cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Tolerance, Thermoregulation and Ageing

Older individuals, regardless of how one classifies 'old', are the most rapidly growing portion of the population. Statistics from heat waves and other morbidity-mortality data strongly suggest that older persons are at greater risk of developing life-threatening manifestations of heat stress such as heat stroke. Most laboratory studies have found that ageing is associated with decreased heat tolerance and alterations in thermoregulatory effector responses. What is not so clear is the role of ageing per se in this decreased heat tolerance (as opposed to some concomitant functional decline, e.g. decreasing VO2max, which accompanies ageing across a population). Studies have shown decrements in resting heat tolerance and responses to thermal transients in older adults. With exercise in warm environments, most research has focused on the sweating response and it appears that whether or not sweating rate declines in the elderly is dependent upon the environment studied. In hot dry environments, older persons (of both sexes) consistently secrete sweat at a lower rate than their younger counterparts. However, as humidity of the environment increases, this difference tends to disappear. A key issue which deserves further attention is that of hydration in the elderly, both in terms of body water content and compartmentalisation, and of skin water content. Finally, ageing is often accompanied by other conditions (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular insufficiencies, long term therapeutic drug modalities) which further affect heat tolerance and thermoregulation.
The Policy-Based Approach to Identification

In a number of recent papers, Michael Bratman has defended a policy-based theory of identification which represents the most sophisticated and compelling development of a broadly hierarchical approach to the problems about identification which Harry Frankfurt drew our attention to over thirty years ago. Here I first summarize the bare essentials of Bratman's view, and then raise doubts about both its necessity and sufficiency. Finally I consider his objections to rival value-based models, and find those objections to be less compelling than he makes them out to be.
A radio (111In) capillary tube leukocyte adherence inhibition assay for the detection of specific tumor-associated immunity

The specific tumor-associated immune response of C3H/HeJ mice was determined at various times after subcutaneous injection with a transplantable mammary adenocarcinoma (H2712) using a radio (111In) leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assay carried out in capillary tubes. Solubilized tunor-associated antigen prepared by a single phase 1-butanol extraction of the specific tumor and other transplantable tumors of different histological origin were used in the evaluation of LAI reactivity. The assay was found to be capable of detecting a significant antitumor response before the subcutaneous tumors became detectable by palpation. The response remained significant until the tumors were greater than 20 mm in diameter.
Prediction of Colles’ fracture load in human radius using cohesive finite element modeling

Osteoporotic and age-related fractures are a significant public health problem. One of the most common osteoporotic fracture sites in the aging population is distal radius. There is evidence in the literature that distal radius fractures (Colles' fracture) are an indicative of increased risk of future spine and hip fractures. In this study, a nonlinear fracture mechanics-based finite element method is applied to human radius to assess its fracture load as a function of cortical bone geometry and material properties. Seven three-dimensional finite element models of radius were created and the fracture loads were determined by using cohesive finite element modeling which explicitly represents the crack and the fracture process zone behavior. The fracture loads found in the simulations (731-6793 N) were in the range of experimental values reported in the literature. The fracture loads predicted by the simulations decreased by 4-5% per decade based only on material level changes and by 6-20% per decade when geometrical changes were also included. Cortical polar moment of inertia at 15% distal radius showed the highest correlation to fracture load (r(2)=0.97). These findings demonstrate the strength of fracture mechanics-based finite element modeling and show that combining geometrical and material properties provides a better assessment of fracture risk in human radius.
Pharmacotherapy Before and After Revascularization: Anticoagulation, Antiplatelet Agents, and Statins

Proper medical management may enhance perioperative and long-term outcomes for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD). For patients with PAD, aspirin and statin drugs remain the mainstay of medical management, based on results from multiple randomized clinical trials that have demonstrated improvements in long-term survival and a decrease in cardiovascular events with these agents. There may additional, unintended positive consequences of treatment with statin drugs, including potential improvements in symptoms of claudication and enhanced graft patency after infrainguinal bypass. For patients undergoing surgical or endovascular revascularization, aspirin remains the standard of care for antithrombotic therapy. Beyond this, use of warfarin should be reserved for patients with high-risk surgical bypass grafts to prolong graft patency, because it carries a significant risk of bleeding complications. The utility of clopidogrel after surgical and endovascular infrainguinal revascularization remains undefined but warrants additional study. At this time the only clear indication for clopidogrel in patients with infrainguinal arterial occlusive disease is for PAD patients who are intolerant of aspirin or have a history of coronary artery stenting within the past 6 months. Proper adjunctive pharmacotherapy for the patient with PAD has the potential to improve symptoms, graft patency, and survival in this challenging subset of patients.
On the inconsistency of the change-point estimator for the NE family

Here, we provide a simple proof of the well-known classical result that the estimator of an unknown change-point is inconsistent. The proof utilizes only the law of large numbers in place of the usual random walk theory based arguments
Surface Affinity of the Hydronium Ion: The Effective Fragment Potential and Umbrella Sampling

The surface affinity of the hydronium ion in water is investigated with umbrella sampling and classical molecular dynamics simulations, in which the system is described with the effective fragment potential (EFP). The solvated hydronium ion is also explored using second order perturbation theory for the hydronium ion and the empirical TIP5P potential for the waters. Umbrella sampling is used to analyze the surface affinity of the hydronium ion, varying the number of solvent water molecules from 32 to 256. Umbrella sampling with the EFP method predicts the hydronium ion to most probably lie about halfway between the center and edge of the water cluster, independent of the cluster size. Umbrella sampling using MP2 for the hydronium ion and TIP5P for the solvating waters predicts that the solvated proton most probably lies about 0.5-2.0 A from the edge of the water cluster independent of the cluster size.
Computed radiography in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units: A comparison of 2.5 K × 2 K soft-copy images vs digital hard-copy film

Objective. The goal of the study was to determine whether soft-copy images on high-resolution monitors (2.5 K × 2 K) are suitable for primary interpretation of images from pediatric and neonatal intensive care units. The hypotheses were that hard and soft images yield similar diagnostic information, and that both residents and faculty radiologists can use monitors effectively. Previous reports have produced conflicting results; the need for larger sample sizes has been emphasized.Materials and methods. One thousand one hundred and four images produced by computed radiography using the Kodak Ectascan Imagelink system were prospectively analyzed by two pediatric radiologists, one reading hard copy and the other soft copy of the same images. Bias was controlled by equal distribution of modalities between observers and by daily alternation of modality. Hard- and soft-copy observations of presence or absence of nine specific tubes and nine specific diagnostic findings were compared. Interobserver differences between pediatric radiologists and radiology residents were studied on additional images. The kappa statistic was used to evaluate the level of agreement for all observations.Results. There was excellent agreement between hard and soft copy interpretation for each tube and diagnostic finding (kappa values 0.93–1.0) and excellent interobserver agreement between two pediatric radiologists (kappa values 0.84–1.0). The level of agreement between radiology residents and pediatric radiologist was excellent for the most objective findings. All results were statistically significant (p < 0.001).Conclusion. High resolution soft-copy images are suitable for primary interpretation in patients in pediatric and neonatal intensive care units.
Proprotein convertase furin interacts with and cleaves pro-ADAMTS4 (Aggrecanase-1) in the trans-Golgi network.

A member of the A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin type-1 motifs (ADAMTS-4) protease family can efficiently cleave aggrecan at several sites detected in joints of osteoarthritic patients. Although recent studies have shown that removal of the prodomain of ADAMTS4 is critical for its ability to degrade aggrecan, the cellular mechanisms for its processing and trafficking remain unclear. In this study, by using both furin-specific inhibitor and RNA interference technique, we demonstrate that furin plays an important role in the intracellular removal of ADAMTS4 prodomain. Further, we demonstrate that proADAMTS4 can be processed by means of multiple furin recognition sites: 206RPRR209, 209RAKR212, or 211KR212. The processing of proADAMTS4 was completely blocked by brefeldin A treatment, suggesting that processing occurs in the trans-Golgi network. Indeed, ADAMTS4 is co-localized with furin in trans-Golgi network. Interestingly, the pro form of ADAMTS4, not its mature one, co-precipitates with furin, suggesting that furin physically interacts with the prodomain of ADAMTS-4. In addition, our evidence suggests that a furin-independent pathway may also contribute to the activation of ADAMTS4. These results indicate that the activation mechanism for ADAMTS4 can be targeted for therapeutical intervention against this enzyme.
Quaternary geochronology and distribution of Mammuthus on the Colorado Plateau

There are 41 known localities containing mammoth remains from the Colorado Plateau: 24 in Arizona, 12 in Utah, 3 in New Mexico, and 2 in Colorado. Of the 41 localities, 13 (32%; Arizona and Utah only) have yielded radiometric dates ({sup 14}C and U/Th); 10 (77%) of these have been the result of the authors' investigations. The four youngest radiocarbon dates produce a weighted average date of approximately 11,270 {plus minus}65 yr B.P., the youngest directly aged mammoth remains on the Colorado Plateau. Mammoth remains are recovered predominantly in alluvial regimes, in addition to alcove, cave, and spring deposits. No direct association of Mammuthus and the Clovis hunters has been reported from the Colorado Plateau. Dietary intake, recorded in dung remains, included predominantly graminoids, in addition to various woody shrubs and trees that currently grow at higher elevations on the Colorado Plateau.
Frequency doubling technology perimetry and changes in quality of life of glaucoma patients: A longitudinal study

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between rates of change on frequency doubling technology (FDT) perimetry and longitudinal changes in quality of life (QoL) of glaucoma patients. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Methods One hundred fifty-two subjects (127 glaucoma and 25 healthy) were followed for an average of 3.2 ± 1.1 years. All subjects were evaluated with National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25), FDT, and standard automated perimetry (SAP). Glaucoma patients had a median of 3 NEI VFQ-25, 8 FDT, and 8 SAP tests during follow-up. Mean sensitivities of the integrated binocular visual fields were estimated for FDT and SAP and used to calculate rates of change. A joint longitudinal multivariable mixed model was used to investigate the association between change in binocular mean sensitivities and change in NEI VFQ-25 Rasch-calibrated scores. Results There was a statistically significant correlation between change in binocular mean sensitivity for FDT and change in NEI VFQ-25 scores during follow-up in the glaucoma group. In multivariable analysis with the confounding factors, each 1 dB/year change in binocular FDT mean sensitivity corresponded to a change of 0.8 units per year in the NEI VFQ-25 scores ( P = .001). For binocular SAP mean sensitivity, each 1 dB/year change was associated with 2.4 units per year change in NEI VFQ-25 scores ( P 2 of 50% and 30%, respectively; P = .001). Conclusion SAP performed significantly better than FDT in predicting change in NEI VFQ-25 scores in our population, suggesting that it may still be the preferable perimetric technique for predicting risk of disability from the disease.
Factors affecting the biodegradation of phenanthrene initially dissolved in different nonaqueous-phase liquids

A study was conducted of the importance of measured partitioning rate, the nonaqueous-phase liquid (NAPL)-water interfacial area, and the toxicity of NAPLs to the biodegradation of constituents of NAPLs. Bacterial mineralization of phenanthrene was slower if the compound was initially dissolved in phthalate esters than in aliphatic hydrocarbons with several NAPL-water interfacial areas. The differences were not the result of toxicity of the test NAPLs. The rates of partitioning of phenanthrene from NAPLs to water were faster with larger interfacial areas, but a consistent influence of interfacial area on the rate of mineralization was not evident. The measured rates of partitioning from NAPLs to water under sterile conditions varied among the NAPLs, the mass transfer rates being slower with phthalate esters than with alkanes. The rates of mineralization of phenanthrene initially in NAPLs were correlated with measured partitioning rates, but the rates of biodegradation were sometimes faster than the partitioning rates measured under sterile conditions. Although the rates of biodegradation of a constituent of nontoxic NAPLs are generally related to rates of mass transfer determined under sterile conditions, we suggest that the partitioning rate determined in the absence of microorganisms is not an adequate predictor of the maximum rate of biodegradation of such constituents.
Negotiating Community Engagement and Science in the Federal Environmental Public Health Sector

In this case study, I use ethnographic data to explore how community engagement and science are deployed at the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, with the goal of formulating an understanding of the personalized meanings of science‐community relations for key environmental public health experts. In focus is the cultural discourse circulating in the agency that exposes the real concerns, beliefs, and attitudes of these scientists and experts vis-` a-vis their community engagement experiences. Finally, I propose that critical attention to the place of power relations, knowledge politics, and environmental justice are fundamental to studies of toxic contamination where commitments to community engagement and quality science are joined to form a positive research goal and where attempts are made to improve the conditions of quality environmental public health service.
Delay fault coverage: a realistic metric and an estimation technique for distributed path delay faults

In this paper, we propose a new and realistic definition of delay fault coverage, based on the percentage of fabricated faulty chips which can be detected as faulty by a given test set. This metric takes into account the probability distribution of delay fault sizes caused by fabrication process effects, as opposed to previously defined metrics which have been based primarily on the percentage of faults tested. In addition to proposing a realistic delay fault coverage metric, we also present a computationally viable scheme for using this metric to estimate the coverage of any given test set for a class of path delay faults caused by distributed fabrication process variations. We use the results for the ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits to demonstrate wide discrepancies between distributed path delay fault coverage estimates for robust test sets obtained using our realistic definition, and the ones obtained by using the traditional notion of coverage as the percentage of paths tested.
Simplified Technique for Modeling Piloted Rotorcraft Operations Near Ships

A simplified framework for evaluating a rotorcraft control system design in the overall operational context of task, pilot, and environment is provided for flight operations near ships. The approach uses a simplified, closed-form formulation for ship motion, a control algorithmic model of the human pilot, and a simplified technique for modeling atmospheric disturbances. An approach for estimating multiloop handling qualities is presented. The proposed methodology is exercised in an example of a rotorcraft in a station-keeping task near the deck of a high-speed ferry in the presence of significant environmental disturbances in terms of both ship motion and turbulence.
Role of MRI in the diagnosis and treatment of osteomyelitis in pediatric patients

Osteomyelitis is a significant cause of morbidity in children throughout the world. Multiple imaging modalities can be used to evaluate for suspected osteomyelitis, however magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has distinct advantages over other modalities given its ability to detect early changes related to osteomyelitis, evaluate the true extent of disease, depict extraosseous spread of infection, and help guide surgical management. MRI has assumed a greater role in the evaluation of osteomyelitis with the increase in musculoskeletal infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus which have unique imaging features that are well-demonstrated with MRI. This review focuses primarily on the use of MRI in the evaluation of osteomyelitis in children and will include a discussion of the clinically important and characteristic findings on MRI of acute bacterial osteomyelitis and related conditions.
Sensing a buried resonant object by single-channel time reversal

Scaled laboratory experiments are conducted to assess the efficacy of iterative, single-channel time reversal for enhancement of monostatic returns from resonant spheres in the free field and buried in a sediment phantom. Experiments are performed in a water tank using a broad-band piston transducer operating between 0.4 and 1.5 MHz and calibrated using free surface reflections. Solid and hollow metallic spheres, 6.35 mm in diameter, are buried in a consolidation of 128-mum-mean-diameter spherical glass beads. The procedure consists of exciting the target object with a broadband pulse, sampling the return using a finite time window, reversing the signal in time, and using this reversed signal as the source waveform for the next interrogation. Results indicate that the spectrum of the returns rapidly converges to the dominant mode in the backscattering response of the target. Signal-to-noise enhancement of the target echo is demonstrated for a target at several burial depths. Images generated by scanning the transducer over the location of multiple buried targets demonstrate the ability of the technique to distinguish between targets of differing type and to yield an enhancement of different modes within the response of a single target as a function of transducer position and processing bandwidth.
Drafting New York Civil-Litigation Documents: Part IV – The Complaint

This article, the fourth in a multi-part series, analyzes how to write a complaint in New York civil litigation.
Sex Matters, But to What Clinical Avail?

Despite substantial advances in mechanical circulatory support, cardiac transplantation remains the “gold standard” treatment option for eligible patients with American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology class D end-stage heart failure. Transplant survival rates have progressively improved at all time points, with 55% of recipients now surviving 10 years after transplantation, despite an increase in donor and recipient age and comorbidity and greater recipient urgency. Survival has improved with every 5- to 10-year era, but most of the mortality aversion is in the first 6 to 12 months.1,2 Article see p 401 In this issue of Circulation: Heart Failure , Weiss and colleagues3 from The Johns Hopkins University, evaluated United Network for Organ Sharing data on all first US adult heart transplantations from 1998 to 2007 (n=18,240). The authors show that female recipients had marginally ( P =0.06) worse 5-year survival than male recipients (absolute increase risk of 3.6%; 11% higher risk-adjusted mortality). However, the overall better survival in male recipients was present only in male recipients of a male donor; by using multivariable Cox modeling, they found that male recipients of a female donor (FD/MR) were 15% more likely to die than male recipients of a male donor (MD/MR). Moreover, after the addition of propensity adjustment for the likelihood of receiving a same-sex donor, the FD/MR group was 20% more likely to die than those male recipients who received a same-sex donor. The survivals of donor/recipient sex-matched female (FD/FR) and male (MD/MR) recipients were statistically indistinguishable after multivariable adjustment (with and without propensity adjustment), but when considered together, donor-recipient sex mismatches (FD/MR and MD/FR) were 14% ( P <0.001) more likely to have died at 5 years than the sex-matched group (MD/MR and FD/FR). However, among female recipients alone, the multivariable propensity-adjusted analysis revealed no increase in the risk of …
A class of majority decodable multiple solid burst-error correcting cyclic codes†

Abstract In this paper, a class of majority decodable solid burst-error correcting cyclic codes will be presented. The advantage of the cyclic codes presented is that the complexity of the decoding algorithm is independent of the multiplicity of the solid burst-error patterns. For the correction of single and double solid burst-error patterns, special parity check codes with modified decoding algorithm will be presented so that the number of check digits will be further reduced.
Incorporating Software Security into an Undergraduate Software Engineering Course

Secure software development has become a topic of increasing importance, as a general fear rises due to security holes, vulnerabilities, and attacks. To ensure the security of information in a society of file sharing, on-line business transactions, and e-communication, undergraduate students will soon be required to implement software security concepts into their software development processes as soon as they complete their degrees. Consequently, it is imperative for graduates of computer science departments to be trained in the fundamentals of information security and to gain hands-on experience with secure software development. To address this issue computer science educators at the undergraduate level are turning their attentions to incorporating security issues within traditional computer science courses. The paper describes an existing undergraduate software engineering course that has been modified to include software security concepts. Challenges and future work are also presented.
High-voltage junction-gate field-effect transistor with recessed gates

A new recessed-gate structure for vertical-channel junction field-effect transistors (JFET's) is described together with a self-aligned gate-source process developed to fabricate these devices. Using this technology, devices with groove depths ranging from 8 to 18 µm have been fabricated. The characteristics of these devices is described as a function of the groove depth. It has been found that the devices display pentode-like characteristics at low gate voltages and triode-like characteristics at high gate voltages. The blocking gain has been found to increase with groove depth. However, this is accompanied by an increase in the on-resistance and a decrease in the saturated drain current. Devices with gate breakdown voltages of up to 600 V have been fabricated with the recessed-gate structure. These high-voltage field-effect transistors (FET's) have a unity power gain cutoff frequency of 600 MHz and gate turn-off times of less than 25 ns.
Analytical Determination of Shock Response Spectra for an Impulse-Loaded Proportionally Damped System

Many military systems must be capable of sustained operation in the face of mechanical shocks due to projectile or other impacts. The most widely used method of quantifying a system’s vibratory transient response to shock loading is called the shock response spectrum (SRS). The system response for which the SRS is to be determined can be due, physically, either to a collocated or to a noncollocated shock loading. Taking into account both possibilities, one can define the SRS as follows: the SRS presents graphically the maximum transient response (output) of an imaginary ideal mass-spring-damper system at one point on a flexible structure, to a particular mechanical shock (input) applied to an arbitrary (perhaps noncollocated) point on the structure, as a function of the natural frequency of the imaginary mass-spring-damper system. For a response point sufficiently distant from the impact area, many Army platforms (such as vehicles) can be accurately treated as linear systems with proportional damping. In such cases the output due to an impulsive mechanical-shock input can be decomposed into exponentially decaying sinusoidal components, using normal-mode orthogonalization. Given a shock-induced loading comprising such components, this paper provides analytical expressions for the various common SRS forms. The analytical approach to SRS-determination can serve as a verification of, or an alternative to, the numerical approaches in current use for such systems. No numerical convolution is required, because the convolution integrals have already been accomplished analytically (and exactly), with the results incorporated into the algebraic expressions for the respective SRS forms.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Development of a hot tear indicator for steel castings

Abstract A hot tear indicator based on the physics of solidification and deformation is presented. This indicator is derived using available data from computer simulation of solidification and solid deformation. Hot tears form when the mushy zone is starved of liquid feeding and deformed in tension. The unfed tensile deformation causes a small additional porosity. A physical model based on a mass balance is developed to find the additional porosity formed. This additional porosity or porosity due to solid deformation (PSD) is a locator for initiation sites for hot tears in the casting, not a full tear predictor. Simulation results for various “T”-shaped steel castings show good agreement with previous experimental findings. Reducing the strain in the casting and increasing the feeding of the section are found to decrease the hot tear tendency.
STUDIES ON CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM METABOLISM IN DISEASE : II. CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM METABOLISM IN MULTIPLE CARTILAGINOUS EXOSTOSIS.

In the stabilized stage of exostosis calcium exchange differs little from that of a normal individual whether the abnormal subject is maintained upon a calcium-poor diet or upon one rich in this element. In the progressive stage of the disease calcium metabolism is markedly different from the normal in that calcium is lost from the body in large amounts when the subject is maintained upon a calcium-poor diet. This excessive elimination of calcium is by way of both the urine and feces in a normal ratio. When placed upon a calcium-rich diet calcium is retained to an extent not widely deviating from that obtained in normal subjects. A resumption to a calcium-poor diet again induces excessive calcium elimination. In the stabilized stage of exostosis magnesium excretion is two or three times greater than the intake whether the subject is maintained upon a diet poor or rich in magnesium. In the progressive stage of the disease the general type of magnesium excretion resembles that of the stabilized stage but the degree of elimination is not so marked. Magnesium added to the diet in the stabilized stage is promptly excreted. The same test applied to the progressive stage gives evidence of retention of some magnesium. The degree of retention, however, is much less than that shown by normal individuals. Absorption of both calcium and magnesium in exostosis is not inferior to that of normal subjects. The facts enumerated suggest that in the early stages of exostosis, that is during the proliferative cartilage changes, the progress of the disease may perhaps be checked by proper dietary procedure - restriction of calcium and magnesium intake.
How Psychology is Changing the Punishment Theory Debate

This brief essay reviews the contributions that social psychology is making the debate among criminal law theorists on the proper principle for the distribution of criminal liability and punishment. Included is a discussion of suggestions that deterrence may be ineffective as a distributive principle, that incapacitation of dangerous persons may be effective but might be more effective if pursued through a detention system distinct from the criminal justice system, and that desert as a distributive principle, ironically, might be the most effective for controlling crime.
Impact of murine intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV expression on regional lipid absorption, gene expression, and growth

Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is synthesized by intestinal enterocytes during lipid absorption and secreted into lymph on the surface of nascent chylomicrons. A compelling body of evidence supports a central role of apoA-IV in facilitating intestinal lipid absorption and in regulating satiety, yet a longstanding conundrum is that no abnormalities in fat absorption, feeding behavior, or weight gain were observed in chow-fed apoA-IV knockout (A4KO) mice. Herein we reevaluated the impact of apoA-IV expression in C57BL6 and A4KO mice fed a high-fat diet. Fat balance and lymph cannulation studies found no effect of intestinal apoA-IV gene expression on the efficiency of fatty acid absorption, but gut sac transport studies revealed that apoA-IV differentially modulates lipid transport and the number and size of secreted triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in different anatomic regions of the small bowel. ApoA-IV gene deletion increased expression of other genes involved in chylomicron assembly, impaired the ability of A4KO mice to gain weight and increase adipose tissue mass, and increased the distal gut hormone response to a high-fat diet. Together these findings suggest that apoA-IV may play a unique role in integrating feeding behavior, intestinal lipid absorption, and energy storage.
Japan's political economy in comparative perspective: Macroeconomic policy and wage coordination

. Japan has received conflicting assessments in the comparative political economy literature. This article seeks to identify the location of Japan's political economy within a comparative framework, building on recent analyses of macroeconomic policy and wage coordination. The author examines empirical records and shows that Japan's regime is best considered ‘Keynesian centralization’, rather than ‘monetarist (semi)decentralization’, in light of its effective wage coordination and its anti-inflationary but flexibly accommodating macroeconomic policy. When there was national consensus on macroeconomic conservatism, Japan implemented restrictive policy and resembled monetarist centralization. However, Japan's monetarist centralization did not lead to distributional conflicts and high unemployment because its decentralized but coordinated wage bargaining and weak labor made it possible for employers and unions to achieve national diffusion of wage restraint without facing solidaristic wage demands by low-paid workers.
Frequency of Sample Submission for Optimal Utilization of the Cell Culture Cytotoxicity Assay for Detection of Clostridium difficile Toxin

We reviewed the results of repeated sample submissions within a 7-day time frame for Clostridium difficile toxin testing. A total of 2,940 samples were tested during a 3-month period using a cell culture cytotoxicity assay (CCCA). The results from all second samples (n = 1,101) were concordant with the original test result. In only two cases (0.8%; n = 247) was a third sample positive when the first two samples were negative. In this study, submission of multiple samples for CCCA did not increase detection of Clostridium difficile infection.
Pre-death grief in the context of dementia caregiving: a concept analysis.

Aim The aim of this study was to report on an analysis of the concept of pre-death grief in the context of dementia family caregiving. Background Research indicates that witnessing changes and losses in a family member with dementia can lead to pre-death grief. Pre-death grief is associated with depression, burden and maladaptive caregiver coping. However, the concept lacks a refined definition and blurs with similar constructs. Design Concept analysis using a hybrid of Penrod and Hupcey's principle-based concept analysis and Chin and Kramer's conceptualization of meaning. Data Sources 49 peer-reviewed papers (2000–2013) that addressed pre-death grief in dementia family caregivers were used for the principle-based analysis; two examples from the popular media were used for the analysis of conceptual meaning. Methods The scientific papers were examined for epistemological, linguistic, pragmatic and logical clarity. The two examples from the popular media were explored for conceptual meaning. Results Pre-death grief in the context of dementia caregiving is a meaningful concept found in the popular media. From a scholarly point of view, it is an emerging concept. A definition is offered to advance conceptual clarity. Discussion focuses on advancing the concept into a situation-specific middle-range theory of pre-death grief in family caregiving. Conclusions The concept of pre-death grief has salience for researchers and caregivers. This analysis lays the foundation for use of the concept in nursing research and practice across cultural, environmental and illness domains.
A Bayesian approach for the analysis of panel-count data with dependent termination.

Summary. We consider modeling and Bayesian analysis for panel-count data when the termination time for each subject may depend on its history of the recurrent events. We propose a fully specified semiparametric model for the joint distribution of the recurrent events and the termination time. For this model, we provide a natural motivation, derive several novel properties, and develop a Bayesian analysis based on a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. Comparisons are made to other existing models and methods for panel-count data. We demonstrate the usefulness of our new models and methodologies through the reanalysis of a data set from a clinical trial.
DMLC leaf‐pair optimal control of IMRT delivery for a moving rigid target

In dynamic multileaf collimation (DMLC), pairs of servo-controlled leaves sweep across the target to deliver the modulated radiation intensity map while the beam is on continuously. The mathematical model for dynamic, optimal control of a single leaf pair has been developed for the case of a rigid target, translating parallel to the leaf trajectories. This mathematical model ensures delivery of the modulated intensity map while minimizing beam-on time. Numerical solutions of the model are presented here for optimal IMRT delivery for stationary and oscillating targets, together with a discussion of the results. Comparisons between solutions for stationary and mobile targets, as well as comparisons between optimal and suboptimal algorithms, are provided. These comparisons allow us to estimate potential gains in the effectiveness of DMLC IMRT delivery when it is based on optimal algorithms.
Supporting Face-to-Face Like Communication Modalities for Asynchronous Assignment Feedback in Math Education

The digitization of educational course content has proved to be problematic for math instructors due to the lack of quality feedback tools that can accommodate the commenter to efficiently express math formulae and convey descriptions about complex ideas contextualized in situ. This paper proposes that RichReview, a document annotation system which creates inking, voice and deictic gestures on top of the student's submitted work, is a possible formative math feedback solution, because it enables face-to-face like commentary within the contexts of the document at hand. A preliminary qualitative evaluation study conducted while having students receive RichReview feedback showed promise to our approach to enhance the quality of feedback, with the implication that incorporating multi-modal feedback into workflows can be an effective method to address elements of feedback submissions lacking in coursework that has moved online.
Partial Anterior Petrosectomy: Old Wine, New Bottle

Transpetrosal approaches that involve resection of various portions of the petrous bone to gain access to lesions in the petrous apex, brainstem, and tentorial incisura have existed for many years. With the rapid advances in endovascular neurosurgery and improved morbidity and mortality profile of these techniques, surgery for newly diagnosed posterior circulation aneurysms has taken a back seat. Also, the profile of aneurysms that are being referred for surgical clipping has changed, and an increasing number of complex aneurysms is being clipped. These complex aneurysms include giant aneurysms, aneurysms that develop after coiling, and aneurysms with contraindications to endovascular treatment. Because the number of aneurysms being surgically clipped has decreased, neurosurgeons-in-training have less exposure to their surgical management. In the study by Fukuda et al., the authors describe the partial anterior petrosectomy (P-ATP) technique in cadaver heads and its application in the surgical management of a patient with ruptured upper basilar trunk aneurysm. The P-ATP involves removal of the bone medial to the internal carotid artery with anterior translocation of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial
Factors associated with symptoms of reproductive tract infection/sexually transmitted infection and treatment seeking behavior among men in Tamil Nadu, India

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) Programme of Action paid attention to male sexual and reproductive health issues including RTI/STI as well as infertility, sexual dysfunction and sexual violence. In India, male reproductive health problems had been recognized as a public health issue. This paper is an attempt to examine the determinants of prevalence of RTI/STI and treatment seeking behavior and their socio-economic and demographic characteristics in Tamil Nadu, India by using the data of the District Level Household Survey-Reproductive and Child Health Survey, 2002-04. The logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with symptoms of RTI/STI and treatment seeking behavior for RTI/STI symptoms respectively. The study results indicated that about 2.8% of respondents reported at least one symptom of RTI/STI. One-fifth (19.5%) of them had reported two or more symptoms. Among those who reported symptoms, 45.5% of men sought treatment from some sources. Multivariate analysis revealed that men residing in the Inland region, belonging to Muslim, men with high standard of living, and aware about HIV/AIDS were sig-nificantly less likely to report symptoms of RTI/STI. Men whose wife reported experience of symptoms of RTI/STI are significantly more likely to report symptom of RTI/STI. Further, men whose wife experienced symptoms of RTI/STI, and who ever discussed RTI/STI symptoms with their wife were significantly more likely to seek treatment from pubic as well as private health facility. The study suggests that there is an urgent need to address public health care services and a need to take necessary steps to provide quality health care and user friendly sexual and reproductive health care services. South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.4(2) 2014: 7-15
Architectures for BISDN networks : a performance study

We explore the use of the two current architectures for broadband integrated services digital networks (BISDN) as being defined in IEEE P802.6 (local and metropolitan area network)1 and ANSI-accredited Committee T1's T1S1.5 baseline document.2 The standard currently defines procedures for the median access control (MAC) layer and interfaces for some upper layer services. We, therefore, use the two services defined by the adaptation layer, namely messaging and streaming, to compare their relative performance. It is shown that many conditions are necessary for streaming to out-perform messaging. We then simulate the performance behaviour of these signalling protocols required for the isochronous services of IEEE P802.6 to determine end-to-end delay. This allows us to extend such predictions to the use of IEEE P802.6 as a backbone for concatenated LANs.
Spatial data visualization in healthcare: supporting a facility location decision via GIS-based market analysis

As the business of healthcare continues to evolve, it is increasingly important for hospital systems to optimize the quality of capital investment decisions. Since proximity to services plays a major role in an individual's choice of healthcare provider, decisions concerning facility location and function are crucial. The paper describes an application of spatial data visualization to support the decisions of locating and sizing a proposed Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) within a system's network of rural hospitals. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyze publicly available and system-specific data. The discovered patterns of healthcare system market share and customer travel were key drivers in the decision-making process. The application provides a good example of using a spatial data mining tool as a powerful step in the knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) process.
Democratic Governance and Policy Networks Immigration Reform

Debate continues in the United States on amendments to the Immigration Act that would give about 11 Millions of illegal immigrants, the right to obtain U.S. citizenship. Immigration file is one of issues adopted by President Barack Obama during the campaign for the presidency for a second term, which won 70 percent of US Hispanics.
The Effect of Gate Geometry on the Charging Characteristics of Metal Nanocrystal Memories

This study presents the effect of gate geometry on the charging characteristics of metal nanocrystal memories. The effect is studied by varying the perimeter to area ratio, number of convex corners and concave corners of the gate of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor with embedded gold nanocrystals. It can be observed that the nanocrystal charging rate increases for a smaller perimeter to area ratio. The presence of concave and convex corners increases the nanocrystal charging rate. Based on this study it is expected that gate geometries with low perimeter to area ratio and with selected convex and concave corners would increase the nanocrystal charging rate.
Doa1 is a MAD adaptor for Cdc48

Dislocation of polypeptides from the mitochondrial outer membrane by the p97/Cdc48-Ufd1-Npl4 adenosine triphosphatase complex is essential for mitochondria-associated degradation and Parkin-mediated mitophagy. In this issue, Wu et al. (2016.J. Cell Biol.http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510098) identify Doa1 as a pivotal adaptor that recruits substrates to Cdc48 for processing.
DFT Study of the Electronic Properties of LaOCl Surfaces

We use density functional theory to study the properties of low index flat faces (i.e., not having steps) of lanthanum oxychloride LaOCl. We calculate the surface energies and the energies to make oxygen and chlorine vacancies on the surface by producing 1/2O2 or 1/2Cl2 in the gas phase. We find that the electrons left behind when the vacancies are formed are localized at the vacancy site, making these sites very reactive with electrophiles. It is also possible to make Cl vacancies by a spillover process (a Cl atom leaves its lattice site to move onto the surface) but these vacancies are not chemically active. We show that p-doping, with dopants having lower valence than La, will facilitate oxygen or chlorine vacancy formation.
Planetary nebulae: 20 years of Hubble inquiry

The Hubble Space Telescope has served the critical roles of microscope and movie camera in the past 20 years of research on planetary nebulae (“PNe”). We have glimpsed the details of the evolving structures of neutral and ionized post-AGB objects, built ingenious heuristic models that mimic these structures, and constrained most of the relevant physical processes with careful observations and interpretation. We have searched for close physical binary stars with spatial resolution ~50 AU at 1 AU, located jets emerging from the nucleus at speeds up to 2000 km s −1 and matched newly discovered molecular and X-ray emission regions to physical substructures in order to better understand how stellar winds and ionizing radiation interact to form the lovely symmetries that are observed. Ultraviolet spectra of CNO in PNe help to uncover how stars process deep inside AGB stars with unstable nuclear burning zones. HST broadband imaging has been at the forefront of uncovering surprisingly complex wind morphologies produced at the tip of the AGB, and has led to an increasing realization of the potentially vital roles of close binary stars and emerging magnetic fields in shaping stellar winds.
Adaptive credible intervals on stratigraphic ranges when recovery potential is unknown

Numerous methods exist for estimating the true stratigraphic range of a fossil taxon based on the stratigraphic positions of its fossil occurrences. Many of these methods require the assumption of uniform fossil recovery potential—that fossils are equally likely to be found at any point within the taxon's true range. This assumption is unrealistic, because factors such as stratigraphic architecture, sampling effort, and the taxon's abundance and geographic range affect recovery potential. Other methods do not make this assumption, but they instead require a priori quantitative knowledge of recovery potential that may be difficult to obtain. We present a new Bayesian method, the Adaptive Beta method, for estimating the true stratigraphic range of a taxon that works for both uniform and non- uniform recovery potential. In contrast to existing methods, we explicitly estimate recovery potential from the positions of the occurrences themselves, so that a priori knowledge of recovery potential is not required. Using simulated datasets, we compare the performance of our method with existing methods. We show that the Adaptive Beta method performs well in that it achieves or nearly achieves nominal coverage probabilities and provides reasonable point estimates of the true extinction in a variety of situations. We demonstrate the method using a dataset of the Cambrian mollusc Anabarella.