cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reassessing authorship of the Book of Mormon using delta and nearest shrunken centroid classification

Mormon prophet Joseph Smith (1805-44) claimed that more than two-dozen ancient individuals (Nephi, Mormon, Alma, etc.) living from around 2200 BC to 421 AD authored the Book of Mormon (1830), and that he translated their inscriptions into English. Later researchers who analyzed selections from the Book of Mormon concluded that differences between selections supported Smith's claim of multiple authorship and ancient origins. We offer a new approach that employs two classification techniques: 'delta' commonly used to determine probable authorship and 'nearest shrunken centroid' (NSC), a more generally applicable classifier. We use both methods to determine, on a chapter-by-chapter basis, the probability that each of seven potential authors wrote or contributed to the Book of Mormon. Five of the seven have known or alleged connections to the Book of Mormon, two do not, and were added as controls based on their thematic, linguistic, and historical similarity to the Book of Mormon. Our results indicate that likely nineteenth century contributors were Solomon Spalding, a writer of historical fantasies; Sidney Rigdon, an eloquent but perhaps unstable preacher; and Oliver Cowdery, a schoolteacher with editing experience. Our findings support the hypothesis that Rigdon was the main architect of the Book of Mormon and are consistent with historical evidence suggesting that he fabricated the book by adding theology to the unpublished writings of Spalding (then deceased).
Neutrophil Pool Sizes and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Production in Human Mid-Trimester Fetuses

We quantified neutrophils and neutrophil progenitors, and assessed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) production in the liver and bone marrow of 20 human abortuses after elective pregnancy termination between 14 and 24 wk of gestation. Mature neutrophils were not observed in any of the liver specimens, but were present in the bone marrow as early as 14 wk. The concentrations of neutrophils in the fetal marrow were extremely low, by comparison with term infants and adults, with less than 5% of the nucleated cells being segmented neutrophils, band neutrophils, or metamyelocytes compared with 31-69% in term infants. Despite the low neutrophil populations, progenitors which had the capacity for clonal maturation into neutrophils in vitro were abundant in the fetal liver and fetal bone marrow. In addition, such progenitors had a dose-response relationship to recombinant G-CSF similar to that of progenitors from the bone marrow of healthy adults. At each gestational age tested, stimulation of mononuclear cells from fetal liver with IL-1 alpha generated less G-CSF protein and fewer G-CSF mRNA transcripts than did stimulation of mononuclear cells from fetal bone marrow. Mononuclear cells from the fetal bone marrow produced less G-CSF protein and mRNA than did mononuclear cells from the blood of adults. Thus, the liver of the mid-trimester human fetus is almost devoid of neutrophils, and the bone marrow contains a significantly lower proportion of neutrophils than does the marrow of term neonates or adults. These findings correlate with IL-1 alpha-induced production of G-CSF in these organs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analysis of intermittency and probe data in a supersonic flow with injection

Probe measurements were performed in the flow field produced by injection of helium or air into a supersonic airstream. The injectant was seeded with water and Rayleigh scattering was used to image the injectant plume. The region of the flow containing injectant–air mixture is seen to be highly unsteady, leading to the intermittent presence of injectant in certain regions. The intermittency is inferred. It is shown that bias errors can occur when the probe data is analyzed by techniques which assume steady flow. A technique for relatively bias-free analysis utilizing the intermittency measurements is presented and the bias errors are estimated. The gas-sampling probe is shown to measure the mass-weighted-mean mass fraction of helium, which is significantly less than the simple mean. A new measure of mixing efficiency obtained from the combined probe and intermittency measurements is discussed.
Characterization of Partially Defatted Peanut Flour Using Dry Extruder and Screw Pressing

This study investigated oil removal from peanuts using dry, wet extrusion and screw pressing. Dry extrusion removed about 50% of the original oil in the peanuts and extrudates were pressed immediately after extrusion using a continuous screw press with a horizontal bar cage. About 66% of the residual oil present in the extrudates was removed, resulting in 8% oil, 47% protein and 6% moisture in the press cakes. Heat treatment during extrusion and pressing reduced the protein dispersibility index (PDI) in the raw peanuts from 88 to 69%, and 66% in the extrudates and press cakes, respectively. The trypsin inhibitor was quite stable in its reaction with the heat treatment; 23 and 26% of the trypsin inhibitor activity was destroyed only by the dry extrusion and the screw press, respectively.
Hospital costs associated with shunt infections in patients receiving antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters versus standard shunt catheters.

BACKGROUND: The average hospital cost for shunt infection treatment is $50 000, making it the most financially costly implant-related infection in the United States. We set out to determine whether introduction of antibiotic-impregnated shunts (AISs) in our practice has decreased the incidence of shunt infection or decreased infection-related hospital costs at our institution. METHODS: Clinical and hospital billing records of pediatric patients undergoing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt insertion at a single institution from April 2001 to December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. Eighteen months before October 2002, all CSF shunts included standard, non-AIS catheters. During the 4 years after October 2002, all CSF shunts included AIS catheters. Patients were followed at least 18 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 406 pediatric patients underwent 608 shunt placement procedures (400 AISs, 208 non-AISs). Of patients with non-AIS catheters, 25 (12%) experienced shunt infection, whereas only 13 patients (3.2%) with AIS catheters experienced shunt infection during follow-up (P < .001). The total hospital cost to treat 25 non-AIS shunt infections over the first 18 months was $1,234,928.The total hospital cost to treat 13 AIS shunt infections over the past 4 years was $606,328. The mean hospital cost per shunt infection was similar for infected AIS and non-AIS catheters ($46 640 vs. $49 397). However, the infection-related hospital cost per 100 patients shunted was markedly lower in the AIS cohort than in the non-AIS cohort ($151 582 vs. $593 715). DISCUSSION: The introduction of AIS catheters in our institutional practice reduced the incidence of shunt infection and resulted in significant hospital cost savings. AIS systems are efficient and cost-effective instruments to prevent perioperative colonization of CSF shunt components.
Thermodynamics of Capillary Adhesion in MEMS

In this extended abstract, we briefly describe a thermodynamic model to treat capillary adhesion energies in MEMS. We first determine the constitutive laws of a capillary pendular ring bridging an asperity to a substrate. We find that the work of adhesion, W, depends on the surface separation rate. For the constant volume case (rapid surface separation), W = 2γ (where γ is the surface energy per unit area of the liquid-air interface), but if thermodynamic equilibrium is maintained (slow surface separation), W = γ. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that heat from the system walls can lower the work of adhesion at slow separation rates. We extend these constitutive laws to a simple multi-asperity surface in which the asperities are all of constant height. At low vapor partial pressures (p/psat ), adhesion can be several orders of magnitude below γ because of incomplete wetting. As vapor partial pressure increases, condensing liquid fills in the geometric irregularities of the surface. As this filling takes place, W approaches 2γ for both the slow and rapid separation rates.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Embedding languages within design environments

Abstract Large-scale computer applications reflect numerous sources of complexity: complexity originating in the constructs of the application domain, complexity of feature-rich interfaces, and (in many cases) complexity arising from the inclusion of enduser programming environments. The paper discusses a software design strategy for the creation of programmable design environments (PDEs); such environments are geared toward alleviating, for users, the negative effects of various sources of complexity. The paper illustrates this notion of PDEs with a description of a charting/graphing application named SchemeChart.
Pull-out and fragmentation in model fibre composites

An experimental study has been carried out of debonding and fibre rupture in model composites. A single glass rod or fibre was embedded in the centre of a long transparent silicone rubber block. Strains in the rubber in close proximity to the rod or fibre were measured as the specimen was slowly stretched. Pull-out forces, strain distributions, and debonded lengths are compared with the predictions of a simple theory based on a fracture energy criterion for debonding, and taking into account friction at the debonded interface. Experiments were carried out with rods of different diameter, rubber blocks of varied cross-section, and with two levels of adhesion. By extrapolating the debonded length to zero, values of the debonding force in the absence of friction were obtained. They were in accord with fracture energies of about 50 J/m2 for weak bonding and about 200 J/m2 for strong bonding. Fibre fragmentation lengths were measured also. They were in reasonable agreement with the inferred fracture energies and the measured frictional properties of silicone rubber sliding on glass. In a separate study, it was found that the frictional stress between cast silicone rubber and glass was approximately constant, about 0.1 MPa, rather than proportional to pressure, for pressures exceeding about 0.02 MPa. This feature is attributed to a particularly smooth interface between the two materials.
Spectral line profiles in a planetary corona: A collisional model

An attempt is made to report on an extension of the theory of spectral line profiles for a planetary corona to include the effects of H-H(+) resonant charge exchange in which satellite particles are omitted. A computational procedure is outlined, three classes of particle orbits are distinguished (ballistic, satellite, escaping), and several complications are considered. A collisional profile is obtained, and appropriate collisionless and collisional curves are compared. It is concluded that good profiles could disclose the presence of a nonthermal hydrogen component. Effects of omitting satellite particles are briefly discussed.
Leptin Receptor Signaling Supports Cancer Cell Metabolism through Suppression of Mitochondrial Respiration in Vivo

Obesity represents a risk factor for certain types of cancer. Leptin, a hormone predominantly produced by adipocytes, is elevated in the obese state. In the context of breast cancer, leptin derived from local adipocytes is present at high concentrations within the mammary gland. A direct physiological role of peripheral leptin action in the tumor microenvironment in vivo has not yet been examined. Here, we report that mice deficient in the peripheral leptin receptor, while harboring an intact central leptin signaling pathway, develop a fully mature ductal epithelium, a phenomenon not observed in db/db mice to date. In the context of the MMTV-PyMT mammary tumor model, the lack of peripheral leptin receptors attenuated tumor progression and metastasis through a reduction of the ERK1/2 and Jak2/STAT3 pathways. These are tumor cell-autonomous properties, independent of the metabolic state of the host. In the absence of leptin receptor signaling, the metabolic phenotype is less reliant on aerobic glycolysis and displays an enhanced capacity for β-oxidation, in contrast to nontransformed cells. Leptin receptor-free tumor cells display reduced STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation on residue Y705 but have increased serine phosphorylation on residue S727, consistent with preserved mitochondrial function in the absence of the leptin receptor. Therefore, local leptin action within the mammary gland is a critical mediator, linking obesity and dysfunctional adipose tissue with aggressive tumor growth.
Cultivating Physician Relations to Enhance Rural Hospital Utilization

: Rural hospitals are searching for new strategies to enhance utilization in view of constraints introduced by prospective payment and other environmental pressures. Developing physician relations is an approach that is reportedly leading to better hospital-physician collaboration and subsequently to improved utilization. This paper examines rural hospital-physician relations and the association with utilization. The findings suggest that rural hospitals emphasize quality care as well as diagnostic and treatment equipment procurement as methods for building relationships with physicians. These strategies are correlated with efforts to build a larger medical staff. Higher rural hospital utilization, in terms of occupancy, discharges and patient days provided, is associated with a larger medical staff. The results suggest that rural hospitals' attempts to cultivate physician relations have the potential for making significant differences in utilization outcomes. However, the linkages between utilization and physician relations are complex and require further research.
ACTIVATION OF HAGEMAN FACTOR IN SOLID AND FLUID PHASES A CRITICAL ROLE OF KALLIKREIN

The activation of Hageman factor in solid and fluid phase has been analyzed. Activation of highly purified Hageman factor occurred after it interacted with and became bound to a negatively charged surface. Activation was observed in the absence of enzymes that are inhibitable with diisopropylfluorophosphate, phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride and ϵ-amino- n -caproic acid. The binding of [125I]Hageman factor to the negatively charged surface was markedly inhibited by plasma or purified plasma proteins. Activation of Hageman factor in solution (fluid phase) was obtained with kallikrein, plasmin, and Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent). Kallikrein was greater than 10 times more active in its ability to activate Hageman factor than plasmin and Factor XI. The data offer a plausible explanation for the finding that highly purified kallikrein promotes clotting of normal plasma. In addition, the combined results of this and previously reported data from this laboratory indicate that the reciprocal activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein in fluid phase is essential for normal rate of activation of the intrinsic-clotting, kinin-forming, and fibrinolytic systems. Activation of Hageman factor was associated with three different structural changes in the molecule: ( a ) Purified Hageman factor, activated on negatively charged surfaces retained its native mol wt of 80–90,000. Presumably a conformational change accompanied activation. ( b ) In fluid phase, activation with kallikrein and plasmin did not result in cleavage of large fragments of rabbit Hageman factor, although the activation required hydrolytic capacity of the enzymes. ( c ) Activation of human Hageman factor with kallikrein or plasmin was associated with cleavage of the molecule to 52,000, 40,000, and 28,000 mol wt fragments. Activation of rabbit Hageman factor with trypsin resulted in cleavage of the molecule into three fragments, each of 30,000 mol wt as noted previously. This major cleavage occurred simultaneously with activation.
Transferring Knowledge to Acquisition Joint Ventures: An Organizational Unlearning Perspective:

Unlike organizational learning, the concept of organizational unlearning has rarely been employed in empirical research. Based on a comparative case analysis, this article examines knowledge transfer, by foreign partners, to acquisition joint ventures in China. Because an acquisition joint venture is formed on the basis of an existing state enterprise, the need for organizational unlearning arises. The article investigates how issues related to organizational unlearning affect knowledge transfer in each stage of the transfer process, namely, initiation, implementation, ramp-up and integration.
Variations in snow and firn chemistry along US ITASE traverses and the effect of surface glazing

Abstract. This study provides a baseline from which changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere over Antarctica can be monitored under expected warming scenarios and continued intensification of industrial activities in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the first study to measure more than 25 chemical constituents in the surface snow and firn across extensive regions of Antarctica. We present major ion, trace element, heavy metal, rare earth element and oxygen isotope data from a series of surface snow samples and shallow firn sections collected along four US ITASE traverses across East and West Antarctica. In each sample we measure dissolved concentrations of Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3+, SO42−, and MS− using ion chromatography and total concentrations of Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Pb, Bi, U, As, Al, S, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Na, Mg, Li, and K using inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). We also measure δ18O by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Satellite remote sensing measurements of microwave backscatter and grain size are used to assist in the identification of glaze/dune areas across Antarctica and determine if these areas can possibly contain useful chemical climate records. The majority of the non-glaze/dune samples in this study exhibit similar, or lower, concentrations to those from previous studies. Consequently, the results presented here comprise a conservative baseline for Antarctic surface snow chemical concentrations. The elements Cd, Pb, As and Bi are enriched across Antarctica relative to both ocean and upper crust elemental ratios. Local and global volcanic outgassing may account for the majority of the Bi measured in East and West Antarctica and for a significant fraction of the Cd and As. However, significant concentrations of Cd, Pb, and As remain across much of Antarctica.
Oxygen sensing via phosphorescence quenching of doped metal–organic frameworks

Three phosphorescent Ir and Ru complexes containing dicarboxylate functional groups have been doped into the framework of Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6 (UiO-67, bpdc = para-biphenyldicarboxylate) to yield stable metal–organic frameworks (MOFs 1–3) which are highly porous with BET surface areas of 2568, 2292, and 1277 m2 g−1, respectively. The 3MLCT phosphorescence of 1–3 can be effectively quenched by O2 to provide an efficient method for oxygen detection.
Optimization of average precision with Maximal Figure-of-Merit Learning

We propose an efficient algorithm to directly optimize class average precision (AP) with a Maximal Figure-of-Merit (MFoM) learning scheme. AP is considered as a staircase function with respect to each individual sample score after rank ordering is applied to all samples. A combination of sigmoid functions is then used to approximate AP as a continuously differentiable function of the classified parameters used to compute the sample scores. Compared to pair-wise ranking comparisons, the computational complexity of the proposed MFoM-AP learning algorithm can be substantially reduced when estimating classifier parameters with a gradient descent algorithm. Experiments on the TRECVID 2005 high-level feature extraction task showed that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the mean average precision (MAP) over 39 concepts from a baseline performance of 0.4039 with MFoM maximizing F1 to 0.4274 with MFoM-AP, while showing significant impromvements for 12 concepts as more than 10%.
Hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients: clinical guidelines development.

Objective Neurosurgical patients have a high risk of hyponatremia and associated complications. We critically evaluated the existing literature to identify the determinants for the development of hyponatremia and which management strategies provided the best outcomes. Methods A multidisciplinary panel in the areas of neurosurgery, nephrology, critical care medicine, endocrinology, pharmacy, and nursing summarized and classified hyponatremia literature scientific studies published in English from 1950 through 2008. The panel's recommendations were used to create an evaluation and treatment protocol for hyponatremia in neurosurgical patients at the University of Florida. Results Hyponatremia should be further investigated and treated when the serum sodium level is less than 131 mmol/L (class II). Evaluation of hyponatremia should include a combination of physical examination findings, basic laboratory studies, and invasive monitoring when available (class III). Obtaining levels of hormones such as antidiuretic hormone and natriuretic peptides is not supported by the literature (class III). Treatment of hyponatremia should be based on severity of symptoms (class III). The serum sodium level should not be corrected by more than 10 mmol/L/d (class III). Cerebral salt wasting should be treated with replacement of serum sodium and intravenous fluids (class III). Fludrocortisone may be considered in the treatment of hyponatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients at risk of vasospasm (class I). Hydrocortisone may be used to prevent natriuresis in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients (class I). Hyponatremia in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients at risk of vasospasm should not be treated with fluid restriction (class II). Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone may be treated with urea, diuretics, lithium, demeclocycline, and/or fluid restriction (class III). Conclusion The summarized literature on the evaluation and treatment of hyponatremia was used to develop practice management recommendations for hyponatremia in the neurosurgical population. However, the practice management recommendations relied heavily on expert opinion because of a paucity of class I evidence literature on hyponatremia.
Transformation of tertiary butyl mercaptan in aerobic environments

Tertiary butyl mercaptan (TBM) is a malodorant that is added to natural gas in small quantities to aid in its detection. The objective of this study was to investigate the degradation of TBM under aerobic conditions. A bacterial culture was found that grew well on TBM in liquid minimal media under aerobic conditions. The doubling time was about 98 h at 30° C. In cultures where iron fillings were added, the growth rate increased and the doubling time was 44 h. In studies with manganese dioxide and potassium permanganate, TBM was oxidized chemically at rates that were rapid compared to those in the microbiological studies. Soil microcosms containing soil, water, and TBM were set up using two different soils and their headspace was sampled during a 62-day period of study. In the first set, there was significantly greater reduction in TBM and production of carbon dioxide in the treatments compared to that of the sterilized controls. An intermediate product di-tertiary-butyl disulfide (DTBD) was identified. The experimental results show that TBM appears to be biodegradable in soil-water systems under aerobic conditions.
Sustainability is not enough

Traditional agricultural systems that have met the test of sustainability have not been able to respond adequately to modern rates of growth in demand for agricultural commodities. A meaningful definition of sustainability must include the enhancement of agricultural productivity. At present, the concept of sustainability is more adequate as a guide to research than to farming practice.
The Sentinel Within: Exploiting the Immune System for Cancer Biomarkers†

The release of proteins from tumors triggers an immune response in cancer patients. These tumor antigens arise from several mechanisms including tumor-specific alterations in protein expression, mutation, folding, degradation, or intracellular localization. Responses to most tumor antigens are rarely observed in healthy individuals, making the response itself a biomarker that betrays the presence of underlying cancer. Antibody immune responses show promise as clinical biomarkers because antibodies have long half-lives in serum, are easy to measure, and are stable in blood samples. However, our understanding of the specificity and the impact of the immune response in early stages of cancer is limited. The immune response to cancer, whether endogenous or driven by vaccines, involves highly specific T lymphocytes (which target tumor-derived peptides bound to self-MHC proteins) and B lymphocytes (which generate antibodies to tumor-derived proteins). T cell target antigens have been identified either by expres...
Thin-film piezoelectric MEMS

Major challenges have emerged as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) move to smaller size and increased integration density, while requiring fast response and large motions. Continued scaling to nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) requires revolutionary advances in actuators, sensors, and transducers. MEMS and NEMS utilizing piezoelectric thin films provide the required large linear forces with fast actuation at small drive voltages. This, in turn, provides accurate displacements at high integration densities, reduces the voltage burden on the integrated control electronics, and decreases NEMS complexity. These advances are enabled by the rapidly growing field of thin-film piezoelectric MEMS, from the development of AlN films for resonator and filter applications, to their implementation in adaptive radio front ends, to the demonstration of large piezoelectricity in epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 and PbMg1/3 Nb2/3 O3–PbTiO3 thin films. Applications of low voltage MEMS/NEMS include transducers for ultrasound medical imaging, robotic insects, inkjet printing, mechanically based logic, and energy harvesting. As described in this article, advances in the field are being driven by and are prompting advances in heterostructure design and theoretical investigations.
BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer and its value in tailoring initial treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Clinicians have long sought to characterize biological markers of neoplasia as objective indicators of tumor presence, pathogenicity, and prognosis. Armed with data that correlate biomarker activity with disease presence and progression, clinicians can develop treatment strategies that address risks of disease recurrence or persistence and progression. The B-type Raf kinase (BRAF V600E) mutation in exon 15 of the BRAF gene has been noted to be a putative prognostic marker of the most prevalent form of thyroid cancer, papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)--a tumor type with high proclivity for recurrence or persistence. There has been a remarkable interest in determining the association of BRAF mutation with PTC recurrence or persistence. Using many new studies that have been published recently, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate correlations of BRAF mutation status with PTC prognosis, focusing on the recurrence or persistence of the disease after initial treatment. The study was based on published studies included in the PubMed and Embase databases addressing the BRAF mutation and the frequency of recurrence of PTC. We selected studies with data that enabled measurement of the risk ratio for recurrent disease. We also analyzed the factors that are classically known to be associated with recurrence. These factors included lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, distant metastasis, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages III/IV. We used 14 articles that included an analysis of these factors as well as PTC recurrence data, with a total of 2470 patients from 9 different countries. The overall prevalence of the BRAF mutation was 45%. The risk ratios in BRAF mutation-positive patients were 1.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.61-2.32; Z = 7.01; p < 0.00001) for PTC recurrence, 1.32 (95% CI, 1.20-1.45; Z = 5.73; p < 0.00001) for lymph node metastasis, 1.71 (95% CI, 1.50-1.94; Z = 8.09; p < 0.00001) for extrathyroidal extension, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.63-1.44; Z = 0.23; p = 0.82) for distant metastasis, and 1.70 (95% CI, 1.45-1.99; Z = 6.46; p < 0.00001) for advanced stage AJCC III/IV. Thus, in this meta-analysis, the BRAF mutation in PTC was significantly associated with PTC recurrence, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, and advanced stage AJCC III/IV. Patients with PTC harboring mutated BRAF are likely to demonstrate factors that are associated with an increased risk for recurrence of the disease, offering new prospects for optimizing and tailoring initial treatment strategies to prevent recurrence.
Schema and Purpose in Reading Comprehension and Learning Vocabulary from Context.

Abstract The model of verbal comprehension acquisition proposed by Sternberg suggests that vocabulary acquisition and reading comprehension tap the same basic processes in learning from context. If this is true, then good readers should acquire more new words from context than poor readers. This research was designed to examine Sternberg's position as well as consider the interactions among vocabulary acquisition and other important components of the reading process, such as purpose and schemata. Eighth grade good and poor readers were taught relevant and irrelevant schemata. They were randomly assigned to either a purpose for reading group or a nonpurpose group. Subjects then read a passage with embedded nonsense words and were asked to define those words. The effects of comprehension ability and purpose were found to be significant but the effect of schemata was not significant. However these effects must be interpreted in light of the significant three‐way interaction.
Risk of Undetected Cancer at the Time of Laparoscopic Supracervical Hysterectomy and Laparoscopic Myomectomy: Implications for the Use of Power Morcellation.

Abstract Background Power morcellation during gynecological procedures may cause seeding of undiagnosed cancers. We used a national database to determine the prevalence of malignant and premalignant conditions that were present but undetected at the time of laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and laparoscopic myomectomy, surgeries in which morcellation is commonly used. Methods Data from 2007 to 2012 were obtained from MarketScan, an administrative database of diagnostic and treatment data for 55.7 million commercially insured women in the United States. Because power morcellation is not captured with billing codes, we limited our analysis to women undergoing procedures that typically use morcellation and that are contraindicated in the case of suspected malignancy to describe the rates at which undetected cancers occur, thus potentially putting patients at risk for seeding of malignant tissue. We defined the rate of preoperative endometrial biopsy and postoperative cancers and hyperplasia by manually reviewing inpatient and outpatient International Classification of Disease, 9th edition, and Current Procedural Terminology codes for all suspected cases. Results In all, 17,903 women underwent laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy and 1,603 underwent laparoscopic myomectomy. The rate of uterine cancer among women undergoing hysterectomy was 2.96 per 1000 and increased with age from 0 per 1,000 at age younger than 35 to 9.07 per 1,000 at ages 55 to 64 (p Conclusion Approximately 1 in 350 women undergoing laparoscopic supracervical hysterectomy had an undiagnosed uterine cancer, with higher risks among older women. Approximately one-half of women had endometrial biopsies documented before hysterectomy. Safer alternatives, such as contained morcellation, should be evaluated to reduce the risk of complications after morcellation procedures.
Hands Up, Don’t Shoot, Whose Side Are You On? Journalists Tweeting the Ferguson Protests

This article represents a qualitative analysis of the Twitter feed from one news organization during the first phase of protests in Ferguson, Missouri, after the shooting of Michael Brown in 2014. The tweets, images, and videos from the St. Louis Post-Dispatch journalists constitute a real-time record as the protests unfolded. By applying a strand of framing theory known as the protest paradigm, the analysis discovered that journalists’ tweeting marganalized protesters and framed police officers as dispassionate protectors of social order. Journalists’ tweeting of protesters took on a more sympthatic tone when they both were subjected to police tear gas.These findings have implications for the coverage of race, violence, and protests in the United States as well as the way Twitter binds and represents an interpretive community.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLEOCHAETA POLYCHAETA (ERYSIPHACEAE)

the under surface of the leaves with the appearance of numerous cleistothecia toward the close of the growing season. This study attempts to clarify the portions of the life history of this organism previously unknown or unclear. The location of the pathogen during the different seasons, the morphology of the structures found in each phase of its cycle, and the time and environmental conditions present when these phases occurred were emphasized.
Disturbance observer based pitch control of wind turbines for disturbance rejection

In this research, a disturbance observer based (DOB) control scheme is illustrated to reject the unknown low frequency disturbances to wind turbines. Specifically, we aim at maintaining the constant output power but achieving better generator speed regulation when the wind turbine is operated at time-varying and turbulent wind field. The disturbance observer combined with a filter is designed to asymptotically reject the persistent unknown time-varying disturbances. The proposed algorithm is tested in both linearized and nonlinear NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine. The application of this DOB pitch controller achieves improved power and speed regulation in Region 3 compared with a baseline gain scheduling PID collective controller both in linearized and nonlinear plant.
Radiosensitization of rat glioma with bromodeoxycytidine and adenovirus expressing herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase delivered by slow, rate-controlled positive pressure infusion.

Infection of rat RT2 glioma cells in vitro with an adenovirus (ADV-TK) expressing herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK) and subsequent exposure to 5-bromo-2'-deoxycytidine (BrdC), which is specifically incorporated into ADV-TK-infected cell DNA as 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), results in significant radiosensitization (sensitizer enhancement ratio: 1.4-2.3) compared with Ad beta gal-infected cells. Cell killing correlated well with increased BrdU DNA incorporation and with apoptosis. Whereas radiation (4 Gy) alone was relatively ineffective in inducing apoptosis, treatment with HSV-TK/BrdC resulted in BrdC dose- (10-100 microM) and time-dependent (24-48 hours) increases, and the combination of the two treatments produced a synergistic response (1.5- to 2-fold). To investigate the effects of the ADV-TK/BrdC treatment in vivo, RT2 cells were grown as soft tissue tumors in Fischer 344 rats and conditions for virus infusion were optimized by altering the volume and rate of infusion using a rate-controlled positive pressure device. We found that relatively large volumes (100-150 microL) of virus delivered at rates of < or = 1 microL/minute were optimal and gave uniform and reproducible results. Using these optimal infusion conditions, we were able to achieve 40% adenovirus infection in the tumor. Infection of RT2 tumors with ADV-TK and continuous administration of BrdC from an osmotic pump resulted in significant (.001 < P < .009) tumor regression 6 days after radiation (30 Gy delivered as 2 x 5 Gy over 3 days) compared with controls. In situ staining of sectioned tumors with anti-BrdU antibody or by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of extracted and hydrolyzed tumor DNA confirmed that we obtained efficient and specific incorporation of BrdU into tumor cells. These results suggest that adenovirus-mediated delivery of HSV-TK in combination with BrdC and radiation can potentially be an efficient combination modality for the treatment of gliomas.
Bringing Together Industry and Academia via Graduate Commercial Spaceflight Operations Curriculum

A graduate level curriculum covering topics in commercial spaceflight operations has been developed at the University of Colorado at Boulder. This paper outlines the high level insights gained through this process with the explicit objective of enabling dissemination to other institutions of higher education. Furthermore, several synergistic areas in the domains of technology, business, and operations have been identified that are benefiting from collaboration between industry and academia. Continued efforts in these areas are expected to produce innovation and improved technological solutions for the space industry.
Silicon Photonics for Exascale Systems

As future computing systems aim to realize Exascale performance the challenge of energy efficient data movement rather than computation is paramount. Silicon photonics has emerged as perhaps the most promising technology to address these challenges by providing ultra-high bandwidth density communication capabilities that is essentially distance independent. This tutorial will explore the design of silicon photonic interconnected architectures and their impact on the system level performance.
Factors Affecting Survival and Reproduction of the Banks Grass Mite, Oligonychus pratensis

The Banks grass mite, Oligonychus pratensis (Banks), was confined on the lower sides of corn leaves, using either clip-on cages or grid cages constructed from tree tanglefoot. Mites developed most rapidly when temperatures were high; the effects of relative humidity were significant but minimal. Significantly more mites survived and more eggs were laid on silking corn than on seedling corn. Significantly more eggs were laid on moisture-stressed plants than on corn plants receiving adequate moisture.
Protein tyrosine phosphatases: their roles in signal transduction.

Protein tyrosine phosphatases play critical roles in a number of cellular signal transduction pathways. Receptor-like PTPases such as CD45 are essential for antigen-induced proliferative responses of T-cells. Intracellular PTPases have been shown to associate with specific growth factor receptors and this association has a dramatic effect on receptor signaling mechanisms. Other phosphatases (e.g., the product of the CDC25 gene) are essential for cell cycle progression. It appears that the cellular location of the intracellular PTPases plays an important role in defining the substrate specificity. Phosphatases are also present in both pathogenic bacteria and viruses. These PTPases most likely function to disrupt important signal transduction pathways present in the host. More than 30 different phosphatases have been cloned and characterized. A detailed understanding of their catalytic properties suggests that all PTPases use a common mechanism for removing phosphatase from various phosphoproteins. Two PTPase structures recently have been determined. The structural information along with biochemical and kinetic data provides a basis for understanding the catalytic properties of these enzymes.
Cooperatively induced dephasing

In heavily doped rare-earth crysals, interacting ions exhibit correlated dynamics which have already shown significant applications to upconversion lasers and high power phase conjugation. Dephasing in these cooperative systems has not been investigated systematically before and would be expected to be modified significantly by phonon-assisted energy pooling processes and excitation transfer. We present good evidence that optical dephasing in concentrated Tm3+:YAlO3 can occur by cooperative excitation transfer to a higher lying Stark level which initiates a phonon-assisted decay to the lower, optically excited level.
Staff Perceptions of Substance Use Disorder Treatment in VA Primary Care–Mental Health Integrated Clinics

Abstract Introduction Guidelines recommend that substance use disorder (SUD) treatment be available in primary care–mental health integrated clinics, which offer mental and behavioral health assessment and treatment in the primary care setting. Despite this recommendation it is unclear what barriers and facilitators exist to SUD treatment being provided in that setting. This work sought to understand current SUD services in such integrated clinics, explore other services may that be appropriate, and identify barriers to such services. Methods We conducted qualitative interviews with 23 staff members from integrated clinics at 6 Veterans Affairs medical centers. We transcribed interviews and performed thematic analysis to identify emergent themes. Results We identified seven themes affecting staff experience and ability to provide SUD services in the integrated clinic: clinical effectiveness, clinical requirements, regulatory requirements, program goals, proximity of the integrated clinic and SUD services, training on substance use disorder, and role specialization. Conclusions VA primary care–mental health integrated clinic staff members do not currently view SUD treatment as the focus of their work, but are open to offering SUD treatment including brief psychological interventions or medication. Several barriers to providing SUD treatment were identified, including the need for additional staff training around appropriate interventions for the integrated clinic setting, additional staffing and space, and a structured implementation strategy to promote the use of SUD treatments.
TOUGH3: A new efficient version of the TOUGH suite of multiphase flow and transport simulators

The TOUGH suite of nonisothermal multiphase flow and transport simulators has been updated by various developers over many years to address a vast range of challenging subsurface problems. The increasing complexity of the simulated processes as well as the growing size of model domains that need to be handled call for an improvement in the simulator's computational robustness and efficiency. Moreover, modifications have been frequently introduced independently, resulting in multiple versions of TOUGH that (1) led to inconsistencies in feature implementation and usage, (2) made code maintenance and development inefficient, and (3) caused confusion to users and developers. TOUGH3—a new base version of TOUGH—addresses these issues. It consolidates both the serial (TOUGH2 V2.1) and parallel (TOUGH2-MP V2.0) implementations, enabling simulations to be performed on desktop computers and supercomputers using a single code. New PETSc parallel linear solvers are added to the existing serial solvers of TOUGH2 and the Aztec solver used in TOUGH2-MP. The PETSc solvers generally perform better than the Aztec solvers in parallel and the internal TOUGH3 linear solver in serial. TOUGH3 also incorporates many new features, addresses bugs, and improves the flexibility of data handling. Due to the improved capabilities and usability, TOUGH3 is more robust and efficient for solving tough and computationally demanding problems in diverse scientific and practical applications related to subsurface flow modeling.
Imperfect Code Synchronization Effects on Narrowband Interference Rejection in a DS/DPSK Spread Spectrum Receiver

The impact of imperfect synchronization on the performance of prediction-error interference rejection filters in noncoherent direct-sequence (DS) spread spectrum communications is considered. Bit error rate (BER) analysis of binary DPSK data modulation used in conjuction with direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) is used as a performance measure. A first order noncoherent delay-lock loop is used for the pseudonoise code tracking. Conditional BER results for the DS/DPSK system for fixed values of the code tracking error are obtained [1]. The average BER of the system is then evaluated by averaging the conditional BER expressions over the probability density function of the code tracking error. Results include the effects of both a single fading tone and narrowband gaussian interferer on the overall system performance.
AUTOLOAD, AN AUTOMATIC OPTIMAL PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR RELOAD DESIGN SYSTEM WITH AN EXPERT MODULE

An automatic optimal pressurized water reactor (PWR) reload design expert system AUTOLOAD has been developed. It employs two important new techniques. The first is a new loading priority scheme that defines the optimal placement of the fuel in the core that has the maximum end-of-cycle state k[sub eff]. The second is a new power-shape-driven progressive iteration method for automatically determining the burnable poison (BP) loading in the fresh fuel assemblies. The Haling power distribution is used in converting the theoretically optimal solution into the practical design, which meets the design constraints for the given fuel assemblies. AUTOLOAD is a combination of C and FORTRAN languages. It requires only the required cycle length, the maximum peak normalized power, the BP type, the number of fresh fuel assemblies, the assembly burnup, and BP histories of the available fuel assemblies as its input. Knowledge-based modules have been built into the expert system computer code to perform all of the tasks involved in reloading a PWR. AUTOLOAD takes only [approximately] 30 CPU min on an IBM 3090 600s mainframe to accomplish a practical reload design. A maximum of 12.5% fresh fuel enrichment saving is observed compared with the core used by the utility.
Interspike-Interval-Based Analog Spike-Time-Dependent Encoder for Neuromorphic Processors

Von Neumann bottleneck, which refers to the limited throughput between the CPU and memory, has already become a major factor hindering the technical advances of computing systems. In recent years, neuromorphic systems have started to gain the increasing attentions as compact and energy-efficient computing platforms. As one of the most crucial components in the neuromorphic computing systems, neural encoder transforms the stimulus (input signals) into spike trains. In this paper, we adapt the temporal encoding scheme of interspike intervals (ISIs) and present an analog temporal neural encoder with its verification and recovery schemes. The proposed neural encoder allows efficient mapping of signal amplitude information into a spike-time sequence that represents the input data and offers perfect recovery for band-limited stimuli. With the novel iterative structure, the number of spikes increases exponentially with the number of neurons. From the measurements obtained from the fabricated neural encoder chip, our temporal encoder with ISI encoding is proved to be robust and error tolerant.
The First Report of Lupraea elongata (Jacoby, 1891) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini) from the USA

Abstract Lupraea elongata (Jacoby, 1891), formerly known only from Mexico, is reported for the first time from Arizona, USA. The species is redescribed and illustrated.
Physics and the Universe

The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself . By Sean Carroll. 2016. Dutton. (ISBN 9780525954828). 470 pp. Hardback. $28.00. The Big Picture is exactly what it's title proclaims, a book the tackles the big questions about human existence. Why does the universe exist? Is there evidence for the existence of God? How did life on Earth begin? Is humanity special somehow? Do we continue to exist after we die? Does our life have purpose? These are just some of the queries that Sean Carroll tackles in this impressive book. But this is no religious or purely philosophical treatise; rather it is a work examining the critical questions …
Prophylactic Antibiotics in Gynecology

Perhaps the least controversial area of chemoprophylaxis involves the use of antibiotics to prevent subacute bacterial endocarditis. Accordingly, we will begin this chapter with a discussion of the employment of prophylactic antibiotics for this infection.