cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environment pollution: The rise of militarism and terrorism in the Niger Delta of Nigeria

Oil was discovered in large quantities in Nigeria in 1956 and exploration began in the same year. Before oil, agriculture and fishing had assured the Niger Delta people of a bright future. Since 1956, oil has been extracted from the Niger Delta with destructive consequences on the environment, bringing about environmental degradation and destruction of the people’s primary means of livelihood. Land and water were badly polluted, and the health of the people affected because of leaks from oil pipelines, gas flaring and acid rains. Several petitions and non-violent protests by Delta communities, women and youth against environmental destruction failed to receive attention. Rather, opposition to peaceful protests earned the people military invasions of their communities, clampdowns and jailings. The rise of militarism and terrorism in the Niger Delta was the result of the Federal Government and Oil Companies’ clampdown on non-violent protests for environmental justice in the Niger Delta. This paper discusses the history of oil exploration in the Niger Delta, oil laws, effects of oil exploration in the region, and the rise of militants and terrorists in the area. The paper uses the term, ‘environmental Justice’ to denote unfair treatment and destruction of the Delta environment resulting from oil exploration, non implementation and enforcement of environmental laws and regulations, and abuse of human rights. The paper suggests solutions for peace in the Niger Delta.
Reduced-size circular polarized antenna for 434MHz RFID systems using meandered bowtie elements with a novel quadrifilar feed

A meander-line antenna fed in quadrifilar fashion for circular polarized (CP) operation is presented. The antenna and feed network are designed to operate in the 434 MHZ RFID/ISM band (432–435 MHz in this application). The four bowtie elements are fed by a 180 power splitter and 90 degree phase shifters to achieve circularly polarized radiation. Initial measurements show good performance in the 432–435 MHz band, with an axial ratio of 0.72 dB at 434 MHz. The CP performance was demonstrated in a 2×1 and 4×1 array with measured axial ratios of 1.5 and 2 dB, respectively. A 3 dB beam width of 65° and 48° for the 3×1 and 4×1 array was also achieved, respectively.
Hierarchical discrimination of grasp modes using surface EMGs

Classification and discrimination of EMG patterns of preshaping hand motion are studied. The motions were performed by grasping six objects: small cylinder, large cylinder, small ball, large ball, small disk (precision, pinch grasp) and key (lateral grasp). An earlier work at SDSU has shown that the high successful classification rate of over 90% can be achieved. In this work the possibilities of hierarchical cluster discrimination and classification were explored. It was shown that hierarchical approach yields faster neural network training. It is also shown that the Kohonen's self-organizing maps can be successfully used in determination of the cluster hierarchy which characterizes a particular subject.
ABSENCE OF 60-HZ, 0.1-MT MAGNETIC FIELD-INDUCED CHANGES IN ONCOGENE TRANSCRIPTION RATES OR LEVELS IN CEM-CM3 CELLS

Abstract Our objective was to assess the reproducibility of the 60-Hz magnetic field-induced, time-dependent transcription changes of c-fos, c-jun and c-myc oncogenes in CEM-CM3 cells reported by Phillips et al. (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1132 (1992) 140–144). Cells were exposed to a 60-Hz magnetic field (MF) at 0.1 mT (rms), generated by a pair of Helmholtz coils energized in a reinforcing (MF) mode, or to a null magnetic field when the coils were energized in a bucking (sham) mode. After MF or sham exposure for 15, 30, 60 or 120 min, nuclei and cytoplasmic RNA were extracted. Transcription rates were measured by a nuclear run-on assay, and values were normalized against either their zero-time exposure values, or against those of the c-G3PDH (housekeeping) gene at the same time points. There was no significant difference, at P=0.05, detected between MF and either sham-exposed or control cells at any time point. Transcript levels of the oncogenes were measured by Northern analysis and normalized as above. No significant difference (P=0.05) in transcript levels between MF and either sham-exposed or control cells was detected.
On The Existence of Stationary States of the Mesotron Field

For some electrostatic potentials, such as that represented by a sufficiently deep well, the Pauli-Weisskopf wave equation has complex frequencies. It is shown that when this happens the quantized field Hamiltonian can no longer be diagonalized. Some points of similarity and difference between this theory and the Dirac positron theory are discussed.
Black Ecumenicism: Efforts to Establish a United Methodist Episcopal Church, 1918–1932

Between 1918 and 1932 representatives from three black denominations— African Methodist Episcopal, African Methodist Episcopal Zion, and Colored Methodist Episcopal—devised plans to merge into one religious body which they hoped to name the United Methodist Episcopal church. During this period the clergy and laity of these three black denominations debated the advantages and shortcomings of the Birmingham Plan of 1918 and the Pittsburgh proposals of 1927 which sought to create a single black Methodist organization. Opponents of the Birmingham and Pittsburgh agreements feared that organic union would work against their particular denominational interests and destroy their historical identity. Advocates of merger stressed the common religious and racial background of the three churches and argued that black Methodist unity would benefit the nation's black population. By 1932, however, the deep denominational divisions among black Methodists slowed the movement toward merger and undermined efforts to end the religious rivalry among these three important black institutions.
The New Strategic Triangle: U.S. and European Reactions to China's Rise

Although they share similar views on many aspects of China's place in the international community, the U.S. and Europe differ over their perceptions of global order, China's rise, and the resources devoted to analyzing China. Greater dialogue and coordination among all three are overdue.
Regulation of alkaline phosphatase activity in KB cells: Influence of serum

1. 1. KB cells, derived from a human nasopharyngeal carcinoma, have high alkaline phosphatase (orthophosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.1) activity. Specific activity is 150 times higher than in HeLa S3 cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity in KB cells exhibits heterogeneity consisting of a large heat-labile and a small heat-stable component. 2. 2. Alkaline phosphatase activity of KB cells is modulated by the concentration of human serum in the nutrient medium. Increasing the serum content results in reduction of activity. Cells grown in serum without the basal components of the medium have the lowest activity. The maximally depressed enzyme has the same thermostability as the activity of control cultures. 3. 3. The effect of serum is not due to the removal from the culture medium of components essential for enzyme synthesis and activity. Alkaline phosphatase depression is reversible as demonstrated by the appearance of normal levels of activity following the change of the nutrient environment from serum to regular medium. Serum does not hinder the induction of the heat-stable form of the enzyme by prednisolone and by increased osmolality. 4. 4. The total cell protein content and the activities of acid phosphatase, β-galactosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase are not affected by serum.
Electrocardiographic changes during hemodialysis with the artificial kidney. II. The treatment of digitalis intoxication.

In a series of 63 hemodialyses with the artificial kidney, digitalis had been administered 30 times. The occurrence of digitalis intoxication is discussed and the results of treatment are analyzed.
Lake Devlin and Pinedale glacial history, front range, Colorado

Glacial Lake Devlin was an ice-margin lake that formed during Pinedale time when the North Boulder Creek valley glacier blocked the mouth of a tributary near the downvalley limit of glaciation. The lake was about 2 km long and as much as 60 m deep, and was fed by meltwater from small valley glaciers. It accumulated sediment, apparently without interruption, for about 10,000 yr. The inception of Lake Devlin between 23,500 and 21,000 yr B.P. provides a limiting date for the maximum expansion of Pinedale ice, because the lake could not form until the North Boulder Creek glacier had advanced to within 2 km of its downvalley limit. The maximum lowering of timberline, which occurred about 19,000 yr B.P., is assumed to coincide with the Pinedale glacial maximum. Apparent timberline elevations determined from Picea/Pinus pollen ratios suggest that ice-front positions during the time between 23,000 and 19,000 yr B.P. may have been only slightly less extensive than at the Pinedale maximum. Lake Devlin drained catastrophically about 13,000 yr B.P., which was after ice had receded from the outlet area. Pinedale glaciation in the Front Range began about or after 30,000 yr B.P. and final deglaciation occurred between 15,000 and 12,000 yr B.P.
T cells as therapeutic targets in SLE

T cells contribute to the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and seem to be directly involved in the development of related organ pathology. Defects associated with CD8(+) and T-regulatory (T(REG)) cell function manifest in parallel with the expanded CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cell lineage. The cytokine expression pattern is uniquely characterized by decreased expression of interleukin (IL)-2 and increased production of IL-17 and related cytokines. Therapeutic approaches that limit the cognate interaction between T cells and B cells, prevent inappropriate tissue homing and restore T(REG) cell function and the normal cytokine milieu have been entertained. Biochemical characterization of SLE T cells has revealed distinct early and late signaling aberrations, and has enabled the identification of novel molecular targets that can be corrected with small molecules, and biomarkers that may foretell disease activity and predict organ damage.
Pacific-North American plate interaction and Neogene volcanism in coastal California

Abstract Palinspastic and global plate tectonic reconstructions of the southwestern United States, combined with analysis of the distribution of Cenozoic igneous activity suggest that Neogene and younger volcanic rocks in the Continental Borderland and Coast, Transverse and Peninsular Ranges appear to reflect subduction of the Farallon plate south of the Mendocino Fracture Zone and overriding of the Pacific—Farallon ridge. The igneous activity of Neogene age in coastal California appears to be a continuation of fields of magmatism in adjacent areas of southeastern California, Arizona and Baja California. With the close approach of the Pacific—Farallon ridge to the North American continental margin, progressively younger, hotter and thinner Farallon plate underwent subduction beneath California, resulting in more elevated temperatures at shallower depths and closer to the trench. Consequently, the associated volcanic arc apparently shifted to the west. Volcanic activity in coastal California appears to have been most widespread shortly after overriding of the Pacific—Farallon ridge occurred— that is, at that time at which the oceanic lithosphere was thinnest, and hot, partially molten asthenosphere was closest to the subduction zone. The zone of near-coast igneous activity in California was probably limited on the north by the extension of the Mendocino Fracture Zone in the descending Farallon plate. South of the fracture zone the lithosphere was young and hot; to the north it was older and, therefore, colder. Thus, Neogene igneous activity in the Basin-Range Province was associated with more typical subduction of older lithosphere involving a deeper, down-dip locus of melting, resulting in a wider arc-trench gap. The abrupt narrowing of the Neogene arc-trench gap from north to south occurred near the present-day Garlock Fault. The role of oblique and en echelon strike-slip faulting in permitting and localizing middle Cenozoic magmatism in the areas west of the San Andreas Fault is uncertain. Discrepancies in timing of movement on the northern and southern San Andreas Fault seem to require oblique strike-slip faulting, and by association, igneous activity, in the Borderland and Transverse Ranges prior to 10 m.y. B.P. Oblique, divergent strike-slip faulting in the San Francisco Bay area does seem to be responsible for significant igneous activity between 14 m.y. B.P. and present. The Page Mill, Grizzly peak , Sonoma and Clear Lake volcanic fields occur in zones of divergence between faults of the San Andreas, Calaveras and Hayward systems. Further, the age of these volcanic rocks corresponds with the documented displacement history of the San Andreas Fault.
Reactions of hydrogen peroxide vapor dissociated in a microwave plasma

Analysis of the plasma emission from a low-pressure microwave cavity discharge through flowing hydrogen peroxide vapor showed that both H and OH were produced in proportions which varied with the applied power. When the dissociated vapor was condensed at 195 K only water was obtained; at 77 K, H2O2 and H2O4 were also obtained. Their formation could not be increased by increasing the H atom or OH radical concentration in the plasma. When the reaction time of the dissociated vapor between the plasma exit and the cold surface was increased, the rate of H2O2 formation increased mostly at the expense of water formation. It appears that, as in the case of the reaction of H with O2, the rate of H2O2 formation is dependent on the concentration of O2 produced in the spatial afterglow by the gas-phase reactions of the hydroxyl radicals.
The effects of processing conditions on the properties of polycrystalline Bi 3-2x Ca 2x Fe 2 Fe 3-x V x O 12 ferrites

Results of studies on processing conditions for Bi 3-2x Ca 2x Fe 2 Fe 3-x V x O 12 ferrite are given. The advantages of using oxygen atmospheres during sintering are detailed. These advantages relate not only to the magnetic and dielectric properties but also to the final density of the sintered piece. Densities of 99 percent of the X-ray theoretical value were obtained with oxygen sintering; whereas, only 96 percent was obtained by sintering in air. The narrow range of sintering temperatures normally found for this class of materials is seen to be extended by the use of oxygen sintering. The reasons for these improvements are given in terms of suppression of liberated oxygen. Volatilization of bismuth occurs, if at all, at very low levels during the final firing. Also, changes in magnetization with increasing sintering temperature are inconsistent with increasing loss of bismuth.
Outcomes of Acute Type A Dissection Repair Before and After Implementation of a Multidisciplinary Thoracic Aortic Surgery Program

Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare the results of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) repair before and after implementation of a multidisciplinary thoracic aortic surgery program (TASP) at our institution, with dedicated high-volume thoracic aortic surgeons, a multidisciplinary approach to thoracic aortic disease management, and a standardized protocol for ATAAD repair. Background Outcomes of ATAAD repair may be improved when operations are performed at specialized high-volume thoracic aortic surgical centers. Methods Between 1999 and 2011, 128 patients underwent ATAAD repair at our institution. Records of patients who underwent ATAAD repair 6 years before (n = 56) and 6 years after (n = 72) implementation of the TASP were retrospectively compared. Expected operative mortality rates were calculated using the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection pre-operative prediction model. Results Baseline risk profiles and expected operative mortality rates were comparable between patients who underwent surgery before and after implementation of the TASP. Operative mortality before TASP implementation was 33.9% and was statistically equivalent to the expected operative mortality rate of 26.0% (observed-to-expected mortality ratio 1.30; p = 0.54). Operative mortality after TASP implementation fell to 2.8% and was statistically improved compared with the expected operative mortality rate of 18.2% (observed-to-expected mortality ratio 0.15; p = 0.005). Differences in survival persisted over long-term follow-up, with 5-year survival rates of 85% observed for TASP patients compared with 55% for pre-TASP patients (p = 0.002). Conclusions ATAAD repair can be performed with results approximating those of elective proximal aortic surgery when operations are performed by a high-volume multidisciplinary thoracic aortic surgery team. Efforts to standardize or centralize care of patients undergoing ATAAD are warranted.
Palladium/silicon nanowire Schottky barrier-based hydrogen sensors

This work presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a hydrogen sensor based on a palladium/nanowire Schottky barrier field-effect transistor that operates at room temperature. The fabricated sensor consists of boron-doped silicon nanowire arrays that are contact printed on top of a SiO2/Si substrate with subsequently evaporated Pd contacts. The fabrication process is compatible with post-CMOS and plastic substrate integration as it can be completed at temperatures below 150 ◦ C with good yield and repeatability. The sensor can reliably and reversibly detect H2 concentrations in the range from 3 ppm to 5% and has a sensitivity of 6.9%/ppm at 1000 ppm. A response distinguishable from drift and noise is produced in less than 5 s for H2 concentrations over 1000 ppm and less than 30 s for concentrations over 100 ppm. The sensor settles to 90% of the final signal value in about 1 h at lower concentrations and less than 1 min at 10,000 ppm H2. Drift over an 87-h measurement period is below 5 ppm H2 concentration. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Structures and molecular surface electrostatic potentials of high-density C, N, H systems

Tri-s-triazine and two ditetrazolodiazines are known to have unusually high crystal densities (for unsubstituted C, N, H compounds). We have used a nonlocal density functional procedure to compute the geometries and energies of these and three related molecules, and then calculated the ab initio SCF electrostatic potentials on their molecular surfaces. We attribute the high densities to the relatively small molecular volumes and the strong intermolecular attractions arising from highly varying surface potentials. The energy differences of the two ditetrazoles and their diazide tautomers were computed, as well as for the dinitro derivative of one of the former.
OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RISK OF ASTHMA HOSPITALIZATION AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT (ED) VISITS • 556

OUTPATIENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH REDUCED RISK OF ASTHMA HOSPITALIZATION AND EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT (ED) VISITS • 556
Grignard addition-reactions to glycosulose derivatives

Abstract The course of Grignard addition-reactions to 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- D -ribo-hexofuranos-3-ulose (1) has been examined as a function of the nature of the reagent, the solvent, the halide, and the temperature. Ethylmagnesium bromide in ether at — 14° converted 1 into 60% of the 3-C-ethyl- D -allo adduct 2. The latter was convertible in 90% yield into the 3-benzyl ether 6, despite the tertiary nature of the hydroxyl group. The use of tetrahydrofuran (THF) or THF-ether at higher temperatures, or of ethylmagnesium iodide, lowered the yield of 2 and gave substantial proportions of such side products as 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- D -allofuranose (3). 1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- D -glucofuranose (4), and the hydrate (5) of the starting ketone 1. Phenylmagnesium bromide in ether or THF converted 1 into the 3-C-phenyl- D -allo derivative 7 in 84% yield, accompanied by only minor proportions of side products; the latter were the 3-C-phenyl- D -gluco adduct 8 and the product (9) of 5,6-dioxolane ring-opening. The structures of 8 and 9 were confirmed by an acetylation-deacetylation sequence, and by n.m.r. spectroscopy. The 3-C-phenyl- D - allo derivative 7 could be converted in 95% yield into its 3-benzyl ether 10. Cyclohexylmagnesium bromide reacted with 1 in ether or THF at various temperatures to give 3-C-cyclohexyl-1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α- D )-allofuranose (11) in low yields; the main product generally encountered was 3. with variable proportions of 4, 1,2-O-isopropylidene-α- D -allofuranose (18), the hydrate 5, and a dimeric product 19 (further characterized as its oxime 20). Compound 11 was, however, obtainable in >95% yield by reducing 7 with hydrogen in the presence of rhodium-on-alumina. Phenylmagnesium bromide reacted with the 4-ketone derivative 25 in THF at 0° to give 83% of 1,6-anhydro-2,3-O-isopropylidene-3-C-phenyl-β- D -talopyranose (26), and no side-products were detected.
Treatment of advanced endometrial adenocarcinoma with cyclic sequential ethinyl estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate

Fifteen patients with recurrent or progressive endometrial adenocarcinoma of moderate to poor histologic differentiation were entered in a phase II trial of sequentially administered oral ethinyl estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate. There were no significant clinical responses in 12 patients evaluated for response and four patients experienced thromboembolic complications. This cyclic treatment regimen is considered ineffective for this patient population at the dosages and schedules used.
Segregation and Poverty Concentration: The Role of Three Segregations.

A key argument of Massey and Denton’s (1993) American Apartheid is that racial residential segregation and non-white group poverty rates combine interactively to produce spatially concentrated poverty. Despite a compelling theoretical rationale, empirical tests of this proposition have been negative or mixed. This article develops a formal decomposition model that expands Massey’s model of how segregation, group poverty rates, and other spatial conditions combine to form concentrated poverty. The revised decomposition model allows for income effects on cross-race neighborhood residence and interactive combinations of multiple spatial conditions in the formation of concentrated poverty. Applying the model to data reveals that racial segregation and income segregation within race contribute importantly to poverty concentration, as Massey argued. Almost equally important for poverty concentration, however, is the disproportionate poverty of blacks’ and Hispanics’ other-race neighbors. It is thus more accurat...
Pathologic features of surgically excised subretinal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration

The histopathologic features of ten consecutive surgically excised subfoveal neovascular membranes from patients with age-related macular degeneration were examined. Ultrastructural features included the following in decreasing order of frequency: endothelium-lined vascular channels, new collagen, fibrocytes, retinal pigment epithelium, erythrocytes, and myofibroblasts. Chronic inflammatory cells were frequently evident and included macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Basal laminar deposit or diffuse drusen were observed in six of the membranes. Photoreceptors and Bruch's membrane were each observed in three of the specimens, but were not associated with decreased postoperative visual acuity. Fibrin was observed in eight membranes, either within the stroma of the membrane or in association with subretinal hemorrhage.
The Impact of a Promotional Campaign on Consumer Travel Behavior: Case of Baltimore, Maryland

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a promotional campaign, “Get in on it” on consumers in Baltimore, Maryland. Specifically, the research was intended to determine the correlation between visitors’ behaviors and the promotional campaign's impact to travel to the destination. Surveys were randomly distributed to visitors in four distinct travel environments, Baltimore Washington International Airport (BWI), Interstate 95 visitors’ center, Penn Amtrak station, and central Baltimore's Greyhound terminal. Data from 150 useful surveys were quantitatively measured using descriptive, correlative, and regression analyses. The study identified that there is a significant correlation between the promotional campaign and their exposure to the “Get in on it” campaign and visitation. Specifically, visitors’ attitudes, behaviors, and demographics ultimately shape their perception of the campaign and their experience during the visits.
A comment on arsenic species separation using ion exchange

The Ficklin anion exchange method for separation of arsenate and arsenite is a solution to the problem of preservation of arsenic species. Ion exchange separations, in the field, of arsenite and arsenate are necessary because there are not suitable sample preservation methods that will maintain the arsenate/arsenite ratio, or suitable field separation techniques other than ion exchange. Ion exchange separations were performed on the four arsenic species common in drinking water sources using the Ficklin method. The common organic arsenic species elute with arsenite. This implies that the use of the Ficklin method to speciate waters bearing organic arsenic will have the undesirable consequence of falsely indicating higher concentrations of the most toxic form of arsenic.
Deinking of recycled pulps using column flotation: energy and environmental benefits

Abstract Deinking of recycled pulps is an important operation intended to provide pulps appropriate for making paper and paperboard products from recycled wastepaper. Conventionally, deinking of recycled pulp is conducted in a flotation cell equipped with an agitator. We have investigated the applicability of a new flotation cell based on a column without an agitator present to accomplish the deinking of typical wastepaper feedstocks and also a feedstock consisting of rejects from a conventional deinking cell. Experimental results on the deinking operation indicate that it is possible to achieve deinking of a mixture of photocopier and laserprinted paper in the column flotation cell. The performance of the column, as measured by the resultant pulp’s brightness and ink particle size distributions, is comparable to that of a conventional laboratory cell which incorporates severe agitation regimens. Thus, it is found that the agitator can be eliminated by using the column flotation design which could yield significant electrical energy savings in addition to savings in capital costs and other operational and maintenance costs. A series of deinking experiments were also performed on a feedstock consisting of rejected waste obtained from a conventional cell in a pilot plant. We found that deinking of the rejected waste could yield significant usable fiber. This indicates the potential of the column flotation technique in enhancing the reuse of a waste component thus reducing the volume of deinking waste rejected into the environment.
Rotational Diffusion in Prolate Symmetric top Molecules

Abstract A comparative analysis of theoretical and experimental rotational diffusion constants was performed for a series of liquid phase prolate symmetric top molecules. It was observed that the tumbling diffusion constants, D⊥, predicted by the extended Hynes-Kapral Weinberg (HKW) model were invariably in closer agreement with experiment than were values determined by the Hu-Zwanzig (HZ) slip model of molecular reorientation. The HKW theory also yielded superior estimates of D‖ for two -CCI3 rotors. However, the experimental spinning diffusion coefficients for methyl (-CD3) rotors were much closer to the slip (Free Rotor) limit.
High-energy bremsstrahlung theorems for soft photons

Abstract The bremsstrahlung amplitude for soft photon emission in the high-energy limit is considered. We show that the low-energy theorems of Low and Burnett and Kroll are valid only for vanishingly small photon momentum as the nergy goes to infinity. We develop an extension of the Low theorem in a larger region in photon momentum. In this region, terms depending on the structure of the external particles are found in the next-to-leading order of the bremsstrahlung amplitude and cross section.
Subcellular distribution of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein-1: implications for melanosomal biogenesis

Abstract Are tyrosinase, encoded at the albino locus, and tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), encoded at the brown locus, similarly distributed in melanocytes? We determined the subcellular distribution of tyrosinase and TRP-1 using density fractionation of postnuclear supernatants from mouse melanoma cells of defined genotype followed by immunoblotting with specific antipeptide sera. In highly melanized cells, the majority of tyrosinase cosedimented on Percoll density gradients with visible melanin and with the peak of DOPA incorporation, confirming its presence predominantly in stage III-IV melanosomes. In contrast, the distribution of TRP-1 was limited to a less-dense melanosomal compartment, devoid of melanin. In amelanotic or minimally melanized cells, the majority of tyrosinase shifted into these lighter peaks. To explore a suspected relationship between lysosomes and melanosomes, we analyzed the distribution of lysosome-associated membrane protein-1 (LAMP-1). An overlap in the distribution of LAMP-1 and TRP-1 was demonstrated by immunomicroscopy and confirmed by immunoisolation. LAMP-1 was not present in the dense, melanin rich melanosomal peak on gradient analysis. TRP-1 from melanoma cells homozygous for the brown mutation is not fully glycosylated, is more rapidly degraded, and is restricted in its distribution compared to its wild-type counterpart. In these mutant cells, all melanosomal compartments contain LAMP-1. Our results demonstrate that in wild-type cells the majority of tyrosinase eventually localizes to stage III-IV melanosomes. TRP-1 is limited to a less dense melanosomal compartment that is also LAMP-1 positive. The existence of this compartment suggests that it may represent a common step in the biogenesis of melanosomes and lysosomes.
Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction in male rats exposed to 2,450-MHz (CW) microwaves.

Tests of mutagenesis and reproduction were conducted in male rats which were irradiated by 2,450-MHz, continuous-wave (CW) microwaves, 4 hr/day from day 6 of gestation to 90 days of age at 5 mW/cm2; or 5 hr/day for five days beginning on the 90th day of age at 10 mW/cm2; or 4 hr/day, 5 days/ wk for four weeks, beginning on the 90th day of age. During selected weekly periods after treatment, the rats were bred to pairs of untreated, normal female rats that were examined in late pregnancy by means of the dominant lethal assay. The reproductive efficiency of these males, as reflected in their breeding, was also examined for changes relating to their microwave experience. No significant evidence of germ-cell mutagenesis was detected when data of microwave-exposed males were compared with those of sham-exposed males, even though there were significant increases in rectal and intra-testicular temperatures at a power density of 28 mW/cm2. Temporary sterility, as indexed by fewer pregnancies, was seen at the highest power density.
Integrating behavioral theory with OCD assessment using the Y-BOCS/CY-BOCS symptom checklist

Abstract The symptom checklists of the adult and child versions of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS/CY-BOCS) have been used in research to identify distinct obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) symptom dimensions or subtypes. However, at present, the symptom checklist does not clearly correspond to the cognitive–behavioral model of OCD, which places central importance on the functional relationship between obsessions and compulsions. In the current paper, we propose a theory-based symptom checklist administration procedure designed to integrate information about symptom topography and function. Implications of this procedure for research, pharmacological treatment, and cognitive–behavioral treatment are discussed.
Characterization of PVdF-HFP polymer membranes prepared by phase inversion techniques I. Morphology and charge–discharge studies

Abstract A novel nanoporous polymer membrane comprised of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) co-polymer was prepared by phase inversion techniques using two different non-solvents. The films were subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. The morphology and porosity of the membranes are correlated with the chemical structure of the non-solvents used. Also, nanoparticle LiCr0.01Mn1.99O4 cathode material was prepared by solid-state reaction followed by ball milling. The prepared samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The charge–discharge behavior of lithium cells made from the coupling of the nanoporous polymer membrane with the LiCr0.01Mn1.99O4 nanoparticle cathode was studied. The cathode nanoparticles resulting from ball milling were found to be more important in enhanced cell performance than the nanostructure of the nanoporous polymer membranes.
Effects of Social Influence and Sex on Rating of Perceived Exertion in Exercising Elite Athletes

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sex and presence of male and female coactors on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) of elite male and female athletes during light to heavy work. Subjects were 9 male and 8 female university track athletes near the end of a competitive season. During graded exercise on a cycle ergometer, subjects' physiological and RPE responses were monitored on four separate occasions: (1) determination of peak oxygen consumption, (2) alone, (3) with a male coactor, and (4) with a female coactor. The order of the latter three conditions was systematically varied. An analysis of variance validated the exercise load assignments at relative levels, but no effect emerged with respect to sex or social influence by coactors. It was concluded that elite athletes are quite able to avoid the influence of coactors of either sex, being capable of depending more on physiological cues than has been observed previously for less well-trained subjects.
Influence of copper content on the fracture toughness of type D16 alloys

1. With a reduction in copper content from 4.2 to 3.1% the fracture toughness KIc of type D16 alloys increases by about 30% practically independently of the type of semifinished product, aging cycle, or sample orientation. 2. After artificial aging at 190 °C for plates in the VD direction the value of KIc is more and in the DP direction somewhat less than for bars. 3. An increase in aging time of D16 type alloys from 8 to 16 h at 190 °C leads to a decrease in fracture toughness which is greater for plates than for extruded bars.
Some effects of scopolamine or locomotor activity in rats

On 2 consecutive days, rats (N = 30) were injected subcutaneously with saline, 0.2 mg/kg methscopolamine, or 0.2 mg/kg scopolamine, and tested for their levels of locomotor activity. Scopolamine produced hyperactivity on both days, while methscopolamine induced no effect different from that of saline. These results were discussed in relation to the suggestion of Calhoun & Smith (1968) that scopolamine impairs passive avoidance due to its effect on activity.
Register allocation deconstructed

Register allocation is a fundamental part of any optimizing compiler. Effectively managing the limited register resources of the constrained architectures commonly found in embedded systems is essential in order to maximize code quality. In this paper we deconstruct the register allocation problem into distinct components: coalescing, spilling, move insertion, and assignment. Using an optimal register allocation framework, we empirically evaluate the importance of each of the components, the impact of component integration, and the effectiveness of existing heuristics. We evaluate code quality both in terms of code performance and code size and consider four distinct instruction set architectures: ARM, Thumb, x86, and x86-64. The results of our investigation reveal general principles for register allocation design.
Different combinations of gap repressors for common stripes in Anopheles and Drosophila embryos

Drosophila segmentation is governed by a well-defined gene regulation network. The evolution of this network was investigated by examining the expression profiles of a complete set of segmentation genes in the early embryos of the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae. There are numerous differences in the expression profiles as compared with Drosophila. The germline determinant Oskar is expressed in both the anterior and posterior poles of Anopheles embryos but is strictly localized within the posterior plasm of Drosophila. The gap genes hunchback and giant display inverted patterns of expression in posterior regions of Anopheles embryos, while tailless exhibits an expanded pattern as compared with Drosophila. These observations suggest that the segmentation network has undergone considerable evolutionary change in the dipterans and that similar patterns of pair-rule gene expression can be obtained with different combinations of gap repressors. We discuss the evolution of separate stripe enhancers in the eve loci of different dipterans.
Characterization of cDNA clones for differentially expressed genes in embryos of dormant and nondormant Avena fatua L. caryopses.

The molecular regulation of seed dormancy was investigated using differential display to visualize and isolate cDNAs representing differentially expressed genes during early imbibition of dormant and nondormant Avena fatua L. embryos. Of about 3000 cDNA bands examined, 5 cDNAs hybridized with mRNAs exhibiting dormancy-associated expression patterns during the first 48 h of imbibition, while many more nondormancy-associated cDNAs were observed. Dormancy-associated clone AFD1 hybridized with a 1.5 kb mRNA barely detectable in dry dormant and nondormant embryos that became more abundant in dormant embryos after 24 h of imbibition. Clone AFD2 hybridized with two mRNAs, a 1.3 kb message constitutively expressed in dormant and nondormant embryos and a 0.9 kb message present at higher levels in dormant embryos after 3 h of imbibition. Nondormancy-associated clones AFN1, AFN2 and AFN3 hybridized with 1.5 kb, 1.7 kb and 1.1 kb mRNAs, respectively, that were more abundant in nondormant embryos during imbibition. Expression patterns of some mRNAs in dormant embryos induced to germinate by GA3 treatment were different than water controls, but were not identical to those observed in nondormant embryos. DNA sequence analysis revealed 76% sequence identity between clone AFN3 and a Citrus sinensis glutathione peroxidase-like cDNA, while significant sequence similarities with known genes were not found for other clones. Southern hybridization analyses showed that all clones represent low (1 to 4) copy number genes.
Compatibility of Aluminum With Alkaline Building Products

Abstract A series of tests is reported on the reaction of aluminum alloys to alkaline building materials under a variety of conditions. After a discussion of the chemistry of reactions between aluminum and alkaline building products, results of a series of laboratory tests are given. Evaluations of effects by visual inspection, galvanic corrosion current measurement, weight loss and microscopic examination were made. These included subjecting alloy 3003-H14 to a series of exposures to asbestos cement products, insulation materials, alkaline flooring materials, mortar and concrete cured dry and wet, and assessing the effects of galvanic couples to steel in varying ratios up to 1:12, and at spacings from 4 inches to 1/8-inch; effects of chlorides, curing conditions, and others. Mechanism of corrosion in mortar and concrete is examined and a study is made of polarization characteristics of an aluminum-to-steel couple in mortar. Stray currents are cited to explain infrequent cases of severe corrosive attack o...
Post-Islamism: The Failure of Islamic Activism?

Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah. By Olivier Roy. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 349 pp., $29.50 (ISBN: 0-231-13498-3). Globalized Islam is a sequel to Olivier Roy's The Failure of Political Islam (Roy 1995), which developed the thesis that Islamists around the world have failed to translate their ideology into a concrete and viable blueprint for society. The corollary of that thesis is the assertion that Muslim discourse has entered a new phase of post-Islamism. Globalized Islam: The Search for a New Ummah explores a variety of resulting issues, including post-Islamist and post-jihadist developments (Feldman 2003), the future of political Islam (Baker 2003; Fuller 2003), Islam in a globalizing world (Ahmed 2003), and Muslims in the West (Ramadan 2003). It also looks at the renewed Muslim transnationalism (Mandaville 2001), which is best expressed in the concept of the “Ummah”: the global Muslim community of believers. Methodologically, Roy opposes the culturalist approach to Islam—exemplified by Bernard Lewis (2003), Samuel Huntington (1997), and Daniel Pipes (2003). This approach states that Islam is the issue, and that, to understand Muslims' behavior, one needs to study Muslim history and theology and then extrapolate from that foundation to current Muslim practices. Although the culturalist approach raises a great many questions, the opposite approach—denying any role to culture whatsoever—is equally wrong. And this is exactly what Roy does. For him, “the real explanation is at the political level, not that of cultural factors” (p. 15). But, can politics be divorced from culture, especially for a religious community that often claims that religion is its sine qua non ? Roy's logic of explanation is strictly structural materialist. He uses globalization and Westernization as independent variables, and he tries to trace how they influence, shape, and alter Muslims' behavior. He pays particular attention to “deterritorialized” Muslims—that is, those Muslims who live as a minority in non-Muslim societies or those who, although living in …
A simple strategy for solving a class of 0-1 integer programming models

Abstract In this paper, a strategy is proposed for solving certain generalized set packing models. The strategy is based on using a recently developed heuristic coupled with the solution of the linear programming relaxation of the model. The strategy is programmed, and execution times required for it to obtain optimal solutions to randomly generated models are compared to those required for an implementation of the Gomory cutting plane algorithm. The Cray 1 computer was used for all computations. Computational experience thus gained indicates that the proposed strategy is superior to the Gomory algorithm, and that it seems to perform relatively better on models with relatively higher-density constraint coefficient matrices.
A School Based Community Partnership for Promoting Healthy Habits for Life

Childhood obesity rates continue to increase and there is a need for innovative obesity prevention programs. Our objectives were to (1) create a community partnership, and (2) test an obesity prevention intervention that involved curriculum delivered in the classroom with 1:1 coaching delivered by nursing students on health parameters among 4th and 5th grade school children. Our primary hypothesis was that the intervention would result in significant increases in physical activity levels. 99 children from two schools participated in the program. Classrooms were assigned as intervention or control. All classrooms received standardized content on health habits by the public health nurse and children assigned to the intervention classrooms also received 1:1 coaching by nursing students, with fewer total visits at School A. Baseline and end-of-year data were collected for health parameters and physical activity. For School A, there were no significant differences between intervention and control children between baseline and end-of-year for all health outcomes. Due to a limited control group at School B, control and intervention groups at both schools were consolidated for analysis. BMI and BMI percentile increased at School A, but daily minutes of TV and servings of fruit juice decreased. At School B, there were decreases in BMI percentile and servings of soda/punch, plus increases in servings of fruits/vegetables and daily steps (baseline mean ± SEM = 10,494 ± 419 daily steps; end-of-year = 15,466 ± 585 daily steps). A multi-partner, community approach to obesity intervention shows potential for improving health in elementary school children.
Comprehension after Oral and Silent Reading: Does Grade Level Matter?.

The study examines comprehension after oral and silent reading in elementary- and middle-school students. It investigates whether and when one mode is superior to the other for comprehension as children develop, independent of reading ability levels. One hundred and seventy three children in first through seventh grades orally and silently read grade-appropriate passages and answered comprehension questions. A clear grade-related trend was found in which oral reading was the superior mode for comprehension in first through fifth grades. In sixth grade, neither mode was superior to the other for comprehension. Finally, silent reading emerged as the better mode for comprehension in seventh grade. A Vygotskian model of the internalization of reading is discussed as well as implications of the findings for reading instruction.
Heteroresistance of Cryptococcus gattii to Fluconazole

We analyzed 71 clinical and environmental Cryptococcus gattii strains that had been isolated before or after the advent of azole antifungals to determine their level of heteroresistance to fluconazole (LHF). All strains of C. gattii manifested heteroresistance, with LHFs that ranged between 4 μg/ml and 32 μg/ml. A considerably higher proportion of the C. gattii strains (86%) than Cryptococcus neoformans strains (46%) exhibited LHFs that were ≥16 μg/ml. No significant correlation was observed between the molecular type or serotypes of strains and their respective LHF. The strains which expressed a higher LHF were also more resistant to xenobiotics than the strains with a low LHF, and the level of resistance to xenobiotics was significantly higher than that reported for C. neoformans . The heteroresistant subpopulation, whose level of drug resistance had been raised in a stepwise manner to 64 μg/ml, reverted to the original LHF upon daily transfers in drug-free medium. Importantly, the strains with high LHFs were significantly more virulent than those with low LHFs. Since all the clinical isolates that had not been exposed to azole drugs as well as the environmental strains manifested heteroresistance to fluconazole, heteroresistance of C. gattii to azoles is an intrinsic mechanism as in C. neoformans and is associated with the strain9s virulence.
Visualizing Summertime Lightning Patterns on Colorado Fourteeners

In the context of lightning avoidance, this article explores temporal and spatial patterns of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes to Colorado Fourteeners, the popularly summited set of mountains that exceed 4,267 m (14,000 ft). The article describes the Fourteener concept, examines trends in lightning fatalities and injuries, and reviews thunderstorm climatology across the greater Colorado landscape. Fifteen years (1996–2010) of summertime lightning activity at near-summit locations are examined. Three measures characterize lightning activity for fifty-four Fourteeners: (1) overall strikes received, (2) lightning days, and (3) the time of day when lightning first strikes. Maps, histograms, and ranked lists identify trends and anomalies generated from the three measures. Examples of highest potential risks include Pikes Peak for Fourteener, Front Range for mountain range, and the third week of July for time of summer. The results can help avoid lightning when making long-term plans to visit Fourteeners and c...