does not really belong in the plan of this work, but rather in the physiology of the single eye, I find it necessary to dedicate a special chapter to it to illustrate that the mechanisms of the eye musculature also permit the derivation of several grounds for the correctness of the laws of innervation given above.
Risk-Based Questionnaires Fail to Detect Adolescent Iron Deficiency and Anemia.

Objective To evaluate the predictive ability of screening questionnaires to identify adolescent women at high-risk for iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia who warrant objective laboratory testing. Study design Cross-sectional study of 96 female individuals 12-21 years old seen at an academic medical center. Participants completed an iron deficiency risk assessment questionnaire including the 4 Bright Futures Adolescent Previsit Questionnaire anemia questions, along with depression, attention, food insecurity, and daytime sleepiness screens. Multiple linear regression controlling for age, race, and hormonal contraception use compared the predictive ability of 2 models for adolescent iron deficiency (defined as ferritin Results Among participants, 18% (17/96) had iron deficiency and 5% (5/96) had iron deficiency anemia. Model 1 (Bright Futures) poorly predicted ferritin and hemoglobin values (R2 = 0.03 and 0.08, respectively). Model 2 demonstrated similarly poor predictive ability (R2 = 0.05 and 0.06, respectively). Mean differences for depressive symptoms (0.3, 95% CI −0.2, 0.8), attention difficulty (−0.1, 95% CI −0.5, 0.4), food insecurity (0.04, 95% CI −0.5, 0.6), daytime sleepiness (0.1, 95% CI −0.1, 0.3), and body mass index percentile (−0.04, 95% CI −0.3, 0.2) were not significantly associated with ferritin in model 2. Mean differences for hemoglobin were also nonsignificant. Conclusions Risk-based surveys poorly predict objective measures of iron status using ferritin and hemoglobin. Next steps are to establish the optimal timing for objective assessment of adolescent iron deficiency and anemia.
Innovating Development Strategies in Africa: The Role of International, Regional and National Actors

During the second half of the twentieth century, African states shifted away from state-led development strategies, and are now moving towards a strategy of regional economic integration. In this book, Landry Signe explores the key drivers of African policy and economic transformation, proposing a preeminent explanation of policy innovations in Africa through the examination of postcolonial strategies for economic development. Scholars and practitioners in fields as varied as development studies, political science and public policy, economics, sociology and African studies will benefit from Signe's unprecedented comparative analysis, including detailed cases from the often understudied Francophone Africa. First studying why, how and when institutional or policy change occurs in Africa, Signe explores the role of international, regional and national actors in making African economic development strategies from 1960 to date, highlighting the economic transformations of the twenty-first century.
Multi-Step Crystallization of Barium Carbonate: Rapid Interconversion of Amorphous and Crystalline Precursors.

The direct observation of amorphous barium carbonate (ABC), which transforms into a previously unknown barium carbonate hydrate (herewith named gortatowskite) within a few hundred milliseconds of formation, is described. In situ X-ray scattering, cryo-, and low-dose electron microscopy were used to capture the transformation of nanoparticulate ABC into gortatowskite crystals, highly anisotropic sheets that are up to 1 μm in width, yet only about 10 nm in thickness. Recrystallization of gortatowskite to witherite starts within 30 seconds. We describe a bulk synthesis and report a first assessment of the composition, vibrational spectra, and structure of gortatowskite. Our findings indicate that transient amorphous and crystalline precursors can play a role in aqueous precipitation pathways that may often be overlooked owing to their extremely short lifetimes and small dimensions. However, such transient precursors may be integral to the formation of more stable phases.
Turbofan Engine Sizing and Tradeoff Analysis via Signomial Programming

This paper presents a full one-dimensional core and fan flowpath turbofan optimization model, based on first principles, and meant to be used during aircraft conceptual design optimization. The mod...
Trends in maar crater size and shape using the global Maar Volcano Location and Shape (MaarVLS) database

Abstract A maar crater is the top of a much larger subsurface diatreme structure produced by phreatomagmatic explosions and the size and shape of the crater reflects the growth history of that structure during an eruption. Recent experimental and geophysical research has shown that crater complexity can reflect subsurface complexity. Morphometry provides a means of characterizing a global population of maar craters in order to establish the typical size and shape of features. A global database of Quaternary maar crater planform morphometry indicates that maar craters are typically not circular and frequently have compound shapes resembling overlapping circles. Maar craters occur in volcanic fields that contain both small volume and complex volcanoes. The global perspective provided by the database shows that maars are common in many volcanic and tectonic settings producing a similar diversity of size and shape within and between volcanic fields. A few exceptional populations of maars were revealed by the database, highlighting directions of future research to improve our understanding on the geometry and spacing of subsurface explosions that produce maars. These outlying populations, such as anomalously large craters (>3000 m), chains of maars, and volcanic fields composed of mostly maar craters each represent a small portion of the database, but provide opportunities to reinvestigate fundamental questions on maar formation. Maar crater morphometry can be integrated with structural, hydrological studies to investigate lateral migration of phreatomagmatic explosion location in the subsurface. A comprehensive database of intact maar morphometry is also beneficial for the hunt for maar-diatremes on other planets.
Treatment-Refractory Depression

Despite the availability of many newer antidepressant medications, a significant percentage of patients are partial responders or have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In such cases, there are very few data to indicate what step (combination, augmentation, or switching) should be taken next. The first step in optimizing treatment is to provide an antidepressant trial of adequate duration at a dosage that ensures therapeutic plasma levels. Some patients, including previous nonresponders, may benefit from higher doses. Although a medication trial of 4–8 weeks is often adequate to see some treatment response, patients with TRD may require a longer trial (e.g., 12–16 weeks) to achieve a full response. A framework of time-driven prompts called “critical decision points” can be helpful in determining the appropriate “next step” in treatment of TRD. At each decision point, the clinician assesses a patient's overall improvement and side effect burden and may choose to continue the prescribed dose, increase or decrease the dose, augment treatment with another agent, switch or combine medications. Switching medications is advantageous when there is a need to keep treatment simple or patient compliance is an issue. When a patient partially responds to a given treatment, the clinician should consider augmentation before switching. Potential advantages of augmentation include attaining full response without starting a new medication trial, using lower doses of both agents to minimize side effects, treatment of comorbid disorders such as subclinical hypothyroidism, and quicker treatment response. Combination therapy allows the clinician to treat depression with antidepressant medications that have differing mechanisms of action, thus affecting different neurotransmitter systems. The chapter provides a thorough description of medication use in each of these treatment strategies, including appropriate dosing, switching guidelines, augmentation strategies, and possible drug interactions. Clinical evidence in the literature (or the lack thereof) that support these therapies are reviewed. Alternative treatments to medication are discussed, including psychotherapy (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy), electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), vagus nerve stimulation, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS).
Conservation challenges emerging from free-roaming horse management: A vexing social-ecological mismatch

Abstract Horses have been associated with human societies for millennia, and for many have come to symbolize wildness, power, resilience, and freedom. Although equids were extirpated from North America 10,000–12,000 years ago, descendants of domestic horses now roam freely in the USA and 17 other countries across six continents. In landscape-scale and experimental investigations, free-roaming horses ( Equus caballus ) have been shown to induce numerous alterations to native-ecosystem components and processes through influences on soil, water, plants, and other aspects of biodiversity. However, we argue that the management of free-roaming horses both in the U.S. and globally has been complicated by “socio-ecological mismatches.” Such mismatches arise from an inability to reconcile conflicting processes and functions in a social-ecological system, often reflecting differences in the spatio-temporal scales at which diverse components operate. Here, we describe three types of mismatches, and illustrate how the ecological dynamics of aridlands generally fit poorly with existing approaches to horse management and policy. Such mismatches complicate cost-effective management of free-roaming horses and the ecosystems they inhabit, and reduce the palette of potential solutions.
Optically Pumped Polarization-Pinned GaN-Based Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers using Nanoporous Distributed Bragg Reflectors

Optically pumped nonpolar GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) are demonstrated using nanoporous DBRs formed by electrochemical etching. Polarization-pinned single-mode stimulated emission is observed at 462 nm with a threshold power density of ∼5 kW/cm2 and a FWHM of ∼0.12 nm.
Effect of liquid viscosity and surface tension on mass separation of shear-driven liquid film at a sharp corner

Abstract Formation of a thin liquid film along a wall that is driven by an adjacent high velocity gas has many applications such as liquid atomizers, fuel film transport in internal combustion engines, and refrigerant systems. At a geometric singularity like a sharp corner, the liquid film may remain attached to the wall or become separated depending on gas-liquid flow conditions. Mean film layer inertia and instabilities, which form large amplitude waves at liquid film interface are two mechanisms for the separation of shear-driven films from a sharp corner. Inertial force due to the mean film layer and the interface layer which includes large amplitude waves both influence the liquid mass separation at the corner. In this study, the effect of liquid film properties such as viscosity and surface tension on these processes and ultimately the liquid mass separation of the shear-driven liquid film from a sharp corner was investigated. Experimental results revealed that as liquid film viscosity decreased, more mass became separated from the sharp corner due to an increase in both large amplitude wave amplitudes and mean film layer inertial force. This study also showed that although liquids with smaller surface tension developed a thiner mean film layer and less large amplitude waves at the interface, the resultant high force imbalance between the destabilizing inertial force and surface tension restoring force led to a higher liquid mass separation at the sharp corner.
Increased serum proteins in non-exudative AMD retinas

The blood retinal barrier (BRB) closely regulates the retinal microenvironment. Its compromise leads to the accumulation of retinal fluid containing potentially harmful plasma components. While eyes with non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were previously felt to have an intact BRB, we propose that the BRB in non-exudative AMD eyes may be subclinically compromised, allowing entry of retina-toxic plasma proteins. We test this hypothesis by measuring retinal levels of abundant plasma proteins that should not cross the intact BRB. Two cohorts of frozen, post mortem neurosensory retinas were studied by Western analysis. One cohort from Alabama had 4 normal controls and 4 eyes with various forms of AMD. Another cohort from Minnesota had 5 intermediate AMD eyes and 5 normals. Both cohorts were age/post mortem interval (PMI) matched. The non-exudative AMD retinas in the Alabama cohort had significantly higher levels of albumin and complement component 9 (C9) than normal controls. The positive control exudative AMD donor retina had higher levels of all but one serum protein. In both macular and peripheral neurosensory retina samples, intermediate AMD retinas in the Minnesota cohort had significantly higher levels of albumin, fibrinogen, IgG, and C9 than controls. Our results suggest that there may be moderate subclinical BRB leakage in non-exudative AMD. Potentially harmful plasma components including complement or iron could enter the neurosensory retina in AMD patients prior to advanced disease. Thus, therapies aiming to stabilize the BRB might have a role in the management of non-exudative AMD.
Empirical Performance of Tree-Based Inference of Phylogenetic Networks

Phylogenetic networks extend the phylogenetic tree structure and allow for modeling vertical and horizontal evolution in a single framework. Statistical inference of phylogenetic networks is prohibitive and currently limited to small networks. An approach that could significantly improve phylogenetic network space exploration is based on first inferring an evolutionary tree of the species under consideration, and then augmenting the tree into a network by adding a set of "horizontal" edges to better fit the data. In this paper, we study the performance of such an approach on networks generated under a birth-hybridization model and explore its feasibility as an alternative to approaches that search the phylogenetic network space directly (without relying on a fixed underlying tree). We find that the concatenation method does poorly at obtaining a "backbone" tree that could be augmented into the correct network, whereas the popular species tree inference method ASTRAL does significantly better at such a task. We then evaluated the tree-to-network augmentation phase under the minimizing deep coalescence and pseudo-likelihood criteria. We find that even though this is a much faster approach than the direct search of the network space, the accuracy is much poorer, even when the backbone tree is a good starting tree. Our results show that tree-based inference of phylogenetic networks could yield very poor results. As exploration of the network space directly in search of maximum likelihood estimates or a representative sample of the posterior is very expensive, significant improvements to the computational complexity of phylogenetic network inference are imperative if analyses of large data sets are to be performed. We show that a recently developed divide-and-conquer approach significantly outperforms tree-based inference in terms of accuracy, albeit still at a higher computational cost.
A Radiation Oncology–Specific Automated Trigger Indicator Tool for High-Risk, Near-Miss Safety Events

Abstract Purpose Error detection in radiation oncology relies heavily on voluntary reporting, and many adverse events and near misses likely go undetected. Trigger tools use existing data in patient charts to identify otherwise-unaccounted-for events and have been successfully employed in other areas of medicine. We developed an automated radiation oncology–specific trigger tool and validated it against near-miss data from a high-volume incident learning system (ILS). Methods and Materials Twenty triggers were derived from an electronic radiation oncology information system. Data from the systems over an approximately 3.5-year period were split randomly into training and test sets. The probability of a high-grade (grade 3-4) near miss for each treatment course in the training set was estimated using a regularized logistic regression model. The predictive model was applied to the test set. Records for 25 flagged treatment courses with an ILS entry were reviewed to explore the association between triggers and near misses, and 25 flagged courses without an ILS entry were reviewed to detect unreported near misses. Results Of the 3159 treatment courses analyzed, 357 had a grade 3 to 4 ILS entry; 2210 courses composed the training set, and the test set had 949 courses. Areas under the curve on the training and test sets were 0.650 and 0.652, respectively. Of 20 triggers, 9 reached statistical significance on univariate analysis. Fifty percent of the 25 treatment courses in the test set with the highest predicted likelihood of a high-grade near miss with an ILS entry had a direct relationship between the triggers and the near miss. Review of the 25 treatment courses with the highest predicted likelihood of high-grade near miss without an ILS entry found 2 unreported near-miss events. Conclusions The radiation oncology–specific automated trigger tool performed modestly and identified additional treatment courses with near-miss events. Radiation oncology trigger tools deserve further exploration.
Effective Educational Approaches to Forging Family-Professional Partnerships

Abstract Respectful and trusting family-professional partnerships can positively influence the health care of children with intellectual and developmental disability. This article describes a creat...
Diet in Parkinson's Disease: Critical Role for the Microbiome.

Background. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting up to 1% of the population above the age of 60 and 4–5% of those above the age of 85. Little progress has been made on efforts to prevent disease development or halt disease progression. Diet has emerged as a potential factor that may prevent the development or slow the progression of PD. In this review, we discuss evidence for a role for the intestinal microbiome in PD and how diet-associated changes in the microbiome may be a viable approach to prevent or modify disease progression. Methods. We reviewed studies demonstrating that dietary components/foods were related to risk for PD. We reviewed evidence for the dysregulated intestinal microbiome in PD patients including abnormal shifts in the intestinal microbiota composition (i.e., dysbiosis) characterized by a loss of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) bacteria and increased lipopolysaccharide (LPS) bacteria. We also examined several candidate mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence PD including the NLRP3 inflammasome, insulin resistance, mitochondrial function, vagal nerve signaling. Results. The PD-associated microbiome is associated with decreased production of SCFA and increased LPS and it is believed that these changes may contribute to the development or exacerbation of PD. Diet robustly impacts the intestinal microbiome and the Western diet is associated with increased risk for PD whereas the Mediterranean diet (including high intake of dietary fiber) decreases PD risk. Mechanistically this may be the consequence of changes in the relative abundance of SCFA-producing or LPS-containing bacteria in the intestinal microbiome with effects on intestinal barrier function, endotoxemia (i.e., systemic LPS), NLRP3 inflammasome activation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and the production of factors such as glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as intestinal gluconeogenesis. Conclusions. This review summarizes a model of microbiota-gut-brain-axis regulation of neuroinflammation in PD including several new mechanisms. We conclude with the need for clinical trials in PD patients to test this model for beneficial effects of Mediterranean based high fiber diets.
A review of in-pile fuel safety tests of TRISO fuel forms and future testing opportunities in non-HTGR applications

Abstract The tristructural isotropic (TRISO) fuel particle is arguably the most robust nuclear fuel form ever developed. TRISO fuels have been realized in high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) and have been proposed for many other nuclear energy applications including light water reactors, microreactors, nuclear thermal propulsion, and salt-cooled reactors. Significant data exist for steady-state irradiation testing and out-of-pile core conduction cooldown testing of TRISO fuel relevant to conventional HTGR applications. However, there is a lack of in-pile transient test data, especially related to fast transients, for advanced applications of TRISO fuel particles. This review article outlines the proposed advanced applications of TRISO particles, the existing in-pile transient and accident testing data, and highlights the potential value of additional in-pile transient test data for these new applications. Specifically, this review identifies the need for in-pile testing data to support licensing of TRISO fuel in light water reactors, microreactors, nuclear thermal propulsion, and salt-cooled reactor applications. In advanced non-HTGR TRISO applications the temperature transients may occur much faster than in HTGR depressurized loss-of-forced cooling (DLOFC) accidents (e.g. 0.05 °C/s in a DLOFC versus up to 1000 °C/s in an advanced TRISO application). Generally, historical tests from the literature indicate significant fuel particle failure at energy depositions greater than 1400 J/g-fuel, mostly due to kernel melting. Fuel compact graphite matrix failure was observed above 2300 J/g-fuel in historical tests of compacts. Failure thresholds and mechanisms may be different for particles with fuel materials different from uranium dioxide (such as uranium oxycarbide and uranium nitride), particles with different irradiation histories, and particles with different structure (layers and relative thickness). Although kernel melting was the dominant failure mechanism during historical tests, other failure mechanisms may be possible. One example is thermal stresses between coating layers during quick increases in temperature which could result in crack propagation and delamination of coating layers. Another example is matrix failure due to stresses, for example a graphite matrix in conventional HTGR-like fuel or silicon carbide matrix in fully ceramic microencapsulated fuel. The transient reactor test facility (TREAT) at Idaho National Laboratory is an ideal location for these fuel tests to be carried out in the United States.
Strain relaxation induced transverse resistivity anomalies in Sr Ru O 3 thin films

Here, we report a magnetotransport study of high-quality $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ thin films with high residual resistivity ratios grown by reactive oxide molecular-beam epitaxy. The transverse resistivity exhibits clear anomalies which are typically believed to be signatures of the topological Hall effect and the presence of magnetic skyrmions. By systematically investigating these anomalies as a function of temperature, field, film thickness, and excitation currents we verify that these anomalies originate from a two-channel anomalous Hall effect arising from magnetic inhomogeneities in the samples and not from an intrinsic topological Hall effect. Using a combination of magnetic circular dichroism, scanning transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and magnetotransport, we discover that strain relaxation effects in the films are the origin of these inhomogeneities. Our results shed light on the recently reported Hall effect anomalies in $\mathrm{Sr}\mathrm{Ru}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ thin films and heterostructures and provide an approach to determine whether such anomalies arise from an intrinsic topological Hall effect or from extrinsic mechanisms.
Student-centered learning: context needed

Six scholars provide their perspectives in response to Lee and Hannafin’s (Educational Technology Research and Development 64: 707–734, 2016) article describing the Own It, Learn It, Share It design framework. The framework combines constructivist, constructionist, and self-determination theories to address student-centered learning.
Cognition-Enhancing, Antipsychotic, and Opioid Medication Use Among Assisted Living and Residential Care Residents in Oregon.

Abstract Objectives Explore community- and resident-level characteristics associated with polypharmacy and use of cognition-enhancing, antipsychotic, and opioid medications among a statewide representative sample of assisted living and residential care (AL/RC) residents. Design Cross-sectional, descriptive. Setting and Participants A total of 1135 AL/RC residents living in 387 licensed communities in Oregon were recruited. One-third of residents lived in communities certified to provide memory care to residents with dementia. Methods All licensed AL/RC communities received a mail survey with questions about 3 randomly selected residents’ demographic, health service use, health conditions, medication use, and payment information. We estimated bivariate and multiple logistic regression models, resulting in unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios of resident- and community-level characteristics associated with each medication use indicator. Results One in 5 residents took a cognition-enhancing medication (20%) in the prior 7 days. Just more than one-fifth (22%) and one-quarter (25%) of residents took opioid or antipsychotic medications, on a scheduled or as-needed basis in the prior 7 days, respectively. Residents with Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD) living in rural communities were half as likely to take cognitive-enhancing medications compared with their urban counterparts. When controlling for all resident and community covariates, residents with ADRD were almost 3 times as likely to receive an antipsychotic and half as likely to receive an opioid compared to residents without an ADRD diagnosis. Conclusions and Implications Understanding variation in the use of medications associated with behavioral expressions of ADRD in AL/RC residents is a crucial clinical and policy area.
Applications of Symmetry to the Large Scale Structure of the Universe (Scale Invariance) and to the Hadronic Spectrum (Heavy Diquark Symmetry)

Two applications of symmetries of quantum theories that are relevant in very different circumstances, early universe cosmology and hadronic physics, are discussed. The first concerns constraints on the form of correlations of the density perturbations in the very early universe. The second is about the hadronic spectrum, in particular states with flavor quantum numbers corresponding to two heavy bottom quarks and two light anti-quarks (tetraquarks with two heavy quarks).
Analysis of HA and NA Genes of Influenza A H1N1 Virus in Yunnan Province during 2009-2014

To analyze influenza pathogen spectrum in Yunnan province during 2009-2014 years,and analyze HAand NAgenes of influenza A H1N1.Analysis was made on the monitoring date of influenza cases in Yunnan province in recent 6years,23 strains of influenza virus of HAand NAgene was sequenced and analyzed by MEGA 5software to construct phylogenetic tree.4times of influenza AH1N1 epidemic peak were monitored from 2009-2014 years in Yunnan Province,as the nucleic acid detection results of influenza A H1N1 accounted for 28.8% of the total.The sequencing result showed that HAand NAgene were divided into 3groups,one was detected with H275 Y mutation strains.Influenza A H1N1 is one of the important subtypes in Yunnan province and their genes have divided into three branches during the period of2009-2014 years,the vast majority of influenza a H1N1 are still sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors.
AI-Powered Terahertz VLSI Testing Technology for Ensuring Hardware Security and Reliability

Hardware cybersecurity has become a key issue, especially for very large integrated circuits. If counterfeit, forged, or defective ICs present a significant threat to system reliability and security. The growing complexity of digital and mixed-signal systems makes it increasingly challenging yet vital to develop robust methods to assess and confirm the reliability and authenticity of ICs. We introduce a new terahertz testing method for non-destructive and unobtrusive identification of counterfeit, damaged, forged or defective ICs by measuring their response to incident terahertz and sub-terahertz radiation at the circuit pins and analyzing the response using artificial intelligence (AI). These responses create unique signatures for ICs. We generated 2D images by measuring the response on a selected pin of a radio frequency IC (RFIC) scanned by a focused terahertz radiation. By applying the data augmentation processes, we created a secure image data set to train the convolutional neural network (CNN) model. An unsecured image data set representing altered or damaged ICs was generated by modifying the original image data. The trained models identified secure devices with a ~94% accuracy.
Blowback: The Consequences of CIA-sponsored Regime Change in Latin America

The CIA coined the term “blowback” in the 1950s to refer to unintended and unwanted side effects of covert operations. We study the side effects of CIA-sponsored regime change in Latin America during the Cold War. While the US may have been acting in its perceived foreign policy self- interest, we find that these interventions caused large declines in democracy, moderate declines in real per-capita incomes, and no clear pattern in social unrest. Our findings should make any evaluation of US foreign policies regarding regime change in Latin America more negative and support the idea that these types of covert operations can cause real, damaging, blowback.
The Institutional Infrastructure of Biophysics

This chapter illustrates the institutional infrastructure of biophysics in terms of research establishment, education system, specialized journals, and professional societies. The reason to consider the institution underpinning of biophysics is that: institutional shaping is a critical factor in the development of a scientific discipline; institutions justify and finance biophysical inquiry as the disciplinary history of biophysics in the United States and Germany showed. Since institutional blessing is an essential condition for the robust development of biophysics, this chapter examines how the research, education, journalistic, and professional aspects of biophysics paint a picture of the disciplinary landscape of biophysics in post-1949 China. From the establishment of the Institute of Biophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the founding of a biophysics department at the University of Science and Technology of China, the launching of a biophysics journal entitled Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics, to the inauguration of the Biophysical Society of China, these concrete steps are part of the larger plan to make biophysics into a scientific discipline in contemporary China.
A Behavioural Test of Rod-Red Cone Convergence in the Goldfish Retina

The experiments described here represent a behavioural test of the physiological model of the goldfish retina, proposed by Raynauld (1972), in which rods and long wavelength sensitive cones are connected by similar, perhaps identical, neural pathways to the ganglion cells. The model was suggested by Raynauld’s observation that the ganglion cells responded in the same way to long wavelength light at photopic levels of illumination as they did to any wavelength at scotopic levels. This was confirmed by Beauchamp and Daw (1972), and supported by the anatomical report of Scholes and Morris (1973). If we can accurately predict behaviour from the cellular electro-physiology, then we can be more confident that the small number of ganglion cells that have been sampled by microelectrodes are representative of the tens of thousands whose axons carry the output of the entire retina. Moreover, a test of the model bears on current theories of underwater vision (Lythgoe, 1968; Easter, 1974), in which the long wavelength end of the spectrum is assigned special importance because of the higher contrast available there (Duntley, 1962). Perhaps the convergence of rods and red cones represents a physiological exploitation of this physical fact.
The Role of the Mental Health Practitioner in the Assessment and Treatment of Child and Adolescent Chronic Pain

Chronic and recurrent benign pain complaints are common among children and adolescents. Although many young persons with chronic pain adapt well, a small, but significant, proportion experience marked functional deficits. Pain can produce life disruptions, e.g. impeding activities and maturation, and interferes with family functioning. Conventional medically-based approaches have been inadequate in addressing chronic pain and its sequelae. Instead, effective management requires an interdisciplinary approach involving paediatricians and mental health practitioners working collaboratively to treat psychiatric comorbidities, enhance the patient's functional adaptation, restore the child or adolescent's maturational and social capabilities and reduce family disruptions.
State gasoline consumption in the USA: An econometric analysis

Abstract This paper examines the determinants of state gasoline consumption per household in the USA using pooled time-series cross-section data for the period 1966–1980. It was found that gasoline price, fuel efficiency of vehicle stock, percentage of population in metropolitan areas, and non-automobile transport modes have negative effects on consumption, while per capita income, number of vehicles, non-agricultural employment per household, age 18–44, warm weather, visits by out-of-state automobiles, and share of buses and trucks have positive effects on consumption. Holding constant the size of vehicle stock and its fuel-efficiency characteristics, the short-run price elasticity of gasoline was found to be -0.321 for the period 1966–1973 and -0.106 for the period 1974–1980. It was also found that gasoline demand experienced a temporary shift both in the intercept and in the price coefficient during the shortages of 1974 and 1979, and had undergone a permanent shift in the same parameters during the post-embargo period.