cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A packed Ramsey’s theorem and computability theory

Ramsey's theorem states that each coloring has an infinite homogeneous set, but these sets can be arbitrarily spread out. Paul Erdos and Fred Galvin proved that for each coloring f, there is an infinite set that is "packed together" which is given "a small number" of colors by f. We analyze the strength of this theorem from the perspective of computability theory and reverse mathematics. We show that this theorem is close in computational strength to standard Ramsey's theorem by giving arithmetical upper and lower bounds for solutions to computable instances. In reverse mathematics, we show that that this packed Ramsey's theorem is equivalent to Ramsey's theorem for exponents not equal to 2. When n=2, we show that it implies Ramsey's theorem, and that it does not imply ACA_0.
Large metric perturbations from rescattering

Abstract We study numerically evolution of metric perturbations during reheating in a model with two fields and a strong parametric resonance. Our calculation is fully nonlinear and includes gravity but is restricted to spherical symmetry. In this model, super-Hubble metric perturbations can grow during reheating only due to effects nonlinear in fluctuations of the fields. We find that they indeed grow and, soon after the growth begins, dominate variances of the metric functions. Thus, the metric functions become smooth but varying significantly over large scales. Their profiles at late times are interpreted as signaling a gravitational instability and formation of a black hole.
Do entrepreneurial goals matter? Resource allocation in new owner-managed firms

Abstract This paper focuses on how entrepreneurial goals affect the resource allocation of new firm owners. It connects research in psychology and management that examines the core motivations of entrepreneurs with research in economics that models the behavior of owner-managers as utility-maximizing rather than profit-maximizing. We hypothesize that new owners with nonmonetary goals allocate their resources differently than do owners with monetary goals and that the differences are meaningful in size. To test these hypotheses, we estimate firm level equations based on economic theories of input demand that show how input quantities depend on owner goals. Data come from a national survey of new U.S. business owners. We find owner goals have both a statistically and substantively significant effect on resource allocation for new firms. Owners with nonmonetary goals put in more of their own and family hours rather than hiring outside employees. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Global solutions of restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock theory from semidefinite programming with applications to strongly correlated quantum systems.

We present a density matrix approach for computing global solutions of restricted open-shell Hartree-Fock theory, based on semidefinite programming (SDP), that gives upper and lower bounds on the Hartree-Fock energy of quantum systems. While wave function approaches to Hartree-Fock theory yield an upper bound to the Hartree-Fock energy, we derive a semidefinite relaxation of Hartree-Fock theory that yields a rigorous lower bound on the Hartree-Fock energy. We also develop an upper-bound algorithm in which Hartree-Fock theory is cast as a SDP with a nonconvex constraint on the rank of the matrix variable. Equality of the upper- and lower-bound energies guarantees that the computed solution is the globally optimal solution of Hartree-Fock theory. The work extends a previously presented method for closed-shell systems [S. Veeraraghavan and D. A. Mazziotti, Phys. Rev. A 89, 010502–R (2014)]. For strongly correlated systems the SDP approach provides an alternative to the locally optimized Hartree-Fock energies...
Patterns of non-electrolyte permeability.

Reflexion coefficients (σ’s) for epithelial cells of rabbit gall-bladder for 206 non-electrolytes have been measured and analysed. In general, σ’s decrease from 1.0 to 0 with increasing lipid :water partition coefficients, so that the intermolecular forces governing permeation of most non-electrolytes are the same as those governing partition between a bulk lipid phase and water. The two classes of deviations to this pattern are related to the specific structure of cell membranes. First, highly branched molecules have higher σ’s (permeate more slowly) than expected from partition coefficients, an effect attributed to an isotropy of membrane lipids. Secondly, the smallest, most lipid-insoluble molecules have lower σ’s (permeate more readily) than expected, and are also anomalous in that: effects of changes in their structure on or disobey Overton’s rules; the inverse relation between or and temperature is less steep for them than for other so lutes; and their σ’s are little affected by decreases in pH which increase σ’s of other solutes. These anomalies are interpreted to mean that small polar solutes in transit through the membrane interact minimally or not at all with hydrocarbon tails of membrane lipids, but in stead follow a route formed by localized concentrations of membrane polar groups associated with ‘frozen’ water molecules, where the coupling phenomena between permeating water, ions, and small polar-electrolytes observed in cell membranes may also occur.
SVD for imaging systems with discrete rotational symmetry

In the presence of discrete rotational symmetry for a tomographic imaging system we show that the dimension of the SVD computation can be reduced by a factor equal to the number of collection angles.
Strichartz estimates for the wave equation on flat cones

We consider the solution operator for the wave equation on the flat Euclidean cone over the circle of radius $\rho > 0$, the manifold $\mathbb{R}_+ \times \mathbb{R} / 2 \pi \rho \mathbb{Z}$ equipped with the metric $\g(r,\theta) = dr^2 + r^2 d\theta^2$. Using explicit representations of the solution operator in regions related to flat wave propagation and diffraction by the cone point, we prove dispersive estimates and hence scale invariant Strichartz estimates for the wave equation on flat cones. We then show that this yields corresponding inequalities on wedge domains, polygons, and Euclidean surfaces with conic singularities. This in turn yields well-posedness results for the nonlinear wave equation on such manifolds. Morawetz estimates on the cone are also treated.
Commitment, coordination failures, and delayed reforms☆

Abstract Economic reforms are often postponed even if they are clearly beneficial. I argue that this may reflect a government's need to improve its reputation before it can enact a reform successfully. I study a model in which the government has a commitment problem in setting taxes that pay for reform. Market expectations about future policy, which determine investment, become fundamental for the reform's success. Reform may be postponed as the government builds credibility with a period of low taxes. Depending on expectations, better equilibria may exist. The robustness of this explanation and its policy implications are discussed.
Cool Customers in the Stellar Graveyard. IV. Spitzer Search for Mid-IR excesses Around Five DAs*

Hydrogen atmosphere white dwarfs with metal lines, so-called DAZs, require external accretion of material to explain the presence of weak metal-line absorption in their photospheres. The source of this material is currently unknown, but could come from the interstellar medium, unseen companions, or relic planetesimals from asteroid belt or Kuiper Belt analogs. Accurate mid-infrared photometry of these white dwarfs provides additional information to solve the mystery of this accretion and to look for evidence of planetary systems that have survived post-main-sequence evolution. We present Spitzer Space Telescope IRAC photometry accurate to ~3% for four DAZs and one DA with circumstellar absorption lines in the UV. We search for excesses due to unseen companions or circumstellar dust disks. We use Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS imaging of these white dwarfs to gauge the level of background contamination to our targets, as well as to rule out common proper motion companions to WD 1620-391. All of our targets show no excesses due to companions >20 MJ, ruling out all but very low mass companions to these white dwarfs at all separations. No excesses due to circumstellar disks are observed, and we place limits on what types of disks may still be present.
Single-Bond Formation and Characterization with a Scanning Tunneling Microscope

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM) was used to manipulate the bonding of a carbon monoxide (CO) molecule and to analyze the structure and vibrational properties of individual products. Individual iron (Fe) atoms were evaporated and coadsorbed with CO molecules on a silver (110) surface at 13 kelvin. A CO molecule was transferred from the surface to the STM tip and bonded with an Fe atom to form Fe(CO). A second CO molecule was similarly transferred and bonded with Fe(CO) to form Fe(CO)2. Controlled bond formation and characterization at the single-bond level probe chemistry at the spatial limit.
Optimization and Analysis of Code-Division Multiplexed TES Microcalorimeters

We are developing code-division multiplexing (CDM) systems for TES arrays with the goal of reaching multiplexing factors in the hundreds. We report on x-ray measurements made with a four-channel prototype CDM system that employs a flux-summing architecture, emphasizing data-analysis issues. We describe an empirical method to determine the demodulation matrix that minimizes cross-talk. This CDM system achieves energy resolutions of between 2.3 eV and 3.0 eV FWHM at 5.9 keV.
High-Frequency Resonant SEPIC Converter With Wide Input and Output Voltage Ranges

This paper presents a resonant single-ended-primary-inductor-converter (SEPIC) converter and control method suitable for high frequency (HF) and very high frequency (VHF) dc-dc power conversion. The proposed design provides high efficiency over a wide input and output voltage range, up-and-down voltage conversion, small size, and excellent transient performance. In addition, a resonant gate drive scheme is presented that provides rapid startup and low-loss at HF and VHF frequencies. The converter regulates the output using an ON-OFF control scheme modulating at a fixed frequency (170 kHz). This control method enables fast transient response and efficient light-load operation while providing controlled spectral characteristics of the input and output waveforms. A hysteretic override technique is also introduced which enables the converter to reject load disturbances with a bandwidth much greater than the modulation frequency, limiting output voltage disturbances to within a fixed value. An experimental prototype has been built and evaluated. The prototype converter, built with two commercial vertical MOSFETs, operates at a fixed switching frequency of 20 MHz, with an input voltage range of 3.6-7.2 V, an output voltage range of 3-9 V, and an output power rating of up to 3 W. The converter achieves higher than 80% efficiency across the entire input voltage range at nominal output voltage and maintains good efficiency across the whole operating range.
Interaction corrections at intermediate temperatures: Dephasing time

We calculate the temperature dependence of the weak-localization correction in a two-dimensional system at arbitrary relation between temperature T and the elastic mean free time. We describe the crossover in the dephasing time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}(T)$ between the high-temperature, $1/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}{T}^{2}\mathrm{ln}T,$ and the low-temperature $1/{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\varphi}}\ensuremath{\simeq}T$ behaviors. The prefactors in these dependences are not universal, but are determined by the Fermi-liquid constant characterizing the spin exchange interaction.
Three-dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulations of Accretion Tori in Kerr Spacetimes

This paper presents the results of three-dimensional simulations of global hydrodynamic instabilities in black hole tori, extending earlier work by Hawley to Kerr spacetimes. This study probes a three-dimensional parameter space of torus angular momentum, torus size, and black hole angular momentum. We have observed the growth of the Papaloizou-Pringle instability for a range of torus configurations and the resultant formation of m = 1 planets. We have also observed the quenching of this instability in the presence of early accretion flows; however, in one simulation, both early accretion and planet formation occurred. Although most of the conclusions reached in Hawley's earlier work on Schwarzschild black holes carry over to Kerr spacetime, the presence of frame dragging in the Kerr geometry adds an element of complexity to the simulations; we have seen especially clear examples of this phenomenon in the accretion flows that arise from retrograde tori.
The slicing number of a knot

An open question asks if every knot of 4{genus gs can be changed into a slice knot by gs crossing changes. A counterexample is given. AMS Classication 57M25; 57N70
Tensile-strained germanium-on-insulator substrate fabrication for silicon-compatible optoelectronics

We present a method to fabricate tensile-strained germanium-on-insulator (GOI) substrates using heteroepitaxy and layer transfer techniques. The motivation is to obtain a high-quality wafer-scale GOI platform suitable for silicon-compatible optoelectronic device fabrication. Crystal quality is assessed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy. A biaxial tensile film strain of 0.16% is verified by XRD. Suitability for device manufacturing is demonstrated through fabrication and characterization of metal–semiconductor–metal photodetectors that exhibit photoresponse beyond 1.55 μm. The substrate fabrication process is compatible with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor manufacturing and represents a potential route to wafer-scale integration of silicon-compatible optoelectronics.
Positron beam lifetime spectroscopy of atomic scale defect distributions in bulk and microscopic volumes

We are developing a defect analysis capability based on two positron beam lifetime spectrometers: the first is based on a 3 MeV electrostatic accelerator and the second on our high current linac beam. The high energy beam lifetime spectrometer is operational and positron lifetime analysis is performed with a 3 MeV positron beam on thick sample specimens. It is being used for bulk sample analysis and analysis of samples encapsulated in controlled environments for in situ measurements. A second, low energy, microscopically focused, pulsed positron beam for defect analysis by positron lifetime spectroscopy is under development at the LLNL high current positron source. This beam will enable defect-specific, 3-dimensional maps of defect concentration with sub-micron location resolution. When coupled with first principles calculations of defect specific positron lifetimes it will enable new levels of defect concentration mapping and defect identification.
Where do we stand in implementing information systems

By any reasonable yardstick the computer has been a fantastic success. It has grown in one generation from a laboratory curiosity to one of our major industries---perhaps the most vital one in our information-oriented post-industrial society. Raw computational speed has increased during this period by an order of magnitude every four or five years. The cost of computation has dropped to the point that we can employ it lavishly on everyday tasks.
Strong Secrecy From Channel Resolvability

We analyze physical-layer security based on the premise that the coding mechanism for secrecy over noisy channels is tied to the notion of channel resolvability. Instead of considering capacity-based constructions, which associate to each message a subcode that operates just below the capacity of the eavesdropper's channel, we consider channel-resolvability-based constructions, which associate to each message a subcode that operates just above the resolvability of the eavesdropper's channel. Building upon the work of Csiszar and Hayashi, we provide further evidence that channel resolvability is a powerful and versatile coding mechanism for secrecy by developing results that hold for strong secrecy metrics and arbitrary channels. Specifically, we show that at least for symmetric wiretap channels, random capacity-based constructions fail to achieve the strong secrecy capacity, while channel-resolvability-based constructions achieve it. We then leverage channel resolvability to establish the secrecy-capacity region of arbitrary broadcast channels with confidential messages and a cost constraint for strong secrecy metrics. Finally, we specialize our results to study the secrecy capacity of wireless channels with perfect channel state information (CSI), mixed channels, and compound channels with receiver CSI, as well as the secret-key capacity of source models for secret-key agreement. By tying secrecy to channel resolvability, we obtain achievable rates for strong secrecy metrics with simple proofs.
Decoding complexity of irregular LDGM-LDPC codes over the BISOM channels

An irregular LDGM-LDPC code is studied as a sub-code of an LDPC code with some randomly punctured output-bits. It is shown that the LDGM-LDPC codes achieve rates arbitrarily close to the channel-capacity of the binary-input symmetric-output memoryless (BISOM) channel with bounded complexity. The measure of complexity is the average-degree (per information-bit) of the check-nodes for the factor-graph of the code. A lower-bound on the average degree of the check-nodes of the irregular LDGM-LDPC codes is obtained. The bound does not depend on the decoder used at the receiver. The stability condition for decoding the irregular LDGM-LDPC codes over the binary-erasure channel (BEC) under iterative-decoding with message-passing is described.
The Effect of Legal Environment on Voluntary Disclosure: Evidence from Management Earnings Forecasts Issued in U.S. and Canadian Markets

Citing fear of legal liability as a partial explanation, prior research documents (1) managers' reluctance to voluntarily disclose management earnings forecasts, and (2) greater forecast disclosure frequencies in periods of bad news. We provide evidence on how management earnings forecast disclosure differs between the United States (U.S.) and Canada, two otherwise similar business environments with different legal regimes. Canadian securities laws and judicial interpretations create a far less litigious environment than exists in the U.S. We find a greater frequency of management earnings forecast disclosure in Canada relative to the U.S. Further, although U.S. managers are relatively more likely to issue forecasts during interim periods in which earnings decrease, Canadian managers do not exhibit that tendency. Instead, Canadian managers issue more forecasts when earnings are increasing, and their forecasts are of annual rather than interim earnings. Also consistent with a less litigious environment, Ca...
Approximation by smooth curves near the tangent cone

Abstract We show that through a point of an affine variety there always exists a smooth plane curve inside the ambient affine space, which has the multiplicity of intersection with the variety at least 3. This result has an application to the study of affine schemes.
Pancreatic Cancer–Associated Diabetes Is an “Exosomopathy”

Diabetes may be a consequence of pancreatic cancer, preceding cancer diagnosis. The underlying mechanism is the release exosomes delivering adrenomedullin to β-cells, inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and perturbations in the unfolded protein response, leading to β-cell dysfunction and death. This knowledge could lead to improved diagnostic strategies for pancreatic cancer.
Substrate preparation for thin film deposition—a survey

Abstract Surface preparation is an integral part of any thin film deposition process. As the technological demands on films and coatings increase, the need for better and more reproducible surface preparation techniques is also increased. There is a wide variety of approaches to surface preparation and each film-substrate couple and function require specific development. This paper outlines the problems to be considered and some general approaches to surface preparation technologies.
Size, stoichiometry, and organization of soluble LC3-associated complexes

MAP1LC3B, an ortholog of yeast Atg8 and a member of the family of proteins formerly also known as ATG8 in mammals (LC3B henceforth in the text), functions in autophagosome formation and autophagy substrate recruitment. LC3 exists in both a soluble (autophagosome-independent) form as well as a lipid modified form that becomes tightly incorporated into autophagosomal membranes. Although LC3 is known to associate with tens of proteins, relatively little is known about soluble LC3 aside from its interactions with the LC3 lipid conjugation machinery. In previous studies we found autophagosome-independent GFP-LC3B diffuses unusually slowly for a protein of its size, suggesting it may constitutively associate with a high molecular weight complex, form homo-oligomers or aggregates, or reversibly bind microtubules or membranes. To distinguish between these possibilities, we characterized the size, stoichiometry, and organization of autophagosome-independent LC3B in living cells and in cytoplasmic extracts using fl...
Competition, Externalities, and Input Substituting Technologies

The period 1997-2000 saw a rapid global consolidation of crop seed companies. The emerging companies are applying genetic engineering to exploit complementarities and substitutabilities between seed and other crop inputs. This article develops a model of competing technologies where one substitutes for a conventional input. A monopolist may cross-subsidize a technology that substitutes for an input in order to price discriminate between user types. In duopoly, a socially excessive or insufficient share of acres may be subject to an input substituting technology. Welfare improving regulations are identified in the case where a technology substitutes for an externality generating input.
Dust in the wind: challenges for urban aerodynamics

The fluid dynamics of airflow through a city controls the transport and dispersion of airborne contaminants. This is urban aerodynamics, not meteorology. The average flow, large-scale fluctuations and turbulence are closely coupled to the building geometry. Buildings create large "rooster-tail" wakes; there are systematic fountain flows up the backs of tall buildings; and dust in the wind can move perpendicular to or even against the locally prevailing wind. Requirements for better prediction accuracy demand time-dependent, three-dimensional CFD computations that include solar heating and buoyancy, complete landscape and building geometry specification including foliage and, realistic wind fluctuations. This fundamental prediction capability is necessary to assess urban visibility and line-of-sight sensor performance in street canyons and rugged terrain. Computing urban aerodynamics accurately is clearly a time-dependent High Performance Computing (HPC) problem. In an emergency, on the other hand, prediction technology to assess crisis information, sensor performance, and obscured line-of-sight propagation in the face of industrial spills, transportation accidents, or terrorist attacks has very tight time requirements that suggest simple approximations which tend to produce inaccurate results. In the past we have had to choose one or the other: a fast, inaccurate model or a slow accurate model. Using new fluid-dynamic principles, an urban-oriented emergency assessment system called CT-Analyst® was invented that solves this dilemma. It produces HPC-quality results for airborne contaminant scenarios nearly instantly and has unique new capabilities suited to sensor optimization. This presentation treats the design and use of CT-Analyst and discusses the developments needed for widespread use with advanced sensor and communication systems.
The Quiescent Optical and Infrared Counterpart to EXO 0748-676 = UY Vol

We present optical and infrared photometry of the low-mass X-ray binary EXO 0748-676 in quiescence for the first time in 24 years since it became X-ray active in 1985. We find the counterpart at average magnitudes of R = 22.4 and J = 21.3. We monitored the source approximately nightly from 2008 November to 2009 January. During this time there was considerable night-to-night optical variability but no long-term trends were apparent. The night-to-night variability reveals a periodicity of P = 0.159331 ± 0.000012 d, consistent with the X-ray orbital period to within 0.01%. This indicates that the quiescent optical modulation is indeed orbital in nature rather than a superhump. Interestingly, the modulation remains single-peaked with a deep minimum coincident with the times of X-ray eclipse, and there is no indication of a double-peaked ellipsoidal modulation. This indicates that even in "quiescence," emission from the accretion disk and/or X-ray heated inner face of the companion star dominate the optical emission, and implies that obtaining an accurate dynamical mass estimate in quiescence will be challenging.
Diisopinocampheylborane‐Mediated Reductive Aldol Reactions: Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of syn Aldols from N‐Acryloylmorpholine

An efficient and highly enantio- and diastereoselective synthesis of syn propionamide aldols is described. Formation of the Z-enolborinate via the hydroboration of 4-acryloylmorpholine with (diisopinocampheyl)borane followed by aldol reactions with representative achiral and chiral aldehydes provided syn-α-methyl-β-hydroxy morpholine carboxamides with excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivity (96–98% ee and d.r. >20:1).
Privacy and the private realm

Rights have been long understood, first and foremost, as protection of the private from the public, the individual from the state. Typically, early explorations of the right to privacy concerned the protection of diaries and protection of the home from quartering soldiers. True, over the ages we also came to recognize positive rights (such as socioeconomic rights) and the government's duty to protect citizens from violations of rights by other actors besides the state. However, when violations of privacy are discussed, the first violator that typically comes to mind is “Big Brother” – that is, the state. This article focuses on the growing threat to privacy from private actors, especially profit-making corporations.
Rotational electrophoresis of striped metallic microrods

Analytical models are developed for the translation and rotation of metallic rods in a uniform electric field. The limits of thin and thick electric double layers are considered. These models include the effect of stripes of different metals along the length of the particle. Modeling results are compared to experimental measurements for metallic rods. Experiments demonstrate the increased alignment of particles with increasing field strength and the increase in degree of alignment of thin versus thick electric double layers. The metal rods polarize in the applied field and align parallel to its direction due to torques on the polarized charge. The torque due to polarization has a second-order dependence on the electric field strength. The particles are also shown to have an additional alignment torque component due to nonuniform densities along their length. The orientation distributions of dilute suspensions of particles are also shown to agree well with results predicted by a rotational convective-diffusion equation.
A characterization theorem and an algorithm for a convex hull problem

Given $$S= \{v_1, \dots , v_n\} \subset {\mathbb {R}}^m$$ and $$p \in {\mathbb {R}}^m$$ , testing if $$p \in conv(S)$$ , the convex hull of $$S$$ , is a fundamental problem in computational geometry and linear programming. First, we prove a Euclidean distance duality, distinct from classical separation theorems such as Farkas Lemma: $$p$$ lies in $$conv(S)$$ if and only if for each $$p' \in conv(S)$$ there exists a pivot, $$v_j \in S$$ satisfying $$d(p',v_j) \ge d(p,v_j)$$ . Equivalently, $$p \not \in conv(S)$$ if and only if there exists a witness, $$p' \in conv(S)$$ whose Voronoi cell relative to $$p$$ contains $$S$$ . A witness separates $$p$$ from $$conv(S)$$ and approximate $$d(p, conv(S))$$ to within a factor of two. Next, we describe the Triangle Algorithm: given $$\epsilon \in (0,1)$$ , an iterate, $$p' \in conv(S)$$ , and $$v \in S$$ , if $$d(p, p') < \epsilon d(p,v)$$ , it stops. Otherwise, if there exists a pivot $$v_j$$ , it replace $$v$$ with $$v_j$$ and $$p'$$ with the projection of $$p$$ onto the line $$p'v_j$$ . Repeating this process, the algorithm terminates in $$O(mn \min \{ \epsilon ^{-2}, c^{-1}\ln \epsilon ^{-1} \})$$ arithmetic operations, where $$c$$ is the visibility factor, a constant satisfying $$c \ge \epsilon ^2$$ and $$\sin (\angle pp'v_j) \le 1/\sqrt{1+c}$$ , over all iterates $$p'$$ . In particular, the geometry of the input data may result in efficient complexities such as $$O(mn \root t \of {\epsilon ^{-2}} \ln \epsilon ^{-1})$$ , $$t$$ a natural number, or even $$O(mn \ln \epsilon ^{-1})$$ . Additionally, (i) we prove a strict distance duality and a related minimax theorem, resulting in more effective pivots; (ii) describe $$O(mn \ln \epsilon ^{-1})$$ -time algorithms that may compute a witness or a good approximate solution; (iii) prove generalized distance duality and describe a corresponding generalized Triangle Algorithm; (iv) prove a sensitivity theorem to analyze the complexity of solving LP feasibility via the Triangle Algorithm. The Triangle Algorithm is practical and competitive with the simplex method, sparse greedy approximation and first-order methods. Finally, we discuss future work on applications and generalizations.
Euler solutions for delta wings

Nomenclature b =wing semispan c = speed of sound M — Mach number Mc — Mach number of velocity component normal to ray from wing apex Ms = Mach number of velocity component normal to upstream side of shock p = pressure S5 = (shock spanwise location)/Z? s = entropy, in (p/p^) ~ 7&i(p/P« a = angle of attack A = wing sweep angle measured from normal to wing centerline p = density EI\ = (z component of total crossflow plane circulation)/^^ >)
Compatibility of common intravenous solutions with CPD blood

Blood anticoagulated with CPD was mixed with lactated Ringer's solution, 5 per cent aqueous dextrose, 5 per cent dextrose in 0.225 per cent saline, 5 per cent dextrose in 0.9 per cent saline, and 0.9 per cent saline solution in varying concentrations and incubated at room temperature and 37 C. Clots formed in the blood-lactated Ringer's mixture after five minutes at a citrate:calcium molar ratio of 4:1 or lower. Aqueous dextrose-blood mixtures showed immediate clumping with gross hemolysis after 30 minutes incubation. Blood mixed with 5 per cent dextrose and 0.225 per cent saline hemolyzed within ten minutes incubation at 37 C. No hemolysis occurred in blood mixed with 5 per cent dextrose in 0.9 per cent saline or with 0.9 per cent saline. Traces of solutions labeled with Evans blue dye remained in intravenous administration tubing even 30 minutes after a simulated transfusion was begun. Lactated Ringer's solution and 5 per cent dextrose in 0.225 per cent saline should not be administered concurrently with blood. Lactated Ringer's solution may also be harmful when used to start transfusions as it rapidly produces clots when mixed with CPD blood.
Quantifying the role of context in visual object recognition

An object's context may serve as a source of information for recognition when the object's image is degraded. The current study aimed to quantify this source of information. Stimuli were photographs of objects divided into quantized blocks. Participants decreased block size (increasing resolution) until identification. Critical resolution was compared across three conditions: (1) when the picture of the target object was shown in isolation, (2) in the object's contextual setting where that context was unfamiliar to the participant, and (3) where that context was familiar to the participant. A second experiment assessed the role of object familiarity without context. Results showed a profound effect of context: Participants identified objects in familiar contexts with minimal resolution. Unfamiliar contexts required higher-resolution images, but much less so than those without context. Experiment 2 found a much smaller effect of familiarity without context, suggesting that recognition in familiar contexts ...
A construction of polynomials with squarefree discriminants

For any integer n >= 2 and any nonnegative integers r,s with r+2s = n, we give an unconditional construction of infinitely many monic irreducible polynomials of degree n with integer coefficients having squarefree discriminant and exactly r real roots. These give rise to number fields of degree n, signature (r,s), Galois group S_n, and squarefree discriminant; we may also force the discriminant to be coprime to any given integer. The number of fields produced with discriminant in the range [-N, N] is at least c N^(1/(n-1)). A corollary is that for each n \geq 3, infinitely many quadratic number fields admit everywhere unramified degree n extensions whose normal closures have Galois group A_n. This generalizes results of Yamamura, who treats the case n = 5, and Uchida and Yamamoto, who allow general n but do not control the real place.
Performance issues in WWW servers

This paper evaluates techniques for improving operating system and network protocol software support for high-performance World Wide Web servers. We study approaches in three categories: i.e., new socket functions, per-byte optimizations, and per-connection optimizations. We examine two proposed socket functions, i.e., acceptex( ) and send_file( ), comparing send_file( )'s effectiveness with a combination of mmap( ) and writev( ). We show how send_file( ) provides the necessary semantic support to eliminate copies and checksums in the kernel, and quantify the benefit of the function's header and close options. We also present mechanisms to reduce the number of packets exchanged in an HTTP transaction, both increasing server performance and reducing network utilization, without compromising interoperability. Results using WebStone show that our combination of mechanisms can improve server throughput by up to 64%, and can eliminate up to 33% of the packets in an HTTP exchange. Results with SURGE show an aggregate increase in server throughput of 25%.
InAsSbBi and InSbBi: Potential Material Systems for Infrared Detection

InSb1−x Bix (0.01 < × < 0.14) and InAsSbBi quaternary alloys are potentially attractive materials for the development of semiconductor infrared detectors covering the 8–14 μm range [1,2,3]. We report for the first time, MOCVD growth of InSo1−x Bix (0.01 < × < 0.14) and InAs1−x−y Sbx Biy with 0.5 < × < 0.7 and 0.01 < y < 0.04 on both GaAs and InSb substrates using AsH3, TMSb, TEI and TMBi. Electrical measurements of the undoped InSo0.99 Bi0.01 shows a background carrier concentration of approximately 1016/cm3 and a room temperature mobility of 20,215 cm2/V.sec. To-date, these are the best reported electrical measurements for this ternary alloy. The formation of a secondary Bi phase and single crystal growth of metallic bismuth-antimony at the surface of InSo1−x Bix which results in deterioration of morphology with increasing values of x is also investigated. A wide range of analytic techniques, including SEM, EDX, electron microprobe and AES have been employed in our surface analysis.
Short sea shipping : — Alleviating the environmental impact of economic growth

This paper quantifies the potential environmental benefit of short sea shipping. Critical strategic issues relevant to formulating public policy are developed. Coastal shipping has traditionally been a major sector of the maritime industry. This continues to be the case in the European Union, but the sector has diminished in relative importance in North America as the transport industry has become increasingly dominated by less environmentally-friendly interstate trucking and railroads. Congestion threatens to overwhelm overland carriage and limit economic growth. An alternative strategy is to revitalize coastal shipping as short sea shipping to alleviate traffic congestion and enhance economic development by maintaining freight flow efficiency. Because ship transport offers higher fuel economy and lower emission of harmful pollutants, the environmental benefits of short sea shipping over land transportation can be quantified and used to inform public policy.
Effect of neutrino magnetic moment on solar neutrino observations

Neutrino spin precession effects in the magnetic field of the Sun are considered as an explanation of the outcome of Davis' solar neutrino experiments. Theoretically, it is possible to account for a neutrino magnetic moment only as the result of the interaction of the electromagnetic field with charged particles into which the neutrino can transform virtually. The currently accepted theory of weak interactions (the two component neutrino andV-A interactions) forbids a resulting magnetic moment interaction with the electromagnetic field for all such virtual processes. Modifications of this theory are considered to find out whether an appreciable precession effect is permitted within the experimentally established limits. It is found that the value for the neutrino magnetic moment evaluated under these theoretically anomalous circumstances is still so small that only the largest possible estimate for the magnetic field strength in the Sun's interior would cause the required effect.
A study of affine matching with bounded sensor error

Affine transformations of the plane have been used in a number of model-based recognition systems. Because the underlying mathematics are based on exact data, in practice various heuristics are used to adapt the methods to real data where there is positional uncertainty. This paper provides a precise analysis of affine point matching under uncertainty. We obtain an expression for the range of affine-invariant values that are consistent with a given set of four points, where each image point lies in an ∈-disc of uncertainty. This range is shown to depend on the actualx-y-positions of the data points. In other words, given uncertainty in the data there are no representations that are invariant with respect to the Cartesian coordinate system of the data. This is problematic for methods, such as geometric hashing, that are based on affine-invariant representations. We also analyze the effect that uncertainty has on the probability that recognition methods using affine transformations will find false positive matches. We find that there is a significant probability of false positives with even moderate levels of sensor error, suggesting the importance of good verification techniques and good grouping techniques.
Apparent Radiative Properties and Radiation Scattering by a Semitransparent Hemispherical Shell

Knowledge of the apparent radiative properties of a semitransparent hemispherical shell placed on an opaque surface is of fundamental interest and is also important to a number of applications in materials processing and manufacturing, ranging from metallurgical slag foaming to batch foams in glass melting to hollow bead fabrication. This paper extends our recent work, using the analytical and numerical ray tracing techniques to study radiative transfer in the system described. Specifically, the local volumetric heating rate and the scattering phase function of a thin hemispherical shell exposed to incident collimated radiation are calculated both analytically and numerically, and the results are discussed in detail. To further elucidate the results, the comparison is made of the total apparent transmittance of the hemispherical shell to a plane parallel layer of semitransparent material
Regulation of Biologically Active Dimeric Inhibin A and B From Infancy to Adulthood in the Male

Inhibins are glycoprotein members of the transforming growth factor-β family that have been implicated in the control of spermatogenesis by exerting a negative feedback on FSH secretion. In addition, locally produced inhibins may play a role in paracrine regulation of testicular function. Immunoassays were used to measure the two biologically active dimeric forms of inhibin (inhibin A and B) in serum, seminal plasma, and urine. To better define their actions, inhibins were measured in the male during infancy, sexual maturation, and senescence. Inhibin B but not A was measurable in the serum of male newborns, infants, children, and adults. In adult males, measurable levels of inhibin B were detected in the seminal plasma but not the urine. The circulating levels of inhibin B increased shortly after birth and peaked at 4–12 months of age (210 ± 31 pg/mL). The concentration measured in the serum then decreased to a low of 81 ± 12 pg/mL of inhibin B from 3–9 yr of age followed by a gradual increase beginning ...
Effects of Rotation and Relativistic Charge Flow on Pulsar Magnetospheric Structure

We propose an analytical three-dimensional model of the open field line region of a neutron star (NS) magnetosphere. We construct an explicit analytic solution for arbitrary obliquity (angle between the rotation and magnetic axes) incorporating the effects of magnetospheric rotation, relativistic flow of charges (e.g., primary electron beam) along the open field lines, and E × B drift of these charges. Our solution employs the space-charge-limited longitudinal current calculated in the electrodynamic model of Muslimov and Tsygan and is valid up to very high altitudes nearly approaching the light cylinder. We assume that in the innermost magnetosphere, the NS magnetic field can be well represented by a static magnetic dipole configuration. At high altitudes the open magnetic field lines significantly deviate from those of a static dipole and tend to focus into a cylindrical bundle, swept back in the direction opposite the rotation and bent toward the rotational equator. We briefly discuss some implications of our study to spin-powered pulsars.
WordNet: a lexical database for English

Because meaningful sentences are composed of meaningful words, any system that hopes to process natural languages as people do must have information about words and their meanings. This information is traditionally provided through dictionaries, and machine-readable dictionaries are now widely available. But dictionary entries evolved for the convenience of human readers, not for machines. WordNet1 provides a more effective combination of traditional lexicographic information and modern computing. WordNet is an online lexical database designed for use under program control. English nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are organized into sets of synonyms, each representing a lexicalized concept. Semantic relations link the synonym sets [4].
Quotients of Koszul Algebras and 2-d-Determined Algebras

Vatne [13] and Green and Marcos [9] have independently studied the Koszul-like homological properties of graded algebras that have defining relations in degree 2 and exactly one other degree. We contrast these two approaches, answer two questions posed by Green and Marcos, and find conditions that imply the corresponding Yoneda algebras are generated in the lowest possible degrees.
Black hole entropy and superconformal field theories on brane-antibrane systems

We obtain the entropy of Schwarzschild and charged black holes in D > 4 from superconformal gases that live on p = 10−D dimensional brane-antibrane systems wrapped on Tp. The properties of strongly coupled superconformal theories such as the appearance of hidden dimensions (for p = 1,4) and fractional strings (for p = 5) are crucial for our results. In all cases, the Schwarzschild radius is given by the transverse fluctuations of the branes and antibranes due to the finite temperature. We show that our results can be generalized to multicharged black holes.
Improved Unitary and Multicomponent Gaseous Insulators

Improved unitary and multicomponent gaseous insulators are systematically designed according to detailed knowledge of fundamental electron-molecule interactions. Knowledge of the electron attachment and electron slowing-down properties of dielectric gases/mixtures as functions of electron energy is shown to be especially significant. On the basis of such knowledge it is possible to improve the gaseous dielectric's breakdown strength by effectively controlling the numbers and energies of the electrons present. Several unitary (e. g. C4F6, c-C4F8, and iso-C4F8) and multicomponent (e. g. C4F6/SF6/N2 and c-C4F8/C4F6/SF6/N2) gaseous systems have been tested and found to have better dc breakdown strength properties than SF6. These findings are reported and discussed.
Abductive Analysis of Administrative Policies in Rule-based Access Control

In large organizations, access control policies are managed by multiple users (administrators). An administrative policy specifies how each user in an enterprise may change the policy. Fully understanding the consequences of an administrative policy in an enterprise system can be difficult, because of the scale and complexity of the access control policy and the administrative policy, and because sequences of changes by different users may interact in unexpected ways. Administrative policy analysis helps by answering questions such as user-permission reachability, which asks whether specified users can together change the policy in a way that achieves a specified goal, namely, granting a specified permission to a specified user. This paper presents a rule-based access control policy language, a rule-based administrative policy model that controls addition and removal of facts and rules, and an abductive analysis algorithm for user-permission reachability. Abductive analysis means that the algorithm can analyze policy rules even if the facts initially in the policy (e.g., information about users) are unavailable. The algorithm does this by computing minimal sets of facts that, if present in the initial policy, imply reachability of the goal.
Mittag–Leffler functions and transmission lines

Abstract The well-known equations pertaining to an infinitely long capacitor–resistor transmission line are recast following the methods of fractional calculus and the transmission characteristics expressed in terms of Mittag–Leffler functions. The response to various input driving functions will be shown.
A rightful place for public health in American law.

The practice of law has changed greatly since the days when judges based decisions on the maxim salus populi suprema lex, and Oliver Wendell Holmes disagreed, noting that “experience” has been the “life of the law.” In the intervening years, the profession has followed Holmes and the legal realists in recognizing that the law does not exist in a vacuum. It is a human endeavor, molded by experiences and filled with human consequences. Today, lawyers, jurists, and legal scholars everywhere on the political spectrum recognize the importance of social context, history, and a variety of non-legal disciplines, and non-legal insights to the intelligent practice of the law Unfortunately, in rejecting the old maxims, the legal profession also lost sight of the fundamental truth of salus populi suprema lex, Latin for “the health of the people is the highest law” - namely, it has lost sight of the truth that a population’s health is a critical part of law’s social context. One of the consequences of this is that the profession has failed to include public health - the study of the causes and prevention of disease, disability, and death in populations - among the non-legal disciplines regularly incorporated into legal analysis and routinely taught to all would-be lawyers. It is time to correct this oversight.