cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigations Of The Chemical-Mechanical Polishing Of Polymer Films For ILD Applications

Low dielectric constant films are being investigated as the interlayer dielectric (ILD) in a multilevel interconnection scheme for advanced ULSI circuits. In such applications they will be subjected to planarization processes using chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP), either directly during dielectric planarization or indirectly in the final stages of metal patterning using the Damascene process. In this paper we report the results of our initial investigations of the CMP of three different polymers, all with dielectric constant in the range of 2.3 – 2.7 and with different mechanical and chemical properties. The CMP was carried out using alumina as the abrasive in basic and acidic pH slurries. The effect of preannealing the polymer on the CMP behavior was also investigated
The Dynamics of ENSO Anomaly as Revealed in Ensemble Climate Simulations-Impact of Mean Stationary Wave

A series of climate ensemble experiments using the climate model from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were performed to exam impact of sea surface temperature (SST) on dynamics of El-Nino / Southern Oscillation (ENSO). A specific question addressed in this paper is how important the mean stationary wave influences anomalous Rossby wave trains or teleconnection patterns as often observed during ENSO events.
Inheriting Your Mother's Eyes, Hair, and Drug Addiction: Protecting The Drug‐Exposed Newborn By Criminalizing Pregnant Drug USE

Despite the absence of statutory criminalization of drug use during pregnancy in the majority of states, states are increasingly recognizing that drug abuse is a massive economic and social problem. Tennessee is the first state to implement a statute that specifically addresses the issue of pregnant drug users by criminalizing those whose use harms their child. Because drug abuse may involve addiction in many cases, the statute provides a defense to those who take reasonable steps to seek help and get clean before the child is born. This Note examines the criminal aspect and impact of drug use during pregnancy and proposes that each state adopt the Tennessee statue, while ensuring pregnant mothers access to drug treatment and assessment through drug courts. Drug use is illegal and drug use during pregnancy should be criminalized as well. Key Points for the Family Court Community: The impact of drug abuse during pregnancy causes unhealthy babies, which creates a financial and social burden on the state. Drug use during pregnancy is associated with many risks including mortality, low birth weight, and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. The goal of incentivizing healthy births can be achieved through a specific statute criminalizing drug use during pregnancy. The Tennessee statute provides an affirmative defense for mothers who are actively enrolled in an addiction recovery program before the child is born and successfully complete the program. While still approaching addiction as a disease, this methodology will incentivize pregnant drug users to seek help before birthing an unhealthy child.
Modified breast cancer model for preclinical immunotherapy studies.

Abstract Background Interest in immunotherapy for breast cancer is rapidly emerging, and applicable animal models that mimic human cancer are urgently needed for preclinical studies. This study aimed to improve a technique for orthotopic inoculation of syngeneic breast cancer cells to be used as a preclinical animal model for immunotherapy. Materials and methods We used our previously reported murine model of orthotopic cancer cell inoculation under direct vision and compared the efficiency of tumorigenesis with tumor cells suspended in either phosphate-buffered saline or Matrigel containing varying numbers of cells. As a model for immune rejection, murine BALB/c–derived 4T1-luc2 breast cancer cells were inoculated orthotopically into both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Results Matrigel-suspended cells formed larger tumors with higher efficiency than phosphate-buffered saline-suspended cells. The maximum volume of Matrigel that could be inoculated without spillage was 20 μL and 30 μL in the #2 and #4 mammary fat pads, respectively. Tumor take rates increased as the injected cell number increased. In this immune rejection model, there were no significant differences in tumor weight between the strains up to day 7, after which tumor weight decreased in C57BL/6 mice. Bioluminescence in C57BL/6 mice was also significantly less than that in BALB/c mice and increased up to day 7, then swiftly decreased thereafter. Conclusions This improved technique of innoculating murine breast cancer cells using bioluminescence technology may be useful in evaluating the efficacy of tumor regression mediated by immune responses, as shown by an allogeneic response in C57BL/6 mice.
Comprehensive Care for Complex Patients: The Medical-Psychiatric Coordinating Physician Model

'Complex patients' are a sizeable population who generally require disproportionate attention for their management and respond poorly to treatment. Their systemic medical, psychiatric and personal needs have a tendency to drain or exceed the capabilities of those who treat them whilst overutilizing health care resources. As this patient population grows, we move ever closer to a crisis in health care delivery. This volume presents an innovative team-based approach for assessing and managing diagnostically complex and management intensive patients. The physician-led 'Medical-Psychiatric Coordinating Physician (MPCP)' model not only improves patient treatment, but also provides for the containment of costs by reducing redundancy and curbing excess in the use of services. Other benefits include improved diagnostic accuracy and decision making, as well as better communication among physicians and allied health professionals. This book is essential reading for psychiatrists, primary care physicians, and physicians, directors and administrators working in multidisciplinary specialty clinics.
Multiphase separation of copper nanowires

This communication reports a new method to purify copper nanowires with nearly 100% yield from undesired copper nanoparticle side-products formed during batch processes of copper nanowire synthesis. This simple separation method can yield large quantities of long, uniform, high-purity copper nanowires to meet the requirements of nanoelectronics applications as well as provide an avenue for purifying copper nanowires in the industrial scale synthesis of copper nanowires, a key step for commercialization and application of nanowires.
Impact of Pdx1-associated chromatin modifiers on islet β-cells

Diabetes mellitus arises from insufficient insulin secretion from pancreatic islet β-cells. In type 2 diabetes (T2D), β-cell dysfunction is associated with inactivation and/or loss of transcription factor (TF) activity, including Pdx1. Notably, this particular TF is viewed as a master regulator of pancreas development and islet β-cell formation, identity and function. TFs, like Pdx1, recruit coregulators to transduce activating and/or repressing signals to the general transcriptional machinery for controlling gene expression, including modifiers of DNA, histones and nucleosome architecture. These coregulators impart a secondary layer of control that can be exploited to modulate TF activity. In this review, we describe Pdx1-recruited coregulators that impact chromatin structure, consequently influencing normal β-cell function and likely Pdx1 activity in pathophysiological settings.
Orchestrated Experimentalism in the Regulation of Work

This book review of MIT Economists Osterman, Kochan, Locke and Piore’s Working in America: A Blueprint for the New Labor Market considers the inadequacies of current workplace structures and the challenges facing regulators of the new economy. The review explores the implications of Blueprint to law reform, particularly labor and employment laws, but also other fields of law, including welfare, immigration, and taxation. It discusses the problem of the enforcement gap and the prevalence of dominant corporate culture even in situations where legislative reform is made consistent with new workplace realities. Finally, the review evaluates the core structure of the vision advanced in Blueprint ‒ democratic experimentalism in the field of work. Lobel argues that while Blueprint begins its inquiries with the promise of the economy as a social institution, its concrete proposals often do not adequately address the core tensions between economic and social interests.
Leaf Litter Fuels Methanogenesis Throughout Decomposition in a Forested Peatland

Decomposing leaf litter is a large supply of energy and nutrients for soil microorganisms. How long decaying leaves continue to fuel anaerobic microbial activity in wetland ecosystems is poorly understood. Here, we compare leaf litter from 15 tree species with different growth forms (angiosperms and gymnosperms, deciduous, and longer life span), using litterbags positioned for up to 4 years in a forested peatland in New York State. Periodically, we incubated partially decayed residue per species with fresh soil to assess its ability to fuel microbial methane (CH4) production and concomitant anaerobic carbon dioxide (CO2) production. Decay rates varied by leaf type: deciduous angiosperm > evergreen gymnosperm > deciduous gymnosperm. Decay rates were slower in leaf litter with a large concentration of lignin. Soil with residue of leaves decomposed for 338 days had greater rates of CH4 production (5.8 µmol g−1 dry mass d−1) than less decomposed (<0.42 µmol g−1 dry mass d−1) or more decomposed (2.1 µmol g−1 dry mass d−1) leaf residue. Species-driven differences in their ability to fuel CH4 production were evident throughout the study, whereas concomitant rates of CO2 production were more similar among species and declined with degree of decomposition. Methane production rates exhibited a positive correlation with pectin and the rate of pectin decomposition. This link between leaf litter decay rates, biochemical components in leaves, and microorganisms producing greenhouse gases should improve predictions of CH4 production in wetlands.
Hot-wall low pressure chemical vapor deposition growth and characterization of AlN thin films

Abstract Hot-wall low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of highly crystalline epitaxial thin-film AlN grown on silicon (1 1 1) substrates is reported for the first time. Deposition was carried out in a modified commercial LPCVD at 1000 °C and 2 torr. Preflow time for the aluminum precursor, trimethylaluminum, was varied to nucleate Al, and the resulting variation in X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystalline AlN peaks is presented. With a 30 s dichlorosilane (SiH 2 Cl 2 ) pretreatment at 700 °C and the optimal TMAl preflow time, the FWHM of the resulting film was 1116 arcsec for the AlN (0 0 2) 2 θ - ω peak, and the AlN (0 0 2) peak had an omega rocking curve FWHM of 1.6°. This AlN film was shown to be epitaxially aligned to the Si (1 1 1) substrate.
Stabilization of anthocyanins in blackberry juice by glutathione fortification

Blackberry anthocyanins provide attractive color and antioxidant activity. However, anthocyanins degrade during juice processing and storage, so maintaining high anthocyanin concentrations in berry juices may lead to greater antioxidant and health benefits for the consumer. This study evaluated potential additives to stabilize anthocyanins during blackberry juice storage. The anthocyanin stabilizing agents used were: glutathione, galacturonic acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid and tannic acid, which were added at a level of 500 mg L-1. Juice anthocyanin, flavonol, and ellagitannin content and percent polymeric color were measured over five weeks of accelerated storage at 30 °C. Glutathione had the greatest protective effect on total anthocyanins and polymeric color. Therefore a second study was performed with glutathione in combination with lipoic and ascorbic acids in an effort to use antioxidant recycling to achieve a synergistic effect. However, the antioxidant recycling system had no protective effect relative to glutathione alone. Glutathione appears to be a promising blackberry juice additive to protect against anthocyanin degradation during storage.
Time Requirements for Electronic Health Record Use in an Academic Ophthalmology Center

Importance Electronic health record (EHR) systems have transformed the practice of medicine. However, physicians have raised concerns that EHR time requirements have negatively affected their productivity. Meanwhile, evolving approaches toward physician reimbursement will require additional documentation to measure quality and cost of care. To date, little quantitative analysis has rigorously studied these topics. Objective To examine ophthalmologist time requirements for EHR use. Design, Setting, and Participants A single-center cohort study was conducted between September 1, 2013, and December 31, 2016, among 27 stable departmental ophthalmologists (defined as attending ophthalmologists who worked at the study institution for ≥6 months before and after the study period). Ophthalmologists who did not have a standard clinical practice or who did not use the EHR were excluded. Exposures Time stamps from the medical record and EHR audit log were analyzed to measure the length of time required by ophthalmologists for EHR use. Ophthalmologists underwent manual time-motion observation to measure the length of time spent directly with patients on the following 3 activities: EHR use, conversation, and examination. Main Outcomes and Measures The study outcomes were time spent by ophthalmologists directly with patients on EHR use, conversation, and examination as well as total time required by ophthalmologists for EHR use. Results Among the 27 ophthalmologists in this study (10 women and 17 men; mean [SD] age, 47.3 [10.7] years [median, 44; range, 34-73 years]) the mean (SD) total ophthalmologist examination time was 11.2 (6.3) minutes per patient, of which 3.0 (1.8) minutes (27% of the examination time) were spent on EHR use, 4.7 (4.2) minutes (42%) on conversation, and 3.5 (2.3) minutes (31%) on examination. Mean (SD) total ophthalmologist time spent using the EHR was 10.8 (5.0) minutes per encounter (range, 5.8-28.6 minutes). The typical ophthalmologist spent 3.7 hours using the EHR for a full day of clinic: 2.1 hours during examinations and 1.6 hours outside the clinic session. Linear mixed effects models showed a positive association between EHR use and billing level and a negative association between EHR use per encounter and clinic volume. Each additional encounter per clinic was associated with a decrease of 1.7 minutes (95% CI, -4.3 to 1.0) of EHR use time per encounter for ophthalmologists with high mean billing levels (adjustedR2 = 0.42;P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance Ophthalmologists have limited time with patients during office visits, and EHR use requires a substantial portion of that time. There is variability in EHR use patterns among ophthalmologists.
Producing distribution maps for a spatially-explicit ecosystem model using large monitoring and environmental databases and a combination of interpolation and extrapolation

To be able to simulate spatial patterns of predator-prey interactions, many spatially-explicit ecosystem modeling platforms, including Atlantis, need to be provided with distribution maps defining the annual or seasonal spatial distributions of functional groups and life stages. We developed a methodology combining extrapolation and interpolation of the predictions made by statistical habitat models to produce distribution maps for the fish and invertebrates represented in the Atlantis model of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) (“Atlantis-GOM”). This methodology consists of: (1) compiling a large monitoring database, gathering all the fisheries-independent and fisheries-dependent data collected in the northern (U.S.) GOM since 2000; (2) compiling a large environmental database, storing all the environmental parameters known to influence the spatial distribution patterns of fish and invertebrates of the GOM; (3) fitting binomial generalized additive models (GAMs) to the large monitoring and environmental databases, and geostatistical binomial generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) to the large monitoring database; and (4) employing GAM predictions to infer spatial distributions in the southern GOM, and GLMM predictions to infer spatial distributions in the U.S. GOM. Thus, our methodology allows for reasonable extrapolation in the southern GOM based on a large amount of monitoring and environmental data, and for interpolation in the U.S. GOM accurately reflecting the probability of encountering fish and invertebrates in that region. We used an iterative cross-validation procedure to validate GAMs. When a GAM did not pass the validation test, we employed a GAM for a related functional group/life stage to generate distribution maps for the southern GOM. In addition, no geostatistical GLMMs were fit for the functional groups and life stages whose depth, longitudinal and latitudinal ranges within the U.S. GOM are not entirely covered by the data from the large monitoring database; for those, only GAM predictions were employed to obtain distribution maps for Atlantis-GOM. Pearson residuals were computed to validate geostatistical binomial GLMMs. Ultimately, 53 annual maps and 64 seasonal maps (for 32 different functional groups/life stages) were produced for Atlantis-GOM. Our methodology could serve other world’s regions characterized by a large surface area, particularly LMEs bordered by several countries.
Christian Education and Spiritual Formation: One and the Same?:

Christian education as an academic discipline is under scrutiny due to the rising influence of spiritual formation. Churches are replacing Christian educators with pastors of spiritual formation. H...
A Longitudinal Perspective on MPA Education in the United States

This article provides an overview of the development of master of public administration (MPA) programs in the United States. Specifically, it examines MPA curricula in a longitudinal manner and ana...
Optimally Incomplete Contracts

One of the critical roles for the entrepreneur in successfully starting a new firm and introducing new products or services is to mobilize the necessary resources. These activities include hiring employees and lining up suppliers of intermediate goods and services. Both of these activities involve contracting with other parties. Therefore, the issues dealt with in the economics of contracting are of great importance to a theory of entrepreneurship. One of these issues is the implication of incomplete contracts. Although there is a vast literature on this topic, the approach of most of this literature is to assume that the contract already exists and that it is incomplete due to exogenous contracting costs, unforeseen contingencies or indescribable states.
Counterexamples to the pseudo-Riemannian Lichnerowicz conjecture

The original version of the paper claimed to disprove the pseudo-Riemannian Lichnerowicz conjecture of D'Ambra and Gromov. However, the argument contains a crucial sign error in the lines following equation (8).
A Student's Guide to the Mathematics of Astronomy

1. Fundamentals 2. Gravity 3. Light 4. Parallax, angular size, and angular resolution 5. Stars 6. Black holes and cosmology References Index.
TCT-122 Acute Kidney Recovery After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Report from the Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group

Acute Kidney Recovery (AKR) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may be an important secondary benefit. We determined the incidence and predictors of AKR in a multicenter prospective registry of TAVR. After excluding patients on dialysis or who died within 48-hours post-procedure, we
Risk Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease following Microwave Ablation for Stage T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE To assess safety and renal-function outcomes after microwave (MW) ablation of localized stage T1 renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of 38 patients (28 men; mean age, 69 y; range, 51-88 y) who underwent computed tomography (CT)-guided MW ablation for stage T1N0M0 RCC. Baseline and follow-up renal function surrogates including creatinine level and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were statistically compared. Peri- and postoperative complication rates, technical success, and treatment response were also assessed. RESULTS A total of 44 biopsy-proven stage T1N0M0 RCCs measuring 1.2-6.9 cm (mean, 2.5 cm) were treated, and renal function was measured 1 mo after treatment. Mean eGFRs were 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline and 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 1 month after ablation. At 1-year and last follow-ups, the means of difference were 3.3% (95% confidence interval, -4.4 to 4.3; P = .99) and 3.3% (95% confidence interval, -4.3 to 4.8; P = .91), respectively. The 2-years freedom from eGFR decrease to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 was 2% (P = .91). Among the 5 patients (13%) with preexisting stage 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD; eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) before ablation, there was no significant postablative onset of decline or CKD upstaging (P = .001). There were no major complications, and 5 patients (13%) had small asymptomatic perinephric hematomas (Society of Interventional Radiology minor complication, class A/B) that were managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONS At 2-year follow-up, CT-guided percutaneous MW ablation is safe and well-tolerated and achieves nephron preservation similar to existing ablative modalities.
Assessment of Backfill Hydraulic Conductivity in an Instrumented Soil-Bentonite Cutoff Wall

The objective of this paper is to present a comparison of measured hydraulic conductivities (k) for soil-bentonite (SB) backfill within a 60-m-long section of a 200-m-long, 7-m-deep cutoff wall constructed and instrumented for studying SB backfill properties and variability at the field scale. Backfill k was measured using flexible-wall tests (70-mm diameter) on remolded specimens prepared from surface grab samples collected during construction; flexible-wall tests on undisturbed specimens collected from the wall; larger-scale rigid-wall tests (150-mm diameter) on remolded specimens prepared from grab samples; and slug tests conducted within the wall. Applied effective stresses in the laboratory tests ranged from 4–35 kPa, encompassing the range of in-situ stresses measured in the backfill after load transfer and consolidation (8–13 kPa). The results indicate low spatial variability in k for a given test type, consistent with the observed homogeneity of the backfill. Modest variability in k was observed among the different test types, with the slug tests and rigid-wall tests generally yielding slightly higher k relative to the flexible-wall tests at field-representative stresses.
Urinary N-Telopeptide Can Predict Pseudarthrosis After Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion: A Prospective Study.

Study design Prospective cohort study. Objective To examine preoperative urinary cross-linked n-telopeptide (uNTx) and assess for association with fusion rates in patients undergoing single and multi-level anterior cervical decompression and fusion (ACDF). Summary of background data Although high rates of fusion have been reported for ACDF, the risk of pseudarthrosis remains substantial. An established marker of bone turnover, uNTx may prove useful as a predictor of fusion. Methods Patients undergoing primary ACDF with allograft/plating technique from 2015 to 2017 by a single surgeon were consecutively enrolled and preoperative uNTx was collected. Patients undergoing revision, with creatinine >1.2, and with improperly-collected uNTx were excluded. Demographics, laboratory values, and fusion status were assessed at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years postoperatively. Results Of the 97 patients enrolled, 69 met inclusion criteria. Of included cases, 41%, 33%, 18%, and 8% underwent 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-level ACDF, respectively. Overall, fusion rates were 37.3%, 70.9%, and 95.3% at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. uNTx was higher in the fusion group (31.1 vs. 22.2, P = 0.001) at 6 months and 1 year (30.0 vs. 21.0, P = 0.006), with no difference at 2 years. No differences were identified in the proportion of smokers, immunomodulatory agents, corpectomies, or fusion levels between groups. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that uNTx is an independent predictor of fusion (odds ratio, OR, 1.124, P = 0.003). Both groups experienced improvements in NDI and VAS neck pain at 6 months with no significant differences noted between groups. Of 16 patients with pseudarthrosis at 1 year, 2 underwent posterior cervical fusion for symptoms. Conclusion Preoperative uNTx was greater in patients with successful ACDF fusion compared with patients with pseudarthrosis at 6 months and 1 year. A negative correlation was found between preoperative uNTx and motion on dynamic imaging. These results suggest that uNTx could serve to identify patients at risk for pseudarthrosis after ACDF. Level of evidence 3.
Historical Contingency and the Limits of Identity: Implications for Law and Policy

This article engages and expands our current concept of identity. Building on the practice of intersectionality, it highlights the evolving and ever-changing nature of socially constructed identities and identifies an inherent limitation at the heart of all identity-based categories, namely historical contingency. This observation has wide reaching implications regarding the practice of intersectionality and the continued use of identity as an organizing force in politics, law, and society. Historical contingency raises a series of important and difficult questions on the individual, group, and societal levels. How does this new temporal lens change our understanding of the production of identity? How do we organize for common goals in the face of an evolving and ever-changing sense of self and fidelity? How do we craft and implement resilient laws and policies that account for the dynamic nature of identity? This article engages each of these questions, in turn, within the context of LGBTQ identities and explores the implication for both identity politics and social movement building. It recommends a politics of articulation where difference is not a point of division, but rather a way to understand our commonality as rooted firmly in the authenticity of our individual lived experiences. It concludes that historical contingency can both enhance and complicate our understanding of identity, subordination, social movements, and the prospect for progressive change.
Chloroplast culture IX chlorophyll(ide) a biosynthesis invitro at rates higher than inMvivo

Abstract Chlorophyll a is the plant pigment which in nature catalyzes the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. By pretreating etiolated cucumber cotyledons with kinetin and gibberellic acid in the dark, it was observed that the plastids which were isolated from such tissues, and incubated in a cofactor-fortified medium, under a repetitive light-dark regime, were capable of synthesizing chlorophyll(ide) a from exogenous δ-aminolevulinic acid at a rate about twice as high as the highest rates observable in greening tissues in vivo .
Racial Politics of Casino Gaming in the Delta

This research explores the development of African American political and economic vitality in Tunica County, Mississippi. For much of its history, Tunica County was dominated by plantation politics - white elites maintained the status quo by opposing the election of liberal and moderate political figures and by opposing new industries in order to keep blacks in poverty and out of politics. During the 1990s, Tunica County became an entrepreneurial zone after state and local officials legalized gaming as a means to stimulate economic growth. In this article, we find that white elites no longer oppose new industry if they stand to gain financial benefits. In addition, we find less evidence that white elites want to keep blacks locked in a state of poverty and out of politics because most of the elite families live in communities isolated from blacks.
Admissions at the US Naval Academy: how the Military Brass Spend your Tax Dollars

The admissions process at the US Naval Academy at Annapolis is both like and unlike the admissions process at US civilian schools. It is similar in that the institution reports a low admission rate as evidence of its high quality, and dissimilar in that it inflates the number of real applicants by about a factor of four to achieve the appearance of this selectivity. It is like civilian schools in awarding slots to non-white racial minorities and recruited athletes, and unlike them in that these are categories that determine the level of academic standards applicants must meet rather than parts of a holistic decision process. It is like civilian schools in that applicants know they will take classes that are for the most part identical to classes at civilian universities and receive a bachelor's degree upon graduation, yet unlike them in that graduates are guaranteed employment for at least five years in the Navy or Marine Corps. It is unlike civilian schools in its strong "pull factor" of zero cost to students; the whole cost of about a half a million dollars per student over four years is borne by taxpayers, despite the fact that much cheaper commissioning pipelines produce 80% of new officers. Finally. admission is not by the Admissions Board, which only labels applicants "qualified" or not; it is the military brass which decide who receives this free-to-students education.
Association of Weekly Protected Nonclinical Time With Resident Physician Burnout and Well-being.

Importance Burnout among physicians is high, with resulting concern about quality of care. With burnout beginning early in physician training, much-needed data are lacking on interventions to decrease burnout and improve well-being among resident physicians. Objectives To design a departmental-level burnout intervention, evaluate its association with otolaryngology residents’ burnout and well-being, and describe how residents used and perceived the study intervention. Design, Setting, and Participants A prospective, nonrandomized crossover study was conducted from September 25, 2017, to June 24, 2018, among all 19 current residents in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Minnesota. Statistical analysis was performed from June 28 to August 7, 2018. Interventions All participants were assigned 2 hours per week of protected nonclinical time alternating with a control period of no intervention at 6-week intervals. Main Outcomes and Measures Burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory and Mini-Z Survey. Well-being was measured by the Resident and Fellow Well-Being Index and a quality-of-life single-item self-assessment. In addition to a baseline demographic survey, participants completed the aforementioned surveys at approximately 6-week intervals during the study period. Results Among the 19 residents in the study (10 men [53%]), the overall protected time intervention (week 0 to week 32) was associated with a mean decrease of 0.63 points (95% CI, −1.03 to −0.22 points) in the Maslach Burnout Inventory emotional exhaustion score, indicating a clinically meaningful decrease in burnout, and a mean decrease of 1.26 points (95% CI, −2.18 to −0.34 points) in the Resident and Fellow Well-Being Index score, indicating a clinically meaningful improvement in well-being. The baseline to week 32 mean changes in the Maslach Burnout Inventory depersonalization score, Maslach Burnout Inventory personal accomplishment score, and quality-of-life single-item self-assessment were not clinically meaningful. There were clinically meaningful improvements in 4 of 6 tested Mini-Z Questionnaire items from baseline to week 32: job stress (weighted κ statistic, 0.21; 95% CI, −0.11 to 0.53), burnout (weighted κ statistic, 0.25; 95% CI, −0.02 to 0.53), control over workload (weighted κ statistic, 0.26; 95% CI, −0.01 to 0.53), and sufficient time for documentation (weighted κ statistic, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.54). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that 2 hours per week of protected nonclinical time was associated with decreased burnout and increased well-being in a small sample of otolaryngology residents. Future randomized clinical studies in larger cohorts are warranted to infer causality of decreased burnout and increased well-being as a result of protected nonclinical time.
On Press: The Liberal Values That Shaped the News: Pressman, Matthew. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018, 336 pp., $29.95 (hardback).

On Press analyzes the evolution of the values that guided news judgments between 1960 and 1980. Using the unpublished internal documents of the New York Times and the Los Angeles Times, author Matt...
Some Remarks on “Adulthood” in Walter Benjamin’s Experience and Poverty

There are reasons to believe that, when Walter Benjamin referred to childhood and adulthood in his Experience and Poverty, he had Kantian Unmundigkeit (the famous “self-incurred immaturity” Kant denounces in his Was ist Aufklarung) in mind. Also, in some other texts, Benjamin made it clear that he intended to work on this specific notion of “enlightened” autonomy through some of the basic tenets of Hamann’s metacritique of Kantian philosophy; that is, through an understanding of reason as being structurally narrative. What I try to do in this text is a reading of this essay, Experience and Poverty, as belonging to the tradition of the Enlightenment from such Hamannian perspective, which I understand is the cornerstone of Benjamin’s own Coming Philosophy. In sum, I argue Benjamin follows Hamann’s radicalization of the Enlightenment by stepping away from the prejudices Hamann himself thinks motivate Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason: a “prejudice in favor of mathematics and a predilection for purity”. I will try to do so while considering the alleged “adulthood” of our contemporary “sovereign” State-Nations.
Science Forum: Imaging methods are vastly underreported in biomedical research

A variety of microscopy techniques are used by researchers in the life and biomedical sciences. As these techniques become more powerful and more complex, it is vital that scientific articles containing images obtained with advanced microscopes include full details about how each image was obtained. To explore the reporting of such details we examined 240 original research articles published in eight journals. We found that the quality of reporting was poor, with some articles containing no information about how images were obtained, and many articles lacking important basic details. Efforts by researchers, funding agencies, journals, equipment manufacturers and staff at shared imaging facilities are required to improve the reporting of experiments that rely on microscopy techniques.
NemoLib: Network Motif Libraries for Network Motif Detection and Analysis

Network motifs are frequent and unique subgraph patterns located inside networks, and have been applied to solve various biological problems. Due to the high computational costs of performing network motif analysis, various tools have been created to make the process more efficient. However, existing tools lack extensible functionality and provide limited output formats. This restricts the ability to use network motif analysis for extensive and exhaustive experiments in real problems. We provide NemoLib (Network Motif Libraries) as a general purpose tool for detection and analysis of network motifs. It is an easily adoptable and highly accessible tool with a focus on efficiency and extensibility.
Characteristics and outcomes among patients with community‐acquired respiratory virus infections during the first year after lung transplantation

BACKGROUND The current study describes the spectrum of community-acquired respiratory infections (CARV) during the first year after lung transplantation (LT). Additionally, we elucidate variables associated with CARV, management strategies utilized, and impact on early and late outcomes. METHODS This was a retrospective study among patients transplanted between 2012 and 2015 (n = 255, mean age 55.6 ± 13.5 years, M: F 152:103). The diagnosis of CARV was based on the multiplex PCR on nasopharyngeal swab samples. Baseline characteristics, post-transplant variables, and outcomes were compared among patients with and without CARV. RESULTS Eighty CARV infections developed among a quarter of the study group (n = 62, 24.3%). Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most commonly isolated CARV (n = 24) followed by coronavirus (n = 17) and RSV (n = 9). A significant proportion of episodes (43.8%) required hospitalization. The use of nasal corticosteroids and left single LT was independently associated with an increased risk of CARV. CARV infections did not impact the lung functions during the first year or the CLAD-free survival at 3 years. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant burden of CARV infections during the first year after LT. The use of nasal corticosteroids may increase the risk of CARV infection. CARV infections did not impact outcomes.
Development and Open Trial of a Technology-Enhanced Family Intervention for Adolescents at Risk for Mood Disorders.

Abstract Aim. Integrating psychosocial interventions with mobile apps may increase treatment engagement among adolescents. We examined the user experience, uptake, and clinical effects of a mobile-enhanced family-focused therapy (FFT) among adolescents at risk for mood disorders. Method. We created a mobile app containing 12 lesson plans corresponding to content of weekly FFT sessions, with modules concerning mood management, family communication and problem-solving. We pilot tested the app in an open trial of FFT (12 sessions in 18 weeks) for adolescents who had active depressive or hypomanic symptoms, a parent with mood disorder, and at least one parent who expressed high levels of criticism. Teens and parents made daily and weekly ratings of youths’ moods, amount of parent/offspring criticism, and practice of FFT psychoeducational, communication or problem-solving skills. Independent evaluators interviewed adolescents at baseline and every 9 weeks over 27 weeks to measure symptom trajectories. Results. Participants were adolescents (n=22; mean age 15.4 ± 1.8 years; 45.5% female) and their 34 parents. Completion of requested app assessment and skill practices averaged 46%-65% among adolescents and parents over 18 weeks of treatment. Adolescents showed significant improvement in clinician-rated depression scores over 27 weeks (Cohen's d=1.58, 95% CI, 0.83 to 2.32) and reported reductions in the amount of perceived criticism expressed by parents. Limitations. The uncontrolled design limits inferences about whether the mobile app augmented the effects of FFT on moods or family relationships. Conclusions. Mobile applications may enhance users’ responses to family therapy and provide clinicians with information regarding clinical status. Clinicaltrials.gov NCT03913013
18THE ENACTMENT-EXTERNALIZATION DIALECTIC: RATIONALIZATION AND THE PERSISTENCE OF COUNTERPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY DESIGN PRACTICES IN STUDENT ENGINEERING

This article explores why engineering students are committed to counterproductive practices. Student informants’ work practices appeared to coincide with lay stereotypes about what “good engineers” do, and they sought to justify those practices as rational. This externalization encouraged them to perform these practices more frequently. We characterize the relationship between the enactment of norms and the externalization of work practices as a dialectical process that helps explain why the students could not conceive of changing their practices. We draw implications for theory on occupational socialization and for the management of engineering work from our findings.
A review of chemosensors and biosensors for monitoring biofilm dynamics

Abstract Biofilms form complex structures that are ubiquitous in natural environments and can cause chronic infections which are difficult to treat. While much is known about biofilms, many questions remain about how biofilms mature and respond to internal and external stimuli. To understand the phenomena that occur within the biofilm matrix, sensing techniques capable of quantitatively resolving spatial and temporal dynamics of key analytes in the biofilm are needed. Biofilm spatial and temporal heterogeneity provide unique hurdles in fully assessing these intricacies. This review provides a detailed overview of methods that have been used to sense a variety of relevant analytes in biofilms. Electrochemical, optical, and other analytical techniques each possess distinct strengths and weaknesses depending on the application showing that biofilm sensing does not have a “one-size fits all” solution. The analyte being measured, the environment it is analyzed in, and the information that is needed determine whether known approaches may be appropriate or novel methods need to be developed. This review aims to help readers understand these techniques so that they can be applied to future projects for better understanding of biofilm elements and evolving sensing approaches.
Registered report: A pilot investigation of acute exercise response among girls and young women with and without eating disorders

OBJECTIVE Driven exercise (DEx) is a serious and common feature of eating disorders (EDs), but current understanding of factors that give rise to and maintain DEx is limited. DEx may be reinforced through its effects on the threat reduction and reward systems. The current protocol is designed to evaluate acute psychobiological response to exercise among female participants (age 16-22) with and without EDs. METHOD Twenty medically-stable participants with restrictive-spectrum EDs and 20 healthy control (HC) participants will complete study screening and three task visits which will include two 30-minute bouts of aerobic exercise. RESULTS We aim to validate and demonstrate feasibility of two tasks capturing exercise response in this sample. Further, we will estimate the degree to which a bout of exercise impacts state body image, affect, and circulating concentrations of biological markers among participants, and we will examine whether the impact of exercise on psychological outcomes may differ across ED and HC groups. DISCUSSION Completion of this project will contribute to the conceptualization of DEx and how individuals' acute biological and affective responses to exercise contribute to risk for and maintenance of DEx.
The Renaissance of Renewable Power

The politics of renewable power underwent another reversal in the second half of the 2010s. The halt in deployment imposed by the Rajoy government proved to be only temporary as pressure built for a further increase in Spain’s renewable power capacity in order to achieve the country’s overall renewable energy target for 2020. This pressure spurred the government to hold of a series of auctions through which it awarded rights to some 8700 megawatts of new renewable capacity to potentially receive remuneration under the investment-based support system adopted in 2013 and 2014. At the same time, declining costs, especially for solar photovoltaic equipment, and new mechanisms for financing projects meant that Spain was reaching the point where government support might no longer be needed. As a result, the country experienced a second renewable power boom, which culminated in the deployment of some 6.5 gigawatts of new capacity in 2019 alone.
Predictive skill, predictive capability and predictability in ocean forecasting

We discuss the concepts involved in the evaluation and quantitative verification of ocean forecasts and present two predictive skill experiments to develop and research these concepts, carried out in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea in 2001 and 2002. Ocean forecasting involves complex ocean observing and prediction systems for ocean regions with multi-scale interdisciplinary dynamical processes and strong, intermittent events. Now that ocean forecasting is becoming more common, it is critically important to interpret and evaluate regional forecasts in order to establish their usefulness to the scientific and applied communities. The Assessment of Skill for Coastal Ocean Transients (ASCOT) project is a series of real-time Coastal Predictive Skill Experiment (CPSE) and Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) experiments and simulations focused on quantitative skill evaluation, carried out by the Harvard Ocean Prediction System group in collaboration with the NATO SACLANT Undersea Research Centre. ASCOT-01 was carried out in Massachusetts Bay and the Gulf of Maine in June 2001. ASCOT-02 took place in May 2002 in the Corsican Channel near the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea. Results from the ASCOT exercises highlight the dual use of data for skill evaluation and assimilation, real-time adaptive sampling and skill optimization and present both real-time and a posteriori evaluations of predictive skill and predictive capability.
Effects of Hand Vibration on Postural Stability

The present work was aimed at defining the contribution of vibration-induced perturbation of hand proprioceptive/exteroceptive feedback on standing equilibrium. A vibrating handle, free in space or fixed to a stationary support, was held in the dominant hand while maintaining an erect posture on a force platform, eyes closed. Four arm positions were used. The results show that body sways increase significantly during hand vibration exposure when the handle is fixed. Significant shifts of the center of pressure COP are elicited in every situations. Furthermore, the shifts of the COP are clearly oriented in the direction of the handle when this latter is fixed. It is suggested that the proprioceptive information issued from the hand contributes to the elaboration of a spatial reference and to the control of posture as a function of the environmental context. These results indicate that hand vibration exposure can be considered as a risk factor which may contribute to fall accidents.