cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dietary fiber intake away-from-home and at-home in the United States

Abstract This paper examines the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on individual intake of dietary fiber in both the away-from-home and at-home markets. Empirical results generally indicated that height, region, sex, diet status, household size, age, and income significantly affect dietary fiber intake away-from-home. On the other hand, weight, urbanization, region, race, ethnicity, sex, diet status, household size, day of consumption, age, and income significantly affect dietary fiber intake-at-home. Knowledge of the influence of sociodemographic factors provides food policy makers with information necessary for the design and implementation of nutrition programs dealing with dietary fiber intake.
A New Perspective on Late Holocene Social Interaction in Northwest Alaska: Results of a Preliminary Ceramic Sourcing Study

This research examines the evidence for prehistoric ceramic exchange networks over the last 2000 years in northwest Alaska through the use of neutron activation analysis of ceramic artifacts. Results from ceramic analysis on eight coastal and inland archaeological sites identified three source macrogroups and three associated subgroups. Clay source diversity and shared source macrogroups between geographically distant sites suggest the use of multiple sources and/or the movement of pots between production locales, mirroring related patterns in pottery stylistic data. Although additional analytical work is needed to fully understand the changing character of clay procurement and ceramic distribution across this time period, this study provides exploratory data on past ceramic production and distribution that hints at changes in exchange and territoriality in northwest Alaska during the late Holocene.
Interdisciplinary Role Play Between Social Work and Theater Students

Teaching BSW and MSW students beginning interviewing and relationship-building skills is essential in order to prepare them for practice with clients. In social work methods courses, role plays are commonly-used instructional strategies for helping foundation-level students acquire these initial practice skills. Despite the popularity of this teaching method, the social work literature contains limited studies on the use of role play. In this study, 2 role-play methods are compared, a traditional one in which social work students act out the role of client and social worker and a nontraditional one where the only difference was that theater students role-played the client. Findings revealed that social work students perceived the nontraditional role play as providing a more realistic experience that more closely approximates actual work with clients. Many unanticipated benefits for both sets of students surfaced as a result of this research. Implications for ways to improve this pedagogical tool are discu...
Mobile genetic elements of Fusobacterium nucleatum.

Abstract The gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, Fusobacterium nucleatum, is a predominant member of the human oral flora. As a major component of subgingival plaque, this bacterium has a significant impact on the ecology of the oral cavity due to its ability to adhere to many different microbial species. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize plasmids and transposons that may have the potential to be developed into tools for cloning, genetic transformation, and mutagenesis of oral isolates of F. nucleatum. Analysis of a collection of laboratory strains resulted in the identification of a homologous family of small cryptic plasmids. Plasmids within this family ranged in size from 6.0 to 6.6 kb. Eighteen percent of all strains examined (n = 74) contained DNA sequences related to the plasmids. Homologous plasmid sequences were found in strains belonging to 2 of the 3 subspecies of the bacterium. The 2 smallest plasmid species were cloned in Escherichia coli to facilitate endonuclease restriction mapping. Among the strains examined for plasmids, 5 exhibited resistance to at least 10 μg/ml of tetracycline. These strains, all members of the subsp, polymorphum , contained a tetracycline resistance determinant (TetM) as part of a Tn916-like integrated transposon sequence. The Tn916-like element and 1 of the plasmid species co-resided in a single strain of the bacterium. Hybridization patterns of the Tn916-like sequences were identical in all 5 tetracycline-resistant strains. However, these strains appeared to be clonally distinct based on genomic fingerprinting.
Local Television's Ethical Dilemma: Controversial Network Programming

Since the controversial 2004 Super Bowl halftime show with Janet Jackson, local TV general managers have been under pressure to identify and control indecent network programming—programming they do not originate yet can be fined for by the FCC. The purpose of this study was to see what local station general managers were thinking about this issue, and to see how moral reasoning may contribute to their thinking. Most of the 217 managers surveyed tended to apply moral reasoning principles consistent with lower levels of established normative models. The results demonstrate the potential of directly applying moral reasoning theory to the practice of gatekeeping.
INTRAUTERINE DIAGNOSIS OF SEX CHROMOSOME ANOMALIES: PROGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT

Intrauterine diagnosis places upon the physician the responsibility for making a diagnosis and a prognosis for an individual he has not seen or examined. Prognostication for a fetus with sex chromosomal aneuploidy (SCA) is particularly difficult and varies tremendously in various centers and in various parts of the world. As a result, the message patients get from their counselors and what action patients take varies greatly in different parts of the country. The author has received 86 telephone consults either from counselors or patients from various parts of the U.S.A. and Canada and has followed up the actions taken by these consultands. Two-thirds of couples, who represent a biased selection, have continued the pregnancy, irrespective of the fetal karyotype. The nature of the prognosis and future management of these high risk fetuses, especially the impact of environmental factors and long-term support, will be discussed.
Ecological correlates between rangeland grasshopper (Orthoptera : Acrididae) and plant communities of Southern Idaho

Grasshopper and plant community relationships in southern Idaho were examined within a life–history context. Plant species composition (by weight) and density and species composition of grasshoppers were estimated at 52 sites in south–central Idaho, representing a range of plant communities from native sagebrush–bunchgrass to exotic annual grasslands.The plant community at each site was evaluated using the Grime triangular model of plant life–history strategies,which consists of 3 axes representing adaptations to competition, stress, and disturbance. Four attributes were measured for the 20 most common grasshopper species: mean density, habitat breadth, average instar in June, and diet breadth. Grasshopper density, habitat breadth, and diet breadth were correlated positively with site scores on the disturbance axis of the Grime life–history model and were correlated negatively with site scores on the competition and stress axes. Results suggest that characterization of grasshopper and plant community life–history strategies provides useful insights for understanding the dynamics of grasshopper assemblages from different habitats.
Thermally induced reversible switching in a-Ge films: effect of change in the thermal resistance

Abstract The influence of the thermal resistance between an amorphous semi-conducting film and its temperature bath on the switching behaviour is discussed. In particular, reversible switching observed in a-Ge films immersed in liquid helium is shown to be thermal in origin by observing the effect on the threshold voltage of cooling the liquid helium bath through the lambda-point. The applicability of such a test to the study of switching in amorphous chalcogenide films is pointed out.
Women's Work and Economic Development

Using a cross-country dataset and microdata from India and Thailand, we examine how women's work status changes with economic development. Several clear patterns emerge: women's labor force participation first declines and then rises with development; women move from work in family enterprises to work as paid employees; fertility declines; and gender gaps in education narrow. Women's education levels, and those of their spouses, appear to be important determinants of women's labor market activities. Broad welfare indicators, such as mortality rates and education levels, indicate that women's well-being improves on average with development, both in absolute terms and relative to men.
DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY TEST PROCEDURES FOR MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON

ABSTRACT Recommended bioassay procedures are presented that can be routinely applied to evaluate the relative toxicity of oil, chemical dispersants, and oil-dispersant mixtures to 1) naturally occurring populations of phytoplankton, and 2) representative marine phytoplankters grown in pure culture. The methods presented, in general, represent 1) application of techniques routinely employed in the measurement of marine primary productivity, and 2) application of the Inhibitory Toxicity Test, a tentative method devised by the American Society for Testing and Materials to evaluate acute toxicity of industrial wastes to diatoms.
When Conversation Is Not Enough: Assessing Infinitival Complements through Elicitation.

Children with language impairment have been found to show limited usage of infinitival complements, one of the earliest complex sentence types to emerge and a significant form in school-age languag...
Distribution and ultrastructural localization of GEC1 in the rat CNS.

Abstract We have previously demonstrated that GEC1 interacts with the κ opioid receptor and GEC1 expression enhances cell surface expression of the receptor in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In this study, we generated an antiserum (PA629) directed against GEC1 in rabbits, characterized its specificity, and investigated distribution of GEC1 in tissues and in brain regions and spinal cord and its subcellular localization in hypothalamic neurons in the rat. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that PA629 recognized HA-GEC1 transfected into Chinese hamster ovary cells, but not HA-GABARAP or HA-GATE-16, although the three share high homology. Pre-incubation of PA629 with GST-GEC1, but not GST, abolished the staining. In immunoblotting, affinity-purified PA629 (PA629p) recognized GEC1, GABARAP and GATE-16. GEC1 migrated slower than GABARAP and GATE-16, with a Mr of 16 kDa for GEC1 and Mr of 14 kDa for GABARAP and GATE-16. Immunoblotting results showed that GEC1 level was higher in liver and brain than in lung and heart, and very low in kidney and skeletal muscle. GEC1 was present in all rat brain regions examined and spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that GEC1 immunoreactivity was distributed ubiquitously in the rat CNS with highly intense immunoreactivity in various brain nuclei and motor neurons of the spinal cord. Ultrastructural examination of neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus showed that GEC1 was associated with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and distributed along plasma membranes and in cytosol. Coupled with our previous observation that GEC1 interacts with N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor, these findings strongly suggest that GEC1 functions in intracellular trafficking in the biosynthesis pathway and perhaps also the endocytic pathway. The widespread distribution of GEC1 suggests that GEC1 may be associated with many proteins, in addition to the κ opioid receptor.
Shock-tube measurements of the absorption oscillator strength for the OH 2Σ→2Π electronic band system☆

Abstract Previous shock tube measurements of the oscillator strength for the OH 2Σ→2Π band system made in this Laboratory(1) have been corrected. Light scattering in the absolute intensity calibration has been eliminated(1) and a continuous flushing technique was used for preparation and introduction of the water vapor-argon test gas mixture into the shock tube.(1) The experimental technique remains essentially the same as in the earlier srudies: hot gas samples of OH at 3100–3500°K were produced by the dissociation of H2O behind the reflected shock, and the linear rate of increase of absolute spectral intensity in the transparent gas region was measured by monitoring emission from axial observations in the shock tube. The absorption electronic f-number for the 2Σ→2Π band system has been determined from the shock tube measurements as (3·9 ± 0·9) x 10−3. This value should be compared with Carrington's (4) result of 1·4 x 10−33 from absorption measurements in flames, and Oldenberg and Rieke's (5) value of 1·3 x 10−33 and Dyne's (6) value of 0·7 x 10−33 from measurements in absorption cells.
Nitric Oxide Modulates Synaptic Vesicle Docking/Fusion Reactions

Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates calcium-independent neurotransmitter release from synaptosomes. NO-stimulated release was found to be inhibited by Botulinum neurotoxins that inactivate the core complex of synaptic proteins involved in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles. In experiments using recombinant proteins, NO donors increased formation of the VAMP/SNAP-25/syntaxin 1a core complex and inhibited the binding of n-sec1 to syntaxin 1a. The combined effects of these activities is predicted to promote vesicle docking/fusion. The sulfhydryl reagent NEM inhibited the binding of n-sec1 to syntaxin 1a, while beta-ME could reverse the NO-enhanced association of VAMP/SNAP-25/syntaxin 1a. These data suggest that post-translational modification of sulfhydryl groups by a nitrogen monoxide (likely to be NO+) alters the synaptic protein interactions that regulate neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity.
The pharmacogenomics of P‐glycoprotein and its role in veterinary medicine

Despite advancements in pharmacogenetics in human medicine, the incorporation of pharmacogenetics into veterinary medicine is still in its early stages of development. To date, efforts to understand the pharmacologic impact of genetic variation in veterinary species have largely focused on genes encoding for the membrane transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). The emphasis on the role of P-gp is largely because of safety concerns associated with the use of some macrocyclic lactones in dogs. Because of the body of information available on this topic, we use P-gp as a platform for understanding the importance of population diversity in veterinary medicine. The impact of P-gp on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is considered, along with endogenous and exogenous factors that can modulate P-gp activity. The review includes discussion of how population diversity in P-gp activity can lead to susceptibility to certain diseases or alter patient response to environmental stress or pharmaceutical intervention. In addition, phenotypic diversity also needs to be considered, as demonstrated by the impact of P-gp up-regulation and drug resistance. The aim of this review was to set the stage for further exploration into the impact of genetic and phenotypic variability on drug pharmacokinetics, disease propensity, product formulation and drug response in both companion and food-producing animals.
Epilepsy in the families of epileptics.

Summary Interviews were obtained with members of the families of 669 epileptic subjects with 3,361 close relatives, and 470 control patients with 2,858 close relatives. A small but significant familial aggregation of idiopathic major motor epilepsy was demonstrated. This aggregation appeared to vary with the age of the proband at onset of epilepsy and was highest when the proband's epilepsy started between the ages of 0 and 31/2 years and between 91/2 and 151/2 years. No familial aggregation could be demonstrated when the age at onset was over 151/2 years, or in other types of epilepsy. Simple febrile convulsions were not included in the study. Hereditary transmission of epilepsy could not be demonstrated, but it could not be ruled out. Familial aggregation of idiopathic major motor epilepsy may be due to familial aggregation of perinatal brain injury, to inheritance, or to a combination of these factors. Further studies are needed to clarify this. Risk tables are presented, showing the chances of relatives of patients with idiopathic major motor epilepsy of developing epilepsy. The highest risk was found to occur in the close relatives of probands who had developed major motor epilepsy before 31/2 years of age: 7.6 per cent of these relatives may be expected to develop major motor seizures by 191/2 years of age, and 9.4 per cent by 391/2 years of age. Comparable control risks were 1.4 and 2.3 per cent.
Co-continuous Metal-Ceramic Nanocomposites

A room temperature technique was developed to produce continuous metal nanowires embedded in random nanoporous ceramic skeletons. The synthesis involves preparation of uniform, nanoporous ceramic preforms, and subsequent electrochemical metal infiltration at room temperature, so to avoid materials incompatibilities frequently encountered in traditional high temperature liquid metal infiltration. Structure and preliminary evaluations of mechanical and electronic properties of copper/alumina nanocomposites are reported.
A moisture budget perspective of the amount effect

A stable water isotopologue-enabled cloud-resolving model was used to investigate the cause of the amount effect on the seasonal (or longer) time scales. When the total water (vapor and condensed phase) budget of the precipitating column of air is considered, our results indicate that as convection becomes stronger and the precipitation rate increases, the δD of precipitation (δDp) depends on the isotopic composition of the converged vapor more than that of surface evaporation. Tests with disabled fractionation from rain evaporation demonstrate that this mechanism does not account for the amount effect as has been previously suggested. If the isotopic content of converged vapor is made uniform with height with a value characteristic of surface evaporation, the amount effect largely disappears, further supporting the dominance of converged vapor in changes to the δDp signal with increasing precipitation. δDp values were compared to the water budget term EP, where P is precipitation and E is evaporation. Results from this comparison support the overall conclusion that moisture convergence is central in determining the value of δDp and the strength of the amount effect in steady state.
Effect of pressure-dependent quantum interference on the ac Stark shifting of two-photon resonances

We describe ac Stark shift production and measurement in a two-laser mode where a first laser is tuned through a two-photon resonance between the ground state and an excited state in order to record a line shape for the corresponding resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization. A second laser is tuned to a fixed wavelength which is close to a resonance between the upper state in the two-photon transition and a third state which has dipole-allowed transitions back to the ground state. At low concentrations the second laser leads to very large ac Stark shifts in the two-photon excitation and in the related resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization. However, at high concentrations a destructive interference occurs involving the three-photon coupling between the third state and the ground state and the one-photon coupling due to the four-wave-mixing field at frequency 2[omega][sub [ital L]1][plus minus][omega][sub [ital L]2]. This interference leads to a pressure-dependent suppression of the amplitude for the third state. When this destructive interference occurs, the ac Stark shift due to the second laser undergoes a corresponding pressure-dependent suppression. The criteria for the pressure to be high enough to completely suppress the ac Stark shift is that the real part of phase mismatch [vertmore » bar][Delta][ital k][vert bar] at the angular frequency 2[omega][sub [ital L]1][plus minus][omega][sub [ital L]2] and (or) the absorption coefficient [beta] at the same frequency should be very large, so that with unfocused focused beams [vert bar][Delta][ital k][vert bar][ital L][gt]5[[Delta][sub [ital s]][sup (max)][tau]][sup 1/2], where [ital L] is the thickness of gas penetrated before the shift is measured, [Delta][sub [ital s]][sup (max)] is the maximum ac Stark shift at very low pressure, and [tau] is the pulse length of the lasers.« less
Sinus arrhythmia in rheumatic fever

Abstract 1. 1. The degree (frequency index) of sinus arrhythmia was investigated in children suffering an initial attack of rheumatic fever (with and without carditis), in children with a recurrent attack, and in children with normal hearts who served as controls. 2. 2. At slow heart rates (less than 100 per minute) there was no difference between the control, normal-heart, and carditis groups at the time of admission, but a highly significant decrease was observed in the recurrence group. 3. 3. At fast heart rates (100 per minute and more) both the normal-heart and carditis groups on admission showed a significant decrease in sinus arrhythmia as compared with the control group, and the recurrence group showed a significant decrease as compared with the normal-heart and carditis groups. 4. 4. At the time of discharge, the normal-heart and carditis groups showed similar values; the values for the former had decreased more than had those for the latter, as compared with the admission values. 5. 5. It is suggested that the fall in sinus arrhythmia observed between admission and discharge and the low-frequency index of sinus arrhythmia in the recurrence group may be due to permanent damage to the sinus node by the rheumatic process.
Glucosylation of lignin precursors by uridine diphosphate glucose: coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase in higher plants

Summary 1. A glucosyltransferase, which catalyses the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to coniferyl alcohol with the formation of coniferin, has been isolated from lignifying stem segments of Forsythia ovata Nakai. The enzyme has been partially purified (20-fold) by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 column. 2. Coniferin, which was the major product of the enzyme reaction, was chromatographed in three solvent systems and its identity was confirmed by hydrolysis with β-glucosidase and co-chromatography of the hydrolysis products. 3. This glucosyltransferase appeared quite similar in its properties to the analogous enzyme previously reported from Paul's scarlet rose cell suspension culture (Ibrahim and Grisebach, 1976). It had a pH optimum of 7.5 in Tris-HCl buffer and 8.0 in phosphate buffer; required an -SH group for activity and was inhibited by p -chloromercuribenzoate; it had no requirement for any of the divalent metal ions Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ or Mn 2+ . 4. The enzyme exhibited an absolute specificity for coniferyl alcohol (K m 3.7 μM) and sinapyl alcohol. With coniferyl alcohol as substrate, the apparent K m value for UDP-glucose was 25 μM. The enzyme also glucosylated the following phenolic acceptors (with relative activities compared to coniferyl alcohol = 100): sinapyl alcohol, 82; ferulic acid, 18; sinapic acid, 14; scopoletin, 10; isorhamnetin, 18. No activity was found with the C 6 -C 1 acids or with monohydroxy compounds including p -coumaryl alcohol. 5. The enzyme preparation was probably contaminated with another glucosyltransferase which catalysed the formation of another isomer of coniferin, tentatively identified as isoconiferin. 6. The distribution of coniferyl alcohol glucosyltransferase among different taxa suggest that the enzyme is of universal occurrence in the plant kingdom. Low levels of activity was detectable in the bryophytes and pteridophytes, while high specific activities of the enzyme were found in most of the woody angiosperms and almost all gymnosperm species tested.
A characteristic-free example of a Lascoux resolution, and letter-place methods for intertwining numbers

An example is given to show the relationship between characteristic-free resolutions and Lascoux resolutions of Weyl modules. We also give an indication of use of letter-place methods for the calculation of intertwining numbers.
Expression of neural markers in human umbilical cord blood.

A population of cells derived from human and rodent bone marrow has been shown by several groups of investigators to give rise to glia and neuron-like cells. Here we show that human umbilical cord blood cells treated with retinoic acid (RA) and nerve growth factor (NGF) exhibited a change in phenotype and expressed molecular markers usually associated with neurons and glia. Musashi-1 and β-tubulin III, proteins found in early neuronal development, were expressed in the induced cord blood cells. Other molecules associated with neurons in the literature, such as glypican 4 and pleiotrophin mRNA, were detected using DNA microarray analysis and confirmed independently with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and its mRNA were also detected in both the induced and untreated cord blood cells. Umbilical cord blood appears to be more versatile than previously known and may have therapeutic potential for neuronal replacement or gene delivery in neurodegenerative diseases, trauma, and genetic disorders.
Enhanced Polymer Grafting from Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes through Living Anionic Surface-Initiated Polymerization

Anionic surface-initiated polymerization of ethylene oxide and styrene has been performed using multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) functionalized with anionic initiators. The surface of MWNTs was modified via covalent attachment of precursor anions such as 4-hydroxyethyl benzocyclobutene (BCB-EO) and 1-benzocyclobutene-1′-phenylethylene (BCB-PE) through Diels−Alder cycloaddition at 235 °C. Surface-functionalized MWNTs-g-(BCB-EO)n and MWNTs-g-(BCB-PE)n with 23 and 54 wt % precursor initiators, respectively, were used for the polymerizations. Alkoxide anion on the surface of MWNTs-g-(BCB-EO)n was generated through reaction with potassium triphenylmethane for the polymerization of ethylene oxide in tetrahydrofuran and phenyl substituted alkyllithium was generated from the surface of MWNTs-g-(BCB-PE)n using sec-butyllithium for the polymerization of styrene in benzene. In both cases, the initiation was found to be very slow because of the heterogeneous reaction medium. However, the MWNTs gradually dispersed...
Migration and the life course: is there a retirement transition?

"This paper focuses on pre-elderly (ages 55-64) net migration in the United States for the period 1980-90, to explore the hypothesis that there exists a ?retirement transition' that characterizes pre-elderly migration.... This research uses ordinary least squares regression to compare the effects of demographic, economic, and amenity factors on county-level net migration rates for five age groups: the young (25-44), the middle-aged (45-54), the pre-elderly (55-64), the young-old (65-74), and the old-old (75+). Pre-elderly migration patterns emerge as distinct from those of both younger and older age groups. Their net migration patterns are not fully shaped by labour force considerations. At the same time, pre-elderly migration appears to be driven by factors beyond retirement. These findings are discussed in the context of life-course change and their implications for the ageing baby-boom cohorts [considered]."
The biologically active form of the sea urchin egg receptor for sperm is a disulfide-bonded homo-multimer

Since many cell surface receptors exist in their active form as oligomeric complexes, we have investigated the subunit composition of the biologically active sperm receptor in egg plasma membranes from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Electrophoretic analysis of the receptor without prior reduction of disulfide bonds revealed that the surface receptor exists in the form of a disulfide-bonded multimer, estimated to be a tetramer. These findings are in excellent agreement with the fact that the NH2-terminus of the extracellular domain of the sperm receptor is rich in cysteine residues. Studies with cross-linking agents of various length and hydrophobicity suggest that no other major protein is tightly associated with the receptor. Given the multimeric structure of the receptor, we investigated the effect of disulfide bond reduction on its biological activity. Because in quantitative bioassays fertilization was found to be inhibited by treatment of eggs with 5 mM dithiothreitol, we undertook more direct studies of the effect of reduction on properties of the receptor. First, we studied the effect of addition of isolated, pure receptor on fertilization. Whereas the non-reduced, native receptor complex inhibited fertilization in a dose-dependent manner, the reduced and alkylated receptor was inactive. Second, we tested the ability of the isolated receptor to mediate binding of acrosome-reacted sperm to polystyrene beads. Whereas beads coated with native receptor bound sperm, those containing reduced and alkylated receptor did not. Thus, these results demonstrate that the biologically active form of the sea urchin sperm receptor consists only of 350 kD subunits and that these must be linked as a multimer via disulfide bonds to produce a complex that is functional in sperm recognition and binding.
Effects of Intra-arterial and Intravenous Epinephrine on Disappearance of Nal131 from Calf Muscle and on Calf Blood Flow

The effects of intra-arterial and intravenous infusions of epinephrine on total blood flow in the calf and on capillary blood flow in calf muscle were determined in human subjects rising venous occlusion plethysmography and radioisotope disappearance rates respectively. The two technics usually demonstrated similar changes with both intravenous and intraarterial routes of administration. Since intravenous epinephrine affected the radioisotope disappearance rates, the hypothesis that epinephrine acts on arteriovenous shunts alone does not appear to apply in these experiments. Intra-arterial epinephrine often produced a sustained increase in blood flow similar to that produced by intravenous epinephrine, indicating that the initial and sustained actions could be explained by local effects of the agent. These studies also add further support for using the radioisotope disappearance rate as a qualitative measure of skeletal muscle blood flow.
Successful surgical management of airway perforation in preterm infants

Traumatic airway perforation during endotracheal intubation is an uncommon but life-threatening complication in preterm infants. Death usually occurs at the time of the injury, but in rare cases where the infant survives the initial resuscitation, therapeutic options include conservative versus surgical management. We describe three cases of airway perforation treated successfully with surgical intervention and without lung resection, utilizing novel graft material and cardiopulmonary bypass to facilitate repair. In preterm infants who survive the initial injury we advocate for early identification and surgical management with cardiopulmonary bypass when feasible.
Monthly Variability of Fibrocystic Breast Disease as Assessed by Palpation1

Breast nodules in women afflicted with “fibrocystic breast disease” show a variability in time. This paper proposes a Markov chain to model this temporal change. The model seems to fit the available data very well, if different parameters are used for pre- und post-menopausal women.
Analysis of a modified Schrödinger operator in 2D: Regularity, index, and FEM

Let r=(x"1^2+x"2^2)^1^/^2 be the distance function to the origin [email protected]?R^2, and let us fix @d>0. We consider the ''Schrodinger-type mixed boundary value problem'' [email protected][email protected]^-^[email protected]?H^m^-^1(@W) on a bounded polygonal domain @[email protected]?R^2. The singularity in the potential @dr^-^2 severely limits the regularity of the solution u. This affects the rate of convergence to u of the finite element approximations u"[email protected]?S obtained using a quasi-uniform sequence of meshes. We show that a suitable graded sequence of meshes recovers the quasi-optimal convergence rate @?u-u"[email protected]?"H"^"1"("@W")@?Cdim(S"n)^-^m^/^[email protected][email protected]?"H"^"m"^"-"^"1"("@W"), where S"n are the FE spaces of continuous, piecewise polynomial functions of degree m>=1 associated to our sequence of meshes and u"n=u"S"""[email protected]?S"n are the FE approximate solutions. This is in spite of the fact that [email protected][email protected]?H^m^+^1(@W) in general. One of the main results of our paper is to show that the singularities due to the potential and the singularities due to the singularities of the domain or to the change in boundary conditions can be treated in the same way. Our proof is based on regularity and well-posedness results in weighted Sobolev spaces, with the weight taking into account all singularities (including the ones coming from the potential). Our regularity results apply also to operators with weaker singularities, like the Schrodinger operator [email protected][email protected]^-^1, for which we also obtain Fredholm conditions and a formula for the index. Our a priori estimates also extend to piecewise smooth domains (i.e., curvilinear polygonal domains).
Electrophysiological responses in mutant-eyed drones of Apis mellifera to selected wavelengths of light

The neural responses of eyes of wild-type and seven mutant-eyed drones of Apis mellifera to wavelengths of light between 350 and 700 nm was determined. The responses of all types were identical in young drones (1–3 days after emergence), with maximum sensitivity at 440 nm. No change in the wavelength of maximal sensitivity occurred in the wild-type drones, in the brick mutant, or in three permanently white-eyed mutants, as ageing continued. In two mutants a shift of 40 nm toward the longer wavelengths occurred as ommochrome synthesis proceeded during the first 10 to 12 days of adulthood. It is suggested that binding of the ommochrome with the proteins of the pigment cells alters the quality of light reaching the underlying visual pigment. In the third mutant, a shift of similar magnitude occurred with accumulation of ommochrome precursor. A hypothesis that this material filters the entering light, and hence shifts the response maximum agrees well with the observations obtained.
Advances in the understanding of myeloma bone disease and tumour growth

Advances in multiple myeloma support the notion that the associated bone disease, characterized by increased osteoclastogenesis and suppressed osteoblastogenesis, is both a consequence and necessity of tumour progression. Osteoblastogenesis is suppressed by secreted inhibitors and dysregulation of cell-surface 'coupling' factors on osteogenic cells. Osteoclastogenesis is increased as a consequence of osteoblast deactivation and of production of osteoclast-activating factors. Osteoclasts express soluble and cell-surface factors that stimulate myeloma growth, while osteoblasts produce bone-building factors that restrain growth of myeloma cells that are dependent on the microenvironment; detailed molecular mechanisms are discussed. Experimental and clinical findings indicate that pharmacological and experimental osteoblast-activating agents that effectively promote bone formation also reduce growth of myeloma cells within bone, seemingly by simultaneously stimulating osteoblastogenesis and restraining osteoclastogenesis. Unravelling mechanisms of myeloma bone disease expands horizons for developing novel interventions and also facilitates better understanding of the association between induction of osteolysis and disease progression.
The impact of lesion laterality on neuropsychological change following posterior pallidotomy: a review of current findings.

This paper reviews seven studies evaluating the impact of lesion laterality on the neuropsychological sequelae of posterior pallidotomy for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Left lesions of the internal globus pallidus (GPi) were associated with subtle deficits on measures sensitive to frontal lobe function. The findings of a randomized clinical trial including a patient control group indicated that many of these deficits were transient, resolving by 6 months following surgery. Right GPi lesions were not consistently associated with neuropsychological deficit, except in one study that included a significant proportion of demented patients. It is hypothesized that when neuropsychological decline is present following surgery, this reflects impingement of posterior GPi lesions into proximal regions such as anterior GPi or the external pallidum that participate in cognitive basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits. The findings from neuroimaging will be important for elucidating the relationship between lesion locus and neuropsychological sequelae.
The syntax of Southern American English personal datives: An anti-locality account

Southern American English licenses personal dative constructions (Horn 2008), also known as coreferential dative constructions (Al-Zahre and Boneh 2010). The sentences in (1) are a few examples; they contain nonsubcategorized pronominal arguments that are obligatorily coreferential with the subject. These unselected pronouns are dative case-marked in languages like Hebrew and Arabic— thus the name personal dative—but they are not overtly dative in Southern American English.
Dehydration of ethanol–water mixtures using asymmetric hollow fiber membranes from commercial polyimides

Abstract Dehydration of ethanol/water mixtures was performed by a pervaporation process using asymmetric hollow fiber membranes made from commercially available polymers: Matrimid ® (polyimide) and Torlon ® (polyamide–imide). The as-spun membranes showed low separation factors of ethanol and water mixtures. To increase their separation performance, thermal annealing of the fibers was performed. Thermally annealed fibers showed markedly increased separation performance, and this improvement depends upon the annealing conditions (both annealing temperature and time). The calculated intrinsic selectivities of the annealed Matrimid ® fibers are 416 and 275 for 15 wt% and 95 wt% ethanol feeds, respectively. However the observed separation factors for the corresponding 15 wt% and 95 wt% feeds are 40 and 240, respectively. The decrease in the separation factors, compared to the intrinsic selectivities, especially for 15 wt% ethanol feed, is due to the unfavorable relative vapor pressures of the components and their unfavorable relative activity coefficients. The Torlon ® fibers showed separation factors of 130 at 85 wt% ethanol feed. Long term stability tests were performed on the annealed Matrimid ® fibers at low and high ethanol feeds. The annealed Matrimid ® fibers showed stable separations over time at low ethanol concentrations (15 wt% ethanol), however at higher ethanol concentrations (85–95 wt% ethanol), the membranes eventually become swollen and plasticized by ethanol resulting in decreased separation performance. Crosslinking of the polymeric chains, therefore, appears to be necessary to stabilize the structures for long term application.
A unique role for the hippocampus in recollecting the past and remembering the future

Suddendorf & Corballis (S&C) argue that episodic memory is the most flexible and recently evolved memory system, and point to the reorganization of prefrontal cortex throughout human evolution as the neuroanatomical substrate. Their approach, however, fails to address the unique role that the hippocampus, a primitive brain region, plays in creating and recalling episodic memories, as well as future event construction.
Comparing large and small metropolitan newspaper coverage of delinquency with arrest data: differential coverage or more of the same?

It is generally assumed and expected that newspapers do not portray an accurate picture of crime. However, little research exists to confirm this misrepresentation as it relates to juvenile offenders in small compared to large metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study is to assess how accurate small and large Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) newspapers are in their depiction of juvenile offenders compared to Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data and whether or not the degree of accuracy differs across different sized metropolitan areas. An analysis of 953 articles reveals that small and large MSAs differentially cover juvenile offenders and that this coverage differs by gender. It is equally clear that newspaper coverage of delinquency in both small and large MSAs does not accurately represent arrest statistics and that this accuracy also differs by both MSA size and gender.
Influence of early malnutrition on subsequent behavioral development. V. Child's behavior at home.

In a study of 96 Barbadian schoolchildren with a history of malnutrition and their matched controls, we examined the behavior of the child at home as reported by the mother. Index and control groups differed significantly on a composite of seven behavioral factors, since index children were identified as less well-behaved than their controls. They were also described as being less well-behaved in comparison with their siblings. The behavioral patterns of the index children were partly attributable to poor socioeconomic circumstances and to a bad microenvironment in the home. This contrasts with our previous reports of impaired classroom behavior and reduced IQ in the same children, which are associated only with the episode of early malnutrition without a significant contribution from socio-economic and microenvironmental factors in the home. Finally, we discussed the merits of different questionnaire procedures for use in studies of this type.
Fears about HIV transmission in families with an HIV-infected parent: a qualitative analysis.

OBJECTIVE. Children of HIV-infected parents may be affected by their parents9 disease even if not infected themselves. Because of advances in HIV treatment that have reduced the risk for vertical HIV transmission from mother to child, more HIV-infected adults are having children. Few studies have examined whether families with an HIV-infected parent experience fears about transmission to children and how they address such fears. In this article, we describe transmission-related fears in families with an HIV-infected parent. METHODS. We used semistructured qualitative interviews, conducted in person from March 2004 to March 2005, with 33 HIV-infected parents, 27 minor children who were 9 to 17 years of age, 19 adult children, and 15 caregivers (adult family members or friends who helped care for the children and/or parents) to investigate their fears about HIV transmission. The parents are a subset from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study, a study of people in care for HIV throughout the United States. We analyzed the interview transcripts for themes related to transmission fears. RESULTS. In many of the families, participants identified ≥1 HIV transmission–related fear. Themes included specific fears related to blood contact, bathroom items, kissing/hugging, and food. Families addressed their fears by educating children about modes of HIV transmission and establishing rules or taking precautions to reduce the risk for HIV transmission in the household. HIV-infected parents were also concerned about catching opportunistic infections from a sick child. CONCLUSIONS. Many of the fears experienced by HIV-infected parents and their children were based on misconceptions about modes of HIV transmission. Pediatricians and others who treat these children may be able to offer counseling to allay fears that family members have about household transmission of HIV.
Neonatal T-cell tolerance to minimal immunogenic peptides is caused by clonal inactivation

The mechanisms underlying T-lymphocyte tolerance induced in neonatal mice are still unknown1–3. It is unclear whether the tolerant state is the result of inactivation of T cells on exposure to antigen during development or of active suppression by other T cells specific for the same antigen. To distinguish between these two hypotheses, we have analysed the specificity of tolerance to three cytochrome peptides which differ by only a single amino-acid substitution in the epitope recognized by proliferative T cells. The peptides stimulate proliferative responses which are highly specific with minimal cross-reactivity. As antigen-induced clonal inactivation would address the same cells normally activated by that antigen, the specificity of tolerance should exactly match that of the proliferative response to the antigen, and each cytochrome peptide should induce tolerance to itself alone. Conversely, as T-suppressor (Ts) and T-proliferative (Tp) cells almost invariably seem to recognize distinct, non-overlapping determinants on protein antigens (see, for example, refs 4–6), suppressor-mediated tolerance should not be affected by substitutions in the proliferative T-cell epitope. Tolerance would depend solely on the existence of a shared suppressor determinant, so each cytochrome peptide should induce cross-tolerance to the others. We found that the specificity of tolerance matched that of the proliferative response: each peptide induced tolerance for itself but the response to the variants was unaltered. This result strongly supports the hypothesis of clonal inactivation as an important mechanism in induction of neonatal tolerance.
Analytical applications of Raman spectroscopy in the pharmaceutical field

Abstract The relationship between Raman spectroscopy and other analytical methods is discussed. The presence or absence of some molecular groups, homopolar ones for example, is sometimes best measured by Raman methods. Examples of analyses of corrosive liquids, and other inorganic and organic compounds, including macromolecules, are given.
TiN as a high temperature diffusion barrier for arsenic and boron

Abstract The use of TiN thin films as high temperature diffusion barrier layers for arsenic and boron was investigated. The TiN films are formed by reactive evaporation at room temperature and then annealed at a higher temperature. TiN and TiN/TiSi2 films are placed between heavily doped polycrystalline silicon films and single-crystal silicon substrates of opposite doping polarity for secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis and electrical measurements of Schottky and ohmic contacts respectively. The results indicate that TiN is a good diffusion barrier for arsenic at 900°C. The effectiveness of this property is degraded as the temperature exceeds 900°C and it becomes ineffective at 1000°C. TiN is a better diffusion barrier for boron than for arsenic. It allows limited diffusion of boron at temperatures of up to 1000°C. The TiN/TiSi2 composite forms good ohmic contacts when the substrates are heavily doped. The ohmic contacts can survive after annealing at temperatures of up to 1000°C. It also forms good Schottky contacts when the substrates are lightly doped. The Schottky contacts can survive after annealing at temperatures of up to 950°C in one case and of up to 1000°C in another case.
Destabilization of tyrosine aminotransferase by amino acids.

Several L-amino acids (tyrosine, glutamate, methionine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine) and penicillamine destabilized purified tyrosine aminotransferase by removing enzyme-bound pyridoxal 5′-phosphate. The destabilization was measured as a progressive loss of enzyme activity in samples taken at intervals from a primary mixture that was incubated at 37°C. Each destabilizing amino acid either served as a substrate for this enzyme or was a product of transamination. In contrast, L-cysteine destabilized the enzyme only if liver homogenate was added, which generated polysulfide by desulfuration. Cysteine complexed free pyridoxal-5′-phosphate but did not remove it from the enzyme. Other amino acids did not destabilize tyrosine aminotransferase at the concentrations tested.