cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cervical Cancer Detection and Prevention

Since the introduction of the Papanicolaou (Pap) test in 1943, cervical cancer mortality has decreased by more than 70%. Once the number one cancer killer of women, cervical cancer now ranks 13th in cancer deaths for women in the United States (1). In 2005, the American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates 10,370 new cases of invasive cervical cancer and 3710 cervical cancer deaths. Five-year survival rates for women with preinvasive lesions have reached nearly 100%, whereas the 5-year survival rate for cervical cancers detected at an early stage is close to 92% (2)
The Normal Esophagus—Embryology, Structure, and Function

The esophagus becomes recognizable at the 2.5-mm stage (approximately the 3rd week of gestation) as a constriction separating pharynx and stomach. When it reaches 5 mm (32 days) it is a short tube, which rapidly elongates during the 6th and 7th weeks, mostly by cephalad migration of the laryngopharyngeal area.1,2 Lateral ridges of proliferating epithelium rapidly develop in the uppermost segment, dividing the lumen into an anterior and a posterior portion. Necrosis of epithelium in the septa thus formed and immigration of mesenchyme cause separation of the trachea and esophagus by the 36th day.3
Property Directed Polyhedral Abstraction

This paper combines the benefits of Polyhedral Abstract Interpretation poly-AI with the flexibility of Property Directed Reachability PDR algorithms for computing safe inductive convex polyhedral invariants. We develop two algorithms that integrate Poly-AI with PDR and show their benefits on a prototype in Z3 using a preliminary evaluation. The algorithms mimic traditional forward Kleene and a chaotic backward iterations, respectively. Our main contribution is showing how to replace expensive convex hull and quantifier elimination computations, a major bottleneck in poly-AI, with demand-driven property-directed algorithms based on interpolation and model-based projection. Our approach integrates seamlessly within the framework of PDR adapted to Linear Real Arithmetic, and allows to dynamically decide between computing convex and non-convex invariants as directed by the property.
Governance and Accountability in Public Education

Governance and accountability are key elements in the American political system. In this paper we focus on accountability, particularly accountability in public education. Accountability involves account-giving in which an individual or organization provides information related to their actions intended to achieve a particular goal. Accountability can be quite complex, with many different variations beyond the current focus on standardized testing. In education, it is often debated who is accountable – teachers, students, policymakers, and others – and to whom accountability is owed. Accountability goals are often contested as well. While academic achievement is most frequently cited, other goals, such as citizenship and physical health, also are important. Account-giving involves two key elements: accounts and forums. Accounts are reports or other forms of information, like student test scores or an annual audit, that describe relevant actions of the accountable party. Accounts are presented within accountability forums involving different institutional dynamics. Six forums are presented: legal, bureaucratic, political, market, professional and network. Each forum involves a different accountability relationship with various incentives and dynamics that shape account-giving. Importantly, accountability systems and the logic of the different forums have the potential to influence how problems are perceived as well as the choice of remedial strategies.
Population-based study of congenital heart disease and revisits after pediatric tonsillectomy.

Objective Accurate assessment of risk factors such as congenital heart disease (CHD) can aid in risk stratification of children presenting for surgery. Risk stratification is especially important in tonsillectomy ± adenoidectomy (T/A), a common pediatric procedure that is usually performed electively, but that has a high rate of adverse events. In this study, we examined the association of CHD with revisits after T/A. Methods We identified children who underwent T/A at hospitals and hospital-owned facilities during 2010 to 2014 using the State Inpatient Databases and State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Databases of Florida, Georgia, Iowa, New York, and Utah. We evaluated the association between CHD severity and the occurrence of an unplanned hospital readmission or ED visit within 30 days following discharge using multivariable logistic regression. Results The analysis included 244,598 patients, of whom 858 had minor or major CHD. In multivariable analysis, CHD was not associated with an increased risk of 30-day revisits (minor OR = 1.1; 95% CI: 0.8, 1.5; P = .65; major OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.6; P = .34). Other comorbidities, including chromosomal anomalies (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.6; P < .001), congenital airway anomalies (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.7; P = .03), and neuromuscular impairment (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.7; P < .001) predicted an increased likelihood of revisits. Conclusion Neither minor nor major CHD was independently associated with an increased risk of 30-day revisits among children undergoing T/A. Other characteristics, particularly non-cardiac comorbidities, socioeconomic status, and geographic region may be of greater utility for predicting revisit risk following pediatric T/A. Level of Evidence 2b.
Sound localization behavior in Drosophila melanogaster depends on inter-antenna vibration amplitude comparisons

ABSTRACT Drosophila melanogaster hear with their antennae: sound evokes vibration of the distal antennal segment, and this vibration is transduced by specialized mechanoreceptor cells. The left and right antennae vibrate preferentially in response to sounds arising from different azimuthal angles. Therefore, by comparing signals from the two antennae, it should be possible to obtain information about the azimuthal angle of a sound source. However, behavioral evidence of sound localization has not been reported in Drosophila. Here, we show that walking D. melanogaster do indeed turn in response to lateralized sounds. We confirm that this behavior is evoked by vibrations of the distal antennal segment. The rule for turning is different for sounds arriving from different locations: flies turn toward sounds in their front hemifield, but they turn away from sounds in their rear hemifield, and they do not turn at all in response to sounds from 90 or −90 deg. All of these findings can be explained by a simple rule: the fly steers away from the antenna with the larger vibration amplitude. Finally, we show that these behaviors generalize to sound stimuli with diverse spectro-temporal features, and that these behaviors are found in both sexes. Our findings demonstrate the behavioral relevance of the antenna9s directional tuning properties. They also pave the way for investigating the neural implementation of sound localization, as well as the potential roles of sound-guided steering in courtship and exploration.
Comparison of outcomes between metaplastic and triple-negative breast cancer patients.

Abstract Purpose Metaplastic breast cancer (MBC) is a rare, aggressive variant of breast cancer that has been associated with poor clinical outcomes, as has triple-negative breast (TNBC) cancer. Limited studies compare the clinical characteristics and prognosis of MBC to TNBC. This study uses a large, contemporary US cancer database to compare clinical characteristics and survival outcomes for patients with MBC to those with TNBC. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for women with cT1-4N1-3M0 MBC or TNBC diagnosed between 2004 and 2013 and treated with definitive surgery. Chi-squared analysis was performed to determine differences between the cohorts. Kaplan-Meier curves compared overall survival (OS), and Cox regression determined patient factors associated with OS. Results Altogether, 55,847 patients met the inclusion criteria; 50,705 (90.8%) had TNBC and 5,142 (9.2%) had MBC. Most patients had no comorbid conditions (82%), N0 disease (71%), poorly differentiated histology (77%), received chemotherapy (87%), and received radiation therapy (60%). Amongst all patients, patients with TNBC disease were observed to have greater OS than those with MBC (5-year OS 72.0% vs 55.8%, p Conclusions MBC had an association with poorer OS compared to TNBC, while RT and chemotherapy receipt were associated with improved OS for patients regardless of stage. Further studies are needed to corroborate the conclusions herein.
Self-Regulatory Aspects of Bullshitting and Bullshit Detection

Abstract. Two experiments investigate the role of self-regulatory resources in bullshitting behavior (i.e., communicating with little to no regard for evidence, established knowledge, or truth; Fra...
"Elinor Is Talking to Me on the Screen!" Integrating Conversational Agents into Children's Television Programming

Science-oriented television and video programming can be an important source of science learning for young children. However, the educational benefits of television have long been limited by children not being able to interact with the content in a contingent way. This project leverages an intelligent conversational agent -an on-screen character capable of verbal interaction-to add social contingency into children's experience watching science videos. This conversational agent has been developed in an iterative process and embedded in a new PBS KIDS science show "Elinor Wonders Why." This Late Breaking Work presents the design of the conversational agent and reports findings from a field study that has proven feasibility of this approach. We also discuss our planned future work to examine the agent's effectiveness in enhancing children's engagement and learning.
Does state self-control depletion predict relationship functioning and partner aggression? An ecological momentary assessment study of community couples.

Intimate relationship functioning depends upon the ability to accommodate one's partner and to inhibit retaliatory and aggressive impulses when disagreements arise. However, accommodation and inhibition may be difficult when self-control strength is weak or depleted by prior exertion of self-control. The present study considered whether state self-control depletion prospectively predicts male and female self-reports of anger with partner and arguing with partner. Consistent with the I3 Model (Finkel, 2014, Adv Exp Soc Psychol, 49, 1-104), we also considered whether the association between elevated anger and arguing (i.e., instigation) and partner aggression was stronger when state self-control (i.e., inhibition) was depleted or among people high in negative urgency. In this ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study, heavy drinking married and cohabiting heterosexual couples (N = 191) responded to three randomly signaled reports each day for 30 days. Depletion predicted anger and arguing with partners both cross-sectionally and prospectively for men and women. However, after controlling for prior levels of anger and arguing, these effects were diminished, and supplemental analyses revealed that anger and arguing with partner predicted subsequent depletion. Anger and arguing were strongly associated with concurrent reports of partner aggression perpetration and victimization (verbal and/or physical). However, neither state self-control depletion nor negative urgency moderated these effects. Overall, results suggest a modest impact of depletion on daily couple functioning as well as a potential cyclical effect of arguing on depletion.
Roles in the Discussion: An Analysis of Social Support in an Online Forum for People with Dementia

Social computing provides a variety of challenges and opportunities for people who are experiencing cognitive decline. Following a recent diagnosis of dementia, older adults sometimes engage in online communities designated for people with dementia. In this work, we analyzed all original posts from a seven-year period on a forum for persons with dementia to understand 1) who posts in this forum and 2) what kinds of social support posters seek to gain from this engagement. Our analyses indicate that, in addition to people with dementia, a variety of dementia-related stakeholders create original posts in this forum. Our results suggest that seeking and offering social support are key activities for all forum users, not just those with dementia for whom the forum was designated. Given these findings, we offer design implications for online spaces for vulnerable communities, with a focus on design that allows for external stakeholder participation while still maintaining the privacy and safety of vulnerable members of the community.
Correlated atomic dynamics in liquid seen in real space and time

In liquids, the timescales for structure, diffusion, and phonon are all similar, of the order of a pico-second. This not only makes characterization of liquid dynamics difficult but also renders it highly questionable to describe liquids in these terms. In particular, the current definition of the structure of liquids by the instantaneous structure may need to be expanded because the liquid structure is inherently dynamic. Here, we advocate describing the liquid structure through the distinct-part of the Van Hove function, which can be determined by inelastic neutron and x-ray scattering measurements as well as by simulation. It depicts the dynamic correlation between atoms in space and time, starting with the instantaneous correlation function at t = 0. The observed Van Hove functions show that the atomic dynamics is strongly correlated in some liquids, such as water. The effect of atomic correlation on various transport properties of fluid, including viscosity and diffusivity, is discussed.
Criteria for the suspicion and diagnosis of acute food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.

Over the past decades, several panels of criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of acute food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). However, none of them have been validated by a prospective study. Such a study is not easy to carry out, because even the children who most of us would certainly believe to be suffering from acute FPIES, possibly serious, should be subject to oral food challenge (OFC). Moreover, the presence of different phenotypes of the acute FPIES may mean that some of them do not fit into any of the above criteria panels. Particularly, Vazquez-Ortiz et al. reported that milder cases (1/4 in their Southern European cohort) might not be captured by the 2017 Consensus diagnostic criteria, which are the most shared till date. Those authors, as well as all interested researchers, claim for accurate diagnostic bio-markers which, however, are not available at the moment.
Hilbert's axiomatic method and Carnap's general axiomatics

This paper compares the axiomatic method of David Hilbert and his school with Rudolf Carnap's general axiomatics that was developed in the late 1920s, and that influenced his understanding of logic of science throughout the 1930s, when his logical pluralism developed. The distinct perspectives become visible most clearly in how Richard Baldus, along the lines of Hilbert, and Carnap and Friedrich Bachmann analyzed the axiom system of Hilbert's Foundations of Geometry—the paradigmatic example for the axiomatization of science. Whereas Hilbert's axiomatic method started from a local analysis of individual axiom systems in which the foundations of mathematics as a whole entered only when establishing the system's consistency, Carnap and his Vienna Circle colleague Hans Hahn instead advocated a global analysis of axiom systems in general. A primary goal was to evade, or formalize ex post, mathematicians' 'material' talk about axiom systems for such talk was held to be error-prone and susceptible to metaphysics.
Three‐dimensional structural organization of layer I of the human cerebral cortex: A golgi study

The three-dimensional structural organization of layer I of the developing and adult human cerebral cortex has been investigated by using sagittal, transverse, and tangential rapid Golgi and Kluver-Barrera preparations. The actual morphology of its fundamental neuron--the Cajal-Retzius cell (C-R)--is established. These large and solitary cells are horizontal multipolar neurons characterized by: (1) long horizontal dendrites that radiate in all directions within a tangential plane parallel to the pial surface, (2) long horizontal axonic collaterals that radiate in all directions within layer I middle level, and (3) a descending axonic process that reaches the lower level, becomes a long tangential fiber--and eventually a myelinated one--and projects in any direction within this level. In cortical ontogenesis, its dendrites, axonic collaterals and terminal axon undergo a progressive multipolar "horizontalization" extending throughout the surface of the expanding cerebral cortex. The neuron's body and main dendrites will be found only in some areas, whereas its axonic collaterals and terminal tangential axon should be found throughout the cerebral cortex. This developmental feature explains the presence of two--middle and lower--plexuses in layer I, composed of the axonic collaterals and the terminal tangential axons of C-R cells, respectively. It is emphasized that the basic morphology of the C-R cell remains essentially unchanged in the course of cortical ontogenesis and that the neuron persists in the adult cerebral cortex. Whereas the C-R cell is the basic neuron of layer I, the pyramidal cells dendritic bouquets represent its larger and main receptive surface (the only one early in development). By the 30th week of gestation, a C-R cell could establish: (1) proximal contacts, through its axonic collaterals, with all dendritic bouquets within a approximately 350 microns radius, and (2) distant contacts, through its tangential axon, with dendritic bouquets within a narrow sagittal, transverse, or diagonal territory several mm long. In cortical ontogenesis, the C-R cells' functional territories continue to expand throughout the surface of the cerebral cortex and possibly overlap with each other. It is proposed that the C-R cell receives inputs from primitive (mesencephalic?) corticipetal fibers and that it transmits the same kind of information (perhaps a basal tone?) to the dendritic bouquets of all pyramidal neurons throughout the cerebral cortex regardless of their location, cortical depth, or functional role.
Administrative Inconvenience and the Media's Right to Copy Judicial Records

English and American common law have long recognized the public's right of access to judicial records. The United States Supreme Court has acknowledged the importance of this right but has failed to set clear standards for lower courts to follow in evaluating right-of-access claims. This Note explores the disagreement among the federal courts of appeals regarding the appropriate scope of review in right-of-access cases and the force of the presumption in favor of access. This Note argues that federal appellate courts should not limit review to abuse of discretion, but should evaluate the balancing the lower court performed and determine if the lower court appropriately weighed the competing interests in making its decision. This Note concludes that the presumption in favor of access should yield more readily to constitutional concerns than to administrative concerns. Reasonable constitutional concerns would therefore trump the common-law right of access, whereas administrative concerns must be compelling to overcome the presumption favoring access.
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae LOS1 gene involved in pre-tRNA splicing encodes a nuclear protein that behaves as a component of the nuclear matrix.

Mutations of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae LOS1 gene cause the accumulation of end matured intron-containing pre-tRNAs at elevated temperatures. In an effort to decipher the role of the LOS1 protein in pre-tRNA splicing, we have analyzed the LOS1 gene and its protein product. The LOS1 gene is located on the left arm of chromosome XI and the order of genes in this area of the chromosome is .... URA1 ... SAC1 TRP3 UBA1 STE6 LOS1 .... FAS1..... The LOS1 open reading frame encodes a putative protein of 1100 amino acids that shows no significant homology to other genes. The LOS1 open reading frame was tagged with the influenza virus hemagglutinin epitope recognized by the 12CA5 antibody. The 12CA5 antibody recognizes an epitope-tagged protein of the size predicted by the LOS1 open reading frame. Using this antibody for indirect immunofluorescence and cell fractionation studies we show that the LOS1 protein is located in nuclei. Los1p cannot be extracted from nuclei by treatment with nucleases, salts, or Triton X-100. This insolubility suggests that Los1p is a component of the nucleoskeleton. We propose that LOS1 mutations may affect pre-tRNA processing via alteration of the nuclear matrix.
SPIN-SIM: logic and fault simulation for speed-independent circuits

We present SPIN-SIM, a logic and fault simulator for speed-independent circuits, that extends the classical Eichelberger's method and overcomes its limitations. In order to improve simulation accuracy. SPIN-SIM adopts a 13-valued algebra, maintains the relative order of causal signal transitions, and unfolds time frames judiciously. In addition, complex gates are handled through replacement by pseudo-gate equivalents with regards to functionality, timing and faulty behavior. Experimental results show that SPIN-SIM incurs a negligible increase in computational time over Eichelberger's method, yet is much more accurate and achieves a significant improvement in fault coverage.
Cell-Matrix Response in Tendon Injury

The healing response after tendon injury is defined by cell matrix adaptive capability. There are distinct macrotraumatic and microtraumatic injury patterns and a spectrum of pathologic responses from inflammation to tissue degeneration, as characterized by the tendinosis phenomenon. Epigenetic and genetic factors govern recovery from tendon injury. The potential for future modulation of injury repair by protein mediators or growth factors appears promising.
3D cloud detection and tracking system for solar forecast using multiple sky imagers

Abstract We propose a system for forecasting short-term solar irradiance based on multiple total sky imagers (TSIs). The system utilizes a novel method of identifying and tracking clouds in three-dimensional space and an innovative pipeline for forecasting surface solar irradiance based on the image features of clouds. First, we develop a supervised classifier to detect clouds at the pixel level and output cloud mask. In the next step, we design intelligent algorithms to estimate the block-wise base height and motion of each cloud layer based on images from multiple TSIs. This information is then applied to stitch images together into larger views, which are then used for solar forecasting. We examine the system’s ability to track clouds under various cloud conditions and investigate different irradiance forecast models at various sites. We confirm that this system can (1) robustly detect clouds and track layers, and (2) extract the significant global and local features for obtaining stable irradiance forecasts with short forecast horizons from the obtained images. Finally, we vet our forecasting system at the 32-megawatt Long Island Solar Farm (LISF). Compared with the persistent model, our system achieves at least a 26% improvement for all irradiance forecasts between one and fifteen minutes.
Magnetic and non-Fermi-liquid phases inCe1−xYxRhIn5

We have investigated single-crystal samples of ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Y}}_{x}{\mathrm{RhIn}}_{5}$ by means of specific heat C, magnetic susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi},$ and electrical resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}$ measurements as a function of temperature T. As yttrium is substituted for cerium, the N\'eel temperature is suppressed, yielding a quantum critical point at yttrium concentration ${x}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.38.$ Non-Fermi-liquid behavior (NFL) occurs in $C(T)$ and $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ over an extended range of yttrium concentrations above the quantum critical point $0.4l~xl~0.9$ with $C(T)$ and $\ensuremath{\chi}(T)$ displaying power law T dependences at low temperatures. Remarkably, the NFL behavior become more pronounced with increasing distance from the quantum critical point. For the samples with $0.2l~xl~0.9$ we also observe features in the specific heat and magnetic susceptibility above ${T}_{N}$ that may be due to tetragonal crystalline electric field splitting of the ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}J=5/2$ multiplet with a ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ ground state.
Interaction of nicotinic receptor affinity reagents with central nervous system alpha-bungarotoxin-binding entities.

Membrane-bound ..cap alpha..-bungarotoxin-binding entities derived from rat brain are found to interact specifically with the affinity reagents maleimidobenzyltrimethylammonium (MBTA) and bromoacetylcholine (BAC), originally designed to label nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from electroplax and skeletal muscle. Following treatment of membranes with dithiothreitol, all specific toxin binding sites are irreversibly blocked by reaction with MBTA or BAC. Affinity reagent labeling of dithiothreitol-reduced membranes is prevented (toxin binding sites are not blocked) by prior alkylaction with N-ethylmaleimide, by prior oxidation with dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), or by incubation with neurotoxin. Reversibly associating cholinergic agonists and antagonists retard the rate of affinity reagent interaction with toxin receptors. The apparent rates of affinity reagent alkylation of toxin receptors, and the influences of other sulfhydryl/disulfide reagents on affinity labeling are comparable to those observed for reaction with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the periphery. The results provide further evidence that central nervous system ..cap alpha..-bungarotoxin receptors share a remarkable number of biochemical properties with nicotinic receptors from the periphery.
THE PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE, THE PHYSICIAN'S ALLY

When schools for nurses were established in 1879 at Bellevue, New Haven and Massachusetts General Hospitals, the nursing profession was finally recognized in America as an important adjunct to the medical profession. Prior to that time nursing care of the sick was largely in the hands of incompetent and untrained women who were not highly regarded by physicians or the laity. During the first decade after the three training schools were opened the majority of the trained nurses were engaged in private practice in homes, usually in the homes of the rich. Later some were employed as private duty nurses in hospitals. It was not until 1877 that the Women9s Branch of the New York City Mission first sent trained visiting nurses into the homes of the sick poor to do bedside nursing; four years later the New York Ethical Society placed four nurses in the New York dispensaries to do not sick nursing but health nursing. The first visiting nurse association, founded for the purpose of sending trained nurses into homes, was started in Buffalo in 1885; and in 1886 similar associations were established in Boston and Philadelphia. Relatively few trained nurses devoted their energies to the public health field during the next two decades. However, private or non-official agencies interested in the control of tuberculosis, syphilis, acute communicable disease and maternal and child care played a strategic role in the development of professional public health nursing. These agencies, usually organized on a local basis, worked dosely with private
The tumoricidal properties of inflammatory tissue macrophages and multinucleate giant cells.

Peritoneal exudate cells from C3H/HeN mice infected with bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG) and subcutaneous inflammatory macrophages from uninfected mice exhibit spontaneous cytotoxicity for tumor cells in vitro, but their tumoricidal activity can be increased by incubation in vitro with lymphokines released by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. Inflammatory macrophages from these sites are only susceptible to activation in vitro by lymphokines for a short period (less than 4 days) following their initial emigration from the circulation to the site of inflammation. The expression of tumoricidal activity by activated macrophages is similarly short-lived (less than 4 days). Once the tumoricidal state is lost it cannot be restored by further incubation with lymphokines in vitro. Fusion of macrophages to form multinucleate giant cells (MGCs) accompanies the loss of tumoricidal activity and the onset of resistance to activation by lymphokines, but the fusion process is not responsible for these changes, since unfused macrophages are similarly affected. Activation and acquisition of tumoricidal properties is confined to young macrophages recruited from the circulation during acute inflammation. Older macrophages and MGCs in chronic inflammatory lesions in which recruitment of new macrophages has ceased are nontumoricidal and are refractory to activation by lymphokines in vitro. These findings are discussed in relation to the efficiency of macrophage-mediated destruction of tumors in vivo and the amplification of macrophage antitumor activity by immunotherapeutic agents.
Restraint fading and the development of alternative behaviour in the treatment of self-restraint and self-injury

Restraint fading and differential reinforcement were used to reduce the self-injurious behaviour (SIB) and self-restraint of a profoundly retarded man. The variables maintaining both behaviours could not be identified via pre-treatment functional analysis; however, self-restraint exerted at least some stimulus control over SIB. In Phase 1, the subject's topography of self-restraint (wrapping arms in shirt) was replaced with another topography (wrapping wrists in towel) that could be more easily faded to a headband. However, the subject's restraints could not be completely faded, and any movement was accompanied by SIB; thus, in Phase 2, a compliance training procedure was implemented to reduce his SIB while increasing time out of restraint. In Phase 3, the subject was taught to mand for edibles during training sessions. Results indicated that restraint fading combined with the development of alternative behaviour could be an effective treatment procedure for those who engage in both self-restraint and SIB.
Angular momentum of the cosmic background radiation

It is argued that, contrary to a recent claim, the observed deviations of the cosmic background radiation from a blackbody spectrum are not explained by its ''angular momentum.''
Factorial study of component procedures in desensitization treatment of test anxiety among college students.

Summary.-Heart rate and skin conductance during testing were obtained from 38 highly test-anxious college students before and after they were exposed to one of four experimental treatments and from 9 low test-anxious students who were not exposed to any treatment. The treatments varied factorially the major procedural components of systematic desensitization by crossing graded versus ungraded visualization of a standard test-anxiety hierarchy with the presence versus the absence of concurrent instructions for muscular relaxation. Heart rate during testing was not a correlate of reported test anxiety. Skin conductance during testing was a correlate of reported anxiety, but it was not influenced robustly by ally of the experimental treatments. There was some evidence of sensitization when graded imaginal rehearsal was not paired with relaxation. The anxiety-therapy technique known as systematic desensitization ( Wolpe, 1973) consists of three basic steps. The patient and therapist construct a hierarchy describing, in increasingly aversive order, those situations in which the patient experiences anxious discomfiture. The therapist trains the patient to achieve deep muscular relaxation using an abbreviated form of the tensionre!axation technique developed by Jacobson ( 1938). The therapist instructs the patient to relax deeply and imagine clearly or "rehearse cognitively" the scenarios from the aversive hierarchy. Thirty experiments with human subjects have sought to delineate the contribution of muscular relaxation to the global therapeutic outcomes of Wolpe's ( 1773) treatment package. At this point, a discernible trend in the data seems to exist, namely, that relaxation operates therapeutically by sometimes facilitating basic effects from graduated cognitive rehearsal of aversive scenarios (Davison, 1971; McGlym, 1973). However, theoretical conceptualizations of the empirical facilitation show little unanimity (Lader & Mathews, 1968; Nawas, Mealiea, & Fishman, 1971; Rachman, 1968; Wilson & Davison, 1971). Moreover, there is little agreement concerning the experimental boundaries around which such facilitation will and will nor occur (Borkovec & O'Brien, 1976; Crowder & Thornton, 1970; McGlynn, 1773).
Multi-item scale usage in marketing journals: 1980 to 1989

The use of multi-item scales reported in six marketing journals during the 1980s is analyzed. The analysis replicates some aspects of the Churchill and Peter (1984) study and extends the examination to issues not reviewed previously in marketing. The database for the study is unique in that it attempts to incorporate every instance of scale usage from the defined domain. Among the findings is that the use of multi-item scales increased substantially during the 1980s but the reliability of those scales was not different from earlier periods. A majority of scales have their origins in marketing and nearly half of all scales were used to measure consumer behavior constructs.
Experimental study of the thermal characteristics of a subtropical cooling lake using continuous temperature monitoring techniques

Abstract The stratification cycle of a man-made lake used for condenser cooling of a nuclear power plant is analyzed. This involves the measuring of water temperatures with thermistor probes placed at different locations and depths of the lake before and after the nuclear power station went on-line. It is found that this warm, monomictic, subtropical lake is horizontally well mixed, is thermally stratified for most of the year, and appears to have been affected by the hot water discharges from the nuclear power station.
K-matrix formalism and the quasi-two-body phase space factor in the isobar model

We discuss the generalization of the results of the coupled-channelK-matrix formalism as applied to scattering of stable particles to the case which involves isobars. In the process, we develop the phase-space integral for the quasi-two-body channel and show that its upper limit is ∞ in agreement with the general principles of analytic continuation of a partial-wave amplitude. In the past, the validity of this upper limit for the integral has not been fully clear.
Damage to Grain Sorghum by Southern Green Stink Bug, Conchuela, and Leaffooted Bug

Adults of southern green stink bug (SGSB), Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), conchuela (C), Chlorochroa ligala (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), and leaffooted bug (LFB), Leptoglossus Phyllopus (L.) (Heteroptera: Coreidae), fed on the stem, branches, and glumes of sorghum panicles, but they were primarily seed feeders. Each of these three species caused reductions in yield and germination of sorghum seed, but reduction levels varied depending on the bug species, the infestation period during grain development and the number of bugs per panicle. Grain was more susceptible to damage by bugs early during seed development. Two adult bugs were generally not enough to cause significant reductions in yield. Sixteen bugs per panicle did not significantly reduce yield when infestations occurred during the last 10 days of grain development, but they caused large reductions when they infested panicles from early grain development to maturity. Reductions in grain yield were largely due to direct seed feeding, but seed molds and non seed feeding may have contributed to losses. The damage threshold appeared to be about four SGSB or C, or six LFB, per panicle for an infestation of adult bugs from the milk stage of grain development to maturity (28 days), whereas it was closer to 16 adults of anyone of the species for an infestation from soft dough to maturity (20 days).
Bi-unitary perfect polynomials overGF(g)

This paper continues the author's excursions into the arithmetic of polynomials over finite fields. For monic polynomials A, B e GF[q, x] where p is a prime, q=pdand d ⩾ 1: The divisor B of A is a bi-unitary divisor of A provided 1 is the greatest common unitary divisor of the polynomials B and A/B, and we say that A is bi-unitary perfect (b.u.p.) over GF(q) provided A equals the sum σ**(A) of the distinct bi-unitary divisors of A in GF[q, x]. A diversity of b.u.p. polynomials over GF(q) is found, some of which are neither perfect nor unitary perfect. For p > 2 we can only conjecture a characterisation of the b.u.p. polynomials which split in GF[p, x], so several open questions remain. Examples of non-splitting b.u.p. polynomials over GF(p) are given for p=2, 3, 5 which, in turn, allow the construction of such examples over GF(pd) for these p.
The mechanism of action of cysteamine in depleting prolactin immunoreactivity.

The thiol reagent cysteamine (CSH) depletes anterior pituitary cells of immunoreactive PRL both in vivo and in vitro. We examined the hypothesis that CSH affects either the solubility or immunoreactivity of PRL through a mechanism involving thiol-disulfide exchange. Adult female rats were treated with either CSH (300 mg/kg, sc) or an equimolar dose of ethanolamine as a control. Anterior pituitary glands were extracted in 0.1 m sodium borate buffer, pH 9.0. Treatment of pituitary extracts with β-mercaptoethanol (BME) destroys the immunoreactivity of PRL. However, extraction in the presence of reduced glutathione or CSH of pituitaries of rats treated with CSH restores immunoreactive PRL to control levels. Extracts were also subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). On gels of pituitary extracts of CSH-treated rats, the band that comigrates with purified PRL is diminished compared to that in ethanolamine-treated controls. This is found regardless of whether the borate extracts are treated with ...
Silylated amino-triazines: new ligands with potential multi-coordination modes

Abstract Melamine (1a), 2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine (1b), and 2,4-diamino-6-methyl-triazine (1c) react with chlorotrimethylsilane and triethylamine in refluxing acetonitrile to give the corresponding monosilylated products 2a–c in good yields. Conversion of 2a–c to the lithium silylamides with n-BuLi occurs readily, as evidenced by a subsequent reaction with chlorodimethylsilane. The silylamides show promise as chelating ligands with the possibility of multi-coordination bonding modes.
Hydrogen bonding, mobility, and structural transitions in aliphatic polyamides

Some salient results in nylon research are reviewed to identify the fundamental principles that are applicable to other strongly interacting or hydrogen-bonded polymers, including proteins. The effects of hydrogen bonds on stress-, heat-, and solvent-induced changes in macroscopic properties are discussed. These data provide a window into the chain mobility and linkages between the crystalline and amorphous domains, both of which are important for any predictive model. The changes in the characteristics of the amorphous phase with the crystallinity and orientation require that it be modeled with at least two components: a rigid/immobile/anisotropic component and a soft/mobile/isotropic component. The deformation and shrinkage behavior of these polymers are discussed in terms of the relative contributions of the amorphous and crystalline domains and of the interactions between them. The premelting crystalline transition is accompanied by the merging of intersheet and intrasheet diffraction peaks in some nylons, as observed by Brill, and not in others even though the underlying mechanism that gives rise to these transitions, the onset of volume-increasing librational motion of the crystalline stems, is the same. Because the effects of the temperature, deformation, and solvent have a common origin associated with mobility, a fictive temperature can be associated with a given solvent activity or stress level. The magnitude of this fictive temperature is the amount by which the glass or Brill transition temperature is reduced in the presence of solvents (∼50 °C) or stress or by which the annealing temperature can be reduced in the presence of a solvent (or active stress) to achieve the same structural state as that of a dry (or static) polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1763–1782, 2006
Developing country representation and governance of the International Monetary Fund

Summary This article examines the representation of developing countries in the IMF’s quota regime. We first describe how the Fund determines quotas according to countries’ relative positions in the world economy. Current quotas of member states are then compared to different measures of relative weight in the world economy. We also compare four different methods of computing quotas: current quotas, calculated quotas, quotas calculated using formulas proposed by the IMF’s external Quota Formula Review Group, and those proposed by former IMF Executive Director Vijay Kelkar. We find that developing countries are over-rather than under-represented if the focus is restricted to variables similar to those used by the IMF; introduction of other variables, for example, population or PPP-based versions of GDP, produces quite different results. The paper concludes with brief consideration of possible changes that would enhance developing country participation in Fund decision making.
ORGANISATION OF HERMIT CRAB BEHAVIOUR: RESPONSES TO MULTIPLE CHEMICAL INPUTS

To characterize the organisation of behaviour, the responses to chemical inputs of individuals of the diogenid hermit crab Clibanarius vittatus were tested in the laboratory. Stimuli were introduced both singly and in combinations on three days (one, four, and seven days after the crabs were last fed). First, responses to single inputs were characterized: (a) odour of a predator elicited an increase in locomotion; (b) odour of food also elicited an increase in locomotion; (c) odour resulting from snail predation (a signal of availability of an empty shell) elicited brief grasps of the shells of other crabs and (d) the odour of conspecific blood elicited long grasps of shells. Individual crabs differed significantly in their tendencies to respond to chemical signals. Those responding strongly to one cue responded strongly to other cues. Those responding to one shell-related cue (snail odour) responded to the other such cue (conspecific blood) and individuals showing a stronger response to food odours the first day did so on subsequent days. Combinations of cues yielded examples of both summation of inputs (rate of locomotion when snail and predator odours were combined) and inhibition of the responses to one input by the detection of the second odour (brief grasps typical of the response to snail odour were eliminated by addition of predator odour). Responses to conspecific blood were unaffected by predator odour detection. Increasing levels of hunger resulted in increases in locomotion in response to some chemical signals (control, snail odour, and conspecific blood) and a decrease in the number of brief grasps elicited by snail odour. The combination of increased hunger level and multiple chemical inputs yielded patterns not predictable from the two-factor combinations. The rate of locomotion decreased over time for snail + predator odours together and for blood + predator odours together, whereas the single odours resulted in either an increase or no change over time. Food + predator odours together elicited an increase in both long grasps of shells and feeding movements over days without food. While most instances of summation or inhibition of responses seemed biologically reasonable, other multi-input responses observed were difficult to explain. Thus, it is difficult to make generalisations about the interactive effects of various inputs.
Soil conditions affect the occurrence of cluster roots in Myrica gale L. in the field

Abstract Roots of Myrica gale L. from 12 field sites in central Maine were examined for extent of cluster (proteoid) root formation and mycorrhizal infection. Cluster roots were abundant (30–66% of total fine root weight) at all 12 sites and leaf P concentrations were consistently low (490–900 μg Pg −1 ). Extent of cluster root formation was negatively correlated ( r = −0.59) with the amount of available (extractable) soil P and the amount of organic matter ( r = −0.79) in the soil and was greater on mineral soils than on organic soils. Extent of cluster root formation was not correlated with leaf P concentration or soil pH. Mycorrhizas probably contributed little or nothing to the P nutrition of M. gale at these sites because only small amounts of fungal infection were found. The infections were intracellular but probably did not represent functional vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas because no arbuscules were seen. Cluster roots probably allow M. gale to obtain sufficient P from wet, nutrient poor soils in the absence of significant mycorrhizal infection.
Surface activity of some merocyanines and spiropyrans at liquid-liquid interfaces

Abstract Interfacial tension lowerings at water-organic liquid interfaces have been measured for some merocyanines and spiropyrans by the pendant drop method. Merocyanine dyes are found to be surface active at the water-organic liquid interface. Colored species of the photochromic spiropyrans are also surface active at the water-organic liquid interface, whereas the colorless forms are not. The surface activity of the colored species of spiropyrans is similar to that of analogous merocyanine dyes. The interfacial tensions of water and organic liquid systems which contain photochromic spiropyrans can be decreased by irradiation with ultraviolet radiation and can subsequently be increased by removal of the ultraviolet radiation. The extent of the interfacial tension lowerings by the spiropyrans is largely dependent upon the degree of solubility and concentration of the dye in the organic liquid.
Prospective Relations Between Organized Activity Participation and Psychopathology During Adolescence

This longitudinal study examined psychopathology as a predictor and outcome of organized activity involvement during high school among 198 adolescents who varied in risk for psychopathology as a function of their mother’s depression history. Higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in eighth grade significantly predicted lower levels of involvement in academic clubs during high school, over and above risk and SES. Tobacco use prior to high school predicted lower levels of involvement overall and in academic clubs and performance arts. Controlling for psychopathology prior to high school, higher levels of activity involvement were associated with lower levels of externalizing symptoms, less tobacco use, and fewer diagnoses of behavior disorders and substance abuse in 12th grade. The positive association between risk and adolescent psychopathology was not buffered by adolescent activity involvement. Overall, these findings suggest that involvement in organized activities may contribute to lower levels of externalizing psychopathology during high school even when controlling for prior psychopathology.
Quality matters: A protocol-based strategy in ERCP training.

The medical literature has shed some light on these issues as they pertain to ERCP training. It has been noted that trainee involvement is associ-ated with increase in ERCP-related com-plications along with other factors such as sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), history of post-ERCP pancreatitis, age <60 years and multiple pancreatic duct injec-tions.