cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical analysis of androgen receptor along the ducts of the separate rat prostate lobes after androgen withdrawal and replacement

Autoregulation of androgen receptors (AR) in the rat prostate gland has previously been shown to be lobe specific. Saturation ligand-binding assays revealed that AR fell to very low levels in the ventral and dorsal prostate within 7 days after castration, whereas lateral lobe AR were present at intact levels at that time. To study this differential response further, we herein analyzed AR in the separate prostate lobes by indirect immunocytochemistry after castration and testosterone replacement to adult rats. The ventral and dorsal lobes each contain one type of duct, whereas the lateral lobe is composed of two ductal systems, which were separated as LP1 and LP2. Frozen ducts were sectioned longitudinally to reveal the proximal-distal orientation. Sections were stained for AR with PG-21 antibody against rat AR. Within 2 days after castration, ventral and dorsal lobe immunoreactive nuclear AR was markedly decreased in staining intensity in the secretory epithelium compared to that in the intact rat and was absent in all stromal cells. Epithelial immunostaining continued to decline to a weak punctate nuclear signal by day 7, which further dissipated by day 21. Proximal and intermediate regions of the ducts were largely devoid of AR signal after castration, whereas residual nuclear staining was most apparent in epithelial cells of the distal ductal region. By day 7 and beyond, specific cytoplasmic staining for AR was also observed in distal tip epithelial cells. In the lateral lobe, LP1 ducts rapidly lost all AR immunostaining upon androgen withdrawal. In marked contrast, epithelial cells in the LP2 ducts retained AR immunostaining at all time points after androgen withdrawal at a signal intensity equivalent to that in the intact animal. Within 15 min after testosterone injection to 14-day castrate rats, considerable nuclear AR immunostaining was apparent within the distal tip epithelial cells of the ventral, dorsal, and lateral LP1 lobes. Cytoplasmic signal was noticeably reduced at this time. With increasing time after continued testosterone replacement, nuclear AR signal intensity increased, so that by 72 h, nuclear AR signal in all secretory epithelial cells approached the staining intensity observed in intact rats. AR immunostaining returned to smooth muscle and fibroblastic stromal cells within 1-3 days after testosterone replacement. In summary, immunodetectable AR declined in the ventral, dorsal, and LP1 prostate ducts after castration-induced androgen withdrawal and returned upon testosterone replacement, which further indicates that androgen up-regulates AR protein within these prostatic regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Brain and whole-body imaging in nonhuman primates with [11C]MeS-IMPY, a candidate radioligand for β-amyloid plaques

[(11)C]MeS-IMPY ([S-methyl-(11)C]N,N-dimethyl-4-(6-(methylthio)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-yl)aniline) is a potential radioligand for imaging beta-amyloid plaques with positron emission tomography (PET). The aims of this study were to evaluate [(11)C]MeS-IMPY uptake in nonhuman primate brain and to estimate radiation exposure from serial whole-body images. Eight PET studies were performed in rhesus monkeys to measure the brain uptake and washout of [(11)C]MeS-IMPY. Time-activity data were analyzed with one-tissue and two-tissue compartmental models using radiometabolite-corrected plasma input function. In addition, two whole-body PET scans were acquired for 120 min to determine the biodistribution of [(11)C]MeS-IMPY. Tomographic PET images were compressed into a single planar image to identify organs with the highest radiation exposures. Estimates of the absorbed dose of radiation were calculated using OLINDA 1.0. Injection of [(11)C]MeS-IMPY caused little change in pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and temperature. [(11)C]MeS-IMPY showed high standardized brain uptake values of approximately 500% and 600% between 2 and 3 min in cortical regions and the cerebellum, respectively. The brain uptake of [(11)C]MeS-IMPY was widespread and quite uniform across all cortical regions. Activity rapidly washed out of the brain, with 20% of peak activity remaining at 40 min. Thus, all brain regions showed minimal retention of radioactivity, consistent with these healthy young animals having negligible amyloid plaques. Regional brain activity fitted well into a one-tissue compartment model. The average volume of distribution in all brain regions was 7.66+/-2.14 ml/cm(3) (n=4). The organs with the highest radiation exposure (muSv/MBq) were the gallbladder wall (33.4), urinary bladder (17) and lungs (12.9), with a resulting effective dose of 4.9 microSv/MBq (18 mrem/mCi). The high brain uptake, rapid washout and quantifiable volume of distribution in nonhuman primate brain further support the evaluation of [(11)C]MeS-IMPY. Calculated dosimetry results are comparable with those for other (11)C-labeled brain imaging radioligands.
Effects of European earthworm invasion on soil characteristics in Northern Hardwood Forests of Minnesota, USA

European earthworms are colonizing worm-free hardwood forests across North America. Leading edges of earthworm invasion in forests of northern Minnesota provide a rare opportunity to document changes in soil characteristics as earthworm invasions are occurring. Across leading edges of earthworm invasion in four northern hardwood stands, increasing total earthworm biomass was associated with rapid disappearance of the O horizon. Concurrently, the thickness, bulk density and total soil organic matter content of the A horizon increased, and its percent organic matter and fine root density decreased. Different earthworm species assemblages influenced the magnitude and type of change in these soil parameters. Soil N and P availability were lower in plots with high earthworm biomass compared to plots with low worm biomass. Decreases in soil nitrogen availability associated with high earthworm biomass were reflected in decreased foliar nitrogen content for Carex pensylvanica, Acer saccharum and Asarum canadense but increased foliar N for Athyrium felixfemina. Overall, high earthworm biomass resulted in increased foliar carbon to nitrogen ratios. The effects of earthworm species assemblages on forest soil properties are related to their feeding and burrowing habits in addition to effects related to total biomass. The potential for large ecosystem consequences following exotic earthworm invasion has only recently been recognized by forest ecologists. In the face of rapid change and multiple pressures on native forest ecosystems, the impacts of earthworm invasion on forest soil structure and function must be considered.
Understanding the limitations of transmit power control for indoor wlans

A wide range of transmit power control (TPC) algorithms have been proposed in recent literature to reduce interference and increase capacity in 802.11 wireless networks. However, few of them have made it to practice. In many cases this gap is attributed to lack of suitable hardware support in wireless cards to implement these algorithms. In particular, many research efforts have indicated that wireless card vendors need to support power control mechanisms in a fine-grained manner - both in the number of possible power levels and the time granularity at which the controls can be applied. In this paper we claim that even if fine-grained power control mechanisms were to be made available by wireless card vendors, algorithms would not be able to properly leverage such degrees of control in typical indoor environments. We prove this claim through rigorous empirical analysis and then build a tunable empirical model (Model-TPC) that can determine the granularity of power control that is actually useful. To illustrate the importance of our solution, we conclude by demonstrating the impact of choice of power control granularity on Internet applications where wireless clients interact with servers on the Internet. We observe that the number of feasible power was found to be between 2-4 for most indoor environments. We believe that the results from this study can serve as the right set of assumptions to build practically realizable TPC algorithms in the future.
Case report of a young child with disseminated histoplasmosis and review of hyper immunoglobulin e syndrome (HIES)

Type 1 hyper IgE syndrome (HIES), also known as Job's Syndrome, is an autosomal dominant disorder due to defects in STAT3 signaling and Th17 differentiation. Symptoms may present during infancy but diagnosis is often made in childhood or later. HIES is characterized by immunologic and non-immunologic findings such as recurrent sinopulmonary infections, recurrent skin infections, multiple fractures, atopic dermatitis and characteristic facies. These manifestations are accompanied by elevated IgE levels and reduced IL-17 producing CD3+CD4+ T cells. Diagnosis in young children can be challenging as symptoms accumulate over time along with confounding clinical dilemmas. A NIH clinical HIES scoring system was developed in 1999, and a more recent scoring system with fewer but more pathogonomonic clinical findings was reported in 2010. These scoring systems can be used as tools to help in grading the likelihood of HIES diagnosis. We report a young child ultimately presenting with disseminated histoplasmosis and a novel STAT3 variant in the SH2 domain.
Comparative Economics of Maize and Rice Production Among Resource-Poor Farmers in Anambra State of Nigeria

: Maize and Rice are some of the most important grains in Nigeria. Although Nigeria has the potential to become self-sufficient in their production, maize and rice production currently lags behind demand. This study has examined the characteristics of resource-poor maize and rice farmers, (defined in terms of land availability, estimated income per farmer, access to credit and capital) in Anambra State of Nigeria, the impact of these characteristics on yield, and the efficiency of use of stated inputs by the farmers. It was found that low income farmers (both maize and rice) had smaller farm size, smaller loan size (credit), adopted a smaller number of recommended production technologies, had lower levels of formal education, are younger, had a smaller household size, and less number of years of farming experience than high income farmers. The regression analysis result shows that farm size, credit, level of adoption of recommended production technologies, level of formal education of fanners, and age of farmers are significantly related to the maize farmers' output, but household size and number of years of farming experience account for less. In the case of rice farmers, the regression analysis result reveals that farm size, level of adoption of recommended production technologies and number of years of farming experience are significantly related to the farmers' output, but level of formal education of farmers, age of farmers, household size, and credit account for less. The results of gross margin analysis reveal that maize and rice production are not very profitable when the present value of the Naira in relation to cost of living in Nigeria is considered.
Runoff generation in a steep, soil‐mantled landscape

[1] Scale and slope dependence of hydrologic response are investigated for two channel network source areas (unchanneled valleys) in the Oregon Coast Range. Observations of response to both natural and applied precipitation reveal that runoff occurred as subsurface flow in which water passed through partially saturated soil, into the shallow fractured bedrock, to emerge as subsurface partial source areas near the channel head. The two dominant approaches to modeling subsurface flow in steep topography, routing of Darcy or fracture flow and the hydrologic similarity approximation of TOPMODEL, respectively predict either a strong slope dependence or no slope dependence to timescales of subsurface runoff generation. Compilation of data from our Coos Bay study sites with observations reported previously elsewhere indicates weak area dependence but no slope dependence in the lag-to-peak and discharge recession constants. This finding supports the interpretation that patterns of antecedent soil moisture and vadose zone characteristics control response times of runoff generation by subsurface storm flow. As slope should influence lateral flow routing once subsurface saturation develops, we conclude that the hydrologic response of steep catchments appears to be insensitive to slope because the controlling timescale is that of the vertical unsaturated flow.
Onion routing for resistance to traffic analysis

Onion routing is a general purpose infrastructure for private communication over a widely shared network such as the Internet or the SIPRNET. It provides anonymous connections that are resistant to both eavesdropping and traffic analysis. The connections are bidirectional, near real-time, and can be used for both connection-based and connectionless traffic. Onion routing interfaces with off the shelf software and systems through specialized proxies, making it easy to integrate into existing systems. A proof-of-concept prototype for Web connections ran at NRL for about two years beginning in 1997, processing more than I million web connections per month from more than six thousand IP addresses in twenty countries and in all main top level domains. The program has been reimplemented from scratch. The resulting code base is only one third the size of the previous program but at the same time adds several resource management, efficiency, and attack resilience features, which are briefly described below. Onion routing can be used with applications that are proxy-aware, as well as several non-proxy-aware applications, without modification to the applications. Currently supported applications include those for Web browsing, email, IRC chat, and remote login (e.g., via SSH). We highlight some of the recent advances made in onion routing, followed by a description of how to use onion routing to make servers that are resistant both to denial of service and to physical threats. After that, we briefly describe some of the details of how onion routing works.
Evaluation of Effects of Coleopteran-Specific Cry3Bb1 Protein on Earthworms Exposed to Soil Containing Corn Roots or Biomass

Abstract Corn engineered to produce the Cry3Bb1 protein from Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) has provided unprecedented control for corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte). However, accumulation and persistence of plant-produced Bt protein in soils may occur where Bt crops are repeatedly grown and residues of the crop plants are incorporated into the soil. If Bt protein is released into the soil rhizosphere, it may affect soil organisms. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of Bt or non-Bt corn roots and biomass on the weight and mortality of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris L. with different exposure methods and times. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted to determine if the Cry3Bb1 protein was present in the soil from the gut and excreta of earthworms. Results of these studies showed that there were no significant differences in weight and percent mortality of earthworms in soil planted or not planted with Bt and non-Bt corn or in soil containing grou...
Effects of amines on formation of sub-3 nm particles and their subsequent growth

[1] Field observations and quantum chemical calculations suggest that amines can be important for formation of nanometer size particles. Amines and ammonia often have common atmospheric emission sources and the similar chemical and physical properties. While the effects of ammonia on aerosol nucleation have been previously investigated, laboratory studies of homogeneous nucleation involving amines are lacking. We have made kinetics studies of multicomponent nucleation (MCN) with sulfuric acid, water, ammonia and amines under conditions relevant to the atmosphere. Low concentrations of aerosol precursors were measured with chemical ionization mass spectrometers (CIMS) to provide constrained precursor concentrations needed for nucleation. Particle sizes larger than ∼2 nm were measured with a nano-differential mobility analyzer (nano-DMA), and number concentrations of particles larger than ∼1 nm were measured with a particle size magnifier (PSM). Our observations provide the laboratory evidence that amines indeed can participate in aerosol nucleation and growth at the molecular cluster level. The enhancement of particle number concentrations due to several atmospherically relevant amine compounds and ammonia were related to the basicity of these compounds, indicating that acid–base reactions may contribute to the formation of sub-3 nm particles.
Docking control of holonomic omnidirectional vehicles with applications to a hybrid wheelchair/bed system

A method for docking a vehicle with a fixture is developed and applied to a hybrid wheelchair/bed system. A powered wheelchair is docked to a bed portion and reconfigured to a flat stationary bed so that the bedridden person does not have to change seating when transferring between the chair and bed. A holonomic omnidirectional vehicle with a ball wheel mechanism is used for the wheelchair. The high maneuverability and holonomic nature of the vehicle allow the wheelchair to be docked precisely with a fixture. An instrumented bumper is developed to detect contacts with the fixture and ensure rider comfort. Using sensor information from the bumpers, the contact state of the vehicle is recognized at all times. Moreover, the orientation of the fixture is estimated from the contact information, and using a framework of discrete event control, the vehicle is aligned and guided towards the fixture despite large misalignments. A prototype system was designed and tested. The vehicle was successfully docked to the bed despite a small clearance ratio as well as large lateral and angular initial misalignments.
A 3-D discrete-element method for dry granular flows of ellipsoidal particles

Abstract We use 3-D discrete element method (DEM) to simulate dry granular flows of non-spherical particles. In our simulation code, non-spherical particles are represented by clusters of spheres for contact detection and for contact-force calculation. For particles in contact, the normal force—displacement (NFD) model is simulated by a partially latching spring system; whereas the tangential force—displacement (TFD) model is simulated by an incremental relation that corresponds to a simplification of the Mindlin and Deresiewicz (R.D. Mindlin, H. Deresiewicz, ASME J. Appl. Mech. 20 (1953) 327–344) contact-mechanics theory. To establish the validity of the simulation procedure, benchmark tests such as superball and superbean simulations were carried out. We present various results obtained from the simulation of ellipsoidal particles flowing down a chute having a bumpy bottom. These ellipsoidal particles had their physical properties obtained from experiments.
Incorporation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate into silicone coatings and subsequent leaching of the compound from the incorporated coatings

Benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, two less toxic antifoulants as compared to currently used biocides in marine biofouling protection, were incorporated into silicone coatings to investigate their release behaviors and antifouling capabilities. It was found that benzoic acid, although exhibiting excellent antifouling capability, formed large crystals inside the coating regardless of the solvent used to increase its miscibility with silicone. The large crystals were found to be responsible for the fast leaching of the compound from the carrier coating, thus eliminating the long-term usefulness of the coating. Sodium benzoate, which was highly immiscible with silicone, was able to be incorporated into silicone in the form of small aggregates, and by tuning the preparation conditions, the aggregate size (hence the number of aggregates) could be varied. Leaching of sodium benzoate from silicone was determined to be much slower than that of benzoic acid, and a direct relationship between the leaching rate and the number of aggregates was observed. The sodium benzoate incorporated coating was found to exhibit enhanced antibacterial performance, and, for coatings containing 1 wt.% of sodium benzoate, a ∼50% reduction in bacterial attachment was achieved.
Cambodian founder effect for spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (Machado-Joseph disease)

Four families from the same region of Cambodia immigrated to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. All four families have been discovered to have spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA 3; Machado-Joseph disease) with a similar clinical phenotype. CAG repeat expansions in the ATXN3 gene range from 72 to 77. Mean age of onset has varied from 19 to 44 years and mean age at death of 4 individuals has been 60 years. The prevalence of the various subtypes of SCA varies worldwide from country to country. Neurologists should be alert to the possibility of SCA 3 in Cambodian patients with unexplained cerebellar ataxia.
Association of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) with Food Security and Nutrition Status among Persons Living with HIV

Aims: Nutritional status can be compromised by food insecurity which is common among HIV infected persons. Providing food assistance is expected to improve food insecurity and nutritional status among persons infected with HIV. This study aimed at examining the relationship of participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), the largest food assistance program in the United States, with food security and nutritional status among HIV infected adults. Study Design : A cross - sectional study de sign was used in this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Miami, FL, USA, between April 2011 and August 2012. Methodology: We included 159 HIV infected individuals in this study, 113 participants were SNAP recipients while 46 w ere not. All study participants were, however, eligible to participate in SNAP. Each participant completed demographic and food security surveys as well as dietary and nutrition status assessment. Statistical analyses were conducted using univariate and mu ltivariate analyses.
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Composites Under Combined Conduction Heating and Large Deflection Bending

A novel conduction heating apparatus that combines thermal loading with large deflection bending is introduced, and its effectiveness for thermo-mechanical stress analysis was investigated. By clamping composite specimens (M40J/PMR-II-50, [0,90]s , a uni-tape cross-ply) on the radial sides of half cylinders having two different radii (78.74mm and 37.96mm), three different in-plane strains including a no strain condition were applied to the composites. Three different thermal loading experiments, 1) 23°C to −196°C to 250°C, 2) 23°C to 250°C, and 3) 23°C to −196°C were performed as a function of mechanical in-plane strain levels. The apparatus was excellent enough to generate cracks related to the in-plane stresses (or strains) on plies. The quadratic failure criteria solution based on the thermal residual stresses shows a good agreement with the experimental results at low temperatures, but does not supply a good agreement at high temperatures. A weak adhesion of fiber/matrix interface at high temperatures (250°C) might cause the de-bonding at the interface and subsequent exposure to −196°C caused the intensive crack propagation.© 2005 ASME
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage Among Girls Before 13 Years: A Birth Year Cohort Analysis of the National Immunization Survey–Teen, 2008-2013

Routine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is recommended at 11 or 12 years by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. National Immunization Survey–Teen data were analyzed to evaluate, among girls, coverage with one or more doses of HPV vaccination, missed opportunities for HPV vaccination, and potential achievable coverage before 13 years. Results were stratified by birth year cohorts. HPV vaccination coverage before 13 years (≥1 HPV dose) increased from 28.4% for girls born in 1995 to 46.8% for girls born in 2000. Among girls born during 1999-2000 who had not received HPV vaccination before 13 years (57.2%), 80.1% had at least 1 missed opportunity to receive HPV vaccination before 13 years. Opportunities to vaccinate for HPV at age 11 to 12 years are missed. Strategies are needed to decrease these missed opportunities for HPV vaccination. This can be facilitated by the administration of all vaccines recommended for adolescents at the same visit.
Error Estimates for Harmonic-Balance Solutions of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems

The harmonic balance method is commonly applied to linear and nonlinear systems to approximate their steady-state response to periodic excitation. This paper presents an a posteriori error estimate for harmonic balance solution techniques. The performance of the error estimate is studied using two examples: a Duffing equation having a smooth, cubictype nonlinearity and a Coulomb-damped system having a discontinuous nonlinearity. The error estimate is shown to be very easy to calculate and is compared with RMS errors obtained from time integration. It is found that the error estimate compares favorably with the RMS error, especially for the Duffing equation.
Global child health.

1. Donna Denno, MD, MPH* 1. *Department of Pediatrics, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. State the current annual number of child deaths globally and percentage of these deaths occurring in developing countries. 2. List the seven leading causes of childhood deaths worldwide and the interventions recommended by international guidelines to prevent these deaths. 3. Be aware of the percentage of childhood deaths that could be prevented through widespread implementation of these interventions. 4. Describe Millennium Development Goal 4 and progress toward its achievement. 5. Discuss the socio-political-economic factors and policies that affect child health. 6. Identify specific ways in which child health professionals in the United States can affect child health globally. Each year, millions of children die, the vast majority in poor countries. Tragically, most of these deaths are preventable with technologies that are currently available and recommended for universal implementation. Progress is being made: 8.1 million children younger than the age of 5 years died in 2009, down from 12.4 million in 1990. Unfortunately, rates of reduction in child mortality are much less than what can be accomplished realistically with available technology. Furthermore, progress lags far behind what was expected when 189 nations committed to reduce poverty and improve health and development via the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs consist of eight specific goals, including MDG4, which explicitly relates to child health and aims to reduce child mortality by two thirds between 1990 and 2015. The world is not on track to meet MDG4, although several developing countries are demonstrating that substantial improvements in child health can be made by focusing on making key lifesaving interventions available to children who need them the most. This article explores the scope …
Analysis on loads form ice shedding conductors in heavy icing areas

A FEA model of seven continuous span conductors and insulators on UHV transmission line in heavy icing area was established for ice-shedding simulation analysis.Some parameters were considered in the analysis, including the damping ratio,the ice-shedding modes and the ice thickness.The dynamic responses of jumping height, unbalanced tension and vertical load at the ends of insulators were obtained.Effects of different parameters on dynamic responses were studied.The values of unbalanced tensions and vertical loads were determined on the UHV suspension tower in heavy icing area.For the case of ice shedding in one span conductor with 5%damping ratio,the proportion of unbalanced tension to maximum working tension is lower than the value regulated in design rules.The dynamic magnification factor of vertical load is from 1.28 to 1.40.For the suspension tower in 20 mm or 30 mm icing area,the proportion of up-pull load to maximum working tension is recommended to be 10 percent.In 40 mm or 50 mm icing area, the proportion is recommened to be 5 percent.
The value of the visit: Quantifying the value added from a preoperative assessment

Abstract Background Previous literature from the study site identified the impact of the preoperative visit in meeting established guidelines and managing clinical issues and preventing cancellations. The authors sought to quantify the value added from the preoperative visit to the patient surgical experience. Method Over a three-month period, using an electronic database, nurse practitioners recorded new pertinent information that was not previously identified in the medical record. They noted omissions, made corrections, and recorded narrative data that could impact the planned surgery. These data points were distributed over multiple clinical and nonclinical categories. Appropriate descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results Over 1100 patients were entered into the database, with 2318 findings recorded, which include rich narrative stories. Approximately 20% of the patients seen daily had a new finding. The entries were greater in quantity and scope than the authors had anticipated. Conclusion The study demonstrated that a multidisciplinary visit identified gaps in the preoperative process and added value to patient centered outcomes. Addressing the identified concerns could lead to improvements in clinical practice and add to the safety, quality, and operational efficiency of patient care over current systems.
Extensional reasoning

Relational databases are one of the most industrially successful applications of formal logic in computer science. The power of the paradigm is clear both because of its widespread adoption and because of theoretical analysis. Today, automated theorem provers are not able to take advantage of database systems and therefore do not routinely leverage that source of power. Extensional Reasoning is an approach to automated theorem proving where the machine automatically translates a logical entailment query into a database, a set of view definitions, and a database query so that the entailment query can be answered by answering the database query. In some cases this approach produces several orders of magnitude performance improvement over traditional theorem proving techniques.
Lidar observations of persistent gravity waves with periods of 3–10 h in the Antarctic middle and upper atmosphere at McMurdo (77.83°S, 166.67°E)

Persistent, dominant, and large-amplitude gravity waves with 3–10 h periods and vertical wavelengths ~20–30 km are observed in temperatures from the stratosphere to lower thermosphere with an Fe Boltzmann lidar at McMurdo, Antarctica. These waves exhibit characteristics of inertia-gravity waves in case studies, yet they are extremely persistent and have been present during every lidar observation. We characterize these 3–10 h waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere using lidar temperature data in June from 2011 to 2015. A new method is applied to identify the major wave events from every lidar run longer than 12 h. A continuous 65 h lidar run on 28–30 June 2014 exhibits a 7.5 h wave spanning ~60 h, and 6.5 h and 3.4 h waves spanning 40 and 45 h, respectively. Over the course of 5 years, 323 h of data in June reveal that the major wave periods occur in several groups centered from ~3.5 to 7.5 h, with vertical phase speeds of 0.8–2 m/s. These 3–10 h waves possess more than half of the spectral energy for ~93% of the time. A rigorous prewhitening, postcoloring technique is introduced for frequency power spectra investigation. The resulting spectral slopes are unusually steep (−2.7) below ~100 km but gradually become shallower with increasing altitude, reaching about −1.6 at 110 km. Two-dimensional fast Fourier transform spectra confirm that these waves have a uniform dominant vertical wavelength of 20–30 km across periods of 3.5–10 h. These statistical features shed light on the wave source and pave the way for future research.
In Situ Storage Layout Optimization for AMR Spatio-temporal Read Accesses

Analyses of large simulation data often concentrate on regions in space and in time that contain important information. As simulations adopt Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR), the data records from a region of interest could be widely scattered on storage devices and accessing interesting regions results in significantly reduced I/O performance. In this work, we study the organization of block-structured AMR data on storage to improve performance of spatio-temporal data accesses. AMR has a complex hierarchical multi-resolution data structure that does not fit easily with the existing approaches that focus on uniform mesh data. To enable efficient AMR read accesses, we develop an in situ data layout optimization framework. Our framework automatically selects from a set of candidate layouts based on a performance model, and reorganizes the data before writing to storage. We evaluate this framework with three AMR datasets and access patterns derived from scientific applications. Our performance model is able to identify the best layout scheme and yields up to a 3X read performance improvement compared to the original layout. Though it is not possible to turn all read accesses into contiguous reads, we are able to achieve 90% of contiguous read throughput with the optimized layouts on average.
Parent material and pedogenic thresholds: observations and a simple model

Pedogenic thresholds, where multiple soil properties vary substantially and coherently in a narrow portion of a broad environmental gradient, are well-described on basaltic soils in Hawaii. One such threshold occurs along climate gradients where primary minerals virtually disappear, base saturation decreases sharply, and aluminum is mobilized within a narrow range of increasing rainfall. A recent study that evaluated thresholds along a climate gradient of non-basalt-derived soils on the South Island of New Zealand found that while base saturation declined steeply in a narrow range of rainfall on that gradient, the change was not coherent across soil properties; a substantial fraction of the Ca present in primary minerals (40–60 %) remained through the highest-rainfall sites ((Dixon et al. in J Geophys Res, doi: 10.1002/2016JF003864, 2016). We developed a simple model to explore potential mechanisms driving differences between basalt-derived and non-basalt soils. Incorporating a broader spectrum of mineral weathering rates (including some primary minerals that are highly recalcitrant to weathering) into simulated non-basalt than simulated basalt-derived soils (and accounting for the lower rates of evapotranspiration in New Zealand) was sufficient to simulate observed differences between these substrates. Further, we used the simple model to evaluate the consequences of rainfall variation in the short- (time step to time step) and long-term (a change in rainfall after 50,000 time steps). Results of these analyses demonstrated that year-to-year variation in rainfall could play an important role in controlling changes in the position of the pedogenic threshold during soil development.
Light dark matter in superfluid helium: Detection with multi-excitation production

Light dark matter searches require new experimental approaches compared to the well-established nuclear-recoil techniques now in use. In this paper, the authors consider the potential to detect sub-MeV dark matter via multi-excitation modes in superfluid helium.
Perceived weight discrimination and chronic medical conditions in adults with overweight and obesity.

SummaryAim This study investigated whether perceived weight discrimination is associated with increased risk for major chronic medical conditions and whether the associations persist after adjusting for other stressful life events in addition to BMI, physical activity and sociodemographic variables. Methods The study included 21 357 overweight/obese adults (52.9% women) from the 2001 to 2002 and 2004 to 2005 National Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Results Perceived weight discrimination was significantly associated with risk for arteriosclerosis, diabetes, high cholesterol, myocardial infarction, minor heart conditions and stomach ulcers. Perceived weight discrimination was associated with reporting more stressful life events. After adjusting additionally for stressful life events in the final multiple logistic regression, associations with arteriosclerosis, diabetes and minor cardiac conditions remained significant. Gender-stratified analyses revealed that perceived weight discrimination was associated with different medical conditions in women than men, and many associations became non-significant when adjusting for stressful life events, particularly for women. Conclusions Among overweight/obese adults, perceived weight discrimination is associated with significantly increased risk for obesity-related chronic medical conditions even after adjusting for BMI, physical activity and sociodemographic variables. Accounting for other acute stressful life events may also be important in understanding the health effects of perceived weight discrimination. Such added health risk of overweight/obesity posed by perceived weight discrimination warrants public health and policy interventions against weight discrimination to reduce the socioeconomic burden of obesity.
Deceit of an Indian Woman in Sivasankari’s Deception

Sivasankari is a prolific Tamil authoress who has written with great awareness on social issues and problems. She is a recipient of several awards and nationally recognized writer. Deception is a novel which portrays the deceit of an Indian woman. Giridhar and Durga are the two characters who were leading a fruitful and happy married life with two children until Giridhar is sent to the U.K. on work. Durga endures letters from Giridhar dry up. Durga battles her fears and pain alone. A journey for truth.She finally reaches U.S along with her children to ensure the truth of the letter. The shocked and arrogant Giridhar considered her arrival as an ill-mannered behaviour. She and the children were insulted as intruders and beggars, interrupting his privacy. He offers her enough money from Linda for their survival and sustenance. She refused all his offers and wanted to convince her children that she was not befooling them as they were anxiously waiting for the arrival of their father from U.K. Durga was courageous enough to confront the deceit of her husband and lead a committed life for her children. Passionate life to cowardice, promotion and fame to deception, unfulfilled desires to deception, justifying mistakes to deception, realization of reality and factors of deception can successfully found in the novel.We come across transformation of noble, dutiful, broken and shattered women to a bold and courageous personality.
Vertex-algebraic structure of principal subspaces of standard $A^{(2)}_2$-modules, I

Extending earlier work of the authors, this is the first in a series of papers devoted to the vertex-algebraic structure of principal subspaces of standard modules for twisted affine Kac–Moody algebras. In this part, we develop the necessary theory of principal subspaces for the affine Lie algebra , which we expect can be extended to higher rank algebras. As a "test case", we consider the principal subspace of the basic -module and explore its structure in depth.
Translanguaging in a middle school science classroom: constructing scientific arguments in English and Spanish

In this article, we investigate translanguaging in an English/Spanish dual language, urban, middle school science classroom as the teacher and students employ a scientific argumentation framework to address biodiversity socioscientific issues. Drawing from theories of sociocultural psychology and sociolinguistics, we considered how engaging in scientific practices was constructed through concerted activity by a bilingual teacher and her emergent bilingual students across English and Spanish language practices. Using ethnographically informed data collection in conjunction with discourse analysis, teacher translanguaging was examined for its related functions in the science classroom and how this pedagogical practice afforded opportunities for framing and supporting scientific argumentation. Results suggest that the functions of teacher translanguaging fell into three main categories: maintaining classroom culture, facilitating the academic task, and framing epistemic practices. Of the three categories of translanguaging, this paper focuses on how framing epistemic practices proved to be of paramount importance in the teacher presenting and supporting the suite of practices comprising scientific argumentation.
Abstract 1029: MAPK-mediated immunomodulation in disseminated murine Emu-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Work in melanoma and other solid tumors shows mutations activating MAPK pathway not only promote malignancy by promoting survival and proliferation but also are immunosuppressive than wild-type (WT) counterparts. However, relevance of MAPK-activating mutations to immune modulation in disseminated cancers such as leukemia is uncertain, and the mechanisms by which this occurs are likely to differ. BRAF activating mutation is found in nearly all hairy cell leukemia cases, 4% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and 9% CLL cases when including other MAPK-activating mutations such as KRAS and NRAS. To assess immunomodulatory effects of BRAF-mutant CLL cells, we co-cultured dox-inducible OSU-CLL cells transfected with WT or BRAFV600E constructs with healthy donor T cells incubated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, and T cell proliferation, cytokine production and expression of surface proteins were assessed by flow cytometry. We also employed a transgenic mouse model of BRAF B cell leukemia. CD19-Cre x BRAFV600E or CD19-Cre only mice were crossed with the well-characterized Emu-TCL1 model of CLL to obtain mice with spontaneous B cell leukemia expressing either WT BRAF (CD19-Cre xTCL1) or mutant BRAF (BRAFV600E xCD19-Cre xTCL1) under the native BRAF promoter. For adoptive transfer (AT) experiments, leukemia cells (2e7) from transgenic mice were engrafted intravenously into syngeneic healthy adult animals. Blood and spleen cells were examined by flow cytometry. OSU-CLL cells expressing BRAFV600E more strongly inhibited anti-CD3/CD28-induced proliferation of normal donor T cells. Transwell assays showed this effect was due both to soluble and contact-dependent factors. TNF levels were higher in BRAFV600E-expressing cells and reduced by vemurafenib, but a TNF neutralizing antibody did not alter the inhibitory effect of BRAFV600E-expressing cells on T cell proliferation. Proliferation was rescued by the BRAFV600E inhibitor dabrafenib, further supporting the contribution of mutant BRAF to this effect. Impact of BRAFV600E mutation on myeloid compartment was also evaluated using AT model. Mice were engrafted with BRAFWT or BRAFV600E leukemia cells, and upon achieving similar disease loads, BRAFV600E leukemic B cells caused 2.2-fold increase in PD-L1 expressing-peripheral myeloid cells (p Citation Format: Aparna Lakshmanan, Yo-Ting Tsai, Amy Lehman, Ellen J. Sass, Minh Tran, Fabienne Lucas, Meixiao Long, Bonnie K. Harrington, Krista La Perle, Vincenzo Coppola, Gerard Lozanski, Natarajan Muthusamy, John C. Byrd, Michael R. Grever, David M. Lucas. MAPK-mediated immunomodulation in disseminated murine Emu-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1029. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1029
Definitions and Major Assumptions

This chapter deals with definitions and assumptions. The four behavioral styles that are used to define a criminal lifestyle are examined, followed by clarification on three sets of assumptions that buttress criminal lifestyle theory. The first set of assumptions establish a universal life instinct, a collective motivator (existential fear), and two basic responses (accommodation and assimilation). The second set of assumptions highlight the overlap, countervailing relationships, and correlated novelties that mark criminal development, choice, and change. The third set of assumptions underscore the value of using statistical procedures like mediation and moderation to integrate constructs and ideas from different criminological theories.
Cross-Country Comparisons of Disability and Morbidity: Evidence from the Gateway to Global Aging Data.

Background International comparisons of disease prevalence have been useful in understanding what proportion of disease might be preventable and in informing potential policy interventions in different cultural and economic contexts. Using newly available, harmonized data from 20 countries, we compare disability and morbidity of older adults between the ages of 55 and 74. Methods The Gateway to Global Aging Data, a data and information portal, provides access to easy-to-use individual-level longitudinal data from 10 surveys covering over 30 countries. Exploiting harmonized measures available from the Gateway, we descriptively examine how disability and morbidity differ across countries. Results Significant cross-country differences are observed for several health indicators. Comparing countries with the highest and lowest prevalence rates, we observe that hypertension rates vary twofold and stroke rates vary threefold, while disability and arthritis rates vary more than fivefold. Among women, higher gross domestic product and life expectancy are related to lower diabetes, heart disease, and better functioning. Among men, national indicators of economic conditions are not significantly associated with reported disease prevalence. Conclusions We document substantial heterogeneity in disability and morbidity across countries, separately for men and women and after controlling for population age composition and education. Rich data from various surveys across the world offers remarkable opportunities for cross-country analyses, calling for further investigation of what drives observed differences. The Gateway to Global Aging Data provides easy-to-use harmonized data files and tools to facilitate this type of research.