cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applying an Energy-Based Fatigue Life Prediction Method to Unnotched and Notched Al6061-T6 Specimen

There is a strong relationship between fracture mechanics and fatigue. Recently, an energy-based fatigue life prediction method has been studied as a method to quickly, but still accurately determine an SN curve for new materials. In the development of this energy-based fatigue life prediction theory, efforts have concentrated on monitoring stress/strain hysteresis loops only to make life predictions. Thus far, no attempts have been made to link knowledge of fracture mechanics to advances in the energy-based fatigue lifing theory. In this study, notched and unnotched AL6061-T6 flat specimens were fatigued with fatigue monitored by an extensometer. In order to prevent from buckling during hysteresis strain loops, R = −0.5 stress ratio was used. In addition, efforts will concentrate in the low cycle fatigue (LCF) region to support future works on monitoring crack length in fracture mechanics investigation. The goal of this study is to understand how specimens behave in the context of the energy-based fatigue life theory when notches/cracks are present.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effect of Element Types on Failure Prediction Using a Stress-Based Forming Limit Curve

Strain-based forming limit diagrams (FLDs) are the traditional tool used to characterize the formability of materials for sheet metal forming processes. However, this failure criterion exhibits a significant strain path dependence. Alternatively, stress-based forming limit diagrams (FLDs) have been proposed and shown to be less sensitive to the deformation path. The stress-based failure criterion can be conveniently implemented in numerical simulations. However, for reliable numerical modeling, the sensitivity of the models to the selection of discretization parameters, in particular, the element type must be assessed. In this paper, Marciniak tests have been numerically simulated to investigate failure prediction using three different element types (shell, solid and solid-shell). Seven different specimen geometries were modeled in order to vary the loading paths. The results show that despite differences in stress calculation assumptions, shell, solid and solid-shell elements do not provide differences in failure prediction when a stress-based failure criterion is used.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Knowledge and Emotions in Cross-Racial Dialogues: Challenges and Opportunities for Adult Educators Committed to Racial Justice in Educational Settings

Our society reflects a kaleidoscope of differences in terms of race, ethnicity, class, religion, and gender identity. These differences are evident from the boardroom to the classroom in higher education and can result in impaired communication when race is the topic of discussion. To effectively facilitate race-based dialogues, adult educators must deliberately and intentionally build their cognitive and emotive capacity. Capacity building involves adult educators acknowledging their privilege and systems of advantage, attaining cultural knowledge, taking emotional risks, and developing the ability to better organize formal learning and capitalize on informal learning opportunities, to engage in more genuine and appropriate racial dialogues. As we are ushered through the 21st century, issues of race and racism will remain as salient as ever as long as the disturbing silence, surrounding them in our work and school spaces, is allowed to persist. Considerations for the development of cognitive and emotive ...
Explaining detention worker orientation: Individual characteristics, occupational conditions, and organizational environment

Abstract In the past two decades, research on correctional officer attitudes has moved toward development of explanatory models of professional orientation, or attitudes toward immates and the correctional role. This article presents exploratory findings intended to describe the professional orientation of a group of correctional workers which has received little attention in the empirical literature, juvenile detention care workers (DCWs). Using survey data based on samples of workers in two detention facilities in a Southeastern state (N = 109), this study follows the recent concern in correctional officer research to account for the combined and relative effects of individual worker background, occupational conditions, and organizational environment on professional orientation. Descriptive findings indicate very strong support among DCWs for a treatment/services orientation, but at the same time they reveal strong support for a punishment/control emphasis. Explanatory findings suggest that distinct regression models are required to account for variation in the two orientations. Implications for juvenile justice policy as well as for future research on DCW professional orientation are discussed.
Modeling Nucleation of Hydrogen Induced Cracking in Steels during Sour Service

A model, which can be used to illustrate the process of nucleation of hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) in steels during sour service, was developed with the aid of Gibbs theory. A set of criteria for crack nucleation were then derived from the model. Metallurgical parameters influencing the criteria and thusly the susceptibility of the material to HIC, which are measurable and controllable in industrial processing, were also advanced in the present article.
Reovirus μ2 Protein Inhibits Interferon Signaling through a Novel Mechanism Involving Nuclear Accumulation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 9

The secreted cytokine alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) binds its receptor to activate the Jak-STAT signal transduction pathway, leading to formation of the heterotrimeric IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3) transcription complex for induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and establishment of an antiviral state. Many viruses have evolved countermeasures to inhibit the IFN pathway, thereby subverting the innate antiviral response. Here, we demonstrate that the mildly myocarditic reovirus type 1 Lang (T1L), but not the nonmyocarditic reovirus type 3 Dearing, represses IFN induction of a subset of ISGs and that this repressor function segregates with the T1L M1 gene. Concordantly, the T1L M1 gene product, mu2, dramatically inhibits IFN-beta-induced reporter gene expression. Surprisingly, T1L infection does not degrade components of the ISGF3 complex or interfere with STAT1 or STAT2 nuclear translocation as has been observed for other viruses. Instead, infection with T1L or reassortant or recombinant viruses containing the T1L M1 gene results in accumulation of interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) in the nucleus. This effect has not been previously described for any virus and suggests that mu2 modulates IRF9 interactions with STATs for both ISGF3 function and nuclear export. The M1 gene is a determinant of virus strain-specific differences in the IFN response, which are linked to virus strain-specific differences in induction of murine myocarditis. We find that virus-induced myocarditis is associated with repression of IFN function, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of this disease. Together, these data provide the first report of an increase in IRF9 nuclear accumulation associated with viral subversion of the IFN response and couple virus strain-specific differences in IFN antagonism to the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis.
Neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody infusion in neonatal rat delays in vivo glomerular capillary formation

Neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody infusion in neonatal rat delays in vivo glomerular capillary formation. Background The interruption of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling with dominant negative type II TGF-β receptors in bovine glomerular endothelial cells abrogates capillary morphogenesis in vitro , and genetic defects in the TGF-β1 signaling cascade in mice and humans result in abnormalities of blood vessel morphology. This study sought to determine whether TGF-β1 participates in renal glomerular capillary development in vivo. Methods To inhibit TGF-β1 action, neutralizing anti–TGF-β1 IgG was infused intra-arterially into the suprarenal aorta of three-day-old rats, and the glomerular endothelial cell appearance was evaluated two days later by immunohistochemical detection of the endothelium-specific von Willebrand factor, in situ analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding, and morphometric study of developing glomerular structures by transmission electron microscopy. Results The infusion of neutralizing the TGF-β1 antibody markedly reduced the invasion of comma- and S-shaped bodies by endothelial cells, and inhibited organization of endothelial cells into capillaries in these structures. In addition, capillary lumen formation and endothelial cell fenestration in developing cortical, but not in deep, already mature glomeruli were inhibited by neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody. Seven days after TGF-β1 antibody infusion, glomeruli appeared normal, and no reduction in glomerular number was observed. Conclusions These findings suggest that TGF-β1 plays a critical role in the formation of glomerular capillaries during renal development in the rat, and that flattening and fenestration of glomerular capillaries require the action of TGF-β1.
Platinum catalysed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous-phase pulsed corona electrical discharge

Abstract Electrical discharges in water produced by a pulsed high voltage power supply generate chemically active species (OH , H 2 , O 2 , H 2 O 2 , HO 2 and O) that are capable of degrading various hazardous chemicals. Previous experimental studies showed that platinum high voltage electrodes in a pulsed corona electrical discharge lead to significantly higher pollutant removal in comparison to that with other electrode materials. In the present work it was observed that when nickel–chromium was used as a high voltage electrode, the pulsed corona electrical discharge in water produces hydrogen peroxide at a constant rate regardless of the initial pH of the solution. Replacement of the nickel–chromium electrode with a platinum high voltage electrode leads to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide where the rate of decomposition increases with increasing pH. An Eley-Rideal mechanism describing heterogeneous catalytic hydrogen peroxide decomposition is proposed. It is assumed that the decomposition occurs on the surface of the platinum particles ejected from the platinum high voltage electrode. Combination of the experimental measurements and a mathematical model describing the platinum catalysed hydrogen decomposition suggests that the pH dependent hydrogen peroxide decomposition is caused by the adsorption of molecular hydrogen produced by the discharge and hydroxyl ions on the platinum surface. The influence of gases bubbled into the reactor (argon, oxygen and hydrogen) on the hydrogen peroxide decomposition was also tested by both experiments and the model. Finally, the model was utilized to predict molecular hydrogen and oxygen concentrations at three pH values when either nickel–chromium or platinum high voltage electrodes are used.
Is the universe inflating? Dark energy and the future of the universe

We consider the fate of the observable universe in the light of the discovery of a dark energy component to the cosmic energy budget. We extend results for a cosmological constant to a general dark energy component and examine the constraints on phenomena that may prevent the eternal acceleration of our patch of the universe. We find that the period of accelerated cosmic expansion has not lasted long enough for observations to confirm that we are undergoing inflation; such an observation will be possible when the dark energy density has risen to between 90% and 95% of the critical. The best we can do is make cosmological observations in order to verify the continued presence of dark energy to some high redshift. Having done that, the only possibility that could spoil the conclusion that we are inflating would be the existence of a disturbance (the surface of a true vacuum bubble, for example) that is moving toward us with sufficiently high velocity, but is too far away to be currently observable. Such a disturbance would have to move toward us with speed greater than about $0.8c$ in order to spoil the late-time inflation of our patch of the universe and yet avoid being detectable.
Autonomic computing and IBM system z10 active resource monitoring

Among the essential components of the IBM System z10™ platform is the hardware management console (HMC) and the IBM System z™ support element (SE). Both the SE and the HMC are closed fixed-function computer systems that include an operating system, many middleware open-source packages, and millions of lines of C, C++, and Java™ application code developed by IBM. The code on the SE and HMC is required to remain operational without a restart or reboot over long periods of time. In the first step toward the autonomic computing goal of continuous operation, an integrated, automatic software resource monitoring program has been implemented and integrated in the SE and HMC to look for resource, performance, and operational problems, and, when appropriate, initiate recovery actions. This paper describes the embedded resource monitoring program in detail. Included are the types of resources being monitored, the algorithms and frequency used for the monitoring, the information that is collected when a resource problem is detected, and actions executed as a result. It also covers the types of problems the resource monitoring program has detected so far and improvements that have been made on the basis of empirical evidence.
Characterizing the communication links of a node in a mobile ad hoc network

As the capacity and communication ability of mobile ad hoc and sensor networks are dependent on the set of communication links of the nodes, the design of any protocol for such networks should take into account the link dynamics. In this work, we investigate the behavior of the communication links of a node in a random mobility environment. Analytical expressions characterizing various properties related to the creation, lifetime and expiration of links are presented. The derived link properties can be used to design efficient algorithms for routing and medium access, or to analyze the performance of existing network protocols. A number of applications of the derived properties, such as the selection of a stable set of routes, route cache lifetime optimization, design of efficient proactive updating strategies and analysis of route lifetime are discussed.
Simplified bond-hyperpolarizability model of second harmonic generation

We show that the anisotropies of second-harmonic-generation (SHG) intensities of vicinal (111) and $(001){\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ interfaces can be described accurately as dipole radiation originating from the anharmonic motion of bond charges strictly along bond directions. This simplified bond-hyperpolarizability model not only substantially simplifies the description of SHG, but also provides a microscopically physical and mathematically more efficient picture of the process than those found in standard phenomenological treatments employing tensor or Fourier coefficients. Using this approach we obtain an analytic solution for the expected response of (111) terraces, and by comparing to data show that the effective angles of incidence and observation for the $(111){\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ interface are not those measured in the laboratory but correspond to those refracted at the air-${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ interface. For (111) vicinal interfaces at 765 nm SHG absorption is found to occur mainly for the step bond. The success of this formulation indicates that in many, if not most, cases the description of SHG may be simpler than that of the linear-optical response.
Precision sound-velocity measurements in He II

Acoustic resonators were used to measure simultaneously the velocities of first, second, and fourth sound in He II to a typical precision of 0.2%. Data were taken at temperatures from 1.2 K to the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ line in 50-mK steps, and at pressures from the saturated vapor pressure to the melting curve in 1-bar steps. Temperature and pressure were determined to better than 0.1%. Fourth sound was measured in a coarse (\ensuremath{\sim} 1-\ensuremath{\mu}m) and fine (\ensuremath{\sim} 90-\AA{}) packed powder. Smoothed and raw data values are tabulated for more than 1500 data points.
Chemical effects on the adhesion and friction between alkanethiol monolayers: Molecular dynamics simulations

The chemical effects on the adhesion and friction between alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold are studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Alkanethiol SAMs (S(CH2)nX) are investigated as a function of the terminal group (X = CH3, OH, COOH) and chain length n. The adhesive force is calculated as a function of the separation between two SAMs with the same terminal group. The maximum attraction for methyl-terminated SAMs is much weaker than for the OH- and COOH-terminated SAMs which form interlayer hydrogen bonds. The COOH-terminated SAMs have the strongest attraction. For the COOH- and OH-terminated SAMs, the adhesion−separation curves depend strongly on n. In both cases the change in the position of the attractive minimum is large as a function of n. The magnitude of the attractive minimum varies little for OH-terminated SAMs, and the variation is also small for COOH-terminated SAMs once the odd:even effect is considered. The source of the n dependence is structural changes within the...
The Effects of Adjuvant Fibrin Sealant on the Surgical Repair of Segmental Nerve Defects in an Animal Model

Purpose Nerve repair after a segmental defect injury remains a challenge for surgeons. Fibrin glue can be used to expedite surgical procedures and maintain proper nerve spatial orientation to potentially optimize recovery, yet surgeons hesitate to use it owing to concerns about fibrin's inhibiting regeneration and increasing scar formation. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate whether fibrin glue impedes nerve regeneration. Methods A critical-size defect of 10 mm was created in 32 Sprague-Dawley rats with 4 different forms of repair: a collagen type-I conduit (n = 8), a collagen type-I conduit filled with fibrin glue (n = 8), an autologous nerve graft (n=8), and an autologous nerve graft with fibrin glue (n = 8). Behavioral tests, including sciatic functional indices, were used to evaluate functional recovery. Neurophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and nerve morphometry were used to critically analyze nerve regeneration. Results Multiple outcome parameters for nerve regeneration, remyelination, behavior, and electrophysiology were used to determine that the addition of fibrin did not influence recovery for the autograft groups. Similarly, within the conduit group, behavioral tests showed comparable functional recovery and indistinguishable results in compound motor action potential and nerve morphometry. Immunohistochemistry revealed identical degrees of Wallerian degeneration and scarring between conduit groups. Conclusions The addition of fibrin to either the conduit or the autograft group did not result in any meaningful differences in recovery. Our data demonstrate that fibrin glue does not impede nerve regeneration or functional recovery after surgical repair of a segmental nerve defect in a rat model. Clinical relevance The clinical use of fibrin glue as an adjunct with peripheral nerve repair may be considered safe because it does not impair nerve regeneration with critical size defects in an animal model.
Some properties of vector field systems that are not altered by small perturbations

In the study of systems of vector fields from the point of view of Control Theory, the properties of accessibility and complete controllability (defined in Section 2) are of fundamental importance. The purpose of this paper is to prove (a) that both properties are stable under small perturbations and (b) that the first one is generic. More precisely, let ,.V(M)B denote the set of all K-tuples of C’ vector fields on the Cr+l n-dimensional separable manifold M (1 n2 + n, and he later improved this to r >, 2n (cf. [5]). Stefan [7, Theorem 2.61 proves the same result for M compact, r > 1. (It is clear that [5, 71 do not improve the density part of the result of [4], but only the openess part.) The work of Lobry and Stefan proves that the set ,L, of c.L.s. systems is dense and contains an open set. We prove that ?Ak is open and dense (Theorems 5.3 and 7.1) and this trivially implies that ,.Lk is open and dense (Theorem 8.1). Thus, the main novelty of our work is the result that ,L, (and ?Ak) are actually open in the fine Cl topology. Since ,A, is a proper subset of Ak , our density theorem is slightly better than those of [4, 5, 71. In order to prove the openness result, it becomes necessary to isolate a
Do eating and drinking habits interact with work schedule variables

Abstract When compared to day workers, night-shift workers report that they eat fewer meals, have poorer appetites, are less satisfied with their eating habits, and eat at different times of the day. When demographic variables are held constant, there do not appear to be any significant differences between experienced day and night-shift workers in caffeine or alcohol consumption. Exceptions to and variations in these findings are probably due to the background influences of social and cultural variables. Eating and drinking behaviours do effect human performance and mood, but little relevant data have been gathered from experienced night-shift workers. There are no shiftworker data evaluating the effectiveness of the special diets or dietary recommendations that have been proposed for use by night-shift workers. Thus, attempts to manipulate night-shift worker eating and drinking habits require experimental test.
Autonomous reasons for intending

An autonomous reason for intending to A would be a reason for so intending that is not, and will not be, a reason for A-ing. Some puzzle cases, such as the one that figures in the toxin puzzle, suggest that there can be such reasons for intending, but these cases have special features that cloud the issue. This paper describes cases that more clearly favour the view that we can have practical reasons of this sort. Several objections to this view are considered and rejected. Finally, it is considered whether the existence of such reasons would conflict with an attractive coherence principle linking the rationality of intending with that of acting as intended. The paper concludes with a qualified affirmation of autonomous reasons for intending.
AN INTERFACE – MARKER TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO THE STUDY OF METAL SILICIDE GROWTH

Abstract An interface-marker technique has been used to investigate the relative rates of diffusion of Si and of metal atoms during the growth of metal silicide films. The technique enables recognition of a reference plane in thin film diffusion using Rutherford backscattering, while minimizing any perturbation of the diffusion process. Examples are drawn from studies of the growth of silicides of W, Mo, Ta, Nb, V, Pd and Pt.
Serine proteinase requirement for the extra-cellular metabolism of pulmonary surfactant.

Abstract Pulmonary surfactant as lavaged from the alveoli exists in at least three structural subtypes, lamellar body-like, tubular myelin and vesicular forms that can be separated on the basis of their buoyant densities. Previous studies have suggested that surfactant is secreted in the lamellar body form and metabolized through the other subtypes in sequence. This metabolic sequence can be reproduced in vitro by cyclic expansion and contraction (‘cycling’) of the surface area of nascent surfactant at 38 °C. Cycling of nascent secretion, which is predominantly of lamellar body-like buoyant density, rapidly converted it to the buoyant density of tubular myelin and then to that of the vesicular subtype. We examined the role of proteinases in the conversion of nascent surfactant subtypes in vitro. Addition of metallo-, cysteine- and acid-proteinase inhibitors to the cycling mix did not inhibit the conversion of tubular myelin to vesicular subtype. However, a variety of serine proteinase inhibitors inhibited the formation of vesicular subtype. Their inhibitory effect was dose-related and most marked for α1-antitrypsin where a concentration equal to that found in the alveolar fluid lining layer resulted in 50% inhibition of the generation of light subtype, suggesting physiological relevance. The enzyme(s) responsible for promoting the generation of light subtype was sedimentable and therefore presumably in particulate form. By differential centrifugation of lung secretions it was separable from alveolar macrophages and partially separable from surfactant itself. It has not been identified, nor has its substrate. We conclude that in vitro cycling provides a model for the study of alveolar surfactant metabolism and that the conversion of tubular myelin to vesicular forms of surfactant requires serine proteinase activity.
Model-based networked control of spatially distributed systems with measurement delays

This work focuses on model-based control of spatially distributed processes, modeled by highly dissipative nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs), using delayed measurements that are transmitted to the controller over a resource-constrained communication network. The control objective is to enforce closed-loop stability with minimal sensorcontroller communication while simultaneously accounting for the delayed arrival of the measurements. To address the problem, a model-based controller is initially designed on the basis of an approximate finite-dimensional model that captures the slow dynamics of the infinite-dimensional system. The model provides the controller with estimates of the slow states at times when sensor-controller communication is suspended, and the model state is updated when state measurements become available. To compensate for the effect of the delay, the controller includes a finite-dimensional propagation model that uses the delayed measurement, together with the past values of the control input, to provide an estimate of the current slow state which is then used to update the state of the model. By formulating the networked closed-loop system as a switched system and analyzing the evolution of the model estimation and propagation errors, a sufficient condition for closed-loop stability and ultimate boundedness of the finite-dimensional networked closed-loop state is obtained. Finally, the results are illustrated using a diffusion-reaction process example.
On the noninferior set for the systems with vector-valued objective function

The necessary and sufficient conditions of the locally noninferior set for the static optimization problem with a vector-valued objective function have been derived. Equality and inequality constraints in the variable space have been discussed to give a more complete formulation. All of these have been done by using the properties of the dual linear inequality systems.
Variability analysis of a digitally trimmable ultra-low power voltage reference

A digitally trimmable voltage reference is proposed, achieving a tight distribution of temperature coefficient and output voltage, along with pA-range current consumption for V dd =0.5–3.0V. Using 2 temperature point digital trimming, the temperature coefficient and nominal output voltage are within 5.3–47.4ppm/°C and 175.2–176.5mV across 25 dies in 0.13μm CMOS. Non-trimmable versions are also implemented in 0.13µm and 0.18µm technologies to study process variations across multiple runs and technology portability of the design.
Database as an application integration platform

Summary form only given as follows. This paper describes critical features that should be provided by any platform for application integration. These features include message queuing, message filtering and data transformation. The integration of these features with a database makes for a powerful platform for application integration that is scalable, reliable, available and manageable.
A Molecular Building-Block Approach to the Synthesis of Ceramic Materials

Ceramic materials are generally prepared from structurally simple starting materials, with the consequence that structural properties are difficult to control on a molecular level. This difficulty might be addressed by following the approach taken in polymer chemistry in which molecular building blocks are first prepared and then polymerized in a subsequent step. In the present case, the polysilicic acid esters [Si2O](OCH3)6, [Si3O2](OCH3)8, and [Si8O12](OCH3)8 are prepared and then polymerized by hydrolysis/condensation. Silicon-29 solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to estimate the extent to which the molecular frameworks of these monomers are retained during the course of hydrolysis and condensation.
Subject competence and minimization of the bystander effect.

While performing a drawing task, either alone or in the presence of an observer, high- and low-competent subjects heard a workman fall off a ladder in an adjoining room. As expected, high-competent subjects (Registered Nurses) who witnessed the emergency with another bystander helped as frequently as subjects who witnessed the emergency alone; low-competent subjects (general students) evidenced the familiar bystander effect. Responses to the post-emergency questionnaire indicated that at the time of the emergency both high- and low-competent subjects felt strongly that they should do something to help the workman. The minimization of the bystander effect for the high-competent subjects was mediated by confidence in their ability to help the workman and in knowing what steps to take to help. Discussion focused on the role of subject competency in bystander intervention, effective debriefing, and the subjects' positive reactions to participating in a bystander experiment.
Noise in self-electrooptic effect device logic gates

We study the fundamental noise processes of SEED-based logic gates. The noise is calculated for symmetric SEEDs (S-SEEDs), asymmetric Fabry-Perot S-SEEDs (ASFP S-SEEDs), and SEEDs combined with transistor driving circuits (FET-SEEDs). The source of noise which determines the minimum power required to switch the SEEDs in a given time increment is quantum noise associated with photon absorption and subsequent carrier or exciton recombination. The results show that FET-SEED logic gates have the lowest noise power as compared with S-SEEDs and ASFP S-SEEDs. >
Review of “The State of Open Access,” interviews by Richard Poynder

Richard Poynder reports on the current state of open access through a series of interviews spanning the perspectives of scientists, open access advocates, librarians, and publishers. Poynder has be...
JC virus in bone marrow of HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients

Address: 1Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, 2Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, 3Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA, 4Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA and 5Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
Voter Decision Making in Election 2000: Campaign Effects, Partisan Activation, and the Clinton Legacy

How do citizens respond to campaign events? We explore this question with a unique repeated measures survey design, fielded during the 2000 presidential campaign. We model transitions in support for the major party candidates following the party conventions and presidential debates. In the aggregate, Gore support increases following the conventions (but not the debates), while Bush support increases with the debates (but not the conventions). But there is considerable microlevel variation in the data: responsiveness to campaign events is greatest among Independents, undecided voters, and “mismatched partisans,” but exactly how these groups respond differs for each event. Moreover, attitudes toward then President Clinton mediate the effect of the campaign events on voter preferences. Two primary conclusions follow: (1) rich data sets are required to observe the effects of campaign events; (2) the influence of campaign events on vote choice is conditional on previous preferences, partisan dispositions, and political context.
Slowed decomposition is biotically mediated in an ectomycorrhizal, tropical rain forest

Bacteria and fungi drive the cycling of plant litter in forests, but little is known about their role in tropical rain forest nutrient cycling, despite the high rates of litter decay observed in these ecosystems. However, litter decay rates are not uniform across tropical rain forests. For example, decomposition can differ dramatically over small spatial scales between low-diversity, monodominant rain forests, and species-rich, mixed forests. Because the climatic patterns and soil parent material are identical in co-occurring mixed and monodominant forests, differences in forest floor accumulation, litter production, and decomposition between these forests may be biotically mediated. To test this hypothesis, we conducted field and laboratory studies in a monodominant rain forest in which the ectomycorrhizal tree Dicymbe corymbosa forms >80% of the canopy, and a diverse, mixed forest dominated by arbuscular mycorrhizal trees. After 2 years, decomposition was significantly slower in the monodominant forest (P < 0.001), but litter production was significantly greater in the mixed forest (P < 0.001). In the laboratory, we found microbial community biomass was greater in the mixed forest (P = 0.02), and the composition of fungal communities was distinct between the two rain forest types (P = 0.001). Sequencing of fungal rDNA revealed a significantly lower richness of saprotrophic fungi in the monodominant forest (19 species) relative to the species-rich forest (84 species); moreover, only 4% percent of fungal sequences occurred in both forests. These results show that nutrient cycling patterns in tropical forests can vary dramatically over small spatial scales, and that changes in microbial community structure likely drive the observed differences in decomposition.
The Effects of Social Security Reform on Private Pensions

Among the far-reaching effects of Social Security reform on the rest of the economy is the impact on private pensions. This paper develops a model of pension plan design that incorporates heterogeneity in tastes for saving and sorting of workers in the labor market. The model is used to analyze the likely effects of a range of Social Security reform proposals on the design of employer-provided pensions. Several reform options are shown to change the relative benefits received by high- and low-income workers and to affect the ability of pension plan sponsors to comply with nondiscrimination rules for the distribution of pension contributions and benefits.
George Williams, Theoretician and Guerilla Environmentalist

ABSTRACT George Williams is rightly honored for his contributions to basic biological theory. In addition, however, his thought and contribution paved the way for much needed integration of basic evolutionary theory and modern environmental problems. Specifically, his contributions to the “levels of selection” debate, and his application of these contributions to the “Gaia” approach to ecological problems, may help us improve our ability to move past untested prescriptions to a thoughtful matching of the characteristics of the problem and solution, and thus improve our effectiveness.
Cost-conscious voters in referendum elections

In referendum elections, voters are frequently required to register simultaneous yes/no votes on multiple proposals. The separability problem occurs when a voter’s preferred outcome on a proposal or set of proposals depends on the known or predicted outcomes of other proposals in the election. Here we investigate cost-consciousness as a potential cause of nonseparability. We develop a mathematical model of cost-consciousness, and we show that this model induces nonseparable preferences in all but the most extreme cases. We show that when outcome costs are distinct, cost-conscious electorates always exhibit both a weak Condorcet winner and a weak Condorcet loser. Finally, we show that preferences consistent with our model of cost-consciousness are rare in randomly generated electorates. We then discuss the implications of our work and suggest directions for further research.
Performance of combined free/demand assignment multiple-access schemes in satellite communications

By combining free assignment with demand assignment, the combined free/demand assignment multiple-access (CFDAMA) protocol offers a much shorter delay at low and medium traffic loads while maintaining the high channel utility of the demand-assignment multiple-access (DAMA) technique. In these schemes, reservation can be made using pre-assigned (PA) or random-access (RA) request slots, or piggy-backing (PB) the request on a data packet. This paper presents a performance analysis of CFDAMA schemes in packet satellite communications. Illustrative examples are given. They show a good agreement between analytical and simulation results. For low and medium sizes of terminal population, the CFDAMA-PA scheme has an excellent delay-throughput performance. As the terminal population increases, its performance is gradually degraded due to the long waiting time for a request. For a very large number of terminals, the CFDAMA-RA becomes more effective than CFDAMA-PA. This indicates that a CFDAMA scheme using a hybrid PB/RA requesting protocol can provide the best performance for a wide range of terminal population sizes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AAG MEMBERSHIP IN 1982

A survey of members of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) in 1982 indicated that most were males, from middle class backgrounds, had attended public universities, held academic jobs, and had been born and educated in states bordering the Great Lakes plus California and Massachusetts. Information on characteristics and trends outlined in the study should be of value to the leadership of the AAG in making decisions relative to the future of the organization and the discipline.
DIFFICULTY BREATHING: AGREEMENT OF PARAMEDIC AND EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN DIAGNOSES

Objective. To determine the diagnostic accuracy of paramedics treating patients who have called an ambulance for “difficulty breathing.” Methods. A retrospective study of all ambulance call reports generated by one ambulance over a one-year period with the dispatch complaint of “difficulty breathing” taken to the hospital. The paramedic diagnosis on the call report was compared with the emergency department (ED) physician diagnosis, which was used as the “gold standard.” Results. A total of 244 ambulance reports were reviewed. For patients complaining of “difficulty breathing,” paramedics achieved 86.4% sensitivity and86.6% specificity for diagnosing cardiac disease, 71.4% sensitivity and93.6% specificity for respiratory disease, and82.1% sensitivity and91% specificity for other disease processes. There was an interrater agreement of 81.1% between paramedic andED physician, producing a kappa of 0.71, interpreted as good, approaching excellent, agreement. Conclusion. Paramedics are able to identify the dis...
The Effects of Environment on the Room Temperature Deformation of B2-Structured Fe-43Al Single-Crystals

The effects of the environment on the room temperature mechanical behavior of Fe-43Al single crystals have been studied. In both single slip and duplex slip crystals, fracture strains greater than 40% were obtained in specimens tested in oxygen, whereas elongations of ~10% and ~20% were obtained in air and vacuum, respectively. By comparison, similar elongations were obtained in boron-doped single-slip-oriented single crystals in both air and vacuum, but more ductility was obtained in air at slow strain rate. Fractography showed that testing in different environments produced marked differences in the fracture surfaces. Alternate loading of tensile specimens in air and under vacuum was performed at slow strain rates and showed changes in the flow stress between the two environments. The results are discussed in terms of the effects of moisture-produced hydrogen on the flow and fracture of FeAl.
The impact of obesity and hypoxia on left ventricular function and glycolytic metabolism

We have previously reported that 4 weeks of intermittent hypoxia (IH) exposure, mimicking the hypoxic stress of obstructive sleep apnea, produces compensatory increases in left ventricular (LV) contractility in lean C57BL/6J mice. In this study we compared the effects of 4 weeks IH to 4 weeks of sustained hypoxia (SH) on LV function and cardiac glycolysis in lean C57BL/6J mice and obese ob/ob mice at 10–12 weeks of age. The four exposure conditions were IH (nadir O2 [5–6%] at 60 cycles/h during the 12 h light period), SH (24 h inspired O2 [10%]), and control groups of intermittent air (IA) or room air. Cardiac function was assessed under isoflurane anesthesia (1–2%) by echocardiography and pressure–volume loop analysis and myocardial glycolytic rates were determined ex vivo using radiolabeled 3H‐glucose. Lean mice exposed to IH exhibited increases in contractile parameters which were associated with elevated glycolytic rates (3.4 vs. 5.7 μg/μL·g; P < 0.05). Ob/ob mice did not show any improvements in contractility after IH. Moreover, cardiac glycolytic rates and LV systolic and diastolic function did not differ from IA ob/ob controls. Following SH exposure, lean mice exhibited increased contractility and glycolytic rates (3.8 vs. 5.7 μg/μL·g; P < 0.05), however, LV lumen dimensions were reduced. In contrast, ob/ob mice exposed to SH show compromised systolic and diastolic function associated with unchanging glycolytic rates. These findings demonstrate that, in a murine model of obesity, an inability to increase glycolysis is associated with an absence of an adaptive cardiac response to IH and marked systolic and diastolic dysfunction in response to SH.
Cancer Cytogenetics A Guide for Clinical Laboratories

This is the second article in a fourpart continuing education series on cytology. The first article discussed immunochytochemistry’s role in the laboratory. This article provides the reader with an overview of cancer cytogenetics. In this article, cytogenetic procedures and terminology are presented. All cancers and many benign tumors are known to result from genetic changes, many of which can be observed under the microscope. During mitosis, the stage during which cell division occurs, DNA is condensed sufficiently to permit visualization of individual chromosomes. Attention to the details of specimen procurement and communications between the cytogenetics laboratory and the clinician are key to appropriate use of this technology. Following articles will address fineneedle aspiration and cytology’s relationship to laboratory service.
Attitudes of future rehabilitation counselors toward eight major disabilities.

Although all disabilities may cause emotional disturbance to the individual, some are more disturbing than others ( 1 ) . It is important for those preparing for a career in rehabilitation counseling to be aware of how they feel about various major disabilities, char is, to determine which disabilities they feel might cause them the most and least difficulties if they were unfortunately the victim. Thus, 32 graduate students (15 men, 17 women), preparing for a career in rehabilitation counseling, were asked to rank eight major disabilities in the order in which they felt such disabilities might be disturbing to them.
A new beat on an old rhythm.

* Age. More than 84% of people with AF are over age 65 (with a roughly equal incidence among men and women). * Mortality. Findings from several epidemiologic studies have shown increased morbidity and mortality.'-5 Most notably, 1998 data from the Framingham Heart Study indicate that AF is independently associated with a substantially increased risk for death (1.5-fold for men and 1.9-fold for women), even after adjustment for age and associated factors such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and stroke. * Cost. In 1998, the estimated increase in cost of treating AF and its sequelae (thromboembolic stroke and heart failure) for patients over age 75 was $2,500 for men and $1,700 for women.6 * Sequelae. Findings from randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that anticoagulants markedly reduce the risk of thromboembolic stroke, one of AF's major sequelae.--12 Treatment options have broadened during the past decade as well, owing in part to recent data on the electrophysiologic mechanisms underlying AE'26 The two standard treatments-restoration and maintenance of normal sinus rhythm (NSR), and ventricular rate control-can involve both electrical and pharmacologic means. Many innovative therapies have shown success-radiofrequency catheter ablation, cardiac pacing, internal atrial defibrillation, and surgery-though the debate continues over whether maintenance of sinus rhythm (rhythm control) or ventricular rate control provides better long-term results. Researchers hope to
Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin in rheumatoid arthritis and glomerulonephritis and the effects of immunosuppression.

La transformation lymphocytaire en phytohemagglutinine est etudiee chez des individus normaux, aussi bien que chez des malades souffrant de glomerulonephrites aigues et chroniques ainsi que de polyarthrite rhumatoide. La reponse des glomerulonephritiques fut conforme aux controles, les polyarthritiques eurent des reponses affaiblies. La transformation lymphocytaire est fortement reduite chez les patients sous immunosuppression.
Personality-Based Consistent Robot Behavior

Personality is essential to creating socially interactive robots. Prior work in Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) has focused on endowing robots with personality for the purpose of increasing the appeal of the robot and interaction to the user. In this paper, we propose the application of personality towards producing consistent and predictable behavior for robots. We provide an overview of personality and personality research in HRI, and describe a new research direction for using the Big Five personality types to enable robotic behavior that is consistent and easily predictable by human users.
On the formation mechanism of RMB exchange rate and capital account opening

The two most important policy arrangements of the Open Economy are the formation mechanism of exchange rate and the extent of capital management. Countries of the world have different purposes on the opening of capital account.The most important reason is to improve efficiency of resources deployment by international capital transfer.But in recent years,Financial Crisises are happening frequently in many emerging economies ,which warn us that we should open the capital account with prudence.The formation mechanism of exchange rate and the extent of capital management must cooperate perfectly and coordinate efficiently so as to avoid serious disequilibrium of balance of payment.Through the relationship between the formation mechanism of exchange rate and the extent of capital management ,this article presents that China should relax capital control and open capital account gradually,then enlarge the space of exchange rate step by step.Finally the opening of capital account and the floating-rate system could come true.