cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Purpose, Participant Preconceptions, and Rating Level on the Acceptance of Peer Evaluations

This study investigates the effects of appraisal purpose (feedback vs. grading), participant preconceptions, and favorability of the peer ratings on user acceptance of peer evaluations in an experiential management course. The results indicate more favorable acceptance of the peer evaluations when used for grading purposes and when initially viewed as beneficial. The validity of the research setting as well as possible explanations of these results are discussed, followed by suggestions for future research on the acceptability of peer evaluations as a management tool.
Health-related quality of life of youth with inflammatory bowel disease: a comparison with published data using the PedsQL 4.0 generic core scales

Background: This study compared youth and parent-proxy reports of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among youth with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to published comparison group data and examined concordance between youth and parent-proxy reports of HRQoL. Methods: One hundred thirty-six youth and parent-proxy reports on the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales were compared to published data from chronically ill, acutely ill, and healthy comparison groups using independent samples t-tests. Reporter agreement was examined using paired samples t-tests and intraclass correlations (ICCs). Results: Youth with IBD reported lower psychosocial functioning than the healthy comparison group, higher physical and social functioning than the chronically ill group, and lower school functioning than all published comparison groups. Parent-proxy reports of youth HRQoL were higher than the chronically ill group, but lower than the healthy group on all scales except psychosocial functioning. Youth with active IBD reported lower physical health domain scores than youth with inactive disease. Concordance between youth and parent-proxy reports was moderate, with the lowest agreement in school and social functioning. Conclusions: Youth with IBD and their parents rate HRQoL as lower than healthy youth but do not perceive the impact of IBD to be as limiting as in other chronic conditions. Youth report suggests that IBD may be particularly detrimental to HRQoL in the school functioning domain. Moderate agreement between parent and youth reports substantiates continued use of multiple informants in studies of pediatric HRQoL. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010
Dignity, social power and classless society

(1971). Dignity, social power and classless society. The Philosophy Forum: Vol. 10, No. 3-4, pp. 277-291.
Therapeutic community treatment for alcohol abusers: a one-year multivariate outcome evaluation.

This article describes the development of an alcohol treatment unit in a Veterans Hospital. The focus is on therapeutic philosophy, staffing patterns, and a critical evaluation and examination of issues related to program evaluation.
A Study on Vibration-Induced Fretting Degradation in Connector Systems

Vibration-induced fretting degradation is widely known as a major problem for electrical connectors. At present, much of the evaluation of fretting propensity for particular connector designs and the influence of variations in those designs on fretting performance is conducted through exhaustive experimental testing. Therefore, a simulation based method to predict the influence of various design factors would be beneficial to those responsible for connector design and application. In the authors’ previous work, a combined experimental and modeling study of vibration-induced fretting degradation was conducted for a single blade/receptacle connector pair. However, in actual application, multiple pin connector system are typically used. Thus, studying a complete connector system is an appropriate next step in investigating the relative influence of connector system characteristics on fretting degradation. In this study, a simplified 2-D model was developed using ABAQUS. A series of parallel simulation and corresponding experiments were performance. Good correlation between the experimentally observed results and those predicted by the models was observed.© 2009 ASME
Effective, selective hydroalkoxylation/cyclization of alkynyl and allenyl alcohols mediated by lanthanide catalysts.

Catalytic hydroalkoxylation/cyclization reactions of alkynyl and allenyl alcohols are efficiently mediated by homoleptic lanthanide amides Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Y, and Lu). Conversions are found to be highly selective with products distinctly different from those produced by conventional transition metal catalysts. Turnover frequencies as high as 18.0 h-1 at 60 °C are observed. Kinetic studies indicate that these transformations are zero-order in [substrate] and first-order in [catalyst]. Catalytic cycles are proposed in which insertion of C−C unsaturation into a Ln−O bond is turnover-limiting.
The Effects of in Vitro and Aerosol Exposures to Cadmium on Phagocytosis by Rat Pulmonary Macrophages

Abstract Aerosol exposures of rats were performed to assess the in vivo effects of cadmium on the phagocytosis of latex particles by pulmonary macrophages. An in vitro assay for particle uptake was devised which allowed quantification of phagocytosis by adhering and nonadhering macrophages. In vitro exposure to CdCl 2 caused dose-dependent decreases in viability (trypan blue exclusion), percentage cells with particles, total number of particles phagocytized, and the ability of the macrophages to adhere to a siliconized glass surface. In vivo effects were studied following 30-min aerosol exposures to 1.5 mg/m 3 Cd (MMAD = 0.35 μm, σ g = 1.45) or 5.0 mg/m 3 Cd (MMAD = 0.45 μm, σ g = 1.60) as CdCl 2 . Phagocytic activity in the in vitro test system was increased immediately and at Day 1 in the low exposure group. However, following exposure to 5.0 mg/m 3 Cd, phagocytic activity was depressed until 8 days postexposure. The results show that cadmium is capable of modifying the phagocytic ability of macrophages in vivo as well as in vitro . Determinations of the total number of particles phagocytized were found to be more sensitive than percentage cells phagocytizing in detecting the effects of cadmium exposure.
Reformulation of Rothermel's wildland fire behaviour model for heterogeneous fuelbeds.

The Fuel Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) includes equations that calculate energy release and one-dimensional spread rate in quasi-steady state fires in heterogeneous but spatially-unif...
Synthesis and evaluation of a copolymeric chiral stationary phase

Abstract A copolymer based on a broadly applicable chiral selector has been synthesized by hydrosilylation of an enantiopure diallyl derivative of 4-(3,5-dinitrobenzamido)-3-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene with a difunctional oligomethylhydrosiloxane. The linear copolymer has alternating selector–oligomer units, providing a well-defined strand. The spacing between the chiral units is controlled by the length of the oligomethylhydrosiloxane units. This new chiral stationary phase shows improved chromatographic performance relative to its brush-type and sidechain-modified polysiloxane analogs, as evidenced by data obtained by high-performance liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography. The copolymeric CSP affords increased enantioselectivity under cryogenic conditions and loses little chromatographic efficiency at optimized flow-rates under these conditions.
Estimation of instantaneous TOA albedo at 670 nm over ice clouds from POLDER multidirectional measurements

An algorithm that determines the 670-nm top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedo of ice clouds over ocean using Polarization and Directionality of the Earth's Reflectance ( POLDER) multidirectional measurements is developed. A plane-parallel layer of ice cloud with various optical thicknesses and light scattering phase functions is assumed. For simplicity, we use a double Henyey-Greenstein phase function to approximate the volume-averaged phase function of the ice clouds. A multidirectional reflectance best-fit match between theoretical and POLDER reflectances is used to infer effective cloud optical thickness, phase function and TOA albedo. Sensitivity tests show that while the method does not provide accurate independent retrievals of effective cloud optical depth and phase function, TOA albedo retrievals are accurate to within similar to 3% for both a single layer of ice clouds or a multilayer system of ice clouds and water clouds. When the method is applied to POLDER measurements and retrieved albedos are compared with albedos based on empirical angular distribution models (ADMs), zonal albedo differences are generally smaller than similar to 3%. When albedos are compared with those on the POLDER-I ERB and Cloud product, the differences can reach similar to 15% at small solar zenith angles.
The Search for the Ideal Thrombolytic Agent: Maximize the Benefit and Minimize the Risk

Streptokinase, acylated plasminogen streptokinase complex, and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) are widely used for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. These thrombolytic agents restore blood flow in occluded coronary arteries, salvage myocardial function, and decrease mortality. The success of thrombolytic therapy depends on the prompt and stable recanalization of the occluded blood vessel. Hemorrhagic events undermine the safety of fibrinolytic agents. Most bleeding complications occur at vascular puncture sites and can be avoided by limiting invasive procedures; however, an increased incidence of devastating intracranial bleeds is also encountered. The cause of thrombolytic-induced intracranial hemorrhage is unknown but may be due to lysis of protective hemostatic plugs. Another potential contributor to bleeding is activation of circulating plasminogen by the exogenous plasminogen activator to yield fluid-phase plasmin. Plasmin is a promiscuous proteinase that degrades many proteins th...
Further studies on the structure of vaccinia virus

Abstract The fine structure of the different forms of vaccinia virus observed in the electron microscope by means of negative contrast is presented and discussed. The mature intact particle has a surface covering of 150-A projections which are easily denatured to form surface cords. The cords and projections are probably formed from small ringlike or tubular subunits covered with an adherent envelope. Penetration of the phosphotungstate into the particle reveals a double membrane system and an internal nucleoid. Particles ruptured by high frequency sound show internal filaments of about 20 A in diameter which may be the DNa macromolecules of the virus.
ZGS Feedback System

In this paper, we investigate the beam phase damping techniques employed in the ZGS. Phase oscillation frequencies have been measured at various times during acceleration. Response data taken on all systems involved with phase and radial position measurement have been used to calculate the phase and radial position responses. These results compare favorably with responses measured on the ZGS with accelerated beam.
A Typology of Undergraduate Students' Conceptions of Size and Scale: Identifying and Characterizing Conceptual Variation.

The importance of ''size and scale'' in nanoscience and engineering has been recognized by both scientists and science educators. A solid understanding of this concept is key to the learning of nanoscience. Students, however, have been reported to have considerable difficulty grasping this concept; yet little is known regarding their state of understanding. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a series of studies that were aimed at exploring the different ways students conceive of ''size and scale'' in the context of undergraduate nanoscience and engineering courses. Informed by Variation Theory of Learning (Marton and Booth, 1997), we identified four major categories (with two sub-categories within each) of student conception—fragmented, linear, proportional, and logarithmic. These conception categories, together with the aspects of variation that characterize and distinguish them, are summarized in a typology. In addition to serving as a diagnostic tool to describe students' understanding, this typology can also be used to guide the development of instructional interventions that facilitate students to move toward a more sophisticated understanding of ''size and scale.'' 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 48: 512-533, 2011
Religion, Religiosity, and Nonmarital Sexual Conduct: An Application of Reference Group Theory

The research reported within examines two hypotheses derived from reference group theory regarding the inverse effects of religiosity on the prevalence of premarital, extramarital, and homosexual relations across faith groups. The first hypothesis asserts that the strength of these inverse religiosity effects varies systematically across faith groups, such that as religious proscriptiveness increases, the effect of religiosity increases. The second hypothesis predicts that there will also be systematic variation in these effects across these forms of nonmarital sexual relations such that faith group variation in the effects of personal religiosity will be most evident with regard to premarital sexual relations but relatively invariant with regard to extramarital and homosexual relations. Using logistic regression analyses with data available in the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) 1988-1996 General Social Surveys, we find a mixed pattern of results which provides limited support for these hypotheses.
High‐intensity functional training improves functional movement and body composition among cancer survivors: a pilot study

This pilot study investigated feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a high-intensity functional training (HIFT) group-exercise programme among adult cancer survivors within 5 years of last cancer treatment. Eight participants were assigned to a 5-week, 3 days/week HIFT intervention with four testing sessions and 12 workouts along with mobility and stretching exercises. Feasibility was assessed by initiation, adherence, and acceptability. Efficacy was determined by changes from baseline to post-test in health-related quality of life, body composition and functional movement. The recruitment rate was 80% and the adherence rate was 75%. Significant improvements were found for emotional functioning (P = 0.042) and body composition (lean mass +3.8 ± 2.1 kg, P = 0.008; fat mass -3.3 ± 1.0 kg, P = 0.001; body fat percentage -4.7 ± 1.2%, P < 0.001). Participants also significantly improved on five of seven functional movements: balance (P = 0.032), carrying a weighted object (P = 0.004), lower body strength and power (P = 0.009), aerobic capacity and endurance (P = 0.039), and perceived difficulty for flexibility (P = 0.012). Five weeks of HIFT training was well-received and feasible for most cancer survivors, and effective for improving emotional functioning, body composition and functional movement.
Empirical evidence for a model of operator reaction to alerting systems

A sample of aviation safety reports related to the Ground Proximity Warning System was pulled from the Aviation Safety Reporting System. These reports were used to evaluate a model of operator reaction to alerting systems, particularly focusing on cases of noncompliance. The model posited that operators try to define a causal path from the distal situation triggering the alert (which is generally unknown) to the proximal cues. The model implies that alert response behavior can be influenced by manipulating those factors that affect the ability to construct this mapping. Based on the examination of the reports, two refinements of the model are proposed. First, the ability to define a causal path is affected by time pressure; only those paths that can be verified are checked. Second, the paths are checked against preconceptions based on the task situation. These findings may have implications for the design of procedures and alerting systems.
A Note on Star-Free Events

It is shown that a short proof of the equivalence of star-free and group-free regular events is possible if one is willing to appeal to the Krohn-Rhodes machine decomposition theorem.
A mindset for strategic thinking: Conceptual synthesis of the capacity for strategic insight

Strategic thinking is an important business imperative and core competency for management in today’s global environment. This paper provides a conceptual synthesis of a new construct for identifyin...
Real-time PCR detection of Campylobacter spp. in free-ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei).

Health monitoring of wildlife populations can greatly benefit from rapid, local, noninvasive molecular assays for pathogen detection. Fecal samples collected from free-living Virunga mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) between August 2002 and February 2003 were tested for Campylobacter spp. DNA using a portable, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instrument. A high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was detected in both individually identified (22/26=85%) and nest-collected samples (68/114=59.6%), with no statistically significant differences among different gorilla sexes or age classes or between tourist-visited versus research gorilla groups. The PCR instrument was able to discriminate two distinct groups of Campylobacter spp. in positive gorilla samples based on the PCR product fluorescent-probe melting profiles. The rare type (6/90 positives, 7%, including three mixed cases) matched DNA sequences of Campylobacter jejuni and was significantly associated with abnormally soft stools. The more common type of positive gorilla samples (87/90 positives, 97%) were normally formed and contained a Campylobacter sp. with DNA matching no published sequences. We speculate that the high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. detected in gorilla fecal samples in this survey mostly reflects previously uncharacterized and nonpathogenic intestinal flora. The real-time PCR assay was more sensitive than bacterial culture with Campylobacter-specific media and commercially available, enzyme immunoassay tests for detecting Campylobacter spp. in human samples.
Under Construction: How Narrative Elements Shape Qualitative Research

This article considers how narrative constructs could be used to strengthen the writing process. The authors outline the narratological devices of plot, point of view, authorial distance, and character, and examine how these concepts can be used when writing with qualitative data. Narratological tools equip the researcher to selectively manage the presentation of data to tell an appropriate story. As part of the research process, scholars should consider what kind of story they seek to tell through the data.
A Theoretical Study on the Structure of Cyclohexylaminoglutethimide: A Potent Aromatase Inhibitor. Comparison of the Three Configurations of the Cyclohexyl Moiety

This paper reports on studies of the theoretical geometrical structure of the three configurations forms of cyclohexylamino-glutethimide, chemically known as 3-cyclohexyl-3-(4-aminophenyl)-2,6-piperidinedione. The semi-empirical method AM1 was used to optimize the structures. In the minimum energy state the geometries of non cyclohexyl portion of the three molecules are quite similar. Dipole moments, charge density distributions, and electrostatic potential distributions are not important in this set of molecules. The torsion angles point to the significance of the geometries and their respective stability for these three forms namely the chair, boat, and twisted configuration of the cyclohexyl moiety.
Species-Level Identification of Staphylococcal Isolates by Real-Time PCR and Melt Curve Analysis

A real-time PCR assay was developed to identify common staphylococcal species. A single set of consensus primers was designed to amplify a portion of the 16S rRNA gene, and a pair of fluorescence resonance energy transfer probes was used to identify species based on the unique melt properties of the probes resulting from sequence variations in the amplicons from each species. Nine common staphylococcal strains (S. aureus, S. capitis, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. schleiferi, S. simulans, and S. warneri) were used for assay development. The species-specific melting profiles were validated by correctly identifying 36 of 37 coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) isolates identified by ribotyping. In a study of clinical isolates, the PCR/melt curve approach correctly identified 56/56 S. aureus isolates identified by coagulase/protein A latex agglutination. Fifty-four CoNS clinical isolates characterized using the API Staph assay were studied, with the PCR/melt curve approach yielding matching identifications for 32/54 (59%). The API Staph assay was unable to identify 18 CoNS isolates, and differing results were obtained for 4 isolates. Sequencing of the 22 discrepant or unidentified CoNS samples revealed that the PCR/melt curve results were correct for all but one isolate. Thus, PCR/melt curve analysis achieved a nearly 100% accuracy and performed better than biochemical testing. Performance of the PCR/melt curve approach requires less than 2 h after colony selection. This method thus provides a rapid and accurate approach to the identification of staphylococcal species in the clinical laboratory.
Overview Of Fiber Optic Test Methods And Test Concepts For Shipboard Applications

The Navy is currently involved with the development of component specifications and standards for the procurement, installation, and maintenance of fiber optic shipboard systems. This effort has been complicated by the lack of pertinent test data, calibration standards, and adopted test methods. Furthermore, shipboard requirements for fiber optic systems often contrast with those typical of industrial applications. Specifically, the Navy is concerned with short-haul networking, high data rates, enhanced survivability and reliability, and deployment in adverse environments. To reduce component costs and to facilitate procurement processess for shipboard fiber optic systems, the initial effort involved reviewing and evaluating existing military and industry test standards, and adopting or modifying them as necessary. Here is presented an overview of the initial effort to standardize Navy test concepts for fiber optic shipboard applications. These concepts will provide the foundation for system maintenance standards and lend predictability to reliability modelling.
The effects of long term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil

Anthropogenic N deposition affects litter decomposition and soil organic matter (SOM) storage through multiple mechanisms. Microbial community responses to long-term N deposition were investigated in a sugar maple-dominated forest in northern Michigan during the 1998– 2000 growing seasons. Litter and soil were collected from three fertilized plots (30 kg N ha 21 y 21 ) and three control plots. The activities of 10 extracellular enzymes (EEA) were assayed. ANOVA and meta-analysis techniques were used to compare treatment responses. EEA responses to N amendment were greater in litter than in soil (litter mean effect size [d ] ¼ 0.534 std. dev.; soil d ¼ 0:308). Urease, acid phosphatase and glycosidase (b-glucosidase, a-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, b-xylosidase) activities increased in both soil and litter; mean responses ranged from 7 to 56%. N-Acetylglucosaminidase activity increased 14% in soil but decreased 4% in litter. Phenol oxidase activity dropped 40% in soil, but increased 63% in litter. These responses suggest that N deposition has increased litter decomposition rate and depressed SOM decomposition. In previous studies, loss of phenol oxidase activity in response to N deposition has been attributed to suppression of lignin-degrading basidiomycetes. However, the decline of this activity in bacterially-dominated soil suggest that N inhibition of recalcitrant organic matter decomposition may be a more general phenomenon. q 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Broadly neutralizing hemagglutinin stalk–specific antibodies require FcγR interactions for protection against influenza virus in vivo

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that bind the stalk domain of the influenza hemagglutinin glycoprotein have been shown to have broadly neutralizing activity against diverse influenza subtypes. In this study, DiLillo et al. report that, unlike strain-specific anti–hemagglutinin head domain mAbs, anti-stalk mAbs can mediate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and require interactions with Fc receptors for their in vivo neutralizing activity.
Transparent Plastic Microplasma Flexible Light Sources

We report on the first microplasma devices with cavities that are fabricated on both rigid and flexible transparent substrates by a polymer-based replica molding process. The process enables accurate and inexpensive production of plasma pixels with dimensions an order of magnitude smaller than conventional plasma television pixels, large uniform pixel arrays, and channels of arbitrary shape. The replica molding process may be performed over large surface areas for applications including video display, heads-up displays, medical phototherapy, photopolymerization, and photonic circuit light sources
Pinnacle3 modeling and end-to-end dosimetric testing of a Versa HD linear accelerator with the Agility head and flattening filter-free modes

The Elekta Versa HD incorporates a variety of upgrades to the line of Elekta linear accelerators, primarily including the Agility head and flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam delivery. The completely distinct dosimetric output of the head from its predecessors, combined with the FFF beams, requires a new investigation of modeling in treatment planning systems. A model was created in Pinnacle3 v9.8 with the commissioned beam data. A phantom consisting of several plastic water and Styrofoam slabs was scanned and imported into Pinnacle3, where beams of different field sizes, source-to-surface distances (SSDs), wedges, and gantry angles were devised. Beams included all of the available photon energies (6, 10, 18, 6FFF, and 10 FFF MV), as well as the four electron energies commissioned for clinical use (6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV). The plans were verified at calculation points by measurement with a calibrated ionization chamber. Homogeneous and hetero-geneous point-dose measurements agreed within 2% relative to maximum dose for all photon and electron beams. AP photon open field measurements along the central axis at 100 cm SSD passed within 1%. In addition, IMRT testing was also performed with three standard plans (step and shoot IMRT, as well as a small- and large-field VMAT plan). The IMRT plans were delivered on the Delta4 IMRT QA phantom, for which a gamma passing rate was > 99.5% for all plans with a 3% dose deviation, 3 mm distance-to-agreement, and 10% dose threshold. The IMRT QA results for the first 23 patients yielded gamma passing rates of 97.4% ± 2.3%. Such testing ensures confidence in the ability of Pinnacle3 to model photon and electron beams with the Agility head.
Mobile Robot Coordinated Platooning: A Small-Scale Experimental Evaluation to Emulate Connected Vehicles

This paper presents the problem of mobile robots specialized coordinated motion, namely platooning from an experimental point of view. An experimental set-up consisting of multiple mobile robots is developed to emulate a scaled version of real life connected vehicles which will move in a platoon formation for enhanced efficiency, safety, and energy conservations. The autonomous motion of multiple robots could be coordinated through wireless communications between them and a lead robot. Different aspects and requirements of an experimental platform to accomplish this mission are discussed. A platooning scenario using our connected mobile robots is demonstrated in this paper. The efficiency of the described platform in implementing vehicle platooning strategies and the behavior of propagation error when there is no communication between robots is observed from this experiment.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War: The United States, Turkey, and NATO, 1945–1952

On March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress and made one of the most momentous addresses of the postwar era. Requesting $400 million in aid for Greece and Turkey, he emphasized that a "fateful hour" had arrived and that nations had to "choose between alternative ways of life." The United States, Truman insisted, had to support "free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." Greece, of course, was then beleaguered by civil war. Turkey, while enjoying remarkable internal stability, supposedly was subject to pressure from the Soviet Union, a constant war of nerves, and the prospect of outright Soviet aggression. Undersecretary of State Dean G. Acheson warned that if the United States did not act, three continents could fall prey to Soviet domination. 1 The international situation, of course, was far more complex than that described by Truman or Acheson. The president and his closest advisers simplified international realities in order to generate public support for unprecedented peacetime foreign-policy initiatives.2 Many scholars have demonstrated that the Greek civil war did not fall neatly into the category of Soviet aggression-American response. Developments in Turkey, however, have received far less attention.3
Analysis of the Flow Field in a Single Screw Extruder Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The flow field in an extruder was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique offers a non-destructive, non-invasive method for determining velocity profiles. Images of Newtonian and non-Newtonian solutions in a model single screw extruder have been obtained. The flow was characterized at extruder speeds in the range of 0–60 rpm for the two limiting cases: full closed discharge and full open discharge. The circulation pattern of the flow was seen by examining a series of time elapsed cross sectional images. Quantitative velocity information derived from the MR images agreed with theoretical predictions.
Summary of clinical research

Isolation of the opiate receptor and subsequent elucidation of a family of opiate-like peptides has dramatically opened a new era in our understanding of brain biology. Because of the extensive effects of opiates on behavior and mood, there has been a rapid introduction of these basic biochemical and pharmacological findings into clinical studies. The physiological roles of the various endorphins as neurotransmitters and endocrine effectors have yet to be clearly defined, but the dramatic implications for clinical medicine are such that basic and clinical studies have proceeded in parallel. This volume contains clinical studies of the effects of narcotic antagonists, the clinical and pharmacological effects of the endogenous opiate β-endorphin, studies examining the pharmacology of these substances in animals, and basic papers (reviewed by Pert and Pert, pp. 594-600) that appear to have clinical relevance.
Subaltern and Hegemonic Holidays

The temporal disjuncture of some ethnic weekly cycles in relation to the civil week that we have examined thus far is just one aspect of a larger problem of multicultural asynchronization. The yearly cycle is another aspect of this temporal disjuncture. New York city is traversed by several diasporic new years and other annual holidays that do not coincide with the official American New Year’s Day of the Gregorian calendar, with the official holidays of the state and federal government, or with each other. The Chinese celebrate the advent of their new year in February, the Iranians in March, and the Jews in September, for example.
Financial Advisers Can't Overlook the Prudent Investor Rule

This article calls attention to the Department of Labor’s imposition of the “prudent investor rule” on financial advisers to retirement savers. This article also canvasses the customary role of an investment policy statement in promoting compliance with the prudent investor rule by professional fiduciaries. In April 2016, the Department of Labor promulgated a rule that imposes on financial advisers to retirement savers “fiduciary” status under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. The Department reasoned that the fiduciary duty of loyalty was necessary to protect retirement savers from conflicted investment advice. But in addition to a duty of loyalty, ERISA fiduciary status also imposes a duty of care or prudence. And with respect to investment management, the fiduciary standard of care is governed by the “prudent investor rule.” The basic tenets of the prudent investor rule are grounded in modern portfolio theory. In short, the prudent investor rule requires diversification and an overall investment strategy having risk and return objectives reasonably suited to the purpose of the investment account.
Microbial Communication via Quorum Sensing

Chemical communication enables microbes to probe local cell density and coordinate collective behavior through a process known as quorum sensing (QS). In QS, microbes produce and detect small molecule signals, and the expression levels of many genes change in response to these signals. QS signals, known as autoinducers, potentially accumulate around the cell and relay information about environmental conditions, transport dynamics, and the number and identity of microbial neighbors. In this paper, we focus on the history of QS, the variety of molecular networks used by microbes to achieve QS, modeling approaches, and applications of QS control.
The Early Copenhagen Years: From Student to Apostle

It is surprising that a venture so haphazardly conceived as Kramers’ trip to Bohr led to such unquestioned successes. The motivation for Kramers’ departure from Holland Was general unhappiness with Leiden and Ehrenfest, and severe doubts and concerns about his ability to do genuine physics. He came to Bohr without introduction, help, or recommendation from those who made Leiden renowned. He came at a time when his personal problems were severe and he was in the midst of great uncertainty and confusion about his scientific goals. Yet on this most tenuous basis Kramers proceeded to accomplish a prodigious amount of significant work in an incredibly short period of time.
Epidural Hematoma Accidental Injury

A 7-month-old infant who suffered a fall from a washing machine and sustained a frontal epidural hematoma is reported from the Division of Neurosurgery, Oregon Health Sciences University.
Tuberculosis. Captain of all these men of death.

The intent of this review was to familiarize the reader with the fascinating history of TB. I quote from Robert Louis Stevenson: "It is not a hard thing to know what to write; the hard thing is to know what to leave out." Also, this review by its very nature must be incomplete. It is certain that TB was present before the beginning of recorded history; it also is certain that we have not yet seen the end of the white plague. In the United States, the number of reported cases of TB decreased from 84,304 in 1953 to 22,201 in 1985, an average annual decline of 5.8%. Unfortunately, however, the number of cases has been increasing since 1985. These cases are predominantly in racial/ethnic minorities, persons from 25 to 44 years of age, men, and immigrants. Human immunodeficiency virus infection is at least partly responsible for the increasing number of cases. Additionally, new strains of M. tuberculosis that are resistant to multiple antituberculous drugs are being seen more and more frequently. In the mid-twentieth century, it was widely believed that advances in antituberculous chemotherapy and radiographic diagnosis might result in eradication of TB; this hope has not been realized. It is obvious that new challenges exist, and that others may lie ahead. One hopes that further advances will be made that will enable us to control this greatest killer of mankind, "The Captain of All These Men of Death."
THE STRESS OF BEING BORN

Remarkably high levels of catecholamines were found in the umbilical blood of newborn infants.1 The levels were approximately 20-fold higher after normal birth than in resting adults.2 Extremely high levels were seen after instrumental delivery and/or asphyxia. On the other hand, relatively low levels were seen after elective C-section. At about the same time Walters and Olver3 reported that the adrenaline surge in newborn lambs stimulated lung liquid absorption. We could also demonstrate that the transient tachypnoea often seen after elective C-section could be prevented by beta-adrenergic stimulation with terbutaline.4 Furthermore, infants born after C-section lacking the catecholamine surge more often suffered from hypoglycaemia and hypothermia. The activation of the noradrenergic system in the brain may be responsible for the arousal seen in newborn infants.5 Recently, we have also demonstrated that newborns are less sensitive to pain. Thus the stress of being born seems to be good for the baby.2 The catecholamine surge is probably triggered by the squeezing and squashing of the fetal head, although asphyxia could enhance the release of more catecholamines. Birth is not only associated with a surge of neurohormones, but also by the activation of genes, particularly transcription factors.5
BRIDGING THE SERVICE GAP FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH MENTAL HEALTH NEEDS

Although emotional well-being generally increases with age, many older adults are at risk for poor mental health. Declining physical health and increased social isolation place many at risk for depression and anxiety. Also, people who have been diagnosed with a serious mental illness (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) are living longer, and they experience age-related changes prematurely. Brain injuries such as those related to falls and other trauma are on the rise. Dementia, the sixth leading cause of death, is increasingly recognized as a major public health concern. Multiple co-morbidities that often accompany these conditions further compromise well-being. U.S. health and social service systems have not prioritized the needs of older adults with these multiple and complex needs. Services are fragmented as agencies work in silos with different funding priorities, eligibility requirements and knowledge bases. As a result, we see high rates of health care utilization, poor quality of life, and increased mortality. The State of Oregon has launched several initiatives designed to build bridges between service systems and ultimately fill gaps in services to older adults. This symposium will report on results from three of these initiatives: 1) coordinating services across systems through a new workforce, “Older Adult Behavioral Health Specialists;” 2) implementing evidence-based programs for older adults with moderate depression using strength-based, problem solving approaches (e.g., PEARLS, Healing Pathways); and 3) a dementia training program that includes a focus on people with both serious mental illness and dementia, emphasizing person-centered thinking and planning.
Integrating angle-frequency domain synchronous averaging technique with feature extraction for gear fault diagnosis

Abstract Gear fault diagnosis relies heavily on the scrutiny of vibration responses measured. In reality, gear vibration signals are noisy and dominated by meshing frequencies as well as their harmonics, which oftentimes overlay the fault related components. Moreover, many gear transmission systems, e.g., those in wind turbines, constantly operate under non-stationary conditions. To reduce the influences of non-synchronous components and noise, a fault signature enhancement method that is built upon angle-frequency domain synchronous averaging is developed in this paper. Instead of being averaged in the time domain, the signals are processed in the angle-frequency domain to solve the issue of phase shifts between signal segments due to uncertainties caused by clearances, input disturbances, and sampling errors, etc. The enhanced results are then analyzed through feature extraction algorithms to identify the most distinct features for fault classification and identification. Specifically, Kernel Principal Component Analysis (KPCA) targeting at nonlinearity, Multilinear Principal Component Analysis (MPCA) targeting at high dimensionality, and Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) targeting at local similarity among the enhanced data are employed and compared to yield insights. Numerical and experimental investigations are performed, and the results reveal the effectiveness of angle-frequency domain synchronous averaging in enabling feature extraction and classification.
Constrained robust optimal sliding mode control for uncertain nonlinear systems using ADP approach

In this paper, a novel constrained composite sliding mode controller is studied for uncertain nonlinear systems with input saturation. Based on integral sliding mode and approximate dynamic programming theory, the proposed sliding mode control consists of discontinuous control used for completely compensating matched uncertainties and continuous control that results in an optimal sliding mode dynamics. Without using linearization techniques, the constrained optimal control law for nominal nonlinear systems is approximated by using an online approximate learning algorithm with actor-critic NN framework. Lyapunov techniques are used to demonstrate the uniform ultimate bounded convergence condition for closed-loop nominal system and the weight errors.
The impact of kin availability, parental religiosity, and nativity on fertility differentials in the late 19th-century United States.

METHODS Most quantitative research on fertility decline in the United States ignores the potential impact of cultural and familial factors. We rely on new complete-count data from the 1880 U.S. census to construct couple-level measures of nativity/ethnicity, religiosity, and kin availability. We include these measures with a comprehensive set of demographic, economic, and contextual variables in Poisson regression models of net marital fertility to assess their relative importance. We construct models with and without area fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. CONTRIBUTION All else being equal, we find a strong impact of nativity on recent net marital fertility. Fertility differentials among second generation couples relative to the native-born white population of native parentage were in most cases less than half of the differential observed among first generation immigrants, suggesting greater assimilation to native-born American childbearing norms. Our measures of parental religiosity and familial propinquity indicated a more modest impact on marital fertility. Couples who chose biblical names for their children had approximately 3% more children than couples relying on secular names while the presence of a potential mother-in-law in a nearby households was associated with 2% more children. Overall, our results demonstrate the need for more inclusive models of fertility behavior that include cultural and familial covariates.
Endangered Precedent: Interpreting Agency Action and the Duty to Consult Under Section 7 of the ESA in Light of Karuk

Following the designation of the West Coast coho salmon as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act, and the ensuing designation of the Klamath River system in the Pacific Northwest as critical habitat for the species, the indigenous Karuk Tribe challenged the U.S. Forest Service’s mining permit approval practices in Karuk Tribe of California v. U.S. Forest Service. Under Section 7 of the ESA, an agency must consult with one of two outside resources in instances where the agency’s actions “may affect” an endangered population. In reversing the district court’s denial of summary judgment on the Tribe’s ESA claim, the Ninth Circuit held that the Forest Service’s approval of mining applications without consultation constituted discretionary agency action that may affect the region’s coho salmon population. This Comment argues that this broad interpretation of agency action accurately reflects Section 7’s requirements. Furthermore, because this standard is clear, courts should apply this broad interpretation in future cases to avoid inconsistency and protect the environment in accord with congressional intent.
Gallium oxide technologies and applications

In this work, we provide early insight into the combined tradespace for both power switching and RF applications afforded by the high critical, electric-field strength of β-Ga 2 O 3 . MOSFETs formed by homoepitaxial growth of β-Ga 2 O 3 films doped with Sn, Si, and Ge on bulk substrates have been characterized electrically. Several key milestones have been achieved such as enhancement-mode operation > 600 V, low ohmic contact resistance < 0.2 Ω·mm, and RF power gain in the GHz regime. These results show great promise for monolithic and hybrid integration of RF amplifiers and switch technologies.
Dithiothreitol effects on human sperm quality.

AbstractHuman semen normally coagulates immediately after ejaculation and then undergoes liquefaction during the next 15 to 60 minutes. Incomplete seminal liquefaction can result in impaired sperm motility and make clinical evaluation and manipulation difficult. Dithiothreitol, a mucolytic agent that reduces the mucoprotein disulfide bonds in sputum, has been found to induce liquefaction of incompletely liquefied semen in vitro.We studied the effects of dithiothreitol on sperm motility, viability, acrosomal integrity and morphology. A semen sample was provided by 45 healthy, young men at the University of Arizona. Of the specimens 10 (22%) demonstrated incomplete liquefaction. Sperm motility and motion characteristics of untreated (control) semen and semen treated with dithiothreitol were objectively evaluated using computer assisted semen analysis. Sperm cell membrane integrity and mitochondrial integrity were measured by fluorescence microscopy using the deoxyribonucleic acid specific fluorochrome propi...
Silicon Trench Etch Uniformity Improvement for Microloading and Macro-to-Macro Loading for sub-14nmNode

Self-Aligned Double Patterning (SADP) has been used as a promising solution for advanced nodes (sub-14nm) because of fewer overlay problems and better process tolerance. However, SADP can generate process variations such as “pitch-walking” as a by-product of inline Critical Dimension (CD) and spacer errors. Pitch-walking can impact downstream operations, causing variation of etched depth or amount due to microloading. Because of the inherent SADP impact, it is critical to carefully manage and minimize microloading and macro-to-macro loading (isolated and dense pattern) impacts. In this paper, we report a test and demonstration of plasma etching conditions that can be applied in advanced nodes beyond 14nm patterning to relieve trench depth sensitivity to incoming CD variations caused by multipatterning and macro-to-macro loading impacts from pattern density. Our result showed that lower RF duty cycle, higher bias voltage, and higher etchant flow can reduce 50% of the depth variation to incoming CD variations caused by multipatterning in previous steps and 75% of the depth differences between dense and isolated pattern areas for macro-to-macro loading.
Copper gallium selenide thin films on Si by magnetron sputtering for photovoltaic applications: Composition, junction formation and metal contacts

Thin films of CuGaSe were deposited on n-Si (1 0 0) by rf magnetron sputtering from a stoichiometric CuGaSe2 target. The objective of this study was to characterize the thin film/Si heterojunction ...
Pragmatic Strategies for Shared Decision-making

Shared decision-making (SDM) is a process that brings together clinical expertise and families’ values to arrive at a treatment choice. The process is especially useful for situations with >1 reasonable option, a condition of equipoise. However, for pediatricians who want to adhere to SDM best practices, there is limited practical guidance regarding how to communicate with parents and patients. With the following text, we describe pragmatic strategies to support SDM around both high-stakes decisions in the acute setting as well as in the ongoing management of chronic conditions in settings such as primary care.