cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT differentially desensitizes 5-HT1A autoreceptors of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei

The present study investigated alterations of the regulation of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) release by 5-HT1A autoreceptors following single and repeated treatment with the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). Rats were pretreated with 8-OH-DPAT (1.0 mg/kg, s.c.) for 1, 7, or 14 days. The ability of an acute challenge administration of 8-OH-DPAT (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) to decrease 5-HT release in the ventral striatum and the ventral hippocampus of rats maintained under chloral hydrate anesthesia was examined 24 h after the last pretreatment injection using in vivo microdialysis. The decrease of 5-HT release in the striatum produced by the challenge dose of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist was diminished following 7 and 14 days of pretreatment, but not after 1 day of pretreatment, with 8-OH-DPAT. In contrast, decreases of 5-HT release in the hippocampus by the 8-OH-DPAT challenge were not altered after 1 or 7 days of pretreatment, and only a trend for attenuation appeared after pretreatment for 14 days. The results of the present study indicate that desensitization of 5-HT1A autoreceptors regulating 5-HT release in different brain regions by repeated treatment with 8-OH-DPAT occurs at different rates. Synapse 25:107–116, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Languages for software-defined networks

Modern computer networks perform a bewildering array of tasks, from routing and traffic monitoring, to access control and server load balancing. However, managing these networks is unnecessarily complicated and error-prone, due to a heterogeneous mix of devices (e.g., routers, switches, firewalls, and middleboxes) with closed and proprietary configuration interfaces. Softwaredefined networks are poised to change this by offering a clean and open interface between networking devices and the software that controls them. In particular, many commercial switches support the OpenFlow protocol, and a number of campus, data center, and backbone networks have deployed the new technology. However, while SDNs make it possible to program the network, they does not make it easy. Today's OpenFlow controllers offer low-level APIs that mimic the underlying switch hardware. To reach SDNs full potential, we need to identify the right higher-level abstractions for creating (and composing) applications. In the Frenetic project, we are designing simple and intuitive abstractions for programming the three main stages of network management: monitoring network traffic, specifying and composing packet forwarding policies, and updating policies in a consistent way. Overall, these abstractions make it dramatically easier for programmers to write and reason about SDN applications.
Heuristics and Problem Solving

Heuristics often play a valuable role in solving problems. In this chapter, the author offers a problem-solving model that employs various general heuristics that may be tailored for specific applications across disciplines.
Phase equilibria for strongly nonideal liquid mixtures at low temperatures

Investigation of the nonideal behavior of mixtures of simple molecules is an important step toward improved understanding of the theory of solutions. This work describes an equilibrium apparatus suitable for the measurement of vapor-liquid and vapor-liquid-liquid equilibria of simple fluid mixtures at cryogenic temperatures. Vapor-liquid data are reported for the argonethane and nitrogen-carbon tetrafluoride systems. Contrary to expectations, limited liquid-phase miscibility was not observed for either of these mixtures. These results and those for other nonideal mixtures of simple molecules are compared with predictions of upper critical solution temperatures by the theory of regular solutions. Usefulness of this theory is impaired by its neglect of the order-disorder phenomenon and, more seriously, by the geometric-mean assumption for the intermolecular forces between dissimilar molecules.
An Approximate, Efficient LP Solver for LP Rounding

Many problems in machine learning can be solved by rounding the solution of an appropriate linear program (LP). This paper shows that we can recover solutions of comparable quality by rounding an approximate LP solution instead of the exact one. These approximate LP solutions can be computed efficiently by applying a parallel stochastic-coordinate-descent method to a quadratic-penalty formulation of the LP. We derive worst-case runtime and solution quality guarantees of this scheme using novel perturbation and convergence analysis. Our experiments demonstrate that on such combinatorial problems as vertex cover, independent set and multiway-cut, our approximate rounding scheme is up to an order of magnitude faster than Cplex (a commercial LP solver) while producing solutions of similar quality.
Tissue-specific autoantibodies and autoimmune disorders in vitiligo and Alopecia areata: a retrospective study

We retrospectively analyzed our laboratory reports of tissue-specific autoantibodies (TSA) in 38 patients with alopecia areata (AA) and 31 patients with vitiligo. These reports were based on standard indirect immunofluorescence (IF) procedures, employing monkey tissues as substrates. One or more TSA were detected in 39% of serum samples. Thyroid (microsomal and/or thyroglobulin) antibodies had the highest occurrence rate and, as compared with the normal population, were detected at a greater frequency in both vitiligo and AA. Over half (58%) of our patients with vitiligo had one or more delectable TSA, while only 28% of patients with AA had such antibodies. When compared with the normal population, the occurrence rate of TSA was higher in patients with vitiligo. The only remarkable finding in AA was a higher than normal occurrence rate of antithyroid antibodies.
An exploration of the cognitive-affective model of satisfaction in a shopping context: A test of competing models

The objective of this study is to develop a model of satisfaction in a retail shopping context, integrating the stimuli (S)-organism (O)-response (R) paradigm and satisfaction model. The study proposed two alternative models of satisfaction, which suggest that (1) satisfaction is created by emotional reaction to the mall and disconfirmation of the expectation separately (affect independent model) or (2) satisfaction comes from the emotions generated by disconfirmation of the expectation of the mall (affect-mediating model). The results support the affect independent model. Two retail attribute factors – Ambient and Variety – have direct influences on both affective and cognitive responses.
Data Hiding in SIM/USIM Cards: A Steganographic Approach

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, the real structure of a SIM/USIM card file system will be presented, analyzing what is valuable from a forensics perspective and showing what evidence is not detectable and extractable with the tools present in the arena of open-source and proprietary software. After that, the paper will focus on a framework that can be used to detect and extract the so-called nonstandard part of a SIM/USIM file system, which is a concealed part usable also to store arbitrary and sensitive information. As a pro of-of-concept, an interesting example will be presented on the methods usable to obtain the data hiding in an ordinary SIM/USIM card
Glaucoma drainage implant surgery and ocular surface transplant graft preservation.

Glaucoma may develop or worsen after ocular surface transplantation and often requires surgical management for adequate intraocular pressure control. Traditional glaucoma filtering procedures in patients with prior ocular surface transplant may be problematic for several reasons, which include mechanical disruption of the pre-existing graft, epithelial and stem cell toxicity induced by antifibrotic agents, and increased risk of future corneal transplantation failure. We describe the implantation of a glaucoma drainage implant via a limbal-based conjunctival incision with tube placement in the ciliary sulcus in three eyes of two patients with prior ocular surface transplantation. At a follow-up interval of 3–7 months, all three eyes have excellent postoperative control of intraocular pressure, stable vision, and healthy ocular surface grafts.
Accurately modeling benzene and alkylbenzenes using a group contribution based SAFT approach

a b s t r a c t In recent work, the GC-SAFT-VR equation, which combines the SAFT equation for potentials of variable range (VR) with a group contribution (GC) approach, was proposed. Parameters for key functional groups (such as CH3, CH2, CH, CH2 CH, C O, C6H5, ether, ester, OH, NH2, CH O, COOH) were obtained by fitting to experimental vapor pressure and saturated liquid density data for selected low molecular weight fluids and then used to predict the phase behavior of both pure non-associating and associating fluids and their mixtures, generally without adjusting the group parameters to binary mixture data. In the GC-SAFT-VR approach the benzene ring was modeled as a single group (C6H6 for benzene and C6H5, for alkylben- zenes) however, in common with other group-contribution based SAFT approaches, this approach fails to reproduce the correct curvature seen in the experimental liquid density of alkylbenzenes. In this work, to improve upon the model adopted for ring molecules, the benzene ring is explicitly considered through the connectivity of several smaller groups to more accurately capture the - interactions. We demonstrate that the improved model better captures the curvature present in the experimental satu- rated liquid density data of pure alkylbenzenes. Additionally, mixtures of several non-associating and associating fluids with benzene and alklybenzenes are studied. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In situ Diamond Anvil Cell–Raman Spectroscopy and Nanoindentation Study of the Pressure‐Induced Phase Transformation in Pure and Zinc‐Doped β‐Eucryptite

β-eucryptite (LiAlSiO4), a member of the family of lithium aluminum silicates, is known to undergo a reversible pressure-induced phase transformation at ~0.8 GPa to e-eucryptite. This study correlates the results between two techniques, in situ diamond anvil cell–Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation experiments, to explore how doping (substituting Zn for Li) influences this pressure-induced phase transformation. Diamond anvil cell tests carried up to 3 GPa hydrostatic stress under Raman spectroscopy were compared with nanoindentation results, which provide a more localized, multiaxial stress state. The results indicate that the magnitude of hysteresis observed (difference between the pressures required for the forward and reverse transformation) is lower for Zn-doped β-eucryptite; however, the onset of the phase transformation is unchanged by doping with Zn. Furthermore, calculations of activation volume from nanoindentation experiments yield similar values (~0.1 nm3) for pure and Zn-doped β-eucryptite, suggesting that the nucleation event that establishes the onset of the phase transformation is the same for both materials.
Challenges and Directions for Semantic Communication

This paper aims to present ideas to bridge the gap between two conflicting views of information: Shannon information, which is used to model physical layer information, and semantic information, which is used in databases, distributed systems, human-computer interaction, and in the application layer of the OSI communication stack. We introduce the notion of a semantic domain, and define the amount of semantic information relative to a semantic domain. We show that translations between semantic domains achieve a consistent picture of semantic information. We indicate where and how the conceptual divide occurs between semantic information and Shannon information. We discuss mobile devices and users and a central server, as a possible setting for the application of the concepts developed in this paper. The discussion is aimed at pointing out the need for a unified theory, and at directions for how such a theory can be pursued.
Tumor suppressor genes and clonal evolution in B-CLL.

This review highlights the genetic alterations that have been detailed in the malignant B-cell clones of patients with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In particular, the alterations seen in p53 and the retinoblastoma (Rb) genes are reviewed. In addition, the multiplicity of cytogenetic alterations observed at baseline and on sequential analysis are summarized. The cytogenetic and molecular biologic analysis of B-CLL clones has revealed that there is a dynamic array of genetic events which occur within a B-cell clone. This latter data strongly suggests that clonal evolution may occur in B-CLL patients. However the relationship of the clonal instability to the patient's clinical course is still unclear. The relatively frequent detection of multiple tumor suppressor gene alterations in the B-CLL clones offer several interesting clues regarding the transformation event within B-CLL. A model is proposed which attempts to explain the potential contribution and interaction of p53 and Rb gene alterations in...
Convective effects in microgravity on dendritic growth kinetics and morphologies

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE) is an orbital space flight experiment, launched by NASA, in March, 1994, as part of the second United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-2). The IDGE provided accurately measured dendritic growth rates, tip radii of curvature, and morphological observations of ultrapure succinonitrile (SCN) obtained at supercoolings in the range 0.05-2.0 K under both terrestrial and microgravity conditions. At the higher supercoolings in microgravity, the process of dendritic growth is diffusion-controlled. Surprisingly, however, even under microgravity conditions, dendritic growth of SCN becomes dominated by convective transport at supercoolings of ca. 0.4 K and below. Under terrestrial conditions, dendritic growth of SCN remains dominated by convective transport of heat until a supercooling of ca. 2.0 K is exceeded. We discuss these observations and compare our measurements to recent models of dendritic growth that incorporate natural convection. (Author)
Correlation of PUV and SUV in the extremities while using PEM as a high-resolution positron emission scanner

Owing to its unique configuration of two adjustable plate detectors positron emission mammography, or PEM, could theoretically also function as a high-resolution positron emission scanner for the extremities or neck. PEM quantitates its activity via a “PEM uptake value,” or PUV, and although its relationship to the standardized uptake value, or SUV, has been demonstrated in the breasts, to our knowledge there are no studies validating PUV in other sites such as the extremities. This was a retrospective chart review of two separate protocols of a total of 15 patients. The patients all had hypermetabolic lesions in the extremities or neck on imaging with PET/CT and were sent after their PET/CT to PEM for further imaging. Owing to the sequential nature of these examinations no additional radiotracer was administered. Spearman’s rank order correlation was calculated between the PUVmax obtained from PEM images, and the SUVmax for all. Spearman’s rank order correlation for all sites was 0.42, which is not significantly different from 0 (p = 0.13). When neck lesions were excluded from the group, there was a strong and statistically significant correlation between PUVmax and SUVmax, with Spearman’s rank correlation of 0.73, and significantly different from 0 (p = 0.0068). The correlation of PUV and SUV in the extremities indicates the potential use of PEM as a semiquantitative, high-resolution positron emission scanner and warrants further investigation, especially in the realms of disease processes that often present in the extremities, such as melanoma, osteomyelitis, and arthritis, as well as playing a role in the imaging of patients with metallic hardware post-limb salvage surgery.
Design of Panoramic Video Monitoring System Based on FPGA

For improving the disadvantage that the current Video Monitoring System can not monitor the panoramic images at the same time、the same location,this paper has designed a Panoramic Video Monitoring System with FPGA which could achieve the goal of monitoring 360°view.The design is adopted by the improved cameras and A/D chips.achieved the configuration of Inter IC Bus for SAA7113 chip and displayed on a VGA monitor.
The effects of cardiopulmonary bypass with crystalloid and colloid hemodilution on myocardial extravascular water

The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on myocardial extravascular water (MEW) was evaluated with crystalloid and colloid hemodilution. Heart water was measured gravimetrically and by the double-indicator and thermal methods. CPB without hemodilution resulted in a 5.7 per cent increase in the wet:dry weight ratio of the left ventricle obtained by desiccation to stable weight. CPB with colloid hemodilution to a hematocrit of 10.7 ± 0.4 per cent resulted in a 5.4 per cent increase in the wet:dry weight ratio. Crystalloid hemodilution to a hematocrit of 9.5 ± 0.8 per cent resulted in a marked increase in myocardial water with a wet:dry weight ratio 30.3 per cent greater than the controls. Hypothermic (22° C.) crystalloid hemodilution resulted in a 37.4 per cent increase in the wet:dry weight ratio. MEW was also measured by the double-indicator method with Evans blue dye and tritiated water. This method measured 85 per cent of the gravimetrically measured water. Although it indicated the increase in heart water in the crystalloid groups, it proved less reliable in the measurement of MEW in this dynamic situation. The thermal heart water was also measured with an impedance and thermistor-bearing catheter similar to that used to measure thermal lung water. This proved ineffective in measuring heart water. Colloid hemodilution was thus found to prevent the development of myocardial edema which occurred with crystalloid hemodilution (p
Multiphoton Fragmentation of H2 in Intense UV Radiation

The H2 molecule has recently been studied by a number of groups using resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization by multicolor narrow-band tunable radiation.1–4 In these studies, the total H2+ current as well as the energy spectrum of the ejected electrons are monitored as a function of the wavelength of the radiation. Such powerful complementary techniques can be used to study the structure of the resonant intermediate state, to determine the branching ratios into various electronic, vibrational, and rotational of the product molecular ion (and achieve selectivity), and to directly investigate the dynamics of the complete multiphoton ionzation process.
CHAPTER II – HYDROLYSIS OF PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the hydrolysis of peptides and proteins. The appearance of the amino group can be measured by its reaction with nitrous acid, reaction with ninhydrin, titration in acetone, and titration in the presence of formaldehyde. The appearance of a carboxyl group can be measured by titration in ethanol. Specific methods can be used for the determination of certain amino acids when these are liberated by hydrolysis. In neutral solutions procarboxypeptidase is converted to active carboxypeptidase by the action of other enzymes present in the crude extracts. The mechanism of this activation is not completely known, although it appears that the reaction involves splitting of peptide bonds by other proteolytic enzymes. Activated carboxypeptidase is readily crystallized and recrystallized from dilute solution by proper pH adjustments. The hydrolysis of glycylglycine is catalyzed by an enzyme that attacks no other naturally occurring peptides. The enzyme requires substrates with both free carboxyl and free amino groups. It has therefore been suggested that the actual substrate for this peptidase is a chelate compound with Co++ bound to the substrate at three points: the free amino group, the amide, and the carboxyl group.
Use of Bayesian Methods to Analyze and Visualize Content Uniformity Capability Versus United States Pharmacopeia and ASTM Standards.

The purpose of this work was to develop a straightforward and robust approach to analyze and summarize the ability of content uniformity data to meet different criteria. A robust Bayesian statistical analysis methodology is presented which provides a concise and easily interpretable visual summary of the content uniformity analysis results. The visualization displays individual batch analysis results and shows whether there is high confidence that different content uniformity criteria could be met a high percentage of the time in the future. The 3 tests assessed are as follows: (a) United States Pharmacopeia Uniformity of Dosage Units , (b) a specific ASTM E2810 Sampling Plan 1 criterion to potentially be used for routine release testing, and (c) another specific ASTM E2810 Sampling Plan 2 criterion to potentially be used for process validation. The approach shown here could readily be used to create similar result summaries for other potential criteria.
Modeling Citable Textual Analyses for the Homer Multitext

The Homer Multitext project ( hmt ) is documenting the language and structure of Greek epic poetry, and the ancient tradition of commentary on it. The project’s primary data consist of editions of Greek texts; automated and manually created readings analyze the texts across historical and thematic axes. This paper describes an abstract model we follow in documenting an open-ended body of diverse analyses. The analyses apply to passages of texts at different levels of granularity; they may refer to overlapping or mutually exclusive passages of text; and they may apply to non-contiguous passages of text. All are recorded in with explicit, concise, machine-actionable canonical citation of both text passage and analysis in a scheme aligning all analyses to a common notional text. We cite our texts with urns that capture a passage’s position in an Ordered Hierarchy of Citation Objects ( ohco2 ). Analyses are modeled as data-objects with five properties. We create collections of ‘analytical objects’, each uniquely identified by its own urn and each aligned to a particular edition of a text by a urn citation. We can view these analytical objects as an extension of the edition’s citation hierarchy; since they are explicitly ordered by their alignment with the edition they analyze, each collection of analyses meets satisfies the ( ohco2 ) model of a citable text. We call these texts that are derived from and aligned to an edition ‘analytical exemplars’.
Related allopolyploids display distinct floral pigment profiles and transgressive pigments

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Both polyploidy and shifts in floral color have marked angiosperm evolution. Here, we investigate the biochemical basis of the novel and diverse floral phenotypes seen in allopolyploids in Nicotiana (Solanaceae) and examine the extent to which the merging of distinct genomes alters flavonoid pigment production. METHODS: We analyzed flavonol and anthocyanin pigments from Nicotiana allopolyploids of different ages (N. tabacum, 0.2 million years old; several species from Nicotiana section Repandae, 4.5 million years old; and five lines of first-generation synthetic N. tabacum) as well as their diploid progenitors. KEY RESULTS: Allopolyploid floral pigment profiles tend not to overlap with their progenitors or related allopolyploids, and allopolyploids produce transgressive pigments that are not present in either progenitor. Differences in floral color among N. tabacum accessions seems mainly to be due to variation in cyanidin concentration, but changes in flavonol concentrations among accessions are also present. CONCLUSIONS: Competition for substrates within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to make either flavonols or anthocyanins may drive the differences seen among related allopolyploids. Some of the pigment differences observed in allopolyploids may be associated with making flowers more visible to nocturnal pollinators. © 2017 Botanical Society of America.
Metric Ambiguity and Flow in Rap Music: A Corpus-Assisted Study of Outkast's "Mainstream" (1996)

Recent years have seen the rise of musical corpus studies, primarily detailing harmonic tendencies of tonal music. This article extends this scholarship by addressing a new genre (rap music) and a new parameter of focus (rhythm). More specifically, I use corpus methods to investigate the relation between metric ambivalence in the instrumental parts of a rap track (i.e., the beat) and an emcee's rap delivery (i.e., the flow). Unlike virtually every other rap track, the instrumental tracks of Outkast's "Mainstream" (1996) simultaneously afford hearing both a four-beat and a three-beat metric cycle. Because three-beat durations between rhymes, phrase endings, and reiterated rhythmic patterns are rare in rap music, an abundance of them within a verse of "Mainstream" suggests that an emcee highlights the three-beat cycle, especially if that emcee is not prone to such durations more generally. Through the construction of three corpora, one representative of the genre as a whole, and two that are artist specific, I show how the emcee T-Mo Goodie's expressive practice highlights the rare three-beat affordances of the track.
ATRA Upregulates Cell Surface CD1D on Myeloma Cells and Sensitizes Them to iNKT Cell-Mediated Lysis

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize lipid antigens in the context of CD1D and have been shown to effectively kill CD1D-expressing multiple myeloma (MM) cells. It has been reported that iNKT cells in MM patients are deficient and dysfunctional and that CD1D is variably expressed among MM patients and is completely lost in MM cell lines. Recent clinical study suggests that targeting iNKT cells may prevent progression of asymptomatic MM (AMM) to active disease (Richter at al. Blood 2013). All-Trans Retinoic Acid (ATRA) has been used for the treatment of MM but its modes of action have not been completely elucidated. The aims of this study were to shed light on the mechanism of action of ATRA and to identify ATRA target genes in MM. ATRA at clinically relevant concentrations (1-2 μM, 4 days) had minimal growth inhibitory effect on the majority of MM cell lines (10±13% and 14±16%, respectively; n=10). Gene expression profile (GEP) of MM cell lines and primary cases (n=13) treated with ATRA (1 μM, 2 days) revealed upregulation of CD1D (381±204 vs. 5692±1675 mean±SEM GEP signal in CONT and ATRA groups, respectively; p Disclosures van Rhee:Senesco: PI Other.
Fungal Phytotoxins in Sustainable Weed Management.

Fungal phytotoxins are natural secondary metabolites produced by plant pathogenic fungi during host–pathogen interactions. They have received considerable particular attention for elucidating disease etiology, and consequently to design strategies for disease control. Due to wide differences in their chemical structures, these toxic metabolites have different ecological and environmental roles and mechanisms of action. This review aims at summarizing the studies on the possible use of thesemetabolites as tools in biological and integrated weed management, e.g. as: novel and environmentally friendly herbicideslead for novel compounds; sources of novel mechanisms of action. Moreover, the limiting factors for utilizing those metabolites in practice will also be briefly discussed.
Application of QNDE to Retirement-for-Cause Analysis

The retirement-for-cause (RFC) is a procedure under which structural components are inspected periodically. The component is retired from service only when it has incurred quantifiable damage detected by the NDE system. The application of NDE results to RFC analysis is described in detail, in particular the importance of dealing with the NDE uncertainty. The RFC analysis methodology is summarized, and the sensitivity of structural reliability and life-cycle-cost with respect to the capability of NDE systems is examined. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the importance of RFC life management.
Challenging Thoughts, Changing Minds: Preservice Teachers' Reflections on Their Experience Working in an Alternative School Setting

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to use critical reflective journaling practices to explore the experiences of preservice teachers working in a juvenile justice education program called the Reach Academy. Using a qualitative case study design, the researchers explored how 48 preservice teachers utilized critical reflective journaling to examine their own identities in relation to working in this unique school setting. Three major themes emerged from the reflective journal and interview data: (a) participants preconceived notions were challenged based on their positive interactions with Reach students, (b) preservice participants engaged in critical observation of the Reach Academy teachers and their interactions with students, and (c) participants' focus shifted from themselves to their students' needs. Findings suggest that preservice teachers reflective journaling process facilitated their ability to examine and reconsider their preconceived notions about working with students at the Reach Academy and in...
On the self-similar, early-time, anomalous diffusion in random networks — Approach by fractional calculus

Abstract In a recent work, Zhang and Padrino (2017) derived an equation for diffusion in random networks consisting of junction pockets and connecting channels by applying the ensemble average method to the mass conservation principle. The resulting integro-differential equation was solved numerically using finite volumes for the test case of one-dimensional diffusion in the half-line. For early time, they found that the numerical predictions of pocket mass density depend on the similarity variable xt −1/4, representing sub-diffusion. They argue that the sub-diffusive behavior is a consequence of the time needed to establish a linear concentration profile inside a channel. By theoretical analysis of the diffusion equation for small time, they confirmed this finding. Nevertheless, they did not present an exact solution for the small time limit to compare with. Here, starting with their small-time leading order diffusion equation in (x,t) space, we use elements of fractional calculus to cast it into a form for which an analytical solution has been obtained in the literature for the same boundary and initial conditions in terms of the Fox H-function (Schneider and Wyss, 1989). For ease of computation, we express the solution in terms of the Meijer G-function. We compare the exact solution with Zhang and Padrino's numerical predictions, resulting in excellent agreement, thereby validating their numerical approach.
Development of CD3 cell quantitation algorithms for renal allograft biopsy rejection assessment utilizing open source image analysis software

Renal allograft rejection diagnosis depends on assessment of parameters such as interstitial inflammation; however, studies have shown interobserver variability regarding interstitial inflammation assessment. Since automated image analysis quantitation can be reproducible, we devised customized analysis methods for CD3+ T-cell staining density as a measure of rejection severity and compared them with established commercial methods along with visual assessment. Renal biopsy CD3 immunohistochemistry slides (n = 45), including renal allografts with various degrees of acute cellular rejection (ACR) were scanned for whole slide images (WSIs). Inflammation was quantitated in the WSIs using pathologist visual assessment, commercial algorithms (Aperio nuclear algorithm for CD3+ cells/mm2 and Aperio positive pixel count algorithm), and customized open source algorithms developed in ImageJ with thresholding/positive pixel counting (custom CD3+%) and identification of pixels fulfilling “maxima” criteria for CD3 expression (custom CD3+ cells/mm2). Based on visual inspections of “markup” images, CD3 quantitation algorithms produced adequate accuracy. Additionally, CD3 quantitation algorithms correlated between each other and also with visual assessment in a statistically significant manner (r = 0.44 to 0.94, p = 0.003 to < 0.0001). Methods for assessing inflammation suggested a progression through the tubulointerstitial ACR grades, with statistically different results in borderline versus other ACR types, in all but the custom methods. Assessment of CD3-stained slides using various open source image analysis algorithms presents salient correlations with established methods of CD3 quantitation. These analysis techniques are promising and highly customizable, providing a form of on-slide “flow cytometry” that can facilitate additional diagnostic accuracy in tissue-based assessments.
Use of Hempseed-Oil-Derived Polyacid and Rosin-Derived Anhydride Acid as Cocuring Agents for Epoxy Materials

A poly(carboxylic acid) [hempseed oil (HO)-polyacid] was prepared from the fatty acids of hempseed oil and used as a curing agent for epoxies. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18:2 and C18:3) that composed ∼77% of the hempseed oil fatty acid (HOFA) were introduced more carboxylic groups by conjugation followed by Diels–Alder addition with maleic anhydride and hydrolysis. This conversion process was further confirmed using pure methyl linolenate as a model compound. In addition, a rosin-derived anhydride acid, maleopimaric acid (MPA) that has a rigid molecular structure, was used as a cocuring agent. Effects of the HO-polyacid/MPA cocuring agents in different ratios on the curing behavior, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal stability, and flexural properties of a commercial bisphenol A epoxy were studied. The results suggest the balance of stiffness/flexibility of the cured resins was effectively regulated by varying the cocuring agent ratio.
Red blood cell adhesion to heme‐activated endothelial cells reflects clinical phenotype in sickle cell disease

In sickle cell disease (SCD), 'disease severity' associates with increased RBC adhesion to quiescent endothelium, but the impact on activated endothelium is not known. Increased concentrations of free heme result from intravascular hemolysis in SCD. Heme is essential for aerobic metabolism, and plays an important role in numerous biological processes. Excess free heme induces reactive oxygen species generation and endothelial activation, which are associated with cardiovascular disorders including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and thrombosis. Here, we utilized an endothelialized microfluidic platform (Endothelium-on-a-chip) to assess adhesion of sickle hemoglobin-containing red blood cells (HbS RBCs), from adults with homozygous SCD, to heme-activated human endothelial cells (EC) in vitro. Confluent EC monolayers in microchannels were treated with pathophysiologically relevant levels of heme in order to simulate the highly hemolytic intravascular milieu seen in SCD. RBC adhesion to heme-activated ECs varied from subject to subject, and was associated with plasma markers of hemolysis (LDH) and reticulocytosis, thereby linking those RBCs that are most likely to adhere with those that are most likely to hemolyze. These results re-emphasize the critical contribution made by heterogeneous adhesive HbS RBCs to the pathophysiology of SCD. We found that adhesion of HbS RBCs to heme-activated ECs varied amongst individuals in the study population, and associated with biomarkers of hemolysis and inflammation, age, and a recent history of transfusion. Importantly, the microfluidic approach described herein holds promise as a clinically feasible Endothelium-on-a-chip platform with which to study complex heterocellular adhesive interactions in SCD. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
ZnS Shells Enhance Triplet Energy Transfer from CdSe Nanocrystals for Photon Upconversion

Triplet energy transfer (TET) from semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) to molecules is one of the bottlenecks that limits the efficiency of photon upconversion. While an inorganic shell can enhance the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs), the role of the shell with respect to TET is still not clear. In this work, CdS and ZnS shells with different shell thickness are grown on 2.9 nm diameter CdSe NCs, resulting in nanostructures here that have increased radiative rates compared to the core. TET from these NCs to bound 9-anthracene carboxylic acid is investigated with linear photon upconversion measurements, time-resolved photoluminescence lifetime, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The ZnS shell enhances the photon upconversion QYs 1.6 times from 5.7% to 9.3%, with a concurrent increase of TET efficiency from 6.68% to 12.9% and the net rate of TET from 4.97 × 108 s–1 to 6.67 × 1010 s–1. In contrast, TET is barely observed for CdSe/CdS core–shell NCs. Considering the changes in PLQYs and upconversion...
Prevalence and risk factors for development of delirium in surgical and trauma intensive care unit patients

Background Delirium or acute brain dysfunction is extremely prevalent in medical intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but limited data exist regarding its prevalence and risk factors among surgical (SICU) and trauma ICU (TICU) patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for delirium in surgical and trauma ICU patients.
A First Approach to Quantum Mechanics

In this chapter, we try to understand the main ideas of quantum mechanics. In quantum mechanics, the outcome of a measurement cannot—even in principle—be predicted beforehand; only the probabilities for the outcome of the measurement can be predicted.
Observability, Interpolation and Related Topics

In this paper some of the relations between the observability and identification in linear systems theory and the classical problems of interpolation and approximation will be examined. These problems are all classical, but it appears that a certain amount of insight can be gained by the cross fertilization of areas. There are many papers in this volume that are related to particular instances of the problems here proposed. When possible the reader will be referred to these papers for details.
An analysis of lactose permease "sugar specificity" mutations which also affect the coupling between proton and lactose transport. I. Val177 and Val177/Asn319 permeases facilitate proton uniport and sugar uniport.

The sugar specificity mutants of the lactose permease containing Val177 or Val177/Asn319 were analyzed with regard to their ability to couple H+ and sugar co-transport. Both mutants were able to transport lactose downhill to a significant degree. The Val177 mutant was partially defective in the active accumulation of galactosides, whereas the Val177/Asn319 mutant was completely defective in the uphill accumulation of sugars. With regard to coupling, the Val177 mutant was shown to catalyze the uncoupled transport of H+ to a substantial degree. This led to a decrease in the H+ electrochemical gradient under aerobic conditions and also resulted in faster H+ uptake when a transient H+ electrochemical gradient was generated under anaerobic conditions. Interestingly, galactosides were shown to diminish the rate of uncoupled H+ transport in the Val177 strain. The Val177/Asn319 strain also catalyzed uncoupled H+ transport, but to a lesser degree than the single Val177 mutant. In addition, the Val177/Asn319 mutant was shown to transport galactosides with or without H+. The observed H+/lactose stoichiometry was 0.30 in the double mutant compared to 0.98 in the wild-type strain. When an H+ electrochemical gradient was generated across the membrane, the Val177/Asn319 mutant permease was shown to facilitate an extremely rapid net H+ leak if nonmetabolizable galactosides had been equilibrated across the membrane. The mechanism of this leak is consistent with a circular pathway involving H+/galactoside influx and uncoupled galactoside efflux. The magnitude of the H+ leak in the presence of nonmetabolizable galactosides was so great in the double mutant that low concentrations of certain galactosides (i.e. 0.5 mM thiodigalactoside) resulted in a complete inhibition of growth. These results are discussed with regard to the possibility that cation and sugar binding to the lactose permease may involve a direct physical coupling at a common recognition site.
Impact of Body Weight Dynamics Following Intentional Weight Loss on Fracture Risk: Results from The Action for Health in Diabetes Study

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of body weight change following intentional weight loss on incident fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) in overweight and obese adults with diabetes. A total of 1885 individuals with type 2 diabetes (baseline age: 58.5 ± 6.7 years, 58% women, body mass index: 35.7 ± 6.0 kg/m2) who participated in the Look AHEAD study and lost any weight 1 year after being randomized to an intensive lifestyle intervention were assessed. Body weight was measured annually and participants were categorized as weight regainers, weight cyclers, or continued losers/maintainers based on a ±3% annual change in weight from year 1 to year 4. Adjudicated overall fracture incidence was captured from years 4 through 13 (median follow-up duration 11.5 years). Hip and spine BMD was assessed in a subset of participants at baseline, year 4 (n = 468), and year 8 (n = 354), using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Cox proportional hazards and linear regression models, adjusted for relevant covariates, were performed for fracture and BMD outcomes, respectively. Fifty-eight percent, 22%, and 20% of participants were classified as weight regainers, weight cyclers, and continued losers/maintainers, respectively; and 217 fractures (men n = 63; women n = 154) were recorded during the follow-up period. There were no statistically significant differences in total incident fracture rates for weight regainers (HR [95% CI]: 1.01 [95% CI, 0.71 to 1.44]) or weight cyclers (HR [95% CI]: 1.02 [95% CI, 0.68 to 1.53]) when compared to continued losers/maintainers (p = 0.99). Similarly, follow-up BMD estimates did not significantly vary by weight pattern group, although consistent trends for lowered BMD in the hip region were noted for continued losers/maintainers and weight cyclers compared with weight regainers. Patterns of weight change in the 3 years following 1 year of intentional weight loss were not associated with subsequent fracture or significantly reduced BMD in this cohort of overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Treatment of Primary Neoplasms of Lymphoid Tissues

A discussion of the management of adult patients with primary neoplasms of lymphoid tissues cannot be separated from a recognition of problems and controversies in nomenclature and classification. Clinicians are faced with the challenge of understanding and judging numerous histopathological proposals and new immunological and lymphoid physiological concepts at the same time as rapidly changing diagnostic and therapeutic programs are being developed and proposed. The experienced clinician is constantly aware, by observing patients with these diseases, that current and proposed understanding of the nature of lymphoid neoplasms is still imprecise and inadequate. Yet, despite the apparent confusion and complexity of this field to the student or the inexperienced, the situation is improving. Advances are being made in predicting clinical behavior and treatment responses based on good clinicopathological correlative studies and insights. As a result, the management of patients with neoplasms of lymphoid tissues is among the most rewarding and satisfying in the difficult area of clinical oncology.
Shining in the Classroom with Teaching Moments.

This article features 29 Teaching Moments from the 2018 Society for Marketing Advances (SMA) Annual Conference. The publication of this article is a critical part of a multi-channel distribution sy...
Religious Freedom and the Churches: Contemporary Challenges in the United States Today1:

A crucial, but often overlooked, dimension of the human and constitutional right to religious freedom is the autonomy of religious institutions, associations and societies with respect to matters o...
A TFAP2C Gene Signature is Predictive of Outcome in HER2-positive Breast Cancer

The AP-2γ transcription factor, encoded by the TFAP2C gene, regulates the expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and other genes associated with hormone response in luminal breast cancer. Little is known about the role of AP-2γ in other breast cancer subtypes. A subset of HER2+ breast cancers with amplification of the TFAP2C gene locus becomes addicted to AP-2γ. Herein, we sought to define AP-2γ gene targets in HER2+ breast cancer and identify genes accounting for physiologic effects of growth and invasiveness regulated by AP-2γ. Comparing HER2+ cell lines that demonstrated differential response to growth and invasiveness with knockdown of TFAP2C, we identified a set of 68 differentially expressed target genes. CDH5 and CDKN1A were among the genes differentially regulated by AP-2γ and that contributed to growth and invasiveness. Pathway analysis implicated the MAPK13/p38δ and retinoic acid regulatory nodes, which were confirmed to display divergent responses in different HER2+ cancer lines. To confirm the clinical relevance of the genes identified, the AP-2γ gene signature was found to be highly predictive of outcome in patients with HER2+ breast cancer. We conclude that AP-2γ regulates a set of genes in HER2+ breast cancer that drive cancer growth and invasiveness. The AP-2γ gene signature predicts outcome of patients with HER2+ breast cancer and pathway analysis predicts that subsets of patients will respond to drugs that target the MAPK or retinoic acid pathways. IMPLICATIONS: A set of genes regulated by AP-2γ in HER2+ breast cancer that drive proliferation and invasion were identified and provided a gene signature that is predictive of outcome in HER2+ breast cancer.
Of Modernity and Public Sociology: Reflections on a Career So Far

My research so far has followed an interest in the classic concern about the social consequences of modernization, which led me to study urbanism, personal networks, the history of technology, and ...
Coupling Continuum Damage Mechanics and Discrete Fracture Models: A Geomechanics Perspective

We present numerical methods to simulate the propagation of discrete fractures embedded in a damaged zone. Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) models are implemented in a Finite Element (FE) analysis code. A damage threshold defines the beginning of micro-crack coalescence, when a discrete cohesive segment opens. First, Cohesive Zone (CZ) elements are inserted between volume elements. The length and orientation of the discrete fracture are controlled by the magnitude of the energy released at integration points. The fracture path highly depends on space discretization, but the damage threshold is calculated automatically upon CDM model calibration. Second, an eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) approach is proposed. The fracture path is a function of the weighted average direction of maximum damage. Fracture growth depends on a nonlocal internal length, and the damage threshold is set empirically. Both coupling methods perform satisfactorily for simulating pure mode I or pure mode II fracture propagation resulting from micro-crack coalescence. However, the derivation of the Jacobian matrix in the XFEM makes it impractical to couple CDM and CZ models when the damaged stiffness cannot be expressed explicitly. For mixed mode fracture propagation and bifurcation problems, CZ insertion shows great promise, but mesh dependency and computational cost remain challenging.