cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A unique case of an indolent CD56-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract: a lesion potentially misdiagnosed as natural killer/T-cell lymphoma

Primary intestinal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (nasal-type) and enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma, type II, are CD56-positive lymphoproliferative disorders with very poor survival rates. We report a long-surviving patient with a CD56-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that presented as vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, and pain. This patient was referred to the university hospital as a case of peripheral T-cell lymphoma due to this CD56-positive lymphocyte population. There was no evidence of enteropathy; and the infiltrates were negative for CD8, Epstein-Barr virus, and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement. Despite its persistence for 8 years, the clinical course has remained indolent. This report confirms that patients may rarely present with a CD56-positive NK/T-cell-like proliferation of the gastrointestinal tract, yet follow an indolent clinical course. Thus, all pathologic features of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma or NK/T-cell lymphoma should be present before making this diagnosis and exposing the patient to toxic chemotherapy.
Surface segregation of core atoms in core–shell structures

Abstract Density functional theory is used to calculate surface segregation tendencies of iridium atoms in Ir (core)–Pt (shell) systems with various shell thicknesses, on clean surfaces and under 1/4 monolayer of atomic oxygen adsorbed on fcc and hcp sites of (1 1 1) surfaces. Iridium shows strong antisegregation behavior in clean surfaces, but the behavior reverts dramatically in the presence of adsorbed oxygen. On Pt-skin surfaces, where the oxygen adsorption is the weakest, monolayers have better protective effect against segregation of the less noble metal, and the effect decreases as the number of layers in the shell increases.
Distribution of proton spectroscopic strengths in the odd- A Rb isotopes

The /sup 78,80,82/Kr(/sup 3/He,d) reactions have been used to measure proton spectroscopic factors for many low-lying levels in /sup 79,81,83/Rb. Summed spectroscopic strengths and the distributions of strength among states are compared to recent theoretical predictions. The spreading of strength is found to be less than predicted, especially for the 2p/sub 1/2/ and 1g/sub 9/2/ orbitals.
High-performance liquid chromatography of cyanine dyes multiphase separation, purification, and substitution of the counter ion

Abstract Multiphase ion-pair chromatography is described for the separation of a mixture of cyanine dyes using CN and C18 stationary phases. Radial compression cartridges were combined to form the desired selectivity sequence and to improve chromatographic resolution. Also described is a method for the purification of 1,1′-diethyl-4,4′-cyanine iodide using lithium perchlorate as the ion-pairing agent, as well as a method for substitution of the dye's counter ion with another anion to increase solubility. The relevance of these studies to optical spectroscopy of adsorbed cyanines is also discussed.
Current Directions in IBD Therapy: What Goals Are Feasible With Biological Modifiers?

Crohn’s disease is a chronic, progressive, destructive disease, and current treatment strategies are inadequate. The historic treatment goals of induction and maintenance of clinical response and remission do not change the natural history of Crohn’s disease. Current evolving treatment goals include steroid-free remission, endoscopic healing, and reduction in hospitalization and surgery. An evolution to early treatment with either azathioprine and/or anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab) in most patients is likely, with potential future treatment goals of reduction in bowel damage, prevention of complications (stricture, fistula, abscess), and maintaining normal gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Ulcerative colitis is a disease with a variable course that, in a subgroup of patients, results in colectomy with ileoanal pouch or stoma. The historic treatment goals of induction and maintenance of clinical response and remission are satisfactory for some but not all patients. Current evolving treatment goals include steroid-free remission, endoscopic healing, and reduction in hospitalization and surgery. An evolution to treatment goals of sustained clinical remission, sustained mucosal healing with a reduction in colorectal dysplasia and cancer, and maintaining normal GI physiology is likely. Although mesalamine remains the first-line therapy, the preferred second-line treatment strategy (azathioprine and/or anti-TNF therapy) is uncertain.
Increasing Adolescent Immunization Rates in Primary Care: Strategies Physicians Use and Would Consider Implementing

Strategies to increase adolescent immunization rates have been suggested, but little is documented about which strategies clinicians actually use or would consider. In spring 2010, we surveyed primary care physicians from 2 practice-based research networks (PBRNs): Greater Rochester PBRN (GR-PBRN) and national pediatric COntinuity Research NETwork (CORNET). Network clinicians received mailed or online surveys (response rate 76%, n=148). The GR-PBRN patient population (51% suburban, 33% rural, and 16% urban) differed from that served by CORNET (85% urban). For nonseasonal vaccines recommended for adolescents, many GR-PBRN and CORNET practices reported using nurse prompts to providers at preventive visits (61% and 52%, respectively), physician education (53% and 53%), and scheduled vaccine-only visits (91% and 82%). Strategies not used that clinicians frequently indicated they would consider included patient reminder/recall and prompts to providers via nurses or electronic health records. As preventive visits and immunization recommendations grow more complex, using technology to support immunization delivery to adolescents might be effective.
Molecular targets and signaling pathways regulated by interleukin (IL)-24 in mediating its antitumor activities

Cancer remains a major health issue in the world and the effectiveness of current therapies is limited resulting in disease recurrence and resistance to therapy. Therefore to overcome disease recurrence and have improved treatment efficacy there is a continued effort to develop and test new anticancer drugs that are natural or synthetic - (conventional chemotherapeutics, small molecule inhibitors) and biologic (antibody, tumor suppressor genes, oligonucleotide) product. In parallel, efforts for identifying molecular targets and signaling pathways to which cancer cells are “addicted” are underway. By inhibiting critical signaling pathways that is crucial for cancer cell survival, it is expected that the cancer cells will undergo a withdrawal symptom akin to “de-addiction” resulting in cell death. Thus, the key for having an improved and greater control on tumor growth and metastasis is to develop a therapeutic that is able to kill tumor cells efficiently by modulating critical signaling pathways on which cancer cells rely for their survival.
Reinforcing Effects of a Combination of Ethanol and Methadone Relative to Each Drug Alone

Studies report a high incidence of alcohol abuse in methadone maintenance patients. There is, however, little data on the reinforcing effects of combinations of ethanol and methadone. In the present study, oral self-administration of a combination of 1% (w/v) ethanol and 0.2 mg/ml methadone was compared to each drug alone in three rhesus monkeys in which methadone alone was not a reinforcer. In Experiment 1, ethanol and the combination, but not methadone alone, served as reinforcers. In Experiment 2, there was no preference for ethanol or the combination at fixed ratio (FR) 8 or 16. When the FR size was doubled (FR 16 or 32), all three animals preferred the combination to 1% ethanol. Experiment 3 further examined the effect of work requirement on preference for ethanol or the combination by varying FR values [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32]. At lower FRs, ethanol was significantly preferred to the combination. As FR was increased, there was a significant reduction in preference for ethanol over the combination. The results show that an ethanol + methadone combination will be orally self-administered by monkeys and suggest that work requirement differentially modifies preference for the combination and ethanol alone.
The Anatomy of a Surgical Simulation: The Mutual Articulation of Bodies in and through the Machine

Engineers, computer programmers, and surgeons have begun to develop virtual reality simulators designed to teach the physical aspects of surgical skills, especially the skills needed to perform min...
Pruning social networks using structural properties and descriptive attributes

Scale is often an issue with understanding and making sense of large social networks. Here we investigate methods for pruning social networks by determining the most relevant relationships. We measure importance in terms of predictive accuracy on a set of target attributes of the social network. Our goal is to create a pruned network that models only the most informative affiliations and relationships. We present methods for pruning networks based on both structural properties and descriptive attributes demonstrate it on a network of NASDAQ and NYSE businesses and on a bibliographic network.
Effect of Antiseptic Handwashing vs Alcohol Sanitizer on Health Care–Associated Infections in Neonatal Intensive Care Units

oddsratiosforalcoholcomparedwithhandwashingwere 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77-1.25) for any infection, 0.99 (95% CI, 0.77-1.33) for bloodstream infections, 1.61 (95% CI, 0.57-5.54) for pneumonia, 1.78 (95% CI, 0.94-3.37) for skin and soft tissue infections, and 1.26 (95% CI, 0.42-3.76) for central nervous systeminfections.Theskinconditionofparticipatingnurses was significantly improved during the alcohol phase (P=.02andP=.049forobserverandself-assessments,respectively), but there were no significant differences in mean microbial counts on nurses’ hands (3.21 and 3.11 log10 colony-forming units for handwashing and alcohol, respectively; P=.38). Conclusions: Infection rates and microbial counts on nurses’ hands were equivalent during handwashing and alcohol phases, and nurses’ skin condition was improved using alcohol. However, assessing the impact on infection rates of a single intervention is challenging becauseofmultiplecontributoryfactorssuchaspatientrisk, unit design, and staff behavior. Other practices such as frequency and quality of hand hygiene are likely to be as important as product in reducing risk of crosstransmission.
THE VALUATION OF PUBLIC UTILITY ENTERPRISES BY THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

THE VALUATION OF going business enterprises has long been recognized as a complex process in which no specific formula is approved as valid and the range of estimate is likely to be wide. Yet sales of entire business enterprises are quite common in the business world, and somehow the problem gets solved to the satisfaction of buyers and sellers, with such strategic factors as the nature and outlook for the business, the skill of its management, its earnings and dividend record, its asset structure, working-capital position, capitalization, and all the rest somehow receiving mutually acceptable recognition. However, when we move from actual transactions to situations that call for the determination of "value" or the "fair market value" of a business concern or its outstanding securities, for such purposes as the imposition of income taxes, estate and gift taxes, or for official approval of reorganization plans or the purchase, sale, or merger of concerns in regulated industries, the results are frequently subject to a large measure of controversy. This is particularly true of value determinations made by the federal tax agencies for the imposition of estate and gift taxes, where critics have contended that methods commonly used in the past have been so arbitrary, vague, and variable that the tax results are largely a gamble. Since the advantages of accurate and consistent valuation practices in these areas are so evident, some have suggested as a solution to the problem that the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is experienced in and knowledgeable about the practice of valuation, might well be given the task of making value determinations for all government agencies. This proposal, of course, raises the question of whether the SEC's own techniques and standards of valuation have in fact proved in practice to be clear, consistent, and accurate in some sense. The purpose of this paper is to provide at least a partial answer to this question by examining in some detail the commission's approach to
WIC: a general-purpose algorithm for monitoring web information sources

The Web is becoming a universal information dissemination medium, due to a number of factors including its support for content dynamicity. A growing number of Web information providers post near real-time updates in domains such as auctions, stock markets, bulletin boards, news, weather, roadway conditions, sports scores, etc. External parties often wish to capture this information for a wide variety of purposes ranging from online data mining to automated synthesis of information from multiple sources. There has been a great deal of work on the design of systems that can process streams of data from Web sources, but little attention has been paid to how to produce these data streams, given that Web pages generally require "pull-based" access. In this paper we introduce a new general-purpose algorithm for monitoring Web information sources, effectively converting pull-based sources into push-based ones. Our algorithm can be used in conjunction with continuous query systems that assume information is fed into the query engine in a push-based fashion. Ideally, a Web monitoring algorithm for this purpose should achieve two objectives: (1) timeliness and (2) completeness of information captured. However, we demonstrate both analytically and empirically using real-world data that these objectives are fundamentally at odds. When resources available for Web monitoring are limited, and the number of sources to monitor is large, it may be necessary to sacrifice some timeliness to achieve better completeness, or vice versa. To take this fact into account, our algorithm is highly parameterized and targets an application-specified balance between timeliness and completeness. In this paper we formalize the problem of optimizing for a flexible combination of timeliness and completeness, and prove that our parameterized algorithm is a 2- approximation in all cases, and in certain cases is optimal.
Low-Density Parity-Check Codes

A low-density parity-check code is a code specified by a parity-check matrix with the following properties: each column contains a small fixed number j \geq 3 of l's and each row contains a small fixed number k > j of l's. The typical minimum distance of these codes increases linearly with block length for a fixed rate and fixed j . When used with maximum likelihood decoding on a sufficiently quiet binary-input symmetric channel, the typical probability of decoding error decreases exponentially with block length for a fixed rate and fixed j . A simple but nonoptimum decoding scheme operating directly from the channel a posteriori probabilities is described. Both the equipment complexity and the data-handling capacity in bits per second of this decoder increase approximately linearly with block length. For j > 3 and a sufficiently low rate, the probability of error using this decoder on a binary symmetric channel is shown to decrease at least exponentially with a root of the block length. Some experimental results show that the actual probability of decoding error is much smaller than this theoretical bound.
Controversies in Therapies for Children with Down Syndrome

Controversial therapies are not restricted to treatment of the developmental disabilities. This group of disorders has many features, however, that make the families more amenable to embracing unorthodox on poorly proven approaches. These include the chronic and pervasive nature of the problems, the unavailability of more orthodox therapies, and the pressures in society to move from traditional medicine to concepts of health and disease treatment based on diet, exercise, and psychologic approaches. Critical review of the evidence available for children with Down syndrome provides no support for the use of orthomolecular therapy, 5-hydroxytryptophan, thyroid supplementation, or growth hormone. There is no documentation that early-intervention programs improve cognitive performance. There may be other important favorable outcomes of these programs involving both the child and parents, however, and studies are needed in this area. Plastic surgery to normalize the major physical stigmata of Down syndrome has been performed most frequently in Europe. There are major philosophic issues involved, and there is, as yet, not enough information to allow development of a costbenefit analysis. A new controversy concerning atlantoaxial dislocation and participation in athletics has arisen. Here again, more studies are needed before complex issues concerning social policy, medical care, and professional liability can be sorted out. The pediatrician9s approach should be one of presenting all available information to the child9s parents at the appropriate time. The roots of the controversy should be discussed, and the family helped toward a decision that best meets their needs and those of the child. Even if the physician is not in agreement with the decision, it is important to continue to follow the child and provide ongoing monitoring, support, and guidance.
The Fredholm method in low energy electron-molecule scattering; static exchange

Abstract The Fredholm method using a two-center, L2 basis is presented for electron-hydrogen molecule scattering including exchange, but neglecting polarization. At low energies, phase shifts computed by analytically continuing the Fredholm determinant agree well with J = 0 close-coupling results.
Orphan G protein-coupled receptors and obesity

The use of orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as targets to identify new transmitters has led over the last decade to the discovery of 12 novel neuropeptide families. Each one of these new neuropeptides has opened its own field of research, has brought new insights in distinct pathophysiological conditions and has offered new potentials for therapeutic applications. Interestingly, several of these novel peptides have seen their roles converge on one physiological response: the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. In this manuscript, we discuss four deorphanized GPCR systems, the ghrelin, orexins/hypocretins, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and neuropeptide B/neuropeptide W (NPB/NPW) systems, and review our knowledge of their role in the regulation of energy balance and of their potential use in therapies directed at feeding disorders.
Corneal cell proteins and ocular surface pathology.

The cornea is a transparent and avascular tissue that functions as the major refractive structure for the eye. A wide variety of growth factors, chemokines, cytokines and their receptors are synthesized by corneal epithelial and stromal cells, and are found in tears. These molecules function in corneal wound healing and in inflammatory responses. Proteoglycans and glycoproteins are essential for normal corneal function, both at the air-epithelial interface and within the extracellular matrix. The ocular MUC mucins may play roles in forming the mucus layer of the tear film, in regulating tear film spread, and in inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to the ocular surface. Lumican, keratocan and mimecan are the major keratan sulfate proteoglycans of the corneal stroma. They are essential, along with other proteoglycans and interfibrillar proteins, including collagens type VI and XII, for the maintenance of corneal transparency. Corneal epithelial cells interact with a specialized extracellular matrix structu...
Supporting Families of Children with Disabilities: What’s Missing?

This article presents findings from a web-based survey in which advocates and primary caregivers of children with disabilities were asked to indicate their level of satisfaction with various services and service providers, and their perceptions about how closely these services centered on family needs. A total of 68 valid responses to this pilot survey were obtained from subscribers of electronic mailing groups. The survey included questions about accessibility and affordability of services, satisfaction with services, degree of family involvement allowed by service providers, and information relating to the family-centered principles of treating and educating children with different types of disabilities. Eighty percent (80%) of respondents described a frustrating and invalidating process for acquiring services. However, once families were in the health care, educational, and social services systems, they reported finding the services received helpful. Implications for disability and health care policy derived from this research are offered.
Comparison of quick parathyroid assay for uniglandular and multiglandular parathyroid disease.

Abstract Background The quick intraoperative parathyroid assay (qPTH) has been proposed as an effective tool in the surgical management of hyperparathyroidism. This assay may facilitate directed, unilateral exploration for uniglandular disease; however, its role in the management of multiglandular disease remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of qPTH in parathyroid surgery, and to compare the results for uniglandular and multiglandular disease. Methods: A prospective analysis of 63 consecutive patients explored for hyperparathyroidism using the qPTH assay was performed. Preoperative localization studies including ultrasonography and sestamibi scan were routinely obtained. Blood samples for qPTH were routinely drawn prior to the surgical incision, prior to gland excision, as well as 5 and 10 minutes after gland excision. Patients with primary or secondary hyperplasia had blood samples drawn relative to a 3-1/2 gland resection. Additional samples were drawn as needed for patients with a double adenoma. A qPTH decline of greater than or equal to 50% of the highest preincision or gland preexcision level was considered successful. Unilateral neck exploration was routinely performed unless multiglandular disease was identified. Patients were followed up postoperatively with serum calcium levels and an 8-month median follow-up was recorded. Results Forty-nine of 63 (78%) patients were found to have a solitary parathyroid adenoma. The qPTH assay was successful in 48 (97%) patients with uniglandular disease. Forty-four of these 48 patients showed an appropriate assay decline 5 minutes after adenoma excision. One patient with a single adenoma showed a delayed 50% decline in qPTH at 20 minutes. Fourteen (22%) patients were found to have multiglandular disease: 6 patients with primary hyperplasia, 4 patients with hyperplasia secondary to renal failure, and 4 patients with double adenomas. All patients with multiglandular disease demonstrated a successful decrease in qPTH levels. All patients with hyperplasia secondary to renal failure showed a successful assay decline 5 minutes after 3-1/2 gland resection. Eight of 14 (57%) patients with multiglandular disease (4 double adenomas, and 4 hyperplasia) were suspected to have solitary adenomas preoperatively. Overall, 62 of 63 (98%) patients showed an appropriate assay decline within 10 minutes after gland excision. Postoperatively, all patients were normocalcemic with a median follow-up of 8 months. Conclusions These data suggest that qPTH can accurately facilitate unilateral, directed neck exploration for uniglandular parathyroid disease, as well as guide the extent of gland resection for multiglandular disease. This assay reliably eliminates the most common cause of parathyroidectomy failure, which is unrecognized multiglandular disease. The qPTH assay can reliably be used with similar accuracy for patients with multiglandular disease as has been shown for uniglandular parathyroid disease.
Electron Beam Stability Requirements for Linac-Ring Electron-Ion Colliders

In recent years, linac-ring electron-ion colliders have been proposed at a number of laboratories around the world. While the linac-ring approach overcomes the beam-beam tuneshift limitation on the electron beam, it also introduces noise into the ion beam, via the beam-beam interaction with electron bunches of slightly fluctuating intensity and transverse size. The effect of these fluctuations is studied using a linearized model of the beam-beam interaction. Upper limits for the rms jitter amplitudes of electron beam parameters for various linac-ring electron-ion colliders are presented.
Financial Statement Transparency and Auditor Responsibility: Enron and Andersen

On December 2, 2001, Enron, once a global energy-trading giant, filed for protection under Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. In the weeks preceding the filing, numerous reports of accounting irregularities and the perception of a notorious lack of transparency in the company's financial statements raised questions about the responsibility and role played by Enron's auditor Arthur Andersen. On January 10, 2002 Andersen disclosed that employees at its Houston office had shredded thousands of documents and deleted several emails relating to the Enron audit. On March 14, the Justice Department indicted Andersen on charges of obstruction of justice relating to its inquiry into Enron's accounting. On June 15, 2002, a jury in a Texas court convicted Andersen of these charges. In the context of the Enron-Andersen case, this paper investigates and discusses the importance of financial transparency, auditor independence and auditor responsibility for the health of global financial markets and the world economy.
Security vulnerabilities and protection mechanisms of mobility management protocols

Mobility protocols are originally proposed to support ongoing Internet connectivity of hosts or networks in motion. However, the requirement of seamless connectivity in mobile environment and use of route optimization between the communicating nodes have introduced several security vulnerabilities to mobility protocols. In this paper, we explain with illustrative examples major security threats on various components of the network involving the mobility protocol. We have analyzed critically several existing security solutions that have been proposed to prevent or mitigate security attacks on mobility protocols. We have also identified additional security holes of these existing solutions and propose some simple mechanisms to counter them.
Are Only Children Missing Out? Comparison of the Peer-Related Social Competence of Only Children and Siblings

In this study, we tested the assumption that having a sibling provides practice with skills that generalize to peer relations, by comparing the peer-related social competence of only children, first-borns with one sibling, and second-borns with one sibling in a sample of 139 elementary school-age children. Only children were similar to classmates in terms of number of close friendships and friendship quality, but were less liked by classmates as a group. Only children were more likely both to be victimized and aggressive in the peer group, suggesting that having a sibling may be especially helpful for learning to manage conflict. Results are discussed in terms of the need to examine multiple levels of social complexity to understand family-peer links.
Irradiation of Sperm Tails by Laser Microbeam

1. Sea-urchin and starfish sperm tails were irradiated at pre-selected points along the flagellum and at pre-selected phases of the beat cycle by means of a pulsed ruby laser microbeam. Multiple-exposure dark-field photomicrographs were taken immediately before and after irradiation. The flagellum usually appeared to be broken at the irradiated point. 2. The portion of a flagellum between the head and the irradiated point continued for at least a few beats if its length was at least 25% of the length of the tail, and stopped immediately if it was shorter. 3. Bends already established beyond the irradiated point continued to propagate to the tip of the flagellum. Their propagation velocity generally decreased, and there were usually changes in other bend parameters. 4. No new bends ever developed beyond the irradiated point. 5. Irradiation within a bent region often completely eliminated that region. This paper has been abstracted from part of a Ph.D. thesis presented to the California Institute of Technology.
CaMKII Inhibition in Heart Failure, Beneficial, Harmful, or Both

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for heart failure (HF). However, the cardiac effect of chronic CaMKII inhibition in HF has not been well...
A multi-transputer architecture for parallel logic programs

An overview is presented of a scalable, 16-Transputer, mesh-connected architecture that supports a novel message-passing abstract machine model specifically designed for efficient parallel execution of logic programs. An execution model has been developed that is based on message-passing with completely distributed control, with memory references localized to each processor. A demand-driven OR-parallel execution scheme is introduced, which in combination with restricted-AND-parallel execution provides a convenient framework for harnessing explosive parallelism in nonannotated logic programs. The execution mechanism, which is based on the concepts of late binding and selective copying of the uninstantiated variables, eliminates the necessity of long chains for dereferencing, trail stack, and overhead related to backtracking. The implementation of the abstract machine on the multi-transputer testbed, using Occam, is described. >
Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Species Trees: How Accuracy of Phylogenetic Inference Depends upon the Divergence History and Sampling Design

The understanding that gene trees are often in discord with each other and with the species trees that contain them has led researchers to methods that incorporate the inherent stochasticity of genetic processes in the phylogenetic estimation procedure. Recently developed methods for species-tree estimation that not only consider the retention and sorting of ancestral polymorphism but also quantify the actual probabilities of incomplete lineage sorting are expected to provide an improvement over earlier summary-statistic based approaches that discard much of the information content of gene trees. However, these new methods have yet to be tested on truly challenging evolutionary histories such as those marked by recent rapid speciation where high levels of incomplete lineage sorting and discord among gene trees predominate. Here, we test a new maximum-likelihood method that incorporates stochastic models of both nucleotide substitution and lineage sorting for species-tree estimation. Using a simulation approach, we consider a broad range of species-tree topologies under 2 scenarios representing moderate and severe incomplete lineage sorting. We show that the maximum-likelihood method results in more accurate species trees than a summary-statistic based approach, demonstrating that information contained in discordant gene trees can be effectively extracted using a full probabilistic model. Moreover, we demonstrate that the shape of the original species tree (i.e., the relative lengths of internal branches) has a significant impact on whether the species tree is estimated accurately. In the speciation histories explored here, it is not just the recent origin of species that affects the accuracy of the estimates but the variance in relative species divergence times as well. Additionally, we show that sampling effort (number of individuals and/or loci) and sampling design (ratio of individuals to loci) are both important factors affecting the accuracy of species-tree estimates, which is again affected by the relative timing of divergence among species. The inherent difficulties of estimating relationships when species have undergone a recent radiation are discussed, and in particular, the limitations with maximum-likelihood estimates of species trees that do not consider uncertainty in the estimated gene trees of individual loci. Thus, despite substantial improvements over current summary-statistic based approaches, and the increased sophistication of procedures that incorporate the process of gene lineage coalescence, recent radiations still appear to pose daunting challenges for phylogenetics. (Coalescence; gene tree; lineage sorting; phylogenetics; species tree.)
Spotlight on Cancer

A particularly challenging battle in the war against cancer is the one waged against the spread of micrometastases—drug-resistant cells left behind after chemotherapy that evade detection until it is too late—when they have formed multiple nodules that choke vital organs. To catch and kill these
Temperature dependence of Q and inductance in spiral inductors fabricated in a silicon-germanium/BiCMOS technology

The behavior of on-chip, planar, spiral inductors fabricated over a conductive silicon substrate has been characterized over the temperature range from -55/spl deg/C to +125/spl deg/C. Quality factor (Q) was observed to decrease with increasing temperature at low frequency and increase with increasing temperature at high frequency. Inductance was seen to vary little over the temperature and frequency range. A SPICE model that incorporated the temperature dependence of the inductor's parasitics was presented and shown to give excellent agreement with measured data over the full temperature and frequency range.
SoftUDC: a software-based data center for utility computing

Utility computing aims to aggregate server, network, and storage systems into a single, centrally managed pool of resources. SoftUDC, a virtual machine monitor, lets applications and administrative domains share physical resources while maintaining full functional isolation.
Kinetic Solution of Shock Structure in a Non-Reactive Gas Mixture

The objective of the study is to solve the multi-species Boltzmann equation to resolve the internal structure of a Mach 3 shock wave for a hard sphere gas. The collision integral is solved by the conservative discrete ordinate method of Tcheremissine.1 There was excellent agreement of macroscopic variables with those of Kosuge, Aoki, and Takata.2 Effect of species concentration and mass ratio on the behavior of macroscopic variables and distribution functions in the structure of the shock wave are presented for two and three-species gas mixtures.
Clinical Evidence as Gendered: Fibromyalgia Social Security Disability Claims

Social Security disability claims are not supposed to be decided based on the gender of the applicant. Reliance on the apparently neutral mechanism of clinical medical evidence, however, has a disproportionate impact on women bringing disability claims based on fibromyalgia. Recognizing and identifying disability has been delegated by Congress and the Social Security Administration almost entirely to physicians, based upon a misguided and mistaken belief that clinical medical evidence evaluated by a trained physician will answer with certainty whether an individual claimant is capable of working. Fibromyalgia, a diffuse syndrome characterized by excess pain that is overwhelmingly diagnosed in women rather than men, is not easily shown with clinical evidence. The disabling aspect of fibromyalgia is widespread and prolonged pain, supported only by a patient’s subjective reports, and even the diagnosis is made on the basis of whether a patient describes pain at specific points on her body. Fibromyalgia claims thus provide a case study for evaluating the effectiveness and objectivity of the disability evaluation process. This article explains why the Social Security Administration relies so heavily on clinical medical evidence, traces the history of excess pain claims and why they are so difficult to evaluate, and explains why the current standards disproportionately disadvantage female fibromyalgia claimants.
Transient Shear Flow Behavior of Thermotropic Liquid Crystalline Copolyesters

The most unique aspect about the processing of liquid crystalline polymers is that the exceptional physical proprties are found in the as-spun fibers or as-injection molded parts1,2. Although heat treatment leads to improved properties, no further drawing steps are required to generate highly oriented systems. Hence, the orientation which is found in fiber and injection molded specimens must arise during flow and be maintained during the solidification process. The final physical properties must therefore be directly related to the rheological properties of the liquid crystalline fluids.
Teaching UV–Vis Spectroscopy with a 3D-Printable Smartphone Spectrophotometer

Visible absorbance spectroscopy is a widely used tool in chemical, biochemical, and medical laboratories. The theory and methods of absorbance spectroscopy are typically introduced in upper division undergraduate chemistry courses, but could be introduced earlier with the right curriculum and instrumentation. A major challenge in teaching spectroscopy is gaining access to laboratory equipment, which can be expensive. Even common educational spectrophotometers still carry a substantial cost and have the disadvantage of being inherently closed designs. We report on a 3D-printable smartphone spectrophotometer that is very inexpensive to build, yet retains the functionality and analytical accuracy necessary to teach concepts like the Beer–Lambert Law. The optical components are arranged in an intuitive, accessible way so that students can see each relevant part and experiment with the parameters. Here, we describe the device and provide exercises to teach different concepts in analytical spectrophotometry.
Supplement II: Signal Processing Tools

Brain waves are commonly treated as if they were the sum of the outputs of a set of neural oscillators, each of which has a constant frequency and variable amplitude. This treatment is based on the assumption that brain dynamics is linear and time-invariant, which is clearly not the case. The advantage conveyed by this assumption is the ease with which linear analysis can be applied to brain waves using, e.g., Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The disadvantage is the inability of the linear analysis to capture and display the transient dynamics, including nonlinear state transitions by which brains operate.
The Non-gated Gated Community of Stapleton

ABSTRACTStapleton is an urban infill development with a master plan that calls for many ambitious and benevolent social, environmental, and economic goals: aiming to become a well-integrated, inclusive community; promoting internal diversity by providing an array of land-use and housing options; and integrating externally through fostered connections to surrounding, already established neighborhoods. However, through observations and walking interviews with residents, we have reason to question the fulfillment of these goals. Instead we found several physical and non-physical barriers that clearly divide the community, both internally and externally. This study is intended to advance discourse on community borders, particularly for infill developments integrating into already existing urban fabrics.
The Taxation Problem Research on Constructing Saving Society

It is important for the economic and social development of our country to construct the saving society.At present,it is a burning question to make use of the taxation policy to promote energy conservation and environmental protection.Beginning with some problems,such as the present situation about constructing saving society's taxation policy,in the view of lacking of the energy conservation and environmental protection taxation system which exists in taxation policy,the value-added tax and the resources tax's design is not in favor of the transformation on economical growth way,the tax preference policy is disadvantage to the industrial structure adjustment and consumption tax is not in favor of the consumption pattern transformation,the article puts forward the corresponding countermeasure proposal.
Consumer Switching and Competition Strategy in IT-enabled Markets

My dissertation studies consumer switching and competition in information technology (IT)-enabled markets, using the wireless telecommunications industry as a testing field. The first chapter examines the impact of a public policy, mobile number portability (MNP), on market competition. The second chapter investigates how investment in customer acquisition would affect business performance of wireless operators, and how the adoption of new technology would complement marketing strategy and enhance firm's competitive advantage. The third chapter analyzes asymmetric effects of MNP across firms and countries
Analysis on monitoring results of iodized salt in Xiantao City from 2008-2012

[Objective]To understand the status of iodized salt consumption among residents in Xiantao City,duly find the problems,and provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders( IDD).[Methods]The iodized salt samples of households were randomly collected according to the National iodized salt monitoring program( Amendment) and the Hubei iodized salt monitoring program implementation details.The iodine ion was determined by the direct titration method from the General test method in salt industry( GB / T 13025.7-1999).[Results]A total of 1438 iodized salt samples of households were detected from 2008-2012,and there were 2 samples of non-iodized salt,1 421 samples of qualified iodized salt,and 17 samples of unqualified iodized salt.The coverage rate of iodized salt( 1 438 /1 440),the qualified rate of iodized salt( 1 421 /1 438),and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt( 1 421 /1 440) was 99.9%,98.8% and 98.7%,respectively.[Conclusion]The coverage rate of iodized salt,the qualified rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in Xiantao City from 2008-2012 have reached the national standard of eliminating IDD( the qualified rate of iodized salt is higher than 90%) and provincial standard( the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt is higher than 95%).However,the consumption of unqualified iodized salt has been found in a few residents.
Variability of Automated Intraoperative ST Segment Values Predicts Postoperative Troponin Elevation.

BACKGROUND Intraoperative electrocardiographic monitoring is considered a standard of care. However, there are no evidence-based algorithms for using intraoperative ST segment data to identify patients at high risk for adverse perioperative cardiac events. Therefore, we performed an exploratory study of statistical measures summarizing intraoperative ST segment values determine whether the variability of these measurements was associated with adverse postoperative events. We hypothesized that elevation, depression, and variability of ST segments captured in an anesthesia information management system are associated with postoperative serum troponin elevation. METHODS We conducted a single-institution, retrospective study of intraoperative automated ST segment measurements from leads I, II, and III, which were recorded in the electronic anesthesia record of adult patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. The maximum, minimum, mean, and SD of ST segment values were entered into logistic regression models to find independent associations with myocardial injury, defined as an elevated serum troponin concentration during the 7 days after surgery. Performance of these models was assessed by measuring the area under the receiver operator characteristic curve. The net reclassification improvement was calculated to quantify the amount of information that the ST segment values analysis added regarding the ability to predict postoperative troponin elevation. RESULTS Of 81,011 subjects, 4504 (5.6%) had postoperative myocardial injury. After adjusting for patient characteristics, the ST segment maximal depression (e.g., lead I: odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-2.19; P = 0.0004), maximal elevation (e.g., lead I: OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.34-2.17; P < 0.0001), and SD (e.g., lead I: OR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.06-0.42; P = 0.0002) were found to have statistically significant associations with myocardial injury. Increased SD was associated with decreased risk when accounting for the maximal amount of ST segment depression and elevation and for patient characteristics. The ST segment summary statistics model had fair discrimination, with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.68-0.73). Addition of ST segment data produced a net reclassification improvement of 0.0345 (95% CI, 0.00016-0.0591; P = 0.0474). CONCLUSIONS Analysis of automated ST segment values obtained during anesthesia may be useful for improving the prediction of postoperative troponin elevation.
Shifting Resources and Focus to Meet the Goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy: The Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning Project, 2010–2013

In September 2010, CDC launched the Enhanced Comprehensive HIV Prevention Planning (ECHPP) project to shift HIV-related activities to meet goals of the 2010 National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS). Twelve health departments in cities with high AIDS burden participated. These 12 grantees submitted plans detailing jurisdiction-level goals, strategies, and objectives for HIV prevention and care activities. We reviewed plans to identify themes in the planning process and initial implementation. Planning themes included data integration, broad engagement of partners, and resource allocation modeling. Implementation themes included organizational change, building partnerships, enhancing data use, developing protocols and policies, and providing training and technical assistance for new and expanded activities. Pilot programs also allowed grantees to assess the feasibility of large-scale implementation. These findings indicate that health departments in areas hardest hit by HIV are shifting their HIV prevention and care programs to increase local impact. Examples from ECHPP will be of interest to other health departments as they work toward meeting the NHAS goals.
Where to plant urban trees? A spatially explicit methodology to explore ecosystem service tradeoffs

tUrban trees can help mitigate some of the environmental degradation linked to the rapid urbanization of humanity. Many municipalities are implementing ambitious tree planting programs to help remove air pollution, mitigate urban heat island effects, and provide other ecosystem services and benefits but lack quantitative tools to explore priority planting locations and potential tradeoffs between services. This work demonstrates a quantitative method for exploring priority planting and ecosystem service tradeoffs in Baltimore, Maryland using spatially explicit biophysical iTree models. Several planting schemes were created based on the individual optimization of a number of metrics related to services and benefits of air pollution and heat mitigation ecosystem services. The results demonstrate that different tree planting schemes would be pursued based on the ecosystem service or benefit maximized, revealing tradeoffs between services and priority planting locations. With further development including consideration of additional ecosystem services, disservices, user input, and costs of tree planting and maintenance, this approach could provide city planners, urban foresters, and members of the public with a powerful tool to better manage urban forest systems.