cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Interleukin 3 and Other Hematopoietic Cytokines, such as GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, Erythropoietin, Steel Factor, and Flt-3 Ligand

Detection and quantitation of IL-3 and other hematopoietic cytokines in serum samples and culture supernatants has played an important role in understanding their function and pleiotropic properties during the process of hematopoiesis. Several methods for detecting and quantitating cytokines--such as the colony-stimulating factors granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF, also called CSF-1), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and erythropoietin (Epo), as well as two potent costimulating cytokines steel factor (SLF) and Flt3/Flk-2 ligand (Flt3-L)--are described in this unit.
Low Frequency Radio Wave Detection of Electrically Active Defects in Dielectrics

In this paper, we discuss the use of low frequency (up to 300 MHz) radio waves (RF) to detect and characterize electrical defects present in the dielectrics of emerging integrated circuit devices. As an illustration, the technique is used to monitor the impact of thermal cycling on the RF signal characteristics (S-parameters, such as S11 and S21) of electrically active defects in three dimensional (3D) interconnects. The observed changes in the electrical characteristics of the interconnects were traced to changes in the chemistry of the isolation dielectric used in the through silicon via (TSV) construction; specifically to the conversion of chemical intermediates such as non-bridging silanol (Si-OH) to bridging siloxane (Si-O-Si). We suggest that these “chemical defects” inherent in the ‘as-manufactured’ products may be responsible for some of the unexplained early reliability failures observed in TSV enabled 3D devices. This low frequency RF technique could be optimized to complement, and in some cases compete favorably with, other thin film metrology techniques, such as ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), for mass production environments. © The Author(s) 2015. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any
Cross-sectional TEM characterization of low temperature (750-800:9D C) epitaxialsilicon by very low pressure (6 mTorr) chemical vapor deposition with and without plasma enhancement

Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize epitaxial silicon grown by chemical vapor deposition at 750–800° C. Optimum conditions for pre-deposition argon plasma sputter cleaning were found to be -100 V dc substrate bias and 2.5 W rf power for 13 minutes at 4 m Torr and 750–800° C. No dislocations were observed by XTEM in films deposited subsequent to this plasma exposure. Analysis of the epitaxial layer/substrate interface by HRTEM indicates complete lattice registration despite the presence of a discontinuous array of defects or microprecipitates. The strain field associated with these defects is approximately 13A in width. Annealing the epitaxial layers at 1150° C inN 2 for 4 hours led to the generation of additional defects believed to be associated with carbon and oxygen clustering. Preliminary results indicate that neither temporary (30 seconds) growth interruptions nor low power (2.5 W) plasma enhancement of thedeposition process lead to the generation of defects observable by XTEM.
Electron Impact Excitation Data for Fe I-Fe VIII: A Review

Abstract The currently available data for electron impact excitation of the iron ions, Fe I-Fe VIII, are assessed and listed according to their sources. Methods and approximations employed and the transitions considered are also given.
Location, Location, Location: Applying Spatial Statistics to the Relationship Landscape

The desire to understand relationships is a passion shared by professionals in research, clinical, and educational settings. Questionnaires are frequently used in each of these settings for a multitude of purposes-- such as screening, assessment, program evaluation, or establishing therapeutic effectiveness. However, clinical issues arise when a couple's answers on questionnaires do not match clinical judgment or lack clinical utility, while statistical problems arise when data from both partners are put into analyses. This paper introduces the use of geospatial statistics to analyze couple data plotted on a two-dimensional “relational map.” Relationship maps can increase assessment sensitivity, track treatment progress, and remove statistical issues typically associated with couple data. This article briefly introduces core assumptions of spatial models, illustrates the use of spatial models in creating a relational landscape of divorce, offers suggestions for the use of relational maps in a clinical setting, and explores future research ideas.
Free loopspaces and equivariant classifying spaces

Let G be a finite cyclic group. We give a group-theoretic description of the G-equivariant homotopy type of the free loopspace of the classifying space of a discrete group.
Single-Molecule Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy of Calmodulin in Solution†

Calmodulin is a calcium-signaling protein that is involved in a diverse range of biological pathways. The flexibility of the two lobes of CaM about a central linker domain is crucial to target reco...
The compressible Euler equations in a bounded domain: existence of solutions and the incompressible limit

A short-time existence theorem is proven for the Euler equations for nonisentropic compressible fluid flow in a bounded domain, and solutions with low Mach number and almost incompressible initial data are shown to be close to corresponding solutions of the equations for incompressible flow.
Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding the nerve growth factor precursor from Mastomys natalensis.

Abstract Mastomys natalensis is an African rat that has high levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) m its submaxillary glands. Like in the mouse, Mastomys NGF is found as a high-molecular-weight complex. However, the Mastomys complex differs from the mouse complex, in that the γ-subunit is either missing or is less tightly bound in the Mastomys NGF complex. In the mouse, the γ-subunit has been implicated in the processing of the β-NGF precursor. The possible lack of γ-subunits in the Mastomys NGF high-molecular-weight complex suggested that the Mastomys β-NGF precursor might differ from the mouse β-NGF precursor in some of its processing sites. In particular, Mastomys β-NGF might lack the C-terminal dipeptide cleavage site implicated in β-γ subunit interactions in mouse NGF. In order to test this hypothesis, we isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone for Mastomys β-NGF. We report here the cloning and sequencing of a cDNA coding for β-NGF from Mastomys natalensis. The cDNA library was prepared from Mastomys submaxillary gland mRNA and the β-NGF clone was isolated using a mouse cDNA as a probe. The nucleotide sequence of Mastomys β-NGF is 95 % homologous to that of mouse β-NGF. In particular, the Mastomys β-NGF precursor contains the same three C-terminal residues as the mouse, suggesting that the Mastomys β-NGF precursor could interact with a γ-like subunit. Although most major structural features and potential proteolytic cleavage sites are conserved between mouse and Mastomys β-NGF, Mastomys β-NGF contains a proline at amino acid residue 117 and lacks the β-NGF-endopeptidase cleavage site. These changes could protect Mastomys from degradation by specific submaxillary gland enzymes.
On Learning Sets and Functions

This paper presents some results on the probabilistic analysis of learning, illustrating the applicability of these results to settings such as connectionist networks. In particular, it concerns the learning of sets and functions from examples and background information. After a formal statement of the problem, some theorems are provided identifying the conditions necessary and sufficient for efficient learning, with respect to measures of information complexity and computational complexity. Intuitive interpretations of the definitions and theorems are provided.
Comparison between cine magnetic resonance velocity mapping and first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography for quantitating intracardiac shunts.

Abstract We conclude that first-pass radionuclide angio-cardiography has limited value when measuring Qp/Qs in our group of patients, and that magnetic resonance imaging with velocity mapping is an excellent alternative technique that should be considered, particularly in patients with complex congenital disease and right-to-left shunt, or when poor bolus quality is anticipated.
Growth stimulating effects of high levels of vegetable oils.

Diets containing up to 30% of vegetable oils resulted in increased growth and feed efficiency in the chick. At 40 and 46% levels, the liquid nature of the mixture, and not a deleterious effect of the fat as such, reduced the availability of the solid constituents and resulted in high levels of mortality.
Factors determining the risk of inadvertent retroviral transduction of male germ cells after in utero gene transfer in sheep.

Abstract The possibility of permanent genetic changes to the germline is central to the bioethics of in utero gene therapy (IUGT) because of the concern of inadvertent potentially deleterious alterations to the gene pool. Despite presumed protection of the male germline due to early germ cell (GC) compartmentalization, we reported that GCs within the developing ovine testes are transduced at low levels after retrovirus-mediated IUGT, thus underscoring the need for a thorough understanding of GC development in clinically predictive models to determine the optimal time to perform IUGT and avoid germline modification. In the present studies, we used the fetal sheep model to analyze GCs for phenotype, location, proliferation, and incidence of transduction after IUGT at various fetal ages to learn when during development the nascent germline is likely to be at greatest risk of retrovirus-mediated alteration. Our studies show that although GCs were transduced at all injection ages, the levels of transduction va...
Simvastatin Attenuates Stroke-induced Splenic Atrophy and Lung Susceptibility to Spontaneous Bacterial Infection in Mice

Background and Purpose—Statins are widely used in the primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke, but their effects on stroke-induced immunodepression and poststroke infections are elusive. We investigated the effects of simvastatin treatment on stroke-induced splenic atrophy and lung susceptibility to bacterial infection in acute experimental stroke in mice. Methods—Ischemic stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion. In some experiments, splenectomies were performed 2 weeks before middle cerebral artery occlusion. Animals were randomly assigned to sham and middle cerebral artery occlusion groups treated subcutaneously with vehicle or simvastatin (20 mg/kg per day). Brain infarction, neurological function, brain interferon-γ expression, splenic atrophy and apoptosis, and lung infection were examined. Results—Simvastatin reduced stroke-induced spleen atrophy and splenic apoptosis via increased mitochrondrial antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression and decreas...
Association between the severity of diabetes mellitus and coronary arterial atherosclerosis.

Abstract The relation between the severity of diabetes mellitus (DM) and the risk of significant coronary artery lesions were studied in 7,655 patients undergoing coronary arteriography for suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) between 1972 and 1982. The principal treatment regimen for DM was used to estimate the severity of DM. DM treated with insulin was defined as the most severe (n = 244), followed by DM treated with oral agents (n = 344) and with diet only (n = 380); 6,687 patients did not have DM. Severity of DM in patients with CAD (70% or greater diameter stenosis) was compared with that in control subjects without CAD (0% stenosis) for each of 9 anatomic locations (proximal, middle and distal portions of right, anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries) using a retrospective case-control approach. The risk of CAD was highest in patients with DM treated with insulin (odds ratio estimate of the relative risk [OR = 3.0]), followed by patients with DM treated with oral agents (OR = 1.8) and lastly in those treated with diet alone (OR = 1.4). Severity of DM was a significant (p 0.05) for each of the 9 coronary segments. The data suggest that the risk of CAD increases with the severity of DM, which was a stronger predictor of CAD than duration of DM. For a given level of severity of DM the risk of CAD did not differ by anatomic location within the coronary tree.
Delayed post-cardiac-surgery tamponade producing localized right atrial compression.

A patient with dyspnea and lethargy 19 days after aortic valve replacement was admitted to the hospital with physical signs suggesting cardiac tamponade. Initial echocardiogram was unhelpful, but Swan-Ganz catheterizatlon showed a gradient in diastole between the right atrium and ventricle. Anglography and repeat echocardlography then showed a mass compressing the right atrium, which was confirmed at surgery.
Reconfigurable microstrip antenna with tunable radiation beamwidth

This paper proposes a reconfigurable microstrip antenna with a tunable radiation beam. The design methodology uses two tunable size parasitic patches placed to the left and right of a probe-fed patch along its H-plane. Each parasitic patch is loaded with a lumped varactor as well as its biasing network, to effectively change its electrical size. Because the radiation beamwidth is controlled by the electrical size of the parasitic patches, electronic zooming is allowed by changing the capacitance value through the applied DC voltage. Both varactors are biased as unison, such that one DC control signal is required for the entire antenna. The antenna performance shows a dynamic control over the radiation beamwidth that ranges from 50° to 112° with capacitance tuning range of 0.5 pF to 2.5 pF.
The model-summary problem and a solution for trees

Modern science is collecting massive amounts of data from sensors, instruments, and through computer simulation. It is widely believed that analysis of this data will hold the key for future scientific breakthroughs. Unfortunately, deriving knowledge from large high-dimensional scientific datasets is difficult. One emerging answer is exploratory analysis using data mining; but data mining models that accurately capture natural processes tend to be very complex and are usually not intelligible. Scientists therefore generate model summaries to find the most important patterns learned by the model. We formalize the model-summary problem and introduce it as a novel problem to the database community. Generating model summaries creates serious data management challenges: Scientists usually want to analyze patterns in different “slices” and “dices” of the data space, comparing the effects of various input variables on the output. We propose novel techniques for efficiently generating such summaries for the popular class of tree-based models. Our techniques leverage workload structure on multiple levels. We also propose a scalable implementation of our techniques in MapReduce. For both sequential and parallel implementation, we achieve speedups of one or more orders of magnitude over the naive algorithm, while guaranteeing the exact same results.
Subgrid Scale Physics in 1-Month Forecasts. Part I: Experiment with Four Parameterization Packages

Abstract Four packages of subgrid scale (SGS) physics parameterization are tested by including them in a general circulation model and by applying the four models to 1-month forecasts. The four models are formulated by accumulatively increasing the elaboration and the sophistication of the physics. The first is the reference model (the A-physics); the second model (the E-physics) uses the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory for the fluxes of surface boundary layer, the turbulence closure scheme for the fluxes in the entire atmosphere, and subsurface soil heat conduction; the third model (the F-physics) replaces the cumulus parameterization by the Arakawa–Schubert method; and the fourth model (the FM-physics) enhances the SGS orography. One-month integrations are performed for eight January cases, with each case consisting of three different forecasts. Originally the forecast performance was expected to be a stepwise improvement with the elaboration of the SGS physics from the A to the FM, but the forecast res...
Coverage and Representation of Condoms in Conjunction with HIV/AIDS in the Kenyan Daily Nation Newspaper from 1989–2003: A Qualitative Content Analysis to Inform Health Promotion

HIV/AIDS has been a pressing problem in the East African country of Kenya for over 20 years. Promotion of condom use is one prevention strategy embraced in global health prevention of HIV but use remains relatively low in Kenya. In order to better understand the socio-historic context of discourses about condoms in Kenya this study explored how condoms were covered and represented in the Kenyan Daily Nation newspaper from 1989-2003. Qualitative content analysis was conducted for 91 items from the Daily Nation including articles letters to the editor columns opinion and editorial pieces advertisements and cartoons. These items were systematically examined for the manner and content of manifest and latent references to condoms. Researchers found four major themes "controversy and confusion" "we need to do more: condoms might help" "not for Kenyans or from Kenyans" and "stigmatized associations." Findings provide needed insight into the socio-cultural context surrounding condoms in Kenya that is often lacking within health promotion and HIV prevention programs.
Intrathecal hydromorphone for chronic nonmalignant pain: a retrospective study

Objective. Ten percent to 15% of patients with chronic pain experience intolerable side effects or inadequate analgesia with continuous intrathecal morphine therapy. Although clinical experience suggests that rotation to hydromorphone (Dilaudid) can reduce side effects and recapture analgesia, there have been only scattered reports of long-term intrathecal hydromorphone use in patients with nonmalignant pain. The purpose of this study is to review the safety and effectiveness of continuous intrathecal hydromorphone in the management of patients with nonmalignant pain in whom continuous intrathecal morphine therapy has failed. Design. A retrospective review of 37 patients with chronic nonmalignant pain managed with intrathecal hydromorphone after failure of intraspinal morphine. Results. The mean age of patients was 64 years ± 12 SD. All patients suffered from severe nonmalignant pain, most from failed lumbosacral spine operations (19/37; 51%). Morphine was replaced with hydromorphone because of pharmacological complications (21/37; 57%) or inadequate analgesic response (16/37; 43%) after an average of 11 months ± 11 SD of intrathecal therapy. Pharmacological complications, particularly nausea and vomiting, pruritus, and sedation were reduced by hydromorphone in most patients. Peripheral edema was improved by hydromorphone but tended to recur with prolonged hydromorphone exposure. Analgesic response was improved by at least 25% in six of 16 patients who were switched to hydromorphone because of poor pain relief. Conclusions. Hydromorphone can be a safe, analgesic alternative for long-term intrathecal management of nonmalignant pain among patients in whom morphine fails because of pharmacological side effects or inadequate pain relief.
On the persistence of the gender unemployment gap: evidence from eight OECD countries

We examine the extent of persistence in the gender unemployment gap of eight OECD countries: Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and the United States using data over the period 1965 to 2002. Although we are unable to reject the unit root null hypothesis for all countries with the exception of Finland and Italy, the half-life measure suggests that the extent of persistence is relatively low for all countries.
The New Law and Economics: Present and Future

In recent years we have seen an outpouring of books and articles' using economic reasoning in areas of law (e.g., contract and criminal law, property rights, and torts) where the applicability of the "economic" approach is not immediately apparent.2 This body of work has been called the "new" law and economics, a term that appears to have been coined by Richard A. Posner.3 Reactions to the new law and economics have been decidedly mixedsome lawyers embrace the work enthusiastically,4 while others criticize it
Exploring structural homology of proteins.

Abstract A method for systematically comparing the folding of the three-dimensional structures of proteins has been developed. A search function, plotted in terms of three Eulerian angles, represents the number of sequentially equivalenced amino acids. For each orientation one protein structure is rotated about its center of mass with respect to the other and probabilities are calculated which estimate the degree of structural parallelism. The structurally equivalent residues with highest probabilities are then selected for the best common topology. It was observed that, when structures containing about 150 residues were compared, the random background had a mean value of around 14 residues and the standard deviation was approximately nine residues. The method has been shown to be successful in determining the similarity of the NAD binding domains of lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and in comparing the heme binding fold of cytochrome b 5 with the globins. Application of the method to compare hen egg white lysozyme and T4 phage lysozyme led to a single significant peak of 62 residues. The structural homology indicated by this peak showed that the substrate, as bound to hen egg white lysozyme, has a corresponding binding site in the large cleft of the phage lysozyme. The predicted binding site of N -acetyl glucosamine at position C compares well with an N -acetyl glucosamine center observed to bind to crystalline phage lysozyme (B. W. Matthews, personal communication). Some results for the comparison of the two Fe-S cage binding domains of ferredoxin are also presented.
The small-angle scattering of polyelectrolyte solutions

Abstract The small-angle scattering of a polyelectrolyte solution in the dilute and semi-dilute regimes is calculated for systems in the absence of added salt. The calculation is based on a one-component plasma macrofluid reference fluid for the interchain interaction and has the qualitative form and concentration dependence of experimental work on biopolymers and synthetic polyelectrolytes.
Radiation belt electron observations following the January 1997 magnetic cloud event

Relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt associated with the January 1997 magnetic cloud event were observed by the HIST instrument on POLAR at kinetic energies from 0.7 to 7 MeV and L shells from 3 to 9. The electron enhancement occurred on a time scale of hours or less throughout the outer radiation belt, except for a more gradual rise in the higher energy electrons at the lower L values indicative of local acceleration and inward radial diffusion. At the higher L values, variations on a time scale of several days following the initial injection on January 10 are consistent with data from geosynchronous orbit and may be an adiabatic response.
The EWS/FLI Oncogene Drives Changes in Cellular Morphology, Adhesion, and Migration in Ewing Sarcoma.

Ewing sarcoma is a tumor of the bone and soft tissue caused by the expression of a translocation-derived oncogenic transcription factor, EWS/FLI. Overt metastases are associated with a poor prognosis in Ewing sarcoma, but patients without overt metastases frequently harbor micrometastatic disease at presentation. This suggests that the metastatic potential of Ewing sarcoma exists at an early stage during tumor development. We have therefore explored whether the inciting oncogenic event in Ewing sarcoma, EWS/FLI, directly modulates tumor cell features that support metastasis, such as cell adhesion, cell migration, and cytoarchitecture. We used an RNAi-based approach in patient-derived Ewing sarcoma cell lines. Although we hypothesized that EWS/FLI might induce classic metastatic features, such as increased cell adhesion, migration, and invasion (similar to the phenotypes observed when epithelial malignancies undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during the process of metastasis), surprisingly, we found the opposite. Thus, EWS/FLI expression inhibited the adhesion of isolated cells in culture and prevented adhesion in an in vivo mouse lung assay. Cell migration was similarly inhibited by EWS/FLI expression. Furthermore, EWS/FLI expression caused a striking loss of organized actin stress fibers and focal adhesions and a concomitant loss of cell spreading, suggesting that EWS/FLI disrupts the mesenchymal phenotype of a putative tumor cell-of-origin. These data suggest a new paradigm for the dissemination and metastasis of mesenchymally derived tumors: these tumors may disseminate via a “passive/stochastic” model rather than via an “active” epithelial-to-mesenchymal type transition. In the case of Ewing sarcoma, it appears that the loss of cell adhesion needed to promote tumor cell dissemination might be induced by the EWS/FLI oncogene itself rather than via an accumulation of stepwise mutations.
Whither the bully pulpit: leadership communications and corporate transformation

Purpose – This paper aims to look at some classic business leader communications to assess which ones succeed and which ones fail to meet that standard. From Teddy Roosevelt to Ronald Reagan, from Churchill to Lady Thatcher, we have grown used to the idea that the words of our leaders in times of crisis can change history. Is this also true of business leaders? Can their words transform companies? Design/methodology/approach – The paper looks at specific leadership communications examples from IBM, Nokia, Starbucks, as well as McKinsey research, to try to tease out the elements of successful leadership communications in company transformations. Findings – What we found is that successful leadership communications in culture transformations share four principal characteristics: they are authentic to the personality of the leader; they are not one-time communications, but the beginnings of a cascade; they are personally relevant to each individual employee; and they are quickly followed by visible actions s...
Local and global stability for population models

In general, local stability does not imply global stability. We show that this is true even if one only considers population models.
Ventriculo-atrial Conduction in Man

Transvenous electrodes were placed in the right atrium and ventricle of 50 patients with heart disease and arrhythmias. The ventricles were paced at several rates, each in excess of the sino-atrial rate. An atrial electrogram and surface electrocardiogram were recorded simultaneously in each patient; utilizing strict criteria, the incidence with which 1:1 ventriculo-atrial conduction (VAC) could be elicited in these patients was assessed. These patients were divided into two groups-26 patients with normal A-V conduction comprised group 1, and 24 patients with prolonged A-V conduction, group 2. VAC was demonstrated in 89% of group 1 patients but in only 8% of the group 2 patients. The difference in the incidence of 1:1 VAC between the two groups was statistically significant ( P < 0.01). The presence or absence of 1:1 VAC could not be related to type of heart disease, medication, presence of acute myocardial infarction, or presence of intraventricular conduction defect. Altering the paced ventricular rate or introducing stimulated ventricular premature depolarization in group 1 patients could produce any degree of VAC impairment. During such maneuvers, ventricular reciprocal beats (ventricular echoes) and ventricular reciprocal rhythms were observed.
A Longitudinal Study of Lexical Development in Children Learning Vietnamese and English

This longitudinal study modeled lexical development among children who spoke Vietnamese as a first language (L1) and English as a second language (L2). Participants (n = 33, initial mean age of 7.3 years) completed a total of eight tasks (four in each language) that measured vocabulary knowledge and lexical processing at four yearly time points. Multivariate hierarchical linear modeling was used to calculate L1 and L2 trajectories within the same model for each task. Main findings included (a) positive growth in each language, (b) greater gains in English resulting in shifts toward L2 dominance, and (c) different patterns for receptive and expressive domains. Timing of shifts to L2 dominance underscored L1 skills that are resilient and vulnerable to increases in L2 proficiency.
Locoregional recurrence and survival after curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the colon.

Abstract BACKGROUND: There is wide variability in reported locoregional recurrence rates after curative resection of adenocarcinoma of the intraperitoneal colon, and there is no universally accepted surgical technique regarding length of the resected specimen or extent of lymphadenectomy. The aim of this study was to determine the disease-free survival, locoregional failure, and perioperative morbidity of patients undergoing curative resection of colon adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: The records of 316 consecutive patients undergoing curative resection for primary adenocarcinoma of the intraperitoneal colon between 1990 and 1995 were reviewed. Locoregional recurrence was defined as disease at the anastomosis or in the adjacent mesentery, peritoneum, retroperitoneum, or carcinomatosis. The product-limit method (Kaplan-Meier) was used to analyze survival and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: The study population comprised 167 men and 149 women, mean age 70 ± 12 years (range 22 to 95 years). Median followup was 63 ± 25 months. Five-year disease-free survival was 84% overall. Disease-free survival paralleled tumor stage: stage I, 99% (n = 73); stage II, 87% (n = 151); stage III, 72% (n = 92). The predominant pattern of tumor recurrence was distant failure only. Overall locoregional recurrence (locoregional and locoregional plus distant) at 5 years was 4%. Locoregional recurrence paralleled tumor stage: stage I, 0%; stage II, 2%; stage III, 10%. Of the 12 patients who suffered locoregional recurrence, 9 (75%) had T4 primary tumors, N2 nodal disease, or both. Major and minor complications occurred in 93 patients (29%) including: anastomotic leak or intraabdominal abscess (n = 4, 1%); hemorrhage (n = 8, 3%); cardiac complications (n = 17, 5%); pulmonary embolism (n = 4, 1%); death (n = 2, 1%). Multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards) revealed that the only independent predictor of disease-free survival and locoregional control was tumor stage. CONCLUSION: Longterm survival and locoregional control can be achieved for patients with colon cancer, with low morbidity. In the absence of adjacent organ invasion and N2 nodal disease, locoregional recurrence should be a rare event. Just as for rectal cancer, the technical aspects of colectomy for colon cancer deserve renewed attention.
General weighted fairness and its support in explicit rate switch algorithms

This paper gives a new definition of general weighted (GW) fairness and shows how this can achieve various fairness definitions, such as those mentioned in the ATM Forum TM 4.0 specifications. The GW fairness can be achieved by calculating the ExcessFairshare (weighted fairshare of the left over bandwidth) for each VC. We show how a switch algorithm can be modified to support the GW fairness by using the ExcessFairshare term. We use ERICA+ as an example switch algorithm and show how it can be modified to achieve the GW fairness. For simulations, the weight parameters of the GW fairness are chosen to map a typical pricing policy. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate that, the modified switch algorithm achieves GW fairness. An analytical proof for convergence of the modified ERICA+ algorithm is given in the appendix.
Group Versus Individual Decision Making in the Commons Problem

Les auteurs s'interessent dans cette note a un probleme de recherche relativement recent et qui a ete designe sous le terme de «problemes communs» («commons problems»). A l'aide d'un peu de simulation, on compare la prise de decision des individus selon que ceux-ci se retrouvent seuls, en dyades ou en triades et selon leur sexe
Vulnerability-specific stress generation: an examination of depressogenic cognitive vulnerability across multiple domains

Background and Objectives: Although there is supporting evidence for the stress generation hypothesis (i.e., the tendency for depression-prone individuals to experience more negative dependent events influenced by their behaviors and characteristics), additional research is required to advance current understanding of the specific types of dependent events relevant to this effect. The present study elaborated on the stress generation hypothesis, in which the content of negative dependent events experienced by individuals is contingent upon, and matches, the nature of their particular vulnerabilities. This extension was tested within the context of Cole's competency-based model of depression. Design: Participants (n = 185) were assessed at two time-points separated by a four-month interval. Methods: Self-perceived competence in academic, social, and appearance domains at the initial time-point were examined in relation to negative life events prospectively occurring over the four-month follow-up period, as...
The Impossibility of Keyless Communication in Quantum Cryptography

We define a keyless communication as a message sent from one party (Alice) to another (Bob), such that the message is totally secure. This means that if a third party (Eve) is trying to eavesdrop, she will receive only random bits. She cannot understand the content of the message, even if she is able to intercept it in such away that Alice and Bob do not know it has been intercepted. For such a totally secure message, Alice and Bob do not need to set up any key beforehand, as it can add no further security. Starting with a system that we felt sure met such criteria, we were shocked to find out that it could be broken in at least two ways, by a semi-classical method and by a quantum method, such that Eve could read a message and Alice and Bob would not know it. Alice and Bob can counter such eavesdropping, but only by sending out test messages. This will enable them to ascertain that Eve is on the line, but then she can still occasionally pick up snippets of their conversation. In that case, in order to be totally secure, it is better to establish an unbreakable key beforehand. We postulate and give plausibility arguments that in general it is impossible to establish keyless communication between two parties.
Ultrasound shear wave speed measurements correlate with liver fibrosis in children

Background Little published research has shown the relationship between noninvasive US shear wave speed (SWS) measurements and degree of liver fibrosis as established by percutaneous biopsy in children.
Exercise-induced muscle glycogen depletion and repletion in diabetic rats.

Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to examine glycogen depletion in muscles of chronic diabetic rats during treadmill running of moderate intensity and glycogen repletion following the exercise bouts. Diabetes was induced with a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (70 mg × kg −1 ). Glycogen concentrations in muscles from diabetic and normal animals were determined at rest, after running either 10 or 30 min at 23 m × min −1 (5% incline), or 2, 4, or 8 hr following 30 min of running at the same speed and incline. With the exception of soleus muscle after 30 min of running, there were no differences in muscle glycogen contents between normal and diabetic rats before exercise, immediately after exercise, or during the recovery period. All muscles showed a significant loss of glycogen during exercise, and most muscles had completely restored their glycogen by 2 hr following exercise. Blood lactate concentrations were also similar for normal and diabetic rats at rest and after exercise. It is concluded that the diabetic condition studied in this experiment did not significantly alter muscle glycogen metabolism during exercise of moderate intensity or during recovery from the activity.
Comparison of once-daily versus pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides in elderly patients

PURPOSE: Once-daily dosing has been suggested as an alternative method of dosing aminoglycosides that would reduce their toxicity while maintaining efficacy. There have been no studies published to date comparing once-daily dosing and pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides. We conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and effectiveness of 4 mg/kg IV once-daily dosing of gentamicin or tobramycin with a pharmacokinetic dosing method using an initial dose of 2 mg/kg IV every 12 hours. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six patients were randomly assigned to either the once-daily dosing group (4 mg/kg) or the pharmacokinetic dosing group (initial dose of 2 mg/kg every 12 hours). In the once-daily dosing group, the dosing interval was extended by 12 to 24 hours to maintain a serum trough concentration RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to clinical and bacteriologic efficacy. Incidence of nephrotoxicity was 24% in the once-daily group and 14% in the pharmacokinetic dosing group but the difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.13). Unlike previous studies, we found a correlation between high serum peak concentration and incidence of nephrotoxicity in the once-daily dosing group. Nephrotoxicity developed in six out of 10 patients (60%) with an initial serum peak concentration greater than 12.0 mg/L compared to two out of 24 patients (8.3%) with an initial peak concentration less than 12.0 mg/L ( P CONCLUSIONS: Once-daily dosing and pharmacokinetic dosing of aminoglycosides appear to have equal efficacy and toxicity. However, in the elderly population, high serum peak concentrations that occur with once-daily aminoglycoside dosing may increase the risk of nephrotoxicity.
Treatment implications based on measures of child abuse potential and parent mental health: Are we missing an intervention opportunity?

Abstract This paper discusses the results of MMPI-2-RF and Child Abuse Potential Inventory assessments in a sample of identified perpetrators of child maltreatment. Results indicated that child abuse potential (CAP) scores were most strongly correlated with internalizing symptoms (e.g., depression and anxiety) while correlations between abuse potential and externalizing symptoms (e.g., substance use and aggressive behavior) and thought dysfunctions (e.g., delusions and hallucinations) were comparably weaker. Internalizing problems predicted elevations on the overall CAP Abuse Scale as well as certain CAP subscales, while other classes of problems did not. Because the results of this study indicate a clear relationship between internalizing symptoms and child abuse potential, it is suggested that psychotherapy and other interventions aimed at reducing such symptoms may be beneficial in the prevention of further maltreatment.
Juvenile fibromyalgia: current status of research and future developments

Juvenile-onset fibromyalgia (JFM) is a poorly understood chronic pain condition most commonly affecting adolescent girls. The condition is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain and other associated symptoms, including fatigue, nonrestorative sleep, headaches, irritable bowel symptoms, dysautonomia and mood disorders such as anxiety and/or depression. In the past few years, there has been a greater focus on understanding JFM in adolescents. Research studies have provided insight into the clinical characteristics of this condition and its effect on both short-term and long-term psychosocial and physical functioning. The importance of early and effective intervention is being recognized, as research has shown that symptoms of JFM tend to persist and do not resolve over time as was previously believed. Efforts to improve treatments for JFM are underway, and new evidence strongly points to the potential benefits of cognitive-behavioural therapy on improving mood and daily functioning. Research into pharmacotherapy and other nonpharmacological options is in progress. Advancements in the understanding of adult fibromyalgia have paved the way for future studies on diagnosis, assessment and management of JFM. This Review focuses on our current knowledge of the condition, provides an update of the latest research advances, and highlights areas for further study.
Developing organizational buying theory: A small sample perspective

The unfolding of our understanding of organizational buying behavior seems to lurch from one dissertation to the next. Many of the interesting in-depth studies in organizational buying behavior have been generated by students interested in organizational buying and fortunate (or unfortunate) enough to have a chairman who shared this interest [3, 5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 231. The enormous commitment of time and energy by the person doing the dissertation and his or her committee results in carefully conceived and executed studies. Also, students may be more willing or easily coerced into developing studies with complex and time-consuming data collection tasks. The enormous costs in time and resources to do major work in organizational buying behavior seems to limit studies to dissertation research as tenure track needs channel efforts into faster payoff research. Although dissertation research and work by other scholars have added to our general understanding of organizational buying behavior, there is still a lack of solid theory in this area. A major constraint on theory development has been the difficulty of doing largescale buyer studies. Dissertation studies have dealt in part with this problem, but since we cannot rely on dissertations to provide our major advances, we need a methodology for theory exploration and development that does not require major data collection. Data collection problems in buying centers have inhibited the scope and type of research that has been done. This paper suggests an approach to theory development that uses small-sample studies to generate propositions for testing in larger-sample studies. A perspective on theory is presented before several small sample methods of proposition development are reviewed. The paper concludes by illustrating the technique using recent studies.
The exact order of generalized diaphony and multidimensional numerical integration

For a point set in the multidimensional unit torus we introduce an L" -measure of uniformity of distribution, which for K = 2 reduces to diaphony (and thus in this case essentially coincides with Weyl Z. 2 -discrepancy). For K e [1, 2] we establish a sharp asymptotic for this new measure as the number of
Sex Differences in Moral Interests: The Role of Kinship and the Nature of Reciprocity

Although moral psychologists and feminist moral theorists emphasize males' interest in justice or fairness and females' interest in care or empathy, recent work in evolutionary psychology links females' interests in care and empathy for others with interests in fairness and equality. In an important work on sex differences in cognitive abilities, David Geary (1998) argues that the evolutionary mechanism of sexual selection drives the evolution of particular cognitive abilities and selection for particular interests. I mount two main challenges to Geary's claims. First, I argue that female social and intrasexual competitive environments evolve, which challenges the assumption that such environments are largely nonkin-based and characterized by reciprocity. Second, I grant Geary's entire characterization of female environments, but argue that the natures of reciprocal relationships themselves do not require and may not select for interests in fairness and equality. This analysis not only challenges claims regarding sex differences in moral interests, but also suggests the need for a diachronic model of male and female social and intrasexual competitive environments. In addition, I propose a return to Trivers's (1971) focus on the suite of emotions underlying reciprocal altruism as properties and features of individuals as fodder for selection.
Comparison of OARE Accelerometer Data with Dopant Distribution in Se-Doped GaAs Crystals Grown During USML-1

Experiments were conducted in the crystal growth furnace (CGF) during the first United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1), the STS-50 flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia, to determine the segregation behavior of selenium in bulk GaAs in a microgravity environment. After the flight, the selenium-doped GaAs crystals were sectioned, polished, and analyzed to determine the free carrier concentration as a function of position. One of the two crystals initially exhibited an axial concentration profile indicative of diffusion controlled growth, but this profile then changed to that predicted for a complete mixing type growth. An analytical model, proposed by Naumann [R.J. Naumann, J. Crystal Growth 142 (1994) 253], was utilized to predict the maximum allowable microgravity disturbances transverse to the growth direction during the two different translation rates used for each of the experiments. The predicted allowable acceleration levels were 4.86μg for the 2.5 μm/s furnace translation rate and 38.9μg for the 5.0 μm/s rate. These predicted values were compared to the Orbital Acceleration Research Experiment (OARE) accelerometer data recorded during the crystal growth periods for these experiments. Based on the analysis of the OARE acceleration data and utilizing the predictions from the analytical model, it is concluded that the change in segregation behavior was not caused by any acceleration events in the microgravity environment.
Interaction Control Capabilities of an MR-Compatible Compliant Actuator for Wrist Sensorimotor Protocols During fMRI

This paper describes the mechatronic design and characterization of a novel MR-compatible actuation system designed for a parallel force-feedback exoskeleton for measurement and/or assistance of wrist pointing movements during functional neuroimaging. The developed actuator is based on the interposition of custom compliant elements in series between a nonbackdrivable MR-compatible ultrasonic piezoelectric motor and the actuator output. The inclusion of physical compliance allows estimation of interaction force, enabling force-feedback control and stable rendering of a wide range of haptic environments during continuous scanning. Through accurate inner-loop velocity compensation and force-feedback control, the actuator is capable of displaying both a low-impedance subject-in-charge mode and a high stiffness mode. These modes enable the execution of shared haptic protocols during continuous functional magnetic resonance imaging. The detailed experimental characterization of the actuation system is presented, including a backdrivability analysis, demonstrating an achievable impedance range of 22 dB, within a bandwidth of 4 Hz (for low stiffness). The stiffness control bandwidth depends on the specific value of stiffness: a bandwidth of 4 Hz is achieved at low stiffness (10% of the physical springs stiffness), while 8 Hz is demonstrated at higher stiffness. Moreover, coupled stability is demonstrated also for stiffness values substantially (25%) higher than the physical stiffness of the spring. Finally, compatibility tests conducted in a 3T scanner are presented, validating the potential of inclusion of the actuator in an exoskeleton system for support of wrist movements during continuous MR scanning, without significant reduction in image quality.