cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alteration of neural action potential patterns by axonal stimulation: the importance of stimulus location

Objective. Stimulation of peripheral nerves is often superimposed on ongoing motor and sensory activity in the same axons, without a quantitative model of the net action potential train at the axon endpoint. Approach. We develop a model of action potential patterns elicited by superimposing constant frequency axonal stimulation on the action potentials arriving from a physiologically activated neural source. The model includes interactions due to collision block, resetting of the neural impulse generator, and the refractory period of the axon at the point of stimulation. Main results. Both the mean endpoint firing rate and the probability distribution of the action potential firing periods depend strongly on the relative firing rates of the two sources and the intersite conduction time between them. When the stimulus rate exceeds the neural rate, neural action potentials do not reach the endpoint and the rate of endpoint action potentials is the same as the stimulus rate, regardless of the intersite conduction time. However, when the stimulus rate is less than the neural rate, and the intersite conduction time is short, the two rates partially sum. Increases in stimulus rate produce non-monotonic increases in endpoint rate and continuously increasing block of neurally generated action potentials. Rate summation is reduced and more neural action potentials are blocked as the intersite conduction time increases. At long intersite conduction times, the endpoint rate simplifies to being the maximum of either the neural or the stimulus rate. Significance. This study highlights the potential of increasing the endpoint action potential rate and preserving neural information transmission by low rate stimulation with short intersite conduction times. Intersite conduction times can be decreased with proximal stimulation sites for muscles and distal stimulation sites for sensory endings. The model provides a basis for optimizing experiments and designing neuroprosthetic interventions involving motor or sensory stimulation.
Paradoxical Hypotension and Bradycardia after Intravenous Arginine Vasopressin

Standard therapy for variceal bleeding includes endoscopic sclerotherapy and esophageal balloon tamponade. In addition, pharmacologic therapies, including arginine vasopressin (AVP), are frequently used in hemodynamically unstable patients or where sclerotherapy has been unsuccessful. A case is described herein of a 30-year-old woman with a history of ethanol abuse, hematemeisis, and biopsy-proven hepatic cirrhosis in which the addition of AVP to an antivariceal regimen of octreotide was associated with a paradoxical episode of hypotension, bradycardia, and hypoxia. Indeed, within 15 minutes after initiation of an AVP infusion, the patient exhibited hypotension with a systolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg, a relative bradycardia to 76 beats per minute, and a desaturation of blood oxygen to 84%. The AVP infusion was discontinued 2 hours later and blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation rapidly returned to baseline. This temporal correlation between the onset and termination of the physiologic effects and the initiation and discontinuation of the AVP infusion suggests a causal relationship. The paradoxical physiologic effects might reflect cardiac ischemia secondary to vasospasm and/or central suppression of the autonomic nervous system induced by AVP.
p-Aminobenzamidine as inhibitor of trypsinogen activation.

p-Aminobenzamidin ist der starkste bis jetzt bekannte Hemmstoff der autokatalytischen Aktivierung des Trypsinogens und auch der Aktivierung durch Enterokinase. Die hochgradige Wirksamkeit der Verbindung empfiehlt sie zur Anwendung in der experimentellen Pankreatitis, um die Bedeutung der autokatalytischen Trypsinogenaktivierung fur diesen Krankheitsprozess ermessen zu konnen.
Silicate minerals and the interferon system

Natural-occurring minerals representative of six silicate classes were examined for their influence on interferon induction by influenza virus in Rhesus monkey kidney (LLC-MK2) cell monolayers. Minerals within the classes nesosilicate, sorosilicate, cyclosilicate, and inosilicate exhibited either little or marked (50% or greater) inhibition of interferon induction. Within the inosilicate class, however, minerals of the pyroxenoid group (wollastonite, pectolite, and rhodonite) all significantly showed a two- to threefold increase in interferon production. Silicate materials in the phyllosilicate and tectosilicate classes all showed inhibitory activity for the induction process. When silicate minerals were coated with the polymer poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide), the inhibitory activity of silicates on viral interferon induction was counteracted. Of nine randomly selected silicate minerals, which inhibited viral interferon induction, none adversely affected the ability of exogenous interferon to confer antiviral cellular resistance. Increased levels of influenza virus multiplication concomitant with decreased levels of interferon occurred in cell monolayers pretreated with silicates. The findings of this study demonstrate the diverse effects of minerals representative of different silicate classes on the interferon system and indicate that certain silicates in compromising the viral interferon induction process may increase susceptibility to viral infection.
Metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonists decrease nicotine seeking, but do not affect the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine.

Nicotine self-administration models typically evaluate the effects of smoking cessation aides on ‘primary reinforcement’ engendered by nicotine. However, the more recently described reinforcement enhancing effects of the drug are not always included in experimental analyses of potential therapeutics. We evaluated the effects of pretreatment with noncompetitive antagonists of the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) on each reinforcement-related effect of nicotine using a model in which a reinforcing visual stimulus (VS) and nicotine infusions were concurrently available. Five groups (2-lever, VS-only, NIC+VS, NIC-only, or SAL-only) were instrumented for self-administration. The 2-lever group could earn a nicotine infusion (0.06 mg/kg per infusion free base) for meeting the schedule on one lever (eg right), or VS for meeting the schedule on the other lever (eg left). The VS-only group could earn VS or saline under similar contingencies. Remaining rats could press one lever to earn both reinforcers (NIC+VS), nicotine infusions (NIC-only), or saline infusions (SAL-only); the other lever was ‘inactive’. Responding on the VS lever in the 2-lever group was greater than that of the VS-only group, reflecting the reinforcement-enhancing effect of nicotine. Pretreatment with 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)-pyridine (MPEP) or 3-[(2-methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine (MTEP) decreased nicotine intake as well as the enhanced responding for the concurrently available VS. In follow-up studies, replacing nicotine via experimenter-administered infusions sustained the drugs reinforcement enhancing effect; neither MPEP nor MTEP decreased the enhancing effects of nicotine. These findings are consistent with other studies suggesting that mGlu5 receptors mediate nicotine seeking, but do not alter the reinforcement enhancing effects of nicotine.
Retinogeniculostriate projections in guinea pigs: albino and pigmented strains compared.

Abstract The retinogeniculate fibers and geniculocortical projections of pigmented and albino guinea pigs were studied by anatomical degeneration methods and by electrophysiological techniques. In one experiment, an eye was enucleated from each of six pigmented and six albino animals. Six to δ days later the animals were killed and the crossed and uncrossed retinal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nuclei studied in serial sections prepared by the Nauta silver method. An organized uncrossed retinogeniculate projection was invariably present in the pigmented guinea pig but was not seen in the albino. There was a consistency in the pattern of the crossed retinogeniculate projections among the pigmented guinea pigs but not among the albino animals. Between ocular enucleation and histological analyses, visually evoked responses at the cerebral cortex were recorded. Indications of an input to the striate cortex via noncrossing fibers were found only in the pigmented strain. A relatively consistent pattern of input to the contralateral striate cortex was observed in the pigmented guinea pigs, while several patterns were seen in the albinos.
Probit transformation: improved method for defining synchrony of cell cultures

Cell numbers can be converted to probits that are used to compare the degree and timing of synchronized cell cultures. Data from synchronous cultures of Chlorella pyrenoidosa have been analyzed by this method by means of a readily available computer program. The method can be used with any biological system that generates normal sigmoidal data.
The effects of some plating variables on the structure of thin nickel electrodeposits

Abstract The initial stages of epitaxial nickel electrodeposition on copper substrates in all-sulfate electrolytes containing either no additives or saccharin or phenosafranine under air or argon atmospheres were investigated by monitoring the electrode potential and by electron microscope examinations. The observation of the formation of discrete three-dimensional cyrstallites of the same size regardless of the plating condition indicated that basic nickel compounds were the principal impediment to lateral growth. An increased cathode efficiency when deposition occured under the argon atmosphere led to a greater crystalline population and earlier substrate coverage. The presence of oxides during deposition in air and of sulfides from the addition of saccharin increased the number of voids. The addition of saccharin to the electrolyte delayed crystallite coalescence. Higher dislocation densities resulted from misorientations between crystallites and the inability of agglomerates to rotate into better alignment.
Alternative Models for Small Samples in Psychological Research Applying Linear Mixed Effects Models and Generalized Estimating Equations to Repeated Measures Data

Unavoidable sample size issues beset psychological research that involves scarce populations or costly laboratory procedures. When incorporating longitudinal designs these samples are further reduced by traditional modeling techniques, which perform listwise deletion for any instance of missing data. Moreover, these techniques are limited in their capacity to accommodate alternative correlation structures that are common in repeated measures studies. Researchers require sound quantitative methods to work with limited but valuable measures without degrading their data sets. This article provides a brief tutorial and exploration of two alternative longitudinal modeling techniques, linear mixed effects models and generalized estimating equations, as applied to a repeated measures study (n = 12) of pairmate attachment and social stress in primates. Both techniques provide comparable results, but each model offers unique information that can be helpful when deciding the right analytic tool.
A new buffer system for acid PAGE typing of equine protease inhibitor.

Summary A new buffer system for acid PAGE typing of protease inhibitor (Pi) is described. This buffer system replaces pyridine and cacodylic acid with L-histidine and MES, making the buffer less toxic and less expensive than the acid PAGE system commonly used but with no loss of resolution.
Status of Remote Sensing of the Troposphere

Abstract This paper attempts to summarize the status of remote sensing of the troposphere. It opens with a statement of the need for remote sensing and identifies the potential advantages inherent to such techniques. The main material is in the form of a series of tables which identify the stage of development of each method (acoustic, radio, or optical) for the measurement of the different meteorological parameters relevant to the troposphere. The tables are used to differentiate between those capabilities which as yet are limited to the boundary layer, and those applicable to the full height range of the troposphere; and also between those techniques which are limited to clear air as opposed to those which can operate in the presence of cloud particles and/or precipitation. Examples of the current capabilities of various active and passive acoustic, optical, and radio remote sensing systems are presented in the form of figures, primarily from the work of the Wave Propagation Laboratory.
Reemployment Training for Displaced Automobile Workers: Program Description and Evaluation

The author describes a reemployment training program developed by Oakland University to assist displaced automobile workers in overcoming their grief resulting from job loss and in successfully assessing and marketing their transferable skills.
The murine platelet and plasma factor V pools are biosynthetically distinct and sufficient for minimal hemostasis

Coagulation factor V (FV) is a central regulator of the coagulation cascade. Circulating FV is found in plasma and within platelet α granules. The specific functions of these distinct FV pools are uncertain. We now report the generation of transgenic mice with FV gene expression restricted to either the liver or megakaryocyte/platelet lineage using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) constructs. Six of 6 independent albumin BAC transgenes rescue the neonatal lethal hemorrhage of FV deficiency. Rescued mice all exhibit liver-specific Fv expression at levels ranging from 6% to 46% of the endogenous Fv gene, with no detectable FV activity within the platelet pool. One of the 3 Pf4 BAC transgenes available for analysis also rescues the lethal FV null phenotype, with FV activity restricted to only the platelet pool (approximately 3% of the wild-type FV level). FV-null mice rescued by either the albumin or Pf4 BAC exhibit nearly normal tail bleeding times. These results demonstrate that Fv expression in either the platelet or plasma FV pool is sufficient for basal hemostasis. In addition, these findings indicate that the murine platelet and plasma FV pools are biosynthetically distinct, in contrast to a previous report demonstrating a plasma origin for platelet FV in humans.
Combined arm-leg ergometry exercise testing.

sis causing recurrent cardiac tamponade, creation of a pericardial window was indicated. Specifically, we employed a nonsurgical procedure and used the unique selfpositioning balloon catheter, the Inoue balloon catheter. The Inoue balloon catheter has been used widely and successfully in the treatment of symptomatic mitral stenosis in selected patients.” Because of its specific design, the balloon is inflated in three steps. This stepped protocol is produced by the tightness of the thin rubber bands covering the nylon mesh of the Inoue balloon. Inflation occurs first at the distal portion and then at the proximal portion, with the constriction remaining in the middle section until full inflation4 A precise and stable positioning of the balloon catheter straddling the parietal pericardium can thus be easily attained by pulling back the distally inflated balloon catheter without the need of injecting contrast material into the pericardial cavity to outline the parietal pericardium.3 The whole procedure is simple, safe, easy to perform, and well tolerated. Its effectiveness can be judged objectively by the echocardiographic disappearance of pericardial effusion and the new occurrence of pleural effusion. In critically ill patients, this nonsurgical method is the treatment of choice, as it avoids the risk and discomfort of both anesthesia and surgery.
Judicial Deference and National Security: Applications of the Political Question and Act of State Doctrines

This article briefly examines the history of federal court adjudication of national security issues to determine how judges have employed specific legal rationales for deciding not to decide in order to avoid confrontation with the executive branch. By focusing on the historical development of these legal strategies, we demonstrate that while judges have been generally deferential to the executive on national security issues, this deference increases in times of crisis. Through a series of qualitative case studies, we examine the use of threshold issues as a legally justifiable means to avoid ruling on the merits. Specifically, we focus on the use of the political question and act of state doctrines both historically and in the post-September 11th environment. We conclude that the federal courts continue to employ these techniques to avoid resolving challenges to national security, thereby promoting a continued deference to the executive branch.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of 10-Methyl-9,10-dihydroacridine by Chromium(VI,V,IV): Electron vs Hydrogen Atom vs Hydride Transfer

The oxidation of AcrH2 to AcrH+ by hydrogen chromate ions in H2O/MeCN (4:1, v/v) is a chain reaction that is strongly inhibited by oxygen. The initiation reaction between AcrH2 (or AcrD2) and H2CrO4 forms AcrH2•+ (or AcrD2•+) and occurs by a one-electron mechanism, kH = kD = 4.6 × 102 L mol-1 s-1 (25 °C). The Cr(V) produced along with AcrH• (from the acid ionization of AcrH2•+) are chain-carrying intermediates. The propagating reaction between AcrH2 and Cr(V), k = 1 × 108 L mol-1 s-1, is of key importance since it is a branching reaction that yields two chain carriers, AcrH• and CrO2+, by hydrogen atom abstraction. The same partners react competitively by hydride ion abstraction, to yield Cr3+ and AcrH+, k = 1.2 × 107 L mol-1 s-1, in the principal termination step. The reaction of CrO2+ and AcrH2, kH = 1.0 × 104 and kD = 4.8 × 103 L mol-1 s-1, proceeds by hydride ion transfer. The Cr2+ so produced could be trapped as CrOO2+ when O2 was present, thereupon terminating the chain. AcrH2 itself reacts with Cr2...
Measuring soil temperature and moisture using wireless MEMS sensors

Soil moisture and temperature are important variables in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transportation. As a result, soil temperature and moisture play a significant role in the development of weather patterns and the production of precipitation and irrigation. Current techniques for detecting soil moisture and temperature such as gamma attenuation, soil heat flux, and GPR are mostly surface measurements and these surface measurements cannot provide profound temperature and moisture profile. In addition the noisy environment can significantly alter their results thus requiring a complex and expensive signal processing. The objective of this paper is to study the feasibility of using inexpensive wireless nanotechnology based devices for the field measurement of soil temperature and moisture. The developed temperature and moisture MEMS sensors are composed of micromachined MEMS cantilever beams equipped with a water sensitive nano-polymer and an on-chip piezoresistive temperature sensor. The sensor is based on a shear stress principal, which the microsensor chip combines a proprietary polymer sensing element and Wheat stone Bridge piezoresistor circuit to deliver two DC output voltages that are linearly proportional to moisture and temperature. Preliminary results obtained from embedded wireless MEMS for soil temperature and moisture measurements are presented in this paper.
On the origins of

A history of the Internet smiley. It was first used by people who were unused to communicating by writing (having mainly used the telephone) and who began to use the Internet for communication at a time when irony was much in use. There was much misunderstanding because they could not express irony effectively in writing. The smiley was therefore adopted as a convention to draw attention to ironic remarks.
Modeling groundwater surface water interactions using the Dupuit approximation

Abstract Global errors in head and/or discharge may be introduced when groundwater flow to a stream is modeled using the Dupuit approximation. We consider a simple case of steady groundwater flow in the vertical plane to a horizontal stream bed in direct connection with the aquifer, and compare solutions to the exact problem with Dupuit solutions where common representations of the stream are chosen. In all cases considered, adopting the Dupuit approximation introduces global errors into the mathematical model, and the magnitude of the errors depends on the regional flow conditions. This behavior makes calibration of a model difficult and limits the predictive abilities of the model under conditions of changed regional flow. The global errors and their dependence on flow conditions can be minimized, but not eliminated by treating the resistance of a fictitious leaky stream bed as an effective parameter. We propose an alternate Dupuit model of groundwater–surface water interaction and demonstrate, for the case considered, that adding a second effective parameter allows us to eliminate global errors in head and discharge, and eliminate the dependence of the effective values on the flow field. Explicit expressions are provided to evaluate the two effective properties. We propose that the results be used as a general guideline for modeling groundwater–surface water interaction at streams.
An imagery method of assessing personality: Further validation

Abstract The Study in Imagery is a 70-item scale which aims to assess personality variables of ego, superego, id derivatives and ego-identity. Imagery is treated as a vehicle for assessment, even as memory, information or strength of harness-pull may be used as vehicles for assessing interest or motive strength. As a major aspect of the present validation process it is shown that the Study in Imagery does indeed use imagery processess as its vehicle. Validation of the personality scales in the Study in Imagery shows id derivatives and superego both correlate positively with neuroticism as measured by the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and also with the second-order anxiety factor of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. These and the other scales of the Study in Imagery are found to have extensive relationships with the variables of the Feelings, Reactions and Beliefs Survey, which is based on Carl Roger's humanistic theory of personality.
Constructive Axiomatization of Plane Hyperbolic Geometry

We provide a universal axiom system for plane hyperbolic geometry in a firstorder language with two sorts of individual variables, ‘points’ (upper-case) and ‘lines’ (lowercase), containing three individual constants, A0, A1, A2, standing for three non-collinear points, two binary operation symbols, φ and ι, with φ(A, B) = l to be interpreted as ‘ is the line joining A and B’ (provided that A ≠ B, an arbitrary line, otherwise), and ι(g, h) = P to be interpreted as P is the point of intersection of g and h (provided that g and h are distinct and have a point of intersection, an arbitrary point, otherwise), and two binary operation symbols, π1(P, ) and —2(P, ), with πi(P, ) = g (for i = 1, 2) to be interpreted as ‘g is one of the two limiting paralle lines from P to (provided that P is not on , an arbitrary line, otherwise).
Thermodynamics of hydrobromic acid in water + 50 mass per cent methanol from e.m.f. measurements at 278.15 to 333.15 K

Electromotive-force measurements of cells of the type P t | H 2 ( g ) | H B r ( m ) i n H 2 O + M e O H | A g B r | A g at 12 temperatures from 278.15 to 333.15 K have been used to derive (a) the standard e.m.f. of the cell in water + 50 mass per cent methanol, (b) the activity coefficient of hydrobromic acid, (c) the relative partial molar enthalpy of HBr, and (d) the thermodynamic constants for the transfer of HBr from the standard state in water to the standard state in water + 50 mass per cent methanol. The molality m of the acid ranged from 0.0066 to 0.1 mol kg−1. The standard e.m.f. was determined by an extrapolation method making use of the extended terms of the Debye-Huckel theory.
Ovarian hormone influences on the density of immunoreactivity for tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonin in the primate corpus striatum.

The serotonergic and dopaminergic inputs to the corpus striatum in human and non-human primates participate in diverse sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective functions, are implicated in dysfunction in diseases such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia, and are targets for many of the drugs used to treat these disorders. Sex differences in the incidence and/or clinical course of these disorders and in the effectiveness of related dopaminergic and serotonergic drug therapies suggest that primate striatal indolamines and catecholamines are also influenced by gonadal hormones. However, while well studied in rats, relatively little is known about precisely how gonadal steroids modulate stratial dopamine and serotonin systems in primates. To begin to address this issue, the present studies explored the effects of ovarian steroids on the serotonergic and dopaminergic innervation densities of the caudate, putamen, and the nucleus accumbens in young adult rhesus monkeys. Using densitometry to quantify immunoreactivity for serotonin and for the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, innervation densities were compared in identified, functionally specialized striatal subdomains across animals that were either ovariectomized or ovariectomized and supplemented with estradiol and/or progesterone, i.e. in a primate model of surgical menopause, with and without hormone replacement therapy. These analyses revealed clear examples of structure-, hemisphere-, and replacement regimen-specific effects of changes in circulating steroids on the densities of each afferent system examined. Further, the predominantly stimulatory effects observed occurred in striatal areas analogous to those suspected as sites of localized dopamine and/or serotonin compromise in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Thus, the hormone actions identified in this study could hold relevance for some of the sex differences identified in relation to these disorders, including the findings of decreased incidence and/or symptom severity in women that have led to hypotheses of protective effects for estrogen.
Enzymatic decomposition of elicitors of plant volatiles in Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea.

Abstract Feeding by larvae of Heliothis virescens induces cotton, corn and tobacco plants to release blends of volatile organic compounds that differ in constituent proportions from blends released when Helicoverpa zea larvae feed on the same plant species. The same elicitors (and analogs) of plant biosynthesis and release of volatiles, originally identified in oral secretions of Spodoptera exigua larvae, were also found in oral secretions of H. virescens and H. zea. However, relative amounts of these compounds, particularly N-(17-hydroxylinolenoyl)-L-glutamine (volicitin), 17-hydroxylinolenic acid, and N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine, varied among batches of oral secretions, more so in H. virescens than in H. zea. This variation was due to cleavage of the amide bond of the fatty acid–amino acid conjugates by an enzyme, or enzymes, originating in the midgut. The enzymatic activity in guts of H. virescens was significantly greater than that found in guts of H. zea. Furthermore, H. zea frass contains N-linolenoyl-L-glutamine in more than 0.1% wet weight, while this conjugate comprises only 0.003% wet weight in H. virescens frass. These results indicated that physiological differences between these two species affect the proportions of volicitin and its analogs in the caterpillars. Whether this causes different proportions of volatiles to be released by plants damaged by each caterpillar species is yet to be determined.
A new model and class of designs for mixture experiments with process variables

Experiments that involve the blending of several components are known as mixture experiments. In some mixture experiments, the response depends not only on the proportion of the mixture components, but also on the processing conditions, A new combined model is proposed which is based on Taylor series approximation and is intended to be a compromise between standard mixture models and standard response surface models. Cost and/or time constraints often limit the size of industrial experiments. With this in mind, we present a new class of designs that will accommodate the fitting of the new combined model.
Spotlight on Vermont: Third party success in the 1990 congressional election

Abstract Candidates outside the two major parties seldom win American elections. Vermont, a traditional Republican stronghold, elected independent socialist Bernard Sanders as at-large representative to the U.S. Congress in the 1990 election. The sources of this winning electoral coalition are hypothesized and analyzed through ecological regression. The results indicate that an odd coalition of liberal Democrats, conservative Republicans and other issue publics was formed. Third party success is rooted in voters' preferences on policy and nonpolicy issues and dissatisfactions with the incumbent party.
Hyperfine Structure of Atomic Phosphorus

The spin-exchange optical polarization method was used to determine the sign and the magnitude of the hyperfine interaction constant in the ground ${(3p)}^{3}^{4}S_{\frac{3}{2}}$ state of atomic ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$. The measurements were made by monitoring the transmission of circularly polarized rubidium ${D}_{1}$ ($5{P}_{\frac{1}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$) resonance radiation through a flask containing rubidium, atomic phosphorus, and a buffer gas as a function of the frequency of an external radio-frequency field. The value for the hyperfine interaction constant of ${\mathrm{P}}^{31}$ obtained by extrapolation to zero pressure in a helium buffer gas is $A({\mathrm{P}}^{31})=+(55055691\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}8) \mathrm{cps}/sec.$ The pressure shifts in cycles/sec/mm Hg of the phosphorus hyperfine interaction constant for helium and neon buffer gases are +3.61\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.23 and +6.73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15, respectively.
Information technologies and the delivery of extension programs

ABSTRACT Information technologies are offering new ways for Extension personnel to reach a wider audience. Incorporating these technologies into an educational strategy requires an assessment of the propensity of Extension's clientele to use such technologies. Results from a survey of farmers suggest a preference for receiving information through direct communication. This method provides an opportunity for Extension to encourage farmers to use existing information technologies in order to realize greater efficiency gains. The results also suggest that the socio-economic factors examined were not related to the preference for any type of information technology.
HIV LUMBOSACRAL RADICULOPLEXUS NEUROPATHY MIMICKING LYMPHOMA: DIFFUSE INFILTRATIVE LYMPHOCYTOSIS SYNDROME (DILS) RESTRICTED TO NERVE?

Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS) is a hyperimmune reaction against HIV. It leads to MHC-restricted clonal expansion of CD8 T cells characterized by circulating CD8 hyperlymphocytosis and CD8 T-cell infiltration in organs. Our patient presented with painful lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy and tested positive for HIV. Nerve biopsy showed large collections of CD8 lymphocytes suspicious for lymphoma. Symptoms, signs, and repeat biopsy improved with antiretroviral treatment. The presentation and treatment response suggest that this case is localized DILS.
Continuidades, rupturas y coyunturas en la transformación de los obrerosde MADECO S.A. 1973-2003

Resumen es: Existe un importante cuerpo de investigacion sobre los efectos del regimen militar chileno en los trabajadores, las empresas y el movimiento sindical, pe...
Methodology to Determine Load- and Non-Load-Related Shares of Highway Pavement Rehabilitation Expenditures

A marginal cost method for quantitative assessment of the load- and non-load-related shares of pavement rehabilitation expenditures is described. A set of ordinary least-squares models was formulated by an aggregate approach. The study revealed that the shares of pavement rehabilitation expenditures attributable to load factors depend on pavement type, year of study, and other variables. The load- and non-load-related fractions of rehabilitation expenditures used to repair pavement damage were found to be 28 and 72 percent, respectively, for flexible pavements, 78 and 22 percent, respectively, for jointed concrete pavements, and 38 and 62 percent, respectively, for composite pavements. It is expected that the results of the study will facilitate the apportionment of pavement rehabilitation expenditures for highway cost allocation in a fair and equitable manner.
A Simplified Dynamic Model of Grid-Connected Fuel-Cell Generators

This paper describes a reduced-order dynamic model for a grid-connected fuel-cell power plant that is suitable for preliminary stability assessment. Generic voltage and power control loops are included. The model is applied to a distributed utility that uses fuel cells and gas turbines to investigate the nature and magnitude of their interaction. The studies presented in the paper show the effect of the mix between the fuel cell and gas turbine generation on the system stability. The developed model, being simple, could provide a useful tool for the planning of distributed generation.
Sense of belonging and indicators of social and psychological functioning

Sense of belonging has recently been described and defined as one specific interpersonal process that influences health. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between sense of belonging and personal characteristics and selected indicators of social and psychological functioning in men and women. Using a sample of 379 community college students, sense of belonging was examined in relation to social support, conflict, involvement in community activities, attendance at religious services, loneliness, depression, anxiety, history of psychiatric treatment, and suicidality. Results indicated that sense of belonging is closely related to indicators of both social and psychological functioning. These relationships were generally stronger for women than for men. It appears that sense of belonging is a useful concept pertinent to exploration of social and psychological functioning.
Extrapolation of discrete Triebel-Lizorkin spaces†

We show an extrapolation formula for discrete Triebel-Lizorkin spaces which extends a formula of Cwikel and Nilsson 14 to quasi-Banach lattices. This is done in the general setting of anisotropic Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with expansive dilations and doubling measures on introduced by the author 4, 5. Our main result is new even in the standard dyadic setting.
Performance analysis of the adaptive parity check matrix based soft-decision decoding algorithm

A gradient descent, iterative soft-decision algorithm for decoding Reed-Solomon codes using adaptive parity check matrices has been proposed recently. This algorithm outperforms all known Reed-Solomon soft-decoding algorithms at moderate SNR. However, many applications operate at a high SNR with frame error rate requirements in the range of 10/sup -10/ /spl sim/ 10/sup -20/. At these frame error rates, simulation based performance validation is prohibitive. In this paper, we present a model to analytically compute the soft-decoding algorithm performance. Using the insight obtained from this model, we propose a low complexity, non-iterative algorithm using adaptive parity check matrices, with a similar decoding performance as the original iterative algorithm. We also propose an extension to the non-iterative algorithm , which improves on the decoding performance of the iterative algorithm.
MSH1-Induced Non-Genetic Variation Provides a Source of Phenotypic Diversity in Sorghum bicolor

MutS Homolog 1 (MSH1) encodes a plant-specific protein that functions in mitochondria and chloroplasts. We showed previously that disruption or suppression of the MSH1 gene results in a process of developmental reprogramming that is heritable and non-genetic in subsequent generations. In Arabidopsis, this developmental reprogramming process is accompanied by striking changes in gene expression of organellar and stress response genes. This developmentally reprogrammed state, when used in crossing, results in a range of variation for plant growth potential. Here we investigate the implications of MSH1 modulation in a crop species. We found that MSH1-mediated phenotypic variation in Sorghum bicolor is heritable and potentially valuable for crop breeding. We observed phenotypic variation for grain yield, plant height, flowering time, panicle architecture, and above-ground biomass. Focusing on grain yield and plant height, we found some lines that appeared to respond to selection. Based on amenability of this system to implementation in a range of crops, and the scope of phenotypic variation that is derived, our results suggest that MSH1 suppression provides a novel approach for breeding in crops.
Relativistic invariance and the expansion of the Universe

Assuming the propagation of electromagnetic quanta to be governed by a rigorous continuity equation, we show that the requirement that this equation have the form of the usual Lorentz-covariant electromagnetic wave equation in vacuum implies properties of space-time which an observer is likely to describe as a uniform expansion in agreement with Hubble's law. By this approach the interference properties of quanta are also derived. The possible small-scale variations of the Hubble constant, suggested by observations of some extra-galactic objects, would with this interpretation of the galactic redshift appear less mysterious.
On the Relationship of Protein and mRNA Dynamics in Vertebrate Embryonic Development

A biochemical explanation of development from the fertilized egg to the adult requires an understanding of the proteins and RNAs expressed over time during embryogenesis. We present a comprehensive characterization of protein and mRNA dynamics across early development in Xenopus. Surprisingly, we find that most protein levels change little and duplicated genes are expressed similarly. While the correlation between protein and mRNA levels is poor, a mass action kinetics model parameterized using protein synthesis and degradation rates regresses protein dynamics to RNA dynamics, corrected for initial protein concentration. This study provides detailed data for absolute levels of ∼10,000 proteins and ∼28,000 transcripts via a convenient web portal, a rich resource for developmental biologists. It underscores the lasting impact of maternal dowry, finds surprisingly few cases where degradation alone drives a change in protein level, and highlights the importance of transcription in shaping the dynamics of the embryonic proteome.
Movements and Fledging Success of Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus) Chicks

Abstract. Movements of adult Snowy Plovers (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) tending broods were examined in coastal northern California. Chicks moved an average of 518 ± 52 m from their nests one to three days after hatch; thereafter, movements decreased. In their first ten days, there was no difference in distances moved or home range size between chicks that eventually fledged and those that died. Plovers consistently used the same areas of the beach each year, and these areas were positively associated with nest locations and negatively correlated with human activity. A fenced refuge for breeding plovers was created in the area most used by humans. Fledging success doubled in the refuge during the five years it was protected (37% chicks survived), compared to three years when the area lacked protection (15% chicks survived).
Uniform knowledge representation for language processing in the B2 system

We describe the natural language processing and knowledge representation components of B2, a collaborative system that allows medical students to practice their decision-making skills by considering a number of medical cases that differ from each other in a controlled manner. The underlying decision-support model of B2 uses a Bayesian network that captures the results of prior clinical studies of abdominal pain. B2 generates story-problems based on this model and supports natural language queries about the conclusions of the model and the reasoning behind them. B2 benefits from having a single knowledge representation and reasoning component that acts as a blackboard for intertask communication and cooperation. All knowledge is represented using a propositional semantic network formalism, thereby providing a uniform representation to all components. The natural language component is composed of a generalized augmented transition network parser/grammar and a discourse analyzer for managing the natural language interactions. The knowlege representation component supports the natural language component by providing a uniform representation of the content and structure of the interaction, at the parser, discourse, and domain levels. This uniform representation allows distinct tasks, such as dialog management, domain-specific reasoning, and meta-reasoning about the Bayesian network, to all use the same information source, without requiring mediation. This is important because there are queries, such as Why?, whose interpretation and response requires information from each of these tasks. By contrast, traditional approaches treat each subtask as a “black-box” with respect to other task components, and have a separate knowledge representation language for each. As a result, they have had much more difficulty providing useful responses.
Waveform considerations for dual-polarization Doppler weather radar with solid-state transmitters

Adequate sensitivity of weather radars using low-powered solid-state transmitter is achieved by using pulse compression waveforms. However, pulse compression waveforms have drawbacks of blind zone and range side lobes. In this paper, we present a methodology to address the major challenges in designing the waveforms for an X-band dual polarization Doppler radar operating with a solid-state transmitter. Here, frequency diversity wideband waveforms are proposed to mitigate low sensitivity of solid-state transmitters and the range eclipsing problem associated with pulse compression. An analysis of the performance of pulse compression using mismatched compression filters is reported. The performance of the proposed system is also quantified using signal and system simulations.
Manual Detection of Spatial and Temporal Torque Variation through a Rotary Switch

We report three experiments on manual detection of torque variations experienced through a rotary switch. The experiments were designed to investigate whether torque perception was determined by the spatial or by the temporal characteristics of the rotary switch. In Exp. I, manual detection thresholds of torque variation were measured with raised sinusoidal torque profiles that varied in spatial period from 2.8deg to 180deg per cycle. In Exp. II, the same was measured for torque profiles that varied in temporal frequency from 2 to 300 Hz. Exp. III was similar to Exp. 1 except that the participants were required to turn the rotary switch at two different speeds for each of seven spatially specified torque profiles (spatial period: 2.8deg to 90deg per cycle). A comparison of the thresholds obtained in Exp. III and those in Exps. I and II suggests that the detection of torque variations depends on the spatial, not temporal, specification of the torque profiles. Our results can potentially shed new light on the design and engineering specification of rotary switches.
New Strategies in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma: Translating Findings from Gene Expression Analyses into Clinical Practice

Gene expression profiling has had a major impact on our understanding of the biology and heterogeneity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Using this technology, biological subgroups of DLBCL can be identified that have unique targets for rational therapeutic intervention. This review summarizes these potential targets, and updates the progress of clinical development of exciting novel agents for the treatment of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Based upon these ongoing studies, it is likely that in the near future, we will utilize gene expression profiling, or an accurate surrogate, to define the best therapeutic approach for an individual patient with DLBCL.
Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish1

AT THE BEGINNING of September, during the lull in the agricultural cycle in the Saloio2 countryside, between the grain harvests and threshing and the onset of the vindimas (grape harvests), the Portuguese Estremaduran village of Sio Miguel begins to spruce up. Houses are whitewashed, roads are cleaned, clothes are prepared, and arrangements are undertaken for the most important days of the year. It is during these days of the festival of the village's and parish's patron, Nossa Senhora de Saude, that the village becomes the center of activity for many miles around. From the end of Holy Week onward, the routines of daily life have been interrupted by frequent excursions to nearby villages and parishes for similar celebrations. However, on this one weekend of the year, Sio Miguel is crowded with visitors for its own festival.
The Political Economy of Feminization: From “Cheap Labor” to Gendered Discourses of Work

Scholars have argued that the feminization of industrial work in developing countries since World War II is primarily a result of women being the cheapest source of labor in the global economy. I argue that scholarship on feminization underestimates the power of gender in labor markets by framing it primarily as an issue of lower wages. This article shows how gendered discourses of work—ideas and practices about men and women providing distinct forms of labor—play a critical role in the feminization process. While agreeing with feminization theorists that competitiveness in export sectors forces employers to reduce production costs, I show that firms and sectors facing similar competitive constraints deploy varied gender divisions of labor in production. Gendered discourses of work not only illuminate processes of job allocation and reallocation at the firm level but also provide a means of connecting shop-floor gender divisions of labor with broader gendered patterns of industrialization and help to explain puzzling empirical patterns. They are as important as, and in some cases more important than, wages. By tracing the processes through which work is gendered and regendered, the analysis opens the black box of feminization and shows how changes in industrialization policy set in motion gendered transformations that ultimately resulted in the feminization of manufacturing work in Indonesia.I would like to thank the editors of Politics & Gender and the anonymous reviewers for comments on earlier versions of this article.
Avulsion fracture of the supraglenoid tubercle: A variation of the SLAP lesion

Tears of the anterior and posterior/superior labrum (SLAP) are often associated with overhead throwing sports. This lesion may be present in the absence of glenohumeral instability. Fracture of the supraglenoid tubercle associated with a SLAP lesion has not been previously reported. Two cases of supraglenoid tubercle fracture associated with the SLAP lesion in overhead throwing activities are presented. The presence of a supraglenoid fracture on a plain radiograph is uncommon, but such a finding may allow early noninvasive diagnosis of the SLAP lesion.