cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More about AGU's digital library

Many members and institutions have asked when they will have electronic access to AGU journals published before the mid-1990s. The answer is 2008. AGU's digital library, which will come online in 2008, will include all articles published in 11 AGU journals from 1896 (for the predecessor to the Journal of Geophysical Research) through 2002 as well as articles from several hundred books that were published before 2003. AGU has not granted permission to any other organization to make this material available electronically in any form.
3D reconstruction from a stereo pair without the knowledge of intrinsic or extrinsic parameters

Estimation of the spatial coordinates of object points of a 3D environment, determined from stereo images of that environment, is well documented. However, the current approaches to 3D reconstruction of a scene from stereo images, require either the intrinsic camera parameters, the extrinsic parameters, or the spatial coordinates of at least five world points of that scene. In practice many more such points are usually required. This paper presents a method for 3D reconstruction when only two camera views are available, and no other camera information is available. It is assumed that the optical axes of the right and left cameras intersect and their Y-axes are parallel. A derivation of the equations needed in order to solve for the unknown parameters, within the framework of the assumed stereo system, is presented. Next, a one-sixteenth pixel interpolation over the camera pixel arrays is performed in order to improve the point correspondences, and thereby the accuracy of the parameter estimates. The technique described in this paper provides a 3D reconstruction up to a scale factor. This scaled reconstruction along with knowledge of the coordinates of one world point, or the dimensions of a familiar object, yield the true to scale point coordinates for that scene. Experiments on both synthetic and real stereo images yield very satisfactory results, as demonstrated.
Staging of laryngeal cancer using 64-channel multidetector row CT: comparison of standard neck CT with dedicated breath-maneuver laryngeal CT.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: With a 64-channel multidetector row CT, imaging acquisition during speech, swallowing, or phonation has become feasible. However, the actual benefit of these additional focused images should be critically evaluated with respect to radiation dose. The purpose of this study was to determine if dedicated laryngeal CT using breath-holding and straw-blowing improved the accuracy of TNM-staging for patients with biopsy-proved laryngeal carcinomas in comparison with a standard neck CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 27 patients underwent a standard neck CT and a laryngeal CT with additional images acquired while patients held their breath or blew through a straw. Two radiologists interpreted the neck CT and later the laryngeal CT and assigned a TNM-stage for each case. These interpretations were compared with a TNM-stage determined by surgery and/or clinical examination for the individual patients. The accuracy of standard neck CT was compared with the accuracy of laryngeal CT. RESULTS: The overall accuracy was not significantly different between standard neck CT and the additional laryngeal CT and was, in fact, lower in cases with additional larynx images. The accuracy of staging was slightly improved with the additional laryngeal CT for glottic cancers; however, it was decreased for supraglottic cancers. The accuracy of a dichotomous diagnosis of early-versus-advanced-stage cancer was 0.86 for the standard neck CT and 0.80 for the laryngeal CT. The readers' confidence levels did not improve with the use of the additional images. CONCLUSIONS: In the era of isovoxel multidetector CT technology and judicious monitoring of radiation dose, a standard neck CT with coronal and sagittal reformats should suffice for the staging of laryngeal cancer. AJCC : American Joint Committee on Cancer IV : intravenous kV(p) : kilovolt (peak) NCI : National Cancer Institute TNM-staging : tumor-node-metastasis staging
‘This Work is God's Cause’: Religion in the Southern Woman Suffrage Movement, 1880–1920

As I began researching religion and woman suffrage in the South I asked a prominent historian of southern religion if he knew of any sources. I had assumed that religion and woman suffrage had an intimate relationship in the South, since historians have amply documented the close connection between southern religion and culture. After scraching his head for a moment, however, he commented dryly, “There really aren't any sources. That will be a short paper.” He went on to explain that religious arguments were seldom used in the struggle for woman suffrage, that natural rights ideology and the social benefits of moral women voting were more common defenses than ones based on Scripture. Even antisuffragists relied on the threat of black women voting and the superfluity of women voting when they were represented by their husbands at the ballot box more often than explicitly religious arguments.
Effects of Intermetallics on the Reliability of Tin Coated Cu, Ag, and Ni Parts

The temperature dependence of the growth rates of intermetallic compounds in the Cu-Sn, Ag-Sn and Ni-Sn systems was determined between 100°C and 213°C for Sn-dipped and Sn-plated samples. Below 175°C the fastest growing intermetallic compound was Ag3Sn. The Ni-Sn compoknd, Ni3Sn, was the slowest growing phase below 150°C, but the fastest growing phase above 175°C. The two Cu-Sn intermetallic phases, Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5, had a combined growth rate which increases more slowly with temperature than the single intermetallic phases observed in the Ni-Snand Ag-Sn systems. The growth rate data plotted against reciprocal temperature satisfies the Arrhenius relationship and yields a range of apparent activation energies between 14.8 Kcal/mole for Ag3Sn and 37.6 Kcal/mole for Ni3Sn4. The growth of intermetallic compounds can affect the reliability of electronic parts through a reduction in lead solderability or a decrease in the mechanical strength of soldered connections. Lap shear testing of metal strips bonded with Sn demonstrated that strengths of both bonded Ni and Cu strips decrease as the thickness of the intermetallic compounds increase during annealing at 213°C. In the case of Ni-Sn, a 50% reduction in joint strength occurred after only one day-at temperature. For Cu-Sn, the reduction in joint strength occurred at a slower rate, and only a slight decrease was observed in the Ag-Sn lap shear samples. The degradation observed in the Ni-Sn and Cu-Sn systems is related to the growth rate of brittle intermetallics forming at the interface (i.e. Ni3Sn4 and Cu3Sn).
Epilepsy-induced decrease of L-type Ca2+ channel activity and coordinate regulation of subunit mRNA in single neurons of rat hippocampal ‘zipper’ slices

L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCCs) preferentially modulate several neuronal processes that are thought to be important in epileptogenesis, including the slow afterhyperpolarization (AHP), LTP, and trophic factor gene expression. However, little is yet known about the roles of L-type VSCCs in the epileptogenic process. Here, we used cell-attached patch recording techniques and single cell mRNA analyses to study L-type VSCCs in CA1 neurons from partially dissociated (zipper) hippocampal slices from entorhinally-kindled rats. L-type Ca2+-channel activity was reduced by >50% at 1.5-3 months after kindling. Following recording, the same single neurons were extracted and collected for mRNA analysis using a recently developed method that does not amputate major dendritic processes. Therefore, neurons contained essentially full complements of mRNA. For each collected neuron, mRNA contents for the L-type pore-forming alpha1D/Ca(v)1.3-subunit and for calmodulin were then analyzed by semiquantitative kinetic RT-PCR. L-type alpha1D-subunit mRNA was correlated with L-type Ca2+-channel activity across single cells, whereas calmodulin mRNA was not. Thus, these results appear to provide the first direct evidence at the single channel and gene expression levels that chronic expression of an identified Ca2+-channel type is modulated by epileptiform activity. Moreover, the present data suggest the hypothesis that down regulation of alpha1D-gene expression by kindling may contribute to the long-term maintenance of epileptiform activity, possibly through reduced Ca2+-dependent AHP and/or altered expression of other relevant genes.
Mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of dinoflagellates. VI. Biochemical and genomic comparison of galactolipid biosynthesis between Chromera velia (Chromerida), a photosynthetic alveolate with red algal plastid ancestry, and the dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium polyedrum

Chromera velia is a recently discovered, photosynthetic, free-living alveolate that is the closest free-living relative to non-photosynthetic apicomplexan parasites. Most plastids, regardless of their origin, have membranes composed chiefly of two galactolipids, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively). Because of the hypothesized shared red algal origin between the plastids of C. velia and dinoflagellates, our primary objectives were to examine how growth temperature affects MGDG and DGDG composition via positive-ion electrospray/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) and positive ion/electrospray/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS/MS), and to examine galactolipid biosynthetic genes to determine if shared ancestry translates into shared MGDG and DGDG composition. When growing at 20°C, C. velia produces eicosapentaenoic acid-rich 20:5(n-3)/20:5(n-3) (sn-1/sn-2) MGDG and 20:5(n-3)/20:5(n-3) DGDG as its primary galactolipids, with relative percentage compositions of approximately 35 a...
Pre-eruptive and syn-eruptive conditions in the Black Butte, California dacite: Insight into crystallization kinetics in a silicic magma system

A series of experiments and petrographic analyses have been run to determine the pre-eruption phase equilibria and ascent dynamics of dacitic lavas composing Black Butte, a dome complex on the flank of Mount Shasta, California. Major and trace element analyses indicate that the Black Butte magma shared a common parent with contemporaneously erupted magmas at the Shasta summit. The Black Butte lava phenocryst phase assemblage (20 v.%) consists of amphibole, plagioclase (core An77.5), and Fe‐Ti oxides in a fine-grained (b0.5 mm) groundmass of plagioclase, pyroxene, Fe‐Ti oxides, amphibole, and cristobalite. The phenocryst assemblage and crystal compositions are reproduced experimentally between 890 °C and 910 °C, ! 300 MPa, XH2O=1, and oxygen fugacity=NNO+1. This study has quantified the extent of three crystallization processes occurring in the Black Butte dacite that can be used to discern ascent processes. Magma ascent rate was quantified using the widths of amphibole breakdown rims in natural samples, using an experimental calibration of rim development in a similar magma at relevant conditions. The majority of rims are 34±10 ! m thick, suggesting a time-integrated magma ascent rate of 0.004‐0.006 m/s among all four dome lobes. This is comparable to values for effusive samples from the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption and slightly faster than those estimated at Montserrat. A gap between the compositions of plagioclase phenocryst cores and microlites suggests that while phenocryst growth was continuous throughout ascent, microlite formation did not occur until significantly into ascent. The duration of crystallization is estimated using the magma reservoir depth and ascent rate, as determined from phase equilibria and amphibole rim widths, respectively. Textural analysis of the natural plagioclase crystals yields maximum growth rates of plagioclase phenocryst rims and groundmass microlites of 8.7! 10 " 8 and 2.5! 10 " 8 mm/s, respectively. These rates are comparable
The amphipathicity of interleukin-2

Interleukin 2 plays a pivotal role in the generation of an immune response. Activation of T cells via the antigen receptor results in a cascade of events leading to the secretion of interleukin 2 and cellular differentiation and proliferation. Using a number of specific antibodies, we have described the presence of interleukin 2 epitopes on the surface of cells that have the potential to secrete interleukin 2. The expression of membrane-associated interleukin 2 epitopes cannot be accounted for by interleukin 2 binding to its receptor. These epitopes are temporally distinct from secreted interleukin 2 and are not inhibited by cyclosporin A. Furthermore, expression is constitutive in quiescent cells and it is lost upon activation. Hopp-Woods analysis of the primary amino acid sequence of interleukin 2 reveals several hydrophobic regions. Consideration of this analysis along with the known three-dimensional structure determined by X-ray crystallography indicate that hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the interleukin 2 molecule cluster into easily distinguishable domains. Thus, we have postulated that interleukin 2 possesses an intrinsic amphipathic nature. Phase separation analysis in the partitioning detergent Triton X-114 has been previously used to distinguish amphipathic from aqueous molecules. Consequently, we studied partitioning of interleukin 2 in this detergent and found that recombinant interleukin 2 muteins partitioned into the detergent phase demonstrating its intrinsic amphipathic nature. Although we demonstrated the amphipathic nature of interleukin 2 and the ability of interleukin 2 to associate with lipid bilayers during the production of planar membranes, interleukin 2 did not intercalate into the surface membrane of cells. Further studies involving the interaction of interleukin 2 with cells demonstrated a novel type of interleukin 2 binding via a novel technique for assessing binding. Using specific antibodies to interleukin 2 and flow cytometry, we have detected specific binding of high dose interleukin 2 to T cells. This binding is specific for cells that express the p55 molecule of the interleukin 2 receptor although p55 alone cannot account for the binding. The expression of this binding potential is regulated on a T cell clone and on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, we have demonstrated functional consequences of this binding for both T cell proliferation and activation of MHC-nonrestricted cytotoxicity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These novel characteristics of recombinant interleukin 2 may be relevant to the therapeutic use of the lymphokine in treating certain types of neoplastic disease.
Regulating Research: Relevance Versus Elegance?

This paper investigates the effects of the Ford Foundation's business school reform efforts in the 1950s on managerial accounting research. The results, based on a study of the managerial accounting research literature from 1926 through 1980, suggest that the reformers significantly affected research methods used, the source disciplines for research, and authorship by practitioners. Apparently, the reform movement created a shift in the literature unparalleled in the history of managerial accounting research.
Active-passive ocean color measurements

Active-passive ocean color measurements are defined as the concurrent acquisition of active (or laser-induced) spectra and passive (or solar-induced) spectra within essentially the same oceanic target footprint. Essentially, then, conventional passive remote sensing is being performed, while at the same time laser surface truth measurements are being conducted within the same footprint. Such simultaneous measurements allow, for example, the determination of the chlorophyll content of the upper water column using highly specific laser-induced fluorescence and water Raman backscatter.
Genetic influences on beef longissimus palatability in charolais- and limousin-sired steers and heifers.

Random matings of 10 Charolais sires and eight Limousin sires to crossbred cows produced 392 steers and heifers that were used to evaluate genetic influences on beef palatability. Longissimus lumborum steaks were measured for shear force at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 35 d postmortem and for taste panel attributes at 14 d postmortem. Longer postmortem aging periods resulted in lower (P < .05) shear force values for progeny from all 18 sires. Shear force variation among sires did not diminish during postmortem aging; however, shear force variation among progeny within a sire decreased during postmortem aging. Median within-breed heritability estimates from Method-R were .33 for shear force, .49 for 24-h calpastatin activity, and .18 for marbling score. All taste panel attribute heritability estimates were very low. Solid evidence existed for a very high within-breed genetic correlation between calpastatin activity and shear force. However, the across-breed genetic correlation between marbling and shear force seemed to be higher than the correlation between calpastatin activity and shear force. Very few antagonistic genetic relationships existed between production/carcass traits and palatability traits.
First-order form, Lagrange’s form, and Gibbs–Appell’s form of Kane’s equations

This paper proposes that Kane’s equations for a simple nonholonomic system are the first-order form of generalized speeds. When the first-order form of Kane’s equations is put in matrix form, the element of the mass matrix is identical to the inertia coefficient. Because the orthogonal set of partial velocities will decouple the first-order equations, one can use the orthogonal criterion to generate efficient equations of motion. With the presented first-order form, Kane’s equations are different from Maggi’s or Gibbs–Appell’s equations. Moreover, in order to clarify the relationship between Kane’s approach and classical approaches, we start from Kane’s equations and introduce kinetic energy or acceleration energy functions to derive Lagrange’s or Gibbs–Appell’s forms of Kane’s equations for the system. We found that the Lagrange’s forms of Kane’s equations can be used to solve nonholonomic systems without introducing Lagrangian multipliers. At last, the first-order form, Lagrange’s forms, and Gibbs–Appell’s forms of Kane’s equations are, respectively, used to depict the derivation of first-order equations of motion for a rolling coin.
Guidance Technology of Antiaircraft Gun Based on Semi-Active Homing Fuze

Guidance of anti-aircraft(AA)gun is an important approach to improve operational efficiency of AA gun weapon system.The guidance technology based on semi-active homing fuze was established in existing AA gun weapon system.By means of reforming projectile fuze system,fuze functional expansion and technical upgrading were realized with the help of increasing four-quadrant antenna,posture detector and ballistic correction organization.Through receiving pulse Doppler radar wave combined radar direct wave with goal reflection wave,the radar wave information of amplitude and width was used to carry out projectile ballistic correction and fuze ignition.This guidance method makes sufficient use of fuze effect and produces the best possible results.The method can mix fuze and guidance function together organically with the outstanding advantages of simple,low cost and less work,it is especially suitable for the guidance improvement of AA gun weapon system with high muzzle velocity and firing rate.
Reconceptualizing TPACK to Meet the Needs of Twenty-First-Century Education

abstractAs technology continues developing and being integrated into all facets of society, it has a direct impact on education. In response, TPACK (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) was developed as a framework to guide how teachers think about the relationship between their knowledge of pedagogy, content, and technology. However, since its first articulation, significant changes to the technology have occurred. Plus, upon careful review, TPACK’s basis in research, selection of terms, and focus on teacher knowledge limited its usefulness. In response, research that supports TPACK’s multiple dimensions was added, which resulted in TPACK being focused on students learning twenty-first-century skills.
Congenital Disc Anomalies

Optic nerve hypoplasia is the most common congenital optic disc anomaly and is a common cause of congenital blindness. The increased prevalence of this disorder reflects its greater recognition by ophthalmologists and possibly the increased incidence of alcohol and drug abuse. It may be unilateral or bilateral, and may occur with or without any associated neurological or ocular abnormalities.1
Adaptive and coordinated oscillation damping control using measurement-driven approach

One of the main drawbacks of the existing oscillation damping controllers is that they are designed based on offline simulations for assumed system conditions and are not adaptive to the varying power system operating conditions. With the increasing availability of wide-area measurements and the rapid development of system identification techniques, adaptive oscillation damping controllers can be designed, which can coordinate the control provided by the available actuators and effectively damp targeted oscillation modes. An adaptive and coordinated oscillation damping control using measurement-driven approach is proposed in this paper. The subspace state space model is identified using ambient data or ringdown data to update the parameters of damping controller. Additionally, an adaptive time delay compensator employing a lead-lag structure is utilized to reduce the impact of random time delay. The coordinated control for different oscillation modes is achieved by mode decoupling control through selecting observation signal and actuation signal with minimum interaction with other modes. The demonstration on hardware testbed has illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive and coordinated damping controller.
Chronos: Towards Securing System Time in the Cloud for Reliable Forensics Investigation

In digital forensics investigations, the system time of computing resources can provide critical information to implicate or exonerate a suspect. In clouds, alteration of the system time of a virtual machine (VM) or a cloud host machine can provide unreliable time information, which in turn can mislead an investigation in the wrong direction. In this paper, we propose Chronos1 to secure the system time of cloud hosts and VMs in an untrusted cloud environment. Since it is not possible to prevent a malicious user or a dishonest insider of a cloud provider from altering the system time of a VM or a host machine, we propose a tamper-evident scheme to detect this malicious behavior at the time of investigation. We integrate Chronos with an open-source cloud platform -- OpenStack and evaluate the feasibility of Chronos while running 20 VMs on a single host machine. Our test results suggest that Chronos can be easily deployed in the existing cloud with very low overheads, while achieving a high degree of trustworthiness of the system time of the cloud hosts and VMs.
Structural Biology of PrP Prions

Prion diseases are characterized by the deposition of amyloids, misfolded conformers of the prion protein. The misfolded conformation is self-replicating, by a mechanism solely enciphered in the conformation of the protein. Because of low solubility and heterogeneous aggregate sizes, the detailed atomic structure of the infectious isoform is still unknown. Progress has, however, been made, and has allowed insights into the structural and disease-related mechanisms of prions. Many structural models have been proposed, and a number of them support a consensus trimeric β-helical model, significantly more complex than simple amyloid models. There is evidence that such complexity may be a necessary property of prion structure. Knowledge of the structure of prions will provide a greater understanding of the protein isoform conversion mechanism, and could eventually lead to rationally designed intervention strategies.
Live Attenuated Yellow Fever 17D Vaccine: A Legacy Vaccine Still Controlling Outbreaks In Modern Day.

Purpose of Review Live attenuated 17D vaccine is considered one of the safest and efficacious vaccines developed to date. This review highlights what is known and the gaps in knowledge of vaccine-induced protective immunity.
Gold Fingers: 3D Targets for Evaluating Capacitive Readers

With capacitive fingerprint readers being increasingly used for access control as well as for smartphone unlock and payments, there is a growing interest among metrology agencies (e.g., the National Institute of Standards and Technology) to develop standard artifacts (targets) and procedures for repeatable evaluation of capacitive readers. We present our design and fabrication procedures to create conductive 3D targets (gold fingers) for capacitive readers. Wearable 3D targets with known feature markings (e.g., fingerprint ridge flow and ridge spacing) are first fabricated using a high-resolution 3D printer. A sputter coating process is subsequently used to deposit a thin layer (~300 nm) of conductive materials (titanium and gold) on 3D printed targets. The wearable gold finger targets are used to evaluate a PIV -certified single-finger capacitive reader as well as small-area capacitive readers embedded in smartphones and access control terminals. In additional, we show that a simple procedure to create 3D printed spoofs with conductive carbon coating is able to successfully spoof a PIV -certified single-finger capacitive reader as well as a capacitive reader embedded in an access control terminal.
Nitrogen-source preference in blueberry (Vaccinium sp.): Enhanced shoot nitrogen assimilation in response to direct supply of nitrate

Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) is thought to display a preference for the ammonium (NH4+) form over the nitrate (NO3-) form of inorganic nitrogen (N). This N-source preference has been associated with a generally low capacity to assimilate the NO3- form of N, especially within the shoot tissues. Nitrate assimilation is mediated by nitrate reductase (NR), a rate limiting enzyme that converts NO3- to nitrite (NO2-). We investigated potential limitations of NO3- assimilation in two blueberry species, rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei) and southern highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum) by supplying NO3- to the roots, leaf surface, or through the cut stem. Both species displayed relatively low but similar root uptake rates for both forms of inorganic N. Nitrate uptake through the roots transiently increased NR activity by up to 3.3-fold and root NR gene expression by up to 4-fold. However, supplying NO3- to the roots did not increase its transport in the xylem, nor did it increase NR activity in the leaves, indicating that the acquired N was largely assimilated or stored within the roots. Foliar application of NO3- increased leaf NR activity by up to 3.5-fold, but did not alter NO3- metabolism-related gene expression, suggesting that blueberries are capable of post translational regulation of NR activity in the shoots. Additionally, supplying NO3- to the cut ends of stems resulted in around a 5-fold increase in NR activity, a 10-fold increase in NR transcript accumulation, and up to a 195-fold increase in transcript accumulation of NITRITE REDUCTASE (NiR1) which codes for the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of NO2- to NH4+. These data indicate that blueberry shoots are capable of assimilating NO3- when it is directly supplied to these tissues. Together, these data suggest that limitations in the uptake and translocation of NO3- to the shoots may limit overall NO3- assimilation capacity in blueberry.
Evaluation of Natural Products as Antifeedants for the Pales Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and as Fungitoxins for Leptographium procerum

Four natural plant compounds (limonin, S (+) and R (−) carvone, and cucurbitacin) and one insect pheromone (verbenone) were evaluated for antifeedant activity against the pales weevil, Hylobius pal...
Draft Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus salivarius L28 Isolated from Ground Beef

ABSTRACT In this report, we describe the draft genome sequence of a newly discovered probiotic strain, Lactobacillus salivarius L28. L. salivarius L28 demonstrates antagonistic effects against human foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes, in coculture experiments and food matrices.
A Privacy Preserving Algorithm to Release Sparse High-dimensional Histograms

Differential privacy has emerged as a popular model to provably limit privacy risks associated with a given data release. However releasing high dimensional synthetic data under differential privacy remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we study the problem of releasing synthetic data in the form of a high dimensional histogram under the constraint of differential privacy.We develop an $(\epsilon, \delta)$-differentially private categorical data synthesizer called \emph{Stability Based Hashed Gibbs Sampler} (SBHG). SBHG works by combining a stability based sparse histogram estimation algorithm with Gibbs sampling and feature selection to approximate the empirical joint distribution of a discrete dataset. SBHG offers a competitive alternative to state-of-the art synthetic data generators while preserving the sparsity structure of the original dataset, which leads to improved statistical utility as illustrated on simulated data. Finally, to study the utility of the resulting synthetic data sets generated by SBHG, we also perform logistic regression using the synthetic datasets and compare the classification accuracy with those from using the original dataset.
Afterlives: allegories of film and mortality in early Weimar Germany

Steve Choe’s Afterlives: Allegories of Film and Mortality in Early Weimar Germany articulates an ontology of cinema by considering themes of life and death prevalent in canonical and popular Weimar...
A programmable programming language

As the software industry enters the era of language-oriented programming, it needs programmable programming languages.
Chapter 11 Prison, Jailbreaks, and Escapees in Two Popular TV Series: The Prisoner and Prison Break

Although prison-escape movies can be considered a prominent subgenre of prison movies, prison-escape TV series are rare. Yet, in the space of four decades, two TV series, The Prisoner (1967–1968) and Prison Break (2005–2009), that both elaborate on a (failed) escape artist, have met with popular success. Having situated The Prisoner and Prison Break, among the popular escape prison film production, this chapter captures the conflicting representations of prison escape in the two TV series through the exploration of three questions: What does escape expose about the outside/inside and guards/guarded frontiers? How are escape and revolt intertwined? How do the two TV series shape an iconic figure of the escapee?
Preventing Pregnancy in Kenya Through Distribution and Use of the CycleBeads Mobile Application.

Context Given the proportion of Kenyan women not using hormonal contraceptives, the country appears to have a substantial need for a modern, natural family planning option. The CycleBeads® mobile phone application (app), a digital platform for the Standard Days Method® of family planning, could help address this issue. Methods After the CycleBeads app was promoted in Kenya in May-June 2015, a three-month pilot study was conducted to collect quantitative and qualitative data from 185 female app users. Chi-square testing, binary logistic regression and thematic content analysis were used to assess whether the app brought new users to family planning, to understand users' experiences and to assess how user experiences vary by distribution channel. Results Participants learned about the app through nongovernmental organizations (17%), via digital media (33%) or from family or friends (50%). Most used the app to track their periods (54%) or prevent pregnancy (37%); a few used it to plan a pregnancy (7%) or for other reasons (2%). The main reason for choosing the Standard Days Method was fear of side effects from hormonal methods (64%). The majority of women found the app and method easy to use (53%). Among those preventing pregnancy, 42% had never before used a method. By midline, all participants knew when fertile days occurred, and most (97%) knew the method's cycle-length requirements. Women reported high rates of condom use (88%), abstinence (68%) and withdrawal (46%) on fertile days. Conclusion Offering the CycleBeads app to support women in use of the Standard Days Method may expand family planning options, reduce unmet need and make family planning more widely available.
Immigration in 2018: What is a Teacher Educator to Do?

This article contemplates the unique responsibilities of teacher educators toward immigrant students and teachers in a changing immigration landscape. The article highlights scholarship in critical...
LIQUID CRYSTAL LIGHT VALVE FOR COHERENT OPTICAL DATA PROCESSING

ABSTRACT A new, high performance device has been developed for application to real-time coherent optical data processing. The new device embodies a CdS photoconductor, a CdTe light-absorbent layer, a dielectric mirror and a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between indium-tin-oxide transparent electrodes deposited on optical quality glass flats. The noncoherent image is directed onto the photoconductor; this reduces the impedance of the photoconductor, thereby switching the ac voltage that is impressed across the electrodes onto the liquid crystal to activate the device. The liquid crystal is operated in a hybrid field effect mode. It utilizes the twisted nematic effect to create a dark off-state (voltage off the liquid crystal) and the optical birefringence effect to create the bright on-state. The liquid crystal modulates the polarization of the coherent read-out light so an analyzer must be used to create an intensity modulated output beam. Performance figures for the device include: Resolution >100 lines/mm; Input Sensitivity 160 μW/cm2 at 525 nm; Time Response on: 10 msec; off: 15 msec; Contrast >100:1; Aperture 1 in. by 1 in. The new device is a special adaptation of the ac photoactivated liquid crystal light valve reported elsewhere (1, 2). It represents a development of an earlier dc device that suffered from limited lifetimes (3). Basically, the device consists of a sandwich of thin films that electrically control the optical birefringence of a thin (∼ 2 μm) liquid crystal layer. The device has high resolution (>100 lines/mm, limiting resolution), high contrast (>100:1), high speed (10 msec, on; 15 msec, off) and high input sensitivity (∼ 0.3 ergs/cm2 at threshold). Moreover, it has several practical advantages. It is compact (solid state), low power (several milliwatts), inexpensive to manufacture (thin film technology), and operates from a single, low voltage (5 to 10 V r.m.s.) power supply. In this paper we describe the design, operation, and structure of the device. We discuss in some detail the novel liquid crystal electro-optic mechanism that we use that enables us to reduce the thickness of the liquid crystal layer without sacrificing image quality. Finally, we discuss the performance of the device and show the results of several application experiments. The discussion throughout is primarily qualitative and descriptive in nature. Due to the breadth of the topic we were unable to include the quantitative analysis as well. However, we do plan to publish this material, and where appropriate we have referenced such publications.
The origin and fate of chylomicrons and VLDL.

The intracellular processes of the formation of chylomicrons and VLDL are probably quite similar (1). Electron microscopy has provided evidence that precursor-particles are present within the profiles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus of intestinal mucosal and hepatic parenchymal cells. By use of peroxidase-labeled Fab of gamma globulin directed against the B apoprotein of rat LDL, the B apoprotein has been demonstrated at the electron microscopic level in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver cells in the absence of a particle. Particles containing the B apoprotein can be seen by this technique within the smooth-surfaced terminal ends of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the Golgi apparatus but almost never in association with particles in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (2). This has led to the hypothesis that triglyceride-rich particles are formed in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the absence of the B apoprotein and receive it only after migrating to the junction of the smooth and rough reticulum. The site at which other VLDL apoproteins become part of the nascent VLDL particles has not been determined. These proteins are labeled as rapidly as the component lipids of VLDL secreted from perfused rat liver whereas the B apoprotein becomes labeled later suggesting that a preformed pool of B protein exists in the rough reticulum (3). However, VLDL isolated from the Golgi apparatus contain not only the B apoprotein but also the arginine-rich protein and the several rapidly migrating C apoproteins (1).
Development of a Workplace Intervention for Child Care Staff: Caring and Reaching for Health’s (CARE) Healthy Lifestyles Intervention:

Child care staff are among the lowest wage workers, a group at increased risk for a wide array of chronic diseases. To date, the health of child care staff has been largely ignored, and there have been very few interventions designed for child care staff. This article describes the development of the Caring and Reaching for Health (CARE) Healthy Lifestyles intervention, a workplace intervention aimed at improving physical activity and health behaviors among child care staff. Theory and evidence-based behavior change techniques informed the development of intervention components with targets at multiple social ecological levels. Final intervention components included an educational workshop held at a kick-off event, followed by three 8-week campaigns. Intervention components within each campaign included (1) an informational magazine, (2) goal setting and weekly behavior self-monitoring, (3) weekly tailored feedback, (4) e-mail/text prompts, (5) center-level displays that encouraged team-based goals and activities, and (6) coaching for center directors. This multilevel, theory-driven intervention is currently being evaluated as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. Process evaluation efforts will assess the extent to which child care staff participated in, engaged with, and were satisfied with the intervention. Lessons learned will guide future intervention research engaging child care workers.
Evaluation of post-procedure hemorrhage in patients with ascites undergoing treatment of hepatic malignancy with thermal ablation utilizing microwave technology.

e15582Background: The presence of ascites has been considered a relative contraindication for performing percutaneous thermal ablation of hepatic tumors due to concerns for hemorrhage. The purpose ...
Decision period and Duverger's psychological effect in FPTP elections: Evidence from India

Abstract The plurality rule creates incentives that can divert the vote from the third parties. I argue that the process that converts such Duvergerian incentives into the Duvergerian outcomes has a temporal dimension: both strategic and non-strategic voters need time to form and communicate their preferences over candidates. To examine this connection, I capitalize on the institution of phased voting in India. I treat the timing of the district vote as the endpoint of the campaign period in the district and evaluate its effect on the vote for the leaders and the third parties, the third parties’ vote share, and the vote concentration. I find a positive effect of campaign period duration on the extent of the observed strategic behaviors in the district.
Gender Confirmation Surgery

The first reported gender confirmation surgery (GCS) was performed in Berlin in 1931 (Luther Z Arztl Fortbild (Jena) 84(19):1005–1008, 1990 [1]). Prior to that only ablative procedures such as hysterectomy and gonadectomy were reported for gender dysphoria, notably the case of Alan L. Hart, an American physician born Alberta Lucille Hart who underwent hysterectomy and gonadectomy in 1917, at the age of 27 [2]. After a setback due to World War II, GCS in the United States resumed, notably with the creation of the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic in 1965. Led by plastic surgeon Milton Edgerton, this was the first multidisciplinary center for the care of transgendered patients and was composed of psychiatrists, psychologists, plastic surgeons, gynecologists, urologists, and endocrinologists. The center was closed in 1979 but reopened in 2017. Significant change occurred in 2014 when the United States Department of Health and Human Services review board ruled that Medicare would pay for GCS.
Lexicalizing disjunction scope

Tiwa (Tibeto-Burman; India) has two disjunctive particles, which give rise to different interpretations in sentences with other operators. I argue that this semantic distinction is not one of inclusive vs. exclusive disjunction, but one of scope. I provide an analysis that captures this scopal distinction: one particle lexicalizes a choice function variable (subject to existential closure high in the structure), and the other lexicalizes an alternative-set former which interacts with higher operators. I also show that wide scope disjunction in Tiwa behaves differently from wide scope readings of English "or", and suggest that they warrant different analyses.
Incidence, Causes, and Timing of 30-Day Readmission Following Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Background It is important to study the incidence and causes of readmissions in order to understand why they occur and how to reduce them. This study looks at a national sample of patients following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to identify incidences, trends, causes, and timing of 30-day readmissions. Methods Patients undergoing primary TKA from 2012 to 2016 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were identified (n = 197,192). Patients with fractures (n = 177), nonelective surgery (n = 2234), bilateral TKA (n = 5483), and cases with unknown readmission status (n = 1047) were excluded, leaving a total of 188,251 cases. Linear regression analysis was used to determine trends over time. Results The incidence of overall 30-day readmission following primary TKA from 2012 to 2016 was 3.19% (6014/188,251), with significant decreases in readmission rates during this time (β = −0.001, P Conclusion Overall, 30-day readmissions following TKA were found to significantly decline from 2012 to 2016. The most common causes of overall readmission included superficial SSI, non-SSI infection, CV complications, gastrointestinal complications, and venous thromboembolisms. However, the most common causes of readmission changed from week to week postoperatively. This data may help institutions develop policies to prevent unplanned readmissions following TKA.
Listeners maintain phonological uncertainty over time and across words: The case of vowel nasality in English

Abstract While the fact that phonetic information is evaluated in a non-discrete, probabilistic fashion is well established, there is less consensus regarding how long such encoding is maintained. Here, we examined whether people maintain in memory the amount of vowel nasality present in a word when processing a subsequent word that holds a semantic dependency with the first one. Vowel nasality in English is an acoustic correlate of the oral vs. nasal status of an adjacent consonant, and sometimes it is the only distinguishing phonetic feature (e.g., bet vs. bent). In Experiment 1, we show that people can perceive differences in nasality between two vowels above and beyond differences in the categorization of those vowels. In Experiment 2, we tracked listeners’ eye-movements as they heard a sentence that mentioned one of four displayed images (e.g., ‘money’) following a prime word (e.g., ‘bet’) that held a semantic relationship with the target word. Recognition of the target was found to be modulated by the degree of nasality in the first word’s vowel: Slightly greater uncertainty regarding the oral status of the post-vocalic consonant in the first word translated into a weaker semantic cue for the identification of the second word. Thus, listeners appear to maintain in memory the degree of vowel nasality they perceived on the first word and bring this information to bear onto the interpretation of a subsequent, semantically-dependent word. Probabilistic cue integration across words that hold semantic coherence, we argue, contributes to achieving robust language comprehension despite the inherent ambiguity of the speech signal.
The Frontiers of Computational Phenomics in Cancer Research

Understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning prognosis and response to therapy of individuals suffering from cancer increasingly requires integrated and systematic approaches. Molecular-based strategies to more effectively prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer are seen as the future goal of oncology research. Although altered phenotypes can reliably be associated with altered gene functions, the systematic analysis of phenotypes relationships to study cancer biology remains nascent. The completion of the Human Genome Project has made possible high-throughput approaches such as the Cancer Genome Atlas to accelerate phenomics research. However, these approaches still face important challenges. In this chapter, we review these challenges, introduce current research efforts in the field, and highlight the importance of computational approaches to conduct large-scale phenomic studies.
“Do You Live in a Teepee? Do You Have Running Water?” The Harrowing Experiences of American Indians in North Carolina’s Urban K-12 Schools

American governmental policy toward Native American people and nations has long taken an exterminatory approach. The relocation era sought to remove American Indian people from reservations and tribal communities into cities to assimilate them into dominant society. The cities were marketed as beacons of economic and academic opportunity, but their realities bore different fruit including unemployment, poor living conditions, and segregated and low-performing schools. Though schools are often depicted as mechanisms of social and economic mobility, for Native children, the continued extermination of their histories, languages, cultures continue to be obstacles to their success. These obstacles are particularly harmful for Natives living in urban areas away from their tribal communities. This study of nine American Indian people from various tribes in North Carolina gathers their stories of trauma and triumph as they navigated urban public K-12 schools. Several themes emerged including the racism endured in school, lack of American Indian representation in curriculum, teachers, and peers, being tokenized as the only American Indian student, and stories of resistance and resilience despite anti-Indian circumstances.