cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The detroit project studies of blood pressure: A prologue and review of related studies and epidemiological issues

THE AGGREGATION of blood pressure levels among family members has stimulated considerable epidemioloic interest. Family aggregation, its quantification and the description of configurational patterns of similarity among different types of relatives has been the subject of empirical research and of interpretative controversy. The purposes of this Prologue are to [l] review selectively the epidemiologic findings and identify some of the methodologic and conceptual issues in this area of research, and [2] to focus attention on the findings of the Detroit Project which includes work on the Family Set approach to measuring genetic effects. an approach which is explicated in this issue of the journal.
Preferential Radionuclide Release Due to Alpha Decay: Effects on Repository Performance

We model preferential release of 237 Np, 234 U, 230 Th, 226 Ra, and 210 Pb from disposed commercial spent nuclear fuel as a result of alpha recoil damage, using the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Total-system Performance Assessment (TPA) model for the potential repository at Yucca Mountain. Time-dependent augmentation of the ingrown component is simulated by increasing the initial parent inventory; we have used a factor of five increase, based on natural system observations. For 237 Np, the magnitude of preferential release is subject to solubility limits. Stochastic TPA runs show a significant effect on modeled dose of preferential 237 Np release, but low impact from the other four radionuclides. The mechanism could be ineffective if 237 Np is incorporated into secondary phases. While our results are exploratory in nature, this approach to modeling decay-related enhancement of release can be applied in other nuclear waste disposal settings.
Visual Mechanisms of Spatial Disorientation in Alzheimer's Disease

Impaired optic flow perception may contribute to the visuospatial disorientation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We find that 36% of AD patients have elevated perceptual thresholds for left/right outward radial optic flow discrimination. This impairment is related to independent visual motion processing deficits affecting the perception of left/right motion-defined boundaries and in/out radial motion. Elevated optic flow thresholds in AD are correlated with greater difficulty in the Road Map test of visuospatial function (r = -0.5) and in on-the-road driving tests (r = -0.83). When local motion cues are removed from optic flow, subjects must rely on the global pattern of motion. This reveals global pattern perceptual deficits that affect most AD patients (85%) and some normal elderly subjects (21%). This deficit might combine with impaired local motion processing to undermine the alternative perceptual strategies for visuospatial orientation. The greater prevalence of global pattern deficits suggests that it might precede local motion processing impairments, possibly relating to the sequence of early hippocampal and later posterior cortical damage that is typical of AD.
The tectonic development of a Neogene basin at the leading edge of the active European margin: the Heraklion basin, Crete, Greece

Abstract The Heraklion basin is located in central Crete between the Psiloritis and Dicti mountains as a graben structure, developed through Neogene and Quaternary times. Several differently oriented sub-basins, bounded by normal faults occur within the main basin. Climatic conditions and lack of vegetation expose well-preserved outcrops of the filling sediments and the fault planes, which were classified in three fault generations. Cross-cutting relationships between different faults, sub-basin’s succession, morphotectonic features and overprinting criteria between faults and sediments were used for this classification. The average-regional and local stress fields responsible for fault development were determined using slip indicators preserved on the fault planes. The tectonic and kinematic development of the Heraklion basin was governed by the relative plate behavior and the resultant geodynamic conditions at the European margin. The beginning, in the Middle/Late Miocene, of the southward roll-back of the African plate resulted in a N–S directed extension on the upper crust, that formed the first E–W trending basins of Crete. In the late Messinian, the activation of the North Anatolian fault and the associated southwestwards extrusion of the Anatolian plate accelerated an arc-parallel extension, which formed the N–S trending Heraklion, and smaller basins. Since the middle Pliocene, fault development resumed in two normal directions, NW–SE and NE–SW, as a result of a pure multi-directional extension, induced by the African plate subduction and roll-back that favors an arc-normal extension and the Anatolian extrusion, that supports an arc-parallel stretching. Active faulting in Crete supports this scenario for the present day tectonic situation.
Tag-assisted sentence confabulation for intelligent text recognition

Autonomous and intelligent recognition of printed or handwritten text image is one of the key features to achieve situational awareness. A neuromorphic model based intelligent text recognition (ITR) system has been developed in our previous work, which recognizes texts based on word level and sentence level context represented by statistical information of characters and words. While quite effective, sometimes the existing ITR system still generates results that are grammatically incorrect because it ignores semantic and syntactic properties of sentences. In this work, we improve the accuracy of the existing ITR system by incorporating parts-of-speech tagging into the text recognition procedure. Our experimental results show that the tag-assisted text recognition improves sentence level success rate by 33% in average.
Anomalous right coronary artery from the left sinus: a minimally invasive approach

Objective: Anomalous right coronary artery arising from the left sinus (ARCA) is a known cause of sudden cardiac death, particularly in young athletes. Surgery is recommended for all adult patients who are symptomatic or who have evidence of exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. Surgical options include coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and anatomic correction by unroofing the ostium or by reimplanting the ostium into the right sinus of Valsalva. We describe the rationale and technique of a minimally invasive right thoracotomy approach for correction of ARCA. Methods: We reviewed all patients with coronary artery disease operated upon at Mount Sinai Medical Center. Between March 2008 and September 2010, 17 patients underwent surgery for anomalous coronary origin from the opposite sinus of Valsalva. Nine of these patients had ARCA. We describe four adult patients with ARCA who were operated upon using a small right anterior thoracotomy incision to perform a right internal mammary artery (RIMA) to right coronary artery (RCA) bypass with ligation of the proximal RCA. This was performed under direct vision and without cardiopulmonary bypass. Results: There were two male and two female patients. Mean age was 55.3 4.8 years (range 50—61 years). Three of the patients manifested chest pain and one each syncope, dyspnea, and palpitations. Two patients had preoperative stress testing that was positive for ischemia. Postoperative follow-up (mean 14 months and range 5—37 months) is complete. All patients are alive and asymptomatic. Conclusions: ARCA can be managed with good early and midterm results using a minimally invasive right thoracotomy approach. # 2011 European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Modeling and Analysis of Call Center Arrival Data: A Bayesian Approach

In this paper, we present a modulated Poisson process model to describe and analyze arrival data to a call center. The attractive feature of this model is that it takes into account both covariate and time effects on the call volume intensity, and in so doing, enables us to assess the effectiveness of different advertising strategies along with predicting the arrival patterns. A Bayesian analysis of the model is developed and an extension of the model is presented to describe potential heterogeneity in arrival patterns. The proposed model and the methodology are implemented using real call center arrival data.
Semiparametric model building for regression models with time-varying parameters

Abstract This paper considers the problem of semiparametric model building for linear regression models with potentially time-varying coefficients. By allowing the response variable and explanatory variables be jointly a nonstationary process, the proposed methods are widely applicable to nonstationary and dependent observations. We propose a local linear shrinkage method that can simultaneously achieve parameter estimation and variable selection. Its selection consistency and the favorable oracle property are established. Due to the fear of losing efficiency, an information criterion is further proposed for distinguishing between time-varying and time-constant components. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the proposed methods.
P* Segregation Indices: What Can They Tell Us about Housing Segregation in 1980?

An alternative measure of segregation, the P* index, is explained. This measure is computed separately for each racial/ethnic group and, in a diadic situation, indicates each group's potential for neighborhood contact with the other. The usefulness of this index, as well as the different information it provides from that provided by other indices, is discussed. P* indices are computed for blacks and whites for the St Louis metropolitan area in 1970 and 1980. The results indicate that neither group experienced a sizable increase in residential contact with the other between 1970 and 1980. The significance of this finding in a context of increasing black suburbanization is discassed.
Parental Investment and Elite Family Structure in Preindustrial States: A Case Study of Late Medieval‐Early Modern Portuguese Genealogies

In this paper I examine the idea that patriarchal family structure among elites in stratified societies originates as a form of parental investment favoring male children. Patriliny and restricted inheritance among 15th- and 16th-century Portuguese nobility are analyzed as reproductive strategies aimed at maximizing lineage survival and posterity in the face of high mortality. Demographic data derived from genealogies show that among the high nobility, males outreproduce females, whereas among the lower nobility, females outreproduce males, and that the tendency to concentrate investment in male offspring correspondingly increases with status. This family structural arrangement has the societal effect of generating intense competition among males for available titles, which results in increased warfare mortality among men and indirectly in the increased claustration of women.
Vertical Contaminant Profiling of Volatile Organic* in a Deep Fractured Basalt Aquifer

Volatile organic compounds delected in ground water from wells at Test Area North (TAN) at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) prompted RCRA facility investigations in 1989 and 1990 and a CERCLA-driven RI/FS in 1992. In order to address ground water treatment feasibility, one of the main objectives, of the 1992 remedial investigation was to determine the vertical extent of ground water contamination, where the principle contaminant, of concern is trichloroethylene (TCE). It was hypothesized that a sedimentary interbed at depth in the fractured basalt aquifer could be inhibiting vertical migration of contaminants to lower aquifers. Due to the high cost of drilling and installation of ground water monitoring wells at this facility (greater than $100,000 per well), a real time method was proposed for obtaining and analyzing ground water samples during drilling to allow accurate placement of well screens in zones of predicted VOC contamination. This method utilized an inflatable pump packer pressure transducer system interfaced with a datalogger and PC at land surface. This arrangement allowed for real lime monitoring of hydraulic head above and below the packer to detect leakage around the packer during pumping and enabled collection of head data during pumping for estimating hydrologic properties. Analytical results were obtained in about an hour from an on-site mobile laboratory equipped with a gas chromalograplvmass spectrometer (GC/MS). With the hydrologic and analytical results in hand, a decision was made to either complete the well or continue drilling to the next test zone. In almost every case, analytical results of ground water samples taken from the newly installed wells closely replicated the water quality of ground water samples obtained through the pump packer system.
Teachers’ Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct:

Attention to the beliefs of teachers and teacher candidates should be a focus of educational research and can inform educational practice in ways that prevailing research agendas have not and cannot. The difficulty in studying teachers’ beliefs has been caused by definitional problems, poor conceptualizations, and differing understandings of beliefs and belief structures. This article examines the meaning prominent researchers give to beliefs and how this meaning differs from that of knowledge, provides a definition of belief consistent with the best work in this area, explores the nature of belief structures as outlined by key researchers, and offers a synthesis of findings about the nature of beliefs. The article argues that teachers’ beliefs can and should become an important focus of educational inquiry but that this will require clear conceptualizations, careful examination of key assumptions, consistent understandings and adherence to precise meanings, and proper assessment and investigation of spec...
Study of the impacts of ambient temperature variations along a transmission line using temperature-dependent line models

This paper discusses select impacts of ambient temperature variations along a transmission line on voltage attenuation and power handling capabilities. Temperature-dependent models are developed and used in simulation to study these impacts. In order to capture the non-uniformity of line parameters caused by ambient temperature gradients, these models are characterized by multiple lumped segments which are non-uniform in length and parameter values. A case study for a medium-length line and several ambient temperature scenarios is presented and underlines the sensitivity of the line performance on temperature gradients.
Cutting Edge: CD4+ T Cell Help Can Be Essential for Primary CD8+ T Cell Responses In Vivo

Recent studies have shown that CD4 + T cell help is required for the generation of memory CD8 + T cells that can proliferate and differentiate into effector cells on Ag restimulation. The importance of help for primary CD8 + T cell responses remains controversial. It has been suggested that help is not required for the initial proliferation and differentiation of CD8 + T cells in vivo and that classical models of helper-dependent responses describe impaired secondary responses to Ag in vitro. We have measured primary CD8 + T cell responses to peptide-pulsed dendritic cells in mice by cytokine ELISPOT and tetramer staining. No responses were detected in the absence of help, either when normal dendritic cells were injected into MHC II-deficient mice or when MHC II-deficient dendritic cells were injected into normal mice. Thus, the primary in vivo CD8 + T cell response depends absolutely on help from CD4 + T cells in our experimental system.
Fertilization rate is an independent predictor of implantation rate.

Objective To determine whether fertilization rate serves as a biological assay, reflects oocyte quality, and may be used to help predict patient implantation rate. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic center. Patient(s) Couples undergoing 3603 in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles from 2001 to 2007. Intervention(s) None. Main Outcome Measure(s) We compared the implantation rate among cycles with high versus low fertilization rate. Univariate analyses were performed to determine the association of implantation rate with potential confounding variables: age, day-3 follicle-stimulating hormone level, day-3 estradiol level, antral follicle count, oocyte number, cycle attempts, embryo grading, and number of embryos transferred. Multivariate analysis was then performed to determine whether the fertilization rate remained an independent predictor. Result(s) Cutoffs for fertilization rate were 50% for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and 75% for conventional insemination. Higher ICSI fertilization was statistically significantly associated with the implantation rate (25.2% vs. 17.8 %). After adjusting for variables associated with implantation rate, fertilization rate for ICSI remained a strong independent predictor of implantation. Higher conventional insemination fertilization was statistically significantly associated with implantation (32.1% vs. 25.7%) and remained a statistically significant predictor after adjustment. Conclusion(s) Fertilization is a strong, independent predictor of implantation rate and may be useful in modeling to guide decision making for the number of embryos to transfer.
The Stage-specific Testicular Germ Cell Apoptotic Response to Low-dose X-irradiation and 2,5-hexanedione Combined Exposure. I Validation of the Laser Capture Microdissection Method for qRT-PCR Array Application

Over the past decade, laser capture microdissection (LCM) has grown as a tool for gene expression profiling of small numbers of cells from tumor samples and of specific cell populations in complex tissues. LCM can be used to study toxicant effects on selected cell populations within the testis at different stages of spermatogenesis. There are several LCM-related hurdles to overcome, including issues inherent to the method itself, as well as biases that result from amplifying the LCM-isolated RNA. Many technical issues associated with the LCM method are addressed here, including increasing RNA yield and obtaining more accurate quantification of RNA yields. We optimized the LCM method optimized to generate RNA quantities sufficient for quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) array analysis without amplification and were able to validate the method through direct comparison of results from unamplified and amplified RNA from individual samples. The addition of an amplification step for gene expression studies using LCM RNA resulted in a bias, especially for low abundance transcripts. Although the amplification bias was consistent across samples, researchers should use caution when comparing results generated from amplified and unamplified LCM RNA. Here, we have validated the use of LCM-derived RNA with the qRT-PCR array, improving our ability to investigate cell-type and stage-specific responses to toxicant exposures.
An adaptive dissemination mechanism for inter-vehicle communication-based decentralized traffic information systems

Inter-vehicle communications (IVC) has the potential to play an important role in many future vehicle and traffic applications. Much of this will occur in the automated vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSS) arena, and to a lesser extent in the advanced transportation management and information systems (ATMIS) arena. One such ATMIS application where IVC can be used is in decentralized traffic information systems. These systems do not require extensive infrastructure and management centers to collect and disseminate traffic information. Instead, information can be shared among vehicles through periodic broadcast messages. An adaptive dissemination mechanism for this is described in this paper. In the proposed design, each participating vehicle can adapt their transmission interval according to the current traffic speed and also disseminate the traffic information of different segments at different rates according to the distance to its current position. This dissemination scheme ensures the efficient distribution of information within the vehicle network. We have designed, developed, and tested this methodology using a unique traffic simulation environment that has been effectively augmented with wireless communication capability. Both analysis and simulation results show that the bandwidth that the system requires is far below the bandwidth of current 802.11 wireless links and the system can reach the accuracy requirement even at a low penetration rate
Control of multiphoton excitation in condensed phases based on multiphoton intrapulse interference

Phase-modulated ultrafast pulses are used to control nonlinear optical processes in large organic molecules and solids. The principle of multiphoton intrapulse interference is used to predict the required phase to enhance or suppress the process.
Properties of the MLE for parameters of a Weibull regression model under type I censoring

Maximum-likelihood estimators of an accelerated life-test model are derived and their properties are assessed. A factorial design is used to examine the effects of (1) number of levels of acceleration variable, (2) censorship time, and (3) sample size. The maximum-likelihood estimators of the various parameters are found, and their biases and mean square errors are reported. >
Effects of a training program to enhance autonomy supportive behaviors among youth soccer coaches

Langdon, J., Schlote, R., Harris, B., Burdette, G., & Rothberger, S. (2015). Effects of a training program to enhance autonomy supportive behaviors among youth soccer coaches. J. Hum. Sport Exerc., 10(1), pp.114. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and implementation of a training emphasizing the use of autonomy supportive coaching behaviors among youth soccer coaches in game-play situations as well as evaluating its effects on motivational processes among athletes. Participants included youth sport soccer coaches and their intact teams. Coaches received a series of autonomy-supportive coaching training interventions based on successful programs in general and physical education (Reeve, Jang, Carrell, Jeon & Barch, 2004; Cheon, Reeve & Moon, 2012). Athletes completed questionnaires to assess perceived autonomy support, basic need satisfaction, and motivation (Harris & Watson, 2011). Observations indicated coaches were not able to significantly modify their behaviors, yet reflectively reported modest implementation of autonomy supportive behaviors. Coaches believed the training influenced their coaching style/philosophy in regards to the coach-athlete relationship and communication styles, emphasizing choice and rationales. Continued research is needed to enhance use of autonomy supportive behaviors with volunteer coaches in a youth sport environment. Key words: AUTONOMY SUPPORTIVE COACHING, SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY, YOUTH SPORT.
Prolactin upstream factor I mediates cell-specific transcription

DNA sequence-specific chromatography was used to purify prolactin upstream factor I (PUF-I) approximately 10,000- to 20,000-fold from rat GH3 cells. The purified transcription factor reconstituted enhanced pituitary-specific prolactin RNA synthesis in nonpituitary in vitro transcription assays. In vitro mutagenesis demonstrated that the capacity to stimulate prolactin gene transcription was directly correlated with PUF-I binding to an A+T-rich region located from -63 to -36 in the prolactin 5'-flanking DNA. We propose that PUF-I is a critical modulator of transcriptional activity in pituitary cells and has a central role in the stimulation of prolactin gene transcription in the mammalian pituitary lactotroph.
Anatomy of a Physiology Major

### The How and “Why”: Becoming a Physiology Major Over the duration of my undergraduate experience, I have gotten to know many of my peers' motivations for entering into the major of physiology, and I have found that we all are interested in physiology for very different reasons. Some students
Feeling Mixed, Ambivalent, and in Flux: The Social Functions of Emotional Complexity for Leaders

We propose that the experience and expression of emotional complexity, including the simultaneous and sequential experience of emotional complexity, can be beneficial for leaders’ ability to lead change. Using the social functions of emotions perspective, we suggest that the primary function of emotional complexity is to increase cognitive flexibility. Specifically, we present a model that explains how, when, and why emotional complexity is functional for leaders at the individual and interpersonal levels of analysis. At the individual level, leaders who experience emotional complexity are more cognitively flexible and, thus, make more adaptive decisions. We further propose that not all leaders will experience such benefits from emotional complexity; individual differences of neuroticism and openness to experience will moderate the leader emotional complexity–cognitive flexibility relationship. Extending our analysis to the interpersonal level, we propose that when followers observe leaders expressing emo...
Uncertainty Evaluation on Determination of Total Bacterial Count in Meat and Meat Products

[Objective]To evaluate the uncertainty of determination of total bacterial count in meat and meat products,so as to meet the requirement of ISO/IEC 17025:2005. [Methods]Using the routine testing results of meat and meat products,the uncertainty of total bacterial count was evaluated with method of pooled sample standard deviation. [Results]The expanded uncertainty was 0.058,which was suitable for every detection result of this kind of samples. [Conclusion]The method is simple.After classifying the samples,it can carry out the statistical analysis by suing routine testing results,so as to evaluate the uncertainty of different kinds of products.
Caries inhibition by fluoride-releasing primers.

This study evaluated the caries inhibition of dentin primers with the addition of fluoride. Two standardized Class V preparations were placed in 20 molars, the gingival margin placed below the cementoenamel junction and the occlusal margin placed in enamel. Two dentin primers (Syntac and ScotchPrep) were placed in equal numbers of 20 preparations, according to manufacturer's instructions. Ammonium fluoride (10% by weight) was then added to these primers and they were placed in the remaining 20 preparations, opposing the non-fluoridated primer of the same system. All teeth were then restored with a non-fluoridated resin composite. All teeth were subjected to an artificial caries challenge (pH 4.2) for 5 days. Sections of 100 microns were obtained, photographed under polarized light microscopy, then demineralized areas were quantitated by digitization. Results demonstrated the mean areas (mm2 +/- S.D.) demineralization at 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm from the restoration margin to be: Syntac/fluoride (1.44 +/- 0.49, 1.68 +/- 0.54, 3.72 +/- 0.74); Syntac (1.99 +/- 0.58, 1.50 +/- 0.35, 2.98 +/- 1.26); ScotchPrep/fluoride (1.23 +/- 0.68, 1.55 +/- 0.64, 3.08 +/- 1.16); ScotchPrep (1.90 +/- 0.83, 1.71 +/- .038, 3.36 +/- 0.62). A paired t-test indicated primers with fluoride to demonstrate significantly less demineralization 0.25 mm from the restoration margin (P < 0.07).
Cladribine for the Management of Erdheim-Chester Histiocytosis in Adults

Abstract Introduction: Erdheim-Chester Disease (ECD) is a rare, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis characterized by foamy infiltrates of the soft tissue and bone, with a histopathology that demonstrates CD68-positive, CD1a-negative, and S100-negative histiocytes densely infiltrating bone, lymph nodes, retroperitoneum, and systemic vasculature. Although no therapy has been designated as standard, a variety of chemotherapeutic options exist for management in adults. Cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine) is a metabolite that predominantly affects blood cells by mimicking adenosine nucleosides, inhibiting adenosine deaminase, and thus disrupts the ability of the cell to repair DNA. In this abstract, we report three patients with varying sites of disease who achieved remission following treatment with cladribine. Although the efficacy of cladribine has been demonstrated in patients with ECD who exhibit neurological symptoms, we present three patients in whom significant responses were achieved in disease distributed in long bones, pericardium, skin, and retroperitoneum. Case Description: Three adult patients presented for management of ECD, one after extensive prior therapy with corticosteroids, vinblastine and alpha-interferon; and two patients who had not received prior therapy. Each patient was treated with cladribine (0.14 mg/kg) administered via IV infusion two hours daily for five days on a 28-day cycle. The first patient, age 46, had disease involving skin, uveal tract, testis and retroperitoneum; he also had diabetes insipidus (DI). Previous therapy with steroids, vinblastine, and interferon had proven ineffective and had been associated with life-threatening, opportunistic infection. A second patient, age 28, presented with painful lytic bone disease, DI, and “b” symptoms consisting of fevers, chills, sweats, and progressive weight loss. A third patient, age 64, presented with recurrent episodes of pericarditis requiring placement of a pericardial window. All three patients achieved sustained disease regression after treatment with 5, 3, and 4 cycles of treatment, respectively. Treatment-related toxicity included febrile neutropenia in the first patient; all three patients received anti-PCP, anti-viral, and anti-fungal prophylaxis for one year after completing therapy, and had no opportunistic infections. The first and third patients have required no further treatment 10 years, and 17 months after completion of therapy. The second patient required re-treatment, initially with interferon, and then with Cladribine, after a symptom-free interval of 13 months, and has achieved a second remission with Cladribine. Conclusion: The experience with these three patients illustrates the potential efficacy of cladribine for management of Erdheim-Chester histiocytosis in adults. Based on this preliminary experience, a further prospective trial in a larger group of patients with newly diagnosed Erdheim-Chester Disease seems warranted. Disclosures Off Label Use: Cladribine has not received FDA approval for the treatment of Erdheim Chester Histiocytosis..
Effect of fenbendazole and pyrantel tartrate on the induction of protective immunity in pigs naturally or experimentally infected with Ascaris suum.

An experiment was conducted with 96 weanling pigs (avg initial wt 18.5 kg) divided into six treatment with two replicates of eight pigs each. Pigs in Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were penned in outside pens with dirt lots that previously were contaminated with A. suum ova to induce a natural ascaris infection. Pigs in Treatments 4, 5 and 6 were penned in an open-front building with solid concrete floors and were experimentally infected with 2,000 embryonated A. suum. ova on d 1, 15 and 29 of the experiment. Pigs in Treatments 1 and 4 were medicated with fenbendazole (FBZ, 3 mg/[kg BW.d]) for three consecutive days during three consecutive time periods. Pigs in Treatments 2 and 5 were medicated with pyrantel tartrate (PT, 106 mg/kg feed) for 28 d. Pigs in Treatments 3 and 6 served as infected, unmedicated controls. All pigs were challenged with 100 A. suum eggs 7 d after termination of the final FBZ treatment. All pigs were killed 66 d after challenge and worms were recovered. Fenbendazole treatment resulted in greater (P less than .07) average daily gain than PT treatment in pigs penned outside. Among inside pigs, FBZ treatment resulted in better (P less than .02) feed utilization than in controls. The FBZ and PT treatments reduced (P less than .03) the total number of A. suum, the length and weight of female ascarids and the length of male ascarids compared with controls. A natural continual infection with A. suum was less effective than experimental infection in inducing protective immunity in pigs.
The Obligatory Activation of Practiced Complex Multiplication Facts and What it Tells Us About Models of Arithmetic Processing

Three experiments were conducted in which adults practiced complex multiplication problems (e.g., 4 x 17). In Experiments 1 and 2, after practice participants completed a number-matching task in which two digits (cues) were followed by a single digit (probe) and had to determine whether the probe matched either of the cues. In simple arithmetic (e.g., 4 x 3), when the probe is the product of the cues (12), participants are slower/more error prone when determining whether there is a match. Results of Experiment 1 extended this effect to complex multiplication. In Experiment 2, participants practiced problems with the larger operand first (e.g., 17 x 4) or with the smaller operand first (e.g., 4 x 17). The number-matching interference effect from Experiment 1 was replicated, and was equal across the two groups whether cues were presented in their practiced or non-practiced order. Experiment 3 was conducted to determine if two additional simple multiplication effects, consistency and relatedness, could be documented for complex multiplication. After practice, in a verification task (4 x 13 = 56?) it was found that when presented answers shared a digit with the decade digit of the correct answer (consistency) or were a correct answer to another practiced problem (relatedness), participants rejected answers more slowly and/or less accurately. Together, findings from the three experiments support arithmetic models that posit that commuted pairs are not represented in long-term memory independently and that posit representations of two-digit multiplication answers are decomposed into decades and units during arithmetic processing.
Reflections on the Adoption of Virtual Reality-based Application on Word Recognition for Chinese Children with Autism

Deficiency of attention and sensory overload have been well documented in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); yet attention impairments could preclude children from developing social, cognitive and literacy skills. On the other hand, To address this limitation, virtual reality (VR)-mediated instruction could provide an isolated and focused learning space where noises can be faded out and in turn facilitate the integration of additional visual and auditory cues, thus improve children's learning skills. Unfortunately, most of the prior works of VR-based applications had focused on constructing a safe controllable immersive environment to enable children with ASD to develop useful social and communication skills; published research along this path is even rare in mainland China, which motivates our on-going research. In particular, in this short paper, we report a qualitative observation of the acceptability of such an application in trials involving a twelve-year old boy with high-functioning autism (though is now in a public school) and his mother. Although it is their first encounter with such a technology, and both show high enthusiasm on it; but when it comes to its deployment, mixed results were obtained.
On the young age of intraspecific herbaceous taxa.

Summary Dated phylogenies rarely include the divergence times of sister intraspecific taxa, and when they do little is said about this subject. We show that over 90% of the intraspecific plant taxa found in a literature search are estimated to be 5 million yr old or younger, with only 4% of taxa estimated to be over 10 million yr old or older. A Bayesian analysis of intraspecific taxon ages indicates that indeed these taxa are expected to be < 10 million yr old. This result for the young age of intraspecific taxa is consistent with the earlier observation that post-pollination reproductive barriers develop between 5 and 10 million yr after lineage splitting, thus leading to species formation. If lineages have not graduated to the species level of divergence by 10 million yr or so, they are likely to have gone extinct by that time as a result of narrow geographical distributions, narrow niche breadths, and relatively small numbers across populations.
Compressive Sensing Based Image Compression and Transmission for Noisy Channels

This paper presents the design of an optimized Compressive Sensing image compression technique for data transmission over noisy mobile wireless channel. The proposed technique is more robust to channel noise. It uses individual measurement driven coding scheme, which facilitates simpler encoder design. The shift of computational burden from encoder to decoder is more suitable for mobile devices applications where computational power and battery life are limited. This paper also presents a novel quantizer which allows the encoder to dynamically adapt to the channel conditions and provides optimum performance.
Liabilities and responsibilities: ocean transportation intermediaries (OTIs) and the distribution of counterfeit goods

Whether they know it or not, ocean transportation intermediaries (OTIs) play a crucial role in the distribution of counterfeit goods across the globe. When these companies provide their services to product counterfeiters, they contribute to the proliferation of criminal schemes, and may expose themselves to criminal and civil liability. This article describes how OTIs can be held liable for intellectual property rights violations when they ship counterfeit goods, a subject that should raise serious concerns for OTIs. Additionally, this article proposes several practices that OTIs can adopt to mitigate their exposure to intellectual property rights liabilities. Adoption of these proposals will mean that OTIs will take on a guardianship role, actively contributing to the fight against product counterfeiting.
Evaluation of QTc in Rett syndrome: Correlation with age, severity, and genotype

Rett syndrome (RTT) is caused by MECP2 mutations, resulting in various neurological symptoms. Prolonged corrected QT interval (QTc) is also reported and is a speculated cause of sudden death in RTT. The purpose of this study was to correlate QTc in RTT patients with age, clinical severity, and genotype. 100 RTT patients (98 females, 2 males) with MECP2 mutations underwent baseline neurological evaluation (KKI-RTT Severity Scale) and QTc measurement (standard 12 lead electrocardiogram) as part of our prospective natural history study. Mean QTc of the cohort was 422.6 msec, which did not exceed the normal values for age. 7/100 patients (7%) had QTc prolongation (>450 msec). There was a trend for increasing QTc with age and clinical severity (P = 0.09). No patients with R106C, R106W, R133C, R168*, R270*, R294*, R306C, R306H, and R306P mutations demonstrated QTc prolongation. There was a relatively high proportion of QTc prolongation in patients with R255* mutations (2/8, 25%) and large deletions (1/4, 25%). The overall presence of QTc prolongation did not correlate with mutation category (P = 0.52). Our findings demonstrate that in RTT, the prevalence of QTc prolongation is lower than previously reported. Hence, all RTT patients warrant baseline ECG; if QTc is prolonged, then cardiac followup is warranted. If initial QTc is normal, then annual ECGs, particularly in younger patients, may not be necessary. However, larger sample sizes are needed to solidify the association between QTc and age and clinical severity. The biological and clinical significance of mild QTc prolongation above the normative data remains undetermined.
Advances and Gaps in Understanding Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy: From Pugilists to American Football Players

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern, affecting an estimated 10 million people worldwide per year and more than 40% of US residents over the course of a lifetime.1,2 Mild TBI, also referred to as concussion, is defined as blunt, nonpenetrating head trauma associated with... Language: en
Nonideal democratic authority: The case of undemocratic elections

Empirical research has transformed our understanding of autocratic institutions (Gandhi, 2008; Magaloni, 2006; Schedler, 2009). Yet democratic theorists remain laser-focused on ideal democracies, often contending that political equality is necessary to generate democratic authority (Buchanan, 2002; Christiano, 2008; Estlund, 2008; Kolodny, 2014B; Shapiro, 2002; Viehoff, 2014B, Waldron, 1999). Those analyses neglect most nonideal democracies and autocracies – regimes featuring inequality and practices like gerrymandering. This essay fills that fundamental gap, outlining the difficulties of applying theories of democratic authority to nonideal regimes and challenging long-standing views about democratic authority. Focusing on autocrats that lose elections (for example, Sri Lanka, 2015), I outline the democratic authority of nonideal, flawed procedures. Flawed elections are unjustifiably biased toward incumbents. But under certain conditions, ignoring an incumbent’s loss would require not treating one’s fell...
Discussion and Collaboration in Diagnostic Radiography

This chapter outlines the use of discussion and storytelling between radiographers within the Diagnostic Imaging Department (DID). This doctoral study explores the culture in a DID, in the East of England. The data are discussed in relation to the departmental culture and to other studies of healthcare staff. Diagnostic radiographers discuss their work and share stories with one another as they are doing it. Radiographers appear to quickly lapse into storytelling about work, using these shared experiences as both learning opportunities and collegiate competition.
An initial scoping of transitional justice for global climate governance

Geopolitical changes combined with the increasing urgency of ambitious climate action have re-opened debates about justice and international climate policy. Tensions about historical responsibility...
Chloroplast biogenesis 80. Proposal of a unified multibranched chlorophyll a/b biosynthetic pathway

A unified multibranched chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthetic pathway is proposed. The proposed pathway takes into account the following considerations: (a) that the earliest putative precursor of monovinyl Chl b that has been detected in higher plants is monovinyl protochlorophyllide b, (b) that in most cases, Chl b biosynthesis has its roots in the Chl a biosynthetic pathway, (c) that the Chl a biosynthetic pathway exhibits extensive biosynthetic heterogeneity, (d) that Chl biosynthesis may proceed differently at different stages of greening and in different greening groups of plants. Integration of the Chl a and b biosynthetic pathways into a unified multibranched pathway offers the functional flexibility to account for the structural and biosynthetic complexity of photosynthetic membranes. In this context, it is proposed that the unified, multibranched Chl a/b biosynthetic pathway represents the template of a Chl-protein biosynthesis center where photosystem (PS) 1, PS2, and light-harvesting Chl-protein complexes are assembled into functional photosynthetic units. The individual biosynthetic routes or groups of two to three adjacent biosynthetic routes may constitute Chl-protein biosynthesis subcenters, where specific Chl-protein complexes are assembled.
Nonlinear Elasticity Theory

For many years, a standard treatise on elasticity has been the book by Love (1927). Another standard text on linear elasticity has been prepared by Timoshenko and Goodier (1970), which first appeared in 1934. Among other books on nonlinear elasticity, we mention those by Novozhilov (1948) and Fung (1965). Both of these cover the classical nonlinear case in detail. The book by Novozhilov also deals with a simplified nonlinear case of small strains and large rotations that has found important applications to large deflections of thin structures by many authors. The treatise by Fung further deals with foundations of solid mechanics in general. His book includes a very well-prepared bibliography, covering the literature in solid mechanics before 1965.
Schizophrenia as a progressive developmental disorder: the evidence and its implications

I would like to propose that there are certain limiting characteristics of the in vivo structural brain changes observed in schizophrenia that must be explained by any postulated pathogenetic hypothesis. These characteristics are not so specific as to be diagnostically useful in individuals in the absence of behavioral data, but they are useful in the search for the genetic defect(s) that most observers now agree are the necessary if not sufficient cause(s) of the illness. This potential utility comes about at two stages in this genetic search; first, because brain volume loss is a quantitative trait, it is possible to use it to separate out a sub-set of schizophrenic patients who are more likely to share a common genetic defect, even if the illness is heterogeneic in an unselected patient group. Second, even if a gene region is shown to be associated with schizophrenia with high probability, it will still be necessary to screen as many as a hundred or more genes in the region to find the specific cause. In this search a genetic defect that measurably affects brain growth and development is much more amenable to isolation in an animal model than one that affects only behavior; it’s hard to be sure what a schizophrenic mouse would look like.
Top Female Hospital Executives in Las Vegas, Nevada: An in Depth Case Study

3 Chapter 1 Introduction 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review 7 Chapter 3 Research Methodology 22 Chapter 4 Discussion 23 Chapter 5 Conclusions 33 References 35 Appendixes 38-40 Appendix
A Presumption of Innocence, Not of Even Odds

Now I know how the Munchkins felt. Here I have been, toiling in the fields of Evidenceland for some years, laboring along with others to show how use of Bayesian probability theory can assist in the analysis and understanding of evidentiary problems.' In doing so, we have had to wage continuous battle against the Bayesioskeptics-the wicked witches who deny much value, even heuristic value, for probability theory in evidentiary analysis.2 Occasionally, I have longed for law-and-economics scholars to help work this field, which should be fertile ground for them.3
Street-Level Algorithms: A Theory at the Gaps Between Policy and Decisions

Errors and biases are earning algorithms increasingly malignant reputations in society. A central challenge is that algorithms must bridge the gap between high-level policy and on-the-ground decisions, making inferences in novel situations where the policy or training data do not readily apply. In this paper, we draw on the theory of street-level bureaucracies, how human bureaucrats such as police and judges interpret policy to make on-the-ground decisions. We present by analogy a theory of street-level algorithms, the algorithms that bridge the gaps between policy and decisions about people in a socio-technical system. We argue that unlike street-level bureaucrats, who reflexively refine their decision criteria as they reason through a novel situation, street-level algorithms at best refine their criteria only after the decision is made. This loop-and-a-half delay results in illogical decisions when handling new or extenuating circumstances. This theory suggests designs for street-level algorithms that draw on historical design patterns for street-level bureaucracies, including mechanisms for self-policing and recourse in the case of error.
Promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II: a nexus of gene regulation

Precise spatio-temporal control of gene activity is essential for organismal development, growth, and survival in a changing environment. Decisive steps in gene regulation involve the pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) in early elongation, and the controlled release of paused polymerase into productive RNA synthesis. Here we describe the factors that enable pausing and the events that trigger Pol II release into the gene. We also discuss open questions in the field concerning the stability of paused Pol II, nucleosomes as obstacles to elongation, and potential roles of pausing in defining the precision and dynamics of gene expression.