cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Promoting Learning and Critical Reflexivity Through an Organizational Case Study Project

Engaging students directly with community partners can foster deeper learning and critical reflexivity. In our undergraduate seminar in “Understanding Human Service Organizations,” we developed a community-based project that has students working in groups to study local human service organizations. Students interview organizational staff, observe operations, and review documents to identify perceived organizational strengths and challenges and offer humble solutions based on course material and outside research. A key component of the course is the critically reflexive journal. Using a structured reflection guide, students describe and analyze their experience in relation to class concepts and examine their personal beliefs and assumptions. This approach is one teaching strategy that has the potential for promoting the critical awareness and reflective practice skills we seek in our students.
Potent inhibitory effects of tyrosine metabolites on dihydropteridine reductase from human and sheep liver

Abstract l -Phenylalanine and its metabolites, such as phenylpyruvate, phenylacetate and l -phenyllactate, do not significantly inhibit dihydropteridine reductase purified from human and sheep liver ( I 50 ⩾ 5 mM. However, l -tyrosine and its metabolites, such as l -DOPA, tyramine, p -hydroxyphenylpruvate, p -hydroxyphenyl-lactate, and p -hydroxyphenylacetate, are potent noncompetitive inhibitors of this enzyme, with K i values in the range 4–260 μM. These results suggest that tyrosine metabolites can potentially regulate levels of tetrahydrobiopterin, the required cofactor for the hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids.
Reflection and transmission guided-mode resonance filters

New reflection and transmission optical filters based on guided-mode resonances in multilayer waveguide gratings are characterized and compared with homogeneous thin-film filters. These guided-mode resonance filters are implemented by integration of diffraction gratings into classical thin-film multilayers to produce high-efficiency filter response and arbitrarily low sidebands extended over a large spectral range. Compared with homogeneous thin-film reflection filters, guided-mode resonance reflection filters require significantly fewer layers for a narrow linewidth and a high peak response to be obtained. The single-grating transmission filters presented have a narrower linewidth than Fabry–Perot filters with an equal number of layers and similar materials while maintaining high peak transmittance and low sidebands.
Linear model for evaluating complex systems

The first phases of a long-range project for developing models for the evaluation of intelligence systems in terms of measurable outputs are reported. In making such evaluations, the number of correct identifications, number of false alarms, number of displacements, and number of complete misses must be measured, in each of several categories (such as infantry, artillery, armor, supply lines), in each of a number of sectors (front line, rear, far rear), and in each of several situations (such as attack or defense, good or poor mobility). The major results to date are (1) the development of experimental techniques, (2) the formulation of an analytical model. (3) the development of analysis techniques for evaluation of parameters in the model in terms of empirical results, (4) the preliminary evaluation of parameters (rank-order correlations of 0.8 and higher have been established between some of the analytic predictions and the empirical results), and (5) formulation of several concrete unsolved problems out of the over-all problem. Plans for continued studv are discussed.
Squeeze Film Dynamics of Two-Phase Seals: Part II—Turbulent Flow

A previously developed dynamic model for two-phase face seals is extended to include turbulent flow. Thermal transients over the entire range of laminar and turbulent flow are considered for both parallel and tapered geometries. Inlet losses and choking are accounted for in the turbulent regime. Axial responses to perturbations from equilibrium are examined, and general criteria are discussed for predicting stable, unstable and bistable seal operation
Mycorrhizal impact on osmotic adjustment in Ocimum basilicum during a lethal drying episode

Summary Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can improve drought avoidance capabilities of plants, but the actual dehydration tolerance of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal foliage has not been compared. In this study, leaves of mycorrhizal Ocimum basilicum plants developed lower, full-turgor π than leaves of nonmycorrhizal plants during a lethal drought, indicative of greater active osmotic adjustment. This did not translate into increased drought resistance, as lethal leaf , lethal soil m and length of the lethal drought episode were not affected by the symbiosis.
The association between depression and widowhood and nutritional status in older adults

This study aimed to investigate the association of depression and widowhood on the nutritional status of older adults. A cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older adults in the rural United States was conducted. Dietary intake was measured via questionnaires. Depression status was classified by asking participants if they have ever been diagnosed with the condition, or by review of medical records. The final sample consisted of 1065 participants with 141 (13.2%) depressed, 384 (36.1%) widowed, and 67 (6.3%) both depressed and widowed. Mean caloric intake for total study population was low; widows and widowers had the lowest energy consumption among all groups. Greater intake of several nutrients was observed in depressed and/or widowed subjects. Nutritional services, such as congregate and home delivered meal programs, were not identified as significant contributors to the nutritional intake in older adults who were depressed, widowed, or both. Health care professionals may contribute to meal-based nutrition programs by offering their assistance in aspects of nutritional education and counseling for the promotion of healthy aging.
From start to finish: quantitative allergen risk assessment of foods containing peanut advisory labeling

Foods with allergen advisory/precautionary labeling (i.e. “may contain, processed in the same facility, etc.”) continue to be prevalent and may be increasingly ignored by allergic consumers. We sought to determine the residual levels of peanut in various packaged foods bearing advisory labeling, compare similar data from 2005 and 2009, and determine any potential risk for peanut-allergic consumers. This practical session details exactly how each risk assessment input variable was determined and used within our simulations. To examine peanut-allergic consumers’ risk of an allergic reaction we chose to look at nutrition bar consumption, the product category with the highest levels of peanut in the advisory labeling study. United States consumption data for nutrition bars were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) using a combination of the 2003-04 and 2005-06 surveys. The analytical data from nutrition bar products from the 2005 and 2009 surveys were combined into one group to provide more samples for statistical testing. The probabilistic risk assessment model for food allergens is described and all statistical tests were done in SAS (version 9.2). Probabilistic risk assessment showed the risk of a reaction within the peanut-allergic population from nutrition bar consumption was 4 in 100,000 on a daily basis. However, many foods with advisory labeling did not contain detectable levels of peanut residue and as a result may not warrant the use of advisory labeling. The use of probabilistic modeling would provide the food industry with a quantitative risk assessment method to assist with determining when advisory labeling is appropriate.
Lessons Learned About Perceived Purposes of the Head Start National Reporting System at the Local Program Level

Two purposes for early childhood assessment systems are informing program development and providing accountability. Based on findings from a case study of a local Head Start program implementing the National Reporting System (NRS) in 2004–2005, we provide 5 lessons learned from experiences with the NRS that may have implications for other assessment and accountability systems in early childhood programs. The lessons include (a) be intentional about the purposes of accountability and/or development, (b) design assessment and accountability systems so that the purposes fit with both the local and federal levels, (c) attempt to take ownership for assessment and accountability systems at the local level, (d) contextualize the assessed child outcomes, and (e) link program processes with child outcomes.
The Autoignition and Combustion of Coal-Water Slurry Under Simulated Diesel Engine Conditions

The combustion characteristics of a coal-water slurry spray were examined under diesel engine conditions. A two-stage combustion process was used to simulate the diesel engine conditions in a constant-volume combustion bomb. The combustion characteristics investigated were ignition delay, ignition site, combustion development, combustion duration, and combustion completeness. The results show that the ignition delay of the coal-water slurry fuel is temperature and pressure dependent. Also, the coal slurry ignition delay is approximately a factor of five longer and the energy release rate is significantly slower in comparison to the ignition delay and energy release rate for conventional No. 2 diesel fuel.
Constrained Duality via Unconstrained Duality in Generalized Geometric Programming

A specialization of unconstrained duality (involving problems without explicit constraints) to constrained duality (involving problems with explicit constraints) provides an efficient mechanism for extending to the latter many important theorems that were previously established for the former.
Conducting On-Line Focus Groups: A Methodological Discussion

This article presents a starting point for the development of a methodology for conducting on-line focus groups on a listserver. It addresses the mechanics of conducting a focus group with specific...
Determining Pattern of Recurrence Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Adjuvant 5-Flurouracil-Based Chemoradiation Therapy: Effect of Number of Metastatic Lymph Nodes and Lymph Node Ratio

Background There are limited data on patterns of recurrence and factors associated with local recurrence following pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma and adjuvant 5-flurouracil-based chemoradiation therapy.
Modulation of quantum dot photoemission based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer to a photochromic dye acceptor

We demonstrate the use of a photochromic dye to achieve fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) modulation between a QD donor and the dye acceptor brought in close proximity in a selfassembled QD-protein-dye conjugate. The E. coli maltose binding protein (MBP) appended on its C-terminal with an oligohistidine attachment domain, immobilized onto CdSe-ZnS core-shell QDs was labeled with a sulfo-N-hydroxysuccinimide activated photochromic BIPS molecule (1',3-dihydro-1'-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,3-dimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2'-(2H)-indoline]). Two different dye-to-MBP-protein ratios of 1:1 and 5:1 were used. The ability of MBP-BIPS to modulate QD photoluminescence was tested by switching BIPS from the colorless spiropyran (SP) to the colored merocyanine (MC) using irradiation with white light (>500 nm) or with UV light (~365 nm), respectively. QDs surrounded by ~20 MBP-BIPS with a dye to protein ratio of 1 showed ~25% loss in their photoemission with consecutive repeated switches, while QDs surrounded by ~20 MBP-BIPS with BIPS to MBP ratio of 5 produced a substantially more pronounced rate of FRET where the QD emission was quenched by ~60%. This result suggests the possibility of using QD-protein conjugates to assemble reversible FRET nanoassemblies where the QD emission can be controlled by changing the properties of the acceptors dyes bound to the protein.
Squall-Line Intensification via Hydrometeor Recirculation

AbstractMany studies have demonstrated the intimate connection between microphysics and deep moist convection, especially for squall lines via cold pool pathways. The present study examines four numerically simulated idealized squall lines using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) and includes a control simulation that uses full two-moment microphysics and three sensitivity experiments that vary the mean diameter of the hail hydrometeor size distribution. Results suggest that a circulation centered at the freezing level supports midlevel convective updraft invigoration through increased latent heating. The circulation begins with hail hydrometeors that initiate within the convective updraft above the freezing level and are then ejected upshear because of the front-to-rear flow of the squall line. As the hail falls below the freezing level, the rear-inflow jet (RIJ) advects the hail hydrometeors downshear and into the upshear flank of the midlevel convective updraft. Because the advection occur...
A Calculation of the Direct Photon Plus Jet Cross-Section in the Next-To-Leading Logarithm Approximation

Abstract New predictions are presented for the direct photon plus jet cross section obtained using a Monte Carlo program containing both leading-logarithm and next-to-leading-logarithm contributions. good agreement with new data is obtained using several existing gluon parameterizations.
RECONCEPTUALIZING AFRICAN DIASPORAS: NOTES FROM A HISTORIAN

This commentary interrogates Clarke's paper on African diasporas. It argues that though Clarke seeks to open new analytical lenses on African diasporas by focusing on postslavery African diasporas, it does not advance the scholarship on the subject because of its limited conceptions of Africa and the global dimensions of African diasporas. As is common in Eurocentric African studies, “Africa” is seen as coterminous with sub-Saharan Africa, and Clarke universalizes the histories of Afro-Atlantic diaspora to the histories of Afro-European and Afro-Asian diasporas. Her notion of humanitarian diasporas also limits the scope of the engagements between Africa and its diasporas. My commentary tries to offer an alternative historiography of the global dimensions of African diasporas.
Mobility and the Internet

The Internet Protocol (IP) was never intended for mobility. Nevertheless, we need to provide this functionality without changing the underlying protocol. If we could start over again, hindsight would provide a wealth of wisdom in implementing a mobility protocol. However, given the installed base, the overriding design requirement must be to remain compatible with the standard IP. Mobile-IP must be able to support mobility for both wired and wireless local area networks (LANs). The Mobile-IP must be able to function in the harsh, wireless world where high error rates are the norm and bandwidth is limited. The paper considers how the design must accommodate a mobile host moving between wireless LANs, as well as between a wire and wireless LAN. It discusses the design requirements, multicasting and tunneling.
Changing trends of research and treatment in infant neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy in infants and 40% of neuroblastomas are diagnosed in the first year of life. While generally neuroblastoma behaves less aggressively in this age group, tumors that have adverse biologic characteristics do not differ in their behavior from counterparts in older children. Clinical and biologic behavior of neuroblastoma in children up to 460 days of age is similar to that in children less than 1 year of age. Thus the categorization of children up to 18 months of age into risk category is critically dependent on biologic characterization and assignment to appropriate treatment intensity categories. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:1060–1065. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing two domains for communicating romance: Behavioral context and mode of interaction

This paper introduces a new instrument for assessing attitudes toward “romance”; as expressed within two domains: behavioral context, and mode of interaction. The resulting Romantic Communication Scale (RCS) was evaluated with a sample of 1.060 students from eight west coast universities. The context domain dominates the response variance, particularly the single dimension contrasting traditionally romantic with explicitly sexual activities. Mode of interaction clearly plays a secondary role in these students’ view of romance. Males favored the sexual pole slightly more than females, although the response distributions overlap extensively, with both sexes preferring traditionally romantic items. Despite the strong statistical significance of these gender differences, odds are only 3–2 that any particular randomly selected male will score closer to the sexual pole than a randomly chosen female. Females showed a little more affinity for the verbal mode of interaction than males, with corresponding slightly ...
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for human liver γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase

We have cloned and sequenced a full-length cDNA for human liver gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. The cDNA consists of 2634 bp containing an open reading frame encoding a protein of 367 amino acids and having a calculated M(r) = 72,773. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA for human liver GCS shares an 84% overall similarity with the composite rat GCS sequence deduced from three overlapping partial cDNAs (Yan and Meister, JBC 265: 1588-1593, 1990). The deduced amino acid sequences are 94% similar. Comparison of Northern blots of total RNA isolated from rat kidney or liver with that from human kidney revealed the GCS mRNA to be larger in the human tissue (approximately 4.0 kb vs. approximately 3.7 kb). (The sequence for the human liver GCS cDNA has been assigned accession number M90656 in GenBank/EMBL databases.
An ultrastructural study of the response of Blatella germanica (Orthoptera: Blattidae) to the nematode Abbreviata caucasica (Spirurida: Physalopteridae)

Abstract An ultrastructural study of the response of Blatella germanica (Orthoptera: Blattidae) to the nematode Abbreviata caucasica (Spirurida: Physalopteridea). International Journal for Parasitology 4: 133–138. This study investigates the response of the roach, Blatella germanica L. to the invading spirurid nematode, Abbreviata caucasica v. Linstow. Soon after the first stage nematodes entered the epithelial cells of the colon wall, the surrounding host cells broke down into syncytial giant cells. Large polychromatic epithelial cell nuclei occurred throughout the giant cells and the nematodes moved freely within the cytoplasmic matrix. These giant cells were in turn surrounded by blood cells responding to the disruption. The nematodes developed to the infective third stage juveniles within the giant cells and ingested the syncytial cytoplasm. After reaching the third stage, the parasites remained in a quiescent state within the vacuolated cell which was surrounded by a double tissue layer. Evidence indicated that successful development of the parasite was dependent on the disrupted epithelial cells forming a giant syncytial cell which protected and supplied nourishment to the parasite.
ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION IN A FOSSIL SCLERACTINIAN CORAL

Sample populations of Solenastrea fairbanksi, collected from different environments in the Pliocene Imperial Formation, can be distinguished by measurements of linear dimensions of the coenosteum and thickness of septal structures. In these characters, magnitudes of intercolony variance components are lower than interpopulation or intracolony components, suggesting that the variation is largely caused by environmental factors. Three patterns of mean variation exist between populations: (1) Highest means occur in shallow, offshore (high energy) environments. (2) Highest means occur in shallow environments with low turbidity (high light intensity). (3) Highest means occur in clear, deeper offshore environments (favorable nutrient supply). The distance between adjacent corallites and the inverse of coenosteal porosity follow the first pattern, measures of thickness of vertical corallite structures follow the second, whereas estimates of annual growth rate follow the third. Corallite diameters and columella thicknesses do not vary between populations. Comparisons with modern species show that many characters in S. fairbanksi respond to environmental factors in a manner different from similar characters in other scleractinian species. In fact, some inflexible characters in S. fairbunksi are highly flexible in other species.
Philosophical Considerations about Equity in Higher Education

AbstractThe principle of equity traditionally means that equals should be treated equally and unequals should be treated unequally. Applied to higher education, that principle implies that institut...
Negation, tense and NPIs in Jordanian Arabic

The locus of negation above and below TP has been identified as a parametric choice for language in Ouhalla (1990, 1991) but as options for any language to display semantic and syntactic effects in (Zanuttini, 1997; Ramchand, 2001; Zeijlstra, 2004). I argue in favor of the latter by giving evidence from Jordanian Arabic. Specifically, bipartite negation is between vP and TP while single negation is above TP. Syntactic and prosodic difference between the two patterns are taken as evidence for positing a different locus for each negation pattern. Crucially, I give semantic evidence that each negation type displays different scope readings. Single negation allows for only a wide scope reading of the time adverbial while bipartite negation allows for a narrow scope reading and may allow the wide scope reading. This is instantiated by the proposal that single negation binds a tense variable while bipartite negation binds an event variable. The explanatory power of the two negatives analysis is scrutinized under the empirical breadth produced by the interaction between the two negatives, the Negative Polarity Items and Negative Concord Items. The outcome of the analyses reflect explanatory adequacy for previously reported and new empirical observations.
Dielectric functions of stage one potassium intercalated graphite single crystals determined by electron spectroscopy

Abstract Dielectric functions of stage one potassium intercalated graphite single crystals were derived from the electron energy loss spectra recorded with various momentum transfers q y from 0.66A -1 . The 2.5 eV energy loss peak is assigned as the plasma oscillation of free carriers donated by the potassium atoms. The weak interband transition at ≈25 eV, which results in the splitting of the 22 and 28eV peaks in the energy loss spectra of small q , is interpreted as originating from a nonvertical transition in pristine graphite which becomes vertically allowed in C 8 K as a result of Brillouin zone folding. In comparison with the results of pristine graphite, shifts and broadenings of the interband transitions were observed. The results are consistent with the prediction of the theoretical band structure calculations.
Biaxiality in relation to visible twinning in experimentally deformed calcite

Moderate to strong biaxiality (2V = 10 °–45 °) in experimentally deformed calcite (in single crystals and in marble) is attributed to overlap between one or two thin {01¯12} twin lamellae and the enclosing host. A perfectly centered conoscopic figure (section normal to [0001]) is perceptibly asymmetric about the trace of the optic axial plane. This asymmetry is pronouned in thick sections (> 0.04 mm) and completely distrupts the biaxial configuration of the figure if the overlapping lamella exceeds about 0.0025 mm in thickness. In sections somewhat oblique to [0001] and cut at 20 ° or less to the plane of twinning the conoscopic figure may appear to be perfectly biaxial-expecially in thin sections (∼ 0.02 mm) enclosing thin (∼ 0.001 mm) but still visible twins.
Development of Children's Understanding of Cognitive Activities

Children's understanding of cognition increases greatly between early childhood and adolescence. This increase provides a developmental bridge between young children's understanding of mental states to adolescents' and adults' epistemological reflection. The author presents a framework for describing developmental changes in children's understanding of cognitive activities. He distinguishes 4 aspects of children's understanding of cognition: (a) knowledge of mental states, (b) knowledge of occurrence of particular activities, (c) knowledge of organization of cognitive activities, and (d) epistemological thought. He discusses phenomenological awareness of cognitive activities and social experience as influences on children's concepts of cognition.
Developmental toxicity in white leghorn chickens following in ovo exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)

Abstract Studies show that perfluorinated compounds cause various toxicological effects; nevertheless, effects on immune function and developmental endpoints have not been addressed at length. This study examined the effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in white leghorn hatchlings on various developmental, immunological, and clinical health parameters. In addition, serum PFOS concentrations were determined by LC/MS/MS. Embryonic day (ED) 0 eggs were injected with either safflower oil/10% DMSO (control, 0 mg/kg egg wt) or PFOS in safflower oil/10% DMSO at 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg egg wt, and the chicks were grown to post-hatch day (PHD) 14. Treatment with PFOS did not affect hatch rate. Following in ovo exposure chicks exhibited increases in spleen mass at all treatment levels, in liver mass at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg egg wt, and in body length (crown-rump length) at the 5 mg/kg treatment. Right wings were shorter in all treatments compared to control. Increases in the frequency of brain asymmetry were evident in all treatment groups. SRBC-specific immunoglobulin (IgM and IgY combined) titers were decreased significantly at all treatment levels, while plasma lysozyme activity was increased at all treatment levels. The PHA skin test response decreased in relation to increasing PFOS dose. Serum concentrations where significant immunological, morphological, and neurological effects were observed at the lowest dose (1 mg/kg egg wt) averaged 154 ng PFOS/g serum. These concentrations fall within environmental ranges reported in blood samples from wild caught avian species; thereby, verifying that the environmental egg concentrations used for the injections do indeed relate to serum levels in hatchlings that are also environmentally relevant. These data indicate that immune alterations and brain asymmetry can occur in birds following in ovo exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of PFOS and demonstrates the need for further research on the developmental effects of perfluorinated compounds in various species.
Absence of hippocampal volume differences in survivors of the Nazi Holocaust with and without posttraumatic stress disorder

It remains unclear whether smaller hippocampal volume is a consistent feature of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and whether it accounts for the associated memory deficits observed in this illness. Hippocampal volume, comparison regions and memory performance were examined in Holocaust survivors with PTSD (PTSD+: n=14; 5 men, 9 women) and without PTSD (PTSD-: n=13; 6 men, 7 women) and a non-exposed control group of healthy Jewish adults (n=20; 13 men, 7 women). The subjects had medical examinations, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, and memory testing. PTSD+ subjects had poorer memory performance than non-exposed subjects and PTSD- subjects, but they did not differ from either group in right or left hippocampal volume when gender and head size were taken into account. Older age and smaller left hippocampal volume were more strongly associated in the PTSD+ group than in the PTSD- groups. Holocaust survivors had larger superior temporal gyral and lateral temporal lobe volumes bilaterally than non-exposed subjects. Smaller hippocampal volume is not invariably associated with chronic PTSD and does not explain the substantial explicit memory impairment observed in Holocaust survivors with this disorder. Larger temporal lobe volumes may be associated with early traumatization and survival or may reflect some other characteristic of Holocaust survivors.
Self-propulsion of a spherical body shedding coaxial vortex rings in an ideal fluid: Hamiltonian modeling and simulation

We present a model for the self-propulsion of a spherical body shedding circular vortex rings in an ideal fluid. Rings are shed from a moving ridge on the body's surface; timed oscillations of this ridge mimic the pulsing of a swimming medusan jellyfish. We regard the velocity of the ridge relative to the center of the body as a control parameter, and we demonstrate the relative efficacy of four distinct propulsive gaits. The model exploits the recently documented Hamiltonian structure underpinning the dynamic interaction of an arbitrary smooth body with a collection of closed vortex filaments of arbitrary shape.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita and other acquired blistering diseases manifesting autoimmunity to type VII collagen

Abstract Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is a mechanobullous disease that may result in severe scarring, especially of mucosa. Within the last 5 years, it has been discovered that patients with EBA have autoantibodies directed against type VII collagen, a major component of anchoring fibrils at the epidermal basement membrane. Patients with bullous lesions of lupus erythematosus and some patients with linear IgA dermatosis may also have anti-type VII collagen autoantibodies. New insights into the mechanism of these blistering skin conditions have assisted the clinician with the development of new diagnostic criteria that help separate these often confusing bullous skin diseases from bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis and cicatricial pemphigoid. Management of EBA patients is quite difficult, as these patients do not respond to agents that are usually effective in bullous disorders.
Laryngeal receptors responding to transmural pressure, airflow and local muscle activity

The larynx has a rich sensory supply which is the main source of several respiratory reflexes. These reflexes, that influence both the patency of the upper airway and the pattern of breathing, are related to transmural pressure and/or airflow in the upper airway. Yet hardly any information is available on the response of laryngeal mechanoreceptors to transmural pressure and airflow. We recorded action potentials from single fibers separated from the superior laryngeal nerve of anesthetized dogs, breathing spontaneously either through a tracheostomy or the upper airway. The airway could be occluded above or below the larynx. On the basis of their behavior during tracheostomy breathing, upper airway breathing, tracheal occlusion and upper airway occlusion, laryngeal mechanoreceptors were classified as pressure receptors, flow receptors or 'drive' receptors (stimulated by the respiratory activity of upper airway muscles). Pressure receptors were encountered most frequently, representing 63.6% of our sample of 110 receptors, 'drive' receptors constituted 21.8% and flow receptors the remaining 14.6%. Our findings indicate that, even though the three types of receptors differ in sensory modality, they concur in exhibiting a predominant activity during inspiration. In fact, 65% of all receptors are active during eupneic inspiration. Moreover, their activity increases markedly during upper airway obstruction.
Photoadaptive response during the development of a coustal Antarctic diatom bloom and relationship to water column stability

The raio of the xanthophylll pigments diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin to chlorophyll a [(DD+DT}:Chl a] was used as a photoadaptive index during the development of a large Antarctic diatom bloom. This index was found to track fluctuations in the incident solar irradiance and the in situ light field over a 3 order magnitude change in the water column biomass. Depth profiles of the (DD+DT}:Chl a ratio showed that the upper mixed layer, assessed by physical data, was in fact stable over the course of the month. Diel experiments conducted over the same period showed a delayed (5–8 h) response of the DD+DT pool to the instantaneous Qpar (400–700 nm) irradiance. These time series results illustrate the potential use of xanthophyll pigmnents in assessing phytoplankton light histories and the degree of water column stability.
On dense pattern mining in graph streams

Many massive web and communication network applications create data which can be represented as a massive sequential stream of edges. For example, conversations in a telecommunication network or messages in a social network can be represented as a massive stream of edges. Such streams are typically very large, because of the large amount of underlying activity in such networks. An important application in these domains is to determine frequently occurring dense structures in the underlying graph stream. In general, we would like to determine frequent and dense patterns in the underlying interactions. We introduce a model for dense pattern mining and propose probabilistic algorithms for determining such structural patterns effectively and efficiently. The purpose of the probabilistic approach is to create a summarization of the graph stream, which can be used for further pattern mining. We show that this summarization approach leads to effective and efficient results for stream pattern mining over a number of real and synthetic data sets.
Quantification of the Exchange of Subunits from Membrane Protein Complexes Using Foerster Transfer Recovery (FTR)

To quantify the exchange of subunits of membrane protein complexes cells expressing CFP/YFP-tagged phospholamban (PLB) were observed by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. We performed YFP-selective photobleaching of spots, lines, or larger regions of interest on the basal surface of the cells. This resulted in enhanced CFP fluorescence, indicating CFP-YFP fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Subsequent spatial broadening of this “pseudo-photoactivated” CFP fluorescence was analyzed as a measure of the lateral diffusion of PLB complexes away from the target region. In addition, exchange of bleached and unbleached YFP-PLB from complexes restored FRET over time. This process of Foerster transfer recovery (FTR) was taken to indicate the rate of exchange of fluorescently-labeled subunits of the membrane protein complex. Diffusion and exchange processes were quantified by image analysis using a custom MatLab application for 2-dimensional Gaussian fitting. In addition to its application to FTR, this approach may be useful for cytoplasmic proteins as a way of quantifying dynamic membrane recruitment and lateral diffusion on the plane of the bilayer. Fig. 1 shows the diffusion of acceptor-photobleached CFP/YFP-PLB complexes from a target region, followed by subunit exchange.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Politics and Administration in Council-manager Government: Differences Between Newly Elected and Senior Council Members

This study examines the different attitudes of newly elected officials and senior incumbents on variables that are considered to be the building blocks of the relationship between local elected officials and professional civil service staff: council respect for the city's professional staff; a clear understanding of the roles of council and the staff; and the governing body's commitment towards working as a group and toward consensus. Governing body members who have served for eight or more years show greater respect for staff, have greater role understanding, and value teamwork among their colleagues more than their newly elected counterparts. While there are differences, the attitudes of long-term officials appear to change little while in office. They enter office with the building blocks of their own success. These findings are based on a cross-sectional and modest longitudinal survey research design, supplemented by in-depth interviews.
Growth of meningopneumonitis virus in normal and immune guinea pig monocytes.

RENEWED attention has been focused on the role of cellular resistance to microbial infection, with particular emphasis on both the fate of the organisms and the monocytic phagocytes grown together in vitro 1–5. The use of mononuclear cells constitutes a level of cellular resistance at which fundamental host-parasite relationships can be examined. Accordingly, Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1, Brucella abortus 4, poliovirus5, and vaccinia virus6, among others, proliferate in normal monocytes; however, only a few studies showing suppressed proliferation in immune monocytes have been made in systems in which the monocyte population has been adequately controlled3,4.
Urban Development, Policy Failure, and Regime Change in a Manager-Council City The Case of St. Petersburg, Florida

This study of St. Petersburg, Florida, shows that large-scale urban development decisions are irreversible. A prodevelopment regime used an aggressive city manager, a prodevelopment council, and a ...
Fishy targets for melatonin.

![Figure][1] Melatonin, probably best known for its influence on circadian and seasonal rhythms within vertebrates, is actually involved in many other physiological processes. Derived from the neurochemical serotonin, melatonin is a small molecule that can penetrate all tissues easily. For
Gate coupling to nanoscale electronics

The realization of single-molecule electronic devices, in which a nanometer-scale molecule is connected to macroscopic leads, requires the reproducible production of highly ordered nanoscale gaps in which a molecule of interest is electrostatically coupled to nearby gate electrodes. Understanding how the molecule-gate coupling depends on key parameters is crucial for the development of high-performance devices. Here we directly address this, presenting two- and three-dimensional finite-element electrostatic simulations of the electrode geometries formed using emerging fabrication techniques. We quantify the gate coupling intrinsic to these devices, exploring the roles of parameters believed to be relevant to such devices. These include the thickness and nature of the dielectric used, and the gate screening due to different device geometries. On the single-molecule $(\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{nm})$ scale, we find that device geometry plays a greater role in the gate coupling than the dielectric constant or the thickness of the insulator. Compared to the typical uniform nanogap electrode geometry envisioned, we find that nonuniform tapered electrodes yield a significant 3 orders of magnitude improvement in gate coupling. We also find that in the tapered geometry the polarizability of a molecular channel works to enhance the gate coupling.
Toward Wider Use of Literature in ESL: Why and How

use of literature in ESL can achieve, this article examines literature in terms of current ESL theory (discourse analysis, context and contextualization, schema theory, cross-cultural awareness). This is done to explain not only why literature may be a more satisfying basis for ESL learning than more commonly used texts, but also what current theory suggests about how we should exploit this form in the classroom in order to encourage interactive, communicative classes for mature learners at a variety of levels of proficiency. The article then presents an orderly, four-step approach to any literary text, an approach that obliges students to take responsibility for building their own successively more complex schemata (i.e., levels of understanding), which allow them to explore a text on successively more demanding levels. The theoretical approach is illustrated with reference to Hemingway's short story "Soldier's Home." Almost a decade after Canale and Swain's (1980) seminal article, the concept of communicative competence has found its expression in a wide variety of attitudes and concerns about the active role of the communicating learner in the second language classroom. Disappointingly (a few excellent articles notwithstanding-e.g., McConochie, 1985; Povey, 1979a; Spack, 1985; Widdowson, 1982), literary texts, which have the potential to provide the basis for intensely interactive, content-based ESL classes, have not enjoyed the general resurgence of attention that our commitment to communicative teaching might have predicted. It has been my personal experience that many ESL teachers either consciously or unconsciously feel that "literature is too 'hard' for ESL students." Given the large number of language-teaching
Clinical outcome after neoadjuvant thermoradiotherapy in high grade soft tissue sarcomas

In the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas, hyperthermia has been demonstrated to enhance tumor necrosis from radiation therapy. The current study reports the clinical course of patients treated with this neoadjuvant therapy regimen. Forty-four patients with deep, undisturbed, nonmetastatic, high grade soft tissue sarcomas completed a neoadjuvant treatment protocol with combined hyperthermia and radiation therapy followed by wide surgical resection. Negative surgical margins were obtained in 40 patients. There was one local recurrence, thus yielding a local control rate of 97.5%. All other failures were either through regional lymphatic spread or pulmonary metastasis. As a group, the patients at 36 months had a 72% overall and a 58% disease-free survival. The most common pathologic diagnosis was malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH), which demonstrated a 36-month survival of 52% vs. 82% for others (P = 0.02). Tumor size was not prognostically significant for disease free or overall survival (P = 0.13). Those patients with surgical margins < 1 cm had a significantly lower disease-free survival and overall survival in a multivariate analysis (P = 0.02 and P = 0.006, respectively). Overall survival did not correlate with either the number of hyperthermia treatments received or the amount of tumor necrosis. Although this neoadjuvant protocol results in excellent local control rates, overall survival rates are comparable to adjuvant therapy employing radiation alone.
Attracting and Training Tomorrow's Gerontologists: What Drives Student Interest in Aging?

Demographic and labor force trends point to a critical need for professionals trained to work with older adults. The current study investigated factors associated with interest in aging-related topics and careers and knowledge of the opportunities that exist in the field of gerontology. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analyses were used to examine results of a survey of 300 college students representing a wide range of disciplines. Aging-related coursework and formal contact with older adults were related to greater interest in learning about and working with older adults, as were lower levels of anxiety and ageism. Experiential learning was related to greater interest in aging-related careers. Females and those who have studied aging had greater knowledge of the opportunities that exist in the field of gerontology. Lower levels of ageism were related to knowledge of the labor force shortages in aging-related fields. Students across disciplines need to be more...
Determination of inorganic and organic ions in nickel-plating baths by capillary electrophoresis

Analysis of nickel-plating baths for various anions, organic acids and cations was performed by capillary electrophoresis. Analysis of these ions is important in relation to the effectiveness of the plating bath. Analysis of anions and organic acids in these plating baths was accomplished by direct UV detection at 185 nm and a phosphate electrolyte. Nickel and other cations were determined by indirect UV detection at 185 nm as well. Total analysis times of less that 7 min for anion and organic acid analysis and 5.5 min for nickel and other cations analysis could be achieved using these electrolytes. Changeover time from anion to cation analysis by capillary ion electrophoresis was accomplished in less than 10 min.
A method of retraction during reoperative coronary operations using the Favaloro retractor

A method is described for using the Favaloro retractor to provide retraction during dissection of the anterior wall of the heart during reoperative cardiac operations.
Mathematical models for the numerical study of turbulent flows

This paper presents (1) a brief overview of mathematical models used in the numerical study of turbulent flows; (2) a k-epsilon model of turbulence; and (3) extensions of the k-epsilon model. These account for some of the effects of compressibility, low Reynolds number, streamline curvature, and preferential stress dissipation.
Application of Electromagnetic Force in Laser Welding

In recent years, lasers have been widely used in the welding processes for automotive, aerospace, electrical and heavy manufacturing industries due to their high power density, small heat-affected zone and high productivity. Especially, with high depth-to-width ratio and high welding efficiency, keyhole-mode laser welding is more promising compared to the conventional welding processes. However, a number of defects, such as porosity, irregular beads, undercut and humping are frequently observed in laser welds, which deteriorates the strength and quality of the welded parts. In current study, an externally controllable electromagnetic force is introduced into the laser welding process to prevent porosity formation and to control weld bead shape. Numerical models are developed to study the transport phenomena in laser welding and to accurately calculate the current density and magnetic flux fields and the resulting electromagnetic forces in three-dimensional weldments. Effects of the electromagnetic force on metal flow, heat and mass transfer and weld bead shape are investigated. The continuum model is used to handle the entire domain including solid phase, liquid phase and mush zone. The enthalpy method is employed to handle the absorption and release of latent heat during melting and solidification. Inverse Bremsstrahlung (IB) absorption, Fresnel absorption and multiple reflections of laser beam energy at the keyhole walls are considered for the study of laser-plasma interaction. Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique is adopted to calculate the free surface evolution in the computation. As indicated by this study, porosity-free laser welds with desired bead shapes can be achieved with appropriate applications of electromagnetic forces.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Polarization-Division Interferometry: An Approach to Birefringence Measurements

The birefringence of materials is usually measured in the visible region with the use of a laser beam with the sample placed between crossed polarizers. Amplitude-division interferometers (ADIs) can also be used for birefringence measurements; however, the procedure is a bit more cumbersome, and they are not commonly used for this purpose. A mid-infrared polarization-division interferometer (PDI), recently developed in our laboratory, has been shown to provide novel applications and several advantages over amplitude-division interferometers. In this paper we demonstrate a novel approach to measuring infrared birefringence using the PDI developed in our laboratory. The proposed method is much simpler and may routinely be used for birefringence measurements on polymers, liquid crystals, and other oriented samples.