cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Possibilities and Actualities of Disciplined Inquiry.

Research on the substantive issues and concerns of higher education is handicapped by higher education's lack of status and recognition as an academic discipline and/or a professional specialty. A major contributing factor is identified as the historical separation of sponsored research and graduate education. Professors of higher education have not been actively involved in funded research and researchers have not participated fully in doctoral programs. An effective solution of the problem should be the cooperation of professors and researchers in recasting theory-based and policy-related research as disciplined inquiry, by strengthening current doctoral programs and by concentrating on the preparation of the next generation of scholars, professors, and researchers.
Reply to Lilienfeld: why alcoholism is a disease.

Abstract Lilenfeld's attack on my conceptual examination of the disease concept of alcoholism suffers from erroneous interpretations, fallacious reasoning, and a lack of fam iliarity with relevant alcoholism research. He offers an alternative nominalist interpretation of the disease concept of alcoholism based on a fuzzy boundary between disease and well ness. He fails to recognize that the basic issue between nominalist and realist accounts of a lower-order concept such as alcoholism is the presence or absence of general principles that may account for the observed signs and symptoms characterizing a specific disease entity, not fuzzy boundaries between higherorder categories. Extensive evidence (which Lilienfeld ignores) of biological bases for the pathognomic signs and symptoms of alcoholism, particularly loss of control, demonstrates that the disease concept of alcoholism refers to a disease entity that has a biological basis. It is not a “mental construct.”
Nonablative allogeneic stem-cell transplantation for advanced/recurrent mantle-cell lymphoma

Purpose: Patients with relapsed mantle-cell lymphoma have poor prognosis and short survival. Our aim was to determine the efficacy of nonablative allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in patients with relapsed mantle-cell lymphoma. Patients and Methods: Eighteen patients were treated in one of two consecutive trials. Thirteen patients underwent a conditioning regimen of fludarabine (30 mg/m2 daily for 3 days), cyclophosphamide (750 mg/m2 daily for 3 days), and high-dose rituximab. For the remaining five patients, the conditioning regimen consisted of cisplatin (25 mg/m2 daily for 4 days), fludarabine (30 mg/m2 daily for 2 days), and cytarabine (1,000 mg/m2 daily for 2 days). Tacrolimus and methotrexate were used for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Results: The median age was 56.5 years. Patients underwent a median of three prior chemotherapy regimens. Prior autologous transplantation failed in five (28%) patients and 16 (89%) had chemosensitive disease. Donor cell engraftment occurred in all patient...
Australia Telescope Compact Array Observations of the OH Star Roberts 22: Resolved Images of Hydroxyl Emission

We have imaged the unusual OH/IR object G284-0.8 (Roberts 22) in the OH transitions at 1612, 1665, and 1667 MHz using the Australia Telescope Compact Array in Narrabri, NSW, Australia. The angular resolution of the OH images we present here is 6'' (12,000 AU at a distance of 2 kpc). We find OH emission of extent 15 (2800 AU) located inside the optical bipolar flow region (size 8'') discovered in the early eighties by Allen et al. and imaged recently by Sahai et al. with the Hubble Space Telescope. We present astrometry of Roberts 22, providing registration of the OH and Hubble Space Telescope images to within ~035. We describe the OH velocity field in Roberts 22 and discuss the kinematic properties of the source and its evolutionary status.
Regional (north american) studbook for the Geoffroy's tamarin, Saguinus geoffroyi

A regional (North American) studbook of Saguinus geoffroyi, Geoffroy's tamarin, is presented. Supplemental information regarding range, habitat, status in the wild, taxonomy, husbandry, level of inbreeding, and international holdings is included. Living animals are cross-indexed by holding institution.
Additions of carbenes to 1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Abstract Dicarbomethoxy- and dichlorocarbene add to 1,2,2-trimethylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane to give derivatives of 2,3,3-trimethylpenta-1,4-diene. These products are not predicted by the mechanism proposed earlier. A new mechanism is suggested.
Will your workers sue you? State-by-State risks and strategic responses

Abstract Every day, managers face the risk of lawsuits being filed by their workers. Lawsuits are disruptive, time consuming, expensive, and often completely unexpected/unanticipated. To better prepare for this undesirable occurrence, managers must understand the risks involved. Three metrics—frequency, severity, and range—elucidate the risks of employment lawsuits and illustrate how these may vary from one state to the next. Risk management tactics can be deployed strategically to handle the variety of risk present in various locations. These tactics create a defense-in-depth strategy with layered multiple-hurdles to stymie employee depletion of corporate assets. Rather than live in perpetual fear, employers can more successfully manage the risks of worker lawsuits.
Risk of Heavy Drinking and Alcohol Use Disorders in Social Phobia: A Prospective Analysis

OBJECTIVE: The risks of heavy drinking and alcohol abuse/dependence were prospectively assessed among individuals with DSM-III social phobia and individuals with subclinical social phobia (irration...
Catalyst Structure-Performance Relationship Identified by High-Throughput Operando Method: New Insight for Silica-Supported Vanadium Oxide for Methanol Oxidation

The reaction mechanism of methanol oxidation catalyzed by vanadium oxides on a silica support (V2O5/SiO2) was investigated in a high-throughput operando reactor coupled with a Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) imaging system for rapid product analysis and six parallel, in situ Raman spectroscopy probes for catalyst characterization. Up to six V2O5/SiO2 catalysts with different vanadium loadings (i.e., from 0 to 7%) were simultaneously monitored under identical experimental conditions. The specific Raman bands of the different catalysts in the six parallel reaction channels are quantitatively determined in this work. Under steady-state reaction conditions, the Raman intensities of C–H stretch in Si–O–CH3 and V–O–CH3 were extensively studied at different reaction temperatures and different vanadium loadings. For the first time, we observed enhanced Si–O–CH3 formation on V2O5/SiO2 catalysts with low vanadium loadings. We attribute this phenomenon to surface cluster edge activation. Careful comparison of the in situ Raman intensity of V–O–CH3 on V2O5/SiO2 catalysts revealed different methoxy formation mechanisms in different reaction temperature regimes.
Resuscitation from clinical death. Pathophysiologic limits and therapeutic potentials

Modern cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) for the reversal of clinical death (i.e., prolonged cardiac arrest) is a sequence of basic, advanced and prolonged life-support steps. This system was initiated by research that started in the 1950s. Present community-wide results are encouraging, but suboptimal. Maximal benefit from CPCR will be achievable: a) by minimizing response times; and b) by extending reversible arrest times--the topic of this symposium. For reperfusion, closed chest CPR is more readily available than, but physiologically inferior to, open chest CPR and emergency cardiopulmonary bypass. To optimize outcome, four components of the postresuscitation syndrome are being investigated: a) perfusion failure; b) reoxygenation injury cascades; c) self-intoxication; and d) blood derangements. Results from animal outcome studies so far suggest significant but still inconsistent benefit from several special postarrest treatments. The longest normothermic no-flow time yet reversed to good functional survival of heart, brain and the entire organism appears to be not 5 min, but between 10 and 20 min. The following is recommended and in part has been initiated: a) simultaneous investigation of pathophysiologic limits, therapeutic potentials, and prognosticating measurements; b) simultaneous basic research at cellular, organ, and organism levels; c) increased communication and consensus on research models between research centers; d) use of short-term and long-term animal models for systematic mechanism-oriented and empirical outcome-oriented studies; e) development of etiology-specific combination treatments; and f) community-wide case registries combined with epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical treatment trials.
Sexual networks of African-American and Hispanic youth.

Background and Objectives: To describe the characteristics of several types of sexual partners of African-American and Hispanic urban youth and to determine the association of these characteristics with condom use, contraceptive use, experience with sexually transmitted diseases, and sexual practices. Study Design: Data were drawn from personal interviews with a probability sample of low-income urban youth, age 15 to 24 years, conducted in Detroit in 1991 (N = 1,435). Results: Although both ethnic groups tended to form partnerships most often within their own group, Hispanics had sexual partners who varied by ethnicity much more than did African Americans. Furthermore, the longer-term relationships, those that resulted in marriage or cohabitation, were more likely to be with Hispanic partners than were other relationships. Hispanic men were also more likely to report white partners than were Hispanic women. In contrast, for African-American men and women, most reported relationships were with other African Americans. Regardless of ethnicity or relationship type, women had older partners than did men. Partner differences in age or ethnicity showed few or no differences in condom use, reports of sexually transmitted diseases, oral intercourse, or use of contraceptive methods. Conclusions: Although relationships with people of similar age and ethnicity are common, bridges exist for transmission of sexually transmitted infection between different age and ethnic groups.
Acute Infarction of a Previously Stented Coronary Artery Precipitated by Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography

Abstract A case is reported of acute myocardial infarction (MI) in a previously stented left anterior descending coronary artery, which occurred shortly after uneventful dobutamine stress echocardiography. Myocardial infarction precipitated by dobutamine has been reported only rarely, as has exercise-related MI after stenting. This is the first case of dobutamine-induced MI in a recently stented artery. (J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2000;13:150-1.)
Numerical Analyses of a Rocket Engine Turbine and Comparison With Air Test Data

The study presents cold air test data on the Space Shuttle Main Engine High Pressure Fuel Turbopump turbine recently collected at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. Overall performance data, static pressures on the first- and second-stage nozzles, and static pressures along with the gas path at the hub and tip are gathered and compared with various (1D, quasi-3D, and 3D viscous) analysis procedures. The results of each level of analysis are compared to test data to demonstrate the range of applicability for each step in the design process of a turbine. One-dimensional performance prediction, quasi-3D loading prediction, 3D wall pressure distribution prediction, and 3D viscous wall pressure distribution prediction are illustrated.
A methodology for simultaneous fluorogenic derivatization and boronate affinity enrichment of 3-nitrotyrosine-containing peptides

We synthesized and characterized a new tagging reagent, (3R,4S)-1-(4-(aminomethyl)phenylsulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3,4-diol (APPD), for the selective fluorogenic derivatization of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) residues in peptides (after reduction to 3-aminotyrosine) and affinity enrichment. The synthetic 3-NT-containing peptide, FSAY(3-NO(2))LER, was employed as a model for method validation. Furthermore, this derivatization protocol was successfully tested for analysis of 3-NT-containing proteins exposed to peroxynitrite in the total protein lysate of cultured C2C12 cells. The quantitation of 3-NT content in samples was achieved through either fluorescence spectrometry or boronate affinity chromatography with detection by specific fluorescence (excitation and emission wavelengths of 360 and 510 nm, respectively); the respective limits of detection were 95 and 68 nM (19 and 13 pmol total amount) of 3-NT. Importantly, the derivatized peptides show a strong retention on a synthetic boronate affinity column, containing sulfonamide-phenylboronic acid, under mild chromatographic conditions, affording a route to separate the derivatized peptides from large amounts (milligrams) of nonderivatized peptides and to enrich them for fluorescent detection and mass spectrometry (MS) identification. Tandem MS analysis identified chemical structures of peptide 3-NT fluorescent derivatives and revealed that the fluorescent derivatives undergo efficient backbone fragmentations, permitting sequence-specific identification of protein nitration at low concentrations of 3-NT in complex protein mixtures.
Geologic Needs and Knowledge of Real Estate Brokers and Builders

Real estate brokers and builders do not often use geologic information despite the new land use laws that require a knowledge of the physical environment. These two groups were evaluated to determine their technical knowledge, the level of knowledge they desire, and the specific information they need from the geologist. They are not proficient in engineering or geology, nor do they wish to be. The brokers and builders are aware of and interested in the geologist9s contribution, but they indicated that the contribution must be both informative and intelligible. The most requested contribution was interpretive information specifying the suitability of land for various uses. The geologic profession has a ready market for a fast, accurate, understandable, and competitively priced land use analysis tool.
The municipal science institute of the university of Berlin

The Municipal Science. Institute is a training, research and consulting agency, supported, for the most part, by the state.
Optimization of an RNA folding algorithm for parallel architectures

Abstract In this paper we describe parallel implementations of a dynamic programming algorithm for predicting ribonucleic acid (RNA) secondary structure based on energy minimization in high performance computers. The computations of the energies for all possible fragments of the molecule consume almost all the computations in the prediction algorithm. The computation ordering and the data placement dictate the performance of the algorithm. Only the diagonal ordering, which starts with short fragments and progresses to successively greater fragments in length, out of three possible computation orderings can take full advantage of the advanced architectures discussed in this study. We have implemented two methods on a CRAY Y-MP. Our results demonstrate that the method with less bank conflict performs better in a single-processor environment. However, the other method utilizes the processors more efficiently in the multiple-processor environment of CRAY Y-MP. An efficient parallel algorithm has also been designed solely for a distributed-memory SIMD architecture. In a distributed memory system, the performance is also affected by the cost of communication between processors. The algorithm significantly reduces the data communication cost. Consequently, our results show that the performance on our MasPar MP-2 system is far better than that on a single-processor CRAY Y-MP as the problem size grows. Our algorithm has been applied to a SMP MIMD architecture (eight-processor CRAY Y-MP) and may be adapted to a distributed MIMD architecture. The methodology described in this study may possibly be applied to other optimization problems using a dynamic programming algorithm.
Illuminant invariant calibration of thermochromic liquid crystals

Abstract A video-based system is described for using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) to make highly accurate, full-field, surface temperature measurements, independent of the illuminant spectrum, background lighting, angle of incidence, and optical path. The system is comprised of three parts: (1) mixing, filtering, and spraying protocols that produce uniform TLC surfaces; (2) on-axis, cross-polarized primary lighting; and (3) correction algorithms for the optical path, the intensities, and spectra of both the primary illuminant and the background lighting, based on CIE Illuminant C—referenced color specimens placed in both the application and calibration fields of view. When 30 frames (1 second's worth of data) are averaged, the uncertainty is less than ±0.25°C (with 95% confidence) even in the presence of various combinations of sunlight and fluorescent/incandescent room lighting, as long as the viewing angle is within ±25° of the normal.
Investigating Mitochondrial Redox Potential with Redox-sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein Indicators

Current methods for determining ambient redox potential in cells are labor-intensive and generally require destruction of tissue. This precludes single cell or real time studies of changes in redox poise that result from metabolic processes or environmental influences. By substitution of surface-exposed residues on the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) with cysteines in appropriate positions to form disulfide bonds, reduction-oxidation-sensitive GFPs (roGFPs) have been created. roGFPs have two fluorescence excitation maxima at about 400 and 490 nm and display rapid and reversible ratiometric changes in fluorescence in response to changes in ambient redox potential in vitro and in vivo. Crystal structure analyses of reduced and oxidized crystals of roGFP2 at 2.0- and 1.9-A resolution, respectively, reveal in the oxidized state a highly strained disulfide and localized main chain structural changes that presumably account for the state-dependent spectral changes. roGFP1 has been targeted to the mitochondria in HeLa cells. Fluorometric measurements on these cells using a fluorescence microscope or in cell suspension using a fluorometer reveal that the roGFP1 probe is in dynamic equilibrium with the mitochondrial redox status and responds to membrane-permeable reductants and oxidants. The roGFP1 probe reports that the matrix space in HeLa cell mitochondria is highly reducing, with a midpoint potential near -360 mV (assuming mitochondrial pH ∼8.0 at 37 °C). In other work (C. T. Dooley, T. M. Dore, G. Hanson, W. C. Jackson, S. J. Remington, and R. Y. Tsien, submitted for publication), it is shown that the cytosol of HeLa cells is also unusually reducing but somewhat less so than the mitochondrial matrix.
A Novel Approach to Induction Motor Transfer Functions

The scope of static ac drives is increasing rapidly, and with this increase has evolved the need to devise control strategies for a variety of new applications. Purely analytical approaches to design of control systems for ac drives are hindered by the highly coupled nature of the ac induction motor equations which, in the past, necessitated lengthy manual derivations of transfer functions. This paper presents an alternative approach using a state variable formulation. The equations are arranged in a form such that the entire derivation procedure can be relegated to a digital computer. Transfer function poles, zeros, and gain for any practical input-output pair of variables can be rapidly obtained.
The prevention, diagnosis and management of allergic disease in childhood

• Atopic disease and anaphylaxis are common childhood disorders • Diagnosis is usually evident on clinical evaluation but a differential diagnosis should be considered • Total IgE is a poor discriminator between atopic and non-atopic individuals • Measurement of total IgE is indicated in the evaluation of some immunodeficiency disorders, to screen for parasitic disease, and for the management of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis • Allergen-specific IgE should only be determined when the disorder is thought to be IgE mediated • The predictive value of a negative allergen-specific IgE test (RAST or skin test) is greater than that of a positive test • Allergen avoidance, symptomatic management and immunotherapy are the key elements of allergy management • Expectant parents at high risk of having an atopic child should consider basic preventative measures such as avoidance of potential allergens and irritants perinatally and during early childhood
Publishing in Academia: Woes of Authorship, Figures, and Peer Review

Publishing in academia today is more challenging than what our predecessors experienced 20 years ago. Today, publishing an academic manuscript requires command of what it means to be an author, the concerns over digital information related to figures, and the peer review process. Issues concerning authorship can be readily addressed and corrected by adherence to a set of guidelines such as ICMJE. The advent of powerful software programs has allowed rendering of publication-quality images, but these programs are easily susceptible to presenting data in a more favorable light, whereas they should not affect the integrity and data represented. The peer review process provides germane critiques to screen out substandard manuscripts; however, it can be imperfect, which requires further review and study. Successfully publishing in academia requires much specialized knowledge, as well as a firm grasp of authorship, figures, and peer review.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce albuminuria more than angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT Objective This study retrospectively compared the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) versus angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) as classes with respect to overall mortality and cardiovascular and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods An electronic database of medical records was reviewed. A total of 16,489 patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled and divided into ACEI (n = 12,351) or ARB (n = 4,138) groups. Baseline patient characteristics were compared using univariable analysis. A chi-square test was used for categorical outcomes, and the propensity class was calculated using multivariable logistic regression. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of ACEIs/ARBs on overall survival, coronary artery disease (CAD), and renal events via Cox regression analysis, adjusting for propensity class and baseline variables. All statistical analyses were conducted using R 2.15.1 software. Results No significant differences in overall survival (P = .16) and CAD (P = .81) events were observed between groups. With respect to renal events, ARBs increased the risk of creatinine doubling compared with ACEIs, but the difference was not significant (hazard ratio [HR], 1.207; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.921-1.583; P = .173). Patients who received ARBs had a significantly higher rate of albuminuria than patients who received ACEIs (HR, 1.303; 95% CI, 1.053-1.612; P = .015). Conclusion The early effects of ACEIs and ARBs on albuminuria outcome seem to be different in type 2 diabetes, favoring the use of ACEIs. A well-designed prospective study is warranted to evaluate this finding. (Endocr Pract. 2013;19:579-586)
Structure and spatial frequency spectrum of Sayce test patterns.

A linear Sayce grating model is described. Expressions for the Fourier transform spectrum of this general are derived. Several important parameters are identified from the analysis. A number of spectrum pattern signature properties are illustrated by means of a few sample calculations.
Feminism and the Challenges of the "Post-Cold War' World

Women's political participation is increasing in many countries around the world, but their participation in democratic politics has not altered the neoliberal consensus that is harmful to their interests. Two reasons for this are explored here: the impact of the Cold War in shaping the post-Cold War discourse on markets and states, and the anti-state bias of much of contemporary feminist theory. The essay calls for a rethinking of the consequences of difference theories for feminist political practices, and for a renewed focus on redistributional issues.
Liaison psychiatry: A gastroenterologist's perspective

48 Dr. Cooper is associale clinical professor of medicine al Ihe Georgelown Universily School of Medicine. and chief. seclion ofgaslroenlerology. al The Fairfax Hospilal. Falls Church. Va. Reprinl requesls 10 him allhe Hospilal. 3300 Gallows Road. Falls Church. VA 22046. To a gastroenterologist active in both clinical practice and medical education, it is apparent that an effective psychiatric liaison service is a very valuable resource in the management of complex illnesses with significant psychosomatic or psychiatric components. The psychiatric liaison physician can provide the practicing gastroenterologist with a framework for understanding a patient's personality structure. This enhances integration of the psychological aspects of care into the patient's overall medical management. In addition to educating the gastroenterologist about the features and dosage of specific psychopharmacologic agents, appropriate therapies such as individual or group psychotherapy, biofeedback, or other behavioral techniques can be offered. These therapies will often reduce length of hospital stay and avoid unnecessary delay and expense in dealing with complex emotional illnesses. The psychiatric liaison service may be helpful in a variety of specific gastroenterologic conditions, among them irritable bowel syndrome, anorexia nervosa, peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, morbid obesity, and acute and chronic liver disease including alcoholism. Individuals requiring ileostomy or extensive cancer surgery are also at high risk for emotional difficulties. In addition, the liaison psychiatrist may uncover previously undetected psychiatric iIlnesses such as anxiety neuroses, depression, conversion phenomena, and paranoid psychoses. An effective example of collaboration with a psychiatric liaison service has been our work with individuals with irritable bowel syndrome. Conjoint group sessions were developed, utilizing a gastroenterologist and psychiatrist as coleaders. These sessions included education about the nature of irritable bowel syndrome and its management, and strategies to modify stressors that serve to aggravate the condition.' Supportive psychotherapy complemented the formal didactic aspects of the group treatment. Symptomatic improvement occurred in the majority of individuals with this syndrome. The gastroenterologist is frequently the first individual to evaluate a patient with anorexia nervosa. Correction of malnutrition and reversal of progressive physiologic degeneration can only be accomplished within a setting of psychological management, initiaIly using behavioral principles and foIlowed by psychodynamic treatment. Conjoint work with psychiatric consultants is essential to provide such a treatment approach. Peptic ulcer disease is the prototype of a psychosomatic illness. Although it can usually be managed by an individual physician with antisecretory medication, antacids, diet, and reassurance, certain patients need more extensive psycho(conlinued on page 50)
High Prevalence of Reduced Chlorhexidine Susceptibility in Organisms Causing Central Line- Associated Bloodstream Infections

In units that bathe patients daily with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), organisms causing central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) were more likely to have reduced CHG susceptibility than organisms causing CLABSIs in units that do not bathe patients daily with CHG (86% vs 64%; P = .028). Surveillance is needed to detect reduced CHG susceptibility with widespread CHG use.
An experimental study of factors important in document ranking

The ability to effectively rank retrieved documents in order of their probable relevance to a query is a critical factor in statistically-based keyword retrieval systems. This paper summarizes a set of experiments with different methods of term weighting for documents, using measures of term importance within an entire document collection, term importance within a given document, and document length. It is shown that significant improvements over no term weighting can be made using a combination of weighting measures and normalizing for document length.
The Reversible Phase Transition of DNA-Linked Colloidal Gold Assemblies

We present direct evidence for a reversible phase transition of DNA-linked colloidal gold assemblies. Transmission electron microscopy and optical absorption spectroscopy are used to monitor the colloidal gold phase transition, whose behavior is dominated by DNA interactions. We use single-stranded DNA-capped colloidal gold that is linked by complementary linker DNA to form the assemblies. We found that, compared to free DNA, a sharp melting transition is observed for the DNA-linked colloidal gold assemblies. The structure of the assemblies is non-crystalline, much like a gel phase, consistent with theoretical predictions. Optical spectra and melting curves provide additional evidence of gelation of the colloidal system. The phase transition and separation are examples of percolation in a dilute solvent. r 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
9-cis-Retinoic Acid Inhibits Androgen Receptor Activity through Activation of Retinoid X Receptor

Although the retinoic X receptor (RXR) forms heterodimers with many members of the estrogen receptor subfamily, the interaction between RXR and the members of the glucocorticoid receptor subfamily remains unclear. Here we show that the RXR can form a heterodimer with the androgen receptor (AR) under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Functional analyses further demonstrated that the AR, in the presence or absence of androgen, can function as a repressor to suppress RXR target genes, thereby preventing the RXR binding to the RXR DNA response element. In contrast, RXR can function as a repressor to suppress AR target genes in the presence of 9-cis-retinoic acid, but unliganded RXR can function as a weak coactivator to moderately enhance AR transactivation. Together, these results not only reveal a unique interaction between members of the two nuclear receptor subfamilies, but also represent the first evidence showing a nuclear receptor (RXR) may function as either a repressor or a coactivator based on the ligand binding status.
Systematic Self‐Evaluation in Graduate Medical Education

This study seeks to examine the utility and efficacy of the application of a systematic self-evaluation process in a single graduate medical education residency program and to compare the results of this process to previous program self-evaluation efforts. This case study examined the impact of using a systematic evaluation process, the “impact evaluation process,” as a means for annual program evaluation in an ophthalmology residency program sponsored by a large health care institution. Three years of outcome data (2011–2013) were analyzed and compared to prior evaluation efforts. Surveys with residency program stakeholders were conducted in 2011 and 2013. The findings suggest that over this time, the number of recommended actions for program improvement increased, were more qualitatively robust, and more action items were completed. Recommendations generated using the systematic evaluation process were actionable (specific and measurable) and aligned to program deficits.
Abnormalities of Chemical Tests for Copper Metabolism in Chronic Active Liver Disease: Differentiation from Wilson's Disease

Because identical clinical findings, alterations of hepatic function, and changes in hepatic morphology can occur in Wilson's disease (WD) and chronic active liver disease (CALD), chemical tests that reflect copper metabolism are important in the differential diagnosis of these conditions. The authors therefore measured 24-hr urinary copper excretion, hepatic copper concentration, and serum ceruloplasmin concentration in 54 patients with CALD. Twenty-four hour urinary copper excretion was increased in about 50% of patients, was significantly higher during active disease compared to remission, and was in the WD range in approximately 10% of patients. Hepatic copper concentration was also increased in the majority of patients, generally during active disease, and it sometimes overlapped with values reported in WD. By contrast, serum ceruloplasmin levels were elevated in nearly one-half the Cald patients and were never below normal. It is concluded that the chemical tests routinely used to assess copper metabolism in WD are frequently abnormal in CALD. Because the serum ceruloplasmin concentration never fell in the WD range and often was elevated, it is the most reliable routine chemical screening test to differentiate between CALD and WD.
Alcohol-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the fetal macaque brain

In utero exposure of the fetal non-human primate (NHP) brain to alcohol on a single occasion during early or late third-trimester gestation triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of cells in both gray and white matter (WM) regions of the fetal brain. In a prior publication, we documented that the dying gray matter cells are neurons, and described the regional distribution and magnitude of this cell death response. Here, we present new findings regarding the magnitude, identity and maturational status of the dying WM cells in these alcohol-exposed fetal NHP brains. Our findings document that the dying WM cells belong to the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage. OLs become vulnerable when they are just beginning to generate myelin basic protein in preparation for myelinating axons, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. We found no evidence linking astrocytes, microglia or OL progenitors to this WM cell death response. The mean density (profiles per mm3) of dying WM cells in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the mean density of WM cells dying by natural apoptosis in drug-naive control brains. In utero exposure of the fetal NHP brain to alcohol on a single occasion triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of neurons (previous study) and of OLs (present study) throughout WM regions of the developing brain. The rate of OL apoptosis in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the natural OL apoptosis rate. OLs become sensitive to the apoptogenic action of alcohol when they are just beginning to generate constituents of myelin in their cytoplasm, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. There is growing evidence for a similar apoptotic response of both neurons and OLs following exposure of the developing brain to anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs. Collectively, this body of evidence raises important questions regarding the role that neuro and oligo apoptosis may play in the human condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and also poses a question whether other apoptogenic drugs, although long considered safe for pediatric/obstetric use, may have the potential to cause iatrogenic FASD-like developmental disability syndromes.
Description of a multidisciplinary initiative to improve SCIP measures related to pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis compliance: a single-center success story

Background: The Surgical Care Improvement Project (SCIP) was launched in 2005. The core prophylactic perioperative antibiotic guidelines were created due to recognition of the impact of proper perioperative prophylaxis on an estimated annual one million inpatient days and $1.6 billion in excess health care costs secondary to preventable surgical site infections (SSIs). An internal study was conducted to create low cost, standardized processes on an institutional level to improve compliance with prophylactic antibiotic administration. Methods: We assessed the impact of auditing and notifying providers of SCIP errors on overall compliance with inpatient antibiotic guidelines and on net financial gain or loss to alarge tertiary center between March 1st 2010 and September 31st 2013. We hypothesized that direct physician-to-physician feedback would result in significant compliance improvements. Results: Through physician notification, our hospital was able to significantly improve SCIP compliance and emphasis on patient safety within a year of intervention implementation. The hospital earned an additional $290,612 in 2011 and $209,096 in 2012 for re-investment in patient care initiatives. Conclusions: Provider education and direct notification of SCIP prophylactic antibiotic dosing errors resulted in improved compliance with national patient improvement guidelines. There were differences between the anesthesiology and surgery department feedback responses, the latter likely attributed to diverse surgical department sub-divisions, frequent changes in resident trainees and supervising attending staff, and the comparative ability. Provider notification of guideline non-compliance should be encouraged as standard practice to improve patient safety. Also, the hospital experienced increased revenue for re-investment in patient care as a secondary result of provider notification.
Expanded Uncertainty of a Measurement and an Uncertainty Budget for a Single Measurement

This chapter takes the standard uncertainty calculated in the previous chapter and shows how to apply a statistical confidence in order to determine the expanded uncertainty, which is commonly referred to as “the uncertainty of a measurement.” The chapter demonstrates how uncertainties quoted at one level of confidence (e.g., on a calibration certificate) can quickly be converted to a different level of confidence. The concept of uncertainty budgets is introduced, and used to show how they can be used to identify where effort (money!) needs to be put to improve the accuracy of a measurement, and where extra effort is unwarranted.
Quinaldine sulphate, a new anaesthetic formulation for tropical marine fishes.

Quinaldine sulphate is demonstrated in this study to be a convenient and safe anaesthetic for use with tropical marine fishes. Both onset of anaesthesia and recovery are significantly more rapid than with the parent compound, quinaldine.
Provably Correct Pervasive Computing Environments

The field of pervasive computing has seen a lot of exciting innovations in the past few years. However, there are currently no mechanisms for describing the properties and capabilities of pervasive computing environments in a formal manner. This makes it difficult to prove the correctnesss of a pervasive computing environment, i.e. to verify that the environment satisfies certain desired properties. In this paper, we propose a formal model for describing pervasive computing environments based on ambient calculus and the associated ambient logic. The model allows us to state and verify several properties of these environments such as "anywhere anyhow services", "mobility of devices and applications" and "context-aware adaptation ". The model allows us to describe the resources present in an environment, the operations that can be performed in the environment, and how users can use the resources in th environment to perform different kinds of activities. As a case study, we shall describe some of the resources and operations supported by the Gaia middleware using this model, and verify an example property of a pervasive computing environment supported by Gaia.
Involvement in decision making and satisfaction with treatment among partners of patients with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer among men in the United States (American Cancer Society, 2015; National Cancer Institute, 2014), with the vast majority (81%) of the diagnosed cases being localized and potentially curable (National Cancer Institute, 2014). Treatment decision making is a taxing process for patients with localized prostate cancer because of a large number of available treatment options (e.g., active surveillance, different types of prostatectomy, various forms of radiation with or without hormonal therapy) (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, 2015). For patients in a sexual relationship, healthcare providers treating prostate cancer commonly recommend that the patient’s partner be involved in treatment decision making (Boehmer & Clark, 2001). However, existing research often describes treatment decision making as a dyadic process between the patient and healthcare providers (Zeliadt et al., 2006), with little emphasis on partner involvement. Most descriptive (Berry et al., 2006; Diefenbach & Mohamed, 2007; Shaw, Scott, & Ferrante, 2013) and intervention studies (Berry et al., 2013; Lin, Aaronson, Knight, Carroll, & Dudley, 2009) about treatment decision making for prostate cancer have focused on the patients’ concerns and satisfaction with treatment decision making. However, partners play an important role in how well patients with prostate cancer manage their illness (Ervik, Nordoy, & Asplund, 2013; Wootten et al., 2014; Wu, Mohamed, Winkel, & Diefenbach, 2013). Partners provide informational support (e.g., gathering information, helping patients understand information) and emotional support (e.g., comfort, companionship) (Laidsaar-Powell et al., 2013; Sinfield, Baker, Agarwal, & Tarrant, 2008; Srirangam et al., 2003; Street et al., 2010). Previous research found that some partners were completely excluded from the treatment decision-making process for prostate cancer, and other couples had a joint decision-making style in which the partner discussed treatment issues with the patient (Boehmer & Clark, 2001). Limited research explores how partners are involved in treatment decision making, whether partner involvement is congruent with the patient’s expectation, and whether partner involvement is related to satisfaction with the patient’s cancer treatment. Finally, little is known about the reasons for partner noninvolvement in treatment decision making. To address these gaps, this exploratory study examined partners’ involvement in treatment decision making for patients with newly diagnosed localized prostate cancer. The researchers described partner preferences for and actual involvement in treatment decision making, congruence between partner involvement and patient preference, reasons for partner noninvolvement, and the relationship between partner involvement in treatment decision making and satisfaction with the patient’s treatment.
The Language of an Unknown Country: Intratextuality in Proust's In Search of Lost Time

Abstract One of the pivotal scenes of Proust9s novel In Search of Lost Time takes place during a performance of the fictional composer Vinteuil9s Septet in Mme Verdurin9s salon. The narrator and protagonist of the novel, Marcel, finds himself caught off-guard by the beauty of Vinteuil9s Septet; he hears in the Septet a calling to the true life of an artist and vows to begin work on his own masterpiece. As he listens to the Septet, Marcel struggles with the concept of artistic individuality. He tries to discern the similarities and differences between the phrases of Vinteuil9s Septet and the same composer9s Violin Sonata. Marcel comes to the conclusion that it is not superficial or intellectual similarities between two works by the same composer that really count, but rather some underlying substance that can only be “felt as the result of a direct impression.” The aesthetic philosophy embodied in these thoughts is not only applicable to Marcel9s appreciation of the Septet. It also provides a lens through which we can come to terms with Proust9s twenty-page-long description of the Septet, and it allows us to situate this passage meaningfully within In Search of Lost Time . The Septet scene is one of the most deeply intratextual passages of the novel. But just as Marcel gives pride of place to the “profound similarities” between Vinteuil9s compositions over musicologists9 “analogies ingeniously discovered by reasoning,” so too can the reader distinguish between more superficial connections between the Septet and earlier scenes, and subtler references that bind the novel together on a deeper level.
Surgeon Specialty Influences Referral Rate for Osteoporosis Management following Vertebral Compression Fractures.

Study Design Retrospective chart review. Objective To evaluate the referral rate for long-term osteoporosis management following vertebral compression fracture treated by different specialties at a single academic institution. Methods Patients undergoing vertebral cement augmentation for painful osteoporotic compression fractures from 2009 to 2014 were identified. Medical records were reviewed to determine if the treating surgeon discussed and/or referred the patient for long-term osteoporosis management. Any referral for or mention of medical long-term osteoporosis management was counted as a positive response. Results were statistically analyzed with chi-square test. Results Two hundred fourteen patients underwent vertebral cement augmentation; 150 met inclusion criteria. Orthopedic surgeons treated 88 patients, neurosurgeons treated 39, and interventional radiology or pain management physicians treated 23. Orthopedic surgeons referred 82% of patients for osteoporosis management, neurosurgeons referred 36%, and interventional radiology/pain management referred 17%. The referral rate was significantly higher for orthopedic surgeons compared with either of the other two groups; there was no significant difference between neurosurgery and interventional radiology/pain management. Conclusions Among physicians who treat osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures, orthopedic surgeons more frequently address osteoporosis or refer patients for osteoporosis management compared with neurosurgeons and interventional radiologists or pain management physicians. The results of this study shed light on the disparity in how different specialties approach treatment of osteoporosis in patients with fractures painful enough to require surgery and highlight potential areas for improvement in osteoporosis awareness training.
Self-Templated Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon from Carbon Tetrachloride Precursor for Supercapacitor Electrodes

A high-surface-area mesoporous carbon material has been synthesized using a self-templating approach via reduction of carbon tetrachloride by sodium potassium alloy. The advantage is the reduction-generated salt templates can be easily removed with just water. The produced mesoporous carbon has a high surface area and a narrow pore size distribution. When used as a supercapacitor electrode, this material exhibits a high specific capacitance (259 F g–1) and excellent cycling performance (>92% capacitance retention for 6000 cycles).