cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865-1965

Southern Paternalism and the American Welfare State: Economics, Politics, and Institutions in the South, 1865-1965. By Lee J. Alston and Joseph P. Ferrie. Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions. (New York, Cambridge, Eng., and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xii, 170. $49.95, ISBN 0-521-62210-7.) Economists Lee J. Alston and Joseph P. Ferrie argue that paternalism, which they define as "the complex system of reciprocal duties and obligations that had bound agricultural employers and their workers" (p. 1), arose in the postbellum cotton South as a means to attract and motivate low-cost labor. Planters created a kind of welfare state on their plantations. They protected workers from violence and provided benefits such as "old age assistance, unemployment insurance of a sort (carrying the tenant through a poor season), medical care, intercession with legal authorities, recreational amenities, housing, garden plots, fuel, hunting privileges, general advice, credit, donations to schools and churches, and aid in times of emergencies, among others" (p. 13). In return, tenants and croppers provided their labor, working harder and shirking less, thereby increasing output and keeping the planters' supervision costs low. The planters opposed changes that threatened their paternalistic control and its economic benefits. The authors very briefly consider how planter domination of state legislatures allowed them to diminish merchant competition, to weaken legal protection of workers, croppers, and tenants, and to block alternative job opportunities in or outsiLde of the plantation area. But they devote most of their discussion to how the planters' domination of key Congressional committees allowed them to block national welfare reforms that might replace their paternalism. Mechanization of cotton production, however, meant a "declining economic incentive" (p. 133) for paternalism, and, therefore, southerners, although still powerful in Congress, ended their opposition to federal welfare programs. Indeed, welfare reforms, with their emphasis on urban areas, now provided planters an economic benefit by encouraging labor made redundant by mechanization to leave the plantation areas. The concept of paternalism suggests an interesting and potentially important tool for understanding postbellum southern history. Unfortunately, Alston and Ferrie's discussion of the concept is too narrow, mechanical, and static to realize that potential. In arguing that paternalism was ubiquitous and designed to diminish shirking and poor work while keeping supervision costs low, they largely ignore important variations and changes in tenure forms over time, from place to place, and by race. In some areas, for example, planters in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consolidated holdings, developed larger plantations, introduced more scientific methods, and instituted closer supervision of workers--all changes that increased total costs including costs of supervision but with the goal of increasing efficiency and profits. …
The Scotch parallel storage systems

To meet the bandwidth needs of modern computer systems, parallel storage systems are evolving beyond RAID levels 1 through 5. The parallel Data Lab at Carnegie Mellon University has constructed three Scotch parallel storage testbeds to explore and evaluate five directions in RAID evolution: first, the development of new RAID architectures to reduce the cost/performance penalty of maintaining redundant data; second, an extensible software framework for rapid prototyping of new architectures; third, mechanisms to reduce the complexity of and automate error-handling in RAID subsystems; fourth, a file system extension that allows serial programs to exploit parallel storage; and lastly, a parallel file system that extends the RAID advantages to distributed parallel computing environments. This paper describes these five RAID evolutions and the testbeds in which they are being implemented and evaluated.
Evidence-Based Practice and Social Work

The essential features of contemporary evidence-based practice (EBP) are outlined, with specific reference to the applications of this model to various areas of social work, micro through macro. EBP is seen as a welcome addition to our field, representing a fuller and more comprehensive development of earlier and related positions such as empirical clinical practice within social work, and the delineation of empirically-supported therapies within psychology. Social work should proactively adopt EBP as its preferred conceptual model, reorient BSW and MSW training programs along the lines advocated by EBP, and inculcate these principles into the delivery of social work services. This is seen as both a professional and ethical imperative necessary for the survival of the field.
Kinetic properties of recombinant MAO-A on incorporation into phospholipid nanodisks.

Recent structural studies of human monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) suggest the entrance to the active site is positioned near the surface of the mitochondrial outer membrane (Colibus et al., 2005). To determine the influence of the phospholipid bilayer on the structure and catalytic properties of MAO in a defined system, we have incorporated the recombinant protein into phospholipid ‘nanodiscs’ which have been developed by Stephen G. Sligar’s group (Denisov et al., 2004). Purified MAO-A incorporates into pre-formed nanodiscs which are ∼10 nm in diameter and exhibit the thickness expected for a phospholipid bilayer. Nanodisc assemblies of MAO-A are water-soluble, yield increased enzyme stability relative to detergent solutions, are catalytically active, and reactive with acetylenic inhibitors. As compared to detergent-based systems, the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) of amine oxidation appear to be greater. Also, nanodisc bound MAO-A binds various inhibitors with Ki values that are 2–4 fold lower than MAO-A in reduced Triton X-100 solutions. Taken together, these data suggest that the membrane environment affects MAO-A catalytic properties for both substrates and reversible inhibitors.
Dual band infrared picture-in-picture systems

Dual band infrared focal plane arrays (FPA) are designed to act as two independent focal planes located at a common image plane which detects both the mid-wave infrared and the long-wave infrared images. The imagery produced is simultaneous and separable for the two bands. Systems utilizing these focal planes have often been designed to operate the same way as single band infrared sensors, except that two images of the same scene but different spectral bands are simultaneously captured, and displayed independently or as a fused image. An alternative method of exploiting dual band FPA is to utilize the dual band nature of the focal plane to simultaneously view different scenes. It is feasible to provide a picture-in-picture capability where one spectral band views a narrow field of view (FOV) to identify targets while the other spectral band images the wide FOV to provide situational awareness. We explore this capability, including design concepts and issues associated with the development of a dual band picture-in-picture infrared system.
Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Context in School-Associated Student Homicides

This study assessed the importance of sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic context for incidents of school-associated student homicides between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1999, covering 5 academic years. Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention School Associated Violent Deaths Study (n = 125 incidents), we compared percentages and medians of victim, offender, motive, and school characteristics for incidents by geographic context and race/ethnicity of the offenders. Most incidents involved urban areas (53.6%), Black and Latino offenders and victims, moderately high youth poverty, and male on male violence (77.6%) driven by disputes and gang-related motives. Suburban area incidents (31.2%) often involved offenders and victims of a different race/ethnicity (51.3%). Multiple victims and White offenders were more common in rural areas (15.2%). More than 50% of the rural incidents involved male offenders and female victims. White offender incidents more often included multiple victims and female victims while Black and Latino offenders more often included single victims of the same sex. These results emphasize the utility of an incident-based analysis of school-associated student homicides in highlighting important variations by intersections of sex, race/ethnicity, and geographic context.
Tetralogy of Fallot: Selective Surgical Management Can Minimize Operative Mortality

Although tetralogy of Fallot can be completely corrected at any age, it appears that preliminary shunting may be of benefit in infancy. To better define the optimum age for shunting, the following patient data were reviewed. One hundred five patients with tetralogy of Fallot were treated between December, 1975, and July, 1984. Eight of 100 patients undergoing intracardiac repair died. Operative mortality was 14.3% (4 of 28 patients) when intracardiac repair was done before the patient was a year old, but only 5.6% (4 of 72 patients) after that age. Seven (13%) of 54 patients requiring transannular patch reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract died, whereas only 1 (2.2%) of 46 having repair without this type of reconstruction died (p less than 0.05). Twenty-one patients were initially palliated with systemic-pulmonary artery shunts, with 1 noncardiac death related to associated congenital neurological anomalies (4.8%). There was no statistically significant difference in mortality for primary versus secondary intracardiac repair. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume determination in 26 patients less than 2 years old demonstrated that 14 patients had small left ventricles and that 3 of them less than 1 year of age died at corrective operation. The remaining 12 had a left ventricle of normal size, and 1 of them died at operation. Palliative shunts can be performed safely in the very young child with no increased mortality at subsequent intracardiac repair. Diffuse hypoplasia of the right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary arteries requiring transannular patch reconstruction, and age less than 1 year both alter operative mortality, their combined impact being additive.
Reliability of flip chip packages with high thermal conductivity heat spreader attach

Copper heat spreaders are often used in flip chip in package construction. While providing high thermal conductivity, Cu has a significantly higher coefficient of thermal expansion than Si. In this work, two heat spreader attachment materials, indium for high power and polymeric adhesive for medium power applications, have been investigated. For In solder based attach, the Cu heat spreader was metallized with Ni/Au. Two thin film metallizations, Ti/Ni/Au and Ti/Au, have been studied for the Si backside. A nearly void free heat spreader attach has been achieved with vacuum soldering. For Ti/Ni/Au backside metallized Si die, there was no significant shear strength change after 1000 hours aging at 120degC and there was no significant shear or pull strength variation after five lead free re flow cycles. The shear and pull failure mode was within the indium layer. For Ti/Au die backside metallization, the initial die pull strength and failure mode were a function of Au thickness. With 3000 A of Au, there is no significant variation for shear and pull strength after 600 hours aging at 120degC or after five lead free solder reflow cycles. Failure was in the indium layer. For both types of die metallization, 24 mm times 24 mm Cu heat spreaders assembled on 22 mm times 22 mm Si die, exhibited no delamination after two lead free solder reflow cycles followed by 500 air to air thermal shock cycles (-40degC to 85degC). At 1000 cycles, slight delamination was found at the edges of the assembly for both die metallurgies. For adhesive based flat heat spreader attachment, a thermally conductive adhesive was used as the thermal interface and a non-thermally conductive adhesive was applied at the substrate corners to provide mechanical reinforcement of the heat spreader. After pre-conditioning then aging at 100degC for 500 hours followed by 500 air-to-air thermal shock cycles (0degC to 100degC), no delamination was observed and there was no significant degradation in pull strength.
Networked UAV Command, Control and Communication

The networked UAV command, control, and communication project has designed, implemented, and tested a network-centric, intelligent flight management system for UAVs. The system utilizes an existing ad-hoc network to demonstrate the ability of UAVs to make mission level decisions autonomously based upon network metrics and operator-specified parameters. Each UAV features a highly modular hardware architecture which provides a standardized interface to the onboard systems and enables system scaling. A high-level bus protocol is used on this interface to transport messages between the avionics package, network node, supervisory computer, and scientific payload. All decisions are made autonomously, but an operator maintains control of the mission parameters, and may modify them through the ad-hoc network using a mobile monitoring station. The station features a GUI to display feedback on node status as well as provide a visualization of any science data being collected. The collective system was tested and verified utilizing both a hardware-in-the-loop simulation, and an experiment at an outdoor range.
The properties of the numerical solutions of isothermal q-f turbulence equations using finite elements

Abstract The properties of the numerical solution of turbulence equations are examined using the finite element method. The set of equations used is the q-f turbulence equations, instead of the commonly used k-e equations. It is found that from a purely numerical point of view, the former has several desirable features over the latter in that the coupling between the equations is quite weak, and the signs of diffusivities, sources and sinks are independent of the sign of q and f. An algorithm for solving the q-f equations is presented using Galerkin's finite element method. Several numerical examples verifying the robustness and stability of the algorithm are presented.
Circular extinction of plasmonic silver nanocaps and gas sensing

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures exhibit strong rotatory optical activity and are expected to enrich the field of metaoptical materials. Potential applications of chiroplasmonic nanostructures include circular polarizers, optical polarization detectors, asymmetric catalysts, and sensors. However, chiral plasmonic materials require subwavelength structural control and involve laborious chemical or lithographic procedures for their manufacturing. Moreover, strong rotatory activity of subwavelength structures whose chirality was imparted by microfabrication, has been obtained for the red and infrared parts of the spectrum but faces new challenges for the blue and violet spectral ranges even with plasmonic materials with plasmonic bands in the 200-400 nm window. In this study, we address this problem by preparing chiral subwavelength nanostructures by glancing angle sputtering of metallic silver on ZnO nanopillar arrays. Silver deposition in two different planes is a convenient method for preparation of silver chiroplasmonic nanocaps (Ag CPNCs) with controlled asymmetry. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to examine the circular extinction for the left-handed nanocaps (L-CPNCs) with understanding that not only circular dichroism but also many other optical effects contribute to the amplitude of these bands. The pillared silver films exhibit circular extinction in the violet area of the electromagnetic spectrum. Partial oxidation of Ag to AgxO causes the absorption and corresponding circular extinction band obtained using a conventional CD spectrometer at 400-525 nm to increase and shift. This optical material may be used to detect oxygen and extends the spectrum of application of chiroplasmonic materials to gas sensing.
A new adaptive transient monitoring scheme for detection of power system events

The transient monitoring (TM) function occupies a very important place in digital protection devices. Its role is to detect as quickly and precisely as possible any significant change in the behavior of incoming voltage and current measurements (i.e., a change in the signal model). It is indeed believed that fault inceptions and switching events occurring in the vicinity of the protective relay can be detected by the monitoring of the voltages and currents. The precise time of jump detection allows, for example, the relay to place data windows at a correct position and to trigger accurate protection calculations. Accurate signal change detection could also be implemented in digital fault recorders (as a starting condition) or even in offline event analysis for phasor synchronization or fault location. By nature, ADAMO is an adaptive transient monitor: the filter coefficients and filter length keep changing to adapt to the incoming signals. The method is based on a least square minimization of the residual signal given by a short Fourier filter with two adapted coefficients. At a very low computation cost, the algorithm gets rid of all the disadvantages of the classical methods and allows a greater sensitivity.
A dynamic timing control technique utilizing time borrowing and clock stretching

In this paper, a dynamic timing control technique employing a time-borrowing flip-flop with a time-borrowing detection and a clock shifter is presented to prevent timing errors of a system with a minimized performance penalty. The proposed flip-flop allows time borrowing during a time-borrowing window (TBW) on critical paths and generates a time-borrowing detection signal used by the clock shifter to stretch the clock period by TBW. This makes the system delay-error tolerant at a lower voltage or a higher frequency without any error management. To validate the proposed technique, we designed a prototype in a 180-nm CMOS technology. At a 10% activation probability of critical paths, the measurement results show a power reduction of up to 22% (at the same clock frequency) or an operating frequency increase of up to 10% (at the same power) compared to those of a conventional design.
The effects of population aging on the physician services market: a computable equilibrium analysis

This paper formulates a computable equilibrium model CEM of the market for physician services. The simulation results based upon the CEM are consistent with widely held beliefs about the effects of aging on the health care sector, for example, that aggregate expenditures will increase as the population ages. In addition, however, the simulations suggest differential effects on prices and expenditures for various types of services and on expenditures by different types of consumers. For example, prices and aggregate expenditures for services typically used by the elderly are found to increase under "older" age distributions, whereas prices and aggregate expenditures for other services are found to decrease. Elderly women are found to be unequivocally worse off under older as opposed to younger age structures; they spend more yet consume fewer services.
Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.

Objective: To present nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and disability of 7 of the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders. Method: The data were derived from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093). Diagnoses were made using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version, and associations between personality disorders and sociodemographic correlates were determined. The relationship between personality disorders and 3 emotional disability scores (Short-Form 12, version 2) was also examined. Results: Overall, 14.79% of adult Americans (95% Cl = 14.08 to 15.50), or 30.8 million, had at least I personality disorder. The most prevalent personality disorder in the general population was obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 7.88% (95% CI = 7.43 to 8.33), followed by paranoid personality disorder 4.41% (95% CI = 4.12 to 4.70), antisocial personality disorder 3.63% (95% CI = 3.34 to 3.92), schizoid personality disorder 3.13% (95% CI = 2.89 to 3.37), avoidant personality disorder 2.36% (95% CI = 2.14 to 2.58), histrionic personality disorder 1.84% (95% CI = 1.66 to 2.02), and dependent personality disorder 0.49% (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.58). The risk of avoidant, dependent, and paranoid personality disorders was significantly greater among women than men (p <.05); the risk of antisocial personality disorder was greater among men compared with women (p <.05); and no sex differences were observed in the risk of obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, or histrionic personality disorders. In general, risk factors for personality disorders included being Native American or black, being a young adult, having low socioeconomic status, and being divorced, separated, widowed, or never married. Avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, and antisocial personality disorders (p <.02 to p <.0001) were each statistically significant predictors of disability. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was inconsistently related to disability. In contrast, disability was not significantly different among individuals with histrionic personality disorder compared with those without the disorder. Conclusion: Personality disorders are prevalent in the general population and are generally highly associated with disability. This study highlights the need to develop more effective and targeted prevention and intervention initiatives for personality disorders.
Transient Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome and Psychogenic Vomiting A Case Study in Diagnosis and Management

A well-nourished teen-age girl with psychogenic vomiting demonstrated clinical and radiographic findings of SMAS. Her upper gastrointestinal radiographic studies were normal a few weeks before and three years after the study in which radiographic findings of SMAS were present. Psychologic factors should be considered in SMAS when no condition involving inanition, immobility, abdominal compression, or coexisting abdominal disturbance can be identified.
Sorting and identification of food-borne microorganisms using Raman-tweezers spectroscopy

We demonstrated that food-borne bacteria and microorganisms existing in aqueous environment can be rapidly discriminated from the other food particles by Raman spectroscopy and sorted to a new chamber by optical manipulation.
The role of component packaging in system electromagnetic compatibility

Increases in the speed and density of electronic systems do not necessarily result in tougher electromagnetic compatibility problems. In fact, recent advances in packaging technology can help designers to meet electromagnetic compatibility requirements. However, working with new technologies requires us to re-evaluate existing EMC design models and guidelines. Understanding the system-level impact of component-level packaging changes, is a prerequisite for meeting stringent electromagnetic compatibility requirements in a timely and cost-effective manner.
The DEA and Pain Medicine

The following Forensic Pain Medicine Section is a series of commentaries that were initiated by Dr. Howard Heit, who describes the current state of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) policies on pain care with controlled substances. Dr. Heit is a pain and addiction specialist who participated in the collaboration with the DEA on the now famous Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals and Law Enforcement Personnel (FAQ), which was released to great fanfare and international media attention …
Somali prenatal education video use in a United States obstetric clinic: a formative evaluation of acceptability.

Abstract Objective Because of low health literacy and low priority in seeking prenatal information, health education videos were explored for acceptability by Somali refugee women in a clinical setting. Methods Focus groups led to the development of six targeted Somali prenatal education videos. Topics include: preparation for pregnancy, nutrition and exercise, pregnancy myths/facts, the father's role, episiotomies, and caesarean sections. Somali participants were recruited to view programs, and completed an 8-item survey prior to regularly scheduled prenatal appointments. Following the clinical visit, providers completed a 4-item survey indicating the video's helpfulness in facilitating client–provider communication. Results All study participants “strongly recommended” and rated the videos as “appropriate for Somali clients”, 57% indicated the information was “just the right amount,” and 60% found the videos “extremely helpful.” The primary language spoken at home was Somali (72.7%) and 54.5% indicated Somali as the preferred language to receive health information. Providers indicated 24% of appointments were “more interactive” with 72% finding videos “somewhat” or “extremely helpful.” Conclusion Preliminary results from this pilot study suggest that a video format for prenatal education is acceptable to Somali clients with most clients preferring video health education materials presented in the Somali language. Practice implications Culturally tailored health education video series for Somali women appear well for use in a clinic setting to facilitate client–provider communication.
Localization and Expression of Tissue Kallikrein and Kallistatin in Human Blood Vessels

Tissue kallikrein releases kinins by specific proteolysis, an activity inhibited by kallistatin. In this study, kallikrein and kallistatin were localized to endothelial and smooth muscle cells of large, medium, and small normal blood vessels by immunohistochemical techniques. Immunostaining for both proteins was strong in the endothelium of all sizes of blood vessels and was more intense in medial smooth muscle cells of small and medium-sized blood vessels than in elastic arteries. The sites of synthesis by endothelial and smooth muscle cells were demonstrated in normal blood vessels of all sizes by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Kallikrein and kallistatin levels were measured by immunoassays in homogenates of human aorta, vena cava, and iliac artery and vein. Tissue kallikrein and kallistatin transcripts were identified in human blood vessels by RT-PCR followed by Southern blot analysis with specific oligonucleotide probes. The results demonstrated the expression and co-localization of tissue kall...
Metamodeling-rapid design and evolution of domain-specific modeling environments

Model integrated computing (MIC) is gaining increased attention as an effective and efficient method for developing, maintaining, and evolving large-scale, domain-specific software applications for computer-based systems. MIC is a model-based approach to software development, allowing the synthesis of application programs from models created using customized, domain-specific model integrated program synthesis (MIPS) environments. Until now, these MIPS environments have been handcrafted. Analysis has shown that it is possible to "model the modeling environment" by creating a metamodel that specifies both the syntactic and semantic behavior of the desired domain-specific MIPS environment (DSME). Such a metamodel could then be used to synthesize the DSME itself allowing the entire design environment to safely and efficiently evolve in the face of changing domain requirements. This paper discusses the use of the Unified Modeling Language and the Object Constraint Language to specify, such metamodels, and describes a method for incorporating these metamodels into the MultiGraph Architecture, a MIPS creation toolset.
Untranslated regions of diverse plant viral RNAs vary greatly in translation enhancement efficiency

Background: Whole plants or plant cell cultures can serve as low cost bioreactors to produce massive amounts of a specific protein for pharmacological or industrial use. To maximize protein expression, translation of mRNA must be optimized. Many plant viral RNAs harbor extremely efficient translation enhancers. However, few of these different translation elements have been compared side-by-side. Thus, it is unclear which are the most efficient translation enhancers. Here, we compare the effects of untranslated regions (UTRs) containing translation elements from six plant viruses on translation in wheat germ extract and in monocotyledenous and dicotyledenous plant cells. Results: The highest expressing uncapped mRNAs contained viral UTRs harboring Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-like cap-independent translation elements (BTEs). The BYDV BTE conferred the most efficient translation of a luciferase reporter in wheat germ extract and oat protoplasts, while uncapped mRNA containing the BTE from Tobacco necrosis virus-D translated most efficiently in tobacco cells. Capped mRNA containing the Tobacco mosaic virus omega sequence was the most efficient mRNA in tobacco cells. UTRs from Satellite tobacco necrosis virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus, and Crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV) did not stimulate translation efficiently. mRNA with the crTMV 5′ UTR was unstable in tobacco protoplasts. Conclusions: BTEs confer the highest levels of translation of uncapped mRNAs in vitro and in vivo, while the capped omega sequence is most efficient in tobacco cells. These results provide a basis for understanding mechanisms of translation enhancement, and for maximizing protein synthesis in cell-free systems, transgenic plants, or in viral expression vectors.
MLR stimulation and exercise pressor reflex activate different renal sympathetic fibers in decerebrate cats

Although mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) stimulation and the exercise pressor reflex have been shown to increase whole nerve renal sympathetic activity, it is not known whether these mechanisms converge onto the same population of renal sympathetic postganglionic efferents. In decerebrate cats, we examined the responses of single renal sympathetic postganglionic efferents to stimulation of the MLR and the exercise pressor reflex (i.e., static contraction of the triceps surae muscles). We found that, in most instances (24 of 28 fibers), either MLR stimulation or the muscle reflex, but not both, increased the discharge of renal postganglionic sympathetic efferents. In addition, we found that renal sympathetic efferents that responded to static contraction while the muscles were freely perfused responded more vigorously to static contraction during circulatory arrest. Moreover, stretch of the calcaneal (Achilles) tendon stimulated the same renal sympathetic efferents as did static contraction. These findings suggest that MLR stimulation and the exercise pressor reflex do not converge onto the same renal sympathetic postganglionic efferents.
Formação de professores e ensino privado noturno: Uma breve reflexão sobre cursos superiores de História DOI10.5216/o.v7i9.9344

Nos ultimos anos assistiuse, se nao a uma revolucao epistemologica, a algumas transformacoes significativas na interpretacao e escrita da Historia. Buscou-se superar um tempo em que se trabalhava sempre as mesmas tecnicas de investigacao, fontes e temas. No presente texto, a partir da concomitante experiencia de trabalho como docente de ensino superior e historiografa do Arquivo Historico do Rio Grande do Sul, analisa-se as dificuldades para que o processo de renovacao historiografica penetre no ensino superior privado noturno dos cursos de Historia. Palavras-chave: pesquisa, formacao de professores, historia, memoria
Universal area distributions in the monolayers of confluent mammalian cells.

When mammalian cells form confluent monolayers completely filling a plane, these apparently random “tilings” show regularity in the statistics of cell areas for various types of epithelial and endothelial cells. The observed distributions are reproduced by a model which accounts for cell growth and division, with the latter treated stochastically both in terms of the sizes of the dividing cells as well as the sizes of the “newborn” ones – remarkably, the modeled and experimental distributions fit well when all free parameters are estimated directly from experiments.
Study on Traffic Organization for Large Special Events in Beijing

In Beijing,over 100 large special events were held every year.How to keep the traffic smoothly and reduce the impact on daily traffic during the event time is a key point of a successful large event.It's also an important problem to the traffic organizer and manager.This article defines large special events from traffic aspect,analysis the characteristics and difficulties of traffic organization,provides traffic planning guidelines for large special events,and then takes the 7th China Flower Expo in Shunyi as an example,discusses traffic planning and implementation for large special events.Hope this article may provide helpful experience for large special events traffic planning.
The disposition of concern: an exploration into the affects of the power-knowledge dynamics uncovered during research into pupils’ perceptions of terrorism

ABSTRACTIn recent years, counter-terrorism measures have become incorporated into the UK education system, with the latest 2015 Counter-Terrorism and Security Act expanding on previous government policy by making it mandatory for schools to be actively involved with counter-terrorism measures [Clause 21, H.M. Government 2015. Counter-Terrorism and Security Act. London: Crown Copyright, 18]. However, during my research into pupils’ perceptions of terrorism, I discovered that conducting such discussions within the classroom setting were restricted from the outset. These findings are useful in demonstrating the difficulties facing those expected to deliver government policy and highlight how education researchers (and teachers) need to be aware of certain considerations prior to engaging in such sensitive subject matter with young people. This article provides an overview of my findings in this regard and demonstrates the complexities associated with discussing the topic of terrorism, in particular it’s rela...
Dietary Cholesterol Effects on Adipose Tissue Inflammation

Purpose of review Adipose tissue is a critical endocrine and immunological organ that regulates systemic energy homeostasis. During the pathogenesis of obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy is accompanied by adipose tissue inflammation, impeding insulin sensitivity and endocrine function of adipose tissue and other tissues. Adipocyte cholesterol accumulates in proportion to triglyceride as adipocytes undergo hypertrophy. Recent studies suggest that dietary cholesterol contributes to increased adipocyte cholesterol. However, how dietary cholesterol accumulates in adipocytes and its metabolic consequences are poorly understood. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge of adipocyte cholesterol balance and highlights the emerging role of dietary cholesterol in adipose tissue cholesterol balance, inflammation, and systemic energy metabolism. Recent findings Perturbation of cholesterol balance in adipocytes alters intracellular cholesterol distribution and modulates adipocyte insulin and proinflammatory signaling. Adipocyte cholesterol levels are maintained by a balance between dietary cholesterol uptake from triglyceride-enriched lipoproteins and cellular cholesterol efflux to HDL. Recent animal studies established a critical role for dietary cholesterol in promoting adipose tissue inflammation, thereby worsening obesity-mediated metabolic complications. Summary Recent studies identified high dietary cholesterol as a potentiator of adipose tissue inflammation and dysfunction. Reducing excessive dietary cholesterol intake is suggested as a simple, but novel, way to attenuate obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
Treatment of Prostatic Bleeding: Suppression of Angiogenesis by Androgen Deprivation

Bleeding of prostatic origin is usually caused by the friable hypervascularity of the aging prostate. Suppression of angiogenesis can be achieved through any hormonal manipulation that causes androgen deprivation. We present 4 cases of severe recurrent hematuria treated successfully by this approach.
Personal recollection of episodes devoted to my study of neuropathology

I graduated from Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine in 1952. Following neurological residency training, I received neuropathological training at Montefiore Hospital under Dr. Zimmerman since 1956. During 1959-65, on the recommendation from Dr. Zimmerman and Dr. LT Kurlands, I was engaged in Guam project of NIH, as a visiting scientist, investigating ALS and parkinsonism-dementia complex, endemic fatal neurological disorders among the native Chamorro population. In 1965 I was appointed as head of the Division of Neuropathology at Montefiore Medical Center. I have been Professor of Pathology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1971, Professor in the Dominick Purpura Department of Neuroscience at Albert Einstein College of Medicine since 1974, and The Harry M. Zimmerman Professor of Neuropathology, Montefiore Medical Center 1995. For over four decades, with the late Dr. Zimmerman, I have been host to 40 Japanese neurologists who have come to Montefiore for training in Neuropathology. Over 700 papers, 20 books have been published in our laboratory. Personal recollections of selected episodes devoted to study of neuropathology are described in this communication. These include fine structural investigation of brain edema demonstrating electron dense hematogenous edema fluid spreading expanding extracellular space in white matter, application of model of unrolled myelin sheath for elucidate structural alteration of myelin, the independent development of the pre- and postsynaptic terminals, study of SOD1 positive Lewy body-like inclusion in familial ALS and Hirano body.
Kaposi's sarcoma.

Recognition of Kaposi's sarcoma and its prevalence in the lower extremities is reviewed in light of a recent association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
CATECHOLAMINES AND METABOLITES IN THE BRAINS OF PSYCHOTICS AND NORMALS: POST-MORTEM STUDIES

Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and some of their metabolites were measured post-mortem in several brain regions of normals and patients with chronic psychoses. There were no significant differences found for DA and its metabolites between normals and psychotics. Free 3-methoxy, 4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) was increased in the hypothalamus of psychotics compared with normals (two tailed t-test P<.02), while conjugated MHPG was correspondingly decreased in psychotics (P<.05).
Ten-year hemoglobin A1c trajectories and outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Diabetes & Aging Study

Abstract Aims To classify trajectories of long term HbA1c values in patients after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and examine each trajectory's associations with subsequent microvascular and macrovascular events and mortality. Methods A longitudinal follow-up of 28,016 patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes was conducted. Latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify ten-year HbA1c trajectories. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess how HbA1c trajectories were associated with events (microvascular and macrovascular) and mortality. Results We identified 5 HbA1c trajectories: “low stable” (82.5%), “moderate increasing late” (5.1%), “high decreasing early” (4.9%), “moderate peaking late” (4.1%) and “moderate peaking early” (3.3%). After adjusting for average HbA1c, compared to the low stable trajectory, all non-stable trajectories were associated with higher incidences of microvascular events (hazard ratio (HR) range, 1.28 (95% CI, 1.08–1.53) (high decreasing early) to 1.45 (95% CI, 1.20–1.75) (moderate peaking early)). The high decreasing early trajectory was associated with an increased mortality risk (HR, 1.27 (95% CI, 1.03–1.58)). Trajectories were not associated with macrovascular events. Conclusions Non-stable HbA1c trajectories were associated with greater risk of microvascular events and mortality. These findings suggest a potential benefit of early diabetes detection, prioritizing good glycemic control, and maintaining control over time.
Stability of antibiotic-resistance markers in Bacillus cereus UW85

Bacillus cereus UW85 is a potential biocontrol agent for preand post-emergence damping-off caused by oomycete fungi. Establishment of UW85 in the rhizosphere may be required for it to be an effective biocontrol agent. Understanding the rhizosphere population dynamics of UW85 may help predict its effectiveness in biocontrol. We used spontaneous antibiotic resistance mutations in B. cereus UW85 as markers to distinguish it from the indigeneous B. cereus population. In this summary we present evidence suggesting that antibiotic resistance was rapidly lost from the B. cereus population in the field and that this loss could not be predicted from laboratory experiments.
Accurate H2 Sorption Modeling in the rht-MOF NOTT-112 Using Explicit Polarization

Hydrogen sorption was characterized theoretically in NOTT-112, an rht-metal–organic framework (MOF) that consists of Cu2+ ions coordinated to 1,3,5-tris(3′,5′-dicarboxy[1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)benzene ligands. Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations of H2 sorption were performed using three different sorbate potentials of increasing complexity to elucidate the mechanism of interaction in NOTT-112. Reasonable agreement with the experimental H2 sorption isotherms, isosteric heats of adsorption (Qst), and H2–Cu2+ distances was obtained with the model that includes explicit many-body polarization. This highlights the physical importance of induction in H2 sorption in MOFs with open-metal sites. The two Cu2+ ions within the paddlewheels in NOTT-112 have distinct electrostatic profiles and sorption characteristics. The Cu2+ ions projecting into the cuboctahedral (cub–Oh) cage of the MOF are more electropositive than the Cu2+ ions projecting toward the organic linker, and therefore serve as the initial loadin...
Bidirectional Decision Feedback Modified Viterbi Detection (BD-DFMV) for Shingled Bit-Patterned Magnetic Recording (BPMR) With 2D Sectors and Alternating Track Widths

Shingled bit-patterned media (BPM) recording is a promising candidate to improve the magnetic recording density above 1 Tb/in2 while keeping the conventional writer design. However, shingled magnetic recording (SMR) leads to a narrower track pitch, and thus increased inter-track interference motivating the investigation of array readers and 2-D sectors. In this paper, we investigate SMR on BPM with 2-D sectors at the channel density of 3.71 Tb/in2. Use of 2-D sectors allows the possibility of using either hard or soft information from already detected tracks in that 2-D sector to improve the detection performance on the current track. An important question in this context is whether all tracks in a 2-D sector should be of the same nominal width or if there is a potential benefit to using different widths for adjacent tracks. Based on our investigation, we show that alternating track widths [i.e., one less-trimmed (fat) track followed by one more-trimmed (narrow) track] are beneficial to a bit error rate (BER) perspective. In particular, we propose and investigate the use of a bidirectional decision feedback modified Viterbi (BD-DFMV) detector to improve the BER performance. Our simulations indicate that for a hypothetical 2-D sector with 13 tracks and 5% media noise and at the target BER of 10−2, using alternating track widths and readback with a single reader, the BD-DFMV algorithm can provide about 1.6 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain, compared with using the same detection algorithm but on a 2-D sector with uniform track widths. When using a reader array instead of a single reader, this SNR gain improves to about 2.0 dB. The alternating track width structure also appears to provide more robustness to track mis-registration compared with the 2-D uniform track width case.
Thermal transport: Harmony with superatoms.

The thermal conductivities of superatom crystals have significant contributions from extended phonon states and show a remarkable temperature dependence due to orientational ordering.
The Advance of a Salt Wedge Front: Observations and Dynamical Model

The salinity intrusion in the Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, is subject to large variations due to strong tidal flow. The salt wedge front propagates as much as 18 km during the flooding tide, and it is flushed entirely out of the estuary in the highly sheared ebb flow. Detailed measurements of velocity and water properties provide the basis for theoretical and numerical modeling of the interaction between the barotropic and density-driven flows. The bottom boundary layer has a pronounced influence on the speed and structure of the density-driven flow. Of particular note is a sharp velocity maximum near the center of the pycnocline, in which the local velocity exceeds the speed of the intrusion by as much as 0.4 ms−1. Theoretical analysis of the velocity structure indicates that turbulence is sharply attenuated in the vicinity of the velocity maximum, consistent with a Richardson number cut-off of the stratified turbulence. A two-layer model is applied to the motion of the salinity front with a moving boundary condition at the head of the salt wedge. The model-predicted propagation speed and spatial structure compare favorably with observations, indicating that the two-layer representation contains the essential elements of the dynamics of this highly stratified flow.
VARIATION IN GREAT LAKES LEVELS IN RELATION TO ENGINEERING PROBLEMS

Throughout the recorded history of the Great Lakes, the fluctuation in their water levels has created engineering problems generally unique in relation to coastal engineering. In periods of low water, demands are heard from navigation and power interests to raise the levels. In periods of high water appeals are made by shore property owners to lower the levels. Such conflicting interests present major engineering problems, the nature of which during a given period of time reflect the long-range upward and downward trend in lake levels due to natural phenomena.
Synthesis of the C(1)–C(13) Fragment of Leiodermatolide via Hydrogen-Mediated C–C Bond Formation

The C(1)–C(13) fragment of the antimitotic marine macrolide leiodermatolide is prepared in seven steps via hydrogenative and transfer-hydrogenative reductive C–C couplings. A hydrogen-mediated reductive coupling of acetylene with a Roche-type aldehyde is used to construct C(7)–C(13). A 2-propanol-mediated reductive coupling of allyl acetate with (E)-2-methylbut-2-enal at a low loading of iridium (1 mol %) is used to construct C(1)–C(6), which is converted to an allylsilane using Oestereich’s copper-catalyzed allylic substitution of Si–Zn reagents. The union of the C(1)–C(6) and C(7)–C(13) fragments is achieved via stereoselective Sakurai allylation.