cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A descriptive analysis of ethics codes, CSR and efforts to combat human trafficking

In the accounting and business fields, there is no issue bigger than ethics. Most major multinational companies have adopted formal policies on ethics. Businesses are expected to do what is right in all their activities, including financial reporting, taking care of the environment, treatment of employees, and dealings with customers. Such matters fall under the umbrella of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility (CSR). The aims of this paper are as follows: to review the relevant literature on ethics and CSR, to provide a descriptive analysis of ethics codes of the Fortune 100 corporations, and to review corporate efforts to combat human trafficking.
Histologic Analysis of Urethral Stricture in 9 Patients Following Dorsal Vaginal Graft Urethroplasty.

Objective To present the pathologic analysis of female urethral strictures obtained during reconstructive urethroplasty. Methods Nine separate female urethral tissue specimens were obtained during dorsal vaginal graft urethroplasty by a single surgeon (S.P.P.). Samples were serially sectioned and fixed in 10% formalin 6 to 12 hours before routine processing in paraffin blocks. Serial 5-µm sections were subjected to H&E, Masson trichrome, and elastin staining. End point analysis included evaluation for epithelial hyperplasia and cell type, mucosal edema, degree of fibroblast/inflammatory cell infiltrate, and elastin fiber density and distribution. Results Nine specimens were examined. Six specimens had epithelial linings of stratified squamous epithelium overlying fibrosis (67%), 1 had mixed squamous and urothelial epithelium, and 2 had only urothelial epithelium. Two specimens (29%) showed acute injury with prominent squamous papillary hyperplasia, focal erosion, and patchy mucosal hemorrhage. Areas of urethral stricture were variably thickened, with increased, densely packed collagen fibers and associated mucosal lymphocytic inflammation ranging from mild and patchy to focally dense with lymphoid aggregates. The highest elastin fiber density appeared to be associated with vessels and overlying muscle bundles in the submucosa. Conclusions Further elucidation of histopathologic characteristics may illuminate more appropriate therapeutic pathways for female urethral stricture disease management.
Prevention of pertussis--are we failing?

Through the years, a system has evolved to assure that children are protected against pertussis and other infectious diseases. Its success is attested to by the dramatic decline in diseases caused by the organisms these vaccines are designed to prevent. The infrastructure upon which this system is dependent has been invisible. Components become apparent only as we become concerned about its viability. It is useful to identify each of these and attempt to assess how it is performing in order to identify specific problems. Pertussis vaccine is one of the oldest vaccines in continuous use. It is an experiential preparation. Its use is based on the observation that a given number of injections of vaccine, which has been standardized by the vaccine9s ability to protect mice against intracerebral challenge with virulent pertussis organisms, reduces the risk and severity of pertussis in those who are exposed.
Meter for Sewer Flow Measurement

An experimental and analytical study was performed to develop the geometry for a Venturi type flow meter for use in sewer flow measurement. The meter consists of a constriction in the pipe which produces critical flow under open channel flow conditions and acts as a conventional Venturi meter under full flow conditions. The constriction is constructed using cylindrical segments the diameter of which are larger than that of the pipe, leaving the invert and crown clear. Head loss characteristics and experimental rating curves for both open channel and full flow conditions are described. Information is also presented to permit the selection of geometrical parameters for optimum performance for a specific installation.
Rewriting Histories: Recovering from Malicious Transactions

We consider recovery from malicious but committed transactions. Traditional recovery mechanisms do not address this problem, except for complete rollbacks, which undo the work of good transactions as well as malicious ones, and compensating transactions, whose utility depends on application semantics. We develop an algorithm that rewrites execution histories for the purpose of backing out malicious transactions. Good transactions that are affected, directly or indirectly, by malicious transactions complicate the process of backing out undesirable transactions. We show that the prefix of a rewritten history produced by the algorithm serializes exactly the set of unaffected good transactions. The suffix of the rewritten history includes special state information to describe affected good transactions as well as malicious transactions. We describe techniques that can extract additional good transactions from this latter part of a rewritten history. The latter processing saves more good transactions than is possible with a dependency-graph based approach to recovery.
The direct product of right congruences

In a number of earlier papers the study of the structure of semigroups has been approached by means of right congruences. Such an approach seems appropriate since a right congruence is one of the possible analogs of both the right ideal of a ring and the subgroup in a group. Each of these substructures plays a strong role in the study of the structure of their respective systems. In both the ring and the group the internal direct product is naturally, and effectively, defined. However, what such an internal direct product should be for two right congruences of a semigroup is not so clear. In this paper we will offer a possible definition and consider some of the consequences of it. We will also extend some of these results to automata.
Myb binding sites mediate negative regulation of c-myb expression in T-cell lines.

In hematopoietic cell development, the c-myb transcription factor plays an important role. c-myb mRNA is expressed at high levels in immature proliferating cells and in leukemic cells. We have investigated the regulatory role of Myb protein binding to the human c-myb promoter. Three Myb binding sites have been described at approximately 600 bp upstream of the cap site. By transient transfection assays in hematopoietic cell lines, we found that deletion of the previously defined most 52 Myb binding site had no effect on activity, whereas deletion of the region containing the remaining two Myb binding sites resulted in an increase in activity in both a T-cell line and a myeloid cell line. To specifically test the importance of these two Myb binding sites, the activity of three-point mutation constructs was measured. Mutation of either Myb binding site resulted in an increase in activity compared with the wild-type promoter in T cells. Mutation of both sites produced even higher activity. Transfection of the Myb site mutants into the myeloid cell line resulted in no change in activity compared with the wild type construct. Results from gel shift analysis, UV cross- linking, and Western blots showed that both c-Myb and B-Myb bound to the Myb I and II sites. We conclude that the Myb family proteins negatively regulate c-myb expression in T-cell lines in contrast to the positive regulation via these sites, which has been shown in fibroblasts. In addition, in a myeloid cell line, the Myb binding sites are nonfunctional.
Upper Air Study by Means of Balloons and the Radio Meteorograph

(1) Not to establish new records for altitude, but to concentrate on the development of equipment for investigation at an altitude of approximately ten miles. (2) Since all experiments with sounding balloons so far have been based on the principle that data are gathered while the balloons and equipment are going up to maximum height, at which point the balloon bursts and the equipment starts to descend, thus giving data only during the time of ascent and descent, efforts where concentrated on the development of a ballon (Cellophane) or combination of balloons (Dewey ~ Almy) which would carry heavy equipment into the stratosphere and would continue to float at ceiling for a certain length of time (approximately two to ten hours). (3) The radio meteorographs developed by other institutions have been of extremely light weight, delicate construction, low-power output and requiring special timing device to interpret signals. The University of Minnesota undertook to develop a powerful transmitter with a range of from two to three hundred miles having a wave length suitable for radio amateur reception (five meters), and signal which, if received, would not require special apparatus in order to interpret readings. (4) To develop a procedure whereby, with the help of receivers equipped with directional finders the location of the balloon during the flight would be known. The path of travel and the velocity of the wind could be determined from reports from different listening stations. (5) The requirements of approximately ten-mile altitude, prolonged stay in the stratosphere, powerful transmitter, and continuous broadcasts of signal dots and dashes (for altitude, temperature, humidity, and call signals) made it necessary and possible to standardF I G . 1. Sketch showing advantages of balloon or balloons with flotation characteristics.
Efficient coupling on the circle

We consider efficient coupling specifically treating reversible Markov chains on the circle. We also show that "most" Markov chains with an efficient coupling have an "asymptotic monotone function". Introduction This paper is prompted by a recent paper of [BK] concerning efficient couplings of irreducible reversible continuous time Markov chains on a finite state space 5. (We note those authors also studied efficiency questions for reflecting Brownian motion.) The starting point for this paper is the eigenvector expansion for the density function Pt(x,y) = Px(Xt = y) where (Xt)t>o is our reversible Markov chain ft(s.y) = p(?)Se~???F?(?)F?(?) ? t Here p is the (unique) invariant distribution and f? are the right eigenvectors satisfying Q i = ? Xi i i = 1 ? ? ? ? Sf?(?)p(?)F?(?) = ?ij, where Q is the Q-matrix or generator of X. We refer to [AF] for important background materials on reversible Markov chains. Of course if the f? are ordered according to increasing A?, then ?? = 0, f\ = 1, and we have that Slft(*,y)-ir(y)|=0(e-A'*) and ?) \pt(x,y) n(y)\ = o(e Xit) if and only if f?(?) = 0 for each eigenvector corresponding to A2.
Parent—Child Relationships During Adolescence

Theories of Parent–Adolescent Relationships and Their Influence Interpersonal Processes And Relationship Perceptions The Role of Parent–Child Relationships in Adolescent Adjustment The Interplay of Context and Relationship Processes and Outcomes Conclusion Keywords: parenting; support; conflict; influence; family
Irreducible Cyclic Codes and Gauss Sums

In this paper we wish to point out the existence of a close connection between irreducible cyclic codes and Gauss sums over finite fields, and then to apply the well-developed theory of Gauss sums to the much less well-developed theory of irreducible cyclic codes.
How do persistent infections with hepatitis C virus cause liver cancer

Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cancer typically develops in a setting of chronic hepatic inflammation and advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis, and such tissue represents a pre-neoplastic 'cancer field'. However, not all persistent infections progress to HCC and a combination of viral and host immune factors likely contributes to carcinogenesis. HCV may disrupt cellular pathways involved in detecting and responding to DNA damage, potentially adding to the risk of cancer. Efforts to unravel how HCV promotes HCC are hindered by lack of a robust small animal model, but a better understanding of molecular mechanisms could identify novel biomarkers for early detection and allow for development of improved therapies.
SpinCircuit: a collaborative portal powered by E-speak

SpinCircuit is collaborative portal serving the semiconductor industry. SpinCircuit provides a Web-based environment facilitating B-2-B collaboration to bring together component manufacturers, component suppliers, contract manufacturers and the design community in semiconductor space. It is based on E-speak technology from Hewlett-Packard. E-speak provides a secure E-services infrastructure for the creation, composition and discovery of E-services distributed across the Internet.
Natural variation of carotenoids in the eggs and gonads of the echinoid genus, Strongylocentrotus: implications for their role in ultraviolet radiation photoprotection

We examined variability in carotenoid concentration in the gonads and eggs of four sea urchin species (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, Strongylocentrotus pallidus and Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) to explore the possible role of carotenes as photoprotectants. Carotene concentrations were measured in gonads and gametes of each species, while in eggs the ultraviolet radiation (UV-R) sensitivity and self-shading capacity by carotenes were calculated. Mean concentrations of carotenes in gonads ranged from 0.13±0.017 mg g−1 dw (S. purpuratus), 0.14±0.019 mg g−1 dw (S. franciscanus), 0.29±0.079 mg g−1 dw (S. pallidus) to 0.36±0.06 mg g−1 dw (S. droebachiensis). In eggs, concentrations ranged from 0.026±0.003 to 0.09±0.034 mg g−1 dw. UV-R sensitivity in eggs was quantified by measuring UV-R induced first-cleavage delay. Intra-specifically, cleavage delay varied significantly between individuals, and could be correlated with carotene concentration. Interspecific differences in cleavage delay and carotene concentrations were not correlated. Using the observed concentration of β, β-echinenone (which makes up between 82.4% and 94.9% of the total carotene concentration in the eggs) and a molar extinction coefficient of e=13.7×103 mol−1 cm−1 at 334 nm, we calculated self-shading efficiency in the eggs. Self-shading capacity (J334) indicated that the eggs could only screen from 4.6% (J334=0.046) down to 1.5% (J334=0.015) of UV-R at 334 nm. While not sunscreens, we suggest that carotenes can photoprotective in echinoid eggs, probably by mitigating the effects of reactive oxygen species.
Selective Protein Synthesis by Ribosomes with a Drug-Obstructed Exit Tunnel

The polypeptide exit tunnel is an important functional compartment of the ribosome where the newly synthesized proteins are surveyed. The tunnel is the target of clinically important macrolide antibiotics. Macrolides plug the tunnel and are believed to stop production of all proteins. Contrary to this view, we show that drug-bound ribosomes can synthesize a distinct subset of cellular polypeptides. The structure of a protein defines its ability to thread through the antibiotic-obstructed tunnel. Synthesis of certain polypeptides that initially bypass translational arrest can be stopped at later stages of elongation while translation of some proteins goes to completion. Our findings reveal that small-molecule effectors can accentuate the discriminatory properties of the ribosomal exit tunnel and that macrolide antibiotics reshape the cellular proteome rather than block global protein synthesis.
IDENTIFICATION OF CO2 CHEMORECEPTORS IN HELIX POMATIA

SYNOPSIS. Gas exchange in pulmonate snails of the family Helicidae occurs through a highly vascularized diffusion lung known as the mantle. The extent of ventilation of the mantle depends upon the duration and size of opening of an occlusible pore known as the pneumostome. In Helix aspersa and Helix pomatia , pneumostomal size and frequency of opening are exquisitely sensitive to CO2. Respiratory CO2 chemosensitivity resides in a discrete region of the subesophageal ganglia. The discharge pattern of many neurons in the chemoreceptor area changes during stimulation with CO2. However, the electrophysiological response to CO, stimulation alone does not discriminate between CO2 chemoreceptor cells and CO2-insensitive neurons active in the pneumostomal response to CO2. We identified a subset of CO2-sensitive neurons from the larger population of neurons active during CO2 stimulation. The action potential discharge frequency of CO2 chemosensory neurons increased in response to CO2 stimulation. An increased discharge frequency of CO2-sensitive neurons was associated with increased pneumostomal opening, and both the size and the frequency of pneumostomal opening increased during CO2 stimulation. Injecting depolarizing current into individual chemosensory neurons elicited opening of the pneumostome in the absence of CO2. Action potential generation in response to CO2 was independent of synaptic transmission. Removal of individual CO2-sensitive cells or inhibition of action potential generation in CO2-sensitive cells reduced or eliminated pneumostomal responses to CO2. CO2 sensitivity in chemoreceptor cells required extracellular calcium, but not sodium. Substituting barium for calcium supported chemoreceptor activity. In summary, we have identified respiratory related, chemosensory neurons that are CO2 sensitive in the absence of synaptic input.
The effects of the antiestrogen CI-628 on sexual behavior activated by androgen or estrogen in quail.

Abstract This series of experiments sought to determine whether conversion of androgen to estrogen is important in the activation of male sexual behavior in quail by seeing if an antiestrogen will block androgen stimulated copulation in this species. Experiment I compared the ability of two antiestrogens, MER-25 (5 mg/day) and CI-628 (2 mg/day), to block estrogen stimulated characteristics in female quail. Both treatments greatly reduced oviduct growth in “photically castrated” females given estradiol benzoate (EB, 50 μg/day), but only CI-628 reduced receptivity in these birds. In Experiment II surgically castrated males given 50 μg/day EB together with 2 mg/day CI-628 were much less receptive than castrated males given EB alone, and in addition copulated in fewer tests. In Experiments III, IV, and V, castrated males given testosterone propionate (TP) together with CI-628 were compared with males given TP alone. The ability of CI-628 to suppress TP-stimulated copulation increased with increasing CI TP dosage ratio, and at the highest ratio (4:1), CI-628 effectively blocked copulation in five out of seven birds. Those birds that did copulate did so in fewer tests and performed fewer cloacal contact movements. CI-628 had no antiandrogenic effects in these experiments. These results suggest that estrogens may be important active metabolites of testosterone with respect to quail copulation.
On the Subtropical Edge of the Stratospheric Surf Zone

Abstract The formation of a subtropical “transport barrier” in the wintertime stratosphere is investigated in the context of a high-resolution shallow-water model in which Rossby waves are topographically forced on a zonally symmetric basic state. Two sets of experiments are performed: in the first “adiabatic” set, no dissipation or forcing of the mean state is imposed; in the second set, the layer thickness is relaxed to an equilibrium state taken to be representative of middle stratospheric radiative equilibrium temperatures. It is found that in the adiabatic case only a very weak subtropical barrier forms for forcing amplitudes that generate realistically steep potential vorticity gradients at the edge of the polar vortex; the vigorous wave breaking in the surf zone generates secondary waves that spread and, in turn, break well into the summer hemisphere. In contrast, the inclusion of relaxation to a realistic thermal equilibrium leads to the formation of a subtropical region of steep PV gradients. The...
Selenization of co-sputtered CuInAl precursor films

Abstract CuInAl precursor films with varying Al/(In+Al) ratios were co-sputtered onto Mo coated soda-lime glass substrates. Metal precursor films were then selenized under vacuum conditions using thermally evaporated elemental selenium. Both precursor films and selenized samples were characterized for composition, crystalline phases, morphology, and compositional depth uniformity. Selenized films show low Al incorporation and phase separation when selenized at both 500 and 525 °C. Films selenized with a Se deposition rate of 12 A/s showed poor adhesion compared with samples selenized at 4 A/s. The segregation of aluminum towards the back contact as well as oxygen incorporation appears to cause adhesive loss in extreme cases, and poor interface electrical characteristics in others. The maximum device efficiency measured was 5.2% under AM1.5 for a device with ∼2 at% aluminum.
Natural products inhibiting Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases from Lycopodium cernuum.

Activity-guided fractionation of an ethanol extract of Lycopodium cernuum for Candida albicans secreted aspartic proteases (SAP) inhibition resulted in the identification of six new (1−6) and four known (7−10) serratene triterpenes, along with the known apigenin-4‘-O-(2‘ ‘,6‘ ‘-di-O-p-coumaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (11). On the basis of spectroscopic analysis, the structures of 1−10 were established as 3β,14α,15α,21β,29-pentahydroxyserratane-24-oic acid (lycernuic acid C, 1), 3β,14α,15α,21β-tetrahydroxyserratane-24-oic acid (lycernuic acid D, 2), 3β,14β,21β-trihydroxyserratane-24-oic acid (lycernuic acid E, 3), 3β,21β,29-trihydroxy-16-oxoserrat-14-en-24-methyl ester (lycernuic ketone A, 4), 3α,21β,29-trihydroxy-16-oxoserrat-14-en-24-methyl ester (lycernuic ketone B, 5), 3α,21β,24-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-16-one (lycernuic ketone C, 6), 3β,21β-dihydroxyserrat-14-en-24-oic acid (lycernuic acid A, 7), 3β,21β,29-trihydroxyserrat-14-en-24-oic acid (lycernuic acid B, 8), serrat-14-en-3β,21β-diol (9), and serrat-1...
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tongue Associated with Human Papilloma Virus: A Case Report

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) has emerged as a treatment for recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck in the field of prior radiation. We report a case of its use in an human papilloma virus (HPV) positive patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the right base of tongue. The patient had complete response to treatment and modest toxicities were noted. This represents encouraging results that SBRT is also useful for salvage in patients with HPV positive disease.
Resolution of Heart Block After Surgical Removal of an Amplatzer Device

A large secundum atrial septal defect in a 4-year-old child was closed by percutaneous placement of an Amplatzer septal occluder (AGA Medical Corporation, Plymouth, MN). After device placement, complete heart block developed that did not resolve after 3 days of medical management. The patient subsequently underwent surgical removal of the device and suture closure of the atrial septal defect. The patient recovered conduction after the operation. We report the successful treatment of device-induced heart block with surgical removal of the device.
Sex chromosomes as markers in transplanted chicken leukaemic cells.

THE transplantability of virus-induced chicken leukaemia has never been clearly established. If intact cells are transferred to a homologous recipient bird, a leukaemia may develop. This has been interpreted as a transplanted leukaemia rather than the ordinary virus-induced disease mainly on the basis of an unusually rapid course1,2. The proof of the ability of leukaemic cells to grow in a homologous host rests, however, on the recognition of donor cells in the recipient. This communication describes the use of sex chromosomes as reliable markers for such a purpose. The technique takes advantage of the fact that male chicken cells contain two sex chromosomes of equal size, whereas the female cells contain only one (Fig. 1).
High resolution electron microscopy of Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals: Atomic structure and modeling

High quality Al-Cu-Fe quasicrystals have been studied at the atomic level with a high resolution microscope operating at 400 kV. When the incident beam is parallel to the fivefold axis, experimental bright-field images in thin regions of the specimen are found to be of two types, depending on the electron optical parameters employed. One of these images is of greater contrast than the other, but both types yield decagon-like image features. Close agreement is found between both types of contrast-enhanced micrographs and microscope image simulations of a realistic atomic model. This model involves the placement of overlapping Mackay icosahedra on a perfect quasicrystalline network. The limitation of resolving the projected atomic structure is discussed in terms of the contribution of different diffraction orders, considerations of specimen thickness, and optimal adjustment of the microscope objective lens defocus. A similar treatment is also applied to the threefold orientation where micrographs were taken under coherent imaging conditions. For the threefold pattern, fine modulations of the quasicrystalline lattice are obtained which are not observed under less coherent conditions.
The electrochemical fluorination of α-alkyl-substituted carboxylic acids

Abstract The electrochemical fluorination of acid chlorides and methyl esters of the α-alkyl-substituted carboxylic acids (2-methyl-n-valeryl chloride, 2-methyl-n-caproyl chloride, 2-methyl-n-enanthyl chloride, 2,3-dimethyl-n-buturyl chloride, methyl 2-ethyl-n-valerate, 2-n-propyl-n-valeryl chloride, 2-ethyl-n-caproyl chloride and methyl 2-n-butyl-n-caproate) was conducted to give a series of the substituted perfluorooxolanes and perfluorooxanes fluorides in good yields. The physical properties of the new compounds obtained are reported together with some of the 19 F nmr data.
A study of relaxation processes in LiMnO2 cells

We analyze the decay of voltage V with time t after a current pulse has been applied to a LiMnO2 cell. We plot −tdV/dt and t2d2V/dt2 and show that we can resolve two distinct processes in the relaxation of the voltage. We show that the faster decay process is associated with diffusion in the electrolyte, both in the separators and in the pores of the cathode. The peak of the larger time constant appears to be associated with the cathode particles themselves. We calculate an upper bound for the diffusion constant of Li in MnO2 to be 6 × 10−12 cm2s−1.
Beyond Accountability and Average Mathematics Scores: Relating State Education Policy Attributes to Cognitive Achievement Domains

We found moderate correlations among four policy attributes (consistency, specificity, authority, and power), which suggest that in many states, at least in design, standards-based reform is working as advocates imagined—aligned content standards and assessments established, backed up by detailed guidelines and frameworks, incentivized by rewards and sanctions, and supported with extra resources and programs for struggling students and their teachers. Our findings suggest that specificity and authority may be related to improvements in procedural knowledge, and no change in problem solving or conceptual understanding, while power (accountability) may be associated with a small decrease in all types of learning. We found that disadvantaged students showed gains in procedural knowledge and did not lose ground in either conceptual understanding or problem solving. Implications for developing an improved theory of policy effects on achievement are discussed.
Alternative forms of rat TrkC with different functional capabilities

We have identified transcripts encoding several differentforms of rat TrkC, a member of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases that serves as a receptor for neurotrophin-3. Some forms of TrkC lack the intracytoplasmic kinase domain and thus resemble previously defined truncated variants of TrkB. Other forms of TrkC contain variable-sized amino acid insertions within the tyrosine kinase domain. Transcripts encoding all forms of TrkC can be detected throughout the nervous system, displaying substantial overlap as well as mutually exclusive distribution patterns with transcripts for TrkB. Strikingly, only transcripts encoding the truncated forms of TrkB and TrkC are found in astrocytes, peripheral nerve, and nonneural tissues. Finally, forms of TrkC containing insertions within the kinase domain retain their ability to autophosphorylate in response to neurotrophin-3, but cannot mediate proliferation in fibroblasts or neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells.
Coherency for multiprocessor virtual address caches

A multiprocessor cache memory system is described that supplies data to the processor based on virtual addresses, but maintains consistency in the main memory, both across caches and across virtual address spaces. Pages in the same or different address spaces may be mapped to share a single physical page. The same hardware is used for maintaining consistency both among caches and among virtual addresses. Three different notions of a cache "block" are defined: (1) the unit for transferring data to/from main storage, (2) the unit over which tag information is maintained, and (3) the unit over which consistency is maintained. The relation among these block sizes is explored, and it is shown that they can be optimized independently. It is shown that the use of large address blocks results in low overhead for the virtual address cache.
Nutritional Knowledge and Attitudes of Dental Students

The nutritional knowledge and attitudes of 230 dental students were studied. The students answered 68.6% of the nutritional knowledge questions currectly, but the test scores were low because they were adversely affected by the degree of certainty. First-year students scored significantly higher than fourth-year students. There was no significant difference between scores of men and women. Knowledge scores were highest for questions on nutrition and oral health and lowest for those on nutritional assessment. Dental students generally expressed favorable attitudes toward nutrition and nutritional care of patients. They agreed that dentists were vital members of the health team and had a responsibility to become involved in health screening and nutrition education of patients. Dietitians were seen as valuable resources to be consulted about nutrition education of the dental patient. More first-year students supported the idea that dentists should prescribe nutritoinal supplements for patients, whereas more fourth-year students were undecided about this matter. There were no differences in nutrition attitude scores attributable to gender of the student or year in dental school. In this study, nutritional knowledge scores did not correlate with nutrition attitude scores.
Detection of circulating prostate carcinoma cells via an enhanced reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay in patients with early stage prostate carcinoma. Independence from other pretreatment characteristics.

BACKGROUND Circulating prostate cells can be detected in the venous blood of patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma by applying reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques using primers specific for the prostate specific antigen (PSA) gene. This study evaluates whether the detection of circulating cells correlates with established prognostic factors, treatment, and pathologic stage. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-seven patients with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate had an RT-PCR assay performed as part of their staging evaluation. No treatment decisions were made on the basis of the RT-PCR results. Of these, 156 patients were treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) and 71 with radical external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Forty-eight patients were treated with hormonal therapy prior to RP (n = 39) or EBRT (n = 9). The prognostic factors analyzed for their relationship to RT-PCR were clinical stage, pretreatment serum PSA levels, Gleason score of the biopsy specimen, and Gleason score of the surgical specimen. An analysis of the relationship between treatment and RT-PCR results was also performed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of predictors of RT-PCR positivity was performed as well. In addition, univariate and multivariate analyses of predictors of pathologic stage, including RT-PCR, were performed. RESULTS Sixty-one patients (26.9%) had a positive RT-PCR assay. There was no relationship between clinical stage, pretreatment PSA, biopsy Gleason score, or surgical Gleason score and RT-PCR positivity. In univariate analysis, patients treated with RP had a higher rate of RT-PCR positivity than patients treated with EBRT (P = 0.054). However, in multivariate logistic regression analysis no factor, including treatment with RP, was a significant predictor of RT-PCR positivity. RT-PCR and pretreatment PSA predicted pathologic stage in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The detection of circulating prostate cells using RT-PCR occurs in approximately 25% of early stage prostate carcinoma patients and is independent of other established prognostic factors. In addition, a positive RT-PCR assay is a strong predictor of pathologic upstaging in patients with clinically organ-confined disease. Cancer 1997; 79:2402-8. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Distant Metastases in Patients with Carcinoma of the Major Salivary Glands

Background This study aimed to show the incidence of distant metastases (DM) in salivary gland cancer as well as the types of histology most commonly associated with it and to identify factors predictive of DM.
A new double-labeling method demonstrates transmitter-specific projections.

Abstract We report a method which combines retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye, diamidino yellow dihydrochloride (DY), with peroxidase immunocytochemical staining for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme essential for the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Cells exhibiting both retrograde fluorescent label and GAD-positive immunoreactivity were observed in the cerebellar cortex, the striatum and the ventrobasal complex following injections of DY into the superior vestibular nucleus, substantia nigra and dorsal thalamus. The method, which can in principle be applied to any antigen, takes advantage of the differential nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution of the two stains. By using appropriate filter combinations and balanced epi- and transillumination, double-labeled cells are readily identifiable.
Liver position and lung-to-head ratio for prediction of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and survival in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of liver position and lung-to-head ratio to predict outcome in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Study Design We reviewed prenatal studies and postnatal outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia between January 1996 and January 2006. Results Eighty-nine patients received prenatal and postnatal care at 1 institution. In fetuses with liver up, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was required in 39 of 49 fetuses (80%), compared with 10 of 40 fetuses (25%) for those with liver down ( P P P = .036) and lower survival (35%; P = .0003). However, when measured at P = .108; survival, P = .150); liver position remained highly predictive (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, P = .006; survival, P = .001). Conclusion Liver position is the best prenatal predictor of outcome in isolated left congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Lung-to-head ratio alone should not be used to counsel families regarding mid gestational management choices.
P-glycoprotein functions as a differentiation switch in antigen presenting cell maturation.

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expressed on human antigen presenting cells (APC) regulates alloantigen-dependent T-cell activation, but the associated mechanisms are not well understood. Here we demonstrate that P-gp functions in IL-12-dependent monocyte differentiation into dendritic cell (DC) lineages during APC maturation, thereby regulating the capacity of myeloid-derived APCs to elicit alloimmune Th1 responses. Human CD14+ monocytes cultured in vitro in the presence of IL-4/GM-CSF differentiated into CD14−CD1a+ APCs of the immature DC phenotype. In contrast, P-gp blockade during differentiation inhibited CD1a induction, down-regulated CD80 expression, enhanced CD86 expression and induced CD68 expression. APCs differentiated in the presence of P-gp blockade stimulated alloimmune T-cell proliferation significantly less than controls and this effect was associated with 97% inhibition of Th1 IFN-γ production, but preserved Th2 IL-5 secretion. MAb-mediated blockade of the P-gp transport substrate IL-12 in the course of APC differentiation also inhibited IFN-γ production, while addition of rIL-12 to P-gp-blocked APC differentiation cultures significantly reversed this effect, demonstrating that P-gp functions in APC differentiation in part via IL-12 regulation. Our findings define a novel role for P-gp as a differentiation switch in APC maturation and resultant alloimmune Th1 responses, thereby identifying P-gp as a potential novel therapeutic target in allotransplantation.
Immunoheterogeneity of parathyroid hormone in parathyroid cysts: diagnostic implications

Parathyroid cysts are uncommon lesions of the neck leading to hypercalcemia in a significant percentage of cases. The distinction between parathyroid and thyroid cysts is difficult to make on a clinical basis alone and relies on the demonstration of elevated PTH levels in cyst fluid. We describe a case of a parathyroid cyst in which intact PTH (1-84) levels were misleadingly low while midmolecule 44-68 PTH was markedly elevated. To explain this discrepancy, we studied cyst fluid from this and two other patients using Sephadex G-75 gel chromatography. Fractions were analyzed using an immunoradiometric assay for intact hPTH (1-84) and a RIA specific for the midmolecular 44-68 region of hPTH. Immunoreactivity corresponding to hPTH (1-84) was absent in the first case but present in the remaining two. Immunoreactive peaks corresponding to PTH fragments were demonstrable in all three cyst samples. Patients with elevated hPTH (1-84) in cyst fluid were hypercalcemic; in contrast, the patient with a low cyst level of hPTH (1-84) was normocalcemic despite having markedly elevated levels of midmolecule PTH (44-68) in both serum and cyst fluid. Parathyroid cysts may thus produce fragments rather than intact PTH; reliance on an intact hPTH assay could lead to misdiagnosis. The measurement of PTH by a midmolecular assay may be preferable to the measurement of intact PTH in the evaluation of fluid from cystic neck masses.
The wind driven currents on the Middle Atlantic Bight inner shelf

Abstract A set of month-long current meter data from two moorings deployed at the 20 and 30 m isobaths to the southeast of Atlantic City, New Jersey are examined to characterize the structure of the wind-induced subtidal currents in the Middle Atlantic Bight under summer time conditions. The wind stress and currents are dominated by variability at the 2–4 d time scales. The majority of the wind stress variance is oriented in the along-shelf direction (35°T), but the subtidal currents at both moorings also show substantial across-shelf variability, with the standard deviation of the across-shelf current component exceeding 50% of that of the along-shelf current component. Furthermore, there is an appreciable reduction in magnitude and a change in orientation of the subtidal current vector with depth. The currents from the mooring located at the 30 m isobath are significantly coherent with the wind stress, with surface current rotating clockwise and bottom current rotating anticlockwise of the wind. With an upwelling favorable wind, there is a significant offshore flow in the upper layer and an onshore flow in the lower layer, consistent with Ekman transport. The situation reverses with a downwelling favorable wind. The depth-averaged current is dominated by variability in the along-shelf direction. Wind stress and along-shelf surface slope are the leading terms in the depth-integrated along-shelf momentum balance, but bottom stress also plays an important role in the balance. The currents at the inner shelf mooring (20 m isobath) are much less coherent with the wind, particularly for the surface current. The reduced linear correlation between the wind and the observed subtidal current there may be caused by the influence of the buoyancy-driven coastal current originating from the Hudson River estuary to the north of the mooring site.
Redefining Abuse of Women With Disabilities: A Paradox of Limitation and Expansion:

The study presented here, which relied on naturalistic design and focus-group methodology, examined the experiences of abused women with disabilities and the women's use of and need for services and resources. The study found that although disabled and nondisabled women face many of the same forms of abuse, disabled women have unique experiences that require specialized services.
The oxidation of progesterone under GoAggIII conditions

The oxidation of pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (progesterone) by the GoAgg III system (aqueous hydrogen peroxide, ferric chloride, picolinic acid in pyridine-acetic acid solution) has been investigated. Two tri-keto derivatives were isolated and identified as pregn-4-ene-3,6,20-trione and pregn-4-ene-3,12,20-trione. The third major product isolated was identified as the unstable 5α-formyl-A-nor-pregnane-3,20-dione, which deformylated spontaneously to A-nor-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione. A mechanism for the A-ring contraction is proposed, based upon the participation of a carbon-Fe(V) intermediate.
Predoctoral training in clinical hypnosis: a national survey of availability and educator attitudes in schools of medicine, dentistry, and graduate clinical psychology.

Abstract Postcard questionnaires on the subject of training in clinical hypnosis were mailed to all doctoral training programs and internship centers in clinical psychology, dental schools, and medical schools which were fully approved by their respective accrediting associations. Considerable interest in hypnotic procedures at both predoctoral and postdoctoral levels was shown by all groups. Availability of training in hypnosis and favorable attitudes toward i t were closely related and both varied significantly acrom professional disciplines. The greatest amount of interest in predoctoral training, as well as availability of training, waa reported by psychologist respondents, but returns from internship centers specializing in the treatment of children ran contrary to this general trend. Medical and dental respondents were more inclined to downplay predoctoral work in favor of postdoctoral training. Present findings were compared with results from a similar survey conducted by Mow, Logan, and Lynch (196...
Estimation of 1D proximity budget impacts due to light source for advanced node design

The laser impacts on the proximity error are well known in many previous studies and papers. The proximity budget control is more and more important for advanced node design. The goal of this paper is to describe the laser spectral bandwidth and wavelength stability contributions to the proximity budget by considering general line/space and trench pattern design. We performed experiments and modeled the photolithography response using Panoramic Technology HyperLith simulation over a range of laser bandwidth and wavelength stability conditions to quantify the long term and short term stability contributions on wafer-to-wafer and field-to-field proximity variation. Finally, we determine the requirements for current system performance to meet patterning requirements and minimize the laser contribution on proximity error and within 4% of target CD Critical Dimension Uniformity (CDU) budget process requirement [2]. This paper also discusses how the wafer lithography drivers are enabled by ArFi light source technologies.
ICRPfinder: a fast pattern design algorithm for coding sequences and its application in finding potential restriction enzyme recognition sites

Restriction enzymes can produce easily definable segments from DNA sequences by using a variety of cut patterns. There are, however, no software tools that can aid in gene building -- that is, modifying wild-type DNA sequences to express the same wild-type amino acid sequences but with enhanced codons, specific cut sites, unique post-translational modifications, and other engineered-in components for recombinant applications. A fast DNA pattern design algorithm, ICRPfinder, is provided in this paper and applied to find or create potential recognition sites in target coding sequences. ICRPfinder is applied to find or create restriction enzyme recognition sites by introducing silent mutations. The algorithm is shown capable of mapping existing cut-sites but importantly it also can generate specified new unique cut-sites within a specified region that are guaranteed not to be present elsewhere in the DNA sequence. ICRPfinder is a powerful tool for finding or creating specific DNA patterns in a given target coding sequence. ICRPfinder finds or creates patterns, which can include restriction enzyme recognition sites, without changing the translated protein sequence. ICRPfinder is a browser-based JavaScript application and it can run on any platform, in on-line or off-line mode.
Experimenting with and integrating Alice 2.3 into many disciplines (abstract only)

This interactive workshop will present the new features of Alice 2.3, and show how to integrate Alice 2.3 into multiple disciplines in middle school and high school. Participants will get hands-on experience with working with new Alice models and creating Alice projects. The workshop will also review curriculum materials and discuss mapping Alice to CSTA computer science standards. The curriculum materials presented could be used in middle school or high school in a variety of disciplines, or in college in a pre-CS 1 course. The target audience is middle school and high school teachers, and college faculty providing outreach to K-12 or teaching a pre-CS 1 course. Alice is available for free at www.alice.org. Curriculum materials are available at www.cs.duke.edu/csed/alice/aliceInSchools and at www.alice.org. Laptop required, and two-button mouse recommended.
Critical flicker frequency and intelligence

Abstract Tests of verbal intelligence (Concept Mastery Test) and nonverbal intelligence (Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices) showed nonsignificant zero-order correlations and a nonsignificant multiple correlation with critical flicker frequency (CFF), in 100 university students. Age-partialled correlations were even lower, and corrections for attenuation and restriction of range yielded unimpressive results. It was concluded that CFF has a negligible relationship to psychometric intelligence and is probably a poor tool in the investigation of the nature of g.
Does measuring body weight impact subsequent response to eating behavior questions

Objectives: If being weighed impacts perceptions of eating behavior, it is important that the order of questionnaires and weighing be considered in research and practice. A quasi-experimental study was performed to examine whether being weighed immediately prior to completing a questionnaire affects responses to eating behavior questions. It was hypothesized that being weighed would serve as a priming stimulus and increase measures of dietary restraint, disinhibition, and hunger.Methods: Trained researchers collected a sample of volunteers (n = 355) in 8 locations in the United States on two Saturdays in the summer of 2011. Half of the participants were weighed immediately prior to completing the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), with the remaining half weighed immediately after TFEQ completion.Results: A priori hypotheses were not supported despite replicating known relationships between weight, dietary restraint and disinhibition. Results indicated that being weighed first produced a difference ...