cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An electronmicroscopic study of skin carcinogenesis in the mouse with special reference to the intramitochondrial body.

Abstract Intramitochondrial dense bodies are as readily observed in the basal and squamous cells of the epidermis treated with the irritant, non-carcinogenic fraction of the Croton seed extract as in the cells of squamous cell carcinoma and of the epidermis painted with a carcinogenic dose of DMBA. It appears likely that the appearance of these bodies is not specifically related to the carcinogenic process but may be concerned with inflammatory and cytotoxic effects on the epidermal cell. Some other cytoplasmic structures were also observed in this series of the experiments.
A new functionalization strategy for oil/water separation membranes

The fabrication of surface functionalized alumina fabric composite membranes using hydrophilic cysteic acid surface stabilized alumina nanoparticles (alumoxanes) have been investigated. Contact angle measurements for a range of carboxylic acids functionalized onto alumina coated silicon wafers was investigated to determine the functionalization that results in the most hydrophilic surface. Highly porous Nomex® fabric was utilized as a membrane support for an alumoxane nanoparticle derived membrane filter. The flux differentiation of heavy hydrocarbons from water, and the separation of oil/water emulsions were studied. Coating techniques utilizing pH control were investigated. Retention coefficients and flux values indicate that surface chemistry of the fabric may be altered by coating with chemically functionalized alumina nanoparticles to provide selective flow of water versus hydrocarbons.
The Interaction of Various Organic Liquids with Cellulose Acetate Fibers as Detected by Specific-Gravity Measurements

The pycnometer liquid displacement method of determining the specific gravity of solids has been applied to the study of the rate and the extent of penetration of a large variety of pure liquids into cellulose acetate yarn. Various members of the homologous series of aromatic and aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters, halogens, nitriles, phthalate esters, nitro- compounds, and hydrocarbons were used. The maximum apparent specific gravities obtained for a Celanese yarn were found to be a function of the polar groups on the molecules of the liquid medium, as well as of their size and shape. These values range from 1.306 at 20° C with carbon tetrachloride to 1.415 with n-heptaldehyde.A hydrogen-bonding mechanism is suggested to explain the manner by which the liquid- medium molecules penetrate and solvate the yarn.Several applications of this technique and the resultant data are indicated.
Community College Leaders' Attitudes toward Problem-Based Learning as a Method for Teaching Leadership.

This article comprises the results of a qualitative study designed to examine community college leaders' attitudes toward problem-based learning as a method for teaching leadership. The respondents in the study participated in a year-long community college leadership academy, which used problem-based learning as the primary instructional method. Results indicate that participants believed problem-based learning is an effective method of instruction and helps them develop knowledge of leadership, particularly as related to solving complex problems, collaborative skills, research, and skills.
Grain structure of CdS and Cd1−xZnxS films

The grain structure of vapor-deposited CdS and Cd1−xZnxS films was analyzed using standard metallographic techniques and found to be columnar. Columnar grains of submicron diameter grow initially normal to the substrate surface. During further film growth they tilt towards the source and grow in size as a result of the elimination of less favorably oriented grains. An appreciable number of grain boundaries were low energy subgrain boundaries. Quantitative analysis of the grain size on the film surface showed that the average grain diameter is thermally activated and that at low temperatures the grain structure is “bimodal”. The bimodal structure was more common in Cd1−xZnxS films. It is suggested that grain boundary motion plays a role in the development of the grain structure in these films. Possible effects of the observed microstructure on the performance of Cu2S/Cd1−xZnxS solar cells are discussed.
Impacts of new agricultural technologies in two regions of Peru

Abstract This study examines the effects of new seed varieties and their associated cultural practices, on production, income, crop mix, and factor demand in two regions in Peru. Implications of government credit policies in the context of new technologies also are examined. Linear programming models, constructed for two regions, Contumaza and Tarapoto, are run under alternative credit arrangements, with and without the new varieties. Results indicate that introducing new varieties raises income and labor use in both regions, but has diverse effects on credit use and crop mix. Subsidized credit has little impact on technology adoption and income generation in either region, while increasing credit availability has a significant impact on both income and labor use in both regions. Overall results indicate the need to regionalize policy analysis for Peru.
A robust human pointing location estimation using 3D hand and face poses with RGB-D sensor

We present a robust method to estimate human directed target positions in a display. In the proposed method, we utilize 3D hand and face poses instead of hand pose only, to compute human pointing directions and increase accuracy of location estimation. To combine hand and face pointing location estimates, a soft-switching fusion is applied. In the proposed approach, we use a RGB-D sensor which gives more information (depth information) than conventional camera sensor. As a result, we present an experiment that shows the proposed method is more accurate than a single hand or a face pose based target point estimates.
Occurrence of Δ5-sterols in plants producing predominantly Δ7-sterols: Studies on the sterol compositions of six cucurbitaceae seeds

Abstract The sterol compositions of six Cucurbitaceae seeds, Cucurbita pepo , C. lagenaria , Citrullus lanatus , Cucumis sativus , C. melo and Luffa aegyptiaca , were examined by TLC, GLC, HPLC and m some cases by mass spectrometry and 1 HNMR spectroscopy. Thirteen components were identified. They were codisterol, 25(27)-dehydroporiferasterol, clerosterol, isofucosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, 22-dihydrobrassicasterol, sitosterol, 25(27)-dehydrofungisterol, 25(27)-dehydrochondrillasterol, 24β-ethyl-25(27)-dehydrolathosterol, avenasterol, spinasterol, 24ξ-methyllathosterol and 22-dihydrospinasterol. 24-Methylenecholesterol may also have been present. The Δ 5 -sterols were observed in all species. The pattern of sterols suggests the existence of four biosynthetic pathways operating from a 24(25)-dehydroprecursor. This work represents only the second time either codisterol or 25(27)-dehydrofungisterol has been isolated from a higher plant.
Hyperbolastic modeling of tumor growth with a combined treatment of iodoacetate and dimethylsulphoxide

Background: An understanding of growth dynamics of tumors is important in understanding progression of cancer and designing appropriate treatment strategies. We perform a comparative study of the hyperbolastic growth models with the Weibull and Gompertz models, which are prevalently used in the field of tumor growth. Methods: The hyperbolastic growth models H1, H2, and H3 are applied to growth of solid Ehrlich carcinoma under several different treatments. These are compared with results from Gompertz and Weibull models for the combined treatment. Results: The growth dynamics of the solid Ehrlich carcinoma with the combined treatment are studied using models H1, H2, and H3, and the models are highly accurate in representing the growth. The growth dynamics are also compared with the untreated tumor, the tumor treated with only iodoacetate, and the tumor treated with only dimethylsulfoxide, and the combined treatment. Conclusions: The hyperbolastic models prove to be effective in representing and analyzing the growth dynamics of the solid Ehrlich carcinoma. These models are more precise than Gompertz and Weibull and show less error for this data set. The precision of H3 allows for its use in a comparative analysis of tumor growth rates between the various treatments.
Distributed Adaptive Windowed Stream Join Processing

This paper presents an adaptive framework for processing a window-based multi-way join query over distributed data streams. The framework integrates distributed plan modification and distributed plan migration within the same scope by using a building block called the node operator set NOS. An NOS is housed in each node that participates in the join execution, and specifies the set of atomic operations to be performed locally at the host node to execute its share of the global execution plan. The plan modification and migration techniques presented are for the case of updating the NOSs centralized at a single node and the case of updating them distributed at each node. The plan modification is triggered by the change of stream statistics and adjusts the join execution order and placement greedily to satisfy a cost invariant. The plan migration uses the distributed track strategy to accelerate the migration of window extents to new nodes. The migration of all window extents is synchronized. Experiments confirm the effectiveness of the developed adaptive framework on reducing the join execution cost and indicate a small additional adaptation-overhead for distributing the NOS update.
Affective Isolation as a Coping Strategy for Persons with Low and High Amounts of Life Stress.

Abstract Previous research has investigated two diverse operational definitions of stress, experimentally induced, short-term stress and long-term, life stress. The purpose of this study was to intersect these two research methodologies and determine the effect of a laboratory-induced stress (failure feedback) on persons with differing levels of life stress. Women with high or low amounts of life stress were given failure feedback, no failure feedback, or a cognitive coping strategy (affective isolation) in addition to failure feedback. Failure feedback increased self-reported anger and anxiety immediately following feedback and also after a follow-up test and decreased expectations about performance for the second test. Affective isolation significantly reduced anger and anxiety but failed to affect expectations. Women with high amounts of life stress reported significantly less anxiety than women with low amounts of life stress in response to failure feedback. These results were interpreted within C. D. Spielberger's (in C. D. Spielberger & R. Diaz-Guerrero (Eds.), Cross-cultural anxiety, New York: Wiley, 1976) cognitive model. It was proposed that differing levels of previous life stress cause people to make varying judgments about the degree of threat in a short-term stressful situation. Persons with high amounts of life stress may not be aroused in response to short-term stress because they perceive the short-term stress as only a “drop in the bucket” compared to the other events which they have experienced.
Learning Bayesian networks

Preface. I. BASICS. 1. Introduction to Bayesian Networks. 2. More DAG/Probability Relationships. II. INFERENCE. 3. Inference: Discrete Variables. 4. More Inference Algorithms. 5. Influence Diagrams. III. LEARNING. 6. Parameter Learning: Binary Variables. 7. More Parameter Learning. 8. Bayesian Structure Learning. 9. Approximate Bayesian Structure Learning. 10. Constraint-Based Learning. 11. More Structure Learning. IV. APPICATIONS. 12. Applications. Bibliography. Index.
Micromethod for the gas chromatographic quantification of blood ethanol

Abstract A microadaptation for the head space analysis of ethanol in 20-μl blood samples is described. Ethanol concentration is determined by comparison of the derivatized ethanol peak area with that of a 1-propanol internal standard. Reaction of the alcohols with nitrous acid followed by a warming of the mixture greatly enhances peak sizes. The method is rapid, sensitive, and highly reproducible for the concentrations encountered during the linear phase of the ethanol elimination curve in laboratory rats.
Computational Dispersion Properties of Vertically Staggered Grids for Atmospheric Models

Abstract The computational dispersion properties of vertically and time-vertically staggered grids, using corresponding centered-difference schemes for approximation of a linear baroclinic primitive equation system, are analyzed in terms of frequency and group velocity characteristics. The vertical scale ranges with group velocities of the wrong sign are pointed out. It is shown that among all possible vertical grids applicable to primitive equation atmospheric models the best vertical grids have computational dispersion properties corresponding to a regular (equidistant, unstaggered) grid with twice the vertical resolution. These best vertical grids are 1) two well-known vertically staggered grids, namely, the widely used Lorenz grid and the Charney-Phillips grid; 2) two other vertically staggered grids carrying both horizontal and vertical velocity components at the same levels; and 3) the new time-staggered versions of all the aforementioned grids, and the time-staggered regular vertical grid, if used ...
Functional Coupling of Valvular Interstitial Cells and Collagen Via α2β1 Integrins in the Mitral Leaflet

Once considered passive flaps, we now understand that mitral leaflets are dynamic structures with their own vasculature and innervation that actively remodel and even generate force in response to their environments. Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) are contractile and could underlie mitral leaflet force generation, but the exact mechanisms for VICs in mitral leaflet force generation are not understood. This study tested the hypothesis that actin-mediated VIC force generation coupled to collagen via α2β1 integrins is necessary for force generation in the mitral leaflet. High magnification fluorescent imaging of freshly excised porcine mitral leaflets revealed VIC cytoplasm tightly conforming to collagen fibers, with actin within VIC cytoplasmic processes appearing to attach to the collagen fibers. Functional studies of isometric force development demonstrated that while control samples developed force in response to KCl, either blocking α2β1 integrins or blocking actin polymerization via cytochalasin abolished KCl-induced force development (p < 0.001). These results strongly suggest that VIC-collagen coupling, mediated by α2β1 integrins, is necessary for KCl-induced force generation in the mitral leaflet. This functional coupling between collagen and VICs via α2β1 integrins may play a role for in vivo mitral valve function.
The effect of covalent surface immobilization on the bactericidal efficacy of a quaternary ammonium compound

This study investigates the effect of surface immobilization on the bactericidal function of a quaternary ammonium compound. Quaternary ammonium silane (QAS) coated planar surfaces did not produce any measurable mortality of Staphylococcus aureus, while 1 μm QAS-coated microparticles did produce S. aureus mortality. The experiments using QAS-coated microparticles indicate that the ability of QAS molecules to disrupt the cell wall is not hindered by covalent immobilization of QAS to a surface. These results provide evidence that S. aureus cells on a QAS-coated planar surface are not exposed to a sufficient number of QAS molecules to produce significant mortality. This result has important implications for the development of self-decontaminating coatings. Covalent immobilization is used to prevent leaching of the bactericidal compound. However, covalent immobilization may result in a significant tradeoff in bactericidal performance. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
School quality and the distribution of male earnings in Canada

Using quantile regressions, this paper provides evidence that the relationship between school inputs and wages varies across points in the conditional wage distribution and educational attainment levels. Although smaller classes generally have a positive return for individuals at high quantiles, they have either no impact or a negative impact at low quantiles. Similarly, while more highly paid teachers benefit dropouts at high quantiles and graduates at low quantiles, they have a negative return for all other quantile-education groups. The results presented in this paper also suggest that the optimal school for high school graduates is likely smaller than for high school dropouts.
D-optimal weighing designs for six objects

For all integers m≥6, we determine the maximum value of det XTX, where X is an m×6 (0, 1)-matrix, and exhibit (D-optimal) matrices X for which the maximum occurs. For D-optimal matrices X, the uniqueness of the Gram matrix XTX is discussed.
Molecular community profiling reveals impacts of time, space, and disease status on the bacterial community associated with the Caribbean sponge Aplysina cauliformis

Reports of marine sponge diseases have increased in recent years, but few etiologic agents have been identified. Aplysina red band syndrome (ARBS), a condition observed in the Caribbean sponge Aplysina cauliformis, is characterized by a rust-colored leading margin. Culture-independent methods (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library analyses) were used to assess bacterial communities associated with healthy and ARBS-affected sponges from two locations over 2 years. Although the bacterial communities associated with healthy and ARBS-affected sponges were significantly different, the sponges maintained a core bacterial community across space, time, and health status. Ten terminal restriction fragments were shown to change significantly between sponge health conditions, with six increasing in abundance with disease and four decreasing. The prevalence of the photosymbiont Synechococcus spongiarum decreased with ARBS infection, suggesting a functional consequence of disease. After cultivating a red-pigmented Leptolyngbya strain from ARBS lesions, transmission studies were conducted to determine whether this organism was the ARBS pathogen. Despite significantly increased abundance of Leptolyngbya spp. in diseased sponges, signs of ARBS were not observed in healthy sponges following 24 days of contact with the cultured strain. Additional work with this model system is needed to increase our understanding of the dynamics of marine diseases.
An empirical Bayes procedure for testing a truncation parameter

An empirical Bayes decision procedure for testing for the parameter 0 of a distribution with density function f0(x) = I(0,0)(x)b(x)/B(θ) is proposed. It is shown that this procedure is asymptotically optimal and that the order of associated convergence rate is O(n-r/3) for some constant 0 < r < 2, where n is the number of accumulated past observation at hand.
Waveform processing for protein multi-alignment by mapping location, structure and property function attributes

We propose a pairwise protein structure alignment approach based on a joint similarity measure of multiple protein attributes. We map information on a protein's sequence location, structure and characteristic properties onto a highly-localized three-dimensional Gaussian waveform. By allowing the waveform to undergo unique transformations in the time-frequency plane, we allocate distinct parameters to represent the different attributes. Protein matching by expanding the mapped waveforms using appropriately designed basis waveform functions provides a similarity measure to encompass the multiple attributes. Simulations using data from a database demonstrate the performance of the joint alignment approach to infer relationships between proteins.
Effects of ambient illumination over days on human vigilance performance.

Detection rates of 36 college students were measured for three days in an auditory vigilance task under one of three conditions of ambient illumination: dark (less than .33 lx), low (86 lx), and high (170 lx) intensity levels. Within-session performance decrements were seen in all conditions. Increasing the intensity of ambient illumination improved vigilance performance, an effect which became more potent over days. These results are discussed in terms of arousal theory and habituation.
Assessing self-efficacy to reduce one's drinking: further evaluation of the Alcohol Reduction Strategies-Current Confidence questionnaire.

Aims: To evaluate the psychometric properties of a previously published questionnaire designed to assess young drin- kers' self-efficacy to employ 31 cognitive-behavioral alcohol reduction strategies. Methods: Undergraduates (n= 353) recruited from a large Midwestern university completed the previously published Alcohol Reduction Strategies-Current Confidence questionnaire (and other measures) for a self-selected heavy drinking setting. Results: Item loadings from a principal components analysis, a high internal consistency reliability coefficient, and a moderate mean inter-item correlation suggested that all 31 items comprised a single scale. Correlations of questionnaire scores with selected aspects of drinking history and personality provided support for criterion and discriminant validity, respectively. Women reported higher current confidence to use these strategies than did men, but current confidence did not vary as a function of recent binge status. Conclusion: Given this further demonstration of its psychometric qual- ities, this questionnaire holds promise as a clinical tool to identify clients who lack confidence in their ability to employ cognitive- behavioral coping strategies to reduce their drinking.
Spectroscopic and quantum theoretical studies of species with metal-to-metal bonus

Abstract The background and qualitative features of M-M bonds of orders 3 to 4 are reviewed . Attention is then given to the quantitative calculation of the electronic structures of such bonds and the correlation of the theoretical results with experimental observations, especially spectroscopic ones. The results of SCF-Xa-SW calculations for the [Re 2 Cl 8 ] 2− ion, including relativistic corrections, are presented. The relativistic effects shift the energies of filled and virtual molecular orbitals with substantial Re atomic contributions by several thousand wavenumbers. Hence, such corrections are essential in assigning the observed spectra. The earlier assignment of the [Re 2 Cl 8 ] 2− spectrum is revised in several ways on the basis of the new calculations. Finally, the spectrum of the Mo 2 [(CH 2 ) 2 P(CH 3 ) 2 ] 4 molecule at 5°K is reported and the abundant vibrational structure in the δ→δ * ( 1 A 2u ← 1 A 1g ) transition discussed. The analysis shows that we are dealing here with a beautiful example of mixing of conventional vibronic (Herzberg-Teller) excitation and tne anomalous involvement of a totally symmetric vibration in vibronic coupling due to the intrinsic weakness of the dipole-allowed intensity, a phenomanon observed earlier by Martin, Newman, and Fanwick in Mo 2 (O 2 CCH 3 ) 4 .
Effects of High Heel Wear and Increased Weight on the Knee during Walking

Knee osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of disability, is more prevalent in women than men. Wearing high heeled shoes has been implicated as a potential contributing factor for the higher lifetime risk of osteoarthritis in women. This study tests the hypotheses that changes to knee kinematics and kinetics observed during high heeled walking increase in magnitude with increasing heel height and are accentuated by a 20% increase in weight. Fourteen healthy females were tested using marker-based gait analysis in combinations of footwear (flat athletic shoe, 3.8 cm and 8.3 cm heeled shoes) and weight (with and without 20% bodyweight vest). At preferred walking speed, knee flexion angle at heel-strike and midstance increased with increasing heel height and weight. Maximum knee extension moment during loading response decreased with added weight; maximum knee extension moment during terminal stance decreased with heel height; maximum adduction moments increased with heel height. Many of the changes observed with increasing heel height and weight were similar to those seen with aging and OA progression. This suggests that high heel use, especially in combination with additional weight, may contribute to increased OA risk in women.
The effect of social desirability on two dimensions of self-evaluation in two cultures.

Summary The effect of change in conditions of test administration on self-reported introversion-extraversion and neuroticism was investigated at a North American, Central American, and South American university. Standard conditions, based on standard test norms, were compared with a condition in which S knew that self-report would be compared with reports about him by three well known Ss named by him. Self-reported scores and others' reports agreed with standard test norms on introversion-extraversion, but self-reported neuroticism was significantly higher compared to test norms and others' reports. There were no significant differences between universities. The differential effect on self-reported neuroticism was interpreted in terms of social desirability response set.
Energy‐Conformational studies of β‐endorphins: Identification of plausible folded conformers

β-Endorphins are 31 amino acid endogenous opioid peptides with high receptor affinity and antinociceptive activity. Because of their importance as neurohormones and the significant experimental effort that has been made to understand their structure activity profiles, we have begun to develop procedures that could be useful first to identify low-energy conformers of β-endorphins and ultimately their bioactive form. In the initial studies reported here, we have identified plausible initial structures of the full peptide by calculating and comparing the conformational preference of all possible extended tetrapeptide fragments of β-endorphin starting from each of the first 28 residues. Comparisons of fragment energies suggested two types of compact folded β-endorphin conformers were plausible: a helix–turn–helix and an antiparallel β-sheet conformer. These structures, as well as an extended α-helical and β-strand conformer, were assembled and total geometry optimization performed using the empirical-energy-based program AMBER. The results yield an α-helical structure as the lowest energy form consistent with recently reported NMR studies of β-endorphin. The two more compact folded structures obtained, however, are reasonable starting conformations for further planned molecular dynamics simulation studies and could yield competing low-energy structures as candidates for the bioactive form of these peptides.
The influence of extended conjugation on electroactive properties of copper phthalocyanine macromolecules

A monomer and polymer of a copper(II) phthalocyanine have been synthesized in order to develop structure-property relationships. Various electroactive properties such as dielectric constant, resistivity and thermally stimulated depolarization effects were investigated in order to examine the influence of extended conjugation.
A NEW SPECIES OF RAINFROG (GENUS ELEUTHERODACTYLUS) FROM THE SERRANIA DE TABASARA, WEST-CENTRAL PANAMA AND REANALYSIS OF THE FITZINGERI SPECIES GROUP

We describe a new species of rainfrog of the Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri species group from central Panama. This species is most similar to members of the E. melanostictus subgroup and can be distinguished from other members of the E. fitzingeri group from Lower Central America by a combination of characters, including a large supraocular tubercle, barred thigh pattern, a granulate venter, marked sexual dimorphism in the tympanic membrane, and basal toe webbing. We analyzed a data matrix of 24 allozyme, morphological, and karyological characters, following the phylogenetic analysis of Miyamoto (1986), and included four additional characters. The 12 species of the E. fitzingeri group are included, in addition to the new species. The relative phylogenetic position of two species, E. emcelae and E. phasma, are proposed for the first time. The new species is hypothesized to be a member of the E. melanostictus subgroup, which contains the predominantly montane species E. melanostictus, E. rayo, E. emcelae, E....
Continuity of genetic and environmental influences on cognition across the life span: a meta-analysis of longitudinal twin and adoption studies.

The longitudinal rank-order stability of cognitive ability increases dramatically over the life span. Theoretical perspectives differ in their emphasis on genetic mechanisms in explaining the longitudinal stability of cognition and how stability changes with development. However, the patterns of stability of genetic and environmental influences on cognition over the life span remain poorly understood. We searched for longitudinal studies of cognition that reported raw genetically informative longitudinal correlations or parameter estimates from longitudinal behavior genetic models. We identified 150 combinations of time points and measures from 15 independent longitudinal samples. In total, longitudinal data came from 4,548 monozygotic twin pairs raised together, 7,777 dizygotic twin pairs raised together, 34 monozygotic twin pairs raised apart, 78 dizygotic twin pairs raised apart, 141 adoptive sibling pairs, and 143 nonadoptive sibling pairs, ranging in age from infancy through late adulthood. At all ages, cross-time genetic correlations and shared environmental correlations were substantially larger than cross-time nonshared environmental correlations. Cross-time correlations for genetic and shared environmental components were, respectively, low and moderate during early childhood, increased sharply over child development, and remained high from adolescence through late adulthood. Cross-time correlations for nonshared environmental components were low across childhood and gradually increased to moderate magnitudes in adulthood. Increasing phenotypic stability over child development was almost entirely mediated by genetic factors. Time-based decay of genetic and shared environmental stability was more pronounced earlier in child development. Results are interpreted in reference to theories of gene–environment correlation and interaction.
CCured: type-safe retrofitting of legacy code

In this paper we propose a scheme that combines type inference and run-time checking to make existing C programs type safe. We describe the CCured type system, which extends that of C by separating pointer types according to their usage. This type system allows both pointers whose usage can be verified statically to be type safe, and pointers whose safety must be checked at run time. We prove a type soundness result and then we present a surprisingly simple type inference algorithm that is able to infer the appropriate pointer kinds for existing C programs.Our experience with the CCured system shows that the inference is very effective for many C programs, as it is able to infer that most or all of the pointers are statically verifiable to be type safe. The remaining pointers are instrumented with efficient run-time checks to ensure that they are used safely. The resulting performance loss due to run-time checks is 0-150%, which is several times better than comparable approaches that use only dynamic checking. Using CCured we have discovered programming bugs in established C programs such as several SPECINT95 benchmarks.
Ropinirole in the treatment of restless legs syndrome.

Ropinirole is an original nonergoline dopamine agonist indicated for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. However, recent developments in the study of restless legs syndrome have demonstrated another role for this drug. The symptoms of restless legs syndrome are responsive to dopaminergic agents such as ropinirole. The dosage of ropinirole needed to treat the symptoms of restless legs syndrome appears to be much smaller than what is necessary for Parkinson’s disease therapy. The liver is primarily responsible for the metabolism of ropinirole, which has an elimination half-life of approximately 6 h. Ropinirole is generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse effects. Clinical studies have indicated that ropinirole can effectively reduce the motor symptoms of restless legs syndrome and improve overall sleep quality.
Miospores and cryptospores from the Silurian section at Allenport, Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract Non-marine and marine palynomorphs were collected from a Telychian through Gorstian rock outcrop located near Allenport, Pennsylvania, USA in the east-central part of the Appalachian Foreland Basin. Close sampling of the section revealed six distinct palynological assemblages of spores, cryptospores, acritarchs and prasinophycean algae, likely deposited in nearshore marine settings. The Silurian Period is a critical time in plant evolution as megafossils found elsewhere indicate that vascular plants (tracheophytes) originated during this interval. Palynoflorules generally show a transition from cryptospore-dominated to miospore-dominated assemblages during the latter half of the Silurian. This transition is evident at Allenport, where over 30 species of miospores and cryptospores are recognized, including two new species: Vermiverruspora cottera and Rugosphaera falloambita. The sequential progression of innovations in exine structure and sculpture seen in the nonmarine palynomorphs at Allenport c...
Robust Praxialism and the Anti-Aesthetic Turn

In this paper I retrace the line of thought that led me to the position of a praxial philosophy of music education, from a perspective 20 years after the inaugural meeting of the International Society for the Philosophy of Music Education. I discuss how I conceive of the general project of the philosophy of music education and recapitulate some of the strategies that might be deployed. In doing this I stress the “robust” or radical nature of the praxial program. I then address what I call the “anti-aesthetic” turn that some writers have taken with respect to the praxial position. I argue that there is no principled reason to adopt such a position and that, among other things, such a position undermines the reach and threatens the cogency of a robust praxial program. I end with a few comments on what I take to be the prospects of a praxial approach to the philosophy of music education. At the first meetings of the international society for the Philosophy of Music education in 1990, i read a paper entitled, “What should one expect from a Philosophy of Music education?” in which i set forth what i then called a “pr axial” approach to the philosophy of music education. in what follows i would like to return to that theme and do several things. First, i want to retrace the line
Postnatal Development of the Rat Vomeronasal Organ

The vomeronasal organ (VNO), also know as Jacobson’s organ, is a paired chemosensory organ mediating the perception of chemical stimuli related to social and/or reproductive behavior (for review, see Farbman, 1992). In rodents, it is an elongated tube, with a crescentshaped sensory epithelium (SE) consisting of basal cells, bipolar neurons and supporting cells. Proliferation continues throughout life (Weiler et al., 1999), so the question arose how this influences the VNO structure. We investigated the VNO with respect to size, histological structure and composition, location within the nasal cavity and proliferative parameters, as well as cell death, from birth to senescence, in both sexes of the rat.
pRESTO: a toolkit for processing high-throughput sequencing raw reads of lymphocyte receptor repertoires.

Summary: Driven by dramatic technological improvements, large-scale characterization of lymphocyte receptor repertoires via high-throughput sequencing is now feasible. Although promising, the high germline and somatic diversity, especially of B-cell immunoglobulin repertoires, presents challenges for analysis requiring the development of specialized computational pipelines. We developed the REpertoire Sequencing TOolkit (pRESTO) for processing reads from high-throughput lymphocyte receptor studies. pRESTO processes raw sequences to produce error-corrected, sorted and annotated sequence sets, along with a wealth of metrics at each step. The toolkit supports multiplexed primer pools, single- or paired-end reads and emerging technologies that use single-molecule identifiers. pRESTO has been tested on data generated from Roche and Illumina platforms. It has a built-in capacity to parallelize the work between available processors and is able to efficiently process millions of sequences generated by typical high-throughput projects. Availability and implementation: pRESTO is freely available for academic use. The software package and detailed tutorials may be downloaded from http://clip.med.yale.edu/presto. Contact: ude.elay@nietsnielk.nevets Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
N‐Glyoxyloyl‐(2R)‐bornane‐10,2‐sultam

[123191-45-7] C12H17NO4S (MW 271.33) InChI = 1S/C12H17NO4S/c1-11(2)8-3-4-12(11)7-18(16,17)13(9(12)5-8)10(15)6-14/h6,8-9H,3-5,7H2,1-2H3/t8-,9-,12?/m1/s1 InChIKey = KPVGXZHEAGPXCQ-LSLJNABFSA-N (reagent used as a chiral glyoxylate derivative for various asymmetric organic reactions) Physical Data: used in crude form from pyrolysis (110 °C, 0.1 mmHg) of its methanol hemiacetal; crystalline solid, mp 131–134 °C; [α]20D −103.6 (c 1.14, CH2Cl2).1 Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: available through synthesis.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: toxicity unknown; as with all organic chemicals, use only in a well-ventilated fume hood is recommended.
A mountain or a molehill: is the illicit trade in cigarettes undermining tobacco control policy in South Africa?

This study estimates the size of the market for illicit cigarettes in South Africa between 1997 and 2007 in order to consider the impact of the illicit trade in cigarettes on the effectiveness of tobacco control policies. Estimates of the illicit market are made using data on smoking prevalence and simulations of smoking intensity. The paper shows that the size of the illicit market to have grown substantially from 1997 until peaking in 2000 between 9.4% and 11.5% of the total market. The most recent estimate for 2007 suggests that the illicit market occupied between 7.0% and 11.2% of the total market. These estimates are significantly lower than the anecdotal claims of the tobacco industry. Although the scale of the illicit market is significant it has not undermined tobacco control policy. Consumption in the total market, including both the illicit and legal market, has declined in size consistently. At the same time, tax revenue from higher excise taxes has offset the tax losses as a result of illicit trade.
Analysis of lightning-induced voltages on overhead lines

Since the publication in 1967 of the author's original analysis on induced voltages on overhead lines by nearby lighting strokes, G. Cornfield (1972) and J.L. Jakubowski (1974) have made important suggestions to improve the analysis. The author examines these suggestions with the intent of implementing then where necessary. He has incorporated Cornfield's correction and concludes that Jakubowski's suggestion is incorrect. >
Fine tuning the optical properties of Au-Ag nanocages by selectively etching Ag with oxygen and a water-soluble thiol.

We present a facile method for fine tuning the optical properties of Au–Ag nanocages with oxygen (from air) and a water-soluble thiol. When nanocages were dispersed in an aqueous solution containing the thiol, the pure Ag inside the cages was selectively etched away. As a result, the wall thickness of the nanocages decreased and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak was red shifted. We also found that the extent of etching and LSPR peak position could be both controlled by varying the concentration of the thiol solution, allowing us to tailor and tune the optical properties of nanocages without involving galvanic replacement and dealloying reactions.
Computing in solvable matrix groups

The author announces methods for efficient management of solvable matrix groups over finite fields. He shows that solvability and nilpotence can be tested in polynomial-time. Such efficiency seems unlikely for membership-testing, which subsumes the discrete-log problem. However, assuming that the primes in mod G mod (other than the field characteristic) are polynomially-bounded, membership-testing and many other computational problems are in polynomial time. These problems include finding stabilizers of vectors and of subspaces and finding centralizers and intersections of subgroups. An application to solvable permutation groups puts the problem of finding normalizers of subgroups into polynomial time. Some of the results carry over directly to finite matrix groups over algebraic number fields; thus, testing solvability is in polynomial time, as is testing membership and finding Sylow subgroups. >
Time‐accurate stabilized finite‐element model for weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive water waves

Introduction of a time-accurate stabilized finite-element approximation for the numerical investigation of weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive water waves is presented in this paper. To make the time approximation match the order of accuracy of the spatial representation of the linear triangular elements by the Galerkin finite-element method, the fourth-order time integration of implicit multistage Pade method is used for the development of the numerical scheme. The streamline-upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) method with crosswind diffusion is employed to stabilize the scheme and suppress the spurious oscillations, usually common in the numerical computation of convection-dominated flow problems. The performance of numerical stabilization and accuracy is addressed. Treatments of various boundary conditions, including the open boundary conditions, the perfect reflecting boundary conditions along boundaries with irregular geometry, are also described. Numerical results showing the comparisons with analytical solutions, experimental measurements, and other published numerical results are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Function for the PAR Complex in Subcellular Morphogenesis of Tracheal Terminal Cells in Drosophila melanogaster

The processes that generate cellular morphology are not well understood. To investigate this problem, we use Drosophila melanogaster tracheal terminal cells, which undergo two distinct morphogenetic processes: subcellular branching morphogenesis and subcellular apical lumen formation. Here we show these processes are regulated by components of the PAR-polarity complex. This complex, composed of the proteins Par-6, Bazooka (Par-3), aPKC, and Cdc42, is best known for roles in asymmetric cell division and apical/basal polarity. We find Par-6, Bazooka, and aPKC, as well as known interactions between them, are required for subcellular branch initiation, but not for branch outgrowth. By analysis of single and double mutants, and isolation of two novel alleles of Par-6, one of which specifically truncates the Par-6 PDZ domain, we conclude that dynamic interactions between apical PAR-complex members control the branching pattern of terminal cells. These data suggest that canonical apical PAR-complex activity is required for subcellular branching morphogenesis. In addition, we find the PAR proteins are downstream of the FGF pathway that controls terminal cell branching. In contrast, we find that while Par-6 and aPKC are both required for subcellular lumen formation, neither Bazooka nor a direct interaction between Par-6 and aPKC is needed for this process. Thus a novel, noncanonical role for the polarity proteins Par-6 and aPKC is used in formation of this subcellular apical compartment. Our results demonstrate that proteins from the PAR complex can be deployed independently within a single cell to control two different morphogenetic processes.
Obesity Is Associated with Race/Sex Disparities in Diabetes and Hypertension Prevalence, But Not Cardiovascular Disease, Among HIV-Infected Adults

Abstract Race/sex differences are observed in cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk and prevalence in the context of treated, chronic HIV infection, and these differences could be exacerbated by disparities in obesity prevalence. We sought to determine the effect of obesity on these disparities among people living with HIV. Prevalence of CMD (dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disorders, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease) was determined for patients seen at the University of Alabama at Birmingham HIV clinic between 7/2010 and 6/2011. Staged logistic regression was used to examine the impact of race/sex on comorbidities adjusting for key confounders including/excluding obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2). Of 1,800 participants, 77% were male, 54% were black, and 25% were obese. Obesity prevalence differed by race/sex: black women 49%, black men 24%, white women 24%, white men 15% (p<0.01). Compared to white men, other groups had reduced odds for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disorders (p<0.01). Black...
Packaging Design and Assembly for Ultrahigh Energy Density Microbatteries

For commercially available lithium ion batteries, the package structures can account for as much as 70% of its volume. In a multiyear effort, we have developed designs, fabrications, and assembly processes for ultrahigh energy density microbatteries of 5 and 1 mm3. Over the course of the research, the packaging system evolved due to changes or limitation specific to the battery system itself. During the study, improvements in the construction of the housing for the cathodes were made. Anodized aluminum cans fabricated through our in-house micromachining facility replaced the electroformed gold cans used in earlier experiments. Throughout the iteration of the can design, a flange around its open end, which would be used for sealing, was present, and both designs were fabricated as arrays. The ability to fabricate the housings in an array format lends it to be implemented into a scalable production assembly process. Materials evaluated for the cover ranged from copper foil to the final design of metalized s...
Announcing the 2016 Toxins Travel Awards for Post-Doctoral Fellows and Ph.D. Students

With the goal of promoting the development of early career investigators in the field of toxinology, Toxins welcomed applications for the 2016 Toxins Travel Awards for post-doctoral fellows and Ph.D. students. [...]
Ty3 Retrotransposon Hijacks Mating Yeast RNA Processing Bodies to Infect New Genomes.

Retrotransposition of the budding yeast long terminal repeat retrotransposon Ty3 is activated during mating. In this study, proteins that associate with Ty3 Gag3 capsid protein during virus-like particle (VLP) assembly were identified by mass spectrometry and screened for roles in mating-stimulated retrotransposition. Components of RNA processing bodies including DEAD box helicases Dhh1/DDX6 and Ded1/DDX3, Sm-like protein Lsm1, decapping protein Dcp2, and 5’ to 3’ exonuclease Xrn1 were among the proteins identified. These proteins associated with Ty3 proteins and RNA, and were required for formation of Ty3 VLP retrosome assembly factories and for retrotransposition. Specifically, Dhh1/DDX6 was required for normal levels of Ty3 genomic RNA, and Lsm1 and Xrn1 were required for association of Ty3 protein and RNA into retrosomes. This role for components of RNA processing bodies in promoting VLP assembly and retrotransposition during mating in a yeast that lacks RNA interference, contrasts with roles proposed for orthologous components in animal germ cell ribonucleoprotein granules in turnover and epigenetic suppression of retrotransposon RNAs.