cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin B-12 Concentrations in Breast Milk Are Low and Are Not Associated with Reported Household Hunger, Recent Animal-Source Food, or Vitamin B-12 Intake in Women in Rural Kenya

Author(s): Williams, AM; Chantry, CJ; Young, SL; Achando, BS; Allen, LH; Arnold, BF; Colford, JM; Dentz, HN; Hampel, D; Kiprotich, MC; Lin, A; Null, CA; Nyambane, GM; Shahab-Ferdows, S; Stewart, CP | Abstract: © 2016 American Society for Nutrition. Background: Breast milk vitamin B-12 concentration may be inadequate in regions in which animal-source food consumption is low or infrequent. Vitamin B-12 deficiency causes megaloblastic anemia and impairs growth and development in children. Objective: We measured vitamin B-12 in breast milk and examined its associations with household hunger, recent animalsource food consumption, and vitamin B-12 intake. Methods: In a cross-sectional substudy nested within a cluster-randomized trial assessing water, sanitation, hygiene, and nutrition interventions in Kenya, we sampled 286 women 1-6 mo postpartum. Mothers hand-expressed breast milk 1 min into a feeding after 90 min observed nonbreastfeeding. The Household Hunger Scale was used to measure hunger, food intake in the previous week was measured with the use of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and vitamin B-12 intake was estimated by using 24-h dietary recall. An animal-source food score was based on 10 items from the FFQ (range: 0-70). Breast milk vitamin B-12 concentration was measured with the use of a solid-phase competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay and was modeled with linear regression. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for correlated observations at the cluster level. Results: Median (IQR) vitamin B-12 intake was 1.5 μg/d (0.3, 9.7 mg/d), and 60% of women consumed l 2.4 μg/d, the estimated average requirement during lactation. Median (IQR) breast milk vitamin B-12 concentration was 113 pmol/L (61, 199 pmol/L); 89% had concentrations l 310 pmol/L, the estimated adequate concentration. Moderate or severe hunger prevalence was 27%; the animal-source food score ranged from 0 to 30 item-d/wk. Hunger and recent animal-source food and vitamin B-12 intake were not associated with breast milk vitamin B-12 concentrations. Maternal age was negatively associated with breast milk vitamin B-12 concentrations. Conclusion: Most lactating Kenyan women consumed less than the estimated average requirement of vitamin B-12 and had low breast milk vitamin B-12 concentrations. We recommend interventions that improve vitamin B-12 intake in lactating Kenyan women to foster maternal health and child development.
Improvement and Development of Low Temperature Sintered Ferrite Powder

In this paper properties enhancement of the low temperature sintered NiCuZn ferrites preparing process and developing trend of new low temperature sintered ferrites powder is introduced.
Mechanism of the inhibition of myocardial protein synthesis during oxygen deprivation

Inhibition of protein synthesis during anoxia in the isolated rabbit right ventricular papillary muscle preparation is totally reversible for up to 2 h if glucose concentration is increased during anoxia. The degree of inhibition of protein synthesis during anoxia is, however, not altered by the presence of increased glucose. Thus inhibition of myocardial protein synthesis induced by anoxia need not be related to irreversible disruption of cellular integrity but may represent metabolic regulation of the synthesis. Tissue content of ATP, ADP, AMP, CP, and lactate and phenylalanine incorporation into protein were measured in individual papillary muscles incubated with varying degrees of O2 deprivation and varying substrates and metabolic inhibitors to determine if the inhibition during anoxia could be ascribed to alterations in tissue high-energy phosphate, adenine nucleotide levels, or rate of metabolic flux through the glycolytic and/or Krebs cycle. Protein synthesis was inhibited in muscles incubated in 15 mM glucose during anoxia despite the fact that in the presence of increased glucose, tissue levels of ATP, ADP, and AMP were equal to that of controls. Protein synthesis was normal in muscles made sufficiently hypoxic so that ATP and CP were significantly decreased and lactate increased. Inhibition of Krebs cycle activity with pentenoate failed to effect the rate of protein synthesis. We conclude that anoxic inhibition of myocardial protein synthesis is due neither to high-energy phosphate depletion nor inhibition of Krebs cycle acitivity. The possibility remains that the inhibition may be related to accumulation of glycolytic intermediates or by-products other than lactate.
Acute Scrotal Pathology

Acute diseases that require either emergency surgical intervention or specific medical therapy are emphasized in this review. Included are discussions of testicular torsion, epididymitis, torsion of testicular appendages, and miscellaneous acute scrotal pathology such as idiopathic scrotal edema.
Bichromatic harmonic-optical-field effects in the photoinduced etching of borosilicate glasses

Recently, we have observed that silicate- based glasses containing approximately 10% or more boron by weight exhibit selective etching when exposed to intense 532-nm laser pulses.1 We believe that a two-photon process is the dominant channel leading to charge production, diffusion, and recombination in these glasses and that it results in an inhomogeneous charge distribution. The preferential etching is believed to occur at special reactive sites where trapped charges produce enhanced etching rates.2
Semi-Supervised Approach to Phase Identification from Combinatorial Sample Diffraction Patterns

Manual attribution of crystallographic phases from high-throughput x-ray diffraction studies is an arduous task, and represents a rate-limiting step in high-throughput exploration of new materials. Here, we demonstrate a semi-supervised machine learning technique, SS-AutoPhase, which uses a two-step approach to identify automatically phases from diffraction data. First, clustering analysis is used to select a representative subset of samples automatically for human analysis. Second, an AdaBoost classifier uses the labeled samples to identify the presence of the different phases in diffraction data. SS-AutoPhase was used to identify the metallographic phases in 278 diffraction patterns from a FeGaPd composition spread sample. The accuracy of SS-AutoPhase was >82.6% for all phases when 15% of the diffraction patterns were used for training. The SS-AutoPhase predicted phase diagram showed excellent agreement with human expert analysis. Furthermore it was able to determine and identify correctly a previously unreported phase.
Size Effect in Damping Caused by Water Submersion

An important effect of water submersion on dynamic response of a structure is the increase in effective damping. The dynamic response of submerged structures is of interest to the nuclear power industry for reasons of operational safety during seismic and other dynamic excitations. In this paper, the added damping contribution that results from the viscosity of water and the dependence of the contribution on structural size are examined. Other factors considered are the applicable range of viscous damping with respect to displacement amplitude and, as far as damping is concerned, how far must neighboring members be from each other to respond as if in open water. An expression is derived for relating the damping value to structural size. Estimated added-damping values for representative fuel elements, fuel bundles, and main steam-pressure-relief-valve lines that are based on our derived expression for added damping are given.
Neural Correlates of Reward Processing in Depressed and Healthy Preschool-Age Children

Objective Adults and adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) show a blunted neural response to rewards. Depression has been validated in children as young as age 3; however, it remains unclear whether blunted response to reward is also a core feature of preschool-onset depression. If so, this would provide further validation for the continuity of the neural correlates of depression across the life span and would identify a potential target for treatment in young children. Method Fifty-three 4- to 7-year-old children with depression and 25 psychiatrically healthy 4- to 7-year-old children completed a simple guessing task in which points could be won or lost on each trial while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Psychiatric diagnosis was established using a preschool version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Depression. Results Young children with depression showed a reduced differentiation between response to gains and losses, and this finding was driven by a blunted response to reward (i.e., the reward positivity [RewP]). These findings held even when controlling for co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The RewP did not vary as a function of depression severity within the group with depression. Conclusion Similar to adults and adolescents with depression, preschoolers with depression display reductions in responsivity to rewards as indexed by the RewP. These findings provide further evidence for continuity in the neural mechanisms associated with depression across the lifespan, and point to altered reward sensitivity as an early-emerging potential target for intervention in preschool-onset depression. Clinical trial registration information— A Randomized Controlled Trial of PCIT-ED for Preschool Depression; http://clinicaltrials.gov/; NCT02076425.
Study on energy transfer induced by collisions between rubidium and cesium

As two main atomic alkalis, rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) have the similar energy-level structures. The energy transfer caused by collisions between rubidium and cesium atoms is a crucial factor for a vapor system. When such a vapor is irradiated with one component of rubidium resonance doublet, energy transfer will be induced by inelastic collisions between the excited rubidium atoms and the unexcited rubidium atoms, and between the excited rubidium atoms and the unexcited cesium atoms as well. It is noteworthy that the energy transfer between atomic rubidium and cesium is performed as cross relaxation. In this study, we theoretically investigate the effects of cross relaxations between the upper-state levels of atomic rubidium and cesium on the population distribution of the gas media. It has been demonstrated that the intensity of cross relaxations in this system is too weak to greatly affect the population distributions of atomic rubidium and cesium under the different temperatures. The conclusion might be helpful to better understand the physical features of alkalis.
SEA SURFACE EXCHANGES OF MOMENTUM, HEAT, AND FRESH WATER DETERMINED BY SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING

The ocean and the atmosphere communicate through the interfacial exchanges of physical, chemical, and biological properties. The amount of sea surface exchange is called sea surface flux. This article focuses on air–sea physical fluxes, which include momentum, heat, and fresh water. The surface fluxes are characterized by large spatial and temporal variability, and play an important role in not only the mean atmospheric and oceanic circulation but also the coupled climate fluctuations such as the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The satellite sensor systems developed in the past two decades provide unprecedented global observations of geophysical parameters in the lower atmosphere and upper oceans, thus providing opportunity to estimate near-real-time sea surface fluxes with unprecedented accuracy and resolution. This article reviews the methods of deriving sea surface momentum, heat, and freshwater fluxes from space observations, and reviews the types of satellite measurements required by the methods, and the types of spaceborne sensors from which those measurements can be retrieved. This article also provides an example of synergizing various satellite sea surface products to study the complex scale interactions between the atmosphere and ocean in the 1997–98 ENSO.
Abstract 345: PTEN tumor suppressive effects in glioblastoma are partly mediated by MET downregulation via a p53-miR-34a axis

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and most lethal primary malignant brain tumor. Two common alterations in GBM are loss of the tumor suppressor PTEN and upregulation of the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase MET. We uncovered a new connection between PTEN and MET expressions and functions in GBM. We found that PTEN expression in GBM cell lines (U87, U373, A172, LNZ-308) and primary cells (GBM8) inhibits MET expression. We uncovered the molecular basis and functional significance of this connection. Based on our previous work and published literature, PTEN stabilizes p53, p53 induces miR-34a expression, and miR-34a inhibits MET expression. We therefore hypothesized that PTEN inhibits MET by regulating p53 and miR-34a and that the PTEN tumor suppressive effects are partly mediated by MET downregulation. To verify the hypothesis, we first showed that PTEN restoration leads to miR-34a upregulation in GBM cells. We then showed that this latter effect is p53-dependent as p53 knockdown with a specific shRNA partly reversed PTEN induction of miR-34a. We also showed that PTEN-induced downregulation of MET expression can be rescued by inhibition of miR-34a with an anti-miR3a. We therefore established a new molecular cascade that links PTEN, p53, miR-34a and MET in GBM. To determine the functional relevance of this cascade, we assessed the effects of PTEN on GBM cell death and invasion also in the settings of shRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 and anti-miR-mediated inhibition of miR-34a. PTEN strongly induced GBM cell death (measured by Annexin V/7AAD flow cytometry) and inhibited transwell invasion though a collagen IV matrix. The PTEN effects on cell death and invasion were partly reduced by p53 knock-down and miR-34a inhibition. This demonstrates that the tumor suppressive effects of PTEN in GBM are partly mediated by the PTEN/p53/miR-34a/MET cascade. In ongoing experiments, we are investigating the expressions of PTEN, MET, p53 and miR-34a in human GBM tissues to determine if there are potential correlations that are consistent with our above findings. Altogether, this study establishes a new molecular and functional link between PTEN and MET that involves p53 and miR-34a in GBM. Citation Format: Fadilla Guessous, Nichola A. Cruickshanks, Ying Zhang, David Schiff, Jann Sarkaria, Roger Abounader. PTEN tumor suppressive effects in glioblastoma are partly mediated by MET downregulation via a p53-miR-34a axis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 345. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-345
Scalable parallel graph algorithms with matrix–vector multiplication evaluated with queries

Graph problems are significantly harder to solve with large graphs residing on disk compared to main memory only. In this work, we study how to solve four important graph problems: reachability from a source vertex, single source shortest path, weakly connected components, and PageRank. It is well known that the aforementioned algorithms can be expressed as an iteration of matrix–vector multiplications under different semi-rings. Based on this mathematical foundation, we show how to express the computation with standard relational queries and then we study how to efficiently evaluate them in parallel in a shared-nothing architecture. We identify a common algorithmic pattern that unifies the four graph algorithms, considering a common mathematical foundation based on sparse matrix–vector multiplication. The net gain is that our SQL-based approach enables solving “big data” graph problems on parallel database systems, debunking common wisdom that they are cumbersome and slow. Using large social networks and hyper-link real data sets, we present performance comparisons between a columnar DBMS, an open-source array DBMS, and Spark’s GraphX.
United States Community Energy

The wide range of environmental consequences associated with our current energy system necessitates solutions to reduce emissions, water quality impacts, and habitat destruction while also providing reliable, safe, and cost-effective energy. U. S. climate change policy gridlock has prevented the type of top-down legislation needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and encourage wide-scale development of fossil fuel alternatives. Despite a lack of climate change legislation, renewable energy and energy efficiency costs have decreased to a point that these technologies are now not only environmentally sustainable but also economically cost-effective (due in part to federal renewable energy tax incentives and state-based renewable energy policies).
Forgiving Computers: The Rise of Automation and Implications for Counseling

It is becoming common for decisions with serious consequences to be made by automation. Therefore, it is important for counselors to consider the challenges of working with clients who are affected. If a high-consequence decision that leads to tragedy is made by a computer, does this change the counseling process? This article starts this discussion by investigating forgiveness therapy as it applies to computers. First, forgiving a human is qualitatively different from forgiving a computer. Next, examples of automated decisions are presented. Finally, the authors discuss issues that clients wishing to forgive a computer face, suggest interventions, and propose a research agenda.
The price of innovation: a primer on high risk, high reward surgery.

Difficult problems stimulate the development of novel therapies which more often than not are high-risk due to the nature of the disease process. Rare diseases offer few opportunities to refine a technique or protocol. Diseases that leave patients in critical and unstable conditions leave little margin for error.
Fathers Count: The Impact of Paternal Risk Factors on Birth Outcomes.

Objective To determine the contribution of paternal factors to the risk of adverse birth outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional analysis using birth certificate data from 2004 to 2015 retrieved from the Finger Lakes Regional Perinatal Data System. Primiparous women with singleton pregnancies were analyzed in the study. Two multivariate logistic regression models were conducted to assess potential paternal risk factors including age, race/ethnicity, and education on four birth outcomes, including preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight (LBW), high birthweight (HBW), and small for gestational age (SGA). Results A total of 36,731 singleton births were included in the analysis. Less paternal education was significantly related to an elevated risk of PTB, LBW, and SGA, even after adjustment for maternal demographic, medical, and lifestyle factors (P < 0.05). Paternal race/ethnicity was also significantly associated with all four birth outcomes (P < 0.05) while controlling for maternal factors. Older paternal age was associated with increased odds (OR 1.012, 95% CI 1.003–1.022) of LBW. Maternal race/ethnicity partially mediated the association of paternal race/ethnicity with HBW and SGA. Maternal education partially mediated the relationship between paternal education and SGA. Conclusion Paternal factors were important predictors of adverse birth outcomes. Our results support the inclusion of fathers in future studies and clinical programs aimed at reducing adverse birth outcomes.
Erfahrungen mit der Nutzung der Bund-Länder-Programme für das Krankenhaus-Rechnungswesen

Beim Krankenhauszweckverband Augsburg werden die Programme FINK und MAIK eingesetzt, und zwar FINK seit 1979 auf dem eigenen TANDEM-Rechner, MAIK auf dem IBM-Rechner der Stadt Augsburg. An Kosten fallen fur FINK jahrlich ca. DM 10.000 an, fur MAIK waren einmalig DM 5.000 zu zahlen.
Social Workers’ Perceptions of Job Satisfaction, Interdisciplinary Collaboration, and Organizational Leadership

To address job satisfaction, and therefore employment retention, of hospice social workers, this study examined how relationships with other members of the interdisciplinary hospice team and perceptions of hospice leadership may be associated with job satisfaction of hospice social workers. The sample of 203 hospice social workers was recruited by e-mailing invitations to hospice social workers identified by hospice directors in three states, use of online social media sites accessed by hospice social workers, and snowball sampling. Study measures included professional experience, hospice characteristics, interdisciplinary collaboration, perception of servant leadership, and intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction. Variables significant in the model for intrinsic satisfaction were perception of servant leadership, interdisciplinary collaboration, and feeling valued by the hospice physician. Variables significant in the model for extrinsic satisfaction were perception of servant leadership, interdisciplinary collaboration, feeling valued by the hospice physician, and number of social workers at the hospice. Interdisciplinary collaboration was more important for intrinsic job satisfaction and leadership style was more important for extrinsic job satisfaction. Profit status of the hospice, experience of the social worker, caseload size, and other variables were not significant in either model. These results support previous findings that leadership style of the hospice director and relationships with hospice colleagues are important for hospice social workers' job satisfaction. Such low-cost modifications to the hospice work environment, albeit not simple, may improve job satisfaction of hospice social workers.
Damage in cement pastes exposed to NaCl solutions

Abstract Friedel’s salt forms in cementitious materials exposed to NaCl solutions. This paper quantifies the amount of Friedel’s salt that forms and relates the formation of Friedel’s salt to the damage. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to quantify the amount of Friedel’s salt. The volume change associated with the formation of Friedel’s salt is measured. Flexural strength is measured for cement pastes exposed to NaCl solutions using the ball-on-three-ball test. While Friedel’s salt was observed, no calcium oxychloride was detected in cement pastes exposed to NaCl solutions. As the NaCl concentration increases, the amount of Friedel’s salt formed in the cement pastes increases before remaining constant at high concentrations. For the same NaCl concentration, similar amounts of Friedel’s salt are obtained in cement pastes with varying water-to-cementitious materials ratios (w/cm), while a greater amount of Friedel’s salt exists in cement pastes with a higher fly ash replacement level. As the NaCl solution concentration increases, the flexural strength of the cement paste decreases. There is a greater flexural strength reduction in the cement pastes with higher w/cm. For cement pastes with a higher fly ash replacement, the flexural strength shows a smaller decrease when exposed to NaCl. Since TGA confirmed little leaching of Ca(OH)2 in the cement paste, the strength reduction appears to be mainly due to the formation of Friedel’s salt. Little volume change is associated with the formation of Friedel’s salt, which indicates that the damage may primarily be attributed to the crystallization pressure associated with the formation of Friedel’s salt in pores.
Designing a Novel Drug Delivering Nerve Guide: A Preliminary Study

Peripheral nerve lesions caused by trauma often require the removal of the injured segment of nerve and subsequent surgical repair. Nerve injuries that produce large gaps require a “bridge” to guide axon growth. Autografts are currently the gold standard for bridging that gap but they have drawbacks including donor site morbidity and limited donor sites. Surgically implanting a nerve guidance conduit is an alternative solution to grafting. The conduits can provide guidance for the regenerating axons and allow for tension free bridging. We present a bioresorbable drug delivery conduit that relies on the mechanics of diffusion to locally deliver neurotrophins to the regeneration site. The drug delivery conduit was fabricated using solvent casting and tested for release kinetics using dextran and nerve growth factor. A drug diffusion model was also developed to test the reliability and predictability of our device, and finally the bioactivity of the released media was evaluated by measuring neurite extension in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The results of the in vitro drug release tests showed that diffusion of drug through our conduits could be tuned by varying the hole size and reservoir size. Linear scaling can be achieved by modifying the initial concentration of drug loaded in the reservoir. The drug delivery nerve conduit was able to release bioactive NGF for 8 days and enhance DRG neurite extension. The drug delivery nerve conduit can release bioactive drugs predictably and has the potential to improve nerve regeneration following a peripheral nerve injury.
An example of an atomic pullback without the ACCP

Abstract We find necessary and sufficient conditions on a pullback diagram in order that every nonzero nonunit in its pullback ring admits a finite factorization into irreducible elements. As a result, we can describe a method of easily producing atomic domains that do not satisfy the ascending chain condition on principal ideals.
Image, social role and social weight of Chinese women on the cover of Popular Cinema from1950 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to examine the female image, social role and social weight (relative size and positioning) of women as portrayed on movie magazine covers during four different time periods of the Chinese People’s Republic. Social action theory is the theoretical analysis framework for this study (Anderson & Meyer, 1988). Although Chinese women’s social status has increased since 1949, some researchers suggest that the female image has changed in a “negative” direction in movies during the past 100 years (Wu & Guan, 2007). Four hypotheses were derived from previous research: H1: There are significant female image differences among depictions of women across different periods, H2a: There are significant social role differences between genders among depictions of women and men across different periods, H2b: There are significant female social role differences among depictions of women across different periods, and H3: There are significant differences in the visual portrayal of social weight between genders in different periods.
Intentional Teaching: Integrating the Processes of Instruction and Construction to Promote Quality Early Mathematics Education

Contextualized in the historical debate of the roles of instruction and construction, the chapter first discusses the current state of teaching in early mathematics, focusing on reasons why the debate tilts heavily in favor of construction and how that has affected early childhood classroom practice. Next, the essay presents our argument for intentional teaching in early mathematics as a framework that effectively integrates instruction and construction in teaching and learning processes. We share evidence suggesting the effectiveness of this approach based on our work at the Early Math Collaborative at Erikson Institute in Chicago and conclude with a discussion of the renewed importance of articulating the relationship of instruction and construction in light of the accountability movement driving much of contemporary education.
Cinedefecography in Functional Pelvic Floor Disorders

Cinedefecography is one of the most important exams to be performed in patients with pelvic floor dysfunction. Its popularity has rapidly increased compared with other routine studies for evaluating anorectal disorders, as it is inexpensive and relatively easy to perform. Additionally, it provides dynamic and static images of pelvic-floor structures during rest, squeeze, and evacuation.
Effects of different vegetative substrates on algal composition in vernal mesocosms

We investigated the response of an algal assemblage to different vegetative substrates in controlled vernal mesocosms. Litter was collected from four vascular plant communities (Deciduous Forest, Macrophyte, Old Field and Pinus stands) and the litter was used to line the benthos of the vernal mesocosms. The development and response of the algal assemblage in treatment and control mesocosms was tracked biweekly for a period of 56 days. A repeated-measure MANOVA and Bonferroni (Dunn) post-hoc test indicated that the Pinus treatment produced a significantly greater biomass than all other treatments. The Pinus treatment mesocosms had acidic (4.5–4.7) water when sampled on day 42, which continued until the completion of the study. The greatest levels of species richness and diversity were recorded from the Deciduous Forest and Old Field treatments. Algal assemblage analyses indicated that there was much overlap in community structure between various litter treatments and algae alone (no litter). Most of the vernal mesocosm treatments were dominated by the filamentous chlorophytes Mougeotia, Oedogonium and Ulothrix. These results suggest that, in this study, the vegetative litter of vernal mesocosms (with the exception of Pinus) exhibits limited independent influence on the developmental trajectories of algal communities.
Work of breathing for cuffed and uncuffed pediatric endotracheal tubes in an in vitro lung model setting.

BACKGROUND Over the last decade, cuffed endotracheal tubes are increasingly used in pediatric anesthesia and also in pediatric intensive care. However, the smaller inner diameter of cuffed endotracheal tubes and, implicitly, the increased endotracheal tube resistance is still a matter of debate. AIMS This in vitro study investigated work of breathing and inspiratory airway pressures in cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes and the impact of pressure support ventilation and automatic tube compensation. METHODS In 5 simulated neonatal and pediatric lung models, the Active Servo Lung 5000 and an intensive care ventilator were used to quantify the differences in work of breathing under spontaneous breathing (with and without pressure support ventilation and automatic tube compensation) between cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes. Additionally, differences in inspiratory airway pressures, measured either proximal or distal of the endotracheal tube, between cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes under mechanical ventilation were investigated. RESULTS Work of breathing was overall 10.27% [95% confidence interval 9.01-11.94] higher with cuffed than with uncuffed endotracheal tubes and was dramatically reduced by 34.19% [95% confidence interval 31.61-35.25] with the application of pressure support. Automatic tube compensation almost diminished work of breathing differences between the 2 endotracheal tube types in nearly all pediatric lung models. Peak inspiratory and mean airway pressures measured at the proximal endotracheal tube end revealed significantly higher values in cuffed than in uncuffed endotracheal tubes. However, these differences measured at the distal end of the endotracheal tube became minimal. CONCLUSION This in vitro study confirmed significant differences in work of breathing and inspiratory pressures between cuffed and uncuffed endotracheal tubes. Work of breathing, however, is almost neutralized by pressure support ventilation with automatic tube compensation and distal inspiratory airway pressures that, from a clinical perspective, are not significantly increased.
AARON: An Automated Reaction Optimizer for New Catalysts.

We describe an open-source computational toolkit (AARON: An Automated Reaction Optimizer for New catalysts) that automates the quantum mechanical geometry optimization and characterization of the transition state and intermediate structures required to predict the activities and selectivities of asymmetric catalytic reactions. Modern computational quantum chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for explaining the selectivity and activity of asymmetric catalysts. However, reliably predicting the stereochemical outcome of realistic reactions often requires the geometry optimization of hundreds of transition state and intermediate structures, which is a tedious process. AARON automates these optimizations through an interface with a popular electronic structure package, accelerating quantum chemical workflows to enable the computational screening of potential catalysts. AARON is built using a collection of object-oriented Perl modules (AaronTools) that provide functionality to build and modify molecular and...
Imaging Lymphatics in Mouse Lungs

Lymphatic malformations and other conditions where lymphatic function is disturbed in the respiratory tract present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Advances in lymphatic development, growth regulation, function, and imaging have increased the understanding of lymphatics, but the airways and lungs have not received as much attentions as many other organs. The lung presents challenges for studies of lymphatics because of the complex, densely packed three-dimensional architecture of the airways and vasculature, and because it cannot readily be examined in its entirety. To address this problem, we developed methods for immunohistochemical examination of the lymphatics in mouse lungs, based on approaches we devised for lymphatic vessels and blood vessels in whole mounts of the mouse trachea. This report provides a practical guide for visualizing by fluorescence and confocal microscopy the lymphatics in mouse airways and lungs under normal conditions and in models of disease. Materials and methods are described for immunohistochemical staining of lymphatics in whole mounts of the mouse trachea and 200-μm sections of mouse lung. Also described are mouse models in which lymphatics proliferate in the lung, blocking antibodies for preventing lymphatic growth, methods for fixing mouse lungs by vascular perfusion, and techniques for staining, visualizing, and analyzing lymphatic endothelial cells and other cells in the lung. These methods provide the opportunity to learn as much about lymphatics in the lung as in other organs.
Accuracy of Online Language Sampling

This study investigated the accuracy of online language sample data collection. Language samples were collected from 22 preschoolers (11 with language impairments and 11 typically developing) using...
Metacognition and self-assessment in specialized translation education: task awareness and metacognitive bundling

Cognitive translation processes incorporate metacognitive activity due to the association with problem-solving behaviour, including the ability to recognize problems, propose solutions, and evaluat...
Helping Educators and Their Communities Become Trauma Informed

The emerging efforts to become trauma-informed have been created in specialized silos and intended to meet the needs and abilities of particular professions or have been designed reactively to meet only very specific population needs, often in those communities most impacted by trauma. However, to be effective, it is imperative to ensure comprehensive and coordinated training, consulting, and coaching of early childhood professionals, as well as routine and effective information sharing between …
Local Sustainability Innovation Through Cross-Sector Collaboration: Lessons from a Neighborhood Energy Competition

Although public managers and nongovernmental actors play important roles in promoting sustainable communities, little is known about how these actors collaborate with each other across sectors when it comes to sustainability innovation. This case study illustrates how a policy entrepreneur partnered with local government, businesses, and community organizations to implement an innovative neighborhood energy competition that achieved community-wide energy savings and greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions. The outcome of this case suggests that local communities can promote bottom-up sustainability innovation through cross-sector collaboration that combines grassroots efforts led by policy entrepreneurs and nongovernmental actors with technical capacity provided by the government. The outcome also suggests that financial incentives are important, albeit with caveats, for motivating citizen participation in sustainability innovation. There are, however, a number of challenges associated with sustaining such innovation over time. This case offers useful insights into collaborative governance and practical recommendations for utilizing energy competitions as a sustainability policy tool.
Python based location analysis of wind mills in urban environment

Identification of appropriate location for windmills in landlocked states, like the state of Iowa requires consideration of multiple factors and analysis of a large database, which is time-consuming. Under this study, advanced remote sensing and Python-based programming language have been utilized to select three specific sites within the boundaries of Lyon and Sioux county to locate new windmills based on three crucial factors; wind speed, elevation, and physicals barriers. The entire study area has been divided into several zones and ArcGIS tools, like selection, clipping, and merging have been used to process the entire database collected from secondary sources. Python scripts have been also used to calculate zone wise mean value of all three factors. Python scripts developed under this study are easily modifiable to include more than three factors providing a cost-effective method of decision making in the case of locating new windmills. An algorithm has been developed in the end section to combine all three factors and to rank all the zones considering their energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.
The American Neurological Association’s Book “Eugenical Sterilization: A Reorientation of the Problem” Through the Lens of Contemporaneous Book Reviews

Abstract Background In 1936, the American Neurological Association (ANA) published the book “Eugenical Sterilization: A Reorientation of the Problem” in response to what the first author of the book described as a positive reception to a paper presented at the ANA’s 1935 annual meeting. The conclusions of the presentation were approved by the organization during the same meeting. As evidenced by the publication of several book reviews in a variety of medical journals, the book garnered some attention. Methods Reviews of the ANA’s book were sought using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embasa. Also, the book’s title was used to search the World Wide Web. Results The search yielded four reviews, all published in 1937. The reviews make evident a positive opinion of the ANA’s book’s authors’ recommendations including the option for “selective sterilization” of patients with conditions such as Huntington disease, Friedreich ataxia, and epilepsy. In addition, reviewers highlighted the book’s authors’ assessment that “the feebleminded [breed] docile, servile, useful people who do the dirty work of the race, [as] servants fulfilling a social function.” Conclusions Although the book’s authors did not advocate for all-out eugenical sterilization, they did little to counter the popular opinion that patients with certain neurological diseases were a drain on society. In addition, they espoused a positive vision of the feebleminded’s role as servants who can do undesirable work. This message was disseminated through book reviews.
Evaluating Scientific Writing Skill in DNP Program Students.

Background/problem Scientific writing skill development interventions in nursing are widely represented in the literature, but the specific skills required are poorly defined and measured. Approach This study used a cross-sectional, descriptive design to compare scientific writing skill assessment of doctor of nursing practice students' final project reports using 2 rubrics. Outcomes Of 13 skills, the strongest were: adherence to a standard structure, paraphrasing, and grammar, punctuation, and style. The weakest were: use of primary sources, concise, nonredundant presentation, and critical appraisal. Overall interrater agreement for the general essay writing rubric was 69.6%, and that for the scientific writing rubric was 82.3%. Conclusions Compared to the essay rubric, the scientific writing rubric was more useful for identifying skill strengths and weaknesses and improved interrater consistency.
The Initial Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Michigan Communities and Local Governments

This report presents local government leaders' views on the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan through May of 2020, including impacts on the state and its communitie
Meanings Ascribed to Sex and Commitment Among College-Attending and Non-College Emerging Adults: A Replication and Extension

The purpose of this study was to examine how meanings ascribed to sex and commitment vary based on educational background, gender, and other correlates using a large sample of college-attending and non-college emerging adults (ages 18–25; N = 669). Findings from our content analysis replicated previous research by identifying meanings focused on commitment (47.8%), flexibility (22.7%), and recreation (17.8%). We also found two additional meanings focused on finding a sexual connection (termed Connectors; 9.1%) and using sex to test relationship compatibility (termed Testers; 2.5%), which were not found in previous studies on sex and commitment. A greater proportion of women than men were in the Committers group, whereas a greater proportion of men than women were in the Recreationers group. A greater proportion of heterosexual than sexual minority participants were in the Committers group, whereas a greater proportion of sexual minority than heterosexual participants were in the Flexibles and Testers groups. A greater proportion of those in committed relationships than those in casual or no relationships were in the Committers group, whereas a greater proportion of those in casual relationships than those in committed or no relationships were in the Recreationers group. Those in the Recreationers group reported the greatest average number of hookup partners in the last 12 months (compared to all others), and those in the Recreationers and Testers groups reported the greatest average number of lifetime sexual partners (compared to all others). Implications for future research and sexual health education for emerging adults are discussed.
New Developments in Prokinetic Therapy for Gastric Motility Disorders.

Prokinetic agents amplify and coordinate the gastrointestinal muscular contractions to facilitate the transit of intra-luminal content. Following the institution of dietary recommendations, prokinetics are the first medications whose goal is to improve gastric emptying and relieve symptoms of gastroparesis. The recommended use of metoclopramide, the only currently approved medication for gastroparesis in the United States, is for a duration of less than 3 months, due to the risk of reversible or irreversible extrapyramidal tremors. Domperidone, a dopamine D2 receptor antagonist, is available for prescription through the FDA's program for Expanded Access to Investigational Drugs. Macrolides are used off label and are associated with tachyphylaxis and variable duration of efficacy. Aprepitant relieves some symptoms of gastroparesis. There are newer agents in the pipeline targeting diverse gastric (fundic, antral and pyloric) motor functions, including novel serotonergic 5-HT4 agonists, dopaminergic D2/3 antagonists, neurokinin NK1 antagonists, and ghrelin agonist. Novel targets with potential to improve gastric motor functions include the pylorus, macrophage/inflammatory function, oxidative stress, and neurogenesis. In the current review, we discuss the use of pharmacological approaches with potential to enhance motor functions in the management of gastroparesis.
Nigerian Female Football: Ambivalence and Struggle in the Shadows

This chapter analyzes Nigerian women’s football, with a particular focus on the national team, to better understand its status in the rapidly changing world of women’s football. This examination of news and social media text about the Nigerian women’s team at the 2019 World Cup explores how those texts intersect with Nigeria’s social environment to produce and reproduce a different narrative for women’s football in the country. The authors interpret the struggles of women footballers in the country to understand the challenges they face and the methods they use to confront them. The work also examines tweets that surround the struggle of these women during the 2019 World Cup in France to understand public conceptions of Nigerian women’s football, its existence, triumphs, and challenges.
One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility

Acknowledgments 1 Introductions and Intersections 2 Becoming Auto-Mobile 3 Velorutionaries and the Right to the (Bikeable) City 4 Critical Mass and the Functions of Bicycle Protest 5 Two-Wheeled Terrors and Forty-Year-Old Virgins: Mass Media and the Representation of Bicycling 6 DIY Bike Culture 7 Handouts, Hand Ups, or Just Lending a Hand? Community Bike Projects, Bicycle Aid, and Competing Visions of Development under Globalization 8 Conclusion, or "We Have Nothing to Lose but Our (Bike) Chains" Notes Bibliography Index
Chapter 13. Antibacterial Agents

Publisher Summary Antibacterial research has focused on the discovery of agents that exhibit improved activity, particularly against resistant organisms, and have a decreased incidence of side effects. This chapter discusses the mechanisms of resistance and transport for various classes of antibacterial agents. The development of new quinolone compounds has been characterized with an emphasis on structural novelty, improvement of potency versus anaerobic and gram-positive pathogens, incorporation of activity against quinolone-resistant strains, and early assessment of the potential for adverse drug reactions. New β-lactam quinolone hybrids have been reported; the carbamate-linked Ro 24-4383 shows broad spectrum activity and exhibits aqueous solubility much greater than that of the quinolone component alone. A new fluoromethoxyimino parenteral cephalosporin, E1077, shows a two-fold greater activity than cefpirome against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and P. aeruginosa. The development of new macrolide antibacterial agents has focused on agents with a broad spectrum of activity, including gram-negative (Haemophilus influenzae) and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS)-resistant bacteria, high oral absorption, acid stability, and minimal gastrointestinal side effects. Magainins composed entirely of d -amino acids have been found to retain antibacterial potency but to resist proteolytic cleavage. RP59500 is a synergistic, water-soluble combination of RP57669 and RP54476, which are semisynthetic derivatives of the two main components of the naturally occurring streptogramins.