cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vibrational spectra and torsional barriers for multitop molecules: Trimethylarsine, trimethylarsine oxide and trimethylarsine sulfide

Abstract Raman spectra are presented for liquid (CH 3 ) 3 As and sublimed films of (CH 3 ) 3 As, (CH 3 ) 3 AsO and (CH 3 ) 3 AsS. Far i.r. spectra are also shown for (CH 3 ) 3 As and (CD 3 ) 3 As and vibrational assignments are offered for all compounds. From spectra of the low temperature films, and by means of isotopic substitution, the A 2 and E torsional frequencies have been identified for most compounds. Potential barrier parameters are calculated for several common models and it is found that an analysis which includes mixing between the E torsion and skeletal bending coordinates is desirable if accurate barriers (better than ∼10%) are sought. Methyl top—top interaction terms are even more sensitive to the potential model used. Barrier values of 820, 1130 and 920 cm −1 are obtained for (CH 3 ) 3 As, (CH 3 ) 3 AsO and (CH 3 ) 3 AsS respectively while the corresponding top—top coupling terms are −91 and −206 cm −1 for (CH 3 ) 3 As and (CH 3 ) 3 AsO. These values are summarized with results for other C 3ν , multi-top molecules and all are discussed in terms of non-bonded interactions between methyl hydrogens and the other atoms in the molecules.
Those who can, teach: an interview with Jane Greenberg

This article features an interview with Jane Greenberg, Associate Professor in the School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Ms Greenberg discusses metadata education, her research projects, and the future of the Semantic Web. She describes the Metadata Generation Research and Automatic Metadata Generation Applications projects, the ways library school curricula have changed and will likely change in the near future, and the influence Dublin Core has had on her career.
SU-FF-T-121: Optimizing IMRT Plans with Geometric Uncertainty

Purpose: To examine the use of robust optimization methods for IMRT planning with geometric uncertainties. Method and Materials: A simulation study was performed to compare several approaches of optimizing under uncertainty. We used simple example cases where the optimization produced treatment plans that appear excellent on average, but are clinically unacceptable for some fraction of patients. To remedy this, we first defined an objective function and minimized the objective of the expected dose. Next we generated a sample patient population, computed the objective for each patient individually, and minimized either the average or the maximum of these objectives. Results: Cases were identified in which optimizing the expected dose distribution yields unacceptable dose distributions when the dose is delivered. This was particularly evident if a small number of fractions were delivered or if there were systematic errors present. Using robust optimization techniques, we were able to produce acceptable dose distributions for a high percentage of simulated deliveries. For cases with a small number of fractions or large systematic error, the optimal result was similar to a margin approach. Using the same technique with a high number of fractions and small systematic errors yields a better dose distribution than is possible with a margin approach. Conclusion: This work indicates that it should be feasible to replace a standard planning treatment volume approach with a robust optimization that automatically takes geometric uncertainty into account. In cases with limited information of systematic errors, such a solution would likely be very similar to the manually designed margins used today. If the uncertainties are random with well known statistics, however, significantly improved tumor coverage and normal tissue sparing can be achieved.
Discontinuities in the Deep Seismic Zones Under the Japanese Arcs

Intermediate and deep-focus earthquakes under the Japanese arcs delineate seismic zones in which there are distinct and abrupt discontinuities that strike transverse to the arcs. The major types of discontinuities are offsets of the seismic zone (up to 50 km) and changes in strike (up to 30°). The projection of these deep discontinuities back to the trench gives the arcs a segmented pattern which appears to be closely related to the surface geology. The geologic features that give the surface of the arcs a blocklike character and that are closely correlated to the deep discontinuities are offsets or strike changes of the axis of the trench, clusters or lines of volcanos transverse to the arc, prominent recent structures transverse to the arc, and lateral margins of the focal regions of great earthquakes.
Synthesis of diazonium (perfluoroalkyl) benzenesulfonylimide zwitterions

Abstract The synthesis and properties of diazonium (perfluoroalkyl) benzenesulfonylimide (PFSI) zwitterions are described. The general procedures for the diazonium PFSI zwitterions involve three steps: (1) a coupling reaction, (2) a reduction reaction and (3) a diazotization reaction. These novel diazonium PFSI zwitterions represent a new versatile class of remarkably stable diazonium materials with potential for modification of carbon supports for electrodes in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells.
Evidence for low or no oxygen in the late Archean atmosphere from the ∼2.76 Ga Mt. Roe #2 paleosol, Western Australia: Part 3

Abstract This paper is a contribution to the ongoing controversy regarding the evolution of atmospheric oxygen. The history of the oxidation state of paleosols can help to resolve the controversy, because the distribution of redox-sensitive elements in soils has been strongly influenced by the oxygen content of the ambient atmosphere, particularly before the advent of the higher land plants. The distribution of the major and minor elements in a section through the 2.76 Ga Mt. Roe #2 paleosol seems to have been unaffected by the presence of oxygen, and indicates that this soil developed under an atmosphere that contained very little or no oxygen.
Doping method to glass material using a CO2 laser

In this paper, we present the investigation results on doping to a BK7 glass sample ( OHARA, S-BSL7 ) by use of a CO2 laser. CO2 laser system generates CW ( continuous wave ) laser beam with a wavelength of 10.6 μm. Laser beam irradiated on a sample substrate ( 30 mm × 5 mm × 0.67 mm thick ). A surface of the glass was applied fluorescent material. The doped regions were created by translating the glass sample perpendicular to the laser axis with a distance of 2 mm and a scan speed of 1 mm/s. After processing, the cross section of sample was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis ( EDX ) in scanning electron microscope for revealing the contained elements in the glass. The results show that carbon was widely distributed in the doped regions although the original glass material did not contain carbon element.
Decomposition of Monopropellant Blends of Hydroxylammonium Nitrate and Imidazole-Based Ionic Liquid Fuels

Potential dual-mode monopropellant/electrospray-capable mixtures of hydroxylammonium nitrate with ionic liquid fuels [Bmim][NO3] and [Emim][EtSO4] are synthesized and tested for catalytic decomposition in a microreactor setup. The setup is benchmarked using a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution decomposed via silver catalyst. Results show similar trends but with variance in the quantitative data obtained in the literature. This was found to be a direct result of the sample-holder geometry. Hydrazine decomposition was conducted on an unsupported iridium catalyst. The same trends in terms of pressure-rise rate during decomposition (∼160 mbar/s) are obtained with unsupported catalyst but at 100 °C instead of room temperature for tests conducted on supported catalysts in the literature. For the [Bmim][NO3]/hydroxylammonium nitrate propellant, rhenium catalyst preheated to 160 °C yielded a pressure-rise rate of 26 mbar/s, compared to 14 mbar/s for iridium catalyst and 12 mbar/s for no catalyst at the same tempe...
Child abuse in the eyes of the beholder: lay perceptions of child sexual and physical abuse.

Abstract Objective The purpose was to explore the effects of victim and perpetrator gender, type of abuse, and victim-perpetrator relationship on university students’ and non-students’ perceptions of different kinds of child abuse. Method One hundred and ninety-nine participants (including university students and non-student adults) evaluated each of 24 vignettes (within-subjects design) describing an abusive interaction between a child and an adult. The following four variables were manipulated: the victim's gender, the perpetrator's gender, the type of abuse (physical, relatively mild sexual, or relatively severe sexual), and the perpetrator's relationship to the victim (parent or babysitter). Participants rated each vignette on a number of dimensions: degree of trauma and severity, likelihood of general occurrence and reoccurrence, victim believability, and “repressibility” of the event. Results Significant interactions emerged on each dimension. For example, sexual abuse (whether mild or severe) was rated as being more traumatic and severe if perpetrated by a parent, but relationship type did not affect perceptions of physical abuse. In addition, significant perpetrator gender by victim gender interactions indicated that homosexual abuse was perceived as more traumatic and repressible than heterosexual abuse, but as less likely to occur; and male participants tended to be more affected by the gender of the perpetrator and abuse type than female participants. Conclusion The results suggest that people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse. These stereotypes are often, though not always, consistent with existing empirical findings.
Fetal catecholamine release with preterm delivery

Abstract Neurosympathetic system activity at birth was studied by measuring umbilical arterial plasma catecholamine concentrations in 36 preterm fetuses. Umbilical arterial catecholamine concentrations were correlated with blood gas status, mode of delivery, fetal sex, and fetal heart rate patterns. Significant correlations were observed for plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine versus fetal pH and Po2 and for plasma dopamine versus pH but not Po2 . These catecholamine relationships to acidosis and hypoxia were similar to those of our previously published data for term fetuses. Norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations were similar in both preterm and term fetuses; however, epinephrine levels were significantly greater in preterm fetuses than in term fetuses. Increased concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine were observed in association with abnormal fetal heart rate patterns. These was no significant effect of fetal sex on the catecholamine secretory response. Similar cord catecholamine concentrations were observed following vaginal and cesarean section delivery, the latter with and without labor. These results indicate that the preterm fetus, like the term fetus, responds to stress at delivery with a graded catecholamine release. The observation of greater epinephrine concentrations in preterm fetuses than in term fetuses may reflect either increased secretion or decreased clearance of epinephrine.
One is the loneliest number: Be skeptical of evidence summaries based on limited literature reviews

Abstract [Schriger DL. One is the loneliest number: be skeptical of evidence summaries based on limited literature reviews. Ann Emerg Med. November 2000;36:517-519.]
A Higher Order Shear Deformation Theory for the Vibration of Thick Plates

Abstract Several first order, shear deformation theories for thick plates have been formulated during the past half-century (e.g., by Reissner, Hencky, Mindlin and Ambartsumyan). The Mindlin theory has been widely used for vibration analysis. It is well known that consideration of shear flexibility corrects the flexural frequencies by reducing them. However, it has been found that first order shear deformation theories result in over-correction. In the present work a higher order theory is presented which provides additional freedom to the displacements through the plate thickness and essentially eliminates the over-correction. A complete theory is developed, including energy functionals, equations of motion and boundary conditions. Comparisons of frequencies arising from classical thin plate theory, Mindlin theory and the present theory are made for completely free rectangular plates of moderate and large thickness. Completely free boundaries, rather than simply supported ones, are chosen because they are more consistent with physical models in the theories used.
THE ULTRAVIOLET DOSE DEPENDENCE OF NON‐MELANOMA SKIN CANCER INCIDENCE

— We correlate annual ultraviolet dose estimates with age specific and age adjusted incidence data for non-melanoma skin cancer in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada and Australia. We first examine (1) a reciprocity or photographic model in which incidence rates (R) are related to exposure (E) which is the product of age (T) and annual dose (D). We also test several models which violate reciprocity including models identified by the labels: (2) Dose potency; (3) Double cause; (4) Age-exposure and (5) separable. Our analyses together with the recent National Cancer Institute study favors the age-exposure model and/or the double cause models. All models lead to biological amplification factors (defined as the ratio of the percent increase in skin cancer incidence due to a 1% increase in dose) greater than unity. For the U.S. we find the biological amplification to be approximately 1.8 for the population center but greater in regions of higher UV annual dose, and less in regions of lower annual UV dose.
Continuous optical transformations do not elicit unique perceptual descriptions

Subjects were exposed to the continuous projective transformations associated with a circle caused to oscillate about its vertical axis. The are of oscillation was varied and the subjects were required to choose among three alternative descriptions of the appearance of the display during designated segments of the arc of oscillation. There were two principal findings: (1) The subjects divided their responses among descriptions of rigid motion, descriptions of nonrigid motion, and descriptions of concurrent rigid and nonrigid motion. (2) Two indices of perceptual stability showed that the subjects’ descriptions did not remain constant for constant optical input. These results are considered in the context of the major theoretical treatments of the perception of structure and depth from motion.
Three-dimensional ultrasonography of choroidal melanoma: extrascleral extension

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the results of three-dimensional ultrasonography used to evaluate extrascleral extension of a choroidal melanoma. METHODS: Case report. The three-dimensional ultrasound system uses a 10-MHz B-mode transducer combined with a motorized rotating holder. The system acquires 180 sequential images that are stored and processed to create a three-dimensional block of the region of interest. RESULTS: Unique coronal and oblique perspectives were obtained from interactive manipulation of the three-dimensional reconstruction. Examination of the three-dimensional image allowed us to detect the transscleral uveal–orbital connection. Extrascleral melanomatous extension was confirmed on histopathologic examination. CONCLUSION: Three-dimensional ultrasonography is a promising imaging technique for evaluating melanomatous extrascleral extension.
Synthesis of Tris(β-Diketonato) Complexes of Cyclopentadienylzirconium

Abstract Replacement reactions of zirconocene dichloride are described for preparation of pentahaptocyclopentadienylzirconium β-diketonates of the general type (h5-C5H5)Zr(dik)3. When the diketonate ligand is fluorinated, the complexes are readily obtained by reaction of (C5H5)2ZrCl2 with excess free ligand. With non-fluorinated ligands, the most effective means of obtaining pure complex is by reaction of (C5H5)2ZrCl2 and free ligand in triethylamine as solvent.
Evaluation of proximal joint kinematics and muscle strength following ACL reconstruction surgery in female athletes.

Background\Purpose Despite the intense focus on outcomes following an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, it is not yet known whether unresolved abnormal hip and trunk neuromuscular control exists. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk and hip kinematics during running, hip abductor and external rotator strength, and trunk control between females who had undergone an ACL reconstruction and healthy control participants.
Genetic Factors and Normal Variation in the Organization of Language

In this essay we present two themes. The first is a factual review of the behavioral and neurological differences in language and cognition between people with and without familial left handedness: These differences begin to justify the claim that there is a continuum of how language and cognition are represented in the brain, reflecting a quantitative difference in the role of the right hemisphere, and consequent potential qualitative differences. The second theme involves the implications of this finding. Various cases of rare neurological organization for language have called into question the idea that there is a single form of representation: These include cases of left-hemispherectomy in which the patients with a lone right hemisphere can grow up to be normal linguistically (Curtiss et al. 2001, Devlin et al. 2003) with normal developmental stages (Curtiss & Shaeffer 1997) as well as unique instances such as the infamous formerly hydrocephalic mathematician whose neocortex was a thin layer of tissue lining the skull (Lewin 1980) — clearly the topology and connections of different cortical areas are very different in these cases from the norm. Even classic and recent studies call into question the unique location and function of a linguo-central structure such as Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (Penfield & Roberts 1959, Bogen & Bogen 1976, Anderson 2010, Rogalsky & Hickok 2011). But people with familial left-handedness comprise 40% of the population, so we cannot consign their unique behavioral and neurological structures to an odd distaff ‘minority’. A profound implication for language of these considerations is the possibility that the existence of language is not causally dependent on any particular unique neurological organization. Rather, especially the sentence construction mechanism of syntax is a computational type that recruits different neurological structures. On this view the possibility for syntax emerges as a function of the availability of propositional relations, combined with an explosive growth in the number of lexical items that can externalize the internally represented categories. The syntactic computational architecture is represented neurologically via cooption and integration of multiple brain regions that are collectively suited to the type of computation that language requires. On this view, there can be significant lability of how language will be represented in an individual’s brain, if there is significant variability in how the computationally relevant areas function or are interconnected.
A critique of the turn-on physics of power bipolar devices

This paper compares the turn-on performance of a vertical p-i-n diode and IGBT, under zero-voltage switching (ZVS). Although both the devices are "conductivity modulated" during turn-on, the IGBT carrier dynamics distinctly differ from that of a p-i-n diode. It is shown that, for identical drift region parameters, the conductivity modulation in IGBT is significantly lower compared to that in a p-i-n rectifier mainly because of carrier flow constraints in the IGBT and its inherent bipolar transistor-like nature. Two-dimensional (2D) mixed device and circuit simulations are performed to understand the behavior of the two devices during turn-on under ZVS.
Molecular dissection of tropisetron, an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective partial agonist

The 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-selective partial agonist tropisetron is a conjugate of an indole and a tropane group. We tested compounds structurally related to either the indole or tropane domains of tropisetron on oocytes expressing human 7. 42, or 34 nAChR or rat 5HT3A receptors. The simple compounds tropane and tropinone had 7-selective agonist activity comparable to that of tropisetron. Tropinone was more efficacious than tropisetron but 100-fold less potent. Some tropane compounds had antagonist activity on 34 nAChR but no effect on42 nAChR. Some tropanes also affected the responses of 5HT3 receptors to serotonin. Tropisetron was more potent at inhibiting 34 receptors (IC50 = 1.8 ± 0.6) than was tropane or tropinone, suggesting that the presence of the indole group has a large impact on the potency of tropisetron, both as an 7 agonist and as an34 antagonist. The further reduced structures of dimethyl piperidinium and 1-methylpyrrolidine also had agonist activity on 7 receptors, suggesting that the minimal activating pharmacophore of these compounds, as with tetramethylammonium, may simply be the charged nitrogen, while additional structure elements impact subtype selectivity, potency, and efficacy. It has previously been reported that 5-hydroxyindole (5HI) can potentiate 7 receptor responses to acetylcholine (ACh). However, the site where 5HI binds to the receptor is not known. We tested the hypothesis that the tropisetron binding site might overlap the 5HI site and thereby produce a block of 5HI potentiation. Our results indicate that the indole portion of tropisetron is not likely to be binding to the same site where 5HI binds to potentiate 7 receptor responses since 5HI can greatly potentiate responses of tropisetron, tropinone, and other partial agonists such as 4OH-GTS-21. © 2004 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bacterial Surface Proteins Recognized by CD4+ T Cells During Murine Infection with Listeria monocytogenes

Optimal immunity to the Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (LM) requires both CD8+ and CD4+ antigen-specific T cell responses. Understanding how CD4+ T cells function in an immune response to LM and how bacterial proteins are processed to peptide/MHC class II complexes in infected cells requires identification of these proteins. Using LacZ-inducible, LM-specific CD4+ T cells as probes, we identified two immunogenic LM proteins by a novel expression cloning strategy. The antigenic peptides contained within these proteins were defined by deletion analysis of the genes, and their antigenicity was confirmed with synthetic peptides. The nucleotide sequences of the genes showed that they encode previously unknown LM proteins that are homologous to surface proteins in other bacterial species. Consistent with their surface topology, mild trypsin treatment of LM protoplasts ablated T cell recognition of these Ags. These findings establish a general strategy for identifying unknown CD4+ T cell Ags and demonstrate that LM surface proteins can provide the peptides for presentation by MHC class II molecules that are specific targets for CD4+ T cells during murine LM infection.
Severe myeloneuropathy from acute high-dose nitrous oxide (N2O) abuse

Background: Myeloneuropathy from chronic exposure to nitrous oxide has been described. Nitrous oxide irreversibly alters B12 activation, causing signs and symptoms of B12 deficiency. Objectives: We describe a case of myeloneuropathy secondary to acute use of high-dose nitrous oxide. Case Report: A 24-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department complaining of numbness and tingling of his hands and feet, as well as worsening clumsiness and gait disturbances after escalating use of nitrous oxide in the prior 2 weeks. He was found to have dysmetria, poor proprioception, decreased sensation to vibration and light touch over his extremities, and a mildly positive Romberg sign. Laboratory test values revealed a normal B12 level but increased methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. The patient was admitted to the hospital and started on a course of B12 injections. He was discharged after 3 days with daily B12 supplementation. Conclusions: This case demonstrates myeloneuropathic changes secondary to acute high-dose nitrous oxide exposure.
Scale models of salt tectonics during basement-involved extension

Scaled experiments, whose design was based on recently published low values for the viscosity of natural rocksalt, suggest that under typically low geological extension rates, a salt layer 500 m thick or thicker decouples the brittle overburden from the faulted basement. Because of its low viscosity, salt cannot transmit the large differential stresses necessary for basement faults to propagate upward as faults or abrupt forced folds into the brittle overburden, unless the salt layer is thin or has been depleted. Thick salt diffuses localized deformation in the basement by flowing away from rising basement blocks, and toward sinking basement blocks. Basement extension is not transmitted to the overburden vertically but is laterally transmitted from the margins as the salt basin widens. Rather than being controlled by basement faults, the distribution of faults and diapirs in the overburden is controlled by lateral changes in overburden stratigraphy or thickness, preexisting faults, and faults that propagate laterally into the salt basin.
On human performance in teleoperation

Recent experimental attempts in building teleoperated master-slave arm manipulators revealed a serious difficulty that goes beyond the better understood issues of control, sufficiency of input information, and data processing. Namely, a human operator has difficulty in interpreting input information and consequently in teleoperation decision-making. The problem becomes more pronounced when the slave arm has to operate in a complex environment where every point of the arm body is subject to potential collision. This paper traces the source of the difficulty to the limitations in human abilities for space orientation and interpretation of geometrical data, and suggests a solution that capitalizes on recent developments in sensor-based motion planning for whole-sensitive robot arms. This results in a hybrid system in which global planning is done by a human operator, whereas local collision-free motion is controlled by an assisting 'autopilot'. >
Osmotic regulation of root system architecture

Although root system architecture is known to be highly plastic and strongly affected by environmental conditions, we have little understanding of the underlying mechanisms controlling root system development. Here we demonstrate that the formation of a lateral root from a lateral root primordium is repressed as water availability is reduced. This osmotic-responsive regulatory mechanism requires abscisic acid (ABA) and a newly identified gene, LRD2. Mutant analysis also revealed interactions of ABA and LRD2 with auxin signaling. Surprisingly, further examination revealed that both ABA and LRD2 control root system architecture even in the absence of osmotic stress. This suggests that the same molecules that mediate responses to environmental cues can also be regulators of intrinsic developmental programs in the root system.
The impact of device scaling on the current fluctuations in MOSFET's

The impact of device scaling on modern MOS technology is discussed in terms of the random telegraph signals and 1/f noise in MOSFET's. In addition to the more obvious effects of enhanced current fluctuations as the device is scaled down, we will show the influence of nonuniform distribution of threshold voltages along the channel in the context of device scaling. The role of fast interface states on the drain current fluctuations is also discussed. It will be shown that, compared to the oxide traps, fast interface states give rise to higher frequency RTS and 1/f noise, and that they become more important for devices operating in weak inversion. >
Global transcriptional analysis reveals surface remodeling of Anaplasma marginale in the tick vector

Pathogens dependent upon vectors for transmission to new hosts undergo environment specific changes in gene transcription dependent on whether they are replicating in the vector or the mammalian host. Differential gene transcription, especially of potential vaccine candidates, is of interest in Anaplasma marginale, the tick-borne causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis. RNA-seq technology allowed a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptional status of A. marginale genes in two conditions: bovine host blood and tick derived cell culture, a model for the tick vector. Quantitative PCR was used to assess transcription of a set of genes in A. marginale infected tick midguts and salivary glands at two time points during the transmission cycle. Genes belonging to fourteen pathways or component groups were found to be differentially transcribed in A. marginale in the bovine host versus the tick vector. One of the most significantly altered groups was composed of surface proteins. Of the 56 genes included in the surface protein group, eight were up regulated and 26 were down regulated. The down regulated surface protein encoding genes include several that are well studied due to their immunogenicity and function. Quantitative PCR of a set of genes demonstrated that transcription in tick cell culture most closely approximates transcription in salivary glands of recently infected ticks. The ISE6 tick cell culture line is an acceptable model for early infection in tick salivary glands, and reveals disproportionate down regulation of surface protein genes in the tick. Transcriptional profiling in other cell lines may help us simulate additional microenvironments. Understanding vector-specific alteration of gene transcription, especially of surface protein encoding genes, may aid in the development of vaccines or transmission blocking therapies.
Gastroprotection in patients prescribed non-selective NSAIDs, and the risk of related hospitalization.

ABSTRACTObjective: To assess co-prescription of gastroprotective agents (GPAs) for non-selective NSAID (nsNSAID)-treated patients in UK primary care, and the rate of gastrointestinal (GI)-related hospitalizations occurring with varying levels of GPA use in patients at high Gl risk.Research design and methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted using the DIN-LINK UK primary care database, on patients prescribed nsNSAIDs alone or concomitantly with GPAs between September 2003 and August 2005. Patients were stratified by GI risk, frequency of nsNSAID use and level of GPA use. Rates and odds ratios of GI-related hospitalizations were calculated for high GI–risk patients.Results: In August 2005, 26 371 patients with nsNSAID prescriptions were identified, of whom 55% were frequent users. In the overall and frequent nsNSAID-user populations, 74% and 71%, respectively, were co-prescribed none or few GPAs (0–19% level of use), and only 18% and 20%, respectively, received complete gastroprotection. ...
The Periplasmic Domain of TolR from Haemophilus influenzae Forms a Dimer with a Large Hydrophobic Groove: NMR Solution Structure and Comparison to SAXS Data†,‡

TolR is a part of the Pal/Tol system which forms a five-member, membrane-spanning, multiprotein complex that is conserved in Gram-negative bacteria. The Pal/Tol system helps to maintain the integrity of the outer membrane and has been proposed to be involved in several other cellular processes including cell division. Obtaining the structure of TolR is of interest not only to help explain the many proposed functions of the Pal/Tol system but also to gain an understanding of the TolR homologues ExbD and MotB and to provide more targets for antibacterial treatments. In addition, the structure may provide insights into how colicins and bacteriophages are able to enter the cell. Here we report the solution structure of the homodimeric periplasmic domain of TolR from Haemophilus influenzae, determined with conventional, NOE-based NMR spectroscopy, supplemented by extensive residual dipolar coupling measurements. A novel method for assembling the dimer from small-angle X-ray scattering data confirms the NMR-der...
Large volume loss during cleavage formation, Hamburg sequence, Pennsylvania

Green reduction spots in red slate of the Hamburg sequence exposed near Shartlesville, Pennsylvania, have axial ratios of 1.42:1.0:0.28 on the limbs of near-isoclinal folds and 1.0:0.79:0.41 in fold hinge zones. Conodont cusps and denticles within the reduction spots have been brittlely pulled apart and give independent measures of extension in various directions. Comparison of conodont extensions with reduction spot shapes on limbs and hinges indicates that sedimentary compaction of 44% preceded the tectonic strain associated with cleavage formation. This strain, having identical maximum extensions but greater shortening in fold hinges as compared to limbs, was characterized by 41% extension in X, no change in Y, 50% to 59% shortening in Z, and 29% to 42% tectonic volume loss. The general lack of directed overgrowths on grains reflects the large volume loss and contrasts with other slates, where deformation was an almost constant volume process and extension in X compensated for shortening in Z.
Finite element formulation of general electrothermoelasticity problems

This paper is concerned with the development of consistent discrete models, via the concept of finite elements, of linear and non-linear electrothermomechanical behaviour of continuous bodies. In the development, general energy balances are utilized to derive equations governing electromagnetic fields over an element and coupled equations of motion and heat conduction of a typical element of the continuum. These equations make it possible to study a general class of field problems involving arbitrary geometries and boundary conditions. Sample problems are included.
In the wake of Columbus: Native population biology in the postcontact Americas

The commemoration of the Columbian quincentenary played an important role in stimulating new research on the biological effects of the arrival of Europeans on Native American groups throughout the New World. Although these discussions have involved many disciplines, physical anthropology has been underrepresented until recently. This article reviews a range of studies on the biological impact of European colonization of the Americas on native populations. Historical sources, mission and civil records, archaeological information, and human skeletal remains have provided a fund of data that are being used to document and interpret native health and well-being after 1492. Osteological investigations reveal that before contact, native populations were not living in a pristine, disease-free environment. Moreover, prehistoric populations experienced occasional eruptions of social conflict and violence, patterns of which are similar to what has been documented in contemporary small-scale societies. Archaeological, historical, and bioarchaeological studies provide compelling evidence that the arrival of Europeans did not occasion a sudden pandemic of smallpox in the early sixteenth century. Rather, epidemic disease in the contact era was a patchwork affair, striking some populations and not others at various times. Regionally based bioarchaeological investigations have disclosed new details about the contact period in the Americas and elsewhere (e.g., Polynesia), particularly in regard to variability in physiological stress, health status, diet and nutritional quality, and activity patterns. These studies show that although rapid population loss and extinction occurred in some areas, many groups survived and accommodated new and challenging circumstances. These findings also indicate that there are common elements to native response to contact with Europeans, but population and regional changes were shaped by localized factors. The demographic resurgence and population recovery during the twentieth century illustrates that Native Americans are a vital part of today's human biological landscape in the western hemisphere. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Adaptive LQ Regulator

Let (Ω, F, P) be a probability space and let F t , t ≥ 0, be a nondecreasing family of sub-σ-algebras of F. Let η(·) be an (Ω, F t , P) Brownian motion valued in ℝ p . For each distribution π = {π1,..., π N } on {1,..., N}, let θ = θ(η;π): Ω → {1,..., N} be an F 0-measurable random variable distributed according to π.
Abiotic and Microbial Interactions during Anaerobic Transformations of Fe(II) and NOX

Microbial Fe(II) oxidation using NO3- as the terminal electron acceptor (nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation; NDFO) has been studied for over 15 years. Although there are reports of autotrophic isolates and stable enrichments, many of the bacteria capable of NDFO are known organotrophic NO3- -reducers that require the presence of an organic, primary substrate, e.g., acetate, for significant amounts of Fe(II) oxidation. Although the thermodynamics of Fe(II) oxidation are favorable when coupled to either NO3- or NO2- reduction, the kinetics of abiotic Fe(II) oxidation by NO3- are relatively slow except under special conditions. NDFO is typically studied in batch cultures containing millimolar concentrations of Fe(II), NO3-, and the primary substrate. In such systems, NO2- is often observed to accumulate in culture media during Fe(II) oxidation. Compared to NO3-, abiotic reactions of biogenic NO2- and Fe(II) are relatively rapid. The kinetics and reaction pathways of Fe(II) oxidation by NO2- are strongly affected by medium composition and pH, reactant concentration, and the presence of Fe(II)-sorptive surfaces, e.g., Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and cellular surfaces. In batch cultures, the combination of abiotic and microbial Fe(II) oxidation can alter product distribution and, more importantly, results in the formation of intracellular precipitates and extracellular Fe(III) oxyhydroxide encrustations that apparently limit further cell growth and Fe(II) oxidation. Unless steps are taken to minimize or account for potential abiotic reactions, results of microbial NDFO studies can be obfuscated by artifacts of the chosen experimental conditions, the use of inappropriate analytical methods, and the resulting uncertainties about the relative importance of abiotic and microbial reactions. In this manuscript, abiotic reactions of NO3- and NO2- with aqueous Fe2+, chelated Fe(II), and solid-phase Fe(II) are reviewed along with factors that can influence overall NDFO reac
Cavity enhanced magneto-optic rotation: a very sensitive and selective method of detecting paramagnetic species

Summary form only given. In intermediate-temperature combustion environments (650<t<800 K) a phenomenon known as the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) region exists whereby the reactivity of the reaction decreases with increasing temperature. At or near NTC, HO/sub 2/ radicals are thought to control the mechanism at intermediate temperatures with OH radicals control the mechanism at higher temperatures. Detection and quantification of these radicals can be achieved using optical spectroscopy at 1.43 /spl mu/m and 3.3 /spl mu/m. This region is very congested. Finding lines due to weakly absorbing radicals is an arduous task unless the radicals are separated from the stable species. This separation is possible optically using a technique involving magneto-optic rotation (MOR). We have recently performed MOR measurements in an acetylene/air flame that was doped with Zn atoms.
The Meaning and Use of Context in Ethnographic Research: Implications for Validity

Qualitative approaches to research have been both controversial and productive. Their validity and legitimacy have often been questioned on the grounds that they are unsystematic and unscientific, at least if judged from the traditional perspective and the classical experimental model. This paper reviews some of the controversial issues regarding macro- and micro-ethnographic approaches and their implications for validity of ethnographic description as performed by previous ethnographers in ethnoscience and in the ethnography of communication, as well as by current microethnographers. It discusses the notion of context and its application to various research settings. Finally, it gives an account of the various problems encountered by researchers working in bilingual instructional settings. A major emphasis is placed on making a case for an emic and holistic interpretation of behaviors in interactional events taking place in specific sociocultural settings. Ultimately, the problem of validating ethnograph...
Impact of childhood abuse on adult sleep quality among low-income women after Hurricane Ike

Abstract Objective The objective was to investigate the association between childhood abuse and poor sleep quality in the month following adulthood exposure to a natural disaster. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Six University of Texas Medical Branch family planning clinics located in Southeast Texas. Participants A subgroup of 375 low-income women aged 18 to 31 years who experienced Hurricane Ike while participating in the Stress and Health Longitudinal Study (2006-2012). Measurements Risk profiles considering types and frequency of childhood abuse were identified in latent class analysis performed on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, which was measured upon entry to the study. Associations between abuse classes with a global indicator and 7 individual components of sleep quality measured after Hurricane Ike were estimated in adjusted logistic regression models. Results Prevalence of poor sleep quality in the month following Hurricane Ike was 39.7%. Of the 5 classes of childhood abuse identified, the most extreme abuse class—frequent combined emotional, physical, and sexual abuse—exhibited the strongest associations with poor sleep quality after the hurricane (odds ratio: 4.30; 95% confidence interval: 1.72-10.72). Occasional emotional abuse alone was also significantly associated with poor sleep quality after the hurricane (odds ratio: 2.70; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.91). Several profiles of childhood abuse were also significantly associated with 6 of the 7 component indicators of sleep quality, including sleep duration, disturbances, onset latency, subjective quality, use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction. Conclusions Low-income women with histories of frequent childhood abuse, or emotional abuse specifically, have increased risk of poor sleep quality following exposure to a hurricane in adulthood.
Stilbella iwokramensis (Ascomycotina, Hypocreales): A new entomopathogenic species from Guyana

Mycelium brunneum ad partem aversam abdominis dispositum, hospitem coleopteraneum ad superficiem folii affingens. Synnemata capite hospitis corpore et cruribus ennata, in parte interiore mycelio brunneo ad substratum folii affixa, superiore sursum crescentia, ex hyphis parallelis composita, simplicia, 1-12 mm X 0.1-0.2 mm, brunnea vel atra, prope apicem pallescentia. Appendices 100200 pm X 8-12 pum, septatae, atro-pigmentosae, secus longitudinem totum synnematum perpendiculares, prope caput synnematis magis densae. Phialides circum caput synnematis in stratum hymenioideum dispositae, cylindraceae, 10-20 pLm X 2-4 pam. Conidia 6-10 prn X 2-3 ,um, in massa sicca atque flava, unicellularia obclavata vel cylindracea, interdum subcurva. Brown mycelium emerging from the underside of host abdomen adhering the host to leaf surface. Synnemata arising from head, body, and legs of host. Base of synnema has brown mycelium adhering it to the leaf substrate before growing upward. Synnemata are composed of parallel hyphae, unbranched, 1-12 mm X 0.1-0.2 mm, brown to black, becoming pallid near synnema apex. Appendages 100-200 pm X 8-12 pm, septate, cylindrical, darkly pigmented protruding perpendicularly along the entire length of the synnema, becoming more dense near the synnema apex. Synnemata apex terminates in a hymenium-like layer of conidiogenous cells. Phialides terminal, cylindrical, smooth, 10-20 vm X 2-4 rm. Conidia 6-10 pLm X 2-3 pLm, dry, yellow, smooth, single-celled, guttulate, obclavate to cylindrical, sometimes slightly curved. From a weevil (Curculionoidea, Coleoptera) adhering to leaf surface, White Water Camp, Iwokrama Biosphere Preserve, Guyana, South America (04043'N, 5 8051 'W) . Collected by J.F. Bischoff and John LaPolla. Type: JB 159, leg. J.F. Bischoff, lodged at the New York Botanical Gardens (NY). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the Iwokrama Biosphere Preserve in Guyana where the fungus was collected.
Viral infection of pregnant mice induce enhanced mGluR5 expression and inflammatory response in the brain of pups

414 Objectives Schizophrenia is a complex illness and there are several theories for its potential cause. For example, interaction between genes and environment are suspected to lead to the development of the disease. Additional important environmental factors include inflammation. This inflammatory response could be the result of viral infection, especially those occurring during the developmental period. Alteration of mGluR5 function during inflammatory process may also occur in the central nervous system and especially in cognitive impairments such as those found in schizophrenia. Methods Starting from the gestational day 15, we injected C57Bl/6 mice with Poly I:C (5mg/kg iv) or LPS (5mg/kg iv) and another group of mice with saline (for control) for 3 days. Following the last injection, PET/CT imaging was performed on mGluR5 expression by using [18F]FPEB. Pups from each group further underwent PET/CT study of mGluR5 at the age of 7 days. All mothers, neonatal or 7 days old pups were evaluated post-mortem for mGluR5 expression and microglial response using the antibody Iba1. Results Immunohistochemical studies showed enhanced mGluR5 expression and microglial response in the hippocampus of neonates at gestational day 18 when mothers had received either polyI:C or LPS administration. Similarly, in vivo PET studies using [18F]FPEB showed moderately enhanced (>33%) mGluR5 expression in the cortex, hippocampus and whole brain in 7 day-old pups, when mothers were exposed to polyI:C or LPS in comparison to the pups whose mothers had only saline injection. Conclusions These results show that viral infection in the pregnant mice can induce inflammation in the brain of neonates during the developmental period. Neonatal inflammation can be a cause for several different neurological diseases and conditions in adulthood including schizophrenia. Research Support NIBIB R01EB012964 and NIMH R01MH91684 to AL
Penetrating Injury to the Pharynx and Cervical Esophagus

The region containing the pharynx and cervical esophagus is not an area heavily traveled by the average general or even trauma surgeon. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the critical workup and subsequent management of a patient with penetrating injury to the pharyngoesophageal region. Initial assessment involves history, physical examination, and computed tomography angiography (if available). A swallow study or endoscopy should confirm or exclude an injury in the stable patient. Of note, small, contained pharyngeal injuries can be treated nonoperatively. In the operating room, a systematic approach to neck exploration will guide the surgeon safely to the pharynx and cervical esophagus. Proper positioning and an incision along the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid are the first keys to success. Retracting the “carotid sheath down and the thyroid gland up” provides the path to the esophagus. The injury is identified by use of a nasogastric tube or intraoperative endoscopy and then repaired in one or two layers. The most critical aspect of postoperative care is the drain which should be well secured and maintained until a swallow study confirms no leak and the patient tolerates a diet.