cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
From what might have been to what must have been: counterfactual thinking creates meaning.

Four experiments explored whether 2 uniquely human characteristics—counterfactual thinking (imagining alternatives to the past) and the fundamental drive to create meaning in life—are causally related. Rather than implying a random quality to life, the authors hypothesized and found that counterfactual thinking heightens the meaningfulness of key life experiences. Reflecting on alternative pathways to pivotal turning points even produced greater meaning than directly reflecting on the meaning of the event itself. Fate perceptions (“it was meant to be”) and benefit-finding (recognition of positive consequences) were identified as independent causal links between counterfactual thinking and the construction of meaning. Through counterfactual reflection, the upsides to reality are identified, a belief in fate emerges, and ultimately more meaning is derived from important life events.
The subset of T lymphocytes mediating delayed-type hypersensitivity in the rat

Populations enriched in each of the major rat T-cell subsets recognized by mouse monoclonal antibodies were prepared from thoracic-duct lymphocytes by affinity chromatography. Such enriched populations obtained from donor rats immunized with BCG were tested for their capacity to mediate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) against purified protein derivative by adoptive transfer to recipient rats. The mediator activity was found in the populations enriched in T cells recognized by the monoclonal antibody W3/25. Thus, the results formally demonstrate that mediating DTH is another function of W3/25-positive T lymphocytes. In addition, the studies show that affinity chromatography is an effective method for preparing bulk quantities of functional lymphocyte populations enriched in the major rat T-cell subsets.
Effect of protein content of diet on lysine oxidation by the rat

Abstract Feeding rats a high protein diet increased their ability to oxidize a loading dose of lysine to CO2in vivo. The rate of oxidation of lysine to CO2 by liver homogenates from rats consuming a high protein diet increased with time, reaching a maximum by 10 days.
Cluster analysis of Dairy Herd Improvement data to discover trends in performance characteristics in large Upper Midwest dairy herds

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a variable reduction method used on over-parameterized data sets with a vast number of variables and a limited number of observations, such as Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) data, to select subsets of variables that describe the largest amount of variance. Cluster analysis (CA) segregates objects, in this case dairy herds, into groups based upon similarity in multiple characteristics simultaneously. This project aimed to apply PCA to discover the subset of most meaningful DHI variables and to discover groupings of dairy herds with similar performance characteristics. Year 2011 DHI data was obtained for 557 Upper Midwest herds with test-day mean ≥200 cows (assumed mostly freestall housed), that remained on test for the entire year. The PCA reduced an initial list of 22 variables to 16. The average distance method of CA grouped farms based on best goodness of fit determined by the minimum cophenetic distance. Six groupings provided the optimal fitting number of clusters. Descriptive statistics for the 16 variables were computed per group. On observations of means, groups 1, 2, and 6 demonstrated the best performances in most variables, including energy-corrected milk, linear somatic cell score (log of somatic cell count), dry period intramammary infection cure rate, new intramammary infection risk, risk of subclinical intramammary infection at first test, age at first calving, days in milk, and Transition Cow Index. Groups 3, 4, and 5 demonstrated the worst mean performances in most the PCA-selected variables, including DIM, age at first calving, risk of subclinical intramammary infection at first test, and dry period intramammary infection cure rate. Groups 4 and 5 also had the worst mean herd performances in energy-corrected milk, Transition Cow Index, linear somatic cell score, and new intramammary infection risk. Further investigation will be conducted to reveal patterns of management associated with herd categorization. The PCA and CA should be used when describing the multivariate performance of dairy herds and whenever working with over-parameterized data sets, such as DHI databases.
Modeling of Droplet-Based Processing for the Production of High-Performance Particulate Materials using the Level Set Method

The dynamic and thermal processes of an Mg-Zn-Y alloy droplet's spreading and solidification are investigated using the level set method in order to understand their effects on the phase change process in a uniform droplet spray process. The level set method, driven with the solidification velocity predicted by a free dendritic growth model, is capable of tracking the evolution of the solidification front within the deformed droplet. It is found that the solidification process heavily depends on the initial thermal state of the droplet, the latent heat released during solidification, and the heat loss to the substrate. A rapid solidification occurs in the initial microseconds before a slow solidification process takes place.
An adaptive control strategy for computer-based manipulators

This paper focuses on the study of an adaptive control method based on the perturbation equations in the vicinity of a desired trajectory. The highly coupled nonlinear dynamic equations of a manipulator are expanded in the vicinity of a preplanned joint trajectory to obtain the perturbation equations. These perturbation equations are then used to design a feed-back control law about the desired trajectory. The torques for the joint actuators consist of nominal torques computed from the Newton-Euler equations of motion and the variational torques computed from the perturbation equations. Since the parameters in the perturbation equations are unknown and also slowly time-varying, a recursive least square identification scheme is used to perform on-line parameter identification. The parameters of the perturbation equations and the feedback gains of the controller are updated and adjusted in each sampling period successively to obtain the necessary control effort. This adaptive control strategy reduces the manipulator control problem from a nonlinear control to controlling a linear control system about a desired trajectory. Computer simulation studies of a three-jointed PUMA robot arm are performed on a VAX-11/780 computer to illustrate the performance of this adaptive control strategy.
Trap response and fruit damage by obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pheromone-treated apple orchards in New York.

Pheromone disruptants were tested from 1989 to 1992 in western New York to determine effect on trap catch and potential use in the control of obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), using polyethylene tube tie and controlled-release membrane dispensers in plots of 0.2-2.4 ha. Effectiveness of pheromone at different application rates and canopy locations was evaluated using synthetic pheromone-baited traps, molasses-baited traps, and by inspecting foliar terminals and fruit for leafroller damage. All pheromone treatments significantly reduced (by 56-97%) pheromone trap catches of male moths compared with catches in nontreated blocks. One application of a natural-blend formulation at 988 dispensers per hectare was better than 494/ha at disrupting trap catch of both flights that occur during the year. However, mated female moths were present in the orchard center as frequently as anywhere else in a pheromone-treated block, indicating either immigration from outside sources or resident females that were not prevented from mating by the pheromone. The membrane dispenser emitted the 3-component natural blend at proportions similar to those in wild female moths. Pheromone traps placed in the tops of trees in a pheromone-treated orchard always caught higher numbers of male moths than those in lower- or middle-canopy positions. Pheromone treatment resulted in fruit damage similar to that of a pheromone + insecticide treatment under low to moderate leafroller population pressure (i.e., 3-5% fruit damage in untreated orchards) ; however, no control method was able to reduce damage to acceptable levels in all cases.
Pharmacological Approaches to Stuttering Treatment: Reply to Meline and Harn (2008)

Purpose To address questions raised by T. Meline and W. E. Harn (2008) in their critique of our previous article (A. K. Bothe, J. H. Davidow, R. E. Bramlett, D. M. Franic, & R. J. Ingham, 2006). Me...
Single-molecule nanoscale electrocatalysis

Nanoscale catalysts are important for electrocatalysis, especially in energy conversion as in photoelectrochemical cells and fuel cells. Understanding their reactivity is essential for improving their performances and designing new ones, but challenging due to their inherent structural heterogeneity. This article reviews recent developments in using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to overcome this challenge and interrogate directly the individuality of nanoscale catalysts. Using electrocatalysis by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as an example, this article discusses how the single-molecule approach dissects the reaction kinetics at single-reaction resolution, unravels the reaction mechanism, and quantifies the reactivity and inhomogeneity of individual SWNT reactive sites, which are imaged to nanometre precision via super-resolution optical imaging. New scientific questions and opportunities are also discussed, as well as the related optical studies of single-molecule and single-nanoparticle electrochemistry.
A Kinetic Model for the Enzymatic Action of Cellulase

We develop a mechanochemical model for the dynamics of cellulase, a two-domain enzyme connected by a peptide linker, as it extracts and hydrolyzes a cellulose polymer from a crystalline substrate. We consider two random walkers, representing the catalytic domain (CD) and the carbohydrate binding module (CBM), whose rates for stepping are biased by the coupling through the linker and the energy required to lift the cellulose polymer from the crystalline surface. Our results show that the linker length and stiffness play a critical role in the cooperative action of the CD and CBM domains and that, for a given linker length, the steady-state hydrolysis shows a maximum at some intermediate linker stiffness. The maximum hydrolysis rate corresponds to a transition of the linker from a compressed to an extended conformation, where the system exhibits maximum fluctuation, as measured by the variance of the separation distance between the two domains and the dispersion around the mean hydrolysis speed. In the range of experimentally known values of the parameters of our model, improving the intrinsic hydrolytic activity of the CD leads to a proportional increase in the overall hydrolysis rate.
Unique properties of nucleic acid from Bacillus subtilis phage SP-15.

BACTERIOPHAGE SP-15 is a large, generalized transducing phage of Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis. The DNA extracted from the purified phage has unusual physical properties: its melting temperature (Tm) in 0.15 M NaCl, 0.015 M sodium citrate (SSC) is very low, 61.5° C and its buoyant density in neutral CsCl is very high, 1.761 g/ml.1. We describe here additional unique features of SP-15 DNA: the presence of (1) a new modified pyrimidine which partially replaces the thymine; (2) a compound which reacts with orcinol as a pentose; (3) alkali-sensitive phosphodiester bonds; and (4) glucose.
Private needs, public space: public toilets provision in the Anglo-Atlantic patriarchal city: London, Dublin, Toronto and Chicago

As part of the reconstruction of their built environments at the beginning of the twentieth century, London, Dublin, Toronto and Chicago confronted the question of whether to provide public toilets. In comparing the arguments and decisions over this question, this article demonstrates how the male leadership of each city sought to preserve the centuries-old patriarchal tradition of separate public and private spheres and limit women's access to public spaces. It also reveals the gendered dimension of ideas and experiences of the city that underlay the rhetoric surrounding this question.
When Does the “Duty to Protect” Apply with a Client Who has Anorexia Nervosa?

Individuals with eating disorders, especially those with anorexia nervosa, have the potential to experience significant harm and even death as a result of behaviors related to their condition. Because of this risk, the authors argue that there is a duty to protect (i.e., an obligation to take some action when a person is engaging or considering engaging in a behavior that may lead to self-harm) when a client's anorexia-related behavior has progressed to the point of medical jeopardy—that is, her or his life is in danger. This article reviews information on anorexia, including mortality data; ethical and legal issues when a client is believed to be a harm-to-self; and the literature related to involuntary hospitalization and compulsory treatment of clients with anorexia. The article concludes with a set of guidelines for when the duty to protect when a client has anorexia nervosa begins and with suggestions for interventions.
In Defence of Heidegger

Paul Edwards' October 1989 essay, 'Heidegger's Quest'for Being' illustrates the wisdom of the dictum that the only legitimate criticism of a philosopher's position is a constructive criticism. His negative critique amounts to no more than expressions of distaste, dislike, and displeasure, and nothing of philosophical interest follows from his assertions, as the discourse is primarily an argument ad hominem. He grossly misinterprets Heidegger on some elemental and fundamental matters as well. In particular, he sorely misinterprets what he refers to as the 'Quest for Being', which only further contributes to the objectionable character of the essay. The criticisms cannot be taken seriously, as many are based on the impressions and testimonies of others, some who personally knew Heidegger, and the remarks add up to an argument ad hominem. A dispassionate reader cannot help wondering how or why it matters that Hans-Georg Gadamer said that Heidegger was a 'revolutionary thinker', or that Karl Rahner addressed Heidegger as his 'master', or that Karl Lowith saw that Heidegger's 'forehead was agitated, his face veiled and his eyes downcast'.2 Favourable or not, the reports may be interesting asides, but they are inappropriate for a scholarly essay. The inclusion of one man's opinion in particular is most inappropriate, not to mention most annoying. He declares that Heidegger was an 'egomaniacal, anti-Semitic redneck', who by the way 'had a great deal in common with Hitler himself; blood-and-soil rhetoric, anti-Semitism, self-deception . . . and the desire to found a cult'.3 Can a claim such as this ever be substantiated? If not, why make it? It is highly unlikely that we shall ever know the truth about and/or the extent of Heidegger's involvement with the Nazi party. Who would know the truth, after all, except Heidegger?
Transcriptional pathways associated with skeletal muscle disuse atrophy in humans

Disuse atrophy is a common clinical phenomenon that significantly impacts muscle function and activities of daily living. The purpose of this study was to implement genome-wide expression profiling to identify transcriptional pathways associated with muscle remodeling in a clinical model of disuse. Skeletal muscle biopsies were acquired from the medial gastrocnemius in patients with an ankle fracture and from healthy volunteers subjected to 4-11 days of cast immobilization. We identified 277 misregulated transcripts in immobilized muscles of patients, of which the majority were downregulated. The most broadly affected pathways were involved in energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cell cycle regulation. We also found decreased expression in genes encoding proteolytic proteins, calpain-3 and calpastatin, and members of the myostatin and IGF-I pathway. Only 26 genes showed increased expression in immobilized muscles, including apolipoprotein (APOD) and leptin receptor (LEPR). Upregulation of APOD (5.0-fold, P < 0.001) and LEPR (5.7-fold, P < 0.05) was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. In addition, atrogin-1/MAFbx was found to be 2.4-fold upregulated (P < 0.005) by quantitative RT-PCR. Interestingly, 96% of the transcripts differentially regulated in immobilized limbs also showed the same trend of change in the contralateral legs of patients but not the contralateral legs of healthy volunteers. Information obtained in this study complements findings in animal models of disuse and provides important feedback for future clinical studies targeting the restoration of muscle function following limb disuse in humans.
A random survey of the Cryptosporidium parvum genome.

Cryptosporidium parvum is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for widespread infections in humans and animals. The inability to obtain purified samples of this organism’s various developmental stages has limited the understanding of the biochemical mechanisms important for C. parvum development or host-parasite interaction. To identify C. parvum genes independent of their developmental expression, a random sequence analysis of the 10.4-megabase genome of C. parvum was undertaken. Total genomic DNA was sheared by nebulization, and fragments between 800 and 1,500 bp were gel purified and cloned into a plasmid vector. A total of 442 clones were randomly selected and subjected to automated sequencing by using one or two primers flanking the cloning site. In this way, 654 genomic survey sequences (GSSs) were generated, corresponding to >320 kb of genomic sequence. These sequences were assembled into 408 contigs containing >250 kb of unique sequence, representing ∼2.5% of the C. parvum genome. Comparison of the GSSs with sequences in the public DNA and protein databases revealed that 107 contigs (26%) displayed similarity to previously identified proteins and rRNA and tRNA genes. These included putative genes involved in the glycolytic pathway, DNA, RNA, and protein metabolism, and signal transduction pathways. The repetitive sequence elements identified included a telomere-like sequence containing hexamer repeats, 57 microsatellite-like elements composed of dinucleotide or trinucleotide repeats, and a direct repeat sequence. This study demonstrates that large-scale genomic sequencing is an efficient approach to analyze the organizational characteristics and information content of the C. parvum genome.
SSCP markers provide a useful alternative to microsatellites in genotyping and estimating genetic diversity in populations and germplasm collections of plant specialty crops

For well-studied plant species with whole genome sequence or extensive EST data, SNP markers are the logical choice for both genotyping and whole genome association studies. However, SNP markers may not address the needs of researchers working on specialty crops with limited available genomic information. Microsatellite markers have been frequently employed due to their robustness, but marker development can be difficult and may result in few polymorphic markers. SSCP markers, such as microsatellites, are PCR-based and scored by electrophoretic mobility but, because they are based on SNPs rather than length differences, occur more frequently and are easier to develop than microsatellites. We have examined how well correlated the estimation of genetic diversity and genetic distance are in a population or germplasm collection when measured by 13 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers or 20 SSCP markers. We observed a significant correlation in pairwise genetic distances of 82 individuals in an international cacao germplasm collection (Mantel test Rxy 50.59, po0.0001 for 10 000 permutations). Both sets of markers could distinguish each individual in the population. These data provide strong support for the use of SSCP markers in the genotyping of plant species where development of microsatellites would be difficult or expensive.
Flow-capacity-maintaining, decentralized, conflict resolution with aircraft turn dynamics

This article presents a decentralized conflict resolution procedure (CRP) that maintains the flow capacity in each of two intersecting routes. The main contribution of this article is the development of CRPs that include the effect of aircraft, turn dynamics that limits the heading-change rate.
Rethinking the Two-Body Problem: The Segregation of Women Into Geographically Dispersed Occupations

Empirical research on the family cites the tendency for couples to relocate for husbands’ careers as evidence against the gender neutrality of household economic decisions. For these studies, occupational segregation is a concern because occupations are not random by sex and mobility is not random by occupation. I find that the tendency for households to relocate for husbands’ careers is better explained by the segregation of women into geographically dispersed occupations rather than by the direct prioritization of men’s careers. Among never-married workers, women relocate for work less often than men, and the gender effect disappears after occupational segregation is accounted for. Although most two-earner families feature husbands in geographically clustered jobs involving frequent relocation for work, families are no less likely to relocate for work when it belongs to the wife. I conclude that future research in household mobility should treat occupational segregation occurring prior to marriage rather than gender bias within married couples as the primary explanation for the prioritization of husbands’ careers in household mobility decisions.
Physiological effects of parathion on the cockroach gut in vivo and correlation with external symptoms of poisoning.

Effects of parathion intoxication on gut functions of the Madeira cockroach, Leucophaea maderae (F.), were studied in vivo with X-ray techniques. The foregut accumulated large volumes of air and sometimes fluid during the prostration and paralysis stage of poisoning. Rapid rebloating occurred in these insects when the initial gas contents were removed with a syringe. Carbon dioxide accumulated in the foregut while oxygen decreased during the time of bloating. This condition appears to be a secondary effect of prolonged intoxication by parathion as well as a number of other nerve poisons, resulting from the uncontrolled entry of air into the foregut. Sphincter valve operation and peristaltic contractions of the gut continued after the somatic muscles became paralyzed, as was evidenced by the movement of barium sulfate throughout the alimentary canal in prostrate cockroaches.
Memories of Parental Favoritism and the Quality of Parent-Child Ties in Adulthood

In order to better understand which factors contribute to variations in the quality of adult child-parent bonds, this study considered parental unfairness in the treatment of offspring during childhood. Using social exchange, self-esteem maintenance, and socialization models to predict different outcomes, memories of least favored status (LFS) were examined in relation to affectional intergenerational solidarity. A secondary analysis of a Swedish data set was conducted. Parent-child dyads were studied within three-generational lineages consisting of a grandmother (G1), her adult child (G2), and the grandchild (G3). Comparing parents and children, ratings of LFS were more predictive of the quality of the bond for children. Comparing generations of parents, LFS memories were more predictive for G2 than for G1. Comparing generations of children, there were no differences. The uniqueness of older parents in family research is considered, and an agenda for future research is suggested.
Liking and Disliking: Sketch of an Alternative View

Even though we acquire more negative information about people as we get to know them better and negative information has a disproportionately high weight, our liking for a friend does not automatically diminish with continued acquaintance. It is difficult to reconcile this fact with the commonly held assumption that liking-disliking is a unidimensional judgment. An alternative view is proposed in which liking and disliking are seen as separate judgments. The several premises are: 1) the criteria for liking and disliking are distinct; 2) friendship choices are made from a set of eligibles; 3) people are rejected from the set of eligibles on the basis of dislike criteria; 4) friends are chosen from the set of eligibles on the basis of like criteria; 5) the like criteria are likely to be context specific. Analysis of dislike judgments suggests a differentiation of negative information into disliked and disfavored attributes. Given this distinction, the fact of nondiminishing friendship poses no difficulty. T...
Distributed file system support for virtual machines in grid computing

This paper presents a data management solution which allows fast virtual machine (VM) instantiation and efficient run-time execution to support VMs as execution environments in grid computing. It is based on novel distributed file system virtualization techniques and is unique in that: 1) it provides on-demand access to VM state for unmodified VM monitors; 2) it supports user-level and write-back disk caches, per-application caching policies and middleware-driven consistency models; and 3) it supports the use of meta-data associated with files to expedite data transfers. The paper reports on its performance in a WAN setup using VMware-based VMs. Results show that the solution delivers performance over 30% better than native NFS and can bring application-perceived overheads below 10% relatively to a local disk setup. The solution also allows a VM with 1.6GB virtual disk and 320MB virtual memory to be cloned within 160 seconds when it is first instantiated (and within 25 seconds for subsequent clones).
Integral equation modeling of three-dimensional magnetotelluric response

We have adapted a three‐dimensional (3-D) volume integral equation algorithm to magnetotelluric (MT) modeling. Incorporating an integro‐difference scheme increases accuracy somewhat. Utilizing the two symmetry planes of a buried prismatic body and a normally incident plane wave source greatly reduces required computation time and storage. Convergence checks and comparisons with one‐dimensional (1-D) and two‐dimensional (2-D) models indicate that our results are valid. We show theoretical surface anomalies due to a 3-D prismatic conductive body buried in a half‐space earth. Instead of studying the electric and magnetic fields, we have obtained impedance tensor and magnetic transfer functions by imposing two different source polarizations. Manipulation of the impedance tensor and magnetic transfer functions yields the following MT quantities: apparent resistivity and phase, impedance polar diagrams, tipper direction and magnitude, principal directions, skew, and ellipticity. With our preliminary analyses of...
Parameters of rewards on choice behavior in Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens)

Five experiments were conducted with Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) to investigate how choices in a T-maze were affected by parameters of a social reward (aggression display to another male): presence or absence, amount, delay and distance traveled. Bettas showed a preference for the side associated with the presence of another male rather than the side associated with nothing (Exp 1), a greater length of time of the reward (Exp 2) and shorter delay (Exp 3). The animals were indifferent when one side offered a longer delay to a longer reward time compared with a shorter delay to a shorter reward time (Exp 4). What was most surprising, however, was that fish preferred to choose the side that was associated with swimming a greater distance to reach an opponent male (Exp 5). These experiments demonstrate that, while some parameters of a visual reward affect behavior in predictable ways (greater amount, shorter delay), the complex motivations underlying inter-male aggression can produce what appear to be paradoxical results.
A new method of interface trap modeling in quantized MOSFET inversion layers

Summary form only given. The effects of quantization on trapping kinetics in MOS devices are two fold: first, carriers emitted from interface traps must be captured in conduction band states that lie at a higher energy than the conduction band edge; second, the wave function defines a probability localizing the inversion layer. Therefore, extensions to current theories must be developed since previous work only considers communication to the surface conduction band energy level and assumes a uniform distribution of electrons in space. Bulk potential bias will change the degree of quantization and must be included in a modified theory to correctly extract the emission time and subsequently determine the capture cross-section values for interface traps. The work of W. Shockley and W.T. Read (1952) and R.N. Hall (1952) is extended to include two-dimensional surface quantization effects and the statistics to account for localization of conduction band change in both space and energy are formulated. >
EFFECTS OF DATE OF SOIL DISTURBANCE ON NUMBERS OF ADULT FIELD CRICKETS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE), IN FLORIDA

Adults of Gryllus rubens Scudder, G . firmus Scudder, and G . ovisopis Walker were collected for 4 years from plots disked annually on one of six dates and from undisturbed plots to examine effects of date of soil disturbance on field cricket populations. Adults of the two field-inhabiting species, G . rubens and G . firmus , were most numerous from plots disked in February or April and least numerous from the plots disked in October and from the undisturbed (control) plots. Adults of G . ovisopis , a species that normally inhabits forests, were most numerous from the undisturbed plots and least numerous from the plots disked in August.
Mapping the Spin-Injection Probability on the Atomic Scale

A spin-polarized electron current is injected into the GaAs(110) surface at 100 K by using a polycrystalline ferromagnetic Ni scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) tip. The injected electrons recombine to the valence band and emit circularly polarized radiation whose degree of light polarization is related to the polarization of the conduction-band electrons at the instant of recombination. When the polarized electrons are injected into clean, flat terraces an average polarization for the emitted radiation is found to be 6.79%, while over the 10-nm step region the polarization is reduced to 0.46%. This step scattering effect is studied further by varying the tunneling gap through adjusting the tunneling current. As the distance between the STM tip and sample decrease the spin-scattering effect of the step edge is enhanced.
Wave breaking in the presence of wind drift and swell

Wind, blowing over a water surface, induces a thin layer of high vorticity in which the wind stress is supported by molecular viscosity; the magnitude of the surface drift, the velocity difference across the layer, being of the order of 3% of the wind speed. When long waves move across the surface, there is a nonlinear augmentation of the surface drift near the long-wave crests so that short waves, super-imposed on the longer ones, experience an augmented drift in these regions. This is shown to reduce the maximum amplitude that the short waves can attain when they are at the point of incipient breaking. Theoretical estimates of the reduction are compared with measurements in wind-wave tanks by the authors and by Mitsuvasu (1966) in which long mechanically generated waves are superimposed on short wind-generated waves. The reductions measured in the energy density of the short waves by increasing the slope of the longer ones at constant wind speed are generally consistent with the predictions of the theory in a variety of cases. (Author)
Managing databases with binary large objects

We present recommendations on Performance Management for databases supporting Binary Large Objects (BLOB) that, under a wide range of conditions, save both storage space and database transactions processing time. The research shows that for database applications where ad hoc retrieval queries prevail, storing the actual values of BLOBs in the database may be the best choice to achieve better performance, whereas storing BLOBs externally is the best approach where multiple Delete/Insert/Update operations on BLOBs dominate. Performance measurements are used to discover System Performance Bottlenecks and their resolution. We propose a strategy of archiving large data collections in order to reduce data management overhead in the Relational Database and maintain acceptable response time.
Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis of the membranous nasal septum

Rhinoscleroma is a chronic, infectious, granulomatous disease that may present with mass lesions in the respiratory tract anywhere from the nose to the trachea. The nose is involved in 95-100 per cent of cases. There are three stages of the disease: catarrhal-atrophic, granulomatous (also known as hypertrophic) and sclerotic. The diagnosis is made either by positive Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis culture or from the classic histological findings of Mikulicz cells and transformed plasma cells with Russell bodies. Rhinoscleroma is endemic to areas of Africa, South-East Asia, Mexico, Central and South America, and Central and Eastern Europe, and it has been associated with low socioeconomic status. In the past, rhinoscleroma was infrequent in the US population but, with current trends in migration, the incidence of rhinoscleroma may be on the rise. There is often a delay in diagnosis in non-endemic areas such as the US due to unfamiliarity with the disease, the stage-dependent clinical and histological manifestations of disease, and the fact that only 50-60 per cent of cultures are positive for K rhinoscleromatis. Such late diagnosis leads to increased morbidity in the form of nasal and airway obstruction and nasal deformity from erosive processes. Rhinoscleroma is difficult to cure and prone to recur. Currently, the recommended treatment consists of a combination of surgical debridement and long-term antibiotic therapy. We present a case report of a culture-positive diagnosis of rhinoscleroma, and we review the existing literature.
Beneficial and detrimental interactive effects of dissolved organic matter and ultraviolet radiation on zooplankton in a transparent lake

While changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations are expected to affect zooplankton species through attenuation of potentially damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation, generation of potentially beneficial or harmful photoproducts, pH alteration, and microbial food web stimulation, the combined effects of such changes on zooplankton community structure have not been studied previously. Our purpose was to determine how an increase in allochthonous DOM and associated changes in pH in an initially transparent lake may affect zooplankton community structure, and how exposure to solar UV may alter these DOM and pH effects. We ran microcosm experiments manipulating UV, DOM, and pH near the surface of Lake Giles in northeastern Pennsylvania. We found that when DOM was added in the presence of ambient UV, Daphnia and copepod UV-mortality was reduced by approximately three and two times compared to UV exposure without extra DOM. When DOM was added in the absence of UV, adult Daphnia and copepods were reduced compared to no DOM addition in the absence of UV. Daphnia and cyclopoid egg production and rotifer abundance were generally higher in the presence of DOM, regardless of UV treatment. The lower abundance yet high egg production in the presence of DOM and absence of UV may be explained by higher abundance of egg-bearing adults compared to non-egg-bearers. We conclude that allochthonous DOM benefits some zooplankton in a high-UV environment, but may be detrimental under low-UV conditions. Overall, Daphnia abundance and egg production were higher than that of calanoid copepods in the DOM additions, indicating that in some lakes an increase in allochthonous DOM may lead to a zooplankton community shift favoring Daphnia over calanoid copepods.
Maximum likelihood estimation of a linearly structured covariance with application to antenna array processing

The author considers the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation of the covariance of a zero-mean Gaussian random vector from its samples, when the covariance has a certain known structure that typically arises in antenna array processing. Owing to this structure, the conventional sample covariance is no longer the ML estimator. While previous approaches to ML estimation of similar structured covariances have relied on brute-force nonlinear programming methods to extremize the likelihood function, this approach derives analytical results for the special structure considered. The resulting algorithm is based on the eigendecomposition of a matrix derived from the sample covariance. The algorithm has application in the estimation of spectral parameters of correlated source signals in a wavefield. >
Golf hand prosthesis performance of transradial amputees

Background:Typical upper limb prostheses may limit sports participation; therefore, specialized terminal devices are often needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of transradi...
Multifunctional and degradable zwitterionic nanogels for targeted delivery, enhanced MR imaging, reduction-sensitive drug release, and renal clearance.

Abstract Multifunctional and degradable nanogels encapsulating both model drug (fluorescently labeled dextran) and imaging reagent (monodisperse Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles) were developed by polymerizing zwitterionic monomers with a disulfide crosslinker. Results show that the nanogels have a hydrodynamic size of about 110 nm in saline solution and their size remained unchanged for over 6 months. After being conjugated with a targeting ligand, the nanogels showed a significant cellular uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The nanogels show low macrophage uptake, implying potential low interaction with the innate immune system. Upon entering the reducing intracellular environment, the disulfide bonds were efficiently cleaved, resulting in the spontaneous release of the encapsulated model drug and Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies show that the encapsulation of multiple monodisperse Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles by the nanogels significantly enhanced their MRI performance (R2 relaxivity), while the disassembling of the Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles due to the nanogels degradation brings their R2 relaxivity back to that of their original monodisperse form. Furthermore, the degradation properties enable the removal of the disassembled nanogels from the body by renal clearance.
Coronary Microvascular Endothelial Stunning After Acute Pressure Overload in the Conscious Dog Is Caused by Oxidant Processes The Role of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor and NAD(P)H Oxidase

Background— Few studies have examined the effect of acute pressure overload on endothelial function in the coronary microcirculation. Methods and Results— In instrumented conscious dogs with heart rate held constant, veratrine caused a cholinergic nitric oxide (NO)–dependent increase in coronary blood flow by 23±3 mL/min (Bezold-Jarisch reflex). Ten minutes after release of constriction of the ascending aorta to increase left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure to 214±5 mm Hg for 30 minutes, the veratrine-induced increase in coronary blood flow (7±1 mL/min) was reduced by 66% and remained depressed for 2 hours (ie, endothelial stunning [ES]). Nitrite production from isolated coronary microvessels during ES was not different from normal. Ascorbic acid (AA), losartan, or apocynin prevented ES. Myocardial oxygen consumption (MVo2) of LV tissue was measured in vitro in response to bradykinin with preincubation of angiotensin II for 30 minutes. Bradykinin (10−4 mol/L)–induced reduction in MVo2 was reversed in...
Attenuated multimutated herpes simplex virus-1 effectively treats prostate carcinomas with neural invasion while preserving nerve function

Many cancers can cause disability and pain by invading nerves. In particular, prostate carcinoma has a high propensity for neural invasion (NI) at an early stage. Attempted surgical treatment of tumors with NI often leads to erectile dysfunction and deteriorated quality of life. Therefore, there is a need for novel modalities that will selectively target cancer cells while preserving neural function. Herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) have a natural trophism for peripheral nerves. We hypothesized that oncolytic therapy using HSV engineered to minimize neurotoxicity would be appropriate for this clinical setting. Attenuated HSV (NV1023) injected to sciatic nerves of nude mice had no toxic effect on nerve function (n=30). NV1023 had significant oncolytic effect on prostate carcinoma cells (PC3, DU145, and LNCap) in vitro. An in vivo model of NI was established by implanting prostate carcinoma cells in the sciatic nerves of nude mice. Mice were treated with NV1023 or saline 7 days after establishment of tumors. S...
STIMULATION OF CELLS BY INTENSE FLASHES OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

A study has been made of the effect of sudden intense flashes of ultraviolet light, acting on a wide variety of cells and tissues, with special reference to stimulation. The flashes are obtained by a high voltage condenser discharge through a quartz mercury vapor sterilamp, using the method of Rentschler. The lethal effect of a single such discharge is widespread among unicellular organisms. Medullated nerves and whole muscles are not visibly stimulated, because of absorption by connective tissue. Single muscle fibers undergo immediate contracture in 50 per cent of the experiments. Nitella cells are stimulated, the effect depending on the dosage. Weak ultraviolet flashes slow or stop cyclosis reversibly. Strong flashes stop cyclosis reversibly with the appearance of a local or a propagated action potential. Very strong flashes kill the Nitella cells. The effect of single flashes on myonemes, oscillatory movement, ameboid movement, cilia, flagella, and bioluminescence is described in the text.
Arachidonic acid-induced gene expression in colon cancer cells.

It is well documented that arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolites are intimately linked to cancer biology. However, the downstream mechanism(s) that link AA levels to cancer cell proliferation remain to be elucidated. Initial experiments in the current study showed that exogenous AA and inhibitors of AA metabolism that lead to the accumulation of unesterified AA are cytotoxic to the colon cancer cell line, HCT-116. Additionally, exogenous AA and triacsin C, an inhibitor of AA acylation, induced apoptosis and related caspase-3 activity in a transcriptionally dependent manner. Gene array analysis revealed that both exogenous AA and triacsin C alter the expression of similar genes in HCT-116 cells. For example, both down-regulate several genes with well-documented roles in cell survival and apoptotic resistance. Conversely, both upregulate genes encoding activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors, which have known roles in inducing apoptosis, and genes that counteract ras (Erk/MAPK) growth signaling pathways. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting demonstrated that mRNA and protein levels of one of the major AP-1 transcription factors, c-Jun, is markedly elevated by exogenous AA and triacsin C. Additionally, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, sulindac sulfide, increases c-Jun mRNA levels. Together, these studies reveal that the generation of intracellular AA and its subsequent impact on gene expression probably represents a critical step that regulates colon cancer cell proliferation.
An information-theoretic approach to the study of ubiquitous computing workspaces supporting geographically distributed engineering design teams as group-users

This research examined the problem of group-to-group distributed design collaboration, specifically situations in which co-located subgroups at different sites work together as a single. We chose to explore the use of ubiquitous computing technologies, since these offered the opportunity to develop interfaces better suited to team interaction. We were specifically interested in how the physical nature of technological tools influenced design activity. Our investigations began with a study of co-located design activity that established a baseline understanding of how teams use information in conceptual design. This work extended results from prior studies of individual designers to develop a group-oriented design activity framework. We compared the discussion structure of two teams engaged in conceptual design and determined that their concept development patterns were significantly different despite the fact that their information activity profiles were strikingly similar. We also observed that the teams used their workspace to share information in very different ways, which prompted us to speculate that the physical manner in which information is available in a workspace might impact design teams' activity patterns. Our initial study of co-located design highlighted the need for improved methodological approaches. We developed data collection and analysis techniques to improve the efficiency of research investigations and enable researchers to handle the increased complexity of technology-enabled spaces supporting distributed engineering design teams. We articulated standards for developing experimental tasks and used these to create simulated engineering design tasks that enabled a paired-comparison experimental approach. Finally, we explored group-to-group distributed engineering design activity in a structured experiment. Our data showed that the physical configuration of technology affected observable activity measures and patterns of verbal exchange across distributed sites and that peripheral communication channels allowed multiple individuals to work in parallel to accelerate information development and exchange. The data also showed participants felt the peripheral channel affordances made them feel more connected with remote colleagues. This work may have broad implications for engineering design research, as it articulates new frameworks for studying technologies used in engineering design workplaces and suggests new methodological approaches to data collection and analysis in the field.
Regulating for Efficiency in Health Care through the Antitrust Laws

The need to evaluate the competitive consequences of cooperation among rivals has long posed a dilemma for antitrust enforcement. Collaboration can reduce rivalry, raise prices and otherwise reduce consumer welfare; at the same time cooperation among rivals carries the promise of creating cost savings, correcting market failures and producing other benefits. In many cases antitrust doctrine requires a balancing of the positive and negative effects of coordination. In health care, federal antitrust enforcement agencies have increasingly turned to regulatory tools including policy statements, advisory opinions, speeches and regulatory decrees settling cases to strike this balance. However, the agencies have paid insufficient attention to the complexities inherent in making these tradeoffs and would be well advised to adopt structured inquiries into efficiencies defenses and related issues.