cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of uncultured bacteria tightly associated with the intestine of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus (Lumbricidae; Oligochaeta)

Abstract The bacteria associated with the intestine and casts of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister, 1843, were examined by direct counts, culturability studies, 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). A significant fraction, 24–47%, of the total numbers of prokaryotes remaining in the intestine after casting were tightly associated with the intestinal wall. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed from washed earthworm intestinal tissue suggested that the bacterial community was dominated by a few phylotypes that were either absent from, or in low abundance, in the casts. The specific phylotypes present depended on the date of sampling and included representatives of the Acidobacteria, Firmicutes, β-Proteobacteria, and one phylogenetically deep, unclassified group. Juvenile earthworms subsequently collected contained three of the four phylotypes observed in the intestine clone libraries. The Firmicutes phylotype was examined by FISH and was found to be a short rod that represented only a small fraction of the total population of the juvenile samples. These results suggested that the microbial community tightly associated with the intestine was dominated by a small number of phylotypes and that this association was opportunistic rather than obligate.
Evidence for a new no production mechanism in flames

Bozzelli and Dean [1] recently proposed a new mechanism for NO production via the reaction O + NNH ⇔ NH + NO that predicts formation of significant amounts of NO in flames burning in air. To test the predictions of this new NNH mechanism, we designed low-pressure flame experiments to mininize the amount of NO made through other, more established mechanisms and to yield measurable amounts of NO through NNH chemistry. We used laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to measure NO in 38 and 78 torr, Φ =1.5, hydrogen/air flames. No is observed in both flames at∼0.3 ppm, consistent with model predictions using the Bozzelli and Dean mechanism. We also measured OH and temperature profiles and tested thoroughly for potential contamination sources. Though agreement of experiment and model is imperfect, the NNH mechanism provides a viable explanation for the presence of ppm levels of NO in these flames. The NNH mechanism should therefore be included in NO x combustion models and may be a significant route to NO in many flames.
Progress in the field of electric properties of dielectric liquids

It is noted that the past three decades have seen significant changes in the types of materials used for electrical insulation. These changes were brought about by the realization that some of the previously used materials were detrimental to the environment and to the people who came in contact with them. The use of polychlorinated biphenyls was prohibited, and replacement materials had to be developed. Paper was replaced to a large extent by polymer film, and paraffinic oils were finally used as replacement for oils derived from naphthene. At the same time progress was made in the understanding of the nature of electrical charges and how they move through dielectric fluids under the influence of externally applied electrical fields. The impact of these developments on the field of liquid insulating materials is discussed. Attention is also given to the information obtained with the latest ultra-high-speed electrooptical equipment. The generation and propagation of charge carriers are examined in detail, and their relation to electrical breakdown is analyzed. A brief survey of the special instruments used in these studies is presented, and the advantages and disadvantages of the various measuring techniques are discussed. >
Multivariate elliptically contoured stable distributions: theory and estimation

Stable distributions with elliptical contours are a class of distributions that are useful for modeling heavy tailed multivariate data. This paper describes the theory of such distributions, presents formulas for calculating their densities, and methods for fitting the data and assessing the fit. Efficient numerical routines are implemented and evaluated in simulations. Applications to data sets of a financial portfolio with 30 assets and to a bivariate radar clutter data set are presented.
Molecular screens for inner ear genes.

Identification of the genes that encode proteins that are important for proper function of specific inner ear cell types is central to our understanding of the molecular basis of hearing and balance. Whereas the combination of electrophysiology and biophysics has resulted in an exquisite understanding of inner ear function, little is known about the proteins that confer these properties at the cellular level. Furthermore, the genes that control inner ear development, susceptibility to wear and tear, regeneration from damage, and age-related degeneration, are largely unknown. This review discusses tools that have been developed during the past few years to address this imbalance between a thorough physiologic characterization of inner ear function and a detailed understanding at a molecular level of the proteins involved in these functions. Creation of inner ear cDNA libraries has laid the foundation for the discovery of genes that are specifically expressed by cell types of the inner ear and that encode proteins that are important for molecular processes in these cells. In conjunction with expressed sequence tag database analysis, cDNA subtraction, and DNA arrays, functionally important genes, whose specific expression patterns are usually verified by gene expression analysis, can be identified. Discussion of these techniques takes into account the specific characteristics of the inner ear in relation to its study using molecular biological approaches. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 265–275, 2002
An indirect calculation of the triple-pomeron vertex at t = 0

Abstract By associating the triple-pomeron coupling g p( t ) with the renormalization of the pomeron propagator and requiring the latter to correctly reproduce a dual f o trajectory, as well as the magnitude and width of the ππ diffraction peak, we obtain g p(0) ≈ 1 GeV −1 .
A New Salamander of the Genus Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae) from Laos

Abstract A new species of Paramesotriton is described from northern Laos. This represents the first record of Caudata from the country. The species is placed in the genus Paramesotriton based on osteological characters. It differs from all other members of the genus in dorsal color pattern and reduced tongue development.
Predicting renal calculus occurrence in spinal cord injury patients

Abstract This case-control study develops a model to predict the occurrence of renal calculi in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). Risk factors were assessed at the time of diagnosis in 25 patients who developed calculi, and at a comparable postinjury time period in 100 patients with SCI who remained calculus-free several years after injury. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop a predictive model; accuracy was assessed by using the model to classify all 125 patients studied. Renal calculi occurred more frequently on the right side and 72% of the affected patients developed a second calculus within two years. Patients who developed renal calculi were more likely to be older, have neurologically complete quadriplegia, have Klebsiella or Serratia infections, a history of bladder calculi, and high serum calcium values. The predictive model was 84% sensitive and 81% specific. While other determinants of renal calculi undoubtedly exist, these findings demonstrate that high risk patients may be identified with a comparatively small set of predictor variables. Although these findings are encouraging, use of any predictive model is meant only to supplement and not replace clinical judgement.
Fossil bounty hunters' days may be numbered

There is fresh hope in the battle to curb poaching of important dinosaur fossils in Mongolia, says Philip J. Currie
Manduca sexta serpin-5 regulates prophenoloxidase activation and the Toll signaling pathway by inhibiting hemolymph proteinase HP6.

Insect immune responses include prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation and Toll pathway initiation, which are mediated by serine proteinase cascades and regulated by serpins. Manduca sexta hemolymph proteinase-6 (HP6) is a component of both pathways. It cleaves and activates proPO activating proteinase 1 (PAP1) and hemolymph proteinase-8 (HP8), which activates proSpatzle. Inhibitors of HP6 could have the capability of regulating both of these innate immune proteinase cascade pathways. Covalent complexes of HP6 with serpin-4 and serpin-5 were previously isolated from M. sexta plasma using immunoaffinity chromatography with serpin antibodies. We investigated the inhibition of purified, recombinant HP6 by serpin-4 and serpin-5. Both serpin-4 and serpin-5 formed SDS-stable complexes with HP6 in vitro, and they inhibited the activation of proHP8 and proPAP1. Serpin-5 inhibited HP6 more efficiently than did serpin-4. Injection of serpin-5 into larvae resulted in decreased bacteria-induced antimicrobial activity in hemolymph and reduced the bacteria-induced expression of attacin, cecropin and hemolin genes in fat body. Injection of serpin-4 had a weaker effect on antimicrobial peptide expression. These results indicate that serpin-5 may regulate the activity of HP6 to modulate proPO activation and antimicrobial peptide production during immune responses of M. sexta.
Experiments in processing pictorial information with a digital computer

In almost all digital data processing machine applications, the input data made available to the machine are the result of some prior processing. This processing is done manually in many applications. Thus, such inputs as punched cards, magnetic tape, and punched paper tape often are the result of a manual processing operation in which a human being is required to inspect visually an array of printed characters and to describe these data in a form capable of being processed by machine. In recognition of the importance of automating such operations, many investigations have been undertaken to devise automatic character sensing equipment. Suppose, however, that we attempt to view such efforts in proper perspective. We find a more fundamental problem that has, heretofore, failed to receive the attention that it warrants. The problem is one of making directly available to a computer pictorial information which would ordinarily be visually processed by human beings before being fed to a data processing system. This pictorial information may range from such highly stylized forms as printed characters, diagrams, schematic drawings, emblems, and designs through less stylized forms in cartoons and handwritten characters to such highly amorphous forms as photographs of real objects, e.g., people, aerial views, and microscopic and telescopic images.
COMT and ANKK1-Taq-Ia Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Visual Working Memory

Complex cognitive tasks such as visual working memory (WM) involve networks of interacting brain regions. Several neurotransmitters, including an appropriate dopamine concentration, are important for WM performance. A number of gene polymorphisms are associated with individual differences in cognitive task performance. COMT, for example, encodes catechol-o-methyl transferase the enzyme primarily responsible for catabolizing dopamine in the prefrontal cortex. Striatal dopamine function, linked with cognitive tasks as well as habit learning, is influenced by the Taq-Ia polymorphism of the DRD2/ANKK1 gene complex; this gene influences the density of dopamine receptors in the striatum. Here, we investigated the effects of these polymorphisms on a WM task requiring the maintenance of 4 or 6 items over delay durations of 1 or 5 seconds. We explored main effects and interactions between the COMT and DRD2/ANKK1-Taq-Ia polymorphisms on WM performance. Participants were genotyped for COMT (Val158Met) and DRD2/ANKK1-Taq-Ia (A1+, A1−) polymorphisms. There was a significant main effect of both polymorphisms. Participants' WM reaction times slowed with increased Val loading such that the Val/Val homozygotes made the slowest responses and the Met/Met homozygotes were the fastest. Similarly, WM reaction times were slower and more variable for the DRD2/ANKK1-Taq-Ia A1+ group than the A1− group. The main effect of COMT was only apparent in the DRD2/ANKK1-Taq-Ia A1− group. These findings link WM performance with slower dopaminergic metabolism in the prefrontal cortex as well as a greater density of dopamine receptors in the striatum.
Transmission electron microscopy study of rapid solidification of plasma sprayed zirconia – part II. Interfaces and subsequent splat solidification

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is used to investigate the first two splat layers of a plasma sprayed yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Sample preparation by modified wedge polishing technique and results for the first splat were presented in the first part of this paper. The second part focuses on two different interfaces present in the microstructure, rough substrate effects on first splat solidification, and finally on solidification of the second splat layer. The interface between plasma sprayed ceramic and metal substrate as well as the interface between two subsequent splats were examined by conventional and high resolution TEM. The presence of a thin layer of native oxide on polished and preheated stainless steel substrates was established. Such an interface appears to promote very good adhesion of YSZ. The effect of liquid flow on the solidified microstructure of the second and subsequent splats was clearly demonstrated. The top surface of the first solidified splat acts as an excellent nucleation site for a subsequent splat and causes epitaxial growth of columnar grains in subsequent splats.
214: Differential regulation of placental mitochondrial morphometry in a baboon model of maternal obesity

models. STUDY DESIGN: As placental model systems, primary villous tissue of term placentae following normal pregnancies and the BeWo choriocarcinoma cell line were used. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot analysis of whole tissueor cell lysate, as well as of syncytial basal membrane(BM) and apical microvillous membrane-enriched (MVM) fractions (obtained following differential ultra-centrifugation and magnesium precipitation). The mRNA levels of transport proteins were analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: GLUT-1 and GLUT-9 proteins were detected in primary villous tissue. GLUT-1 protein concentration was lower in BM than in MVM. The gene expression of both GLUT-9 isoforms, namely GLUT-9a and GLUT-9b, were detected in placental villous tissue as well as in BeWo cells. The GLUT-9b mRNA level was higher than the one of GLUT-9a. CONCLUSION: GLUT-1 was asymmetrically expressed on syncytial basal and apical microvillous membranes. Further, in placental tissue the GLUT-9b mRNA level is higher than the one of GLUT-9a. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential role of GLUT-1 and GLUT -9 in the pathogenesis of pregnancy-specific diseases such as preeclampsia or gestational diabetes.
Determining thickness independently from optical constants by use of ultrafast light

We show that the application of ultrafast techniques, especially terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, allows simultaneous measurements of material thickness and optical constants from transmission measurements, by analyzing not only the phase difference between the main terahertz pulse through the medium but also the subsequent multireflection pulse (an echo) from the medium. Such a method provides a fast and precise characterization of the optical properties and can extract thickness information and hence other optical constants in a broad bandwidth. It may have applications in science and engineering such as in situ film thickness and quality monitoring, optical constants measurement, medical imaging, noninvasive detection, and remote sensing.
Design and operational issues for 77-K superconducting magnets

Important design and operational issues are projected for superconducting magnets that might be wound of the new high-temperature superconductors with critical temperatures above 90 K. Specifically, the thermal stability and behavior of the magnet winding and driving forces that tend to upset the thermal equilibrium within the winding are analyzed quantitatively for 4-K and 77-K magnets and the results for the two systems are compared. The analysis indicates that a 77-K magnet system would best be operated in the adiabatic mode. It is also shown that the new superconductor would be stable when used in the form of tape about 10-mm wide. >
Identification and developmental expression pattern of van gogh-like 1, a second zebrafish strabismus homologue

Cell movement plays a central role in both normal embryogenesis and the development of diseases such as cancer. Therefore, identification and analysis of proteins controlling cell movement is of special importance. The zebrafish trilobite locus encodes a Van Gogh/Strabismus homologue, which regulates diverse cell migratory behaviors during embryogenesis. Trilobite is most similar to human Van Gogh-like 2 (VANGL2)/Strabismus 1 and mouse Loop-tail associated protein/Lpp1. Both human and mouse genomes encode a second Strabismus homologue referred to as VANGL1/Strabismus 2 and Lpp2, respectively. This prompted us to ask whether another van gogh/strabismus gene, one more closely related to human VANGL1, exists in the zebrafish genome. This paper describes the identification of zebrafish vangl1 and provides the first spatiotemporal expression and functional analysis of a vertebrate vangl1 homologue. Our data indicate that vangl1 and trilobite/vangl2 are expressed in largely non-overlapping domains during embryogenesis. Injection of synthetic vangl1 RNA partially suppressed the gastrulation defect in trilobite mutant embryos, suggesting that Vangl1 and Trilobite/Vangl2 have similar biochemical activities.
Benzodiazepine receptor binding of nonbenzodiazepines in vivo: alpidem, zolpidem and zopiclone.

Several classes of nonbenzodiazepine compounds, including imidazopyridines such as alpidem and zolpidem and cyclopyrrolones, e.g., zopiclone, have effects similar to benzodiazepines and may act at the benzodiazepine receptor in brain. We characterized the binding of these compounds to the benzodiazepine site in three brain regions using specific uptake of the high-affinity ligand [3H]Ro15-1788 (flumazenil). For alpidem, benzodiazepine binding was decreased in cortex and hippocampus with increasing drug dose. For zolpidem, receptor binding was reduced in cortex without a dose-response effect and no effect was observed on cerebellar binding. Zopiclone did not alter binding except for a decrease in binding at the lowest dose evaluated and an increase in binding above control at the highest dose. These data corroborate prior studies indicating that the imidazopyridines appear to act at the benzodiazepine receptor, but do not support receptor subtype selectivity of zolpidem. The limited effect of zopiclone except for increased binding at high doses is also consistent with prior studies suggesting that zopiclone acts at a site distinct from the benzodiazepine receptor.
Inflamed about obesity.

Two studies find that adipocytes and macrophages have more in common than previously thought. The work bolsters the notion that the inflammatory response might link obesity to afflictions such as diabetes.
The effects of structured overlayers of sulfur on the kinetics and mechanism of simple reactions on Pt(111): I. Formaldehyde decomposition

Abstract The reaction of formaldehyde on Pt(111)−(2 × 2)S and Pt(111)−(√3×√3)R30°S surfaces was examined utilizing flash desorption techniques. The initial adsorption of formaldehyde on the clean Pt(111) surface resulted in the complete dissociation of the molecule into adsorbed hydrogen and adsorbed CO. Methanol, methyl formate and carbon dioxide were observed as additional products in small quantities only at higher coverages. The behavior of the methanol flash spectra along with the evolution of methyl formate suggested that their formate suggested that their formation resulted from an interaction between two adsorbed formaldehyde molecules, particularly since methyl formate was not formed from reactions with methanol. The evolution of CO 2 was ascribed to CO reacting with surface oxygen. The products of decomposition on both the sulfided surfaces were very similar, except that on Pt(111)−(√3 × √3)R30°S surface a decrease in the reactivity was observed. Both of these surfaces led to the formation of methane, methanol, hydrogen and carbon monoxide at all coverages. The methoxide intermediate is believed to be responsible for the production of methane and methanol on the sulfur surfaces. Sulfur modified the reaction of formaldehyde in that it reduced both the amount adsorbed and dissociated, altered the product distribution and enhanced the selectivity for hydrocarbon formation. It was also inferred from the behavior of the H 2 desorption spectra that adsorbed CO molecules formed by H 2 CO decomposition affected a structural displacement of sulfur atoms on the (2 × 2) surface.
Genesis Traditions in Conflict?: the Use of Some Exegetical Traditions in the Trimorphic Protennoia and the Johannine Prologue

L'article compare le prologue de l'Evangile de Jean et la Protennoia Trimorphe decouverte a Nag Hammadi. L'A. etudie les similitudes, la relation a la gnose, et propose d'abandonner l'explication par la dependence a des traditions sapientiales, et suggere que le Protennoia peut etre compris comme mythe soteriologique usant de l'interpretaion traditionnelle de Genese I.
Engaged Understanding for Lived Meaning

This paper discusses the practice of existential therapy as a process of engaged understanding for lived meaning. Understanding is viewed as a validating, contextualizing and resolute process of unfolding of what matters in the life projects of those entrusted to our care. Such “matterings,” or meanings, are neither lost, found nor created, but lived in each moment of our lives, and most fully disclose themselves in the engaged participation of the therapeutic relationship. Our engagement both provides respect and dignity of any way of be-ing in situations, and offers the possibility of “being otherwise,” if one chooses to do so, without privileging how one should be over how one has been or how one is in one’s current circumstance. This kind of practice is based on the human science tradition and inseparability of existential-hermeneutical-phenomenological thought and practice; We meaningfully experience through understanding our ownmost limitations and possibilities within a shared human condition. Important distinctions are made in these reflections between a more familiar “deficit-correction” model of care and the stance suggested in this paper: An understanding-collaboration model of care. The latter model places a primacy on “being-with” as both an ontological, or inherent and common given of the human condition, and as an ontic, or particular, expression of therapeutic care. The paper closes with suggested implications for evidence-based concerns in relation to this project.
The three failures of creationism, by Walter M. Fitch

The three failures of creationism, by Walter M. Fitch. 2012 University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 9780-520-27053-4 pbk. 194 pp., glossary, bibliography, index. $24.95 (£16.95). Walter Fitch was Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California-Irvine and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Capping off a professional lifetime, he undertook to write a small textbook for high-school seniors and undergrads explaining problems with Creationist explanations contesting evolution. The result is useful to instructors, too, providing short, sound answers to questions about the alleged conflict between religion and science. Logic, rhetoric, and science are the three areas where creationists fail, according to Fitch. He begins with a very basic introduction to logic, listing and giving examples of logical fallacies and of pitfalls such as “loaded words” like “methodological atheism” (used by creationist Philip Johnson), where “atheism” may be technically correct for science—by definition science does not postulate deities—but its connotation of expressed rejection of belief in deities is not involved (p. 21). His next chapter presents “The Basics,” how we obtain knowledge from observation, authority, or faith. Theology, esthetics, ethics, and science are domains for judging and evaluating observations; Fitch explains how creationists fail to keep these domains separate, invoking theology to account for natural-world observations and ethics to claim moral worth as a criterion for accepting a scientific hypothesis. Fitch’s next chapter lays out “some simple math and statistics” pertinent to the age of the earth and to genetics. This chapter requires more mental energy than the preceding ones, which could make it particularly educational for students, leading them through examples of mathematical thinking. The final chapter is called “‘Young-Earth’ Creationism”, although it could better be
Comparisons of models of associative recall.

We tested three mathematical models of associative recall that differ in the assumed structure of the memory trace (direct or indirect connections between parts) and the interdependence of the connections (independent or correlated). The three models compared are the “horizontal” model with direct, independent connections, the “schema” model with indirect, independent connections, and the “fragment” model with indirect, correlated connections. In Experiment 1, subjects studied quartets of minimally related words and then recalled, using one or two words of each quartet as cues. The horizontal and schema models predicted the data very well, but the fragment model did poorly. In Experiment 2, related word quintets were learned, and recall cues contained one, two, or three words of a quintet. Only the schema model adequately fit these data. Experiment 3 directly tested the fragment model, using sequential tests of unrelated word quartets. Even an augmented fragment model with extra recall failure parameters was decisively rejected by these data. Both the horizontal and schema models gave satisfactory qualitative accounts, although poor quantitative fits. A means of deriving the models through a spreading activation semantic network of preexperimental knowledge is suggested, and related models are discussed.
Social Inhibition of Helping Yourself: Bystander Response to a Cheeseburger

111 elevator riders were given the opportunity to help themselves to a free lunch — a coupon good for one Quarter Pounder with Cheese. When others were in the elevator, indi viduals were less likely to take a coupon, even when there were enough to go around, demonstrating that social inhibition is not specific to helping others.
Global WHO survey: poor physical and mental health more prevalent among women who have experienced intimate partner violence.

QUESTION Question: Is intimate partner violence and domestic violence linked to physical and mental health problems in women? Population: 19 568 inhabitants of 10 countries who had ever had a partner. Setting: Global study representing people from 10 countries (15 sites) in the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women; interviews carried out 2000–2003. Assessment: Interviews were conducted in person by female interviewers in a community setting using a standardised questionnaire. Women were asked whether they had experienced physical or sexual violence at the hand of a current or previous partner at any time in their life or in the previous 12 months. Women responding yes were then asked for details of the incidents. Other questions included selfrated health and whether they experienced any of the following physical symptoms in the previous 4 weeks: difficulty walking or with daily activities, pain, memory loss, dizziness and vaginal discharge. The Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to screen for emotional distress (asking about symptoms such as crying, tiredness and inability to enjoy life), and participants were also asked whether they had suicidal thoughts in the 4 weeks prior to interview or had ever attempted to commit suicide. Results were pooled using multiple regression models. Analysis was adjusted for age, gender, site, education and marital status. Outcomes: Physical and sexual abuse; self-reported health and specific physical health problems; emotional distress, suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts; injury from violence. METHODS Design: Cross sectional study. MAIN RESULTS Lifetime prevalence of physical or sexual violence by a current or former partner among ever-partnered women ranged from 15% in Japan to 71% in Ethiopia. Among women who had been physically abused the prevalence of injury from violence ranged from 19% in Ethiopia to 55% in Peru. Overall, women with a lifetime experience of physical or sexual violence were more likely to report poor or very poor health (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.8). They were also more likely to report difficulties walking (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.7) and with their daily activities (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.8), pain (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 1.7), memory loss (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.0), dizziness (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 1.8) and vaginal discharge (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 2.0). Across all sites, emotional distress on the SRQ-20 was significantly higher for women who had experienced abuse as was the risk of suicide ideation (OR 2.9, 95% CI 2.7 to 3.2) and suicide attempts (OR 3.8, 95% CI 3.3 to 4.5).
The rewarding effect of aggression is reduced by nucleus accumbens dopamine receptor antagonism in mice

Dopamine (DA) receptors within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are implicated in the rewarding properties of stimuli. Aggressive behavior can be reinforcing but the involvement of NAc DA in the reinforcing effects of aggression has yet to be demonstrated. To microinject DA receptor antagonists into the NAc to dissociate their effects on reinforcement from their effects on aggressive behavior and general movement. Male Swiss Webster mice were implanted with guide cannulae aimed for the NAc and tested for aggressive behavior in a resident–intruder procedure. Aggressive mice were then conditioned on a variable-ratio 5 (VR-5) schedule with presentation of the intruder as the reinforcing event. The D1- and D2-like receptor antagonists SCH-23390 and sulpiride were microinfused (12–50 ng) before the mice responded on the VR-5 schedule and attacked the intruder. Open-field activity was also determined following the highest doses of these drugs. SCH-23390 and sulpiride dose-dependently reduced VR responding but did not affect open-field activity. The 50-ng SCH-23390 dose suppressed response rates by 40% and biting behaviors by 10%; other aggressive behaviors were not affected. The 25 and 50 ng sulpiride doses almost completely inhibited VR responding; the 50-ng dose suppressed biting by 50%. These results suggest that both D1- and D2-like receptors in the ventral striatum are involved in the rewarding properties of aggression, but that D1-like receptors may be related to the motivation to earn reinforcement as opposed to aggressive behavior.
A method for measurement of the specific radioactivity of the choline moiety of choline phospholipids.

Abstract The specific radioactivity of a choline phospholipid has been determined by a double-isotope method. Purified phospholipid was hydrolyzed to release labeled choline, and choline kinase was employed to label the choline with 32 P from [γ- 32 P]ATP. The double-labeled phosphorylcholine was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on QAE-Sephadex, and the specific radioactivity of the choline was calculated from the isotope ratio. The method is sensitive, requiring only 5 nmol of choline with a specific radioactivity of 1 μCl/μmol, and the chromatographic isolation of phosphorylcholine is simple and reproducible.
Crustal structure of the Peninsular Ranges batholith from magnetic data: Implications for Gulf of California rifting

[1] A 70-km-wide belt of magnetic highs extends ∼1200 km northwest from the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula into southern California. The anomalies are caused by the mafic western belt of the Peninsular Ranges batholith, which is exposed extensively along the northern 800 km length of the magnetic belt. Modeling indicates that the source of the anomalies extends to mid-to lower crustal depths. The linearity and undisrupted nature of the magnetic belt support the hypothesis that the peninsula has behaved as a rigid block and has resisted significant (>50 km) strike-slip deformation during the Tertiary. The absence of a corresponding magnetic belt along the coast of mainland Mexico to the south suggests that the location of rifting in the Gulf of California was influenced by the mafic Western Peninsular Ranges batholithic crust, perhaps because it is thermally and mechanically more resistant to deformation than the surrounding crust.
Self-Management Therapies and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Reinforced Self-Evaluation and Anger Control Interventions

The lack of sufficiency of the primary treatment modalities for children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)-operant behaviormodification procedures and psychostimulant medications-have prompted exploration of cognitive-behavioral self-management treatments as altematives or adjuncts. Although self-instructional treatments are not adequate interventions for such children, reinforcement-and rehearsal-based behavioral interventions can be combined with self-management approaches to supplement and extend the gains induced by behavioral procedures. After presenting background material regarding cognitive-behavioral treatments for ADHD, we present case material related to multimodality treatment, with focus on training in anger management and self-evaluation skills. We argue against unsubstantiated claims for the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral interventions but contend that, when combined with pharnacologic and behavioral approaches, self-management procedures deserve consideration for the d...
Magnetic field mapping.

Homogeneous radiofrequency magnetic fields are necessary for production of high-quality magnetic images and for most forms of magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is often convenient to map the radiofrequency homogeneity associated with a resonant device by measuring the magnetic image intensity of an aqueous phantom placed within the resonator. The rf field intensity is not related trivially to the magnetic image intensity, and the relationship is different for different image acquisition methods. In this report relationships between rf field intensity and magnetic image intensity are derived and radio-frequency field maps presented for comparison using (1) an rf probe moved about within the resonant volume, (2) spin-echo images, and (3) small tip angle gradient refocused echo images. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Programmatic Evaluation in Association of Zoos and Aquariums--Accredited Zoos and Aquariums: A Literature Review.

Evaluation of educational programs in zoos and aquariums is a growing area of interest for researchers and professionals. In this review, the authors examine the literature that focuses on these settings. They then discuss evaluations that have been conducted in institutions accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in relation to knowledge, attitude, and behavior changes in visitors and program participants. The authors also address the motivations for evaluation as well as the constraints and barriers frequently cited in the literature. Last, the authors discuss adaptive management strategies at these institutions as a result of evaluation practices.
Acute Kidney Injury and Rhabdomyolysis as an Initial Presentation of Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

The myopathy associated with hypothyroidism is usually mild and causes myalgia,stiffness, fatigability, and muscle weakness. Severe forms of myopathy, such as rhabdomyolysiswith acute kidney injury (AKI), have rarely been reported in hypothyroidpatients. We describe a young patient who presented with generalized body aches,cramps, and abdominal pain with vomiting after physical exercise. His laboratory studiesdemonstrated that he had rhabdomyolysis and AKI secondary to hypothyroidism;both resolved with thyroid hormone replacement. Hypothyroidism should be consideredin the differential diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis when common causes are excluded.
Using the EAP framework for fast media independent handover authentication

In this paper we compare different authentication techniques that may be used in order to reduce the time and resources required to perform a handover: namely, re-authentication and pre-authentication. We provide a detailed analysis of each mechanism, and highlight key performance trade-offs for select scenarios and parameters of interest.
The PWWP domain of mammalian DNA methyltransferase Dnmt3b defines a new family of DNA-binding folds

The PWWP domain is a weakly conserved sequence motif found in >60 eukaryotic proteins, including the mammalian DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. These proteins often contain other chromatin-association domains. A 135-residue PWWP domain from mouse Dnmt3b (amino acids 223–357) has been structurally characterized at 1.8 A resolution. The N-terminal half of this domain resembles a barrel-like five-stranded structure, whereas the C-terminal half contains a five-helix bundle. The two halves are packed against each other to form a single structural module that exhibits a prominent positive electrostatic potential. The PWWP domain alone binds DNA in vitro, probably through its basic surface. We also show that recombinant Dnmt3b2 protein (a splice variant of Dnmt3b) and two N-terminal deletion mutants (Δ218 and Δ369) have approximately equal methyl transfer activity on unmethylated and hemimethylated CpG-containing oligonucleotides. The Δ218 protein, which includes the PWWP domain, binds DNA more strongly than Δ369, which lacks the PWWP domain.
Synthetic and biological hydroxyapatites : Crystal structure questions

Experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that biological and synthetic hydroxyapatites display crystal structure similarities and differences that affect greatly the bioactivity of the synthetic materials. Recent developments in structure research of bioapatites report experimental values of the hydroxyl concentration in biological apatites in the range of 20-0% of the amount in synthetic hydroxyapatite. Theoretical calculations find the hexagonal space groups energetically unfavorable for hydroxyapatite crystallization. Different configurations are proposed for the carbonate substitution in B-type carbonate apatites.
Volcanism on Io: the view from Galileo

Io, Jupiter’s innermost Galilean satellite, is the most volcanically active body in the solar system. Ashley Gerard Davies reviews the wealth of data returned by NASA's veteran spacecraft Galileo, that has led to a better understanding of the volcanic processes wracking Io. Jupiter’s moon Io is the only other body in the solar system known to have active, high-temperature volcanism like that found on Earth. The Galileo spacecraft has been observing Io regularly since June 1996, and the data that it has returned have led to many new insights into the volcanic processes that have shaped not only Io, but Earth in its distant past.
Molecular dynamics simulations to explore the role of mass matching in the keV bombardment of organic films with polyatomic projectiles

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of the bombardment of a organic film on a gold substrate with Au and Au 2 projectiles have been performed in order to understand the role of mass matching in the mechanisms for energy transfer. There will be an effective energy transfer from the projectile to the substrate atoms if the atom impacts the substrate unimpeded by molecules in the organic film. When a projectile atom hits an organic molecule, the process of fragmentation absorbs its incident kinetic energy and it enters the substrate region with little energy left. With Au 2 , there is a higher probability that one or more of the projectile atoms will hit a bare portion of the surface and initiate collision cascades with sufficient energy to result in ejection. Atoms in the top layer of the substrate lift off stable, intact molecules as they move out of the crystal.
Elevated oxygen tension inhibits flow-induced dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine if elevated oxygen tension affects flow-induced dilation of in situ skeletal muscle arterioles. Cremaster muscle preparations from Sprague-Dawley rats were superfused with physiological salt solution (PSS) and viewed via television microscopy. A video micrometer was used to measure changes in arteriolar diameter in response to the increase in flow produced by occlusion of a parallel branch from the parent arteriole. Erythrocyte velocity was measured with an optical Doppler velocimeter. The superfusate PO2 was altered by changing the oxygen concentration of the equilibration gas between 0 and 21% O2. Elevation of superfusate PO2 to 10% O2 and 21% O2 significantly decreased arteriolar diameter compared to the control diameter during 0% O2 superfusion. Increases in arteriolar diameter during parallel arteriolar occlusion were reduced as superfusate PO2 was elevated. However, elevated PO2 had no significant effect on erythrocyte velocity through the perfused daughter vessel, either prior to or during parallel occlusion. As a result, blood flow through the dilating vessel was reduced with elevated PO2. As a result of the reduced arteriolar diameter, wall shear rate in the perfused daughter vessel was increased with elevated PO2, both prior to and during parallel occlusion. These observations demonstrate that elevated PO2 can override flow-induced vasodilation in the skeletal muscle microcirculation, leading to the persistence of an elevated wall shear rate.
A developing countries' perspective on population, environment, and development

The subject of this paper is the political behavior of developing states (the South) on issues of population, environment and development. It attempts to understand why the South is so weary of international population policy in the name of the environment. It argues that the South's response is shaped by five inter-related concerns about responsibility, efficiency, efficacy, additionally, and sovereignty. That is, the developing countries, (a) do not want their population growth to be held responsible for global environmental degradation, (b) argue that a more efficient solution to the environmental crisis is consumption control in the North, (c) believe that development remains a necessary condition for efficacious population control, (d) are weary of the population priorities of the North distracting international funds from other developmental goals of the South, and (e) are unprepared to accept any global population norms which challenge their fundamental political, cultural or religious sovereignty. It is main- tained that these concerns have historically guided the positions of the South and remain valid and relevant today. Although, over the last two decades of North-South debate on the subject the nuances within these concerns have evolved, the concerns themselves remain valid and were apparent again at the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development. Finally, it is proposed that although a grand North-South bargain around population-environment- development issues remains unlikely, both sides can gain much from trying to understand - even where they do not agree with - the other's concerns. The purpose of this study is not as much to defend the South's position, as to present it and the rationale behind it.
Clinical, diagnostic, genetic and management issues in dementia with Lewy bodies

DLB (dementia with Lewy bodies) is a syndrome associated with underlying LBD (Lewy body disease), with manifestations in the cognitive, neuropsychiatric, motor, sleep and autonomic domains. The variable symptomatology and complex array of neuronal involvement and neurotransmitter deficiencies make the diagnosis and management of patients with DLB challenging. The genetic underpinnings of DLB have only recently begun to unfold. In this review, the clinical features, diagnostic criteria, genetics and treatment issues relating to DLB will be discussed, in which a comprehensive approach to the diagnosis and management is emphasized.
RNA Isolation from Single Living Cells using AFM

Many protein-RNA complexes exist within cells and have various functions, including shuttling mRNA from the site of transcription to specific cellular regions. Often, these protein-RNA complexes consist of multiple mRNAs of which some are known and others remain unknown. The traditional method used to isolate protein-mRNA complexes is immunoprecipitation (IP). IP involves lysing a population of cells and isolating the protein-mRNA complexes using antibodies specific to the protein to "pulldown" the corresponding protein-mRNA complex of interest. We demonstrate the use of AFM as a complementary analysis tool for studying protein-RNA complexes in single living cells. While IP homogenizes the composition of protein-mRNA complexes from the cellular population under investigation and represents an "average", the AFM can interrogate not only a single cell but also subcellular regions of a single live cell, allowing stratification of protein-mRNA complexes from different regions of the cell. The result is the ability to spatially discriminate different populations of mRNAs that may be carried by the shuttling protein. To demonstrate extraction of a protein-mRNA complex, we selected the shuttling protein, Zipcode Binding Protein 1 (ZBP1) and its known associated mRNA, beta-actin, as a model system. Rat fibroblasts expressing a fusion protein, ZBP1-mCherry, were visualized using the fluorescent microscope of the AFM and then the cells of interest were punctured with an AFM tip conjugated with antibodies to ZBP1. Subsequently, the AFM tip was collected and analyzed for beta-actin mRNA using RT-PCR. BioAnalyzer results confirmed the extraction of beta-actin mRNA. This work shows that the AFM can be used as a tool to extract protein-RNA complexes from different regions of single living cells, potentially expanding the cell biologist's toolset.
Rising to the Challenge: Counseling Center Outreach

This paper proposes that a program of consultation and community resource development has a valid place in the operation of a college counseling center (Knight and Davis, 1964; Caplan, 1964; Bennett and Kaplan, 1967). Professionals sensitive to the needs of a college campus realize that reassessment of our current methods of meeting these needs is necessary (Strowig, 1968). A recent textbook on counseling emphasizes the role of counselor as change agent (Blocher, 1966), and issues a challenge to the profession to realize its poten tial for making higher education a truly developmental milieu.
Groups for midlife career change: A review

Abstract Descriptive and empirical literature on group work for adult midlife career change is reviewed. Discussion and recommendations for career programs and for groups are provided