cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early history of development of boron neutron capture therapy of tumors

The stable isotope 10B has a peculiarly markedavidity to capture slow neutrons whereupon it disintegratesinto a lithium and a helium atom. Thesegive up the 2.4 MeV of disintegration energy whichthey share within 5 and 9 μm of the10B atom respectively. This means that the cellclosest to the 10B atom bears the bruntof its atomic explosion. The objective of thetumor therapist is to find a carrier moleculefor the boron atom which will concentrate inthe tumor. Although a number of investigators sawthe peculiar advantage of this selective tactic toachieve destruction of a species of unwanted cells,no success in animal studies was achieved until1950. Sweet and colleagues found that the capillaryblood-brain barrier keeps many substances out of thenormal brain but that the gliomas had muchless of such a barrier. He, Brownell, Solowayand Hatanaka in Boston together with Farr, Godwin,Robertson, Stickley, Konikowski and others at the BrookhavenNational Laboratory worked partially in collaboration and partlyindependently. We irradiated at 3 nuclear reactors severalseries of glioma patients with no long-term remission,much less a cure being achieved. Hatanaka onhis return to Japan kept BNCT alive bytreating a total of 140 patients with variousbrain tumors. Beginning in 1972, Mishima and colleagueshave achieved useful concentrations of 10B-borono-phenylalanine, an analogueof the melanin precursor tyrosine, for BNCT ofmelanomas.The stable isotope 10B has a peculiarly markedavidity to capture slow neutrons whereupon it disintegratesinto a lithium and a helium atom. Thesegive up the 2.4 MeV of disintegration energy whichthey share within 5 and 9 μm of the10B atom respectively. This means that the cellclosest to the 10B atom bears the bruntof its atomic explosion. The objective of thetumor therapist is to find a carrier moleculefor the boron atom which will concentrate inthe tumor. Although a number of investigators sawthe peculiar advantage of this selective tactic toachieve destruction of a species of unwanted cells,no success in animal studies was achieved until1950. Sweet and colleagues found that the capillaryblood-brain barrier keeps many substances out of thenormal brain but that the gliomas had muchless of such a barrier. He, Brownell, Solowayand Hatanaka in Boston together with Farr, Godwin,Robertson, Stickley, Konikowski and others at the BrookhavenNational Laboratory worked partially in collaboration and partlyindependently. We irradiated at 3 nuclear reactors severalseries of glioma patients with no long-term remission,much less a cure being achieved. Hatanaka onhis return to Japan kept BNCT alive bytreating a total of 140 patients with variousbrain tumors. Beginning in 1972, Mishima and colleagueshave achieved useful concentrations of 10B-borono-phenylalanine, an analogueof the melanin precursor tyrosine, for BNCT ofmelanomas.
Quantifying the impact of standards when hosting robotic simulations in the cloud

Cloud computing has the ability to transform simulation by providing access to computation remotely. The transformations are not without cost however. The physics-based simulations required in robotics are sensitive to timing, and given the complexity of the operating environments, there are many reasons for a roboticist to be concerned. In this work we explore the impact of the cloud, web, and networking standards on the control of a simulated robot. Our results show that, on average, there is a noticeable impact on performance, but this impact is not statistically significant in five of the six considered scenarios. These results provide support for efforts that seek to use the cloud to support meaningful simulations. Our results are not globally applicable to robotics simulation. When using cloud-hosted simulations, roboticists yield fine tuned control of the environment, and as such there are some simulations are simply not viable candidates for this treatment.
Improving the gastrointestinal safety of NSAIDs: the development of misoprostol--from hypothesis to clinical practice.

Arthritis is a major source of disability forthe American population. It results in significantmorbidity for the millions of patients affected andcosts billions of dollars yearly for diagnosis andmanagement. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)are the principal therapy for the majority of arthritispatients. It has been estimated that more than 15million people with arthritis take these drugs daily. This use is predicted to increase greatly notonly as a result of an aging population, with theconsequent increase in the prevalence of arthritis, butalso because NSAIDs may prove to have a role indecreasing colonic neoplasia and in reducing thelikelihood of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. Itis therefore increasingly important to understand thenature of the side effects associated with these agents as well as ways of decreasing or preventingtheir occurrence. NSAIDs inhibit the enzymescyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2. This reduces thesynthesis of prostaglandins and therefore decreasesjoint inflammation, but it may also lead to thedevelopment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. For thisreason, exogenous prostaglandins have been studied fortheir potential role in preventing NSAID-associated ulcers and ulcer complications. This paperreviews the development of the prostagland inE1 analog misoprostol, the theory behind itsuse as a mucosal protective agent, and the results ofstudies in animals as well as in normal volunteers and patientswith arthritis. Ultimately, a study was performed toevaluate whether misoprostol reduces the incidence ofserious ulcer complications in patients taking NSAIDs. It is an interesting story, which promises tobe of increasing importance as NSAID use expands to newindications while concern remains about their associatedcomplications, especially those related to the gastrointestinal tract.
Effect of Ecosystem Literacy on Understanding the Impact of Human Population Growth on the Environment—A Multiple Case Study

Abstract Expanding human population growth worldwide with its concomitant consumption patterns is the ultimate stressor to the natural environment. Increasing population numbers amplify the damage ...
Abstract WP273: Infections Increase The Risk Of 30-day Readmissions Among Stroke Survivors: An Analysis Of The National Readmission Database

Background and Purpose: Hospitals are increasingly utilizing 30-day readmission as a quality of care metric. We hypothesize that common infections common during the stroke stay are associated with ...
Optimal Sensor Placement for Dilution of Precision Minimization Via Quadratically Constrained Fractional Programming

An approach to find the global optimal solution of the dilution of precision (DOP) problem is presented. The DOP optimization problem considered assumes an environment comprising multiple randomly predeployed sensors (or navigation sources) and an additional sensor is to be introduced at the location that minimizes variations of the DOP problem (e.g., weighted geometric DOP, horizontal DOP, vertical DOP, etc.). It is shown that the DOP problem can be formulated as a quadratically constrained fractional quadratic program. An algorithm for solving this program is presented and Monte Carlo simulation results are given demonstrating convergence of the proposed approach to the global optimal solution. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulation results are presented, demonstrating the efficacy of the proposed algorithm to solving the DOP minimization problem versus using nonlinear numerical optimization solvers, which often converge to local optima. Also, the superiority of the proposed approach is demonstrated against other approaches that approximate the DOP minimization problem.
Family caregiver-reported outcomes regarding decision-making for left ventricular assist device implantation

Abstract Background Family caregivers (FCGs) often participate in the decision for their loved one to receive a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Little is known about the contribution of FCGs to this complex decision. Objectives To investigate family caregiver-reported outcomes related to decision-making for LVAD implantation and their experiences post-implantation. Methods Descriptive thematic analysis was used to analyze longitudinal data. Thematic saturation was achieved. Results Three key themes emerged from the data. The main theme in the pre-implantation period was: Not a decision. The two themes in the post-implantation period were: More satisfaction than regret and Unanticipated situational change. Conclusions Family caregiver-reported outcomes inform clinical practice and future research. FCGs of LVAD recipients did not see viable alternatives to LVAD implantation, were generally satisfied with post-implantation outcomes, and experienced unexpected life changes in the post-implantation period despite feeling prepared preoperatively. Education of both LVAD recipients and their FCGs must be optimized.
Fast key-value stores: An idea whose time has come and gone

Remote, in-memory key-value (RINK) stores such as Memcached [6] and Redis [7] are widely used in industry and are an active area of academic research. Coupled with stateless application servers to execute business logic and a databaselike system to provide persistent storage, they form a core component of popular data center service architectures. We argue that the time of the RINK store has come and gone: their domain-independent APIs (e.g., PUT/GET) push complexity back to the application, leading to extra (un)marshalling overheads and network hops. Instead, data center services should be built using stateful application servers or custom in-memory stores with domain-specific APIs, which offer higher performance than RINKS at lower cost. Such designs have been avoided because they are challenging to implement without appropriate infrastructure support. Given recent advances in auto-sharding [8, 9], we argue it is time to revisit these decisions. In this paper, we evaluate the potential performance improvements of stateful designs, propose a new abstraction, the linked, in-memory key-value (LINK) store, to enable developers to easily implement stateful services, and discuss areas for future research.
Pediatric androgenetic alopecia: A review.

Objectives Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a well-known cause of hair loss in adults but is an under-recognized cause of hair loss in children and adolescents. We reviewed the existing literature regarding androgenetic alopecia in the pediatric/adolescent population. Methods PubMed searches were performed to identify all articles discussing AGA in a pediatric/adolescent population published up to December 2018. Results We identified 7 articles discussing androgenetic alopecia in patients aged younger than 18. One of these articles was a review containing data from 3 conference abstracts, which were also included in the analysis. A total of 655 cases of androgenetic alopecia were found. Limitations Data are limited to retrospective reviews and case reports/series. Conclusion AGA in the pediatric population is not uncommon, but its incidence and prevalence are unknown. It is associated with a strong family history of AGA and can typically be diagnosed clinically by physical examination and trichoscopy. Topical minoxidil, although not approved, has been used with success. Other treatment modalities are poorly studied in children.
Re-envisioning music teacher education: An investigation into curricular change at two undergraduate music education programs in the U.S.

The coursework requirements for an undergraduate music education degree in the U.S. have remained relatively unchanged since the early twentieth-century. In light of the changing milieu of the twen...
Early Views of Computing

The public did not learn about the existence of computers until a year after the end of World War II and even then, initially just in the United States and largely if they read short pieces in the New York Times. Articles in the press began appearing in North America and Western Europe in the late 1940s, but they were few and far between. That changed in the 1950s as a more diverse set of newspapers, magazines and books describing this new technology began circulating on both sides of the Atlantic and in Japan. Engineers and government officials represented a tiny exception in that they were familiar with the technology, because they engaged in building them. Worldwide this group made up just a few thousand knowledgeable people scattered across Europe, North America, parts of Central and Eastern Europe, and Japan. That was all about to change.
Postnatal maturation of spinal dynorphin circuits and their role in somatosensation

Inhibitory interneurons in the adult spinal dorsal horn (DH) can be neurochemically classified into subpopulations that regulate distinct somatosensory modalities. Although inhibitory networks in the rodent DH undergo dramatic remodeling over the first weeks of life, little is known about the maturation of identified classes of GABAergic interneurons, or whether their role in somatosensation shifts during development. We investigated age-dependent changes in the connectivity and function of prodynorphin (DYN)-lineage neurons in the mouse DH that suppress mechanosensation and itch during adulthood. In vitro patch clamp recordings revealed a developmental increase in primary afferent drive to DYN interneurons and a transition from exclusive C-fiber monosynaptic input to mixed A-fiber and C-fiber innervation. Although most adult DYN interneurons exhibited tonic firing as expected from their inhibitory phenotype, neonatal and adolescent DYN cells were predominantly classified as phasic or single-spiking. Importantly, we also found that most of the inhibitory presynaptic terminals contacting lamina I spinoparabrachial projection neurons (PNs) originate from DYN neurons. Furthermore, inhibitory synaptic input from DYN interneurons onto PNs was weaker during the neonatal period, likely reflecting a lower number of GABAergic terminals and a reduced probability of GABA release compared to adults. Finally, spinal DYN interneurons attenuated mechanical sensitivity throughout development, but this population dampened acute nonhistaminergic itch only during adulthood. Collectively, these findings suggest that the spinal "gates" controlling sensory transmission to the brain may emerge in a modality-selective manner during early life due to the postnatal tuning of inhibitory synaptic circuits within the DH.
Depression-related anterior cingulate prefrontal resting state connectivity normalizes following cognitive behavioral therapy.

BACKGROUND Aberrant activity of the subcallosal cingulate (SCC) is a common theme across pharmacologic treatment efficacy prediction studies. The functioning of the SCC in psychotherapeutic interventions is relatively understudied, as are functional differences among SCC subdivisions. We conducted functional connectivity analyses (rsFC) on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, collected before and after a course of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), using seeds from three SCC subdivisions. METHODS Resting-state data were collected from unmedicated patients with current MDD (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 > 16) before and after 14-sessions of CBT monotherapy. Treatment outcome was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Rostral anterior cingulate (rACC), anterior subcallosal cingulate (aSCC), and Brodmann's area 25 (BA25) masks were used as seeds in connectivity analyses that assessed baseline rsFC and symptom severity, changes in connectivity related to symptom improvement after CBT, and prediction of treatment outcomes using whole-brain baseline connectivity. RESULTS Pretreatment BDI negatively correlated with pretreatment rACC ~ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and aSCC ~ lateral prefrontal cortex rsFC. In a region-of-interest longitudinal analysis, rsFC between these regions increased post-treatment (p < 0.05FDR). In whole-brain analyses, BA25 ~ paracentral lobule and rACC ~ paracentral lobule connectivities decreased post-treatment. Whole-brain baseline rsFC with SCC did not predict clinical improvement. CONCLUSIONS rsFC features of rACC and aSCC, but not BA25, correlated inversely with baseline depression severity, and increased following CBT. Subdivisions of SCC involved in top-down emotion regulation may be more involved in cognitive interventions, while BA25 may be more informative for interventions targeting bottom-up processing. Results emphasize the importance of subdividing the SCC in connectivity analyses.
Teachers’ perceptions of a maker-centered professional development experience: a multiple case study

The emergence of the maker movement has prompted educational researchers to consider the affordances of maker-centered learning activities in formal K-12 environments. These affordances however will only be realized if teachers are provided effective learning experiences in this area. This qualitative holistic multiple case study examined two groups of in-service K-12 teachers’ perceptions of a maker-centered professional development (PD) situated in a commercial makerspace. The aim of the PD was to expose teachers to elements of the maker movement in an initial effort to assist them in integrating maker-centered learning elements into their curriculum. Utilizing individual interviews and personal reflections of participants (n = 23) in an 8-week maker-centered PD, this study examined their perceptions of mindset changes and the effects this experience may have on their teaching practice. Qualitative analysis of the data suggests participants perceived growth of their own maker-mindsets, and increased interest and confidence in implementing maker-centered learning activities in their classrooms. Findings reveal that both teachers’ mindsets as well as operational elements should be considered in preparing educators to implement maker-centered learning activities.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Prescription Opioid Misuse Prevention Program Among Rural Middle School Students.

Adolescent opioid misuse, addiction, and overdose have emerged as national health crises. Nearly 17% of high school students have misused prescription opioids. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reach and acceptability of a widely-used prescription opioid misuse prevention program, This Is (Not) About Drugs© (TINAD), and its preliminary efficacy at improving opioid misuse knowledge, opioid misuse attitudes, self-efficacy to avoid opioid misuse, and intentions to misuse opioids. Participants were 576 7th grade students (Mage = 11.8; 51% boys; 39% Hispanic, 31% White, 20% Black) from a rural county in the southeastern U.S. All participants received the TINAD program and completed pretest and immediate posttest assessments. The program was school-based and implemented in collaboration with school teachers and administrators. Over 91% of all eligible students in the school district participated in the TINAD program. Most participants found the program acceptable—over 83% of students liked the program. Approximately 9% of participants reported prior misuse of prescription opioids. After participating in TINAD, students self-reported higher knowledge and self-efficacy as well as safer attitudes. However, there was no change in intentions to misuse opioids in the future. Effects of the program were consistent across gender, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and previous opioid misuse. TINAD is acceptable and shows promise for improving opioid-related cognitions. However, more rigorous experimental and longitudinal research is needed to understand whether TINAD reduces opioid misuse over time. Given the limited research on adolescent opioid misuse prevention, this study lays the ground work for future randomized control trials.
Bi-directional control of a prelimbic somatostatin microcircuit decreases binge alcohol consumption

ABSTRACT Somatostatin neurons have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety, but their role in substance abuse disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD), is not fully characterized. Here we found that repeat cycles of alcohol binge drinking in the Drinking-in-the-Dark (DID) model led to hypoactivity of somatostatin (SST) neuronal in the prelimbic (PL) cortex by diminishing their action potential firing capacity and excitatory/inhibitory transmission dynamic. We examined their role in regulating alcohol consumption via bidirectional chemogenetic manipulation. Both hM3Dq-induced excitation and KORD-induced silencing of PL SST neurons paradoxically reduced alcohol binge drinking in males and females, with no effect on sucrose consumption. This effect is mediated directly via monosynaptic connection from SST neurons onto pyramidal neurons and indirectly via an intermediate GABAergic source. Optogenetic-assisted circuit mapping revealed that PL SST neurons preferentially synapse onto pyramidal neurons over other GABAergic populations in males, whereas SST neuron-mediated inhibition is balanced across cell types in females. Alcohol binge drinking disinhibits pyramidal neurons by augmenting SST neurons-mediated GABA release and synaptic strength onto other GABAergic populations. Together these data suggest substantial interaction between alcohol binge drinking and SST neurons inhibitory circuit in the PL, as well as provide evidence for these neurons as a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, including binge drinking.
Introduction to SI

The articles in this special section focus on information and communications technology (ICT) in education.
Social support reduces the risk of unintended pregnancy in a low-income population.

Almost half of all pregnancies (45%) in the United States (US) are unintended, with the highest concentration in women with low incomes. Targeted research is warranted to identify risk and protective factors that influence pregnancy intention to improve maternal/child health. Purpose To identify individual and interpersonal level associations to pregnancy intention to use as leverage points to build resilience. Method A cross-sectional, secondary analysis of Medicaid eligible pregnant women in Kentucky (n = 309). Results Sixty-two percent reported their current pregnancy was unintended. Older age, partnered, negative drug screen, and increased social support were associated with decreased odds of unintended pregnancy. For every 1 unit increase of belonging and tangible social support, women were 13% and 14% (respectively) less likely to have an unintended pregnancy (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78-0.97, p = .011, OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.77-0.95, p = .005). A positive drug screen was associated with an almost three-fold increase in the odds of unintended pregnancy (OR = 2.88, 95% CI = 1.49-5.58, p = .002). Conclusion Public health nurses can play a critical role in reducing unintended pregnancy rates by promoting social support, inclusion, and acceptance. There remains a critical need to identify barriers and facilitators to pregnancy planning for persons who use illicit drugs.
Helicobacter pylori: a stealth assassin

Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen that confers the highest known risk for gastric cancer. Research directed at understanding the pathogenesis of H. pylori is crucial to identify colonized persons that may subsequently develop neoplasia. Imai et al. describe how H. pylori elicits BRCAness and endows epithelial cells with the ability to evade apoptosis.
Dynamic sleep MRI in obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The objective of this study is to systematically review the international literature for dynamic sleep magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic tool in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), to perform meta-analysis on the quantitative data from the review, and to discuss its implications in future research and potential clinical applications. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed, followed by a detailed analysis of the relevant data that has been published on the topic. Clinical key, Uptodate, Ovid, Ebscohost, Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Dynamed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library were systematically searched. Once the search was completed, dynamic sleep MRI data were analyzed. Nineteen articles reported on 410 OSA patients and 79 controls that underwent dynamic sleep MRI and were included in this review. For meta-analysis of dynamic sleep MRI data, eight articles presented relevant data on 160 OSA patients. Obstruction was reported as follows: retropalatal (RP) 98%, retroglossal (RG) 41% and hypopharyngeal (HP) in 5%. Lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) collapse was found in 35/73 (48%) patients. The combinations of RP + RG were observed in 24% and RP + RG + LPW in 16%. If sedation was used, 98% of study participants fell asleep compared to 66% of unsedated participants. Dynamic sleep MRI has demonstrated that nearly all patients have retropalatal obstruction, retroglossal obstruction is common and hypopharyngeal obstruction is rare. Nearly all patients (98%) who are sedated are able to fall asleep during the MRI. There is significant heterogeneity in the literature and standardization is needed.
Investigating mechanisms of fast BOLD responses: the effects of stimulus intensity and of spatial heterogeneity of hemodynamics

Recent studies have demonstrated that fast fMRI can track neural activity well above the temporal limit predicted by the canonical hemodynamic response model. While these findings are promising, the biophysical mechanisms underlying these fast fMRI phenomena remain underexplored. In this study, we discuss two aspects of the hemodynamic response, complementary to several existing hypotheses, that can accommodate faster fMRI dynamics beyond those predicted by the canonical model. First, we demonstrate, using both visual and somatosensory paradigms, that the timing and shape of hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) vary across graded levels of stimulus intensity-with lower-intensity stimulation eliciting faster and narrower HRFs. Second, we show that as the spatial resolution of fMRI increases, voxel-wise HRFs begin to deviate from the canonical model, with a considerable portion of voxels exhibiting faster temporal dynamics than predicted by the canonical HRF. Collectively, both stimulus/task intensity and image resolution can affect the sensitivity of fMRI to fast brain activity, which may partly explain recent observations of fast fMRI signals. It is further noteworthy that, while the present investigations focus on fast neural responses, our findings suggest that a revised hemodynamic model may benefit the many fMRI studies using paradigms with wide ranges of contrast levels (e.g., resting or naturalistic conditions) or with modern, high-resolution MR acquisitions.
TORTS Donation and Receipt of Food for Charitable Distribution: Reduce Liability

The Act revises the law governing the liability of donors of food items for charitable distribution and the liability of charitable distributors by defining with specificity terms involved and by extending the previously enacted limited liability for donors to charitable distributors. July 1, 1987
Neural Basis of Pleasure and Reward

1 Mesolimbic Dopamine and Reward 2 GABA and Reward 3 Opioid Systems and Reward 4 Serotonin and Norepinephrine and Reward 5 Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors and Reward 6 Glutamate and Reward 7 Signal Transduction Pathways and Reward 8 Addiction and Chronic Exposure to Rewarding Stimuli 9 Summary Keywords: addiction; anhedonia; brain stimulation reward; CREB; cAMP response element binding protein; dopamine; ethanol; gamma-amino-butyric acid; glutamate; hedonic; mesocorticolimbic systems; muscarinic; natural rewards; nicotine; nucleus accumbens; opioids; psychomotor stimulants; reward; serotonin; tolerance; ventral tegmental area
Magnetic Fields and Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

The current state and future prospects of ultra high energy cosmic ray physics and the role of magnetic fields in the Galactic and extragalactic medium are reviewed. These cosmic rays with energies well above 1018 eV are messengers of an unknown extremely high‐energy universe.
Respiratory Complications of Cocaine Abuse

Upper respiratory and pulmonary complications of cocaine addiction have been increasingly reported in recent years, with most of the patients being intravenous addicts, users of freebase, or smokers of “crack.”
Utilizing assistive dogs in integrated employment settings: Multidisciplinary elements to consider for individuals with ASD

Human-animal interaction (HAI) studies are on the rise to test the hypothesis that assistive dogs provide positive support to persons with disabilities. We review findings from our pilot study, which approached significance in demonstrating HAI as a promising means of helping those with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to acquire adaptive social behaviors. We discuss elements drawn from multiple disciplines to highlight the value that assistive dogs deliver when considering employment supports for individuals with ASD. These elements include the neurological functions that influence social behavior, HAI, and ASD, adaptations emerging from an HAI integrated employment setting, and considerations for designing, implementing, and evaluating quality HAI supports. We contribute this information as points of consideration for individuals with autism as they pursue employment in integrated settings. We provide implications for rehabilitation practice and research.
Leaky surface-plasmon theory for dramatically enhanced transmission through a sub-wavelength aperture, Part II: Leaky-wave antenna model

The optical transmission through an aperture punched in an opaque metal (usually silver) film is extremely small when the aperture diameter d is much smaller than the wavelength, d/spl Lt//spl lambda//sub 0/. The optical transmission can be enhanced greatly when one or both surfaces of the metal film have periodic corrugations, provided the corrugations are chosen properly, as described in various papers, and discussed in the companion paper, Part 1. The best explanation to date for the dramatically enhanced transmission effect has been in terms of a resonance associated with a surface plasmon mode that exists on the metal film. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate, for the first time, that the enhanced optical transmission effect is indeed due to the excitation of a leaky mode. In particular, the periodic structure (corrugations) causes the normally bound (non-leaky) surface plasmon mode to become a leaky plasmon mode. By properly choosing the periodicity, the leaky mode radiates at broadside, giving an increased field in this direction, and hence an enhanced optical transmission.
Geminates and Picard Pronominal Clitic Allomorphy

In this paper, we examine five pronominal clitics in Vimeu Picard with a geminate-consonant allomorph. Assuming a doubly-linked (non-moraic) representation of geminates, we attribute the four different patterns observed to four different underlying structures serving as inputs to an OT constraint ranking. The 1sg and 2sg pronouns are singletons which are subject to gemination in one specific position, syllable structure permitting. The 3sg pronoun is a geminate which is subject to variable degemination or vowel epenthesis where there are insufficient syllable slots to accommodate it. The partitive/genitive is somewhere in between a singleton and a geminate (its UR is /nn/, where the superscript «n» represents a floating nasal; it may surface as [nn] or as [ne˜], depending upon where its floating nasal docks). Finally, the 3pl is neither a singleton nor a geminate underlyingly, but becomes a geminate by its first segment assimilating to its second.In this paper, we examine five pronominal clitics in Vimeu Picard with a geminate-consonant allomorph. Assuming a doubly-linked (non-moraic) representation of geminates, we attribute the four different patterns observed to four different underlying structures serving as inputs to an OT constraint ranking. The 1sg and 2sg pronouns are singletons which are subject to gemination in one specific position, syllable structure permitting. The 3sg pronoun is a geminate which is subject to variable degemination or vowel epenthesis where there are insufficient syllable slots to accommodate it. The partitive/genitive is somewhere in between a singleton and a geminate (its UR is /nn/, where the superscript «n» represents a floating nasal; it may surface as [nn] or as [ne˜], depending upon where its floating nasal docks). Finally, the 3pl is neither a singleton nor a geminate underlyingly, but becomes a geminate by its first segment assimilating to its second.
Perceived control and sleep in hospitalized older adults: a sound hypothesis?

Background/Objectives To examine the associations between perceived control over sleep, noise levels, sleep duration and noise complaints in a cohort of hospitalized adults.
Overview of JNC VI: new directions in the management of hypertension and cardiovascular risk

Treatment recommendations for hypertension as outlined in the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI) are constantly evolving and being refined as new information on the disease becomes evident. Uncontrolled hypertension is a major antecedent of stroke, heart failure, coronary heart disease, and end-stage renal disease. The increasing incidences of both cardiovascular and renal diseases fuel the need for improved control of hypertension. In fact, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), about 69% of Americans whose blood pressure is greater than 140/90 mm Hg are aware of it, about half are getting treatment for it, and only about one-quarter are adequately controlled. These observations fuel the need for improved patient management guidelines. JNC VI makes several changes from the previous JNC V to assist physicians in the diagnosis, treatment, and improved management of patients with hypertension. These changes include reporting adult blood pressure in two new ways, via staging and risk factor classification. A high-normal classification (systolic: 130 to 139 mm Hg, or diastolic: 85 to 89 mm Hg) is included in JNC VI because of the clinical importance of such blood pressure contributing to cardiovascular disease. Additionally, clinicians are advised to assign a patient to one of three risk categories that, in addition to hypertension stage, influence the decision to select antihypertensive drug therapy. Lifestyle modification is an important component at each stage. These and other changes and highlights of recent studies supporting the need for more intensive blood pressure control are discussed in this paper.
A case of gastrointestinal bleeding following the use of tolazoline.

Abstract This is a report of an interesting case of one tolazoline clinical side effect on the gastrointestinal system. A patient receiving parenteral tolazoline therapy for a gangrenous toe required a subtotal gastrectomy to treat his gastrointestinal bleeding which was an apparent result of the use of the medication. Additional clinical data are cited to support this finding.
Evaluated Equation Forms for Correlating Thermodynamic and Transport Properties with Temperature

Equation forms developed for use in correlating thermodynamic and transport properties with temperature have been developed and tested over almost 2 decades using a large pool of critically evaluated data over a wide temperature range. Usually only one equation form has been used for any single property in a given phase; however, alternate forms are sometimes recommended. Properties treated are solid and liquid vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid and solid density, solid, liquid, and ideal gas heat capacity, second virial coefficient, liquid and vapor viscosity, liquid and vapor thermal conductivity, and surface tension. Equation forms vary from empirical polynomials to theoretically based forms, including polynomials, exponentials, inverse power, and trigonometric functions in temperature.
Information seeking strategies in cognitive development

The information seeking strategies of six-, seven-, and eight-year old children were investigated in a 20 Questions game. The array of alternatives was presented in random or ordered fashion and chosen alternatives were removed from the array on half the problems. The sixes used informational constraints only with the Ordered array. The sevens and eights established constraints under both conditions.
Equilibration Reaction from Single Addition of Base to Determine Soil Lime Requirement

The University of Georgia Soil, Plant, and Water Laboratory (SPW) uses a single-addition titration for estimating soil lime requirement. The lime requirement depends in part on a soil's pH buffering capacity (described as lime buffer capacity [LBC] in mg CaCO 3 kg -1 per pH unit), which is estimated from the rise in soil pH after Ca(OH) 2 is added and allowed to react for 30 min. The 30-min reaction time has not been sufficient to reach equilibrium between the soil and Ca(OH) 2 , resulting in an underestimation of the LBC. As a corrective measure, the SPW adjusts the agricultural lime recommendations to account for the lack of equilibrium. This study investigated the rate of pH change after Ca(OH) 2 is added to acid soils. Specifically, the objectives of this study were to: (i) determine the time in which the Ca(OH) 2 -treated samples reached pH equilibrium; and (ii) determine if a relationship exists between the LBC estimated from a 30-min equilibration and the LBC estimated from the time in which the sample had reached an equilibrium pH. The 25 soils used in this study were equilibrated for up to 96 h. Results indicated that the soils had reached an equilibrium pH by 84 h after the addition of Ca(OH) 2 . The ratio (mean of 84- and 96-h LBC/30-min LBC) could be predicted with the equation 1.4742 + 0.0023(30-min LBC) (r 2 = 0.82). This relationship allows the current titration procedure with 30-min equilibration time to be used to predict the equilibrium LBC, which in turn can be used to calculate more accurate lime recommendations.
Measurements of Air Jet Removal Efficiencies of Spherical Particles from Cloth and Planar Surfaces

Experiments were conducted to determine particle removal efficiencies from surfaces due to air jet impingement. We utilize monodisperse fluorescent polymer spheres ranging from 1 μm to 45 μm diameter distributed on polycarbonate surfaces and muslin cloth. Particle removal efficiencies are determined from cloth that simulates clothing or fabrics, surfaces important for trace explosives detection. Optical images of the sample surface are taken using a fluorescence microscope (488 nm radiation) before and after being challenged by a pulsed air or nitrogen jet. The jet is oriented at 45 degrees with respect to the particle laden substrate and is precisely aligned onto the center of the optical axis of the microscope. Particle removal rates are determined by automated particle counting implemented by image processing and analysis. We found that the cloth surface has a release rate comparable to the rate for polycarbonate surface under similar jet conditions. As expected, there is a particle size dependence on ...
Responses of foster-mothers and troop members to adopted newborns in a captive group of rhesus monkeys

Two rhesus monkey males and two females, born to females caged singly, were exchanged with same-sex infants born to females in a large troop which was held in an enclosure in a different building. The ages of the infants were between 24 and 120 hr. The selected foster mothers (FMs) immediately accepted the foreign infants, allowed them to suckle and treated them as their own offspring. Compared with interactions with previous offspring, the FMs initially tended to be more possessive and restrictive of their foster infants: generally they took longer before they allowed the infants to sit at a distance from them and more readily retrieved them. The foster infants tended to be more active (‘fidgety’) than natural (control) offspring born to the troop. Non-related members of the troop, differentiated between foster and control groups. These troop animals more frequently approached and sat in proximity, often in fur-contact with, touched, groomed, and lipsmacked to, foster infants than control infants. The attractiveness of the fostered infants seemed to be slightly associated with the FMs' dominance rank. The foster infants were therefore viewed by others as having assumed the role afforded by the FMs' rank. Thus both FMs and other troop members recognized the unfamiliarity and novelty of the foster infant but the infants were still accepted into the group. We suggest that the different treatment of the foster infants by the troop may have consequences on the infants' future social development.
SU-FF-T-217: Evaluation of the Dosimetric Accuracy of a Commercial Adaptive Radiotherapy Process

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric accuracy and reproducibility of the TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive system using MVCT datasets. Method and Materials: Comparisons were made between reference dose distributions computed with the TomoTherapy treatment planningsystem (TPS) and verification dose distributions computed on the TomoTherapy Planned Adaptive (PA) system. Both calculations were performed on TomoTherapy megavoltage CT (MVCT) datasets to eliminate differences associated with variations in CT‐density tables. Simulated PTVs drawn on an MVCT of an anthropomorphic radiosurgery head phantom (CIRS, Inc.) were used as input to calculate doses on the TomoTherapy TPS. After plan optimization, a post‐plan MVCT image was taken and used to calculate dose on the TomoTherapy PA system. Initially, calculations were made using the same MVCT dataset as input to both programs to investigate the agreement between the algorithms. Next, calculations were made using registered pre‐ and post‐plan MVCT images to investigate the variation with MVCT datasets. Comparisons were made using the tools available on the PA system and in‐house software to compare doses outside of contoured structures. Results: For calculations on identical datasets, isodose and DVH comparisons between the TomoTherapy TPS and PA systems showed insignificant dose differences (< 0.2%) to all contoured structures. Dose discrepancies within the phantom but outside of contoured structures showed slightly larger variations, although well within 0.5%. Similar results were found for dose calculations using different MVCT datasets. In both cases, the doses computed in air outside the phantom showed the largest differences (up to 21%). Conclusion: Comparisons between TomoTherapy's TPS and PA system MVCT dose calculations showed clinically acceptable agreement everywhere within the phantom. Differences between doses calculated in air are due to differences in the way the algorithms mask low density voxels. Research sponsored by TomoTherapy, Inc.
The Effects of the Microelectronics Revolution on Systems and Board Test

Increasing device complexity has brought increased responsibility both for test engineers and design engineers: design engineers must create testable designs; test engineers must report testability problems back to the designers.
Open Systems as Seen on the Street and From the Fourteenth Floor

Science is a great many things but in the end they all return to this: Science is the acceptance of what works and the rejection of what does not. That needs more courage than we might think.Jacob Bronowski(Quoted in Miller, 1971, p. 73)
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes Part 2, A Meta-analysis of Neuromuscular Interventions Aimed at Injury Prevention

Female athletes have a 4 to 6 times higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury than do male athletes participating in the same landing and pivoting sports. This greater risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury, coupled with a geometric increase in participation (doubling each decade), has led to a significant rise in anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes. The gender gap in anterior cruciate ligament injury, combined with evidence that the underpinnings of this serious health problem are neuromuscular in nature, leads to the development of neuromuscular interventions designed to prevent injury. A systematic review of the published literature yielded 6 published interventions targeted toward anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention in female athletes. Four of 6 significantly reduced knee injury incidence, and 3 of 6 significantly reduced anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes. A meta-analysis of these 6 studies demonstrates a significant effect of neuromuscular training programs on anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes (test for overall effect, Z = 4.31, P < .0001). Examination of the similarities and differences between the training regimens gives insight into the development of more effective and efficient interventions. The purpose of this "Current Concepts" review is to highlight the relative effectiveness of these interventions in reducing anterior cruciate ligament injury rates and to evaluate the common training components between the training studies. In addition, the level of rigor of these interventions, the costs and the difficulty of implementation, the compliance with these interventions, and the performance benefits are discussed. This review summarizes conclusions based on evidence from the common components of the various interventions to discuss their potential to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury risk and assess their potential for combined use in more effective and efficient intervention protocols.
Characterization of Polyphenolic Metabolites in the Seeds of Vitis Germplasm

The composition and content of polyphenols in the seeds of 91 grape accessions from 17 Vitis species were characterized. Eleven compounds, including 2 gallic derivatives, 3 monomeric flavan-3-ols, 3 flavonols, resveratrol, and procyanidin B1 and B2, were identified via HPLC-MS and quantified by HPLC-DAD. In addition, seventeen dimeric and trimeric flavan-3-ols were also quantified. Tremendous variation was observed both among and within species for these compounds. Monomeric flavan-3-ols were the most abundant polyphenols in seeds, followed by dimeric and trimeric flavan-3-ols, which collectively accounted for more than 96% of the total polyphenols. V. palmata, V. vinifera, and V. vulpina had significantly higher content of total polyphenols than other species. A number of Vitis accessions with high content of various types of seed polyphenols were identified, and they can serve as potential germplasm for improving the composition and content of seed polyphenols in cultivated grapes.