cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The unit commitment model with concave emissions costs: a hybrid Benders’ Decomposition with nonconvex master problems

We present a unit commitment model which determines generator schedules, associated production and storage quantities, and spinning reserve requirements. Our model minimizes fixed costs, fuel costs, shortage costs, and emissions costs. A constraint set balances the load, imposes requirements on the way in which generators and storage devices operate, and tracks reserve requirements. We capture cost functions with piecewise-linear and (concave) nonlinear constructs. We strengthen the formulation via cut addition. We then describe an underestimation approach to obtain an initial feasible solution to our model. Finally, we constitute a Benders’ master problem from the scheduling variables and a subset of those variables associated with the nonlinear constructs; the subproblem contains the storage and reserve requirement quantities, and power from generators with convex (linear) emissions curves. We demonstrate that our strengthening techniques and Benders’ Decomposition approach solve our mixed integer, nonlinear version of the unit commitment model more quickly than standard global optimization algorithms. We present numerical results based on a subset of the Colorado power system that provide insights regarding storage, renewable generators, and emissions.
Hemodynamic measurements in clinical practice: A decade in review

Hemodynamic measurement is now an important and feasible adjunct to clinical practice. Its successful application to alleviate illness in human beings is evident in its contribution to an understanding of the pathophysiology of disease and the efficacy of various interventions to alter the course of a variety of diseases. Its application is widespread in the high risk patient undergoing surgery and the critically ill medically treated patient. Hemodynamic measurement permits accurate determination of the state and, if necessary, of the continuously changing function of the heart as related to disease process and guides treatment and interventions on a rational physiologic basis.
INDO molecular orbital calculation of anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants

Abstract The calculation of electron-nuclear hyperfine tensors for free radicals using INDO molecular orbital theory is discussed, together with some illustrative results on radicaloid derivatives of malonic acid.
Preschool Children's Preferences and Recall for Stereotyped versus Nonstereotyped Stories.

This study assessed children's preferences and recall for stereotyped versus non-stereotyped stories. The sample consisted of 32 preschool children, ranging in age from 60 months to 75 months. Four stories with boys or girls as the main character, each portraying typically masculine or feminine activities, were read to each child. Both preference and recall measures were obtained immediately and one day later. The hypothesis was confirmed that the stories were differentially preferred by boys and girls as a function of stereotyping of story. Girls preferred the story with a female character and a feminine activity and least preferred the story with a male character and a masculine activity. For boys, the reverse was true. The second choice for both boys and girls involved preference for activity, not sex of main character. A cross-lagged panel revealed that preference at Time 1 was causally related to recall at Time 2. The children remembered the most at Time 2 about the stories they liked the least at Time 1.
NMR STUDIES OF THE PBX1 TALE HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN FREE IN SOLUTION AND BOUND TO DNA : PROPOSAL FOR A MECHANISM OF HOXB1-PBX1-DNA COMPLEX ASSEMBLY

Abstract The Hox homeodomain proteins are transcription factors involved in developmental regulation. Many of the vertebrate Hox proteins bind DNA cooperatively with the Pbx1 homeodomain protein. The crystal structure of a human HoxB1-Pbx1-DNA ternary complex revealed that interactions between the two proteins are mediated by the HoxB1 hexapeptide, which inserts into a hydrophobic pocket in Pbx1. It was also found that the Pbx1 DNA-binding domain is larger than the canonical three-helix homeodomain, containing an additional α-helix that is joined to the C terminus of the homeodomain by a turn of 3 10 helix. These extra C-terminal residues had previously been shown to augment the cooperative interaction of Pbx1 with Hox partners, as well as enhancing the DNA binding of monomeric Pbx1. In order to characterize the role of the fourth Pbx1 helix in greater detail, we have examined the backbone structure of the enlarged Pbx1 DNA-binding domain in solution by 1 H, 15 N and 13 C multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Our results show that the additional α-helix of Pbx1 is unfolded when the protein is free in solution and that its folding is triggered by binding of Pbx1 to DNA. In contrast, no change in conformation is observed upon mixing the HoxB1 protein with Pbx1 in the absence of DNA. This study suggests a model for the assembly of a stable HoxB1-Pbx1-DNA ternary complex.
Schwab's "Practical 4" and Its Corroboration in Recent History.

It is always a pleasure to read and listen to Joe Schwab. In his unique and sometimes piquant way, Schwab has done much to influence how educators think about curriculum and how we approach the complex problems of changing curriculum and revising instructional strategies. In his fourth article on the theoretical and practical elements of curriculum, he emphasizes the practical aspects of local school curriculum development, suggesting that even university professors of curriculum might be able to contribute to the process. The article is titled: "The Practical 4: Something for Curriculum Professors To Do." Schwab examines both the theoretical and the practical sides of the curriculum profession in recommending the creation of a new role at the local school level. The curriculum change structure and membership are familiar under other names, including cross-role cadres, Teacher Corps coordinating committees, urban school task forces. It is in his explication of the processes by which the Curriculum Chairman (a new role) would function with the group, and his description of the content and scope of the training needed to function in the role, that Schwab, in "The Practical 4," contributes to our understanding of what is necessary to foster curriculum change. His synthesis of the current research on schools, the role of the teacher, and the nature of change is unobtrusively coupled with clear conceptions of how organizations and people behave when challenged with dissatisfaction and the need to change.
Effects of Salicylate on Rectal Absorption of Theophylline

The rectal absorption of theophylline in rats was facilitated by concurrent administration of salicylic acid or sodium salicylate. The absorption of theophylline depended on the simultaneous absorption of salicylate and increased with an increasing concentration of salicylate. Calcium and magnesium ions inhibited the effects of salicylate at pH 7.4, but not at pH 4.5. Sodium lauryl sulfate caused lasting changes in rectal absorption, whereas the effects of salicylate on absorption were observed only when salicylate was present. Strong chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium citrate did not affect the absorption of theophylline, except at very high concentrations (30%), where membrane damage was observed. Rectal drug absorption was not enhanced by vasodilation or inflammation alone since sodium nicotinate and histamine did not facilitate the disappearance of theophylline from the perfusate.
MirrorFugue iii: conjuring the recorded pianist

The body channels rich layers of information when playing music, from intricate manipulations of the instrument to vivid personifications of expression. But when music is captured and replayed across distance and time, the performer's body is rarely present. MirrorFugue conjures the recorded performer at the piano by combining the moving keys of a player piano with life-sized projection of the pianist's hands and upper body. Inspired by reflections on a lacquered grand piano, MirrorFugue evokes the sense that the virtual pianist is playing the physically moving keys. This video tells two stories of interactions across space and time mediated by MirrorFugue. One presents a great concert broadcasted across the world, where a young pianist learns by playing along. The other depicts a woman who plays a duet with her childhood self.
Comparison of technetium 99m Q12 and thallium 201 for detection of angiographically documented coronary artery disease in humans.

99mTc-labeled Q12 (99mTc-Q12) is a new imaging agent that produces myocardial visualization in humans. This study examined the hypothesis that a 100-minute rest-exercise tomographic imaging protocol after injection of99mTc-Q12 can be used to detect the presence or absence of coronary artery stenoses. Imaging with201Tl and99mTc-Q12 was performed in 20 patients with angiographically documented coronary artery disease and 10 “normal” subjects including two patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms and eight subjects with a very low likelihood of occlusive coronary disease.99mTc-Q12 was imaged beginning 15 minutes after injection at rest and with exercise. In the 20 patients, a corresponding myocardial defect was detected in blinded fashion in 18 with201Tl and 17 with99mTc-Q12 (difference not significant). Of 10 patients without evidence of coronary disease, nine had a normal201Tl scan and eight had a normal99mTc-Q12 scan (difference not significant). Agreement of99mTc-Q12 and201Tl imaging for detection of regional myocardial perfusion defects was excellent (κ=0.88). Identification of the presence or absence of angiographically documented coronary disease in individual coronary artery distributions was 80% and 82% for201Tl imaging and 73% and 87% for99mTc-Q12 (difference not significant). 99mTc-Q12, used in a rest-exercise sequence that can be completed in 100 minutes, provided identification of regional myocardial perfusion defects similar to that of201Tl.
Protection Heater Development for REBCO Coils

Normal zone propagation rates are widely reported to be low in coils containing REBCO coated conductor, creating difficulties for quench protection of high field REBCO insert solenoids. A method of active quench protection using densely distributed heaters in high field REBCO coils has been proposed. When heaters are used to quench a sufficiently large fraction of the coil windings, the hot-spot temperature can be limited to acceptable values. The feasibility of protection of REBCO coils by distributed heaters depends on the amount of power to quench the required fraction of the coil volume, and the ability of the heaters to quench REBCO coils quickly. The high critical temperature of REBCO compared to low-temperature superconductor implies that the windings must be elevated significantly higher in temperature to initiate a normal zone. A number of measurements have been made of the performance of protection heaters on REBCO high field test coils. The results provide information on the response of coils to active protection heaters. Typically, there is a delay between the activation of the heater and the onset of quench in a coil. Measurements give the relation between the heater power and the quench delay time.
Structural determinants of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) regulation of BK channel activity through the RCK1 Ca2+ coordination site.

Big or high conductance potassium (BK) channels are activated by voltage and intracellular calcium (Ca2+). Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), a ubiquitous modulator of ion channel activity, has been reported to enhance Ca2+-driven gating of BK channels, but a molecular understanding of this interplay or even of the PIP2 regulation of this channel's activity remains elusive. Here, we identify structural determinants in the KDRDD loop (which follows the αA helix in the RCK1 domain) to be responsible for the coupling between Ca2+ and PIP2 in regulating BK channel activity. In the absence of Ca2+, RCK1 structural elements limit channel activation through a decrease in the channel's PIP2 apparent affinity. This inhibitory influence of BK channel activation can be relieved by mutation of residues that (a) connect either the RCK1 Ca2+ coordination site (Asp367 or its flanking basic residues in the KDRDD loop) to the PIP2-interacting residues (Lys392 and Arg393) found in the αB helix or (b) are involved in hydrophobic interactions between the αA and αB helix of the RCK1 domain. In the presence of Ca2+, the RCK1-inhibitory influence of channel-PIP2 interactions and channel activity is relieved by Ca2+ engaging Asp367. Our results demonstrate that, along with Ca2+ and voltage, PIP2 is a third factor critical to the integral control of BK channel activity.
Femoral Vascular Catheterization in Critically Ill Infants and Children

The success rate and complications from femoral arterial and venous catheterization in infants and children in a university affiliate pediatric intensive care unit were determined prospectively over a 2-year period. We also performed a meta-analysis from published literature to determine the combined estimates of noninfectious and infectious complications (with 95% confidence limits) using the inverse variance-weighted method. Success rates were 94.5% and 94.4% for femoral arterial (n=110) and venous (n=89) catheterizations, respectively, and were related to operator expertise, age, and hemodynamic status. Median age was 2.4 years and 1.1 year for arterial and venous catheterizations, respectively. Immediate complications were hematoma (10.9% arterial, 16.8% venous) and minor bleeding (13.6% arterial, 13.5% venous). Decreased pulses occurred with 7.7% of arterial catheterizations, and lower limb swelling occurred in 9.5% of venous catheterizations. Vascular complications occurred only in infants and resolved within 7-14 days. Catheter-related infections occurred in 1.9% of arterial and 3.6% of venous catheterizations. The mean duration of catheterization was 5.3 days and 6.3 days with femoral arterial and venous catheterizations, respectively. Meta-analysis of published studies shows that the estimates for noninfectious complications were 5.0%, 10.1%, 1.1%, and 1.8% for femoral arterial, femoral venous, axillary arterial, and nonfemoral venous catheters, respectively. The estimates for catheter-related infection were 2.5%, 3.7%, and 3.0% for femoral arterial, femoral venous, and nonfemoral venous catheters, respectively. The meta-analytic estimates for complication rates from published literature are not significantly different from the rates observed in our study. Femoral arterial and venous catheterization in infants and children are safe with an expected high success rate and acceptably low complication rates.
PACT HDL: a C compiler targeting ASICs and FPGAs with power and performance optimizations

Chip fabrication technology continues to plunge deeper into sub-micron levels requiring hardware designers to utilize ever-increasing amounts of logic and shorten design time. Toward that end, high-level languages such as C/C++ are becoming popular for hardware description and synthesis in order to more quickly leverage complex algorithms. Similarly, as logic density increases due to technology, power dissipation becomes a progressively more important metric of hardware design. PACT HDL, a C to HDL compiler, merges automated hardware synthesis of high-level algorithms with power and performance optimizations and targets arbitrary hardware architectures, particularly in a System on a Chip (SoC) setting that incorporates reprogrammable and application-specific hardware. PACT HDL is intended for applications well suited to custom hardware implementation such as image and signal processing codes. By making the compiler modular and flexible, optimizations may be executed in any order and at different levels in the compilation process. PACT HDL generates industry standard HDL codes, such as RTL Verilog and VHDL, which may be synthesized and profiled for power using commercial tools. This is the first paper on the PACT compiler project in a series. The compiler framework and introductory optimizations are presented. Later papers will focus on these and other optimizations in detail.
Recent advances in the management of acute intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most deadly form of stroke, and its acute treatment has suffered from a lack of guidance by reliable clinical trial data. In the past year, however, important clinical trials have helped point toward effective acute management. Studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging is as accurate as computed tomography in diagnosing acute ICH, although this study is not always feasible in critically ill patients. Ultra-early hemostatic therapy has shown promise in limiting early hematoma expansion and rebleeding. The role of early surgery in patient management has been partially clarified. Finally, a novel treatment for intraventricular hemorrhage has shown promise in speeding clot resolution. All of these advances provide grounds for optimism that multimodal, evidence-based treatment of acute ICH will be reality in the near future.
Global Wind Stress and Sverdrup Circulation from the Seasat Scatterometer

Abstract Three months of vector wind observations from the Seasat-A satellite scatterometer (SASS) are used to construct gridded fields of monthly average wind stress and wind stress curl over the global ocean. These fields are examined to identify features either poorly resolved or not present in wind stress fields constructed from conventional data. Particular attention is focused on the spatial structures in the high southern latitudes and the tropical regions. The SASS wind stress fields are compared globally with the Hellerman and Rosenstein climatological monthly average surface wind stress fields and with monthly averages of wind stress computed from contemporaneous 1000 mb wind analyses produced by the National Meterological Center. The potential for satellite scatterometry improving the present knowledge of the global wind stress field and making important contributions to ocean modeling is demonstrated by comparison of global maps of the Sverdrup circulation computed from 3-month average SASS an...
Responding to women's HIV and STI risk in the developing world.

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has negatively affected womens reproductive health and maternity care around the globe. In sub-Saharan Africa and other low-resource settings particularly those affected by conflict rates not only of HIV/AIDS but also other sexually transmitted infections (STI) and blood borne infections are rising. Women are disproportionately at risk for heterosexual transmission due to a combination of physiological and cultural factors. Women who work as nurses and midwives are also at increased risk of transmission due to workplace exposure and those whose work exposes them to large quantities of body fluids such as nurses in labor and delivery wards are at highest risk. This In Focus series includes reports from three groups of researchers who either live or work in low-resource settings affected by HIV/AIDS and rising STI rates. (excerpt)
Nuclear data sheets for A = 112

Abstract The 1960 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 112 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before September 1971. Experimental data from ≈75 papers, comparisons with theory, arguments for J π assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. In this mass chain, only the level structure of 112 Cd has been experimentally studied to any appreciable extent.
Aerosol fluorescence spectrum analyzer for individual airborne biological particles

ABSTRACT We report the operation of an aerosol analyzer capable of measuring the fluorescence spectra ofsingle micrometer-size bioaerosol particles. Aerosol particles in an air stream initially traverse a cw488-nm "trigger" laser beam where their elastic scattering and total fluorescence is measured withphotomultipliers. When the elastic scattering and fluorescence signals meet certain criteria, a UV (266nm) "probe" laser is triggered and it illuminates the selected particles. The UV laser-excited spectraof particles are measured with the instrument's image-intensified CCD detecter, gated with signalsfrom the trigger laser. We demonstrate the ability of the instrument to capture the fluorescence ofsingle airborne biological particles. The results suggest that it may be possible to differentiate among biological particles based on their single particle fluorescence spectra. Keywords: Fluorescence, airborne detection, aerosols, spectra. 1 INTRODUCTION A variety of airborne bacteria, pollens, viruses, and proteins are of medical, agricultural, or ecologicalinterest.1'2 Some airborne pollens cause allergies in humans. Bacteria (e.g., Bacillus thuringensis) used
Effect of modified endogenous ethylene production on sex expression, bisexual flower development and fruit production in melon (Cucumis melo L.)

Members of the Cucurbitaceae family display a range of sexual phenotypes including various combinations of male, female, or bisexual flowers. Ethylene appears to be a key hormone regulating the sex determination process. Application of ethylene, or inhibition of ethylene action, increases or decreases the number of pistil-bearing buds, respectively. Elevated levels of ethylene production and expression of genes for ethylene biosynthesis, have been correlated with pistillate flower production. In this study, we sought to determine the effect of modified endogenous ethylene production on sex expression by constitutively expressing ACS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase), the first committed enzyme for ethylene biosynthesis, in transgenic melons (Cucumis melo L.). Most melon genotypes are andromonoecious, where an initial phase of male flowers is followed by a mixture of bisexual and male flowers. ACS melon plants showed increased ethylene production by leaves and flower buds, and increased femaleness as measured by earlier and increased number of bisexual buds. ACS melons also had earlier and increased number of bisexual buds that matured to anthesis, suggesting that ethylene is important not only for sex determination, but also for development of the bisexual bud to maturity. Field studies showed that ACS melons had earlier mature bisexual flowers, earlier fruit set, and increased number of fruit set on closely spaced nodes on the main stem. These results provide a direct demonstration of the importance of endogenous ethylene production for female reproductive processes in melon.
Suppression of Metallic Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Cycloaddition Reactions

The high carrier mobility of films of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is attractive for electronics applications, but the presence of metallic SWNTs leads to high off-currents in transistor applications. The method presented here, cycloaddition of fluorinated olefins, represents an effective approach toward converting the "as grown" commercial SWNT mats into high-mobility semiconducting tubes with high yield and without further need for carbon nanotube separation. Thin-film transistors, fabricated from percolating arrays of functionalized carbon nanotubes, exhibit mobilities >100 square centimeters per volt-second and on-off ratios of 100,000. This method should allow for the use of semiconducting carbon nanotubes in commercial electronic devices and provide a low-cost route to the fabrication of electronic inks.
Elementary processes and rate-limiting factors in MOVPE of GaAs

Abstract A mathematical model has been developed for MOVPE of GaAs. The treatment includes multicomponent heat and mass transfort, fluid flow for an impinging jet system, and reaction kinetics for elementary processes in the gas phase and at the growing surface. A total of 60 species and 232 reactions are considered in the gas together with 19 species and 115 processes at the surface. Rate constants are estimated using statistical mechanics, transition state theory, and bond dissociation enthalpies. With the model, dominant species and reactions are identified for deposition from Ga(CH 3 ) 3 and AsH 3 on a (111)Ga substrate. The calculations indicate that the reaction pathways and rate-controlling factors are dependent on surface temperature and gas flow rate. Theoretical predictions for deposition rates and gas-phase compositions show quantitative agreement with available experimental data.
Quantitative determination of corrosion inhibitors in middle distillate jet fuels by gel permeation chromatography

Abstract A method which efficiently extracts commercial corrosion inhibitors from aircraft turbine fuels and qualitatively and quantitatively determines them by gel permeation chromatography is described. Additive concentration for quantitation ranges between 1 and 35 ppm (v/v). In addition the fate of the corrosion inhibitors at these concentrations in fuel was examined in the presence of steel surfaces, fresh water and seawater.
Comparison of circular and linear polarisation radar measurements on the melting layer

Dual-polarisation radar measurements of the melting layer taken with both linear and circular polarisations are reported. Good agreement is shown between the differential reflectivity measured with linear polarisations and the corresponding quantity calculated from the circular polarisation measurement. The low degree of preferred orientation in the melting layer is shown to be consistent with the observed differential reflectivity values.
Case study: A patient with agenesis of the corpus callosum with minimal associated neuropsychological impairment

This is a case study of an 88-year-old man who presented with agenesis of the corpus callosum and colpocephaly. Symptomatically, he reported a sudden onset of mild, intermittent left hand apraxia, but denied any previous manifestations consistent with this type of brain malformation. The patient underwent neuroimaging, evaluation by neurology, and comprehensive neuropsychological testing to determine the nature of any other associated impairments. Test results indicated that he was, with a few exceptions, neuropsychologically normal. He performed well on tests that are highly sensitive to acquired brain dysfunction. His most notable deficit was failed performance in the simultaneous and coordinated use of both hands in using tactile and proprioceptive feedback on the Tactual Performance Test. This case is discussed in terms of plasticity of the developing brain, including compensatory mechanisms, highlighting the variability in clinical outcome in the context of congenital brain malformation. This case study illustrates the strong influence of cerebral plasticity as well as a possible circumscribed manifestation of interhemispheric disconnection.
Ruthenium(II) complexes with phenanthroline-, benzimidazole-, benzothiazole-, and pyridine-derived bidentate and tridentate ligands: reactivity and spectroscopic and electrochemical characterization

Ruthenium complexes of some tridentate and bidentate benzimidazole-, benzothiazole- and pyridine-derived ligands have been prepared as their PF f6 p− salts, and their constitutions have been confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H-n.m.r. spectroscopy and electrochemistry. The complexes are redox-active, displaying a metal-centred RuII/ RuIII oxidation process and sequential ligand-localized reduction processes. Both the 2-(2′-pyridyl)benzimidazole complex [Ru(PybimH)3]2+ and the 2,2′-dipyridylamine one, [Ru(DpyaH)3]2+ behave as weak Bronsted-Lowry acids. The secondary amino nitrogen of each DpyaH in the [Ru(DpyaH)3]2+ complex can be deprotonated with hydride anion, and then acts as a strong nucleophile, allowing selective N-alkylation by alkyl halides. Most of the complexes exhibit ligand-localized luminescence emission at ambient temperature. The strong intrinsic fluorescences of 2-(2′-quinolyl)-N-methylbenzimidazole and 2-(2′-pyridyl)-benzimidazole are quenched when they are coordinated to RuII, and emission from the chelates entailing 5-nitro-1:10-phenanthroline occurs only from the non-nitrated ligands.
Upper limb neural tension testing and mobilization. Fact, fiction, and a practical approach

The use of upper limb neural tension testing (ULNTT) and neural mobilization by physical and occupational therapists has become common in clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to discuss the basic science and the research that supports or refutes the efficacy of these techniques. There is sufficient biomechanical evidence that the peripheral nerve under tension undergoes strain and glides within its interfacing tissue. Evidence supports that ULNTT causes strain within the peripheral nervous system however; it is also evident that ULNTT places strain on other multisegmental tissues. Clinical investigation has examined intrarater reliability and has begun to define the parameters of a positive test but there is lack of randomized controlled studies. There is limited evidence reporting favorable outcomes when using neural mobilization to treat specific patient populations, and the appropriate parameters of dosage (i.e., duration, frequency, and amplitude) remain to be confirmed. Clinical application of these techniques must be applied in a practical manner that relies on continual clinical reasoning. The clinician should integrate basic science and experimental evidence as we work to achieve a sufficient level of confidence in the development of evidence-based practice.
Decoding the matrix : Coincident membranes on the plane wave

At the core of nonperturbative theories of quantum gravity lies the holographic encoding of bulk data in large matrices. At present this mapping is poorly understood. The plane wave matrix model provides a laboratory for isolating aspects of this problem in a controlled setting. At large boosts, configurations of concentric membranes become superselection sectors, whose exact spectra are known. From the bulk point of view, one expects product states of individual membranes to be contained within the full spectrum. However, for non-BPS states this inclusion relation is obscured by Gauss law constraints. Its validity rests on nontrivial relations in representation theory, which we identify and verify by explicit computation.
Suckling patterns: Lack of concordance between maternal recall and observational data

During the last decade, an increased awareness of the importance of breastfeeding patterns in determining maternal fecundity and infant health has led to a dramatic rise in surveys that query mothers on suckling duration and frequency. However, with few exceptions, observational studies have not been undertaken, and the accuracy of the recalled information is not known. This analysis ascertained the concordance of maternal recall and observational data collected for a single sample of Andean women practicing on-demand nursing. Interviews of 30 women were conducted in their native language; for 10 mother-infant pairs, breastfeeding behavior was precisely timed during the course of normal daily activities for a total of 86 hours. There is virtually no agreement of recall and observational data, either for each individual or for sample statistics. Rounding is the rule; suckling duration is reported in 5-minute units when, in fact, women often nurse for only 2-3 minutes. Overestimation is also very common; suckling durations of 30 minutes are frequently reported but almost never observed. These reporting patterns obscure the considerable actual variation in suckling duration-exposed by observation-and bring into serious question the conclusions of studies based on mothers' recall. In particular, given that analyses of these observational data indicate otherwise, the claim that suckling duration is unimportant in the regulation of maternal fecundity should be re-examined. Further, the design, implementation, and evaluation of breastfeeding promotional programs intended to increase child spacing requires data of greater accuracy than that obtainable from maternal recall. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Minimizing response time in a two-stage supply chain system with variable lead time and stochastic demand

We consider customer response time minimization in a two-stage system facing stochastic demand. Traditionally, the objective of representative mathematical models is to minimize costs related to production, inventory holding, and shortage. However, the highly competitive market characterized by impatient customers warrants the inclusion of costs related to customer waiting. Therefore we investigate a supply chain system in an uncertain demand setting that encompasses customer waiting costs as well as traditional plant costs (i.e. production and inventory costs). A representative expected cost function is derived and the closed form optimal solution is determined for a general demand distribution. We also provide examples to illustrate results for some common probability distributions. Our results indicate significant cost savings under certain assumptions when comparing solutions from the proposed model to the traditional newsvendor order/production quantity.
The effect of variations in the creep exponent on the buckling of circular cylindrical shells

Abstract The senior author solved the problem of axially symmetrical creep buckling of thin circular cylindrical shells subjected to uniform axial compression. In that analysis the constitutive equation was a power law, and the exponent was taken to be equal to three. The purpose of this work was to extend the solution to a range of values of the creep exponent, n. To cope with the increasing algebraic complexity, a digital computer was employed in two ways: to generate the set of equations symbolically, and then to solve these equations. The computer programs were used to generate numerical solutions for the cases in which n was equal to 3, 5, 7 and 9. Two simple extrapolation techniques were then employed to obtain approximate solutions to the critical time problem for values of n up to 29.
Potential Mechanisms of the Enhancement of Aldicarb Toxicity to Japanese Medaka,Oryzias latipes,at High Salinity

In an attempt to understand underlying mechanism(s) of salinity-induced aldicarb toxicity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), aldicarb uptake, biotransformation, and its effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were examined. Salinity had no effect on aldicarb uptake. However, gill microsomal flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) activity and a 57-kDa FMO1-like protein increased as the salinity was raised from 0.15 to 2.0%. Sulfoxidation of 14C-aldicarb by liver and gill microsomal incubations showed ninefold and 1.8-fold increases, respectively, as the salinity was raised from 0.15 to 2.0%. Formation of aldicarb sulfoxide was not affected by incubation with carbon monoxide, indicating that cytochrome P450 (CYP450) was not a primary pathway in the formation of the sulfoxide. Muscle AChE activity showed no significant relationship with salinity, although the IC50 of aldicarb to muscle AChE differed significantly between 6.21 +/- 1. 253 and 2.97 +/- 0.597 microM for 0.15 and 2.0% salinity, respectively. Aldicarb sulfoxide was 40 times more potent than aldicarb in inhibiting muscle AChE in Japanese medaka. Based on these results, we conclude that salinity-induced enhancement of aldicarb toxicity to Japanese medaka might be partly attributed to the upregulation of FMO(s), which, in turn, increase the biotransformation of aldicarb to aldicarb sulfoxide, which is a more potent inhibitor of AChE than aldicarb. In addition, salinity also seems to potentiate the anticholinesterase activity of aldicarb (the parent) through an unknown mechanism.
CONTACT ANGLE DYNAMICS IN DROPLETS IMPACTING ON FLAT SURFACES WITH DIFFERENT WETTING CHARACTERISTICS

An experimental study is presented on contact angle dynamics during spreading/recoiling of mm-sized water droplets impacting orthogonally on various surfaces with data. Application of hydrodynamic theory indicates that in the slow stage of forced spreading the slip length and the microscopic contact angle should be contact line velocity dependent. The hydrodynamic theory performs well during kinematic (fast) spreading, in which solid/liquid interactions are weak. Application of the molecular kinetic theory yields physically reasonable molecular wetting parameters, which, however, vary with impact conditions. The results indicate that even for a single liquid there is no universal expression to relate contact angle with contact line speed. Finally, analysis of the spreading dynamics on the non-wettable surfaces shows that it conforms to the Cassie-Baxter regime (only partial liquid/solid contact is maintained). The present results offer guidance for numerical or analytical studies, which require careful attention to the implementation of boundary conditions at the moving contact line, including the need to specify the dependence of contact angle on contact line speed.
Initiating and Sustaining a Mentoring Program for Child Welfare Staff

As public child welfare agencies stabilize their workforce, they will need to address the challenges posed by a workforce that needs ongoing opportunities for revitalization, professional development, and recommitment to the agency mission. This article describes a two-year evaluation of a formal mentoring program in a state public child welfare agency targeting supervisors and seasoned workers. It was evaluated using both process and outcome methodologies. Findings reveal that mentees have more confidence, their network has grown, and their investment in their job and the agency has increased; mentors identify increased personal satisfaction and a renewed sense of purpose in their role as a positive outcome of participating.
Simulation of rain events from rain-gauge measurements

Point rainfall as measured by a rain-gauge is examined in terms of a space and time dependent rain event. The rain event is determined such that the total number of rain events in any one year account for at least 80 per cent of the annual area rainfall. The remaining fraction of annual rainfall is considered to be rainfall due to isolated unorganized rain systems. A 1-year record from 19 digital rain-gauge recorders over a 600 km2 area in the vicinity of the Kennedy Space Flight Center is used. Each tipping bucket rain-gauge has a resolution of 1 minute 0.25 mm. Rain rates, duration, areas and frequency of occurrence are presented for nearly 200 rain events identified in a single year. Strong seasonal signals are seen particularly in extreme rain events, which produce more than 90 mm of rain per event, account for 60 per cent of the total network rainfall but occur less than 22 per cent of the time. A simulation of the detection of the extreme rainfall events by a remote sensing system such as TRMM suggests that the satellite will see only 10 per cent of the rainfall due to extreme rain events. The results illustrate the difficulties of sampling convective rainfall, especially over a continental tropical area such as Florida, by an orbiting platform.
Species and velocity visualization of unseeded heated air and combusting hydrogen jets using laser and flashlamp sources

Three techniques for the visualization of species and/or velocity in unseeded H2/air flames and heated air jets are described and preliminary image data are presented. The techniques described are: (1) simultaneous ArF laser imaging of H2, O2, and Rayleigh cross-section weighted density in an H2, O2, and Rayleigh cross-section weighted density in an H2/air flame; (2) ultraviolet flashlamp imaging of O2, OH, and Rayleigh cross-section weighted density in an H2/air flame; and (3) Raman Excitation plus Laser Induced Electronic Fluorescence velocimetry in heater air flows, up to static temperatures of 700 K. Application of these techniques, individually or in combination, should provide useful insight into mixing and reacting flows containing H2, O2, N2 and reaction intermediates such as OH.
Dopamine D3 receptor dysfunction prevents anti-nociceptive effects of morphine in the spinal cord

Dopamine (DA) modulates spinal reflexes, including nociceptive reflexes, in part via the D3 receptor subtype. We have previously shown that mice lacking the functional D3 receptor (D3KO) exhibit decreased paw withdrawal latencies from painful thermal stimuli. Altering the DA system in the CNS, including D1 and D3 receptor systems, reduces the ability of opioids to provide analgesia. Here, we tested if the increased pain sensitivity in D3KO might result from a modified μ-opioid receptor (MOR) function at the spinal cord level. As D1 and D3 receptor subtypes have competing cellular effects and can form heterodimers, we tested if the changes in MOR function may be mediated in D3KO through the functionally intact D1 receptor system. We assessed thermal paw withdrawal latencies in D3KO and wild type (WT) mice before and after systemic treatment with morphine, determined MOR and phosphorylated MOR (p-MOR) protein expression levels in lumbar spinal cords, and tested the functional effects of DA and MOR receptor agonists in the isolated spinal cord. In vivo, a single morphine administration (2 mg/kg) increased withdrawal latencies in WT but not D3KO, and these differential effects were mimicked in vitro, where morphine modulated spinal reflex amplitudes (SRAs) in WT but not D3KO. Total MOR protein expression levels were similar between WT and D3KO, but the ratio of pMOR/total MOR was higher in D3KO. Blocking D3 receptors in the isolated WT cord precluded morphine's inhibitory effects observed under control conditions. Lastly, we observed an increase in D1 receptor protein expression in the lumbar spinal cord of D3KO. Our data suggest that the D3 receptor modulates the MOR system in the spinal cord, and that a dysfunction of the D3 receptor can induce a morphine-resistant state. We propose that the D3KO mouse may serve as a model to study the onset of morphine resistance at the spinal cord level, the primary processing site of the nociceptive pathway.
Nature and origin of stone stripes on the Columbia Plateau

Beds of size-sorted stones forming stripes perpendicular to the contour are conspicuous on hillsides of the Columbia Plateau. Stripes occur on terrain ranging from 0° to about 30° in steepness, often beginning among Mima-type mounds on mesa tops and extending downward onto steep, unmounded slopes. Four mechanisms of their origin have been hypothesized: 1) water erosion, 2) solifluction and soil creep, 3) weathering of rock outcrops, and 4) tunneling by pocket gophers. We measured characteristics of five stripes on slopes of differing exposure and steepness. These stripes were 58–124 m long, and widths showed a maximum range of 0.55–3.70 m. Data on physical and biotic characteristics of the stripes suggest that pocket gopher tunneling is a basic mechanism of stripe formation on gentle slopes, and that this mechanism is augmented by outcrop weathering and colluvial dynamics on steeper slopes, with erosion playing a secondary role.
Biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that is largely diagnosed and managed clinically. Biomarkers, as indicators of underlying biological processes, offer the potential to identify individuals at risk for PD, screen new therapies, assist in the diagnosis and help optimize management of PD. However, to date, biomarkers, despite their considerable promise, have had limited utility in clinical trials and practice.
Increased active elastic stiffness in tetanized papillary muscles from hypertrophied rabbit hearts

Studies of skeletal muscle suggest that the ratio of stiffness to tension will increase in the presence of a slower rate of crossbridge head rotation from the attached perpendicular state (non-force generating) to the attached 45° angle state (force generating). Maximum shortening velocity is depressed proportionate with adenosinetriphosphatase activity in pressure overload cardiac hypetrophy. The maximum rate of isometric force generation also is less than normal but active isometric force levels are normal. The myosin isoenzymes of hypertrophied heart muscle are shifted to predominately slower than normal types. Among a number of possibilities, the overall rate of crossbridge cycling may be less than normal and crossbridge head rotation may be slower. We reasoned that a greater than normal ratio of active elastic stiffness to total tension development in hypertrophy would be suggestive of an alteration from normal in crossbridge dynamics. We studied right ventricular septal papillary muscles from normal rabbits and from rabbits with hypertrophy induced by pulmonary artery constriction. A high level of mechanical activation was obtained by tetanizing the muscles in solutions containing caffeine. Small ( 0.1), active elastic stiffness was greater than normal in hypertrophy (p<0.025). Consequently, the ratio of active elastic stiffness to total tension development in hypertrophy (0.114±0.017) was greater than normal (0.074±0.005) (p<0.025). Our results were consistent with a change from normal in crossbridge dynamics in hypertrophy. A slower rate of tension recovery in hypertrophy could account for our findings. However, there is the possibility that there are more attached crossbridges in hypertrophy, related to a reduced rate of crossbridge head rotation, with less than normal average force per crossbridge.
Measurement and manipulation of cytoskeletal dynamics in living cells

Abstract A new era in cell biology is at hand with the development of tools for imaging molecular functions in living cells and tissues. Specific chemical and molecular events can now be measured and manipulated in cells in order to explore the mechanisms of cell functions. In particular, cytoskeletal processes are being dissected temporally and spatially in single cells from lower eukaryotes, plants, and animals using light-based reagents and electronic light microscopy.
Bilateral Earlobe Creases and Coronary Artery Disease

A 73-year–old man with a history of hypertension and a family history of coronary artery disease (CAD) was seen in an outpatient clinic for stable angina. Physical examination showed bilateral earlobe creases, known as Frank’s sign (Figure 1), and no other relevant cardiac findings. Figure 1. Bilateral earlobe crease (Frank’s sign). ECG showed normal sinus rhythm with no signs of ischemia. He was evaluated with a nuclear stress test, which revealed moderate reversible perfusion defects localized to the …
Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness of Urea Model Ice

Dans beaucoup d'essais d'interactions glace-structure realisees en utilisant des techniques de modeles physiques la glace peut casser par courbure, flexion ou craquage sous tension. A cause de ceci, il est necessaire de savoir et comprendre les proprietes de resistance a la flexion et a la fracture et a la flexion du modele de glace utilise dans l'essai de facon a mieux interpreter les resultats