cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated-temperature effects on strain gages on the YF-12A wing

A general study is made of the effects of structural heating on calibrated-strain-gage load measurements on the wing of a supersonic airplane. The primary emphasis is on temperature-induced effects as they relate to slope changes and thermal shifts of the applied load/strain relationships. These effects are studied by using the YF-12A airplane, a structural computer model, and subsequent analyses. Such topics as the thermal environment of the structure, the variation of load paths at elevated temperature, the thermal response characteristics of load equations, elevated-temperature load-measurement approaches, the thermal calibration of wings, and the correlation of strains are discussed. Ways are suggested to measure loads with calibrated strain gages in the supersonic environment.
Histologic pattern analysis of basal cell carcinoma. Study of a series of 1039 consecutive neoplasms

This study attempts to define histologic patterns in 1039 consecutive cases of basal cell carcinoma and to correlate these patterns with adequacy of margins of surgical excision. Five major histologic patterns were identified: nodular, 218 cases (21%); superficial, 181 cases (17%); micronodular, 151 cases (15%); infiltrative, 77 cases (7%); and morpheic, 11 cases (1%). A mixed pattern (two or more major histologic patterns) was present in 401 cases (38.5%). Our study indicates that nodular and superficial basal cell carcinomas can be completely removed by simple surgical excision in a high percentage of cases (93.6% and 96.4%, respectively) whereas the micronodular, infiltrative, and morpheic basal cell carcinomas have a higher incidence of positive tumor margins (18.6%, 26.5%, and 33.3%, respectively) after excision. Mixed patterns that consisted of combinations of the nodular, micronodular, or infiltrative types exhibited a behavior similar to the pattern that resulted in a greater chance of incomplete surgical removal.
A randomized prospective study of the use-effectiveness of two methods of natural family planning: An interim report

Abstract Data accumulated to date from the Los Angeles study indicate that the total termination rate for 12 months from the beginning of the training period and from formal entry into the study was high for the ovulation method (OM), and symptothermal method (STM). Voluntary withdrawal was the highest single reason for termination in both methods. The 12 month voluntary withdrawal rate, measured from formal entry into the study, was significantly for OM users. Pregnancy rates measured from both the beginning of training and formal entry into the study were significantly higher for OM users than for STM users. Complete analysis of the data colleccted during the study is currently in progress. It is anticipated that some of the causes for the differences in pregnancy rates and withdrawal rates between the two methods can be identified.
Complex renormalization group flows for 2D nonlinear O(N) sigma models

Motivated by recent attempts to find nontrivial infrared fixed points in 4-dimensional lattice gauge theories, we discuss the extension of the renormalization group transformations to complex coupling spaces for $O(N)$ models on $L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}L$ lattices, in the large-$N$ limit. We explain the Riemann sheet structure and singular points of the finite $L$ mappings between the mass gap and the 't Hooft coupling. We argue that the Fisher's zeros appear on ``strings'' ending approximately near these singular points. We show that for the spherical model at finite $N$ and $L$, the density of states is stripwise polynomial in the complex energy plane. We compare finite volume complex flows obtained from the rescaling of the ultraviolet cutoff in the gap equation and from the two-lattice matching. In both cases, the flows are channelled through the singular points and end at the strong coupling fixed points, however strong scheme dependence appear when the Compton wavelength of the mass gap is larger than the linear size of the system. We argue that the Fisher's zeros control the global properties of the complex flows. We briefly discuss the implications for perturbation theory, proofs of confinement, and searches for nontrivial infrared fixed points in models beyond the standard model.
"More Life" and More: Harold Bloom, the J Writer, and the Archaic Judaism of Tony Kushner's Angels in America

angel or more specifically, a mysterious man. Though they wrestle until near dawn, neither bests his opponent. As the sun is about to rise, the angel demands that Jacob release him. Jacob agrees, on one condition: "I will not let you go, unless you bless me" (32:26). The angel assents, and Jacob receives both his blessing and a new name, Israel. Prior Walter, the AIDS-stricken hero of Tony Kushner 's Angels in America, whom the author explicitly and implicitly likens to Jacob, also wrestles with an angel. And upon being admitted into the angelic council in one of the last scenes of Perestroika, the play's second part, he demands his own blessing: "more life." "More life" as Kushner acknowledges in his notes to Perestroika (10, 154-55) is a translation of the Hebrew word for "blessing"
Use of a claims-based active drug safety surveillance system to assess the risk of acute pancreatitis with exenatide or sitagliptin compared to metformin or glyburide.

Objective: To estimate risk and relative risk (RR) of acute pancreatitis among patients using incretin-based diabetes therapies (exenatide or sitagliptin) compared to patients treated with agents w...
Thermodynamics of atomic clusters using variational quantum hydrodynamics.

Small clusters of rare-gas atoms are ideal test cases for studying how quantum delocalization affects both the thermodynamics and the structure of molecular scale systems. In this paper, we use a variational quantum hydrodynamic approach to examine the structure and dynamics of (Ne) n clusters, with n up to 100 atoms, at both T = 0 K and for temperatures spanning the solid-to-liquid transition in bulk Ne. Finite temperature contributions are introduced to the grand potential in the form of an "entropy" potential. One surprising result is the prediction of a negative heat capacity for very small clusters that we attribute to the nonadditive nature of the total free-energy for very small systems.
Surgical treatment of spinal arteriovenous malformations

Spinal cord arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are uncommon but important lesions because they are associated with a poor neurological prognosis and are in most cases treatable. 1 There are several types of spinal vascular malformations, and it is critical to understand their classification, because each has a distinct anatomy, pathophysiology, and constellation of clinical features. Furthermore, each type of spinal AVM requires a distinct therapeutic approach.
Psychophysiological correlates of tonic immobility in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus)

Abstract Three experiments were conducted measuring within-animal changes in heart rate, respiration rate, and body temperature during tonic immobility. Following immobility onset, heart rate decreased and reached its lowest level just prior to response termination, respiration rate increased initially and then gradually decreased during the immobility episode, while body temperature remained lowered throughout the response period. The results were discussed in relation to the hypothesis that immobility might be related to an aversive emotional state.
Success in Algebra Among Community College Students

College algebra is a required course for most majors, but is viewed by many as a gatekeeper course for degree completion by students. With almost half a million students taking college algebra each year, faculty are experimenting with new course lengths of time that might result in higher success, completion, and retention rates for college algebra students. This article reports on a study of the traditional 16-week versus an 8-week course length in college algebra at a two-year Metropolitan Community College (MCC) in the United States. The study was to determine which course length of time, 8 weeks or 16 weeks, results in a higher proportion of students successfully completing the college algebra course. Also investigated were success rates among ethnicities, genders, and age groups. The study included 231 students in college algebra. Data were analyzed on four sections of the traditional 16-week courses and four sections of 8-week courses. In this study, success was measured as earning a grade of A, B, ...
On the extended principle of corresponding states and the pair interaction potential

Abstract Direct inversion methods are used to analyze the extended principle of corresponding states of Kestin and co-workers in terms of the pair interaction potential. It is shown how reference to the potential makes possible a number of extensions and improvements to the corresponding-states correlations. Specifically, the range of validity of the principle is made more precise, the consistency between gas viscosities and second virial coefficients is checked, and it is shown how to improve the available temperature range over which predictions can be made and the precision with which properties can be predicted.
Risk factors for the development of post-traumatic cerebral vasospasm.

BACKGROUND Post-traumatic vasospasm is a well-recognized sequela of head injury. The risk factors associated with post-traumatic vasospasm have not been well defined. We studied 119 consecutive patients with head injury to determine the risk factors for post-traumatic vasospasm. METHODS Twenty-nine (27.1%) patients were excluded from the study because of poor insonation (n = 12) or a hospital stay of less than 72 hours (n = 17). Seventy (77.8%) of 90 patients suffered severe head injury. Sixteen (17.8%) patients sustained moderate head injury and four (4.4%) patients sustained mild head injury. All patients were monitored with transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography daily. RESULTS Post-traumatic vasospasm was detected in 32 (35.6%) of 90 patients. Among these patients, 29 (90.6%) had severe head injury, and three (9.4%) had moderate head injury. None of the patients with mild head injury suffered post-traumatic vasospasm. In most cases, the onset of post-traumatic vasospasm began on the fifth day and lasted 1 to 9 days. In 8 (25%) patients, post-traumatic vasospasm began within the first three days of the head injury. Among 32 patients with post-traumatic vasospasm, 10 (31.2%) patients had mild vasospasm, 20 (65.5%) had moderate vasospasm, and 2 (6.3%) had severe post-traumatic vasospasm. Clinical deterioration was documented in two (2.5%) patients. CONCLUSIONS Development of post-traumatic vasospasm correlated only with severe subarachnoid hemorrhage on initial computed tomographic scan. There was an increased incidence of post-traumatic vasospasm in patients with epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, and intracerebral hemorrhages. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score on admission was inversely related to the development of post-traumatic vasospasm. In most cases, the period of vasospasm was short and clinical deterioration was rare. Probably, two varieties of post-traumatic vasospasm exist, one that lasts a shorter time and does not correlate with the presence of SAH, and a second that correlates with the presence of SAH, lasts longer, and resembles aneurysmal vasospasm.
Second-order normal force brought about by polishing with a polyurethane pad

It was shown by parallel plate rheological experiments that a second-order normal force develops between a polyurethane planarizing pad and a patterned silicon dioxide wafer upon sliding contact. Both torque and normal force increase with increasing down force and increasing rate of shear. From these data a linear relation was found between normal force and torque squared as required by second-order theory. The slope of the line was one in the dry condition, increased significantly upon application of an abrasive slurry, and decreased from a dishing-reducing additive. The normal force caused normal extension of the polyurethane pad into the down areas of the wafer which was estimated from elaborate polishing experiments. This extension was also reduced by a dishing-reducing additive. No normal force developed between a fixed abrasive pad, known for creating perfect planarization, and a wafer, further indicating a causal relationship between the development of normal force in the pad during chemical mechanical planarization and the dishing of the down areas of a wafer.
Live from across the Country: A Conference Session of in-Class Demonstrations:

We describe a conference session designed to present teaching demonstrations, especially for the introductory course. The session has been well received at various conferences and has several benefits for presenters and participants. Suggestions for those interested in scheduling such a session are offered.
Maternal Recall and Medical Records: An Examination of Events During Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Early Infancy

It is not currently known whether sufficiently precise data on a previous pregnancy, labor and delivery, and early infancy can be obtained retrospectively. We conducted a telephone survey in 1991 of women who delivered babies between 1984 and 1986 at two teaching hospitals in Nashville, Tennessee, to assess how well mothers recall information on factors predictive of an adverse birth outcome. The survey yielded 102 usable responses that were compared with hospital records for mothers and infants. Overall, 89 percent agreement was found between women's responses and their charts. Respondents were not reluctant to answer potentially sensitive questions, and their technical knowledge was typically better for their own health than about some prenatal diagnostic procedures and their infants' health. We found no difference in recall accuracy according to whether mothers experienced some adversity with the index pregnancy. Accurate perinatal information can generally be obtained with a recall period as high as four to six years.
Potential Barrier in Dinitrogen Tetroxide

THE communication1 by C. K. and E. H. Ingold on the structure of N2O4 reviews the chemical and physical evidence in favour of the various structures proposed for N2O4. The authors conclude that the structure is which is equivalent to the D2h. structure proposed by Sutherland2 on the basis of the spectroscopic data. Using the fundamentals proposed by Sutherland and the following molecular dimensions, namely, ∠ONO=120°, rNO = 1.15 A., rNN = 1.66 A.3, the entropy at 298° K. may be calculated by the usual methods of statistical thermodynamics4. In this way the entropy of translation for gaseous N2O4 at 298° K. is found to be 39.44 cal./deg./mole, and that due to vibration and rotation without taking torsion into account is 30.00 ± 0.3 cal./deg./mole. (The error of ± 0.3 E.U. in the rotational entropy is estimated by assuming that the error in each molecular dimension is ± 5 per cent.) The entropy observed by Giauque and Kemp5 was 72.73 cal./deg./mole. Thus the amount of entropy contributed by the degree of freedom associated with internal rotation is 3.29 ± 0.3 cal./deg./mole. Assuming the potential energy is of the form V = B/2 (1−cos 2π) the torsional frequency and potential barrier B are related to the moment of inertia about the torsional axis by ν = 1/2π [8B/I]1/2. Then if the potential barrier is considered to be so high that the contribution to the entropy is simply due to a torsional oscillation, then the torsional frequency is 108 ± 20 cm.−1, with a corresponding barrier of 8.5 ± 2 cal./mole.
Preparation of 66Ga- and 68Ga-labeled Ga(III)-deferoxamine-folate as potential folate-receptor-targeted PET radiopharmaceuticals.

A folate-receptor-targeting radiopharmaceutical, Ga(III)-deferoxamine-folate (Ga-DF-Folate), was radiolabeled with two positron-emitting isotopes of gallium, cyclotron-produced (66)Ga (9.5 hour half-life) and generator-produced (68)Ga (68 minute half-life). The [(66)Ga]Ga-DF-Folate was administered to athymic mice with folate-receptor-positive human KB cell tumor xenografts to demonstrate that microPET mouse tumor imaging is feasible with (66)Ga, despite the relatively high positron energy of this radionuclide. Using the athymic mouse KB tumor xenograft model, dual-isotope autoradiography was also performed following i.v. co-administration of [(18)F]-FDG, a marker of regional metabolic activity, and folate-receptor-targeted [(111)In]In-DTPA-Folate. The autoradiographic images of 1 mm tumor sections demonstrate the gross heterogeneity of the KB cell tumor xenograft, as well as subtle disparity in the regional accumulation of the two radiotracers.
A Cognitive Core for Common State Standards.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to illustrate cognitive challenges introduced by Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (2010) with regard to conceptualizing fractions. We focus on a strand of standards that appear across grades three through five, which is best represented in grade four, by standard 4.NF.4a: “[Students should] understand a fraction a / b as a multiple of 1/ b . For example, use a visual fraction model to represent 5/4 as the product 5 × (1/4), recording the conclusion by the equation 5/4 = 5 × (1/4).” We argue that supporting such conceptualizations is a critical challenge for teachers and researchers to address in US education, but one fraught with conceptual hurdles for students. We adopt a scheme theoretic perspective and share the case study of a sixth-grade student, to illustrate the ways of operating students need to develop for meaningful attainment of the new standards.
Reactivity of novel ion-exchanged nickel/hydrous titanate catalysts

Abstract Hydrous metal oxides constitute a new class of catalyst supports that can stabilize metals in a state of high dispersion even at high metal loadings. [Dosch et al., U.S. patent 4 511 455 (1985) ]. Hydrous metal oxide supports are prepared by the reaction of a metal alkoxide and sodium hydroxide followed by hydrolysis. In this study, an amorphous hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) with approximate composition of NaTi 2 O 5 was used. The sodium was quantitatively exchanged for nickel to yield a highly dispersed nickel catalyst. TEM, hydrogen chemisorption, benzene hydrogenation and butane hydrogenolysis were used to characterize the state of nickel and provide comparisons to conventionally prepared nickel catalysts. Elemental analysis of numerous areas within the sample with a 100Adiameter probe in the TEM confirmed that the nickel was uniformly dispersed in the as-prepared Ni/HTO catalyst. Using butane hydrogenolysis as a test reaction, it was found that the catalyst had to be reduced at a temperature of at least 623 K before appreciable reactivity could be achieved. At this stage, a significant fraction of the nickel was found to have aggregated into large particles (> 62;100A) and the catalyst behaved very much like a conventional nickel catalyst supported on titania. Therefore, although nickel could be deposited on the HTO support in a state of high dispersion, reduction of the nickel led to agglomeration into large metallic particles, and the active catalyst resembled conventionally prepared nickel catalysts.
Cooling Schedules for Optimal Annealing

A Monte Carlo optimization technique called “simulated annealing” is a descent algorithm modified by random ascent moves in order to escape local minima which are not global minima. The level of randomization is determined by a control parameter T, called temperature, which tends to zero according to a deterministic “cooling schedule.” We give a simple necessary and sufficient condition on the cooling schedule for the algorithm state to converge in probability to the set of globally minimum cost states. In the special case that the cooling schedule has parametric form Tt = c/log1 + t, the condition for convergence is that c be greater than or equal to the depth, suitably defined, of the deepest local minimum which is not a global minimum state.
Double photoionization of Be and Mg atoms using the R -matrix-with-pseudostates method

The $R$-matrix-with-pseudostates (RMPS) method is used to obtain total cross sections for double photoionization of Be and Mg atoms from their ground singlet and metastable triplet terms. Time-dependent close-coupling (TDCC) calculations are also carried out for the total and energy differential double photoionization cross sections of Mg from its ground term. The RMPS total ground-term cross sections for Be and Mg are in good agreement with results from TDCC and convergent close-coupling calculations at lower energies but are above them at higher energies. They are also in good agreement with the results of synchrotron measurements. The total cross sections for double photoionization from the triplet metastable terms of Be and Mg are found to be two to three times smaller than those from their singlet ground terms.
PI3K/mTOR inhibition can impair tumor invasion and metastasis in vivo despite a lack of antiproliferative action in vitro: implications for targeted therapy

Oncogenic PI3K/mTOR activation is frequently observed in human cancers and activates cell motility via p27 phosphorylations at T157 and T198. Here we explored the potential for a novel PI3K/mTOR inhibitor to inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis. An MDA-MB-231 breast cancer line variant, MDA-MB-231-1833, with high metastatic bone tropism, was treated with a novel catalytic PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PF-04691502, at nM doses that did not impair proliferation. Effects on tumor cell motility, invasion, p27 phosphorylation, localization, and bone metastatic outgrowth were assayed. MDA-MB-231-1833 showed increased PI3K/mTOR activation, high levels of cytoplasmic p27pT157pT198 and increased cell motility and invasion in vitro versus parental. PF-04691502 treatment, at a dose that did not affect proliferation, reduced total and cytoplasmic p27, decreased p27pT157pT198 and restored cell motility and invasion to levels seen in MDA-MB-231. p27 knockdown in MDA-MB-231-1833 phenocopied PI3K/mTOR inhibition, whilst overexpression of the phosphomimetic mutant p27T157DT198D caused resistance to the anti-invasive effects of PF-04691502. Pre-treatment of MDA-MB-231-1833 with PF-04691502 significantly impaired metastatic tumor formation in vivo, despite lack of antiproliferative effects in culture and little effect on primary orthotopic tumor growth. A further link between cytoplasmic p27 and metastasis was provided by a study of primary human breast cancers which showed cytoplasmic p27 is associated with increased lymph nodal metastasis and reduced survival. Novel PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may oppose tumor metastasis independent of their growth inhibitory effects, providing a rationale for clinical investigation of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in settings to prevent micrometastasis. In primary human breast cancers, cytoplasmic p27 is associated with worse outcomes and increased nodal metastasis, and may prove useful as a marker of both PI3K/mTOR activation and PI3K/mTOR inhibitor efficacy.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in Small Intestinal Epithelium Promotes B-Cell Recruitment and IgA Production in Lamina Propria

Background & Aims: Several lines of evidence support a role for Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling to protect the intestine from pathogenic infection. We hypothesized that TLR signaling at the level of the intestinal epithelium is critical for mucosal immune responses. Methods: We generated transgenic mice that express a constitutively active form of TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium (V-TLR4 mice). Lamina propria cellularity was evaluated by immunostaining and flow cytometry. Immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels in the stool and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Chemokine and cytokine expression were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: V-TLR4 transgenic mice reproduced normally and had a normal life span. Constitutive activity of TLR4 in the intestinal epithelium promoted recruitment of B cells and an increase in fecal IgA levels. Intestinal epithelial cells of V-TLR4 mice expressed higher levels of CCL20 and CCL28, chemokines known to be involved in B-cell recruitment, and of a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), a cytokine that promotes T-cell-independent class switching of B cells to IgA. The changes in B-cell numbers and IgA levels were blocked by simultaneous expression in intestinal epithelial cells of M3, a herpes virus protein that binds and inhibits multiple chemokines. Conclusions: TLR signaling in the intestinal epithelial cells significantly elevated the production of IgA in the intestine. This effect was mediated by TLR-induced expression of a specific set of chemokines and cytokines that promoted both recruitment of B cells into the lamina propria and IgA class switching of B cells.
Using the loci framework for automated program and component generation

Abstract In this paper we discuss the Loci framework and its ability for automated program and component generation for computational simulation code development. Specifically we examine the use of the Loci framework for program structure synthesis, memory and cache management, and parallel communication module generation from simple high-level descriptions. In the end, we also discuss several on-going research efforts that expand the capability and efficiency of the Loci framework.
High Tc superconductivity and microstructural control of Y-Ba-Cu-O by copper stoichiometry

Copper stoichiometry exerted a significant influence on both the superconductivity and the microstructure of YBa2CuxOy. Compositions with x < 3.00 are detrimental to the superconductive properties and sinterability of the compounds, whereas copper excess (3.00 < x < 3.50) acts as fluxing agent promoting grain growth and crystal orientation alignment without any negative effect on the 90 K oxide superconductor.
Treatment of Schizophrenia: Current Practice and Future Promise

Studies published since 1988 describing the treatment of schizopbrenia are reviewed. Antipsychotic agents play a dominant role in treatment, but, except for clozapine, no one drug has been proved more effective than any other. Ineffective medication and medication noncompliance may contribute to apparent treatment resistance. Used in conjunction with drug treatment, supportive psychotherapy that incorporates social skills training appears to be useful. Environmental interventions such as supervised housing and work with families appear to help patients function better in the community and avoid relapse. Trials of new antipsychotic agents and improved understanding of the neurochemistry of schizophrenia offer hope that improved therapies will become available.
Investigation of the three-dimensional stressed state in elastic plates with circular holes

The stress-strain state (SSS) of an isotropic elastic plate weakened by a circular hole is determined in the three-dimensional statement. We propose a numerical-analytic method for the solution of three-dimensional problems of the theory of elasticity. The vector of displacements is represented via three independent harmonic functions. The spectral representation of the perturbed SSS is obtained in the form of a series in nonorthogonal eigenfunctions. The coefficients of the series are determined from the condition of the most exact validity of the boundary conditions on the surface of the hole. The estimate of the error of realization of the boundary conditions is obtained. The distribution of stresses is numerically analyzed depending on Poisson’s ratio and the radius of the hole.
Calculation of single fiber efficiencies for interception and impaction with superposed brownian motion

Abstract The single fiber efficiency of fibrous filters was studied by using a Brownian dynamics simulation technique. This simulation technique permits a rigorous and simultaneous consideration of all the important mechanisms of particle capture including interception, inertial impaction and Brownian motion. Simulation results obtained for a variety of situations indicate that diffusion tends to act synergistically with particle inertia leading to an increase in the collection efficiency as compared to when the mechanisms are considered individually. In particular, significant increases in collection efficiency are found in the critical range of the minimum single fiber efficiency.
Detection, visualization and animation of abnormal anatomic structure with a deformable probabilistic brain atlas based on random vector field transformations

This paper describes the design, implementation and preliminary results of a technique for creating a comprehensive probabilistic atlas of the human brain based on high-dimensional vector field transformations. The goal of the atlas is to detect and quantify distributed patterns of deviation from normal anatomy, in a 3-D brain image from any given subject. The algorithm analyzes a reference population of normal scans and automatically generates color-coded probability maps of the anatomy of new subjects. Given a 3-D brain image of a new subject, the algorithm calculates a set of high-dimensional volumetric maps (with typically 384(2) x 256 x 3 approximately 10(8) degrees of freedom) elastically deforming this scan into structural correspondence with other scans, selected one by one from an anatomic image database. The family of volumetric warps thus constructed encodes statistical properties and directional biases of local anatomical variation throughout the architecture of the brain. A probability space of random transformations, based on the theory of anisotropic Gaussian random fields, is then developed to reflect the observed variability in stereotaxic space of the points whose correspondences are found by the warping algorithm. A complete system of 384(2) x 256 probability density functions is computed, yielding confidence limits in stereotaxic space for the location of every point represented in the 3-D image lattice of the new subject's brain. Color-coded probability maps are generated, densely defined throughout the anatomy of the new subject. These indicate locally the probability of each anatomic point being unusually situated, given the distributions of corresponding points in the scans of normal subjects. 3-D MRI and high-resolution cryosection volumes are analyzed from subjects with metastatic tumors and Alzheimer's disease. Gradual variations and continuous deformations of the underlying anatomy are simulated and their dynamic effects on regional probability maps are animated in video format (on the accompanying CD-ROM). Applications of the deformable probabilistic atlas include the transfer of multi-subject 3-D functional, vascular and histologic maps onto a single anatomic template, the mapping of 3-D atlases onto the scans of new subjects, and the rapid detection, quantification and mapping of local shape changes in 3-D medical images in disease and during normal or abnormal growth and development.
Chlorite-rich ultramafic reaction zones in Colorado Plateau xenoliths: recorders of sub-Moho hydration

Three chlorite-rich and one garnet-pyro-xenite xenolith from the diatreme at Moses Rock, Utah, document storage and transport of water and consequent metasomatism in the mantle within the stability field of garnet peridotite, probably at depths of at least 75 km. Three mineral assemblages are present in zones in one chlorite-rich xenolith: in that xenolith, an assemblage of chlorite + enstatite + diopside + ilmenite + titanian chondrodite is separated by diopside + “talc” from an assemblage of chlorite + diopside + ilmenite + pyrite. Euhedral grains of enstatite (0.02% A12O3, 0.05% CaO) + diopside record low temperatures, and high Mn/Fe in these pyroxenes was caused by growth in chlorite-dominated rock. Derivation from garnet lherzolite is established by relict pyrope(Py71Gr11Alm18). The “talc” has Fe/Mg unusually high relative to that of associated chlorite, and electron probe analyses of the “talc” sum low, consistent with excess water; the unusual composition may be due solely to alteration and consequent submicroscopic intergrowths of other phases, but the “talc” could be an analogue of the high-pressure synthetic 10-A phase. Garnet pyroxenite has a retrograde assemblage of chlo-rite-garnet-omphacite. The chlorite-rich rocks formed at contacts between garnet peridotite and other mantle rock in response to fluid flow. Pressures ≥ 2.2 GPa are consistent with stability of enstatite + aqueous fluid and of diopside + talc, with the occurrence of titanian chondrodite, and with the stability of garnet lherzolite. A chlorite separate has α18O = 6.9, consistent with mantle hydration. The small-scale reaction zones could have formed in a geologically brief time, plausibly just before eruption at about 25 Ma, and the responsible fluids probably also catalyzed recrystallization of associated eclogites. The hydration may have been restricted to shear zones that traversed the lower crust and the mantle to at least 75 km depth. The chlorite-rich rocks may be from the deepest part of the mantle that was sampled by the diatreme eruption. Chlorite-garnet pairs in garnet pyroxenites and pyrope mega-crysts yield temperatures in the range 410—510° C. Low temperatures in the mantle of the Colorado Plateau are consistent with an unusually low mantle heat flux and with cooling of lithosphere by an underlying subducted slab.
Extrinsic ureteropelvic junction obstruction from a crossing renal vessel: demography and imaging.

Background. The increase in the use of prenatal ultrasound has revolutionized the detection of hydronephrosis and has had an unanticipated consequence.¶Objective. To describe the new demographics of symptomatic ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction and the characteristic imaging findings, when the obstruction is extrinsic, from a crossing renal vessel.¶Materials and methods. From a uroradiology database (1994 through 1999) we identified children with surgically corrected UPJ obstruction from intrinsic and extrinsic causes.¶Results. One hundred children had symptomatic UPJ obstruction treated by surgery. In 51 (49 %), obstruction was due to a crossing vessel. One hundred and one had UPJ obstruction detected by prenatal sonography. Only 11 (11 %) were due to a vessel. Two clinical and imaging findings were strongly suggestive of obstruction from a vessel: (1) in 5 of the 100 children the symptoms (pain, nausea, and vomiting) were intermittent. Only when symptoms were present were there hydronephrosis and obstruction; (2) in 51 of the 100 children a short segment of ureter, just below the UPJ, was filled with contrast or urine (on renal sonography, intravenous urography, or retrograde/antegrade ureterography).¶Conclusions. Extrinsic UPJ obstruction caused by a vessel is an uncommon cause of obstruction when all patients are considered. However, in symptomatic older patients whose hydronephrosis was not first identified on prenatal sonography, a vessel was the cause of obstruction in one-half.
Effects of calcium channel blockers on tardive dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious iatrogenic disorder that is induced by long-term neuroleptic therapy. There are no well-established treatments for TD but a number of agents, such as calcium channel blockers and vitamin E, have shown some promise in decreasing the symptoms of TD. We reviewed the treatment outcome literature on the efficacy of the three prototypic calcium channel blockers, verapamil, diltiazem, and nifedipine, on TD. Although the outcome data were equivocal, when taken in their best light, they suggested that calcium channel blockers may be effective in decreasing the symptoms of TD. However, the studies were methodologically flawed in many respects and future research must ensure that the basic requirements for scientific validity are incorporated in the experimental design. Further, there is a need for dose-response studies of the three prototypic calcium channel blockers, as well as investigations of their comparative effects.
Note---A Comment on Keeney's Group Utility Axioms

Keeney has described a set of axioms which allows one to merge individual utility functions using a linear combination [Keeney, Ralph L. 1976. A group preference axiomatization with cardinal utility. Management Sci.23 140--145]. This is a very handy result, especially because the linear combination is probably the most easily studied of all possible methods. This comment is intended to call attention to three concepts which aid in determining and interpreting the weights obtained and studying the structure of the group's preferences. These concepts have been illustrated in [McClain, John O., Vithala R. Rao. 1974. Tradeoffs and conflicts in evaluation of health system alternatives: methodology for analysis. Health Services Res. Spring 35--52].
A model of hydrogen implantation into graphite including bulk recombination by tunneling

Abstract A distinctly new model for bulk hydrogen recombination in hydrogen implanted graphite is presented. The model considers deep H-atom traps (2.8 eV), but the thermal properties of the recombination and release are determined by shallow (few tenths eV) localized vibrational modes within the trapping potential well in combination with tunneling between trap sites. Four sources of hydrogen recombination are considered: i) direct recombination of hydrogen implanted into a hydrogen rich region, ii) recombination of hydrogen displaced from traps by the incident beam, iii) recombination of hydrogen which tunnels through the potential barrier separating adjacent trap sites, and iv) diffusive recombination. A mechanism for thermal relaxation of the localized vibrational modes is included in the model. Interaction of the incident beam with both trapped atomic H and diffusing molecular H 2 is considered in the model. Various implantation parameters and interaction cross sections required by the model are evaluated with TRIMRC calculations. Other parameters are obtained from the literature or from fits to experimental data. The model is found to give good agreement with experimental inventory versus isochronal anneal temperature, saturation inventory versus implantation temperature, and ion-induced release versus ion fluence measurements. Experiments for confirming the model are suggested.
A New Approach to the Problem of Changing Initial Responses to Multiple Choice Questions.

The hypothesis that it is unwise to change answers to multiple choice questions was tested using the technique of multiple regression analysis. The net number of correct answers as a result of changing responses was regressed against final grade in the course, numeric score on the exam, percent of total answers changed for all questions and for analytical questions, sex of the student, and scope of the exam. The results show that there are gains to be made by changing responses. The variables which proved to be significant indicated that students who did well on the test changed a large percentage of answers, and that those who were taking a final exam tended to gain more. Final grades, sex of the student, and analytical questions had no significant impact on gains from changing responses. On the basis of the results gathered, the authors reject the hypothesis that changing responses is unwise. Students are frequently offered some form of the following advice: "After reading the multiple choice questions carefully, make a choice-and don't change that choice." Students and faculty alike quote this proverb with varying degrees of dogmatism, yet a survey of the literature reveals empirical studies based upon work of the 1920's (Berrein, 1939; Jarrett, 1948; Lehman, 1928; Lowe and Crawford, 1929; Matthews, 1929; Reile and Briggs, 1952) contradicting the implied contention that changing one's response reduces his score. Logical evidence, of at least equal persuasion, dictates that careful reconsideration of a question results in an improved final position. But despite this earlier research, authors of texts on tests and measurements, with rare exception (Horrocks and Schoonoven, 1968, p. 546), either ignore this topic or promote the proverb. The outcome, or increment in final score as a result of a student changing his response, seems to be a question which should be retested.' In order to test the hypothesis that changing answers to multiple choice questions is unwise, a sample of 256 hourly and 160 final exams from a second semester sophomore-level principles of economics course emphasizing microeconomics was analyzed. These 416 exams include approximately 12,000 multiple choice questions. The hourly examinations tested students on material from lectures and a specified set of chapters from the text. No advice regarding the desirability of changing responses to questions was given during the administration of the exams. The final examinations were comprehensive, covering the entire course. Two professors using separate exams provided the raw data.
Application of a Sodium Carbonate-Bicarbonate Buffer in the Phosphatase Test for Cheese

Summary A sodium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer solution containing 11.50 g. sodium carbonate and 10.15 g. sodium bicarbonate per liter of solution has been found to be highly effective in maintaining optimum pH for phosphatase activity in the trichloracetic acid Kay-Graham 24-hour phosphatase test for cheese. Optimum pH for phosphatase activity was maintained with the single sodium carbonate-bicarbonate buffer upon the addition of a great variety of dairy products, including very aged hard cheeses. The optimum pH for phosphatase activity during incubation for 24 hours at 35° C. with a carbonate-bicarbonate buffer substrate was 9.55 ± 0.15.
Media Review: Demonstrating Student Success: A Practical Guide to Outcomes-Based Assessment of Learning and Development in Student Affairs

(2011). Media Review: Demonstrating Student Success: A Practical Guide to Outcomes-Based Assessment of Learning and Development in Student Affairs. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice: Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 381-383.
The prophet Muhammad, Labīd Al-Yahūdī and the commentaries to Sūra 113

La sourate 113 du Coran est traditionnellement associee a une histoire enigmatique presentant le Prophete Muhammad ensorcele par un juif de Medine, Labīd Al-Yahūdi. L'auteur de cet etude examine les commentaires auxquels cette histoire a donne lieu. Il en ressort un certain embarras face a la possibilite que le Prophete, repute infaillible, ait pu etre mis en difficulte par un magicien. De plus, le fait que Labīd ait ete juif a pu renforcer la these d'une conjuration juive aux premiers temps de l'Islam.
Equation of state of a3He-4He mixture near its liquid-vapor critical point

Measurements of the pressure coefficient (∂P/∂T)ρ,x are reported for a 3 He- 4 He mixture with a mole fractionX=0.805 of 3 He in the neighborhood of the liquid-vapor critical point. These include data on 16 isochores taken over the density interval−0.5≤Δρ≤0.5 and over the temperature range−0.1 ≤t≤0.1, where Δρ=(ρ−ρ c )/ρ c andt=(T-T c )/T c ,with ρ c andT c ,respectively, the critical density and temperature of the mixture. From the discontinuity of (∂P/∂T)ρ,x at the boundary between the two-phase and the one-phase regions we determine the dew-bubble curve nearT c with better precision than was done in recentPVT experiments. From the extrapolation of data not approachingT c closer than1 mK, (∂P/∂T)ρ,x along the critical isochore appears to be discontinuous atT c ,while for the isochore ρ/ρ c ≃0.92, (∂P/∂T)ρ,x is continuous across the dew curve. It is found that this latter isochore cuts the dew curve at its highest temperature. These observations are discussed in terms of general thermodynamic arguments and theoretical predictions of the asymptotic behavior. We calculate (∂P/∂T)ρ,x from the scaling equation of state proposed by Leung and Griffiths for 3 He- 4 He mixtures, using their numerical parameters. In spite of some systematic deviations, especially in the two-phase region, there is in general good agreement with experimental results. In particular, the shape of the measured dew-bubble curve and the apparent discontinuity of (∂P/∂T)ρ,x along the critical isochore show excellent agreement with theory.
PARENTAL/SOCIAL INFLUENCES ON PERFECTIONISM AND ADULT ATTACHMENT ORIENTATIONS

Abstract We developed and tested a model for predicting insecure adult attachment orientations that includes indexes of parental expectations and criticism along with measures of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism. Parental and social performance expectations were significant predictors of adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism. Maladaptive perfectionism was found to fully mediate associations involving parental and other social performance expectations and our indices of adult attachment orientation. Adaptive perfectionism, though significantly associated with adult attachment orientations, was not found to mediate this relationship. Moderator effects also were found between the different forms of parental and social influences in their prediction of adult attachment orientations, with parental criticism emerging as a key enhancing negative factor. Results position perfectionism as a personality characteristic that develops in part from parental relational influences and that holds implications for c...
Material models applied to pacific trench flexure

Abstract The oceanic lithosphere adjacent to a subduction zone is modelled as an elastic beam with variable flexural rigidity or as a viscoelastic beam incorporating Mohr-Coulomb and tensile failure. The viscous flow equations include temperature and pressure dependent terms. As an oceanic plate approaches the axis of a deep trench, pervasive failure causes a large reduction in flexural rigidity over a distance of roughly 100 km. The same plate suffers little reduction in flexural rigidity in a shallow, low-curvature trench. In approaching the trench axis the upper part of the oceanic lithosphere model undergoes brittle failure, with normal faults extending to depths of up to 55 km. Below the zone of normal faulting elastic deformation prevails through a depth interval of 15 km with maximum differential stresses of 5–10 kb. In the 15 km below the elastic zone stresses drop by an order of magnitude as strain becomes viscous. The upper brittle-elastic zone of the lithospheric model has strength consistent with low-temperature experimental results for olivine. Thermally activated continuum deformation occurs only deep in the plate.
Interferometric Tomography For Three-Dimensional Flow Fields Via Envelope Function And Orthogonal Series Decomposition

Series-expansion methods for interferometric tomography of continuous flow fields are discussed. The techniques are based on series expansion by orthogonal polynomials and circular harmonics multiplied by an envelope function. These methods employing continuous basis functions are appropriate for reflecting the peculiar characteristics of interferometric tomography of fluid flow fields, namely, continuity, data sparsity, and nonuniform sampling. The high approximating power of the methods allows accurate representation of fields with a small number of series terms. This generates enough redundancy for a given number of data points in setting up a system of linear algebraic equations. The data redundancy thus generated yields accurate reconstruction even under ill-posed conditions including limited view angle, incomplete projections, and high noise level.