cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conquering the Meredith Single Axiom

For more than three and one-half decades, beginning in the early 1960s, a heavy emphasis on proof finding has been a key component of the Argonne paradigm, whose use has directly led to significant advances in automated reasoning and important contributions to mathematics and logic. The theorems studied range from the trivial to the deep, even including some that corresponded to open questions. Often the paradigm asks for a theorem whose proof is in hand but that cannot be obtained in a fully automated manner by the program in use. The theorem whose hypothesis consists solely of the Meredith single axiom for two-valued sentential (or propositional) calculus and whose conclusion is the Lukasiewicz three-axiom system for that area of formal logic was just such a theorem. Featured in this article is the methodology that enabled the program OTTER to find the first fully automated proof of the cited theorem, a proof with the intriguing property that none of its steps contains a term of the form i>n(i>n(i>t)) for any term i>t. As evidence of the power of the new methodology, the article also discusses OTTER's success in obtaining the first known proof of a theorem concerning a single axiom of Lukasiewicz.
Research in developmental psychology on gender and relationships: Reflections on the past and looking into the future

Recent historical trends and current directions in the study of children's gender and relationships are reviewed using Maccoby and Jacklin's (1974) The Psychology of Sex Differences as a reference point. Since the publication of Maccoby and Jacklin's review, researchers have questioned the extent and the magnitude of gender differences in social behaviour as well as the degree to which parents play a primary role in gender development. More attention is now paid to the impact of gender-segregated peer groups and other social relationships (e.g., friendships, romantic relationships) as well as cognitive-motivational and biological processes. Furthermore, the role of the larger social-structural context is addressed in studies of sexism and gender bias during childhood and adolescence. Recommendations for future research are offered.
Consultant Pharmacist Drug Therapy Recommendations Acceptance and Rejection from Monthly Drug Regimen Reviews in a Geriatric Nursing Facility: Fourth Year Results and Cost Analysis

Purpose: To document and compare the outcomes from monthly drug regimen review recommendation acceptance and rejection in one skilled nursing facility by one consultant pharmacist (CP) in the fourth year of evaluation with the prior 3 years’ data.Method: A non-randomized, observational, prospective cohort study with all patients being residents for at least 30 days over the 12-month period (October 1, 1997 to September 30, 1998) in a skilled nursing facility with more than 100 beds. The admission problem-oriented records of all patients and their respective CP reports were screened for pharmacotherapy recommendations and subsequent acceptance and rejection on a monthly, repeated-measures basis for 12 months. There were 2,004 monthly drug regimen review (DRR) reports. The percentage of DRR reports that made recommendations was tabulated. Written recommendations made to attending physicians that were either accepted or rejected within 3 months were analyzed. The charges for adverse outcomes were calculated ...
SU‐EE‐A4‐05: An Alternative Spatial Encoding Method for Magnetic Nanoparticle Imaging

Purpose: Magnetic particle imaging, MPI, was introduced in 2005 and promises to be sufficiently sensitive to allow molecular imaging. We introduce and explore numerically an alternative method of encoding position in magnetic nanoparticle imaging. The original MPI method localized the nanoparticle signal at the 3rd harmonic frequency using a strong magnetic field to saturate the nanoparticles outside of the field free point (FFP). We present an alternative method of encoding the signal position in which the signal at the second harmonic is recorded so signal is produced along a magnetic field gradient. Method and Materials: The signal from 20nm magnetic nanoparticles was simulated with a Langevin model using iron oxide properties. Response matrices were calculated for a linear gradient across the sample and the condition number of the matrices was used as the metric for stability of the reconstruction. Results: The conditioning of the second harmonic is significantly better conditioned than that for the third harmonic. The condition number of the response matrix used to reconstruct the spatial distribution of the signal is nearly one for ideal cases. The size of the field gradient increases for increasing number of encoded pixels but need not be as large as that required to saturate the nanoparticles outside a single voxel. For a single size nanoparticle, the response function approximates a smoothed Haar wavelet function at the smallest scale and the best conditioning occurs when the scaling of the response functions approximates the scaling of a dyadic wavelet basis. Conclusion: A linear gradient can be used to encode nanoparticle position using the second or third harmonics. The signal at the second harmonic is significantly larger than at the third harmonic frequency and the conditioning is significantly better; the combination should allow an increase in sensitivity by a factor of from 2 to 8.
Efficacy of progesterone vaginal suppositories in alleviation of nervous symptoms in patients with premenstrual syndrome.

Purpose To further investigate the efficacy of progesterone in the treatment of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Determination of Total Chromium in Environmental Water Samples

It is often desirable to quantify both dissolved Cr(VI) and total Cr in samples accurately. Various protocols are now being utilized to quantify the amount of total chromium in natural waters and each of these has possible interferences. This study describes the shortcomings of each method when particulate iron is present in a water sample, and a more rigorous digestion protocol is tested. Data from bench studies as well as a field survey of 21 water utilities are presented. Additionally, field data from several hundred water utility samples are presented to illustrate the potential for incomplete recovery of total chromium using accepted protocols.
Application of Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to Uranium Ore Concentrates for Nuclear Forensic Analysis and Attribution:

Uranium ore concentrates (UOCs) are produced at mining facilities from the various types of uranium-bearing ores using several processes that can include different reagents, separation procedures, and drying conditions. The final UOC products can consist of different uranium species, which are important to identify to trace interdicted samples back to their origins. Color has been used as a simple indicator; however, visual determination is subjective and no chemical information is provided. In this work, we report the application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a non-contact, non-destructive method to rapidly analyze UOC materials for species and/or process information. Diffuse reflectance spectra from 350 to 2500 nm were measured from a number UOC samples that were also characterized by X-ray diffraction. Combination and overtone bands were used to identify the amine and hydroxyl-containing species, such as ammonium uranates or ammonium uranyl carbonate, while other uranium oxide species (e.g., uranium trioxide [UO3] and triuranium octoxide [U3O8]) exhibit absorption bands arising from crystal field effects and electronic transitions. Principal component analysis was used to classify the different UOC materials.
Short-Term Charge Annealing in Electron-Irradiated Silicon Dioxide

The existence of a rapid annealing phase in the decay of space charge induced in silicon dioxide by pulsed irradiation has been demonstrated. This effect has been observed in MOS structures prepared from both wet and dry thermal oxides and also in several commercial N-channel MOSFET's. A simple model involving thermal release of the trapped positive charge from a distribution of oxide trapping levels conveniently approximates the major features of short-term annealing.
Decision support for chronic pain care: how do primary care physicians decide when to prescribe opioids? a qualitative study

Primary care physicians struggle to treat chronic noncancer pain while limiting opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion. The objective of this study was to understand how primary care physicians perceive their decisions to prescribe opioids in the context of chronic noncancer pain management. This question is important because interventions, such as decision support tools, must be designed based on a detailed understanding of how clinicians use information to make care decisions. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with family medicine and general internal medicine physicians until reaching saturation in emergent themes. We used a funneling approach to ask a series of questions about physicians’ general decision making challenges and use of information when considering chronic opioids. We then used an iterative, open-coding approach to identify and characterize themes in the data. We interviewed fifteen physicians with diverse clinical experiences, demographics, and practice affiliations. Physicians said that general decision making challenges in providing pain management included weighing risks and benefits of opioid therapies and time and resource constraints. Also, some physicians described their active avoidance of chronic pain treatment due to concerns about opioid risks. In their decision making, physicians described the importance of objective and consistent information, the importance of identifying “red flags” related to risks of opioids, the importance of information about physical function as an outcome, and the importance of information that engenders trust in patients. This study identified and described primary care physicians’ struggles to deliver high quality care as they seek and make decisions based on an array of incomplete, conflicting, and often untrusted patient information. Decision support systems, education, and other interventions that address these challenges may alleviate primary care physicians’ struggles and improve outcomes for patients with chronic pain and other challenging conditions.
Indigenous People and the Social Work Profession: Defining Culturally Competent Services

During the past decade much has been said about the need to include cultural issues as a factor in the helping process. The discussion in social work literature has moved from cultural sensitivity to cultural competence, the ability to integrate cultural knowledge and sensitivity with skills for a more effective and culturally appropriate helping process. This article reports the results of a study of culturally competent helping practices with Native Americans. Sixty-two Native American social workers and social work students completed a survey on knowledge, skills, and values necessary for culturally competent service provision to Native American clients. As both Native Americans and helping professionals, the survey respondents are in an ideal position to articulate how best to serve the Native American population. This article fills a gap in the literature by providing empirical information on culturally competent social work with Native Americans.
The role of plaque rupture and thrombosis in coronary artery disease

Atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in the industrialized world. The progression of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary circulation is dependent on several risk factors. It is now clear that plaque composition is a major determinant of the risk of subsequent plaque rupture and superimposed thrombosis. The vulnerability of plaques to rupture is further determined by extrinsic triggering factors. Following rupture, the fatty core of the plaque and its high content of tissue factor provide a powerful substrate for the activation of the coagulation cascade. Plaque rupture can be clinically silent or cause symptoms of ischaemia depending on thrombus burden and the degree of vessel occlusion. In addition, plaque rupture and subsequent healing is recognized to be a major cause of further rapid plaque progression. This review looks at the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques, factors leading to plaque rupture and subsequent thrombosis and their clinical consequences. Finally, we speculate on targets for future research.
HIGH-RESOLUTION CH OBSERVATIONS OF TWO TRANSLUCENT MOLECULAR CLOUDS

We present high-resolution (13 × 16) observations of the CH 2Π1/2 (F = 1-1) emission line at 3335 MHz in two high-latitude translucent clouds, MBM 3 and 40. At the assumed cloud distances, the angular resolution corresponds to ~0.05 pc, nearly an order of magnitude better than previous studies. Comparisons of the CH emission with previously obtained CO(1-0) data are difficult to interpret: the CO and CH line emission correlates in MBM 40 but not in MBM 3. In both clouds, there is a spatial offset in the peak emission, and perhaps in velocity for MBM 40. The difference in emission characteristics for the two tracers are noticeable in these two nearby clouds because of the high spatial resolution. Since both CH and CO are deemed to be reliable tracers of H2, our results indicate that more care should be taken when using one of these tracers to determine the mass of a nearby molecular cloud.
Survival Outcomes in Advanced Laryngeal Cancer

64% and 55% vs 51%, respectively; P < .001) and 2-year and 5-year OS (64% vs 57% and 44% vs 39%, respectively; P < .001) than patients who received nonsurgical therapy. The difference in DSS and OS between treatment groups remained after stratification by year-of-diagnosis cohorts (P < .001). The survival gap consistently narrowed with subsequent year-of-diagnosis cohorts. On multivariable analysis, nonsurgical patients had worse DSS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.33 [95% CI, 1.21-1.45]) and OS (HR, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.22-1.43]) after adjustment for year of diagnosis, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage, age, sex, subsite, race, and marital status. Stage III disease (HR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.54-0.65]), glottic subsite (HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.67-0.82]), 2004 to 2009 year-of-diagnosis cohort (HR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.70-0.90]), female sex (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.89]), and married status (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.62-0.75]) positively affected DSS. Black race (HR, 1.17 [95% CI, 1.05-1.30]) and increased age (HR, 1.03 [95% CI, 1.02-1.03] for each year) negatively affected DSS. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Surgical therapy leads to better survival outcomes than nonsurgical therapy for patients with advanced laryngeal cancer. Patients need to be made aware of the modest but significant survival disadvantage associated with nonsurgical therapy as part of the shared decision-making process during treatment selection.
Projection display metrology at NIST: measurements and diagnostics

With the advent of digital cinema, medical imaging, and other applications, the need to properly characterize projection display systems has become increasingly more crucial. Several standards organizations have developed or are presently developing measurement procedures (including ANSI, IEC, ISO, VESA, and SMPTE). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has played an important role by evaluating standards and procedures, developing diagnostics, and providing technical and editorial input, especially where unbiased technical expertise is needed to establish credibility and to investigate measurement problems.
Kinetic behavior of the Baxter-Wu model with quenched impurities

We have used a standard single-spin-flip Monte Carlo method to study the kinetic behavior of the Baxter-Wu model with temperatures Tg${T}_{c}$ for both zero impurities and 11.1 at. % quenched, random nonmagnetic site impurities. For the pure model we find that the linear and nonlinear relaxation are described by a dynamic exponent z=\ensuremath{\Delta}/\ensuremath{\nu}=2.0. With the addition of impurities the exponent for the linear relaxation increases to a value of z\ensuremath{\approxeq}2.8 in approximate agreement with the predictions of renormalization-group theory. The nonlinear relaxation in the impure lattice diverges more slowly than the linear relaxation but in a manner which is not completely consistent with proposed scaling theory.
Regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene transcription.

The GT1-7 cell line, derived from gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons of the mouse hypothalamus, has provided a useful system for the analysis of GnRH gene regulation. We have used these cells to examine the mechanism of glucocorticoid repression of GnRH gene transcription. One GnRH negative glucocorticoid response element (nGRE) that contributes to glucocorticoid repression is not bound directly by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Rather, GR is tethered to this nGRE by virtue of its interaction with a DNA-bound POU domain transcription factor (i.e. Oct-1). DNA-dependent conformational changes in Oct-1 play a major role in recruiting GR to the distal nGRE and impacts transcriptional repression brought about by either glucocorticoids or tumor-promoting phorbol esters. GT1-7 cell-specific transcription of the mouse GnRH gene is controlled by an enhancer element that shares a high degree of sequence homology with the rat GnRH gene enhancer. As in the rat gene, Oct-1 is important for mGnRH enhancer activity. Furthermore, enhancer activity appears to be influenced by the DNA-dependent conformation adopted by bound Oct-1. Thus, the precise sequence recognized by Oct-1 appears to play a important role in both cell-specific and hormonal regulation of GnRH gene transcription.
Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β in relation to diapause processing in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a multifunctional protein kinase that plays important roles in regulating both glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis. In the present study, we investigated GSK-3beta phosphorylation of silkworm eggs by immunoblotting with a conserved phospho-specific antibody to GSK-3beta. Results showed that the temporal changes in GSK-3beta phosphorylation were closely related to changes in glycogen levels previously reported by other researchers. In diapause eggs, an abrupt decrease in phosphorylation of GSK-3beta was found with the onset of diapause, and phosphorylation level of GSK-3beta reached a minimum level within 1 week after oviposition. However, when diapause eggs were incubated at 25 degrees C for 15 days and then transferred to 5 degrees C, a great increase in GSK-3beta phosphorylation was observed 5 days after transfer to 5 degrees C and high levels were maintained throughout the chilling period. In both non-diapause eggs and eggs whose diapause initiation was prevented by HCl, levels of GSK-3beta phosphorylation appeared to remain relatively high for several days and then greatly decreased 2 or 3 days before hatching. Moreover, GSK-3beta phosphorylation dramatically increased when dechorionated eggs were incubated in medium. The addition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, did not inhibit GSK-3beta phosphorylation in dechorionated eggs, although U0126 dose-dependently inhibited ERK phosphorylation. This result showed that ERK phosphorylation is not involved in upstream signaling for GSK-3beta phosphorylation and that there may be two distinct signaling pathways involved in diapause processing in Bombyx mori eggs.
Enzymatic gallic acid esterification

Gallic acid esters of n-propyl and amyl alcohols have been produced by enzymatic synthesis in organic solvents using immobilized tannase. Studies indicate that maximum esterification of gallic acid occurs with amyl alcohol. The enzyme shows broad alcohol specificity. However, the enzyme exhibits absolute specificity for the acid portion of the ester. Studies were carried out on K(m), V(max), pH, and temperature optima.
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Sertraline with Naltrexone for Alcohol Dependence

Introduction Significant preclinical evidence exists for a synergistic interaction between the opioid and the serotonin systems in determining alcohol consumption. Naltrexone, an opiate receptor antagonist, is approved for the treatment of alcohol dependence. This double-blind placebo-controlled study examined whether the efficacy of naltrexone would be augmented by concurrent treatment with sertraline, a selective serotonin receptor uptake inhibitor (SSRI).
Nonparametric Bayesian estimation of survival function under random left truncation

Abstract Several observational studies give rise to randomly left truncated data. In a nonparametric model for such data X denotes a variable of interest, T denotes the truncation variable and the distributions of both X and T are left unspecified. For this model, the product-limit estimator, which is also the maximum likelihood estimator of the survival curve, has been widely discussed. In this article, a nonparametric Bayes estimator of the survival function based on randomly left truncated data and Dirichlet process prior is presented. Some new results on the mixtures of Dirichlet processes in the context of truncated data are obtained. These results are then used to derive the Bayes estimator of the survival function under squared error loss. The weak convergence of the Bayes estimator is studied. An example using transfusion related AIDS data quoted in Kalbfleisch and Lawless (1989) is considered.
Collective magnetic dipole transitions in the rotational model: Orthogonalization with respect to the spurious states

Abstract The rotational model is applied in the 1f–2p shell to study the relative importance of spin and orbit to the M1 rates of low lying collective 1 + states. The correct 1 + intrinsic state is obtained by demanding orthogonality with respect to the spurious intrinsic state. The rotational model gives much larger rates than the single j shell model.
Schizotypal personality disorder and MRI abnormalities of temporal lobe gray matter.

Abstract Background: Structural MRI data indicate schizophrenics have reduced left-sided temporal lobe gray matter volumes, especially in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and medial temporal lobe. Our data further suggest a specificity to schizophrenia spectrum disorders of STG volume reduction. Interpretation of research studies involving schizophrenics may be complicated by the effects of exposure to neuroleptics and chronic illness. Sharing the same genetic diathesis of schizophrenics, subjects with schizotypal personality disorder (SPD) offer a unique opportunity to evaluate commonalities between schizophrenia and SPD, particularly as SPD subjects are characterized by cognitive and perceptual distortions, an inability to tolerate close friendships, and odd behavior, but they are not psychotic and so have generally not been prescribed neuroleptics nor hospitalized. Evaluation of brain structure in SPD may thus offer insight into the “endophenotype” common to both disorders. In addition, differences between groups may suggest which are the brain structures of schizophrenics that contribute to the development of psychosis. Methods: To test the hypothesis of whether SPD subjects might show similar STG abnormalities, STG and medial temporal lobe regions of interest (ROI) were manually drawn on high resolution coronal MRI 1.5 mm thick slices. Images were derived from 16 right-handed male SPD subjects, without regard to family history, and 14 healthy, right-handed, comparison males who did not differ from the SPD group on parental socio-economic status, age, or verbal IQ. Results: As predicted, SPD subjects showed a reduction in left STG gray matter volume compared with age and gender matched comparison subjects. SPD subjects also showed reduced parahippocampal left/right asymmetry and a high degree of disordered thinking. Comparisons with chronic schizophrenics previously studied by us showed the SPD group had a similarity of left STG gray matter volume reduction, but fewer medial temporal lobe abnormalities. Conclusions: These abnormalities strengthen the hypothesis of a temporal lobe abnormality in SPD, and the similarity of STG findings in schizophrenia and SPD suggest that STG abnormalities may be part of the spectrum “endophenotype.” It is also possible that presence of medial temporal lobe abnormalities may help to differentiate who will develop schizophrenia and who will develop the less severe schizophrenia spectrum disorder, SPD.
Exploiting routing redundancy using MAC layer anycast to improve delay in WSN

Source-destination pairs in wireless sensor networks often have multiple shortest hop paths because the nodes are densely deployed. These multiple paths provide a great opportunity to reduce delay in an asynchronous duty-cycled network. In this paper, we exploit the redundancy available at the route layer using MAC-layer anycasting. We choose the next hop node that wakes up the soonest and thus reduce the delay incurred at each hop.
Dynamics of Interfacial Charge Transfer Emission in Small Molecule Sensitized TiO2 Nanoparticles: Is It Localized or Delocalized?

Interfacial charge-transfer emission in molecule−TiO2 semiconductor nanoparticles has been followed with femtosecond fluorescence upconversion in an attempt to characterize the localized/delocalized nature of the charge-transfer excitation. Ligand to metal charge-transfer absorption is observed in catechol, dopamine, acetyl acetonate, salicylate, and hydroxamic acid sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles with significant absorption in the visible region. Emission from these charge-transfer states is revealed with femtosecond fluorescence upconversion and ascribed to interfacial charge-transfer emission. The emission lifetimes ranged from <100 fs to a few hundreds of femtoseconds for these systems depending on the electronic coupling of the molecule with TiO2. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements are carried out to understand the nature of charge transfer (CT) excitation. Anisotropy at very short time scales is close to what was expected from linear dipolar molecular systems for catechol, hydroxamate, and dopamine ...
A computational study of Rayleigh-Benard convection. Part 2. Dimension considerations

A study is made of the number of dimensions needed to specify chaotic Rayleigh-Benard convection, over a range of Rayleigh numbers (γ=Ra/Ra c <10 2 ). This is based on the calculation of Lyapunov dimension over the range, as well as the notion of Karhunen-Loeve dimension. An argument suggesting a universal relation between these estimates and supporting numerical evidence is presented
Writing through retellings: an exploratory study of language-impaired and dyslexic populations

This study was designed to examine differences and similarities in the writing of 15 language-impaired, 17 dyslexic and 15 typically developing control subjects matched on chronological age. Subjects ranging in age from 11 to 21 years were required to produce a written language sample using an expository text-retell procedure. The writing of these groups was compared on eight variables across discourse, T-unit, sentence, and word levels. Control subjects performed better than language-impaired and dyslexic subjects on all writing variables. Dyslexic subjects showed better perfor- mance than the language-impaired subjects on several variables including, (a) number of T-units, (b) number of ideas, (c) total number of words, and (4) number of different words while showing comparable performance on percentage of spelling and production of grammatically correct sentences. These findings support Bishop and Snowling's (Psychol. Bull. 130 (2004) 858) position that the differences between these two clinical populations exist in the non-phonological dimensions of language.
MO-D-134-09: Assessing DNA Damage Repair From CT Studies in Whole Blood

Purpose: To assess biological damage due to radiation from CT studies using in vivo and ex vivo blood samples processed with a newly developed protocol involving flow cytometry. Methods: This study was carried out under IRB approval. Blood samples were collected from 21 patients undergoing clinically‐indicated CT exams. Blood was procured prior to, immediately after and 30minutes following irradiation. For each patient, a sample of pre‐scan blood was transferred into a vial and positioned on the patient within the scan region for ex vivo comparative analysis. Whole blood samples were fixed immediately following each collection to arrest cellular metabolism. The cellular response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) was analyzed by flow cytometric quantification of gammaH2AX fluorescence. Median fluorescence of treatment samples were compared to non‐irradiated control blood samples for each patient. Results: Four patient samples were excluded due to technical issues in collection and analysis. The remaining 17 showed two major trends for gammaH2AX signal following irradiation in vivo. Some samples showed an increase immediately following irradiation and a further increase at 30minutes. Others showed an increase immediately following irradiation then a subsequent decrease at 30minutes. However, ex vivo samples showed different kinetics to in vivo counterparts. Interestingly, two patients had high basal gammaH2AX fluorescent signal (p<0.01) and exhibited large increases following irradiation. This Result was apparent for both patients after in vivo analysis, but only one patient after ex vivo analysis. Conclusion: These results indicate significant variation in damage and repair kinetics across a small sample of patients; furthermore, we demonstrated differences between in vivo and ex vivo samples. Rapid analysis and accurate timing offer the ability to assess a large number of patients to establish baseline population data. Additionally, this method may serve as an indicator to identify patients for further analysis of radiation sensitivity. Research partially supported by a grant from Siemens AG
An imager's guide to normal neck anatomy

Neck anatomy is quite complex and presents a daily challenge to the head and neck radiologist. The goal of this article is to help the practicing radiologist understand the basic anatomy of the neck. The major emphasis of this article is on the neck spaces as delimited by the various layers of the deep cervical fascia. A discussion of neck surface anatomy is also included followed by a description of the major blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics within the extracranial head and neck. The technical aspects of neck imaging are briefly mentioned, and normal CT and MRI images of the neck are provided. Finally, a few normal variants are illustrated.
Clinical outcomes assessment in behavioral healthcare: searching for practical solutions.

: Most quality management initiatives in behavioral healthcare have focused on adverse events, clinical processes, or cost variables. Considerably less attention has been paid to indices of clinical improvement, likely because of a lack of agreed-upon measures of improvement, a lack of availability of simple methods for data collection and analysis, and an inability to provide timely feedback regarding clinical improvement, among other reasons. A computerized system was designed to collect relevant psychiatric symptom ratings in a manner that allows for real-time feedback at the patient and clinician levels regarding clinical improvement and for higher-level, administrative evaluation of overall clinic performance. The costs and benefits of this system are discussed.
A proposed mechanism of normal intestinal lactase decline in the postweaned mammal.

Abstract Intestinal lactase declines to low levels in the postweaned mammal as an adaptation to normal termination of lactose ingestion. Although a well known phenomenon and presumably the basis of milk intolerance among most human adults, the mechanism of this decline has remained obscure. Evidence is presented to support a proposal that temporally related cytokinetic changes, which effect a generally corresponding reduction in enterocyte life-span, serve as the causal basis of lactase decline in the postweaned mammal.
Complications of screening flexible sigmoidoscopy

Abstract Background & Aims: Flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) is recommended for mass screening for colorectal cancer (CRC), yet little is known about the risk of adverse events when FS is used in general clinical practice. We aimed to determine the incidence of gastrointestinal complications and acute myocardial infarction (MI) after screening FS. Methods: Northern California Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program members of average risk for CRC (n = 107,704) who underwent screening FS during 1994 to 1996 (109,534 FS), as part of the Colorectal Cancer Prevention (CoCaP) program. The main outcome measure was hospitalization for gastrointestinal complications or acute MI within 4 weeks of FS. Results: The mean age of subjects was 61 years, and 48.8% were female. Nongastroenterologist physicians, nurses, or physician assistants performed 72% of FS. Overall, 24 persons were hospitalized for a gastrointestinal complication. Of these, 7 were serious (2 perforations, 2 episodes of diverticulitis requiring surgery, 2 cases of bleeding requiring transfusion, and 1 episode of unexplained colitis). In multivariate models, complications were significantly more common in men than in women (odds ratio, 3.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34–10.13). MI occurred in 33 persons within 4 weeks of FS, but the incidence for this period was similar to that in the subsequent 48 weeks (rate ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6–1.2). Conclusions: The risk of serious complications after screening FS in this setting appears to be modest. Although MI occurs after FS, the risk during the 4 weeks after the procedure appears to be similar to expectations for persons of screening age. GASTROENTEROLOGY 2002;123:1786-1792
Predictability as related to style

Randomly chosen brief samples of language from the manuscripts of speeches by Rufus Choate, his contemporaries, and our contemporaries are compared. The principal tool is a generously modified version of Shannon's letter‐prediction procedure. The modification becomes a language‐prediction procedure in which university students, singly, guess successive words and are corrected with successive letters. The generating process is treated as tracking a sequence of prose and likened to a listener's role in “communication in process.” Choate's phrases were less predictable than the others, suggesting a greater surprise‐element for the listener. This quality, in turn, has been lauded by rhetoricians as a desirable property of style.
Habitat selection and habitat‐specific survival of fledgling ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapilla)

Patterns of habitat use by some passerines change after the young leave the nest, and thus our understanding of habitat selection derived from counts of singing males earlier in the nesting cycle may not adequately represent the breeding habitat requirements of these species. Post-fledging changes in habitat use may have important conservation implications if the survival of fledglings is affected by characteristics of the habitat; however, there have been relatively few systematic studies of the post-fledging ecology of forest passerines and, of these, even fewer have incorporated analyses of the relationship between habitat characteristics and fledgling survival. We studied the post-fledging habitat selection and survival of ovenbirds Seiurus aurocapilla in northern New Hampshire, USA during two breeding seasons using radio telemetry. Habitat at sites used by radio-marked fledgling ovenbirds was characterized by fewer large trees and greater vertical structure 0–3 m above ground than ovenbird nest sites. Similarly, habitat at sites used by fledgling ovenbirds was characterized by fewer large trees and greater vertical structure than unused sites. Most (80%) of the 15 mortalities that we observed were due to predation. Nine (70%) of these occurred within the first 3 days of fledging, resulting in a significant drop in survival during this period. Fledgling survival increased significantly with increased vegetation structure. Our observations that fledgling ovenbirds are selective in their habitat use, that they select different habitat features than adult ovenbirds select for nesting and that fledgling survival is positively associated with these habitat features suggest that the use of habitat models based on counts of singing males before fledging does not adequately represent the habitat needs of this species. Conceivably, mortality during the post-fledging period could limit recruitment to levels insufficient to maintain the viability of ovenbird population even if adequate nesting habitat were available.
Study of the luminosity function for field galaxies

Nine determinations of the luminosity function (LF) for field galaxies are analyzed and compared. Corrections for differences in Hubble constants, magnitude systems, galactic absorption functions, and definitions of the LF are necessary prior to comparison. Errors in previous comparisons are pointed out. After these corrections, eight of the nine determinations are in fairly good agreement. The discrepancy in the ninth appears to be mainly an incompleteness effect. The LF data suggest that there is little if any distinction between field galaxies and those in small groups.
Temperature-Dependent Water and Ion Transport Properties of Barley and Sorghum Roots : II. Effects of Abscisic Acid.

Water flux through excised roots (Jv) is determined by root hydraulic conductance (Lp) and the ion flux to the xylem (Ji) that generates an osmotic gradient to drive water movement. These properties of roots are strongly temperature dependent. Abscisic acid (ABA) can influence Jv by altering Lp, Ji, or both. The effects of root temperature on responses to ABA were determined in two species differing in their temperature tolerances. In excised barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) roots, Jv was maximum at 25°C; 10 micromolar ABA enhanced Jv, primarily by increasing Lp, at all temperatures tested (15-40°C). In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) roots, Jv peaked at 35°C; ABA reduced this optimum temperature for Jv to 25°C by increasing Lp at low temperatures and severely inhibiting Ji (dominated by fluxes of K+ and NO3−) at warm temperatures. The inhibition of K+ flux by ABA at high temperature was mostly independent of external K+ availability, implying an effect of ABA on ion release into the xylem. In sorghum, ABA enhanced water flux through roots at nonchilling low temperatures but at the expense of tolerance of warm temperatures. These effects imply that ABA may shift the thermal tolerance range of roots of this heat-tolerant species toward cooler temperatures.
Weight-related attitudes and behaviors in fourth grade American Indian children.

STEVENS, JUNE, MARY STORY, ALBERTA BECENTI, SIMONE A. FRENCH, JOEL GITTELSOHN, SCOTT B. GOING, JUHAERI, SARAH LEVIN, AND DAVID M. MURRAY. Obes Res. 1999;7:34–42. Objective: American Indian children have a high prevalence of obesity, yet little is known about weight-related attitudes and the prevalence of dieting in this population. This study assessed weight concerns, body size perceptions, weight reduction attempts, and weight loss methods in fourth grade American Indian children. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants (n = 304) attended one of eight schools in the Pathways Feasibility Study. Question and answer choices were read to children by trained staff, and children marked their own answers. Results: Thirty-eight percent of the children reported that they had tried to lose weight. The most common strategy for weight reduction was exercising more. Girls were more likely than boys to be dissatisfied with their body size (48% of girls vs. 34% of boys desired a slimmer body size; 22% of girls vs. 15% of boys desired a larger body size; p<0.71). Children who had tried to lose weight were more likely to indicate that the size they most desired and the most healthy size were smaller than their perceived size (p<0.71). Children who reported trying to lose weight were also more likely to want to be skinnier and to be unhappy about their weight than were children who did not report trying to lose weight (p<0.71 for both). Discussion: We conclude that weight loss attempts and weight-related concerns are prevalent in American Indian children at a young age.
“To be an Infidel or an Unbeliever...” Five Wise Men: Edmund Dulac, W. B. Yeats, and The Magi

This paper examines the treatment of the Adoration of the Magi in a 1917 painting by Edmund Dulac (1882–1953). By rendering its subject in a Persian painting style and combining Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian elements, Dulac correlates East and West, secular and sacred, Christian and non-Christian. Coming in the midst of the First World War, the painting shows a suffering public in England turning to exoticism as a means of escaping a dismal reality. However calm and serene the figures appear, they mask the tension and angst of the outside world. The artwork illuminates the artist’s time period as well as his own intriguing beliefs, influenced by Theosophy, spiritism, esotericism, mysticism, and occultism.
SYNTHESIS OF PbS NANOCRYSTAL/FUNCTIONALIZED CONDUCTING POLYMERS FOR PLASTIC SOLAR CELLS

Lead-based nanocrystals (NCs) are promising materials for high-efficiency solar cells since they are able to generate multiexcitons with high efficiency. One complication of utilizing these NCs is the insulating ligands capping their surfaces. In this paper, we have successfully developed and characterized a phosphonate-functionalized poly-3-hexylthiophene (POP3HT-50) and used it in the direct synthesis of PbS NCs within the polymeric host matrix without extraneous ligands. Devices made of POP3HT-50/PbS nanocomposites show an order of magnitude improvement in η when compared to that reported for a P3HT/PbS device (η = 0.011% versus 0.001%). The improved performance is consistent with better electronic contact between PbS NCs and POP3HT-50.
Computing at the ultimate low-energy limits

Given the fixed performance target, various parameters such as transistor sizing, supply voltage, transistor threshold and bias are the parameters determining the amount of energy required. While these parameters can be independently tuned, there is a physical limit determining the minimal amount of energy needed in order to achieve target performance. This lecture will examine various optimization parameters and inter-relationship between various transistor and circuit design parameters leading to computation with minimal energy.
A novel split-dimple interrupted fin configuration for heat transfer augmentation

Abstract The use of an interrupted plate fin with surface roughness in the form of split-dimples is investigated. High-fidelity time-dependent calculations are performed for a wide range of Reynolds number ranging from ReH = 240 to 4000, covering the laminar to fully turbulent flow regimes. The split-dimples provide an additional mechanism for augmenting heat transfer by perturbing continuous boundary layer formation on the fin surface and generating energetic shear layers. High heat transfer regions are observed at the fin and split-dimple leading edges as a result of boundary layer restarts, in regions of flow acceleration between protrusions, and flow impingement on the protrusion surface. While the protruding geometry of the split-dimple also aids in augmenting heat transfer from the fin surface by generating unsteady or turbulent wakes, it also increases pressure losses. The split-dimple fin results in a heat conductance that is 60–175% higher than a plain interrupted plate fin, but at a cost of 4–8 times the frictional losses.
Laser - Assisted Synthesis of Unique Graded Surface Composites

We have developed a novel laser assisted method to fabricate unique modified surface composites which have industrial applications ranging from improved adhesion of coatings to improved bio-compatibility. The surface consists of two materials with linear variation in composition, thus leading to linear variation in thermal expansion coefficients. The fabrication process is based on the use of a pulsed excimer laser with an energy fluence near the ablation threshold. Using this method we have been able to create adherent diamond coatings on cutting tool materials, high surface area bio-compatible hydroxyapatite ceramics and Mo/W surface composites. This process has also increased the adhesion of coatings in large thermal mismatched systems like diamond on steel substrates.
Computer simulation of radiation damage in Fe3Al

Abstract A computer simulation of the ordered Fe3Al lattice was devised. This lattice array consisted of 559 atoms interacting with two-body forces. To simulate radiation damage, a selected atom was given a known kinetic energy in a predetermined direction. The damage threshold in the [100] direction was found to be 22 eV while in the [110] direction the threshold was 44 eV. Vacancies and interstitials were found to be the normal stable defects, the interstitial residing in the split configuration oriented in the [110] direction. Replacement chains were prevalent in the [100] and [110] directions. Focusons served as the primary mechanism for dissipating energy from the collision chains in the [110] and [111] directions. Along a defocusing chain the energy dissipation appears to resemble a thermal spike, while near the end of the chain, especially in the [111] direction, there is an extensive lattice expansion due to energy dissipation which appears to give a plasticity spike. Disordering in the ordered al...
The Composition of the Ceramides from Human Stratum Corneum and from Comedones

Human epidermal surface lipids were collected by an ethanol wash and the ceramides were quantified by thin-layer chromatography-photodensitometry. Six ceramide fractions were isolated and the structural components of each were analyzed in detail. The most unusual of the epidermal ceramides contained a sphingosine base with amide-linked 30- and 32-carbon ω-hydroxyacids and an ester-linked nonhydroxyacid, 41% of which was linoleic acid. The proportion of linoleic acid in the analogous ceramide from comedones was 6%. This supports the hypothesis that a localized insufficiency of linoleic acid in the follicular epithelium is an etiologic factor in comedogenesis.
Parenteral Estrogens for Prostate Cancer: Can a New Route of Administration Overcome Old Toxicities?

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the mainstay of management of advanced-stage prostate cancer and recently has been shown to improve survival when administered in earlier stages of the disease. The oncologic benefits of ADT might be partially offset, however, by a reduction in quality of life because of adverse effects. In addition to the well-recognized adverse consequences of ADT, recent evidence suggests that ADT is associated with dyslipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, adverse body compositional changes, and osteoporosis. Therefore, there is a pressing need to develop less toxic forms of ADT. A novel approach to this problem is the use of estrogen to induce androgen suppression. Whereas oral estrogen therapy is known to be associated with thromboembolic complications, studies of parenteral estrogen in men with prostate cancer suggest that the use of parenteral estrogen achieves target androgen suppression, does not adversely affect prothrombotic protein levels, and is not associated with adverse metabolic, skeletal, and body compositional changes when compared with conventional ADT. Herein, we review the data for parenteral estrogen use in prostate cancer, the antineoplastic mechanisms of action of estrogen in prostate cancer, the potential advantages of parenteral estrogen compared with conventional ADT, and the remaining barriers in the use of parenteral estrogen in prostate cancer.