cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Law, Philanthropy, and Social Class: Variance Power and the Battle for American Giving

Today, American philanthropic organizations are undergoing rapid growth and intense challenge from both donors and charitable recipients. Community foundations and trusts are among the most rapidly growing sectors of American philanthropy. Comprising more than 560 institutions across the country, community foundations and trusts hold more than $30 billion in assets. They make philanthropic grants of more than $2.1 billion each year that strengthen communities, battle poverty, and support arts, culture, and other activities.
Steven Lubet’s American dilemma

This essay examines the ideological underpinnings of Steven Lubet’s Interrogating Ethnography. I argue that Lubet’s text draws from an ideological tradition best exemplified by An American Dilemma,...
Management of pneumothorax: an update.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pneumothorax is a global health problem. To date, there is still significant variation in the management of pneumothorax. For the past few years, there have been significant developments in the outpatient management of both primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP). We will review the latest evidence for the management of nontraumatic pneumothorax (spontaneous and iatrogenic) to include pneumothorax associated with COVID-19 infection. RECENT FINDINGS Outpatient management of both primary and SSP may be safe and feasible. SUMMARY Outpatient management of both primary and SSP should be included in treatment options discussion with patients.
RGB-D Object Recognition: Features, Algorithms, and a Large Scale Benchmark

Over the last decade, the availability of public image repositories and recognition benchmarks has enabled rapid progress in visual object category and instance detection. Today we are witnessing the birth of a new generation of sensing technologies capable of providing high quality synchronized videos of both color and depth, the RGB-D (Kinect-style) camera. With its advanced sensing capabilities and the potential for mass adoption, this technology represents an opportunity to dramatically increase robotic object recognition, manipulation, navigation, and interaction capabilities. We introduce a large-scale, hierarchical multi-view object dataset collected using an RGB-D camera. The dataset consists of two parts: The RGB-D Object Dataset containing views of 300 objects organized into 51 categories, and the RGB-D Scenes Dataset containing 8 video sequences of office and kitchen environments. The dataset has been made publicly available to the research community so as to enable rapid progress based on this promising technology. We describe the dataset collection procedure and present techniques for RGB-D object recognition and detection of objects in scenes recorded using RGB-D videos, demonstrating that combining color and depth information substantially improves quality of results.
Detecting Gene Regulatory Networks from Microarray Data Using Fuzzy Logic

With the arrival of high-throughput genomic data, biologists now have the ability to investigate the expression of genetic transcripts on a genome-wide scale. With this advancement, it is important to consider the regulation of gene expression in the context of a system, including the discovery of any genetic interactions that contribute to regulation. Genetic networks provide a concise representation of the interaction between multiple genes at the system level, giving investigators a broader view of the cellular state compared to a singular declaration of whether a gene is over/under expressed. Many methods currently exist to infer gene regulatory networks, including discrete models (Boolean networks, Bayesian networks), continuous models (weight matrices, differential equations models), and fuzzy logic models. The attractive feature of the fuzzy logic model is that it allows for a simplified rule structure, since observations are categorized, but retains information in the original data by allowing partial membership in multiple categories. The fuzzy logic model is flexible, and can be adapted to a variety of regulatory models and inferential rule sets. In this work, we review several recent advances in fuzzy logic methodologies developed for the genetic network reconstruction problem. The goals of the approaches range from whole genome screening of microarray data for small regulatory units, to detailed reconstruction of the iteractions between genes in a particular pathway. We apply the methods to real microarray data concerning the yeast cell cycle and simulated data concerning the Raf signaling pathway, and compare results with other well-known algorithms.
BANEX and the No Pago Movement (A)

This case examines Grassroots Capital's decision of whether or not to continue investing in a Bolivian microfinance bank that is suffering financial distress.Learning Objective: To illustrate political risks associated with business at the base of the pyramid; to explore how bankruptcy works in the social investing space.
The anocutaneous reflex and urinary continence in children with myelomeningocele

Objective To examine the hypothesis that because most patients with myelomeningocele and a positive anocutaneous reflex have a competent sphincteric mechanism they are more likely to be continent on intermittent catheterization than those with a negative reflex, and to become so with less need for adjunctive surgical treatment. Patients and methods The study included 111 patients with myelomeningocele treated for urinary incontinence; their present means of treatment and the outcome achieved were assessed and related to the presence or absence of an anocutaneous reflex. Results Among 29 patients with a positive anocutaneous reflex, 26 (90%) are currently dry on a regimen of intermittent catheterization, as opposed 41 (50%) of the 82 with a negative reflex (P < 0.001). Two (7%) of those with a positive and 23 (28%) of those with a negative reflex have undergone adjunctive surgery (P=0.024). Conclusion These findings are consistent with both aspects of the hypothesis detailed in the Objective.
Detection of Helper Virus in Retrovirus Stocks

Helper virus is a replication-competent virus that is sometimes present in stocks of replication-incompetent virus. There are several types of applications in which the presence of helper virus can be problematic. If animal infections are being done, helper virus can lead to leukemia, particularly if the infection is carried out pre- or neonatally. If retroviruses are being used for lineage analysis, helper virus may cause horizontal spread of the marker virus, creating false lineage relationships. This unit describes protocols for the detection of helper virus by a selectable marker assay, by rescue of an integrated provirus, or by measuring reverse transcriptase activity.
Antipsychotic effects of verapamil in schizophrenia

The antipsychotic effects of verapamil were tested in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study in 18 patients who met Research Diagnostic Criteria for acute schizophrenia. The antipsychotic effect of verapamil as measured by the Bunney-Hamburg Global Rating Scale were equal to those of haloperidol. Both verapamil and haloperidol were superior to placebo in decreasing psychotic symptoms. The results indicate that verapamil may have clinical utility in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Association Rules and Data Mining in Hospital Infection Control and Public Health Surveillance

Objectives: The authors consider the problem of identifying new, unexpected, and interesting patterns in hospital infection control and public health surveillance data and present a new data analysis process and system based on association rules to address this problem. Design: The authors first illustrate the need for automated pattern discovery and data mining in hospital infection control and public health surveillance. Next, they define association rules, explain how those rules can be used in surveillance, and present a novel process and system—the Data Mining Surveillance System (DMSS)—that utilize association rules to identify new and interesting patterns in surveillance data. Results: Experimental results were obtained using DMSS to analyze Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection control data collected over one year (1996) at University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital. Experiments using one-, three-, and six-month time partitions yielded 34, 57, and 28 statistically significant events, respectively. Although not all statistically significant events are clinically significant, a subset of events generated in each analysis indicated potentially significant shifts in the occurrence of infection or antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa . Conclusion: The new process and system are efficient and effective in identifying new, unexpected, and interesting patterns in surveillance data. The clinical relevance and utility of this process await the results of prospective studies currently in progress.
Prenatal diagnosis of bilateral fibular hemimelia.

Fibular hemimelia is the most common long bone deficiency and is among the most frequent limb anomalies.1 The classic presentation involves complete or almost complete absence of the fibula, marked anteromedial bowing of the tibia with a skin dimple at the point of greatest angulation, marked talipes equinovalgus, and absence of one or more lateral rays of the foot. Additionally, the ipsilateral femur is usually shortened, and abnormalities of the femoral head and neck are present.1 Clinically, persons with fibular hemimelia have limb-length inequality and foot-ankle instability, a problem for which treatment options range from a simple shoe lift to amputation and prosthetic fitting. Since fibular hemimelia is among the most common limb deformities, it is somewhat surprising that only a few reports of prenatally diagnosed cases have been published.2–4 We report a case in which a fetus with multiple congenital anomalies was diagnosed as having bilateral fibular hemimelia by prenatal ultrasonography. CASE REPORT
Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North Peter John Brownlee, Sarah Burns, Diane Dillon, Daniel Greene, and Scott Manning Stevens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.

Home Front: Daily Life in the Civil War North Peter John Brownlee, Sarah Burns, Diane Dillon, Daniel Greene, and Scott Manning Stevens. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013.This beautiful coffee-table sized (8 Zi x 10 lA in.) book accompanied a 2013-2014 joint exhibition by the Terra Foundation for American Art and the Newberry Library. In six chapters, it examines issues raised by one hundred sepia-and-white or color illustrations taken from ephemera (letters, broadsides), publications (sheet music, periodical clippings, magazine engravings), photographs, and art (sculpture, oil paintings).Every American schoolchild knows that, at the war's inception, the North enjoyed industrial superiority; it also had propaganda superiority because of its art academies, galleries, publishing houses, and pictorial papers. Nowadays we are used to Matthew Brady's eloquent photographs, but, in the 1860s, most Americans got their images ofqfrom the popular press: Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Harper's Weekly, New York Illustrated News, and the like. Home Front deserves credit for treating popular culture with respect.Take the evolving interrelationship of the cotton trade and slavery. An 1861 Vanity Fair political cartoon "Principle vs. Interest" shows John Bull bargaining with Jefferson Davis over a shipment of cotton; meanwhile an African slave, in the background, tries to escape from a cotton bale in which he is almost entirely encased. The economic-political puns are delicious. Although Britain officially banned and abhorred slavery on moral principle, slave-produced cotton generated insatiable consumer interest. So while John Bull hypocritically expresses his "warmest sympathy" for the slave, he evades personal responsibility for profiting by helping to continue slavery: "really, one cannot know friends in trade" (17). That same year, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper featured the illustration "Morning Mustering of the Contraband," showing the strategic wartime value of freed slaves: they deny the Confederacy the profit of slave labor, perform tasks that allow more soldiers to join the Union Army, and convey useful intelligence about Confederate troop movements. However, they are still objectified with the label contraband. By 1868, several years after the war's conclusion, Samuel Coleman's oil-on-canvas "Ships Unloading" dramatizes the new citizen status of the former slave. Stevedores, one black and two white, work for wages side by side on the docks as they handle free-labor cotton. …
MaRS: a macro-pipelined reconfigurable system

We introduce MaRS, a reconfigurable, parallel computing engine with special emphasis on scalability, lending itself to the computation-/data-intensive multimedia data processing and wireless communication. Global communication between the processing elements (PEs) in MaRS is performed through a 2D-mesh deadlock-free network, avoiding any concerns due to non-scalable bus-based communication. Additionally, we have developed a second layer of inter-PE connection realized by distributed shared register files and conditional operands, to enhance the performance of MaRS for those applications demanding a tightly coupled PE array. We have modeled and verified a major part of MaRS. The promising results of our preliminary analyses show that MaRS can efficiently be tailored to different applications offering flexible data communication, and high performance.
Trapping a transition state in a computationally designed protein bottle

The fleeting lifetimes of the transition states (TSs) of chemical reactions make determination of their three-dimensional structures by diffraction methods a challenge. Here, we used packing interactions within the core of a protein to stabilize the planar TS conformation for rotation around the central carbon-carbon bond of biphenyl so that it could be directly observed by x-ray crystallography. The computational protein design software Rosetta was used to design a pocket within threonyl-transfer RNA synthetase from the thermophile Pyrococcus abyssi that forms complementary van der Waals interactions with a planar biphenyl. This latter moiety was introduced biosynthetically as the side chain of the noncanonical amino acid p-biphenylalanine. Through iterative rounds of computational design and structural analysis, we identified a protein in which the side chain of p-biphenylalanine is trapped in the energetically disfavored, coplanar conformation of the TS of the bond rotation reaction.
e-Portfolio Competency Metadata: Pilot Study for a Call to Action

The six competency domains required by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) have led to a proliferation of measurement tools, assessment methods, and all forms of data from paper to electronic. The need exists to develop a standardized electronic (e)-portfolio to provide the aggregate data to improve education and patient care. This process requires a sound methodology using XML metadata to allow portability of e-portfolio data. We surveyed publicly available metadata and developed an e-portfolio system for the Henry Ford Hospital General Surgery Residency Program. Based on our implementation of e-portfolios for 70 physicians, we call upon the ACGME, the Residency Review Committees, and the American Board of Medical Specialties to establish a method to formalize and develop a standard for residency competency metadata. Using an approach similar to that of our study can streamline data and lead to improved medical education and ultimately better patient care.
TIGHTNESS OF PRODUCTS OF I.I.D. RANDOM MATRICES. II

In this paper, we prove a necessary and sufficient condition for tightness of products of i.i.d. finite-dimensional random real matrices. We give an example illustrating the use of our theorem and treat in more details the case of 2 x 2 real matrices.
Stress concentrations in the particulate composite with transversely isotropic phases

Abstract The accurate series solution have been obtained of the elasticity theory problem for a transversely isotropic solid containing a finite or infinite periodic array of anisotropic spherical inclusions. The method of solution has been developed based on the multipole expansion technique. The basic idea of method consists in expansion the displacement vector into a series over the set of vectorial functions satisfying the governing equations of elastic equilibrium. The re-expansion formulae derived for these functions provide exact satisfaction of the interfacial boundary conditions. As a result, the primary spatial boundary-value problem is reduced to an infinite set of linear algebraic equations. The method has been applied systematically to solve for three models of composite, namely a single inclusion, a finite array of inclusions and an infinite periodic array of inclusions, respectively, embedded in a transversely isotropic solid. The numerical results are presented demonstrating that elastic properties mismatch, anisotropy degree, orientation of the anisotropy axes and interactions between the inclusions can produce significant local stress concentration and, thus, affect greatly the overall elastic behavior of composite.
Low rate of false-positive results with use of a rapid HIV test.

BACKGROUND: Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an important threat to healthcare workers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines recommend prompt institution of prophylaxis. This requires (1) immediate prophylaxis after exposure, pending test results that may take more than 24 hours in many hospitals; or (2) performance of a rapid test. The Single Use Diagnostic System (SUDS)® HIV-1 Test is used to screen rapidly for antibodies to HIV type 1 in plasma or serum, with a reported sensitivity of more than 99.9%. We used this test from January 1999 until September 2000, when it was withdrawn from the market following reports claiming a high rate of false-positive results. METHODS: We reviewed the results of postexposure HIV testing during 21 months. RESULTS: A total of 884 SUDS tests were performed on source patients after occupational exposures (883 negative results, 1 reactive result). The results of repeat SUDS testing on the reactive specimen were also reactive, but the results of enzyme immunoassay and Western blot testing were negative. A new specimen from the same patient showed a negative result on SUDS testing. This suggested a specificity of 99.9%. In the 4 months after SUDS testing was suspended, there was 1 false-positive result on enzyme immunoassay for 1 of 132 source patients (presumed specificity, 99.2%). CONCLUSION: Use of the SUDS test facilitated rapid and accurate evaluation of source specimens, obviating unnecessary prophylaxis.
Smokeless tobacco brand switching: A means to reduce toxicant exposure?

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of smokeless tobacco (ST) brand switching on biomarkers of ST exposure and on ST use. Subjects seeking treatment to reduce their use were randomized to ST brand switching with controlled ST topography, brand switching with ad libitum ST use, or a waitlist control with subsequent randomization to one of these two conditions. The waitlist control group was included to assess whether changes were a consequence of time effect. During the intervention, Copenhagen or Kodiak ST users were asked to switch to products that were sequentially lower in nicotine content: Skoal Long Cut Straight or Wintergreen for 4 weeks and then Skoal Bandits for the subsequent 4 weeks. Measures were obtained during the course of treatment and at 12-week follow-up. Significant reductions in total urinary cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-L-(3-pyridyl)-L-butanol (NNAL) plus its glucuronides (total NNAL) were observed with no significant differences between the controlled topography and ad libitum conditions. Significant reductions were also observed in the amount and duration of dips with a significant intervention effect for durational measures. At 12 weeks, the 7-day biochemically-verified tobacco abstinent rate was 26% in the ad libitum group. ST brand switching may be a feasible alternative intervention for ST users interested in quitting but unwilling to stop ST use completely.
Electrochemical oxidation of ethanol using Nafion electrodes modified with heterobimetallic catalysts

Abstract Chemically modified electrodes were prepared by adsorption of Nafion/catalyst films of the type Nafion/Cp(PPh3)Ru(μ-I)(μ-dppm)PdCl2 (N1), Nafion/[η5-C5H4CH2CH2(NHMe2)+]Ru(PPh3)(μ-I)(μ-dppm)PtCl2 (N2), Nafion/[η5-C5H4CH2CH2(NHMe2)+]Ru(PPh3)(μ-Cl)(μ-dppm)PdCl2 (N3), Nafion/Cp(CO)Fe(μ-I)(μ-dppm)PdI2 (N4) and Nafion/Cp(CO)Ru(μ-I)(μ-dppm)PtI2 (N5) on glassy and vitreous carbon electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis experiments were performed to assess the ability of these modified electrodes to electrocatalytically oxidize ethanol. Cyclic voltammograms using the N1–N5 modified glassy carbon electrodes displayed significant catalytic activity compared to oxidation of ethanol catalyzed by 1 in homogeneous solution. Bulk electrolysis of ethanol using electrodes coated with Nafion supported complexes 1–3 resulted in formation of the two- and four-electron oxidation products acetaldehyde and acetic acid, respectively, whilst bulk electrolysis using the complexes 4 and 5 produced only acetaldehyde.
Laser-produced plasma measurement of thermal diffusivity of molten metals

We have shown that a laser-produced plasma plume which is representative in elemental composition of the condensed phase target can be reproducibly generated if the movement of the surface due to evaporation is kept in pace with the thermal diffusion front propagating into the bulk. The resulting mass loss is then strongly controlled by the thermal diffusivity of the target matter, and this relationship has been exploited to measure the thermal diffusivity of metallic alloys. We have developed a novel RF Ievitator-heater as a contamination-free molten metal source to be used as a target for LPP plume generation. In order to determine the mass loss due to LPP excitation, a new high-sensitivity transducer has been constructed for measurement of the resulting impulse imparted on the specimen. The impulse transducer is built onto the specimen holder within the levitation-assisted molten metal source. The LPP method has been fully exercised for measurement of the thermal diffusivity of a molten specimen relative to the value for its room temperature solid. The results for SS304 and SS316 are presented, together with a critique of the results. A numerical modeling of the specimen heating in the molten metal source and the physical basis of the new method are also presented.
The cognizer's innards: A psychological and philosophical perspective on the development of thought.

A travers l'analyse du comportement cognitif des enfants, l'A. etudie le processus de redescription representative qui semble indissociable des modeles connexionnistes complexes ou d'un systeme connexionniste-symbolique
A defect in Harrod's inductive justification of memory

THE traditional problem of memory is the problem of showing (or "proving") that our present memories (or "memory-experiences") provide good evidence for believing certain things about the past. Now a large variety of putative solutions have been offered to this alleged problem, many of these closely analogous to putative solutions which have been offered to the parallel problems of perception, other minds, and induction. However, to my knowledge only one serious attempt has been made to solve the problem of memory by bridging the alleged gap between so-called "present rememberings" and the past events to which they seem to witness inductively. This is the attempt first made by R. F. Harrod in an article in Mind in
Creative Problem‐Solving for the Foreign Language Class

Abstract Small-group activities which require problem-solving allow students to practice creative thinking and foreign language skills simultaneously. Known techniques for stimulating creativity can be adapted to the language class. In the model suggested, creative problem-solving activities are built around problems that are clearly defined, admit many possible solutions, and entail a situation in which reality is slightly skewed. While working in small groups, students practice role-play by becoming “experts” in the matter at hand. Through the use of a recording secretary, the group is held accountable for its time. The teacher prepares the activity beforehand, tells the class the problem, checks comprehension, elicits questions that will help the students structure their discussion, divides the class, and withdraws from the scene. When enough time has elapsed, discussion is halted and the secretaries read their reports. Three sample activities are included at the end of the article.
Structural Equation Models Empirical Identification, Heywood Cases, and Related Problems

Heywood cases represent the most common form of a series of related problems in confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Other problems include factor loadings and factor correlations outside the usual range, large variances of parameter estimates, and high correlations between parameter estimates. The concept of empirical underidentification is used here to show how these problems can arise, and under what conditions they can be controlled. The discussion is centered around examples showing how small factor loadings, factor correlations near zero, and factor correlations near one can lead to empirical underidentification.
Thermodynamic properties of strong electrolytes in aqueous solutions

A generalized analytic correlation is presented for activity coefficient. osmotic coefficient, enthalpy, and heat capacity of single and multicomponent strong aqueous solutions. A good correlation for each salt to an ionic strength of six is obtained by assigning a single parameter “B” value to each salt. These B values are well approximated by assigning two parameters for each ion. Values presented for the common ions at 25°C allow the estimation of activity and osmotic coefficients of many unmeasured salt solutions.
Application of ZnxCd1−xSe-sensitized TiO2 nanotube arrays as photoanodes for solar cells

This study reports the synthesis of ZnxCd1−xSe quantum dot-sensitized titania nanotube array photoelectrodes using a successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction technique and evaluates the photoelectrochemical performance as anodes. The effect of altering the number of sensitization cycles and annealing temperature on optical and photoelectrochemical properties of prepared photoanodes was studied. Surface morphology of the sensitized tubes was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, while the phase composition was determined using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Spectral response measurements indicated that TiO2 nanotube arrays coupled with ZnxCd1−xSe quantum dots synthesized in 7 cycles of deposition and annealed at 300 °C for 1 h under N2 exhibited excellent photoelectrochemical properties. The notably high photovoltaic characteristics demonstrate the potential of the ZnxCd1−xSe/TiO2 heterostructure as an efficient photoanode.
A source of scrambled constant current with solid state control.

Abstract A circuit is described that provides a constant current of 50–2000 μA to up to 45 grids in such a fashion that each is hot with respect to every other grid at all times without use of a scrambling device. The shock source is easily constructed of inexpensive parts and is compatible with solid state as well as electromechanical programming equipment.
Cyclooctatetraenehexacarbonyldimanganese, (C8H8)Mn2(CO)6. A corrected structural formulation, based on an x-ray crystallographic study

Abstract The structure of (C 8 H 8 )Mn 2 (CO) 6 has been determined by a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The molecule may be regarded as a derivative of Mn 2 (CO) 10 in which 2 carbon monoxide ligands have been replaced by diene units from the C 8 H 8 ligand, with concomitant lengthening of the MnMn bond
Production of onion fly attractants and ovipositional stimulants by bacterial isolates cultured on onion.

Decomposing onions at certain microbial successional stages produce potent volatile attractants and ovipositional stimulants of the onion fly,Delia antiqua (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). A reproducible source of these compounds was obtained by culturingErwinia carotovora var.carotovora (EC) on sterile onion tissue. In laboratory choice tests, EC-inoculated onion was more attractive thanKlebsiella pneumoniae (KP) cultured on onion, EC cultured on potato (a nonhost of onion fly), or the chemical synthetic baits dipropyl disulfide and an aqueous solution of 2-phenylethanol and pentanoic acid. Onion flies were mildly attracted to potato after inoculation with EC, but females did not accept EC-inoculated potato for oviposition. This work emphasizes that sources of semiochemicals may need to be defined microbiologically as well as physically and chemically.
The application of the Poincaré-transform to the Lotka-Volterra model

In this article, we show how to apply the Poincare-transform to the general Lotka-Volterra model and investigate the question of the global asymptotic stability of the locally stable equilibrium point. An attempt is made to estimate the domain of attraction when the critical point is not globally stable. Results for the two dimensional case, due to Goh [3], are improved.
From Survivor to Thriver: A Pilot Study of an Online Program for Rape Victims

Approximately 15% to 20% of women have been victims of rape and close to a third report current rape-related PTSD or clinically significant depression or anxiety. Unfortunately, very few distressed rape victims seek formal help. This suggests a need to develop alternative ways to assist the many distressed victims of sexual violence. Online treatment programs represent a potentially important alternative strategy for reaching such individuals. The current paper describes a pilot evaluation of an online, therapist-facilitated, self-paced cognitive behavioral program for rape victims. Five college women with current rape-related PTSD were recruited to complete the From Survivor to Thriver (S to T) program in a lab setting over the course of 7 weeks. After completing the program, 4 participants reported clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptoms and no longer met criteria for PTSD. All participants reported clinically significant reductions in vulnerability fears and 4 reported significant reductions in negative trauma-related cognitions. Implications of the results for further development of the S to T program and how clinicians could utilize this program in treating rape-related PTSD are discussed.
New Perspectives of Secondary and Tertiary Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis continues to be recognised as a disorder with a variable prognosis, but recent studies have emphasised its potential for shortening life span. Epidemiological, genetic, and natural history studies have helped to identify patients who are at risk for the development of more aggressive disease earlier in their clinical course, and rheumatologists are willing to be more aggressive in their treatment now as their armamentarium expands. Earlier separation of drugs into anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents becomes irrelevant as these concepts change and drugs fulfil both definitions. Sequences of therapy continue to be dictated by the potential of toxicity and generally follow rather than precede disease progression. The addition of several new agents to the algorithms of therapy against rheumatoid arthritis raises questions about their effects and place in therapeutic regimens, especially as concerns auranofin, sulphasalazine, methotrexate and cyclosporin. Combination therapy is currently at the end of the drug line, but the therapeutic horizon beckons with the potential of biological agents aimed at the restoration of immune balance.
A dynein ATPase inhibitor isolated from a commercial ATP preparation.

Abstract Preparation of ATP from equine muscle contained an inhibitor of dynein Mg2+-activated ATPase. The inhibitory material was separated from the ATP by molecular sieve filtration. The several molecular species of dynein extracted from three different axonemal sources were all inhibited; myosin ATPase was not. With increasing amounts of inhibitor the inhibition did not go to completion but reached a plateau when the rate had been reduced to 1 2 the uninhibited rate. A plot of 1/[S] against 1/v at several inhibitor concentrations yielded parallel lines. There was little inhibition of dynein ATPase when Mg2+ was replaced by Ca2+. The inhbitor appeared slightly smaller in molecular size than ATP, had anionic character, and was not adsorbed to charcoal.
Information System for a Volunteer Center: System Design for Not-For-Profit Organizations with Limited Resources

This case focuses on the development of information systems for not-for-profit volunteer-based organizations. Specifically, we discuss an information system project for the Volunteer Center of Racine (VCR). This case targets the analysis and design phase of the project using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) methodology, database modeling, and aspects of project management including scope and risk management. Students must decide how to proceed, including recommending an IT solution, managing risk, managing scope, projecting a schedule, and managing personnel. The rewards and special issues involved with systems for not-for-profit organizations will be revealed. This case can be used in a variety of courses, including systems analysis and design, database management systems, and project management.
Interactive Visual Music: A Personal Perspective

Interactive performance is one of the most innovative ways computers can be used in music, and it leads to new ways of thinking about music composition and performance. Interactive performance also poses many technical challenges, resulting in new languages and special hardware including sensors, synthesis methods, and software techniques. As if there are not already enough problems to tackle, many composers and artists have explored the combination of computer animation and music within interactive performances. In this article, I describe my own work in this area, dating from around 1987, including discussions of artistic and technical challenges as they have evolved. I also describe the Aura system, which I now use to create interactive music, animation, and video. My main interest in composing and developing systems is to approach music and video as expressions of the same underlying musical "deep structure." Thus, images are not an interpretation or accompaniment to audio but rather an integral part of the music and the listener/viewer experience. From a systems perspective, I have always felt that timing and responsiveness are critical if images and music are to work together. I have focused on software organizations that afford precise timing and flexible interaction, sometimes at the expense of rich imagery or more convenient tools for imagemaking. "Interaction" is commonly accepted (usually without much thought) as a desirable property of computer systems, so the term has become overused and vague. A bit of explanation is in order. Interaction is a two-way flow of information between live performer(s) and computer. In my work, I see improvisation as a way to use the talents of the performer to the fullest. Once a performer is given the freedom to improvise, however, it is difficult for a composer to retain much control. I resolve this problem by composing interaction. In other words, rather than writing notes for the performer, I design musical situations by generating sounds and images that encourage improvising performers to make certain musical choices. In this way, I feel that I can achieve compositional control over both large-scale structure and fine-grain musical texture. At the same time, performers are empowered to augment the composed interactive framework with their own ideas, musical personality, and sounds.
Online Discussion Assignments Improve Students’ Class Preparation

To increase the number of students who read the text before class and to promote student interaction centering on text material, I developed an online discussion assignment as a required component of a cognitive psychology course. Across 2 studies, this assignment had a limited effect on examination performance, but students completing online discussions were more likely to read the textbook in advance of class and reported reading it more carefully, particularly late in the semester. Students completing online discussions also reported understanding lectures better and feeling more prepared for exams immediately after lecture than classmates. Together, results support previous studies that suggest online discussions can be an effective tool in undergraduate psychology courses.
Emulsion polymerization of acenaphthylene. I. A study of particle nucleation in water phase and in aqueous emulsions

As the first phase in the study of the emulsion polymerization of acenaphthylene (AcN), the oligomerization kinetics of the in-aqueous-phase soluble portion of the AcN monomer was investigated. The reactions were carried out in the absence and presence of anionic emulsifiers. The monomer disappearance rate was followed by ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and spectra were established for these species. It was found that aqueous phase AcN oligomerized with K2S2O8 initiator at 50°C to yield SOK+ -ended oligo -AcN species which showed a UV hypsochromic shift in polar solvents. The oligomerization had a second-order dependence on monomer concentration. The presence of sodium oleate (SO) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) emulsifiers at below and above their critical micelle concentrations decreased the rate constant of the aqueous phase oligomerization. These observations led to the suggestion of a mixed micellization concept in the particle nucleation mechanism.
Deontic and epistemic reasoning in children revisited: Comment on Dack and Astington

Abstract Dack and Astington (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 110 2011 94–114) attempted to replicate the deontic reasoning advantage among preschoolers reported by Cummins (Memory & Cognition 24 1996 823–829) and by Harris and Nunez (Child Development. 67 1996 572–1591). Dack and Astington argued that the apparent deontic advantage reported by these studies was in fact an artifact due to a methodological confound, namely, inclusion of an authority in the deontic condition only. Removing this confound attenuated the effect in young children but had no effect on the reasoning of 7-year-olds and adults. Thus, removing reference to authority “explains away” young children’s apparent precocity at this type of reasoning. But this explanation rests on (a) a misunderstanding of norms as targets of deontic reasoning and (b) conclusions based on a sample size that was too small to detect the effect in young children.
America's Antebellum Social Libraries: A Reappraisal in Institutional Development

Abstract Social libraries were public libraries before there were modern public libraries. Seldom mentioned in general histories, they played a significant role in promoting access to print culture...
Design And Fabrication Of A Dual Mode Laser/Detector Diode

There are many applications for half duplex data links such as local area networks and opto-electronic sensors. A single device functioning both as a laser under forward bias and a detector under reverse bias would solve the problems of coupling losses, require only a single strand of fiber, and would increase system efficiency. At the University of Delaware, a novel structure for a double heterostructure laser has been proposed which utilizes the Franz-Keldysh Effect to shift the absorption edge of the laser material and consequently increase detection efficiency. At the same time, the device is an efficient forward biased laser. This paper describes the design and fabrication of the diode as well the performance of the device as an laser and as a detector.
Fast spin state initialization in a singly charged InAs-GaAs quantum dot by optical cooling.

Quantum computation requires a continuous supply of rapidly initialized qubits for quantum error correction. Here, we demonstrate fast spin state initialization with near unity efficiency in a singly charged quantum dot by optically cooling an electron spin. The electron spin is successfully cooled from 5 to 0.06 K at a magnetic field of 0.88 T applied in Voigt geometry. The spin cooling rate is of order ${10}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, which is set by the spontaneous decay rate of the excited state.
Mutant Analysis of the Shal (Kv4) Voltage-gated Fast Transient K+ Channel in Caenorhabditis elegans

Shal (Kv4) α-subunits are the most conserved among the family of voltage-gated potassium channels. Previous work has shown that the Shal potassium channel subfamily underlies the predominant fast transient outward current in Drosophila neurons (Tsunoda, S., and Salkoff, L. (1995) J. Neurosci. 15, 1741–1754) and the fast transient outward current in mouse heart muscle (Guo, W., Jung, W. E., Marionneau, C., Aimond, F., Xu, H., Yamada, K. A., Schwarz, T. L., Demolombe, S., and Nerbonne, J. M. (2005) Circ. Res. 97, 1342–1350). We show that Shal channels also play a role as the predominant transient outward current in Caenorhabditis elegans muscle. Green fluorescent protein promoter experiments also revealed SHL-1 expression in a subset of neurons as well as in C. elegans body wall muscle and in male-specific diagonal muscles. The shl-1 (ok1168) null mutant removed all fast transient outward current from muscle cells. SHL-1 currents strongly resembled Shal currents in other species except that they were active in a more depolarized voltage range. We also determined that the remaining delayed-rectifier current in cultured myocytes was carried by the Shaker ortholog SHK-1. In shl-1 (ok1168) mutants there was a significant compensatory increase in the SHK-1 current. Male shl-1 (ok1168) animals exhibited reduced mating efficiency resulting from an apparent difficulty in locating the hermaphrodite vulva. SHL-1 channels are apparently important in fine-tuning complex behaviors, such as mating, that play a crucial role in the survival and propagation of the species.
Raman study of titanium oxide layers produced with plasma immersion ion implantation

Abstract Raman spectroscopy was used to study thin titanium oxide (TiO 2 )layers obtained by oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) at rather low temperatures between 265 and 550°C. A pulse voltage of −30 kV and different pulse numbers between 5×10 5 and 4×10 6 were used. The phase composition was investigated with Raman spectroscopy, showing that rutile is present for all temperatures and doses used in this investigation. The results were corroborated with glancing angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). The grain size, as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), changed from 40–100 to 10–30 nm when the temperature was decreased from 430 to 380°C. The retained dose and the layer thickness were determined by elastic recoil detection (ERD), yielding an incident dose of 6×10 11 oxygen atoms per pulse and a maximum layer thickness beyond 100 nm.
The ‘Lex Hortorum’ and access to gardens of Latium during the Renaissance

Abstract On 12 May 1885 Prince Marcantonio Borghese ordered the gates of the park of his villa at Rome to be closed to the public, who had been accustomed to ride or walk freely in the grounds.1 Rumours had already begun to circulate in Rome that Borghese was planning to sell about two-thirds of his estate for some eight million lire (20 million according to other reports) to building speculators, retaining only the casino and its immediate gardens for his own use. With the establishment of Rome as the capital of the new Kingdom of Italy in 1871, the city was undergoing rapid expansion, endangering the undeveloped portions of the city. Earlier in 1885, on 6 April, the Prince of Piombino had sold the huge Ludovisi villa-park on the Pincian hill, just within the city walls outside of which lay the Borghese park; and the Ludovisi gardens were being tranformed into the urban development now centred around the Via Veneto. So on 8 May 1885, Duke Leopoldo Torlonia, Mayor of Rome, heeding the rumours regarding th...
Clock synchronization and the power of broadcasting

We investigate the power of a broadcast mechanism in a distributed network. We do so by considering the problem of synchronizing clocks in an error-free network, under the assumption that there is no upper bound on message transmission time, but that broadcast messages are guaranteed to be received within an interval of size e, for some fixed constant e. This is intended to be an idealization of what happens in multiple access networks, such as the Ethernet. We then consider tradeoffs between the type and number of broadcasts, and the tightness of synchronization. Our results include (1) matching upper and lower bounds of (1 + 1/K;)e on the precision of clock synchronization attainable for n ≥ 3 process using K (n - 1)-casts, 3 ≥ K ≥ n, (2) matching upper and lower bounds of (1 + 1/n;)e on the precision of clock synchronization attainable for n ≥ 3 processes using an arbitrary number of (n - 1)-casts, and (3) matching upper and lower bounds of (1 + n - 2/n)e on the precision attainable using 2-casting.
Effects of treatments and their outcomes on peer perceptions of a hyperactive child.

In an exploration of the social impacts of treatments for hyperactivity, two age groups (kindergarteners and first-graders vs. fourth- and fifth-graders) heard about a hyperactive child whose problem was treated either by an internal and controllable means (effort) or by an external and uncontrollable means (medication) and whose behavior either did or did not improve. The attributions and affective responses of both age groups were influenced by both the nature and the effectiveness of treatment, and there was only weak support for the hypothesis that younger children are more influenced by treatment outcome than older children are. However, older children, conforming to attribution theory predictions, held target children more accountabe for the success or failure of their own efforts than for the outcomes of medication, particularly valuing the child whose own efforts succeeded. By contrast, young children judged the child whose efforts failed as more worthy of pride and more likable than the child whose medication failed. Implications for peer acceptance of hyperactive children over the childhood years are discussed.
Client reactions to genetic counseling: self‐reports of influence

Of 628 clients completing questionnaires six months after genetic counseling, 273 (43.5%) reported that their reproductive plans had been influenced by the counseling session. Of those who said that they were influenced, 144 (52.7%) held the same reproductive plans that they reported before counseling: 41 (15%) were planning more pregnancies, 36 (13.2%) were planning fewer, and 52 (19.1%) became reproductively uncertain. A similar pattern of stability and change appeared in the reproductive plans of those who reported that they were not influenced by genetic counseling. Stepwise logistic regression indicated that clients who reported that their plans were influenced: came to counseling to get information for making a decision about whether to have a child; discussed this decision in depth with the counselor; and had more education than clients who said that they were not influenced. We found no evidence that counseling was supplanting clients' own personal values. In the discussion, we suggest several reasons why clients of higher socio-economic status are more likely than others to report that they are influenced, and discuss the ethical implications of these results.