cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TREATMENT OF IIMVISCID FLUXES IN COMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOW COMPUTATIONS

The present study presents a comparative investigation between two methodologies for treating inviscid fluxes, namely, an artificial dissipation-based finite-volume scheme and a second-order upwind difference scheme. Computations made of the turbulent, supersonic flow past an axisymmetric afterbody have revealed certain disadvantages in using the artificial dissipation-based approach to the discretization of inviscid fluxes. Noticeably, the artificial dissipation-based approach does not maintain the integrity of the flow physics and reveals upstream influences of the rapid expansion at the base corner. Accuracy of the results obtained of flow fields with complex features, such as a streamline curvature or strong shocks, depends significantly on the treatment of the inviscid fluxes, and from the comparison presented here, the flux-vector splitting scheme offers better results for the supersonic flow problem involving sharp comers.
Influence of Predator Harvest, Biological Factors, and Landscape on Elk Calf Survival in Idaho

Abstract We evaluated survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves on 2 contrasting study areas in north-central Idaho, USA, from 1997 to 2004. Recruitment was modest (>30 calves:100 F [calves of either sex:F elk ≥1 yr old]) and stable on the South Fork study area and low (<20 calves:100 F) and declining on the Lochsa study area. The primary proximate cause of calf mortality on both study areas was predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor). We experimentally manipulated populations of black bears and mountain lions on a portion of each study area. Black bear harvest (harvest density/600km2) initially doubled on the Lochsa treatment after manipulating season bag limits. Mountain lion harvest also increased by 60% but varied widely during the manipulation period. Harvest seasons were closed for black bears and mountain lions on the treatment portion of the South Fork study area. Using the Andersen–Gill formulation (A–G) of the Cox proportional hazards model, we examined effec...
Mechanism of temperature-induced plastic deformation of amorphous dielectric films for MEMS applications

This paper presents a microstructure based mechanism which elucidates seams as a source of density change and voids as a source of plastic deformation, accompanied by a viscous flow. This theory was then applied to explain a series of experimental results that are related to thermal cycling as well as annealing of amorphous dielectric films, such as plasma enhanced physical vapor deposited (PECVD) silicon oxide (SiO/sub x/) films, including stress hysteresis generation and reduction and coefficient of thermal expansion changes. In particular, the thickness effect was examined; PECVD SiO/sub x/ films with a thickness varying from 1 to 40 /spl mu/m were studied, as certain demanding applications in MEMS require such thick films serving as heat/electrical insulation layers.
Real-time histogram generation using optical scanning

A prototype of an optical-electronic histogram generator has been designed and tested for 1-D objects. In this scheme, the object to be analyzed is laser scanned. The resulting optical signal is detected by a photodetector which generates an electrical signal output which is subsequently analyzed with a combination of analog and digital electronics. The system has shown to be fairly modular in design. Various aspects of the extension of the design to two dimensions is discussed. >
Genome Size, Complexity, and Ploidy of the Pathogenic Fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

The genome size, complexity, and ploidy of the dimorphic pathogenic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum was determined by using DNA renaturation kinetics, genomic reconstruction, and flow cytometry. Nuclear DNA was isolated from two strains, G186AS and Downs, and analyzed by renaturation kinetics and genomic reconstruction with three putative single-copy genes (calmodulin, α-tubulin, and β-tubulin). G186AS was found to have a genome of approximately 2.3 × 107 bp with less than 0.5% repetitive sequences. The Downs strain, however, was found to have a genome approximately 40% larger with more than 16 times more repetitive DNA. The Downs genome was determined to be 3.2 × 107 bp with approximately 8% repetitive DNA. To determine ploidy, the DNA mass per cell measured by flow cytometry was compared with the 1n genome estimate to yield a DNA index (DNA per cell/1n genome size). Strain G186AS was found to have a DNA index of 0.96, and Downs had a DNA index of 0.94, indicating that both strains are haploid. Genomic reconstruction and Southern blot data obtained with α- and β-tubulin probes indicated that some genetic duplication has occurred in the Downs strain, which may be aneuploid or partially diploid.
Pathogenesis of hyperlipidemias, clues to treatment?

Other papers presented at this Symposium have dealt with specific recent developments in treatment of hyperlipidemia by dietary, pharmacologic and surgical intervention. There continues to be a high level of interest and research activity in these areas. What we would like to do today is to present a speculative discussion of where we may be heading with regard to modes of intervention, pharmacologic and otherwise. There have been rapid and impressive advances in recent years in our understanding of lipoprotein structure, lipoprotein metabolism and of the enzymes involved in the latter. Do these new findings inform us with regard to new opportunities in the management of hyperlipidemia?
The Centennial Gleissberg Cycle and its association with extended minima

The recent extended minimum of solar and geomagnetic variability (XSM) mirrors the XSMs in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: 1810–1830 and 1900–1910. Such extended minima also were evident in aurorae reported from 450 A.D. to 1450 A.D. This paper argues that these minima are consistent with minima of the Centennial Gleissberg Cycles (CGCs), a 90–100 year variation observed on the Sun, in the solar wind, at the Earth, and throughout the heliosphere. The occurrence of the recent XSM is consistent with the existence of the CGC as a quasiperiodic variation of the solar dynamo. Evidence of CGCs is provided by the multicentury sunspot record, by the almost 150 year record of indexes of geomagnetic activity (1868 to present), by 1000 years of observations of aurorae (from 450 to 1450 A.D.) and millennial records of radionuclides in ice cores. The aa index of geomagnetic activity carries information about the two components of the solar magnetic field (toroidal and poloidal), one driven by flares and coronal mass ejections (related to the toroidal field) and the other driven by corotating interaction regions in the solar wind (related to the poloidal field). These two components systematically vary in their intensity and relative phase giving us information about centennial changes of the sources of solar dynamo during the recent CGC over the last century. The dipole and quadrupole modes of the solar magnetic field changed in relative amplitude and phase; the quadrupole mode became more important as the XSM was approached. Some implications for the solar dynamo theory are discussed.
Metacommunity dynamics of bacteria in an arctic lake: the impact of species sorting and mass effects on bacterial production and biogeography.

To understand mechanisms linking ecosystem processes and microbial diversity in freshwater ecosystems, bacterial productivity and the metacommunity dynamics of species sorting and mass effects were investigated in an 18 ha headwater lake in northern Alaska. On most sampling dates, the phylogenetic composition of bacterial communities in inflowing streams (inlets) was strikingly different than that in the lake and the outflowing stream (outlet) (16S DGGE fingerprinting), demonstrating the shift in composition that occurs as these communities transit the lake. Outlet and downstream communities were also more productive than inlet and upstream communities (14C-leucine incorporation). Inlet bacteria transplanted to the outlet stream in dialysis bags were equally or less productive than control bacteria, suggesting that the inlet bacteria are capable of growing under lake conditions, but do not remain abundant because of species sorting in the lake. Outlet bacteria (representative of epilimnetic bacteria) transplanted to the inlet stream were less productive than control bacteria, suggesting that lake bacteria are not as well adapted to growing under inlet conditions. Based on water density, inlet stream water and bacteria generally entered the lake at the base of the epilimnion. However, during low to medium flow in the inlet stream the residence time of the epilimnion was too long relative to bacterial doubling times for these allochthonous bacteria to have a mass effect on the composition of outlet bacteria. The highest community similarity between inlet and outlet bacteria was detected after a large rain event in 2003, with over 61% similarity (average non-storm similarities were 39% ± 8%). While mass effects may be important during large storm events, species sorting appears to be the predominant mechanism structuring bacterial communities within the lake, leading to the assembly of a lake community that has lost some ability to function in stream habitats.
Type and Severity of Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms Reported by Women Who Killed Abusive Partners

This study investigated the type, severity, and frequency of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced by battered women prior to killing male partners. Eighteen women were assessed for frequency and severity of lifetime PTSD symptoms and type of abuse endured. Correlations were performed between clusters of PTSD symptoms and composites of violent experiences. It was found that before killing male partners, these battered women suffered moderate to high levels of PTSD symptom frequency and severity, except for an inability to recall important aspects of the trauma. Significant canonical correlations were found between the frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms and the severity of types of abuses inflicted.
Performance and mood following variations in the length and timing of sleep.

The relative effects of extended sleep, sleep deprivation, and shifts of accustomed sleep time on subsequent performance and mood were studied. Ten regular 2400–0800 sleepers worked on E-paced addition and vigilance tasks, and completed an adjective check list to rate their mood following 2100-0800 extended, 2100-0500 advanced-shift, 2400-0800 habitual, 0300-0800 deprivation, and 0300-1100 delayed-shift conditions of sleep. Accuracy and speed of response on the vigilance task were significantly poorer, and negative affect was significantly greater after the conditions of shifted sleep and altered sleep duration than after the habitual sleep condition. Changes in the mood and performance measures were unrelated to prior sleep length or any specific alterations in the electrophysiological patterns of sleep.
Regulatory Quality Under Imperfect Oversight

We analyze the positive and normative implications of regulatory oversight when the policymaking agency can improve the quality of regulation through effort, but only some kinds of effort are observable by the overseer, and the overseer's only power is the ability to veto new regulation. Such oversight can increase the quality of agency regulation, but it also introduces inefficiencies—the agency underinvests in unobservable effort and overinvests in observable effort. Agencies have no incentive to conceal their activities from the overseer; the reforms that are likely to reduce inefficiency are therefore those that improve overseer expertise or lower the costs of agency disclosure, not those that compel disclosure. The normative implications depend on the relative severity of bureaucratic drift and slack problems. When slack is paramount, an overseer that is more anti-regulation than the agency or society improves social welfare, as long as it does not deter the agency from regulating entirely. When drift is paramount, oversight improves social welfare only when it deters regulation. In this case, regulatory oversight is weakly dominated by one of two alternatives: eliminating oversight or banning regulation.
Can a Conical Implant Successfully Address Complex Anatomy in Primary THA? Radiographs and Hip Scores at Early Followup

Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with small or abnormal proximal femoral anatomy is challenging as a result of complex anatomic deformities in the hip. It is unclear which stem is the most appropriate for these patients. One possible implant design that may help meet this need is the modified Wagner Cone prosthesis, whose design consists of monoblock cone with splines; however, to our knowledge, no clinical results have been published using this implant.
A novel role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in centrosome amplification - implications for chemoprevention

Centrosome aberrations can cause genomic instability and correlate with malignant progression in common human malignancies such as breast and prostate cancer. Deregulation of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) activity has previously been shown to be critically involved in centrosome overduplication. We therefore test here whether small molecule CDK inhibitors derived from the bis-indole indirubin can be used to suppress centrosome aberrations as a novel approach to chemoprevention of malignant progression. As expected, we found that the CDK inhibitor indirubin-3'-oxime (IO) suppresses centrosome amplification in breast cancer cells. However, we made the unexpected discovery that indirubin-derived compounds that have been chemically modified to be inactive as kinase inhibitors such as 1-methyl-indirubin-3'-oxime (MeIO) still significantly reduced centrosome amplification. All indirubins used in the present study are potent agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is known for its important role in the cellular metabolism of xenobiotics. To corroborate our results, we first show that the coincidence of nuclear AhR overexpression, reflecting a constitutive activation, and numerical centrosome aberrations correlates significantly with malignancy in mammary tissue specimens. Remarkably, a considerable proportion (72.7%) of benign mammary tissue samples scored also positive for nuclear AhR overexpression. We furthermore provide evidence that continued expression of endogenous AhR is critical to promote centriole overduplication induced by cyclin E and that AhR and cyclin E may function in the same pathway. Overexpression of the AhR in the absence of exogenous ligands was found to rapidly disrupt centriole duplication control. Nonetheless, the AhR agonists IO and MeIO were still found to significantly reduce centriole overduplication stimulated by ectopic AhR expression. Our results indicate that continued expression of endogenous AhR promotes centrosome amplification in breast cancer cells in a pathway that involves cyclin E. AhR agonists such as indirubins inhibit centrosome amplification even when stimulated by ectopic expression of the AhR suggesting that these compounds are potentially useful for the chemoprevention of centrosome-mediated cell division errors and malignant progression in neoplasms in which the AhR is overexpressed. Future studies are warranted to determine whether individuals in which nuclear AhR overexpression is detected in benign mammary tissue are at a higher risk for developing pre-cancerous or cancerous breast lesions.
Status Epilepticus Related to Alcohol Abuse

We reviewed the case records of 249 adult patients with generalized convulsive status epilepticus (SE) examined in San Francisco General Hospital between 1977 and 1989 and identified 27 patients (10.8%) in whom alcohol abuse was the only identifiable precipitating cause of SE. In 12 patients (44% of the study group), SE was the first presentation of alcohol-related seizures. Seizures with focal features were observed in 11 patients (40.1%), but there was little correlation with localized computed tomography (CT) or EEG abnormalities. SE was controlled with phenytoin (PHT), with or without a benzodiazepine (BZD), in 18 patients (66.7%). Twenty-two patients (81.5%) were discharged with no new neurologic deficits, but time to recovery of baseline mental status was prolonged (> 12 h) in 24 patients. With regard to alcohol abuse history, study patients did not differ from a comparison group with isolated alcohol withdrawal seizures. The results indicate that alcohol abuse is a common cause of SE and that SE may be the first presentation of alcohol-related seizures. Furthermore, the outcome of patients with alcohol-related SE compares favorably with that of patients with SE due to other causes, but recovery of these patients may be complicated by a prolonged postictal state.
GiST: A Stochastic Model for Generating Spatially and Temporally Correlated Daily Rainfall Data

Abstract Weather generators are tools that create synthetic daily weather data over long periods of time. These tools have also been used for downscaling monthly to seasonal climate forecasts, from global and regional circulation models to daily values for use as inputs for crop and other environmental models. One main limitation of most weather generators is that they do not take into account the spatial structure of weather. Spatial correlation of daily rainfall is important when one aggregates, for example, simulated crop yields or hydrology in a watershed or region. A method was developed to generate realizations of daily rainfall for multiple sites in an area while preserving the spatial and temporal correlations among sites. A two-step method generates rainfall events at multiple sites followed by rainfall amounts at sites where generated rainfall events occur. The generation of rainfall events was based on a new orthogonal Markov chain for discrete distributions. For generating rainfall amounts, a ...
Osteopathic study groups: a personal perspective

Abstract This paper examines the history of osteopathic study groups, study group structure, and the scientific basis for learning manual skills.
Noninvasive localization of arterial occlusive disease: A comparison of segmental Doppler pressures and arterial duplex mapping

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the abilities of arterial duplex mapping and segmental Doppler pressures to noninvasively localize hemodynamically significant lower extremity arterial occlusive disease. Methods: After angiographic controls were instituted, arterial duplex mapping and segmental Doppler pressures were blindly compared for their ability to localize a high-grade (50% to 100%) stenosis to the iliac or common femoral arteries, the superficial femoral artery, or the popliteal artery in 151 lower extremities from 79 patients. Results: Rates of sensitivity and specificity of arterial duplex mapping for identifying a high-grade stenosis at the three arterial levels were 88% and 97%, 95% and 100%, and 78% and 99%, respectively. Those for segmental Doppler pressures were 59% and 86%, 73% and 80%, and 48% and 53%, respectively. There was complete agreement between arterial duplex mapping and angiography in 82% of the limbs studied and between segmental pressures and angiography in 34% of the limbs ( p Conclusion: Arterial duplex mapping is far superior to segmental Doppler pressures for localization of high-grade angiographic lesions from the iliac to the popliteal arteries. (J VASC SURG 1993;17:578-82.)
Accurate Sliding-Mode Control of Pneumatic Systems Using Low-Cost Solenoid Valves

A control law is developed for an inexpensive pneumatic motion control system using four solenoid on/off valves and a position feedback sensor. A sliding-mode approach is used, which is well known for its tolerance for system uncertainties. In contrast to previous control laws, our approach does not use pulsewidth modulation. The control law has an energy-saving mode that saves electrical power, reduces chattering, and prolongs the valve's life. Our simulation and experimental results show that the proposed tracking control law performs very well with good tracking and relatively low steady-state position errors
Diffusion-based analysis of molecular interactions in microfluidic devices

The study of molecular interactions in biological fluids is important as a research tool to elucidate molecular and biological function, for discovering or designing molecules that have a desirable function, and for measuring or detecting analytes for clinical diagnostic purposes. Microfluidics is an emerging technology that has proven useful for studying and controlling molecular interactions with the potential advantages of reduced sample and reagent volumes, short reaction times, portable instrumentation, and high throughput. At microscale dimensions, diffusive transport of many biologically relevant molecules can cover large fractions of a fluid channel in a short time (seconds to minutes). We have exploited this feature to analyze molecular interactions based on changes in the diffusive transport of one of the reacting components. Here, we present a new assay configuration for studying molecular binding interactions and report new developments in the fabrication and use of hydrogels for diffusion-based analysis. We also overview system configurations and analysis techniques that have proven useful for studying molecular interactions of biological analytes and discuss their ability to operate using complex fluids such as blood.
Analysis of Eccentrically Stiffened Cylindrical Shells

A circular cylindrical finite element is combined with beam elements to provide an efficient numerical method for the solution of stiffened shell problems. The analysis includes the transformation relations necessary to account for eccentricity of the stiffening or support members or both. The finite element used for the shell is a modification of the Bogner, Fox and Schmit 48 degrees-of-freedom element. The accuracy of the method is demonstrated in the first example by comparing the stress results with the corresponding quantities computed by an analytical procedure. The structure chosen was a roof shell with edge beams in order to provide a severe test and the stresses rather than just displacements are compared in order to assess its practical value. A second example demonstrates the application of the method to a problem where flexure predominates.
Advanced cladid crinoids from the middle Mississippian of the east-central United States: intermediate-grade calyces

Species of the late Osagean and early Meramecian advanced cladid crinoid genera (suborder Poteriocrinina) Abrotocrinus, Aulocrinus, Cromyocrinus. Decadocrinus, Dinotocrinus, Holcocrinus, Hylodecrinus, Lanecrinus n. gen., Pachylocrinus, Parascytalocrinus n. gen., and Stinocrinus from Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, and Missouri are redescribed and redefined from study of type material and museum collections. Nomenclatural and systematic acts include the following: 1) Abrotocrinus cymosus Miller and Gurley, 1890a, is a valid species and not a synonym of A. coreyi (Meek and Worthen, 1869); 2) A. coreyi is a senior synonym of Poteriocrinus orestes Worthen, 1882; 3) Scaphiocrinus manus Miller and Gurley, 1890a, is assigned to Abrotocrinus ; 4) Abrotocrinus granulatus n. sp. is described; 5) S. bellus Miller and Gurley, 1890a, is assigned to Aulocrinus and is a senior synonym of Aulocrinus agassizi Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897; 6) S. orbicularis Hall, 1861a, is assigned to Cromyocrinus ; 7) P. latidactylus Worthen, 1882, is assigned to Dinotocrinus ; 8) S. gibsoni White, 1878, is assigned to Hylodecrinus with P. nauvooensis Worthen, 1882, questionably placed in synonymy; 9) P. briareus Worthen, 1882, is assigned to Hylodecrinus and is a senior synonym of S. lacunosus Miller and Gurley, 1890a, S. boonvillensis Miller, 1891b, S. constrictus Miller, 1891a, and S. arrosus Miller and Gurley, 1893; 10) S. bonoensis Miller and Gurley, 1890a, is assigned to Hylodecrinus ; 11) Hylodecrinus robustus n. sp. is described; 12) P. validus Worthen, 1882, is questionably assigned to Hylodecrinus ; 13) Lanecrinus n. gen. is described and the following species are assigned to this new genus: S. halli Hall, 1861 a, S. depressus Meek and Worthen, 1870, P. milleri Wetherby, 1881, P. fountainensis Worthen, 1882, S. repertus Miller and Gurley, 1890a, and Ramulocrinus consectatus Strimple and Watkins, 1969; P. otterensis Worthen, 1882, is questionably assigned to Lanecrinus ; 14) Lanecrinus depressus is the senior synonym of P. ulrichi Worthen in Miller, 1889, and S. maniformis Miller, 1892; 15) Lanecrinus repertus is the senior synonym of S. gorbyi Miller, 1891a; 16) P. asper Worthen, 1882, is assigned to Pachylocrinus and is a senior synonym of S. extensus Wachsmuth and Springer, 1886; 17) Parascytalocrinus n. gen. is described and the following species are assigned to this new genus: Poteriocrinus hamiltonensis Worthen, 1882, and Scytalocrinus validus Wachsmuth and Springer, 1897; 18) Poteriocrinites mcadamsi Meek and Worthen, 1873, is questionably placed in synonymy with Parascytalocrinus hamiltonensis ; and 19) Poteriocrinus burketi Worthen, 1882, nomen dubium and Zeacrinus dubius Miller and Gurley, 1890a, are placed in Incertae Sedis. Cromyocrinus orbicularis is the oldest species of its genus extending the range of the genus downward from the Upper to the Lower Mississippian.
Moments of Disjuncture: The Value of Corporate Ethnography in the Research Industrial Complex

This paper seeks to examine some of the underlying tensions that shape how and why ethnographers in industry often find their efforts devalued or not realized by stakeholders – i.e. “moments of disjuncture.” I argue that in many large corporations there is a separation between the stories anthropologists tell about themselves and those which are told about them, which mutually constitute an “informed fiction.” This fiction acts as a catalyst within a broader cycle of knowledge exchange (the industrial research complex) that demands a fast paced churning out of “newness” in insights before they grow old. These two processes often come to a head, creating a “seen it before” phenomena which risks devaluing timely and important work. To understand this I examine a case study of smart and automated technologies and offer potential solutions.
The Marketing Dilemma of Negroes

The behavior of Negroes in the marketplace is shown to be integrally related to attempts to find full status in American Society.According to the authors, the Negro market divides “spontaneously” i...
Comment on " π Condensation in Nuclear Matter"

Recent remarks on the possibility of negative-pion condensation in superdense nuclear matter are shown to be based on an incorrect formalism. The possibilities of ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ condensation are compared and some problems are enumerated which must be solved before it is known which, if either, of the phenomena can occur.
HRPAP20 : a novel tumor progression regulator in human breast cancer.

3408 The majority of human breast cancers develop as hormone-dependent tumors; however, with malignant progression, these tumors frequently progress to a more virulent phenotype characterized by hormone-independent growth, resistance to chemotherapy, and increased invasiveness. We recently cloned a novel gene in breast cancer cells that was designated Hormone-Regulated Proliferation-Associated Protein 20 (HRPAP20) based upon its pattern of expression. Initial studies indicated that HRPAP20 was induced by prolactin in hormone-responsive human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells and reduced by serum starvation and differentiating agents. Stable transfection of HRPAP20 significantly increased proliferation and suppressed apoptosis, characteristics frequently observed in breast tumors as they progress toward greater malignancy. Since tumor progression is also associated with acquisition of an invasive phenotype, we investigated whether MCF-7 cells, stably expressing HRPAP20, exhibited an altered invasive capacity. Results from experiments performed in collagen/fibronectin/Matrigel®-coated transwell chambers indicated that constitutive HRPAP20 expression significantly (p 25-fold higher in the ADC-2 (63 year old, postmenopausal) compared to normal breast epithelium. MMP-1 was only detectable in ADC-2, while MMP-2 was increased > 5-fold and nearly 35-fold in ADC-1 and ADC-2, respectively. These observations suggest that in addition to enhancing growth, HRPAP20 facilitates breast tumor cell invasion by augmenting expression of MMPs. We conclude that alterations in HRPAP20 expression may underlie changes in growth and invasion associated with malignant progression in breast cancer.
Study on Optimized Switching on/off Strategy for Resonant-Type Fault Current Limiter

The short circuit current of large load center that excesses the regulation standard seriously endangers security and stability of power grid.By reason of its high reliability,the resonant-type fault current limiter is suitable for EHV power network.Because of its own structural feature,the switching on/off of current limiter is much more complex than series compensator.The authors analyze the working characteristics of the main circuit of resonant-type fault current limiter and establish the mathematical model for main circuit of the limiter.Based on the topological structure of the main circuit,various switching on/off strategies are designed and corresponding switching on/off models are built,and the impacts of them on power network are analyzed.On the basis of evaluating various modes an optimized switching on/off strategy is obtained.Simulation experiments validate the reasonableness of the optimized strategy.
A Rationale for Criterion‐Referenced Proficiency Testing

This article summarizes some of the technical issues that add to the complexity of language testing. It focuses in particular on the criterion-referenced nature of the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines—Speaking; and it proposes a criterion-referenced interpretation of the ACTFL guidelines for reading and listening. It then demonstrates how using criterion-referenced testing and scoring enhances the accuracy of reading and listening proficiency ratings while also providing informative feedback to learners
Near-Quantitative Yield for Transfer of Near-Infrared Excitons within Solution-Phase Assemblies of PbS Quantum Dots

Covalent coupling of colloidal PbS quantum dots (QDs) of two different sizes through amide bond formation yielded assemblies that mediate near-infrared excitonic energy transfer from smaller QDs to larger QDs with 90% quantum yield, in chloroform solution. The energy transfer lifetimes, determined by fitting the kinetic data with a model that accounts for multiple hopping steps and different sizes of QD aggregates, were 113 ± 26 ns and 850 ± 330 ns, which compete favorably with intrinsic exciton decay in 600 ns to 2.5 μs. The high yield of energy transfer was accomplished by optimizing the sizes of the donor and acceptor QDs to maximize spectral overlap, the ratio of donor QDs to acceptor QDs, the coverage of “functional” ligand (8-amino-1-octanethiol on the donor QDs and 8-mercapto-1-octanoic acid on the acceptor QDs) on the QD surfaces, the amount of ethyl-dimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS) coupling reagents, the degree of steric hindrance for the amide coupling reacti...
Pervasively Offside: An Examination of Sexism, Stereotypes, and Sportscaster Credibility

Women remain underrepresented in sport media despite increased opportunities in other facets of sport and journalism. Further, women who have held positions in sport media are often perceived as being less credible than men in the field. In an effort to understand why these perceptions exist, the present study examined the influence of gender-role stereotyping and sexism on perceived sportscaster credibility. Using a posttest-only quasi-experimental design, 544 participants watched a video of a basketball debate between a male and female sportscaster, in addition to assessing the credibility of these sportscasters. Participant attitudes toward the sportscaster, gender-role stereotyping, and sexism as well as media consumption intentions were also measured. Results indicated that participants’ endorsement of gender stereotypes and level of sexism had a negative effect on the perceived credibility of the female sportscaster. Credibility was also found to have a significant relationship with attitudes toward...
The Natural Product Borrelidin Induces UPR and Apoptosis in AML Cell Lines

Abstract Abstract 4260 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia. Current therapies are intense and even those fortunate enough to achieve remission often relapse extending extremely poor prognoses to these patient. The most commonly used therapeutics, namely cytarabine aribinoside, the anthracyclines and etoposide, are decades old and target ubiquitous cellular processes. We have previously reported that small molecules and natural products that activate and exacerbate the unfolded protein response (UPR) can effectively and selectively induce cell death in a wide variety of solid tumor cells. We hypothesized that the UPR might be a viable new therapeutic target in AML and sought to determine whether or not the novel UPR-inducing natural product borrelidin might be used as such an agent. A luminescent proliferation assay performed with panel of four AML cell lines treated with the ER stress-inducing antibiotic tunicamycin (Tm) revealed that three of the cell lines displayed IC50 values between 0.47–2.5μ M, doses of Tm which are known to induce a low to moderate level of ER stress. We then repeated the experiment with the more general UPR-inducing natural product borrelidin, which has been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory properties in several murine assays in vivo. All four cell lines were sensitive to borrelidin, displaying IC50 values between 0.032–0.29 μ M. Time course assays performed with borrelidin revealed 4–20 fold increases in active caspase 3 and 7 indicating borrelidin-induced AML decreases in cell proliferation might be the result of apoptosis. Quantitative reverse-transcription real time PCR performed with mRNA isolated from two AML cell lines revealed an increase in the UPR-related transcripts CHOP, ATF4, and GADD34 and the cell death genes Noxa, Puma, DR5 and Bim confirming that borrelidin could induce the UPR and apoptosis in AML cells. Studies currently underway in our laboratory will determine the ability of borrelidin and other UPR-inducing agents to reduce leukemic burden in an in vivo xenograft model. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Enhancing acute myeloid leukemia therapy - monitoring response using residual disease testing as a guide to therapeutic decision-making.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Current standards for monitoring the response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are based on morphologic assessments of the bone marrow and recovery of peripheral blood counts. A growing experience is being developed to enhance the detection of small amounts of AML, or minimal residual disease (MRD).Areas covered: Available techniques include multi-color flow cytometry (MFC) of leukemia associated immunophenotypes (LAIP), quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) for detecting fusion and mutated genes (RUNX1-RUNX1T1, CBFB-MYH11, and NPM1), overexpression of genes such as WT1, and next generation sequencing (NGS) for MRD.Expert commentary: While MRD monitoring is standard of care in some leukemia subsets such as acute promyelocytic leukemia, this approach for the broader AML population does not universally predict outcomes as some patients may experience relapse in the setting of undetectable leukemia while others show no obvious disease progression despite ...
Measuring the impact of dynamic life cycle performance feedback on conceptual building design

Abstract Decisions made in the early design stages critically determine a building’s life cycle environmental impacts and costs. Dynamic building performance feedback has the potential to improve design decision-making, but the best means of providing such feedback is not well understood. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of three visualization tools in helping designers make sustainable building design decisions. A charrette was conducted in which participants were tasked with minimizing carbon emissions and cost of an office building based on feedback from a scatterplot, histogram, and tornado diagram. Results demonstrate that designers achieved significant improvements in solution quality when feedback was present, with the scatterplot achieving a 20% improvement over conventional methods. The research quantifies the effectiveness of various visualization methods in helping designers create low-carbon, high-performing buildings and suggests that quantity and type of feedback should be carefully considered during the early stages of the sustainable design process.
Mixed Force and Displacement Control for Testing Base-Isolated Bearings in Real-Time Hybrid Simulation

This paper presents a robust mixed force and displacement control strategy for testing of base isolation bearings in real-time hybrid simulation. The mixed-mode control is a critical experimental t...
Longitudinal Trajectories of Family Functioning Among Recent Immigrant Adolescents and Parents: Links With Adolescent and Parent Cultural Stress, Emotional Well-Being, and Behavioral Health.

This study examined longitudinal effects of adolescent and parent cultural stress on adolescent and parent emotional well-being and health behaviors via trajectories of adolescent and parent family functioning. Recent immigrant Latino adolescents (Mage = 14.51) and parents (Mage = 41.09; N = 302) completed measures of these constructs. Latent growth modeling indicated that adolescent and parent family functioning remained stable over time. Early levels of family functioning predicted adolescent and parent outcomes. Baseline adolescent cultural stress predicted lower positive adolescent and parent family functioning. Latent class growth analyses produced a two-class solution for family functioning. Adolescents and parents in the low family functioning class reported low family functioning over time. Adolescents and parents in the high family functioning class experienced increases in family functioning.
Economic and statistical significance of disposition effect and momentum in the US stock market

Disposition effect is the tendency of investors to ride losses and lock in gains. Capital gains overhang is a quantity used in prior literature to construct hypothesis tests for the existence of the disposition effect using publicly available stock market data. This quantity estimates the difference between the current price of a stock and the average price at which the currently held shares of the stock have been purchased by their current owners. Momentum effect is the tendency of the recent price trends to persist. We construct a number of trading strategies based on the capital gains overhang and momentum. We use the US stock market data to show that these strategies were consistently profitable during 1980-2013, and negatively correlated with the market. These conclusions hold even after eliminating small-cap and small-price stocks that may be difficult to trade, and after introducing a realistic trading cost for every transaction. We find a high empirical correlation between the strategies based on momentum and on the capital gains overhang, and argue that the former may be preferable for practitioners because of better performance and simpler implementation. These results also suggest that, rather than measuring the disposition effect, the capital gains overhang may simply be a proxy for momentum. Our findings would be of interest to portfolio managers, quantitative traders, researchers who analyze financial signals, as well as ordinary investors seeking to avoid common investor biases.
Untangling the Water Gas Shift from Fischer-Tropsch: A Gordian Knot?

The water gas shift reaction is catalyzed by numerous metals and oxides. Thus, in any environment containing CO and H2O, or CO2 and H2, the water gas shift reaction, $${\text{CO}} + {{\text{H}}_2}{\text{O}} \rightleftarrows {\text{C}}{{\text{O}}_2} + {{\text{H}}_2}$$ (1) , or its reverse, the water gas reaction, may occur. The water gas shift is used to regulate H2 and CO concentrations in synthesis gas, and it occurs as part of synthesis gas reactions such as the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, in which CO and H2 are starting materials, and CO2 and H2O may be products. At typical synthesis gas reaction temperatures, the equilibrium constant for the water gas shift is close enough to unity and the reaction proceeds rapidly enough that all four species can be expected to be present. The economics of synthesis gas reactions usually require that oxygen rejection be via H2O rather than CO2; therefore, control of the oxygen-carrying product through the water gas shift may be desirable.
Chemical Properties of Cotton Fiber and Chemical Modification

Cotton cellulose consists of β-d glucopyranose units covalently linked through 1,4-glycosidic bonds. There are three hydroxyl groups on each glucose units. Therefore, the chemistry of cellulose is that of OH groups. In this chapter, the chemical properties of cotton fibers and the preparation of cotton textiles for dyeing and chemical finishing are reviewed. Cotton fabric is subjected to different treatment to impart additional beneficial properties. Apart from dyeing to give the color and shade the consumers’ desire, cotton fabric is treated to impart various properties such as water/oil repellency, antimicrobial properties, UV protection, and wrinkle recovery. Other beneficial treatments include softening, flame retardant, and bio-polishing.
Study on the Transmission Capability of Dianxibei UHVDC Project and the Method to Enhance It in Early Stage of the Project’s Operation

In early stage of Dianxibei UHVDC project’s operation, the production progress of the accessory power plants at the sending-end lags far behind the original schedule, which causes a lack of generation problem in sending-end grid. The effects on transmission capability of Dianxibei UHVDC project from diverse aspects, such as the stability of the islanding system after the sending-end converter station switching into islanding mode, the overvoltage of the islanding system and the harmonic resonance risks of the islanding system are analyzed in this paper. The analysis result shows that the transmission capability of Dianxibei HVDC project is limited and unable to meet the demand of system commission tests. For the purpose of enhancing transmission capability of Dianxibei UHVDC project, a stopgap according to which the UHVDC system will block itself following a preset strategy if the converter station switches into islanding mode is presented, and the transmission capability of Dianxibei UHVDC project after adopting the stopgap is also analyzed. Finally, the quitting conditions of the stopgap, under which Dianxibei UHVDC project can reach it’s rated transmission capacity safely without any stopgap, is researched. The study results of this paper guarantees the security and adequacy of Dianxibei UHVDC project’s power transmission in early stage of it’s operation, and also provide significant guidance on experiments conducting in system commissioning test periods of the project.
In vitro Pharmacokinetic Cell Culture System that Simulates Physiologic Drug and Nanoparticle Exposure to Macrophages.

An in vitro dynamic pharmacokinetic (PK) cell culture system was developed to more precisely simulate physiologic nanoparticle/drug exposure. A dynamic PK cell culture system was developed to more closely reflect physiologic nanoparticle/drug concentrations that are changing with time. Macrophages were cultured in standard static and PK cell culture systems with rifampin (RIF; 5 μg/ml) or β-glucan, chitosan coated, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (GLU-CS-PLGA) nanoparticles (RIF equivalent 5 μg/ml) for 6 h. Intracellular RIF concentrations were measured by UPLC/MS. Antimicrobial activity against M. smegmatis was tested in both PK and static systems. The dynamic PK cell culture system mimics a one-compartment elimination pharmacokinetic profile to properly mimic in vivo extracellular exposure. GLU-CS-PLGA nanoparticles increased intracellular RIF concentration by 37% compared to free drug in the dynamic cell culture system. GLU-CS-PLGA nanoparticles decreased M. smegmatis colony forming units compared to free drug in the dynamic cell culture system. The PK cell culture system developed herein enables more precise simulation of human PK exposure (i.e., drug dosing and drug elimination curves) based on previously obtained PK parameters.
Public Perceptions of Environmental Public Health Risks in the United States.

Understanding public perceptions about environmental health hazards, exposures, and health impacts can help environmental public health practitioners to target and prioritize community activities, policy needs, and communication strategies. The online cross-sectional 2013 summer wave of the ConsumerStyles survey sampled U.S. adults and used questions from the Centers for Disease Control’s Environmental Public Health Tracking Program to measure public awareness of governmental efforts to track environmental exposures and links to health impacts, as well as perceptions of environmental health issues. Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regressions examined the associations between demographic characteristics and level of awareness of government environmental public health efforts or level of concern about health risks associated with environmental pollutants. Responses were received from 4033 participants, yielding a response rate of 66.0%. More than half of respondents (57.8%) noted concerns about health risks from environmental pollutants. More than one-third (40.0%) of respondents reported awareness of government efforts. Nearly 40% of respondents felt that none of the health impacts listed in the survey were related to environmental issues. Multiple logistic regression models showed that non-Hispanic blacks, other races, females, people with a college or higher education, and people living in the Midwest or South regions were more likely than their counterparts to be concerned about how the environment affects their health. Future work should focus on improving risk communication, filling the information gap on environmental health issues, and understanding how perceptions change over time.