cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technological Diffusion and Substitution

A new technological innovation takes time to spread to its potential users. It took twenty years for the basic oxygen steelmaking process to get to the point where it accounted for 90 percent of steel production in the United States. The earlier open hearth process did not reach the 90 percent point until forty-three years after its first introduction and synthetic rubber took nearly sixty years. While many technologies take decades to achieve widespread use, there are others that penetrate the market with astonishing rapidity. In 1950, less than 10 percent of the electrically wired households in the United States had television; by 1960, this number had increased to over 90 percent. The time for synthetic detergents to go from a substitution level (for soap in clothes for laundering) of 10 percent to 90 percent was less than nine years. A major task of technological dynamics is to describe the rate of the spread of new technologies and to determine the reasons for the rates that are observed.
The Transformation of Traditional Religion in Ireland

How can one correlate the tradition of an old, highly orthodox Gaelic church with the stereotyped images of an Irish peasantry riddled with ignorance and superstition, and all but lapsed into paganism by the eighteenth century? Behind these conflicting images lies a serious misinterpretation of the evidence by many historians who have simply swallowed whole the prejudices of the early modern observers of Irish society, without looking at the broader context. Even otherwise sound scholarship, such as that produced by John Bossy, Emmet Larkin and S. J. Connolly, has been skewed by their acceptance of the old notion that the Irish peasantry of the early modern period were ignorant and heterodox in their religious observance. Bossy tends to overemphasize Irish practices (such as wakes) of borderline Tridentine orthodoxy persisting through the seventeenth century; Larkin underplays achievements of Tridentine Ireland before the disasters of the 1690s; and Connolly often overlooks evidence of medieval Gaelic orthodoxy.1 Yet evidence exists that the Irish peasants retained a clear grasp of a fundamentally orthodox Catholic tradition until the disasters of the 1690s — once the testimony of outside observers is properly decoded.2
Spectrally-Resolved Dielectric Functions of Solution-Cast Quantum Dot Thin Films

Quantum confinement is the divergence, at small crystallite size, of the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, from the properties of larger crystals of the same materials. Although the extinction properties of quantum dots in the dispersed state have been extensively studied, many applications for quantum dots require the formation of a solid material which nonetheless retains a size-dependent electronic structure. The complex index of refraction (or complex dielectric function), including the extinction coefficient, is critical information for interpretation of optoelectronic measurements and use of quantum dot solids in optoelectronic devices. Here, spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to provide an all-optical method to determine the thickness, complex index, and extinction coefficient of thin films made of quantum-confined materials through the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges. The characteristic, size-dependent spectral features in the absorption of monodisperse...
New directions for optical frequency division: Soliton microcombs and electro-optical-modulation

Optical frequency division based on mode-locked laser frequency combs makes possible the coherent transfer of frequency stability from optical systems to electronics. It has enabled a revolution in time keeping and frequency metrology. In this paper we describe progress on new methods for frequency comb generation including whispering-gallery-based microcombs and electro-optical comb generation. Demonstration of optical frequency division to produce stable microwaves using these new approaches will be discussed.
Remote sensing for developing world agriculture: opportunities and areas for technical development

A parameterized numerical model is constructed to compare platform options for collecting aerial imagery to support agriculture electronic information services in developing countries like India. A sensitivity analysis shows that when Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, UAVs, are limited in flight altitude by regulations, the velocity and altitude available to manned aircraft lead to a lower cost of operation at altitudes greater than 2000ft above ground level, AGL. If, however, the UAVs are allowed to fly higher, they become cost-competitive once again at approximately 1000ft AGL or higher. Examination of assumptions in the model highlights two areas for additional technology development: baseline-dependent feature-based image registration to enable wider area coverage, and reflectance reconstruction for ratio-based agriculture indices.
Cardiovascular risk and prevention in patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy.

Background The underlying contributors to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are poorly characterized. Methods Patients with HNSCC who underwent definitive or adjuvant (chemo)radiation between 2011 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The 10-year risk estimates for a CVD event were calculated according to the Framingham Risk Score (FRS). Results One hundred fifteen patients with predominantly stage III/IV HNSCC had a median follow-up of 2 years. At diagnosis, 23% of patients had CVD. The FRS was higher among patients with laryngeal cancer versus other sites (20.5% vs 14.4%). Twenty-four percent of all patients had uncontrolled blood pressure at diagnosis. Among the patients with CVD, 41% were not taking antiplatelet therapy and 30% were not taking statin therapy. Thirty-four percent of patients without CVD had indications for initiating statin therapy. Conclusion Patients with HNSCC have a high baseline CVD risk and many do not receive optimal preventive care. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 527–532, 2017
4.05 – Pain Sensitization

The classic view of pain as a labeled line sensation has been debunked by the understanding that pain is highly modified by experience. The experience-dependent enhancement of pain sensation can be viewed as a form of learning, and these memories of pain are both unwanted and difficult to forget. In this chapter, we discuss the variety of mechanisms of sensitization in the pain neuraxis, and their surprising similarity to mechanisms of classical learning and memory. These similarities create both unique insight into the problem of persistent pain and unique challenges for designing novel pharmacotherapies for its treatment.
Properties of photon plus two-jet events in [Formula presented] collisions at [Formula presented]

We present the first general measurements (invariant-mass, transverse-energy, and angular distributions) of the process, {bar p}p{r_arrow}{gamma}+2 jets+X, using data collected by the CDF at Fermilab. We compare the data with predictions from a tree-level QCD calculation and the PYTHIA shower Monte Carlo program. Our data sample is particularly sensitive to contributions from initial- and final-state radiation of photons and jets. Using the PYTHIA Monte Carlo program, we contrast the kinematical distributions for direct photon production with those for initial- and final-state photon radiation (bremsstrahlung). Based on the angular distributions, we find that our data favor a mixture of bremsstrahlung and direct photon production, as predicted, over either process alone. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Biochemical characterization of Tractin and LeechCAM, two Ig-superfamily members involved in regulation of axonal outgrowth of Leech neurons

Tractin is a novel member of the Ig-superfamily which has a highly unusual structure. It contains 6 Ig-domains, 4 FNIII-like domains, an acidic domain, 12 repeats of a novel prolineand glycine-rich motif with sequence similarity to collagen, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tail with an ankyrin and a PDZ-domain binding motif. By generating domain-specific antibodies we show that Tractin is proteolytically processed at two cleavage sites, one located in the third FTvTIII-domain, and a second located just proximal to the transmembrane domain. The alternative processing results in the formation of four fragments. The most NH2-terminal fragment, which is glycosylated with the Lan3-2, Lan42, and Laz2-369 glycoepitopes is secreted, and we propose a model in which the remaining fragments combine to form a secreted homodimer as well as a transmembrane heterodimer. The extracellular domain of the dimers is mostly made up of the collagen-like PG/YG-repeat *Department of Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 TDepartment of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 "•"Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
Electroinitiated polymerization on electrodes

Electroinitiated polymerization reactions leading to the formation of polymer on electrode surfaces — as distinguished from that in the bulk of the electrolytic solution — are discussed here. The structure and morphology of the polymer, and its bonding and adhesion to the electrode surface are examined in addition to the mechanisms of polymerization. The formation of adherent coatings on electrodes discussed in this manner is that of polymers from not only vinyl monomers, but also from phenols, acrolein, benzonitrile, polyimide intermediates and phenylacetylene. The novel use of carbon fiber electrodes in electroinitiated polymerization is introduced and its significance to interphase modification in carbon fiber composites is brought out. With continuing advances in techniques for the study of the formation, control, and properties of polymer films on electrodes, concurrent progress in investigation of surface coatings and graphite composites is indicated.
Coming to Terms with the Past: The Vienna Project as an Interactive, Interdisciplinary Model of Memorialization

Issues of representation following mass atrocities remain one of the greatest challenges for artists working with histories of genocide. The Vienna Project was developed as a temporary, social action, public art memorial project, marking the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Anschluss in Austria, when Austria was annexed into Greater Germany. After the war, allied occupation in Austria ended in 1955, followed by state sovereignty. “Coming to Terms with the Past: The Vienna Project as an Interactive, Interdisciplinary Model of Memorialization” features a comparative discussion of major memorial development in Vienna, the capital of Austria, between 1955 and 2014. Introduced as a post-conceptual model of memorialization, The Vienna Project opened in 2013 and closed 1 year later. The Project combined research with participatory methodologies and became the first national memorial of its kind in Europe to include multiple victim groups in a single presentation, while preserving differences between the groups. The chapter situates the project within a continuum of memorialization in Vienna and captures the author’s role as conceptual artist, cultural historian, and founding director of The Vienna Project.
Computational Modeling of Hydraulic Properties of a Sheared Single Rock Fracture

Flow through a single mechanically sheared Marcellus shale fracture was investigated computationally and experimentally. To provide a better understanding of the variation of hydraulic and geometrical characteristics of a fracture subjected to shearing, coupled shear flow tests on the fracture for four shearing displacement steps under constant normal stress were performed. At the end of each shearing step, computed tomography (CT) scans with resolution 26.8 μm were obtained and the corresponding fracture geometries were evaluated. The CT images were used to generate full aperture maps of the fracture configuration. In addition, average aperture maps were also created by averaging the full-resolution data over 10 × 10 pixels, smoothing out fine structural details. Computational modeling of water flow through the fractures at different shearing steps was performed using a modified local cubic law approach and the 3D full Navier–Stokes equations with the use of the ANSYS-Fluent software. Both the average aperture maps and full maps were used in these simulations. The experimental pressure drops of the fracture at shearing step 1, which has very small apertures, poorly matched the numerical results, quite likely because the fracture structure was inadequately captured by the scanning resolution. Shearing typically increased the aperture height of the fracture, whose features were then better captured by the CT scan. Good agreement between the experimental data and the numerical results of the full map for shearing step 2 was observed. The simulations were performed for both full and average aperture maps, and the effects of scan resolution and surface roughness on the accuracy of the results were studied. The modified local cubic law and full Navier–Stokes simulations of the averaged map fracture were found to be in good agreement. It was conjectured that this was because the nonlinear losses were insignificant for the smoothed out averaged map fracture. Similar comparisons with those of the full map showed agreement in trends, but there were some quantitative differences. The averaged fracture map simulations also predicted lower pressure drops compared to the full map, particularly for high flow rates. These differences were due to the fine-scale geometrical complexity (surface roughness) of fracture geometry that affects the fluid flow in the fracture. An improved cubic law model was also proposed, and its accuracy was verified by comparing its predictions with those of the Navier–Stokes simulations.
The Welfare Economics of Biofuel Tax Credits and Mandates

An ethanol consumption mandate is a tax on fuel consumers with a fixed oil price, but consumer fuel prices may decline with endogenous oil prices, putting the burden on oil producers. The ethanol consumption mandate has an ambiguous effect on total fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and miles traveled. A tax credit increases fuel consumption and miles traveled. But a tax credit subsidizes gasoline consumption in lieu of a binding mandate, contradicting energy and environmental policy goals while providing no extra support to farmers. A mandate of 36 bil. gallons by 2022 will cost taxpayers $28.7 bil., potentially generating up to $37 bil. in annual social deadweight costs of increased CO2 emissions, pollution, miles traveled, and dependence on foreign oil. The intercept of the ethanol supply curve is above the gasoline price, implying part of the price premium due to ethanol policy is redundant and represents “rectangular” deadweight costs that dwarf standard measures. Historically, corn subsidies were required for any ethanol production to occur; ethanol import tariffs, mandates, production subsidies, and tax credits were not enough. The claim by proponents that ethanol policy reduces tax costs of farm subsidy programs is therefore in doubt as farm subsidies make ethanol policy more inefficient and vice-versa.
Effects of polyethyleneglycol chain length and phospholipid acyl chain composition on the interaction of polyethyleneglycol-phospholipid conjugates with phospholipid: implications in liposomal drug delivery.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate polyethyleneglycol(PEG)-phosphatidylethanolamine(PE) conjugate interaction with phospholipid bilayers, in an attempt to explain the dependence of liposome circulation time on formulation.
Assay of cytosolic thymidine kinase I (TK1) activity in human lung lesions

272 Objectives: The uptake of the tracer 39-deoxy-39-[18F]-fluorothymidine (FLT) has previously been shown to correlate with proliferation index measured by Ki67 staining in lung tumors. FLT is trapped within cells by its conversion to FLT monophosphate by the enzyme TK1. The activity of TK1 is tightly cell cycle regulated, and has been shown to correlate with FLT uptake in cultured A549 human lung carcinoma cells. However, no study to date has demonstrated a relationship between TK1 activity and FLT uptake and proliferation status in human lung lesions in vivo. We report TK1 activity in extracts of resected human lung tumors and discuss its relationship to their proliferation index. Methods: We obtained fresh tissue from nine lung lesions (including three adenocarcinomas, two adenosquamous carcinomas, one large cell carcinoma, one poorly differentiated mucoepidermoid carcinoma and two benign tumors) resected prior to any therapy. Tumors were trimmed and immediately placed in liquid nitrogen. Frozen tumors were extracted in lysis buffer and a 100,000 × g cytosolic extract was prepared and assayed in vitro for TK1 activity. Results: TK1 activity in all lung lesions was low compared to that of cultured A549 human lung cancer cells. However, the TK1 activity was reproducible and within the detection limits of the assay. The nine lesions displayed a range of TK1 activities from 0.0020 to 0.0207 pmoles [3H]-TMP/µg protein/min (mean TK1 activity = 0.0070 ± 0.0076 pmoles [3H]-TMP/µg protein/min). Lesions with low proliferation ( Research Support (if any): This work is supported by NIH grants CA 107264 and CA 115559.
Cathartics and laxatives. Do they still have a place in management of the poisoned patient

Continued use of cathartics in the management of acute poisoning appears, in our view, to be appropriate.The availability of a number of agents offers options based on the patient and the drug ingested. Whole bowel irrigation is appearing as another potentially useful means of catharsis. Further research is clearly needed to define efficacy, particularly in the face of abnormalities of bowel function, a very common situation in toxic ingestions. These offer exciting avenues for further investigation.
Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy: does function of the obstructed moiety matter?

Summary Purpose Upper pole nephrectomy has been the traditional surgical management of children with poorly functioning upper pole moieties in duplex renal collecting systems having ureteral ectopia and ureterocele. However, ablative surgery confers a risk of functional loss to the remnant moiety due to vasospasm or vascular injury. It was hypothesized that ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy (IUU) is a safe and feasible approach for the management of these patients and that residual function in the obstructed upper pole does not affect surgical outcomes. Materials and methods All patients with duplex systems who underwent IUU between 2010 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were sorted into two groups based on pre-operative imaging: those having Results The study cohort comprised 53 children with ectopia or ureterocele affecting the upper pole in a duplex system, 21 with UPMF Conclusion Ipsilateral ureteroureterostomy is a safe, definitive surgical intervention that preserves the renal architecture in children with duplex collecting systems regardless of upper pole function. Download : Download high-res image (239KB) Download : Download full-size image Fig. 1 . Bar graph showing radiological outcomes in each group. UPMF = upper pole moiety function.
The power of P-3 school reform:

Arthur Reynolds describes the significance, development, and effects of preschool to 3rd grade approaches. This school reform strategy integrates services and supports transitions, thereby increasi...
Integrated Surface Micromachined Gyro and Accelerometers for Automotive Sensor Applications

The application of integrated surface micromachining for improved automotive gyros and accelerometers is discussed and evaluated. The value of single chip or integrated micromachined sensors has been questioned by sensor development technologist’s due to perceived complexity and high development costs. This paper uses the recently developed single chip micromachined gyro and single chip accelerometers to evaluate the trade-off in integrated structures. The product design and manufacturability of the gyro is reviewed in detail. The scaling to low signal levels (20zepto farads, 10−21) with a total full scale change of 10 femto-farads is only possible when the electronics and associated parasitics are integrated such as the gyro. The trade-off of integrated micromachined sensors for cost and reliability are also discussed. The paper concludes with the applications of the gyro and associated low noise and higher performance accelerometers for vehicle dynamic control, roll-over and navigation applications. These applications insure a new capability in intelligent power train and safety applications.
DeepBCR: Deep learning framework for cancer-type classification and binding affinity estimation using B cell receptor repertoires.

We developed a deep learning framework to model the binding specificity of B-cell receptors (BCRs). The DeepBCR framework can predict the cancer type from a repertoire of BCRs and estimate the binding affinity of a single BCR. We designed a peptide encoding network that includes an amino acid encoding layer, k-mer motif layer, and immunoglobulin isotype layer, and used transfer learning to reduce parameters and over-fitting. When we applied the framework to evaluate the three commercial anti-PD1 drugs (Opdivo, Keytruda, and Libtayo), the predicted binding affinities correlate with the real affinities measured in kD values. This validates the prediction and indicates that we can use the framework to select strong antigen-specific binders.
Pharmacologic mydriasis in an infant following parental use of topical glycopyrronium tosylate

We report the case of a 2-month-old boy with unilateral pharmacologic mydriasis from inadvertent exposure to glycopyrronium after parental use of glycopyrronium wipes. Clinician familiarity with the potential effects of glycopyrronium exposure may aid in the recognition, diagnosis, and prevention of pharmacologic mydriasis as well as the reduction of costly and unnecessary evaluations.
Do Published Cooking Temperatures Correspond with Consumer and Chef Perceptions of Steak Degrees of Doneness

The objective of this study was to assess consumer and chef perceptions and knowledge of beef degrees of doneness (DOD) as well as to measure the changes in cooked color over time related to DOD. Steaks from strip loins (M. longissimus lumborum) from each of 5 quality treatments were used for this study. Steaks were cooked to an endpoint temperature of either very-rare (54°C), rare (60°C), medium-rare (63°C), medium (71°C), well-done (77°C), or very well-done (82°C). L*, a*, and b* were evaluated at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 min post-cutting and digital pictures were taken immediately on an internal surface of the steak. Digital surveys for the evaluation of the images of the cooked steaks were created for consumers and chefs. There were time × DOD interactions (P 0.05) for DOD responses for steak pictures evaluated by consumers or chefs. Consumers identified the DOD of cooked steaks as the DOD that corresponds to published end-point temperatures 27 to 35% of the time. Chefs typically identified the DOD as 1 DOD higher than which the steaks were cooked for steaks cooked to medium or less and 1 DOD lower for steaks cooked to well-done and higher. This indicates differences exist in the perceptions of DOD between culinary professionals and consumers, and may contribute to decreased consumer satisfaction when ordering steaks in a restaurant.
Clash of Titans: Groupon v. The Model Rules of Professional Conduct

Daily deals, like those offered by Groupon and LivingSocial, have become a popular and highly effective form of advertising. The success of daily deals is not without concern in the legal community. State bar associations are split as to whether the Model Rules of Professional Conduct — namely Rules 5.4, 7.2, and 1.15 — permit lawyers to advertise through daily deals. This Note argues that lawyers may ethically sell their services through daily deals as a reasonable cost of advertising authorized by Rule 7.2 and that the fee retained by the daily deal company is not an impermissible fee-sharing arrangement outlawed by Rule 5.4. Instead, such fees should be considered an alternative way of charging for advertising — one that will not interfere with the lawyer’s professional independence. Moreover, the flexible daily deal business model enables lawyers to comply with the client trust requirements of Rule 1.15.
Baseline and decline in device-derived activity level predict risk of death and heart failure in patients with an ICD for primary prevention.

BACKGROUND Implanted defibrillators are capable of recording activity data based on company-specific proprietary algorithms. This study aimed to determine the prognostic significance of baseline and decline in device-derived activity level across different device companies in the real world. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients (n = 280) who underwent a defibrillator implantation (Boston, Medtronic, St. Jude, and Biotronik) for primary prevention at the University of Michigan from 2014 to 2016. Graphical data obtained from device interrogations were retrospectively converted to numerical data. The activity level averaged over a month from a week postimplantation was used as baseline. Subsequent weekly average activity levels (SALs) were standardized to this baseline. SAL below 59.4% was used as a threshold to group patients. All-cause mortality and death/heart failure were the primary end-points of this study. RESULTS Fifty-six patients died in this study. On average, they experienced a 50% decline in SAL prior to death. Patients (n = 129) who dropped their SAL below threshold were more likely to be older, male, diabetic, and have more symptomatic heart failure. They also had a significantly increased risk of heart failure/death (hazard ratio [HR] 3.6, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.3-5.8, P < .0001) or death (HR 4.2, 95% CI 2.2-7.7, P < .0001) compared to those who had sustained activity levels. Lower baseline activity level was also associated with significantly increased risk of heart failure/death and death. CONCLUSION Significant decline in device-derived activity level and low baseline activity level are associated with increased mortality and heart failure in patients with an ICD for primary prevention.
Coding Practices and Iterativity: Beyond Templates for Analyzing Qualitative Data:

Researchers can expect to perform analytic actions repeatedly; that this iteration is required is a common observation. Yet, how researchers engage in iteration to progress their theorizing is not ...
Multi-institutional Validation of a Vaginal Hysterectomy Simulation Model for Resident Training.

STUDY OBJECTIVE The purpose of the research was to both develop a vaginal hysterectomy model with surgically pertinent anatomic landmarks and assess its validity for simulation training. DESIGN A low-cost, reproducible vaginal hysterectomy model with relevant anatomic landmarks for key surgical steps. SETTING Nine academic and community-based obstetrics and gynecology residency programs. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-nine obstetrics and gynecology residents. INTERVENTIONS A vaginal hysterectomy model with surgically pertinent anatomic landmarks was developed and tested for construct validity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Of the 184 available residents, 169 (91%) participated in this study and performed a vaginal hysterectomy procedure on the described model. The validated objective 7-item global rating scale (GRS) and the 13-item task-specific checklist (TSC) were used as tools to assess performance. The median TSC and GRS scores correlated with year of training, prior experience, and trainee confidence. In addition, the TSC scores also correlated with the GRS scores (p <.001) with regard to performance and resident year of training. Receiver Operator Curves for identification of the residents meeting national residency accreditation minimum numbers for vaginal hysterectomy using the GRS and TSC scores had an area under the curve of 0.89 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSION This reduced-cost vaginal hysterectomy model offers high construct validity and pertinence for simulation.
Effect of low temperature, low water vapor pressure environments on the fatigue behavior of an Al-Li aerospace alloy

Abstract The objective of the study is to evaluate the fatigue crack growth of a third-generation Al-Li-Cu alloy (2199-T86) in environments relevant to high-altitude flight. Reduction of PH2O at 23 °C resulted in a general reduction of crack growth rates. A local minimum in growth rates were observed at intermediate ΔK and PH2O and was attributed to roughness induced impedance of water transport through the crack wake. Decreasing temperature had no effect on growth kinetics down to −15 °C, but decreased crack rates were observed at −30 °C and −50 °C.
Soluble CD163 Identifies Those at Risk for Increased Hepatic Inflammation & Fibrosis.

Background Liver disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Soluble CD163 is a marker of Kupffer cell activation that is highly associated with development of hepatic fibrosis. The relative contributions of HIV-associated systemic immune activation vs other etiologies of injury are poorly characterized. Methods We utilized subjects in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort to evaluate 464 participants including 361 people with HIV (PWH) and 103 hepatitis C virus (HCV)/HIV-uninfected controls. Subjects underwent testing for hepatic fibrosis using both magnetic resonance elastography and the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis Index. Steatosis was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging-derived proton density fat fraction. Immune activation markers and cytokines were quantitated using Luminex methodologies. Results Participants with HIV with or without HCV coinfection had higher levels of sCD163 than uninfected controls (P < .05). Soluble sCD163 was highly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase, a key marker of inflammation/injury and with hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic steatosis was also associated with a cytokine pattern suggestive of Kupffer cell activation but was not associated with an increase in sCD14 or sCD27. Conclusions Injury and resultant hepatic fibrosis occur by distinct though overlapping mechanistic pathways. In PWH, sCD163 is highly associated with both injury and fibrosis, suggesting that persistent systemic immune activation is a major contributor to long-term outcomes, adding to damage caused by alcohol, steatosis, and other hepatotoxic drug effects.
The observable supernova rate in galaxy–galaxy lensing systems with the TESS satellite

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is the latest observational effort to find exoplanets and map bright transient optical phenomena. Supernovae (SN) are particularly interesting as cosmological standard candles for cosmological distance measures. The limiting magnitude of TESS strongly constrains supernova detection to the very nearby Universe ($m \sim$ 19, $z<0.05$). We explore the possibility that more distant supernovae that are gravitationally lensed and magnified by a foreground galaxy can be detected by TESS, an opportunity to measure the time delay between light paths and constrain the Hubble constant independently. We estimate the rate of occurrence of such systems, assuming reasonable distributions of magnification, host dust attenuation and redshift. There are approximately 16 type Ia and 43 core-collapse SN (SNcc) expected to be observable with TESS each year, which translates to 18% and 43% chance of detection per year, respectively. Monitoring the largest collections of known strong galaxy-galaxy lenses from Petrillo et al., this translates into 0.6% and 1.3% chances of a SNIa and SNcc per year. The TESS all-sky detection rates are lower than those of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) and Vera Rubin Observatory. However, on the ecliptic poles, TESS performs almost as well as its all-sky search thanks to its continuous coverage: 2 and 4% chance of an observed SN (Ia or cc) each year. These rates argue for timely processing of full-frame TESS imaging to facilitate follow-up and should motivate further searches for low-redshift lensing system.
Factors associated with destination of pediatric EMS transports.

Abstract Objective Pediatric patients comprise 13% of emergency medical services (EMS) transports, and most are transported to general emergency departments (ED). EMS transport destination policies may guide when to transport patients to a children's hospital, especially for medical complaints. Factors that influence EMS providers ‘decisions about where to transport children are unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the factors associated with pediatric EMS transports to children's hospitals for medical complaints. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study of a large, urban EMS system over a 12-month period for all transports of patients 0–17 years old. We electronically queried the EMS database for demographic data, medical presentation and management, comorbidities, and documented reasons for choosing destination. Distances to the destination hospital and nearest children's and community hospital (if not the transport destination) were calculated. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the association between independent variables and the transport destination. Results We identified 10,065 patients, of which 6982 (69%) were for medical complaints. Of these medical complaints, 3518 (50.4%) were transported to a children's hospital ED. Factors associated with transport to a children's hospital include ALS transport, greater transport distance, protocol determination, developmental delay, or altered consciousness. Factors associated with transport to general EDs were older age, unknown insurance status, lower income, greater distance to children's or community hospital, destination determined by closest facility or diversion, abnormal respiratory rate or blood glucose, psychiatric primary impression, or communication barriers present. Conclusions We found that younger patient age, EMS protocol requirements, and paramedic scene response may influence pediatric patient transport to both children's and community hospitals. Socioeconomic factors, ED proximity, diversion status, respiratory rate, chief complaints, and communication barriers may also be contributing factors. Further studies are needed to determine the generalizability of these findings to other EMS systems.
Reorganizing parasitic Delesseriaceae: taxonomic revision of Asterocolax

Red algal parasites are highly host specific organisms that are morphologically reduced with decreased pigmentation. Only found within the Florideophyceae, red algal parasites have evolved within eight orders, with the greatest parasite diversity found in the Ceramiales. A quarter of the ceramialian parasites in the family Delesseriaceae are described in the genus Asterocolax. The initial morphological description of Asterocolax led to the creation of an independent genus devoted to these parasitic species, but molecular data have repeatedly demonstrated that Asterocolax species, and likely many other red algal parasites, resolve within the genera of free-living red algae, often within the same genus as their hosts. Here and in previous studies, phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal DNA has shown at least six instances of independent evolution of Asterocolax species, mainly interspersed among the free-living macroalgal genera of Phycodrys and Polyneura. As most Asterocolax are sister species to their hosts, they are independently derived from a photosynthetic ancestor, and together, do not form a monophyletic parasitic genus. Here we conduct a long overdue taxonomic revision of the red algal parasitic genus Asterocolax, describe a new species within the genus, and propose nomenclatural changes for four other species to reduce the polyphyletic clades encompassing Asterocolax.
Does district magnitude matter? The case of Taiwan☆

A sizable literature on electoral institutions argues that proportional electoral rules lead to higher voter turnout. However, recent work finds little evidence that the effect generalizes beyond western Europe and suggests that the theoretical arguments in the literature remain sparse, incomplete, and contradictory. I use a well-chosen data set to resolve the problem of omitted variable bias and Bayesian model averaging to address model uncertainty. I use Bayes factors to evaluate evidence both for and against the null hypotheses and find that the proportionality of electoral rules exerts no meaningful effect on turnout or any of the theoretical mechanisms I test.
Plant biology: night moves of pregnant moths.

Tobacco plants attacked by caterpillars release different blends of volatile compounds by day and night. Those released at night tell nocturnal moths not to approach — a signal that benefits both plants and moths.
Functional Magnetic Resonance-Guided Brain Tumor Resection

The ultimate goal of brain tumor surgery is maximum tumor removal without the development of a new neurologic deficit. This is especially true in the treatment of intraparenchymal tumors such as gliomas and metastatic lesions. In the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), for example, gross total resection (GTR) has been demonstrated in a number of studies to be one of the few attainable factors that is associated with prolonged survival (Buckner 2003; Jeremic et al. 1994; Lacroix et al. 2001; Vidiri et al. 2006; Ushio et al. 2005). GTR of low grade gliomas is also supported in the literature and has been demonstrated in several retrospective studies to be associated with a lower risk of tumor recurrence and prolonged patient survival (Claus et al. 2005; Laws et al. 1984; Nicolato et al. 1995; Philippon et al. 1993; Piepmeier et al. 1996). In one reported series where complete radiologic resection was attained in the treatment of low grade glial tumors, tumor recurrence was not reported (Berger et al. 1994). Additionally, GTR has been demonstrated to result in improved postoperative control of seizures (Chang et al. 2008), a major source of disability in these patients. It should be noted, however, that the appropriate treatment of low grade gliomas is not without controversy (Keles et al. 2001), and there are reported series that have failed to demonstrate a significant correlation between GTR and survival (Medbery et al. 1988; Piepmeier 1987). Reported series of high grade gliomas (HGG) that have failed to demonstrate a correlation between the extent of resection and prognosis have also been published (Kowalczuk et al. 1997; Lai et al. 1993).
Space Technology 6 (ST6) Mission

First page of article Keywords: space technology 6 (ST6) mission; autonomous sciencecraft experiment
Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase AMINO GROUPS AND RATE-LIMITING STEPS IN CATALYSIS

Abstract Picolinimidylation of one amino group per active site of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase increases the turnover numbers of the enzyme approximately 10-fold and other kinetic constants up to 140-fold at pH 8. The picolinimidylated enzyme shifts the absorption maximum of NADH to lower wave lengths, indicating that the amino group that can be modified is probably not involved in the spectral shift observed when NADH binds to native enzyme. Product and dead-end inhibition studies at pH 8 indicate that the mechanism of the modified enzyme conforms to an Ordered Bi Bi and not to a rapid equilibrium random mechanism. Stopped flow studies show that NAD+ binds 10 times more slowly to the modified enzyme than to the native enzyme and that NADH binds at about the same rate to both enzymes. Dissociation of NADH (5.6 s-1) is rate-limiting for the reaction of NAD+ and ethanol catalyzed by the native enzyme but was too fast to measure (g200 s-1) with the modified enzyme. The transfer of hydrogen from ethanol to NAD+ now controls the turnover (32 s-1) with the modified enzyme as shown by a deuterium isotope effect of 4.8 in the steady state reaction. The maximum velocity of the reaction of NAD+ and ethanol is dependent upon a group with a pK of 7.2; this group must be unprotonated for maximal activity and could be an imidazole. For the reaction of NADH and acetaldehyde, no isotope effect was observed and the turnover (550 s-1) may be limited by isomerization and dissociation of the enzyme-NAD+ complex.
In vivo Three-Dimensional Superresolution Fluorescence Tracking using a Double-Helix Point Spread Function

The point spread function (PSF) of a widefield fluorescence microscope is not suitable for three-dimensional super-resolution imaging. We characterize the localization precision of a unique method for 3D superresolution imaging featuring a double-helix point spread function (DH-PSF). The DH-PSF is designed to have two lobes that rotate about their midpoint in any transverse plane as a function of the axial position of the emitter. In effect, the PSF appears as a double helix in three dimensions. By comparing the Cramer-Rao bound of the DH-PSF with the standard PSF as a function of the axial position, we show that the DH-PSF has a higher and more uniform localization precision than the standard PSF throughout a 2 μm depth of field. Comparisons between the DH-PSF and other methods for 3D super-resolution are briefly discussed. We also illustrate the applicability of the DH-PSF for imaging weak emitters in biological systems by tracking the movement of quantum dots in glycerol and in live cells.
MyD88 in lung resident cells governs airway inflammatory and pulmonary function responses to organic dust treatment

Inhalation of organic dusts within agriculture environments contributes to the development and/or severity of airway diseases, including asthma and chronic bronchitis. MyD88 KO (knockout) mice are nearly completely protected against the inflammatory and bronchoconstriction effects induced by acute organic dust extract (ODE) treatments. However, the contribution of MyD88 in lung epithelial cell responses remains unclear. In the present study, we first addressed whether ODE-induced changes in epithelial cell responses were MyD88-dependent by quantitating ciliary beat frequency and cell migration following wounding by electric cell-substrate impedance sensing. We demonstrate that the normative ciliary beat slowing response to ODE is delayed in MyD88 KO tracheal epithelial cells as compared to wild type (WT) control. Similarly, the normative ODE-induced slowing of cell migration in response to wound repair was aberrant in MyD88 KO cells. Next, we created MyD88 bone marrow chimera mice to investigate the relative contribution of MyD88-dependent signaling in lung resident (predominately epithelial cells) versus hematopoietic cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that ODE-induced airway hyperresponsiveness is MyD88-dependent in lung resident cells, whereas MyD88 action in hematopoietic cells is mainly responsible for ODE-induced TNF-α release. MyD88 signaling in lung resident and hematopoietic cells are necessary for ODE-induced IL-6 and neutrophil chemoattractant (CXCL1 and CXCL2) release and neutrophil influx. Collectively, these findings underscore an important role for MyD88 in lung resident cells for regulating ciliary motility, wound repair and inflammatory responses to ODE, and moreover, show that airway hyperresponsiveness appears uncoupled from airway inflammatory consequences to organic dust challenge in terms of MyD88 involvement.
Comparison of four parallel algorithms for systolic array processing

Four parallel algorithms for solving least square estimation problems are studied. They are the recursive modified Gram-Schmidt (RMGS) algorithm, the a priori error recursive modified Gram-Schmidt (PERGS) algorithm, and the Given rotation with and without using square root operator (GRWSR and GRWOSR) algorithms. These algorithms based on orthogonal transformation provide a complete solution to the least squares estimation problem. They are highly reliable and have a highly modular structure suitable for systolic array implementation. The designed VLSI systolic array chip can provide a high throughput. >
Non-contingent positive and negative reinforcement schedules of supersitious behaviors.

The role of schedules of reinforcement on the development of superstitious conditioning was investigated in a college age population. Participants were randomly assigned to one of eight operant schedules and instructed to remove (escape), prevent and/or remove (avoidance and escape) or produce (positive) the appearance of a computer generated stimulus using a response pad. Results from the experiment indicate that concomitant (escape and avoidance) schedules of reinforcement are most effective in facilitating acquisition of superstitious behavior as measured by self-reports of participants.
Electron binding energies of anionic magnesium clusters and the nonmetal-to-metal transition.

The binding energies of the two most external electrons in $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}_{n}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $n=2--22$, clusters are computed using the gradient-corrected density functional theory and a new scheme for converting the Kohn-Sham eigenenergies into electron removal energies. The computations are performed for the anionic clusters considered in the most stable configurations of both $\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}_{n}{}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\mathrm{M}\mathrm{g}}_{n}$. The results are compared with photoelectron spectroscopy data [O. C. Thomas et al., following Letter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 213403 (2002)], and their implications for the finite-size analog of the nonmetal-to-metal transition are analyzed.
Factors associated with receipt of physical therapy consultation in patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation

Background/introduction Mobilization of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit is associated with improved function at hospital discharge and reduced duration of mechanical ventilation (MV). Few studies, however, focus on physical therapy (PT) in patients on prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) despite their high risk of immobility and poor outcomes. Objective/aims The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the receipt of PT consultation among patients requiring PMV. We hypothesized that key factors including age, severity of illness, and presence of a tracheostomy are associated with PT consultation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of adults on MV for 14 days or longer for acute respiratory failure at an academic medical center. Primary outcome was PT consultation by day 14 of MV. We examined associations between the following key predictors chosen a priori and PT consultation: age, tracheostomy, illness severity, oxygenation status, shock, hemodialysis, and medical service using multivariable logistic regression. Wilcoxon rank sum testing was used to test relationship between sedation and PT. Results We identified 175 patients requiring PMV at our institution. Most were middle-aged (mean, 49.7 [SD, 18.5] years old) men (65%) with high illness severity (mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, 86 [SD, 40]). Less than half of all patients requiring PMV (78/175, 45%) received PT consultation in the intensive care unit, and most failed to progress with therapy beyond range-of-motion exercises (85%). Failure to progress was associated with level of sedation (med Ramsay score 4.5 [interquartile range, 3-6] vs 3.5 [interquartile range, 3-5]; P = .01). Presence of a tracheostomy and prehospital nonambulatory status were associated with receipt of PT by day 14 of MV (odds ratio, 6.94 and 3.42, respectively; P ≤ .05). Conclusions In our study, we found that PT for PMV patients occurs infrequently and is generally of low intensity. Level of sedation, presence of a tracheostomy, and prehospital nonambulatory status were associated with receipt of PT consultation by day 14 of MV.