cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identical, unique p53 mutations in a primary ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma and a synchronous contralateral ovarian mucinous tumor of low malignant potential suggest a common clonal origin.

The origin of malignant ovarian epithelial tumors is uncertain and has been the subject of considerable controversy. Some favor the theory of origin in precursor lesions such as benign cystadenomas or tumors of low malignant potential (LMP; borderline tumors), whereas others favor the concept of an independent origin of carcinomas from the ovarian surface epithelium or inclusion cysts. Recently, the demonstration of identical molecular alterations in morphologically benign and malignant areas within the same ovarian tumor have suggested the possibility that the malignant epithelium had undergone differentiation to a benign appearance. Because both areas were present in the same tumor, however, the possibility of progression of the morphologically benign component could not be excluded. We present a case of simultaneous mucinous carcinoma and contralateral tumor of LMP which exhibited identical, unique mutations of the p53 gene, suggesting a clonal origin. Because these were separate and distinct tumors, we believe this case provides strong support for the differentiation hypothesis. We also provide evidence for markedly different levels of p53 expression in areas with identical p53 mutations.
Navier–Stokes Equations with Navier Boundary Conditions for an Oceanic Model

We consider the Navier–Stokes equations in a thin domain of which the top and bottom surfaces are not flat. The velocity fields are subject to the Navier conditions on those boundaries and the periodicity condition on the other sides of the domain. This toy model arises from studies of climate and oceanic flows. We show that the strong solutions exist for all time provided the initial data belong to a “large” set in the Sobolev space H1. Furthermore we show, for both the autonomous and the nonautonomous problems, the existence of a global attractor for the class of all strong solutions. This attractor is proved to be also the global attractor for the Leray–Hopf weak solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. One issue that arises here is a nontrivial contribution due to the boundary terms. We show how the boundary conditions imposed on the velocity fields affect the estimates of the Stokes operator and the (nonlinear) inertial term in the Navier–Stokes equations. This results in a new estimate of the trilinear term, which in turn permits a short and simple proof of the existence of strong solutions for all time.
Compact and low-profile MIMO terminal antenna employing bidirectional Yagi-Uda array

This paper proposes a compact and low-profile multi-input multi-output (MIMO) terminal antenna employing the bidirectional Yagi-Uda array. The parasitic antennas that function as a director are designed to maximize the MIMO channel capacity. A parasitic antenna optimization method, in which a 'parasitic channel' is defined, is also proposed. This method is effective in finding the optimum design with a very low computational load. Based on numerical analysis of an indoor environment, the proposed and optimally designed antenna enhances the channel capacity by more than 10% compared to an antenna without parasitic elements even when the space for the antennas is limited such as in a PC card terminal. (6 pages)
Detection of HER2 breast cancer biomarker using the opto-fluidic ring resonator biosensor

Protein biomarkers have recently been heavily researched in their roles in the detection, quantification, and monitoring of aggressive types of breast cancer. In this work, we describe a novel, label-free approach for detecting the HER2 extra-cellular domain breast cancer biomarker in human serum samples using the opto-fluidic ring resonator (OFRR). The OFRR incorporates microfluidics and optical ring resonator sensing technology to achieve rapid label-free detection in a small and low-cost platform. In this study, HER2 proteins were spiked in serum at varying concentrations. Results show that the OFRR is able to detect HER2 at medically relevant concentrations in serum ranging from 13 to 100 ng/mL in 30 min. Our work will lead to a device that can be used as a tool for monitoring disease progression in a low-cost sensing setup.
Optimal estimation with arbitrary error metrics in compressed sensing

Noisy compressed sensing deals with the estimation of a system input from its noise-corrupted linear measurements. The performance of the estimation is usually quantified by some standard error metric such as squared error or support error. In this paper, we consider a noisy compressed sensing problem with any arbitrary error metric. We propose a simple, fast, and general algorithm that estimates the original signal by minimizing an arbitrary error metric defined by the user. We verify that, owing to the decoupling principle, our algorithm is optimal, and we describe a general method to compute the fundamental information-theoretic performance limit for any well-defined error metric. We provide an example where the metric is absolute error and give the theoretical performance limit for it. The experimental results show that our algorithm outperforms methods such as relaxed belief propagation, and reaches the suggested theoretical limit for our example error metric.
Genetic susceptibility factors in type 1 diabetes: linkage, disequilibrium and functional analyses.

Abstract Continuing progress has been made in elucidating the genetic factors involved in type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM]) in the past year. Two genome scans suggested additional susceptibility intervals and provided supporting evidence for several previously reported linkages. Other studies focused on the confirmation of linkage using multipoint sibpair analyses with densely spaced markers and multiethnic collections of families. Although significant and consistent linkage evidence was reported for the susceptibility intervals IDDM8 (on human chromosome 6q27), IDDM4 (on 11q) and IDDM5 (on 6q25), evidence for most other intervals varies in different data sets — probably due to a weak effect of the disease genes, genetic heterogeneity or random variation. Linkage disequilibrium mapping has become an increasingly important tool for both the confirmation and fine-mapping of susceptibility intervals, as well as identification of etiological mutations. Functional studies indicate, firstly, that the susceptible and protective HLA class II molecules HLA-DR and -DQ bind and present nonoverlapping peptides and, secondly, that the variable number of tandem repeats at the 5′ end of the insulin gene (susceptibility interval IDDM2) regulates insulin expression in the thymus.
Mycorrhizal fungi and the integration of plant and soil nutrient dynamics

Abstract Mycorrhizal fungi have been studied in relation to plant uptake or fungal concentration of C, N, P, Ca, Mg, S, Na, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Si, Br, Cl, I, Pb, Co, Ni, Fe, and Cd. Of these, the direct or indirect acquisition of P and N by plants has been intensively researched. Mycorrhizal fungi are known to influence plant photosynthesis, transpiration, physiology including hormone levels and source‐sink relationships, plant biomass and root exudation. Mycorrhizal fungi can also affect plant water uptake, soil structure and soil microbial populations. The direct interaction of mycorrhizal fungi with soil organic matter and transformations of nutrients by soil microorganisms needs further study. Knowledge of these areas is essential to fully integrate our understanding of soil nutrient availability, plant nutrient uptake and utilization, and the fate of organic or mineral nutrients applied to the soil.
Organizational Socialization through Employee Orientations at North Carolina State University Libraries

North Carolina State University Libraries has built a strong employee orientation program based on the belief that early socialization contributes to the success of new employees. Its orientation model includes a focused orientation session, a checklist, and individual meetings with key library faculty and staff. All aspects of the orientation focus heavily on socialization factors such as understanding the Libraries’ mission and values, meeting key people within the organization, and becoming acquainted with other new colleagues. This paper details the Libraries’ orientation approach and the research that supports it.
hecate, a zebrafish maternal effect gene, affects dorsal organizer induction and intracellular calcium transient frequency.

Abstract A zebrafish maternal effect mutation, in the gene hecate, results in embryos that have defects in the formation of dorsoanterior structures and altered calcium release. hecate mutant embryos lack nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and have reduced expression of genes specific to the dorsal organizer. We found that hecate mutant embryos exhibit a nearly 10-fold increase in the frequency of intracellular Ca2+ transients normally present in the enveloping layer during the blastula stages. Inhibition of Ca2+ release leads to ectopic expression of dorsal genes in mutant embryos suggesting that Ca2+ transients are important in mediating dorsal gene expression. Inhibition of Ca2+ release also results in the expression of dorsal-specific genes in the enveloping layer in a β-catenin-independent manner, which suggests an additional function for the Ca2+ transients in this cellular layer. The mutant phenotype can be reversed by the expression of factors that activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling, suggesting that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, at least as activated by an exogenous Wnt ligand, is intact in hec mutant embryos. Our results are consistent with a role for the hecate gene in the regulation of Ca2+ release during the cleavage stages, which in turn influences dorsal gene expression in both marginal cells along the dorsoventral axis and in the enveloping layer.
Seeding Rate and Nitrogen Management on Milling and Baking Quality of Hard Red Spring Wheat Genotypes

The end-use value of hard red spring wheat (HRSW) (Triticum aestivum L.) is determined by many factors including grain protein content (GPC), grain volume weight (GVW), thousandkernel weight (TKW), and milling and baking characteristics. These quality traits can be affected by environment, genotype, seeding rate, and nitrogen management. Experiments were conducted under dryland (Casselton, ND) and irrigated (Carrington, ND) conditions in 2003 to 2005 to determine the influence of seeding rate and N management on spring wheat quality in selected genotypes. Treatments consisted of a factorial combination of HRSW genotypes ('Alsen', 'Briggs', 'Granite', and ND 740), seeding rates (2.9 and 4.2 million seeds ha -1 ), N rate (140 and 224 kg ha -1 for the non-irrigated site, 168 and 280 kg ha -1 for the irrigated site), and timing of N application (pre-plant, 2-split applications, and 3-split applications). Genotype was the only factor that consistently affected the various quality traits measured. There were few interactions between factors and all involved genotype. GPC and GVW of Granite were 0.5 g kg -1 and 14 kg m -3 greater, respectively, than any of the other genotypes. Over all treatments, increasing the N rate increased the grain protein content by 8 g kg -1 . GPC was correlated with loaf volume but negatively correlated with flour extraction. Applying N in three splits when compared to applying it all preplant increased baking absorption by 0.8%, increased the mixograph score by 0.4 units, and decreased mixing time by 0.2 min. Seeding rate did not result in a significant change in grain quality or milling and baking quality in this study. Overall, genotype was the most important factor in determining grain quality and milling and baking performance. To a lesser extent, N timing influenced grain quality, particularly in its mixing characteristics.
Effects of Pentoxifylline, Caffeine, and Taurine on Post-Thaw Motility and Longevity of Equine Frozen Semen

Frozen semen provides several advantages to the breeder relative to fresh or cooled semen. However, some stallions are undesirable candidates for semen freezing due to poor post-thaw motility or longevity caused by membrane damage, osmotic stress, and oxidative stress during cryopreservation. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of post-thaw addition of pentoxifylline, caffeine, or taurine on sperm motility and longevity in equine frozen semen. Pentoxifylline, caffeine, or taurine was incorpo- rated immediately into thawing frozen semen from nine warmblood stallions. Sperma- tozoa motility and longevity parameters were recorded and analyzed for each additive and for an untreated control. Of the three additives, only pentoxifylline improved total and progressive semen motility relative to that of untreated control. Pentoxifylline also increased semen curvilinear velocity, average path velocity, and straight line velocity relative to those of caffeine, taurine, or control. Semen treated with pentoxifylline also showed greater longevity relative to that of caffeine- or taurine-treated or untreated semen. Taurine improved linearity in comparison to that of semen treated with pen- toxifylline, caffeine, or control but did not improve other parameters. Pentoxifylline may be useful in enhancing the quality of equine frozen semen and therefore improving its fertility. Additional studies are warranted that examine the effect of these additives on the conception rate. Pentoxifylline can be used to increase motility and longevity of equine frozen semen and theoretically increase probability of conception and overall breeding success rates.
Organochlorine chemical residues in bluegills and common carp from the irrigated San Joaquin Valley floor, California

Samples of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from the San Joaquin River and two tributaries (Merced River and Salt Slough) in California were analyzed for 21 organochlorine chemical residues by gas chromatography to determine if pesticide contamination was confined to downstream sites exposed to irrigated agriculture, or if nonirrigated upstream sites were also contaminated. Residues ofp,p′-DDE were detected in all samples of both species. Six other contaminants were also present in both species at one or more of the collection sites: chlordane (cis-chlordane +trans-nonachlor);p,p′-DDD;o,p′-DDT;p,p′-DDT; DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate); and dieldrin. Concentrations of most of these residues were generally higher in carp than in bluegills; residues of other compounds were found only in carp: α-BHC (α-benzenehexachloride), Aroclor® 1260, and toxaphene. Concentrations of most organochlorines in fish increased from upstream to downstream. Water quality variables that are influenced by irrigation return flows (e.g., conductivity, turbidity, and total alkalinity) also increased from upstream to downstream and were significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with organochlorine residue levels in the fish. In carp, concentrations of two residues-⌆DDT (p,p′-DDD +p,p′-DDE + +p,p′-DDT; 1.43 to 2.21 mg/kg wet weight) and toxaphene (3.12 mg/kg wet weight)-approached the highest levels reported by the National Pesticide Monitoring Program for fish from other intensively farmed watersheds of the United States in 1980 to 1981, and surpassed criteria for whole-body residue concentrations recomended by the National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineers for the protection of piscivorous wildlife.
Solute retention in electrochromatography by electrically induced sorption

Column chromatography and electrophoresis are combined in electrochromatography, where an electric potential is applied to a chromatography column in the axial direction. These studies utilized a dextran gel stationary phase and an eluent of low ionic strength, which were chosen to minimize electric current and therefore column heating and undesirable dispersion effects. The gel, with a small ion exchange capacity of several microequivalents per mL, turned out to be more conductive than the eluent and was able to concentrate macromolecules in the presence of combined electric and flow fields. The model presented describes solute retention due to electrically induced concentration polarization of solute on the resin surfaces, as well as electrophoresis in the mobile and stationary phases. The polarization effect explains differences between retention of high-molecular-weight solutes with exclusion coefficients of less than 1 and that of a charged low-molecular-weight solute, which is hypothesized to pass through the gel matrix in the presence of an electric field and does not experience concentration polarization. It also shows the application of this effect for protein separation in a liquid chromatography system with a superimposed electric potential.
Study of cellular dynamics on polarized CoCrMo alloy using time-lapse live-cell imaging

The physico-chemical processes and phenomena occurring at the interface of metallic biomedical implants and the body dictate their successful integration in vivo. Changes in the surface potential and the associated redox reactions at metallic implants can significantly influence several aspects of biomaterial/cell interactions such as cell adhesion and survival in vitro. Accordingly, there is a voltage viability range (voltages which do not compromise cellular viability of the cells cultured on the polarized metal) for metallic implants. We report on cellular dynamics (size, polarity, movement) and temporal changes in the number and total area of focal adhesion complexes in transiently transfected MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblasts cultured on CoCrMo alloy surfaces polarized at the cathodic and anodic edges of its voltage viability range (-400 and +500 mV (Ag/AgCl), respectively). Nucleus dynamics (size, circularity, movement) and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were also studied on the polarized metal at -1000, -400 and +500 mV (Ag/AgCl). Our results show that at -400 mV, where reduction reactions dominate, a gradual loss of adhesion occurs over 24 h while cells shrink in size during this time. At +500 mV, where oxidation reactions dominate (i.e. metal ions form, including Cr6+), cells become non-viable after 5h without showing any significant changes in adhesion behavior right before cell death. Nucleus size of cells at -1000 mV decreased sharply within 15 min after polarization, which rendered the cells completely non-viable. No significant amount of ROS release by cells was detected on the polarized CoCrMo at any of these voltages.
A thermodynamic study of pyrite and pyrrhotite

Abstract Through the use of the electrum-tarnish method the following equation has been found to interrelate the composition of pyrrhotite, fugacity of sulfur, and temperature: In this equation fs2 is the fugacity of sulfur relative to the ideal diatomic gas at 1 atm, N is the mol fraction of FeS in pyrrhotite (in the system FeS-S2), and T the absolute temperature. The experimental uncertainty in the equation is 0–003 in N. The activity of FeS (aFeS) in pyrrhotite relative to the pure substance at the temperature of consideration follows from the above equation by virtue of the Gibbs-Duhem relation; it is given by: The electrum-tarnish method has permitted us to determine the fs2 vs. T curve for the univariant assemblage pyrrhotite-pyrite-vapor from 743 to 325°C. Our determinations of the composition of pyrrhotite are in excellent agreement with the results of Arnold. The activity of FeS in pyrite-saturated pyrrhotite is very different from unity, a fact that greatly influences the interpretation of some other phase equilibrium studies involving pyrrhotite and their application to sulfide mineral assemblages, but has little effect on the more general calculations of composition of hydrothermal or magmatic fluids. Pressure effects calculated from available volumetric data on the phases are small.
Self-energy and persistent current in ensembles of mesoscopic metal rings

Abstract The average persistent current in a grand canonical ensemble of mesoscopic metal rings threaded by a magnetic flux in the diffusive regime is related to the presence of a component of the electronic self-energy, which is odd with respect to the electron velocity. In a non-interacting model, the “velocity-odd” component of the self-energy is found to be exponentially small. Including the Coulomb interaction between electrons, a finite velocity-odd component of the self-energy is obtained. A simple model is presented, which exhibits the essential features of the phenomenon.
Designing for Dynamic Equilibrium in Streams

: Streams are dynamic systems, so steady state does not exist for any appreciable period of time. Streams in dynamic equilibrium respond quickly to change, regaining a new equilibrium. From the response system it follows that there is a causative reason why a stream meanders or degrades or aggrades its bed. These actions represent adjustment processes. If humans interfere with them, other adjustment processes will be initiated. In contrast, if humans work with the ongoing processes, success will be attainable with less efforts and at a lower cost. Local base level change represents one of the most influential channel changes, especially the lowering of this level. Loss of base level may cause degradation throughout a stream network, because the main stem is the base level for all its tributaries. Often, degradation causes bank instability and lowering of streamside water tables that, in turn, endanger the riparian ecosystem. Judging from check dam systems, a rise of the local base level does not raise the bed throughout a stream or network; instead, aggradation stops at a given distance. Preventing local base level changes of a stream network, therefore, is a cost-effective measure. Examples are presented of treatments causing new critical situations and measures to correct them.
Lifetime exposure to estrogens and Parkinson's disease in California teachers.

Abstract Introduction Parkinson's disease (PD) is consistently observed to occur less frequently in women than men, prompting investigation into whether estrogen protects against neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Methods We used baseline data in the California Teachers Study, a prospective cohort of women, to investigate whether reproductive factors indicating higher long-term estrogen levels are associated with PD using a nested case-control approach. We identified 228 PD cases and 3349 unaffected controls frequency matched by age and race. Results Women who reported using combined estrogen/progesterone therapy or progesterone only formulations had a 57% increase in PD risk (OR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.06, 2.34) compared to never having used HT. Compared to women with menopause at 50–52 years, menopause at younger ( Conclusions These results provide some support for the hypothesis that lifelong high estrogen is protective in PD, suggesting that the level and persistence of exposure over the long term may be important in PD risk reduction.
Progressive alterations of the auditory association areas in young non-psychotic offspring of schizophrenia patients

Background Schizophrenia may involve progressive alterations of structure and hemispheric lateralization of auditory association areas (AAA) within the superior temporal gyrus. These alterations may be greater in male patients. It is unclear if these deficits are state-dependent or whether they predate illness onset and reflect familial diathesis.
Validating Thermal Response Models Using Bench-Scale and Intermediate-Scale Fire Experiment Data

The thermal response of a fiber reinforced polymer composite was measured by the bench-scale Cone Calorimeter and Intermediate-scale Calorimeter (ICAL) fire experiments. Finite-rate and infinite-rate pyrolysis models were used to predict the response of the composite panels under the same thermal boundary conditions as in the fire tests. It was shown that both models can give acceptable temperature, mass loss, and effective char thickness predictions. The effect of internal gas convection on thermal response predictions was determined insignificant at low heat flux levels. The thermal insulation at the back surface of the composite panel significantly increased both temperature and mass loss predictions.
On the equivalence of dynamically orthogonal and bi-orthogonal methods: Theory and numerical simulations

Abstract The Karhunen–Loeve (KL) decomposition provides a low-dimensional representation for random fields as it is optimal in the mean square sense. Although for many stochastic systems of practical interest, described by stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs), solutions possess this low-dimensional character, they also have a strongly time-dependent form and to this end a fixed-in-time basis may not describe the solution in an efficient way. Motivated by this limitation of standard KL expansion, Sapsis and Lermusiaux (2009) [26] developed the dynamically orthogonal (DO) field equations which allow for the simultaneous evolution of both the spatial basis where uncertainty ‘lives’ but also the stochastic characteristics of uncertainty. Recently, Cheng et al. (2013) [28] introduced an alternative approach, the bi-orthogonal (BO) method, which performs the exact same tasks, i.e. it evolves the spatial basis and the stochastic characteristics of uncertainty. In the current work we examine the relation of the two approaches and we prove theoretically and illustrate numerically their equivalence, in the sense that one method is an exact reformulation of the other. We show this by deriving a linear and invertible transformation matrix described by a matrix differential equation that connects the BO and the DO solutions. We also examine a pathology of the BO equations that occurs when two eigenvalues of the solution cross, resulting in an instantaneous, infinite-speed, internal rotation of the computed spatial basis. We demonstrate that despite the instantaneous duration of the singularity this has important implications on the numerical performance of the BO approach. On the other hand, it is observed that the BO is more stable in nonlinear problems involving a relatively large number of modes. Several examples, linear and nonlinear, are presented to illustrate the DO and BO methods as well as their equivalence.
Clouds and wet removal as causes of variability in the trace-gas composition of the marine troposphere.

A modeling study of the effects of clouds and wet removal on the chemistry of the remote marine troposphere is described. Using a time-dependent model with parameterized vertical transport to calculate trace-gas concentrations, it is found that large variations in key species (e.g., HNO3, H2CO, and H2O2) result from simulations of sporadic rainfall, changes in cloud cover, and external inputs such as surface NO sources. Depending on the frequency and intensity of an event, the effects of these perturbations may persist for several days, thereby invalidating assumptions of photochemical equilibrium in the interpretation of measurements. Long-term integrations with fixed boundary conditions and regularly occurring cloud and rain episodes demonstrate a strong sensitivity of the mean concentration of longer-lived soluble gases to precipitation frequency but also confirm the validity of using properly chosen parameterizations of wet removal in steady state calculations.
The Environmental Action Internal Control Index

Abstract The purpose of this research was to develop a reliable and valid instrument that could be used to assess the relationship between locus of control of reinforcement and environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students. The criterion variable comprised scores on an inventory of self-reported performance of environmental actions carefully selected from the literature on environmentally responsible behavior and assessed by a panel of judges for their appropriateness to six categories of environmental action taking. Using seven phases of development and employing a variety of statistical techniques, the authors created the Environmental Action Internal Control Index (EAICI) to serve as the predictor variable. Scores on the EAICI and the self-report inventory of environmentally responsible behavior were analyzed by a Pearson product-moment correlation and by discriminant analysis techniques. The goal was to determine what correlation existed between scores on the EAICI and the measure of ...
Archaeological geology of the Rustad Quarry site (32RI775): An early archaic site in Southeastern North Dakota

At The Rustad Quarry Site (32RI775), in southeastern North Dakota, Early Archaic artifacts, bison bone, and hearth features were found in the lowest of three Boroll-like buried soils formed in alluvial fan sediments. Alluvial fan sediments were deposited from 8000 to 4925 B.P., and were then buried by eolian sand. The alluvial fan sediments (mudflows) bury lacustrine sediments (Sherack Formation deposited from 9900 to 9500 B.P. in Glacial Lake Agassiz II), both of which overlie a Moorhead Phase fluvial terrace deposited from 10,900 to 9,900 B.P. Cultural remains were associated with five radiocarbon ages, three on archaeological charcoal (7180 B.P., 7240 B.P., and 7550 B.P.) and two on organic carbon from two welded A-horizons containing the cultural remains (7370 B.P. and 7675 B.P.). A well-developed Aquoll-like soil formed in the lacustrine sediments from 9500 to 8000 B.P. Soil morphology and chemistry of the Boroll-like fan soils, the Aquoll-like lacustrine soil, and other Boroll-like soils formed in eolian and deltaic sediments nearby suggest a subhumid, cool continental climate with riparian woodland and mixed prairie vegetation at the site and surrounding area from 11,400 B.P. to the present. This partially contradicts paleoenvironmental reconstruction from pollen sites nearby that suggest the area was covered by a closed canopy spruce forest from terminal late-Pleistocene to 10,000 B.P. Alluvial fan formation and eolian activity on the adjacent Sheyenne Delta occurred from 8000 to 5000 B.P., which indicates greater landscape instability and drier conditions during the mid-Holocene (Altithermal).
Submonolayer phases of Pb on Si(111)

We present conclusive results on the structures and coverages of the submonolayer phases of Pb on the Si(111) 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface based on scanning-tunneling-microscopy, low-energy-electron-diffraction, and Rutherford backscattering measurements. For room-temperature deposition at low coverage on the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 surface, we find that Pb atoms occupy sites above and between the Si adatoms (with a preference for the faulted half of the unit cell) leaving the 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 structure intact. After annealing to 450 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, some Pb atoms occupy Si(111) 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7 adatom sites, while others have nucleated to form small areas of an unusual \ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 phase which has a 1:1 ratio of Si:Pb.
Prisons and the American Conscience: A History of U.S. Federal Corrections

In tracing the evolution of federal imprisonment, Paul W. Keve emphasizes the ways in which corrections history has been affected by and is reflective of other trends in the political and cultural life of the United States.The federal penal system has undergone substantial evolution over two hundred years. Keve divides this evolutionary process into three phases. During the first phase, from 1776 through the end of the nineteenth century, no federal prisons existed in the United States. Federal prisoners were simply boarded in state or local facilities.It was in the second phase, starting with the passage of the Three Prison Act by Congress in 1891, that federal facilities were constructed at Leavenworth and Atlanta, while the old territorial prison at McNeil Island in Washington eventually became, in effect, the third prison. In this second phase, the federal government began the enormous task of providing its own prison cells. Still, there was no effective supervisory force to make a prison "system."In 1930, the Federal Bureau of Prisons was created, marking the third phase of the prison system s evolution. The Bureau, in its first sixty years of existence, introduced numerous correctional innovations, thereby building an effective, centrally controlled prison system with progressive standards. Keve details the essential characteristics of this now mature system, guiding the reader through the historical process to the present day."
A pilot study of potential pre-operative barriers to couples' sexual recovery after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer affects couples’ sexual intimacy, but men rarely use recommended proerectile aids. This mixed-methods study aimed to identify couples’ preprostatectomy barriers to sexual recovery. Interviews about anticipated sexual recovery were paired with surveys: the Dyadic Assessment Scale, the Protective Buffering Scale, the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite, the Sexual Experience Questionnaire (men), and the Female Sexual Function Index. Potential barriers were derived using Grounded Theory. Quantitative data triangulated qualitative findings. Heterosexual couples (N = 28) participated. Men's average age was 62 years and their partners’ average age was 58 years. Preexisting and diagnosis-related barriers included aging-related sexual dysfunction, inadequate sexual problem-solving skills, stressors, worry, avoidance of planning for sexual recovery, and dislike of artificially assisted sex. Participants endorsed moderate/high marital satisfaction (DAS: for men, M = 110.0, SD = 11.4; for partne...
Rb-Sr and K-Ar geochronologic and isotopic studies, Llano Uplift, central Texas

Two major episodes are evident in the metamorphic and igneous Precambrian basement of the Llano Uplift, central Texas. Dynamothermal metamorphism was accompanied by minor basaltic and tonalitic syntectonic plutonism. This was followed by a second period of thermal overprinting accompanying emplacement of high-K2O, high-level major granite plutons. Extensive isotopic age work by Zartman, published in the mid-1960s, suggests that development of the basement complex, spanning an interval of 150 m.y. or more, began with deposition of Valley Spring Gneiss (the lowest unit) and terminated about 1,050 m.y. ago with final postmetamorphic cooling (indicated by retention ages of Ar and Sr in biotite). We have supplemented these data with more than 50 new K-Ar and Rb-Sr analyses. Two foliated plutons in the southeast are 1,167±12m.y. (2σ) old, with distinctly different initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Field relationships and isotopic data indicate that these plutons are the earliest yet known in the Uplift. Metamorphosed basalt dikes and gabbro bodies were emplaced immediately preceding and following the syntectonic plutons. Eleven of these rocks had extremely uniform initial 87Sr/ 86Sr=0.7029±0.0005. A Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron of the unfoliated Enchanted Rock pluton indicates an age of 1,048±34 m.y. with initial 87Sr/86Sr= 0.7048±0.0007. One of the northern unfoliated granites, the Lone Grove pluton, gives a whole-rock isochron age of 1,056±12 m.y., with initial 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7061±0.0003. All of the intrusive rocks have initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios consistent with a source in the mantle or lower crust, but not in ancient remobilized continental crust. Six K-Ar hornblende ages from metabasalts are 1,078±19 m.y. (1σ), in general agreement with K-Ar and Rb-Sr mineral ages elsewhere in the eastern Llano Uplift. A metasedimentary Valley Spring Gneiss sample from the western Uplift has a whole rock-muscovite Rb-Sr age of 1,129±9 m.y. Field and isotopic data are now sufficiently numerous to permit a moderately detailed reconstruction of the Precambrian history of the area.
Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Protein : Membrane Insertion, Proteolytic Processing, Assembly into LHC II, and Localization to Appressed Membranes Occurs in Chloroplast Lysates.

The apoprotein of the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein (LHCP) is a major integral thylakoid membrane protein that is normally complexed with chlorophyll and xanthophylls and serves as the antenna complex of photosystem II. LHCP is encoded in the nucleus and synthesized in the cytosol as a higher molecular weight precursor that is subsequently imported into chloroplasts and assembled into thylakoids. In a previous study it was established that the LHCP precursor can integrate into isolated thylakoid membranes. The present study demonstrates that under conditions designed to preserve thylakoid structure, the inserted LHCP precursor is processed to mature size, assembled into the LHC II chlorophyll-protein complex, and localized to the appressed thylakoid membranes. Under these conditions, light can partially replace exogenous ATP in the membrane integration process.
Intravenous fat emulsions reduction for patients with parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease

Objective Totestthehypothesis thatimplementation ofamarked reduction inintravenousfatwill resultin reversal of parenteral nutrition–associated liver disease (PNALD) in infants. Study design Prospective study of intravenous fat emulsion reduction in parenteral nutrition to 1 g/kg/d 2 times per week in neonates diagnosed with PNALD. Primary outcome measure was total bilirubin levels compared with gestational age, birth weight, and diagnosis-matched historical controls receiving 3 g/kg/d of intravenous lipids. Results Intravenous fat emulsion reduction resulted in a significant decline in total bilirubin levels compared with controls. Comparison of growth in the 2 groups was similar. Mild essential fatty acid deficiency was detected in 8 of 31 infants and was reversed with additional days of lipid infusion. No significant adverse events were noted. Conclusions An association between intravenous lipid emulsion administration and the development of PNALD seems probable. Use of intravenous fat emulsion reduction is a potential approach to reverse PNALD in young infants. Frequent monitoring of essential fatty acid deficiency is needed with the use of this regimen. (J Pediatr 2012;160:421-7).
Spinothalamic cells in the rat lumbar cord with collaterals to the medullary reticular formation.

Abstract Cells with dual projections to both the thalamus and the medullary reticular formation were identified in the rat lumbar cord after separate injections of different retrogradely transported markers into each area. Most double-labeled cells were located in the intermediate zone or in lamina V of the contralateral spinal cord.
Active coated nano-particles for localized sensors

Active spherical coated nano-particles have been considered for nano-laser, nano-sensor, and optical metamaterial applications. Excitation by plane waves and arbitrarily located electric Hertzian dipoles lead to a rich variety of amplification and cloaking phenomena.
The effects of common ground and perspective on domains of referential interpretation

Abstract Addressees’ eye movements were tracked as they followed instructions given by a confederate speaker hidden from view. Experiment 1 used objects in common ground (known to both participants) or privileged ground (known to the addressee). Although privileged objects interfered with reference to an identical object in common ground, addressees were always more likely to look at an object in common ground than privileged ground. Experiment 2 used definite and indefinite referring expressions with early or late points of disambiguation, depending on the uniqueness of the display objects. The speaker’s and addressee’s perspectives matched when the speaker was accurately informed about the display, and mismatched when the speaker was misinformed. When perspectives matched, addressees identified the target faster with early than with late disambiguation displays. When perspectives mismatched, addressees still identified the target quickly, showing an ability to use the speaker’s perspective. These experiments demonstrate that although addressees cannot completely ignore information in privileged ground, common ground and perspective each have immediate effects on reference resolution.
Designing Clinical Data Presentation in Electronic Dental Records Using Cognitive Task Analysis Methods

Despite the many decades of research on the effective development of clinical systems in medicine, the adoption of health information technology to improve patient care continues to be slow, especially in ambulatory settings. This applies to dentistry as well, a primary care discipline with approximately 137,000 practitioners in the United States. A critical reason for slow adoption is the poor usability of clinical systems, which makes it difficult for providers to navigate through the information and obtain an integrated view of patient data. Cognitive science methods have shown significant promise to meaningfully inform the design, development and assessment of clinical information systems. In most cases, these methods have been applied to evaluate the design of systems after they have been developed. Very few studies, on the other hand, have used cognitive engineering methods to support the design process for a system itself. It is this gap in knowledge how cognitive engineering methods can be optimally applied to inform the system design process that our research seeks to address. This project studied the cognitive processes and in-formation management strategies used by dentists during a typical patient exam and applied the results to inform the design of an electronic dental record interface. The results of this study will contribute to designing clinical systems that improve cognitive support for clinicians during patient care. Such a system has the potential to enhance the quality and safety of patient care, as well as reduce healthcare costs.
Modulation space estimates for multilinear pseudodifferential operators

We prove that for symbols in the modulation spaces M, p ≥ q, the associated multilinear pseudodifferential operators are bounded on products of appropriate modulation spaces. In particular, the symbols we study here are defined without any reference to smoothness, but rather in terms of their time-frequency behavior.
Decision making in a sequential search task

Ss were instructed to find the largest of a set of 200 different numbers, observed one at a time (when only the number currently observed could be declared the largest). Numbers sampled from one of three distributions, one with positive skew, one with negative skew, and one rectangular, were presented to three samples of 22 Ss, tested in small groups. The rectangular-distribution condition also was administered individually to a fourth sample of 22 Ss. Results failed to show effects of the distribution of numbers upon S’s performance. However, as predicted, Ss tested in groups tended to observe more cards before stopping than those tested individually. Data are analyzed in an effort to evaluate the adequacy of alternative “stopping rules” as strategies descriptive of Ss performance.
Signal pulse-rate and judged duration.

Theories which construct perception of time from content of input predict monotonic functions of rate-judged duration of stimuli, and do not account for intersensory differences. Two experiments required Ss to compare directly the durations of paired lights or sounds pulsed at various rates to produce discriminable beats and flickers (6.0, 10.0, 14.0 Hz), and steady signals. Pulsed lights, not sounds, were judged longer than steady, and this visual effect was identical for all flicker rates. Faster pulsed sounds and lights were judged longer than slower ones for all frequency combinations except for 10.0- to 14.0-Hz comparisons with vision. No monotonic function of rate-judged durations of pulses was obtained; the effect was all-or-none. Although pulse rate did affect judged duration, neither simple functions nor symmetry across senses was found.
The effect of the aliphatic carboxylate linkers on the electronic structures, chemical bonding and optical properties of the uranium-based metal–organic frameworks

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are drawing increased interest for their high stability and porosity leading to their potential applications in separation, catalysis, and photoelectric processes. Recent studies have identified the role of aminated linkers in band-gap reduction of different MOFs. Uranyl-containing MOFs are of particular interest due to their photo-luminescent properties and their photocatalytic activity. We recently studied the electronic structures of a series of uranyl containing aliphatic dicarboxylate structures that contain aliphatic dicarboxylate linkers of different lengths. Members of this series are UO2–C4H4O4–H2O (MOF1), UO2–C5H6O4 (MOF2), UO2–C6H8O4–2H2O (MOF3), UO2–C7H10O4 (MOF4), UO2–C8H12O4 (MOF5), UO2–C9H14O4 (MOF6), and UO2–C10H6O4 (MOF7). This series of actinide coordination polymers were synthesized by various groups. Our computational study provides a detail analysis of chemical bonding, charge distribution, geometric and electronic structural properties, and optical properties of these MOFs for the first time. The variation in the length of linkers does not significantly influence the electronic properties of these MOFs. All MOFs of this series show semiconducting character, common in other transition metal-based MOFs. The band gap for the whole series is essentially constant at ca. 2.5 eV, independent of the length of linkers. For the first time, we provide an extensive analysis of the bonding environment and characteristics in these MOFs based on the charge density distribution, Bader and Mulliken population analysis as well as electron localization functions (ELF). Our analyses show that the uranyl metallic subunit in all MOFs has ionic bonding characteristics. The organic carboxylate linkers, on the other hand, show predominantly covalent bonding characteristics. Simulated optical properties, such as refractive index n(ω), absorption coefficient α(ω), optical conductivity σ(ω), reflectivity R(ω), and electron energy-loss spectrum L(ω) are obtained from the calculated frequency dependent dielectric constants. These properties indicate some promising application of these MOFs as photo-catalyst. In particular, substantial absorption in the energy range of the visible part of electromagnetic spectrum shown by these MOFs can be explored further for application in solar energy sector. Our results also indicate to a possible way to tune the band gap through, e.g., doping, and hence pave the path to a potential application of these MOFs as photocatalysts.
Anisotropy of electronic structure and spectral excitations in oxide superconductors via low loss EELS

Abstract The low loss (i.e. the valence band) portion of transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum comprises of very high signal (as well as high signal to noise ratio for many excitations) with rich information embedded in it about electronic and optical properties of solids. There are, however, clear interpretation problems in low loss EELS owing to the complexity of electronic transitions in multi-component systems (e.g. high T c oxides) and the perennial multiple scattering which masks real information, and considerable deconvolution (often dicy ) is necessary before useful information can be obtained. This paper briefly reviews the relevant aspects of low loss EELS in the context of electronic structure and spectral excitations in oxide superconductors. Particular attention is paid to the details of various corrections and deconvolution procedures, illustrated with examples of oxide superconductors. It is shown that a prudent combination of careful experiments, appropriate deconvolution procedures and conservative interpretation are key to successful application of this technique. This review argues that low loss EELS is a viable technique even for complex oxides as in superconductors.