cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A mixed methods analysis of environmental and household chaos: considerations for early-childhood obesity research.

BACKGROUND Chaos has implications for child health that may extend to childhood obesity. Yet, results from studies describing associations between chaos and childhood obesity are mixed. New approaches to studying the environments of young children may help to clarify chaos-obesity relationships. METHODS We conducted a concurrent mixed methods analysis of quantitative and qualitative data describing home and neighborhood chaos among a diverse cohort of 283 caregiver-toddlers dyads from Ohio. We examined the underlying structure of environmental and household chaos using exploratory factor analysis then sought to validate the structure using qualitative field notes. We generated total scores for factors of chaos and described their distributions overall and according to cohort characteristics. Additionally, we conducted a thematic content analysis of brief ethnographies to provide preliminary construct validity for our indicators of chaos. RESULTS Dyads varied according to household composition, income, education, and race/ethnicity. We found evidence for a multi-factor structure for chaos, which included disorganization and neighborhood noise. Household disorganization scores ranged from 0 to 7.3 and were on average 2.1 (SD = 1.8). Neighborhood noise scores ranged from 0 to 4 and were on average 1.1 (SD = 1.1). Both disorganization and neighborhood noise were associated with indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage, such as lower educational attainment and household income. Qualitative data from households with high and low scores on the two identified factors were aligned in ways that were supportive of construct validity and further contextualized the social and material environments in which chaos occurred. CONCLUSIONS Chaos represents a complex construct with implications spanning various disciplines, including childhood obesity research. Previous studies suggest challenges associated with measuring chaos may limit the conclusions that can be drawn about which aspect of chaos (if any) matter most of early childhood weight development. We advance the literature by demonstrating chaos may be comprised of conceptually distinct subdomains. Future childhood obesity prevention research may benefit from more contemporary measure of chaos, such as those relying on direct observations that account for a multifaceted underlying structure.
Radiation Therapy (RT)-Based Salvage Therapy for Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL).

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Most patients (pts) with relapsed/refractory (RR) cHL undergo salvage chemotherapy (CT) followed by curative-intent autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT). For failure post-ASCT, allogeneic stem cell transplant is considered in select cases. Given the morbidity of transplants, it is beneficial to assess if RT-based regimens can offer potential cure in RR cHL with less toxicity and without consolidative transplant. MATERIALS/METHODS We reviewed medical records of RR cHL pts salvaged between 2009 and 2019 with either RT alone or in combination with systemic therapy (ST) for 2nd line therapy and beyond (i.e., post-ASCT). We defined relapse as recurrence after complete response (CR) and refractory as failure to achieve CR after frontline/salvage therapy. Response and toxicity were assessed by Lugano criteria and CTCAEv.5, respectively. Kaplan Meier survival and univariate Cox regression analyses were performed. RESULTS We identified 26 pts (10 in RT vs. 16 in RT + ST) of which 88% had localized disease prior to RT-based salvage. All relapsed pts (n = 12) had localized relapse (stage I/II), and 50% had relapse > 1 yr after finishing frontline therapy. Relapsed pts who received frontline RT (n = 2) failed outside of prior fields. Reasons to forgo 2nd line therapy of ST followed by ASCT (n = 13) were localized disease/pt preference (92%) and comorbidities (8%). Most relapsed (67%) and refractory (64%) pts got RT + ST with 81% receiving brentuximab vedotin and 19% receiving pembrolizumab. Five pts received cytotoxic CT and then RT-based salvage, forgoing intended ASCT primarily due to refractory disease. After RT-based salvage (median dose 36 Gy (30-45)), 85% of pts achieved CR (70% in RT vs. 94% RT + ST) and 15% had progressive disease (30% in RT vs. 6% in RT + ST). 86% of pts with CR remained disease-free at 5 yrs. With a median follow up of 4.9 yrs, 5 yr PFS and OS for the entire cohort was 72% (95% CI: 56-92) and 92% (95% CI: 82-100), respectively. No significant difference in PFS was found between relapsed vs. refractory disease (HR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.2-2.9; P = 0.6) or RT vs. RT + ST (HR = 1.8, 95% CI: 0.4-7.1; P = 0.4). Failures (n = 8) were categorized as isolated locoregional (outside of RT field) (38%), isolated distant (25%), combined local/locoregional/distant (25%); and local/locoregional (13%). Three grade (G) 3 and 0 ≥G4 events were reported. G2-3 ST-related toxicities included cytopenias (n = 2, 13%) and neuropathy (5, 31%), resulting in discontinuation/dose-reduction in 5 pts and hospitalization in 1. G2 RT-related toxicities included radiation pneumonitis (2, 8%), dermatitis (6, 23%), esophagitis (9, 35%), and hypothyroidism (5, 19%). CONCLUSION In this retrospective study, most RR cHL pts with localized disease achieved CR after RT-based salvage with low toxicity and without consolidative transplant. With a 5 yr PFS of 72%, RT-based salvage regimens appear effective and well-tolerated options for select RR cHL pts.
Neural and Behavioral Correlates of Auditory Short-Term and Recognition Memory

Memories for sensory stimuli underlie many of the cognitive processes we rely on, from interacting with dynamic environments to communication. Several indicators suggest that auditory memory capabilities differ from well-established norms for visual memory. Our findings suggest strong similarities and differences exist in behavioral and neuronal processing of auditory and visual stimuli. We explore working and recognition memory using an auditory delayed matching-to-sample task in rhesus macaques with superior temporal gyrus and prefrontal cortex neuronal recordings. The results suggest that many of the same neural mechanisms are expressed during auditory and visual recognition memory (e.g., enhancement or suppression for matching stimuli). However, retention interval activity for auditory stimuli is not robust in analogous regions compared with tasks using visual stimuli, but is stronger in primary auditory cortex. These variances may contribute to differences in modality memories.
Prevalence of Structure Function Claims: 2006-2007 Food Label and Package Survey

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) studies product labels from the United States (U.S.) food supply through the Food Label and Package Survey (FLAPS) to monitor industry responses to FDA regulations and policies on foods. The 2006-2007 FLAPS data were analyzed to obtain prevalence, food sources, and claim types of structure function (SF) claims. The SF claims describe the role of a nutrient or food component intended to maintain the normal structure or function of body (e.g., calcium builds strong bones). FDA selected regulated food products from the ACNielsen Strategic Planner sales database of the U.S. retail stores using a stratified, two-stage design with selection probabilities proportional to nationally estimated sales dollars. Products were purchased from retail stores across the U.S. and the detailed product label information was recorded. FDA calculated product sampling weights based on sales data so that the FLAPS estimate will be generalizable to the foods sold in all U.S. retail stores The FLAPS database contains label information for 1,227 foods in 57 product groups. The weighted prevalence of the FLAPS foods with at least one SF claim was 5.5%, of which approximately 1/3 had two or more SF claims. There were about 30 different types of SF claims and commonly found SF claims include claims about healthy bones and teeth, baby's brain and eye development, healthy weight, immune system, and healthy cholesterol level. The SF claims were found commonly in the following product groups: infant formulas, cheeses, yogurts, cold cereals, refrigerated and shelf-stable juices and drinks. These results demonstrate the usefulness of the FLAPS data as an FDA's monitoring tool to assess compliance with food label-related laws and regulations and to plan for future policy making.
Why do student teachers go global

Abstract This qualitative case study reports the findings on 15 preservice teachers’ motivation for student teaching abroad. They made up about 5% of all student teachers at a major university in the Midwest. Who were these student teachers? What made them different from those who chose not to student teach abroad? In order to determine their characteristics and motives, each preservice teacher participated in a written survey and an oral in-depth interview. The findings suggest that these preservice teachers typically sought the opportunity to student teach abroad as a way to meet professional and personal goals while broadening their global-mindedness.
FcγRII (CD32) Is Linked to Apoptotic Pathways in Murine Granulocyte Precursors and Mature Eosinophils

Murine granulocytes and precursors express low-affinity IgG Fc receptors (Fc gammaR). We investigated the effects of FcyR ligation on the development of eosinophils in cultures of normal murine bone marrow. Eosinophilopoiesis was induced by culture of bone marrow cells in the presence of cytokines (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interleukin-3 [IL-3], and IL-5). Addition to the cultures of 2.4G2, a rat monoclonal antibody (mAb) that reacts with Fc gammaRII (CD32) and Fc gammaRIII (CD16), induced granulocyte apoptosis within 24 hours. Granulocytes in cultures that contained 2.4G2 showed chromatin condensation, binding of Annexin-V, and fas induction, and by electron microscopy, apoptosis was most commonly observed in cells of the eosinophil lineage. Since murine granulocytes can express both Fc gammaRII (CD32) and Fc gammaRIII (CD16), we investigated the effect of 2.4G2 on cultures of bone marrow obtained from Fc gammaRIII (CD16) gene-disrupted mice and found that the apoptosis induced with 2.4G2 was CD16-independent. Studies with bone marrow cultures from B6MLR-lpr/lpr and C3H/HEJ-gld/gld mice established that the Fc gammaRII (CD32)-triggered apoptosis was fas-fasL-dependent. When mature eosinophils isolated from hepatic granulomas of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice were cultured in cytokines in the presence of 2.4G2, the eosinophils underwent apoptosis within 24 hours. These findings identify a previously unknown linkage between Fc gammaR on eosinophils and fas-mediated apoptosis, a connection that could be relevant to mechanisms by which eosinophils mediate tissue injury and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity reactions.
Pathfinding by identified growth cones in the spinal cord of zebrafish embryos

The spinal cord of early (18-20 hr) zebrafish embryos consists of a small number of neurons per hemisegment. The earliest neurons are identified and project growth cones that follow stereotyped, cell-specific pathways to reach their termination sites. We have studied the pathways taken by 4 of the early neurons in order to delineate the cells and structures their growth cones encounter during pathfinding. These neurons are 3 classes of commissural neurons (CoPA, CoSA, and CoB), which have contralateral longitudinal axons, and the VeLD neuron, which has an ipsilateral longitudinal axon. These growth cones encounter a defined set of cells and structures. Commissural growth cones appear to bypass the longitudinal axons of several identified neurons, including those from contralateral commissural neurons they encounter immediately following projection from the cell bodies. In contrast, these growth cones appear to extend in association with the longitudinal axons of commissural cells after crossing the ventral midline. Another set of cells of interest are the floor plate cells, a row of cells that constitute the ventral floor of the cord. At the floor plate growth cones exhibit cell-specific behaviors which may be influenced by the floor plate. (1) The floor plate may attract specific growth cones. The CoPA, CoSA, CoB, and VeLD growth cones all extend to the floor plate while other identified growth cones do not. (2) The floor plate may mediate cell-specific turns and induce some growth cones to cross the midline while inhibiting others from doing so. The commissural growth cones extend directly under the floor plate to cross the midline and turn anterior (CoPA and CoSA) or bifurcate (CoB); the VeLD growth cone turns away from the midline and extends posteriorly. (3) The floor plate may mediate changes in the substrate affinities of growth cones. Commissural growth cones bypass longitudinal pathways before they have encountered the floor plate, but not after. The description of pathfinding by these growth cones suggests that some elements in their environment are ignored while others are not. Most interestingly, a single structure (the floor plate) may mediate multiple, cell-specific effects on spinal growth cones.
The chemistry of uranium (IV)—II: Some new compounds with oxygen and nitrogen donor ligands

Abstract Some compounds of uranium (IV), several of which are new, have been synthesized and characterized. Preparations are reported for U(OCOCH 3 ) 4 , U(OH)(OCOCH 3 ) 3 , UO(OCOCH 3 ) 2 , U(OCOC 2 H 5 ) 4 , U(OH) 2 (OCOC 2 H 5 ) 2 , UO 1·5 (OCOC 2 H 5 ), UCl 4 ·8NH 3 , UCl 4 ·4NH 3 , UCl 4 ·2NH 3 , UCl 3 NH 2 , UCl 4 ·4(n-C 4 H 9 NH 2 ), UCl 3 ·(n-C 4 H 9 NH), UCl 4 ·2(C 5 H 5 N), UCl 4 ·4(C 5 H 10 NH), UCl 4 ·4-(NH 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 ), UCl 4 ·4[(CH 3 ) 2 SO], UCl 4 ·3[(C 6 H 5 ) 2 SO], and U(C 7 H 5 O 2 ) 4 (salicylaldehydo). The compounds with nitrogen-donor ligands are less stable toward both moisture and oxygen than the compounds with oxygen-donor ligands. Some compounds displayed surprising stability for this oxidation state of uranium. Visible and infra-red spectral data are reported, as well as other characterizing data.
The impact of organizational practices on safety in manufacturing: A review and reappraisal: Research Articles

Research suggests that human error contributes to unsafe practices and accidents more than two thirds of the time in industries such as manufacturing. As such, many organizations take a microlevel approach to addressing workplace safety (i.e., focusing on individual workers). However, it has been argued that organizations should take a broader (i.e., macrolevel) approach to improving workplace safety. Despite the suggested benefits of macrolevel approaches (e.g., positive safety culture), we found that their implementation is lacking in many organizations. Therefore, we developed guidelines to assist in the development of a safety culture that encourages safe practices at all levels of the organization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 133–176, 2005.
Christianity in Action: The International History of the Salvation Army – By Henry Gariepy

This book is a compact version of the eight‐volume International History of the Salvation Army published from 1947–1999 by staff officers at its headquarters in London. That work covered 1865 to 19...
Trichosporon beigelii, an emerging pathogen resistant to amphotericin B.

Trichosporon beigelii caused fatal disseminated infections that were resistant to amphotericin B in two granulocytopenic patients. In vitro susceptibility studies demonstrated that both index strains of T. beigelii were inhibited but not killed by amphotericin B at achievable concentrations in serum. The minimum lethal concentration for both isolates was greater than or equal to 18 micrograms/ml. Five of seven other isolates were found to have a similar pattern of amphotericin B resistance. The fact that the minimum lethal concentration of T. beigelii was many times greater than its MIC was consistent with a resistance pattern of tolerance. We concluded that T. beigelii may be resistant in vitro to amphotericin B and that this in vitro resistance was correlated with refractory, disseminated trichosporonosis in granulocytopenic patients. T. beigelii should be included in the expanding list of amphotericin B-resistant fungi. Images
Badania sporowo-pyłkowe osadów dolnego liasu w profilu Skarżysko-Kamienna IG 1

Przebadano 103 preparaty wykonane z 50 probek pobranych z glebokości 9,00-137,4 m. Wyrozniono 37 rodzajow sporomorf, ktore reprezentują, rośliny paprotnikowe ( Pteridophyra ), nagonasienne ( Gymnospermophyta ), mszaki ( Bryophyta ) i mikroplankton. Wśrod Pteridophyta dominują, przedstawiciele rzedu Filicales , a wśrod Gymnospermophyta - Coniferales . Bryophyta są reprezentowane przez rodzaje Sphagnumsporifes i cf. Andrea . W obrebie sporomorf zaliczanych do grupy Sporites Incertae Sedis na uwage zasluguje wystepowanie gatunku Aratrisporites minimus Schulz, przewodniego dla dolnego liasu. SPORE-POLLEN INVESTIGATIONS OF THE LOWER LIASSIC DEPOSITS IN THE SKRŻYSKO-KAMIENNA IG 1 BOREHOLE PROFILE (THE NORTHERN MARGIN OF THE ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE MTS) he Lower Liassic deposits occurring in the Skarzysko-Kamienna IG 1 borehole profile was tested. 103 spore-pollen analyses from 50 samples were carried out. Samples were taken from the depth of 9.00-137.4 m. 37 sporomorphs were identified. Microflora found in the deposit represents bryophytes ( Bryophyta ), pteriodophytes ( Pteridophyta ), gymnosperms ( Gymnospermophyta ) and microplankton. Bryophyta are represented by Sphagnumsporites and cf. Andrea . Filicales dominate among Pteridophyta ; there are Lycopodiales also. There were also distinguished representatives of Caytoniales , Cycadales, Ginkgoales and Podozamitales . Sporomorphes of unknown taxonomic affiliation are reckoned to Sporites and Pollenites Incertae Sedis. The presence of Aratrisporites minimus Schultz -an index species for Lower Liassic was found among Sporites Incertae Sedis. Numerous representatives of Corrugatisporites scanicus Nilsson and Chasmatosporires and Monosulcites sp. occur in the group of Pollenites lncertae Sedis.
Changes in blood chemistry, hematology, and histology caused by a selenium/vitamin E deficiency and recovery in chicks

Exudative diathesis, a condition caused by a selenium (Se)/vitamin E deficiency, was studied in chicks. Trios of chicks that showed clinical signs of exudative diathesis were matched for severity. One was injected subcutaneously with 0.5 mL distilled water, and the other two received 15 μg of Se in 0.5 mL distilled water. A chick fed a diet with supplemental Se also received 0.5 mL distilled water. Blood was collected from three chicks 2 d after injection, and from the other chick, 6 d after injection. After blood was collected, pectoral muscle and bone marrow were collected. Deficient chicks showed varying degrees of necrosis in pectoral muscle, whereas recovring chicks had extensive fibrosis in pectoral muscle. An analysis of blood showed differences in CO2, glucose, Se, glutathione peroxidase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and creatine kinase. Heterophils and monocytes were increased in deficient chicks; lymphocytes, basophils, and hemoglobin decreased. After 6 d of recovery, all of the changes noted above were correcting toward normal. Eosinophils, in contrast, were unaffected by a deficiency, but increased in recovering chicks. It is hypothesized that cytokines associated with the inflammatory response accentuate the clinical signs of exudative diathesis.
Viscoelastic properties of dilute nematic mixtures containing cyclic and hyperbranched liquid crystal polymers dissolved in a nematic solvent

The twist and bend viscosities of dilute solutions of cyclic and hyperbranched liquid crystal polymers (LCP) dissolved in low molar mass nematic solvents were determined via dynamic light scattering analysis. These results were compared to those of linear chains with similar chemical repeat structures. The nematic solvent used was 4'-pentyloxy-4-cyanobiphenyl (50CB). The cyclic LCP oligomers, Cy TPB10, have a mesogenic group, 1-(4-hydroxy-4'-biphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) butane, separated by flexible decamethylene spacers. The twist viscosity of the cyclic Cy-TPB10 oligomers increases with molecular weight more strongly than the linear, TPB-10, suggesting that the hydrodynamic behavior of Cy-TPB 10 is closer to that of a rigid rod than TPB10. Surprisingly, the intrinsic bend viscosity [η bend ] of Cy-TPB10 decreases with molecular weight, in contrast to the positive dependence for linear TPB10. This may reflect the higher strain energy in the smaller ring sizes. The hyperbranched LCP, TPD-b-8, is also based on the mesogen 10-bromo-1-(4-hydroxy-4'-biphenyl)-2(4-hydroxyphenyl) decane but with octyl groups at the chain ends. We compare the viscoelastic behavior of dilute nematic solutions of TPD-b-8 in 50CB against that of a linear main-chain LCP, TPB7, with the same mesogenic group but with heptamethylene spacers. The viscometric properties of TPD-b-8/50CB and TPB7/50CB are quite different. The results suggest that each chain is prolate (i.e., R∥>R⊥) but that TPD-b-8 has a smaller chain anisotropy than that of TPB7
Increasing the Scout's effectiveness through local sensing and ruggedization

The Scout is a miniature robot capable of performing surveillance and reconnaissance applications. However, the small size of the Scout limits the on-board processing capability and thus requires that the primary sensing modality (vision) be processed remotely. This creates a dependence upon a video channel which can become a severe bottleneck when attempting to use large numbers of robots. This paper discusses the newest generation of the Scout, the COTS 3.0, which attempts to reduce the effect of the communication bottleneck by using more local sensing capabilities to achieve a degree of autonomous functionality. Several experiments showing the durability of the new COTS Scout and the autonomous capability are presented.
An Interview with Carol Tenopir

Carol Tenopir is a professor at the School of Library and Information Studies, University of Hawaii. She has a BA in English/History from Whittier College in California, an MS in Library Science from California State University, and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in Library and Information Science. She teaches courses in Electronic Reference Services, Advanced Online Information Services, Indexing and Abstracting, and the Information Industry. Dr. Tenopir is well known for her Library Journal column, “Online Databases,” which she has been writing for ten years.
Radiative transfer in disk geometry - emergent intensity from cool gray disks

Abstract As part of a continuing project to develop self-consistent radiative transfer solutions in disk geometry, numerical models for disk shaped dust clouds are presented. Models are computed with the assumption of gray (Rosseland mean) opacity for cool, externally heated disks. For a given temperature distribution, based on a reasonable estimate for molecular clouds, or precollapse protoplanetary disks, the effect on the emergent intensity of disk geometry (i.e., degree of flattening), optical depth, and inclination to the observer's line of sight is examined. The goal of this research is to develop a computational tool for interpretation of observations of disk-shaped objects. However, no clear signature is found in the monochromatic emergent intensity alone which would allow one to distinguish a disk-shaped cloud from a spherical cloud, except for the fortuitous case of edge-on viewing. Also discussed briefly is the future direction for this work, including its extension to fully self-consistent, multifrequency models.
Mechanism of Fenoxaprop Resistance in an Accession of Smooth Crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum)

Abstract An accession of smooth crabgrass [ Digitaria ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl] exhibiting resistance to the herbicide fenoxaprop was discovered recently in New Jersey. This accession was highly resistant to fenoxaprop-ethyl (approximate R/S GR 50 ratio of 102) and moderately resistant to quizalofop-ethyl (approximate R/S GR 50 ratio of 16.3), but exhibited low resistance to cyclohexanediones such as sethoxydim (R/S GR 50 ratio of 1.3). The potential mechanism of resistance was investigated by evaluating the effect of fenoxaprop on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2, ACCase) activity extracted from shoots of resistant and susceptible plants and comparing the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of radiolabeled fenoxaprop in resistant and susceptible plants. The patterns of absorption, translocation, and metabolism of fenoxaprop were similar in resistant and susceptible smooth crabgrass. ACCase activity from susceptible plants was very sensitive to fenoxaprop-ethyl and fenoxaprop acid with I 50 values of 2 and 4.9 μM, respectively. ACCase activity from resistant plants was very resistant to fenoxaprop-ethyl (I 50 > 182 μM) and moderately resistant to fenoxaprop acid (I 50 , 29 μM). ACCase activity from resistant smooth crabgrass was 50-fold less sensitive to quizalofop-ethyl than that extracted from susceptible smooth crabgrass. ACCase activity extracted from either resistant or susceptible plants was inhibited strongly by sethoxydim (I 50 of 7.4 μM in R and 3.4 μM in S). These results suggest that a less sensitive form of the target enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, confers a high degree of resistance to smooth crabgrass toward fenoxaprop and moderate resistance to other aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Child Behavior Checklist Ages 2–3

Summary.-The present study provided some needed test-retest reliability data for the Child Behavior Checklist for ages 2-3. The Checklist 2-3 was developed by Achenbach and Edelbrock in 1986 to detect behavior problems in toddlers and preschool children. For this study, 30 parents completed the checklist twice over 4 to 6 weeks. Testretest reliability coefficients for the Total Behavior Problems score, Internalizing and Externaltzing scores, and the narrow-band behavior factors were all significant. These data indicate generally satisfactory temporal stability For broad-band syndromes; however, mixed results were found for the narrow-band syndromes of the Child Behavior Checklist Ages 2-3. Numerous behavior rating scales have been developed to assess child psychopathology. Scales, such as the Conners Scales (Goyette, Conners, & Ulrich, 1978), the Devereux Elementary School Behavior Rating Scale (Spivak & Swift, 1967), and the Chlld Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983), have been frequently used in school settings. Many of these scales were designed for use with school-age children (K-12); however, with the passage of P.L. 99-457, an increased need exists for reliable behavior rating scales for infants, toddlers, and preschool children. The Child Behavior Checklist Ages 2 and 3 was developed as one such scale. The Child Behavior Checklist and its related forms were developed through factor analytic studies (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1979, 1981) and have identified broad- and narrow-band syndromes of behavior problems. Broad-band syndromes refer to macro factors such as internalizing and externalizing behavior problems, while narrow-band syndromes denote more specific groupings (i.e., anxiety, depression, aggression). The development of the Checklist 2-3 paralleled the development of the previous scales in item construction and test (factor) analysis (Achenbach, Edelbrock, & Howell, 1987). The Checklist 2-3 was developed to obtain parents' behavior ratings on the 99 items that comprise the scale. The Checklist 2-3 has broad- (Total Problem Behavior Score, Internalizing Score, and Externalizing Score) and narrow- (Social Withdrawal, Depressed, Sleep Problems, Somatic Problems, Aggressive, and Destructive) band syndromes. Item ratings made by the parents are compiled on the broad- and narrow-band
The magnitude of motion parallax affects control of egospeed

Perceiving the speed of self-motion, or egospeed, from optical flow can be important for vehicular control. McDevitt, Eggleston, & Dyre (1999) found that judgments of egospeed are affected by the magnitude of motion parallax present in optical flow. The present study examined whether this motion parallax effect generalizes to control of egospeed. Participants were shown simulations of forward translation parallel to a set of three transparent planes defined by white dots and separated by a constant interplane distance. After a preview period, the motion parallax produced by the set of three planes was instantaneously changed by changing the interplane distance. Participants then reduced their egospeed to one-half that experienced during the preview period. Decreases in motion parallax resulted in higher adjusted speeds, while increases in motion parallax resulted in lower adjusted speeds. These results suggest that control of egospeed is affected by motion parallax in the same manner as judgments.
Hoisted on their own petard: A strategy to elicit good discussions

Facilitating, incentivizing, suggesting, urging, expecting, wanting, and requiring are all terms we use to attempt to engage our students in quality face-to-face (F2F) and/or online interactions. The term discussion, we fear, is becoming one of those words that can elicit anything from a grimace to an eye twitch or even a curled lip to a full-body shutter. It seems to be moving in the same direction as those infamous and often dreaded terms—integration and conceptual! However, discussions, really good discussions, can truly provide an avenue where substantive interactions and reflections can take place; it can also provide an opportunity to clarify and correct impressions and misimpressions, and it can foster an environment for critical thinking—conceptualizing, analyzing, synthesizing, and evaluating information (Paul & Elder, 2008). A number of sources (Facione, 1990; Bullen, 1998; MacKnight, 2000; Collison, Elbaum, Haavind, & Tinker, 2000; Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching (nd); Norman, 2012) describe the benefits of good discussions (F2F and on-line). Many of them highlight their reflective nature, the introduction of diverse and differing ideas, the potential for synthesis and evaluation, and dare we say it, integration. The evidence seems clear, and consensus has been reached, good discussions are a vital part of good teaching and valuable learning. The issue, however, seems to be getting students to engage in good discussions and avoid bad discussion habits.
SIMPLE DETERMINATION OF POWER LAW FLOW CURVES USING A PADDLE TYPE MIXER VISCOMETER

A simple and accurate procedure to determine the flow properties of powerlaw fluids using a paddle type mixer viscometer is described. The approach considers the mixer as analogous to a concentric cylinder system and incorporates the inclusion of end effects in modeling. The procedure significantly reduces data collection because calibration with standard fluids is not necessary to estimate average shear stress and shear rate values.
Interannual variability in global soil respiration, 1980–94

We used a climate-driven regression model to develop spatially resolved estimates of soil-CO2 emissions from the terrestrial land surface for each month from January 1980 to December 1994, to evaluate the effects of interannual variations in climate on global soil-to-atmosphere CO2 fluxes. The mean annual global soil-CO2 flux over this 15-y period was estimated to be 80.4 (range 79.3–81.8) Pg C. Monthly variations in global soil-CO2 emissions followed closely the mean temperature cycle of the Northern Hemisphere. Globally, soil-CO2 emissions reached their minima in February and peaked in July and August. Tropical and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests contributed more soil-derived CO2 to the atmosphere than did any other vegetation type (∼30% of the total) and exhibited a biannual cycle in their emissions. Soil-CO2 emissions in other biomes exhibited a single annual cycle that paralleled the seasonal temperature cycle. Interannual variability in estimated global soil-CO2 production is substantially less than is variability in net carbon uptake by plants (i.e., net primary productivity). Thus, soils appear to buffer atmospheric CO2 concentrations against far more dramatic seasonal and interannual differences in plant growth. Within seasonally dry biomes (savannas, bushlands and deserts), interannual variability in soil-CO2 emissions correlated significantly with interannual differences in precipitation. At the global scale, however, annual soil-CO2 fluxes correlated with mean annual temperature, with a slope of 3.3 Pg C y−1 per °C. Although the distribution of precipitation influences seasonal and spatial patterns of soil-CO2 emissions, global warming is likely to stimulate CO2 emissions from soils.
The impacts of information quality and system quality on users' continuance intention in information-exchange virtual communities

An information-exchange virtual community (VC) is an IT-supported virtual space that is composed of a group of people for accessing, sharing and disseminating topic-related experiences and knowledge through communication and social interaction 36,43]. With the increasing number of VCs and low switching cost, it is challenging to retain existing users and encourage their continued participation. By integrating the IS post-adoption research and IS Success model, we propose a research framework to investigate VC users' continuance intention from a quality perspective. Based on a field survey, we find that information and system quality directly affect perceived individual benefits and user satisfaction, which ultimately determine user continuance intention to consume and to provide information. Furthermore, by modeling information quality and system quality as multifaceted constructs, our results reveal key quality concerns in information-exchange VCs. Implications for VC design and management are also discussed.
Some reflections on the early discussion concerning the ṣifāt Allāh: ‘cross-fertilization and cooperation in the Islamic milieu’

Although it has fallen out of favour in contemporary theology, the activity of interreligious apologetics has historically allowed very difficult and controversial questions to be raised and examined within the parameters of a controlled intellectual environment. As an illustration of this phenomenon, this paper examines the thought of three scholars, Jahm ibn Ṣafwan, Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, and Abū Rā'iṭa al-Takrītī, who were involved the debates of the eighth and ninth centuries concerning the divine attributes. They facilitated the encounter among different systems of thought, such as neo-Platonism, Christianity and Islam, creating the opportunity for both cross-fertilization and more precise articulation of individual doctrines. These Muslim and Christian intellectuals, while holding very different views of God and revelation, simultaneously saw themselves as engaged in a common project of formulating the foundation for society based on the will of God that had long-lasting effects.
Novel halide glasses based on systems of LiX (X = Cl, Br, I)

Abstract New halide glasses have been obtained in systems of LiXKXCsXBaX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) where the main component is LiX. The glasses first discovered are those which contain only alkali halides and alkaline earth halides. Glass transition and crystallization temperatures were in the range of 40–80°C and 65–105°C, respectively. The IR cut-off wavelength is beyond 10 μm. These glasses have high ionic conductivity, e.g., for the LiI-based glass, 5.8 × 10−7 S/cm at 25°C.
Trends in the indications for pediatric tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy

Abstract Objective To report trends in the indications for pediatric tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy. Methods To identify current indications, (1) a retrospective chart review analyzed all indications for procedures performed by a pediatric otolaryngologist on patients aged 0–3, 4–10, or 11–18 years, and (2) a cross-sectional survey to members of the American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology asked for approximate percentages of children in the same age groups receiving procedures for obstruction, infection, or another indication. To assess changing indications over time, (3) a literature review was performed. Results (1) Chart review: 302 patients aged 5 months to 18 years (average: 6.34; median: 6) were analyzed. For the 0–3-year age group, obstruction was an indication in 100.0% of cases, and infection in 2.6%. For the 4–10-year age group: 91.9% and 13.4%, respectively. For the 11–18-year age group: 84.6% and 33.3%. (2) Survey: 120 surveys were returned (40% response rate), and 63 surveys were appropriate for analysis (21% completion rate). For the 0–3-year age group, obstruction was the primary indication in 91.8% of procedures and infection in 7.5%. For the 4–10-year age group: 73.2% and 25.3%, respectively. For the 11–18-year age group: 43.0% and 54.2%. (3) Literature review: 11 articles consistently illustrated a rise in obstruction and a decline in infection as an indication since 1978. Conclusions Obstruction has become a more prominent indication than infection for pediatric tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy in children, especially younger children. Infection becomes a more prominent indication as age increases. Data may not be absolutely reflective of all pediatric otolaryngologists or other otolaryngologists that treat children. Comparing studies is difficult owing to the variety of surgical procedures focused upon and terms used to define indications.
Growth and retrograde zoning in garnets from high-grade, metapelites: Implications for pressure-temperature paths

A previously unrecognized pattern of garnet zoning has been preserved in garnets from the upper amphibolite facies Britt domain, Ontario Grenville province. Some large garnets contain discrete regions of high grossular content as well as variations in the Mg/(Mg+Fe) and Mn nearly parallel to grain boundaries. The latter are superimposed on and cut across regions of high grossular content. Such crosscutting zoning patterns have not been previously recognized in garnets. The Ca zoning involves changes of 4 to 10 mol% grossular and is interpreted to represent growth zoning, whereas the decreasing Mg/(Mg+Fe) and increasing Mn from core to rim are believed to be a diffusional retrograde effect. The Ca zoning indicates a pressure drop of ca. 5 kbar at 700 ±50°C (
Interventional sialoendoscopy: early clinical results.

Purpose Sialoendoscopy is a novel minimally invasive technique to explore the salivary duct system and to treat obstructive salivary disease. This article describes the early clinical experience with endoscopic salivary duct exploration and sialolithectomy in 2 medical centers. Patients and Methods This is a retrospective case series of 94 patients, with submandibular (n = 77) or parotid (n = 17) sialadenitis secondary to sialolithiasis, strictures, or mucous plugs. Patients underwent sialoendoscopy at Baptist Hospital, Miami (n = 52) or at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (n = 42). Dilatation of the duct through the natural orifice was accomplished with salivary dilators. Three endoscope systems with diameters from 1.1 to 2.3 mm were used. Using a basket, grasper, lithotripsy, laser, or a combination of these, stones were fragmented or removed endoscopically. Strictures were dilated and mucous plugs removed. All cases were carried out under general anesthesia. Results Salivary duct navigation was accomplished in 91/94 patients. In 3 cases, duct dilatation was not possible due to scarring. Symptomatic relief was achieved in 81/91 patients (89.4%). Strictures and mucous plugs were visualized and managed in 18/18 patients. Sialoliths were visualized in 73 patients and stone fragmentation or retrieval was accomplished in 84.93% (62/73) of cases. Complications included 2 patients with temporary lingual nerve paresthesia and 1 patient with excess extravasation of irrigation fluid. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that interventional sialoendoscopy is an effective, minimally invasive alternative treatment for obstructive salivary gland disease.
Comparison of Macro- and Microgravimetric Technic for Lipid Analysis of Serum.

Summary And ConclusionsStudies of the serum fatty acids from a child with a known lipemia (nephrosis) by means of the microgravimetric technic of Wilson and Hansen were made and the values thus obtained compared with those found by using 20 times the amount of fatty material. The results showed the amounts of saponifiable fraction recovered, the titration values, and the calculated molecular weights to be almost identical by both the micro and macro methods. Those obtained for the iodine numbers, however, by the use of the Yasuda micro method were consistently somewhat lower than those obtained by the use of the Hanus method and lower than would theoretically be expected. Dilution of the reagents used in the Hanus method for adaptation to a micro technic, resulted in iodine number values practically identical with those obtained by the Yasuda micro method.From the data presented it seems warranted to conclude that the microgravimetric is a satisfactory technic for lipid analyses. Although the degree of un...
Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein MAP2

Abstract Hippocampal slices were preincubated with 32 P-orthophosphate and used to study the effect of glutamate analogs on protein phosphorylation. NMDA induced a rapid, 70% decrease in the phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein MAP2, with no change in the total amount of MAP2. Both competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists blocked the effect of NMDA, but a glutamate antagonist acting at non-NMDA receptors did not. Kainate and quisqualate were less potent than NMDA in stimulating dephosphorylation of MAP2. Other forebrain regions (neocortex, striatum, and olfactory bulb) also showed dephosphorylation of MAP2 in response to NMDA. These and other results suggest that NMDA receptor activation induces the dephosphorylation of MAP2 by stimulating a protein phosphatase, possibly the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin. Moreover, they indicate that alteration in the properties of a microtubule-associated protein may account for some of the effects of glutamate on postsynaptic neurons.
Liquid phase sintering of Si3N4/SiC nanopowders derived from silica fume

In this study, liquid phase sintering (LPS) of the nanostructured Si3N4/SiC powder synthesized from silica fume is investigated. Two major processing parameters, one being the composition of the powder bed that surrounds the part to be liquid phase sintered and the other the volume fraction of the sintering aid, are studied. It is shown that both of these processing parameters are crucial in achieving high density Si3N4/SiC nanocomposites and controlling their microstructure and thus their mechanical properties. With the proper powder bed composition and sufficient volume fraction of the sintering aid, dense Si3N4/SiC composites composed of a bi-modal distribution of equiaxed and elongated Si3N4 grains along with nanoscale SiC particles can be formed via LPS, and such composites offer a good combination of hardness and toughness. The mechanisms via which the two processing parameters play their critical roles in controlling the densification and microstructure have been identified.
Bcl-2 overexpression is associated with resistance to paclitaxel, but not gemcitabine, in multiple myeloma cells.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease despite an initial response-rate of >60% with conventional or high-dose chemotherapy using glucocorticosteroids (i.e. dexamethasone), or alkylating agents (i.e. melphalan). Although these agents are capable of inducing complete remission (CR) in >50% of MM patients, resistance develops rapidly, in >90% of patients, within 2 years of treatment. Therefore, there is a need for new drugs for the treatment of relapsing and refractory MM patients. Gemcitabine (GEM) is a pyrimidine analog that blocks DNA synthesis, whereas, paclitaxel (TAX) is a mitotic spindle poison that promotes microtubular aggregation. Since it appears that these two drugs have different cellular targets, we examined the effect of each drug individually for several parameters and for possible synergy. We studied the cytotoxic effect of TAX and GEM on MM cells expressing varying levels of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2, which is overexpressed in the majority of myeloma cell from MM patients. We found that both drugs are cytotoxic by inducing apoptosis, however, the extent of apoptosis with TAX, but not with GEM was dependent on the levels of bcl-2 expression. We further investigated the effect of TAX and GEM on the cell cycle distribution and on the levels of bcl-2. The results indicate that the two drugs have different modes of action with respect to each parameter tested. TAX induced arrest of the cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, regardless of bcl-2 levels, however, apoptosis was induced in mitotic cells expressing relatively low levels of bcl-2. In contrast, GEM caused apoptosis of cells in the S-phase, regardless of level of bcl-2 expression. A major difference between TAX and GEM was in their effects on the levels of bcl-2. Whereas, TAX induced an early downregulation of bcl-2 (only in the cells with relatively low levels of bcl-2), treatment with GEM did not affect bcl-2 levels. The effects of TAX on both the cell cycle and bcl-2 were detected very early (4-8 h) and preceded the onset of apoptosis. GEM and TAX act synergistically, at low doses (IC50 of 0.5 microM for GEM and 0.025 microM for TAX), to effectively kill bcl-2 overexpressing cells that are resistant to higher doses (0.25 microM) of TAX alone. Therefore, we have initiated a phase II clinical trial of TAX and GEM for MM patients refractory to current therapy.
Drug cocktails for effective treatment of glioblastoma multiforme

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary brain tumor and also one of the most difficult human malignancies to manage. In fact, only 7 months was added to the mean survival rate o...
Mechanical properties of carbon nanotube–copper nanocomposites

The authors have characterized the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced copper nanocomposites which were fabricated with an innovative electrochemical co-deposition process. The mechanical strength of Cu/CNT nanocomposites is found to be more than three times greater than that of pure copper. The increased strength is attributed to the good distribution of CNTs and good interfacial bonding between CNT and copper realized by the fabrication method.
Smoking Cessation Delivered by Medical Students Is Helpful to Homeless Population

Objective The authors pilot a smoking-cessation outreach for the homeless that extends medical students’ tobacco cessation education.
Treatment of Tympanic Membrane Retraction with the Holmium Laser

Abstract Politzerization, the Valsalva maneuver, and ventilation tube insertion are available treatments for tympanic membrane retraction. Ventilation of the middle ear cavity can correct tympanic membrane retraction in many cases, but not in all. Retraction may be localized or diffuse. This article describes experiments performed to evaluate a new method to "tighten" retracted or flaccid tympanic membranes with a holmium laser in a human temporal bone model. Ten temporal bones with mild-to-moderate retraction of the posterior superior quadrant or pars flaccida were treated with a series of laser pulses around and to the area of retraction. Umbo displacement before and after laser treatment was performed with a laser Doppler vibrometer to evaluate the effect on the acoustic function of the tympanic membrane. In all ears, the posterior superior quadrant retraction appeared to be completely corrected. Laser treatment of the posterior superior quadrant retraction produced improvement in umbo displacement below 1.0 kHz. After treatment of pars flaccida retraction, the configuration was improved a small amount; however, no increase in umbo displacement was found. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1995;112:512-9.)