cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a Universal Steric Trapping Strategy for Studying Folding and Stability of Helical Membrane Proteins

“Steric trapping” is a method that links binding of monovalent streptavidin (mSA) to unfolding of a biotinylated protein (MP). It allowed the measurements of high affinity protein–protein interactions and thermodynamic stability of polytopic helical MPs in a native environment, which had been difficult to achieve using more conventional methods. In the current steric trapping framework, a conformation-sensitive chromophore or an enzymatic activity in a target MP is required for monitoring mSA-induced unfolding. This target-specific approach is a limiting factor that hinders its application to various MP systems, i.e. MPs in a misfolded conformation, MPs with an assembly role, or MPs without convenient unfolding readout. To further advance the steric trapping strategy for more general application, we have developed novel tripartite probes possessing a thiol-reactive group, a biotin group and a fluorescent or paramagnetic group for sensitization of unfolding or binding of mSA. We applied the new strategy to investigating the stability and unfolding mechanism of an intramembrane protease GlpG. By combining FRET between fluorescently labeled GlpG and quencher-labeled mSA as a measure of mSA binding and the proteolytic activity of GlpG as a measure of unfolding, we proved the thermodynamic coupling between binding and unfolding, and determined the thermodynamic stability and unfolding rate of GlpG in a native micellar environment. While the stabilities were similar independent of the location of biotin pairs, the unfolding was 20 times faster when the biotin pair was placed near the proteolytic active site. This result suggests a subdomain-organization of the helical bundle architecture of GlpG. Steric trapping may serve as a useful tool for elucidating the local versus global flexibility of helical MPs.
The Biological Basis of Thrombosis and Bleeding in Patients with Ventricular Assist Devices

The clinical success of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) has been tempered by significant hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications. In the case of LVADs, where the biomaterial is in direct contact with the blood circulation, significant changes in systemic immunologic and thrombostatic functions have been well documented. Although further investigation is warranted, significant advances have been made in both cellular biology and LVAD technology to better understand the delicate balance between the procoagulant milieu predisposing to thrombosis and the risks of both surgical and non-surgical bleeding.
USARSim: a RoboCup virtual urban search and rescue competition

Research efforts in Urban Search And Rescue (USAR) robotics have grown substantially in recent years. A virtual USAR robotic competition was established in 2006 under the RoboCup umbrella to foster collaboration amongst institutions and to provide benchmark test environments for system evaluation. In this paper we describe the physics based software simulation framework that is used in this competition and the rules and performance metrics used to determine the league's winner. The framework allows for the realistic modeling of robots, sensors, and actuators, as well as complex, unstructured, dynamic environments. Multiple heterogeneous agents can be concurrently placed in the simulation environment thus allowing for team or group evaluations.
Determination of plasma cocaine and ethylcocaine (cocaethylene) in mice using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and deuterated internal standards.

A gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric method is described for the determination of cocaine and ethylcocaine (cocaethylene) from mouse plasma microsamples (50 μl). [2H3]Cocaine and [2H5]ethylcocaine served as internal standards, analytical separations were performed on a (5% phenyl)methylpolysiloxane capillary column, and detection was by selected-ion monitoring of electron-impact generated fragment ions [M  CO2Ph]. Pilot study plasma concentrations of ethylcocaine following coadministration of cocaine and ethanol were less than 5% of the parent drug.
A ‘dot-immunobinding assay’ on nitrocellulose membrane for the determination of the immunoglobulin class of mouse monoclonal antibodies

A rapid and convenient procedure for the determination of the immunoglobulin class of mouse monoclonal antibodies is described. Hybridoma supernatants or other dilute solutions of monoclonal antibodies are spotted onto nitrocellulose membrane strips, and each strip is incubated with a different rabbit antiserum specific for a mouse Ig class. The strips are then incubated with protein A conjugated to peroxidase, and finally with the peroxidase substrate 4-chloro-1-naphthol. A positive reaction produces a dark blue spot. The procedure is sensitive, economical, fast, and safe. Many monoclonal antibodies can be tested at one time, and most of the reagents can be re-used. The procedure has been applied to a new series of monoclonal antibodies recognizing plasma membrane antigens of rat thymocytes.
Body composition and organ weights of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

The objectives of the study were to determine the chemical constituents of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) during the first 14 months of life, to study the effects of starvation on the body composition of trout, and to measure organ weights during the first 14 months of life. Body fat and protein content as a percentage of body weight increased with age, the water content declined, and the ash content remained constant during the first 14 months of life. There were no significant differences in body composition between immature male and female rainbow trout. Total body ions as a proportion of ash content decreased until the 10th month and then began to increase. During starvation, fat was used as the primary source of energy while water and ash content increased and protein content remained constant as a percentage of body weight. The gall bladder, liver, and air bladder remained relatively constant as a percentage of body weight during the first year of life. As body weight increased, the relative weight of brain, heart, and digestive system decreased while the gonad and spleen weight increased.
Iron interference in the quantification of nitrate in soil extracts and its effect on hypothesized abiotic immobilization of nitrate

Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle has stimulated research on nitrogen cycling in many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, where analyses of nitrate (NO3 −) by standard laboratory methods are common. A recent study by Colman et al. (Biogeochemistry 84:161–169, 2007) identified a potential analytical interference of soluble iron (Fe) with NO3 − quantification by standard flow-injection analysis of soil extracts, and suggested that this interference may have led Dail et al. (Biogeochemistry 54:131–146, 2001) to make an erroneous assessment of abiotic nitrate immobilization in prior 15N pool dilution studies of Harvard Forest soils. In this paper, we reproduce the Fe interference problem systematically and show that it is likely related to dissolved, complexed-Fe interfering with the colorimetric analysis of NO2 −. We also show how standard additions of NO3 − and NO2 − to soil extracts at native dissolved Fe concentrations reveal when the Fe interference problem occurs, and permit the assessment of its significance for past, present, and future analyses. We demonstrate low soluble Fe concentrations and good recovery of standard additions of NO3 − and NO2 − in extracts of sterilized Harvard Forest soils. Hence, we maintain that rapid NO3 − immobilization occurred in sterilized samples of the Harvard Forest O horizon in the study by Dail et al. (2001). Furthermore, additional evidence is accumulating in the literature for rapid disappearance of NO3 − added to soils, suggesting that our observations were not the result of an isolated analytical artifact. The conditions for NO3 − reduction are likely to be highly dependent on microsite properties, both in situ and in the laboratory. The so-called “ferrous wheel hypothesis” (Davidson et al., Glob Chang Biol 9:228–236, 2003) remains an unproven, viable explanation for published observations.
Applying Gifted Education Pedagogy to Total Talent Development for All Students

Everyone has a stake in good schools because schools create and recreate a successful modern society. Unfortunately, traditional methods of schooling can fail to bring about schools as places for developing the broadest and richest experiences imaginable for creating talent in the young. The field of gifted education has been a true laboratory for the many innovations that have subsequently become mainstays of the American educational system. The Schoolwide Enrichment Model comprises strategies for increasing student effort, enjoyment, and performance, and for integrating a range of advanced-level learning experiences and thinking skills into all curricular areas. Every school has students within it who possess the highest potential for advanced-level learning, creative problem solving, and the motivation to pursue rigorous and rewarding work. Rather than merely be-
Early intervention with increased inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) for controlling of acute asthma exacerbations improves outcomes

Abstract Rationale This study investigates the effectiveness of early intervention with increased dosing of ICS in controlling acute asthma exacerbations in children at home. Methods Records of 100 children with acute exacerbation of asthma at home were reviewed. Study population consisted of children with mild to moderate persistent asthma aged 1-18 years. Exacerbations were divided into those with symptoms less than 72 hours prior to initiation of treatment (Group I) and those greater than 72 hours (Group II). Outcomes with increased ICS in both groups were evaluated for symptom resolution verses subsequent oral steroid use. Results 100 patients with a mean age 7.8yr yielded 63 acute asthma exacerbations. 46 of these were treated with increased dosing of ICS, mean increase 400ug of fluticasone or 800ug of budesonide (from their base line doses). 32 of these (70%) had treatment initiated within 72 hours of onset of symptoms (Group I). Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved and only 6% (2/32) of these required oral steroids. However 36% (5/14) children in Group II not only required oral steroid but there was also delay in clinical improvement. This improved outcome was seen most dramatically in the mild persistent asthmatics (0% vs. 30%) and the moderate persistent asthmatics (11% vs. 50%). Conclusions Increasing ICS within 72 hours of onset of symptoms in an acute asthma exacerbation improves outcomes as measured by symptom resolution as opposed to subsequent oral steroid use.
Some factors influencing the total phosphorus content of rat uteri.

Conclusions1. The phosphorus content reaches a maximum per mg of uterine tissue in the immature untreated hypophysectomized animal. 2. The phosphorus content per mg uterine tissue is lowest in the adult and adolescent group in both the untreated and estradiol treated rats. 3. The phosphorus content per mg uterine tissue of estradiol treated animals is less than in the untreated animals. 4. Estradiol increases uterine weight and presumably stimulates phosphorus turnover but it does not increase the phosphorus content of the uterus. 5. The importance of estrogenic and pituitary hormones with respect to phosphorus metabolism in the uterus of the rat has been emphasized.
Phagocytosis of Candida albicans by eosinophilic leukocytes

Abstract The percentage of eosinophils phagocytosing Candida albicans spores approximates that of neutrophils in in vitro experiments. The phagocytic activity of the eocinophils is shown to parallel anti-Candida IgG serum antibody titers and to involve the complement system. By means of an immunofluorescent technique, with the use of rhodamine B conjugated to bovine serum albumin to block nonspecific staining, the presence of antibody on the phagocytosed spores is demonstrated.
The population shuffle in the central Illinois valley: A diachronic model of Mississippian biocultural interactions

Abstract A new population genetics method is applied to discriminate between processes of extraregional gene flow and intraregional biological continuity within and among three temporally sequential prehistoric Native American cultures in the central Illinois valley. Within a population genetics framework, the impact of regional and interregional cultural changes on local population structure can be quantified and the magnitude of biocultural interaction can be inferred. The results suggest that population structure within the region was relatively unaffected by the cultural transition from Late Woodland to Mississippian or by significant interregional sociopolitical changes in neighboring regions later in the Mississippian period. Finally, a Bold Counselor Phase Oneota population was morphologically distinct from Mississippians, supporting the archaeological model that this Oneota group was an intrusive, frontier population from the upper Mississippi valley. A population genetic approach is highly recomm...
Numerical results for finite order X and Y functions of radiative transfer

Abstract It is well known that, in the theory of radiative transfer, Chandrasekhar's X and Y functions play an important role in the diffuse reflection and transmission problem (cf. Chandrashekhar (1) ). In a preceding paper (cf. Bellman et al. (10) ), graphs and selected tables of these functions covering wide ranges of slab thickness and albedos for single scattering have been provided. In this paper, making use of a system of coupled integral recurrence relations for finite order X and Y functions (cf. Bellman et al. (14) ), numerical results for these basic functions are tabulated up to optical thickness τ = 2.0 from τ = 0.1, assuming the conservative case of isotropic scattering. The maximum order of these functions is taken to be fifteenth. It is shown that the accuracy obtained is satisfactory in the domain under consideration. Furthermore, numerical results for Chandrasekhar's approximation for X and Y functions are also tabulated for stabs of small optical thickness.
Scaling theory of adsorption-induced stresses in polymer brushes grafted onto compliant structures

The lateral forces exerted on a substrate by a layer of end-grafted polymer molecules are calculated on the basis of simple scaling arguments. The results are cast in terms of an equilibrium surface stress and an elastic constant, which describes the rate of change of the surface stress upon deformation of the substrate. This allows for straightforward integration of the present results into a continuum framework describing the response of a compliant structure, which facilitates device design and analysis. The results are illustrated with calculations for end-grafted poly(styrene) and poly(ethylene oxide), and the implications for building micromechanical devices based on adsorption-induced deformation are discussed.
Dendritic cells as promoters of transplant tolerance

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role during the initiation of immune responses against non-self antigens. Following organ transplantation, activated donor- and recipient-derived DCs participate actively in graft rejection by sensitising recipient T cells via the direct or indirect pathways of allorecognition, respectively. There is increasing evidence that immature/semi-mature DCs induce antigen-specific unresponsiveness or tolerance to self antigens, both in central lymphoid tissue and in the periphery, through a variety of mechanisms (deletion, anergy and regulation). In the past few years, DC-based therapy of experimental allograft rejection has focused on ex vivo biological, pharmacological and genetic engineering of DCs to mimic/enhance their natural tolerogenicity. Successful outcomes in rodent models have built the case that DC-based therapy may provide a novel approach to transplant tolerance. Ongoing research into the role that DCs play in the induction of tolerance should allow for its clin...
Ethical and legal issues in perinatal HIV.

This article discusses ethical challenges in the management of women with HIV as well as some of the legal issues and public policy initiatives that apply. Perinatal decision-making issues remain among the most unresolved in the bioethics literature. Whereas clinicians must make every attempt to encourage a pregnant woman to make decisions in the best interest of her fetus it is ultimately up to her to decide what to do with her body. However it is important to educate her and work with her to develop a treatment plan that takes both her interests and those of her fetus into account. In the context of the HIV epidemic the ethical and legal issues considered include: screening and testing for HIV confidentiality and education about advance directives and other end-of-life decision planning. A case study that further illustrates some of the challenges faced by HIV-infected women and their care providers is presented.
Application of matrix approach to estimate project skill requirements

The first step in starting an IS project should be to determine the skills that it demands. After this, an analyst whose skill set matches the needs profile can be selected to lead it. This paper specifically focuses on developing an approach to assist IS managers in determining the lead analyst skills that are best for a specific project. The approach and its application to a real project in a large sales organization is presented. Finally, the usefulness and limitations of the approach are discussed.
Discovery of N1-(6-Chloroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-sulfonyl)tryptamine as a Potent, Selective, and Orally Active 5-HT6 Receptor Agonist

N1-Arylsulfonyltryptamines have been identified as 5-HT6 receptor ligands. In particular, N1-(6-chloroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole-5-sulfonyl)tryptamine (11q) is a high affinity, potent full agonist (5-HT6 Ki = 2 nM, EC50 = 6.5 nM, Emax = 95.5%). Compound 11q is selective in a panel of over 40 receptors and ion channels, has good pharmacokinetic profile, has been shown to increase GABA levels in the rat frontal cortex, and is active in the schedule-induced polydipsia model for obsessive compulsive disorders.
Physics of the solar wind for the 1975–1978 IUUG Quadrennial Report

The paper surveys topics related to the origin, expansion, and acceleration of the solar wind and the plasma physics of the interplanetary medium. The study of the relationship between coronal holes and solar-wind streams, and the associated revision of ideas about solar wind acceleration and heating are reviewed. In addition, topics of hydromagnetic waves and turbulence, and interplanetary electrons, as items of particular importance during the past quadrennium, are discussed. While the research discussed was concerned with data taken near solar minimum, further solar-wind studies will concentrate on observations from the rising and maximum phases of the solar cycle.
Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia in pregnancy

A retrospective analysis of 110 cases of suspected cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) associated with pregnancy seen at the State University of New York at Buffalo (SUNYAB) affiliated hospitals is the subject of this report. One hundred anf five patients had abnormal cytology and five had negative pap smears. The majority of patients (60%) were in their twenties, and 24% were primigravidas. Colposcopic examination with or without directed biopsy eliminated the need for conization in 104 of 107 patients. Only two patients had to have cone biopsy and one had a modified conization after colposcopically directed biopsies. Varying degrees of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (Grades I-III) were diagnosed in 55 cases. One patient had therapeutic conization and two with a poor follow-up history had cesarean section hysterectomies. Post pregnancy regression of CIN was documented in 20 cases and persistence in 19 cases. The literature is surveyed and the management of CIN in pregnancy is discussed.
Milestoning with coarse memory.

Milestoning is a method used to calculate the kinetics of molecular processes occurring on timescales inaccessible to traditional molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In the method, the phase space of the system is partitioned by milestones (hypersurfaces), trajectories are initialized on each milestone, and short MD simulations are performed to calculate transitions between neighboring milestones. Long trajectories of the system are then reconstructed with a semi-Markov process from the observed statistics of transition. The procedure is typically justified by the assumption that trajectories lose memory between crossing successive milestones. Here we present Milestoning with Coarse Memory (MCM), a generalization of Milestoning that relaxes the memory loss assumption of conventional Milestoning. In the method, milestones are defined and sample transitions are calculated in the standard Milestoning way. Then, after it is clear where trajectories sample milestones, the milestones are broken up into distinct neighborhoods (clusters), and each sample transition is associated with two clusters: the cluster containing the coordinates the trajectory was initialized in, and the cluster (on the terminal milestone) containing trajectory's final coordinates. Long trajectories of the system are then reconstructed with a semi-Markov process in an extended state space built from milestone and cluster indices. To test the method, we apply it to a process that is particularly ill suited for Milestoning: the dynamics of a polymer confined to a narrow cylinder. We show that Milestoning calculations of both the mean first passage time and the mean transit time of reversal—which occurs when the end-to-end vector reverses direction—are significantly improved when MCM is applied. Finally, we note the overhead of performing MCM on top of conventional Milestoning is negligible.
Post-War Eastern Orthodox Churches

From the downfall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, the center of Eastern Orthodoxy slowly shifted from the Byzantine church, which suffered a tragic deterioration under the rule of the Turk, to the Empire of the Russian Orthodox tsars. Before the World War, the predominant role in numbers and resources as well as in spiritual and theological leadership was played by the church of Russia. Out of the total of some 144 millions of Orthodox adherents, the Russian membership comprised about 110 millions. By reason of its wealth and of the generous financial aid which it freely dispensed to the rest of the needy Orthodox communions, Russia exercised a far reaching, in some instances controlling, influence among them. Moreover, the Russian Slavophil theologians and publicists have been largely instrumental in the modernization of Orthodox theology which they have restated in modern philosophico-religious terms. In turn, the Russian thought has affected all Orthodox communions and has exercised a dominant theological influence over them.
Induction of hepatic metallothionein in the immature rat following administration of cadmium.

Abstract Hepatic metallothionein (MT) levels, as measured indirectly by total metal-binding capacity, are approximately 8.5-fold higher in the 7-day-old rat than in the 28-day-old rat where levels are barely detectable. To stydy how the presence of MT might influence the toxicity of cadmium, a single subcutaneous injection of cadmium chloride was administered at dose levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 6 mg Cd/kg body weight, 48 hr prior to sacrifice on Day 7 or Day 28. In both the 7- and 28-day-old groups, there was a dose-related increase in the amount of cadmium bound to MT. There were no significant age-related differences in the amount of cadmium bound to MT at the various doses, with the exception of the 6 mg/kg dose, where 7 day levels were higher. The 28-day-old rats responded to cadmium exposure with induction of MT and subsequent binding of both cadmium and zinc at all doses. The 7-day-old appeared to have sufficient levels of MT to handle cadmium doses at or below 3 mg/kg without induction; however, at the 6 mg/kg dose induction was observed. Despite the presence and inducibility of hepatic MT at Day 7, 30% of the rats treated with 6 mg Cd/kg died within 48 hr of exposure compared with only 4% at Day 28.
Inference on interactions between treatments and subjects within groups in a two-period crossover trial

Abstract In this paper, we consider nine two-period crossover trial data sets. We present a method of forming subgroups of subjects within each group. A new model is proposed for analyzing the crossover trial data. Treatment-by-subgroup within group interactions are tested both parametrically and nonparametrically for the nine data sets. We observe the presence of significant treatment-by-subgroup within group interactions for all data sets. The significance of such interactions shows the importance of the fact that the treatments do act differently on subjects. This fact should not be ignored in the analysis. The assumption of normality in the parametric method of analysis for the nine data sets is checked by graphical as well as standard test procedures.
Use of large-scale expression cloning screens in the Xenopus laevis tadpole to identify gene function.

We have conducted an expression cloning screen of approximately 50, 000 cDNAs from a tadpole stage Xenopus laevis cDNA library to functionally identify genes affecting a wide range of cellular and developmental processes. Fifty-seven cDNAs were isolated for their ability to alter gross tadpole morphology or the expression patterns of tissue-specific markers. Thirty-seven of the cDNAs have not been previously described for Xenopus, and 15 of these show little or no similarity to sequences in the NCBI database. The screen and the identified genes are presented in this paper to demonstrate the power, ease, speed, and flexibility of expression cloning in the X. laevis embryo. Future screens such as this one can be done on a larger scale and will complement the sequence-based screens and genome-sequencing projects which are producing a large body of novel genes without ascribed functions.
A subdivision scheme for surfaces of revolution

This paper describes a simple and efficient non-stationary subdivision scheme of order 4. This curve scheme unifies known subdivision rules for cubic B-splines, splines-in-tension and a certain class of trigonometric splines capable of reproducing circles. The curves generated by this unified subdivision scheme are C^2 splines whose segments are either polynomial, hyperbolic or trigonometric functions, depending on a single tension parameter. This curve scheme easily generalizes to a surface scheme over quadrilateral meshes. The authors hypothesize that this surface scheme produces limit surfaces that are C^2 continuous everywhere except at extraordinary vertices where the surfaces are C^1 continuous. In the particular case where the tension parameters are all set to 1, the scheme reproduces a variant of the Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme. As an application, this scheme is used to generate surfaces of revolution from a given profile curve.
A survey of introductory and advanced programming courses

In the process of establishing equitable and practical computer time allocations for our computer science courses this fall, we compared our seemingly high request with standards in other universities. Twenty-three private and state universities were chosen for the comparison and a questionnaire (appendix 1) was designed to elicit information about large introductory programming courses and more specialized systems programming/software engineering courses.The scope of the 25 item questionnaire covers course organization (size of class, number of meetings a week), course content (proficiency expected, languages used, size of programs written), and course budget (computer dollar allocation/ student, equipment and operating system used).
A rapid method for evaluating the behavioral effects of phencyclidine-like dissociative anesthetics in mice.

A simple and rapid method for detecting the behavioral effects of phencyclidine and related dissociative anesthetics is described. Dissociative anesthetics such as phencyclidine (PCP) and dizolcipine, which bind with high affinities at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) coupled cation channels (“PCP receptors”), produced a dose-related increase in the percentage of mice that fell from a 1.5 cm deep circular arena mounted on a 60 cm platform. A similar behavior was not manifest by other classes of compounds examined including competitive NMDA antagonists, an antagonist at strychnine-insensitive glycine receptors, and σ-receptor ligands with moderate to low affinities for PCP receptors. Pretreatment of mice with glycine reduced in a dose-dependent manner the percentage of falls elicited by a maximally effective dose of dizolcipine. This simple procedure may prove useful for both the rapid detection of dissociative anesthetics and evaluation of putative PCP antagonists.
Ischaemic injury to femoral head induces apoptotic and oncotic cell death

Summary Aims The mechanism of cell death in ischaemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head is not clear. Therefore, this study was designed to clarify the mode of cell death following ischaemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in an established pig model. Methods Morphological assessment, terminal deoxynucleo-tidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay, detection of DNA laddering and transmission electron microscopy studies were performed to determine whether apoptosis is one of the pathways of cell death following ischaemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Results Mode of cell death was investigated from 2 to 14 days following the surgical induction of ischaemia. Ischaemic femoral heads showed morphological evidence of cell death by oncotic and apoptotic pathways in earlier stages of osteonecrosis. TUNEL positive cells were seen from 2 to 14 days following the induction of ischaemia. DNA samples obtained from ischaemic femoral heads following the induction of ischaemia showed nucleosomal ladders indicating apoptotic cell death. Electron micrographs also showed morphological changes associated with apoptosis. Conclusions This study demonstrates that oncosis is not the sole mechanism of cell death following ischaemic injury of the femoral head. Both apoptosis and oncosis are involved as a result of ischaemic injury to the femoral head.
Targeting Multiple Biofilm Pathways

Cegelski et al. (2009) demonstrate the importance of amyloid production for biofilm formation and host colonization using several mutant strains of pathogenic E. coli and small molecule inhibitors. This work reveals a path forward for studying the role of bacterial amyloids in vivo and suggests the potential for small molecules to target multiple biofilm formation pathways.
On Human Emotions

Study of One's Own Society. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko 1981 Illness and Healing among the Sakhalin Ainu. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1984a Native Anthropologists. American Ethnologist 11:584-586. 1984b Illness and Culture in Contemporary Japan. New York: Cambridge University Press. Peterson, John H., Jr., B. Spencer, and Choong Soon Kim 1975 Choctaw Demographic Survey. Philadelphia, MS: Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians.
The Extinction of Dinosaurs

Cartmill (AA 77:610-611, 1975) clearly stated the problem of the extinction of the dinosaurs. All of us who have taught some general evolution as a background to human evolution know that the extinction of the dinosaurs is a major unanswered question which intrigues student and scholar alike. The probability that the dinosaurs were warm-blooded (Bakker 1975) makes the extinction even more difficult to understand. A theory which will account for all the facts is that the cooling at the end of the Cretaceous affected the eggs, rather than the adult forms. The incubation of the eggs was a common problem to all the different kinds of dinosaurs regardless of their diversity in other ways. Small reptiles could survive by protecting the eggs in a variety of ways, and crocodiles by continuing to live in warm climates. Birds incubated the eggs. But there was no way the large eggs of the dinosaurs could be kept warm when climates cooled and continents rose. Perhaps study of the problems of incubation of large eggs will give the explanation for the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Simultaneous determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat in sI methane hydrate

SUMMARY Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of sI methane hydrate were measured as functions of temperature and pressure using a needle probe technique. The temperature dependence was measured between −20 ◦ C and 17 ◦ C at 31.5 MPa. The pressure dependence was measured between 31.5 and 102 MPa at 14.4 ◦ C. Only weak temperature and pressure dependencies were observed. Methane hydrate thermal conductivity differs from that of water by less than 10 per cent, too little to provide a sensitive measure of hydrate content in watersaturated systems. Thermal diffusivity of methane hydrate is more than twice that of water, however, and its specific heat is about half that of water. Thus, when drilling into or through hydrate-rich sediment, heat from the borehole can raise the formation temperature more than 20 per cent faster than if the formation’s pore space contains only water. Thermal properties of methane hydrate should be considered in safety and economic assessments of hydrate-bearing sediment.
Expository Text Comprehension: Helping Primary-Grade Teachers Use Expository Texts to Full Advantage

This study investigated the effectiveness of an instructional program designed to teach expository text comprehension during guided reading. Participants included 72 second graders in six classrooms, organized into four guided reading groups in each class (n = 24). The six classes were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Text Structure, Content, and No Instruction. The Text Structure group focused on text structure awareness. The Content group focused on background knowledge and vocabulary. The No Instruction group carried out their regular instruction. Findings suggest that text structure is an effective strategy for promoting expository text comprehension and that young children benefit from well-structured texts.
New Views of Lunar Geoscience: An Introduction and Overview

Beyond the Earth, the Moon is the only planetary body for which we have samples from known locations. The analysis of these samples gives us “ground-truth” for numerous remote sensing studies of the physical and chemical properties of the Moon and they are invaluable for our fundamental understanding of lunar origin and evolution. Prior to the return of the Apollo 11 samples, the Moon was thought by many to be a primitive undifferentiated body (e.g., Urey 1966), a concept shattered by the data returned from the Apollo and Luna missions. Ever since, new data have helped to address some of our questions, but of course, they also produced new questions. In this chapter we provide a summary of knowledge about lunar geologic processes and we describe major scientific advancements of the last decade that are mainly related to the most recent lunar missions such as Galileo, Clementine, and Lunar Prospector. ### 1.1. The Moon in the planetary context Compared to terrestrial planets, the Moon is unique in terms of its bulk density, its size, and its origin (Fig. 1.1a–c⇓), all of which have profound effects on its thermal evolution and the formation of a secondary crust (Fig. 1.1d⇓). Numerous planetary scientists considered the Moon as an endmember among the planetary bodies in our solar system because its lithosphere has been relatively cool, rigid, and intact throughout most of geological time (a “one-plate” planet), and its surface has not been affected by plate recycling, an atmosphere, water, or life. Therefore the Moon recorded and preserved evidence for geologic processes that were active over the last 4–4.5 b.y. and offers us the unique opportunity to look back into geologic times for which evidence on Earth has long been erased (Fig. 1.1c,d⇓). Impact cratering, an exterior process, is considered the most important surface process on the Moon. Internal …
The problem of slavery in african studies

In the past few years the study of slavery in different parts of Africa has been transformed from a neglected subject to one of the most fashionable.1 The volume and quality of empirical work makes it both possible and essential for new conceptual approaches to be developed, yet current syntheses and the questions most of the local studies are asking reflect weaknesses in the theoretical basis of the social sciences, as well as a peculiar anxiety about the subject of slavery itself. Moreover, Africanists have profited little from two decades of extensive research and debate on slavery in the Americas. By and large, Africanists and Americanists are studying slavery in isolation from one another, venturing into the others' territory only to make a point about their own. Americanists have found African slavery to be a conveniently benign foil against which the exploitation and degradation of American slavery stand out. Africanists have been anxious to dissociate slavery in Africa from its bad image in the Americas.2 Eager to call attention to the achievements of African kings and entrepreneurs, scholars have often refused to face the question of whether in Africa, as in most of the world, the concentration of wealth and power also meant exploitation and subordination. David Brion Davis has argued that in Western culture slavery has always posed a moral problem, a set of contradictions stemming from the duality of the slave as property and yet a person, as a living part of a society and yet an outsider. But the problem needed to be solved only after the development of capitalism, when it became necessary to understand and justify a new economic order, in which the complex rights in land of cultivators and the complex relations of subordination and reciprocity that they had had with their lords were transformed into private property and a market in labour power. The architects of the new economic framework, the political economists, and of the new moral order, the humanitarians, came to define slavery as a 'peculiar institution', both archaic and evil, and wage labour as no system at all, but simply the workings of the universal and self-propelling laws of the market, freed of the constraints of the tyranny and paternalism of the lord.3 For all the subsequent development of the social sciences,
First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici Race 3 on Tomato in Tennessee.

In the summer of 2000, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants in several commercial fields in southeastern and eastern Tennessee exhibited symptoms of Fusarium wilt. All cultivars on which symptoms were observed are classified as resistant to races 1 and 2 of the causal fungus, Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder and H.N. Hansen. Race 3 has been reported from several areas (1), but not from Tennessee, a major producer of fresh market tomatoes. F. oxysporum was consistently isolated from discolored vascular tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Pathogenicity and race determination tests for six isolates representing three counties were conducted by inoculating cultivars susceptible to races 1, 2, and 3 (Rutgers); resistant to race 1 (Bradley, Roma VF); resistant to races 1 and 2 (Conquest, Florida 47); or resistant to races 1, 2, and 3 (Floralina). Inoculum suspensions were obtained from 1-week-old cultures grown on PDA. Seedlings were grown in commercial potting mix for 3 weeks. The roots were rinsed and submerged for 30 s in inoculum suspensions (1 × 107 conidia per ml). Seedlings were then transplanted into potting mix in metal flats and placed in a greenhouse. Natural light conditions provided a 12-h photoperiod, and day and night temperatures averaged 29 and 17°C, respectively. Within 4 weeks after inoculation, all isolates caused symptoms of Fusarium wilt in all cultivars except Floralina, indicating that the isolates were race 3. The pathogen was reisolated from the discolored vascular tissue of diseased plants. Among the cultivars most severely affected by all six isolates was Conquest, which is resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, the cause of Fusarium crown and root rot. Reference: (1) M. L. Marlatt et al. Plant Dis. 80:1336, 1996.
Ultrasound imaging on picture archiving and communication systems: are radiologists satisfied?

OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) adequately satisfy radiologists' needs in ultrasound (US) imaging and which PACS functions may be inadequately implemented for handling US diagnosis. METHODS An electronic survey was sent to the membership of the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound asking them to rate their PACS experience for different modalities, judge the quality of various PACS functions having an impact on US practice and diagnosis, indicate if they felt a need for US-related PACS functions to be implemented or improved, and rate PACS-related improvements for different components of their US practice. RESULTS Of the 161 respondents, 112 (70%) used a general radiology PACS. Of these respondents, only 53.2% gave a high rating to the US experience in PACS, significantly lower (P < .0001) than for computed tomography (85.2%), magnetic resonance imaging (84.4%), and radiography (83.2%). The functionality of US-specific display, image-processing, and data management PACS processes were graded significantly lower than basic PACS display functions. Only 0.9% of respondents highly rated PACS handling of 3-dimensional US volume data, whereas 92% highly rated the quality of the black-and-white US image display (P < .0001). Most respondents would like most of these US-specific functions implemented or improved, and most respondents stated that PACS has improved their US practice in different ways, although the contribution in more complex image analysis is lagging. CONCLUSIONS Radiologists with a special interest in US believe that the PACS experience for US is lacking. This research helps identify those specific tasks that may further improve work efficiency and diagnostic confidence.
Host-Parasite Relationships in Experimental Airborne Tuberculosis II. Reproducible Infection by Means of an Inoculum Preserved at −70 C

The use of an inoculum preserved at low temperature for the infection of guinea pigs by the respiratory route was evaluated. In a preliminary study with Mycobacterium bovis (BCG), some of the conditions required for maximal recovery of viable cells stored at low temperature were examined. Survival of BCG was decreased by rapid freezing to −70 C and by storage at −20 C, but there was no decrease when BCG was frozen slowly and stored at −70 C or −196 C. In a subsequent study, the effect of storage at −70 C on viability and infectivity of M. tuberculosis (H37Rv) was considered. There was no loss of viability of H37Rv cells suspended in Dubos broth and stored 1 year at −70 C. This suspension showed no loss of infectivity as assessed by the number of primary pulmonary lesions initiated in guinea pigs. Constant viability and infectivity of a suspension stored at low temperature assures the reproducibility of the amount of infection and facilitates comparisons between experiments. This advantage, as well as others, of storage at low temperature are discussed.
Stories of People and Institutions

Brian Flynn, Ed.D., is Adjunct Professor in the Department of Psychiatry, and Associate Director of the Center for the Study of Traumatic Stress, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, in Bethesda, Maryland. Address correspondence to Brian Flynn, Ed.D., Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20814. E-mail: brian.flynn@usuhs.edu Special Book Review: Henrietta Lacks Flynn
A linear stability theory on time-invariant and time-dependent spatial domains with symmetry: the drop splash problem

This work is a combination of physical and analytical considerations of lin- ear stability pictures on time-invariant and time-dependent spatial domains with symmetry. The discussion is offered in the context of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (of a fluid inter- face accelerated in the direction of a heavier phase) applied to the drop splash problem, which provides a natural ground for developing stability theory on time-dependent spatial domains with O(2) symmetry. The peculiarity of the underlying linear model common in a number of other interfacial instabilities - linear oscillator ftt + a(k)f = 0 in the wavenumber k-space - allows one to establish a direct correspondence between stability pictures on time-invariant and time-dependent spatial domains. The stability analysis also leads to a notion of frustration in (linear) stability patterns.
The impact of overstory density on sapling height growth in the Missouri Ozarks: implications for interspecific differentiation during canopy recruitment

Successful canopy recruitment is one of the most important components of sustainable forestry practices. For many desirable species in oak-dominated forests, insufficient sapling growth is a common limitation to successful recruitment. The objectives of this study were to (i) examine the impact of overstory density on sapling growth in the Missouri Ozarks, (ii) investigate the potential for overstory retention to promote compositional shifts via interspecific differences in sapling height growth, and (iii) com- pare the use of mean and near-maximum growth rates to quantify the impact of overstory density on sapling growth and height differentiation among species. We found that the periodic annual height increment of saplings decreased with increasing overstory density for all species groups in this study (red oaks (Quercus spp.), white oaks (Quercus spp.), hickories (Carya spp.), sassafras (Sassafras spp.), blackgum (Nyssa spp.), dogwood (Cornus spp.), red maple (Acer spp.), ashes (Fraxinus spp.), and elms (Ulmus spp.)). There was evidence of interspecific differentiation in growth rates during the sapling stage, and the observed differences were more pronounced at low overstory densities. Increasing overstory densities either reduced or eliminated the differences in growth among species. Although red oaks displayed the greatest maximum growth rates of all species under low overstory densities (<5 m2·ha−1), the growth advantage of red oaks was reduced with increasing overstory density. This may provide opportunities to shift species composition toward white oaks using partial harvesting regimes in the Missouri Ozarks. However, white oaks had little to no advantage in height growth over many competing species when overstory density exceeded about 10 m2·ha−1. This implies that the probability of recruit- ment under overstory densities greater than about 10 m2 ·ha −1 is likely to decline for all oaks in the Missouri Ozarks. We found that using the 90th quantile of height growth rates to evaluate the impact of overstory density on sapling growth had two potential advantages over using the mean growth rate: (i) it provided better models of the limiting effects of overstory density on sapling height growth, and (ii) the focus was on the growth rates of stems that were most likely to recruit into the canopy.
OA05.02. Relationships among well-being and wellness behaviors over time in residents in eight family medicine residencies

Methods Residents in the 2011 graduating class of the IMR (n=56) were assessed at the beginning of PGY2 and PGY3 and at graduation. Measures were self-administered online and included established measures of wellbeing: perceived stress, burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization), depression, and satisfaction with life. Wellness behaviors assessed included restful sleep, nutrition, physical activity, mind-body activities, being in nurturing relationships, being outdoors in nature, and alcohol use. Stepwise regression analysis examined relationships between wellness behaviors and each wellbeing measure at each timepoint.