cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ferrocene-based electroactive derivatizing reagents for the rapid selective screening of alcohols and phenols in natural product mixtures using electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry.

The alcohols and phenols of oil of cloves, lemon oil, rose absolut, and oil of peppermint were derivatized with ferroceneoyl azide to generate their ferroceneoyl carbamates. These derivatives are selectively detected at the attomole level, in nanomolar concentrations by electrospray−tandem mass spectrometry (ES−MS/MS) without the need for sample cleanup. The ES−MS/MS analyses of the four essential oils revealed all the expected alcohols, and, in the case of lemon oil, it detected α-terpineol as a trace component that was not readily observed by GC−MS. The ES−MS/MS analyses complements the more conventional GC−MS analysis. The ES−MS method has the advantage of speed, selectivity, and sensitivity over GC−MS for detection of a targeted alcohol of a specific mass or structural type. The ES−MS method does not require a chromatographic separation of the components to accomplish its task. In contrast, GC−MS remains the preferred method for the determination of the total constituents of an oil. The ES−MS method m...
Two way communication over exponential family type channels

The capacity region of the additive exponential noise two-way channel is established. Adaptation is not necessary for optimal communication, and the rate region is simply a function of the one-way capacity. The result is extended to two-way channels of exponential family type, using a saddle point theorem.
Modeling of vapor-droplet plumes ablated from multiple spots

The study aims at modeling of plume shielding aspects of laser ablation processes with multiple laser pulses applied to multiple targets. The main obstacle with the efficient use of multiple laser pulse technologies is an attenuation of the laser irradiation by previously ablated plumes. Dynamics of plumes is described by the axisymmetric Euler equations describing a vapor-droplet ablated mixture rolling-up in the surrounding ideal gas. For multiple laser pulses, the role of absorption of laser beam by previously ablated plumes is evaluated varying a model parameter that defines the fraction of laser energy absorbed by the ablated mixture. Absorption of laser beam by plume may cause its secondary explosion that cleans the target surface and, subsequently, increases the mass ablated by the consequent pulse. Dynamics of plumes ablated from two targets with possible time delay between two laser hits is investigated as a representative case of multiple targets. Shielding of the surface between targets appears to be significant if the second pulse occurs before the first shock wave passes the second target.
The impact of a short-term international experience for preservice teachers

Abstract Using a qualitative approach, this article investigates elementary teacher candidates’ perceptions of the effects of a week-long international teaching experience. Preservice teachers traveled to Mexico and taught in a bilingual school, as well as touring cultural and historical sites. Pre- and post-questionnaires and interviews were conducted, along with a 1-year follow-up. The teacher candidates reported lasting effects of this experience upon their teaching as well as their personal lives.
Capturing the interplay among within- and between-person processes using multilevel modeling techniques

Abstract Multilevel modeling is an excellent way to analyze nested or clustered data of the type commonly collected through investigations into the linkages between psychological functioning and relationship processes. This article describes two especially relevant applications of multilevel modeling. The first application, growth curve analysis, is already familiar to many researchers and involves modeling individuals’ change trajectories over time and relating the derived change parameters to person-level characteristics or phenomena. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize a second application, multilevel process analysis, which involves modeling within-subject characteristics other than change over a representation of time. Multilevel analysis of within-subject processes is particularly well-suited for hypotheses common to clinical psychology investigations, yet has received substantially less attention in the literature than its growth curve counterpart. Types of research questions and methodologies that can be addressed within the multilevel process analysis framework are described. Finally, aspects of multilevel process analysis are demonstrated with daily diary data collected from wives who reported on their marital happiness and depressed mood for 3 weeks.
Ion implantation of epitaxial GaN films: damage, doping and activation

Single-crystal GaN films grown on AlN buffer layers previously deposited on 6H-SiC(0001) were studied for radiation damage and its recovery using Rutherford backscattering/channeling, photoluminescence, and cross-sectional TEM. The highest fluence of (1e15 cm{sup -2}) 110 keV Mg and 160 keV Si produced little damage at implantation temperature 550 C. RT damage was higher for same fluences compared to 550 C implantation. The damage was partially annealed by RTA at 1000 C, however, this was not enough to recover the PL signal even for the lowest fluence (1e14 cm{sup -2}). XTEM of as-implanted samples revealed small clusters of defects extended beyond the projected ion range. To recover damage completely, perhaps one needs to go either much higher RTA temperature and/or implant samples in a smaller fluence increment and anneal in between implants to recover the damage.
Golden rules and pitfalls in selecting optimum conditions for high-speed counter-current chromatography

This paper aims to be an aid to those chemists who are interested in utilizing high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), which is free of irreversible adsorption and offers high resolution comparable to column chromatography. It explains the selection of HSCCC conditions step by step including the selection of two-phase solvent systems, determination of partition coefficient (K) of analytes, preparation of two-phase solvent system and sample solution, selection of elution mode, flow rate, rotation speed, and on-line monitoring of the eluate. The paper covers both standard HSCCC and pH-zone-refining CCC techniques. Technical terms (italic) unfamiliar to the beginner are comprehensively explained in Glossary. Various examples of two-phase solvent systems used in HSCCC are listed in Appendices A and B. The commercial sources of HSCCC and other CCC instruments are described in detail in the study edited by Berthod [A. Berthod (Ed.), Counter-current Chromatography, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003].
A hybrid model for particle transport and electron energy distributions in positive column electrical discharges using equivalent species transport

A new modeling technique for low‐pressure, low‐temperature discharges is introduced in which electrons, ions, and excited neutrals are equivalently treated using particle‐mesh algorithms. Heavy particles are represented as electrons in bound states having large effective masses and the appropriate charge. An effective density of states is used which has discrete negative energies representing bound states, and a positive continuum representing free electrons. Collisions between continuum electrons and heavy particles are computationally treated as electron–electron collisions. This method has been used as the kinetic portion of a hybrid kinetic‐fluid model for positive column electrical discharges. Densities and electric fields are obtained from the fluid portion of the model. Transport coefficients, source functions, and energy distributions for all species are generated in the kinetic module. The hybrid model has been used to examine electron energy distributions and radial electric fields in positive c...
The stability of fibrinopeptide B immunoreactivity in blood.

Abstract The stability of fibrinopeptide B immunoreactivity as measured by radioimmunoassay was studied in buffer solutions, normal human plasma and blood. Fibrinopeptide B immunoreactivity was stable in buffer, but rapid temperature-dependent loss of immunoreactivity occurred in plasma and whole blood. Carboxypeptidase B (porcine pancreas) inactivated fibrinopeptide B immunoreactivity at a rate of 3.1 × 10 −10 mol/ml/min/unit at pH 7.4, 0.15 M Tris-NaCl and 24°. The loss of immunoreactivity was inhibited with 0.01 M o-phenanthroline. O-phenanthroline (0.01 M) completely inhibited the loss of fibrinopeptide B immunoreactivity in blood and other carboxypeptidase inhibitors including EDTA, hippuryl-L-arginine and hippuryl-L-lysine slowed the rate loss of immunoreactivity. Proof that the loss of immunoreactivity resulted from loss of Arginine (Bβ 14) was obtained by demonstrating that Bβ 1–13 immunoreactivity was stable in whole blood. The results of these studies indicate that the loss of fibrinopeptide B immunoreactivity in blood results from the cleavage of Arginine (Bβ 14) by carboxypeptidase B, that the enzyme is effectively inhibited by 0.01 M o-phenanthroline and that Arginine (Bβ 14) is a critical component of one set of antigenic determinants of fibrinopeptide B.
Reconfigurable band rejection frequency selective structures

Traditional frequency selective surfaces exhibit poor filtering responses due to their 2-D nature. To address this challenge, recent work has explored multilayer frequency selective structures (FSSs) to design practical rejection filters with sharp roll-offs. This is achieved by cascading several periodic surfaces into a single multilayer FSS that can be fine-tuned to achieve desired design parameters (B. Munk, Frequency Selective Surfaces: Theory and Design, 2000; B. Li and Z. Shen, IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., 61, 3053–3059, 2013).
Flavor relationships among muscles from the beef chuck and round

This research compared off-flavor notes and the relationship of pH and heme-iron content to off-flavor for different beef muscles. After grading, knuckles and shoulder clods were removed from 16 USDA Choice and 14 USDA Select beef carcasses, vacuum-packaged, and aged for 7 d. The rectus femoris (REC), vastus medalis (VAM), vastus lateralis (VAL), teres major (TER), infraspinatus (INF), and triceps brachii-long head (TRI) were separated, cut into steaks, and frozen (-16 degrees C). Sensory analysis was conducted using a trained taste panel, with steaks grilled to an internal temperature of 65 degrees C. Heme-iron concentration and pH were determined. The INF had lower (P < 0.05) off-flavor intensity ratings and less frequent sour flavor than the other muscles, and the VAL had the most intense (P < 0.05) off-flavor ratings and among the greatest frequency of sour, charred, and oxidized flavors. The frequencies of liver-like, bloody, and rancid flavors were not affected by muscle type. Heme-iron concentration did not differ among muscles. Three USDA Select carcasses had intense off-flavor in the muscles. Liver-like flavor was highly negatively correlated with off-flavor intensity for each of the muscles tested. Muscles rated a 5 or below (on an 8-point rating scale, where 1 = extremely intense off-flavor and 8 = no off-flavor) in off-flavor intensity and identified as liver-like by 30% or more of the panelists were grouped together and compared to normal muscles. Those in the liver-flavored group were less frequently identified as charred, probably because the liver-like flavor was so intense. There were no differences between the 2 groups for sour, metallic, bloody, oxidized, or fatty off-flavor notes. Regression equations containing the linear and quadratic functions of heme-iron concentration, muscle pH, and their interaction were established for the frequency of off-flavor notes within each muscle. The REC, TER, VAL, and VAM showed a relationship between pH, heme iron, and off-flavor intensity (P < 0.05). Liver-like flavor was explained partially by pH and heme iron in the REC, VAM, and VAL (R2 = 0.45 to 0.55; P < 0.05). Few other significant relationships were found. Heme iron and pH were unrelated to metallic, oxidized, or rancid flavors for any of the muscles tested. These data suggest that liver-like off-flavors are specific to individual animals, and that pH and heme iron are not strongly related to off-flavor notes.
Relativistic potential models of electrons, muons and pions

We describe simple composite models for the electron, the muon and the pion. The electron is treated as a combination of a boson and a light fermion interacting via the potential energyV=−αħc/r, whereα is the fine-structure constant. The relativistic Schrodinger equation is taken to describe this system. The electron is associated with an irregular, but normalizable,l=0 eigenstate. The rest mass from which this compound is derived is shown to bem0=70.024 MeV/c2, which we identify as a light quark q. A qq compound interacting viaV=−ħc/r is shown to have a mass of 134.82 MeV/c2. When a Yukawa-like perturbation termV′=(ħc/r) exp [−2μr] from a quark/quark potential previously suggested by us is included, the first-order mass prediction is 134.89 MeV/c2. This compound is identified with the π0. A 70 MeV fermion and a 70 MeV boson interacting with coupling constantα are shown to yield a mass of 105.29 MeV/c2 in the zeroth order for an electronlike irregular state identified with the muon. Finally, we describe zeroth-order, preliminary calculations for qq, (qq)q and (qq)(qq) compounds (ma=Nm0,N=4, 8, 18) interacting viaV=±ħc/r that yield masses close (typically within 0.2% or less) to those of K±, η0, D0, n0, Λ0, Σ0, Θ0, vector mesons, charmed mesons, and other resonances.
Doppler echocardiographic estimation of systolic pulmonary artery pressure in pediatric patients with interventricular communications.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a noninvasive method for estimation of pulmonary artery pressures in infants and children with interventricular communications. Systolic pulmonary artery pressures measured by cardiac catheterization were compared with those estimated by Doppler echocardiography. Pressure drops were measured by Doppler study (modified Bernoulli equation) and were referenced to systolic systemic arterial pressure measured by sphygmomanometry. All 25 patients in this study had either a ventricular septal defect or a single ventricle. The systolic pulmonary artery pressure measured by cardiac catheterization ranged from 15 to 100 mm Hg (mean ± SD 44 ± 26) and that measured by Doppler echocardiography ranged from 5 to 100 mm Hg (mean 43 ± 26) (p = NS; r = 0.92; SEE= 9.9; slope = 0.92; y intercept = 4.7). Systolic pulmonary artery to aortic pressure ratio measured by cardiac catheterization ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 (mean 0.5 ± 0.3) and that measured by Doppler echocardiography ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 (mean 0.5 ± 0.3) (p = NS; r = 0.94; SEE = 0.09; slope = 0.90; y intercept = 0.04). This study demonstrates that Doppler echocardiography can closely approximate systolic pulmonary artery pressure in patients with interventricular communications.
Final report on the key comparison CCPR-K2.a-2003: Spectral responsivity in the range of 900 nm to 1600 nm

An international comparison of spectral responsivity in the near infrared region, 900 nm to 1600 nm, designated CCPR-K2.a, has been conducted under the Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) as one of the key comparisons to support the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA). This comparison was participated in by 15 laboratories and was piloted by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The comparison was carried out through calibration of a group of transfer standard detectors, which were indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) photodiodes with sapphire windows, mounted with a thermistor. The comparison was organized in a star pattern, and conducted in four groups of participants. The report describes in detail the measurements made at NIST and summarizes the reports submitted by the participants. Key comparison reference values and degrees of equivalence have been determined from the comparison results. Main text. To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCPR, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
Gender dynamics in youth gangs: A comparison of males' and females' accounts

Based on interviews with 58 gang members in St. Louis, this paper compares males' and females' perspectives on the gender dynamics in street gangs. Feminist scholars have long criticized traditional gang scholarship for its reliance on male gang members to gain information about young women. We suggest that it is useful to revisit what male gang members say about gender dynamics in youth gangs because these accounts provide insights into the normative features of these groups. Research has consistently shown that gangs are largely male-dominated in structure, status hierarchies, and activities. Research in other male-dominated settings—for instance, fraternities, athletics, and the military—has shown the importance of examining peer and organizational dynamics in shaping the treatment of women. We argue that insights into young men's accounts of gender provide important information for understanding more clearly the milieu in which young women in gangs must negotiate.
IMPEDANCE-BASED MODELLING OF INDUCED STRAIN ACTUATORS BONDED ON RING STRUCTURES

Abstract An impedance-based model to describe the in-phase, out-of-phase and unsymmetric actuation of induced strain actuators bonded to the surface of a circular ring has been developed. The essence of the impedance approach is to match the actuator impedance with the structural impedance at the ends of the actuators, which includes the dynamic effects of the system. In the model derivation, the dynamics of the ring are based on the Rayleigh-Ritz method. The appropriate representation of the loading due to induced strain actuation is discussed. The in-phase and out-of-phase actuation authority is compared. It is shown that out-of-phase actuation has higher authority in exciting the lower order bending modes, while in-phase actuation has higher authority in exciting the higher order circumferential modes. In-phase actuation does excite the lower order bending modes through the in-plane and out-of-plane displacement coupling, but with an order of magnitude lower than out-of-phase actuation. A good correlation between the dynamic finite element analysis using piezoelectric elements available in ANSYS 5.0 is found. Experimental results of a circular ring actuated in-phase and out-of-phase are also presented. Differential methods of bonding straight actuators on curved surfaces are investigated. Experimental verification of the impedance-based models is conclusive, particularly for the out-of-phase actuation.
Optical waveguiding as a method for characterizing the effect of extended cure and moisture on polyimide films

Integrated optics techniques (i.e., guiding light through a thin film) have been used to study the effects of extended cure and moisture exposure on polyimide films as manifested in changes in the TE (in-plane) and TM (out-of-plane) refractive indices and in their difference (birefringence). Mechanical testing of these films has been done using the load-deflection technique. Du Pont polyimide Pyralin 2555 and 2556 (benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride-oxydianiline/metaphenylene diamine), cured repeatedly at 400°C and 375°C respectively, show an increase in refractive index as a function of cure (possibly due to densification), as well as an increase in birefringence (due to increased residual stress). Upon exposure to moisture, the TM and TE refractive indices both increase (absorption of the polar water molecule), but the TE index does not increase as much. Mechanical testing has shown that the residual stress in the polyimide film increases with extended cure and decreases with moisture exposure due to moisture-induced swelling of the film. A model is proposed which relates the optical results to the mechanical measurements. Based on our data, a preliminary stress-optic coefficient is reported.
Older women and physical activity: Using the telephone to walk

R egular physical activity has been shown to have beneficial effects on both physical and mental health.i4 The Centers for Disease Control and the American College of Sports Medicine have suggested that adults should accumulate at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity during the course of most days.* In the elderly population, moderate physical activity, such as walking, is associated with improved health outcomes.*5 Nevertheless, the majority of older people are sedentary. Results from the 1985 National Health Interview Survey show that two-thirds of those ages 65 and over do not exercise regularly.‘j The benefits of physical activity for elderly women include decreased risk of osteoporosis, decreased incidence of depression, and increased functional status.‘~7W’0 Despite these findings, the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System reported that in 1990, 86.7% of women surveyed ages 65 and over were sedentary.i’ Yet, little is known about the determinants of exercise behavior in this population. Interventions to increase physical activity in the elderly include public education campaigns, formal education, and training programs.‘2-‘4 These efforts have been unsuccessful at maintaining the adoption of this behavior.‘2-‘4 Dishman et all3 report that 50% of those who participate in organized exercise programs such as aerobics classes will drop out during the first 3-6 months. An individual’s knowledge, attitude, and demographics are some factors that researchers have found to influence exercise habits.13 Among elderly women, physical and health problems, time constraints, personal issues such as inclement weather, lack of companionship, safety concerns, and lack of motivation interfere with regular exercise.15 Our objective was to use telecommunications technology to underpin an intervention that would be effective, easy to use, convenient, and inexpensive,
Textbook Questions to Support Spatial Thinking: Differences in Spatiality by Question Location

This study investigates the location and varying spatiality of questions in geography textbooks. The results show that study questions posed in page margins address the three components of spatial thinking—concepts of space, using tools of representation, and processes of reasoning—more than questions in other locations within the text. Three practices are particularly recommended to help students develop spatial thinking skills through answering textbook questions: (1) utilize page-margin questions; (2) select questions around spatial representations; and (3) focus on higher-level cognitive processes.
Cognitive and Behavioral Profiles of Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

The last two decades have witnessed a rapid growth of published data on the cognitive and behavioral functioning of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The main of aim of this paper is to review cognitive and behavioral data on FASD using a causal modeling framework originally proposed by Morton and Frith [1, 2], according to which data pertinent to a neurodevelopmental disorder can be organized at three levels: neurobiology, cognition, and behavior. In this review, we confine ourselves to reviewing the studies of cognitive abilities and behavior in children with FASD. The studies of cognitive functions can be further divided into two groups: those of elementary functions (e.g., reflexive orienting responses) and those of complex functions (e.g., language, memory). There is evidence that children with FASD are slower at reflective orienting responses and exhibit deficits in associative learning. The pattern of results emerging from the studies of complex cognitive functions is that the FASD group shows performance decrements with increased task complexity. At the behavioral level, children with prenatal alcohol exposure are rated as showing deficient adaptive skills, particularly in the social domain. These children have also been observed to show deficits in executive functioning with notable behavioral and emotional regulatory problems. A broad range of risk factors including the alcohol’s teratogenicity seem to interactively contribute to these cognitive and behavioral problems.
Predicting Energy Consumption in Humans Using Joint Space Methods

Humans act as transducers that transform chemical energy from food, water, and air into mechanical work and the thermal energy of heat loss. Although this energy expenditure can be experimentally measured, methods of predicting energy expenditure have not been broadly studied. This work introduces a new formulation of metabolic energy consumption based on muscle physiology and the equations of motion for the human body. Kinematic and kinetic data from a gait experiment and an over-arm throwing simulation are used to illustrate and validate this new model. The results extend the capabilities of dynamic human modeling to include metabolic energy prediction in general tasks. This novel formulation is useful for the investigation of human performance with applications in physical therapy, rehabilitation, and sports.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Pathogenesis of Enteric Septicemia of Channel Catfish, Caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri: Bacteriologic and Light and Electron Microscopic Findings

Abstract To clarify early events in the pathogenesis of enteric septicemia of catfish, 140 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (8–10 months old) were each infected with approximately 1.0 × 109 colony-forming units of Edwardsiella ictaluri by intragastric intubation. Fish were sacrificed at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h postinfection (PI). Multiple tissue samples at all scheduled sampling times were evaluated by gross observation, light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical methods. In addition, at each sampling time, stomach, intestine, trunk kidney, and liver were cultured to quantitate bacteria. Trunk kidney cultures were positive by 0.25 h PI, indicating rapid transmucosal passage. In the intestine, E. ictaluri was seen in contact with the brush border at 0.5 h PI. Also at 0.5 h PI, dilated basilar cells with large intracytoplasmic inclusions were observed adjacent to the basement membrane. From 1 to 3 h PI, occasional necrotic enterocytes were seen on tips of intestin...
Understanding the Motivational Consequences of Extreme School Violence through the Lens of Mortality Salience: The Case of Academic Self-Stereotyping in Math.

We conducted an investigation into a determinant of academic motivation that has implications for how we respond to school violence and tragedy. We conducted two studies to examine whether exposure to messages related to the salience of one’s own mortality cause people to align their own academic beliefs more closely with stereotypical beliefs about their social groups. When exposed to graffiti images that contained messages such as R.I.P. (i.e., rest in peace), males and females in Study 1 expressed math attitudes that resembled the American stereotype of male superiority and female inferiority in this domain. In Study 2, writing about death caused participants to express ethnic stereotype-consistent math attitudes. As one example, our studies highlight a potential psychological barrier associated with student advancement in STEM careers (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics). These findings indicate that death reminders, even when they do not follow from direct exposure to school trauma, may impact the academic motivation of stereotypically disadvantaged groups. With the larger goal of reducing psychological barriers associated with inequality in the pursuit of STEM career pathways, these studies are intended to spur further examination of how cases of extreme violence in schools potentially can affect patterns of academic motivation. Even in its early stages, this research should provide new considerations for educational policy-makers aiming to design damage control protocols in response to extreme school violence.
Exposure to metals in the manufacture of asbestos textile products.

Abstract Asbestos textile workers processing chrysotile were exposed, in the past, to significant airborne levels of nickel, chromium, and manganese. Limited studies indicate that other metals were also involved. It is likely that the phenomenon shown in asbestos textile manufacturing is also true in other asbestos mining, milling, and processing operations. Sufficient evidence is presented in this study to indicate that the role of metals in the etiology of disease associated with asbestos inhalation should not be ignored. It is no longer tenable to look only for asbestos fibers or bodies in biological tissue and by their presence assume a cause and effect relationship with the disease.
Adjusting O'Brien's test to control type I error for the generalized nonparametric Behrens-Fisher problem.

SummaryO'Brien (1984, Biometrics40, 1079–1087) introduced a simple nonparametric test procedure for testing whether multiple outcomes in one treatment group have consistently larger values than outcomes in the other treatment group. We first explore the theoretical properties of O'Brien's test. We then extend it to the general nonparametric Behrens–Fisher hypothesis problem when no assumption is made regarding the shape of the distributions. We provide conditions when O'Brien's test controls its error probability asymptotically and when it fails. We also provide adjusted tests when the conditions do not hold. Throughout this article, we do not assume that all outcomes are continuous. Simulations are performed to compare the adjusted tests to O'Brien's test. The difference is also illustrated using data from a Parkinson's disease clinical trial.
The use of microwave diathermy in dentistry for the treatment of swelling and trismus.

Abstract The use of microwaves has been shown to be a satisfactory method for the heating of tissues. The swelling and trismus which followed odontectomy were measured in 35 patients who underwent odontectomy on both sides of the jaw, with one side acting as a control and the other side in the same patient receiving microwave diathermy treatment. An externally applied, penetrating and focusable heat helps to alleviate swelling and trismus which follow third molar odontectomy.
Experimentally determining the contact force during the transverse impact of an orthotropic plate

Abstract Strain gauge measurements made on an impacted plate have been used to infer the contact force history. Experimental results for the impact of a scotchply laminated composite are presented.
Use of the Herschel Effect in Improving Aerial Photographs

A resolving power criterion is used to evaluate a method which utilizes the Herschel effect to improve the resolution of aerial photographs. The maximum resolving power is increased and the useful exposure range is considerably widened in a Herschel print. To minimize exposure times, the sensitivity of Kodabromide paper to the Herschel effect is increased by a desensitizer. Although equivalent resolution may be obtained by the use of unsharp masks, the economy of time and material in the Herschel method makes it superior for application to mass printing operations.
INTERACTIVE 3-DIMENSIONAL COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY RECONSTRUCTION IN EVALUATION OF THE LIVING RENAL DONOR

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the efficacy of helical computerized tomography and a software program capable of 3-dimensional (D) reconstruction in assessment of the living renal donor.Materials and Methods: A total of 20 consecutive patients (40 renal units) were evaluated using computer software and anatomical findings were assessed. Patient time and charges were compared with renal angiography and excretory urography (IVP).Results: A total of 25 anomalies were identified in 21 kidneys using 3-D imaging. Accessory arteries were seen in 13 kidneys. Abnormal venous anatomy was found in 7 kidneys, including circumaortic renal veins in 2, multiple veins in 4 and a renal vein that drained into the gonadal vein in 1. Collecting system anomalies included a bifid pelvis and a duplicate ureter in 1 case each. Benign cysts were noted in 3 kidneys. Three patients were excluded from study due to persistent hypertension, death of the recipient before transplantation and bilateral aberrant vasculature, respectively. ...
The Kähler Ricci flow on Fano surfaces (I)

Suppose {(M, g(t)), 0 ≤ t < ∞} is a Kahler Ricci flow solution on a Fano surface. If |Rm| is not uniformly bounded along this flow, we can blowup at the maximal curvature points to obtain a limit complete Riemannian manifold X. We show that X must have certain topological and geometric properties. Using these properties, we are able to prove that |Rm| is uniformly bounded along every Kahler Ricci flow on toric Fano surface, whose initial metric has toric symmetry. In particular, such a Kahler Ricci flow must converge to a Kahler Ricci soliton metric. Therefore we give a new Ricci flow proof of the existence of Kahler Ricci soliton metrics on toric Fano surfaces.
Physiology and metabolism in closed head injury.

Studies on metabolism in head injury have indicated the presence of some degree of elevation in metabolic rate associated with extensive nitrogen wasting. Cardiodynamics are consistent with an adaptive increase in substrate delivery in an effort to meet the increased tissue demands. Most studies suffer from lack of longitudinal data and an inability to separate the effects of the injury from the effects imposed by some frequently utilized treatment modalities. In this article, the existing literature on metabolism and cardiodynamics is reviewed and contrasted with the findings of a study intended to focus on changes over time as well as to eliminate as many of the contaminating modalities as possible.
Decreased Sensitivity to Changes in the Concentration of Metal Ions as the Basis for the Hyperactivity of DtxR(E175K)

The metal-ion-activated diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) is responsible for the regulation of virulence and other genes in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. A single point mutation in DtxR, DtxR(E175K), causes this mutant repressor to have a hyperactive phenotype. Mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis transformed with plasmids carrying this mutant gene show reduced signs of the tuberculosis infection. Corynebacterial DtxR is able to complement mycobacterial IdeR and vice versa. To date, an explanation for the hyperactivity of DtxR(E175K) has remained elusive. In an attempt to address this issue, we have solved the first crystal structure of DtxR(E175K) and characterized this mutant using circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry, and other biochemical techniques. The results show that although DtxR(E175K) and the wild type have similar secondary structures, DtxR(E175K) gains additional thermostability upon activation with metal ions, which may lead to this mutant requiring a lower concentration of metal ions to reach the same levels of thermostability as the wild-type protein. The E175K mutation causes binding site 1 to retain metal ion bound at all times, which can only be removed by incubation with an ion chelator. The crystal structure of DtxR(E175K) shows an empty binding site 2 without evidence of oxidation of Cys102. The association constantmore » for this low-affinity binding site of DtxR(E175K) obtained from calorimetric titration with Ni(II) is K{sub a} = 7.6 {+-} 0.5 x 10{sup 4}, which is very similar to the reported value for the wild-type repressor, K{sub a} = 6.3 x 10{sup 4}. Both the wild type and DtxR(E175K) require the same amount of metal ion to produce a shift in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay, but unlike the wild type, DtxR(E175K) binding to its cognate DNA [tox promoter-operator (toxPO)] does not require metal-ion supplementation in the running buffer. In the timescale of these experiments, the Mn(II)-DtxR(E175K)-toxPO complex is insensitive to changes in the environmental cation concentrations. In addition to Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II) are able to sustain the hyperactive phenotype. These results demonstrate a prominent role of binding site 1 in the activation of DtxR and support the hypothesis that DtxR(E175K) attenuates the expression of virulence due to the decreased ability of the Me(II)-DtxR(E175K)-toxPO complex to dissociate at low concentrations of metal ions.« less
Phagocytic antigen processing and effects of microbial products on antigen processing and T-cell responses.

Processing of exogenous antigens and microbes involves contributions by multiple different endocytic and phagocytic compartments. During the processing of soluble antigens, different endocytic compartments have been demonstrated to use distinct antigen-processing mechanisms and to process distinct sets of antigenic epitopes. Processing of particulate and microbial antigens involves phagocytosis and functions contributed by phagocytic compartments. Recent data from our laboratory demonstrate that phagosomes containing antigen-conjugated latex beads are fully competent class II MHC (MHC-II) antigen-processing organelles, which generate peptide:MHC-II complexes. In addition, phagocytosed antigen enters an alternate class I MHC (MHC-I) processing pathway that results in loading of peptides derived from exogenous antigens onto MHC-I molecules, in contrast to the cytosolic antigen source utilized by the conventional MHC-I antigen-processing pathway. Antigen processing and other immune response mechanisms may be activated or inhibited by microbial components to the benefit of either the host or the pathogen. For example, antigen processing and T-cell responses (e.g. Th1 vs Th2 differentiation) are modulated by multiple distinct microbial components, including lipopolysaccharide, cholera toxin, heat labile enterotoxin of Escherichia coli, DNA containing CpG motifs (found in prokaryotic and invertebrate DNA but not mammalian DNA) and components of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Walking in another's shoes: aphasia emulation software

The impact of living in a world that does not understand your impairment can be frustrating and a daunting task. Consider how an individual would feel if their family, friends, or doctors did not understand or were not even empathetic to daily struggles brought on by an acquired language disorder such as Aphasia. This work seeks to shed new light on aphasia by creating an instant message client which emulates the effects of aphasia. The goal of this new system is to raise awareness, teach, and increase empathy for caregivers, family members, and doctors/therapists who work with this population on a daily basis.
Optical Properties of AgCl, AgBr, TlCl, and TlBr under Hydrostatic Pressure

The pressure shifts of the optical absorption edges in four thallium and silver halides at 10\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K were determined to be, in units of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$ eV/atm, -1.5 (AgCl), -1.9 (AgBr), -18 (TlCl), and -16 (TlBr). The pressure shifts of the first exciton peaks in thin evaporated films of these salts were measured at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. In the same units these are 6.2 (AgCl), 6.4 and 5.6 (AgBr doublet), -13.9 (TlCl), and -13.4 (TlBr). The similarity of the pressure coefficients of the absorption edge in the two silver halides is evidence that the same indirect transition is responsible for the edge in both salts, presumably ${L}_{{3}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{1}$. The deformation potentials for the first direct exciton in the silver halides are approximately the same as those for the corresponding transitions in KBr and KI. The similarity of the pressure coefficients of the absorption edge and exciton peaks in the thallium salts is evidence that the absorption edge in these salts is the tail of the first direct exciton peak. The "anomalous" red shift upon cooling of the absorption edge and exciton peak in the thallium halides is shown to be the effect of thermal contraction.
Patterns of excitability in the cat cerebral cortex

Abstract 1. 1. Excitability curves have been derived from neocortical responses to superficially applied pairs of electrical stimuli in locally anesthetized, gallamine-immobilized cats. Characteristic differences are described between patterns obtained from anterior sigmoind, lateral, medial suprasylvian and ectosylvian gyri. 2. 2. In contrast to the area-differentiated excitability patterns of intact cortex, those of undercut and circumscribed islands of cortical tissue were distinguishable. 3. 3. The excitability patetrns from intact or isolated cortex were not altered by pharmacological doses of amphatemine or chlorpromazine despiter the pronounced effects of these drugs on the EEG. 4. 4. Pentobarbital, at subanesthetic and anesthetic doses, produced a dose-related depression of excitability patterns of intact cortex which was particularly pronounced at show interresponse times. There was no effect of pentobarbital on the curves from isolated cortex. 5. 5. The experiments with pentobarbital and with isolated cortex suggest to use that the area-specific excitability patterns may depende for their integrity on the maintenance of cortical ‘tone”.
EFFECT OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ON COMPRESSION MOLDED PMR-15/C3K COMPOSITES

The consolidation and curing history during the processing of composite materials affects the final properties of a part in various inter-related ways. In order to improve the quality of composites, these process-property relations must be understood in detail. Using a computer-controlled compression molding and data acquisition system, the processing of PMR-15/C3k composites has been investigated. The process parameters considered were the pressure, the time at which it was applied and the crosslinking temperature. Parts were tested for inter-laminar shear strength and flexural modulus, and measurements were made for void content and thickness. Full compaction strength, optimum compaction strength and void sensitivity factor have been defined.
High-performance liquid chromatography of neutral oligosaccharides on a β-cyclodextrin bonded phase column

Abstract A β-cyclodextrin bonded phase HPLC column was used for the separation of neutral oligosaccharides derived from starch, cellulose, pullulan, xylan, inulin, and mannan. Rapid, high-resolution separations resulted when acetonitrile—water mixtures were used as mobile phases. Retention times for oligosaccharides were dependent on both monosaccharide composition and linkage types. Compared to aminoalkyl silica gel phases, commonly used for carbohydrate analysis, the β-cyclodextrin bonded phase appeared to be similar in selectivity and superior in durability. It is anticipated that β-cyclodextrin bonded phase HPLC columns may be useful alternatives to commonly used aminoalkyl-modified silica gels for the separation and analysis of neutral oligosaccharides.
Saturation transfer spectroscopy: signals sensitive to very slow molecular reorientation

Abstract A density matrix-transition rate matrix formalism is employed to compute the eight unique electron paramagnetic resonance signals at the first two harmonics of the applied Zeeman modulation. Calculations are carried out for conditions appropriate for investigating spin-labeled biomolecules with partially saturating microwave fields and Zeeman modulation amplitudes comparable to resonance linewidths. Spectra are computed for rotational correlation times ranging from 10 −7 to 10 −3 s and for modulation frequencies of 50 and 100 kHz. These simulations indicate that of the eight signals the in-phase dispersion signal at the first harmonic of the modulation and the out-of-phase dispersion signal at the first harmonic afford the best sensitivity to molecular motion and the largest signal amplitudes. It is suggested that study of these signals is the method of choice for monitoring slowly tumbling spin labels when signal-to-noise considerations are critical. The conclusions derived from computer simulations are borne out by experimental measurements performed on 10 −3 M solutions of the steroid spin label 17β-hydroxy-4′,4′-dimethylspiro-[5α-androstrance-3,2′-oxazolidin]-3′-oxyl in sec-butylbenzene.
Glassblowing Tools: Extending the Body Towards Practical Knowledge and Informing a Social World

Understanding tools in the development of practical knowledge and in the formation of social worlds is critical for the sociology of culture insofar as they reveal how matter, or material, informs practice and discourse. This article is an ethnographic exploration of the variations of the maker-tool-material relation in glassblowing, informed by Bourdieu's logic of practice as well as phenomenological considerations of the body's dispositions towards and interactions with the material world. These relations form the backbone of the glassblowing studio, and more importantly provide the subject matter of ‘tool talk,’ studio talk about tools, which forges feelings of empathy and consequently contributes to the formation of the glassblowing social world. Through this exploration, we come to understand how material, the subject of much studio discourse, is a structuring force of a lifeworld, the glassblowing studio.
Anorexia nervosa: A review of possible genetic factors

Evidence supportive of a genetic predisposition for anorexia nervosa is collated and certain speculations are proposed. Areas of concern include consanguinity studies, the link between eating disorders and primary affective disorder, and Turner's syndrome. A diathesis-stress paradigm is offered.
A simple classical model for the impact parameter dependence of electron capture

Abstract A simple expression for the one electron capture probability in collisions of intermediate velocity, highly charged ions with atoms been derived in accordance with the Bohr-Lindhard capture model. Calculated total cross sections for capture from a helium target agree well with experimental data. The model has been applied to estimate nonresonant capture and excitation in S13++He collisions.
Nephrologists Sans Frontières: how I became a teacher

Although I came into contact with many terrific teachers throughout medical school and residency, it never occurred to me that teaching would become the centerpiece of my career. In my experience, teaching was limited to yelling moves to my basketball teammates, or helping a friend improve his tennis game by changing his footing or grip. One of the special things about these sports was that, by understanding proper mechanics, one could improve performance and enjoyment of the game.
Meso-scale failure modeling of single layer triaxial braided composite using finite element method

Abstract In this study, a meso-scale finite element (FE) model of a triaxial braided composite is generated based on realistic unit cell dimensions and fiber bundle geometry parameters. Micromechanical finite element models were developed to predict the elastic and strength properties of each fiber bundle. These details are then applied in a 14 unit cells meso-mechanical finite element model for a 0°/+60°/−60° triaxially braided T700s/E862 carbon/epoxy composite. Simulations of the axial tension and transverse tension response of a straight-sided, single layer coupon are conducted using this meso-scale model, and the predictions are compared to experimental results. By applying a periodic boundary condition in the loading direction and an accurate number of unit cells perpendicular to the free edge, the meso-scale model captures the local damage initiation and global failure behavior, as well as the periodic free edge distortion effect. The failure mechanisms are studied using the field strain and stress contours.