cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of breathing pattern on the esophagogastric junction pressure and esophageal transit

The esophagogastric junction (EGJ) is guarded by two sphincters, a smooth muscle lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and a skeletal muscle crural diaphragm. The LES relaxes in response to a swallow but the crural diaphragm does not. Since contraction of the crural diaphragm is affected by the pattern of breathing, the latter may also influence the EGJ pressure and swallow-induced EGJ relaxation. Our aims were to study the effects of alterations of the breathing pattern on the EGJ pressure, swallow-induced EGJ relaxation, and esophageal transport of liquid bolus. Manometric, electromyographic, and videofluoroscopic studies were performed in 12 healthy subjects. The subjects were trained in two types of breathing patterns, hyperventilation and partial expiration, using the visual biofeedback from their own respiratory waveform. Hyperventilation increased the frequency of inspiratory pressure oscillations at the EGJ without affecting the end-expiratory EGJ pressure. Partial expiration resulted in an increase in the end-expiratory EGJ pressure. Swallow-induced relaxation at the EGJ was markedly reduced during partial expiration. An inspiration during a swallow (control breathing and hyperventilation) caused transient interruption of flow across the EGJ. Partial expiration resulted in cessation of the flow across the EGJ, failure of esophageal peristalsis to traverse the entire length of the esophagus, increased esophageal transit time, and incomplete esophageal clearance of a liquid bolus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A New View of Radiation-Induced Cancer: Integrating Short- and Long-Term Processes. Part II: Second Cancer Risk Estimation

As the number of cancer survivors grows, prediction of radiotherapy-induced second cancer risks becomes increasingly important. Because the latency period for solid tumors is long, the risks of recently introduced radiotherapy protocols are not yet directly measurable. In the accompanying article, we presented a new biologically based mathematical model, which, in principle, can estimate second cancer risks for any protocol. The novelty of the model is that it integrates, into a single formalism, mechanistic analyses of pre-malignant cell dynamics on two different time scales: short-term during radiotherapy and recovery; long-term during the entire life span. Here, we apply the model to nine solid cancer types (stomach, lung, colon, rectal, pancreatic, bladder, breast, central nervous system, and thyroid) using data on radiotherapy-induced second malignancies, on Japanese atomic bomb survivors, and on background US cancer incidence. Potentially, the model can be incorporated into radiotherapy treatment planning algorithms, adding second cancer risk as an optimization criterion.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Potato Leafhopper (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Maple Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Nursery-Grown Maples

Although leaf nitrogen (N) has been shown to increase the suitability of hosts to herbivorous arthropods, the responses of these pests to N fertilization on susceptible and resistant host plants are not well characterized. This study determined how different rates of N fertilization affected injury caused by the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris) and the abundance of maple spider mite (Oligonychus aceris (Shimer)) on 'Red Sunset' red maple (Acer rubrum) and 'Autumn Blaze' Freeman maple (Acer×freemanii) during two years in Indiana. N fertilization increased leaf N concentration in both maple cultivars, albeit to a lesser extent during the second year of the study. Overall, Red Sunset maples were more susceptible to E. fabae injury than Autumn Blaze, whereas Autumn Blaze maples supported higher populations of O. aceris. Differences in populations of O. aceris were attributed to differences between communities of stigmaeid and phytoseiid mites on each cultivar. Injury caused by E. fabae increased with N fertilization in a dose-dependent manner in both cultivars. Although N fertilization increased the abundance of O. aceris on both maple cultivars, there was no difference between the 20 and 40 g rates. We suggest the capacity of N fertilization to increase O. aceris on maples could be limited at higher trophic levels by the community of predatory mites.
Variations in hypertension-related outcomes among Blacks, Whites and Hispanics in two large urban areas and in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared the hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control in Chicago, Illinois and Detroit, Michigan to that of the general United States population (aged > or = 25 years) for the period 2001-2003. We examined whether and how much 1) urban populations have less favorable hypertension-related outcomes and 2) the rates of racial/ethnic minorities lag behind those of Whites in order to determine if the national data understate the magnitude of hypertension-related outcomes and racial/ethnic disparities in two large cities in the Midwestern region of the United States and perhaps others. METHODS: Unstandardized and standardized hypertension-related outcome rates were estimated. RESULTS: The hypertension-related outcomes among Chicago and Detroit residents lag behind the United States by 8%-14% and 10%-18% points, respectively. Additionally, this study highlights the complexity of the racial/ethnic differences in hypertension-related outcomes, where within each population, Blacks were more likely to have hypertension and to be aware of their hypertension status than Whites, and no less likely to be treated. Conversely, Hispanics were less likely to have hypertension and also less likely to be aware of their status when they do have hypertension when compared to Whites. CONCLUSION: At a time when efficacious treatment for hypertension has been available for more than 50 years, continued racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension is among public health's greatest challenges. To achieve the proposed national hypertension-related goals, future policies must consider the social context of hypertension within central cities of urban areas. Ethn Dis. 2012;22[4]:391–397
Adapting higher-order list operators for blocks programming

In MIT App Inventor (AI), puzzle-shaped blocks are connected to program Android apps. AI has Python-like lists typically manipulated with loops, but implementing such loops correctly is challenging for novice AI programmers. To simplify list processing, we extended AI with new blocks that map, filter, reduce and sort lists. Since AI does not have first-class functions, these pseudo-higher-order list operator (PHOLO) blocks incorporate the parameter and body declarations of functional arguments normally associated with these operators. To assess the usability of these new list operators, we conducted a user study with 18 students with AI experience. Most users correctly completed a majority of the tasks, but many struggled with processing lists of lists and sorting tasks involving two keys.
Indomethacin Is a Potent Inhibitor of Pristane and Plastic Disc Induced Plasmacytomagenesis in a Hypersusceptible BALB/c Congenic Strain

Continuous indomethacin (INDO) administration in the drinking water (10 to 20 μg/mL) profoundly inhibited plasmacytoma (PCT) development initiated by three 0.2- or 0.5-mL intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of pristane in hypersusceptible BALB/c.DBA/2-Idh1-Pep3 congenic mice. The most effective inhibitions were obtained with continuous INDO treatment. When treatment was delayed until 50 to 60 days after the first pristane injection, there was approximately a 50% reduction in PCT incidence. The primary action of pristane is the induction of a chronic inflammation in the peritoneal connective tissues and the formation of a microenvironment where PCTs develop. INDO, a powerful inhibitor of prostaglandin synthases (cyclooxygenases 1 and 2), did not inhibit the formation of mesenteric oil granuloma nor the appearance of cells in this chronic inflammatory tissue carrying c-myc illegitimately joined to an Ig heavy chain switch region, ie, the t(12; 15) chromosomal translocation. INDO inhibited PCT induction by the i.p. implantation of 21 × 2 mm polycarbonate discs. These solid objects predominantly induce the formation of a patchy fibroplastic tissue on contacting peritoneal surfaces. These and previous data indicate that indomethacin inhibits an intermediate stage in PCT development after the arrival of cells bearing the T(12; 15) translocation in the oil granuloma and before these cells acquire transplantability to a pristane-conditioned host. The biological mechanism that explains how INDO inhibits PCT development is not yet established but appears to result from decreased production of prostaglandins in chronic inflammatory tissues (oil granuloma, fibroplasia), suggesting that prostaglandins play an active role in oil and solid plastic induced PCT formation.
Stereoselectivity in Nucleophilic Additions to 3-Azidoalkanals

The stereoselectivity of nucleophilic additions to 3-azidoalkanals was investigated. Non-chelating, BF3·OEt2-mediated Sakurai addition to 3-azidoalkanals afforded 1,3-anti products, whereas use of ...
Electron-impact ionization of Se 2+ and Se 3+

Electron-impact ionization cross sections for Se 2+ and Se 3+ are calculated using a semi-relativistic configuration-average distorted-wave (CADW) method. Good agreement between the CADW calculations and recent experimental measurements are found for the single ionization of Se 2+ from threshold to 500 eV and for the double ionization of Se 2+ from threshold to 225 eV. Good agreement between the CADW calculations and recent experimental measurements are also found for the single ionization of Se 3+ from threshold to 200 eV and for the double ionization of Se 3+ near the peak of the cross section at 350 eV. Disagreements at other incident electron energies may be due to the complexity of the ionization pathways for low charged Se atomic ions, the various theoretical approximations, and the difficulty in measuring relatively small double ionization events.
CaMKII: a molecular substrate for synaptic plasticity and memory

Learning and memory is widely believed to result from changes in connectivity within neuronal circuits due to synaptic plasticity. Work over the past two decades has shown that Ca(2+) influx during LTP induction triggers the activation of CaMKII in dendritic spines. CaMKII activation results in autophosphorylation of the kinase rendering it constitutively active long after the Ca(2+) dissipates within the spine. This "molecular switch"(1) mechanism is essential for LTP and learning and memory. Here, we discuss this key regulatory mechanism and the diversity of downstream targets that can be modulated by CaMKII to exert dynamic control of synaptic structure and function.
Considerations in Cross-Cultural use of Visual Information with Children for Whom English is a Second Language

This paper addresses considerations in the use of visual information with children for whom English is a second language (ESL). The review of literature is presented in two parts. The first part ex...
Epithelial and plasma cell immunoglobulin distribution in the normal, inflamed and neoplastic salivary gland

IgA has long been reported in salivary glands [1] but many aspects of its topography remain to be described. We examined by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoperoxidase (IP) normal, inflamed and neoplastic salivary glands. In normals, only serous acini were positive for IgA. We found intraepithelial IgA positive round cells (ERCs), presumed to be lymphocytes. IgA and IgG stromal plasma cells (SPCs) of salivary glands were enumerated and showed IgA was the most frequent isotype (P≤0.05). In sialadenitis, fivefold greater numbers of IgG SPCs were seen (P≤0.001). In atrophy (AT), intraepithelial IgA and IgA SPCs were decreased to 10% of normal (P≤0.001). In Sjogren’s disease (SD) a 20:1 increase in IgG SPCs (P≤ 0.001) was seen. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (AC-CA) showed lesser intraepithelial IgA, but IgA SPCs were increased 2:1 (P≤0.001). Warthin’s tumors (WT) had an infiltrate of IgG SPCs. We conclude that only serous cells secrete IgA, and that the most frequent SPC isotype in salivary gland is IgA. In sialadenitis, increased levels of IgG PCs were seen, explaining elevated IgG levels in saliva. AT results in disappearance of intraepithelial IgA and decreased IgA SPCs. AC-CA had increased numbers of IgA SPCs. WT had mostly IgG SPCs. A peripheral node origin for lymphocytes in WTs is suggested.
Astrology and Cosmology in Early China: Conforming Earth to Heaven

This groundbreaking book presents a series of historical studies that argue for the deep and ongoing influence of ideas of astral influences via qi 氣 on virtually all aspects of early Chinese civil...
Modeling of the Hydroentanglement Process

Mechanical performance of hydroentangled nonwovens is determined by the degree of the fiber entanglement, which depends on parameters of the fibers, fiberweb, forming surface, water jet and the process speed. This paper develops a computational fluid dynamics model of the hydroentanglement process. Extensive comparison with experimental data showed that the degree of fiber entanglement is linearly related to flow vorticity in the fiberweb, which is induced by impinging water jets. The fiberweb is modeled as a porous material of uniform porosity and the actual geometry of forming wires is accounted for in the model. Simulation results are compared with experimental data for a Perfojet ® sleeve and four woven forming surfaces. Additionally, the model is used to predict the effect of fiberweb thickness on the degree of fiber entanglement for different forming surfaces.
JAK2 V617F Mutational Status in Myelofibrosis at and before Disease Progression Including Leukemic Transformation: A Longitudinal Study in 68 Patients.

Background: An acquired point mutations of JAK2 (V617F) was recently described in a substantial proportion of patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPD), including myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM). The current study examines i) JAK2 V617F mutational status at time of leukemic transformation (LT) of MMM and its clinical correlates, ii) the possibility of changes over time in mutational status in MMM patients that have either undergone leukemic transformation (LT) or experienced disease progression. Methods: Mutation analysis for JAK2 V617F was performed in DNA derived from either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (i.e. fresh specimens) using genomic DNA amplified by PCR, or extracted from cytogenetic pellets in archived specimens. Fluorescent dye chemistry sequencing was performed using the same primers used for amplification. Results: The study population consisted of 68 patients including 33 patients with disease transformation into AML. i. MMM patient cohort with LT (n=33). The JAK2 V617F mutant allele was detected in 21 of the 33 patients (64%; homozygous in 6%) at the time of LT. As expected, PPMM was over-represented in the group with the mutation but the presence of the mutation affected neither the clinical presentation at time of LT or overall outcome. Furthermore, in 9 patients (7 heterozygotes and 2 with wild-type allele), archived bone marrow that was collected at a median of 23 months (range, 3–105) before LT was available and disclosed no change in mutational status. ii. MMM patient cohort with disease progression without LT (n=35; 19 AMM, 9 PPMM, 7 PTMM): Each patient in this group had at least two bone marrow or peripheral blood samples that were collected at two different time points separated by a median of 18.2 months (range (3–82). Of the total 35 patients in this group, 32 (91%) showed no change in JAK2 V617F mutational status over time including 3 patients in whom the first sample was collected before they transformed into MMM from antecedent PV or ET. In the remaining 3 patients, a switch from wild-type to heterozygous state (1 patient), and heterozygous to homozygous (2 patients), was documented after 78, 43, and 83 months, respectively. Conclusions: In most instances, JAK2 V617F mutational status in MMM remains unchanged over time including during leukemic transformation. Furthermore, the presence of the mutation in MMM-related LT does not appear to affect clinical outcome. These observations undermine the role of JAK2 V617F in either disease progression or LT in MMM.
Egypt and Palestine

Taking Steiner’s hermeneutics of trust, aggression, incorporation, and reciprocation a step further, the fifth chapter augments and accelerates the comparative basis for the study of avant-garde travel writing. Covering writers from France, Italy, the United States, and the Indian subcontinent, the chapter looks first at the more conventionally modernist works on Egypt by Jean Cocteau, F. T. Marinetti, and Lawrence Durrell, before delving into the vigorous postmodern experiments of Thomas Pynchon, Amitav Ghosh (works also set in Egypt), and, finally, Jean Genet, whose Un captif amoureux focuses on Palestinian exiles in Jordan and Lebanon while offering an exemplary instance of avant-garde orientalism as formulated in this study.
The Orient and the Young Romantics / British Women Writers and the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1785–1835: Reorienting Anglo-India

The two books under review stake separate, but not unrelated, claims about Romanticism’s relationship to the Orient and the use of Oriental themes in the critique of European modernity. The books f...
Nursing Support of Home Hospice Caregivers on the Day of Patient Death.

Purpose/objectives To describe nurse-caregiver communication on the day of patient death. . Design A descriptive secondary analysis of 44 audio-recorded home hospice nursing visits on day of death. . Setting Nine hospices in Utah, Oregon, and Massachusetts. . Sample 42 caregiver-patient dyads, 27 hospice nurses. . Methods Transcripts of audio recordings were coded for supportive nursing communication and relative time spent in physical, psychosocial, and spiritual discussion. . Main research variables Tangible, emotional, informational, esteem, and networking supportive communication; nurses' self-reported communication effectiveness; caregiver religious affiliation. . Findings Nurses reported that their communication skills were less effective when discussing difficult topics as compared to their overall communication effectiveness. Eleven patients died before the nursing visit, 3 died during the visit, and 30 died post-visit. Nurses primarily engaged in discussions facilitating caregiver emotional, tangible, and informational support. More informational support was observed when patient death occurred during the nursing visit. Time spent in general conversation showed that physical care conversations predominated (80% of the average overall amount of conversation time), compared to lifestyle/psychosocial discussions (14%) and spiritual discussions (6%). Spiritual discussions were observed in only 7 of 44 hospice visits. Spiritual discussions, although short and infrequent, were significantly longer, on average, for caregivers without a religious affiliation. . Conclusions Nurses support caregivers on the day of patient death using multiple supportive communication strategies. Spiritual discussions are minimal. . Implications for nursing Communication skills programs can potentially increase self-reported communication effectiveness. Emerging acute spiritual concerns, particularly for caregivers without a previous religious affiliation, should be anticipated. Spiritual support is included in the hospice model of holistic care.
Opposing effects of bronchopulmonary C-fiber subtypes on cough in guinea pigs

We have addressed the hypothesis that the opposing effects of bronchopulmonary C-fiber activation on cough are attributable to the activation of C-fiber subtypes. Coughing was evoked in anesthetize...
Neural responses to perturbations in visual and auditory metronomes during sensorimotor synchronization

Abstract Tapping in synchrony to an isochronous rhythm involves several key functions of the sensorimotor system including timing, prediction and error correction. While auditory sensorimotor synchronization (SMS) has been well studied, much less is known about mechanisms involved in visual SMS. By comparing error correction in auditory and visual SMS, it can be determined if the neural mechanisms for detection and correction of synchronization errors are generalized or domain specific. To study this problem, we measured EEG while subjects tapped in synchrony to separate visual and auditory metronomes that both contained small temporal perturbations to induce errors. The metronomes had inter-onset intervals of 600 ms and the perturbations where of 4 kinds: ± 66 ms to induce period corrections, and ± 16 ms to induce phase corrections. We hypothesize that given the less precise nature of visual SMS, error correction to perturbed visual flashing rhythms will be more gradual than with the equivalent auditory perturbations. Additionally, we expect this more gradual error correction will be reflected in the visual evoked potentials. Our findings indicate that the visual system is only capable of more gradual phase corrections to even the larger induced errors. This is opposed to the swifter period correction of the auditory system to large induced errors. EEG data found the peak N1 auditory evoked potential is modulated by the size and direction of an induced error in line with previous research, while the P1 visual evoked potential was only effected by the large late-coming perturbations resulting in reduced peak latency. Looking at the error response EEG data, an Error Related Negativity (ERN) and related Error Positivity (pE) was found only in the auditory + 66 condition, while no ERN or pE were found in any of the visual perturbation conditions. In addition to the ERPs, we performed a dipole source localization and clustering analysis indicating that the anterior cingulate was active in the error detection of the perturbed stimulus for both auditory and visual conditions in addition to being involved in producing the ERN and pE induced by the auditory + 66 perturbation. Taken together, these results confirm that the visual system is less developed for synchronizing and error correction with flashing rhythms by its more gradual error correction. The reduced latency of the P1 to the visual + 66 suggests that the visual system can detect these errors, but that detection does not translate into any meaningful improvement in error correction. This indicates that the visual system is not as tightly coupled to the motor system as the auditory system is for SMS, suggesting the mechanisms of SMS are not completely domain general.
The Possibility of Stress-Triggered Evolution

A consideration of recent data from the molecular biology of pro-and eukaryotes has led Harrison Echols and myself independently to very similar ideas about the way in which evolution might proceed discontinuously, a way which he calls “inducible evolution” and which I call “stress-triggered evolution.” Echols deals primarily with important observations on the stress-induced “SOS” system in 15. coli, which leads to an increase in point mutations. Such systems may play an important role in evolution. The essence of the idea of stress-triggered evolution, on the other hand, is that there exist specific genetic architectures in organisms that have co-evolved with internal, cooperative mutagenic agents such as viruses, plasmids and transpos-able elements such that environmental stress will tend to trigger bursts of genomic change. This article explores ways in which such cooperative interactions could have evolved through both individual and group selection, and suggests the kinds of experimental tests that would be necessary to attempt to verify the existence of such a process.
Toward a Neuroscience of Emotion

Affective neuroscience is an emerging field that promises to illuminate the neural bases of emotional change over the life span in all mammals (Panksepp, 1998). It offers a complementary alternative to behavioral neuroscience (which, like behaviorism, denies emotional experience as a valid area of study) and cognitive neuroscience (which concerns itself more with cortical mechanisms involved in symbolic processing). Rather than simply focusing on behavioral indices of learning, affective neuroscience aims to elucidate the emotional processes that drive learning—the ancient programs laid down by our mammalian genetic heritage, which channel the unfolding of emotional experience and behavior over the course of the life span (see also Panksepp, 1991,1995). In order to understand emotional development, we must consider not only changes associated with pervasive environmental influences, but also changes associated with the natural emergence of the various emotional programs of the brain. Affective neuroscience focuses more on the half of the brain—behavior equation that is due to nature, while always accepting and acknowledging that nurture inevitably molds and modulates specific expressions of these organismic potentials. Although it is evident that all higher brain functions are epigenetically controlled, it will be impossible to disentangle those processes unless we appreciate the genetically provided hardware that allows animals to perceive, feel, and behave in characteristic ways.
Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels in Osteoblast Differentiation and Morphology

Publisher Summary Tight regulation of plasma and intracellular Ca2+ concentrations is essential to ensure proper cellular function and phenotype for essentially all cells in complex tissue. Intracellular Ca2+ levels remain in dynamic balance due to the activity of channels, pumps, and exchangers present in the plasma membrane and within organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and nuclei. Organelles and intracellular Ca2+ binding proteins only transiently buffer cytosolic increases. The majority of intracellular Ca2+ regulation is accomplished by extrusion of Ca2+ into the extracellular space by the concerted efforts of Ca2+-ATPases and Na+/Ca2+ exchangers. Uptake of Ca2+ into the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum is an additional mode of buffering intracellular Ca2+. Increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations result from release of Ca2+ from internal stores in the endoplasmic reticulum through leak channels and by extracellular influx of Ca2+ through a variety of membrane channels that include voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCCs), voltage-insensitive calcium channels (VICCs), mechanosensitive divalent cation channels (MDCCs) and receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCs). Plasma membrane Ca2+ channel activity is modulated by various mechanisms including the influence of calcitropic hormones such as 1,25(OH)2D3, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and by mechanical stimuli. VSCCs are major regulators of Ca2+ permeability in osteoblasts and are the major Ca2+ channels expressed in the plasma membrane of these cells.
Transcriptomics Technology: Promise and Potential Pitfalls

The developmental program of an embryo rests on the outcome of the complex interactions of gene products of the embryonic cell. As information flows from DNA to RNA and to protein, each step is potentially a predictor of the physiologic state of the cell. While protein content is more closely related to cellular phenotype than RNA content, current technology is much more sensitive for characterization of all RNA molecules of the cell (the transcriptome) than protein content. Taking RNA expression levels as a proxy for the expression levels of corresponding proteins, one can approximate the molecular composition of the cell and attempt to correlate it with its physiologic state. In the context of assisted reproductive technologies, transcriptome analysis is a powerful tool that can be used to identify genes whose expressions are predictive of implantation and developmental success. At a more practical level, RNA expression profiles of blastocyst biopsies might be used for pre-implantation embryo screening.
Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species

Addressing the impacts of climate change on terrestrial species requires knowledge of how climates will change, how species will respond, and what is the scope of actions that can be taken to help species and systems adapt. There is a rapidly growing understanding of how species will respond to projected climatic changes with changes in their phenologies, distributions, population dynamics, interspecific interactions, and disease dynamics. Many management strategies have been proposed for addressing these changes, including general principles such as fostering resilience, practicing adaptive management, and expanding the scale of management as well as more specific recommendations such as increasing landscape connectivity and increasing the extent of reserve networks.
Internal CAD + EDA + Services = turmoil, fencing or bliss

Because using EDA tools are "business as usual", best practices, challenges, successes and painful experiences in integrating EDA tools/services into an established design flow is the subject of this panel. Usage conflicts do exist among all parties. The goal is to identify the best path to success.
Chronic tonsillar herniation: an attempt at classifying chronic hernitations at the foramen magnum.

A system is presented for the classification of chronic herniations of the cerebellar tonsils in the absence of space-occupying intracranial lesions, based on a survey of the literature and 13 own cases. The Arnold-Chiari malformation in adults typically involves herniation of the cerebellar tonsils instead of herniation of the vermis as is typical when it occurs in infancy. Identification of chronic tonsillar herniation with the Arnold-Chiari malformation in adults was thought to require at least one other sign of the Arnold-Chiari complex, e.g. a medullary deformity. Cases for which chronic herniation and sclerosis of the cerebellar tonsils present as the only nervous lesion are classified as "chronic tonsillar herniation". Such cases may manifest with neurological symptoms during adult life, or they may be found incidentally at autopsy. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of chronic tonsillar herniation in 7 infants and children where it apparently represents a cause of sudden unexpected death. The overlap between chronic tonsillar herniation and the Arnold-Chiari malformation of adults is discussed in regard to the frequence of associated osseous anomalies, hydrocephalus and syringomyelia.
Impulsivity and decision making in older and younger cocaine‐dependent participants: A preliminary study

Background and objectives Substance misuse is increasing in the older population, which may have differing effects on behavior compared to younger substance participants. Differences in trait and state impulsivity were assessed in younger and older cocaine-dependent participants. Methods Thirty-one younger cocaine-dependent participants (n = 31) and 21 older cocaine-dependent participants (n = 21) were assessed using the Barrett Impulsiveness Scale-11 and the Immediate Memory Task. Results Younger participants showed higher trait impulsivity than older participants (p =.027). However, older participants demonstrated higher state impulsivity than younger participants (p =.018). Conclusion Higher state impulsivity in older cocaine participants suggests that cocaine use may have accelerating effects on the aging brain. Scientific significance This preliminary study adds the limited research on how cocaine use affects normal aging. Current treatments are based on younger adults, therefore the needs of older adults should be taken into consideration and studied more. (Am J Addict 2018;27:557-559).
Democracy, Mixed Government, and Judicial Review

This is a pre-publication draft of my contribution to a forthcoming collection, Law under a Democratic Constitution:Essays in Honour of Jeffrey Goldsworthy (forthcoming, eds. L.Crawford, P.Emerton, & D.Smith, Hart Publishing, 2019). A persistent concern with constitutional judicial review of legislation is based on its necessary interference with democratic government.Various responses have been made but almost all take for granted the presumption that the decisions of elected legislatures ought to be respected and that any deviation from such decisions requires special justification. I raise some questions about the assumed desirability of democratic decision-making.These questions arise from evidence casting doubt on the competence of average voters, a problem which may have been exacerbated by changes in the way information is transmitted and received. At the same time, constitutional rules and institutions that prevented popular preferences from being translated into public choices have been progressively abandoned. Numerous academic commentators have plausibly challenged the conventional understanding of the function of constitutional judicial review -- i.e. the enforcement of rules entrenched in a governing constitution. They argue that, either intrinsically or as a matter of experience, constitutional judges review state action according to their personal views of the public good. If that characterization is accepted, it is easy to see judicial review as a version of the ancient concept of mixed government. While, historically, that idea was seen as a way to check the power of monarchs, in its modern iteration, judges supply the aristocratic element that guards against dangers inherent in democracy. In the American constitutional system, this means that the judiciary would take over the role that the Senate was expected to take in the mixed government designed by the founders. Endorsement of the "mixed government" picture of constitutional judicial review necessarily involves giving up as impractical the "rule of law" values of the conventional view. In this respect, it may have more in common with European type judicial review -- in which constitutional tribunals have a deliberately political role in public decision-making -- than with the American model in which such review is just a by-product of the judicial duty to apply governing law. While the mixed government view interferes with the directly influence of popular preferences on public policy-making, it maintains a situation whereby persistent and deeply held public opinion is likely to prevail. In that sense, it is consistent with democratic government broadly conceived.
Sustainable Development Venturing and Private Regulation Guidelines

In this study, we examine the corporate decision to follow sustainable development (SD) causes by adhering to private regulation guidelines, namely the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and the ...
Anomalous scaling of flexural phonon damping in nanoresonators with confined fluid.

Various one and two-dimensional (1D and 2D) nanomaterials and their combinations are emerging as next-generation sensors because of their unique opto-electro-mechanical properties accompanied by large surface-to-volume ratio and high quality factor. Though numerous studies have demonstrated an unparalleled sensitivity of these materials as resonant nanomechanical sensors under vacuum isolation, an assessment of their performance in the presence of an interacting medium like fluid environment is scarce. Here, we report the mechanical damping behavior of a 1D single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) resonator operating in the fundamental flexural mode and interacting with a fluid environment, where the fluid is placed either inside or outside of the SWCNT. A scaling study of dissipation shows an anomalous behavior in case of interior fluid where the dissipation is found to be extremely low and scaling inversely with the fluid density. Analyzing the sources of dissipation reveals that (i) the phonon dissipation remains unaltered with fluid density and (ii) the anomalous dissipation scaling in the fluid interior case is solely a characteristic of the fluid response under confinement. Using linear response theory, we construct a fluid damping kernel which characterizes the hydrodynamic force response due to the resonant motion. The damping kernel-based analysis shows that the unexpected behavior stems from time dependence of the hydrodynamic response under nanoconfinement. Our systematic dissipation analysis helps us to infer the origin of the intrinsic dissipation. We also emphasize on the difference in dissipative response of the fluid under nanoconfinement when compared to a fluid exterior case. Our finding highlights a unique feature of confined fluid–structure interaction and evaluates its effect on the performance of high-frequency nanoresonators. Understanding the response of carbon nanotube-based nanomechanical resonators when in contact with a fluid could broaden their applications range. Low-dimensional materials are attractive for nanoscale sensing because they have a very high resonant frequency, enabling high quality factors. Carbon nanotubes are one such material, but their resonant behavior has rarely been studied when in contact with a fluid. Now, Subhadeep De and Narayana Aluru from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign study the nanomechanical resonance of single-walled carbon nanotubes under two conditions: with fluid passing through, and with fluid surrounding. They analyze dissipation losses in these systems, with a view to widening the applications range of carbon nanotube resonators used in chemical and biological environments.
Salon: Performance and Interpretive Expressions of Creative Scholarship

In this salon, we aimed to enhance the dissemination of knowledge for creative scholarship and explore the possibility of new dissemination options at ITAA. The current juried design exhibition, while a great event, is static and does not allow for the display and presentation of some of the in-depth or performative aspects of the creative scholarship that is shown at the conference. In this salon session, four designers exhibited their juried creative scholarship with an interpretive or performance component including: My Beautiful Annabel Lee by Belinda T. Orzada; Fried Transformation by Brianna Plummer; DearHeart: A Circus Costume by Jenny Leigh Du Puis; and The “Moving" Skirt by Bingyue Wei with mentor Brendan Reddy-Best.
The Evolution of Disease State Management: Historical Milestones and Future Directions.

Twenty-five years ago, the Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy introduced its readers to disease state management, which attempted to break the siloed culture of the U.S. health care system. Disease s...
A longitudinal study of the negative impact of falls on health, well-being, and survival in later life: the protective role of perceived control.

Objectives: Falls can have detrimental effects on older adults' psychological well-being, physical health, and survival rates. However, certain psychosocial mediators may lessen the negative impact...
Challenges and strategies of early career nurse scientists when the traditional postdoctoral fellowship is not an option.

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this article is to discuss challenges and strategies related to maintaining a program of research for early career nurse scientists. Nurse scientists who do not complete a traditional postdoctoral fellowship or who work in low research-resourced institutions may struggle with research collaboration and development. Principal results Specific challenges experienced by nurse scientists in early career development included: advanced age at the completion of the research doctorate, gender roles and research careers, sustainable work-life balance, employment in low research-resourced institutions, and time. Strategies to assist nurse scientists in finding support and opportunities for research and career development included: professional networking, institutional collaboration, non-traditional training experiences for new nurse scientists, sustainable work-life balance, professional development and service, and competing needs of teaching mission and research. One group's experience with fostering support and collaboration is presented as an example. Major conclusions It is possible for nurse scientists in low research-resourced institutions to find opportunities to develop their program of research and foster their professional growth. Implementing the identified strategies helps to provide sustainability of new nurse scientists' research efforts. Engaging nurse scientists in supportive and collaborative opportunities paves the way for early career nurse scientists to become experts in their field.
The Prevalence of Psychiatric Co-Morbidities is Alarmingly High for Patients undergoing Orthopedic Sports Medicine Procedures:

Objectives:The prevalence of preoperative psychiatric comorbidities and substance abuse disorders among patients undergoing common sports medicine operative procedures has yet to be delineated. Thi...
Topology, Distance, and Orbital Symmetry Effects on Electronic Spin-Spin Couplings in Rigid Molecular Systems: Implications for Long-Distance Spin-Spin Interactions.

Understanding factors that underpin the signs and magnitudes of electron spin-spin couplings in biradicaloids, especially those that are integrated into highly delocalized electronic structures, promises to inform the design of molecular spintronic systems. Using steady-state and variable temperature electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, we examine spin dynamics in symmetric, strongly π-conjugated bis[(porphinato)copper] (bis[PCu]) systems and probe the roles played by atom-specific macrocycle spin density, porphyrin-to-porphyrin linkage topology, and orbital symmetry on the magnitudes of electronic spin-spin couplings over substantial Cu-Cu distances. These studies examine the following: (i) meso-to-meso-linked bis[PCu] systems having oligoyne spacers, (ii) meso-to-meso-bridged bis[PCu] arrays in which the PCu centers are separated by a single ethynyl unit or multiple 5,15-diethynyl(porphinato)zinc(II) units, and (iii) the corresponding β-to-β-bridged bis[PCu] structures. EPR data show that, for β-to-β-bridged systems and meso-to-meso-linked bis[PCu] structures having oligoyne spacers, a through σ-bond coupling mechanism controls the average exchange interaction (Javg). In contrast, PCu centers separated by a single ethynyl or multiple 5,15-diethynyl(porphinato)zinc(II) units display a phenomenological decay of ln[Javg] versus Cu-Cu σ-bond separation number of ∼0.115 per bond, half as large as for these other compositions, congruent with the importance of π-mediated spin-spin coupling. These disparities derive from effects that trace their origin to the nature of the macrocycle-macrocycle linkage topology and the relative energy of the Cu dx2-y2 singly occupied molecular orbital within the frontier orbital manifold of these electronically delocalized structures. This work provides insight into approaches to tune the extent of spin exchange interactions and distance-dependent electronic spin-spin coupling magnitudes in rigid, highly conjugated biradicaloids.
Search Frictions and Idiosyncratic Price Dispersion in the US Housing Market

This paper studies idiosyncratic price dispersion in the US housing market. We develop a new strategy to measure dispersion at the level of individual house sales. We show that idiosyncratic price dispersion is countercyclical and seasonal, and is associated with various measures of market tightness. We construct a search-and-bargaining model of the housing market, and show that the relationship between seller time-on-market and price dispersion can be used to separately identify dispersion driven by seller and buyer preferences. We calibrate the model to data to quantify the magnitude of market frictions and their effects on the welfare of market participants.
New extreme value theory for maxima of maxima

Although advanced statistical models have been proposed to fit complex data better, the advances of science and technology have generated more complex data, e.g., Big Data, in which existing probab...
A novel hospital capacity versus clinical justification triage score (CCTS) for prioritization of spinal surgeries in the "new normal state" of the COVID-19 pandemic.

During the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak, while healthcare systems and hospitals are diverting their resources to combat the pandemic, patients who require spinal surgeries continue to accumulate. The aim of this study is to describe a novel hospital capacity versus clinical justification triage score (CCTS) to prioritize patients who require surgery during the “new normal state” of the COVID-19 pandemic. A consensus study using the Delphi technique was carried out among clinicians from the Orthopaedic Surgery, Neurosurgery, and Anaesthesia departments. Three rounds of consensus were carried out via survey and Webinar discussions. A 50-points score system consisting of 4 domains with 4 subdomains was formed. The CCTS were categorized into the hospital capacity, patient factors, disease severity, and surgery complexity domains. A score between 30 and 50 points indicated that the proposed operation should proceed without delay. A score of less than 20 indicates that the proposed operation should be postponed. A score between 20 and 29 indicates that the surgery falls within a grey area where further discussion should be undertaken to make a joint justification for approval of surgery. This study is a proof of concept for the novel CCTS scoring system to prioritize surgeries to meet the rapidly changing demands of the COVID-19 pandemic. It offers a simple and objective method to stratify patients who require surgery and allows these complex and difficult decisions to be unbiased and made transparently among surgeons and hospital administrators.
Peaks and Valleys: The Lived Experiences of International Students Within an English Immersion Program Using the Integrated Skills Approach

This qualitative phenomenological study examined how 11 international students experienced learning English within an intensive English immersion program, which used an integrated skills approach for language learning. Participants included seven males and four females from Africa, Asia, Central America, Middle East, and South America. Drawing on sociocultural and sociolinguistic theories, data analysis suggested that the participants experienced a range of competing emotions and relied on instructors for support and guidance throughout the learning process. In addition, participant testimonies demonstrated that successful language learning occurred when instructors met their social needs (e.g., provided a sense of belonging) and respected their cultural mores (e.g., supported a family-orientation in class). Implications from this study offer insights for university-based immersion programs in the United States.