cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening/early detection model for colorectal cancer. Why screen?

Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in the United States, causing approximately 60,000 deaths each year. Ideal screening would identify high risk patients and screen them with sensitive tests. Most cancers evolve from adenomatous polyps. There is now evidence that detection and removal of adenomas can prevent cancer. Unfortunately, our ability to identify high risk patients is limited. Screening of asymptomatic, average-risk individuals has been advocated, with the goal of reducing colon cancer mortality by detecting cancers at an early, curable stage or preventing cancer by detecting and removing adenomatous polyps
The three fates of immunosuppression in the next millenium: selectivity, synergy, and specificity.

Advances in the practice of transplantation are integrally related to developments in the field of immunosuppression. During the first 70 years of investigation, radiation and cytotoxic and cytostatic chemicals were used to produce nonselective immunosuppression. The greatest advance during the past decade was the development of the immunoregulatory, T-cell-selective agents CyA, OKT3, TRL, and SRL. However, when used individually, these agents have narrow therapeutic windows. In the 1990s, the administration of combinations of subtherapeutic doses of CyA and SRL, drugs that act both selectively and synergistically, has reduced the incidence of acute rejection episodes substantially and mitigated the need for chronic corticosteroid therapy. However, because the CyA/SRL combination shows potentially overlapping toxicity profiles, pharmacokinetic interactions, and limited immunological activity in rigorous rejection models, further research may be required to discover regimens that more effectively exploit the immunosuppressive strategy of synergism. During the next millennium, the primary goal of research in immunosuppression must be the development of a method to induce specific immunological tolerance of clonotypic lymphoid cells directed against foreign donor epitopes without affecting the rest of the immune repertoire. Thus, just as 3000 years ago the actions of the three Fates established the rationale by which people conducted their lives, the coalescence of three effects — selectivity, synergy, and specificity — will undoubtedly be the basis of the immunosuppressive regimen of the future.
The near-death experience of a nonverbal person with congenital quadriplegia

This article describes the near-death experience (NDE) a 39-year-old man born with severe spastic quadriplegia had when he was two and one-half years old. Nonverbal because of cerebral palsy, the man was able to communicate about his experience after he heard a therapist talking to another person about NDEs. The man experienced a fairly typical NDE and has had seven subsequent out-of-body experiences, the latter hypothesized as temporary relief from his physical pain resulting from muscular spasticity.
Validity of Global Physical and Emotional SUDS

Despite the wide-spread use of Subjective Units of Discomfort Scales, or SUDS, to measure anxiety to specific stimuli, little information has been published on the validity of such scales and even less on their use as global measures of emotional and physical discomfort. Data was examined for 182 consecutive admissions to a psychology clinic to determine the relationship of self-rating of emotional and physical discomfort to one another and of the emotional self-rating to the clinician rating of general functioning (GAF). As expected, patients’ ratings of their emotional discomfort were significantly higher than ratings of their physical discomfort (t = 9.077, p < .001). Emotional SUDS were significantly and negatively related to clinicians’ GAF ratings (r = − 0.439, p < .001), indicating that the two ratings measured related global constructs. Data for the 53 patients who also completed the MMPI-2 was drawn from the larger sample to determine the nature of the relationship between SUDS and two measures of general emotional distress, with patients’ SUDS significantly related to both the A scale (r = 0.351, p < .05) and the neurotic index (r = 0.366, p < .01). Finally, there was a significant decrease in the emotional SUDS (t = 4.686, p < .001) but not the physical SUDS (t = 0.788, p = .434) after 3 months of psychotherapy. The data supports SUDS as global measures of both physical and emotional discomfort.
Allergen Testing on Monkeys passively sensitized by Hay Fever and Asthma Reagins of Human Sera

DIRECT skin-scratch tests upon allergic individuals are sometimes dangerous, and are inconvenient and time-consuming for both the patient and allergist. The classical Prausnitz–Kustner test (P-K test)1 is subject to the same objections and, in addition, subjects the volunteer serum recipient to the risk of infection with serum hepatitis. These considerations lead us to the use of an alternative method for indirect testing in our studies on the purification of castor allergens.
A thermally self-sustained micro solid-oxide fuel-cell stack with high power density

High energy efficiency and energy density, together with rapid refuelling capability, render fuel cells highly attractive for portable power generation. Accordingly, polymer-electrolyte direct-methanol fuel cells are of increasing interest as possible alternatives to Li ion batteries. However, such fuel cells face several design challenges and cannot operate with hydrocarbon fuels of higher energy density. Solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) enable direct use of higher hydrocarbons, but have not been seriously considered for portable applications because of thermal management difficulties at small scales, slow start-up and poor thermal cyclability. Here we demonstrate a thermally self-sustaining micro-SOFC stack with high power output and rapid start-up by using single chamber operation on propane fuel. The catalytic oxidation reactions supply sufficient thermal energy to maintain the fuel cells at 500–600 °C. A power output of ~350 mW (at 1.0 V) was obtained from a device with a total cathode area of only 1.42 cm^2.
Propagation of Zingiberaceae and Heliconiaceae.

Increased interest in tropical cut flower export in developing nations has increased the emand for clean planting stock. The most popular items have been various gingers (Alpinia, Curcuma, and Heliconia) . This paper reviews seed and vegetative methods of propagation for each roup. Auxins such as IBA and NAA enhanced root development on aerial offshoots of Alpinia at the rate 500 ppm while the cytokinin, PBA, enhanced basal shoot development at 100 ppm. Rhizomes of Heliconia survived treatment in 4811 C hot water for periods up to 1 hour and 011 C up to 30 minutes in an experiment to determine their tolerance to tempera tures for eradicating nematodes. Pseudostems soaks in 400 mg/LN-6-benzylaminopurine improved basal bud break on heliconia rhizomes.[...]
A within-subject comparison of three response-elimination procedures in pigeons

The present study compared the response-eliminating properties of omission training, extinction training, and a variable-time schedule within pigeons following training on a variable-interval schedule. The results indicated that both omission training and extinction training eliminated responding significantly more efficiently than did the variable-time schedule, although they did not differ significantly from each other in their response-eliminating effects. In addition, response rates during the variable-time schedule tended to increase above baseline (i.e., positive behavioral contrast) in all subjects by the end of training. Possible explanations for these effects were discussed.
Excess volumes of nitroethane + 3-methylpentane

Abstract Excess volumes for nitroethane + 3-methylpentane have been measured at 298.596, 300.153, 303.150, and 313.176 K. The excess volume is positive at these temperatures, has a maximum near x(C2H5NO2) = 0.25, and is unusually flat at compositions approaching pure nitroethane. The results are compared with excess volume measurements on other mixtures of nitroethane + hydrocarbon. Measurements of coexisting densities reported by Wims, McIntyre, and Hynne (J. Chem. Phys.1969, 50, 616) are reanalyzed and a value of the critical exponent β = 0.33 is obtained.
THE ORTHODOX MODEL OF THE SOCIALIST ENTERPRISE IN THE LIGHT OF ROMANIAN EXPERIENCE

OVER the course of many years, and particularly owing to the early work of Joseph Berliner, a widely-accepted model has been developed to explain micro-economic behaviour in Soviet-type economies. This model views enterprise managers as maximizing subject to constraints, with their own bonuses constituting their objective function. It posits a system in which enterprise managers orient their behaviour to achieving the 'success indicators' to which bonuses are attached, and suboptimize with regard to society's goals as these are perceived by central authorities. This theory of the firm has been used as a principal intermediate analytic instrument to connect planners' decisions and the macro-economic behaviour of the economy. Specifically, it is critical (even if usually only by implication) in the explanation of suboptimizing behaviour by individual enterprises which leads to macro-economic malfunctioning.1 The model has been developed particularly with regard to the Soviet economy, but has also been applied to Hungary of the 1950S and to Poland of the I960s. This orthodox model constitutes a subset of the model of the firm which has long been dominant in the micro-economics of capitalist economies; in lieu of capitalist enterprises acting so as to maximize the * Interviews in Romania were conducted under an exchange programme between the International Research and Exchanges Board and the Romanian National Council for Scientific Research. This work was part of a project sponsored by the International Development Research Center of Indiana University on comparisons of industrial management among East European socialist countries. Additional financial support was provided by the American Philosophical Society, the International Business Research Institute of the Indiana School of Business, and the International Studies and Programs Office, University of Wisconsin. Helpful comments by Earl Brubaker, Paul Marer and George J. Stolnitz are gratefully acknowledged. 1 Not only does such an orthodox treatment as that of Nove (A. Nove, 'The Problem of "Success Indicators" in Soviet Industry', Economica, February 1958, pp. I-13) rest upon this micro-economic model, but so too does the quite unorthodox treatment of Ames (E. Ames, Soviet Economic Processes, Homewood, Ill., I965-see chs. 4 and 7). It is true that the same results may be derived from a micro-economic model which rests upon rapid job mobility of enterprise managers, with such mobility being strongly linked to the performance of the enterprise as judged by success indicators (see D. Granick, 'An Organizational Model of Soviet Industrial Planning', The Yournal of Political Economy, April I 959). But such high mobility has not in fact characterized the Soviet economy since World War II (id., Managerial Comparisons of Four Developed Countries (Cambridge, Mass., 1972), ch. 8).
Caldesmon, acidic amino acids and molecular weight determinations.

Recent estimates of molecular weight and cDNA sequencing indicate that smooth muscle caldesmons are considerably smaller than previously thought. The anomalous behaviour of these proteins during SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis can be correlated with their high acidic amino acid content. The results suggest a need to re-evaluate the stoichiometric relations of caldesmon to tropomyosin and actin in thin filaments and its presumed 1∶1 interaction with calmodulin.
Nanometer-thick surficial films in oxides as a case of prewetting.

Stable, nanometer-thick films are observed to form at the {1120} facets of Bi2O3-doped ZnO in several bulk-phase stability fields. Electron microscopy shows these surficial films to exhibit some degree of partial order in quenched samples. The equilibrium film thickness, corresponding to the Gibbs excess solute, decreases monotonically with decreasing temperature until vanishing at a dewetting temperature, well below the eutectic. Assuming that perfect wetting occurs at some higher temperature above the eutectic, as is observed on polycrystal surfaces and at grain boundaries in the same system, the adsorption and wetting events in this system illustrate temperature- and composition-dependent prewetting. The observation of a second class of thicker films coexisting with nanodroplets and a numerical evaluation of thickness versus temperature elucidate the critical role of volumetric thermodynamic terms in determining film stability and thickness. Analogous temperature-dependent surface films involving adso...
Studies of the binding of ethidium bromide to transfer ribonucleic acid: absorption, fluorescence, ultracentrifugation and kinetic investigations.

Abstract Ethidium bromide forms a complex with Escherichia coli transfer ribonucleic acid that exhibits many similarities to the deoxyribonucleic acid-ethidium bromide complex. Evidence for the strong interaction is obtained from ultracentrifugation, absorption and fluorescence studies and thermal denaturation profiles. The existence of strong and weak binding sites is indicated by spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry. The reversibility of complex formation is shown by thermal renaturation studies and by the kinetics of the dissociation, from which it is concluded that several forms of the complex are present at equilibrium. The kinetics of the association reaction reveal the presence of a fast binding process followed by several slow unimolecular steps.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides in Eggs

The efficacy of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the recovery of 16 common organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from liquid whole eggs was investigated by employing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) without the use of a solvent modifier to minimize interfering coextractives. The OCPs tested included aldrin; alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gamma-BHCs; p,p'-DDD, -DDE, and -DDT; dieldrin; endosulfans I, II, and sulfate; endrin; endrin aldehyde; heptachlor; and heptachlor epoxide. The SFE conditions were as follows: 10000 psi (680 bar), 40 degrees C, SC-CO(2) flow rate of 3.0 L/min with an extraction time of 40 min for a total of 120 L of CO(2). The OCPs were trapped off-line in an SPE cartridge containing Florisil and then eluted by an acetone/hexane mixture and analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Recovery studies were carried out on homogenized eggs fortified at the 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 ppm levels. At the lowest level, 0.05 ppm, recoveries ranged from 81.8 to 108.3%, with CVs < 9.8%. All recoveries were significantly higher than those obtained by an AOAC/FDA solvent extraction method. Eggs containing incurred endosulfan I were also effectively extracted by SFE. This study suggests that the application of SFE for the extraction of OCPs from eggs will result in significant savings in analysis time and lower solvent use and disposal costs compared to conventional solvent extraction procedures.
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF FENESTRATED ADRENOCORTICAL CAPILLARIES REVEALED BY IN-LENS FIELD-EMISSION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Cell biologists probing the physiologic movement of macromolecules and solutes across the fenestrated microvascular endothelial cell have used electron microscopy to locate the postulated pore within the fenestrae. Prior to the advent of in-lens field-emission high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and ultrathin m et al coating technology, quick-freeze, platinum-carbon replica and grazing thin-section transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods provided two-dimensional or indirect imaging methods. Wedge-shaped octagonal channels composed of fibrils interwoven in a central mesh were depicted as the filtering structures of fenestral diaphragms in images of platinum replicas enhanced by photographic augmentation. However, image accuracy was limited to replication of the cell surface. Subsequent to this, HRSEM technology was developed and provided a high-fidelity, three-dimensional topographic image of the fenestral surface directly from a fixed and dried bulk adrenal specimen coated with a 1 nm chromium film. First described from TEM replicas, the “flower-like” structure comprising the fenestral pores was readily visualized by HRSEM. High-resolution images contained particulate ectodomains on the lumenal surface of the endothelial cell membrane. Particles arranged in a rough octagonal shape formed the fenestral rim. Digital acquisition of analog photographic recordings revealed a filamentous meshwork in the diaphragm, thus confirming and extending observations from replica and grazing section TEM preparations. Endothelial cell pockets, first described in murine renal peritubular capillaries, were observed in rhesus and rabbit adrenocortical capillaries. This report features recent observations of fenestral diaphragms and endothelial pockets fitted with multiple diaphragms utilizing a Schottky field-emission electron microscope. In-lens staging of bulk and thin section specimens allowed tandem imaging in HRSEM and scanning TEM modes at 25 kV.
Treatment Options for Hodgkin's Disease During Pregnancy.

Treatment results of 47 pregnant women with Hodgkin's disease (HD) are analyzed using data reported in the literature since 1960. Twenty-three of the patients were treated with radiation during pregnancy and 17 of the 23 patients (74%) were reported to be long term disease-free survivors. All of these pregnancies resulted in normal deliveries and the babies were evaluated to have no abnormalities at birth. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 12 patients and 10 (83%) of them survived with no evidence of disease after subsequent treatment. In 12 patients, the treatment was initiated only after delivery and 9 (75%) of the 12 patients are disease-free survivors. The characteristics of the patients as well as an analysis of the results according to treatment approach practiced in each trimester of pregnancy are reported. The radiation dose to the fetus is evaluated and the factors affecting the dose are analyzedExperience with administering chemotherapy for HD during pregnancy is also reviewed. Twenty-si...
A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Domperidone for the Treatment of Diabetic Gastroparesis

Background & Aims: Despite being widely used in more than 20 countries for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis for several decades, domperidone is approved only on an investigational basis in the United States. However, because its use is increasing, it is important for gastroenterologists in this country to understand its effectiveness in this condition. The literature on this subject varies considerably with respect to the methods and outcome measures, making a meta-analysis unfeasible. Methods: Our objective was to systematically analyze studies of the efficacy of domperidone in diabetic gastroparesis, with a focus on their methodologic and scientific merit. Information from 28 trials (11 full articles and 17 abstracts) from 1981 to 2007 was analyzed. Results: The average study quality score was 8.3 out of a possible 15 and the total sample size equaled 1016. Overall, 64% of the studies showed significant efficacy of domperidone on the improvement of symptoms. Sixty percent of the studies showed an efficacy in gastric emptying and 67% of the studies proved the drug effective in reducing hospital admissions. Conclusions: Overall, our assessment is that there is level 3 evidence for the efficacy of domperidone in diabetic gastroparesis, leading to a grade C recommendation for its use in this condition. These results need to be interpreted very cautiously because of significant methodologic limitations of these studies, including the fact that most positive studies lacked a control arm. It is clear that larger and better-designed studies are needed to further validate the use of this drug in diabetic gastroparesis.
Neural uptake and metabolism of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the guinea pig.

Abstract Neural tissues from adult, castrated male guinea pigs were examined for their capability to concentrate and metabolize [1,2- 3 H]testosterone (T) and [1,2- 3 H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro uptake of DHT and T was greater in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary than in the cerebral cortex. With DHT as the substrate, the 800×g particulate concentration of this compound was highest in the hypothalamus, although in this tissue, particulate concentration was less than that of the cytoplasm. In the cerebral cortex 5α-androstane-3,17-dione was the most abundant metabolite, whereas 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, and 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol were all present in equivalent amounts in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Incubation with T resulted in the formation of DHT, 4-androstane-3,17-dione, and a compound with the mobility of 5α-(or 5β-)androstane-3,17-7-dione. The radioactivity associated with DHT was the most prevalent in the pituitary (1.3%), and least prevalent in the cerebral cortex (0.6%), and in all cases cytoplasmic concentration of this compound exceeded the concentration in the particulate fraction. Recrystallization failed to confirm the presence of estradiol-17β. Although there were no apparent tissue differences in the uptake of DHT or T 1 hour after their injection, intracellular distribution varied. In all tissues examined, that percentage of total radioactivity attributable to DHT was greatest in the 800×g particulate preparations, particularly in the hypothalamus. Thus neural tissues in the guinea pig, as in other species, exhibit differential uptake and metabolism of androgen through which physiological and behavioral effects may be mediated.
An Mll-dependent Hox program drives hematopoietic progenitor expansion.

Abstract Chromosomal translocations disrupting the Mixed lineage leukemia ( Mll ) gene result in leukemia, with aberrant expression of some native Mll target genes (reviewed in [1]). The Mll gene encodes a Trithorax-group chromatin regulator that is essential for the development of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during embryogenesis [2]. Like Trithorax, MLL positively regulates clustered homeodomain or Hox genes, yet the role of Hox genes collectively in the development of the mammalian hematopoietic system has been difficult to ascertain because of redundancy among Hox paralogs. Here, we show that in the absence of MLL, early hematopoietic progenitors develop despite reduced expression of HoxA , HoxB , and HoxC genes. However, these progenitors exhibit a marked reduction in their ability to generate hematopoietic colonies, a subsequent process requiring cell division and differentiation. Reactivation of a subset of Hox genes or, remarkably, reexpression of a single Hox gene in Mll -deficient progenitors rescued hematopoietic-colony frequency and growth. In contrast, expression of other MLL target genes such as Pitx2 or expression of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 failed to rescue hematopoietic-colony frequency. Furthermore, our results highlight a shared function of Hox proteins at this point in the development of the hematopoietic system.
Development of cortical electrical activity in the rat

Abstract We followed the development of cortical EEG activity, membrane and action potentials and surface steady potentials in a day-to-day sequence starting on the first postnatal day. Albino rats under light anesthesia were used. It was found that resting cellular membrane potentials and surface steady potentials were present from the first day on. Action potentials from cortical neurons were detectable from the fourth day, and were preceded by rhythmical oscillations in membrane potential resembling excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The EEG activity developed from the sixth day, its features reaching adult spectral composition by the third week. Spreading depression could be elicited from the twelfth day. A scheme is proposed to account for the differences in timing of these parameters, which is based on the timing of establishment of synaptic connections and the progressive reduction in extracellular space dimensions with age.
Simulation of Real-Gas Effects for Mars Entry

The changes in aerodynamic characteristics due to real-gas effects associated with high speed flight (characterized by large shock density ratios) are primarily the result of changes in surface pressures acting on the forebody. The surface pressures are affected by a change in shock density ratio (real-gas effects) in two ways. First, the level of pressure at the stagnation point relative to freestream dynamic pressure is changed, and second, the distribution of surface pressure relative to stagnation-point pressure is changed. The density-ratio effect on the stagnation point pressure level can be estimated by considering the flow of a perfect gas about a blunt body.
Colonizing the Borderlands: Shifting Circumference in the Rhetoric of Malcolm X

In the last year of his life, Malcolm X was faced with the task of crafting a viable public voice while remaining unfettered by existing ideologies. In a speech he delivered less than a week before he died, Malcolm addresses this task by repeatedly shifting the scene within which he asks his audience to define themselves. He explores the possibilities and the limitations of both the domestic and international scenes, and finally invites his audience to position themselves at the border between the two. There, he and his African‐American audience might take advantage of the redefinitional potential of international identification without abdicating their rightful domestic position.
Epicardial and endocardial activation in patients with endocardial cushion defect

Epicardial and left ventricular endocardial activation were assessed in 5 patients (aged 4 months to 9.5 years) with endocardial cushion defect (ECD) during surgical repair. Epicardial activation was recorded from 40 to 47 sites over the epicardium; left ventricular endocardial activation was measured at 3 sites immediately after institution of cardiopulmonary bypass. Compared with the reported activation sequence in normal hearts, the pattern of excitation in hearts of patients with ECD was abnormal; epicardial excitation began at the left ventricular diaphragmatic surface and spread laterally and anteriorly over the anterobasal left ventricle. It then merged with right ventricular wavefronts ending along the right ventricular anterior atrioventricular groove and outflow tract. Left ventricular endocardial activation also occurred earliest in the diaphragmatic segment of the left ventricle with later wavefronts recorded laterally and anteriorly. This study demonstrates, for the first time in human subjects, correlation between left ventricular epicardial and endocardial activation in patients with ECD. The data indicate that earliest endocardial and epicardial activation occurs at the left ventricular diaphragmeatic segments of the heart, and are consistent with the known posterior and inferior displacement of the specialized atrioventricular conduction system in patients with ECD.
Enteric serotonergic neurones … finally!

The involvement of serotonin (5-HT) in gastrointestinal (GI) physiology was recognized even before its structure had been discovered or anything was known about its role in the central nervous system. In 1937, Vittorio Erspamer extracted a factor, derived from the enterochromaffin (EC) cells of the GI epithelium, which he identified as an amine and called ‘enteramine’ (Erspamer, 1937). ‘Enteramine’ was unknown to Maurice Rapport when, in 1948, he isolated 5-HT as a serum vasoconstrictor and demonstrated its chemical structure (Rapport et al. 1948). 5-HT has thus been known to posterity as serotonin, not ‘enteramine’.
A simple method to assess the quenching effectiveness of fire suppressants

Abstract A screening concept is suggested for evaluating the effectiveness of fluids to thermally suppress fires. It is based on measuring a fluid's ability to inhibit (or quench) the temperature rise of a material that is rapidly heated. The experimental design is similar to the transient hot wire technique, in which the evolution of the average material temperature is recorded for a given input power, and internal temperature gradients in the material are minimized. A gold wire (100 μm long and 5 μm diameter) is used as the surface which heats the fluid. The wire temperature response due to a power pulse provides a measure of the effectiveness of the fluid to suppress thermally the temperature increase. The results indicate that the “quenching effectiveness”, QE = ( T max − T ∞ ) / ( T max , ref − T ∞ ) , correlates with the ratio of the fluid thermal conductivity to that of the wire, kfluid/ksolid, using different Nusselt numbers (representing both conduction and natural convection) for the liquids or gases. The concept developed here could be included in a more comprehensive screening protocol, which would assess the thermal potential of candidate fire suppressants.
Stress-Strain Rate Relations in Ultrahigh Carbon Steels Deformed in the Ferrite Range of Temperature

The stress-strain rate relations in ultrahigh carbon steels (UHCSs) have been analyzed at high temperatures in the ferrite range where dislocation slip is the principal deformation mechanism. Specifically, the present investigation centers on the factors influencing the strength of UHCS in the ferrite range of 500 to 700 C and in the strain rate range of 10{sup -3} to 10{sup 3} s{sup -1}. These steels contain iron carbide as a second phase either in the form of spheroidite or pearlite and vary in the grain size according to the processing history. The new variables that need to be taken into account are the effect of ferromagnetism and its change with temperature on the creep strength of the ferritic UHCSs. Recent studies have shown that ferromagnetism strongly influences the lattice and dislocation pipe diffusion coefficient and the elastic modulus of iron in the ferrite range of temperature. These variables are shown to influence the creep strength of ferrite-base steels and explain the high activation energies that are observed in many of the ferritic UHCSs.
A Computational Composer's Assistant for Atonal Counterpoint

teenth-century composers such as Palestrina and Lassus and 20th century composers such as Bart6k, Stravinsky, and Schoenberg have constructed counterpoints according to very different-but equally rigorous-melodic and harmonic constraints. Owing to the dual harmonic/melodic constraints on each pitch in any closely-controlled modal, tonal, or atonal style, independent contrapuntal lines which align to form coherent harmonies often appear to be felicitous solutions to a complex set of simultaneous equations: discoveries as much as creations.
Elicitation of Sanguinarine Accumulation in Papaver somniferum Cells by Fungal Homogenates — An Induction Process

Abstract Treatment of Papaver somniferum cells cultured in vitro with Botrytis culture homogenate resulted in sanguinarine accumulation. This accumulation was demonstrated to be an induction process by employing L-tyrosine [C-14(U)] as precursor and showing sanguinarine accumulation and the incorporation of label to be inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide.
Macular degeneration: a possible biochemical mechanism.

The possible role of labile endogenous metabolites in the cause of various chronic debilitating diseases such as macular degeneration has not been adequately explored. In the metabolism of the various retinoids, namely retinal (vitamin A aldehyde), retinol (vitamin A alcohol) and retinoic acid, each has the potential for generating labile intermediates, such as their corresponding 5,6-epoxides by the action of various cytochrome P450s. Such retinoid epoxides may well have the capacity for acting as toxins upon the neurons in the macula unless they are rapidly hydrolyzed by epoxide hydrolases. Since the cytochrome P450s responsible for epoxide formation and the various epoxide hydrolases involved in their hydrolysis are determined genetically, this may serve to explain a genetic component being involved in the causation of age-related macular degeneration.
Mapping Risk of Nipah Virus Transmission Across Asia and Across Bangladesh

Nipah virus is a highly pathogenic but poorly known paramyxovirus from South and Southeast Asia. In spite of the risks that it poses to human health, the geography and ecology of its occurrence remain little understood—the virus is basically known from Bangladesh and peninsular Malaysia, and little in between. In this contribution, I use documented occurrences of the virus to develop ecological niche-based maps summarizing its likely broader occurrence—although rangewide maps could not be developed that had significant predictive abilities, reflecting minimal sample sizes available, maps within Bangladesh were quite successful in identifying areas in which the virus is predictably present and likely transmitted.
Transparent, Conductive and Flexible Carbon Nanotube Films and Their Application in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

We have successfully used a transfer printing technique to directly transfer vacuum-filtered nanotube film to glass and plastic substrates. Our typical SWNT-film has a transparency of ∼80% and a sheet resistance around 400 Ohm/square. Further improvement to the nanotube film includes SOCl 2 doping and PEDOT passivation, which significantly improve the sheet conductance and surface quality of the nanotube films. We have applied the optimized SWNT films as hole injection electrodes to demonstrate OLEDs on both rigid glass and flexible substrates.
IFNγ Influences Type I Interferon Response and Susceptibility to Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease

Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces a demyelinating disease in susceptible SJL mice that has similarities to multiple sclerosis in humans. TMEV infection of susceptible mice leads to a persistent virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), which promotes the development of demyelinating disease associated with an inflammatory immune response in the CNS. TMEV infection of resistant C57BL6 mice results in viral clearance without development of demyelinating disease. Interestingly, TMEV infection of resistant mice deficient in IFNγ leads to a persistent virus infection in the CNS and development of demyelinating disease. We have previously shown that the innate immune response affects development of TMEV- induced demyelinating disease, thus we wanted to determine the role of IFNγ during the innate immune response. TMEV-infected IFNγ-deficient mice had an altered innate immune response, including reduced expression of innate immune cytokines, especially type I interferons. Administration of type I interferons, IFNα and IFNs, to TMEV- infected IFNγ-deficient mice during the innate immune response restored the expression of innate immune cytokines. Most importantly, administration of type I interferons to IFNγ-deficient mice during the innate immune response decreased the virus load in the CNS and decreased development of demyelinating disease. Microglia are the CNS resident immune cells that express innate immune receptors. In TMEV- infected IFNγ-deficient mice, microglia had reduced expression of innate immune cytokines, and administration of type I interferons to these mice restored the innate immune response by microglia. In the absence of IFNγ, microglia from TMEV-infected mice had reduced expression of some innate immune receptors and signaling molecules, especially IRF1. These results suggest that IFNγ plays an important role in the innate immune response to TMEV by enhancing the expression of innate immune cytokines, especially type I interferons, which directly affects the development of demyelinating disease.
Ab Initio Investigation of Bi-Rich Bi 1–x Sb x Alloys

The atomic and electronic structures of Bi-rich \({Bi_{1 - x} Sb_{x}}\) alloys are investigated via ab initio simulation methods. The structural parameters in terms of rhombohedral and hexagonal lattice description as well as density of states (DOS) characteristics as a function of concentration are presented. We show that nonlinearities in the lattice parameters are directly correlated with anomalous transport behavior in available experiments at concentrations less than 5%. The orbital and site projected DOS enable the analysis of relevant contributions from the different atoms. Our calculations also show that the spin–orbit coupling is crucial for the properties of these alloys.
Detecting deception in synchronous computer-mediated communication using speech act profiling

Detecting deception is a complicated endeavor. Previous attempts at deception detection in computer-mediated communication have met with some success. This study shows how speech act profiling [1] can be used to aid deception detection in synchronous computer-mediated communication (S-CMC). Chat logs from an online group game where deception was introduced were subjected to speech act profiling analysis. The results provide some support to previous research showing greater uncertainty in deceptive S-CMC. Also shown is that deceivers in the specific task tend to engage in less strategizing than non-deceivers.
Leadership transitions, tacit knowledge sharing and organizational generativity

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present results from a two‐part study that tests the efficacy of a methodology for tacit knowledge retrieval, validation and sharing known as generative knowledge interviewing with a group of senior leaders in a non‐profit organization, and then assesses the impact of that process on leaders, managers and knowledge creation efforts across the organization two years later.Design/methodology/approach – Researchers triangulated several different types of qualitative data collection and methods of analysis during a 30‐month period.Findings – Earlier results showed the retiring leader's tacit “core capacities” were successfully retrieved, validated and shared with the new leaders in just four interviews. Two years later, these core capacities and aspects of the generative knowledge interviewing methodology were being used across the organization to improve knowledge sharing as well as recruitment, mentoring, coaching and training processes. The changes that emerged foc...
Role of polyamines in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy: Effects of α-difluoromethylornithine, an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase

Abstract DFMO is a selective irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the initial enzyme in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. DFMO was utilized to determine the role of polyamines in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Daily subcutaneous administration of 200 mg/kg of DFMO reduced cardiac putrescine levels but did not significantly alter the basal levels of spermidine or spermine, nor was normal cardiac growth affected. ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy was accompanied by increased putrescine and spermidine levels but spermine was not significantly altered. DFMO reversed the ISO-induced increases in putrescine and inhibited or attenuated both the increases in spermidine content and the cardiac hypertrophy. Although normal ODC activity appears not to be necessary for the maintenance of basal levels of polyamines or for normal cardiac growth, sustained inhibition of ODC interferes with ISO-induced elevations of putrescine, spermidine and heart weight.
Rowland received the Revelle Medal

The Roger Revelle Medal was given to F. Sherwood Rowland for the codiscovery of the threat posed by chlorofluorocarbons to the stratospheric ozone layer and to the preservation of the global ozone shield and protection of human welfare. The Revelle Medal was presented to Rowland at the AGU Spring Meeting Honor Ceremony on May 25, 1994 in Baltimore. The award citation is given here.
What Do We Really Know about Food Storage, Surplus, and Feasting in Preagricultural Communities?

In studying the origins of agriculture it is critical that we envision food production as a long-term human process that centers on the control and management of cycles of plant reproduction, including the harvesting, storage, and planting of seed stock. Drawing upon a growing body of literature illustrating multiple trajectories and pathways to agriculture, I see domestication as developing through coevolution between human beings and the resources they exploited. A more detailed understanding of the process and pathways of the origins of agriculture requires us to disentangle a complex knot of different yet interrelated factors, including food storage, food surplus, and feasting. I argue that archaeologists have yet to develop a detailed understanding of the scale and economic contributions of food storage in preagriculturalist communities. Evidence from the Near East indicates that use of storage practices increased dramatically after domestication. Analysis indicates that while there was a level of food storage in predomesticate and agricultural context, it was small scale. Finally, I argue that in some cases, discussions of food storage and feasting been reduced to claims of universal importance rather than a contextualized and detailed exploration within a specific cultural, temporal, and geographical case study.
Dose-dependent variations in blood flow evaluation of canine nerve, nerve graft, tendon, and ligament tissue by the radiolabeled-microsphere technique.

This study evaluates the dose-dependent accuracy of the radionuclide-labeled microsphere technique for blood flow evaluation in nerve, nerve graft, tendon, and ligament. In eight dogs, blood flows were determined for nerve, nerve graft, tendon, and ligament tissue by simultaneous injection of high- and low- dose microsphere with different radiolabels. The results demonstrated no significant differences in blood flow as measured from the small number of microsphere (less than 400) and the high number (more than 400) for nerve and tendon tissue. For nerve tissue, microsphere counts of 50 to 100, 100 to 200, 200 to 300, and more than 300 produced mean percentage errors of 12.74% (n= 5, SEM = 4.52), 5.45% (n = 13, SEM = 1.12), 10.22% (n = 6, SEM = 4.37), and 17.08% (n = 12, SEM = 3.30), respectively. For tendon tissue, the same microsphere subdivisions had mean percentage errors of 7.47% (n = 4, SEM = 2.66), 3.63% (n = 6, SEM = 1.34), 15.54% (n = 4, SEM = 4.43), and 12.91% (n = 1), respectively. For ligament tissue, percentage errors were consistently higher; microsphere counts of 30 to 100, 100 to 200, and 200 to 300 produced mean errors of 20.14% (n = 4, SEM = 6.38), 18.66% (n = 4, SEM = 6.24), and 25.78% (n = 2, SEM = 1.97), respectively. Although there was no direct relationship between percentage error and number of microspheres retrieved, we suggest that microsphere counts in the range of 100 to 200 should be considered acceptable for nerve and tendon in the canine. Ligament tissue seems to be less well suited to the microsphere technique; however, further study is warranted.
Cyclic AMP Inhibits IL-1β Plus IFNγ-Induced NF-κB Translocation in Hepatocytes by a PKA Independent Mechanism

We previously showed that cAMP inhibits IL-1beta plus IFNgamma-induced NF-kappaB binding in primary hepatocytes but the signaling mechanisms responsible for this effect are not understood. In this study, the role of PKA in mediating the effect of cAMP on NF-kappaB was investigated. Immunofluorescent staining showed that cAMP inhibited IL-1beta plus IFNgamma-induced translocation of NF-kappaB into the nucleus. Western blot analysis showed that the IL-1beta plus IFNgamma- induced phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBa were markedly inhibited by cAMP. Immunocomplex assay involving GST-IKK revealed that cAMP inhibited IL-1beta plus IFNgamma-induced IKK activity. The PKA inhibitors had no effect on the inhibition of NF-kappaB binding by cAMP and did not change the p65 and IKB level induced by cAMP. Overexpression of PKA increased IL-1beta plus IFNgamma-induced NF-kappaB binding. These results suggest that PKA is not essential for the inhibitory effect of cAMP on NF-kappaB binding activity in hepatocytes. We demonstrated that cAMP inhibits IL-1beta plus IFNgamma-induced NF-kappaB binding due to its blockade of the upstream signal(s) leading to IkappaB phosphorylation and degradation, and is mediated by PKA-independent signaling pathways.
Gestational Age at Birth and Outcomes After Neonatal Cardiac Surgery An Analysis of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database

Background—Gestational age at birth is a potentially important modifiable risk factor in neonates with congenital heart disease. We evaluated the relationship between gestational age and outcomes in a multicenter cohort of neonates undergoing cardiac surgery, focusing on those born at early term (ie, 37–38 weeks’ gestation). Methods and Results—Neonates in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database who underwent cardiac surgery between 2010 and 2011 were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of gestational age at birth with in-hospital mortality, postoperative length of stay, and complications, adjusting for other important patient characteristics. Of 4784 included neonates (92 hospitals), 48% were born before 39 weeks’ gestation, including 31% at 37 to 38 weeks. Compared with a 39.5-week gestational age reference level, birth at 37 weeks’ gestational age was associated with higher in-hospital mortality, with an adjusted odds ratio (95% co...
Corporate governance on stakeholder issues: shareholder activism as a guiding force

Publicly traded corporations are under increasing amounts of pressure from society at large to redirect resources toward maximizing the value that accrues to non-shareholding stakeholders of the organization. Building on the management and public relations literature, this study proposes a shareholder–stakeholder engagement model on corporate social responsibility (CSR)—the totality of corporate actions to meet societal norms and expectations. The study argues that shareholder activist–corporate engagements on CSR issues can enhance the corporation's sensitivity to stakeholder issues through improvements in the stakeholder governance mechanisms—institutions that safeguard stakeholder interests and maximize stakeholder welfare—within the corporations. Social shareholder activists, a special type of stakeholders, can be a viable source of pressure in influencing corporations to improve weaknesses in stakeholder governance mechanisms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flash masking and facilitation by nearby luminance perturbations.

Light-adapted foveal luminance increment thresholds were measured for white photopic targets of 1.5-arc min diameter and 220-ms duration. We aimed to learn about the properties of mechanisms that subserve the detection of these targets. To study this subject we developed a noise probe technique that inserts noise close to the site of the stimulus. Threshold is more than doubled when zero-mean luminance noise is placed at a pair of flanking spots in the horizontal meridian centered on the test spot and 1.5 arc min distant. The detection mechanism thus has a broad field, since noise effects persist at 5-arc min separation. The masking effect increases when the noise is in antiphase at the two flanking spots. Neither even- nor odd-symmetric mechanisms are able to explain these findings, regardless of whether linear or nonlinear processing is employed. The target detection may be mediated in part by a motion-sensitive mechanism.