cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Nuclear Explosion Energies from Microbarograph Records

FOLLOWING the US and USSR atmospheric test series in 1954–1962, numerous microbarograph records1–8 of air waves generated by nuclear bomb tests were published. Previous theoretical interpretations7,9 of such waveforms have required some explicit knowledge of the average atmospheric temperature and wind profiles above the path connecting source to microbarograph. Such profiles are never sufficiently well known and vary from point to point, and as seemingly small changes in the profiles cause relatively large changes in the waveforms, it would seem to be difficult to estimate the explosion energy yield to even order of magnitude accuracy from such records. Recently, however, in a further account of this work to be published elsewhere, we have succeeded in deriving an approximate theoretical relationship between certain waveform features and energy yield which is insensitive to changes in atmospheric structure. This relationship is given by where E is energy release, pFPT is the first peak to trough pressure amplitude (see Fig. 1), re is radius of the Earth, r is the great circle distance from burst point to observation point, Hs is a lower atmosphere scale height, c is a representative sound speed, and T1,2 is the time interval between first and second peaks. The purpose of the present communication is to describe the extent to which the above relation agrees with the existing available data.
ENDOGENOUS LIPID PNEUMONIA IN OPOSSUMS FROM LOUISIANA

Endogenous lipid pneumonia was present in 19 of 27 opossums (Didelphis virginiana) trapped in the vicinity of Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The severity of lesions varied from small pleural and subpleural aggregates of foamy macrophages with minimal disruption of pulmonary architecture to large nodular accumulations of foam cells with cholesterol clefts and localized emphysema. The cause of the lipid pneumonia may be related to pulmonary nematode parasite infections, which were evident in 13 of the affected animals.
Videos influence behavior change measures for voice and speech in individuals with Parkinson's disease

The majority of individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience voice and speech difficulties at some point over the course of the disease. Voice therapy has been found to help improve voice and speech in individuals with PD, but the majority of these individuals do not enroll in voice therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether watching short videos about voice symptoms and treatment in Parkinson's disease influences readiness to change, stages of change, and self-efficacy in individuals with PD. Eight individuals with PD participated in the study. Fifteen videos were chosen, three representing each of the five stages of change. We chose videos from YouTube that represented variety in speakers, content, and genre. We found that readiness to change significantly increased after watching videos, suggesting that watching videos helped these individuals move closer to actively improving their voice and speech. In addition, five of the eight participants showed forward movement in stages of change. Finally, self-efficacy demonstrated a positive trend following video watching. Overall, our results demonstrate that watching videos available on the internet can influence individuals with Parkinson's disease in changing vocal behavior. Implications for future wireless health applications are described.
Neurotoxicity of acute glutamate transport blockade depends on coactivation of both NMDA and AMPA/Kainate receptors in organotypic hippocampal cultures.

Abstract Excessive activation of glutamate receptors is neurotoxic, contributing to brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia. The pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity is difficult to study in animals because it is efficiently cleared from the extracellular space by a family of glutamate transporters. We have investigated the receptor specificity of endogenous glutamate's toxic effects in organotypic cultures of the hippocampus by acute blockade of these transporters. The organotypic cultures used in these experiments preserve the intrinsic connections and regional differentiation of the hippocampus in long term culture and may more closely reproduce the pharmacology of the mature brain region. Membrane injury was measured with digital fluorescence imaging of the vital dye, propidium iodide, 24 h after a 30-min exposure to glutamate receptor agonists or to antagonists of glutamate transport. Confirming our previous results, bath-applied, exogenous glutamate caused dose-dependent neuronal injury. Glutamate was less potent than the selective agonists NMDA, AMPA, and quisqualate. Blockade of glutamate transport with the selective antagonists threo-hydroxy-aspartate and pyrrolidine-dicarboxylic acid also caused dose-dependent neuronal injury. Endogenous or exogenous glutamate toxicity was caused by a coactivation of both NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors; blockade of either was sufficient to substantially prevent neuronal injury. Protective effects of combined application of antagonists were generally less than additive. We conclude that AMPA/kainate receptors play a more prominent role in glutamate neurotoxicity in organotypic cultures than in dissociated cortical or hippocampal cultures, acting together with NMDA receptors to cause neuronal injury.
Successful Treatment of Severe Bruxism with OnabotulinumtoxinA in Patients with Post Anoxic Brain Injury (P01.237)

Objective: Intramuscularly administered OnabotulinumtoxinA is an effective treatment for a variety of movement disorders. Severe bruxism, which can generate discomfort, pain, tongue laceration and tooth fragmentation, is a frequent complication of anoxic brain injury. Severe bruxism is usually amenable to medical treatment. We report successful symptomatic treatment of severe bruxism with OnabotulinumtoxinA in four patients with anoxic brain injury. Background Four patients with severe bruxism secondary to post anoxic brain injury were seen on the inpatient and/or outpatient service at Henry Ford Health System between November 2003 and August 2011 and treated with OnabotulinumtoxinA. Design/Methods: All four patients were females, three were African American and one Caucasian. Ages ranged from twenty three to sixty three years old. All four patients received OnabotulinumtoxinA injection to the bilateral masseter and/or temoporalis muscles (total of 50-100units were injected during each visit). Two of the four patients received multiple injections separated by two weeks to 3 months due to severity of the symptoms. Results: All four patients responded positively to the injections. No side effects were reported in any of the studied patients. Conclusions: OnabotulinumtoxinA injections are an efficacious and valuable treatment for patients with severe bruxism post anoxic brain injury. Disclosure: Dr. Murshed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Dakka has nothing to disclose. Dr. Angus has nothing to disclose.
Timing analysis for extended burst-mode circuits

We describe an efficient timing analysis technique for extended burst-mode circuits implemented according to the 3D design style. Gate-level 3D circuits with uncertain component delays are analyzed, and safe bounds on timing constraints for correct circuit operation are computed. We employ two passes of multi-valued logic simulation to precisely identify gates where timing constraint violations manifest themselves. Signal propagation delay bounds from the primary inputs to these gates are then used to compute global timing constraints for correct circuit operation. Timing constraints identified by our tool represent conservative approximations to the true timing requirements in the worst-case. In practice, our results are accurate on almost all of the 3D benchmarks we have experimented with.
Microcircuitry of forward and feedback connections within rat visual cortex

Visual cortex in mammals is composed of many distinct areas that are linked by reciprocal connections to form a multilevel hierarchy. Ascending information is sent via forward connections from lower to higher areas and is thought to contribute to the emergence of increasingly complex receptive field properties at higher levels. Descending signals are transmitted via feedback connections from higher to lower areas and are believed to provide information about the context in which a stimulus appears, to contribute to modulation of visual responses by attention, and to play a role in memory processes. To determine whether forward and feedback pathways in rat visual cortex constitute distinct intracortical circuits, we have studied the distribution of reciprocal corticocortical inputs to pyramidal cells and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. For this purpose, we chose forward and feedback connections between primary visual cortex and the secondary extrastriate lateromedial (LM) area as a model system. Pathways were traced with the axonal marker phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin. Labeled terminals were identified in the electron microscope, and GABA immunocytochemistry was used to identify the postsynaptic dendritic shafts of GABAergic interneurons. In both pathways, inputs to pyramidal cells were directed preferentially to dendritic spines and not to shafts. In the forward pathway, 90% of labeled inputs were distributed to pyramidal cells and 10% to interneurons. This proportion was similar to that of nearby unlabeled connections in the neuropil, indicating that forward connections are not selective for pyramidal cells or interneurons. In sharp contrast, feedback connections were significantly different from the unlabeled connections and supplied almost exclusively pyramidal cells (98%). Feedback inputs to GABAergic neurons were five times weaker (2%) relative to the forward direction. These structural differences suggest that disynaptic GABAergic inhibition is much stronger in forward than in feedback pathways. Recent physiological experiments have confirmed this prediction (Shao et al. [1995] Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 21:1274) and we, therefore, conclude that relatively small anatomical differences in the microcircuitry can have important functional consequences. It remains an open question whether generally reciprocal interareal circuits at all levels of the cortical hierarchy are organized in similar fashion.
Electron microscope observations on the salivary gland of the cockroach,Periplaneta americana

The salivary gland of the cockroach was studied with the electron microscope. Structural modifications of the cells comprising the duct system as well as the fine structure of the cells comprising the secretory tissue have been characterized. An attempt is made to correlate certain of the structural features with functional significance.
Spatial relationships between marine bacteria and localized corrosion on polymer coated steel

Diagnosis of microbiologically influenced corrosion on iron‐containing substrata exposed in marine environments cannot be based solely on spatial relationships between large accumulations of bacterial cells and iron corrosion products. Experiments were designed to evaluate the relationship between marine bacteria and localized corrosion on coated mild steel. The distribution of bacteria was strongly influenced by the presence of iron corrosion products independent of coating combinations. In the presence of cathodic protection, coating defects were filled with calcareous deposits and few bacterial cells. The results demonstrate that bacteria are preferentially attracted to iron corrosion products in coating defects and that attraction is more influential than topography in determining the spatial distribution of bacterial cells.
Counting mammalian spermatozoa in biological fluids containing particulate matter

Accurate counting of spermatozoa in biological fluids by particle counters requires elimination of competing background. This was accomplished by dissolving cell organelles and other lipid and proteinaceous material with sodium dodecyl sulfate to leave the sperm nucleus. Progress of selective dissolution of interfering background versus sperm nuclei was monitored by phase contrast microscopy. Rabbit semen was diluted in 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (wt/vol) and then 1:1 (vol/vol) with .5 M sodium hydroxide. Suspensions were incubated, diluted 1:200 in .1 M sodium citrate-.1% Triton-X, and counted after 5, 10, and 20 min with a Coulter Counter. All treatment times resulted in similar mean counts, ranging from 367 to 369 X 10(6) sperm/ml. These means were slightly higher than the 350 X 10(6) sperm/ml for hemocytometer counts, but the correlation with hemocytometer counts was r greater than or equal to .98. Bull semen was diluted in either 1) citrate-Triton-X, 2) .25 M Tris-20% egg yolk, or 3) heated whole milk and further treated with 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate and .5 M sodium hydroxide. After 15 min, treated samples were diluted 1:200 in citrate-Triton-X and counted. Following treatment, estimated sperm concentration in the three diluents was not different from that of untreated sperm in citrate-Triton-X. The procedure was successfully applied to bull sperm diluted in milk and packaged in .5-ml French straws used routinely for artificial insemination.
Giant Right Atrial Wall Vegetation Mimicking Cardiac Tumor

We report the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of a large right atrial vegetation. A 44-year-old woman admitted with septic shock was found to have a giant mass attached to the lateral free wall of the right atrium that was consistent with tumor on transesophageal echocardiography. Interestingly, diagnosis of vegetation was later made by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by surgical pathology. The case highlights not only an atypical presentation for intracardiac vegetation, but also the use of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging as an adjunct to transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac masses.
Mixed transcendental and polynomial transforms

There are a variety of engineering applications in which the dynamics of the equipment being used or designed are expressible by a Laplace transform which contains both polynomial functions of s and exponential functions. In networks and in feedback control systems, transcendental terms in the Laplace transform arise due to diffusion in a transistor, dead time or time of flow of materials in heat exchangers and flow reactors, catalyst flow time in a catalytic cracker, time of transmission of an electromagnetic pulse in radar and telemetering applications, time of transmission of an ultrasonic pulse in sonar, materials transport time in thickness controls for rolling mills, the sampling time in sampled data systems and in digital computer controls, and the carrier period in magnetic-amplifier and thyratron-type controls. This paper will present some of the basic features of the mathematical treatment of mixed transcendental and polynomial transforms. Root locus methods, complex-plane techniques for factoring polynomials, and evaluation of the residues for an inverse transform can all be performed through the use of two complex planes, one for the polynomial representation, and the other for the transcendental terms.
S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide: an inhibitor of aspartic acid utilization in Leuconostoc mesenteroides.

THE dextro (+) form of S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide has been isolated from turnips1 and from cabbages2, and its widespread occurrence in crucifers has been inferred from chromatographic evidence1,2. The next higher homologue, methionine sulphoxide, acts as an inhibitor of glutamic acid utilization by Lactobacillus arabinosus 3,4. This structural relationship suggested that S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide might act as an inhibitor of aspartic acid in an analogous manner. The two diastereoisomeric sul-phoxides of S-methyl-L-cysteine ((+) and (−) S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide) were tested as aspartic acid antimetabolites in Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The natural isomer (+) S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide inhibits the utilization of aspartic acid, but (−) S-methyl-L-cysteine sulphoxide has no measurable activity. On several counts this system can be contrasted with the methionine sulphoxide–glutamic acid system.
Epitaxial TiN based contacts for silicon devices

We have grown high quality epitaxial TiN/Si(100) and Cu/TiN/Si(100) heterostructures by pulsed laser deposition. The epitaxial TiN films have the same low (15 µΩ-cm) resistivity as TiSi2 (C-54) phase with excellent diffusion barrier properties. In addition, Schottky barrier height of TiN was close to that of TiSi2 (0.6-0.7 eV). Auger and Raman spectroscopy revealed that the films were stoichiometric TiN and free from oxygen impurities. The x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results showed that the TiN films deposited at 600°C were single crystal in nature with epitaxial relationship TiN|| Si. The Rutherford baskscattering channeling yield for TiN films was found to be in the range of 10–13%. The epitaxy of Cu on TiN was found to be cube-on-cube, i.e., Cull TiN||Si. The Cu/TiN and TiN/Si interfaces were found to be quite sharp without any indication of interfacial reaction. The growth mechanism of copper on TiN was found to be three-dimensional. We discuss domain matching epitaxy as a mechanism of growth in these large lattice mismatch systems, where three lattice constants of Si(5.43A) match with four of TiN(4.24A) and seven units of Cu(3.62A) match with six of the TiN. Thus, for next generation of device complementary metal oxide semiconductor structures, Cu/TiN/Si(100) contacts hold considerable promise, particularly since Cu is a low resistivity metal (1.6 µΩ-cm) and is considerably more resistant to electromigration than Al. The implications of these results in the fabrication of advanced microelectronic devices are discussed.
A Family of Two-Dimensional Nonseparable Malvar Wavelets

Abstract Malvar wavelets or lapped orthogonal transform (LOT) has been recognized as a useful tool in eliminating blocking effects in transform coding. Recently, it has been also extended to more general forms, which enable one to construct an orthonormal basis from arbitrary local orthonormal bases on different intervals. In this paper, we study two-dimensional cases and construct nonseparable Malvar wavelets, which are potentially important in multidimensional signal analysis. With nonseparable Malvar wavelets, we then construct nonseparable Lemarie–Meyer wavelets which are band-limited. We discuss the implementation and applications of nonseparable Malvar wavelets in image processing. Finally, we present several numerical examples.
Lie Algebra Cohomology and Generalized Schubert Cells

This paper is referred to as Part II. Part I is [4], The numerical I used as a reference will refer to that paper. A third and final part, Clifford algebras and the intersection of Schubert cycles is also planned.
Surfaces probed by nonlinear optics

Abstract Optical second harmonic and sum-frequency generation has recently been proven to be a very versitile probe for surface and interface studies. Here a brief account is given on how the technique was developed and numerous applications found in our laboratory.
Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination

Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Toni Morrison provides a personal inquiry into the significance of African-American literary imagination. Her goal, she states at the outset, is to "put forth an argument for extending the study of American literature". Author of "Beloved", "The Bluest Eye", "Song of Solomon", and other vivid portrayals of black American experience, Morrison ponders the effect that living in a historically racialized society has had on American writing in the 19th and 20th centuries. She argues that race has become a metaphor, a way of referring to forces, events, and forms of social decay, economic division, and human panic. Her argument is that the central characteristics of American literature - individualism, masculinity, the insistence upon innocence coupled to an obsession with figurations of death and hell - are responses to a dark and abiding Africanist presence.
Predicting Forage Quality in Switchgrass and Big Bluestem

Predicting forage quality would help producers schedule hay harvesting to obtain desired hay quality. Our objective was to determine if growing degree day (GDD), day of the year (DOY), mean stage count (MSC), and mean stage weight (MSW) could be used to predict in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM), crude protein (CP), and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) of Trailblazer' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum.) and Pawnee' big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) grown in Nebraska and Kansas. This field study was conducted from 1990 to 1993 at Mead, NE on Typic Argiudoll soils and from 1992 to 1993 at Manhattan, KS on Aquic Argiudoll soils. Plants were sampled at 1-wk intervals in 1990 and 1991 and at 2-wk intervals in 1992 and 1993. They were morphologically classified as MSC and MSW and analyzed for IVDDM, CP, and NDF. Switchgrass IVDDM and CP were best predicted by GDD models, which accounted for 86 and 91% of the variation, respectively, whereas NDF was best predicted by MSC and MSW. Big bluestem IVDDM was best predicted by MSW and CP was best predicted by GDD, which both accounted for 90% of the variation. Mean stage weight accounted for 74% of the variability in big bluestem NDF. The DOY model adequately predicted forage quality due primarily to the determinate growth habit of these species. Morphological development accurately predicted forage quality in many instances. Although no universal parameter adequately predicted concentrations of IVDDM, CP, and NDF, it was possible to accurately predict quality with readily available environmental data and measures of plant maturity.
The Importance of Including Size Effect When Modeling Slot Milling

This paper presents a detailed mechanistic force analysis that includes size effect for slot milling operations. Existing studies of the milling process have modeled the slot end milling operation as a simple geometric extension of peripheral end milling models with constant values for the specific energies used to predict forces for a given cutter geometry and cutting conditions. This paper addresses the limitations of this approach for accurate predictions of the instantaneous cutting force variation, particularly for steady-state slotting with four-flute cutters. It is shown through a comparison of model simulations and experimental results that significantly improved predictions of the cutting force variation are obtained by properly accounting for the size effect in slotting. The dependence of the cutting force variation on axial depth of cut and helix angle is demonstrated. Practical implications of selecting helix angle and axial depth of cut based on the improved slot end milling model are also discussed. Modeling approaches other than the mechanistic approach considered here are also noted in this light.
Slip Flow through Colloidal Crystals of Varying Particle Diameter

Slip flow of water through silica colloidal crystals was investigated experimentally for eight different particle diameters, which have hydraulic channel radii ranging from 15 to 800 nm. The particle surfaces were silylated to be low in energy, with a water contact angle of 83°, as determined for a silylated flat surface. Flow rates through centimeter lengths of colloidal crystal were measured using a commercial liquid chromatograph for accurate comparisons of water and toluene flow rates using pressure gradients as high as 1010 Pa/m. Toluene exhibited no-slip Hagen–Poiseuille flow for all hydraulic channel radii. For water, the slip flow enhancement as a function of hydraulic channel radius was described well by the expected slip flow correction for Hagen–Poiseuille flow, and the data revealed a constant slip length of 63 ± 3 nm. A flow enhancement of 20 ± 2 was observed for the smallest hydraulic channel radius of 15 nm. The amount of slip flow was found to be independent of shear rate over a range of f...
[MATH]-TEXTURE EFFECTS ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN SUPERFLUID 3He

We calculate the effects on the satellite frequencies in NMR due to the changes in spatial variation length scale of the [MATH] vector.
The adenosine agonist N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA) stimulates feeding in rats.

Abstract Administration of adenosine and agonists of the adenosine receptors to rats results in hypoactivity, hypothermia, muscle relaxation and antinociception. In the present study, we found that the adenosine ligand, N6-R-phenylisopropyladenosine (R-PIA), increased food intake in rats at a time in the day when rats normally eat very little food or none at all. Feeding was not reliably stimulated upon the first exposure to R-PIA, but was clearly increased following repeated administration of this agonist. Other adenosine agonists, namely 2-chloradenosine and 5′-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine, failed to alter feeding after a single injection or after repeated exposure. The adenosine antagonist, caffeine, did not block R-PIA's effect on food intake, whereas the opioid antagonist, naloxone, blocked R-PIA-induced eating. These data suggest that R-PIA stimulates feeding independent of the A1 or A2 adenosine receptors.
Deduction of skin friction by Clauser technique in unsteady turbulent boundary layers

In studies of unsteady (oscillatory) turbulent boundary layers, the mean friction velocity is a quantity useful both for evaluating drag coefficients and normalizing experimental data. While it may be measured indirectly using scalartransport probes hot-film gauges or electrochemical probes these devices are known to be problematic when fluid flow and scalar transport are not quasi-steady, or if fluid flow is not unidirectional. The notion of deducing u~ by the Clauser technique force-fitting a mean-velocity function over part of a profile of U has obvious attractions, though no justification exists for its extension to mean profiles of unsteady flows. Using results from a recent study of unsteady turbulent boundary layers (Brereton and Reynolds 1987), in which u~ could be gauged from the near-wall velocity gradient and estimated by Clauser technique, the plausibility of extending the Clauser technique to this application is considered.
A path to mature market: logistic regression approach to delineate between emerging, transition and developed markets

Whereas conceptual guidelines exist to identify where along a continuum of market emergence a country may fall, researchers need a quantitative tool with which they can better delineate countries into the existing groupings. This study incorporates economic theory and the World Bank view to extract the defining factors (financial liberalisation, trade liberalisation, privatisation and entrepreneurship) of market emergence. An empirical logistic regression is then constructed to determine which factors play the most significant role in delineating countries into the emerging, transitional and developed markets. The model refines existing knowledge of the significance of the defining factors in delineating between the country groupings studied, and provides a clear instrument with which to better understand a country's path to the global market emergence. Our study results indicate that emerging markets are strongly (statistically significant) defined by financial liberalisation, while trade liberalisation ...
The Struggle for Racial Justice: The Personal, the Political, and … the Economic

A JL JLs I sit down to write this, The Blind Side, Avatar, and Precious are all being talked about as candidates for best-picture Oscars. They are of course cinemagraphically impressive. But beyond their gloss and technical achievements, these films share some distressing themes. All three set up a racial hierarchy in which whites are the heroes and people of color need to be saved from (pick all that apply) illiteracy/irrationality/incest/naivete. Brooks (20 1 0:A27) wrote in his New York Times column that Avatar presents us with the well-worn "White Messiah Fable" in which "White people are rationalist . . . while colonial victims are spiritual and athletic." He put it succinctly: "Avatar is a racial fantasy [presumably for whites] par excellence" (2010:A27). The Blind Side and Precious are even more explicit and straightforward versions of this whites-as-heroes fantasy. It is all the more touching, no doubt, and more palatable in these days of ostensible race-enlightenment, that the whites in these films seem to care so deeply for the racialized have-nots they rescue. Indeed, it is often the very caring of the "White Messiah" that produces the transformative rescue of the Other. This subtext of racial redemption through caring relationships and personal values is the Hollywood version of "The personal is political." I will come back to this theme in a moment.
Social Equity, Progressive Fiscal Policy, and Economic Growth: A Preliminary Analysis Using the Fifty States of the United States and the District of Columbia

Abstract This article explores the relationship between progressive fiscal policies and economic growth. The study utilizes the variation among the 50 states and three national time periods to construct a panel data set. A two-way fixed effects model is run with state gross product per capita as the dependent variable and a series of independent variables that attempt to measure the progressivity of a state's fiscal policy. The results indicate statistically significant but small negative impacts on state gross product from progressive state fiscal policies. Care must be taken, however, in not making conclusive assertions about the results of the analysis given the problematic nature of model specification. The article concludes with some discussion of the implication of the results with respect to the Bush Administration tax policy.
Inferring lake depth using diatom assemblages in the shallow, seasonally variable lakes of the Nebraska Sand Hills (USA): calibration, validation, and application of a 69-lake training set

The Nebraska Sand Hills are a distinctive eco-region in the semi-arid Great Plains of the western United States. The water table underlying the Sand Hills is part of the High Plains/Ogallala aquifer, an important water resource for the central Great Plains. Lake levels are affected directly by fluctuations in the water table, which is recharged primarily by local precipitation and responds quickly to climatically induced changes in regional water balance. Instrumental records are available for only 50–100 years, and paleolimnological data provide important insights into the extremes and variability in moisture balance over longer time scales. A set of 69 lakes from across Nebraska was used to establish a statistical relationship between diatom community composition and water depth. This relationship was then used to develop a diatom-based inference model for water depth using weighted averaging regression and calibration techniques. Development of the inference model was complicated by strong intra-seasonal variability in water depth and the linkages between depth and other limnologic characteristics, including alkalinity, water clarity and nutrient concentrations. Analysis of historical diatom communities from eight lakes allowed for the reconstruction of lake-level fluctuations over the past several thousand years. Comparisons of the more recent portion of these reconstructions with the instrumental Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) showed that sediment records may not faithfully reflect short-term fluctuations in water level, except where sedimentation rates are very high. However, large and persistent changes in moisture availability were discernible even in longer, low-resolution records. Thus, diatoms are a useful addition to the tools available for understanding past drought in the central Great Plains, especially when trajectories of change are constrained by data from multiple sites or other proxies.
Origin of Cretaceous to Holocene fractures in the northern San Juan Basin, Colorado and New Mexico

The timing and origins of minor faults and extensional fractures (joints) in the San Juan Basin of the Rocky Mountain foreland have generated intense debate. Hypotheses include nearly syn-sedimentary fracturing guided by pre-existing Precambrian weaknesses, syn-Laramide fracturing, and overburden-release jointing during Holocene erosion. Furthermore, the Laramide deformation that formed the San Juan Basin is also poorly resolved, with hypotheses including single-stage, unidirectional shortening and multi-stage, multidirectional shortening. The stress and fracture history of the basin is critical for predicting subsurface fracture trends that can control hydrocarbon and aquifer permeability and production. In order to test fracture and tectonic hypotheses, minor fault (n = 842) and joint (n = 2619) data were collected from 76 outcrops of Jurassic through Paleogene rocks in the northern San Juan Basin. Multiple conjugate sets of minor faults with consistent crosscutting relationships indicate multi-directional shortening with four episodes of deformation: (1) N56E Laramide shortening, (2) N55W shortening, (3) N17E post-Laramide shortening, and (4) N59E post-Laramide extension. Most joint localities show two regional joint sets, a dominant J 1 set and a secondary J 2 set. Joints in J 1 sets have two distinct orientations: a N19W average strike (47 stations) and a N32E average strike (6 stations). J 2 cross-joint sets have a N72E average strike and were probably generated at shallow depths. Subsurface information for the Dakota Sandstone from a well in the basin indicates two sets of N14W- and N18E-striking fractures, similar to J 1 surface joint sets. NE-striking coal cleats are oblique to the main NNE-trending Laramide shortening and perpendicular to the later NW-trending shortening. They may have formed either during earlier shortening related to the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt or during tectonic rebound from the last Laramide shortening. NNE-striking J 1 joints are parallel to the last phase of local shortening and to Miocene mafic dikes, suggesting formation during post-Laramide extension. Subsequent NNW-striking J 1 joints are parallel to local normal faults and may represent either regional Neogene extension or tectonic rebound from the main Laramide shortening. J 2 cross joint sets in sandstones formed perpendicular to both bedding and J 1 joints during uplift and erosion and thus probably do not extend far below the surface. The NNW- and NNE-striking J 1 joints may be open at depth and may act as preferential flow pathways for fluids. Nearer to the surface, systematic cross-joints (J 2 ) increase fracture density, which may be important for shallow aquifers and coalbed methane plays.
Distributed coverage with mobile robots on a graph: locational optimization and equal-mass partitioning

This paper presents decentralized algorithms for coverage with mobile robots on a graph. Coverage is an important capability of multi-robot systems engaged in a number of different applications, including placement for environmental modeling, deployment for maximal quality surveillance, and even coordinated construction. We use distributed vertex substitution for locational optimization and equal mass partitioning, and the controllers minimize the corresponding cost functions. We prove that the proposed controller with two-hop communication guarantees convergence to the locally optimal configuration. We evaluate the algorithms in simulations and also using four mobile robots.
Learning Progressions as a Guide for Developing Meaningful Science Learning: A New Framework for Old Ideas

The development of learning progressions is one approach for creating the types of coher ent curriculum frameworks that have been identified as predictors for high-performing scores on international stem assessments. We have developed a learning progression that describes how secondary students may build more sophisticated understanding of the struc ture, properties, and behavior of matter, and that also outlines the connections and relation ships among ideas needed to develop more expert understanding. We used data collected from 82 individual interviews with secondary students and from assessments administered to 4000 Us middle school students to characterize how learners select and apply ideas to explain a range of transformation of matter phenomena. We found that most students relied on a limited set of ideas in their explanations, but that with the proper support, even middle school students were able to appropriately integrate ideas involving the structure of matter, conservation, interactions, and energy to provide mechanistic explanations of transforma tion phenomena.
Component-based development of networked embedded applications

Networked Embedded Systems (NEST) are large-scale distributed systems with resource limited processing nodes tightly coupled to physical processes via sensors and actuators. These strict resource constraints mandate thin application-specific operating system and middleware layers. Component-based development is an enabling technology in this arena. We present a model-based approach to the development of applications based on TinyOS, an important NEST platform. OS and application component interfaces along with their interdependencies are captured in a graphical environment and the glue code that ties together the application and OS components are automatically generated. A fully functional sophisticated modeling and code generation environment was developed in one man-month. This is due to the model integrated technology applied in the tool development.
Internalization of activated platelet-derived growth factor receptor-phosphatidylinositol-3' kinase complexes: potential interactions with the microtubule cytoskeleton

Phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3' kinase catalyzes the formation of PI 3,4-diphosphate and PI 3,4,5-triphosphate in response to stimulation of cells by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here we report that tyrosine-phosphorylated PDGF receptors, the p85 subunit of PI-3' kinase (p85), and activated PI-3' kinase are found in isolated clathrin-coated vesicles within 2 min of exposure of cells to PDGF, indicating that both receptor and activated PI-3' kinase enter the endocytic pathway. Immunofluorescence analysis of p85 in serum-starved cells revealed a punctate/reticular staining pattern, concentrated in the perinuclear region and displaying high focal concentration at the centrosome. In addition, partial coalignment of p85 with microtubules was observed after optical sectioning microscopy and image reconstruction. The association of p85 with the microtubule network was further evidenced by the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole, which caused a redistribution of p85 from the perinuclear region to the cell periphery. Interestingly, the most significant effect of PDGF on the distribution of p85 was an increase in the staining intensity of this protein in the perinuclear region, and this effect was eliminated by prior treatment of cells with nocodazole. These results suggest that PDGF receptor-p85 complexes internalize and transit in association with the microtubule cytoskeleton. In addition, the high concentration of p85 in intracellular structures in the absence of PDGF stimulation suggests additional roles for this protein independent of its association with receptor tyrosine kinases.
A Comparison of Annual Incidence Rates and Contextual Characteristics of Intimate-Partner Violence Against Women from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWS)

It is not surprising that research employing diverse methodologies has yielded very different estimates of intimate-perpetrated violence against women. The purpose of this article is to provide a comparison of annual incident rates of rape and physical assault against women as estimated by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)-sponsored National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and National Institute of Justice-cosponsored National Violence Against Women Survey. Several data restrictions were performed to make the data sets as comparable as possible, including restricting the NCVS data to include incidents of rape (not other sexual assaults) and physical assault against women 18 years of age and older. In addition, NCVS estimates included series incidents enumerated as “n” instead of 1, which is the custom for all BJS publications. The methodological eccentricities of each survey, which make comparisons tenuous, are described, and recommendations for po...
Laser flash photolysis and photoinactivation of subtilisin BPN

Abstract— Laser flash photolysis of subtilisin BPN’at 265 nm has shown that photoionization of tryptophanyl (Trp) and tyrosinyl (Tyr) residues are the principal initial photochemical reactions. The initial products are the corresponding oxidized radicals. Trp and Tyr, and hydrated electrons (eaq) which react with the enzyme at: k(eaq+ subt. BPN') = 2.1 × 1010 M−1 s−1. The photoionization quantum yield was 0.032 ± 0.005 at 265 nm, which was enhanced 3.5-fold by simultaneous excitation at 265 and 530 nm. The photoionization yields were unchanged by 3 M bromide ion and 8 M urea. which did affect the enzyme fluorescence excited at 265 and 295 nm. A similar lack of correlation between the effects of perturbants on the photionization yields and fluorescence yields was found for subtilisin Carlsherg. The results indicate that the monophotonic and biphotonic ionization of the Trp residues does not involve the thermally-equilibrated. lowest excited singlet state and that singlet energy transfer from Tyr to Trp does not contribute to Trp photoionization. The photoinactivation quantum yield was 0.014 for 265 nm laser excitation. which was not changed by simultaneous 530 nm excitation. The corresponding quantum yield was 0.009 for low intensity 254 nm radiation, indicative of a biphotonic contribution to photoinactivation. The results are explained by postulating that photolysis of Trp-113 leads to disruption of hydrogen bonding to Asn-117 and a shift in the primary chain sequence associated with the aromatic substrate binding sites. The photoionization quantum yields in subtilisin BPN’and subtilisin Carlsberg agree with a model based on the assumption that exposed Trp and Tyr residues contribute independently at intrinsic photoionization efficiencies characteristic of the chromophores.
El uso de la equivalencia de estímulos para demostrar relaciones lingüísticas preexistentes: Una réplica systemática y extensión

The stimulus equivalence paradigm was used to discover whether or not preexperimental histories with respect to affective stimuli could be brought to bear in an experimental setting. In two experiments, undergraduate students were trained in A-B, A-C, and D-C conditional relations using a match-to-sample procedure. The A and B stimuli were arbitrary visual forms, and the C stimuli were Chinese ideograms. The D stimuli for one group consisted of English words like “Holiday”, “Funeral”, and “Torture” and for the other group the D stimuli consisted of human faces expressing happiness, sadness, and anger. Equivalence relations were tested between the D stimuli and the B, A, and C stimuli with the condition that D stimuli used during testing were not the same as the D stimuli used during training. Thus, subjects trained with faces were tested with words and subjects trained with words were tested with faces. Substitutional equivalence emerged for most subjects who showed non-substitutional equivalence (B-C, C-B). Substitutional equivalence emerged more readily for subjects trained with words and tested with faces than they did for subjects trained with faces and tested with words. Results are discussed in terms of stimulus function and pre-experimental histories.
Molecular Structure of an R Factor, Its Component Drug-Resistance Determinants and Transfer Factor

Plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli strains harboring drug resistance either of the infectious or noninfectious kind has been separated by CsCl centrifugation of crude cell lysates in the presence of ethidium bromide and examined by electron microscopy. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from an S(+) strain (which has the property of noninfectious streptomycin-sulfonamide resistance) consists of a monomolecular covalently closed circular species of 2.7 mum in contour length (5.6 x 10(6) atomic mass units; amu). DNA from a strain carrying a transfer factor, termed Delta, but no determinant for drug resistance, is a monomolecular covalently closed circular species of 29.3 mum in contour length (61 x 10(6) amu). DNA from either Delta(+)A(+) or Delta(+)S(+) strains, (which are respectively ampicillin or streptomycin-sulfonamide resistant, and can transfer this drug resistance), shows a bimodal distribution of molecules of contour lengths 2.7 mum and 29.3 mum, whereas DNA from a (Delta-T)(+) strain (showing infectious tetracycline resistance) contains only one species of molecule measuring 32.3 mum (67 x 10(6) amu). We conclude that ampicillin resistance is carried by a DNA molecule (the A determinant) of 2.7 mum, and streptomycin-sulfonamide resistance is carried by an independent molecule (the S determinant) of similar size. These molecules are not able to effect their own transfer, but can be transmitted to other cells due to the simultaneous presence of the transfer factor, Delta, which also constitutes an independent molecule, of size 29.3 mum. In general, there appears to be little recombination or integration of the A or S molecules into that of Delta, although a small proportion (5-10%) of recombinant molecules cannot be excluded. In contrast, the third drug-resistance determinant, that for tetracycline resistance (denoted as T), is integrated in the Delta molecule to form the composite structure Delta-T of size 32.3 mum, which determines infectious tetracycline resistance. The Delta(+)A(+) and Delta(+)S(+) strains are defined as harboring plasmid aggregates, and the (Delta-T)(+) strain is defined as carrying a plasmid cointegrate; the properties of all three strains are characteristic of strains harboring R factors. These results are compatible with the previously published genetic data. The number of Delta molecules per cell appears to be equal to the chromosomal number irrespective of growth phase, and this plasmid can thus be defined as stringently regulated in DNA replication. In contrast, S and A exist as multiple copies, probably in at least a 10-fold excess of chromosomal copy number. S and A can thus be defined as relaxed in the regulation of their DNA replication.
Dual echo positive contrast bSSFP for real-time visualization of passive devices duringmagnetic resonance guided cardiovascular catheterization

Background Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) guided cardiovascular catheterizations can potentially reduce ionizing radiation exposure and enable new interventions. Commercially available paramagnetic X-Ray devices create a small signal void in CMR images, which is ambiguous and insufficient to guide catheterization procedures. This work aims to improve real-time CMR of off-the-shelf X-Ray devices by developing a real-time positive contrast sequence with color overlay of the device onto anatomy.