cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Traffic Flow Analysis of a Multi-hop Wireless Sensor Network Subject to Node Failure

We develop an analytic model for traffic flow analysis in a multi-hop wireless sensor network subject to node failure through a queueing theoretic framework. The dynamics of traffic flow in the source-to-sink path is modeled by a number of singleserver queues with finite capacity linked in tandem. Both the blocking effect of tandem queues due to limited buffer and the impact of node failure due to limited node power are taken into account during modeling. The tandem-node path is analyzed by decomposing it into individual nodes with modified arrival and service processes as well as queue capacities. An iterative algorithm is developed for evaluating the performance metrics. One metric, i.e., source-to-sink delay, is used for studying QoS (quality of service) control. A simple QoS control scheme is proposed and its effectiveness is validated by simulations.
Injectivity Radius Bounds in Hyperbolic I-Bundle Convex Cores

A version of a conjecture of McMullen is as follows: Given a hyperbolizable 3-manifold M with incompressible boundary, there exists a uniform constant K such that if N is a hyperbolic 3-manifold homeomorphic to the interior of M, then the injectivity radius based at points in the convex core of N is bounded above by K. This conjecture suggests that convex cores are uniformly congested. We will give a proof in the case when M is an I-bundle over a closed surface, taking into account the possibility of cusps.
Reproducibility of a Neuraminidase Inhibition Test Employed to Measure Anti-Influenza Neuraminidase Antibody

The standard deviation was determined for 146 replications of the neuraminidase inhibition test for antineuraminidase antibody employing two ferret antisera and the recombinant viruses X-15 and X-15(HK). The standard deviation found was 0.612 log2 and is a quantitative estimate of the reproducibility of the test.
Regeneration by dissociated adult hydra cells: A histologic study

Adult Hydra attenuata with vitally stained gastrodermal cells were dissociated into their component cells which were then randomly reaggregated into pellets by low-speed centrifugation. Representative examples of these preparations, which develop into normal adult hydra if left undisturbed, were examined fresh at low magnification and at higher magnification in fixed, stained, and sectioned specimens. The actual pellet stage lasts less than 1 hour because the adult ectodermal and gastrodermal cells rapidly sort themselves into an inner and outer layer and seem to secrete a new mesoglea immediately thereafter. The "embryo" becomes trilaminar and attains a central cavity by extruding a large amount of cellular debris at the end of the first day. At about this same time, new tentacles begin to differentiate from rapidly dividing and undifferentiated interstitial cells. Regulation of tentacle number and position occurs at the end of two days, and the body form is essentially reestablished within 60 hours by further differentiation of the hypostomes and body wall. Complete separation of the preparation into individual polyps does not occur until about 190 hours of development.
Islam and Arabic as the Rhetoric of Insurgency: The Case of the Caucasus Emirate

Interpretations and uses of Islam are legion today. Some call for improving or preserving the morals and dignity of a certain local Muslim community or of the global Muslim community (umma) in its entirety. Others are eager to demonstrate that Islam is fully compatible and, in fact, conducive to modernity, democratic governance, and technological advancement of humankind. Still others posit Islam as a powerful means of liberation from occupation and domination/exploitation of Muslims around the world by non-Muslim powers. 1 This article addresses one concrete example of how some Muslim insurgents of the Northern Caucasus use Islam to unite the diverse and occasionally mutually hostile ethnic groups of the area in the face of Russian domination with the goal of establishing an independent Islamic state based on the Muslim Divine Law (Sharia). After providing a general overview of the history and ideology of this Islamic/Islamist movement, the article focuses on the ways in which its leadership uses the Int...
A method of determination of serum pH applicable for clinical use.

Summary A method for the determination of serum pH which is applicable for use in a clinical laboratory is described. The effects of various factors on serum pH determinations are described. Normal values obtained by this method are given.
Reframing the question of forbidden knowledge for modern science

In this paper I use the concept of forbidden knowledge to explore questions about putting limits on science. Science has generally been understood to seek and produce objective truth, and this understanding of science has grounded its claim to freedom of inquiry. What happens to decision making about science when this claim to objective, disinterested truth is rejected? There are two changes that must be made to update the idea of forbidden knowledge for modern science. The first is to shift from presuming that decisions to constrain or even forbid knowledge can be made from a position of omniscience (perfect knowledge) to recognizing that such decisions made by human beings are made from a position of limited or partial knowledge. The second is to reject the idea that knowledge is objective and disinterested and accept that knowledge (even scientific knowledge) is interested. In particular, choices about what knowledge gets created are normative, value choices. When these two changes are made to the idea of forbidden knowledge, questions about limiting or forbidding lines of inquiry are shown to distract attention from the more important matters of who makes and how decisions are made about what knowledge is produced. Much more attention should be focused on choosing directions in science, and as this is done, the matter of whether constraints should be placed on science will fall into place.
The Lied Library Automated Storage and Retrieval (LASR) Unit

Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to determine whether an automated storage facility met the need to manage space, given a growing collection and the study area needs of users.Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes the automated storage and retrieval installation, storage projects since the first load, and daily use.Findings – Using an automated storage and retrieval system has allowed efficient space handling in Lied Library, while offering quick access to stored materials.Originality/value – In recent years automated storage and retrieval systems have become viable options for the onsite storage of library materials. Those planning new library facilities or remodelling existing facilities will be informed of the practical experience in using such a system for five years.
Preparation of 41Ca AMS standards

Abstract Absolute accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurements require reliable standards for calibration. The Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley, and the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have prepared new 41Ca AMS standards. The highly enriched 41CaCO3 was obtained from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. After purification of the CaCO3, the precise 41Ca/Ca ratio in the original material was determined by surface ionization mass spectrometry. The 41Ca was sequentially diluted with natural Ca to obtain 41Ca/Ca ratios of 1.155×10−10, 9.755×10−12, 5.139×10−12, 1.095×10−12 and 5.884×10−13. A solution with a 41Ca/Ca ratio of 10−6 was also prepared for biomedical research. The solutions having 41Ca/Ca ratios between 10−10 and 10−12 were measured by AMS. Although the present blank level, 5×10−14 41Ca/Ca, was higher than anticipated, excellent linearity was obtained from 6×10−13 to 1.2×10−10 41Ca/Ca.
The minnesota multiphasic personality inventory in chronic pain

The Focus article by Main and Spanswick raises some important issues about personality testing in general, and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) in particular, in the assessment of patients with chronic pain. The article touches on aspects of the history of the MMPI that may be unfamiliar to many pain specialists and provides a good summary of prior critiques of this instrument. Although we agree with many of the points raised by Main and Spanswick, we disagree with other points and feel that certain critical areas have been ignored. This commentary is divided into two sections. In the first section, a number of points raised by Main and Spanswick are identified and elaborated on. The second section highlights a number of issues that were not addressed in the Focus article, but have important implications for clinical and research appli­ cations of personality assessment for this field.
THE INCREDIBLE SHRINKING IMAGE: FROM COLD WAR TO GLOBALIST PRESIDENCY

The modern American presidency was significantly strengthened because of the need for strong global leadership during World War II and the Cold War. The role of “leader of the free world” became a key element in shaping the public image of an all-powerful presidency. In the post-Cold War era, however, presidents exercise power in an increasingly complex environment that is far less conducive to confirming the high status the office previously was accorded in the public mind. This essay considers how popular images of presidential power largely shaped by the Cold War have become outmoded and irrelevant not only because of the end of an era, but also as a consequence of global economic change and emerging information-knowledge technologies. The paper discusses the implications of these changes for presidential leadership.
Two-frequency microwave resonance measurements from an aircraft: A quantitative estimate of the directional ocean surface spectrum

The use of the two-frequency microwave-resonance technique for airborne measurements of ocean surface-wave spectral components is examined in a summary of experiments conducted with a coherent Ku-band radar flown on a P-3 aircraft in the 1979 MARSEN and 1980 ARSLOE projects. The 1D theoretical formulation used in the analysis of the MARSEN data by Johnson et al. (1982) is extended to the 2D case; the experimental conditions are described in detail; and typical data are presented graphically, analyzed, and compared with independent measurements obtained with a surface-contour radar. The 3.5-deg pencil-beam configuration used in ARSLOE is shown to produce spectra with good directional characteristics (strong resonances at angles of incidence 13-48 deg). It is found that the proper inversion of radar data to surface-elevation spectra requires surface-reflectivity-modulation sources in addition to the long-wave orbital velocity.
Fluorescence biosensing strategy based on energy transfer between fluorescently labeled receptors and a metallic surface.

Abstract A new fluorescence-based biosensor is presented. The biosensing scheme is based on the fact that a fluorophore in close proximity to a metal film (
Sharp approximations to the Bernoulli periodic functions by trigonometric polynomials

We obtain optimal trigonometric polynomials of a given degree N that majorize, minorize and approximate in L^1(R/Z) the Bernoulli periodic functions. These are the periodic analogues of two works of Littmann [F. Littmann, Entire majorants via Euler-Maclaurin summation, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 358 (7) (2006) 2821-2836; F. Littmann, Entire approximations to the truncated powers, Constr. Approx. 22 (2) (2005) 273-295] that generalize a paper of Vaaler [J.D. Vaaler, Some extremal functions in Fourier analysis, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 12 (1985) 183-215]. As applications we provide the corresponding Erdos-Turan-type inequalities, approximations to other periodic functions and bounds for certain Hermitian forms.
Expression and distribution of cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes in maize.

Maize (Zea mays L.) cytosolic 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase isozymes (EC 1.1.1.44; 6-PGD) are encoded by unlinked lociPgd1 andPgd2. Two families from a Robertson's Mutator line were isolated which have no detectable expression ofPgd2. ThesePgd2-null mutants and aPgd1-null line were used to generate plants homozygous for null alleles at both cytosolic 6-PGD loci. The specific activity of 6-PGD in the double-null mutant was between 20 and 30% of wild-type levels in root extracts. The double-null mutant was reproductively viable in a moderate environment, suggesting that wild-type levels of cytosolic 6-PGD activity are not essential for growth. Isozyme dimer ratios in roots, leaves, and scutellum were binomial and reflected the wild-type gene copy number. 6-PGD isozymes showed tissue- and cell type-specific expression.
THE DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF MARINE EVAPORITES: A CASE FOR SHALLOW, CLASTIC ACCUMULATION

The Upper Miocene Solfifera Series of Sicily contains very coarse, massive selenite; parallel laminated gypsum; wavy, stromatolitic laminated gypsum; planar- and ripple cross-laminated gypsum-skeletal calcite sandstones; flat-pebble and fining-upward gypsum conglomerates; and nodular gypsum. The assemblage of sedimentary features indicates deposition—much of it detrital—in a shallow lagoon-littoral flat complex. Using modern tidal flats as a guide, we interpret the laminations to form when onshore storms flood the shore-line area with sediment-charged seawater. Algal mats bind the newly deposited gypsiferous layer. Flat-pebble conglomerates are formed when storm waves rip up mudcracked, algally-bound laminated sediment. The gypsum nodules are similar to the anhydrite nodules of the modern Persian Gulf sabkhas. They form within sub-aerially exposed skeletal sand just above the groundwater table. The gypsum sandstones accumulated periodically in very shallow shoals formed by wind-driven currents. Large selenite crystals grew in increments during deposition, as indicated by flat-topped pockets of gypsum sand between selenite crystals, selenite crystals draped by algal laminations, and intraformational conglomerates of selenite fragments. We believe this model of very shallow strand-line lagoonal accumulation, partly detrital and partly diagenetic, may apply to the early stages of many ancient marine evaporite deposits.
Even Metadata is Getting Big: Annotation Summarization using InsightNotes

In this paper, we demonstrate the InsightNotes system, a summary-based annotation management engine over relational databases. InsightNotes addresses the unique challenges that arise in modern applications (especially scientific applications) that rely on rich and large-scale repositories of curation and annotation information. In these applications, the number and size of the raw annotations may grow beyond what end-users and scientists can comprehend and analyze. InsightNotes overcomes these limitations by integrating mining and summarization techniques with the annotation management engine in novel ways. The objective is to create concise and meaningful representations of the raw annotations, called ''annotation summaries'', to be the basic unit of processing. The core functionalities of InsightNotes include: (1) Extensibility, where domain experts can define the summary types suitable for their application, (2) Incremental Maintenance, where the system efficiently maintains the annotation summaries under the continuous addition of new annotations, (3) Summary-Aware Query Processing and Propagation, where the execution engine and query operators are extended for manipulating and propagating the annotation summaries within the query pipeline under complex transformations, and (4) Zoom-in Query Processing, where end-users can interactively expand specific annotation summaries of interest and retrieve their detailed (raw) annotations. We will demonstrate the InsightNotes's features using a real-world annotated database from the ornithological domain (the science of studying birds). We will design an interactive demonstration that engage the audience in annotating the data, visualizing how annotations are summarized and propagated, and zooming-in when desired to retrieve more details.
The expression of amyloid beta protein precursor protects nerve cells from β-amyloid and glutamate toxicity and alters their interaction with the extracellular matrix

Abstract The biological function of amyloid β protein precursor (ABPP) in nerve cells is examined by transfecting it into the B103 clonal nerve cell line which makes no ABPP and asking if a variety of biological activities are altered. Although ABPP is expressed by the transfected cells at high levels, there are no detectable differences between the ABPP negative control clones and the clones expressing ABPP with respect to growth rate in high serum medium, dibutyryl-cyclic AMP-induced differentiation, or morphology on plastic culture dishes. There are, however, significant differences in a number of properties between the two groups of cell lines. Cells expressing ABPP adhere more rapidly and have an enhanced rate of neurite outgrowth on collagen substrata. They also grow more rapidly in low serum medium. Finally, the expression of ABPP weakly but significantly protects the nerve cells from amyloid β protein and glutamate toxicity.
Implications of the second law for future directions in controlled fusion research

Abstract Many existing energy related technologies have developed under the influence of social, economic, or state of the art constraints, and they cannot be viewed as optimum systems according to the second law of thermodynamics. Controlled fusion research presents an opportunity to optimize a nascent technology with respect to second law considerations in order to develop a practical energy source. In its present state of development, fusion research offers several independent approaches that may result in a net power producing fusion reactor. This paper discusses how second law considerations might be used to narrow the range of choices that must be made among various fusion fuel cycles. From a second law point of view, the most desirable fusion reactors are those for which the energy of charged particles can be converted directly into d.c. electrical power, while still allowing the energy that could be recovered by an efficient high-temperature “blanket” to be transported largely by radiation. Fusion research in all major industrialized countries is developing the deuterium-tritium (D-T) fuel cycle for first-generation fusion power plants. It will be shown that other fuel cycles have significant advantages over the D-T fuel cycle according to second law principles.
SPIRE: a progressive content-based spatial image retrieval engine

In this demo, we will show the implementation of a content-based SPatial Image Retrieval Engine (SPIRE) for multimodal unstructured data. This architecture provides a framework for retrieving multi-modal data including image, image sequence, time series and parametric data from large archives. Dramatic speedup (from a factor of 4 to 35) has been achieved for many search operations such as template matching, texture feature extraction. This framework has been applied and validated in solar flares and petroleum exploration in which spatial and spatial-temporal phenomena are located.
Arthroscopic assisted rotator cuff repair: Results using a mini-open deltoid splitting approach

Abstract Out of 78 patients identified who underwent mini-open cuff repair, 64 were interviewed and returned a detailed questionnaire and 47 returned for a physical examination. Their average age was 64 years (31 to 85 years); and the average follow-up was 29.2 months (image, 12 to 65 months). The average tear size was 8 cm 2 . Preoperatively, all patients complained of pain and weakness. Ninety-six percent of patients displayed positive impingement signs preoperatively compared with 16% postoperatively. Active elevation increased significantly ( P P > .05). Weakness was detectable by physical examination in 83% of patients initially, and in 22% at the time of the final examination. The average pain and function scores improved significantly. Eighty-nine percent were satisfied with the results of their surgery. Three patients required further surgery on their shoulder. We found no correlation between cuff tear size and final Hospital for Special Surgery shoulder score.
In Search of a Surrogate for Touch: The Effect of Haptic Imagery on Perceived Ownership

Previous research has shown that individuals value objects more highly if they own them, a finding commonly known as the endowment effect. In fact, simply touching an object can create a perception of ownership that produces the endowment effect. Through a series of three studies, we extend this line of research in several ways. First, we investigate the effect of haptic imaging - the mental visualization of touch - on perceived ownership. We find that individuals who imagine touching an object when their eyes are closed experience a level of perceived ownership similar to that of individuals who actually touch the object. We explore the process through which this occurs, demonstrating that, when a person's eyes are closed, haptic imagery leads to perceptions of physical control, which in turn increase feelings of ownership. Moreover, the more vivid the haptic image, the greater the perception of control and the feeling of ownership. This has important implications for marketing in contexts where touch is not feasible, such as online, since haptic imagery could act as a surrogate for touch.
Comparison of spawning habitat predictions of PHABSIM and River2D models

This study compared the predictions of two instream flow habitat models, the Physical Habitat Simulation System (PHABSIM) and River2D, with regards to spawning habitat for chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Spawning habitat was simulated with both models for eight sites in the Sacramento River, five sites in the American River and one site in the Merced River, California, using habitat suitability criteria developed from data collected on redds in each of these rivers. For four out of five cases, both models correctly predicted that the combined suitability, calculated as the product of the depth, velocity and substrate suitabilities, of occupied locations was significantly greater than the combined suitability of unoccupied locations. There was little difference in the flow-habitat relationships for each site and set of habitat suitability criteria predicted by the two models. The use of River2D, rather than PHABSIM, is still warranted given its ability to model complex flow conditions which cannot be simulated with PHABSIM.
Utility of a modified version of the wisconsin card sorting test in the detection of dementia of the alzheimer type

Nelson's (1976) modified version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (mWCST) was administered to 23 patients with mild dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), 33 moderate DAT patients, 31 severe DAT p...
A hybrid random-key genetic algorithm to minimize weighted number of late deliveries for a single machine

This paper presents a memetic algorithm (MA) to minimize the total weighted number of late jobs (or deliveries) on a single machine. The proposed MA combines a genetic algorithm (GA) with a neighborhood search. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with four heuristics from the literature, namely the early due date (EDD), the weighted shortest processing time (WSPT), the forward algorithm (FA), and the weighted forward algorithm (WFA), against 10 benchmark problems and three real-world problems. The results suggest that the MA outperformed the EDD, WSPT, FA, and WFA on the benchmark problems and performed as good as WFA on two of the three real-world problems and outperformed WFA on one real-world problem. The EDD performed the worst among the five solution approaches.
Equivalent sources method for supersonic intensity of arbitrarily shaped geometries

Abstract Supersonic acoustic intensity is utilized to locate radiating regions on a complex vibrating structure. The supersonic intensity is obtained by a special process that removes the evanescent waves from the near-field acoustical holography measurement. The filtering process is well understood for separable geometries, but unfortunately, there are few results for arbitrarily shaped objects. This work proposes a methodology based on a stable invertible representation of the radiated power operator. The power operator is approximated numerically by the equivalent source formulation and the appropriate complete spectral basis is employed to form the stable invertible operator. The operator is formed with the most efficient radiation modes and these modes are utilized to obtain the supersonic solution for the near-field holographic problem. This concept is tested using numerically generated data in a spherical geometry and the results are validated with the spherical harmonic, supersonic filter. Finally, a vibrating ship-hull structure provides a physical example for application and validation of the proposed methodology in a more complex geometry.
The origin of associations within the same grammatical class

Summary One hypothesis about the origin of paradigmatic free associations (i.e., associations between words of the same grammatical class) is that they result from the use of words in the same contexts of speech. An experiment to test this hypothesis is described and data strongly confirming the hypothesis are reported. The experimental method was to train Ss on classes of artificial words presented in identical English sentence frames. In addition, data are reported that support Ervin's (erroneous anticipation) model for the specific mechanism of learning paradigmatic associations. An unexpected finding was that there was no correlation between the frequency of paradigmatic association and the probability of using the artificial words in the same grammatical class as was imposed on them in training. This result does not replicate the positive correlation between association and usage which has been found in children by Brown and Berko. It is concluded that the lack of correlation with artificial materials is basically due to an artifact; it is, however, an instructive artifact, and there is some discussion of its implications for the relation between usage and the formation of syntactic classes.
Developmental toxicity of soman in rats and rabbits

Soman (GD; phosphonofluoridic acid, methyl-,1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester) is an organophosphate compound with potent anticholinesterase activity. To determine developmental toxicity, soman was administered orally to CD rats on days 6 through 15 of gestation at dose levels of 0, 37.5, 75, 150, or 165 micrograms/kg/day and to New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits on days 6 through 19 of gestation at dose levels of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, or 15 micrograms/kg/day. At sacrifice, gravid uteri were weighed and examined for number and status of implants. Individual fetal body weights and external, visceral, and skeletal malformations were recorded. Mean maternal weight changes, fetal implantation status/litter, fetal weight, and fetal malformations/litter were compared between dose groups. Monitors for maternal toxicity were net body weight change, treatment weight change, mortality, and clinical signs of toxicity such as lethargy, ataxia, and tremors. Maternal rats and rabbits in the high-dose groups exhibited statistically significant increases in toxicity and mortality when compared to controls. There were no significant dose-related effects among dose groups in the prevalence of postimplantation loss, malformations, or in average body weight of live fetuses per litter. There was no evidence of increased prenatal mortality or fetal toxicity in the CD rat or NZW rabbit following exposure to soman, even at a dose that produced significant maternal toxicity.
Attention Alters Visual Plasticity during Exposure-Based Learning

It is generally believed that attention enhances the processing of sensory information during perception and learning. Here we report that, contrary to common belief, attention limits the degree of plasticity induced by repeated exposure to image features. Specifically, daily exposure to oriented stimuli that are not linked to a specific task causes an orientation-specific improvement in perceptual performance along the "exposed" axes. This effect is modulated by attention: human subjects showed a larger improvement in orientation discrimination when attention is directed toward the location where stimuli are presented. However, the capacity to perform discriminations away from the exposed orientation is enhanced when the exposure stimuli are unattended. Importantly, the improvement in orientation discrimination at the unattended location leads to a robust enhancement in the discrimination of complex stimuli, such as natural texture images, with orientation components along the exposed axes, whereas the improvement in orientation discrimination at the attended location exhibits only weak transfer to complex stimuli. These results indicate that sensory adaptation by passive stimulus exposure should be viewed as a form of perceptual learning that is complementary to practice-based learning in that it reduces constraints on generalization.
Non-surgical closure of atrial septal defect.

Background: Recently many devices for the transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) were developed in the world. Several ASD closing devices, such as Clamshell device, buttoned device, ASD occluder system (ASDOS), Angel Wings, are not fully acceptable from a practical point of view. We reported the clinical trials of transcatheter closure of ASD for Clamshell double umbrella device and Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) in Japan. Methods: Clamshell devices were implanted in 11 patients. Clinical trials for ASO device were carried out in 34 patients in Japan. We reported the results of 17 patients in National Children’s Hospital. Results: Clamshell devices were implanted in all of the patients successfully. Minimal residual shunt was present in four patients (36%), 1 year after the procedure by Doppler color flow imaging. Nine of 11 umbrellas demonstrated fracture of the stainless steel arm. Arm fracture occurred between 1 week and 12 months after implantation. The implantations of ASO device were successful in all of the 17 patients. Sixteen out of 17 (94.1%) had complete closure in the average observation period of 5.5 months. Complications were minimal and transient. Conclusions: With respect to complete closure rate, easy manipulation, and complication rate, ASO is the best transcatheter ASD closure device among all the devices at the present time.
Embedding any countable semigroup without idempotents in a 2-generated simple semigroup without idempotents

Although the classes of regular simple semigroups and simple semigroups without idempotents are evidently at opposite ends of the spectrum of simple semigroups, their theories involve some interesting connections. Jones [5] has obtained analogues of the bicyclic semigroup for simple semigroups without idempotents. Megyesi and Pollak [7] have classified all combinatorial simple principal ideal semigroups on two generators, showing that all are homomorphic images of one such semigroup Po which has no idempotents.
Phenylketonuria in the rat associated with decreased temporal discrimination learning.

IN the course of other investigations1 in which tyrosine was injected intraperitoneally it was noted that the level of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver of rats was diminished to about one-third the normal value. Since tyrosine added in vitro does not inhibit this enzyme activity2, the results were taken as evidence of product inhibition of enzyme synthesis. It was reasoned that added dietary tyrosine would decrease the enzyme formation and therefore lower the amount of phenylalanine being oxidized to tyrosine; the excess phenylalanine would then be transaminated to phenylpyruvate. Other workers3 had already shown that phenylalanine added to liver slices would also inhibit the oxidation of tyrosine to acetoacetate and fumarate. It seemed worth while therefore to feed various combinations of tyrosine and phenylalanine in order to evaluate metabolic alterations in the rat. Initial experiments with Commercial rat food plus 5 per cent L-tyrosine and 5 per cent DL-phenylalanine resulted in the death of newborn or suckling animals when this diet was fed to the pre-parturient and lactating mothers. The same diet caused death when fed to 21-day-old animals, although animals of the same age grew normally when fed 5 per cent of either amino-acid alone. Reduction of the levels to 2.5 per cent of each amino-acid (and in a later experiment to 3.75 per cent each) caused no difficulty since animals fed this diet gained weight at a rate comparable to that of rats on the commercial diet alone. The methods used for the amino-acid analyses and for enzyme assays have been previously listed1. The urinary and blood data are given in Table 1, and the enzymatic data concerned with phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism are given in Table 2.
Epsilon-near-zero subwavelength optoelectronics: Electrically tunable ENZ strong coupling

We demonstrate a new type of electrically tunable strong coupling between a planar metamaterial layer and an ultra-thin epsilon-near-zero layer made of a doped semiconductor. This can find novel applications in chip-scale infrared optoelectronic devices.
The C–D Stretch of Monodeuterated Propargyl Radical (CH2CCD)

The high-resolution infrared spectrum of the monodeuterated propargyl radical (CH2CCD) has been obtained in the region of its acetylenic C-D stretch. Lower state rotational constants were determined for the molecule. The upper state was significantly perturbed making the upper state rotational constants determined much more uncertain. Copyright 1997 Academic Press. Copyright 1997Academic Press
A Complex Pattern of Mantle Flow in the Lau Backarc

Shear-wave splitting analysis of local events recorded on land and on the ocean floor in the Tonga arc and Lau backarc indicate a complex pattern of azimuthal anisotropy that cannot be explained by mantle flow coupled to the downgoing plate. These observations suggest that the direction of mantle flow rotates from convergence-parallel in the Fiji plateau to north-south beneath the Lau basin and arc-parallel beneath the Tonga arc. These results correlate with helium isotopes that map mantle flow of the Samoan plume into the Lau basin through an opening tear in the Pacific plate.
A tale of two trials: The impact of 5α-reductase inhibition on prostate cancer (Review)

The use of 5α-reductase inhibitors (5α-RIs) as prostate cancer chemoprevention agents is controversial. Two large randomized trials, the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) Trial, have both shown a decreased incidence of prostate cancer in patients administered with 5α-RIs. Both studies showed, however, an increased risk of higher-grade prostate cancer. Numerous studies have since analyzed the inherent biases in these landmark studies and have used mathematical modeling to estimate the true incidence of prostate cancer and the risk for high-grade prostate cancer in patients undergoing 5α-RI treatment. All primary publications associated with the PCPT and REDUCE studies were reviewed in detail. Pertinent references from the above publications were assessed and a literature search of all published articles associated with PCPT, REDUCE or 5α-RIs as chemopreventative agents through October 2013 was performed using Pubmed/Medline. PCPT and REDUCE both showed a significant decrease in the incidence of prostate cancer following the administration of 5α-reductase inhibitor, as compared with placebo, suggesting that 5α-RIs may be effective agents for prostate cancer chemoprevention. Inherent biases in the design of these two studies may have caused an artificial increase in the number of high-grade cancers reported. Mathematical models, that integrated data from these trials, revealed neither an increased nor decreased risk of high-grade disease when taking these biases into consideration. Moderately strong evidence exists that 5α-RIs may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. PCPT and REDUCE showed a decreased prevalence of prostate cancer in patients taking 5α-RIs. Urologists should have a working knowledge of these studies and discuss with patients the risks and benefits of 5α-RI treatment. Further studies to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of chemoprevention with 5α-RIs and appropriate patient selection are warranted.
The Cost of Shift Work on Employee Health and Performance: Can Organizations Afford to Ignore the Consequences?

Research on outsourced operations has primarily focused on working conditions in call centers. This study sought to focus attention on other outsourced operations to document employees' experience of shift work. In-depth interviews with both management and employees at two Indian organizations suggest that the negative consequences of shift work and working conditions are not merely individual problems, but they have adverse consequences for organizations as well. In particular, the study suggests that high attrition rates in the outsourcing industry may be an indirect result of shift work, indicating that shifting operations from India to other offshore locations may not resolve the issue. A model linking the effect of shift work on employees to attrition rates is proposed, and implications for future research and strategies organizations can implement to minimize the impact of shift work on employees' health and performance are discussed.
Inherited Heat-Stable Variant Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG-Chicago)∗

The five known types of inherited variant T4-binding globulin (TBG) have in common increased sensitivity to heat denaturation compared to the common type TBG (TBG-C). In the course of studies to screen for and characterize variant TBGs in population groups, we detected a unique TBG with marked resistance to heat denaturation. The propositus was a 22-year-old black man without personal or family history of thyroid disease. His native TBG (nTBG) in serum had a t1/2 of denaturation at 56 C of 90 min compared to a mean value of 6.8 +/- 1.1 (+/- SD) min for TBG-C. This variant TBG, termed TBG-Chicago, was also resistant to acid denaturation, but was indistinguishable from TBG-C in terms of immunoreactivity, microheterogeneity on isoelectric focusing, and affinity for T4. It had a single T4-binding site and a normal concentration in serum associated with iodothyronine levels within the normal range. The mode of inheritance of TBG-Chicago appears to be X-chromosome linked. The mother of the propositus was heterozygous; her serum contained approximately 40% TBG-Chicago and 60% of another variant TBG common in blacks, TBG-S. The father had TBG-C, a trait that was not transmitted to his son. The exact nature of this variant TBG is not known. It most likely represents a mutation in the polypeptide chain of the molecule with formation of stronger intramolecular bonds.
Catalytic Carbon−Carbon and Carbon−Hydrogen Bond Cleavage in Lower Alkanes. Low-Temperature Hydroxylations and Hydroxycarbonylations with Dioxygen as the Oxidant

RhCl3, in the presence of several equivalents of Cl- and I- ions, catalyzed the direct formation of methanol and acetic acid from methane, carbon monoxide, and dioxygen at 80−85 °C in a 6:1 mixture of perfluorobutyric acid and water (approximate turnover rate: 2.9/h based on Rh). It was possible to selectively form either methanol or acetic acid by a simple change in the solvent system. As might be anticipated, ethane was more reactive than methane, and under similar reaction conditions formed methanol, ethanol, and acetic acid (approximate turnover rate: 7.5/h based on Rh). For both methane and ethane, the product alcohols were less reactive than the starting alkanes. Methyl iodide was also less reactive than methane. Most significantly, for ethane and higher alkanes products derived from C−C cleavage dominated over those derived from C−H cleavage on a per bond basis. Indeed, C−C cleavage products were virtually all that were observed with butane, isopentane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane. While the mechanism...
Observation of temporal vector soliton propagation and collision in birefringent fiber

We report the experimental observation of temporal vector soliton propagation and collision in a linearly birefringent optical fiber. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is both the first demonstration of temporal vector solitons with two mutually incoherent component fields, and of vector soliton collisions in a Kerr nonlinear medium. Collisions are characterized by an intensity redistribution between the two components, and the experimental results agree with numerical predictions of the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equation.
Conventional blood banking and blood component storage regulation: opportunities for improvement.

Blood banking is a medical logistic activity. It attempts to bring the potentially life-saving benefits of transfusion to the patients who need them by making blood components available, safe, effective and cheap1. Blood banks try to maximize delivering getting blood from the right donors to the right patients in a timely manner. The easiest way to assure the timely availability of blood is to have an appropriate inventory on the shelf at all times. Standards for blood banking have evolved in response to problems observed in the past2. Donors need to be free of syphilis, hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and from a host of other diseases as well. Methods for cleaning the arms of donors should work. Blood bags should contain the appropriate solutions and be sterile. Systems for the identification of donors and patients, for the determination of antigens on their blood cells and the antibodies in their sera, and for the procedures and processes used to gather and maintain this information should be robust. Regulatory agencies, like the United States (U.S.) Food and Drug Administration (FDA), are charged to assure that blood products are safe and effective3. They attempt to assure safety by enforcing the standards noted above. They attempt to assure effectiveness by demanding demonstrations that a reasonable fraction of red cells, platelets and plasma proteins survive after storage before licensing new blood storage systems or blood modifying products like leukocyte reduction filters4,5. Yet the reasonable fraction for red cells is 75%, for platelets is 67%, and for plasma proteins is 80%. Standards, such as insisting that every unit of blood be tested for HIV, work only if the licensed tests detect the circulating viruses, a moving target. Better understanding of the basic biology and better tests on which to base better standards are needed. If we understood the changes that occur with the storage of red cells, platelets and plasma better, we could both design better storage systems and regulate storage more effectively. If we knew more about the viruses and bacteria and the cytokines and blood breakdown products that threaten blood safety we could institute controls to further improve blood safety. This paper will explore some specific examples.
Glass‐formation kinetics of miscible blends of atactic polystyrene and poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)

We present a detailed investigation of the kinetics associated with the glass transitions of miscible blends composed of atactic polystyrene (a-PS) and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO). According to both dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, relaxation times displayed an enhanced temperature dependence (i.e., more fragile or more cooperative behavior) for the blends compared with additive behavior based on the responses of neat a-PS and PPO. This is consistent with the notion that specific interactions between the blend components heighten the intermolecular cooperativity. The compositional dependence of fragility provided insight into physical aging results for the properties of volume and enthalpy. The combination of our research and a previously reported pressure-volume-temperature study by Zoller and Hoehn (J Polym Sci Polym Phys Ed 1982, 20, 1385) provided evidence that the observation of increased glassy densities for the blends compared with those of the pure polymers was kinetic in origin and was not a feature of the thermodynamics of miscibility.
On operators commuting with Toeplitz operators modulo the finite rank operators

Abstract Let X be a bounded linear operator on the Hardy space H2 of the unit disk. We show that if X−T θ ∗ XT θ is of finite rank for every inner function θ, then X=Tϕ+F for some Toeplitz operator Tϕ and some finite rank operator F on H2. This solves a variant of an open question where the compactness replaces the finite rank conditions.
Model-based OPC for 0.13-μm contacts using 248-nm Att PSM

Controlling errors of critical dimension (CD) uniformity is crucial to achieving optimal IC performance, high chip yield and long lasting reliability. When the CDs to be resolved are less than the wavelength equipped by a lithographic exposure tool, the chip level CD variations caused by optical proximity effect (OPE) have been found significantly. With the relentlessly reduced CDs in integrated circuits the impact of OPE to chip yield and performance is much more profound and necessitates an inverse correction. In this paper, we report a model-based full-chip OPC on the contact hole layer of 0.13-micrometers logic circuits using 248-nm photo processing and attenuated phase-shifting mask (Att PSM). The final result demonstrates that OPE of random logic contact hole level can be greatly surpassed and controlled even with mask errors and their enhancement factors included of which are typically quite significant with layers of contact holes.
Narrative Therapy for Chinese Adults Raised as an Only Child

This article explores how to apply narrative therapy to working with Chinese only children. The author first addresses the relevance of viewing Chinese only children as a unique client population and the reasons narrative therapy can fit this population well. The author then uses examples and a brief case study to discuss key applications of this approach in different contexts. Lastly, the author considers potential concerns of using narrative therapy with Chinese only children.