cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A 2/spl times/2 beam-switching active antenna array

An electronic beam-switching active antenna array is designed. The sum and difference patterns can be switched bi-directionally without additional switching devices. The required phase relationship is obtained through injection-locking. The transmitted power is combined quasi-optically. The measured patterns are in agreement with that of theory. >
A Student’s Guide to Entropy, by Don S. Lemons: Scope: textbook. Level: undergraduate, early stage postgraduate

The second law of thermodynamics which governs the direction of spontaneous processes is one of the most prominent theories developed in the nineteenth century. The fundamental quantity underlying ...
End effects on the flow of heat, mass, or electrical energy through a cylindrical rod

Abstract End effects on the flow of heat, mass or electrical energy through a cylindrical rod were investigated analytically. Three of the eight analytical solutions were evaluated on a 360 91 computer and compared with the results of a numerical analysis package dubbed “Heating III” to show that both compared favorably. Platinum and Hastelloy X rods were subjected to an electrical current applied via two electrodes, one covering one end and the application of the other being thesubject of this investigation. End effects based on voltage deviations of one part in a thousand or more were found to extend for a length to diameter ratio ranging from 0·6 to 1·9 depending upon whether the small electrode position being investigated was at the center of the end or on the periphery of the end. Calculated results from Heating III showed excellent agreement with the experimental results. In addition to their reported applications, the analytical solutions represent a contribution to a neglected area of applied mathematical physics and as such should prove equally useful in other areas that are dynamically analogous. Also the discontinuous infinite integral technique of solution has proven to be a very powerful one.
Transfer function fitting from experimental frequency-response data

Abstract A simple method is proposed that will fit the coefficients of a transfer function from the real and imaginary parts of experimental frequency-response data. An approximate logarithmic amplitude-frequency plot is used to formulate an irrational transfer function which then estimates the interpolation data and the degree of the final transfer function. The present method is applicable to either minimum or non-minimum phase system identification.
Peer Victimization and Adolescent Adjustment: Does School Belonging Matter?

Recent research highlights the role of peer victimization in students’ adjustment across a variety of domains (e.g., academic, social), but less often identifies potential mediating variables. In the current study, we tested for direct effects from peer victimization to adolescents’ academic behavior and alcohol use, as well as indirect effects through school belonging. Adolescents from two large samples (middle school: N = 2,808; high school: N = 6,821) self-reported on peer victimization, school belonging, academic outcomes (GPA, school truancy), and alcohol use (lifetime, past 30 days). Two-group structural equation models revealed (a) direct and indirect paths from peer victimization to academic functioning; (b) indirect, but not direct, effects through school belonging for lifetime drinking; and (c) direct and indirect effects from peer victimization to current drinking. Findings implicate school belonging as a mediator between peer victimization and important outcomes in adolescence.
A model for cell division.

Abstract We present a model of cell division of a spherical cell which relates the deformation of the cell and the cell membrane to the forces in the contractile ring or furrow region of a dividing cell. The spherical cell of a sea urchin egg is considered as a spherical nonlinear elastic membrane enclosing an incompressible fluid. The results of the analysis obtained by prescribing equatorial displacements agree well with the published experimental values and related calculations on cell division. The results add additional support to the contractile ring theory of cell division and further suggest that a general description of the elastic properties of cell membranes by a constitutive relation due to Skalak et al. (1973), may be applicable to sea urchin cell membranes.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF LASALOCID A BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATION OF POLYETHER ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION

The effect of known precursors, their fluorinated analogs, and biochemical inhibitors on the production of the polyether antibiotic, lasalocid A (1), by resting cells of Streptomyces lasaliensis was determined to study the biochemistry and regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in vivo.
Magnetic behavior of R2Fe14B hydrides (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, HoandEr)

Abstract R2Fe14B systems, with R = Gd, Tb, By, HoandEr were hydrogenated to the composition R2Fe14BHx where x ranges from 3.7 to 5.4. The pressure-composition isotherms (PCIs) of the hydrides showed only a solid solution behavior. No plateau pressure region was observed between room temperature and 300° C and at pressures down to 10-2 atm. The absorbed hydrogen leads to an increase of 2.6 to 3.4% in unit cell volume, without a change in crystal structure. Magnetic characteristics of the present compounds were investigated over the temperature range 4.2 to 1100 K and at applied field up to 20 kOe. Saturation magnetization, Ms, and magnetic ordering temperature, Tc, were enhanced upon hydrogenation. Tc, is found to be dependent on the hydriding composition. Hydrogen induces a spin-reorientation effect (SR) in Gd- and Dy-containing compounds, while it has a marked influence in raising the spin-reorientation temperature, TSR, in the Er2Fe14B compound. The hydride involving Tb appears to remain uniaxial to the lowest temperature studied. In all cases the anisotropy fields, HA/' were significally reduced by hydrogen absorption. These varied magnetic behaviors can be ascribed to the effects: (1) variations in the interatomic distances, (2) strengthening the 3d-3d and weakening the 4f-3d exchange interactions and (3) the interstitial site occupations of hydrogen in the lattice. The spin-reorientation phenomena observed for Gd2Fe14BHx suggest that there is competition among the 6 Fe sublattices in regard to the sign and temperature coefficient of anisotropy.
Implementation Issues With Far Field Approximations With Multi-Resolution Biopolymer Simulations

Current strategies to simulate the dynamic behavior of large molecular systems involve either computationally expensive fully atomistic models, or lower resolution models that have been coarsened in some manner. Coarsening is nominally accomplished by grouping tightly bonded atoms that have little relative motion. Traditionally this accomplished by treating a region as pseudo-atom and connecting it to other psuedo-atoms to reproduce the system. Alternatively this can be done with a multibody-based approach characterizing the regions as rigid or flexible bodies [1]–[6].Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The income consequences of the all-doctorate marriage

Income levels and percentage change in 1971–1975 income were regressed on personal and institutional variables for husband and wife doctorates holding full-time academic positions. Results of the composite equation indicate a $1,254 premium associated with being male after controlling for the other variables. Composite results also indicate a negative relationship between income for one spouse and the perceived opportunities for employment of the other spouse. Separate equations for the spouses indicate that this result related only to the wives' perceived opportunities of their husbands' income. By eliminating individuals with education doctorates and substituting the husbands' weights for the wives', the $1,254 differential was partially eliminated. The remaining differential between husbands' and wives' income was due to the greater involvement of the males in consulting and administration, greater involvement of the women in education, and fewer number of years of full-time experience of the wives. Comparison of income changes in both the composite and separate equations indicate that the wives received an 8–9% greater income increase than their husbands.
Multiple, narrow lines in the spectrum of an astrophysical maser in a velocity gradient

The emergent radiation spectrum is obtained for an astrophysical maser in the presence of a velocity gradient without making the 'large velocity gradient' (or 'Sobolev') approximation on which previous calculations have been based. Even in the presence of a velocity gradient, the spectral lines of saturated masers are found to remain narrow. More surprisingly, however, the spectrum breaks up into multiple narrow lines. Hence, individual features in the observed spectra of astrophysical masers need not always be interpreted as separate clumps of gas. Specifically, this result may be related to the occurrence of multiple lines from the same location in the H2O masers in star-forming regions and to be the occurrence of numerous, narrow features recently detected in the spectra of circumstellar OH masers.
Effect of synergists on organic pigment particle charging in apolar media

The current work investigates the apolar charging behavior of organic pigment particles and the role that synergists play in regard to particle charging. Organic pigments are often used in apolar paints, inks, and most recently electrostatic lithography. For electrolithography to work, the particles must be both stable and possess the correct polarity and magnitude of charge. It is therefore important to better understand the charging behavior and potential charging mechanisms of these particles that have received little or no attention in the literature. Unfortunately, these already complex systems are further complicated by the fact that the stability of organic pigments is often improved through the use of synergists. Synergists are designed to enhance the adsorption of steric stabilizers to the particles. However, their effect on particle charging has not been previously published. In this study, the particle zeta potential is determined for apolar dispersions of magenta and cyan particles in heptane (with and without synergist present). The particles are dispersed with three different surfactants commonly used in apolar charging studies: Span 80, Aerosol-OT, and OLOA 11000. Acid-base interactions appear to play an important role, particularly for cyan. However, due to the complexity of these systems, any general rule must be applied with caution as the particle, surfactant, and synergist chemistry all determine the nature of the particle charge.
Network Forensic Analysis Using Growing Hierarchical SOM

IP flow analysis is an effective way of doing network forensic analysis which aims to detect attack patterns and identify attackers in a given network traffic data. For attacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), efficiently identifying the botnet in time can be a challenge. Recently, the unsupervised learning methods such as the K-means, self-organizing map (SOM), and growing hierarchical self-organizing map (GHSOM) have been shown to be able to facilitate network anomaly detection. However, there is no study focusing on mining IP flows with high variability of attacks in an intuitive way. In this study, we leverage the visualization specialty of GHSOM to help analyze the static IP flow data, also called the network traces of victims, to identify any suspicious IP source. The GHSOM can generate a hierarchical architecture based on the input data and help reveal their inherent hierarchical relationships. For example, the geometric distances between each attack pattern and its descriptive information are revealed in the topological space which forms the signature of a botnet. The IP flows clustered by GHSOM are grouped with distinctive connecting features, and the differences between each cluster are visualized with sequential time stamps which can be used to portray various attack patterns, help explore the sources of attacks and understand the behaviors of attacks. The experimental results from real-world traffic data show that forensic analysis using GHSOM can efficiently identify several DDoS attack patterns and generate filtering rules for intrusion detection system (IDS) by further inspecting and book marking the suspicious IP sources.
Primary acquired melanosis with atypia treated with mitomycin C.

The authors report the case of a 56-year-old Caucasian man who was found to have prominent melanotic conjuntival pigmentation inferotemporally in his right eye. Histopathologic evaluation disclosed malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva arising within primary acquired melanosis (PAM) associated with melanocytic atypia. The patient was treated by incisional conjunctival biopsy followed by two cycles of mitomycin C 0.04% eye drops and supplemental double-freeze thaw cryotherapy to residual foci of PAM. By 1 year following this treatment, there was no clinically apparent residual conjunctival melanosis, and visual acuity remained stable at 20/30.
Phenomenology, Ontology, and Quantum Physics

This essay is dominated by three themes that recur contrapuntally in Heisenberg’s writings: observation, description, and ontology—prompted always by a concern about the role played by the subjective inquirer in scientific meaning-making, and by the ontology of scientific claims. Among the related themes are; the tension between paradigmatic concerns with structure and philosophical concerns with reality, the possibility of scientific revolutions, such as relativity and quantum mechanics, that can overthrow the classical traditions of natural science and the inadequacy of a psychophysical parallelism for an epistemology of reason. The influence of Husserl and Heidegger is in his neokantian concern about the role of subjectivity. Heisenberg was a long-time friend of Heidegger and familiar with Heidegger’s hermeneutical phenomenology and its critique of Greek philosophy; he also contributed an essay to a Festschrift in Heidegger’s honor in 1959.
Improved radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of [18F] 2-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-2-methyl malonic acid for apoptosis imaging

R. Ribes and J.C. Vilanova, eds. New York, NY: Springer, 2010, 280 pages, $59.95 This brief text on musculoskeletal imaging is a good, concise handbook of interesting cases compiled by many authors from Spain and showcasing a diverse spectrum of musculoskeletal diseases. The book is easy to read
A Reference Chronology of French History

1200(?). The Phoenicians had trading settlements among the Gauls of France. 600(?). The Greeks of Phocaea founded a colony at Marseilles. 397. The Gauls of France invaded Italy, conquered the north, and probably Rome. 280. The Gauls ravaged Greece. 170. The Romans expelled the last of the Gauls from Italy. 122. The Romans defeated the Gallic King Bituit and established a Roman province in southern Gaul (Provence). 58. Julius Caesar began his famous conquest of Gaul. 52. Widespread revolt of the Gauls under Vercingetorix crushed by Caesar.
Can the number of cores with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia predict cancer in men who undergo repeat biopsy?

Abstract Objectives To evaluate whether the presence of, or the number of cores containing, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) found in men who underwent initial extended multisite biopsy could predict which men would have prostate cancer on subsequent repeat biopsies. Methods Between June 1997 and January 2003, 1086 men underwent initial prostate biopsy for early detection of prostate cancer using an extended multisite biopsy scheme. Of these, 175 men without cancer underwent at least one repeat biopsy (range one to three; median interval between biopsies, 3 months). Among these 175 patients, 47 had high-grade PIN on initial biopsy. Results The initial extended biopsy identified cancer in 33.8% (367 of 1086) and high-grade PIN in 20.8% (226 of 1086). The incidence of high-grade PIN only in patients found to have cancer on initial biopsy was 29.7% (109 of 367). The presence of high-grade PIN was associated with concurrent prostate cancer at the initial biopsy ( P Conclusions The number of cores positive for high-grade PIN was not predictive for cancer on repeat biopsy.
Diagnostic and therapeutic technology assessment. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS).

OBJECTIVE To provide clinicians with a technology assessment of the safety and effectiveness of the use of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) for reducing portal hypertension and its associated complications of esophageal varices and ascites. PARTICIPANTS A literature review and a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology Assessment (DATTA) survey questionnaire were mailed to 72 physicians with expertise in gastrointestinal or abdominal surgery or interventional radiology and a special interest in liver disease or esophageal varices. These panelists had been nominated to the DATTA panel by appropriate specialty societies and medical schools. A total of 54 panelists (75%) responded. EVIDENCE Assessment was based on the expert opinion of the panelists, as well as on published scientific literature (available as of January 2, 1995). Published studies were identified by a MEDLINE search using the terms transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, TIPS, and transjugular and by review of the references cited in these primary sources. CONSENSUS PROCESS The respondents completed a DATTA survey questionnaire; the survey results were tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted by an American Medical Association staff physician. CONCLUSIONS The safety of TIPS was considered to be established in the acute control of bleeding from esophageal varices in patients who had failed sclerotherapy. The safety of TIPS was considered to be promising for long-term control of bleeding from esophageal varices. In patients with end-stage liver disease and esophageal varices who are liver transplant candidates, the use of TIPS was considered to be an established therapy. The effectiveness of TIPS was considered to be (1) established in the acute control of bleeding in patients who failed sclerotherapy; (2) promising for long-term control of bleeding from esophageal varices; and (3) established in patients with end-stage liver disease and esophageal varices who are candidates for liver transplants.
Comparing patient outcomes between multiple ipsilateral iliac artery stents and isolated iliac artery stents.

Objective Endovascular stents are accepted therapy for iliac artery stenoses and occlusions. Surgery is the recommended therapy for patients with severe iliac artery disease, including those with the combination of ipsilateral common iliac artery (CIA) and external iliac artery (EIA) stenoses/occlusions. This study compared patient outcomes, including late open conversion rates, for combined ipsilateral CIA and EIA stenting vs CIA or EIA stents alone. Methods Between 1998 and 2010, 588 patients underwent iliac artery stenting at two institutions. Patient comorbidities and outcomes were retrospectively reviewed, and analyses were performed using multivariate regression and Kaplan-Meier methods. Results There were 436 extremities with CIA stents, 195 with EIA stents, and 157 with CIA and EIA stents. The groups did not differ significantly in demographics, comorbidities, or treatment indications. During follow-up, 183 patients died, 95 underwent an endovascular reintervention, and 48 required late open conversion. For patients in the CIA or EIA stent group, the mean ± standard error survival was 5.3 ± 0.3 years, secondary endovascular intervention-free survival was 7.4 ± 0.6 years, late open conversion-free survival was 9.8 ± 0.4 years, and amputation-free survival was 7.6 ± 0.4 years. In the CIA and EIA stent group, survival was 6.1 ± 0.6 years, secondary endovascular intervention-free survival was 7.2 ± 0.6 years, late open conversion-free survival was 9.0 ± 1.1 years, and amputation-free survival was 8.4 ± 0.5 years. Survival, reintervention-free survival, late open conversion-free survival, and amputation-free survival were all similar between patient groups (all P > .05). CIA and EIA stenting in combination was not a predictor of death, reintervention, late open conversion, or amputation. Conclusions Outcomes are similar for patients with CIA or EIA stents and for those with combined ipsilateral CIA and EIA stents. Late open conversions for iliac artery stent failure are uncommon and not influenced by the location or extent of prior iliac artery stent placement. Endovascular therapy for aortoiliac disease should be extended to consider selected patients with ipsilateral CIA and EIA stenoses/occlusions.
A backseat driver

Carnivorous, but mostly sanguivorous, leeches have been reviled for centuries even though they were used for bloodletting as medical treatment for perhaps 2000 years. Even today, these interesting annelids are used as medical adjuncts. In this regard, reducing the accumulation of tissue blood and venous congestion is accomplished better using leeches than by other methods, especially in confined areas such as the fingers or muscle flaps. Although voracious feeders when provided an opportunity, most leeches will dine only once every few months. Of course, when they do feed, they may increase in size by an order of magnitude. But, how do they locate their prey and what part does vision play? The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis (fig 1), among species of other leech, does have eyes and does see, albeit poorly, as sight is not its primary sensory modality. Nevertheless, these maligned creatures have a surprisingly sophisticated photoreceptive sensory system coupled with an ingenious and highly successful lifestyle. Vision usually has a key role in predatorial lifestyles, although certainly this is not an exclusive criterion. Leeches prove …
Unit root and cointegration tests on the efficiency and biasedness of forward exchange rates

This paper analyzes the stationarity of spot and forward exchange rates by testing for the presence of unit roots in the autoregressive process of the exchange rate time series. The results of the unit root and cointegration tests for forward exchange rates of six major currencies are inconsistent with earlier studies by others that found the existence of unit roots but the absence of cointegration. Our results show that realized spot rates are cointegrated with past forward rates. Both Dickey-Fuller and Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests affirm the unbiased forward rate hypothesis for 30- and 90-day forward rates. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller tests on the longer term forward rate, however, reveal the existence of cointegration that leads to the rejection of the hypothesis.
Negative to positive magnetoresistance and magnetocaloric effect in Pr0.6Er0.4Al2

Abstract We report on the magnetic, magnetocaloric and magnetotransport properties of Pr0.6Er0.4Al2. The title compound exhibits a large positive magnetoresistance (MR) for H ⩾ 40 kOe and a small but non negligible negative MR for H ⩽ 30 kOe. The maximum positive MR reaches 13% at H = 80 kOe. The magnetic entropy and adiabatic temperature changes as functions of temperature each show two anomalies: a broad dome-like maximum below 20 K and a relatively sharp peak at higher temperature. Observed behaviors are unique among other binary and mixed lanthanide compounds.
Automation of Fluorous Solid-Phase Extraction for Parallel Synthesis

An automatic fluorous solid-phase extraction (F-SPE) technique is developed by using FluoroFlash SPE cartridges on the RapidTrace workstation. A 10-module workstation has the capability to complete a maximum of 100 SPEs each round in 1−2 h. Another important feature of the RapidTrace system is that it has the capability to load slurry samples onto the F-SPE cartridges. The F-SPE cartridge charged with 2 g of fluorous silica gel is used to purify up to 200 mg of crude sample. Sample loading, elution solvent, cartridge reuse, and SPE reproducibility are evaluated. The automatic SPE system is used for purification of a small urea library generated from amine-scavenging reactions using fluorous dichlorotriazine, a 96-membered amide library generated using 2-chloro-4,6-bis[(perfluorohexyl)propyloxy]-1,3,5-triazine as the coupling agent, and another 96-membered library generated from fluorous Mitsunobu reactions. Approximately 90% of the products have >90% purity after F-SPE.
Layered processing of skyline-window-join (SWJ) queries using iteration-fabric

The problem of finding interesting tuples in a data set, more commonly known as the skyline problem, has been extensively studied in scenarios where the data is static. More recently, skyline research has moved towards data streaming environments, where tuples arrive/expire in a continuous manner. Several algorithms have been developed to track skyline changes over sliding windows; however, existing methods focus on skyline analysis in which all required skyline attributes belong to a single incoming data stream. This constraint renders current algorithms unsuitable for applications that require a real-time “join” operation to be carried out between multiple incoming data streams, arriving from different sources, before the skyline query can be answered. Based on this motivation, in this paper, we address the problem of computing skyline-window-join (SWJ) queries over pairs of data streams, considering sliding windows that take into account only the most recent tuples. In particular, we propose a Layered Skyline-window-Join (LSJ) operator that (a) partitions the overall process into processing layers and (b) maintains skyline-join results in an incremental manner by continuously monitoring the changes in all layers of the process. We combine the advantages of existing skyline methods (including those that efficiently maintain skyline results over a single stream, and those that compute the skyline of pairs of static data sets) to develop a novel iteration-fabric skyline-window-join processing structure. Using the iteration-fabric, LSJ eliminates redundant work across consecutive windows by leveraging shared data across all iteration layers of the windowed skyline-join processing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that addresses join-based skyline queries over sliding windows. Extensive experimental evaluations over real and simulated data show that LSJ provides large gains over naive extensions of existing schemes which are not designed to eliminate redundant work across multiple processing layers.
Advances in Imaging 2009

Imaging remains a mainstay of stroke diagnosis and treatment. 2009 brought much that was new: increased scrutiny of the safety of imaging; evidence of improved technical capabilities of imaging; new findings based on imaging; and as a result of the above, evidence that the field has definite needs. We will briefly cover each of these in turn.
Endocrine effects of grouping and dominance rank in squirrel monkeys

Abstract Urinary 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS), total catecholamines and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) were determined for two groups of squirrel monkeys. One group had been colonized for four years and the other group had lived in isolation for three years. Compared to the isolated animals, the colonized monkeys showed elevated 17-OHCS but unchanged catecholamine and 17-KS levels. In the colonized group the dominant animals had the highest 17-OHCS levels and the lowest catecholamine levels, while the subordinate animals showed lower 17-OHCS levels and elevated catecholamine levels. 17-KS levels were related to dominance rank by a J-shaped function. The data are interpreted as showing that high levels of adrenocortical output are necessary for the maintenance of the group of behaviors that result in a high position in the dominance order. It is suggested that the results of this study on primates were contrary to the results of most studies on rodentia because these orders use different behavioral methods to determine dominance relationships.
Genetic analysis of low‐temperature tolerance during germination in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

The genetic basis of low-temperature tolerance during germination of tomato seed was investigated using two approaches. First, a cold-tolerant (PI 120256) and a cold-sensitive tomato cultivar (UCT5) and their reciprocal F2, F3 and BC1 progeny (total of 10 generations) were evaluated for germination at a low (11 ± 0.5°C) and a high (control) temperature 20 ±0.5° C) Weighted least-square regression analysis indicated that in the low-temperature treatment most of the variation resulted from additive genetic effects, and dominance and epistatic interactions were nonsignificant. Partitioning of the total genetic variance into those attributable to the effects of embryo, endosperm, testa and the cytoplasm indicated that additive effects of endosperm and embryo could individually account for 80% and 77% of the total variance, respectively. In the control treatment, greater than 60% of the variation could be explained by individual additive effects of endosperm or embryo and ≅ 27% of the variation could be explained by embryo dominance effects. Across generations, there was a positive correlation (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) between germination in the control and low-temperature treatments and there were no significant genotype × temperature interactions. The results indicate the presence of similar or identical genes with predominantly additive effects on germination under both low and high temperatures. In the second approach, the effectiveness of directional phenotypic selection to improve tomato cold tolerance during germination was evaluated by selecting (in an F2 population of the same cross) the fastest germinating seeds under low temperature and comparing the germination of the selected F3 progeny with germination of an unselected F3 population. The results indicated that selection was highly effective and significantly improved germination performance of the progeny; a realized heritability of 0.74 was obtained for low-temperature tolerance during germination. It is concluded that in these tomato lines germination under low temperature is genetically controlled, with additivity being the major genetic component, and thus the trait can be improved by phenotypic selection.
Neuroblastoma with spinal cord compression: is there an emergency treatment of choice?

injury and to injury prevention efforts in general. Examining the changes in levels of participation observed during the first year of recovery after brain injury is an exciting area of research. Indeed these changes are influenced by child factors (injury severity) and family factors (socio-economic status and function). It is hoped that the study by Anaby et al. encourages others to pursue research into improving our understanding of the phenomenon of participation post pediatric brain injury.
Noninvasive Quantification of Coronary Blood Flow Reserve in Humans Using Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography

Background—We hypothesized that coronary blood flow (CBF) reserve could be quantified noninvasively in humans using myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). Methods and Results—Eleven patients with normal epicardial coronary arteries (group I) and 19 with single-vessel coronary stenosis (group II) underwent quantitative coronary angiography, MCE, and CBF velocity measurements at rest and during intravenous adenosine infusion. In group I patients, MCE-derived myocardial blood flow (MBF) velocity reserve (2.4±0.08) was similar to CBF velocity reserve using a Doppler flow wire (2.4±1.1). Patients with a single risk factor had a significantly higher MBF reserve (3.0±0.89) than those with ≥2 risk factors (1.7±0.22). In group II patients, significant differences were found in MBF velocity reserve in patients with mild ( 75%) stenoses (2.2±0.40, 1.6±0.65, and 0.55±0.19, respectively; P=0.005). A linear relation was found between flow velocity reserve determined using t...
ROBUST TUNING OF PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS USING SINGULAR VALUES AND THEIR SENSITIVITIES

A general method to tune process control systems in the presence of uncertainty is presented. The new techniques utilize the concept of singular value sensitivities and provide useful guidelines to improve both stability and performance characteristics of controller designs. A distillation column example is given to illustrate the utility and the effectiveness of the tuning approach.
Towards the chemically specific structure of amorphous materials: anomalous X-ray scattering from a molybdenum–germanium alloy

Abstract Anomalous X-ray scattering (AXS) has been used to obtain Mo–Ge, Mo–Mo and Ge–Ge partial pair distribution functions (PPDFs) from amorphous MoGe3 which has no crystalline analog. Experimental removal of inelastic scattering over much of the scattering range has yielded considerably improved PPDFs motivating still further optimization of the experimental system. The PPDFs indicate that on average Mo is surrounded by eight Ge atoms as in crystalline β-MoGe2. The PPDFs do not indicate phase separation. Other aspects of the structure are discussed.
The fine structure of the larval firefly light organ

Light organs of larval photurid fireflies, which emit their light in a steady glow, differ from those of adults, which have a precisely controlled flash pattern, in having no specialized tracheal end organs and no morphologically distinct cortical region of the photocytes. However, like the adult organs, larval lanterns are abundantly supplied with both tracheoles and nerve fibers. Each of the two abdominal light organs of the larva consists of a dorsal (“reflector”) layer and a conical ventral photogenic layer. The dorsal layer is a single layer of columnar cells containing “urate” granules, mitochondria and a rich supply of glycogen. The photogenic layer is a compact mass of photocytes, containing photocyte granules similar to those of the adult organ, many elongated mitochondria, and a vesiculated reticulum. Numerous tracheoles run between the interlocking membranes of the photocytes. A large nerve traverses the dorsal layer and enters the photogenic layer, where its fibers diverge between the photocytes. Many structures having the appearance of neurosecretory nerve endings are found among the folds of the photocyte membranes. However, no tight junctions (synapses?) were found.
What Compositionality Still Can Do

Proponents of deflationism about meaning often claim that the principle of compositionality, when properly understood, places no constraint whatsoever on the nature of lexical meaning. This deflationary thesis admits of both strong and weak readings. On the strong reading, the principle does not rule out any theory of lexical meaning either alone or in conjunction with other independently plausible semantic assumptions. On the weak reading, the principle alone does not rule out any such theory. I argue that, though weak deflationism about compositionality has better initial prospects than strong, neither version of the thesis is credible. In particular, weak deflationism cannot be maintained in conformity with the deflationist commitment to explaining facts about phrase meanings in compositional terms, that is, by appeal to facts about the lexicon.
Bacillary Angiomatosis as an Initial Presentation in an HIV-Positive Man

0196-4399/00 (see frontmatter) © 2009 Elsevier Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 31:19,2009 Introduction A 26-year-old man presented with fever, malaise, scrotal skin lesions, and inguinal lymphadenopathy. An excisional biopsy specimen from an inguinal lymph node demonstrated a florid vascular proliferation. AWarthin-Starry stain, an immunoperoxidase stain, and PCR studies confirmed the presence of Bartonella henselae. The diagnosis of bacillary angiomatosis secondary to B. henselae infection was established. Bacillary angiomatosis is a vascular proliferative disease most often reported in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (1) and less frequently in patients with other causes of immunosuppression. Because of the high correlation between HIV and Bartonella infection, we recommended that the patient be tested for HIV infection, whereupon he was found to be positive for HIV. We recommend that all patients with bacillary angiomatosis and unknown immune status undergo HIV studies.
Curses of civilization: insanity and drunkenness in Victorian Britain

Summary This paper investigates the sources of the common Victorian belief that drunkenness was the most significant cause of insanity. While acknowledging the role of the Temperance Movement in promoting this belief, the paper argues that its development was rooted in the social conditions and prejudices of the time, as well as in the experience and reasoning of Victorian medical men. The asylums which reported the highest proportions of drink-induced insanity generally lay in urban, industrial areas where drinking was perceived to be a serious problem and catered to a predominately working-class clientele. The superintendents of the asylums were inclined to conclude from their experience that drink was the most common cause of insanity. Their tendency to do so was increased by medical uncertainty about the exact relationship between drunkenness and insanity, the habit of many doctors of reasoning in circular fashion, and their proneness to link theories of causation to traditional moral imperatives. These tendencies were evident in speculation about the causes of conditions such as paresis and ‘hereditary’ mental disorders.
Time-resolved MR venography of the pulmonary veins precatheter-based ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Purpose: To evaluate time-resolved magnetic resonance angiography (TR-MRA) of the pulmonary venous circulation using the time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories (TWIST) method and compare it with the more commonly used conventional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) approach in atrial fibrillation patients referred for preablation pulmonary vein mapping. Materials and Methods: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Twenty-six patients (15 males; age 59.6 ± 12.7 years) referred for preablation pulmonary vein mapping underwent both conventional CE-MRA and TR-MRA with TWIST. Imaging was performed on a 1.5 T (Magnetom Avanto, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) MRI scanner. Source partition and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images were evaluated retrospectively. For quantitative analysis, pulmonary vein ostium orthogonal dimensions were measured using double oblique multiplanar reformatting. The results were analyzed using paired t-tests, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and Bland–Altman plots. For qualitative analysis, both source partition images and MIP images were assessed by two observers (A.P. and M.G.). The presence of common ostiums or accessory veins was recorded and analyzed using unweighted Cohen's kappa. Pulmonary vein conspicuity was scored on a scale of 1–4 (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 = good, 4 = excellent) and analyzed using paired t-tests, intraclass correlation coefficients, and quadratic weighted kappa statistics. Results: Orthogonal venous diameters were comparable for both TR-MRA and conventional CE-MRA (1.34 ± 0.37 vs. 1.38 cm ± 0.36, respectively). Results of paired t-tests, Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, and Bland–Altman analysis revealed relatively close comparison between methods. The magnitude of the mean difference for any of the statistical comparisons did not exceed 0.10 cm. The visualization of variant pulmonary vein anatomy was very similar for both techniques. Agreement between techniques was determined to be “good” to “very good” (κ = 0.78–0.85). Conspicuity scores for each pulmonary vein were also very close. Paired t-tests, intraclass correlation coefficients, and quadratic weighted kappa statistics all revealed strong agreement between methods. Conclusion: TR-MRA using TWIST produces comparable anatomic images and pulmonary venous dimensions to the more widely used CE-MRA technique. Additionally, the TWIST technique improves arterio-venous separation, does not need exact bolus timing, requires less gadolinium, and gives additional information on vein perfusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:127–137. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Processing variant forms in spoken word recognition: the role of variant frequency.

Recognition of a spoken word phonological variant—schwa vowel deletion (e.g., corporate ? corp’rate)— was investigated in vowel detection (absent/present) and syllable number judgment (two or three syllables) tasks. Variant frequency corpus analyses (Patterson, LoCasto, & Connine, 2003) were used to select words with either high or low schwa vowel deletion rates. Speech continua were created for each word in which schwa vowel length was manipulated (unambiguous schwa-present and schwa-absent endpoints, along with intermediate ambiguous tokens). Matched control nonwords were created with identical schwa vowel continua and surrounding segments. The low-deletion-rate words showed more three-syllable judgments than did the high-deletion-rate words. Matched control nonwords did not differ as a function of deletion rate. Experiments 2 and 3 showed a lexical decision reaction time advantage for more frequent surface forms, as compared with infrequent ones, for schwa-deleted (Experiment 2) and schwa-present (Experiment 3) stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of representations of variant forms of words based on variant frequency.
HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH A RECTANGULAR SOLID WITH A GAS-FILLED CYLINDRICAL HOLE

An analysis is presented of two-dimensional heat conduction in a rectangular solid with a cylindrical hole filled with a radiation nonparticipating gas. Heat transfer across the hole is transported by thermal radiation and/or convection from the surfaces of the cavity by the fluid. Radiation interchange across the hole is formulated rigorously. A finite-element method is used to obtain a numerical solution of the problem. Parametric calculations were performed, and heat transfer results are presented in graphical form.
The effects of competition from non-pathogenic foodborne bacteria during the selective enrichment of Listeria monocytogenes using buffered Listeria enrichment broth

The growth of Listeria monocytogenes during the pathogen specific enrichment of food samples can be limited by the presence of additional microorganisms that are resistant to the selective conditions being applied. If growth is severely limited and minimum post-enrichment threshold levels are not met then the presence of L. monocytogenes may go undetected. Several food products were screened for non-pathogenic commensal or spoilage microorganisms that are capable of growth under the conditions commonly used by regulatory testing laboratories to select for Listeria species. The effect of these potential competitor microorganisms on the ability to detect L. monocytogenes by several common molecular screening assays was then determined. Eight species of bacteria were isolated from foods that demonstrated the ability to grow in buffered Listeria enrichment broth under selective conditions. Growth of these competitor microorganisms during the enrichment incubation resulted in a decrease ranging from 1 to 4 logs in the 48 h population of L. monocytogenes. Three strains of L. monocytogenes representing serotypes 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b were included in this study but no one serotype appeared to be most or least sensitive to the presence of competitor microorganisms. One additional strain of L. monocytogenes was identified as displaying minimal growth during the enrichment period in the presence of the Citrobacter braakii with the final population only reaching approximately 2.6 log CFU/ml after 48 h which was a 2 log increase over the initial population. This particular strain was subsequently shown to be difficult to detect following enrichment by an automated immunofluorescence assay and an antibody-based lateral flow device assay. In some enrichments, this strain was also difficult to detect by real-time PCR.
Antagonism of the baroreceptor reflex by glutamate diethyl ester, an antagonist to L-glumate

Abstract Recent reports have suggested that the excitatory amino acid l -glutamate is a neurotransmitter released by baroreceptor afferent nerves at their termination in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). In this study we have examined the effect on arterial pressure, heart rate and baroreflex activity of the glutamate antagonist glutamate diethyl ester (GDEE) microinjected into the NTS of 50 rats anesthetized with Chloralose. Bilateral injections of GDEE produced dose dependent transient hypertension. The threshold dose was 2.5 μg/NTS and at a dose of 15 μg NTS a maximal rise in arterial pressure and heart rate (from 95 ± 8.7mm Hg to153 ± 6.4mm Hg and from322 ± 14.7beats/min to364 ± 16.2beats/min respectively, P l -glutamate when injected immediately prior to l -glutamate. The hypertension, the antagonism of l -glutamate, and the blockade of the baroreflex persisted for 20–30 min. In that l -glutamate mediates a baroreflex-like response upon injection into NTS and in that GDEE blocks that response while at the same time blocking the naturally occurring baroreflex, the data are consistent with l -glutamate being a neurotransmitter of baroreflex afferents.
Testing nonlinear dynamics

Abstract We review a recent NATO Advanced Research Workshop entitled “Testing Nonlinear Dynamics,” held 6–9 June 1983 at Haverford College. Considerable progress has been made recently in demonstrating that strange attractors actually exist in experiments, in measuring their properties (dimension and Lyapunov exponents), and in correlating dynamical behavior with specific physical attributes. Experiments and models for many different systems were discussed: fluids, chemical reactions, lasers, solid state devices, and biological and astronomical systems.
The Cardiac Support Device and the myosplint: Treating heart failure by targeting left ventricular size and shape

Left ventricular (LV) remodeling occurs in patients with heart failure and is associated with poor long-term outcome. Two important components of this remodeling process are progressive LV dilation and LV shape changes, the latter manifested by increased LV chamber sphericity. This brief review describes two passive mechanical devices that were developed to prevent the progressive LV dilation and shape changes that occur during the evolution of heart failure. One such device is the Cardiac Support Device ([CSD] CorCap; Acorn Cardiovascular, St Paul, MN) and the other is the Myosplint (Myocor, Maple Grove, MN). Studies in dogs with coronary microembolization-induced heart failure have shown that the CSD prevents progressive LV dilation, increases LV ejection fraction, lowers LV wall stress, and attenuates LV chamber sphericity. Safety and feasibility studies in patients with heart failure have shown that the CSD is safe. The same studies have provided strong efficacy trends that are consistent with those seen in experimental animals. Studies in dogs with rapid pacing induced heart failure showed that the Myosplint device can reshape the LV leading to reduced LV volumes, increased ejection fraction, and reduced wall stress. Safety and feasibility studies of the Myosplint device in humans are limited and trends are not as yet easily discerned. Final conclusions on the clinical effectiveness of these devices must await completion of randomized clinical trials. These trials should provide the first tests in humans of the hypothesis that limiting LV remodeling alone can improve long-term outcome and quality of life in patients with heart failure.