cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Progress in efficient doping of high aluminum-containing group III-nitrides

The group III-nitride (InN, GaN, and AlN) class of semiconductors has become one of two that are critical to a number of technologies in modern life—the other being silicon. Light-emitting diodes made from (In,Ga)N, for example, dominate recent innovations in general illumination and signaling. Even though the (In,Ga)N materials system is fairly well established and widely used in advanced devices, challenges continue to impede development of devices that include aluminum-containing nitride films such as (Al,Ga)N. The main difficulty is efficient doping of films with aluminum-rich compositions; the problem is particularly severe for p-type doping, which is essential for Ohmic contacts to bipolar device structures. This review briefly summarizes the fundamental issues related to p-type doping, and then discusses a number of approaches that are being pursued to resolve the doping problem or for circumventing the need for p-type doping. Finally, we discuss an approach to doping under liquid-metal-enabled gro...
Spatially Resolving the Condensing Effect of Cholesterol in Lipid Bilayers

Abstract We study the effect of cholesterol on the structure of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine phospholipid bilayers. Using extensive molecular dynamics computer simulations at atomistic resolution, we observe and quantify several structural changes upon increasing cholesterol content that are collectively known as the condensing effect: a thickening of the bilayer, an increase in lipid tail order, and a decrease in lateral area. We also observe a change in leaflet interdigitation and a lack thereof in the distributions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine headgroup orientations. These results, obtained over a wide range of cholesterol mole fractions, are then used to calibrate the analysis of phospholipid properties in bilayers containing a single cholesterol molecule per leaflet, which we perform in a spatially resolved way. We find that a single cholesterol molecule affects phospholipids in its first and second solvation shells, which puts the range of this effective interaction to be on the order of 1–2 nm. We also observe a tendency of phospholipids to orient their polar headgroups toward the cholesterol, which provides additional support for the umbrella model of bilayer organization.
Overview of toll-like receptors in the CNS

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were first identified in 1997 based on their homology with Drosophila Toll, which mediates innate immunity in the fly. Over the past eight years, the number of manuscripts describing TLR expression and function in the central nervous system (CNS) has been increasing steadily and expanding beyond their traditional roles in infectious diseases to neurodegenerative disorders and injury. Interest in the field serves as the impetus for this volume in the Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology series entitled Toll-Like Receptors: Roles in Infection and Neuropathology. The first five chapters highlight more traditional roles for TLRs in infectious diseases of the CNS. The second half of the volume discusses recently emerging roles for TLRs in noninfectious neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges faced by these models in identifying endogenous ligands. Several conceptual theories are introduced in various chapters that deal with the dual nature of TLR engagement and whether these signals favor neuroprotective versus neurodegenerative outcomes.
On the Existence of and Lower Bounds for the Number of Optimal Power Flow Solutions

An optimal power flow (OPF) problem can have one or multiple locally optimal solutions. It can also admit no solution. Few studies have addressed the existence of OPF solutions and derived a (tight) lower bound for the number of OPF solutions. The present paper is devoted to the analytical aspects of OPF solutions. Specifically, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an OPF solution is presented and a tight lower bound for the number of OPF solutions is derived; in other words, an existence theorem is developed for the OPF solution and a computable lower bound for the number of solutions is derived by investigating a dynamical system called the quotient gradient system (QGS), which is built from the set of constraints. It is shown that an OPF solution exists if and only if the QGS has a regular stable equilibrium manifold (SEM) and the number of OPF solutions is not less than the number of regular SEMs for the QGS. Two test systems with 9 and 118 buses, respectively, are evaluated, and the numerical results are summarized to validate the presented analytical results and illustrate that multiple OPF solutions can lie in the same SEM.
Body Mass Index as a Risk Factor for 30-Day Postoperative Complications in Knee, Hip, and Shoulder Arthroscopy.

Purpose To use the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database to determine whether body mass index (BMI) is associated with 30-day postoperative complications following arthroscopic surgery. Methods Cases of elective knee, hip, and shoulder arthroscopy were identified. A retrospective comparative analysis was conducted, and the overall rates of morbidity, mortality, readmission, reoperation, and venothromboembolism (VTE) were compared using univariate analyses and binary logistic regressions to ascertain the adjusted effect of BMI, with and without diabetes, on morbidity, readmission, reoperation, and VTE. Results There were 141,335 patients who met the criteria. The most common complications were deep vein thrombosis (0.27%), superficial surgical site infection (0.17%), urinary tract infection (0.13%), and pulmonary embolism (0.11%). Obesity class III with diabetes was a risk factor for morbidity (odds ratio [OR] = 1.522; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.101-2.103) and readmission (OR = 2.342; 95% CI, 1.998-2.745) following all procedures, while obesity class I was protective toward reoperation (OR = 0.687, 95% CI, 0.485-0.973). Underweight patients were at higher risk for morbidity following shoulder arthroscopy (OR = 3.776; 95% CI, 1.605-8.883), as were the class I obese (OR = 1.421; 95% CI, 1.010-1.998) and class II obese (OR = 1.726, 95% CI, 1.159-2.569). BMI did not significantly affect morbidity following knee arthroscopy. VTE risk factors included being overweight (OR = 1.474; 95% CI, 1.088-1.996) or diabetic with class I obesity (OR = 1.469; 95% CI, 1.027-2.101). Conclusions Arthroscopic procedures are safe with very low complication rates. However, underweight and class I and class II obese patients are at higher risk for morbidity following shoulder arthroscopy, and diabetic patients with class III obesity are at higher risk for morbidity and readmission following all arthroscopy. Because BMI is a modifiable risk factor, these patients should be evaluated carefully before being considered for outpatient arthroscopic surgery. Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Modeling and gait design of a 6-tetrahedron walker robot

This work describes the use of simulating walker robots to design choreographed gaits for a tetrahedral (TET) walker robot. A TET robot is composed of nodes and struts arranged into tetrahedral cells. The extension and contraction of the struts allows the tetrahedral robot to walk. The Hope College Controls Team so far has built a working 4-TET robot and has done extensive modeling and gait development. It has been determined that the 4-TETs gaits are inefficient and causes too much wear on the robot parts. Our goal was to find a robot more complex than the 4-TET but minimizing constraints. Using MATLAB's SimMechanics package, we modeled the gaits of the 6 TET configurations. We developed these gaits by finding geometric relationships between the struts. Using simulations of these TET robots we can determine the best possible configuration of tetrahedrons and gaits, in terms of force used, extension ratios and wear on the machine.
Fresh and Savory: Integrating Teaching Kitchens with Shared Medical Appointments.

Objectives: In the fall of 2017, Fresh and Savory, a Culinary and Lifestyle Medicine Teaching Kitchen (TK) program proved systematically feasible as a Shared Medical Appointment (SMA). A portable TK complemented physician consultations, interactive didactic presentations, nutritious cooking, and mind-body exercises. A series of SMAs were launched to develop a system for physicians to address patients' nutritional and lifestyle needs. Interventions: MedStar Health implemented three TK SMA programs to improve patients culinary and lifestyle skills and improve relevant habits. Two cohorts were recruited from Internal Medicine and Cardiology (Internal Medicine/Cardiology I and II) and completed an 8-week program leveraging a culinary and lifestyle medicine curriculum. One cohort (Sports Performance) was held with young, elite athletes completing a 4-week program regarding athlete's nutrition and lifestyle. Feasibility was assessed through patient surveys, staff program operation assessments, and reimbursement. Results: Fifty-three unique patients attended SMA programs, 4-18 patients per weekly session; 223 appointments billed in 2018. E&M code 99213 was billed at $157 and reimbursed, on average, at $116 per patient encounter. During a 4- to 8-week SMA program, changes in patient vitals were statistically insignificant, yet habit changes showed clinical significance. Patients noted increased knowledge of plant-based meals, importance of sleep, and adding mindfulness and exercise to their weekly routine. Conclusions: This exploration investigated the feasibility to implement TK SMA programs at MedStar Health. Developing financial and operational infrastructure for TK SMAs requires financial, staffing, location, and population considerations. TK SMAs proved patient demand for opportunities to develop healthy behaviors. However, sufficient time is required to recruit patients. Vital signs may not acutely improve over an 8-week period, however, small habit changes may improve health outcomes longitudinally and additional exploration is required to assess longitudinal patient outcomes. Financially, SMAs suggest a sustainable and effective approach to integrative medicine in health care.
Numerical error assessment in nonlinear dynamic analysis of structures

The complex nature of exciting forces in earthquake engineering applications mandates employing numerical methods to obtain structural response. Several numerical methods are used in earthquake eng...
A Novel Hybrid Model for Visceral Adipose Tissue Prediction using Shape Descriptors

Obesity is gaining increasing attention in modern society since it is associated with various health issues. The visceral adipose tissue (VAT) deposits around the abdominal organs and is considered an extremely important indicator of health risk. VAT can be assessed through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) accurately, but the cost is prohibitive. Shape-based body composition prediction has become a promising topic thanks to the prevalence of commodity optical body scan systems, from which numerous anthropometries can be extracted automatically. In this paper, we propose an innovative shape-based hybrid VAT prediction model. The most appealing benefit of our method is to robustly handle the lack of knowledge about gender and demographics. First, we train a baseline VAT prediction model for each gender separately. Second, we train a classifier to predict the gender likelihood and a classifier to predict the shape likelihood of being overestimated in VAT baseline prediction. Third, we integrate the gender likelihood and shape likelihood into the baseline models to derive one hybrid VAT prediction model. We compare our prediction model with other state-of-the-art VAT prediction methods. The result shows that our method outperforms the comparison methods by 21.8% on average.
Using Cognitive Neuroscience to Provide a Procedure for the Involuntary Commitment of Violent Criminals as a Part or Following the Duration of Their Sentence: (Part II of a two-part series) The Model Statute

When criminal behavior is the result of impulse rather than intent, neither retribution nor deterrence is in the best interests of the courts, the state, or the offender. The aims of criminal law should be adjusted where neuroscientific evidence reveals brain impairments or injuries that affect volition. The success of our criminal justice system should be predicated, in part, upon whether we can accurately predict future dangerousness and reduce retributivism. Cognitive neuroscience has provided an important contribution toward achieving this objective and should have a larger role in our criminal justice system.
Gender, Bullying Victimization, Depressive Symptoms, and Suicidality:

Bullying victimization can have serious consequences for adolescents. This article examines the association between traditional and cyberbullying victimization, depressive symptoms, and suicidality...
English as a Second Language Teachers' Perceptions of Care in an Anti-Immigrant Climate.

This qualitative study applies ethic of care and language ideological orientations to analyze how four middle and high school English as a Second Language (ESL) teachers perceived of care in their ...
2 – Measure theory

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the classes of set and measure theory. It is assumed that Ω is an abstract space, namely, a nonempty set of elements to be called points and denoted generically by ω. A nonempty collection A of subsets of Ω may have certain closure properties. It is supposed that F0 is a field, F the minimal B.F. containing F0, C a class of sets containing F0 and having the closure properties then C contains F. The theorem is one of a type called monotone class theorems. They are among the most useful tools of measure theory, and serve to extend certain relations that are easily verified for a special class of sets or functions to a larger class. The probability measures and their distribution functions are also discussed in the chapter.
An efficient microinjection method to generate human anaplasmosis agent Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected ticks.

Ticks are important vectors that transmit several pathogens including human anaplasmosis agent, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. This bacterium is an obligate intracellular rickettsial pathogen. An infected reservoir animal host is often required for maintenance of this bacterial colony and as a source for blood to perform needle inoculations in naive animals for tick feeding studies. In this study, we report an efficient microinjection method to generate A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks in laboratory conditions. The dense-core (DC) form of A. phagocytophilum was isolated from in vitro cultures and injected into the anal pore of unfed uninfected Ixodes scapularis nymphal ticks. These ticks successfully transmitted A. phagocytophilum to the murine host. The bacterial loads were detected in murine blood, spleen, and liver tissues. In addition, larval ticks successfully acquired A. phagocytophilum from mice that were previously infected by feeding with DC-microinjected nymphal ticks. Transstadial transmission of A. phagocytophilum from larvae to nymphal stage was also evident in these ticks. Taken together, our study provides a timely, rapid, and an efficient method not only to generate A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks but also provides a tool to understand acquisition and transmission dynamics of this bacterium and perhaps other rickettsial pathogens from medically important vectors.
Spontaneous Localization Theories with a Particle Ontology

Spontaneous localization theory is a quantum theory proposed by GianCarlo Ghirardi, together with Alberto Rimini and Tullio Weber in 1986. However, soon it became clear to Ghirardi that his work was more than just one theory: he actually developed a framework, a family of theories in which the wavefunction jumps, but where the ontology of the theory is underdetermined. After acknowledging that the wavefunction did not provide a satisfactory ontology, he assumed that matter was described by a continuous matter density field in three-dimensional space, whose evolution is governed by a stochastic wavefunction evolution. Alternatively, Bell assumed that the wavefunction would govern a spatiotemporal event ontology, dubbed ‘flashes.’ However, not much work has been done with the perhaps most obvious possibility, namely that physical objects are made of particles. This paper has two aims. First to explain the reason why people require spontaneous localization theory to be more than just a theory about the wavefunction. This is done by showing how the problem everyone in the foundation of quantum mechanics take to be the fundamental problem of quantum mechanics, namely the measurement problem, is a red herring. Then, the paper explores the possibility of spontaneous localization theories of particles. I argue that this discussion is not a mere exercise, as spontaneous localization theories of particles may be amenable to a relativistic extension which does not require a foliation, and because in general the peculiar type of indeterminism of spontaneous localization theories may help sheding new light on the nature of the tension between quantum theory and relativity.
The Bully Left Behind: Why David's Law Perpetuates the School-To-Prison Pipeline and is Inadequate to Serve the Needs of Texas Schools

In 2017, Texas passed “David’s Law,” a comprehensive anti-bullying and cyberbullying law that criminalizes bullying and cyberbullying. The implementation of this law, however, will have unforeseen consequences of youth in Texas who are reprimanded or prosecuted under David’s Law. Specifically, the law feeds the school-to-prison pipeline by sending students out of the classroom and into the criminal justice system. In an effort to respond to the mounting issue of bullying-related suicides, the Legislature passed the bill and gave little thought to its consequences. While criminalization may be appropriate in some instances, it is certainly not the answer for every student. Instead of criminalizing this behavior, Texas schools should take a rehabilitative approach to helping its students correct the bullying behavior. With statistical evidence that shows that students with ADD, ADHD, anxiety, or depression are 3 times more likely to be labeled as a “bully” than a student who does not, it seems impractical that the Legislature wants to criminalize the same students it seeks to protect through Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities Act. This Article proposes original language to the Texas Education Code that would implement the use of “bullying intervention teams” tasked with identifying, investigating, and recommending a course of action for an alleged bully that focuses on addressing their behavior through rehabilitative measures.
Major Federal Environmental Decisions, 2016

This paper highlights major developments in the courts in the field of environmental law during the 2015-16 term, focusing on the potential impacts of the passing of Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. Justice Scalia left a long and indelible jurisprudential shadow on environmental law. Over his nearly 30 years on the bench, the former professor of Administrative Law shaped – sometimes single-handedly – a multitude of areas that serve as stock-and-trade of environmental, energy and natural resources lawyering across the nation, here focusing on standing, takings and deference to environmental agency rule-making.
Unaccommodated: How the ADA Fails Parents

In 1990, Congress passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) “to provide a clear and comprehensive national mandate for the elimination of discrimination against individuals with disabilities.” Thirty years after this landmark law, discrimination and ingrained prejudices against individuals with intellectual disabilities—especially poor Black and brown parents with disabilities—continues. This ongoing discrimination is on stark display in family courts across the country, with devastating consequences for parents with intellectual disabilities and their families. Children who have parents with intellectual disabilities are eighty percent more likely to be removed from their homes and placed in foster care than other children, and, once in care, courts are three times as likely to permanently severing the parent-child relationship. Although federal guidance from the U.S. Departments of Justice and Health and Human Services in 2015 offered some hope of redress for these families, the disparities have not dissipated. This Article makes a novel contribution to the literature by presenting a study of the treatment of ADA claims in both family and federal courts since the promulgation of the new guidance in 2015. It demonstrates that, despite the promising federal guidance, both family and federal courts still fail to vindicate the rights of parents with disabilities, by sidestepping responsibility for parents’ claims under the ADA. If family courts apply the ADA at all, they tend to offer a diluted application of the statute. Often, they disavow the applicability of the ADA to the family court proceedings or direct parents to federal courts or other ill-suited avenues of relief. Families fair no better in federal courts, which often find that the ADA claims have already been decided in family court, sometimes even after the family court has specifically refused to consider an ADA-based claim. Placing these state and federal decisions side-by-side lays bare how ostensibly neutral principles of federalism have the effect of prevent any forum from combining the force of federal anti-discrimination law with real-world knowledge of how parents with disabilities are harmed in the family regulation system. This transforms the ADA into an empty vessel for parents with intellectual disabilities. For the ADA to fulfill its promise, parents with intellectual disabilities must have a viable legal avenue to enforce it. This Article offers concrete avenues to vindicate this promise of the ADA. In federal courts, parents with intellectual disabilities should be able to bring ADA-based claims without running afoul of federal doctrines that prevent review of state court decisions. And, in state courts, advocates and judges should either apply the ADA directly or use the ADA as the benchmark of what services and supports must be offered to avoid discrimination against parents with disabilities. More broadly, this Article calls for an intersectional reimagining of the disability rights movement and is the first to apply DisCrit to family regulation.
Predictors of Outpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Uptake, Adherence, Completion, and Treatment Response Among Male U.S. Veterans with COPD.

OBJECTIVE To examine predictors of uptake (never start), adherence (drop out), and completion of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), as well as PR treatment response based on minimal clinically important difference (MCID) on the six-minute walk test (6MWT) distance and Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire-Self-Report (CRQ-SR). DESIGN Retrospective, cohort study. SETTING Veterans Health Administration. PARTICIPANTS U.S. Veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 253) referred to PR between 2010 to 2018. INTERVENTIONS Outpatient PR program. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Participants completed baseline (Time 1) measures of depression (BDI-II), health-related quality of life (CRQ-SR), self-efficacy (Ex-SRES), and COPD knowledge. Exercise capacity was assessed with the six-minute walk test (6MWT). Participants who completed all 18 sessions of PR repeated assessments (Time 2). Logistic regression models examined predictors of uptake, adherence, and completion of PR, and treatment response based on MCID. RESULTS Participants were referred to PR with 24.90% never starting, 28.90% dropping out, and 46.20% completing. No differences emerged between never starters and dropouts. Having a history of any cancer increased the likelihood of completing PR (vs. never starting; OR = 3.18, P = 0.003). Greater CRQ-SR dyspnea score, indicating less dyspnea was associated with increased likelihood of completing PR (OR = 1.12, P = 0.006). Past smoking compared to current smoking was associated with increased likelihood of completion (OR = 3.89, P < = 0.002). Those without a history of alcohol use disorder had increased likelihood of completing PR (OR = 2.23, P = 0.048). Greater baseline 6MWT distance was associated with lower likelihood of achieving MCID in 6MWT (OR = 0.99, P < 0.001). Greater Ex-SRES was associated with decreased likelihood of achieving 6MWT MCID (OR = 0.98, P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that early psychoeducation on dyspnea management and smoking and alcohol cessation may increase completion of PR.
Evaluation of procedures for the cytological localization of ketosteroids.

Publisher Summary The organs believed to be solely responsible for the production of steroid hormones in mammals are the adrenal cortex, the testis, the ovary, and the placenta. This chapter discusses the histochemical methods that have been developed to identify the sites of concentration and probable formation of the hormones in these organs. Some of the early histological studies that revealed the peculiarities of the lipids in these organs are presented in the chapter. Certain lipid droplets occurring in organs known to produce steroid hormones contain steroid substances as demonstrated by several histochemical techniques. Carbonyl containing lipids can also be demonstrated in the droplets but only after the tissue has been fixed in formalin or treated in various ways. In general, most of the histological procedures used up to the present have led to the appearance of aldehydic carbonyl groups, presumably by oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids or other susceptible lipids. Such aldehydic material can be demonstrated by Schiff's reagent as well as by reaction with hydrazines. Simple aldehydes produced by the oxidation of lipid can be rendered unreactive to the hydrazide reagent by the formation of Schiff base with aniline.
Elevated phosphocholine concentration in ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells arises from increased choline kinase activity, not from phosphatidylcholine breakdown.

Abstract The cellular concentration of phosphocholine has been reported to be significantly elevated in Ha-ras-transformed NIH 3T3 cells, but not in v-sis transformants (J. C. Lacal, J. Moscat, and S. A. Aaronson, Nature [London] 330:269-271, 1987). It was suggested that the phosphocholine arises from constitutive hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine by phospholipase C, an activity that would also account for the elevated 1,2-diacylglycerol found in ras-transformed cells. I have demonstrated that the increased phosphocholine arises through the induction of choline kinase activity. No increased breakdown of phosphatidylcholine was observed in ras-transformed cells. The elevation in diacylglycerol is therefore unlikely to be a consequence of phosphatidylinositol or phosphatidylcholine turnover.
High resolution at low beam energy in the SEM: resolution measurement of a monochromated SEM

The resolution of secondary electron low beam energy imaging of a scanning electron microscope equipped with a monochromator is quantitatively measured using the contrast transfer function (CTF) method. High-resolution images, with sub-nm resolutions, were produced using low beam energies. The use of a monochromator is shown to quantitatively improve the resolution of the SEM at low beam energies by limiting the chromatic aberration contribution to the electron probe size as demonstrated with calculations and images of suitable samples. Secondary electron image resolution at low beam energies is ultimately limited by noise in the images as shown by the CTFs. SCANNING 33: 147–154, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomimetic Branched Hollow Fibers Templated by Self-Assembled Fibrous Polyvinylpyrrolidone Structures in Aqueous Solution

Branched hollow fibers are common in nature, but to form artificial fibers with a similar branched hollow structure is still a challenge. We discovered that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) could self-assemble into branched hollow fibers in an aqueous solution after aging the PVP solution for about two weeks. On the basis of this finding, we demonstrated two approaches by which the self-assembly of PVP into branched hollow fibers could be exploited to template the formation of branched hollow inorganic fibers. First, inorganic material such as silica with high affinity against the PVP could be deposited on the surface of the branched hollow PVP fibers to form branched hollow silica fibers. To extend the application of PVP self-assembly in templating the formation of hollow branched fibers, we then adopted a second approach where the PVP molecules bound to inorganic nanoparticles (using gold nanoparticles as a model) co-self-assemble with the free PVP molecules in an aqueous solution, resulting in the formation of the branched hollow fibers with the nanoparticles embedded in the PVP matrix constituting the walls of the fibers. Heating the resultant fibers above the glass transition temperature of PVP led to the formation of branched hollow gold fibers. Our work suggests that the self-assembly of the PVP molecules in the solution can serve as a general method for directing the formation of branched hollow inorganic fibers. The branched hollow fibers may find potential applications in microfluidics, artificial blood vessel generation, and tissue engineering.
A new efficient method for modeling dense via arrays with 1D discretization in 2D method of moment and group T matrix

In this paper, a new efficient methodology is used to model dense via arrays in 3D integrated circuit and package system, which also can include the layout of multiple vias sharing the same antipad. In order to accurately calculate all the effects of high order waveguide modes and azimuthal modes for complete signal integrity analysis of multiple closely spaced vias, we make use of transformation that converts the surface integration of magnetic surface currents into 1-dimensional line integration of surface charges on the vias and on the ground plane. We also use group T matrix to represent a group of vias to account for the scattering among different groups of vias. Numerical results illustrate physics that, after including high order mode effects using 1D line integration and group T matrix, the new method has great accuracy and efficiency for modeling multiple closely spaced vertical vias.
Percolation transition of persistent photoconductivity in II-VI mixed crystals.

We have observed for the first time conductivity fluctuations in the persistent photoconductivity mode in II-VI mixed crystals with the magnitude following the percolation approach as \ensuremath{\Vert}T-${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C}}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$, where ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C}}$ is the percolation threshold temperature. Experimental results have demonstrated that the random local-potential fluctuations induced by compositional fluctuations are responsible for the persistent photoconductivity observed in II-VI mixed crystals. Different behaviors resulting from the DX centers, the macroscopic barrier, and the random local-potential fluctuations are distinguished.
Modification of thermosetting resins and composites through preformed polymer particles: A review

A review is presented that focuses on preformed particle modification of high performance thermosetting resins and composite systems. The modifiers reviewed consist of thermoplastic and rubber preformed particles with no size limitations. Both organic and inorganic preformed polymer particles are considered but not glass or hollow spheres. In this text, preformed particles are defined as those which do not require phase separation and remain in the shape in which they were added to the neat resin or composite. Therefore, these particles may be developed prior to the resin formulation and then added to the thermosetting resin or developed in situ (during resin formulation) before the resin is catalyzed or cured. This technical review of preformed particle modification of thermosetting resins and composite systems summarizes the utilization of these materials and their performance.
Stable Spillovers among Substitutes

In general equilibrium theory the Walrasian tatonnement process has traditionally been used to describe the behaviour of a system of competitive markets that are out of equilibrium. Recently, however, there have been a number of papers in which various aspects of disequilibrium situations are explored without reliance on this, admittedly convenient, abstraction. These studies indicate that its use tends to obscure most of the interesting implications of disequilibrium behaviour. The two simplifying assumptions upon which the tatonnement process is based, are the presence of auctioneers who adjust and announce market prices, and the possibility of recontract when markets do not clear. Dropping the first assumption creates room for price adjustments by individual sellers and buyers (see [1], [4], [5], [9], [26] and [27]). Elimination of the possibility to recontract forces one to accept trading at disequilibrium prices. Such " false " trading requires the formulation of trading rules, and affects the distribution of resources among individuals (see [10], [13], [14, pp. 128-29] and [20, pp. 659-65]). Since markets do not clear, trading at disequilibrium prices is also bound to frustrate some traders, who will thereby be induced to adjust their demand for and supply of other commodities (see [2], [3], [11], [17], [18] and [25]). In this paper we are interested mainly in this last aspect: the effects of non-realization of (positive or negative) excess demand on the market mechanism. The implicit frustrations have been formalized by Clower [3] in his dual decision hypothesis, and Patinkin's [21] term, " spillover ", has been used to refer to their effects on excess market demands.3 The essence of the dual decision hypothesis is simply that the individual market demands may be functions of the realized transactions in other markets, and that, as a result, the relevant market signals are based on such revised or effective excess demands, instead of the notional excess demands of traditional theory. The question then arises of how the revision of demand signals will affect the stability of the Walrasian market mechanism. There seems to be a strong presumption that the system will be less stable than the traditional one. One finds repeated reference to the possible insufficiency of the effective market demands to induce the necessary price adjustments, to the deviation amplifying repercussions of such insufficiency, and to the possible emergence of chronically unemployed resources.4 The inevitability or even plausibility of these consequences is not directly obvious. If, for example, prices are such that notional excess supply prevails in the markets for both labour and final products, then the reduction in demand for final products by households, and for labour by firms, that results from the non-realization of desired supplies,
Ion transporters and receptors in cDNA libraries from lens and cornea epithelia

Purpose. To construct tissue-specific cDNA libraries containing copies of genes of ion transporting and receptor proteins in lens and cornea epithelia. To screen the libraries for the cDNA of these molecules and to deduce the protein sequence from the cDNA sequence.Methods. Lens and corneal cDNA libraries are not commercially available and are difficult to prepare from microdissected single animal eyes or cadaver human eyes due to the small amount of tissue. To overcome these problems, we refined an approach for preparing high efficiency, non-PCR amplified plasmid cDNA libraries, where only nanogram quantities of poly (A) RNA are required. Plasmids were electrotransformed into DH10B bacteria and routinely yielded >106 independent colonies with typically >90% recombinants. Randomly selected colonies were subjected to colony PCR analysis to determine the libraries average insert size (typically ≊1-kb). Primers to known genes were used in PCR amplification to check for representation of the genes in the cDNA...
Activated glucocorticoid and eicosanoid pathways in endometriosis

Objective To define altered gene expression networks in endometriosis. Design Experiments using endometriotic tissues and primary cells. Setting Division of Reproductive Biology Research, Northwestern University. Patient(s) Premenopausal women. Intervention(s) Matched samples of eutopic endometrium and ovarian endometriosis (n = 8 patients) were analyzed by microarray and verified in a separate set of tissues (n = 6 patients). Experiments to define signaling pathways were performed in primary endometriotic stromal cells (n = 12 patients). Main Outcomes Measure(s) Using a genome-wide in vivo approach, we identified 1,366 differentially expressed genes and a new gene network favoring increased glucocorticoid levels and action in endometriosis. Result(s) Transcript and protein levels of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD11B1), which produces cortisol, the biologically active glucocorticoid, were strikingly higher, whereas messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the cortisol-degrading HSD11B2 enzyme were significantly lower in endometriotic tissue. Glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in endometriosis. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor robustly induced mRNA and protein levels of HSD11B1 and glucocorticoid receptor but suppressed HSD11B2 mRNA in primary endometriotic stromal cells, suggesting that tumor necrosis factor stimulates cortisol production and action. We also uncovered a subset of genes critical for prostaglandin synthesis and degradation, which favor high eicosanoid levels and activity in endometriosis. Conclusion(s) The proinflammatory milieu of the endometriotic lesion stimulates cortisol synthesis and action in endometriotic lesions.
Assessment of attention to complex cues in young children: Manipulating prior reinforcement histories of stimulus components☆

Abstract Computer technology was employed to teach attentional skills to six young children. The procedure involved manipulating prior reinforcement histories of individual stimuli to examine whether this variable controlled the features of compound cues which young children attended to. Initially, three separate visual discriminations were conditioned. After criterion accuracy was achieved, stimuli were combined by keeping prior reinforcement contingencies unchanged for some elements and reversing them for remaining elements. Tests revealed when conflict-compound discriminations were acquired, children responded selectively to unchanged elements while not responding to reversed elements. Transfer effects were investigated by presenting compounds containing some or all novel cues. Variable test performance was observed following acquisition of compounds composed of novel cues. Consistent test performance occurred across children for compounds containing all pretrained cues. Separately training each stimulus component was the most reliable procedure for controlling the attention of young children.
Tholeiitic basalt magmatism of Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes of Hawaii

The primitive magmas of Kilauca and Mauna Loa are generated by partial melting of mantle peridotite at depths of −60 km or more. Results of high-pressure melting experiments indicate that the primitive melt must contain at least 20% MgO in order to have olivine as a liquidus mineral. The least fractionated lavas of both volcanoes have olivine (Fa13) on the liquidus at 1 atmosphere, suggesting that the only substance lost from the primitive melt, during a rather rapid ascent to the surface, is olivine. This relation allows the primitive composition to be computed by adding olivine to the composition of an erupted lava until total MgO is at least 20 percent. Although roughly similar, historic lavas of the two volcanoes show a consistent difference in composition. The primitive melt of Mauna Loa contains 20% more dissolved orthopyroxene, a high-temperature melting phase in the mantle, and is deficient in elements such as potassium, uranium, and niobium, which presumably occur in minor low-melting phases. Mauna Loa appears to be the older volcano, deriving its magma at higher temperature and greater depth from a more depleted source rock.
On Tight Immersions of Maximal Codimension

Let f : M"--+ E" be an immersion of a compact differentiable manifold of dimension n into a Euclidean space of dimension m. The immersion f is called tight if there exists no immersion of M" with smaller total Lipschitz-Killing curvature [3] in any Euclidean space. The immersion f is called substantial if f(M") is not contained in any hyperplane of E =. Kuiper [4] has shown that if f is both tight and substantial, then m<=N= 89 In case m=N and n = 2 (so that N=5) , he has shown that i f f is tight and substantial then M z must be diffeomorphic to the real projective plane and f must be an embedding onto a real algebraic variety, in fact onto a Veronese surface. In this paper we prove the corresponding result in higher dimensions. Our hypothesis is, in fact, weaker. The immersion f is said to have the two-piece property if every hyperplane divides it into at most two pieces, or more exactly, if for every hyperplane HOE", f l ( H 0 and f l ( H 2 ) are both connected sets, where H~ and H 2 a r e the two open half-spaces which make up the complement of H in E'. A tight immersion has the two-piece property, but not necessarily conversely (cf. [-6,9]). However, for the case of curves and surfaces the two properties are equivalent. Let A be a real vector space of dimension n + 1 and consider the map v~-, v| from A to A| Take a metric in A and restrict the map to the unit sphere centered at the origin. Since ( -v ) |174 this map takes each pair of antipodal points to the same point. Hence it induces a map of the real projective n-space into A | A. As we shall see, this last map is an embedding, and the image Vlies substantially in an affine subspace of dimension N = 89 n (n + 3). W e call any submanifold projectively equivalent to V and lying in an affine or projective space a Veronese n-rnan~)ld. Any Veronese manifold is tightly embedded [4]. We can now state our main result.
Glycoengineering of HCELL, the human bone marrow homing receptor: sweetly programming cell migration.

The successful clinical implementation of adoptive cell therapeutics, including bone marrow transplantation and other stem cell-based treatments, depends critically on the ability to deliver cells to sites where they are needed. E-selectin, an endothelial C-type lectin, binds sialofucosylated carbohydrate determinants on its pertinent ligands. This molecule is expressed in a constitutive manner on bone marrow and dermal microvascular endothelium, and inducibly on post-capillary venules at all sites of tissue injury. Engagement of E-selectin with relevant ligand(s) expressed on circulating cells mediates initial “tethering/rolling” endothelial adhesive interactions prerequisite for extravasation of blood-borne cells at any target tissue. Most mammalian cells express high levels of a transmembrane glycoprotein known as CD44. A specialized glycoform of CD44 called “Hematopoietic Cell E-/L-selectin Ligand” (HCELL) is a potent E-selectin ligand expressed on human cells. Under native conditions, HCELL expression is restricted to human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. We have developed a technology called “Glycosyltransferase-Programmed Stereosubstitution” (GPS) for custom-modifying CD44 glycans to create HCELL on the surface of living cells. GPS-based glycoengineering of HCELL endows cell migration to endothelial beds expressing E-selectin. Enforced HCELL expression targets human mesenchymal stem cell homing to marrow, licensing transendothelial migration without chemokine signaling via a VLA-4/VCAM-1-dependent “Step 2-bypass pathway.” This review presents an historical framework of the homing receptor concept, and will describe the discovery of HCELL, its function as the bone marrow homing receptor, and how enforced expression of this molecule via chemical engineering of CD44 glycans could enable stem cell-based regenerative medicine and other adoptive cell therapeutics.
Use of Mixolab in Predicting Rice Quality

ABSTRACT Mixolab is a new instrument with capability to measure starch pasting properties on actual dough. It characterizes dough rheological behavior using a dual constraints of mixing and temperature. Rice samples (183) collected from 15 provinces across China were tested to determine the possibility of using Mixolab in predicting rice quality. Mixolab measurements, torque (Nm) at different mixing and heating stages (C1 to C5) were compared with rice quality characteristics (gelatinization temperature and consistency, amylose and protein contents), Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA) parameters and sensory assessments scores of cooked rice. Our results showed that Mixolab parameters were good indicators of amylose and protein content and quality suggested by significant correlations among Mixolab parameters, and between Mixolab and RVA measurements. Based on a subsample of 30 rice cultivars, correlation coefficients between the Mixolab parameter C4 and sensory assessment characteristics of palatability and total...
Determining the feasibility of measuring genotypic differences in skin-Set

Replicated experiments with various potato cultivars having diverse tuber skin types demonstrated that the Halderson periderm shear tester was sufficiently sensitive to measure genotypic and phenotypic differences in skin-set (periderm maturity). All genotypes had lower skin-set readings at the bud end of the tuber compared to the equatorial region and stem end. The technique employed with the shear tester objectively resolved genotypic differences in the developmental time courses for skin-set and clearly showed that the periderm of Russet Burbank tubers matured more rapidly than the periderm of other cultivars with smooth skin types. However, a consistent relationship between periderm weight and skin-set could not be established. In postharvest experiments designed to describe the phenotypic effect of temperature and relative humidity on tuber periderm maturation, we found that high relative humidity retarded the development of skin-set. The ability to detect genotypic and phenotypic differences with this technique for measuring skin-set indicates that it is feasible to further develop a standardized procedure suitable for testing diverse skin types in breeding and certified seed programs as well as for use by growers of table stock, seed, and chipping potatoes.
Simulation of Needle-Fabric Interactions in Sewing Operations

The nature of the forces involved when a sewing needle penetrates a fabric have been studied on an Instron in an attempt to identify some of the factors which influence the needle-fabric interactio...
Ceramics in dentistry: historical roots and current perspectives

This article presents a brief history of dental ceramics and offers perspectives on recent research aimed at the further development of ceramics for clinical use, at their evaluation and selection, and very importantly, their clinical performance. Innovative ceramic materials and ceramics processing strategies that were introduced to restorative dentistry since the early 1980s are discussed. Notable research is highlighted regarding (1) wear of ceramics and opposing enamel, (2) polishability of porcelains, (3) influence of firing history on the thermal expansion of porcelains for metal ceramics, (4) machining and CAD/CAM as fabrication methods for clinical restorations, (5) fit of ceramic restorations, (6) clinical failure mechanisms of all-ceramic prostheses, (7) chemical and thermal strengthening of dental ceramics, (8) intraoral porcelain repair, and (9) criteria for selection of the various ceramics available. It is found that strong scientific and collaborative foundations exist for the continued understanding and improvement of dental ceramic systems.