cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model of the nystagmus induced by off vertical axis rotation

A three-dimensional model is proposed that accounts for a number of phenomena attributed to the otoliths. It is constructed by extending and modifying a model of vestibular velocity storage. It is proposed that the otolith information about the orientation of the head to gravity changes the time constant of vestibular responses by modulating the gain of the velocity storage feedback loop. It is further proposed that the otolith signals, such as those that generate L-nystagmus (linear acceleration induced nystagmus), are partially coupled to the vestibular system via the velocity storage integrator. The combination of these two hypotheses suggests that a vestibular neural mechanism exists that performs correlation in the mathematical sense which is multiplication followed by integration. The multiplication is performed by the otolith modulation of the velocity storage feedback loop gain and the integration is performed by the velocity storage mechanism itself. Correlation allows calculation of the degree to which two signals are related and in this context provides a simple method of determining head angular velocity from the components of linear acceleration induced by off-vertical axis rotation. Correlation accounts for the otolith supplementation of the VOR and the sustained nystagmus generated by off-vertical axis rotation. The model also predicts the cross-coupling of horizontal and vertical optokinetic after nystagmus that occurs in head-lateral positions and the reported effects of tilt on vestibular responses.
A multisymplectic framework for classical field theory and the calculus of variations II: space + time decomposition

Abstract In a previous paper I laid the foundations of a covariant Hamiltonian framework for the calculus of variations in general. The purpose of the present work is to demonstrate, in the context of classical field theory, how this covariant Hamiltonian formalism may be space + time decomposed. It turns out that the resulting “instantaneous” Hamiltonian formalism is an infinite- dimensional version of Ostrogradskiǐ's theory and leads to the standard symplectic formulation of the initial value problem. The salient features of the analysis are: (i) the instantaneous Hamiltonian formalism does not depend upon the choice of Lepagean equivalent; (ii) the space + time decomposition can be performed either before or after the covariant Legendre transformation has been carried out, with equivalent results; (iii) the instantaneous Hamiltonian can be recovered in natural way from the multisymplectic structure inherent in the theory; and (iv) the space + time split symplectic structure lives on the space of Cauchy data for the evolution equations, as opposed to the space of solutions thereof.
A framework for memory-aware multimedia application mapping on chip-multiprocessors

The relentless increase in multimedia embedded system application requirements as well as improvements in IC design technology have motivated the deployment of chip multiprocessor (CMP) architectures. Task scheduling and data placement in memory are two of the most important steps in the application customization process as they greatly influence overall power consumption, and performance. Most designers consider task scheduling and data placement to be independent of each other. However, optimal task scheduling does not always produce optimal data placement, and optimal data placement may not necessarily allow for optimal task scheduling. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for simultaneous application mapping and data placement onto CMP architectures, especially for multimedia applications. At the core of our framework is a memory-aware task scheduling algorithm that relies on static analysis and task splitting to reduce off-chip memory transfers. Our experiments on a JPEG2000 case study have shown that we can achieve up to 35% performance improvement and up to 66% power reduction compared to traditional scheduling/data allocation approaches.
Motorola MCM/S ASEM foundry

The problem of size, weight and cost is of major concern as more and more functionality is required for increasingly sophisticated tasks. Multichip Modules (MCMs) can help to alleviate these problems by providing a solution through advanced packaging technology. Motorola continually strives to update and automate its manufacturing capabilities to remain a world class manufacturing facility. Motorola's initiatives of cycle time reduction and six sigma quality are part of the process in which problems are solved. Motorola provides the customer with all the tools and technology to produce MCMs to meet the customers need. Although there are multiple steps in the production of an MCM, from system design to assembly and test, Motorola allows the customer to enter the process at any point. To assist the customer, Motorola is developing Design Kits which allow the customer to design MCMs utilizing Motorola design rules and guidelines. This saves time and cost and provides a consistent platform and increased reliability. Motorola's extensive design capability also provides system level design and simulation, electrical design and software applications. >
Realism in political theory

In recent decades, a ‘realist’ alternative to ideal theories of politics has slowly taken shape. Bringing together philosophers, political theorists, and political scientists, this countermovement ...
Investigation of cortical neuronal reorganization for neuroprosthetics in monkeys

Whether there is neural regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a challenging scientific and clinical research topic. Extensive research efforts have been devoted to identify effective neural repair strategies to limit further neural damages following spinal cord injury and promote axonal regeneration and sprouting for recovery of voluntary functions. However, little information or effort has been reported on how cortical control being affected by spinal cord injury and adaptation in such control due to spinal cord neural repair. With the advances in chronically implantable microelectrode arrays, the cortical neuronal activities have become accessible, which enables us to investigate the important question on possible changes in cortical neuron activity patterns. We implanted four 16-channel microelectrode arrays into two monkeys' primary motor cortical areas related to lower limb movement, and recorded cortical neuronal signals while they performed a bipedal walking on the treadmill. Comparing the neural population activity patterns from normal monkeys to that after spinal cord injury and treated with neural repair, we identified a significant increase in the synchronization among the recorded cortical neuronal population activities. This information would be critical for the development of effective and practical techniques to harness the cortical adaptation or plasticity after spinal cord injury to promote voluntary control of lower limb functions or neuroprosthetics for SCI victims who are reliant on wheelchair.
Steroid-Binding Proteins in Guinea Pig Milk and Plasma*

The levels of two steroid-binding proteins, progesterone-binding globulin (PBG) (1) and corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), present in the plasma of pregnant guinea pigs were determined just before and after parturition. Both PBG (3.37 ± 2.1 μm) and CBG (10.1 ± 1.7 μm) were present in high levels just before parturition and were found to decrease with a half-life of 2 days after delivery. PBG and CBG were also found in the milk whey of lactating guinea pigs but at much lower levels (26.5 ± 12 and 375 ± 18 nm, respectively, on day 1 post partum). The whey content of each protein declined with a halflife of 3 days. The whey steroid-binding proteins were indistinguishable from their plasma counterparts on the basis of ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographies, sucrose gradient centrifugation, susceptibility to heat denaturation, and hormone binding specificity. (Endocrinology 106: 1747, 1980)
Crystallization of Li2O · Al2O3· 6SiO2 Glasses Containing Niobium Pentoxide as Nucleating Dopant

Niobium pentoxide (T form, orthorhombic system) was utilized to promote devitrification in Li{sub 2}O {center dot} Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} {center dot} 6 SiO{sub 2} glasses. Two or more mole percentage of this nucleating dopant enhanced crystallization in these glasses. Glasses containing 4.0 and 8.0 mol% T-Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} exhibited a high tendency to form dispersed TT-Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} (monoclinic system) precipitates during the glass quenching process. The crystallization process in glasses containing 2.0 or 4.0 mol% T-Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} occurred as microphase separation, followed by the formation of dispersed TT-Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} crystalline precipitates (760{degrees}C), followed by {beta}-quartz solid-solution (ss) formation (850{degrees} to 900{degrees}C) heterogeneously nucleated from the precipitates. {beta}-quartz(ss) transformed to {beta}- spodumene(ss), along with a polymorphic transition from the TT-Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} to M-Nb{sub 2}O{sub 5} (tetragonal system) crystalline phase.
Shifting the spotlight: suggesting a pragmatic approach to studying the Polish LGBT community

This research, based on a pilot survey distributed among representatives of the LGBT community in Poland, is aimed at initiating an academic debate on the future of the Polish LGBT population in the urban setting; gaining insight into perceptions of LGBT survey respondents about potential clustering preferences of the Polish LGBT population; and thus suggesting a framework for LGBT inclusion in the Polish urban economic and developmental plans, using Poznan, Poland, as an example. The pilot survey, distributed among a small sample group of LGBT individuals mostly from the city of Poznan, provides insight into attitudes that Polish LGBT individuals may have towards forming a dedicated LGBT district in a major city in Poland, and potential consumer preferences in housing arrangements and services that such a district should provide. More importantly, this research aims to spark further research into the relationship between urban environments and the LGBT community in Poland.
Semi-similar solutions to the three-dimensional laminar boundary layer

The theory of semi-similar solutions is developed for and applied to the problem of three-dimensional laminar boundary layer flow. A number of specific examples are calculated. Particular attention is given to certain flows in which separation is approached and the nature of three-dimensional laminar boundary layer separation is inferred from the behavior of these solutions close to separation. Two types of separation are observed: “singular” separation characterized by the vanishing of the total shear along the line of separation and “ordinary” separation characterized by limiting streamlines which become parallel to the line of separation.
Discourse Markers across Speakers and Settings

Viewing discourse markers as one of a class of signals that communicators use to manage conversation can help make sense of the varied and contradictory functions ascribed to them. Issues for further testing include demonstrating that speakers and listeners ascribe particular functions to particular markers, tracking the development of these functions as children age, tracking how these functions are adopted by second language learners, and documenting how discourse marker use changes across technological settings.
Postoperative anticoagulation in vascular surgery: Part 1. A retrospective comparison of clinical outcomes for unfractionated heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin

The use of postoperative anticoagulation is not uncommon for patients undergoing vascular procedures, whether for adjunctive therapy to the surgical procedure or for resumption of preoperative anticoagulation. Longer postoperative length of stay is necessary to achieve an adequate therapeutic international normalized ratio with traditional protocols that call for the use of unfractionated heparin. We retrospectively examined 195 cases to determine whether low-molecular-weight heparin, specifically enoxaparin, was an effective postoperative replacement for intravenous unfractionated heparin, with the impact on postoperative length of stay. There was no difference in the frequency of complications except for increased incidence of return to surgery for graft thrombosis (n = 11) in patients who received traditional intravenous unfractionated heparin with adjusted-dose warfarin daily (n = 139, P <.02). For all 195 vascular procedures combined, the average postoperative length of stay with use of enoxoparin was shortened with use of enoxaparin (P <.0008). There was a 2-day reduction in the average postoperative length of stay for the femoral-distal procedure group (n = 18, P <.004). In the first part of the article, we summarize our findings and offer new applications and ideas for vascular nurses to consider when postoperative anticoagulation is indicated after vascular procedures. Factors contributing to safe and efficacious postoperative anticoagulation with use of low-molecular-weight heparin, specifically enoxaparin, are presented to the vascular nurse. In the second part, we discuss the roles of members of the vascular team, as well as our experience with use of enoxaparin as implemented in the clinical setting.
The Efficient Use of Conditioning Information in Portfolios

We study the properties of unconditional minimum-variance portfolios in the presence of conditioning information. Such portfolios attain the smallest variance for a given mean among all possible portfolios formed using the conditioning information. We provide explicit solutions for n risky assets, either with or without a riskless asset. Our solutions provide insights into portfolio management problems and issues in conditional asset pricing.
Improvements of Testing Procedures for Concrete Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of concrete has a significant effect on the performance of portland cement concrete pavement. Concrete with a higher CTE is more prone to cracking, additional warping, and spalling. To improve PCC pavement performance, several districts of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) currently limit the CTE of concrete. To support this policy, efforts have been made to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the testing procedures for CTE. The current AASHTO Test Method TP 60 has been evaluated, its shortcomings identified, and improvements made. The improvements include CTE determination from regression analysis of temperature and displacement measurements. The effects of a number of variables on concrete CTE were investigated. The effect of the rate of heating and cooling is negligible. Concrete age and specimen size also have a negligible effect. Coarse aggregate content in the concrete mix has an effect on the test results. This test procedure was used to...
Effect of gas hydrate formers on microorganisms.

Various bacteria, yeasts, and molds important to the food industry were incubated in aerosol cans containing A C Broth and one of the following three gas hydrate formers: propane, dichlorodifluoromethane (f-12), and 1,1-difluoro-1-chloroethane (f-142b). Most hydrate formers were tested at three concentrations: low (vapor state), intermediate (liquid state, low level), and high (liquid state, high level). Samples were continuously agitated for 48 hr at 21 ± 3 C. Changes in numbers of microorganisms were determined by plate count. With hydrate formers in the vapor state, propane was more toxic to the microorganisms tested than either f-12 or f-142b. The most resistant organisms from these trials were then tested against f-12 or f-142b in the liquid state. Hydrate formers were far more toxic in the liquid state than in the vapor state. With the exception of sporulated cultures of Bacillus cereus, all microorganisms tested were greatly reduced in numbers when agitated for 48 hr at 21 C in the presence of f-12 or f-142b.
Leakage energy management in cache hierarchies

Energy management is important for a spectrum of systems ranging from high-performance architectures to low-end mobile and embedded devices. With the increasing number of transistors, smaller feature sizes, lower supply and threshold voltages, the focus on energy optimization is shifting from dynamic to leakage energy. Leakage energy is of particular concern in dense cache memories that form a major portion of the transistor budget. In this work, we present several architectural techniques that exploit the data duplication across the different levels of cache hierarchy. Specifically, we employ both state-preserving (data-retaining) and state-destroying leakage control mechanisms to L2 subblocks when their data also exist in L1. Using a set of media and array-dominated applications, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques through cycle-accurate simulation. We also compare our schemes with the previously proposed cache decay policy. This comparison indicates that one of our schemes generates competitive results with cache decay.
Effects of Surface Functionality and Humidity on the Adhesion Force And Chemical Contrast Measured with AFM

The ability to probe chemical heterogeneity with nanometer scale resolution is essential for developing a molecular–level understanding of a variety of phenomena occurring at surfaces of materials. One area that could benefit greatly from nanoscale chemical measurement is an understanding of the degradation mechanisms of polymeric materials exposed to the environment. For example, the degradation (photo and hydrolytic) of polymers and polymeric materials has been observed to occur non-uniformly in which nanometer pits form locally, which deepen and enlarge with exposure (1, 2). The pitting has been postulated to initiate in the hydrophilic degradation-susceptible regions of the films (3). However, due to the lack of spatial resolution of the most current surface analytical techniques, the chemical nature of the degradation-initiated locations has not been identified. The use of a chemically-functionalized probe in an AFM (chemical force microscopy CFM) (4) has been shown to be capable of discriminating chemically-different domains of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces at the nanoscale spatial resolution. This study provides data to demonstrate that, by using proper RH at the tip-sample environment, the contrast between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains in SAM and polymer samples can be discerned, and presents results on the effects of RH on tipsample adhesion forces for different substrates.
Using an internal standard method to determine Henry's law constants

An internal standard method is developed for the measurement of thermodynamic Henry's law constants (H). In this method, a mixture of the analytes and an internal standard is prepared and used to make a standard solution (organic solvent) and a dilute aqueous solution. Both the standard solution and the headspace samples above the aqueous solution at partitioning equilibrium in closed containers are subject to gas chromatographic (GC) analysis. Subsequently, the values of H for the analytes can be calculated from the known H of the internal standard and the GC peak-area ratios. Only approximate values of the concentrations of the compounds, the GC injection volumes, and the vapor-phase to liquid-phase volume ratios in the closed containers are needed in this approach. The method works particularly well for compounds that are highly soluble in water or that have low vapor pressures. Experimentally determined values of H are reported for some low-molecular-weight aldehydes, ketones, and nitriles, and their temperature dependencies are examined. The results also are compared with literature values. The applicability of this new approach is limited to compounds that have dimensionless H on the order of 10(-3) or less.
Pharmacologic reversion of epigenetic silencing of the PRKD1 promoter blocks breast tumor cell invasion and metastasis

DNA methylation-induced silencing of genes encoding tumor suppressors is common in many types of cancer, but little is known about how such epigenetic silencing can contribute to tumor metastasis. The PRKD1 gene encodes protein kinase D1 (PKD1), a serine/threonine kinase that is expressed in cells of the normal mammary gland, where it maintains the epithelial phenotype by preventing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. The status of PRKD1 promoter methylation was analyzed by reduced representation bisulfite deep sequencing, methylation-specific PCR (MSP-PCR) and in situ MSP-PCR in invasive and noninvasive breast cancer lines, as well as in humans in 34 cases of “normal” tissue, 22 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ, 22 cases of estrogen receptor positive, HER2-negative (ER+/HER2-) invasive lobular carcinoma, 43 cases of ER+/HER2- invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 93 cases of HER2+ IDC and 96 cases of triple-negative IDC. A reexpression strategy using the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine was used in vitro in MDA-MB-231 cells as well as in vivo in a tumor xenograft model and measured by RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of PKD1 reexpression on cell invasion was analyzed in vitro by transwell invasion assay. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored in vivo using the IVIS Spectrum Pre-clinical In Vivo Imaging System. Herein we show that the gene promoter of PRKD1 is aberrantly methylated and silenced in its expression in invasive breast cancer cells and during breast tumor progression, increasing with the aggressiveness of tumors. Using an animal model, we show that reversion of PRKD1 promoter methylation with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine restores PKD1 expression and blocks tumor spread and metastasis to the lung in a PKD1-dependent fashion. Our data suggest that the status of epigenetic regulation of the PRKD1 promoter can provide valid information on the invasiveness of breast tumors and therefore could serve as an early diagnostic marker. Moreover, targeted upregulation of PKD1 expression may be used as a therapeutic approach to reverse the invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells.
A MATHEMATICAL “GOOD NEIGHBOR”: MARSHALL STONE IN LATIN AMERICA (1943)

When Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President of the United States in 1932, the country was in the depths of an economic depression. Not surprisingly, the new President devoted almost all of the just-over-1800-word inaugural address he delivered on 4 March, 1933 to domestic issues. The fifty-four words of the speech that were not focused inward, however, served to shape the country’s foreign policy throughout his unprecedented twelve years in the presidency.
The integrin alphavbeta6 is critical for keratinocyte migration on both its known ligand, fibronectin, and on vitronectin

The integrin alphavbeta6 is expressed on a variety of epithelial cells during dynamic processes including organogenesis, tissue injury and malignant transformation. However, because of the lack of tools to specifically inhibit the function of this integrin, little is known about its effects on cell behavior. To directly examine the role of this integrin in cell migration, we used keratinocytes derived from wild-type mice or mice expressing a null mutation in the beta6 subunit (beta6-/-) to perform migration assays in vitro. Migration on the known alphavbeta6 ligand, fibronectin was reduced in keratinocytes from beta6-/- mice. Interestingly, keratinocytes from beta6-/- mice also demonstrated markedly reduced migration on vitronectin, a protein not previously known to be a ligand for alphavbeta6. An anti-alphavbeta6 monoclonal antibody 10D5, generated by immunization of beta6-/- mice with murine keratinocytes, inhibited adhesion and migration of wild-type keratinocyte on both vitronectin and fibronectin to levels similar to those seen with keratinocytes from beta6-/- mice. alphavbeta6-mediated migration on both ligands was dramatically augmented by treatment with phorbol myrisate acetate (PMA) or with hepatocyte growth factor, and augmentation of migration by either stimulus could be abolished by the PKC inhibitor GF109203X, suggesting a critical role for PKC in enhancement of alphavbeta6-mediated cell migration.
Energy Balance in Muscle Contraction: A Biochemical Approach

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the thermodynamic, physiological, and biochemical aspects of muscle contraction as well as the details of energy balance. Experiments relating to energy balance are essentially quantitative analyses and descriptions of the necessary equivalency between the energy inputs and outputs during and following muscular contractions. Energy balance is the study of muscle contraction and energy metabolism by means of quantitative balance measurements as a tool. The rapid freezing techniques do not measure the total net high energy phosphate splitting associated with the contraction–relaxation cycle. The myothermic energy balance studies relate main aspects of cellular energy metabolism such as the degree of coupling of oxidative phosphorylation, the control of respiration, and the possibility of futile metabolic cycling
Bone Grafting in Primary and Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty

When severe malalignment occurs in destructive knee joint disease, the articular surface is devastated and associated changes result in underlying bone and soft tissues. Bone loss takes place on both the tibial and femoral surfaces of the knee joint in association with severe angular deformity. In the varus knee bone loss tends to be greater on the tibial surface and in valgus deformities the bone loss tends to be more symmetrical on the tibial and femoral surfaces. The extent of bone deficiency is usually more marked on the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau as often flexion contractures are concomitant with these marked deformities. There is associated asymmetry of soft tissues about the joint complicating the management of these deformities and most commonly soft tissue releases will be necessary on the concave side of the deformity to balance lax soft tissues on the convex side of the deformity.
Turbine Blade Tip Cooling With Blade Rotation: Part II — Shroud Coolant Injection

In this paper, blade-tip cooling is investigated with coolant injection from the shroud alone and a combination of shroud coolant injection and tip cooling. With a nominal rotation speed of 1200 RPM, each blade consists of a cut back squealer tip with a tip clearance of 1.7 % of the blade span. The blades also consist of tip holes and pressure side shaped holes, while the shroud has an array of angled holes and a circumferential slot upstream of the rotor section. Different combinations of the three cooling configurations (tip and pressure side holes, shroud angled holes and shroud circumferential slot) are utilized to study the effectiveness of shroud cooling as a complementary method of cooling the blade tip. The measurements are done using liquid crystal thermography. Blowing ratios of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 are studied for shroud slot cooling and blowing ratios of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 are studied for shroud hole cooling. For cases with coolant injection from the blade tip, the blowing ratios used are 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. The results show an increase in film cooling effectiveness with increasing blowing ratio for shroud hole cooling. The increased effectiveness from shroud hole cooling is concentrated mainly in the tip-region below the shroud holes and towards the blade suction side and the suction side squealer rim. Slot cooling injection results in increased effectiveness on the blade tip near the blade leading edge up to a maximum blowing ratio, after which the cooling effectiveness decreases with increasing blowing ratio. The combination of the different cooling methods results in better overall cooling coverage of the blade tip with the shroud hole and blade tip cooling combination being the most effective. The level of coolant protection is strongly dependent on the blowing ratio and combination of blowing ratios.
Transport emissions: All hail robocabs

Connected and automated vehicles enable new business models, such as self-driving taxis, that could transform transportation. These models have the potential to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions, but only if they are developed with energy use in mind.
Lifetime of the Σ 0

A dispersion-theoretic calculation of the lifetime of the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ is carried out along lines suggested by previous treatments of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors. In terms of the coupling constants of the $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$, and $N$ baryons to the pion (${g}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}, {g}_{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}, \mathrm{and} g$), the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}$ lifetime is predicted to be $\ensuremath{\tau}={(\frac{{g}_{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}{g}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}}{{g}^{2}})}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}19}$ sec, irrespective of the relative ($\ensuremath{\Lambda}, \ensuremath{\Sigma}$) parity, the validity of this expression depending on the dominance of the two-pion resonating state contribution to the ${\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\Lambda}+\ensuremath{\gamma}$ transition magnetic moment.
Valuation Lessons From Estate of Adell

In Estate of Adell, the Tax Court determined that the correct value of a decedent’s interest in a closely held corporation was the figure reported on the original estate tax return. The court rejected alternative values as either using the incorrect valuation method or failing to account for the significant value of a key employee’s personal goodwill.
Stochastic models of severe weather watches and warnings: transition probabilities

To alert the public to the possibility of tornado (T), hail (H), or convective wind (C), the National Weather Service (NWS) issues watches (V) and warnings (W). There are severe thunderstorm watches (SV), tornado watches (TV), and particularly dangerous situation watches (PV); and there are severe thunderstorm warnings (SW), and tornado warnings (TW). Two stochastic models are formulated that quantify uncertainty in severe weather alarms for the purpose of making decisions: a one-stage model for deciders who respond to warnings, and a two-stage model for deciders who respond to watches and warnings. The models identify all possible sequences of watches, warnings, and events, and characterize the associated uncertainties in terms of transition probabilities. The modeling approach is demonstrated on data from the NWS Norman, Oklahoma, warning area, years 2000–2007. The major findings are these. (i) Irrespective of its official designation, every warning type {SW, TW} predicts with a significant probability every event type {T, H, C}. (ii) An ordered intersection of SW and TW, defined as reinforced warning (RW), provides additional predictive information and outperforms SW and TW. (iii) A watch rarely leads directly to an event, and most frequently is false. But a watch that precedes a warning does matter. The watch type $$\{SV$$ , TV, $$PV\}$$ is a predictor of the warning type $$\{SW$$ , RW, $$TW\}$$ and of the warning performance: It sharpens the false alarm rate of the warning and the predictive probability of an event, and it increases the average lead time of the warning.
Students, Faculty, And Administrators Perception Of Students Evaluations Of Faculty In Higher Education Business Schools

This literature review analyzes students’ evaluations of faculty in higher education business schools. Particularly, differences in perception amongst students, faculty and administrators are examined across variables deemed significant by scholars. Each academic year students are requested to complete faculty evaluation forms for the classes they take at almost every university (Mohammad Ahmadi, Marilyn M. Helm, Farhad Raiszadeh [2001]. Numerous approaches and research related to students’ evaluations of faculty have been conducted and have led to different results and conclusions. Students’ evaluations of faculty have been used primarily for faculty promotion, salary raises, tenure, teaching efficiency, retention or faculty dismissal. Nevertheless, students, faculty and administrators have mixed feelings and perceptions about the students’ evaluations of faculty. This paper examines the views and perceptions of business major students and faculty at the School of Business at Hampton University. Business students and faculty will be asked to complete a various survey instruments. Results will be examined and presented.
Temporal Feeding Patterns of Some Tropical Frugivores

Differences in activity cycles among members of an animal community are generally thought to be less important than other differences as a means of sharing food and space (Schoener 1974a). Resource partitioning according to time is most common among groups of predators whose principal prey populations are active at different times of the day, resulting in the exploitation of different foods. For example, Pianka (1969) concluded that differences in activity time of two species of Ctenotus lizards were important in avoiding competition for food. In contrast, animals who feed on a food supply such as fruit, which is not replenished or replaced during the day, cannot reduce competition for food by feeding at different times. Once a fruit is removed, it is gone, and there is no apparent advantage for individuals to feed at different times. Nevertheless, I could find no data in the literature on feeding times of frugivores that could be used to test such hypotheses. The objectives of my study were to document the temporal feeding patterns of some tropical fruit-eating birds and examine the role of time in their feeding ecology.
The Influence of Type of Feeder on Breast Blisters in Broilers

Abstract Breast blister formation in broilers may occur from irritation of the tender breast tissue. O’Neil (1943) suggested that pressure of the resting bird against the ground or roost could cause blister development. Bird (1944) found that chickens of greater body depth showed a higher incidence of blisters. Feeders present a hard surface against which the birds rest while they are eating. Some feeders, by virtue of their construction, may bring more pressure to bear on the breast tissues than other types of feeders. Chickens also bump against feeders when they become frightened from some disturbance. It was decided to investigate any possible differences that may occur in the incidence of breast blisters in birds provided with three different types of feeders. Two separate tests were conducted in which broilers were grown to 7 weeks of age using 5 foot trough feeders, 20 pound capacity tube feeders, and self-feeding hog feeders.
CaWO4 : Eu3+, Dy3+, Tb3+ Phosphor Crystals for Solid-State Lighting Applications

Calcium tungstate (CaWO4) phosphor crystals doped with Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Dy, Tb) were grown from high temperature solutions (NaWO4 flux) and their properties compared with powders synthesized using traditional solid-state reaction technique. The flux-grown crystals exhibited enhanced excitation and emission intensities as compared to the powders. An optimized flux to solute ratio of 2:1 at growth temperatures in the 1100-1200 °C range results in the largest size optically clear crystals.
Digitization noise and accelerograph pen offset associated with Japanese accelerograms

Ground-motion accelerograms recorded in Japan between 1956 and 1978 were recently processed. Preprocessing studies of the accelerograms were required that consisted of: (1) evaluation of the long-period digitization noise in the accelerograms, and (2) correction for initial offset of the recording pen in the SMAC accelerograph. Long-period digitization noise present in each accelerogram was identified from the Fourier Amplitude Spectrum of the uncorrected accelerogram. Similar investigations with United States accelerograms recorded on 70-mm film revealed that the noise in both sets of data had similar characteristics. In nearly all cases, the noise spectrum was proportional to the period, which suggested that fatigue and carelessness of the operator during digitization may have been responsible for the observed period dependence. Correction for initial pen offset was necessary for some Japanese accelerograms because the pen arm was not parallel to the direction of movement of the recording paper. To account for pen offset, values of the initial pen rotation were assumed, and the accelerograms were corrected using a simple algorithm. Our best estimate of the true offset was based not only on the offset which best removed the slanted appearance, but also the offset inferred from the original accelerogram.
Penetrating trauma to the back and flank. A reassessment of mandatory celiotomy

The optimum management of penetrating wounds to the back and flank remains controversial. Since 1980 our institution has followed a policy of mandatory celiotomy for back and flank wounds with evidence of fascial penetration. Following this policy, 34 patients underwent celiotomy for back (8), flank (22), or combined (4) area penetrating injuries. Four patients sustained shotgun blasts, eight sustained handgun or rifle injuries, and 22 patients were stabbed. All shotgun blasts caused multiple intra-abdominal injuries and five (63%) of the eight gunshot victims had significant intra-abdominal injuries. Only one (5%) of the 22 stab victims had significant intra-abdominal injury. Four (12%) patients died, three of shotgun injuries. One patient had a small bowel obstruction 1 month after a noncontributory abdominal examination. Based on this review, the authors recommend selective management of stab wounds to the back and flank. Gunshot wounds continue to warrant mandatory exploration.
“What Guarantees Do We Have?” Legal Tolls and Persistent Impunity for Feminicide in Guatemala

Guatemala has one of the highest levels of killings of women and impunity for violence against women in the world. Despite laws created to protect women, Guatemala, like other countries, generally fails at implementation. This article examines justice system obstacles in contemporary Guatemala to processing cases of feminicide—killings of women because they are women in a context of impunity—comparing two recent feminicide cases. It argues that the sociopolitical context in Guatemala, including structural violence, widespread poverty, inequality, corruption, and normalization of gender violence against women, generates penalties, or “legal tolls,” that are imposed on victims' families and contribute to impunity through undermining victims' attempts to navigate the justice system. The analysis focuses on the tolls of fear and time: the need to overcome fear of retaliation and the extraordinary time and effort it takes to do so in a corrupt and broken system.
Diagnosing hydrogen sulfide toxicosis with a silver/sulfide ion-selective electrode

The objective of this project was to develop a rapid, simple and inexpensive quantitative analysis to confirm hydrogen sulfide toxicosis in livestock based on acid extraction of sulfide in a wash-bottle unit and potentiometric determination with an ion-selective electrode (ISE). A silver/sulfide ISE and double-junction reference electrode coupled to a digital pH/mV meter with an automatic temperature compensation probe provided rapid and stable measurement of sulfide down to 0.02 ppm S"^ using a liter-beaker calibration technique. The analysis was further facilitated by sealing standardized solutions and extracted unknown samples in serum bottles after flushing with nitrogen gas and storing at 4°C. The wash-bottle developed during the research provided excellent sulfide recoveries from aqueous samples (87 to 96%), but extraction from animal tissues was plagued by sample coagulation, foaming and poor to excellent percent recoveries. Whole and clotted blood were the worst samples for coagulation and foaming problems, compared to brain, lung, serum or plasma. Diluting the sample prior to extraction, and acidifying with dilute acids prevented coagulation. Foaming was combated with a mineral oil-poloxalene mixture (50:50 v/v), redesigning the wash-bottle, and reducing the nitrogen flow rate. Mean percentage of spike recovered were: blood, 7 to 43; blood clot, 13; serum, 58; plasma, 80; brain, 83 to 101; and lung, 76 to 102. Poor sulfide recovery and concentrating ability of the extraction unit prevented estimating endogenous blood sulfide concentrations ( 0.05) from endogenous levels due to the large variance in the resulting sulfide estimates.
Mystery, Inc.: A Big Data case

Abstract This case introduces you to the concepts of Big Data and data analytics in conjunction with AU 316, Consideration of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit , and journal entry testwork. You will assume the role of a staff auditor and assist the engagement senior with journal entry testwork and data analyses for Mystery, Inc.’s 20x3 fiscal year. In the first part of the case, you will perform journal entry planning and scoping procedures, which will then be passed on to the engagement data analytics team. In the second part of the case, you will analyze the Big Data output prepared by the data analytics team to identify anomalies and to propose follow-up audit fieldwork. To prepare you for the case and to build your understanding of Big Data and data analytics, the engagement partner has also provided you a few pages of background reading on the subject matter. By completing the Mystery, Inc. case, you will gain an understanding of Big Data and AU 316 within the context of a financial statement audit, and supplement your analytical and higher order thinking skillset.
Exercise-induced Bronchoconstriction with Firefighting Contained Breathing Apparatus.

ABSTRACTPurposeProtective self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) used for firefighting delivers decompressed (cold) dehumidified air that may enhance the severity of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in those susceptible. We investigated the effect of SCBA during exercise on airway calib
Manufacturing of Biologics

Biologics have brought a new dimension to the treatment of chronic diseases. As compared to small molecules, biologics are created in living cells and thus the manufacturing of biologics is a complex process. This chapter discusses the multistep approach used to manufacture biotechnology-derived biologics. The chapter also discusses biosimilars and the complexity of their development and manufacturing along with highlighting the differences between two often-confused terms—biosimilarity and comparability.
A review of recent literature on the impact of parental substance use disorders on children and the provision of effective services.

Purpose of review To provide an update of recent studies of the incidence and impact of parental substance use disorders (SUDs) on children, and to identify effective treatment programs to assist parents with SUDs and their children. Recent findings Children of parents with alcohol and drug use disorders (COPADs) suffer from physical, mental and behavioral problems at higher rates than other children and are more likely to develop their own SUDs in adolescence. Parenting styles and familial dysfunction contribute to the intergenerational transmission of SUDs. Studies of the negative effects of parental SUDs on children identified the effects of inconsistent, disengaged or harsh parenting practices on mother-child bonding. Exposure to violence and father's hostility contribute to children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors. Family- based intervention programs, as well as programs for mothers with SUDs and their young children, have shown positive results. For high-risk families with multiple needs, the ongoing support of multidisciplinary services is required. Summary Parental SUDs have a profound impact on their children, including intergenerational transmission of SUDs. A variety of interventive programs are being studied in order to devise effective programs to assist these children.
Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense

In epistemology, “contextualism” denotes a wide variety of more-or-less closely related positions according to which the issues of knowledge or justification are somehow relative to context. I will proceed by first explicating the position I call contextualism, and distinguishing that position from some closely related positions in epistemology, some of which sometimes also go by the name of “contextualism”. I’ll then present and answer what seems to many the most pressing of the objections to contextualism as I construe it, and also indicate some of the main positive motivations for accepting the view. Among the epistemologists I’ve spoken with who have an opinion on the matter, I think it’s fair to say a majority reject contextualism. However, the resistance has to this point been largely underground, with little by way of sustained arguments against contextualism appearing in the journals, though I have begun to see various papers in manuscript form which are critical of contextualism. Here, I’ll respond the criticism of contextualism that, in my travels, I have found to be the most pervasive in producing suspicion about the view.
Natural circulation and structural heatup in TMI-2 (Three Mile Island Unit 2) after core uncovery

The upper plenum structures of Three Mile Island Unit 2 (TMI-2) have been of interest because of both the limited damage locations and the low structure temperatures in the upper part of the plenum. Damage to the core upper grid was localized to the two quadrants away from the hot-leg connections and was essentially limited to the bottom of the grid. Examination of two control-rod-drive lead screws indicated that structure temperatures reached 1,250 K near the bottom on the lead screw at the upper grid elevation in the central regions of the core and {approximately}1,000 K in the periphery of the core in a hot-leg quadrant. The temperature near the middle of the lead screws at the top of the upper plenum elevation was limited to 750 K. As part of a joint effort between Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories to develop and validate severe accident analysis codes for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, it was decided to study a very detailed three-dimensional TRAC computer model of TMI-2. The TRAC calculation provides a plausible explanation for the observed damage and temperatures in the upper plenum structures of TMI-2.
On the boundary of digital straight line segments

It will be proved in this paper that all digital straight segments connecting two given pixels form areas whose lower bound and upper bound are also digital straight segments. These two bounds are simply calculated and different from each other by unity in the x or y-coordinate, and their chain codes have reverse directions from each other. Hence, for practical purposes, these results can be used to define general digital straight segments as the digital arcs in this area, and also used to define the convexity and concavity of digital arcs.