cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A genetic basis for the manipulation of sink–source relationships by the galling aphid Pemphigus batae

We examined how the galling aphid Pemphigus batae manipulates resource translocation patterns of resistant and susceptible narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia. Using carbon-14 (14C)-labeling experiments in common garden trials, five patterns emerged. First, although aphid galls on resistant and susceptible genotypes did not differ in their capacity to intercept assimilates exported from the leaf they occupied, aphids sequestered 5.8-fold more assimilates from surrounding leaves on susceptible tree genotypes compared to resistant genotypes. Second, gall sinks on the same side of a shoot as a labeled leaf were 3.4-fold stronger than gall sinks on the opposite side of a shoot, which agrees with patterns of vascular connections among leaves of the same shoot (orthostichy). Third, plant genetic-based traits accounted for 26% of the variation in sink strength of gall sinks and 41% of the variation in sink strength of a plant’s own bud sinks. Fourth, tree susceptibility to aphid gall formation accounted for 63% of the variation in 14C import, suggesting strong genetic control of sink–source relationships. Fifth, competition between two galls was observed on a susceptible but not a resistant tree. On the susceptible tree distal aphids intercepted 1.5-fold more 14C from the occupied leaf than did basal aphids, but basal aphids compensated for the presence of a distal competitor by almost doubling import to the gall from surrounding leaves. These findings and others, aimed at identifying candidate genes for resistance, argue the importance of including plant genetics in future studies of the manipulation of translocation patterns by phytophageous insects.
Multivariate data reduction techniques for hyperspectral Raman imaging

Underlying the contrast in a hyperspectral Raman image are complete Raman spectra at each of tens or hundreds of thousands of pixels. Multivariate statistics allows reduction of these large data sets to manageable numbers of chemically significant descriptors that become the image contrast. In most cases an object can be viewed as containing a small number (usually fewer than ten) chemically discrete components, each with its own vibrational spectrum. Principal component analysis (PCA) and exploratory factor analysis (FA) can be used to generate descriptors from the experimentally observed Raman spectra in image data sets. Additionally, PCA and FA can be viewed as optimized weighted signal averaging techniques. FA contrast is generated from all regions of a spectrum that are attributable to one component. The result is better signal/noise ratio than is obtained using the height or area of a single band as image contrast. We will discuss a variety of preprocessing steps such as removing outliers and selecting spectral subregions for data analysis optimization. We will illustrate these concepts using an image of bone tissue.
Phonon-induced corrections to the ground state splitting of S-state ions in cubic crystals

The ground $^{6}S$ and excited $^{4}L$ states of the ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$ ion are perturbed by the cubic crystalline field and mixed by the spin-orbit coupling. A two-phonon Raman process, second order in the orbit-lattice interaction, is found to contribute to the ground-state splitting. The theory is developed within the framework of Van Vleck's small-wave-vector averaging procedure for acoustic phonons. Both the zero-point vibrational contribution and the temperature-dependent parts are calculated and compared with experimental measurements in ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{2+}$-doped MgO. Good qualitative agreement between the theory and experiment is found but quantitative agreement is not obtained.
Step stress model with threshold parameter

We consider the inference for the simple step-stress model with a threshold parameter in accelerated life testing. An exponential life distribution with a mean that is a log-linear function of stress, and a cumulative exposure model are assumed. Maximum likelihood estimators for the model parameters are found. Confidence intervals of parameters are constructed using pivotal quantities. A numerical example is given to illustrate the inferential procedure.
High activity and durability of Pt catalyst toward methanol electrooxidation in intermediate temperature alkaline media

Abstract To explore strategies for addressing the CO poisoning of Pt-based catalysts and sluggish anode reaction kinetics which have largely hindered the development of low temperature direct methanol fuel cells, electrocatalytic activity and durability of high-surface Pt toward methanol electrooxidation in alkaline media have been investigated in an intermediate temperature of 80–150 °C by means of voltammetry, chronoamperometry and single cell measurements. In this intermediate temperature range, Pt electrocatalyst is highly active and durable toward the methanol oxidation in alkaline media. Measured exchange current densities are of the order of magnitude of 10 −7 –10 −6 A cm −2 and sustainable chronoamperometric currents are obtained at potentials as low as 0.16 V vs RHE. An alkaline methanol fuel cell operated at 120 °C using carbon-supported Pt as both anode and cathode electrocatalysts exhibits a peak power density of around 90 mW cm −2 and provides stable power output under constant current discharge. Accelerated electrooxidation of CO intermediate whose onset is close to that of the methanol electrooxidation and possible reaction of surface CO and hydroxide ions in the intermediate temperature alkaline media are proposed to account for the high activity and durability of Pt. Therefore, the CO-poisoning of Pt-based catalysts and sluggish methanol electrooxidation could be potentially addressed by the use of intermediate temperature alkaline media.
Spectroscopic characterization of Nd3+ :BAMGAR crystal

A spectroscopic investigation is performed on Nd 3+ -doped Ba 0.25 Mg 2.75 Y 2 Ge 3 O 12 (BAMGAR), a garnet structured germanate crystal host. The Judd-Ofelt analysis is applied to the measured room temperature absorption spectrum to determine the radiative decay rates and branching ratios of transitions from the Nd 3+ 4 F 3/2 state to the 4 I J manifolds. The measured fluorescence lifetime of the 4 F 3/2 metastable state of Nd 3+ is 303 μs. The radiative lifetime of this state is, however, obtained as 311 μs. The broader absorption near 800 nm, longer fluorescence lifetime of 303 μs, and the larger branching ratio of 44% for the 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transition in Nd 3+ :BAMGAR are significant improvements over Nd 3+ :YAG as a 0.94 μm laser material.
Ethics and Organizational Change

Probably at no other time in economic history, particularly in that of the United States, have organizations and their participants been under greater pressure to change, and change in ways in which all participants and variables are impacted upon. This pressure comes from a variety of sources, such as competition from domestic organizations and foreign entities, changing societal values, the speed of technological advances, increasing costs related to the generation of goods and services, new product concepts and designs, changing educational levels and values of the work force, increased governmental regulations, life expectancy of individuals, shrinking natural and financial resources, and an imbalance of trade between the United States and other nations. Most organizations within the United States are facing at least one, if not all of the above-mentioned conditions. Along with the pressure for change come critical questions regarding the ethics of change which must be acknowledged and confronted by those involved in the change process.
Effect of Pulsatile Intravenous Oxytocin Administration to Pregnant Sheep Over the Last Third of Gestation on Fetal ACTH and Cortisol Responses to Hypotension

OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of increasing myometrial contractility in the last third of gestation on ovine fetal response to hypotension. METHODS Oxytocin (600 microU/kg/minute) or saline was infused via the maternal jugular vein as 5-minute pulses every 20 minutes, starting at 97 +/- 1 days of gestational age (mean +/- standard error of the mean) until labor. Fetal hypotension (10 minutes) was induced by intravenous nitroprusside infusion at 133 +/- 1 days' gestation. RESULTS Ewes from both groups went into labor at the same gestational age. Total fetal body and adrenal gland weights were higher in controls than in the oxytocin-treated group. Maternal arterial pH and blood gas values were normal throughout the study. At 132-136 days' gestation, fetal arterial oxygen pressure was lower in the oxytocin group than in controls (P < .05). Basal fetal ACTH concentrations did not change between 130 and 136 days in both groups. The mean fetal plasma ACTH concentration was not different between the control (40.6 +/- 4.1 pg/mL) and oxytocin groups (32.6 +/- 4.9 pg/mL). Pre-hypotension fetal plasma ACTH was similar in both groups, whereas cortisol was lower in the oxytocin group. Hypotension significantly increased fetal plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations; however, both ACTH and cortisol responses were smaller in the oxytocin group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Increased myometrial contractility throughout the last third of gestation modifies the normal ACTH and cortisol relation at the critical time of prepartum increase in adrenocortical activity. In addition, fetal ACTH and cortisol responses to hypotension are diminished in fetuses exposed to such a prolonged increase in myometrial contractility. These observations support the hypothesis that myometrial contractility influences fetal neuroendocrine development.
Slow light linear and nonlinear devices: Figures of merit

We consider performance limitations of various slow light schemes in different optoelectronic systems and establish figures of merit for each linear and nonlinear application. Based on this figures recommendations are made.
Diagnosis of melanoma aspirates on ThinPrep: the University of Michigan experience

The purpose of this study was to compare the cytologic features of melanoma fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) prepared by ThinPrep (TP) with those in conventional smears (CS) and to identify any diagnostic pitfalls. Fifty-one aspirates diagnosed as melanoma were obtained, 36 of which were prepared by both TP and CS. The preparations were evaluated for cellularity, cell aggregates, cellular appearance, melanin pigment, cytoplasmic, and nuclear features. Categorical data were analyzed by the chi-square test and continuous data by the Wilcoxin-signed rank test. Correlation was determined by Spearman's test for bivariate correlations (rho). Good correlation between the two methods was identified for the following features: cellularity, cell type, bi/multinucleated cells, cytoplasmic features, NC ratio, and presence of macronucleoli. TP exhibits coarser chromatin compared to CS (P = 0.005). Six of 36 CS contained large cellular groups; none of the TP contained them (P = 0.018). Twenty-five of 36 CS contained intranuclear inclusions as opposed to 12/36 TP (P < 0.001). The number of inclusions was significantly reduced on TP. The amount of intracellular melanin was the same with both techniques. Background melanin was markedly reduced on TP except when either trapped by fibrin or attached to cellular clusters (P = 0.006). Background blood was also markedly reduced on TP (P < 0.005). In summary, the cytological features of TP and CS for FNA evaluation of melanoma correlate well; however, one needs to be aware of the cytologic alterations introduced by TP. TP is a sufficient preparation method in the diagnosis of melanoma FNA aspirates when performed by clinicians. It is also a useful adjunct in bloody or low-cellular aspirates, where it tends to reduce the background blood and concentrate the cells.
Influence of the concentration of sperm on the percentage of eggs fertilized for three strains of mice

This study was conducted to determine the optimal concentration of sperm to use for the insemination of females to detect differences among strains of mice in the percentage of eggs fertilized. Female ICR mice were inseminated with sperm of concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 8 × 106/50 μl from males of either DBA/2N, CF1, or C57BL/6N strains. Differences among strains were detected only when approximately 50% of the eggs were fertilized but not when each of the strains fertilized either a high or low percentage of eggs. The optimal concentration of sperm therefore was the concentration that gave approximately 50% fertilized eggs.
Genetic analysis of safflower domestication

Background Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oilseed crop in the Compositae (a.k.a. Asteraceae) that is valued for its oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids. Here, we present an analysis of the genetic architecture of safflower domestication and compare our findings to those from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), an independently domesticated oilseed crop within the same family. We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying 24 domestication-related traits in progeny from a cross between safflower and its wild progenitor, Carthamus palaestinus Eig. Also, we compared QTL positions in safflower against those that have been previously identified in cultivated x wild sunflower crosses to identify instances of colocalization.
Note on the expected number of Yang-Baxter moves applicable to reduced decompositions

The expected number of Yang-Baxter moves applicable to a reduced decomposition of the longest element in the symmetric group on n letters is observed to be 1, independent of n.
DO CLIMBS TO EXTREME ALTITUDE CAUSE BRAIN DAMAGE

Discussion des connaissances actuelles: l'ascension a des altitudes extremes provoque une hypoxie qui amene des troubles du systeme nerveux central, mais ces troubles laissent-ils des sequelles durables? L'alpinisme serait-il un sport aussi dangereux que la boxe?
Efficient synthesis of azetidine through N-trityl- or N- dimethoxytritylazetidines starting from 3-amino-1-propanol or 3- halopropylamine hydrohalides

Efficient synthetic routes for the preparation of azetidine starting from commercially available 3-amino-l-propanol or 3-halopropylamine hydrohalides are reported. First, the appropriate N-trityl- or N-dimethoxy-trityl protected tosyloxy- or halopropylamines were prepared. These precursors were then cyclized into the N-trityl- or N-dimethoxytritylazetidines. The N-protecting groups were removed in the presence of perchloric acid giving the hydrogen perchlorate salt of azetidine. The latter compound was transformed into its free base using a strong base under anhydrous conditions. The relatively expensive 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride and less expensive trityl chloride used in these synthetic procedures were recycled in good yields. Azetidine hydrogenperchlorate can be used to prepare N-substituted azetidines without the need to isolate the free azetidine.
Diagenetic Ge-Si fractionation in continental margin environments: further evidence for a nonopal Ge sink

We present data for dissolved germanic and silicic acids from several settings: sediment pore water profiles collected from the Peru-Chile continental margin, fluxes measured with in situ benthic flux chambers and shipboard whole-core incubations, and water column profiles from the California continental margin. Collectively, these data show that Ge and Si are fractionated in these continental margin sedimentary environments during diagenesis with ∼50% of the Ge released by opal dissolution being sequestered within the sediments. The areal extent of this diagenetic fractionation covers station depths from ∼100 m to >1000 m. Sediments from these sites typically have high pore water Fe2+ present in the upper ∼2 cm. At sites with low Fe2+ concentrations in the upper pore waters, the Ge:Si benthic regeneration ratio indicates little or no fractionation during diatom dissolution. Consistent with the sedimentary fractionation, water column dissolved Ge:Si ratios along the continental margin are on average lower (0.66 μmol/mol) than the global average ratio (0.72 μmol/mol, Mortlock and Froelich, 1996). This lower “average” ratio is driven by two distinct ΔGe:ΔSi data trends having similar slopes but different intercepts. Data from the upper ∼150 m has a Ge:Si slope of 0.74 ± 0.04 μmol/mol (2σ) and an intercept of 0.5 ± 0.4; whereas below ∼550 m the slope is 0.70 ± 0.06 μmol/mol, but the intercept is −5.0 ± 8.0. Assuming that the sediments sampled here are representative of all reducing marine environments, an assumption requiring further testing, our calculations indicate that sequestration of Ge into a nonopal phase throughout the global ocean in the depth range 0.2–1 km is sufficient to balance the Ge budget. Thus, we tentatively conclude that sequestering of Ge in reducing continental margin sediments is the “missing” Ge sink.
Markets and rent dissipation in regulated open access fisheries

Abstract Using a model of regulated open access resource use with markets, we illustrate the potential complexity of interactions between markets, product quality, excess effort, and regulatory behavior in fisheries. Our model assumes two product types, one of which is processed and storable. The model describes the equilibrium that results when effort responds to open access incentives and when regulators respond to effort growth by mitigating its potential harmful effects on biomass safety. We use numerical simulations to demonstrate a mechanism by which market growth leads to the diversion of raw inputs into the inherently inferior market. The result is a scenario in which rents are dissipated not only because excessive inputs raise costs, but also because inferior product types reduce revenues. We conclude with an illustrative decomposition of rent gains into revenue and cost savings gains from rationalizing a hypothetical fishery, demonstrating the potential significance of market-side rents.
GLUCOSE DISPOSAL, HORMONAL CHANGES, AND PLASMA ALANINE LEVEL IN NEONATAL SEPSIS

Glucose (G) disposal rate, plasma insulin (I) and plasma alanine (A) levels were studied in 8 full term infants (mean age=25 days) during acute infection and convalescence, 2 days and 8 days following antibiotic therapy for septicemia in 6 infants and/or meningitis in 5. Five infants had gram positive; 2, gram negative; and I, viral infection. Following a 1-2 hour constant G infusion (6 mg/kg/min), baseline G, I, and A samples were obtained. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed giving 1 gm/kg G (in 50% solution). Peripheral blood G was obtained for calculation of G disposal rate (Kt) and at 30 to 45 min. for plasma 1 levels. Four non-septic infants underwent similar studies. The results show that (1) glucose utilization is enhanced during the acute phase of infection, and although decreased, remains high during convalescence (Kt acute=3.7 ± 0.3 vs. control = 1.8 ± 0.1, p<.01, and convalescence=2.5 ± .23), (2) insulin levels were similar during the acute phase and convalescence and were not significantly different from controls, (3) basal A levels in septic infants were simi lar to control values indicating no deficiency of A as substrate for gluconeogenesis, and (4) no difference was observed in any parameter between gram positive and gram negative infection. Thus, enhanced glucose utilization during infection occurs in the absence of elevated insulin levels, suggesting that another “insulin-like” factor is present during infection.
Piñon seed assessment by the piñon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus

Pinon jays (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) distinguished accurately between good and bad seeds of pinon pines (Pinus edulis). This was investigated in captives of three age groups: wild-caught adults, hand-reared yearlings, and hand-reared juveniles. All appeared to use visual, tactile (apparently weight) and auditory (‘bill-clicking’) cues. Discrimination improved with practice. Bad seeds weighted with lead shot caused only temporary confusion. Inexperienced pinon jays demonstrated an immediate preference for pinon seeds over other objects. Distinguishing good seeds from bad was learned. ‘Bill-clicking’ apparently is unlearned, as it appears in young birds in a variety of contexts. The relationship between sounds perceived, external coloration, weight, and seed quality must be integrated by experiential processes.
Coordination chemistry of 2,6-dimethanol pyridine with early transition metal alkoxide compounds

The coordination behavior of the 2,6-dimethanol pyridine (H2-pdm) with Group 4 and 5 metal alkoxides was undertaken through a series of alcoholysis reactions. The products were crystallographically identified as: (OR)2M(μ2-pdm)[(μ-pdm)M(OR)2]2 (M = Ti, OR = OPri (1 · py), ONep (2 · HONep, tol); Zr, OBut (3)), [M3(μ3-pdm)(μ-pdm)2(μ-ONep)2(ONep)4] (M = Zr (4), Hf (5)), [M(μ-pdm)(OR)3]2 [M/OR = Nb/OEt (6), and Ta/ONep (7)] where μ = η1,η1,η2(O,N,O′), μ2 = η2,η1,η2(O,N,O′), μ3 = η1,η1,η3(O,N,O′), OEt = OCH2CH3, OPri = OCH(CH3)2, OBut = OC(CH3)3, and ONep = OCH2C(CH3)3. For each complex, pdm was a bichelating (O,N,O′) ligand generating trinuclear species coupled with a variety of additional bridging modes: μ, μ2, and μ3. Further analyses by multinuclear and DOSY NMR studies indicated that the structures were retained in solution.
Analytic solutions of the radial pulsation equation for rotating and magnetic star models

Eddington's (1926) form of wave equation for small-amplitude, radial, adiabatic stellar pulsations of spherically symmetric, gaseous stars is generalized to include the effects of axial rotation and tangled magnetic fields. Equilibrium quantities possessing dimensions are affected, and the relative importance of rotation and magnetism in affecting pulsation characteristics of the models depends on the choices of gamma and the type of model. Solutions are obtained in closed form for adiabatic pulsation periods of fine analytic stellar models, and nonadiabatic stability criteria are determined by means of the one-zone stellar model. Results are discussed for a range of physical parameters such as rotational angular momenta, central condensations, and magnetic energies; and applications are made to the case of classical Cepheids and other variable giant stars.
K-shell ionization in the electron and positron decays of /sup 64/Cu

The total K-ionization probabilities accompanying the ..beta../sup +/ and ..beta../sup -/ decays of /sup 64/Cu, P/sub K/(..beta../sup +/), and P/sub K/(..beta../sup -/) were determined from coincidence and singles K x-ray spectra of Ni and Zn to be (13.2 +- 0.8) x 10/sup -4/ and (11.9 +- 0.8) x 10/sup -4/, respectively, using a high resolution Si(Li) photon spectrometer. P/sub K/(..beta../sup +/)/P/sub K/(..beta../sup -/) was measured directly and independently to be 1.26 +- 0.10, in fair agreement with the ratio of the separate measurements 1.11 +- 0.10. While the average ratio is in agreement with the shaking theory of Isozumi, Shimizu, and Mukoyama, the individual values are a factor of approx. 1.5 larger than their predictions. A similar approximately twofold excess over the Isozumi, Shimizu, and Mukoyama hydrogenic-wave-function-based predictions has been observed for almost all cases of K-shell shaking in ..beta../sup -/ decay, and now also for this first reported measurement in ..beta../sup +/ decay. The measured ratio is the first experimental evidence affirming the previously recognized and acknowledged error of a factor of 2 (excess) for shakeoff in ..beta../sup -/ decay (but not in ..beta../sup +/ decay) in the theory of Law and Campbell. No evidence was found for amore » postulated Ni K vacancy production mechanism, in which the positron annihilates with a K electron internal to the parent atom, exceeding a few percent of K shaking in positron decay.« less
Atrial natriuretic prohormone peptides 1-30, 31-67, and 79-98 vasodilate the aorta.

Summary Human prohormone atrial natriuretic peptides 1–30, 31–67, and 79–98 caused vasodilation of porcine aortas which began in 30 seconds and was maximal at 10 minutes. These three peptides were found to be equally potent to atrial natriuretic factor in their vasodilatory activity which was found with or without endothelium present. This vasodilation was associated with a 4 to 5 fold increase in cyclic GMP in the aorta secondary to activation of particulate guanylate cyclase [E.G. 4.6.12]. These data demonstrate that three N-terminal peptide segments of the atrial natriuretic factor prohormone cause vasodilation.
THE REACTION OF THE CHICK THYROID TO FROG AND MOUSE ANTERIOR PITUITARIES

IT is WELL ESTABLISHED that the guinea pig is the best mammal to use in tests of the thyrotropic potency of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland because its thyroid responds quickly and markedly to administration of anterior pituitary substanceof many animals (1, 2). However, there is considerable evidence that the thyroid of a bird, the very young chick, is an even more sensitive indicator of the presence of thyrotropic hormone (3-8) both because the histological picture in the untreated animal is amore uniform one and therefore better adapted to reveal stimu lation in large or small degree and because it responds to a smaller quantity of sub stance. It is also a less expensive and more easily cared for host than the guinea pig. In some experiments in which the chick has been used the degree of the reaction has been judged mainly on the basis of changes in absolute weight in the thyroids of anterior pituitary treated birdscompared with their controls (3-7, 9).
A direct solution of the equivalent frame for two-way slabs

Abstract A common procedure for the analysis of concrete buildings with two-way slabs is to reduce the slab along with other components of the building to a series of equivalent frames representing portions of the building between center-lines of spans. This paper presents a direct solution of the equivalent frame. Variations of slab geometry, flexural and torsional beams as well as columns are included in the model considered. The equations derived are cast into a short computer program which can be used for the design of concrete buildings with flat plate, flat slab, and two-way slabs with beams.
The photochemistry of optically active (E)-cyclooctene: lamp versus laser

The photochemistry of optically active (E)-cyclooctene in cyclopentane was initiated with a lamp at ca. 254 nm and a Nd-YAG laser at 266 nm. The alkene racemizes slightly faster than it isomerizes to (Z)-cyclooctene, suggesting a previously hidden mechanism of E–Z photointerconversion. The photoreaction at 266 nm may be multiphoton in character.
Channel electron multiplier compatibility with Viton and Apiezon-L vacuum grease

Clean Viton and Viton coated with Apiezon-L vacuum grease were tested for their noncontaminating compatibility with channel electron multipliers (CEMs). The test setup and procedure were the same as those used previously in conjunction with CEM compatibility tests of certain epoxies, solder, and fluorocarbon polymer materials useful for construction of spaceflight sensors. While some CEM gain degradation was noted during exposure to Viton and Apiezon-L, the present tests indicate that, at least over instrument lifetimes of about 2 x 10 to the 12th counts, these materials should be suitable for (1) preflight space sensor testing systems, (2) hermetic seals for CEM-based space sensors, and (3) terrestrial CEM-based instrumentation.
Light-scattering studies of a ternary mixture: Comparison of field variables for critical phenomena description

We present static turbidity and dynamic light‐scattering measurements near the critical double point of a mixture of secondary butyl alcohol, tertiary butyl alcohol, and water. At the critical double point of this mixture an upper two‐phase miscibility loop merges with a lower two‐phase region. When temperature is used as a field variable to describe the critical behavior of the turbidity and correlation length of the mixture, nonuniversal behavior is seen in both the critical exponents and amplitudes. If, however, the tBA concentration difference from the critical curve is used, universality is found in both exponents and amplitudes. We thus term this concentration difference to be the relevant parameter for proper description of the critical behavior and, following Griffiths and Wheeler [Phys. Rev. A 2, 1047 (1970)], show this relevant parameter was determined by it never having tangential paths of approach to the critical curve.
Induction of gonadal intersex in genotypic male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) embryos following immersion in estradiol-17β

This investigation was conducted to determine the initial period of gonadal sensitivity to estrogen in genetically male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were immersed in approximately 250 μg estradiol-17β (E2)/l for two 2 hr periods during different stages of embryonic development beginning 30 days postfertilization (DPF) and continuing until 68 DPF. Histological analysis of gonad samples indicated a significant proportion of E2-treated fish had intersex gonads; these gonads were primarily comprised of testicular tissue with one or more oocytes scattered throughout. The most sensitive period for altering normal testicular development was found to occur between 44 and 51 DPF (63% intersex), while the labile period in general was determined to span 24 days (from 30 to 54 DPF). Additionally, quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA expression in whole individual untreated embryos at six weekly time points throughout the period of E2-exposure. Although the intersex condition was not observed throughout the entire E2-exposure period, ER mRNA was detected at each time point assayed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 56:495–501, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“School” Reading and Multiple Texts: Examining the Metacognitive Development of Secondary‐Level Preservice Teachers

This practitioner-research study investigated the reading behaviors of preservice teachers from diverse content disciplines as they engaged in reading multiple texts pertaining to a historical topic. Through participant-observer field notes, reader response journals, reflective essays, and participant debriefing, the authors examined the metacognitive awareness of students enrolled in a content area literacy course for preservice, secondary-level teachers. Results indicated that prospective teachers relied predominantly on a limited number of metacognitive strategies and engaged in reading behavior ranging from skimming and incomplete reading practices to not reading at all. This trend of engaging in less proficient or “pseudo-reading” strategies points to similarities in the reading behaviors and identities of these preservice teachers and of struggling readers described in many pedagogical theories surrounding content area literacy instruction. This study offers an explanation for the resistance secondary preservice teachers often exhibit toward content area literacy methods.
Computing Diffeomorphic Paths for Large Motion Interpolation

In this paper, we introduce a novel framework for computing a path of diffeomorphisms between a pair of input diffeomorphisms. Direct computation of a geodesic path on the space of diffeomorphisms Diff(Ω) is difficult, and it can be attributed mainly to the infinite dimensionality of Diff(Ω). Our proposed framework, to some degree, bypasses this difficulty using the quotient map of Diff(Ω) to the quotient space Diff(M)/Diff(M)μ obtained by quotienting out the subgroup of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms Diff(M)μ. This quotient space was recently identified as the unit sphere in a Hilbert space in mathematics literature, a space with well-known geometric properties. Our framework leverages this recent result by computing the diffeomorphic path in two stages. First, we project the given diffeomorphism pair onto this sphere and then compute the geodesic path between these projected points. Second, we lift the geodesic on the sphere back to the space of diffeomerphisms, by solving a quadratic programming problem with bilinear constraints using the augmented Lagrangian technique with penalty terms. In this way, we can estimate the path of diffeomorphisms, first, staying in the space of diffeomorphisms, and second, preserving shapes/volumes in the deformed images along the path as much as possible. We have applied our framework to interpolate intermediate frames of frame-sub-sampled video sequences. In the reported experiments, our approach compares favorably with the popular Large Deformation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping framework (LDDMM).
Visualizing chromosome dynamics with GFP

By allowing easy labeling of chromosomal and nuclear proteins and the tagging of specific chromosomal regions, the use of green-fluorescent protein (GFP) has provided new and special opportunities for directly observing chromosome dynamics in vivo. Here, we review recent applications of this methodology, focusing particularly on examples where new biology has been learned, or at least sighted. In particular, we focus on active bacterial chromosome segregation, yeast mitosis and centromere dynamics, and large-scale chromatin structure and dynamics within eukaryotic interphase nuclei.
Whose social capital matters? The case of U.S. urban public hospital closures and conversions to private ownership

Prior literature on social capital and health has predominantly focused on health outcomes and individual access to healthcare services. It is not known to what degree, if any, community social capital influences the performance or behaviors of public hospitals, a key source of healthcare for disadvantaged communities in the United States. In this study we developed measures of community bridging social capital – horizontal social networks between heterogeneous groups of similar social position – and linking social capital – vertical networks across the status hierarchy – relevant to public hospitals. We examined associations between social capital, and U.S. urban public hospital closures and conversions to private ownership from 1987 to 2007. We found that higher voting participation was associated with a greater hazard of public hospital closure over time (p < 0.01), whereas the number of business, professional and political organizations per 10,000 residents was associated a greater hazard of conversion (p < 0.05). Additional measures of bridging and linking social capital were not associated with either outcome. Taken together, our findings suggest that, at least historically, horizontal forms of social capital among more privileged groups (e.g., business, professional, and political associations) bear influence on public hospital outcomes. Specific efforts to increase engagement of disadvantaged groups and connect them with decision-makers may be needed to fully realize the potential of linking social capital to influence local healthcare policy promoting social protection.
A Defense of the Common Morality

Phenomena of moral conflict and disagreement have led writers in ethics to two antithetical conclusions: Either valid moral distinctions hold universally or they hold relative to a particular and contingent moral framework, and so cannot be applied with universal validly. Responding to three articles in this issue of the Journal that criticize his previously published views on the common morality, the author maintains that one can consistently deny universality to some justified moral norms and claim universality for others. Universality is located on the common morality and nonuniversality in other parts of the moral life, called "particular moralities." The existence of universal moral standards is defended in terms of: (1) a theory of the objectives of morality, (2) an account of the norms that achieve those objectives, and (3) an account of normative justification (both pragmatic and coherentist).
Two-photon laser and optical-bistability sidemode instabilities

Abstract Two-photon laser oscillation and optical bistability have been observed and studied theoretically by various groups. The studies have not considered the buildup of sidemodes. We have extended the corresponding one-photon sidemode treatments to two-photon transitions for which no resonant intermediate levels exist. For the two-photon laser, we find a wide region of single-wavelength instability for a centrally tuned strong mode. For the corresponding two-photon absorptive optical bistability, we predict no single-wavelength instabilities. For strong-mode detuning, we find that appreciable regions of sidemode gain exist for both problems allowing multiwavelength instabilities to occur.
Isoform-specific differences in the size of desmosomal cadherin/catenin complexes.

Via their integration of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton into the cell membrane, desmosomes facilitate the maintenance of cell shape and tissue integrity as well as intercellular communication. The transmembrane components of the desmosome, the desmogleins and desmocollins, are members of the cadherin family of cell–cell adhesion molecules. Each of these proteins exists as three distinct isoforms, which are the products of individual genes and expressed in a cell-type and differentiation-specific manner. Previous work has suggested that desmoglein 1 binds to its catenin partner, plakoglobin, in an approximately 6:1 stoichiometry. In this study, the molecular organization of complexes formed by plakoglobin and desmoglein 1, 2, or 3 are further examined through immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography and sucrose density sedimentation analysis. It is shown that the complex formed between plakoglobin and desmoglein 1 has an overall molecular weight greater than that of plakoglobin/desmoglein 2 or plakoglobin/desmoglein 3; however, the stoichiometry of the plakoglobin/desmoglein 1 complex does not appear to exceed 2:1.
Role of exhaust gas recycle on submicrometer particle formation during oxy-coal combustion

Abstract During oxy-coal combustion, recycled exhaust gas is used as a diluent to replace nitrogen in pulverized coal-fired boilers to moderate boiler temperatures. The effect of recycle (upto recycle ratios of 60%) on combustion of Powder River Basin (PRB) coal related submicrometer particle formation was investigated in a drop-tube furnace system. The recycled exhaust gas containing lower O2 concentration and higher CO2 concentration suppressed submicrometer particle formation. However, it was found that water vapor in recycled exhaust gas greatly enhanced the formation of submicrometer particles. The gas composition changes that result with exhaust-gas recycle significantly affected the size distribution of submicrometer particles at the exit of the combustor. Differences in the particle size distribution with and without filtration of recycled exhaust gas was insignificant. The composition of the resultant particles in oxy-coal combustion and conventional coal-air combustion as determined by X-ray diffraction was similar.
Dynamic Response of Biomimetic Hair Receptors in Both Steady and Unsteady Flow Environment

The high performance of nature’s creations and biological assemblies has inspired the development of engineered counter parts that may outperform or provide new capabilities to conventional systems. In particular, the wings of bats contain distributed arrays of micro-scaled flow sensitive hair receptors over their surface, which inspires artificial hair sensors (AHS) development in aerodynamic feedback control designs using the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS). One approach investigates the possibility of installing AHS on the leading edges of the wings of small-scaled unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to improve the aerodynamic control. Our major motivation for the present study is that current mathematical models have limited relevance to aerodynamic situations because they are analyzed in steady or purely oscillatory flows. Our overall objective is to understand AHS fluid-structure interaction (FSI) in flow regimes relevant to small-scaled UAVs, for which we speculate a steady baseline flow perturbed by an oscillatory component is an appropriate flow reference condition. Towards understanding the AHS in this situation, we investigate the dynamic response of a hair receptor in a creeping flow environment with a steady and oscillatory component. We present time varying deflection and bending moment of the artificial hair sensors at different freestream velocities. For this, a three-dimensional FSI model is developed for the flexible hair-structure in the airflow, which is coupled with a finite element model using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The Navier-Stokes equations including continuity equation are solved numerically for the CFD model. To describe the dynamic response of the hair receptors, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the hair receptors, computed from the FSI model, are compared with the excitation frequencies of the surrounding airflow. This model also describes both the boundary layer effects and effects of inertial forces due to FSI of the hair receptors. For supporting the FSI model, the dynamic response of the hair receptor is also validated considering the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory including the steady and unsteady airflow.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Signs, language and miscommunication: an essay on train wrecks

Abstract The movement of trains in the United States is coordinated by the use of a small number of standard codes of operating rules and variations upon them as well as various systems of signs, including railroad signs directed at railroad employees and highway signs directed at pedestrians and motorists. These signs, their intended meanings and the responses appropriate to them have been established by railroads and railroad associations, as well as federal, state and local agencies and laws. Nearly 200 years of accidents involving railroads has revealed that the interpretation of both train operating rules and signs associated with the railroad does not always follow the prescribed meanings. Understanding the reasons for these interpretations at variance with the prescribed meanings has been the object of extensive research over the past two decades and what has been learned has considerable importance for understanding all manner of signs, including linguistic signs.
Technology thrust of new era electronics

A salient factor in forecasting the future of technology is focussed on the alignment of current driving forces with anticipated market pulls. In electronics, the dynamic activity of the past decade has been centered on silicon integrated circuit and computer development. Silicon IC technology basically is a means of manufacturing complex electronic assemblies at low cost and high reliability. The expanding efforts to produce an ever increasing number of components on a chip has been motivated by the cost reduction of electronic functions; the revolutionary aspect of this manufacutring technology has been the joint achievement of lower cost and higher reliability per function with each increase of lithographic resolution . . . As chip sophistication has increased, doubling every year since the early sixties and still proceeding at an exponential rate, a complexity threshold was crossed recently making it possible to manufacture Powerful computers at consumer-level prices. Hence, the crux of Predicting the electronic future hinges on the question of how computers will be used in the consumer, industrial and government markets in the era of inexpensive computational power . . . A major market concern now and in the near future is energy conservation and generation. Despite the public apathy, an energy crisis of critical Proportions looms on the horizon . . . Technology across a broader front must keep up with the driving forces of silicon IC manufacturing and computers . . . If the public at large is to accept the technological vision of the future, technological complexity must be made transparent at the human-machine interface. We must design system architectures which can absorb the rapidly-advancing changes without rapid obsolescence of previous investments. Electronic systems must be made fail-safe, maintainable and reliable. And, the interface must be simple. The key to public acceptance of the new world of electronics will be transparency -- not programmability . . . A broad appraisal of these vital issues will be presented.
Trifluoperazine inhibits progesterone and cyclic AMP production in granulosa cells of the hen (Gallus domesticus)

Unstimulated (basal) as well as luteinizing hormone (LH)-promoted progesterone production in collagenase-dispersed hen granulosa cells was inhibited in a dose-related manner by two phenothiazines, trifluoperazine (TFP) and chlorpromazine (CP), both of which are known calmodulin antagonists. Using TFP, the more potent antagonist of the two, it was found that LH-stimulated cyclic AMP production was also suppressed. Moreover, TFP attenuated the steroidogenic effects of both 8-bromo-cyclic AMP and isobutylmethylxanthine but had no effect on the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. The inhibitory effects of TFP on steroidogenesis were reversible. It is concluded that phenothiazines inhibit steroidogenesis in ovarian granulosa cells by acting at multiple sites both proximal and distal to cyclic AMP generation without influencing the enzyme complex responsible for the conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. The results are discussed in relation to calmodulin- and non-calmodulin-mediated actions of phenothiazines.
Very-high-precision bound-state spectroscopy near a 85Rb Feshbach resonance

We precisely measured the binding energy $({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{bind}})$ of a molecular state near the Feshbach resonance in a ${}^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). Rapid magnetic-field pulses induced coherent atom-molecule oscillations in the BEC. We measured the oscillation frequency as a function of B field and fit the data to a coupled-channel model. Our analysis constrained the Feshbach resonance position [155.041(18) G], width [10.71(2) G], and background scattering length $[\ensuremath{-}{443(3)a}_{0}]$ and yielded new values for the Rb interaction parameters. These results improved our estimate for the stability condition of an attractive BEC. We also found evidence for a mean-field shift to ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{bind}}.$
Reading-strategy use by English as a second language learners in online reading tasks

This study investigates adult English language learners' reading-strategy use when they read online texts in hypermedia learning environments. The learners joined the online Independent English Study Group (IESG) and worked both individually and collaboratively. This qualitative case study aims (a) to assess college-level ESL learners' use of reading strategies for online second language (L2) texts and (b) to examine their use of hypertext and hypermedia resources while they read online L2 text. The seven strategies were (a) using hypermedia, (b) using computer applications and accessories, (c) dialoguing, (d) setting up reading purposes and planning, (e) previewing and determining what to read, (f) connecting prior knowledge and experiences with texts and tasks, and (g) inferring. The first two strategies were unique to online readings; the five remaining strategies apply to both online readings and paper-based text readings. The findings also revealed that ''hybrid'' online reading emphasized participants' various reaction patterns and preferences in their hypermedia learning environments.
Chemical and structural characteristics of the potassium-cesium-antimony photocathode

Abstract A structural and chemical analysis of the phases present in the system ( K 1− x Cs x Sb (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) has been carried out. The recently discovered potassium-cesium-antimony cathode is shown to be K 2 CsSb with a structure similar to that of Na 2 KSb. Although the cathode material is uniquely denned as such, it is part of a range of continuous solid solution extending from Cs 3 Sb to K 2.08 Cs 0.92 Sb.