cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue-specific differences in cultured human diploid fibroblasts

Summary Examination of skin and lung fibroblasts derived from the same human fetuses revealed significant in vitro differences. Fetal lung cultures had faster cell replication rates, greater [ 3 H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, higher cell numbers at confluency, smaller cell volumes, decreased cellular RNA and protein contents and lengthened in vitro life spans when compared with fetal skin cultures. In addition, these cell cultures had different responses to the addition of hydrocortisone to culture media. These findings indicate that, despite their morphological similarities, fibroblasts derived from diverse tissues may manifest significant differences in their behavior in tissue culture.
Application of a multivariable adaptive control strategy to automotive air conditioning systems

This paper presents the application of a multivariable adaptive control strategy to a typical automotive air conditioning system. An experimentally validated physical model for the air conditioning (a/c) cycle is first presented and is subsequently used to choose a relevant model structure for indirect adaptive control. Recursive identification of this model structure is carried out using a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) parameter estimation algorithm to obtain an equivalent discrete-time state space model of the a/c system. Linear quadratic regulator (LQR) design is implemented on the estimated model with the objectives of reference tracking and disturbance rejection. Simulation studies are presented to evaluate the advantages of using the electronic expansion valve and the air flow rate over the evaporator to control the efficiency and the capacity of a general automotive a/c unit using this adaptive control approach. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the MIMO controller and motivate further research in this area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Pedagogy of (In)Visibility Two Accounts of Teaching About Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

As teachers who use both our theoretical (academic) and practical (empirical) knowledge to entice our students to peer outside of the seemingly clear-cut boxes of the two-and-only-two dichotomies of sex, gender, and sexuality, we attempt to problematize not only sexuality categories but also gender categories (specifically, the category “woman”). While “coming out” complicates heterosexuality, it does little to question how non-normative sexual identities continue to be rendered and re-negotiated once sexual identity claims are made or are perceived to have been made. Moreover, as teachers concerned with gendered identities, we find it imperative in both our classroom and other academic settings to make the connection between gendered identities and sexual(ized) identities. For example, if a feminine woman who is married to a man comes out as bisexual, she may disrupt students' assumptions about the lives of bisexual people. The pedagogical effects of such a performance of bisexuality are clear: students ...
Roton Fermi liquid: A metallic phase of two-dimensional electrons

We introduce and analyze a metallic phase of two-dimensional $(2\mathrm{D})$ electrons, the roton Fermi liquid (RFL), which, in contrast to the Landau--Fermi liquid, supports both gapless fermionic and bosonic quasiparticle excitations. The RFL is accessed using a reformulation of $2\mathrm{D}$ electrons consisting of fermionic quasiparticles and $hc∕2e$ vortices interacting with a mutual long-ranged statistical interaction. In the presence of a strong vortex-antivortex (i.e., roton) hopping term, the RFL phase emerges as an exotic yet eminently tractable quantum ground state. The RFL phase exhibits a ``Bose surface'' of gapless roton excitations describing transverse current fluctuations, has off-diagonal quasi-long-ranged order at zero temperature $(T=0)$, but is not superconducting, having zero superfluid density and no Meissner effect. The electrical resistance vanishes as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ with a power of temperature (and frequency), $R(T)\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$ (with $\ensuremath{\gamma}g1$), independent of the impurity concentration. The RFL phase also has a full Fermi surface of quasiparticle excitations just as in a Landau--Fermi liquid. Electrons can, however, scatter anomalously from rotonic ``current fluctuations'' and ``superconducting fluctuations.'' Current fluctuations induced by the gapless rotons scatter anomalously only at ``hot spots'' on the Fermi surface (with tangents parallel to the crystalline axes), while superconducting fluctuations give rise to an anomalous lifetime over the entire Fermi surface except near the (incipient) nodal points (``cold spots''). Fermionic quasiparticles dominate the Hall electrical transport. We also find three dominant instabilities of the RFL phase: an instability to a conventional Fermi-liquid phase driven by vortex condensation, a BCS-type instability toward fermion pairing, and a (nonpairing) superconducting instability. Precisely at the instability into the Fermi-liquid state, the exponent $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ saturates the bound, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1$, so that $R(T)\ensuremath{\sim}T$. Upon entering the superconducting state the rotons are gapped out, and the anomalous quasiparticle scattering is strongly suppressed. We discuss how the RFL phase might underlie the strange metallic state of the cuprates near optimal doping, and outline a phenomenological picture to accommodate the underdoped pseudogap regime and the overdoped Landau--Fermi-liquid phase.
A computerized management recording and retrieval system for dairy research.

Abstract A computerized dairy research management system was developed to maximize efficient use of dairy research resources. The system accesses databases containing herd and experimental information to manage experimental protocols. Herd records are queried daily to determine if management of experimental animals is required. Animal records with similar requirements are grouped, and a recording form is printed. Data collected are input into permanent database files, and subsequently summarized in a file consistent with appropriate experimental design. The system maintains current herd information, produces management reports, projects animal performance, organizes experimental protocols, and performs preliminary statistical operations.
Layer critical points of multilayer ethane adsorbed on graphite

The physisorption system ethane on graphite was investigated by an ellipsometric technique. We report layer condensation critical temperatures for layers 2--9. ${T}_{c}$(2) is 120.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3 K, somewhat lower than previously reported. ${T}_{c}$(n) decreases with increasing layer number n until for n=8 and 9 the extrapolated critical temperatures are below the bulk melting point (90.3 K), where these layers have been preempted by bulk solid. The coefficient of the compressibility above ${T}_{c}$ increases strongly with n. This phenomenon is not predicted in a theory based on the two-dimensional Ising model, and probably reflects the importance of a second interaction parameter related to the substrate holding potential.
Design of Online Runtime and Testing Environment for Instant Java Programming Assessment

In this paper we present an innovative online instant assessment system for interactive teaching and student’s active and collaborative learning introductory Java programming in CS1. This system is designed to facilitate the interaction between the instructor and students, the collaboration between students, and enhance the student’s “learning by doing” active learning model for the CS1 introductory programming course. This novel Java online virtual server engine provides not only a timely controlled environment for the synchronous delivery of interactive teaching and learning modules with instant assessment of student progress in classroom but it also provides a asynchronous off class self-study supplemental environment for student independent learning.
Accurate permeability characterization of preforms used in polymer matrix composite fabrication processes

The permeabilities of fabrics composed of carbon and glass fibers have been determined by utilizing both simple 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional radial flow measurements using silicone oil and motor oil as permeants. The carbon fabric is typical of that used in fabrication of aerospace grade polymer matrix composites, while the glass fabric is a 3-dimensional woven fabric that has been proposed as a standard reference material for permeability characterization. Our results indicate that reliable permeability data for fiber preforms with varying architectural complexity can be obtained provided that the experiments are performed with utmost care and that appropriate equations are used to analyze the data. In-plane permeabilities for the carbon fiber preforms from transient unidirectional constant flow rate and constant pressure experiments agreed within 5%, regardless of the preform orientation to the flow direction. Steady-state results on the same preforms showed agreement within 2% between constant flow rate and constant pressure experiments. The capillary pressure effect was shown to be negligible for the transient experiments. The maximum difference between the transient and steady state permeability values was 3%. The maximum difference between a permeability measured with unidirectional flow and the same permeability measured with radial flow is less than 10%.
Quantitation of P-Aminohippuric Acid and N-Acetyl-P-Aminohippuric Acid from Blood by HPLC

Abstract P-aminohippuric acid, N-acetyl-p-aminohippuric acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid can be separated by a reverse-phase, isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure in less than 4 minutes. The eluent is 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 3.5, containing 30% methanol. Detection is by absorbance at 270 nm; quantitation is accomplished by peak height. Linear response was obtained from 3 to 1600 nmoles of each compound in aqueous standards and in blood deproteinized with perchloric acid.
Achieving superlubricity in DLC films by controlling bulk, surface, and tribochemistry

Superlubricity refers to a sliding regime in which contacting surfaces move over one another without generating much adhesion or friction [1]. From a practical application point of view, this will be the most ideal tribological situation for many moving mechanical systems mainly because friction consumes large amounts of energy and causes greenhouse gas emissions [2]. Superlubric sliding can also improve performance and durability of these systems. In this paper, we attempt to provide an overview of how controlled or targeted bulk, surface, or tribochemistry can lead to superlubricity in diamond-like carbon (DLC) films. Specifically, we show that how providing hydrogen into bulk and near surface regions as well as to sliding contact interfaces of DLC films can lead to super-low friction and wear. Incorporation of hydrogen into bulk DLC or near surface regions can be done during deposition or through hydrogen plasma treatment after the deposition. Hydrogen can also be fed into the sliding contact interfaces of DLCs during tribological testing to reduce friction. Due to favorable tribochemical interactions, these interfaces become very rich in hydrogen and thus provide super-low friction after a brief run-in period. Regardless of the method used, when sliding surfaces of DLC films are enriched in hydrogen, they then provide some of the lowest friction coefficients (i.e., down to 0.001). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) is used to gather evidence on the extent and nature of tribochemical interactions with hydrogen. Based on the tribological and surface analytical findings, we provide a mechanistic model for the critical role of hydrogen on superlubricity of DLC films.
Image-Based Simulation of Gaseous Material

We present a method for real-time image based simulation of gaseous material such as fire and smoke. We model the kinematics of these phenomena by a mass-spring system, and their turbulant visual dynamics by texture sequencing with variable speeds and transparencies that depend on the speed of the vaporized fuel. The approach allows for incorporating external forces such as the gravity, and the wind force for added realism. Also, a specific characteristic of our method is that any object inserted in a flame or inside smoke can be modeled simply as an external force in the mass-spring system, making real-time interactions with these phenomena easy to integrate. While the approach maintains an extremely low computational cost, these flexibilities increase the realism of our simulation by allowing for real-time control and the interactivity, which is a highly desirable requirement in applications such as augmented reality.
Confirmation and method development for dechlorinated atrazine from reductive dehalogenation of atrazine with Fe0

Abstract Batch aqueous experiments using fine-grained (100 mesh) zero-valent iron (Fe 0 ) as an electron donor resulted in reductive dechlorination of atrazine (ATR, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine). A mass loss of atrazine and degradates determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis indicated the presence of an unidentified degradation product. This degradate was identified as dechlorinated atrazine (DCA, 2-ethylamino-4-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) and GC/MS analyses. Identification of this compound initiated the development of analytical methods using HPLC, GC/MS, and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) to simultaneously quantify DCA and ATR. Coefficients of determination ( r 2 ) for method calibration curves and method detection limits (MDL) for DCA were 0.999 and 0.15 ng/ml; 0.997 and 6.2 ng/ml; and 0.999 and 0.15 ng/ml for HPLC, GC/MS, and HPLC/MS, respectively. Recovery and standard deviation for DCA at the MDL concentration for each method were 98.0±2.5; 130±3.9; and 110±5.6 for HPLC, GC/MS, and HPLC/MS, respectively.
Exploring techniques for rationale extraction from existing documents

The rationale for a software system captures the designers' and developers' intent behind the decisions made during its development. This information has many potential uses but is typically not captured explicitly. This paper describes an initial investigation into the use of text mining and parsing techniques for identifying rationale from existing documents. Initial results indicate that the use of linguistic features results in better precision but significantly lower recall than using text mining.
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Schizophrenia

Individuals with schizophrenia experience a range of cognitive deficits and associated dysfunctions in the neural systems that support cognitive processes. This chapter reviews the literature on disturbances in working memory, executive control, and episodic memory in schizophrenia. Advances in basic cognitive neuroscience are described to help explain the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia. For working memory in schizophrenia, evidence is reviewed regarding deficits in the verbal (phonological loop) and nonverbal (visual-spatial scratch pad) buffer systems as well as in the central executive function. In the domain of episodic memory, evidence is reviewed for deficits in recollection versus familiarity processes in episodic memory. Also discussed are conceptual issues and potential confounds relevant to understanding the cognitive neuroscience of schizophrenia, including the role that cognitive deficits play in the developmental course of schizophrenia, relationships to specific symptom domains, beh...
From Memory to Mastery: Accounting for Control in America, 1750--1880

From Memory to Mastery explores the development of commercial numeracy and accounting in America and the English-speaking Atlantic world between 1750 and 1880. Most histories of accounting begin in the factories of England and New England, largely ignoring slave economies. I analyze both traditional sites of innovation, including textile mills and iron forges, and also southern and West Indian plantations. Along several dimensions, the calculative practices of slave owners advanced ahead of northern merchants and manufacturers, and many recorded and analyzed the productivity of their human capital with cruel precision. Following threads from Jamaica and Barbados to the American South, I show how plantation power relations stimulated the development of new accounting practices. The control of planters over their slaves made data easier to collect and more profitable to use. Commercial recordkeeping also expanded in free factories, but in different ways than on southern plantations. The mobility of labor made accounting necessary for keeping track of wages but relatively futile for detailed productivity analysis.
Three-component model of hadron-nucleus multiparticle production

A phenomenological model of hadron-nucleus interactions is proposed which includes particle contributions from three sources: target-nucleon fragmentation, projectile fragmentation, and central-region "pionization." The model is consistent with the energy-independent features of angular distributions and average charged-particle multiplicities. $R=\frac{〈{n}_{s}〉}{〈{n}_{\mathrm{H}}〉}$ (where ${n}_{s}$ is the minimum-ionizing multiplicity on nuclei and ${n}_{\mathrm{H}}$ is the multiplicity at equal energy on hydrogen) is energy dependent and asymptotically proportional to $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$, the average number of collisions in the target nucleus. We conclude that, in $p\ensuremath{-}p$ interactions, target and projectile fragmentation each account for 1.5 charged particles independent of primary energy, so that the energy dependence of $〈{n}_{\mathrm{H}}〉$ resides solely in the central-region contribution.
Markov chain analysis of genetic algorithms applied to fitness functions perturbed concurrently by additive and multiplicative noise

We analyze the transition and convergence properties of genetic algorithms (GAs) applied to fitness functions perturbed concurrently by additive and multiplicative noise. Both additive noise and multiplicative noise are assumed to take on finitely many values. We explicitly construct a Markov chain that models the evolution of GAs in this noisy environment and analyze it to investigate the algorithms. Our analysis shows that this Markov chain is indecomposable; it has only one positive recurrent communication class. Using this property, we establish a condition that is both necessary and sufficient for GAs to eventually (i.e., as the number of iterations goes to infinity) find a globally optimal solution with probability 1. Similarly, we identify a condition that is both necessary and sufficient for the algorithms to eventually with probability 1 fail to find any globally optimal solution. Our analysis also shows that the chain has a stationary distribution that is also its steady-state distribution. Based on this property and the transition probabilities of the chain, we compute the exact probability that a GA is guaranteed to select a globally optimal solution upon completion of each iteration.
Association Between Physical Environment of Secondary Schools and Student Problem Behavior: A National Study, 2000-2003

This article examines various aspects of school physical characteristics relating to problem behavior among students. We hypothesize that an attractive physical environment will be associated with less truancy, cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use, whereas a negative physical environment will be associated with higher levels of these behaviors. Analyses use data from nationally representative samples of 8th-, 10th-, and 12th-grade students who participated in annual surveys conducted by the Monitoring the Future project from 2000 to 2003. Analyses also use data collected from principals and field interviewers of the same schools. Results based on multilevel logistic and linear regressions indicate that students are sensitive to schools' ambience and that the association of various aspects of the school's physical environment with students' problem behaviors is greater for 10th-grade students than for 8th and 12th-grade students. The implications of these findings for school policies and practices are dis...
Geochemical sequestration reactions within the Lamotte Sandstone at five different locations in Missouri

Geochemical reactions that may occur on CO2 injection into a sandstone formation in Missouri (MO) were investigated by means of geochemical modeling. Five possible injection sites were considered: two in the northwestern part of the state, two in the northeastearn part, and one in the southwestern part. The Geochemist Workbench software was used to investigate solubility trapping and mineral precipitation. Modeling was performed for two periods: an injection period of 10 yr and a postinjection period where the reactions proceeded to equilibrium. The work presented substantial challenges. Among them are uncertainty in kinetic constants for the dissolution and precipitation of minerals on CO2 injection. Model results include equilibrium values for CO2 stored via solubility trapping ranging from 49-g CO2/kg free formation water in Northeast MO to 78-g CO2/kg free formation water for Southwest MO. Mineral trapping is significantly lower, between 2.6- and 18.4-g CO2/kg free formation water. The model shows siderite and dawsonite as the major carbonate minerals formed, in this order. On a volumetric basis, northwest MO sequestration values were slightly greater than those obtained for northeast MO because of the somewhat greater depth and higher injection pressure at the injection target (Lamotte Sandstone) at the northwestern sites. However, the greater thickness of the aquifer for the northeastern sites provided overall greater sequestration capacity. Greene County was altogether unfit for sequestration because of the low total dissolved solids value of the formation water.
LAGRANGIAN INVESTIGATIONS OF TURBULENCE

▪ Abstract A Lagrangian description of turbulence has unique physical advantages that are especially important in studies of mixing and dispersion. We focus on fundamental aspects, using mainly data from direct numerical simulations capable of great detail and precision when specific accuracy requirements are met. Differences between time evolution in Eulerian and Lagrangian frames illustrate the dominance of advective transport. We examine basic results in Kolmogorov similarity, giving an estimate of an inertial-range universal constant and the grid resolution and Reynolds number needed to attain the requisite scaling range of time lags. The Lagrangian statistics of passive scalars are discussed in view of current efforts in model development, with differential diffusion between multiple scalars being characterized by shorter timescales. We also note the need for new data in more complex flows and in other applications where a Lagrangian viewpoint is especially useful.
Histories of Violent Victimization Among Women Who Reported Unwanted Sex in Marriages and Intimate Relationships: Findings From a Qualitative Study

This article summarizes results of semistructured telephone interviews with 41 women about experiences with various forms of violent victimization. Women who reported an incident or incidents of unwanted sex in their intimate partner relationships were recruited from a national telephone poll and interviewed about other types of victimization, such as childhood maltreatment, unwanted sex by a date or acquaintance, and nonsexual violence by a husband or partner. Results suggest that women who report unwanted sex by a husband or partner have commonly experienced various other forms of abuse in their lives. The author discusses implications of the findings for prevention of unwanted sex in intimate relationships.
Geological interpretation of a low-backscatter anomaly found on the New Jersey continental margin

Abstract An enigmatic low-backscatter, acoustic anomaly occurs on the New Jersey continental margin between Hudson and Wilmington Canyon channels. The presence of the low-backscatter anomaly, as seen with 6.5- and 12-kHz data, indicates a change in the physical properties of the seafloor or near sub-surface. Analyses of seafloor and sub-surface acoustic data with previously collected sediment cores suggest the low-backscatter feature corresponds to an outcrop of older strata uncovered by erosion and non-deposition by the Western Boundary Undercurrent (WBUC). The decrease in backscatter strength is enhanced by the presence of gas in the sub-surface sediments found in the buried Chesapeake Drift.
Reconstruction of C3 and C4 metabolism in Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 using transposon mutagenesis

The growth of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1 on C(1) compounds has been well-studied, but little is known about how this methylotroph grows on multicarbon compounds. A Tn5 transposon mutagenesis procedure was performed to identify genes involved in the growth of M. extorquens AM1 on succinate and pyruvate. Of the 15000 insertion colonies screened, 71 mutants were found that grew on methanol but either grew slowly or were unable to grow on one or both of the multicarbon substrates. For each of these mutants, the chromosomal region adjacent to the insertion site was sequenced, and 55 different genes were identified and assigned putative functions. These genes fell into a number of predicted categories, including central carbon metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, regulation, transport and non-essential housekeeping functions. This study focused on genes predicted to encode enzymes of central heterotrophic metabolism: 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase and NADH : ubiquinone oxidoreductase. In each case, the mutants showed normal growth on methanol and impaired growth on pyruvate and succinate, consistent with a role specific to heterotrophic metabolism. For the first two cases, no detectable activity of the corresponding enzyme was found in the mutant, verifying the predictions. The results of this study were used to reconstruct multicarbon metabolism of M. extorquens AM1 during growth on methanol, succinate and pyruvate.
Pipe routing-path planning (with many constraints)

An implemented system for designing pipe layouts automatically using robot path planning techniques is described. The authors introduce a new approach to pipe layout design automation in which pipe routes are treated as paths left behind by rigid objects (robots). They have implemented this approach in a basic pipe router, which is also described, and have extended this router in order to make it capable of treating a variety of other constraints which are typical of practical pipe layout design problems. These constraints relate to the process carried out in the pipes, to the design of their mechanical support, and to the constructability and the ease of operation and maintenance of the designed pipe systems. >
The Activation Function-2 Hexamer of Steroidogenic Factor-1 Is Required, but Not Sufficient for Potentiation by SRC-1

The orphan receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) plays a central role in development and differentiation of the adrenal gland and gonads. It also regulates the expression of several pivotal steroidogenic enzymes and other proteins that are essential for reproductive function. Its mechanism of target gene activation that directs these intricate processes has not been previously established. We demonstrate here that the activation function-2 (AF-2) activation hexamer (AF-2-AH) of SF-1, located within its carboxy-terminal region, is required for reporter gene activation by SF-1, as well as for SF-1-mediated induction of a steroidogenic phenotype in embryonic stem cells. We further demonstrate that SF-1’s AF-2-AH is not sufficient for gene activation, requiring an additional, proximally located domain of SF-1, positioned between residues 187–245. Correspondingly, we show that the coactivator SRC-1 potentiates the activity of SF-1 and that the interaction between SF-1 and SRC-1 requires both AF-2-AH and the p...
Determination of Microgram Quantities of Belladonna Alkaloids in Neomycin-Kaolin-Pectin Suspension

A method combining liquid—liquid extraction and column chromatography has been developed to determine microgram quantities of belladonna alkaloids in kaolin-pectin suspensions. The alkaloids are first separated from the suspension by several ethanol-ether extractions. Interfering substances, such as methylparaben and propylparaben, are eliminated by extracting the alkaloids with chloroform from a basic solution. The alkaloids are further purified by column chromatography. The chloroform extract is passed through an acid siliceous earth column, which retains the alkaloids. The column is made basic with ammonium hydroxide, and the alkaloids are eluted with chloroform. The isolated alkaloids are nitrated, then reduced to the aromatic amine, and finally diazotized and coupled with the Bratton-Marshall reagent for color formation. Recoveries of atropine sulfate added to blank kaolin-pectin suspensions ranged from 92.9 to 99A percent.
Control of Local Protein Synthesis and Initial Events in Myelination by Action Potentials

Formation of myelin, the electrical insulation on axons produced by oligodendrocytes, is controlled by complex cell-cell signaling that regulates oligodendrocyte development and myelin formation on appropriate axons. If electrical activity could stimulate myelin induction, then neurodevelopment and the speed of information transmission through circuits could be modified by neural activity. We find that release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles along axons of mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture promotes myelin induction by stimulating formation of cholesterol-rich signaling domains between oligodendrocytes and axons, and increasing local synthesis of the major protein in the myelin sheath, myelin basic protein, through Fyn kinase-dependent signaling. This axon-oligodendrocyte signaling would promote myelination of electrically active axons to regulate neural development and function according to environmental experience.
AFM study of the plastic deformation of polysynthetically‐twinned (PST) TiAI crystals in soft orientation

PST TiAl samples with a nominal composition of Ti52Al48 were deformed at room temperature with compression axis inclined to the lamellar interfaces by 45° and one of the side surface normal directions set to be 〈11〉. The deformation structures on the free surfaces of the deformed samples were investigated using Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). It was found that in-plane shear (shear in planes parallel to lamellar interfaces) is the dominant deformation mode in all γ domains and most of the deformation traces on the free surfaces are parallel to lamellar interfaces. Out-of-plane shear (shear in planes inclined to lamellar interfaces) also occurs but contributes much less to the macroscopic strain. This selective activation of deformation modes leads to a highly anisotropic deformation behavior in PST crystals with this orientation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 69:366–373, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Evidence Underlying Breathing Retraining in People With Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The efficacy of pursed-lip breathing (PLB) and diaphragmatic breathing (DB) in the rehabilitation of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. This review examines the evidence regarding the usefulness of these techniques in improving the breathing of people with stable COPD. The studies included in our review of the literature used either PLB or DB in isolation, contained a clear description of the methods, and used outcomes that were measured with what we considered to be appropriate procedures. Pursed-lip breathing slows the respiratory rate, and evidence suggests that this decreases the resistive pressure drop across the airways and, therefore, decreases airway narrowing during expiration. This decrease in airway narrowing may account for the decreased dyspnea some people experience when using this technique. Diaphragmatic breathing has negative and positive effects, but the latter appear to be caused by simply slowing the respiratory rate. Evidence supports the use of PLB, but not DB, for improving the breathing of people with COPD.
On the Compatibility of Terror Management Theory and Perspectives on Human Evolution

Terror management theory (TMT) posits that the uniquely human awareness of death gives rise to a potential for debilitating terror, which is averted by the construction and maintenance of cultural ...
XFELs open a new era in structural chemical biology.

X-ray crystallography, the workhorse of structural biology, has been revolutionized by the advent of serial femtosecond crystallography using X-ray free electron lasers. Here, the fast pace and history of discoveries are discussed together with current challenges and the method's great potential to make new structural discoveries, such as the ability to generate molecular movies of biomolecules at work.
Crystal structure of a mononuclear RuII complex with a back-to-back terpyridine ligand: [RuCl(bpy)(tpy–tpy)]+

We report the structural characterization of [6′,6′′-bis­(pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′:4′,4′′:2′′,2′′′-quaterpyridine](2,2′-bi­pyridine)­chlorido­ruthenium(II) hexa­fluorido­phosphate, [RuCl(C10H8N2)(C30H20N6)]PF6, which contains the bidentate ligand 2,2′-bi­pyridine (bpy) and the tridendate ligand 6′,6′′-bis­(pyridin-2-yl)-2,2′:4′,4′′:2′′,2′′′-quaterpyridine (tpy–tpy). The [RuCl(bpy)(tpy–tpy)]+ monocation has a distorted octa­hedral geometry at the central RuII ion due to the restricted bite angle [159.32 (16)°] of the tridendate ligand. The Ru-bound tpy and bpy moieties are nearly planar and essentially perpendicular to each other with a dihedral angle of 89.78 (11)° between the least-squares planes. The lengths of the two Ru—N bonds for bpy are 2.028 (4) and 2.075 (4) A, with the shorter bond being opposite to Ru—Cl. For tpy–tpy, the mean Ru—N distance involving the outer N atoms trans to each other is 2.053 (8) A, whereas the length of the much shorter bond involving the central N atom is 1.936 (4) A. The Ru—Cl distance is 2.3982 (16) A. The free uncoordinated moiety of tpy–tpy adopts a trans,trans conformation about the inter­annular C—C bonds, with adjacent pyridyl rings being only approximately coplanar. The crystal packing shows significant π–π stacking inter­actions based on tpy–tpy. The crystal structure reported here is the first for a tpy–tpy complex of ruthenium.
Mentoring the Next Generation of Faculty: Supporting Academic Career Aspirations Among Doctoral Students

We know little about the role of faculty mentoring in the development of interest in pursuing an academic career among doctoral students. Drawing on Social Cognitive Career Theory, this study examined the relationships between different kinds of mentoring (instrumental, psychosocial, and sponsorship) and academic career self-efficacy, interests, and goals. Analyses controlled for race, gender, field, and candidacy status. Psychosocial and instrumental mentoring predicted feelings of self-efficacy in one’s ability to pursue an academic career, and exerted significant indirect effects through that self-efficacy, on students’ interest in such a career. Race-gender comparisons indicated that sponsorship was not an important predictor for non-URM men, in contrast to the other groups.
Improving Regulatory Impact Analysis Through Process Reform: Testimony Before the U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee

Scholarly research demonstrates that Regulatory Impact Analysis often falls short of the standards articulated in executive orders and Office of Management and Budget guidance. More often than not, agencies do not appear to use the Regulatory Impact Analysis to inform major decisions. Regulatory Impact Analyses often seem to be advocacy documents written to justify decisions that were already made, rather than information that helped regulators figure out what to do. Further improvement in the quality and use of Regulatory Impact Analysis will likely occur only as a result of legislative reform of the regulatory process. To achieve improvement, all agencies should be required to conduct thorough and objective Regulatory Impact Analysis for major regulations and to explain how the results of the analysis informed their decisions.
Efficient CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene disruption in primary erythroid progenitor cells

The study of isolated primary progenitor cells offers great insight into developmental biology and human disease. In particular, ex vivo culture of isolated primary erythroid progenitor cells replicates the differentiation events that occur during in vivo erythropoiesis. Herein we report a high-
High Lift Airfoil Leading Edge Separation Control with Nanosecond Pulse Driven DBD Plasma Actuators

The efficacy of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasmas driven by repetitive nanosecond (NS) pulses for flow separation control is investigated experimentally on an airfoil leading edge up to Re=1x10 (62 m/s). The NS pulse driven DBD plasma actuator (NSDBD hereafter) transfers very little momentum to the neutral air, but generates compression waves similar to localized arc filament plasma actuators. Experimental results indicate that NS-DBD plasma performs as an active trip at pre-stall angles of attack and provides high amplitude perturbations that manipulate flow instabilities and generate coherent spanwise vortices at post-stall angles. These coherent structures entrain freestream momentum thereby reattaching the normally separated flow to the suction surface of the airfoil. Such devices which are believed to function through thermal effects could result in a significant improvement over AC-DBD plasmas that rely on momentum addition which limits their performance at high speeds.
Ultraviolet reflectance of color patches in male Sceloporus undulatus and Anolis carolinensis

toads of the Western Ghats, India. Part I. Cobra 27: 1-25. . 1997b. A field guide to the frogs and toads of the Western Ghats, India. Part II. Cobra 28:1-24. . 1997c. A field guide to the frogs and toads of the Western Ghats, India. Part III. Cobra 29:113. DE SA, R. 0., R. WASSERSUG, AND A. I. KEHR. 1997. Description of tadpoles of three species of Scinax (Anura: Hylidae). Herpetol. J. 7:13-17. DUELLMAN, W. E., AND L. TRUEB. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. McGraw-Hill, New York. GOSNER, K. L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae, with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183-190. HIRAGOND, N. C., AND S. K. SAIDAPUR. 1999. Description of tadpole of Rana temporalis from South India. Curr. Sci. 76:442-444. JENNINGS, R. D., AND N. J. SCOTr JR. 1993. Ecologically correlated morphological variation in tadpoles of the leopard frog, Rana chiricahuensis. J. Herpetol. 27:285-293. KAISER, H., AND R. ALTIG. 1994. The atypical tadpole of the dendrobatid frog, Colostethus chalcopis, from Martinique, French Antilles. J. Herpetol. 28:374378. LAVILLA, E. O., R. 0. DE SA, AND I. DE LA RIVA. 1997. Description of the tadpole of Atelopus tricolor. J. Herpetol. 31:121-124. ORTON, G. L. 1953. The systematics of vertebrate larvae. Syst. Zool. 2:63-75. RAO, C. R. N. 1914. Larva of Rana curtipes. Boul. Rec. Ind. Mus. 10:256. SANTOS, C. S., A. C. R. ALVES, AND S. P. DE CARVALHO E SILVA. 1998. Description of the tadpoles of Hyla giesleri and Hyla microps from southeastern Brazil. J. Herpetol. 32:61-66. SEKAR, A. G. 1990. Notes on morphometry, ecology, behaviour and food of tadpoles of Rana curtipes Jerdon, 1853. J. Bom. Nat. Hist. Soc. 87:312-313.
Spatio-temporal Scaling of Vegetation Growth and Soil Formation from Percolation Theory

Critical path analysis (CPA) is suited to calculating the hydraulic conductivity, K , of heterogeneous porous media by quantifying the paths of least resistance. Whenever CPA can be used to calculate K , advective transport scaling relationships from percolation theory should describe solute transport. Two solute transport relationships were applied to predict soil development and edaphic constraints on natural vegetation growth. These results used known exponents from percolation theory and known subsurface flow velocities. The typical flow velocity itself constrains the optimal growth rates of cultivars. The percolation scaling relationship constraining vegetation growth was shown to be in accord with data across time scales from hours to 100,000 yr, including more than a dozen studies (and two models) of tree growth. The scaling function for soil development explains time scales for the formation of soils from years to hundreds of millions of years. Data on soil development came from 23 different studies. The key unification is the common origin of the time and space coordinates for all three relationships in the transport time through a single pore of roughly micrometer size at a typical subsurface pore-scale flow velocity. The distinction in evolving time scales is primarily a result of the hierarchical nature of vascular plant root systems, which speed up nutrient access relative to physical transport rates in the soil. The results help explain reductions in forest productivity with age, diminishing soil production with time, and the temporal distinction between chemical and biological processes in soils and their relevance to the global C cycle.
Breast ultrasounography's and Mo-target mammography's application in the diagnosis of breast disease

Objective To discuss breast ultrasounography's and Mo-target mammography's clinical application value in the diagnosis of breast disease.Methods Choosing 128 cases of those female breast disease patients who have been treated in the author's hospital from 2009 to 2011 as study objectives,proceeded breast ultrasounography test and Mo-target mammography inspection for all of them.Results Among these 128 cases of patients,119 of them have been checked out with breast disease,the accurate rate reached 92.97%,it was obviously higher than use ultrasound(83.59%) and mammography(85.15%)alone,the difference was significant,and it has statistics meaning.Conclusion Both ultrasound and Mo-target mammography have important clinical application value in the diagnosis of breast disease,but combined ultrasound's inspection result with Mo-target mammography's result can improve diagnosis accurate rate significantly,so we suggest that combined these two to diagnose breast disease in order to improve breast disease's detection rate and reduce its missed diagnosis rate.
NEW EXPLANATIONS OF THE NECESSITY OF THE MENTION OF GREEK CULTURE IN SPEECHES

The necessity of the mention of Greek culture in speeches used by Mao Ze dong was to criticize the dogmatism in the Party.While in the extremely leftist period,the term was used to refer to the worshipping and having blind faith in foreign things.Nowadays,we use it to refer to worshipping the Western culture including the advanced culture of ancient Greece.As a historical and cultural phenomenon,the worship is long standing,wide spread and inevitable.This article illustrates why the ancient Greek culture is a must in speeches,going into how to deal with the foreign culture correctly.
Integrin alpha9beta1: Unique signaling pathways reveal diverse biological roles.

Integrins are transmembrane heterodimeric receptors responsible for transducing and modulating signals between the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton, ultimately influencing cell functions such as adhesion and migration. Integrin α9β1 is classified within a two member sub-family of integrins highlighted in part by its specialized role in cell migration. The importance of this role is demonstrated by its regulation of numerous biological functions including lymphatic valve morphogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, angiogenesis and hematopoietic homeostasis. Compared to other integrins the signaling mechanisms that transduce α9β1-induced cell migration are not well described. We have recently shown that Src tyrosine kinase plays a key proximal role to control α9β1 signaling. Specifically it activates inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and in turn nitric oxide (NO) production as a means to transduce cell migration. Furthermore, we have also described a role for FAK, Erk and Rac1 in α9β1 signal transduction. H...
The contribution of culture to Korean American women's cervical cancer screening behavior: the critical role of prevention orientation.

BACKGROUND Despite the proven benefits of Pap testing, Korean American women have one of the lowest cervical cancer screening rates in the United States. This study examined how cultural factors are associated with Pap test utilization among Korean American women participants. METHODS Quota sampling was used to recruit 202 Korean American women participants residing in New York City. Hierarchical logistic regression was used to assess the association of cultural variables with Pap test receipt. RESULTS Overall, participants in our study reported significantly lower Pap test utilization; only 58% reported lifetime receipt of this screening test. Logistic regression analysis revealed one of the cultural variables--prevention orientation--was the strongest correlate of recent Pap test use. Older age and married status were also found to be significant predictors of Pap test use. CONCLUSION Findings suggest cultural factors should be considered in interventions promoting cervical cancer screening among Korean American women. Furthermore, younger Korean American women and those not living with a spouse/partner should be targeted in cervical cancer screening efforts.
Does allopreening control avian ectoparasites

For birds, the first line of defence against ectoparasites is preening. The effectiveness of self-preening for ectoparasite control is well known. By contrast, the ectoparasite control function of allopreening-in which one birds preens another-has not been rigorously tested. We infested captive pigeons with identical numbers of parasitic lice, and then compared rates of allopreening to the abundance of lice on the birds over time. We documented a negative relationship between rates of allopreening and the number of lice on birds. Moreover, we found that allopreening was a better predictor of louse abundance than self-preening. Our data suggest that allopreening may be a more important means of ectoparasite defence than self-preening when birds live in groups. Our results have important implications for the evolution of social behaviour.
Prevalence of epileptiform discharges in healthy 11- and 12-year-old children

We sought to determine the prevalence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) in healthy 11- and 12-year-old children. Sixth grade students with no history of seizure, or neurologic or psychiatric disease, were enrolled in a longitudinal physical activity intervention study. Per study protocol, each student had two EEG recordings approximately 6months apart. Epileptiform discharges were present in 4 (2.9%) of 140 students: centrotemporal in three and generalized in one. In three children, the discharges were still present six months later. None of the children had developed seizures a minimum of one year after the second EEG. These results are consistent with those of two landmark European studies performed nearly a half century ago, before the modern era of digital EEG. Healthy 11- and 12-year-old children with no history of seizure may have centrotemporal or generalized epileptiform discharges on EEG, which can persist for at least 6months. Based on both our results and those of the two prior European studies, such discharges, if found incidentally in otherwise healthy children in this age group, should not prompt further evaluation or treatment.
Multidimensional Treatment Approaches

Treatment of disorders is usually directed at causes or symptoms; it is specific or general. This requires discussion of what we mean by the aging brain and how it affects function.