cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Current algebra with a four-flavor effective Lagrangian

A current-algebra treatment of the low-lying spin-zero meson mass spectrum (with four flavors) is given on the basis of a Lagrangian which includes not only the "quark mass" symmetry-breaking terms but also the simplest effective term which breaks the U(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} U(4) down to SU(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} SU(4) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} "quark number." A term of this sort has been used previously in the linear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model and has been claimed by 't Hooft to arise from the effects of the pseudoparticle on the color-gauge-theory vacuum. In this way good agreement with what is currently known about the mass spectrum can be achieved. We also show that this term provides a source for violation of the Okubo-Zweig-Iizuka rule even without considering unitarity corrections. Predictions are made for the mass of the $F$ meson, the decay constants of the $D$ and $F$ mesons, the $\ensuremath{\eta}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\eta}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ mixing angles, etc. All the parameters involved in the model-the "quark masses," the vacuum parameters, and the strength of the new effective term\char22{}are estimated. Generalizations of the model to include isospin breaking and more flavors are also discussed. Finally, throughout the discussion we have taken note of the points at which the conventional current-algebra treatment (which we use) are open to question and we have referred to different approaches.
A pilot study of preemptive morphine analgesia in preterm neonates: Effects on head circumference, social behavior, and response latencies in early childhood

Use of preemptive analgesia in Neonatal Intensive Care Units is recommended for severe and/or invasive procedures. However, the potential long-term consequences of such analgesia, which may be prolonged, are only beginning to be studied. In this pilot study, a subset of subjects previously enrolled in the Neurological Outcomes and Preemptive Analgesia in Neonates (NEOPAIN) trial was assessed at early childhood. These ex-preterm infants (born at 23-32 weeks of gestational age) required intubation within 72 h postpartum and were randomized to receive either preemptive morphine analgesia (maximum of 14 days) or placebo within 8h post-intubation. At 5-7 years of age, neuropsychological outcomes, morphometrics, adaptive behavior, parent-rated behavior, motivation, and short-term memory were measured. Although overall IQ and academic achievement did not differ between the morphine treated (n=14) and placebo (n=5) groups, preemptive morphine analgesia was associated with distinct differences in other outcome variables. Head circumference of morphine treated children was approximately 7% smaller (Cohen'sd: 2.83, effect size large) and body weight was approximately 4% less (Cohen'sd: 0.81, effect size large); however, height did not differ. In the short-term memory task (delayed matching to sample), morphine treated children exhibited significantly longer choice response latencies than placebo children (3.86±0.33 and 2.71±0.24 s, respectively) (p<0.03) and completed approximately 27% less of the task than placebo children (Cohen'sd: 0.96, effect size large). Parents described morphine treated children as having more social problems, an effect specific to creating and maintaining friendships (Cohen'sd: -0.83, effect size large). Despite the small sample size and the preliminary nature of this study, these results are strongly suggestive of long-lasting effects of preemptive morphine analgesia. A larger investigation with more comprehensive assessments of some of these key features will enable a more complete understanding of the relationship between preemptive morphine treatment and long-term neurocognitive, behavioral, and adaptive outcomes.
Comparative analysis for international marketing

tions channels proposed by Edgar Crane (Marketing Communications: A Behavioral Approach to Men, Messages, and Media, Wiley, 1965, p. 183), and acknowledged by Boyd and Levy in this chapter, the authors cover personal selling and sales promotion in two pages. However, advertising media as a "channel" is developed in scope as well as depth. One section (Media Models) deserves special mention, as the authors have been able to explain succinctly what mathematical attempts at optimizing media reach and frequency are about.
American Sovietology From 1917-1991: an Attempt At Diagnosis

The goal of this article is to discuss the evolution of the views of American social scientists, particularly Sovietologists, on the origins and nature of Soviet society. The analysis of the American performance in Soviet studies is particularly interesting because American social science was considered, at least after the Second World War, on the cutting edge in research worldwide. In making such an appraisal we are, at the same time, using American Sovietology as a case study for making a judgement about the potential social science in any country has in claiming to understand developments in a foreign society..
Type-2 alkenes mediate synaptotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases.

Synaptic dysfunction appears to be an early pathogenic event in Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Although the molecular mechanism of this synaptotoxicity is not known, evidence suggests that these diseases are characterized by a common pathophysiological cascade involving oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and the subsequent liberation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives such as acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE). A diverse body of in vivo and in vitro data have shown that these soft electrophilic chemicals can cause nerve terminal damage by forming Michael-type adducts with nucleophilic sulfhydryl groups on presynaptic proteins. Therefore, the endogenous generation of acrolein and HNE in oxidatively stressed neurons of certain brain regions might be mechanistically related to the synaptotoxicity associated with neurodegenerative conditions. In addition, acrolein and HNE are members of a large class of structurally related chemicals known as the type-2 alkenes. Chemicals in this class (e.g., acrylamide, methylvinyl ketone, and methyl acrylate) are pervasive pollutants in human environments and new research has shown that these α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives are also toxic to nerve terminals. In this review, we provide evidence that the regional synaptotoxicity, which develops during the early stages of many neurodegenerative diseases, is mediated by endogenous generation of acrolein and HNE. Based on a presumed common nerve terminal site of action, we propose that the onset and progression of this neuropathogenic process is accelerated by environmental exposure to other type-2 alkenes.
Ion-Beam Modification of Silicided Ti/Si Contacts

Ion-beam mixing studies were performed with arsenic implantation up to a dose of 10 15 / cm 2 through Ti on n + -Si contacts. Lateral silicide growth of many microns over the contact edges was observed for furnace annealed samples. The lateral growth is greatly enhanced by ion-beam mixing and can be suppressed with silicon nitride capping or using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) with a flash-lamp system. For RTA annealed samples. the implanted arsenic profile measured by RBS showed no snowplowing during the silicide growth process. Hligh contact resistivity was measured in the high-temperature annealed samples. This observation is consistent with the lower dopant concentration at the silicide/Si interface, due to silicide growth consuming the n + -Si layer.
Uterine sarcomas and parasitic myomas after laparoscopic hysterectomy with power morcellation

Objective The purpose of this study was to describe the incidence and risk factors for uterine sarcomas and parasitic myomas at the time of power morcellation. Study Design We performed a retrospective review of 3523 women who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy from 2001-2012. Univariate analyses were used for the morcellation cases to identify potential risk factors. Multivariable logistic regression was performed. Results Nine hundred forty-one patients underwent power morcellation at the time of hysterectomy; 10 of 941 patients (1.1%) were diagnosed subsequently with uterine sarcomas or parasitic myomas. The overall incidence of uterine sarcoma was 6 of 941 (0.6%), with a median age of 47 years (range, 41–52 years). There was no association among any of the factors analyzed and uterine sarcoma. Three of 6 patients had sarcoma diagnosed on initial pathologic evaluation of the morcellated specimen; 3 patients had delayed diagnosis of sarcoma with benign disease at the time of the initial procedure (median time to second evaluation, 6 years). For parasitic myomas (n = 4), the median age was 35 years (range, 32–40 years), and the median time to second evaluation was 5 years. On multivariate analysis, age P ≤ .01) was associated with higher risk of the development of parasitic myomas. Conclusion Uterine sarcoma was found in 0.6% of patients who underwent power morcellation but was not found to be associated significantly with any preoperative factors. All 6 cases were noted to have apparent fibroid tumors as an indication for their hysterectomy. Age
Response to James Swindal and Bill Martin on Reason, History, and Politics

Jim’s and Bill’s comments raise similar questions about how I characterize the relationship between theory and practice, philosophy and politics, and reason and community. In Reason, History, and Politics (RHP) I sought to characterize that relationship in terms of the model of hermeneutics. That is, I argued that the terms in each of these pairings must be understood as mutually informing one another in a way that is circular in two senses: both in the manner by which any process of understanding interpretatively shapes and participates in what it is trying to understand and in the manner by which understanding itself proceeds narratively, clarifying the meaning of a particular narrative episode in terms of the wider meaning of the text or context within which it is situated, and vice versa. The circular nature of this hermeneutical relationship between theory and practice, philosophy and politics, reason and community raises several problems for the problem of legitimation. First, if, following Kant, we assume that the enterprise of legitimating involves giving reasons or grounds that are independent of and prior to what is being legitimated, then it is hard to conceive how a process of understanding that is shaped by some subject-matter (say, a tradition or cultural form of life) can in turn legitimate it. For it would seem that legitimation ‐ conceived as a normative enterprise requiring the delimitation of boundaries setting off the rightful from the merely factual ‐ must entail something like an original and transcendent founding or prescribing in terms of which the thing to be judged can be critically evaluated. Furthermore, absent some transcendent foundation of legitimation ‐ one standing free of any particular cultural practice ‐ it would seem that there can be no authentic criticism ‐ at least not a form of rational criticism that might appeal to all persons impartially, regardless of the circumstantial differences that otherwise separate them from one another. Let us, then, call this the problem of legitimate pedigree. Second, if understanding something always adds something to what is understood, selectively interpreting and altering its subject-matter in
DIETARY FAT TYPE AND LEVEL INFLUENCE ADIPOSITY DEVELOPMENT IN OBESE BUT NOT LEAN ZUCKER RATS

The development of obesity is influenced by a variety of factors including genetics and dietary fat type and level. To examine the interaction between these factors, male lean and obese Zucker rats (5 weeks initial age) were fed either a low-fat (15% calories) or one of two high-fat diets (65% calories; predominant fat source of either soybean oil or palm olein) for 8 weeks. Body weight, food intake, indirect calorimetry, and body composition determinations were performed. As expected, food intake, body weight, feed efficiency, oxygen consumption, heat production and carcass lipid were all significantly higher in obese compared to lean rats. Dietary fat level and/or type influenced body weight gain, oxygen consumption, heat production, energy balance, and carcass weight and lipid content in the obese but not in the lean Zucker rats. Oxygen consumption and carcass weight were increased approximately 25% and 10% respectively in obese rats fed either of the two high-fat diets as compared to those fed the low-fat diet. The type of fat fed in the high-fat diets also influenced body weight gain, heat production, energy balance, and carcass lipid content of the obese rats. Body weight gain and carcass lipid content were increased (16%-17%; P < 0.005) in obese rats fed the high-fat palm olein diet as compared to those fed the low-fat diet. These parameters were not increased in obese rats fed the high-fat soybean oil diet. In contrast, indirect calorimetry measurements indicated a moderate increase in heat production (Kcal/effective body mass/day; 14.5%) and decrease in energy balance (44.8%) in the obese rats fed the high-fat soybean oil diet as compared to those fed the low-fat diet. Energy expenditure and lipid accumulation were negligibly influenced by dietary fat level or type in the lean Zucker rats. The differential response of the lean and obese Zucker rats to this short-term dietary manipulation demonstrate that genetic background can influence an individual's response to dietary fat type and level. The genetically obese Zucker rat appears to be a good model for further studies of high-fat diet-induced obesity.
CALCULATION of INITIAL FREEZING POINT, EFFECTIVE MOLECULAR WEIGHT and UNFREEZABLE WATER of FOOD MATERIALS FROM COMPOSITION and THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DATA

A procedure was developed for simultaneous determination of the effective molecular weight, unfreezable water, and initial freezing point of foods based on composition and thermal conductivity data. Freezing properties were determined by trial and error and optimized by minimizing the difference between calculated and reported values of thermal conductivity. the procedure involved determination of the ice fraction at several temperature levels. Corresponding thermal conductivity values at each temperature level were then calculated. Results showed that calculated values of effective molecular weight, unfreezable water, and initial freezing point for various types of meat and fish are comparable to those published. the parallel-perpendicular model was found an excellent predictor of thermal conductivity of frozen meat and fish with muscle fibers oriented toward the direction of the heat flow.
A Photon-Free Approach to Transmembrane Protein Structure Determination

The structures of membrane proteins are generally solved using samples dissolved in micelles, bicelles, or occasionally phospholipid bilayers using X-ray diffraction or magnetic resonance. Because these are less than perfect mimics of true biological membranes, the structures are often confirmed by evaluating the effects of mutations on the properties of the protein in their native cellular environments. Low-resolution structures are also sometimes generated from the results of site-directed mutagenesis when other structural data are incomplete or not available. Here, we describe a rapid and automated approach to determine structures from data on site-directed mutants for the special case of homo-oligomeric helical bundles. The method uses as input an experimental profile of the effects of mutations on some property of the protein. This profile is then interpreted by assuming that positions that have large effects on structure/function when mutated project toward the center of the oligomeric bundle. Model bundles are generated, and correlation analysis is used to score which structures have inter-subunit Cβ distances between adjoining monomers that best correlate with the experimental profile. These structures are then clustered and refined using energy-based minimization methods. For a set of 10 homo-oligomeric TM protein structures ranging from dimers to pentamers, we show that our method predicts structures to within 1–2 A backbone RMSD relative to X-ray and NMR structures. This level of agreement approaches the precision of NMR structures solved in different membrane mimetics.
Competition for diazepam receptor binding by diphenylhydantoin and its enhancement by γ-aminobutyric acid

Abstract The anticonvulsant diphenylhydantoin competitively inhibited the binding of [3H]diazepam to synaptic membranes of rat cerebral cortex. The Ki was calculated as 0.9 μM. In the presence of γ-aminobutyric acid the Ki was reduced to 0.3 μM. A similar change in Ki was also observed in the presence of muscimol, a potent agonist of γ-aminobutyric acid. γ-Aminobutyric acid also reduced the dissociation constant (Kd) of diazepam binding from 16.7 nM to 3.9 nM. Thus it appears that diphenylhydantoin and diazepam are binding at the same site and the presence of γ-aminobutyric acid increases the affinity of the receptor for each of the drugs. These observations indicate that the anticonvulsant effects of diphenylhydantoin and diazepam may be related to an interaction with a common binding site and to the modification of this binding site by γ-aminobutyric acid.
Alcohol Outlets, Social Disorganization, Land Use, and Violence in a Large College Town: Direct and Moderating Effects

This study examined the direct and moderating effects of alcohol outlet density, social disorganization, and land use on violence in a large college town whose economy is driven by the presence of ...
Institutional Development in a Transition Economy: The Case of Poland

The thesis that the institutional arrangements, social organizations, and ideology in Eastern Europe are not conducive to the establishment of capitalism, and certainly not the laissez‐faire variety, with Poland cited as the illustrative case. Karl Polanyi′s necessary conditions for laissez‐faire capitalism in the nineteenth century represent the point of origin for the analysis, i.e. the maintenance of rules to permit the self‐regulating market. The focus is on the ongoing process of privatization, citing the primary institutional shortcomings. Also examines governmental structural problems in addition to historical institutional developments. Considers the history of property rights from legal and cultural perspectives. The final concern is to offer a different interpretation of markets, i.e. markets as cultural and political institutions.
Synthesis of Y-branched TiO2 nanotubes

Abstract Self-organized, Y-branched TiO 2 nanotubes were synthesized using a multi-step sonoelectrochemical anodization method. A change in anodization temperature (Δ T = 10 °C) at a constant applied potential leads to a Y-type branched TiO 2 nanotubes. The as-anodized titania nanotubes were annealed under hydrogen atmosphere at 500 °C to convert the amorphous titania nanotubes to crystalline with mostly anatase crystal structure. These nanotubes are found to possess higher photon absorption properties compared the 1D TiO 2 nanotubes. Various characterization techniques, viz., FESEM, GXRD, HRTEM, FFT, UV–VIS etc. are used to characterize the materials.
HOW ORGANIC IS YOUR ORGANIZATION?– DETERMINANTS OF ORGANIC/MECHANISTIC TENDENCIES IN A PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

This study compares two units within a major public accounting firm in order to determine their organic/mechanistic tendencies and establish the variables most closely related to these organizational characteristics. Results from a sample of 67 professionals balanced by unit and hierarchical level indicate that the process-oriented elements of an organization are the more relevant indicators of organizational development and provide a system for evaluating an organization on an organic/mechanistic continuum.
P1-08-23: Characteristics of De Novo Stage IV Breast Cancer Presentation and Comparison with Stage IV Disease Relapse after Adjuvant Therapy.

Background: We hypothesized that patients diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer at presentation may have different disease characteristics than patients who develop relapsed stage IV disease after adjuvant therapy. To examine potential differences, we analyzed a prospectively collected data set for patients diagnosed at the Markey Cancer Center starting from the beginning of 2007 to date. Methods: Out of 1089 patients, we identified 76 patients (7%) who presented with de novo stage IV disease and 40 patients (4%) who experienced systemic disease relapse after initial adjuvant therapy. We compared key variables between the two groups including patient age, tumor size, grade, estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PgR) status, HER2, and sites of metastatic disease involvement. Statistical significance was determined using the Chi-square test, Fisher9s exact test, two-sample t-test, or Wilcoxon9s rank sum test as appropriate. Results: Patients with de novo stage IV breast cancer were more likely to be older (median age 58.5 years, Range 28–88) than women with relapsed stage IV breast cancer (median age 53 years, Range 28–77), and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.039). As compared to the group with relapsed disease, breast cancer presenting with de novo stage IV disease was more likely to be Grade 1/2 (43% vs. 18.4%, p=0.032), ER positive (69.7% vs. 47.5%, p= 0.019), and PgR positive (56.6% vs. 32.5%, p= 0.0136). Interestingly, de novo stage IV breast cancer was more likely to be HER2 positive than in patients with relapsed disease (27.54% vs. 10.26%, p=0.035). When available patient data prior to 2007 was included in the analysis, we observed no significant difference in the frequency of HER2 expression between the de novo and relapsed groups (27.4% vs. 19.4%, p= 0.26). In comparing sites of metastatic disease involvement, the de novo stage IV patient group was more likely to have bone metastasis than the relapsed disease patient group (68.4% vs. 35%, p = 0.0006). There were no significant differences in the frequency of other metastatic sites involved, including brain, liver, and lung. Conclusions: In this breast cancer patient cohort, there was a relatively high percentage of women presenting with stage IV disease, likely reflecting the underserved nature of this patient population. Women with de novo stage IV breast cancer were more likely to be older, have ER/PgR positive disease, and have bone metastasis as the primary site of involvement. These characteristics may reflect delay in initial presentation rather than a biologically more aggressive disease phenotype. The higher relative frequency of HER2 positive cancer in the de novo stage IV patient group is likely related to the impact of adjuvant trastuzumab use on reducing the risk of relapse in HER2 positive breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-23.
Visible persistence is the result of spatiotemporal filtering: A reply to Stelmach and Hearty

Continuous motion is commonly represented on video displays and film by a succession ofdiscrete samples. As the temporal sampling of the continuous motion is increased, the appearance of the discrete samples becomes quite similar to the appearance of continuous motion (Sperling, 1976). When the continuous motion is not sampled at a high enough rate, the appearance of continuous motion is destroyed (Watson, Ahumada, & Farrell, 1983). In this case, we say the image motion has been undersampled. Depending on the nature of the motion and the undersamp1ing, the appearance of the discrete samples can take on a variety of forms. One form of undersampling that destroys the appearance of continuous motion occurs when a line is moving rapidly but the sampling rate is slightly lower than required to accurately represent the line's appearance. This undersamp1ing results in the appearance of a set of lines that are present simultaneously at the spatial locations where the continuously moving line was sampled. Farrell (1984) measured the stimulus parameters at which this kind of undersampling occurs as well as some of the perceptual consequences of this form of undersampling. By asking the observers to report how many lines they saw on the screen simultaneously, she obtained a measure of the visible persistence ofthe first line. Farrell varied the angular distance between samples, OX, and the time between samples, 01. She concluded that when measured as part of a sequence of discrete samples, the visible persistence of the first sample was proportional to the angular distance separating the sample from samples occurring later in time. She noted that if the visible persistence to the first sample reflected the activity of a neural substrate, then that activity was reduced in duration by the spatially and temporally adjacent samples that followed. Stelmach and Hearty (1988) replotted Farrell's data and found that the number of successively presented samples that appeared to be simultaneously visible was proportional to the velocity of the time-sampled moving line. This was another way of stating Farrell's observation that visible persistence is proportional to the distance between samples. For example, let N be the number of samples perceived simultaneously, let p be the visible persistence of the first sample. The persistence hypothesis described
ENANTIOSPECIFIC TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL (+)-TAXUSIN. 2. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF THE A-RING AND ARRIVAL AT THE TARGET

A total synthesis of (+)-taxusin (1) has been realized by virtue of the development of a practical route for complete functionalization of the A ring. To achieve this goal, it proved necessary to devise a strategy that would enable chemical transformations to proceed in a very congested environment. The successful pathway from 2 required 19 steps consisting principally of chemoselective oxidation and reduction maneuvers of various types. The requisite methyl substituent was introduced by 1,2-addition of the methylcerate reagent to a C(12) ketone intermediate. Several tactics that ultimately proved unsatisfactory are also discussed in an effort to set important boundary limits on chemical reactivity. The pivotal roles played by samarium diiodide and tetrapropylammonium perruthenate in permitting the deployment of appropriate chemical changes are noteworthy.
Synthesis of Fluorescent Analogs of α-Conotoxin MII

Alpha-conotoxins (alpha-CTxs) are small peptides that are competitive inhibitors of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and have been used to study the kinetics of nAChRs. Alpha-CTx MII, from the venom of Conus magus, has been shown to potently block both rat alpha3beta2 and rat chimeric alpha6/alpha3beta2beta3 cloned nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Tetramethylrhodamine (TMR), Bodipy FL, Alexa Fluor 488, and terbium chelates (TbCh) are fluorescent molecules that can be reacted with the N-terminus of the conopeptide to produce fluorescent conjugates. TMR and Bodipy FL were individually conjugated to alpha-CTx MII using different succinimidyl ester amine labeling reactions resulting in the formation of carboxamide conjugates. Alexa Fluor 488 succinimidyl ester conjugation reaction yielded low amounts of conjugate. TbCh was also individually reacted with the N-terminus of MII using the isothiocyanate conjugation reaction resulting in the formation of a thiourea conjugate. The conjugates were purified using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and their masses verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization with time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS). When tested on target nAChRs expressed in Xenopus oocytes, TMR-MII, Bodipy FL-MII, and TbCh-MII potently blocked the response to acetylcholine with slow off-rate kinetics. These fluorescent conjugates can be used to localize specific subtypes of neuronal nAChRs or ligand-binding sites within receptors in various tissue preparations; additionally, they may also be used to study conformational changes in receptors using fluorescence or lanthanide-based resonance energy transfer.
Interdevice variability in percent fat estimates using the BOD POD

To evaluate interdevice reliability in body density (Db) and percent body fat (%BF) using air-displacement plethysmography, the BOD POD (BP) body composition system. Duplicate body composition tests were performed in immediate succession on 50 adults (26 M, 24F; 21–53 y) using two BP units located in the same body composition laboratory. Mean Db and %BF between BP1 and BP2 did not differ significantly for men (ΔDb=0.0003±0.0008 g/ml, P=0.632; Δ%BF=0.1±1.3, P=0.665), while for women, there were small but significant differences in Db and %BF between BP1 and BP2 (ΔDb=0.0018±0.0003 g/ml, P=0.001; Δ%BF=0.8±1.1, P=0.001). The regression between %BF by BP1 and BP2 did not deviate significantly from the line of identity for both men and women (R2=0.95, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=1.23 %BF for men; R2=0.97, s.e.e=1.13 %BF for women). Individual variations in %BF estimates between the two BP units were within acceptable ranges (95% limits of agreement=−2.5–2.7 %BF for men; −1.4–3.0 %BF for women), and there was no trend in individual differences as %BF varied (r=−0.19, P=0.359 for men; r=0.09, P=0.677 for women). Other subject characteristics, including age, body mass, height, and body mass index, did not significantly contribute to the differences in %BF estimates by the two BP units. No clinically significant differences in Db and %BF estimates exist between the BP units, and the interdevice variability of the BP has minimal impact on %BF estimates. Further, test-to-test reliability between BP units appears to be as good as within one unit.
Achieving the Rayleigh Limit in Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holographic 3D Fluorescence Microscopy

Fresnel Incoherent Correlation Holography (FINCH) enables 3D images to be created from incoherent light with just a camera and spatial light modulator. High resolution fluorescence microscopy at the Rayleigh optical limit will be demonstrated.
Commute time and social capital in the U.S.

Background The suggested declining trend in social capital among Americans could be due, in part, to long commute times associated with urban sprawl. Methods In 2007, the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) was used to determine the association between commute time and socially-oriented trips, a proxy measure of social capital, while controlling for individual-level and regional-level characteristics. Socially-oriented trips were those taken to: attend school/religious activities; attend social/recreational activities; visit friends/relatives; go out for entertainment; attend funerals/weddings/social events; exercise/play sports; attend to family/personal obligations; participate in organizational meetings; or transport someone. Odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated for the association between commute time and socially-oriented trips for full-time working adults (N=54,747). Results Higher commute time (>20 minutes) was significantly associated with no socially-oriented trips (adjusted OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.09–1.25). The strongest association was among 90+ minute commuters (adjusted OR=1.50, 95% CI=1.16–1.94). Conclusions This study suggests that individuals with longer commutes have less access to social capital, as indicated by fewer socially-oriented trips.
The e-Rise and Fall of Social Problems: The Blogosphere as a Public Arena

Social problems theory has yet to fully address the impact that new communication technologies are having on the claims-making process. This article examines the emergence of the blogosphere as a cultural phenomenon that provides claims-makers with a powerful new public arena to advance social problem claims. Using Stephen Hilgartner and Charles Bosk’s (1988) public arenas model of social problem construction, blog-generated problem claims are examined to analyze how Internet driven social problems compete for public attention. Findings suggest that blogs make the claims-making process more efficient, offer expanded carrying capacity compared to traditional arenas, and provide outsider claims-makers with greater opportunity to have a voice in social problems construction. Still, only a small number of blogs have become recognized as claims-making arenas; they still rely on traditional principles of selection; and bloggers face the same competition for mainstream media attention as claims-makers using traditional arenas. Keywords: blog, blogosphere, Internet, new media, public arena. Mainstream news media maintain a gatekeeping function that serves to control the flow of information to audiences. Some claims find it harder to gain media access or to receive coverage (Jacobs 2000). In recent years, proponents of the Internet have proclaimed that new media technology will lead to a democratization of mass media (Rodman 2003). Since the deregulation of the Internet in 1995, users have quickly adapted to and become engaged in an online environment that can transmit large volumes of information in real time for relatively low cost (Plant 2004). The expansion of mass media into cyberspace has already created countless new sources for news: Web sites presented by the mainstream press and sites unique to the Internet, including search engines, message boards, and blogs, may have the potential to diffuse the gatekeeping function of traditional media, thereby altering their agenda-setting function (Williams and Delli Carpini 2004). In particular, the emergence of the blogosphere as an Internet-based claims-making arena may profoundly affect the process of social problems construction. This article expands Stephen Hilgartner and Charles L. Bosk’s (1988) public arenas model of social problems construction by exploring how the blogosphere increases the overall carrying capacity for problem claims, expands the opportunities for outsider claims-makers to promote social problems, and provides new avenues through which insider and secondary claims can be disseminated. Analysis of social problems constructed, in part, through claims made by bloggers also serves to verify the findings of Sheldon Ungar (1992) and Jerry Williams and R. S. Frey (1997) that dramatic real world events serve as focal issues that enhance audience receptiveness of problem claims. 1 Still, while blogs provide novel arenas where problem
The effect of light on the production of Heimia alkaloids

Abstract Alkaloid extracts obtained from light- and dark-grown shoot cultures of Heimia salicifolia were partially fractionated and semi-quantitatively analysed for phenyl- and biphenylquinolizidine alkaloids. The concentrations of the two structural types of alkaloids in extracts of shoots grown with illumination increase over a 4 week culture period. In extracts obtained from shoots grown in darkness for 4 weeks, however, we observed substantial decreases in the concentrations of both the phenyl- and biphenylquinolizidine alkaloids. We observed that growth in the dark for periods of up to 9 weeks resulted in a further reduction in the levels of biphenyl alkaloids relative to those of the phenylquinolizidinols.
Selenium nanoparticles used as drug delivery vehicles for tamoxifen

Breast cancer is not only the most common cancer in women but it is also the second most lethal. Tamoxifen (TAM) is a hydrophobic anticancer drug used for the early treatment of breast cancer. It is proposed here that Selenium (Se) nanoparticles can be used as a novel drug delivery vehicle to deliver TAM to cancer cells. By using Se-nanoparticles, issues involving proper distribution to the affected cancer cells can be improved upon. A more effective treatment method is desired so that the user could minimize the length of treatment while obtaining the same or even better results than current practices allow.
Tear film breakup and structure studied by simultaneous video recording of fluorescence and tear film lipid layer images.

Purpose The thinning of the precorneal tear film between blinks and tear film breakup can be logically analyzed into contributions from three components: evaporation, flow into the cornea, and tangential flow along the corneal surface. Whereas divergent tangential flow contributes to certain types of breakup, it has been argued that evaporation is the main cause of tear thinning and breakup. Because evaporation is controlled by the tear film lipid layer (TFLL) it should therefore be expected that patterns of breakup should match patterns in the TFLL, and this hypothesis is tested in this study. Methods An optical system is described for simultaneous video imaging of fluorescein tear film breakup and the TFLL. Recordings were made from 85 subjects, including both with healthy and dry eyes. After instillation of 5 μL2% fluorescein, subjects were asked to blink 1 second after the start of the recording and try to maintain their eyes open for the recording length of 30 or 60 seconds. Results Areas of tear film thinning and breakup usually matched corresponding features in the TFLL. Whereas thinning and breakup were often matched to thin lipid, surprisingly, the corresponding lipid region was not always thinner than the surrounding lipid. Occasionally, a thin lipid region caused a corresponding region of greater fluorescence (thicker aqueous layer), due to convergent tangential flow. Conclusions Areas of tear thinning and breakup can generally be matched to corresponding regions of the TFLL as would be expected if breakup is largely due to evaporation. Surprisingly, in some examples, the corresponding lipid area was not thinner and possibly thicker than the surrounding lipid. This indicates that the lipid was a poor barrier to evaporation, perhaps because of deficiency in composition and/or structure. For example, bacterial lipases may have broken down esters into component acids and alcohols, causing a defective TFLL structure with increased evaporation.
Fundamentals of Glass‐to‐Metal Bonding: V, Wettability of Iron by Molten Sodium Disilicate

An experimental unit was developed to allow the application of the glass specimen onto the metal surface at elevated temperatures and under controlled atmospheric conditions. Sodium disilicate glass on Armco iron had a contact angle of 55°± 2° at 900° to 1000° C. in vacuum and poor adherence; on magnetite, 2°± 1°, and excellent adherence. Behavior on oxidized iron was affected by the ability of the glass to dissolve large quantities of oxide rapidly. Glass when dropped onto a lightly oxidized surface spread toward lower angles and retracted essentially to the 55° angle on solution of the oxide; adherence, in this case, correspondingly ranged from good to poor. When the glass dissolved a sufficient amount of iron oxide and etching of the metal occurred, resulting in the appearance of fayalite, the contact angle was in the range 15° to 35° and the best adherence was obtained. Vaporization of iron in vacuum at 1000°C. did not seem to be retarded by thin oxide films.
Multivariate Regression Analysis for the Item Count Technique

The item count technique is a survey methodology that is designed to elicit respondents’ truthful answers to sensitive questions such as racial prejudice and drug use. The method is also known as the list experiment or the unmatched count technique and is an alternative to the commonly used randomized response method. In this article, I propose new nonlinear least squares and maximum likelihood estimators for efficient multivariate regression analysis with the item count technique. The two-step estimation procedure and the Expectation Maximization algorithm are developed to facilitate the computation. Enabling multivariate regression analysis is essential because researchers are typically interested in knowing how the probability of answering the sensitive question affirmatively varies as a function of respondents’ characteristics. As an empirical illustration, the proposed methodology is applied to the 1991 National Race and Politics survey where the investigators used the item count technique to measure...
Pt Nanoclusters Confined within Metal–Organic Framework Cavities for Chemoselective Cinnamaldehyde Hydrogenation

A highly selective and robust catalyst based on Pt nanoclusters (NCs) confined inside the cavities of an amino-functionalized Zr-terephthalate metal–organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2 was developed. The Pt NCs are monodisperse and confined in the cavities of UiO-66-NH2 even at 10.7 wt % Pt loading. This confinement was further confirmed by comparing the catalytic performance of Pt NCs confined inside and supported on the external surface of the MOF in the hydrogenation of ethylene, 1-hexene, and 1,3-cyclooctadiene. The benefit of confining Pt NCs inside UiO-66-NH2 was also demonstrated by evaluating their performance in the chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. We found that both high selectivity to cinnamyl alcohol and high conversion of cinnamaldehyde can be achieved using the MOF-confined Pt nanocluster catalyst, while we could not achieve high cinnamyl alcohol selectivity on Pt NCs supported on the external surface of the MOF. The catalyst can be recycled ten times without any loss in its a...
Modified cycling index for ecological applications

Abstract Published measures of cycling in compartmental models are based on throughflow. Throughflow consists of flow only, not storage. Inclusive throughflow is introduced as a concept that includes both flow and storage. Cycling measures based on this concept are developed. Two Markov chains expressing the probability of transfer of substance from compartment j to i in one unit of transition time are constructed. The first is the conventional, throughflow-based model; second is an extended model based on inclusive throughflow with adjustable time step. This latter model is considered for two cases: storage accounted for and ignored, and is employed to illustrate derived relationships utilizing a small ecosystem energy flow model. Principal conclusions are: (1) cycling measures derived form the conventional throughflow-based model would overestimate cycling as given by the inclusive throughflow model, because they fail to distinguished storage from true cycling; (2) storages exceed cycled flow over low-ordered paths, but (3) decline in importance with increasing path length; (4) path diversity is greater in systems with storage than in corresponding systems without storage; (5) nonstorage path numbers increase combinatorially with path length; (6) cycling tends to become dominant over storage at higher path lengths, and (7) at differing rates for different compartments; (8) true cycling efficiency of each compartment i for the inclusive throughflow model is corrected from the conventional model formulation ( q ii - 1 / q ii ) to [ q ii -1/(1- P ii ]/ q ii ( P ii is the probability of substance in i remaining there over a transition time interval; q ii is the cumulative substance returned to i over all paths of all lengths in the system); (9) this corrected cycling efficiency of each compartment with respect to inclusive throughflow equals that of the same compartment with respect to only the throughflow component as derived from the conventional model; (10) on the system level, however, the modified cycling index based on inclusive throughflow gives different values for cycling than the published cycling index derived from conventional throughflow; and (11) the modified cycling measures based on the inclusive throughflow model with an adjustable time step are independent of the chosen time step, and thus valid even for the continuous time case which is approached by the employed discrete time model as the time step approaches zero.
Records of Neogene seawater chemistry and diagenesis in deep-sea carbonate sediments and pore fluids

Abstract Deep-sea pore fluids are potential archives of ancient seawater chemistry. However, the primary signal recorded in pore fluids is often overprinted by diagenetic processes. Recent studies have suggested that depth profiles of Mg concentration in deep-sea carbonate pore fluids are best explained by a rapid rise in seawater Mg over the last 10–20 Myr. To explore this possibility we measured the Mg isotopic composition of pore fluids and carbonate sediments from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 807. Whereas the concentration of Mg in the pore fluid declines with depth, the isotopic composition of Mg in the pore fluid increases from −0.78‰ near the sediment–water interface to −0.15‰ at 778 mbsf. The Mg isotopic composition of the sediment, with few important exceptions, does not change with depth and has an average δ26Mg value of −4.72‰. We reproduce the observed changes in sediment and pore-fluid Mg isotope values using a numerical model that incorporates Mg, Ca and Sr cycling and satisfies existing pore-fluid Ca isotope and Sr data. Our model shows that the observed trends in magnesium concentrations and isotopes are best explained as a combination of two processes: a secular rise in the seawater Mg over the Neogene and the recrystallization of low-Mg biogenic carbonate to a higher-Mg diagenetic calcite. These results indicate that burial recrystallization will add Mg to pelagic carbonate sediments, leading to an overestimation of paleo-temperatures from measured Mg/Ca ratios. The Mg isotopic composition of foraminiferal calcite appears to be only slightly altered by recrystallization making it possible to reconstruct the Mg isotopic composition of seawater through time.
On the indentation recovery and fleeting hardness of polymers

Accurate mechanical characterization of viscoelastoplastic materials in small volumes is required for the development of polymeric thin film, nanocomposite, and biomedical applications. Instrumented indentation-based approaches are increasingly implemented to quantify the resistance to permanent deformation of such systems via time-independent analyses. Here, we quantify the significant post-indentation recovery of several bulk polymers via time-lapsed scanning-probe microscopy under ambient conditions, indicating up to 80% recovery of both indentation depth and volume within 48 h. This viscoelastic response demonstrates that indentation hardness values for these polymers are accurate within 10% for less than 5 min to 3.5 days post-indentation, neglecting any other analytical or experimental errors. Further, although the extent and rates of volumetric recovery depend strongly on loading history and polymer structure/physical properties, deformation resistance inferred from indentation hardness does not quantitatively or qualitatively predict recoverable work or residual deformation of polymer surfaces.