cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organic compounds in meteorites.

Recent studies of carbonaceous chondrites provide evidence that certain organic compounds are indigenous and the result of an abiotic, chemical synthesis. The results of several investigators have established the presence of amino acids and precursors, mono- and dicarboxylic acids, N-heterocycles, and hydrocarbons as well as other compounds. For example, studies of the Murchison and Murray meteorites have revealed the presence of at least 40 amino acids with nearly equal abundances of D and L isomers. The population consists of both protein and nonprotein amino acids including a wide variety of linear, cyclic, and polyfunctional types. Results show a trend of decreasing concentration with increasing carbon number, with the most abundant being glycine (41 n Moles/g). These and other results to be reviewed provide persuasive support for the theory of chemical evolution and provide the only natural evidence for the protobiological subset of molecules from which life on earth may have arisen.
Cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen and its domain 5 inhibit migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells through the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway

Upregulation and activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and/or urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in a variety of cancers have been shown to be associated with poor prognosis. High-molecular-weight kininogen can be hydrolysed by plasma kallikrein to bradykinin and cleaved high-molecular-weight kininogen (HKa). HKa and its domain 5 (D5) both have been shown to have potent anti-angiogenic activity. We now show that HKa blocks human prostate cancer cell (DU145) migration by 76.0+/-2.4% at 300 nM and invasion by 78.0+/-12.9% at 11.1 nM. D5 inhibits tumor migration and invasion in a concentration-dependent manner. Stimulation by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor results in clustering of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the surface of DU145 cells. The co-localization of uPAR and EGFR is prevented by HKa. Immunoprecipitation suggests that uPAR, EGFR and alpha5beta1 integrin formed a ternary complex. Immunoblotting shows that HKa significantly decreases the bFGF-transactivated phosphorylation of EGFR at Tyr 1173 between 30 min and 4 h. The phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AKT, which are downstream effectors of EGFR, is also inhibited by HKa. These novel data indicate that HKa and D5 inhibit migration and invasion of human prostate cancer cells through an EGFR/uPAR pathway, suggesting the therapeutic potential of HKa and D5 to decrease metastasis of human prostate cancer.
An assembly for C14O2 collection in metabolic studies for liquid scintillation counting

An inexpensive method for multiple determinations in metabolic studies of oxidation of C14 substrates for subsequent lipuid scintillation counting is presented. As previously reported (1), complete transfer of C14O2 trapped in the collecting vial can be effected in a single operation.
The emergence of psycholinguistics

The interdisciplinary activity between psychology and linguistics, known as psycholinguistics, may offer a unique case study in integrat ing two sciences because parallel episodes of psycholinguistics emer ged independently and produced parallel topics and theories. One episode came around the turn of the century, primarily in Europe; the other came in the 1960s, primarily in the United States. They were mirror images of each other, as I hope to point out in this review. The two episodes the early and the recent psycholinguistics were separated by more than just a few decades; they were also separated by the behaviorist movement in the social sciences, by the shift of academic dominance from German to American universities, and by a lapse of contacts between European and American scholars in this field. All but our most recent histories of psychology (and all of our introductory textbooks) still reflect behaviorist and American inter pretations of psychology's past, an historical treatment of the field that left later psycholinguists unaware of the earlier psycholinguists whose work they duplicated. Thus the whims of history provide an opportunity to study an interdisciplinary activity that arose twice, independently, at different times and places. In making comparisons between the two we may find generalities about interdisciplinary activity that are independent of time, place, and culture. I will speak mostly about the early period of psycholinguistics, though I will draw comparisons with the later period which is the focus of Arthur Reber's paper following mine.
Use of endocrine hormones for treating depression.

Abstract Disturbances in some endocrine hormones have been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Some of these hormones (and drugs that affect hormone function) have been used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of depression, especially adrenal, thyroid, and gonadal axis hormones. Open-label and controlled studies of various drugs that directly suppress or inhibit adrenal axis function have shown some benefit for the treatment of major depression, including treatment-resistant depression. Thyroid hormone augmentation is effective for nonresponders to antidepressant agents, although it has not been studied extensively. Estrogen may improve mild mood symptoms in perimenopausal women but may not be effective alone for major depression. Evidence of the antidepressant effects of testosterone in men is inconsistent, with mixed results from controlled studies. The adrenal steroid hormone dehydroepiandrosterone has an important role in mood regulation and may have significant antidepressant effects.
Linear stability analysis of gas-liquid interface

This paper extends the Rayleigh theory to study the interface instability of axisymmetric gas-liquid flows. The dispersion equations of cylindrical liquid sheets were derived and numerical solutions were obtained. Two families of instability curves were found; one for symmetric disturbances and the other for antisymmetric disturbances. Two limiting cases can be recovered from derived dispersion equations. The equation recovers the Rayleigh instability of round jets for symmetric disturbances and recovers the hollow jet or submerged jet instability for antisymmetric disturbances. Effects due to ambient fluid density and ambient fluid velocity on liquid-sheet instabilities were examined.
Polymer-pendant ligand chemistry, 2: Reactions of vanadyl acetylacetonate with catechol ligands bonded to polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins and structural determination of the vanadium catecholates on the polymer

Abstract The reactions of catechol ligands, bonded to either 2% or 20% crosslinked methylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene resins (CAT-PS-DVB), with vanadyl acetylacetonate [VO(AcAc)2] were studied. Vanadyl ion removal from solution at equilibrium was 0.104 mmol V/g of resin and 0.075 mmol V/g of resin for the 2% and 20% CAT-PS-DVB resins, respectively. It was found that the 20% crosslinked modified resin was limited in the vanadyl ion ligand exchange reaction by diffusion into the resin, while this was not the case for the 2% crosslinked modified resin. The effect of the base, triethylamine, dramatically increased the amount of vanadyl ion removed from solution, via ligand exchange; this is thought to occur by deprotonation of the catechol ligand. The bidentate ligand, bipyridine, had no effect on the removal of vanadyl ion in the ligand exchange reaction and thus apparently does not form a 1 : 1 complex with the vanadium catecholate bonded complex. The structures of the vanadium catecholates on the resin were tentatively established by infrared and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to include two vanadium (4 +) complexes - a vanadyl bis(catecholate) complex, , and a distorted tris(catecholate) complex of octahedral geometry, . Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis (EDX) studies were also performed on the 2% and 20% cross-linked vanadium-containing CAT-PS-DVB resins to show clearly a uniform distribution of vanadium throughout both the resins.
Anisotropy, Itineracy, and Magnetic Frustration in High- T C Iron Pnictides

Using first-principles density functional theory calculations combined with insight from a tight-binding representation, dynamical mean field theory, and linear response theory, we have extensively investigated the electronic structures and magnetic interactions of nine ferropnictides representing three different structural classes. The calculated magnetic interactions are found to be short range, and the nearest (${J}_{1a}$) and next-nearest (${J}_{2}$) exchange constants follow the universal trend of ${J}_{1a}/2{J}_{2}\ensuremath{\sim}1$, despite their itinerant origin and extreme sensitivity to the $z$ position of As. These results bear on the discussion of itineracy versus magnetic frustration as the key factor in stabilizing the superconducting ground state. The calculated spin-wave dispersions show strong magnetic anisotropy in the Fe plane, in contrast with cuprates.
Black mat syndrome, an invasive mycotic disease of the tanner crab, Chionoecetes bairdi

Abstract Black mat syndrome, caused by an encrusting fungus on the exterior of the carapace of tanner crabs, has been known for many years. Although it is a nuisance when processing crabs for the commercial market, it has been thought to be restricted to the external surfaces of the crab and, therefore, nonpathogenic. In the present study, 11 tanner crabs from the Kodiak area of Alaska with and 9 without grossly recognizable masses of the fungus on the carapace were necropsied and examined histologically utilizing special stains selective for fungi. In all individuals with the syndrome, hyphae of the fungus, previously identified as Phoma fimeti, penetrated the carapace and virtually replaced the underlying epidermis. In the more advanced cases, the eyestalk was invaded and the epidermis destroyed, and hyphae extended into the eyestalk musculature and nervous tissue. To date, infections of the connective tissue sheaths surrounding the esophagus, stomach, heart, hemopoetic tissue, thoracic ganglion, antennal gland, and ovary have also been observed. None of the crabs without the syndrome contained internal hyphae. Although data on the lethality of the disease are not yet available, the ease with which the hyphae penetrate the chitinous exoskeleton, their extensive proliferation in the epidermis, and their ability to invade deep tissues causing obvious pathological effects, are highly suggestive that it is a virulent, probably fatal, disease that may have a significant impact on tanner crab population dynamics.
Molecular linkage studies of bipolar disorders

Objectives: To review the reports of linkage findings for bipolar disorder. Methods: Literature review of published linkage findings in bipolar disorder. Results: There are several regions of the human genome that have been implicated repeatedly by independent investigators. These include 4p16, 12q24, 18q22, 18p11, 21q21 and 22q11. Two of these regions (18p11 and 22q11) are also implicated in genome scans of schizophrenia, suggesting that these two distinct nosological categories may share some genetic susceptibility. This hypothesis can only be tested when the underlying genes are identified.
Catalyst Deterioration over the Lifetime of Small Utility Engines

In this paper, the deterioration of catalysts in small, four-stroke, spark-ignition engines is described. The laboratory testing performed followed a proven test method that mimics the lifetime of a small air-cooled utility engine operating under normal field conditions. The engines used were single-cylinder, 6.5-hp, side-valve engines. These engines have a nominal 125-hr lifetime. The effectiveness of the catalysts was determined by testing exhaust emissions before and after the catalyst to determine the catalyst's efficiency. This was done several times during the lifetime of the engines to determine the deterioration in the performance of the catalysts at lowering pollutant emissions. Additional testing was performed on the catalysts to determine wear patterns, contamination, and recoverable activity. The results indicate that considerable catalyst deterioration is occurring over the lifetime of the engine. The results reveal that soot buildup, poisons, and active surface loss appear to be the contributing factors to the deterioration. These results were determined after analyzing the exhaust emissions data, scanning electron microscope results analysis, and the impact of regeneration attempts. An ANOVA statistical analysis was performed, and it was determined that the emissions are also impacted, to some degree, by time and the engine itself.
Properties of Patterned Gallium Arsenide on Silicon

The growth of GaAs on Si by MBE through openings in an oxide or nitride represents a convenient means for achieving monolithic GaAs/Si integration. We have examined a number of the materials growth and processing issues that must be resolved in order to achieve this goal. Some of the specific areas that have been investigated are (a) the effect of trench etching on the morphology of the patterned GaAs; (b) the dependence of patterned feature size on Hall mobility in both as-grown and postgrowth annealed samples; (c) the effect of annealing on the defect structure in the transition region from single crystal GaAs to polycrystalline growth; (d) the dependence of GaAs MESFET performance on proximity to the polycrystal transition; and (e) the performance of Si MOS devices following the GaAs MBE growth. Specific growth and processing issues concerning the integration of GaAs and Si device functions have also been examined.
Apoptosis during bone‐like tissue development in vitro

We present evidence of cell death by apoptosis during the development of bone-like tissue formation in vitro. Fetal rat calvaria-derived osteoblasts differentiate in vitro, progressing through three stages of maturation: a proliferation period, a matrix maturation period when growth is downregulated and expression of the bone cell phenotype is induced, and a third mineralization stage marked by the expression of bone-specific genes. Here we show for the first time that cells differentiating to the mature bone cell phenotype undergo programmed cell death and express genes regulating apoptosis. Culture conditions that modify expression of the osteoblast phenotype simultaneously modify the incidence of apoptosis. Cell death by apoptosis is directly demonstrated by visualization of degraded DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments after gel electrophoresis. Bcl-XL, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and Bax, which can accelerate apoptosis, are expressed at maximal levels 24 h after initial isolation of the cells and again after day 25 in heavily mineralized bone tissue nodules. Bcl-2 is expressed in a reciprocal manner to its related gene product Bcl-XL with the highest levels observed during the early post-proliferative stages of osteoblast maturation. Expression of p53, c-fos, and the interferon regulatory factors IRF-1 and IRF-2, but not cdc2 or cdk, were also induced in mineralized bone nodules. The upregulation of Msx-2 in association with apoptosis is consistent with its in vivo expression during embryogenesis in areas that will undergo programmed cell death. We propose that cell death by apoptosis is a fundamental component of osteoblast differentiation that contributes to maintaining tissue organization.
Governance in the Age of Globalization: Challenges and Opportunities for South and Southeast Asia

Governance and public administration are as old as human civilizations, which originated in this old continent of Asia. Both concepts have evolved significantly, from government and public administration to governance and administration or management today. Indeed, replacing or substituting governance for public administration has be-come a fashionable trend in academic as well as practitioner’ circles worldwide. This begs a key research question: “why ‘governance’ now, what about public administra-tion, and why they have become so important today in the process of governance now?” This is a question in need of serious investigation and analysis, a task beyond the scope of this paper—I have addressed it in another paper, “Globalization and Governance”, in which it is hypothesized that the concept of ‘governance is directly related to the rise of contemporary globalization’, “a process through which worldwide integration is taking place”, with public administration as a central moderator.
Daily dosing versus alternate-day dosing of simvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia.

Study Objective. To compare the efficacy of daily simvastatin administration with that of alternate-day therapy at double the daily dose. Design. Nonrandomized, before-after comparison trial. Setting. Outpatient clinic of a Veterans Affairs medical center. Patients. Fifteen men with hyperlipidemia. Intervention. The simvastatin regimen for patients with a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) level at their established National Cholesterol Education Program goal was converted from daily dosing to double the daily dose given every other day for 8 weeks. Measurements and Main Results. Baseline laboratory values were obtained for patients receiving daily simvastatin therapy. After 8 weeks of alternate-day therapy, follow-up laboratory values were obtained and assessed for efficacy and toxicity. The LDL-lowering effect of the daily dosing regimen was compared with that of the alternate-day dosing regimen. Paired t tests were computed to compare LDL concentrations before and after the study using a 95% confidence interval. No statistically significant difference was observed. Conclusion. Alternate-day dosing of simvastatin may be an effective alternative to daily dosing. (Pharmacotherapy 2002;22(9):1110–1116)
Brain Health Fitness: Beyond Retirement

The greatest accomplishment of the 20th century—the doubling of the human lifespan—has brought issues related to brain health to the forefront of public health policy. Given that our bodies are outlasting our minds, maximizing brain health is the scientific cause of this millennium. In this paper, we address three major issues related to maintaining and, perhaps, enhancing brain health in seniors. First, we define the construct of brain health fitness. Second, we discuss gist reasoning as a metric of brain health fitness and as a construct of brain health training. Lastly, we propose that healthy brain habits can be practiced by incorporating gist reasoning during complex everyday life and leisure activities to elevate chances for maintaining brain health fitness beyond retirement for a sustainable future.
Infant cardiac fibroma with clonal t(1;9)(q32;q22) and review of benign fibrous tissue cytogenetics

Cardiac fibromas are rare lesions which occur more frequently in infants and children than in the adult population. These tumors are nonmalignant proliferations of connective tissue most often found in the left ventricular myocardium or septal myocardium. No cytogenetic studies of cardiac fibromas have been reported. We report a case of an infant with a subepicardial tumor in whom the cytogenetic analysis showed a clonal reciprocal translocation, 46,XY,t(1;9)(q32;q22),inv(9)(p11q12)c. We review the literature regarding cardiac fibromas and briefly discuss the cytogenetics of benign fibrous neoplasias.
Susceptibility in Amphibian Development

In a recent paper Mr. H. Graham Cannon (1) has presented data on susceptibility in amphibian development, some of which are in disagreement with Bellamy’s results (2, 3), and has also criticised the application of the physiological gradient conception to the higher animals. In response to inquiry whether the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society’ were open to us if re-examination of contested points should make further discussion desirable, Dr. E. W. MacBride has very kindly consented to communicate to the Society a statement of our results and our position. We wish to express our appreciation of this courtesy and of the courtesy of the Royal Society in admitting this communication. During the amphibian breeding season of the present year (1923) we have worked with four genera, Amblystoma tigrinum, Bufo americanus, Corophilus nigritus , and Rana pipiens , with reference to the points disputed by Mr. Cannon. The work was in part repetition of earlier work and in part new. The present paper includes results of this work so far as they concern points at issue: we have also taken the opportunity to clear up certain obscurities and to supply certain omissions to which Mr. Cannon has kindly called attention. And finally, in the hope of avoiding to some extent future misunderstanding of our views we have attempted a brief statement of the chief results of the susceptibility method and of the conclusions to which it has led.
Monte Carlo Based Simulation of Sensitivity Curvature for Evaluating Optimal Probe Geometry

Probe geometry can significantly influence the performances of functional near-infrared spectroscopy applications. This in silico work presents a novel approach for probe placement optimization based on the minimization of sensitivity curvature.
ISolation and identification of 16-OH pregnenolone (pregn-5-en-3β,16α-diol-20-one) in urine from a patient with adrenocortical carcinoma

Abstract The isolation and identification of 16-OH-pregnenolone (pregn-5-en-3β, 16α-diol-20-one) in urine from a patient with adrenocortical carcinoma is reported for the first time. The patient is a 12 year 9 month old girl with slight hirsutism, arterial hypertension and episodes of hypoglycemia. A 700 gram adrenocortical carcinoma of the right adrenal gland was surgically removed. Urine collected before surgery was submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis and to solvolysis. The “glucosiduronate” and the “sulfate” fractions were chromatographed separately in alumina column using a gradient elution technique. 16-OH-pregnenolone was present in the urine in the amount of 8.7 mg/24 h., 7.0 mg being excreted as “glucosiduronate” and 1.7 mg. as “sulfate”. Pregn-5-en-3β, 16α, 20α-triol was excreted in the amount of 11.0 mg/24 h., almost entirely as “glucosiduronate”. Identification of these steroids was confirmed by infrared spectrography. The 24 hour-urinary excretion of other steroids was as follows: 17-hydroxycorticoids 43.0 mg., tetrahydro “S” 7.2 mg., pregnanetriol 2.4 mg., total 17-ketosteroids 31.0 mg., and the “beta” fraction as measured by Allen's procedure 18.0 mg. The large amount of urinary 16-OH-pregnenolone and its metabolite pregn-5-en-3β,16α,20α-triol presumably is related to some of the clinical signs present in our patient, particularly to the episodes of hypoglycemia.
Postnatal growth of the mammalian lung: influence of exercise and thyroid activity.

Abstract Among different mammalian species the internal surface area of the lung correlates line. With the rate of resting O 2 consumption. Since most of this surface develops during early postnatal life through the emergence of new alveoli, a change in the metabolic requirements imposed on an animal during this period might alter the extent of lung growth and/or the dimensions of the respi ratory units. The lungs of young rats, whose metabolism had been altered by daily exercise or by elevation or depression of thyroid function, were quantitatively compared with lungs of control animals No significant morphological differences were found. These results suggest a genetic basis for the interspecific correlation of lung structure and function and intraspecific refractoriness to differences in metabolic demand.
Two types of ribonucleoprotein in the nucleolus of mammalian cells.

NUCLEOLAR differentiation has been recognized since the time of Gustav Valentin. Agassiz1 referred to a body within the nucleolus of the turtle egg as the “Valentinian vesicle”. Montgomery2 and Heidenhain3 called this structure the nucleolinus. Recently, it has been suggested that the appearance of vesicular or solid nucleolini is due to the presence of a reticulum or thread called the nucleolonema4. None of the procedures that reveal nucleolonemata4–6 has any cytochemical significance. Serra7 suggested that the intranucleolar differentiation revealed by empirical procedures may be the result of physical rather than chemical inhomogeneity within the nucleolus. Chemical differences have, however, been found in the nucleoli of plant cells. Chayen et al.8 demonstrated one or more inner zones of protein material and an outer zone that probably contained ribonucleoprotein. Further evidence of cytochemical differentiation in the nucleolus has been provided by a new stain for nucleoproteins9.
Developmental and experiential changes in dendritic symmetry in n. laminaris of the chick

Abstract Early acoustic experience affects the structure of neurons in the brainstem of young chickens. In the binaurally innervated cells of the nucleurs laminaris the symmetry of the dorsal and ventral dendritic trees normally increases during the embryonic and early postnatal period. Unilateral ear plugs disrupt that development. This study shows that balanced stimulation plays an important role in the development of symmetrical neuronal structures in the central auditory pathway.
The role of emotion and narrative in the reciprocal construction of identity

Each individual has a life story, and it is this story that gives us an identity, allowing us to exist and function among one another. It is natural for us to communicate through narratives. The process of creating a sense of identity through storytelling allows us to participate in interpersonal relationships, while constructing and sustaining a satisfying self-concept. Through a unique interplay of managing emotional experiences and constructing a way of communicating those experiences to others, and ourselves, we begin to construct who we think we are. This research study uses both oral and written narratives, full of emotion, as a means to uncover identity development. By researching both dimensions of narrative, this study reveals not only the tensions that exist between expressing our emotions and maintaining an acceptable image within organizations, but also shows the reality between how we see ourselves and how we want others to see us.
A new design of pliers for safer colour ringing

Here, I describe a new design of pliers which makes colour ringing with plastic rings more practical. I evaluate the effectiveness of these pliers under field conditions and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the design.
Estimating Occupancy to Monitor Northern Goshawk in the Central Rocky Mountains

ABSTRACT Designing monitoring programs to evaluate trends in low-density wildlife species at regional scales is challenging given difficulties detecting uncommon organisms distributed in potential habitats over large spatial extents. The northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) has been petitioned for listing under the Endangered Species Act and the review of the petition indicated a need for information on population trend. To evaluate trends in goshawk populations, the U.S. Forest Service developed the Northern Goshawk Bioregional Monitoring Design to estimate goshawk occupancy over broad spatial extents. We adapted and implemented this design to approximately 30,600 km of 88,128 km of National Forest System lands in the Forest Service Rocky Mountain Region, including portions of Colorado, Wyoming, and South Dakota. We developed a stratified random design to monitor goshawk occupancy in sampling units, defined by primary and secondary habitat quality as well as accessibility. To define habitat quality, we ...
The end of the cold war and international law: An empirical analysis

(1999). The end of the cold war and international law: An empirical analysis. Global Society: Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 7-23.
Polynomial Equations and Convex Polytopes

(1998). Polynomial Equations and Convex Polytopes. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 105, No. 10, pp. 907-922.
A pleasure paradox

(1981). A pleasure paradox. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 59, No. 3, pp. 323-331.
Nondisplaced elbow fractures: A commonly occurring and difficult diagnosis.

Abstract Purpose Determine the sensitivity and specificity of radiography in identifying nondisplaced elbow fractures after trauma. Our hypothesis is that nondisplaced fractures occur commonly following impact injuries and are difficult to diagnose with plain film imaging. Methods An in vitro double-blinded study of 16 cadaver arms was designed, simulating axial forearm trauma. Following injury, anteroposterior and lateral radiographs were obtained. Each specimen was dissected, and the injury described. A musculoskeletal radiologist, blinded to dissection results, examined the radiographs. Results Dissection revealed 39 fractures of 96 sites examined. A total of 14 fractures were nondisplaced, 7 involving the coronoid process. Radiographs identified 27 fractures. Of the 12 missed fractures, 11 were nondisplaced. Radiographic diagnosis of nondisplaced elbow fractures demonstrated a 21% sensitivity, 95% specificity, 50% positive predictive value, and 83% negative predictive value. Conclusions Radiography for nondisplaced elbow fractures demonstrated limited success. Additional imaging studies may be required in suspected elbow injuries with initial negative radiographs.
Near-surface and bulk behavior of Ag in SiC

Abstract The diffusive release of fission products, such as Ag, from TRISO particles at high temperatures has raised concerns regarding safe and economic operation of advanced nuclear reactors. Understanding the mechanisms of Ag diffusion is thus of crucial importance for effective retention of fission products. Two mechanisms, i.e., grain boundary diffusion and vapor or surface diffusion through macroscopic structures such as nano-pores or nano-cracks, remain in debate. In the present work, an integrated computational and experimental study of the near-surface and bulk behavior of Ag in silicon carbide (SiC) has been carried out. The ab initio calculations show that Ag prefers to adsorb on the SiC surface rather than in the bulk, and the mobility of Ag on the surface is high. The energy barrier for Ag desorption from the surface is calculated to be 0.85–1.68 eV, and Ag migration into bulk SiC through equilibrium diffusion process is not favorable. Experimentally, Ag ions are implanted into SiC to produce Ag profiles buried in the bulk and peaked at the surface. High-temperature annealing leads to Ag release from the surface region instead of diffusion into the interior of SiC. It is suggested that surface diffusion through mechanical structural imperfection, such as vapor transport through cracks in SiC coatings, may be a dominating mechanism accounting for Ag release from the SiC in the nuclear reactor.
Facts, Theories, Values and Destitution in the Works of Sir Partha Dasgupta

Abstract Partha Dasgupta (2005, p. 226) seriously misunderstands Hilary Putnam's analysis of the entanglement of facts, theories and values, and claims that Bergson–Samuelson provided economics with foundations amounting to ‘a broad, ethical structure.’ Actually, Bergson–Samuelson were attempting to provide economists with a way of avoiding ethical commitments altogether. But it is not in Dasgupta's interest to make this attempt to avoid values, and it clouds the understanding of his own major contributions to the study of poverty, oppression, and destitution (Dasgupta, 1993, 2001), which combine rigorous modeling with an up-to-date knowledge of moral philosophy and with humane values. Of special interest to this Review, is the fact that Dasgupta's major works give evidence of properties that have been characteristic of the emerging second phase in the development of present-day classical theory.
F -center production in alkali halide crystals by monochromatic x-ray and ultraviolet radiation.

The spectral dependence of the F-center production efficiency was observed in the hard-x-ray region at the K edge of bromine in KBr and in the near-ultraviolet part of the spectrum corresponding to the exciton region of several alkali halides. Evidence of a definite increase at the core threshold was observed as well as a significant wavelength dependence of the F-center production efficiency in the near-uv region. These studies were made possible by the development of an extremely sensitive method of detecting F centers in ultralow concentrations, which utilizes the luminescent properties of these centers.
Microstructure and mechanical properties of annealed Al-1%Si bonding wire

The microstructure and mechanical properties of 1.25-mil diameter Al-1%Si bonding wire annealed at various temperatures and times have been investigated. The results indicate that the strength shows normal decrease with increasing time and temperature, but the elongation exhibits an unusual U-shaped variation. Of interest is a special point in annealing at a given temperature, that is, same strength (σs = σb = 150–160 MPa), same elongation (δ 300°C), the recrystallized structure has a fine annealing texture that possesses less elongation. At intermediate temperature (300–480°C), some grains grow to intersecting grains and form a mixed structure in which the elongation is about 3–6%. At temperature greater than 480°C, the grains grow rapidly to ultra-long grains. Single slip occurs easily in these ultra-long grains, resulting in lower strength and greater elongation (10–16%). For wire testing, the geometric factors of the wire play a very important role, affecting the microstructure and mechanical properties.
Associations between the impact of terrorism and health perceptions of patients.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks on anxiety and anxiety-related conditions in Americans. However, data regarding associations between the attacks and patients' health perceptions are lacking. The objective of this study was to explore associations between the personal impact of the September 11th attacks and patients' perceptions of health and illness. METHOD: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 303 adult African-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic patients at primary care clinics in Houston, Texas. Data were collected between October 15, 2001 and March 1, 2002. We developed items to measure the impact of the September 11th attacks and patients' quality of life. Previously validated scales were used to measure health status, health locus of control, preferences regarding the patient-physician relationship, and patients' explanatory models of illness. RESULTS: Twenty-two percent of patients reported no impact from the attacks, 41% reported mildly negative impact, 22% reported moderately negative impact, and 15% reported extremely negative impact in their lives. In multivariate analysis, demographic characteristics were not associated with impact from the attacks. However, patients who perceived a more external locus of control with respect to health and patients who reported greater meaning of illness in their lives also reported more negative impact from the September 11th attacks. CONCLUSIONS: The September 11th terrorist attacks had at least a somewhat negative impact for a majority of patients far from the site of the nearest attack, and regardless of their demographic backgrounds. The amount of negative impact that patients perceived as a result of the terrorist attacks correlates with certain illness perceptions, including an external health locus of control and a perception of greater meaning of illness in one's life. Such correlations may indicate an effect of terrorism on patients' illness behaviors. Further research is needed to better understand effects of the threat of terrorism on the general health and illness behaviors of patients. Language: en
A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM THE WESTERN HOGNOSE SNAKE, HETERODON NASICUS (SERPENTES: XENODONTIDAE), FROM TEXAS

Abstract A new species of coccidian (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) is described from the feces of a western hognose snake Heterodon nasicus (Serpentes: Xenodontidae) collected from Texas, and housed in the collection of the Zoological Society of London. Oocysts of Eimeria mchenryi n. sp. are cylindrical, 35.0 ± SD 1.4 (32–37) × 17.0 ± 0.7 (16–18) µm; the shape index (length/width) is 2.05. A micropyle, oocyst residuum, and polar granule are absent. Sporocysts are subspherical 9.3 (7–11.5) × 7.7 (6–9) µm, with a shape index of 1.2. There is a sporocyst residuum, but the new species is lacking Stieda bodies. The new species is distinct from those previously named from the Xenodontidae and the allied family, Colubridae.
Nonstationary array signal detection using time-frequency and time-scale representations

Quadratic time-frequency representations (TFRs) and time-scale representations (TSRs) have been shown to be very useful for detecting nonstationary signals in the presence of nonstationary noise. The theory developed thus far is only for the single observation case; however, in many situations involving signal detection, there are advantages in using an array of receiving sensors. Sensor arrays allow for target or source localization and can provide a large gain in the SNR. We show that time-frequency and time-scale representations provide a natural structure for the detection of a large class of nonstationary signals in the presence of nonstationary noise using an array of sensors. That is, time-frequency and time-scale provide a detection structure that is both optimal and allows for efficient implementation. In developing the TFR/TSR-based optimal quadratic array processor, we consider several types of array environments including those with full, partial, and no coherence.
Color and the intensity-time relation.

Measurements of the intensity necessary for monocular differential thresholds for red, green, and blue test lights were made at exposures of the test light ranging from 0.002 to 1.000 second. Central fixation was used, the colored test light appearing as a small dot brighter than the surrounding, white-lighted field. The adaptation brightness was just above the cone threshold. Adaptation was controlled over forty degrees of the visual field, including the very center. Three selected subjects, with normal color vision and acuity, contributed approximately one thousand threshold determinations. The method of limits was used. It was found that there were no differences among the critical durations for the three colors.
Correlations Between Na+‐K+ ATPase Activity and Acetylcholine Release in Rat Cortical Synaptosomes

[3H]Acetylcholine efflux and Na+-K+ ATPase ion pump activity were measured concomitantly in rat cortical synaptosomes. Ouabain (500 microM), strophanthidin (500 microM), and parachloromercuribenzene sulfonate (500 microM) each inhibited ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake and elevated [3H]acetylcholine release independently of the external calcium concentration. Veratridine (10 microM), electrical field stimulation (60 V, 60 Hz, 5-ms pulse duration), or the calcium ionophore A23187 (10 micrograms/ml) also inhibited ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake and released [3H]acetylcholine, but via a calcium-dependent process. Veratridine-induced [3H]acetylcholine release and ion pump inhibition were correlated over a wide range of drug concentrations and both effects were blocked by pre-treatment with tetrodotoxin (1 microM). The rate of [3H]acetylcholine efflux from superfused synaptosomes was increased within 15 s of exposure to ouabain, strophanthidin, veratridine, A23187, or field stimulation, while ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was significantly decreased within a similar interval. These results suggest that [3H]acetylcholine release is due at least in part to inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase.
Family Experiences in the Journey Through Dementia Diagnosis and Care

Families caring for loved ones with dementia encounter multiple challenges. This study aimed to describe experiences of families seeking diagnosis and subsequent care and treatment for relatives with dementia. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, 14 family caregivers living in diverse areas of Kansas were interviewed regarding their experiences with dementia diagnosis and treatment. Initially uncertain about symptom interpretation, caregivers encountered marked delays in getting a diagnosis once they sought medical care. The diagnostic process often took several years and visits to numerous physicians, required considerable diligence, and ultimately resulted in feelings of mistrust toward the medical community. Caregivers described the physical and emotional strain of providing care, although support groups facilitated access to some educational and community resources. Nurses are in an opportune position to educate families about dementia and caregiving and to ease the considerable challenges they f...
International Achievement Comparison: Interesting Debates on Inconclusive Findings.

International achievement comparison has drawn dramatic attention from the American public. However, the empirical findings have been quite confusing, due to conflicting interpretations disseminated in the research community. Evolution of the existing debates is reviewed in this article with emphases on some of the TIMSS responses relevant to educational practitioners. Technical issues in developing free-response items, conducting curriculum analyses, and evaluating videotape findings are also highlighted to penetrate potentially overlooked aspects of TIMSS. The balanced discussion illustrates some of the inconclusive features in comparative education.
Stress invariance and redundant moduli in three–dimensional elasticity

A three–dimensional framework is established for generating invariant stress configurations and associated shifts in the elastic compliance. Under these shifts the stress throughout an elastic body is unaltered, while the compatibility equations for the strain are automatically satisfied. The types of invariant stress fields and translations of the compliance identified here generalize the re9/19/2008sults of Cherkaev, Lurie and Milton (CLM) for planar elasticity. The key to the classification is the partitioning of the fourth–order compliance tensor into symmetric and antisymmetric components. The CLM theorem and its generalization are closely linked to the six–dimensional antisymmetric part of the compliance, and several examples are given of stress invariance under shifts of these elements of the compliance tensor.
Impact of a Prolonged Surgical Critical Illness on Patients’ Families

• BACKGROUND Long-term effects on patients’ families after a prolonged stay in a surgical intensive care unit are unclear. We hypothesized that illnesses requiring more than 7 days’ stay in the surgical intensive care unit would have significant, long-lasting effects on patients’ families that would be related to patients’ functional outcome. • METHODS All patients who stayed in the general surgery intensive care unit 7 days or more between July 1, 1996, and June 30, 1997, were enrolled. A total of 128 patients met the entry criteria, and families of surviving patients were interviewed at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months later. Maximum dysfunction/impact was compared with patients’ functional outcome. • RESULTS Significant disturbances in the families’ lives occurred throughout the 12 months of this study. Almost 60% of responding families provided a moderate or large amount of caregiving between 1 and 9 months after a prolonged illness, 44.9% had to quit work after 1 month, and more than 36.7% of families had lost savings after 1 year. Some families moved to a less expensive home, delayed educational plans, or delayed medical care for another family member. • CONCLUSIONS An acute surgical illness that results in a prolonged stay in an intensive care unit has a substantial effect on patients’ families that is maximal between 1 and 3 months and parallels the patient’s functional outcome. Systems that provide support to both patients and their families should be emphasized in the hospital and after discharge. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2002;11:459-466)
Microbial pathogenesis in cystic fibrosis: co-ordinate regulation of heat-shock response and conversion to mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Conversion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the mucoid phenotype plays a major role in the pathogenesis of respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis (CF). One mechanism responsible for mucoidy is based on mutations that inactivate the anti-sigma factor, MucA, which normally inhibits the alternative sigma factor, AIgU. The loss of MucA allows AIgU to freely direct transcription of the genes responsible for the production of the exopolysaccharide alginate resulting in mucoid colony morphology. In Escherichia coli, a close homologue of AIgU, sigma(E), directs transcription of several genes under conditions of extreme heat shock. Here we examined whether AIgU, besides its role in controlling alginate production, affects the heat-shock response in P. aeruginosa. The P. aeruginosa rpoH gene encoding a homologue of the major heat-shock sigma factor, sigma32, was found to be transcribed by AIgU containing RNA polymerase from one of its promoters (P3) identified in this study. Transcription of rpoH from P3 was elevated upon exposure to extreme heat shock in an aIgU-dependent manner. Importantly, the AIgU-dependent promoter of rpoH was found to be activated in mucoid mucA mutants. In keeping with this observation, introduction of a wild-type mucA gene abrogated AIgU-dependent rpoH transcription in mucoid P. aeruginosa laboratory isolates and CF isolates. These results suggest that conversion to mucoidy and the heat-shock response are co-ordinately regulated in P. aeruginosa. The simultaneous activation of both systems in mucA mutants, selected in the lungs of CF patients, may have significance for the inflammatory processes characteristic of the establishment of chronic infection and ensuing clinical deterioration in CF.
Error in the Analysis of Hydroxymethylfurfural in Processed Milk

Abstract The Keeney-Bassette method for determining hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content of whole milk powder was studied. The variables examined were: solids of milk, age of reagents, and method of sample preparation. Results indicate that total HMF color is a function of the solids content of milk with high solids yielding more color. A seasonal variation in HMF color, as well as a daily variation within each season, also was observed. This source of error was eliminated by establishing a blank value for each new lot of milk processed. A second type of time-oriented variation in HMF color formation was observed. For a given powder the HMF value gradually increased as the oxalic acid aged. It is concluded that the method is satisfactory for measuring HMF and HMF precursors in processed milk, provided the solids content of the milk is kept constant, a raw milk blank is established for each milk, and oxalic acid is prepared fresh daily.
Autobiographical Memories Associated with Feared Stimuli in Fearful and Nonfearful Individuals

The present study examined characteristics of autobiographical memories retrieved by spider fearful ( n = 21), blood/injury fearful ( n = 27), and nonfearful individuals ( n = 25). Participants were presented with spider-related, blood/injury-related, and neutral cue words and instructed to retrieve the first specific personal memory that came to mind. Fearful individuals in both groups retrieved a higher percentage of negative memories than nonfearful individuals despite the fact that they did not report significantly higher levels of generally anxious or depressive symptoms. All participants retrieved memories reflecting direct encounters with stimuli more quickly and with greater specificity than memories reflecting indirect encounters with stimuli. It is concluded that fearful individuals are characterized by a bias toward the retrieval of generally negative memories, but there is no evidence for a cognitive bias toward the retrieval of negative memories particularly associated with their self-reporte...