cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of brief or extended extinction of a taste aversion on inhibitory associations: Evidence from summation, retardation, and preference tests

In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the aversion to a merely conditioned flavor (vinegar), whereas three saccharin extinction trials did not subsequently influence the vinegar aversion. Experiment 2 clarified that result, with unpaired controls equated on flavor exposure prior to testing; the results with those controls suggested that the flavor extinguished for nine trials produced generalization decrement during testing. In Experiment 3, the saccharin aversion reconditioned slowly after nine extinction trials, but not after three. Those results suggested the development of latent inhibition after more than three extinction trials. Preference tests comparing saccharin consumption with a concurrently available fluid (water in Experiment 4, saline in Experiment 5) showed that the preference for saccharin was greater after nine extinction trials than after three. However, saccharin preference after nine extinction trials was not greater, as compared with that for either latent inhibition controls (Experiments 4 and 5) or a control given equated exposures to saccharin and trained to drink saline at a high rate prior to testing (Experiment 5). Concerns about whether conditioned inhibition has been demonstrated in any flavor aversion procedure are discussed. Our findings help explain both successes and failures in demonstrating postextinction conditioned response recovery effects reported in the conditioned taste aversion literature, and they can be explained using a memory interference account.
Developmental Processes of Cooperative Interorganizational Relationships

This article examines the developmental process of cooperative interorganizational relationships (IORs) that entail transaction-specific investments in deals that cannot be fully specified or controlled by the parties in advance of their execution. A process framework is introduced that focuses on formal, legal, and informal social-psychological processes by which organizational parties jointly negotiate, commit to. and execute their relationship in ways that achieve efficient and equitable outcomes and internal solutions to conflicts when they arise. The framework is elaborated with a set of propositions that explain how and why cooperative IORs emerge, evolve, and dissolve. The propositions have academic implications for enriching interorganizational relationships, transaction cost economics, agency theories, and practical implications for managing the relationship journey.
From Molecular Tumors to Protein Genes and Back

Strange as it may sound nowadays, people of Middle Ages hardly recognized cancer as a major problem. This is not because cancer did not exist. Rather, it is because the average person had a much higher chance of dying for a different reason, such as plague or smallpox epidemics that could wipe out entire countries in a matter of months. Microbial infections are still a problem, but certainly the dangers they cause are not as grave as they were several centuries ago.
A preliminary investigation of the relationships between employee motivation/vision, service learning, and perceived service quality

Abstract Most experts agree that a learning organization whose employees have a clear vision of the importance of service quality and are motivated to provide that quality will achieve superior service quality. We develop a theoretical framework and conduct a cross-sectional empirical study to investigate the inter-relationships among these constructs. The results indicate that higher levels of both employees’ motivation/vision and organizational learning positively affect perceived service quality. Additionally, employees’ motivation/vision was found to mediate the relationship between organizational learning and perceived service quality. These results highlight the importance of employees’ motivation/vision in both the service process and the learning process.
Pulsed laser atom-probe study of the dissociation of CO on molybdenum

The thermal decomposition of molecular CO on molybdenum surfaces has been studied using the pulsed laser atom-probe (PLAP). Field emitter tips, cleaned by vacuum field evaporation, were dosed with CO at low temperatures (<60 K) and heated to 180–350 K under fieldfree conditions. The fraction of undissociated CO+ ions compared to all carbon- and oxygen-containing species appearing in subsequently recorded PLAP mass spectra was taken as a measure of the extent of surface CO dissociation. Molecular (virgin) CO was found to convert to dissociated (β) CO at temperatures between 200—300 K. The analyzed surface area included both flat single crystal planes and stepped regions. Assuming first-order kinetics, the dissociation occurred with an activation energy of 0.7 ± 0.1 eV. The dissociation on the flat (110) plane, measured using the same technique but with the rest of the surface masked, occurred with a 0.12 eV higher activation energy.
Charging of Ice Spheres Due to Collisions with Ice Crystals and the Electrification of Thunderstorms

Abstract The sources of the electrical charges acquired by ice spheres rotated through natural cloud or precipitation particles are considered. In general, the steady charge that a sphere receives in such experiments derives from collisions with particles in the air and from the electrical coupling of the sphere with the ground. The results of a number of experimental measurements on the charging of ice spheres whirled through natural snowfalls are described and analyzed. The average charge acquired by the ice sphere per ice particle collision was always negative over the range of temperatures investigated (−2 to −8C) and reached a maximum negative value of about 1.5×10−4 esu at −7C. It is pointed out that if natural hailstones falling through cumulonimbus clouds receive charges due to collisions with ice crystals which are similar in magnitude to those measured in these experiments, this mechanism would readily explain the electrification of thunderstorms.
The Age of the Igneous Rocks of the Stillwater Complex of Montana

Seven mafic and ultramafic rocks from the Stillwater Complex of Montana were analyzed for an Rb-Sr age determination. Five of these form a linear array on an isochron diagram. The slope of the isochron indicates an age of 2450 ± 210 m.y. for these samples, assuming Rb87 = 1.39 × 10−11 yr−1. The initial Sr87/Sr86 ratio is 0.7029 ± .0006 and the Rb87/Sr86 ratios range from 0.048 to 0.243. The other two rocks, serpentinized harzburgites from the basal zone, do not fit the isochron. One possible explanation for this anomalous behavior is that these rocks became contaminated with radiogenic Sr87 during serpentinization and had initial Sr87/Sr86 ratios of 0.7060 and 0.7094, respectively.
Accuracy of cosmogenic ages for moraines

Analyses of all published cosmogenic exposure ages for moraine boulders show an average age range of 38% between the oldest and youngest boulders from each moraine. This range conflicts with the common assumption that ages of surface boulders are the same as the age of the landform. The wide spread in boulder ages is caused by erosion of the moraine surface and consequent exhumation of fresh boulders. A diffusion model of surface degradation explains the age range and shows that a randomly sampled small set of boulders (n = 3–7) will always yield a lower age limit for the moraine. The model indicates that for identical dating accuracy, six to seven boulders are needed from old and tall moraines (40,000–100,000 yr, 50–100 m initial height) but only one to four boulders from small moraines (20,000–100,000 yr, 10–20 m). By following these guidelines the oldest obtained boulder age will be ≥90% of the moraine age (95% probability). This result is only weakly sensitive to a broad range of soil erosion rates. Our analysis of published boulder ages indicates that <3% of all moraine boulders have prior exposure, and 85% of these boulders predate the dated moraine.
Micromechanistic expressions of continuum microscale parameters for stable crack growth

Expressions are proposed for the continuum microscale parameters used by Rice and co-workers in their treatment of stable crack growth. Two different approaches were taken. In the first the microscale parameters were expressed in terms of a primary particle spacing and functions of the fracture strain. In the second they were expressed in terms of the particle spacing and measures of the extent of void growth. Both approaches suggest that the tearing modulus will be a function of only the fracture strain and not explicitly a function of the particle spacing.
Synthesis, characterization and biologic effects of polybrominated naphthalenes.

Although polybrominated naphthalenes (PBNs) are contaminants of the commercial fire retardant fireMaster BP-6, the individual PBN isomers have not been identified. In order to study PBNs possessing an analogous level of bromination to those found in fireMaster BP-6, three synthetic PBN mixtures, averaging 5.0, 5.3, and 5.6 bromines per naphthalene were synthetized and partially characterized. The PBN mixtures were administered to immature male Wistar rats and found to be potent inducers of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenases. At the lowest dose tested, 30 μmol · kg−1, each PBN mixture caused maximal induction of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity. On the basis of enzyme activities, ligand-binding spectra and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the PBN mixtures were determined to be 3-methylcholanthrene-type inducers of cytochrome P-450 (P-448), resembling qualitatively the most toxic polyhalogenated biphenyls, dibenzofurans, and dioxins in this respect. Liver weights were significantly increased and thymus weights diminished by PBN treatment. Light microscopy revealed proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in periportal hepatocytes as a consistent change; some rats also had mild fatty changes in centrilobular hepatocytes. Thymuses displayed mild to marked depletion of cortical lymphocytes. The PBN mixtures were much more potent than fireMaster BP-6 in causing these effects; raising the possibility that PBNs are among the minor components of fireMaster BP-6 that contribute significantly to the toxicity of this environmental contaminant.
All ink-jet printed polyfluorene photosensor for high illuminance detection

Abstract An all-printed photosensor based on polyfluorene derivatives has been developed for high illuminance range detection (>100 klux). The active layer is a blend of hole-accepting poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene-co-bis- N , N ′-(4-butylphenyl)-bis- N , N ′-phenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) (PFB) and electron-accepting poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). A top-absorbing architecture was used with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as the transparent electrode. The surface energy of the PEDOT:PSS ink was modified in order to allow printing directly onto the hydrophobic surface of the PFB:F8BT blend layer, placing the transparent electrode at the top of the light sensor structure. The all-printed photosensor shows a linear response over multiple measurements within the illuminance range of (100–400) klux.
An assessment of the Verde River Corridor Project in Arizona

Abstract This paper reports the results of an assessment of the Verde River Corridor Project (VRCP), the first citizen-based multi-objective river corridor project to be completed in Arizona. Several studies have identified the Verde River as having national significance and as being in need of protection to conserve its resources. The assessment seeks to test the usefulness of the VRCP as a positive model for river conservation in the southwest United States. Key issues and concerns identified by the VRCP steering committee fell into five general topics: economics and commercial uses, land conservation, private property, recreation, and water. Recommendations for each issue were developed by five subcommittees and incorporated into a plan of action. Progress made by the VRCP in implementing recommended actions was investigated. Specific recommendations for land and water conservation goals were evaluated in order to judge their effectiveness at accomplishing the desired objectives. This evaluation used criteria developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency for developing and implementing effective riparian protection policies. Implications for river corridor planning are examined and strategies used during the VRCP are addressed in terms of transferability to other Arizona sites.
Negotiating the Best Valuation and Terms for Early-Stage Investment

This article reviews the valuation and terms common to early-stage investments from the perspective of the founder, entrepreneur or other pre-seed money participants. Inexperienced investors and their intermediaries too frequently waste time and money negotiating with a stubbornness inversely related to the importance of the point. Several terms, such as those regarding registration rights and board representation, should yield to the business realities that accompany venture investing. On the other hand, entrepreneurs and others too frequently underestimate the potential for things to go wrong and thus pay too little attention to the form of the investment, employment terms, the definitions of benchmarks against dilution. Only with an informed understanding of the operation and value of each of the deal terms can an early-stage investor distinguish between terms that should be heavily bargained and those that are relatively unimportant.
SU‐FF‐T‐230: Feasability of a Treatment Nozzle Without a Range Modulator Wheel Using the Passive Scattering Technique

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to study the feasibility of producing a spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) without a range modulation wheel (RMW) using the passive scattering beam delivery technique. Method and Materials:Monte Carlo simulations of a passive scattering treatment nozzle were performed using the MCNPXMonte Carlo code. The model was developed using manufacturer design data and calculations were validated against measurements. In this work, the RMW was replaced with a fixed thickness, non‐rotating scatterer (RMW‐free configuration). For the RMW‐free method, SOBPs are produced by changing the relevant initial energy injected into the nozzle and weighting each individual energy Bragg peak by an original energy‐dependent weighting factor. The depth and cross‐field dose profiles in water were calculated for incident beam energies from 100–250 MeV. The RMW‐free SOBP results were successfully compared to both simulated and measured data. Results: SOBPs and cross‐field dose profiles calculated with the RMW‐free technique were found to be analogous to calculations and measurements from the standard treatment nozzle, with RMW‐free to standard‐RMW ratios of approximately unity for all calculated profiles. In addition, calculations showed that RMW‐free method produced a dose rate increase in water and also a reduction in the in‐air secondary neutron fluence at isocenter. Conclusion: Our results indicate that SOBPs of various widths can be produced without an RMW using only a thin fixed scatterer in its place. Comparable depth dose curves and cross‐field profiles were calculated with the RMW‐free method using a newly developed energy‐dependent weighting function based on the range of protons in water. Based on this preliminary evaluation, we believe that this method could result in an increase in the treatment dose rate and also a significant reduction in secondary neutron exposures to the patient.
Development and evaluation of the school cafeteria nutrition assessment measures.

BACKGROUND: Foods provided in schools represent a substantial portion of US children's dietary intake; however, the school food environment has proven difficult to describe due to the lack of comprehensive, standardized, and validated measures. METHODS: As part of the Arkansas Act 1220 evaluation project, we developed the School Cafeteria Nutrition Assessment (SCNA) measures to assess food availability in public school cafeterias (n = 113). The SCNA provides a measure to evaluate monthly school lunch menus and to observe foods offered in school cafeterias during the lunch period. These measures provide information on the availability of fruit, vegetables, grains (whole or white), chips (reduced fat or regular), side dishes, main dishes, beverages, a la carte selections, and desserts, as well as information on healthier preparation of these items. Using independent raters, the inter-rater reliability of the measure was determined among a subsample of these schools (n = 32). RESULTS: All food categories assessed, with the exception of the side dish and chip categories, had inter-rater reliability rates of 0.79 or greater, regardless of school type. The SCNA scores encompassed the majority of the possible scores, indicating the ability for the measures to differentiate between school cafeterias in the availability of healthier options. CONCLUSION: These measures allow comprehensive, rapid measurement of school cafeteria food availability with high inter-rater reliability for public health and school health professionals, communities, and school personnel. These measures have the potential to contribute to school health efforts to evaluate cafeteria offerings and/or the impact of policy changes regarding school foods.
Rotational and Cyclical Variability in γ Cassiopeia

γ Cas is an unusual classical Be star for which the optical-band and hard X-ray fluxes vary on a variety of timescales. We report results of a 9 yr monitoring effort on this star with a robotic ground-based (APT) telescope in the B, V filter system, as well as simultaneous observations in 2004 November with this instrument and the RXTE. Our observations disclosed no correlated optical response to the rapid X-ray flares in this star, nor did the star show any sustained flux changes any time during two monitored nights in either wavelength regime. Consistent with an earlier study by Robinson et al., optical light curves obtained in our new APT program revealed that γ Cas undergoes ~3% amplitude cycles with lengths of 50-91 days. Our observations in 2004 showed a similar optical cycle. Over the 9 days we monitored the star with the RXTE, the X-ray flux varied in phase with its optical cycle and with an amplitude predicted from the data in Robinson et al. In general, the amplitude of the V magnitude cycles are 30%-40% larger than the corresponding B amplitude, suggesting that the production site of the cycles is circumstellar. The cycle lengths constantly change and can damp or grow on timescales as short as 13 days. We have also discovered a coherent period of 1.21581 ± 0.00004 days in all our data, which appears consistent only with rotation. The full amplitude of this variation is 0.0060 in both filters, and, surprisingly, its waveform is almost sawtooth in shape. This variation is likely to originate on the star's surface. This circumstance hints at the existence of a strong magnetic field with a complex topology and a possible heterogeneous surface distribution of metals.
Stages in the development of the ports of Rotterdam and Antwerp

Abstract Rotterdam and Antwerp, situated in close proximity to each other, have evolved over the past seven centuries to become the world's largest and Europe's second largest ports respectively. Mainly for political reasons, the stages of rise and decline occurred in complementary time periods, until freedom of inland shipping became international law on the Rhine and in the Rhine-Maas-Schelde delta region in the 19th century. Since then Antwerp's ascendancy has occurred without serious interruption, though areal expansion is now limited by the Belgian-Dutch boundary. Rotterdam, on the other hand, has faced two difficult periods involving ease and speed of access to the North Sea, and destruction during World War II.
NOVEL USE OF RESONANT TUNNELING STRUCTURES FOR OPTICAL AND IR MODULATORS

The basic concepts and some preliminary calculations are presented showing the feasibility of high speed optical and infrared modulators baaed on resonant tumreling structures. A modulator based on a conventional resonant tunneling structure can be operated in the infrared region by using the intersubband transitions and in the optical region by using the valence band to conduction band transitions in the quantum well of the double barrier structure. A novel resonant tunneling structure is proposed as a modulator in which the quantum well conduction band at zero bias is below the collector layer conduction band. This deep well resonant tunneling structure can allow intersubband transitions with higher energy than its conventional counterpart and with a careful design may even result in population inversion and gain. The band-to-band transitions are also possible in the deep well resonant tunneling modulator. Due to the inherent negative resistance of the device which persists to ultrahigh frequencies, it is possible to operate the device as a self-oscillating modulator.
Characterization of second coordination shell ionophore–siderophore host–guest assemblies and binding selectivities in binary and complex mixtures by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

An ESI-MS method for the determination of host–guest association constants and binding selectivities for systems of binary and complex mixtures, respectively, is presented in an effort to quantitatively study the strength of host–guest interactions, while accounting for the different ESI-MS spray efficiencies of each component. Association constants were obtained for host–guest complexes formed between a series of crown ether and linear ionophore hosts and various guests, including protonated amines, and an apo- and ferri-siderophore, ferrioxamine B.
THEORY OF VISCOUS BUCKLING AND GRAVITY INSTABILITY OF MULTILAYERS WITH LARGE DEFORMATION

An exact treatment of the stability of multilayered viscous fluids in slow motion with large deformations leads to an analog model which includes the effect of gravity. A distinction can be made between true mechanical instability and an apparent instability of purely kinematic nature. A mechanism for concentric folding is derived, leading to predictions in good agreement with experimental results (De Sitter, 1939). Exact equations are obtained for the time history of viscous buckling of multilayered fluids for small deflections superimposed upon a large variable compressible strain. A numerical application to the single embedded layer checks the practical validity of the simplified thin-layer theory with interfacial slip. For gravity instability, the analog model provides a method of analysis applicable to very large deformations in salt structures.
On characterizations of the ordered field of real numbers

This self-contained note could find classroom use in an introductory course on analysis. It is proved that an ordered field F is complete (that is, order-isomorphic to the field of real numbers) if and only if each bounded monotonic sequence in F converges in F. Also established is the key tool that an ordered field is complete if and only if it is Archimedean and Cauchy-complete, along with a number of characterizations of Archimedean fields.
The development of corticocollicular projections in anophthalmic mice.

To determine the role of retinal axons in the development of the corticocollicular projection in mice, the lipophilic fluorescent dye, DiI, was used to compare the development of the cortical projections in phenotypically normal (C57BL/6J) mice to that of anophthalmic 129SV/CPorJ mice. Cortical axons in anophthalmic mice found their targets and established a laminar specificity similar to those of cortical axons in normal mice despite the absence of the retinal projection. Cortical axons in normal mice reached the superior colliculus before those in anophthalmic mice and also had a faster rate of growth within the colliculus. Unlike cortical axons in normal mice in early postnatal ages, those in anophthalmic mice formed a disperse bundle in the stratum opticum. Axons labeled by focal applications of DiI into area 17 terminated in a larger and more medial area in anophthalmic mice than in normal mice. Thus, retinal axons are not essential for cortical axons to reach the superior colliculus, but they may have a role in organizing the growth of later-arriving cortical axons. Furthermore, cortical axons can terminate in the superior colliculus with a coarse topography when retinal axons are absent, but they cannot form a topographically refined projection.
Correlations of Scores on the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised for Intellectually Gifted Students

The Spatial Ability area of the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test gave small correlations of .22 with the WISC-R Performance IQ and .32 with the WISC-R Full Scale IQ for 77 intellectually gifted students in Grades 5 to 8. Other correlations among measures were negligible.
Component Content Management and Quality of Information Products for Global Audiences: An Integrative Literature Review

Research problem: For many organizations, high-quality technical information products for global audiences are becoming an increasingly important part of doing business. Component content management attempts to facilitate the creation of such information products. A growing number of technical communication groups are adopting the strategies, standards, and technologies of component content management. This integrative literature review examines the impacts of component content management on the quality of multilingual information products. Research questions: How are the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality conceptualized? How do best practices address the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality? Literature review: Two divides characterize component content management and multilingual quality. The divide between the academy and industry is marked by different levels of interest in quality, particularly its practical aspects. The divide between technical communication and technical translation and localization is defined by the lack of communication between the representatives of each field that leads to a narrower understanding of multilingual quality. Therefore, a comprehensive picture of the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality requires combining the perspectives of scholarly and industry authors in technical communication and technical translation and localization. Activity Theory provides an approach for bridging the divides and creating such a comprehensive picture. Methodology: To provide such a comprehensive picture, I systematically reviewed literature sources on component content management and multilingual quality in scholarly and trade sources in technical communication and technical translation and localization, then classified all selected publications by their relationships to the research questions, themes within them, and characteristics of the source. Results and conclusions: Contradictory conceptual understandings exist on the impacts of component content management on multilingual quality. While some sources praise benefits of component content management, particularly increased consistency and the promise to provide additional adaption possibilities, other sources focus on the challenges of using it, especially a lack of context, text segmentation, and human resources. Although best practices offer some suggestions for overcoming these challenges, the suggestions do not resolve them sufficiently and do not reconcile the contradiction between consistency and adaptation of information products based on the different expectations of audiences around the globe. This study is limited by the fact that it primarily focused on English language publications. Future research needs to be conducted collaboratively by stakeholders in academia and industry and from technical communication and technical translation and localization.
Low temperature CC bond scission during ethanol decomposition on Pt(331)

The adsorption and decomposition of ethanol was studied on clean, and oxygen pre-covered Pt(331) surface by using mainly TPD, LEED and AES. It was found that ethanol adsorbed molecularly on the Pt(331) surface at low temperature. Upon heating, part of the ethanol desorbed molecularly from surface at 220 K, and part of the ethanol underwent CC bond scission to form methane and a variety of other products. There are two distinct methane peaks at 240 K and 310 K in the desorption spectrum suggesting that there are two different pathways for ethanol decomposition on this surface; both pathways involve CC bond scission since methane is a major desorption product. CO adsorption experiments as well as experiments with H(ad) and O(ad) suggest that the lower temperature pathway involves CC bond scission at temperatures below that where the ethanol appreciably dehydrogenates, while the high temperature pathway involves dehydrogenation of the ethanol followed by CC bond scission. O(ad) additions suppress the low temperature pathway and enhances the high temperature pathway presumably by speeding the dehydrogenation of the ethanol. H(ad) additions slightly enhance the low temperature pathway. We also observe hydrogenolysis of the ethanol to yield methanol at 180 K and methane at 240 K in the presence of excess hydrogen. These results show that the step sites on the Pt(331) surface have unusual activity for CC bond scission in ethanol.
Making sense of the changes in China's public diplomacy: Direction of information flow and messages

This research attempts to provide insight into the changes that occurred to China's mass communication-centred public diplomacy between 1949 and the present day on two levels: changes to the direction of information flow as well as changes in the messages. The qualitative research finds that China's public diplomacy has followed a pattern of moving away from one-way propaganda and public information to a mixed-motive model, or a blend of one-way and two-way communications. It also finds that there have been significant changes to public diplomacy messages in terms of strategies, intended audience effects, symbolic nature of language, motivation and strategic consideration by the government.
Current developments in the understanding of mental retardation. Part II: Psychopathology.

Abstract During recent years there has been greater recognition of the impressive degree of psychiatric disturbance that affects those with mental retardation. An increasing number of systematic studies are focusing on the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical characteristics of psychiatric disturbance within this population. In addition, traditional neuropsychiatrie assessment and treatment approaches are being evaluated, and new approaches are being developed. Such efforts will undoubtedly improve the ability to effectively diagnose and treat mentally retarded individuals suffering from psychiatric disorders. This paper is the second of two reviews that explore several recent developments in biological, phenomenological, and psychopathological aspects of mental retardation.
President Obama, the Bible, and Political Rhetoric

How has President Obama made use of the Bible in his political rhetoric, especially as it relates to public policy debates? This article addresses Obama's religious origins, his work as a community organizer in Chicago, his coming to Christian faith under the leadership of Rev. Jeremiah Wright, and the development of his understanding regarding the relationship between faith and politics. In particular President Obama has emphasized the notion that we are all our brothers' and sisters' keepers. He also stresses the present generation of black Americans as "the Joshua Generation." The article considers President Obama's hermeneutics, as well as the important context of the black church for his own use of Scripture. The lenses of Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Reinhold Niebuhr are also addressed as they relate to Obama's use of Scripture in political rhetoric.
On the difference of successive Gaussian polynomials

Abstract In this paper we provide a partition-theoretic interpretation of the difference of two successive Gaussian polynomials, namely q − j ([ n + j j ] − [ n + j j −1 ]).
R-sequences in fully bounded noetherian rings

(1979). R-sequences in fully bounded noetherian rings. Communications in Algebra: Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 819-831.
Brief Communication: A feature vector integration approach for a generalized support vector machine pairwise homology algorithm

Due to the exponential growth of sequenced genomes, the need to quickly provide accurate annotation for existing and new sequences is paramount to facilitate biological research. Current sequence comparison approaches fail to detect homologous relationships when sequence similarity is low. Support vector machine (SVM) algorithms approach this problem by transforming all proteins into a feature space of equal dimension based on protein properties, such as sequence similarity scores against a basis set of proteins or motifs. This multivariate representation of the protein space is then used to build a classifier specific to a pre-defined protein family. However, this approach is not well suited to large-scale annotation. We have developed a SVM approach that formulates remote homology as a single classifier that answers the pairwise comparison problem by integrating the two feature vectors for a pair of sequences into a single vector representation that can be used to build a classifier that separates sequence pairs into homologs and non-homologs. This pairwise SVM approach significantly improves the task of remote homology detection on the benchmark dataset, quantified as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; 0.97 versus 0.73 and 0.70 for PSI-BLAST and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), respectively.
Motives for Social Comparison: The Construction-Validation Distinction

It is suggested that informational social comparison can be motivated by two different concerns: (a) an interest in obtaining from others any information about the entity that they have at their disposal and that the individual lacks or (b) an interest in obtaining information about the validity of one's judgment by determining if that judgment derives from one's personal biases or from the qualities of the entity. A comparison act motivated by the former concern is termed construction and by the latter is termed validation. The results of Experiment 1 suggest that a construction process occurs only when one's perceived level of information is low and others might possess additional information about the object. Two additional experiments examined the impact of agreement and disagreement from sources similar or dissimilar on a relevant attribute. Experiment 2 examined whether the judgments of each of these others are attributed largely to the other's similarity/dissimilarity or to the amount of information about the entity that the other is thought to possess. Experiment 3 examined the implications of the attributional patterns obtained in Experiment 2 for choice of comparison other under motives to construct vs. validate. The two motives were found to lead to differing preferences regarding choice of comparison other.
Effect of disordered hemes on energy transfer rates between tryptophans and heme in myoglobin

Our recent linear dichroism study of heme transitions (Gryczynski, Z., E. Bucci, and J. Kusba. 1993. Photochem. Photobiology. in press) indicate that heme cannot be considered a planar oscillator when it acts as an acceptor of radiationless excitation energy transfer from tryptophan. The linear nature of the heme absorption transition moment in the near-UV region implies a strong dependence of the transfer rate factors on the relative angular position of the heme and tryptophan, i.e., on the kappa 2 orientation parameter of the Forster equation. Using the atomic coordinates of SW myoglobin we have estimated the variation of kappa 2 parameter as a function of the heme absorption transition moment direction. The simulations proved that transfer is very efficient and anticipates lifetimes in the picosecond range. Also, they showed that transfer is very sensitive to rotations of the heme around its alpha-gamma-meso-axis, which may reduce the efficiency of transfer to almost zero values, producing lifetimes very similar to those of free tryptophan, in the nanosecond range. Comparisons between the lifetime values reported in the literature and those here estimated suggest that natural heme disorder, in which heme is rotated 180 degrees around its meso axis, is at the origin of the nanosecond lifetimes found in myoglobin systems.
Systematic Errors in Rating the Quality of Themes Varying in Mode of Discourse and Grade Level.

Theme models were developed for assessing quality of writing within four modes of discourse: argumentative, descriptive, expository, and narrative. Compositions were obtained in each of the four modes at Grades 2, 4, and 6. Using the model themes, three raters rated all themes. In order to locate sources of systematic rater error within the context of these rating procedures, the results were analyzed by analysis of variance (Guilford, 1954) which identifies three sources of rater error: halo, leniency, and rater-trait interaction. At Grade 6, z rater leniency error was found, perhaps reflecting that raters tended to equalize time actually spent in rating themes without proper regard to the time needed to rate themes. It was suggested that attention be focused on rater attitude toward models and the subsequent ratings. Finally, it was noted that the use of different mode models did not affect the variation among raters.
Cellular neural networks: applications

The theory of a novel class of information-processing systems, called cellular neural networks, which are capable of high-speed parallel signal processing, was presented in a previous paper (see ibid., vol.35, no.10, p.1257-72, 1988). A dynamic route approach for analyzing the local dynamics of this class of neural circuits is used to steer the system trajectories into various stable equilibrium configurations which map onto binary patterns to be recognized. Some applications of cellular neural networks to such areas as image processing and pattern recognition are demonstrated, albeit with only a crude circuit. In particular, examples of cellular neural networks which can be designed to recognize the key features of Chinese characters are presented. >
A minimax optimal estimator for continuous monotone densities

Abstract A smoothed version of the Grenander estimator is constructed for a continuous nonincreasing density on the unit interval. We investigate the extent of smoothing possible while preserving the minimax optimality of the estimator over MCB, the class of all continuous, nonincreasing densities on the unit interval which are bounded by B. In addition, we consider a modification of the Grenander estimator prior to the above mentioned smoothing to reduce the problem of ‘peaking’ at the origin.
Considerations for the development of recommendations for the use of hepatitis A vaccine

The prevention of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection should be greatly facilitated with the expected licensure of inactivated hepatitis A vaccines. In countries with a low endemicity of infection a number of high risk groups have been identified in which HAV infection occurs, and include both children and adults. In most other countries HAV infection occurs primarily in children. Thus, selective immunization of high-risk adults or children would not be expected to lower the overall rates of infection in most countries, and the eventual objective should be the integration of hepatitis A vaccine into the routine childhood immunization schedules. This would reduce disease incidence by preventing infections in children and by preventing infections in adults that are acquired from children. The elimination of a population susceptible to HAV infection through immunization could eliminate this well-known human disease, and the epidemiology of HAV infection suggests that eradication could be attainable with effective vaccines.
Red King Crab Mating Success, Sex Ratio, Spatial Distribution, and Abundance Estimates as Artifacts of Survey Timing in Bristol Bay, Alaska

Abstract The Bristol Bay, Alaska, fishery for red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus is a male-only fishery. A safeguard against male overfishing is the requirement that at least 8.4 million successfully mated, newly fertilized females be present on the grounds each year; otherwise no harvest is permitted. Estimation of the number of mated females in the population is complicated by the timing of the Bering Sea trawl survey, which in most years moves through Bristol Bay before red king crab spawning is complete. From 1977 through 2000, an average of 22% (range, 0–87%) of the broodstock remained unmated at the time of the May–June survey. Eighty-nine percent of the observed annual variation in the proportion of unmated crabs was explained by water temperature and the date of the survey. Thus, the degree of mating success shown by each year's survey, although influenced by male availability, is predominantly an artifact of temperature and survey timing. Also, red king crabs tend to spawn in untrawlable ne...
Referral Outcomes from a Community-Based Preventive Health Care Program for Elderly People

The purpose of this study was to determine referral outcomes in a community-based, preventive health program for low-income elderly people in California. We examined the records of 2,750 clients who participated in a complete screening exam and who accepted at least one referral. Twenty-four percent of the participants had received a new diagnosis, a new medication, a change in medication dose, a biopsy, or surgery. These results are encouraging for screening clinics focused on low-income seniors.
A Contingency-Based Approach for Assessing Policies on Aging

This article assesses the demographic and ideological shifts reshaping aging policy and proposes an approach to rethinking the bases of aging-based and aging-related policy. This approach takes into account new and multiple patterns of need and well-being among the old and, as such, holds the promise of providing both a defense of and a rationale for a range of age-related benefits. As well, it opens the possibility of shifting responsibilities for well-being in old age among government, the private sector, and individuals themselves.
ON SOME TRAFFIC EQUILIBRIUM THEORY PARADOXES

Abstract We consider the asymmetric equilibrium problem with fixed demands in a transportation network where the travel cost on each link may depend on the flow on this as well as other links of the network and we study how the travellers' cost is affected by changes in the travel demand or addition of new routes. Assuming that the travel cost functions are strongly monotone, we derive formulas which express, under certain conditions, how a change in travel demand associated with a particular origin-destination ( O / D ) pair will affect the travelers' cost for any O / D pair. We then use these formulas to show that an increase in the travel demand associated with a particular O / D pair (all other remaining fixed) always results in an increase in the travelers' cost on that O / D pair, however, the travelers' cost on other O / D pairs may decrease. We then derive formulas yielding, under certain conditions, the change in travelers' cost on every O / D pair induced by the addition of a new path. These can be used to determine, whether Braess' paradox occurs in the network. We then show that when a new path is added, the travelers' cost associated with the particular O / D pair joined by this path will decrease (hence Braess' paradox does not occur) if a test matrix is positive semidefinite.
Uretero-intestinal implantation: Indications and methods

T HE problem of uretero-intestina1 impIantation has not changed greatly in the last decade, though the former fear of peritonitis is no Ionger present. All surgeons today realize that peritonitis results from leakage after implantation and seIdom is caused by contamination at the time the bowe1 is opened for impIantation. The rea1 dangers are renaI, either from uretera obstruction at the site of impIantation or from ascending infection after operation. The risk of the procedure, therefore, is the possibility of earIy death from surgery or Iater from renaI sepsis or insufficiency. In spite of these dangers, however, there has been a definite increase in interest throughout the worId in ureterointestina1 impIantation, particuIarIy in connection with the treatment of cancer. Used in this connection, the risk is naturaIIy increased. A recent analysis* of the Iiterature on uretero-intestina1 impIantation, from 185 I-when the procedure was first attempted by Simon-to 1936, showed an operative mortality of 30 per cent in 740 patients. Four hundred and ninety of the 740 patients had benign conditions (exstrophy, etc.); 203 had cancer; the diagnosis was not stated in 47. The operative mortaIity in the benign group was 20 per cent as compared with 50 per cent in the patients with cancer. Perhaps an analysis of cases in the Iast decade wouId show a definite improvement. At any rate there is a genera1 feeling among surgeons today
A new approach to labeling cells with technetium-99m, part I. Preparation of modified polylysine and in vitro cell labeling

Abstract A method for labeling cells with technetium-99m via hydrophilic, polycationic poly d -lysine modified by N-acetyl homocysteine has been developed. The modified polylysine (MPL) is labeled with 99mTc in >95% yield and is stable for >12 h. Maximum cell labeling is achieved by a 1-h incubation at room temperature with isolated leukocytes, granulocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells attaining 60–75% 99mTc incorporation, and red blood cells 35%. Ninety-two percent of the label is retained by leukocytes after a 1-h incubation at room temperature in 50% serum. The cell uptake of 99mTc-MPL is affected by the presence of negatively charged species in the medium; the inhibitory effects of 5% serum or serum albumin can be reversed by increasing the concentration of 99mTc-MPL, while those of heparin are not.