cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duality via cycle complexes

We show that Bloch's complex of relative zero-cycles can be used as a dualizing complex over perfect fields and number rings. This leads to duality theorems for torsion sheaves on arbitrary separated schemes of finite type over algebraically closed fields, finite fields, local fields of mixed characteristic, and rings of integers in number rings, generalizing results which so far have only been known for smooth schemes or in low dimensions, and unifying the p-adic and l-adic theory. As an application, we generalize Rojtman's theorem to normal, projective schemes.
Phase structure of dynamical triangulation models in three dimensions

Abstract The dynamical triangulation model of three-dimensional quantum gravity is shown to have a line of transitions in an expanded phase diagram which includes a coupling μ to the order of the vertices. Monte Carlo renormalization group and finite size scaling techniques are used to locate and characterize this line. Our results indicate that for μ μ 1 ∼ −1.0 the model is always in a crumpled phase independent of the value of the curvature coupling. For μ first-order transitions extending to positive μ. However, the behavior appears to change for μ > μ 2 ∼ 2.0−4.0. The simplest scenario that is consistent with the data is the existence of a critical end point.
Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency

In economics and management theories, scholars have traditionally assumed the existence of artifacts such as firms/organizations and markets. I argue that an explanation for the creation of such artifacts requires the notion of effectuation. Causation rests on a logic of prediction, effectuation on the logic of control. I illustrate effectuation through business examples and realistic thought experiments, examine its connections with existing theories and empirical evidence, and offer a list of testable propositions for future empirical work.
Consumption and Credit: A Model of Time-Varying Liquidity Constraints

This paper studies the optimal consumption behavior of individuals who face borrowing limitations that vary stochastically with their income. This framework is motivated by new empirical evidence that I document in U.S. aggregate data: predictable growth in consumer credit is significantly related to consumption growth, a finding that is inconsistent with existing models of consumer behavior. The time-varying liquidity constraint model considered here correctly predicts two key properties of the U.S. aggregate data: the correlation of consumption growth with predictable credit growth documented in this paper, and the well-known correlation between consumption growth and predictable income growth that has been documented extensively elsewhere.
The Disk Fractions of Brown Dwarfs in IC 348 and Chamaeleon I

Using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) aboard the Spitzer Space Telescope, we have obtained mid-infrared photometry for 25 and 18 low-mass members of the IC 348 and Chamaeleon I star-forming clusters, respectively (>M6, M 0.08 M☉). We find that 42% ± 13% and 50% ± 17% of the two samples exhibit excess emission indicative of circumstellar disks. In comparison, the disk fractions for stellar members of these clusters are 33% ± 4% and 45% ± 7% (M0-M6, 0.7 M☉ M 0.1 M☉). The similarity in the disk fractions of stars and brown dwarfs is consistent with a common formation mechanism and indicates that the raw materials for planet formation are available around brown dwarfs as often as around stars.
Ethylene Biosynthesis part 10. Synthesis and study of racemic, (1R, 2S)-, and (1S, 2R)-1-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic Acid

The preparation of optically active 1-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid has been achieved by a route involving cycloalkylation of dimethyl malonate with epichlorohydrin and subsequent Hofmann rearrangement. The reaction of epichlorohydrin with nucleophiles may occur al either electrophilic site, epoxide or halide. Based on the absolute configuration of the starting materials and the lactones obtained, it has been shown that the initial step of the cycloalkylation occurs at the epoxide moiety. The 1-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, an analogue of the precursor to the plant growth hormone ethylene, is to be used in affinity purification techniques and in generation of antibodies.
Singularities of Generalized Richardson Varieties

Richardson varieties play an important role in intersection theory and in the geometric interpretation of the Littlewood–Richardson Rule for flag varieties. We discuss three natural generalizations of Richardson varieties which we call projection varieties, intersection varieties, and rank varieties. In many ways, these varieties are more fundamental than Richardson varieties and are more easily amenable to inductive geometric constructions. In this article, we study the singularities of each type of generalization. Like Richardson varieties, projection varieties are normal with rational singularities. We also study in detail the singular loci of projection varieties in Type A Grassmannians. We use Kleiman's Transversality Theorem to determine the singular locus of any intersection variety in terms of the singular loci of Schubert varieties. This is a generalization of a criterion for any Richardson variety to be smooth in terms of the nonvanishing of certain cohomology classes which has been known by som...
Pathologic analysis of tumor size and lymph node status in multifocal/multicentric breast carcinoma

BACKGROUND For unifocal invasive breast carcinoma, increasing tumor diameter predictably correlates with a greater frequency of lymph node involvement, thereby facilitating treatment decisions. In invasive breast tumors presenting with multiple nodules, however, it is unclear whether tumor size correlates with lymph node dissemination in a similar manner. METHODS The authors analyzed a series of 101 invasive breast carcinomas presenting with multiple macroscopically apparent lesions (2 foci: n = 77; 3: n = 20; 4: n = 4). Two different assessments of the tumor size (diameter of largest focus and combined diameter of all the foci) were then correlated with the status of axillary lymph nodes. For comparison with unifocal tumors, the authors used both external and internal control series (the latter consisting of 469 patients from their institution). The associations between lymph node status, tumor size, and multifocality were modeled using univariate and multivariate logistic regression, for each modality of tumor size assessment. RESULTS The logistic curves for multifocal and unifocal tumors were significantly different when the largest diameter was used as a tumor size estimate. Multifocal cases had higher frequencies of lymph node involvement than unifocal lesions of similar size category. In a multivariate logistic regression, the odds ratio of positive lymph node status in multifocal versus unifocal cases was 2.8 using largest diameter as a tumor size estimate (P < 0.0001). When the combined diameter assessment was used, however, the regression curve of multifocal cases was similar to that of unifocal cases, and the frequency of lymph node positivity was not significantly different in multifocal versus unifocal cases of the same size (odds ratio, 1.4; P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS The authors' results show that, if aggregate diameters are used, unifocal and multifocal breast carcinomas are similar with respect to frequency of regional lymph node metastasis. Currently used algorithms, which use the diameter of the largest nodule, result in understaging of multifocal breast carcinomas due to underestimation of actual tumor size. Cancer 2002;94:1383–90. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10331
Treatment of pionic modes at the nuclear surface for transport descriptions

Abstract Dispersion relations and amplitudes of collective pionic modes are derived in a π + NN−1 + ΔN−1 model for use in transport descriptions by means of a local density approximation. It is discussed how pionic modes can be converted to real particles when penetrating the nuclear surface and how earlier treatments can be improved. When the surface is stationary only free pions emerge. The time-dependent situation is also addressed, as is the conversion of non-physical (i.e. unperturbed ΔN−1) modes to real particles when the nuclear density vanishes. A simplified one-dimensional scenario is used to investigate the reflection and transmission of pionic modes at the nuclear surface. It is found that reflection of pionic modes is rather unlikely, but the process can be incorporated into transport descriptions by the use of approximate local transmission coefficients.
The demand for transactions deposits: Was there a shift in the relationship?☆

Abstract This article examines the contention that the conventional money-demand specification deteriorated during the mid-1970s. Previous attempts have been made to analyze the apparent breakdown in the ability to explain the level of checkable deposits by reinvestigating the definitions of money used and the specification of the explanatory variables. The hypothesis of this paper is that the conventional specification did not undergo a serious breakdown in the marginal relationships, but experienced a one-time level shift. Evidence is presented indicating that once this level shift is accounted for, the deterioration found in previous analyses is rejected. Indeed, the outcome of this paper seriously questions the more commonly accepted arguments relating the purported breakdown in money demand to financial innovations and/or regulatory changes that have occurred since the mid-1970s.
The labor of terroir and the terroir of labor: Geographical Indication and Darjeeling tea plantations

In 1999, Darjeeling tea became India’s first Geographical Indication (GI). GI has proliferated worldwide as a legal protection for foods with terroir, or “taste of place,” a concept most often associated with artisan foods produced by small farmers in specific regions of the Global North. GI gives market protection to terroir in an increasingly homogenous food system. This article asks how Darjeeling tea, grown in an industrial plantation system rooted in British colonialism, has become convincingly associated with artisan GIs such as Champagne, Cognac, and Roquefort. The answer lies in a conceptual dyad that frames how British colonial officials, the Indian state, and international consumers have understood Darjeeling and its signature commodity. Since the colonial era, these actors have conceived Darjeeling as both an idyllic “garden” space and an industrial “plantation” space. As I show through an analysis of GI marketing materials and interviews with planters, pluckers, and consumers, this dyad maps in surprising ways onto labor relations. While planters’ and marketers’ discourses tend to emphasize the “garden,” laborers’ investment in GI lies primarily in an active—if also ambivalent—embrace of the plantation, encapsulated in the Nepali word “kamān.”
Some history of liquid scintillator development at Los Alamos

The early developments in liquid scintillation counting made at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory are reviewed. Most of the work was under the direction of F.N. Hayes and included counter development and applications as well as synthesis and chemistry of liquid scintillators.
Diffraction Line-Shape Analysis of Poly(3-dodecylthiophene): A Study of Layer Disorder through the Liquid Crystalline Polymer Transition

The nature of the structural ordering within semicrystalline poly(3-dodecylthiophene) films has been analyzed using a Warren−Averbach line-shape analysis which includes up to five orders of the (h0...
The Structure of the Helium Atom

Models for the Helium Atom.---(1) Bohr's model is unsatisfactory because it gives too great a value for the ionizing potential and is not in accord with the optical and magnetic properties of helium. Now the chemical evidence suggests that each electron in an atom has its own separate orbit, and that these orbits are closely interrelated. Accordingly two new models are considered. (2) In the double circle model the two electrons are assumed to move in two separate, parallel, circular orbits. The model, however, is unstable, for the ionizing potential, computed by applying the quantum theory, comes out negative. Another objection is that the magnetic moment is not zero. (3) In the semi-circular model each electron is assumed to oscillate back and forth along an approximately semi-circular path in accord with classical mechanics, each being brought to rest at the end of its path by the repulsion of the other. Assuming the maximum angular momentum of each equal to $\frac{h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$, the absolute dimensions of the model were computed. The total energy comes out less than for the Bohr model, and the ionizing potential, 25.62 volts, agrees closely with the experimental value. The magnetic moment is zero.Application of the Quantum Theory to Coupled Electrons.---The success of the semi-circular model in giving the correct value for the ionizing potential of helium suggests that in the case of coupled electrons the quantum theory should be applied not to the momentum of the individual electrons according to the relation $\ensuremath{\int}\mathrm{pdq}=\frac{h}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$, but rather to the momentum which, by being relayed from one electron to another, passes in each direction around the nucleus.
Length multiplicities of hyperbolic 3-manifolds

LetM = ℍ3/Γ be a hyperbolic 3-manifold, where Γ is a non-elementary Kleinian group. It is shown that the length spectrum ofM is of unbounded multiplicity.
Temperature dependent low resolution microwave spectra of p-fluorothioanisole

Abstract Temperature dependent low resolution microwave (LRMW) spectra of p-fluorothioanisole are consistent with a planar conformational species and a higher energy species in which the expectation value of the torsional angle is significantly larger than 0°. The relative intensity and relative energy of this species preclude assigning it to a second conformational form. This series may be produced by a collection of vibrationally excited states with similar rotational constants and its enhanced intensity may result from additional relaxation channels available to these states. This study demonstrates that temperature dependent measurements are essential in the assignment and interpretation of LRMW spectra of large flexible molecules.
Gaussian radial basis functions and the approximation of input–output maps

Radial basis functions are of interest in connection with a variety of approximation problems in the neural networks area, and in other areas as well. Here we show that the members of some interesting families of shift-varying input–output maps, that take a function space into a function space, can be uniformly approximated, over an infinite time or space domain, in a certain special way using Gaussian radial basis functions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short Signatures from the Weil Pairing

We introduce a short signature scheme based on the Computational Diffie–Hellman assumption on certain elliptic and hyperelliptic curves. For standard security parameters, the signature length is about half that of a DSA signature with a similar level of security. Our short signature scheme is designed for systems where signatures are typed in by a human or are sent over a low-bandwidth channel. We survey a number of properties of our signature scheme such as signature aggregation and batch verification.
Sampling Triples from Restricted Networks using MCMC Strategy

In large networks, the connected triples are useful for solving various tasks including link prediction, community detection, and spam filtering. Existing works in this direction concern mostly with the exact or approximate counting of connected triples that are closed (aka, triangles). Evidently, the task of triple sampling has not been explored in depth, although sampling is a more fundamental task than counting, and the former is useful for solving various other tasks, including counting. In recent years, some works on triple sampling have been proposed that are based on direct sampling, solely for the purpose of triangle count approximation. They sample only from a uniform distribution, and are not effective for sampling triples from an arbitrary user-defined distribution. In this work we present two indirect triple sampling methods that are based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling strategy. Both of the above methods are highly efficient compared to a direct sampling-based method, specifically for the task of sampling from a non-uniform probability distribution. Another significant advantage of the proposed methods is that they can sample triples from networks that have restricted access, on which a direct sampling based method is simply not applicable.
Evolution of the identification of the major South American narcotic plants.

(1979). Evolution of the Identification of the Major South American Narcotic Plants. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 11, Innovative Approached to Drug Abuse Treatment, pp. 119-134.
Base-Mediated Intermolecular sp2 C-H Bond Arylation via Benzyne Intermediates

A transition-metal-free method for arylation of heterocycle and arene carbon−hydrogen bonds by aryl chlorides and fluorides has been developed. The reactions proceed via aryne intermediates and are highly regioselective with respect to the C−H bond coupling component.
“The Man of Iron” and Men of Power in Poland

Ostensibly, “The Man of Iron” is a film about a successful strike, the culmination of ten years of hope and struggle, an act of solidarity among workers who have understood that the only guarantee of their material well-being and their freedom is the union, an autonomous power of their own. It is a film about a strike and, midway, director Andrzej Wajda turns it into a classical flick, a banal love story seen so many times before, with scenes of a train station, wrapped in blue mist, where a mother takes her child, wrapped in red blankets, away from the intruding repression. One enters the climate of Gorky's Mother, of “Adelein 31,” of “Norma Jean.”Several Polish and French reviewers did not like this sentimental injection of private life, accusing the film of formal inconsistency, but I find the formalism of the strike film as profoundly ironic as the event itself: the strike of workers against the society where the working class was supposed to hold power, the strike against a party which claimed to represent them turned out to be just a strike like other strikes of workers against the power of capital and the state.And the ending–one of the endings–is equally romantic: the hero and his woman reunited after she is freed from prison by the victory of strikers, the protagonist in the closing monologue turning to the generation of his father to report the accomplishment of the task.
When in Rome: conformity and the provision of public goods

Abstract We ask whether conformity, copying the most observed behavior in a population, affects free riding. Our model suggests that, if sufficiently frequent at the start of a public goods game, conformity will increase the growth rate of free riding. We confirm this prediction in an experiment by showing that free riding grows faster when players have the information necessary to conform. As a stricter test, we econometrically estimate the dynamic on which the model is based and find that, controlling for the payoff incentive to free ride, players react significantly to the number of free riders in their groups.
On the fate of tachyonic quivers

We study gauge theories on the world-volume of D3-branes probing singularities. Seiberg duality can be realized as a sequence of Picard-Lefschetz monodromies on 3-cycles in the mirror manifold. In previous work, the precise meaning of gauge theories obtained by monodromies that do not correspond to Seiberg duality was unclear. Recently, it was pointed out that these theories contain tachyons, suggesting that the collection of branes at the singularity is unstable. We address this problem using (p,q) web techniques. It is shown that theories with tachyons appear whenever the (p,q) web contains crossing legs. A recent study of these theories with tachyons using exceptional collections proposed the notion of ``well split condition.'' We show the equivalence between the well split condition and the absence of crossing legs in the (p,q) web. The (p,q) web has a natural resolution of crossing legs wich was first studied in the construction of five dimensional fixed points using branes. Exploiting this result, we develop a generic procedure which we propose determines the quiver that corresponds to the stable bound state of D-branes that live on the singularity after the monodromy. This set is generically larger than the original set, meaning that there are extra massless gauge fields and matter fields in the quiver. Alternatively, one can argue that since these gauge and matter fields are initially assumed to be absent, the theory exhibits tachyonic excitations. We illustrate our ideas in an explicit example for D3-branes on a complex cone over dP1, computing both the quiver and the superpotential.
COSMOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF KALUZA-KLEIN MONOPOLES

Abstract The cosmological production of Kaluza-Klein monopoles is discussed. The present monopole-to-entropy ratio is calculated in some simple models with the conclusion that this ratio is unacceptably large unless additional mechanisms for entropy production or monopole annihilation are present.
ChromHMM: automating chromatin-state discovery and characterization

Chromatin state annotation using combinations of chromatin modification patterns has emerged as a powerful approach for discovering regulatory regions and their cell type specific activity patterns, and for interpreting disease-association studies1-5. However, the computational challenge of learning chromatin state models from large numbers of chromatin modification datasets in multiple cell types still requires extensive bioinformatics expertise making it inaccessible to the wider scientific community. To address this challenge, we have developed ChromHMM, an automated computational system for learning chromatin states, characterizing their biological functions and correlations with large-scale functional datasets, and visualizing the resulting genome-wide maps of chromatin state annotations.
HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2005–2006 update

HIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the integration of proviral DNA into the host genome, an essential step for viral replication. Inhibition of IN catalytic activity provides an attractive strategy for antiretroviral drug design. Currently two IN inhibitors, MK-0518 and GS-9137, are in advanced stages of human clinical trials. The IN inhibitors in clinical evaluation demonstrate excellent antiretroviral efficacy alone or in combination regimens as compared to previously used clinical antiretroviral agents in naive and treatment-experienced HIV-1 infected patients. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors and the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 genome demand a continued effort toward the discovery of novel inhibitors to keep a therapeutic advantage over the virus. Continued efforts in the field have resulted in the discovery of compounds from diverse chemical classes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive report of all IN inhibitors discovered in the years 2005 and 2006. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 28, No. 1, 118–154, 2008
OXO CARBOXYLATE TIN LADDER CLUSTERS. A NEW STRUCTURAL CLASS OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS

Abstract The hexameric n-butyloxotin benzoate, [n-BuSn(O)O2CC6H4NO2.2]6.3C6H6, 1, and the dimeric methyloxotin cyclohexanoate, [(MeSn(O)O2CC6H11)2MeSn(O2CC6H11)3]2, 4, were prepared by condensing the stannoic acid with the respective carboxylic acid. Reaction of n-butyltin. trichloride with the silver salt of the respective carboxylic acid gave the dimeric n-butyloxotin carboxylate compositions, [(n-BuSn(O)O2CR)2-n-BuSn(O2CR)3]2, 2 (R = Ph) and 3 (R = Me). These represent new substances and, as found by X-ray analysis, form a new structural class of organotin compounds for 2-4 having “unfolded drum” or “ladder” structures. The hexamer composition 1 exists in “drum” form. 119Sn NMR data show that the drum and ladder structures interconvert reversibly. 1 crystallizes in the rhombohedral/space group R3 with a H = 15.283 (4) A, cH, = 34.683 (9) A, and Z = 3. 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P1 with a = 13.657 (6) A, b = 14.104 (2) A, c = 14.559 (4) A, a = 99.14 (2)°, β = 111.73 (3)°, γ = 101.57 (3)...
Two Convenient Syntheses of 2-Aryl-1-Cyano-1-Propenes From Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Abstract Two readily available and different quaternary ammonium salts have been prepared by the alkylation of vinamidinium salt reduction products. These salts have been successfully converted to 2-aryl-1-cyano-1-propenes and this methodology represents a clean and efficient procedure for the construction of such systems.
Japan--land and men : an account of the Japanese land reform program, 1945-51

This book relates the story of the Japanese Land Reform Program (1945-51) against a background of the history and sociology of agrarian Japan.
CAD/CAM: managerial challenges and research issues

Results are reported of an exploratory investigation into the managerial problems of integrating computer-aided design (broadly construed to include engineering design and drafting), and computer-aided manufacturing (encompassing machine control, materials handling, manufacturing scheduling, planning and administration, testing and quality assurance). The focus is on engineering, design, fabrication, assembly, and test of printed circuit boards used in the electronics industry and on design and fabrication of hydraulic tubing in the aircraft industry. Nine US electronics businesses and four US aircraft companies were visited with the aim of synthesizing the elements of 'best practice'. Managerial problems and research issues are identified at each of five key levels of organizational learning: skills, procedures, structure, strategy, and culture. >
Dynamic Coupling of the KC-135 Tanker and Boom for Modeling and Simulation

Current Automated Aerial Refueling (AAR) research requires precision modeling and simulation of the refueling process between a KC-135 tanker aircraft and an unmanned aircraft. In order to meet this requirement, both steady-state and dynamic interactions between the tanker aircraft, the refueling boom, and the receiver aircraft must be accurately represented. Boom orientation and motion is known to change the trim of the tanker aircraft, which in turn influences the formation flying and station keeping tasks involved in current Air Force AAR concepts of operation. This paper describes the development of the coupled equations of motion for the refueling boom, which model its motion and its dynamic interactions with the tanker. For the purposes of this investigation, and to validate the boom model dynamics, the coupled boom model is first implemented as a boom-only simulation. The coupled model is compared to two existing boom-only models: one of which has been used for aerial refueling improvement studies, and the other is currently being used for boom operator training. Steady-state and dynamic responses to control inputs to the boom are calculated by the coupled boom model, then compared to those calculated using the existing models.
Higgs and sparticle spectroscopy with Gauge-Yukawa unification

We explore the Higgs and sparticle spectroscopy of supersymmetric SU(4) c × SU(2) L × SU(2) R models in which the three MSSM gauge couplings and third family (t-b-τ) Yukawa couplings are all unified at M GUT. This class of models can be obtained via compactification of a higher dimensional theory. Allowing for opposite sign gaugino masses and varying m t within 1σ of its current central value yields a variety of gauge-Yukawa unification as well as WMAP compatible neutralino dark matter solutions. They include mixed bino-Higgsino dark matter, stau and gluino coannihilation scenarios, and the A-resonance solution.
Application of rf superconductivity to high-brightness ion-beam accelerators

Abstract A development program is underway to apply rf superconductivity to the design of cw linear accelerators for high-brightness ion beams. The key issues associated with this endeavor have been delineated in an earlier paper. Considerable progress has been made both experimentally and theoretically to resolve a number of these issues. In this paper we summarize this progress. We also identify current and future work in the areas of accelerator technology and superconducting materials which will confront the remaining issues and/or provide added capability to the technology.
Synthesis of diaryl disulfides via the reductive coupling of arylsulfonyl chlorides

A facile synthesis of diaryl disulfides from arylsulfonyl chlorides in the presence of triphenylphosphine has been developed.
Skeletal Diversity via Cationic Rearrangements of Substituted Dihydropyrans

Substituted dihydropyrans, easily accessed from a commercially available glycal, undergo acid-catalyzed rearrangement to provide highly functionalized isochroman and dioxabicyclooctane scaffolds.
Statistical Analysis of Control Maneuvers in Unstable Orbital Environments

The optimal placement of statistical control maneuvers is analyzed for maintaining position near an unstable equilibrium point. This idea is developed for the libration points in the Hill three-body problem, but the analysis can be generalized to other unstable systems and is applied to the restricted three-body problem as well. First the basics of statistical fuel usage in the context of orbit determination errors and their mapping in time are reviewed. With use of linear theory, several explicit targeting formulas are devived for driving a spacecraft back to a e xed point. The mean and standard deviation of these schemes are analyzed for our special case, and explicit solutions for them are found. With use of these results the fuel-optimal spacing of the maneuvers in time can be devived to control a spacecraft to the vicinity of an unstable libration point. It is found that the optimal spacing is related to the characteristic time of the instability. It is also found that a linear quadratic regulator LQR control scheme will outperform control schemes that target the stable manifold of the equilibrium point.
On the secular decrease in the semimajor axis of Lageos's orbit

The semimajor axis of the Lageos satellite's orbit is decreasing secularly at the rate of 1.1 mm day−1. Ten possible mechanisms are investigated to discover which one (s), if any, might be causing the orbit to decay. Six of the mechanisms, resonance with the Earth's gravitational field, gravitational radiation, the Poynting-Robertson effect, transfer of spin angular momentum to the orbital angular momentum, drag from near-earth dust, and atmospheric drag by neutral hydrogen are ruled out because they are too small or require unacceptable assumptions to account for the observed rate of decay. Three other mechanisms, the Yarkovsky effect, the Schach effect, and terrestrial radiation pressure give perturbations whose characteristic signatures do not agree with the observed secular decrease (terrestrial radiation pressure appears to be too small in any case); hence they are also ruled out. Charged particle drag with the ions at Lageos's altitude is probably the principal cause of the orbital decay. An estimate of charged particle drag based upon laboratory experiments and satellite measurements of ion number densities accounts for 60 percent of the observed rate of decrease in the semimajor axis, assuming a satellite potential of −1V. This figure is in good agreement with other estimates based on charge drag theory. A satellite potential of −1.5V will explain the entire decay rate. Atmospheric drag from neutral hydrogen appears to be the next largest effect, explaining about 10 percent of the observed orbital decay rate.
Regularity results for stable-like operators☆

For α∈[1,2) we consider operators of the form Lf(x)=∫Rd[f(x+h)−f(x)−1(|h|⩽1)∇f(x)⋅h]A(x,h)|h|d+αdh and for α∈(0,1) we consider the same operator but where the ∇f term is omitted. We prove, under appropriate conditions on A(x,h), that any solution u to Lu=f will be in Cα+β if f∈Cβ.
A RATIO OF INTEGRATION BETWEEN QUOTIENTS IN GEOMETRIC INVARIANT THEORY

Let T be a maximal torus of a connected reductive group G that acts linearly on a projective variety X so that all semi-stable points are stable. This paper compares the integration on the geometric invariant theory quotient X//G of Chow classes σ to the integration on the geometric invariant theory quotient X//T of certain lifts of σ twisted by c top(g/t), the top Chern class of the T-equivariant vector bundle induced by the quotient of the adjoint representation on the Lie algebra of G by that of T. We provide a purely algebraic proof that the ratio between any two such integrals is an invariant of the group G and that it equals the order of the Weyl group whenever the root system of G decomposes into irreducible root systems of type A n , for various $$ n\in \mathbb{N} $$ . As a corollary, we are able to remove this restriction on root systems by applying a related result of Martin from symplectic geometry.
On the rate of convergence of Bernstein polynomials of functions of bounded variation

Soit B n (f) le polynome de Bernstein de f. On donne une estimation du taux de convergence de lim n→∞ B n (f,x)=(f(x+)+f(x−))/2 pour des fonctions a variation bornee en termes de moyenne arithmetique de la suite des variations totales
Manganese Triacetate Oxidation of 3β, 3aβ, 6-Trimethyl-3a, 7aβ-dihydro-2(3H), 5(4H)-benzofurandione

Abstract The manganese triacetate oxidation of hindered α1-positions in a model enone, 3β, 3aβ, 6-trimethyl-3a, 7aβ-dihydro-2(3H), 5(4H)-benzofurandione, provided a procedure for the introduction of the α′-hydroxyenone functionality characteristic of the A ring of certain quassinoids.
Finding compact coordinate representations for polygons and polyhedra

A standard technique in solid modeling is to represent planes (or lines) by explicit equations and to represent vertices and edges implicitly by means of combinatorial information. Numerical problems that arise from using floating-point arithmetic to implement operations on solids can be avoided by using exact arithmetic. Since the execution time of exact arithmetic operators increases with the number of bits required to represent the operands, it is important to avoid increasing the number of bits required to represent the plane (or line) equation coefficients. Set operations on solids do not increase the number of bits required. However, rotating a solid greatly increases the number of bits required, thus adversely affecting efficiency. One proposed solution to this problem is to round the coefficients of each plane (or line) equation without altering the combinatorial information. We show that such rounding is NP-complete.
Efficient Synthesis of Polyethylene Glycol Mono‐Carboxylate via Michael Conjugate Addition

Abstract Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with one carboxylate group, the very useful precursors for the synthesis of the PEG derived heterobifunctional linkers, are synthesized in high yield in one‐pot via Michael conjugate addition of acrylate esters with PEG and catalyst amount of sodium in THF.
On Double-Entry Bookkeeping: The Mathematical Treatment

AbstractDouble-entry bookkeeping (DEB) implicitly uses a specific mathematical construction, the group of differences using pairs of unsigned numbers (‘T-accounts’). That construction was only formulated abstractly in mathematics in the nineteenth century, even though DEB had been used in the business world for over five centuries. Yet the connection between DEB and the group of differences (here called the ‘Pacioli group’) is still largely unknown both in mathematics and accounting. The precise mathematical treatment of DEB allows clarity on certain conceptual questions and it immediately yields the generalization of the double-entry method to multi-dimensional vectors typically representing the different types of property involved in an enterprise or household.
Effect of Lubrication on Friction and Torque-Tension Relationship in Threaded Fasteners

In this research, three types of lubricants are investigated for their effects on the friction and torque-tension relationships in threaded fastener applications. Investigated lubricants included oils, greases, and solid film lubricants that were applied to the threads of the fastener and the nut, and the turning bolt underhead surface as well as the joint surface in contact with the bolt head. The oils tested were mineral oils with different viscosities, i.e. 21cst, 115cst, 1000cst respectively at 40°C. Three types of grease were tested; namely, regular grade, pure nickel special, and heavy metal free grease. For the solid lubricants, an olefinic type, an olefinic base with a polytetrafluoroethylene additive, and an olefinic base with an inorganic additive (Molybdenum disulfide), were applied. Class 8.8 M12 fasteners with both fine and coarse threads were used. The experiments were carried out using a Laboratory Fastener Testing System which measures the input torque, the fastener tension, the thread fri...
A mild method for rapid tert-butyldiphenylsilylation of primary and secondary alcohols

Abstract A rapid and efficient method for the protection of primary and secondary alcohols as their tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (tBDPS) ethers was developed. Reaction of the alcohol and tBDPSCl in DMF with AgNO3, NH4NO3, or NH4ClO4 provides good yields of the corresponding silyl ethers
Maritime businesses: volatile stock prices and market valuation inefficiencies

Abstract This paper examines 12 maritime equity price series for behavioral stability and efficient market pricing for the 1989–2002 period. Five self-affine fractal analysis techniques for estimating the Hurst exponent, Mandelbrot–Levy characteristic exponent, and fractal dimension are employed to explore the price series fractal properties. Techniques employed are rescaled-range analysis, power-spectral density analysis, roughness–length analysis, the variogram or structure function method, and wavelet analysis. Formal hypothesis tests provide evidence of a change in market behavior between the 1989–1994 and 1995–2002 periods. Hypothesis tests also provide evidence against efficient valuation of the maritime businesses sampled, supporting the multifractal model of asset returns (MMAR), and disconfirming the weak form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Strong evidence is presented for antipersistence of some maritime equities in the sample, suggesting market participants habitually overreact to new information, and never learn not to. An important implication of this finding is that financial derivatives based on the sampled equities cannot be efficiently priced.
Low-temperature direct bonding technology in photonic devices

Photonic Devices inherently have demanding materials requirements. The demanding needs of photonic devices generally require both large variations direct bandgaps and a large changes in the index of refraction in the materials used in their construction. Unfortunately, nature generally does not accommodate the material needs of these devices. It is generally difficult, if not impossible, to combine materials with the desired bandgaps and indices of refraction in a homogeneous structure formed by epitaxial growth techniques. Bonding has thus become an important technique to combine the required materials to achieve the features needed to create photonic devices.
Dynamically stabilized pores in bilayer membranes

Zhelev and Needham have recently created large, quasistable pores in artificial lipid bilayer vesicles. Initially created by electroporation, the pores remain open for up to several seconds before quickly snapping shut. This result is surprising, in light of the large line tension for holes in bilayer membranes and the rapid time scale for closure of large pores. We show how pores can be dynamically stabilized via a new feedback mechanism. We also explain quantitatively the observed sudden pore closure as a tangent bifurcation. Finally, we show how Zhelev and Needham's experiment can be used to measure accurately the pore line tension, an important material parameter. For their stearoyloleoylphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol mixture we obtain a line tension of 2.6 x 10(-6) dyn.
Neonatal bradycardia following nasopharyngeal stimulation

Suctioning of the nasopharynx immediately after birth is a widely used procedure in normal and abnormal neonates; it may result in cardiac arrhythmias of vagal origin. Instantaneously recorded neonatal heart rates and electrocardiograms were obtained from one minute to one hour of life in 87 neonates who also were monitored in utero during labor. After delivery, 41 infants received repeated nasopharyngeal suction with a bulb syringe; no decreases in heart rate were noted. The other 46 neonates were suctioned with a nasogastric tube attached to a glass de Lee trap. The nasogastric tube was blindly intoduced through the nose or the mouth. Following suction, 7 infants in the latter group developed severe cardiac arrhythmias, and 5 of them also became apneic. These undesirable responses are of enough concern to warrant re-examination of such widely accepted clinical procedures and to stimulate additional studies in this area.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Applications of Pyrazolidines. A Review

Pyrazolidines are saturated 5-membered heterocycles with two adjacent nitrogen atoms that share a single bond ( Figure 1 ). This functional group can be found at the core of several potential thera...
Rapid solidification of metallic particulates

The property improvements of aluminum alloys through rapid solidification techniques are reviewed, i.e., quenching from the melt through splat cooling of flakes, roller quenching of foils and ultrasonic gas atomization of powders. By rapid quenching from the melt, a high degree of microstructural refinement, extended solubilities of alloying elements, and elimination of complex constituent phases can be obtained. The refinement of the structure is directly related to the cooling rate from the melt. In the case of atomized powders, this is related to the particle size and particle velocity; but with other techniques, such as the solid substrate cooling of fine droplets, high cooling rates are based on substrate conductivity and flake thickness. The effect of higher average oxide content and the possibility of utilizing its strengthening effect are also considered.
Proofs of two conjectures on the dimensions of binary codes

Let $${\mathcal{L}}$$ and $${\mathcal{L}_0}$$ be the binary codes generated by the column $${\mathbb{F}_2}$$ -null spaces of the incidence matrices of external points versus passant lines and internal points versus secant lines with respect to a conic in PG(2, q), respectively. We confirm the conjectures on the dimensions of $${\mathcal{L}}$$ and $${\mathcal{L}_0}$$ using methods from both finite geometry and modular representation theory.
Algebras, BPS states, and strings

Abstract We clarify the role played by BPS states in the calculation of threshold corrections of D = 4, N = 2 heterotic string compactifications. We evaluate these corrections for some classes of compactifications and show that they are sums of logarithmic functions over the positive roots of generalized Kac-Moody algebras. Moreover, a certain limit of the formulae suggests a reformulation of heterotic string in terms of a gauge theory based on hyperbolic algebras such as E 10 . We define a generalized Kac-Moody Lie superalgebra associated to the BPS states. Finally we discuss the relation of our results with string duality.
Dibromotriphenylphosphorane promoted synthesis of condensed heterocyclic systems from aromatic diamines

A new and rather widely applicable method for the synthesis of a number of tri, tetra-, and pentacyclic compounds from ortho-aminodiacylarylimides and dibromotriphenylphosphorane via an intramolecular cyclization is reported. A mechanism for this cyclization is proposed.
A class of curves in every knot type where chords of high distortion are common

Abstract The distortion of a curve is the supremum, taken over distinct pairs of points of the curve, of the ratio of arclength to spatial distance between the points. Gromov asked in 1981 whether a curve in every knot type can be constructed with distortion less than a universal constant C . Answering Gromov's question seems to require the construction of lower bounds on the distortion of knots in terms of some topological invariant. We attempt to make such bounds easier to construct by showing that pairs of points with high distortion are very common on curves of minimum length in the set of curves in a given knot type with distortion bounded above and distortion thickness bounded below.
Distributed sensor networks—a review of recent research

Abstract Advances in sensor technology and computer networks have enabled distributed sensor networks (DSNs) to evolve from small clusters of large sensors to large swarms of micro-sensors, from fixed sensor nodes to mobile nodes, from wired communications to wireless communications, from static network topology to dynamically changing topology. However, these technological advances have also brought new challenges to processing large amount of data in a bandwidth-limited, power-constraint, unstable and dynamic environment. This paper reviews recent developments in DSNs from four aspects: network structure, data processing paradigm, sensor fusion algorithm with emphasis on fault-tolerant algorithm design, and optimal sensor deployment strategy.
Turbulent equipartitions in two-dimensional drift convection

Abstract Unlike the thermodynamic equipartition of energy in conservative systems, turbulent equipartitions (TEP) describe strongly nonequilibrium systems such as turbulent plasmas. In turbulent systems, energy is no longer a good invariant, but one can utilize the conservation of other quantities such as adiabatic invariants, frozen-in magnetic flux, entropy, or combination thereof, in order to derive new, turbulent quasi-equlibria. These TEP equilibria assume various forms, but in general they sustain spatially inhomogeneous distributions of the usual thermodynamic quantities such as density or temperature. This mechanism explains the effects of particle and energy pinch in tokamaks. The analysis of the relaxed states caused by turbulent mixing is based on the existence of Lagrangian invariants (quantities constant along fluid-particle or other orbits). A turbulent equipartition corresponds to the spatially uniform distribution of relevant Lagrangian invariants. The existence of such turbulent equilibria is demonstrated in the simple model of two-dimensional electrostatically turbulent plasma in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. The turbulence is prescribed, and the turbulent transport is assumed to be much stronger than the classical collisional transport. The simplicity of the model makes it possible to derive the equations describing the relaxation to the TEP state in several limits.