cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term treatment with dopamine D3 receptor agonists induces a behavioral switch that can be rescued by blocking the dopamine D1 receptor.

Abstract Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is commonly treated with the dopamine agonists pramipexole, and rotigotine, which target the inhibitory dopamine receptor subtype D3R. While initially highly effective, these compounds lose their efficacy in treating RLS over time, and long-term therapy regularly leads to a worsening of the symptoms (augmentation). This dopamine agonist-induced augmentation has become a prime concern in the treatment of RLS, and while alternate therapies are being proposed, the mechanisms leading to augmentation remain opaque. Evidence suggests that the prolonged D3R treatment may lead to a hyper-dopaminergic state and involve the excitatory dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) subtype. We here present an animal model in which we can test acute and long-term effects of dopamine D3R agonists in a behavior setting relevant to RLS and in which we can induce a switch of the drug effect similar to the one observed in RLS patients under chronic therapy. We also present evidence that we can reverse this long-term effect by blocking the D1R. Together, data from our new animal model indicate that the mechanisms leading to augmentation in RLS patients after long-term use of the currently used dopamine receptor agonists may be related to a D3R-induced upregulation of the D1R system. As such, our model can be used to assess the interactions between D3R and D1R and unravel the mechanisms that lead to augmentation, and it has the potential to serve as a Launchpad for the development of new pharmacological strategies for the treatment of both RLS and augmentation.
Structural and mechanistic insights into ATRX-dependent and -independent functions of the histone chaperone DAXX.

The ATRX–DAXX histone chaperone complex incorporates the histone variant H3.3 at heterochromatic regions in a replication-independent manner. Here, we present a high-resolution x-ray crystal structure of an interaction surface between ATRX and DAXX. We use single amino acid substitutions in DAXX that abrogate formation of the complex to explore ATRX-dependent and ATRX-independent functions of DAXX. We find that the repression of specific murine endogenous retroviruses is dependent on DAXX, but not on ATRX. In support, we reveal the existence of two biochemically distinct DAXX-containing complexes: the ATRX–DAXX complex involved in gene repression and telomere chromatin structure, and a DAXX–SETDB1–KAP1–HDAC1 complex that represses endogenous retroviruses independently of ATRX and H3.3 incorporation into chromatin. We find that histone H3.3 stabilizes DAXX protein levels and can affect DAXX-regulated gene expression without incorporation into nucleosomes. Our study demonstrates a nucleosome-independent function for the H3.3 histone variant. The ATRX-DAXX histone chaperone complex incorporates H3.3 in heterochromatin in a replication-independent manner. Here, the authors present a high-resolution x-ray crystal structure of an interaction surface between ATRX and DAXX, and characterize ATRX-dependent and-independent functions of DAXX.
Margaret Tudor, Countess of Richmond, and Elizabeth of York: Dynastic Competitors or Allies?

Utilizing new evidence and reinterpreting known facts, Retha M. Warnicke argues that Elizabeth of York and Margaret Tudor, Lady Richmond, were dynastic allies. Scholars have cited diplomatic evidence out of context that claimed Henry VII’s mother kept her in subjection. Even the Spanish resident ambassador, who met and admired the queen, never noted this mistreatment. Because writers mistakenly claimed that Lady Richmond created the contemporary regulations that dictated royal rituals, they have assumed that she controlled the court even though she held the status in it only of princess. As Elizabeth’s ancestors included Luxembourg rulers, it is possible to trace the usage of Burgundian culture in England back to them. Surviving evidence actually indicates that the king’s mother supported the noblewoman she selected as her son’s wife.
Novel location data reveal spatiotemporal strategies used by a central-place forager

Central-place foragers in risky landscapes experience conflicting behavioral demands that they must balance by appropriately adjusting how they move throughout their home ranges. We used novel mini-GPS technology and time local convex hull analyses to determine how golden-mantled ground squirrels (Callospermophilus lateralis) use a spatiotemporal strategy to optimize foraging early in the year when individuals are in an energy deficit. By using serial correlation from GPS data, we could better understand how individuals use a time management strategy influenced by distance traveled from the burrow, location of food patches, location of refuge patches, and vegetative cover type. Individuals maximized time spent in food patches rather than in travel corridors or at the burrow, suggesting the need to forage was prioritized. Individuals spent more time at patches farther from the burrow relative to nearer patches, potentially as a function of intermittent antipredator vigilance activity and energy optimization. Individuals also had high rates of revisitation, but low visit duration, in risky canopy cover types, suggesting that individuals used areas of low vegetative understory cover to travel efficiently between high-value food patches. Increased predation risk incurred while traveling in these open areas was possibly offset by use of refuges. Understanding these spatiotemporal movement patterns and how they relate to dynamic intrinsic and extrinsic demands has the potential to redefine optimal foraging behavior and better inform management and conservation practices.
Implementation of a Nurse-Driven Protocol for Catheter Removal to Decrease Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection Rate in a Surgical Trauma ICU

Introduction:Early removal of urinary catheters is an effective strategy for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention. We hypothesized that a nurse-directed catheter removal p...
Effects of roasting additives and leaching parameters on the extraction of rare earth elements from coal fly ash

Abstract Coal fly ash is a promising alternative source for rare earth elements (REE), which are critical materials in many technologies. REEs are entrained in the aluminosilicate glass of the fly ash particles, hindering their ability to solubilize during acid leaching. The purpose of this research was to test the effectiveness of roasting techniques to improve extraction of REEs from fly ash, determine key parameters controlling REE extraction, and understand trade-offs in reagent use. Representative coal ash samples from major U.S. coal basins (Appalachian, Illinois, and Powder River basins) were roasted using a variety of chemical additives (Na2O2, NaOH, CaO, Na2CO3, CaSO4, (NH4)2SO4). Further experiments investigated the effects of additive:ash ratio, roasting temperature, and leachate pH on REE extraction. We found that NaOH roasting often recovered >90% of total REE content, equivalent to the USGS-recommended method (Na2O2 sintering). Other additives tested recovered 70% REE extraction are a 1:1 NaOH-ash ratio and leaching with 1–2 mol/L HNO3.
Relationships between Adults and their Aging Parents

Publisher Summary Relationships between adults and their parents are distinct from other types of social ties due to their long shared history and the evolving nature of the relationship from infancy through adulthood. The tie begins at birth and typically endures until one party dies (usually the parent). With the exception of twins, no other relationship lasts as long. Dramatic discontinuity is evident from the childhood years into adulthood, however, both in structural and emotional qualities. The childhood years are marked by high dependency on parents, coordination of schedules, and shared environments. This chapter addresses three important questions regarding adults and aging parents—what people gain from relationships with grown children or parents, and who provides what for whom the emotional qualities of these ties, and how these ties affect individual well-being. It also describes recent research relevant to each of these issues. The literature regarding relationships between adults and their aging parents may help provide an understanding of late-life development more generally. Many aging processes enacted in this tie apply to studies of aging in general. Addressing gaps in the study of adults and their parents also might contribute to the field of gerontology more broadly.
Use of MR Urography in Pediatric Patients

In this article, we describe the basics of how magnetic resonance urography (MRU) is performed in the pediatric population as well as the common indications and relative performance compared to standard imaging modalities. Although MRU is still largely performed in major academic or specialty imaging centers, more and more applications in the pediatric setting have been described in the literature. MRU is a comprehensive imaging modality for evaluating multiple pediatric urologic conditions combining excellent anatomic detail with functional information previously only available via renal scintigraphy. While generally still reserved for problem solving, MRU should be considered for some conditions as an early imaging technique.
BEYONCÉ: Viral Techniques and the Visual Album

This article explicates the assemblage of devices, software, and human action that enabled the riotous success of BEYONCE, a “visual album” released in December 2013 without prior fanfare. Drawing ...
Behind the Wall: An Exploration of Public Access to Research Articles in Social Work Journals

Despite implicit and explicit expectations that research inform their practice, social workers are unlikely to have access to published research articles. The traditional publishing model does not support public access (i.e., no publisher paywall barrier) to scholarly journals. Newer models of publishing allow free access to research including open access publishing and deposit of scholarship in institutional or disciplinary repositories. This study examined public access to articles in the top 25 social work journals. A random sample of article citations from a total of 1,587 was assessed, with the result that 52% of citations had no full-text access. Of the remaining 48% of citations with full-text access, it is questionable most will remain available long term due to possible copyright violations. Citations from the random sample show only minimal usage of institutional or disciplinary repositories as a means of sharing research. Establishing this baseline measure of access to research is an important first step in understanding the barriers for social workers in accessing research to inform practice. Recommendations for increasing access to research include publishing in open access journals and utilizing full text repositories.
Ion mobility conformational lipid atlas for high confidence lipidomics.

Lipids are highly structurally diverse molecules involved in a wide variety of biological processes. Here, we use high precision ion mobility-mass spectrometry to compile a structural database of 456 mass-resolved collision cross sections (CCS) of sphingolipid and glycerophospholipid species. Our CCS database comprises sphingomyelin, cerebroside, ceramide, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidic acid classes. Primary differences observed are between lipid categories, with sphingolipids exhibiting 2–6% larger CCSs than glycerophospholipids of similar mass, likely a result of the sphingosine backbone’s restriction of the sn1 tail length, limiting gas-phase packing efficiency. Acyl tail length and degree of unsaturation are found to be the primary structural descriptors determining CCS magnitude, with degree of unsaturation being four times as influential per mass unit. The empirical CCS values and previously unmapped quantitative structural trends detailed in this work are expected to facilitate prediction of CCS in broadscale lipidomics research. The biological functions of lipids critically depend on their highly diverse molecular structures. Here, the authors determine the mass-resolved collision cross sections of 456 sphingolipid and glycerophospholipid species, providing a reference for future structural lipidomics studies.
Determinants of fine manual dexterity in adolescents and young adults with Down’s syndrome

Background: To date, numbers of studies have indicated the important role of fine manual dexterity in typical and special populations. However, the relevant studies in Down’s syndrome (DS) populati...
Intercondylar Notch Size Can Be Predicted on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Purpose To develop a standardized method of intercondylar notch measurement on preoperative radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and validate that it could predict intraoperative notch measurements. Methods The charts and imaging of 50 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were reviewed. A standardized method of intercondylar notch measurement on radiographs and MRI was used by 3 blinded reviewers. Arthroscopic measurements were made by the surgeon who was blinded to the imaging measurements. Interrater reliability was determined between reviewers and between imaging and arthroscopic measurements using interclass correlation coefficients (r). Results The average notch base width was 16.5 (± 2.7) mm on MRI, 19.0 (± 3.4) mm on radiographs, and 15.8 (± 3.0) mm on arthroscopic measurement. The radiographic notch base width measurements were on average 1.2 times greater than the arthroscopic measurements. There was no significant difference between males and females in notch base width (16.7 mm vs 15.3 mm, P = .19) or area (312.5 mm2 vs 284.3 mm2, P = .17). Interrater reliability was excellent between the reviewers for notch base width measurement on both MRI (r = 0.91) and radiographs (r = 0.95). Good-to-excellent interrater reliability between notch base width measurements on MRI and arthroscopy (r = 0.78, 0.73, 0.7) and fair-to-good interrater reliability between notch base width measurements on radiographs and arthroscopy were found (r = 0.61, 0.58, 0.55). Conclusions This study introduces a reliable method of using preoperative MRI to predict intercondylar notch width during arthroscopy. This data can be used to identify patients with narrow notches preoperatively. Level of Evidence Level III, diagnostic study.
Radiation tolerance of 65 nm CMOS transistors

We report on the effects of ionizing radiation on 65 nm CMOS transistors held at approximately −20 °C during irradiation. The pattern of damage observed after a total dose of 1 Grad is similar to damage reported in room temperature exposures, but we observe less damage than was observed at room temperature.
Supercritical fluid extrusion: Die design and physicochemical properties of milk protein extrudates

Abstract Extrusion processing has been used to modify the functional properties of proteins. The protein-protein interactions, surface hydrophobicity, and rheological properties of milk protein concentrate extruded using dies of different geometries (circular, annular and slit) were quantified. With the same extrusion treatment history prior to the die, extrudates generated using dies with higher wall shear (slit 1.4 × 104 s−1 > annular 1.1 × 104 s−1 > circular 2.9 × 103 s−1) showed greater protein extractability, higher index of surface hydrophobicity, and enhanced water solubility index indicating significant breakdown of protein aggregates. Higher viscoelastic moduli (G' and G") and apparent viscosity were observed for slit die extrudate dispersions. However, low flow behavior indices (0.04–0.23(−)) and a high viscous activation energy (43 kJ/mol) of slit die extrudate dispersions implied their shear and temperature sensitivity, respectively. Thus, extrudate functionality can be optimized by selection of the appropriate die design.
Motion measurement impact on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) geolocation

Often a crucial exploitation of a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image requires accurate and precise knowledge of its geolocation, or at least the geolocation of a feature of interest in the image. However, SAR, like all radar modes of operation, makes its measurements relative to its own location or position. Consequently, it is crucial to understand how the radar’s own position and motion impacts the ability to geolocate a feature in the SAR image. Furthermore, accuracy and precision of navigation aids like GPS directly impact the goodness of the geolocation solution.
Effects of lactic acid bacteria in a silage inoculant on ruminal nutrient digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, and lactation performance of high-producing dairy cows

Silage treated with lactic acid bacteria inoculants has been reported to increase ruminal microbial biomass when tested in vitro. Therefore, we tested if alfalfa silage inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum MTD-1 would improve ruminal N metabolism and increase milk production in high-producing dairy cows. Twenty-eight early lactation Holstein cows (8 ruminally cannulated) were blocked by DIM and milk production; animals were used in a double crossover design consisting of four 28-d periods. Animals in each block were randomly assigned to 2 treatments: a diet containing uninoculated alfalfa silage (control) and a diet containing alfalfa silage inoculated with L. plantarum MTD-1 (LP). Diets were formulated to contain 50% of alfalfa silage, 16% crude protein, and 25% neutral detergent fiber (dry matter basis). Milk production and dry matter intake were recorded in the last 14 d of each period. Milk samples were collected twice at both daily milkings on d 20, 21, 27, and 28 of each period. On d 22, omasal samples were collected from the cannulated animals over a period of 3 d to quantify ruminal digestibility and nutrient flows. Data were analyzed using mixed models of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute). Compared to the control, cows receiving the LP treatment had greater milk production (40.4 vs. 39.6 kg/d) and lower milk urea nitrogen concentration (11.6 vs. 12.7 mg/dL), despite minor changes in energy-corrected milk. Milk lactose concentration was greater in the milk produced by cows fed the LP treatment, which reflected a tendency for increased milk lactose yield. Although milk true protein concentration was lower for cows in the LP treatment, milk true protein yield was the same on both control and LP treatments. Improvements in milk production of animals under the LP treatment were associated with greater organic matter truly digested in the rumen, especially ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestion. Minor changes were observed in total omasal microbial nonammonia N flow in cows receiving the LP treatment. Therefore, alfalfa silage treated with L. plantarum MTD-1 may improve ruminal fermentation and milk production; however, because of a lack of response in ruminal N metabolism, these changes did not result in greater energy-corrected milk in high-producing dairy cows.
The Revival of the Liberal Creed: The IMF, The World Bank, and Inequality in a Globalized Economy

Half the people and two-thirds of the countries in the world lack full control over their own economic policy decisions. To a great extent, expatriate "experts" managed by industrial country nationals and based in Washington, DC regulate their macroeconomics, investment projects, and patterns of social spending. The principles guiding these decisions from afar are known as the Washington Consensus. They are based on the "neoliberal" or "market-friendly" brand of economic policy analysis that has become predominant over the past dozen years. In some cases local policy-makers have been even more enthusiastic about neoliberalism than their colleagues from Washington. Such "globalization" of economic policy, however, has precedents. In fact, the dramatic shifts in economic and social policy of the 1980s go far toward recreating the environment prior to the Great Depression; advocates of "neo"liberalism say little that is unfamiliar from the debates of the 1920s. The world has come full circle--institutionally, ideologically, and politically. Out of the disaster of World War II emerged an international consensus of economic collaboration of governments and the liberty to organize national life at will which was manifested in the establishment of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Paradoxically, for developing countries these same institutions today represent the intellectual backbone and political force behind the dismantling of the truly utopian ideas of the 1940s. By first providing an historical account of the origins and evolution of the World Bank and the IMF, the paper attempts to speak to the present debate on the issues of ?globalization,? when the capacity to reconcile market and social contradictions is more and more impaired by growing economic and financial imbalances that come with increasing interdependence of liberalized global markets. These issues are then illustrated in the context of concrete country experiences with structural adjustment policies and their distributional outcomes in a globalized economy. The paper concludes by suggesting ways to reform the two agencies.
On Periodization: What Does "Post-Duchamp" Mean?

Quando se fala em um mundo pos-Duchamp, cria-se um problema de periodizacao particularmente incomodo. Os readymades de Duchamp e, em especifico, o ilustre e infame urinol intitulado A fonte, sinalizavam que uma alteracao profunda havia ocorrido no mundo da arte, uma alteracao que nao dizia respeito a estilos, mas a regimes esteticos, uma mudanca nao dos movimentos, mas sim das instituicoes da arte, tao radical, mutatis mutandis, quanto a passagem da monarquia para a republica e que, mesmo assim, os livros de historia da arte ainda nao registraram enquanto tal. Sem endereca-la em sua totalidade, meu artigo reconstroi os passos que me tornaram ciente desse problema de periodizacao.
A novel derivatization of phenol after extraction from human serum using perfluorooctanoyl chloride for gas chromatography-mass spectrometric confirmation and quantification

Phenol (carbolic acid) is widely used as a disinfectant as well as in the chemical industry as an intermediate in the synthesis of a variety of chemicals. Phenol is also the major metabolite of benzene which is used in many commercial solvents. Phenol is toxic and caustic and may cause death even from dermal absorption. Therefore, measurement of phenol in postmortem blood is essential. The concentration of phenol in blood can be measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization or mass spectrometry. Phenol can also be analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. However, in forensic toxicology, unambiguous confirmation of phenol by mass spectrometry is as important as quantification in blood. Here we describe a novel derivatization of phenol after extraction with chloroform from human serum using perfluorooctanoyl chloride. The perfluorooctanoyl derivative of phenol showed a strong molecular ion at m/z 490 (relative abundance: 23%) whereas the base peak was observed at m/z 77. The derivative of the internal standard 3,4-dimethylphenol showed a very strong molecular ion at m/z 518 (relative abundance: 56%) and the base peak was observed as m/z 121. The derivative of p-cresol, a chemically related phenolic compound, showed a strong molecular ion at 504 m/z (relative abundance: 54%) and a base peak at m/z 107. We observed baseline separation between derivatized phenol (retention time: 6.1 min), p-cresol (retention time: 7.8 min), and the internal standard (retention time: 9.4 min). We observed no interferences in our assay from grossly hemolyzed serum. Within and between run precision was studied using a serum standard containing 25 mg/L of phenol. The within run precision was 6.6% (mean = 24.3, SD = 1.6 mg/L, n = 8) whereas the between run precision was 8.6% (mean = 25.5, SD = 2.2 mg/L, n = 8). The assay was linear for serum phenol concentrations of 10-200 mg/L. The detection limit was 1 mg/L of serum phenol concentration. The average recoveries were 92.1% to 94.0% for various serum phenol concentrations.
Immunological Diseases and Immunopathology

Immunological diseases include those conditions in which there is either an abberation in the immune response or the immune response to the disease agent leads to pathological changes. This category includes diseases with an immunological etiology or pathogenesis, immunodeficiency, hyperactivity of the immune response, or autoimmunity that leads to pathological sequelae.
Marijuana metabolites in urine of man

Abstract Marijuana use can be determined by detecting Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannbinol-11-oic acid (THC-11-oic acid) in urine. For this, we describe a procedure for its chemical detection by using sequential thin-layer chromatography on a single plate for rapid isolation and identification. A volume of urine containing 50 mg of creatinine is concentrated by evaporation to 10 ml, the concentrate is enzymically hydrolyzed for 30 minutes and extracted with ether, and the extract is purified by treatment with NaHCO 3 , then chromatographed in an alkaline and an acidic solvent sequence. The plate is sprayed with Fast Blue Salt B, and THC-11-oic is identified by its characteristic mobility and its characteristic colour reaction. The sensitivity is 0.5 μg. THC-11-oic acid has been detected in urines collected after the smoking of one standard cigarette containing 16–18 mg of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol and in 34 of the first 100 tests of spontaneously collected urines of patients in a hospital drug-abuse treatment program. Multiple samples are easily carried through this extraction procedure. Evaporative concentration takes about 20 min per sample, and the analysis of eight concentrated samples takes about 5.5 h.
Structural vulnerability of power grids to disasters: Bounds and reinforcement measures

Failures of power grid components during natural disasters like hurricanes can fragment the network and lead to creation of islands and blackouts. The propagation of failures in actual power grids following a catastrophic event differs significantly and thus is harder to analyze than on random networks. This paper studies the structural vulnerability of real power grids to natural disasters and presents improved bounds to quantify the size of the expected damage induced. The performance of the derived bounds are demonstrated through simulations on an IEEE test case and a real grid network. Further a framework based on the eigen-decomposition of the power grid network is used to study adversarial attacks aimed to minimize network resilience. The insights gained are used to design reinforcement measures to improve network resilience against such adversaries.
INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND SOCIAL WELFARE: THE EMERGING LEGAL ISSUES

THE time has come for lawyers to take a major interest in social welfare, and for the welfare profession to concern itself with the rapidly growing relevafice of law. Although welfare has always existed within a structure of law, until recently there has been little recognition or study of the basic legal issues underlying decisions affecting recipients of public assistance and other welfare beneficiaries. These issues will lie quiet no longer; they urgently demand our attention. The New Deal undertook a far-reaching experiment in social welfare, with the rapid enactment of new legislation in the fields of social security, unemployment compensation, public housing, and other forms of public aid. Since that time the experiment has been accepted as a fundamental and permanent aspect of our society. But although thirty years have passed, and a vast amount of experience has accumulated, there has been little in the way of critical examination of the legal issues in these welfare statutes - least of all by those who support the general principles of social welfare, and least of all with respect to issues concerning the substantive and procedural rights of individual beneficiaries. It is not surprising, then, that the legal status of these individuals' rights requires critical reexamination. The law of social welfare grew up on the theory that welfare is a "gratuity" furnished by the state, and thus may be made subject to whatever conditions the state sees fit to impose. A corollary legal theory holds that since all forms of welfare represent the expenditure of public funds, the public may properly interest itself in these funds even after they have reached the hands of beneficiaries. With these justifications at hand, recipients have been subjected
Cortical silent period duration and its implications for surround inhibition of a hand muscle.

Surround inhibition is a neural mechanism that assists in the focusing of excitatory drive to muscles responsible for a given movement (agonist muscles) by suppressing unwanted activity in muscles not relevant to the movement (surround muscles). The purpose of the study was to determine the contribution of γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor-mediated intracortical inhibition, as assessed by the cortical silent period (CSP), to the generation of surround inhibition in the motor system. Eight healthy adults (five women and three men, 29.8 ± 9 years) performed isometric contractions with the abductor digiti minimi (ADM) muscle in separate conditions with and without an index finger flexion movement. The ADM motor evoked potential amplitude and CSP duration elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation were compared between a control condition in which the ADM was activated independently and during conditions involving three phases (pre-motor, phasic, and tonic) of the index finger flexion movement. The motor evoked potential amplitude of the ADM was greater during the control condition compared with the phasic condition. Thus, the presence of surround inhibition was confirmed in the present study. Most critically, the CSP duration of the ADM decreased during the phasic stage of finger flexion compared with the control condition, which indicated a reduction of this type of intracortical inhibition during the phasic condition. These findings indicate that γ-aminobutyric acidB receptor-mediated intracortical inhibition, as measured by the duration of the CSP, does not contribute to the generation of surround inhibition in hand muscles.
Best interests of students left behind?: Exploring the ethical and legal dimensions of United States Federal involvement in public school improvement

Analyzes the impact of recent policy developments in the USA associated with school accountability according to the best interests of the student. With the mandated implementation of the US federal law entitled the No Child Left Behind Act approaching, minimal attention has been afforded to the complex ethical dimensions associated with policies intended to improve the quality of education on a broad scale. When the meaning of “fairness” and “equity” are not negotiated in advance by groups either supporting or rejecting the need for federal intervention, doubts are raised about the fundamental purpose of the initiative. Argues that social conflict arises when the ideological framing of the purposes of the No Child Left Behind Act fails to incorporate the moral responsibility of policymaking and professional practice and attribute the purpose of reform as ensuring students’ best interests. Argues for a greater awareness of the tacit ethical assumptions politicians and policymakers embrace as policy is developed and implemented, and suggests strategies for identifying an ideological common ground.
Observability analysis and measurement placement for systems with PMUs

This paper is concerned about the analysis of network observability and phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement when using a mixed measurement set. The measurements will include conventional power flows and injections as well as phasor measurements for voltages and line currents provided by phasor measurement units. The observability analysis is followed by an optimal meter placement strategy for the PMUs.
Evaluation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation system using yeast models of OXPHOS deficiencies.

The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system consists of five multimeric complexes embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane. They work in concert to drive the aerobic synthesis of ATP. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA mutations affecting the accumulation and function of these enzymes are the most common cause of mitochondrial diseases and have also been associated with neurodegeneration and aging. Several approaches for the assessment of the OXPHOS system enzymes have been developed. Based on the methods described elsewhere, we present here the creation and study of yeast models of mitochondrial OXPHOS deficiencies.
Depositional Environment of the Green River Formation of Wyoming: A Preliminary Report

A new model is proposed for the depositional environment of the Green River Formation of Wyoming, which is based on a combination of lake and playa environments. We propose that oil shales and trona beds accumulated in shallow lakes which were fringed by large playa flats. In these playa flats alkaline brines evolved through evaporation and precipitation of calcium carbonate and protodolomite in the capillary zone near the ground-water table. Dolomitic mudstones, marlstones, and calcareous and siliciclastic sandstones were the products of occasional floods on the playa; chief evidence consists of the assemblage of sedimentary structures found in these rocks, indicating frequent exposure to air, strong shallow-water currents, transport, and resedimentation. The playa-lake model leads to a more consistent picture of the hydrology, brine evolution, mineral formation, and sedimentation in the Green River basins than the previously accepted stratified lake concept.
Differential regulation of mouse kidney sodium-dependent transporters mRNA by cadmium.

Chronic exposure to cadmium can result in renal glycosuria. Previously, we reported that cadmium reduced the relative abundance of the sodium-glucose cotransporter mRNA (Blumenthal et al., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.149, 49-54, 1998). To investigate this phenomenon further, we isolated full-length cDNA clones encoding both high- and low-affinity sodium-dependent glucose transporters SGLT1 and SGLT2, respectively, from cultured mouse kidney cortical cells. We also amplified a fragment of another putative sodium-glucose cotransporter with homology to the known SAAT1/pSGLT2 or SGLT3 from our cultured cells and named it SGLT3. In order to examine the effect of cadmium on these transporters, primary cultures of mouse kidney cortical cells were exposed to micromolar concentrations of cadmium for 24 h and levels of SGLT1, SGLT2, and SGLT3 mRNA were determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. Five to 10 microM of cadmium inhibited sodium-dependent uptake of the glucose analog, alpha-methyl D-glucopyranoside and progressively reduced the level of SGLT1. Cadmium also inhibited SGLT2 mRNA by 37%, but no further decline was observed at concentrations of cadmium greater than 5 microM. While cadmium inhibited SGLT1 and SGLT2, it significantly stimulated the expression of SGLT3 by fivefold. These results imply that individual sodium-glucose cotransporter mRNA species are not regulated in a similar fashion. In addition, the isolation of three separate SGLT species from these cultures suggests that, in addition to SGLT1 and SGLT2, glucose reabsorption by renal epithelial cells might involve additional glucose transporters such as SGLT3.
Analyzing CMOS power supply networks using Ariel

This paper describes Ariel, a system for analyzing voltage drops and current density in the power networks of CMOS VLSI circuits. Three main parts, a Magic-based resistance extractor, a Rsim-based current simulator, and a network analyzer, work in tandem to examine the current/voltage characteristics of the power networks with a minimum of manual effort from the designer. The performance of the system on several chips is given.
Eulerian mean flow from an instability of convective plumes

The dynamical origin of large-scale flows in systems driven by concentrated Archimedean forces is considered. A two-dimensional model of plumes, such as those observed in thermal convection at large Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers, is introduced. From this model, we deduce the onset of mean flow as an instability of a convective state consisting of parallel vertical flow supported by buoyancy forces. The form of the linear equation governing the instability is derived and two modes of instability are discussed, one of which leads to the onset of steady Eulerian mean flow in the system. We are thus able to link the origin of mean flow precisely to the profiles of the unperturbed plumes. The form of the nonlinear partial differential equation governing the Eulerian mean flow, including nonlinear effects, is derived in one special case. The extension to three dimensions is outlined.
Development of Automated Data Quality Indicators and Visualizations using Florida's ESSENCE System

The objective of this project was to develop visualizations and tools for public health users to determine the quality of their surveillance data. A series of data quality visualizations were developed and implemented in the Florida Department of Health's version of ESSENCE. The data quality portal has been active the Florida ESSENCE system since March 31st, 2012. Between that time and August the portal has been accessed over 1300 times. The presentation will include additional statistics about which specific features were most used and those features that users have found the most useful.
Technology analysis of integrated biorefineries through process simulation and hybrid optimization

This work investigates the design and modeling of fully integrated processes which utilize renewable feedstocks as raw materials by evaluating alternative technology options and possible process integrations to select the optimal configuration according to calculated process yields and economic profit criteria. The analysis is carried out by exploiting the advantages of process simulation and a novel hybrid optimization framework which includes a two layer optimization strategy composed of strategic and operational level decisions. Additionally, an integrated software platform is developed to incorporate experimentally-derived kinetics of complex biological reactions in process simulation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, an advanced biofuel production facility which has alternative technology choices for each section of the plant is utilized. The results prove the efficiency of the proposed approach, and an optimal configuration for a lignocellulosic biorefinery is obtained.
Semiautomated image registration for digital subtraction radiography

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the semiautomatic alignment and correction of affine geometric discrepancies for digital subtraction radiography. Study design. Algorithms were tested in vitro to determine their ability to semiautomatically select reference points on a second image based on points selected on a first (reference) image. A preserved human mandible was imaged with and without bone-equivalent material chips at varying degrees of angulation. Each chip had a mass of less than 10 mg and was no more than 0.3 mm thick. High levels of specificity and sensitivity for chip detection were achieved with 6 degrees of angular discrepancy or less. The algorithms were then applied to radiographs from six human subjects through use of the bone-chip validation model. Results. Sensitivity was 89% and 100% for the three-point and four-point affine warp algorithms, respectively. Specificity for both algorithms was 100%. Conclusions. The data indicate that semiautomated alignment algorithms may enhance the efficacy of digital subtraction radiography while maintaining diagnostic efficacy in clinical trials.
Pharmacokinetic Model for Procaine in Humans during and following Intravenous Infusion

A multicompartment pharmacokinetic model is presented to describe procaine distribution in humans during and following intravenous infusion. The model, based on a general perfusion model, relates individual characteristics such as sex, age, weight, height, infusion rate and duration, and hematocrit to general parameters such as drug metabolism, protein binding, ion-trapping effects, and tissue-plasma distribution coefficients to provide an individualized distribution prediction. Experimentally observed kinetics of blood procaine levels collected during intravenous procaine infusion as an adjunct to surgical anesthesia and blood lidocaine levels obtained from the literature compared very well with the model simulation.
Molecular dynamics refinement of topologically generated reconstructions of simulated irradiation cascades in silica networks

Silica irradiation cascade structures, simulated using topological modeling approaches, have been refined using molecular dynamics simulation techniques. Major structural reconstruction was observed when silica is equilibrated in this way at and above a glass transition temperature. Below the glass transition, irradiated cascades were found to have largely retained their original topological structures, and in this way several fully connected metastable silicas with substantially different medium-range structures were obtained. Analysis of these structures further revealed that their total correlation functions were remarkably insensitive to changes in their medium-range ring complement. Information in the first sharp diffraction peak (FSDP) is shown instead to provide some insight into the topologies of irradiated silicas.
Macroeconomic Impacts of Worker Remittances on Arab World Labor Exporting Countries

The author discusses the effect of remittances from workers in oil-producing states in the Arab world on macroeconomic development patterns in non-oil-producing regions. Consideration is given to the impact of remittances on consumption and domestic growth and their interrelationships with foreign exchange. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (ANNOTATION)
High performance reduction lenses for microelectronic circuit fabrication

Data are presented for three families of objective lenses useful in making high resolution plates and improving the process of photoresist exposure. These lenses have 7 to 10 elements each, spherical surfaces only, and were designed with the aid of computers. Many of the lenses have beenf abricated and these have confirmed the soundness of the design methods, assessment criteria, and manufacturing techniques.
Smoking and mortality among U.S. veterans.

Abstract The main results of this 16-yr mortality follow-up of 290,000 U.S. Veterans as related to tobacco use confirm the earlier work of Dorn and Kahn. Cigarette smokers experienced by far the highest mortality levels followed by cigar smokers and then pipe smokers. The age-adjusted probabilities of death in 16 yr were 0.457 for the pure cigarette smokers, 0.342 for the pure cigar smokers, 0.316 for the pure pipe smokers, and 0.294 for those who never smoked. Persons smoking more than 1 form of tobacco had risks intermediate to those of the separate forms of tobacco. Ex-cigarette smokers, who stopped smoking for other than Doctor's orders, had risks somewhere between current cigarette smokers and nonsmokers with the mortality level depending largely on the time discontinued. Many groups of former cigarette smokers demonstrated annual risks at or close to the nonsmoker levels by the end of the study period; for others, some excess risk remained at the end of the study period.
Host susceptibility factors in mycobacterial infection: Genetics and body morphotype

Globally, the majority of mycobacterial diseases are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) worldwide is believed to be approximately 2 billion, with an incidence of 8 million active cases resulting in 3 million deaths annually. 17, 43 In contrast, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous in soil and water and rarely cause disease in humans. Because exposure to these organisms is universal and disease is rare, normal host defenses must be highly effective at preventing infection. Therefore, otherwise healthy individuals who develop NTM disease likely have specific susceptibility factors that cause these infections. The organisms that are most commonly encountered in clinical practice include Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare (collectively known as the M. avium complex [MAC]), Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium abscessus, and Mycobacterium chelonae. 123 These organisms share significant structural and biochemical similarities with their more pathogenic relative, M. tuberculosis. Host factors that predispose or lead to NTM infection may have important implications for pathogenesis and therapy and may be applicable to TB. Identification of genetic or acquired susceptibility factors may lead to recognition of endogenous pathways that can be exploited therapeutically and to susceptibility gene identification.
Probabilistic reanalysis of twentieth-century sea-level rise

Estimating and accounting for twentieth-century global mean sea level (GMSL) rise is critical to characterizing current and future human-induced sea-level change. Several previous analyses of tide gauge records--employing different methods to accommodate the spatial sparsity and temporal incompleteness of the data and to constrain the geometry of long-term sea-level change--have concluded that GMSL rose over the twentieth century at a mean rate of 1.6 to 1.9 millimetres per year. Efforts to account for this rate by summing estimates of individual contributions from glacier and ice-sheet mass loss, ocean thermal expansion, and changes in land water storage fall significantly short in the period before 1990. The failure to close the budget of GMSL during this period has led to suggestions that several contributions may have been systematically underestimated. However, the extent to which the limitations of tide gauge analyses have affected estimates of the GMSL rate of change is unclear. Here we revisit estimates of twentieth-century GMSL rise using probabilistic techniques and find a rate of GMSL rise from 1901 to 1990 of 1.2 ± 0.2 millimetres per year (90% confidence interval). Based on individual contributions tabulated in the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, this estimate closes the twentieth-century sea-level budget. Our analysis, which combines tide gauge records with physics-based and model-derived geometries of the various contributing signals, also indicates that GMSL rose at a rate of 3.0 ± 0.7 millimetres per year between 1993 and 2010, consistent with prior estimates from tide gauge records.The increase in rate relative to the 1901-90 trend is accordingly larger than previously thought; this revision may affect some projections of future sea-level rise.
AN ANALYTIC COMPARISON OF HERRNSTEIN'S EQUATIONS AND A MULTIVARIATE RATE EQUATION

Herrnstein's equations are approximations of the multivariate rate equation at ordinary rates of reinforcement and responding. The rate equation is the result of a linear system analysis of variable-interval performance. Rate equation matching is more comprehensive than ordinary matching because it predicts and specifies the nature of concurrent bias, and predicts a tendency toward undermatching, which is sometimes observed in concurrent situations. The rate equation contradicts one feature of Herrnstein's hyperbola, viz., the theoretically required constancy of k. According to the rate equation, Herrnstein's k should vary directly with parameters of reinforcement such as amount or immediacy. Because of this prediction, the rate equation asserts that the conceptual framework of matching does not apply to single alternative responding. The issue of the constancy of k provides empirical grounds for distinguishing between Herrnstein's account and a linear system analysis of single alternative variable-interval responding.