cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Unit Price Evaluation of Severe Problem Behavior

We evaluated problem behavior exhibited by 6 individuals with developmental disabilities using the behavioral economic conceptualization of unit price. Descriptive observations were conducted during interactions between the participants and their primary care providers in a clinical laboratory, the participants' homes, or school. Data were recorded on potential reinforcers and problem behavior. After identifying reinforcers for each participant's problem behavior by way of functional analysis, the descriptive data were analyzed retrospectively, using the cost–benefit ratio described by the concept of unit price. Results showed that demand was elastic and produced monotonic response output curves. The results represent an extension of the concept of unit price to severe problem behavior under naturally occurring environmental conditions.
Seasonal variation in muscle sympathetic nerve activity

Epidemiologic data suggest there are seasonal variations in the incidence of severe cardiac events with peak levels being evident in the winter. Whether autonomic indices including muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) vary with season remains unclear. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that resting MSNA varies with the seasons of the year with peak levels evident in the winter. We analyzed the supine resting MSNA in 60 healthy subjects. Each subject was studied during two, three, or four seasons (total 237 visits). MSNA burst rate in the winter (21.0 ± 6.8 burst/min, mean ± SD) was significantly greater than in the summer (13.5 ± 5.8 burst/min, P < 0.001), the spring (17.1 ± 9.0 burst/min, P = 0.03), and the fall (17.9 ± 7.7 burst/min, P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in MSNA for other seasonal comparisons. The results suggest that resting sympathetic nerve activity varies along the seasons, with peak levels evident in the winter. We speculate that the seasonal changes in sympathetic activity may be a contribution to the previously observed seasonal variations in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors: Positioning Cells for Host Defense and Immunity

Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that control the migratory patterns and positioning of all immune cells. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators of acute inflammation, we now know that this complex system of approximately 50 endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 G protein–coupled seven-transmembrane signaling receptors is also critical for the generation of primary and secondary adaptive cellular and humoral immune responses. Recent studies demonstrate important roles for the chemokine system in the priming of naive T cells, in cell fate decisions such as effector and memory cell differentiation, and in regulatory T cell function. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding how the chemokine system orchestrates immune cell migration and positioning at the organismic level in homeostasis, in acute inflammation, and during the generation and regulation of adoptive primary and secondary immune responses in the lymphoid system and peripheral nonlymphoid tissue.
Medications and Impaired Driving

Objective: To describe the association of specific medication classes with driving outcomes and provide clinical recommendations. Data Sources: The MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for articles published from January 1973 to June 2013 on classes of medications associated with driving impairment. The search included outcome terms such as automobile driving, motor vehicle crash, driving simulator, and road tests. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Only English-language articles that contained findings from observational or interventional designs with ≥ 10 participants were included in this review. Cross-sectional studies, case series, and case reports were excluded. Data Synthesis: Driving is an important task and activity for the majority of adults. Some commonly prescribed medications have been associated with driving impairment measured by road performance, driving simulation, and/or motor vehicle crashes. This review of 30 studies identified findings with barbiturates, benzodiazepines, hypno...
The urbanization of wildlife management: Social science, conflict, and decision making

Increasing urbanization of rural landscapes has created new challenges for wildlife management. In addition to changes in the physical landscape, urbanization has also produced changes in the socio-cultural landscape. The greater distancing from direct interaction with wildlife in urbanized societies has led to the emergence of a culture whose meanings for wildlife are less grounded in the utilitarian/instrumental orientation of rural agrarian systems. Urban perspectives on wildlife are comprised of more highly individualized emotional/symbolic values. This shift creates two problems with respect to managing wildlife in an urbanizing landscape. First the increased diversity in values and meanings increases the likelihood for social conflicts regarding wildlife management while at the same time making socially acceptable resolutions more intractable. This in turn requires fundamental changes in decision-making paradigms and the research approaches used to inform decision making. Second, as remaining rural communities feel the pressures of urbanization, wildlife conflicts become conflicts not just over wildlife but conflict over larger socio-political concepts such as equity, tradition, private property rights, government control, power, and acceptable forms of knowledge. This paper examines the wildlife management implications of changes associated with increasing urbanization and employs two case studies to illustrate these issues. First a study of a controversy over urban deer management provides insights into how to map conflicting values and search for common ground in an urban culture with increasingly individualistic values for wildlife. Specifically, the analysis illustrates that common ground may, at times, be found even among people with conflicting value systems. The second case study examined a ranching community faced with predator reintroduction. This case study illustrates tensions that occur when the community of interest (i.e. a national public) is broader than the community of place in which the problem occurs. In this latter situation, the debate centers around more than just different views about the rights of animals. It also entailed the rights of individuals and communities to decide their future. The conclusion discusses the need for wildlife institutions to adapt their underlying decision making philosophy including the way science is integrated into decision making processes in light of the changes in social context caused by urbanization.
A self-calibration technique for a DOA array with near-zone scatterers

This paper describes an iterative self-calibration technique for a direction of arrival (DOA) array to automatically remove the effects of mutual coupling and near-zone resonant size scatterers whose locations are known but whose geometries are unknown. Beginning with the array currents contaminated by both mutual coupling and near-zone scatterers, the iterative method determines the uncontaminated method of moments voltage vector, and eventually the DOAs. Numerical examples illustrate the convergence of the method and its ability to deal with multiple scatterers and multiple incident waves.
Knowing what's out there: awareness of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background: Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder, which poses a significant health burden in the western countries. As the epidemic of obesity slides health downward, the incidence of NAFLD is evidently increasing. Aims: We aimed to ascertain the awareness of NAFLD and its risk factors in the general population, which may be helpful in designing educational tools to promote prevention, early detection and treatment of this disorder. Methods: A survey of 5000 non-institutionalized residents of Brooklyn, NY was conducted. Sixteen items were included in the survey questionnaire including awareness of fatty liver, predisposing factors of NAFLD, awareness of cirrhosis, and conditions that advance to cirrhosis. The questionnaire also addressed awareness of prevention, diagnostic methods and treatment of NAFLD and education of physicians to their patients about NAFLD. Results: Overwhelming majority of the subjects was not aware of NAFLD and stated that their physicians did not have a discussion about NAFLD. Conclusion: NAFLD is a preventable liver disorder with limited treatment options. Thorough counseling by primary care physicians can be of paramount importance in preventive strategy for NAFLD. We should target our teen-age population in an era of obesity epidemics of all times.
Sensitivity of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model to Parameterization of Double-Diffusive Processes

Abstract The effect of double-diffusive mixing on the general circulation is explored using the GFDL MOM2 model. The motivation for this comes from the known sensitivity of the thermohaline circulation to the vertical diffusivity and the earlier work of Gargett and Holloway, who studied the effects of a simple nonunity ratio between heat and salt diffusivities in a GCM. In this work, a more realistic, yet conservative, parameterization of the double-diffusive mixing is applied, with the intensity depending on the local density ratio Rρ = αTz/βSz. A background diffusivity is used to represent non-double-diffusive turbulent mixing in the stably stratified environment. The numerical model is forced by relaxation boundary conditions on both temperature and salinity at the sea surface. Three control experiments have been carried out: one with the double-diffusive parameterization (DDP) determined by the local density ratio, one with constant but different diffusivities for heat and salt as previously considere...
The Best and Worst of Times for behavioral Mental Health Practice

This chapter presents an informative account of the recent and dynamic history of the healthcare industry as discussed by Trabin. Behavioral health care services are not commodities because they can be differentiated in terms of quality and cost-effectiveness. Trabin argues that these services can enhance their value by taking advantage of performance measurement. There is a lot of pressure on managed care companies to increase profit, decrease the debt incurred by consolidation, and increase efficiency. However, this may be the best of times for behavioral healthcare because opportunity abounds for improvement of the industry. Purchasers and consumers who seek access to appropriate and effective care require comparable and objective data across managed care systems. Much as treatment providers are governed by managed care, the decisions of managed care companies are shaped by the contingencies put in place by the regulatory and accrediting organizations. The chapter summarizes that quality assurance process can be costly to managed care organizations.
Self-Punishment as a Maladaptive Thought Control Strategy Mediates the Relationship Between Beliefs About Thoughts and Repugnant Obsessions

Cognitive-behavioral models of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) propose that erroneous beliefs about the importance and need to control thoughts lead individuals with OCD to overuse maladaptive thought control strategies such as worry and self-punishment. These strategies are thought to backfire, leading to obsessional symptoms. Whereas previous studies have examined predictors of the use of thought control strategies, none have investigated these strategies as mediators in the prediction of OCD symptom severity. An additional gap in the literature is the lack of attention to OCD symptom dimensions. The present study, therefore, extended existing work by examining thought control strategies as mediators of the relationship between obsessive beliefs and OCD symptom dimensions in a treatment-seeking sample of 102 adults with OCD. In line with our hypotheses, the use of punishment (but not worry) as a thought control tactic mediated the relationship between dysfunctional beliefs about the importance/control of thoughts and unacceptable obsessions. These findings are discussed in terms of the conceptualization and treatment of OCD. Future research should investigate the extent to which these various thought control strategies may be helpful versus harmful using idiographic measures of thought control and employing experimental designs.
Monetary Shocks and Bond Market Reactions: Evidence from the Narrative Approach to Shock Identification

This paper studies the effect of monetary policy on bond yields using the narrative shocks derived from the work of Romer and Romer (AER, 2004). Monetary shocks are orthogonalized against authorities' forward-looking behaviors, thereby capturing the true monetary effect on the economy. The challenge in empirical studies examining monetary policy is how to develop a measure that can accurately distinguish the endogenous policy movements from the exogenous monetary shocks. By employing the monetary shocks derived from the work of Romer and Romer (AER, 2004), this study confirms that an exogenous shock has a stronger impact on the bond yields than an endogenous policy action does. Although monetary effect on the bond yields is transitory, its influences on the bond yields can last longer than previous studies have argued. Empirical evidence also indicates that (1) a negative (expansionary) shock has a stronger effect on the bond yields than a positive (contractionary) shock does; (2) a larger shock has a greater influence on the bond yield than a smaller shock does; and (3) a shock during a recession carries more weight than a shock during expansions. These results support the arguments put forth in interest rate channel of monetary policy and financial accelerator theory.
Generalized Airloads Prediction for Bluff Bodies Transported as Slung Loads

Objects of arbitrary shapes have to be carried as slung loads under aircraft, particularly rotorcraft. The flight speed is limited by the possibility of slung loads going into divergent oscillations. In 2014 we presented a testing-based approach to predict the safe flight speed, applicable to bluff bodies of arbitrary shape. Since then, an extensive variety of bluff-body shapes has been tested, and we venture further towards generalized airload prediction, required for generalized divergence speed prediction. Extending recent work, the Continuous Rotation method is applied to obtain aerodynamic loads on generic shapes: a circular cylinder and a rectangular prism, both with aspect ratio varied systematically. The genesis of the side force on the yawed cylinder, and the differences between rough and smooth cylinders, have been derived from comparisons between experiments and diagnostic computations with an unsteady Navier-Stokes solver. Interpolating Fourier coefficients of the azimuthal load variation appears to be viable to generalize loads on cylinders of varying aspect ratio for both the generic shapes.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Stable Magnetic Hot Spots for Simultaneous Concentration and Ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Solution Analytes

A simple and robust strategy is reported in this Article for the synthesis of stable magnetic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) hot spots in superparamagnetic, raspberry-shaped, mesoscopic gold particles that are composed of superparamagnetic Fe3O4 cores, amorphous SiO2 mediation shells, and outer individual Au nanoparticles. The average interparticle gaps between the Au nanoparticles can be finely tuned by controlling the synthesis conditions, resulting in the formation of adequate SERS hot spots. The magnetic cores provide the capability to concentrate solution analytes adsorbed on the surfaces of the composite particles with the assistance of an external magnetic field, leading to ultrasensitive SERS detection of target species with concentration as low as femtomolar.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL AIRCRAFT HIGH LIFT SYSTEM DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION

A two-dimensiona l aircraft high-lift system design and optimization method, which can be easily extended to three dimensions, is presented. The need for such a tool is assessed. The method uses a gradient based local optimizer. The aerodynamic performance is predicted using an Interactive Boundary Layer (IBL) approach. Methods to represent general multi-element airfoils by a set of design variables are described. The representation of airfoils by general shape functions as well as element positioning (deflection angle, gap, overlap) is considered. The accuracy of the IBL approach when Reynolds number, element gap, overlap and deflection are varied is investigated. The design/optimization approach is first validated for an inverse design by matching a pressure coefficient distribution. Next, the method is applied to multi-element airfoil lift to drag ratio and single airfoil maximum lift coefficient maximization. Results demonstrate the appropriateness of the approach for high lift system design and optimization.
Synthesis of a Bis(indenyl) Co(I) Anion: A Reactive Source of a 14 Electron Indenyl Co(I) Equivalent

Alkali metal reduction of (η5-C9H5-1,3-(SiMe3)2)2Co (1) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) permits isolation of the unusual and reactive 20 electron Co(I) anion [Na(THF)6][(η5-C9H5-1,3-(SiMe3)2)2Co] (2). Crystallographic characterization of both 1 and 2 provide support for the one electron reduction from Co(II) to Co(I). Reactivity studies of 2 are further consistent with a Co(I) equivalent, based on both one electron chemical oxidation to reform 1 and reaction with a variety of σ and π donors. Upon addition of pyridines or vinyltrimethylsilane to 2, known dimer [(C9H5-1,3-(SiMe3)2)2Co2] (3) is formed, likely through 16 electron (η5-C9H5-1,3-(SiMe3)2)Co(L) intermediates. Ethylene addition to 2 establishes an equilibrium between (η5-C9H5-1,3-(SiMe3)2)Co(η2-H2C═CH2)2 (8) and 2, suggestive of reversible ligand ejection from 2. Crossover experiments between a related metal indenide salt and 2 confirm ligand extrusion from the anion, even in the absence of strong supporting donors. Reaction of 2 with PMe3 results in for...
Our fighting sisters: nation, memory and gender in Algeria, 1954–2012

Women played an active role in Algeria's anti-colonial struggle, though their contributions have not been fully acknowledged in the postcolonial era by the nation for which they fought. Historian D...
Lymphoproliferative lesion in congenital thymic aplasia associated with agammaglobulinemia.

A 3-month-old child with thymic aplasia, agammaglobulinemia, and lymphopenia was found at autopsy to have a lymphoproliferative (presumably lymphomatous) infiltrate in the bone marrow, the thymus, and the lymph nodes. The infiltrate had apparently developed within 2 weeks of death. Since some clinicopathologic evidence of a graft-versus-host reaction was found in the patient, it is suggested that this case may represent an association of a lymphoproliferative disorder with the graft-versus-host reaction in a child with a severe immunologic deficiency syndrome.
The clinical application of ICSI and short-time fertilization

Fertilization is a complex process.In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer treatment cycles,fertilization failure or low fertilization phenomenon will happen inevitable.With short-time fertilization technologies,observe the fertilization at early time,and rescue-intracytoplasmic sperm injection the unfertilized oocytes have been the focus for the reproductive medicine researchers.The short-time fertilization reduced sperm and egg bathing time,improving embryo quality and planting ability.Rescue-ICSI can save part of patients which fertilized failure in conventional IVF-ET cycles,reducing cycle cancellation rates and improving pregnancy outcomes.
Anastomosis of the vas deferens to correct post vasectomy sterility.

It is emphasized that anastomosis of the vas deferens has been succe ssful in a sufficient number of cases to justify its more frequent perfo rmance. In 6 cases operated on by the author normal sperm counts were later found in 5. Also in 1 case with tuberculous epididymitis a normal sperm count followed resection of the diseases tissue. Vasectomi es of these patients had been done from 3 to 13 years previously. In 1 successful case a previous unsuccessful operation had been done elsewhe re to correct the condition. An intraluminal splinting silkworm suture was used in each case. This was removed after 4-6 days. Minimal dissection and gentleness was used in handling tissues. Mattress-type sutures were placed to retain approximation of vas ends with minimal tension. Very fine silk sutures were used at the anostomoses with care taken to avoid penetrating the lumens. The operation is recommended in selected cases.
The Transition to a Colonial Economy: Weaver distress 1765–1800

During the economic crisis of the late 1720s and early 1730s the prices of cotton, rice and cotton cloth rose sharply. By the end of the 1730s, however, the prices of cotton and rice had returned nearly to their pre-crisis levels, but the price of cloth continued to remain high. These prices were to last for nearly three decades and during this time weavers in South India may have enjoyed a “Golden Age” as they benefitted from low costs for food and materials and high prices for their manufactures. From the late 1760s, however, the weavers' situation began to deteriorate sharply and their incomes began to decline precipitously. Reports of weaver distress came from several parts of South India. In 1779, weavers in Cuddalore reported that since 1768 their incomes had fallen by 35 percent. This decline in earnings, however, was not due to harvest shortfalls or crises in agriculture; prices for grain, cotton and yarn were stable at Cuddalore through the decade of weaver troubles. In the 1790s, the incomes of weavers in the Baramahal and the Northern Sarkars also fell dramatically, but weavers could not formulate the response which came to them so easily earlier in the century: weavers were unable to push up cloth prices or to reduce the quality of the cloth.
3 – Category Ib Cyclizations

Publisher Summary A variation of the Madelung cyclization involves installing a functional group at the o-methyl group, which can facilitate cyclization. For example, a triphenylphosphonio substituent converts the reaction into an intramolecular Wittig condensation. The required phosphonium salts can be prepared by starting with o-nitrobenzyl chloride or bromide. Retrosynthetic path has recently been realized as an effective synthesis of 2, 3-disubstituted indoles using low-valent titanium reagents to affect the reductive cyclization. Several aryl- and methyl-substituted compounds were prepared by using Ti-graphite prepared from K-graphite and TCl3. An improved methodology which avoids the preparation of K graphite was subsequently developed. This procedure uses zinc powder to effect in situ reduction of TiCl3. A stirred solution of o-methylpivalanilide (50 mmol) in dry THF (100 ml) was maintained at 15OC under a nitrogen atmosphere. A 1.5 M solution of n-butyllithium in hexane (3 equiv.) was added dropwise. The solution was then maintained at room temperature for 16 h. The solution was cooled in an ice-bath and treated with 2 N HCI (60ml). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was further extracted with benzene. The combined layers were dried (MgSO4). The product was obtained in 87% yield and recrystallized from ether-cyclohexane.
The Truth, Justice, and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya: A Well-Intentioned “Gender Policy” Threatened by Structural, Cultural, and Political Challenges

Contested presidential elections in 2007 triggered mass violence throughout Kenya, resulting in a national crisis. When a political settlement was brokered through international mediation, a national dialogue led to the establishment of the Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya. Genuine efforts were made to be gender-sensitive, to ensure gender balance, to encourage the participation of women, and to provide redress to women and men based on their experiences and suffering. However, the TJRC was plagued by controversy from the outset and, as this chapter demonstrates, the robust set of recommendations provided by the Commission to promote gender equality, redress for sexual and gender-based crimes, and the increased political participation of women remain unrealized because of a shortage of political will and resources.
Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies: Incidence & DNA

The incidence, mortality, clinical features and DNA abnormalities of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (ME) were evaluated in a population-based study of children from western Sweden conducted at The Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden.
Optimizing ductility and fracture of amorphous metal thin films on polyimide using multilayers

Aluminum–manganese (Al–Mn) thin films with manganese concentration up to 20.5 at.% were deposited on polyimide (PI) substrates. A variety of phases, including supersaturated fcc (5.2 at.% Mn), duplex fcc and amorphous (11.5 at.% Mn), and completely amorphous phase (20.5 at.% Mn) were obtained by adjusting alloying concentration in the film. Tensile deformation and subsequent fracture of strained Al–Mn films on PI were investigated experimentally and by finite element simulations. Compared with crystalline and dual phase counterparts, amorphous thin film exhibits the highest fracture stress and fracture toughness, but limited elongation. Based on the fracture mechanism model, a multilayer scheme was adopted to optimize the ductility and the fracture properties of the amorphous film/PI system. It was found that by sandwiching the amorphous film (20.5 at.% Mn) between two ductile Cu layers, the elongation can be improved by more than ten times, and the interfacial fracture toughness by more than twenty times. This design provides important guidelines to obtain optimized mechanical properties of future flexible electronics devices.
Acoustic detection of bees in the field using CASA with focal templates

This paper describes a method of detecting buzzes of bees in field audio. Detecting the buzzing of bees from environmental recordings is an instance of sound scene analysis. In this work, we build upon prior work in computational auditory scene analysis (CASA), employing spectral clustering techniques to mitigate the weakness of the target signal, coupled with a newly-introduced concept of “focal templates”. This system yields promising results on a previously acquired collection of environmental recordings, yielding results consistent with human performance, and, in some cases, improving upon human performance. Our success in this task suggests that the combination of focal templates and spectral clustering may prove valuable in other sound scene analysis tasks, especially when the target may be well-defined but may suffer from low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Survey recordings with manual (visual and acoustic) annotations were processed, and the algorithm yielded very favorable results. The potential for deploying this approach into a low-cost pollinator monitoring system is discussed.
Common Ownership, Institutional Investors, and Antitrust

Recent empirical studies demonstrate the significant extent to which a small number of well-known institutional investors have taken on large ownership interests in the majority of large U.S. public companies, including large ownership interests in horizontal competitors. The response to these studies has been dramatic, with calls for significant overhauls of antitrust policy and institutional shareholding due to common ownership’s potential anticompetitive effects. Yet, this article argues, it is important to first appreciate a number of consequential complexities before any such changes occur. The article shows that while common ownership can harm competition as a theoretical matter, whether and the extent to which common ownership will actually generate competitive harm in a given market depends on numerous factors, such as the nature and extent of common ownership in the relevant market, the structure of the market, shareholder incentives, and managerial objectives. For that reason, the mere fact that institutional investors’ significant equity holdings generate high levels of common ownership by itself is insufficient to conclude that this common ownership results in substantial competitive harm in a given market. The article’s second contribution is a set of modest, but important, policy proposals that flow directly from the paper’s core finding that there is no unequivocal answer to whether common ownership in a particular market will generate substantial competitive harm. Most important, rather than restrictions on common ownership or widespread antitrust investigation, or safe harbors or presumptions of legality, common ownership should continue to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Risk of Preterm Birth with Vaginal Progesterone in Twin Pregnancies

Women with twin pregnancies should not routinely receive vaginal progesterone because it does not reduce the risk of preterm birth. Vaginal progesterone should be administered to reduce adverse neonatal outcomes in women with twin pregnancies and a short cervix (25 mm or less).
INCESSANT SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA (SVT) DUE TO INTRA-ATRIAL CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETER (CVC) PLACEMENT

Recurrent SVT due to the presence of an inappropriately positioned intra-atrial CVC is an under-recognized complication. A 60-year-old female presented with a 10-year history of palpitations in the setting of iatrogenic short bowel syndrome requiring total parenteral nutrition via long-term
Trends in Small Business Management and Entrepreneurship Education in the United States

The critical importance of small business management and entrepreneurship in determining the future of the economic and social well-being of the United States is generally accepted by leading exper...
Preschool Education Programs

There is growing support for investments in preschool programs across the world. This enthusiasm stems from a solid body of evidence demonstrating impacts of well-designed programs on a range of outcomes in childhood that extend to adulthood. Evidence of positive economic returns further strengthens the case for investments in effective programs. Limitations of the evidence base, however, point to areas where further research is needed to provide policymakers with the necessary guidance to implement effective programs with a high return.
Markov (Multistage) Games

In games that involve a sequence of moves, it can be useful to regard certain payoffs as themselves being games, and those payoffs might in turn have other games as payoffs, or possibly even the original game as a payoff. The idea of representing a game in this manner is often parsimonious and natural. The Inspection Game is a prototype.
Examining Potassium Channel Function in Astrocytes

Electrophysiologically, astrocytes are characterized by a high K(+) resting conductance and a hyperpolarized resting membrane potential. Both features are due to the activity of astrocytic potassium channels. Astrocytes express a variety of voltage-dependent and leak potassium channels on the plasma membrane that contribute to the hyperpolarized resting membrane potential and other cellular processes. This chapter focuses on measuring K(+) channel function in astrocytes, focusing on Kir4.1, an inwardly rectifying potassium channel. We and others have demonstrated that Kir4.1 contributes significantly to the high-resting K(+) conductance and the hyperpolarized resting membrane potential. This channel is also implicated in channel-mediated regulation of extracellular potassium.
Public perceptions of criminal justice policy: does victimization make a difference?

In this paper we examine public perceptions of criminal justice policy and public attitudes toward victims. We are particularly interested in exploring the relationship between the use of social science data and the adoption of public policy affecting victims of crime. To do this we analyze a representative sample of over 450 residents of the Chicago metropolitan area in 1983. The specific issues examined include attitudes toward rape (e.g., whether caused by victim's behavior), prosecution of marital rape, plea bargaining, sentencing of predatory offenders, and the relative importance and efficacy of rehabilitation, incapacitation, and retribution as goals of punishment. Overall, the results suggest that age and education have the most important influence on public attitudes regarding these criminal justice policies. Surprisingly, victimization status does not emerge as a salient predictor of criminal justice perceptions. We conclude with a call for greater use of social science surveys as information input into local and federal decision making on criminal justice policy. Language: en
Diminished Affinity for Purine Substrates as a Basis for Gout with Mild Deficiency of Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase

Deficiency of HGPRT activity is a well-established cause of excessive purine nucleotide and uric acid production. Nevertheless, only a very small proportion of patients with gout or uric-acid stone formation are deficient in this enzyme and, in these patients residual enzyme activity is less than 30% of normal activity (1,2,3). Since routine screening of HGPRT activity has usually been restricted to measurement of the maximal rate of the enzyme reaction determined at saturating substrate concentrations, the possibility remains that significant numbers of patients with functional deficiencies in HGPRT activity exist in whom the enzyme abnormality is minimally, or not at all, expressed as a diminished maximal reaction velocity. The present study, in which HGPRT activity was measured at subsaturating substrate concentrations, was undertaken in order to assess the frequency of occurrence of such variants of HGPRT deficiency. These studies confirm the occurrence of functionally important HGPRT deficiencies which are poorly reflected in the routine screening procedures, and indicate that mutation in substrate binding to the enzyme, though rare, is a definite mechanism of HGPRT deficiency.
Comment on "HAR Inference: Recommendations for Practice"

Inference robust to variance and covariance features of the data has become the standard practice in empirical economics. Robust inference in the presence of heteroscedasticity is straightforward a...
Constructing Stoplists for Historical Languages

Stoplists are lists of words that have been filtered from documents prior to text analysis tasks, usually words that are either high frequency or that have low semantic value. This paper describes the development of a generalizable method for building stoplists in the Classical Language Toolkit (CLTK), an open-source Python platform for natural language processing research on historical languages. Stoplists are not readily available for many historical languages, and those that are available often offer little documentation about their sources or method of construction. The development of a generalizable method for building historical-language stoplists offers the following benefits: 1. better support for well-documented, data-driven, and replicable results in the use of CLTK resources; 2. reduction of arbitrary decision-making in building stoplists; 3. increased consistency in how stopwords are extracted from documents across multiple languages; and 4. clearer guidelines and standards for CLTK developers and contributors, a helpful step forward in managing the complexity of a multi-language open-source project.
A New Method for the Activation of Metal‐Bound Methyl Groups. Oxidative Disproportionation to Coordinated Ethylene and Methane.

With Fe complex (III) as electron acceptor the methyl Re complex (I) combined with (II) at -78 °C reacts on warming to give (IV) and (V) and methane (VI); (IV) disproportionates to ethylene complex (VII) from which ethylene (X) may be liberated by nitrile (VIII).
In-vitro Culture Induced Deficiency in Barley

A plant with a structural chromosome deficiency was isolated from a population of 407 green plants regenerated from microspore culture often barley Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Based on acetocarmine staining and N-banding patterns, the deficient chromosome was identified as chromosome 1 with 67% of the long arm missing, acrocentric chromosome 1SL. At meiosis, six ring bivalents and one open bivalent were observed. Among 111 progenies that resulted from selfing of the deficient plant and crossing with a diploid, all had 14 chromosomes. This indicated that the deficient chromosome was not transmitted through male or female gametes. The deficient plant was late and had reduced vigor and seed set.
Applications of Drones using Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSN) are one of the recent advancements in the field of research that helps in the process of data exchange between devices using battery-operated computing and sensing devices. But reliability, security of data, power consumption and range are onerous challenges which still exist. On the other hand, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAVs) has emerged as a widely used application with increasing its scalability from commercial to personal applications. This paper aims at providing a new architecture addressing the above challenges faced by WSN using a Low-Powered IPv6 based wireless protocol, Thread by incorporating with UAV to extend the range of WSN and using ECC (Elliptic-curve cryptography) to secure the data transmission in WSN. A practical application for this new architecture is described in the paper which aids in maintaining an eco-friendly environment for human society.
Taxes and tithes: The organizational foundations of bolsonarismo:

This article examines three types of organizations – the party, the labor union, and the church – to help explain how right-wing authoritarianism returned to power in Brazil, once the largest socia...
Statically Dissecting Internet of Things Malware: Analysis, Characterization, and Detection

Software vulnerabilities in emerging systems, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), allow for multiple attack vectors that are exploited by adversaries for malicious intents. One of such vectors is malware, where limited efforts have been dedicated to IoT malware analysis, characterization, and understanding. In this paper, we analyze recent IoT malware through the lenses of static analysis. Towards this, we reverse-engineer and perform a detailed analysis of almost 2,900 IoT malware samples of eight different architectures across multiple analysis directions. We conduct string analysis, unveiling operation, unique textual characteristics, and network dependencies. Through the control flow graph analysis, we unveil unique graph-theoretic features. Through the function analysis, we address obfuscation by function approximation. We then pursue two applications based on our analysis: 1) Combining various analysis aspects, we reconstruct the infection lifecycle of various prominent malware families, and 2) using multiple classes of features obtained from our static analysis, we design a machine learning-based detection model with features that are robust and an average detection rate of 99.8%.
Perspectives on Engaged Scholarship: Emotional Intelligence and Employee Engagement

The paper is written in four sections for the holistic purpose of illustrating a broad and a specific perspective of engaged scholarship (ES). The first section concerns what is broadly known about the theories that are considered relevant and, therefore, informing about the perception of ES about a topic that includes two constructs, emotional intelligence (EI) and employee engagement (EE). The second section takes a deeper glimpse into key theories related to EI (specifically three). The third section includes a discussion of Boyer’s scholarship paradigm (the four domains of scholarship). The fourth and final section is a personal reflection and synthesis of ES.
Democratic Dilemmas of Elite Institutions: Comparing the Court and the Fed

The Supreme Court and the Federal Reserve, twin pillars of the liberal market order, have never been systematically compared. Yet, as elite institutions in a democratic political world, they face parallel problems in carrying out similar functions of maintaining the precommitments to a stable rule of law and a stable value of money respectively. Both face a countermajoritarian difficulty of justifying their decisions on occasion to go against popular will. In response, both tie themselves to rules in order to cabin their own discretion and to prevent epistemic mistakes common in small groups of insulated decisions makers. Yet as a descriptive matter in emergencies both transcend rules to keep the republic steady. The comparison illuminates parallel dilemmas sometimes recognized in the context of one institution yet denied or ignored in the other. For instance, commentators appreciate the epistemic difficulty of small-group decision making as a major problem for the Fed, while this is not often seen as an issue for the Court. Moreover, the Fed admits it acts differently based on its own evaluation of an emergency, but the Court often does not acknowledge altering its jurisprudence in an emergency. Yet decisions like Bush v. Gore and Wickard v. Filburn are best explained as rooted in emergency judgments similar to the Fed’s. More transparent acknowledgment of the decisiveness of such emergent circumstances would make it easier for the Court, like the Fed, to unwind from its prior judgments in non-emergent circumstances. In addition, the parallel independence of these entities is not only necessary for their purposes but also face similar perils in a time of polarization like our own. Today, the central bank is considering whether it should engage in new forms of activism to address such problems as climate change and inequality. The Supreme Court’s history shows the substantial risk that such activism will undermine the diffuse support among elites. That loss of support leads to political movements, like court packing or favoring structural change for the Fed, that make it more difficult for such institutions to preserve their independence and sustain their precommitments.
A low-power reduced swing single clock flip-flop

A reduced swing single clock flip-flop (RS/sup 2/CFF) is developed to reduce power consumption significantly compared to conventional FFs. RS/sup 2/CFF avoids unnecessary internal node transition and reduce fighting currents. The overall power saving in flip-flop operation is estimated to be 33% with additional 64% power savings in clock network.
Optical nonlinearities in dendrimeric systems

Summary form only given. At high levels of irradiation, energy harvesting dendrimers can exhibit novel forms of optical nonlinearity. Such behaviour is associated with the direct pooling of excitation energy, a process well-known in other systems such as lanthanide-doped lattices. The pooling enables secondary acceptors to undergo transitions to states whose energy equals that of two or more input photons, subject to decay losses. A recently developed theory, established through deployment of an innovative diagrammatic technique, has made it possible to identify the underlying principles of these processes and a logical application to dendrimeric materials can be undertaken. Key issues include chromophore layout and geometry, electronic structure and optical selection rules. The implication of these factors in dendrimeric design, and the possibility of new applications for nanostars in intense laser fields, are discussed. The creation of excitons within such systems is also addressed.
Cloned myogenic cells during differentiation: Membrane biochemistry and fine structural observations

Abstract Isolated membranes from clones of a permanent line of myogenic cells, L 6 , were studied during three temporally consecutive stages of growth: (1) exponentially growing cells, (2) intermediate phase cells, and (3) fused cells. Membrane fractions have been isolated on a sucrose gradient and studied with respect to morphology, enzymatic activity, density, and α-bungarotoxin binding. Changes as a function of differentiation were seen both in the density of the fractions and in the specific activities of several proteins. Membranes characterized by specific enzyme markers generally sediment at higher densities when isolated from exponentially growing cells than when isolated from fused cells. The change in density is especially pronounced for the 5′ nucleotidase, TPNH-dependent cytochrome c reductase, and β- N -acetylglucosaminidase. The specific activity of adenylate cyclase increases in the intermediate phase cells and remains high in the fused cells; that of TPNH-dependent cytochrome c reductase decreases in the intermediate phase cells and remains low in the fused cells. The binding of α-bungarotoxin increases dramatically following fusion. On the other hand, there was little change, less than a factor of two, in the specific activities of a number of enzymes during growth or following fusion. In this group are hexose-6-phosphatase, acid phosphatase, Na + ,K + -activated ATPase, and 5′ nucleotidase. Both our morphological and our biochemical studies suggest that in the exponentially growing cells, the ribosomes are associated largely with membranes, whereas in the fused cells, the ribosomes are largely free.
The Law of One Price and a Theory of the Firm

I use a hierarchical perspective to explain the pattern of interindustry wages and capital intensities. Industries that have more productive technologies pay more than less productive ones and are more capital intensive as well. Results on size of the hierarchy, effort levels, and span of control are presented as well. The key insight is that supervisors both monitor and coordinate their subordinates, and time spent on one of these activities reduces the time available for the other. Several stylized facts are explained thereby.
Ubiquitin-mediated degradation of histone H3 does not require the substrate-binding ubiquitin protein ligase, E3, or attachment of polyubiquitin chains.

Abstract Radioiodinated histone H3 was incubated with ubiquitin, the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, and one of three ubiquitin carrier proteins, reticulocyte E2(20K) or E2(32K) or the yeast RAD6 product. Although the resulting ubiquitin-histone conjugates were synthesized in the absence of the substrate-binding protein E3, they were nevertheless degraded by purified rabbit reticulocyte 26 S protease. In contrast, unmodified histone H3 remained intact upon challenge with the 26 S ubiquitin/ATP-dependent enzyme. Conjugates produced by the RAD6 protein were better proteolytic substrates than those formed by reticulocyte E2 unless ubiquitin molecules with altered lysines were used for conjugate synthesis. Substitution of methylated ubiquitin or ubiquitin molecules in which lysine 48 was converted to arginine by site-directed mutation produced histone conjugates that were degraded at slow but measurable rates. Since methylated ubiquitin molecules are incapable of forming branched polyubiquitin chains, these results demonstrate that neither ubiquitin "trees" nor the substrate binding factor E3 is absolutely required for ubiquitin-dependent degradation of histone H3 in vitro.
Left atrial enlargement; the optimum roentgen method for its demonstration.

Abstract In forty-nine patients with rheumatic and one with arteriosclerotic heart disease, the left lateral upright view of the chest with the esophagus opacified by barium has been found markedly superior to the right anterior oblique view in demonstrating left atrial enlargement. We feel that the left lateral view is the position of choice for evaluating left atrial size.