cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoselective total synthesis of (±)-isolobophytolide, a marine cembranolide natural product

Abstract The total synthesis of (±)-isolobophytolide ( 20 ) has been achieved via a route involving piallyl palladium initiated macrocyclization of sulfone ester 8 and subsequent carboxy inversion of the macrocyclic acid 11 to introduce the C-14 lactone oxygen. Lactone α-methylenation was effected by dehydration of the hydroxymethyl derivative 19 with 1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)carbodiimide metho- p -toluenesulfonate-CuCl 2 .
Six-Coordinate Titanium Complexes of a Tripodal Aminetris(phenoxide) Ligand: Synthesis, Structure, and Dynamics

The five-coordinate titanium(IV) alkoxide LTi(OtBu) (LH3 = tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert-butylbenzyl)amine) is protonolyzed readily by the conjugate acids of monoanionic bidentate ligands, both symmetrical (tropolone, acetylacetone, di-p-toluoylmethane) and unsymmetrical (8-hydroxyquinoline, salicylaldehyde, 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol, anthrarufin). The geometry of these complexes, which is pseudo-octahedral with the tripodal ligand adopting a chiral, propeller-like conformation, has been confirmed in four cases by X-ray crystallography. Variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy indicates that the six-coordinate complexes undergo two dynamic processes. First, the ligands undergo a twisting motion that results in racemization, a process which is over 104 times faster than in five-coordinate complexes. The rate acceleration upon binding of an equatorial ligand is ascribed to steric repulsions with one of the cis phenoxides; the dynamics of a binuclear dibenzyl phosphate-bridged compound, which has a unique conformation...
Influence of injection site, microvascular pressureand ultrasound variables on microbubble-mediated delivery of microspheres to muscle

Abstract Objectives Our objective was to test the hypothesis that the ultrasound pulsing interval (PI), microbubble injection site and microvascular pressure significantly influence the transport of 100-nm microspheres to muscle through extravasation sites created by the destruction of microbubbles with ultrasound. Background Microbubbles show promise as targeted drug and gene delivery agents; however, designing optimal microbubble-based therapies will require an understanding of the factors that influence the transport of microbubble-delivered, gene-bearing vehicles to tissue. Methods Ultrasound at 1 MHz, with a peak negative pressure amplitude of 0.75 MPa, was applied to microbubbles and 100-nm microspheres in exteriorized rat spinotrapezius muscle. Ultrasound PIs of 1, 3, 5 and 10 s, arterial microsphere injection times of 10 or 40 s and arterial versus venous injection sites were tested. Results Extravasation point creation and microsphere delivery were greatest when the ultrasound PI was 5 or 10 s. No significant differences in extravasation point creation or microsphere delivery were observed with arterial versus venous microbubble injection, but a trend toward increased microsphere delivery with arterial injection may exist. Decreasing the arterial injection time from 40 to 10 s increased microvascular pressure, which, in turn, substantially enhanced microsphere transport to tissue, without a concomitant increase in the number of extravasation points. Conclusions The ultrasound PI and microvascular pressure significantly influence the creation of extravasation points and the transport of microspheres to tissue. These factors may be important in designing and optimizing contrast ultrasound-based therapies.
A test of the plausibility of eclipsing binary asteroids

Abstract We present an analytic method for producing the lightcurve of a system of spherical bodies in circular orbit about their common center of mass and then use it to model a lightcurve of 171 Ophelia. We find that a model in which the components have a diameter ratio of 1:2.96, have equal albedos, and circle one another in a synchronous orbit (period = 13.146 hr ) inclined by 15° to our line of sight provides a reasonable fit to the observed lightcurve. An expression is given for the density in terms of the model parameters. If this lightcurve of Ophelia is produced by mutual eclipses of spherical components the mean density of the system can not exceed 1.7 g cm −3 . In view of these results we conclude that it is possible for Ophelia to be a binary.
Justification logics and hybrid logics

Abstract Hybrid logics internalize their own semantics. Members of the newer family of justification logics internalize their own proof methodology. It is an appealing goal to combine these two ideas into a single system, and in this paper we make a start. We present a hybrid/justification version of the modal logic T . We give a semantics, a proof theory, and prove a completeness theorem. In addition, we prove a Realization Theorem, something that plays a central role for justification logics generally. Since justification logics are newer and less well known than hybrid logics, we sketch their background, and give pointers to their range of applicability. We conclude with suggestions for future research. Indeed, the main goal of this paper is to encourage others to continue the investigation begun here.
Toward Negative Capability: Literature in the Medical Curriculum

Literary inquiry has been a part of the curriculum at many North American medical schools for more than 30 years. Ostensibly its original purpose was to “humanize” the overstuffed, science-based curriculum. Since then, other rationales for its place in the curriculum have appeared, including, among others, translating critical reading skills to “reading” the patient, obtaining moral knowledge, and acquiring patients’ perspectives on illness. In this article, I use my experiences in a literature and medicine class for fourth-year medical students to examine how they construct “family”—the medium in which most medical care is delivered—through their readings of Pat Conroy's novel, The Prince of Tides. Throughout the article I return to assumptions of how literature is supposed to “work” on medical students as they read this novel, showing how the culture of medical education, particularly its curriculum practices, has installed ways of reading and methods of analysis that oppose literature's potential offerings. Beyond the selection of texts, I address issues surrounding the epistemological, pedagogical, and ideological undertaking of literary inquiry in the medical curriculum.
Application of intrawell testing of RCRA groundwater monitoring data when no upgradient well exists.

A statistical quality control approach to detect changes in groundwater quality from a regulated waste unit is described. The approach applies the combined Shewhart-CUSUM control chart methodology for intrawell comparison of analyte concentrations over time and does not require an upgradient well. A case study from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Site is used for illustration purposes. This method is broadly applicable in groundwater monitoring programs where there is no clearly defined upgradient location, the groundwater flow rate is exceptionally slow, or where a high degree of spatial variability exists in parameter concentrations. This study also indicates that the use of the Data Quality Objectives (DQO) process can assist in designing an efficient and cost-effective groundwater monitoring plan to achieve the optimum goal of both low false positive and low false negative rates (high power).
Analysis and optimization of cross-flow reactors with staged feed policies : isothermal operation with parallel-series, irreversible reaction systems

A general model was proposed for the simulation of cross-flow reactors with six types of feed policies. All of the six types of cross-flow reactors were analyzed for series-parallel reaction systems and their feed distributions were optimized by maximizing the desired product yield at the reactor outlet. The comparisons of reactor performance between reactors with different types of feed policies were made in terms of kinetic and operation parameters. In order for a reactor with staged feed to achieve higher yield and selectivity of the desired product than a conventional co-feed reactor operated at the same conditions, the reaction order in the distributed reactant in the desired reaction has to be lower than that in the undesired reactions. The improvement of the desired product yield by using staged feed reactors increases with the increase in residence time and increase in reaction order with respect to the distributed reactant of the undesired reactions. In addition, the dimensionless groups σi (rate constant of reaction i multiplied by the residence time) should be within certain ranges for the distributed feed reactor to achieve higher desired product yield than the conventional co-feed reactor. Optimally fed reactors give only slightly higher maximum yields than uniformly fed reactors with the same number of feed points. The modeling study provides guidance in terms of kinetic and operating parameters for the evaluation of the effectiveness of using multiple-staged feed reactors and membrane reactors to improve the reactor performance.
Effect of intravesical formalin on the urothelium.

Summary— In an experimental study, the urinary bladder of the rabbit was subjected to 10% formaldehyde instillation for periods ranging from 15 to 90 min. Varying degrees of cystitis, ranging from focal superficial to transmural necrotising cystitis, epithelial sloughs and intra-epithelial calcification may be seen. The depth of reaction was related approximately to the duration of exposure. Saline irrigation after instillation, contact time of 10 min and 1% formaldehyde seemed to reduce complications.
Silicon single-electron quantum-dot transistor switch operating at room temperature

We fabricated a silicon single-electron quantum-dot transistor, which showed drain current oscillations at room temperature. These oscillations are attributed to electron tunneling through a single silicon quantum dot inside a narrow wire channel. Analysis of its current–voltage characteristic indicates that the energy level separation is about 110 meV and the silicon dot diameter is about 12 nm.
Challenges in 3DIC implementation of a design using current CAD tools

3D chip stacking technology has been gaining traction in recent years, as academia and industry are showing greater interest in going vertical. However, most research so far has been limited to theoretical analysis due to lack of industry-standard CAD tools to design 3D chips. In this paper, a 3DIC implementation of a single precision floating-point unit is discussed with the aim of identifying limitations of the current tools and methodologies. This design is developed by modifying an existing 2D design. The partition criterion is inspired by the architecture of the design, which can take advantage of stacking and enable the use of existing CAD tools. This chip contains two face-to-face bonded tiers. Results show 41.5% reduced chip footprint and 3% increased speed, in spite of the floating-point unit being too small a design to fully exploit the third dimension. The chip is built using the Tezzaron-Global Foundries 130nm process technology package provided by the MOSIS organization.
A descriptive theory of cell migration on surfaces.

Abstract Analytical expressions are derived for the first and second spatial moments pertaining to the surface locomotion of a model class of biological cells. The model is distinguished by orientation dependent step-length distributions, which result in drift motion along a preferred axis.
Starved Tetrahymena Synthesize and Maintain an Excess of 5s rRNA in Their Cytoplasm1

We have measured the rate of accumulation of newly synthesized 5s ribosomal RNA (5s rRNA) in Tetrahymena thermophila cells in early log phase growth and in cells that had been starved in a dilute salt solution. From these measurements we have determined the rates of synthesis and levels of accumulation of 5s rRNA relative to 5.8s rRNA in these two different cell populations. In growing cells 5s rRNA is transcribed and accumulated in a 1:1 molar ratio when compared with 5.8s rRNA. In contrast, in starved cells, 5s rRNA is produced at a rate which is about 15% higher than that seen for 5.8s rRNA. This excess 5s rRNA accumulates in the cytoplasm in a non-ribosomal form and is maintained in the cell as long as the cell remains in a starved condition. The role this excess 5s rRNA may play in the control of 5s rRNA gene expression is discussed.
Integrins and cAMP mediate netrin-induced growth cone collapse

Abstract Growth cones integrate a remarkably complex concert of chemical cues to guide axons to their appropriate destinations. Recent work suggests that integrins contribute to axon guidance by interacting with a wide range of extracellular molecules including axon guidance molecules, by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here, we describe an interaction between integrins and netrin-1 in growth cones that contributes to growth cone collapse. Our data show that netrin-1 causes growth cone collapse in a substratum-specific manner and is integrin-dependent. Netrin-1 causes collapse of cultured chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) growth cones extending on high levels of laminin-1 (LN) but not growth cones extending on low levels of LN or on fibronectin. Blocking integrin function significantly decreases netrin-induced growth cone collapse on high LN. Netrin-1 and integrins interact on growth cones; netrin-1 causes integrin activation, a conformational shift to a high ligand-affinity state. Netrin-1 directly binds to integrin α3 and α6 peptides, further suggesting a netrin–integrin interaction. Interestingly, our data reveal that netrin-1 increases growth cone levels of cAMP in a substratum-specific manner and that netrin-induced growth cone collapse requires increased cAMP in combination with integrin activation. Manipulations that either decrease cAMP levels or integrin activation block netrin-induced collapse. These results imply a common mechanism for growth cone collapse and novel interactions between integrins, netrin-1 and cAMP that contribute to growth cone guidance.
Using Caveolin-1 Knockout Mouse to Study Impaired Detrusor Contractility and Disrupted Muscarinic Activity in the Aging Bladder

Abstract Objectives The caveolin-1 knockout mouse has been proposed as an animal model to study impaired bladder contractility and detrusor overactivity. This study investigated the effects of aging on detrusor contraction in wild type and caveolin-1 knockout mice. Methods Young (3-month-old) and old (1-year-old) male caveolin-1 knockout mice and their age-matched male wild type littermates (controls) were used. Longitudinal bladder strips were stimulated electrically (20 Hz) and pharmacologically using 1 to 10 μM carbachol (a nonsubtype selective cholinergic receptor agonist), 10 μM α,β-methylene adenosine triphosphate (a purinergic receptor agonist), and 100 mM potassium (a depolarizing agent). Isometric bladder strip contractions were compared between the young wild type and knockout groups and between the old wild type and knockout groups. Results The bladder strips from the 1-year-old knockout mice exhibited a 40% to 42% decrease in electrical neural contractions and carbachol-evoked contractions compared with the 1-year-old wild type controls ( P P >0.05). The postjunctional cholinergic pathway was specifically disrupted in caveolin-1 knockout animals because no difference was found in contractility between the knockout and wild type mice (young or old) when the bladders were stimulated by α,β-methylene adenosine triphosphate or potassium. The differences in cholinergic contractility between the knockout and wild type mice became significantly greater as the animals aged from 3 months old (young bladders) to 1 year old (aged bladders). Conclusions The male caveolin-1 knockout mouse provides a much-needed animal model for the study of impaired detrusor contractility in the aging bladder.
Control of neuronal development in Caenorhabditis elegans

Recent research into the development of the nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans indicates the importance of multiple cell interactions and combinatorial gene expression. As many of the genes needed for C. elegans neuronal development have counterparts with similar activities in Drosophila melanogaster, the mechanisms of cell specification may be broadly conserved.
Electrophoretic Particle Aggregation

Abstract Stability criteria and pairwise aggregation rates have been calculated for electrophoretic motion of non-Brownian spheres with differing zeta potentials and thin electric double layers. Aggregation rates are obtained by a trajectory analysis, and stability criteria are determined by analyzing the near-contact motion between two particles. The results predict that a given suspension is considerably less stable against aggregation during electrophoresis than during sedimentation, and that the aggregation efficiencies for electrophoresis exceed those for buoyancy-driven motion by an order of magnitude. These results are explained in terms of the relatively weak interaction between well-separated particles during electrophoresis and the electrically driven withdrawal of fluid between closely spaced particles in an electric field. Electrophoretic and buoyancy-driven aggregation rates depend primarily on a dimensionless driving force and the size ratio of the particles; the stability of a colloidal suspension depends on four additional parameters that describe the colloidal forces that act between the particles.
Drug testing in the workplace: An overview of legal and philosophical issues

This article examines a range of legal and philosophical issues related to the drug-testing debate. The discussion of legal issues includes potential litigation on constitutional grounds (for public employees), statutory and tort grounds, or on the basis of civil rights legislation. Arbitration standards are also examined for situations involving unionized employees. The article further highlights pragmatic issues including the accuracy and costs (economic and noneconomic) of drug tests as well as the distinction between a positive drug test and impaired performance. Finally, the article addresses the delicate balance between an employer's right to unimpaired performance and an employee's right to privacy.
“I Get to Spend Time with My Patients”: Nursing Home Physicians Discuss Their Role

Objectives The purpose of this study was to learn about the role of the nursing home physician, and to begin to identify and articulate key concepts related to the role. Design A qualitative exploratory methodology was selected. Two medical students interviewed nursing home physicians in person, using open-ended questions. Setting The data reflect the nursing home setting. Participants Twelve physicians who practice full-time or part-time in a nursing home setting were interviewed. Six physicians were fellowship trained and seven were affiliated with an academic medical center. Eight physicians were from an urban area, and four were from a rural area in a Midwestern state. Measurement Qualitative data were grouped and coded to develop conceptual categories. Results Physicians were categorized as “pursuers, inheritors, or practice builders,” based on their path to coming to care for nursing home residents. The medical directors among the physicians reported that their role was heavily dependent upon the desires of the nursing home administrator. Students were encouraged to visit many nursing homes to learn about the different ways in which the medical director role can be played out. Physicians reported positive aspects of their role including relationships with residents, families, and staff; interesting and meaningful patient care; and autonomy. Less desirable aspects included: staff turnover, difficult expectations, and administrative issues. Although physicians indicated that social and indeed professional stigma are troublesome to people who work in nursing homes, they assured the medical student interviewer that caring for nursing home residents was gratifying and meaningful work. Conclusion The need for physicians to care for the growing number of nursing home residents will continue for decades. Learning more about how physicians come to care for nursing home residents can be used to develop better ways to recruit, train, and retain physicians. Information about what nursing home physicians value about their role can be used to structure more desirable roles.
Improved a-Si:H TFT pixel electrode circuits for active-matrix organic light emitting displays

Two improved four thin-film-transistors (TFTs) pixel electrode circuits based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) technology have been designed. Both circuits can provide a constant output current level and can be automatically adjusted for TFT threshold voltage variations. The circuit simulation results indicate that an excellent linearity between the output current and input current can be established. An output current level higher than /spl sim/5 /spl mu/A can be achieved with these circuits. This current level can provide a pixel electrode brightness higher than 1000 cd/m/sup 2/ with the organic light-emitting device (OLED) having an external quantum efficiency of 1%. These pixel electrode circuits can potentially be used for the active-matrix organic light-emitting displays (AM-OLEDs).
Prescription dose and fractionation predict improved survival after stereotactic radiotherapy for brainstem metastases

Brainstem metastases represent an uncommon clinical presentation that is associated with a poor prognosis. Treatment options are limited given the unacceptable risks associated with surgical resection in this location. However, without local control, symptoms including progressive cranial nerve dysfunction are frequently observed. The objective of this study was to determine the outcomes associated with linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiotherapy or radiosurgery (SRT/SRS) of brainstem metastases. We retrospectively reviewed 38 tumors in 36 patients treated with SRT/SRS between February 2003 and December 2011. Treatment was delivered with the Cyberknife™ or Trilogy™ radiosurgical systems. The median age of patients was 62 (range: 28–89). Primary pathologies included 14 lung, 7 breast, 4 colon and 11 others. Sixteen patients (44%) had received whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT) prior to SRT/SRS; ten had received prior SRT/SRS at a different site (28%). The median tumor volume was 0.94 cm3 (range: 0.01-4.2) with a median prescription dose of 17 Gy (range: 12–24) delivered in 1–5 fractions. Median follow-up for the cohort was 3.2 months (range: 0.4-20.6). Nineteen patients (52%) had an MRI follow-up available for review. Of these, one patient experienced local failure corresponding to an actuarial 6-month local control of 93%. Fifteen of the patients with available follow-up imaging (79%) experienced intracranial failure outside of the treatment volume. The median time to distant intracranial failure was 2.1 months. Six of the 15 patients with distant intracranial failure (40%) had received previous WBRT. The actuarial overall survival rates at 6- and 12-months were 27% and 8%, respectively. Predictors of survival included Graded Prognostic Assessment (GPA) score, greater number of treatment fractions, and higher prescription dose. Three patients experienced acute treatment-related toxicity consisting of nausea (n = 1) and headaches (n = 2) that resolved with a short-course of dexamethasone. SRT/SRS for brainstem metastases is safe and achieves a high rate of local control. We found higher GPA as well as greater number of treatment fractions and higher prescription dose to be correlated with improved overall survival. Despite this approach, prognosis remains poor and distant intracranial control remains an issue, even in patients previously treated with WBRT.
Phase II Trial of PS-341 in Patients With Renal Cell Cancer: A University of Chicago Phase II Consortium Study

Purpose Determine response rate, time to disease progression, and toxicity of the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 in patients with stage IV renal cell cancer. Patients and Methods PS-341 1.5 mg/m2 was administered intravenously twice weekly for 2 weeks every 21 days. Dose escalation to 1.7 mg/m2 ensued in the absence of grade 3 to 4 toxicities. Re-evaluation took place after three cycles. To assess proteasome inhibition, patients were randomly assigned to tumor core biopsy either before the first dose or after the third cycle of PS-341. Additionally, whole blood was collected at the same time intervals. Results Twenty-three patients were enrolled; 21 were assessable for response. Two patients were never treated (one patient refused treatment and one had insufficient tumor for biopsy). Eighteen patients completed at least three cycles of therapy; three patients experienced disease progression after two cycles. Grade 4 toxicities were arthralgia, diarrhea, and vomiting. Grade 3 toxicities included thrombocytope...
Global modeling of active microwave devices incorporating a novel large-signal time-domain full-hydrodynamic physical simulator using wavelet-based adaptive grids

A novel large-signal time-domain simulation approach for full-hydrodynamic physical modeling of semiconductor devices using Wavelet-based adaptive grids is presented. The non-uniform grids of the main variables are conceived at a given time by applying biorthogonal Wavelet transforms to the current variable solutions followed by thresholding. A general criterion is mathematically defined for grid updating of each variable within the simulation. This criterion allows grid updating only when needed. In addition, few rules have been defined to take care of the fact that boundary conditions as well as descritization have to be handled differently for each new grid. Grids of the main variables are combined into one non-uniform grid whenever a new variable grid is conceived. The proposed technique is validated by simulating a submicrometer MESFET. The results of the proposed technique are compared with the results of a regular grid case showing more than 60% simulation time reduction while maintaining the same degree of accuracy. This is a first step toward applying Wavelets to global modeling of active microwave devices aiming to reduce the simulation time.
Design and analysis of generalized link extended hierarchical interconnection networks

Hierarchical interconnection networks (HINs) have been introduced to maintain a low node degree with an increasing network size. This paper presents a systematic procedure for designing a general class of HINs and could be based on existing topologies by connecting a partition of each disjoint cluster as a gateway to all other clusters in the network. The size of these gateways, or the gatewidth, can be varied to satisfy the required network characteristics. This scheme is illustrated by defining hypercube based HINs, and different designs are obtained by varying the cluster size, the gatewidth, and the number of network levels. Relations are obtained for the different network parameters. >
Central nervous system mechanisms in deglutition and emesis

The sections in this article are: 1 Deglutition 1.1 Sensory Components of Deglutition 1.2 Central Sensory Representation of Deglutition 1.3 Motor Mechanisms of Deglutition 1.4 Swallowing Center or Central Pattern Generator for Deglutition 2 Emesis 2.1 Neural Circuitry for Emesis 2.2 Structure of Area Postrema 2.3 Transmitter Localization and Binding Sites in Area Postrema 2.4 Physiology of Area Postrema 2.5 Vomiting Center or Central Pattern Generator for Emesis 2.6 Motion and Space Sickness 2.7 Radiation-Induced Emesis 2.8 Chemotherapy-Induced Emesis 2.9 Other Forms of Emesis 2.10 Pharmacology of Emesis 3 Conclusion
Simulation of large scale dynamic systems—II. A modulator simulator for the dynamics of distillation systems

Abstract A modular dynamic simulator has been developed to simulate the dynamics of interacting distillation columns. The dynamic simulator consists of a Fortran software package with dynamic modules to simulate distillation columns, reboilers, condensers and control systems. The modules can be modified to simulate special reboilers, condensers and control systems. User input to the simulator consists of the system description, constants, physical property data and an optional initial state. Two example problems have been used to test the simulator: (1) A 5 component, 29 stage distillation column with controllers, and (2) An atmospheric crude unit with 4 side strippers. Each of the side strippers and the main column are simulated independently. Steady-state conditions for the crude unit are computed by following a policy which approximates crude unit start-up procedures. We illustrate the type of results obtainable from the simulator by presenting several dynamic responses of the crude unit to step disturbances. Scope —We describe a modular simulator for distillation systems built around the coordinator concept described and analyzed in Part I. Simulation of 2 substantial problems, a 29 stage distillation column, and crude unit, demonstrate the methodology. Significance —The simulator and worked examples demonstrate the validity of reducing a complex simulation to an interconnection of independent simulations tied together by a coordinator. The advent of parallel processing should enable simulation of the dynamics of extremely large, and heretofore intractable, systems using the modular approach.
Mechanisms by which elevated intracellular calcium induces S49 cell membranes to become susceptible to the action of secretory phospholipase A2.

Exposure of S49 lymphoma cells to exogenous group IIA or V secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) caused an initial release of fatty acid followed by resistance to further hydrolysis by the enzyme. This refractoriness was overcome by exposing cells to palmitoyl lysolecithin. This effect was specific in terms of lysophospholipid structure. Induction of membrane susceptibility by lysolecithin involved an increase in cytosolic calcium and was duplicated by incubating the cells with calcium ionophores such as ionomycin. Lysolecithin also activated cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). Inhibition of this enzyme attenuated the ability of lysolecithin (but not ionomycin) to induce susceptibility to sPLA2. Lysolecithin or ionomycin caused concurrent hydrolysis of both phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine implying that transbilayer movement of phosphatidylethanolamine occurred upon exposure to these agents but that susceptibility is not simply due to exposure of a preferred substrate (i.e. phosphatidylethanolamine) to the enzyme. Microvesicles were apparently released from the cells upon addition of lysolecithin or ionomycin. Both these vesicles and the remnant cell membranes were susceptible to sPLA2. Together these data suggest that lysolecithin induces susceptibility through both cPLA2-dependent and -independent pathways. Whereas elevated cytosolic calcium was required for both pathways, it was sufficient only for the cPLA2-independent pathway. This cPLA2-independent pathway involved changes in cell membrane structure associated with transbilayer phospholipid migration and microvesicle release.
Communication and social justice research: Truth, justice, and the applied communication way

(1998). Communication and social justice research: Truth, justice, and the applied communication way. Journal of Applied Communication Research: Vol. 26, Communication and Social Justice Research, pp. 155-164.
Procuring a Laser System

A s laser technology continues to expand, and laser systems and applications con.tinue to be introduced and refined, health care facilities are experiencing the financial crunch of equipping and maintaining a progressive laser program. Laser procurement requires careful and intense assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation by administrators, physicians, nurses, and support personnel. Today’s lasers can cost from $20,000 to $350,000. Without a comprehensive laser procurement method, return on investment may be minimized, while stagnation within the laser program may occur. Laser procurement involves the following three phases: justification, evaluation, and acquisition. The laser committee justifies the need and evaluates the available lasers, and the accounting department handles the acquisition phase.
Self-Assembly-Induced Supramolecular Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystalline Phase Using Laterally Attached Nonmesogenic Templates

A novel poly[di(4-heptyl) vinylterephthalate] has been synthesized based upon a free radical polymerzation from a newly designed monomer having a nonmesogenic template with two double-swallow-tailed 4-heptyl (Y-shaped) groups. The resulting polymer consists of a polyethylene backbone and a 2,5-bis(4-heptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl lateral substitutent on every second carbon atom of the backbone. Although neither the backbone nor the pendent template exhibits liquid crystalline (LC) behavior, they couple together to form a supramolecular hexagonal columnar LC phase on a scale of greater than 1.5 nm in the polymer. Therefore, it is deduced that this supramolecular LC structure is constructed via a cooperative assembly of a helical arrangement of the backbones with the pendent templates.
Shear Stress–Induced Release of Prostaglandin H2 in Arterioles of Hypertensive Rats

Abstract —The nitric oxide–mediated portion of shear stress–induced dilation of rat gracilis muscle arterioles was shown to be impaired in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Because shear stress–induced dilation is primarily mediated by endothelium-derived prostaglandins in rat cremasteric arterioles, we hypothesized that in the cremasteric vascular bed the mediation of shear stress–induced dilation by prostaglandins is altered in hypertension. At a constant intraluminal pressure of 80 mm Hg, the active diameters of isolated rat cremasteric arterioles of normotensive 30-week-old Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) and SHR were 58.0±3.1 and 51.7±3.6 μm, respectively, whereas their passive diameters were 109.4±4.4 and 101.9±6.7 μm, respectively. Dilations to increases in shear stress elicited by increases in intraluminal flow (from 0 to 25 μL/min) were significantly less ( P −5 mol/L) elicited constrictions in SHR arterioles but dilations in WKY arterioles. The prostaglandin H 2 /thromboxane A 2 (PGH 2 /TxA 2 ) receptor antagonist SQ 29,548 (10 −6 mol/L) significantly increased basal diameter by 11% and normalized the attenuated shear stress–induced dilation in SHR, whereas it did not affect basal diameter and arteriolar responses of WKY. Furegrelate, a specific inhibitor of TxA 2 synthase, did not affect the response in SHR. Also, SQ 29,548 reversed the arachidonic acid–induced constriction to dilation in SHR arterioles, whereas it did not affect the dilator response in WKY arterioles. Constrictions of arterioles of WKY and SHR to U46,619 (a PGH 2 /TxA 2 receptor agonist) were not different. These results demonstrate that in cremasteric arterioles of hypertensive rats, shear stress elicits an enhanced release of PGH 2 , resulting in a reduced shear stress–dependent dilation. Thus, augmented hemodynamic forces can alter the shear stress–induced synthesis of prostaglandins, which may contribute to the elevated vascular resistance in hypertension.
Evolution from surface-influenced to bulk-like dynamics in nanoscopically confined water.

surfaces separated by distances between 0.6 and 5.0 nm. The width of the region characterized by surfacedominated slowing down of water rotational dynamics is ∼0.5 nm, while the corresponding width for translational dynamics is ∼1.0 nm. The different extent of perturbation undergone by the in-plane dynamic properties is evidence of rotational-translational decoupling. The local in-plane rotational relaxation time and translational diffusion coefficient collapse onto confinement-independent “master” profiles as long as the separation d g 1.0 nm. Long-time tails in the perpendicular component of the dipole moment autocorrelation function are indicative of anisotropic behavior in the rotational relaxation. The properties of water confined in nanoscale geometries are of considerable scientific and technological interest. Nanoconfined water constitutes much of the environment in the cytoplasm of cells, where it acts as an active regulator of biological functions including protein folding. 1 Understanding the transport and thermodynamic properties of water in molecular-scale geometries is key in a wide array of fields, from nanoand microfluidics, 2 to cloud seeding in the atmosphere, 3 corro
Heat transfer coefficients for condensing organic vapors of pure components and binary mixtures

The behavior of the film coefficient of heat transfer for the condensation of organic vapor mixtures was investigated experimentally to establish a satisfactory basis for applying the Nusselt equation to binary systems. Five ideal and nonideal pairs, all of which gave miscible condensates, were studied; the work was carried out under conditions of almost total condensation on a horizontal condensing surface designed to comply as rigidly as possible with the conditions for which Nusselt's equation is valid. The same behavior was observed for all systems and all concentrations studied: the experimental coefficients fell between those for the pure components and followed the behavior pattern for pure components when the temperature difference was taken as that between the bubble point of the condensate and the surface temperature, rather than between the dew point or the measured vapor temperature and the surface temperature, Correlation of the film coefficient showed it to vary approximately linearly with composition if the coefficients were compared at a constant value of the temperature difference, defined as above. This permits determination of the coefficient for a mixture by interpolation between the coefficients for the pure components, which are easily obtained, in preference to making the calculations with the properties of the mixture obtained by laborious and uncertain weighting of the corresponding properties of the pure components. When results are interpreted in the light of the theories of Colburn and Drew, the presence of a vapor-phase resistance to heat and mass transfer, as postulated by them, is indicated.
Metrics for measuring the effectiveness of software-testing tools

The levels of quality, maintainability, testability, and stability of software can be improved and measured through the use of automated testing tools throughout the software development process. Automated testing tools assist software engineers to gauge the quality of software by automating the mechanical aspects of the software-testing task Automated testing tools vary in their underlying approach, quality, and ease-of-use, among other characteristics. In this paper we propose a suite of objective metrics for measuring tool characteristics, as an aid in systematically evaluating and selecting automated testing tools.
Thionation: GlcNAc‐Thiazoline Triacetate {(3aR,5R,6S,7R,7aR)‐5‐Acetoxymethyl‐6,7‐Diacetoxy‐2‐Methyl‐5,6,7,7a‐Tetrahydro‐3aH‐Pyrano[3,2‐d]Thiazole}

Acetic anhydride N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranose Phosphorus pentasulfide GlcNAc-thiazole triacetate Hexamethyldisiloxane Keywords: thionation; montmorillonite K-10 clay; sugars. Per-O-acetylation; cyclization; curphey procedure; thiconjugates; glycopeptides; triacetates
Intra-metropolitan location of foreign direct investment in Wuhan, China: Institution, urban structure, and accessibility

Abstract Coastal cities have been at the forefront of China's economic reform and open-door policy. However, regional differences in cost and income have prompted the government to encourage interior development since the late 1990s. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the most mobile forms of capital and is a key agent of urban spatial transformation in China. This paper examines intra-metropolitan location of FDI location in interior China through a study of Wuhan, the largest metropolitan area in central China and the gateway to China's north-south and east-west linkages. We find that FDI in Wuhan has become more concentrated over time and is centralized on the Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, a national development zone. Combining the logistic model with geographically weighted regression, we examine the effects of institution and urban structure, in addition to the orthodox location factors (accessibility) on the FDI location. We find that FDI in Wuhan is a result of interaction among institution, urban structure, and accessibility. Also, easy access to road and the central business districts (CBDs) has positive impacts on the FDI location. Last, the importance of urban spatial structure is identified through the significance of the traditional auto industrial base, Hanyang, in the FDI location.
John Adams: Merit, Fame, and Political Leadership

While John Adams has been viewed in recent decades as an archetypal American-conservative or an anachronistic founder wedded to European models of mixed government, many of the distinctive themes in his thought can best be illuminated when he is linked to the classical republican tradition. Concluding that disinterestedness was too rare to preserve a republic, and that ambition and avarice perpetually threatened to undermine it, Adams looked to those who desired fame to provide republican leadership. To attract such choice spirits, he advocated a public realm resplendent with symbolic honors. His arguments for political titles and for the executive dispensation of offices were aimed at recruiting meritorious individuals and distributing fame to them in accordance with their "talents, virtues, services...." But Adams was disappointed by what he took to be the celebration of the unworthy and the neglect of the meritorious in America. "Real merit" was, it seemed, scarcely a match for its cunning, artful, or ...
Procurations by Large-scale Communities in Fourteenth-century France

OF the many kinds of associations which mediaeval Europeans formed communes and guilds, chapters and confraternities among the strongest, most basic, and least formalized were the rural communities. In these villages and hamlets the companionship of common labor and the bonds of marriage brought more closely together those already joined by the common rhythm of the agricultural year and the common steeple of the parish church. The ways and habits of their peasant life survived war's destruction and the devastation of natural disasters, the disappearance of old and familiar families and the arrival of new ones, without a formal statute or granted charter to define in legal terms the common rights and duties. Occasionally the community was doubled by another organization: the parish which elected the administrators of the church fabric, confraternities of the Holy Spirit. These too frequently lacked the formal accoutrements of a corporation, though they played an important role in the life of their members.' The rural community remained undefined because it was customary; it remained juridically amorphous because it was the essential building block of society.2 On specific occasions, however, the "unincorporated" community could elect a proctor to defend its interests, momentarily add to its traditional affective personality the qualities of a person at law.3 In these rare moments it throws an
Laser Multi-Spectral Polarimetric Diffuse-Scatter Imaging

Laser multi-spectral polarimetric diffuse scattering (LAMPODS) imaging is an approach that maps object intrinsic optical scattering properties rather than the scattered light intensity like in conventional imaging. The technique involves comprehensive measurements to parameterize object optical responses with respect to wavelength, polarization, and diffuse scattering. The derived parametric properties constitute LAMPODS images, which are more fundamental than conventional images. The application is to uncover and discriminate features that are not obvious or obtainable with conventional imaging. The experiments were performed for a number of targets, using near-infrared lasers. A system architecture design configured similarly to optical wireless network is described, which can be used as a design for a LAMPODS “camera”. The results for a number of targets indicate unique LAMPODS capabilities to distinguish and classify features based on optics principles rather than phenomenological image processing. Examples of uncovering, enhancing, and interpreting target features, which are unseen or ambiguous in conventional images, are described.
Rosiglitazone Treatment Reduces Diabetic Neuropathy in Streptozotocin-Treated DBA/2J Mice

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a common complication of diabetes. Currently, there is no drug treatment to prevent or slow the development of DN. Rosiglitazone (Rosi) is a potent insulin sensitizer and may also slow the development of DN by a mechanism independent of its effect on hyperglycemia. A two by two design was used to test the effect of Rosi treatment on the development of DN. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic DBA/2J mice were treated with Rosi. DN and oxidative stress were quantified, and gene expression was profiled using the Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430 2.0 microarray platform. An informatics approach identified key regulatory elements activated by Rosi. Diabetic DBA/2J mice developed severe hyperglycemia, DN, and elevated oxidative stress. Rosi treatment did not affect hyperglycemia but did reduce oxidative stress and prevented the development of thermal hypoalgesia. Two novel transcription factor binding modules were identified that may control genes correlated to changes in DN after Rosi treatment: SP1F_ZBPF and EGRF_EGRF. These targets may be useful in designing drugs with the same efficacy as Rosi in treating DN but with fewer undesirable effects.
Tropes As Character-Grounders

ABSTRACTThere is a largely unrecognized ambiguity concerning the nature of a trope. Disambiguation throws into relief two fundamentally different conceptions of a trope and provides two ways to understand and develop each metaphysical theory that puts tropes to use. In this paper I consider the relative merits that result from differences concerning a trope's ability to ground the character of ordinary objects. I argue that, on each conception of a trope, there are unique implications and challenges concerning character-grounding.
Suppression of Hickory Shuckworm in a Pecan Orchard with Blacklight Traps

A 3-year study was made in an 8-acre pecan orchard to determine whether Laspeyresia caryana (Fitch) could be suppressed by a high density of traps equipped with blacklight lamps. Infested shucks inside the orchard ranged from 17.6 to 1.2%; those outside the orchard ranged from 74.8 to 35.9%. Females averaged 1.47 spermatophores each and were not attracted to the light traps until after mating. At the end of the 3-year period, hickory shuckworms were suppressed to a degree equal to that by conventional applications of insecticide.
Dechlorane Plus in the Atmosphere and Precipitation near the Great Lakes

Air (vapor and particle) and precipitation samples were collected at five sites (two urban, one rural, and two remote) on the shores of the Great Lakes from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2009 as a part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network (IADN). The concentrations of the syn and anti isomers of Dechlorane Plus (DP), a highly chlorinated flame retardant, were measured in these samples. The highest concentrations of these compounds were generally observed at the rural site at Sturgeon Point, New York, which is located near DP’s manufacturing facility in Niagara Falls, New York, and at the urban site at Cleveland, Ohio. A multiple linear regression model was applied to the concentrations of these compounds in the vapor phase, particle phase, precipitation, and for the three phases combined. This regression resulted in an overall (three phases combined) doubling time for the anti-DP isomer of 9.5 ± 3.6 years, but for the syn- and total DP (syn + anti) concentrations, the overall regression was ...