cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned from the Upper Midwest Organic Marketing Project

The strategic implications of a major, unique effort in the U.S. to expand organic food and agriculture are examined in this article. The authors recently completed an evaluation of the Upper Midwest Organic Marketing Project (UMOMP), funded initially by The Pew Charitable Trusts, and under the guidance of the Midwest Organic Alliance (MOA). The UMOMP was designed to increase the land area under organic production in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin. On the supply side, the focus was on organic grain, edible bean, and dairy commodities. On the demand side, an increase in organic food consumption was the focus in the Minneapolis—St. Paul metropolitan area. The UMOMP not only encouraged growth in demand, but also aided in the creation of necessary regional organic production, processing, distribution, and retail infrastructure. The UMOMP was generally successful, notably in the increased involvement of mainstream grocery stores in providing and promoting organic food products. Part of this success was due to the MOA's help in forging broker and distributor connections between mainstream stores and regional and national organic suppliers. A broad-based public awareness campaign about organic food and agriculture was another important element in the UMOMP strategy. The organic production and marketing educational effort should help to enable future expansion of organic hectarage. However, serious national or regional strategies to encourage organic farming probably will need other elements as well. Such strategies will involve some fundamental issues about the future structure and nature of organic farming and food systems, e.g., whether organic agriculture can remain centered on small- and moderate-sized family farms that operate in a somewhat independent and entrepreneurial fashion. Whether organic agriculture can be a vehicle for encouraging food systems that are more regional in geographic scope is a related issue. Preserving an organic farming and food system that differs substantially from the presently evolving “industrial” system may necessitate a slower and more deliberate approach than was used in the UMOMP. However, that could involve some sacrifice in the rate of growth in organic supply and demand.
Single stage Anterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty (ASARP) for Anorectal Malformations with Vestibular Fistula and Perineal Ectopic Anus in Females: A New Approach

Introduction: Despite a better understanding of the embryology, anatomy of anorectal malformations and of the physiology of continence, the management of children born with imperforate anus continues to be a surgical challenge and is still fraught with numerous complications and often leads to less than perfect qualitative results. Pediatric patients with recto-vestibular fistula have good prognoses in terms of bowel function when properly treated. Aim & Objective: The study was designed to assess the surgical morbidity of single stage Anterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty (ASARP). Methodology: This prospective study was carried for a period of 26 months. It included a total of 48 female patients (aged 0 - 14 years) with diagnosis of Anorectal Malformations (ARM) with vestibular fistula or perineal ectopic anus. In ASARP, Patient in lithotomy position, the anterior portion of sphincter muscles were cut through a midline perineal skin incision, rectum was separated from the vagina & then rectum was pulled through the center of these muscles. The perineal body was reconstructed and the normal appearance of perineum was achieved. Results: Short-term surgical outcome was satisfactory in all cases. No one needed colostomy. Conclusion: Single-stage ASARP is a good approach in experience hands for ARM with vestibular fistula and perineal ectopic anus in females and thereby complications and time involved in staged procedures including colostomy can be avoided. Key words: Anterior sagittal anorectoplasty, anorectal malformations, perineal ectopic anus, vestibular fistula. DOI: 10.3126/jnps.v30i1.2458 Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society Vol.30(1) 2010 37-43
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACTH PRODUCED BY A PRIMARY PITUITARY TUMOUR IN A PATIENT WITH CUSHING'S DISEASE

Summary The nature of ACTH present in pitutary tumours associated with Cushing's disease has not been previously characterized nor correlated with the electron microscopic appearance. The present report describes the culture of tumour tissue obtained from a patient with a pituitary tumour associated with Cushing's disease, and the characterization of the ACTH content of tumour and media by bioassay, immunoassay, and Sephadex G-50 gel filtration. Electron microscopic studies were also performed. The pathological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma with basophilic PAS-positive granules. Electron microscopy showed uniformity of size and shape of the tumour cells, the presence of secretory granules of varying size and density, and disorganized tubular and vacuolar arrays of endoplasmic reticulum. The bioreactive ACTH content of the tumour was 0.29 μ/g, Which is markedly below that seen in the normal pituitary, but within the range reported for ecotopic ACTH-producing tumours. Immunoreactive ACTH when measured by a C-terminal antibody was five-fold higher than when measured by an N-terminal antibody; the latter gave a value of 1.24 μ/g. On Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, 9% of the N-terminal immunoreactivity was present in the V0 fraction (‘big’ ACTH). This latter fraction had a greater percentage of bioreactivity (28%) than previously reported for this molecular species. Analysis of the tumour culture medium revealed a variation in molecular size similar to that seen in the tumour, although the percentage of ACTH of large molecular size was greater, suggesting increased secretion of a possible ‘prohormone’ by the tumour. Plasma ACTH was characterized by a 2:1 ratio of immunoreactivity (N-terminal) to bioreactivity, and a 4:1 ratio of C-terminal/N-terminal immunoreactivity. This report also appears to be the first of successful short-term tissue culture of a primary ACTH-producing tumour. The granule size was considerably larger than that reported for normal pituitary ACTH-containing cells.
Stratocumulus Cloud-Top Height Estimates and Their Climatic Implications

A depth-dependent boundary layer lapse rate was empirically deduced from 156 radiosondes released duringsixmonth-longresearchcruisestothe southeastPacificsamplingavarietyofstratocumulusconditions. Thelapse-ratedependenceonboundarylayerheightisweak,decreasingfromabestfitof7.6to7.2K km 21 as theboundarylayerdeepensfrom800mto2km.Ship-basedcloud-baseheightsupto800mcorrespondwellto liftingcondensationlevels,indicatingwell-mixedconditions, withcloud bases .800moften 200‐600m higher than the lifting condensation levels. The lapse rates were combined with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer 11-mm-derived cloud-top temperatures and satellite microwave-derived sea surface temperatures to estimate stratocumulus cloud-top heights. The October-mean cloud-top height structure of the southeast Pacific was then spatially and diurnally characterized. Coastal shoaling is apparent, but so is a significant along-coast cloud-top height gradient, with a pronounced elevation of the cloud-top heights above theAricaBightat ;208S.Diurnalcloud-topheightvariations(inferredfromirregular4-times-dailysampling) can locally reach 250 m in amplitude, and they can help to visualize offshore propagation of free-tropospheric vertical motions. A shallow boundary layer associated with the Chilean coastal jet expands to its north and west in the afternoon. Cloud-top heights above the Arica Bight region are depressed in the afternoon, which may mean that increased subsidence from sensible heating of the Andes dominates an afternoon increase in convergence/upward motion at the exit of the Chilean coastal jet. In the southeast Atlantic during October, thestratocumuluscloud-topheightsaretypicallylowerthanthoseinthesoutheastPacific.Acoastaljetregion can also be identified through its low cloud-top heights. Coastal shoaling of the South Atlantic stratocumulus region is mostly uniform with latitude, in keeping with the more linear Namibian/Angolan coastline. The southeast Atlantic shallow cloudy boundary layer extends farther offshore than in the southeast Pacific, particularly at 158S.
Expansion of criteria for transplanting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

The early experiences in transplanting patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often resulted in poor outcomes because of the inclusion of patients with advanced tumors. In 1996, Mazzaferro et al. demonstrated by a prospective study that excellent outcomes could be achieved for patients with HCC undergoing transplantation if restrictive criteria, based on pre-operative imaging, were applied. The results of this study have been validated by many centers and are the basis of the current organ allocation policies affording priority to patients with HCC on the liver transplantation waiting list in the United States. There has recently been a significant amount of debate in this area, with many arguing that the Milan criteria are too restrictive and that the criteria can be expanded without the incidence of recurrence increasing or patient survival decreasing. Several centers have put forth new criteria with publications claiming no significant change in outcomes when the new criteria are applied. In order to critically analyze such studies, one must review them with several key issues in mind:
Comparative study of DFIG power control using stator-voltage and stator-flux oriented frames

This paper compares real and reactive power control for a DFIG (doubly-fed induction generator) based wind turbine system using stator-voltage and stator-flux oriented frames. The paper presents DFIG steady-state and transient models in d-q reference frame. The steady-state model is used to obtain the general relationship between the rotor d/q current and stator real/reactive power references using stator-flux and stator-voltage oriented frames. The transient model, together with the analysis based on DFIG steady-state d-q equivalent circuit, is used to develop DFIG power control mechanisms. In the evaluation of DFIG controllers, the wind turbine driving torque is modeled by considering typical wind turbine aerodynamic characteristics under variable wind and pitch angle conditions. Comparisons are made to evaluate the theoretical difference of the DFIG controllers using stator-voltage and stator-flux oriented frames. Simulation results for a 2 MW DFIG system demonstrate the performance of the controllers for variable wind speed and active and reactive power references.
Resist evauation at 50 nm in the EUV using interferometric spatial-frequency-doubled imaging

By using a spatial frequency doubling method, our 10x Schwarzschild optic can print high-contrast features at 50 nm with low line-edge roughness (LER). In this paper, we also present new techniques for evaluating photoresist at EUV wavelengths using our system. One method is used to determine the ultimate resolution of a resist through linewidth vs. dose measurements. Another is to investigate line-edge roughness properties by varying the aerial image contrast of a pattern. A novel filtering method is proposed that would allow multiple contrasts to be printed in a single exposure. This is achieved by varying the duty cycle and line/space transmission levels of the object grating. Since this is a single exposure technique it would allow for mroe controlled contrast tests when evaluating resists.
The contributions of cerebro-cerebellar circuitry to executive verbal working memory

Abstract Contributions of cerebro-cerebellar function to executive verbal working memory were examined using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while 16 subjects completed two versions of the Sternberg task. In both versions subjects were presented with two or six target letters during the encoding phase, which were held in memory during the maintenance phase. A single probe letter was presented during the retrieval phase. In the “match condition”, subjects decided whether the probe matched the target letters. In the “executive condition”, subjects created a new probe by counting two alphabetical letters forward (e.g., f → h) and decided whether the new probe matched the target letters. Neural activity during the match and executive conditions was compared during each phase of the task. There were four main findings. First, cerebro-cerebellar activity increased as a function of executive load. Second, the dorsal cerebellar dentate co-activated with the supplementary motor area (SMA) during encoding. This likely represented the formation of an articulatory (motor) trajectory. Third, the ventral cerebellar dentate co-activated with anterior prefrontal regions Brodmann Area (BA) 9/46 and the pre-SMA during retrieval. This likely represented the manipulation of information and formation of a response. A functional dissociation between the dorsal “motor” dentate and “cognitive” ventral dentate agrees with neuroanatomical tract tracing studies that have demonstrated separate neural pathways involving each region of the dentate: the dorsal dentate projects to frontal motor areas (including the SMA), and the ventral dentate projects to frontal cognitive areas (including BA 9/46 and the pre-SMA). Finally, activity during the maintenance phase in BA 9, anterior insula, pre-SMA and ventral dentate predicted subsequent accuracy of response to the probe during the retrieval phase. This finding underscored the significant contribution of the pre-SMA/ventral dentate pathway – observed several seconds prior to any motor response to the probe – to executive verbal working memory.
Nature and Significance of Austin-Taylor Unconformity on Western Margin of East Texas Basin: ABSTRACT

The Taylor Marl unconformably overlies the Austin Chalk on the western margin of the East Texas basin. Along this contact, up to 275 ft (84 m) of upper Austin is missing in the Waco area and up to 450 ft (137 m) in Bell County. However, the Austin Chalk appears to have been more-or-less uniformly deposited throughout the study area. Apparently regional uplift caused a regression that terminated Austin deposition and was related to the erosion of the upper Chalk. While the unconformity is areally extensive, slightly angular, and accounts for a relatively long period of time, the mechanism of erosion that caused the unconformity is still uncertain. Erosion was terminated by the deposition of the lower Taylor Marl. Taylor "A", the lowermost subdivision of the lower Taylor, w s deposited in a near-shore environment that was highly variable. Of particular interest is the relationship of this unconformity to structure and probably to oil occurrence in the Austin Chalk in McLennan and Falls Counties. Major Austin fracturing, which apparently does not extend into the Taylor in Falls County, clearly indicates that structure in the Chalk, at least in part, antedates Taylor deposition. Oil occurrence in the Chalk is clearly related to fracturing and probably is localized by post-Austin-pre-Taylor fracture systems. End_of_Article - Last_Page 532------------
Learning significant locations and predicting user movement with GPS

Wearable computers have the potential to act as intelligent agents in everyday life and assist the user in a variety of tasks, using context to determine how to act. Location is the most common form of context used by these agents to determine the user's task. However, another potential use of location context is the creation of a predictive model of the user's future movements. We present a system that automatically clusters GPS data taken over an extended period of time into meaningful locations at multiple scales. These locations are then incorporated into a Markov model that can be consulted for use with a variety of applications in both single-user and collaborative scenarios.
Angiomyxoma in Accessory Hepatic Lobe.

1 A 9-week-old female was referred with a 7-week his- tory of increasing abdominal distension and non- bilious vomiting. Antenatal and postnatal history was unremarkable. Physical examination revealed a large palpable mass filling most of abdomen, with no jaundice. Results of laboratory and tumour markers (serum β-HCG and α-fetoprotein) were within normal range. Abdominal ultrasound and CT-scan confirmed a homogenous cystic mass that filled most of the abdomen displacing solid viscera and bowel superi- orly and posteriorly (Fig. 1, 2).
Whole-Body and Local Muscle Vibration Immediately Improve Quadriceps Function in Individuals With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Abstract Objective To determine the immediate effects of a single session of whole-body vibration (WBV) and local muscle vibration (LMV) on quadriceps function in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Design Singe-blind, randomized crossover trial. Setting Research laboratory. Participants Population-based sample of individuals with ACLR (N=20; mean age ± SD, 21.1±1.2y; mean mass ± SD, 68.3±14.9kg; mean time ± SD since ACLR, 50.7±21.3mo; 14 women; 16 patellar tendon autografts, 3 hamstring autografts, 1 allograft). Interventions Participants performed isometric squats while being exposed to WBV, LMV, or no vibration (control). Interventions were delivered in a randomized order during separate visits separated by 1 week. Main Outcome Measures Quadriceps active motor threshold (AMT), motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, Hoffmann reflex (H-reflex) amplitude, peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), electromyographic amplitude, and central activation ratio (CAR) were assessed before and immediately after a WBV, LMV, or control intervention. Results There was an increase in CAR (+4.9%, P =.001) and electromyographic amplitude (+16.2%, P =.002), and a reduction in AMT (–3.1%, P P =.001) and a reduction in AMT (–2.9%, P P P =.005), PT (+.31Nm/kg, P =.004), and electromyographic amplitude ( P =.002) in the WBV condition differed from the control condition postapplication. AMT (–3.0% P =.002), CAR (+3.6%, P =.005), and PT (+.30Nm/kg, P =.002) in the LMV condition differed from the control condition postapplication. No differences were observed between WBV and LMV postapplication in any measurement. Conclusions WBV and LMV acutely improved quadriceps function and could be useful modalities for restoring quadriceps strength in individuals with knee pathologies.
Regulation of hsp90 Chaperone Activity by Acetylation

CN06-03 Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperones a key subset of cellular signaling proteins and is necessary for malignant transformation. However, many aspects of Hsp90 regulation remain unresolved. Hsp90 is subject to an array of post-translational modifications which affect its function, including acetylation. In the last few years, several investigators have reported that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and knock-down of HDAC6 induce Hsp90 acetylation and inhibit its activity. While pharmacologic inhibition and RNA knockdown of HDACs have been very useful in identifying reversible acetylation as a potential regulator of Hsp90 activity, it is unclear how this process functions at the molecular level. Use of HDACi and/or HDAC knockdown techniques allow study of only the hyperacetylated (but not hypoacetylated) chaperone, and the importance of the acetylation state of individual residues of Hsp90 in the context of hyperacetylation of the proteome cannot be queried. Furthermore, contributory effects due to histone hyperacetylation cannot be discounted. Direct determination of the functional consequences of Hsp90 acetylation has awaited mapping of specific sites. These sites are now being identified. K294 (Hsp90alpha) was the first amino acid in Hsp90 to be formally identified as an acetylation site and this residue is highly conserved in eukaryotic Hsp90. Conservative mutational analysis of K294 revealed its acetylation status to be a strong determinant of client protein and co-chaperone binding to Hsp90 in mammalian cells. Interestingly, although acetylation status of K294 affects Hsp90 ATPase activity, ATP binding is not altered. In yeast, human Hsp90 mutants that cannot be acetylated at K294 have reduced ability to support viability, while an acetylation-mimicking mutation of K294 possesses the opposite property. Further, acetylation status of K294 may affect Hsp90 sensitivity to N-terminal pharmacologic inhibitors. These data suggest that controlled acetylation/deacetylation of K294 plays an important role in regulating the Hsp90 chaperone cycle.
Cherenkov Imaging of Radiation Dose and Molecular Signaling in Vivo

Cerenkov light emission from MeV gamma-ray and electron beam delivery has recently been shown to be detectable and could be used in some applications for 3D dosimetry in radiation therapy in water tanks or 2D surface dosimetry in humans. The major potential benefit of Cerenkov imaging is that it is a way to image beams in real time with several frames per second. As such, it is feasible to image treatment beams dynamically, and create composite visualizations of the treatment plans. This imaging can be used to verify new treatment plans prior to application to patients, or to quickly verify new machines, or testing in situations where access is limited.
Trust v. Law (In a Box): Do Organizational Forms Really Make a Difference?

In this contribution to the University of Illinois College of Law’s 2013 Larry Ribstein Memorial Symposium, I assess Professor Ribstein’s approach to both to trust and the “uncorporation.” My thesis is that his disciplinary commitment to a transaction cost economics model resulted in an overstatement of the extent to which business association forms matter in the real world. In contrast to Professor Ribstein’s view that mandatory law (which includes corporate law) “crowds out” trust (implicitly making uncorporations more amenable to trust), I see the orderliness of modern and abstract business structures (of any kind) as distinct from, yet operating at the same time and in the same space as, the usual gamut, for better or worse, of human emotions. Even if, as a matter of economic theory, uncorporations do a better job of corporations in permitting owners to control manager agency costs, the theory leaves out (for otherwise good reasons inherent in doing any kind of rigorous science) virtues like trust and vices like greed, fear, panic, all of which seem just as likely to operate in the uncorporate as the corporate setting.
Reflection and refraction of type-II S waves in elastic and anelastic media

The general theory of viscoelasticity, which accounts for elastic as well as anelastic linear behavior of materials, predicts that two types of S waves propagate in anelastic earth materials. The particle motion for an inhomogeneous plane S wave of type I is elliptical in the plane defined by the directions of propagation and attenuation, while the particle motion for an inhomogeneous plane S wave of type II is linear perpendicular to this plane. The general theory predicts that an S -wave incident upon a plane boundary perpendicular to the plane defined by the directions of propagation and attenuation generates S waves only of the same type. General characteristics of the type-II S waves reflected and refracted at plane anelastic boundaries are: 1. (a) velocities and maximum attenuations which depend on the angle of incidence and frequency, 2. (b) maximum energy flow at a different velocity and in a different direction than phase propagation, 3. (c) energy flow across the boundary due to interaction of the incident and reflected waves. The general theory predicts these characteristics for the waves whenever a plane type-II S wave interacts with a plane anelastic boundary such as a soil-bedrock, crust-mantle, or core-mantle interface. None of these characteristics are predicted for the plane SH waves described by elasticity theory.
Investigation of live cells using common path low-coherence phase microscopy

Combining the principles of phase contrast microscopy and phase shifting interferometry, we have developed a microscope capable of retrieving the phase of transparent samples with 0.1 nm pathlength noise value. Our results on live cells demonstrate the utility of the technique for the non-invasive study of biological structure and dynamics.
Current Situation of Occupational Health in Wuxi and Relevant Countermeasures

[Objective] To understand the current situation of the occupational disease prevention and treatment in Wuxi City and master the production and utilization of toxicant chemicals.[Methods] General survey was conducted on the toxicant sources within Wuxi City;investigation was carried out on the occupational sanitary situation in the industrial enterprises of the city.[Results]Among the 13 752 investigated enterprises,9918 were found with occupational hazards;15.67% chose the qualified medical units for the occupational health examination;167 348 people were exposed to occupational hazards;the rate of occupational health examination was 49.35%;8583 working spots were found with occupational hazardous factors,90.85% of which were eligible;during the years of 2002—2006,172 out of 6936 enterprises carried out occupational hazard pre-evaluation and control effect evaluation.[Conclusion] Sanitary examination and approval system should be completed and occupational health education and surveillance should be strengthened to guarantee the laborers' physical health.
An immunohistochemical study on the localization and distribution of NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase in rat liver.

The localization and distribution of NADPH-cytochrome c ( P -450) reductase (NADPH: ferricytochrome oxidoreductase; EC 1.6.2.4) were investigated immunohistochemically in the livers of untreated rats employing both an unlabeled antibody peroxidase—antiperoxidase technique and an indirect fluorescent antibody method. The immunohistochemical localization of the reductase was accomplished through the use of sheep antiserum produced against NADPH-cytochrome c reductase which had been purified from hepatic microsomes of phenobarbital-pretreated rats. In both immunohistochemical procedures, staining for the reductase was detected in hepatocytes throughout the liver, although differences were noted in the intensity of immunostaining of hepatocytes within the liver lobule. Employing the indirect fluorescent antibody immunohistochemical staining method, the extents of binding of the antireductase to hepatocytes within the three regions of the liver lobule were determined. While hepatocytes within the centrilobular and midzonal regions bound the antireductase to similar extents, hepatocytes within the periportal regions of the lobule bound significantly less antireductase. Similar patterns of intralobular distribution for the antireductase were observed in the livers of male and female rats. Further, similar patterns of immunohistochemical staining for the reductase within the liver lobule were observed in the right, median, left, and caudate lobes. The results of this study thus demonstrate that NADPH-cytochrome c ( P -450) reductase is not distributed uniformly throughout the liver lobule.
Adenosine: supplementary considerations about activity and use.

The recent FDA approval for marketing of adenosine as an antiarrhythmic drug presages a new approach in cardiovascular therapeutics that is based on the pharmacologic use of naturally occurring nucleoside compounds. Further avenues of useful research in this field will be the evaluation of selective antagonists of adenosine receptor subtypes as «pharmacologic probes» or cardioprotective agents
A scientometric comparative study of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes research

In the present study, we aim to quantitatively investigate and compare the intellectual landscapes of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) research between 2000 and 2014. The overall intellectual structure of these fields is illustrated by emerging trends of bursting keywords and thematic concentrations of co-cited references. This study is based on two sets of bibliographic records retrieved from the Web of Science database. The SWCNTs dataset contains 18,700 original research and review articles. The MWCNTs dataset, consisting of 23,584 records, is also collected from the database. We find that both domains have scrutinized chemical concepts which underlie the properties of the materials. Recent thematic trends show that MWCNTs research focuses on the improvement of the material while SWCNTs research lays more emphasis on their applications. In conclusion, it is argued that SWCNTs and MWCNTs have co-evolved. At the same time, both fields are distinctively diverging with their own scientific concerns.
Met and Unmet Needs for Assistance and Quality of Life for People with Severe and Persistent Mental Disorders

People with severe mental illnesses often require help not only with managing their illness, but with a broad array of social and domestic activities. The impacts of the presence of such needs in several domains of function on quality of life ratings in the same domains are assessed using data from a survey of Maryland Medicaid recipients who have severe and persistent mental disorders. Measures included self-report of need and whether help was received for it, and Lehman's Quality of Life Interview. The presence of need was associated with lower quality of life ratings, and met needs improved those ratings relative to unmet need. A current diagnosis of depression resulted in lower quality of life, but successful treatment raised scores significantly. These findings underscore the potential impact the mental health service system can have on the quality of the lives of people it serves.
High-affinity saxitoxin receptor sites in vertebrate heart. Evidence for sites associated with autonomic nerve endings.

we have studied the binding of [3H]saxitoxin (STX) to total particulate preparations from ventricles of vertebrate heart. In each of the six species studied, a single class of high-affinity receptor sites was detected with Bmax values of 1.7 fmoles/mg (wet weight) to 12.0 fmoles/mg (wet weight) and KD values of 0.3 nM-7.5 nM for STX and 3.5 nM-10.4 nM for tetrodotoxin (TTX). In the bullfrog heart, two classes of high-affinity STX receptor sites were observed. One class of sites (28%) had high affinity for TTX and resembled STX/TTX sites in bullfrog brain. A second class (72%) had very low affinity for TTX and were apparently specific to the heart. In chick heart, the high-affinity STX/ TTX receptor sites had properties similar to myocardial sodium channels studied physiologically. In contrast, for mammalian hearts, the KD of high-affinity STX/TTX receptor sites for TTX (3.5 nM-10 nM) does not correlate with the inhibition of myocardial sodium channels by high concentrations of TTX (800 nM-3000 nM) in physiological experiments. In the rat, treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine caused a loss of 50-60% of the high-affinity STX/TTX receptor sites in the ventricles, consistent with the conclusion that a major fraction of these high-affinity toxin binding sites is associated with autonomic nerve endings in the rat. Taken together, the results show that vertebrate hearts contain a substantial complement of high-affinity STX/TTX receptor sites that are associated with autonomic nerve endings. In mammalian heart, there may be no high-affinity STX/TTX receptor sites associated with myocardial sodium channels.
Compressive Sampling for Detection of Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Signals

In this paper, methods for detection of frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) signals from compressive measurements are proposed. Rapid switching of the carrier frequency in a pseudorandom manner makes detection of FHSS signals challenging. Conventionally, FHSS detection is performed by scanning small segments of the spectrum in a sequential manner using a sweeping spectrum analyzer (SSA). However, SSAs have the inherent risk of missing the transmitted signal depending on factors such as the rate of hopping and scanning. In this paper, we propose compressive detection strategies that sample the full FHSS spectrum in a compressive manner. We discuss the use of random measurement kernels as well as designed measurement kernels in the proposed architecture. The measurement kernels are designed to maximize the mutual information between the FHSS signal and the compressive measurements. Using a mixture-of-Gaussian model to represent the FHSS signal, we derive a closed-form gradient of the mutual information with respect to the measurement kernel. Theoretical analysis and simulation results are provided to compare different systems. These results demonstrate that the proposed compressive system with random measurement kernels is not subject to the performance limitations suffered by SSAs when their scanning rates are low and designed adaptive measurement kernels provide enhanced detection performance compared to random ones.
Factors influencing the growth of Salmonella during sprouting of naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds.

In this study, the factors that affect Salmonella growth during sprouting of naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds associated with two previous outbreaks of salmonellosis were examined. A minidrum sprouter equipped with automatic irrigation and rotation systems was built to allow sprouting to be conducted under conditions similar to those used commercially. The growth of Salmonella during sprouting in the minidrum was compared with that observed in sprouts grown in glass jars under conditions commonly used at home. The level of Salmonella increased by as much as 4 log units after 48 h of sprouting in jars but remained constant during the entire sprouting period in the minidrum. The effect of temperature and irrigation frequency on Salmonella growth was examined. Increasing the sprouting temperature from 20 to 30°C increased the Salmonella counts by as much as 2 log units on sprouts grown both in the minidrum and in the glass jars. Decreasing the irrigation frequency from every 20 min to every 2 h during sp...
The Afro-LAtino Project

This photo essay offers portraits of four Afro-Latinos in Los Angeles, California. The aim of the project is to document the experiences and contributions of Afro-Latinos to Los Angeles, which, despite the long history of Afro-Latinos there, is often imagined as not an Afro-Latino place.
Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in T Cell Antigen Receptor Function

Publisher Summary Regulation of T cell signaling begins at the level of intracellular signaling pathways, where both positive and negative feedback tightly control responsiveness. Posttranslational modification of proteins by phosphorylation is one of the universal mechanisms of regulating information. In the immune system, non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are particularly common enzymes involved in propagating signals. Tyrosine phosphorylation regulates protein activation, both positively and negatively, by altering protein conformation as well as protein–protein interaction by providing sites for protein tyrosine binding domains and Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Thus, via this one modification, regulation of signaling cascades can be controlled in several ways. Interaction of T cells with their cognate antigen results in activation of signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation and differentiation in order to implement clonal expansion and the T cell's effector functions. The signaling cascade is initiated when the T cell receptor (TCR) on the surface of the cell encounters foreign antigen in the form of a peptide antigenic fragment associated with a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule on antigen presenting cells (APCs). Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases are central components of the TCR signaling cascades, where they are important in initiating, maintaining, and regulating antigen receptor-dependent signaling. Given the requisite role that these PTKs play in T cell signaling, much emphasis has been placed on dissecting the mechanism of their activation. The PTKs discussed here highlight the importance of protein localization as well as autoinhibition in regulating kinase activation.
In Situ Distribution Guided Analysis and Visualization of Transonic Jet Engine Simulations

Study of flow instability in turbine engine compressors is crucial to understand the inception and evolution of engine stall. Aerodynamics experts have been working on detecting the early signs of stall in order to devise novel stall suppression technologies. A state-of-the-art Navier-Stokes based, time-accurate computational fluid dynamics simulator, TURBO, has been developed in NASA to enhance the understanding of flow phenomena undergoing rotating stall. Despite the proven high modeling accuracy of TURBO, the excessive simulation data prohibits post-hoc analysis in both storage and I/O time. To address these issues and allow the expert to perform scalable stall analysis, we have designed an in situ distribution guided stall analysis technique. Our method summarizes statistics of important properties of the simulation data in situ using a probabilistic data modeling scheme. This data summarization enables statistical anomaly detection for flow instability in post analysis, which reveals the spatiotemporal trends of rotating stall for the expert to conceive new hypotheses. Furthermore, the verification of the hypotheses and exploratory visualization using the summarized data are realized using probabilistic visualization techniques such as uncertain isocontouring. Positive feedback from the domain scientist has indicated the efficacy of our system in exploratory stall analysis.
"My Lesson Plan Was Perfect Until I Tried to Teach": Care Ethics into Practice in Classroom Management.

ABSTRACTAs teacher educators, the authors developed an assignment focused on care ethics to prepare teacher candidates to design classroom-management procedures aimed at cultivating caring community. The teacher candidates revised traditional classroom-management processes, such as class rules, into cocreated norms. They also designed original management processes to explicitly teach their students to care. The findings point to the promise of care ethics to prepare teachers who can manage classrooms in ways that better meet the needs of diverse students.
Money matters: Does the minimum wage affect child maltreatment rates?

Abstract Research has consistently demonstrated that children living in low-income families, particularly those in poverty, are at a greater risk of child maltreatment; however, causal evidence for this relationship is sparse. We use child maltreatment reports from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System: Child File from 2004 to 2013 to investigate the relationship between changes in a state's minimum wage and changes in child maltreatment rates. We find that increases in the minimum wage lead to a decline in overall child maltreatment reports, particularly neglect reports. Specifically, a $1 increase in the minimum wage implies a statistically significant 9.6% decline in neglect reports. This decline is concentrated among young children (ages 0–5) and school-aged children (ages 6–12); the effect diminishes among adolescents and is not significant. We do not find that the effect of increases in the minimum wage varies based on the child's race. These findings are robust to a number of specifications. Our results suggest that policies that increase incomes of the working poor can improve children's welfare, especially younger children, quite substantially.
Mars shows its stripes

Is Mars like the Earth, or is it more like the smaller planets? Answering just about every aspect of this question is a fundamental goal of planetary scientists. In terms of size, Mars lies in-between the large geologically active planets, Venus and Earth, and the smaller less active planetary bodies, Mercury and the Moon. Mars has an atmosphere and weather system similar to Earth and each winter about a quarter of the atmosphere, which is dominated by carbon dioxide, freezes at the appropriate pole. In addition, recent results from the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Global Surveyor missions have supported the hypothesis that Mars may once have been warmer and wetter than it is today. Indeed, Mars might even have been conducive to the formation of life.
Perfil de los formadores de docentes en educación especial: impacto en la mejora del aprendizaje de los alumnos / Profile of Teacher Educators in Special Education: Impact on Improving Student Learning

ABSTRACT It may be strange to have to accept that, despite the various investigations, there is currently no broad consensus on the traits and skills that should have the academic profile of the teacher educator in special education, the task involves providing quality education for the the constant updating and professional preparation is required, it is necessary to develop the basic skills trainer for teaching and impact their teaching methodology. This paper seeks to take the first steps to define the profile of the teacher educator in special education within the scope of the powers, the overall objective is to analyze the relationship between the profile and learning outcomes that students have achieved, as it is said that education is a human reality doubly because its subject of study is man and only he can also exercise and carry out similar. RESUMEN Puede resultar extrano tener que aceptar que, pese a las diversas investigaciones realizadas, actualmente no existe un consenso amplio sobre los rasgos y competencias que debe tener el perfil academico del formador de docentes en educacion especial, la tarea conlleva brindar una educacion de calidad para lo que se requiere la actualizacion y preparacion profesional constante, se precisa desarrollar en el formador habilidades basicas para la docencia e impactar en su metodologia de ensenanza. En este trabajo se busca dar los primeros pasos para definir el perfil del formador de docentes en educacion especial dentro del ambito de las competencias, el objetivo general es analizar la relacion que existe entre dicho perfil y los resultados de aprendizaje que han alcanzado los alumnos, ya que se dice que la educacion es una realidad doblemente humana porque su sujeto de estudio es el hombre y que ademas unicamente el puede ejercerla y llevarla a cabo con otros similares. Contacto principal: profchema@hotmail.com
Terahertz surface plasmons in grating-coupled graphene

Pronounced plasmonic absorption features at terahertz frequencies are measured in large-area graphene sheets coupled to periodic arrays of metallic nanoparticles, and limitations on their tunability caused by carrier density inhomogeneities are investigated.
Theory and Weighting Strategies of Mixed Sensitivity H∞ Synthesis on a Class of Aerospace Applications1

This paper presents a vital design concept commonly used in the robust H∞ control synthesis technique — the Mixed Sensitivity H∞ optimization. The underlying theory is also explained in a straightforward fashion. Several real world aerospace design problems are solved via this particular problem formulation. This simple approach provides control engineer a clean first cut of many complicated aerospace control design issues, e.g., stability, performance and robustness against frequency domain bounded unstructured uncertainty, etc. Only with this first cut result in hand, one can then move on to more advanced synthesis technique such as Km-Synthesis to improve the system parametric robustness, if necessary.
Tracking Multiple Social Media for Stock Market Event Prediction

The problem of modeling the continuously changing trends in finance markets and generating real-time, meaningful predictions about significant changes in those markets has drawn considerable interest from economists and data scientists alike. In addition to traditional market indicators, growth of varied social media has enabled economists to leverage micro- and real-time indicators about factors possibly influencing the market, such as public emotion, anticipations and behaviors. We propose several specific market related features that can be mined from varied sources such as news, Google search volumes and Twitter. We further investigate the correlation between these features and financial market fluctuations. In this paper, we present a Delta Naive Bayes (DNB) approach to generate prediction about financial markets. We present a detailed prospective analysis of prediction accuracy generated from multiple, combined sources with those generated from a single source. We find that multi-source predictions consistently outperform single-source predictions, even though with some limitations.
Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes with Low-Dose Dabigatran.

Background/Aims: Dabigatran, an oral direct thrombin inhibitor, is used in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation to reduce thromboembolic events. Whereas the 150 mg dosing regimen has been extensively studied in clinical setting, to date there is no clinical data on the 75 mg (Low Dose, “LD”) regimen. In this study we evaluated patient characteristics and clinical outcomes in 49 patients treated with LD dabigatran. Methods: Electronic medical records were utilized to compare patients from one medical center treated with LD dabigatran to those from the warfarin arm of the RE-LY trial. Results: Compared to those from the warfarin arm of the RE-LY trial, the LD dabigatran patients were significantly older (82.6 vs 71.6 years p<0.001), had higher prevalence of diabetes (42.9% vs 23%, p<0.001), were predominantly male (100% vs 63.3% p<0.001) and had higher CHADS2 score (2.8 vs 2.1 p< 0.001). Only 9 (18%) patients had creatinine clearance (CrCl) of <30 ml/min and none were on concomitant medications that required dose adjustment to LD dabigatran. During a mean follow up of 10.1 months, there were no thromboembolic events, no cerebrovascular events and seven bleeding events in the LD dabigatran group of which only two required blood transfusion. Conclusions: In this database most patients received LD dabigatran based on characteristics not related to the approved indications for this dose. The exploratory clinical outcomes of using LD dabigatran outside of the current approved indications are promising in this high risk population and deserve further investigation to better understand the role of LD dabigatran in clinical practice.
Numerical Investigations of MRI RF-Induced Heating for External Fixation Device in TEM and Birdcage Body Coils at 3 T

This paper investigates the radio frequency (RF)-induced heating in American Society for Testing and Materials phantom with a generic external fixation device for both birdcage (BC) coil and transverse electromagnetic (TEM) coil. Two typical orientations, i.e., fixture bar perpendicular to and parallel to the coil axis, have been considered. To compare the specific absorption rate and temperature rise in the two different RF coils at 3 T, both electromagnetic and thermal simulations were performed. It is found that tibia external fixation device with orientation parallel to the coil axis will induce severe heating effect in both coils. However, pelvic external fixation device induces larger heating level in TEM coil than BC coil. Furthermore, increasing the pin length or pin spacing of the pelvic external fixation device will cause a larger heating level in TEM coil, while such changes have no substantial effects on BC coil. We show that the transversely distributed electric field in TEM coil forms the underlying reason why pelvic external fixation device induces a higher heating level in TEM coil than BC coil. This finding also indicates that metallic external fixation devices with large dimensions along transverse direction, while might be safe in BC coil, can experience significant heating issue in TEM coil.
Surgical Considerations in the Adaptive Athlete

Adaptive athletics are more popular than ever and continue to grow. As popularity and competition further increase, there is a mounting need for established treatment options and well-studied results. Unfortunately, there are few published outcomes on surgical interventions in this population.