cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Field Study of Social Dominance, Plasma Levels of Luteinizing Hormone and Steroid Hormones in Wintering Harris' Sparrows

Plasma levels of corticosterone, testosterone, and LH were compared with the social status signaled by plumage variations among winter Harris' Sparrows, Zonotrichia querula. Both duration of capture stress and weather conditions had highly significant effects on corticosterone titers. With these variables statistically controlled, corticosterone was inversely related to dominance status in blood samples taken under snow-free conditions, but positively (though not significantly) related to dominance status in another group of samples taken soon after a heavy snow fall. There was no correlation between dominance status and testosterone, even when significant weather effects were statistically controlled, or between dominance and LH, for which there were no significant effects of weather. Zusammenfassung Uberwinternde Harris-Ammerlinge (Zonotrichia querula) geben ihre Ranghohe durch den individuellen Grad des Schwarz ihrer Kehl- und Scheitel-federn zu erkennen. Deshalb haben wir die Vogel auf die Beziehung zwischen der Ranghohe und dem Plasmatiter von LH und Steroidhormonen unter-sucht. 34 Vogel im Jahr 1974 zeigten keine Beziehung zwischen Ranghohe und den Bluttitern von LH oder Testosteron. Wahrend Testosteronimplantate, wie bekannt, die Angriffsbereitschaft uberwinternder Harris-Ammerlinge heben, gibt es wahrscheinlich keine Beziehung zwischen Testosteron und Ranghohe, weil Harris-Ammerlingsschwarme eine stabile Rangordnung haben, die auf-grund der Unterschiede im Aussehen der Schwarmmitglieder voraussagbar ist. In einer Stichprobe von Vogeln unter schneefreien Bedingungen war der Corticosteron-Gehalt um so hoher, je niedriger die Ranghohe war (r = −0,41); doch in einer anderen Stichprobe, bei machtiger Schneedecke, waren die Cor-ticosteron-Titer um so betrachtlicher, je hoher der Rang eines Vogels war (r = 0,41; allerdings nicht signifikant). Der Unterschied zwischen Uberlegenen und Rangtiefen im relativen Stres in beiden Stichproben kann aufgrund einer neuen Hypothese zur Erklarung der Evolutionsstabilitat des Ranghohensignals des Harris-Ammerlings verstanden werden. Ranghohe verteidigen offenbar Unterlegene gegen andere Ranghohe, weil die Unterlegenen als Nahrungs-sucher fur sie wertvoll sind. Starke Schneedecke strest Ranghohe offenbar relativ mehr als Unterlegene, weil sie ein wenig groser sind und die Nahrung so plotzlich infolge Schneefalls versiegt ist, das Unterlegene vorubergehend ihren Wert als Nahrungssucher verloren haben.
The Public Health Dimensions of Disability

Disability traditionally has been a marginalized concern of public health and has largely been viewed as a failure of primary prevention. However, disparities in health behaviors, healthcare access, and health status between people with a without disabilities suggest that opportunities exist for public health to engage people with disabilities to improve their overall health. In this article we address case definition of disability, conceptual dimensions of disability that have led to modeling of the experience of disability, as well as US and international estimates of the population of people with disabilities. We also discuss discrete age groups – children, adults, and older adults – and evidence of health disparities between people with and without disabilities. Finally, we discuss health promotion directions to improve the health of this population.
Oxygen radical-nitric oxide reactions in vascular diseases.

Publisher Summary The principal challenge in the research of radical biology lies in developing a solid causal relationship between the tissue productions of various reactive species, long recognized to have potent and toxic target molecule reactions, and their contribution to cell or tissue dysfunction. Not until this is accomplished can a rational therapeutic strategy for oxidant tissue injury be devised. These dilemmas amplify the immense challenge that is faced upon in development of a clear understanding of the multifaceted role that nitric oxide (NO) plays in vascular disease. The high rate of production and broad distribution of sites of production of NO, combined with its facile direct and indirect reactions with metalloproteins, thiols, and various oxygen radical species ensure that NO plays a central role in regulating vascular physiological and cellular homeostasis as well as critical intravascular free radical and oxidant reactions. This concept is emphasized in this chapter, using atherosclerosis as a prime example of the central role that reactive species play in vascular diseases. The chapter describes how superoxide anion (O 2− ) “inactivates” the vasorelaxant actions of NO in atherosclerotic vessels, leading to impaired endothelial cell (EC)-dependent relaxation and a propensity for vasospasm. The alterations in vascular reactivity associated with atherosclerosis are related to changes in EC-dependent mechanisms of relaxation. Acetylcholine and other EC agonists normally promote the relaxation of isolated vascular ring segments by stimulating the production of NO. Nitric oxide diffuses to underlying vascular smooth muscle cells, where it activates soluble guanylate cyclase and induces vessel relaxation via cGMP-dependent mechanisms.
The direct formation of H2O2 from H2 and O2 over colloidal palladium

Additional evidence is presented for the catalytic role of aqueous colloidal palladium in the direct conversion of H2 and O2 to H2O2. Reactions typically were carried out at an O2/H2 ratio of 2, and 25 °C, by introducing the gases at 1 atm through a frit into the aqueous slurry. The source of palladium was either PdCl2 or reduced palladium supported on silica gel. During the course of the reaction the palladium is distributed among PdCl42−, colloidal palladium, palladium deposited on the frit, and Pd/SiO2 when SiO2 is present. Although the amount of colloidal palladium differs, depending on its source and the time on stream, the rate of H2O2 formation is proportional to the amount of colloid present at a particular time. Maximum rates were observed for colloids prepared from Pd/SiO2; however, the largest H2O2 concentration of 0.7 wt% was attained when PdCl2 was the source of colloidal palladium. The ultimate steady-state concentration of H2O2 is, in part, affected by the rate of H2O2 decomposition, which is relatively large over the Pd/SiO2 sample that was tested. The rate of decomposition also is determined by the H+ concentration. Results obtained with a mixture of 16O2/18O2 confirm that oxygen remains undissociated during the formation of H2O2, which may explain why palladium is uniquely suited as a catalyst for this reaction.
Does age affect symptom recovery after sports-related concussion? A study of high school and college athletes

Object Sport-related concussions (SRCs) in high school and college athletes represent a significant public health concern. Research suggests that younger athletes fare worse symptomatically than older athletes after an SRC. Using reliable change index (RCI) methodology, the authors conducted a study to determine if there are age-related differences in number, severity, and resolution of postconcussion symptoms. Methods Between 2009 and 2011, baseline measures of neurocognitive functions and symptoms in high school and college athletes were entered into a regional database. Seven hundred forty of these athletes later sustained an SRC. Ninety-two athletes in the 13- to 16-year-old group and 92 athletes in the 18- to 22-year-old group were matched for number of prior concussions, sex, biopsychosocial variables, and days to first postconcussion testing and symptom assessment. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the severity of each of 22 symptoms comprising the Total Symptom Scale (TSS) at...
Fabrication and performance studies of multilayer polymer/metal interconnect structures for packaging applications

Multilayer copper/polyimide interconnect structures were fabricated using a reactive-ion-etching-based lift-off technique. Conductor cross-sectional area control, planarity, and a gap-free structure were made possible by the use of a novel siloxane-polyimide. The resultant structure consisted of two signal wiring layers between two ground planes with a nominal impedance of 40 Omega . Although redundant metallization processes were found to repair open lines, they resulted in an increase of the number of processing steps and could result in an increase of defects. Stud chain structures were found to survive cooling to 77 K with very little change in their characteristics, while heating of the copper interconnections to 350 degrees C in a reducing environment reduced their resistance by 3%. >
Musement as Listening: Daoist Perspectives on Peirce

Certain Daoist ideas explored here are compared with features of Peirce's philosophy, supplying a helpful perspective on the latter. In particular, I examine Zhuangzi's instruction about “listening” with one's spirit, along with certain discussions of “listening energy” drawn from texts dealing with the Daoist martial arts. I argue that Daoist “listening” and Peirce's concept of “musement” are both to be regarded as a disciplined form of attentiveness. By attending to no predetermined thing, a person thus disciplined is “ready” for the encounter with what might otherwise remain unperceived in experience, prepared to listen to voices that might otherwise be ignored.
Trading off distortion for delay for video transmissions in wireless networks

The end-user experience in viewing a video depends on the distortion; however, also of importance is the delay experienced by the packets of the video flow since it impacts the timeliness of the information contained and the playback rate at the receiver. Unfortunately, these performance metrics are in conflict with each other in a wireless network. Packet losses can be minimized by perfectly avoiding interference by separating transmissions in time or frequency; however, this decreases the rate at which transmissions occur, and this increases delay. Relaxing the requirement for interference avoidance can lead to packet losses and thus increase distortion, but can decrease the delay for those packets that are delivered. In this paper, we investigate this trade-off between distortion and delay for video. To understand the trade-off between video quality and packet delay, we develop an analytical framework that accounts for characteristics of the network (e.g. interference, channel variations) and the video content (motion level), assuming as a basis, a simple channel access policy that provides flexibility in managing the interference in the network. We validate our model via extensive simulations. Surprisingly, we find that the trade-off depends on the specific features of the video flow: it is better to trade-off high delay for low distortion with fast motion video, but not with slow motion video. Specifically, for an increase in PSNR (a metric that quantifies distortion) from 20 to 25 dB, the penalty in terms of the increase in mean delay with fast motion video is 91 times that with slow motion video. Our simulation results further quantify the trade-offs in various scenarios.
Site-selective electronic correlation in α-plutonium metal

Plutonium has unusual physical properties due to strong electronic correlation, but its α-phase has not been studied much in this respect. Using sophisticated numerical methods, Zhu et al. show that in this phase different atomic sites have different degrees of electronic correlation.
Monitoring Schedules for Randomly Deployed Sensor Networks Without Geographic Information

Given n sensors and m targets, a monitoring schedule is a partition of the sensor set such that each part of the partition can monitor all targets. Monitoring schedules are used to maximize the time all targets are monitored when there is no possibility of replacing the batteries of the sensors. Each part of the partition is used for one unit of time, and thus the goal is to maximize the number of parts in the partition. We present distributed algorithms for Monitoring Schedule under the following assumptions: 1) identical sensors can each monitor all targets within a certain radius, 2) the n sensors are randomly distributed uniformly in a large square containing the targets, 3) the number of sensors is high enough given the area the square, and 4) the communication range is at least a constant times the sensing range. We present randomized distributed algorithms that achieve a constant factor approximation in polylogarithmic number of communication rounds, with high probability. These results hold if we make one of the following two assumptions: 1) any two sensors within communication range are able to estimate within a constant their relative distance, or 2) the communication range is an exact fraction of the sensing range. We improve the results of Calinescu and Ellis (DIAL M-POMC '08) by eliminating the assumption that the communication range must be twice the sensing range, and by this result holding with fewer sensors.
Water-level model in density-based unsupervised classification

Water level model is an effective method in density-based classification. To improve the result, we use biased sampling, local similarity and popularity as preprocessing, and then apply the water-level model for classification. Biased sampling is to get some information about the global structure. Similarity and local density are mainly used to understand the local structure. In biased sampling, images are divided into many l*l patches and a sample pixel is selected from each patch. Similarity at a point p, denoted by sim(p), measures the change of gray level between point p an its neighborhood N(p). Besides using biased sampling to combine spectral and spatial information, we use similarity and local popularity in selecting sample points. A sample point is chosen based on the minimum value of sin(p) + [1-P(p)] after normalization. The selected pixel is a better representative, especially near the border of an object. Kernel estimators are employed to obtain smooth density approximation. The water-level model is relatively easy and effective when the density function is smoothed. To make it more effective in other cases, one has to deal with small spikes and bumps. To get rid of the small spikes, we establish a threshold "[f(P1) - f(P 2)*(P1-P 2) " > c*l*l , where c is a constant, P1 is a local maximum point to be tested and P2 is the nearest local minimum form P1. The condition is only related to the size of the patches l*l. After using the average filter, we choose l to be the square root of the fifth peak if it is between 5 and 20, otherwise set l = 10. Preliminary experiments have been conducted using proposed methods with different values of the constant c in the threshold condition. Experimental results are provided.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The formation and reactivity of oxygen as O2− on a supported silver surface

Abstract The formation and reactivity of O2− on a Vycor quartz supported silver catalyst has been investigated by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). The silver catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and revealed that the silver is in the form of small particles with a mean diameter of 47 A. Surface aging under OAOR (outgassing-adsorption-outgassing-reduction) cycling produced a decrease in the activity of the silver surface with respect to O2− formation which coincided with the appearance of electron diffraction patterns characteristic of Ag2O. Studies of the kinetics of O2− formation by EPR in the temperature range 298–333 K yielded a value of Eα (desorption) of 14.8 kcal/mol for O2−, as analyzed by a simple mechanism for superoxide formation. Isotherms for total O2 adsorbed and O2− formed showed a saturation uptake of O2 at 298 K equivalent to θ = 0.44, and a [ O 2 − ] [O 2 ] ratio of 0.02% at that temperature. Finally, the kinetics of the reactivity of O2− with CO were investigated, and suggest that O2− is the reactive species in the silver catalyzed oxidation of CO to CO2, or is the direct parent of the reactive species.
The Gun, the Pen, and the Cannoli: Orality and Writing in The Godfather, Part I

The overwhelming popularity of The Godfather argues for the fact that it serves as an American myth by suggesting resolutions to key contradictions in American society. These contradictions focus on the relationship between impersonal capitalism and the personal world of family relations. While this has been noted in previous studies of the film, the key symbolic tension between orality and writing has gone unnoticed. In this article we argue that food acts as a symbol of personal honor, ethnic authenticity, and family relations, which is brought into tension with the written word. For Don Corleonejood and drink set up cycles of long-term exchange relationships, they seal oral contracts, and make "friendships" (i.e., business relationships). These are counterposed to the impersonal and. pseudo-rational world of money and the written contract, as represented in this film by the non-Italian world and the American legal system. Through the revelation of previously unexplored symbolic tensions, we hope to show the value of applying anthropological analysis to popular films.
West Africa and the Complexity of Primitive Cultures

WEST AFRICA AND THE COMPLEXITY OF PRIMITIVE CULTURES· By WILLIAM R. BASCOM SIMPLICITY is commonly cited as a characteristic of primitive cultures. Social, political and economic structures which are simple or at least not highly institutionalized, and simple technologies are found among primitive peoples, as well as cultures with a restricted number of forms of expression in folklore, music, dancing, or the graphic and plastic arts, a small number of ceremonies, and religious concepts which are indefinite or perhaps only difficult to define because they have a wide and general application. The generalization that such a description fits all non-literate societies, however, is false; and the definition of primitive as simple is sometimes qualified by a postscript that the cultures of the Maya, the Inca and of certain tribes on the West Coast of Africa are remarkably complex. The term primitive is valid in these cases only if it is used technically to distinguish literate societies from those whose history and culture are transmitted orally. The publications of Rattray, Danquah, and Sarbah on the Ashanti and Fanti (Akan), Field on the Ga, Spieth and Westermann on the Ewe, Hersko­ vits on Dahomey, Johnson on the Yoruba, Meek and Thomas on the lbo, and Talbot on a number of tribes in Southern Nigeria, to mention only a few of the sources, indicate the complex and highly formalized political, social and eco­ nomic institutions, the variety of artistic expression, and the intricacies of theology and religious ritual that are found in the Guinea Coast area. Although the lack of large-scale political units is one of the distinctive characteristics of the eastern lbo, they cannot be regarded as simple in religion, economics, art or other aspects of culture. And while the empires of the Sudan area to the north are perhaps more widely known, there is little to choose be­ tween them and the Benin, Yoruba, Dahomey, and Ashanti kingdoms in the way of complexity of structure. Of all the groups the Yoruba are the most highly urbanized. Nine of the ten largest cities in Nigeria, according to the last census, all of which are over forty-five thousand, are Yoruba, including Ibadan with 387,000,1 the largest city in Negro Africa. Kings of the Guinea Coast area held far-reaching authority. They ruled large populations through a series of subordinate chiefs responsible for districts, sub-districts, cities, and parts of cities within their empires. They were able to raise large armies to defend their kingdoms or to invade the territories of their neighbors, and occasionally to resist the penetration of the Colonial powers. Civil and criminal cases were tried before formally constituted courts of law, presided over by the chiefs. * A paper delivered as part of a Symposium on Africa, sponsored by the Committee on African Anthropology, National Research Council, and held at the annual meetings of the Ameri­ can Anthropological Association, Chicago, 1946. 1 Nigerian Secretariat, 1936, p. 23.
Retinoscopy of aquatic eyes

Abstract Retinoscopic refraction of an aquatic eye immersed in water is shown to be biased due to refractive effects of the air-water interface between subject and examiner. Ametropias in aquatic eyes are overestimated in retinoscopy by a factor of 1.34 for marine animals and 1.33 for freshwater animals. Future reports of retinoscopically determined refractive state in aquatic eyes should be corrected for this simple physical error.
Against Structuralist Theories of Computational Implementation

AbstractUnder what conditions does a physical system implement or realize a computation? Structuralism about computational implementation, espoused by Chalmers and others, holds that a physical sys...
Polarization and Cross-Section Measurements for p- He-4 Elastic Scattering Between 20 and 45 MeV

Angular distributions of the polarization and the cross section for $p\ensuremath{-}^{4}\mathrm{He}$ elastic scattering have been measured in 2-MeV steps between 20 and 45 MeV and in steps of approximately 150 keV across the 23.4-MeV resonance corresponding to the second excited state of $^{5}\mathrm{Li}$ at 16.7 MeV excitation. The relative uncertainties of the polarization measurements are typically less than \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01. The normalization uncertainty from energy to energy and relative to the older data below 20 MeV proton energy is approximately 2%. The cross-section angular distributions with a relative uncertainty of 3% have been normalized to previously existing data, since an absolute cross-section measurement was not feasible with our experimental setup. The polarization measurements provide an accurate proton polarization analyzer up to 45 MeV. With the exception of the narrow resonance region around 23.4 MeV, the analyzing power near ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{lab}}=125\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ exceeds 80% at all energies and shows no rapid variations. Around 30 MeV, a very weak and broad anomaly is seen in the polarization, coinciding in $^{5}\mathrm{Li}$ excitation (approximately 22 MeV) with the structure observed in $d\ensuremath{-}^{3}\mathrm{He}$ elastic scattering.
Breeding Structure of Screwworm Fly Populations (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Colima, Mexico

Starch gel electrophoresis was used to resolve gene frequencies among populations of screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel). The loci examined coded for alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, octanol dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase. Flies were sampled by traps widely distributed in Colima Province, southwestern Mexico. Gene frequencies at Odh differed significantly among the 11 populations. Alleles segregating at Pgm and alpha-Gpdh were homogeneous among populations. There were significant departures from random mating within populations, but no genetic differentiation among populations was detected. The data suggest unrestricted gene flow among populations. Departures from random mating within populations were explained by the pooling of samples from separate breeding units.
Expression of the telomeric retrotransposon HeT - A in Drosophila melanogaster is correlated with cell proliferation

Drosophila melanogaster extends its telomeres by transposition of two non-LTR retrotransposons, HeT-A and TART, to chromosome ends. We have determined the tissue-specific expression of these two elements by whole-mount in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA sense and antisense probes in the germ line and in a variety of larval tissues during normal development in the wild type and in tissues of mutants that cause overproliferation. Our results indicate that transcript levels, which are a key component in the process of telomere elongation in D. melanogaster, are correlated with cell proliferation in normal tissues and that RNA levels are elevated in growth-stimulated tissues.
CAPTURE: location-free contact-assisted power-efficient query resolution for sensor networks

Queries and small transfers are likely to constitute a significant portion of the flows in emerging classes of sensor networks. Route discovery for such queries incurs much more communication overhead than the actual data transfer. Especially for large-scale sensor networks, it is quite costly to establish shortest path routes for such types of requests. Flooding-based approaches for routing are designed to search for high quality routes. Such approaches may be suitable for prolonged transfers, but not for small ones. In this paper, we present an architecture that is geared towards one-shot frequent queries in sensor networks. In our approach we aim at reducing the total energy cost query resolution as opposed to searching for high quality routes.Our architecture uses a hybrid approach, where each node collects information about nodes in its proximity, up to R hops away, using a link state protocol. Beyond the proximity, we introduce the novel notion of contacts that act as short cuts to reduce the degrees of separation between the request source and the target. A new efficient, on-demand, contact selection protocol is integrated into the search process. We do not assume knowledge of node locations. Several protocols to implement different policies for the search are introduced. Extensive simulations are used to systematically evaluate the performance of our protocols. Our results show substantial communication overhead reduction for our contact-based technique as compared to related schemes. The study also shows reasonable settings of parameters that work well for a wide range of networks.
Echocardiographic findings in experimental myocardial infarction of the posterior left ventricular wall

Abstract The effects of experimental infarction of the posterior left ventricular wall on the echocardiographic configuration and motion of the posterior left ventricular endocardium were evaluated in 20 closed chest dogs. Myocardial infarction was produced by selected intubation of the circumflex coronary artery and injection of blood clots. The electrocardiogram, phonocardiogram, apexcardiogram, aortic and left ventricular pressure curves, and left ventricular dP dt were recorded simultaneously and superimposed on the echocardiographic tracing. Correlation of the echocardiogram with the other measurements permitted the calculation of left ventricular volumes, contractility and systolic and diastolic time intervals. Specific echocardiographic changes in the configuration of the posterior left ventricular endocardium occurred synchronously with left ventricular mechanical performance regardless of S-T segment changes in the electrocardiogram. Reduction of excursion and mean and maximal velocity of excursion of the posterior left ventricular endocardium were indicative of experimental posterior wall infarction. Changes in the echocardiographic configuration of the posterior left ventricular endocardium could be correlated with upright and inverted T waves. Experimental infarction of the posterior left ventricular wall was always reflected in changes in the posterior left ventricular endocardial echo, whethe the infarction was transmural or nontransmural. In contrast, the electrocardiogram failed to show changes in nontransmural infarction. The study may form the basis for an interpretation of echocardiographic findings in posterior wall infarction in man.
Effect of humidity on the fluorescence properties of a medium- sensitive fluorophore in a hydrophilic polymer film

Abstract The fluorescence characteristics of 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulphonic acid (DNSA) were examined in a hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) film as a function of the surrounding relative humidity (RH). When the RH changed from 0% to 87%, a red-wavelength shift in the maximum fluorescence wavelength (λ max ) from 435 to 465 nm was observed, accompanying a decrease in the maximum fluorescence intensity. A plot of λ max against the water concentration in the film at different RHs was approximately linear, indicating that the λ max of DNSA can be used as a measure of the water vapour uptake in the film. Since the relative intensity at a fixed wavelength of 418 nm showed a monotonic decrease with increasing RH, the DNSA—HPC film can be applied as an optical RH sensor. Kinetic studies clarified that the response of the relative intensity to abrupt RH changes followed a first-order rate law. A small reduction in the fluorescence intensity of DNSA was found after repeated humidification and desiccation of the film, suggesting increasing association of the dye in the film during these processes.
Temporal modulation of GABAA receptor subunit gene expression in developing monkey cerebral cortex

Abstract In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to examine the expression of 10 GABA A receptor messenger RNAs corresponding to the α 1 –α 5 , β 1 –β 3 , γ 1 and γ 2 subunits in primary somatosensory and visual areas of macaque monkey cerebral cortex from embryonic day (E) 125 to postnatal day (P) 125. Results were compared with expression patterns in adults. In the sensorimotor cortex at E125, overall levels of all subunit transcripts were low. At E137, there was a major lamina-specific increase in all subunit messenger RNAs except γ 1 . For α 1 , α 2 , α 4 , β 2 , β 3 and γ 2 subunit transcripts, this increase was highest in areas 3a and 3b, particularly in layers III/IV and VI. Postnatally, there were significant decreases in all transcripts. α 1 , α 5 , β 2 and γ 2 subunit transcripts, while still at significantly lower levels than at E137, remained expressed at levels higher than other transcripts. Unlike in rodents, there was no obvious “switch” in the major subunits expressed in fetal and adult cortex, α 1 , α 5 , β 2 and γ 2 remaining highest throughout. In area 17, the most prominently expressed subunits at earliest ages were α 2 , α 5 , β 1 , β 2 , β 3 and γ 2 , especially in layers II/III and VI. At E150, expression for α 2 , α 3 , β 1 and β 3 subunit transcripts in these layers decreased, but levels for α 1 , α 4 , α 5 , β 2 , γ 1 and γ 2 transcripts increased, particularly within layer IV. The increase at E150 was particularly marked for α 5 transcripts, which were expressed at levels more than four times those of other transcripts. α 1 , β 2 and γ 2 remain highest into aduthood. Fetal area 17 displayed lamina-specific patterns of expression not found in adult animals. In particular, α 3 messenger RNAs were present in layer IVA and γ 1 transcripts were present in layer IVC at E150, despite a lack of expression in these layers in the adult. These data demonstrate increased expression of GABA A receptors during the period of establishment of thalamocortical and intracortical connections, and a temporal regulation that may be associated with the period of developmental plasticity.
Centralization in Hawaii: Retrospect and Prospect.

The Hawaiian Islands, in Mark Twain's words "the loveliest fleet of Islands that lies anchored in any ocean," offer more than a vista of sub-tropical splendor to the student of government. Hawaii presents also an extreme of centralized administration probably unequaled in any state on the mainland. The century prior to annexation by the United States saw the major islands of the Hawaiian archipelago come under the jurisdiction of a single government which. rapidly underwent a metamorphosis from stone-age, native absolutism, through restricted constitutional monarchy, to the status of independent republic. "Adjustment rather than reorganization defines the change in government necessary when Hawaii entered the Union as a Territory."2 Allowed by Congress almost all the powers of a state, and wide discretion in erecting its own local structure, the Territory chose to continue the concentrated administration which had characterized government throughout the century of independent rule. Only within the last few years has this centralization been shaken by the introduction of challenging centrifugal forces. Today, Hawaii affords the prospect of an ocean-girt test tube in which can be observed the interplay of these new formative forces with the old causative factors of centripetal tendency; the end product may be a decentralized administration more on the model of the mainland.
MJO and Convectively Coupled Equatorial Waves Simulated by CMIP5 Climate Models

AbstractThis study evaluates the simulation of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs) in 20 models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) phase 5 (CMIP5) in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and compares the results with the simulation of CMIP phase 3 (CMIP3) models in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). The results show that the CMIP5 models exhibit an overall improvement over the CMIP3 models in the simulation of tropical intraseasonal variability, especially the MJO and several CCEWs. The CMIP5 models generally produce larger total intraseasonal (2–128 day) variance of precipitation than the CMIP3 models, as well as larger variances of Kelvin, equatorial Rossby (ER), and eastward inertio-gravity (EIG) waves. Nearly all models have signals of the CCEWs, with Kelvin and mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) and EIG waves being especially prominent. The phase speeds, as scaled to equivalent depths, are...
Food insecurity and self-reported hypertension among Hispanic, black, and white adults in 12 states, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2009.

Food insecurity is positively linked to risk of hypertension; however, it is not known whether this relationship persists after adjustment for socioeconomic position (SEP). We examined the association between food insecurity and self-reported hypertension among adults aged 35 or older (N = 58,677) in 12 states that asked the food insecurity question in their 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System questionnaire. After adjusting for SEP, hypertension was more common among adults reporting food insecurity (adjusted prevalence ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.19–1.36). Our study found a positive relationship between food insecurity and hypertension after adjusting for SEP and other characteristics.
The Identification of Marijuana

The chemistry of the phenolic constituents of the resin from the leaves and flowering tops of the marijuana plant is reviewed, and discussed in terms of possible chemical precursors to synthetic tetrahydrocannabinol which may be encountered. The Duquenois test is studied and support presented for the hypothesis that the mechanism of the test is in part an electrophilic substitution type of reaction. Evidence is presented to suggest that the product of the Duquenois reaction is not a reticulated polycondensate, but exists as a resole. A study is made of the Levine modification of the Duquenois test involving a terminal extraction of the color with chloroform. The ability of Duquenois reactants to extract into chloroform is related to the structure of the phenolic constituents of the resin. Thin-layer chromatographic separation of the major constituents of marijuana resin is described, as well as the infrared absorption of tetrahydrocannabinol isomers. The occurrence of cystolith hairs are an important criterion in the identification of marijuana leaf fragments. Cystolith hairs, however, occur among several dicotyledonous families, notably the Moraceae, Boraginaceae, Loasaceae, Ulmaceae, and Cannabinaceae. Since these develop in different forms in these families, marijuana can be differentiated in many cases. However, in other cases where similarity in cystolith development occurs, other morphological features, such as the trichomes on the other side of the leaf are helpful in differentiation. In any event, cystolith hairs cannot be used as a sole criterion for marijuana identification. The Duquenois-Levine test is found to be useful in the confirmation of marijuana, since none of the 82 species possessing hairs similar to those found on marijuana yield a positive test. Where marijuana cannot be morphologically delineated, thin-layer chromatographic methods are indicated.
Initiation of nanoporous energetic silicon by optically-triggered, residual stress powered microactuators

The integration of energetic materials with chip-scale MEMS fabrication processes, and in particular the development of nanoporous energetic silicon (NES), is a promising path to provide significant quantities of energy for certain microscale applications. Here we demonstrate the low-power wireless initiation of an on-chip energetic reaction, by absorbing optical energy, transmitting mechanical energy, and releasing a large amount of chemical energy, without the use of any external wires or batteries. A novel actuator powered by residual thin film stress absorbed 25 W/cm2 of optical power from a 532 nm visible laser, heated, and released up to 22 nJ of mechanical energy. The mechanical energy was sufficient to initiate 6.7 mg of NES and release up to 66 J of chemical energy.
Respiratory actions of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain

Abstract Ouabain, a cardiac glycoside of Strophanthus gratus , produces hyperventilation with changes in arterial blood pH, pCO 2 and pO 2 in anesthetized cats. Movements of respiratory musculature are induced even in cats in which artificial hyperventilation has caused cessation of spontaneous respiratory activity. These effects may be the consequence of generalized brain-stem excitation.
Kinetic study of the recombination reaction OD + NO2 + M → DNO3 + M

Rate constants for the recombination reaction OD + NO2 + M DNO3 + M have been determined in the falloff region (5–500 torr) and at 297 ± 2 K, in the presence of He, N2, and SF6 as third bodies, by using a pulsed laser photolysis-resonance absorption technique. Values of k0, kx and the falloff parameter Fc have been estimated. Our rate constants were, within the experimental uncertainty, the same as those reported for the reaction of OH radicals with NO2.
Sucrose aversions in mice as a result of injected nicotine or passive tobacco smoke inhalation

Two studies using Swiss-Webster mice demonstrated that a delayed nicotine injection or passive tobacco smoking are effective treatments for conditioning sucrose aversions. The results are discussed in relation to future research as well as possible implications for human health.
Jesus: A Glutton and a Drunkard*

The familiar but somewhat puzzling designation of Jesus as ‘a glutton and a drunkard’ comes at the end of a sequence in the Q tradition which contrasts the respective roles of Jesus and John the Baptist. Perceptions of the force and import of this appellation are linked with the context in which one understands it to have been uttered. A currently vocal scholarly contingent of those engaged in the study of Q insists that the section which runs from Luke 7.18 to 35 is composed of a random assemblage of pericopes of various types, including chriae, parables, commentaries thereon, and random sayings. There is said to be neither a coherent representation of John and Jesus in Q as we have it, nor a consistent evaluation of their respective roles.
Formulation of an imperfect quadrilateral doubly curved shell element for postbuckling analysis

A DOUBLY curved quadrilateral shell element with 48 dexTLgrees of freedom is formulated to perform the postbuckling analysis of geometrically imperfect shells. The element surface and the geometric imperfections are specified using variable-order polynomials to represent a wide range of shell geometries and geometric imperfections. To accurately account for rigid-body modes, the Cartesian displacement components are used to express the shell displacements. A series of examples is analyzed to evaluate the performance of the element. The element can be used to analyze arbitrary shells having arbitrary imperfections.
Labor force migration and allocative efficiency in the United States: the roles of information and psychic costs

This paper examines the relative importance of information psychic and other costs of relocation as mitigating factors (off-sets to spatial earnings differentials) within the migration decision. The method employed for this examination is based upon: (1) observation of relationships between the geographic allocation and personal characteristics of labor force migrants and (2) inferences drawn from these observations about the relative importance of various relocation cost components. Empirical analyses of the migration decision based upon this indirect method provide important insights on both the determinants and allocative efficiency of interstate labor force migration in the United States. (EXCERPT)
The increased prevalence of allergic disease in anhidrotic congenital ectodermal dysplasia.

Abstract Anhidrotic congenital ectodermal dysplasia (ACED) is a sex-linked recessive disorder which is characterized by anodontia or severe hypodontia, anhidrosis or severe hypohidrosis, and hypotrichosis. Afflicted individuals may also demonstrate evidence of hypoplastic changes in the respiratory mucosa. Seven male patients with ACED were found to have a statistically significant increased prevalence of extrinsic bronchial asthma and/or allergic rhinitis and an increased prevalence of positive prick test reactions to common inhalant allergens when compared with a control population examined in the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Four patients with ACED and allergic disease had no consistent abnormality in serum IgG, IgA, or IgM levels, and both transport piece and IgA were demonstrable in their salivary secretions or parotid fluid. It is postulated that the increased prevalence of allergic disease in patients with ACED may be due to an abnormality of the nasal mucosa resulting in an increased permeability to or decreased destruction of inhaled allergens.
Ion Diffusion in the Time-Dependent Potential of the Dynamic Electric Double Layer

The description of ion diffusion in the electric field set up by the electric double layer (EDL) is an important issue in many scientific fields because of its close relevance to diffusion-controlled chemical kinetics and ion transport occurring in the environmental, biological, and other systems with multiphase chemical reactions and charged particle transports. When considering ion diffusion in the EDL, the change of ion density in space leads to the change of potential with time. Currently, the static distribution of electric potential in the EDL at equilibrium is described by the nonlinear Poisson−Boltzmann equation. However, describing a time-dependent potential during a diffusion process in the EDL still remains a challenge. In this study, a dynamic Poisson−Boltzmann equation that describes the time-dependent potential was suggested for a slow diffusion problem. By combining the generalized nonsteady state diffusion equation (the linearized Fokker−Planck equation) with the time-dependent potential (...
Mechanism of Catalysis of the Cofactor-independent Phosphoglycerate Mutase from Bacillus stearothermophilus CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX WITH 2-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

The structure of the complex between the 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase (iPGM) from Bacillus stearothermophilus and its 3-phosphoglycerate substrate has recently been solved, and analysis of this structure allowed formulation of a mechanism for iPGM catalysis. In order to obtain further evidence for this mechanism, we have solved the structure of this iPGM complexed with 2-phosphoglycerate and two Mn(2+) ions at 1. 7-A resolution. The structure consists of two different domains connected by two loops and interacting through a network of hydrogen bonds. This structure is consistent with the proposed mechanism for iPGM catalysis, with the two main steps in catalysis being a phosphatase reaction removing the phosphate from 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, generating an enzyme-bound phosphoserine intermediate, followed by a phosphotransferase reaction as the phosphate is transferred from the enzyme back to the glycerate moiety. The structure also allowed the assignment of the function of the two domains of the enzyme, one of which participates in the phosphatase reaction and formation of the phosphoserine enzyme intermediate, with the other involved in the phosphotransferase reaction regenerating phosphoglycerate. Significant structural similarity has also been found between the active site of the iPGM domain catalyzing the phosphatase reaction and Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase.
The role of context in information seeking and impression formation

This study investigated the amount and type of information sought during impression formation. Under conditions of either ambiguous or specific context, each subject interacted with a confederate whose background was either congruent or incongruent with the specific context. Analyses revealed de finite contextual esects. More information, especially demographic or role information, was requested in the ambiguous context than in the specific context. Specific evaluations reflected the differences between the confederates’ background while overall evaluations did not discriminate as well. These results are interpreted as supporting a dvelopmental theory of acquaintanceship in which information seeking is integral to uncertainty reduction in interpersonal interaction.
Enzymatic activities of the human AGPAT isoform 3 and isoform 5: localization of AGPAT5 to mitochondria

The enzyme 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase (AGPAT) converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) to phosphatidic acid (PA). In this study, we show enzymatic properties, tissue distribution, and subcellular localization of human AGPAT3 and AGPAT5. In cells overexpressing these isoforms, the proteins were detected in the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum. AGPAT5-GFP fusion protein was localized in the mitochondria of both Chinese hamster ovary and human epithelial cervical cancer cells. Using lysates of AD293 cells infected with AGPAT3 and AGPAT5 recombinant adenovirus, we show that AGPAT3 and AGPAT5 proteins have AGPAT activity. Both the isoforms have similar apparent Vmax of 6.35 and 2.42 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, for similar LPA. The difference between the two isoforms is in their use of additional lysophospholipids. AGPAT3 shows significant esterification of lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) in the presence of C20:4 fatty acid, whereas AGPAT5 demonstrates significant acyltransferase activity toward lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) in the presence of C18:1 fatty acid. The AGPAT3 mRNA is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues with several-fold differences in the expression pattern compared with the closely related AGPAT4. In summary, we show that in the presence of different fatty acids, AGPAT3 and AGPAT5 prefer different lysophospholipids as acyl acceptors. More importantly, localization of overexpressed AGPAT5 (this study) as well as GPAT1 and 2 (previous studies) in mitochondria supports the idea that the mitochondria might be capable of synthesizing some of their own glycerophospholipids.
Azepinyl 2-bromo-1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl ketone

The crystal structure of the title compound, C16H19BrN2O, reveals that the amide group is twisted out of π-conjugation with the indole double bond due to steric hindrance by the Br atom. The azepane ring adopts a twist-chair conformation.