cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of a Parent Management Training Intervention with Urban Foster Parents: A Pilot Study

The development of effective interventions for foster children with behavior problems is essential given the consequences of behavior problems for children's placement stability and permanency outcomes. This article presents findings from a pilot study of an intervention providing parent management training (PMT) and support to foster parents in groups and home visits. The intervention was an adaptation of the KEEP (Keeping Foster Parents Trained and Supported) group intervention, provided in a large urban child welfare agency serving predominantly African American foster parents. The study used an intent-to-treat design, with 25 foster parents of 31 children (age 4-12) in specialized foster care assigned to either an intervention or treatment as usual control group. Longitudinal outcomes were analyzed using random effect regression models. Over time, children's behavior problems were significantly lower in the intervention group relative to the control group, and the effect of the intervention was partially mediated by parents' understanding of how to appropriately use the intervention parenting skills. These results provide support for the effectiveness of KEEP with urban foster children with significant behavior problems.
The interaction of I2(g), HI(g) and KI(aq) with Pd (111) electrode surfaces

Etude de la reactivite chimique d'une electrode en palladium vis a vis des iodures. Interface electrode electrolyte. Description du phenomene de coordination interfaciale
The Nonlinear Dynamics of Time Dependent Subcritical Baroclinic Currents

The nonlinear dynamics of baroclinically unstable waves in a time-dependent zonal shear flow is considered in the framework of the two-layer Phillips model on the beta plane. In most cases considered in this study the amplitude of the shear is well below the critical value of the steady shear version of the model. Nevertheless, the time-dependent problem in which the shear oscillates periodically is unstable, and the unstable waves grow to substantial amplitudes, in some cases with strongly nonlinear and turbulent characteristics. For very small values of the shear amplitude in the presence of dissipation an analytical, asymptotic theory predicts a self-sustained wave whose amplitude undergoes a nonlinear oscillation whose period is amplitude dependent. There is a sensitive amplitude dependence of the wave on the frequency of the oscillating shear when the shear amplitude is small. This behavior is also found in a truncated model of the dynamics, and that model is used to examine larger shear amplitudes. When there is a mean value of the shear in addition to the oscillating component, but such that the total shear is still subcritical, the resulting nonlinear states exhibit a rectified horizontal buoyancy flux with a nonzero time average as a result of the instability of the oscillating shear. For higher, still subcritical, values of the shear, a symmetry breaking is detected in which a second cross-stream mode is generated through an instability of the unstable wave although this second mode would by itself be stable on the basic time-dependent current. For shear values that are substantially subcritical but of order of the critical shear, calculations with a full quasigeostrophic numerical model reveal a turbulent flow generated by the instability. If the beta effect is disregarded, the inviscid, linear problem is formally stable. However, calculations show that a small degree of nonlinearity is enough to destabilize the flow, leading to large amplitude vacillations and turbulence. When the most unstable wave is not the longest wave in the system, a cascade up scale to longer waves is observed. Indeed, this classically subcritical flow shows most of the qualitative character of a strongly supercritical flow. This result supports previous suggestions of the important role of background time dependence in maintaining the atmospheric and oceanic synoptic eddy field.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-BINDING PROTEIN-2 AND -3 ARE CORRELATED WITH ATRESIA AND PREOVULATORY MATURATION IN THE PORCINE OVARY

We compared insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) levels with indicators of follicular maturation and atresia in individual follicles of the porcine ovary. Follicular development was synchronized with the progestin, altrenogest, and progestin withdrawal was used to initiate the growth of an ovulatory cohort of follicles, which is accompanied by atresia of noncohort follicles. Individual follicles were isolated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after progestin withdrawal. Atretic follicles were identified by the presence of low hypodiploid levels of DNA in 10% or more of their granulosa cells using flow cytometry. The follicular fluid (FF) level of IGFBP-3 did not differ significantly between healthy and atretic medium-sized (3- to 6-mm) follicles and was not significantly correlated with the percentage of granulosa cells containing hypodiploid levels of DNA (r = 0.181) or with endocrine parameters such as FF concentrations of estradiol or androstenedione. However, among healthy follicles (atretic follicles removed from analyses to better examine follicular maturation), IGFBP-3 increased (P < 0.01) between days 1 and 7 and was positively correlated with follicle diameter (r = 0.514; P < 0.05) and the FF concentration of progesterone (r = 0.556; P < 0.01), indicators of the degree of follicular maturation. FF IGFBP-2 levels were 3-fold greater (P < 0.01) in atretic than in healthy follicles, and IGFBP-2 was correlated with percentage of granulosa cells containing hypodiploid levels of DNA (r = 0.729; P < 0.001). Among healthy follicles, FF IGFBP-2 did not differ significantly among days and was not significantly correlated with follicle diameter. These data suggest that the content of IGFBP-2 is related to the state of follicular health/atresia, whereas IGFBP-3 is related to preovulatory follicular development.
Sintering behavior of gehlenite. Part I: Self-forming, macro-/ mesoporous gehlenite-pore-forming mechanism, microstructure, mechanical, and physical properties

A novel kind of pore self-forming macro-/mesoporous gehlenite (2CaO ·Al 2 O 3 ·SiO 2 ) ceramic (abbreviated C 2 AS) having a highest porosity of 80% corresponding to a volume expansion of 134% during sintering has been developed. The pore self-forming ability, microstructure, mechanical, and thermal physical properties of the porous ceramic are related to the sintering temperature. The gehlenite ceramic shows a very good pore self-forming ability over a very wide range of temperature from 900° to 1450°C. No vesicant is required and no hydrothermal treatment is needed, as is generally the case for other kinds of porous ceramics or glasses. The pore self-forming ability of the C 2 AS porous ceramic can be attributed to the escape of the adsorbed water vapor during the sintering process, due to automatic hydration of the fine, amorphous, flakey-shaped starting C 2 AS powder particles synthesized by the organic steric entrapment (PVA) method, as well as to their fine, porous microstructure. The pores of the ceramics can be either open or closed, and the average pore size ranges from 0.6 to 1.1 μm, corresponding to a porosity of 75%-80%, respectively. The porous ceramic can preserve nanometer-sized (26-50 nm) crystallites up to 1000°C. Sintered or thermally treated under different conditions, the porous ceramics exhibit relatively high flexural strengths ranging from 9.1 to 15.4 MPa, with a standard deviation of 0.3 and 4.2 MPa, respectively. Thermal properties of the porous ceramic up to 1000°C, including thermal expansion coefficient, thermal diffusivity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity, were investigated, and the stability of the porous ceramic in boiling water was also studied.
BENCHMARK ERROR AND THE SMALL FIRM EFFECT: A REVISIT

In this study benchmark error is tested for as a source of the small firm effect by comparing the results from ordinary least squares and instrumental variable methods. Although the instrument is not perfect, results show that benchmark error could be a cause of the overall (all months) small firm effect. Results from the instrumental variable method indicate that large January abnormal returns are still present, but that they are offset by negative non-January abnormal returns. As a result, the instrumental variable results show that there is no longer a significant overall “effect,” merely a seasonal effect. It is also found that the results are not sensitive to the choice of the market index.
Study of 3H+3H, 3H+3He, and 3He+3He systems with the resonating-group method

Abstract The 3 He+ 3 He, 3 H+ 3 H, and 3 He+ 3 H systems are examined using the resonating-group method with a one-channel approximation. A two-body central potential which fits the low-energy nucleon-nucleon scattering data is used. The radii of the clusters are fixed according to experimental data. The result shows that the agreement between the calculated and experimental differential cross sections is good for the 3 He+ 3 He and 3 H+ 3 H systems but is only fair for the 3 He+ 3 H system. The calculated phase shifts are analysed with a one-level formula, and a number of P- and F-resonant levels in the compound nuclei 6 He, 6 Li and 6 Be are found. The question about the existence of excited states below the 3 He+ 3 He, 3 H+ 3 H and 3 He+ 3 H thresholds has also been examined. Here, the result shows that many S- and D-levels do exist in these energy regions.
HIV-AIDS prevention videotapes: A review of empirical findings

The spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic demands that prevention reach large populations in short periods of time, goals that may be facilitated by videotape interventions. This paper reviews empirical studies that have tested the effects of HIV education and prevention videotapes. Although most videotapes are not based on psychological theories and most studies have suffered methodological limitations, research has shown that educational videotapes increase knowledge about HIV-AIDS and change attitudes related to HIV risk behavior. In general, videotapes have shown promising results at increasing readiness to change but have not demonstrated significant effects on HIV risk behavior. However, few videotape interventions have explicitly targeted risk reduction behaviors. In light of the empirical findings, a model is proposed for developing HIV prevention videotapes based on HIV risk behavior change theories.
Color and form preference in young children

Abstract Preferences for color, form and size stimuli by nursery and kindergarten children, ranging in age from 3–6 years, were studied under choice conditions where hue saturation and figure contour were maried. Of the 145 who completed testing, 133 S s were unidimensional and consistent in their preference despite stimulus variation. Younger children mostly preferred color and older children mostly preferred form with the median transition age at 4 years, 2 months. Children with mixed preferences showed no increase in frequency with age. Some evidence for a preference hierarchy was presented on subtests where the preferred stimulus was removed; color-preferring children showed an increase in preference for form over size with age; form-preferring children did not show a developmental increase in preference for color over size. The results are discussed in terms of preference transition and its possible antecedent conditions as well as implications of stimulus preference for learning such as its operation as an observing response in concept attainment.
Natural Language Communication for the Engineering Analyst

The development of computer-aided engineering workstations has raised many new issues not previously encountered in design-drafting systems. Consider, for example, mechanical design. Most turnkey mechanical CAD systems simply provide computer-aided artwork. Their success in the marketplace is based on the relatively standardized drafting conventions followed across the industry. Therefore, extensive development efforts are justified because the same software package can be sold to many companies. Unfortunately, engineering analysis software does not offer the same leverage. Analysis software is generally less robust, being built around specific schools of thought. For example, many generic analysis methodologies cannot even agree on a common coordinate system.
Cardiovascular events, early discontinuation of trastuzumab, and their impact on survival

To evaluate how often trastuzumab therapy is ended early (i.e., early discontinuation) and how cardiovascular events and early discontinuation affect survival among older women with breast cancer. A population-based cohort of female Medicare beneficiaries with stage I–III breast cancer in 2005–2009 who received trastuzumab was assembled and followed through 2011. Completed trastuzumab treatment was defined as ≥11 months of continuous trastuzumab treatments with no delay between trastuzumab treatments >45 days. We identified trastuzumab-associated cardiovascular events as those occurring within 45 days before or after the last trastuzumab treatment. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we examined the association between early discontinuation of trastuzumab and cardiovascular events on all-cause mortality. Our cohort consisted of 585 women (mean age: 71.6 years). Approximately 41 % of women discontinued trastuzumab therapy early. Patients with early discontinuation of trastuzumab were more likely to have heart failure /cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and other cardiovascular events than women who completed trastuzumab. Cardiovascular events were strongly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality [adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 3.54; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.87 to 6.68]. Women with early discontinuation of trastuzumab had a non-significant increase in risk of all-cause mortality (AHR: 1.74; 95 % CI 0.94 to 3.23), compared to women who completed trastuzumab. Early trastuzumab discontinuation was common among older patients, and often associated with adverse cardiovascular events. Development of cardiovascular events was associated with a higher mortality risk than early trastuzumab discontinuation, implying that reducing cardiovascular complications from trastuzumab therapy could likely have a substantive impact on overall survival in this population.
Two models for assessing prognosis on the basis of successive observations

Abstract This paper describes, derives, and compares two models for assessing the prognosis of patients on the basis of repetitive measurements. It is shown by a Monte Carlo study that for small samples, the first model is slightly better than the second model, while for large samples, both models do equally well. An extension from the univariate to the multivariate case is also presented and discussed.
Defining and overcoming the contact resistance challenge in scaled carbon nanotube transistors

In this work, we define the relevant aspects of a CNTFET contact and the corresponding resistances, putting them into the proper context for a sub-10 nm technology node. Also, new results on the use of different metal-CNT contacts and how they impact the R c vs. L c scaling is presented.
Production and detection of carbon dioxide on Iapetus

Abstract Cassini VIMS detected carbon dioxide on the surface of Iapetus during its insertion orbit. We evaluated the CO 2 distribution on Iapetus and determined that it is concentrated almost exclusively on Iapetus’ dark material. VIMS spectra show a 4.27-μm feature with an absorption depth of 24%, which, if it were in the form of free ice, requires a layer 31 nm thick. Extrapolating for all dark material on Iapetus, the total observable CO 2 would be 2.3 × 10 8 kg. Previous studies note that free CO 2 is unstable at 10 AU over geologic timescales. Carbon dioxide could, however, be stable if trapped or complexed, such as in inclusions or clathrates. While complexed CO 2 has a lower thermal volatility, loss due to photodissociation by UV radiation and gravitational escape would occur at a rate of 2.6 × 10 7 kg year −1 . Thus, Iapetus’ entire inventory of surface CO 2 could be lost within a few decades. The high loss/destruction rate of CO 2 requires an active source. We conducted experiments that generated CO 2 by UV radiation of simulated icy regolith under Iapetus-like conditions. The simulated regolith was created by flash-freezing degassed water, crushing it into sub-millimeter sized particles, and then mixing it with isotopically labeled amorphous carbon ( 13 C) dust. These samples were placed in a vacuum chamber and cooled to temperatures between 50 K and 160 K. The samples were irradiated with UV light, and the products were measured using a mass spectrometer, from which we measured 13 CO 2 production at a rate of 2.0 × 10 12 mol s −1 . Extrapolating to Iapetus and adjusting for the solar UV intensity and Iapetus’ surface area, we calculated that CO 2 production for the entire surface would be 1.1 × 10 7 kg year −1 , which is only a factor of two less than the loss rate. As such, UV photochemical generation of CO 2 is a plausible source of the detected CO 2 .
The stability of predator-prey interactions in microbial ecosystems

Abstract The stability of a multispecies predator-prey system as a function of the system complexity has been analyzed, using a method similar to that of randomly constructed food webs. The analysis of community matrices, in which competition and predator-prey interactions are embodied through the model equations, shows that stability does not depend on the complexity of the system. The interaction structure of the system is primarily responsible for stability.
High frequency dynamic imaging of domains in thin film heads

A wide-field magnetooptic domain observation system with a time resolution of 10 ns has been developed to study magnetization dynamics in thin-film heads. The instantaneous dynamic response on the top yoke of thin-film recording heads is examined at any chosen instant within the drive current cycle at frequencies up to 20 MHz. Different phase responses from different domain walls in the head are observed and interpreted in terms of hysteretic wall motion, effective field density variation in the head, and wall orientations relative to the flux conduction direction. Two different flux conduction mechanisms associated with two different domain structures in the central region of the head are observed and discussed. Flux conduction in the center of the head by motion of backgap walls and magnetization rotation for domain structures with and without the backgap walls was observed. The domain structure with the backgap walls is probably undesirable because the backgap wall motion may cause a decrease in head efficiency during high-frequency operation and could cause noise during read-back. >
Iron Nutrition Influence on Cadmium Accumulation by Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine whether Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynth., a putative Fe-efficient species, accumulated higher concentrations of Cd from a sparingly soluble Cd source (cadmium dihydrogen phosphate) when growing in Fe-deficient rather than in Fe-sufficient conditions. The Arabidopsis plants, which were grown in double-container, vermiculite-hydroponic plot culture systems and were provided with nutrient solution containing either sufficient (89.5 μM) or deficient (0 μM) Fe supplied as the diethylene triamine pentacetate chelate, were exposed to four levels of Cd (nominally 0, 0.45, 0.89, or 1.78 mmol kg -1 vermiculite) (.)
Dynamics of bone turnover markers in patients with heart failure and following haemodynamic improvement through ventricular assist device implantation.

Aims Abnormal bone metabolism and progressive demineralization have been described in patients with heart failure (HF). We hypothesized that mechanical unloading through implantation of a ventricular assist device (VAD) with subsequent haemodynamic improvement would correct abnormal bone metabolism in patients with advanced HF. Methods and results Serum was collected from 14 controls, 20 patients with moderate HF, 34 patients with advanced HF undergoing VAD implantation, and 34 patients at the time of VAD explantation (mean duration: 169 ± 125 days). Bone metabolism markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorption assay (ELISA) or chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Compared with controls, HF patients showed increased parathyroid hormone (PTH: 42 ± 19 vs. 117 ± 117 pg/mL in HF; P < 0.02) with decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D: 29 ± 14 vs. 21 ± 11 ng/mL in HF; P = 0.05]. While procollagen-1 N-terminal peptide (P1NP) and osteocalcin were similar, cross-linked C- and N-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX and NTX) were both higher in HF (NTX: 14 ± 6 vs. 20 ± 11 ng/mL; P < 0.05; CTX: 0.35 ± 0.13 vs. 1.05 ± 0.78 ng/mL; P < 0.01 for controls and HF, respectively). P1NP increased markedly after VAD implantation (49 ± 37 vs. 121 ± 62 ng/mL; P < 0.0001), with a mild decrease in CTX and NTX levels indicating a shift towards anabolic bone formation. Serum PTH correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r = –0.245, P < 0.05). Conclusion Patients with advanced HF are characterized by increased levels of biochemical markers of bone resorption potentially as a result of secondary hyperparathyroidism and uncoupling of bone remodelling. Haemodynamic improvement and mechanical unloading after VAD implantation lead to correction of bone metabolism and increased levels of anabolic bone formation markers.
Stercoral perforation of the colon in a heroin addict

Background and aims. Stercoral perforation of the colon is rare. Narcotics are well known to produce chronic constipation resulting in stercoral perforation, however, only one case of a heroin addict developing stercoral perforation has been reported.
Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist response to pre-plant application of residual herbicides in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Abstract Glyphosate-resistant Conyza canadensis emerging in autumn and spring in the southern USA must be controlled prior to establishment of spring-seeded glyphosate-resistant crops. Research was conducted to evaluate C. canadensis control with residual herbicides labeled for pre-emergence use in cotton and to determine the length of residual activity of each herbicide. Additionally, glufosinate and dicamba-based pre-plant burndown programs were evaluated for control and reduction in C. canadensis emergence at three locations in 2007 in Arkansas, USA, with two of these sites containing glyphosate-resistant C. canadensis. Fluometuron, oxyfluorfen, and norflurazon were the most consistent and efficacious herbicides evaluated, providing at least 80% residual control of glyphosate-resistant C. canadensis through 8 weeks after treatment. Glufosinate alone applied in early and late March (8 and 10 weeks before cotton sowing) usually provided less than complete control, resulting in C. canadensis regrowth and subsequent seedling emergence. Addition of dicamba in a tank-mix with glufosinate generally improved C. canadensis control in addition to providing some residual suppression of further emergence. No C. canadensis emerged over a 10- to 12-week period in plots treated with glufosinate plus dicamba plus flumioxazin. Although dicamba does provide short-lived residual C. canadensis control, this research confirms that additional residual herbicides are needed with pre-plant burndown programs to prevent subsequent emergence when conditions are conducive for C. canadensis germination.
Isolation and some properties of thrombin-E and other prothrombin derivatives☆

Abstract Multiple forms of thrombin zymogen occur as prothombin complex, prothrombin, abnormal prothrombin, prethrombin, and prethrombin-E. Prothrombin less PR fragment represents prethrombin and is the stage beyond which degradation of prothrombin does not readily go with thrombin. By removing O fragment from prethrombin, esterase activity develops, due to a structure called prethrombin-E. This enzyme is a single chain structure with molecular weight, amino acid composition and carbohydrate content the same as thrombin. By breaking an Arg-Ile bond in prethrombin-E with autoprothrombin C, thrombin forms and consists of the A chain held to the B chain by a disulfide bond. It has esterase and proteolytic activity, and basically classical thrombin occurs only in this one form. Commonly, thrombin preparations consist of thrombin and thrombin degraded to thrombin-E and B1 chain. During autolysis at 4° C and pH 8.0, proteolytic activity of thrombin is lost while the specific esterase activity increases. The B1 portion of B chain splits off at an Arg-Lys bond. It precipitates in pure form leaving in solution thrombin-E which has B2 chain attached to A chain by a disulfide bond, and has only esterase activity. Breaking the disulfide bond of thrombin-E enables the isolation of A and B2 chains. Either thrombin or autoprothrombin C can remove PR fragment from prothrombin. R fragment was also isolated and probably contains all the carbohydrate of prothrombin which is not associated with B1 chain of thrombin. Thrombin-E is free of carbohydrate. O fragment retarded fibrin formation by thrombin. It enhanced the esterase activity of thrombin. An unidentified procoagulant, probably a form of autoprothrombin C, was closely associated with O fragment, but was removed. The prothrombin activation sequence described by Seegers and Landaburu in 1957 has been confirmed; namely, esterase activity → esterase + proteolytic activity → esterase activity. The respective associated structures are prethrombin-E → thrombin → thrombin-E; and in these, the condition of B1 chain is as follows: bound, free at NH 2 -terminal end, and absent. In addition, an antecedent in the form of prethrombin is easily obtained as a degradation product of prothrombin. The fragments align in prothrombin as follows: P + R + O + A chain + B1 chain + B2 chain. Digestion of prothrombin with thrombin stops with PR removal which is the prethrombin stage, but continues if prothrombin is first denatured. Likewise, autolysis of thrombin stops at the thrombin-E stage (A chain + B2 chain), but if thrombin-E is denatured, thrombin can degrade it further.
The Organic Metabolism of Sea-water with Special Reference to the Ultimate Food Cycle in the Sea

Studies are reported of the behaviour of stored sea-water with regard to oxygen, ammonia, and bacteria content in relation to the conditions of storage and to the effect of various filtration procedures.When sea-water is sterilised by filtration and stored in the dark, the oxygen content remains constant or diminishes only by less than 0·07c.c. per litre in several hundred hours.In non-sterile experiments there is always an oxygen consumption roughly parallel to a bacterial multiplication which begins very suddenly after collection of the water. These effects are greatest in “raw” water, less in paper-filtered water and least in water which is doubly filtered.
How I Treat Coccidioidomycosis

Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii are pathogenic dimorphic fungi responsible for causing coccidioidomycosis in the southwestern part of United States. Incidence of this disease continues to rise in endemic areas. Coccidioidomycosis starts as a respiratory illness and in less than 5 % of cases disseminates to other anatomic sites. Patient management requires careful periodic assessment. Some patients require no therapy, while others require antifungal medications for several months, or in some cases, indefinitely. Factors that influence the decision to treat include degree and duration of patient symptoms, radiographic findings, anti-complementary titers, immunosuppression and comorbidites. Cure for disseminated infection appears to be an unreachable goal with current treatments.
Identification of Intermediate Steps in the Conversion of a Mutant Prion Protein to a Scrapie-like Form in Cultured Cells

The central causative event in infectious, familial, and sporadic forms of prion disease is thought to be a conformational change that converts the cellular isoform of the prion protein (PrPC) into the scrapie isoform (PrPSc) that is the primary constituent of infectious prion particles. To provide a model system for analyzing the mechanistic details of this critical transformation, we have previously prepared cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells that stably express mouse PrP molecules carrying mutations homologous to those seen in familial prion diseases of humans. In the present work, we have analyzed the kinetics with which a PrP molecule containing an insertional mutation associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease acquires several biochemical properties characteristic of PrPSc. Within 10 min of pulse labeling, the mutant protein undergoes a molecular alteration that is detectable by a change in Triton X-114 phase partitioning and phenyl-Sepharose binding. After 30 min of labeling, a detergent-insoluble and protease-sensitive form of the protein appears. After a chase period of several hours, the protein becomes protease-resistant. Incubation of cells at 18 degrees C or treatment with brefeldin A inhibits acquisition of detergent insolubility and protease resistance but does not affect Triton X-114 partitioning and phenyl-Sepharose binding. Our results support a model in which conversion of mutant PrPs to a PrPSc-like state proceeds in a stepwise fashion via a series of identifiable biochemical intermediates, with the earliest step occurring during or very soon after synthesis of the polypeptide in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The Epidemiology of Pediatric Basketball Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments: 2000-2006

Background: There is limited published research on the epidemiology of basketball injuries treated in US emergency departments (EDs).Hypothesis: Age and sex patterns exist for the most common pediatric basketball injuries treated in EDs.Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods: Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System and the National Sporting Goods Association were used to calculate national injury incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals of pediatric basketball injuries.Results: An estimated 325 465 annual visits were made to US EDs for pediatric basketball-related injuries from 2000 to 2006. The 5 most common injuries were ankle sprains (21.7%), finger sprains (8.0%), finger fractures (7.8%), knee sprains (3.9%), and facial lacerations (3.9%). Among persons aged 12 to 17 years, girls had a higher rate of knee sprains than boys (P
Principles of cross-modal competition: Evidence from deficits of attention

How does the attentional system coordinate the processing of stimuli presented simultaneously to different sensory modalities? We investigated this question with individuals with neurological damage who suffered from deficits of attention. In these individuals, we examined how the processing of tactile stimuli is affected by the simultaneous presentation of visual or auditory stimuli. The investigation demonstrated that two stimuli from different modalities are in competition when attention is directed to the perceptual attributes of both, but not when attention is directed to the perceptual attributes of one and the semantic attributes of the other. These findings reveal a differentiated attentional system in which competition is modulated by the level of stimulus representation to which attention is directed.
491. Mosaic AAV Vectors Display Novel Properties for Neuronal Transduction

Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) vectors are one of the most promising vehicles for in vivo gene delivery to the Central Nervous System because of high titers and the absence of neuro-toxicity. In addition to the classic serotype capsids, it is possible to construct chimeric, or mosaic serotypes using transcapsidation. We have produced AAV 1/2, AAV 1/8 and AAV 2/8 mosaic vectors by mixing AAV1, 2, and 8 complementing genomes at 1:1 ratios during packaging. The packaged vector genome was the same in all three mosaics carrying AAV2 inverted terminal repeats expressing GFP under the control of a CBA promoter. We produced mosaic vector stocks with titers of |[sim]|1013 genome copies/ mL. We compared the gene transfer efficiency of these mosaic vectors, single serotypes vectors AAV1, 2, 5 and 8 and 1:1 mixtures of parental serotypes in primary mouse neuronal cortical cultures infected at MOIs of 104 and 3 |[times]|104. AAV1 was the most efficient of the single serotype vectors. The efficiency of the mixtures of single serotype AAVs was as good as the best of the single serotypes in the mixture. All three mosaics appeared to be more efficient than AAV1 regarding number of transduced cells and intensity of GFP expression. We also investigated the mosaic serotypes in two in vivo delivery modalities, cerebral intraventricular injections in neonatal mice and direct striatal injection in 6-8 week-old mice. We found that mosaic serotypes injected in neonates were able to efficiently transduce the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, olfactory bulb and the cerebellum. In adult mice, we compared the transduction efficiency of different AAV serotypes (1, 2, 5, 8 and mosaics 1/2, 1/8, 2/8) by Convection Enhanced Delivery (CED) to the mouse striatum. The mosaics showed lower gene transfer efficiency and distribution in the striatum than the best parental serotype (AAV8). However, the unique extra- striatal pattern of transduction for AAV1/8 and AAV2/8 vectors, with neuronal transduction in the ventral posteromedial and ventromedial thalamic nuclei, suggests that these mosaic capsids display new properties in vivo and can be used to generate AAV vectors with alternative in vivo tropism.
Composition of the giant dipole state

Abstract The structure of the giant dipole state is studied within the framework of the many-particle Green function theory. It is found that the configuration mixing from two-particle, two-hole states influences all particle-hole matrix elements. As this is believed small from general nuclear structure evidence, the particle-hole model of Brown and collaborators ought to be substantially correct for the dipole state. A specific exception might occur for the low-lying T = 0, 3− states.
A Description of Rainfall Interception over Large Areas.

A new scheme is developed for describing interception at spatial scales comparable to the typical resolution of climate models. The scheme is based on the Rutter model of interception and statistical description of the subgrid-scale spatial variability of canopy storage and rainfall. The interception loss simulated by the new scheme is significantly smaller than those simulated by other schemes that do not include considerations for spatial variability. The explanation of this result is partly in the enhancement of spatially averaged canopy drainage due to the large local drainage from the few buckets of large canopy storage. The relative reduction in interception loss simulated by the new scheme may explain the overestimation of interception loss by climate models that do not include the effects of spatial variability on interception processes.
Effects of stress on opioid receptor binding in the rat central nervous system.

Abstract The endogenous opioid peptides are known to play a significant role in the modulation and or mediation of numerous environmental or experimental Stressors. However, the specific opioid peptide(s) and receptor type(s) involved, under what physiologic conditions they are engaged and within which regions of the CNS is not well understood. We therefore examined the effects of both a chronic and an acute Stressor 90-h water deprivation and a single 20-min foot shock on opioid receptor binding in 17 specific rat brain nuclei. [3H]DSTLE (Tyr-D-Ser-Gly-Phe-Leu-Thr) and [3H]DAGO(Tyr-D-Gly-Phe- NMe-Phe-Gly-ol) were used to label delta and mu receptors, respectively. Foot shock induced profound antinociception as measured by tail-flick latency which outlasted the Stressor by several minutes. However, only the septum responded with a decrease in [3H]DAGO binding to this type of stress-induced analgesia. No other alterations in either [3H]DAGO or [3H]DSTLE binding were seen in response to foot shock. In contrast, water deprivation induced increases in [3H-DAGO] binding in the septum as well as increases in [3H]DSTLE binding in the caudate and accumbens nuclei. Moreover, the presumptive mild stress of handling in the foot shock control group was sufficient to decrease mu or delta receptor binding in seven out of 17 brain regions investigated (including the frontal cortex and olfactory tubercle where both mu and delta binding were increased) when compared to unhandled deprivation control animals. These changes in opioid receptor binding may have been the result of alterations in treatment-induced peptide release, receptor regulation, or interactions with other released ncurotransmitter ligand receptor complexes. Most of the brain regions displaying significant alterations in receptor binding (e.g. amygdala, cingulate, frontal cortex, olfactory tubercle and nucleus accumbens) are either components of, or are associated with the limbic system. These data implicate limbic opioid activation as a consequence of various stressors and may therefore be reflective of a role for opioids in the emotional/motivational aspects of stress.
Stratospheric aerosol and gas experiments I and II comparisons with ozonesondes

Ozone profiles measured by the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiments (SAGE) 1 and 2 are compared with ozonesonde profiles at 24 stations over the period extending from 1979 through 1991. Ozonesonde/satellite differences at 21 stations with SAGE 2 overpasses were computed down to 11.5 km in midlatitudes, to 15.5 km in the lower latitudes, and for nine stations with SAGE 1 overpasses down to 15.5 km. The set of individual satellite and ozonesonde profile comparisons most closely colocated in time and space shows mean absolute differences relative to the satellite measurement of 6 +/- 2% for SAGE 2 and 8 +/- 3% for SAGE 1. The ensemble of ozonesonde/satellite differences, when averaged over all altitudes, shows that for SAGE 2, 70% were less than 5%, whereas for SAGE 1, 50% were less than 5%. The best agreement occurred in the altitude region near the ozone density maximum where almost all the relative differences were less than 5%. Most of the statistically significant differences occurred below the ozone maximum down to the tropopause in the region of steepest ozone gradients and typically ranged between 0 and -20%. Correlations between ozone and aerosol extinction in the northern midlatitudes indicate that aerosols had no discernible impact on the ozonesonde/satellite differences and on the SAGE 2 ozone retrieval for the levels of extinction encountered in the lower stratosphere during 1984 to mid-1991.
Coincidence site lattice theory of multicrystalline ensembles

It is shown how the coincidence site lattice theory, developed originally for grain boundaries and extended recently to triple junctions, can be applied to more complex ensembles of crystallites with the cubic crystal structure. These include quadruple points, multiple junctions of grains and other multicrystal assemblies. Application of the theory is demonstrated on hypothetical examples, which may help elucidate some practically important problems.
Long-range hydrophobic forces between mica surfaces in alkaline dodecylammonium chloride solutions

Abstract A Mark IV surface force apparatus was used to measure forces between mica surfaces in dodecylamine hydrochloride (DAHCl) solutions. At pH 5.7, only “short-range” hydrophobic forces with decay lengths of approximately 1.3 nm were observed. At pH 9.5, however, a long-range hydrophobic force with a decay length of 5.5 nm was observed due to the coadsorption of dodecylammonium ions and dodecylamine, which increases the packing density of hydrocarbon chains on the mica surface. At pH 10.1, no significant hydrophobic forces are observed above 2 × 10−5MDAHCl possibly due to the formation of phase-separated amine on the surface. This concentration is 50 times below that of bulk precipitation. Furthermore, the force curves obtained at pH 10.1 exhibit repulsive steric forces at separation distances below 30 nm, which may provide an evidence for the existence of preprecipitation complexes on the surface. The pH at which the long-range hydrophobic force appears corresponds to the pH where the flotation of quartz reaches a maximum, suggesting that long-range hydrophobic forces may be required for good flotation.
Selective flotation of phosphates from dolomite using cationic collectors. I. Effect of collector and nonpolar hydrocarbons

Abstract The flotation behavior of francolite and dolomite with a variety of cationic collectors was studied. Only primary amines were found to be strong collectors of the phosphate mineral. Dolomite was also floatable with primary amines, but from a mixture of francolite and dolomite, the primary amines were uniquely selective towards the phosphate mineral. Adsorption studies carried out with individual minerals showed that the collector was strongly adsorbed on both dolomite and francolite. However, in a phosphate ore, primary amines were adsorbed mainly on the phosphate, indicating that a stronger interaction existed between the amine and francolite than between the amine and dolomite. The use of hydrocarbon oils was beneficial not only in reducing the collector requirements, but also in accelerating the flotation rates.
MO‐F‐BRA‐06: Neutron Dose Equivalent at the Maze Entrance of a Flattening Filter Free Accelerator

Purpose: To evaluate the neutron and photon dose equivalent (Hn,D and HG) at the outer maze entrance after the removal of the flattening filter of a Varian Clinac 23EX accelerator; and to evaluate the effectiveness of semiempirical calculations for a flattening filter free (FFF) accelerator. Methods: A Varian Clinac 23EX accelerator was used to produce 18 MV photons without the flattening filter. The Hn,D was measured using an Andersson‐Braun neutron Rem meter, and the HG was measured using a Geiger Muller gamma‐ray survey meter at the outer maze entrance. The measurements were compared with semiempirical calculations such as the Kersey method, the modified Kersey method and a newly proposed method by Falcao et al. Results: With the gantry head tilted close to the inner maze entrance and with the jaws closed, the neutron dose equivalent reached its maximum. The FFF dose equivalent per monitor unit (MU) is 14 –41% lower than that of a flattened beam under different field size and gantry angle settings. The calculation to measurement ratio of the Hn,D was 4.6 for the Kersey method and 16.7 for the Falcao method. The modified Kersey method has a calculation to measurement ratio about 0.8. The total photon dose equivalent calculation using formulae in NCRP report No. 151 is about 1.5 times of the measurement. Conclusions: This work indicates that the neutron production per MU from a flattening filter free accelerator is reduced at the maze entrance. The Kersey method and the Falcao method overestimate the neutron dose equivalent. The modified Kersey method gives the closest estimation of a Varian Clinac 23EX accelerator operated at 18 MV photon mode without flattening filter in a maze with a similar design as in our study. However, its tendency to underestimate the Hn,D need to be considered during shielding calculation.
Comet West 1976. VI - Discrete bursts of dust, split nucleus, flare-ups, and particle evaporation

Analysis of four small-scale photographs of Comet West taken on 5--8 March 1976 offers evidence of five discrete bursts of dust from the comet's nucleus between 19 and 28 February, i.e., from six days before perihelion to three days after it. The images of the comet on the photographs were computer-enhanced to increase the contrast of the fine structure. The timing of two of the bursts suggests very strongly that they accompanied the two breakup events that gave birth to the companion nuclei D and B. The primary breakup, on 19 February, also coincides with a 2-magnitude surge in the comet's brightness. Some of the other dust bursts might be correlated with less conspicous flare-ups observed in both the visual brightness and the thermal emission of the comet. A distinct intensity discontinuity makes up the trailing boundary of the main body of the dust tail. When the observed position of the discontinuity is corrected for an effect of particle-expulsion velocity, it is found to correspond to dust expelled from the comet exactly at perihelion. It is suggested that because of its timing, the intensity discontinuity could be a product of particle evaporation sharply peaked at perihelion.
Cardiac MRI is safe in patients with pacemakers and defibrillators

Background MRI has generally been contraindicated in patients (pts) with pacemakers (PM) or defibrillators (ICD) due to concern of a variety of potential complications. Several recent series have suggested potential safety of MRI in pts with cardiac devices, but most excluded cardiac or thoracic imaging. Additionally there is very limited data on safety of CMR in pts with devices, especially in pts with ICD.
Small satellites: cost methodologies and remote sensing issues

Increasing interest in small satellites has generated a need for detailed information regarding the capabilities and costs of such systems. Of specific interest are comparisons of the cost- effectiveness of small satellites for remote sensing applications with the more traditional large satellites. An additional issue is whether small satellite acquisition philosophies actually enable cost reductions at acceptable levels of risk. To address these issues a series of studies has been conducted at The Aerospace Corporation over the past five years. A large database of cost, technical, and performance characteristics has been assembled for small satellites actually flown or in late stages of development. A small satellite cost model (SSCM) has been derived from this database with cost-estimating relationships (CERs) based largely on small satellite performance characteristics. Associated risk analysis techniques and cost-engineering models (CEMs) have also been formulated, with the SSCM functioning as the central engine for cost analysis of small satellite approaches. These and other tools are applicable to a wide range of small remote sensing satellite analyses.
Vitamin C is positive in the DNA synthesis inhibition and sister-chromatid exchange tests

Abstract Ascorbate caused a dose-dependent increase in sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs) in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and in human lymphocytes. Moreover, in the DNA synthesis inhibition test with HeLa cells, ascorbate gave results typical of DNA-damaging chemicals. Catalase reduced SCE induction by ascorbate, prevented its cytotoxicity in CHO cells, and prevented its effect on HeLa DNA synthesis. Ascorbate reduced induction of SCE in CHO cells by N-methylN′-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) by direct inactivation of MNNG.
Plasma and thoracic duct albumin kinetics during hemorrhage treated with lactated Ringer's solution.

Abstract The rapid expansion of PV and ECF with Lactated Ringer's solution, whether alone or following a hemorrhage of 15% of blood volume, markedly alters the kinetics of albumin distribution between plasma and left TDF lymph in dogs. Lactated Ringer's infusion of 1100 ml increased TDF lymph flow nearly fivefold in all animals, but concurrent protein dilution resulted in only a threefold increase in the amount of TDF albumin delivery. This transient increase in TDF delivery of albumin ended in less than 1 hr, while the TDF flow continued at twofold levels for the next 4 hr. The immediate 4:1 volume replacement of shed blood with Lactated Ringer's solution resulted in near normal albumin kinetics between plasma and TDF lymph. Lactated Ringer's infusion alone produced an accelerated appearance of albumin specific activity within TDF lymph, while decreasing the overall disappearance rate of albumin specific activity from the intravascular space. It is postulated that transient hypervolemia created by rapid infusion of Lactated Ringer's solution increases visceral filtration of albumin into TDF lymph, but not total body capillary filtration. Additionally, it appears that the apparent decreased visceral filtration found after hemorrhage can be reversed to normal by 4:1 volume restitution with Lactated Ringer's solution.