cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Matrix–matrix multiplication by using grating degeneracy in photorefractive media

We propose and demonstrate a novel method that utilizes grating degeneracy in photorefractive media in conjunction with an incoherent laser array to implement parallel optical matrix–matrix multiplication. Such a matrix–matrix multiplier is capable of handling large matrices such as those with 1000 × 1000 elements. The principle of operation and preliminary experimental results are presented.
PQChPT with Staggered Sea and Valence Ginsparg-Wilson Quarks: Vector Meson Masses

We consider partially quenched, mixed chiral perturbation theory with staggered sea and Ginsparg–Wilson valence quarks in order to extract a chiral-continuum extrapolation expression for the vector meson mass up to order , at one-loop level. Based on general principles, we accomplish the task without explicitly constructing a sophisticated, heavy vector meson chiral Lagrangian.
Effect of groove geometry on viscoseal performance.

Groove geometry effect on performance viscoseal with sealed water in laminar and turbulent conditions
The New Standing Disaster Program: A SURE Invitation to Moral Hazard Behavior

The new Supplemental Agricultural Disaster Assistance (SURE) program, established by the 2008 Farm Bill, mandates disaster payments for individual farms that experience crop losses in excess of 50% of their average production, whether or not those farms are located in regions affected by catastrophic events. This study shows that, because of this provision, the SURE program creates substantial incentives for moral hazard behaviors in many market-related situations. These incentives are especially severe when market prices equal or fall below prices at which farmers value commodity losses for federal crop insurance purposes.
Ring Opening of 1,5-Dioxaspiro[3.2]hexanes: Selective Preparation of α-Heterofunctionalized-β‘-hydroxy Ketones or 2,2-Disubstituted Oxetanes

2-Methyleneoxetanes have been converted into 1,5-dioxaspiro[3.2]hexanes with dimethyldioxirane. Reaction of the dioxaspirohexanes with a range of heteroatom nucleophiles, hydride donors, or organoaluminum reagents was successful under neutral or mild conditions, affording, selectively, polyfunctionalized ketones or 2,2-disubstituted oxetanes.
Evaluation of emergency room triage performed by nurses.

(1977). Evaluation of Emergency Room Triage Performed by Nurses. Hospital Topics: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 45-50.
A Single Phase Induction Motor Voltage Controller with Improved Performance

Induction motors inherently operate with nearly constant airgap flux and therefore almost constant iron losses. When the load does not require full flux, conventional voltage controllers utilize thyristors in series with the motor to reduce airgap flux by decreasing the applied voltage. Thereby, iron losses decrease and the overall efficiency increases. However, thyristor voltage controllers tend to introduce harmonics into the current waveform which not only reduces motor efficiency but also causes harmonic pollution of the power lines. An improved voltage controller and control strategy for efficiency improvement of single phase induction motors is presented. In particular, thyristor voltage control by dynamic switching of the winding configuration is presented. Laboratory data for a voltage controller, thus enhanced, demonstrates a significant decrease in input motor current distortion and increase in efficiency below one-quarter load.
Is the Risk of Bankruptcy a Systematic Risk

Several studies suggest that a firm distress risk factor could be behind the size and the book-to-market effects. A natural proxy for firm distress is bankruptcy risk. If bankruptcy risk is systematic, one would expect a positive association between bankruptcy risk and subsequent realized returns. However, resullts demonstrate that bankruptcy risk is not rewarded by higher returns. Thus, a distress factor is unlikely to account for the size and book-to-market effects. Surprisingly, firms with high bankruptcy risk earn lower than average returns since 1980. A risk-based explanation cannot fully explain the anomalous evidence. SEVERAL STUDIES SUGGEST that the effects of firm size and book-to-market, probably the two most powerful predictors of stock returns, could be related to some sort of a firm distress risk factor. For example, Chan and Chen (1991) find that "marginal" firms, or inefficient firms with high leverage and cash flow problems, seem to drive the small firm effect. Fama and French (1992) conjecture that the book-to-market effect might be due to the risk of distress. Chan, Chen, and Hsieh (1985) show that much of the size effect is explained by a default factor, computed as the difference between high-grade and low-grade bond returns. Fama and French (1993) and Chen, Roll, and Ross (1986) find that a similarly defined default factor is significant in explaining stock returns. This study investigates the importance of the firm distress risk factor and its relation to size and book-to-market effects. Probability of bankruptcy is a natural proxy for firm distress, and there is a well-developed literature on bankruptcy prediction that provides powerful measures of ex ante bankruptcy risk (see Altman (1993) for a review). Evidence that bankruptcy risk is systematic would support a distress factor explanation for the size and the book-to-market effects. Existing evidence on the relation of bankruptcy risk to systematic risk is mostly circumstantial and often contradictory. Lang and Stulz (1992) and Denis and Denis (1995) demonstrate that bankruptcy risk is related to aggregate factors, which implies that bankruptcy risk could be positively related
On constrained spectral clustering and its applications

Constrained clustering has been well-studied for algorithms such as K-means and hierarchical clustering. However, how to satisfy many constraints in these algorithmic settings has been shown to be intractable. One alternative to encode many constraints is to use spectral clustering, which remains a developing area. In this paper, we propose a flexible framework for constrained spectral clustering. In contrast to some previous efforts that implicitly encode Must-Link (ML) and Cannot-Link (CL) constraints by modifying the graph Laplacian or constraining the underlying eigenspace, we present a more natural and principled formulation, which explicitly encodes the constraints as part of a constrained optimization problem. Our method offers several practical advantages: it can encode the degree of belief in ML and CL constraints; it guarantees to lower-bound how well the given constraints are satisfied using a user-specified threshold; it can be solved deterministically in polynomial time through generalized eigendecomposition. Furthermore, by inheriting the objective function from spectral clustering and encoding the constraints explicitly, much of the existing analysis of unconstrained spectral clustering techniques remains valid for our formulation. We validate the effectiveness of our approach by empirical results on both artificial and real datasets. We also demonstrate an innovative use of encoding large number of constraints: transfer learning via constraints.
Phase retrieval by iterated projections

Several strategies in phase retrieval are unified by an iterative "difference map" constructed from a pair of elementary projections and three real parameters. For the standard application in optics, where the two projections implement Fourier modulus and object support constraints, respectively, the difference map reproduces the "hybrid" form of Fienup's input-output map when a particular choice is made for two of the parameters. The geometric construction of the difference map illuminates the distinction between its fixed points and the recovered object, as well as the mechanism whereby the form of stagnation encountered by alternating projection schemes is avoided. When support constraints are replaced by object histogram or atomicity constraints, the difference map lends itself to crystallographic phase retrieval. Numerical experiments with synthetic data suggest that structures with hundreds of atoms can be solved.
Oxidation of Phenolic Compounds with Organohypervalent Iodine Reagents

The oxidation of phenols is a key biochemical process in oxidative phosphorylation, and it is also important in numerous biosynthetic pathways. Controlled oxidative transformations of substituted phenols are found in many synthetic organic sequences. Accordingly, a large number of oxidizing agents for phenols have been developed. Useful reagents include Fremy's salt (KSO3)2NO,and a wide variety of other redox metal-based oxidants such as Pb(IV), Mn(III), Tl(III), Cu(II), and Fe(III). Recently, organohypervalent iodine reagents have emerged as particularly useful agents for oxidizing phenols. In the area of natural product synthesis, organohypervalent iodine reagents have been used extensively to effect oxidative intramolecular bicyclization and spirocyclization. The focus of this chapter is on synthetic applications. The chapter also covers formation and applications of phenolic iodonium ylides. The processes that occur during the oxidation of phenols with organohypervalent iodine reagents can be divided into two categories. The first category involves ligand exchange of the phenolic proton with the hypervalent iodine reagent to generate the O-I(III) intermediate, which is subsequently transformed to various products, depending upon the reaction conditions. These transformations include oxidation of phenols to quinones and related compounds, formation of spirocyclic and oxygen heterocyclic compounds via oxidative intramolecular participation reactions, and intramolecular carbon-carbon bond formation via phenolic oxidative coupling. All of these reactions are driven by the reduction of iodine(III) [or iodine(V)] to iodine(I) (iodobenzene). A second class of reactions that is discussed in this chapter includes formation of stable iodonium salts and ylides, which are important intermediates in organic synthesis. These reactions occur via carbon-I(III) bond formation without loss of iodobenzene. Keywords: organic reaction; oxidation; phenolic; phenol; organohypervalent iodine reagent; oxidative phosphorylation; oxidizing agent; oxidant
Phoneme discrimination of an unrelated language: Evidence for a narrow transfer but not a broad-based bilingual advantage

This study examines monolingual and multilingual individuals' discrimination of stop consonants in a language to which they had never been exposed: Korean. If bilingualism leads to increased flexibility in phonological categorization, we may see a broad-based bilingual advantage for phoneme discrimination. Using a Korean phoneme discrimination task, we compared 56 adults in four groups: monolingual English, bilingual Spanish, bilingual Armenian, and trilingual. Findings indicate that Spanish-English bilingual individuals scored no better than English monolinguals, and lower than Armenian-English bilingual individuals. In this case, the advantage from early childhood non-English exposure or current bilingualism was found to be specific only to languages with similar phonemic categories. This supports a narrow first/second language to third language transfer view of phoneme discrimination skills.
Counting Schwarzschild and charged black holes

We review the arguments that fundamental string states are in one to one correspondence with black hole states. We demonstrate the power of the assumption by showing that it implies that the statistical entropy of a wide class of nonextreme black holes occurring in string theory is proportional to the horizon area. However, the numerical coefficient relating the area and entropy only agrees with the Bekenstein-Hawking formula if the central charge of the string is six which does not correspond to any known string theory. Unlike the current D-brane methods the method used in this paper is applicable for the case of Schwarzschild and highly non-extreme charged black holes.
Multiresolution techniques for interactive texture-based volume visualization

We present a multiresolution technique for interactive texture-based volume visualization. This method uses an adaptive scheme that renders the volume in a region-of- interest at a high resolution and the volume further away from this region at progressively lower resolutions. We use indexed texture maps, which allow for interactive modification of the opacity transfer function. Our algorithm is based on the segmentation of texture space into an octree, where the leaves of the tree define the original data and the internal nodes define lower-resolution approximations. Rendering is done adaptively by selecting high-resolution cells close to a center of attention and low-resolution cells away from this area. We limit the artifacts introduced by this method by modifying the transfer functions in the lower-resolution data sets and utilizing spherical shells as a proxy geometry. It is possible to use this technique for viewpoint-dependent renderings.
On the Canonical c-Function in 4-d Field Theories Possessing Supergravity Duals

Abstract We study monotonicity and other properties of the canonical c-function (defined through the correlator of the energy–momentum tensor) in some holographic duals of 4-d quantum field theories. The canonical c-function and its derivatives are related to the 5d Green's function of the dual supergravity theory. While positivity of the canonical c-function is obvious, we have not found a general proof of its monotonicity, even though c is monotonic in the few explicit examples we examine in this Letter.
INDUCTION OF CHARACTERS AND FINITE $p$-GROUPS

Let $G$ be a finite $p$-group, where $p$ is an odd prime number, $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and $\theta\in \Irr(H)$ be an irreducible character of $H$. Assume also that $|G:H|=p^2$. Then the character $\theta^G$ of $ G$ induced by $\theta$ is either a multiple of an irreducible character of $G$, or has at least $\frac{p+1}{2}$ distinct irreducible constituents.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2- and 7-Substituted 9-Deazaadenosine Analogues

A series of 2-halogen and 7-alkyl substituted analogues of 9-deazaadenosine and 2'-deoxy-9-deazaadenosine was synthesized by new efficient methodology involving transformation of corresponding 9-deazaguanosine and 2'-deoxyguanosine, which in turn were synthesized by direct C-glycosylation of 1-benzyl-9-deazaguanine with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose and methyl 2-deoxy-3,5-di-O-(p-toluoyl)-D-ribofuranoside, respectively. Deoxychlorination of C6 and diazotization/chloroor fluoro-dediazoniation of the sugar-protected 9-deazaguanosine, followed by selective ammonolysis at C6 and deprotection of the sugar moiety, gave 2-chloro- and 2-fluoro-9-deazaadenosine (6 and 9). Substitution of the 7-position of the dihalogen-intermediate with alkyl groups, followed by ammonolysis and deprotection, provided 2-chloro-7-alkyl-9-deazaadenosines (13a-e) and 2-fluoro-7-benzyl-9-deazaadenosine (13f). Catalytic hydrogenation of 13a-e gave 7-alkyl-9-deazaadenosines 14a-e. Similarly, 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-9-deazaadenosine (21), 2-chloro-2'-deoxy-7-methyl-9-deazaadenosine (25), 2'-deoxy-9-deazaadenosine (22), and 2'-deoxy-7-methyl-9-deazaadenosine (26) were prepared from sugar-protected 2'-deoxy-9-deazaguanosine. Among these compounds, 7-benzyl-9-deazaadenosine (14b) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity, with IC50 values of 0.07, 0.1, 0.2 and 1.5 microM, while both 7-methyl-9-deazaadenosine (14a) and 2-fluoro-9-deazaadenosine (9) also demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 0.4, 0.7, 0.3, and 1.5 microM, and 1.5, 0.9, 0.3, and 5 microM against L 1210 leukemia, P388 leukemia, CCRF-CEM lymphoblastic leukemia, and B16F10 melanoma cells, respectively.
Nucleophilic addition reactions of 2-nitro-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole. A new synthesis of 3-substituted-2-nitroindoles

Abstract 2-Nitro-1-(phenylsulfonyl)indole ( 1 ) undergoes nucleophilic addition reactions with the enolates of diethyl malonate and cyclohexanone, lithium dimethylcuprate, and indole anion to afford the corresponding 3-substituted-2-nitroindoles ( 4–6, 8, 9 ) in low to high yields. Reaction of 1-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-(trialkylstannyl)indoles 13 and 14 with tetranitromethane affords the novel isoxazolo[5,4- b ]indole 15 via a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction with in situ generated nitro formonitrile oxide ( 19 ).
CAN HIGHER EDUCATION BECOME MORE EFFICIENT

(1975). CAN HIGHER EDUCATION BECOME MORE EFFICIENT? The Review of Education: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 146-149.
Hard X-Ray Emission and the Ionizing Source in LINERs

We report X-ray fluxes in the 2-10 keV band from LINERs (low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions) and low-luminosity Seyfert galaxies obtained with the ASCA satellite. Observed X-ray luminosities are in the range between 4 x 10(exp 39) and 5 x 10(exp 41) ergs/s, which are significantly smaller than that of the "classical" low-luminosity Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4051. We found that X-ray luminosities in 2-10 keV of LINERs with broad H.alpha emission in their optical spectra (LINER 1s) are proportional to their Ha luminosities. This correlation strongly supports the hypothesis that the dominant ionizing source in LINER 1s is photoionization by hard photons from low-luminosity AGNs. On the other hand, the X-ray luminosities of most LINERs without broad H.alpha emission (LINER 2s) in our sample are lower than LINER 1s at a given H.alpha luminosity. The observed X-ray luminosities in these objects are insufficient to power their H.alpha luminosities, suggesting that their primary ionizing source is other than an AGN, or that an AGN, if present, is obscured even at energies above 2 keV.
A simple and highly effective water-compatible organocatalytic system for asymmetric direct Michael reactions of linear aldehydes to maleimides

Diarylprolinol silyl ether-based organocatalyst 2, in conjunction with ionic liquid supported (ILS) sulfonic acid 6a as co-catalyst, leads to a novel organocatalyst in aqueous media. The in situ generated catalyst demonstrated high reactivity and stereoselectivity for the Michael reactions of linear aldehydes to maleimides in brine without any organic solvents. For these reactions, up to 76% yield, 9 : 1 dr and 96% ee were obtained for a broad variety of aldehydes and maleimides.
Predicting critical transitions from time series synchrophasor data

The dynamical behavior of power systems under stress frequently deviates from the predictions of deterministic models. Model-free methods for detecting signs of excessive stress before instability occurs would therefore be valuable. The mathematical frameworks of “fast-slow systems” and “critical slowing down” can describe the statistical behavior of dynamical systems that are subjected to random perturbations as they approach points of instability. This paper builds from existing literature on fast-slow systems to provide evidence that time series data alone can be useful to estimate the temporal distance of a power system to a critical transition, such as voltage collapse. Our method is based on identifying evidence of critical slowing down in a single stream of synchronized phasor measurements. Results from a single machine, stochastic infinite bus model, a three machine/nine bus system and the Western North American disturbance of 10 August 1996 illustrate the utility of the proposed method.
A review of NASA high-altitude clear air turbulence sampling programs.

Occurrence frequency and intensity of clear air turbulence as function of altitude between 20,000 and 75,000 ft
A spectral equivalence for Jacobi matrices

We use the classical results of Baxter and Golinskii-Ibragimov to prove a new spectral equivalence for Jacobi matrices on l^2(N). In particular, we consider the class of Jacobi matrices with conditionally summable parameter sequences and find necessary and sufficient conditions on the spectral measure such that @?"k"="n^~b"k and @?"k"="n^~(a"k^2-1) lie in l"1^2@?l^1 or l"s^1 for s>=1.
Epipelagic L-packets and rectifying characters

We provide an explicit construction of the local Langlands correspondence for general tamely-ramified reductive p-adic groups and a class of wildly ramified Langlands parameters. Furthermore, we verify that our construction satisfies many expected properties of such a correspondence. More precisely, we show that each $$L$$ -packet we construct admits a parameterization in terms of the Langlands dual group, contains a unique generic element for a fixed Whittaker datum, satisfies the formal degree conjecture, is compatible with central and cocentral characters, provides a stable virtual character, and satisfies the expected endoscopic character identities. Moreover, we show that in the case of $$\mathrm{{GL}}_n$$ , our construction coincides with the established local Langlands correspondence. Our techniques provide a general approach to the construction of the local Langlands correspondence for tamely-ramified groups and regular supercuspidal parameters.
On hyperelliptic modular curves over function fields

We prove that there are only finitely many modular curves of \(\mathcal{D}\) -elliptic sheaves over \(\mathbb{F}_{q}(T)\) which are hyperelliptic. In odd characteristic we give a complete classification of such curves.
Instantons at strong coupling, averaging over vacua, and the gluino condensate

Abstract We consider instanton contributions to chiral correlators, such as 〈0| Tr λ 2 (x) Tr λ 2 (x′)|0〉 , in N =1 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory with either light adjoint or fundamental matter. Within the former model, extraction of the gluino condensate from a connected 1-instanton diagram, evaluated at strong coupling, can be contrasted with expectations from the Seiberg–Witten solution perturbed to an N =1 vacuum. We observe a numerical discrepancy, coinciding with that observed previously in N =1 SQCD. Moreover, since knowledge of the vacuum structure is complete for softly broken N =2 Yang–Mills, this model serves as a counter example to the hypothesis of Amati et al. that 1-instanton calculations at strong coupling can be interpreted as averaging over vacua. Within N =1 SQCD, we point out that the connected contribution to the relevant correlators actually vanishes in the weakly coupled Higgs phase, despite having a non-zero value through infra-red effects when calculated in the unbroken phase.
Isoconversion analysis of the glass transition

Abstract The activation energy of a kinetic process can be determined as a function of conversion using isoconversion methods. In the past, such isoconversion methods were used to examine the variation in apparent activation energy (Ex) through the glass transition using differential scanning calorimtery (DSC) heating data. In this work we apply a similar isoconversion analysis to data obtained by cooling polystyrene through the glass transition using both capillary dilatometry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and we compare the results to an analysis of DSC heating data for the same material. Although the values of Ex obtained from the isoconversion analyses of cooling data are found to be in good agreement with values of average activation energy (Eave), the values of Ex from analysis of heating data are considerably lower. Hence, we demonstrate that to obtain estimates of the activation energy, the isoconversion analysis should be performed on cooling rather than on heating. We also show that the conversion dependence of Ex can be directly related to the temperature dependence of the equilibrium relaxation time.
New Layered Rubidium Rare-Earth Selenides: Syntheses, Structures, Physical Properties, and Electronic Structures for RbLnSe2

The compounds RbLnSe2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Ho, Er, Lu) have been synthesized by means of the reactive flux method at 1173 K. These isostructural compounds, which have the α-NaFeO2 structure type, crystallize with three formula units in space group D3d5-R3m of the trigonal system in cells at T = 153 K of dimensions (a, c in A) La, 4.4313(4), 23.710(3); Ce, 4.3873(3), 23.656(3); Pr, 4.3524(11), 23.655(7); Nd, 4.3231(5), 23.670(4); Sm, 4.2799(4), 23.647(3); Gd, 4.2473(7), 23.689(5); Tb, 4.2197(4), 23.631(3); Ho, 4.1869(6), 23.652(5); Er, 4.1541(8), 23.576(7); Lu, 4.1294(6), 23.614(5). The structure consists of close-packed Se layers in a pseudocubic structure distorted along [111]. The Rb and Ln atoms occupy distorted octahedral sites in alternating layers. The Rb-centered octahedra share edges with the Ln-centered octahedra between layers. Within a given layer, both the Rb-centered and Ln-centered octahedra share edges with themselves. RbTbSe2 and RbErSe2 exhibit Curie−Weiss paramagnetism betw...
A lawyer's view of the statistical expert

Statisticians have expertise that can be very valuable in a wide variety of litigation. But the practices and culture of litigation are much different from science and, indeed, much different from most normal life. When statisticians enter this culture, they may be surprised and confused; at first, they are almost certain to be uncomfortable. In this article, I will provide a brief orientation to this complex and interesting, but quite foreign culture. My comments will focus on civil litigation in the United States.
A new strategy in oligosaccharide synthesis using lipophilic protecting groups: synthesis of a tetracosasaccharide

Abstract The use of lipophilic, acyl-type protecting groups in the synthesis of higher-membered oligosaccharides is described by the example of oligosaccharides corresponding to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) of Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Thus, O -stearoylated and O -lauroylated l -rhamnose and d -galactose precursors, respectively, were synthesized and were combined together with a 2-azido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranosyl donor to form a fully protected lipidated repeating unit of the O-SP. This module was condensed with another tetrasaccharide containing conventional blocking groups. The resulting lipidated octasaccharide was isolated in a pure form by adsorption to a reverse phase adsorbent from which it could be selectively desorbed by alcoholic solvents. Subsequent chain elongation using the conventionally protected tetrasaccharide module as glycosyl donor afforded oligosaccharides up to and including a tetracosasaccharide. The proposed approach can substantially alleviate the difficulties associated with the conventional silica gel chromatographic purification of protected oligosaccharide intermediates and utilizes environmentally friendly solvents that are less expensive than the solvents used for silica gel chromatography. A new, highly efficient method is also proposed for the synthesis of carbohydrate acetals and cyclic orthoesters employing scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate as the catalyst.
Alogia, attentional impairment, and inappropriate affect: Their status in the dimensions of schizophrenia

Previous factor analyses have shown that at least three factors are needed to encompass the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite marked similarities across studies, it remains unclear whether certain symptoms such as alogia, attentional impairment, and inappropriate affect are more closely related to negative or positive symptoms. An exploratory analysis was undertaken of the separate items on the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) that constitute the global rating of alogia, as well as the global ratings of attentional impairment and inappropriate affect in 90 schizophrenic patients. Findings indicate that inappropriate affect loads significantly with bizarre behavior and positive formal thought disorder on a disorganization factor, whereas attentional impairment loads significantly on psychotic, disorganization, and negative symptom factors. The global rating of alogia appears to comprise both positive and negative symptoms, with the item poverty of content of speech loading on the disorganization factor, and other items such as poverty of speech, blocking, and increased latency loading on the negative symptom factor. It is concluded that three dimensions are needed to characterize the symptoms of schizophrenia as measured by the SAPS/SANS. The use of three dimensions may be a robust way to further explore the relationship between signs and symptoms and their underlying mechanisms in schizophrenia.
Quasilocalized charge approximation in strongly coupled plasma physics

The quasilocalized charge approximation (QLCA) was proposed in 1990 [G. Kalman and K. I. Golden, Phys. Rev. A 41, 5516 (1990)] as a formalism for the analysis of the dielectric response tensor and collective mode dispersion in strongly coupled Coulomb liquids. The approach is based on a microscopic model in which the charges are quasilocalized on a short-time scale in local potential fluctuations. The authors review the application of the QLC approach to a variety of systems which can exhibit strongly coupled plasma behavior: (i) the one-component plasma (OCP) model in three dimensions (e.g., laser-cooled trapped ions) and (ii) in two dimensions (e.g., classical 2D electron liquid trapped above the free surface of liquid helium), (iii) binary ionic mixture in a neutralizing uniform background (e.g., carbon–oxygen white dwarf interiors), (iv) charged particle bilayers (e.g., semiconductor electronic bilayers), and (v) charged particles in polarizable background (e.g., laboratory dusty plasmas).
EUV magnetic-dipole lines from highly-charged high-Z ions with an open 3d shell

The electron beam ion trap (EBIT) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used to produce highly-charged ions of hafnium, tantalum and gold with an open 3d shell. The extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) spectra from these ions were recorded with a flat-field grazing-incidence spectrometer in the wavelength range of 4.5 nm to 25 nm. A total of 133 new spectral lines, primarily due to magnetic-dipole transitions within the ground-state 3d n configurations of the Co-like to K-like ions, were identified by comparing energy-dependent experimental spectra with a detailed collisional-radiative modeling of the EBIT plasma.
Cost structures in multinational and domestic banking

Abstract Prior research on international banking has proposed many reasons for the multinationalization of U.S. banks but provided little empirical support for its propositions. Using a pooled-time series data set from 1987 to 1990, this study analyzes the ray and expansion path scale economies and expansion path subadditivity of U.S. based multinational banks (MNBs), both at the firm and the plant levels. It also measures and analyzes inefficiencies for these banks. Inefficiencies are measured relative to a ‘thick frontier’ cost function. A similar analysis is conducted for domestic banks (DBs) for comparison purposes. No support is found for the prior belief that similar cost structures exist for MNBs and DBs. In general, we find that MNBs are able to fully exploit economies of scale, and face lesser diseconomies from joint production and lower inefficiencies than DBs.
Observation of the Modification of "Optical" Collision Dynamics in Intense Laser Fields

The qualitative form of the predictions of Light and Szoeke for an optical collision involving the lambda460.7-nm transition in strontium perturbed by argon has been verified. In the presence of a linearly polarized laser the m/sub J/ = 0 to m/sub J/ = 0 is ''switched off'' at large field intensities (> or approx. =50 MW/cm/sup 2/) whereas the m/sub J/ = 0 to m/sub J/ = +- 1 transition is not observed to saturate. The consequences for the study of laser-induced phenomena is discussed.
EMISSION OPTICS OF THE STEIGERWALD-TYPE ELECTRON GUN

The emission properties of a Steigerwald-type electron gun are reexamined. Several optical parameters were experimentally determined, and they indicate that the original telefocus mechanism proposed by Steigerwald in 1949 needs to be revised. “Remote focusing” is found to be nonexistent in most of the telefocus electron guns deployed in high-energy electron scattering experiments. Instead, almost parallel beams with variable beam diameters were found. The physical mechanism responsible for producing a very narrow, monochromatic, and highly collimated beam without limiting apertures is explained in this article with supporting evidences from measurements. We think the new emission model proposed here can help new types of electron or ion gun designs and applications using electron gun in electron optical systems.
A universal electromagnetic energy conversion adapter based on a metamaterial absorber

On the heels of metamaterial absorbers (MAs) which produce near perfect electromagnetic (EM) absorption and emission, we propose a universal electromagnetic energy conversion adapter (UEECA) based on MA. By choosing the appropriate energy converting sensors, the UEECA is able to achieve near 100% signal transfer ratio between EM energy and various forms of energy such as thermal, DC electric, or higher harmonic EM energy. The inherited subwavelength dimension and the EM field intensity enhancement can further empower UEECA in many critical applications such as energy harvesting, photoconductive antennas, and nonlinear optics. The principle of UEECA is understood with a transmission line model, which further provides a design strategy that can incorporate a variety of energy conversion devices. The concept is experimentally validated at a microwave frequency with a signal transfer ratio of 96% by choosing an RF diode as the energy converting sensor.
Studies of Metal Oxide Clusters: Elucidating Reactive Sites Responsible for the Activity of Transition Metal Oxide Catalysts

Transition metal oxides are widely used as both catalysts and catalytic supports in industrial processes. However, the mechanisms by which these materials function as catalysts and the structure−reactivity relationships are not well understood. In particular, there is a paucity of information on the specific sites responsible for the catalytic activity of bulk surfaces. A valuable approach to identifying the active sites of transition metal oxides is to study the chemistry of gas phase metal oxide clusters. A comprehensive program is underway in our laboratory in which reactivity studies of transition metal oxide clusters are carried out using a tandem mass spectrometer system coupled to a laser vaporization source. The desired transition metal oxide cluster cations are mass-selected and then injected into a reaction cell, whereby reactions with various organic molecules are investigated. The advantage of this technique is that the reactivity of specific clusters can be probed independently of other clust...
The Lens of Chemistry

Chemistry possesses a distinctive theoretical lens—a distinctive set of theoretical concerns regarding the dynamics and transformations of a perplexing variety of organic and nonorganic substances—to which it must be faithful. Even if it is true that chemical facts bear a special (reductive) relationship to physical facts, nonetheless it will always still be true that the theoretical lenses of the two disciplines are distinct. This has consequences for how chemists pursue their research, as well as how chemistry should be taught.
On measuring the welfare cost of business cycles

Lucas (1987) argues that the gain from eliminating aggregate fluctuations is trivial . Following Lucas, a number of researchers have altered assumptions on preferences and found that the gain from eliminating business cycles are potentially very large. However, in these exercises little discipline is placed on preference parameters. This paper estimates the welfare cost of business cycles, allowing for potential time-non-separabilities in preferences, where discipline is placed on the choice of preference parameters by requiring that the preferences be consistent with observed fluctuations in a model of business cycles. That is, a theoretical real business cycle world is constructed and the representative agent is then placed in this world. The agent responds optimally to exogenous shocks, given the frictions in the economy. The agent's preference parameters, along with other structural parameters, are estimated using a Bayesian procedure involving Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods. Two main results emerge from the paper. First, the form for the time-non-separability estimated in this paper is very different than the forms suggested and used elsewhere in the literature. Second, the welfare cost of business cycles is close to Lucas's estimate.
Particle Horizon and Warped Phenomenology

Abstract Giant resonances of gravity Kaluza–Klein modes (with tensor couplings) in high energy collisions are expected in the Randall–Sundrum orbifold model that incorporates a plausible solution to the hierarchy problem. When the model is extended to incorporate an exponentially small 4-D cosmological constant, the KK spectrum becomes continuous, even in the compactified case. This is due to the presence of a particle horizon, which provides a way to evade Weinberg's argument of the need of fine-tuning to get a very small cosmological constant.
Cholecystectomy, gallstones, tonsillectomy, and pancreatic cancer risk: a population-based case-control study in minnesota

Associations between medical conditions and pancreatic cancer risk are controversial and are thus evaluated in a study conducted during 1994–1998 in Minnesota. Cases (n=215) were ascertained from hospitals in the metropolitan area of the Twin Cities and the Mayo Clinic. Controls (n=676) were randomly selected from the general population and frequency matched to cases by age and sex. The history of medical conditions was gathered with a questionnaire during in-person interviews. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. After adjustment for confounders, subjects who had cholecystectomy or gallstones experienced a significantly higher risk of pancreatic cancer than those who did not (OR (95% CI): 2.11 (1.32–3.35) for cholecystectomy and 1.97 (1.23–3.12) for gallstones), whereas opposite results were observed for tonsillectomy (0.67 (0.48–0.94)). Increased risk associated with cholecystectomy was the greatest when it occurred ⩽2 years before the cancer diagnosis (5.93 (2.36–15.7)) but remained statistically significant when that interval was ⩾20 years (2.27 (1.16–4.32)). Cholecystectomy, gallstones, and tonsillectomy were associated with an altered risk of pancreatic cancer. Our study suggests that cholecystectomy increased risk but reverse causality may partially account for high risk associated with recent cholecystectomy.
Fixed interval smoothing with discrete measurements.

Abstract A recursive form of the Bryson-Frazier (1963) smoothing equations for a linear continuous dynamic system with linear discrete measurements is presented. The now algorithm exhibits a duality with the Kalman filtering equations. As a result of this duality it is possible to convert existing Kalman filtering programmes into smoothing programmes by redefining variables. Storage and computational requirements for the new algorithm are less than that for the Rauch-Tung-Streibel (1965) continuous smoother or the Fraser (1067) two-filter continuous smoother
Generalization and exact deformations of quantum groups

A large family of "standard" coboundary Hopf algebras is investigated. The existence of a universal R-matrix is demonstrated for the case when the parameters are in general position. Algebraic surfaces in parameter space are characterized by the appearance of certain ideals; in this case the universal R-matrix exists on the associated algebraic quotient. In special cases the quotient is a "standard" quantum group; all familiar quantum groups including twisted ones are obtained in this way. In other special cases one finds new types of coboundary bi-algebras. The "standard" universal R-matrix is shown to be the unique solution of a very simple, linear recursion relation. The classical limit is obtained in the case of quantized Kac-Moody algebras of finite and affine type. Returning to the general case, we study deformations of the standard R-matrix and the associated Hopf algebras. A preliminary investigation of the first order deformations uncovers a class of deformations that incompasses the quantization of all Kac-Moody algebras of finite and affine type. The corresponding exact deformations are described as generalized twists, $ R_\epsilon = (F^t)^{-1}RF$, where $R$ is the standard R-matrix and the cocycle $F$ (a power series in the deformation parameter $\epsilon$) is the solution of a linear recursion relation of the same type as that which determines $R$. Included here is the universal R-matrix for the elliptic quantum groups associated with $sl(n)$, a big surprise! Specializing again, to the case of quantized Kac-Moody algebras, and taking the classical limit of these esoteric quantum groups, one re-discovers all the trigonometric and elliptic r-matrices of Belavin and Drinfeld. The formulas obtained here are easier to use than the original ones, and the structure of the space of classical r-matrices is more transparent. The r-matrices obtained here are more general in that they are defined on the full Kac-Moody algebras, the central extensions of the loop groups.
A new method to integrate (2+1)-wave equations with Dirac's delta functions as sources

Unlike in the Schwarzschild black hole background, gravitational perturbations in a Kerr black hole background cannot be decomposed into simple tensor harmonics in the time domain. Here, we make mode decompositions only in the azimuthal direction. As a first step, we discuss the resulting (2+1)-dimensional Klein–Gordon differential equation for scalar perturbations with a two-dimensional Dirac's δ-function as a source representing a point particle orbiting a much larger black hole. To make this equation amenable for numerical integrations we explicitly remove analytically the singular behavior of the source and compute a global, well-behaved, effective source for the corresponding waveform.
Effects of surface roughness and oxide layer on the thermal boundary conductance at aluminum/silicon interfaces

In nanosystems, the primary scattering mechanisms occur at the interfaces between the material layers. As such, the structure and composition around these interfaces can affect scattering rates and, therefore, thermal resistances. In this work, we measure the room-temperature thermal boundary conductance of aluminum films grown on silicon substrates subjected to various pre-Al-deposition surface treatments with a pump-probe thermoreflectance technique. The Si surfaces are characterized with atomic force microscopy to determine mean surface roughness. The measured thermal boundary conductances decrease as Si surface roughness increases. In addition, stripping of the native oxide layer from the surface of the Si substrate immediately prior to Al film deposition causes the thermal boundary conductance to increase. The measured data are compared to an extension of the diffuse mismatch model that accounts for interfacial mixing and structure around the interface in order to better elucidate the thermal scattering processes affecting thermal boundary conductance at rough interfaces.
Efficient stereoselective synthesis of the epoxyacid fragment of the azinomycins

Abstract Three concise enantioselective synthetic routes to the C17C21 epoxyacid segment of the azinomycins are presented and were based on a Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation/kinetic resolution of racemic allylic alcohol (±)-3 that occurred with reversal of the expected sense of enantioselection.
Formation and crystallization of amorphous silicides at the interface between thin metal and amorphous silicon films

We investigated the interaction of extremely thin (less than 10 nm) crystalline gold and rhodium films with amorphous silicon by transmission electron microscope in situ annealing. In thin Au/Si bilayers an amorphous phase with a diffraction peak at d ≈ 0.226 nm is formed by thermal annealing between 150 and 200 °C. Depending on the thickness and composition, silicon sputtered onto thin gold films leads to the formation of a layer of amorphous silicon and a partially amorphous AuSi layer during deposition. The silicon layer crystallizes by itself at temperatures as low as 150 °C, and at 300 °C the amorphous AuSi layer crystallizes into a metastable gold silicide (for silicon-rich compositions). In Rh/Si bilayers an amorphous RhSi phase is formed by annealing to 300 °C and can be detected by electron diffraction for a rhodium thickness of less than 5 nm and compositions with more than 50% Si if completely reacted. Above 300 °C the amorphous RhSi crystallizes preferentially in the cubic form of RhSi for intermediate silicon compositions and in the orthorhombic form of RhSi for high silicon compositions. Excess amorphous silicon is not found to have a lowered crystallization temperature when in contact with the amorphous RhSi alloy, and crystalline silicon is only observed above 730 °C together with the cubic and/or orthorhombic RhSi. In Rh/Si bilayers with a thicker rhodium layer, no formation of an amorphous phase was observed on annealing; instead crystalline Rh2Si forms during annealing above 300 °C.
Characterization of Gravitational Microlensing Planetary Host Stars

The gravitational microlensing light curves that reveal the presence of extrasolar planets generally yield the planet-star mass ratio and separation in units of the Einstein ring radius. The microlensing method does not require the detection of light from the planetary host star. This allows the detection of planets orbiting very faint stars, but it also makes it difficult to convert the planet-star mass ratio to a value for the planet mass. We show that in many cases, the lens stars are readily detectable with high-resolution space-based follow-up observations in a single passband. When the lens star is detected, the lens-source relative proper motion can also be measured, and this allows the masses of the planet and its host star to be determined and the star-planet separation to be converted to physical units. Observations in multiple passbands provide redundant information, which can be used to confirm this interpretation. For the recently detected super-Earth planet, OGLE-2005-BLG-169Lb, we show that the lens star will definitely be detectable with observations by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) unless it is a stellar remnant. Finally, we show that most planets detected by a space-based microlensing survey are likely to orbit host stars that will be detected and characterized by the same survey.
Theory of pulsar winds

Abstract I discuss recent work on the nature of relativistic winds from rotation powered pulsars, focussing on how that energy drives the dynamics of the region where the outflow gets converted to observable synchrotron emission, and on the recent rediscovery that force free winds behave as linear accelerators, with terminal particle energy comparable to the electric potential energy per particle across the open field lines of the outflow.
Non-Algebraic Quadrature Domains

It is well known that, in the plane, the boundary of any quadrature domain (in the classical sense) coincides with the zero set of a polynomial. We show, by explicitly constructing some four-dimensional examples, that this is not always the case. This confirms, in dimension 4, a conjecture of the second author. Our method is based on the Schwarz potential and involves elliptic integrals of the third kind.
Three-component domino reactions for selective formation of indeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives.

Efficient three-component domino strategies for the synthesis of multifunctionalized tetracyclic indeno[1,2-b]indole derivatives with different substituted patterns have been established successfully. The first pathway involves a novel sequential methyl migration, aromatization, and esterification, while a second reaction in HOAc leads to compounds 6 with high syn diastereoselectivity. Both reactions showed attractive features including mild conditions, convenient one-pot operation, short reaction times of 15–32 min, and excellent regio- and/or stereoselectivity.