cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Development of Alkoxide-Directed Metallacycle-Mediated Annulative Cross-Coupling Chemistry

Alkoxide-directed metallacycle-mediated cross-coupling is a rapidly growing area of reaction methodology in organic chemistry. Over the last decade, developments have resulted in > thirty new and highly selective intermolecular (or "convergent") C-C bond-forming reactions that have established powerful retrosynthetic relationships in stereoselective synthesis. While early studies were focused on developing transformations that forge a single C-C bond by way of a functionalized and unsaturated metallacyclopentane intermediate, recent advances mark the ability to employ this organometallic intermediate in additional stereoselective transformations. Among these more advanced coupling processes, those that embrace the metallacycle in subsequent [4+2] chemistry have resulted in the realization of a number of highly selective annulative cross-coupling reactions that deliver densely functionalized and angularly substituted carbocycles. This review discusses the early development of this chemistry, recent advances in reaction methodology, and shares a glimpse of the power of these processes in natural product synthesis.
Using E-Books to Acquire Foundational Academic Vocabulary

Secondary students identified as English language learners or with learning disabilities present diverse vocabulary and academic challenges related to their exceptional language needs. Limited acad...
Impact of modifiable risk factors on clinical outcomes in geriatric patients with breast cancer.

e21546Background: Tobacco use remains the single largest contributor to preventable death in the U.S. Women who consume alcohol have a 15% higher risk of hormone-receptor-positive breast cancer and obese women are at higher risk of developing breast cancer compared to non-obese women after menopause. There is limited information about the combined impact of smoking, alcohol and BMI on clinical outcomes among elderly patients . The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of smoking, alcohol and BMI on clinical outcomes in geriatric breast cancer patients. Methods: Among 1659 patients in the institutional Breast Cancer Registry database, a total of 269 patients with histologically confirmed invasive or in-situ breast cancer with age 65 years or older at the time of diagnosis were reviewed in an IRB approved fashion. Clinical outcomes included assessment of the following risk factors: current/former smoking, current/former alcohol usage and BMI at time of diagnosis. Kaplan-Meyer and Cox proportional...
Clevidipine as a therapeutic and cost-effective alternative to sodium nitroprusside in patients with acute aortic syndromes.

Background:Sodium nitroprusside is the preferred agent for the treatment of high blood pressure during acute aortic syndrome if blood pressure remains elevated after heart rate control with beta-bl...
Workgroup computing : workflow, groupware, and messaging

Principles and overview the architecture of workflow software workgroup systems developing workflow applications developing and managing a workgroup application environment enabling technologies for workflows and workgroups products and services for workflows and workgroups. Appendices: glossary directory of vendors further information and references.
Oxidant-Mediated Protein Amino Acid Conversion

Biological oxidation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of various diseases and aging. Carbonylation is one mode of protein oxidation. It has been reported that amino acids that are susceptible to carbonylation are arginine (Arg), proline (Pro), lysine, and threonine residues. The carbonylation product of both Arg and Pro residues is glutamyl semialdehyde. While chemically the oxidation reactions of neither Pro to glutamyl semialdehyde nor Arg to glutamyl semialdehyde are reversible, experimental results from our laboratory suggest that the biological system may drive the reduction of glutamyl semialdehyde to Pro in the protein structure. Further, glutamyl semialdehyde can be oxidized to become glutamic acid (Glu). Therefore, I hypothesize that biological oxidation post-translationally converts Arg to Pro, Arg to Glu, and Pro to Glu within the protein structure. Our mass spectrometry experiments provided evidence that, in human cells, 5–10% of peroxiredoxin 6 protein molecules have Pro-45 replaced by Glu. This concept of protein amino acid conversion challenges the dogma that amino acid sequences are strictly defined by nucleic acid sequences. I propose that, in the biological system, amino acid replacements can occur post-translationally through redox regulation, and protein molecules with non-DNA coding sequences confer functions.
Language Endangerment in Childhood

Language endangerment by definition excludes children and childhood, as the most endangered languages are those which are no longer being used, spoken, or acquired by the youngest generations. By a...
A complex interplay between SAM synthetase and the epigenetic regulator SIN3 controls metabolism and transcription

The SIN3 histone-modifying complex regulates the expression of multiple methionine catabolic genes, including SAM synthetase (Sam-S), as well as SAM levels. To further dissect the relationship between methionine catabolism and epigenetic regulation by SIN3, we sought to identify genes and metabolic pathways controlled by SIN3 and SAM synthetase (SAM-S) in Drosophila melanogaster. Using several approaches, including RNAi-mediated gene silencing, RNA-Seq– and quantitative RT-PCR–based transcriptomics, and ultra-high-performance LC-MS/MS– and GC/MS–based metabolomics, we found that, as a global transcriptional regulator, SIN3 impacted a wide range of genes and pathways. In contrast, SAM-S affected only a narrow range of genes and pathways. The expression and levels of additional genes and metabolites, however, were altered in Sin3A+Sam-S dual knockdown cells. This analysis revealed that SIN3 and SAM-S regulate overlapping pathways, many of which involve one-carbon and central carbon metabolisms. In some cases, the factors acted independently; in some others, redundantly; and for a third set, in opposition. Together, these results, obtained from experiments with the chromatin regulator SIN3 and the metabolic enzyme SAM-S, uncover a complex relationship between metabolism and epigenetic regulation.
COX-2-derived prostaglandins as mediators of the deleterious effects of nicotine in chronic kidney disease

Tobacco smoking has been identified as a risk factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In previous studies, we showed that nicotine induces cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in vi...
LONELINESS, SOCIAL ISOLATION, AND SOCIAL REWARD IN THE AGING POPULATION: EXAMINING INTERVENTIONS, MECHANISMS, AND OUTCOMES

Abstract The global epidemic of loneliness and social isolation has health consequences that rival those of smoking and obesity. Older adults are at particularly high risk for loneliness, due to age-related declines in functioning and reduction in social networks. There is a need to further understand the effects of loneliness on cognitive, mental, and physical health in older adults; identify the underlying neural and behavioral mechanisms of social isolation; and develop interventions targeting deficits in these mechanisms. In this session, Ellen Lee, M.D. will examine loneliness and its influence on cognitive, mental and physical health in a healthy aging population, using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Kimberly Van Orden, Ph.D. will present results from her clinical trial of a novel social engagement intervention for loneliness in older adults. Nili Solomonov, Ph.D. will present preliminary findings from a novel neurobiological social reward task aimed to assess neural processing of social rewards on a behavior and neural level, and its association with response to psychotherapies for late-life depression. Martha Bruce, Ph.D. will moderate and lead a discussion on the findings presented in these studies and their clinical implications.
Treatment Results for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common condition with symptoms that can significantly affect quality of life and lead to potential long-term consequences. Multiple mechanisms can predispose to reflux development and, as such, multiple potential treatment modalities may be employed to benefit the individual patient. This chapter will review the outcome data for the key reflux therapies available, focusing on diet and lifestyle; medical therapies including antacids, histamine-receptor antagonists, proton pump inhibitors, alginates, sucralfate, prokinetics, baclofen; endoscopic therapies including radiofrequency ablation and transoral incisionless fundoplication; and surgical therapies including fundoplication, magnetic sphincter augmentation, and gastric bypass surgery. Finally, best practices will be reviewed summarizing the key data from the above discussion. While outcome data for individual therapies can be used to guide decision-making, every patient is unique and therapy should be tailored according to the exact mechanisms at play in reflux pathogenesis for the individual patient.
Israeli Palestinian Adolescents’ Exposure to Community Violence and their Academic Achievements: The Indirect Effects of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms and Parental Psychological Well-Being

Rates of exposure to community violence (CV) are alarmingly high for youth in many countries, and associated with negative consequences. The present study examines the rates and consequences of exposure to community violence among Palestinian adolescents from Israel, age 14–18 years. Specifically, it examines whether exposure to community violence is indirectly related to academic achievement through internalizing and externalizing symptoms among adolescents; and whether the impact of internalizing and externalizing symptoms on academic achievements depends on parental levels of psychological well-being (PWB). A semi systematic random sample of 760 Palestinian adolescents in Israel, (320 boys, and 440 girls) completed a self-administration questionnaire. Most of the adolescents had witnessed community violence during the last year and during their lifetime; more than one third had directly experienced lifetime violence compared with 19.6% during the last year. Path analysis was used to examine a moderated mediation model, with internalizing and externalizing symptoms as a mediator of the relationship between exposure to CV and academic achievement, and PWB as a moderator of the path between internalizing/externalizing symptoms and academic achievement. Externalizing, but not internalizing, symptoms mediated the association between exposure to CV and academic achievement. Moreover, parental psychological well-being (PWB) moderated the relationship between externalizing symptoms and academic achievements. Findings highlight the importance of targeting adolescent externalizing symptoms and academic achievement following exposure to community violence. Study limitations, implications for practice, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Writing the rules: Youth game-making practices as digital writing

This article uses a lens of procedural literacies to theorize youth practices of digital game-playing, modification, and creation as digital writing. The concept of procedurality describes the ways...
Single Cell Transcriptomics Implicate Novel Monocyte and T Cell Immune Dysregulation in Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by infiltration of immune cells into granulomas. Previous gene expression studies using heterogeneous cell mixtures lack insight into cell-type-specific immune dysregulation. We performed the first single-cell RNA-sequencing study of sarcoidosis in peripheral immune cells in 48 patients and controls. Following unbiased clustering, differentially expressed genes were identified for 18 cell types and bioinformatically assessed for function and pathway enrichment. Our results reveal persistent activation of circulating classical monocytes with subsequent upregulation of trafficking molecules. Specifically, classical monocytes upregulated distinct markers of activation including adhesion molecules, pattern recognition receptors, and chemokine receptors, as well as enrichment of immunoregulatory pathways HMGB1, mTOR, and ephrin receptor signaling. Predictive modeling implicated TGFβ and mTOR signaling as drivers of persistent monocyte activation. Additionally, sarcoidosis T cell subsets displayed patterns of dysregulation. CD4 naive T cells were enriched for markers of apoptosis and Th17/Treg differentiation, while effector T cells showed enrichment of anergy-related pathways. Differentially expressed genes in regulatory T cells suggested dysfunctional p53, cell death, and TNFR2 signaling. Using more sensitive technology and more precise units of measure, we identify cell-type specific, novel inflammatory and regulatory pathways. Based on our findings, we suggest a novel model involving four convergent arms of dysregulation: persistent hyperactivation of innate and adaptive immunity via classical monocytes and CD4 naive T cells, regulatory T cell dysfunction, and effector T cell anergy. We further our understanding of the immunopathology of sarcoidosis and point to novel therapeutic targets.
Convulsive Status Epilepticus in a Child With Controlled Epilepsy and Concurrent COVID-19 Infection: A Case Report and a Quick Review

The current unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has been another step toward learning about the unique interaction between viral infections and human nervous system. Very few scientific papers explored neuroinvasive and neurotropic potentials of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in children. We report a child with convulsive status epilepticus and confirmed COVID-19 infection. Brief review of current available literature was discussed.
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction of the Elbow With Double Suspensory Fixation.

Abstract Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction of the elbow has evolved substantially since its introduction in 1974. Numerous variations of the surgery have been introduced, including modifications in tunnel creation, graft tensioning, and fixation. These changes have aimed to improve overall quality of the reconstruction; however, even the most commonly used techniques still present many challenges. We describe a technique for ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction using bisuspensory button fixation and a single tunnel on both the ulnar and humeral sides. This technique avoids many of the most common complications and methods of failure of UCL reconstruction, provides immediate strong graft fixation, and offers the surgeon a technically less demanding procedure.
Integrated Genome-Wide Analysis of MicroRNA Expression Quantitative Trait Loci in Pig Longissimus Dorsi Muscle

Determining mechanisms regulating complex traits in pigs is essential to improve the production efficiency of this globally important protein source. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs known to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression affecting numerous phenotypes, including those important to the pig industry. To facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms controlling growth, carcass composition, and meat quality phenotypes in pigs, we integrated miRNA and gene expression data from longissimus dorsi muscle samples with genotypic and phenotypic data from the same animals. We identified 23 miRNA expression Quantitative Trait Loci (miR-eQTL) at the genome-wide level and examined their potential effects on these important production phenotypes through miRNA target prediction, correlation, and colocalization analyses. One miR-eQTL miRNA, miR-874, has target genes that colocalize with phenotypic QTL for 12 production traits across the genome including backfat thickness, dressing percentage, muscle pH at 24 h post-mortem, and cook yield. The results of our study reveal genomic regions underlying variation in miRNA expression and identify miRNAs and genes for future validation of their regulatory effects on traits of economic importance to the global pig industry.
Environmental impacts of Hurricane Florence flooding in eastern North Carolina: temporal analysis of contaminant distribution and potential human health risks.

Background Hurricane Florence made landfall in North Carolina in September 2018 causing extensive flooding. Several potential point sources of hazardous substances and Superfund sites sustained water damage and contaminants may have been released into the environment. Objective This study conducted temporal analysis of contaminant distribution and potential human health risks from Hurricane Florence-associated flooding. Methods Soil samples were collected from 12 sites across four counties in North Carolina in September 2018, January and May 2019. Chemical analyses were performed for organics by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Hazard index and cancer risk were calculated using EPA Regional Screening Level Soil Screening Levels for residential soils. Results PAH and metals detected downstream from the coal ash storage pond that leaked were detected and were indicative of a pyrogenic source of contamination. PAH at these sites were of human health concern because cancer risk values exceeded 1 × 10-6 threshold. Other contaminants measured across sampling sites, or corresponding hazard index and cancer risk, did not exhibit spatial or temporal differences or were of concern. Significance This work shows the importance of rapid exposure assessment following natural disasters. It also establishes baseline levels of contaminants for future comparisons.
Job Satisfaction and Gender: A Global Comparison of Job Satisfaction in the Hospitality Industry

Research has been inconclusive in determining if men or women experience more job satisfaction. A global comparison examining extrinsic and intrinsic factors, work relations, and work–life balance ...
Oil Jump Risk

We show that the innovation in the risk-neutral probability of large downward and upward jumps in oil prices has a considerable predictive power for important economic indicators such as GDP growth, consumption growth, and total investment. In addition, we observe that the upside jump risk probability is a significant predictor of stock market index return and the returns of oil futures. Furthermore, the upside jump probability is a significant and relatively strong predictor of oil market fundamentals including inventory growth, demand growth, and OPEC’s production growth. Upside jump risk is also a driver of the cross-section of stock returns before the U.S. oil production increase in 2011. The average monthly return for the high-low upside jump risk exposure portfolio is -0.94% and -1.13%, using the 1996-2014 and 1996-2011 time periods respectively. The implications of the variance risk for the cross-section of stock returns vanishes after controlling for the large upside and downside jump risks. The shale revolution and considerable increase of the US oil production have killed the effect of upside risk premium after 2011. During the sub-period 2011-2014, the variance risk premium gets significant again, like it was before 2000.
High strength impact welding of 7075 Al to a SiC-reinforced aluminum metal matrix composite

Abstract Vaporizing foil actuator welding (VFAW), an impact welding method, was used for the first time to produce high strength welds between SiC-reinforced 8009 aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC) (8009/SiC/11p) and 7075 aluminum alloy (AA7075). Microscopic characterization of the dissimilar impact weld revealed multiple heterogenous microstructural zones including an unbonded zone at the center, a flat interface, a wavy interface, and a trapped jet zone at the corner. SiC-depleted and SiC-rich bands were alternately distributed with consistent plastic flow patterns along the wavy interface. Microhardness tests prove that little or no heat or mechanically affected zones were formed in the dissimilar impact weld. Peel test yields a nugget pullout on the AA7075-T6 indicating high strength of the weld. VFAW process provides a solution to join the Al MMC with dissimilar metals in the applications of automotive and aerospace products.
New Insights into Heart Failure: From the Beginning to Now

The last 20 years have witnessed an explosion in the use of invasive hemodynamic testing in the evaluation and management of patients with chronic heart failure, particularly heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and the Mayo Clinic catheterization laboratory has been at the center of this explosion. This chapter reflects upon observations made and lessons learned during the past two decades that have coincided with an emerging epidemic of heart failure and increased utilization of the cardiac catheterization laboratory to guide diagnosis and treatment.
Looking for Life in Far Distant Places

Lonely Planets The Natural Philosophy of Alien Life. by David Grinspoon. Ecco (HarperCollins), New York, 2003. 460 pp. $25.95, C$39.95. ISBN 0-06-018540-6. Grinspoon offers an accessible discussion of how findings from astronomy, planetary science, and biology are shaping our considerations of the possibility and nature of extraterrestrial life.
The CLIP-170 orthologue Bik1p and positioning the mitotic spindle in yeast.

Bik1p is the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae representative of the CLIP‐170 family of microtubule plus‐end tracking proteins. Bik1p shares a number of similarities with its mammalian counterpart CLIP‐170, including an important role in dynein function. However, Bik1p and CLIP‐170 differ in several significant ways, including the mechanisms utilized to track microtubule plus ends. In addition to presenting functional comparisons between Bik1p and CLIP‐170, we provide sequence analyses that reveal previously unrecognized similarities between Bik1p and its animal counterparts. We examine in detail what is known about the functions of Bik1p and consider the various roles that Bik1p plays in positioning the yeast mitotic spindle. This chapter also highlights several recent findings, including the contribution of Bik1p to the yeast mating pathway.
Metabolic syndrome predicts mobility decline in a community-based sample of older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether metabolic syndrome is an independent predictor of decline in mobility in an elderly community sample. DESIGN: Biracial community-based prospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban and rural areas of central North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand two hundred twenty-nine older African Americans and whites, mean age 77.0, who were participants in the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. MEASUREMENTS: Sociodemographic data and data on mobility (a subset of items from the Rosow-Breslau scale), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale), self-report of medical conditions, body mass index, cognitive function (Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire), blood pressure, height, and waist circumference. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose were available from blood samples. Metabolic syndrome was calculated for subjects with complete data. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of the sample met criteria for metabolic syndrome. In bivariate analyses, age, sex, race, education, cognitive impairment, depression, impairment in mobility, history of stroke and heart disease, and metabolic syndrome at baseline were associated with a decline in mobility 4 years later. Regression analysis controlling for the above variables demonstrated that metabolic syndrome persisted as an independent and highly significant predictor of decline in mobility. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that metabolic syndrome may be a distinct risk factor for mobility decline in community-dwelling older people.
Recent Advances in Photonic Devices for Optical Super Computing

The twentieth century has been the era of semiconductor materials and electronic technology while this millennium is expected to be the age of photonic materials and optical technology. Optical technology has led to countless optical devices that have become indispensable in our daily lives in storage area networks (SANs) [1], parallel processing [2,3], optical switches [4,5], all-optical data networks [6], holographic storage devices [7] and biometric devices at airports [8].
IKK inhibition increases bortezomib effectiveness in ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is associated with increased expression of the pro-angiogenic chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8), which induces tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Even though bortezomib (BZ) has shown remarkable anti-tumor activity in hematological malignancies, it has been less effective in ovarian cancer; however, the mechanisms are not understood. We have recently shown that BZ unexpectedly induces the expression of IL-8 in ovarian cancer cells in vitro, by IκB kinase (IKK)-dependent mechanism. Here, we tested the hypothesis that IKK inhibition reduces the IL-8 production and increases BZ effectiveness in reducing ovarian tumor growth in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the combination of BZ and the IKK inhibitor Bay 117085 significantly reduces the growth of ovarian tumor xenografts in nude mice when compared to either drug alone. Mice treated with the BZ/Bay 117085 combination exhibit smallest tumors, and lowest levels of IL-8. Furthermore, the reduced tumor growth in the combination group is associated with decreased tumor levels of S536P-p65 NFκB and its decreased recruitment to IL-8 promoter in tumor tissues. These data provide the first in vivo evidence that combining BZ with IKK inhibitor is effective, and suggest that using IKK inhibitors may increase BZ effectiveness in ovarian cancer treatment.
Spectral Radiative Properties and Apparent Thermal Conductivity of Expanded Polystyrene Foam Insulation

Heat transfer in foam insulations is primarily due to conduction and radiation. In order to predict the heat transfer in expanded polystyrene foams the determination of reliable spectral radiative properties is important since radiation accounts for up to 27% of the overall heat transfer at moderate temperatures (250 to 350 K). Most of the previous work done on the determination of the spectral radiative properties of foam insulations employed direct transmission measurements and Beer's law to invert the extinction coefficients. This paper utilizes directional-hemispherical reflectance data in the wavelength range from 4 to 20 μm to invert the spectral radiative properties of a standard reference material, namely 20.7 kg/m 3 expanded polystyrene foam insulation. Apparent thermal conductivity values are predicted using the inverted radiative properties. The non-linear least squares method was used to invert the spectral radiative scattering and absorption coefficients from the experimental reflectance data and a numerical model.
THE FIXED CHARGE PROBLEM

Abstract : A fundamental unsolved problem in the programming area is one in which various activities have fixed charges (e.g., set-up time charges) if operating at a positive level. Properties of a general solution to this type problem are discussed in this paper. Under special circumstances it is shown that a fixed charge problem can be reduced to an ordinary linear programming problem.
Left-to-Right or Right-to-Left? An Inquiry into the Text Direction of Chinese Characters

A while ago a scholarly book published by the East Asia Program of Cornell University in 2008 came to my desk for adding to the library collection. The book caught my attention because it is bound in the East Asian style with the spine on the right-hand side and opens from the left side. As usual with East Asian publications that open from the left, I affixed a note on the front cover of this American publication to alert staff so that the book would be processed properly and the library ownership plate would be pasted correctly. This book, Teishinkōki : The Year 939 in the Journal of Regent Fujiwara no Tadahira, includes a reproduction and transcription of the original text of Teishinkōki in classical Japanese (kanbun). Even though the book is an English publication, the book designer probably intended to preserve the heritage of traditional texts with their vertical columns progressing from right to left on the medium.
Multi-level modeling to explain methamphetamine use among gay and bisexual men

Aim The popularity of methamphetamine among gay men has been documented; however, few studies have examined the complex behavioral and psychological motivations behind methamphetamine use, particularly over time. This study aimed to (i) identify the trajectories for methamphetamine use; (ii) explore factors related to methamphetamine use; and (iii) determine factors which predict changes in usage over a year. Design This analysis utilized hierarchical linear modeling to identify the trajectories for methamphetamine use and explore factors related to patterns of methamphetamine use. Participants A sample of 293 gay and bisexual men who indicated methamphetamine use at baseline were drawn from Project BUMPS (Boys Using Multiple Party Substances), which was a longitudinal, mixed-methodologies study of 450 club drug-using gay and bisexual men. Measurements Participants were assessed via quantitative measures in four waves of data collection over the course of a year (baseline, 4, 8 and 12 months post-baseline). Findings Frequency of methamphetamine use is related to reliance on the drug to avoid unpleasant emotions and physical discomfort, outcome expectancies for use and combining the drug with Viagra. Those with higher levels of drug-related sensation-seeking and those who combine use with Viagra show more consistent use over time, although a decrease in use is noted for most of the sample. Conclusions Longitudinal analyses support the idea that methamphetamine is used by gay men to mask feelings of discomfort and to enhance sensations as well as sexual pleasure. Longitudinal non-intervention studies of drug use may have intervention-like effects.
Granitic formations in the east-central Sierra Nevada near Bishop, California

This report establishes lithologic units among the granitic rocks of the east-central Sierra Nevada near Bishop, California. In this area the Sierra Nevada batholith is composed chiefly of quartz-bearing plutonic rocks ranging in composition from quartz diorite to alaskite but includes scattered small masses of darker and older plutonic rocks and remnants of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The granitic rocks are in discrete plutons, either in sharp contact with one another or separated by thin septa of metamorphic or mafic igneous rock or by late aplitic dikes. The granitic rocks are grouped into lithologic units on the basis of composition, texture, and intrusive relations. The units include six new formations, three informal units made up of the rocks in several plutons, and four informal units that include the rocks in single plutons. The new formations are the Inconsolable Granodiorite, Tinemaha Granodiorite, Wheeler Crest Quartz Monzonite, Round Valley Peak Granodiorite, Lamarck Granodiorite, and Tungsten Hills Quartz Monzonite.
Determination of interface trap capture cross sections using three-level charge pumping

A modified three-voltage-level charge pumping (CP) technique is described for measuring interface trap parameters in MOSFETs. Charge pumping (CP) is a technique for studying traps at the Si-SiO/sub 2/ interface in MOS transistors. In the CP technique, a pulse is applied to the gate of the MOSFET which alternately fills the traps with electrons and holes, thereby causing a recombination current I/sub cp/ to flow in the substrate. With this technique, interface trap capture cross sections for both electrons and holes may be determined as a function of trap energy in a single device. It is demonstrated that a modified three-level charge pumping method may be used to determine not only interface trap densities but also to capture cross sections as a function of trap energy. The trap parameters are obtained for both electrons and holes using a single MOSFET.
Molecular basis of endometrial cancer

Background. Most human cancers are thought to arise from alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Methods. Molecular techniques have been used to identify specific genetic alterations in endometrial cancers. Results. Overexpression of the HER-2/neu oncogene occurs in 10% of endometrial cancers and correlates with poor survival. Alterations in other receptor tyrosine kinases (c-fms and epidermal growth factor receptor) also occur in some cases. The c-myc oncogene, which encodes a nuclear transcription factor, also may be overexpressed in some invasive cancers. Mutations in the K-ras oncogene occur in 10% and in 20-30% of American and Japanese endometrial cancers, respectively. K-ras mutations also have been observed in endometrial hyperplasias, and this may represent an early event in the development of some cancers. Mutation of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, with resultant overexpression of mutant p53 protein, occurs in 20% of endometrial adenocarcinomas. Overexpression of p53 is associated with advanced stage and poor survival. Because p53 mutations do not occur frequently in endometrial hyperplasias, this may be a relatively late event in endometrial carcinogenesis. Recent studies have shown that mutations occur in microsatellite sequences in some endometrial cancers. Because microsatellite instability in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer has been found to be caused by mutations in DNA repair genes, similar mutations are being sought in endometrial cancers. Conclusions. Although several molecular alterations have been identified, the molecular pathogenesis of endometrial cancer remains poorly understood.
The application of high efficient yellow phosphorescent material to white OLEDs

A new type of thiopyridinyl-based iridium molecule (POT) was used as the yellow phosphorescent material in our research. On fabricating a yellow PHOLED by doping POT-02 with host as the emitter, the device achieved a high power efficiency of 66.0 lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 23.2%. On the other hand, a white organic lightemitting diode (WOLED) with a high power efficiency has been demonstrated by dispersing a host-free, yellow phosphorescent material in-between double blue phosphorescent emitters. In this study, we introduce a simple process for generating yellow emission of a WOLED by using the B/Y/B EML configuration. The B/Y/B EML configuration can achieve a higher efficiency and a smaller color shift with various operational brightness values. Based on the concept of this device, the molecular engineering of the blue phosphorescent host material as well as the light-extraction film, a WOLED with a power efficiency of 103 lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 38.2% at a practical brightness of 1000 cd/m2 with CIE coordinates (CIEx, y) of (0.36, 0.48) can be achieved.
Teachers in an Interdisciplinary Learning Community: Engaging, Integrating, and Strengthening K-12 Education

This study examines the inputs (processes and strategies) and outputs (perceptions, skill development, classroom transfer, disciplinary integration, social networking, and community development) of...
Germanium IV. Germaniumtetrajodid.1)

In dieser Mitteilung werden beschrieben : die Darstellung von Germaniumtetrajodid, seine Analyse, die Bestimmung des Schmelzpunktes, Kristallform und spezifisches Gewicht, die Farbe bei verschiedenen Temperaturen, die Sublimation und die Dissoziation der Verbindung sowie einige ihrer chemischen Eigenschaften.
Performance of decentralized and centralized decision-making mechanisms over a class of linear cases

Abstract The performance of total decentralization and total centralization (for which precise definitions are given) is studied in a general model of decision making for a linear class of decision-making situations. It is shown that the structure of information, the penalty for lack of local accuracy, the penalty for lack of coordination, and the stringency of the coordinating requirements are the important factors determining whether total decentralization performs better than total centralization or vice versa. The conclusions reached can be extended to, and are valid for, more complicated and realistic situations.
Low Interfacial Free Volume of Stubby Surfactants Stabilizes Water-in-Carbon Dioxide Microemulsions

A novel paradigm for the design of surfactants for water/CO2 (W/C) microemulsions is presented. The paradigm focuses on the fractional free volume (FFV) available to CO2 at the interface. The FFV i...
Parasitic Infections of the Lung

Although diseases of the respiratory tract due to infection by protozoan and metazoan parasites are not common in the conventional practice of medicine they have been encountered with sufficient frequency to merit consideration. It is probable that such conditions will be recognized more frequently in the future since several million men and women have had overseas service in areas of the world where some of the more important parasites are heavily endemic. The increasing interest of American business in foreign countries implies a constant flow of personnel to these regions, and foreigners are coming to the United States in increasing numbers from many parts of the world. These individuals therefore constitute a very large number of persons who potentially at least may have been exposed to infections which are not endemic in this country. Investigation of clinical problems in such a group necessitates the application of geographical medicine—the interpretation of clinical data in the light of the travels of the particular patient and the geographic distribution of particular parasites. The infections, therefore, may be grouped from this point of view. Amebiasis, malaria, ascariasis, strongyloidiasis and cysticercosis may be acquired in the United States as well as in many other parts of the world. On the other hand paragonimiasis and schistosomiasis cannot be acquired on the North American continent, and endemic hydatid disease is so rare in this area as to be virtually nonexistent. In the consideration of future medical problems among veterans it is of the utmost importance that these implications of geographical medicine be given due consideration. It is equally important to recognize the fact that there may be a prolonged latent period, in some instances years in duration, between infection and the development of the resultant clinical syndrome.
The Problem of Innovation and the Nixon-Kissinger Foreign Policy

The political trauma of the war in Vietnam and the long, painful recessional from it have posed analytical questions as fascinating for the scholar as the issues are challenging to the policy maker. The student of foreign affairs finds in the history of our engagement a unique opportunity to consider the circumstances and requirements for policy innovation. For if, as the old adage claims, "necessity is the mother of invention," American policy making for the past four years should have been percolating with imaginative innovation. The central questions of this inquiry are these. (1) Has the adversity experienced been so compelling as to engender a fresh vision of today's international system and a new definition of U.S. security interests in it? (2) Judging, as we do, that termination of our involvement in the war depends on a reformulation of the conceptual bases of policy, how do we assess what changes represent a qualitative break from the past, i.e., are innovative as opposed to adaptive? (3) When adaptation is evident, hIow do we explain the failure to innovate? This essay endeavors to answer these questions through a
Osteochondral interface tissue engineering using macroscopic gradients of bioactive signals.

Continuous gradients exist at osteochondral interfaces, which may be engineered by applying spatially patterned gradients of biological cues. In the present study, a protein-loaded microsphere-based scaffold fabrication strategy was applied to achieve spatially and temporally controlled delivery of bioactive signals in three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering scaffolds. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and transforming growth factor-β1-loaded poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres were utilized with a gradient scaffold fabrication technology to produce microsphere-based scaffolds containing opposing gradients of these signals. Constructs were then seeded with human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) or human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (hUCMSCs), and osteochondral tissue regeneration was assessed in gradient scaffolds and compared to multiple control groups. Following a 6-week cell culture, the gradient scaffolds produced regionalized extracellular matrix, and outperformed the blank control scaffolds in cell number, glycosaminoglycan production, collagen content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and in some instances, gene expression of major osteogenic and chondrogenic markers. These results suggest that engineered signal gradients may be beneficial for osteochondral tissue engineering.
Smart Diagnostic System for High Voltage Electric Transmission Lines

Overhead electric transmission lines are subjected to many natural hazards. Presently, the strength and remaining life of the transmission lines have primarily been determined by visual inspection. This paper presents results of our research, which has been focused on the feasibility analysis, and the development of an intelligent monitoring and integrity assessment system without the need for de-energizing or disassembly of transmission lines. This mechatronic system combines advances in electronics, mechanical system design, embedded signal processing and neural networks for signature analysis and feature extraction to create a smart diagnostic system for real-time operation. This paper also presents results from the actual field-testing of the Electromagnetic-Acoustic-Transducer (EMAT) monitoring system from utility companies. The utility companies are currently utilizing the EMAT to identify status of the overhead transmission lines without de-energizing and disassembly of their tower structures.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
20th-century urban landslides in the Basilicata region of Italy

The geology, relief, neotectonics, climate, and vegetation of Basilicata make the region vulnerable to landslides, but the number of reported landslides in the region has increased over recent centuries, and this has been interpreted as a result of changes in land use. This interpretation is confirmed by documentary evidence presented in this article (concentrating on the example of the town of Grassano, where urban landslides are an almost exclusively 20th-century phenomenon), which shows the increase in landslides to have been real, rapid, and caused by humankind.
Ovarian carcinoma: care and survival in a community-based population.

Abstract Background: Previous studies of the management and costs of ovarian cancer have been based on data from oncology practices. Such studies may exclude patients who are not candidates for treatment and may not account for costs incurred during diagnosis or primary treatment. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology, management, and costs of care of ovarian cancer in a geographically defined population to better reflect the total spectrum of the disease and its care. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the medical records of all residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, who received a first diagnosis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma (including postmortem diagnoses) between 1985 and 1997. Results: Of the 107 women with a new diagnosis of ovarian cacinoma, 42 (39%) had stage I or II tumors at the time of diagnosis. The mean age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 64.7 years, and 20% were nulliparous. The diagnostic assessment for ovarian carcinoma was initiated by a family physician or internist in 50% of cases and by an obstetrician or gynecologist in 16% of cases. One hundred two patients (95%) underwent surgical treatment, and 80 (75%) received primary chemotherapy. The 5-year survival rate was 88% in those with stage I or II tumors and 17% in those with stage III or IV tumors. The mean charges for secondary care were higher than those for primary care ($36,110 vs $32,367; P Conclusions: Most assessments leading to a diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma were initiated by primary care physicians. In this community-based population, early-stage and low-grade tumors were common (≥ 30%) and were associated with lower costs of care and higher 5-year survival rates. Total treatment costs for those requiring secondary therapy were approximately twice the costs for those requiring primary treatment only, with ≈50% of costs associated with inpatient care.
Aerothermodynamic design considerations of an aerobraked spacecraft

The major aerothermodynamic design issues that influenced the VOIR (Venus Orbiting Image Radar) airbrake and mission design are discussed. In the discussion of aerobrake heating, it is pointed out that the heat transfer to the deployed aerobrake is a function of the flow regime encountered during the periapsis pass, the perapsis altitude, and the brake surface geometry. The discussion of spacecraft thermal protection encompasses separated flow heating, aerobrake backface radiation, total solar cell heating, and undeployed aerobrake effects. The aerobrake is designed to protect the spacecraft thermally by limiting the integrated entry heating to the critical solar cell arrays (located on three sides of the spacecraft) due to flow impingement heating, separated flow heating, and backface radiation heating. It is explained that these design considerations led to the selection of a flat-faced aerobrake design located on the front of the spacecraft to provide maximum spacecraft thermal protection. The 8.4-m equivalent diameter aerobrake eliminates direct flow impingement heating and lowers separated flow heating on the spacecraft.