cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8/KSHV) Induces Reactive Oxygen Species in Endothelial Cells That Facilitate Virus Infection.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can activate replication of certain viruses, induce the production of various inflammatory mediators and play a critical role in carcinogenesis and tumor development. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the most prevalent HIV-associated cancer and is caused by infection with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8/KSHV). KS tissue has been reported to possess increased levels of ROS. We studied if ROS generation is related to HHV-8 infection and its role in virus entry into endothelial cells. Incubation of dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMECs) with highly purified HHV-8 induced rapid increases in the production of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), one of the major forms of ROS. Intracellular H2O2 was also induced by the treatment of DMECs with the HHV-8 envelope glycoprotein B (gB). The gB protein possesses an RGD motif, binds to the integrin molecules, alpha3 and beta1, and is a major mediator of virus entry into target cells. To test if it was integrin ligation that induces the production of ROS, we treated DMECs with fibronectin or laminin, the respective natural ligands for alpha3 and beta1 integrins. We observed a similar induction of intracellular ROS in DMECs by either matrix protein. These results indicated that the HHV-8-induced production of ROS was, at least in part, mediated by stimulation of integrins through the RGD-containing viral gB protein. ROS have recently been shown to function as second messengers in cellular signaling. To assess at which steps of cell signaling ROS may be functioning, we studied the signaling cascade in DMECs activated by the HHV-8 gB protein. Previous studies have shown that HHV-8, through gB/integrin interaction, induces cytoskeletal rearrangement and activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Src kinase and Akt, which are critical for virus entry into the target cells. We found that the activation of FAK, c-Src or Akt by this viral protein was inhibited by pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a potent thiol antioxidant. These results suggested that generation of ROS was involved in HHV-8-triggered signaling. We next examined if a change in ROS production modulated HHV-8 virus entry. We used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled HHV-8 at a multiplicity of infection of 5–6, and quantitated the infection by fluorescence analysis of the DMECs. Short term exposure to low concentrations of H2O2 enhanced HHV-8 infection in DMECs, while treatment with NAC significantly decreased infection. These data indicated that ROS generation participated in HHV-8-mediated signaling and entry into target cells. Our study demonstrates a novel role of ROS in virus pathogenesis and provides a framework for the development of novel antioxidant strategies in AIDS-KS treatment.
The effect of an IgA1 protease on immunoglobulins bound to the sperm surface and sperm cervical mucus penetrating ability.

A major site of impaired fertility in men with autoimmunity to sperm rests at the level of restricted sperm entry and motion within cervical mucus. We studied the effects of a protease derived from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, whose substrate specificity is limited to human IgA 1 on the ability of antibody-bound sperm to penetrate human cervical mucus in vitro. IgA on the sperm surface, but not IgG, was degraded by IgA 1 protease. A correlation was seen between the levels of IgA bound relative to IgG and the improvement in sperm cervical mucus penetrating ability after IgA 1 protease exposure. These results provide evidence that antisperm autoantibodies of both IgA and IgG classes impair the ability of spermatozoa to populate the female reproductive tract. They implicate the Fc region of the immunoglobulin molecule in mediating this effect and offer the potential to restore male fertility by treating antibody-bound sperm in vitro with immunoglobulin-directed bacterial proteases, before insemination.
Parallel implementation of geometrical shock dynamics for two dimensional converging shock waves

Abstract Geometrical shock dynamics (GSD) theory is an appealing method to predict the shock motion in the sense that it is more computationally efficient than solving the traditional Euler equations, especially for converging shock waves. However, to solve and optimize large scale configurations, the main bottleneck is the computational cost. Among the existing numerical GSD schemes, there is only one that has been implemented on parallel computers, with the purpose to analyze detonation waves. To extend the computational advantage of the GSD theory to more general applications such as converging shock waves, a numerical implementation using a spatial decomposition method has been coupled with a front tracking approach on parallel computers. In addition, an efficient tridiagonal system solver for massively parallel computers has been applied to resolve the most expensive function in this implementation, resulting in an efficiency of 0.93 while using 32 HPCC cores. Moreover, symmetric boundary conditions have been developed to further reduce the computational cost, achieving a speedup of 19.26 for a 12-sided polygonal converging shock.
Molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. A physiologic perspective.

This article reviews the major action that thyroid hormone exerts at the nuclear level by regulating the level of mRNAs of specific genes. There are at least three thyroid hormone receptor isoforms that mediate hormonal effects at the tissue level. Recent studies have shown an unexpected degree of complexity in the nature of the association of the triiodothyronine (T3) receptors and the DNA of target genes. They have shown the multiple interactions possible between the T3-receptor complex and other proteins participating in the process of gene regulation.
Abstract B19: Understanding the link between SES and health disparities: Exploring class-based patterns of health care navigation

The positive association between an individual9s socioeconomic status (SES) and their health is a robust finding in health related research. While scholars agree that low SES is related to negative health outcomes across almost all major health conditions, research has not yet established the pathway that connects an individual9 SES to their health outcomes. The systematically different patterns of health care navigation that patients enact are one pathway in which SES has been hypothesized to impact health outcomes. Building upon research documenting the ways that socioeconomic status (SES) impacts family life, this research examines the adaptive strategies families use after a child has been diagnosed with cancer. It uses qualitative data to expand upon past research that predominantly focuses on roles within the family (e.g. the division of child care labor, coping strategies of mothers versus fathers) by examining how structural and cultural factors associated with SES affects the ways that parents, manage the competing responsibilities of work, family, the health care system, and their sick child9s care. Data come from three sources. First, participant observation was conducted by researchers as volunteers at a pediatric cancer charity for a thirteen-month period. This was combined with in-depth interviews with twenty-five parents of children who have cancer. Finally, five of these families were followed over a sixth month period, including a total of thirty interviews with parents and over ninety hours of observation in family homes, while families were admitted to the hospital and as they interacted with health care providers. Rather than treating SES as a simple representation of household income or parental education (as is typically done in health research), this data permits examination of the specific elements of a family9s SES in relation to their health care behavior (e.g. income, wealth, job flexibility and benefits, experience derived from work and education, class based culture). Results reveal that there are systematically distinct class-based patterns of navigating the health care community after a pediatric cancer diagnosis. Findings indicate that parents9 class based resources, skills, culture and social position all weave together to play important roles in shaping how they (1) understand their role in their child9s care, (2) navigate health care institutions, (3) interact with medical professionals, and (4) find meaning in their child9s illness.
Bone loss at the distal femur and proximal tibia in persons with spinal cord injury: imaging approaches, risk of fracture, and potential treatment options

Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) undergo immediate unloading of the skeleton and, as a result, have severe bone loss below the level of lesion associated with increased risk of long-bone fractures. The pattern of bone loss in individuals with SCI differs from other forms of secondary osteoporosis because the skeleton above the level of lesion remains unaffected, while marked bone loss occurs in the regions of neurological impairment. Striking demineralization of the trabecular epiphyses of the distal femur (supracondylar) and proximal tibia occurs, with the knee region being highly vulnerable to fracture because many accidents occur while sitting in a wheelchair, making the knee region the first point of contact to any applied force. To quantify bone mineral density (BMD) at the knee, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and/or computed tomography (CT) bone densitometry are routinely employed in the clinical and research settings. A detailed review of imaging methods to acquire and quantify BMD at the distal femur and proximal tibia has not been performed to date but, if available, would serve as a reference for clinicians and researchers. This article will discuss the risk of fracture at the knee in persons with SCI, imaging methods to acquire and quantify BMD at the distal femur and proximal tibia, and treatment options available for prophylaxis against or reversal of osteoporosis in individuals with SCI.
Emotionalized learning experiences: Tapping into the affective domain

The experimental study was undertaken to examine the effect of emotionalized learning experiences on the academic achievement of students at Preston University. The major objectives of the study were to identify the effect of teaching methods on students' academic achievement and to evaluate the relationship between affective learning conditions and students' academic achievement. Based on four intact semesters, the population of the study comprised 140 students from the Bachelors of Business Administration Program. The whole population was considered as the sample. The control group (28 students) was taught through the interactive lecture method, whereas, the experimental group 1 (35 students), experimental group 2 (46 students) and experimental group 3 (31 students) were taught through the activity method, reflective learning method and cooperative learning method respectively. Results indicated a significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores obtained in the achievement test as a result of the effect of teaching methods used for offering the emotionalized learning experiences. There was also a significant relationship between affective leaning conditions and students' academic achievement. Furthermore, it was found that students' academic achievement in the affective domain was highest with regard to workshops 1, 2 and 3. It was concluded that the emotionalized learning experiences offered to the students via the four teaching methods helped students in enhancing their knowledge, changing their attitudes and developing their skills with regard to living a happy, healthy and meaningful life. However, the reflective learning method proved to be the most suitable followed by the interactive lecture method, the cooperative learning method and the activity method.
Slides in the Tray: How Fire Crews Enable Members to Borrow Experiences:

Experiential learning is essential for many high-performing teams, yet there are also challenges to its incorporation into team training. Using an interpretivist lens, this study explores how membe...
“So Happy I Could Shout!” and “So Happy I Could Cry!” Dimorphous expressions represent and communicate motivational aspects of positive emotions

Happiness can be expressed through smiles. Happiness can also be expressed through physical displays that without context, would appear to be sadness (tears, downward turned mouths, and crumpled body postures) and anger (clenched jaws, snarled lips, furrowed brows, and pumped fists). These seemingly incongruent displays of happiness, termed dimorphous expressions, we propose, represent and communicate expressers' motivational orientations. When participants reported their own aggressive expressions in positive or negative contexts, their expressions represented positive or negative emotional experiences respectively, imbued with appetitive orientations (feelings of wanting to go). In contrast, reported sad expressions, in positive or negative contexts, represented positive and negative emotional experiences respectively, imbued with consummatory orientations (feelings of wanting to pause). In six additional experiments, participant observers interpreted that aggression displayed in positive contexts signalled happy-appetitive states, and sadness displayed in positive contexts signalled happy-consummatory states. Implications for the production and interpretation of emotion expressions are discussed.
An improved control scheme for stand-alone inverters in the stationary frame of reference with a zero sequence controller

In this paper, a control scheme for stand-alone voltage source inverters using resonant controllers in the 2-phase stationary frame of reference with a zero sequence controller is proposed. The proposed control scheme reduces the number of resonant controllers while achieves the same performance as existing control methods. The total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage is improved over conventional control methods by using an improved feed-forward term. Experimental results presented show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241-328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188-293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life.
Projection Operators and the Mori-Zwanzig Formalism

This Lecture treats one of the standard systematic methods for analyzing the time dependence of dynamic correlation functions. The Mori-Zwanzig formalism has as an overall goal the systematization of nonequilibrium calculations in a way that reduces the likelihood that any category of physical effect will be overlooked during the calculation. The formalism is supposed to keep track of possible classes of effect, leaving the computor only with the (very difficult) task of evaluating a specific set of correlation functions specified by the formalism. The ability of the formalism to track some aspects of the calculation in a systematic way saves a substantial amount of effort. The price one pays, if one lets the formalism do some of one’s thinking, is that the formalism then constrains precisely which correlation functions you must calculate, perhaps demanding expressions that are not very easy to obtain [1].
Lighting the flame of entrepreneurship among agribusiness students

Entrepreneurship and innovation play a key role in combating problems facing agribusinesses, including the need for water conservation, sustainable packaging, and environmental protection. These issues have led to an increasing demand for college graduates with technical skills and innovative ways of thinking. The objective of our research is to provide insight into character traits that signal entrepreneurial skills. We conducted a survey to examine entrepreneurial interests and perspectives among U.S. agribusiness students. A cluster analysis revealed that entrepreneurial-minded students were more likely to be male, consider themselves risk takers, and have parents directly engaged in production agriculture. Our results emphasize the importance for universities to build students’ experiences through industry partnerships, where students can interact with entrepreneurial mentors and get hands-on knowledge through applied coursework and internships in entrepreneurship. In addition, our study aids industry...
160 J, 100 HZ repetition rate, compact Marx generator and high power microwave system

This paper presents the electrical and mechanical hardware considerations of a compact, 160 J modular pulse forming network (PFN) Marx generator used to drive a high-power microwave (HPM) source that is a time variant load at a PRF of 100 Hz. The modular Marx generator is designed to produce an open-circuit output voltage of 600 kV from a 50 kV source using twelve stages. Each stage of the Marx was constructed from a PFN fashioned from five, 2.1 nF, high voltage capacitors in parallel. Each Marx module was machined out of acetyl copolymer or Delrin© to provide optimal strength, rigidity, and a dielectric constant that closely matches transformer oil. These Marx modules include air supply lines that are machined directly into each block of Delrin© allowing airlines to connect to each module chamber rather than every spark gap. Each module has two electrode inserts placed into the sealed pressure vessel contained within the module. After the Marx erects, the energy is directed into the virtual cathode oscillator (vircator) where subsequent frequency generation is manipulated through a rectangular waveguide contained within a new resonator cavity design. The new design allows the bottom wall, back wall, and anode cathode gap to be moved by two linear actuators, a linear bellows, and another linear actuator, respectively. The cavity is contained within a 10-inch circular vacuum chamber with a round stainless steel sleeve running from the back wall to the linear bellows. Contained within the round sleeve is a rectangular waveguide where the bottom wall and the cathode are housed. The anode is connected to the Marx generator via a nickel shaft that feeds through the back wall into the circular sleeve and into the rectangular waveguide. The anode made from pyrolytic graphite, remains stationary while the bottom wall, and carbon fiber velvet cathode move relative to its position. The benefit of this design is the height and depth of the cavity resonator can be controlled independently of each other while still allowing the A-K gap to be manipulated on its own.
Developing three tier web applications with an object-oriented database and JAVA technology.

This paper details the use of the ObjectStore 6.2 object-oriented database and Java API, Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP container, J2EE, and the NetBeans 5.0 Java IDE (Integrated Development Environment) to develop a three tier Web application. The major contribution of this paper is to show how a three tier web application can be easily developed and take advantage of an object-oriented database instead of using ADO.Net or JDBC libraries to access traditional relational databases, such as Microsoft Access, MS SQL Server, or Oracle. The NetBeans 5.0 IDE is used to run the ObjectStore postprocessor and a simple class is developed to illustrate that ObjectStore can be used as the backend of three tier Web applications.
Dissociation of α-isopropylmalate synthase from Salmonella typhimurium by its feedback inhibitor leucine☆

Abstract Results from sedimentation equilibrium experiments suggest that α-isopropylmalate synthase from Salmonella typhimurium exists in an association-dissociation equilibrium which is strongly influenced by its feedback inhibitor leucine. It is shown that under appropriate conditions leucine can cause a dissociation of the enzyme into units having the size of the polypeptide chains, which appear to be similar and to have a molecular weight of 45,000 – 50,000. The size of the oligomer has not been unambiguously established, although the data available favor the existence of a tetramer under conditions where the association-dissociation equilibrium is shifted toward the aggregated form of the enzyme.
GO-WORDS: An Entropic Approach to Semantic Decomposition of Gene Ontology Terms

ABSTRACT The Gene Ontology (GO) has a large and growing number of terms that constitute its vocabulary. An entropy-based ap-proach is presented to automate the characterization of the compositional semantics of GO terms. The motivation is to extend the machine-readability of GO and to offer insights for the continued maintenance and growth of GO. A proto-type implementation illustrates the benefits of the approach. 1 INTRODUCTION The underlying motivation of the work described in this paper is to map annotations based on the Gene Ontology (GO) (Ashburner, et al., 2000) to a semantic representation that exposes the internal semantics of GO terms to computer programs. The Gene Ontology (GO) views each gene prod-uct as being a structural component of a biological entity, being involved in a biological process, and as having a mo-lecular function. These three dimensions of component (C), process (P) and function (F) are hierarchically refined into several thousand subconcepts or GO terms for a fine-grained description of gene products, and ultimately a repre-sentation of collective biological knowledge. The machine-readability of GO is based on explicit IS-A or PART-OF relations between different GO terms (Fig. 1). The represen-tation of each GO term in terms of a phrase in English is primarily meant for human readability, and not machine-readability (Wroe, et al., 2003) (Fig. 1). For example, while both humans and computer programs can understand that ‘Folic Acid Transporter Activity’ is one kind of ‘Vitamin Transporter Activity,” only a human reader can appreciate that proteins annotated with ‘Folic Acid Transporter Activ-ity’ actually
Preparing the Workforce to Prevent Behavioral Health Problems in Children and Youth

ABSTRACTEducating social work students to address behavioral health needs of youth requires new training approaches that prepare students for interprofessional prevention-focused practice. This stu...
The Yin and Yang of R-loop biology.

RNA performs diverse functions in cells, directing translation, modulating transcription and catalyzing enzymatic reactions. Remarkably RNA can also anneal to its genomic template co- or post-transcriptionally to generate an RNA–DNA hybrid and a displaced single-stranded DNA. These unusual nucleic acid structures are called R-loops. Studies in the last decades concentrated on the detrimental effects of R-loop formation, particularly on genome stability. In fact, R-loops are thought to play a role in several human diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative syndromes. But recent data has revealed that R-loops can also have a positive impact on cell processes, like regulating gene expression, chromosome structure and DNA repair. Here we summarize our current understanding of the formation and dissolution of R-loops, and discuss their negative and positive impact on genome structure and function.
Extracurricular Activities and Student Outcomes in Elementary and Middle School: Causal Effects or Self-selection?:

Participation in extracurricular activities (ECAs) is positively related to cognitive and socioemotional outcomes for children and adolescents. The authors argue that because of methodological limi...
Variations in airline passenger expectation of service quality across the globe

Abstract This study explores the interdependence between passenger travel experience and service quality in the airline industry for ten geographical regions across the globe. We extract 40,510 passenger reviews and rating information from Skytrax dataset between October 2011 and January 2018. To understand whether and to what extent passenger travel experience varies across geographical regions and their flight classes, we test sentiment score analysis of the reviews and path analysis methods. The results support the hypothesis that the geographical regions shaped by the country of residence of passengers impact travel experience, perception, and evaluation of airline services. North American passengers complain more about their national airline, while East and Southeast Asian passengers are more satisfied with Asian airlines. North American passengers care essentially about the money they pay for their flight and they pay less attention to in-flight services. East Asian passengers care more about in-flight services. Across all geographical regions, seat comfort is the most important factor to evaluate the value for money of the flight. Cabin staff service, however, is the main feature to rate overall flight experience. The results also corroborate that the expectation of passengers is different between the first or business classes and the economy class. Passengers in first or business class are more concerned about seat comfort, food and beverages, and in-flight entertainment. Passengers in economy class are more concerned about the value for money.
Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Adolescents

Although recent spikes in overdose deaths are largely attributable to heroin and fentanyl, prescription opioids still account for a significant percentage of overdose deaths. Additionally, overdose deaths are not a problem solely for adults; roughly 8% of all overdose deaths occur in persons aged 15 to 24. In addition to identifying factors that increase risk for misuse and negative outcomes among adolescents, research must examine the causal mechanisms that link these factors to increased risk. Finally, the extant research must serve as the foundation for prevention/intervention strategies and identify treatments that are effective among adolescents with opioid use disorders.
Delayed Chylothorax during Treatment of Follicular Lymphoma with a Malignant Pleural Effusion

Chylothorax occurs following dysfunction or disruption of the lymphatic drainage along the thoracic duct. Malignant and traumatic causes account for the majority of these occurrences, with lymphoma accounting for 11-37% of chylothoraces. The clinical course of chylothorax may include dehydration, malnutrition, immunosuppression, electrolyte disturbances, infection, and ultimately death. Management of chylothorax is patient-specific and is based on etiology and surgeon experience. Initially, most chyle leaks are managed with nonoperative strategies, such as gut rest, hyperalimentation, and pleural drainage, and, at times, medium-chained fatty acid diet or octreotide, with hopes to decrease chyle production (Zabeck et al. (2011)). High-output chyle leaks following iatrogenic injury or trauma are commonly managed with thoracic duct ligation. Lymphangiography with or without thoracic duct embolization has become increasingly popular and efficacious with the possible benefit of less morbidity (Cope et al. (2002)). We report a case of a 61-year-old male with delayed chylothorax while having an indwelling pleural catheter for malignant pleural effusion during treatment of follicular lymphoma. Percutaneous thoracic duct embolization was attempted but was unsuccessful. Chemotherapy, fluid management, and nutritional support allowed this to resolve over the course of ninety days from diagnosis. We describe the patient's clinical course and highlight nonoperative management of delayed chylothorax in the setting of follicular lymphoma treatment.
Deployment of Aggregation-Sex Pheromones of Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Facilitates the Discovery and Identification of their Parasitoids

Longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) include many species that are among the most damaging pests of managed and natural forest ecosystems worldwide. Many species of cerambycids use volatile chemical signals (i.e., pheromones) to locate mates. Pheromones are often used by natural enemies, including parasitoids, to locate hosts and therefore can be useful tools for identifying host-parasitoid relationships. In two field experiments, we baited linear transects of sticky traps with pheromones of cerambycid beetles in the subfamily Cerambycinae. Enantiomeric mixtures of four linear alkanes or four linear alkanes and a ketol were tested separately to evaluate their attractiveness to hymenopteran parasitoids. We hypothesized that parasitoids would be attracted to these pheromones. Significant treatment effects were found for 10 species of parasitoids. Notably, Wroughtonia ligator (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was attracted to syn-hexanediols, the pheromone constituents of its host, Neoclytus acuminatus acuminatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Location and time of sampling also significantly affected responses for multiple species of parasitoids. These findings contribute to the basic understanding of cues that parasitoids use to locate hosts and suggest that pheromones can be used to hypothesize host relationships between some species of cerambycids and their parasitoids. Future work should evaluate response by known species of parasitoids to the complete blends of pheromones used by the cerambycids they attack, as well as other odors that are associated with host trees of cerambycids.
The Propagation of Local Credit Shocks: Evidence from Hurricane Katrina

A local credit shock, induced by hurricane Katrina, propagated through banks’ internal networks to produce real and credit markets’ effects in distant regions. Driven by abnormal mortgage and housing demand in Katrina-hit areas, financially constrained multi-market banks reallocated resources towards the damaged areas leading to a credit tightening in the undamaged local markets. Depending on their housing supply elasticity, local housing markets in the undamaged regions responded to this credit disruption with a mix of housing prices and housing supply declines. These spillovers depended on undamaged markets’ financial linkages to disaster areas. In the undamaged regions, community banks, being local and unexposed to disaster areas, partially insulated their markets from these spillovers.
Solar fuels and feedstocks: the quest for renewable black gold

Photocatalysis for organic synthesis is a tool capable of C–C, C–O and C–N bond transformations. This technology has the potential to transform the chemical manufacturing industry and support growing demand for chemical feedstocks. Compared to traditional catalysis, photocatalysis can access alternative reaction pathways that lower the overall energy requirement and operate at or near ambient conditions. A key challenge is the delivery of photoenergy at the scale required for rapid and efficient operation of the catalyst. The development of efficient, broad-spectrum light harvesting devices that funnel light energy to a catalyst, along with catalyst design to selectively enable high-energy reactions, are necessary steps towards solar fuels and feedstocks. This perspective highlights some recent advances in photocatalysis and advocates for expanding the scope of photocatalysis for large-scale industrial applications.
Social psychological perspectives on American unrest: A tool for educators and trainers

The events of 2020 generated significant stress that continues to take a toll on mental health in America and calls for an integrated response from psychologists across the field's many subdisciplines The current article highlights potential "bridges" between health service psychology and recent work in social psychology Social psychological theories and research are argued to be particularly useful tools that faculty can use to help students understand and respond to recent events, thus enhancing health service psychology education and training In particular, the current article focuses on social psychological perspectives that can help health service psychology faculty to address the impact of (a) the COVID-19 pandemic, (b) the civil unrest from police violence against Black and Brown bodies, and (c) escalating political division in the United States Social psychology theories, research findings, principles, and approaches are considered in the context of each topic and are used to inform the recommendations made to educators and trainers We propose that the integration of social and health service psychology is both natural and necessary for improving our understanding of these and other inherently social problems, and for improving health service psychology education and training moving forward (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Public Significance Statement-Health service psychologists can use social psychological theories and research to help their students better understand and respond to such recent events as the COVID-19 pandemic, civil unrest following police killings, and escalating political division This integrated approach can enhance training and education by increasing students' awareness of social-contextual factors and human motivations (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Comments on rendering synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images

Once Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images are formed, they typically need to be stored in some file format which might restrict the dynamic range of what can be represented. Thereafter, for exploitation by human observers, the images might need to be displayed in a manner to reveal the subtle scene reflectivity characteristics the observer seeks, which generally requires further manipulation of dynamic range. Proper image scaling, for both storage and for display, to maximize the perceived dynamic range of interest to an observer depends on many factors, and an understanding of underlying data characteristics. While SAR images are typically rendered with grayscale, or at least monochromatic intensity variations, color might also be usefully employed in some cases. We analyze these and other issues pertaining to SAR image scaling, dynamic range, radiometric calibration, and display.
Redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator SoxR directly controls antibiotic production, development and thiol-oxidative stress response in Streptomyces avermitilis

The redox-sensitive transcriptional regulator SoxR is conserved in bacteria. Its role in mediating protective response to various oxidative stresses in Escherichia coli and related enteric bacteria has been well established. However, functions and regulatory mechanisms of SoxR in filamentous Streptomyces, which produce half of known antibiotics, are unclear. We report here that SoxR pleiotropically regulates antibiotic production, morphological development, primary metabolism and thiol-oxidative stress response in industrially important species Streptomyces avermitilis. SoxR stimulated avermectin production by directly activating ave structural genes. Four genes (sav_3956, sav_4018, sav_5665 and sav_7218) that are homologous to targets of S. coelicolor SoxR are targeted by S. avermitilis SoxR. A consensus 18-nt SoxR-binding site, 5'-VSYCNVVMHNKVKDGMGB-3', was identified in promoter regions of sav_3956, sav_4018, sav_5665, sav_7218 and target ave genes, leading to prediction of the SoxR regulon and confirmation of 11 new targets involved in development (ftsH), oligomycin A biosynthesis (olmRI), primary metabolism (metB, sav_1623, plcA, nirB, thiG, ndh2), transport (smoE) and regulatory function (sig57, sav_7278). SoxR also directly activated three key developmental genes (amfC, whiB and ftsZ) and promoted resistance of S. avermitilis to thiol-oxidative stress through activation of target trx and msh genes. Overexpression of soxR notably enhanced antibiotic production in S. avermitilis and S. coelicolor. Our findings expand our limited knowledge of SoxR and will facilitate improvement of methods for antibiotic overproduction in Streptomyces species.
Behavior and Design of Steel-Concrete Composite Columns Subjected to Combined Axial Compression and Biaxial Moment

AbstractSteel-concrete composite columns are strong and efficient structural members. However, their strength is not consistently recognized within design standards. In particular, current provisio...
Antidumping and strategic industrial policy : tit-for-tat trade remedies and the China – x-ray equipment dispute

This article examines the relationship between antidumping duties and strategic industrial policy. We argue that the dynamic between the two instruments is more complex and elaborate than that offered by the conventional account. We use the recent China–X-Ray Equipment dispute as a case study to show that linkage between the two instruments may not be the consequence of a government-led policy but instead a result of firm-driven responses to an industrial policy. This in turn may lead to antidumping tit-for-tat behavior between WTO members. We also analyze how WTO litigation serves as a means to alter the payoff and discuss the implications and unresolved questions that remain following the China–X-Ray Equipment ruling by the WTO.
Anemia Clinic Treatment and Pre-Operative Management of Cardiovascular Surgery Patients

Abstract Introduction: The efficacy of an Anemia Clinic in medically optimizing cardiovascular surgery (CVS) patients preoperatively has not yet been examined. A retrospective chart review was performed to explore whether such an intervention might minimize resource utilization, improve outcomes and decrease health system cost. Methods: Twenty five patients with a history of anemia (defined as hemoglobin ≤ 13.5 in men and 12.0 in women) undergoing cardiac surgeries - inclusive of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG), valvular (mitral or aortic) surgery, or a combination of the two - were referred to the Department of Hematology's Anemia Clinic at Pennsylvania Hospital by cardiovascular surgeons throughout the University of Pennsylvania Health System between January 01, 2016 and June 01, 2017. Three patients had comorbidities that precluded surgery and one with normal hemoglobin was referred for further optimization. Twenty one anemic CVS patients met criteria for evaluation and nineteen were treated in the preoperative setting, receiving erythropoietic-stimulating agents (ESA) and/or IV iron. Eleven of nineteen received both ESA and IV iron, while eight received only the latter. Three of the patients in the treatment cohort preemptively refused blood products at time of presentation on account of religious convictions. Results: Special attention was paid to patients' hemoglobin at initial encounter, final hemoglobin prior to surgery, post-operative hemoglobin, doses of ESA and/or IV iron, number of subsequent transfusions, and 30-day hospital readmissions with comparison to the standard of care. Four of the sixteen patients (25%) managed pre-operatively with ESA and/or IV iron who were willing to accept blood products following CVS ultimately required transfusion, as compared to transfusion rates that typically near 50% for patients undergoing cardiac surgery (Mehta et al., 2009; Murphy et al., 2015). Two of these four had received both ESA and parenteral iron, while two had received iron alone. Zero of the nineteen patients treated pre-operatively in the Anemia Clinic were readmitted within 30 days of their discharge from the hospital, as compared to a state-specific 30-day readmission rate of 11.7% for patients undergoing CVS between 01/2014 and 03/2016 (Martin, 2017). Conclusion: The medical optimization of cardiovascular surgery patients pre-operatively via an Anemic Clinic platform decreases post-operative transfusions and may play a prominent role in preventing 30-day hospital readmissions. A potential improvement in patient outcomes at decreased cost to the health system advocates strongly for further cost-benefit analysis as well as examination of this model's validity in larger data sets and across other healthcare specialties. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Infrainguinal peripheral artery disease—Endovascular treatment in women compared with men

Abstract With the rapid evolution of endovascular tools and ability to treat increasingly complex anatomic lesions, it has been very difficult to compare the efficacy of different endovascular options for each specific clinical scenario. Women have been routinely underrepresented, and there has been little describing how patient characteristics contribute to treatment choices and outcomes. Women are more likely to be treated with endovascular revascularization for infrainguinal PAD compared with men but have higher rates of complications, particularly at the access site. However, there is evidence of equal if not better 1-year patency rates, regardless of the location of the occlusive disease and type of endovascular intervention performed.
Ophthalmologic migraine

A fair portion of the diagnostic practice of the neurologist and ophthalmologist involves the deciphering of visual symptoms in patients known to have migraine, and many who at the time of their initial presentation do not. The most common visual disorder in this category, migraine with aura, has been studied extensively, but no conclusive evidence has been proven linking the visual aura, believed to result from a spreading depression, to the subsequent development of the cephalgia. Vasospasm remains controversial in the pathophysiology of migraine, but may play a role in patients who suffer more permanent or complicated neurovisual dysfunction. This paper reviews some of the current thoughts on the subject, and hopefully will stimulate the reader to explore the complex issue of this common malady.
Spinal Cord Injury Increases Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Kidney at Acute and Sub-chronic Stages.

Accumulating evidence supports that spinal cord injury (SCI) produces robust inflammatory plasticity. We previously showed that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α is increased in the spinal cord after SCI. SCI also induces a systemic inflammatory response that can impact peripheral organ functions. The kidney plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. However, SCI-induced inflammatory response in the kidney and the subsequent effect on renal function have not been well characterized. This study investigated the impact of high and low thoracic (T) SCI on C-fos, TNFα, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 expression in the kidney at acute and sub-chronic timepoints. Adult C57BL/6 mice received a moderate contusion SCI or sham procedures at T4 or T10. Uninjured mice served as naive controls. mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, and C-fos, and TNFα and C-fos protein expression were assessed in the kidney and spinal cord 1 day and 14 days post-injury. The mRNA levels of all targets were robustly increased in the kidney and spinal cord, 1 day after both injuries. Whereas IL-6 and TNFα remained elevated in the spinal cord at 14 days after SCI, C-fos, IL-6, and TNFα levels were sustained in the kidney only after T10 SCI. TNFα protein was significantly upregulated in the kidney 1 day after both T4 and T10 SCI. Overall, these results clearly demonstrate that SCI induces robust systemic inflammation that extends to the kidney. Hence, the presence of renal inflammation can substantially impact renal pathophysiology and function after SCI.
Patient and caregiver factors in ambulatory incident reports: a mixed-methods analysis.

Author(s): Sharma, Anjana E; Huang, Beatrice; Stakeholder Research Advisory Council; Del Rosario, Jan Bing; Yang, Janine; Boscardin, W John; Sarkar, Urmimala | Abstract: ObjectivesPatients and caregivers are the primary stakeholders in ambulatory safety, given they perform daily chronic disease self-management, medication administration and outpatient follow-up. However, little attention has been given to their role in adverse events. We identified themes related to patient and caregiver factors and challenges in ambulatory safety incident reports from a Patient Safety Organization.MethodsWe conducted a mixed-methods analysis of ambulatory incident reports submitted to the Collaborative Healthcare Patient Safety Organization, including 450 hospitals or clinic members in 13 US states. We included events that had patient and/or caregiver behavioural, socioeconomic and clinical factors that may have contributed to the event. Two members of the team independently coded patient/caregiver factors, with dual coding of 20% of events. We then conducted a 'frequent item set' analysis to identify which factors most frequently co-occurred. We applied inductive analysis to the most frequent sets to interpret themes. Our team included a diverse stakeholder advisory council of patients, caregivers and healthcare staff.ResultsWe analysed 522 incident reports and excluded 73 for a final sample of 449 events. Our co-occurrence analysis found the following three themes: (1) clinical advice may conflict with patient priorities; (2) breakdowns in communication and patient education cause medication adverse events and (3) patients with disabilities are vulnerable to the external environment.ConclusionsAmbulatory safety reports capture both structural and behavioural factors contributing to adverse events. Actionable takeaways include the following: improving clinician counselling of patients to convey medical advice to elicit priorities, enhanced education regarding medication adverse events and expanding safety precautions for patients with disabilities at home. Ambulatory safety reporting must include patients in reporting and event review for better mitigation of future harm.
PLASMA IMMERSION ION IMPLANTATION

The Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation (PIII) technique shows great promise for large-area and high dose-rate processing of material surfaces. This paper reviews various reactor designs and plasma sources suitable for PIII. Processing requirements and limitations of plasma immersion ion implantation such as substrate etching, substrate charging, and plasma -solid interactions are discussed. Recent developments of PIII for semiconductor applications such as microscopic conformal doping, preamorphization, high dose doping, selective plating of metals, damage-induced impurities gettering, and surface material synthesis are presented.
The Bottom-Up Recovery: A New Deal in Banking and Public Finance (Chapter 3)

This chapter, “The Bottom-Up Recovery: A New Deal in Banking and Public Finance,” published in 2014 in an edited volume by Oxford University Press entitled, When Government Helped: Learning from the Successes and Failures of the New Deal, analyzes the federal government's responses to recurring banking and financial crises in the 1930s and 2008 to present. The Hoover administration’s response was criticized by Franklin Roosevelt as a "trickle down" approach, propping up big banks while ignoring the needs of ordinary citizens. As president, Roosevelt would use public banking institutions, including the Federal Reserve and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), to build a "bottom up" recovery by steering credit and capital to Main Street. The responses of the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama more closely resemble the trickle down approach of the Hoover administration. The Federal Reserve refused to extend support to small and moderate sized businesses, as it did during the New Deal, and there has been no serious attempt to create a public infrastructure bank modeled on the RFC. The result has been to increase concentrations of capital in banking and big businesses while the needs of ordinary Americans in the 21st century have been neglected.