cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing Hyperkalemia Caused by Inhibitors of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System

Hyperkalemia can develop as a result of treatment with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers. This side effect is most common in patients with risk factors such as diabetes mellitus, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or advanced age. This review explains the pathophysiology and offers clinical guidance for management.
The Training Camp: American Football and/as Spectacle of Exception

In this article, we use the theories of Giorgio Agamben to conceptualize the contemporary American football training camp as a material and metaphorical “camp”—a “space of exception” or a zone of i...
Synthesis of 2,6-trans-disubstituted 5,6-dihydropyrans from (Z)-1,5-syn-endiols

Certain (Z)-1,5-syn-diols 2 may be converted into 2,6-trans-5,6-dihydropyrans by using phosphonium salt 4 or phosphorane 5 as dehydrating agents. A more general four step procedure converts the (Z)-1,5-syn-endiols into enantiomeric dihydropyrans ent-3 via regioselective silylation of the allylic alcohol unit followed by mesylate formation and base-promoted nucleophilic displacement.
Induced Spawning of the Margined Madtom

Abstract Daily hormonal injections of male and female margined madtoms Noturus insignis induced captive spawning of 59 of 77 fish. Two injection treatments proved effective. Mean total dosage for one of the treatments was 5,372 IU human chorionic gonadotropin/kg plus 56 mg carp pituitary extract/kg; the other treatment was 572 μg LHRHa/kg plus 57 mg domperidone/kg. Of the 59 females induced to ovulate by the two hormonal treatments, 47% of them ovulated approximately 2 d after the first hormonal injection and 92% of them had ovulated within 4 d of the first injection. Inclusion of more than one breeding pair of margined madtoms per tank inhibited tank spawning, but females in tanks containing multiple pairs of fish ovulated and could be stripped. Embryos did not develop in 6 of 11 tank-spawned egg masses or from any of 19 strip-spawned egg masses. Margined madtoms consumed tank-spawned egg masses when spawners were not removed from the nest. Oocyte diameter (≥3.5 mm) and germinal vesicle position (>90% to...
26Al and10Be dating of late pleistocene and holocene fill terraces: a record of fluvial deposition and incision, Colorado front range

Cosmogenic 26Al, 10Be, and 14C dating of fluvial fill terraces in steep canyons of the Colorado Front Range provides a temporal framework for analysing episodic aggradation and incision. Results from Boulder Canyon show that terrace heights above the modern channel (grade) can be divided into: (1) Bull Lake (≳100 ka; 20–15 m above grade); (2) Pinedale (32–10 ka; 15–4 m above grade); and (3) Holocene age ( 15 m above grade record Bull Lake deposition. Well-preserved terraces of Pinedale age suggest that the range of terrace height above grade reflects short-term fluctuations in the river profile during periods of rapidly changing stream load and power. Net river incision apparently occurred during transitions to interglacial periods. Soil development and stratigraphic position, along with limited cosmogenic and 14C dating, suggest that ∼130 ka terraces in Boulder Canyon correlate with the Louviers Alluvium, and that 32 to 10 ka fills in the canyon correlate with the Broadway Alluvium on the adjacent High Plains. Late Pleistocene incision rates (∼0·15 m ka−1) along Boulder Canyon exceed pre-late Pleistocene incision rates, and are higher than middle to late Pleistocene incision rates (∼0·04 m ka−1) on the High Plains. This study provides an example of how modern geochronologic techniques allow us to understand better rivers that drain glaciated catchments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Myelodysplasia With Balanced 21q22 Translocations

The morphologic and immunophenotypic findings of 36 cases of 21q22 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplasia (MDS) were compared, including 14 de novo t(8;21) AMLs, 11 t(8;21) therapy-related AML/MDS cases, and 11 therapy-related AML/MDS cases with other 21q22 balanced translocations [t(n;21)]. Cases were evaluated for the presence of Auer rods, distinct chunky cytoplasmic blast cell granules, promyelocyte increase, cytoplasmic perinuclear clearing (hofs) of blast cells, eosinophil increase, and features of associated trilineage dysplasia. Results of immunophenotyping studies for CD19, CD34, and CD56 expression were compared. Cases of de novo and therapy-related t(8;21) disease shared common morphologic features of chunky cytoplasmic granules, perinuclear hofs, and promyelocyte increases that were not seen consistently in the t(n;21) group of t-AML/MDS cases. Immunophenotypic similarities also were observed between the 2 t(8;21) groups. De novo and therapyrelated t(8;21) disease, however, differed by the frequent presence of associated dysplasia in both t-AML/MDS groups, which was infrequent in the de novo t(8;21) group. Therapy-related AML/MDS with t(8;21) shares characteristic morphologic and immunophenotypic features with de novo t(8;21) AML, but frequently also occurs with associated myelodysplastic changes, similar to other therapyrelated acute leukemias.
Variation in polar lipids located on the surface of wheat starch.

It is unknown whether starch isolated before dough development has the same surface lipid composition as starch isolated after dough development. The abundance of starch surface polar lipids is related to the physical hardness of the endosperm, but the variation in specific lipid classes and molecular species is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the variation in polar lipids present on the surface of wheat starch granules. The experimental wheat lines used are, within each set, near-isogenic to each other but vary in endosperm hardness. Starch was isolated using two different processes: a dough and a batter method. Direct infusion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and quantitatively determine the polar lipid species in wheat flour and on starch. Wide ranges in starch surface polar lipid concentrations were observed between the starch isolation methods. Starch isolation method provided a greater source of variation than did wheat kernel hardness. When dough is optimally mixed, lipids originally on the surface of wheat starch are dissociated, whereas in a batter system, starch surface lipids stay associated with the starch surface. The predominant starch surface polar lipids were digalactosyldigylcerol (DGDG), monogalactosyldigylcerol (MGDG) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) polar lipid classes.
Effect of radiologists’ experience with an adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm on detection of hypervascular liver lesions and perception of image quality

To prospectively evaluate whether clinical experience with an adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction algorithm (ASiR) has an effect on radiologists’ diagnostic performance and confidence for the diagnosis of hypervascular liver tumors, as well as on their subjective perception of image quality. Forty patients, having 65 hypervascular liver tumors, underwent contrast-enhanced MDCT during the hepatic arterial phase. Image datasets were reconstructed with filtered backprojection algorithm and ASiR (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% blending). During two reading sessions, performed before and after a three-year period of clinical experience with ASiR, three readers assessed datasets for lesion detection, likelihood of malignancy, and image quality. For all reconstruction algorithms, there was no significant change in readers’ diagnostic accuracy and sensitivity for the detection of liver lesions, between the two reading sessions. However, a 60% ASiR dataset yielded a significant improvement in specificity, lesion conspicuity, and confidence for lesion likelihood of malignancy during the second reading session (P < 0.0001). The 60% ASiR dataset resulted in significant improvement in readers’ perception of image quality during the second reading session (P < 0.0001). Clinical experience using an ASiR algorithm may improve radiologists’ diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of hypervascular liver tumors, as well as their perception of image quality.
Patterns in ontogeny of human trabecular bone from SunWatch Village in the Prehistoric Ohio Valley: General features of microarchitectural change

Although adult skeletal morphological variation is best understood within the framework of age-related processes, relatively little research has been directed towards the structure of and variation in trabecular bone during ontogeny. We report here new quantitative and structural data on trabecular bone microarchitecture in the proximal tibia during growth and development, as demonstrated in a subadult archaeological skeletal sample from the Late Prehistoric Ohio Valley. These data characterize the temporal sequence and variation in trabecular bone structure and structural parameters during ontogeny as related to the acquisition of normal functional activities and changing body mass. The skeletal sample from the Fort Ancient Period site of SunWatch Village is composed of 33 subadult and three young adult proximal tibiae. Nondestructive microCT scanning of the proximal metaphyseal and epiphyseal tibia captures the microarchitectural trabecular structure, allowing quantitative structural analyses measuring bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number. The microCT resolution effects on structural parameters were analyzed. Bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy are highest at birth, decreasing to low values at 1 year of age, and then gradually increasing to the adult range around 6–8 years of age. Trabecular number is highest at birth and lowest at skeletal maturity; trabecular thickness is lowest at birth and highest at skeletal maturity. The results of this study highlight the dynamic sequential relationships between growth/development, general functional activities, and trabecular distribution and architecture, providing a reference for comparative studies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Natural Killing of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Target Cells: Normal Human Responses and Influence of Antiviral Antibody

Studies of a mouse model of genetic resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) indicate that the marrow-dependent effector cell of allogeneic resistance plays an important role in natural resistance to this virus infection. Since the marrow-dependent effector cell appears to be closely related to the natural killer (NK) cells, an NK assay with HSV-1-infected fibroblasts [NK(HSV-1)] has been developed to study this resistance mechanism in humans. Incubation of effector and target cells for 12 to 14 h gave the greatest percent specific release (%SR) and kept spontaneous (51)Cr release from infected target cells below 35%. Patients with Bruton's agammaglobulinemia demonstrated significant kill indicating antiviral antibody was not necessary. Seropositive individuals gave a 9% greater%SR than seronegative individuals. Depletion of B-cells consistently diminished NK (HSV-1) for seropositive individuals and augmented kill for seronegative individuals. Although antiviral antibody produced in culture may contribute to NK (HSV-1), depletion of B-cells allowed quantitation of NK (HSV-1) to the exclusion of most of the antibody-dependent kill. The NK cells detected by this assay showed many of the properties reported for NK cells with K562 targets. Two patients with severe herpesvirus infections demonstrated NK (HSV-1) responses greater than 2 standard deviations below the normal mean. Since normal individuals with virus infections have higher rather than lower natural kill, the low NK (HSV-1) may reflect their susceptibility to the virus infection.
Prospects for personalizing antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus with pharmacogenetics

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. HCV infection is currently treated with IFNα plus ribavirin for 24 to 48 weeks. This demanding therapy fails in up to 50% of patients, so the use of pharmacogenetic biomarkers to predict the outcome of treatment would reduce futile treatment of non-responders and help identify patients in whom therapy would be justified. Both IFNα and ribavirin primarily act by modulating the immune system of the patient, and HCV uses multiple mechanisms to counteract the antiviral effects stimulated by therapy. Therefore, response to therapy is influenced by variations in human genes governing the immune system and by differences in HCV genes that blunt antiviral immune responses. This article summarizes recent advances in understanding how host and viral genetic variation affect outcome of therapy. The most notable human associations are polymorphisms within the IL28B gene, but variations in human leukocyte antigen and cytokine genes have also been associated with treatment outcome. The most prominent viral genetic association with outcome of therapy is that HCV genotype 1 is much less sensitive to treatment than genotypes 2 and 3, but genetic differences below the genotype level also influence outcome of therapy, presumably by modulating the ability of viral genes to blunt antiviral immune responses. Pharmacogenetic prediction of the outcome of IFN-based therapy for HCV will require integrating the efficacies of the immunosuppressive mechanisms of a viral isolate, and then interpreting the viral resistance potential in context of the genetic profile of the patient at loci associated with outcome of therapy. Direct-acting inhibitors of HCV that will be used in combination with IFNα are nearing approval, so genetic prediction for anti-HCV therapy will soon need to incorporate viral genetic markers of viral resistance to the new drugs.
Relations Between Language and Thought

What is the relationship between linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive categories? How does language acquisition (specifically, the acquisition of grammatical categories) draw on prelinguistic concepts? Is it possible, as recent commentators have argued, that the acquisition of linguistic categories itself affects nonlinguistic conceptual categories? This paper addresses these questions by focusing on the grammatical distinction between count and mass nouns and its relation to the distinction between objects and stuff. We first ask whether learning count/mass syntax may help children think about objects and stuff in ways that were not antecedently available to them. We also ask whether cross-linguistic differences in marking count/mass status affect the nonlinguistic individuation criteria used by speakers of different languages. We review a number of recent findings that have been interpreted as showing such effects of count/mass syntax on nonlinguistic cognition and argue that they do not conclusively demonstrate language-specific influences on mental life.
An air bearing minimizing the effects of slider skew angle

A minislider incorporating a single transverse slot across both rails is presented which greatly reduces the effect of slider skew. The slots, in conjunction with wide rails, allow a slider mounted on a rotary actuator to access the entire disk at a spacing of 100 to 120 nm. Skew decreases the head-to-disk spacing of conventional minisliders and is a particular problem in disk drives equipped with rotary actuators as slider rail width is decreased. The flying characteristics of this slider are investigated by a computer simulation program and by measurements on actual sliders with a multichannel laser interferometer. >
Double charge transfer in H+ + Mg Collisions

Abstract The total cross section for the reaction H + + Mg → H − + Mg ++ is calculated in the energy range of 10-10 000 eV. The double charge exchange cross section is large, rising to a maximum of 4× 10 −16 cm 2 at 100 eV.
Interstitial twin pregnancy: A unique case presentation

Early recognition and timely treatment of an interstitial pregnancy is imperative to avoid the high morbidity and mortality of this type of ectopic pregnancy. We report a case of twin interstitial pregnancy that was initially missed on initial sonogram and was subsequently recognized at our institution by transvaginal sonography. The patient underwent open laparoscopic surgery with cornual wedge resection but suffered infundibulopelvic ligament hemorrhage and subsequently required ipsilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. She did well and was discharged home a day later.
Mycobacteriophage endolysins: diverse and modular enzymes with multiple catalytic activities.

The mycobacterial cell wall presents significant challenges to mycobacteriophages – viruses that infect mycobacterial hosts – because of its unusual structure containing a mycolic acid-rich mycobacterial outer membrane attached to an arabinogalactan layer that is in turn linked to the peptidoglycan. Although little is known about how mycobacteriophages circumvent these barriers during the process of infection, destroying it for lysis at the end of their lytic cycles requires an unusual set of functions. These include Lysin B proteins that cleave the linkage of mycolic acids to the arabinogalactan layer, chaperones required for endolysin delivery to peptidoglycan, holins that regulate lysis timing, and the endolysins (Lysin As) that hydrolyze peptidoglycan. Because mycobacterial peptidoglycan contains atypical features including 3→3 interpeptide linkages, it is not surprising that the mycobacteriophage endolysins also have non-canonical features. We present here a bioinformatic dissection of these lysins and show that they are highly diverse and extensively modular, with an impressive number of domain organizations. Most contain three domains with a novel N-terminal predicted peptidase, a centrally located amidase, muramidase, or transglycosylase, and a C-terminal putative cell wall binding domain.
Evaluation of the Moisture Permeability Characteristics of Chocolate Films as an Edible Moisture Barrier

The moisture barrier properties of a semisweet dark chocolate film, including effective diffusion coefficient and effective permeability constants, were determined at variable film thickness, temperature and relative humidity in the intermediate moisture range. In addition, both adsorption and desorption isotherms were determined. It was found that this chocolate film 0.6 mm (24 mil) thick was a better moisture barrier than a 1 mil thick low density polyethylene film. The mathematical packaging model for nonedible packaging materials worked well for a typical outer barrier coated model system while a new mathematical model predicted well the moisture transfer within a bi-component system of different initial aw with the barrier between them.
Clinical year in review II: pulmonary infections, diagnostic imaging, pleural diseases, and neuromuscular disease.

Occupational asthma (OA) remains a significant problem for patients and employers alike. In a comprehensive review of the existing literature, Beach and colleagues (1) tackle the best diagnostic approach to this problem. They conclude that, in patients with high pretest probability of OA by history, either nonspecific (e.g., methacholine) challenge or skin-prick testing improves sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis, although neither can be relied on to fully confirm or exclude OA. When compared to the research “gold standard” of specific inhalational challenge, methacholine challenge improved sensitivity to 84% and, therefore, should be used in the diagnostic approach to the patient with suspected OA. Nicholson and colleagues (2) also addressed the issue of OA identification and prevention in their 2005 evidence-based guidelines. They point out that 1 in 10 cases of new or recurrent asthma is occupational, and that, interestingly, allergic rhinitis occurring with exposure to a known cause of asthma predicts subsequent asthma development. Early diagnosis and exposure avoidance does improve prognosis and should be advised to these individuals and their employers. Another important area of interest in the field of occupational medicine is that of home environmental factors that my effect adult asthma severity. Blanc and colleagues (3) examined 226 California adults with asthma and rhinitis and made home measures of total dust, dust mite, cat dander, dog dander, endotoxin, and glucan levels. They also measured nitrogen dioxide, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, temperature, and humidity levels in each of these homes. Levels were compared to FEV1% predicted, as well as to severity of asthma scores and responses to questionnaires of health status and quality-of-life. The authors conclude that total milligrams of dust in the bed and dog ownership correlated with lower FEV1, whereas visible damp patches, mold, and elevated glucan levels all were associated with lower general health status in these adults. Thorne and colleagues (4) likewise attempted to sort out which of many factors may be causal in asthma propagation in a nationwide survey of dust samples from 831 housing units. They found a clear association between endotoxin levels and the prevalence of diagnosed asthma, asthma symptoms within the preceding year, current use of asthma medications, and self-reported wheezing. This study included both children and adults, but it is worth noting that the association with endotoxin was demonstrable only in the adult population. Another controversial area in occupational lung disease is the purported association of diesel exhaust with the development
Light and egg production.

ABSTRACT SEASONAL variation in the rate of egg production is associated with seasonal variation in length of day. The excellent paper of Whetham (1933) summarized a very large amount of data from a wide range of latitudes, all showing correlated changes in day length and rate of egg production. Kennard and Chamberlin (1931) showed that seasonal variation can be modified by use of supplementary artificial light, confirming the work of several earlier laboratory workers and of many poultrymen. Kennard and Chamberlin also showed the close relationship of body weight and rate of egg production. A good review of the earlier literature is contained in the paper of Callenbach, Nicholas and Murphy (1944). Several analyses of egg production data for the purpose of describing the relation of time in production and rate of production have been made. Harris et al. (1921) reported that annual production within a genetically similar flock maintained under . . .
Prevalence of MR evidence of diffuse axonal injury in patients with mild head injury and normal head CT findings.

PURPOSE To assess the prevalence of MR evidence for diffuse axonal injury at 1.5 T in patients with normal head CT findings after mild head injury. METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with mild head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale, 13 to 15; no subsequent deterioration, loss of consciousness RESULTS The readers agreed that abnormalities compatible with diffuse axonal injury were present in the white matter of 6 (30%) of 20 patients (95% confidence interval, 12% to 54%). Both readers agreed that foci of high signal intensity were present on the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence in 3 (15%) of the 20 cases (95% confidence interval, 3% to 38%) and that foci of hypointensity compatible with hemorrhagic shear injury were present on the T2*-weighted sequence in 4 (20%) of the 20 patients (95% confidence interval, 6% to 44%). Both types of abnormality were noted by the readers in one patient. CONCLUSIONS MR shows evidence of diffuse axonal injury in some patients with normal head CT findings after mild head injury. These lesions may represent the pathologic substrate underlying the postconcussion syndrome that occurs in many patients with moderate to severe head injury.
Computer aided flowsheet drawing—I: Equipment layout

Abstract A computer aided methodology is presented for determining the positions of equipment symbols in a flowsheet given only the equipment connection information. A two pass logic is used. In the first pass the location of process sections is determined by reducing the process section level flowsheet and generating a mesh structure using a modification of Rubin's algorithm. The approximate dimensions of each section are determined using a depth first search, and, the locations of the process section centroids are selected heuristically. In the second pass, the equipment symbols are positioned within the sections taking into account external equipment connections to other process sections as well as the flow patterns within the section. An experimental program has been developed and some test examples are presented.
The Ferment Activity of the Blood Serum in Infectious Diseases

the power of splitting proteins into less complex compounds. E. Abderhalden1 has proved this to be true of the serum of pregnant women, and of that of patients suffering from carcinoma. He is supported and his work has been confirmed by a great many observers, both in Europe and in this country. Fauser,2 Flatow,3 and many others have demonstrated ferment activity in the blood in cases of dementia praecox, epilepsy, and other nervous affections. In this country Williams and Pearce, Jellinghaus and Losee, Schwartz, McCord, and others, report similar results. Jobling, Eggstein, and Petersen4 have shown that normal guinea-pig serum contains active tryptic ferments which can be demonstrated, after removing the antitryptic substances, by treating the serum with various agents, such as kaolin, starch, and iodin, and then allowing the serum to act on preparations of casein. In a recent article I5 have shown that by the dialysis method ferments can be detected in the serum in a large number of pathological conditions, as well as during pregnancy, and at the height of digestion; also that apparently normal individuals occasionally give positive reactions. I pointed out that the length of time in the dialyzer has much to do with the occurrence of a positive or negative reaction. S. Kjaergaard6 has supported this in a recent article; he also confirms my findings of positive reactions in other conditions, as carcinoma, but he has not reported experiments with sera from infectious diseases. Frankel7 supports my view entirely; he found that sera from various pathological conditions usually gave positive reactions.
Summary and Inspiration of Environmental Safety Agriculture in Japan

Japan as a developed country,attached importance to put into agriculture and environmental protection,there were many organic agriculture organization who put forward many epithet of sustainable agriculture or green farming and so on,finally they called it environmental safety agriculture.Therefore,Japan established many related policies and adopted a series of correspondent agricultural technology countermeasure.Its experiences and practices would give great in spiration to Chinese agricultural development and environmental protection.
Time and temperature dependent mechanical behavior of HFPE-II-52 polyimide at high temperature

Abstract Motivated by demanding, high temperature applications of polyimides and polyimide matrix composites, this study characterizes the high temperature, time and temperature dependent mechanical behavior of HFPE-II-52 polyimide. Three types of experiments: creep recovery, multistep relaxation and fixed strain rate tension tests were performed at temperatures from 285 °C to 315 °C. A constitutive model combining linear viscoelasticity with viscoplasticity was developed. The viscoplastic part of the model uses a power law flow potential with state variable evolution to model strain hardening and softening. The full model was fit to the experimental data and is shown to capture the key features of the material behavior. The constitutive model was also generalized to 3D and implemented as an ABAQUS user material. Plane-stress finite element simulations of a high temperature tension test and 3D simulations of a unidirectional laminate under axial shear loading were performed as example applications of the model.
Alteration of the Blood-Brain-Barrier by Components of the Immune System

Under normal conditions, blood is separated from CNS parenchyma by a barrier made up of a layer of endothelial cells which are joined by continuous tight junctions and possess only a few vesicles. Solutes can cross the barrier by ultrafiltration, facilitated diffusion or active arid sometimes highly-selective energy-consuming transport mechanisms. Normal CNS endothelial cells are Class I MHC-positive but do not express Class II MHC. They egress Fc receptors, transferrin receptors and coiplement receptors and various adhesion molecules. In inflammatory diseases of the CNS, such as in autoimmune demyelination, interferon gamma induces Class II MHC expression cm endothelium and enhances the density of adhesion molecules. CHS endothelial cells thus acquire the ability to present antigen locally to T cells. Cytokines released by activated T cells facilitate lynphocyte-endothelial cell interactions and increase the permeability of the BBB for plasma proteins and hematogenous cells, leading to vasogenic edema and infiltration of the CNS parenchyma by inflammatory cells. In the CNS, the disease process is propagated locally by Ia+ astrocytes. Methods interfering with the honing mechanism of lyirphocytes to the CNS, such as blocking of adhesion molecules by monoclonal antibodies might prove useful for treatment of immune-mediated CNS diseases such as MS.
Activity of AUY922 in NSCLC patients with EGFR exon 20 insertions.

8015 Background: EGFR exon 20 insertions (ins20) represent a rare subtype (4%) of EGFR mutations and are refractory to EGFR-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). No effective targeted therapi...
Family-Based Cognitive–behavioral Therapy for an Intelligent, Elementary School-Aged Child With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

This case study follows an 8-year-old Caucasian female who presented with symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Given this child’s age but advanced cognitive skills, careful selection of ...
Examining Gender Differences in the Roles of Meaning in Life and Interpersonal Expectancies in Depressive Symptoms

In the present study, we examined for gender differences in meaning in life (viz., presence of and searching for) and interpersonal expectancies (viz., positive and negative) as additive and interactive predictors of depressive symptoms in a sample of 117 male and 132 female college students. We found that meaning in life accounted for a significant amount of variance in depressive symptoms for both men and women. While presence of meaning in life was a significant predictor of depressive symptoms for both groups, it was a stronger predictor among women compared to men. Furthermore, we found that interpersonal expectancies accounted for additional variance in depressive symptoms above and beyond meaning in life for both groups, and interestingly, only positive interpersonal expectancy emerged as a significant predictor of depressive symptoms. Finally, the interactions involving meaning in life and interpersonal expectancies accounted for a significant amount of additional variance above and beyond the main effects for both men and women. However, a greater number of significant interactions emerged for women than for men. Implications of the present findings for understanding gender differences in meaning in life and interpersonal expectancies as predictors of depressive symptoms are discussed.
Mitochondrial Neurogastrointestinal Encephalomyopathy Presenting as Anorexia Nervosa

Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE) is a rare multisystemic autosomal recessive disorder mainly caused by mutations in the nuclear gene TYMP, encoding thymidine phosphorylase. It generally appears in childhood and is clinically characterized by severe gastrointestinal dysmotility, cachexia, ptosis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, and diffuse leukoencephalopathy on brain magnetic resonance imaging. The disease is clinically heterogeneous with the main symptoms being gastrointestinal, with an important weight loss. Symptoms might worsen rapidly, and a timely diagnosis is vital. However, patients report retrospectively their first symptoms before the age of 12 years, but the delay in diagnosis varies from 5 to 10 years. In the present study, we report a case of an adolescent with MNGIE, which was initially, and erroneously, diagnosed as anorexia nervosa. To make a timely and accurate differential diagnosis, we will discuss the clinical differences and similarities between MNGIE and anorexia nervosa and the importance of a multidisciplinary evaluation.
Disenfranchised Grief Following a Traumatic Birth

ABSTRACTFollowing a “failed” birth plan, some women experience trauma. Because most of these women do end up with a healthy baby, their support system does not necessarily support the sadness felt at the loss of the dream birth experience, leading to disenfranchised grief. Comments on a Facebook post linked to an essay from the Scary Mommy website were examined. Thematic analysis revealed three overarching categories of comments: (a) grief is disenfranchised by others through nonlosses and one-upping; (b) other posters expressed camaraderie for the loss of a dream birth, expressing empathy; and, (c) conditional support.
Designing to Include Judges and Inner-City Tenants

Between 2012 and 2015, an analysis of more than 300 rent escrow cases in the city of Baltimore revealed that neither judges nor plaintiffs in rent escrow cases understood or were correctly applying the relevant laws [1, 2]. Tenants didn’t understand the applicable laws or available remedies, and were unable to fill out their rent escrow applications accurately. Judges knew that the documents provided by tenants were probably filled out incorrectly, so they routinely ignored these documents. Thus, many rent escrow cases were decided based on established custom rather than on the facts of the case or relevant laws, and the results tended to favor landlords [1, 3]. A year of iterative design, testing, and re-design resulted in a rent escrow form that could (1) help tenants understand their options and provide accurate information to the court, and (2) provide judges with accurate information while simultaneously reinforcing their understanding of the applicable laws.
PINK1 signalling rescues amyloid pathology and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction and synaptic damage are early pathological features of the Alzheimer's disease-affected brain. Memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease is a manifestation of brain pathologies such as accumulation of amyloid-β peptide and mitochondrial damage. The underlying pathogenic mechanisms and effective disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that decreased PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) expression is associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Restoring neuronal PINK1 function strikingly reduces amyloid-β levels, amyloid-associated pathology, oxidative stress, as well as mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction. In contrast, PINK1-deficient mAPP mice augmented cerebral amyloid-β accumulation, mitochondrial abnormalities, impairments in learning and memory, as well as synaptic plasticity at an earlier age than mAPP mice. Notably, gene therapy-mediated PINK1 overexpression promotes the clearance of damaged mitochondria by augmenting autophagy signalling via activation of autophagy receptors (OPTN and NDP52), thereby alleviating amyloid-β-induced loss of synapses and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease mice. Loss of PINK1 activity or blockade of PINK1-mediated signalling (OPTN or NDP52) fails to reverse amyloid-β-induced detrimental effects. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism by which PINK1-dependent signalling promotes the rescue of amyloid pathology and amyloid-β-mediated mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunctions in a manner requiring activation of autophagy receptor OPTN or NDP52. Thus, activation of PINK1 may represent a new therapeutic avenue for combating Alzheimer's disease.
The Effects of Unemployment Spells on Prevention Behaviors - A Panel Data Analysis

Background. Prior research using time series geographic data in the US and Finland has produced conflicting conclusions about the effect of unemployment on prevention behaviors. Objective. This study examines whether prevention behavior (physical activity and obesity) differs during periods of persistent unemployment, recent unemployment and employment. Methods. The primary estimation uses within-individual fixed effect regression to identify whether an individual's behavior changes in response to employment status. Results. Persistent unemployment reduces the probability of participating in physical activity. There does not appear to be much difference in prevention effort after recent unemployment relative to periods of persistent employment. Conclusions. Despite the lower cost of time, this analysis suggests that short run unemployment does not appear to increase physical activity or reduce BMI. In contrast to prior analyses of US data, longer spells of unemployment reduce the probability of participating in physical activity.
Adults with Comorbid Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Opioid Use Disorder: The Effectiveness of Modified Prolonged Exposure

Opioid use disorders (OUDs) are a growing problem in the United States. When OUDs co-occur with problematic drinking and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), negative drug-related mental and physical health outcomes may be exacerbated. Thus, it is important to establish whether PTSD treatments with established efficacy for dually diagnosed individuals also demonstrate efficacy in individuals who engage in problematic drinking and concurrent opioid misuse. Adults who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for PTSD and alcohol dependence were recruited from a substance use treatment facility and were randomly assigned to receive either modified prolonged exposure (mPE) therapy for PTSD or a non-trauma-focused comparison treatment. Compared to adults in a non-OUD comparison group (n = 74), adults with OUD (n = 52) were younger, reported more cravings for alcohol, were more likely to use amphetamines and sedatives, were hospitalized more frequently for drug- and alcohol-related problems, and suffered from more severe PTSD symptomatology, depressive symptoms, and anxiety, standardized mean differences = 0.36-1.81. For participants with OUD, mPE was associated with large reductions in PTSD symptomatology, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of anxiety and depression, ds = 1.08-2.56. Moreover, participants with OUD reported decreases in alcohol cravings that were significantly greater than those reported by the non-OUD comparison group, F(1, 71.42) = 6.37, p = .014. Overall, our findings support the efficacy of mPE for PTSD among individuals who engage in problematic drinking and concurrent opioid misuse, despite severe baseline symptoms.
Labeling of mitochondrial proteins by C14-tyrosinamide and C14-tyrosyladenylate.

Recent studies on the enzymic mechanisms of protein synthesis have emphasized the importance of the “activation” of the cu-carboxyl groups of amino acids, i.e. the conversion of the amino acids into reactive acylating agents. The work of numerous investigators (for a recent review, see Chantrenne (1)) has suggested that this activation process, which requires the participation of adenosine 5’-triphosphate, involves the formation of a-aminoacyladenylates, which are thought to be the reactive amino acid derivatives in the biosynthesis of proteins from free amino acids. In view of the present state of our knowledge, it is desirable to consider the possible role, in protein synthesis, of other low molecular weight derivatives of amino acids. In previous publications from this laboratory (2, 3), it was reported that intracellular proteolytic enzymes catalyze transamidation reactions of the type,
Non-interaction Approximation in the Problem of Effective Properties

We discuss modeling of the effective properties of microstructures that contain inhomogeneities of diverse and “irregular” shapes. We focus on the effects of shapes and their diversity, in the framework of the non-interaction approximation. We also clarify the difference between the non-interaction approximation and the “dilute limit” as well as the concept of “average shape” for a mixture of inhomogeneities of diverse shapes. Further, we give an overview of the approximate schemes that utilize the non-interaction approximation as the basic building block, and discuss the key role of this approximation in establishing explicit elasticity–conductivity connection.
Social Climate Scales. Rudolf H. Moos

(1975). Social Climate Scales. Rudolf H. Moos. Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 62-64.
A counter-intuitive heuristic for specifying the composition of recycle streams

Abstract The use of recycle streams in chemical processes is one of the oldest and most frequently applied methods for process intensification. Recycles can increase overall yields and selectivities so that losses of valuable raw materials are reduced and product quality is improved. Since a recycle stream is not a product stream with a specified purity, recycle composition is an important design optimization variable that involves trade-offs between the reaction and separation sections of the process in terms of both capital investment and energy cost. Intuition would lead the design engineer to expect that the optimum recycle composition would depend on the relative amount of recycle (per-pass conversion of reactants as reflected in the chemical equilibrium constant) and on the difficulty of separation of the reactant and product components (relative volatilities). Large recycle flowrates entail high separation costs as do difficult low-relative-volatility separations. Reducing recycle purity specifications would be expected to reduce separation costs. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that this is not the case. Recycle purities should be quite high in most cases. The heuristic recommended is to design for recycle impurities 0.5 to 1 mol% away from vapor-liquid equilibrium constraints.
A Parallel RRAM Synaptic Array Architecture for Energy-Efficient Recurrent Neural Networks

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) provide excellent performance on applications with sequential data such as speech recognition. On-chip implementation of RNNs is difficult due to the significantly large number of parameters and computations. In this work, we first present a training method for LSTM model for language modeling on Penn Treebank dataset with binary weights and multi-bit activations and then map it onto a fully parallel RRAM array architecture ("XNOR-RRAM"). An energy-efficient XNOR-RRAM array based system for LSTM RNN is implemented and benchmarked on Penn Treebank dataset. Our results show that 4-bit activation precision can provide a near-optimal perplexity of 115.3 with an estimated energy-efficiency of ~27 TOPS/W.
Effects of Integrated Intent Recognition and Communication on Human-Robot Collaboration

Human-robot interaction research to date has investigated intent recognition and communication separately. In this paper, we explore the effects of integrating both the robot's ability to generate intentional motion and predict the human's motion in a collaborative physical task. We implemented an intent recognition system to recognize the human partner's hand motion intent and a motion planner system to enable the robot to communicate its intent by using legible and predictable motion. We tested this bi-directional intent system in a 2-way within-subjects user study. Results suggest that an integrated intent recognition and communication system may facilitate more collaborative behavior among team members.
Variable retention harvesting in the Douglas-fir region

Variable retention harvesting evolved in the Douglas-fir region of the Pacific Northwest gradually in response to increasing dissatisfaction with the ecological consequences of clear-cutting, from the standpoint of wildlife habitat and other important forest functions. It is a harvesting technique that can provide for retention (continuity) of such structures as large and old live trees, snags, and logs. Variable retention is based on the natural model of the biological legacies that are typically left behind following natural disturbances, such as wildfire, wind, and flood. Variable retention is also an important technique for fulfilling the first silvicultural principle of ecological forestry, that of providing for continuity in structure, function, and composition between forest generations. The history and current application of variable retention approaches on forests in western Washington and Oregon states (USA), where many of the fundamental concepts were first developed and applied, is described in this article.
Efficient LuxMeter Design Using TM4C123 Microcontroller with Motion Detection Application

LuxMeter is widely used to measure light intensity that is required in many medical and agriculture applications. LuxMeter prototypes in the literature have been developed using popular Arduino microcontroller with support from abundant library and programming resources. In this paper, a new prototype of luxmeter system has been designed using ARM Cortex M4 processor based TM4C123 microcontroller, which consumes less power and provides more I/O features compared to Arduino microcontrollers. The details of the hardware and software system design, including I/O interfacing, have been provided to support a wide range of embedded system designs using the TM4C123 microcontroller. The proposed system uses a photoresistor sensor to convert light intensity into a proportional electrical signal and an LCD module to display the final measurement of light intensity via UART interfacing. The microcontroller is programmed in C language to utilize its internal 12-bit analog-to-digital convertor (ADC) module at a sampling rate of 125 KSamples per second. The 12-bit ADC resolution (0–4095) has been normalized to adapt the analog electrical signal level, and the digital output is calibrated as the percent of maximum light illuminance. The system’s functionality in measuring light intensity has been successfully tested and further validated in an experiment of motion detection application.
局部性切除术是早期直肠癌合适的治疗方法吗

局部切除术具有并发症发生率低、操作简易、功能恢复好并且避免永久性造口等优势,对直肠早期癌的治疗具有很大吸引力.然而在远期肿瘤学疗效方面,局部切除术后长期的随访结果尚存有很大的不确定性.近来,有关直肠癌局部切除治疗失败率过高的报道,引起人们高度关注直肠癌局部切除术与根治性切除术在肿瘤治疗有效性方面的差异.由于局部切除术无法对区域淋巴结情况进行确切评估,因此病理分期不够全面.局部切除治疗失败后常需采取扩大根治切除的外科补救手术,但并非都能成功。