cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coarse-Grained Intermolecular Potentials Derived From The Effective Fragment Potential: Application To Water, Benzene, And Carbon Tetrachloride

A force matching technique based on previous work by Voth and co-workers is developed and employed to coarse grain intermolecular potentials for three common solvents: carbon tetrachloride, benzene, and water. The accuracy of the force-matching approach is tested by comparing radial distribution functions (RDF) obtained from simulations using the atomistic and coarse-grained potentials. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were performed using the effective fragment potential method (EFP). The RDFs obtained from molecular dynamics simulations of EFPs for carbon tetrachloride, benzene and water are in a good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. The coarse-grained potentials reproduce the EFP molecular dynamics center-of-mass RDFs with reasonable accuracy. The biggest discrepancies are observed for benzene, while the coarse-graining of water and spherically symmetric carbon tetrachloride is of better quality.
Preparation and Synthetic Applications of 2-Halotryptamines: Synthesis of Elacomine and Isoelacomine

The preparation of 2-halotryptamines from tryptamine is described. New stereoselective intramolecular iminium ion spirocyclization methodology for the construction of spiro[pyrrolidine-3,3‘-oxindoles] is outlined in synthetic studies of elacomine (1) and isoelacomine (2).
SPMD programming in Java

We consider the suitability of the Java concurrent constructs for writing high-performance SPMD code for parallel machines. More specifically, we investigate implementing a financial application in Java on a distributed-memory parallel machine. Despite the fact that Java was not expressly targeted to such applications and architectures per se, we conclude that efficient implementations are feasible. Finally, we propose a library of Java methods to facilitate SPMD programming. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
deduction of pulmonary microvascular hematocrit from indicator dilution curves

We have developed a new model describing the relationship between plasma and red cell tracers flowing through the lung. The model is the result of an analysis of the transport of radiolabeled plasma albumin between two flowing phases and shows that differences between red cell and plasma tracer curves are related to microvascular hematocrit. The model was tested in an isolated, blood-perfused dog lung preparation in which we injected 51Cr-labeled red cells and 125I-labeled plasma albumin into the pulmonary artery. From the tracer concentration-time curves at the venous outflow, we calculated hr, the ratio of microvascular hematocrit to large-vessel hematocrit. In 18 baseline experiments, hr = 0.92 ± 0.01 (mn ± sem) at a blood flow rate of 10.7 ± 0.3 ml s−1. We determined the effects of (a) glass bead embolization, (b) alloxan, and (c) lobe ligation on hr. Embolization attenuated the separation between plasma and red cells (increased hr), probably as a consequence of passive vasodilation. Alloxan enhanced separation of plasma and red cells (decreased hr), possibly as a result of arteriolar vasconstriction. Ligation of a fraction of the perfused tissue at constant flow did not cause significant change in hr in the remaining perfused tissue. The model assumes that large-vessel transit times are uniform and that all dispersion occurs in the microvasculature. A theoretical analysis apportioning dispersion between large and small vessels disclosed that the error associated with these assumptions is likely to be less than 15% of the measured hr. We conclude from this study that the microvascular hematocrit model describes experimental plasma and red cell curves. The results imply that hr can be readily deduced from tagged red cells and plasma and can be accounted for in calculating permeability-surface area in diffusing tracer experiments.
Derivation of an equation for the diffusion potential.

AN equation for the potential across a membrane arising from the steady-state diffusion of univalent ions was derived by D. Goldman1 under the assumptions of a constant electric field and constant ionic mobilities across the membrane. His equation may be written as2: where V is the electric potential on the right side of the membrane relative to the left side, is the concentration of the ith positive ion, is the concentration of the ith negative ion, P is the permeability of the membrane to an ion, r and l denote the right and left side of the membrane respectively, and R, T, and F have their usual meanings. It is the purpose of this communication to derive, without the use of the above two assumptions, an equation similar to equation (1) in which the permeabilities are replaced by unidirectional rate constants.
Clinical features of autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus linked to chromosome 6p12

Purpose: To describe the clinical features of a large pedigree with autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus linked to chromosome 6p12. Methods: In a prospective evaluation of 54 living family members in a single pedigree, 21 persons were affected with autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus, and clinical examinations were performed on 14. Selected persons underwent further studies, including electroretinography, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, nerve fiber layer studies, visual evoked potential studies, and eye movement recordings. Results: Among seven affected persons whose parents were able to report whether the nystagmus was present congenitally, onset at birth was noted in two persons and between 3 and 6 months in five persons. Best-corrected binocular Snellen visual acuity ranged from 20/30 to 20/100, with a mode of 20/50. Strabismus was present in 14 examined patients (36%). Eye movement recordings, performed on five persons, included asymmetric pendular (three), asymmetric pendular combined with dual waveform jerk (one), and unidirectional jerk nystagmus (one). Conclusions: Autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus represents a disorder with variable expressivity. While onset is typically during infancy, it can be noted at birth. Intrafamilial variation in visual acuity, ocular alignment, and nystagmus waveform suggests a role for modifying influences on expression of disease.
Histopathologic findings in congenital grouped pigmentation of the retina.

Background: Congenital grouped pigmentation of the retina is a condition characterized by multiple, well-circumscribed, flat, pigmented fundus lesions clustered in a fashion resembling "bear tracks." Methods: Light and electron microscopy was used to study these lesions in an eye of a 2-year-old boy. The eye was enucleated for retinoblastoma. Results: Similar to the classic, solitary, congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE), the involved RPE cells contained an increased number of large pigment granules. Unlike CHRPE, most pigment granules retained the normal ellipsoidal shape. In addition, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the RPE cells were not significant features by light and electron microscopy. Conclusion: Although the lesions in this case superficially resembled CHRPE by light microscopy, ultrastructural differences were identified.
A probabilistic damage model of stress‐induced permeability anisotropy during cataclastic flow

[1] A fundamental understanding of the effect of stress on permeability evolution is important for many fault mechanics and reservoir engineering problems. Recent laboratory measurements demonstrate that in the cataclastic flow regime, the stress-induced anisotropic reduction of permeability in porous rocks can be separated into 3 different stages. In the elastic regime (stage I), permeability and porosity reduction are solely controlled by the effective mean stress, with negligible permeability anisotropy. Stage II starts at the onset of shear-enhanced compaction, when a critical yield stress is attained. In stage II, the deviatoric stress exerts primary control over permeability and porosity evolution. The increase in deviatoric stress results in drastic permeability and porosity reduction and considerable permeability anisotropy. The transition from stage II to stage III takes place progressively during the development of pervasive cataclastic flow. In stage III, permeability and porosity reduction becomes gradual again, and permeability anisotropy diminishes. Microstructural observations on deformed samples using laser confocal microscopy reveal that stress-induced microcracking and pore collapse are the primary forms of damage during cataclastic flow. A probabilistic damage model is formulated to characterize the effects of stress on permeability and its anisotropy. In our model, the effects of both effective mean stress and differential stress on permeability evolution are calculated. By introducing stress sensitivity coefficients, we propose a first-order description of the dependence of permeability evolution on different loading paths. Built upon the micromechanisms of deformation in porous rocks, this unified model provides new insight into the coupling of stress and permeability.
Teaching Middle-School Students with Disabilities to Use an IEP Template

An emerging research base is documenting successful participation in the IEP process among students with disabilities. However, research to date has included primarily high-school students and has ...
Quality of care for Medicaid-enrolled youth with bipolar disorders.

This study examined conformance to clinical practice guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorders and identified patient and provider factors associated with guideline concordant care. Administrative records were examined for 4,047 Medicaid covered youth aged 5–18 years with new episodes of bipolar disorder during 2006–2010. Main outcome measures included 5 claims-based quality of care measures reflecting national treatment guidelines. Measures addressed appropriate pharmacotherapy, therapeutic drug monitoring, and psychosocial treatment. The results indicated that current treatment practices for youth diagnosed with bipolar disorder typically fall short of recommended practice guidelines. Although the majority of affected youth are treated with recommended first-line pharmacotherapy, only a minority receive therapeutic drug monitoring and/or psychotherapy of recommended duration, underscoring the need for quality improvement initiatives.
Interrelationships of Milk Temperature, Dilution, and Curd Formation in the Response of Calves to Whole Milk Diets

Summary Twenty-four calves (16 Holstein and eight Jersey) were employed in a 2 3 factorial experiment to evaluate the influence of milk temperature (100 or 50° F.), dilution (none or containing 25% water), and curd formation (normal or prevented with sodium citrate) as factors in the feeding of calves. Calves 14 to 42 days of age were fed Jersey milk exclusively at 10 to 14% of initial body weight daily. Diarrhea was no problem and health and condition of calves were generally good. Body weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization were not significantly different for the two temperatures, dilution levels, or curding potentials. Significant interactions were found between dilution and temperature and between dilution and curd formation. The difference in gains between milk fed at the two temperatures was significantly greater (P
Unusual pseudo dicentric, psu dic (1;19)(q10;q13.42), in a female with premature ovarian failure

Objective To provide a hypothesis regarding the cause of premature ovarian failure (POF) observed in a 27-year-old with a mosaic dicentric chromosome. Design Case report. Setting Cytogenetics/molecular cytogenetics laboratory in a university hospital. Patient(s) A 27-year-old female with POF. Intervention(s) Karyotype and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Main Outcome Measure(s) Metaphases were studied by standard G- and C-banding methods; fluorescence in situ hybridization method was used to characterize the abnormality. Result(s) Chromosome analysis detected a mosaic dicentric chromosome, psu dic (1;19)(q10;q13.42), in about 10% of metaphases from the cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes. The remaining 90% of metaphases showed normal karyotype. A repeat analysis showed the same results. Chromosome analysis from cultured skin fibroblasts showed only normal karyotype. Conclusion(s) We propose two hypotheses to explain the POF seen in our patient: [1] Dicentric chromosomes, as seen in our patient, are known to cause segregation errors resulting in the breakdown/arrest of meiosis. Such a breakdown/arrest of meiosis could lead to oligomenorrhea seen in our patient. [2] The recently identified gene MATER , which is mapped at 19q13.4, could be the causative gene. MATER is a maternal effect gene that is required for early embryonic development. The gene and its protein serve as an autoantigen in a mouse model of autoimmune POF that is strikingly similar to human POF.
An optimal algorithm for search of extrema of a bimodal function

Abstract This paper describes and analyzes an algorithm which computes an interval of length t in which a minimizer (or a maximizer) of a periodical bimodal function h is located using a minimal number of evaluations of the function h . A dynamic programming approach is used in order to demonstrate the optimality of the algorithm.
Targeting T cells to tumor cells using bispecific antibodies

The immune system, and in particular T cells, can be harnessed to treat cancer. Several bispecific T cell engaging antibodies of the BiTE® format are in early or late-stage clinical development. These small recombinant antibody constructs effectively trigger killing of cancer cells by temporarily attached, polyclonal T cells. Blinatumomab, a CD19/CD3-bispecific BiTE® antibody, has demonstrated high clinical activity in B cell leukemia and lymphoma patients. Three additional BiTE antibodies directed against surface target antigen expressed on solid tumors are being evaluated in phase I clinical trials. Alternative approaches to direct polyclonal T cells to kill cancer cells are under intense investigation.
The dose-response relationship for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction

In 12 pentobarbital anesthetized dogs the lungs were independently ventilated with a double piston ventilator. The right lung was ventilated throughout with 100% oxygen. Blood was drawn from the right atrium and pumped through a bubble oxygenator to a cannula in the ligated left main pulmonary artery. The pressures in the left main pulmonary artery and the left atrium were recorded during constant flow while the oxygen tension in the left lung alveolar gas and the perfusate were varied either to match each other (Protocol 1) or differ (Protocol 2) over the range from "zero" to "100%" oxygen. From the combined data a three dimensional response surface for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction was derived. The maximum increase of pulmonary vascular resistance (r%PVRmax) was defined at a stimulus oxygen tension (PSO2) of 10 mmHg amounting to a 3.15 +/- (0.18)-fold increase of the vascular resistance on "100%" oxygen. The stimulus oxygen tension was shown to be PSO2 = PVO2(0.41) x PAO2(0.59) and the dose-response sigmoid for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in canine lungs was derived as r%PVRmax = 100 (PSO2(-2.616))/(6.683 x 10(-5) + PSO2(-2.616)) These results appear to reconcile observations from a number of laboratories and to be of quite general application.
Mutual preservation of entanglement

Abstract We study a generalized double Jaynes–Cummings (JC) model where two entangled pairs of two-level atoms interact indirectly. We show that there exist initial states of the qubit system so that two entangled pairs are available at all times. In particular, the minimum entanglement in the pairs as a function of the initial state is studied. Finally, we extend our findings to a model consisting of multi-mode atom–cavity interactions. We use a non-Markovian quantum state diffusion (QSD) equation to obtain the steady-state density matrix for the qubits. We show that the multi-mode model also displays dynamical preservation of entanglement.
Psychopathy and impulsivity reconsidered

Abstract Extant models and measures for assessing psychopathy include impulsivity as a key feature of this disorder. In this article, we review literature that demonstrates how psychopathy-and-impulsivity relations differ as a function of manifestations of psychopathy in both person-oriented studies (i.e., mean impulsivity scores among psychopathy subtypes) and variable-oriented studies (i.e., correlations with psychopathy measures' factor scores). Also, emerging models of psychopathy within Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) challenge the notion that impulsivity is the primary personality trait associated with increased Behavioral Approach System (BAS) function that is associated with some RST models of psychopathy. Finally, recent studies with student and community samples challenge the notion that the more dysfunctional forms of impulsivity may be appropriate markers of “successful psychopathy.” We conclude that the blunt assertion that “psychopaths are impulsive” is no longer defensible, and that future models of psychopathy need to consider more complex associations among the various manifestations of these two constructs.
Fabrication of Ag-sheathed Bi-2223 tapes using powders produced by aerosol spray pyrolysis

Bi-2223 tapes were manufactured from a fine “two-powder” product produced by using an aerosol spray pyrolysis technique. Critical current density of 22000 A/ cm2 at 77K and 0 T was achieved. Nondestructive transmission x-ray diffraction study indicated good alignment of the superconducting grains. The texturing process of the superconducting phase was found to be nearly complete after the first 24 h of heat treatment for the samples studied. Pressing was found to play little role in the texturing process. The texturing can be enhanced by Ag-doping. Jc, however, was not found to be improved significantly, presumably due to the reduced effective cross-sectional area. A new phase, Bi-4435, was identified which may play a significant role in the formation of 2223.
Optimal algorithms for rectangle problems on a mesh-connected computer

In this paper, Mesh-Connected Computer (MCC) algorithms for computing several properties of a set of, possibly intersecting rectangles are presented. Given a set of n iso-oriented rectangles, we describe MCC algorithms for determining the following properties: (i) the area of the logic “OR” of these rectangles (i.e., the area of the region covered by at least one rectangle); (ii) the area of the union of pairwise “AND” of the rectangles (i.e., the area of the region covered by two or more rectangles); (iii) the largest number of rectangles that overlap (this solves the fixed-size rectangle placement problem, i.e., given a set of planar points and a rectangle, find a placement of the rectangle in the plane so that the number of points covered by the rectangle is maximal); (iv) the minimum separation between any pair of a set of nonoverlapping rectangles. All these algorithms can be implemented on a 2√n × 2√n MCC in O(√n) time which is optimal. The algorithms compare favorably with the known sequential algorithms that have O(n log n) time complexity.
Use of a repositionable substrate to acquire and compare distinct atomic force microscope images of a field of microtubules

Abstract Many scanning probe microscope (SPM) experiments of interest require removing the sample from the scanning head of the SPM for processing or examination by other techniques and then replacing it in the SPM head and relocating the original sample area. For feature sizes below 1 μm this is often a tedious, if not impossible, task. To resolve this problem we have designed a patterned substrate which can be used with any SPM to relocate sub-micrometer features even after removal, and subsequent replacement of the sample in the scanning head. The use of this device with an atomic force microscope (AFM) is demonstrated by imaging a field of chicken brain microtubules with several different AFM probes and scan modes. Contact, Tapping™, and error-signal mode AFM images were acquired using normal pyramidal tips and Park Scientific Ultralevers. Images of individual tubules were obtained with all three imaging modes, allowing direct comparison with respect to height, width and feature resolution.
Effect of concentration on flow behavior of glass sphere suspensions

The flow data obtained by Williams (1) on dispersions of glass spheres in water-glycerol as a medium do not obey the Mooney (2) and Roscoe (3) equations connecting relative viscosity ηr to volume fraction φ. However, it has been found possible to represent the data by means of the equation proposed by Maron, Madow, and Krieger (4), namely, log10 nr = bZ = bδη1−δη where b and α are constants. The results obtained show that the limiting slope relating ηr to φ is 3.15–3.35 rather than 2.5 called for by the Einstein relation. Since both the Mooney and Roscoe equations assume 2.5 for this slope, the equations break down when applied to this system.
A brain-computer interface for robot navigation

A brain-computer interface (BCI) system has been developed for a user to navigate a robot via “thinking”. The user's intent was extracted from the P300 response of the recorded EEG signals using the BCI2000 platform. This paper describes the design, development and testing of this new application: to remotely control the motion of a robot using EEG (electroencephalogram) data collected during real-time trials.
Brain MRI with laser‐polarized 129xe

The feasibility of brain MRI with laser-polarized 129 Xe in a small animal model is demonstrated. Naturally abundant 129 Xe is polarized and introduced into the lungs of Sprague-Dawley rats. Polarized xenon gas dissolves in the blood and is transported to the brain where it accumulates in brain tissue. Spectroscopic studies reveal a single, dominant, tissue-phase NMR resonance in the head at 194.5 ppm relative to the gas phase resonance. Images of 129 Xe in the rat head were obtained with 98-μl voxels by 2D chemical shift imaging and show that xenon is localized to the brain. This work establishes that nuclear polarization produced in the gas phases survives transport to the brain where it may be imaged. Increases in polarization and delivered volume of 129 Xe will allow clinical measurements of regional cerebral blood flow.
Wind-driven rain distributions on two buildings

Abstract Wind-driven rain is an important consideration in the hygrothermal performance of building envelope parts. Wind-driven rain (in liquid form) can increase the amount of moisture present in the structure by more than 100 times that due to vapor diffusion. To date, very little work that provides field or laboratory wind driven rain data to moisture transport models is available. This information is a definite requirement as a boundary condition by the more sophisticated hygrothermal models such as LATENITE and WUFIZ which consider both vapor and liquid moisture flows. In this paper, the wind driven rain striking the exterior facade of two buildings (one twice the size of the other) is generated using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model that solves the air flow and particle tracking of the rain droplets around these two buildings. These simulations were carried out for a city center region. Four factors which govern wind-driven rain are investigated in this work: (a) upstream unobstructed wind conditions, (b) the rainfall intensity, (c) the probability distribution of raindrop sizes, and (d) the local flow patterns around the building. All four of these governing factors make wind-driven rain on a building facade very distinct. Simulations were carried out for three wind speeds of 5, 10 and 25 m/s, three rainfall intensities of 10, 25 and 50 mm/h and three wind directions 0°, 30° and 45° from the west face of the buildings. In this paper, only the results of the 0° wind direction are discussed. The results show distinct wetting patterns on the top of the building of both the two buildings which is most concentrated at the corners when the wind was normal to the facade surface. For the tallest building a distinct wetting pattern is displayed in the mid-height of the building. This information from wind engineering is directly employed for the design of building envelope moisture control. Results on a series of simulations are presented to demonstrate the effect of wind conditions, rain intensities, the interaction between the two buildings, and the droplet sizes on the wetting patterns on the faces of the short and tall building.
Histochemical localization of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rat uterus

Abstract The histochemical localization of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) in the uteri of mature cycling rats and immature rats primed with estradiol-17β (E2) was determined. Enzyme activity appeared localized within the glandular and luminal epithelial cells although some activity was also evident in the stromal cells. Uteri from proestrus, estrus, and metestrus rats possessed greater 17β-HSD activity than did uteri from rats at diestrus. The immature rat uterus lacked 17β-HSD activity, but activity was induced following three days of priming with E2. Administration of E2 and progesterone to immature rats resulted in a slight depression of uterine 17β-HSD activity when compared to rats receiving E2 alone. The localization of uterine 17β-HSD activity was dependent on the hormonal state of the animal, particularly on the presence of E2.
A note on Abraham Lincoln in probabilityland

Abraham Lincoln's dictum that “you may fool all of the people some of the time; and some of the people all of the time; but you can't fool all of the people all of the time”, is interpreted in terms of a simple binomial model, and potential ambiguities in Lincoln's assertion are clarified.
A case report of data monitoring experience: the nocturnal oxygen therapy trial.

Abstract The monitoring of accumulating data in a clinical trial is a challenging endeavor, yet one that must be undertaken to fulfill the ethical responsibility to the participating subject. This paper, using the Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial as an example, discusses three issues often faced by data monitoring committess. These are (1) the multiplicity of outcomes, (2) decisions about extension of the patient recruitment period in order to achieve specified sample size goals, and (3) problems in monitoring survival data with a lag in the reporting of events. The decision process can be quite complex and existing statistical methodology can at best serve as a guide in this decision process.
Mexican Americans: Labeling and Mislabeling

There is an ethnic group in the United States which is increasinlg in impor-tance. Study of this group is hindered, however, because of a lack of coordination among social scientists. A variety of etlhniic labels are applied by social scientists to those who have ancestral ties to Mexico. This is found in official census data as well, where changes in terminology and classification appear frequently. Such a situation is unfortunate for it makes the study of this ethnic group more problematic. In order to facilitate comparisons between studies and to aid in the accumulation of a I)odv of knowledge, it is imperative that some agreemenit be reached amnong social scientists and a common terminology be adopted.
Prognostic indicators in node-negative early stage breast cancer

With the increasing availability of screening mammography, more women are diagnosed as having breast cancers at an early, node-negative stage. The majority of these patients would be cured with total mastectomy or breast conservation treatment. However, about 30% of the patients would have recurrence of disease in distant sites. In recent randomized clinical trials, adjuvant systemic therapy has been shown to reduce the rate of recurrence in these patients. Proper selection of patients for adjuvant therapy is necessary to avoid exposing many patients with low risk of recurrence to treatments for whom the benefit is not justified by the toxicity and the cost. In this article, we review the clinical and pathologic prognostic factors in early stage, node-negative breast cancer patients, including tumor size, nuclear and histologic grades, estrogen and progesterone receptors, menopausal status, proliferative rate, HER-2/neu oncogene amplification, and cathepsin D level. Favorable prognostic factors include tumor size less than or equal to 2 cm, low nuclear and histologic grades, low S-phase fraction, diploid state, low cathepsin-D level, and positive estrogen and progesterone receptor status. The value of HER-2/neu oncogene overexpression is controversial, and further studies are needed to define its role as a prognostic factor in patients with node-negative breast cancer. Based on these prognostic factors, it is possible to identify subsets of patients who have a low risk of recurrence and would not benefit significantly from adjuvant systemic therapy.
Production of interleukin 3 by spleen cells in immunodeficient CS7BL/6 mice after injection of RadLV-Rs viral complex

Abstract Injection of RadLV-Rs viral complex to C57BL/6 mice results in massive enlargement of lymphoid organs. The polyclonal T and B populations which proliferate in spieen and lymph nodes display severely impaired immune functions. Several data suggest that development of this immunodeficiency syndrome is dependent on the presence of T cells whose functions are progressively altered. In contrast, the erythro-myeloid populations and the stem cell compartment are not deeply modified, suggesting that the production of the lymphokines involved in their regulation is not altered. Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is mainly involved in this regulation. Thus, the purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate the IL-3 production: in RadLV-Rs injected mice IL-3 production is decreased at the cellular level but if it is evaluated by taking into account the increase of spleen cellularity, it is initially decreased and later on, above the normal value.
3-D photoacoustic and pulse echo imaging of prostate tumor progression in the mouse window chamber

Understanding the tumor microenvironment is critical to characterizing how cancers operate and predicting their response to treatment. We describe a novel, high-resolution coregistered photoacoustic (PA) and pulse echo (PE) ultrasound system used to image the tumor microenvironment. Compared to traditional optical systems, the platform provides complementary contrast and important depth information. Three mice are implanted with a dorsal skin flap window chamber and injected with PC-3 prostate tumor cells transfected with green fluorescent protein. The ensuing tumor invasion is mapped during three weeks or more using simultaneous PA and PE imaging at 25 MHz, combined with optical and fluorescent techniques. Pulse echo imaging provides details of tumor structure and the surrounding environment with 100-μm3 resolution. Tumor size increases dramatically with an average volumetric growth rate of 5.35 mm3/day, correlating well with 2-D fluorescent imaging (R = 0.97, p < 0.01). Photoacoustic imaging is able to track the underlying vascular network and identify hemorrhaging, while PA spectroscopy helps classify blood vessels according to their optical absorption spectrum, suggesting variation in blood oxygen saturation. Photoacoustic and PE imaging are safe, translational modalities that provide enhanced depth resolution and complementary contrast to track the tumor microenvironment, evaluate new cancer therapies, and develop molecular contrast agents in vivo.
Role of contextual imagery in associative recall

The advantage of interactive over separation imagery in associative recall was markedly diminished when a unique imaginary context was provided for each imaged pair of words. Separation imagery was much more sensitive to contextual redundancy than was interactive imagery. Context was viewed as facilitating organization at encoding as well as affecting cue loading at retrieval. A three-element associative model is described.
Influence of initial mixing methods on melt‐extruded single‐walled carbon nanotube–polypropylene nanocomposites

We report the first direct comparison of melt-extruded polypropylene–single-walled carbon nanotube (PP/SWNT) nanocomposites prepared by three different initial mixing methods. The standard deviation of the G-band intensity obtained using Raman mapping was found to be the best measure of dispersion uniformity in the extruded composites, and dispersion uniformity was found to generally correlate with rheological and thermal properties. For all three initial mixing methods, both unmodified and sidewall-functionalized purified SWNTs were evaluated. Surprisingly, in all cases, dodecylated SWNTs prepared using the reductive alkylation method were less uniformly dispersed in the final composite than the unmodified SWNTs. The simplest process, dry blending, resulted in poor nanotube dispersion and only polymer crystallization was significantly affected by the presence of the nanotubes. A slightly more complex rotary evaporation process resulted in significantly more uniform dispersion and significant changes in rheological properties, polymer crystallization, and thermal stability. The most elaborate process tested, hot coagulation, enabled the most uniform dispersion and the greatest change in properties but also resulted in some polymer degradation. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 50:1831–1842, 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Role of Dynamics in Stakeholder Thinking

Dynamics concerns the process of change in variable conditions through time at any level of analysis. Various important issues or topics in stakeholder theory and practice involve consideration of change over time and thus unavoidably involve dynamics. While dynamics has received explicit recognition in stakeholder literature, dynamic analysis remains partly tacit and suffused through the literature. One reason is that dynamics remains difficult to model even in economics. This article provides a basic orientation to stakeholder dynamics as a key conceptual and methodological issue for stakeholder thinking. This article identifies current literature concerning stakeholder dynamics and evaluates future directions in dynamic reasoning that would help build stakeholder theory and improve practice of stakeholder management. Notions of competition, influence strategies, change in stakeholder networks, mindsets, salience or values, learning, creative destruction, long-term sustainability, stakeholder reciprocity, sustainable development, and value creation all embed change and thus time dynamics. Static complexity and heterogeneity across units-of-analysis are not the same as dynamics but do also change over time. Dynamics concerns how change process influences consequences (later in time) in relationship to antecedents (earlier in time). Management copes with change process, as much as with complexity and variation in antecedents and consequences.
Enhanced Block Copolymer Lithography Using Sequential Infiltration Synthesis

Block copolymer lithography is a promising approach to massively parallel, high-resolution, and low-cost patterning, but the inherently low etch resistance of polymers has limited its applicability to date. In this work, this challenge is overcome by dramatically increasing the plasma etch contrast of polystyrene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PMMA) using spatially localized sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) of alumina. The PMMA phase of self-assembled PS-b-PMMA block copolymer thin films was selectively infiltrated with alumina yielding an inorganic nanostructure mimicking the original block copolymer template that serves directly as a robust etch mask. SIS-modified films are resistant to a variety of plasma etching chemistries enabling the direct patterning of a range of substrates, including silicon, indium tin oxide, and permalloy, without the need for intermediate hard mask layers. This method considerably simplifies the fabrication of nanostructures in technologically relevant materials...
VIRUS AND CELL INTERACTION WITH ION EXCHANGERS

At pH 7 the bacteriophages T1 and T2 attach to anionic exchangers when suspended either in distilled water or in salt solutions. They attach to cationic exchangers only in the presence of salt. T2 requires approximately ten times higher a salt concentration than does T1 virus, a relationship which is duplicated in the attachment of these phages to their common host cell, E. coli B. The host cell, E. coli B, attaches to anionic exchangers when suspended either in salt or distilled water, but does not attach to cationic exchangers even in 0.2 M NaCl. These observations support the hypothesis previously advanced that the role of cations in effecting union of viruses to their host cells is to neutralize the repulsive electrostatic potential due to the excess of negative charges on the surfaces of both bodies. Influenza virus similarly requires salt for attachment to cationic exchangers, and unites to anionic exchangers even in the absence of salt. It is therefore proposed that the same general principles which govern the behavior of the bacteriophage system, may also apply to host cell attachment of at least some mammalian viruses. T1 bacteriophage and influenza virus are readily eluted from cationic exchangers. T2 bacteriophage cannot be recovered in active form. Experiments with P32- and S35-labelled T2 bacteriophage reveal that shortly after its attachment to the resin, the virus is split into its phosphorus-containing DNA, and the sulfur-containing protein fraction. It is proposed that the splitting of phage into its protein and DNA components that occurs ordinarily at the surface of a cell is a result of the establishment of the primary electrostatic bonds, just as in the attachment to cationic exchange resins. The affinity of cationic resins for influenza virus is great enough to remove the virus almost completely from red cells to which it has become attached.
Architecting a common-source-line array for bipolar non-volatile memory devices

Traditional array organization of bipolar non-volatile memories such as STT-MRAM and memristor utilizes two bitlines for cell manipulations. With technology scaling, such bitline pair will soon become the bottleneck of density improvement. In this paper we propose a novel common-source-line array architecture, which uses a shared source-line along the row, leaving only one bitline per column. We also elaborate our design flow towards a reliable common-source-line array design, and demonstrate its effectiveness on STT-MRAM and memristor memory arrays. Our study results show that with comparable latency and energy, the proposed common-source-line array can save 33% and 21.8% area for Memristor-RAM and STT-MRAM respectively, comparing with corresponding traditional dual-bitline array designs.
Major deglaciation of east Antarctica during the early Late Pliocene? Not likely from a marine perspective

Abstract We have conducted an integrated study of ice-rafted debris (IRD) and oxygen isotopes (measured on Cibicides, Globigerina bulloides , and Neogloboquadrina pachyderma , using identical samples). We used samples from the early Late Pliocene Gauss Chron from ODP Site 114–704 on the Meteor Rise in the subantarctic South Atlantic. During the early Gauss Chron, the oxygen isotopic ratios are generally up to 0.5‰–0.6‰ less than their respective Holocene values. The lowest values in this record can accommodate a warming of about 2.5 °C OR a sea-level rise of about 50 m, but not both, and probably result from some warming and a small reduction in global ice volume. Starting with isotope stage MG2 [3.23 Ma on the Berggren et al. (1985) time scale; 3.38 on the Shackleton et al. (1995b) time scale] oxygen-isotopic values generally increase (and oscillate about a Holocene mean). The first significant IRD appears at the same time. There is a subsequent increase in IRD amounts upsection. In order to reach the site, this material must have been transported by large, tabular icebergs derived from Antarctic ice shelves or ice tongues, similar to occasional, large modern icebergs. This combined record suggests strongly that the Antarctic ice sheet was essentially intact; some warming at the drill site is indicated, but not a major reduction in ice-volume on Antarctica.
The impact of center volume on survival in lung transplantation: an analysis of more than 10,000 cases.

Background Whether center volume influences outcomes in lung transplantation is unknown. We reviewed United Network for Organ Sharing data to examine the effect of center volume on short-term mortality. Methods We reviewed United Network for Organ Sharing data (1998 through 2007) to identify 10,496 first-time adult lung transplantation recipients at 79 centers. Centers were stratified by quartiles of mean annual volume. Risk of 30-day mortality and 1- and 5-year mortality (censored for 30-day death) were assessed by multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Mean center volume ranged from less than 1 to 58.2 (median, 9.4 cases/year; volume quartiles: 0 to 2.1, 2.2 to 9.4, 9.5 to 19.9, and 20 to 58.2 cases). Each 1 case/year decrease led to a 2% increase in 30-day mortality (hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.02; p or=20 lung transplantations/year) had the lowest 30-day mortality (4.1%). Conclusions We provide an initial examination of the relationship of volume and lung allocation score to outcomes for lung transplantation. Low center volume is associated with increased short-term and cumulative mortality despite fewer idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients and younger patients.
A novel cyclic algorithm for maximum likelihood frequency estimation

An algorithm for estimation of frequencies of narrowband sources from noisy observation data is presented. For Gaussianly distributed noise, the algorithm produces maximum likelihood estimates, otherwise least-squares estimates, are obtained. The proposed algorithm is iterative, and at each step of iteration the optimization is with respect to a single frequency only, and hence simple hardware/software is sufficient for implementation. The performance of the algorithm has been compared with theoretical Cramer-Rao bounds. >
Conformational changes induced in troponin I by interaction with troponin T and actin/tropomyosin

Troponin I (TnI) is the inhibitory component of the striated muscle Ca2+ regulatory protein troponin (Tn). The other two components of Tn are troponin C (TnC), the Ca2+-binding component, and troponin T (TnT), the tropomyosin-binding component. We have used limited chymotryptic digestion to probe the local conformation of TnI in the free state, the binary TnC⋅TnI complex, the ternary TnC⋅TnI⋅TnT (Tn) complex, and in the reconstituted Tn⋅tropomyosin⋅F-actin filament. The digestion of TnI alone or in the TnC⋅TnI complex produced initially two major fragments via a cleavage of the peptide bond between Phe100 and Asp101 in the so-called inhibitory region. In the ternary Tn complex cleavage occurred at a new site between Leu140 and Lys141. In the absence of Ca2+ this was followed by digestion of the 1–140 fragment at Leu122 and Met116. In the reconstituted thin filament the same fragments as in the case of the ternary complex were produced, but the rate of digestion was slower in the absence than in the presence of Ca2+. These results indicate firstly that in both free TnI and TnI complexed with TnC there is an exposed and flexible site in the inhibitory region. Secondly, TnT affects the conformation of TnI in the inhibitory region and also in the region that contains the 140–141 bond. Thirdly, the 140–141 region of TnI is likely to interact with actin in the reconstituted thin filament when Ca2+ is absent. These findings are discussed in terms of the role of TnI in the mechanism of thin filament regulation, and in light of our previous results [Y. Luo, J.-L. Wu, J. Gergely, T. Tao, Biochemistry 36 (1997) 13449–13454] on the global conformation of TnI.
An unusual lac repressor mutant.

Abstract A unique lac repressor mutant of Escherichia coli K12 is described which is partially constitutive for the lac enzymes, repressed by low concentrations of inducers, and induced by higher concentrations. The designation r is revived and suggested for the whole class of repressible constitutive i-gene mutations.
Risk Indicators for Third Molar Caries and Periodontal Disease in Senior Adults

Purpose This study was designed to identify risk indicators for the prevalence at enrollment and incidence over 36 months of periodontal pathology and coronal caries experience affecting third molars in a community-based study of people over 65 years of age. Subjects and Methods Data from a subsample of 810 dentate subjects from the Piedmont 65+ Study were available for analyses. All visible teeth were examined. Periodontal probing measures were taken at 2 sites, mesiobuccal and buccal/facial. Clinical data on caries experience were collected by visual-tactile examination. At enrollment, 340 subjects had at least 1 visible third molar; all were examined for caries experience. Periodontal probing measures were available for 277 of these same subjects. The significance of the possible risk indicators for periodontal pathology and caries affecting third molars was determined by χ 2 tests. Statistical significance was set at .05. Logistic multivariable models were used to derive odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results African-American subjects were more likely to have visible third molars ( P P P P P Conclusion In this population study of senior adults, Caucasians and African Americans appear to have different levels of risk for caries experience and periodontal pathology affecting retained third molars.
High Frequency Of Gag- And Envelope-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Precursors In Children With Vertically Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Circulating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are seen less frequently in unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from children with vertically acquired HIV infection than in PBMC from HIV-infected adults. HIV-1 Gag-, reverse transcriptase (RT)-, and envelope (Env)-specific cytotoxic activity was studied in PBMC from HIV-infected children. Only 9% of subjects had Gag- or RT-specific CTL in unstimulated PBMC. However, in PBMC studied after CD3 stimulation, Gag- and Env-specific CTL were found in PBMC from 91% and 78% of HIV-infected children, respectively. Limiting dilution analysis of precursor CTL (pCTL) frequencies in PBMC from children > 12 months old demonstrated Gag- and Env-specific pCTL frequencies from 0.5 to 6.3/10,000 PBMC and from 0.66 to 33.0/10,000 PBMC, respectively. Thus, children with vertically acquired HIV infection have high frequencies of HIV-specific pCTL.
Management of Renal Transplant Dysfunction Due to Occlusion of Aortoiliac Bypass Graft: A Case Report:

Progressive atherosclerosis of the aortoiliac system in a patient with a func tioning renal transplant is a vexing problem, but in transplant patients who have had aortoiliac reconstruction, progressive disease can be doubly difficult totreat.Our experience with a patient with an ischemic transplant due to occlu sion of a previously placed aortoiliac bypass limb isrecounted.Various surgical approaches were considered, but femoro-femoral bypass was successfully performed.