cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct sampling and in situ observation of a persistent copepod aggregation in the mesopelagic zone of the Santa Barbara Basin

Observations from a one-person submersible (“Wasp”) in fall, 1982, revealed a persistent aggregation of non-migrating, Stage V copepodites of Calanus pacificus californicus Brodsky in a band 20±3 m thick at a depth of 450 m, about 100 m above the bottom of the Santa Barbara Basin, California. Copepod abundances, calculated from nearest-neighbor distances measured directly from the submersible, yielded maximum densities of 26×106 copepodites m-3. Quiescent behavior, low laminarinase activity, low protein content, high lipid content and evidence of low excretion rate all suggest that these copepodites were in a state of diapause. Diapausing C. pacificus californicus at other locations along the eastern Pacific coast were also captured in discrete depth plankton tows. Both the submersible observations and the net collections suggest that the dense aggregation of diapausing copepods we observed in the Santa Barbara Basin was a phenomenon associated with seasonal upwelling cycles, and that such aggregations occur during non-upwelling periods when food is scarce in surface waters. Numerous predators, especially the deep sea smelt Leuroglossus stilbius, were observed feeding upon the aggregated copepods; thus, in contrast to the conventional picture of surface-dominated food distribution, deep-water aggregations of C. pacificus californicus may support the mesopelagic community during periods of low food availability in surface waters.
Perceptual differences of sales practitioners and students concerning ethical behavior

This study investigates specific behavioral perceptual differences of ethics between practitioners and students enrolled in sales classes. Respondents were asked to indicate their beliefs to issues related to ethics in sales. A highly significant difference was found between mean responses of students and sales personnel. Managers indicated a greater concern for ethical behavior and less attention to sales than did the students. Students indicated a strong desire for success regardless of ethical constraints violated.
Saframycin synthetic studies

Abstract A conceptually simple and direct synthetic route to racemic saframycyn B, a bis-isoquinoline quinone antitumor antibiotic, was studied relying on transformations of a key C-2 symmetric intermediate.
Neutron scattering and the fermi surface anomaly in 51V

Abstract Differential neutron elastic- and inelastic-scattering cross sections of vanadium were measured from 4.5 to 10.0 MeV. These results were combined with previous 1.5 to 4.0 MeV scattering data from this laboratory, the 11.1 MeV elastic-scattering results obtained at Ohio University, and the reported neutron total cross sections to energies of ∼ 20 MeV, to form a data base which was interpreted in terms of the spherical optical-statistical model. A fit to the data was achieved by making both the strengths and geometries of the optical-model potential energy dependent. These energy dependencies were large below ∼ 6 MeV, but were smaller, and similar to those characteristic of global models, at higher energies. Using the dispersion relationship and the method of moments, the optical-model potential deduced from the 0 to 11.1 MeV neutron scattering data was extrapolated to higher energies and to the bound-state regime. This extrapolation led to predicted neutron total cross sections that are in good agreement with experimental values to at least 20 MeV. For negative energies the values of the volume-integral per nucleon of the real potential are in excellent agreement with those needed to reproduce the observed binding energies of particle and hole states and give clear evidence of the Fermi surface anomaly. It is argued that the use of a global optical model for interpreting low-energy data is suspect but is probably a reasonable approximation at higher energies.
A study of the changes in protein composition of mouse brain during ontogenetic development.

— Of the total protein in an adult mouse brain, 35 per cent is water-soluble and 65 per cent water-insoluble. Using an extraction scheme of sequential treatment with water, Triton X-100, and sodium lauryl sulphate, it was possible to solubilize at least 90 per cent of this total in distinct groups. Qualitative analysis of the extracts was achieved by electro-phoresis in porosity gradient polyacrylamide gels. In this way, each fraction was resolved into 20-50 protein bands. This sequential extraction-fractionation procedure was employed in a study of the onto-genetic changes in mouse brain proteins. The most pronounced accumulation of protein and alteration of protein composition occurred during the first few weeks after birth. Beyond that period, both quantitative and qualitative changes were much less dramatic, except in the 1 % SLS fraction, which continued to increase in size throughout the mouse's lifespan. Whereas the aqueous-soluble proteins predominated during the very early stages of development, the detergent-soluble constituents accounted subsequently for a steadily increasing proportion of the total protein.
Midwest Cropping System Effects on Soil Properties and on a Soil Quality Index

Cropping systems may improve or decrease soil quality depending on the specific crop rotation, nutrient amendments, and tillage practices employed. We conducted this study to determine the effect of six cropping systems in the Wisconsin Integrated Cropping Systems Trial on soil properties after 18 yr of continuous treatments. We sampled soils (0–5 cm and 5–20 cm depths) following the corn (Zea mays L.) year of three grain-based systems (continuous corn and two grain rotations), after both corn and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in two forage-based systems (organic and conventional), and in grass–legume pasture. Extractable P and K, pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total N, active soil C, potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), water-stable aggregates (WSA), bulk density (BD), penetrometer resistance, and total microbial biomass (TMB) were measured, and the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) soil quality index (SQI) was determined. The pasture (0–5 cm) was significantly better than all other systems in almost all soil quality indicators and had the highest SQI (96 vs. mean of 87 for others). The alfalfa-based systems had more total N, TOC, active C, PMN, and WSA and higher BD in one or both depths than did the grain-based systems but SQIs were not different. Among the grain systems, there was less variation and few significant differences were observed. While there were significant differences among systems for most soil properties, a SQI based on a composite of seven soil properties, showed few differences on this well managed, productive, prairie-derived soil.
Copper Alloys From Metal Oxide Precursors for High Conductivity Applications

Extrusion of oxide powders allows fabrication of thin-walled metal articles to produce controlled-geometry, low-density copper alloy architectures. Shapes formed with copper oxide powders mixed wit...
Concentric crater fill in Utopia Planitia: History and interaction between glacial “brain terrain” and periglacial mantle processes

Abstract At martian mid-to-high latitudes, the surfaces of potentially ice-rich features, including concentric crater fill, lobate debris aprons, and lineated valley fill, typically display a complex texture known as “brain terrain,” due to its resemblance to the complex patterns on brain surfaces. In order to determine the structure and developmental history of concentric crater fill and overlying latitude-dependent mantle (LDM) material, “brain terrain” and polygonally-patterned LDM surfaces are analyzed using HiRISE images from four craters in Utopia Planitia containing concentric crater fill. “Brain terrain” and mantle surface textures are classified based on morphological characteristics: (1) closed-cell “brain terrain,” (2) open-cell “brain terrain,” (3) high-center mantle polygons, and (4) low-center mantle polygons. A combined glacial and thermal-contraction cracking model is proposed for the formation and modification of the “brain terrain” texture of concentric crater fill. A similar model, related to thermal contraction cracking and differential sublimation of underlying ice, is proposed for the formation and development of polygonally patterned mantle material. Both models require atmospheric deposition of ice, likely during periods of high obliquity, but do not require wet active layer processes. Crater dating of “brain terrain” and mantled surfaces suggests a transition at martian mid-latitudes from peak “glacial” conditions occurring within the past ∼10–100 My to a quiescent period followed by a cold-desert “periglacial” period during the past ∼1–2 My.
More on Potts lattice gauge theories

N-state Potts lattice gauge theories are studied for all N in 2+1 and 3+1 dimensions using 1/N expansions and strong-coupling analyses. In 2+1 dimensions all models with N> or approx. =N* = 2.6 --2.8 undergo first-order phase transitions between a confining and a free charge region. For N
A filter system for technology evaluation and selection

Abstract The development and application of an integrated model for technology selection are presented. Because evaluation data may be scarce and organizations must economize on their efforts, the selection model proceeds in two related stages. The first stage, the elimination filter, weeds out candidates that do not fit the missions, capabilities and environments of the organization. Technologies surviving the first stage are evaluated in depth at the second stage of the model, the technology selection procedure, where the winning technologies are selected and funded. The elimination filter utilizes criteria that can be modified to reflect the dynamism of the organization's focus. The selection procedure is robust and rigorous, while still open to flexible interpretations. The model encourages interdepartmental collaboration in collecting input data and in examining its outputs, thus fostering team cohesiveness and decisiveness.
The Impact of Anti-Intellectualism Attitudes and Academic Self-Efficacy on Business Students’ Perceptions of Cheating

College cheating represents a major ethical problem facing students and educators, especially in colleges of business. The current study surveys 666 business students in three universities to examine potential determinants of cheating perceptions. Anti-intellectualism refers to a student’s negative view of the value and importance of intellectual pursuits and critical thinking. Academic self-efficacy refers to a student’s belief in one’s ability to accomplish an academic task. As hypothesized, students high in anti-intellectualism attitudes and those with low academic self-efficacy were least likely to perceive college cheating as unethical. Considering that college cheating has been found as a predictor of workplace cheating, the results urge business instructors to reduce anti-intellectualism among students and to encourage them to put forth their best efforts. The results also serve employers by focusing attention on these two psychological variables during the hiring and promotion processes.
Effects of quantum levels on transport through a Coulomb island.

Transport measurements are used to study the quantized energy levels in a small electron gas, referred to as a Coulomb island. First, large-bias measurements reveal the excitation spectrum of the island. Second, small-bias measurements probe the intrinsic line shape of energy levels. Line shapes are generally fit well by thermally broadened Lorentzians. In addition, a decrease in the charging energy of the island is observed as the coupling to its leads is increased. This effect is shown to be consistent with a dramatic increase in one of the island-lead capacitances.
Intensity measurements in the 2v3-band of 13CH4 at low temperatures☆

Abstract Absolute intensities of the J -multiplets P (1)- P (8), R (0)- R (7) and of the Q -branch in the 2 v 3 -band of 13 CH 4 have been measured at 100, 150, 200, and 296°K. Our intensity data confirm the recent observation by Fox et al. that substitution of the isotope 13 C for the central 12 C atom in methane results in significantly different line strengths in the severely perturbed 2 v 3 -band. Our results at 296°K for the absolute intensities of R (0) and R (1) are in excellent agreement with the values measured by Fox et al.
Role of dihydrotestosterone in post-stroke peripheral immunosuppression after cerebral ischemia

Stroke is a sexually dimorphic disease with male gender considered a disadvantage in terms of risk and disease outcome. In intact males, stroke induces peripheral immunosuppression, characterized by decreased splenocyte numbers and proliferation and altered percentages of viable T, B, and CD11b+ cells. To investigate whether the potent androgen and known immunomodulator, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), exacerbates post-stroke immunosuppression in castrated male mice after focal stroke, we evaluated the effect of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on peripheral and central nervous system (CNS) immune responses in castrated mice with or without controlled levels of DHT. MCAO reduced spleen cell numbers in both groups, but altered T cell and B cell percentages in remaining splenocytes and concomitantly increased the percentage of CD11b+ blood cells solely in DHT-replaced animals at 24 h. Furthermore, DHT-replacement reduced splenocyte proliferation which was accompanied by an increased percentage of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells relative to castrates 96 h post-MCAO. In brain, the percentages of immune cell populations in the ischemic hemisphere relative to the non-ischemic hemisphere were similar between castrated and DHT-replaced mice after MCAO. These data suggest DHT modulates peripheral immunosuppression after MCAO but with relatively little effect on early immune response of the recovering CNS.
Wretched Bodies, White Marches, and the CuatroVisión Public in El Salvador

El articulo sostiene que las audiencias de la television sensacionalista pueden actuar politicamente vinculandose a traves de la circulacion del afecto publico. Este argumento se basa en conversaciones mantenidas en un barrio urbano salvadoreno bajo una coyuntura historica particular, justo despues que los intentos por privatizar el sistema de salud publico (en los anos 2002 y 2003) provocaran la mas grande movilizacion social desde la guerra. El que la contemplacion de cuerpos destrozados pueda implicar mas que un acto pasivo de consumo privado, contraviene las criticas liberales y de izquierda. El "lamento liberal" insiste en que las imagenes sensacionalistas solo despolitizan el dolor y el sufrimiento. De esta forma, esta postura no puede dar cuenta del valor de los actos publicos que expresan un entendimiento compartido, negando la posibilidad de que los pobres y la clase obrera puedan formar parte de las discusiones sobre la nacion y el estado. Este articulo demuestra que los espectadores de noticias melodramaticas frecuentemente conocen muy bien el contexto politico en el que el sufrimiento ocurre. En determinados momentos, tal conciencia puede convertirse en actoria publica capaz de oponerse a la postergacion indefinida de las soluciones requeridas para detener el dolor en el presente
Dermal Tissue Allograft for the Repair of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Background: Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears in patients without advanced glenohumeral arthritis can pose a challenge to surgeons. Numerous management strategies have been utilized, and studies have shown varied results with regard to shoulder pain, range of motion, strength, and overall function.Hypothesis: Patients undergoing repair of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears through a mini-open approach with the use of human dermal tissue matrix allograft would demonstrate an improvement in pain, range of motion, strength, and subjective functional outcomes.Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods: We performed a prospective observational study of 24 patients who underwent interposition repair of massive rotator cuff tears using human dermal allograft. All patients were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively by the treating surgeon. Data were collected preoperatively and postoperatively for an average 3-year follow-up period (range, 29-40 months). Active range of motion as well...
Comparative study of the uses of poly(4-vinylpyridine) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride for the removal of perchlorate from aqueous solution by polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration

An application of polyelectrolyte-enhanced ultrafiltration utilizes cationic polyelectrolytes to electrostatically bind anionic species. The colloid and target anion are then concentrated using an ultrafilter, producing a filtrate with a lower concentration of the target. This study compared the performances of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDADMAC) for the removal of perchlorate. Potentiometric titration data revealed that the ionization properties of P4VP in aqueous solution vary as functions of titrant utilized, degree of protonation, and counterion concentration. The greater affinity of perchlorate over chloride for the protonated pyridine residues of P4VP provided up to 95.8% retention of perchlorate under the solution conditions investigated. Through ultrafiltration experiments, the effects solution pH, counterion concentration, and polymer concentration were examined for both P4VP and PDADMAC. In addition, the effectiveness of P4VP recovery and reuse was also assessed.
Management of cranial base chondrosarcomas.

OBJECTIVE: Chondrosarcomas are rare, infiltrative, progressive lesions that occur at the cranial base. Their intimate association with cranial nerves and major vessels of the head and neck often precludes complete surgical resection. METHODS: Between 1983 and 2003, 23 patients (14 females, 9 males) were treated at our institution with the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma of the cranial base (mean age at presentation, 43 yr). A retrospective chart review was performed to evaluate presentation, management, and adjunctive treatment. All living patients were contacted for a current examination and disease status. RESULTS: The 23 patients underwent 43 surgical resections. Follow-up ranged from 8 months to 25 years (mean, 97 mo). Ten patients underwent various adjuvant radiation therapies. Five patients have died. Four patients have no evidence of disease, and 13 have residual tumor. One was lost to follow-up. Of 14 patients with 5 years of follow-up, 13 are living. Therefore, the absolute 5 year survival rate is 93%. The 10 year survival rate is 71%. CONCLUSION: Because of the intricate nature of the cranial base, a team approach is preferable for managing these challenging lesions. Maximum cytoreductive surgery should be pursued as an initial strategy to minimize neurological injury. Adjuvant stereotactic radiosurgery can be used to treat residual disease or small recurrences. This cohort also illustrates that patients with chondrosarcomas have better long-term survival rates than patients with chordomas of the cranial base.
Zirconium-catalyzed heterodehydrocoupling of primary phosphines with silanes and germanes.

Triamidoamine-supported zirconium complexes catalyze the heterodehydrocoupling of primary phosphines with silane and germanes. In this catalysis, P−Si or P−Ge products are observed exclusively with no competitive P−P bond formation. Phosphido complexes (N3N)ZrPHR (N3N = N(CH2CH2NSiMe3)33-, R = Ph, 2; Cy, 3) were observed to be the catalyst resting state, and complex 2 was structurally characterized.
Psychiatric adverse effects of rimonobant in adults with Prader Willi syndrome

Abstract Background Prader Willi syndrome (PWS) without strict environmental modifications can lead to obesity associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In addition to increased appetite, these individuals have decreased energy expenditure with lower insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1), which contributes to adiposity. No effective treatment is available for this condition. Endocannabinoid receptor CB1 antagonist, rimonobant, has been effective for treatment of obesity in adult subjects. Rimonabant promotes weight loss by multiple proposed mechanisms, including decreased appetite and lipogenesis, and increased energy expenditure. Therefore, we conducted this pilot study to evaluate the effect of rimonabant on body weight and composition of adults with PWS. Method This was a double blind placebo controlled study. Body weight, total fat mass, fasting ghrelin, leptin, IGF1 and insulin like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP-3) were collected at baseline, and after 90 and 180 days of treatment with placebo or 20 mg of rimonabant. Results Due to psychiatric adverse effects, 50% of subjects in the rimonabant group withdrew, and the study was terminated early ( N = 10) for safety concerns. There was a trend for weight loss, lower fat mass and higher IGF1 level at the end of study in this group. Leptin followed the fat mass and decreased with rimonabant treatment. Conclusion Rimonabant administration may be efficacious for weight loss in adults with PWS; unfortunately it is associated with an unacceptably high risk of psychiatric side effects. Future CB1 antagonists will need a better psychiatric profile before considered in the treatment of obesity in this genetic condition.
X-Ray Tube Performance Characteristics And Their Effect On Radiologic Image Quality

The paper is a two part discussion of: (1) indices which characterize focal spot (F.S.) performance, and (2) the usefulness of these indices for a future F.S. standard. - (1) The two primary parameters of an x-ray source are source geometry (intensity distribution) and maximum source strength (loadability). Source geometry is often summarized by a number called "size", and loadability by a kw-number. We define as an overall F.S. Performance Factor p the ratio of two "size" indices: (a) a "loadability size" we and (b) a "Resolv-ing (imaging performance) size" B (e.g. "RMS equivalent focal spot"). Both describe the given F.S. in terms of a uniform square F.S.; for (a) having same loadability, for (b) having same systems related imaging performance, as the given F.S. - (2) The present F.S. standard specifies two size parameters: geometrical F.S. extent F, and "effective" F.S. size Feq derived from resolution patterns. Both parameters are in general not a measure of either loadability (we) or imaging performance (B). It is suggested to base a future standard on a rigorous criterion. Since rigorous data are difficult to obtain at present, approximate methods for compliance verification must be allowed; e.g. by utilizing the classical methods of resolution, pinhole and slit camera in a meaningful way.
Cholesterol is critical to the integrity of neuronal porosome/fusion pore

Secretion is one of the most fundamental cellular processes. Porosomes have been demonstrated as the universal secretory machinery in cells. Earlier studies determine the presence of a number of proteins in porosomes, among them the N- and P/Q-type calcium channels, actin, syntaxin-1, synaptotagmin-1, vimentin, the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), the chloride channel CLC-3, and the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein G(o). Studies demonstrate that t-SNAREs localize at the base of porosomes, and directly interact with calcium channels. In the present study, we demonstrate that Syntaxin-1 co-localizes with cholesterol in solubilized synaptosomal membrane preparations. Depletion of cholesterol, results in the dissociation of both Syntaxin-1 and N-type calcium channel from neuronal porosomes. Thus, cholesterol participates as an integral component of the neuronal porosome complex, and is required for its stability.
Microgrid test bench for small-scale renewable microsources

Microgrid technology enables reliable control and distribution of electricity on a small scale which can have a major impact on developing communities and can help to meet the UN's initiative to provide Universal Access to Modern Energy Services by 2030. Since the distributed energy resources (DER) of microgrids in rural areas will likely be dependent on renewable energy sources (RES), system stability and reliability will be a challenge. However, implementing a microgrid without proper experimentation of the dynamics of the DER and load variations is impractical. A microgrid test bench has been constructed at the University of Wisconsin - Madison which will allow for thorough experimentation. The experimentation will focus on RES using the wind turbine and solar emulator available in the lab. Additionally, other appropriate technologies that were developed at UW-Madison, like the recycled E-waste “Microformer” for micropower distribution, will be evaluated. Experimentation will justify the implementation of microgrid technologies for reliable energy distribution for the developing world and rural communities.
Synthesis of methyl O-(3-deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-β-d-galactopyranoside and methyl O-(3-deoxy-3-fluoro-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-d-galactopyranoside☆

Condensation of 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide (3) with methyl 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (4) gave a fully acetylated (1→6)-β-d-galactobiose fluorinated at the 3′-position which was deacetylated to give the title disaccharide. The corresponding trisaccharide was obtained by reaction of 4 with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-α-d-galactopyranosyl bromide (5), dechloroacetylation of the formed methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)- 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside to give methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (14), condensation with 3, and deacetylation. Dechloroacetylation of methyl O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-6-O-chloroacetyl-β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-O-(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl- β-d-galactopyranosyl)-(1→6)-2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-β-d-galactopyranoside, obtained by condensation of disaccharide 14 with bromide 5, was accompanied by extensive acetyl migration giving a mixture of products. These were deacetylated to give, crystalline for the first time, the methyl β-glycoside of (1→6)-β-d-galactotriose in high yield. The structures of the target compounds were confirmed by 500-MHz, 2D, 1H- and conventional 13C- and 19F-n.m.r. spectroscopy.
Adipose tissue in the filum terminale: A computed tomographic finding that may indicate tethering of the spinal cord

Adipose tissue in the filum terminale is frequently associated with tethering of the spinal cord in patients with spina bifida occulta. We recently saw a patient with low back pain and no spina bifida occulta, in whom adipose tissue was noted in the area of the filum on an unenhanced computed tomographic (CT) scan. The patient had a tethered cord. This case suggested that, when CT scanning is done as the first imaging study in the evaluation of low back pain, fatty tissue in the area of the filum may be an indicator for tethering of the spinal cord. The present study was undertaken to determine the validity of using CT scan-detectable filal fat in the identification of possible tethered spinal cords among a group of patients experiencing low back pain. The presence of fat in the fila of 12 patients with the radiologically and histologically tethered cord syndrome was evaluated and the fila of 47 autopsied patients whose clinical history showed no back pain were examined histologically. There were accumulations of adipose tissue in the fila of 11 of the 12 (91%) patients with the tethered cord syndrome and in the fila of 9 of the 47 patients (17%) in the autopsy series. Of the 9 autopsy patients with fat in their fila, however only 3 patients (6%) exhibited collections of adipose tissue in the CT detection range (2 mm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evolution of enzymatic activities in the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase suprafamily: structural basis for catalytic promiscuity in wild-type and designed mutants of 3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase.

3-Keto-l-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase (KGPDC) and d-arabino-hex-3-ulose 6-phosphate synthase (HPS), members of the orotidine 5‘-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) suprafamily, catalyze reactions that involve the formation of Mg2+-ion stabilized 1,2-enediolate intermediates. The active sites of KGPDC and HPS share several conserved residues, including the presumed ligands for the Mg2+ and a catalytic histidine residue that has been implicated in protonation of the intermediate in the KGPDC-catalyzed reaction. As reported in the previous manuscript, both enzymes are naturally promiscuous, with KGPDC from Escherichia coli catalyzing a low level of the HPS reaction and the HPS from Methylomonas aminofaciens catalyzing a significant level of the KGPDC reaction. Interestingly, the promiscuous HPS reaction catalyzed by KGPDC can be significantly enhanced by replacing no more than four active site residues from KGPDC reaction with residues from HPS. In this manuscript, we report structural studies of wild-...
Regularly drinking alcohol before sex in the United States: Effects of relationship status and alcohol use disorders

Background Drinking alcohol before sex increases the likelihood of engaging in sexual risk behaviors and risk for HIV infection. Relationship status (single versus partnered) and alcohol use disorders (AUD) are associated with each other and sexual risk behaviors, yet have not been examined as predictors of drinking alcohol before sex, using national data. This study examined whether relationship status and AUD increased the likelihood of regularly drinking alcohol before sex in a nationally representative sample.
The Blood-Brain Barrier and Microvascular Water Exchange in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. Although traditionally considered a disease of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, structural and functional changes in the microvessels may contribute directly to the pathogenesis of the disease. Since vascular dysfunction often precedes cognitive impairment, understanding the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD may be key to rational treatment of the disease. We propose that water regulation, a critical function of the BBB, is disturbed in AD and results in abnormal permeability and rates of water exchange across the vessel walls. In this paper, we describe some of the pathological events that may disturb microvascular water exchange in AD and examine the potential of a relatively new imaging technique, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, to quantify water exchange on a cellular level and thus serve as a probe of BBB integrity in AD.
“A man’s gonna do what a man wants to do”: African American and Hispanic women’s perceptions about heterosexual relationships: a qualitative study

HIV prevention efforts have given limited attention to the relational schemas and scripts of adult heterosexual women. These broader schemas and scripts of romantic and other sexual liaisons, partner selection, relationship dynamics, and power negotiations may help to better understand facilitators and barriers to HIV risk-reduction practices. We conducted exploratory qualitative interviews with 60 HIV-uninfected heterosexual African-American women from rural counties in North Carolina and Alabama, and Hispanic women from an urban county in southern Florida. Data were collected for relationship expectations; relationship experiences, and relationship power and decision-making. Interview transcripts underwent computer-assisted thematic analysis. Participants had a median age of 34 years (range 18–59), 34% were married or living as married, 39% earned an annual income of $12,000 or less, 12% held less than a high school education, and 54% were employed. Among the Hispanic women, 95% were foreign born. We identified two overarching relationship themes: contradictions between relationship expectations and desires and life circumstances that negated such ideals, and relationship challenges. Within the contradictions theme, we discovered six subthemes: a good man is hard to find; sex can be currency used to secure desired outcomes; compromises and allowances for cheating, irresponsible, and disrespectful behavior; redefining dating; sex just happens; needing relationship validation. The challenges theme centered on two subthemes: uncertainties and miscommunication, and relationship power negotiation. Gender differences in relationship intentions and desires as well as communication styles, the importance of emotional and financial support, and the potential for relationships to provide disappointment were present in all subthemes. In examining HIV risk perceptions, participants largely held that risk for HIV-infection and the need to take precautions were problems of women who differed from them (i.e., abuse drugs, are promiscuous, exchange sex). Underlying women’s relational schemas was a belief that relationship priorities differed for men and women. Consequently, expectations and allowances for partner infidelity and negligent behaviors were incorporated into their scripts. Moreover, scripts endorsed women’s use of sex as currency in relationship formation and endurance, and did not emphasize HIV risk. Both couple- and gender-specific group-level interventions are needed to deconstruct (breakdown) and reconstruct (rewrite) relationship scripts.
Molecular analysis of soybean lines with low palmitic acid content in the seed oil

Palmitic acid is the major saturated fatty acid found in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil, accounting for approximately 11% of the seed oil content. Reducing the palmitic acid levels of the oil is desirable because of the negative health effects specifically associated with this fatty acid. One of the genetic loci known to reduce the seed palmitate content in soybean is fap nc . Previous studies indicated that fap nc is associated with a deletion in a gene (designated FATB) encoding 16:0-ACP thioesterase activity. In this report, we isolated full length cDNAs of three of the four unique FATB genes expressed in soybean and show that the isoform designated GmFATB1a represents the specific gene deleted in lines possessing the fap nc locus. Allele specific primers corresponding to GmFATB1a were used to genotype plants from two F4-derived populations that were segregating for fap nc . The GmFATB1a-specific markers were effective in accounting for 62 to 70% of the genotypic variation in palmitate content in the two populations studied. Because the markers developed in this study are 100% linked to the locus of interest, they should be particularly useful in marker-assisted selection programs designed to lower the palmitic acid levels of soybean oil.
Machine ensemble approach for simultaneous detection of transient and gradual abnormalities in end milling using multisensor fusion

In a fully automated manufacturing environment, instant detection of the cutting tool condition is essential for the improved productivity and cost effectiveness. This paper studies a tool condition monitoring system (TCM) via machine learning (ML) and machine ensemble (ME) approach to investigate the effectiveness of multisensor fusion technique when machining 4340 steel with multilayer coated and multiflute carbide end mill cutter. In this study, 135 different features are extracted from multiple sensor signals of force, vibration, acoustic emission and spindle power in the time and frequency domain by using data acquisition and signal processing module. Then, a correlation-based feature selection technique (CFS) evaluates the significance of these features along with machining parameters collected from machining experiments. Next, an optimal feature subset is computed for various assorted combinations of sensors. Finally, machine ensemble methods based on majority voting and stacked generalization are studied for the selected features to classify not only flank wear but also breakage and chipping. It has been found in this paper that the stacked generalization ensemble can ensure the highest accuracy in tool condition monitoring. In addition, it has been shown that the support vector machine (SVM) outperforms other ML algorithms in most cases tested.
Antibiotic dosing in cirrhosis

Purpose Published evidence regarding the influence of cirrhosis on the clinical pharmacokinetics of antibacterial agents is reviewed; dosing recommendations and a decision algorithm are provided. Summary A systematic PubMed search (1960–2013) was conducted to identify literature pertaining to the use of antibacterials with hepatobiliary clearance in adult patients with cirrhosis. Clinical drug databases, conference abstracts, and package inserts were also reviewed for pertinent information. Twenty-two antibiotics that undergo hepatic or mixed renal–hepatobiliary clearance were identified. Overall, published pharmacokinetic data to guide antibiotic dosing in adults with cirrhosis are sparse, and many relevant studies were conducted before wide adoption of the Child–Pugh method for classifying the severity of cirrhosis. Dose adjustments should be considered in the setting of decompensated liver disease, particularly with antibiotics that undergo phase I metabolism, have high protein binding, or are associated with a high frequency of hepatotoxicity or other concentration-dependent toxicities. Individualization of dosing regimens should take into account a number of variables: the intent of therapy (treatment versus prophylaxis); the duration of therapy; the site and severity of infection; the degree of organ dysfunction, as indicated by Child–Pugh class; the patient’s immune status, weight, and fluid status; and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial agents under consideration. Conclusion Cirrhosis has multiple effects on the disposition of a wide range of antibacterial agents. Appropriate antibiotic therapy selection and individualized dosing can contribute to optimal clinical outcomes while decreasing the risk of hepatotoxicity.
IDENTIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE INCLUSION BODIES EXTRACTED INTACT FROM PLANT CELLS INFECTED WITH TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

THE INTRACELLULAR amorphous and crystalline inclusion bodies found particularly in the epidermal cells of plants infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) have been the object of considerable investigation following the first description of them by Iwanowski (1903). There has been much speculation as to the nature and composition of both types of inclusions. The amorphous inclusions were called X-bodies by Goldstein (1924, 1926), who postulated that they were the infectious agent, and who also advanced the notion that the crystalline inclusions ("striated bodies") were "reaction products" of the cell. The most critical observations of crystalline inclusion bodies have been made by Beale (1937), who described and illustrated the transformation of crystalline plates into needle crystals upon the addition of dilute acid or salt to the water in which epidermal strips had been mounted under the microscope. Beale considered these needle crystals to be identical with those obtained by Stanley, and concluded that the crystalline inclusions were the source of Stanley's purified TMV protein. The amorphous inclusions (X-bodies) found in cells of plants infected with aucuba mosaic virus have been isolated by Sheffield (1939), who was able to show that they contain active virus. She was unable to isolate any crystalline inclusions, however, and consequently could not make an unequivocal identification of their contents. Interest has recently been revived concerning the nature of the hexagonal crystalline inclusion bodies by the publication of a paper by Wilkins et al. (1950), who have investigated particularly, some of the optical properties of the crystals. They report that, in the great majority of the crystals, the previously observed (Bawden and Sheffield, 1939) striations are seen only between crossed Nicols and when the crystal is observed on edge with its principal axis near the extinction position. (The "principal axis" is a direction perpendicular to the hexagonal faces of the crystal.) They conclude that the crystals are built,up of thin, flat layers lying parallel to the hexagonal face of the crystal, and that within each layer the individual TMV rods are aligned parallel to each other, but with an orientation not quite parallel to that of the TMV rods in the adjacent layers. The principal axes of adjacent layers would consequently be non-parallel by a few degrees. This conclusion is largely based upon their reported observation that the light and dark bands (the striations) appear to interchange
Responses to low oxygen conditions in two species of the mud snail Nassarius.

Abstract 1. 1. Responses to low oxygen were investigated in two sympatric species of mud snail Nassarius obsoletus and N. trivittatus. 2. 2. Both species survive anoxic conditions for more than nine days. 3. 3. Both species show a significant increase in oxygen consumption after exposure to low oxygen conditions. Oxygen consumption is increased at each concentration in N. obsoletus but only at 2 and 3 ml O2/l. in N. trivittatus. 4. 4. The relation of oxygen consumption to oxygen levels shows partial independence although after exposure to low oxygen conditions there is a marked tendency toward conformity. 5. 5. In many cases, oxygen uptake ceases when oxygen is still available to the animal. Residual partial pressure decreases after exposure to low oxygen. 6. 6. Gas bubbles are frequently found in N. obsoletus. Partial pressure of oxygen found in bubbles carried in the mantle cavity is significantly different from that of the external environment.
In VivoMechanisms of Acquired Thymic Tolerance

Abstract Injection of antigen into the thymus of adult animals induces specific systemic tolerance, but the mechanisms of acquired thymic tolerance are not well understood. To investigate these mechanisms we used a model of intrathymic injection of ovalbumin (OVA) in BALB/c mice. We show an antigen-specific decrease in proliferative responses to OVA, as well as a significant decrease in antigen-specific IL-2 secretion and IFN-γ production by splenocytes and lymph node cells of tolerant mice. Addition of recombinant IL-2in vitroreversed the defect in IFN-γ production by cells from OVA-tolerized animals, but did not reverse the proliferation or IL-2 production defects. By using an adoptive transfer system, where a small population of OVA peptide-specific CD4+TCR transgenic T cells are transferred into syngeneic normal recipients, we show an absence of peripheral antigen-dependent clonal expansion of transferred CD4+TCR transgenic cells in tolerant micein vivo.There was an increase in clonotype-positive T cells in the thymus after immunization, confirming that activated T cells circulate through the thymus. Furthermore, thymectomy after intrathymic injection abrogates the effect of acquired thymic tolerance and restores antigen-dependent clonal expansionin vivo.We conclude that intrathymic injection of antigen induces Th1 cell unresponsiveness and prevents the peripheral expansion of antigen-specific CD4+T cellsin vivo.This is the first demonstration that in acquired thymic tolerance antigen-specific T cells circulate to the thymus where they may be anergized or ultimately deleted.
Flow and thermal structures in a lid-driven cavity heated from below

Experiments have been performed to investigate natural and mixed convection in a shallow rectangular cavity. The cavity was heated from below and cooled from above either in the absence or presence of lid motion. Experiments were conducted in a cavity having aspect ratios of 1/10 and 1/5 in the longitudinal and spanwise directions, respectively. Ethylene-glycol and water were used as the working fluids for Reynolds number ranges from 170 to 2500 and Rayleigh number up to 8.3 × 104. Flow and temperature fields were visualized using aluminum particles and liquid crystal techniques. Also, the temperature history at different locations in the test cell was recorded and two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed. The results show that the lid motion has a significant effect on the flow and thermal structures in the cavity. For Richardson number (Ri) smaller than unity the effect of the lid motion is to reorganize the flow and make the flow structure quasi-two-dimensional. Complex flow structure was predicted for Ri ~ O(1). The effect of the lid motion was found to be insignificant for Ri 1.
Relationship Quality among Lesbian Mothers in Planned Families

What factors are associated with relationship quality among lesbian mothers in planned families? The purpose of this Internet-based study was to examine correlates of relationship quality among same-sex female couples with children. Participants in this cross-sectional study included 134 mothers who self-identified as lesbian and who currently reside in the United States. All participants were in a committed relationship with another woman, had created families within that relationship, had at least one child under the age of 18 residing in their home, and only one partner from each couple participated. Results indicated that younger maternal age, greater familial social support, less job-family role strain, and more positive sexual identity were related to greater self-reported relationship quality. In addition, mothers who reported greater internal homonegativity and greater sexual identity confusion also reported being more dissatisfied with their current romantic relationship.
Opposing viscerovisceral effects of surgically induced endometriosis and a control abdominal surgery on the rat bladder.

Objective To determine, in rats, how surgically induced endometriosis and a control surgery (partial hysterectomy; sutures in abdomen) affects micturition thresholds and bladder vascular permeability. Design Two animal studies, each performed in three groups of urethane-anesthetized rats in proestrus. Setting Academic facility. Animal(s) Seventy-three female, regularly cycling Sprague-Dawley rats studied in proestrus. Intervention(s) Surgical induction of endometriosis (ENDO), surgical control (shamENDO), intact control (NoSURG), and bladder inflammation via intravesicular turpentine in all three groups. Main Outcome Measure(s) [1] Micturition thresholds (MTs; volume voiding thresholds), as measured by repetitive transurethral cystometry before and after bladder inflammation and [2] bladder inflammation, as assessed by extravasation of Evans Blue dye. Result(s) In the uninflamed bladder, MTs were significantly lower and dye extravasation significantly higher in ENDO rats than in shamENDO and NoSURG rats. Bladder inflammation increased dye extravasation in all groups and reduced MTs in the NoSURG and ENDO rats, but not in the shamENDO rats. Conclusion(s) Endometriosis reduces MTs and produces signs of inflammation in the healthy bladder. Surprisingly, the control surgical procedure (partial hysterectomy; sutures on mesenteric blood vessels) protects bladder reflexes from the influence of bladder inflammation, a condition that is named silent bladder inflammation. Such cross-system inducing and masking effects have important clinical relevance.