cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The synthesis and secretion of gastric mucus glycoprotein by mucosal cells cultured in the presence of ethanol

Abstract The effect of ethanol on the synthesis and secretion of mucus glycoprotein in gastric mucosal cells was investigated. The mucosal cell suspensions were subjected to a short-term (4 h) culture in the presence of 0–1.5 m ethanol, with [3H]proline and [3H]palmitic acid as markers for glycoprotein synthesis and acylation. The synthesized labeled mucus glycoprotein was isolated from the incubation medium (extracellular glycoprotein) and from the mucosal cells (intracellular glycoprotein), and analyzed. Depending upon the ethanol concentration in the cell culture medium, two distinct effects on the synthesis and secretion of mucus glycoprotein were observed. The cells cultured in the presence of 0.02–0.1 m ethanol showed increased ability for the incorporation of [3H]proline and [3H]palmitic acid, and for the secretion of the newly assembled mucus glycoprotein. The synthesis of the glycoprotein increased 18-fold, acylation 5-fold, and secretion 10-fold. The synthesized glycoprotein, however, contained four to five times less of acyl-bound fatty acids. Ethanol at 0.1–1.5 m caused a marked reduction (62–64%) in the mucus glycoprotein synthesis, but the amount of glycoprotein released to the medium remained constant. This indicated that higher concentrations of ethanol caused the release of the preformed intracellular mucus glycoprotein reserves. The results demonstrate that gastric mucosal cells incubated in the presence of ethanol exhibit impaired synthesis and secretion of mucus glycoprotein, and that the severity of impairment depends upon the ethanol concentration.
Erthrocytapheresis in Chronically Transfused Sickle Cell Patients in Alabama-An Update. † 660

Erthrocytapheresis in Chronically Transfused Sickle Cell Patients in Alabama-An Update. † 660
Inpatient treatment of alcoholism: a behavioral approach

After detoxification has been completed (if needed), a comprehensive assessment of the individual patient's drinking and other problems is the first step in inpatient behavioral treatment of alcoholism. On the basis of the assessment results, treatment is planned and delivered in an individualized manner to achieve three major goals. The first goal of treatment is to facilitate and consolidate the patient's commitment to change by carefully reviewing the evidence from the assessment of negative consequences of the patient's drinking. Alcohol education about the long-term negative consequences of drinking and the use of a decision matrix to clarify the patient's reasons for not drinking also are useful in this regard. The second goal is to stabilize the change in the drinking that occurred when the patient decided to enter the inpatient treatment program. Aversion therapy to decrease desire for alcohol, teaching alternative skills to deal with likely precipitants of renewed alcohol use, and strengthening behaviors incompatible with alcohol abuse all can be used to help maintain abstinence. Antabuse (including behavioral contracting procedures to increase compliance with this drug), along with psychotropic medication for additional psychopathology, are pharmacological interventions that often can be used to stabilize change. A final very important goal is the careful planning of aftercare and post-discharge life to help maintain the changes started during inpatient treatment. A case is presented to illustrate the above notions.
Extended path expressions of XML

Query languages for XML often use path expressions to locate elements in XML documents. Path expressions are regular expressions such that underlying alphabets represent conditions on nodes. Path expressions represent conditions on paths from the root, but do not represent conditions on siblings, siblings of ancestors, and descendants of such siblings. In order to capture such conditions, we propose to extend underlying alphabets. Each symbol in an extended alphabet is a triplet (e1, a, e2), where a is a condition on nodes, and e1 (e2) is a condition on elder (resp. younger) siblings and their descendants; e1 and e2 are represented by hedge regular expressions, which are as expressive as hedge automata (hedges are ordered sequences of trees). Nodes matching such an extended path expression can be located by traversing the XML document twice. Furthermore, given an input schema and a query operation controlled by an extended path expression, it is possible to construct an output schema. This is done by identifying, where in the input schema the given extended path expression is satisfied.
Paths and Forks or Chutes and Ladders?: Negative Feedbacks and Policy Regime Change

The literature on path dependence has emphasized positive feedback effects that make it difficult to shift from a policy regime once it is in place. This article argues that policy regimes may also have strong negative feedback effects that undermine the political, fiscal or social sustainability of an existing policy regime. The prospects for a shift in policy regime depend largely on the balance between positive and negative feedback effects; the availability of incremental reform options that can be used to patch the status quo; and the availability of politically and fiscally attractive regime transition options. The paper argues that differential survival rates of different public pension regimes in western industrial countries can be understood by the interaction of these three factors.
Quinolones inhibit DNA religation mediated by Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV. Changes in drug mechanism across evolutionary boundaries.

Quinolones are the most active oral antibacterials in clinical use and act by increasing DNA cleavage mediated by prokaryotic type II topoisomerases. Although topoisomerase IV appears to be the primary cytotoxic target for most quinolones in Gram-positive bacteria, interactions between the enzyme and these drugs are poorly understood. Therefore, the effects of ciprofloxacin on the DNA cleavage and religation reactions of Staphylococcus aureus topoisomerase IV were characterized. Ciprofloxacin doubled DNA scission at 150 nM drug and increased cleavage approximately 9-fold at 5 microM. Furthermore, it dramatically inhibited rates of DNA religation mediated by S. aureus topoisomerase IV. This inhibition of religation is in marked contrast to the effects of antineoplastic quinolones on eukaryotic topoisomerase II, and suggests that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action against type II topoisomerases has not been maintained across evolutionary boundaries. The apparent change in quinolone mechanism was not caused by an overt difference in the drug interaction domain on topoisomerase IV. Therefore, we propose that the mechanistic basis for quinolone action is regulated by subtle changes in drug orientation within the enzyme.drug.DNA ternary complex rather than gross differences in the site of drug binding.
Criterion validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition after pediatric traumatic brain injury

The performance of 40 children with complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003) was compared with that of 40 demographically matched healthy controls. Of the four WISC-IV factor index scores, only Processing Speed yielded a statistically significant group difference (p < .001) as well as a statistically significant negative correlation with length of coma (p < .01). Logistic regression, using Processing Speed to classify individual children, yielded a sensitivity of 72.50% and a specificity of 62.50%, with false positive and false negative rates both exceeding 30%. We conclude that Processing Speed has acceptable criterion validity in the evaluation of children with complicated mild to severe traumatic brain injury but that the WISC-IV should be supplemented with other measures to assure sufficient accuracy in the diagnostic process.
A prospective study of parental history off myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in men

The relation between parental history of myocardial infarction (MI) and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) was prospectively examined among 45,317 U.S. male health professionals who were free of diagnosed CAD, 40 to 75 years of age in 1986 and followed for 2 years. These men provided details of parental history of MI, including their parents' age at the first event, their personal history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus, and a detailed dietary assessment completed at baseline. During 72,454 person-years of follow-up, 181 non-fatal MIs were documented, 49 men died from MI or sudden death, and 140 underwent coronary artery surgery or angioplasty. Compared with men without any history of parental MI, those whose mothers or fathers had had an MI at less than 70 years of age had a substantially elevated risk of MI (relative risk = 2.2, 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.8 for maternal history; relative risk = 1.7, 95% confidence interval 1.2 to 2.3 for paternal history). Risk of MI increased with decreasing age at parental MI. Paternal but not maternal history of MI was related to increased risk of coronary artery surgery. These associations were not appreciably altered by controlling for diet or established risk factors, either individually or in multivariate models. These prospective data indicate that a history of MI in either parent is associated with an increased risk of CAD among men.
Study of the cross contamination effect on post CMP in situ cleaning process

Display Omitted Brush itself caused cross contamination to wafer in post CMP in situ cleaning.Brush rotational speed is the key parameter to control cross contamination.Fluid (DIW) flow rate does not much influence on cross contamination. Scaling of gate lengths has led to significant improvement in semiconductor device performance. However, fabrication complexities have also increased and surface defects control becomes very critical for yield enhancement. In particular, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process is considered as one of the dirtiest processes to wafer surface contamination. And brush scrubber is the most effective method for post CMP in situ cleaning. Many literatures have reported brush scrubber mechanism and proposed particle removal efficiency based on remaining particles at post brush scrubber cleaning. However, concerns associated with brush to wafer surface contamination have not been addressed properly although real manufacturing has a lot of issues on that effect. This paper discuss cross contamination at brush scrubber process and emphasize that optimum cleaning should consider brush cross contamination in addition to brush particle removal efficiency.
Correlation of androgen receptors, aromatase, and 5-α reductase in the human vagina with menopausal status

Abstract Objective To determine whether aromatase and 5α-reductase mRNAs are expressed in human vagina and to evaluate the presence of androgen receptors in human vaginal tissue based on age and menopausal status. Design Prospective study. Setting Specimens obtained from clinical renal urology practice. Patient(s) Premenopausal and postmenopausal women undergoing surgery for prolapse or incontinence. Main outcome measure(s) Expression of aromatase and 5α-reductase type 1 and 2 mRNAs was evidenced by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the density of androgen receptors was measured by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry. Result(s) The mRNAs for aromatase and 5α-reductase isotypes 1 and 2 were detected in vaginal specimens. Androgen receptors were present in vaginal mucosa, submucosa, stroma, smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium. Expression was significantly greater in vaginal submucosa. A negative correlation existed between age and androgen receptor density. Conclusion(s) Expression of genes encoding for enzymes involved in testosterone metabolism in the human vagina, as well as androgen receptor location, density, and changes with menopausal status, suggests that androgens may play a role in regulating vaginal smooth muscle and vaginal blood flow.
Assessing the importance of tropical cyclones on continental margin sedimentation in the Mississippi delta region

Abstract Recent research on the Mississippi margin indicates notable seasonal variation in seabed dynamics. During years with minimal tropical-system activity, sediments initially deposited from late spring to early fall are remobilized by wind-driven currents and wave energy during extra-tropical weather systems in the winter. This research reveals the profound significance of tropical cyclones on Louisiana Shelf sedimentation. The amount of material delivered to and advected across the shelf by recent tropical cyclones is considerably larger than that related to winter storm systems. In Fall 2004, the river-dominated shelf of Louisiana was impacted by three tropical systems in less than a month, including Hurricane Ivan. Ivan, with maximum sustained winds in excess of 74 m s −1 (144 knots) and a minimum measured central pressure of 910 mbar, was the eighth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. In order to assess the impact these tropical systems had on the continental margin west of the Mississippi delta, seabed samples were collected from box cores in October 2004 and analyzed for particle-reactive radionuclides 234 Th, 7 Be, and 210 Pb. Radiochemical data and observations from X-radiographs indicate event-driven sediment deposits ranged from 4 to 30 cm on the shelf and 2–6 cm in the Mississippi Canyon. These deposits exhibit distinct radiochemical signatures and differ visually and texturally from the underlying sediment. The well-developed physical stratification and graded nature of the deposits observed in core X-radiographs suggests that the sediment could have been deposited from sediment-gravity flows. Inventories of 7 Be and 7 Be/ 234 Th xs ratios reveal this series of cyclones transported considerably more material to the outer shelf and slope than periods of minimal tropical-system activity. When compared to seasonal depositional rates created by winter storms, tropical-cyclone-related event deposits on the middle and outer shelf are up to an order of magnitude greater in thickness. The number and thickness of these event deposits decrease with distance from the delta and suggest that only the most severe tropical systems are likely capable of redistributing significant quantities of sediment to more distal portions of the shelf and slope. These severe-event-driven deposits may account for as much as 75% of the sediment burial budget on decadal time scales within Mississippi Canyon. Higher than average tropical cyclone activity, predicted by the National Hurricane Center over the next decade, may be the major mechanism controlling sediment transport and deposition on the Mississippi River continental shelf and in Mississippi Canyon.
The effect of elevated blood glucose on the electroencephalogram and cerebral metabolism during short-term brain ischemia in fetal sheep.

The effect of cerebral ischemia on cerebral metabolism and the electroencephalogram was studied with and without prior glucose infusion in near-term normoxic fetal sheep. At normal blood glucose levels, the electroencephalogram decreased in amplitude during ischemia. At elevated blood glucose levels the electroencephalographic amplitude was much less attenuated by ischemia although Fast Fourier Transforms revealed a shift toward slower frequencies. Under either normal or elevated blood gluocse conditions, ischemia caused cerebral oxygen consumption to decrease, glucose uptake to increase, and a net efflux of lactate to occur. Elevated blood glucose appears to help maintain electroencephalographic activity during ischemia, perhaps by fueling additional anaerobic energy production. The relationship between the electroencephalogram, brain metabolism, and brain damage remains to be defined.
Does an independent quasiparticle picture hold in mass-190 superdeformed nuclei?

We investigate the independent quasiparticle (QP) picture for superdeformed nuclei of the mass-190 region, which is expected to lead to additivity in certain physical quantities. Obvious deviations from additivity are found from both projected shell model calculations and experimental data. The cause of the deviation can be decomposed and identified through this model. Our study suggests that the independent QP picture may not be fully appropriate for this mass region.
Mechanical characterization of asphalt tear-off roofing shingles in Hot Mix Asphalt

Abstract In the USA, asphalt tear-off roofing shingle is one of the largest productions in the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream. Applications into road construction materials can be an alternative to recycle these tear-off shingles. This paper discusses the beneficial use of tear-off shingles in Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA) by presenting: (1) the physical properties of tear-off shingles and the extracted binder, (2) the mechanical behaviors and properties of shingle-mixed HMA, (3) an optimum mix design for the shingle used in HMAs. The tear-off shingles obtained from the states of Florida and Minnesota (but main study on the Florida’s shingles) were used for the sample preparation that involves varied amount of shingle addition (ranged from 0% to 6% with 1% increment) for three different virgin binder contents. Laboratory testing methods include a reflux extraction and recovery and penetration tests for the extracted binder and a modified Marshall stability, moisture susceptibility, and asphalt pavement analyzer (APA) tests for the mixtures. The shingle addition causes stiffer binder in the mixture, resulting in the increase of material stiffness, stability, and rutting resistance. A visual inspection of the fractured surface of samples was also conducted to investigate the location of the crack surface either through the aggregates or in the asphalt binder, which is a good indicator of sufficient level of asphalt film in the mixture. Testing results were used to identify the optimum mixing proportion of the tear-off shingle and asphalt binder in HMAs.
Classification of breast cancer grades through quantitative characterization of ductal structure morphology in three-dimensional cultures

A set of morphological features for mammary ductal structures is proposed for the evaluation of tissue's metastatic potential and exploited for the classification of six cell lines (MCF10 series) from three cancer grades in three-dimensional in vitro breast culture systems. These cultures mimic various grades of breast cancer along the metastatic cascade. Particular proteins of interest are fluorescently labeled and subsequently imaged via multi-spectral confocal microscopy in order to analyze cellular organization and polarity between various tumor grades. A Fourier-based image registration method is employed to stitch the images, 3D watershed segmentation method is used to identify the ductal structures, and morphological image processing techniques are utilized to extract the features. In addition to capturing both expected and visually-differentiable changes, we quantify subtle differences that are challenging to assess by microscopic inspection. Support vector machine-based supervised learning achieves 69.4% and 79.0% accuracy in classifying the ductal structures into pre-cancerous, non-invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive ductal carcinoma grades after 7 and 14 days in the cell cultures, respectively. These results indicate that the proposed features can be used to describe the effects of morphological changes to the functional changes of the cells along the metastatic cascade.
Differential distribution of the putative vesicular transporter for acetylcholine in the rat central nervous system.

Abstract The organization and distribution of the mRNA for the putative vesicular transporter for acetylcholine (VAChT) was studied in the rat brain by use of digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes and in situ hybridization technology. Signal was observed in all neural regions deduced to contain cholinergic somata on the basis of previous histochemical investigations employing choline acetyltransferase riboprobes and prior immunocytochemical studies with antibodies against choline acetyltransferase. It was absent in areas believed to contain no cholinergic neurons. Anti-sense riboprobes hybridized to the mRNA for the putative VAChT: (a) the projection neurons of the various nuclei of the basal nuclear complex, (b) the local circuit cells of the dorsal and ventral striata, (c) the projection neurons of the mesopontine complex, (d) perikarya in the ventral 2/3 of the medial habenula, (e) the somatic motor and autonomic cells of cranial nerves 3–7 and 9–12, as well as perikarya in the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei presumably giving rise to efferent fibers of cranial nerve 8, and (f) the α-motor and γ-efferent motor neurons of the spinal cord. In addition, the mRNA for the VAChT was found in a few somata, probably ectopically located cells of the basal nuclear complex, in the internal capsule, central nucleus of the amygdala, entopeduncular nucleus, and zona incerta. It was also detected in some cell bodies in the reticular part of the substantia nigra, probably the rostral extension of the mesopontine complex, in the parabigeminal nucleus, and around the central canal in the spinal cord but not in cortical, hippocampal, and cerebellar perikarya. It is concluded that, like choline acetyltransferase, the mRNA for the putative acetylcholine vesicular transporter is another specific marker for neurons utilizing acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter. Further investigations of that transporter could have important implications for various diseases involving cholinergic systems, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Exploring the Social World of Aging Female Prisoners

Abstract Older women in prison represent a much-neglected population, and only recently have researchers begun to address the adjustment patterns of this emerging population. Using a sample of 29 female inmates over age 50 housed in a southeastern prison, this qualitative research identified how older female offenders adapt to prison life. Based on inmate narratives, the study focuses on how prison acquaintances are selected, the evolvement of a social support network characterized by perceived support, shared activities, shared conversations, and work and recreational interactions. Findings indicate that although most have family members with whom they remain in contact and have emotionally close relationships, prison friendships assist older women in coping when family members may not be readily available. Barriers that prevent inmates from providing mutual support are discussed and policy issues for responding to the social needs of women aging in prison are addressed.
Organic electronics: polymers manipulate cells.

An emerging topic of research into conducting polymers revolves around their integration with living tissue. Using an organic electronic ion pump enables cell responses to be controlled, providing an intriguing avenue to further this area.
Uniqueness of Translation Invariant Norms

Let A be a Banach function space and let M be a family of multipliers on A. We provide conditions on M so that the original topology of A is the only complete norm topology on A making all of the maps from M continuous. As a corollary we show that for a compact abelian group G, and a circle group T • for A=Lp(T), 1<p<∞, the Lp-norm is the only one that makes all translations continuous, while • for A=C(G), A=L∞(G), or A=L1(G) there are other norms with that property. For noncompact groups the situation is different—on the space L1(R) the L1-norm is the only one that makes a single nontrivial translation continuous.
Sleeping hegemons: Third-party intervention following territorial integrity transgressions

It is not clear why some territorial transgressions lead to intervention by the international community and others do not. As most territorial transgressions lead to a reaction from the international community but a few, however, do not, this study examines the main determinants for non-intervention by capable members of the international community, following violation of the territorial integrity norm by a deviant state. This article focuses on which characteristics of the norm-transgressing state, the conflict, and the state capable of enforcing the norm affect the occurrence of non-intervention. This comparative study examines six major alleged transgressions of the territorial integrity norm — the occupation of Tibet, the Suez crisis, the 1967 six-day war, the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, the Moroccan occupation of the Western Sahara, and the 1989 Gulf crisis — using a multi-methodological approach based on qualitative methods, most notably fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Analysis reveals that the absence of high security costs to the hegemon in combination with (a) strategically important security relations between the transgressor and the hegemon or (b) absence of military and economic vulnerability are generally necessary and sufficient for non-intervention.
Integrating Web resources and lexicons into a natural language query system

The START system responds to natural language queries with answers in text, pictures, and other media. START's sentence-level natural language parsing relies on a number of mechanisms to help it process the huge, diverse resources available on the World Wide Web. Blitz, a hybrid heuristic- and corpus-based natural language preprocessor enables START to integrate a large and ever-changing lexicon of proper names, by using heuristic rules and precompiled tables of symbols to preprocess various highly regular and fixed expressions into lexical tokens. LaMeTH, a content-based system for extracting information from HTML documents, assists START by providing a uniform method of accessing information on the Web in real time. These mechanisms have considerably improved STARTS ability to analyze real-world sentences and answer queries through expansion of its lexicon and integration of Web resources.
Logarithmic search in a winner-take-all network

An analysis of the relaxation time for the WTA (winner-take-all) mechanism used in a number of neural network models of visual attention is presented. The analysis assumes only bottom-up activation of the WTA array, and approximates this activation as consisting of a maximum activation, plus some number of equal, submaximum activations. Under these conditions, the relaxation time of the network is a logarithmic function of the number of secondary activations. This result is interpreted as a prediction that reaction time dependence on display size in visual search tasks should, under appropriate conditions, show this logarithmic dependency, rather than the linear dependency that is generally reported. The analysis also finds a dependence of relaxation time on target saliency that is in agreement with the experimental data and theories of a number of researchers. >
A theory of motor performance and its applications to preclinical dental skill acquisition

This article reviews one theory of motor performance that was derived from a large body of research findings. The validity of any theory depends on the extent to which it can generate testable hypotheses. Based on a number of applied investigations in the preclinical setting, several predictions developed from this theory have been supported. These, as well as other, potential applications are discussed and a model of preclinical instruction derived from the theory is presented.
FLICKER RESPONSE CONTOURS FOR THE SPARROW, AND THE THEORY OF THE AVIAN PECTEN

The flicker contour for the house sparrow Passer domesticus is duplex, corresponding to the presence of both rods and cones in the retina. The presence of the pecten brings about changes in the "cone" part of the contour when the light-time in the flash cycle is varied. These changes are of the same sort as those we have already described for the visually simplex zebra finch, and for man provided with an artificial "pecten shadow." The changes are such as to greatly enhance flicker acuity for small dark-times (moving stripe technique). The form of the scotopic part of the duplex contour (also as in the case with man) gives no evidence that rod excitation is specifically influenced by the presence of the pecten. The changing integration of "rod" and "cone" effects as the light-time fraction is altered provides another means of testing the theory used for the analytical separation of the two components of the duplex flicker contour.
Software for everyone by everyone

Given the dizzying pace of change in computer science, trying to look too far into the future of software engineering is hard. However, it might be possible to predict the future of software for the next decade based on the current trends. And based on the predictions on future of software, it might be possible to speculate about the future of software engineering. I try to do such a prediction in this position paper. I predict that the future of software will be applications that will be accessible everywhere, such as web applications and mobile applications. I also predict that increasingly more applications will be developed by non-computer-scientists. The challenges and the opportunities for software engineering research will be in providing tools and techniques that will enable non-programmers to become programmers for everywhere-accessible-software.
Transcriptional regulation of the proton-translocating ATPase (atpIBEFHAGDC) operon of Escherichia coli: control by cell growth rate.

The F0F1 proton-translocating ATPase complex of Escherichia coli, encoded by the atpIBEFHAGDC operon, catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi during aerobic and anaerobic growth when respiratory substrates are present. It can also catalyze the reverse reaction to hydrolyze ATP during nonrespiratory conditions (i.e., during fermentation of simple sugars) in order to maintain a electrochemical proton gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane. To examine how the atp genes are expressed under different conditions of cell culture, atpI-lacZ operon fusions were constructed and analyzed in single copy on the bacterial chromosome or on low-copy-number plasmids. Expression varied over a relatively narrow range (about threefold) regardless of the complexity of the cell growth medium, the availability of different electron acceptors or carbon compounds, or the pH of the culture medium. In contrast to prior proposals, atp operon expression was shown to occur from a single promoter located immediately before atpI rather than from within it. The results of continuous-culture experiments suggest that the cell growth rate rather than the type of carbon compound used for growth is the major variable in controlling atp gene expression. Together, these studies establish that synthesis of the F0F1 ATPase is not greatly varied by modulating atp operon transcription.
Effects of intraaccumbens administration of SCH-23390 on cocaine- induced locomotion and conditioned place preference

The effects of systemic (0-1.0 mg/kg) or intraaccumbens (0-1.0 microg/side) administration of SCH-23390 on cocaine-induced (0 or 4.2 mg/kg, i.v.) locomotion, sniffing, and conditioned place preference (CPP) were investigated in rats. After behavioral testing was completed, animals were injected with their respective dose of SCH-23390 into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), followed by a systemic injection of the irreversible antagonist N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ). Receptors occupied by intraaccumbens SCH-23390, and therefore protected from EEDQ-induced inactivation, were then quantified from autoradiograms of sections labeled with 3H-SCH-23390. Systemic administration of 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg SCH-23390 reversed cocaine-induced locomotion, sniffing, and CPP, suggesting that stimulation of D1-like receptors is necessary for these behavioral changes. Intraaccumbens administration of 1.0 microg/side SCH-23390 reversed cocaine-CPP, and this dose occupied D1-like receptors primarily in the rostral pole of the NAc. Intraaccumbens administration of 0.5 microg/side SCH-23390 reversed cocaine-induced locomotion. However, this dose occupied a similar number of D1-like receptors in the NAc as a lower and behaviorally ineffective dose of 0.1 microg/side, but occupied more receptors in the caudate-putamen relative to both the 0.1 and 1.0 microg/side doses. These findings suggest that stimulation of D1-like receptors in the NAc is necessary for cocaine-CPP, but not for cocaine-induced locomotion.
Crystal Structures at High Pressures of Metallic Modifications of Silicon and Germanium

Studies of germanium and silicon by x-ray diffraction reveal that their crystal structure changes at high pressures from the semiconducting diamond-type structure to the metallic white tin structure, in analogy to the known "gray" to "white" transition in tin itself.
On the dynamics of unsteady gravity waves of finite amplitude Part 1. The elementary interactions

This paper is concerned with the non-linear interactions between pairs of intersecting gravity wave trains of arbitrary wavelength and direction on the surface of water whose depth is large compared with any of the wavelengths involved. An equation is set up to describe the time history of the Fourier components of the surface displacement in which are retained terms whose magnitude is of order (slope)2 relative to the linear (first-order) terms. The second-order terms give rise to Fourier components with wave-numbers and frequencies formed by the sums and differences of those of the primary components, and the amplitudes of these secondary components is always bounded in time and small in magnitude. The phase velocity of the secondary components is always different from the phase velocity of a free infinitesimal wave of the same wave-number. However, the third-order terms can give rise to tertiary components whose phase velocity is equal to the phase velocity of a free infinitesimal wave of the same wave-number, and when this condition is satisfied the amplitude of the tertiary component grows linearly with time in a resonant manner, and there is a continuing flux of potential energy from one wave-number to another. The time scale of the growth of the tertiary component is of order of the (−2)-power of the geometric mean of the primary wave slopes times the period of the tertiary wave. The Stokes permanent wave appears as a special case, in which the tertiary wave-number is the same as that of the primary, but its phase is advanced by ½π. The energy transfer to the tertiary component in this case is usually interpreted as an increase in the phase velocity of the wave.The dynamical interactions in water of finite depth are considered briefly, and it is shown that the amplitude of the secondary components becomes large (though bounded in time) as the water depth becomes smaller than the wave-length of the longest primary wave.
High-Dose Radiation to the Subventricular Zone Does Not Alter the Patterns of Recurrence in GB

technique (p Z 0.02) and higher RT dose (p Z 0.05), while GBMO had similar characteristics except younger age than classic GBM (p Z 0.05). Loss of heterozygosity of 1p/19q was assessed for all the GBMO tumors, and only 2 (12%) had codeletion of 1p/19q. For classic GBM, median OS and PFS were 15.3 and 7.6 months, respectively; 2-year OS and PFS rates were 28% and 8%, respectively. Patients with scGBM did not have significantly different OS (median 16 months, 30% at 2 years, p Z 0.66) and PFS (median 8.6 months, 6% at 2 years, p Z 0.69) as compared to classic GBM. In contrast, GBMO had significantly improved OS (median 32.6 months, 54% at 2 years, p Z 0.03) and a trend for PFS (median 10.4 months, 18% at 2 years, p Z 0.07) as compared to classic GBM. On univariate analysis, GBMO, age, performance status, gross total resection, and MGMT promoter methylation were associated with OS. However, multivariate analysis with GBMO and age showed that GBMO was not associated with improved OS after adjusting for age: HR Z 0.61 (95% CI Z 0.28-1.30), p Z 0.20. Conclusions: scGBM does not appear to exhibit different clinical outcomes after RT+TMZ than classic GBM. GBMO is associated with higher OS than classic GBM but is likely due to the younger patient population of GBMO. Author Disclosure: J. Huang: None. S.N. Badiyan: None. C. Cai: None. C.G. Robinson: None. S. Dahiya: None. D.D. Tran: None. A.H. Kim: None. G.P. Dunn: None. J.L. Campian: None. M.R. Chicoine: None. J.R. Simpson: None.
Late Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treated During Adulthood

Background: Survivors of Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) treated as adults are at risk for late effects of therapy. However, the burden of late morbidity and mortality among adults treated for HL remains incompletely characterized. Methods: Vital status and, for deceased, cause of death were determined for 746 adults treated on a first-line trial at a single center from 1975 to 2000. Survivors completed a detailed survey describing their physical and mental health. A severity score (grades 1–4, ranging from mild to life-threatening or disabling) was assigned to self-reported conditions. Results: At a median follow-up of 22 years, 227 of patients (30.4%) had died, 107 (47.1%) from HL, 120 (52.9%) from other causes, including second primary malignancies (SPMs) (n = 52) and cardiovascular disease (n = 27). Across the duration of follow-up, all-cause and SPM-specific risk of death remained higher than predicted by normative data. Among survivors, late morbidity survey data are available for 238 patients (45.9%). Ninety-four-point-one percent of respondents reported at least one morbidity, and 47.5% reported at least one grade 3 or 4 morbidity; 20.2% reported two or more grade 3 morbidities. Commonly reported morbidities included cardiovascular (54.6%), endocrine (68.5%), pulmonary disease (21.4%), and nonfatal second malignancy (23.1%). Anxiety, depression, and fear of recurrence were frequently reported. Conclusions: Among a large cohort of patients treated for HL with extensive follow-up, risk of late mortality from causes other than HL and prevalence of late medical morbidity are high. Guidelines for prevention, screening, and management of late effects in adult survivors of HL are needed.
Genetic variation in Glutathione S-Transferase Omega-1, Arsenic Methyltransferase and Methylene-tetrahydrofolate Reductase, arsenic exposure and bladder cancer: a case–control study

Ingestion of groundwater with high concentrations of inorganic arsenic has been linked to adverse health outcomes, including bladder cancer, however studies have not consistently observed any elevation in risk at lower concentrations. Genetic variability in the metabolism and clearance of arsenic is an important consideration in any investigation of its potential health risks. Therefore, we examined the association between genes thought to play a role in the metabolism of arsenic and bladder cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GSTO-1, As3MT and MTHFR were genotyped using DNA from 219 bladder cancer cases and 273 controls participating in a case–control study in Southeastern Michigan and exposed to low to moderate (<50 μg/L) levels of arsenic in their drinking water. A time-weighted measure of arsenic exposure was constructed using measures from household water samples combined with past residential history, geocoded and merged with archived arsenic data predicted from multiple resources. While no single SNP in As3MT was significantly associated with bladder cancer overall, several SNPs were associated with bladder cancer among those exposed to higher arsenic levels. Individuals with one or more copies of the C allele in rs11191439 (the Met287Thr polymorphism) had an elevated risk of bladder cancer (OR = 1.17; 95% CI = 1.04-1.32 per 1 μg/L increase in average exposure). However, no association was observed between average arsenic exposure and bladder cancer among TT homozygotes in the same SNP. Bladder cancer cases were also 60% less likely to be homozygotes for the A allele in rs1476413 in MTHFR compared to controls (OR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.18-0.88). Variation in As3MT and MTHFR is associated with bladder cancer among those exposed to relatively low concentrations of inorganic arsenic. Further investigation is warranted to confirm these findings.
Novel tricomponent membranes containing poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) domains

The synthesis and characterization of novel tricomponent networks consisting of well-defined poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) strands crosslinked and reinforced by poly(pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane) (PD5) domains are described. Network synthesis occurred by dissolving α,ω-diallyl PEG and α,ω-divinyl PDMS prepolymers in a common solvent (toluene), introducing a stoichiometric excess of pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5H) to the charge, inducing the cohydrosilation of the prepolymers by Karstedt's catalyst and completing network formation by the addition of water. Water in the presence of the Pt-based catalyst oxidizes the SiH groups of D5H to SiOH functions that immediately polycondense and bring about crosslinking. The progress of cohydrosilation and polycondensation was followed by monitoring the disappearance of the SiH and SiOH functions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Because cohydrosilation and polycondensation are essentially quantitative, overall network composition can be controlled by calculating the stoichiometry of the three network constituents. The very low quantities of extractable (sol) fractions corroborate efficient crosslinking. The networks swell in both water and hexanes. Differential scanning calorimetry showed three thermal transitions assigned, respectively, to PEG (melting temperature: 46–60 °C depending on composition), PDMS [glass-transition temperature (Tg) = ∼−121 °C], and PD5 (Tg = ∼−159 °C) and indicated a phase-separated tricomponent nanoarchitecture. The low Tg of the PD5 phase is unprecedented. The strength and elongation of PEG/PD5/PDMS networks can be controlled by overall network composition. The synthesis of networks exhibiting sufficient mechanical properties (tensile stress: 2–5 MPa, elongation: 100–800%) for various possible applications has been demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 3093–3102, 2002
Hazard Rate Estimation

For right-censored lifetime data with possible left-truncation, (1.6) of Example 1.3 defines penalized likelihood hazard estimation. Of interest are the selection of smoothing parameters, the computation of the estimates, and the asymptotic behavior of the estimates.
Criterial Noise Effects on Rule-Based Category Learning: The Impact of Delayed Feedback

Variability in the representation of the decision criterion is assumed in many category-learning models, yet few studies have directly examined its impact. On each trial, criterial noise should result in drift in the criterion and will negatively impact categorization accuracy, particularly in rule-based categorization tasks, where learning depends on the maintenance and manipulation of decision criteria. In three experiments, we tested this hypothesis and examined the impact of working memory on slowing the drift rate. In Experiment 1, we examined the effect of drift by inserting a 5-sec delay between the categorization response and the delivery of corrective feedback, and working memory demand was manipulated by varying the number of decision criteria to be learned. Delayed feedback adversely affected performance, but only when working memory demand was high. In Experiment 2, we built on a classic finding in the absolute identification literature and demonstrated that distributing the criteria across multiple dimensions decreases the impact of drift during the delay. In Experiment 3, we confirmed that the effect of drift during the delay is moderated by working memory. These results provide important insights into the interplay between criterial noise and working memory, as well as providing important constraints for models of rule-based category learning.
Analysis and Correction of Frequency Error in Electronic Mufflers using Narrowband Active Noise Control

This paper analyzes the performance of an electronic muffler using narrowband feedforward active noise control (ANC). The effect of frequency error between the engine noise and the internally-synthesized reference signal on the performance of the muffler is analyzed. Theoretical analysis shows that the achievable noise reduction is decreased for increased frequency error. An electronic muffler is built and real-time experiments are performed to verify theoretical analysis and computer simulation results. Two solutions are developed to minimize the effect of frequency error and maintain consistent noise reduction.
Dynamics of hydrogen bonds in water: Vibrational echoes and two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy

Water hydrogen bond dynamics are studied by interpreting the OH frequency correlation function of HOD in D2O obtained from a vibrational echo peak shift measurement with molecular dynamics simulations. Heterogeneous hydrogen bond dynamics are investigated using 2D IR spectroscopy.
Large-Angle π + p and K + p Elastic Scattering at 13.8 GeV c

The differential cross section for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ elastic scattering has been measured at $13.8 \frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c}$ for $0.7l|t|l3.8{(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$. The cross section is found to be equal to that previously obtained for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ elastic scattering, except in the region $|t|=2.8 {(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$, where the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}p$ data do not show the prominent dip observed in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ scattering. Data have also been obtained for $13.8\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c} {K}^{+}p$ elastic scattering for $0.8l|t|l2.2 {(\frac{\mathrm{GeV}}{c})}^{2}$.
Metal-Cluster-Sensitized Solar Cells. A New Class of Thiolated Gold Sensitizers Delivering Efficiency Greater Than 2%

A new class of metal-cluster sensitizers has been explored for designing high-efficiency solar cells. Thiol-protected gold clusters which exhibit molecular-like properties have been found to inject electrons into TiO2 nanostructures under visible excitation. Mesoscopic TiO2 films modified with gold clusters deliver stable photocurrent of 3.96 mA/cm2 with power conversion efficiencies of 2.3% under AM 1.5 illumination. The overall absorption features and cell performance of metal-cluster-sensitized solar cells (MCSCs) are comparable to those of CdS quantum-dot-based solar cells (QDSCs). The relatively high open-circuit voltage of 832 mV and fill factor of 0.7 for MCSCs as compared to QDSCs show the viability of these new sensitizers as alternatives to semiconductor QDs and sensitizing dyes in the next generation of solar cells. The superior performance of MCSCs discussed in this maiden study lays the foundation to explore other metal clusters with broader visible absorption.
A Study of Innovativeness Overlap

(new product concepts) and strategic (variations of an existing product concept). Moreover, Pessemier, Burger, and Tigert [10] found that most innovators of a new heavy-duty laundry detergent were of a relatively lower socioeconomic background than noninnovators, whereas Robertson [11] found quite the opposite for "Touch Tone" telephone innovators. Other comparisons can be made as well, involving new foods [3], color television [4], farm products [13], and various new products and services [1]. The study to be reported here assessed the extent of innovativeness overlap among six new products from different product categories. While the available prior evidence was not clear-cut, pretest results led to the hypothesis that innovativeness would extend across or overlap test product categories.