cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Season Alter Responsiveness of the Reproductive Neuroendocrine Axis to the Suppressive Actions of Cortisol in Ovariectomized Ewes

Season can profoundly influence activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and alter reproductive neuroendocrine responsiveness to stress and gonadal steroids. Here we tested the hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of a stress-like increment in plasma concentration of the adrenal steroid cortisol on pulsatile LH secretion varies with season. LH pulse patterns were monitored prior to and during the administration of cortisol in the same seven ovariectomized ewes during three stages of the yearly breeding cycle: breeding season, transition to anestrus, and midanestrus. The elevation in cortisol mimicked the rise in plasma level of cortisol in response to an immune/inflammatory stress. During all three seasons, cortisol acutely suppressed the pulsatile release of LH. This inhibition reflected a marked reduction of LH pulse amplitude and a minimal suppression of LH pulse frequency. Of interest, the suppressive effect of this physiologic increment in cortisol did not vary across seasons. This provides initial evidence that, in ovariectomized ewes, cortisol-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion differs from that of gonadal steroids in that it is not profoundly influenced by season.
Entropy of Pure-Silica Molecular Sieves

The entropies of a series of pure-silica molecular sieves (structural codes ^*BEA, FAU, MFI, and MTT) are obtained by calorimetric measurements of low-temperature heat capacity. The third-law entropies at 298.15 K are (on the basis of 1 mol of SiO_2): ^*BEA, 44.91 ± 0.11 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); FAU, 44.73 ± 0.11 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); MFI, 45.05 ± 0.11 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); MTT, 45.69 ± 0.11 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); while the corresponding entropies of transition from quartz at 298.15 K are ^*BEA, 3.4 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); FAU, 3.2 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); MFI, 3.6 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1); MTT, 4.2 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1). The entropies span a very narrow range at 3.2−4.2 J·K^(-1)·mol^(-1) above quartz, despite a factor of 2 difference in molar volume. This confirms that there are no significant entropy barriers to transformations between SiO_2 polymorphs. Finally, the Gibbs free energy of transformation with respect to quartz is calculated for eight SiO_2 phases and all are found to be within twice the available thermal energy of each other at 298.15 K.
Measuring dynamic efficiency under risk aversion

Abstract Problems of measuring the efficiency of decision-making units are discussed here in an intertemporal framework, where both current and capital inputs are used to produce outputs. It is assumed that the units are risk averse and they attempt to adjust their short run input decisions so as to attain the intertemporally optimal expansion paths. By using an adjustment cost approach the influence of risk aversion and output fluctuations on the dynamic production frontier are analyzed by a set of optimal control models.
Abdominal compartment syndrome contributing to failure of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in an infant with congenital heart disease and sepsis.

Objective:To provide the first account of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy failure secondary to abdominal compartment syndrome.Design:Case report.Setting:Pediatric intensive care unit.Patient:A 4-month-old infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease and Escherichia coli sepsis developed
Semiochemical lures reduce emigration and enhance pest control services in open-field predator augmentation

Augmentation biocontrol is a commercially viable pest management tactic in enclosed glasshouse envi- ronments, but is far less effective in open-field agriculture where newly released enemies rapidly dis- perse from release sites. We tested the potential for behavior-modifying semiochemicals to increase the retention of mass released predatory stink bugs, Podisus maculiventris Say (Hemiptera: Pentatomi- dae), for enhanced consumption of hornworm caterpillars, Manduca sexta L. (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). To do so, we used controlled-release dispensers to emit the herbivore-induced plant volatile, methyl salicylate (MeSA), or P. maculiventris aggregation pheromone from tomato field plots. Overall, we recap- tured ca. 17% of released individuals after 36 h. This rate, however, was significantly affected by weather (12% vs. 22% recapture in rainy vs. dry weeks, respectively) and semiochemical deployment, but only under optimal weather conditions (19% vs. 26% recapture in control vs. pheromone plots, respectively, during dry weeks). Further, we detected behavioral responses of wild P. maculiventris to semiochemical treatment with 94% of all captured adults (=84 of 89 total) found in pheromone plots. Only 24 of 567 (4%) captured stink bugs tested positive for immunomarking, suggesting that hornworm predation occurred but at a low frequency. Importantly, we documented that sentinel caterpillar prey were depleted by pre- dators at a higher rate in stink bug augmented plots on tomato plants occurring near (<3 m from) the MeSA and pheromone lures. These data empirically demonstrate that both semiochemicals are capable of increasing pest consumption via attraction of P. maculiventris. Future work should focus on mecha- nisms of lure attraction and the long-term consequences of predator development in fields with elevated semiochemical emissions.
Intraperitoneal Rupture of Ectopic Varices: Two Case Reports and a Review of Literature

Intraperitoneal rupture of ectopic varices is a rare complication of portal hypertension. Few case reports have been published in the literature. We report 2 cases of ectopic varices with intraperitoneal hemorrhage. This review details their presentation, hospital course and treatment. The first patient was managed conservatively, and second had a successful TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt). Few guidelines for treatment are available. The management is individualized according to the condition of the patient and the resources available. Objectives of management include early diagnosis, aggressive fluid resuscitation, correction of coagulopathy, reduction of portal hypertension and if possible direct control of the bleeding vessel.
An Asynchronous Approach to Synthesizing Custom Architectures for Efficient Execution of Programs on FPGAs

PRISM, a computer architecture consisting of a general-purpose core processor and a reconfigurable FPGA platform, was designed to bridge the gap between general-purpose and specialized computers. PRISM-I, introduced a new concept wherein a custom architecture, utilizing the FPGAs, is dynamically and automatically created to execute a specific C program more efficiently. Speedup is achieved by executing frequently executed functions of the program on the custom-synthesized hardware while the remainder of the program executes on the core processor. PRISM-I, however, being a proof-of-concept system, suffers from several limitations, principal among them being that the evaluation time of a function is restricted to a single bus-cycle, loops with variable iteration counts are not allowed in the function, and control constructs, i.e. "if-then-else," are not executed efficiently. This article introduces a significant conceptual advancement, PRISM-II, that synthesizes asynchronous, adaptive architectures for C programs and addresses the above limitations of PRISM-I in a general manner. PRISM-II introduces a novel execution model and a framework for translating a C function into an FPGA-based custom architecture.
Putative neuropathological interactions in MSA: focus in the rostral ventrolateral medulla

We used double immunocytochemistry for α-synuclein and markers of sympathoexcitatory neurons, oligodendrocytes, iron metabolism, and autophagy to study putative neuropathological interactions in multiple system atrophy. We focused in the rostral ventrolateral medulla as a prototype vulnerable region. We found that loss of C1 neurons and oligodendrocytes related to glial cytoplasmic inclusion accumulation, downregulation of iron transport, and upregulation of autophagy and ferritin expression in these area.
CH-46 rotor acoustics analysis: continued analysis of in-flight maneuvers

This paper summarizes the continued CH-46 in-flight data analysis for the rotor acoustic monitoring systems (RAMS). This ambitious 38-month proof-of-concept effort, which was a part of the Naval Surface Warfare Center Air Vehicle Diagnostics System program, culminated in a successful three-week flight test of the RAMS system at Patuxent River Flight Test Center in September 1997. This paper presents the results of additional signal data analysis of the flight-test dataset over analysis results previously reported in 1998 and 1999.
Variability in static strengths of sheet molding compounds (SMC)

In this paper, the variability in static strengths of six glass fiber-reinforced sheet molding compounds (SMC) is reported. This variability was shown not to be caused by macroscopic variations in fiber, resin, filler, or void content nor gross fiber anisotropy. Weibull statistics were used to accurately characterize this variability, Random flaw models with the flaws being distributed in the volume, surface, or edge were shown not to predict the observed static strength variability in SMC.
Three paths to improved critical dimension control for patterning 200 nm to 100 nm transistor gates

In this paper we present the results of applying three different approaches to improving critical dimension control: (1) CD control improvements for 200 nm isolated lines using DUV lithography (k"1=0.34) with assisting features, (2) CD control improvements for 140nm patterns using 248nm DUV lithography (k"1=0.24) with alternating phase-shifting masks, and finally (3) CD control improvements for 100nm patterns using i-line and 248nm DUV lithography (k"1=0.17) with spacer-gate processes.
Retirement investment theory explains patterns in songbird nest-site choice

When opposing evolutionary selection pressures act on a behavioural trait, the result is often stabilizing selection for an intermediate optimal phenotype, with deviations from the predicted optimum attributed to tracking a moving target, development of behavioural syndromes or shifts in riskiness over an individual's lifetime. We investigated nest-site choice by female golden-winged warblers, and the selection pressures acting on that choice by two fitness components, nest success and fledgling survival. We observed strong and consistent opposing selection pressures on nest-site choice for maximizing these two fitness components, and an abrupt, within-season switch in the fitness component birds prioritize via nest-site choice, dependent on the time remaining for additional nesting attempts. We found that females consistently deviated from the predicted optimal behaviour when choosing nest sites because they can make multiple attempts at one fitness component, nest success, but only one attempt at the subsequent component, fledgling survival. Our results demonstrate a unique natural strategy for balancing opposing selection pressures to maximize total fitness. This time-dependent switch from high to low risk tolerance in nest-site choice maximizes songbird fitness in the same way a well-timed switch in human investor risk tolerance can maximize one's nest egg at retirement. Our results also provide strong evidence for the adaptive nature of songbird nest-site choice, which we suggest has been elusive primarily due to a lack of consideration for fledgling survival.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CUTICULAR SENSILLA OF THE LOBSTER HOMARUS AMERICANUS

ABSTRACT Chemosensory neurons and mechanosensory neurons innervate all the cephalothoracic appendages of the lobster Homarus americanus, including the antennules, antennae, six pairs of mouthparts, and five pairs of pereiopods. The structure and sensory function of sensilla on these appendages are described. Sensilla on the pereiopods and maxillipeds can be classified morphologically and physiologically. Smooth setae and squamous setae are the primary setal types in the rows and tufts of hairs on the walking legs; they also are found on the maxillipeds and, less abundantly, on the crusher and seizer claws. Serrate setae are common on the maxillipeds and the third and fourth walking legs. Hedgehog hairs are located on the cutting edges of the claws of the first two pairs of walking legs and on apposable cuticular surfaces on the last two segments of the fourth pair of walking legs. All four of these types of sensilla are both mechano- and chemosensitive. Sensilla sensitive to mechanical but not to chemical stimuli include peg sensilla, which are small sensilla situated in articulated sockets within cuticular depressions and are distributed over the surface of the carapace, pereiopods, and maxillipeds. Other mechanoreceptive sensilla include cuticular articulated peg organs (=CAP organs), located on the pereiopods and on the third maxillipeds, and campaniform sensilla, found on the antennae and antennules. Exclusively chemosensory sensilla were not found.
Objectification and the inscription of knowledge in science classrooms

In this paper, we explore objectification as a form of participation in socially defined activities. We explore objectification as it manifests in language (through, e.g., nominalization), entextualization, writing, perception (through the objectification of sensory experience), and identity formation. We document how these practices have been explored in the past, from philosophical, ethnographic, linguistic, and other perspectives. We group them under the common theme of objectification in order to demonstrate how all of these practices function to represent processes, actions, or relations as objects. We explore the prevalence of these processes of objectification in social life and suggest implications for learning, and specifically science learning.
Ignition of Stagnation Point Flow by a Hot Body

Abstract The ignition of a cold combustible mixture has been investigated at the forward stagnation region of a hot projectile. The occurrence of temperature maxima at the surface of the projectile acts as the ignition criterion. For quasi-stationary analysis, the characteristic (unknown) parameter of the problem is the surface (or ignition) temperature. The steady boundary layer equations describing the reacting flow have been solved numerically and the ignition temperatures for propane-air mixture are calculated for different values of the various non-dimensional physical parameters.
Non-Cognitive Characteristics in the Prediction of Reading Readiness

The Lowenfeld Mosaic Test (LMT) was compared with the Metropolitan Readiness Tests (MRT) and with teachers' ratings to predict school readiness. The subjects consisted of three groups: (a) children enrolled in a federally funded neighborhood center, (b) middle-class black children, and (c) middle-class white children. The children were pretested with the Slosson Intelligence Test (SIT), the LMT, and the MRT. The teachers and examiner made their predictions of each student's readiness; the teachers' predictions were based on observation and MRT scores, and those of the examiner, only on the LMT. At the end of the first semester the children were administered the Slosson Oral Reading Test (SORT) and the students' grades were compiled. An analysis of results revealed the single best predictor of reading success to be the examiner's rating based on the LMT.
THE CITATION SYSTEM : CITATION NETWORKS AS REPEATEDLY FOCUSING ON DIFFERENCE, CONTINUOUS RE-EVALUATION, AND AS PERSISTENT KNOWLEDGE ACCUMULATION*

It can be shown that claims of a lack of theories of citation are also indicative of a grate need for a theory which links science dynamics and measurement. There is a wide gap between qualitative (science dynamics) and quantitative (measurement) approaches. To link them, the present study proposes the use of the citation system, that potentially bridges a gap between measurement and epistemology, by applying system theory to the publication system.
A cosmological solution of the Einstein equations with heat flow

Abstract A generalized Robertson—Walker line element with k ( t ) is shown to satisfy the Einstein equations with an energy—momentum tensor containing a space-like, radial vector of heat flow, which is proportional to the time derivative of k .
Evaluation of a MODIS-Based Potential Evapotranspiration Product at the Point Scale

Abstract This paper outlines the development of a continuous, daily time series of potential evapotranspiration (PET) using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor data from the Terra satellite platform. The approach is based on the Priestley–Taylor equation, incorporating a daily net radiation model during cloudless days. A simple algorithm using “theoretical clear-sky” net radiation (incorporating daily cloud fraction and cloud optical thickness) and PET is then used to estimate net radiation and PET under cloudy conditions. The method requires minimal ground-based observations for initial calibration of regional radiation algorithm coefficients. Point-scale comparisons are undertaken at four flux-tower sites in North America covering a range of hydroclimatic conditions and biomes. Preliminary results at the daily time step for a 4-yr period (2001–04) show good correlation (R2 = 0.89) and low bias (0.34 mm day−1) for three of the more humid sites. Results are further improved when a...
Theoretical investigation into the nature of the second vertical ionic state of the water dimer

Abstract Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been carried out to resolve questions concerning the location of the second ionization in the water dimer. The results indicate that it is from the proton acceptor molecule of the water dimer.
Role of business: a portfolio model of corporate social responsibility

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explain people's divergent perceptions of companies' corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in order to help organizations strategically manage their global responsibilities.Design/methodology/approach – Combining institutional theory and role‐theory, the authors examine how people's expectations for the role of business (RoB) in society define the standard by which corporate activities are judged. Where conformity to institutional models confers “legitimacy” and compliance to social scripts constitutes “appropriate” behavior, the authors contend that congruence with RoB expectations is what defines corporate responsibility. This research utilized a quasi‐experimental method to explore the effects of stakeholder status and individuals' RoB expectations on their assessments of CSR activities.Findings – Significant differences were found between stakeholder groups on all but one of the CSR activities scales. Of substantially more impact, subjects' RoB expe...
Isolation of neuronal precursors by sorting embryonic forebrain transfected with GFP regulated by the T|[alpha]|1 tubulin promoter

Neuronal precursor cells are widespread in the forebrain ventricular/subventricular zone, and may provide a cellular substrate for brain repair. Clonal lines derived from single progenitors can become progressively less representative of their parental precursors with time and passage in vitro. We have developed an alternative strategy for the isolation and enrichment of precursor cells, by fluorescence-activated cell sorting of forebrain cells transfected with the gene for green fluorescent protein, driven by the neuronal T alpha 1 tubulin promoter. Using this approach, neural precursors and young neurons can be identified and selectively harvested from a variety of samples, including both avian and mammalian forebrains at different developmental stages.
Statins: effective antiatherosclerotic therapy.

Background Statins are the most effective agents currently available for lowering plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and are the mainstay of therapy for hyperlipidemia. The statins are highly liver-selective, inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a key enzyme in the synthesis of cholesterol. Several large, controlled clinical trials have confirmed significant reductions in rates of coronary heart disease morbidity and death with long-term statin therapy in patients with mild to severe hypercholesterolemia. Methods and Results This review article is based on a literature search of more than 60 relevant articles from peer-reviewed journals. Search engines included Medline and Embase. In surveying clinical and angiographic evidence, we found that statins appear to reduce the incidence of coronary events by slowing the progression of atherosclerosis and preventing atheromatous lesion formation. We found that the 6 statins currently marketed-atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, and simvastatin—differ in their inhibitory action on the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. Conclusions The use of more potent statins such as atorvastatin and simvastatin affords greater lowering of LDL-C and triglyceride levels, allowing more patients to achieve target goals. The question of how low LDL-C levels should be lowered will be answered by ongoing clinical trials.
Age and the Elderly Internal Clock: Further Evidence for a Fundamentally Slowed CNS

Age-related differences in accuracy of time estimation have been studied. It is found that compared to the younger subjects (mean age 25 years), the older adults (mean age 70 years) consistently overestimated the target 10-sec interval when they had to simultaneously perform an interpolating task (i.e., count backwards by subtractions of three).
Facework in Responding to Unethical Communication

Unethical communication occurs fairly frequently in organizations, yet confronting someone about an ethical transgression is a politically sensitive interaction that challenges people’s identities. This study integrates a social confrontation approach and politeness theory to identify politeness strategies people perceive as effective and socially appropriate for expressing disapproval of ethical transgressions. To examine the extent to which the selection of politeness strategy was related to the type of unethical communication and power in the relationship, participants evaluated hypothetical scenarios based on Redding’s proto-typology of unethical communication. The type of unethical communication influenced perceptions of the appropriateness and effectiveness of three politeness strategies and the power relationship influenced perceptions of two politeness strategies.
Children’s Direct Exposure to Types of Domestic Violence Crime: A Population-based Investigation

Police officers served as public health sentinels to collect data on children exposed to domestic violence across an entire municipality for 1 year. This study extended research by investigating a typology of domestic violence crimes and children’s direct sensory exposure to these types. Police officers used a standard, validated protocol to collect data on all substantiated domestic violence. Findings revealed that almost half of all events had children present, and 81% of these children were directly exposed to the violence. Children under the age of 6 years old were at greater risk of exposure. Identified domestic violence households with children were more likely to be low-income, non-White, and headed by a single female, compared to households at large. Cluster analysis revealed seven domestic violence event profiles. Typology showed that children were disproportionately exposed to the most unstable and dangerous profiles including weapon use, mutual assault, and substance abuse.
Expanded percolation theory model for the temperature induced forming (TIF) of alumina aqueous suspensions

Abstract A continuous percolation model is proposed to describe the temperature and volume fraction dependence of the shear modulus of temperature induced forming (TIF) alumina aqueous suspensions. The concept of “effective volume fraction of aggregates” is proposed. The volume fraction gelation threshold ( φ g ), the characteristic temperature ( T 0 ) and the exponent ( s ) can be derived from the rheological measurements. Model calculations are in good agreement with the measurement data. The estimation of the strength of the wet gelled alumina suspensions with variation in temperature can be realized using this model.
Rapid synthesis of F-18 and H-2 dual-labeled altanserin, a metabolically resistant PET ligand for 5-HT2a receptors

F-18 and H-2 dual-labeled altanserin (3, [18F]d-ALT), a novel PET tracer for 5-HT2A receptors with metabolically resistant properties, was synthesized by [18F]fluoride displacement of the corresponding deuterated nitro precursor in 32% yield (EOB) in 108 min with radiochemical purity 95% and specific activity >1000 mCi/μmol (EOS). The key intermediate ethyl N-(2-chloroethyl-2,2-d2)carbamate (7) was obtained by LiA1D4 reduction of a glycine ester (93%), chlorination and carbamoylation (79%). 4-(4-Nitro-benzoyl)piperidine (13) was synthesized (60%) by improving the published coupling reaction of p-nitrophenyltrimethylstannane (10), obtained from p-iodonitrobenzene and (CH3)6Sn2 (94%), with 1-benzoylisonipecotic acid chloride (11) followed by acid hydrolysis. 13 was alkylated with 7 (82%), hydrolyzed and condensed with methyl o-isothiocyanatobenzoyate to provide with the precursor deuteronitroaltanserin (4, 75%). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
eta PRODUCTION IN THE REACTION $pi$p $Yields$ $pi$peta AT 1050 AND 1170 MeV/ c.

We have investigated $\ensuremath{\eta}$ production in the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\eta}$ at 1050 and 1170 MeV/c, and in the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\eta}$ at 1170 MeV/c. We obtain the following partial cross sections for the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}p\ensuremath{\eta}$ followed by the charged decay $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}:9.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5$ \ensuremath{\mu}b for 1050-MeV/c incident ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$; 53.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5.0 \ensuremath{\mu}b for 1170-MeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$; 15.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9 \ensuremath{\mu}b for 1170-MeV/c ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. From our ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ data we find that we need four $I=\frac{3}{2}$ amplitudes in order to obtain good agreement with our mass and angular distributions and to reproduce the threshold behavior of the cross section. We find the dominating amplitude to be that representing the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{\Delta}(1238)$, $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1238)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$, where the $\ensuremath{\eta}$ and the $\ensuremath{\Delta}(1238)$ are produced in $s$ wave. The four amplitudes are extrapolated to higher energies where the predicted mass and angular distributions and cross sections are compared with the available data. From our ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ data we find that in addition to the four $I=\frac{3}{2}$ amplitudes (determined from the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ data), one $I=\frac{1}{2}$ amplitude is required: the amplitude in which all particles are in relative $S$ states. We find that this $I=\frac{1}{2}$ amplitude in fact dominates the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ reaction. We see no evidence for production of an ${N}^{*}(1550)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\eta}p$ resonance. We are able to parametrize the cross sections for $\ensuremath{\pi}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}p\ensuremath{\eta}$ from threshold to 4 BeV/c.
Peierls state far from equilibrium

We show that a Peierls insulator under strong dynamic excitation of electron-hole pairs exhibits an instability into a mixed metal-insulator phase. This problem is analogous to the inhomogeneous nonequilibrium BCS state discussed by Scalapino and Huberman. We calculate the threshold parameters for typical Peierls insulators and discuss some organic systems that might be likely candidates for experimental verification. In contrast to the nonequilibrium superconductor, the mixed state in Peierls systems can be easily detected by light scattering techniques.
Reactions of ferrous iron with hematite

Abstract The adsorption of Fe(II) onto hematite was measured as a function of pH, surface area, and time. The effects of anions (chloride, sulfate, or nitrate) and of Zn(II) were also determined. All experiments were conducted under strict anoxic conditions with 5 or 30 days for equilibration. Results showed that immobilization of Fe(II) on hematite consists of a fast sorption process and one or more slow processes, which probably include both sorption and formation of new phases. Sorption occurred at pH values as low as 4, which has not been reported in existing literature. Some Fe(II) could not be extracted after 20 h with 0.5 N HCl. In the presence of 0.01 M NaCl, all of the added Fe(II) was recovered when pH was below 6, but either 100% or less than 25% of added Fe(II) was recovered when pH was greater than 6. These results are consistent with auto-catalytic formation of magnetite, which was stable relative to hematite for pH above 5.9. However, when sulfate was greater than 1 mM, unextracted Fe(II) was observed at pH above 5 where only approximately 15% of added Fe(II) was recovered by a 0.5 N HCl extraction; these results could not be explained by precipitation of magnetite nor of known sulfate phases. Based on these results, existing models for adsorption of Fe(II) onto ferric oxides (based on experiments of several hours to a day) are not accurate for prediction of environmentally significant Fe(II) reactions with ferric oxides, when much longer times are available for reaction. There was no competition between Zn(II) and Fe(II) for 0.25 mM or less and 90 m 2 l −1 hematite. Zn(II) was completely recovered using 0.5 N HCl for every condition that was tested.
Greedy Algorithms with Regard to Multivariate Systems with Special Structure

The question of finding an optimal dictionary for nonlinear m -term approximation is studied in this paper. We consider this problem in the periodic multivariate (d variables) case for classes of functions with mixed smoothness. We prove that the well-known dictionary U d which consists of trigonometric polynomials (shifts of the Dirichlet kernels) is nearly optimal among orthonormal dictionaries. Next, it is established that for these classes near-best m -term approximation, with regard to U d , can be achieved by simple greedy-type (thresholding-type) algorithms. The univariate dictionary U is used to construct a dictionary which is optimal among dictionaries with the tensor product structure.
A Study of Cadmium Transport Pathways Using the Caco-2 Cell Model

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which cadmium (Cd2+) crosses the intestinal epithelium using a Caco-2 cell model. Experimentation was designed to determine which of several possible pathways of transport are operative. These pathways include passive diffusion, transport via a calcium pathway, sulfhydryl-mediated transport, and carrier-mediated (active transport and/or facilitated diffusion) transport. To examine the diffusion pathway the effect of various apical cadmium concentrations on the amount of cadmium transported was tested. The effects of verapamil, calcium, and 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3(vit. D3) on Cd2+transport were examined to investigate the possible existence of a calcium transport pathway.N-Ethylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl group blocker, was used to determine whether Cd2+transport is sulfhydryl-mediated. Active transport was evaluated by examining the effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol, a metabolic inhibitor, on the transport of Cd2+. These studies indicated that: (1) a portion of the overall transport of Cd2+can be attributed to diffusion, (2) stimulation of calcium binding protein transcription by vit. D3enhances Cd2+transport, and (3) the transport process for Cd2+has both sulfhydryl-mediated and carrier-mediated components.
LINEAR GROWTH IN THE RABBIT IS CONTINUOUS, NOT SALTATORY

A recent report (Science 258:801) suggests that human growth occurs in brief bursts separated by extended periods of stasis. We tested this hypothesis in an animal model in which growth rate could be measured with greater accuracy than that achieved in the human. Metal pins were inserted into the bone immediately adjacent to the proximal tibial and distal femoral growth plates of 6-week old rabbits. Growth rates were determined by measuring the change in distance between pins on serial radiographs taken daily for 10 days. All measurements were made in quadruplicate by an observer blinded as to the day and animal number. The error of measurement was small (0.05 mm/d) compared to the mean growth rate (0.27 mm/d). The individual growth curves revealed continuous growth. To analyze statistically the pattern of growth, we examined the frequency distribution of daily growth velocities. The model of saltation and stasis predicts a majority of daily growth velocities clustered around zero, and a minority of high daily growth velocities. The pattern we observed was significantly different (p<0.001), showing instead a single Gaussian distribution about an intermediate growth velocity, indicating continuous growth. We conclude that linear growth in the rabbit is continuous, not saltatory.
Anomalous viscoplasticity during nanoindentation of Al/SiC nanolaminated composites

Abstract Nanoindentation analysis is severely affected by time-dependent deformation (viscoplasticity) in materials and needs to be understood. Hence, in this work we carefully examine the viscoplasticity behavior of Al/SiC nanolaminates under nanoindentation loading and its effect on the measured mechanical properties. The viscoplastic behavior of Al/SiC nanolaminates was compared to deformation in Al thin films and a mechanism for deformation in nanolaminates was elucidated. Hold time during indentation has a pronounced effect of “creep” on unloading in pure Al. With zero hold time there is viscoplasticity during unloading due to a displacement lag. This is less predominant at larger hold times since the stresses are relaxed. This effect is minimal in the multilayered material because of the constraint from SiC. This constraint also has a significant effect during thermal drift measurement at low load. The material experiences “negative creep” due to push-back from the sample upon removal of the indenter. These experimental observations were validated by numerical analysis using finite element method.
Hemodialysis and kidney transplantation for renal failure from scleroderma

A merchant mariner had scleroderma with polyarthralgias and Raynaud's phenomenon for 15 years before the onset of rapidly progressive renal failure and severe hypertension. Intimal proliferation obliterated or greatly narrowed the lumina of renal arterioles. Initially, he tolerated periodic hemodialysis and efforts to reduce hypertension poorly but did better after bilateral nephrectomy. In the 18 months since successful kidney transplantation, arthralgias and Raynaud's phenomenon have disappeared and skin has become less tightly bound to underlying structures. Blood pressure remains normal. The grafted kidney shows no evidence of disease. For patients whose primary organ involvement by scleroderma is renal and whose other lesions are relatively stable, hemodialysis and kidney transplantation may provide additional years of reasonably comfortable life.
Evidence for lactate utilization for fetal lung glycogen synthesis

Fetal rabbit lungs from 23 day gestation animals were used to investigate the potential role of lactate as a substrate for fetal lung glycogen synthesis. Fetal lactate dehydrogenase activity was approximately twice that found in the adult lung, while the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was elevated fourfold over the adult value. Pyruvate carboxylase activities were similar in both fetal and adult lungs. Studies employing fetal lung explants in organ culture indicated that the presence of both glucose and lactate may be necessary for glycogen accumulation in the developing fetal lung. These data support the hypothesis that lactate is an important precursor for fetal lung glycogen.
Efficient, long-range energy migration in RuII polypyridyl derivatized polystyrenes in rigid media. Antennae for artificial photosynthesis

Results of CW and lifetime emission studies have been used to demonstrate facile intra-strand energy transfer in the derivatized polystyrene polymer [PS-4-CH2CH2NHC(O)-(RuII(4,4′-(CONEt2)2bpy)2)17(OsII(bpy)2))3](PF6)40 in four rigid media: frozen 5:4 (v:v) propionitrile:butyronitrile solutions at 77 K, polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (PEG-DMA) films, and silica xerogel monoliths at room temperature. Continued rapid energy transfer in rigid media is in contrast to electron transfer which is inhibited. This can be explained by energy transfer theory and is due to a decrease in the energy transfer barrier because of the frozen nature of the medium. The abbreviation used for the polymer defines the chemical link to the polystyrene backbone and gives the extent of loading out of 20 available sites.
A Mixture of α-Helical and 310-Helical Conformations for Involucrin in the Human Epidermal Corneocyte Envelope Provides a Scaffold for the Attachment of Both Lipids and Proteins

Involucrin plays an important role in the lipid and protein compound envelopes of mammalian epidermal corneocytes. In the present study, model peptides containing the consensus repeating units PEQQEGQLEL and LEQQEGQLEH, found in the central region of human involucrin, were studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy, molecular modeling, and energy minimization. These peptides have intrinsic α-helix-forming properties as indicated by their circular dichroic spectra obtained in the presence of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol. Peptide (LEQQEGQLEH)3 had an α-helix content of 100% in 100% 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol at 0 °C. The energy-minimized α-helix showed that only 50% of the glutamate side chains may be available for the attachment of lipids. However, when a 310-helix was assumed for the GQL or GQLE residues in LEQQEGQLEH, all of the glutamate side chains were arrayed on one face of the helix, and all of the glutamine side chains were arrayed on the opposite face. A similar result was obtained when the nonhelical part of PEQQEGQLEL was assumed to contain a β-turn III, which is equivalent to a short portion of 310-helix. The results of this study suggest that when the central segment of human involucrin is predominantly α-helical, accompanied by short 310-helical segments, the protein can function as a scaffold for the attachment of both lipids and proteins.
RNA Virus Harnesses MicroRNAs to Seize Host Translation Control

Picornaviruses have evolved elaborate strategies to subvert host translation. In this issue of Cell Host and Microbe, Ho et al. (2011) report that enterovirus infection induces the synthesis of a transcription factor that enhances the synthesis of microRNA-141, which suppresses translation of the cap-binding protein, eIF4E, mRNA to inhibit cap-dependent translation.
Beyond the Literary Uses of Poetry: A Class for University Freshmen

The purpose of this paper is to explore the development and implementation of a university course: Beyond the Literary Uses of Poetry. This freshman course allowed students to learn about the nonliterary uses of poetry using experiential, hands-on techniques that helped them to develop new communication and analytical skills. The nonliterary uses of poetry were simultaneously the topic and method of class sessions and experience.
Runway operations planning: a two-stage solution methodology

The airport runway is a scarce resource that must be shared by different runway operations (arrivals, departures and runway crossings). Given the possible sequences of runway events, careful runway operations planning (ROP) is required if runway utilization is to be maximized. Thus, runway operations planning (ROP) is a critical component of airport operations planning in general and surface operations planning in particular. From the perspective of departures, ROP solutions are aircraft departure schedules developed by optimally allocating runway time for departures given the time required for arrivals and crossings. In addition to the obvious objective of maximizing throughput, other objectives, such as guaranteeing fairness and minimizing environmental impact, may be incorporated into the ROP solution subject to constraints introduced by air traffic control (ATC) procedures. Generating optimal runway operations plans was approached in the paper by Anagnostakis et al. (2001) with a "one-stage" optimization routine that considered all the desired objectives and constraints, and the characteristics of each aircraft (weight class, destination, air traffic control (ATC) constraints) at the same time. Since, however, at any given point in time, there is less uncertainty in the predicted demand for departure resources in terms of weight class than in terms of specific aircraft, the ROP problem can be parsed into two stages. In the context of the departure planner (DP) research project, this paper introduces runway operations planning (ROP) as part of the wider surface operations optimization (SOO) and describes a proposed "two stage" heuristic algorithm for solving the runway operations planning (ROP) problem. Focus is specifically given on including runway crossings in the planning process of runway operations. In the first stage, sequences of departure class slots and runway crossings slots are generated and ranked based on departure runway throughput under stochastic conditions. In the second stage, the departure class slots are populated with specific flights from the pool of available aircraft, by solving an integer program. Preliminary results from the algorithm implementation on real-world traffic data are included in (Anagnostakis and Clarke, 2002).
Proton-dependent glutamine uptake by aphid bacteriocyte amino acid transporter ApGLNT1.

Abstract Aphids house large populations of the gammaproteobacterial symbiont Buchnera aphidicola in specialized bacteriocyte cells. The combined biosynthetic capability of the holobiont (Acyrthosiphon pisum and Buchnera) is sufficient for biosynthesis of all twenty protein coding amino acids, including amino acids that animals alone cannot synthesize; and that are present at low concentrations in A. pisum's plant phloem sap diet. Collaborative holobiont amino acid biosynthesis depends on glutamine import into bacteriocytes, which serves as a nitrogen-rich amino donor for biosynthesis of other amino acids. Recently, we characterized A. pisum glutamine transporter 1 (ApGLNT1), a member of the amino acid/auxin permease family, as the dominant bacteriocyte plasma membrane glutamine transporter. Here we show ApGLNT1 to be structurally and functionally related to mammalian proton-dependent amino acid transporters (PATs 1–4). Using functional expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes, combined with two-electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology we demonstrate that ApGLNT1 is electrogenic and that glutamine induces large inward currents. ApGLNT1 glutamine induced currents are dependent on external glutamine concentration, proton (H+) gradient across the membrane, and membrane potential. Based on these transport properties, ApGLNT1-mediated glutamine uptake into A. pisum bacteriocytes can be regulated by changes in either proton gradients across the plasma membrane or membrane potential.
Factors affecting the suitability of fly ash as source material for geopolymers

The suitability of fly ash stock piles for geopolymer manufacturing was studied. The results of chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size distribution (PSD) of five sources of fly ash obtained from coal-fired power generating plants in the US are presented. Geopolymer paste and concrete specimens were prepared from each stock pile. The specimens were subjected to an array of chemical and mechanical tests including XRD, RAMAN spectroscopy, setting time and compressive strength. A correlation study was undertaken comparing the fly ash precursor chemical and crystallographic compositions as well as particle size distribution, with the mechanical and chemical characteristics of the resulting geopolymer. Factors inherent to the fly ash stockpile such as particle size distribution, degree of vitrification and location of the glass diffraction maximum were found to play an important role in the fresh and hardened properties of the resulting geopolymer.
Multi-protocol embedded PCS IP in a FPGA-SOC

Several strategies that were employed for developing next-generation embedded Hard IP are reviewed. Mixed signal Hard IP developed for a multi-protocol serial interface physical layer at 0.622Gbps to 3.125Gbps was redeployed for 0.622Gbps to 6.375Gbps data rates. Ensuring quality meant adopting a strongly modular approach to design and verification. The configuration space of the Hard IP had to be bounded intelligently. Major architectural enhancements were necessary instead of a simple performance upgrade of the previous Hard IP. Verification complexity mandated design and verification re-use. Emulation and vendor soft IF interoperability testing was another strategy employed for first silicon success
Structural characterization of the mouse high growth deletion and discovery of a novel fusion transcript between suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (Socs-2) and viral encoded semaphorin receptor (Plexin C1)

The high growth (HG) mouse mutation is a 460 Kb deletion of chromosome 10 which causes a 30-50% increase in growth in the homozygous animal. We have shotgun sequenced six bacterial artificial chromosomes which span the length of the deletion to an average depth of 13.2x to generate a 649,868 bp sequence. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three genes, suppressor of cytokine signaling-2 (Socs-2), caspase and RIP adaptor with death domain (Raidd/Cradd), and viral encoded semaphorin receptor (Plexin C1, viral encoded semaphorin receptor). The two deletion breakpoints lie in within the second introns of both Socs-2 and Plexin C1, resulting in the formation of a novel expressed fusion transcript between Socs-2 and Plexin C1 in HG mice. Expression of the fusion transcript, the presence of four splice variants of Raidd/Cradd and the exon structure of Socs-2 were illustrated using polymerase chain reaction. Genomic comparisons of the mouse and human sequence were used to verify the sequence assembly.
True or False Socialism: Adolf Stoecker's Critique of Marxism from a Christian Socialist Perspective

Adolf Christian Stoecker (1835–1909) has been remembered as a court preacher in Berlin (1874–1890), the founder of the Christian Socialist Workers' Party in 1878, a conservative member of the Reichstag for most of the last thirty years of his life, an ardent nationalist, an early anti-Semitic voice, a prime mover in the Berlin City Mission, a prolific journalist, a powerful preacher and a leader in the freie Volkskirche movement. One significant aspect of this controversial political pastor that has been neglected is his critique of Marxist socialism.1 It should be noted that the significance of this critique is due as much to the fact that it was among the first to be formulated from within an explicitly Christian perspective as to the content of the critique itself.2