cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency doubling technology perimetry abnormalities as predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss

Abstract Purpose To determine whether frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry results predict glaucomatous visual field defects, as assessed by standard automated perimetry (SAP), in a glaucoma suspect population. Design Longitudinal observational study. Methods The study included 105 eyes of 105 glaucoma suspect patients, with a mean follow-up time of 41 ± 17 months. Glaucoma suspects had either intraocular pressure (IOP) higher than or equal to 23 mm Hg or glaucomatous optic neuropathy by stereophotograph assessment. All patients had normal SAP visual fields at baseline. A baseline FDT test was performed within 3 months of the normal SAP examination. Several baseline FDT parameters and other variables (age, gender, IOP, central corneal thickness, SAP visual field indices, and stereophotograph assessment) were investigated by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models to obtain hazard ratios (HR) and identify factors that predicted which patients had SAP glaucomatous visual field loss during follow-up. Results Seventeen patients (16%) developed repeatable SAP visual field abnormality during follow-up. An abnormal FDT examination at baseline predicted the development of SAP visual field conversion in both univariate (HR = 3.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–8.25; P = .018) and multivariate models (Adjusted HR=3.68; 95% CI=1.06–12.8; P = .04). The analysis of FDT examinations during follow-up revealed that in 59% of converters the FDT abnormalities preceded SAP visual field loss by as much as 4 years. Also, the initial development of glaucomatous visual field loss as measured by SAP occurred in regions that had previously demonstrated abnormalities on FDT testing. Conclusion Functional abnormalities detected by FDT perimetry were predictive of the future onset and location of SAP visual field loss among glaucoma suspect patients.
Rocketsonde Transmission Link Characteristics

An improvement in high altitude communication with a small, rocket-borne sonde can be achieved by transmitting circularly polarized waves. Signal losses due to cross polarization of linear antennas can be reduced. Measured radiation patterns for instrument mounted linear and several helical antennas are presented. Flight data are discussed.
Reactions of excited and ground state H3+ ions with methyl substituted hydrides

Abstract The reactions of H 3 + with C 2 H 6 , CH 3 NH 2 , CH 3 OH, CH 3 F, CH 3 SH, and CH 3 Cl have been studied using ion cyclotron resonance pulse ejection techniques. The product distribution obtained is strongly dependent upon hydrogen pressure due to a large difference in reactivity between excited and ground state H 3 + ions. The H 3 + ions originally formed by the reaction of H 2 + with H 2 are highly excited. At low hydrogen pressures, these excited H 3 + ions react mainly by direct processes: by charge transfer and by a process equivalent to hydride ion abstraction. The product distribution changes as the hydrogen pressure is raised due to rapid deactivation of the H 3 + ions by collisions with H 2 molecules. At intermediate hydrogen pressures, the hydride ion abstraction process disappears and both ground state and partially deactivated H 3 + ions react principally by proton transfer to give a longer-lived protonated intermediate. With the exception of ethane, decomposition of the protonated intermediate occurs via vicinal hydrogen elimination and except for C 2 H 6 , CH 3 SH, and CH 3 Cl, CX bond scission to give the methyl cation is observed as well. From the dependence of the relative rate for charge transfer on hydrogen pressure, evidence is obtained indicating that the excited H 3 + ions may not be directly deactivated to the ground state but to some intermediate state(s) still containing a significant amount of internal energy, and that these intermediate H 3 + ions are subsequently only very slowly deactivated to the ground state.
Seizures, Anticonvulsants, and Pregnancy

TheJournalhas been the forum for previous comments about anticonvulsant teratogenicity. 1,2 High risks are associated with trimethadione. 3 The risks associated with other anticonvulsants are less and need to be weighed against the hazards of epilepsy during pregnancy. The conclusion that phenytoin induces serious anomalies in 10% of the offspring of epileptics and less major abnormalities in 30% 2 is not supported by the bulk of the literature. The recommendation to discontinue such medication in treated epileptics appears unwarranted. MALFORMATIONS IN CHILDREN OF EPILEPTICS Most studies are in agreement that epileptic mothers receiving anticonvulsants are two to three times more likely to have malformed infants than mothers who never had a seizure. 4-13 A number of studies indicate that the incidence of anomalous infants is the same in treated and untreated epileptics. 4-6.14 Others find a greater number of anomalies in treated epileptics compared with untreated patients, 8,12,13
Ultraviolet shell formation at V1016 Cygni.

A recent 330 minute high-resolution International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) spectrogram of V1016 Cygni shows splitting of the 1550 A component of the C IV resonance doublet, suggesting that a nebular shell is in the process of formation. An expansion velocity of 15 km/s is indicated by the IUE data and corresponds to the low range encountered with normal planetary nebulae, but IUE data of V1016 Cyg, taken approximately one year earlier, do not show split C IV lines. The recent IUE observations are consistent with VLA contour maps at 1.3 cm made by Newell and Hjellming (1981) and by Hjellming and Bignell (1982) that morphologically show an extended shell-type object. Thus, V1016 Cyg may have undergone an event which forms a planetary nebula.
What the Guidelines Do Not Say: Statin Non-benefit Groups

The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk identified four groups of adults (40-75 years of age) with significant evidence for benefit from statin therapy: presence of clinical ASCVD or diabetes, age ≥21 years and LDL-C >190 mg/dl, and 10-year risk of hard ASCVD events ≥7.5 % as determined by the new Cardiovascular Risk Calculator. However, clinicians are faced daily with at-risk patients who do not clearly match one of these statin-benefit groups. Understanding the limitations of available evidence and awareness of additional published guidelines for statin non-benefit groups will help practitioners make personalized decisions with patients and inform the clinician-patient discussion regarding potential risks and benefits of statin therapy.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of “Pyran Copolymer”

Abstract Many naturally occurring polyanionic materials are known, each of which possesses its own set of physiological properties. Recently, a variety of synthetic polyanions have become available, and their physiological properties have been compared with the naturally occurring polyanions. Probably the most widely investigated synthetic polyanion is the 1:2 regularly alternating cyclo-copolymer (DIVEMA) (Eq. 1) of divinyl ether (DVE) and maleic anhydride (MA), first discovered in these laboratories in 1951 [1], This material has been investigated extensively, both from the standpoint of its chemical structure [2] and its antitumor activity [3]. Although certain aspects of its structure remain to be determined [4], it has been shown to possess a wide spectrum of biological activity [5] and is an interferon inducer [3]. Many structural modifications of DIVEMA have been synthesized which also possess antitumor activity and interferon-inducing capability [6].
Energetic Parameters for Atomic-Scale Processes on Ag(100)

Key energetic parameters that control growth and mass transport in clean Ag films and nanostructures on Ag(100) are compiled. These parameters have been derived from a number of different types of experiments, and from increasingly refined lattice-gas modeling, over several years. The modeling based upon these parameters appears to have good predictive capability in the temperature range 120-300 K.
Effect of switching control strategies on the energy performance of electrochromic windows

The paper presents the results of a study investigating the energy performance of electrochromic windows under a variety of state-switching control strategies. We used the DOE-2.1E energy simulation program to analyze the annual cooling, lighting, and total electricity use and peak demand as a function of glazing type, size, and electrochromic control strategy. We simulated a prototypical commercial office building module located in the cooling-dominated location of Blythe, California. Control strategies analyzed were based on daylight illuminance, incident total solar radiation, and space cooling load. Our results show that when a daylighting strategy is used to reduce electric lighting requirements, control algorithms based on daylight illuminance results in the best overall annual energy performance. If daylighting is not a design option, controls based on space cooling load yield the best performance through solar heat gain reduction. The performance of incident total solar radiation control strategies varies as a function of the switching setpoints; for small to moderate window sizes which result in small to moderate solar gains, a large setpoint-range was best since it provides increased illuminance for daylighting without much cooling penalty; for larger window sizes, which provide adequate daylight, a smaller setpoint-range was best to reduce unwanted solar heat gains and the consequential increased cooling requirement. Of particular importance is the fact that reduction in peak electric demand was found to be independent of the type of control strategy used for electrochromic switching. This is because the electrochromics are generally in their most colored state under peak conditions, and the mechanism used for achieving such a state is not important.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cardiac vagal and sympathetic nerve responses to baroreceptor stimulation in the dog

The effects of ascending stepwise pressure changes in the isolated carotid sinuses on cardiac vagal and sympathetic nerve activities were studied in anesthetized, open chest dogs. The steady state responses of the cardiac vagal and the sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure were plotted against the sinus pressure and the relations were approximated by the normal distribution function (response curve). The sinus pressure- vs. “reflex gain” relations (reflex gain curve) were approximated by the normal density function. The maximum gain and the “range of change” were found to be greater for the vagal than for the sympathetic and arterial pressure responses. The sinus pressure values derived from “response curves” and “reflex gain curves” for vagal and sympathetic nerve responses were close to each other, while these values and those obtained from arterial pressure responses were considerably apart. It was concluded that: (1) The cardiac vagal neurons are more sensitive to the baroreceptor input than the sympathetic neurons; (2) The similar type of baroreceptor afferent inputs reach the cardiac vagal and the sympathetic structures which are controlling the autonomic outflows.
Short Fibers Rubber Composites: the Comparative Properties of Treated and Discontinuous Cellulose Fibers

Composites produced by dispersion of selected short cellu lose fibers in elastomeric matrices are useful engineering materials. These fibers are pre-treated to provide dispersion in conventional mixing equip ment while minimizing fiber damage, and to give bonding to utilize the rubber reinforcing ability of the fiber. In the uncured composite, the fibers contribute higher green tensile strength, and almost no die swell on extru sion. The vulcanized composites show a monotonic increase in Young's Modulus and a decrease in ultimate elongation with increasing fiber load ing. As with many composites, the tensile strength is less than the matrix strength at very low fiber loading, but at higher fiber levels the matrix is reinforced and the composite tensile strength exceeds the matrix strength. The stiffening action of the fibers provides a harder material with greatly reduced solvent swelling characteristics compared to the matrix rubber. Finally, the tensile properties of the composite are precisely related ...
Some technological problems in fusion reactor design

A review of possible fusion reaction cycles with the associated neutron production rates and energies is presented. Some of the problems in having to thermalize and capture these neutrons for D-T cycles are outlined in terms of likely neutron wall currents and resulting neutron fluxes. Due to the energy of these neutrons other problems arise because of elastic and inelastic collisions. Such collision rates and displacements per atom for a “standard blanket” are presented. Problems in thermal and transient magnetic stress loading are also outlined. Es wird ein Uberblick uber mogliche Fusionsreaktionszyklen und die zugehorigen Erzeugungsraten und Energien der Neutronen gegeben. Die Notwendigkeit, diese Neutronen fur D-T-Zyklen auf thermische Energien abzubremsen und einzufangen, wirft Probleme auf, von denen hier einige anhand von vermutlichen Neutronenwandstromen und resultierenden Neutronenflussen behandelt werden. Aufgrund der Energie dieser Neutronen ergeben sich weitere Probleme aus dem Auftreten elastischer und unelastischer Stose. Fur ein „standard blanket” werden solche Kollisionsraten und Verschiebungen pro Atom angegeben. Auserdem werden Probleme der thermischen und kurzzeitigen magnetischen Belastung beschrieben.
Moments and averages of the electronic density of states of amorphous and crystalline homopolar solids

Abstract We have calculated the first fifteen moments of the density of states of the BC-8 and ST-12 structures and of the Polk random network model. Using these moments we calculate exact averages of the density of states of these structures.
The Relevance of Drop Tester Accuracy

ASTM D 5276-98 “Standard Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by Free Fall,” [1] was written as the general test specification for permitting free-fall drop tests for packaged products. One of the fundamental characteristics for drop testers used to perform ASTM D 5276 is that they must produce a flat drop with tolerance limit set at ±2 deg. For drops other than flat drops, such as edges and corners, tolerance limits of ±5 deg have been specified. Although most drop testers are calibrated during manufacturing, they are often not checked for accuracy at their lab locations. This is primarily due to the lack of a calibration standard. This paper investigates the importance of drop test accuracy and reports observations, measurements, and documentation of changes in acceleration and velocity change measured on a test specimen as it is subjected to drops with increasing deviation from the desired impact orientation. A statistical analysis of accelerations as impact orientations deviated is provided and statistical trends in the data as impact angles change are reported. The results suggested that the existing tolerances for performing drops within ±2 deg as recommended by ASTM D 5276 are acceptable for flat drops and the tolerances for performing edge and corner drops within ±5 deg are not acceptable as they can result in larger deviations as the offset is increased beyond ±2 deg.
Biotechnology in context: a database-filtering approach to identifying core and productive non-core journals supporting multidisciplinary R & D

Eighty-nine journals were identified as potentially important journals supporting biotechnology RD 30%–69% coverage—14 titles) included 10 journals not classed as biotechnology by Journal Citation Reports. One of these, Plant Cell Reports (88% coverage), has not been listed as a biotechnology journal in any previous core lists. This database filtering approach, combining citation, indexing, and productivity analyses, is an effective tool for identifying important non-core journals supporting multidisciplinary R&D. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Consumer Response to Sponsorships of the Performing Arts

This study examines the perceptions that patrons of performing arts have regarding sponsors of the performing arts. Surveying patrons at shows of a medium-sized dance production company revealed favorable responses to sponsors of the performing arts, especially among those patrons who had a higher attachment to the show. The findings provide interesting implications for companies interested in pursuing their target consumers through sponsorship partnerships with performing arts organizations and shows.
Magnetic dipolarization with substorm expansion onset

[1] We compare the timing and spatial extent of dipolarization with auroral breakup by using magnetic field data (1-min time resolution) from GOES 8 and GOES 9 and global auroral images (37-s frame rate) from the Polar ultraviolet imager. We survey the entire year of 1997 data and obtain 32 unambiguous dipolarization events that had ionospheric footprints within 2 hours in magnetic local time (MLT) from their associated auroral breakups. It is found that the auroral breakup preceded the arrival of dipolarization at GOES by an average of 1.7 ± 2.7 min. (1.0 ± 2.1 min for events ±1 hour from the auroral breakup). The delay of geosynchronous dipolarization represents a propagation time, as the substorms rarely initiated at the GOES location. Propagation velocities derived from the propagation time are ∼60 km s−1 eastward, ∼75 km s−1 westward, and ∼270 km s−1 earthward at geosynchronous orbit. We also show for the first time that auroral bulge and dipolarization region closely map; the bulge is the region of currents out of the ionosphere. The eastern edge of the dipolarization region, where field-aligned currents are flowing into the ionosphere, is, based on the T89 magnetic field model, located at ∼0.5 hour in MLT eastward of the eastern edge of the auroral bulge. Within the initiation site meridian the dipolarization onset was observed ∼1 min prior to the auroral breakup at the GOES altitude. This time is associated with Alfven transit time and therefore depends on the radial location of the onset. The azimuthal scale of the initiation site is found to be ∼0.5 hour in MLT in the ionosphere or less than ∼1 Earth's radius at 6.6 RE. These results support current diversion into the ionosphere as a critical part of substorms. Finally, a simple timing analysis of specific substorm onset time features suggests that near-Earth reconnection cannot occur before current disruption and therefore cannot be the cause of substorm.
Correlation between the surfaces of natural rock joints

Cores from two natural joints were studied to estimate the degree of correlation between the surfaces and the distribution of apertures. Matched pairs of profiles were taken from both surfaces of each joint. These profiles were then placed together to produce a linear trace of the apertures. Power spectra of the individual surfaces were compared to that of the apertures. Correlation between the surfaces is evidenced by the lack of long wavelength power in the aperture traces relative to the individual surfaces. The correlation lengths for the two joints studied are between 0.5-5 mm. It is clear that the correlation between the surfaces must be considered, when studying the mechanical and transport properties of rock joints.
Inhibitors of endogenous nitrogen oxide formation block the promotion of neoplastic transformation in C3H 10T1/2 fibroblasts

The endogenous production of nitric oxide (NO) and its role in the neoplastic transformation of C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts were investigated. NO production, as indicated by NO2- in the culture medium, was increased in cells initiated with 3-methylcholanthrene or stimulated with the combination of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma, 10 ng/ml) plus bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 micrograms/ml). NO2- was detectable within 24-48 h of IFN gamma/LPS treatment and accumulated to micromolar concentrations within 4 days. NO production was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by analogs of L-arginine in which the terminal guanidino nitrogen is blocked, consistent with NO production by the oxidative deamination of L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). IFN gamma/LPS-stimulated cells expressed a 4.4 kb mRNA which hybridized to a probe for the mouse macrophage-inducible NOS. Expression of the rat cerebellar constitutive NOS was not detected in these cells. Arginine analogs added to the culture medium during the post-confluence promotional stages of the C3H 10T1/2 transformation assay blocked the formation of transformed foci in a dose-dependent manner comparable to their inhibition of NO production. These data demonstrate that C3H 10T1/2 mouse fibroblasts are a useful model for the study of the effects of endogenous NO production in carcinogenesis and suggest that NO plays a significant role in the promotional phase of neoplastic transformation of these cells.
Effect of detection on spatial resolution in synthetic aperture radar imagery and mitigation through upsampling

The complex-valued image output from a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processor possesses full spatial resolution defined by the sensor. Typically, this image is either power detected or magnitude detected before it is subjected to further analysis. This paper consists of the study of the effect of detection on spatial resolution in complex-valued SAR imagery and the mitigation of this effect through upsampling. Furthermore, an algorithm for upsampling focused SAR imagery is presented. The proposed algorithm is general and it is designed to account for deviations from zero-Doppler encountered in the Spotlight imaging mode. It is shown that power and magnitude detections, respectively, degrade the spatial resolution by factors of two and greater. To mitigate this effect, the complex-valued SAR image should be upsampled appropriately. The results are demonstrated on real-world single-look complex SAR imagery from Radarsat-2.
Functional and adaptive significance of primate pads and claws: Evidence from New World anthropoids

This study tests predicted morphoclines in fingertip morphology among four small-bodied (<1 kg) New World monkeys (Saimiri sciureus, Leontopithecus rosalia, Callithrix jacchus, and Saguinus oedipus) in order to test previous functional and adaptive explanations for the evolution of flattened nails, expanded apical pads, and grasping extremities within the Order Primates. Small-bodied platyrrhines which frequently forage among small-diameter substrates are expected to possess 1) relatively expanded apical pads, 2) well-developed epidermal ridges, 3) distally broad terminal phalanges, and 4) reduced flexor and extensor tubercles compared to those species which use large-diameter arboreal supports more frequently for their locomotor and postural behaviors. Results show that as the frequency of small-branch foraging increases among taxa within this sample, relative distal phalanx breadth also increases but distal phalanx length, height, and flexor tubercle size decrease. Moreover, epidermal ridge development becomes more pronounced as the frequency of small-branch foraging increases. Terminal phalanx breadth and epidermal ridge complexity are both positively correlated with apical pad size. The large, flexible apical pad increases stability of the hand and foot on small-diameter arboreal supports because the pad can contact the substrate in several planes which, in turn, enables the pad to resist disruptive forces from different directions by friction and interlocking (Hildebrand, 1995). The observed morphoclines demonstrate that a gradient in form from claw- to nail-like tegulae exists among these taxa. Thus, the distinction between claw- and nail-bearing platyrrhines is essentially arbitrary. These observations corroborate Cartmill's (1972) functional and adaptive model for the loss of claws in primates: namely, expanded apical pads are required for habitual locomotor and postural behaviors on small-diameter supports whereas claws are more useful for positional behaviors on large-diameter substrates. Finally, results from this study support previous suggestions that the keeled tegulae of callitrichines represent a derived postural adaptation rather than a primitive retention from an ancestral eutherian condition. Am J Phys Anthropol 106:113–127, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Left ventricular mass as determined by magnetic resonance imaging in male endurance athletes

Although many studies of the effect of dynamic exercise training on left ventricular (LV) mass have been reported, controversy continues to exist. Previous work has been criticized because of the techniques used for measuring LV mass, the variable level of training of the subjects recruited and the methods used to normalize the data. In an attempt to resolve this controversy, LV mass was determined using the very accurate and reproducible technique of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Highly trained competitive athletes including cross-country skiers, endurance cyclists and long distance runners (VO2max = 77 +/- 1, 72 +/- 2 and 75 +/- 2 ml (kg X min)-1, respectively) were examined. The data were normalized for body weight, body surface area and lean body mass. LV mass was significantly greater in skiers (239 +/- 9 g), runners (244 +/- 10 g) and cyclists (258 +/- 11 g) when compared with nonathletic control subjects (189 +/- 6 g) (p less than 0.001), which represents percent differences of 26, 29 and 37%, respectively. LV mass remained greater in the athletes, regardless of the method used to normalize the data. In addition, there was a good correlation between LV mass and VO2max (r = 0.80, p less than 0.001). It was concluded that LV mass is significantly greater in highly trained competitive endurance athletes and that normalizing LV mass with respect to body weight, body surface area or lean body mass does not alter this relation.
Ethylene-promoted malonylation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid participates in autoinhibition of ethylene synthesis in grapefruit flavedo discs

The increase in ethylene formation and in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content in flavedo tissue of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfad. cv. Ruby Red) in response to excision was markedly inhibited by exogenous ethylene. Ethylene treatment inhibited the synthesis of ACC, but increased the tissue's capability to malonylate ACC to N-malonyl-ACC, resulting in further reduction in the endogenous ACC content. The development of extractable ACC-malonyl-transferase activity in the tissue was markedly promoted by treatment with exogenous ethylene. These results indicate that the autoinhibition of ethylene production in this tissue results not only from suppression of ACC synthesis, but also from promotion of ACC malonylation; both processes reduce the availability of ACC for ethylene synthesis.
Use of mitochondrial inhibitors to differentiate kinetic properties of the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake system in synaptic membranes.

Synaptosomal membranes accumulate 3–6 times more Ca2+ in the presence of ATP (50–1000 μM) than basal Ca2+ accumulation (-ATP). The location of this Ca2+ accumulation appears to reside on the cytosolic face of the synaptosome since lysed synaptosomes accumulate 4-times more Ca2+ than intact synaptosomes. The inclusion of mitochondrial inhibitors, oligomycin (0.7 μg/ml), sodium azide (100 μM) and dinitrophenol (100 μM) differentiate mitochondrial from nonmitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation under conditions that are [Ca2+]- and ATP-dependent. In the presence of low concentrations of ATP (<150 μM) and Ca free 2+ (2.5 or 6.8 μM), Ca2+ accumulation occurs as one process in both lysed synaptosomal membranes and purified synaptic plasma membranes in the presence and/or absence of MI. When ATP levels are increased (>200 μM), the Ca2+ accumulation process remains independent of the presence of mitochondrial inhibitors when Ca free 2+ =2.5 μM. When Ca free 2+ is increased to 6.8 μM, mitochondrial inhibitors differentiate mitochondrial from nonmitochondrial accumulation. These studies suggest that optimal conditions for the measurement of Ca2+ accumulating mechanisms in synaptosomal membranes depend on both [Ca2+] and ATP. Use of these assay conditions provide evidence that ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake may be a viable mechanism for the regulation of synaptosomal Ca2+ levels.
Blood-aqueous barrier in pseudoexfoliation syndrome: evaluation by immunohistochemical staining of endogenous albumin

• Background: Alterations of the integrity of the blood-aqueous barrier (BAB) are frequent findings in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PSX). • Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for the demonstration of albumin was used to analyze the BAB in 10 eyes with PSX without previous intraocular surgery and in 10 age-matched normal control eyes. • Results: In eyes with PSX, small amounts of albumin were detected along the anterior surface of the iris in 7, in the anterior chamber in 1, along the ciliary epithelium in 4, and in the trabecular meshwork in 9 of 10 eyes. PSX material was also immunoreactive. In the 10 normal control eyes, albumin was detected anterior to the iris stroma in 1 eye, in the anterior chamber in 2 eyes, in the trabecular meshwork in 1 eye, but not internal to the ciliary epithelium. • Conclusions: Our findings indicate that impairment of the BAB in PSX can be localized at the level of the iris and, less frequently or to a lesser extent, at the level of the ciliary body.
Low-energy scattering of electrons from Li 2

Calculations of total cross sections for the scattering of low-energy electrons by ${\mathrm{Li}}_{2}$ have been performed in the fixed-nuclei approximation. These calculations employed a parameter-free model of the correlation-polarization interaction and an essentially exact treatment of the exchange.
The translation of loans: Anglicisms in German

Abstract Recent publications, including literature and the popular press, give evidence of the continued relevance and influence of English, in particular American English, in German. English has tremendous prestige among German speakers, who attempt to elicit certain effects by using anglicisms. that is, loans from English (both American and British). The use of anglicisms appeals not only to language understanding or knowledge as such but also to a feeling associated with English. Because of the continued influence of English in German, the translation of loans becomes a valid field of inquiry. This article discusses an approach to the translation of anglicisms.
Dependency: a Special Theory Within Marxian Analysis:

A dependency theory which purports to explain underdevelopment in Latin America exclusively as a consequence of the transfer of surplus from backward areas to the metropolis (the "exploitation" of one nation by another) fails to comprehend the central role of the labor process in the formation of classes as well as class struggle as the motor of history. Divorced from the material reality of the working classes, it ignores the role of the masses in making history. It is static. Despite occasional calls for socialist revolution, it is based in idealism and is therefore incapable of guiding revolutionary action. Moreover, such a dependency theory presents the poverty, hunger, and oppression of peasants and workers as a consequence of a capitalism "deformed" by foreign monopoly capital. It imagines that an anti-imperialist coalition led by local capital could bring about "normal" capitalist development. Thus, this dependency theory defends the interest of local capital against Marxism-Leninism and against the struggle of the working classes for socialist revolution. This dependency theory is implicit in the work of Raul Prebisch and the Economic Commission for Latin America, which identified the long-term tendency in the terms of trade to be a decline in the relation of prices of primary products to prices of manufacturers. (Ironically, though this "theory" did truly speak on behalf of local capital, it set the stage for the penetration of foreign monopoly capital into the industrial sector under the recipe of importsubstitution.) This formulation was replaced in the mid-1960s by more adequate, radical, and Marxist efforts. However, the bourgeois nationalist concept of dependency reappeared in the 1970s beginning with Raul Fernandez and Jose Ocampo's article in the first issue of Latin American Perspectives. They and other left sectarians have equated the work of radical and Marxist writers such as Andre Gunder Frank, Theot6nio dos Santos, and Ruy Mauro Marini with the limited bourgeois nationalist concept of dependency. In this fashion, the left sectarian critics ignore the explicit object of their attacks, the radical and Marxist dependentistas, and use bourgeois dependency as a straw man.
The Historical Development of the Strategic Management Concept

In this article, I examine how the concept of strategy has evolved into the field of strategic management, A definition of strategic management is developed from commonalities of past definitions and a selected overview of approaches to operationalizing strategic management is presented.
Subpicomolar Sensing of δ-Opioid Receptor Ligands by Molecular-Imprinted Polymers Using Plasmon-Waveguide Resonance Spectroscopy

Here we report, for the first time, the formation of a biomimetic covalently imprinted polymeric sensor for a target ligand, the δ-opioid G-protein coupled receptor agonist DPDPE, which reproducibly exhibits subpicomolar binding affinity in an aqueous environment. In addition to having a well-defined and homogeneous binding site, the imprinted polymer template is quite stable to storage in both the dry and wet states and has at least 6 orders of magnitude higher affinities than exhibited by similar peptide-based molecular-imprinted polymers (MIPs) thus far. A highly sensitive optical detection methodology, plasmon-waveguide resonance spectroscopy, was employed, capable of measuring binding in real time and discriminating between ligand molecules, without requiring labeling protocols (fluorophores or radioisotopes). The DPDPE-imprinted polymer showed a broad structure−activity relationship profile, not unlike that found for protein receptors. Such sensitivity and robustness of MIPs suggests potential appli...
Organization and Predictive Power of General and Relationship-Specific Attachment Models: One for All, and All for One?

Given recent evidence for multiple attachment models, we examined the organization and predictive power of general and relationship-specific attachment representations in two samples using two distinct measures of attachment models. With regard to associations among relationship-specific models, peer models (romantic partner and friend) and parental models (mother and father) were more similar to each other than to any other models, and anxiety/self-model representations were more consistent across relationships than avoidance/other-model representations. With regard to links between general and specific models, romantic and friend models made the strongest and independent contributions to general models, and romantic relationship involvement moderated the importance of romantic models to general models. With regard to differential predictive power of multiple models, general, romantic partner, and mother attachment made unique contributions to well-being indicators; relationship outcomes, however, were o...
Journal-guided resynchronization for software RAID

We investigate the problem of slow, scan-based, software RAID resynchronization that restores consistency after a system crash. Instead of augmenting the RAID layer to quicken the process, we leverage the functionality present in a journaling file system. We analyze Linux ext3 and introduce a new mode of operation, declared mode, that guarantees to provide a record of all outstanding writes in case of a crash. To utilize this information, we augment the software RAID interface with a verify read request, which repairs the redundant information for a block. The combination of these features allows us to provide fast, journal-guided resynchronization. We evaluate the effect of journal-guided resynchronization and find that it provides improved software RAID reliability and availability after a crash, while suffering little performance loss during normal operation.
Do parents understand growth charts? A national, Internet-based survey.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess parental knowledge and understanding of growth charts. METHODS: An online survey was conducted with 1000 parents selected to be demographically representative of the US population. Questions explored awareness of, knowledge of, and attitudes toward growth monitoring, as well as the ability to interpret growth chart data. RESULTS: Seventy-nine percent of parents surveyed claimed to have seen a growth chart before, with the majority thinking that they understood it well. Sixty-four percent of parents thought it was important to be shown growth charts to see how their child was growing, and 40% expressed the need to see their child9s growth chart as confirmation of their health care provider9s verbal interpretation. However, when provided with multiple-choice questions and answers, only 64% could identify a child9s weight when shown a plotted point on a growth chart. Ninety-six percent had heard of the term “percentile,” but only 68% identified the percentile of the plotted point, and only 56% could identify the definition of percentile. Up to 77% interpreted incorrectly charts containing height/weight measurements in tandem. CONCLUSIONS: Although growth charts are used frequently as visual aids to educate parents about their children9s growth, many parents cannot comprehend the data. This finding is significant because many parents prefer to be shown growth charts by their health care provider, and many parents report recording their children9s measurements on growth charts at home.
Potential biological fate of ingested nanoemulsions: influence of particle characteristics.

Edible nanoemulsions have great potential for utilization in the food and beverage industries to encapsulate, protect, and deliver lipophilic functional components claimed to have health benefits (“nutraceuticals”), such as carotenoids, flavonoids, phytosterols, polyunsaturated lipids, and oil-soluble vitamins. Nanoemulsions have a number of possible advantages over conventional emulsions for these applications, including high optical clarity, high stability to particle aggregation and gravitational separation, and increased bioavailability of lipophilic substances. Nevertheless, there are concerns about the potential risks associated with ingestion of nanoemulsions due to their ability to alter the behavior of bioactive components within the gastrointestinal tract. At present, there is still a relatively poor understanding of the biological fate of nanoemulsions in the human GI tract, which is holding back the rational design and application of nanoemulsion-based delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive components. This article provides a brief review of the current status of the formation, properties, and potential biological fate of food-grade nanoemulsions. In particular, it focuses on the influence of particle characteristics, such as size and interfacial properties, on the digestion and absorption of lipid nanoparticles.
Scenario-Based Failure Modes and Effects Analysis Using Expected Cost

Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) uses the product of three ranked factors to compute the risk priority number (RPN). Unfortunately, the RPN components have ambiguous definitions, and multiplying ranked values is not a valid operation. As a result, the RPN produces inconsistent risk priorities. In addition, FMEA uses distinct analyses for each system level and life cycle phase, making it difficult to consolidate interrelated risk information. The goal of scenario-based FMEA is to delineate and evaluate risk events more accurately. Probability and cost provide a consistent basis for risk analysis and decision making, and failure scenarios provide continuity across system levels and life cycle phases.
Neuroscience Insights That Inform Clinical Supervision

This article makes links between neuroscience literature that helps to inform a clinical supervision relationship. There has been a beginning, but limited, application of neuroscience to clinical supervision; this article offers vignettes of supervisory dyads that illustrate how understanding right-hemisphere communications between the supervisor and supervisee can further a more complex understanding of the clinical processes that are being discussed in supervision. The article draws from supervision theory that has been conceptualized using relational theory and trauma theory. The article encourages supervisor and supervisee to pay heed to their bodily reactions when discussing clinical material. Individuals expose their right-hemisphere reactions to the content of the therapy and/or supervisory sessions through a variety of well-known behavioral manifestations, including facial expression, tone, and prosody of the voice; bodily manifestations of anxiety or “tightness” in the chest or stomach; and avert...
Ionization in the magnetized ionosphere surrounding a high voltage sphere

Abstract The interaction of a high-voltage element with the ionospheric plasma at LEO altitudes is an area of current interest because of the anticipated use of high-voltage power sources on future space platforms. Depending on the current collection characteristics, an exposed high-voltage element can lead to power losses or arcing. In an effort to elucidate high-voltage current collection characteristics, there is an ongoing series of rocket and laboratory experiments involving the interaction of high-voltage spheres with an ambient plasma. In support of this effort, we solved the time-dependent, three-dimensional, nonlinear fluid equations for ions and electrons and the Poisson equation in order to study the initial response of a partially-ionized, magnetized plasma to positive high-voltage spheres. Our emphasis was on the effect that collisions and impact ionization have on the sphere-plasma interaction. Different neutral densities (1011–1014 cm−3), species (Ar, Ba, O, N2), and magnetic field strengths were considered. Our simulations indicate that a rapidly rotating electron density torus tends to form around a high-voltage sphere embedded in magnetized partially-ionized plasma. Since the electrons orbit the sphere before striking it, the high toroidal density and long travel time lead to enhanced collisional and ionization rates (relative to the no B -field case), which act to modify the torus, sheath, and current collection characteristics. The high toroidal density and long travel time also reduce the neutral density (pressure) requirement for a discharge, by an order of magnitude. Depending on the applied voltage, neutral gas pressure, and magnetic field, we obtained steady toroidal configurations both with and without ionization, a toroidal discharge, and a spherical discharge. These results are in qualitative agreement with measurements.
Evaluation of Left Ventricular Contractile State in Childhood Normal Values and Observations with a Pressure Overload

Left ventricular contractile state was evaluated in 20 children ages 3 to 11 years with normal left hearts and in 15 children ages 2 to 16 years with a left ventricular pressure overload. All patients were studied during diagnostic cardiac catheterization with catheter-tip micromanometry. Pressure-velocity curves were obtained during isovolumic systole by plotting (dp/dt)/28 P versus developed or total pressure (P). Computer analysis of five cardiac cycles was used to yield one composite pressure-velocity curve for each patient with both linear and second-degree polynomial curve analysis. The developed pressure method yielded higher values for the calculated Vmax index, (dp/dt)/28 P at zero P than the total-pressure method for all patients. Normal standards were defined for both methods. The Vmax index calculated with total pressure as well as peak (dp/dt)/28 P was significantly less than normal for the hypertrophy group. The Vmax index calculated with developed pressure was not significantly different fr...
A Comprehensive View of Regulation of Gene Expression by Double-stranded RNA-mediated Cell Signaling *

Double-stranded (ds) RNA, a common component of virus-infected cells, is a potent inducer of the type I interferon and other cellular genes. For identifying the full repertoire of human dsRNA-regulated genes, a cDNA microarray hybridization screening was conducted using mRNA from dsRNA-treated GRE cells. Because these cells lack all type I interferon genes, the possibility of gene induction by autocrine actions of interferon was eliminated. Our screen identified 175 dsRNA-stimulated genes (DSG) and 95 dsRNA-repressed genes. A subset of the DSGs was also induced by different inflammatory cytokines and viruses demonstrating interconnections among disparate signaling pathways. Functionally, the DSGs encode proteins involved in signaling, apoptosis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and processing, cell metabolism, transport, and structure. Induction of such a diverse family of genes by dsRNA has major implications in host-virus interactions and in the use of RNAi technology for functional ablation of specific genes.
Bubbly Silicon: A New Mechanism for Solid Phase Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon

This paper describes the rapid formation of polycrystalline silicon films through seeding with silicon nanocrystals. The incorporation of seed crystals into amorphous silicon films helps to eliminate the crystallization incubation time observed in non-seeded amorphous silicon films. Furthermore, the formation of several tens of nanometer in diameter voids is observed when cubic silicon nanocrystals with around 30 nm in size are embedded in the amorphous films. These voids move through the amorphous film with high velocity, pulling behind them a crystallized “tail.” This mechanism leads to rapid formation of polycrystalline films.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Phosphorylation-independent β-Arrestin Translocation and Internalization of Leukotriene B4 Receptors

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) activates the G-protein-coupled receptor leukotriene B4 receptor 1 (BLT1) to mediate a diverse array of cellular responses in leukocytes including chemotaxis, calcium mobilization, degranulation, and gene expression. To determine the role of phosphorylation in BLT1 regulation, we generated mutants of BLT1 in which all of the serine/threonine residues in the C-tail are converted to alanine or to aspartate/glutamate. These mutants expressed in rat basophilic leukemia RBL-2H3 cells bound LTB4 with similar affinity and activated all of the known functional activities of BLT1, albeit at different levels. The conversion of phosphorylation sites to alanine resulted in enhanced G-protein-mediated activities, whereas conversion to aspartate/glutamate resulted in reduced responses and a right shift in dose response, indicating that receptor phosphorylation is a critical regulator of G-protein-mediated pathways. Surprisingly, translocation of β-arrestin and receptor internalization was completely independent of BLT1 phosphorylation. Real-time analysis of β-arrestin translocation and receptor internalization using digital fluorescence video microscopy in cells expressing a red fluorescent protein labeled BLT1 and a green fluorescent protein-tagged β-arrestin confirmed phosphorylation-independent β-arrestin translocation and internalization of BLT1. In β-arrestin-deficient mouse embryo fibroblasts, the BLT1 receptors failed to display endosomal localization upon stimulation. In these cells, co-expression of β-arrestin-green fluorescent protein with BLT1-red fluorescent protein resulted in co-localization of BLT1 and β-arrestin upon activation. Thus, receptor phosphorylation-dependent mechanisms regulate G-protein-mediated pathways; however, phosphorylation-independent mechanisms regulate β-arrestin association and internalization of BLT1.