cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronic Groin Pain: Mesh or No Mesh

There are many factors that influence the incidence of chronic groin pain (CGP) after inguinal hernia repair. There is a perception that the use of synthetic mesh is one of the main factors creating CGP after surgery. Strong and opposite opinions exist supporting and condemning the use of mesh. The focus of this chapter is to objectively review the literature regarding mesh use for inguinal hernia repair and to understand the spectrum of existing opinions. To fully understand the scope of the topic, one must understand mesh and the foreign body response, the clinical data, and technique differences as they relate to mesh location, type, and fixation.
ASHP’s commitment to keeping the Pharmacy Practice Model Summit alive

It’s been exciting for all of us to be at the Pharmacy Practice Model Summit, to feel part of the birth of a new movement—a movement to change and advance our practice models to better serve the needs of patients. This is a summary of a speech at the Summit. An audio recording of the full
Temporal, Climatic, and Physiological Mediation of Dispersal in the Horn Fly, Haematobia irritans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)

The temporal, climatic, and physiological factors mediating dispersal of a naturally occurring population of horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), were examined. Resident (nondispersing) horn fly populations increased from late spring through early fall and decreased in late October. Fly-free herds 0.4 km from the source herd were reinfested from the source population at a significantly slower rate in June (4.6 flies per side per animal per day) than in August or October (7.1 flies per side per animal per day). Given that the greatest increase in the resident population occurred in June, it would appear that horn fly dispersal is not density-dependent. However, the rate of reinfestation was greatest in cattle treated with a larvicidal bolus and a daily application of a short-residual insecticide, indicating that reinfestation may be a function of competition for hosts, with the most rapid colonization occurring when few horn flies are present. The rate of reinfestation did not differ as a consequence of bolus treatment, suggesting that newly emerged flies rapidly disperse or replace older, dispersing adults. Physiological age-grading showed that the age structure of the dispersing flies did not differ significantly from that of the resident population. Moreover, all age classes were included in the dispersing population, with the largest proportion being parous adults. The dispersing population was primarily female, which emerged earlier and in greater numbers than males.
A High-Density Metal-Fuse Technology Featuring a 1.6 V Programmable Low-Voltage Bit Cell With Integrated 1 V Charge Pumps in 22 nm Tri-Gate CMOS

The first metal-fuse technology in 22 nm tri-gate high-k metal-gate CMOS technology is presented. The memory technology offerings in high-volume manufacturing include a $2.05\;\upmu \text{m}^2$ 2.2 V programmable high-density and a $16.4\,\upmu \text{m}^2$ 1.6 V programmable low-voltage (LV) 1T1R bit cell. The LV operability of the technology allows the fuse arrays to be coupled with power delivery circuits operating at standard logic voltage levels. A charge pump voltage doubler operating on a 1 V voltage rail is demonstrated in this paper with healthy fusing yield.
Volvulus of the colon--a continuing surgical problem.

Twenty-six cases of colonic volvulus from the University of Kentucky Medical center and the Lexington Veterans Administration Hospital, covering a ten-year period, are presented. Overall mortality was 19 per cent (5 of 26 patients). Cecal volvulus carried the greatest mortality, 30 per cent (3 of 10 patients), whereas sigmoidal volvulus had relatively low mortality rate of 7 per cent (1 or 15). A single patient who had volvulus of the transverse colon died. The most significant factor leading to death was not necrotic bowel but the necessity for emergency operation in these generally debilitated patients. A plan of management with the major aim to convert emergency situations into elective or urgent ones is presented with the expectation that the mortality rate can be improved.
Nuclear lamina heterogeneity in mammalian cells. Differential expression of the major lamins and variations in lamin B phosphorylation

We have studied the molecular composition of the nuclear lamina in rat tissues of distinct embryological origin and the occurrence of the nuclear lamins during in vitro differentiation of the mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cell line. Immunochemical analysis demonstrated that all rat tissues contained the three major lamin forms (lamins A, B, and C) previously recognized in rat liver nuclei; however, other minor cross-reactive components were also identified in some tissues. The amount of the 67-kDa lamin B complexed with lamins A and C in the laminae of different tissues ranged from a stoichiometry of much less than 1 to approximately 1. Furthermore, it was found that F9 stem cells and their differentiated progeny express only lamin B, and Northern blotting analysis indicated that these cells fail to accumulate lamin A and C mRNA. Chemical cleavages and peptide mapping suggested that the 67-kDa lamin B form was of similar primary structure in all differentiated tissues and F9 cells. Employing antibodies with different affinities for phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated lamin B, we showed that the apparent invariance in the expression of this polypeptide is overriden by a heterogeneity produced via tissue-specific phosphorylation. Because similar differences in antibody recognition could be reproduced in vitro by phosphorylating lamin B with protein kinase A, we have concluded that the tissue-specific modifications of this protein may occur at consensus sites recognized by this enzyme. These data support the hypotheses that the lamins can form functional laminae by associating at various combinations, and that processes including differential lamin synthesis and post-translational modification can produce a steady state lamina heterogeneity.
OprG Facilitates the Transport of Small Amino Acids across the Outer Membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen that is responsible for a growing number of nosocomial infections and the main cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis. Its very stable outer membrane lacks unspecific porins and poses an efficient permeation barrier to both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds rendering P. aeruginosa resistant to many common antibiotics.OprG is the OmpW homolog of P. aeruginosa and forms an 8-stranded β-barrel in the outer membrane. Although structural data implied OprG could be involved in the permeation of hydrophobic molecules across the outer membrane, its physiological function has remained elusive so far.Here, we show for the first time that OprG facilitates the translocation of small uncharged amino acids and related neutral compounds both in vitro as observed by swelling of liposomes containing reconstituted OprG and in vivo as observed by Pseudomonas growth assays. Moreover, OprG does not discriminate between L- and D-amino acids, which showed identical translocation kinetics. Preliminary in vitro data suggests a similar function for the E. coli homolog OmpW.
“STEMming” the Swell of Absenteeism in the Middle Years: Impacts of an Urban District Summer Robotics Program

This article reports findings from a quasi-experimental study of the impact of a summer robotics program for urban middle-grade students. The study focuses on student engagement, measured by school attendance rate the year following the program. Program students, who were nearly all low-income minority students, were matched to comparison students who did not attend summer school. After establishing baseline equivalence in attendance between the groups, the study found a statistically and educationally significant program effect on school attendance the following year, suggesting that high-interest hands-on educational activities can help maintain student engagement in school.
Enhanced Carrier Lifetimes of Pure Iodide Hybrid Perovskite via Vapor-Equilibrated Re-Growth (VERG)

Solution deposition of planar films of the hybrid perovskite (HP) methylammonium (MA) lead iodochloride (MAPbI3–xClx) often results in very low surface coverage, small grain size, and high density of defects, particularly for the pure iodide HP. These decrease the optoelectronic quality of MAPbI3 (minority lifetimes all less than 10 ns) and creates pinholes that may result in shunt pathways that severely degrade the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. The poor morphology is usually attributed to the formation of large disconnected grains of PbI2 that nucleate first and set the morphology of the final HP layer. As a result, many use PbCl2 as a lead source. The PbCl2 is less soluble, forms smaller grains, and promotes more continuous HP films. Here, we show a highly reproducible deposition method for pure iodide MAPbI3 that yields continuous films with large grain sizes and minority carrier lifetimes greater than 200 ns. The method consists of thermal evaporation of PbI2 and a post-deposition Vapor-Equilibr...
Nature and Human Nature in Marxist Theory

The revival of interest in Marxist theory within the United States and Great Britain over the past fifteen years has resulted in the development of Marxist scholarship in virtually every area of the humanities and social sciences. These contributions have been thrust to the center of academic debates on a wide range of issues so that it is no longer possible, even in relatively conservative U.S. universities, to ignore or disparage Marxism as a way of coming to grips with the social world. At the same time, the reawakening of Marxist theory and research has produced anew a series of debates regarding its fundamental tenets, particularly in political economy, the theory of culture and ideology, and historical questions. These debates were particularly vigorous during the 1970’s when, in all advanced capitalist countries, the promise for revolutionary action of the previous decade abated. Under these circumstances, it was not surprising that left intellectuals would open the discussion of precisely those issues raised by Marxist theory during the interwar period discussed above.
Change-point detection without needing to detect change-points?

Online change-point detection is an important and much-studied problem in both neuroscience and machine learning. While most theoretical analysis has focused on this problem in the context of real-valued data, relatively little attention has been paid to the specific case when the observations are categorical (e.g. binary), even though the latter case is common in both neuroscience experiments and some engineering applications. In this paper, we focus on the latter scenario and demonstrate that, due to the information poverty of categorical data, near-Bayes- optimal data prediction can be achieved using a simple linear-exponential filter for binary data, or, more generally, m − 1 separate linear-exponential filters for m-nary data. The computations are dramatically simpler than exact Bayesian inference, requiring only O(m) computation per observation instead of O(e km ), where k depends on representation. We demonstrate how parameters of this approximation depend on the parameters of the generative model, and characterize the parameter regime in which the approximation can be expected to perform well, as well as how its performance degrades away from that regime. Interestingly, our results imply that, under appropriate parameter settings, change-point detection can be done near-optimally without the explicit computation of the probability of a change having taken place. Paradoxically, while detecting a change-point promptly based on sequentially presented categorical data is difficult, making near Bayes-optimal predictions about future data turns out to be quite simple. This work demonstrates that greater attention needs to be paid, in the context of online change-point detection, to a theoretical distinction between the problem of predicting future data and that of deciding that a change has taken place. With respect to neuroscience, our approximate algorithm is equivalent to the dynamics of an appropriately-tuned leaky integrating neuron with constant gain, or a particular variant of the delta learning rule with fixed learning rate, with obvious implications for the neuroscientific investigation of human and animal change-point detection.
Performance Assessment of Predictive Lane Boundary Detection for Non-uniformly Illuminated Roadway Driving Assistance

In this paper, we focus on the performance of an earlier developed method for the detection of road lane markers which are minimally affected by non-uniform surface illumination (e.g., shadows and highlights) and road geometries. We investigate the detection performance and associated parameters of this approach. Experimental results show that the method yield accurate results in various situations such as broken or missing lane markings, the curved lane, the heavy shadows, the sun glare, and the occlusion of other vehicles. The accuracy and precision of the proposed model are presented and compared with existing methods as reported in the current literature. Specifically error curves are computed and presented for the actual verses predicted lane markers by blending salient features from the Gradient Spectrum Matching (GSM) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) methods.
An Indian by Any Other Name: Cross-Border Affirmative Action

The United States and Canada have the power to recognize a tribe’s sovereignty and thus determine who is an “Indian” for tribal services. Both countries, however, limit such recognition and services to only those Indians and tribes within their jurisdictions. This creates a situation where many individual tribal members are born and raised on the side of the border different from the side in which they are recognized as Indians. This is because while a tribe that traditionally traversed the U.S.-Canada border may have the same culture and even the same name on both sides, each country splits the tribe into separate legal entities with mutually exclusive memberships. In creating a legal structure that effectively divides border tribes’ collective identity and ability to retain their Indian identity in both countries, the United States and Canada have failed to fulfill their trust obligation to Indian tribes. This Note proposes how to repair that trust relationship in the narrow context of affirmative action. An Indian born an American citizen but recognized as “Indian” in Canada should retain their access to affirmative action for Indians in the United States. Since the underlying problem is a failure in the trust relationship, the ultimate solution lies with the federal government. A new Jay Treaty or other international agreement promises the most comprehensive and long lasting resolution, but is also the most difficult to achieve at present. Some form of inter-tribal recognition between American and Canadian tribes promises to strengthen tribal sovereignty by empowering tribes to define themselves and resolve this cross-border issue themselves, but is impractical due to the hostility by both tribes and their respective federal governments to dual tribal enrollment. The last solution, which calls for private initiative to embrace a broad cross-border definition of “Indian” combined with a tribal community connection requirement, is the least comprehensive and cannot address the critical failure in the trust relationship, but can be implemented immediately.
Effect of Thermal Gradients Created by Electromagnetic Fields on Cell-Membrane Electroporation Probed by Molecular-Dynamics Simulations

Pulses of high electric fields increase cell-membrane permeability, and this $e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}l\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}e\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}c\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}p\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}r\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}a\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ can be used to introduce drugs or other molecules into cells, to trigger intracellular calcium release, or to shrink tumors, for example. Electroporation by nanosecond pulsed fields has been considered a nonthermal process, but huge temperature gradients could arise at the membrane, and the authors' molecular dynamics simulations suggest an important role of these gradients in directing and enhancing biophysical responses.
Protective effect of the anterior lens capsule during extracapsular cataract extraction. Part I. Experimental animal study.

Abstract In an experimental study using albino Rex rabbits, the intercapsular cataract extraction (ICCE) technique was performed in 20 eyes with a small anterior capsulotomy. A large, can opener capsulotomy was performed in another 20 eyes, and 10 unoperated eyes served as controls. Endothelial cell loss was determined by vital staining with Trypan blue and Alizarin red S stains. Average endothelial cell loss with the ICCE technique was 1.2%; with the can opener technique, the average cell loss was 6.6%. This difference was statistically significant ( P P
Turning communication activism pedagogy teaching into communication activism pedagogy research

We appreciate the responses by these esteemed colleagues to our stimulus essay, and we are grateful for their support of communication activism pedagogy (CAP) and the valuable suggestions offered t...
Vulnerabilities to Health Disparities and Statin Use in the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study

Background Statins may be underutilized in certain vulnerable populations, but the effect of cumulative vulnerabilities within 1 individual is not well described. We sought to determine the likelihood of receiving statins with an increasing number of vulnerabilities in an individual, after controlling for factors known to influence health services utilization. Methods and Results We identified 18 216 participants from the REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study who had a statin indication or who were taking statins, as verified by pill bottle review. Statin use was assessed with respect to 5 major vulnerability domains alone and in combination: older age, black race, female sex, high area‐level poverty, and lack of health insurance. The study included 5286 white men, 4180 black men, 2791 white women, and 4194 black women; 5.6% of the sample had no vulnerabilities, 20.6% had 1 vulnerability, 29.2% had 2 vulnerabilities, 27.3% had 3 vulnerabilities, and 17.3% had 4 or 5 vulnerabilities. All race–sex groups were less likely than white men to use statins; prevalence of use was 0.80 in black women with reference to white men ( P P Conclusions Participants with more simultaneously occurring vulnerabilities experienced the greatest disparities in statin use. Black women and those without health insurance were at particularly high risk of underutilization.
Extracting aspects of online reviews: What can we make of text similarity?

This paper describes an experiment in extracting various aspects of restaurant reviews. The aspect extraction and clustering was accomplished using word2vec model, and the results were compared to previously used approaches. While the results show high precision and recall, the clusters do not always correspond to human intuition. Moreover, even when the similarity is high, it is very hard to find properties that would describe concepts within a given cluster. This suggests a need of a technique that takes into account human intuition and knowledge, not just a way of collecting and analyzing very large amounts of text.
Formal Parameters of Phonology

Inspired by the model-theoretic approach to phonology deployed by Kracht [25] and Potts and Pullum [32], I develop an extendable modal logic for the investigation of phonological theories operating on (richly annotated) string structures. In contrast to previous research in this vein [17,31,37], I ultimately strive to study the entire class of such theories rather than merely one particular incarnation thereof. To this end, I first provide a formalization of classic Government Phonology in a restricted variant of temporal logic, whose generative capacity is then subsequently increased by the addition of further operators, thereby pushing it up the subregular hierarchy until one reaches the level of the regular stringsets. I identify several other axes along which Government Phonology might be generalized, moving us towards a parametric metatheory of phonology.
Mitochondrial distribution in hamster cremaster muscle.

The most important function of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is to deliver oxygen to the various tissues of the body. For centuries scientists have tried to better understand the process of oxygen delivery from the blood to tissues in both normal and disease states. Nearly every mathematical model of oxygen transport beginning with Krogh (1919) has assumed that oxygen is consumed homogeneously by tissue. Since the majority of oxygen is consumed by the oxidative phosphorylation enzyme system which is contained within mitochondria and not distributed homogeneously throughout the cytoplasm, and since mitochondria are discrete organelles which are themselves not homogeneously distributed, the assumption of homogeneous oxygen consumption must be incorrect. In order to replace the assumption of homogeneous consumption with a more correct assumption, quantitative information on the distribution of mitochondria in relation to the blood supply must be acquired. Only Kayar and Banchero (1982) have systematically quantified mitochondrial distribution, although many other investigators have reported qualitative descriptions.
The Stability of Austenitic Stainless Steels at Low Temperatures as Determined by Magnetic Measurements

Austenitic stainless steels are used extensively in the construction of cryogenic equipment. Since information regarding the magnetic properties of the austenitic 300 series steels at low temperature is incomplete, research was carried out to determine these properties.
The Treatment of Osteoporosis: Antiresorptive Therapy

Antiresorptive pharmacologic interventions for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis are discussed. These interventions include estrogen; calcitonin; biphosphonates; and selective estrogen receptor modulators and their use in postmenopausal osteoporosis, steroid-induced osteoporosis, and osteoporosis in men. The effects of antiresorptive therapy on bone mineral density, biomarkers of bone turnover, and fracture risk are discussed.
Modeling and simulation of bioreactor process dynamics

After a brief overview on biochemical reactors and associated processes, relevant model types and modeling approaches are discussed. In addition, a number of simple modeling applications focusing on bioreactor design, interfacial mass transfer and reactor control are reviewed.
Mouse Lymphocyte Differentiation Markers

The last decade has seen remarkable advances in the field of cellular immunology. It is now apparent that the immune system is a network of precursor, effector, and regulator cells in which multiple interactions occur among distinct lymphocyte subpopulations. The elucidation of specialized immune functions and the unraveling of cell interactions rest on the ability to distinguish and purify the responsible lymphocyte subpopulation(s). The most potent technique in the arsenal of cellular immunologists is the use of antisera directed against cell-surface molecules expressed exclusively on distinct lymphocyte subpopulations. The general assumption of such experiments, and indeed of this review, is that specific cell-surface antigenic markers reflect the differentiated status of a particular cell lineage. Furthermore, these differentiation antigens not only serve as markers for immunologists to identify such cells, but are themselves intimately associated with the specialized function of a differentiation pathway. Thus, the immunologic identification of differentiation antigens defines not only the differentiated subpopulation of cells, but also a portion of the functional apparatus of that cell. For these reasons, identification of differentiation antigens is a powerful tool in exploring cell function.
Talking About Hepatitis C: FAQs From Young Adults Who Inject Drugs

Introduction. Young adults who inject drugs and live in rural communities are at high risk for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Recent changes in HCV treatment must be communicated within these c...
Prediction of the Long-Term Dissolution Performance of an Immediate-Release Tablet Using Accelerated Stability Studies.

Abstract A slowdown in dissolution performance has been observed for an immediate release tablet formulation during long-term stability testing. The slowdown was successfully predicted using an accelerated stability study in which the dissolution was tested over a range of temperatures, humidity conditions and storage times. The slowdown was quantified using a calculated parameter referred to as the “acceleration factor” (AF); this is the degree by which the timescale (x-axis) of a dissolution profile needs to be scaled to overlay it on to the dissolution profile obtained at the initial timepoint. The “AF” approach was applicable because it was observed that the shape of the dissolution profile remains consistent even though different dissolution rates were obtained. Under the accelerated stability conditions, the AF is observed to follow an “exponential decay” curve. A predictive model for the long-term stability dissolution was obtained by modeling both the plateau level and the rate constant for the exponential decay curve as functions of temperature and humidity. The long-term stability of product A in packaging was successfully predicted using this model in combination with simulations of the changing relative humidity conditions inside the packaging.
On two theorems of positional games

I give fully detailed proofs of two important theorems—the exact solution of the weak clique game and the compactness theorem—in the theory of positional games. Both results were published several years ago, including an outline of the proofs that explained the basic idea, but left some technical details to the reader. Unfortunately, in both cases these details turned out to be highly non-trivial. Several mathematicians asked me for help; asked me to clarify the missing details. This is why I felt obliged to write this paper.
Portable imaging viscometry for quantitative complex fluid measurements

Abstract Portable optical microscopy systems offer a pathway for serving as analytical platforms that characterize the properties of complex fluids. Measuring the diffusion characteristics of particles dispersed in complex fluids, known as microrheology, is one possible microscopy-based approach. In this study, we are the first to demonstrate that microrheology can be used to analyze diffusion profiles measured in a portable microscopy viscometer constructed from off-the-shelf parts. We perform measurements in two polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solutions with 5 wt% and 10 wt% concentrations to demonstrate how this platform can be utilized as a viscometer for low-viscosity solutions. Our experiments consist of tracking the trajectory of diffusing colloidal particles dispersed in the PVP solutions and measuring their mean square displacement (MSD). The microrheological analysis used to characterize the MSDs are used to calculate the complex modulus over a frequency range of 0.07–33 Hz. The portable microscope viscometer measured a complex modulus of 0.23 mPa for the 5 wt% PVP solution and 0.36 mPa for the 10 wt% PVP solution. We compared our measurements to a scientific grade microscopy system, where the measured complex moduli were 0.24 mPa and 0.49 mPa at 5 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively. Our analysis of the results showed the need to account for sources of dynamic error caused by discrete sampling at limited exposure time. The viscosity of each sample appears to be lower in comparison to the case where dynamic error is accounted for. The static error for the portable microscope viscometer is measured to be 10–100 nm, which is an order of magnitude larger than the static error measured on our scientific grade microscope. Despite the larger static error, the portable microscope viscometer measured the viscosity of our samples to be within 4–6% of comparable measurements performed on the scientific grade microscope. Overall, we demonstrate that the portable microscope viscometer is capable of many of the same measurements as the scientific grade microscopes, which has implications for a variety of portable (e.g., smartphone) image-based microscopy experiments such as flow cytometry, viscometry and forensic analysis.
Rat Models of Exercise for the Study of Complex Disease

Variation in exercise capacity is a translationally powerful indicator for overall health and disease. Here we review the basic methods used for development of theoretically based and hypothesis-driven rat models that divide for both exercise capacity and numerous complex disease risks This rat model system was made by selectively breeding genetically heterogeneous rat populations for low and high performance on a speed ramped treadmill running test.
Latent Classes of Cognitive Functioning among Depressed Older Adults Without Dementia

Objective:Use latent class analysis (LCA) to identify patterns of cognitive functioning in a sample of older adults with clinical depression and without dementia and assess demographic, psychiatric, and neurobiological predictors of class membership.Method:Neuropsychological assessment data from 121 participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-Depression project (ADNI-D) were analyzed, including measures of executive functioning, verbal and visual memory, visuospatial and language functioning, and processing speed. These data were analyzed using LCA, with predictors of class membership such as depression severity, depression and treatment history, amyloid burden, and APOE e4 allele also assessed.Results:A two-class model of cognitive functioning best fit the data, with the Lower Cognitive Class (46.1% of the sample) performing approximately one standard deviation below the Higher Cognitive Class (53.9%) on most tests. When predictors of class membership were assessed, carrying an APOE e4 allele was significantly associated with membership in the Lower Cognitive Class. Demographic characteristics, age of depression onset, depression severity, history of psychopharmacological treatment for depression, and amyloid positivity did not predict class membership.Conclusion:LCA allows for identification of subgroups of cognitive functioning in a mostly cognitively intact late life depression (LLD) population. One subgroup, the Lower Cognitive Class, more likely to carry an APOE e4 allele, may be at a greater risk for subsequent cognitive decline, even though current performance on neuropsychological testing is within normal limits. These findings have implications for early identification of those at greatest risk, risk factors, and avenues for preventive intervention.
P107 Date Labels on Milk Cartons: Do Young Adults “Get It?”

Background USDA (2016) recommends “BEST if used by” as an understood date label indicating quality not safety. Neff et al. (2019) reported that consumers 18-34 years old discarded food based on dates and that “best if used by,” was associated with quality and “use by” with safety. Objective Qualitatively examine meanings young adults attach to date labels on milk cartons and documented label appearance in stores frequented. Study Design, Settings, Participants A script invited students to a written survey as they entered a dining hall and walked by a display table. A question, “Do you drink milk?” screened for those familiar with milk containers. Participants answered open-ended questions about label location, appearance, and purpose. A check sheet documented label placement, phrase, and legibility in stores mentioned. Measurable Outcome/Analysis A thematic analysis with prefigured categories complimented interpretive reading of question response sets by two researchers. Data was systematically coded until themes emerged. Debriefings included debating emergent understanding, negative instances, and compatibility with prefigured categories. Store observations were aggregated and summarized. Results Confidence in judging milk without a label was lacking among 48 respondents (18-22 years). Typical sentiments were “I rely on labels,” and “the only way I can tell if its safe.” Label purpose was to communicate “when it spoils,” “freshness,” or “time not to drink.” Design centered on noticeability: “bigger letters,” “not on the back,” and “bold color.” Store observations found variability in label phrase and location both within and among brands. Conclusion Young adult education on the purpose of date labels is needed coupled with label consistency within the packaged food industry. Funding University of North Texas.
Flight Control Methods for Multirotor UAS

This paper presents several control methodologies for multirotor aircraft. It details simple control laws for body-axis rate or quaternion attitude tracking and provides an interpretation of control gains in terms of natural frequency and damping of the closed-loop system. Additionally, it describes a method for tuning the control gains via LQR. Control laws for translational dynamics, based on a nonlinear path-following control architecture, are also presented. Vertical and horizontal tracking are partially decoupled by dynamically scaling the thrust command, and an attitude protection method is added to prevent commands that would result in undesirable vehicle attitudes. The path-following input and error definition are modified to achieve position tracking, velocity tracking, or path-following control.
Transforming Legacy Spatial Data into Testable Hypotheses about Socioeconomic Organization

As archaeologists expand the accessibility of legacy data, they have an opportunity to use these datasets to design future research. We argue that legacy data can be a critical resource to help predict characteristics of sites and socioeconomic systems. In this article, we present a combined geographic information system (GIS) and network analysis methodology that turns site location data into testable hypotheses about site characteristics and the organization of regional settlement systems. We demonstrate the utility of this approach with a case study: Bronze Age (2700–1100 BC) settlement patterns in the mining region of Hunedoara in southwest Transylvania, Romania. We leverage unsystematically collected site location information in legacy datasets to develop testable predictions about sites, regional networks, and socioeconomic systems that can be evaluated through future systematic surveys and large-scale excavations. Such testable hypotheses can inform archaeological research design by providing a quantitative basis for determining where to focus research efforts and can also help secure funding and fieldwork permits. The method developed here can be applied in diverse archaeological contexts to reinvigorate legacy data as part of future archaeological research design.
Characterization of electrostatic interactions and complex formation of ɣ-poly-glutamic acid (PGA) and ɛ-poly-l-lysine (PLL) in aqueous solutions

Abstract Complex coacervation is a useful approach for creating biopolymer-based colloidal particles for the oral delivery of bioactives, such as nutraceuticals, vitamins, and pharmaceuticals. In this study, we examined the possibility of using anionic ɣ-poly-glutamic acid (PGA) and cationic ɛ-poly- l -lysine (PLL) to form polyelectrolyte complexes. Initially, the formation and properties of the complexes were characterized using visual observations, UV–visible spectrophotometry, microelectrophoresis (ζ-potential), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The impact of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and polymer ratio on complex formation was examined. The electrostatic complexes formed had a 1:4 mass ratio of polyanion-to-polycation at saturation (pH 7.4). The surface potential and aggregation stability of the complexes was highly dependent on solution pH (2–12), which was attributed to alterations in the electrical characteristics of the two polyelectrolytes. In particular, insoluble complexes were formed under pH conditions where there was a strong electrostatic attraction between the two polyelectrolytes, whereas soluble complexes were formed when there was only a weak attraction. The addition of salt (≥20 mM NaCl) promoted aggregation of the complexes, presumably due to screening of the electrostatic interactions between them. Conversely, temperature (25–90 °C) did not have a major impact on the stability of the complexes. These results may be useful for the design of effective oral delivery systems for bioactive agents in foods and other products.
Intermediate Bus Converters for High Efficiency Power Conversion: A Review

The recent advancements in power semiconductor devices and optimization techniques have contributed to dramatic improvement on the conversion efficiency and power density of power electronic circuits and systems, leading to remarkable reduction in manufacturing cost. The new distributed and hybrid power systems have largely replaced the conventional ones of centralized structure. This paper presents a review of state-of-the-art bus converters which serve as key components within the modern intermediate bus architecture (IBA). The discussion and comparison of existing topologies and the performances from a varieties of commercial products and latest research works are covered in details. Moreover, the trend of emerging technologies and design of IBCs are also projected and discussed.
Canonical nucleators are dispensable for stress granule assembly in Drosophila intestinal progenitors.

Stressed cells downregulate translation initiation and assemble membrane-less foci termed stress granules (SGs). Extensively characterized in cultured cells, the existence of such structures in stressed adult stem cell pools remain poorly characterized. Here we report that Drosophila orthologs of mammalian SG components AGO1, ATX2, CAPRIN, eIF4E, FMRP, G3BP, LIN-28, PABP, and TIAR are enriched in adult intestinal progenitor cells where they accumulate in small cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes (mRNPs). Treatment with sodium arsenite or rapamycin reorganized these mRNPs into large cytoplasmic granules. Formation of these intestinal progenitor stress granules (IPSGs) depended on polysome disassembly, led to translational downregulation, and was reversible. While canonical SG nucleators ATX2 and G3BP were sufficient for IPSG formation in the absence of stress, neither of them, nor TIAR, either individually or collectively, were required for stress-induced IPSG formation. This work therefore finds that IPSGs do not assemble via a canonical mechanism, raising the possibility that other stem cell populations employ a similar stress-response mechanism.
Impact of uveal melanoma thickness on post-plaque radiotherapy outcomes in the prophylactic anti-vascular endothelial growth factor era in 1131 patients.

IMPORTANCE The impact of tumour thickness on radiation complications following plaque radiotherapy for uveal melanoma in the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) era remains unknown. BACKGROUND To evaluate treatment outcomes following plaque radiotherapy and prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab for uveal melanoma based on initial tumour thickness. DESIGN This was a retrospective, interventional case series. PARTICIPANTS Patients with uveal melanoma were included in this study. METHODS A review of medical records was conducted of patients with uveal melanoma treated with plaque radiotherapy and prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab from 7 July 2000 to 2 November 2018. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES Radiation-related outcomes of cystoid macular oedema (CME), radiation maculopathy, papillopathy, retinopathy, iris neovascularization (NVI) and neovascular glaucoma (NVG) were compared based on tumour thickness (small [ 8.0 mm]). RESULTS Of 1131 eyes, 341 (30%) had small, 633 (56%) medium and 157 (14%) large melanoma. Comparison (small vs medium vs large) at 4 years following radiotherapy revealed large melanoma with greater Kaplan-Meier estimated risk of CME (37% vs 37% vs 63%, P < .001), earlier onset of CME (33 vs 26 vs 19 months, P < .001) and greater development of NVI (<1% vs 2% vs 13%, P < .001) and NVG (1% vs 2% vs 12%, P < .001). Radiation-induced maculopathy, papillopathy and retinopathy were not associated with tumour thickness. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Compared with small and medium uveal melanoma, large uveal melanoma demonstrated greater 48-month risk for CME, shorter time to CME onset and greater development of NVI and NVG following plaque radiotherapy and prophylactic intravitreal bevacizumab.
Lattice Defects in β-Sic Grown Epitaxially On Silicon Substrates

Defects generated in β-SiC grown on a (001) silicon substrate by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are charaterized and their mechanism of formation discussed. It is argued that nucleation plays a primary role in this heteroepitaxial system where the lattice mismatch is so large.
Five Trends in Physical Education Teacher Education

In this article we present five trends that are impacting physical education teacher education (PETE). The trends are (a) practice-based teacher education that refines the knowledge base for teache...
Outcomes of pediatric liver transplant are unaffected by the time or day of surgery

Background In adults, the time of day for LT does not affect post-transplant outcomes. Whether this is true or not in children is unknown. In this study, we aimed to evaluate if weekend and weeknight liver transplants are associated with worse patient and graft survival in children. Methods We interrogated the UNOS database for outcomes of pediatric liver transplants that occurred between 1988 and 2018. We excluded liver transplants in patients >17 years as well as all multiple organ transplants. We compared weeknight and weekday, as well as weekend transplant operations. We used Cox proportional hazard ratios to determine patient and graft survival by 7, 30, 90, and 365 days post-transplant after controlling for confounding factors. Results In total, 12,610 pediatric liver transplants were included in the analysis. A total of 4590 transplants occurred during weekdays, 3671 transplants occurred during weeknights, and 4349 occurred during weekends. After controlling for confounding variables, 1-year patient survival was not associated with worse outcomes if the transplant occurred on the weeknight (HR 0.94, 95%CI 0.74-1.21) or weekend (HR 0.95, 95%CI 0.75-1.20) compared to the weekday. One-year graft survival was also not associated with worse outcomes if the transplant occurred on the weeknight (HR 0.91, 95%CI 0.76-1.09) or weekend (HR 0.91, 95%CI 0.77-1.09) compared to the weekday. Conclusion Weekday, weeknight, and weekend procedures resulted in similar 1-year survival rates. Pediatric patient and graft survival outcomes are not affected by the time or day of surgery.
Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity.

Most climate change detection and attribution studies have focused on mean or extreme temperature or precipitation, neglecting to explore long-term changes in drought characteristics. Here we provide evidence that anthropogenic forcing has impacted interrelated meteorological drought characteristics. Using SPI and SPEI indices generated from an ensemble of 9 CMIP6 models (using 3 realizations per model), we show that the presence of anthropogenic forcing has increased the drought frequency, maximum drought duration, and maximum drought intensity experienced in large parts of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Using individual greenhouse gas and anthropogenic aerosol forcings, we also highlight that regional balances between the two major forcings have contributed to the drying patterns detected in our results. Overall, we provide a comprehensive characterization of the influence of anthropogenic forcing on drought characteristics, providing important perspectives on the role of forcings in driving changes in drought events. Most studies have examined the impacts of human-driven climate change on mean or extreme climate variables and have neglected to explore interrelated drought features. Here, the authors show that the presence of human activity has increased the number and maximum length and intensity of drought events across the globe.
Spatial Disparities: The Role of Nativity in Neighborhood Exposure to Alcohol and Tobacco Retailers.

Studies of retail environment, one of the social determinants of health, document racial/ethnic disparities in exposure to alcohol and tobacco (A and T) retailers, but have largely overlooked nativity. We examined associations between A and T retailer density and rates of foreign-born Latinx and foreign-born Asian residents in California census tracts (N = 7888), using spatial regressions and controlling for population and ecological confounders (e.g., population density, zoning, residential instability, urbanicity). Socio-demographic data came from the American Community Survey (2012–2016); census tract density of A and T retailers came from geocoded addresses from state license data for off-sale alcohol distributors and purchased data on tobacco retailers from a commercial provider. Models predicting A and T tract retailer density showed that the rate of foreign-born Latinx residents was associated with higher tobacco retailer density but lower alcohol retailer density, and demonstrate no significant associations between rate of foreign-born Asian residents tobacco and alcohol retail density. Retail environment could contribute to observed declines in immigrant health over time in the US and across generations.