cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Xanthophyll-rich Pigmentprotein complex from Spinach

Previous work described the biochemical composition and organization of LHC II pigment-proteins that included a previously undescribed component called LHC Ile (1). This complex was reported to contain 3% of the total chlorophyll in PS II (Chi a/b ratio-1.4) and a peptide of Mr 12,000–13,000. It was also distinguished by its relatively high xanthophyll content. It was suggested that LHC IIe might play a photoprotective role rather than a light-harvesting one due to its below unit stoichiometry when compared to the other minor LHC II pigment-proteins, and its high xanthophyll content. This study is a continuation of the work on LHC Ile.
High-accuracy non-gradient optimiser by vectorised iterative discrete approximation and single-GPU computing

High-accuracy optimiser is the success of resolution-sensitive applications such as computational finance and scientific computing. However, if the cost function is complicated with a large number of peaks, it is computationally expensive for the optimiser to reach high-accuracy and to satisfy the needs of these applications. In this paper, by the novel idea of single-GPU-based iterative discrete approximation, we develop a high-accuracy non-gradient optimiser, iterative discrete approximation Monte Carlo search single-GPU IDA-MCS, with the style of single instruction multiple data by CUDA 5.0, and we illustrate the performance of the algorithm by finding the optimum of a cost function up to hundreds of peaks. Computational results show that the accuracy of optima from a single-GPU IDA-MCS with ten iterations and 104 elements is significantly higher than the conventional method Monte Carlo search with 1,000 iterations and 108 elements. Computational results also show that, by the same number of iterations and elements, the accuracy of a single-GPU IDA-MCS is higher than weighted discrete approximation Monte Carlo search.
Fenestration of bone flap during decompressive craniotomy for subdural hematoma

Background Persistent/recurrent extra-axial hemorrhage may occur after decompression of a subdural hematoma (SDH) followed by an immediate replacement of bone flap. A fenestration of the bone flap may encourage extra-axial fluid absorption; however, the literature has not explored this technique. Methods Forty-four consecutive patients who underwent surgical decompression of SDH with immediate replacement of bone flap were divided into two groups: Fenestration (F), n = 33, and no fenestration (NF), n = 11. Fenestration involves placement of twist drill holes 1-2 cm apart throughout the bone flap. Clinical data (age, sex, history of antiplatelet/anticoagulation [AA], and presence of drains) were collected. The size of bone flap, postoperative volume, and midline shift (MLS) were measured. A univariate analysis was performed for continuous variables; Fisher's exact test was performed for categorical variables. Results For postoperative volume, NF group exhibited 94.4 ± 15.5 cm(3), while F group exhibited 47.3 ± 15.5 cm(3) (P = 0.04); no AA exhibited 62.9 ± 12.3 cm(3), while AA exhibited 100.5 ± 19.0 cm(3) (P = 0.07); no drains exhibited 110.1 ± 29.6 cm(3), while drains exhibited 63.0 ± 9.1 cm(3) (P = 0.14). For postoperative MLS, NF group exhibited 4.8 ± 1.1 mm, while F group exhibited 2.5 ± 1.1 mm (P = 0.16); no AA exhibited 2.3 ± 1.0 mm, while AA exhibited 5.8 ± 1.4 mm (P = 0.048); no drains exhibited 4.6 ± 2.2 mm, while drains exhibited 3.8 ± 0.7 mm (P = 0.70). Accounting for fenestration status and AA status: For F group, AA status did not correlate with postoperative volume or MLS significantly; for NF group, history of AA exhibited higher postoperative value 129.2 ± 26.5 cm(3), compared to no history of AA at 59.5 ± 16.2 cm(3) (P = 0.03). Conclusion Our results suggest that fenestration prior to the immediate replacement of bone flap after surgical decompression of SDH has the potential to reduce extra-axial fluid accumulation.
Interaction of the Stubble-stubbloid locus and the Broad-complex of Drosophila melanogaster.

The 2B5 region on the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster forms an early ecdysone puff at the end of the third instar. The region is coextensive with a complex genetic locus, the Broad-Complex (BR-C). The BR-C is a regulatory gene that contains two major functional domains, the br domain and the l(1)2Bc domain. BR-C mutants prevent metamorphosis, including morphogenesis of imaginal discs; br mutants prevent elongation and eversion of appendages and l(1)2Bc mutants prevent fusion of the discs. The Stubble-stubbloid (Sb-sbd) locus at 89B9-10 is best known for the effects of its mutants on bristle structure. Mutants of the BR-C and the Sb-sbd locus interact to produce severe malformation of appendages. Viable heteroallelic and homoallelic combinations of Sb-sbd mutants, including loss-of-function mutants, affect the elongation of imaginal disc appendages. Thus, the Sb-sbd+ product is essential for normal appendage elongation. Sb-sbd mutants, however, do not affect eversion or fusion of discs. Correspondingly, only BR-C mutants deficient in br function interact with Sb-sbd mutants. The interaction occurs in deficiency heterozygotes using single, wild-type doses of the BR-C, of the Sb-sbd locus, or of both loci. These last results are formally consistent with the possibility that the BR-C acts as a positive regulator of the Sb-sbd locus. The data do not exclude other possible nonregulatory interactions between the two loci, e.g., interactions between the products of both genes.
A Core Design Study for a Small Modular Boiling Water Reactor with Long-Life Core

AbstractThis paper presents the core design and performance characteristics of the Novel Modular Reactor (NMR-50), a 50-MW(electric) small modular reactor. NMR-50 is a boiling water reactor with natural-circulation cooling and two layers of passive safety systems that enable the reactor to withstand prolonged station blackout and loss of ultimate heat sink accidents. The main goal in the core design is to achieve a long-life core (~10 years) without refueling for deployment in remote sites. Through assembly design studies with the CASMO-4 lattice code and coupled neutronics and thermal-hydraulic core analyses with the PARCS and RELAP5 codes, a preliminary NMR-50 core design has been developed to meet the 10-year cycle length with an average fuel enrichment of 4.75 wt% and a maximum enrichment of 5.0 wt%. The calculated fuel temperature coefficient and coolant void coefficient provide adequate negative reactivity feedbacks. The maximum fuel linear power density throughout the 10-year burn cycle is 18.7 kW/...
Anesthesia for off-floor dental and oral surgery.

Purpose of reviewAnesthesia for dentistry is commonly performed outside the operating room. The combination of a shared airway between surgeon and anesthetist, the variety of open airway techniques, and the out-of-operating room setting often results in anxiety and avoidance of dental cases among an
DRAWING MULTISETS OF BALLS FROM TENABLE BALANCED LINEAR URNS

We investigate the evolution of an urn of balls of two colors, where one chooses a pair of balls and observes rules of ball addition according to the outcome. A nonsquare ball addition matrix of the form $\left( \matrix{a & b \cr c & d \cr e & f}\right)$ corresponds to such a scheme, in contrast to polya urn models that possess a square ball addition matrix. We look into the case of constant row sum (the so-called balanced urns) and identify a linear case therein. Two cases arise in linear urns: the nondegenerate and the degenerate. Via martingales, in the nondegenerate case one gets an asymptotic normal distribution for the number of balls of any color. In the degenerate case, a simpler probability structure underlies the process. We mention in passing a heuristic for the average-case analysis for the general case of constant row sum.
Delayed Consistency Model for Distributed Interactive Systems with Real-Time Continuous Media

The advanced multimedia and high-speed networks make distributed interactive systems more promising and practical. These systems are distributed systems, which allow many clients located in different locations to concurrently explore and interact with each other. The systems can be built either in the local area network (LAN), or the wide area network (WAN), such as the Internet. Operations issued at one site are immediately executed at the local sites for a good response time, and are propagated to other sites. One of the challenging issues raised in the systems is consistency maintenance. Such issue in the discrete interactive media has been studied in many literatures. However, the consistency maintenance scheme for discrete interactive media is not suitable for continuous media domain. This paper illustrates a consistency problem in continuous interactive media by a simple example. The absolute consistency model, a strong requirement, is suitable for LAN and results in a bad responsiveness in WAN. To make the model more practical for WAN, a new consistency model, named delayed consistency model (DCM), is proposed. In this model, if an operation on an object x is issued at site i, every site is required to execute the operation at a specified time. The essential idea behind the proposed model is that other sites are enforced to update the state at a certain amount of time later than site i does. Thus, other sites will finally view the same state of x as that of site i. The DCM model is flexible, since it is unnecessary for all sites to have the identical delayed time. In case that the system is based on a real-time network, another advantage of the model is providing the real-time network scheduling with important timing parameters.
7 GROWTH HORMONE INCREASES THE EXPRESSION OF THE P85α SUBUNIT OF PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE IN 3T3-L1 CELLS.

Insulin resistance is associated with many physiological conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, pregnancy, and excess growth hormone (GH). The mechanism of insulin resistance, however, is poorly understood. Recent studies have identified phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase as a signaling molecule involved in this process. Specifically, GH has been shown to trigger insulin resistance and to enhance the expression of the p85α regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase in skeletal muscle. This study explores the hypothesis that GH directly causes insulin resistance by increasing p85α protein level. 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes were treated with recombinant rat GH (rrGH). The protein level of p85α in whole cell lysate was measured by Western blotting. The data demonstrated that rrGH directly increases the expression of p85α in a dose-dependent manner in the 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Furthermore, rrGH does not seem to influence the protein level of the p110 catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase.
Consumer Decision-Making in Modern Muslim Households

We examine the roles of husbands and wives in contemporary Muslim households in Turkey. In contrast to a widely-held assumption that Muslim husbands are the family decision-makers, we find many shared decisions. The nature of the family structure–nuclear or extended–also appears to be related to shared vs. gender-specific decisions.
Implementing speed and separation monitoring in collaborative robot workcells

We provide an overview and guidance for the speed and separation monitoring methodology as presented in the International Organization of Standardization's technical specification 15066 on collaborative robot safety. Such functionality is provided by external, intelligent observer systems integrated into a robotic workcell. The SSM minimum protective distance function equation is discussed in detail, with consideration for the input values, implementation specifications, and performance expectations. We provide analytical analyses and test results of the current equation, discuss considerations for implementing SSM in human-occupied environments, and provide directions for technological advancements toward standardization. An overview of the speed and separation monitoring from ISO TS 15,066 is presented.Thoughts for integrators and end users are provided to illustrate factors that impact safety.Provisions for verification and validation of robot system functionality are given.Results from physical and simulation trials are presented to demonstrate functionality and integration considerations.Alternative interpretations and representations of system parameters are discussed.
Sharpening the intangibles edge

Intangible assets--patents and know-how, brands, a skilled workforce, strong customer relationships, software, unique processes and organizational designs, and the like--generate most of a company's growth and shareholder value. Yet extensive research indicates that investors systematically misprice the shares of intangibles-intensive enterprises. Clearly, overpricing wastes capital. But underpricing raises the cost of capital, hamstringing executives in their efforts to take advantage of further growth opportunities. How do you break this vicious cycle? By generating better information about your investments in intangibles, and by disclosing at least some of that data to the capital markets. Getting at that information is easier said than done, however. There are no markets generating visible prices for intellectual capital, brands, or human capital to assist investors in correctly valuing intangibles-intensive companies. And current accounting practices lump funds spent on intangibles with general expenses, so that investors and executives don't even know how much is being invested in them, let alone what a return on those investments might be. At the very least, companies should break out the amounts spent on intangibles and disclose them to the markets. More fundamentally, executives should start thinking of intangibles not as costs but as assets, so that they are recognized as investments whose returns are identified and monitored. The proposals laid down in this article are only a beginning, the author stresses. Corporations and accounting bodies should make systematic efforts to develop information that can reliably reflect the unique attributes of intangible assets. The current serious misallocations of resources should be incentive enough for businesses to join--and even lead--such developments.
Instrumentation design for adaptive SPECT/CT

We are developing instrumentation for adaptive multimodality imaging, a form of non-linear optimization where imaging parameters are automatically adjusted in response to the object. We have designed and built an adaptive, helical-scan cone-beam x-ray CT system suitable for small-animal studies and are retrofitting one of our existing FastSPECT systems to add adaptive capabilities. We discuss the system designs and how adaptive strategies can provide an increase in performance on various medical imaging tasks relative to current imaging procedures.
A Two-Dimensional Framework for Evaluating Teachers’ Technology Adoption

When describing teachers’ adoption of new technology, existing conceptual models tend to focus on a single dimension, either quantitative, such as the frequency or amount of technology use, or qualitative, such as the way in which a given technology influences teachers’ instructional practices. Such one-dimensional approaches can fail to adequately describe similarities and differences in technology adoption between teachers. In this chapter, we describe a conceptual framework for teacher technology adoption that incorporates two dimensions: a quantitative description of technology adoption and a qualitative description of technology adoption. Then, apply this framework to data from a year-long mixed-methods study of Earth science teachers in the Denver Public Schools district who adopted a new Web-based instructional planning system called the Curriculum Customization Service. Our findings suggest that this two-dimensional framework offers useful insights for those seeking to evaluate not only “how much” or “how frequently” teachers adopt a new technology but also how a new technology relates to teachers’ instructional practices.
Bimetallic Nanoparticles with Exotic Facet Structures via Iodide‐Assisted Reduction of Palladium

Iodide is arguably the most challenging halide to control as a shape-directing additive in metal nanoparticle synthesis and the addition of iodide during bimetallic nanoparticle growth often leads to inhomogeneously stellated products. Through judicious control of low micromolar concentrations of iodide ions in solution in a seed-mediated approach, alloyed gold–palladium tetradecapod nanoparticles have been synthesized with a mixture of both well-defined convex and concave surfaces. Notably, these particles are uniform and symmetrical, and this unusual combination of convex and concave features in a single nanostructure is not simply an artifact of intersecting spikes, as would be the case with stellated particles. Further, an important new role for iodide in catalyzing the reduction of palladium ions is identified, particularly at the edge sites of the growing gold nanoparticles. This differs from the commonly accepted theory that iodide slows metal ion reduction, and thus opens up promising new routes to the synthesis of other bimetallic nanoparticles with exotic shapes and surface structures.
Phase I study combining MLN8237 with nab-paclitaxel in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

2553Background: MLN8237 is a potent Aurora A kinase inhibitor which synergizes with paclitaxel in preclinical studies for various solid malignancies. Methods: We conducted a two-part, phase 1 study...
Alternative direct stem cell derivatives defined by stem cell location and graded Wnt signalling

Adult stem cells provide a renewable source of differentiated cells for a wide variety of tissues and generally give rise to multiple cell types. Basic principles of stem cell organization and regulation underlying this behaviour are emerging. Local niche signals maintain stem cells, while different sets of signals act outside the niche to diversify initially equivalent stem cell progeny. Here we show that Drosophila ovarian follicle stem cells (FSCs) produced two distinct cell types directly. This cell fate choice was determined by the anterior-posterior position of an FSC and by the magnitude of spatially graded Wnt pathway activity. These findings reveal a paradigm of immediate diversification of stem cell derivatives according to stem cell position within a larger population, guided by a graded niche signal. We also found that FSCs strongly resemble mammalian intestinal stem cells in many aspects of their organization, including population asymmetry and dynamic heterogeneity.
Quantifying indirect groundwater-mediated effects of urbanization on agroecosystem productivity using MODFLOW-AgroIBIS (MAGI), a complete critical zone model

Abstract Sustainably accommodating future population growth and meeting global food requirements requires understanding feedbacks between ecosystems and belowground hydrological processes. Here, we introduce MODFLOW-AgroIBIS (MAGI), a new dynamic ecosystem model including groundwater flow, and use MAGI to explore the indirect impacts of land use change (urbanization) on landscape-scale agroecosystem productivity (corn yield). We quantify the degree to which urbanization can indirectly impact yield in surrounding areas by changing the amount of groundwater recharge locally and the water table dynamics at landscape scales. We find that urbanization can cause increases or decreases in yield elsewhere, with changes up to approximately +/− 40% under the conditions simulated due entirely to altered groundwater-land surface interactions. Our results indicate that land use change in upland areas has the largest impact on water table depth over the landscape. However, there is a spatial mismatch between areas with the largest water table response to urbanization elsewhere (upland areas) and locations with the strongest yield response to urbanization elsewhere (midslope areas). This mismatch arises from differences in baseline water table depth prior to urbanization. Yield response to urbanization in lowland areas is relatively localized despite large changes to the vertical water balance due to stabilizing ecohydrological feedbacks between root water uptake and lateral groundwater flow. These results demonstrate that hydrological impacts of land use change can propagate through subsurface flow to indirectly impact surrounding ecosystems, and these subsurface connections should be considered when planning land use at a landscape scale to avoid negative outcomes associated with land use change.
Sciatic Nerve Injury After Proximal Hamstring Avulsion and Repair

Background:Muscle bellies of the hamstring muscles are intimately associated with the sciatic nerve, putting the sciatic nerve at risk of injury associated with proximal hamstring avulsion. There a...
Input from the medial geniculate nucleus modulates amygdala encoding of fear memory discrimination

Generalization of fear can involve abnormal responding to cues that signal safety and is common in people diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Differential auditory fear conditioning can be used as a tool to measure changes in fear discrimination and generalization. Most prior work in this area has focused on elevated amygdala activity as a critical component underlying generalization. The amygdala receives input from auditory cortex as well as the medial geniculate nucleus (MgN) of the thalamus, and these synapses undergo plastic changes in response to fear conditioning and are major contributors to the formation of memory related to both safe and threatening cues. The requirement for MgN protein synthesis during auditory discrimination and generalization, as well as the role of MgN plasticity in amygdala encoding of discrimination or generalization, have not been directly tested. GluR1 and GluR2 containing AMPA receptors are found at synapses throughout the amygdala and their expression is persistently up-regulated after learning. Some of these receptors are postsynaptic to terminals from MgN neurons. We found that protein synthesis-dependent plasticity in MgN is necessary for elevated freezing to both aversive and safe auditory cues, and that this is accompanied by changes in the expressions of AMPA receptor and synaptic scaffolding proteins (e.g., SHANK) at amygdala synapses. This work contributes to understanding the neural mechanisms underlying increased fear to safety signals after stress.
An Unusual Cause of Vertigo and Syncope: A Case Report

A 72-year-old woman with recurrent bouts of vertigo and syncope was found to have a glomus tympanicum tumor. Surgical removal of this tumor resulted in complete symptom resolution. This report summarizes the presentation, workup, treatment, and clinical significance of this case when dealing with these presenting symptoms.
Enhancing pulmonary function in women with lymphangioleiomyomatosis through exercise training (VAC9P.1109)

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease affecting women almost exclusively. There is no cure for LAM and few treatment options other than immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. sirolimus, everolimus) exist. Rather than attempting to cure LAM, our lab is focused on reversing declines in pulmonary function through aerobic exercise training. A total of 11 patients are enrolled (age from 27 to 59). Following initial assessments of pulmonary function testing, exercise capacity, and bone mineral density, patients underwent individualized, supervised exercise training (2d/wk). Every 3mo patients were reassessed for changes in the above measures. All patients improved in exercise tolerance (time to fatigue, increased work capacity) and in oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) following training. Most patients showed an improvement in pulmonary function measures (FEV 1 , FEV 1 /FVC) and in bone mineral density, both whole body and lumbar vertebrae. FVC increased in several patients. Anecdotally patients reported improvements in daily living tasks (energy levels, decreased dyspnea upon exertion) and quality of life measures (lower levels of depression, greater outlook on life, improved overall mood). This is the first non-drug intervention to show improvements in pulmonary function in this patient population. Although this study is not yet complete, preliminary results suggest that exercise training only two days per week can result in substantial improvements in patients with LAM.
Computational thinking’s influence on research and education for all

Computer science has produced, at an astonishing and breathtaking pace, amazing technology that has transformed our lives with profound economic and societal impact. In the course of the past ten years, we have come to realize that computer science offers not just useful software and hardware artifacts, but also an intellectual framework for thinking, what I call “computational thinking”. Everyone can benefit from thinking computationally. My grand vision is that computational thinking will be a fundamental skill—just like reading, writing, and arithmetic—used by everyone by the middle of the 21st Century.
Internal structure of the San Jacinto fault zone in the trifurcation area southeast of Anza, California, from data of dense seismic arrays

We image the internal structure of the San Jacinto fault zone (SJFZ) in the trifurcation area southeast of Anza, California, with seismic records from dense linear and rectangular arrays. The examined data include recordings from more than 20 000 local earthquakes and nine teleseismic events. Automatic detection algorithms and visual inspection are used to identify P and S body waves, along with P- and S-types fault zone trapped waves (FZTW). The location at depth of the main branch of the SJFZ, the Clark fault, is identified from systematic waveform changes across lines of sensors within the dense rectangular array. Delay times of P arrivals from teleseismic and local events indicate damage asymmetry across the fault, with higher damage to the NE, producing a local reversal of the velocity contrast in the shallow crust with respect to the large-scale structure. A portion of the damage zone between the main fault and a second mapped surface trace to the NE generates P- and S-types FZTW. Inversions of high-quality S-type FZTW indicate that the most likely parameters of the trapping structure are width of ∼70 m, S-wave velocity reduction of 60 per cent, Q value of 60 and depth of ∼2 km. The local reversal of the shallow velocity contrast across the fault with respect to large-scale structure is consistent with preferred propagation of earthquake ruptures in the area to the NW.
New Instrumental Approaches to Fast Electro-Chemistry at Ultramicroelectrodes

The advent of ultramicroelectrodes has opened up the possibility of performing electrochemical kinetic measurements conveniently on timescales of nanoseconds. Thus, it should become possible to resolve fast kinetic events in electrode processes that could only be surmised on the basis of conventional measurements in the millisecond or high microsecond domains. The fast kinetic methods used in homogeneous chemistry, such as pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis, have already demonstrated that many chemical steps proceed in the picosecond, nanosecond, and low microsecond regimes. Among them are examples of certain importance to electrochemistry, including electron transfers, proton transfers, ejections of leaving groups, ligand exchanges, and isomerizations. By and large, electrochemistry has been blind to chemistry on these timescales and has suffered from a relative inability to define the mechanisms of electrode processes as a consequence.
Style Matters: The Life-Worlds of Ancient Literature

Positing first that the history of literature, like the history of any art, is a history of style, this paper attempts to develop an ontological theory of style, in which style becomes the means whereby artist and audience share in a way of experiencing the world as a whole, as a “life-world” of connected existential possibilities. The history of literature and art therefore constitute, from this perspective, a history of the ways in which we as humans have experienced “being-in-the-world,” as my closing comparative analysis of Homer and Herodotus in terms of Archaic and Classical Greek statuary and philosophy attempts to show.
Performance modeling of pipelined linear algebra architectures on FPGAs

The potential design space of FPGA accelerators is very large. The factors that define the performance of a particular implementation include the architecture design, number of pipelines, and memory bandwidth. In this paper we present a mathematical model that, based on these factors, predicts the computation time of pipelined FPGA accelerators. This model can be used to quickly explore the design space without any implementation or simulation. We evaluate the model, its usefulness, and ability to identify the bottlenecks and improve performance. Being the core of many compute-intensive applications, linear algebra computations are the main contributors to their total execution time. Hence, five relevant linear algebra computations are selected, analyzed, and the accuracy of the model is validated against implemented designs.
Two algorithms of the fundamental harmonic complex RMS value calculation

This paper discusses two algorithms for the complex rms valueX1 of the fundamental harmonic of the nonsinusoidal quantities calculation which are much more computationally effective than the traditional FFT algorithms. They mitigate, moreover, the requirement regarding the sampling rate of the A/D converters as compared with the method suggested by Sawicki in [4]. One of these algorithms is based on the DFT direct calculation, the second applies the cyclic convolution. The paper shows also how to evaluate the aliasing error and the error caused by the lack of the sampling frequency synchronization with the frequency of the sampled quantity.
Picturing Weismannism: A Case Study of Conceptual Evolution

The problem of analyzing conceptual change in science has been substantially refined since its introduction by logical empiricists, particularly Karl Popper, and its radical critique by Kuhn. Recently, philosophers of biology have added to the growing wealth of conceptions of change through their studies of evolutionary biology. Those who study evolutionary theory recognize it as a very broad framework in which to characterize dynamic processes. Moreover, there have been numerous attempts to generalize evolutionary theories beyond organic adaptation to explain the origin of life (Eigen et al. 1981), the origin of moral systems (Darwin 1871), the development of reasoning faculties (Campbell 1965, 1974), the origin and spread of culture (e.g., Boyd and Richerson 1985), as well as the dynamics of scientific communities and conceptual systems (e.g., Toulmin 1972; Hull 1975, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988; Richards 1977; 1981; see Bradie 1986 for a recent review).
Unresolved Mathematical Issues in Coating Flow Mechanics

A coating flow is a fluid flow that is used for covering a surface area. It is associated, for example, with application of paint by brush or roller, withdrawing a flat sheet or web immersed in paint bath, passing a web between two rollers, one of which has previously been coated with the coating fluid, etc. Examples of coating flows used in industry are diagrammed in Figure 3.1. In rimming flow a limited amount of liquid is put inside a tube or cylinder to be coated, which is oriented horizontally and spun about its axis so that the liquid forms a continuous film covering the outer rim. In dip coating there is the complication of upstream inflow and downstream outflow. In the other coating flows additional complications arise due to contact lines in the film-forming zones; the flow boundary comes in in contact with the fixed boundary, and the behavior of the flow lines near such contact points is not fully understood. This topic remains an active area of research in coating flows.
Teaching with the GridWorld case study

Case studies expose students to large programs, enabling them to understand the importance of design and good programming style while encouraging teamwork and active learning. While there are some excellent sources of good programming examples, most are not at the CS-1 level. Creating an appropriate program to illustrate the key ideas of CS-1 is one of the largest obstacles. Fortunately, there are some existing case studies which can be used. The AP Computer Science curriculum has used case studies since 1995 and performance on case study exam questions shows a significantly smaller score difference between males and females than non-case study questions. Beginning this year, the AP CS curriculum includes the GridWorld Case Study. The first portion of the workshop will introduce the participants to the GridWorld environment allowing them to explore GridWorld through a series of guided activities which demonstrate inheritance and class interaction. During the second portion of the workshop participants will be shown examples of how the GridWorld Case Study can be used in a typical Computer Science 1 course.
A New Linkage between the Tumor Suppressor RKIP and Autophagy: Targeted Therapeutics

The complexities of molecular signaling in cancer cells have been hypothesized to mediate cross-network alterations of oncogenic processes such as uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation, acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, and resistance to cytotoxic therapies. The two biochemically exclusive processes/proteins examined in the present review are the metastasis suppressor Raf-1 kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) and the cell-intrinsic system of macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy). RKIP is poorly expressed in human cancer tissues, and low expression levels are correlated with high incidence of tumor growth, metastasis, poor treatment efficacy, and poor prognoses in cancer patients. By comparison, autophagy is a conserved cytoprotective degradation pathway that has been shown to influence the acquisition of resistance to hypoxia and nutrient depletion as well as the regulation of chemo-immuno-resistance and apoptotic evasion. Evidently, a broad library of cancer-relevant studies exists for RKIP and autophagy, although reports of the interactions between pathways involving RKIP and autophagy have been relatively sparse. To circumvent this limitation, the coordinate regulatory and effector mechanisms were examined for both RKIP and autophagy. Here, we propose three putative pathways that demonstrate the inherent pleiotropism and relevance of RKIP and the microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3, LC3) on cell growth, proliferation, senescence, and EMT, among the hallmarks of cancer. Our findings suggest that signaling modules involving p53, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and Snail highlight the novel roles for RKIP in the control of autophagy and vice versa. The suggested potential crosstalk mechanisms are new areas of research in which to further study RKIP and autophagy in cancer models. These should lead to novel prognostic motifs and will provide alternative therapeutic strategies for the treatment of unresponsive aggressive cancer types.
Weight loss reduces dyspnea on exertion and unpleasantness of dyspnea in obese men.

Abstract We hypothesized that weight loss would ameliorate dyspnea on exertion (DOE) and feelings of unpleasantness related to the DOE in obese men. Eighteen men (34 ± 7yr, 35 ± 4 kg/m2 BMI, mean ± SD) participated in a 12-week weight loss program. Body composition, pulmonary function, cardiorespiratory measures, DOE, and unpleasantness (visual analog scale) were assessed before and after weight loss. Subjects were grouped by Ratings of Perceived Breathlessness (RPB, Borg 0–10 scale) during submaximal cycling: Ten men rated RPB ≥ 4 (+DOE), eight rated RPB ≤ 2 (–DOE). Subjects lost 10.3 ± 5.6 kg (9.2 ± 4.5%) of body weight (n = 18). RPB during submaximal cycling was significantly improved in both groups (+DOE: 4.1 ± 0.3–2.8 ± 1.1; –DOE: 1.3 ± 0.7 to 0.8 ± 0.6, p V ˙ O2, V ˙ E) were decreased similarly in both groups (p 0.05). Moderate weight loss appears to be an effective option to ameliorate DOE and unpleasantness related to DOE in obese men.
The Influence of Gravity Waves on the Slope of the Kinetic Energy Spectrum in Simulations of Idealized Midlatitude Cyclones

AbstractThe influence of gravity waves generated by surface stress and by topography on the atmospheric kinetic energy (KE) spectrum is examined using idealized simulations of a cyclone growing in ...
Targeting sickle cell disease root-cause pathophysiology with small molecules

The complex, frequently devastating, multi-organ pathophysiology of sickle cell disease has a single root cause: polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin. A logical approach to disease modification is, therefore, to interdict this root cause. Ideally, such interdiction would utilize small molecules that are practical and accessible for worldwide application. Two types of such small molecule strategies are actively being evaluated in the clinic. The first strategy intends to shift red blood cell precursor hemoglobin manufacturing away from sickle hemoglobin and towards fetal hemoglobin, which inhibits sickle hemoglobin polymerization by a number of mechanisms. The second strategy intends to chemically modify sickle hemoglobin directly in order to inhibit its polymerization. Important lessons have been learnt from the pre-clinical and clinical evaluations to date. Open questions remain, but this review summarizes the valuable experience and knowledge already gained, which can guide ongoing and future efforts for molecular mechanism-based, practical and accessible disease modification of sickle cell disease.
Thermoset Polymers for Bioelectronic Interfaces - Engineering of Thermomechanical Properties

In this work, we present three compositions of thiol-click polymers engineered to soften at various degrees upon implantation into the living body. Dynamic mechanical analysis has been used to assess the softening process and the storage modulus under simulated physiological conditions. In detail, we present polymers that are engineered to soften under physiological conditions within 10 to 20 minutes from 1.7-2.5 GPa to 1.7 GPa, 800 MPa, or 20 MPa, dependent on their composition. Critical material parameters such as the glass transition temperature and the cross-link density can be tuned by the choice of monomers and their relative proportions within the pre-polymer solution, as well as by the specific curing conditions used in the polymerization process. Because these polymers are used as substrate material for bioelectronic interfaces, we also present their electrical properties under simulated physiological conditions. For this, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to assess dielectric constant and electrical resistivity. Typical relative permittivity of our compositions ranges from 4 to 6, while volume resistivity ranges from 10E10 to 10E13 Ohm*m, both measured at 37 ° C temperature in phosphate buffered saline solution. We discuss the results in the perspective of building functional electrical circuits on the presented polymer substrates.
“That’s Not Funny!” Identity and the organization of interaction on USA entertainment-political interviews

Abstract Late-night talk shows have become a central venue for political communication in the U.S.A. In these interviews, entertainment and politics are both used and therefore we name them Entertainment-Political Interviews (EPIs). While research on such shows generally assumes that the EPI is a hybrid discourse, crafting entertainment and politics into one coherent discourse, this assumption has not been empirically justified. Using membership categorization analysis (MCA) to study how the participants self-categorize in the EPI, we illustrate how they orient to political and entertainment talk. First, by applying Sacks’ (1972) hearer’s maxim to its fullest extent, entertainment and politics are identified as independently foundational devices for the EPI. Second, only one of these devices is relevant at a time to shape a turn at talk. Third, still, each device is continuously relevant to the participants. Thus, the understanding of the activity is based on the separation of the device of politics and of entertainment. Therefore, we argue, the EPI does not result in a hybrid device with a hybrid form of talk, but rather, participants alternate between politics and entertainment.
Identification of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Fsp) Responsive Genes in Pisum sativum.

Pisum sativum (pea) is rapidly emerging as an inexpensive and major contributor to the plant-derived protein market. Due to its nitrogen-fixation capability, short life cycle, and low water usage, pea is a useful cover-and-break crop that requires minimal external inputs. It is critical for sustainable agriculture and indispensable for future food security. Root rot in pea, caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Fsp), can result in a 15-60% reduction in yield. It is urgent to understand the molecular basis of Fsp interaction in pea to develop root rot tolerant cultivars. A complementary genetics and gene expression approach was undertaken in this study to identify Fsp-responsive genes in four tolerant and four susceptible pea genotypes. Time course RNAseq was performed on both sets of genotypes after Fsp challenge. Analysis of the transcriptome data resulted in the identification of 42,905 differentially expressed contigs (DECs). Interestingly, the vast majority of DECs were overexpressed in the susceptible genotypes at all sampling time points, rather than in the tolerant genotypes. Gene expression and GO enrichment analyses revealed genes coding for receptor-mediated endocytosis, sugar transporters, salicylic acid synthesis and signaling, and cell death were overexpressed in the susceptible genotypes. In the tolerant genotypes, genes involved in exocytosis, and secretion by cell, the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, as well as the DRR230 gene, a pathogenesis-related (PR) gene, were overexpressed. The complementary genetic and RNAseq approach has yielded a set of potential genes that could be targeted for improved tolerance against root rot in P. sativum. Fsp challenge produced a futile transcriptomic response in the susceptible genotypes. This type of response is hypothesized to be related to the speed at which the pathogen infestation advances in the susceptible genotypes, and the preexisting level of disease-preparedness in the tolerant genotypes.
A fully Bayesian approach to sparse reduced-rank multivariate regression:

In the context of high-dimensional multivariate linear regression, sparse reduced-rank regression (SRRR) provides a way to handle both variable selection and low-rank estimation problems. Although ...
Calling for Cultural Humility in Ballet Academies and Companies: A Complementary Construct to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives

Matters of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are becoming the mandate for multiple facets of American society—from corporate businesses, to higher education, to cosmetic and fashion industries...
Synthesis, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation of novel N-phenylindazolyl diarylureas as potential anti-cancer agents

Novel N-phenylindazole based diarylureas have been designed, synthesized and evaluated as potential anticancer agents. In vitro cell viability studies of these derivatives illustrate good potency with IC50 values in the range of 0.4–50 μM in several cancer cell lines including murine metastatic breast cancer 4T1, murine glioblastoma GL261, human triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231, human pancreatic cancer MIAPaCa-2, and human colorectal cancer cell line WiDr. The ester group in the lead compound 8i was modified to incorporate amino-amides to increase solubility and stability while retaining biological activity. Further in vitro studies reveal that lead candidates inhibit tube length in HUVEC cells. In vivo systemic toxicity studies indicate that these candidate compounds are well tolerated in mice without any significant side effects. Anticancer efficacy studies in WiDr tumor xenograft and 4T1 tumor syngraft models demonstrate that the lead candidate 11 exhibits significant antitumor properties as a single agent in these tumor models.
A Semiotic Theory of Theology and Philosophy

Preface 1. The paradox of 'nature' and psychosemiosis 2. The sign vehicle and its pathways 3. World semiosis and the evolution of meaning References Index.
Increasing shrub damage by invertebrate herbivores in the warming and drying tundra of West Greenland.

Rapid warming is predicted to increase insect herbivory across the tundra biome, yet how this will impact the community and ecosystem dynamics remains poorly understood. Increasing background invertebrate herbivory could impede Arctic greening, by serving as a top–down control on tundra vegetation. Many tundra ecosystems are also susceptible to severe insect herbivory outbreaks which can have lasting effects on vegetation communities. To explore how tundra-insect herbivore systems respond to warming, we measured shrub traits and foliar herbivory damage at 16 sites along a landscape gradient in western Greenland. Here we show that shrub foliar insect herbivory damage on two dominant deciduous shrubs, Salix glauca and Betula nana, was positively correlated with increasing temperatures throughout the first half of the 2017 growing season. We found that the majority of insect herbivory damage occurred in July, which was outside the period of rapid leaf expansion that occurred throughout most of June. Defoliators caused the most foliar damage in both shrub species. Additionally, insect herbivores removed a larger proportion of B. nana leaf biomass in warmer sites, which is due to a combination of increased foliar herbivory with a coinciding decline in foliar biomass. These results suggest that the effects of rising temperatures on both insect herbivores and host species are important to consider when predicting the trajectory of Arctic tundra shrub expansion.
The role of structure in dietary approaches for the treatment of pediatric overweight and obesity: A critical review.

A multicomponent approach for the treatment of pediatric overweight/obesity, which includes behavioral strategies to alter diet and physical activity/sedentary behavior, has graded recommendations for its use. Dietary interventions to be used within this approach do not. In adults, research indicates that strongly graded dietary interventions providing greater structure (or more control over the types/amount of food consumed) produce better weight outcomes. For this critical review, dietary interventions recommended by the Expert Committee for the treatment of pediatric overweight/obesity were categorized according to their potential degree of dietary structure, and their impact on weight outcomes was described. Four levels of dietary structure were reviewed, operationalized as alterations to the following: food groups, such as fruits and vegetables (low structure); daily eating occasions, such as meals (moderate structure); large nutrients, such as energy (high structure); and energy plus additional dietary alterations (very high structure). In total, 24 interventions (four low, three moderate, five high, and 12 very high structure structure) were identified and reviewed. Reductions in standardized body mass index increased with increasing structure, and interventions ≥6 months had better outcomes than interventions <6 months. Future research should empirically test dietary intervention structure to determine its impact on weight status during pediatric overweight/obesity treatment.