cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Too much of a good thing: Adaption to iron (II) intoxication in Escherichia coli.

Background There has been an increased usage of metallic antimicrobial materials to control pathogenic and multi-drug resistant bacteria. Yet, there is a corresponding need to know if this usage leads to genetic adaptations that could produce more harmful strains. Methodology Experimental evolution was used to adapt Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 to excess iron (II) with subsequent genomic analysis. Phenotypic assays and gene expression studies were conducted to demonstrate pleiotropic effects associated with this adaptation and to elucidate potential cellular responses. Results After 200 days of adaptation, populations cultured in excess iron (II), showed a significant increase in 24-h optical densities compared to controls. Furthermore, these populations showed increased resistance toward other metals [iron (III) and gallium (III)] and to traditional antibiotics (bacitracin, rifampin, chloramphenicol and sulfanilamide). Genomic analysis identified selective sweeps in three genes; fecA, ptsP and ilvG unique to the iron (II) resistant populations, and gene expression studies demonstrated that their cellular response may be to downregulate genes involved in iron transport (cirA and fecA) while increasing the oxidative stress response (oxyR, soxS and soxR) prior to FeSO4 exposure. Conclusions and implications Together, this indicates that the selected populations can quickly adapt to stressful levels of iron (II). This study is unique in that it demonstrates that E. coli can adapt to environments that contain excess levels of an essential micronutrient while also demonstrating the genomic foundations of the response and the pleiotropic consequences. The fact that adaptation to excess iron also causes increases in general antibiotic resistance is a serious concern. Lay summary: The evolution of iron resistance in E. coli leads to multi-drug and general metal resistance through the acquisition of mutations in three genes (fecA, ptsP and ilvG) while also initiating cellular defenses as part of their normal growth process.
Associations between Daily Work Hassles and Energy-Balance Behaviors in Female African American Workers: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

Objective: Despite their high rate of labor force participation, African American women earn less and are overrepresented in service jobs that tend to have fewer benefits, longer work hours, and less flex­ibility. The aim of our study was to examine associations between work-related daily has­sles and energy balance behaviors among female African American workers. Design: A secondary analysis of a 7-day intensive longitudinal study using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Setting: Metropolitan area of Chicago, Illinois, United States; July 2012 through January 2013. Participants: A convenience sample of 70 female African American workers. Methods: EMA was used to collect informa­tion over seven days on work hassles and energy balance behaviors: empty calorie food intake; moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA); sedentary behavior; sleep duration; and sleep disturbance. Within-person associations between daily work hassles and each of these daily energy bal­ance behaviors were analyzed using person fixed-effects regression. Results: A total of 334 person-day observa­tions from 70 female African American workers were included in the final analysis. Reporting at least one daily work hassle was associated with same-day higher empty calorie food intake (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.6) and more daily minutes of sedentary behavior (b: 35.8, 95% CI; .2, 71.3). How­ever, no significant associations were found between prior-day work hassles and either food intake or sedentary behavior. Daily work hassles were not related to MVPA, sleep duration, or sleep disturbance. Conclusions: Our study showed that daily work hassles were associated with female African American workers’ empty calo­rie food intake and sedentary behaviors. Strategies to eliminate daily work hassles may help to improve their energy balance behaviors. Ethn Dis. 2021;31(2):177-186; doi:10.18865/ed.31.2.177
Magneto-chiral metamaterials for optical nonreciprocity and polarization control

Spatial symmetries determine how natural and artificial materials interact with light. For example, chiral molecules can cause the rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light, an effect known as optical activity. Magnetic materials feature broken time-reversal symmetry, which can also lead to polarization rotation vie the Faraday effect. Magneto-chiral materials combine chirality with broken time-reversal symmetry. A new effect known as nonreciprocal directional anisotropy arises under such symmetry conditions, which results in the difference of transmitted light intensity in the forward and backward directions as measured with unpolarized light. We will present several magneto-chiral metamaterial architectures for the THz frequency range that exhibit this emerging phenomenology and also allow new ways of polarization control.
Comment on Rhee et al. Association Between Glycemic Status and the Risk of Parkinson Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Diabetes Care 2020;43:2169-2175.

Metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and obesity, increase susceptibility for additional long-term complications, including Parkinson disease (PD). Rhee et al. (1) aim to address this issue by using a large data set obtained from the Korean National Health Insurance consisting of a sample of over 15 million individuals aged 40 years and older who had undergone routine checkups between 2009 and 2010. They evaluated diabetes as a risk factor for PD by analyzing how PD risk varies according to baseline glucose tolerance status, diabetes duration, and comorbidities such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The authors demonstrate that the risk of PD is increased in patients with diabetes and that the incidence of PD is proportional to the degree of exposure to hyperglycemia. The finding that the diagnosis of diabetes itself is not enough …
Case Report: Phenazopyridine-Induced Sulfhemoglobinemia in an 83-Year-Old Presenting with Dyspnea

Abstract Background Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare dyshemoglobinemia that presents similarly to methemoglobinemia. Case Report An 83-year-old woman with stage IV ovarian cancer presented to the Emergency Department after a near syncopal spell and was found to be cyanotic with a pulse oximetry reading of 71%. Pulse oximetry improved to only the mid-80s range with administration of high-flow oxygen. Her arterial blood gas on supplemental high-flow oxygen demonstrated a PaO2 of 413 mm Hg and methemoglobin of 1.2%, but also noted the interference of the co-oximetry with sulfhemoglobinemia. Further history revealed that the patient had recently been started on phenazopyridine. The phenazopyridine was stopped, an exchange transfusion was offered but declined, and the patient was discharged to home hospice. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? The diagnosis of sulfhemoglobinemia can be challenging given that routine co-oximetry does not identify it. The clue to the diagnosis is that the cyanotic-appearing patient has a normal or elevated PaO2 and seems to be less ill than expected, given the degree of cyanosis. Sulfhemoglobinemia does not reverse with the administration of methylene blue.
Error traps in pediatric regional anesthesia

Ultrasound-guided nerve blocks have revolutionized the way we provide regional anesthesia. By providing effective perioperative pain control, regional anesthesia reduces opioid consumption, decreases length of stay, and increases patient/parental satisfaction. However, error traps (circumstances that lead to erroneous actions) can defeat its inherent benefits and may result in adverse outcomes. This article focuses on promoting a culture of safety by highlighting five common avoidable error traps encountered while providing regional anesthesia for pediatric patients. They include failure to confirm intended block site, failure to optimize ultrasound images and identify artifacts, failure to recognize when regional anesthesia is an acceptable option, failure to implement alternative imaging techniques when anatomy is challenging, and failure to recognize disease states with abnormal anatomy that may require alternative blocks. These issues are easily addressed if the pediatric regionalist is cognizant of the appropriate ways to mitigate them, and, as such, we review strategies to avoid them.
The Impact of Evidence-Based Parent Education in Organized Youth Sport: A Pilot Study

Although existing literature in organized youth sport illuminates developmentally appropriate parent involvement behaviors, practitioners have yet to effectively disseminate evidence-based tools and strategies to parents. The purpose of the present pilot study was to design, implement, and assess an evidence-based education program for parents in organized youth sport. Thirty-nine fathers and 42 mothers from 7 youth soccer teams were assigned to full, partial, or nonimplementation conditions. Parents and their sport-participating children (41 boys, 40 girls) were administered surveys at pre- and postseason. Data reveal a positive impact of the implementation on aspects of parent involvement, the parent–child relationship, and salient child outcomes.
Single-Camera-Based 3D DIC for Fast-Speed Measurement

The 3D digital image correlation (DIC) is a very popular method for 3D shape and deformation measurements in the optics and mechanics fields. In general, the 3D DIC technique requires two calibrated cameras to simultaneously capture images of object from two different views. In practice, this can be challenging for fast- or high-speed measurements because of the cost and synchronization issues. In this paper, we demonstrate that the 3D DIC can be implemented by using a single camera with a mirror-based approach. Experiments are presented to verify the practicability of the proposed scheme.
Nonlinear viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive equations with growing damage

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, rate-process theory, viscoelastic fracture mechanics and various experimentally-motivated simplifications are used to develop constitutive equations that account for effects of viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, growing damage and aging. Their form is more general than previously developed by the author, and allows for relatively general tensorial effects of damage. Some important special cases are then covered, with emphasis on viscoelasticity. Evolution equations for the damage expressed in terms of internal state variables (ISVs) are discussed, comparing formulations using scalar ISVs and tensor ISVs. Finally, some experimental support for the theory is described. An Appendix illustrates the theory for an aging, linear viscoelastic material with growing cracks.
Adaptive Prefetching for Device Independent File I/O

Device independent I/O has been a holy grail to OS designers since the early days of UNIX. Unfortunately, existing OS''s fall short of this goal for applications that rely on very predictable I/O latency, such as multimedia players. Although techniques such as caching and sequential read-ahead can help by eliminating I/O latency in some cases, these same mechanisms can increase latency or add substantial jitter in others. In this paper we propose a new mechanism for achieving device-independent I/O -- adaptive prefetching using application-supplied hints of access patterns. Adaptive prefetching actively monitors device performance and dynamically adjusts the amount of prefetching. Our experiments show device independence can be achieved: a Berkley MPEG player sees the same latency when reading data from local disk or NFS. Moreover, our approach reduces jitter by a factor of 40 over standard techniques.
Noninvasive determination of arterial pressure and volume using tonometry [electric impedance plethysmography]

An arterial tonometer is introduced that can measure arterial volume and pressure. The flexible diaphragm tonometer employs volume feedback control such that the contact surface is apparently rigid. When feedback is disabled, electrical impedance plethysmography of the tonometer compartment allows simultaneous measurement of pressure and volume change in the underlying artery. Applanation pressure is varied as well, to provide volume as function of pressure. It is also shown that a calibrated single artery volume waveform can be obtained for hemodynamic studies.
The End of Determinate Sentencing: How California's Prison Problem Can Be Solved With Quick Fixes and a Long Term Commission

This paper will analyze the problem of the Determinate Sentencing system in the California Correctional System. Once thought to be the only way to keep sentencing fair, the system is largely viewed now as a failure that guarantees reform is no longer a part of the prison system. Combined with tough-on-crime solutions such as Three-Strikes and increased mandatory minimums, California's sentencing scheme is a mess. This paper will look to other states for proposed fixes, such as early release, drug treatment, or more heavily supervised parole. Finally, the paper will address the greatest solution to this problem, the creation of a sentencing commission and the possible implementation of presumptive sentencing guidelines.
Hemoglobin Oleander [α2116(GH4)GLU → GLNβ2]: Structural and Functional Characterization

Hb Oleander [α116(GH4)Glun→Gln] was found in a newborn black infant and his mother during a screening program. Electrophoretically, Hb Oleander moves like Hb S on cellulose acetate, pH 8.5 and like Hb A on citrate agar, pH 6.0. The abnormal α chain moves cathodically to α G Philadelphia [α68(E17)Asn→Asp] at both pH 8.9 and 6.0. No clinical abnormalities were detected in either the mother or child, and the only hematologic abnormalities were low red cell indices and slight morphologic abnormalities of the erythrocytes. Oxygen equilibrium measurements under a variety of conditions yielded normal values. Specifically, Hb Oleander has a normal PCQ, cooperativity, and Bohr, chloride, and IHP effects. The substituted residue is externally situated in the molecule, with only one contact at the α1β1 interface.
When Students with Disabilities Participate in Cooperative Groups

This study examined the overall performance as well as the amount and nature of participation by students with disabilities in cooperative groups. Regression and discriminant analyses were used to investigate the amount and nature of participation by students with disabilities in cooperative groups used in a state science assessment. The results indicated that most students with disabilities were in groups that functioned like groups with all general education students. However, groups with students with behavioral disorders or students with mental impairments did not interact like the other groups; there was less participation and listening by group members. The discussion stresses the nature of the group task in the generalization of these results.
The hyper IgM syndrome

The hyper IgM syndrome is a rare, inherited immune deficiency disorder resulting from defects in the CD40 ligand/CD40-signaling pathway. X-linked hyper IgM is caused by defects in the CD40 ligand gene, while autosomal recessive hyper IgM is caused by defects in the CD40-activated RNA-editing enzyme, activation-induced cytidine deaminase, which is required for immunoglobulin isotype switching and somatic hypermutation in B cells. The loss of interaction between CD40 and its ligand in X-linked hyper IgM results in an impairment of T cell function, of B cell differentiation, and of monocyte function, while only B cell differentiation appears to be affected in autosomal recessive hyper IgM. With genetic defects in the hyper IgM syndrome identified, it is possible to diagnose patients definitely, to perform genetic screening, and to delineate the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. Further research may lead to novel and definitive therapeutic options for patients with hyper IgM syndrome.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Exercise Performance in Pulmonary Hypertension

Patients with pulmonary hypertension have disordered pulmonary gas exchange and impaired exercise tolerance. The hypoxemia is due to mild ventilation-perfusion ( ) inequality exaggerated by the presence of a low mixed venous P o 2 (P O 2 ) and is accentuated during exercise due to a further fall in P O 2 . This in turn may be worsened by vasodilators which increase the degree of inequality. Decreased exercise tolerance is due predominantly to cardiac limitation, and thus an improvement in cardiac function subsequent to successful vasodilitation can be assessed by improved exercise performance.
Mother‐Child Agreement on the Child Assessment Schedule with Nonreferred Children: a Research Note

This study replicated with nonreferred children the finding with psychiatrically referred children that mother-child concordance was a function of symptom type. Low mother-child concordance for internalizing problems and moderate concordance for externalizing problems characteristic of psychiatric samples was found to generalize to nonreferred children. Furthermore, mother-child concordance was also found to be a function of child gender and age. The implications of these findings for screening or assessment of nonreferred children were examined.
S-MOUNTAIN METHOD FOR OBTAINING FOCUS POINTS FROM DATA

We introduce a variation of the Mountain Method called the S-Mountain Method, an algorithm for finding focus points from data points based on the similarity of a focus point with the data points. An important aspect of this algorithm is the association of energy levels with the data points and the reduction of these energy levels as we discover focus points. The rate of reduction of the energy level at a data point is related to its similarity with the recently discovered focus point. We provide a general form for this reduction operation using the t-norm operators. We show how this S-Mountain algorithm can be used to discover focus elements that are granular objects such as fuzzy subsets. Finally we extend the S-Mountain method to environments where our similarities are drawn from an ordinal scale. Here we discuss the interesting question of comparing objects consisting of collections of ordinal values.
An Algorithm for Forecasting Mountain Wave–Related Turbulence in the Stratosphere

A global mountain wave parameterization for prediction of wave-related displacements and turbulence is described. The parameterization is used with input from National Meteorological Center (NMC) analyses of wind and temperature to examine small-scale disturbances encountered by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration high-altitude ER-2 during the Second Airborne Arctic Stratosphere Experiment (AASE-II). The magnitude and location of observed large wave events are well reproduced. A strong correlation is suggested between patches of moderate turbulence encountered by the ER-2 and locations where breaking mountain waves are predicted by the parameterization. These facts suggest that useful forecasts of global mountain wave activity, including wave-related clear-air turbulence, can be made quickly and inexpensively using our mountain wave parameterization with input from current numerical forecast models.
Administering Enterprise Zones: Some Initial Observations

Enterprise zones, although simple in concept, may not necessarily be simple to administer. Enactment of enterprise zone legislation will confront the federal government with a series of administrative tasks. These include (I) defining the selection criteria and managing the competition among jurisdictions for federal designation, (2) designing and implementing procedures for activating the main federally conferred benefits-regulatory relief and tax incentives, (3) monitoring state and local jurisdictions' performance with respect to follow-through on their promised contributions, and (4) planning for the evaluation of program results. Potential problem areas include the cumbersome process by which state and local jurisdictions must petition individual federal agencies for regulatory relief in zones. In addition, the impracticality of applying the zone revocation penalty leaves federal officials without effective sanctions in dealing with nonperforming zone jurisdictions.
Chemotaxonomic study of neutral coumarins in roots of Citrus and Poncirus by thin-layer, gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses

Abstract Eight neutral coumarins were isolted from the roots of 11 Citrus and Poncirus cultivars by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). These coumarins included seselin, xanthyletin, poncitrin, osthol, suberosin and xanthoxyletin. The two other were only tentatively identified. The eight were completely resolved by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with two different liquid phases. With limited studies these eight were not however, completely resolved by TLC or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Values from HPLC supported the quantitative values obtained by GLC. Profiles of these eight coumarins were intrinsic to Citrus and Poncirus species, with hybrids having profiles characteristic of both genera
HEALTH CARE RATIONING AND COST CONTAINMENT ARE NOT SYNONYMOUS

Much public discussion about health care assumes, explicitly or implicitly, that only by denial of potentially beneficial care (called “rationing”) can cost containment be achieved. This piece critically examines the various current usages of “rationing,” and argues that it is being misapplied. Fur- ther, the call for rationing may be deflecting us from fruitful exploration of non-rationing alternatives to cost control. Two of these are briefly sketched as examples: physician fee controls and practice guidelines.
Development and Evaluation of the Belief Acceptance Scale

The Belief Acceptance Scale (BAS) is a nine question scale that was developed to evaluate how open and accepting an individual is to other people’s beliefs across interdependent life domains. The purposes of this article are to demonstrate the internal consistency of the BAS and examine the instrument’s substructure and to correlate the BAS with validated measures of religiosity and demographic data gathered from a web-based Survey of Spiritual Experiences. The BAS focuses on cultural beliefs instead of religious motivations and was designed to be administered to religious and non-religious individuals. Three domains of belief acceptance were tested: the internal or subjective openness to other beliefs (Psychological Domain), willingness to participate in other ideologies and rituals (Reciprocal Domain), and the willingness to date or marry outside one’s belief system or cultural background (Social Domain). Responses from 350 individuals were correlated and analysed to estimate the scale’s internal consis...
Ripening behavior and quality of modified atmosphere packed ‘Doyenne du Comice’ pears during cold storage and simulated transit

Abstract The effect of MAP on extending storage life and maintaining fruit quality was studied in ‘Doyenne du Comice’ ( Pyrus communis L.) pears at Hood River and Medford, Oregon. Control fruit packed in standard perforated polyethylene liners started to show senescent core breakdown and lost the capacity to ripen at 20 °C after 4–5 months of cold storage in Hood River and after 5.25–6 months in Medford. LifeSpan ® L257 MAP achieved steady-state atmospheres of 15.8% O 2 + 3.7% CO 2 in Hood River and 15.7–17.5% O 2 + 3.8–5.7% CO 2 in Medford. MAP inhibited ethylene production, ascorbic acid degradation and malondialdehyde accumulation, and extended storage life for up to 6 months with maintenance of fruit flesh firmness (FF) and skin color without commercially unacceptable level of physiological disorders. After 4, 5 and 6 months at −1 °C, MAP fruit exhibited climacteric-like patterns of ethylene production and softened to proper texture with desirable eating quality on day 5 during ripening at 20 °C. After 6 months at −1 °C plus 2 weeks of simulated transit conditions, MAP fruit maintained FF and skin color and had good eating quality at transit temperatures of 2 and 4.5 °C (10.1–11.5% O 2 + 4.8–5.2% CO 2 ), but reduced FF substantially and developed internal browning disorder at 7.5 and 20 °C (3.2–7.2% O 2 + 7.9–9.5% CO 2 ). The storage life of ‘Doyenne du Comice’ pears with high eating quality could be increased by up to 2 months when packed in MAP as compared with fruit packed in standard perforated polyethylene liners.
Low Resistivity Aluminum Nitride: Carbon (AIN:C) Films Grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Low resistivity single crystal aluminum nitride-carbon (AIN:C) films were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The growth system used ammonia (NH3), trimethylaluminum (TMA), hydrogen (H2), and propane (C3H8) precursors. Films produced with high partial pressure of propane during growth exhibited high conductivity. Van der Paw measurements indicated that the resistivity of the as grown films changed dramatically from 108 ohm-cm for unintentionally doped samples to less than .2 ohm-cm for partial pressures of propane greater than 0.5×10−3 torr. Reflection electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements performed "in situ" just after film growth indicated that the material is single crystal up to a propane partial pressure of 2.5×10−3 torr. P-n junctions of n-type 6H-SiC and p-type AIN:C were fabricated, blue emission (centered at 490nm) was observed from the heterojunction under forward bias.
Strength of the Qπ · Qν interaction and the strong-coupled pseudo-SU(3) limit

Abstract The suitability of pseudo SU(3) strong coupled wave functions in representing the normal parity part of yrast eigenstates of systems with protons and neutrons filling different major shells and interacting with one another via a Q π · Q ν interaction is explored. In addition, we find that the overlaps of yrast eigenstates of H with the leading SU(3) symmetry follow the correlation of Q · Q with H very closely and are large even when Q π · Q ν contributes less than half to the full width of the eigenvalue spectrum of H . The results sugges that the pseudo-SU(3) coupling scheme will prove useful in microscopic shell-model studies of high-spin phenomena in rare earth and actinide nuclei.
Historic perspective: Prebiotics, probiotics, and other alternatives to antibiotics

Applications of antimicrobials in food production and human health have found favor throughout human history. Antibiotic applications in agricultural and human medical arenas have resulted in tremendous increases in food animal production and historically unprecedented gains in human health protection. Successes attributed to widespread antibiotic use have been accompanied by the inadvertent emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A major problem associated with this emerging resistance is the crossover use of some antibiotics in agricultural settings as well as in the prevention and treatment of human disease. This outcome led to calls to restrict the use of human health-related antibiotics in food animal production. Calls for restricted antibiotic use have heightened existing searches for alternatives to antibiotics that give similar or enhanced production qualities as highly reliable as the antibiotics currently provided to food animals. Agricultural and scientific advances, mainly within the last 100 yr, have given us insights into sources, structures, and actions of materials that have found widespread application in our modern world. The purpose of this presentation is to provide a historic perspective on the search for what are generally known as antibiotics and alternative antimicrobials, probiotics, prebiotics, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and phytotherapeutics.
Mutational specificity: Assessment of 1,3-butadiene mutagenicity in the bone marrow of B6C3F1 lacl transgenic mice (Big Blue®): A review of mutational spectrum and LACL mutant frequency after a 5-day 625 PPM 1,3-butadiene exposure

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a carcinogen that is bioactivated to at least two genotoxic metabolites. In the present article, we review briefly our previous studies on the in vivo mutagenicity and mutational spectra of BD in bone marrow and extend these studies to examine the effect of exposure time (5-day vs. 4-week exposure to 625 ppm BD used in previous studies) on the lacl mutant frequency in the bone marrow. Inhalation exposure to BD at 625 ppm and 1,250 ppm was mutagenic in vivo, inducing an increase in the transgene mutant and mutation frequency in the bone marrow. Analysis of the mutational spectrum in BD-exposed and air control mice demonstrated that BD exposure induced an increased frequency of mutations at A:T base pairs. There was no difference in the lacl mutant frequency determined in the bone marrow between a short-term exposure to BD (5 days) and a longer-term exposure (4 weeks). These data taken together demonstrate that inhalation exposure to BD induces in vivo somatic cell mutation.
Laser driven neutron generation at the Texas Petawatt

A bright laser-driven neutron source was demonstrated at the Texas Petawatt laser facility. Neutron yields in excess of 10 neutrons/shot with a fairly isotropic distribution were measured.
Body size and trophic position in a temperate estuarine food web

Abstract We used stomach contents and stable isotope ratios of fishes and macroinvertebrates, collected bi-monthly over 18 months from Mad Island Marsh, a small tidal estuary on the northwestern Gulf of Mexico coast, to examine potential body size–trophic position relationships. Mean body size (length) of predator taxa yielding measurable prey items were significantly correlated with body size (length) of their prey and mean volume of their stomach contents, however, the strength of the correlation was greater when two larger detrivores (i.e., striped mullet and gizzard shad) were excluded from the analysis. Similarly, trophic positions estimated by volumetric stomach contents were also significantly related to predator body size but not related to mean volume of stomach contents, but again excluding those detrivores from the analyses increased the strength of the relationship. Trophic positions estimated from stable isotopes and δ 15 N as an index of trophic position were also unrelated to predator body length, but significantly related to predator body mass. Although estimates of trophic positions in this tidal estuary using both methods were largely concordant, there were some exceptional zooplanktivorous and detritivorous species that had higher trophic levels according to nitrogen isotope ratios. Excluding those species from the analyses increased the strength of relationships between size and trophic positions of predators. A significant relationship between body sizes of consumers and their prey supports the view that body size is a key variable influencing trophic interactions and the structure of aquatic food webs. Our results also suggest that body size (especially consumer mass) is a good predictor of trophic levels estimated by stable isotopes, whereas consumer length is an important trait predicting the trophic level estimated from stomach contents in this tidal estuarine system.
The Errors Involved in Inferring Salinity from Sound Velocity

Abstract Four empirical equations relating sound velocity, salinity, temperature and pressure are examined to determine the errors in computing salinity from measurements of temperature, pressure and sound velocity. The measurement errors in these variables lead to rms salinity errors of 0.2‰ for a moored instrument. The magnitude of the salinity error appears independent of the equation used. Salinities using Lovett's and Del Grosso's equations agree well and differ from those computed using either of Wilson's equations.
Straight-Line Relativity in Oblique Coordinates; also Illustrated by a Mechanical Model†

It is shown that the fundamental space-time-velocity relations of Einstein’s original restricted theory of relativity, when the observed point, line, or ray of light moves in the direction of the observers themselves, can be represented quantitatively and visualized by using two sets of oblique time-space coordinates, forming the Lorentzian plane. For the observer moving in the positive direction at the relative velocity q, the angle between the coordinate axes is 90° − α, for the observer moving in the negative direction the angle is 90° + α, where sin α = q/c; α has been named the velocity angle.The concept of intrinsic coordinates of an event is introduced, and certain simple phenomena are expressed in these coordinates. A spatium is defined as a vector which can be differently resolved into space and time components by different observers. The general method is illustrated by showing graphically the Fitzgerald contraction of a length, the slowing down of a clock, the fact that two velocities always add to one less than that of light, the Doppler effect, reflection from a moving mirror, etc.A simple mechanical model is described which conveys some of the foregoing relations directly to the eye and which can be used for demonstrations before a large audience. Terms and Notation used.a, a′acceleration of a moving pointcvelocity of lightEoenergy added to a system of moving particles, Eq. (66)hintrinsic spatium of a moving line*iused as a subscript means incidence; Fig. 10l, l′lengthsMNin Fig. 6, a spatium, that is, a vector which may be resolved into a length and a time interval*OB, OBnuniversal bisectors, positive and negative, Figs. 3 and 7*OHFig. 7, space-time line or curveqrelative velocity between S and S′rspatium vector of a point in the Lorentzian plane, Fig. 3*rused as a subscript means rebound or reflectionS, S′two systems or observers moving at a relative velocity q with respect to each other; Fig. 1T, T′time intervalst, t′ordinates along the time axesv, v′velocities of a pointXX′OTT′Lorentzian plane, Fig. 3*x, x′lengths plotted as abscissaeαvelocity angle, Eq. (3) and Fig. 3*γ, γ′coordinate angles, between the coordinate axes and the universal bisector OB, Eqs. (4) and (5); Fig. 3*θorientation angle of a space-time line, Fig. 7*λ, λ′wave lengths of lightμ, μ′values of the refraction coefficientν, ν′frequencies of lightϕorientation angle of a spatium vector, Fig. 3*
CHAOS IN TRAPPED PARTICLE ORBITS

An analytic expression is obtained for the threshold for stochastic transport of high energy trapped particles in a tokamak due to toroidal field ripple. The result permits a rapid evaluation of energetic particle loss in general equilibria. The approach to chaos has two limiting cases: island overlap from neighboring precession resonances, and the overlap of bounce resonance webs extending from resonant surfaces. In both cases the physical resonance consists of motion through a distance which is an integer multiple of the field coil separation in one bounce.
Use of Nephron Sparing Surgery and Impact on Survival in Children with Wilms Tumor: A SEER Analysis

Purpose: Nephron sparing surgery is the standard of care for many adults with renal tumors and has been described in some children with Wilms tumor. However, beyond case series the data concerning nephron sparing surgery application and outcomes in patients with Wilms tumor are scarce. We examined nephron sparing surgery outcomes and factors associated with its application in children with Wilms tumor.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the 1998 to 2010 SEER database. We identified patients 18 years old or younger with Wilms tumor. Clinical, demographic and socioeconomic data were abstracted, and statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression (predicting use of nephron sparing surgery limited to unilateral tumors smaller than 15 cm) and Cox regression (predicting overall survival) models.Results: We identified 876 boys and 956 girls with Wilms tumor (mean ± SD age 3.3 ± 2.9 years). Of these patients 114 (6.2%) underwent nephron sparing surgery (unilateral Wilms tu...
Quantitative Determination of Recently Fixed Nonexchangeable Ammonium in Soils

The importance of nonexchangeable NH 4 as a potential source of plant-available N is widely recognized. However, quantitative determination of nonexchangeable NH4 in soils poses a challenging analytical problem. The use of the KOBr pretreatment in the methods currently used to determine nonexchangeable NH 4 in soils was found to cause a substantial loss of this fraction. For example, a second KOBr pretreatment prior to digestion of air-dried samples reduced recovery of fixed NH 4 by 6.4 to 32.8%. Therefore, a more reliable method was developed that avoids KOBr pretreatment. The proposed method quantitatively recovers (98-99%) nonexchangeable NH 4 including recently fixed (RF) as well as native clay fixed NH 4 while avoiding significant recovery (<1%) of N in soil organic matter or in microbial cells. Values obtained by the proposed method were similar to methods employing KOBr when the amounts of fixed NH4 were determined in 17 air-dried soil samples that ranged widely in clay and organic matter content. However, when these samples were treated to enrich RF NH4, values obtained by methods employing KOBr were an average of 35% less than those obtained by the proposed method. These differences were attributed to loss of RF NH 4 during KOBr oxidation. In the absence of KOBr pretreatment, determination of NH4 by steam distillation resulted in values inflated by the partial recovery of organic N. The proposed method determines the amount of NH 4 -N in 5 M HF:1 M HCI soil digests by a NH3 membrane diffusion technique that is highly accurate, minimizes recovery of organic N, and avoids the health hazards posed by the use of KOBr.
Environmental change in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: review of ENSO and decadal variability

Interannual variability of the physical environment in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) and biological effects of this variability are reviewed and compared to variability in the north- eastern Pacific. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) scale variability of 2 to 7 yr periods is dominant in the eastern equatorial Pacific and decadal scale variability of 10 to 30 yr periods is dominant in the northeastern Pacific. In the eastern Pacific warm pool at the center of the ETP, temporal variability at any scale is relatively low. ENSO warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) events have had a variety of effects on marine populations and ecosystems, but these effects are generally followed by recovery within a few years. El Nino effects such as mortality or reproductive failure are most severe on pop- ulations dependent on local feeding or breeding grounds in coastal waters or around islands. Decadal variability has also caused change in populations and ecosystems. Most of these effects have been observed in the California Current, Gulf of Alaska, and other well studied regions of the Pacific. The 1976-1977 phase change or 'regime shift' is the most well known case of decadal variability. It affected the physical environment throughout the Pacific Ocean and had major effects on North Pacific ecosystems. No regime shift has been detected in the ETP since 1977. However, ENSO vari- ability continues, an unusually persistent warming prevailed in the early 1990s and the thermocline has shoaled in the ETP warm pool area since 1980. Potential population effects on dolphin stocks are discussed. Interaction of environmental changes with other factors, such as fishery stress or mortality, may also induce population effects.
An analysis of the determinants of exercise performance in congestive heart failure.

Abstract Twenty-nine patients with chronic congestive heart failure underwent symptom-limited maximal exercise to define the determinants and predictors of exercise capacity in this condition. Clinically, the combination of age, cardiothoracic ratio, and left ventricular displacement was moderately predictive of exercise capacity (R 2 = 0.44, p = 0.004). Noninvasive and angiographic measurements of ventricular performance failed to predict maximal exercise duration. Resting systemic and pulmonary arteriolar resistances correlated modestly with maximal effort tolerance (supine: R 2 = 0.25, p = 0.02; upright: R 2 = 0.38, p = 0.002). At a predetermined level of submaximal exercise, changes in heart rate and pulmonary arteriolar resistance plus the absolute value of systemic arteriolar resistance correlated moderately with exercise duration (R 2 = 0.44, p = 0.003). For all parameters examined, exercise capacity was most reliably determined during the transition from submaximal to maximal exercise through the combination of changes in heart rate and stroke volume and the exercise end point value of systemic arteriolar resistance (R 2 = 0.87, p = 0.0001). Exercise capacity in chronic cardiac failure appears to be best explained by the patient's ability to increase heart rate and stroke volume beyond a set submaximal stage of exercise. Excessive vascular resistances may further restrain cardiac performance and the delivery of blood to exercising structures during exhaustive exercise.
Arrested development of myelin in chick optic tectum following deafferentation

Abstract (1) The levels of both an enzyme associated with myelin (2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase) and of a lipid constituent of myelin (galactocerebrosides) rise markedly in the chick optic lobe during the maturation of the newly hatched bird. (2) Following unilateral eye removal of newly hatched chicks the rise in the content of both these markers in the outer layers of optic lobes contralateral to and innervated by the enucleated eye was examined. These increases proceeded at a reduced rate for around 10 days after which no further accretion of phosphyhydrolase or cerebroside occurred. (3) Phosphohydrolase and cerebroside levels in the outer layers' lobes innervated by the intact eye (and ipsilateral to the removed eye) rose to an extent similar to or above those within the corresponding area of unoperated control birds. (4) These data suggests that axonal migration of neurohumors may regulate the expression of genetic potential and, thus, the maintenance of differentiation of adjacent cells.
Introduction To The Minitrack On Information Modeling Methodologies In The Visual Programming And Internet Era

Welcome to the HICSS-32 minitrack on Information Modeling Methods and Methodologies in the Visual Programming and Internet Era. We are happy to say that we have an excellent collection of papers for this minitrack.This is the second time we are organizing this minitrack for HICSS. Last year, this minitrack was a huge success. It attracted the greatest number of submissions in the Modeling Technologies and Information Systems Track. We are pleased to say that the minitrack is equally popular this year. We are particularly excited about the number of high quality submissions to the minitrack. The referees' reports were mostly positive and we had a tough time deciding which papers to accept
Phonon-Drag Thermopower in Cu-Al and Cu-Si Alloys

The thermoelectric power of Cu-Al and Cu-Si alloys has been determined from 4.2 to 320\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Assuming that the thermopower is separable into diffusion and phonon-drag components, the change in phonon-drag thermopower $\ensuremath{\Delta}{S}_{g}$ is determined for Cu+0.77 at.% Al and Cu+1.12 at.% Si. The change in phonon-drag thermopower is analyzed using the method developed by Huebener for lattice vacancies in gold. Scattering of phonons by impurities is assumed to follow a Rayleigh scattering law with relaxation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{i}={(a{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{4})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. From the change in phonon-drag thermopower it is found, for 0.77 at.% Al in Cu, that $a=(0.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}43}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{3}$, while for 1.12 at.% Si in Cu, $a=(6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}43}$ ${\mathrm{sec}}^{3}$. These results are compared with the scattering parameter computed from the mass-difference term in Klemen's theory for scattering of low-frequency lattice waves by point imperfections. For Cu-Al, the results indicate that phonon scattering can be accounted for by the mass-difference term. The results for Cu-Si indicate that the mass-difference contribution to phonon scattering is of the same magnitude as the contribution from the combined effects of the elastic strain field and changes in the elastic constants of interatomic linkages.
Low-carbon futures and sustainable lifestyles: A backcasting scenario approach

Abstract This study suggests a backcasting scenario method for understanding the relevance of lifestyle-level changes in low-carbon futures. Even though different scenario approaches to low-carbon futures have emerged in recent years, the main focus has been on macro-level development and the lifestyle-level change has been neglected. Focusing on changing lifestyles and social innovation, the outcome of this study is four scenarios depicting the path towards low-carbon futures. The purpose of the scenario study is to describe links between the significance of emerging lifestyle patterns and infrastructure, policy and technological development. Despite the normative constraint regarding material footprint, the scenarios offer a diverse set of lifestyle patterns. The study answers the following question: what lifestyle-level changes could have potential to drive the transition towards low-carbon futures that are within planetary boundaries. We suggest that lifestyle-level scenarios on low-carbon society could have an impact in empowering relevant early adopter groups to become gatekeepers of low-carbon transition.
Perinatal depression screening in healthy start: an evaluation of the acceptability of technical assistance consultation.

In 2001, Healthy Start was required to screen for maternal depression. To support this mandate, technical assistance (TA) consultations were provided to eleven programs. Participant evaluations assessed TA recipients’ views, a foundational level of program evaluation. Staff evaluated TA presentations immediately; and directors assessed its helpfulness in a 6-month and a 5-year follow-up. Staff believed their knowledge increased significantly; the majority rated TA presentations as “useful” to “very useful.” Most directors rated TA as “useful“ or “very useful” in achieving TA goals, reported having “few” or “no” obstacles in screening, and rated staff as “willing” or “very willing” to screen. A range of educational programs have been developed to assist the implementation of maternal depression screening. The current evaluation indicates that diverse types of programs held positive views of TA consultation and believed it was effective. The success of the method argues for further development.
EFFECT OF TWO HOME CANNING PROCEDURES ON FISH AND SOY PROTEIN QUALITY

The effect of two home-canning pressures on the protein quality of fish and soy (10 psi and 15 psi), was examined using the protein efficiency ratio (PER) technique. The pressures and times used were: lactalbumin, 10 psi for 75 min and 15 psi for 25 min; Northern Pike, 10 psi for 100 min and 15 psi for 45 min; blanched, green soybeans, 10 psi for 60 min and 15 psi for 20 min. All canning procedures were determined to be safe microbiologically. In all proteins tested there was a decrease in protein quality between the unheated control and both heat treatments. No significant difference was observed between the two heat treatments. The use of the shorter 15 psi treatment can be recommended because it has no adverse effect on protein quality, and probably a lesser effect upon losses of other nutrients when compared with the more conventional 10 psi treatment.