cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genderizing Latino news: An analysis of a local newspaper's coverage of Latino current affairs

In this essay I examine the coverage of U.S. Latino news by the North Carolina‐based Raleigh News & Observer to bring to light the latent construction of Latinos and their current affairs. Drawing on feminist and postcolonial theorizing, I argue that the coverage genders Latino news as feminine and (re)produces the stereotype of Latinos as an underclass of peons. The study combines content and textual analyses to look at four years of coverage (1992–1995). At the heart of the analysis are the workings of the techniques, which I call newsroom processes of genderization, that enable the newspaper to operate as a technology of gender, race, and class.
Policy incentives for switchgrass production using valuation of non-market ecosystem services

Abstract This study presents a linear profit model with combined economic and environmental factors for a switchgrass-for-biofuels agricultural system in the southeastern U.S. The objectives are to establish conversion-to-switchgrass thresholds for various market prices and identify policy incentives that would ensure economic profit while also maximizing environmental benefits (carbon sequestration, displacement of fossil fuels) and minimizing negative impacts (global warming potential, nitrate loss). Weighting factors are chosen to represent incentives and penalties by assigning value to the impacts. With no other incentives, switchgrass market prices of at least $51 and $58/dton would be needed in order to make a profitable switch from corn/Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) lands and cotton, respectively. At a mid-range offering of $50/dton, feasible carbon credit prices of $3/ $8/ $23 per metric tonne CO 2 e would incentivize conversion from corn, CRP, or cotton, respectively. Similarly, a water quality penalty of $0.20/ $3/ $2 per kilogram NO 3 –N leached would incentivize the same conversions with resultant watershed improvement. At a lower price of $30/dton switchgrass, incentives based on valuation of ecosystem services begin to exceed feasible ranges of these valuations.
The poor in the Epistle of James and the Gospel of Thomas

This study explores similarities in the thought world of the Epistle of James and the Gospel of Thomas. Particular attention is devoted to the role that the 'poor' and 'poverty' play in both documents. For the Epistle of James it is 'the poor in the world that God has chosen to be rich in faith and heirs of the kingdom' (Ja 2:5). In a similar vein, in the Gospel of Thomas the kingdom is promised to those who have embraced the poverty of a radical life-style: 'Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of heaven' (GTh 54). This outlook betrays a basic ethos adopted toward the world. In both the Epistle of James and the Gospel of Thomas the relationship to the world ultimately determines one's relationship to the kingdom or to God. For the Epistle of James the very definition of religion demands that one keep 'oneself unstained from the world' (Ja 1 :27) and that 'friendship with the world' is enmity with God (Ja 4:4). For the Gospel of Thomas the rejection of the world involves a radical ethos that embraces an intinerant life ('Be passersby' [GTh 42J), which includes a rejection of wealth (GTh 63).'If you do not abstain from the world, you will not find the kingdom' (GTh 27). It is argued that the Gospel of Thomas and the Epistle of James reflect traditional sayings that endorse a similar ethos of radical discipleship.
Investigating Metacom's War: Analyzing Rowlandson's Primary Document in Upper-Elementary Classrooms

Metacom's War, also known as King Phillip's War, sets a pattern of national expansion through displacement of native people that echoes throughout American history. Helping students further understand this war through the examination of Mary Rowlandson's primary document provides educators and students with an opportunity to delve deeper into the complexities surrounding the convergence of cultures in colonial America. In this article, I provide an overview of the context that led to the conflict between the native populations and the European settlers. Additionally, I highlight passages from Rowlandson's narrative that are relevant to upper-elementary students. The passages are accompanied by questions to assist students as they examine the primary source for a deeper understanding of the people who strove to survive in seventeenth-century Massachusetts. Examining primary sources is one piece of the multifaceted process of historical understanding. In this article, educators learn the historical content ...
PARENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR ADOLESCENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR PARENT-YOUTH CONFLICT AND FAMILY SATISFACTION '

This study examined the relation between parents' perceptions of "storm and stress" in their own adolescence and their current relationships with their children. A sample of 121 adolescents and their parents (106 mothers) were surveyed. Analysis indicated that over 48% of these parents viewed their adolescence as being stormy and stressful. Parents who experienced greater storm and stress as youth had more conflict in their relationships with their children and were less satisfied with their families. Implications for intergenerational theory and family intervention are presented.
Carbohydrates, minerals and free amino acids in Triticum aestivum L. kernels during early embryony

Summary Culture procedures for zygotic and somatic embryos can be improved by simulating the nutrient and hormone levels observed in ovules during zygotic embryogenesis. To meet this objective, we identified potentially important nutrients in wheat Triticum aestivum L. kernel fractions that contained ovule fluids, which were collected by centrifugation. Malate dehydrogenase assays suggested that these samples contained apoplastic and cytoplasmic fluids. Kernel fractions were analyzed for minerals, free amino acids, and water soluble carbohydrates. On a mole percentage basis, K, P, Mg, and S accounted for 85 % of the minerals in the ovule solutions while Ser, Ala, NO 3 − , NH 4 + , Gly, Glx and Pro accounted for 81 % of the free amino acids, NO 3 − , and NH 4 + fraction. Sucrose, fructose, and glucose in these solutions ranged from 30 to 160 mmol kg−1 fresh mass (FM) in sucrose equivalents. These solutions also contained high concentrations of short and longer-chain fructans. Loosely-joined endosperm cells, collected through centrifugation, comprised about 10% of kernel FM at 6d past anthesis (DPA), but less than 1% of kernel FM by 18 DPA. Concentrations of maltose, sucrose, neokestose and 1-kestose in the pelleted endosperm increased to high levels by 18 DPA, which is evidence that stored fructans and amylopectins in the endosperm are hydrolyzed and used as nutrients by the growing embryo. The liquid fraction of younger kernels may closely approximate ovule fluid, and embryo culture procedures have been improved by incorporating the nutrient analysis information obtained therefrom.
The effects of nozzle exit lip thickness on plume resonance

The acoustic emission and initial shear layer of a cold jet issuing from an underexpanded sonic nozzle were measured where the lip thickness of the nozzle exit varied from 0.015 to 0.625 nozzle diameters. Because the amplitude of plume resonance (or screech) has been shown to be very sensitive to the initial conditions of the plume, the effects of nozzle lip thickness on this sound component in particular was investigated (although it will be shown that other noise components are also affected). Nearfield acoustic measurements have revealed the amplitude and frequency of certain modes of screech to be dependent on nozzle lip thickness. Fluctuating pressure measurements made on the nozzle exit surface have acoustic amplitudes in excess of near field microphone measurements. The dominant mode of instability that exists in the shear layer is also related to this geometric parameter. Detailed shear layer measurements were performed in an attempt to quantify any associated changes in the momentum thickness caused by altering the nozzle exit.
Risk behaviors self-efficacy and AIDS prevention among adolescents.

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate risk behaviors and AIDS-preventive variables in high school adolescents. One hundred fifty-two students in Grades 10 through 12 were administered an AIDS-related behavior questionnaire and the Attitudes Toward AIDS Scale-High School Version (ATAS-HS; Goh, 1992). The results indicated that use of alcohol was far more common than other risk behaviors among the respondents. Rates of sexual intercourse and intravenous drug use were significantly lower than those reported in other research. Self-efficacy was significantly related to AIDS-preventive behavioral intentions, perceived knowledge, and measured knowledge about AIDS. Because the AIDS-preventive variables functioned differently in their relationships to sexual practices, the correlations suggest a pattern of co-occurrence between specific behavior intentions and actual AIDS-preventive behaviors (i.e., sexual experience, use of condoms). In addition, significant gender and grade differences were found on ...
Radiographic findings of osteoarthritis versus arthroscopic findings of articular cartilage degeneration in the tibiofemoral joint.

Purpose: To retrospectively correlate radiographic findings of osteoarthritis of the tibiofemoral joint with arthroscopic findings of articular cartilage degeneration within the tibiofemoral joint in patients with chronic knee pain. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in compliance with HIPAA regulations. Approval from an institutional review board and a waiver of informed consent were obtained. The study group consisted of 125 patients with osteoarthritis of the tibiofemoral joint (66 men, 59 women; age range, 35–77 years; average age, 52 years) and 25 patients of similar age (14 men, 11 women; age range, 36–69 years; average age, 50 years) with no osteoarthritis of the tibiofemoral joint. All patients underwent standing anteroposterior radiography of the knee prior to arthroscopic knee surgery. Each articular surface of the tibiofemoral joint was graded at arthroscopy. Two radiologists retrospectively reviewed the knee radiographs to determine the presence of marginal osteophytes, joint space...
Benzodiazepine Sensitivity in Panic Disorder-Reply

In Reply.— We appreciate Dr Hoehn-Saric's letter, which provides us the opportunity to discuss an arousalrelated explanation for reduced benzodiazepine sensitivity in patients with panic disorder. We did not mean to rule out this explanation, and are continuing to pursue it with various investigative strategies. Contrary to Dr Hoehn-Saric's statement, we used standard, nonanalog anxiety rating scales (Spielberger and Hamilton Anxiety Scales) to compute correlations between anxiety level and the effective dose required to reduce saccadic eye velocity by 30% (SEV ED30), and still found no correlation. 1 In addition to the analog scales he noted, this suggests that even anchored, nonanalog self-ratings may not be a sensitive enough reflection of arousal level. We recently examined the relationship between benzodiazepine sensitivity and multiple physiologic measures of arousal obtained at baseline. In a larger sample of patients with panic disorder (N = 18) and control subjects (n = 18), individual sensitivity values measured by
Pro-1 of macrophage migration inhibitory factor functions as a catalytic base in the phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an important immunoregulatory molecule with a unique ability to suppress the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Although considered a cytokine, MIF possesses a three-dimensional structure and active site similar to those of 4-oxalocrotonate tautomerase and 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate isomerase. Moreover, a number of catalytic activities have been defined for MIF. To gain insight into the role of catalysis in the biological function of MIF, we have begun to characterize the catalytic activities in more detail. Here we report the crystal structure of MIF complexed with p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, a substrate for the phenylpyruvate tautomerase activity of MIF. The three binding sites for p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate in the MIF trimer lie at the interface between two subunits. The substrate interacts with Pro-1, Lys-32, and Ile-64 from one subunit and Tyr-95 and Asn-97 from an adjacent subunit. Pro-1 is positioned to function as a catalytic base. There ...
Truncation of periodic image interactions for confined systems

First principles methods based on periodic boundary conditions are used extensively by materials theorists. However, applying these methods to systems with confined electronic states entails the use of large unit cells in order to avoid artificial image interactions. We present a general approach for truncating the Coulomb interaction that removes image effects directly and leads to well converged results for modest-sized periodic cells. As an illustration, we find the lowest-energy quasiparticle and exciton states in two-dimensional hexagonal GaN sheets. These sheets have been proposed as parent materials for single-walled GaN nanotubes which may be of interest for optoelectronics.
The c-terminal domain of the alpha subunit of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is required for efficient rho-dependent transcription termination

We screened a collection of single alanine residue substitution mutants spanning the entire C-terminal domain of the alpha subunit (alphaCTD) of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) for defects in rho-dependent transcription termination at lambdatR1 in vivo and in vitro, and thereby identified a patch of amino acid residues in the alphaCTD required for efficient rho-dependent termination. NusA addition led to the stimulation of rho-dependent termination under our conditions in vitro. The termination defects of a few mutant RNAPs could be attributed to altered interactions with the NusA protein, but rho-dependent termination by most of the defective RNAPs was still stimulated normally by NusA. The NusA-enhanced transcription pausing behaviors of the mutant RNAPs did not always correlate with their rho-dependent termination phenotypes. We conclude that the alphaCTD is a target for interactions with NusA that influence both termination and pausing, but in addition it participates in rho-dependent transcription termination in a NusA-independent manner.
The Concanavalin A agglutinating system of cell membranes.

Abstract The hopes raised by the finding of differential Concanavalin A (Con A) agglutinability of normal and transformed cells in efforts to quantify differences between these cell lines seem not to have been justified. In this paper, the development of information on the mechanism of action of Con A on the cell surface, as well as the theories put forward at each stage of this development are surveyed. In this respect, investigations on Con A constitute a case history in biological research. The involvement of glycoproteins and galactosyltransferases in cell-cell interactions and their relations to Con A are also reviewed.
Ground‐Water Volumes from Anomalous Mass Determinations for Alluvial Basinsa

If there are gravity data and some geological information available from the region of an intermontane basin, then the volume of saturated sediments, volume of ground water available from storage, and the total volume of ground water can be determined from the gravitationally determined anomalous mass. The anomalous mass occurs because of a density contrast which exists between low density alluvium and high density bedrock which define the surface and subsurface boundaries of the basin. The gravity effect of the anomalous mass can be detected by a gravity survey of the basin after which it can be separated from other gravity effects by a regional-residual separation. The anomalous mass is uniquely determined by applying Gauss's theorem to the residual gravity map. A model of an intermontane basin is developed which relates the anomalous mass to the total volume of saturated sediments. The total volume of saturated sediments is determined from the anomalous mass, the density contrasts between unsaturated and saturated alluvium and bedrock, the area of the basin, and the water table depth. The volume of water available from storage and the total volume of water in the basin are determined from the volume of saturated sediments and the storage coefficient and porosity of the sediments. The method is illustrated by a case history from Avra Valley, Arizona. It is concluded that the major advantage of this method occurs when well data are not available, because it eliminates the need for arbitrary assumptions about subsurface basin geometry to determine the volume of saturated sediments.
11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in the Dahl Rat

Dahl salt sensitive (Dahl-S) rats develop hypertension soon after birth. The cause of the increased salt-sensitivity in the Dahl-S rat is unknown. The mineralocorticoid specificity of the kidney receptor is conferred by the activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD). There are two isoforms of 11beta-HSD (11beta-HSD1 and 11beta-HSD2). Deficiency or inhibition of 11beta-HSD2 causes sodium retention and hypertension. In the present study we measured the activity of hepatic and kidney 11beta-HSD1 in Dahl-S and R rats before and after the development of hypertension. The activity of 11beta-HSD1 in the liver was lower in the Dahl-S rats at 6 weeks of age (S = 8.01 +/- 0.89 v R = 11.91 +/- 0.84 nmol/mg protein/10 min (P < .02) but there was no difference at 10 weeks. In contrast, 11beta-HSD1 in the kidney was not different at 6 weeks but it was significantly lower in the Dahl-S rats at 10 weeks (S = 0.91 +/- 0.04 v R = 1.12 +/- 0.01 nmol/mg protein/10 min (P < .001). Plasma renin concentration was lower at 6 (6w) and 10 weeks (10w) in the Dahl-S rats: S-6w = 4.2 +/- 0.4 versus R-6W = 6.3 +/- 0.8 ng angiotensin I (AI)/mL/h (P < .04) and S-10w = 6.4 +/- 0.7 versus R-10w = 10 +/- 0.9 ng AI/mL/h (P < .009). Plasma aldosterone and corticosterone were not different between the two strains. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the Dahl-S rats was 124 +/- 3 mm Hg at 6 weeks and 241 +/- 6 mm Hg at 10 weeks (P < .001). SBP in the Dahl-R rats was 113 +/- 5 mm Hg at 6 weeks and 143 +/- 4 mm Hg at 10 weeks. In conclusion, Dahl-S rats have lower hepatic 11beta-HSD1 activity at 6 weeks of age and lower kidney 11beta-HSD1 at 10 weeks of age compared with Dahl-R rats of the same age. These findings suggest that diminished activity of both liver and kidney 11beta-HSD1 may play a role in the salt sensitivity and development of hypertension in the Dahl-S rat.
Political incentives and policy outcomes: who benefits from technology-enabled service centers?

This study investigates the causes of variation in government policies to use information and communication technologies to improve service delivery to citizens. I ask why state governments in India vary in the number and type of services they offer to citizens through technology-enabled citizen service centers. I argue that politicians estimate the expected electoral benefits from providing improved services to citizens and weigh these benefits against the costs of increased government transparency and associated reductions in corrupt income. Politicians then design service center policies to maximize their chances of retaining power. Because levels of corruption and the characteristics of electoral competition vary across the Indian states, we see related variations in technology policies. These variations in policy, and in particular the services made available to citizens, have important effects on who benefits from citizen service centers. I use evidence from sixteen Indian states to test these arguments, and show that the character of the ruling government and the level of state corruption are robust predictors of variation in state-level technology policies.
A Broken Supply and Social Chain: Anatomy of the Downfall of an Industrial Icon

There was a time in the history of GM when it was the largest corporation in the US. The history of GM also shows that it was the single largest employer in the world. The announcement of GM's bankruptcy on June 1, 2009 shocked the world and had a tremendous impact on the United States economy. Looking back at the history of GM, there were many indicators which suggested the fate of the company. There were several internal factors that answer the question, what went wrong with GM. These internal factors are management arrogance, not meeting customer demands, the costs and demands of unions, poor forecasting, and internal controls on accounting standards. Similarly, there were several external factors that answer the same question, which include increased competition and loss of market share, rising gas prices and environmental friendliness, and the costs and burdens of meeting government regulations and restrictions. This paper will explore and answer the following questions: What are the fundamental causes of GM's problems? What can be learned from GM's mistakes and experiences? How and why an industrial icon came to ruin?
"Oxidative stress" response in liver of an untreated newborn mouse having a 1.2-centimorgan deletion on chromosome 7.

The c14CoS/c14CoS mouse has a homozygous deletion of about 1.2 cM on chromosome 7 that includes the albino (c) locus. The untreated 14CoS/14CoS newborn has been reported to exhibit a marked transcriptional activation of the hepatic NAD(P)H:menadione oxidoreductase (Nmo-1; DT diaphorase; quinone reductase; azo dye reductase) gene, as well as elevated UDP glucuronosyl-transferase (UGT1*06) and glutathione transferase (GT1) activities, when compared with the cch/cch wild-type and the cch/c14CoS heterozygote. We show here that the newborn hepatic activities of seven enzymes that play a role in the oxidative stress response--NMO1, UGT1*06, GT1, copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase--are increased 1.5- to 25-fold in 14CoS/14CoS, as compared with ch/ch and ch/14CoS mice. The activities of four additional enzymes having no known association with the oxidative stress response--benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (CYP1A1, cytochrome P(1)450), acetanilide 4-hydroxylase (CYP1A2, cytochrome P(3)450), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase--are not significantly different among the three genotypes. These data suggest that there exists an "oxidative stress" response in the untreated 14CoS/14CoS newborn. We postulate that a chromosome 7 regulatory gene, which we have named Nmo-1n, might encode a trans-acting negative effector of the Nmo-1 gene, and genes corresponding to the other elevated enzymic activities described above. When both copies of Nmo-1n are deleted, as is the case in 14CoS/14CoS mice, a battery of genes involved in oxidative stress is released from negative control and becomes activated--despite the absence of any apparent oxidative insult by foreign chemicals.
Politics and aesthetics, race and gender: Georgia Douglas Johnson's lynching dramas as black feminist cultural performance

This essay identifies Georgia Douglas Johnson's use of Spirituals and choral configurations as key strategies in a black feminist cultural performance that negotiates debates surrounding the development of black theatre, provides new perspectives of gender roles, and performs important ideological work on race and racial violence in the New Negro era. Drawing on contemporary black feminist theory and African American cultural criticism, this essay considers the texts of A Sunday Morning in the South (c. 1925) and the newly recovered “A Bill to be Passed” (1938) as performance and reveals Johnson's plays as sites of cultural convergence in which race and gender intersect not only with each other but also with politics, aesthetics, and opposing theories of theatre. The recognition of Johnson's significance as a dramatist of the New Negro Era, and specifically as the most prolific playwright of lynching drama, is long overdue.
Ethical judgments in accounting: A cognitive-developmental perspective

This research examines the ethical judgments of accounting (CPA) practitioners. Its purpose is to introduce a well known theory of moral development and method for analyzing individuals' ethical reasoning in the domain of accounting or auditing. Fifty-two accountants from the various position levels within public firms participated in this study. They each resolved a standardized hypothetical dilemma (Moral Judgment Interview) and an audit-role conflict based on a real life case study. Two salient findings are reported. First, there exists a relationship between the manner in which auditors resolve audit role conflict and their level in the audit firm's hierarchy. Second, an association also exists between the auditors hierarchical position in their firm and their capacity for ethical reasoning. Specifically, this capacity increases in the staff and supervisory levels and then decreases in the manager and partner ranks. These findings point to a number of possible explanations of differences in ethical behavior, including the impact of conflicting social influences at different hierarchical levels, mediated by differential screening and self-selection processes within the firm.
Velocity Shifts in L1228: The Disruption of a Core by an Outflow

We present 12CO(1-0),13CO(1-0), CS(2-1), and C3H2(212-101) observations of the L1228 outflow and dense core with resolutions between 50'' and 25''. The bipolar molecular outflow originates from IRAS 20582+7724 and extends over almost 15' (≈ 1.2 pc). It has a well-collimated blue lobe and a less collimated red lobe, which is split into two branches that diverge from the IRAS position. The two CO outflow lobes are well aligned with previously observed high-excitation emission from H2 and Hα, although these emissions present bendings from a straight line, suggesting that the outflow driving wind changes direction by interacting with the ambient cloud. The dense gas in the core also shows evidence for acceleration in the outflow direction, although its velocity is significantly lower than that of the CO emission. The dense gas acceleration appears in the CS and C3H2 spectra as velocity shifts in the line centroid on the order of one C3H2 full line width (≈ 0.4 km s-1). These shifted line profiles are not accompanied by any significant emission at ambient core velocities. Furthermore, there is very little or no quiescent C3H2 emission toward the outflow lobes, as if the outflow acceleration had been so efficient that all the dense gas has been set into motion. This acceleration, in addition, has occurred without appreciable line width enhancement, suggesting that it has not increased substantially the turbulence of the gas. From the large size of the velocity shifts (comparable to the gas escape velocity) and from our energetics estimates, we infer that the L1228 outflow could significantly disperse the dense gas in the core by the time the outflow phase ends.
On the metaphysical presuppositions of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics

In what precedes, I have argued that Aristotle does not, in his ethics, commit three metaphysical errors sometimes imputed to him: he does not define the good as a fact; he does not claim that human beings move by nature towards their telos; he does not claim, in the ergon argument, that human beings are fixed rather than versatile. Instead, I have shown, he does the opposite in each case: he argues that the good cannot be defined as a fact; he claims that human beings move towards their telos only if they have virtue and virtue is not by nature; he locates, in the human ergon, that which is responsible for human versatility. Finally, I have shown by example that the metaphysical commitments of Aristotle's account of human happiness are not as controversial as they seem. If all of this is true, then perhaps the disorder that has existed in ethics since the enlightenment has been misdiagnosed. Perhaps it is not due to an unhappy choice between end-neutral emotivism on the one hand and Aristotle's bad metaphysics on the other. Perhaps instead it is due, at least in part, to a too hasty rejection of Aristotle's ethics on the grounds of a rejection of his biology.
Multistage financing of technical start-up companies in silicon valley

Abstract Financing remains an issue that entrepreneurs face long after their initial financing has been obtained. In technical companies, that face changing customers, competitors, and technology, the need to finance new products to replace earlier products can be of vital importance to growth and survival. Venture capital firms that invest in technical companies also recognize the need for subsequent financing to maintain growth and thus protect the initial investment. This research explored both the venture capitalist's and the entrepreneur's viewpoints. The principal questions asked in the research were (1) How are subsequent rounds of investment considered and made by venture capitalists? and (2) What problems occur in the entrepreneur's search for subsequent funding? A combination of in-depth interviews and mailed questionnaires was used in the research to obtain responses from a sample of venture capitalists and entrepreneurs in Silicon Valley. This approach produced observations on the venture capitalists' methods of making risk-return trade-offs and on the reasons why entrepreneurs face problems in obtaining funding for second, new products. Specifically, it was found that venture capital firms reduce the risk associated with funding young companies by showing preferences for certain stages of financing, or for funding single-versus multiple-round investments. These preferences appear to be idiosyncratic, and entrepreneurs must be careful to deal with venture capitalists whose tendencies are consistent with the entrepreneurs' goals. It was also found that a major problem faced by entrepreneurs seeking funding for second products is the effort required for the search. This effort takes away from their ability to perform day-to-day management activities at a crucial time in the growth of the firm. Implications are drawn for improving the effectiveness of entrepreneurs' and venture capitalists' efforts, as well as for future research.
Cellular chromophores and signaling in low level light therapy

The use of low levels of visible or near infrared light (LLLT) for reducing pain, inflammation and edema, promoting healing of wounds, deeper tissues and nerves, and preventing tissue damage by reducing cellular apoptosis has been known for almost forty years since the invention of lasers. Originally thought to be a peculiar property of laser light (soft or cold lasers), the subject has now broadened to include photobiomodulation and photobiostimulation using non-coherent light. Despite many reports of positive findings from experiments conducted in vitro, in animal models and in randomized controlled clinical trials, LLLT remains controversial. This likely is due to two main reasons; firstly the biochemical mechanisms underlying the positive effects are incompletely understood, and secondly the complexity of rationally choosing amongst a large number of illumination parameters such as wavelength, fluence, power density, pulse structure and treatment timing has led to the publication of a number of negative studies as well as many positive ones. In recent years major advances have been made in understanding the mechanisms that operate at the cellular and tissue levels during LLLT. Mitochondria are thought to be the main site for the initial effects of light and specifically cytochrome c oxidase that has absorption peaks in the red and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum matches the action spectra of LLLT effects. The discovery that cells employ nitric oxide (NO) synthesized in the mitochondria by neuronal nitric oxide synthase, to regulate respiration by competitive binding to the oxygen binding of cytochrome c oxidase, now suggests how LLLT can affect cell metabolism. If LLLT photodissociates inhibitory NO from cytochrome c oxidase, this would explain increased ATP production, modulation of reactive oxygen species, reduction and prevention of apoptosis, stimulation of angiogenesis, increase of blood flow and induction of transcription factors. In particular, signaling cascades are initiated via cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB). These signal transduction pathways in turn lead to increased cell proliferation and migration (particularly by fibroblasts), modulation in levels of cytokines, growth factors and inflammatory mediators, and increases in anti-apoptotic proteins. The results of these biochemical and cellular changes in animals and patients include such benefits as increased healing in chronic wounds, improvements in sports injuries and carpal tunnel syndrome, pain reduction in arthritis and neuropathies, and amelioration of damage after heart attacks, stroke, nerve injury and retinal toxicity.
Roles, Rules, and Rationality in the New Institutionalism

I seek to reinvigorate the study of politicians' roles by showing how motivational role theory can be used to examine the impact of goals and incentives upon behavior and thereby integrate economic and sociological perspectives. I address three reasons for the recent neglect of politicians' roles-changes in interdisciplinary tastes, conceptual and theoretical muddles, and failures to demonstrate consequences for behavior-and find them unconvincing. I further argue that the most promising framework for the new institutionalism is one that incorporates not just formal but also informal institutional structures (like roles and norms), a framework that incorporates, rather than excludes, political behavior.
Surface modified wall coated open tubular columns: Development and application in pesticide analysis

Filamentary crystal growth on the inner surface of a glass analytical capillary column using a modified ammonium hydrogen difiuoride procedure, produced highly efficient wall coated open tubular columns. Baseline separation of the acetate derivatives of 2,3,4,6- and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorophenol was achieved and was instrumental in determining pentachlorophenol loadings along a watershed. The application of capillary columns, related to the analyses of organochlorine pesticide residues is also demonstrated. Parent and degradation products of twenty-five commonly monitored residues were effectively resolved on a 20 MOV-101 column.
Morphine acts through alpha adrenergic and serotoninergic neurons to stimulate growth hormone secretion in the dog

Abstract In the awake-trained dog morphine caused a significant increase in growth hormone (GH). This response was blocked by i.v. administration of metergoline and by simultaneous infusion of phentolamine. Haloperidol did not block morphine's effect on GH. Furthermore when administered alone haloperidol caused a significant increase in GH. We conclude that alpha-adrenergic and serotoninergic receptors play a role in morphine's stimulatory effect on GH. The role of dopamine (DA) receptors requires further investigation.
Psychological Needs of Japanese American Elders: Implications for Culturally Competent Interventions

This qualitative study aims to explore the psychological needs of Nikkei (individuals of Japanese ancestry) elders that might influence their treatment seeking behaviors and service preferences. We conducted in-depth interviews with multiple community sources, including 41 Nikkei elders; 11 adult family members, friends, or personal caregivers; and 8 professional providers who served Nikkei elders in the greater Chicago metropolitan area. Data were analyzed using the Atlas.ti software. Applying the life course perspective, we aimed to understand similarities and differences among Nikkei elders in terms of their psychological needs. Results indicated that Nikkei elders shared five psychological needs including independence, cultural connection, social connection, feeling useful, and maintaining pride and dignity. Variations in psychological needs among Nikkei elders existed according to life experiences, generation, acculturation level, gender, socioeconomic status, and proximity to family members. We concluded by discussing the implications of our findings and suggestions to better meet the diverse health and service needs of Nikkei elders.
Ingroup preference and homogeneity among African American and Chinese American students

Abstract On the basis of social identity theory, the author hypothesized that social identity (ethnic category) and salient intergroup comparisons would produce greater preference and perceived homogeneity within the ingroup than with the out-group. To test this hypothesis, surveys including stimuli of both African and Chinese American membership were administered to both an African American and a Chinese American sample of students. The results for both samples strongly support the hypothesis: Chinese American subjects judged the ingroup (Chinese targets) more favorably and perceived the Chinese to be more homogeneous than the outgroup (Black targets). Similarly, African American subjects judged the ingroup (Black targets) more favorably and perceived Blacks to be more homogeneous than the outgroup (Chinese targets).
Accurate force measurements for miniature mechanical systems: a review of progress

A survey of nanonewton force calibration techniques suitable for micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) is presented. The reviewed techniques include: mass-derived force, pendulums, calibrated master springs, resonance and electromagnetic techniques. Considerable background material is provided to support the hypothesis that virtual power methods, such as those employed on the NIST watt balance are applicable to the MEMS force calibration problem. A review of progress at NIST on two prototype nanowatt balances designed for MEMS calibrations is given.
Connected subglacial lake activity on lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, 2003–2008

We examine patterns of localized surface elevation change in lower Mercer and Whillans Ice Streams, West Antarctica, which we interpret as subglacial water movement through a system of lakes and channels. We detect and measure the lake activity using repeat-track laser altimetry from ICESat and image differencing from MODIS image pairs. A hydrostatic-potential map for the region shows that the lakes are distributed across three distinct hydrologic regimes. Our analysis shows that, within these regimes, some of the subglacial lakes appear to be linked, with drainage events in one reservoir causing filling and follow-on drainage in adjacent lakes. We also observe changes near ice raft 'a' in lower Whillans Ice Stream, and interpret them as evidence of subglacial water and other changes at the bed. The study provides quantitative information about the properties of this complex subglacial hydrologic system, and a relatively unstudied component of ice-sheet mass balance: subglacial drainage across the grounding line.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF OVARIAN AND TESTICULAR TERATOMAS WITH ANTISERUM TO GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN

Twenty cases of ovarian or testicular teratomas were studied with a sensitive peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) method utilizing an antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Positive staining was restricted to the perikaryon, to extensively distributed neuroglial fibrils, or to ependymal lining cells in 13 of 20 teratomas studied. Positively stained cells were also occasionally observed in the choroid plexus, thus indicating the possibility that such cells also retain the capability of producing GFAP. GFAP-positive material was also found in the tumour cells of an undifferentiated ovarian teratocarcinoma; this tumour was believed to represent an ovarian glioma. It is concluded that the PAP method represents a sensitive and valuable histochemical tool which should be further explored to characterize a functional basis of normal and neoplastic cells. Findings are of particular interest in the "germ cell tumours" in which multiple differentiation patterns may be expressed.
Performance and design considerations of angled-grating semiconductor lasers

In this paper, we examine the performance of the angled-grating laser. The spatial characteristics of the device and design considerations for diffraction-limited performance are explored. The optical spectrum is studied in terms of the device geometry, and suitability to different applications is examined. Finally, the limits of high-power operation are investigated, and scalability to higher diffraction-limited performance is discussed.
Evaluation of the relative importance of chemotherapeutic and antiemetic efficacy in various oncologic settings.

Goals of work This study investigated physician’s attitudes toward the relative importance of chemotherapeutic and antiemetic efficacy in different clinical scenarios.
Myco-hydrometallurgy: Coal model for potential reduction of preg-robbing capacity of carbonaceous gold ores using the fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Abstract During the cyanidation process for gold extraction, natural carbonaceous matter (CM) present in refractory gold ores adsorbs dissolved aurocyanide complexes, thereby reducing gold extraction — a phenomenon known as preg-robbing. The natural CM consists mainly of elemental carbon, humic acids and hydrocarbons, and coal can be used to model the behavior of CM. In this study, samples of lignite, sub-bituminous, bituminous and anthracite coals were used as surrogate materials to test the capability of the fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to reduce the preg-robbing capacity of CM. By utilizing several growth media including glucose, millet and wheat bran it was established that millet and wheat bran provided the best environment for fungal growth and biomodification of coal. As-received, control and bio-treated coal samples were subjected to gold adsorption tests and the results indicate that P. chrysosporium can decrease the gold adsorption ability of coal by over 90% depending on the growth media used. Reduction in gold adsorption was more pronounced in anthracite due to its high ability to adsorb gold in the as-received form. The results demonstrate a potentially effective alternative pretreatment process that utilizes the fungus, P. chrysosporium, in reducing preg-robbing in gold extraction.
Data mining and integration for environmental scenarios

In this paper we describe our work on the framework for integration and mining of environmental data. We present a suite of selected scenarios which are created within a data mining and integration framework being developed in the project ADMIRE. The scenarios have been chosen for their suitability for data mining by environmental experts which deal with meteorological and hydrological problems, and apply the chosen solutions to pilot areas within Slovakia. The main challenge is that the environmental data required by scenarios are maintained and provided by different organizations and are often in different formats. We present our approach to the specification and execution of data integration tasks, which deals with the distributed nature and heterogeneity of required data resources.
Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

Abstract GIS analysis at 30-m resolution reveals that effectiveness of slope-destabilizing processes in the San Francisco Bay area varies with compass direction. Nearly half the soil slip/debris flows mapped after the catastrophic rainstorm of 3–5 January 1982 occurred on slopes that face S to WSW, whereas fewer than one-quarter have a northerly aspect. Azimuthal analysis of hillside properties for susceptible terrain near the city of Oakland suggests that the skewed aspect of these landslides primarily reflects vegetation type, ridge and valley alignment, and storm–wind direction. Bedrock geology, soil expansivity, and terrain height and gradient also were influential but less so; the role of surface curvature is not wholly resolved. Normalising soil-slip aspect by that of the region's NNW-striking topography shifts the modal azimuth of soil-slip aspect from SW to SE, the direction of origin of winds during the 1982 storm—but opposite that of the prevailing WNW winds. Wind from a constant direction increases rainfall on windward slopes while diminishing it on leeward slopes, generating a modelled difference in hydrologically effective rainfall of up to 2:1 on steep hillsides in the Oakland area. This contrast is consistent with numerical simulations of wind-driven rain and with rainfall thresholds for debris-flow activity. We conclude that storm winds from the SE in January 1982 raised the vulnerability of the Bay region's many S-facing hillsides, most of which are covered in shallow-rooted shrub and grass that offer minimal resistance to soil slip. Wind-driven rainfall also appears to have controlled debris-flow location in a major 1998 storm and probably others. Incorporating this overlooked influence into GIS models of debris-flow likelihood would improve predictions of the hazard in central California and elsewhere.
Probing the effects of residues located outside the agonist binding site on drug-receptor selectivity in the nicotinic receptor.

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are a family of closely related but pharmacologically distinct neurotransmitter-gated ion channels. They are therapeutic targets for a wide range of neurological disorders, and a key issue in drug development is selective targeting among the greater than 20 subtypes of nAChRs that are known. The present work evaluates a proposed hydrogen bonding interaction involving a residue known as the “loop B glycine” that distinguishes receptors that are highly responsive to ACh and nicotine from those that are much less so. We have performed structure-function studies on the loop B site, including unnatural amino acid mutagenesis, in three different nAChR subtypes and found that the correlation between agonist potency and this residue is strong. Low potency receptor subtypes have a glycine at this key site, and mutation to a residue with a side chain converts a low potency receptor to a high potency receptor. Innately high potency receptors have a lysine at the loop B site and show a decrease in potency for the reverse mutation (i.e. introducing a glycine). This residue lies outside of the agonist binding site, and studies of other residues at the agonist binding site show that the details of how changes at the loop B glycine site impact agonist potency vary for differing receptor subtypes. This suggests a model in which the loop B residue influences the global shape of the agonist binding site rather than modulating any specific interaction.
The Role of Water in Densification of Gels

The densification behavior of a gel-derived borosilicate glass was studied. Surface area, thermal gravimetric and infrared measurements were used to calculate the surface hydroxyl coverage as a function of time at several temperatures. Application of a viscous sintering model to the isothermal shrinkage data showed viscosity to increase isothermally by almost two orders of magnitude at the lowest investigated temperature. Although most of this increase is attributable to increased crosslinking accompanying dehydroxylation, structural relaxation was also shown to significantly affect the densification kinetics.
Using Portfolio Assessment to Develop Transition Programs for Students with Mental Retardation.

The changing perspectives of mental retardation require the use of assessment techniques that reveal strengths and weaknesses in the individual's present level of functioning and highlight the area...