cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction

Alcohol and substance abuse disorders involve continued use of substances despite negative consequences, i.e. loss of behavioral control of drug use. The frontal-cortical areas of the brain oversee behavioral control through executive functions. Executive functions include abstract thinking, motivation, planning, attention to tasks and inhibition of impulsive responses. Impulsiveness generally refers to premature, unduly risky, poorly conceived actions. Dysfunctional impulsivity includes deficits in attention, lack of reflection and/or insensitivity to consequences, all of which occur in addiction [Evenden JL. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999;146:348-361.; de Wit H. Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: a review of underlying processes. Addict Biol 2009;14:22-31]. Binge drinking models indicate chronic alcohol damages in the corticolimbic brain regions [Crews FT, Braun CJ, Hoplight B, Switzer III RC, Knapp DJ. Binge ethanol consumption causes differential brain damage in young adolescent rats compared with adult rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:1712-1723] causing reversal learning deficits indicative of loss of executive function [Obernier JA, White AM, Swartzwelder HS, Crews FT. Cognitive deficits and CNS damage after a 4-day binge ethanol exposure in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002b;72:521-532]. Genetics and adolescent age are risk factors for alcoholism that coincide with sensitivity to alcohol-induced neurotoxicity. Cortical degeneration from alcohol abuse may increase impulsivity contributing to the development, persistence and severity of alcohol use disorders. Interestingly, abstinence results in bursts of neurogenesis and brain regrowth [Crews FT, Nixon K. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and regeneration in alcoholism. Alcohol Alcohol 2009;44:115-127]. Treatments for alcoholism, including naltrexone pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy may work through improving executive functions. This review will examine the relationships between impulsivity and executive function behaviors to changes in cortical structure during alcohol dependence and recovery.
Uracil metabolism inNeurospora crassa

Der Pyrimidinbedarf derNeurospora crassa-Mutante Pyr-1 (263) kann durch alle beim reduktiven Abbau des Uracils durchlaufenen Zwischenprodukte, mit Ausnahme des β-Alanins, zum Teil befriedigt werden, namlich durch β-Ureidopropionsaure, Dihydrouracil und Uracil. WildwachsendeNeurospora speichert nach Zulage von Uridin in der Nahrlosung β-Ureidopropionsaure und Dihydrouracil, aber nicht bei Abwesenheit von Uridin. Aus diesen Feststellungen folgt, dass der reduktive Umbau des Uracils je nach den Konzentrationsverschiebungen in der Nahrlosung im aufbauenden oder im abbauenden Sinne verlaufen kann.
Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World

Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World JAMES E. LINDSAY, 2005 Westport, CN/London: Greenwood xxii + 299 pp., ill., maps US$51.95/£35.95 (hardback) ISBN 13: 9780313322709 US$14.95/£10.95 (paperbac...
A demonstration of a low cost approach to security at shipping facilities and ports

Government funding for the security at shipping facilities and ports is limited so there is a need for low cost scalable security systems. With over 20 million sea, truck, and rail containers entering the United States every year, these facilities pose a large risk to security. Securing these facilities and monitoring the variety of traffic that enter and leave is a major task. To accomplish this, the authors have developed and fielded a low cost fully distributed building block approach to port security at the inland Port of Catoosa in Oklahoma. Based on prior work accomplished in the design and fielding of an intelligent transportation system in the United States, functional building blocks, (e.g. Network, Camera, Sensor, Display, and Operator Console blocks) can be assembled, mixed and matched, and scaled to provide a comprehensive security system. The following functions are demonstrated and scaled through analysis and demonstration: Barge tracking, credential checking, container inventory, vehicle tracking, and situational awareness. The concept behind this research is "any operator on any console can control any device at any time."
Genome organization of retroviruses IX. Analysis of the genomes of Friend spleen focus-forming (F-SFFV) and helper murine leukemia viruses by heteroduplex-formation.

Abstract Electron microscopic analysis of heteroduplexes formed between genomic RNA of Friend spleen focus-forming virus (F-SFFV) and long complementary DNA (cDNA) transcripts obtained from either Friend or Moloney murine leukemia virus were characterized by three major deletions and a major and minor substitution. Starting from the 3′-end of the genome, the three deletion loops extend 0.91 to 1.50 kilobases (kb) (deletion loop 1), 3.34 to 4.08 kb (deletion loop 2), and 4.82 to 5.50 kb (deletion loop 3). The major substitution loop A extends from 1.73 to 2.53 kb and the minor substitution loop B is located between 6 and 7 kb from the 3′-end of the genome. Heteroduplexes formed between BALB-virus 2 cDNA transcripts and F-SFFV RNA showed the three deletion loops but not the major substitution loop A. We conclude that sequences present in the substitution loop A are homologous to BALB-virus 2 sequences. Furthermore, the F-SFFV genome has incurred deletions in the env and the pol gene regions and has undergone sequence substitutions within the env and gag genes.
Role of the neurotrophic factors BDNF and NGF in the commitment of pluripotent neural crest cells

Since trophic factors are increasingly recognized as playing a role in some decision-making steps during development, the influence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) on the commitment of pluripotent neural crest cells was investigated by in vitro clonal analysis. BDNF caused an increase of up to 21-fold in the number of sensory neuron precursors per colony without a corresponding increase in the total number of cells. By contrast, BDNF treatment caused an equivalent decrease in the number of undifferentiated cells per colony. The data suggest that BDNF, but not NGF, directs pluripotent neural crest cells to differentiate along the primary sensory neuron lineage.
Smooth muscle tumour of the right groin: description of a unique case

A deep soft tissue smooth muscle tumour is a rare entity with few cases described in the literature. Herein, we report a case of a smooth muscle tumour of the right inguinal area which presented as a painful mass. This case is unique because of the anatomic location of the tumour, which has not been reported before, and the clinical presentation of this tumour mimicked a hernia. Smooth muscle tumours in the inguinal area are an exceptionally rare occurrence, but clinicians should always consider less routine causes for a painful inguinal mass.
Matrix metalloproteinases and bone

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of a family of zinc-dependent proteolytic enzymes. Several of the MMPs are expressed at high levels in bone and cartilage in mammals including humans and mice and are capable of cleaving native, undenatured collagens with long uninterrupted triple helices; these MMPs therefore potentially function as collagenases in vivo. Several MMPs expressed in the skeleton appear to function in endochondral ossification during embryonic development and in modeling and remodeling of bone postnatally and later in life. Different functions of MMPs have been elucidated through observations of spontaneous mutations in MMP genes in humans and of targeted mutations in Mmp genes and collagen (substrate) genes in mice. Potential mechanisms to account for effects of these mutations are considered in this review.
Prospective evaluation of allograft meniscus transplantation : A minimum 2-year follow-up

BackgroundClinical and biomechanical studies have demonstrated the increase in contact pressure and progressive deterioration of the tibiofemoral compartments that occur after partial or complete meniscectomy. Meniscus transplantation has been indicated for the symptomatic postmeniscectomy patient to alleviate symptoms and potentially prevent the progression of articular degeneration.PurposeTo report the early-term results after allograft meniscus transplantations from a single institution performed by a single surgeon.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsForty-four meniscus transplants in 39 patients were evaluated at minimum 2-year follow-up using the Lysholm, Tegner, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Noyes symptom rating and sports activity, and SF-12 scoring systems; visual analog pain scales; patient satisfaction; and physical examination. Four transplants failed early, leaving 40 transplants in 36 patients for review. Patients w...
Velodrome: a sound and complete dynamic atomicity checker for multithreaded programs

Atomicity is a fundamental correctness property in multithreaded programs, both because atomic code blocks are amenable to sequential reasoning (which significantly simplifies correctness arguments), and because atomicity violations often reveal defects in a program's synchronization structure. Unfortunately, all atomicity analyses developed to date are incomplete in that they may yield false alarms on correctly synchronized programs, which limits their usefulness.We present the first dynamic analysis for atomicity that is both sound and complete. The analysis reasons about the exact dependencies between operations in the observed trace of the target program, and it reports error messages if and only if the observed trace is not conflict-serializable. Despite this significant increase in precision, the performance and coverage of our analysis is competitive with earlier incomplete dynamic analyses for atomicity.
Identifying the most significant genes from gene expression profiles for sample classification

The gene expression data generated by the Microarray technology for thousands of genes simultaneously provide huge amounts of biomedical data in forms of gene expression profiles. This generated gene data include complex variations of expression levels of thousands of gene in the classes of samples. The gene level variations allow for classifying and clustering the samples based on only a small subset of genes. In this work, we want to identify the most significant genes that demonstrate the highest capabilities of discrimination between the classes of samples. We present a new gene selection technique for extracting the most significant genes from the huge gene/feature space in a given gene expression dataset. Our method is based on computing the discriminating capability of each gene, and classifying the data according to only those most significant genes that have highest discriminating capabilities. We also adapted from text categorization and information retrieval five feature selection techniques into the gene selection task to compare with our method. We evaluated the method using four well-known gene expression datasets. The experimental results showed that our method produces impressive and competitive results in terms of classification performance with few selected genes compared with the existing techniques.
Infants of mothers with depressive symptoms: Electroencephalographic and behavioral findings related to attachment status.

Evidence suggests that the left frontal region is specialized for the expression of positive emotions, such as joy, whereas the right frontal region is specialized for certain negative emotions, such as distress. We previously reported that infants of mothers with depressive symptoms exhibited atypical patterns of frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. We now extend these findings by examining the combined influence of maternal depression and attachment security on the infant's behavior and brain activity. Participants were 26 infants, 11–17 months of age, and their mothers. Twelve mothers reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms. Attachment behavior was observed in the traditional Strange Situation. While left and right, frontal and parietal EEG was recorded, infants were exposed to a baseline and three emotion-eliciting conditions (play with mother, stranger approach, maternal separation). During baseline and the condition designed to elicit positive emotion (play with mother), securely attached infants of symptomatic mothers exhibited reduced left frontal brain activity, compared to securely attached infants of nonsymptomatic mothers. During maternal separation, the most robust finding was that infants of symptomatic mothers, regardless of their attachment classification, exhibited reduced right frontal activity and lower levels of behavioral distress. The results suggest that both the mother's emotional well-being and her attachment relationship with her infant can influence infant frontal brain activity and affective behavior.
Laziness without all the hard work: combining lazy and strict languages for teaching

Students have trouble understanding the difference between lazy and strict programming. It is difficult to compare the two directly, because popular strict languages and popular lazy languages differ in their syntax, in their type systems, and in other ways unrelated to the lazy/strict evaluation discipline.While teaching programming languages courses, we have discovered that an extension to PLT Scheme allows the system to accommodate both lazy and strict evaluation in the same system. Moreover, the extension is simple and transparent. Finally, the simple nature of the extension means that the resulting system provides a rich environment for both lazy and strict programs without modification.
Species-specific differences in oak foliage affect preference and performance of gypsy moth caterpillars

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), is an introduced defoliator that preferentially feeds on oaks, Quercus spp. (Fagaceae) in the north-eastern USA. As the gypsy moth expands its geographic range, the extensive oak component in forests and urban environments of the USA assure its successful establishment. Given their economic and ecological importance, and the gypsy moth’s potential to cause mortality, we evaluated caterpillar preference and performance on various oaks prevalent in the central hardwoods region. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics we measured, from budbreak phenology to foliar chemistry, varied significantly among the oak species tested. Similarly, insect preference and performance varied significantly, though not always in predictable ways. Caterpillar preference was compared for black, Q. velutina Lamarck, burr, Q. macrocarpa Michaux, cherrybark, Q. pagoda Rafinesque, northern red, Q. rubra L., pin, Q. palustris Muenchhausen, swamp white, Q. bicolor Willdenow, white, Q. alba L., and willow, Q. phellos L., oaks. Gypsy moth preference was greatest for black and burr, and least for northern red, pin, and willow oaks. We assessed foliar characteristics and caterpillar performance on foliage from burr, cherrybark, northern red, pin, and willow oaks. Caterpillar preference did not always correlate with performance. Gypsy moth consumption and growth were highest, and development most rapid, on pin oak, which had high nitrogen and tannin levels, and was among the least preferred. Northern red and willow oaks were also among the least preferred and were the least suitable tested, producing caterpillars with moderate to low consumption and growth rates, as well as the longest development. Northern red oak contained the lowest foliar tannins; willow oak foliage was lowest in carbohydrates and nitrogen. Our results suggest that a combination of foliar characteristics may be responsible for gypsy moth preference and performance, and that an optimal combination of foliar components serves to maximize host suitability. These data will provide information useful for planning and managing urban forests in the presence of expanding gypsy moth populations.
Reactions to Narrative and Statistical Written Messages Promoting Organ Donation

Students (N = 412) attending a large eastern university evaluated two of three message vignettes (narrative, statistical, actual) on organ donation after reporting their attitudes on the topic. The narrative and statistical vignettes were replicated from a study published in 1998 by Kopfman, Smith, Ah Yun, and Hodges. The study design replicated the Kopfman et al. experiment while also correcting for two methodological artifacts (order effects and analysis procedure) that may have accounted, in part, for the reported findings. Results failed to replicate the findings of Kopfman et al., and in one factor findings were in the opposite direction previously hypothesized. Number of total thoughts and number of positive thoughts were greater for the first message compared to the second message regardless of message condition. Narrative messages were evaluated more positively, seen as more causally relevant, and rated as more credible when compared to the actual messages.
Conformational changes in the GTPase modules of the signal reception particle and its receptor drive initiation of protein translocation.

During cotranslational protein targeting, two guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) in the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor (SR) form a unique complex in which hydrolyses of both guanosine triphosphates (GTP) are activated in a shared active site. It was thought that GTP hydrolysis drives the recycling of SRP and SR, but is not crucial for protein targeting. Here, we examined the translocation efficiency of mutant GTPases that block the interaction between SRP and SR at specific stages. Surprisingly, mutants that allow SRP–SR complex assembly but block GTPase activation severely compromise protein translocation. These mutations map to the highly conserved insertion box domain loops that rearrange upon complex formation to form multiple catalytic interactions with the two GTPs. Thus, although GTP hydrolysis is not required, the molecular rearrangements that lead to GTPase activation are essential for protein targeting. Most importantly, our results show that an elaborate rearrangement within the SRP–SR GTPase complex is required to drive the unloading and initiate translocation of cargo proteins.
Power Sharing: Language, Rank, Gender, and Social Space in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Power Sharing: Language, Rank, Gender, and Social Space in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Elizabeth Keating. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. 310 pp.
High glycemic index diet as a risk factor for depression: analyses from the Women’s Health Initiative

Background: The consumption of sweetened beverages, refined foods, and pastries has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression in longitudinal studies. However, any influence that refined carbohydrates has on mood could be commensurate with their proportion in the overall diet; studies are therefore needed that measure overall intakes of carbohydrate and sugar, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load. Objective: We hypothesized that higher dietary GI and glycemic load would be associated with greater odds of the prevalence and incidence of depression. Design: This was a prospective cohort study to investigate the relations between dietary GI, glycemic load, and other carbohydrate measures (added sugars, total sugars, glucose, sucrose, lactose, fructose, starch, carbohydrate) and depression in postmenopausal women who participated in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study at baseline between 1994 and 1998 (n = 87,618) and at the 3-y follow-up (n = 69,954). Results: We found a progressively higher dietary GI to be associated with increasing odds of incident depression in fully adjusted models (OR for the fifth compared with first quintile: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.37), with the trend being statistically significant (P = 0.0032). Progressively higher consumption of dietary added sugars was also associated with increasing odds of incident depression (OR for the fifth compared with first quintile: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.41; P-trend = 0.0029). Higher consumption of lactose, fiber, nonjuice fruit, and vegetables was significantly associated with lower odds of incident depression, and nonwhole/refined grain consumption was associated with increased odds of depression. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that high-GI diets could be a risk factor for depression in postmenopausal women. Randomized trials should be undertaken to examine the question of whether diets rich in low-GI foods could serve as treatments and primary preventive measures for depression in postmenopausal women. The Women’s Health Initiative was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00000611","term_id":"NCT00000611"}}NCT00000611.
Risk of secondary primary malignancies in maintenance therapy for multiple myeloma

SUMMARY There have been many advances in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma over the past decade. As a result, the average life expectancy of patients with MM has improved. New medications, including immunomodulatory drugs (thalidomide, lenalidomide and pomalidomide) and proteasome inhibitors (bortezomib and carfilzomib) have entered clinical practice. On average, these medications are easier to tolerate than traditional chemotherapy allowing for long-term use of these drugs in a maintenance fashion. Clinical trials have appeared to establish the benefit of lower dose maintenance therapy for MM patients after induction chemotherapy and/or autologous stem cell transplant. These medications have been shown to improve not only the progression-free survival of patients, but also improve their overall survival compared with observation alone in some pivotal studies. With long-term maintenance therapy, a notable increase in secondary primary malignancies has been described. The exact mechanism behi...
E-procurement and automatic identification: enhancing supply chain management in the healthcare industry.

The concepts of automated e-procurement, or electronic B2B (business-to-business) trade, are grounded in the strategic leveraging of both tangible/intangible assets for successful implementation and execution of electronic trade, resulting in significant financial benefits for firms. Some of the major reasons for this growth include significant process savings from automation, compliance, and purchasing advantage; and reduced costs that organisations can experience by conducting transactions electronically. Although these are the basic benefits associated with generic e-commerce strategies, a majority of these B2B transactions have focused on the purchase of indirect materials (especially office products and travel services). In fact, more than 93% of medical supplies on hospital shelves appear to have universal product numbers on them - at least while still in their boxes and there is a great potential for huge savings in e-procurement in the healthcare field. However, other types of supply chain-related purchases, including maintenance, repair, and operating and replacement parts, and direct material purchases, are becoming more important operational management considerations. In addition, several other key considerations are: existing procurement strategy, the vendor, technology, suppliers, and total costs of ownership. Companies need to analyse their current procurement strategy before developing an e-procurement plan.
Transient temperatures in a semi-infinite cylinder heated by a disk heat source

Abstract This paper is part of a series of papers by the author providing the exact transient temperature distribution in bodies heated by disk heat sources. The body in this paper is a semi-infinite cylinder with a uniform disk source centered at the end and uniformly heated. Results are given by infinite series, tables, figures and approximate relations. Care has been taken to provide methods for efficient evaluation of the infinite series because direct evaluation can require thousands of terms. Alternative exact methods are provided that require as few as three terms. The solution is intrinsically important but it is also a basic building block for spatially and time varying heat fluxes for finite as well as semi-infinite cylinders. This is discussed briefly herein and references for more extensive treatment are provided. The solution is also a basic one for the new numerical procedure called the surface element method.
Atg22 Recycles Amino Acids to Link the Degradative and Recycling Functions of Autophagy

In response to stress conditions (such as nutrient limitation or accumulation of damaged organelles) and certain pathological situations, eukaryotic cells use autophagy as a survival mechanism. During nutrient stress the main purpose of autophagy is to degrade cytoplasmic materials within the lysosome/vacuole lumen and generate an internal nutrient pool that is recycled back to the cytosol. This study elucidates a molecular mechanism for linking the degradative and recycling roles of autophagy. We show that in contrast to published studies, Atg22 is not directly required for the breakdown of autophagic bodies within the lysosome/vacuole. Instead, we demonstrate that Atg22, Avt3, and Avt4 are partially redundant vacuolar effluxers, which mediate the efflux of leucine and other amino acids resulting from autophagic degradation. The release of autophagic amino acids allows the maintenance of protein synthesis and viability during nitrogen starvation. We propose a "recycling" model that includes the efflux of macromolecules from the lysosome/vacuole as the final step of autophagy.
Transvaginal Sling Suspension of Bladder Neck in Female Patients With Neurogenic Sphincter Incontinence

ABSTRACTPurpose: Many surgical options exist to enhance bladder neck closing pressure in women. Most procedures are relatively large with a success rate of between 70% and 90%. Sling procedures with the sling placed between the anterior vaginal wall and bladder neck cause a risk of traumatic lesions of the bladder neck at operation and of postoperative erosion of the sling into the urethra. We evaluated the results of surgical treatment for neurogenic pelvic floor paralysis in girls with spina bifida by transvaginal rectus abdominis sling suspension.Materials and Methods: Between 1991 and 2001 we treated 24 girls with a pubovaginal sling placed through the vagina. Patient age at operation was 1 to 17 years (mean 9). After identification of the bladder neck and anterior vaginal wall 2 small holes were made into the vagina left and right of the bladder neck. The sling was taken through these holes and fixed to the contralateral pubic bone. The sling procedure has been combined with ileocystoplasty, auto-aug...
Tissue destruction and invasion by Entamoeba histolytica

Entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amebiasis, a disease that is a major source of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. The potent cytotoxic activity of the parasite appears to underlie disease pathogenesis, although the mechanism is unknown. Recently, progress has been made in determining that the parasite activates apoptosis in target cells and some putative effectors have been identified. Recent studies have also begun to unravel the host genetic determinants that influence infection outcome. Thus, we are beginning to get a clearer picture of how this parasite manages to infect, invade and ultimately inflict devastating tissue destruction.
Protein deposition on field-emitter tips and its removal by UV radiation

Abstract Protein deposition on field-emitter tips has been examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy to view the protein coated tip profile. A single layer of adsorbed protein is barely if at all detectable, but double and triple layers produced by the immunologic reaction can be directly observed. As a result, the thickness and morphology of antigen-antibody layers has been directly observed for the first time. Tips exposed first to Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and then to anti-BSA rabbit serum are covered with a reasonably uniform, double protein layer ≈130 A thick. This layer can be built-up to a triple layer ≈275 A thick by additional exposure to anti-rabbit IgG goat serum. Surface tension forces during the drying process which follows protein deposition appear to affect the thickness and morphology of the protein layers. The oxidation and subsequent change in the morphology of a protein layer exposed to ultraviolet radiation has also been observed using TEM. The destruction of a triple protein layer at a rate of ≈0.5 A/s is observed for tungsten tips exposed to ≈6 W of UV radiation from a high-pressure mercury arc in laboratory ambient. These results are compared to those obtained from a simple, visual test for protein layer adsorption in which submonolayer coverages of protein can be detected with the unaided eye.
Pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with psoriatic arthritis.

Pyoderma gangrenosum is an autoimmune disease of the skin that causes enlarging, painful ulcers with ragged, undermined, purplish borders. Pyoderma gangrenosum is frequently mistaken for other conditions, and early diagnosis is essential to avoid disfiguring surgery and prolonged recovery. We report a case of pyoderma gangrenosum in a patient with psoriatic arthritis that was initially treated as an infected spider bite. Once the diagnosis was made, the patient recovered after 14months of immunosuppressive therapy. Case Report A 34-year-old woman with a medical history notable for psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and fibromyalgia came to the clinic complaining of a several week history of an enlarging, erythematous ulcer on her right lower extremity. The lesion began suddenly with the appearance of an open sore that was moderately painful. There was no history of trauma or insect bite. The ulcer was initially treated as either an infected brown recluse spider bite or an infected venous stasis ulcer, and the patient was given topical mupirocin and oral cephalexin. Despite treat
THE LOCAL USE OF SULFANILAMIDE IN VARIOUS TISSUES

1. Sulfanilamide should be sterilized before it is placed in clean wounds. 2. Joints and other tissues which we have investigated tolerate the drug very well. 3. The powder slightly inhibits the primary healing of the wound, but not to such a degree as to contra-indicate its use in clean operative wounds. 4. It may be used repeatedly in open infected wounds and does not seriously interfere with the healing of such wounds. 5. We not only advocat. the local implantation of sulfanilamide in contaminated wounds, but we also advocate its use in clinically clean operative wounds where infection is especially to be feared or would be particularly undesirable.
The Decline of Prices of Cereals

The National Agricultural Conference, held in Washington the last week in January, was so engrossed with the program of remedies that it was not able to give exhaustive attention to diagnosis. A great deal of ground had been covered in the congressional hearings before the Joint Commission of Agricultural Inquiry. Certain ills of the farmer date from the last century; others developed during the war; some were the consequence of the boom; and several were the back-wash of the down-wave of the business cycle. It was difficult to segregate these disabilities. In any event, such segregation would have entailed exhaustive quantitative researches, for which the Conference had not time. It seemed necessary for the Conference to adopt a program of remedies that resembled a "shotgun prescription." As in the case of most shotgun prescriptions designed to relieve a complex of symptoms, some of the remedies seem incompatible. Prices of cereals were rising at the time of the meeting of the Conference. Since then prices have again declined, though not to the low level of 1921. The basic fact of the economics of the world during 1920 and 1921, from the standpoint of price, was that in each country the gold prices of raw materials declined precipitously. Price decline began in the fall of 1919 in some countries with some commodities; and the movement lasted in some coun-
THE KRUKENBERG PROCEDURE IN THE JUVENILE AMPUTEE.

The Krukenberg procedure was performed unilaterally on four juvenile amputee patients with congenital bilateral absence of the hands. These four cases are reported. The opposite extremity was fitted with a standard prosthetic prescription as an assistive hand. In all cases, the Krukenberg stump became the leading hand. The results have been remarkably rewarding to these patients. There has been virtually no concern evidenced by the patient or the parents about the appearance of the stump. The surgical procedure is considered to be reasonably uncomplicated. Postoperative rehabilitation has been simple and rapid. It is my impression, from observing these patients, that this procedure should be extended to more individuals who have the severe handicap of bilateral hand loss.
Structure-reactivity relationships between the fluorescent chromophores and antioxidant activity of grain and sweet sorghum seeds

Polyphenolic structures are the putative cause of a variety of seed functions including bird/insect resistance and antioxidant activity. Structure-reactivity relationships are necessary to understand the influence of polyphenolic chromophore structures on the tannin content and free radical quenching ability determined by the traditional calorimetric methods. This study investigated the relationships between the structural attributes of fluorescent chromophore and the following seed characterization methods: procyanidin (by acid-butanol assay) and flavonoid (by vanillin assay) contents, radical quenching (by DPPH assay), electron-donating capacity (by FeIII reduction), and λmax (by UV/visible spectrophotometry). Distinctively different response was observed for different seed categories: U.S. grain sorghum hybrids, African grain sorghum, and sweet sorghum. The U.S. grain sorghum varieties (low-tannin to maximize the livestock digestion) responded only to the DPPH assay. For sweet sorghum and African grain sorghum, linear correlation was observed between (1) the antioxidant activity (2) the amounts of procyanidins and flavonoids, and (2) the aromaticity of fingerprint fluorescent structures.
User association in backhaul constrained small cell networks

Explosive data traffic growth has led to a continuous surge in capacity demands in mobile networks. In order to provision high network capacity, small cell base stations (SCBSs) are widely deployed. Owing to the close proximity to mobile users, SCBSs can effectively enhance the network capacity and offloading traffic load from macro BSs (MBSs). However, the cost-effective backhaul may not be readily available for SCBSs that leads to backhaul constraints in small cell networks. In this paper, we investigate the traffic offloading in backhaul constrained small cell networks. We have proposed a network latency aware user association scheme that balances traffic loads among base stations (BSs) to minimize the average traffic delivery latency of the mobile network. The proposed network latency aware user association scheme considers the traffic delivery latency in both BSs and their backhaul during the process of establishing user associations. We have proved that the proposed user association scheme converges to the optimal solution that minimizes the average traffic delivery latency of the network. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces the average traffic delivery latency by 63% and 34% as compared to the user association scheme that considers only the traffic delivery latency in BSs and a two-tier data rate bias user association scheme, respectively.
Adapting Parent–Child Interaction Therapy to Foster Care: Outcomes From a Randomized Trial

Objective:This study presents outcomes from a randomized trial of a novel Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) model for foster families. Differential effects of two intervention doses on child externalizing and internalizing symptoms are examined.Method:A sample of 102 foster children was assigned to one of three conditions—brief PCIT, extended PCIT, or wait-list control. The brief and extended groups received 2 days of PCIT training and 8 weeks of telephone consultation. The extended PCIT group received an additional booster training plus 6 more weeks of consultation. Wait-list controls received services as usual. Tests of change over time were estimated using mixed-model repeated measures analysis of covariance.Results:Compared to controls, children in both PCIT groups exhibited a greater reduction in externalizing and internalizing scores over time. Pairwise contrasts of the two PCIT conditions yielded mixed results.Conclusion:Results indicate that PCIT can be tailored efficaciously for foster fami...
Lateral Control and Observation of a Micro Aerial Vehicle

A feedback controller and state observer are analyzed for a tailless Micro Aerial Vehicle (MAV) which is to be used for in-situ sensing of toxic plumes. The state space model for the lateral dynamics of the aircraft are determined using a combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics and lifting line theory. The response of the system is then simulated for a set of initial conditions and for a gusty environment, with sensor noise also modeled. It is found that the system is both completely reachable and completely observable for both oneand two-sensor configurations. However, for the single-sensor case, the system does not respond well because the eigenvectors of the system are nearly collinear.
The Pillage of Prehistory

The pillaging of archaeological sites throughout the world for salable items is increasing at an alarming rate. Recent information on looting in Mesoamerica, North America, and the Mediterranean area is summarized, and the weaknesses of the UNESCO and U.S.-Mexico treaties are outlined. Also described is a new and extremely destructive form of looting in Mesoamerica. It involves amassing many thousands of dollars from private investors for a project to decimate a chosen site, using explosives and power equipment, and then subdividing the loot among the sponsors. It is time for the SAA to act to stop the wanton destruction of the prehistoric record.
Evidence against "stimulus-governed" biases in kinesthetic figural aftereffects.

The kinesthetic figural aftereffect task, as described by Petrie ( 3 ) , has become the definitive method of assessing perceptual reactance. However, research indicates that successive administrations produce carryover effects which bias performance in later testing sessions and, ultimately, result in inaccurate measures of perceptual style (1 ) . In an effort to resolve rhis problem, Baker, Mishara, Kostin, and Parker (2 ) demonstrated that scores from a single session provide a reliable and unbiased measure of perceptual reactance. Baker, et al. ( 2 ) propose, therefore, that single-session assessments be employed as a means of eliminating carryover biases. Peuie (4) has criticized Baker, et a], for their simplification of the procedure, arguing that at least two sessions are necessary to identify and control for the responses of "stimulus-governed" types. A "stimulus-governed" individual is one whose perceptions are unstable and determined by the intensity of a current stimulus. On the kinesthetic aftereffect task, for example; such a person would appear to be an augmeater following small-block stimulation and a reducer following large-block stimulation (3 ) . Petrie's ( 4 ) concern over the biases introduced by "stimulus-governed" types scems from her observation of their high frequency of occurrence in psychopathological populations. Theoretically, during sampling, a large enough number of this type could be selected such that performance on the aftereffect task would be significantly influenced and the results rendered untenable. However, examination of the pathological samples on which Petrie ( 3 ) based this conclusion shows that "stimulus-governed" types constituted a relatively small percentage of the total sample. A chi squared analysis indicates that rhis percentage is significantly less than what would be expected if Petrie's ( 3 ) assumption about their presence in the total population is correct ( x 2 = 19.32, p < .01). Random sampling, therefore, should effectively distribute this subject error and permit a single session to give valid and reliable assessments.
Going 3D with Technology: An Overarching Approach for Language Teachers

Despues de mas de una decada de observaciones en clases de mas de una docena de idiomas, en multiples instituciones de educacion secundaria y de educacion superior en varios paises, se puede afirmar que existen tres usos pedagogicos clave para una introduccion exitosa de la tecnologia por parte de los profesores. Los tres usos identificados son: el direccional, el de desarrollo, y el critico. En lo sucesivo, llamados usos 3D. Los datos de observacion obtenidos sugieren que cuando un profesor de idiomas introduce la tecnologia en el aula por medio de cualquiera de los tres usos indicados, incrementa el exito de resultados. El exito aqui debe entenderse como un mayor nivel de interaccion, de motivacion, de compromiso y de produccion de lenguaje por parte de las estudiantes. Mientras tanto las observaciones de profesores que introducen la tecnologia en el aula sin tener en cuenta los usos 3D, revelaron aplicaciones rigidas y aburridas de los medios tecnologicos para la ensenanza y el aprendizaje de idiomas. Dichas aplicaciones muchas veces se caracterizan por desdenar el contexto pedagogico de manera que generan entre los estudiantes escasos o nulos niveles de interaccion o de produccion de lenguaje. Grounded in over a decade of language classroom observations, in multiple institutions of secondary and higher education in several countries, across over a dozen languages, three key features of what appear to be successful applications of technology by instructors in these classes for language teaching emerged. These features came to be identified as directional, developmental, and decisive—Hereafter referred to as the 3Ds. Observational data suggests that when an instructor embraces any of the 3Ds while using technology for teaching and learning purposes, the more successful that application of technology seems to be. Success here should be understood as higher levels of student interaction, engagement, and motivation, with more kinds and types of student language being produced. Meanwhile, observations of instructors who did not utilize any of the 3Ds, revealed stiff, uninspiring uses of technology, oftentimes devoid of context, which did not result in much, if any, student interaction or language production.
A Practical Guide to Insomnia Assessment

In this chapter we discuss our approach to insomnia assessment. This involves using both the two-process model of sleep regulation to help understand sleep patterns commonly seen in insomniacs and the 3-P model of insomnia to appreciate the evolution of difficulty sleeping over time. The importance of individual differences in sleep need is also discussed. This chapter is not meant to be a comprehensive listing of all conditions that can effect sleep or a list of all the resources available to assess sleep, but instead focuses on issues most frequently seen when treating patients with trouble sleeping (medication effects, obstructive sleep apnea, aging, mental illness, and a few other common medical disorders are described). We hope that this work will provide insight into both novice and experienced clinicians alike.
Low-Temperature Al2O3 Atomic Layer Deposition

Al2O3 films were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) at temperatures as low as 33 °C in a viscous-flow reactor using alternating exposures of Al(CH3)3 (trimethylaluminum [TMA]) and H2O. Low-temperature Al2O3 ALD films have the potential to coat thermally fragile substrates such as organic, polymeric, or biological materials. The properties of low-temperature Al2O3 ALD films were investigated versus growth temperature by depositing films on Si(100) substrates and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensors. Al2O3 film thicknesses, growth rates, densities, and optical properties were determined using surface profilometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), QCM, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Al2O3 film densities were lower at lower deposition temperatures. Al2O3 ALD film densities were 3.0 g/cm3 at 177 °C and 2.5 g/cm3 at 33 °C. AFM images showed that Al2O3 ALD films grown at low temperatures were very smooth with a root-mean-squared (RMS) roughness of only 4 ± 1 A. Current−voltage and capacitance−voltage...
Regulation and dysregulation of esophageal peristalsis by the integrated function of circular and longitudinal muscle layers in health and disease

Muscularis propria throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus is comprised of circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Based on the studies conducted in the colon and the small intestine, for more than a century, it has been debated whether the two muscle layers contract synchronously or reciprocally during the ascending contraction and descending relaxation of the peristaltic reflex. Recent studies in the esophagus and colon prove that the two muscle layers indeed contract and relax together in almost perfect synchrony during ascending contraction and descending relaxation of the peristaltic reflex, respectively. Studies in patients with various types of esophageal motor disorders reveal temporal disassociation between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. We suggest that the discoordination between the two muscle layers plays a role in the genesis of esophageal symptoms, i.e., dysphagia and esophageal pain. Certain pathologies may selectively target one and not the other muscle layer, e.g., in eosinophilic esophagitis there is a selective dysfunction of the longitudinal muscle layer. In achalasia esophagus, swallows are accompanied by the strong contraction of the longitudinal muscle without circular muscle contraction. The possibility that the discoordination between two muscle layers plays a role in the genesis of esophageal symptoms, i.e., dysphagia and esophageal pain are discussed. The purpose of this review is to summarize the regulation and dysregulation of peristalsis by the coordinated and discoordinated function of circular and longitudinal muscle layers in health and diseased states.
Musings between the Marvelous and Strange: New Contexts and Correspondence about Carson McCullers and Mary Tucker

Skaggs explores the relationship between Carson McCullers and Mary Tucker, her piano teacher in Columbus, Georgia, incorporating recently acquired archival materials in the Margaret S. Sullivan Papers and the Dr. Mary E. Mercer/Carson McCullers Collection at Columbus State University, including the transcripts of McCullers’ therapy sessions with Mary Mercer. By examining letters exchanged between and about McCullers and Tucker, Skaggs invites us to reexamine McCullers’ persistent but unresolved efforts to find acceptance and approval from her childhood mentor and muse. Previous biographers and scholars have attempted to quantify the importance of Tucker’s influence on McCullers, and Skaggs’ consideration provides important new contexts for understanding the complexity of their relationship and the development of the writer’s own artistic identity.