cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Examination of the Interactions of Race and Gender on Sentencing Decisions Using a Trichotomous Dependent Variable

This study examined how race, gender, and age interact to affect defendants’ sentences using a trichotomized dependent variable. The findings indicate that the racial and gender disparity found in sentencing decisions was largely due to Black men’s increased likelihood of receiving jail as opposed to probation. The results also show that being young resulted in increased odds of receiving probation over jail for White men and for women but resulted in decreased odds for Black men. Separate analysis of incarceration terms to jail and prison further reveal that legal factors had a greater impact on prison than on jail sentence length. Overall, the results strongly support the argument that sentencing research needs to consider sentences to jail and prison separately.
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey is an ambitious, multi–institutional project to create a huge digital imaging and spectroscopic data bank of 25% of the celestial sphere, approximately 10,000 degrees square centred on the north galactic polar cap. The photometric atlas will be in five specially chosen colours, covering the π sr of the Survey area to a limiting magnitude of r ′ ∼ 23.1, on 0″.4 pixels, resulting in a 1Tpixel map. This database will be automatically analysed to catalogue the photometric and astrometric properties of 108 stellar images, 108 galaxies, and 106 colour–selected QSO candidates; the galaxy data will, in addition, include detailed morphological data. The photometric data are used to autonomously and homogeneously select objects for the spectroscopic survey, which will include spectra of 106 galaxies, 105 QSOs, and 105 unusual stars. Although the project was originally motivated by the desire to study ‘large scale structure’, we anticipate that these data will impact on virtually every field of astronomy, from Earth–crossing asteroids to QSOs at z > 6. In particular, the ca . 12 TByte multi–colour precision–calibrated imaging archive should be a world resource for many decades of the next century.
Seasonal and Diel Habitat Selection by Bluegills in a Shallow Natural Lake

Abstract Habitat use by bluegill Lepomis macrochirus may be dictated by the avoidance of predators and the availability of prey. Previous work suggests that bluegills large enough to avoid predators will select habitats based on foraging profitability. However, these studies focused on smaller fish ( 200 mm total length (TL)) bluegills in a shallow (mean depth = 1.2 m), 332-ha, natural lake (Pelican Lake, Nebraska) with both emergent and submergent vegetation distributed throughout. A total of 78 bluegills (200-273 mm TL) were implanted with radio transmitters and relocated daily for 6 d per month (April-September); up to 20 of the tagged fish were relocated every 2 h for a 24-h period once each month. Regardless of diel period, bluegills used open-water, emergent vegetation, submerge...
Synthesis of feedback linearization and variable structure control with neural net compensation

The synthesis of feedback linearization and variable-structure control (VSC) for uncertain systems with an artificial neural network (ANN) as feedforward compensation is considered. Feedback linearization provides a systematic approach such that an appropriate coordinate system can be found in which the system can be linearized. The VSC is designed to produce a desired overall behavior in spite of existing system uncertainties. When the ANN is trained using several patterns from a class of reference inputs, the ANN remembers the equivalent control effort of VSC when the control system is in sliding mode. Appealing to the interpolation property of the ANN, by combining the ANN as a generalized feedforward compensation, the unnecessary high gain of VSC near the equilibrium can be greatly reduced. >
Road adaptive active suspension design using linear parameter-varying gain-scheduling

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of road adaptive active suspensions via a combination of linear parameter-varying control and nonlinear backstepping techniques. Two levels of adaptation are considered: the lower level control design shapes the nonlinear characteristics of the vehicle suspension as a function road conditions, while the higher level design involves adaptive switching between these different nonlinear characteristics, based on the road conditions. A quarter car suspension model with a nonlinear dynamic model of the hydraulic actuator is employed. The suspension deflection, car body acceleration, hydraulic pressure drop, and spool valve displacement are used as feedback signals. Nonlinear simulations show that these adaptive suspension controllers provide superior passenger comfort over the whole range of road conditions.
Good Arabs: The Israeli Security Agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967 – By Hillel Cohen.

There have been a number of in‐depth studies of the Arab‐Palestinian citizens of Israel, among them Ian Lustick's Arabs in the Jewish State[1980] and Dan Rabinowitz and Khawla Abu‐Baker's Coffins o...
ZBP-89, a Krüppel-like zinc finger protein, inhibits epidermal growth factor induction of the gastrin promoter.

We have shown previously that a GC-rich element (GGGGCGGGGTGGGGGG) conferring epidermal growth factor (EGF) responsiveness to the human gastrin promoter binds Sp1 and additional undefined complexes. A rat GH4 cell line expression library was screened by using a multimer of the gastrin EGF response element, and three overlapping cDNA clones were identified. The full-length rat cDNA encoded an 89-kDa zinc finger protein (ZBP-89) that was 89% identical to a 49-kDa human factor, ht(beta), that binds a GTGGG/CACCC element in T-cell receptor promoters. The conservation of amino acids between the zinc fingers indicates that ZBP-89 is a member of the C2H2 zinc finger family subclass typified by the Drosophila Kruppel protein. ZBP-89 is ubiquitously expressed in normal adult tissues. It binds specifically to the gastrin EGF response element and inhibits EGF induction of the gastrin promoter. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ZBP-89 functions as a repressor of basal and inducible expression of the gastrin gene.
PatchWorx: Connecting Unhealthy and Disabled Children in an Online Community

PatchWorx (PatchWorx, Inc., Menlo Park, CA) is a nonprofit Web-based community for young people facing illness and disability (http://www.patchworx.org). Teresa Middleton, founder and president of PatchWorx, Inc., believes the PatchWorx online community helps children develop the skills necessary for them to successfully cope with their illnesses. Through computer-mediated communication (CMC) via the PatchWorx Web site, children practice information seeking, problem solving and proactively finding social support.
Sex moderates the relationship between worry and performance monitoring brain activity in undergraduates

Research suggests that abnormal performance-monitoring contributes to the etiology and maintenance of anxious pathology. Moreover, the anxiety-performance monitoring relationship appears to be specific to the worry dimension of anxiety. Given that anxiety (and worry in particular) is twice as prevalent in women as men, and most studies to date have employed small samples which are underpowered to detect sex-differences, it is possible that sex may be an important moderator of the worry-performance-monitoring relationship. No studies have directly compared the worry-performance-monitoring relationship between men and women, however. In the current study, we extended our recent work showing a unique relationship between worry and performance monitoring brain potentials in female undergraduates by comparing this relationship to that between worry and performance-monitoring brain potentials in male participants. Seventy-nine female and 70 male undergraduates from an ongoing study of anxiety and performance monitoring performed a letter-flanker task while their brain activity was recorded. Results revealed that worry was associated with exaggerated performance-monitoring, as indexed by increased error-related negativity/correct-response negativity, in female, but not male undergraduates. These findings suggest that the functional relationship between worry and performance-monitoring is sex-specific and have implications for understanding the role of performance-monitoring in the development and maintenance of anxiety. Specifically, linking the worry-performance-monitoring relationship to other female-specific biopsychosocial factors represents an important direction for future research.
Anaerobic metabolism of particulate organic matter in the sediments of a hypereutrophic lake

SUMMARY. The anaerobic decomposition of particulate organic matter (POM) was examined in the anoxic pelagic sediments of hypereutrophic Wintergreen Lake. Degradation of sedimented POM occurred rapidly as shown by increased production and release of ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, volatile fatty acids and methane from the sediments 2–3 weeks after large inputs of organic matter. Maximum concentrations of most metabolites were found at the sediment-water interface, indicating that the initial anaerobic degradation of freshly deposited POM occurred at this site. The absence of the inorganic electron acceptors, nitrate and sulphate, suggested that fermentation and methanogenesis were the major anaerobic processes involved in the dissimilation of organic matter in these sediments during stratified periods. The amount of carbon input converted to methane in the sediments was determined from May to early November 1976 and 1977. Carbon output as methane was measured by quantifying methane lost from the sediments by ebullition and by estimating soluble methane lost to the water column by diffusion. Total methane release during summer stratification accounted for 34% of the particulate organic carbon input to the sediments in 1976 and 44% in 1977. Methane release was directly related to the rate of sedimentation of POM. However, methane production was temporarily inhibited following high rates of sedimentation in 1976, suggesting that the rate of organic loading may be an important factor controlling anaerobic decomposition in these sediments.
Electron Self-Trapping in Ge 2 Se 3 and Its Role in Ag and Sn Incorporation

We present a set of density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the electronic structure of Ag and Sn in Ge 2 Se 3 in a periodic model. We show that electron self-trapping is a persistent feature in the presence of many defects. Ag and Sn autoionize upon entering Ge 2 Se 3 becoming Ag + and Sn 2+ , respectively, and the freed electrons self trap at the lowest energy site. Both Ag and Sn can substitute for Ge, and we present formation energies as a function of Fermi level that show that Sn can substantially alter the incorporation of Ag into the Ge 2 Se 3 network.
Deaf Parents of Cochlear-Implanted Children: Beliefs on Bimodal Bilingualism

This study investigated 17 Deaf 1 families in North America with cochlear-implanted children about their attitudes, beliefs, and practices on bimodal bilingualism (defined as using both a visual/manual language and an aural/oral language) in American Sign Language (ASL) and English. A survey and follow-up interviews with 8 families were conducted. The majority of the Deaf families exhibited positive beliefs toward bimodal bilingualism, where they set high expectations for their children to become equally fluent in both languages. However, their perspectives about the purpose for each language differed; they viewed English as a "survival language" and ASL as a "cultural language" but supported the use of both languages at home as part of their children's lives.
Time gating for energy selection and scatter rejection: High-energy pulsed neutron imaging at LANSCE

The Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) is a linear accelerator in Los Alamos, New Mexico that accelerates a proton beam to 800 MeV, which then produces spallation neutron beams. Flight path FP15R uses a tungsten target to generate neutrons of energy ranging from several hundred keV to ~600 MeV. The beam structure has micropulses of sub-ns width and period of 1.784 ns, and macropulses of 625 μs width and frequency of either 50 Hz or 100 Hz. This corresponds to 347 micropulses per macropulse, or 1.74 x 104 micropulses per second when operating at 50 Hz. Using a very fast, cooled ICCD camera (Princeton Instruments PI-Max 4), gated images of various objects were obtained on FP15R in January 2015. Objects imaged included blocks of lead and borated polyethylene; a tungsten sphere; and a tungsten, polyethylene, and steel cylinder. Images were obtained in 36 min or less, with some in as little as 6 min. This is novel because the gate widths (some as narrow as 10 ns) were selected to reject scatter and other signal not of interest (e.g. the gamma flash that precedes the neutron pulse), which has not been demonstrated at energies above 14 MeV. This proof-of-principle experiment shows that time gating is possible above 14MeV and is useful for selecting neutron energy and reducing scatter, thus forming clearer images. Future work (simulation and experimental) is being undertaken to improve camera shielding and system design and to precisely determine optical properties of the imaging system.
Molecular Systematics and the Role of The “Várzea”–“Terra-Firme” Ecotone in the Diversification of Xiphorhynchus Woodcreepers (Aves: Dendrocolaptidae)

Abstract The phylogeny of all known Xiphorhynchus (Dendrocolaptidae) species and many of its subspecies was reconstructed to evaluate species limits in this taxonomically challenging genus and investigate the possible role played by the Amazonian “varzea” (floodplain forest)–“terra-firme” (upland forest) ecotone in its diversification. Phylogenies were inferred based on 2,430 bp of the mitochondrial DNA genes ND2, ND3, and cytochrome b. All phylogeny estimates supported the monophyly of all extant Xiphorhynchus species to the exclusion of the sibling species pair Straight-billed (X. picus) and Zimmer's (X. kienerii) woodcreeper. Confirming findings of previous molecular and anatomical studies, strong support was found to include the Lesser Woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes fuscus) in Xiphorhynchus. Levels of sequence divergence among some subspecies of Buff-throated (X. guttatus), Ocellated (X. ocellatus), and Spix's (X. spixii) woodcreepers reached or exceeded those found between closely related, undisputed bi...
Family physicians believe the placebo effect is therapeutic but often use real drugs as placebos.

Background and Objectives: Few national data exist on physicians’ use of and beliefs about placebos in routine health care. Methods: We mailed a 22-question, confidential survey about placebo use and beliefs to a random sample of 1,000 members of the American Academy of Family Physicians. Results: A total of 412 of 970 (43%) eligible physicians responded, and 56% of respondents said they had used a placebo in clinical practice. Forty percent of respondents had used an antibiotic as a placebo, and 11% had used inert substances. The most common reason for prescribing placebos was “after unjustified demand for medication.” Eighty-five percent of respondents believed place bos can have both psychological and physical benefits. The majority (61%) recommended a placebo over offering no treatment, while 8% said clinical placebo use should be categorically prohibited. Nearly all respondents believed a number of routine clinical practices promote the placebo effect. Conclusions: Many US family physicians use placebos and generally believe the placebo effect has both psychological and physical benefits. Physicians recognize the broader application of the pla cebo effect but they commonly use active medication as placebos. The responses to this survey raise important questions about the appropriate use of placebos and the therapeutic value of the placebo effect in clinical practice.
A Naphthodithiophene-Diketopyrrolopyrrole Donor Molecule for Efficient Solution-Processed Solar Cells

We report the synthesis, characterization, and first implementation of a naphtho[2,3-b:6,7-b′]dithiophene (NDT)-based donor molecule in highly efficient organic photovoltaics (OPVs). When NDT(TDPP)2 (TDPP = thiophene-capped diketopyrrolopyrrole) is combined with the electron acceptor PC61BM, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.06 ± 0.06% is achieved—a record for a PC61BM-based small-molecule OPV. The substantial PCE is attributed to the broad, high oscillator strength visible absorption, the ordered molecular packing, and an exceptional hole mobility of NDT(TDPP)2.
Linear Momentum, Kinetic Energy, and Angular Momentum

(1915). Linear Momentum, Kinetic Energy, and Angular Momentum. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 187-193.
High-energy x-ray scattering studies of battery materials

High-energy x-ray (HEX) scattering is a sensitive and powerful tool to nondestructively probe the atomic and mesoscale structures of battery materials under synthesis and operational conditions. The penetration power of HEXs enables the use of large, practical samples and realistic environments, allowing researchers to explore the inner workings of batteries in both laboratory and commercial formats. This article highlights the capability and versatility of HEX techniques, particularly from synchrotron sources, to elucidate materials synthesis processes and thermal instability mechanisms in situ, to understand (discharging mechanisms in operando under a variety of cycling conditions, and to spatially resolve electrode/electrolyte responses to highlight connections between inhomogeneity and performance. Such studies have increased our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying battery performance. By deepening our understanding of the linkages between microstructure and overall performance, HEXs represent a powerful tool for validating existing batteries and shortening battery-development timelines.
The development of breast implants

Abstract: Female glandular hypomastia is a frequently encountered entity that occurs either developmentally or by postpartum involution. Historically, women have long sought breast enlargement to improve physical proportions, to foster a more feminine appearance, or to enhance self-image. This chapter explores the evolution of breast implants, and discusses saline-filled and silicone-filled implants. Silicone gel-filled implants have evolved from first-generation implants in the 1960s to the current fifth-generation devices and form-stable implants. Future trends indicate the increased use of acellular dermal products alongside implants.
A non-destructive internal nuclear forensic investigation at Argonne: discovery of a Pu planchet from 1948

A plutonium alpha standard dating from 1948 was discovered at Argonne National Laboratory and characterized using a number of non-destructive analytical techniques. The principle radioactive isotope was found to be 239Pu and unique ring structures were found across the surface of the deposition area. Due to chronological constraints on possible sources and its high isotopic purity, the plutonium in the sample was likely produced by the Oak Ridge National Lab X-10 Reactor. It is proposed that the rings are resultant through a combination of polishing and electrodeposition, though the hypothesis fails to address a few key features of the ring structures.
Resilience in the Context of Ambiguous Loss: A Commentary

This commentary compares the concept of resilience as conceptualized and studied in ambiguous loss and in the broader domain of developmental resilience science. The discussion highlights common roots, similarities and differences in the definitions of resilience and protective processes, and implications for interventions. Resilience concepts in ambiguous loss theory are congruent with contemporary developmental resilience theory in multiple ways. Future research and practice would benefit from further integration of these compatible perspectives on resilience.
Transcriptional activity of HIV-1 and HHV-6 in retinal lesions from AIDS patients.

tients. 9 " 13 In the present study, we have evaluated the frequency of occurrence of multiple viral infections in retinas of AIDS patients. We have documented the simultaneous presence of HIV-1 and HHV-6 transcriptional activity in HIV-1 culture-positive retinal tissue from AIDS patients. The results suggest an active infection.
Economics at the FCC, 2015–2016: Competition, Merger Review, and Spectrum Management

The Federal Communications Commission is responsible for regulation in the telecommunications and electronic media sectors, and for management of the nation’s non-federal radio frequency spectrum. During the past year, Commission economists contributed to the analysis of market power and the efficacy of various regulatory regimes in the business data services market, assessed potential harms that were associated with major mergers in the cable television industry and the efficacy of conditions designed to mitigate those harms, and helped to structure service and licensing rules to promote efficient usage of spectrum in the face of burgeoning demand for new wireless broadband services.
Returning to Europe as Reluctant Europeans: Revisiting Trends in Public Support for the European Union in Central and Eastern Europe Twelve Years after the 2004 EU Accession

This paper examines less discussed aspects of Euroscepticism in Eastern Europe as a component of the institutional history of the 2004 EU enlargement. A focus on public support for European integration allows us to evaluate the consequences of the EU’s enlargement policy from the perspective of democratic legitimacy, as public attitudes demonstrate how institutions live up to the expectations of the citizens in a democratic setting. It also allows us to relate the legislative history of the eastward enlargement to its social impact and domestic political implications. The paper posits Euroscepticism as an unexpected outcome of the legal-institutional implementation of the EU enlargement policy. It argues that while East-European Euroscepticism defies clear categorisation as it fails to demonstrate consistent longitudinal trends not consistent across its performance evaluation, identity, and democratic legitimacy dimensions, it is indicative of the disconnect between the adjustment dynamics of the EU accession of Eastern Europe, accomplished at the elite level, and the broad-based public response to it. The core of East-European Euroscepticism is declining public trust in the European Union, its policies, institutions, and the economic benefits it generates against the background of general dissatisfaction with the workings of national and European democracy. The East-European publics have become increasingly sceptical of their representation as citizens whose voice ‘counts’ in the EU. They perceive the EU as less relevant to their personal situation although it represents well the interests of the Member States. Such contradictory evidence suggests that the conventional measures of Euroscepticism as a pan-European phenomenon need to be re-examined by exploring trends of continuity and change in public support for the EU in Central and Eastern Europe in the context of the 2004 enlargement.
Ultrasound image analysis for myopathy detection

This study focuses on using ultrasound (US) biomarkers for characterizing myopathies and in particular myositis. US offers an opportunity to deliver diagnostics in clinical settings at a fraction of the cost and discomfort entailed in current workflows. US is also better suited for usage in under-resourced environments. This paper is focused on studying the link between biomarkers related to absolute and relative echo intensity of muscle tissue and the presence and severity of myositis disease. We show that there is good correlation between these biomarkers and the severity of muscle disease rated by the Heckmatt criteria. A moderate correlation is also found between these biomarkers and muscles categorized by healthy vs. diseased status of each patient. Experimental data involving 37 patients (9 polymyositis, 3 dermatomyositis, 9 inclusion body myositis, and 16 healthy patients) and seven muscle groups show correlations up to 0.91.
An overview of meta-level architecture

One of the biggest problems in AT programming is the difficulty of specifying control. Meta-level architecture is a knowledge engineering approach to coping with this difficulty. The key feature of the architecture is a declarative control language that allows one to write partial specifications of program behavior. This flexibility facilitates incremental system development and the integration of disparate architectures like demons, object-oriented programming, and controlled deduction. This paper presents the language, describes an appropriate, and discusses the issues of compiling. It illustrates the architecture with a variety of examples and reports some experience in using the architecture in building expert systems.
Balloon Bridge: Novel Technique for Reaccessing Carotid Artery Stent.

Background Crossing a nascently deployed carotid artery stent (CAS) is required to perform angioplasty and filter recapture. If the traversing balloon or filter recapture catheters are eccentric or tangentially angled to the vertical axis of the CAS, they can ensnare on the ledge of the proximal CAS step-off, potentially causing life-threatening complications secondary to deformation, displacement, or mechanical occlusion of the stent. We report a novel “balloon bridge” technique that facilitates safe entry and passage across the CAS with both a balloon catheter and a large-bore guide catheter (LBGC). Methods We used the balloon bridge technique for 2 patients with >90% carotid artery stenosis and steep carotid artery angles of origin who underwent routine CAS, balloon angioplasty, and distal embolic protection. During filter recapture, the balloon was inflated across the junction of the distal LBGC tip and proximal CAS, centering the LBGC within the vessel lumen and CAS. During balloon deflation, the LBGC was sequentially advanced, successfully navigating the LBGC across the proximal stent construct without resistance or complication. Results The balloon bridge technique was completed without complications. We believe that the mechanism of action is secondary to balloon-facilitated LBGC alignment with the true axis of the stent. Conclusions Traversing a CAS with an LBGC or balloon catheter can be tedious and fraught with the potential of neurologic peril should mechanical deformation and occlusion occur. The balloon bridge technique is safe and highly effective for navigating a catheter that is eccentric or tangentially angled to the long axis of a CAS.
Is the Chinese Wall too High? Investigating the Costs of New Restrictions on Cooperation Between Analysts and Investment Bankers

This study tests the hypothesis that new regulatory restrictions on cooperation between analysts and investment bankers associated with the 2003 Global Settlement have an adverse effect on analyst coverage. Policy makers have expressed concern about this matter. Contrary to the hypothesis, I find that firms engaging in SEO’s enjoy just as large an increase in analyst coverage in the post-regulatory period as they do in the preregulatory period. In addition, while I find that analyst coverage in the post regulatory period significantly declines for new IPO’s, it declines by an equal amount for a matched sample of control firms that generate no significant investment banking business. Making the identifying assumption that any adverse consequences of the new restrictions should be larger for new IPO’s, I conclude that the restrictions have no detectable impact on analyst coverage.
Biomechanics of Normal Gait

Normal gait is described in terms of the gait events of the gait cycle and the duration of phases. It is shown how the determinants of gait change the compass gait into a gait pattern that produces a smooth, low-amplitude, sinusoidal center-of-gravity pathway with reduction of energy consumption to a minimum. Energy consumption is discussed in terms of rate of energy consumption requiring support of respiratory and cardiovascular systems and efficiency of walking as expressed in calories per kilogram body weight per meter walked. Both the change in the patterns of the gait events and the metabolic requirements are discussed for running as well as for walking. Ground reactive forces and kinematics are reviewed.
Special features of adsorption and desorption of so3 in sulfuric acid aerosol formation

Publisher Summary When sulfur trioxide trimer vapors were allowed to be in contact with activated carbon, adsorption of sulfur trioxide was noted from the fall of pressure in the manifold. An open sulfur trioxide reservoir provided for a continuous supply of the vapor. The amount of sulfur trioxide adsorbed seems to depend on the time of exposure. After a certain maximum time, the adsorption or desorption could be considered as a simple distillation process. To get some clue about the mechanism of trimer adsorption, a standard time of exposure of 90 seconds was selected and sulfur trioxide trimer adsorption at different temperatures as amount of sulfur trioxide adsorbed per gram of carbon was calculated. To obtain a comparable set of results, a procedure similar to trimer studies was adopted. Weighed amounts (0.25 to 0.30g) of carbon was allowed to come in contact with the same amount of sulfur trioxide for ninety seconds, at various temperatures and data and plots revealed a well defined and expected pattern as predicted from the physical properties of sulfur trioxide monomer. A sudden jump in adsorption at low temperatures could have been facilitated by possible physical condensation of sulfur trioxide monomer on carbon.
TRIPLE THREATS TO DUPLE RHYTHM

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses triple threats to duple rhythm. Triple rhythms are tyrannical; when one read them, one must read the tune they play. It is another reason for linking triple rhythms with strong-stress meter in which one must find a given number of syllables to carry the isochronic beat and must reduce the stress on other syllables, even syllables of importance, so that they will not get in the way. The experimental work on English meter commenced by Donne, carried on by some dramatists of the early seventeenth century, discontinued, and resumed in their varying ways by Blake and Browning, has come to fruition in the twentieth century.
TRANSIENT NATURAL CONVECTION ANALYSIS IN ENCLOSURE

In the present investigation, two dimensional axisymmetrical, laminar, transient free convection has been studied using integral/finite difference method. Finite difference equations are derived for the above analysis subject to constant or variable material properties, initial and boundary conditions. The validity of the analyses has been substantiated by comparing results of the present method with available analytic solutions or numerical results reported in the literature.
Internal Residual Stresses in Ceramics Materials: Stress Fluctuations Near a Crack Tip and Effective Energy Release Rate

We consider a linearly elastic composite medium, which consists of a homogeneous matrix containing a homogeneous and statistically uniform random set of ellipsoidal inclusions. The elastic properties of the matrix and the inclusions are the same, but the stress-free strains are different. One obtains the estimation of statistical moments of stresses averaged over the components. Furthermore one estimates an influence of the fractional composition of the inclusions on the inhomogeneous nature of stress moments inside the inclusions. We next consider a crack in the random medium discribed. One obtains the estimation of both the statistical average and the conditional average of stress intensity factors. The relations for the second statistical moments of stresses in the vicinity of crack tip averaged over the ensemble realization are proposed as well. The expression for effective energy release rate is also derived. The fracture probabilities of separate components are calculated.
The Effect of Processing Conditions on the Properties of Thermoplastic Composites

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites are produced from SpectraShield 3124 to evaluate the influence of the magnitude of the temperature and the pressure used to consolidate the composite on selected mechanical and physical properties. In this study, properties of composites processed using higher and lower temperatures and pressures than is the industry standard are examined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is used to examine differences in crystallinity, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is used to examine creep compliance response of the different materials. Tensile properties of the composites are also evaluated. Results indicate that higher processing pressure may result in more favorable tensile properties, but that the impact of processing temperature is relatively small.
HIGH RESOLUTION TWO-DIMENSIONAL RESTRICTION ANALYSIS OF METHYLATION IN COMPLEX GENOMES

ABSTRACT We have used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to study methylation at the CCGG site in DNA from adult Drosophila and two tissues of the mouse. In this recently perfected technique (20), BamHI digested DNA is end-labelled using DNA polymerase I and fractionated by electroelution. Individual fractions are then split into two aliquots. One aliquot is digested to completion with HpaII and the other with its isoschizomer MspI . The resulting digests are separated by electrophoresis in adjacent lanes of long slab gels to form an interdigitated array. Autoradiographs of the dried gels give information on the relative copy number for multiply represented sequences, information on the degree of methylation at the internal cytosine in the CCGG sequence, and information which may be used to identify interspersed sequences.
Treatment and Outcomes of Patients with International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Grade 2 Rejection After Heart Transplant

Introduction Treatment guidelines for asymptomatic acute cellar rejection of ISHLT grade 2 (2R ACR) are dictated by clinical judgement and patient risk. In higher risk cases, a course of intravenous (IV) corticosteroids may be recommended, while in others a short course of oral steroids is given. There is also variability in pathologic rejection grading on endomyocardial biopsy. We aimed to determine if treatment choice predicts outcomes in 2R ACR patients. Methods We reviewed all patients with biopsy-proven 2R ACR following heart transplantation at our institution from 2012-2016. Treatment strategies were classified as IV corticosteroids or “other” (ie, pulse oral corticosteroids or adjustment of baseline immunosupprants.) These two strategies were compared for time to re-hospitalization, time to recurrence of ≥2R ACR, development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy or renal insufficiency, and 1-year survival. Results Among 305 heart transplant recipients, 73 patients developed 117 separate episodes of 2R ACR. 37 patients (51%) received IV corticosteroids and were more likely to be hospitalized (24% versus 3%) for treatment. However, the two strategy groups did not differ in time to re-hospitalization (46% versus 33%, p=0.78) (Fig 1), time to recurrence (98 days versus 51 days, p=0.48), development of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (67% versus 57%, p=0.47) or renal insufficiency (58% versus 65%, p=0.634). Admission for infection was the reason for re-hospitalization in 19% vs 3% of cases. Additionally there was no difference in 1-year survival (95% versus 94%, p=0.45) (Fig 2). Conclusions While this study is limited by a small cohort, results suggests there is no significant difference in outcomes among patients treated with either aggressive IV steroids versus adjustment of oral immunosuppressants, including oral corticosteroids. Aggressive treatment may not be needed for biopsy proven 2R ACR in patients without hemodynamic compromise.
Poe and Boston

This chapter considers Poe’s complex and often tumultuous relationship with Boston, the city of his birth, from his grandmother’s and parents’ theatrical performances to his efforts to return as a young poet, as a speaker on the lyceum circuit, and as an author published in such periodicals as The Flag of Our Union. The chapter examines key episodes in Poe’s life related to Boston—the publication of his first volume of poetry, Tamerlane, his enlistment in the U.S. Army, his verbal rows with members of the Boston literati, including the 1845 Boston Lyceum appearance, and his romantic/literary relationships and failed suicide attempt in Boston. It also considers places and spaces in Boston related to his professional life, perceptions of Poe by Bostonians, and his reception today in Boston with the installation of Stefanie Rocknak’s Poe statue.
Inhibition of HIF1α Signaling: A Grand Slam for MDS Therapy?

Summary: The recent focus on genomics in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) has led to important insights and revealed a daunting genetic heterogeneity, which is presenting great challenges for clinical treatment and precision oncology approaches in MDS. Hayashi and colleagues show that multiple mutations frequently found in MDS activate HIF1α signaling, which they also found to be sufficient to induce overt MDS in mice. Furthermore, both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of HIF1α suppressed MDS development with only mild effects on normal hematopoiesis, implicating HIF1α signaling as a promising therapeutic target to tackle the heterogeneity of MDS. Cancer Discov; 8(11); 1355–7. ©2018 AACR. See related article by Hayashi et al., p. 1438.
Engineering functional hydrogel microparticle interfaces by controlled oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization

Functional poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel microparticles for the detection of bioactive macromolecules were fabricated via oxygen-inhibited photopolymerization in a droplet microfluidic device. Hydrogel network functionalization and architecture were characterized using a biotin-avidin binding assay, which revealed radial network inhomogeneities dependent on exposure conditions. Empirical results were corroborated using a reaction-diffusion model, describing the effects of exposure intensity on the spatial photopolymerization kinetics and resulting polymeric mesh network. The combination of finely controlled exposure conditions and predictive simulations enables the generation of tailored particles with microengineered interfaces and gradients in crosslinking density, which dictate solute diffusivity and elasticity, augmenting the utility of this approach in engineering multifunctional, size-excluding hydrogel particles for multiplexed biomolecular sensing.
The Impossibility of Being “Perfect and White”: Black Girls’ Racialized and Gendered Schooling Experiences:

The African American Policy Forum and the Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies states, “The risks that Black and other girls of color confront rarely receive the full attention of...
1014 - THE PRC2 CO-FACTOR JARID2 IS A KEY REGULATOR OF NORMAL AND NEOPLASTIC HEMATOPOIESIS

The property of self-renewal sustains the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) pool for the lifetime of an organism. While tremendous progress has been made into understanding specific genes and pathways that regulate HSC self-renewal, the molecular mechanisms by which self-renewal is repressed in downstream hematopoietic progenitors is largely unknown. Understanding the mechanisms that restrict self-renewal potential in hematopoietic progenitors may allow augmentation of limited sources of HSCs to improve bone marrow transplantation, or enhance self-renewal potential of progenitor cells in diseases associated with HSC depletion such as aplastic anemia. Polycomb repressive complexes are epigenetic regulators that control multiple aspects of stem cell fate. PRC2 is responsible for the establishment of repressive chromatin mark H3K27me3. While the importance of core PRC2 components in hematopoiesis is established, the function of PRC2 co-factors remains less defined. We recently identified a crucial role for the PRC2 co-factor JARID2 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. We show that JARID2 is required for epigenetic repression of self-renewal genes in multipotent progenitors (MPPs). Loss of JARID2 leads to acquisition of self-renewal in MPPs, associated with de-repression of self-renewal genes. In malignant hematopoiesis, deletion of JARID2 lead to accelerated development of MPN or transformation to sAML, depending on the genetic and development context. Our data demonstrate that Jarid2 restricts self-renewal capacity in multipotent progenitors and is a tumor suppressor in chronic myeloid neoplasms. Ongoing studies aim to define how JARID2 expression is regulated in normal development and hematopoietic transformation, how JARID2/PRC2 target specificity is achieved in hematopoietic progenitor cells, and if JARID2 has non-canonical (PRC2-indpendent) functions in hematopoiesis.
Getting help: an exploration of student experiences with a campus program addressing basic needs insecurity

There is growing awareness in higher education institutions concerning the barriers faced by students who experience food and housing insecurity, and some institutions have begun to enact programs ...
Finite-State VQ Excitations for CELP Coders

Important advances in speech compression algorithms and the availability of efficient low cost signal processors to implement these algorithms resulted in systems which can reproduce reasonably good quality speech at bit rates as low as 4,800 bits per second. The success of these coders has stimulated considerable interest both in the scientific research community and in industrial development centers in using the low bit rate speech coding technology for emerging real-life applications. These include the cellular telephone services, the secure telephone, mobile satellite, land mobile communications, and the multi-media applications.
40 years since a psychotic episode. From chaos to calm

Peter Chadwick discusses his life experiences and how different factors helped in his recovery from mental illness.
Fusion of minds

We could finally harness nuclear fusion to power our world thanks to a star turn from artificial intelligence, says Abigail Beall
Note: The Value and Cost of the Customer’s Waiting Time

The (relative) cost of the customer’s waiting time has long been used as a key parameter in queuing models, but it can be difficult to estimate. A recent study introduced a new queue characteristic...
Highway Accident Severity Prediction for Optimal Resource Allocation of Emergency Vehicles and Personnel

Traffic accidents could have significant impacts on people's lives. Roughly half a million highway traffic accidents occurred in 2018 in the USA. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) and Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have great potential to enhance highway traffic safety and improve emergency response. This paper uses real-life traffic and accident data for a Florida highway to build prediction models to predict traffic accident severity. Accurate severity prediction is beneficial for both the responders and the drivers. First responders are in high demand, and the pandemic has made the situation worse. When an accident occurs, the emergency center dispatches a random number of emergency vehicles. Unfortunately, this number exceeds the number of vehicles needed most of the time, leaving fewer resources to respond to simultaneous accidents in different locations. Also, an increased number of emergency vehicles could introduce secondary accidents. In fact, for every ten accidents, one of them is a secondary accident. Our research gives an accurate prediction for the number of emergency vehicles needed based on the accident severity. We have used historical traffic and accident data obtained from the Florida Department of Transportation District 4 (FDOT-D4) to predict an accident and its severity. This can be used to esetimate the right number of emergency vehicles to respond to the accident. Our real-time prediction models can help reduce highway traffic accidents and congestion as well. Our prediction results demonstrate promising accuracy results and computation cost to support ITS applications.
Are International Humanitarian Law's Cornerstone Documents Still Secure Sixty Years On? Some Thoughts on the Geneva Conventions and Protocols Additional

The nature and proliferation of national and international armed conflicts from the 20th Century through the present day have challenged traditional notions of what is or is not a “war,” and which legal principles apply to such conflicts.
Transitions as a Series of Sequences: Implications in Testing for and Diagnosing Autism

Children who receive a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are said to have characteristic difficulty with transitions. However, testing that informs ASD diagnosis overlooks children’s cond...
The nature of phosphorus linkages in phosphoproteins.

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses the position of the phosphorus in the molecule and some of the methods used in elucidating the chemical nature of the bonds in which this element occurs. The chapter discusses the three phosphoamino acids that have been isolated from biological materials: O-phosphorylserine and O-phosphorylthreonine, both representatives of a —O—P— ester, and phosphoarginine, which has a —N—P— bond. In addition, it has been possible to prepare phosphorylated derivatives of other amino acids, for example, tyrosine, oxyproline, glycine, alanine, glutamic acid, leucine, and glycylglycine, and the methylester of N-phosphorylphenylalanine. A few examples of phosphoprotein— that is, casein, vitellin, vitellenin and phosvitin, and of the phosphopeptones derived from these materials is discussed. A study of the dephosphorylation of ovalbumin, a protein with the phosphorus in form of monoesters is presented. An investigation of two typical phosphoproteins, α- and β-casein, which contain their phosphorus as monoesters, diesters, and pyrophosphates, is discussed. The biological function of the phosphoproteins is still unknown. Owing to their abundance in embryonic tissue and in foodstuffs, it has often been suggested that one of the roles of these materials is that of supplying phosphorus and the essential amino acids to the developing organism. That phosphoproteiris are indeed highly active metabolites and may enter a great number of metabolic processes, follows from recent work of several investigators.
Discriminative vs. generative classifiers for cost sensitive learning

This paper experimentally compares the performance of discriminative and generative classifiers for cost sensitive learning. There is some evidence that learning a discriminative classifier is more effective for a traditional classification task. This paper explores the advantages, and disadvantages, of using a generative classifier when the misclassification costs, and class frequencies, are not fixed. The paper details experiments built around commonly used algorithms modified to be cost sensitive. This allows a clear comparison to the same algorithm used to produce a discriminative classifier. The paper compares the performance of these different variants over multiple data sets and for the full range of misclassification costs and class frequencies. It concludes that although some of these variants are better than a single discriminative classifier, the right choice of training set distribution plus careful calibration are needed to make them competitive with multiple discriminative classifiers.
Generation of Optical Harmonics by Intense Pulses of Laser Radiation: I. Propagation Effects

Abstract We discuss effects of optical depth, beam focusing and non-perturbative atomic response on the spectrum of optical harmonics generated by an intense beam of laser radiation (up to 1014W cm−2) in a small volume of atomic vapour. We find remarkable enhancement of high harmonics at intensities beyond the perturbative limit.