cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared Spectroscopy of Interphases Between Model Rubber Compounds and Plasma Polymerized Acetylene Films

Abstract Thin (∼ 750 A) plasma polymerized films of acetylene deposited onto polished steel substrates are promising primers for rubber-to-metal bonding. The as-deposited films contained mono- and di-substituted acetylene groups, aromatic groups, and groups such as carbonyl which apparently resulted from reaction of residual free radicals with oxygen when the films were exposed to the atmosphere. There was some evidence for formation of acetylides in the interphase between the films and the substrates. Reactions occurring in the interphase between the plasma polymerized films and natural rubber were simulated using a model “rubber” consisting of a mixture of squalene, zinc oxide, carbon black, sulfur, stearic acid, diaryl-p-diphenyleneamine, and N, N-dicyclohexyl-benzothiazole sulfenamide (DCBS). It was found that zinc oxide reacted with stearic acid to form zinc stearate in the interphase between squalene and the plasma polymerized acetylene primer. Zinc stearate reacted with DCBS and sulfur to form an a...
Time‐dependent solutions of viscous incompressible flows in moving co‐ordinates

A time-accurate solution method for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in generalized moving coordinates is presented. A finite-volume discretization method that satisfies the geometric conservation laws for time-varying computational cells is used. The discrete equations are solved by a fractional-step solution procedure. The solution is second-order-accurate in space and first-order-accurate in time. The pressure and the volume fluxes are chosen as the unknowns to facilitate the formulation of a consistent Poisson equation and thus to obtain a robust Poisson solver with favorable convergence properties. The method is validated by comparing the solutions with other numerical and experimental results. Good agreement is obtained in all cases.
A cross-ecosystem comparison of the strength of trophic cascades

Although trophic cascades (indirect effects of predators on plants via herbivores) occur in a wide variety of food webs, the magnitudes of their effects are often quite variable. We compared the responses of herbivore and plant communities to predator manipulations in 102 field experiments in six different ecosystems: lentic ( lake and pond), marine, and stream benthos, lentic and marine plankton, and terrestrial (grasslands and agricultural fields). Predator effects varied considerably among systems and were strongest in lentic and marine benthos and weakest in marine plankton and terrestrial food webs. Predator effects on herbivores were generally larger and more variable than on plants, suggesting that cascades often become attenuated at the plant‐ herbivore interface. Top-down control of plant biomass was stronger in water than on land; however, the differences among the five aquatic food webs were as great as those between wet and dry systems.
An experimental analysis of the effects of d-amphetamine and cocaine on the acquisition and performance of response chains in monkeys.

In one component of a multiple schedule of food presentation, monkeys acquired a different four-response chain each session by responding sequentially on three keys in the presence of four geometric forms (learning). In the other component, the four-response chain was the same each session (performance). Both d-amphetamine and cocaine, at the higher doses, disrupted the behavior in the learning component; the overall response rate decreased, the overall accuracy was impaired (i.e., percent errors increased), and there was less within-session error reduction. The performance component was generally less sensitive than the learning component to the disruptive effects of both drugs on rate and accuracy. After pre-feeding or during an extended session, the response rate decreased in both components, but accuracy was generally unaffected. When the four discriminative stimuli in both components were removed, the behavior was disrupted to a greater extent in the performance component. The disruptive effects of both drugs on behavior in the learning component were attenuated when the drugs were administered during the session after the response chain had been acquired. It was concluded that the greater sensitivity of the learning component to disruptive drug effects is related to the relatively weak stimulus control and/or the lower rate of reinforcement associated with that component.
No Effect of PTSD and Other Psychiatric Disorders on Cognitive Functioning in Veterans With Mild TBI

There has been speculation that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) superimposed on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) may have synergistic, negative effects on cognitive functioning. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in processing speed, executive functioning, and memory of 82 veterans with mTBI and PTSD, mTBI, and another psychiatric condition, or mTBI alone. It was hypothesized that there would be no group differences in cognitive performances. Participants completed the Trail Making Test, Stroop, Rey Complex Figure, and California Verbal Learning Test-2. There were no significant group differences on any cognitive measure. Findings suggest that PTSD and other psychiatric disorders do not necessarily have a negative exacerbating effect on processing speed, executive functioning, or memory in veterans with mTBI.
Two-phase emission detectors and their applications

Abstract A brief summary of R&D for two-phase emission detectors based on the extraction of ionisation electrons from condensed nonpolar dielectrics into the gas phase is presented. Preliminary results from tests of an emission detector filled with solid methane and gaseous neon are described. Possible applications of massive emission detectors are discussed.
Neurobiological Substrates of Dread

Given the choice of waiting for an adverse outcome or getting it over with quickly, many people choose the latter. Theoretical models of decision-making have assumed that this occurs because there is a cost to waiting—i.e., dread. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we measured the neural responses to waiting for a cutaneous electric shock. Some individuals dreaded the outcome so much that, when given a choice, they preferred to receive more voltage rather than wait. Even when no decision was required, these extreme dreaders were distinguishable from those who dreaded mildly by the rate of increase of neural activity in the posterior elements of the cortical pain matrix. This suggests that dread derives, in part, from the attention devoted to the expected physical response and not simply from fear or anxiety. Although these differences were observed during a passive waiting procedure, they correlated with individual behavior in a subsequent choice paradigm, providing evidence for a neurobiological link between the experienced disutility of dread and subsequent decisions about unpleasant outcomes.
STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND EVOLUTION OF THE OVIDUCTS OF SQUAMATE REPTILES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VIVIPARITY AND PLACENTATION

In lizards and snakes, the oviducts function in fertilization, sperm storage, egg transport, eggshell deposition, maintenance of the early embryo, and expulsion of the egg or fetus. In viviparous forms they also contribute to placentae responsible for gas exchange and nutrient provision to the fetus. Dissections of species of 30 genera coupled with data from the literature indicate that squamate oviducts vary interspecifically in seven macroscopic features, including the extent and nature of regional differentiation, vascular supply, topographic asymmetry, number of oviducts, vaginal pouches, and relationship to the cloaca. The uterus, infundibulum, and vagina differ histologically in their epithelia, glands, and myometrial layers. Season cyclicity occurs in all three oviductal regions, most prominently in the uterus, and is under endocrinological control. Regional and cytological specializations reflect the diverse functions performed by the oviduct. Definitive evidence for oviductal albumen production and egg resorption is lacking. In viviparous squamates, three uterine specializations may facilitate maternal-fetal gas exchange: an attenuated epithelium, reduced uterine glands (and a reduced shell membrane), and increased vascularization. Contrary to previous reports, pregnant uteri show no epithelial erosion or capillary exposure. Specializations for nutrient provision to the fetus include mucosal hypertrophy, enlarged glandular epithelia, and multicellular glands whose secretions are absorbed by the chorioallantois. Comparisons with other amniotes indicate that squamates inherited the oviduct as an organ with capabilities for egg uptake and transport, fertilization, eggshell deposition, and oviposition. Other features have evolved convergently among squamates: infundibular sperm receptacles, unilateral oviduct loss, uterine gestation, placentation, and specializations for placentotrophy. Cladistic analysis indicates that oviductal features associated with deposition of tertiary egg investments in reptiles reflect evolutionary convergence as well as secondary simplification, rather than a unidirectional trend towards increased specialization.
Alpha-fetoprotein-thymidine kinase-luciferase knockin mice: a novel model for dual modality longitudinal imaging of tumorigenesis in liver.

Background & Aims: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently a lethal disease and one of the few malignancies that is still increasing in incidence around the world. Better animal models are highly desired to investigate the molecular basis of HCC and to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Alpha-fetoprotein (Afp) gene is expressed in fetal liver, silenced soon after birth, and highly re-expressed in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). We aimed to take advantage of the dramatic re-expression of the Afp gene in HCC to develop a hepatocarcinogenesis reporter (HCR) mouse model for dual-modality, longitudinal in vivo imaging of liver tumor development, and progression. Methods: Knockin mice were established by placing a thymidine kinase (tk)–luciferase (luc) reporter gene cassette under the transcriptional control of the endogenous Afp promoter. DEN, a liver carcinogen, was used to induce liver tumors, which was monitored by both luc-based bioluminescent (BL) and tk-based positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Results: The expression profile of luc was identical to that of the endogenous Afp gene during development. As early as 2 months after the exposure to DEN, BLI revealed multifocal signals in the liver, long before the appearance of histologically apparent neoplastic lesions. By 6 months, BL and PET dual imaging showed strong signals in malignant HCC. By serendipity, a strong BL signal was also detected in adult testes, a previously unknown site of Afp expression. Conclusions: The HCR model enables longitudinal monitoring of liver tumor development and progression, providing a powerful tool in developing chemoprevention and therapeutic strategies for HCC. 2010 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published
Adapter Protein SH2B1β Cross-Links Actin Filaments and Regulates Actin Cytoskeleton

The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain-containing adapter protein SH2B1beta plays a role in severe obesity, leptin and insulin resistance, and infertility. SH2B1beta was initially identified as a Janus tyrosine kinase 2 (JAK2) substrate, and it has been implicated in cell motility and regulation of the actin rearrangement in response to GH and platelet-derived growth factor. SH2B1beta is also required for maximal actin-based motility of Listeria. Here we have used a low-speed pelleting assay and electron microscopy to demonstrate that SH2B1beta has two actin-binding sites and that it cross-links actin filaments in vitro. Wild-type SH2B1beta localized to cell ruffles and along filopodia, but deletion of amino acids 150-200 (the first actin-binding site) led to mislocalization of the protein to filopodia tip complexes where it colocalized with vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Based on studies performed in VASP-deficient MVD7(-/-) cells, with or without green fluorescent protein-VASP reconstitution, we concluded that the proper intracellular localization of native SH2B1beta required the presence of the first SH2B1beta actin-binding site and VASP. Finally, we found that both SH2B1beta actin-binding domains were required for maximal GH- and prolactin-induced cell ruffling. Together, these results suggest that SH2B1beta functions as an adapter protein that cross-links actin filaments, leading to modulation of cellular responses in response to JAK2 activation.
To what extent do geriatricians document the most bothersome symptoms of patients with advanced dementia

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether geriatricians documented the bothersome symptoms of patients with advanced dementia, proxy reports of the most-bothersome symptoms affecting those patients (as elicited in research interviews) were compared with what geriatricians who had seen those patients in a proximate clinic visit documented in the medical record. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Outpatient geriatrics clinic at the University of Chicago. PARTICPANTS: Fifty-seven pairs of patients with dementia (Functional Assessment Staging Tool stage 6 or 7) and their proxies. MEASUREMENTS: Clinic notes were reviewed for documentation of patients’ bothersome symptoms that proxies reported during research interviews. Proxy reports had been recorded in the previously established Palliative Excellence in Alzheimer Care Efforts database. RESULTS: The most-bothersome symptom was documented at least once in 84.2% (48/57) of clinic notes. The second-most-bothersome symptom was documented in 70.3% (26/37) of clinic notes. Most symptoms were documented in the Assessment and Plan section of the note. CONCLUSION: Geriatricians identified and documented the vast majority of bothersome symptoms, as reported by proxies, of patients with moderate to severe dementia. JA m Geriatr Soc 54:1563–1566, 2006.
Outbreaks Associated with Contaminated Antiseptics and Disinfectants

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that health care-associated infections account for an estimated 1.7 million infections, 99,000 deaths, and $4.5 billion in excess health care costs annually (16). The key interventions used to control health care-associated infections include surveillance (27, 33), isolation of patients with communicable diseases (26) or multidrug-resistant pathogens (81), proper skin antisepsis prior to invasive procedures and hand hygiene by health care workers (12), and appropriate disinfection and sterilization of medical devices and environmental surfaces (73, 75, 79). Multiple nosocomial outbreaks have resulted from inadequate antisepsis or disinfection. Inadequate skin antisepsis may result from a lack of intrinsic antimicrobial activity of the antiseptic, a resistant pathogen, overdilution of the antiseptic, or the use of a contaminated antiseptic. The inadequate disinfection of medical devices or environmental surfaces may result from a lack of intrinsic antimicrobial activity of the disinfectant, an incorrect choice of a disinfectant, a resistant pathogen, overdilution of the disinfectant, an inadequate duration of disinfection, a lack of contact between the disinfectant and the microbes, or the use of a contaminated disinfectant. Editorials have noted that contaminated antiseptics and disinfectants have been the occasional vehicles of hospital infections for more than 50 years (20, 72, 76). This paper concisely reviews nosocomial outbreaks associated with the use of a microbiologically contaminated germicide and focuses on the currently recommended germicides.
Eukaryotic Intracellular Relationships

Research in the biology of chloroplasts and mitochondria started with identification of the structures. As soon as the necessary biochemical and biophysical knowledge developed, the processes of photosynthesis and respiration began to be studied intensively. The main, and virtually the sole, questions in organelle biology then were: What do the mature organelles do for the cell and how do they do it?
Flushing and Urticarial Syndromes Presenting as Anaphylaxis

Flushing, urticaria, and angioedema are clinical findings that are commonly associated with anaphylaxis. Flushing can be quite dramatic but is less common in anaphylaxis than are urticaria and angioedema, symptoms that are commonly mentioned together as a single symptom,“urticaria/angioedema.” Differentiation of “dry flushing,” due to circulating agents acting directly on smooth muscle, from “wet flushing,” due to neurogenic triggers from the shared autonomic innervation of blood vessels and sweat glands, can be helpful in sorting out causes of flushing. Flushing may be idiopathic, but may also occur in conditions such as carcinoid syndrome (CS), mastocytosis, mast cell activation disorder (MCAD), pheochromocytoma, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT), icthyotoxicosis, and other conditions with symptoms that overlap those of anaphylaxis. Chronic urticaria can exist as an independent syndrome that does not commonly have anaphylactic features or signs. However, urticaria can also occur as one of the symptoms of an anaphylactic response. Cholinergic urticaria and cold urticaria are the two physical urticarias that are associated with anaphylaxis.
Pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis: role of airborne fungi and bacteria.

Traditionally, the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis was attributed to the persistence of bacterial infection and inflammation after acute sinusitis. Evidence suggests that immunologic stimuli, such as fungal antigens or bacterial superantigens, may lead to chronic inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. Research into the immune mechanisms of chronic rhinosinusitis is in its early stages. This article summarizes the understanding and controversies regarding the mechanism of chronic rhinosinusitis and identifies issues that need to be addressed by future studies.
Habitat selection by western snowy plovers during the nonbreeding season

ABSTRACT Conservation of rare populations requires managing habitat throughout the year, especially during winter when northern populations may be limited by food and predation. Consequently, we examined distribution of nonbreeding western snowy plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus), including individually marked birds that were year-round residents and others that were migrants, in coastal northern California. Over 2 years, banded plovers exhibited high site faithfulness, occupying small linear stretches of beach (752 ± 626 m). Sites occupied by plovers had more brown algae (e.g., Macrocystis, Nereocystis, Postelsia, and Fucus) and associated invertebrates (e.g., amphipods, and flies), were wider, and had less vegetation than unoccupied sites. Our findings suggest that wintering plovers select habitats with more food and where they could more easily detect predators. Maintaining habitat with attributes that support abundant food (i.e., brown algae) and reduce predation risk (i.e., wide beaches, limited obstr...
Effects of Photochemical Formation of Mercuric Oxide

The photochemistry of elemental mercury and oxygen was examined using quartz flow reactors. Germicidal bulbs were used as the source of 253.7-nm ultraviolet radiation. The formation of mercuric oxide, as visually detected by yellow-brown stains on the quartz walls, was confirmed by both ICP-AES and SEM-EDX analyses. In addition, a high surface area calcium silicate sorbent was used to capture the mercuric oxide in one of the experiments. The implications of mercuric oxide formation with respect to analysis of gases for mercury content, atmospheric reactions, and direct ultraviolet irradiation of flue gas for mercury sequestration are discussed.
A Unified Syntactic Model for Parsing Fluent and Disfluent Speech

This paper describes a syntactic representation for modeling speech repairs. This representation makes use of a right corner transform of syntax trees to produce a tree representation in which speech repairs require very few special syntax rules, making better use of training data. PCFGs trained on syntax trees using this model achieve high accuracy on the standard Switchboard parsing task.
c-Jun Can Mediate Androgen Receptor-induced Transactivation

The proto-oncoprotein c-Jun forms as a heterodimer with c-Fos, the transcription factor AP-1. AP-1 regulates transcription through transactivation, a process requiring DNA binding. Here we report an indirect mechanism by which c-Jun can regulate transcription via the androgen receptor. In this process, c-Jun is able to support androgen receptor-mediated transactivation in the absence of an interaction with c-Fos or any apparent DNA binding. This positive effect of c-Jun was dose-dependent. Both exogenously added and endogenously induced c-Jun are able to act on the androgen receptor. Transactivation by the androgen receptor can undergo self-squelching, and this was relieved by transfected c-Jun. Using a time-course experiment, we provide evidence that the c-Jun effect is primary. c-Fos is able to block human androgen receptor activity in both the absence and presence of transfected c-Jun. Using a modified form of the yeast two-hybrid system, we show in Cos cells that c-Jun can interact with the DNA binding domain/hinge region (CD regions) of the androgen receptor. Therefore, we propose that c-Jun functions as a mediator for androgen receptor-induced transactivation.
Analysis of clonal restriction of cell mingling in Xenopus

Cell fates were traced by injecting horseradish peroxidase into single blastomeres of Xenopus embryos at 2- to 512-cell stages. At later stages the number, types and locations of all labelled progeny were observed. Progeny of a single labelled ancestral cell divided coherently until the 12th cell generation, the onset of gastrulation, and then dispersed and mingled with unlabelled cells. Cell mingling was restricted at mediolateral and anterior-posterior boundaries. These boundaries were always respected by progeny of any blastomere labelled at the 512-cell stage but they were frequently crossed by progeny of blastomeres labelled at the 256-cell or earlier stages. The boundaries defined seven morphological compartments each populated exclusively by a group of ancestral cells at the 512-cell stage. Each blastomere that contributed progeny to the nervous system also gave rise to a wide range of cell types in all three primary germ cell layers but the clone was restricted to a single compartment. Analysis of clonal restriction of cell mingling was done in vitro. Twenty to thirty blastomeres were excised from one ancestral cell group at the 512-cell stage and combined in vitro with 20-30 blastomeres from another group. One group of blastomeres labelled with horseradish peroxidase was placed in contact with another group of unlabelled blastomeres, maintained in vitro for up to 2 days, and then processed histologically to show the distribution of labelled and unlabelled cells. Mingling was significantly greater in combinations of two of the same ancestral cell groups than in combinations of two different ancestral cell groups. A similar result was observed when a single labelled cell was combined with either the same or different ancestral cells. In all experiments the cells were significantly larger in combinations of different ancestral cell groups, indicating that they had undergone fewer divisions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that boundaries observed in vivo are lines of clonal restriction formed by mutual inhibition of cell motility and cell division following contact between progeny of different ancestral cell groups.
Calibration of HF thermal voltage converters using an asymmetrical Tee

This paper discusses systematic errors in the AC-DC difference determination resulting from the comparison of thermal voltage converters with different input connectors. Tests of two asymmetrical tees, with GR-874 and type-N arms, as well as the internal tee of the NRC calorimetric thermal voltage converter, are presented.
The error in the normal approximation to the multinomial with an increasing number of classes

In an earlier paper, it was shown that under certain conditions, if the number of classes in a multinomial distribution increases as the number of trials increases, the probabilities assigned to arbitrary regions by the multinomial distribution are close to the probabilities assigned by the distribution of slightly rounded-off normal random variables. A different method of studying the approximation of the multinomial distribution by a normal distribution is to use the multivariate Berry-Esseen bound. In this paper, these two methods are compared, particularly with respect to the class of multinomial distributions for which the bounds on the error remain useful.
Thin Yttrium‐Stabilized Zirconia Electrolyte Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Centrifugal Casting

A centrifugal casting technique was developed for depositing thin 8-mol%-yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte layers on porous NiO-YSZ anode substrates. After the bilayers were cosintered at 1400°C, dense pinhole-free YSZ coatings with thicknesses of 25 μm were obtained, while the Ni-YSZ retained porosity. After La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co 0.2 Fe 0.8 O 3 (LSCF)-Ce 0.9 Gd 0.1 O 1.95 (GDC) or La 0.8 Sr 0.2 MnO 3 (LSM)-YSZ cathodes were deposited, single SOFCs produced near-theoretical open-circuit voltages and power densities of 1 W/cm 2 at 800°C. Impedance spectra measured during cell tests showed that polarization resistances accounted for 70%-80% of the total cell resistance.
The Case for Teaching Patients About the Neurobiological Basis of Addictions

This article discusses the importance of providing education regarding the neurobiological basis of addictions. The aim of education about the neurobiological underpinnings of addiction is to empower patients, ease their defenses, and reduce the stigma they experience. This article presents a framework for teaching patients about the brain's functions. An outline of educational sessions is provided. Education regarding neurochemicals and their relationship to addictions should be part of the neurobiological education to help patients understand the rationale for pharmacological and nutritional interventions.
Encapsulation and release of menthol. Part 2: direct monitoring of l‐menthol release from spray‐dried powders made with OSAn‐substituted dextrins and gum acacia

The objective of this research was to use dynamic real-time analysis to determine how carrier material affects menthol release characteristics from various spray-dried powders. Dynamic menthol release profiles were obtained from spray-dried powders as a function of time (0–60 min) and 90% relative humidity (RH) by interfacing a dynamic vapour sorption device to a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer. The menthol release profile varied greatly with carrier material. Increased octenyl succinic anhydride (OSAn) substitution (up to 3% treatment level) of the carrier material resulted in a significantly greater, but not earlier, burst of menthol release. For most samples, the characteristic burst of menthol was followed by a decrease in release, which was attributed to an observed matrix collapse. Moisture uptake rates of the powders were related to corresponding menthol release rates. As OSAn substitution increased for gum acacia (Acacia seyal), a trend of increased moisture uptake rate with menthol release rate was evident. However, for the dextrins, the moisture uptake rate had no influence on the rate of menthol release. Also, static headspace was used to determine how increased OSAn substitution affects menthol release from aqueous mixtures of dissolved carrier material and menthol. The increased hydrophobicity of the OSAn groups did not affect the volatility of menthol, therefore interactions between OSAn groups and menthol should not affect dynamic menthol release. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental demonstration of one-to-many virtual machine migration by reliable optical multicast

We present one-to-many Virtual Machine migration leveraging optical multicast. A control plane provides connectivity between the application and data plane layers. We evaluated the prototype on a datacenter testbed and report improvement on the migration time compared to conventional methods.
Heterodimerization of Neuropilin-1 Transmembrane Helices and Plexin Signaling

Heterodimerization of transmembrane helices of cell surface receptors is emerging as an important theme in cellular signaling. The most common motif for dimerization of alpha-helical transmembrane proteins is the GXXG motif. Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) and Plexin D1 (Pld1) are both single-pass transmembrane receptors expressed in all vertebrate systems. The ligands for Nrp1 and Pld1 are a class of guidance molecules called Semaphorin 3 (Sema3). Signaling by all Sema3 ligands (except Sema3E) through Pld1 requires Nrp1. The Sema3/Nrp1/Pld1 signaling axis plays a role in angiogenesis, immune responses, cancer metastasis as well as invasiveness. Despite the established roles in normal physiology and pathology, the molecular details of signaling pathways involved are not well documented. There are no structural/mechanistic level details; it is still unknown which domain/domains of Nrp1 and Pld1 interact. Here we report heterodimerization of the transmembrane (TM) helices of Nrp1 and Pld1. Nrp1 has two GXXG motifs and it is established that the dimerization of the Nrp1 TM helices is important for signaling. Using NMR and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations we show that Nrp1 and Pld1 forms a parallel transmembrane helix dimer. Further, we compare this heterodimer with Nrp1 homodimer and show that the homodimer utilizes the C-terminal GXXG motif of Nrp1 for dimerization. Whereas, the Nrp1/Pld1 heterodimer uses the N-terminal GXXG motif. The ability to use alternative surfaces for dimerization likely has implications for the higher-order assembly of Nrp1/Pld1 in the membrane. Further, using functional assays we show that the heterodimerization of Nrp1 TM helices is essential for Sema3/Nrp1/Pld1 signaling. This to our knowledge is the first report of a functional role for transmembrane helix dimerization in Plexin signaling.
Transportation of human cells cultured in vitro.

SummaryLiving human epithelial cells, strain HeLa (Gey), readily survive transportation over periods of 1–3 days. Six factors in survival, i.e., 1) nutritional status of cells at the beginning of shipment, 2) availability of nutrients in relation to nutritional needs of cells during shipment, 3) mechanical trauma to cells, 4) duration of shipment, 5) temperature near cells and 6) the method for revival of cells following shipment, were studied to define satisfactory conditions for routine shipment of strain HeLa cells.
SOME PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL VARIABLES AFFECTING INSULIN MIGRATION IN VITRO. I. ELECTROPHORESIS.

Summary and conclusionsIn confirmation of our previous studies(4), it is again noted that TRIS in this in vitro system does not function as an inert buffer, and that physical-chemical interaction with insulin does occur on Whatman 3 mm paper. The degree of interaction is greater in the buffer system containing the greater concentration of TRIS. The beta-gamma globulin binding of radioinsulin in the growth-onset diabetics is not as completely dissociated by TRIS as that observed in the maturity-onset or insulin-resistant diabetic patients. This observation suggests that insulin is more tightly bound to the beta-gamma globulins appearing in the serum of growth-onset diabetics as compared to more freely dissociated binding by the beta-gamma globulins of the maturity-onset or insulin-resistant diabetic patients in this study. An alternative suggestion is that a difference in the nature of the chemical bond which is dissociated by the TRIS occurs in the sera of growth-onset diabetics. Since displacement of rad...
Application cases comparison analysis of wind and PV hybrid power system

Wind and solar power have advantages of clean, renewable and great storage, increasingly catching people's widely attention. However, its fluctuating and random make it difficult for energy utilization. It can stabilize the output energy to use complementary characteristics of wind and solar power in many aspects. The superiority and some typical cases at home and broad put into operation of wind and PV hybrid power system were discussed,showing that the wider and wider application of wind and PV hybrid power system and its promising development prospects. Technical parameters, merits and demerits and application scopes of different energy storage devices were compared and analyzed, showing that hybrid energy storage can remedy defects of single energy storage method and improve continuity and reliability of power supply of wind and PV hybrid power system.
Development and Characterization of Novel Planar PDMS Microvalve for Integrated Microfluidic Systems

This paper presented a novel PDMS planar valve for integrated microfluidic systems.It featured use of a simple centered stopper-flap based planar configuration,realizing the incorporation of flap,stopper and microflow channels into one single PDMS layer,which allowed for simple structure and easy system integration.The valve could be easily fabricated using standard PDMS replica molding technique.Test results demonstrate this valve is able to regulate fluid flow efficiently with a small reverse flow of 0.1 mL/min,and a high ratio of forward flow to reverse flow rate of up to 41∶1.This microvalve can be potentially used in various microfluidic systems,due to its planar configuration,simple fabrication,and use of low-cost PDMS material.
185 A MULTICOMPONENT MODEL CAN PREDICT OUTCOME OF RESTRICTIVE SURGERY FOR OBESITY.: Table

Introduction We previously reported that a multicomponent model of autonomic and enteric factors may correlate with ultimate weight loss or gain after restrictive obesity surgery (Neurogastroenterol Motil abstract, 2005). Patients We have followed 39 patients (10 gainers, 29 losers), 4 male, 35 female, mean age = 37.2 years, who underwent vertical banded gastroplasty, for up to 15 years post surgery, evaluating ultimate weight loss (losers) or gain (gainers). Patients were compared with their latest available weight vs baseline weight. Baseline autonomic (adrenergic: photophlethesmotic VC and PAR and cholinergic: EKG RRI) and enteric measures (electrogastrogram: EGG), as previously reported, above, were compared with latest weight. Methods We performed a discriminant function analysis to investigate whether a patient9s EGG, PAR, RRI, and VC values could be used to classify that patient as a loser or gainer following weight control surgery. The patients were divided into two groups (the gold standard for gainers or losers). The discriminant criterion derived from the data for patients in the two groups was applied to each patient9s EGG, PAR, RRI, and VC values to determine whether these measurements separated the patients into their gold standard category. Results A model based on baseline measures successfully predicted ultimate weight gain in 8/10 (80%) patients who subsequently gained weight and weight loss in 24/29 (83%) patients who subsequently lost weight for a total correct classification rate of 32/39 (82%) (see table below). Conclusions A multicomponent model shows that baseline measures can predict ultimate weight outcome from restrictive obesity surgery.
Hydrodynamic Shear Shows Distinct Roles for LFA-1 and Mac-1 in Neutrophil Adhesion to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1

The binding of neutrophil beta2 integrin to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expressed on the inflamed endothelium is critical for neutrophil arrest at sites of tissue inflammation. To quantify the strength and kinetics of this interaction, we measured the adhesion between chemotactically stimulated neutrophils and ICAM-1-transfected mouse cells (E3-ICAM) in suspension in a cone-plate viscometer at shear rates typical of venular blood flow (100 s-1 to 500 s-1). The kinetics of aggregation were fit with a mathematical model based on two-body collision theory. This enabled estimation of adhesion efficiency, defined as the probability with which collisions between cells resulted in firm adhesion. The efficiency of beta2-integrin-dependent adhesion was highest ( approximately 0.2) at 100 s-1 and it decreased to approximately zero at 400 s-1. Both LFA-1 and Mac-1 contributed equally to adhesion efficiency over the initial 30 seconds of stimulation, but adhesion was entirely Mac-1-dependent by 120 seconds. Two hydrodynamic parameters were observed to influence integrin-dependent adhesion efficiency: the level of shear stress and the intercellular contact duration. Below a critical shear stress ( 2 dyn/cm2), the efficiency of neutrophil adhesion to E3-ICAM was limited by both the contact duration and the tensile stress. We conclude that at low shear, neutrophil adhesion is modulated independently through either LFA-1 or Mac-1, which initially contribute with equal efficiency, but differ over the duration of chemotactic stimulation.
Expression of normal and cystic fibrosis phenotypes by continuous airway epithelial cell lines.

Continuous epithelial cell lines from individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) and normal controls are required to understand the genetic and cellular defects in CF. We used retroviruses to transduce ...
Effect of 21-aminosteroid pretreatment in compression trauma to the spinal cord.

The present work was performed to establish whether pre-injury administration of the 21-Aminosteroid, U-74389F, is beneficial for treatment of acute spinal cord trauma in rats, as it has been demonstrated that the bolus administration of the same compound one hour after injury facilitates the return of the spinal cord function as measured by electrophysiological recordings in this compression animal model of spinal cord trauma. Cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (CSSEPs) were recorded as an indicator of spinal cord function before and after a severe compression injury. Vital signs and the CSSEPs were monitored up to five hours post-injury. U-4389F treatment was given as a single injection (15 mg kg-1) one hour prior to the injury which was followed by a continuous infusion (3 mg kg-1h-1) during the procedure. The CSSEPs were abolished immediately after this injury both, in the untreated and treated animal groups. The majority of the treated animals (80%) demonstrated recovery of the CSSEPs within the second hour post-injury. The control group showed 40% recovery at this time period. At five hours post-injury, recovery rates were 47% and 87% for control and treated groups respectively. We conclude that the administration of the 21-Aminosteroid, U74389F, one hour prior to spinal cord injury facilitates the return of spinal cord function as measured by CSSEPs in a compression rat model of acute spinal cord trauma, supporting and verifying our previous experiences using the same compound as i.v. bolus injections one, two and three hours after the trauma, respectively.
Management of Chronic Metabolic Acidosis

Many individuals have a net increase in hydrogen ion (H+) content of body fluids caused by gain of acid (H+) or loss of base (usually HCO3) that constitutes a dynamic process called metabolic acidosis. Untreated metabolic acidosis is associated with increased mortality and morbidity and should therefore be treated. Acute metabolic acidosis is best treated by correcting the underlying disorder causing the metabolic acidosis and in selected circumstances, with Na+-based alkali, usually NaHCO3. Chronic metabolic acidosis is typically and most appropriately treated with dietary H+ reduction using Na+-based alkali and/or with addition of base-producing foods such as fruits and vegetables.
The dependence on the distance of shortening of the energy output from frog skeletal muscle shortening at velocities of Vmax, 1/2Vmax and 1/4Vmax.

Shortening heat and work were measured, during and after the shortening, in contractions in which muscles shortened various distances (all ending at 2.05 micron of sarcomere length) at various velocities. Shortening heat and work were produced as a non-linear function of the distance shortened at velocities > 1/2Vmax, which was probably caused by a redistribution of the crossbridge population to different state(s) during the approach to the steady state.
Intuition of Freedom, Intuition of Law

Phenomenology set out to make philosophy a positive discourse; all its statements were to be justified by the evidence of insights. Distinctive, then, to a phenomenology of action is the claim that there is something like an intuition of freedom. Freedom would be a given. The intuition of freedom cannot, to be sure, occur in a representational consciousness that represents the present, the hie et nunc, an empirical fact. It occurs in affectivity, it is an anxiety. Anxiety contains a non-discursive, immediate insight. It apprehends one’s own nature as disconnected from universal nature, apprehends one’s act, and, in Sartre’s celebrated analysis of anxiety at the cliff’s edge, one’s subsistence, as not determined by the forces in the world.1 It perceives in one’s own present state causal inefficacy with regard to its continuation - one will have to conjure up an act in order to ensure one’s being there in the next moment. It is at the same time insight that the goals that lure, those inactualities, issue not out of the plenum of the actual, but out of the gap between the actual and the future which our existence has to project itself across.
The United States Constitution

The United States Constitution, as signed by the Convention on 17 September 1787, and transmitted by Congress to the States, contained many of the republican elements already embraced by earlier American frames of government. It also included some of the modifications suggested by John Adams and other modern commentators to remedy the weaknesses that led the English Commonwealth and Roman republic eventually to fail. The document as a whole is more self-consciously republican1 than any of its predecessors, not only in establishing a senate2 but also in claiming to secure the ‘Blessings of Liberty’3 and to ‘guarantee to every state in this union a Republican form of government’.4 The President and Senate both had to concur in legislation, as Adams would have wished, but the Senate had long, six-year terms, to preserve the dignity and stability of its Roman model.5
FAULT TOLERANCE OF MULTIHOP WIRELESS NETWORKS

Abstract This paper analyzes fault-tolerance over the entire design life of a class of multiple-hop wireless networks subject to both node failure and random channel fadings. It also examines the benefit and cost of feedback in network operations. A node lifetime distribution is modeled with an increasing failure rate, where the node power consumption level enters the parameters of the distribution. A method for assessing both link and network reliabilities projected at the network's design life is developed. The link reliability is then used to allocate active nodes to clusters using dynamic programming for maximizing the network's fault-tolerance, and to establish a re-transmission control policy that minimizes an expected cost involving power, bandwidth expenditures, and packet loss.
Effect of Rule Representation in Rule Base Reduction

An objective of merging rules in rule bases designed for system modeling and function approximation is to increase the scope of the rules and enhance their interpretability. The effectiveness of rule merging depends upon the underlying system, the learning algorithm, and the type of rule. In this paper we examine the ability to merge rules using variations of Mamdani and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang style rules. The generation of the rule base is a two part process; initially a uniform partition of the input domain is used to construct a rule base that satisfies a prescribed precision bound on the training data. A greedy algorithm is then employed to merge adjacent regions while preserving the precision bound. The objective of the algorithm is to produce fuzzy models of acceptable precision with a small number of rules. A set of experiments has been performed to compare the effect of the rule representation on the ability to reduce the number of rules and on the precision of the resulting models.
Stand By Your Man: Wives' Emotion Work During Men's Unemployment

Recent research on unemployment has not sufficiently acknowledged how unemployment reverberates within families, particularly emotionally. This article uses data from more than 50 in-depth interviews to illuminate the emotional demands that men's unemployment makes beyond the unemployed individual. It shows that wives of unemployed men do two types of emotion work—self-focused and other-focused—and both are aimed toward facilitating husbands' success in the emotionally arduous white-collar job-search process. This article extends research on emotion work by suggesting that participants perceive wives' emotion work as a resource with potential economic benefits in the form of unemployed men's reemployment. The findings furthermore suggest that as a resource, wives' emotion work is shaped by the demands of the labor market that their husbands encounter.
Cell-Selective Bioorthogonal Metabolic Labeling of RNA

Stringent chemical methods to profile RNA expression within discrete cellular populations remains a key challenge in biology. To address this issue, we developed a chemical–genetic strategy for metabolic labeling of RNA. Cell-specific labeling of RNA can be profiled and imaged using bioorthogonal chemistry. We anticipate that this platform will provide the community with a much-needed chemical toolset for cell-type specific profiling of cell-specific transcriptomes derived from complex biological systems.
A Man of His Times: Paul Robeson and the Press, 1924-1976

The New York Times printed the editorial from which these sentences are taken on July 23, 1919, a few weeks after Paul Robeson graduated from Rutgers University and only five years before the reviews of his early performances appeared. The white mainstream press covered Paul Robeson's career from his acting debut in 1924 until his death in 1976. The story of how Robeson was silenced at the height of his career, how the federal government hounded him, how contracts were canceled, how halls were closed to him, how his films were withdrawn from circulation, and how he was denied the right to travel even to Canada and Mexico has been told elsewhere.1 W.E.B. DuBois believed that in the 1950s and 1960s, Robeson was "the best known American on earth, to the largest number of human beings. His voice [was] known in Europe, Asia and Africa, in the West Indies and South America and in the islands of the seas. . . . Only in his native land [was] he without honor and rights."2 The press played a key role in the process of making Robeson disappear from public view in the United States. The white mainstream press moved from reporting on anti Communist attacks on Robeson in the early 1940s, to participating in the demonization of Robeson in its massive coverage of his activities in 1949, including his remarks before the Paris Peace Conference and his attempt to give a concert at picnic grounds outside Peekskill, New York. The following year, Robeson became a non-person in his homeland. This article examines what was said about Robeson in the press before and after 1949, seeking in those reports a clue about how an artist and political figure of Robeson's stature could be so completely erased in the 1950s. It demonstrates that tension and limits to the coverage could already be seen before 1949, and that the way the image of Robeson was manipulated in the late 1960s and 1970s, when he was "rehabilitated," parallels the way other controversial African Americans have been treated by the press. Robeson's career,