cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonic extraction of Cassia acutifolia

Cassia acutifolia has been extracted using ultrasonic energy in the form of a powerful step-horn converter. The amount of aglycones extracted by this means was compared with aglycones extracted by a standard infusion method. Under similar conditions ultrasonic extraction was more rapid and produced more aglycones than the infusion method. The amount of heat applied has an important effect in the extraction of Cassia acutifolia.
Rheology of xanthan/sucrose mixtures at ultrasonic frequencies

Abstract Shear ultrasonic reflectance and oscillatory viscometry were used to measure the dynamic viscosity of xanthan (0% and 0.5%) and sucrose (74–78 wt.%) solutions and their mixtures over a range of temperatures (5–20 °C). For the sucrose-containing samples, there was good correlation ( r 2 >0.97) between the two methods, but poor numeric agreement. On the other hand, the sucrose-free xanthan solutions were indistinguishable from water by the ultrasonic methods. The numeric deviation was attributed to the sucrose glass relaxation and is modeled according to the Maxwell model. Xanthan gum retarded the mobility of sucrose and increased its relaxation time approximately tenfold.
A revisit of the concept of external film mass transfer resistance in the packed beds used in high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract This work discusses the origins of the apparent contradiction between expected and predicted external film mass transfer resistance terms in chromatographic columns. The expected term was rigorously derived from the presumed thickness of the thin stagnant film of eluent surrounding the spherical particles contained in the column beds. The predicted terms were based on the commonly accepted models of Pfeffer, Wilson and Geankoplis, Kataoka, Sircar, and Lightfoot. The significant differences observed between the expected and predicted values of the Sherwood number are explained by the fact that the models of external mass transfer developed in chemical engineering account for mass transfer across the hydrodynamic boundary layer of eluent, the layer through which the eluent velocity continuously decreases from the constant fluid velocity in the center of the eluent stream, far away from the surface, to zero. In contrast, the expected term accounts for diffusion through the thin layer of eluent against the particles, in which the eluent velocity is actually zero. It is shown that the predicted mass transfer resistance term is accounted for by the trans-channel eddy diffusion term directly derived in the general theory of the dynamics of chromatography.
Causes of the Increased Stroke Rate after Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients with Previous Strokes

= 183) were compared to those who were either asymptomatic or experienced only transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) preoperatively (n= 423). Of the 183 patients who had suffered preoperative strokes, eight patients who experienced perioperative strokes after endarterectomy were compared with 175 who successfully underwent surgery. Patients with a prior stroke had an increased perioperative stroke rate (4.4% versus 1.2%, p= 0.01). They had a significantly higher incidence of hypertension (62.6% versus 47.9%, p < 0.001), cardiac disease (54.7% versus 40.7%, p= 0.001), and positive smoking history (52% versus 40.6%, p= 0.01) than did the asymptomatic/TIA patients. The presence of contralateral total occlusion was also significantly increased (22% versus 10.3%, p < 0.001). Although not statistically significant due to the overall small number of patients who sustained perioperative strokes, the preoperative stroke patients who sustained perioperative strokes had a higher incidence of hypertension (87.5% versus 61.5%) and contralateral total occlusion (37.5% versus 21.3%) than did those who successfully underwent surgery. Patients with both a prior stroke and contralateral total occlusion had a 7.5% perioperative stroke rate. Patients with both a prior stroke and hypertension had a 6.1% perioperative stroke rate. The perioperative strokes in patients with prior strokes were not related to the severity of the prior stroke, the interval between the stroke and surgery, the use of a shunt, or the type of anesthesia employed. Patients who have sustained preoperative strokes have a higher incidence of significant medical illnesses and overall cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension and total occlusion of the contralateral carotid artery appear to be particularly poor prognostic indicators of outcome after endarterectomy in these patients. Patients who have sustained preoperative strokes may be more likely to display clinical neurologic symptoms in response to any form of cerebral ischemia. In this higher risk subgroup, intraoperative and surgeon-dependent factors appear to play less of a role.
Surface degradation and aging in YBa2Cu3O7−x ceramics

Abstract The time dependence of the surface impedance of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (123) bulk ceramic superconductors was measured from 100 Hz to 20 kHz using a novel noncontact technique. The measurements were carried out at room temperature and in a variety of environments. All measurements were performed on freshly abraded 123 samples using a copper counter-electrode with an air-gap structure forming a 123-air-Cu capacitor. The results are divided into two general types by environment. In a dry environment the change in the surface dielectric constant appears to take the from of an exponential (1+e − at ). Ninety percent of the change takes place within 300 s, and the time constant is approximately 180 s. Experiments performed in oxygen and helium duplicated the dry environment results, which leads us to conclude that this degradation is not due to environmental interaction. In a high humidity environment the surface impedance change was reminiscent of the square law growth of SiO 2 in a wet oxidation process and does not appear to saturate at a final value. Auger and XPS studies of samples after degradation indicates that the copper valence states at the surface and in the bulk of the 123 sample are different. The surface shows an XPS spectra similar to that of unoxidized copper (only d10 orbitals are present). An XPS spectra from the interior of the sample shows a definite correspondence with oxidized copper (both d9 and d10 orbitals are present). We determined two physical or chemical causes for the observed changes in the surface impedance of the 123 sample. (1) The high humidity results are strong evidence for the growth of a surface layer with a lower density than the 123 sample. (2) The results of the inert and dry atmospheres may be attributed to either slow oxygen loss from the 123 sample or dielectric aging.
Mapping blood pressure loci in (A/J × B6)F2 mice

Although the genetics of rare, monogenic, forms of human hypertension are fairly well defined, the genetics of the common polygenic form of human essential hypertension is only emerging. With the a...
Immunocytochemical distribution of LHRH neurons and processes in the rat: hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic locations.

The distribution of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-immunoreactive perikarya and processes was examined, in the untreated rat, with the unlabeled antibody enzyme method of immunocytochemistry on thick 50 μm vibratome sections. LHRH neurons were primarily observed in the preoptico-anterior hypothalamic and septal areas. Projections from these cell bodies to the median eminence form three distinct pathways, one laterally along the course of the optic tracts, one medially through the periventricular stratum of the third ventricle, and one through the tractus infundibularis. In addition, some of these cell bodies project to the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and the subfornical organ (SFO). LHRH immunoreactive neurons were also noted in the anterior olfactory regions; they project along the medial olfactory tract to the olfactory bulb.
PROPORTIONALITY IN MODERN JUST WAR THEORY: A TORT-BASED APPROACH

Abstract This article lays a theoretical foundation the perspective of international law for applying the principle of proportionality of cause in modern just war theory. It proposes an analytical framework for measuring proportionality based on general tort law, filtered through the international law of state responsibility. It proposes assessing the use of force as a proportionate (or disproportionate) remediation for an injury (present or future) caused by another state that is in breach of its legal obligations. The article then applies this approach to the problems of anticipatory self-defense and humanitarian intervention.
Improving the Capacity of School System Leaders and Teachers to Design Productive Learning Environments

In this article we report on the results of an innovative research partnership with the largest school district in one Canadian province where we are exploring how educational leadership practices and the factors that influence these practices interact to impact student learning. This article makes a clear connection between leadership and student learning and makes a significant contribution to the knowledge base regarding what we know about leadership in educational contexts, how and how much leadership matters within that context, as well as how important those effects are in designing productive learning environments that facilitate the learning of all children. Using Arbuckle's Amos 17 and maximum likelihood estimation, we employed path analysis procedures to develop a best-fitting nested model to examine the interrelationships among three primary sources of formal leadership for education found in schools, school districts, and government, and how these leaders interact with one another and with pro...
An accessible guide to the primates

Review of Walker’s Primates of the World by Ronald M. Nowak. Introduction by Russell A. Mittermeier, Anthony B. Rylands, and William Konstant. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, 232 pp, 180 fig., 13 tab., $19.95.
A survey of research in the application of tolerance analysis to the design of mechanical assemblies

Tolerance analysis is receiving renewed emphasis as industry recognizes that tolerance management is a key element in their programs for improving quality, reducing overall costs, and retaining market share. The specification of tolerances is being elevated from a menial task to a legitimate engineering design function. New engineering models and sophisticated analysis tools are being developed to assist design engineers in specifying tolerances on the basis of performance requirements and manufacturing considerations. This paper presents an overview of tolerance analysis applications to design with emphasis on recent research that is advancing the state of the art. Major topics covered are (1) new models for tolerance accumulation in mechanical assemblies, including the Motorola Six Sigma model; (2) algorithms for allocating the specified assembly tolerance among the components of an assembly; (3) the development of 2-D and 3-D tolerance analysis models; (4) methods which account for non-normal statistical distributions and nonlinear effects; and (5) several strategies for improving designs through the application of modern analytical tools.
Opto-mechanical assembly procurement for the National Ignition Facility

A large number of the small optics procurements for the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) will be in the form of completely assembled, tested, and cleaned subsystems. These subsystems will be integrated into the NIF at LLNL. To accomplish this task, the procurement packages will include, optical and mechanical drawings, acceptance test and cleanliness requirements. In January 1999, the first such integrated opto- mechanical assembly was received and evaluated at LLNL. With the successful completion of this important trial procurement, we were able to establish the viability of purchasing clean, ready to install, opto-mechanical assemblies from vendors within the optics industry. Thirty-two vendors were chose from our supplier database for quote, then five were chosen to purchase from. These five vendors represented a cross section of the optics industry. From a 'value' catalog supplier (that did the whole job internally) to a partnership between three specialty companies, these vendors demonstrated they have the ingenuity and capability to deliver cost competitive, NIF- ready, opto-mechanical assemblies. This paper describes the vendor selection for this procurement, technical requirements including packaging, fabrication, coating, and cleanliness specifications, then testing and verification. It also gives real test results gathered from inspections performed at LLNL that show how our vendors scored on the various requirements.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
How much does region affect performance

Purpose – The importance of regional strategy as a separate paradigm in the international business literature has grown in recent years, and the initial connections between regionalization and firm performance appear promising. What is lacking, however, is an empirical analysis quantifying the impact of regional effects on firm profitability. This topic is an important one for the field of international business, as drivers of firm profitability are some of the key motivators of research in international strategy. The aim of this paper is to empirically quantify the role of regional effects on the performance of service firms in a manner such that regional effects can be directly compared with country and firm effects on firm profitability. Design/methodology/approach – Using a hierarchical linear model (HLM) with four levels, the proportion of variation driven by regional effects is estimated. These estimates are obtained from a data panel of 48,083 units from 7,129 service firms across the three triad r...
Cysteine-string proteins: A cycle of acylation and deacylation?

We used tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein fatty acylation, to examine the possibility that there is a cycle of acylation and deacylation of cysteine string proteins at nerve terminals. Using both physiological and immunoblot approaches, we obtained no evidence for a cycle of acylation and deacylation that affects these proteins. These data suggest that this lipid modification of cysteine string proteins is relatively more stable than that observed for other nerve ending proteins, like SNAP-25.
A Spectroscopic Method for Hydroxyl Value Determination of Polyols

A relatively simple method is described for routine determination of hydroxyl values for a wide range of hydroxyl containing compounds including soybean oil polyols, polyols derived from soy meal, polyether polyols and ethylene glycol as well as their blends. This method is based on reacting the hydroxyl compound with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and determining the FTIR peak area of the silylated product at 1,251 cm−1. The method is simple, accurate and reproducible. It is not limited to a specific family of polyol compounds. It does not require any special equipment, hazardous chemicals and can be carried out by non-technical staff as a rapid and convenient method for quantitative determination of hydroxyl values. An excellent linear correlation was obtained between this spectroscopic method and conventional titration methods for different polyols over a wide range of hydroxyl values. Furthermore, unlike the titration methods the current method is not affected by the presence of acid, base or small amounts of water in the test sample.
Circumferential quantitative analysis of planar 201T1 myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease

Methodology for the computer analysis of 201T1 myocardial perfusion images has been developed by several laboratories. Substantial evidence of the advantage of this approach over visual inspection alone has been reported. The currently available computer analyses use different algorithms to analyze 201T1 kinetics in the myocardium. The authors evaluated and compared two widely used software programs, Medical Data System (MDS): a mean-count profile, and the Cedars Sinai (CS): a maximal-count profile, of planar 201T1 scintigraphy for their ability to detect coronary artery disease (CAD).
Numerical simulation of the non-isothermal flow of a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid in a rectangular channel

Abstract An orthogonal collocation finite element program was used to numerically model the hydrodynamically and thermally developing flow of a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid. The temperature dependence of the rheological parameters was imposed using an Arrhenius-like exponential relationship. The flow was creeping, at the earlier stages of thermal development and wall cooling was imposed. The maximum Weissenberg number for which convergence was achieved was N We = 0.46. A bifurcation branch was found to emanate from N We = 0.4 and extend from N We = 0.16 to N We = 0.65. The existence of solution multiplicity was associated with an increase in the hyperbolic character of the governing equations at N We = 0.4. Since no change of type has been found to occur in the isothermal case, this irregularity in the behaviour of the solution was attributed to the temperature dependence of the fluid properties. The solution profiles in the neighborhood of the change of type as well as at the termination point are free of numerical error, suggesting that the above mentioned irregularities are inherent to the continuous rheological problem and not to its discretized counterpart.
The demand for money in Japan: Evidence from cointegration analysis

Abstract Using Johansen-Juselius cointegration technique we examine the stability of the M1 and M2 real demand for money in Japan using quarterly data over the current floating exchange rate period. With four lags in the estimation procedure, it is shown that for the stability of M2 (but not M1) demand for money it is necessary to include the effective exchange rate of the yen. Although the results were sensitive to the choice of lags, there was evidence of more cointegrating vectors in M2 and M1 when the effective exchange rate was included in the cointegrating space.
Abstract Semantics for K Module Composition

Abstract A structured K definition is easier to write, understand and debug than one single module containing the whole definition. Furthermore, modularization makes it easy to reuse work between definitions that share some principles or features. Therefore, it is useful to have a semantics for module composition operations that allows the properties of the resulting modules to be well understood at every step of the composition process. This paper presents an abstract semantics for a module system proposal for the K framework. It describes K modules and module transformations in terms of institution-based model theory introduced by Goguen and Burstall.
Teaching Highway Safety Analysis Through Networking and Visualization

This paper introduces an effective and efficient approach to teaching highway safety analysis. Using an internet-based client server framework, this system accesses the central database in the public safety department to extract data. Through query operations, students can view any accident statistics to search for roadway design deficiencies or traffic control problems. The system automatically generates the collision diagram, which substantially reduces the time and simplifies the complexities associated with manual handling of accident data. Implementation experience has shown that the system is effective, reliable, and easy to use. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 9: 171–179, 2001
THE SEGAL CONJECTURE FOR CYCLIC GROUPS

where /4(G) denotes the completion of the Burnside ring of G with respect to the ideal of virtual G-sets of degree 0. The conjecture was proved for G = Z/(2) by W. H. Lin [5], [3] and for G = Z/(p), where p is an odd prime, by J. H. C. Gunawardena [4]. In this note we outline a proof for G cyclic. We will assume that G has prime power order as the general case follows easily. The proofs cited above make essential use of the Adams spectral sequence [2] and include a hard calculation of a certain Ext group. Our proof uses their results to start an inductive argument. While it does not require any more hard calculations, it does use a certain generalization of the Adams spectral sequence to be described below. Recall that the function spectrum F{X, Y) by definition represents \_W A X, V] as a functor of W, so n+{F{X, Y)) = [_X, Y\. The functional dual DX of X is F(X, S°). If X is finite, DX is its Spanier-Whitehead dual and for any X, n-SPX) — n~\X). For a space X let 'LX+ denote the suspension spectrum of X union a disjoint base point. Our main result is
Fate and effects of the herbicide atrazine in flow‐through wetland mesocosms

Wetland mesocosms were exposed to increasing concentrations of atrazine over time at levels typical of midwestern surface waters following spring runoff (15 to 75 μg/L). Atrazine had a half-life of 8 to 14 d in the 230-m-long wetlands. End points measured included nutrient levels; periphyton biomass; periphyton productivity and respiration; growth of selected macrophytes; and survival and growth of Daphnia magna (15, 25 μg/L atrazine), Rana pipiens (15, 25 μg/L), and Pimephales promelas larvae (25 to 75 μg/L) and adults (50, 75 μg/L). Interaction between nutrient status or grazing intensity and atrazine effects were measured using periphyton enrichment and grazing exclosure experiments. Only periphyton, Ceratophyllum demersum, Zizania aquatica, and Daphnia were significantly affected by atrazine at any of the concentrations tested. Periphyton net productivity was significantly depressed by incubation in treated water as compared to control water at ≥25 μg/L atrazine (9 to 27-d exposures). In response, dissolved nutrient concentrations increased in treated mesocosms after 14 d. Ceratophyllum length/weight ratios increased after 6-d exposures to 50 μg/L atrazine, while Zizania senesced prematurely during treatments of 50 or 75 μg/L atrazine (97 d of cumulative exposure). Periphyton developed resistance to atrazine only at concentrations ≥50 μg/L. Atrazine effects on periphyton composition varied with the N:P supply ratio. Daphnia survival was significantly depressed at 15 μg/L atrazine (48-h exposures).
Data, data, and more Yanomamö data

Napoleon A. Chagnon. Studying the Yanomamo. Studies in Anthropological Method, New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1974. xiv + 270 pp. Tables, illustrations, appendixes, glossary, and references. $4.25 (paper).
The effects of individual performance schemata and dimension familiarization on rating accuracy

Previous research has suggested that cognitive schemata serve as organizing frameworks which direct rater attention, categorization, integration and recall of ratee behaviour. It has been suggested that raters with more valid schemata, i.e. with cognitive organizing structures which are more sensitive to relevant ratee behaviours, rate more accurately. The study described here examined rater accuracy as a function of schemata derived from past experience and as a function of “imposed” schemata. Subjects were drawn from three populations (undergraduates, MBA students and personnel managers) who were expected to use successively more valid schemata for rating three videotaped personnel managers. Half of the subjects in each population were familiarized with the rating scales prior to ratee observation in order to impose schemata that incorporated the relevant performance rating dimensions. Multiple regression analysis indicated that raters who were expected to have acquired more valid schemata from experience, based on population membership and number of previous performance appraisals conducted personally, rated more accurately. In addition, they generated a greater number of relevant performance dimensions prior to ratee observation. Familiarization with the rating scales did not result in greater accuracy, perhaps due to the limited time made available for familiarization. Results are discussed with respect to past rater schemata research and the need to consider various types of schemata that raters may be using simultaneously.
High purity amphotericin B

OBJECTIVES Amphotericin B (AmB) is a drug of choice for treatment of disseminated fungal infections, but its use is often associated with severe adverse effects. Our observation that generic formulations of AmB contain multiple polyene components led us to propose that removal of other polyenes would yield a high purity AmB (AmBHP) with an improved therapeutic index. METHODS To test that premise, AmBHP was first isolated from generic AmB by semi-preparative reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and then its effects were compared in vitro and in vivo with those of commercial AmB formulations. RESULTS AmBHP proved to be as active as generic AmB against Candida albicans in vitro and as efficacious as both generic and lipid-complexed AmB in a Candida-infected mouse model. AmBHP appeared to be less toxic to human THP-1 monocytic cells than was generic AmB at low concentrations (<2 microM), as indicated by exclusion of Trypan Blue and incorporation of [(3)H]thymidine. At higher concentrations, effects of AmBHP and generic AmB (Pharma-Tek AmB, PTAmB) on thymidine incorporation and cytosolic calcium concentration were similar. General toxicity to AmBHP in vivo, as indicated by its apparent LD(50) and survival of Candida-infected mice, was roughly twofold less than that to generic or lipid-complexed AmB. Likewise, AmBHP decreased mean glomerular filtration rate about half as much as did a 10-fold lower dose of PTAmB. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that AmBHP may represent a refinement of currently marketed AmB formulations, offering equal, if not better, efficacy with less toxicity.
The homeless use Facebook?! Similarities of social network use between college students and homeless young adults

This research compared technology use among homeless young adults with that of college students as a means of understanding technology use among young adults today; people who have grown up with technology. Specifically, social network site (SNS) usage was assessed for two age-matched young adult samples, one drawn from a large introductory psychology subject pool, and a second from homeless young adults who were approached for participation when they entered metropolitan shelters. Overall, technology use was strikingly similar. These results call for a paradigm shift in researchers' understanding of technology use and indicate that contemporary young adults sampled across socio-economic class and varying ethnicities are far more similar than prior research would suggest. These results call into question whether the term ''digital divide'' is useful for describing group differences in technology use as our results suggest the divide has narrowed considerably.
Clinical Pearls in Breast Disease

At the 2001 Annual Conference of the American College of Physicians, a new teaching format to aid physician learning, Clinical Pearls, was introduced. Clinical Pearls is designed with the 3 qualities of physician-learners in mind. First, we physicians enjoy learning from cases. Second, we like concise, practical points that we can use in our practice. Finally, we take pleasure in problem solving. In the Clinical Pearls format, speakers present a number of short cases in their specialty to a general internal medicine audience. Each case is followed by a multiple-choice question answered live by attendees using an audience response system. The answer distribution is shown to attendees. The correct answer is then displayed and the speaker discusses teaching points, clarifying why one answer is most appropriate. Each case presentation ends with a Clinical Pearl, defined as a practical teaching point that is supported by the literature but generally not well known to most internists. Clinical Pearls is currently one of the most popular sessions at the American College of Physicians meeting. As a service to its readers, Mayo Clinic Proceedings has invited a select number of these Clinical Pearls presentations to be published in our Concise Reviews for Clinicians section. “Clinical Pearls in Breast Disease” is one of them.
Performance and V/sub dd/ scaling in deep submicrometer CMOS

Analytical models on metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) scaling and complementary (CMOS) ring oscillator performance developed recently are applied to revisit CMOS design guidelines because those based on the basic long channel model are obsolete. Handy and empirical equations for deep submicrometer MOSFET drain saturation current are developed. The differences between the basic long channel model and the accurate deep submicrometer MOSFET current model are highlighted. Design guidelines on V/sub th/ and V/sub dd/ scaling as well as interconnect loading effects based on the accurate models are presented.
Discrete-Time Repetitive Control System Design Using the Regeneration Spectrum

The stability, transient response, and stability robustness of discrete-time repetitive control systems characterized by large values of the time delay inherent in such systems are examined here using a function of frequency termed the regeneration spectrum. The ability to infer different aspects of controlled system performance from the regeneration spectrum, and its ease of computation, makes it a valuable tool for controller analysis and synthesis. A design procedure for discrete-time repetitive control systems, based on the regeneration spectrum, is outlined and a controller form suggested to effectively handle the trade-off between the different aspects of controlled system behavior. The controller design procedure is applied to an electrohydraulic material testing application characterized by strong nonlinearities, and shown experimentally to be effective in improving the controlled system performance.
Effects of antioxidants on glucose-induced oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in endothelial cells

Abstract Aim Hyperglycemia-induced endothelial cell dysfunction can be the result of increased oxidative stress and concomitant increase in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. To test the extent of coupling between these two stresses, the effect of antioxidant vitamins on glucose-induced oxidative stress and ER stress in endothelial cells were studied. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with physiological (5.5 mM) or supra-physiological (27.5 mM) dextrose concentrations, and ER stress and oxidative stress were measured. Additional experiments were carried out in HUVEC over-expressing exogenous glucose transporter-1 (Glut-1) and treated with 5.5 mM dextrose. Results Supra-physiological dextrose concentrations increased both ER stress and oxidative stress. However, while oxidative stress could be effectively inhibited with alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, these antioxidants had no effect on ER stress. Increasing intracellular glucose levels by exogenous expression of Glut-1 in endothelial cells also increased oxidative stress and ER stress. Whereas the oxidative stress in these cells was reduced with alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid and dimethylsulfoxide, the ER stress could not be ameliorated with alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid. Conclusions These results indicate that ER stress can be uncoupled from oxidative stress and antioxidants can ameliorate the latter without altering the ER stress induced by hyperglycemia.
Voice travels: Ventriloquating the other, yearning for home

This review essay examines how “voice travels” in and among the essays in the special series on “Voices.” In the movement in, between, and across places, spaces, locations, and discourses, voice ventriloquates a multitude of voices and “yearnings” (affective and political sensibilities implicated with knowledge, action, and difference). The voice of yearning that speaks across the essays is a yearning for “home”—a discursive and material place where differences are met and contested. Home, in this sense, is mobile, transitory, conflicted, contingent, processual, and always, already polycentric.
The Citizen Candidate Model: An Experimental Analysis

Citizen candidate models represent a significant advance in the analysis of public choice. They provide added realism to models of endogenous policy formation, relate the number of candidates to the benefits and costs associated with electoral competition and support equilibria with differentiated candidate positions, even with a multidimensional policy space. In this paper, experimental methods are utilized to test two of the model’s equilibrium predictions. The results support the prediction that an increase in the net benefits to winning an election increases the number of citizens entering electoral contests. When the net benefits to winning an election are low, the results support the prediction that the only candidate has the median preference. Further, the results suggest that when net benefits are high, two members of the electorate with preferences close to and symmetric about the median enter the election, although convergence to this equilibrium takes time. Because entry is costly, having multiple candidates lowers group payoffs and may be seen as inefficient.
Chlorhexidine Resistance in Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Isolated From the Surfaces of Dispensers of Soap Containing Chlorhexidine

Bacterial contamination with pan-resistant Acinetobacter and Klebsiella, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was noted on the surfaces of dispensers of hand soap with 2% chlorhexidine. Gram-negative isolates could multiply in the presence of 1% chlorhexidine. In contrast, MRSA was inhibited in vitro by chlorhexidine at concentrations as low as 0.0019%.
Soil Sampling for Fertilizer Recommendations in Conservation Tillage with Paratill Subsoiling

Shallow sampling depths are recommended for collecting soil samples for lime and fertilizer recommendations when using conservation tillage. Some subsoiling implements used to disrupt the compacted horizon in some southeastern USA coastal plain soils can also disturb the surface soil. Our objective was to compare sampling depths for lime, P, and K recommendations in a conservation tillage system that includes paratill subsoiling. One-half of a 14-acre field was managed with conventional tillage. The other half was managed with conservation tillage which consisted of using a six-shanked paratill followed by planting. Soil samples from 0 to 3 inches and 0 to 6 inches were collected for four years on each side of the field around points in a 50-ft × 50-ft grid. The field was in a corn (Zea mays L.)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutem L.) rotation. Soil P and K concentrations differed for sampling depths in most years for both tillage systems. Generally, these differences were small but fertilizer P and K recommendation rates for the two sampling depths were the same more often for conventional tillage than for conservation tillage. After a lime application in 2002, pH of the soil 0 to 3-inch depth in the conservation tillage half of the field was 5.89 in 2003, 6.07 in 2004, and 6.29 in 2005 while the pH of the soil collected from the 0 to 6-inch depth was about 6.1 each year. When using the 0 to 6-inch sampling depth in fields managed with this conservation tillage system, it appears a separate sample for soil pH from a shallower depth may be beneficial in the years subsequent to a lime application.
Using Coaching to Support Teacher Implementation of Classroom-based Interventions

Despite the growing evidence base for the efficacy of preventive interventions, the level of implementation of these interventions in schools is often less than optimal. One promising approach to supporting teachers in implementation of interventions is the use of coaching. In this study, teachers were trained in a universal classroom management intervention and provided ongoing coaching. The association between the type and amount of coaching activities and teacher implementation of proactive classroom management over time were investigated. Results indicated that teachers who received more performance feedback had higher levels of implementation over time in comparison with teachers who received less feedback. In addition, a significant interaction between the amount of coaching a teacher received and his or her implementation of proactive classroom management was found. Increased implementation over time was observed for teachers with lower initial levels of implementation who received more coaching, whereas implementation decreased over time for teachers who received less coaching. The importance of coaching as a support system for enhancing implementation quality of classroom-based preventive interventions is discussed.
Reassessing Conventional Approaches to Conversion: Toward a New Synthesis

What are the crucial factors that may cause people to become religiously active at a certain point of their lives? I give an overview of key analytic elements of the conventional approaches to conversion: Lofland and Stark's (1965) social networks model; (spoiled) identity and religious seekership; socialization; religious markets; recruitment; cultural factors; and convert role monitoring and mastering. Subsequent sections present a critique of the conventional approaches, with their biases and emphasis on the crisis factor, and a synthesis of their best elements in the conversion career approach (currently in development). The latter distinguishes five levels of religious participation: preaffiliation, affiliation, conversion, confession, and disaffiliation. These levels are, in turn, influenced by personality factors, social factors, institutional factors, cultural factors, and contingency factors. The conversion careers approach offers directions for future research by distinguishing five levels of religious participation, systematically listing the factors in religious participation, avoiding “crisis determinism,” developing a conceptualization of the individual with active and passive elements, being gender sensitive, and including a life-cycle approach to avoid the “adolescent bias” of earlier literature.
Feeding conjugated linoleic acid partially recovers carcass quality in pigs fed dried corn distillers grains with solubles

Dried corn distillers grains with sol- ubles (DDGS) fed to swine may adversely affect car- cass quality due to the high concentration of unsatu- rated fat. Feeding CLA enhances pork quality when unsaturated fat is contained in the diet. The effects of CLA on growth and pork quality were evaluated in pigs fed DDGS. Diets containing 0, 20, or 40% DDGS were fed to pigs beginning 30 d before slaughter. At 10 d before slaughter, one-half of each DDGS treatment group was fed 0.6% CLA or 1% choice white grease. Carcass data, liver- and backfat-samples were collected at slaughter. Longissimus muscle area, 10th-rib back- fat depth, last rib midline backfat depth, LM color, marbling, firmness and drip loss, and bacon collagen content were not altered by DDGS or CLA. Outer layer backfat iodine values were increased (P ≤ 0.05) with DDGS feeding and were 65.07, 69.75, and 74.25 for 0, 20, and 40% DDGS, respectively. Addition of CLA de- creased (P ≤ 0.05) outer layer backfat iodine values from 71.11 to 68.31. Diets containing DDGS decreased (P ≤ 0.05) percent lean tissue contained in bacon from 48% for controls to 38% for pigs fed 40%. Abundance of fatty acid synthase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase Ia, acetyl-CoA-carboxylase, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in adi- pose or liver were not different (P > 0.05) for pigs fed DDGS. Feeding CLA decreased (P ≤ 0.05) the ∆ 9 de- saturase index in adipose tissue. The data indicate that decreased carcass firmness with DDGS feeding is not reflected by changes in lipogenic gene expression. Feed- ing 20% or more DDGS to finishing swine decreases bacon leanness, but inclusion of 0.6% CLA in the fin- ishing diet can partially reverse these effects.
Host-related variation among isolates of the Sirococcus shoot blight pathogen from conifers

Summary Variation among isolates of the Sirococcus shoot blight pathogen (attributed to Sirococcus conigenus, Sirococcus sp., or one of many synonyms) was studied. Inter-simple-sequence-repeat-anchored polymerase chain reaction fingerprints, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S sequences, and 18S rDNA sequences were analysed. In addition, culture morphology as well as sizes and shapes of conidia produced on seed cone scales in culture were compared. Two main groups were distinguished based on both genetic markers and cultural characteristics. The P group consists of isolates mostly from pine and spruce from Europe and both eastern and western North America; the T group consists of isolates mostly from hemlock from western North America. Results provide a benchmark for comparison of other isolates of these fungi and indicate the need for additional sampling and comparative research of these pathogens. Resume L’etude porte sur la variabilite entre isolats de Sirococcus (Sirococcus sp., S. conigenus, et nombreux synonymes), agent de dessechement de pousses. Des empreintes moleculaires obtenues par amplification de sequences encadrant des motifs microsatellites (ISSR) ainsi que les sequences de l'ITS, 5.8S et 18S de l'ADN ribosomal nucleaire ont ete analysees. De plus, la morphologie culturale ainsi que la forme et la taille des conidies produites sur ecailles de cones en culture ont ete comparees. Deux groupes principaux ont ete definis sur la base des marqueurs genetiques et des caracteristiques culturales. Le groupe P est constitue d'isolats provenant majoritairement de pin et epicea d'Europe et de l'ensemble de l'Amerique du Nord, Est et Ouest; le groupe T est constitue d'isolats provenant majoritairement de Tsuga d'Amerique du Nord-Ouest. Ces resultats constituent une reference pour la comparaison d'autres isolats de ces champignons et montrent la necessite d'un echantillonnage plus large et d’etudes comparees sur ces pathogenes. Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Variation zwischen Isolaten des Erregers des Sirococcus- Triebsterbens (benannt als Sirococcus conigenus, Sirococcus sp. oder eines von vielen Synonymen) anhand folgender Marker untersucht: ISSR-PCR-Fingerprints, ITS, 5.8S und 18S Sequenzen der nuklearen rDNA. Zusatzlich wurde die Kulturmorphologie sowie die Grosse und Form von Konidien, die auf Zapfenschuppen in Kultur gebildet wurden, erfasst. Aufgrund der genetischen Marker sowie der Kulturmorphologie liessen sich zwei Hauptgruppen unterscheiden: Die P-Gruppe besteht vorwiegend aus Isolaten von Kiefern und Fichten aus Europa und aus dem Westen und Osten Nordamerikas, die T-Gruppe besteht hauptsachlich aus Isolaten von Tsuga aus dem westlichen Nordamerika. Diese Ergebnisse bilden eine Vergleichsbasis fur weitere Isolate aus dieser Pilzgruppe und zeigen, dass weitere Untersuchungen dieser Pathogene notwendig sind.
Anisotropic Elasticity and Laminate Theory

In Chapter 1, composite materials were discussed as well as some of the means for fabricating structural components composed of these composites. Today, the preponderance of uses for composite materials is in the form of laminated beam, plate and shell structural members. These will be discussed in some detail in Chapters 3, 4 and 5.
A Qualitative Assessment of the Pains Experienced on Electronic Monitoring

In response to prison overcrowding, new methods for punishing offenders evolved in the early 1980s. Although on the surface these new methods may seem less punitive to some, studies show that many convicted offenders prefer jail or prison to many of the newer intermediate sanctions. However, these studies have relied primarily on the perceptions of prisoners to gauge the severity of the different punishments. The focus of this article is on the way 27 participants on electronic monitoring in the past year in Norfolk, Virginia, experienced pains of imprisonment similar to those described by Gresham Sykes in The Society of Captives. Results suggest that those on electronic monitoring experience the sanction in ways similar, yet qualitatively different, from those sentenced to jail or prison. Implications for research and policy are provided.
Ice Crystal Habit Discrimination with the Optical Backscatter Depolarization Technique

Abstract Ice crystal habit identification is shown to be accomplished through an analysis of the backscattered signals from single ice crystals (sampled in a small cloud volume) which relates the relative signal strengths of specular reflections and the scattering interactions which yield depolarized energy. Additionally, evidence is presented which indicates that the monitoring of the strength and frequency of specular reflections can be used to obtain estimates of the size distribution and concentration of populations of relatively minute ice crystals. These results in combination with previously reported depolarization measurements of larger and more complex hydrometeors suggest that the optical backscatter depolarization technique displays a significant potential for in situ cloud physics research.
Momentum and Energy Balance of the Mediterranean Outflow

Field data taken in the Gulf of Cadiz have been analyzed to describe some aspects of the momentum and energy balance of the Mediterranean outflow. A crucial component of the momentum balance is the total stress (entrainment stress and bottom drag), which has been estimated from a form of the Bernoulli function evaluated from density and current observations. For the first 60 km west of the Camarinal Sill the outflow was confined within a narrow channel on the continental shelf. At about 70 km downstream the outflow crossed over the shelf‐slope break and began to descend the continental slope. The buoyancy force increased substantially, and the outflow underwent a geostrophic adjustment, albeit one heavily influenced by mixing and dissipation. The current direction turned 90 degrees to the right at a near-inertial rate. In this region, the estimated geostrophic velocity greatly underestimated the actual current, and the estimated curvature Rossby number was about 0.5. Current speeds were in excess of 1ms 2 1 and the total stress was as large as 5 Pa. The entrainment stress, estimated independently from property fluxes, reached a maximum of about 1 Pa, or considerably smaller than the inferred bottom stress. By about 130 km downstream, the current was aligned approximately along the local topography. The current amplitude and the estimated stress were then much less, about 0.3 m s21 and 0.3 Pa. The entrainment stress was also very small in this region well downstream of the strait. This slightly damped geostrophic flow continued on to Cape St. Vincent where the outflow began to separate from the bottom. Bottom stress thus appears to be a crucial element in the dynamics of the Mediterranean outflow, allowing or causing the outflow to descend more than a kilometer into the North Atlantic. In the regions of strongest bottom stress the inferred drag coefficient was about 2 2 12 (3 10 23) depending upon which outflow speed is used in the usual quadratic form. Entrainment stress was small by comparison to the bottom stress, but the entrainment effect upon the density anomaly was crucial in eroding the density anomaly of the outflow. The observed entrainment rate appears to follow, roughly, a critical internal Froude number function.
What's Left of Pleasure? A Book Review of Janet Halley's Split Decisions: How and Why to Take a Break from Feminism

This book review evaluates Janet Halley's "hedonics of critique," a theoretical approach that prioritizes the celebration of pleasure over harm - harm that Halley claims Feminism has not only unduly emphasized but has in many cases created in and for women. This review suggests that this hedonics of critique ignores harm, especially sexual harm, in favor of a quasi-Foucauldian imperative to enjoy.