cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mobile Advanced Visualization Applied to Oil and Gas Industry Systems

This paper investigates the application of virtual and mixed reality techniques for data visualization from automation and maintenance systems of oil and gas industry. The study aims to introduce a theoretical framework for systems integration using mobile devices for mixed/virtual interfaces. Modules implementations of the framework were validated in cases of the oil and gas industry.
Improved separation of components of streptococcal cell walls by thin-layer chromatography

Abstract A method is presented whereby twelve compounds commonly occurring in streptococcal cell walls are resolved by two-dimesional thin-layer chromatography. dl -Alanine, l -lysine, d -glutamic acid, muramic acid, d -glucosamine, and d -galactosamine are resolved on one chromatogram, while d -mannose, d -galactose, d -glucose, l -rhamnose, glycerol, and ribitol are separated on a second layer. Solvent mixtures and conditions employed are described above. This procedure allows the analysis of streptococcal cell wall hydrolyzates to be accomplished more rapidly and more conveniently than by previous methods employing continuous-flow paper chromatography (8). Whereas the latter procedure required up to 70 hr, the method presented here allows resolution of all known cell wall components in less than 9 hr.
LIPOIDS AS INHIBITORS OF ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK : STUDIES ON FERMENT ACTION. XVIII.

1. The antitryptic titer of the serum can be increased by subcutaneous injections of serum lipoids (antitrypsin) and of the lipoids from egg yolk. 2. Animals so injected show a relative immunity to acute anaphylactic shock (two minimum lethal doses). 3. Extraction of lipoids contained in antigens increases the toxicity of the antigen when injected into a sensitized animal. 4. Sublethal doses of soap solutions injected simultaneously with the antigen (purified horse serum albumen) prevent anaphylactic shock. 5. The refractory state following anaphylactic shock is related in part to an increase in the antitryptic titer of the serum.
Immigrants, assimilation, and perceived school disorder: An examination of the “other” ethnicities

Extant research on school disorder has largely ignored modern immigrant groups, or has lumped these groups in an “other” category. This was often done for pragmatic reasons, but it likely masked any unique experiences these groups had with regard to school disorder. The current study examined Latino and Asian immigrant students’ experiences with school disorder using data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study. Findings indicated that Latino and Asian immigrant students report marked differences in school disorder. Current results revealed, in particular, that Asian immigrants report significantly higher levels of school disorder even though they outperform Latino students academically. Assimilation variables, however, have little to do with such perceptions. Implications from these findings are discussed.
Activation of hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha in gastric mucosa in response to ethanol injury: a trigger for angiogenesis?

Gastric mucosal injury triggers angiogenesis and activation of VEGF expression, but the mechanism(s) of VEGF gene activation are not known. In some tissues (e.g. myocardium), hypoxia triggers activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a transcription factor known to activate VEGF gene expression. This study was aimed to determine whether hypoxia and/or alcohol injury may induces HIF-1alpha in gastric mucosa. Normal rat gastric tissue was incubated in organ culture under either hypoxic or normoxic conditions for 6hrs. Rats received, intragastrically, either saline or alcohol and gastric mucosa bordering necrosis was obtained at 1-24hrs. HIF-1alpha mRNA and protein were determined by RT-PCR and Western-blot analysis. HIF-1alpha and VEGF proteins were localized by immunostaining. Incubation of normal gastric mucosa under hypoxia caused a significant elevation of HIF-1alpha mRNA (20+/-2%, p 300+/-16%; p<0.02 at all time points; highest at 1-3hrs). HIF-1alpha signal was detected in regenerating mucosal microvessels, where it co-localized with VEGF. Since HIF-1alpha initiates transcription of VEGF mRNA, HIF-1alpha activation by ethanol-induced injury is likely responsible for activation of VEGF gene and induction of angiogenesis.
Strategies and Services for Energy Efficiency in Real-Time Ethernet Networks

The IEEE 802.3az amendment to the Ethernet standard, referred to as energy-efficient Ethernet (EEE), encompasses the new low power Idle operational mode that allows to strongly decrease the energy consumption of inactive links. The introduction of EEE in real-time industrial communications represents an interesting topic currently addressed by the scientific community, as well as by some standardization bodies. The outcomes of these activities are promising, since effective EEE strategies can be devised, and are able to cope with the very tight timing requirements of industrial communication. Unfortunately, the proposed analyses do not address implementation issues that, conversely, represent a crucial aspect in this scenario. Hence, in this paper, we specifically focus on practical issues concerned with the adoption of EEE strategies by real-time Ethernet (RTE) networks. At first, we address the use of commercially available network components and describe a measurement setup that can be adopted to achieve the adequate characterization of such components. Furthermore, we show that, in an RTE perspective, link activations/deactivations should be independently managed by suitably designed EEE strategies at the application level. Consequently, we defined a set of network services that have to be made available in the device drivers. Hence, we consider a generic RTE network and discuss methods for the practical implementation of those EEE strategies. A performance assessment carried out via theoretical models as well as numerical simulations shows that EEE strategies can be effectively implemented with considerable power savings at the expense of only minimal performance degradation.
Intercultural Identity and the Local Vernacular Neapolitan History as Articulated in the Cronaca di Partenope (c. 1350)

The first history of Naples in over four centuries, the Cronaca di Partenope (c. 1350) articulated a Neapolitan identity through its narration of the past and through its delineation of Naples as a geographical centre in relation to various peripheries or ‘others’. As vehicles of identity, time and space interacted in complex and sometimes surprising ways. Recent developments, notably Naples’ new status as a royal capital, help to explain the Cronaca’s composition after such long historiographical silence. But in affirming Naples as a ‘centre’, the Cronaca eschewed its contemporary centrality to the southern Italian kingdom (itself firmly anchored in the Latin West) and instead resuscitated an early-medieval, Mediterranean geography of identity in which Naples was balanced between Greek, Muslim and transalpine neighbours. Similarly, the Cronaca’s use of the local vernacular was both a reflection of its own age—Neapolitan having only very recently been utilized as a literary language—and a choice that faci...
Enzymatic hydrolysis and physical characterization of commercial celluloses and cellulose-based ion-exchange powdered mixed resins

Commercial celluloses (BH20, Epicote, FC+) and their cellulose-containing powdered mixed resins (PMR) were evaluated using enzymatic and physical methods. Samples were hydrolyzed with purified Trichoderma viride cellulase extract and measured for released reducing sugar using the dinitrosalicylic acid method. Physical characterization was performed with gross specific surface areas (GSSA) and relative crystalline indices (RCI). In addition, FC+ was exposed to physical and chemical processing commonly encountered in spent PMR processing to determine potential effects on reducing sugar release in high intensity containers. Reducing sugar released from the celluloses by T. viride cellulase ranged from 135.37 to 244.48 mg day–1; the celluloses were highly crystalline, ranging from 82.47 to 84.57%; and the GSSA medians for the celluloses ranged from 1,298.60 cm2 g–1 to 2,493.20 cm2 g–1. Most processing treatments on the FC+ reduced the amount of reducing sugar released and increased RCI. Cellulose hydrolysis rates did not show a strong correlation with the physical characterization. These results suggest that (1) celluloses and PMR can serve as abundant sources of bioavailable carbon in water treatment systems, and (2) the use of correlative physical characteristics to evaluate a cellulose-based commercial product may not accurately predict microbial activity; a complementary microbial test such as cellulose hydrolysis with cellulase may prove useful.
Behavioral patterns of Fuego volcano, Guatemala

The times of activity at Fuego (one of the most active volcanoes in the world) since 1800 correlate with the activity of other Central American volcanoes. Approximately 0.7 km3 of olivine-bearing, high-Al2O3 basalt has been erupted since 1932, and about 1.7 km3 has been produced during 450 years of historic records. A minimum of 13,000 years and a maximum of 100,000 years were required to build Fuego's cone of 50 km3. Within the recent cluster of activity since 1932, rates of magma production have increased to 0.5 m3/s and the trend has been toward more eruptions (shorter reposes) of progressively more mafic basalt. 47% of the eruptions occurred within 2 days of the fortnightly tidal maximum and 56% occurred within 2 hours of the semi-diurnal minimum of the vertical tidal gravity acceleration. Thus the maximum compressional component of the tidal cycles can trigger an eruption at Fuego. Eruptions with higher effusion rates produce larger volumes of materials, although they only last a few hours. The 20–70 year clusters of activity beginning at 80–170-year intervals are interpreted as reflecting the ascent of primary batches of magma. A deeper (8–16 km), larger (> 1 km3) primary chamber and a shallower (2–5 km), smaller (0.1 km3), dike-like secondary chamber best explain Fuego's behavioral pattern.
Unified model of the insulator-metal transition in Ti 2 O 3 and the high-temperature transitions in V 2 O 3

A unified band-crossing model of the insulator-metal transition in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and the high-temperature tranistion in ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is presented. The model is based on a Hartree-Fock free-energy calculation including electron-electron Coulomb energy, elastic energy, and band-electron entropy, and taking into account the partial overlap of $e(\ensuremath{\pi})$ bonding and antibonding bands. Below the transition temperature, the ${a}_{ 1}$ bonding band is taken to lie below the $e(\ensuremath{\pi})$ bonding band in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and above the Fermi level in the $e(\ensuremath{\pi})$ bonding band in ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. This difference in ordering in the model calculation is found to be determined largely by the difference in electron-electron Coulomb energy for ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, due to the difference in number of electrons per cation. The transitions in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are ascribed to the crossing of the ${a}_{ 1}$ bonding band and the $e(\ensuremath{\pi})$ bonding band as a function of temperature, due mainly to competition between electron-electron energy and band-electron entropy. The model calculation is applied to a description of the behavior of lattice parameters, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility through the transition temperature in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The effect of the substitution of impurities on the nature of the transitions is also discussed. The calculated properties of ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are found to be at best only in qualitative agreement with experiment, and in the case of the magnetic susceptibility, in serious disagreement. It is suggested that the disagreement may be in part due to the formation of singlet excitons in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. On the other hand, the model predictions are nearly quantitatively correct for many of the properties of ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The Knight shift and nuclear-spin relaxation rate of $^{51}\mathrm{V}$ in ${\mathrm{V}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are treated, and are found to agree well with experiment.
Elevated expression of CD80 (B7/BB1) and other accessory molecules on synovial fluid mononuclear cell subsets in rheumatoid arthritis.

Objective. To assess the expression of important accessory molecules such as CD80 (B7/BB1) and CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) on potential antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the synovial fluid (SF) of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. The level of expression of various accessory molecules on T cells, monocytes, and CD5+ or CD5– B cells from RA SF was compared, by multiparameter flow cytometric analysis, with the expression on peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells from the same patients and from normal controls. The functional significance of increased expression of these accessory molecules was assessed by the ability of the different cell populations to stimulate T cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Results. Monocytes, T cells, and B cells isolated from the SF of inflamed joints of patients with RA expressed significantly higher levels of CD80 and CD54 than those from the PB of RA patients or normal controls. CD11b and CD11c expression also were increased on SF B cells, while SF monocytes exhibited enhanced levels of CD40. Further, we found that the elevated CD80 and CD54 levels in RA SF cells may enhance the capacity of these cells to act as stimulatory APC. Conclusion. This is the first demonstration that specific cell subsets constitutively express increased levels of CD80 at a site of autoimmune pathology, which could potentially contribute to the initiation or maintenance of autoimmune disease.
Influence of foliar phosphorus and nitrogen contents on chemical properties of water extractable organic matter derived from fresh and decomposed sugar maple leaves

Abstract The effects of watershed-scale experimental acidification on the macronutrient content and decomposition of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh) leaves were investigated. Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) is a paired forest watershed study where the West Bear (WB) watershed has been treated bi-monthly with 1800 eq ha −1 yr −1 of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 since 1989, and the adjacent East Bear (EB) watershed has acted as a reference. Leaf samples collected from the treated WB watershed had significantly higher concentrations of N and P than leaves from the reference EB watershed. Leaves from both watersheds were decomposed for a 10-day laboratory incubation. Extractable total soluble carbon (C TS ) content of the leaves decreased following decomposition to a greater extent in WB leaves than in EB leaves. Spectroscopic and chromatographic chemical analyses indicated similar chemical properties for the fresh WB and EB WEOM. However, after decomposition, the WB WEOM was more humified as compared to EB WEOM indicating that the watershed treatment resulted in leaves which were more biodegradable than those in the reference watershed. Multi-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modeled five components: tyrosine-like, three humic substance-like, and terrestrial/anthropogenic associated-like fluorophores. Following decomposition, the relative concentrations of two of the humic-associated components increased to a significantly greater extent for WB than for EB WEOM. These observations were consistent with greater decomposition-related changes to the WEOM from WB samples relative to EB samples. Pearson correlation analysis showed that foliar N and P concentrations were positively correlated with indices of humification. Adsorption of WEOM to goethite and gibbsite was significantly greater for decomposed WB WEOM than EB WEOM. These results demonstrate that greater leaf N and P contents can increase short-term decomposition, accelerate production of more humic-like WEOM, and thereby potentially influence the distribution of organic matter within the soil carbon pool.
Pharmacodynamic model for joint exogenous and endogenous corticosteroid suppression of lymphocyte trafficking

The circadian pattern of the immune system correlates with that of circulating T-helper cells and inversely with cortisol concentrations. Corticosteroids, both endogenous and exogenous, cause lymphocyte dimunition in blood by retention of cells in the lymphatic circulation. A physiologic pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe changes in circulating lymphocytes as a function of both endogenous cortisol and methylprednisolone concentrations. The model was applied to T-helper and T-suppressor cell data collected from six asthmatic men during baseline, after single-dose, and after 6 days of 20 mg daily methylprednisolone. The model described all phases of the study well. Baseline circadian rhythm of lymphocytes was related to cortisol concentrations. Multiple-dosing of methylprednisolone caused apparent tolerance and decreased the sensitivity of lymphocytes to corticosteroids by 116% and markedly reduced endogenous cortisol concentrations. A 60% increase in circulating T-helper cells was observed which could be accounted for by dual changes in receptor sensitivity and endogenous cortisol.
Consequences of Perceiving Oneself as Responsible for Obtaining a Discount: Evidence for Smart-Shopper Feelings

The results of two studies, using different methods, converged to provide evidence for a noneconomic component to the affective consequences of a price promotion. Keeping constant the size of the discount, the consumer's perception of responsibility for obtaining a discount increased positive feelings. Perceived responsibility for a discount also increased the likelihood of behavioral consequences (repurchase and word-of-mouth communication about the product). These results are discussed in the context of better understanding the nature and implications of this noneconomic component of a price promotion's effects.
Validation of the Scale Method for Estimating Age and Growth of Bluegills

Abstract Bluegill age and growth data were obtained from 24 small farm ponds near Ithaca, New York. Criteria for annulus recognition were developed from scales of known-age bluegills which consisted of original stock in the ponds. Twelve separate criteria permitted recognition of annuli in nearly all samples. The 24 body-scale relationships estimated in the present study were compared with 18 relationships determined by 10 other authors after units of measurement had been standardized. Body-scale relationships were found to be approximately rectilinear for the key-scale area used in this study except for bluegills below 1.5 inches. The hypothesis that differences between intercepts (i.e., correction factors) were due only to chance variation was tested and rejected. From a practical standpoint, however, inaccuracies resulting from use of an average intercept were found to be negligible. Bluegills occasionally fail to form annuli near the focus or at the margin. Validity of annulus determination and back-c...
An overview of projectile-charge-state dependence of K-, L-, and M-shell ionization in thin solid targets for a variety of incident heavy ions from 0.1 to 5.7 MeV/u

Abstract This report summarizes briefly most of the experiments that have been done to study the charge state dependence of inner-shell ionization for the K-, L-, and M-shells in thin solid targets. A study of the charge state dependence under approximate single collision conditions can provide information about the electron capture (EC) contribution to inner-shell ionization. The EC process is expected to be more profound at ion velocities, v1 ≤ v2s and for Z1 ≤ Z2 where Z1 and Z2 are the atomic numbers of the projectile and the target atom, and v1 and v2s are the velocities of the projectile ion and the target inner-shell electron, respectively. Extended data from our own laboratory over a fairly large time span as well as a variety of papers in the open literature on similar studies for selected projectiles from Z1 = 5 to 17 are summarized for incident ions in the range 0.1 to 5.7 MeV/u. The data will be compared to current Coulomb ionization theories.
Cardiovascular responses to hypoxemia in sinoaortic-denervated fetal sheep.

Fetal cardiovascular response to acute hypoxemia is characterized by bradycardia, hypertension, and redistribution of cardiac output. The role of aortic and carotid chemoreceptors in mediating these responses was examined in eight sinoaortic-denervated and nine sham-operated fetal lambs. Blood gases, pH, heart rate, arterial pressure, and blood flow distribution were determined before and during hypoxemia. In intact fetuses, heart rate fell from 184 ± 12 to 165 ± 23 beats/min (p < 0.01) but increased from 184 ± 22 to 200 ± 16 beats/min (p < 0.05) in the sinoaortic-denervated fetuses. Intact fetuses showed an early hypertensive response to hypoxemia, whereas the sinoaortic-denervated fetuses developed a delayed, progressive rise in blood pressure. In both groups, fetal cardiac output and umbilical blood flow were maintained; cerebral, myocardial, and adrenal blood flow increased, and pulmonary blood flow decreased. Peripheral blood flow decreased 39% (p < 0.001) in intact fetuses but was maintained in sinoaortic-denervated fetuses. Vascular responses to hypoxia in the brain, heart, adrenal, and lungs are regulated primarily by direct local effects. During hypoxemia, peripheral chemoreceptors mediate bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction but do not appear to be crucial for immediate fetal survival. (Pediatr Res 30: 381–385, 1991)
Markets without boundaries

Abstract Western economies, and the US in particular, are experiencing a dramatic diversification and proliferation of information activities which will effect all aspects of leisure and business. Against this background, Manley Irwin considers the nature of market entry, the reasons why markets are changing so rapidly, and the implications for both public and private sectors. He concludes that the blurring of market boundaries will defuse and decentralize economies, spur competition and encourage entrepreneurial activity.
Radioscopic visualization of indium antimonide growth by the vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger technique

Abstract A new vertical Bridgman-Stockbarger furnace with the capability for real-time melt/crystal interface visualization is demonstrated. Radioscopic visualization requirements are considered in the furnace design. The semiconductor material indium antimonide (InSb) is melted and then solidified from below. Sharp contrast of the 10.3% density difference for liquid and solid InSb is obtained in a cylindrical ampoule.
Excitation of 6Li by 16O at Ecm = 18.7 MeV

Abstract Angular distributions have been measured at E cm = 18.7 MeV for the elastic scattering of 6 Li + 16 O and the excitation of the 3 + (2.18) MeV state in 6 Li. The sequential breakup cross section is about a factor of 30 smaller than the direct breakup cross section. Coupled-channels effects due to the 3 + state of 6 Li are found to have an important role in the scattering process.
Racializing Gender: Public Opinion at the Intersection

Efforts to understand the political implications of categorical prejudices—like racism and sexism—are complicated by the intersectional nature of social groups. Evaluating attitudes toward members of a single social category (e.g., African-Americans) in isolation can produce misleading conclusions, as racial cues commonly coincide with gender cues and create meaningful subgroups (McConnaughy and White 2014). The idea that different subgroups of women experience distinctive forms of discrimination is reflected in the concept of “double jeopardy.” Double jeopardy suggests that black and Hispanic women experience discrimination differently from white women or men of color because they simultaneously belong to a low-status gender group and a low-status racial/ethnic group (King 1988; Levin et al. 2002; cf. Sidanius and Veniegas 2000). As a result, women who are racial or ethnic minorities face a cumulative discrimination that extends beyond racism or sexism alone (King 1988; Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach 2008).
Development of a Plasma-Driven Railgun to Reach 7 km/s

Research in the area of plasma-armature railguns is currently underway at the Institute for Advanced Technology (IAT) as part of an Air Force multidisciplinary university research initiative (MURI). The program is aimed at investigating the possible use of an electromagnetic launcher for the rapid and affordable launch of microsatellites (~1 to 10 kg) into low earth orbit. In the experiment, the IAT is developing a plasma-driven railgun to launch low-mass projectiles of roughly 5-7 g to a velocity in excess of 7 km/s. This goal requires overcoming the problem of bore ablation, which has been linked to an observed velocity ceiling of about 6 km/s in plasma-armature launchers. Bore ablation is a direct consequence of the intense heat radiated by plasma armatures. This paper describes the consequences of excessive bore ablation, the rationale for the IAT experiment, and results obtained from the hardware that has been designed and tested so far.
Easy-to-use CAD tools for litz-wire winding optimization

Existing advanced and powerful techniques for optimizing litz-wire winding designs are complex and usually require using multiple expensive software packages. A new CAD tool has been created to make advanced litz-wire design methods available to any designer through an easy-to-use web interface. The software performs two-dimensional field simulations and returns designs optimized considering cost and loss. It is shown that simple full-bobbin designs, compared to optimized choices, can result in much higher loss with almost no cost advantage or much higher cost with almost no loss advantage, whereas the optimization results provide a full range of choices providing the lowest loss at any given cost or the lowest cost at any given loss.
Scaling for e-business

One of the challenges in designing and maintaining e-business sites is to ensure their scalability as the work-load increases. The article discusses a multi-layer reference model that can be used for capacity planning and analysis of e-business sites. It shows how to characterize the workload of e-commerce servers, taking into account customer behavior patterns. It further discusses how the various technologies used in e-commerce sites, such as authentication and payment protocols, affect their performance.
An analysis of the concept ‘patient satisfaction’ as it relates to contemporary nursing care

Patient satisfaction has become an established indicator of the quality of health care yet, despite the abundance of measurement surveys reported in the literature, there are few theoretical underpinnings for this important concept. An analysis of the concept of patient satisfaction, specifically as it relates to contemporary nursing care, provides an excellent vantage point to more closely examine this key measure of health care quality. A review of pertinent literature is presented, followed by examination of the uses of the concept in professional literature as well as more general sources. Defining attributes cited throughout the literature are identified along with the concept's antecedents and consequences. Empirical referents, definitions, and measurements are also presented. The analysis concludes with re-examination of some of the assumptions underlying patient satisfaction literature in general, and thoughts regarding the significance of patient satisfaction with nursing care in particular. Suggestions for future inquiry are offered.
Signals that can be calculated from their ambiguity function

A new lemma relates the analytic extensions of two time functions u(t) and v(t) to the Laplace transform of their ambiguity function \psi_{uv} . This lemma is used to derive necessary conditions for u and v from two bounds on the behavior of \psi_{uv} , at infinity. In particular, if the first bound is fulfilled, then u(z) and v(z) must be integral analytic functions. If both bounds are fulfilled, then u and v are each equal to \exp \{- \pi t^2 \} times a polynomial in t , and the two polynomials can be found from \psi_{uv} by comparing coefficients.
ANALYSIS OF FREE‐TIME CONTINGENCIES AS POSITIVE VERSUS NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Providing a short break contingent on completed work may increase responding through positive reinforcement (e.g., access to preferred activities) or negative reinforcement (e.g., escape form work). In this investigation, three analyses conducted with a boy with profound mental retardation showed that (a) a 20-s break increased responding more than a positive reinforcer (cola) did, and (b) the reinforcing effect of a 20-s break were affected by the availability of positive reinforcers during the break were affected by the availability of positive reinforcers during the break.
Evolutionary selection across the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily with a focus on the NR1I subfamily (vitamin D, pregnane X, and constitutive androstane receptors)

The nuclear hormone receptor (NR) superfamily complement in humans is composed of 48 genes with diverse roles in metabolic homeostasis, development, and detoxification. In general, NRs are strongly conserved between vertebrate species, and few examples of molecular adaptation (positive selection) within this superfamily have been demonstrated. Previous studies utilizing two-species comparisons reveal strong purifying (negative) selection of most NR genes, with two possible exceptions being the ligand-binding domains (LBDs) of the pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3), two proteins involved in the regulation of toxic compound metabolism and elimination. The aim of this study was to apply detailed phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood methods to the entire complement of genes in the vertebrate NR superfamily. Analyses were carried out both across all vertebrates and limited to mammals and also separately for the two major domains of NRs, the DNA-binding domain (DBD) and LBD, in addition to the full-length sequences. Additional functional data is also reported for activation of PXR and the vitamin D receptor (VDR; NR1I1) to gain further insight into the evolution of the NR1I subfamily. The NR genes appear to be subject to strong purifying selection, particularly in the DBDs. Estimates of the ratio of the non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitution rates (the ω ratio) revealed that only the PXR LBD had a sub-population of codons with an estimated ω ratio greater than 1. CAR was also unusual in showing high relative ω ratios in both the DBD and LBD, a finding that may relate to the recent appearance of the CAR gene (presumably by duplication of a pre-mammalian PXR gene) just prior to the evolution of mammals. Functional analyses of the NR1I subfamily show that human and zebrafish PXRs show similar activation by steroid hormones and early bile salts, properties not shared by sea lamprey, mouse, or human VDRs, or by Xenopus laevis PXRs. NR genes generally show strong sequence conservation and little evidence for positive selection. The main exceptions are PXR and CAR, genes that may have adapted to cross-species differences in toxic compound exposure.
A thematic analysis for how patients, prescribers, experts, and patient advocates view the prescription choice process.

Abstract Background Typically, patients are unaware of the cost consequences regarding prescribing decisions during their clinical encounter and rarely talk with their physicians about costs of prescription drugs. Prescription medications that are deemed by patients to be too costly when the costs become known after purchase are discontinued or used at suboptimal doses compared to prescription medications that are deemed to be worth the cost. Objectives To learn more about the prescription choice process from several viewpoints, the purpose of this study was to uncover and describe how patients, prescribers, experts, and patient advocates view the prescription choice process. Methods Data were collected via 9 focus group interviews held between April 24 and July 31, 2007 (3 with patients, 3 with prescribers, 2 with experts, and 1 with patient advocates). The interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. The resulting text was analyzed in a descriptive and interpretive manner. Theme extraction was based on convergence and external divergence; that is, identified themes were internally consistent but distinct from one and another. To ensure quality and credibility of analysis, multiple analysts and multiple methods were used to provide a quality check on selective perception and blind interpretive bias that could occur through a single person doing all of the analysis or through employment of a single method. Results The findings revealed 5 overall themes related to the prescription choice process: (1) information, (2) relationship, (3) patient variation, (4) practitioner variation, and (5) role expectations. The results showed that patients, prescribers, experts, and patient advocates viewed the themes within differing contexts. Conclusions It appears that the prescription choice process entails an interplay among information, relationship, patient variation, practitioner variation, and role expectations, with each viewed within different contexts by individuals engaged in such decision making.
Therapy outcome research. Threats to treatment integrity.

Integrity of treatment refers to the extent to which the intervention conditions in an experiment are implemented as intended. Therapist and subject integrity of treatment violations can influence the results of therapy outcome research. This article identifies potential integrity of treatment transgressions in behaviorally oriented research and offers guidelines to minimize potential integrity of treatment violations.
Development of a decision system to aid project managers in determining information technology project status

In the project management environment, it is critical to know how the project is performing from the viewpoint of scope, schedule, cost, and other constraints. One source reports that 70% of IT-related projects do not meet their objective [1]. This paper builds on prior efforts to develop a collaborative agent decision system that aids in recommending the status of a project using color indicators (Red, Yellow, Green) that are based on the progress and standing of the project-related constraints. Progressions in the research, such as knowledge acquisition activities conducted with subject matter experts (SME) to acquire project management domain knowledge, and efforts to incorporate fuzzy logic into the decision system, are discussed.
Sense of place in environmental education

Although environmental education research has embraced the idea of sense of place, it has rarely taken into account environmental psychology-based sense of place literature whose theory and empirical studies can enhance related studies in the education context. This article contributes to research on sense of place in environmental education from an environmental psychology perspective. We review the components of sense of place, including place attachment and place meanings. Then we explore the logic and evidence suggesting a relationship between place attachment, place meanings, pro-environmental behavior, and factors influencing sense of place. Finally, based on this literature we propose that in general environmental education can influence sense of place through a combination of direct place experiences and instruction.
Protocol-based conflict resolution for finite information horizon

Proposes a protocol-based multiple aircraft conflict resolution for a finite information horizon, in which the communication range of an aircraft is finite. A protocol for multiple aircraft conflict resolution for an infinite information horizon is presented and then this protocol is extended to a finite information horizon problem using graph theory. Communication topology among aircraft is important for the finite information horizon problem and is modeled by a graph called the communication graph. We develop a protocol for multiple-aircraft conflict resolution based on the communication graph and show the safety of the protocol. Finally, we validate our protocol through simulations with a dynamic aircraft model.
Testing superexogeneity and invariance in regression models

Abstract This paper introduces tests of superexogeneity and invariance. Under the null hypothesis the conditional model exhibits parameter constancy, while under the alternative shifts in the process of the independent variables induces shifts in the conditional model. The test is sensitive to particular types of parameter nonconstancy, especially with changing variances and covariances. We relate the test to rational expectations models and the Lucas critique. An empirical example of money demand finds prices and interest rates superexogenous in a conditional model, but when the inflation specification changes, superexogeneity fails although standard specification tests do not.
Two-dimensional analysis of j.f.e.t. structures containing a low-conductivity substrate

It is shown that j.f.e.t. structures containing a semiconductor substrate can sometimes exhibit a substantially lower saturation resistance than structures containing an ideally insulating substrate. This characteristic is attributed to velocity-limited carrier transport, in conjunction with the spreading of majority carriers into the semiconductor-substrate material.
Glucose trimming and reglucosylation determine glycoprotein association with calnexin in the endoplasmic reticulum

To determine the role of N-linked oligosaccharides in the folding of glycoproteins, we analyzed the processing of in vitro translated influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in dog pancreas microsomes. We found that binding to calnexin, a membrane-bound molecular chaperone, was specific to molecules that possessed monoglucosylated core glycans. In the microsomes, these were generated either by glucose removal from the original triglucosylated core oligosaccharide by glucosidases I and II or by reglucosylation of already unglucosylated high mannose glycans. Release of fully folded HA from calnexin required the removal of the remaining glucose by glucosidase II. The results provided an explanation for trimming and reglucosylation activities in the endoplasmic reticulum and established a direct correlation between glycosylation and folding.
Egoism or the problem of evil: a dilemma for sceptical theism

Sceptical theists undermine the argument from evil by claiming that our ability to distinguish between justified and unjustified evil is weak enough that we must take seriously the possibility that all evil is justified. However, I argue that this claim leads to a dilemma: either our judgements regarding unjustified evil are reliable enough that the problem of evil remains a problem, or our judgements regarding unjustified evil are so unreliable that it would be misguided to use them in our decision-making. The first horn undermines theism, while the second undermines our moral decision-making. Thus, sceptical theism is problematic.
Evaluation of water quality using acceptance sampling by variables

SUMMARY Under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act, states must identify water segments where loads of. pollutants are violating numeric water quality standards. Consequences of misidentification are quite important. A decision that water quality is impaired initiates the total maximum daily load or TMDL planning requirement. Falsely concludin~ that a water segment is impaired results in unnecessary TMDL plannine and oollution control i~n~lemeniation costs. On the other hand. hlscly concluding that a ,&ment is not inlp~~rcd m.8~ pose a nrk to human health or to the sen ices of the aquatic environment. Becausc of the cunsequencc,, a method 1s dc,ired that minimizes or controls the error rates. The most commonlv applied aooroach is to use the Environmental
Stressors, Social Support, Religious Practice, and General Well-Being among Korean Adult Immigrants

Through this cross-sectional study the authors explore how stressors, social support, and religious practice are associated with the general well-being of 147 Korean adult immigrants through interviews. Hierarchical regression analysis reveals that low English proficiency and financial hardship are significantly related to low general well-being. However, high social support and religious practice are significantly associated with high general well-being. Social service and health care providers need to carefully assess stressors, social support systems, and spiritual issues for providing appropriate services/programs for English, culture, or social activities as well as spiritual intervention to maximize the strengths of Korean immigrants coping with health issues.
Wireless integrated microsystems: Wearable and implantable devices for improved health care

Integrated sensors based on microelectronic technology were first developed in the late 60s for medical applications. Today they have evolved into wireless integrated microsystems (WIMS), combining micropower circuits, wireless interfaces, hermetic packaging, embedded power sources, and MEMS. Such devices are poised to provide important breakthroughs in health care. This paper traces the development of medical microsystems by looking at three of its earliest devices. Catheter-tip pressure sensors have evolved into smart stents and wireless intraocular monitors; wristwatch-size gas chromatography systems are emerging for the rapid identification of biomarkers for in breath; and neural interfaces are permitting revolutionary advances in neuroscience and in prostheses for deafness, blindness, epilepsy, paralysis, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders. The present status and remaining challenges in such devices will be described.
The Impacted Third Molar: Referral Patterns, Patient Compliance, and Surgical Requirements

TJL he problem of the impacted third molar continues to present many unan­ swered questions. A conference was held to discuss ind ications and contra­ indications for surgery and whether prophylactic third molar exodontia con­ stitutes “a valid preventive measure.”1 Laskin2 observed that the conference raised a number of excellent questions. He suggested that the collection of clini­ cal data from private practices may pro­ vide documentation in a variety of areas “to assure that we make every effort to constantly improve the care of our pa­ tients, and that we are able to respond positively to questions that may be raised by insurance carriers and governmental agencies. . . . ” Statistics are available about incidence, symptomatology, and indications for and efficacy of various surgical procedures and com plica­ tions.3'5 However, the lack of data about referral patterns, patient compliance, and the ultimate surgical fate of symptomatic and asymptomatic impactions prompted this investigation.
Nonlinear Stress-Strain Behavior Due to Damage Accumulation in Cortical Bone

The nonlinear mechanical behavior of bone under high or repeated loading has long been recognized to involve the accumulation of internal damage at one or more levels of its heirarchical structure. However, models describing the mechanical behavior have typically been along the lines of traditional engineering mechanics of materials. With the recent developments in continuum damage mechanics, the potential for more realistically modeling the nonlinear behavior as a damage accumulation process has begun to be explored. These models provide the potential to describe the evolution of the mechanical properties and more accurately predict the failure of bone under general loading. In addition, they may provide a framework for modeling the relationship between mechanical loading history and biological repair processes.
On the convergence of optimal linear combination procedures

An algorithm for describing optimal linear combinations in the feature selection process is considered. Various proofs are presented.
A quasi-experimental trial on individualized, developmentally supportive family-centered care.

Objective To evaluate the impact of individualized, developmentally supportive family-centered care on infant physiological variables, growth, behavioral stress cues, return to sleep state, medical and developmental progress, complications, resource utilization, parental perception of the neonatal intensive-care unit experience, and overall parental satisfaction. Design Quasi-experimental, repeated measures design. Setting Developmental and a control nursery in a 78-bed, level II/III neonatal intensive-care unit. Participants A convenience sample of 114 premature infants and their parents. Interventions Control group infants received the routine neonatal intensive-care unit standard of care. Experimental infants received routine care plus the addition of individualized, developmentally supportive family-centered interventions. Main Outcome measures Between groups, there were no statistically significant differences in demographic factors, days to medical or developmental milestones, length of stay, or direct cost/case. Repeated measures analysis of variance determined that at every point of data collection, the average number of baseline, activity, and postactivity stress cues were lower in the developmentally supportive group. Infants in the developmental group had 8% less sedatives/narcotics and 15% less vasopressors costs than the control group. There were no differences in complication rates, parental perceptions of the neonatal intensive-care unit experience, or parental satisfaction between groups. Conclusions Preterm infants who received developmentally supportive family-centered care demonstrated fewer behavioral stress cues and comparable short-term outcomes and resource utilization than infants who received routine care. JOGNN , 35, 105-115; 2006. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552-6909.2006.00002.x
If an organization has a memory will it need a therapist

While it generally asserted that a goal of organizational memories is to improve performance, the potential for creation of organizational pathologies and neuroses can not be overlooked. This paper adapts a model of individual beliefs to suggest how beliefs may create and sustain self-defeating organizational outcomes. It is significant that these beliefs may be used effectively, but problems arise when organizations, in times of stress, use automatic memory retrieval processes to guide actions based on multiple, extreme or disturbed beliefs. The model is illustrated by reviewing the current circumstance of three well-known businesses encountering difficulty. Avoiding these consequences requires exposing and labeling beliefs to aid the process of crafting remedies. In addition to self-help and consulting interventions, individuals and organizations may need the assistance of mental health professions if the dysfunctions are severe.
Addressing a Theoretical Problem by Reorienting the Corporate Social Performance Model

This article identifies two major theoretical orientations in the business and society field. The corporate social performance (CSP) model illustrates their lack of integration and the problems posed for theory development. The model is reoriented so that it can be used to explore a synthesis of the two perspectives based on reframed principles of corporate social responsibility, processes of corporate social responsiveness, and outcomes of corporate behavior.