cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between insufficiently physically active and the prevalence of obesity in the United States.

Background: Numerous public health organizations have adopted national physical activity recommendations. Despite these recommendations, over half of the US population does not meet the minimum recommendation for physical activity, with large variations across individual US states. Methods: Using the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) prevalence data for physical activity and obesity by state, we performed a weighted least squares regression using prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) as the dependent variable and insufficiently physically active (included completely sedentary), age, race, gender, and median household income as the independent variables. Results: The unadjusted weighted least squares regression revealed a strong correlation between a state’s prevalence of obesity and the prevalence of insufficiently physically active (R = .76, R2 = .58, P < .0001). After adjusting for age, gender, race, and median household income, the prevalence of insufficiently physically active i...
The SWoRD is mightier than the pen: scaffolded writing and rewriting in the discipline

This paper describes a Web-based reciprocal peer review system called scaffolded writing and rewriting in the discipline (SWoRD), addressing its approaches to writing and rewriting as a sound function of peer reviews. It also provides an empirical evaluation showing that reciprocal peer reviews through SWoRD are very effective in improving writing quality in content classes.
A word-parallel, bit-serial signature processor for superimposed coding

The design of a word-parallel, bit-serial (WPBS) signature processor for searching superimposed codes is presented. The WPBS signature processor is based on a transposed file organization and is optimal in the sense that the smallest possible amount of data is read. As such, it performs much faster than the word-serial, bit-parallel (WSBP) signature processor proposed in the literature. In addition, it can easily accommodate signatures of different lengths in the same signature store. This feature is important in utilizing the signature store efficiently but difficult to implement with a WSBP architecture. We also discuss the implementation of the processor with magnetic bubble memory.
Ethical Issues in Thoracic Surgery

The Latin expression primum non nocere (babove all, do no harm)Q is perhaps the most misattributed, misunderstood, and misused expression in medical ethics. It is usually attributed to Hippocrates, yet it appears nowhere in Hippocratic writings. The closest ancient statement is probably bTo help, or at least, to do no harm,Q which appears in the Hippocratic corpus, in Epidemics, Book I, Section XI. The specific phrase primum non nocere is, in fact, not of ancient origin at all, but has been attributed to the seventeenth-century physician Thomas Sydenham [1]. The phrase was first used by a surgeon, L.A. Stimson, MD, in the late nineteenth century, and was in common usage by the turn of the century [2]. A more substantial problem with the Latin phrase, however, is that it advocates the impossible. Virtually every medical encounter, diagnostic procedure, or treatment is harmful to a greater or lesser degree. The expression is particularly inappropriate in the context of surgery, because surgical interventions nearly always begin with traumatic injury to the patient in the form of an incision through skin or mucous membrane. A more appropriate aphorism for both surgery and medicine would be: bAbove all, do more good than harm.Q An expression of this kind might be considered by some surgeons to lie at the heart of surgical ethics, but I believe it to be a corollary to the foundation of all medical ethics, as stated in the American Medical Association Code of Medical
A study of the volumetric and phase behavior of binary systems. Part III. P‐V‐T‐x data and second virial coefficients of propane‐perfluorocyclobutane mixtures

P-V-T-x data for the propane-perfluorocyclobutane system are reported in this paper. The data cover a temperature range from 329.4 to 397.7/degree/K and a pressure range from 60 to 6920 kPa. The low pressure compressibility measurements were used to determine second virial coefficients of pure propane and pure perfluorocyclobutane and for seven of their mixtures. The prediction of second virial coefficients using an extended corresponding states principle is also reported. Excellent predictions of the second virial coefficients of both pure components and mixtures have been obtained using, in the case of mixtures, a binary interaction coefficient obtained from a study of the critical states of the system. 9 refs.
Pyroxene/melt trace element behavior: A study of pyroxenes from the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Alaska

An initial trace element study of selected pyroxenes from the 1912 Katmai volcanics was conducted using combined electron microprobe and secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques. Trace element distribution between pyroxene and melt over a wide range of melt composition (58.5–77 wt.% SiO2) is dominantly controlled by pyroxene crystal chemistry. Most other factors (melt structure, temperature) appear to be minor. In addition, major and trace element zoning patterns suggest an episode(s) of magma replenishment of the volcanic sub-system with more “primitive” magmas. This may correspond to events within the complex Novarupta-Trident-Mount Katmai magma plumbing system.
Protein Binding: What Does it Mean?

Protein binding can enhance or detract from a drug's performance. As a general rule, agents that are minimally protein bound penetrate tissue better than those that are highly bound, but they are excreted much faster. Among drugs that are less than 80-85 percent protein bound, differences appear to be of slight clinical importance. Agents that are highly protein bound may, however, differ markedly from those that are minimally bound in terms of tissue penetration and half-life. Drugs may bind to a wide variety of plasma proteins, including albumin. If the percentage of protein-bound drug is greater when measured in human blood than in a simple albumin solution, the clinician should suspect that the agent may be bound in vivo to one of these "minority" plasma proteins. The concentration of several plasma proteins can be altered by many factors, including stress, surgery, liver or kidney dysfunction, and pregnancy. In such circumstances, free drug concentrations are a more accurate index of clinical effect than are total concentrations. Formulary committees must grasp the clinical significance of qualitative and quantitative differences in protein binding when evaluating competing agents.
Determination of workpiece flow stress and friction at the chip-tool contact for high-speed cutting

Abstract This paper presents a methodology to determine simultaneously (a) the flow stress at high deformation rates and temperatures that are encountered in the cutting zone, and (b) the friction at the chip–tool interface. This information is necessary to simulate high-speed machining using FEM based programs. A flow stress model based on process dependent parameters such as strain, strain-rate and temperature was used together with a friction model based on shear flow stress of the workpiece at the chip–tool interface. High-speed cutting experiments and process simulations were utilized to determine the unknown parameters in flow stress and friction models. This technique was applied to obtain flow stress for P20 mold steel at hardness of 30 HRC and friction data when using uncoated carbide tooling at high-speed cutting conditions. The average strain, strain-rates and temperatures were computed both in primary (shear plane) and secondary (chip–tool contact) deformation zones. The friction conditions in sticking and sliding regions at the chip–tool interface are estimated using Zorev's stress distribution model. The shear flow stress ( k chip ) was also determined using computed average strain, strain-rate, and temperatures in secondary deformation zone, while the friction coefficient ( μ ) was estimated by minimizing the difference between predicted and measured thrust forces. By matching the measured values of the cutting forces with the predicted results from FEM simulations, an expression for workpiece flow stress and the unknown friction parameters at the chip–tool contact were determined.
Soft decision directed MAP estimate of fast Rayleigh flat fading channels

An iterative receiver with soft decision feedback is derived to yield a maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimate of fast Rayleigh flat fading channels. The derivation is based on the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the derived receiver performs better than an iterative receiver with hard decision feedback, for both uncoded data and convolutionally coded data. The combination with turbo codes is also investigated. Three kinds of decision feedback are proposed and compared namely, re-encoder, soft decision feedback and quantizer. It is shown via simulation that soft decision feedback is the best while the quantizer has similar performance. The re-encoder, on the other hand has performance degradation.
Rapidly Evolving Mitochondrial Genome and Directional Selection in Mitochondrial Genes in the Parasitic Wasp Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

We sequenced the nearly complete mtDNA of 3 species of parasitic wasps, Nasonia vitripennis (2 strains), Nasonia giraulti, and Nasonia longicornis, including all 13 protein-coding genes and the 2 rRNAs, and found unusual patterns of mitochondrial evolution. The Nasonia mtDNA has a unique gene order compared with other insect mtDNAs due to multiple rearrangements. The mtDNAs of these wasps also show nucleotide substitution rates over 30 times faster than nuclear protein-coding genes, indicating among the highest substitution rates found in animal mitochondria (normally <10 times faster). A McDonald and Kreitman test shows that the between-species frequency of fixed replacement sites relative to silent sites is significantly higher compared with within-species polymorphisms in 2 mitochondrial genes of Nasonia, atp6 and atp8, indicating directional selection. Consistent with this interpretation, the Ka/Ks (nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rates) ratios are higher between species than within species. In contrast, cox1 shows a signature of purifying selection for amino acid sequence conservation, although rates of amino acid substitutions are still higher than for comparable insects. The mitochondrial-encoded polypeptides atp6 and atp8 both occur in F0F1ATP synthase of the electron transport chain. Because malfunction in this fundamental protein severely affects fitness, we suggest that the accelerated accumulation of replacements is due to beneficial mutations necessary to compensate mild-deleterious mutations fixed by random genetic drift or Wolbachia sweeps in the fast evolving mitochondria of Nasonia. We further propose that relatively high rates of amino acid substitution in some mitochondrial genes can be driven by a “Compensation-Draft Feedback”; increased fixation of mildly deleterious mutations results in selection for compensatory mutations, which lead to fixation of additional deleterious mutations in nonrecombining mitochondrial genomes, thus accelerating the process of amino acid substitutions.
The Effects of Media Violence Exposure On Criminal Aggression A Meta-Analysis

The article presents a meta-analysis of studies—yielding 26 independent samples of subjects—on the relationship between exposure to media violence and violent aggression. Mean effect sizes from agg...
A ultraluminous X-ray source associated with a cloud collision in M 99

The Sc galaxy M 99 in the Virgo Cluster has been strongly affected by tidal interactions and recent close encounters, responsible for an asymmetric spiral pattern and a high star formation rate. Our XMM-Newton study shows that the inner disc is dominated by hot plasma at kT approximate to 0.30 keV, with a total X-ray luminosity of approximate to 10(41) erg s(-1) in the 0.3-12 keV band. At the outskirts of the galaxy, away from the main star-forming regions, there is an ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) with an X-ray luminosity of approximate to 2 x 10(40) erg s(-1) and a hard spectrum well fitted by a power law of photon index Gamma approximate to 1.7. This source is close to the location where a massive H I cloud appears to be falling on to the M 99 disc at a relative speed of > 100 km s(-1). We suggest that there may be a direct physical link between fast cloud collisions and the formation of bright ULXs, which may be powered by accreting black holes with masses similar to 100 M-circle dot. External collisions may trigger large-scale dynamical collapses of protoclusters, leading to the formation of very massive (greater than or similar to 200 M-circle dot) stellar progenitors; we argue that such stars may later collapse into massive black holes if their metal abundance is sufficiently low.
Trends in semiconductor memories

Despite their great market success, DRAMs have not kept pace with microprocessor improvements, so researchers are looking to advanced high-speed DRAM and merged DRAM/logic technologies to increase memory system performance.
Phytase supplementation increases bone mineral density, lean body mass and voluntary physical activity in rats fed a low-zinc diet

Phytic acid forms insoluble complexes with nutritionally essential minerals, including zinc (Zn). Animal studies show that addition of microbial phytase (P) to low-Zn diets improves Zn status and bone strength. The present study determined the effects of phytase supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and voluntary running activity of male rats fed a high phytic acid, low-Zn diet. In a factorial design, rats were assigned to ZnLO (5 mg/kg diet), ZnLO+P (ZnLO diet with 1500 U phytase/kg) or ZnAD (30 mg/kg diet) groups and were divided into voluntary exercise (EX) or sedentary (SED) groups, for 9 weeks. SED rats were significantly heavier from the second week, and no catch-up growth occurred in EX rats. Feed intakes were not different between groups throughout the study. ZnLO animals had decreased food efficiency ratios compared to both phytase-supplemented (ZnLO+P) and Zn-adequate (ZnAD) animals (P<.01 compared to ZnLO). The ZnLO+P and ZnAD rats ran 56-75 km more total distance than ZnLO rats (P<.05), with the ZnLO+P rats running more kilometers per week than the ZnLO rats by Week 6. In vivo DEXA analyses indicate that rats fed phytase-supplemented diets had higher lean body mass (LBM) than those fed ZnLO diets; and that rats fed the Zn-adequate diets had the highest LBM. Body fat (%) was significantly lower in EX rats and was both Zn- and phytase insensitive. Rats fed phytase-supplemented diets had higher bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA) and BMD than rats fed ZnLO diets; and in rats fed ZnAD diets these indices were the highest. The dietary effects on BMC, BA and BMD were independent of activity level. We conclude that consuming supplemental dietary phytase or dietary Zn additively enhances Zn status to increase BMD, LBM and voluntary physical activity in rats fed a low-Zn diet. While the findings confirm that bone health is vulnerable to disruption by moderate Zn deficiency in rats, this new data suggests that if dietary Zn is limiting, supplemental phytase may have beneficial effects on LBM and performance activity.
HIV/AIDS Education for Latina Inmates: The Delimiting Impact of Culture on Prevention Efforts

Focus group interviews were conducted with groups of women prisoners to explore inductively their HIV-related needs and concerns. Content analysis determined broad areas of general concern for the women and highlighted obvious cultural distinctions. This article concentrates on those cultural influences as they pertain specifically to Latina women. This population is most at risk of entering the correctional system with HIV infection, and its rates of infection keep rising. Discussions of the concepts of machismo and marianismo and the role of the Catholic Church emphasize the difficulties in creating and implementing effective prevention campaigns within U.S. prison systems, especially for this population. Policy implications are discussed and recommendations offered that consider the delimiting impact of culture on HIV education efforts among incarcerated Latina women.
Molecular heterojunction photovoltaic cells: Photocarrier behavior and nanostructures

We show that the photocarrier behavior in molecular heterojunction (HJ) photovoltaic cells is significantly influenced by the structure of the molecular HJ by examining the voltage dependencies of the photocurrent in planar, mixed, and planar-mixed HJ cells. We further demonstrate the synthesis of vertically aligned, crystalline molecular nanorods using the oblique angle deposition method. Based on these nanorods, photovoltaic cells with efficiency doubling that of bilayer devices are also demonstrated.
Angular response of perforated silicon diode high efficiency neutron detectors

Perforated silicon diodes with two different etched patterns were tested for neutron counting efficiency and angular response. The etched patterns consisted of circular holes on a square lattice or continuous sinusoidal waves. Normal incident neutron counting efficiencies were determined to be 21% and 35% for circular hole and sinusoidal devices, respectively. A nonuniform angular response was identified for the circular hole perforated devices. For the circular hole patterns, a reduction in efficiency appeared at azimuthal angles near 0deg and 90deg, each referenced at a 90deg polar angle about the normal axis. The nonuniform angular response is due to neutron streaming paths through the square lattice. The sinusoidal device angular response was uniform and matched well to that of a standard simple planar device.
Social Relationships and Verbal Interactions of Learning Disabled Children

Despite federal regulations which define LD children strictly in terms of intellect and achievement, sensitive observers recognize the social and emotional complications these children face. With increased mainstreaming, the LD child's social skills will be severely tested. Our ability to recognize the nonacademic aspects of LD should provide each child with a more understanding and supportive environment. The series of studies Bryan reviews challenges some stereotypes of the LD child and provides alternative views for teachers and researchers. All readers must recognize that the findings may not represent all LD children, nor does Bryan suggest such. Rather, this work provides an empirical touchstone against which to understand individual pupils and to accomplish increasingly refined experimental work. — G.M.S.A series of research studies is described which investigated the sociometric status, social behavior, and social relationship of learning disabled children in classroom observations and laboratory ...
Single-dose oral quercetin improves redox status but does not affect heat shock response in mice.

Abstract Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered as likely contributors to heat injury. However, their roles in regulating the heat shock response in vivo remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that acute quercetin treatment would improve redox status and reduce heat shock responses in mice. Mice underwent two heat tests before and after single oral administration of either quercetin (15 mg/kg) or vehicle. We measured physiologic and biochemical responses in mice during and 18 to 22 hours after heat tests, respectively. There were no significant differences in core temperature, heart rate, or blood pressure between quercetin and vehicle groups during heat exposure. Mice with relatively severe hyperthermia during the pretreatment heat test showed a significant trend toward a lower peak core temperature during the heat test after quercetin treatment. Compared with mice not exposed to heat, quercetin-treated mice had significantly lower interleukin 6 ( P P
Cumulative risk exposure and mental health symptoms among maltreated youth placed in out-of-home care.

Objective: Maltreated children placed in out-of-home care are at high risk for exhibiting symptoms of psychopathology by virtue of their exposure to numerous risk factors. Research examining cumulative risk has consistently found that the accumulation of risk factors increases the likelihood of mental health problems. The goal of the current study was to elucidate the relation between cumulative risk and mental health symptomatology. Methods: The study consisted of a sample of 252 maltreated youths (aged 9-11) placed in out-of-home care. Results: Analyses confirmed the high-risk nature of this sample and identified seven salient risk variables. The cumulative risk index comprised of these seven indicators was a strong predictor of mental health symptoms, differentiating between children who scored in the clinical range with regard to mental health symptoms and those who did not. Finally, the data supported a linear model in which each incremental increase in cumulative risk was accompanied by an increase in mental health problems. Conclusion: This is the first known study to examine cumulative risk within a sample of youths in out-of-home care. Language: en
Highly sensitive size discrimination of sub-micron objects using optical Fourier processing based on two-dimensional Gabor filters.

We use optical Gabor-like filtering implemented with a digital micromirror device to achieve nanoscale sensitivity to changes in the size of finite and periodic objects imaged at low resolution. The method consists of applying an optical Fourier filter bank consisting of Gabor-like filters of varying periods and extracting the optimum filter period that maximizes the filtered object signal. Using this optimum filter period as a measure of object size, we show sensitivity to a 7.5 nm change in the period of a chirped phase mask with period around 1µm. We also show 30nm sensitivity to change in the size of polystyrene spheres with diameters around 500nm. Unlike digital post-processing our optical processing method retains its sensitivity when implemented at low magnification in undersampled images. Furthermore, the optimum Gabor filter period found experimentally is linearly related to sphere diameter over the range 0.46µm-1µm and does not rely on a predictive scatter model such as Mie theory. The technique may have applications in high throughput optical analysis of subcellular morphology to study organelle function in living cells.
Protein-Protein Docking Methods

A critical review of published methodology used in docking proteins and of current understanding of the problems associated with the inherent flexibility of proteins is presented. The underlying assumption made in the past of docking two rigid bodies (six degrees of freedom) is clearly not applicable to most protein-protein interactions as induced fit is the rule rather than the exception. Nevertheless, significant progress is being made as investigators increase flexibility of the docking partners with the availability of increased computational power. In the extreme case, however, docking of two proteins is equivalent to predicting the structure of the complex from the two sequences alone.
40Ar/39Ar geochronology, isotope geochemistry (Sr, Nd, Pb), and petrology of alkaline lavas near Yampa, Colorado: Migration of alkaline volcanism and evolution of the northern Rio Grande rift

Volcanic rocks near Yampa, Colorado (USA), represent one of several small late Miocene to Quaternary alkaline volcanic fields along the northeast margin of the Colorado Plateau. Basanite, trachybasalt, and basalt collected from six sites within the Yampa volcanic field were investigated to assess correlations with late Cenozoic extension and Rio Grande rifting. In this paper we report major and trace element rock and mineral compositions and Ar, Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data for these volcanic rocks. High-precision 40 Ar/ 39 Ar geochronology indicates westward migration of volcanism within the Yampa volcanic field between 6 and 4.5 Ma, and the Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope values are consistent with a primary source in the Proterozoic subcontinental lithospheric mantle. Relict olivine phenocrysts have Mg- and Ni-rich cores, whereas unmelted clinopyroxene cores are Na and Si enriched with finely banded Ca-, Mg-, Al-, and Ti-enriched rims, thus tracing their crystallization history from a lithospheric mantle source region to one in contact with melt prior to eruption. A regional synthesis of Neogene and younger volcanism within the Rio Grande rift corridor, from northern New Mexico to southern Wyoming, supports a systematic overall southwest migration of alkaline volcanism. We interpret this Neogene to Quaternary migration of volcanism toward the northeast margin of the Colorado Plateau to record passage of melt through subvertical zones within the lithosphere weakened by late Cenozoic extension. If the locus of Quaternary alkaline magmatism defines the current location of the Rio Grande rift, it includes the Leucite Hills, Wyoming. We suggest that alkaline volcanism in the incipient northern Rio Grande rift, north of Leadville, Colorado, represents melting of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle in response to transient infiltration of asthenospheric mantle into deep, subvertical zones of dilational crustal weakness developed during late Cenozoic extension that have been migrating toward, and subparallel to, the northeast margin of the Colorado Plateau since the middle Miocene. Quaternary volcanism within this northern Rio Grande rift corridor is evidence that the rift is continuing to evolve.
Hep par-1: a novel immunohistochemical marker for differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma.

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic utility of Hep par-1 in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma taking histopathology as a gold standard. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Intraperitoneal Vancoled does not cause chemical peritonitis.

We prospectively examined the peritoneal effects of i.p. Vancoled given to 5 patients with catheter-associated exit-site infections. All patients were free of peritonitis before receiving the drug. A standard dose of 30 mg/kg total body weight was given i.p. to each patient. Informed consent was obtained. Pre-drug dialysate cultures and cell counts were performed. The drug was added to fresh dialysate (dose range 1900 to 2800 mg) and instilled in the usual manner. Two hours later, an aliquot of dialysate was withdrawn from the peritoneal cavity. At 4 h, the entire dialysis exchange was drained. Dialysate samples obtained at 2 and 4 h were cultured and cell counts were performed. Baseline pre-drug dialysate fluid contained less than 9 WBCs/ μL in all patients. Two and 4 h samples contained less than 4 and 11 WBCs/μL, respectively. All fluid samples were sterile. WBC differential counts were unremarkable, and no adverse events were observed. The mean serum vancomycin concentration 4 h after the dose was instilled was 26.5 μg/mL (range 19.9-35.2 μg/mL). Intraperitoneal Vancoled did not cause chemical peritonitis, and was well-tolerated by patients with exit-site infections.
Sex difference in spatial ability for college students and exploration of measurement invariance

Abstract This study investigates psychometric evidence for a spatial ability instrument with a focus on measurement invariance and sex difference in this domain. The Purdue Visualization of Rotations (ROT) test was administered to science major students enrolled in a college chemistry course to measure mental rotation ability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the fit of three alternative models. A bi-factor model is a better fit for the data than other models (1-factor, 4-factor 2nd-order), which indicates that the probability of answering a test item correctly is affected not only by student ability but also by an item-writing pattern. Results from multiple-group CFA support the measurement invariance of the bi-factor model between sexes and the outperformance of males over females with medium to large effect sizes. In conclusion, the ROT is appropriate to measure student mental rotation ability in college classrooms and to detect a difference between sexes.
Evaluation of Physeal Behavior in Response to Epiphyseodesis with the Use of Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

The stages in the closure of the growth plate after percutaneous epiphyseodesis were studied in fourteen patients (eight girls and six boys) with coronal T1-weighted spin-echo images and coronal field-echo images of the knee. A total of thirty-three magnetic-resonance imaging studies of the knee were made the first week, the fourth month, the eighth month, or one year after the epiphyseodesis. A mature bridge of bone was seen at the operative sites approximately eight months after the operation. In the central undisturbed area between the operative sites, there was a progressive decrease in the width of the physeal cartilage that remained visible eight months after the operation. Growth recovery lines were not seen postoperatively in any patient, and the physis closed in all of the patients. The physis of the adjacent untreated bone served as a control bone and showed neither a change in width nor any growth recovery lines. Magnetic resonance-imaging studies provide excellent visualization of the anatomical changes that lead to closure of the physis after an epiphyseodesis, and we believe that these studies provide a method of assessment of the physis after an injury.
Letter by Woodworth and Simard Regarding Article, “Outcome Following Decompressive Hemicraniectomy for Malignant Cerebral Infarction: Ethical Considerations”

We read with interest the excellent article by Honeybul et al1 wherein important ethical issues are raised about decompressive craniectomy. Heroic, potentially risky surgical interventions are increasingly being used for patients with terminal or life-altering conditions, such as hemispheric stroke and recurrent glioblastoma. Increasing numbers of patients and their families are forced to confront the idea of surgery near end-of-life, typically with little preparation. This compels surgeons to act as intermediary advisors—helping to choose between a major intervention aimed at a hoped for recovery, versus letting go and allowing nature to take its course. In such cases, medical decision-making is affected critically by numerous factors, including rapid advances in new technologies, malpractice concerns, and differences in culture and personality. Medical advances are occurring at a blistering pace, not least of all in neurosurgery. Improvements in the management of heretofore fatal conditions, combined …
Arbitrating Your Case Under the Securities Rules of the American Arbitration Association

This paper examines the securities arbitration rules of the American Arbitration Association, and compares them to those of self-regulatory organizations such as the NYSE and NASD (now FINRA).
Duality of G protein-coupled mechanisms for β-adrenergic activation of NKCC activity in skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) activity provides a potential mechanism for regulated K(+) uptake. beta-Adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) activation stimulates skeletal muscle NKCC activity in a MAPK pathway-dependent manner. We examined potential G protein-coupled pathways for beta-AR-stimulated NKCC activity. Inhibition of G(s)-coupled PKA blocked isoproterenol-stimulated NKCC activity in both the slow-twitch soleus muscle and the fast-twitch plantaris muscle. However, the PKA-activating agents cholera toxin, forskolin, and 8-bromo-cAMP (8-BrcAMP) were not sufficient to activate NKCC in the plantaris and partially stimulated NKCC activity in the soleus. Isoproterenol-stimulated NKCC activity in the soleus was abolished by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX), indicating a G(i)-coupled mechanism. PTX did not affect the 8-BrcAMP-stimulated NKCC activity. PTX treatment also precluded the isoproterenol-mediated ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation in the soleus, consistent with NKCC's MAPK dependency. Inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated ERK activity by PTX treatment was associated with an increase in Akt activation and phosphorylation of Raf-1 on the inhibitory residue Ser(259). These results demonstrate a novel, muscle phenotype-dependent mechanism for beta-AR-mediated NKCC activation that involves both G(s) and G(i) protein-coupled mechanisms.
Abstract LB-239: Mutational and clonal analyses across TCGA cancer types using the MuSiC suite of tools.

Within the field of cancer genomics, advances in next-generation sequencing and variant detection methods have tremendously reduced the costs of generating genomic data for large cohorts of patients in translational cancer research. These large datasets have enabled statistical analyses of somatic events in tumor-normal pairs, with the ultimate goal of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various cancer phenotypes. Here, we present results from the suite of tools collectively called MuSiC (Mutational Significance in Cancer), specifically designed towards this goal. Somatic alterations of more than 5000 tumors across 20 cancer types are now publicly available as part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). This includes point mutations and small indels from exome sequencing, copy-number variants from SNP arrays, and gene and allele-specific expression from mRNA sequencing. We present results from the suite that integrates these data types to identify significantly altered genes, gene families, protein domains, and pathways. Also presented are the distribution of mutation types, frequencies, and patterns across cancer types, or across histological subtypes of tumors. Further, we identify mutations that can distinguish broader expression and/or methylation subtypes and clinically relevant phenotypes across the combined pan-cancer data set. Finally, we perform clonality analysis across several cancer types by integrating copy number data to identify important mutations that drive the development of new clones. Citation Format: Cyriac Kandoth, Michael D. McLellan, Christopher A. Miller, Charles Lu, Nathan Dees, Kai Ye, Beifang Niu, Michael C. Wendl, Richard K. Wilson, Li Ding. Mutational and clonal analyses across TCGA cancer types using the MuSiC suite of tools. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-239. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-LB-239
Covalently Patterned Graphene Surfaces by a Force-Accelerated Diels–Alder Reaction

Cyclopentadienes (CPs) with Raman and electrochemically active tags were patterned covalently onto graphene surfaces using force-accelerated Diels–Alder (DA) reactions that were induced by an array of elastomeric tips mounted onto the piezoelectric actuators of an atomic force microscope. These force-accelerated cycloadditions are a feasible route to locally alter the chemical composition of graphene defects and edge sites under ambient atmosphere and temperature over large areas (∼1 cm2).
Review: From Ornament to Object: Genealogies of Architectural Modernism, by Alina Payne

Alina Payne From Ornament to Object: Genealogies of Architectural Modernism New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012, 360 pp., 62 color and 108 b/w illus. $80 (cloth), ISBN 9780300175332 As Alina Payne explains, From Ornament to Object “is not a book about industrial design. It is about architecture and Kleinarchitektur , about furniture and small portable objects” (21). It is also not a book about the design or use of such objects; rather, it is concerned with how, beginning in the nineteenth century, these objects motivated theoretical questions of style and form. Through textual sources, Payne traces the rhetorical decline of ornament in relation to the rise of everyday objects in art and architectural theories from the German-speaking countries of Europe. The primary interlocutors include well-known heroes of modernism Le Corbusier, Adolf Loos, and Hermann Muthesius, as well as Gottfried Semper, Heinrich Wolfflin, Alois Riegl, August Schmarsow, and Aby Warburg, in addition to lesser-known figures such as Ernst Kapp, Richard Streiter, and Cornelius Gurlitt. By revealing their links through shared teachers, publications, and language, Payne argues against a normative historiography, which has long placed Adolf Loos's 1908 Ornament and Crime at the beginning of modernism's narrative, privileging functionalism and structure as the highest values of architecture. She masterfully demonstrates the enmeshed themes and intersecting threads in their texts, aggregating a diversity of objects from armor to altars, tattoos to tureens, column capitals to chairs, and typewriters to trunks. These objects and the texts that deployed them in their formulations about style were both product and productive of Sachkultur , the culture of objects. A term that emerged in the nineteenth century within the context of European industrialization and the concomitant emergence of a consuming bourgeoisie, Sachkultur characterized objects less by their luxury status and more by their scale and mobility. Thus, in an effort to outline a theory of style, a dialectic was conceived insofar as objects were placed in relation …
Using drug courts for drug postmarketing surveillance

Purpose – One of the greatest challenges for drug regulation is valid, comprehensive surveillance of drugs after they reach the pharmaceutical market. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new method of individual and aggregate-level postmarket surveillance using data previously (and continuously) collected by drug courts, which are in operation in nearly every geographic corner of the USA. Design/methodology/approach – To determine the feasibility of such an undertaking, data were obtained from an urban, southern county drug court. Intake data included all participants from September 2012 to November 2013. The final sample included 532 drug court participants. Findings – Intake data were found to include various demographic variables, measures of drug use, and various sociological/criminological variables such as familial and social support, church attendance, and other pertinent variables for studying drug use and crime trends generally. Practical implications – By using intake data from drug courts...
Hypermodal cells, hypomodal cells, and repetitive abortions.

The frequency of neither hypermodal cells (2N = 47) nor hypomodal cells (2N = 45) differed between lymphocytes of individuals experiencing repetitive spontaneous abortions (N = 429) and controls (N = 90). The same conclusion held when data were analyzed according to chromosome involved (sex chromosome, autosome) or other variables (e.g., prior reproductive outcome). A study of this relatively large sample failed to confirm findings of smaller and sometimes uncontrolled studies. Hypermodal cells do not necessarily serve as a clue to meiotic instability and in turn probably do not identify couples at risk for recurrent aneuploidy.
Critique of reason in Tymieniecka's The Three Movements of the Soul

The mystery of the soul has been the concern of philosophers and theologians alike ever since human beings undertook to question the depth of reality. Various and different opinions were expressed about the source of life and energy in the universe: the “world-soul” was posited as the universal initiator and sustainer of all that is. Philosophers attributed very specific powers to the human soul, even if thought to have come from the world soul. For Plato, for instance, soul is the essence of the human being, the body a mere addition and a burdensome one at that. For Plotinus, likewise soul is the being, a participated light of the intelligences and oriented to the One, while the body is a mere “image” which must be dragged along. Soul’s prerogatives have been investigated, discussed, glamorized to the point of attributing to soul divine powers -defining it as a spark of divinity. For Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, and most of the medieval philosophers, soul is the principle of life, that because of which all life processes and all activities, of body and mind alike, are possible. Soul is the principle of life also at the sub-human level, be it vegetative or sentient. These latter do not present very great problems; the human soul, instead, is the most difficult to understand and analyze chiefly because of the multiple levels of its powers and activities, and because here the investigator is the investigated.
Individual Differences in Strategic Deception

While text-based deception in computer mediated communication has been studied, e.g., Zhou (2005) and Duran et al. (2010), there has been less focus on the differentiation of strategies for deception, especially those which may manifest in modern communication, such as found in social media. In this paper, we extend our previous work on the evaluation of linguistic indicators to strategic deception (Appling et al., 2015), by evaluating the relationship between personality and deceptive strategy use and the utilization of linguistic features for inferring both (personality and deception). We find that even with a relatively small corpus, there is evidence that personality is related to particular deception strategies, though in short social media communications, these personality traits are difficult to infer using standard linguistic measures (e.g., LIWC). We also describe the corpus we collected from an experiment in which subjects engaged in deception through a social media platform.
Counseling the LDS Single Adult Masturbator: Successful Application of Social Learning Theory: A Case Study

Within the iDS Church single members are go\'erned by the religious expectation that they wi.ll not engage in voluntary sexual masturbatory practices, This expectation is based upon public statements by its leaders to the effect that such activity is a moral sin, andconrraryto God's laws. The posinon of the LDS Church is quite at odds with the majority of current professional statements on the issue of masturbation. Typical of current professional thinking in the field of sexual counseling is the following statement from a recent professional publication: ... " we feel that masturbation is a normal, healthy acti\ity",·· (p, 187. LoPiccolo)
Feminist Rhetorical Praxis: Everyday Feminism as Public Agora

This essay examines the feminist rhetorical practices of the online digital media site Everyday Feminism. Focusing on the website’s social circulation (Royster and Kirsch 2012), we contend that Everyday Feminism functions as a public agora where webbed cyberfeminist rhetorical practices (Blair, Gajjala, and Tulley 2009) have a unique potential to reach public audiences and circulate in various social networks in order to potentially educate and empower others, foster conversations, and build alliances across lines of difference, time, and space.
Pilot study of redirected autologous T cells engineered to contain anti-CD19 attached to TCRζ and 4-1BB signaling domains in patients with chemotherapy-resistant or -refractory CD19+ leukemia and lymphoma.

TPS10072 Background: Outcomes remain poor for patients (pts) with relapsed or refractory (r/r) B-cell malignancies such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)....
Cross-Cultural Studies of Alcohol Use

A major contribution of anthropology to alcohol studies is the description and analysis of the range of variation in drinking and its outcomes among diverse populations. Various kinds of cross-cultural comparisons are helpful for understanding the relationships among variables and for testing hypotheses about how alcohol use relates to other aspects of culture. Transcultural studies, small-scale comparisons of a few cultures, are reviewed. Also summarized are those hologeistic studies—in which associations between specific traits are statistically evaluated for a large worldwide sample of cultures—that have yielded theoretically significant models emphasizing anxiety, social structure, dependency, and power as basic motivations for drinking or drunkenness or both.
The Significance of Cholesterol and its Metabolite, 27-Hydroxycholesterol in Breast Cancer

Although significant advances in the treatment of breast cancer have been made, in particular in the use of endocrine therapy, de novo and aquired resistance to therapy, and metastatic recurrence continue to be major clinical problems. Given the high prevalence of breast cancer, new life-style or chemotherapeutic approaches are required. In this regard, cholesterol has emerged as a risk factor for the onset of breast cancer, and elevated cholesterol is associated with a poor prognosis. While treatment with cholesterol lowering medication is not associated with breast cancer risk, it does appear to be protective against recurrence. Importantly, the cholesterol axis represents a potential target for both life-style and pharmacological intervention. This review will outline the clinical and preclinical data supporting a role for cholesterol in breast cancer pathophysiology. Specific focus is given to 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC; (3β,25R)-Cholest-5-ene-3,26-diol)), a primary metabolite of cholesterol that has recently been defined as an endogenous Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator. Future perspectives and directions are discussed.
A Rejection Scheme for Off-Lattice Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulation.

We introduce a new kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm for off-lattice simulation. In off-lattice KMC, one needs to calculate the rates for all possible moves from the current state by searching the energy landscape for index 1 saddle points surrounding the current basin of attraction. We introduce a rejection scheme in which the true rates are replaced by rate estimates. This is done by first associating each saddle point with the atom that would move the most if that transition were to take place and then constructing an estimate for the total rate associated with each atom by using a nearest-neighbor bond count. These estimates allow one to select a set of possible transitions, one of which is accepted or rejected on the basis of a localized saddle point search focused on a particular atom. In principle, this allows a performance boost that scales with the number of particles in the system. We test the method on a growing two-species nanocluster and find we can reduce the computation time by 90% for cl...
Vitamin D deficiency in the ApcPirc/+ rat does not exacerbate colonic tumorigenesis, while low dietary calcium might be protective.

Human studies have shown that individuals with colon cancer tend to have lower serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] levels compared with healthy controls, but whether this link is causative, a result of the disease or an indicator of another factor altogether has yet to be demonstrated. In humans, vitamin D, calcium and UV exposure are inextricably linked; therefore, understanding the individual and combined roles of each of these will require animal models specifically designed to address these questions. To begin to untangle this network, our group has employed the ApcPirc/+ rat, which contains a truncating mutation in the Apc gene, leading to the development of colonic tumors. Our group previously utilized this model to demonstrate that vitamin D supplementation above normal does not reduce colonic tumor burden and, in fact, increased tumor multiplicity in a dose-dependent manner. In the current study, we tested whether vitamin D deficiency plays a causative role in tumor development using two strains which differ in their susceptibility to intestinal tumorigenesis. In the colon, vitamin D deficiency did not increase the development of tumors in either strain, and was actually protective in one strain. Unexpectedly, low dietary calcium combined with vitamin D deficiency significantly suppressed tumor development in the small intestine and colon of both strains. The vast majority of tumors in the human intestine occur in the colon, and we find no evidence to support a direct role of vitamin D deficiency in increasing colonic tumorigenesis, and low calcium might protect against tumor development.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.