cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide case-control study of musculoskeletal adverse events and functional genomics in women receiving aromatase inhibitors: going beyond associations.

In postmenopausal women with early breast cancer, the third-generation aromatase inhibitors (AIs; anastrozole, exemestane, and letrozole) have been proven to be of value in multiple large well-conducted clinical trials as initial adjuvant endocrine therapy, after several years of tamoxifen, and as extended adjuvant endocrine therapy after about 5 years of tamoxifen [1-8]. A recent American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline stated that an AI should be used in the adjuvant setting either initially or after some period of tamoxifen therapy [9]. Despite the proven value of the AIs, many women are not adherent [10]. About one-half of women treated with an AI have new or worsening joint complaints [11]. The importance of musculoskeletal complaints was identified in reviewing the experience with MA.27, a large phase III trial comparing the non-steroidal AI anastrozole with the steroidal AI exemestane as adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer. These musculoskeletal adverse events (MS-AEs) were the most common reason why patients discontinued AI therapy. We had previously demonstrated marked variability in metabolism and pharmacodynamics of one of the AIs, anastrozole [12]. We hypothesized that the variability seen with respect to MS-AEs in women treated with anastrozole or exemestane on MA.27 could be related to genetic variability of the patients. We proceeded to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) aimed at identifying SNPs associated with MS-AEs. The results of this GWAS and the functional genomic laboratory studies performed have recently been published [13]. This short communication summarizes the highlights of this work plus a commentary on future pharmacogenomic studies of anti-cancer agents.
High-Stakes Testing and Curricular Control: A Qualitative Metasynthesis

Using the method of qualitative metasynthesis, this study analyzes 49 qualitative studies to interrogate how high-stakes testing affects curriculum, defined here as embodying content, knowledge form, and pedagogy. The findings from this study complicate the understanding of the relationship between high-stakes testing and classroom practice by identifying contradictory trends. The primary effect of high-stakes testing is that curricular content is narrowed to tested subjects, subject area knowledge is fragmented into test-related pieces, and teachers increase the use of teacher-centered pedagogies. However, this study also finds that, in a significant minority of cases, certain types of high-stakes tests have led to curricular content expansion, the integration of knowledge, and more student-centered, cooperative pedagogies. Thus the findings of the study suggest that the nature of high-stakes-test-induced curricular control is highly dependent on the structures of the tests themselves.
Time frequency filtering

The author considers the transformation of bilinear time-frequency distributions for the case of a linear time-variant transformation of the signal. The conditions for the output to be representable, that is, for a signal to exist which gives the output distribution, are derived and related to the general question of time-frequency filtering. >
Pseudomonas Infection in Turkeys

Abstract DURING the investigation, in the fall of 1938, of an outbreak of a disease in approximately 19,000 turkeys with a morbidity rate of nearly 50 percent and a very low mortality, a hemolytic pseudomonas was isolated in pure culture from the heart and liver of a recently dead turkey. Stained smears from the heart blood and liver showed numerous pleomorphic, at times granular or irregularly stained rods. This organism was found to resemble closely Pseudomonas aeruginosa. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Pseudomonas infection in poultry has received little attention. Kaupp and Dearstyne (1924) mentioned having isolated Ps. aeruginosa from 4 of 300 autopsies on adult fowls. Turkeys were not mentioned. Essex, McKenney, and Mann (1930) reported on an epizootic in a flock of 400 White Leghorn and Plymouth Rock chicks from five to nine weeks old. The only organism obtained was Ps. aeruginosa. Hinshaw and Lloyd (1934) insolated Ps. aeruginosa from the . . .
An Intersectional Analysis of Differential Opportunity Structures for Community-Based Anticrime Efforts

Numerous studies document the positive ramifications of locally based crime prevention efforts, but also reveal that neighborhoods are not equally positioned to engage in such efforts. The same soc...
Introduction: History and sexuality

(1981). Introduction: History and sexuality. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 197-203.
Neuroinformatics for Neuropsychology

Neuroinformatics for Neuropsychology , Neuroinformatics for Neuropsychology , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران
Multidimensional modeling of the effects of radiation and soot deposition in heavy-duty diesel engines

A radiation model based on the Discrete Ordinates Method (DOM) was incorporated into the KIVA3v multidimensional code to study the effects of soot and radiation on diesel engine performance at high load. A thermophoretic soot deposition model was implemented to predict soot concentrations in the near-wall region, which was found to affect radiative heat flux levels. Realistic, non-uniform combustion chamber wall surface temperature distributions were predicted using a finite-element-based heat conduction model for the engine metal components that was coupled with KIVA3v in an iterative scheme. The more accurate combustion chamber wall temperatures enhanced the accuracy of both the radiation and soot deposition models as well as the convective heat transfer model. For a basline case, (1500 rev/min, 100% load) it was found that radiation can account for as much as 30% of the total wall heat loss and that soot deposition in each cycle is less than 3% of the total in-cylinder soot. The maximum in-cylinder radiation intensities were found to be highly localized. Small pockets of intense radiation lowered local temperatures in regions of high NO production, thus decreasing predicted NO levels significantly. However, the predicted engine-out soot levels were largely unaffected by radiation. The highest levels of wall heat flux, and correspondingly the highest wall temperatures, occurred in localized regions on the engine head and piston, usually in the vicinity of the fuel spray. Increased swirl was found to increase engine head temperatures since combustion gases were redirected toward the head. Computations at high load and boost showed that piston temperatures can exceed 700 K locally, thus, explaining the mechanism of piston damage seen under high load conditions.
Heart of Ethnicity

It has long been appreciated1 that left ventricular (LV) chamber size, thickness, and weight (commonly referred to as mass) are subject to a large number of physiologic (eg, sex, familial/genetic factors, body weight and height, blood pressure, physical activity, and age) and pathophysiologic (eg, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) influences. Nonetheless, in statistical models studying a large number of risk factors, at most only ≈60% of the variance in LV mass can be explained by known correlates of LV mass, even when using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging—a more precise way to measure LV mass than echocardiography as is used in most research studies.2 See Article by Qureshi et al Research has shown associations of self-identified race and ethnicity with LV mass in normotensives and LV hypertrophy and concentric remodeling in hypertensives.3,4 However, findings have not always been consistent,5,6 and it is difficult to separate the contribution of genetic composition from environmental factors. In part, this may be because of difficulties in how to define race and ethnicity. Also, many environmental factors, including diet, socioeconomic status, biobehavioral stress, and comorbidities, variably attach to race and ethnicity; however, they are defined. Although genome-wide association studies of genetic contribution to LV mass have in fact shown several gene loci associated with LV size,7,8 only a small proportion of the …
H2O-Functionalized Zeolitic Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 Framework (ZIF-8) for H2 Storage

It is generally recognized that H2O adsorption on a porous material would inhibit H2 adsorption. However, this paper reports that stable H2O-functionalized zeolitic Zn(2-methylimidazole)2 framework (ZIF-8), which was obtained by the simple water treatment of ZIF-8 at ambient temperature, can increase its H2 adsorption heat from 5.2 to 10.1 kJ/mol. As a result, the reversible H2 capacity at ambient temperature increased by 77%. This indicates that H2O functionalization provides a novel approach to enhance ambient-temperature hydrogen storage in ZIF-8 and other metal-organic frameworks.
A selection and optimization experimental study of additives to thermal energy storage material sodium acetate trihydrate

In order to solve the problem of supercooling and phase segregation of sodium acetate trihydrate during solidification,it is necessary to add appropriate nucleating agent and thickeners.Five commonly used nucleating agents,i.e.Na2HPO4·12H2O,Na3PO4·12H2O,Na2CO3·10H2O,Na2SiO3·9H2O and Na2B4O7·10H2O,three thickeners,including carboxymethyl cellulose and gelatin,and polyacrylamide were selected as additives to improve the phase-change energy storage property after the research and comparison.Sodium acetate trihydrate as an energy storage medium,nucleating agent and thickeners were assorted randomly to configure sample.The heat storage-release experiment was conducted.Finally several effective additives are developed,and the mass ratio of these formulas were studied experimentally.The best two dosage formulations were found.
Screening Inhibitory Potential of Anti-HIV RT RNA Aptamers

Aptamers targeted to HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) have been demonstrated to inhibit RT in biochemical assays and as in cell culture. However, methods employed to date to evaluate viral suppression utilize time-consuming serial passage of infectious HIV in aptamer-expressing stable cell lines. We have established a rapid, transfection-based assay system to effectively examine the inhibitory potential of anti-HIV RT aptamers expressed between two catalytically inactive hammerhead ribozymes. Our system can be altered and optimized for a variety of cloning schemes, and addition of sequences of interest to the cassette is simple and straightforward. When paired with methods to analyze aptamer RNA accumulation and localization in cells and as packaging into pseudotyped virions, the method has a very high level of success in predicting good inhibitors.
Differentiation of human bronchial epithelial cells: role of hydrocortisone in development of ion transport pathways involved in mucociliary clearance

Glucocorticoids strongly influence the mucosal-defense functions performed by the bronchial epithelium, and inhaled corticosteroids are critical in the treatment of patients with inflammatory airway diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. A common pathology associated with these diseases is reduced mucociliary clearance, a defense mechanism involving the coordinated transport of salt, water, and mucus by the bronchial epithelium, ultimately leading to retention of pathogens and particles in the airways and to further disease progression. In the present study we investigated the role of hydrocortisone (HC) in differentiation and development of the ion transport phenotype of normal human bronchial epithelial cells under air-liquid interface conditions. Normal human bronchial epithelial cells differentiated in the absence of HC (HC0) showed significantly less benzamil-sensitive short-circuit current than controls, as well as a reduced response after stimulation with the selective β2-adrenergic receptor agonist salbutamol. Apical membrane localization of epithelial Na(+) channel α-subunits was similarly reduced in HC0 cells compared with controls, supporting a role of HC in the trafficking and density of Na(+) channels in the plasma membrane. Additionally, glucocorticoid exposure during differentiation regulated the transcription of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and β2-adrenergic receptor mRNAs and appeared to be necessary for the expression of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-dependent anion secretion in response to β2-agonists. HC had no significant effect on surface cell differentiation but did modulate the expression of mucin mRNAs. These findings indicate that glucocorticoids support mucosal defense by regulating critical transport pathways essential for effective mucociliary clearance.
Initial Dosing and Taper Complexity of Methadone and Morphine for Treatment of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome

Background: Methadone and morphine are commonly used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Limited data exist to describe the most appropriate initial doses and taper regimens of these agent...
Conclusion: The Obligation of Creation

The conclusion takes up the deeper political and cultural implications of Gao’s work. What drew me to Gao originally was what I interpreted as stubborn resistance to established norms and an unwillingness to be defined. Considering the totality of his acknowledged cultural heritage and aesthetic project, I argue that Gao manifests a transcultural sensibility of identity expressed through the unique aesthetics of his dramaturgy. This aesthetics is predicated on a playful manipulation of established theatrical discourses that allows one to exist always at the periphery and never in the center. This playfulness necessitates constant creation, and it is here that Gao most happily resides.
Perceived Marketplace Influence and Sustainable Consumption: Does What We Do Matter?

In light of negative environmental trends (US Environmental Protection Agency 2014; Global Footprint Network 2014), it is apparent that smarter consumption by the collective of society is necessary, as it is only in the aggregate that the negative effects of harmful consumption patterns can be lessened and a more sustainable future achieved (Stern 2000; Peattie 2010). However, in interdependent fashion, the ability of the collective to have a positive impact on these environmental issues is a direct result of an individual’s inclination to engage in environmentally and socially responsible behavior.
Abstract 899: Cancer protection associated with dietary methyl donor deficiency is characterized by persistent changes to epithelial proliferation and metabolism

The role of folate one-carbon metabolism in colorectal cancer development is incompletely understood, and nutritional intervention studies have produced conflicting results. We previously demonstrated that a diet deficient in the methyl donors folic acid, methionine, choline and vitamin B12, and supplemented with homocysteine, reduces intestinal tumor incidence by greater than 95% in ApcMin/+ mice. Here we extend these findings to a second mouse tumor model, ApcA14, and further show that the cancer protection afforded by even short-term dietary methyl donor deficiency (MDD) is long-lasting. Eleven weeks of MDD followed by methyl donor repletion was sufficient to maintain tumor suppression for at least 7 additional weeks (22.2 ± 3.5 vs 70.2 ± 4.6 intestinal tumors; p Citation Format: Matthew P. Hanley, Daniel W. Rosenberg. Cancer protection associated with dietary methyl donor deficiency is characterized by persistent changes to epithelial proliferation and metabolism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 899.
Recasting Caste: From the Sacred to the Profane

Hira Singh's Recasting Caste presents the most sophisticated Marxist anthropology of caste in India to date. Singh's thesis is strikingly simple: caste, far from embodying a cultural or religious p...
Isolation-based decorrelation of stochastic circuits

Stochastic computing (SC) performs arithmetic on randomized bit-streams called stochastic numbers (SNs) using standard logic circuits. SC has many appealing features such as error tolerance, low power, and low area cost. However, it suffers from severe accuracy loss due to correlation or insufficient randomness. SNs can be decorrelated by regenerating them from independent random sources. This is the preferred decorrelation method mentioned in the literature, but it often entails huge area and delay overhead. An attractive alternative is isolation-based decorrelation, which is the focus of this research. Isolation works by inserting delays (isolators) into a stochastic circuit to eliminate undesirable interactions among its SNs. Surprisingly, although it has far lower cost than regeneration, isolation has not been studied systematically before, hindering its practical use. The paper first examines the basic characteristics of SC isolation. We show that unless carefully used, it can result in excessive isolator numbers or unexpectedly corrupt a circuit's function. We therefore formally characterize the behavior of an isolation-decorrelated circuit, and derive conditions for correct deployment of isolators. We then describe the first isolator placement algorithm designed to minimize the number of isolators. Finally, we present supporting data obtained from simulation experiments on representative circuits.
Counting the Past in Herodotus’ Histories

This paper explores instances in Herodotus’ Histories where the historian or his characters engage with very large numbers by counting vast collections of people or things, establishing the dimensions of huge objects and measuring long stretches of time. In these episodes, Herodotus explores how quantifying the material traces of the past can help reconstruct antiquity. This methodological point is most evident in his calculations in book 2, and this paper focuses in particular on his persistent reckoning in three interrelated Egyptian accounts: those of the nature of the Nile valley, of the construction of the pyramids and of the genealogy of the Theban priests. I argue that Herodotus’ quantifying efforts, far from being only a rhetorical strategy to increase the narrator's credibility and authority, are an important, indeed crucial, part of his historical method.
New implementation of high-gain observers in the presence of measurement noise using stochastic approximation

In this paper, we propose a new method for implementation of a High-Gain Observer (HGO) to cope with measurement noise through Stochastic Approximation (SA). Most approaches have been using a trade-off between a speed of regeneration of states in the presence of uncertainties and the effect of measurement noise. Through SA, we are able to reserve authentic properties of the HGO i.e., a fast reconstruction of system states and robustness to uncertainties, while dealing with the effect of measurement noise both in practical and analytical manners. Regularity conditions are verified to analyze the stability by the associated Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE), i.e., the ODE method. Stability analysis of the full system is conducted. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the validity of the proposed design method.
APPROACH FOR SELECTION OF RAYLEIGH DAMPING PARAMETERS USED FOR TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS

Nonlinearities, whether geometric or material, need to be addressed in seismic analysis. One good analysis method that can address these nonlinearities is direct time integration with Rayleigh damping. Modal damping is the damping typically specified in seismic analysis Codes and Standards. Modal damping is constant for all frequencies where Rayleigh damping varies with frequency. An approach is proposed here for selection of Rayleigh damping coefficients to be used in seismic analyses that are consistent with given Modal damping. The approach uses the difference between the modal damping response and the Rayleigh damping response along with effective mass properties of the model being evaluated to match overall system response levels. This paper provides a simple example problem to demonstrate the approach. It also provides results for a finite element model representing an existing piping system. Displacement, acceleration, and stress results are compared from model runs using modal damping and model runs using Rayleigh damping with coefficients selected using the proposed method.
Disposal of Plastics

Abstract An overview was made on plastic usage on livestock farms: what kind of polymers and the amount of different type of plastics used on farms. The attention was then focused on the use of plastic in animal feed conservation, from the beginning in the early 1950s of the previous century with the use of polyethylene till the innovative applications with coextruded oxygen barrier films. All features concerning animal feed conservation by ensiling were discussed focusing on key points, advantages, and drawbacks of each plastic type and application. The chapter was concluded with perspective on the use of biodegradable bioplastics in view of increasing sustainability of livestock production.
20-HETE Signals Through G-Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR75 (Gq) to Affect Vascular Function and Trigger Hypertension.

Rationale:20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), one of the principle cytochrome P450 eicosanoids, is a potent vasoactive lipid whose vascular effects include stimulation of smooth muscle contr...
Constructing an Online MCAT Preparation Program as an Alternative to On-Site Preparation for Medical School

Based on a successful five-week summer program, we constructed an online alternative to prepare Hispanic students to take the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). We used input from student premed advisors, students, a faculty mentor, a Verbal Reasoning coach, and the program administrator. Online activities were provided to support the student commitment of 10-12 hours per week for 12 weeks. We included didactic material, an online community, individual coaching, daily announcements, and structured activities to maintain student interest throughout the 12-week program. This case study may provide guidelines on the elements necessary to a successful online program.
The politics of urban water: Changing waterscapes in Amsterdam, by Kimberley Kinder: Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2015

Taking Amsterdam as its exemplar, this work is a case study of an environment (water, in this case) as an enacted environment (social construct, to use an older term) in urban development. The case...
Throughput Optimization in Circular Dual‐Gripper Robotic Cells

Many automated manufacturing systems use robotic cells, which consist of a set of machines served by a robot. Robotic cells with a single-gripper robot have been extensively studied in the literature. By contrast, cells with a dual-gripper robot, although more productive, have received less attention, perhaps because of their inherent complexity. We consider the problem of scheduling operations in dual-gripper robotic cells that have the machines configured in a circular layout and that produce identical parts repetitively. A typical objective in practice is to find a 1-unit cyclic sequence of robot moves that maximizes the throughput. We show that dual-gripper cycles are not optimal in all cases. We establish conditions in which the problem of finding an optimal 1-unit cycle in dual-gripper cells is NP-hard. We show that the remaining cases are solvable by polynomial-time algorithms either optimally or within a guaranteed bound of the optimum. These results are extended to linear cells. A computational study demonstrates that the algorithm performs much better on average than this worst-case bound suggests. Our theoretical studies facilitate research into the complexity status of the corresponding domain. They also provide practical insights that are useful in maximizing productivity for any combination of cell parameters and either type of robot. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
QCD evolution equations at small x: Pomerons, Odderons and more

We give an overview of QCD at small x , and the equation that governs evolution of observables with energy (or x ), knows as the JIMWLK equation. We show that it reduces, in the appropriate limits, to all the known perturbative evolution equations at small x .
Are Deaf Dating Scripts Really Different from Those of Their Hearing Peers

An initial study found that Deaf participants have a different definition of a date than the Traditional Sex Script (TSS). In the TSS, the man is viewed as the initiator who pushes for sex and the woman is expected to limit sex if they do not want to have intercourse; neither of these ideas were included in Deaf participants’ responses when asked what happens on a typical date. These findings may relate to early experiences in childhood. At an early age, hearing children are exposed to the TSS through popular culture. Deaf children are not exposed to these cues at the same level because of their lack of communication access. Here we compare Deaf college students to hearing college students to further investigate these issues using a more quantitative design.
Prognostic value of neoadjuvant treatment response in locally advanced rectal cancer

BACKGROUND For locally advanced rectal cancer, response to neoadjuvant radiation has been associated with improved outcomes but has not been well characterized in general practice. The goals of this study were to describe disease response rates after neoadjuvant treatment and to evaluate the association between disease response and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective cohort study of patients aged 18-80 y with clinical stage II and III rectal adenocarcinoma in the National Cancer Database (2006-2012). All patients underwent radical resection after neoadjuvant treatment. Treatment responses were defined as follows: no tumor response; intermediate-T and/or N downstaging with residual disease; and complete-ypT0N0. Multivariable, multinomial regression was used to evaluate the association between neoadjuvant radiation use and disease response. Multivariable Cox regression was used to evaluate the association between disease response and overall risk of death. RESULTS Among 12,024 patients, 12% had a complete and 30% an intermediate response. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone was less likely to achieve an intermediate (relative risk ratio: 0.70 [0.56-0.88]) or a complete response (relative risk ratio: 0.59 [0.41-0.84]) relative to neoadjuvant radiation. Tumor response was associated with improved 5-y overall survival (complete = 90.2%, intermediate = 82.0%, no response = 70.5%; log-rank, P < 0.001). Complete and intermediate pathologic responses were associated with decreases in risk of death (hazard ratio: 0.40 [0.34-0.48] and 0.63 [0.57-0.69], respectively) compared to no response. Primary tumor and nodal response were independently associated with decreased risk of death. CONCLUSIONS Neoadjuvant radiation is associated with treatment response, and pathologic response is associated with improved survival. Pathologic response may be an early benchmark for the oncologic effectiveness of neoadjuvant treatment.
Ethanol conditioned taste aversion in high drinking in the dark mice

Two independent lines of High Drinking in the Dark (HDID-1, HDID-2) mice have been bred to reach high blood alcohol levels after a short period of binge-like ethanol drinking. Male mice of both lines were shown to have reduced sensitivity to develop a taste aversion to a novel flavor conditioned by ethanol injections as compared with their unselected HS/NPT founder stock. We have subsequently developed inbred variants of each line. The current experiments established that reduced ethanol-conditioned taste aversion is also seen in the inbred variants, in both males and females. In other experiments, we asked whether HDID mice would ingest sufficient doses of ethanol to lead to a conditioned taste aversion upon retest. Different manipulations were used to elevate consumption of ethanol on initial exposure. Access to increased ethanol concentrations, to multiple tubes of ethanol, and fluid restriction to increase thirst motivation all enhanced initial drinking of ethanol. Each condition led to reduced intake the next day, consistent with a mild conditioned taste aversion. These experiments support the conclusion that one reason contributing to the willingness of HDID mice to drink to the point of intoxication is a genetic insensitivity to the aversive effects of ethanol.
Assessment of the Perceived Relationship Between Healthy Nutrition and Cardiovascular Diseases by the Adult Czech Population

Cardiovascular diseases constitute one of the main causes of disability and premature death. The basic pathology consists of atherosclerosis. Therefore, influencing risk factors, including nutrition, is essential for prevention. To assess the opinion of Czech citizens, over 40 years old, on the role of nutrition as it relates to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Data from 1992 participants were acquired using a research questionnaire administered throughout the Czech Republic from 1.4.2016–20.4.2016. The data was analyzed using the SASD program, version 1.4.12. Data analyses revealed that the age group in question still includes a great number of people who are unaware of the relationship between nutrition and development (31.8%) or progression (18.0%) of heart diseases. Rejection of the relationship was most frequently expressed by those 40–49 years of age and those that were employed. The study also found that the role of nutrition modification was more frequently discussed between patients and physicians (54.7%) than patients and nurses (38.0%). An overwhelming majority of respondents considered information related to nutrition modification useful (93.0%). In order to increase the efficiency of preventive measures, the transfer of theoretical knowledge to the lay public must be accompanied by interventions aimed at information repetition, motivation, and establishment of partnerships with health care providers.
Implementation and Outcomes of a Community Assessment Service-Learning Activity Within Academic Learning Communities:

A community needs assessment and engagement activity was implemented in 2013 in the core preclinical curriculum as part of the doctoring course within Academic Communities at UC San Diego School of Medicine. This required educational experience included curricular learning objectives as well as goals to strengthen community service within academic communities. This activity was implemented and sustained within the academic communities with each community serving a different community of San Diego. Survey data from preclinical students from 2014 to 2017 consistently reported that the community assessment activity helped sustain or develop a service project in the academic community (67.1%-79.6% strongly agree or agree) and increased students' knowledge of the needs in the assigned San Diego community (76.3%-80.6% strongly agree or agree). Students felt that the community assessment and engagement activity was a valuable learning experience (62.5%-77.8% strongly agree or agree). As a result of this educational intervention, 14 projects were implemented in the community. A subset of particularly interested and motivated medical students then took on leadership roles in these projects. Student-led scholarly assessment of the impact of some of these interventions resulted in 2 peer-reviewed publications thus far and 9 national presentations at the time of this publication. These assessments demonstrate not only educational impact, but health-system-level changes and meaningful change in patient outcomes.
Comparing American perceptions of post-Civil War Ku Klux Klan and transnational violence:

Recently, public debates have questioned whether or not the American government responds differently to terrorism by white, right-wing, Americans. This article examines a historical period in which...
Non-invasive imaging of a choroidal macrovessel.

Abstract Purpose To describe novel anatomic findings of an apparent choroidal macrovessel, originally misdiagnosed as a choroidal tumor, using non-invasive imaging tools. Observations Initial ophthalmic examination revealed an elevated hypopigmented choroidal mass in the macular area, with a serpentine track extending temporally to the equator. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) revealed an optically hollow lesion just outside the choroid-scleral junction (CSJ), indenting the retina and compressing the choroid from the scleral side. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) at the choroidal level showed relative low flow within the lesion. En face OCT at the level of the choroid demonstrated similar reflectivity to the physiological adjacent choroidal vessels. Conclusion and importance: Non-invasive imaging can be used to demonstrate the presence and anatomy of a choroidal macrovessel. OCTA is presented as a useful diagnostic imaging test that can distinguish this lesion from alternative diagnoses without the use of dye injection. In addition to the previously published reports of such vessels in the choroid, we suggest a possible anatomic variant infra-choroidal location of a macrovessel and hypothesize its origin.
The rising prevalence of weapons in unsafe arming configurations discovered in American airports

Recent studies have shown that Americans appear to be increasingly owning and carrying firearms for personal protection, and are increasingly storing their firearms loaded. However, the prevalence of firearm carry and/or storage behaviors with a round chambered has not hitherto been studied in any context, including among airline passengers. We analyze firearms detected at Transportation Security Administration (TSA) airport security check-points between 2012 to 2017, to examine geospatial and temporal trends in the prevalence of unsafe arming configuration in detected firearms. The fraction of detected firearms found to be loaded has risen significantly since 2012, with 3.9% [1.2%, 6.7%] relative increase in odds per year (Beta Binomial regression, p = 0.011). States with firearm child access prevention laws have significantly fewer firearms found by the TSA to be loaded (p = 0.039). The fraction of loaded firearms found by the TSA to also have a round chambered has also risen significantly since 2012, with 5.3% [2.7%,7.9%] relative increase in odds per year (Beta Binomial regression, p < 0.001). By 2017, 36% of firearms found loaded were also found to have a round chambered. Some Americans appear to be increasingly using and storing firearms in unsafe arming configurations. This poses potential risks to airport security personnel and other travelers in airports. Understanding the geospatial patterns in these risks can help guide optimization of regional screening practices and optimal economical allocation of TSA resources.
Regulation of sexually dimorphic abdominal courtship behaviors in Drosophila by the Tlx/tailless-like nuclear receptor, Dissatisfaction

Sexually dimorphic courtship behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster develop from the activity of the sexual differentiation genes, doublesex (dsx) and fruitless (fru), functioning with other regulatory factors that have received little attention. The dissatisfaction gene (dsf) encodes an orphan nuclear receptor homologous to vertebrate Tlx and Drosophila tailless that is critical for the development of several aspects of female- and male-specific sexual behaviors. Here, we report the pattern of dsf expression in the central nervous system and show that the activity of sexually dimorphic abdominal interneurons that co-express dsf and dsx is necessary and sufficient for vaginal plate opening in virgin females and abdominal curling in males during courtship. We find that dsf activity results in different neuroanatomical outcomes in females and males, promoting and suppressing, respectively, female development and function of these neurons depending upon the sexual state of dsx expression. We posit that dsf and dsx interact to specify sex differences in the neural circuitry for dimorphic abdominal behaviors.
AU nified Analysis of Rational Voting with Private Values and Cost Uncertainty

We provide a unified analysis of the canonical rational voting model with privately known political preferences and costs of voting. Focusing on type-symmetric equilibrium, we show that for small electorates, members of the minority group vote with a strictly higher probability than do those in the majority, but the majority is strictly more likely to win the election. As the electorate size grows without bound, equilibrium outcome is completely determined by the individuals possessing the lowest cost of voting in each political group. We relate our equilibrium characterization to Myerson’s Poisson games, and examine the rate of convergence as well as the potential uniqueness of equilibrium.
Bearing, gearing, and lubrication technology

Results of selected NASA research programs on rolling-element and fluid-film bearings, gears, and elastohydrodynamic lubrication are reported. Advances in rolling-element bearing material technology, which have resulted in a significant improvement in fatigue life, and which make possible new applications for rolling bearings, are discussed. Research on whirl-resistant, fluid-film bearings, suitable for very high-speed applications, is discussed. An improved method for predicting gear pitting life is reported. An improved formula for calculating the thickness of elastohydrodynamic films (the existence of which help to define the operating regime of concentrated contact mechanisms such as bearings, gears, and cams) is described.
Participatory learning: a constructivist model

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a formal model of human and machine learning called participatory learning. This model allows the representation of machine learning in a constructivist framework. In this model, the learner's previous beliefs play an important role in the assimilation of further information. A central aspect of the theory is the degree of compatibility between observations and belief. In a constructivist theory, learning is a bootstrap process. The name participatory learning highlights the fact that the learner's current knowledge of the subject participates intimately in the learning process. Central to participatory learning is the idea that an exogenous observation has the greatest impact on learning when the observation is largely compatible with the present belief system. In particular, observations in conflict with current core constructs or strongly held beliefs are discounted. The role of arousal or anxiety can be thought of as salient and/or massed negative feedback.
Optimal geothermal resource extraction for electric power applications

A phase of ongoing work at the University or Pennsylvania concerning the analysis of capital investments in the development of geothermal electric power facilities is reported. The phase being addressed deals with determining the optimal rate of extraction of geothermal resources for producing electric power. The mathematical approach for estimating an optimal time-path of production to maximize the net present value of a rate sensitive reservoir is formulated.
Models for Cooperative Effects in Proteins Containing Subunits EFFECTS OF TWO INTERACTING LIGANDS

Abstract The general model for ligand binding to proteins composed of subunits which assumes a "sequential" change in subunit conformation (Biochemistry, 5, 365 (1966)) is extended to two ligand interactions, and its consequences are examined to explain activation, inhibition, and cooperative phenomena. To illustrate the kinetic consequences of the model, a specific case involving a tetrameric protein in the "square" geometry in which all steps prior to the rate-determining formation of product are assumed to be rapid and reversible is examined in detail. Tables for changes in the three experimental parameters maximum velocity (Vmax), midpoint of the saturation curve (S0.5) and the extent of cooperative binding (Rs, or Hill coefficient) are compiled for different modes of binding in this specific case and applied illustratively to experimental data for dCMP hydrolase and isocitric dehydrogenase. The results indicate: (a) the sequential model is capable of explaining a wide variety of kinetic data involving activators, inhibitors, and cooperative effects; (b) the experimental parameters Vmax, S0.5, and Rs can be used to give a large measure of discrimination between mechanisms and hence are useful for diagnostic tests between mechanisms; (c) because of the assumptions involved in devising the tables for any specific case, a mechanism consistent with the data must be considered a working hypothesis only, to be verified by further experiments; (d) the quantitative conclusions apply to the special case for which the equations are derived, but many of the qualitative conclusions and approach to the data analysis are general; and (e) the sequential model is more general but more complex than the symmetry model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux (J. Mol. Biol., 12, 88 (1965)).
ON THE CYTOLOGICAL UNIT FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VIVO IN E. COLI. I. STUDIES WITH SPHEROPLASTS OF TYPE K-12.

Abstract Intact Escherichia coli spheroplasts were pulse-labeled with radioactive amino acids, ruptured by osmotic shock and fractionated into membrane, ribosome and soluble fractions. The distribution of radioactive proteins so obtained was compared to the distribution obtained after the more violent methods of cell disruption employing the French tissue press and alumina grinding. The results obtained with the osmotic lysates indicate that the initial site of protein synthesis is membrane-bound. The more violent treatment of cell breakage, however, changed the distribution so that less initial radioactivity was found in the membrane fraction and more in the ribosome fraction.
UNREGULATED MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST GAS COMPONENTS

The paper presents a summary and evaluation of the results of emission investigations on unregulated motor vehicle exhaust gas components carried out at VW on 18 VW/Audi passenger cars of model years 1978 to 1986. The results of these measurements serve as a basis for ascertaining the effects of the unregulated exhaust gas components on air quality. In order to do this, ambient concentrations were calculated for both street canyons and for areas surrounding expressways, and have been compared with the corresponding health effect limit values drawn from the literature. For the covering abstract see IRRD 851463.
Generating diagnostic tools for network fault management

Today’s network management applications mainly collect and display information, while providing limited information processing and problem-solving capabilities. A number of different knowledge-based approaches have been proposed to correct this deficiency, evolving from rule-based systems through case-based systems, to more recent model-based systems. Part of this evolution has been the recognition of the importance of constraints in a management context. This makes possible the assimilation into network management of a mature, theoretically developed technology from artificial intelligence, namely, the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP). In this paper we investigate the role of constraints in manipulating management data, and give an example of the use of the constraint satisfaction framework in diagnosing problems arising with Internet domain name service configurations. We also present ADNET, a system for automatically constructing C++ diagnostic programs from a model written in a simple modeling language.
MAOA-uVNTR and Early Physical Discipline Interact to Influence Delinquent Behavior.

Background: A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the monoamine oxidizing gene monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) has been associated with behavioral sensitivity to adverse environmental conditions in multiple studies (e.g., Caspi et al. 2002; Kim-Cohen et al., 2006). The present study investigates the effects of genotype and early physical discipline on externalizing behavior. We expand on the current literature in our assessment of externalizing, incorporating information across multiple reporters and over a broad developmental time period, and in our understanding of environmental risk. Method: This study uses data from the Child Development Project, an ongoing longitudinal study following a community sample of children beginning at age 5. Physical discipline before age 6 was quantified using a subset of questions from the Conflict Tactics Scale (Straus, 1979). Externalizing behavior was assessed in the male, European-American sub-sample (N = 250) by parent, teacher, and self-report using Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher Report Form, and Youth Self-Report (Achenbach, 1991), at 17 time points from ages 6 to 22. Regression analyses tested the influence of genotype, physical discipline, and their interaction on externalizing behavior, and its subscales, delinquency and aggression. Results: We found a significant interaction effect between genotype and physical discipline on levels of delinquent behavior. Similar trends were observed for aggression and overall externalizing behavior, although these did not reach statistical significance. Main effects of physical discipline held for all outcome variables, and no main effects held for genotype. Conclusion: The adverse consequences of physical discipline on forms of externalizing behavior are exacerbated by an underlying biological risk conferred by MAOA genotype. Language: en
Early thematic mapping: The work of Philippe Buache

(1976). Early thematic mapping: The work of Philippe Buache. Imago Mundi: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 129-136.
Identification of a novel Bcl-2 promoter region that counteracts in a p53-dependent manner the inhibitory P2 region.

Abstract Expression of the anti-apoptotic proto-oncogene bcl-2 is negatively affected by the pro-apoptotic p53. To understand the regulation of bcl-2 expression by p53, we studied the bcl-2 promoter regions individually and in the context of the full-length promoter. While the P1 promoter displayed the highest p53-independent activity, the P2 promoter activity was suppressed in p53-sufficient cancer cell lines. In addition, P2 activity was higher in primary airway epithelial cells from p53 −/− mice compared to those from p53 +/+ mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that p53 interacts within a 140 bp sequence of P2 that contained the CCAAT- and TATA-elements. However, when P1 and P2 are linked in one construct, P2 suppressed P1 activity independent of p53. A potential novel promoter with a p53-dependent activity was identified located between P1 and P2, and was designated M. In the context of the full-length bcl-2 promoter, M counteracted in a p53-dependent manner the suppressive activity of P2 on P1. Collectively, these data suggest that P1 promoter is the main driving force for transcribing the bcl-2 gene and P1 activity is modulated by M and P2 in a p53-dependent and –independent manner. These findings may have implications for therapies that are geared towards inhibiting bcl-2 gene expression and inducing cell death.
Acute kidney injury

Abstract The definition and classification of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children has become clearer over the last decade. The paediatric RIFLE criteria stratify AKI in children into five groups (R = risk, I=injury, F=failure, L=loss of kidney function, E=end stage renal disease) enabling earlier recognition and intervention. This article reviews the definition, classification, causes and management of AKI as relevant to the general paediatrician. Common causes of AKI in neonates and children are reviewed including E. Coli associated haemolytic uraemic syndrome, hypoxic ischaemic insults and medication related kidney injury. Initial management of acute kidney injury and its complications is outlined in the context of the role of the general paediatrician and factors which should prompt discussion with a tertiary paediatric nephrologist. The outcome and complications of kidney injury are discussed and future directions in the field considered.