cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Validation Study of the Proposed IASLC Staging Revisions of the T4 and M Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Descriptors Using Data from 23,583 Patients in the California Cancer Registry

Background We performed a validation study of the proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) and stage grouping revisions on advanced nonbronchioloalveolar carcinoma (non-BAC) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Twenty-three thousand five hundred eighty-three patients from the California Cancer Registry between 1999 and 2003 with histologically confirmed non-BAC NSCLC and complete TNM staging were identified and reclassified according to the IASLC proposed TNM revisions and new stage groupings. Twelve thousand nine hundred one stage IIIB and IV patients formed the primary analysis of the changes to T4 and M descriptors. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results extent of disease codes were used to identify various T4 and M descriptors. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) among the stage groupings of the current and proposed staging system with adjustment for ethnicity, gender, age, histology, histologic grade, socioeconomic status, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Results The proposed changes to the T4 and M descriptors were supported by overall survival analysis. T4 due to additional nodules had significant survival advantage over other T4 and M descriptors among non-BAC NSCLC and individual histology and warrants down-staging to T3. Pericardial effusion had survival similar to M1b patients. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis supports subdividing M descriptor into M1a (versus IASLC stage IA; HR=4.90; 95% confidence interval: 4.49–5.34) and M1b (versus IASLC stage IA; HR=6.84; 95% confidence interval: 6.30–7.44). Conclusions IASLC has greatly improved the T4 and M descriptors allowing better prognostication of advanced non-BAC NSCLC. Pericardial effusion may be considered as M1b rather than M1a.
Microfluidic gene arrays for rapid genomic profiling

Genomic analysis tools have recently become an indispensable tool for the evaluation of gene expression in a variety of experiment protocols. Two of the main drawbacks to this technology are the labor and time intensive process for sample preparation and the relatively long times required for target/probe hybridization. In order to overcome these two technological barriers we have developed a microfluidic chip to perform on chip sample purification and labeling, integrated with a high density genearray. Sample purification was performed using a porous polymer monolithic material functionalized with an oligo dT nucleotide sequence for the isolation of high purity mRNA. These purified mRNA’s can then rapidly labeled using a covalent fluorescent molecule which forms a selective covalent bond at the N7 position of guanine residues. These labeled mRNA’s can then released from the polymer monolith to allow for direct hybridization with oligonucletide probes deposited in microfluidic channel. To allow for rapid target/probe hybridization high density microarray were printed in microchannels. The channels can accommodate array densities as high as 4000 probes. When oligonucleotide deposition is complete, these channels are sealed using a polymer film which forms a pressure tight seal to allow sample reagent flow to the arrayed probes. This process will allow for real time target to probe hybridization monitoring using a top mounted CCD fiber bundle combination. Using this process we have been able to perform a multi-step sample preparation to labeled target/probe hybridization in less than 30 minutes. These results demonstrate the capability to perform rapid genomic screening on a high density microfluidic microarray of oligonucleotides.
MITOSIS, CYTOKINESIS, THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLASMODESMATA, AND OTHER CYTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE ULOTRICHALES, ULVALES, AND CHAETOPHORALES: PHYLOGENETIC AND TAXONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS1

SUMMARY The results of previous research and a present survey of some of the cytological characteristics of 18 additional genera and 34 additional species are presented and discussed from the viewpoint of phylogenetic and taxonomic significance. A preliminary attempt is made to place these, algae, in 4 orders on the basis of comparative cytology, and in particular on the basis of variation in mitosis and cytokinesis and the distribution of plasmodesmata. Consideration is given to the evolution of the phragmoplast and to the hypothesis that the Chaetophorales are related to the ancestry of land plants.
Optically controlled polarizer using a ladder transition for high speed Stokesmetric Imaging and Quantum Zeno Effect based optical logic.

We demonstrate an optically controlled polarizer at ~1323 nm using a ladder transition in a Rb vapor cell. The lower leg of the 5S1/2,F = 1->5P1/2,F = 1,2->6S1/2,F = 1,2 transitions is excited by a Ti:Sapphire laser locked to a saturated absorption signal, representing the control beam. A tunable fiber laser at ~1323 nm is used to excite the upper leg of the transitions, representing the signal beam. When the control beam is linearly polarized, it produces an excitation of the intermediate level with a particular orientation of the angular momentum. Under ideal conditions, this orientation is transparent to the signal beam if it has the same polarization as the control beam and is absorbed when it is polarized orthogonally. We also present numerical simulations of the system using a comprehensive model which incorporates all the relevant Zeeman sub-levels in the system, and identify means to improve the performance of the polarizer. A novel algorithm to compute the evolution of large scale quantum system enabled us to perform this computation, which may have been considered too cumbersome to carry out previously. We describe how such a polarizer may serve as a key component for high-speed Stokesmetric imaging. We also show how such a polarizer, combined with an optically controlled waveplate, recently demonstrated by us, can be used to realize a high speed optical logic gate by making use of the Quantum Zeno Effect. Finally, we describe how such a logic gate can be realized at an ultra-low power level using a tapered nanofiber embedded in a vapor cell.
Transfer between Picture Books and the Real World by Very Young Children

Picture book reading is a very common form of interaction between parents and very young children. Here we explore to what extent young children transfer novel information between picture books and the real world. We report that 15- and 18-month-olds can extend newly learned labels both from pictures to objects and from objects to pictures. However, the degree to which they do so is affected by iconicity—how much the objects and pictures resemble one another. The children in these studies more often extended the labels between picture and object when realistic photographs and drawings were involved than less realistic cartoons. These results show that higher levels of perceptual similarity between symbol and referent make the referential relation more transparent, thereby helping children transfer information between them. Thus, the educational function of early picture book interactions may best be served with realistic illustrations. This research was supported by NIH grant HD-25271 to JSD and by NSF gr...
Attributing Presidential Responsibility for National Economic Problems

Several recent studies of economic voting have challenged a central assumption of the reward-punishment theory of retrospective voting, that voters hold the incumbent party responsible for all manner of economic fluctuations. Our research expands on prior work in several ways by specifying and testing a model of the way people attribute responsibility to presidents for national economic problems. We find that during the 1982 recession, President Reagan was spared the wrath of the reward-punishment theory among individuals who felt that economic problems were more the fault of the previous administration, that presidents have relatively little control over the causes of inflation and unemployment, and that past presidents were unable to control these same problems. Implications for retrospective voting theories and the outcome of the 1982 midterm elections are discussed.
Deltas at risk

The long-term sustainability of populated deltas is often more affected by large-scale engineering projects than sea-level rise associated with global warming and the global ocean volume increase. On deltas, the rate of relative eustatic sea-level rise is often smaller than the rate for isostatic-controlled subsidence and of the same order of magnitude as natural sediment compaction. Accelerated compaction associated with petroleum and groundwater mining can exceed natural subsidence rates by an order of magnitude. The reduction in sediment delivery to deltas due to trapping behind dams, along with the human control of routing river discharge across delta plains, contributes to the sinking of world deltas. Consequences include shoreline erosion, threatened mangroves swamps and wetlands, increased salinization of cultivated land, and hundreds of millions of humans put at risk.
A Preliminary Report and Commentary on the Structure of Graduate Afrocentric Research and Implications for the Advancement of the Discipline of Africalogy, 1980-2004

The purpose of this article is to discuss the findings of an examination of 81 randomly selected dissertations submitted for completion of the doctoratelevel degree between 1980 and 2004. In this sample, 37 institutions of higher education in the United States produced doctoral recipients who based their major research on Afrocentric analysis. This random sampling of dissertations does not begin to indicate the actual number of dissertations that utilized an Afrocentric theory and/or methodology in higher education between 1980 and 2004. However, the sample gives us an important indication of how Afrocentric scholarship has captured academic and intellectual enthusiasm and provided a groundbreaking theoretical and methodological basis for the discipline of Black studies. The analysis of these dissertations indicates significant findings for the advancement of the discipline of Africalogy.
Chemical annealing of oxygen hole centers in bulk glasses

Abstract Chemical annealing of the oxygen hole centers in bulk glasses by using hydrogen (or deuterium) has been extensively reported in the literature. Hydrogen chemically anneals these defect centers by reacting with them to form hydroxyl species. We have here presented a reaction–diffusion model to predict the chemical annealing rates of these defect centers in bulk glasses. The model considers diffusion of hydrogen (or its isotopes, e.g., deuterium) through the glass and its simultaneous reaction with the oxygen hole defect centers, resulting in the formation of the hydroxyl species in the glass. The predictions from the model are in excellent agreement with the experimental data presented in [J. Appl. Phys. 60 (12) (1986) 4325]. The model also establishes the precise connection between the dependence of effective hydrogen diffusivity on its intrinsic diffusivity, temperature, hydrogen and defect concentration. We also discuss methods for understanding chemical annealing behavior at high temperatures, where hydrogen not only reacts with the oxygen hole centers, but also with the silica matrix. For the case where hydrogen interaction with the silica matrix is the dominant reaction, a reaction–diffusion model is presented and the equilibrium constant (between 500 and 900 °C) for the reaction is estimated by comparing the predictions from the model with the hydroxyl profiles reported in [Appl. Phys. Lett. 47 (3) (1985) 328; J. Appl. Phys. 61 (12) (1987) 5447].
Oncornavirus envelope glycoprotein in serum of mice.

Sera of all mice tested except 129Gix− contained the envelope glycoprotein of murine oncornaviruses. In serum of New Zealand mice, where the envelope was found in greatest concentration, most of it was present as free glycoprotein, not as virions or a protein-antibody complex. The identity of the protein was demonstrated by antibody binding and purification of a specific component of about 70,000 daltons. The virion 30,000-dalton protein and the virion internal protein of 12,000 or 15,000 daltons were detected in measurable quantities only in serum of high incidence of leukemia mice. Serum antibodies to the purified virus glycoprotein could not be detected, either with Rauscher virus gp69/71 or Gross virus gp70. Control studies showed that antibodies against the viral glycoproteins of Rauscher and Gross viruses were present in serum of BALB/c mice immunized with Friend virus or Friend virus-induced BALB/c tumor cells expressing the viral envelope glycoprotein.
Specific hydrogen bonding of barbiturates to adenine derivatives.

Barbiturates form strong, specific hydrogen bonds with derivatives of adenine. This highly specific interaction which is more extensive than the hydrogen bonding between thymine (or uracil) derivatives and adenine derivatives may help to explain the different biological effects of barbiturates.
Histologic inflammation in the maternal and fetal compartments in a rabbit model of acute intra-amniotic infection ☆ ☆☆

Abstract Objective: This study was undertaken to determine the course of acute inflammation in the maternal and fetal compartments during experimentally induced ascending intra-amniotic infection. Study Design: Forty pregnant rabbits at 70% gestation were inoculated endocervically with 10 5 colony-forming units of Escherichia coli . Does were killed at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 30 hours after inoculation. At necropsy, blood, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid, and uterine tissue were cultured. Fetal brain, lung, heart, gut, and kidney were collected for histologic examination. Necrosis, infiltrates, congestion, and edema were each assessed semiquantitatively, and mean composite histologic-inflammation scores were compared with analysis of variance. Inflammation, mitotic activity, and apoptosis were evaluated in the fetal brain, and groups were compared with analysis of variance. Results: Twenty-six animals were evaluated after 14 were excluded (lack of fever or positive culture results). A significant increase in histologic inflammation score was seen in the uterus ( P P =.011), and fetal lung ( P =.001) but not in other fetal tissues. These changes were seen earlier in the uterus and placenta and later in the fetal lung. Mitotic activity in the fetal brain decreased significantly by 8 hours after cervical inoculation. There was no inflammation in the fetal brain, and apoptosis in the fetal brain did not increase with time. Conclusions: Histologic inflammation occurs early in both the uterus and the placenta and later in the fetal lung in the rabbit model of acute intra-amniotic infection. This contrasts with the previously reported chronic model of intra-amniotic infection in the rabbit. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:1088-93.)
PROBABILITY OF GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM AS AFFECTED BY STRAIN, CELL AND SEROLOGIC TYPE, INOCULUM SIZE AND TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF INCUBATION IN A MODEL BROTH SYSTEM

Using factorial design experiments and MPN methodology, we evaluated the probability (P) of growth initiation of 17 individual proteolytic (A,B,F) and non-proteolytic (B,E,F) C. botulinum strains (spores and cells) in a model broth as it is affected by strain, cell and serologic type, inoculum size (100–106), temperature (4–47°C) and time of incubation (up to 28 days). Regression analyses of the P of growth of the most capable strains for all conditions tested, allowed the development of quantitative equations relating P of growth initiation by one spore or cell to the variables studied. The close agreement between observed and predicted Ps demonstrated the potential usefullness of the modeling approach in studying microbial interactions with food environments.
Monogamy to communal breeding: exploitation of a broad resource base by burying beetles (Nicrophorus)

. 1 To investigate the range of resource size that burying beetles (Nicrophorus) exploit, small (21–33 g), medium (50–90 g) and large (120–210g) carcasses, were placed in the field and then exhumed after 1, 4, 8, 12 or 18 days. 2 Nicrophorus attempts to utilize carcasses over this entire size range but has greater success on smaller carcasses. 3 Larger carcasses were more difficult to exploit because: (a) they took longer to conceal beneath the leaf litter; (b) they were less likely to be rounded into brood balls; (c) they were more likely to be utilized by dipterans; and (d) they were occupied by greater numbers of congeners. 4 Larger carcasses, however, did support greater numbers of larvae and contained broods of greater total mass than smaller carcasses. 5 Beetles sometimes bred communally on larger carcasses in the field and same-sex adults were observed to feed young. 6 Two follow-up experiments were conducted in the laboratory. On a large carcass N.defodiens, N.tomentosus or N.orbicollis can raise a maximum of 35–50 young. Nicrophorus pustulatus, in contrast, appears to be unique among Nicrophorus in that it can raise nearly 200 young on larger carcasses. 7 Nicrophorus orbicollis and Nicrophorus sayi are extremely dependent on parental regurgitations and young fail to survive to the second instar if parents are removed. Young of Nicrophorus defodiens, N.tomentosus and N.pustulatus can develop normally without parental regurgitations. 8 I discuss these results in the context of reproduction on carcasses of different size and hypothesize that this breeding system is facultatively quasisocial.
Simultaneous determination of Maillard reaction impurities in memantine tablets using HPLC with charged aerosol detector.

Abstract A gradient high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using charged aerosol detection (CAD) was developed for the simultaneous determination of impurities formed by the Maillard reaction in memantine tablets. These impurities were a memantine-lactose adduct (ML), a memantine-dimethylamino glycine adduct (DMAG), a memantine-galactose adduct (MGAL), and a memantine-glucose adduct (MGLU). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Synergy Hydro RP column (100 mm × 3 mm, 2.5 μm particles) from Phenomenex with gradient elution using mobile phases consisting of 0.6% (v/v) of heptafluorobuturic acid (HFBA) in two acetonitrile–isopropyl alcohol–water mixtures. The method validation for the impurities included linearity, accuracy by spike recovery, precision, limits of detection and quantitation, and robustness. The method was sensitive for these non-chromophoric impurities down to 0.4–0.6 μg/mL (0.02–0.03% of the memantine drug substance). The effect of mobile phase HFBA concentration on chromatographic resolution and peak shape was investigated, and the effect of sample diluent acidification on method accuracy via spike recovery was studied. The operational simplicity of the CAD detector for routine quality control has been demonstrated.
The Role of Heliox in Paediatric Respiratory Disease

Helium-oxygen (heliox) gas mixtures have been studied for over 70 years as an adjunctive therapy for airway obstruction in a variety of respiratory diseases. The medical use of heliox is based on the physical properties of helium as its low density makes it advantageous in promoting more efficient flow through narrowed passages. Clinical evidence of the efficacy of heliox in treating paediatric respiratory diseases is increasing in the medical literature. This article consists of a comprehensive review of the literature investigating the utility of heliox in the treatment of paediatric respiratory disorders, including upper and lower airway obstruction, mechanical ventilation, and aerosol delivery.
Searching for new branches on the tree of life

Ever since Woese's seminal work nearly 40 years ago ( 1 ), life has been divided into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota. But could there be life that does not fit into any of these domains? Novel techniques for exploring microbes that cannot readily be grown in the laboratory offer hope that scientists can discover such life, if it exists (see the first figure). These methods include metagenomics, which involves the sequencing of DNA extracted from environmental samples, and single-cell genomics, where individual microbial cells are isolated from the environment and their genomes amplified and sequenced.
On the number of absolutely identifiable spectral hues.

Abstract : A normal observer can discriminate well over a million different colors under ideal, laboratory conditions of observation. How many colors can be identify when he sees colors singly and is required to identify them with nearly 100 per cent accuracy. The experiments reported here are an attempt to estimate the number of such absolutely-identifiable spectral hues. Observers were tested in a schedule which included familiarization, practice and test runs with four different series of spectral hues. In every case, the test colors were presented singly against a neutral gray background, and the observers were required to identify each according to a simple numerical code. Four series of spectral hues, containing 17, 15, 12 and 10 wavelengths, were used. The results suggest that the average observer can identify no more than 12 spectral hues under these conditions of observation. (Author)
5α-androstano [3,2-b]pyridines, 5α-androstano[17,16-b]pyridines and androst-4 and 5-eno[17,16-b]pyridines†

A new synthesis of 5α-androstano[3,2-b]pyridin-17β-ol acetate (VIa) and 17-methyl-5α-androstano[3,2-b]pyridin-17β-ol (VIb), first reported by Shimizu, Ohta, Ueno, and Takegoshi, was achieved. The analogous 5α - androstano[17,16-b]pyridin-3β-ol (XII), 5α-androstano[17,16-b]pyridin-3-one (XIVa), and androst-4-eno[17,16-b]pyridin-3-one (XIVb) were also prepared. An illustration of the method follows. Condensation of 3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (VIIa) with 3-(2-furyl)acrolein afforded 16-[3-(2-furyl)-2-propenylidene]-3β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (VIIIa), the oxime (IXa) of which was thermally cyclized to 5α-androstano[17,16-b]-6′-(2-furyl)pyridin-3β-ol (Xa). 3β-Hydroxy-5α-androstano[17,16-b]pyridine-6′-carboxylic acid (XI) was obtained by ozonolysis of Xa. Thermal decarboxylation of XI gave XII. Cinnamaldehyde was used in place of 3-(2-furyl)acrolein to give the corresponding phenylpyridines.
Surfactant-induced sealing of electropermeabilized skeletal muscle membranes in vivo.

Abstract Victims of major electrical trauma frequently suffer extensive skeletal muscle and nerve damage, which is postulated to be principally mediated by electroporation and/or thermally driven cell membrane permeabilization. We have investigated the efficacy of two blood-compatible chemical surfactants for sealing electroporated muscle membranes. In studies using cultured skeletal muscle cells, poloxamer 188 (P188; an 8.4-kDa nonionic surfactant) blocks, and neutral dextran (10.1 kDa) substantially retards, carboxyfluorescein release from electropermeabilized cell membranes. To test whether P188 administered intravenously could have the same therapeutic effect in vivo, the rat biceps femoris muscle flap attached by its arteriovenous pedicle was electropermeabilized until its electrical resistivity dropped to 50% of the initial value. P188 (460 mg/kg) administered intravenously 20 min postshock restored the resistivity to 77% of the initial value. When P188 was administered intravenously 5 min before shock, a dose-dependent impedance recovery rate was observed. Neither neutral dextran (460 mg/kg) nor sterile saline was effective. Histopathologic studies indicated that postshock poloxamer administration reduced tissue inflammation and damage in comparison with dextran-treated or control tissues. Electrophysiologic evidence of membrane damage was not observed in flaps of animals pretreated with poloxamer. These results suggest that it may be possible to seal in vivo tissue membranes injured by electrical, thermal, or other membrane-damaging forces.
Troubling the Contours of Arts-Based Educational Research

The author writes in response to the article presented by his friends and colleagues in arts-based educational research, Maria Piantanida, Patricia L. McMahon, and Noreen B. Garman. Maria, Pat, Noreen, and the author share a commitment to substantive qualitative educational research, particularly as this research is conducted using the arts, autoethnography, and other emerging arts-based methodologies. They have all worked closely together at the American Educational Research Association in the creation and expansion of the Arts-Based Educational Research Special Interest Group. They also were instrumental in the development of a new conference for arts-based research, initially in Albuquerque in February 2000, then in Austin in October 2000, and Victoria, Canada, in 2001.
The Individual in the Afterlife: Theological and Sociopolitical Concerns in King Alfred's Translation of Augustine's Soliloquies

This article argues that Alfred's translation of Augustine's Soliloquia provides vital insight into Alfred's own philosophical positions in areas where the Alfredian voice differs from the Augustinian: philosophical concerns, especially those surrounding the self and free will; theological arguments, particularly regarding the immortality of the soul and the survival of its individuality; and socio-political issues, specifically the relationship between the social order in Alfred's kingdom and the order of Creation. While a number of critics have used a social constructionist approach to examine the self in Alfred's Soliloquies, this article frames both Augustine's and Alfred's views from the point of view of naturalized phenomenology, concluding that Alfred's phenomenological and epistemological desires are different from Augustine's. These disagreements can be found in the “fissures” that emerge in Alfred's translation, places where a space is created in the Augustinian text and filled with material fro...
Apple iPad Usage Trends by Students and Non-Students

Since its release in April 2010, the Apple iPad has become the de facto tablet for consumers. Given the increasing popularity of the iPad as a consumer, educational, and work device, we were interested in how different groups of people use the iPad. More specifically, we were interested in how students and non-students use the iPad at work, school, and at play. One-hundred thirteen participants completed an online survey about iPad use. Results indicated students use the iPad more often for socializing, playing games, editing and posting photos, listening to audio, and taking pictures or videos. On the other hand, non-students use the iPad more often for reading the news, eBooks, and eMagazines.
C. elegans dosage compensation: A window into mechanisms of domain-scale gene regulation

The C. elegans dosage compensation complex (DCC) reduces transcript levels from each of the two hermaphrodite X chromosomes to equalize X-linked gene expression to that of XO males. Several of the proteins that comprise the DCC are homologous to subunits of the evolutionarily conserved condensin complexes, which in most organisms function in mitotic and meiotic chromosome condensation. These include the DCC subunits MIX-1 and DPY-27, which belong to the structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins. Several of the C. elegans DCC subunits also perform double duty as members of the canonical meiotic and mitotic condensin complexes. Here, we review what is known about the C. elegans DCC and how study of this model might shed light on general mechanisms of domain-scale transcriptional regulation. We discuss how condensin-like complexes may be targeted to specific chromosomal locations for performance of their functions.
Tangible symbols, tangible outcomes

A 3-year study on the use of tangible symbols (i.e., objects and pictures used as symbols) by 41 children with a variety of handicapping conditions was conducted to follow up on an earlier study by...
Natural gas storage cycles: Influence of nonisothermal effects and heavy alkanes

A mathematical model is developed for examining the influence of nonisothermal effects and accumulation of heavy alkanes on natural gas storage cycles. The model is solved for the charge and discharge steps of the cycle. This is the first study to solve the natural gas storage problem for a nonisothermal charge of natural gas containing impurities. We examine both adiabatic and isothermal operation of natural gas and pure methane storage cycles on BPL carbon and an activated carbon prepared from coconut shells. Our simulations show for both carbons that the adiabatic gas storage cycles operate under subcooled conditions with respect to the feed temperature due to long discharge times and the desorption heat. It is also shown that degradation of gas storage performance due to impurities depends more on selectivity of the material for heavy alkanes than on adsorption capacities.
Three dimensional structure of the suppachiasmatic nuclei in the diurnal squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus)

In the squirrel monkey the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) play a major role in the neural control of circadian physiology. Functional specificity within these nuclei has been suggested by the finding that subtotal lesions destroying only the posterior portion of the SCN altered the saliency of certain external stimuli as zeitgebers. Computer assisted histological analyses of the three dimensional (3-D) morphology of the SCN reveal a concomitant heterogeneity of structure between the rostral versus the caudal poles of these nuclei. The results are discussed in terms of a hypothesized specificity of function within the SCN.
Xenon Tetrafluoride: Heat of Formation

Calorimetric measurements of the heat of reaction of xenon tetrafluoride with aqueous iodide solution give -60 kilocalories per mole for the standard heat of formation, or an average thermochemical bond energy of about 31 kilocalories.
The interaction of hydrogen with surface states on GaAs(100)

Abstract The results of a photoemission study of hydrogen chemisorption on the GaAs(100) surface are presented. Clean (100) surfaces with a range of reconstructions were prepared by molecular beam epitaxy and in all cases the same surface structure resulted from exposure to atomic hydrogen. Angle resolved photoemission measurements revealed a hydrogen induced state at between 4.3 and 5.2eV below the top of the valence band. The dispersion of this state in the surface Brillouin zone is discussed.
Depression and its associated factors in pediatric chronic kidney disease.

Background Few studies on the occurrence of depression in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have been conducted and none have identified associated clinical and demographic factors.
Interview with New Contributing Editor, Aimee Fifarek

Purpose–To introduce a new Contributing Editor, who will cover the Public Library Beat. She has scout‐like instincts offering new programs and means of delivering information and communicating with users. Thinking about constant improvement and needed changes, she also has to anticipate what the next decade and even stretching the future to 15 years out will demand of library resources to meet expectations in an era best described as “dealing with ambivalence and coping with change”. Design/methodology/approach–The article is in the form of an interview. Findings–High energy, huge commitment, service oriented, staying focused, remaining relevant come to mind in describing the subject of this interview. Adjectives and descriptors pour out like curious, collaborative, innovative, willing to try and big picture are apparent as the interview unveils itself. Practical implications–This interview with a Systems Librarian in a Public Library demystifies the images of public librarianship and demonstrates how forward thinking and progressive the staff there must be to constantly justify themselves as a recipient of public funds. With constant population shifts and responding to new information formats, the challenges are endless, yet the rewards seem to be many and personally significant. Likely outcomes include the great new coverage public libraries will get in future issues. Originality/Value–Shanes the news of a new editor.
Leveraging Cancer Genome Information in Hematologic Malignancies

The use of candidate gene and genome-wide discovery studies in the last several years has led to an expansion of our knowledge of the spectrum of recurrent, somatic disease alleles, which contribute to the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies. Notably, these studies have also begun to fundamentally change our ability to develop informative prognostic schema that inform outcome and therapeutic response, yielding substantive insights into mechanisms of hematopoietic transformation in different tissue compartments. Although these studies have already had important biologic and translational impact, significant challenges remain in systematically applying these findings to clinical decision making and in implementing new technologies for genetic analysis into clinical practice to inform real-time decision making. Here, we review recent major genetic advances in myeloid and lymphoid malignancies, the impact of these findings on prognostic models, our understanding of disease initiation and evolution, and t...
II. langmuir-blodgett monolayer films of the Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction center: determination of the order of the hemes in the cytochrome c subunit

The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film technique has been applied to produce oriented and photo-active films of isolated reaction center cytochrome c complexes (RC-cyt c) and chromatophore membranes from the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Linear dichroism (LD) and redox potentiometry have been used to identify the four cytochrome c hemes of the RC-cyt c complex. Resolved angular orientations of the four hemes in LB films of both isolated RC-cyt-c complexes and of chromatophore membranes permit the reduction of the 24 possible arrangements to two. Additional structural and functional information from other sources allows us to propose a model which best accounts for all the available experimental data.
Food insecurity: its relationship to dietary intake and body weight among Somali refugee women in the United States.

Objective: To examine the association between food insecurity, dietary intake, and body mass index among Somali refugee women living in the United States. Methods: Cross-sectional study utilizing the snowball sampling method. Results: Most (67%) participants experienced some level of food insecurity, which was common among recent arrivals and those who spoke only Somali at home (P < .05). Intake of meat and eggs was higher, whereas intake of fruits and vegetables was lower, among food insecure than secure participants. Food insecurity was positively related to overweight and obesity (odds ratio: 2.66; confidence interval: 1.25-5.69; P < .01). Conclusions and Implications: Somali refugees experienced high levels of food insecurity upon resettlement. Poor dietary habits and the high overweight/obesity rate among insecure families call for future research in understanding what role family structure, cultural norms, and food preference play in predicting food security and dietary habits among Somali and overall African refugees in the United States.
Using the laryngeal indices caliper to predict difficulty of laryngoscopy with a Macintosh #3 laryngoscope

Abstract Study Objective: (1) To evaluate a device of the authors' design, the laryngeal indices caliper, which quantitates the position of the anterior edges of the larynx relative to the upper teeth and the external auditory canals; (2) to determine how relative laryngeal position affects ease of direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh #3 laryngoscope. Design: Randomized, double-blind study. Setting: Inpatient surgery center at a university medical center. Patients: 101 renal lithotripter patients. Interventions: Patients were measured with the laryngeal indices caliper prior to induction of general endotracheal anesthesia. They were then given a sleep dose of thiopental sodium (4 mglkg) and paralyzed with a bolus dose of succinylcholine (1 mg/kg). Measurements and Main Results: Of the measurements taken or calculated, only laryngeal tilt (LT) showed a significant correlation with grade of difficulty of laryngoscopy. When the anterior surface of the thyroid cartilage was tilted more than 20 degrees anteriorly to a line perpendicular to the laryngeal indices line, the vocal cords could not be seen in 83% of the patients. Conclusions: (1) Laryngeal tilt is a good predictor of difficulty of laryngoscopy with a Macintosh #3 laryngoscope; (2) the laryngeal indices caliper is a simple pocket device to measure LT indirectly.
Evaluation of 107 legumes for renewable sources of energy

One hundred and seven species of randomly-collected Leguminosae were evaluated for their potential as energy-producing crops. Whole plants, excluding roots, were chemically analyzed, and 11 species were identified as the more promising for future considerations based on a numerical rating system developed at this Center. Botanical, fiber, and protein characteristics of the more promising species that had ratings of less than 11 were considered excellent. Other characteristics, including contents of oil (1.7–3.2%; dry, ash-free, sample basis), polyphenol (5.4–16.5%), and hydrocarbon (0.3–0.6% for 10 species and 2.6% for one), were generally lower than those of promising species in other families previously analyzed. Of the 11 species, one contained principally rubber (polyisoprene) in the hydrocarbon fraction and 7 contained principally wax. Hydrocarbon fractions of 3 species with less than 0.4% were not examined. The oils of species with at least 3.0% oil were examined by thin layer chromatography (TLC) to determine classes of components and were given a saponification treatment to determine yields of unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids. The oil of one species was quantitatively analyzed for classes of compounds by TLC-flame ionization detection. Selected species with ratings greater than 10 are briefly discussed.
Sodium Cyanate: Chemical Properties Relevant to Sickle Cell Disease Therapy

A purification procedure for sodium cyanate and some of its chemical properties relevant to clinical studies on sickle cell disease are described. In aqueous solution, sodium cyanate decomposes to ammonia and sodium bicarbonate, the latter being the only contaminant detected after purification. The rate of cyanate reaction with water increases with temperature, concentration, and decreasing pH. The most convenient method of sterilization is dry heat. Under the conditions of time, temperature, and concentration to which erythrocytes are most likely to be exposed in clinical application, sodium cyanate can be considered stable to aqueous solution, except for its reaction with proteins and other biological materials.
Job analysis of felony assistant public defenders: The most important tasks and most useful knowledge, Skills, and Abilities

Abstract The duties of public defenders are both broad and complex, and relatively little is known about their specific job responsibilities. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to provide information on the specific job responsibilities of these attorneys, and (b) to contribute summary data to public defender offices for personnel selection and training. This exploratory study identified the tasks performed by felony public defenders and the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform them. A job analysis questionnaire was constructed on the basis of a review of position-related documents, interviews with several felony public defenders, and observations of their job activities. One hundred and forty-two Florida public defenders completed job analysis questionnaires, rating 64 tasks on three dimensions, and 44 knowledge, skills, and abilities on three dimensions. From the results of the questionnaires, the most important tasks and most useful knowledge, skills, and abilities are reviewed an...
Low-cost acquisition of video images simultaneously with 240 electrophysiological signals

We developed a low-cost system for simultaneous collection and storage of physiological and video signals. The system samples and multiplexes up to 240 low-bandwidth analog channels with a camera video signal, and outputs a standard composite video signal containing analog and video data. The combined signals can be stored on video tape or can be digitized by an inexpensive framegrabber. The circuitry separates horizontal synchronizing pulses from a camera output; the pulses increment a counter that sequentially selects each electrophysiological channel on a sample-and-hold multiplexer. The intensity of each horizontal scan line from the multiplexer output represents the amplitude of one sample of each physiological channel. This signal is then multiplexed with the video signal, such that a portion of each video horizontal line represents the physiological data. The combined output is stored together, providing a means for synchronizing the two signals during analysis. The design allows easy coordination of electrophysiological events with video images from a standard video camera, avoiding the necessity for separate analog to digital circuitry for physiological and video signal storage on computer media, as well as the need for complex synchronization of the data from different media.
A protein kinase activity in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus andidentification of the phosphorylated product using monoclonal antibody

A cyclic AMP-independent protein kinase activity was found in purified preparationsof the Armstrong CA 1371 strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Using the exquisite sensitivity of monoclonal antibodies to LCMV polypeptides, the internal nucleocapsid N protein was identified as the major virus-specific phosphorylated product of the endogenous protein kinase activity. This was accompanied by an increase in the electrophoretic mobility of N protein as detected by SDS-PAGE. After solubilization of the virus with 1% Nonidet P40 approximately 81% of the endogenous protein kinase activity remained associated with LCMV nucleocapsids recovered by equilibrium centrifugation at a density of 1.25 g/cm −3 in a linear renograffin gradient. Specific phosphorylation of N protein was reconfirmed in the purified nucleocapsid fraction and both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine found to be the phosphorylated products of the kinase reaction. Although the significance of this enzyme remains unclear, the presence of a protein kinase within LCMV may allow the regulation of LCMV replication and maturation by phosphorylation of virus-specific polypeptides. These events may in turn play a key role in determining the nature and coutcome of LCMV infection.
History and Physical Examination of Elderly Patients With Dementia

The role of the physician is critical in the evaluation of cognitively impaired patients for two reasons: (a) The longitudinal relationship between the patient and physician provides a unique opportunity to observe changes over time, generating confidence that may encourage the patient and family to report any concerns; (b) All research in this field is geared toward the earliest possible intervention, a process made possible by early diagnosis. Preparations for interview and the interview process itself require special knowledge of dementia on the part of the evaluating physician, who must understand the potentials and problems of both the content and the process of taking a history from the demented patient and his/her caregivers.
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 making molecular inroads into the differential vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron subtypes in Parkinson's disease

A preferential dysfunction/loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) accounts for the main motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), the most common degenerative movement disorder. However, the neuronal loss is not stochastic, but rather displays regionally selectivity, indicating the existence of different DA subpopulations in the SNpc. To identify the underlying molecular determinants is thereby instrumental in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of PD-related neuron dysfunction/loss and offering new therapeutic targets. Recently, we have demonstrated that aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1) is one such molecular determinant that defines and protects an SNpc DA neuron subpopulation preferentially affected in PD. In this review, we provide further analysis and discussion on the roles of ALDH1A1 in the function and survival of SNpc DA neurons in both rodent and human brains. We also explore the feasibility of ALDH1A1 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for PD.
Dual-mode electrical-optical flip-chip I/O interconnects and a compatible probe substrate for wafer-level testing

We describe low cost compatible electrical and optical flip-chip I/O interconnects to leverage the performance requirements of future high-performance chips. Metal-clad polymer pins are fabricated and assembled to demonstrate chip-to-substrate electrical and optical interconnection. In order to address the complexity of wafer-level testing, a probe substrate designed to interface with the metal-clad polymer pin I/O interconnects is fabricated and demonstrated. The demonstration of these two distinct, yet highly related, advances (novel I/O and compatible probe substrate) addresses some of the key daunting problems facing the semiconductor industry.
Improving first-year success and retention through interest-based CS0 courses

Many computer science programs suffer from low student retention rates. At Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, academic performance and retention rates among first-year computer science students are among the lowest on campus.In order to remedy this, we have developed a new CS0 course featuring different "tracks" that students can choose from (e.g. robotics, gaming, music, mobile apps). This allows students to learn the basics of programming, teamwork, and college-level study in a domain that is of personal interest. In addition, the course relies on classic Project-based Learning (PBL) approaches as well as a focus on both academic and non-academic factors shown to increase student retention.Initial assessment demonstrates positive results in the form of increased academic performance in post CS0 courses and student retention.
One Region, One Money?

The article explores causes and consequences of the declining usefulness of the separate currency denominations maintained by the large number of small open economies whose currencies play little or no role in international finance. Pressures for currency consolidation arise from several sources related to political liberalization, economic globalization, and the information and communications technology revolution. Freer cross-border provision of financial services and a changed official attitude to foreign establishment and takeovers have encouraged foreign entry. Many regional and global electronic spot markets and electronic trading platforms price in U.S. dollars or, prospectively, in euro. Cross-border e-banking, e-investing, and e-ordering of all kinds may compete not only with domestic financial and business establishments but also with local currencies that provide inferior consumption insurance at currency-crisis cycle frequencies and inadequate intertemporal predictability of purchasing power a...
Determination of the Dactylogyrus banghami Complex (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from North American Gulf of Mexico Coastal Drainages with Descriptions of Three New Species

Abstract A review of specimens previously reported as Dactylogyrus banghami from cyprinid fishes in North American Gulf of Mexico Coastal drainages revealed 6 different species: Dactylogyrus beckeri from Cyprinella venusta; Dactylogyrus perlus from Luxilus chrysocephalus isolepis; Dactylogyrus sp. cf. beckeri from Lythrurus atrapiculus and Lythrurus bellus; Dactylogyrus hydrophloxi n. sp. from Notropis baileyi; Dactylogyrus magnibulbus n. sp. from Notropis longirostris and Notropis ammophilus; and Dactylogyrus parvibulbus n. sp. from Notropis texanus and Notropis hypsilepis.