cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADVANCED ELECTROMAGNETIC TUBULAR INSPECTION DURING WELL SERVICING

ABSTRACT A system is described for the electromagnetic inspection of oil field tubes as they are pulled from the well. The system employs four nondestructive test functions for the detection of cross–sectional area problems, rod–wear, pitting, and splits [ 1 ].
Effect of Surface Modification on Catalytic Properties of Sr0.25Bi0.5FeO3 − δ Membranes

Membranes of mixed ionic-electronic conductors have been widely studied for gas separation, electrosynthesis, and removal of pollutants. Not only the rates but also the selectivities of these processes are determined critically by the surface catalytic properties of the membranes, which in turn are determined by the morphology, microstructure, and composition of the surfaces. In this study, nanoporous Sr0.25Bi0.5FeO3-δ (SBF) layers, with or without the impregnation of catalysts, were applied to dense SBF membranes using a sol-gel process to investigate the effect of surface modification on the catalytic properties. It is found that both oxygen permeation rates and methane conversion of a dense SBF mixed-conducting membrane coated with a nanoporous SBF layer are much higher than those of an as-sintered SBF membrane without surface modification. Nanoparticles of nickel loaded into the porous SBF surface layer further enhanced methane conversion.
A hierarchical Markov model for wireless shadowed fading channels

A novel model for slowly varying shadowed fading channel based on Markov chain theory is proposed. It not only leads to accurate first-order statistical description of the composite process but also captures the memory effect of the channel. Following a hierarchical approach, the shadowing/fading process is modeled as a nested Markov chain, where the macrostate variation is assumed to be caused by the shadowing process while microstate transitions is initialized by the fading effect with macrostate-dependent transition probabilities. As an illustration of the mathematical formalism, some simulation results are provided and discussed.
Syntheses of diacetylene monomers from N‐(nitrophenyl)amine substituted diacetylene alcohols

Several new classes of asymmetric diacetylene monomers of the type O2NArNHCH2CCCCCH2R have been synthesized from nitroaniline diacetylene alcohols. The solid state polymerization behavior of several members of these classes has been examined.
The Importance of Wood Density (Specific Gravity) and Its Component Parts

A general definition of specific gravity and wood density was given in Chapter 1, but it will be of value to repeat a summary of it here. The two terms will be used interchangeably, since they measure the same thing although results are expressed using different units. Wood density and wood specific gravity both indicate the amount of actual wood substance present in a unit volume of wood (see Chap. 1.3.1). Although there are several different methods used to measure wood density, the standard way is to calculate the ratio between the dry weight of wood divided by the green volume of the same wood. This is often referred to as basic density (Tsoumis 1991). Thus, grams/cubic centimeter (specific gravity), pounds/cubic foot (wood density, English units) or kilograms/cubic meter (wood density, metric system) are all related. Because one ml of water equals 1 g, specific gravity is a unitless measurement and is expressed only, for example, as 0.45, not as 0.45 g/ml. The above classifications will be used throughout this book but the reader must observe carefully all data on wood density referred to in publications. Occasionally, one will find specific gravity or wood density expressed as the dry weight of wood divided by dry volume, or green weight or air-dry weight of wood over green volume or, very rarely, green weight of wood over dry volume. The values for wood density or for specific gravity will be quite different when such different methods of measurement are used.
Techniques for introducing holography into middle school educational programs

Holography is uniquely suitable as an educational tool for the middle school curriculum. By performing the simplest enjoyable experiments, students are introduced to many basic concepts of physics and myriads of technological applications. The most difficult part of introducing such a program to school is convincing educators, teachers, and parents that holography is a worthy subject. The most effective way is to find opportunities to physically demonstrate to them how to make holograms safely at a low cost and to show them applications using real hologram.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Cyanide Poisoning in Victims of Fire: Analysis of 364 Cases and Review of the Literature

Cyanide is produced by the combustion of natural and synthetic materials. It is assumed that cyanide poisoning is a major component of smoke inhalation injury; however, scientific verification of this assumption is lacking. In this study we examined blood carboxyhemoglobin and cyanide levels in fire fatalities. Carboxyhemoglobin levels of 433 fatalities averaged 44.9% and exceeded fatal (> or = 50%) levels in 195 cases. Cyanide levels of 364 fatalities averaged 1.0 mg/L and exceeded fatal levels (> 3 mg/L) in 31 cases. For victims with cyanide levels above 3 mg/L the mean carboxyhemoglobin level was 62.5%. Cyanide poisoning is infrequent in fire fatalities, and when present it is associated with significant carboxyhemoglobinemia. Cyanide can be both produced and degraded in blood and tissue, making interpretation of blood levels difficult. In survivors of fire, detoxification of cyanide can occur without specific antidotes with the use of aggressive supportive care. Specific assay and treatment for cyanide poisoning is rarely necessary in the treatment of victims of smoke and fire.
Oil and the Post-Amnesty Programme (PAP): what prospects for sustainable development and peace in the Niger Delta?

This article explores the Post-Amnesty Programme (PAP), launched in 2009 following the decision of some insurgent militia leaders in the Niger Delta to ‘drop their weapons in exchange for peace’ with Nigeria's federal government. It addresses the following questions: how has the PAP been shaped by the politics of the Nigerian state, and elite and transnational oil interests? Is the trade-off between peace and justice sustainable when such peace fails to address the roots of the grievances? The article argues that the PAP is an unsustainable state-imposed peacebuilding project to preserve the conditions for oil extraction by local, national and global actors.
Freeze-fracture analysis of gap junction disruption in rat ovarian granulosa cells

Abstract The effects of chemical dissociation on rat ovarian granulosa cell gap junctions has been studied using freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Sequential exposure of granulosa cells within follicles to solutions containing 6·8 mM EGTA [ethylene-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N′-tetra acetic acid] and 0·5 M sucrose results in extensive cellular dissociation of the follicular epithelium. Freeze-fracture replicas made from fixed, control or EGTA-treated ovarian follicles exhibit extensive gap junctions between granulosa cells that are characterized by a range of packing order of constituent P-face particles or E-face pits. In contrast, exposure to 0·5 M sucrose containing 1·8 mM EGTA for as little as 1 min results in a consistently close packing of particles or pits which is accompanied by splitting of gap junctions between granulosa cells. The process of junction splitting was studied in detail in replicas prepared from follicles treated sequentially for various periods of time with EGTA and sucrose solutions. Initially, large gap junctions lose their regular shape and fragment into numerous tightly packed aggregates of P-face particles or E-face pits which are separated by unspecialized areas of plasma membrane. Subsequent to junction fragmentation, individual junction plaques separate at sites of cell contact and generate hemijunctions that border the intercellular space, Hemijunctions undergo particle dispersion of the P fracture face which results in an increased density of large intramembrane particles; no corresponding change in E-face pits is discernible at this stage. Morphometric analysis of replicas of tissue undergoing junction splitting indicates that junctional surface area decreases to 10–20% of control levels during this same treatment and so further supports the qualitative observations on junction fragmentation. Viabilities of granulosa cells obtained by these techniques also agree with the sequence observed in the morphometric analysis of the replicas. Finally, within 15 min after placing ovaries in isotonic, Ca 2+ -containing salt solutions, gap junction reformation occurs by aggregation of particles at sites of intercellular contact. These sites are distinguished by the appearance of short surface protrusions or indentations on their respective P and E fracture faces. The data suggest a mechanism for EGTA-sucrose mediated cellular dissociation in the follicular epithelium in which gap junctional particles are free to move in the plane of the plasma membrane and may be re-utilized to form gap junctions in the presence of extracellular calcium.
Thoracic versus lumbar epidural anesthesia's effect on pain control and ileus resolution after restorative proctolectomy*

Background . Epidural anesthesia as a perioperative adjunct has been shown to provide superior pain control and has been implicated in more rapid ileus resolution after major abdominal surgery, possibly through a sympatholytic mechanism. Studies suggest that the vertebral level of epidural administration influences these parameters. Methods . One hundred seventy-nine patients (120 male, 59 female; average age, 36 years) underwent restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis between 1989 and 1995. Patients were grouped according to type of anesthesia. Group THO (n=53) received thoracic (T6 to T10) epidurals. Group LUM (n=51) received lumbar (L2 to L4) epidurals, and group PCA (n=75) received patient-controlled intravenous narcotic analgesia. Patients were compared for complications, perioperative risk factors, postoperative pain, and ileus resolution. Results . Epidural narcotics, alone or combined with local anesthetics, were administered for an average of 2 (LUM) to 4 (THO) days without significant complications. Infrequent problems related to the epidural catheters included self-limited headaches or back pain (four) and site infections (two). Epidural failure, as measured by conversion to PCA for inadequate pain control, was not significantly greater for LUM (25%) than THO (23%). Average pain scores, rated daily on a visual analog scale, were significantly higher (indicating more pain) for PCA patients (4.2) during postoperative days 1 through 5 than for LUM (3.5) (p 0.5). Conclusions . Thoracic epidural analgesia has distinct advantages over both lumbar epidural or traditional patient-controlled analgesia in shortening parameters measuring postoperative ileus and in reducing surgical pain. The procedure is safe and associated with low morbidity. Thoracic epidural anesthesia is also economically justifiable and may prove to impact significantly on future postoperative management by reducing length of hospitalization. Our data and those of others are most striking in these regards for patients with thoracic catheters, indicating the importance of vertebral level in epidural drug administration.
Single WR± production at TeV e+e− colliders in an alternative left—right symmetric model☆

Abstract We examine the cross section and pT distribution for the production of a single, right-handed, charged gauge boson (WR± at new TeV e+e− colliders within the context of the E6 superstring-inspired alternative left—right symmetric model proposed by Ma. The calculations are performed using the effective photon approximation. For √s=1(2) TeV, significant production rates are found for WR masses as large as 0.8 (1.5) TeV with distinct signatures and pT distributions.
Visitor Usage of Digital and Physical Artifacts in Two Museum Programs

ABSTRACT This article reports on a study designed to explore how digital and physical reproductions of original artifacts could be incorporated into museum programs that teach visitors about mechanical motion. Museum visitors were introduced to 3 different types of models through 2 different programs: an engineering design challenge and an exhibit interpretation exploring mechanical motion in every-day objects. Research, based on visitor observation and interviews (n = 79), explored how user interaction with the digital and physical models compared with interactions with the original artifacts, assessed what effect the integration of digital and physical models had on learning, and examined what the learning experience looked like for learners using the mechanisms in the museum activities. Analysis of the learning conversations in additional in-depth case studies (n = 8) for both programs provides a detailed look at how visitors integrated the 3 different model types into their group's experience. Results...
Oxidation of DNA and RNA by Oxoruthenium(IV) Metallointercalators: Visualizing the Recognition Properties of Dipyridophenazine by High-Resolution Electrophoresis

The binding specificity for the intercalating Ru(tpy)(dppz)O2+ complex (tpy = 2,2‘,2‘‘-terpyridine; dppz = dipyridophenazine) was investigated for duplex DNA, HIV-1 TAR DNA and RNA, and tRNAPhe. Unlike other dppz compounds studied to date, this compound cleaves nucleic acids at short range, and the resulting cleavage pattern can therefore be directly related to the recognition properties of the dppz ligand. To assign the intercalative recognition sites, a comparison was first made between the cleavage patterns of Ru(tpy)(dppz)O2+ and Ru(tpy)(bpy)O2+ (bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine), which differs from Ru(tpy)(dppz)O2+ only by the absence of the intercalative dppz functionality. Cleavage sites common to both complexes were assigned to binding properties other than intercalation, whereas any additional sites observed for Ru(tpy)(dppz)O2+ were strongly implicated as the sites of intercalative recognition. It was necessary, however, to distinguish between those sites which represent a strong binding affinity and those...
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Attenuate "Capacitative" Ca2+ Influx in Rat Pancreatic Acinar Cells

The effect of several tyrosine kinase inhibitors was tested on Ca2+ influx mediated by thapsigargin-and CCh-induced intracellular store depletion. Genestein inhibited Ca2+ influx in a concentration dependent manner without affecting Ca2+ release or Ca2+ pumping activity. A measureable effect was observed at 3 microM with total inhibition of influx seen at 100 microM. Tyrphostin A25 (300 microM; 78% inhibition) and methyl 2,5 dihydroxycinnamate (10 microM; 51% inhibition) also inhibited Ca2+ influx. The degree of attenuation was not markedly altered by preincubation of the inhibitors. Genestein also inhibited Ca2+ influx induced by CCh. These data indicate that inhibition of Ca2+ influx could in part underlie the previously reported inhibition of enzyme secretion by these agents.
Joint transform correlator for optical outer product associative memory with electron trapping materials

Optical associative memories have been demonstrated previously that store an accumulation of outer products. Each outer product represents an associated vector pair. In this paper we use a joint transform correlator with a liquid crystal (LCLV) to form the outer products which are then accumulated by mapping with Argon light onto electron trapping material (ETM). Argon light causes electrons to be trapped at the ETM for later recovery. Further we show for the first time that we can remove the outer product for any one of the associated pairs from the accumulated stored matrix of accumulated outer products. This is accomplished by placing the pair to be removed at the input and using IR instead of Argon light to map the outer product onto the ETM. IR light removes stored electrons in the ETM. Experimental results show the practicality of this approach.
Rate Coefficients for the OH + CF3I Reaction between 271 and 370 K

The rate coefficient, k1, for the reaction OH + CF3I → products was measured under pseudo-first-order conditions in hydroxyl radical, OH. OH temporal profiles were monitored by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF), and CF3I concentrations were determined by UV/Visible absorption. We determined k1 (T) to be (2.10 ± 0.80) × 10-11 exp[−(2000 ± 140)/T] cm3 molecule-1 s-1, over the temperature range 271 to 370 K. The quoted uncertainties are 2σ (95% confidence limits, σA = AσlnA). Previous measurements of k1(T) are compared with our values, and possible reasons for the discrepancies are discussed. The heat of formation of HOI is deduced to be less than −16 kcal mole-1, if the products of reaction 1 are mostly HOI and CF3. These measurements support the earlier conclusion that the reaction of OH with CF3I plays a negligibly small role in the atmospheric removal of CF3I.
Dynamic comparative advantage: Some implications for trade policy in North America

Abstract This paper explores the implications of changing North American trade policies for dynamic comparative advantage and shows, with examples from the energy and high-technology sectors, how a new policy based on interdependence might work. Newly industrializing countries such as Mexico should aim to break into industries with progressively higher technological and value-added components, such as computer manufacturing—industries that are entering a period of expanded demand and going beyond the period of greatest capital intensity. Although few Mexican firms might be expected to enter such oligopolistic markets alone (at least in the short run), they could combine forces with established enterprises abroad in order to permit gradual market penetration. The examples in the paper illustrate the need for a stable macroeconomic framework for policymaking that includes exchange rates, investment incentives, relative price behavior, taxes, intellectual property rights, labor and environmental regulations, capital market policies, harmonization of standards, and other measures. There is also a need for policies that anticipate the potential private and social returns of activities that might be overlooked in a static framework.
Calcification of the Pulmonary Artery: A Complication of the Banding Procedure* @

Calcification of the pulmonary artery in the region of banding occurred in a patient with a ventricular septal defect. Although total surgical correction was performed, significant obstruction at the site of the banding persists. Calcification may compound the technical problem of “debanding,” and by preventing reconstruction of the pulmonary artery, make prognosis unfavorable.
Sleepless in America: Inadequate Sleep and Relationships to Health and Well-being of Our Nation's Children

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to identify characteristics associated with inadequate sleep for a national random sample of elementary school–aged children (6–11 years) and adolescents (12–17 years). METHODS. Data from 68418 participants in the 2003 National Survey of Children9s Health were analyzed by using weighted bivariate and multivariate regression models. The dependent variable was report of not getting enough sleep for a child of his or her age ≥1 night of the past week. Independent variables included demographic characteristics, child health, school and other activities, and family life. RESULTS. Parents of elementary school–aged children with inadequate sleep were more likely to report that their child was having problems at school or had a father with fair or poor health. Parents of adolescents with inadequate sleep were more likely to report that their child had an atopic condition, frequent or severe headaches, a parent with less-than-excellent emotional health, or experienced frequent parental anger. Inadequate sleep in both age groups was associated with parental report that their child usually or always displayed depressive symptomatology, family disagreements involved heated arguing, or parental concern that the child was not always safe at home, at school, or in their neighborhood. CONCLUSIONS. Approximately 15 million American children are affected by inadequate sleep. Primary care providers should routinely identify and address inadequate sleep and its associated health, school, and family factors.
A prospective study of the safety of joint and soft tissue aspirations and injections in patients taking warfarin sodium

Objective To determine the safety of joint or soft tissue aspirations and injections in patients taking warfarin sodium. Methods The outcome of 32 joint or soft tissue aspirations or injections in patients receiving stable doses of warfarin sodium was assessed through a standardized interview 4 weeks after the procedure. The primary outcome measure was significant joint or soft tissue hemorrhage, ascertained by patient-reported increases in swelling or warmth at the procedure site. Results None of 32 procedures was complicated by joint or soft tissue hemorrhage reported by the patients, yielding, by the “rule of threes,” a risk of significant hemorrhage of <10% (with 95% certainty). Diagnostic information was obtained for 53% of aspirated sites (8 of 15) and therapeutic benefit was noted in 74% of corticosteroid-injected sites (17 of 23). Conclusion Joint or soft tissue injections and aspirations in selected patients taking warfarin sodium are associated with a low risk of hemorrhage and are often of diagnostic or therapeutic value.
A dislocation loop model for creep of solid solutions based on the steady state and transient creep properties of Al-5.5 at.% Mg

Abstract Strain transient stress drop experiments have been performed on Al-5.5 at.% Mg under alloy type (Class I) creep conditions. The creep transient associated with a stress decrease is characterized by a rapid anelastic contraction, followed by a reduced or “constant structure” creep rate which is higher than the steady state strain rate for the same reduced stress level. The constant structure creep rate is found to depend on the initial stress to the first power, and the reduced stress to the second power. The straightforward interpretation of these results based on the Orowan equation is shown to be inconsistent with the most widely accepted theory and data concerning solute drag and interdislocation forces. As an alternative to this interpretation, a model is presented which treats the creep substructure as a set of elliptical dislocation loops. This model takes into account the difference in edge and screw mobolities and is successful in predicting the observed stress dependencies of the constant structure creep rate. This simple model also provides a quantitative basis for the anelastic response which occurs following a stress drop. Finally, reasonable estimates of transient and steady state strain rates, dislocation densities, and loop shapes are obtained from the model. The success of the loop model in predicting this wide range of behaviors is achieved without recourse to unconventional views of the dislocation velocity and density stress dependencies in the alloy type creep regime.
Semireal Time Monitoring Of The Functional Movements Of The Mandible

Many branches of dental practice would benefit from the availability of a relatively accurate, precise, and efficient method for monitoring the movements of the human mandible during function. Mechanical analog systems have been utilized in the past but these are difficult to quantify, have limited accuracy due to frictional resistance of the components, and contain information only on the borders of the envelopes of possible movement of the landmarks measured (rather than on the functional paths of the landmarks which lie within their envelopes). Those electronic solutions which have been attempted thus far have been prohibitively expensive and time consuming for clinical use, have had lag times between data acquisition and display, or have involved such restrictions of freedom of motion as to render ambiguous the meaning of the data obtained. We report work aimed at developing a relatively non-restrictive semi-real time acoustical system for monitoring the functional movement of the mandible relative to the rest of the head. A set of three sparking devices is mounted to the mandibular component of a light, relatively non-constraining extra-oral harness and another set of three sparkers is attached to the harness' cranial or skull component. The sparkers are fired sequentially by a multiplexer and the sound associated with each firing is recorded by an array of three or more microphones. Computations based on the known speed of sound are used to evaluate the distances between the sparkers and the microphones. These data can then be transformed by computer to provide numeric or graphic information on the movement of selected mandibular landmarks with respect to the skull. Total elapsed time between the firing of the sparkers and the display of graphic information need not exceed 30-60 seconds using even a relatively modest modern computer.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Programming reconfigurable modular robots

Highly reconfigurable modular robots face unique control and programming challenges due to the large scale of the robotic systems, high level of reconfigurability of the systems, and high number of controllable degrees of freedom in the system. Modular robot systems such as iMobot must face these challenges in novel ways. This paper presents a unified software framework which facilitates the programming, coordination, and cooperation among multiple modular reconfigurable robots. The framework consists of Ch, a C/C++ scripting environment; Mobile-C, a C/C++ mobile agent framework; and CiMobot, an object-oriented C++ class capable of controlling multiple robot modules simultaneously. Three experiments with iMobots were performed using the new software framework. First, an iMobot is controlled autonomously using the software framework. Next, an iMobot is controlled in a master/slave scenario using the same code-base. Finally, the robot is controlled by a mobile agent using the software framework. The robotic system functions correctly and similarly for each of the experimental scenarios.
Microtechnology for instrumentation

For the last two decades, the majority of research and development at LLNL in microtechnology has focused on photonics devices and bulk micromachining, including miccroelectro-mechanical systems and associated areas. For the last ten years, we have used these capabilities to address our analytical instrumentation needs. Just as the miniature photonics have enable the fabrication of analytical instruments that are either higher performance, smaller, more portable, or are combinations of these. Examples of these are our portable thermal cyclers for DNA analysis, our hand-held gas chromatograph, our flow-stream-waveguide-based flow cytometer, and our etched-microchannel electrophoresis systems. This presentation will describe these and related developments.
Thoughts on gender-related research: Models, myths, and medicine.

Gender-related research directed to hypertension and coronary artery disease (CAD) is discussed in terms of the one-sex and two-sex models. Gender "blind" research on the two conditions has resulted in questionable treatment regimes for women. In addition, the biomedical myth of CAD as a male disease has also perpetuated less-than-optimal treatment. Finally, the role of amount and distribution of body fat in the development of hypertension and CAD should be considered within an evolutionary framework. Body fatness in women has been of evolutionary survival value and current standards for ideal weight and risk for disease have to take this into account. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Spaced responding and choice: a preliminary analysis.

Research supported by Grant MH 11525 from the National Institute of Mental Health, U.S.P.H.S., and grants from the National Research Council of Canada.
Internal Gravity Wave-Atmospheric Wind Interaction: A Cause of Clear Air Turbulence

The interaction between an internal gravity wave and a vertical wind shear may be responsible for the production of clear air turbulence in the free atmosphere. A simplified model equation demonstrates the feasibility of the suggested mechanism.
Fabrication and Characterization of GaN FETs

Abstract The current status of GaN-based FET technology and performance is reviewed. The fabrication details and the dc and microwave characteristics of GaN MESFETs that utilize Si-doped channels on semi-insulating buffer layers are presented. MESFETs with a 0.8 μm gate have exhibited an f T and f max of 6 and 14 GHz, respectively. These devices have excellent pinchoff characteristics and a source-drain breakdown voltage of over 85 V. A high-field current-collapse phenomenon is observed in these MESFETs in the absence of light. The characteristics of this current collapse as a function of temperature, illuminating wavelength, and time are described. A model describing the current collapse in terms of hot electron injection into the buffer layer is presented.
Introduction to 30th anniversary perspectives on cognitive science: past, present, and future.

During the summer of 2008 in Washington, DC, the Cognitive Science Society celebratedthe 30th anniversary of its seminal 1979 conference in San Diego. The 2008 conferenceorganizers—Bradley Love, Ken McRae, and Vladimir Sloutsky—commissioned a sympo-sium to celebrate the occasion. In discussing possibilities, we agreed that the symposiumshould not simply address the Society’s origins and subsequent history, but that it shouldfocus on contributions from the disciplines and theoretical perspectives central to CognitiveScience, along with their future directions.We originally settled on ﬁve disciplines and ﬁve theoretical perspectives, and then weinvited 10 active established researchers to address them at the conference. To accommo-date these 10 speakers, two symposia were presented, one on disciplines and one onperspectives. Each speaker was asked to address: (a) What was your discipline⁄perspectivelike at the time of the 1979 conference? (b) How has the discipline⁄perspective changedover the past 30 years to what it is today? (c) How do you foresee the discipline⁄perspectivechanging in the next 30 years?Because of time constraints, we could not include all disciplines and perspectives centralto Cognitive Science. Fortunately, however, we were able to remedy this limitation byasking additional researchers to contribute articles here. The resulting collection of articlescovers disciplines and perspectives that have been central to Cognitive Science for the past30 years and that are likely to be central for the next 30 years and beyond. Speciﬁcally, thedisciplines (and the authors addressing them) include the following:Psychology (Dedre Gentner)Artiﬁcial Intelligence (Kenneth D. Forbus)Philosophy (William Bechtel)Linguistics (Elissa L. Newport)
Macroscopic fracture surface energy of unidirectional metal matrix composites: experiment and theory

A method of measuring the macroscopic frature surface energyγ F is studied and its verification is made compared with the theoretical prediction. Metal matrix composites used in the experiment are unidirectional graphite fibre-reinforced 6061 aluminium. A good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results is obtained.
What is nuclear chemistry's position in the freshman chemistry curriculum?

A survey of freshman chemistry textbooks from the 1920's to the 1990's was performed. The amount and point of presentation of the nuclear chemistry material in these texts is compared. A further comparison is made with the nuclear material presented in nonscience majors textbooks. Finally, arguments are given regarding how nuclear chemists can affect the presentation of nuclear chemistry in future freshman chemistry textbooks.
Capturing the light: The birth of photography, a true story of genius and rivalry

The clearly delineated but fleeting pictures of the natural world glimpsed in the camera obscura had intrigued artists as well as those interested in the natural sciences for centuries before the i...
Whiffs of selection.

Apart from resistance to infectious disease, there are few examples of adaptive molecular evolution in humans. A new study indicates that olfactory receptors are exceptions, with natural selection maintaining considerable allelic diversity in this multigene family.
Regional variations in the shear strength of human lumbar vertebral endplate and trabecular bone and its relationship with density: A preliminary study

Vertebral compression fractures represent one of the most common injuries resulting from osteoporosis with an incidence rate of 700,000 per year in the United States[1]. We investigated the biomechanical shear strength of different regions of the tenth thoracic (T10) vertebra of six different human cadaveric spines. We observed a significant increase in shear strength from central to peripheral regions of the cancellous bone and endplate. There was strong positive correlation between material bone density (measured by Archimedes' principle) and elemental shear (r 2 = 0.64, global shear strength (r 2 = 0.85), and maximum load to failure (r 2 = 0.86). Optical bone density (measured using ImageJ from faxitron xrays) positively correlated with shear strength although to a lesser degree.
Thermal-rheologic evolution of the upper mantle and the development of the San Andreas fault system

Abstract Furlong, K.P., 1993. Thermal-rheologic evolution of the upper mantle and the development of the San Andreas fault system. In: M.J.R. Wortel, U. Hansen and R. Sabadini (Editors), Relationships between Mantle Processes and Geological Processes at or near The Earth's Surface. Tectonophysics, 223: 149–164. The evolution of the San Andreas fault system differs from that of many other major fault zones in that it can be directly linked to processes in and properties of the underlying mantle. This fault system serves as the plate boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. It has progressively formed since ~ 30 Ma in response to a fundamental change in plate boundary structure: subduction replaced by transform motion with the northward migration of a triple junction. As a result of triple junction migration, major adjustments to lithospheric structure occur and cause the growth and maturation of the fault system. The geodynamic processes which have driven the development of the San Andreas system are primarily associated with the thermal and rheologic evolution of the uppermost mantle in the vicinity of the plate boundary. The emplacement of asthenospheric mantle at shallow levels beneath the North America crust after triple junction passage has led to crustal partial melting and volcanism, development of a well-defined plate-bounding mantle shear zone, and a sequence of events which produced the observed pattern of crustal faults and terranes. As a result of a complex three-dimensional thermal structure, plate boundary deformation (within the lithospheric mantle) is localized to a narrow zone. High strain rates and cooling-induced strengthening of the plate boundary zone lead to changes in grain size and ultimately to changes in deformation processes. The overall result of this is the development of a well-defined and relatively narrow plate boundary within the mantle lithosphere which is initially offset from the crustal fault zone. The mismatch between crustal and mantle parts of the plate boundary leads to the development of additional faults in the system, within the North American plate, which eventually mature to become the primary plate boundary structure in the crust. This is seen in a discrete jump in the location of the crustal plate boundary. All aspects of the evolution of the crustal plate boundary can be linked to the rheologic character of the underlying mantle lithosphere which in turn is largely a consequence of the plate tectonic evolution and the conversion of asthenosphere to lithosphere at shallow levels along the plate boundary.
Ampicillin-Chloramphenicol-Resistant Haemophilus influenzae : Plasmid-Mediated Resistance in Bacterial Meningitis

A 4-month-old infant with congenital heart disease and sepsis and arthritis, and subsequently meningitis, caused by an antibiotic-resistant strain of Haemophilus influenzae type b, failed to respond to sequential therapy with ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Following treatment with ceftizoxime, the infant was well for 42 days, until he returned to the hospital and died. A total of 10 Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates, all outer membrane protein subtype 51, was isolated from the pretreatment blood and synovium, cerebrospinal fluid and subdural fluids, and the petrous pyramids at autopsy. Pretreatment isolates had no detectable plasmid DNA, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase or beta-lactamase; the minimal inhibitory concentration for ampicillin (AM) and chloramphenicol (CM) was 0.2 and 0.8 microgram/ml, respectively. However, all cerebrospinal fluid isolates had a 42-44 mD plasmid and produced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and beta-lactamase; the minimal inhibitory concentration of these isolates to AM and CM were 12.5 and 25 micrograms/ml, respectively, and were also resistant to tetracycline and sulfonamide. Resistance to AM and CM was cotransferred by filter-mating conjugation at a frequency of one to two transconjugants per 10(5) to an Rd haemophilus recipient. Posttreatment isolates from the petrous pyramids also were resistant to AM and CM and produced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase and beta-lactamase activity, but had no plasmid DNA. These findings and data from genetic studies suggested that plasmid-bearing antibiotic-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b was selected from a heterogenous population, and that the AM/CM resistance transposons were incorporated into the bacterial chromosome.
Facing the Music: Perspectives on Machine-Composed Music

The author describes some of the processes required in creating Experiments in Musical Intelligence, a computer program for the simulation of musical styles. He then outlines many of the problems listeners face when attempting to deal with successful output from such programs. These problems involve redefining terms, debating humanversus computer-creativity and, ultimately, grappling with the meaning of music. This discussion includes an example from the computer-composed opera Mahler. The author argues that such music should be considered integral to mainstream humancomposed music since it results from a collaboration between humans and the machines they have created.
Combinatorial Screening of Polymeric Sensing Materials Using RFID Sensors: Combined Effects of Plasticizers and Temperature

Recently, we have developed battery-free, passive RFID chemical and biological sensors that are attractive in diverse applications where sensor performance is needed at a low cost and when battery-free operation is critical. In this study, we apply this attractive low-cost sensing platform for the combinatorial screening of formulated sensing materials. As a model system, a 6 × 8 array of polymer-coated RFID sensors was constructed to study the combined effects of polymeric plasticizers and annealing temperature. A solid polymer electrolyte Nafion was formulated with five different phthalate plasticizers: dimethyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, dicapryl phthalate, and diisotridecyl phthalate. These sensing film formulations and control sensing films without a phthalate plasticizer were deposited onto 9-mm diameter RFID sensors, exposed to eight temperatures ranging from 40 to 140 °C using a gradient temperature heater, and evaluated for their response stability and gas-sel...
Constitutive secretion of chemokines by cultured human trabecular meshwork cells

Trabecular meshwork endothelial (TME) cells secrete a number of factors, such as enzymes and cytokines, which modulate the functions of the cells and the extracellular matrix of the conventional aqueous outflow pathway. TME cells usually secrete these factors in response to stimuli such as mechanical stretching, laser irradiation and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we report that cultured human TME cells isolated from two non-glaucomatous individuals secrete significant quantities of the chemotactic cytokines IL8, CXCL6 and MCP1 in the absence of any stimulation. The secretion of these chemokines was augmented by treatment with the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and IL1beta. By way of comparison, there was little or very low production of the three chemokines by human non-pigmented ciliary epithelial cells in the absence of stimulation. Our findings provide support to our recent observations that monocytes, presumably under the influence of chemotactic signals, circulate through the trabecular meshwork in the normal state and also that cytokines regulate the permeability of Schlemm's canal endothelial cells. In addition, the fact that normal TME cells constitutively secrete chemotactic cytokines strengthens the notion that cytokines play a key role in the homeostasis of the outflow of the aqueous humor and, possibly, in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
Hyperbolic Wheel: A Novel Hyperbolic Space Graph Viewer for Hierarchical Information Content

Tree and graph structures have been widely used to present hierarchical and linked data. Hyperbolic trees are special types of graphs composed of nodes (points or vertices) and edges (connecting lines), which are visualized on a non-Euclidean space. In traditional Euclidean space graph visualization, distances between nodes are measured by straight lines. Displays of large graphs in Euclidean spaces may not utilize efficiently the available space and may impose limitations on the number of graph nodes. The special hyperbolic space rendering of tree-graphs enables adaptive and efficient use of the available space and facilitates the display of large hierarchical structures. In this paper we report on a newly developed advanced hyperbolic graph viewer, Hyperbolic Wheel, which enables the navigation, traversal, discovery and interactive manipulation of information stored in large hierarchical structures. Examples of such structures include personnel records, disc directory structures, ontological constructs, web-pages and other nested partitions. The Hyperbolic Wheel framework provides an intuitive and dynamic graphical interface to explore and retrieve information about individual nodes (data objects) and their relationships (data associations). The Hyperbolic Wheel is freely available online for educational and research purposes.
End-of-life issues in the pediatric emergency department

Abstract The death of a child is one of the most tragic and stressful times in the life of a parent or caretaker. The natural order seems contradicted. Countless and unforeseen problems and challenges exist for the family of the child who died. Physicians, however, are also greatly affected by the death of a patient. In Western society, death has become institutionalized and secularized, and there are fewer societal support systems to facilitate bereavement. Physicians may find themselves in the unexpected role of providing these services at the time of death. Despite or perhaps because of these challenges, there are many appropriate and well-received interventions for bereaved families. The emergency department (ED) is a place where many lives are saved and a few lost. Most ED deaths are unexpected and are usually caused by trauma or acute infections. But many children with terminal diseases, chronic illnesses, and technological dependence are now living at home, and may present to the ED with complications leading to death. This article will address many of the procedural and ethical issues surrounding end-of-life care for children in the ED.
SECOMP: A program for computing simple effects and comparisons in a factorial design

After performing the overall analysis of variance, the researcher is usually interested in testing several planned and/or post-hoc comparisons for interpreting his data. Program SECOMP was written to compute tests of simple effects and user-specified comparisons for completely randomized designs involving up to three factors (fixed effects only) and an equal number of subjects in all cells. Specifically. this program is capable of testing simple main effects. simple interaction effects. simple. simple main effects, comparisons. and simple main effects of comparisons of the following types (Keppel, 1973: Kirk. 1(8):
Outcomes of Neuroischemic Wounds Treated by a Multidisciplinary Amputation Prevention Service

Background Multidisciplinary amputation prevention teams decrease the frequency of major amputations by increasing the use of revascularization procedures and minor amputations. The outcomes of wound healing, wound recurrence, and ambulatory status are assumed to be improved but are not routinely reported. This study investigates the midterm outcomes of neuroischemic wounds treated by our multidisciplinary team. Methods A retrospective review of patients with neuroischemic wounds treated at a single institution amputation prevention clinic from March 2012 to July 2013. Patient demographics, wound characteristics, procedural details, and clinical and functional outcomes were reviewed. Clinical end points under study included time to wound healing, reulceration rate, and ambulatory status. Results Over 16 months, there were 202 new patients and 1,355 clinic visits. Ninety-one limbs from 89 patients were treated for complex neuroischemic wounds. In 67% (61 of 91) of limbs, wounds were present for >6 weeks before referral. A history of previous revascularization was present in 39% (31 of 91), and 28% (22 of 91) had a previous minor amputation. Forty-one percent of wounds (38 of 91) were limited to the toes or the forefoot whereas 24% (22 of 91) involved the hindfoot or ankle. A total of 151 podiatric and 86 vascular interventions were performed, with an equal distribution of endovascular and open revascularizations. Complete healing was observed for 59% of wounds (54 of 91) over the observation period (median follow up, 207 days; range 56–561 days), and the average time to full healing was 12 weeks. Hindfoot wounds were predictive of failure to heal (odds ratio, 0.21; P Conclusions Multidisciplinary limb salvage teams effectively heal wounds and maintain ambulatory status in patients with limb-threatening neuroischemic wounds. Patient specific factors, such as hindfoot or ankle wounds, can adversely influence the outcome. Even with aggressive care, healing can be prolonged and a substantial proportion of patients can be expected to have a recurrence, making subsequent surveillance mandatory. Our data also suggest that a coordinated amputation prevention program may help to minimize hospital readmissions in this high-risk population.
Serum complement (β1C) in young children with atopic dermatitis

Abstract The levels of β 1C , measured quantitatively by an immunodiffusion technique, appear to increase in infants through the second year of life. In patients with active atopic dermatitis, the β 1C appears to vary with disease activity and is higher than in a comparable group of patients without atopic dermatitis.
Interfaces for understanding multi-agent behavior

>Synchronized punch-card displaysare an interface technique to visualize tens of thousands of variables by encoding their values as color chips in a rectangular array. Our technique ties multiple such displays to a timeline of events enabling the punch-card displays to show animations of the behavior of complex systems. Punch-card displays not only make it easy to understand the high-level behavior of systems, but also enable users to quickly focus on individual variables and on fine-grained time intervals. This paper describes synchronized punch-card displays and shows how this technique is extremely powerful for understanding the behavior of complex multi-agent systems.