cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Considerations of near-Earth Space as a Gaseous Dielectric

My assigned topic, the gaseous dielectric properties of matter resident in near-Earth space, is unusual. It is necessary first to identify the diverse plasma populations, then explain the sense in which they may be regarded as gaseous dielectrics. We focus specifically on regions called the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. The ionosphere is a layer of cold plasma that extends from IOOO km above the Earth. This plasma is created by solar ultraviolet light and by energetic particles from the magnetosphere. It is usually divided into D, E, and F layers. The D and E layers range in altitude from 60–95 km and 100–150 km, respectively. Outside the auroral oval they are mostly dayside features that disappear due to ion-electron recombination after sunset. Maximum plasma densities of ~106 cm−3 occur at F layer altitudes between 300 and 400 km on the dayside.
The neuronal endosomal-lysosomal system in Alzheimer's disease

Robust activation of the neuronal lysosomal system and cellular pathways converging on the lysosome, such as the endocytic and autophagic pathways, are prominent neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease. Disturbances of the neuronal endocytic pathway, which are one of the earliest known intracellular changes occurring in Alzheimer's disease and Down syndrome, provide insight into how beta-amyloidogenesis might be promoted in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent and least well understood form of the disease. Primary lysosomal system dysfunction in inherited disorders is commonly associated with prominent neurological phenotypes and neurodegeneration. New studies now directly implicate lysosomal cathepsins as proteases capable of initiating, as well as executing, cell death programs. These and other studies support the view that the progressive alterations of lysosomal system function in Alzheimer's disease have broad relevance to the neurodegenerative processes occurring during the disease.
AIDS and HIV

AIDS was first described in the 1980s, and in the following two decades HIV/AIDS has become a rapidly expanding epidemic, affecting the health of people on every continent, including millions of children. HIV infection can affect the physiological, neurocognitive, and psychosocial development of infants and young children, posing significant challenges to a child’s adaptive functioning. Current medical treatment, however, can significantly enhance functioning and may result in improved developmental outcomes. Neurocognitive sequelae include cognitive deficits, attentional problems, and language delay, which can vary from subtle abnormalities to significant impairments. The disease may also exert a significant impact on a child’s psychosocial development due to a number of factors, including illness-associated stigma and secrecy, depression and anxiety, and the fact that children may experience the death of a parent or other family member. In the developing world, the high prevalence of HIV disease makes this a critical concern for the wellbeing of children.
Wearable coach for sport training: A quantitative model to evaluate wrist-rotation in golf

Athletes in any sports can greatly benefit from feedback systems for improving the quality of their training. In this paper, we present a golf swing training system which incorporates wearable motion sensors to obtain inertial information and provide feedback on the quality of movements. The sensors are placed on a golf club and athlete's body at positions which capture the unique movements of a golf swing. We introduce a quantitative model which takes into consideration signal processing techniques on the collected data and quantifies the correctness of the performed actions. We evaluate the effectiveness of our framework on data obtained from four subjects and discuss ongoing research.
A TRIBUTE TO JUSTICE FRANCIS J. QUIRICO

On October 9, 1980, anticipating the approaching retirement of Justice Francis J. Quirico, all the justices of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court journeyed to Pittsfield for a one-day sitting of the court. The event was unprecedented. There had been Pittsfield sittings before, one as recently as 1961, but never had all seven justices participated there. The city and all Berkshire County, aware that this was a "Quirico sitting," responded enthusi­ astically. Led by the high sheriff, resplendent in formal costume and carrying the staff of his office, the justices proceeded from the hotel to the courthouse. The large courtroom was filled to over­ flowing as spectators moved in and out, perhaps to see the court, but surely to see their own "Francis" during arguments of counsel. On the previous afternoon I had driven from Boston to Pittsfield in the company of Francis Quirico. As we reached west­ ern Massachusetts, I was treated to an educational experience in the history, the geography, and the economics of the area. Justice Quirico revealed a profound knowledge of and deep affection for almost everything we saw. We detoured to view the ancestral home of Oliver Wendell Holmes, my great predecessor in office as chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. We drove to Lenox to see a small colonial building. I was told that Lenox was the county seat many years ago and that Lemuel Shaw first sat as chief justice in that tiny building. Justice Quirico spoke of Shea's Rebellion, of the Reverend Allen who was deeply and vocally in­ volved with the making of our state constitution and our frame of government, of the deep concern of the Berkshire people that the new state constitution should include a bill of rights, and of the threats of the local people to secede from Massachusetts. Not for the first time, I reflected on that day that an appellate judge is bet­ ter fitted for his work if he possesses a deep understanding of the land and the people and their history. He comes poorly equipped if he works from printed pages alone.
Markov Random Fields, Stochastic Quantization and Image Analysis

Markov random fields based on the lattice Z 2 have been extensively used in image analysis in a Bayesian framework as a-priori models for the intensity field and on the dual lattice (Z 2) as models for boundaries. The choice of these models has usually been based on algorithmic considerations in order to exploit the local structure inherent in Markov fields. No fundamental justification has been offered for the use of Markov random fields (see, for example, GEMAN-GEMAN [1984], MARROQUIN-MITTER-POGGIO [1987]). It is well known that there is a one-one correspondence between Markov fields and Gibbs fields on a lattice and the Markov Field is simulated by creating a Markov chain whose invariant measure is precisely the Gibbs measure. There are many ways to perform this simulation and one such way is the celebrated Metropolis Algorithm. This is also the basic idea behind Stochastic Quantization. We thus see that if the use of Markov Random fields in the context of Image Analysis can be given some fundamental justification then there is a remarkable connection between Probabilistic Image Analysis, Statistical Mechanics and Lattice-based Euclidean Quantum Field Theory. We may thus expect ideas of Statistical Mechanics and Euclidean Quantum Field Theory to have a bearing on Image Analysis and in the other direction we may hope that problems in image analysis (especially problems of inference on geometrical structures) may have some influence on statistical physics.
Abstraction using generalization functions

We show how a generalization operator may be incorporated into resolution as a method of guiding the search for a proof. After each resolution, a “generalization operation” may be performed on the resulting caluse. This leads to a more general proof than the usual resolution proof. These general proofs may then be used as guides in the search for an ordinary resolution proof. This method overcomes some of the limitations of the abstraction strategies with which the author has experimented for several years. Some of the results of these previous experiments and comparisons of the two approaches are given.
Towards building an uncertainty-aware personal journey planner

Public transit, specially the bus, are usually considered unreliable as arrival times do not often match with the scheduled times. Current journey planners do not take this uncertainty into account, for example do not account for the risk of missing a transfer and of delays due to traffic conditions. This paper deals with analytics for building a multi modal journey planner, by estimating arrival and travel times for a certain trip involving transfers, and taking into account the delay of buses and risk of missing connections. We develop a system to compute probability distributions of end-to-end travel times, taking into account uncertain departure, travel and transfer times. We tested the system using real historical data for the whole bus system in Dublin, and showed the uncertainty of scheduled travel times with respect to the stochasticity of real traffic conditions. This is a first step towards building an uncertainty-aware multi-modal journey planner.
Formal total synthesis of (−)-balanol: a potent PKC inhibitor

An efficient formal total synthesis of the PKC inhibitor balanol 1 is described, starting from the commercially available pentane1,5-diol. A Shi epoxidation and Pd(0)-mediated nitrogen substitution with double inversion established the correct configuration of the balanol precursor 3.
Measuring Thermal Degradation of a Polyol Ester Lubricant in Liquid Phase

Thermal degradation of two polyol ester lubricants with the same base chemical structures from two different manufacturers at high temperature (i.e., 220 °C) has been studied. Gel permeation chromatography was used to identify the high molecular weight products formed during thermal stressing of these lubricants. The amount of high molecular weight products generated at different stages of the degradation (e.g., dimers, oligomers) was quantified. Several other techniques were utilized as a combined analytical approach to provide comprehensive measurement of lubricant degradation in the liquid phase. The mechanism of degradation and the formation of oxidation products have been presented. A significant difference in the extent of degradation of the two lubricants was observed using different analytical techniques.
Medial vs lateral wall pyriform sinus carcinoma: implications for management of regional lymphatics

Background. Our purpose in performing this review is to analyze the relationship between the anatomic site of hypopharyngeal lesions and the pattern of recurrent disease, particularly cervical recurrence. This clinical information can subsequently be used to influence treatment options. Methods. The records of 169 patients with carcinoma of the hypopharynx treated between 1975 and 1986 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were classified as having medial wall pyriform sinus disease (MP) lesions, lateral wall pyriform sinus (LP) lesions, posterior wall (PW), or postcricoid (PC) lesions. All patients were followed a minimum of 36 months. Patients with evidence of recurrent carcinoma were characterized according to the site of recurrence. Results. Recurrent carcinoma in the hypopharynx was noted in seven (4%) of 169 patients. Cervical metastases was the sole site of failure in 27 (16%) of 69 patients, whereas distant metastases developed in 25 (15%) of 169 patients. Failure in the contralateral unoperated neck occurred in 14% (10/71) of patients with MP lesions and, in contrast, 5% (4/76) LP patients. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Radiotherapy was not effective in preventing cervical recurrence in 20 (74%) of 27 overall neck failures and 11 (79%) of 14 contralateral NO neck failures. Conclusion. These data suggest that patients with carcinoma involving the MP are at greater risk for contralateral cervical metastases. We recommend bilateral neck dissection be offered to patients with MP lesions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New generation dopaminergic agents. 5. heterocyclic bioisosteres that exploit the 3-OH-N1-phenylpiperazine dopaminergic template

The synthesis of several bioisosteric analogs based on the 3-OH-N1-phenylpiperazine dopamine D2 agonist template (i.e., 4) is described. The indolone (5) and 2-CF3-benzimidazole (13) were observed to have excellent affinity for the D2 receptor. Several D4 selective compounds were also identified. Molecular modeling studies and a putative bioactive conformation are discussed.
Intra-arterial reperfusion strategies in acute ischemic stroke.

Untreated large vessel occlusions lead to high rates of mortality and morbidity in ischemic stroke. The ‘recanalization hypothesis’ posits that timely restoration of flow in the ischemic area leads to improved clinical outcomes by salvaging the underperfused and threatened tissue (penumbra). Intravenous thrombolysis is the first-line treatment for reperfusion but recanalization can be slow and incomplete, particularly for proximal occlusions. Intra-arterial approaches have evolved from the local delivery of pharmacological agents to the employment of mechanical devices. While the first-generation approaches (intra-arterial thrombolytic agents, Merci, Penumbra) showed higher rates of recanalization than intravenous treatment, recently published randomized clinical trials failed to show a benefit of intra-arterial over intravenous treatment alone. A new generation of flow restoration devices (Solitaire, Trevo) has been shown in randomized trials to be far superior to the Merci device with respect to both recanalization rates and speed of recanalization translating into significant differences in clinical outcomes. These promising approaches require level I evidence of clinical efficacy compared with medical treatment in order to become standard of care across large patient populations.
Anomalous Etching Kinetics of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Silica−Water Interfaces: Experiment and Modeling

We have studied the etching of siloxane/silica self-assembled monolayers in basic alcohol solutions using second harmonic generation. The kinetics of the etching process takes an unusual algebraic power law time dependence, with an exponent of 0.5. On the basis of the chemical nature of our system, we propose a surface cleavage mechanism and a surface diffusion based reaction model. We also perform Monte Carlo simulations on the system. When the solvent shell effect is considered as a geometric constraint for surface adsorption, we reproduce the anomalous power law.
Do Feminist Women Feel Better About their Lives? Examining Patterns of Feminist Identity Development and Women’s Subjective Well-being

Relations between women’s patterns of feminist identity development and their subjective well-being were explored through an online study with a sample of 691 women ages 18 to 83 from across the United States. The results of a hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that women fall into three groups based on their feminist identity development processes: Women with Traditional Values, Women with Moderate Values, and Women with Feminist Values. The results of the analysis of covariance showed that women who held feminist and moderate values scored significantly higher on a measure of overall well-being—particularly on subscales measuring purpose in life, autonomy, and personal growth—than women with traditional values.
Localization of SRY by primed in situ labeling in XX and XY sex reversal

Primed in situ labeling (PRINS) can be used to localize DNA segments too small to be detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. By PRINS we identified the SRY gene in two XX males, a woman with XY gonadal dysgenesis, and an azoospermic male with Xp-Yp interchange. Because PRINS has been used generally in the study of repetitive sequences, we modified the technique for study of the single copy 2. 1-kb SRY sequence. SRY signals were identified at band Yp11.31p11.32 in normal XY males and in the woman with XY gonadal dysgenesis. SRY signals were identified on Xp22 in one XX male but not in the other. They were identified in the corresponding region (Xp22) of the der(X) in the azoospermic male with Xp-Yp interchange. SRY signals were not observed in normal XX females. Presence of SRY in DNA samples from the various subjects was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that PRINS is ideal for rapid localization of single copy genes and small DNA segments in general.
Handling in infancy, taste aversion, and brain laterality in rats

Abstract Rats were handled for the first 20 days of life or were not disturbed. When adult, they were trained to approach and drink from a bottle containing sweetened milk and were then given an injection of lithium chloride to induce a taste aversion conditioned emotional response. Others were injected with physiological saline. Rats within each of the treatment groups were then randomly assigned to 4 surgical procedures: removal of the right or left neocortex; sham surgery; or no surgery. Postoperatively, they were tested for retention of taste aversion by presenting the sweetened milk and recording the amount consumed. The initial consummatory behavior was very low (showing retention of the aversion) and increased over time. There were no differences in the reacquisition curves of the non-handled groups which had received lithium chloride. The curves of the handled groups did differ: those with an intact right hemisphere (left neocortical lesion) had the lowest asymptote, followed by the group with an intact left brain, while those with intact whole brains consumed the greatest amount of milk. In the groups given an injection of physiological saline, those with a left hemisphere lesion consumed less milk than the other groups, regardless of their early handling experience. The data show: (1) that the rat's brain is lateralized, with the right hemisphere being preferentially involved in conditioned emotional behavior; and (2) that handling in infancy makes the left hemisphere less susceptible to conditioned fear.
Bipolar harmonics on a circular drum

Abstract A circular drumhead is set in vibration by an impulse at a point not at the center. Instead of solving for the harmonics as a boundary value problem in bipolar coordinates, inversion theory is used to transform it to the circular symmetrical problem which is then solved in terms of cylindrical coordinates. The circles of Apollonius, coaxial with the impulse point, correspond to the concentric circles of the transformed drumhead.
GABAB Receptor Activation Inhibits Neuronal Excitability and Spatial Learning in the Entorhinal Cortex by Activating TREK-2 K+ Channels

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is regarded as the gateway to the hippocampus and thus is essential for learning and memory. Whereas the EC expresses a high density of GABA(B) receptors, the functions of these receptors in this region remain unexplored. Here, we examined the effects of GABA(B) receptor activation on neuronal excitability in the EC and spatial learning. Application of baclofen, a specific GABA(B) receptor agonist, inhibited significantly neuronal excitability in the EC. GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition in the EC was mediated via activating TREK-2, a type of two-pore domain K(+) channels, and required the functions of inhibitory G proteins and protein kinase A pathway. Depression of neuronal excitability in the EC underlies GABA(B) receptor-mediated inhibition of spatial learning as assessed by Morris water maze. Our study indicates that GABA(B) receptors exert a tight control over spatial learning by modulating neuronal excitability in the EC.
Bidirectional regulation of neuronal potassium currents by the G-protein activator aluminum fluoride as a function of intracellular calcium concentration

Abstract Hydrolysis-resistant activation of G-proteins by extracellular perfusion of fluoride ions was examined in Type B cells isolated from the cerebral ganglion of the marine mollusc Hermissenda . Under single-electrode voltage-clamp, modulation by aluminum fluoride ions of several classes of outward K + currents as well as an inward Ca 2+ current was observed. Following injection of the Ca 2+ chelator EGTA, aluminum fluoride ions selectively increased a slow, voltage-dependent K + current ( I K ) within 5 min of application, while in the absence of EGTA, aluminum fluoride ions induced a small, transient reduction of I K . Neither the magnitude nor steady-state inactivation of a fast, voltage-dependent K + current ( I A ), nor a slow, Ca 2+ -dependent K + current ( I K Ca ), were affected by aluminum fluoride ions. In contrast, when perfusion of aluminum fluoride ions was accompanied by a repetitive depolarization and a concomitant increase in intracellular Ca 2+ , both I A and the combined late currents ( I K and I K Ca >) were markedly reduced, a reduction which was not observed following depolarization alone or if the pairing of aluminum fluoride ions and depolarization was preceded by an injection of EGTA. The reduction of membrane conductance by the pairing of aluminum fluoride ions with depolarization could not be accounted for by an increased Ca 2+ conductance, as aluminum fluoride ions produced only a small decrease in the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ current. In total, these results indicate that regulatory G-proteins may bidirectionally modulate neuronal K + currents, the direction of which is dependent on intracellular Ca 2+ concentration. Such a dual regulatory mechanism may contribute to the modulation of membrane excitability observed when presynaptic activity is paired with postsynaptic depolarization, and thus may contribute to some forms of activity-dependent plasticity involving metabatropic receptors.
Aqueous Humor Changes After Experimental Filtering Surgery

We studied aqueous humor of rhesus and owl monkeys for its effect on the growth of subconjunctival fibroblasts in tissue culture. Aqueous humor samples obtained before glaucoma surgery inhibited the initiation of growth of fibroblasts. However, postoperative aqueous humor samples supported growth of fibroblasts. The change in aqueous humor physiology lasted for up to two months after glaucoma surgery. Our study indicated that possibly material added to the postoperative aqueous humor inactivates an inhibitor normally present in primary aqueous humor. An alternative explanation would be that primary aqueous humor, in contrast to secondary aqueous humor, lacks sufficient nutrient material to support fibroblast growth in tissue culture.
Nitrogen isotopic exchange during maturation of organic matter

Abstract The definition of kerogen as the insoluble fraction of sedimentary organic matter leads to the assumption that all of its chemical constituents are autochthonous. Evidence is presented that some of the organic N in kerogen derives from allochthonous mobile and chemically reactive N species (e.g., ammonium, HCN and low molecular weight organic N containing compounds) that are delivered by migrating fluids to stationary kerogen. Reactions of humic compounds (e.g., protokerogen) with ammonium in soil and sediment are facilitated biologically. At higher temperatures, reactions between kerogen in rocks and N containing compounds in mobile fluids are driven geochemically. N isotopic exchange between kerogen and NH 4 + or NH3 is evident from experiments where 15N enriched ammonium chloride solutions and source rocks containing kerogen types I, II, IIS and III were heated over 5 years at temperatures of 100, 144 and 196 °C. The resulting data corroborate earlier results from hydrous pyrolysis experiments (330 °C for up to 144 h) and prove that ammonium is readily converted abiogenically to organic N in kerogen at temperatures that approach those in naturally maturing sediments. The propensity of different types of kerogen to react with NH 4 + or NH3 increases in the order II
Socialist Utopias and Scientific Socialists: Primary Fanaticisms and Secondary Contradictions'

Early utopias envisioning a perfect order were superseded by small-scale versions in utopian communities. “Scientific socialism” then held that utopian socialism was doomed to failure in a hostile capitalistic world. As the Soviet experience elicited anti-utopias, utopianism has been unable to resolve its own contradictions in an imperfect world. This tragic outcome is an opportunity for sociology in its study of human interactions to analyze both the possibilities and the inherent limitations of proposed social systems. By monitoring the rich variety of social experience, it may help to restrain some of the fanaticisms that now surround us.
The Relations of Children's Emotion Regulation to Their Vicarious Emotional Responses and Comforting Behaviors

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relations of children's emotional and behavioral regulation (as indexed by heart rate variability and coping styles) to their emotional and prosocial responses to a crying infant. Kindergarten and second-grade children's vicarious emotional responses (e.g., facial reactions and heart rate slope) and comforting behaviors were recorded while children heard a crying infant. The mothers of these children completed a measure designed to assess their children's coping responses when exposed to others in distress. It was found that children who were able to regulate their arousal (as assessed with heart rate variance) and typically responded instrumentally when exposed to others' needy states and conditions were relatively unlikely to become distressed and relatively likely to talk to and comfort the crying infant. Compared to boys, girls were found to be more responsive to the crying infant and were reported to engage in more direct, active coping responses when exposed to others in distress. The results are discussed in relation to research on emotion regulation and coping in interpersonal contexts.
Androgens and Erectile Function : A Case for Early Androgen Use in Postprostatectomy Hypogonadal Men

Introduction Erectile dysfunction affects up to 80% of men following a radical prostatectomy (RP) and is a common concern for these patients. Currently, hypogonadal men are not treated with testosterone after a RP for fear of stimulating dormant prostate cancer cells even though there is little evidence to support this hesitancy. There is data, however, to support the use of testosterone to aid in faster and better recovery of erections following RP.
Diabetes and cognitive performance: a story that is still unfolding

One question voiced by patients and clinicians is whether diabetes could lead to brain damage and cognitive dysfunction. Careful systematic studies are extremely important to ascertain the nature and extent of these central nervous system complications. Macrovascular disease, when it results in a stroke, can clearly cause cognitive dysfunction. Traditional diabetesrelated risk factors, such as hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia and hypertension, in the absence of a stroke, also may be associated with modest changes in cognitive performance, especially in domains of psychomotor efficiency and executive function [1, 2]. Recurrent, severe hypoglycaemia is the risk factor that has drawn the most attention in research to date. While findings from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (EDIC) may allay concerns about the impact of recurrent, severe hypoglycaemic events among adults and adolescents with type 1 diabetes [3], the extent of their effects in young children are far from resolved. Older type 2 diabetes patients might also be at risk of dementia because of severe hypoglycaemia [4, 5]. Other research suggests that retinal microangiopathy, a presumed marker of chronic hyperglycaemia and central nervous system microvascular disease, is associated with decreases in cognitive ability [6, 7]. While there may be a link between insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes and dementia, it is as yet unclear if this is due to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s or vascular disease [2]. Surprisingly, one study suggests that the presence of diabetes slows cognitive decline among individuals with Alzheimer’s disease [8]. Thus, published research presents a complex and sometimes conflicting array of findings. Research from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, published in this edition of Diabetologia, adds to our understanding about the impact of diabetes and hyperglycaemia on cognitive decline [9], but the study has important limitations. ARIC is a community-based study of 15,000 middle-aged adults followed over multiple data collection phases. Its prospective longitudinal design allows investigators to draw conclusions about the effects of key predictors on long term outcomes. Over 800 papers have been published on findings from ARIC. The analyses presented by Christman et al. [9] examine the effects of a single baseline HbA1c value and diagnosed diabetes on cognitive decline over a 6 year period. The diagnosis of diabetes was made at the baseline visit, based on a self-reported history of physiciandiagnosed diabetes, use of a diabetes medication, or a fasting glucose level of ≥7 mmol/l. Cognition was assessed at baseline and 6 years later using the Digit A. M. Jacobson Winthrop University Hospital, Suite 300, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
Recreational Stream Crossing Effects on Sediment Delivery and Macroinvertebrates in Southwestern Virginia, USA

Trail-based recreation has increased over recent decades, raising the environmental management issue of soil erosion that originates from unsurfaced, recreational trail systems. Trail-based soil erosion that occurs near stream crossings represents a non-point source of pollution to streams. We modeled soil erosion rates along multiple-use (hiking, mountain biking, and horseback riding) recreational trails that approach culvert and ford stream crossings as potential sources of sediment input and evaluated whether recreational stream crossings were impacting water quality based on downstream changes in macroinvertebrate-based indices within the Poverty Creek Trail System of the George Washington and Jefferson National Forest in southwestern Virginia, USA. We found modeled soil erosion rates for non-motorized recreational approaches that were lower than published estimates for an off-road vehicle approach, bare horse trails, and bare forest operational skid trail and road approaches, but were 13 times greater than estimated rates for undisturbed forests and 2.4 times greater than a 2-year old clearcut in this region. Estimated soil erosion rates were similar to rates for skid trails and horse trails where best management practices (BMPs) had been implemented. Downstream changes in macroinvertebrate-based indices indicated water quality was lower downstream from crossings than in upstream reference reaches. Our modeled soil erosion rates illustrate recreational stream crossing approaches have the potential to deliver sediment into adjacent streams, particularly where BMPs are not being implemented or where approaches are not properly managed, and as a result can negatively impact water quality below stream crossings.
Role of Metallothionein and Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein in the Regulation of Zinc Absorption by Diabetic Rats

Role of Metallothionein and Cysteine-Rich Intestinal Protein in the Regulation of Zinc Absorption by Diabetic Rats
INTERFACE SLIP CAUSED BY AN SH-PULSE

Abstract The article discusses the reflection and refraction of a plane horizontally polarized (SH) stress pulse by an interface that can slip when the incident pulse is sufficiently strong to break friction. The mathematical nature of the problem depends on the velocity with which the slip zones propagate along the interface. If this velocity is supersonic with respect to both solids, the problem can be solved in closed form. Otherwise, the formulation leads to singular integral equations. A parabolic stress pulse is used to illustrate the result.
Measurement of Aerosol Organic Compounds Using a Novel Collection/Thermal-Desorption PTR-ITMS Instrument

We report the development and characterization of a proton-transfer-reaction ion trap mass spectrometer for the speciated measurement of organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols and show results from its first field deployment. The instrument uses an aerosol collection inlet to accumulate aerosol mass followed by rapid thermal desorption to volatilize the organic compounds for in situ analysis. We have performed laboratory studies to characterize instrument performance and the instrument was deployed aboard a NOAA research vessel during the Texas Air Quality Study 2006/Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (TexAQS 2006/GoMACCS) in August–September 2006. The laboratory-determined detection limit for glutaric acid in mixed glutaric acid/NH 4 HSO 4 test aerosols was 0.22 ng collected mass, which corresponds to an estimated detection limit of 12 ng m−3 for a 10 min sample based on the instrument sample flow rate of 1.8 L min−1. During TexAQS 2006/GoMACCS, signals well above the detection l...
The Validity and Utility of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory in Patients With Breast Cancer: Evidence From the Symptom Outcomes and Practice Patterns Data From the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

Abstract Background The M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI) is a psychometrically validated patient-reported outcome measurement that assesses the severity and impact of multiple symptoms related to cancer and its treatment. With the MDASI, patients rate 13 common “core” symptoms and 6 items that reflect symptom interference with functioning. Several MDASI modules (core symptom and interference items plus additional symptoms specific to a particular cancer type or treatment modality) have been developed. Although the original MDASI validation study encompassed various cancer types, the instrument's psychometric properties have not been examined in a homogenous sample of patients with breast cancer in a national multicenter study. Materials and Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data from an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study to establish the reliability, validity, and sensitivity of the MDASI in a large sample of patients with breast cancer (n = 1544), 78% of whom were receiving treatment. The instrument was administered twice, approximately 1 month apart. Results Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were adequate, with Cronbach α values ≥ 0.85 and intraclass correlations ≥ 0.76 for all subscales. Known-group validity was evaluated by using performance status, tumor response, and disease stage. Sensitivity to change in patient-reported quality of life was established. Conclusion The MDASI is a valid, reliable, and sensitive symptom-assessment instrument that can enhance descriptive and clinical studies of symptom status in patients with breast cancer. Future studies might include cognitive debriefing and qualitative interviews to identify additional disease-specific items for inclusion in a MDASI breast cancer module.
Electrokinetic study of the role of modifying agents in flotation of salt‐type minerals

Etude par electrophorese du role du carbonate de sodium et du sulforate de lignine dans la flottation. Evaluation du role des ions de terre rare potentiellement dissous de la bastnaesite dans sa flottation a partir du melange avec la calcite et la barytine
Synthesis and Properties of Lightly Crosslinked Poly((meth)acrylic acid) Microparticles Prepared by Free Radical Precipitation Polymerization

Microparticles composed of (meth)acrylic acid, potassium (meth)acrylate, and trifunctional pentaerythritol were prepared using a thermally initiated free radical precipitation polymerization in ethyl acetate. The particle synthesis method was investigated, and the structure and morphology of the microparticles was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Results indicate that the physicochemical properties of the microparticles are dependent on the crosslinking ratio and type of carboxylic acid monomer employed in the polymerizations. The glass transition temperature behavior is significantly affected by the monomer type and the amount of crosslinking agent employed. The swelling dynamics of the microparticles are also pH, monomer, and crosslinking ratio dependent.
Elucidation of the stereochemistry of octahydroisoquinoline derivatives by NMR spectroscopy

Complete 1 Ha nd 13 C chemical shifts assignments for 12 octahydroisoquinoline derivatives, intermediates in the synthesis of morphine, were made based on 2D NMR spectroscopy. The stereochemistry of the compounds characterized by the decahydroisoquinoline skeleton was elucidated based on the value of the 1 H- 1 H vicinal coupling constants, which were measured in the phase-sensitive DQCOSY spectrum. An approach based on the pattern of the relative intensity of the cross peaks in the NOESY spectrum was taken to determine the stereochemistry of the epoxides derived from octahydroisoquinoline. A pattern of coupling constants was identified in each of the series, allowing the assignment of the epoxide relative stereochemistry by means of the proton spectrum only. For each type of stereochemistry, x-ray data of representative compounds confirmed the configuration determined by NMR. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying natural source mercury emissions from the Ivanhoe Mining District, north-central Nevada, USA

Abstract In order to assess the importance of mercury emissions from naturally enriched sources relative to anthropogenic point sources, data must be collected that characterizes mercury emissions from representative areas and quantifies the influence of various environmental parameters that control emissions. With this information, we will be able to scale up natural source emissions to regional areas. In this study in situ mercury emission measurements were used, along with data from laboratory studies and statistical analysis, to scale up mercury emissions for the naturally enriched Ivanhoe Mining District, Nevada. Results from stepwise multi-variate regression analysis indicated that lithology, soil mercury concentration, and distance from the nearest fault were the most important factors controlling mercury flux. Field and lab experiments demonstrated that light and precipitation enhanced mercury emissions from alluvium with background mercury concentrations. Diel mercury emissions followed a Gaussian distribution. The Gaussian distribution was used to calculate an average daily emission for each lithologic unit, which were then used to calculate an average flux for the entire area of 17.1 ng Hg m−2 h−1. An annual emission of ∼8.7×104 g of mercury to the atmosphere was calculated for the 586 km2 area. The bulk of the Hg released into the atmosphere from the district (∼89%) is from naturally enriched non-point sources and ∼11% is emitted from areas of anthropogenic disturbance where mercury was mined. Mercury emissions from this area exceed the natural emission factor applied to mercury rich belts of the world (1.5 ng m−2 h−1) by an order of magnitude.
Web Modules Linking Mechanics and Materials Science

In 1996, the MIT subject 3.11 Mechanics of Materials in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering began using an experimental new textbook approach, written with a strongly increased emphasis on the materials aspects of the subject. It also included several topics such as finite element methods, fracture mechanics, and statistics that are not included in most traditional Mechanics of Materials texts. These nontraditional aspects were designed to fit the curriculum in Materials Science and Engineering, although admittedly Mechanics instructors in other departments and schools might not find all of them suitable for their own subjects. Further, a number of topics may be of interest in educational curricula and industrial practice outside traditional Mechanics subjects. One approach to increasing the flexibility and adaptability of this materials-oriented text is to make discrete and coherent portions of it available as stand-alone, web-available modules. Instructors could then pick and choose among topics, and assemble a subject offering in whatever way they choose. It would also be possible for instructors of specialty engineering subjects, for instance bridge or aircraft design, to add modules on mechanics of materials aimed at their own needs. A series of such modules are now being developed under a National Science Foundation Course, Curriculum and Laboratory Improvement (CCLI) grant aimed at strengthening the links in the engineering curriculum between materials and mechanics. Each module is intended to be capable of standing alone, so that it will usually be unnecessary to work through other modules in order to use any particular one. This approach will be outlined and demonstrated, both as an approach to the specific topic of a mechanics-materials linkage, and as a possibility for more general implementation in distance learning.
A Precise and Valid Measure of Behavior and Behavior Change in the Classroom.

Abstract A method for the direct and continuous observation of behavior as it occurs in the natural environment (classroom) is suggested as an alternative to individual testing and other observational techniques, especially those which use predetermined time segments and chart behavior in percentages. The method-behavior rates-using a base of movements per minute is seen as increasing the information obtained per unit of assessment time and providing daily, accurate feedback concerning the efficacy of a behavioral strategy.
Recognition and management of cardiovascular disease related to thyroid dysfunction.

Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are both associated with clinically significant cardiovascular derangements. In hypothyroidism, these include pericardial effusion, heart failure, and the complex interrelationship between hypothyroidism and ischemic heart disease. Cardiovascular disorders associated with hyperthyroidism include atrial tachyarrhythmias, mitral valve dysfunction, and heart failure. Although these usually occur in individuals with intrinsic heart disease, thyroid dysfunction alone rarely causes serious but reversible cardiovascular dysfunction. Patients with commonly encountered cardiac disorders, e.g., idiopathic cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation, should be screened for potentially contributing subclinical thyroid diseases. In patients with heart failure and hypothyroidism, initial management should focus on diagnosis and optimal management of any primary cardiac disease, whereas in hyperthyroidism, aggressive measures to control excess thyroid hormone action should generally have the highest priority.
Teaching active transport at the turn of the twenty-first century: recent discoveries and conceptual changes.

The conceptual advances introduced by recent discoveries in the field of active transport have triggered a transition from a "black box" approach to a "mechanistic" approach. At present, treating this subject in the graduate setting requires consideration of equilibrium and kinetic experimentation, protein chemistry, mutational analysis and molecular structure, with the aim of defining the "transport machine."
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SENSITIVITY TO FIGURAL AND STYLISTIC ASPECTS OF PAINTINGS

To determine whether pre-adolescent subjects can learn to classify paintings consistently by style or by figure, matched groups of subjects at each of two age levels (7 and 10) were given a pre-test, a seven-week training session, and two post-tests. Subjects at both age levels demonstrated the ability to sort paintings according to a consistent criterion; the older group could more readily alter the basis of its classifications when instructed to do so; style sensitivity was not found to be dependent upon concrete operational thought. Strategies used by subjects and the role of Gestalt perception and operational thought in style sensitivity are discussed.
Quadratic antenna systems and noise excited antennas

A quadratic receiving antenna system is defined as a multiport antenna whose outputs are passed through square-law detectors, or, in pair, through correlators (product detectors). These detected signals are then linearly combined with different weights to give the output or response of the receiving system. A reciprocity relation is derived which relates the electromagnetic field radiated by a multiport transmitting antenna excited by quasi-monochromatic noise sources to the response of a quadratic receiving antenna system. The noise sources exciting the transmitting antenna may be independent or they may be correlated. In general, the radiated field is partially polarized. The weights used in combining the signals from the square-law detectors and the correlators in the associated receiving system are determined by the intensities of, and the correlations between, the noise sources exciting the transmitting antennas. Practical use has been made of the derived reciprocity relation. The radiation properties of noise-excited multiport antennas have been determined by measurements made on the associated quadratic receiving system.
High frequency vibrations and waves in laminated orthotropic plates

The extended Ritz technique is used to study high frequency vibrations and waves in infinite homogeneous and laminated orthotropic plates. This technique utilizes exact expressions for the wave form along the extent of the plate, but models the plate's behavior through the thickness with a large number of generalized coordinates. A procedure is shown for computing the group velocities from the modal data. A number of examples are presented to illustrate the modeling capability of this solution technique in the high frequency range. Frequencies, modal displacements and group velocities are obtained in the range 10–30 times above the lowest non-zero cut-off frequency and for a wide range of wave numbers. In addition, modal stress patterns are obtained and compared with analytical results. The method is shown to give accurate information over a large region of the frequency spectrum. Thus, it is a versatile and efficient, as well as computationally very efficient, means for generating data for investigating the transient response of composite plates including problems of impact.
Nitrogen solubility and nitride formation in austenitic Fe-Ti alloys

The equilibrium nitrogen solubility and nitride formation in austenitic Fe and Fe-Ti alloys were measured in the temperature range from 1273 to 1563 K. Specimens 0.5 mm thick were equilibrated with four different nitrogen-argon gas mixtures containing 1 pct hydrogen. The nitrogen solubility in austenitic iron obeys Sieverts' law. The equilibrium nitrogen content was determined to be log (wt pct N)γ-Fe, PN2=1 atm = (539 ± 17)/T − (2.00 ± 0.01). The precipitated titanium nitride was identified as cubic TiN, and the solubility product was determined to be log(wt pct Ti) (wt pct N) = −14,400/T + 4.94.
Coccidioidomycosis in a Snoran Gopher snake, Pituophis melanoleucus affinis

Coccidioides immitis was isolated from lesions in the lung of a Sonoran Gopher snake, Pituophis melanoleucus affinis. A lactophenol cotton blue mount of a fungal colony grown on Sabouraud's agar revealed coarse, branching, septate hyphae with alternating thick-walled arthroconidia. Histologically, the lung lesions contained spherical, non-budding, double-walled spherules in various stages of maturity. Some spherules contained endospores. Spherules were also present in granulomas associated with the thyroid and pancreas. A diagnosis was made of disseminated coccidioidomycosis, a condition not previously reported in a reptile.