cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
American History/American Memory: Reevaluating Walt Whitman's Relationship with the Brooklyn Bridge

No one did more to sanctify and enshrine the image of Abraham Lincoln than Walt Whitman. The poet never met the president, but he embraced his image and claimed him as his own. In his “Death of Abraham Lincoln” speech, delivered on numerous occasions during the last 20 years of his life, Whitman involved himself in the cultural work of national definition, of posterity and legacy. He helped bridge the gap between complex personal history and official public memory. In service to the larger, national idea of union, democracy and selfless Americanism, Whitman's Lincoln, when compared to, for example Herndon's Life of Lincoln (1889), razed the contours of ambiguity and established the exemplary image of the “Martyr Chief.” The connection is both apt and ironic. What Whitman did for Lincoln in the aftermath of his death, others would do for the poet. Since Whitman's death in 1892, the poet's life and ideas have often been radically simplified; on other occasions his words have been recontextualized and appropriated to support a variety of different causes, concerns and ideologies. A driving factor in this process has been that, like Lincoln, Whitman's name carries with it a certain legitimacy. To evoke the approval of Whitman is to learn of the authority of an ideal, more perfect, America. And where Lincoln's name is inseparable from the American Civil War, Whitman has become most strongly associated with the metropolitan idea of New York, and Brooklyn in particular.
Integrating Landscape Carbon Cycling: Research Needs for Resolving Organic Carbon Budgets of Lakes

Based on empirical and synthetic research, lakes make, store, and mineralize organic carbon (OC) at rates that are significant and relevant to regional and global carbon budgets. Although some global-scale studies have examined specific processes such as carbon burial and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere, most studies of lake carbon cycling are from single systems, focus only on a specific habitat, and do not account for all of the major terms in OC budgets. Hence, most lake OC budgets are incomplete, leaving some key processes highly uncertain. To advance the analysis of the role of the inland waters in C-cycling, ecosystem science needs a new generation of studies that confront these shortcomings. Here we address research needs and priorities for improving OC budgets. We present ten key research questions and recommend a framework for essential ecosystem-scale studies of lake OC cycling. Answers to these ten questions will not only improve carbon budgets but also provide robust estimates of lake contributions to global and regional carbon cycling. In addition, studies of lake carbon budgets will provide relative autochthonous and allochthonous carbon fluxes, indicate sources and rates of carbon burial, improve quantification of lake-atmosphere carbon exchanges, better integrate lakes with terrestrial and lotic carbon dynamics, promote understanding of how climate and land-use change will impact lakes, and enable tests of ecological theory related to subsidies and food web stability.
Biofilms in the large bowel suggest an apparent function of the human vermiform appendix

The human vermiform ("worm-like") appendix is a 5-10cm long and 0.5-1cm wide pouch that extends from the cecum of the large bowel. The architecture of the human appendix is unique among mammals, and few mammals other than humans have an appendix at all. The function of the human appendix has long been a matter of debate, with the structure often considered to be a vestige of evolutionary development despite evidence to the contrary based on comparative primate anatomy. The appendix is thought to have some immune function based on its association with substantial lymphatic tissue, although the specific nature of that putative function is unknown. Based (a) on a recently acquired understanding of immune-mediated biofilm formation by commensal bacteria in the mammalian gut, (b) on biofilm distribution in the large bowel, (c) the association of lymphoid tissue with the appendix, (d) the potential for biofilms to protect and support colonization by commensal bacteria, and (e) on the architecture of the human bowel, we propose that the human appendix is well suited as a "safe house" for commensal bacteria, providing support for bacterial growth and potentially facilitating re-inoculation of the colon in the event that the contents of the intestinal tract are purged following exposure to a pathogen.
Atomic imaging of surfaces in plan view

We report experimental results imaging the surface diffraction spots in the plan view geometry from the Si(111) surface and the Ir(001) surface. High quality images have been obtained using conventional large aperture high resolution electron microscopy (HREM), a smaller aperture to exclude the bulk diffraction spots and with highly tilted crystals. The experimental data indicates that there should be no major problems in obtaining atomic scale surface information in plan view.
Soft-X-Ray-Enhanced Electrostatic Precipitation for Protection against Inhalable Allergens, Ultrafine Particles, and Microbial Infections

Protection of the human lung from infectious agents, allergens, and ultrafine particles is difficult with current technologies. High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters remove airborne particles of >0.3 μm with 99.97% efficiency, but they are expensive to maintain. Electrostatic precipitation has been used as an inexpensive approach to remove large particles from airflows, but it has a collection efficiency minimum in the submicrometer size range, allowing for a penetration window for some allergens and ultrafine particles. Incorporating soft X-ray irradiation as an in situ component of the electrostatic precipitation process greatly improves capture efficiency of ultrafine particles. Here we demonstrate the removal and inactivation capabilities of soft-X-ray-enhanced electrostatic precipitation technology targeting infectious agents (Bacillus anthracis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and poxviruses), allergens, and ultrafine particles. Incorporation of in situ soft X-ray irradiation at low-intensity corona conditions resulted in (i) 2-fold to 9-fold increase in capture efficiency of 200- to 600-nm particles and (ii) a considerable delay in the mean day of death as well as lower overall mortality rates in ectromelia virus (ECTV) cohorts. At the high-intensity corona conditions, nearly complete protection from viral and bacterial respiratory infection was afforded to the murine models for all biological agents tested. When optimized for combined efficient particle removal with limited ozone production, this technology could be incorporated into stand-alone indoor air cleaners or scaled for installation in aircraft cabin, office, and residential heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems.
Shaping the mitochondrion: mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and dysfunction

See Glossary for abbreviations used in this article. The summer research conference on Mitochondrial Assembly and Dynamics in Health and Disease took place between 5 and 10 July 2009, in Carefree, Arizona, USA, and was organized by C. Koehler and T. Langer. ![][1] Almost a century after being defined as the workhorses of cell metabolism, mitochondria are continuing to reveal new secrets. At this conference, the pathways that control mitochondrial biogenesis, function and dysfunction were discussed. The first part of the meeting focused on the molecular events required to build and shape the organelle, whereas the latter sessions explored how mitochondria influence and respond to changes in cell physiology and contribute to ageing and human disease. Many elegant studies were presented, but here we will discuss only a few selected highlights. A resurgence of mitochondrial research has focused on the biogenesis of the organelle, the definition of the molecules and mechanisms required to sort proteins into the various subcompartments, and the pathways that lead to respiratory complex assembly. Significant progress has been made in yeast towards clarifying the formation of the OXPHOS respiratory complexes through the characterization of OXPHOS‐deficient mutants, which has enabled the identification of several assembly factors that function in respiratory complex biogenesis. As Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacks complex I (CI), the characterization of its biogenesis has been slower than that of other complexes, but genetic manipulations in Yarrowia lipolytica are being exploited to address CI biogenesis. CI is the most intricate respiratory complex in that it contains 45 subunits and eight distinct Fe/S clusters. CI is the remaining structural challenge among the OXPHOS complexes as only a cryoEM structure is available. CI is present in a supercomplex that also contains complexes III ( bc 1 complex) and IV (CcO), a model of which is shown in Fig 1. U. … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Recipients of Vaccine against the 1976 “Swine Flu” Have Enhanced Neutralization Responses to the 2009 Novel H1N1 Influenza Virus

Background The world is facing a novel H1N1 pandemic. A pandemic scare with a similar virus in 1976 resulted in the vaccination of nearly 45 million persons. We hypothesized that prior receipt of the 1976 “swine flu” vaccine would enhance immune responses to the 2009 novel H1N1 strain.
Effects of arginine vasopressin on cell volume regulation in brain astrocyte in culture

Astrocytes initially swell when exposed to hypotonic medium but rapidly return to normal volume by the process of regulatory volume decrease (RVD). The role that arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays in...
In Pursuit of Generalization: An Updated Review

Stokes and Osnes (1989) outlined three principles to facilitate the generalization and maintenance of therapeutic gains. Use of functional contingencies, training diversely, and incorporating functional mediators were recommended. Our review, with most illustrations from studies of youth, updates Stokes and Osnes's original paper with a focus on evidence-based strategies to increase generalization of therapeutic gains across settings, stimuli, and time. Research since 1989 indicates that training for generalization by increasing the frequency of naturally occurring reinforcers for positive behaviors, and altering maladaptive contingencies that inadvertently reinforce problem behaviors, are associated with favorable treatment outcomes. Training diversely by practicing therapy skills across contexts and in response to varying stimuli is also implicated in clinical outcomes for internalizing, externalizing, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Preliminary research recommends the use of internal (e.g., emotion identification) and external (e.g., coping cards) functional mediators to prompt effective coping in session and at home. Strategies for increasing generalization, including the use of technology, are examined and future research directions are identified.
GnRH Receptor Microaggregation: Regulation of Gonadotropin Release, GnRH Receptors, and Gonadotrope Responsiveness

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) release from pituitary gonadotropes. Additional receptor-mediated actions of the releasing hormone include regulation of both the GnRH receptor and of cell responsiveness. While it is apparent that the release mechanism is Ca2+ mediated, it remains unclear how this receptor-mediated action is integrated with regulation of the receptor and of cell responsiveness. It is the purpose of this presentation to describe the requirements of gonadotropin release as well as receptor and response regulation in order to prepare an integrated model for these actions of the releasing hormone.
Mass and half-life of 9C

The mass of 9C has been measured by counting delayed protons near the 7Be(3He,n)9C threshold. The data are consistent with an s-wave threshold at E3He=8980±5 keV, giving a 9C mass excess of 28 907±4 keV, and confirming the reported deviation of the A=9, lowest T=3 /2 quartet from the quadratic mass formula. The half-life of 9C, measured with a multiscaler, is 126.5 ± 2 msec.
An in Situ Method for Detection of Lipid Peroxidation Effects

An in situ method for observation of effects due to lipid peroxidation in biological samples has been developed by detecting the fluorescence of compounds formed in the process, such as aminoiminopropene (AIP) (excitation wavelength range 280–420 nm, emission wavelength range 380–500 nm), and by detecting the quenching of protein fluorescence. Measurements have been performed with a fiber optic light guide system coupled to either a readily available conventional fluorometer for routine sample inspections or a high-repetition-rate pulse laser system (1-psec pulses) and time resolved detection for superior sensitivity.
The perfect storm: managed care, aging adults, and a nursing shortage

The many issues managed care poses for providers and health networks are crystallized in the moral problems occasioned by its shifting of the financial risks of care from the insurer to the provider. Yet, of 257 data-based studies of nursing care quality identified, 135 investigated a process-outcome link but only 17 met study inclusion criteria. The literature provides evidence that the quality of nursing care processes affects health-related patient outcomes during and after hospitalization. Thus, California became the first state to mandate nurse staffing ratios on all units in 1997. All the while labor shortages, introduction of new technology, and the increased acuity of the inpatient population have contributed to the rising costs of hospital-based care. Another notable contribution to the financial and clinical pressures hospitals feel is the overall increased consumer demand for services: The aging of America's population portends an even greater demand for healthcare services. This situation will only grow worse as the demand generated by the growing gerontocracy increasingly outstrips an affordable supply of safe care. Little time and few resources are available for what we might all agree would be the desired level of comprehensive and coordinated care. What this means for patients is that they experience episodic acute care that is delivered in "spurts." No matter what actions are taken - or more likely not taken - to reform the Medicare program, the future holds shrinking reimbursement for hospitals, with a concurrent demand for investments in response to costly regulatory requirements, technologies, and other capital expenditures to accommodate the increasing demand for services generated by the growing numbers of politically active seniors who insist on the entitlements promised to them - and the quality of service they believe is their right. This is the Perfect Storm....
N-functionalized nitroxy/azido fused-ring azoles as high-performance energetic materials

A series of fused ring-based nitrate esters/azides and a coupled-ring-based nitrate ester were prepared using a simple and efficient nitrogen-functionalization approach. All new energetic compounds were fully characterized. Structures of four (1–4) were further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. These nitrate esters have good thermal stabilities and high densities. Energetic performance was evaluated by using EXPLO5 v6.01 based on measured densities and calculated heats of formation (Gaussian 03 (Revision D. 01)). The results show that some of the representative fused ring-based nitrate esters exhibit good detonation properties, for example, 1 (vD, 8674 m s−1; P, 33.1 Gpa) and 2 (vD, 8669 m s−1; P, 33.4 Gpa), that approach those of current high explosive benchmarks, such as 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). Sensitivity data based on impact and friction tests show these compounds have better stabilities than the traditional nitrate ester explosive, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN).
Modified Nuss procedure for the correction of pectus excavatum in children:a report of 56 cases

Objective To report the surgical experience and the clinical effects of Nuss procedure for the correction of pectus excavatum in children.Methods 56 children with pectus excavalum underwent Nuss procedure in our institute during May 2005 and January 2008,including 3 recurrent pectus excavatum.Among all the children,according to the Park typing,34 were symmetric type(Type1),including Type1A(n=32),TypelB(n=2);17 were asymmetric type(Type2A),including Type2A1(n=11),Type2A2(n=4),Type2A3(n=2);5 were unbalanced type(Type2B).The mean preoperative Haller Index by CT was 4.79(range 3-10.0).Those cases of asymmetric type and unbalanced type were treated with the techniques of bar shaping and obliquely bar placing individually.Results The operations in all patients were performed successfully with one single bar utilized.No blood transfusion was required.The mean postoperative Haller Index by CT was 2.76(range from 2.2 to 3.6).The postoperative hospital stay range from 3 to 16 days(average 5.8days).Pleural effusion occurred in 5 patients postoperatively,pneumothorax occurred in 2 patients,wound infection occurred in 1patient and all were resolved by corresponding treatments.Conclusion Modified Nuss |)rocedure for the correction of pectus excavatum in children has advantages such as little trauma,simple handling,less complications etc and with the techniques of bar shaping and obliquely bar placing individually,modified Nuss procedure is suitable for the treatment of most types of pectus excavalum in children.
Using Big Data to Evaluate the Association between Periodontal Disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis

An association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis is believed to exist. Most investigations into a possible relationship have been case-control studies with relatively low sample sizes. The advent of very large clinical repositories has created new opportunities for data-driven research. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to measure the association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis in a population of 25 million patients. We demonstrated that subjects with periodontal disease were roughly 1.4 times more likely to have rheumatoid arthritis. These results compare favorably with those of previous studies on smaller cohorts. Additional work is needed to identify the mechanisms behind this association and to determine if aggressive treatment of periodontal disease can alter the course of rheumatoid arthritis.
Commentary: A Myriad Aberrations on Information of Ontogeny of Drug Metabolizing Enzymes in the Pediatric Population: An Obstacle for Personalizing Drug Therapy in the Pediatric Population.

Major lacunae exist in our understanding of how developmental changes in drug biotransformation influence drug's exposure and thus its efficacy and toxicity in children. It is not just about smaller weight in children, which modifies the pattern of the drug's exposure. There are developmental, functional changes in organ systems, liver to body mass ratios, and changes in metabolism. Understanding these changes and conducting studies to obtain data on ontogeny of drug metabolizing enzymes is essential for implementation of personalized dosing schedules in the pediatric population.
Scholarly activities of the most productive CLS faculty and schools in the U.S.A.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the research and scholarship of the most productive clinical laboratory science faculty and schools in the United States. DESIGN: In 2008 a national study involving 106 college and university CLS programs was conducted to determine which faculty members were most productive in research activities. A questionnaire was sent electronically to all faculty (n=448) of 106 NAACLS accredited programs. Data from 275 respondents (61%), from 93 programs (89%) were analyzed. SETTING: The study took place at The Ohio State University with collaboration from the University of Minnesota. PARTICIPANTS: Clinical laboratory science faculty within a four-year university or college sponsoring a NAACLS-accredited CLS program, were invited to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: To quantitate faculty scholarly productivity by point assessment, to assess the top 10% of faculty based on funding, publications, abstracts, presentations, books and chapters, and to identify the 15 highest ranking institutions in terms of their collective faculty research contributions. CONCLUSIONS: The top 10% of clinical laboratory science faculty (n = 28) are performing almost 50% of scholarship in the profession, with major contributions in funding garnered and international presentations. These individuals also generally hold a doctorate, are full professors and tenured. Among the 15 highest ranked colleges and universities with CLS programs, and by cumulative faculty contributions, most are classified as research institutions. ABBREVIATIONS:CLS = clinical laboratory science
Models of Attentional Learning

Many theories of learning provide no role for selective attention (e.g., Anderson, 1991; Pearce, 1994; Rehder & Murphy, 2003). Selective attention is crucial, however, for explaining many phenomena in learning. The mechanism of selective attention in learning is also well motivated by its ability to minimize proactive interference and enhance generalization, thereby accelerating learning. Therefore, not only does the mechanism help explain behavioral phenomena, it makes sense that it should have evolved (Kruschke & Hullinger, 2010).
Neuroimaging and Eyewitness Testimony

This paper will explore how breakthroughs in neuroscience, specifically neuroimaging, can be used to validate eyewitness testimony. Though the use of direct evidence is decreasing, due to findings of numerous wrongful convictions that were based on eyewitness testimonies, it is still an element of many criminal trials today. Cross-examination is used to validate eyewitness testimony because memories are fallible. Cross-examination can successfully determine if a witness is telling the truth, but it cannot determine if a memory is true. This has resulted in juries convicting individuals based on questionable eyewitness testimony. Neuroscientists have found that neuroimaging methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans, can be used to distinguish between true and false memories and can determine if a witness is telling the truth. Both prosecutors and defense attorneys alike stand to benefit from using neuroimaging to validate eyewitness testimony that is brought into trial. Though the jury can use neuroimaging evidence to more accurately assess eyewitness testimony, as with all scientific data, the jury should be properly instructed when neuroimages are used, in order to reduce the prejudicial value of the evidence.
Carbon Monoxide: Spectroscopic Characterization of the High–Pressure Polymerized Phase

Solid carbon monoxide transforms to the δ–phase at about 48 kbar at room temperature. In this pressure regime (50 kbar and greater), carbon monoxide undergoes a transformation at room temperature to a light–pink solid, which has not been studied in detail and may be different from the δ–phase. Exposure to moderate light intensities at these P–T conditions converts the system to a dark red material. We report visible and infrared absorption as well as Raman investigations of this dark red substance, which likely contains a polymeric product of the photochemical reaction. This material is stable upon pressure release down to ambient conditions. Previous studies speculated that the dark red product was a mixture of poly–carbonsuboxide (C3O2) and oxalic anhydride (C2O3). In contrast, we present evidence that this material is composed of graphitic–like carbon, carbon dioxide, and possibly a polymerized network containing $$- \left( {{\text{C = O}}} \right) - {\text{O}} - \left( {{\text{C}} - } \right) = {\text{C}} < $$ as a repeating unit.
Slow gamma rhythms in CA3 are entrained by slow gamma activity in the dentate gyrus.

Using paired recordings from dentate gyrus and CA3 of freely behaving rats, this study shows for the first time that slow gamma rhythms in CA3 are entrained by inputs from the dentate gyrus. The re...
Cost‐Effectiveness of the 4 Pillars Practice Transformation Program to Improve Vaccination of Adults Aged 65 and Older

Objectives To estimate the cost-effectiveness of an intervention to increase pneumococcal, influenza, and pertussis-containing vaccine uptake in adults aged 65 and older in primary care practices. Design Markov decision analysis model, comparing the cost-effectiveness of the 4 Pillars Practice Transformation Program with no intervention. Setting Diverse primary care practices in two U.S. cities. Participants Clinical trial participants aged 65 and older. Measurements Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), public health outcomes, and costs. Vaccination rates and intervention costs were derived from a randomized controlled cluster trial. Other parameters were derived from the medical literature and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data. All parameters were individually and simultaneously varied over their distributions. Results With the intervention program and extrapolating over 10 years, there would be approximately 60,920 fewer influenza cases, 2,031 fewer pertussis cases, and 13,842 fewer pneumococcal illnesses in adults aged 65 and older. Total per-person vaccination and illness costs with the intervention were $23.93 higher than without the intervention, with a concurrent increase in effectiveness of 0.0031 QALYs, or $7,635 per QALY gained. In sensitivity analyses, no individual parameter variation caused the intervention to cost more than $50,000 per QALY gained. Conclusions Implementing an intervention based on the 4 Pillars Practice Transformation Program is a cost-effective undertaking in primary care practices for individuals aged 65 and older, with predicted public health benefits.
Advanced Chronic Venous Insufficiency

Introduction:Intervention for advanced chronic venous insufficiency is considered an appropriate standard of care. However, outcomes vary among patients who present in advanced clinical stages of d...
Glioblastoma Exosomes for Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Peripheral Ischemia

Peripheral ischemia as a result of occlusive vascular disease is a widespread problem in patients older than the age of 65. Angiogenic therapies that can induce microvascular growth have great potential for providing a long-lasting solution for patients with ischemia and would provide an appealing alternative to surgical and percutaneous interventions. However, many angiogenic therapies have seen poor efficacy in clinical trials, suggesting that patients with long-term peripheral ischemia have considerable therapeutic resistance to angiogenic stimuli. Glioblastoma is one of the most angiogenic tumor types, inducing robust vessel growth in the area surrounding the tumor. One major angiogenic mechanism used by the tumor cells to induce blood vessel growth is the production of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles that can carry pro-angiogenic and immunomodulatory signals. Here, we explored whether the pro-angiogenic aspects of glioblastoma-derived exosomes could be harnessed to promote angiogenesis and ...
Focused ultrasound ablation using electronically scanned grating lobes with real-time echo decorrelation imaging feedback

Focused ultrasound can successfully treat tumors by thermal ablation, but treatments using mechanical or electronic scanning of single foci can be prohibitively long. This study investigated a proposed approach to increase ablation efficiency by creating multiple foci as grating lobes of a coarse ultrasound aperture, then electronically scanning these grating lobes by applying phase rotations to shift their positions. A 64-element, 5.4 MHz linear image-ablate array performed weakly focused ablation (380 W/cm2 spatial-peak, temporal peak intensity [I SPTP ]) using a virtual 32-element aperture (2.5λ pitch) as well as real-time ablation monitoring and control by echo decorrelation imaging. Phase shifts were applied to treat a planar tissue region by employing five symmetrically arranged grating lobe patterns. Treatments were assessed in ex vivo bovine liver. Lesion dimensions and treatment durations were compared with uncontrolled and unfocused ablation treatments. Results demonstrate that electronic grating lobe scanning with control by echo decorrelation imaging can ablate tissue more efficiently than uncontrolled or unfocused approaches.
Cross-Sectional Studies

1. Cross-sectional studies measure the exposure and the outcome at the same time. 2. Cross-sectional studies estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition. 3. Cross-sectional studies cannot establish a temporal relationship between the exposure and the outcome.
Intraspecies composition difference in collagen from cuticle and body of Ascaris and Lumbricus

Collagens of diverse origin have a generally similar amino acid composition, the extreme differences recorded being for Lumbricus cuticle, in which there are 12–20 hydroxyproline residues per proline (Watson, 1958;Maser and Rice, 1962; Josse and Harrington, in press∗∗ and for Ascaris cuticle, in which this ratio is reversed, with about 15 proline residues per hydroxyproline (Watson and Silvester, 1959; Josse and Harrington). In connection with studies on the synthesis and turnover of Lumbricus cuticle collagen, to be described elsewhere, we have made observations comparing the amino acid composition of cuticle collagen with that of collagen extracted from cuticle-stripped bodies in each species of worm. For both Ascaris and Lumbricus, these measurements indicate marked differences when body and cuticle collagen are compared with respect to hydroxyproline/proline ratios. To our knowledge, such large intraspecies tissue difference in collagen composition have not been reported, although only limited date are available comparing different tissues in the same species (Tristram and Smith, 1963).
Boreal Forest Hazards and Adaptations: The Past

With the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century, northern forest Algonkians1,* were plunged into a caldron of change. Though their lives and societies were forced into new channels, the natural environment was little altered, and we see in their struggles to adjust a mix of ancient hunting and gathering tactics with new needs and economic considerations. In this chapter, I will examine the varieties and magnitudes of problems confronting northern forest natives from first European impact until the end of the 19th century. Because there is some homogeneity of both environment and pattern of change, the zone covered will include northern New England as well as the St. Lawrence River—Great Lakes axis with its northern hinterlands. This area is mostly boreal forest, but some of the data employed derive from marginal areas of mixed boreal—deciduous woodlands.
Cytoskeletal Mechanics and Rheology

Cells are basic functional units of life and control a wide range of intra- and extra-cellular activities. They are highly complex structures with unique biomechanical properties to withstand the physiological environment as well as mechanical stimuli. Studies related to the mechanics of single cells are aimed at describing the molecular mechanisms responsible for the physical integrity of the cells as well as their biological functions. These studies have significant implications for biotechnology and human health. Recent advanced and innovative experimental techniques for measuring forces at piconewton resolutions and displacements over nano-meter scales have greatly facilitated this area of research. Moreover, tremendous research efforts have been devoted to the development of multiscale multiphysics computational models for the mechanical properties and functions of cells. This chapter reviews recent numerical and experimental studies in the area of cytoskeletal mechanics and rheology. For this purpose, basic modeling techniques for the mechanics of semiflexible actin filaments as well as various experimental and computational methods for measuring the mechanical behavior of cells are discussed.
Need for Control and Self-Esteem

Personal control has been among the most ubiquitous topics in social and personality psychology for many years now. I recently thumbed through the tables of contents of several social psychology textbooks and could not find one chapter topic that researchers had not in some way tied to how much control people believe they have over events or the extent to which people are motivated to exercise personal control. Conformity, aggression, attitude change, gender roles, attributions, group dynamics, person perception, and the like all have been examined as a function of perceived control or motivation for control. Perhaps this ubiquity should come as no surprise. In any given situation, whether I believe I can control events or whether I want to control events intuitively is linked to the kind of action I decide to take.
Caste Determination in Arthropods

A defining feature in social insects is the differences between reproducing individuals and nonreproducing individuals within a colony. In many species, caste differentiation is driven by developmental processes that produce individuals with widely different phenotypes. In addition, some species of ants, bees, and termites have a polymorphic worker caste. Even within the nonreproductive individuals of a colony, developmental changes take place, and workers of highly variable sizes and shapes are produced. These caste differences are determined primarily by nutritional variation during the larval stages, which in turn influences physiological pathways that change the developmental trajectory of the larvae. Other environmental factors such as climate, social environment, and maternal effects also influence caste fate in various ways. Finally, recent research shows that genetic factors have key importance in caste determination in several species.
High-Grade Dysplasia in Resected Main-Duct Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (MD-IPMN) is Associated with an Increased Risk of Subsequent Pancreatic Cancer.

There is lack of consensus on post-operative surveillance for resected non-invasive intraductal papillary neoplasms (IPMNs). In this study we explored risk factors for subsequent PC in patients with MD-IPMN undergoing partial pancreatectomy. We searched the Mayo Clinic surgical pathology database for all cases of resected MD-IPMN between 1997 and 2014. Cases with histologically confirmed main pancreatic duct involvement either isolated or in a mixed pattern with branch-duct involvement were included. Outcomes of PC in the remnant pancreas, and death related to MD-IPMN were assessed with survival analyses (Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression). Among the 179 patients with resected MD-IPMN the incidence of concomitant PC and high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in the resected specimen was 23 and 14%, respectively. The mean duration of follow-up was 4.31 years (range 0.12–13.5 years). Excluding 28 subjects who either underwent initial total pancreatectomy or partial pancreatectomy with surgical margins positive for PC/HGD, the 5-year incidence of subsequent PC was 12%, including 60.6% and15.6% in those with initial PC and HGD, respectively. The 10-year incidence of PC was 21.2% overall, 60.6% for PC, 38.3% for HGD, and 3.0% for LGD. Risk of subsequent PC was significantly higher for those with initial PC compared with HGD (HR = 4.95, 95% CI: 1.63–15.03, p = 0.005 and for HGD compared with LGD (HR = 11.30, 95% CI: 1.55–82.26, p = 0.017). Patients with MD-IPMN with PC or HGD undergoing segmental pancreatectomy are at higher risk of subsequent PC and may benefit from post-operative surveillance. The post-operative surveillance intervals in resected MD- IPMNs need to be tailored based on dysplasia grade.
Ill-posed Problems in multivariate Approximation.

In this paper, definitions of “well-posed” and “ill-posed” will be suggested for problems in approximation. These concepts are illustrated by numerous examples.
Precision Medicine: Long-Term Treatment with Sulfonylureas in Patients with Neonatal Diabetes Due to KCNJ11 Mutations.

The goal of this review is to provide updates on the safety and efficacy of long-term sulfonylurea use in patients with KCNJ11-related diabetes. Publications from 2004 to the present were reviewed with an emphasis on literature since 2014. Sulfonylureas, often taken at high doses, have now been utilized effectively in KCNJ11 patients for over 10 years. Mild–moderate hypoglycemia can occur, but in two studies with a combined 975 patient-years on sulfonylureas, no severe hypoglycemic events were reported. Improvements in neurodevelopment and motor function after transition to sulfonylureas continue to be described. Sulfonylureas continue to be an effective, sustainable, and safe treatment for KCNJ11-related diabetes. Ongoing follow-up of patients in research registries will allow for deeper understanding of the facilitators and barriers to long-term sustainability. Further understanding of the effect of sulfonylurea on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, and the potential for adjunctive therapies, is needed.
Transportation of Radioactive Material

The Department of Transportation regulates the transportation of radioactive materials. Types of packaging, sturdiness of packages, and categories of materials for shipment are discussed.
The placebo effect in web-based personalization

Abstract Prior studies on web-based personalization have discussed various ways to personalize a message by incorporating the message recipient’s characteristic information in the message content. The current research argues that personalization effects depend not only on message content, but also on message context. Using the placebo effect framework, it is demonstrated through an experiment that a personalized message is more effective than a non-personalized message when the message receiver “expects” it to. When the person has no such expectancy, however, a personalized message does not outperform a non-personalized message. This placebo effect in personalization is especially salient for individuals with a lower level of need for uniqueness.
Wittgenstein versus Zombies: An Investigation of Our Mental Concepts

Many philosophers think that there could be a creature that looks, talks, and acts just like a human being but that has no inner awareness, no feelings, no qualia. These philosophers call such a hypothetical being a ‘zombie’, and they use the possibility of zombies to defend central claims in the philosophy of mind. In this essay, I use Wittgensteinian ideas to argue, against such philosophers, that the notion of a zombie is incoherent. I argue first that the possibility of zombies would entail a radical form of skepticism about other minds. I then use that result to argue that philosophers who believe zombies are possible cannot account for the meaningfulness of terms like ‘pain’, ‘qualia’, and ‘phenomenal consciousness’. Since philosophers who think zombies are possible require such terms to define their position, I conclude that such philosophers employ words to which they have given no meaning. I close the essay by reflecting on the nature of these arguments and by drawing some Wittgensteinian lessons about the character of our mental concepts.
Eukaryotic-like ribosomal RNA region in Lokiarchaeota

The ribosome9s common core connects all life back to a common ancestor and serves as a window to relationships among organisms. In eukaryotes, the common core contains expansion segments (ES9s) that vastly increase ribosomal RNA size. Supersized ES9s have not been observed previously in Bacteria or Archaea, and the origin of eukaryotic ES9s remains enigmatic. We discovered that the large subunit rRNA of Lokiarchaeota, the closest modern cell lineage to the last common ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya, bridges the gap in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic rRNA. The long large subunit rRNA in Lokiarchaeota is largely due to the presence of two eukaryotic-like, supersized ES9s, ES9 and ES39, which are transcribed in situ. We applied computational models, covariation analysis, and chemical footprinting experiments to study the structure and evolution of Lokiarchaeota ES9 and ES39. We also defined the eukaryotic ES39 signature fold for comparison. We found that Lokiarchaeota and eukaryotic ESs are structurally distinct: Lokiarchaeota ES39 has more and longer helices than the eukaryotic ES39 signature fold. Despite their structural differences, we found that Lokiarchaeota and eukaryotic ES9s originated from a common ancestor that was "primed" for evolution of larger and more complex rRNAs than those found in Bacteria and other archaea.
Transforming Undergraduate Global Health Education Through a Humanities-Focused Curriculum

Global health needs the humanities today as medicine needed the humanities in the 1970s. When new biomedical technologies threatened to undermine the physician in their primary role of healing the ...
P415 The decision-making process of self-initiated HIV testing among youth: a qualitative study

Background In the United States, youth have the lowest rates of HIV testing in comparison to the general population. Only 33% of youth aged 18 to 24 years have ever been tested for HIV infection, and approximately 51% of HIV-infected youth are unaware of their HIV serostatus. Low rates of HIV testing drive transmission, late diagnoses, and poor health outcomes including difficulty achieving viral suppression and death. Self-initiated testing (i.e., testing without the immediate recommendation of a clinician) has been identified as a strategy that can improve testing rates in this population. However, little is known about how youth self-initiate HIV testing or strategies that can enhance its uptake. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the decision-making process of youth who self-initiated HIV testing. Methods A qualitative study was conducted with 30 youth aged 18 to 24 years who self-initiated HIV testing, recruited directly from multiple HIV testing sites in South Florida. Data was collected using a demographic and sexual history questionnaire and audio-recorded individual in-depth interviews. Data analysis occurred using interpretative phenomenological analysis, allowing the rigorous exploration of participant’s experiences and perspectives. Results The findings from this study describe how youth acknowledge their vulnerability to HIV infection and navigate the process of deciding and self-initiating testing. Some supporting themes that further explain this finding include Self-convincing, Conversation Prompts, The Right Place and Right Time, and Finding HIV testing sites. Conclusion Despite current clinical guidelines recommending routine HIV testing, there are still challenges in HIV testing among youth. Findings from this study are pivotal for subsequent studies that seek to further understand self-initiated HIV testing among youth and design targeted interventions that will improve testing uptake. Additionally, this study will reveal areas for recommendations that will enhance structuring and targeting of HIV testing services for youth. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Chapter 7 – Corrosion

Apart from the mechanical properties of the friction stir welding (FSW) joints, corrosion is a critical property as the structural integrity of the components deteriorates with time as the environmental damage initiates and propagates. A brief summary of the corrosion behavior of the various weld zones is presented in this chapter.
Knowledge,attitude and practice related with AIDS of floating population in Hongkou District,Shanghai

Objective To evaluate the knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP)related with AIDS of local floating population.Methods A total of 1 942 floating persons were sampled by multistage cluster sampling and interviewed with questionnaire in the agricultural markets,construction sites,and their habitats within 3 communities in Hongkou District.Results 82.9% of the interviewees were 20 ～49 years old.The average score was 34.77 ±3.52 (maximum score is 44)for knowledge,12.11 ±2.32(maximum score is 19)for attitude,5.50 ±0.95(maximum score is 7)for practice,respectively.The scores increased with educational level significantly.The scores of knowledge were 33.26 ±3.54,34.63 ±3.23,36.56 ±3.39 among the subjects with educational levels of primary school and below,junior high school,senior high school and above.The scores of attitude were 13.77 ±2.27,14.79 ±2.39,15.62 ±2.38,respectively.And the score of practice was 5.40 ±0.90,5.51 ±0.93,5.58 ±1.03,respectively.Conclusion In the present,the KAP relating AIDS of local floating population is poor in Hongkou District.A variety of intervention methods and operational patterns should be developed for the floating population with different educational levels and jobs. Key words: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Floating population; Knowledge
What Can Honeybees Tell Us About Social Learning

We independently implemented and studied the nest-site selection model described in Passino, K. M., and Seeley, T. D., “Modeling and analysis of nest-site selection by honeybee swarms,” 2006, focusing on the default parameter values they obtained by field calibration. We focus on aspects of the model pertaining both to imitation and social learning and to the model as kind of metaheuristic. Among other things, we find that the model is robust to different parameterizations of social learning, but that at least a modicum of social learning is essential for successful nest-site selection (in the model). Regarding the model as a metaheuristic, we find that it robustly produces good but significantly non-optimal nest-site selections. Instead of a single-criterion metaheuristic, the algorithm is best seen as balancing three objectives: choose the best of the available sites in the neighborhood, make the choice quickly, minimize risk of failing to choose a site.
Radiographic Impact of Lapidus, Proximal Lateral Closing Wedge Osteotomy, and Suture Button Procedures on First Ray Length and Dorsiflexion for Hallux Valgus.

Background:Shortening and dorsiflexion of the first metatarsal are known potential side effects of metatarsal osteotomies for hallux valgus (HV) with the potential to cause transfer metatarsalgia. ...
An Analysis of Factors Associated with Burn Injury Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Abstract Background Burn injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The World Health Organization developed the Global Burn Registry to centralize data collection for the guidance of burn prevention programs. This study analyzed the epidemiologic and hospital-specific factors associated with burn injury outcomes in LMICs and high-income countries (HICs). Methods A retrospective review was performed using the Global Burn Registry over 3 y. Patients were stratified by income region. Bivariate analyses and stepwise regressions were performed to evaluate patient and hospital demographics and variables associated with injury patterns and outcomes. Outcomes of interest included mortality and length of stay. Results Over the study period, data were collected on 1995 patients from 10 LMICs (20 hospitals) and four HICs (four hospitals). Significantly higher mortality was seen in LMICs compared with HICs (17% versus 9%; P Conclusions HICs had a lower overall mortality even with higher rates of concurrent injuries, as well as longer length of stay. LMIC hospitals had fewer resources available, which could explain increased mortality, given similar total body surface area. This study highlights how investing in health care infrastructure could lead to improved outcomes for patients in low-resource settings.
Going the Extra Mile: Building Trust and Collaborative Relationships with Study Participants

Research methods to access and engage historically oppressed communities have evolved dramatically. Leisure researchers once aspired to be objective and to remain detached from their participants, ...