cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Brightness of the Twilight Sky and the Density and Temperature of the Atmosphere

With a calibrated Macbeth illuminometer measurements were made of iz the brightness of the zenith sky and of ig the energy flux across a vertical plane from the twilight horizon for the depression θ of the sun below the horizon from 0° to 13°. For clear sky conditions the iz, θ and ig, θ curves did not change within 30 percent with the season from October, 1937, to April, 1938, and were the same for evening and morning twilight. Calculation from the Rayleigh theory of molecular scattering and the observed iz and ig data showed that within ±30 percent the densities of the atmosphere from sea level to about 60 km were those of the density-height relation known to 20 km and extrapolated for a temperature of 218°K. It follows that the temperature of the twilight temperate zone atmosphere is 218°±15°K from 20 to 60 km. The influence of secondary scattering, determined from ig, although small for small values of θ increased rapidly with θ to such an extent that the twilight zenith sky brightness measures gave no indication of the distribution of density above about 60 km.
A unified approach to type synthesis of both rigid and flexure parallel mechanisms

Type synthesis of both rigid and compliant parallel mechanisms has become a hot issue in the field of mechanisms and robotics research in recent years. A unified approach to type synthesis of the two classes of mechanisms, however, has not been referred and investigated up to date. Based on the state-of-art analysis for several major type synthesis approaches related to rigid and compliant mechanisms, respectively, it proves feasible to establish a unified methodology for type synthesis of these two classes of mechanisms. That is a synthesis philosophy in terms of the hierarchy mapping between mathematic, physical, and mechanical building blocks in the framework of screw theory, as addressed in this paper. The key point of the proposed method lies in establishing the mapping among three different building blocks (i.e. geometric building block, kinematic or constraint building block, and mechanical building block). As a result, it makes the whole type synthesis process simple and visible. By using the proposed method, two examples are taken to verify the effectiveness for the type synthesis of both rigid and flexure mechanisms. The content of this paper may provide a theoretical frame for constructing a visualized algorithm or software about the unified type synthesis (or conceptual design) of both rigid and flexure parallel mechanisms.
Determination of structure-activity relationships of Annonaceous acetogenins by inhibition of oxygen uptake in rat liver mitochondria.

Abstract A new group of natural compounds, the Annonaceous acetogenins, have recently been determined to inhibit ATP production at a similar site of action and higher levels of potency as rotenone, i.e., at NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase, complex I of the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. The acetogenins had earlier been determined to be pesticidal, antimalarial, antimicrobial, anti-parasitic, cytotoxic, and in vivo active as potentially new antitumor agents. In order to determine structural activity relationships (SARs) among these compounds, at the subcellular level, several available acetogenins have been tested. Data obtained , from the inhibition of oxygen consumption by rat liver mitochondria, demonstrated that all of the twenty acetogenins tested are active with IC50 values in the range of 15–800 nM/mg protein. The IC50 value of rotenone was 17 nM/mg protein. The bis-adjacent THF ring acetogenins and the bis-nonadjacent THF ring compounds are about ten times more active than the mono-THF ring acetogenins. Overall, 30-OH and 31-OH-bullatacinone were the most active and were slightly more active than rotenone. The least active were the 4-deoxy bis-adjacent THF ring compounds followed by the mono-THF ring group. There was some variation between the groups, e.g., within the bis-adjacent and mono-THF ring groups, the α,β-unsaturated-γ-lactones were less active than the keto-lactones, but this observation was reversed for one of the pairs of bis-nonadjacent THF ring acetogenins. Additional hydroxylations, to a maximum of three, seemed to increase activity within all of the groups. Before final decisions on SARs can be made, additional comparisons of the results of this subcellular assay (as an in vitro assay) with the results of in vivo assays should be made. Also, future investigations into the exact site of action within complex I and other possible sites of action (such as the NADH oxidase of plasma membranes) need to be conducted for a more complete understanding of the utility and potential of this new group of very potent compounds.
Heavy metal contamination from historic mining in upland soil and estuarine sediments of Egypt Bay, Maine, USA

Abstract Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in sediments of Egypt Bay in Hancock County, Maine, are elevated above background levels. The source of the contamination is Cu mining that occurred in the uplands adjacent to Egypt Stream between 1877 and 1885. Egypt Stream is a tributary to Egypt Bay. Egypt Bay is part of the Taunton Bay estuary system. The Hagan Mine was one of the mines extracting metals from the sulfide deposits in Downeast Maine north of Penobscot Bay. Metal concentrations were determined using ICP-AES after sample digestion with nitric acid. Soil collected from the coarse textured mine tailings pile contained elevated concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, but the majority of the surface soils at the Hagan Mine site were not contaminated. Estuary sediments from the surface to 100 cm depth were collected in four locations within Egypt Bay. Below 40 cm, metal concentrations in sediments were similar to those in uncontaminated upland soils. Metal concentrations in the estuary sediments between the surface and 26 cm were above background levels. According to 210 Pb dating, the sediment at 26–34 cm depth was likely to have been deposited at the time the historic mines were in operation. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in sediment from the 32–34 cm depth interval are similar to concentrations in the upland soil sample from the mine tailings pile. Elevated Pb concentrations in sediments from the surface to 24 cm are from atmospheric Pb deposition from anthropogenic sources. Sediment in the top 10 cm of the estuary has been mixed both by the polychaete worm Nereis virens and by those harvesting the worms for sale as fish bait.
Osteopontin Expression Is Increased in the Heritable Cardiomyopathy of Syrian Hamsters

Background Osteopontin, a noncollagenous matrix protein, is transiently expressed in the heart after experimental cardiac injury, but its expression in states of continuing cardiac remodeling is unknown. We evaluated osteopontin expression in the heritable cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster. Methods and Results Hamster hearts were obtained for RNA isolation and analysis and in situ hybridization from two groups: normal control animals (n=4) and untreated cardiomyopathic hamsters (n=5). Osteopontin mRNA was 12-fold greater in cardiomyopathic hearts compared with normal controls (1.76±0.31 versus 0.14±0.04 arbitrary units normalized to GAPDH, mean±SEM, P<.05). In situ hybridization was used to define the origin of osteopontin in the heart. Osteopontin mRNA above background levels was not detected in sections from noncardiomyopathic hamster hearts but was readily detected in sections from cardiomyopathic hamsters, in which it originated in cells morphologically consistent with tissue macrophages. Conclusio...
Bitopic Phenylene-Linked Bis(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands: Preparation and Supramolecular Structures of Hetero- and Homobimetallic Complexes Incorporating Organoplatinum(II) and Tricarbonylrhenium(I) Centers

The new fixed-geometry, phenylene-linked bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands α,α,α‘,α‘-tetra(1-pyrazolyl)-m-xylene (m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4, Lm), α,α,α‘,α‘-tetra(1-pyrazolyl)-p-xylene (p-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4, Lp), and α,α,α‘,α‘-tetrakis(4-benzylpyrazol-1-yl)-p-xylene (p-[CH(4Bnpz)2]2C6H4, 4BnLp) have been synthesized in order to prepare hetero- and homobimetallic complexes incorporating tricarbonylrhenium(I) and bis(p-tolyl)platinum(II) fragments. Coordination of one rhenium center to Lm was achieved to yield the monometallic rhenium complex {m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4}Re(CO)3Br, which then incorporated a second metal center to give the heterobimetallic complex {μ-m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4}[Re(CO)3Br][Pt(p-tolyl)2]. The homobimetallic rhenium complexes of each ligand, {μ-m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4}[Re(CO)3Br]2, {μ-p-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4}[Re(CO)3Br]2, and {μ-p-[CH(4Bnpz)2]2C6H4}[Re(CO)3Br]2, were also prepared. The crystalline structure of each complex shows extensive noncovalent interactions, including weak hydrogen bonds and π···π and CH···π interactions, t...
The timing and value of forecast and recommendation revisions

Abstract This paper evaluates the information content of analysts’ one-quarter-ahead earnings forecast revisions and recommendation revisions at various points in event time relative to earnings announcement dates. Across three sets of tests, we find that the revisions are least informative in the week after earnings announcements and that the information content of revisions generally increases over event time. We find a sharp increase in the information content of upward forecast revisions and recommendation upgrades in the week before earnings announcements, but we do not find a similar increase for downward revisions or for recommendation downgrades.
Density, location, and sampling of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) on experimentally infested pigs.

Forty-eight weaned pigs were inoculated with 0 (controls), 100 (low dose), and 1,000 (high dose) itch mites, Sarcoptes scabiei (De Geer), and allowed to develop infestations for up to 10 wk. Pigs were slaughtered in sequence during the experiment to sample hides and count mites through potassium hydroxide digestion. Incipient crusted lesions occurred in ears of 4 of 16 low-dose pigs and 7 of 16 high-dose pigs, averaged less than 3 cm2 in area, and contained 86% of all females and 87% of all other mite stages found on those pigs. Crusts aside, faces had the highest mite densities among six body regions in both infested groups. Overall, high-dose pigs had higher mite populations (269 compared with 39 mites on low-dose pigs), although values were not significantly different ( P = 0.13). Mite populations did not grow significantly during the 10 wk, but variance increased among pigs in each dose group. A hide-sampling plan derived from these data indicates whole-body populations could be estimated by censusing only the crusts, if present. If absent, sampling mites from the face and dorsum should provide acceptable estimates of whole-body totals of females and other stages. A sample size of 13 hides from a herd will yield an estimate of mean whole-body total with a 90% CI ≤50% of the estimated mean.
Point defects in crystalline silicon, their migration and their relation to the amorphous phase

Abstract Vacancies and selfinterstitials in silicon have been studied extensively both experimentally and theoretically and many of their properties have been established. We review briefly some of the recent results obtained by ab initio calculations and by atomistic simulations using empirical interatomic potentials. These results yield a comprehensive picture of defect structure, migration paths, and relative contributions to self-diffusion. We elucidate the details of the atomic migration process by analyzing one of the migration paths of the self-interstitial in terms of the lattice normal modes (phonons). Finally, we report new calculations to clarify further similarities between crystals containing large concentrations of point defects and amorphous silicon. In addition to a notable trend in the density of crystals containing increasingly higher self-interstitial concentrations, we find strong similarities in the vibrational and structural properties.
Using High-fidelity Simulation to Prepare Advanced Practice Nursing Students

Abstract Background Limited evidence is available explaining the use of human-patient simulators (HPS) in primary adult advanced practice nursing (APN) programs to enhance clinical performance. The paucity of literature related to using HPS in primary adult APN programs is what led the authors to develop simulations using HPS for such students. Methods Simulations were used to increase student confidence and knowledge before their Objective Structured Clinical Examination to optimize this costly and important experience. The purpose of this paper was to describe the development of a simulation using a HPS and student perception of using this learning strategy. Results Students reported decreased anxiety after the simulation experience and a better understanding of what to expect during the OSCE experience. Conclusion Using a HPS in an interactive simulation is a valuable tool that assesses student knowledge, skills, and allows for student reflection. The authors will continue to use this pedagogy, and encourage others to develop such activities in order to prepare future competent APNs.
Performance characteristics of the high power density, flux-conserving Tokamak (FCT) reactor,

Abstract Most of the fusion Experimental Power Reactor (EPR) and commercial power reactor designs have been limited to low-β (ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure), low power density Tokamak systems. In an effort to redesign a viable, economically attractive power reactor that could meet the electric utilities needs, the flux-conserving Tokamak concept has emerged as a leading contender. In this paper, we examine the operating characteristics of an FCT reactor and show that such a system would be comparable in size to an EPR but produce more than five times the fusion power. It will be seen that the FCT concept could provide the utility industry with compact reactor systems of moderate electrical output (between 500 and 1000 MWe) without requiring large extrapolations in plasma size and technology beyond that of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) currently under construction.
Photon Production at the Tevatron

At the Tevatron collider the production of prompt photons with high transverse momenta has been studied in pp collisions at 6 = 1.96 TeV by the CDF and DO collaborations. In this report crosssections for the production of isolated photons, isolated photons in connection with heavy flavor jets and two isolated photons is presented. The experimental data are compared to predictions of several QCD models.
SU-GG-I-14: A Method to Estimate Cone-Beam CT Dose Index and Cone-Beam Dose Length Product

Purpose: To characterize the cone‐beam CTDI (CBCTDI) and cone‐beam dose length product (CBDLP) by Monte Carlo(MC) technique. Method and Materials: An extended CT head phantom (60cm long) and an extended CT body phantom (90cm long) were created in our BEAMnrc/EGSnrc MC system to accurately model the CBCTDI. The CBCTDI is equivalent to CTDI except normalized with the actual beam width. Before the simulations, the beam width of a Varian OBI system was measured with radiochromic films. The MCmodel of the OBI x‐ray tube was used to acquire the phase space files of the full‐fan and half‐fan cone beams. Then, DOSXYZnrc user code simulated a total of twenty CBCT scans with the beam widths from 2cm to 13.6cm for the CT head phantom and from 2.2cm to 15.4cm for the CT body phantom. After the simulations, CBCT dose profiles at center and peripheries were extracted and integrated (dose profile integral, DPI) to calculate the CBCTDI per each beam width. The weighted CBCTDI (wCBCTDI) was calculated from DPI values by using 1/3 and 2/3 weighting equation and mean wCBCTDI was derived. Finally the CBDLP for each beam width was compared to each weighted DPI (wDPI) value. We also investigated the accuracy of the CBCTDI using the Dixon's point dose method. Results: Mean wCBCTDI was found as 8.590±0.010 cGy for head and 4.518±0.004 cGy for body scan. The CBDLP and wDPI was close within 0.3%. We also found that the point dose method can estimate the CBCTDI within 3% difference comparing to the DPI integration method. Conclusion: We proposed the CBCTDI and CBDLP concepts in CBCTdosimetry, validated the applicability of CBCTDI as a dose index for CBCT scan and demonstrated a clinically feasible to estimate the CBDLP using the point dose method.
A Scoring System to Predict Readmission of Patients With Acute Pancreatitis to the Hospital Within Thirty Days of Discharge

Background & Aims Reducing rapid readmission of patients after discharge could improve quality of treatment and reduce costs. Little is known about clinical predictors of early readmission for acute pancreatitis (AP). We developed a strategy to identify and stratify patients with AP at risk for readmission within 30 days of discharge. Methods We derived and validated a model in a cohort of patients hospitalized with AP from June 2005–October 2009. Early readmission was defined as admission to the hospital or reevaluation in the emergency department within 30 days of discharge. The cohort was divided into a derivation cohort (admitted June 2005–December 2007, n=248) and a validation cohort (admitted January 2008–October 2009, n=198). A weighted scoring system was developed using logistic regression for the prediction of early readmission. Accuracy was assessed by area under the receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Of the total patients, 21% (92/446) had early readmission. Multivariable analysis identified the following discharge characteristics as independent risk factors for early readmission: gastrointestinal symptoms, eating less than a solid diet, pancreatic necrosis, treatment with antibiotics, and pain ( P Conclusions We created a scoring system that accurately predicts which patients with AP have high and low risk of readmission within 30 days of discharge.
Lifetime exposure to adversity predicts functional impairment and healthcare utilization among individuals with chronic back pain

Previous research has demonstrated an association between lifetime exposure to adverse events and chronic back pain (CBP), but the nature of this relationship has not been fully specified. Adversity exposure typically predicts undesirable outcomes, suggesting that lack of all adversity is optimal. However, we hypothesized that among individuals faced with CBP, a history of a low level of lifetime adversity would yield protective effects, manifested as lower impairment and healthcare utilization. Adult members of a national panel (N = 396) endorsed a history of CBP when reporting their physical health status in an online survey; they further reported their functional impairment and healthcare utilization. Respondents had previously completed a survey of lifetime exposure to adverse events. Significant U-shaped quadratic relationships emerged between adversity and self-rated functional impairment (p < 0.001), disabled employment status (p < 0.001), frequency of physician/clinic visits for CBP (p < 0.01), prescription (but not over-the-counter) analgesic use (p < 0.01), and comorbid depression treatment seeking (p < 0.01). Specifically, people with some lifetime adversity reported less impairment and healthcare utilization than people who had experienced either no adversity or a high level of adversity. Additional analyses failed to support alternative explanations of the findings. Implications for understanding and promoting resilience in the context of CBP are discussed.
An investigation of gender bias in the job evaluation process

This study investigated the potential impact of gender segregation of jobs on evaluation bias in judgments of the relative worth of those jobs. Four job descriptions were selected which were ambiguous as to gender mix; these were artificially labeled as predominantly male or predominantly female. In addition, two clearly gender-stereotyped jobs (clerk, mechanic) were included, and were labeled as predominantly female and male, respectively. Another job (juvenile probation officer) was included as relatively gender neutral. Finally, a matron or jailer job description was included; these job descriptions were identical except for gender-based pronouns. For the four gender-ambiguous jobs, no evaluation bias was found, which is consistent with previous research. For the less artificial matron/jailer manipulation, however, evaluation bias was found. Finally, for the mechanic job some evidence was found to suggest evaluation bias based on the gender of the job evaluator. Results are discussed in terms of appropriate manipulations for studies of gender bias in job evaluations.
H110 alpha Observations of Sagittarius A West: Ionized Gas at Peculiar Velocities at the Galactic Center

We present Very Large Array measurements of H110 alpha radio recombination line emission from Sgr A West with a resolution of 11 x 20 arcsec. These observations detected a number of new kinematic components showing a dramatically different velocity field than expected from circular motion of ionized gas in Sgr A West about the dynamical center of the Galaxy. Recent high-resolution molecular observations show a cloud of absorbing gas at -180 km/s within 30 arcsec of the Galactic center. We find evidence of an ionized counterpart to this highly blueshifted molecular gas. This result places this highly blueshifted neutral gas in a hot UV dominated environment of the Galactic center. We suggest that the blueshifted clouds are photoionized externally by the intense UV radiation field at the Galactic center. We also detect H110 alpha emission from large-scale linear features known as the 'streamers', which run primarily perpendicular to the Galactic plane and lie exterior to the 'three-arm' spiral structure of Sgr A West and the circumstellar disk. These observations support an earlier suggestion that the streamers are thermal features whose kniematics deviate from circular motion.
Otolaryngological manifestations of Measles (Rubeola): A case report and brief review.

Measles is an acute viral respiratory illness caused by a virus of the Paramyxoviridae family. Despite being eliminated from the United States, small outbreaks across the country continue to occur. The United States experienced a record number of cases in 2014, with 668 cases seen across the country, a record since its elimination in 2000. Here, we present a case of an acute presentation of measles illness and discuss the otolaryngologic manifestation of the disease. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 2015
A custom-chip-based functional electrical stimulation system

The functional electrical stimulation system described consists of a host computer and up to 32 chips connected serially. Up to 256 different monophasic constant voltage (0 V-2.5 V), variable frequency (0 Hz-100 Hz in 2 Hz steps; 100 Hz-2700 Hz in 100 Hz steps), and adjustable duration (50 /spl mu/s-200 ms in 50 /spl mu/s steps) pulse trains can be continuously generated. >
Physiological variables associated with the development of acute mountain sickness at the South Pole

Exposure to altitudes >2500 m can result in acute mountain sickness (AMS), a mild and usually self-limiting condition. Research has attempted to identify factors associated with developing AMS without controlling important factors related to the ascent or collecting a comprehensive set of variables. Objectives The Antarctic Study of Altitude Physiology (ASAP) investigated variables associated with the development of AMS in adults experiencing rapid passive transport to altitude by airplane. Design Our prospective observational trial collected data, including personal history, anthropometrics, vital signs, blood samples and pulmonary function, at sea level and at altitude. Statistical analysis utilised independent sample t tests to investigate between-group differences (p Participants Of 248 eligible ASAP participants, those who did not use acetazolamide (N=98) were included in the present analysis. Primary outcome measures The diagnosis of AMS using the Lake Louise Symptom Score. Results Analysis of participants not using acetazolamide (n=90) found 30 participants developed AMS and 60 participants did not. Estimated plasma volume decreased significantly at altitude (p=0.025) in the AMS group as compared with the No AMS group while body weight did not change (p=0.125). Serum sodium (p=0.045) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p=0.049) levels were higher in the No AMS group. A logistic regression analysis emphasised the contributions of LDL and eosinophil levels in the development of AMS. Conclusions These results suggest that the body water regulation and inflammation are key factors in AMS development when all other factors such as the level of physical exertion during ascent, the rate and magnitude of ascent and the use of acetazolamide are controlled.
Unusual Interlocking and Interpenetration Lead to Highly Porous and Robust Metal–Organic Frameworks

Stop the breathing: As the organic bridging ligands become more elaborate and large, the resulting MOFs tend to experience significant framework distortion (i.e., breathing) upon solvent removal. Rigidification of MOFs that are built from elongated tetracarboxylate bridging ligands by unusual interlocking and interpenetration leads to highly porous and robust hybrid materials.
Suzanne W. Morse, Smart Communities: How Citizens and Local Leaders Can Use Strategic Thinking to Build a Brighter Future, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004).

This is a wise book. Beginning with the preface, it stresses the complexity and interrelatedness of community problems: “The first step for any community member to take is to find out the extent of...
Principal-Component Imagery For Statistical Pattern Recognition Correlators

Concepts, measures, and models of image quality are shown to be quite important in pattern recognition applications. Pattern recognition of imagery subjected to geometrical differences (such as scale and rotational changes) and intensity differences (such as arise in multispectral imagery) are considered. After modeling these image differences as a stochastic process, the optimal filter is derived. This filter is shown to be the principal component of the data. This pattern recognition algorithm is verified using multi-sensor imagery, and the results are found to compare favorably to those obtained using other candidate techniques.
Pension Policies in OECD Countries: Background, Trends and Implications *

Concerns about reforming public pensions schemes are an OECD-wide phenomenon. This paper highlights in a first part the background and various causes of the reform debate, summarized in five broad areas: budgetary, economic, social, population aging, and system maturation. The second part presents major directions of current reform approaches of public pension schemes. Despite the different structure and history of these schemes, the major trends in reform are strikingly similar. The final part discusses some major policy considerations resulting from the current reform approach in the face of an aging population. At present, the pace of the reform process in most countries must be considered insufficient to put the pension systems on a financially sound basis and thus to avoid future individual welfare losses and intergenerational income distribution.
SexualPrejudice and Gender: Do Heterosexuals' Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Differ?

This article explores the question of whether and how heterosexuals' attitudes toward lesbians differ from their attitudes toward gay men. Data from a 1997 national survey are presented to show that heterosexual women generally hold similar attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, whereas heterosexual men are more likely to make distinctions according to gender. Moreover, men's attitudes toward lesbians are susceptible to situational manipulations. Nevertheless, the underlying unity of attitudes toward lesbians and gay men is demonstrated by the fact that they are highly correlated for both heterosexual men and women. It is suggested that heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay people are organized both in terms of minority group politics and personal sexual and gender identity and that attitudes toward lesbians are most likelyto be differentiated from attitudes toward gay men in the latter realm.
Sources of Fecal Pollution in Virginia's Blackwater River

Sources of fecal pollution in the Blackwater River in south-central Virginia were identified. The study area encompassed intensive dairy and beef farming, abundant wildlife populations, homes with on-site septic systems, and four stream segments listed as impaired due to high-fecal coliform concentrations. A library of antibiotic resistance profiles was developed for 1,451 Enterococcus isolates from human, wildlife, and livestock. A discriminant analysis model was used to classify the isolates by source and calculate rates of correct classification (RCC) for each source. RCCs for the known source library were 82.3% for human, 86.2% for livestock, and 87.4% for wildlife. Profiles were determined for Enterococcus isolates from stream samples collected periodically from August 1999 to August 2001 (a total of 8,542 isolates) and compared against the known source library. Livestock contributed the highest percentage of isolates (47.6%) in the four segments studied, followed by wildlife (29.1%), and human (24.9...
Fluoxetine, comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy, and placebo in generalized social phobia.

Background Generalized social phobia is common, persistent, and disabling and is often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs or cognitive behavioral therapy. Objective We compared fluoxetine (FLU), comprehensive cognitive behavioral group therapy (CCBT), placebo (PBO), and the combinations of CCBT/FLU and CCBT/PBO. Design Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting Two academic outpatient psychiatric centers. Patients Subjects meeting a primary diagnosis of generalized social phobia were recruited via advertisement. Seven hundred twenty-two were screened, and 295 were randomized and available for inclusion in an intention-to-treat efficacy analysis; 156 (52.9%) were male, 226 (76.3%) were white, and mean age was 37.1 years. Interventions Treatment lasted for 14 weeks. Fluoxetine and PBO were administered at doses from 10 mg/d to 60 mg/d (or equivalent). Group comprehensive cognitive behavioral therapy was administered weekly for 14 sessions. Main Outcome Measures An independent blinded evaluator assessed response with the Brief Social Phobia Scale and Clinical Global Impressions scales as primary outcomes. A videotaped behavioral assessment served as a secondary outcome, using the Subjective Units of Distress Scale. Adverse effects were measured by self-rating. Each treatment was compared by means of χ 2 tests and piecewise linear mixed-effects models. Results Clinical Global Impressions scales response rates in the intention-to-treat sample were 29 (50.9%) (FLU), 31 (51.7%) (CCBT), 32 (54.2%) (CCBT/FLU), 30 (50.8%) (CCBT/PBO), and 19 (31.7%) (PBO), with all treatments being significantly better than PBO. On the Brief Social Phobia Scale, all active treatments were superior to PBO. In the linear mixed-effects models analysis, FLU was more effective than CCBT/FLU, CCBT/PBO, and PBO at week 4; CCBT was also more effective than CCBT/FLU and CCBT/PBO. By the final visit, all active treatments were superior to PBO but did not differ from each other. Site effects were found for the Subjective Units of Distress Scale assessment, with FLU and CCBT/FLU superior to PBO at Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC. Treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions All active treatments were superior to PBO on primary outcomes. Combined treatment did not yield any further advantage. Notwithstanding the benefits of treatment, many patients remained symptomatic after 14 weeks.
Application of Optimization Methods to Predict Performance of a Vibrotactile Balance Prosthesis

System identification and modeling methods were employed to investigate how subjects use orientation information provided by a vibrotactile balance prosthesis. Previous results showed systematic, frequency-dependent changes in the dynamic responses to postural perturbations due to surface tilts as a function of prosthesis feedback parameters. These results could be modeled by a relatively simple feedback control model with the contribution from the prosthesis feedback being dependent on the relative proportion of sway position and velocity information encoded by the prosthesis. Results presented here identify candidate "cost functions" that predict this dependency on prosthesis feedback information. The most accurate prediction was obtained from a cost function that included a weighted combination of the root-mean-square values of body sway jerk (3rd derivative of angular body sway) and angular body sway
Generating Semantic Annotations For Research Datasets

Annotations are important for the description of any object. They give understanding about the object in a summary form. Annotations, unlike tags, are structured form of meta-data information. Best structured information is prepared by humans. However, given the large volume and variety of objects like images, videos and documents, to name a few, it is practically impossible to annotate all the objects in the world. In such a situation, automated approaches to subscribe semantically correct and structured annotations is an extremely important task. In this paper we have proposed a novel problem of semantic annotation of research datasets. Explosion in the usage of social media and various electronic devices has led to collection of huge volumes of datasets for scientific research. Although, most of the datasets are available online, the lack of semantic annotations/meta-data and the lack of a unified public repository has made it difficult for researchers to browse through the datasets even with popular search engines. In this work we propose an algorithmic approach to automate the task of annotating the datasets in structured and semantic manner. We have used knowledge from the World Wide Web and organized knowledge bases such as dbpedia, yago, freebase and wordnet to derive context and annotations for the research datasets. The proposed approach is evaluated on two real world datasets, namely, UCI dataset repository and SNAP dataset collections. Using various experimental setups we show that the proposed approach outperforms the baseline approaches. We also perform a case study to compare our results with Google search engine. We find that using the semantic annotations the search accuracy increases by 18% over the normal search for datasets.
Intraventricular Meningioma: Technical Nuances in Surgical Management.

Objective Intraventricular meningiomas (IVMs) are rare tumors compared with intracranial meningiomas. Optimal surgical management of IVMs is controversial. The objective of this article was to review the outcomes and complications of meningiomas treated with various surgical approaches. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 18 patients with IVMs who received different treatment strategies during the period 2000–2014. Of 18 patients, 17 underwent microsurgical resection, and 1 patient received Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The literature was reviewed to compare the present cohort with previously published series. Results In our series, 12 (70%) patients underwent parieto-occipital craniotomy and a superior parietal gyrus approach, which was similar to procedures used in various series (74.4%) in the existing literature. Preoperatively, patients commonly presented with headache (65%) and neurologic deficits (70%). After surgical management, there was a significant reduction in symptoms, including headache (preoperative 65% vs. postoperative 6%, P = 0.0001), and neurologic deficits (preoperative 70% vs. postoperative 5.5%). Preoperatively, 2 patients experienced visual impairment, which was completely resolved after surgery. The Karnofsky performance scale was significantly improved after resection compared with before treatment (89 vs. 76, P = 0.003). In 4 patients with World Health Organization grade II tumor, redo surgery was required because of recurrence of tumor. Conclusions Based on a literature review and our experience, surgical approaches for patients with IVM vary according to size, location, and laterality of the meningioma. In addition, the growth pattern of the tumor (transependymal extension), vascular supply of the tumor, and brain function (particularly visual function) can affect surgical treatment and should be identified preoperatively.
Cost-effective application of the Centers for Disease Control Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Infections.

Abstract Implementation of the recommendations in the CDC Guideline for Prevention of Intravascular Infections pertaining to MDVs and 48-hour administration set changes are cost-effective. Application of antibiotic ointment to cutdown sites is also cost-effective. Although not stated in the guideline, reserving antibiotic ointment only for IV lines inserted in one site more than 3 days would appear to be cost-effective. Finally, the cost-effectiveness of using IV in-line filters cannot be determined on the basis of current existing data. More information is needed pertaining to the effect of filtration on infection rates and the cost of filtration versus the cost of a case of phlebitis.
Poverty and the Multiple Stakeholder Challenge for Global Leaders

The article presents a case study in which business leaders deal with challenging problems related to poverty, involving multiple stakeholders. This emphasizes the importance of training prospective global leaders to manage stakeholder relationships and engage in stakeholder dialogue. The authors highlight the stakeholder role played by nongovernmental organizations and include a simulation that develops stakeholder dialogue skills. They identify practical lessons and assumptions underlying business education that are not shared by all stakeholders in the context of poverty.
Expectation States Theory and Emotion

One of the enduring observations of human life is that when people come together to accomplish a shared goal, be it choosing a sofa for the living room or drafting a policy for national defense, a social hierarchy soon emerges among the participants in which some have more social esteem and influence in the situation than do others (Bales 1950; Lonner 1980). Everyday experience with such status hierarchies suggests that they are fraught with feeling. Yet, how exactly is emotion intertwined with the dynamics of social status in groups? This is the question I will address in this chapter. I will do so through the lens of expectation states theory, which is the most systematic and empirically well-documented theory of status processes in groups currently available (Berger et al. 1974, 1977; Correll and Ridgeway 2003; Wagner and Berger 2002). Although expectation states is a theory of status, not emotion, it provides a framework in relation to which research on emotion in hierarchies can be articulated to understand how status affects emotion and emotion shapes status in interpersonal contexts.
Time to Move from 'Water's Edge' Interest Apportionment to a Worldwide Group Approach

This article describes the history of the current water's edge system of interest apportionment and how it unfairly and adversely affects companies through the foreign tax credit. The article explains how some companies attempt different self-help measures and illustrates through examples how the water's edge approach hurts old and new companies in traditional and new global industries in ways that appear contrary to U.S. tax policies as well as the best interests of the U.S. economy. The article concludes by strongly endorsing a worldwide interest apportionment approach for computing foreign-source income.
Chapter 7: The Invisible Hand and the Blind Watchmaker

The heuristics and bias program has generated a body of striking experimental results that all serious students of human behavior need to address. It has increased our receptivity to what can be learned from experimental methods. And it has introduced into our vocabulary the important concept of framing: the idea that people may reason about and respond differently to the same formal problem presented in different contexts. The research generated and language employed by this program are very much consonant with the postulate of cognitive modularity developed in chapter 5.
Games, Gaming, and Gamification: Some Aspects of Motivation.

Unsupported claims have been made for the use of games in education and the gamification (game-like aspects, such as scores and point goals) of various learning elements. This brief article examines what may be the motivational basis of gaming and how it can affect students’ behavior and ultimate success.
Reclaiming rights to the socialist city: bureaucratic artefacts and the affective appeal of petitions *

A long history of war and revolution in the industrial city of Vinh has perpetuated cycles of mass destruction followed by urban renewal. This paper examines citizen responses to the shift from pos...
Characterization of Cue-Induced Reinstatement of Nicotine-Seeking Behavior in Smoking Relapse: Use of Animal Models

The behavioral motivation effects of nicotine-conditioned stimuli (cues) have been systematically examined in our laboratory using animal models of smoking relapse. Rats were trained to press a lever for intravenous self-administration of nicotine. To establish a nicotine-conditioned cue, an auditory/visual stimulus was associated with each nicotine infusion. Then, lever-responding was extinguished and after extinction reinstatement tests were conducted in which the cue was response-contingently re-presented without nicotine delivery. The reinstated responses on the previously nicotine-reinforced lever were indicative of relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. The animal model has shown good validity as a simulation of human smoking and relapse after abstinence. This chapter presents an overview of the testing procedures and characterization of conditioned behavior-motivating effects of nicotine cue, including interaction of the nicotine cue with stress challenge and nicotine priming to reinstate nicotine seeking. An array of pharmacological substrates has been found to be responsible for the cue effect. These preclinical studies could shed light on the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms of smoking relapse.
A Fiber Figure of Merit for Uncompensated Nyquist-WDM Links Employing EDFA and/or Distributed Raman Amplification

We quantify the effect of fiber parameters on the performance of uncompensated Nyquist-WDM links via analytical approaches. We propose a fiber figure-of-merit for systems employing EDFA and/or distributed Raman. Its predictions agree with analytical results.
An E. coli Cell-Free Expression Toolbox: Application to Synthetic Gene Circuits and Artificial Cells

Cell-free protein synthesis is becoming a powerful technique to construct and to study complex informational processes in vitro. Engineering synthetic gene circuits in a test tube, however, is seriously limited by the transcription repertoire of modern cell-free systems, composed of only a few bacteriophage regulatory elements. Here, we report the construction and the phenomenological characterization of synthetic gene circuits engineered with a cell-free expression toolbox that works with the seven E. coli sigma factors. The E. coli endogenous holoenzyme E70 is used as the primary transcription machinery. Elementary circuit motifs, such as multiple stage cascades, AND gate and negative feedback loops are constructed with the six other sigma factors, two bacteriophage RNA polymerases, and a set of repressors. The circuit dynamics reveal the importance of the global mRNA turnover rate and of passive competition-induced transcriptional regulation. Cell-free reactions can be carried out over long periods of ...
A Laboratory Study on Amending Mine Soil Quality

Two mine soils in southeastern Ohio do not support a luxurious vegetation growth probably because of soil-related constraints. Thus, a laboratory study was conducted to improve the mine soil quality using amendments of zeolite (two grain sizes), flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGD), fly ash, and biosolids at an application rate of 10 % by weight. The results showed that FGD was the best amendment for increasing soil pH and improving seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) while biosolids significantly enhanced soil aggregate stability and saturated-water-holding capacity. Specifically, FGD increased soil pH from 3.1 to 5.0, and 4.2 to above 7.0, respectively. Elongation of the lettuce seedlings (shoots) in mine soil solutions was also enhanced by the amendment, from an initial length of 0–1.5 cm to 4.5–9.6 cm. Application of biosolids, on the other hand, increased the mean weight diameter of soil water-stable aggregates by two to four times from initial 0.5–1.6 mm to 2.0–2.9 mm. Saturated-water-holding capacity of both soils was also significantly improved by biosolids. But biosolids did not enhance soil plant-available-water-holding capacity. Neither zeolite nor fly ash significantly improved the mine soil qualities measured in our study. Soil chemical analyses showed that these mine soils neither contained high concentrations of heavy metals nor other toxins in solids or in solutions, suggesting that soil acidity is the only chemical constraint limiting the vegetation establishment and growth besides the nutrients deficiency.