cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanogenerator-based dual-functional and self-powered thin patch loudspeaker or microphone for flexible electronics

Ferroelectret nanogenerators were recently introduced as a promising alternative technology for harvesting kinetic energy. Here we report the device’s intrinsic properties that allow for the bidirectional conversion of energy between electrical and mechanical domains; thus extending its potential use in wearable electronics beyond the power generation realm. This electromechanical coupling, combined with their flexibility and thin film-like form, bestows dual-functional transducing capabilities to the device that are used in this work to demonstrate its use as a thin, wearable and self-powered loudspeaker or microphone patch. To determine the device’s performance and applicability, sound pressure level is characterized in both space and frequency domains for three different configurations. The confirmed device’s high performance is further validated through its integration in three different systems: a music-playing flag, a sound recording film and a flexible microphone for security applications. Self-powered nanogenerators by harvesting energy from the environment are desirable for future portable and wearable electronics. Liet al. show the use of ferroelectret nanogenerators to build microphone or loudspeaker, which convert electrical signals to mechanical motions in a reversible manner.
A Profile of Teacher Educators and the Future of Their Personnel Preparation Programs for Serving Visually Handicapped Children and Youth

A survey of current existing university programs in 1987–1988 that prepare personnel to serve visually handicapped children and youth was sent to all known programs in the mainland United States. T...
Abstract 209: High Yield of Long-Term Implantable Cardiac Monitoring Following Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke

Introduction: Long-term post-hospitalization cardiac monitoring has detected occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (PAF) in a substantial minority of cryptogenic ischemic stroke ...
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Monoclonal Antibodies: A Review

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a viral infection predominantly seen in patients with HIV infection. However, with the increased use of monoclonal antibodies (MAB) for various l...
Heaven and Health: How Black, Latino, and Korean Christians View the Relationship Between Faith and Health

Religious congregations have increasingly been viewed as potential access points to health care in underserved communities. Such a perspective stems from a robust literature identifying the unique civic role that churches potentially play in African American and Latino communities. Yet, research on congregational health promotion has often not considered how congregants view the connections between religious faith, physical health, and the church community. In order to further interrogate how congregants view the church’s role in health promotion, we compare views on the relationship between faith and health for two groups that are overrepresented in American Christianity and underrepresented in medical careers (African Americans and Latinos) with a group that is similarly religious but comparatively well-represented in medical professions (Korean Americans). Drawing on data from focus groups with 19 pastors representing 18 different congregations and 28 interviews with church members, we find that churches across all three groups promote initiatives to care for the physical health of their members. Nonetheless, notable differences exist in how each group frames the interface between religious faith and physical health. African Americans and Latinos highlighted the role of faith in providing physical healing while Korean Americans saw the support of the religious community as the main benefit of their faith. Distrust of medicine was primarily articulated by members of African American churches. The results offer important implications for the future potential and nature of health initiatives in racial minority communities.
Machine Safety: Risk Assessment, Risk Reduction

Worker safety is an issue of major concern worldwide. Evidence to this fact is noted with recent efforts to harmonize US machine safety standards with that of the European Machinery Directive. Changes to the US standards have a dramatic affect on new equipment design. Additionally, older machinery that is still in use must now be upgraded to meet these new requirements. In other words, the end user must now follow the same standards as new equipment manufacturers.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Acute Pancreatitis in a Patient with Maple Syrup Urine Disease: A Management Paradox

Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an inborn error of metabolism that causes elevated leucine in the setting of acute illnesses. We describe an 8-year-old boy with MSUD who developed acute pancreatitis and subsequent leucinosis. This case highlights the complexities of fluid management in patients with MSUD.
The trade-off between graduate student research and teaching: A myth?

Many current faculty believe that teaching effort and research success are inversely correlated. This trade-off has rarely been empirically tested; yet, it still impedes efforts to increase the use of evidence-based teaching (EBT), and implement effective teaching training programs for graduate students, our future faculty. We tested this tradeoff for graduate students using a national sample of life science PhD students. We characterize how increased training in EBT impacts PhD students’ confidence in their preparation for a research career, in communicating their research, and their publication number. PhD students who invested time into EBT did not suffer in confidence in research preparedness, scientific research communication, or in publication number. Instead, overall, the data trend towards a slight synergy between investing in EBT and research preparation. Thus, the tension between developing research and teaching skills may not be salient for today’s graduate students. This work is proof of concept that institutions can incorporate training in EBT into graduate programs without reducing students’ preparedness for a research career. Although some institutions already have graduate teaching programs, increasing these programs at scale, and including training in EBT methods could create a new avenue for accelerating the spread of evidence-based teaching and improved teaching across higher education.
Reviewing Carbon Changes and Free Allowances Under Environmental Law

This article analyzes the American Clean Energy and Security Act under international environmental law and standards. The Act requires that importers pay a fee if certain requirements regarding the country and sector are satisfied. The article presents general difficulties with enforcing international environmental law, namely, the absence of a unitary government. Next, the article describes the following sources of international law: custom, treaties, soft law, and non-binding declarations. I conclude that the carbon tariffs from the American Clean Energy and Security Act are inconsistent with both hard and soft international environmental law.
Disagreements in the humanities

Given the proliferation of theories and politics in the humanities in recent years, younger scholars sometimes wonder what holds the fields together; what gives the practitioners a common purpose. Everybody has his own modus operandi and displays it confidently, but its connection to the discipline as a whole can appear tenuous. Assistant professors teach classes and revise dissertations, learning the local history of their departments as they run the tenure gauntlet, not always sure of the general requirements they must meet. Graduate students take seminars and give survey courses as teaching assistants, thereby acquiring a smooth facility in academic discourse—but ask them about the broad goals of liberal education and they falter. For most professionals, it seems, the humanities are an individual endeavor. Their sense of the discipline extends to their classroom lectures and the essays they write. People do their work in isolation, envisioning disciplinary labor as themselves in the act of reading, writing, and teaching. Humanities practice is an experiential process, filled with long afternoons with students and long nights fitting novels to recondite theories. Hiring and promotion are based on personal accomplishment (lots of publication, high teaching evaluations). Prestige comes from developing an original theory, delivering stunning lectures, writing a ground-breaking book —successes that can be tied to one’s unique identity. Everybody knows this and acts accordingly. But though self-oriented projections often engross the professoriate, they do not touch the collective side of academic work. A poll of scholars asking them to describe their occupation would elicit a thousand self-characterizations, but it would not explain how they come together into a group enterprise. One person can sketch what he does, another what she does, but how are those practices accommodated in a single discipline? Selfdescription bypasses the institutional burdens of academic labor, when
Phase II trial of nab-paclitaxel (ABI) and ipilimumab (ipi) in patients with treatment naïve metastatic melanoma.

9554Background: Conventional chemotherapies possess intrinsic immune-regulatory properties. Some taxanes for instance, stimulate antigen presentation and impair regulatory T-cells while leaving eff...
Business and Human Rights Approaches to Intellectual Property

The relationship between business activity and human rights in the context of intellectual property (IP) is unique in several respects. First, it is an example of how national efforts to control the human rights impact of business activities can be frustrated by international agreements. Thus, the obligation under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (Guiding Principles) for states to maintain sufficient national policy space to address human rights impacts is particularly important in this area. Corporations also have a responsibility not to push for changes in domestic and international law that would enable them to maximize profits at the expense of human rights. Second, the case of human rights and IP provides an example of corporations taking advantage of legal rules that allow them to extract profits at the expense of human rights. These legal rules are directed toward a legitimate purpose — namely, fostering innovation — but they can also be abused in ways that harm human rights. Thus, the relationship between IP and human rights demonstrates that corporations may have a responsibility not to take maximal advantage of opportunities to make a profit where doing so would violate human rights. It also indicates that human rights law may constrain states in the choices they make about how to incentivize innovation.
Behavioral mediators of stress-related mood symptoms in adolescence & young adulthood

Abstract Background Stress is a risk factor for unipolar and bipolar mood disorders, but the mechanisms linking stress to specific symptoms remain elusive. Behavioral responses to stress, such as impulsivity and social withdrawal, may mediate the associations between stress and particular mood symptoms. Methods This study evaluated behavioral mediators of the relationship between self-reported intensity of daily stress and mood symptoms over up to eight weeks of daily diary surveys. The sample included individuals with unipolar or bipolar disorders, or with no psychiatric history (n = 113, ages 15–25). Results Results showed that higher daily stress was related to higher severity of mania, and this pathway was mediated by impulsive behaviors. Higher stress also predicted higher severity of anhedonic depression, and social withdrawal mediated this relationship. A k-means clustering analysis revealed six subgroups with divergent profiles of stress-behavior-symptom pathways. Limitations Given the observational study design, analyses cannot determine causal relationships amongst these variables. Further work is needed to determine how relationships between these variables may vary based on stressor type, at different timescales, and within different populations. Conclusions Findings support a theoretical model in which impulsivity and social withdrawal act as behavioral mediators of the relationship between stress and mood symptoms. Additionally, distinct patterns of reactivity distinguished subgroups of people vulnerable to particular types of mood symptoms. These results provide novel information about how stress-reactive behaviors relate to specific mood symptoms, which may have clinical relevance as targets of intervention.
Modeling in-process machining data using spatial point cloud vs. time series data structures

Abstract In-process machining data (e.g., cutting forces and vibrations) have been typically collected and structured as time-referenced measurements (i.e., time-series data) and utilized in this structure to develop statistical data models used in process monitoring and control methods. This paper argues that a time-only-referenced representation overlooks the 3D nature of the physical process generating the data, and that machining data can be represented alternatively as functions of the tool-workpiece relative position resulting in a spatial point cloud data structure. High-density measurements of such spatially refenced data could be highly correlated to surrounding measurements, resulting in spatial correlation structures that could be of physical meaning and value to preserve and leverage. Using a simulated data study, this paper shows that preserving the spatial correlation structure of the data clearly improves the relative modeling performance when utilizing machining data point clouds versus the traditional time-referenced data structure. Specifically, this simulation study investigated the hypothesis that “considering the Gaussian process model class, the best model among all possible models developed using the spatial point cloud data structure has smaller/equal modeling and prediction errors compared to the best model among all possible models developed using the time-referenced data structure.” While this investigation was limited to considering the case of stationary isotropic processes, it demonstrated that the performance gap was relatively large. This encourages further investigations using real-world data to better understand the types of spatial correlations that exist in machining data and the specific machining regimes and process variables that would benefit the most from the spatial point cloud representation of the data.
Sudden death in an adolescent due to undiagnosed classic Hodgkin lymphoma.

Few cases of natural sudden death presenting as an undiagnosed lymphoma have been reported in the literature, especially in adolescents. Herein we provide a report of sudden death caused by undiagnosed classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL). We describe an 18-year-old female who collapsed after several weeks of weight loss, decreased appetite, and dyspnea. At autopsy, a bulky mass arising in the mediastinum and neck compressed the esophagus and trachea, surrounded the great vessels, obliterated the pericardial sac, and infiltrated the myocardium. The lungs were collapsed and large pleural effusions were present. The tumor burden, which weighed at least 2710 g in aggregate, was entirely above the diaphragm. Microscopic examination of the masses showed features typical for nodular sclerosis cHL including large bands of sclerosis, numerous Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells, and an eosinophil-rich mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate. Immunohistochemical stains showed the HRS cells to be uniformly positive for CD30 and CD15 and negative for CD3, CD20, CD45, and PAX5. This case exemplifies a rare sudden natural death due to previously undiagnosed cHL in a young patient.
An introduction to algorithm design

Abstract : The field of algorithm design is concerned with the development of efficient methods for solving computational problems. Although the field traces its roots to theoretical computer science, recent algorithmic advances have drastically reduced the costs of real computations. For this reason it is important that anyone involved with computing have at least a cursory knowledge of the area. This paper surveys the field of algorithm design in two ways: first by the study of a few problems in detail, and then by a systematic view of the field. The orientation of this paper is towards the practitioner of computing (in either software or hardware); the goals of the paper are to provide both an understanding of the field and a feeling for what it can do for me. (Author)
Unsettling Identities: Conceptualizing Contingency

I The recent turn within identity theorizing to notions of contingency accurately captures the ways in which most of us experience the shifting salience of social identities. This is what makes the quest for “the truth about ourselves” — our essential or authentic self — elusive. Reconceptualizing identity as contingency poses a challenge to those who those who mistake the politics of recognition to mean that one sets the terms by which one is understood by others since contingency underscores the moments of disjuncture between the ways in which we are positioned by particular others and our own self-understandings. These disjunctures are what make the quest for a coherent social identity so disconcerting, but they also explain why social identity is so difficult to escape. And this, in turn, is why a notion of contingency offers no easy solution to the dilemmas of difference.
Hydrogen slush production with a large auger

We describe the design and construction of a 178 mm (7 in) diameter auger type hydrogen slush generator. A supercritical helium flow loop, which simulates the performance of a helium refrigerator, cools the generator. The coolant temperature varies down to 5 K and the flow varies about the 1.4 L/s (3 cfm) design point. Our computer model of the auger type generator shows that coolant temperature and auger speed have the greatest influence on slush production rate, although coolant flow rate and auger radial clearance are also important. We will evaluate all these effects in our tests of the system.
The Social Construction of Race and Minorities in Japan

This article provides an overview of the state of the field of racial and other minorities in Japan – a field that has developed in English mostly since the 1990s. The construction of race in Japan conflates race, ethnicity, language, culture, class, and citizenship. As a result, the majority “Japanese” are constructed against “foreigners,” both categories implying the aforementioned characteristics. Minorities in Japan lack some or all of the aforementioned traits: most are seen as racially different from Japanese but some are marginalized in other ways that support hierarchical social organization. After reviewing scholarship that analyzes the meaning of race in Japan, I briefly describe the major minority groups: Ainu, Okinawans, Burakumin, ethnic Koreans, foreign workers, Japanese Brazilians and mixed race Japanese.
INFRARED ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF NON-SPHERICAL PARTICLES TREATED IN THE RAYLEIGH-ELLIPSOID APPROXIMATION

A comparison of small particle extinction spectra calculated for spheres with extinction measurements shows the inadequacy of the spherical approximation in treating strong infrared absorption bands. A simple expression for absorption cross sections of non-spherical particles is derived by integrating over a distribution of shape parameters in the Rayleigh-ellipsoid approximation. For comparison with the theoretical results infrared extinction measurements were made of sub-micron quartz particles dispersed in a KBr matrix. The favorable comparison of theory and experiment suggests that the treatment of shape effects in infrared absorption spectra by means of a distribution of ellipsoids constitutes a major improvement.
Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis versus pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis as a typing system for Torulopsis glabrata and Candida species other than C. albicans.

Candida species have recently emerged as important nosocomial pathogens. Because of the lack of a reliable system for detecting differences within the same species, little is known about the epidemiology of infection with Candida species. We describe a typing system for Torulopsis glabrata and the non-C. albicans Candida species that uses contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis (CHEF), a version of pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis, and compared it with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of genomic DNA. One hundred seventeen clinical isolates from 40 patients were evaluated. CHEF and REA were performed on each of the isolates, and the results of the two procedures were compared. The REA procedure revealed 8 different types of Candida lusitaniae, 20 of Torulopsis glabrata, 5 of Candida tropicalis, 3 of Candida parapsilosis, and 7 of Candida kefyr, whereas the CHEF method revealed 14 different types of C. lusitaniae, 16 of T. glabrata, 10 of C. tropicalis, 10 of C. parapsilosis, and 7 of C. kefyr. The CHEF technique yielded unique patterns of electrophoretic karyotypes that could be used to distinguish intraspecies variations. When compared with REA, CHEF demonstrated greater sensitivity in recognizing subtle strain-to-strain variations in most isolates and will be a useful epidemiologic tool for studying non-C. albicans Candida species and T. glabrata. Images
Multicentric Low-Grade Gliomas.

Background Multicentric low-grade gliomas are rare entities that occur in disparate regions of the brain. They can present with distinct pathologic and imaging findings and may harbor a worse prognosis. We present a case of multicentric low-grade gliomas and highlight their pathogenesis, imaging characteristics, and molecular signatures, with implications for clinical management. Case A 49-year-old man presented with left-sided headaches for 3 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed concurrent non-enhancing lesions in the left medial temporal lobe and superior cerebellum. Increased size and the development of contrast enhancement in the temporal lesion promoted a left temporal craniotomy. Pathology revealing a grade II ganglioglioma. Three months later, the cerebellar lesion also acquired new contrast enhancement and was found to be a grade II astrocytoma following a supracerebellar infratentorial approach for resection. At 2 years follow-up, the patient remains clinically stable, receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for new non-enhancing, unresectable pontine lesion. Conclusion Tumor growth rate, detailed pathologic findings, imaging characteristics, and molecular signatures influence the clinical course of multicentric low-grade gliomas. PDGFRA amplifications and IDH1 wild-type status may act in a concerted fashion to produce an accelerated course of radiologic changes and tumor recurrence, as noted in our case. Additional research is needed to stratify the risk of transformation in patients with multicentric low-grade glioma and to guide management strategies.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Trisubstituted Olefins: Ethyl 4‐Methyl‐(E)‐4,8‐Nonadienoate

Stereoselective synthesis of trisubstituted olefins: ethyl 4-methyl-(E)-4,8-nonadienoate reactant: 49.4 g. (0.546 mole) of 4-chloro-1-butene reactant: 40.1 g. (0.572 mole) of methacrolein intermediate: 2-methyl-1,6-heptadien-3-ol reactant: 186 g. (1.15 moles) of ethyl orthoacetate reactant: 0.70 g. (0.0094 mole) of propionic acid product: ethyl 4-methyl-(E)-4,8-nonadienoate reactant: 3-buten-1-ol Keywords: esterification, unsubstituted monobasic acids; etherification; Grignard and related reactions; rearrangements; 3-buten-1-ol, preparation of; 4-chloro-1-butene, preparation of; diethyl ether; apparatus, for preparation, of allyl vinyl ethers and subsequent Claisen rearrangement
The effect of parasite populations on the curative action of pyrimethamine.

Abstract A non-resistant strain of P. falciparum was used to demonstrate a mechanism of acquired drug resistance. The dose of pyrimethamine required to cure a non-resistant P. falciparum infection depends directly on the population size of the parasitaemia. The surviving parasites demonstrate maximum resistance. This may explain widely different findings about the ease of resistance of P. falciparum to various drugs. This must also be considered as a mechanism for potentiation between two drugs effective on asexual forms of the parasite.
Soil sampling and soil variability, past and present

(1998). Soil sampling and soil variability, past and present. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis: Vol. 29, Soil and Analysis symposium, pp. 1425-1428.
Ligninolytic activity of Phanerochaete chrysosporium : Physiology of suppression by NH 4 + and l -glutamate

Previous research showed that addition of nutrient nitrogen to ligninolytic (stationary, nitrogen-starved) cultures of the wood-decomposing basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium causes a suppression of lignin degradation. The present study examined early effects on nitrogen metabolism that followed addition of NH 4 + and l-glutamate at concentrations that yield similar patterns of suppression. Both nitrogenous compounds were rapidly assimilated (>80% in 6 h). Both caused an initial 80% or greater increase in the intracellular glutamate pool and had similar effects in increasing the specific activities of NADP- and NAD-glutamate dehydrogenases and glutamine synthetase. Differences between the effects of added NH 4 + and glutamate showed that suppression was not correlated with intracellular pools of arginine or glutamine, nor was the maintenance of an elevated glutamate pool required to maintain the suppressed state. While a portion of the initial glutamate suppression could be attributed to an effect on central carbon metabolism through glutamate catabolism by NAD-glutamate dehydrogenase, the long term suppression by glutamate and the suppression by NH 4 + were more specific. Suppression by NH 4 + or glutamate in the presence or absence of protein synthesis (cycloheximide) followed essentially identical kinetics during 12 h. These results indicate that nitrogen additions cause a biochemical repression of enzymes associated with lignin degradation. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that nitrogen metabolism via glutamate plays a role in initiation of repression.
Accretion onto magnetized neutron stars - Normal mode analysis of the interchange instability at the magnetopause

Results are reported for a linearized hydromagnetic stability analysis of the magnetopause of an accreting neutron star. The magnetosphere is assumed to be slowly rotating, and the plasma just outside the magnetopause is assumed to be weakly magnetized. The plasma layer is assumed to be bounded above by a shock wave and to be thin compared with the radius of the magnetosphere. Under these circumstances, the growing modes are shown to be localized in the direction parallel to the zero-order magnetic field, but the structure of the modes is still similar to the flute mode. An expression for the growth rate at each magnetic latitude is obtained in terms of the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration normal to the surface, the azimuthal mode number, the radius of the magnetosphere, the height of the shock above the magnetopause, and the effective Atwood number which embodies the stabilizing effects of favorable curvature and magnetic tension. The effective Atwood number is calculated, and the stabilizing effects of viscosity and aligned flow parallel to the magnetopause are discussed.
Calving difficulty and calf survival in beef cows fed two energy levels

Abstract Angus and Hereford yearling heifers (469) were bred to either Hereford or Angus bulls and fed either a high level (13.3 Mcal of ME) or a low level of nutrition (7.3 Mcal of ME) for the last 116 days of pregnancy. The level of calving difficulty did not differ between heifers receiving the high (H) and low (L) level of nutrition the first year (36% and 34%) but was significantly higher (P
Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum With Transepidermal Elimination

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) with transepidermal elimination was observed in a patient and diagnosed histologically in a single cutaneous plaque; it was the only manifestation of her disease. Recently, Lund and Gilbert 1 clearly established that most cases of coexistent PXE and elastosis perforans serpiginosa (EPS) are, in fact, perforating PXE. We suggest that all patients with apparent EPS or with solitary verrucous plaques be carefully examined for possible PXE. Report of a Case A 59-year-old woman was first seen in August 1975 for evaluation of a periumbilical hyperpigmented plaque (Fig 1). In about 1970, the patient first noted the asymptomatic lesion, which had not changed in size, color, or other characteristics since. No other lesions were present. She was hospitalized in 1968 for epistaxis; no cause was found. In 1971 during an admission for atrial fibrillation, fluoroscopy showed no intracardiac or coronary artery calcifications. Her parents, three siblings, five children,
Time series analysis of personal exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality using an exposure simulator.

Time series analysis of personal exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality using an exposure simulator
INTESTINAL DISACCHARIDASE DEFICIENCIES IN GLUTEN-SENSITIVE ENTEROPATHY.

The disaccharidase activity of the intestinal mucosa in 6 patients with gluten-sensitive enteropathy has been described. Intestinal disaccharidase activity was evaluated by disaccharide oral loads and by disaccharidase assay of homogenates of intestinal mucosa. There seemed to be some correlation between abnormalities of structure noted histologically and diminished enzyme activity. A deficiency of several disaccharidases was demonstrated with the concomitant malabsorption of oral sugar loads.
USco J1606-1935: An Unusually Wide Low-Mass Triple System?

We present photometric, astrometric, and spectroscopic observations of USco J160611.9-193532 AB, a candidate ultrawide (~1600 AU), low-mass (M_(tot) ~ 0.4 M_⊙) multiple system in the nearby OB association Upper Scorpius. We conclude that both components are young, comoving members of the association; we also present high-resolution observations that show that the primary is itself a close binary system. If the Aab and B components are gravitationally bound, the system would fall into the small class of young multiple systems that have unusually wide separations as compared to field systems of similar mass. However, we demonstrate that physical association cannot be assumed purely on probabilistic grounds for any individual candidate system in this separation range. Analysis of the association's two-point correlation function shows that there is a significant probability (25%) that at least one pair of low-mass association members will be separated in projection by ≾ 15", so analysis of the wide binary population in Upper Sco will require a systematic search for all wide systems; the detection of another such pair would represent an excess at the 98% confidence level.
Unsteady conjugated forced convective heat transfer in a duct with convection from the ambient

Abstract A numerical finite difference solution is found for the problem of unsteady, laminar, forced convection heat transfer in a parallel plate duct with finite thermal capacity walls which interact with an ambient medium outside the duct. Response functions are presented for the duct wall temperature, fluid bulk mean temperature, and inside wall surface heat flux as a function of position down the duct and time for a range of the parameters involved. Comparisons are made with the zero thermal capacity wall solution and with quasi-steady results.
Comment on Theodore Brameld

What I take to be one of the central propositions of Professor Brameld's paper — that "education is a central institutional agency of the reciprocal enculturative processes of transmission and innovation, and that it could function much more successfully were its roles as such an agency clarified and implemented through systematic, testable research in the human sciences working in close conjunction…." — I do thoroughly support. I think his further contention that of all the human sciences, anthropology is uniquely equipped to contribute knowledge and insight into the special and crucial functions of education is also tenable. Brameld, like all of us who have worked in school systems in American society is frustrated by the haphazard operation of our schools as teachers and administrators struggle to cope with confused, conflict-ridden sociocultural environments. He is also reacting to the all-pervasive influence of educational psychology in its most psychometric and reductive dimensions. There are so man...
A qualitative study to understand cultural factors affecting a mother's decision to breast or formula feed.

Background:The presence of barriers is not sufficient to explain breastfeeding rate disparities. A relatively unexplored area in coping with breastfeeding barriers is culture.Objective:This research aims to better understand the role of culture in a woman’s infant feeding decision by using race and socioeconomic status as indicators of culture.Methods:Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 42 pregnant women or mothers of infants younger than 12 months. Focus group composition was determined by self-identified African American or white race and self-reported eligibility for the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) or ineligibility (non-WIC).Results:Most participants acknowledged that breastfeeding was best, yet differences arose between groups in the perception of, and reaction to, breastfeeding barriers. WIC and non-WIC participants of both races indicated that some circumstances necessitated formula use. WIC participants felt that this was pers...
On the use of ratio standard curves to accurately quantitate relative changes in protein levels by Western blot.

Relative changes in the expression of a specific protein are commonly measured on western blots by forming the ratio of the densitometric values of bands containing the protein between control and experimental samples. It is generally assumed that this analysis provides an accurate determination of relative changes in a specific protein expression if there is a linear relation between increasing amounts of that protein, as represented by bands on a western blot or a gel, and the densitometric measurements of these bands. In this study, we provide direct evidence that this assumption is invalid because even in the presence of a linear relation, densitometric ratios differ substantially from know actual ratios of protein amounts. We present also the mathematical basis for this bias, and demonstrate that it can be circumvented by using a “ratio standard curve”. Alternatively, the use of purified protein standards to plot a standard densitometry curve can solve this problem, but a survey of the literature shows that most investigators who use western blots to quantify relative changes in protein expression samples do not have standards for the specific proteins that they are investigating.
An Examination of Mortgage Loan Servicing Rights in the Aftermath of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis of 2006

This study examines whether mortgage servicing firms are capitalizing mortgage loan servicing rights (MSRs) consistent with the FASB’s objective of fair value accounting. The FASB issued SFAS No. 156, “Accounting for Servicing of Financial Assets - an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 140,” and SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements,” which clarified that MSRs be capitalized at their fair value. Fair value would imply that only market-related value assumptions influence the capitalization of MSRs. A previous study examined this issue prior to the 2006 financial crisis. That study found that non-market, firm-specific characteristics consistent with Positive Accounting Theory (PAT), that should have no effect on the value of MSRs, did have a statistically significant influence on the capitalization of MSRs. This issue has not been examined post-SFAS No. 156 and 157 or the financial crisis of 2006. We reexamine the issue with data gathered from 2007 through 2010. The evidence suggests that the PAT characteristics that influenced the capitalization of MSRs prior to the accounting clarification and the financial crisis do not influence the capitalization of MSRs during the post-crisis period under examination, as predicted by PAT. However, the data do present some evidence suggesting that achieving the objective of “fair value” may not be happening.
Almost sure stability condition of weakly coupled linear nonautonomous random systems

In this study, the sufficient condition of almost sure stability of twodimensional oscillating systems under parametric excitations is investigated. The systems considered are assumed to be composed of two weakly coupled subsystems. The driving actions are considered to be stationary stochastic processes satisfying ergodic properties. The properties of quadratic forms are used in conjunction with the bounds for the eigenvalues to obtain, in a closed form, the sufficient condition for the almost sure stability of the systems.
Lexical effects on spoken-word recognition in children with normal hearing.

Objectives:This study is the first in a series designed to develop and norm new theoretically motivated sentence tests for children. The purpose was to examine the independent contributions of word frequency (i.e., how often words occur in language) and lexical density (the number of similar soundin
Completion and timing of the three-dose human papillomavirus vaccine series among adolescents attending school-based health centers in Oregon.

Abstract Objective Many adolescents do not complete the 3-dose human papillomavirus vaccine series in the recommended time frame, or at all. Given the challenges of administering a multi-dose vaccine to adolescents, especially those in vulnerable populations, we evaluated completion of the human papillomavirus vaccine series in 19 of Oregon's school-based health centers. Methods Among persons aged 0–17 who initiated the human papillomavirus vaccine series at a study school-based health center in 2007, we identified all subsequent human papillomavirus doses administered at the school-based health centers, or found in Oregon's immunization information system, in 2007–2008. We describe the proportion completing the vaccine series and mean intervals between doses, stratified by age, race, and insurance status. Results Four hundred fifty persons initiated the human papillomavirus series in 2007. By December 2008, 51% of these had received all 3 doses. Series completion increased significantly with age, differed significantly between race groups (highest among white persons (56%); lowest among black persons (38%)), and did not differ significantly by insurance status. Mean intervals between doses did not differ significantly by race or insurance status. Conclusions Even in challenging conditions, school-based health centers provide excellent preventive care to vulnerable youth. These results support the importance of maintaining and expanding school-based health center access in vulnerable adolescent populations.
Elective single blastocyst transfer

Abstract This report describes our initial experience with elective single blastocyst transfer in 19 patients who had a mean age of 36.3 ± 2.4 years. The ongoing pregnancy rate, 53% after the fresh embryo transfer and 68% when thaw cycles are included, suggests that single blastocyst transfer has a place in this relatively older patient population.
THE EFFECT OF THE INSTABILITY OF MUSCOVITE DURING IN VACUO HEATING ON 40AR/39AR STEP-HEATING SPECTRA

Abstract The goal of this study was to ascertain the nature of the Ar release mechanism(s) for a single, well characterized muscovite heated incrementally in vacuo: (1) at temperatures and time intervals typical of 40Ar/39Ar step heating experiments and (2) isothermally at 500°C and 700°C for time intervals much longer than typical 40Ar/39Ar experiments. The rate of delamination was monitored by SEM, and the rate of dehydroxylation was determined by XRD analyses. The rate of in vacuo Ar loss was compared to that for muscovite heated at 700°C and 2 kbar H2O pressure. For all experiments, the rate of Ar loss was found to be consistent with the rates of dehydroxylation and delamination. At 500°C, Ar loss behavior for a 3000 μm diameter muscovite grain was approximated by volume diffusion, but the Ar release pattern became increasingly non-Fickian with decreasing grain size. We propose that the cause of the non-Fickian behavior is delamination. The portions of the isothermal runs exhibiting diffusion-like profiles also yielded discordant 40Ar/39Ar ages and low atmospheric Ar contamination. We attribute this phenomenon to the preferential concentration of atmospheric Ar in interlayer extended defects and of 40Ar∗ in interlayer vacancies, whereas 39Ar is uniformly distributed throughout the muscovite structure by recoil. The 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum of the muscovite heated under hydrothermal conditions has a staircase shape, comparable to that usually interpreted as due to 40Ar∗ diffusive loss, whereas 40Ar/39Ar laser spot analyses did not allow this interpretation. The in vacuo Ar release rate for this sample, however, indicates that it had been altered during the experiment. Therefore, we propose that this 40Ar/39Ar age spectrum reflects the differential release of Ar from the alteration phases vs. muscovite. For our sample, dehydroxylation and delamination control the in vacuo Ar release at temperatures less than 900°C, whereas Ar diffusion from thin dehydroxylated slabs may dominate the Ar release mechanism for temperatures greater than 900°C. This model would predict that the recovery of fossil 40Ar∗ concentration gradients from muscovite by typical incremental heating schedules is not possible. The rates of delamination in vacuo and the rate of Ar diffusion for muscovite in nature, however, both depend upon its the chemical composition, structural integrity, and grain size. Consequently, for samples with either a naturally occurring broad range of grain sizes, such as detrital muscovite and authigenic clay from sedimentary rocks, or a compositionally or structurally heterogeneous population of grains, such as muscovite from shear zones, 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating may be able to detect intergranular variations in the K/Ar age.
Characterization of dilution enrichment cultures obtained from size-fractionated soil bacteria by BIOLOG® community-level physiological profiles and restriction analysis of 16S rRNA genes

Abstract Dilution cultures have advantages for studying small-celled oligotrophic bacteria because culture selection favors the most abundant, rather than the most nutrient-tolerant, organisms. In the present study, dilution cultures were employed to enrich small-celled (SC; 0.45 μm) bacteria from A and B horizons of cultivated and forested Guernsey silt–loam soil. BIOLOG® GN microtitre plates were used to assess functional diversity and were combined with restriction digest of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes to evaluate changes in the bacterial community among flasks of increasing dilution. SC obtained from more highly diluted enrichment cultures of A horizon soils produced community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) distinct both from all enrichments of LC and from SC obtained in less dilute enrichments. Principal-component analysis (PCA) based on adjusted average well color development (AWCD) separated A horizon samples by cell size and inoculum dilution at both study sites, with SC from the most dilute enrichments clearly separated from LC and all other SC samples. At any given inoculum dilution, SC from A horizon soil utilized a greater number of substrates than SC from the B horizon. PCA separated A and B horizon SC samples by soil horizon and inoculum dilution. The least-dilute B horizon enrichment generally grouped with A horizon samples, while more dilute B horizon samples were distinct from the A horizon at both sites. Restriction digestion with Sau 3AI and Rsa I enzymes demonstrated that the dilution culture enriched distinct bacterial sub-populations from a single soil sample. Dilution-enrichment resulted in a larger number of distinct RFLP patterns in the cultivated site compared with the forested site.
Clinical comparison of bioactive glass bone replacement graft material and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene barrier membrane in treating human mandibular molar class II furcations.

Background: Class II furcations present difficult treatment problems and historically several treatment approaches to obtain furcation fill have been used. Methods: The response of mandibular Class II facial furcations to treatment with either bioactive glass (PG) bone replacement graft material or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) barrier membrane was evaluated in 27 pairs of mandibular molars in 27 patients with moderate to advanced periodontitis. Following initial preparation, full thickness flaps were raised in the area being treated, the bone and furcation defects debrided of granulomatous tissue, and the involved root surfaces mechanically prepared and chemically conditioned. By random allocation, PG or ePTFE was placed into or fitted over the furcations, packed or secured in place, and the host flap replaced or coronally positioned with sutures. Postsurgical deplaquing was performed every 10 days leading up to ePTFE removal at about 6 weeks. Continuing periodontal maintenance therapy was pro...
Energy-Transfer Cassette Labeling for Capillary Array Electrophoresis Short Tandem Repeat DNA Fragment Sizing

Energy-transfer (ET) dye-labeled primers significantly improve fluorescent DNA detection because they permit excitation at a single common wavelength and they produce well separated and intense acceptor dye emission. Recently, a new ET cassette technology was developed [Berti, L. et al. (2001) Anal. Biochem. 292, 188−197] that can be used to label any PCR, sequencing, or other primer of interest. In this report we examine the utility of this ET cassette technology by labeling seven different short tandem repeat (STR) specific primers with each of the four ET cassettes and analyzing the PCR products generated on a MegaBACE-1000 capillary array electrophoresis system. More than 60 amplicons were generated and successfully analyzed with the ET cassette-labeled primers. Both forward and reverse primers were labeled for multiplex PCR amplification and analysis. Single base pair resolution was achieved with all four ET cassettes. This ET cassette-primer labeling procedure is ideally suited for creating four-col...
Population variation in the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae : uniform garden experiments

A series of experiments was conducted in the field, greenhouse, and laboratory to investigate population variation among three geographic isolates of the widely distributed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Uniform garden experiments were used to determine whether these populations from dissimilar environments are physiologically different ecotypes or phenotypic variants. Using Melilotus officinalis as host, comparisons were made of the mycorrhizas formed, spore production, spore germination, propagule density, and the influence of the endophytes on host growth and physiology. Large disparities were observed in the responses of the three fungal populations and in their effects under uniform environmental conditions. Analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences among the G. mosseae populations in terms of amounts of mycorrhizas formed, spore production and their effect on biomass production, shoot phosphorus concentration and water relations of M. officinalis. These results support the hypothesis that populations of G. mosseae from dissimilar environments are genetically different races or ecotypes and suggest that there may be significant genetic and physiological diversity within this morphologically defined taxon.