cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ESD Propagation Dynamics on a Radially Symmetric Coupon

An increasing body of research has been dedicated to determining the magnitude and scaling of spurious electrostatic discharge current transients on solar arrays and other spacecraft dielectrics under inverted gradient charging conditions. A flashover propagation velocity is typically determined, and assumed to be a single constant number that characterizes the collection of events. The complexity of flight-like test articles and diversity of methods used for deriving this velocity from laboratory data have led to apparently conflicting results. In this paper, we attempt to clarify the radial dynamics of electrostatic discharge (ESD) plasmas on a positively charged surface via the use of a simple test article, composed of eight concentric annular electrodes covered with Kapton. Time-resolved induced ESD currents, recorded as a function of electrode radial distance from the inception point, were used to derive empirical velocity distributions. These distributions lead to a number of effects, such as $\sim 1/r^{2}$ scaling with distance at the beginning of a discharge. Implications for ESD propagation and comparison with previous studies are discussed.
Effects of structural modifications on the metal binding, anti-amyloid activity, and cholinesterase inhibitory activity of chalcones.

As the number of individuals affected with Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases and the availability of drugs for AD treatment remains limited, the need to develop effective therapeutics for AD becomes more and more pressing. Strategies currently pursued include inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and metal-Aβ complexes. This work presents the design, synthesis, and biochemical evaluation of a series of chalcones, and assesses the relationship between their structures and their ability to bind metal ions and/or Aβ species, and inhibit AChE/BChE activity. Several chalcones were found to exhibit potent disaggregation of pre-formed N-biotinyl Aβ1-42 (bioAβ42) aggregates in vitro in the absence and presence of Cu2+/Zn2+, while others were effective at inhibiting the action of AChE.
Myeloperoxidase–Hepatocyte–Stellate Cell Cross Talk Promotes Hepatocyte Injury and Fibrosis in Experimental Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Abstract Aims: Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a highly oxidative enzyme secreted by leukocytes has been implicated in human and experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we investigated how MPO contributes to progression from steatosis to NASH. Results: In C57Bl/6J mice fed a diet deficient in methionine and choline to induce NASH, neutrophils and to a lesser extent inflammatory monocytes are markedly increased compared with sham mice and secrete abundant amounts of MPO. Through generation of HOCl, MPO directly causes hepatocyte death in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrate mitochondrial permeability transition pore induction via activation of SAPK/JNK and PARP. MPO also contributes to activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), the most important source of collagen in the liver. In vitro MPO-activated HSCs have an activation signature (MAPK and PI3K-AKT phosphorylation) and upregulate COL1A1, α-SMA, and CXCL1. MPO-derived oxidative stress al...
Youth Violence: Psychosocial Risk Factors, Treatment, Prevention, and Recommendations:

This article provides mental health professionals with a contemporary review of the youth violence literature by discussing relevant psychosocial risk factors, treatment approaches, prevention programs, and recommendations. PsycINFO, Medline, and manual searches of the literature were conducted to locate the most relevant articles. Preference was given to studies that used rigorous scientific methodology (e.g., adequate sample size, random assignment, control groups) to investigate the topic. It was concluded that violent behavior in youth is linked with multiple psychosocial factors.The most effective treatment and prevention programs appear to be those that simultaneously address the multiple factors related to youth violence. Finally, the authors make recommendations for mental health professionals, law enforcement and juvenile justice personnel, parents, and others who come in contact with violent youth.
Molecular motions of nitroxyl radical spin probes in X-zeolites. Dependence on zeolite cation and spin probe chemical functional group

Abstract The nitroxyl radical spin probes, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO), 4-oxo-TEMPO (TEMPONE) and 4-amino-TEMPO (TEMPAMINE) were examined by continuous wave (CW) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in a series of cation-exchanged X-type faujasite zeolite supercages. The spectra in Li–X, Na–X and K–X between 10 and 300 K were fitted by varying the rotational correlation constants, the homogeneous linewidth, and the principal nitrogen nuclear hyperfine coupling matrix element ( A zz ) for the axis near the C–N–C plane normal. The TEMPONE activation energies for rotation, 12.1–3.1 kJ mol −1 , decrease monotonically with cation size, suggesting an attractive interaction with the cation that depends on cation Lewis activity. TEMPO and TEMPAMINE have activation energies for rotation, 6.7–12.8 and 2.8–10.0 kJ mol −1 , respectively, that increase with cation size, suggesting non-bonded repulsion of the molecules by the cations. We propose that the attraction of the cation to TEMPONE is via its carbonyl π electrons, an interaction found for the larger phenalenyl π systems in previous work (D.C. Doetschman, D.W. Dwyer, J.D. Fox, C.K. Frederick, S. Scull, G.D. Thomas, S.G. Utterback, J. Wei, Chem. Phys. 185 (1994) 343). In contrast, the amino group of TEMPAMINE is sp 3 hybridized and has essentially no π character. It is well known from X-ray diffraction studies, in which the NO group is found to project out of the C–N–C plane, and from the magnitude of the A zz nuclear hyperfine coupling element that the NO group has relatively little π character. The activation energies of the TEMPO rotation are consistently larger than those of TEMPAMINE. We propose that the volume of TEMPO is effectively larger than that of TEMPAMINE because TEMPO is undergoing rapid piperidine ring inversion which does not occur in TEMPAMINE. Preliminary pulsed EPR results for TEMPO are presented that appear to indicate a second type of molecular motion associated with the motion with the piperidine ring inversion.
Estrogen receptor does not directly regulate the murine Muc-1 promoter.

Abstract Muc-1 is a heavily O-glycosylated, type 1 membrane glycoprotein present on the surface of polarized secretory uterine epithelial cells. Previous studies have shown that treatment of ovariectomized mice with 17-β-estradiol (E2) strongly induces Muc-1 mRNA expression in an estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated fashion in the uterus. In this study, the 5.4 kb Muc-1 gene promoter has been isolated from a mouse genomic library and the proximal 1.85 kb region has been sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of one potential full estrogen response element (ERE) (GCTCGCGGTGACC) located at −748 to −735 bp in the Muc-1 promoter and several potential ERE half sites. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) showed that neither ERα nor ERβ bind efficiently to this sequence. Transient cotransfection assays using constructs containing various deletion mutations of the 5′ Muc-1 flanking sequences showed that E2 had no direct stimulation on promoter-driven reporter in NMuMG cells or primary mouse uterine epithelial cells, but did stimulate a consensus ERE CAT-reporter gene activity. In addition, E2-treatment of Weg-ER cells, a mouse uterine epithelial cell line stably expressing human ERα, did not restore endogenous Muc-1 expression or activate Muc-1 promoter-driven CAT activity. These results indicate that regions of the Muc-1 gene promoter within −1838 to +43 bp do not respond to E2 and ER stimulation and that ER alone is not sufficient to restore Muc1 gene expression. Deletion analyses also revealed that the sequence between −73 and +43 bp of the Muc-1 promoter is the minimal promoter region required for maximal Muc-1 promoter activity. Collectively, these results demonstrate that ER does not directly regulate the 1.85 kb murine Muc-1 gene promoter. Therefore, E2 control of uterine Muc-1 gene expression is likely to be indirect, i.e. mediated by stromal cell-derived factors.
Plant-environment relationships on the Montlake wildlife area, Seattle, Washington, USA

Grassland vegetation on the Montlake fill was analyzed using TWINSPAN. Eight herb communities were recognized. Moisture, proximity to gas vents, and disturbance are the main factors that control species and community distributions. Binary discriminant analysis (BDA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were used to study species-environment relationships. BDA revealed complex species response patterns and the resultant indicator values were used to interpret the ordination axes. Species distributions are controlled primarily by moisture, but also influenced by soil pH. Multiple regressions revealed little about plant-environment relationships not discovered by BDA. Before robust nonlinear methods are available, BDA, metric ordination with data stratification and nonmetric ordination are methods that can yield satisfactory results in exploratory plant-environment studies. BDA alone is an efficient, useful first approach where response patterns of species are initially unknown.
Harnessing the Hidden Antitumor Power of the MLL-AF4 Oncogene to Fight Leukemia

It is unclear whether the antiproliferative/proapoptotic activity of oncogenes can be pharmacologically reactivated in cancer cells. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Liu and colleagues report that a proteasome inhibitor reactivates an MLL-AF4 controlled antitumor program to kill leukemia cells in an oncogene dose- and cell type-dependent manner.
Identification of the mineral phases responsible for cementation of Lurgi spent oil shale

ABSTRACT Very large volumes of solid waste are generated during oil shale retorting. The reclamation and use of these wastes are desirable from an environmental and economical point of view. Two of the primary considerations in the disposal of these wastes are their structural integrity and the leaching of toxics into groundwater. The spent shale used in this study was generated from oil shale mined from the Green River Formation in the Piceance Basin of western Colorado. The oil shale was processed using the Lurgi-Ruhrgas method (Schmalfeld 1975). The spent shale was packed in the Harvard miniature apparatus (Soiltest 1964) forming columns using three different water contents. Subsequently, the columns were allowed to cure for periods ranging from one day to eight weeks. Pour types of analyses were performed on the cured columns. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
Chicken Myofibril Fragmentation in Relation to Factors Influencing Tenderness

SUMMARY: Susceptibility of chicken pectoralis major myofibrils to mechanical fragmentation was investigated, after various periods of aging, as an index of tenderness. Treatments were used which accelerated, retarded or prevented postmortem glycolysis. Fragmentation, with breaks always beside the Z line, was measured by microscopic examination of homogenized muscle. Fragmentation of pre-rigor muscle produced small, contracted and poorly defined particles. As rigor mortis developed, fragments became longer, more rigid and clearly defined. With additional aging after full rigor. homoaenization produced progressively smaller myofibrillar fragments consisting of 1 to 6 sarcomeres. Muscle was feast tender (as measured by shear force) when it was in full rigor and tenderized with subsequent aging. Retardation of the onset of rigor mortis extended the time required for tenderization. Although the fragmentation pattern generally corresponded to changes in tenderness in glycolysing muscle, fragmentation was not found to be an accurate index of tenderness. Sarcomeres did not lengthen during the aging period after rigor mortis developed.
Comparison of severity ratings on norm-referenced tests for children with specific language impairment.

Abstract Purpose This study evaluated the consistency in severity classifications for children with language impairment on tests of child language. Methods The TELD-3 and the UTLD-4 were administered to 16 preschool children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 16 typical controls. The boundaries described in the test manuals were used to assign language proficiency ratings to these children and to subsequently evaluate the consistency in these designations. Results Performance categories were more consistent for the typical children than for the children with SLI. When evaluating how children perform on the two tests, the severity category remained consistent for only 19% of the children with SLI when using the severity category boundaries recommended within the test manuals. Conclusions Clinicians should be cautious in assigning severity of impairment classifications to children with language impairment based, in part or in whole, on their performance on norm-referenced tests. Learning outcomes: Readers will see the importance of relying on empirical evidence to support their clinical decisions, specifically in the area of severity of impairment determinations. Readers will learn of the lack of stability in severity of language impairment classifications for children with language impairment on tests of child language. Consequently, readers will learn to be cautious in the selection of norm-referenced tests of child language for the purposes of informing severity of impairment determinations.
Transactions letters. A rate-distortion optimal hybrid scalable/multipledescription video codec

We propose a novel hybrid scalable/multiple description codec which produces a base layer and two multiple description enhancement layers. The base layer is required for decoding. If one or two of the multiple description enhancement layers are also received, the signal-to-noise ratio of the received video sequence is improved. There is no hierarchy in the multiple description enhancement layers. Thus, in contrast with classic scalable coding (SC), if either enhancement layer is lost, the other enhancement layer is still useful to the decoder. This functionality comes at a minimal expense in compression efficiency compared with SC. The layers are constructed using a rate-distortion optimal partitioning of the discrete cosine transform coefficients. Experimental results are presented and conclusions are drawn.
Tetra­kis[μ-N-(2,4,6-trimethyl­phen­yl)acetamidato]-κ4N:O;κ4O:N-bis­[(benzo­nitrile-κN)rhodium(II)](Rh—Rh)

The title structure, [Rh2(C11H14NO)4(C7H5N)2], contains a dinuclear Rh complex of point symmetry -4 with an Rh—Rh unit and two benzonitrile ligands located in special positions along the twofold axis passing through -4. Four symmetry-equivalent mesitylacetamidate ligands bridge the Rh—Rh unit. Thus, each RhII atom has an approximately octa­hedral coordination by one Rh [Rh—Rh = 2.4290 (6) A], two acetamidate O atoms trans to each other [Rh—O = 2.044 (3) A], two acetamidate N atoms trans to each other [Rh—N = 2.091 (4) A], and a benzonitrile N atom trans to Rh [Rh—N = 2.222 (3) A]. The structure is held together by weak van der Waals forces.
Dissemination of food crops with nutritional benefits: Adoption and disadoption of soybeans in Togo and Benin

To combat high rates of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa, the UN Millennium Project has called for increased emphasis on technologies that explicitly link agricultural and nutritional components. While there is a large literature on the factors that influence household decisions to adopt new agricultural technologies with economic or environmental benefits, less is known about the factors that determine the uptake and continued use of agricultural technologies promoted exclusively for their health benefits. Using data from a 2004 survey in the Tamberma region of Togo and Benin, we identify factors that influence the adoption and disadoption of soybeans — a crop being promoted throughout West Africa for its high protein content. Similar to the literature on adoption of other sustainable agriculture technologies, we find that household preferences, resource endowments, and risk and uncertainty affect household decisions about soybeans. However, by analyzing decisions about initial uptake and continued cultivation separately, we uncover the importance of intrahousehold dynamics and experience with the soybean crop. To successfully address malnutrition through new agricultural technologies, researchers and rural extension agents should take a disaggregated view of technology adoption, seeking to identify and tailor their outreach to the different factors important at different stages of the dissemination process.
Ultrafast networks (ATM): First clinical experiences

Ultrafast networks using asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) technology can provide the bandwidth and throughput that may be sufficient to satisfy the medical imaging community. Several trials are underway to assess the effect of ATM network capabilities on the clinical practice of radiology, by providing immediate interactive radiology consultations between subspecialists and general radiologists at affiliated academic institutions. The hardware to build such networks is now commercially available and its cost is decreasing steadily, but the monthly charges for ATM bandwidth use are still high. Nevertheless, given the tremendous increase in communication capability and data transfer rates possible with ATM networks, cost alone should not be the determining factor for selecting this technology. The ATM concept in general is first reviewed, followed by a description of early clinical ATM network installation in four medical environments worldwide. These medical clusters include: the UCLA affiliated hospitals (UCLA Medical Center, West LA VAMC and Olive-View UCLA Medical Center), the UCSF affiliated hospitals, Duke University Hospitals and a cluster of medical centers in Berlin which have all been connected via ATM networks. The use of ATM technology in these realistic clinical environments is discussed and evaluated for its potential impact on patient care and clinical teaching within radiology departments. From this preliminary study it is concluded that image communications over a regional PACS using an ATM network can allow interactive consultations between different subspecialist and general radiologists or other specialized radiologists spread over different medical centers.
Anatomic Complexity of Renal Masses and Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Partial Nephrectomy: Do We Have an Answer?

Whenever feasible, nephron-sparing surgery (NSS) offers the ultimate treatment option to patients presenting with small renal masses. With the evolution of minimally invasive surgery, the rate of NSS is also on the rise [1]. Substantial efforts have been made to develop a standardized classification system to objectively determine the complexity of a renal mass and ultimately predict the outcomes of NSS. The C-index method, PADUA, and RENAL nephrometry scores signify such efforts (Table 1) [2–4]. In this issue of European Urology, Leslie et al. take a step toward further identifying factors that could affect the outcomes of NSS [5]. The authors define renal tumor contact surface area (CSA) as a product of tumor size and degree of intraparenchymal extension. The CSA is calculated by multiplying total surface area (TSA) of the tumor with percentage of intraparenchymal component. The imageprocessing software computes these two values (TSA and intraparenchymal component) after the clinician marks the area of interest manually. The authors reported on the value ofCSAas apredictorofNSSoutcomes in a retrospective series of 162 cases of minimally invasive procedures (laparoscopic partial nephrectomy [LPN] and robotic partial nephrectomy [RPN]) performed in their institution. CSA as a dichotomized variable (CSA 20 cm vs CSA 3.5 cm vs 3.5 cm), and endophytic grade ( 50% vs <50%) among other variables in the multivariable regression model. It might be intuitive to assume that a larger, more endophytic tumor is more challenging to resect and more
Non-coaxiality of strain increment and stress directions in cross-anisotropic sand

Abstract An experimental program was carried out in a recently developed torsion shear apparatus to study the non-coaxiality of strain increment and stress directions in cross-anisotropic deposits of Fine Nevada sand. Forty-four drained torsion shear tests were performed at constant mean confining stress, σ m , constant intermediate principal stress ratios, as indicated by b = ( σ 2 − σ 3 )/( σ 1 − σ 3 ), and constant principal stress directions, α . The experiments were performed on large hollow cylinder specimens deposited by dry pluviation and tested in an automated torsion shear apparatus. The specimens had height of 40 cm, and average diameter of 20 cm, and wall thickness of 2 cm. The stress–strain behavior of Fine Nevada sand is presented for discrete combinations of constant principal stress direction, α , and intermediate principal stress. The effects of these two variables on the non-coaxiality are presented. The experiments show that the directions of the strain increments do not in general coincide with the directions of stresses, and there is a switch from one to the other side between the two quantities.
Small Bowel Obstruction in a Child on an Antipsychotic

ABSTRACT Though decreased intestinal motility and constipation are well recognized anticholinergic side effects of antipsychotic medications, frank intestinal obstruction is an unusual complication. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a neuroleptic unmasking a previously unrecognized intestinal anomaly. A 7-year-old girl, with an asymptomatic congenital intestinal anomaly, developed an obstruction while on perphenazine and benztropine mesylate. Presenting with increasing abdominal pain within a few days of starting perphenazine, she required surgical correction of a jejunal ileus. Antipsychotics, and other medications with antiperistaltic activity, should be prescribed with caution, even in patients with asymptomatic gastrointestinal narrowing.
Predictions of radial gas holdup profiles in bubble column reactors

Gas holdup and its profile are important parameters to be characterized in bubble column reactors. Proper prediction of the radial gas holdup profiles is necessary for determining liquid mixing, flow regime transition, heat and mass transfer. In this study, the following gas holdup profile form, which can be fitted to the observed holdup profiles, is proposed: e G =e G ((n+2)/(n+2-2c))[1-c(r/R) n ]. The parameters n and c needed to describe the gas holdup profile are correlated with appropriate dimensionless groups. n=2.188x10 3 Re G -0.598 Fr g 0.146 Mo L -0.004 , c=4.32x10 -2 Re G 0.2492 . However, the cross-sectional average gas holdup, e G , can be estimated using the available correlations for overall gas holdup. The agreement between the correlation predictions and experimental data is reasonable over wide range of operating conditions.
Biomechanical analysis of bone mineral density, insertion technique, screw torque, and holding strength of anterior cervical plate screws

The bone mineral density (BMD) of 99 cadaveric cervical vertebral bodies (C3-7) was determined using dual x-ray absorptiometry. The vertebral bodies were randomly assigned to receive either a unicortical (51 bodies) or bicortical (48 bodies) Caspar cervical plating screw. The initial insertion torque was measured using a digital electronic torque wrench, and the force required to withdraw the screw from the vertebral body was determined. The mean BMD for the total group of 99 was 0.787 +/- 0.154 g/cm2, the mean insertion torque was 0.367 +/- 0.243 newton-meters, and the mean pullout force was 210.4 +/- 158.1 newtons. A significant correlation was noted between BMD and torque (p < 0.0001, r = 0.42), BMD and pullout force (p < 0.0001, r = 0.54), and torque and pullout force (p < 0.0001, r = 0.88). Although the BMD of the unicortical and biocortical groups was equivalent (p = 0.92), the insertion torque and pullout force differed significantly (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008, respectively) for the unicortical and bicortical groups. A holding index for each screw and insertion technique was defined as the product of the BMD and insertion torque. The calculated holding index and resultant pullout force were significantly correlated for both techniques of screw insertion (r = 0.92), and a significant difference in holding index was observed with unicortical versus bicortical screw placement (p = 0.04). The determination of BMD and measurement of insertion torque to create a unique holding index provides an assessment of bone-screw interaction and holding strength of the screw, both of which impact on the resultant stability of cervical instrumentation. As the number of cervical plating systems increases, the determination of a holding index for various screws and insertion techniques may assist in the comparison of cervical instrumentation.
On the absorption of eigenvalues by continuous spectrum in regular perturbation problems

We consider the family of operators A + λB with A and B self-adjoint and B relatively form bounded. We consider situations where as λ ↓ λ1, some eigenvalue μ(λ) approaches the continuous spectrum of A + λB. Typical of our results is the following. If B is relatively form compact, and μ(λ) → μ(λ1), then either (μ(λ) − μ(λ1))λ − λ1 → 0 or μ(λ1) is an eigenvalue of A + λ1B.
A Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Size on Unipolar Defibrillation System Efficacy

Background The active can unipolar implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) has been shown to defibrillate efficiently, but its current 80-cc size limits use in the pectoral position in many patients. Decreasing can size will facilitate pectoral insertion and will soon be feasible as an inevitable consequence of technological advancements. However, decreasing the can size has the potential to compromise unipolar defibrillation efficacy. It is the purpose of this study, therefore, to prospectively and randomly compare unipolar defibrillation efficacy with 80-cc, 60-cc, and 40-cc can sizes in patients immediately before ICD surgery in anticipation of advances in technology that will make smaller ICDs possible. Methods and Results Twenty-four consecutive patients underwent prospective, randomized evaluation of the effect of ICD can size on defibrillation efficacy during standard ICD surgery. Each patient had the unipolar defibrillation threshold (DFT) measured with 80-cc, 60-cc, or 40-cc active can place...
Factors associated with birth rate and live birth rate in multi‐male breeding groups of rhesus monkeys

Reproductive records of 284 female rhesus monkeys housed in six multimale corrals at the California Primate Research Center were examined for the birth seasons 1977-1982 to determine possible associations between the probability of birth or live birth and female age, parity, origin, parturition in the previous season, infant birth date, and infant birth date in previous season. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify and quantitate the effects of factors on the probability of birth or live birth, while controlling for the possibly confounding effects of other factors in the model. Females who had infants early in the previous season were 2.5 times as likely to give birth as those who had infants late in the previous season. Females with two or three previous births were 2.1 times as likely to give birth, and those with four or five previous births were 6.7 times as likely to give birth as were females with no or one previous birth. Controlling for other factors (age, parity, and timing of birth in the previous season), corralborn females were 3.3 times as likely to give birth as either wild-caught or domestic-born monkeys not native to the corrals. Domestic-born females who were not corral natives were 0.3 times as likely to have live births as wild-caught females. Births late in the season were 1.8 times as likely to result in live infants as births early in the season.
Numerical modeling of transonic juncture flow

A numerical investigation of the interaction between a wind tunnel sidewall boundary layer and a thin low-aspect-ratio wing has been performed for transonic speeds and flight Reynolds numbers. A three-dimensional Navier-Stokes code was applied to calculate the flowfields. The results indicated that the sidewall boundary layer had a strong influence on the flowfield around the wing. The computed wing pressure distributions showed vast improvements over previous free-air computations, and were in excellent agreement with experimental data. The low momentum of the sidewall boundary layer resulted in higher pressures in the juncture region, which decreased the favorable spanwise pressure gradient. This significantly decreased the spanwise migration of the wing boundary layer. Weak vortices were predicted in both the upper and lower surface juncture regions. These vortices are believed to have been generated by lateral skewing of the streamlines in the approaching boundary layer.
Trace metal loading on water-borne soil and dust particles characterized through the use of split-flow thin-cell fractionation.

The fate and transport of metallic pollutants through a watershed are related to the characteristics of undissolved solid particles to which they are bound. Removal of these particles and their associated pollutants via engineered structures such as settling ponds is one goal of stormwater management. Because the particles most often implicated in metal pollution have nominal diameters of <50 μm, Split-flow thin-cell (SPLITT) fractionation was investigated to study the metal loading as a function of particle settling rate. Several diverse particle samplessoil, urban dust, and parking deck sweepingswere fractionated using this technique, and the metal loadings were quantified with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Implications for stormwater management are discussed.
A Vortex/Impulse Method for Immersed Boundary Motion in High Reynolds Number Flows

A Lagrangian method that combines vortices and impulse elements (vortex dipoles) is introduced. The applications addressed are flows induced by the motion of thin flexible boundaries immersed in a two-dimensional incompressible fluid. The impulse elements are attached to the boundaries and are used to account for the forces affecting the motion. The vortices occupy a region surrounding the boundaries and are used to account for the viscous effects via a deterministic diffusion method. The convergence of the method is demonstrated numerically. The method is then used to track the motion of an undulating filament, simulating the swimming of an organism in a slightly viscous fluid.
Instructing Occupational Therapy Students in Use of Theory to Guide Practice

We investigated the effectiveness of instructing students in occupational therapy practice models to facilitate their competence in applying theory in clinical practice. Course evaluation data were gathered and analyzed retrospectively. We found that perceived understanding of theory and its application improved significantly after instruction. The students' perceived competence in theory use predicted their level of confidence in their assessment and intervention skills. We concluded that emphasis on instruction of students in the use of occupational therapy practice models could be a viable method of improving practice through consistent use of theoretical guidelines in clinical reasoning.
Enhancement of electronic spin susceptibility in Pauli-limited unconventional superconductors

We calculate the wave-vector-dependent electronic spin susceptibility ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\beta}}(\mathbf{q},{\mathbf{H}}_{0})$ of a $d$-wave superconductor in uniform magnetic field ${\mathbf{H}}_{0}$ with Pauli pair-breaking. We find that the transverse component of the susceptibility tensor can be greater than its normal state value; the longitudinal component also slightly increases but in a very limited range of $q$'s. We identify several wave vectors ${{\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}},{\mathbf{q}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}$ that correspond to the maxima of either ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ or ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$. We compare our results with available data on the high-field phase in heavy-fermion CeCoIn${}_{5}$.
Security Perceptions of e-Commerce Users

In today's computer security paradigm, e-commerce participants are faced with many types of malware. Spyware and viruses are two such examples that continue to threaten secure e-business. Despite the best efforts of information security professionals to lessen the frequency and impact of the infections, these infections show no sign of abatement. Because typical users are vulnerable to malware and security breaches, increasing education and awareness is a necessary step in efforts to mitigate the malware threat. However, prior to implementing an effective education program, user behavior toward malware and the awareness levels must be assessed. To this end, the efforts described herein are to assess both familiarity and knowledge of respondents from two universities relative to malware. Based on data from approximately 200 information technology (IT) users, it was found that there are differences in security awareness and perceptions between light and heavy e-commerce users.
Growth, function and homology: aspects of dental replacement in toothcombed strepsirhines.

In maturing juvenile lemurs and lorises, it was found that the anteriormost lower deciduous premolar migrates forward and may become associated with the teeth of the toothcomb; this is similar to previous observations on the dentition of indriines. The mesial shift of dp2 appears to be associated with the eruption of P2 but, more importantly, also with replacement of the deciduous by the permanent teeth of the toothcomb-which is a period of functional disruption at the front of the jaw. It is suggested that this growth-related phenomenon should not be confused with other aspects of dental development and eruption which might be indicative of homology.
Oxytocin and HPA stress axis reactivity in postpartum women

Summary Background Lactation is thought to buffer stress reactivity via oxytocin (OT). Dysregulation of the HPA axis has been reported in women with postpartum depression (PPD). The co-occurrence of PPD and lactation failure suggests that abnormalities in OT signaling may play a role in PPD. We hypothesized that abnormal OT signaling is implicated in dysregulated HPA axis reactivity among postpartum women with mood symptoms. In a prospective perinatal cohort, we tested associations between OT levels during breastfeeding and stress reactivity. Methods We recruited 52 pregnant women who intended to breastfeed, among whom 47 underwent a standardized stressor, the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), at 8 weeks postpartum. 39 were breastfeeding at time of TSST. We assessed mood symptoms using validated instruments and defined as symptomatic women with EPDS ≥ 10 and/or Spielberger ≥ 34. Following IV placement for blood draws, women breastfed their infants and then underwent the TSST. Mothers’ hormone responses were quantified. Results Among symptomatic breastfeeding women (N = 11; asymptomatic N = 28), we found lower OT levels during breastfeeding (p Conclusions In all breastfeeding women, the surge of OT during feeding appears to buffer subsequent stress-induced CORT secretion. However, in symptomatic breastfeeding women, we found a positive correlation between OT AUC and CORT, instead of the expected negative correlation, which we found among asymptomatic women.
Isolation of rat Schwann cell lines: use of SV40 T antigen gene regulated by synthetic metallothionein promoters.

Abstract Synthetic promoter elements from the mouse metallothionein-I promoter controlling the expression of SV40 T antigen have been tested for their efficacy in cloning rat Schwann cell lines that retained the characteristic properties of these cells and could be passed in culture indefinitely. The constructed promoters contained either four (MT4) or five (MT5) copies of a metal regulatory element 5′ to the CAAT and TATA elements from the HSV-1 thymidine kinase gene. Characterization of these promoters in transient expression assays and transformation assays showed that both MT5 and MT4 were approximately 10-fold and 15-fold, respectively, weaker than the wild-type MT-I promoter in the presence of heavy metal inducer. However, in the absence of inducer, the basal activity of both MT5 and MT4 was barely detectable and much lower than that of MT-I. Schwann cells were transfected with plasmids containing the SV40 T antigen gene under the control of the different metallothionein promoters and cell lines were established from each. Only with the MT5 and MT4 promoters were lines obtained that resembled secondary Schwann cells in culture in their morphology, generation time, and demonstration of contact inhibition. In the presence of zinc, the expression of T antigen in the lines derived with MT5 and MT4 was about 10-fold lower than that derived with MT-I. On removal of the inducer this level was reduced, and in one cell line T antigen was undetectable. Concomitant with the reduction in T antigen expression there was an increased expression of Po, a protein specific to myelin-forming Schwann cells, and a decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, a protein expressed only in nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells. These cell lines, therefore, closely resemble untransfected Schwann cells in culture.
Diode pumped white light emission from dysprosium and samarium doped glasses

Glasses embedded with Dysprosium and Samarium were made by the melt quenching technique. Dy 3+ -doped glasses exhibited bright white luminescence under 10 mW of 405 nm diode laser excitation. Color rending index of the glass was improved by adding Sm 3+ as a co-dopant to the glass. Spectroscopic results of the glasses are discussed.
The source, magmatic contamination, and alteration of the Idaho batholith

Zircons from Cretaceous and Tertiary granitic rocks of the Idaho batholith preserve the best record of magmatic oxygen isotope ratios. The coupling of oxygen isotope data from refractory minerals, such as zircon and garnet, with that from less refractory minerals, such as quartz, reveals the complex evolution and alteration history of the Idaho batholith. Values of δ18O(Zircon) throughout the batholith are relatively homogeneous at 6.9±0.9‰ (1 SD, n=21 rocks), despite variations in age and chemistry. Samples from the Bitterroot lobe have an average δ18O(Zircon) of 7.1±0.3‰ (n=7 rocks), and samples from the Atlanta lobe have an average δ18O(Zircon) of 7.0±1.0‰ (n=9 rocks). Four epizonal Tertiary plutons have an average δ18O(Zircon) of 7.2±0.2‰ (n=4 rocks). These data indicate a similar magmatic source for all granitic rocks of the Idaho batholith except the Tertiary epizonal Casto pluton which has a δ18O(Zircon) of 4.0±0.1‰ (n=1 rock). The zircon data show that the range of normal magmatic δ18O is considerably more restricted than was previously inferred, despite some samples containing two micas and/or garnet, or having a mildly peraluminous character. Quartz is more variable than zircon in δ18O. Average δ18O(Quartz) for the entire batholith is 10.4±1.1‰ (1 SD, n=65 rocks) with a range of 7.7 to 12.4‰, excluding the Casto pluton. The spread of quartz values is 2.7‰ larger and typically higher than that calculated relative to zircon. Quartz data from the Bitterroot lobe and epizonal Tertiary plutons suggest the alteration of primary δ18O during metamorphic events. Quartz data from the Atlanta lobe suggest closed system diffusional exchange during cooling. Igneous garnet δ18O values are higher than, and out of equilibrium with, those of coexisting zircon by 0.1–0.9‰. Assuming an average δ18O for unaltered wall-rock metasediments, the incorporation of 10% metasediment into a magma after crystallization of zircon raises the δ18O(Magma) by 0.9‰, the largest measured Δ(Garnet-Zircon). These quartz and garnet δ18O from the Atlanta and Bitterroot lobes suggest magmatic contamination with a high-δ18O rock after the crystallization of zircon, and before that of garnet and quartz.
Incumbency effects in political campaigns

In this paper we examine two effects of incumbency. First, an incumbent may have an advantage in creating a favorable image in the eyes of the voters. Second, the incumbent may have to chose a position before the challenger; this second aspect of incumbency is modelled as Stackelberg leadership. In the model two candidates run for election by choosing a position in an ideological spectrum. Voters care about candidates' chosen positions as well as non-policy attributes of candidates, which we call charisma. Charismata are not known when candidates choose policy positions; they are only revealed on election day so that winning is not usually a certain prospect. Candidates care about the probability of winning but they also dislike compromising their own ideals. We find that the incumbent's equilibrium position is closer to his/her own ideal point than the equilibrium position of the game when moves are simultaneous. Also, for sufficiently large charismatic differences a natural leadership regime prevails: the candidate with the large charismatic advantage prefers being a leader to being a follower and the opponent prefers being a follower. If the difference in charismata is small both players prefer to be followers
Clearance of prions during plasma protein manufacture.

Protein products isolated from human plasma are an important class of therapeutics that are used to treat patients afflicted with hereditary deficiencies, trauma, and severe infections. Because of the human origin of the starting material for the production of these biological products, there is a risk of transmitting infectious agents, including viruses and the infectious agents that cause transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The agent that is thought to cause TSEs is a disease-associated, misfolded form of the prion protein or PrP Sc . Unlike viruses, there are no donor screening tests for TSEs available, and PrP Sc is resistant to traditional viral inactivation methods. Therefore, manufacturers of plasma products are faced with special challenges to ensure product safety with respect to TSEs. Fortunately, a growing body of evidence supports the capacity of manufacturing processes to remove infectious prions from the product stream during the purification of plasma products. This can be attributed in part to the unusual physicochemical nature of PrP Sc , which is distinct from that of soluble therapeutic proteins. Although there is no reported TSE transmission through the use of plasma products to date, many unknowns remain to be addressed through long-term epidemiologic monitoring and further experimental studies.
Variable Focal Length Lenses using Materials with Intensity Dependent Refractive Indices

RECENT theory1–3 and experiments4–7 have demonstrated the existence of an intensity dependent non-linear component in the refractive index of some materials. This non-linearity in the refractive index has been observed to rotate an elliptically polarized optical maser beam4,5 and to lead to self trapping6,7. This communication considers the two step nature of focusing which leads to the conclusion that a sample tank filled with one of these non-linear materials can be made to behave like a lens. It will be shown that it is possible for beam trapping to occur within the non-linear medium but for the beam to come to a focus outside the medium tank (see Fig. 1).
Age Differences in the Useful Field of View during Real-World Driving

Age differences in the useful field of view (UFOV) were assessed during real-world driving using a newly developed car-following protocol. Nineteen young (mean age = 23) and 19 older (mean age = 73) drivers were examined. Peripheral target detection performance declined significantly with age and target eccentricity. However, consistent with several recent studies, no age by target eccentricity interaction was observed. These findings contribute to the validation of the UFOV construct and provide a foundation for better understanding age-related changes in visual attention in the real-world driving domain.
Alternative startle motor patterns and behaviors in the larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio )

In fishes, the C-start behavior, initiated with a C-shaped body bend, is a taxonomically common and widely studied escape response. Its simple neural circuit has made this behavior a model for examining neural control of movement. The S-start, initiated with an S-shaped body bend, is a physiologically distinct escape that occurs in esocid fishes. Here we examine whether zebrafish larvae perform S-starts in order to better understand startle diversity and to attempt to identify the S-start in a system that is tractable for neurobiological studies. We found that larval zebrafish startles varied in the extent of their caudal bending, resulting in C, S and intermediate-shaped responses. We recorded two distinct motor patterns: nearly simultaneous initial activity along one side of the body, characteristic of C-starts, and nearly simultaneous activity rostrally on one side and caudally on the other, characteristic of S-starts. Head stimulation generally elicited C-starts while tail stimulation elicited C- and S-starts. These results demonstrate that the S-start is more common than previously documented and occurs in early developmental stages. We suggest that the S-start may be a fundamental escape behavior in fishes and may provide a comparative model to the C-start for understanding simple neural circuits.
Chromosomal translocation t(8;12) induces aberrant HMGIC expression in aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva.

Benign mesenchymal neoplasms associated with rearrangements of the DNA architectural factor gene HMGIC on chromosome 12 include lipomas, uterine leiomyomata, pulmonary chondroid hamartomas, endometrial polyps, salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas, and breast fibroadenomas. Although HMGIC also has been implicated in the pathobiology of aggressive angiomyxoma of the vulva, the molecular mechanisms pertaining to this neoplasm are unclear. Tissue from a recurrent aggressive angiomyxoma was investigated by cytogenetic and expression analysis for HMGIC and HMGIY. The trypsin-Giemsa-banded karyotype showed a clonal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 12 [46,XX,t(8;12)(p12;q15)]. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with whole chromosome paint probes for chromosomes 8 and 12 excluded cryptic involvement of other chromosomes. The chromosome 12 breakpoint was mapped with two-color FISH analysis using cosmid probes at the 5′ and 3′ termini of HMGIC. Both cosmid probes showed hybridization to the normal chromosome 12 and the der(12) chromosome, indicating that the breakpoint was 3′ (telomeric) to the gene. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis revealed HMGIC expression in the tumor, and immunohistochemistry localized HMGIC expression to the tumor's spindle cells. Like numerous benign mesenchymal tumors, this locally aggressive tumor is associated with rearrangements near or within HMGIC, but chimeric gene formation was not required for tumorigenesis. Inappropriate expression of this DNA binding protein, however, may be important in the pathobiology of this tumor. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanism may also be helpful in developing new diagnostic tools for identifying residual disease. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.