cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education and Training in Psychological Assessment

The chapter first explains the difference between testing and assessment; assessment is an integration of several tests and other available data whereas testing refers to the process of administering, scoring, and perhaps interpreting individual test scores based on normative data. Then the chapter discusses the many advantages offered by learning personality assessment skills. Assessment teaches critical thinking, facilitates treatment planning, and facilitates the therapeutic process, among other reasons. This section is followed by a discussion of students' problems in conducting an assessment, followed by a discussion of the instructor's problems in teaching assessment. Teaching both introductory and advanced courses raises issues for both teacher and student, small issues of assessment with patients who are culturally diverse. In addition, ethical issues in assessment are discussed. Other segments of the chapter concern learning through doing assessment batteries and assessment during internship compared with assessment in graduate classes. Emphasis is placed upon a new paradigm in assessment, Therapeutic Assessment, in which the process of assessment itself is therapeutic. Finally, assessment in medical settings is briefly discussed, as is the role of assessment in the future. Keywords: assessment battery; cultural diversity; ethics; interview; reliability; supervision; test integration; therapeutic assessment; validity
Growing Bacteria in Liquid Media

The procedure for inoculating overnight (starter) cultures of E. coli from a single colony is described along with considerations for growing larger cultures. Also included are two methods for monitoring cell growth using a spectrophotometer or a hemacytometer.
Exploring the potential of variola virus infection of cynomolgus macaques as a model for human smallpox

Smallpox virus (variola) poses a significant threat as an agent of bioterrorism. To mitigate this risk, antiviral drugs and an improved vaccine are urgently needed. Satisfactory demonstration of protective efficacy against authentic variola will require development of an animal model in which variola produces a disease course with features consistent with human smallpox. Toward this end, cynomolgus macaques were exposed to several variola strains through aerosol andor i.v. routes. Two strains, Harper and India 7124, produced uniform acute lethality when inoculated i.v. in high doses (109 plaque-forming units). Lower doses resulted in less fulminant, systemic disease and lower mortality. Animals that died had profound leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and elevated serum creatinine levels. After inoculation, variola was disseminated by means of a monocytic cell-associated viremia. Distribution of viral antigens by immunohistochemistry correlated with the presence of replicating viral particles demonstrated by electron microscopy and pathology in the lymphoid tissues, skin, oral mucosa, gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, and liver. These particles resembled those seen in human smallpox. High viral burdens in target tissues were associated with organ dysfunction and multisystem failure. Evidence of coagulation cascade activation (D dimers) corroborated histologic evidence of hemorrhagic diathesis. Depletion of T cell-dependent areas of lymphoid tissues occurred, probably as a consequence of bystander apoptotic mechanisms initiated by infected macrophages. Elaboration of cytokines, including IL-6 and IFN-, contribute to a cytokine storm formerly known as ‘‘toxemia.’’ A more precise understanding of disease pathogenesis should provide targets for therapeutic intervention, to be used alone or in combination with inhibitors of variola virus replication.
The Southern Grassroots Biofuels Project: A Participatory Study of Conservationists and Stakeholders From Two Upper Cumberland Counties

Biomass pyrolysis is being developed to convert biomass into renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel dependency, yet little sociological research has been conducted on knowledge and attitudes toward the technology in rural southern communities. Our study involved participatory collaboration with conservationists, farmers and stakeholders in the Tennessee Upper Cumberland to better understand attitudes regarding biomass production and conversion by pyrolysis. We found farmers very knowledgeable of first generation biomass feedstock and fuels but not familiar with pyrolysis. Rural economic growth as a result of supplying residues and feedstock for biofuels production appeared to be the main motivation behind future farmer involvement. Findings from our study indicate that farming communities are willing to partner with scientists if familiarized with the technology and approached with transparency and equality early in the decision making process. We conclude that such collaborative learning is essential whe...
Detection of human calicivirus antigen and antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Abstract Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to detect human calicivirus (HCV) antigen and antibody to HCV. The ELISAs were specific for HCV and as sensitive as a previously developed radioimmunoassay. These ELISAs were used to search for evidence of HCV infection in the United States, where HCV gastroenteritis has rarely been reported. One hundred sixty-three stool samples collected from children hospitalized with diarrhea were examined; one sample was positive in the ELISA. Typical calicivirus particles were found in this stool sample, and these particles reacted with a hyperimmune guinea pig anti-HCV serum by immune electron microscopy. The age-related acquisition of antibody to HCV in hospitalized infants and children (from birth to 19 years old) without gastroenteritis and in healthy adults was also evaluated. The pattern of acquisition of antibody to HCV was similar to that for group A rotaviruses, namely, beginning in infancy and becoming 100% by the age of 4 years. These data suggest that HCV is associated with infantile gastroenteritis in the United States, that infections with HCV are common, and that many infections with HCV (Sapporo strain) may not require hospitalization.
Silicon Vertex Tracker for PHENIX Upgrade at RICH: Capabilities and Detector Technology

From the wealth of data obtained from the first three years of RHIC operation, the four RHIC experiments, BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS and STAR, have concluded that a high density partonic matter is formed at central Au+Au collisions at p s NN = 200 GeV. The research focus now shifts from initial discovery to a detailed exploration of partonic matter. Particles carrying heavy flavor, i.e. charm or beauty quarks, are powerful tool for study the properties of the hot and dense medium created in high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC. At the relatively low transverse momentum region, the collective motion of the heavy flavor will be a sensitive signal for the thermalization of light flavors. They also allow to probe the spin structure of the proton in a new and precise way. An upgrade of RHIC (RHIC-II) is intended for the second half of the decade, with a luminosity increase to about 20-40 times the design value of 8 ◊ 10 26 cm 2 s 1 for Au+Au, and 2 ◊ 10 32 cm 2 s 1 for polarized proton beams. The PHENIX collaboration plans to upgrade its experiment to exploit with an enhanced detector new physics then in reach. For this purpose, we are constructing the Silicon Vertex Tracker (VTX). The VTX detector will provide us the tool to measure new physics observables that are not accessible at the present RHIC or available only with very limited accuracy. These include a precise determination of the charm production cross section, transverse momentum spectra at high-p T region for particles carrying beauty quarks as well the detection of recoil jets in direct photon production. The VTX detector consists of four layers of barrel detectors located in the region of pseudorapidity |h| < 1.2 and covers almost 2p azimuthal angle. The pseudorapidity, h, is defined as h = ln[tan(q/2)], where q is the emission angle relative to the beam axis. The inner two silicon barrels consists of silicon pixel sensors and their technology is the ALICE1LHCb sensor-readout hybrid, which was developed at CERN for the ALICE and LHCb experiments. The outer two barrels consists of silicon stripixel detector with a new "spiral" design, single-sided sensor with 2-dimensional (X-U) read-out. In this paper, we will provide details of the physics capability added to PHENIX by the new central silicon vertex tracker, the status of the project, including technology choices used in the design, performance of individual silicon sensor and silicon detector prototype.
ImA0, ImA2, and ϵ′ from quenched lattice QCD

Abstract We present results for the imaginary parts of the I = 0 and 2 K → ππ decay amplitudes, ImA0,2, and the ratio of CP violation parameters, ϵ′/ϵ. Our calculation is done in the quenched approximation at a−1 ≈ 2 GeV, lattice size 163 × 32, using domain wall fermions with Ls = 16. We study the three flavor case (charm is not an active flavor) and find ϵ′/ϵ is small and slightly negative.
Who and What Is a “Population”? Historical Debates, Current Controversies, and Implications for Understanding “Population Health” and Rectifying Health Inequities

Context The idea of “population” is core to the population sciences but is rarely defined except in statistical terms. Yet who and what defines and makes a population has everything to do with whether population means are meaningful or meaningless, with profound implications for work on population health and health inequities.
The Classification of Values: A Method and Illustration*

ity or uniqueness of various values, the relation between values and behaviors, the meaning or meaninglessness of ethical terms, perhaps even the relation between duty and happiness (the "right" and the "good"). But the less abstract and general problems of adequate description of values continue to demand attention. The immediate objective of this effort is to outline and illustrate a descriptive-analytic method for classifying values as elements of a value system. The whole is regarded as an approximation and working hypothesis which may be useful, directly or suggestively, for the further study of values. The classificatory scheme to be presented was constructed to organize data relevant to the values of five cultures in the American Southwest (Navaho, Zuni, Spanish American, Texan and Mormon), collected over a five-year period by representatives of twelve special disciplines. Both philosophical and behavioral science sources were tapped for methods, concepts and terminology.' There follows a brief discussion of the theory and method of the classification; categories for describing a cultural value system; and, by way of illustrating a heretofore untested scheme, a description of the value system of the Ramah Navaho. A. THEORY AND METHOD OF THE CLASSIFICATION 1. The choice of a definition of "values" is decisive for the principle of classification to be used. The multiplicity of available definitions probably reflects the variety not only of theoretical biases but also of the phenomena to which the term refers. "Value" is a general label for a heterogeneous class of normative factors, not a simple conceptual unit. Simplification can be achieved
Trappy Minimax - using Iterative Deepening to Identify and Set Traps in Two-Player Games

Trappy minimax is a game-independent extension of the minimax adversarial search algorithm that attempts to take advantage of human frailty. Whereas minimax assumes best play by the opponent, trappy minimax tries to predict when an opponent might make a mistake by comparing the various scores returned through iterative-deepening. Sometimes it chooses a slightly inferior move, if there is an indication that the opponent may fall into a trap, and if the potential profit is high. The algorithm was implemented in an Othello program named Desdemona, and tested against both computer and human opponents. Desdemona achieved a higher rating against human opposition on Yahoo! Games when using the trappy algorithm than when it used standard minimax.
An Exploratory Study of the Benefits of a Mindfulness Skills Group for Student Veterans

Military personnel are increasingly transitioning out of the military. Veterans bring varied strengths and experiences to their academic journey as they enter colleges and universities. Many campuses are responding to the unique needs of these veterans by offering academic, emotional, and personal support to assist them in their quest for a university degree. This article describes an exploratory qualitative study of the benefits of a mindfulness skills group program designed to assist student veterans in coping with stressors related to their transition from warrior to student on a large campus that has a robust veteran-friendly initiative. This program was offered in a group format over three semesters and served 14 students. Qualitative data on perceived benefits of the program were collected from nine of these students using pre–post questionnaires and feedback from a post-intervention focus group. Data analysis indicated several themes related to perceived benefits of participating in the mindfulness...
Effect of Density Gradient Osmolality on Specific Gravity of Bull Sperm and Their Separation, but Not on the Basis of Sex

The most effective quantitative separation of ejaculates of semen into subsets of sperm differing in quality by density gradients requires information on the specific effects of processing conditions on sperm density. Reported density of bull sperm varies greatly. This research was undertaken to study the effects of gradient osmolality on sperm density and on separation using gradients with low viscosity and low toxicity to sperm. Semen was available from bulls used for artificial insemination. Cell volume studies revealed that live sperm volume was altered by more than 25% by exposure to solutions differing in osmolality, resulting in predictable differences in density measurable by density gradients. Control studies indicated that discontinuous Nycodenz® gradients differing by less than 1% in density could be prepared. Following centrifugation at 100,000 × g for 1 h fractions containing 96-99% unstained (live) and 91% motile sperm versus a fraction with 100% nonmotile sperm were obtained. The densities (g/ml) of live sperm separated on low osmolality gradients (220-237 mOsm), and on high osmolality gradients (342-345 mOsm) were 1.125 versus 1.145, respectively. Killed sperm on both gradients had a density of 1.233 g/ml. These gradients permit quantitative separation of sperm varying in membrane integrity and ability to function under different conditions, but do not permit sexing.
Studies on the cyanobacterial family C DNA polymerase

Our studies showed that family C DNA polymerase (pol III) of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 is phylogenetically close to the Gram-negative dna E group, rather than to the Gram-positive group. However, in contrast to the dna E genes of most of the eubacteria, the cyanobacterial dna E gene has split into two genes, dna E1 and dna E2. The evolutionary origin of the split dna E gene is discussed.
An analytical study of transport, mixing and chaos in an unsteady vortical flow

We examine the transport properties of a particular two-dimensional, inviscid incompressible flow using dynamical systems techniques. The velocity field is time periodic and consists of the field induced by a vortex pair plus an oscillating strainrate field. In the absence of the strain-rate field the vortex pair moves with a constant velocity and carries with it a constant body of fluid. When the strain-rate field is added the picture changes dramatically; fluid is entrained and detrained from the neighbourhood of the vortices and chaotic particle motion occurs. We investigate the mechanism for this phenomenon and study the transport and mixing of fluid in this flow. Our work consists of both numerical and analytical studies. The analytical studies include the interpretation of the invariant manifolds as the underlying structure which govern the transport. For small values of strain-rate amplitude we use Melnikov's technique to investigate the behaviour of the manifolds as the parameters of the problem change and to prove the existence of a horseshoe map and thus the existence of chaotic particle paths in the flow. Using the Melnikov technique once more we develop an analytical estimate of the flux rate into and out of the vortex neighbourhood. We then develop a technique for determining the residence time distribution for fluid particles near the vortices that is valid for arbitrary strainrate amplitudes. The technique involves an understanding of the geometry of the tangling of the stable and unstable manifolds and results in a dramatic reduction in computational effort required for the determination of the residence time distributions. Additionally, we investigate the total stretch of material elements while they are in the vicinity of the vortex pair, using this quantity as a measure of the effect of the horseshoes on trajectories passing through this region. The numerical work verifies the analytical predictions regarding the structure of the invariant manifolds, the mechanism for entrainment and detrainment and the flux rate.
Strain in Southern California: Measured Uniaxial North-South Regional Contraction

The plate tectonics model of the Pacific moving northwest relative to North America implies that the regional strain in California should be simple shear across a vertical plane striking N45°W or equivalently equal parts of north-south contraction and east-west extension. Measurements of the strain accumulation at seven separate sites in southern California in the interval 1972 through 1978 indicate a remarkably consistent uniaxial north-south contraction of about 0.3 part per million per year; the expected east-west extension is absent. It is not clear whether the period from 1972 through 1978 is anomalous or whether the secular strain in southern California is indeed a uniaxial north-south contraction.
Assessment of adverse events in the demise of pediatric burn patients.

Background Given the contention that survival is to be expected from even the most severely burned child, then, intuitively, at least some pediatric burn victims die because of suboptimal care. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of any adverse events that may have contributed to the death of burned children. Methods Four surgeons with specialty training in pediatric burn care reviewed the clinical course and autopsy findings of 71 burned children who died after admission to a burn center during a 10-year interval. Reviewers were asked to determine the predominant factor or factors contributing to each child's demise and to assess the significance of any deviations from optimal care. Results For the 10 years under review, overall mortality for all pediatric burns was 2.4%. Of these deaths, 25% had burns encompassing less than 50% body surface area. The reviewers identified lung damage as the most frequent cause of death, which was deemed largely unpreventable. Conversely, hypovolemia related to inadequate prehospital fluid resuscitation and failure to obtain and maintain a patent airway were considered the second and third most common factors in a child's death and deemed preventable under ideal circumstances. Conclusions This review implies that deficiencies in health care contribute to the demise of many burned children. The most notable areas for improvement are in fluid resuscitation and airway control. This suggests that quality assurance and educational initiatives to improve these aspects of care may have the greatest impact on further improving survival of burned children.
Cognitive control influences the use of meaning relations during spoken sentence comprehension.

The aim of this study was to investigate individual differences in the influence of lexical association on word recognition during auditory sentence processing. Lexical associations among individual words (e.g. salt and pepper) represent one type of semantic information that is available during the processing of words in context. We predicted that individuals would vary in their sensitivity to this type of local context as a function of suppression ability and working-memory capacity. Lexical association was manipulated in auditory sentence contexts, and multiple regression analyses were employed to examine the relation between individuals’ brain responses to meaning relations in sentences and measures of working-memory capacity, cognitive control and vocabulary. Lexical association influenced the processing of words that were embedded in sentences and also showed a great deal of individual variability. Specifically, suppression ability emerged as a significant predictor of sensitivity to lexical association, such that individuals who performed poorly on our measure of suppression ability (the Stroop task), compared to those who performed well, showed larger N400 effects of lexical association.
Effect of Insemination Intervals on Oviducal Sperm Storage in Turkeys

Abstract Filling and emptying of sperm storage sites of the turkey oviduct were studied using tandem inseminations with semen from bronze and white males. Fertility was better among hens inseminated at weekly intervals than those inseminated at biweekly intervals. The rate of gland filling and emptying was unaffected by weekly and biweekly insemination intervals. However, gland filling and emptying were affected when the birds were inseminated early in a reproductive cycle, and stratification of spermatozoa occurred within the sperm-host glands. Stratification may have occurred to a lesser degree late in the reproductive cycle. It is suggested that sperm storage glands fill and empty at the same rates early and late in a breeding cycle, but fewer glands contain spermatozoa in the latter part of the season, resulting in a decreased fertility.
The summer of our discontent.

Changing abortion laws highlights societys difficulty with finding the perfect solution to the legal and social problems of abortion. The Casey decision underscores that discontent; some urged a return to Roe while others urged overturning Roe. The US Supreme Court decided in Casey not what was wise but what was constitutional. It upheld the informed consent provision and the 24-hour waiting period parental consent for a minor (allowing the possibility of a judicial bypass procedure) medical emergency exceptions to the above and facilities reporting requirements of the Pennsylvania law; leaving it to the citizens to determine the laws wisdom. Polls indicate that the majority of Americans wish to "permit but discourage" abortion suggesting the receptivity to some controls on abortion. England and the US regard the law as commands requiring conformity with measures to coerce; while continental Europe regard the law as a teaching tool to communicate messages convey values summarize stories and foster attitudes for laws function to generate educate and perpetuate a peoples sense of itself. The Pennsylvania law expresses a message of caution affirming the seriousness of the situation and communicating values: 1) that time is necessary when making a moral judgment necessitated by conflict and crisis; 2) that consultation adds sources of information and insight; 3) that information about the procedure is necessary for an informed deliberative choice; 4) that a counseling opportunity allows for clarifying and personalizing the decision and 5) that alternatives be offered (disallowed under Casey). The author supports these values on behalf of maternal and fetal life as well as the granting of the final judgment to the woman. Moral living requires that social conditions enable personal judgment and decision as well as allowing the larger community to communicate a cultural bias. Our discontent can motivate us to alter the conditions making abortion desirable.
Process Modeling of ICU Patient Flow: Effect of Daily Load Leveling of Elective Surgeries on ICU Diversion

Despite the considerable number of publications on ICU patient flow and analysis of its variability, a basic and practically important question remained unanswered: what maximum number of elective surgeries per day should be scheduled (along with the competing demand from emergency surgeries) in order to reduce diversion in an ICU with fixed bed capacity to an acceptable low level, or prevent it at all? The goal of this work was to develop a methodology to answer this question. An ICU patient flow simulation model was developed to establish a quantitative link between the daily load leveling of elective surgeries (elective schedule smoothing) and ICU diversion. It was demonstrated that by scheduling not more than four elective surgeries per day ICU diversion due to `no ICU beds' would be practically eliminated. However this would require bumping `extra' daily surgeries to the block time day of another week which could be up to 2 months apart. Because not all patients could wait that long for their elective surgery, another more practical scenario was tested that would also result in a very low ICU diversion: bumping `extra' daily elective surgeries within less than 2 weeks apart, scheduling not more than five elective surgeries per day, and strict adherence to the ICU admission/discharge criteria.
Reverse sister chromatid differential staining by Coomassie Brilliant blue R-250.

Abstract A sister chromatid differential staining pattern is observed if chromosomes replicate for two cycles in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) and are subsequently stained in Hoechst 33258, irradiated with black light, and then stained in Coomassie Brilliant Blue R-250. In this pattern the chromatids containing DNA that is bifilarly substituted with BrdUrd are darkly stained and the chromatids with DNA that is unifilarly substituted are lightly stained. This staining pattern is the reverse of that found when slides are stained in Hoechst plus Giemsa. Slides stained with either Giemsa or Coomassie Blue can be destained and restained repeatedly with the other stain to alternate the pattern observed.
The sources of error in Brass's method for estimating child survival: the case of Bangladesh.

Abstract Brass's method for estimating child mortality is based on an ingeniously simplified model. However, it frequently leads to values of q(x) that are not consistent with each other. This is most obvious for estimates of q(1). This paper examines the extent to which such inconsistencies are caused by simplifications in the model. Three assumptions are relaxed by adjusting for differences in infant mortality by birth order, taking account of annual fluctuations in mortality, and using a different age pattern of fertility for each cohort. These adjustments are applied to data from the 1974 Bangladesh Retrospective Survey of Fertility and Mortality and the 1975 Bangladesh Fertility Survey in which additional data from the Cholera Research Laboratory are used. The resulting estimates are more consistent both internally and with estimates from other surveys and by other procedures.
Development and validation of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to evaluate minimal residual disease for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and follicular lymphoma.

The presence of occult disease in cancer patients after therapy is one of the major problems faced by oncologists. For example, although 95% of pediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients have a complete therapeutic response to multiagent chemotherapy, half will relapse, indicating that they must have harbored low levels of residual cancer cells at the end of therapy. Sensitive detection assays promise to help identify those patients that carry this minimal residual disease (MRD) and are at risk of relapse. We have developed and validated a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting tumor-specific chromosomal rearrangements, including del(1) involving the tal-1 locus in pediatric T-ALL and t(14;18) involving the bcl-2 locus in follicular lymphoma. This quantitative PCR assay utilizes a synthetic internal calibration standard (ICS) that contains priming sequences identical to those found flanking the chromosomal rearrangement breakpoints. Using this ICS-PCR method, the limits of detection were 5 tumor cells at ratios of 1 tumor cell in 105 normal cells and a linear range up to 100% tumor cells. This ICS-PCR method has also performed well in terms of precision and accuracy as indicated by low coefficients of variation, minimal random, proportional, and constant errors, and good clinical sensitivity and specificity characteristics. This technique will allow for the evaluation of parameters such as the rate of therapeutic response and the levels of MRD as predictors of patient outcome.
Atlas of Indian Nations

In the promotional advertisement for this atlas is the following statement: “Atlas of Indian Nations is a comprehensive resource for those interested in Native American history and culture. Told th...
LOCAL FIELDS WITH TERMINATING EXPANSIONS

The class of field theories in which the current admits of a terminating expansion in a free field is studied. It is shown that, if one imposes the condition of locality, the current in question reduces to a local polynomial and the resulting field has the trivialS-matrix unity.
Three-dimensional structure of a cell wall glycoprotein.

Abstract Electron microscopy and computer image analysis have been used to determine the three-dimensional structure of the crystalline glycoprotein cell wall layer of the alga Lobomonas piriformis. Images of negatively stained specimens, tilted through a range of angles up to 70 °, were combined to give a map of the molecular envelope to a resolution of 2.0 nm. The cell wall layer consists of crystalline plates the centres and edges of which display distinctly different but isomorphous structures. A comparison of three-dimensional reconstructions of the two areas shows the difference probably to be due to a conformational change of one of the glycoprotein subunits. The structure consists of two sets of dimers composed of rod-shaped subunits which lie with their long axes approximately in the plane of the crystal. The centre-edge transition may have significance in the pathway of accretion of new subunits during cell wall growth.
Social problem-solving in dual diagnosis patients

Social problem-solving skills among dual-diagnosis patients were compared to two control groups: psychiatric patients without substance abuse problems and community volunteers. A standardized, behavioral role-play test consisting of four scenarios representing interpersonal problems yielded two reliable dependent variables: (a) specificity, or elaboration, of the problem-solving response and (b) overall effectiveness of the response. Analyses of covariance (using a measure of intellectual function as the covariate) indicated that both dual-diagnosis patients and psychiatric controls were significantly poorer problem-solvers than were community controls. The overall pattern of the results indicated that deficits observed in a dual-diagnosis sample are not necessarily compounded due to the presence of the coexisting disorders. Implications of these findings, strengths and limitations of this study, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Experiments with Sulfanilamide for Turkeys

Abstract SULFANILAMIDE was recently suggested by Bryan (1941) as a treatment for blackhead of turkeys and pheasants, when given in fairly large dosages. He gave 2.0 grains per pound of body weight twice daily for five days, then 0.5 grain per bird per day for a week. Madsen (1942) reported limited trials of this drug as a treatment for synovitis of turkeys, but no beneficial results were obtained. The toxicity for chickens has been reported by Marshall (1939), Levine (1939), Richardson (1939), Nelson (1939), and Delaplane and Stuart (1941). It has been our experience that the drug is also toxic for turkeys and can be given only with great caution. No beneficial results have been noted for either respiratory diseases, synovitis, or so-called non-specific enteritis. The results of experiments given below are reported to record the tolerance of turkeys for the drug and to emphasize its limited use for this bird. . . .
Computerized digital image analysis of retinal vessel density: application to normoxic and hyperoxic rearing of the newborn rat.

Abstract Because of the inherent nature of existing techniques for vascular assessment of the retina, quantitative rigor has been difficult to attain. Computer imaging has now made possible measurement of oxygen-induced alterations in retinal blood vessels that is precise, accurate and repeatable. Newborn rats were exposed to 80% oxygen for 14 days as an animal model for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Ink perfusion, followed by retinal dissection, yielded silhouettes of the retinal vascular network. These images were digitized and enhanced by the Mega Vision 1024XM imaging system in order to facilitate measuring extent of vasculature and capillary density. Mean grey levels, or ‘μ’, were 33·1 ± 3·4 and 20·1 ± 3·5 for room air- and oxygen-reared rats, respectively. These values are directly proportional to the fraction of the overall image that is vascular material, and, therefore, describe the extent of vaso-obliteration resulting from the oxygen exposure. The values were subsequently converted to square millimeters of vessel area to facilitate comparison to past and future studies. Oxygen rearing does not effect retinal area, but decreases retinal artery and vein diameter and decreases the linear extent of vessels toward the retinal periphery.
Virasoro model space

The representations of a compact Lie groupG can be studied via the construction of an associated “model space.” This space has the property that when geometrically quantized its Hilbert space contains every irreducible representation ofG just once. We construct an analogous space for the group DiffS1. It is naturally a complex manifold with a holomorphic, free action of DiffS1 preserving a family of pseudo-Kahler structures. All of the “good” coadjoint orbits are obtained from our space by Hamiltonian constraint reduction. We briefly discuss the connection to the work of Alekseev and Shatashvili.
Huntington's disease: genetically programmed cell death in the human central nervous system.

Huntington's disease: genetically programmed cell death in the human central nervous system
Lateral extracavitary approach for thoracic and thoracolumbar spine trauma: operative complications.

Background The lateral extracavitary approach (LECA) to the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine allows ventral decompression and dorsal fixation of the spine through the same incision during a single procedure. The approach, however, is technically demanding and time-consuming. We sought to determine the incidence of complications associated with the LECA in patients with acute thoracolumbar spine injuries. Patients and methods A retrospective chart review of all patients with acute fractures or dislocations of the thoracic or thoracolumbar spine who underwent surgery via the LECA was conducted to assess the incidence and type of perioperative complications associated with the LECA. Results Thirty-three patients with thoracic or thoracolumbar spine injuries treated using the LECA between June 1990 and June 1996 were identified and had available medical records. Complications occurred in 18 of these patients. Pulmonary complications predominated. Eleven patients required tube thoracostomy for hemothorax or persistent pleural effusions, and seven patients developed postoperative pneumonia. There were no cases of neurological worsening. There was no mortality. Conclusion Decompression and stabilization of acute thoracolumbar fractures with the LECA in the acute setting is associated with a 55% incidence of morbidity. Whereas some of this morbidity may be attributed to the effects of the injury, there is a certain intrinsic morbidity associated with the LECA. Although this morbidity may compare favorably with that of sequential ventral/dorsal approaches, the biomechanical advantages obtained with a combined ventral and dorsal construct must be balanced against the inherent morbidity of such approaches.
Acute Bowel Obstruction: An Unusual Complication of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis

Two cases of acute small bowel obstruction complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are presented. In both patients, bowel herniation was through the peritoneal opening around the dialysis catheter. Both patients had sudden onset of symptoms and required an operation to relieve the obstruction. The second patient is now again on CAPD and has had no further problems. This complication of CAPD has not been previously described, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute bowel obstruction in these patients. It does not, however, preclude continuing CAPD after appropriate therapy.
Review and management of drug interactions with boceprevir and telaprevir

Boceprevir (BOC) and telaprevir (TPV), when added to pegylated interferon and ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, increase the rates of sustained virologic response in treatment-naive persons to approximately 70%. Though these agents represent an important advance in the treatment of chronic HCV, they present new treatment challenges to the hepatology community. BOC and TPV are both substrates and inhibitors of the hepatic enzyme, cytochrome P450 3A, and the drug transporter, P-glycoprotein, which predisposes these agents to many drug interactions. Identification and appropriate management of potential drug interactions with TPV and BOC is critical for optimizing therapeutic outcomes during hepatitis C treatment. This review highlights the pharmacologic characteristics and drug-interaction potential of BOC and TPV and provides guidance on the management of drug interactions with these agents.
Workplace autonomy and industrial democracy: The equity solution

The time has come to begin thinking about a conceptual shift in management thought. Once again, turbulence is developing in the environment and a new framework is developing to manage people. This framework calls for new forms of partnership between workers and management, including an expansion of employee rights, autonomous workgroups, and employee ownership. This article proposes that a new definition of corporate citizenship is needed.
Cardiac β‐Adrenergic Signaling

beta-adrenergic signaling plays a central role in the neurohumoral regulation of the heart and the progression of heart failure. Initially thought to be a simple linear cascade, this complex network is now recognized to utilize cross-talk with numerous other pathways, spatial compartmentation, and feedback control to coordinate cardiac electrophysiology, contractility, and adaptive remodeling. Here, we review recent basic insights and novel quantitative approaches that are leading to a more comprehensive understanding of beta-adrenergic signaling and thus motivate new therapeutic strategies for cardiac disease.
The influence of feeding habits on whole‐body metal concentrations in aquatic insects

SUMMARY. 1 Concentrations of seven metals in forty taxa of aquatic insects were determined in order to examine the influence of the insects’ feeding habits on their whole-body metal content. Species were grouped into five feeding categories which reflected both the type of material the organisms ingested and their contact with sediments during feeding. 2 Species such as the burrowing mayflies (Ephemeridae) and some of the Chironomidae, which indiscriminately ingest sediment along with detritus, had the highest concentrations of most metals. Filter feeders (e.g. Hydropsychidae) had the next highest concentrations, followed by species which to some degree selectively ingest detritus and periphyton (e.g. many Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera). Carnivores and surface feeding species, such as the Gerridae and Gyrinidae, had the lowest metal concentrations. 3 Analysis of metal concentrations of both gut contents and bodies of individuals from each of these feeding types explain these differences. Gut material was enriched in most metals (Co, Cr, Fe, Sb, Sc) relative to their concentrations in the organism's body and it often constituted a major proportion of an organism's whole-body burden of a metal. 4 Both the concentrations of metals in the gut material and the proportion of the whole-body burden of a metal that was associated with gut contents varied with the feeding habit of a species. This was because of differences in the amount of inorganic material ingested by the species in each feeding category, higher concentrations occurring in organisms which ingested relatively greater amounts of sediment. 5 Organism concentrations of K and Na were less affected by feeding habits since the majority of the whole-body burden of these metals was associated with an organism's tissue and surface rather than with gut material.
The use of olanzapine versus metoclopramide for the treatment of breakthrough chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy.

Olanzapine has been shown to be a safe and effective agent for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Olanzapine may also be an effective rescue medication for patients who develop breakthrough CINV despite having received guideline-directed CINV prophylaxis. A double-blind, randomized phase III trial was performed for the treatment of breakthrough CINV in chemotherapy-naive patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy (cisplatin, ≥ 70 mg/m2 or doxorubicin, ≥ 50 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide, ≥ 600 mg/m2), comparing olanzapine to metoclopramide. Patients who developed breakthrough emesis or nausea despite prophylactic dexamethasone (12 mg IV), palonosetron (0.25 mg IV), and fosaprepitant (150 mg IV) pre-chemotherapy and dexamethasone (8 mg p.o. daily, days 2–4) post-chemotherapy were randomized to receive olanzapine, 10 mg orally daily for 3 days or metoclopramide, 10 mg orally TID for 3 days. Patients were monitored for emesis and nausea for 72 h after taking olanzapine or metoclopramide. Two hundred seventy-six patients (median age 62 years, range 38–79; 43 % women; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS 0,1) consented to the protocol. One hundred twelve patients developed breakthrough CINV and 108 were evaluable. During the 72-h observation period, 39 out of 56 (70 %) patients receiving olanzapine had no emesis compared to 16 out of 52 (31 %) patients with no emesis for patients receiving metoclopramide (p < 0.01). Patients without nausea (0, scale 0–10, M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory) during the 72-h observation period were those who took olanzapine, 68 % (38 of 56), and metoclopramide, 23 % (12 of 52) (p < 0.01). There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities. Olanzapine was significantly better than metoclopramide in the control of breakthrough emesis and nausea in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy.
Generation of extreme selectivity in chiral recognition

Modification des substances a analyser, par exemple par masquage de groupes fonctionnels, entrainant une augmentation de selectivite
Role of hydrogen in butene isomerization catalyzed by supported and unsupported palladium

Experimental measurement of butene-1 isomerization in the presence of low concentrations of hydrogen have demonstrated that the rate is proportional to the square root of the hydrogen partial pressure. This dependency on [H2]12 has been found to apply to palladium supported on α-alumina as well as to palladiummetal microspheres. In addition, the distribution of butene-2 isomers during the initial portion of the isomerization is of equal magnitude. These observations give further support to the addition-abstraction mechanism of hydrogen as an essential step for double-bond migration and geometrical isomerization.
Measurement of electronic radial probability distributions using time-resolved isolated core excitation

The approximate time-dependent radial probability distribution of a ${4s}_{1/2}\mathrm{nd}$ wave packet in Ca has been measured using time-resolved excitation of the ${4s}_{1/2}$ core electron to the ${4p}_{3/2}$ state. In principle, this method can be very effective for monitoring the evolution of radial Rydberg wave packets in multielectron atoms.
Experimental Characterization of a Carbon Fiber Composite Material Heat Sink in Boiling Heat Transfer Using FC-72

The on-going trend towards increasing device performance while shrinking device size often results in escalating power densities and high operating temperatures. High operating temperatures may lead to reduced reliability and induced thermal stresses. Therefore, it is necessary to employ new and innovative thermal management techniques to maintain a suitable junction temperature at high power densities. For this reason, there is interest in a variety of liquid cooling techniques. This study analyzes a composite material heat sink. The heat sink consists of a very large number of small cross-section fins fabricated from carbon pitch fibers and epoxy. These carbon pitch fibers have a high thermal conductivity along the length of the fin. It is expected that the longer length will result in more heat transfer surface area and a more effective heat sink. This experimental study characterizes the thermal performance of the carbon-fiber heat sink in a two-phase closed loop thermosyphon using FC-72 as the operating fluid. The influence of heat load, thermosyphon fill volume, and condenser operating temperature on the overall thermal performance is examined. The results of this experiment provide significant insight into the possible implementation and benefits of carbon fiber heat sink technology in two-phase flow leading to significant improvements in thermal management strategies for advanced electronics. The carbon fiber heat sink yielded heat transfer coefficients in the range of 1300-1500 W/m2 K for heat fluxes in the range up to 3.2 W/cm2 . Resistances in the range of 0.20 K/W – 0.23 K/W were achieved for the same heat fluxes. Condenser temperature and fill ratio did not show a significant effect on any of the results.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effect of noise on the power spectrum of passively mode-locked lasers

We analyze the effects of noise on the power spectrum of pulse trains generated by a continuously operating passively mode-locked laser. The shape of the different harmonics of the power spectrum is calculated in the presence of correlated timing fluctuations between neighboring pulses and in the presence of amplitude fluctuations. The spectra at the different harmonics are influenced mainly by the nonstationary timing-jitter fluctuations; amplitude fluctuations slightly modify the spectral tails. Estimation of the coupling term between the longitudinal cavity modes or the effective saturable absorber coefficient is made from the timing-jitter correlation time. Experimental results from an external cavity two-section semiconductor laser are given. The results show timing-jitter fluctuations having a relaxation time much longer than the repetition period.
Chicken or glass: in the vicinity of Clifford Geertz and Paul Hyman

Paul Hyman's photographs disrupt the narrative of American anthropology in Sefrou, Morocco in 1969. How the fashion photographer in fringe pants met Moroccans and photographed them, how he captured the contingent, the fleeting, the ordinary, the local, and the singular, is refracted in Paul Rabinow's reflections on some of the aims, assumptions, methods, and results of ethnography and photography.