cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preliminary calculations of expected signal levels of a thin Faraday foil lost alpha particle diagnostic for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor

Thin Faraday collectors are being considered as a diagnostic of lost alpha particles on International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). In an effort to evaluate the viability of this diagnostic, we are undertaking a series of calculations of the signal levels (A/cm2) for such devices. Preliminary results assuming a model high yield ITER plasma have been obtained for locations near the outer wall assuming a toroidally symmetric vacuum vessel. We find signal levels to be a strong function of foil location and orientation. Specifically the signal level will be optimized at a vertical location 0.5 m above the machine midplane and with the normal to the foil directed in the lower, radially outward, toroidally counterclockwise octant. A foil thus oriented at a radial distance of 15 cm from the vessel wall at a height of 0.583 m above the machine midplane will have an efficiency of 3.5×10−8/cm2 for alpha particles which undergo classic loss during the first ten revolutions around the torus during this m...
Fine structure of the schizont and merozoite of Isospora sp. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) parasitic in Gehyra variegata (Dumeril and Bibron, 1836) (Repitlia: Gekkonidae).

SYNOPSIS. A study was made of the fine structure of some stages in the life cycle of an undesignated species of Isospora parasitic in a gecko. The merozoites which lay within a membrane-bound periparasitic vacuole in the host epithelial cell, had a striking similarity to Plasmodium, Lankesterella, Toxoplasma, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis, Eimeria and the M-organism. Each merozoite was invested with a triple-layered pellicle, the outer membrane of which was loosely applied. At the anterior end of the merozoite were conoid and apical rings; microtubules terminated in the posterior apical ring. Other organelles included nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, micropyle, paired organelle, toxonemes and a variety of vacuoles. Although the sequence of development of the merozoite was not completely followed, some events in this process were recorded. The evidence suggests that anterior ends are formed early and that merozoites develop subsequently by a process of budding. The merozoite pellicle appears to be continuous with, altho structurally different from, the investing membrane of the parent cell.
Cinematic Genetics: GATTACA, Essentially Yours, and the Rhetoric of Genetic Determinism

This essay investigates the Australian Law Reform Commission's (ALRC) use of the fictional film GATTACA in the policy brief, “Essentially Yours,” as a rhetorical commonplace to frame various ethical, legal, and scientific issues related to genetic technologies. Because emerging genetic therapy technologies invite both fear and fascination, the ALRC faces the rhetorical challenge of maintaining a distinction between genetic science and its fictional representations. I argue that their use of GATTACA expands the rhetorical landscape by allowing argument forms traditionally absent from scientific discourses. “Essentially Yours” employs GATTACA to illuminate social, legal, and ethical considerations that both challenge deterministic discourses and to promote the value of genetic science. This expansion of the rhetorical landscape identifies new avenues for scientists and nonscientists to converse about the ethical and social dimensions of science policy even as explicit scientific knowledge remains elusive to...
The metabolism of DL-methionine sulfone by the rat.

Abstract 1. 1. The sulfur of methionine sulfone intraperitoneally injected into rats is rapidly excreted. 2. 2. Most of the sulfur is excreted in the urine; only a small part of this has been oxidized to sulfate. 3. 3. Methionine sulfone sulfur occurs in the urine in at least three forms. Some free methionine sulfone is excreted; a major fraction is a conjugate of methionine sulfone with glutamic acid. 4. 4. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Modeling GPS satellite attitude variation for precise orbit determination

High precision geodetic applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS) require highly precise ephemerides of the GPS satellites. An accurate model for the non-gravitational forces on the GPS satellites is a key to high quality GPS orbit determination, especially in long arcs. In this paper the effect of the satellite solar panel orientation error is investigated. These effects are approximated by empirical functions to model the satellite attitude variation in long arc orbit fit. Experiments show that major part of the long arc GPS orbit errors can be accommodated by introducing a periodic variation of the satellite solar panel orientation with respect to the satellite-Sun direction, the desired direction for solar panel normal vector, with an amplitude of about 1 degree and with a frequency of once per orbit revolution.
Gi/o Signaling and the Palmitoyltransferase DHHC2 Regulate Palmitate Cycling and Shuttling of RGS7 Family-binding Protein

R7BP (RGS7 family-binding protein) has been proposed to function in neurons as a palmitoylation-regulated protein that shuttles heterodimeric, Gi/oα-specific GTPase-activating protein (GAP) complexes composed of Gβ5 and RGS7 (R7) isoforms between the plasma membrane and nucleus. To test this hypothesis we studied R7BP palmitoylation and localization in neuronal cells. We report that R7BP undergoes dynamic, signal-regulated palmitate turnover; the palmitoyltransferase DHHC2 mediates de novo and turnover palmitoylation of R7BP; DHHC2 silencing redistributes R7BP from the plasma membrane to the nucleus; and Gi/o signaling inhibits R7BP depalmitoylation whereas Gi/o inactivation induces nuclear accumulation of R7BP. In concert with previous evidence, our findings suggest that agonist-induced changes in palmitoylation state facilitate GAP action by (i) promoting Giα depalmitoylation to create optimal GAP substrates, and (ii) inhibiting R7BP depalmitoylation to stabilize membrane association of R7-Gβ5 GAP complexes. Regulated palmitate turnover may also enable R7BP-bound GAPs to shuttle between sites of low and high Gi/o activity or the plasma membrane and nucleus, potentially providing spatio-temporal control of signaling by Gi/o-coupled receptors.
SYNTHESIS OF 1-ALKYL-5-PHENYL-4(1H)PYRIMIDINONES

1-Alkyl-5-phenyl-4(1H)pyrimidinones are readily synthesized by condensing β-(dimethylamino)-N-[(dimethylamino)methylene] atropamides with methyl or ethyl amine. The latter compounds are prepared from phenylacetamides and dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal.
Ethical Considerations in Clinical Reasoning: The Impact of Technology and Cost Containment

This article raises, but does not answer, the kinds of questions that need to be asked by responsible occupational therapists in the 1980s--ethical questions that deal with technological advances on the one hand and limited resources on the other. The article examines moral dilemmas that practitioners and students face when making clinical decisions in a climate where technology and cost containment may overshadow the needs of the individual patient. A review of the literature on clinical reasoning, technology, and cost containment provides the background for a discussion of specific issues of quality of life for the occupational therapist. Implications for education and practice are presented, with suggestions for further consideration.
2013 ACCF/ACR/ASE/ASNC/SCCT/SCMR Appropriate Utilization of Cardiovascular Imaging in Heart Failure: An Executive Summary: A Joint Report of the ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Committee and the ACCF Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force

The ACR and the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) developed a joint process for determining the appropriate utilization (AU) of cardiovascular imaging modalities in heart failure (HF). This report represents an executive summary of the AU document which was aimed at critically and systematically creating, reviewing, and categorizing clinical situations where physicians order or use imaging tests for patients with suspected, incompletely characterized, or known HF.
Gender differences in dynamic spatial abilities

Gender differences in spatial ability were evaluated for two computerized dynamic (one power and one speed) and two static paper and pencil (one power and one speed) tests over sessions. Four factors were evaluated in a factorial design: gender, practice (i.e. session), paper and pencil vs dynamic (i.e. computerized) spatial tests, and power vs speed. A total of 250 paid volunteer men and women were tested in a counterbalanced design over two sessions. Results revealed two significant (P < 0.05) triple interactions involving gender, session, and power vs speed as well as dynamic vs paper and pencil tests. Although men generally did better than women and all subjects improved with practice, women improved at a faster rate for the speeded computer task and were not statistically different from the men at session 2. Future research should be directed toward two main thrusts: the effects of practice on the power tests and the effect of practice on the predictive validity of the speeded computerized tests.
Motion of a symmetric rigid body subjected to a specialized body-fixed force

Abstract Exact dynamical and kinematical equations governing the attitude and translational motions of a symmetric rigid body under the action of a specialized body-fixed force are formulated. From these equations, an analytical, but approximate, description of the behavior of the system is obtained and the validity of the solution is then tested by comparing its predictions with those of digital computer solutions of the exact equations of motion.
Different Mechanisms Are Responsible for the Low Accumulation of Transcripts from Intronless and 3′ Splice Site Deleted Genes

Abstract A large reduction in the accumulation of mouse β-globin mRNA occurs when both introns are deleted from its gene. This reduction is ameliorated if a sequence from HSV-1 thymidine kinase (TK), a naturally intronless gene, is inserted into the intronless globin construct. A large reduction in globin mRNA accumulation also occurs when just the terminal 3′ splice site region is deleted. This reduction is not ameliorated by the insertion of TK sequence. Different mechanisms therefore must be responsible for the reduced accumulation of mRNA from from the intronless and 3′ splice site deleted genes. The ability of TK sequence to enhance mRNA accumulation was dependent on its position within the intronless construct. Data are consistent with a model in which pre-mRNAs are co-transcriptionally channelled into intron-dependent or intron-independent metabolic pathways.
Structural characterization of reactive dyes using liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry

Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19), its reactive form (RB 19-VS) and its hydrolyzed form (RB 19-OH) were examined using liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry (LSIMS/MS/MS) in the negative-ion mode under low-energy collision conditions (240-300 eV). Structurally characteristic fragment ions were obtained, none of which has been previously reported for these reactive dyes. Among the ions obtained were SO 3 − ions, ions due to central amino cleavage and reactive group cleavage, and ions due to loss of SO 3 and SO 2 . Possible pathways for the formation of product ions are proposed. The structural information obtained should help to characterize and identify reactive dyes better
Strengths and Weaknesses in Securities Market Regulation: A Global Analysis

This paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of securities regulatory systems worldwide with a view to a better understanding of common problems and areas of global concern. We found that a consistent theme emerges regarding the lack of ability of regulators to effectively enforce compliance with existing rules and regulation. In many countries, a combination of factors, including insufficient legal authority, a lack of resources, political will and skills, has undermined the regulator's capacity to effectively execute regulation. This weakness is more acute in areas of increased technical complexity such as standards for and supervision of the valuation of assets and risk management practices.
Summit CO2 emission rates by the CO2/SO2 ratio method at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, during a period of sustained inflation

Abstract The emission rate of carbon dioxide escaping from the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, proved highly variable, averaging 4900 ± 2000 metric tons per day (t/d) in June–July 2003 during a period of summit inflation. These results were obtained by combining over 90 measurements of COSPEC-derived SO 2 emission rates with synchronous CO 2 /SO 2 ratios of the volcanic gas plume along the summit COSPEC traverse. The results are lower than the CO 2 emission rate of 8500 ± 300 t/d measured by the same method in 1995–1999 during a period of long-term summit deflation [Gerlach, T.M., McGee, K.A., Elias, T., Sutton, A.J. and Doukas, M.P., 2002. Carbon dioxide emission rate of Kīlauea Volcano: Implications for primary magma and the summit reservoir. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 107(B9): art. no.-2189.]. Analysis of the data indicates that the emission rates of the present study likely reflect changes in the magma supply rate and residence time in the summit reservoir. It is also likely that emission rates during the inflation period were heavily influenced by SO 2 pulses emitted adjacent to the COSPEC traverse, which biased CO 2 /SO 2 ratios towards low values that may be unrepresentative of the global summit gas plume. We conclude that the SO 2 pulses are consequences of summit re-inflation under way since 2003 and that CO 2 emission rates remain comparable to, but more variable than, those measured prior to re-inflation.
Distinct Dendritic Cell Populations Sequentially Present Antigen to CD4 T Cells and Stimulate Different Aspects of Cell-Mediated Immunity

Peptide:MHC II complexes derived from a fluorescent antigen were detected in vivo to identify the cells that present subcutaneously injected antigen to CD4 T cells. Skin-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that acquired the antigen while in the draining lymph nodes were the first cells to display peptide:MHC II complexes. Presentation by these cells induced CD69, IL-2 production, and maximal proliferation by the T cells. Later, DCs displaying peptide:MHC II complexes migrated from the injection site via a G protein-dependent mechanism. Presentation by these migrants sustained expression of the IL-2 receptor and promoted delayed type hypersensitivity. Therefore, presentation of peptide:MHC II complexes derived from a subcutaneous antigen occurs in two temporally distinct waves with different functional consequences.
Polynomials and equations in arabic algebra

It is shown in this article that the two sides of an equation in the medieval Arabic algebra are aggregations of the algebraic “numbers” (powers) with no operations present. Unlike an expression such as our 3x + 4, the Arabic polynomial “three things and four dirhams” is merely a collection of seven objects of two different types. Ideally, the two sides of an equation were polynomials so the Arabic algebraists preferred to work out all operations of the enunciation to a problem before stating an equation. Some difficult problems which involve square roots and divisions cannot be handled nicely by this basic method, so we do find square roots of polynomials and expressions of the form “A divided by B” in some equations. But rather than initiate a reconsideration of the notion of equation, these developments were used only for particularly complex problems. Also, the algebraic notation practiced in the Maghreb in the later middle ages was developed with the “aggregations” interpretation in mind, so it had no noticeable impact on the concept of polynomial. Arabic algebraists continued to solve problems by working operations before setting up an equation to the end of the medieval period.
Neurite extension across regions of low cell-substratum adhesivity: Implications for the guidepost hypothesis of axonal pathfinding

According to the adhesive "guidepost" hypothesis, pioneer axons follow pathways marked by specific nonadjacent cells (guidepost cells). The hypothesis implies that high adhesivity between extending axons and guidepost cells facilitates axon extension across low-adhesivity tissues or spaces between guidepost cells. This study investigates the ability of a high-adhesivity substratum to promote axonal extension across a low-adhesivity substratum in vitro. Dissociated chick embryo dorsal root ganglion neurons are cultured on a substratum consisting of areas of high-adhesivity substratum-bound laminin (i.e., model adhesive guideposts) separated by a low-adhesivity agarose substratum. Increasing the cell-substratum adhesivity of these guideposts results in an increase in the percentage of neurites spanning a given width of the low-adhesivity substratum. Filopodial processes at the tips of neurites can extend over the low-adhesivity substratum. Apparently, filopodial contact with high-adhesivity guideposts enables neurites to extend across intervening low-adhesivity substrata. The maximum width of low-adhesivity substratum discontinuities spanned by some neurites in vitro is comparable to the distance between some putative guidepost cells in insects. Consistent with the adhesive guidepost hypothesis, these findings demonstrate neurite extension on a substratum of discontinuous cell-substratum adhesivity.
Scientists' Perspective on Introducing Authentic Inquiry to High School Teachers During an Intensive Three-Week Summer Professional Development Experience

The Information Technology in Science (ITS) Center for Teaching and Learning was a National Science Foundation funded program to provide high-quality professional development for 7–12th grade science teachers. The subgroup on which this paper focuses was immersed in an innovative approach to understanding chemistry of the environment. The group was comprised of 10 high school science teachers representative of science classes taught at all grade levels (9–12th). A team of four university professors led the group. The professors developed inquiry modules and communicated some of the intricacies of their research for adaptation to the participants' classrooms. This paper communicates the successful implementation and lessons learned by scientists during the course of an inquiry-based curriculum during summer 2005. The process and pace at which the material was covered, qualitative information about the attitudes of the participants towards the curriculum, and implications for professional development from the point of view of the science team leaders will be discussed. Analysis of time spent with participants revealed the progression and type of activities chosen for the professional development experience were effective. Results from informal participant interviews revealed they were most comfortable in incorporating inquiry into their classrooms after having been immersed in it themselves.
Direct simulation of charged particle deposition in a turbulent flow

Abstract Wall deposition of charged particles in a turbulent duct flow in the presence of electrostatic charges is studied. The turbulent flow velocity field is generated by a direct numerical simulation of the Navier-Stokes equation via a pseudospectral method. It is assumed that the particles are sufficiently small and widely separated that they do not interact and have no influence on the fluid motion. The equation of motion of particles including the Brownian and electrostatic forces is used in the analysis. Ensembles of 8192 charged particle trajectories are evaluated and statistically analyzed. Uniform and Boltzmann charge distributions on the particles are considered. Effects of size and electric field intensity on particle dispersion and wall deposition rate are studied. The results are compared with those obtained from empirical equations.
Understanding the Egyptian Manager: A Third World Management Development Experience

In an earlier published work, I reported extensively on the environment of the Egyptian manager. This report deals specifically with the development needs and opportunities of that same manager. It is assumed that many of the Egyptian conditions are similar to other developing parts of the world and that the suggestions offered and the methods of analysis used would also help one perform more effective management development activities in other parts of the developing world.
Calculation of cross sections for penning ionization: He*(21S,23S) + H(12S)☆

Abstract Cross sections for ionization of hydrogen atoms by metastable helium atoms are calculated using the best published values for the complex potential. The present cross section for the singlet metastable is quite different from previous determinations. The validity of the JWKB approximation has been verified.
Treatment of fourth-degree hand burns

Fourth-degree hand burns are rare but devastating injuries. They cannot be grafted readily but often require flaps and amputation, and impairment is significant. We report our 10-year experience (1981 to 1990) with deep hand burns to characterize our treatment and outcome. A total of 25 patients (35 hands) were treated. Eight local flaps, nine distant flaps, and two free-tissue transfers were performed. Eleven hands were treated with K-wire immobilization and grafting. Thirty-three amputations were done. Postburn function was evaluated in 25 salvaged hands. Eleven hands had good outcomes, whereas seven had moderate sequelae and seven were severely affected. Patients who were treated with flap coverage of exposed tendons and joints had better functional outcomes than those treated with delayed closure with immobilization and grafting. The excellent outcomes in the flap coverage group justifies the added commitment of technical and therapeutic resources that this treatment requires.
Identifying kinetically stable proteins with capillary electrophoresis

Unlike most proteins, which are in equilibrium with partially and globally unfolded conformations, kinetically stable proteins (KSPs) are trapped in their native conformations and are often resistant to harsh environment. Based on a previous correlation between kinetic stability (KS) and a protein's resistance to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), we show here a simple method to identify KSPs by SDS-capillary electrophoresis (CE). Control non-KSPs were fully denatured by SDS and formed protein:SDS complexes that exhibited similar mobility in CE. In contrast, KSPs bound fewer SDS molecules, and showed a very different migration time and peak pattern in CE, thereby providing some insight about the structural heterogeneity of SDS:protein complexes and the relative KS of the various proteins.
Growing up in the nuclear age. Psychological development in the face of uncertainty

The psychological development of children growing up in the nuclear age is currently the subject of much discussion. A review of the literature confirms that nuclear war is on the minds of many children, but while this undoubtedly has psychological consequences, the exact nature of those consequences remains unclear. The changing social world of the child presents children with a variety of challenges and stresses. The “nuclear variable” represents only one of many challenges facing the modern child. Children are not immune to the political process that surrounds the nuclear arms debate; their involvement in this political process is critically reviewed. Support for children attempting to understand this complex issue will benefit from the application of the principles of cognitive developmental psychology, so that communication with children can be cognitively relevant and age appropriate.
Eighteen Years After Pregnancy Adolescent Gestational Weight Gain Still Affects Body Mass Index

Women's Health Paper Presentation Objective To examine the long‐term effects of the gestational weight gain (GWG) of Black primiparous adolescent girls on body mass index (BMI) and health perception 12 and 18 years after the birth of a first child. Design Secondary data analysis of data from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial (RCT). Setting Participants were enrolled in the New Mother's Study, a large ongoing RCT in Memphis, TN, testing the effectiveness of home visitation on the health and well‐being of women and their children. Sample A subgroup of primiparous Black adolescent girls who delivered full‐term infants for whom data were available at the 12‐year ( n = 258) and 18‐year ( n = 327) data collection time points. Adolescents had at least two of three sociodemographic risk conditions at enrollment: unmarried, Methods Simultaneous linear regression was used to regress BMI, BMI change, and perception of health for each time point on GWG, age, prepregnant BMI, parity, and smoking patterns. Results GWG, prepregnant BMI, parity and smoking predicted BMI and BMI change, respectively, at years 12 ( R 2 = .57, F = 56.7, p R 2 = .17, F = 9.77, p R 2 = .42, F = 40.8, p R 2 = .15, F = 10.27, p p = .036, .027, respectively). Poor health and BMI were associated cross‐sectionally and across time when controlling for GWG ( p p Conclusion/Implications for Nursing Practice For these at‐risk girls, long‐term BMI was affected by GWG, prepregnant BMI, cigarette smoking, and number of additional children in ensuing years. Primiparous Black adolescent girls whose GWG is greater than the IOM recommendations continue to experience weight effects 18 years after delivering their first child, a finding similar to that seen in adult women. Controlling weight prior to pregnancy and limiting GWG to within the IOM recommendations may limit obesity in adulthood in primiparous Black adolescents.
Models for specification and anaysis of parallel computing systems

The problem of designing a properly functioning parallel hardware or software system is considerably more difficult than that of designing a similar sequential system. In this paper we formulate criteria which a design methodology for parallel systems should satisfy and explore the use of various models as the basis for such a design tool.
Better the Devil You Don't Know: Type of Corruption and FDI in Transition Economies

Corruption has a negative impact on foreign direct investment (FDI). However, transition economies show high levels of corruption and also high levels of FDI. I argue that it is not the level but rather the type of corruption that affects FDI in transition economies. Pervasive corruption, or corruption that is widely present, acts as a deterrent to FDI because it increases the known costs of investing, while arbitrary corruption, or corruption that is uncertain, does not have such a deterring influence because it becomes part of the uncertainty of operating in transition economies. In transition economies, investors prefer to deal with an unknown evil - the arbitrariness of corruption - rather than a known one - the pervasiveness of corruption.
Efficient Two-Photon Absorbing Acceptor-π-Acceptor Polymethine Dyes

We present an experimental and theoretical investigation of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of a series of acceptor-π-acceptor symmetrical anionic polymethine dyes with diethylamino-coumarin-dioxaborine terminal groups and different conjugation lengths. Two-photon absorption (2PA) cross sections (δ2PA) are enhanced with an increase of π-conjugation length in the investigated series of dyes. 2PA spectra for all dyes consist of two well-separated bands. The first band, located within the telecommunications window, occurs upon two-photon excitation into the vibrational levels of the main S0 → S1 transition, reaching a large δ2PA = 2200 GM (1 GM = 1 × 10−50 cm4 s/photon) at 1600 nm for the longest conjugated dye. The position of the second, and strongest, 2PA band for all anionic molecules corresponds to the second-excited final state, which is confirmed by quantum-chemical calculations and excitation anisotropy measurements. Large δ2PA values up to 17 000 GM at 1100 nm are explained by the combin...
How large are welfare’s work disincentives?

The conventional economic analysis of welfare programmes is based on the work disincentive issue. This has become a leading justification for recent discussions of welfare reform in the USA that emphasize getting recipients off the rolls and back into productive employment. The presumption is that recipients are rational and selfish agents, and that welfare is sufficiently attractive as to provide substantial work disincentives. Questions that view. This questioning is motivated by the surprisingly high attachment of welfare recipients to the labour force, and is based on the development of a more general framework for viewing the motivations behind economic behaviour. By allowing for diversity of personality types, we are led to a less pessimistic scenario regarding the possibility of designing a system with adequate benefits and without inappropriately high work disincentives.
The I Ching or Book of Changes: A Chinese space-time model and a philosophy of divination

Although often written about, studied, cited, and referred to casually, the I Ching or “Book of Changes” as it is commonly known in English is not well understood in the context of Chinese metaphysics. In this paper, we wish to set the I Ching in the context of a particular space-time model of the Chinese. By “space-time”, I mean the relationship between the events in time, and locations of those events in physical space. I will also look at this classic work in the context of what is poorly rendered into English as “divination”. Indeed, the I Ching is often referred to as a book of divination or fortune-telling, when it is clear that it is not this at all, but rather a kind of “mental map” designed to guide the reader (or rather user) through this Chinese space-time environment.
MULTIDIMENSIONAL MODELING OF TYPE I X-RAY BURSTS. I. TWO-DIMENSIONAL CONVECTION PRIOR TO THE OUTBURST OF A PURE 4He ACCRETOR

We present multidimensional simulations of the early convective phase preceding ignition in a Type I X-ray burst using the low Mach number hydrodynamics code, MAESTRO. A low Mach number approach is necessary in order to perform long-time integration required to study such phenomena. Using MAESTRO, we are able to capture the expansion of the atmosphere due to large-scale heating while capturing local compressibility effects such as those due to reactions and thermal diffusion. We also discuss the preparation of one-dimensional initial models and the subsequent mapping into our multidimensional framework. Our method of initial model generation differs from that used in previous multidimensional studies, which evolved a system through multiple bursts in one dimension before mapping onto a multidimensional grid. In our multidimensional simulations, we find that the resolution necessary to properly resolve the burning layer is an order of magnitude greater than that used in the earlier studies mentioned above. We characterize the convective patterns that form and discuss their resulting influence on the state of the convective region, which is important in modeling the outburst itself.
Temporary transvenous pacemaker monitoring using simultaneous endocardial and surface electrocardiograms. Technique and clinical applications.

A technique for simultaneous recording of surface and endocardial ECGs in patients with temporary transvenous demand pacemakers using a telemetry unit is described. Analysis of the initial endocardial ECGs recorded in 35 patients disclosed two distinct groups: group A (26 patients) characterized by a steady baseline, constant QRS amplitude of 5 mv or greater and an absence of P waves and group B (9 patients) manifesting baseline shifts and greater than 25 percent variation in QRS amplitude. Subsequent pacemaker failure invariably occurred in group B, whereas, findings in group A indicated a well-wedged catheter. The two groups could not be distinguished by fluoroscopic examination. A subsequent change in group A manifested by either a shift in baseline, or variation in QRS amplitude and morphology, or the appearance of P waves signaled impending pacemaker failure. In addition, the technique proved helpful in elucidating certain mechanisms responsible for pacemaker malfunction.
The interaction of Human tryptase-β with small molecule inhibitors provides new insights into the unusual functional instability and quaternary structure of the protease

Human tryptase-beta (HTbeta) is a serine protease with an atypical tetrameric structure and an unusual dependence on heparin binding or high salt for functional and structural stability. In the absence of heparin and at physiological salt, pH, and temperature, HTbeta rapidly loses activity by a reversible process that we have called spontaneous inactivation. The role of tetramer dissociation in this process is controversial. Using small irreversible or competitive inhibitors of HTbeta as stabilizing ligands, we were able to examine tetramer stability under inactivating (decay) conditions in the absence of heparin and to define further the process of spontaneous inactivation. Size exclusion chromatography showed that interaction with inhibitors stabilized the tetramer. Using sedimentation equilibrium, spontaneously inactivated HTbeta (si-HTbeta) was shown to be a destabilized tetramer that dissociates upon dilution and which in the presence of a competitive inhibitor re-formed a stable tetramer. Addition of inhibitors to si-HTbeta rescued catalytic activity as was shown after inhibitor displacement. At high concentrations of si-HTbeta (4-5 microM), the binding of inhibitor alone provided sufficient free energy for complete reactivation and tetramer stabilization, whereas at low si-HTbeta concentration (0.1 microM) where the destabilized tetramer would be mostly dissociated, reactivation required more free energy which was provided by the binding of both an inhibitor and heparin. The results demonstrate that HTbeta is a tetramer in the absence of heparin and that tetramer dissociation is a consequence of and not a prerequisite for inactivation. Heparin binding likely stabilizes the tetramer by favoring a functionally active conformation with stable intersubunit contacts, rather than by simply cross-linking active monomers.
Simone Weil's Spiritual Critique of Modern Science: An Historical-Critical Assessment

. Simone Weil is widely recognized today as one of the profound religious thinkers of the twentieth century. Yet while her interpretation of natural science is critical to Weil's overall understanding of religious faith, her writings on science have received little attention compared with her more overtly theological writings. The present essay, which builds on Vance Morgan's Weaving the World: Simone Weil on Science, Necessity, and Love (2005), critically examines Weil's interpretation of the history of science. Weil believed that mathematical science, for the ancient Pythagoreans a mystical expression of the love of God, had in the modern period degenerated into a kind of reification of method that confuses the means of representing nature with nature itself. Beginning with classical (Newtonian) science's representation of nature as a machine, and even more so with the subsequent assimilation of symbolic algebra as the principal language of mathematical physics, modern science according to Weil trades genuine insight into the order of the world for symbolic manipulation yielding mere predictive success and technological domination of nature. I show that Weil's expressed desire to revive a Pythagorean scientific approach, inspired by the “mysterious complicity” in nature between brute necessity and love, must be recast in view of the intrinsically symbolic character of modern mathematical science. I argue further that a genuinely mystical attitude toward nature is nascent within symbolic mathematical science itself.
Impact of model-form selection on the accuracy of rate estimation

A key assumption underlying the use of model-based estimates in epidemiology is that the structural-model form is an adequate mathematical description of the dependence of disease occurrence on exposures and covariates (that is, the model form is correctly specified). If this assumption is violated, model-based point estimators and variance estimators may be biased, standard confidence intervals may be invalid, and inferences derived from these estimators may be incorrect. In practice, the true structural-model form is usually unknown, and investigators frequently use their data to help select a model form. We conducted a simulation study to examine the impact of model-form selection on the accuracy of rate estimation in cohort-study situations resembling those found in environmental and occupational epidemiology. For the situations we examined, the increase in variance produced by using model-form selection was often more than offset by the corresponding reduction in bias, sometimes resulting in a dramatic increase in accuracy. Model-form selection was observed to be most beneficial relative to no selection when effects were stronger, the sample size was larger, and the candidate model forms included the true model form or allowed the model to more closely approximate the true model form. It was least beneficial when effects were weak and the sample size was small, even if the candidate model forms included the true model form.
[(C5Me5)2U][(μ-Ph)2BPh2] as a four electron reductant

Examination of the reactivity of [(C5Me5)2U][(μ-Ph)2BPh2] as a “blank” for comparison with the four- and eight-electron reductive chemistry of the sterically crowded (C5Me5)3U and [(C5Me5)2U]2(C6H6) complexes revealed that the tetraphenylborate complex surprisingly functions as a four-electron reductant by combining [BPh4]1− and U(III) reduction; all three complexes cleave the NN bond in PhNNPh to form the bis(organoimido) U(VI) complex, (C5Me5)2U(NPh)2, and they also reduce PhCCPh to form (C5Me5)2U(C4Ph4).
NEXT Ion Optics Simulation via ffx

Simulations of the erosion processes for two proposed sets of ion thruster grids for the NEXT project are presented. Structural failure and electron backstreaming due to accel grid erosion are discussed as two possible failure mechanisms of these grid sets. The TAG grid set is shown to outperform the NSTAR grid set both in terms of margin against electron backstreaming and accel grid mass loss at the primary operating condition studied. An investigation into the possibility of reducing the accel grid voltage magnitude for the TAG grid set showed improved propellant throughput capability. Results of erosion simulations predicting propellant throughput capability for the TAG grid set are presented for a range of NEXT operating conditions.
Diversity of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in Relation to Habitat Type in West-Central Illinois

Abstract The diversity of ground beetles in relation to habitat type was investigated in west-central Illinois from May to Oct. 2005 and 2006 using pitfall traps in six habitats: (1) prairie burned in 2004, (2) prairie burned in 2005, (3) early successional forest, (4) oak-hickory forest burned in 2004, (5) oak-hickory forest burned in 2005 and (6) oak-hickory forest burned in 2006. A total of 2712 ground beetles representing 28 genera and 54 species were collected. A multi-response permutation procedure showed significant differences in ground beetle assemblages among habitat types. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity supported the findings of MRPP. Indicator species analysis found significant habitat associations for seven species of carabids in 2005 and eight species in 2006. Forest habitats generally had lower species richness than expected based on rarefaction. The effects of fire on prairie carabid assemblages and detrimental effects on individual species appeared to be sho...
The Nuclear Actin-Related Protein ARP6 Is a Pleiotropic Developmental Regulator Required for the Maintenance of FLOWERING LOCUS C Expression and Repression of Flowering in Arabidopsis

Actin-related proteins (ARPs) are found in the nuclei of all eukaryotic cells, but their functions are generally understood only in the context of their presence in various yeast and animal chromatin-modifying complexes. Arabidopsis thaliana ARP6 is a clear homolog of other eukaryotic ARP6s, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae ARP6, which was identified as a component of the SWR1 chromatin remodeling complex. We examined the subcellular localization, expression patterns, and loss-of-function phenotypes for this protein and found that Arabidopsis ARP6 is localized to the nucleus during interphase but dispersed away from the chromosomes during cell division. ARP6 expression was observed in all vegetative tissues as well as in a subset of reproductive tissues. Null mutations in ARP6 caused numerous defects, including altered development of the leaf, inflorescence, and flower as well as reduced female fertility and early flowering in both long- and short-day photoperiods. The early flowering of arp6 mutants was associated with reduced expression of the central floral repressor gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) as well as MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING 4 (MAF4) and MAF5. In addition, arp6 mutations suppress the FLC-mediated late flowering of a FRIGIDA-expressing line, indicating that ARP6 is required for the activation of FLC expression to levels that inhibit flowering. These results indicate that ARP6 acts in the nucleus to regulate plant development, and we propose that it does so through modulation of chromatin structure and the control of gene expression.
CEREBELLAR GRANULE CELLS IN VITRO: A Light and Electron Microscope Study

The behavior of granule cells in mature cerebellar cultures derived from newborn mice was studied by light and electron microscopy. Many granule cells remained in the explants as an external granular layer. These cells were differentiated, as evidenced by formation of bundles of parallel fibers and by development of synapses between granule cell axons and Purkinje cell branchlet spines, and between Golgi cell axons and granule cell dendrites. Although the over-all architecture of the cerebellar explants after 18–33 days in vitro was similar to that of the newborn mouse, the evident differentiation of the granule cells suggested that interneuronal relationships resemble those of the mature cerebellum in vivo.
Determining periodontal ligament (PDL) cell vitality from exarticulated teeth stored in saline or milk using fluorescein diacetate

Summary One of the key factors for obtaining a favourable long-term prognosis in avulsed teeth is maintenance of the vitality of the periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Most studies which have examined PDL cell vitality have used neutral red or trypan blue as stains. However, these stains have certain inherent disadvantages. The purpose of this paper was to (i) evaluate the use of saline and milk as storage media for PDL cells and (ii) determine the value of using fluorescein diacetate (FDA) as a staining medium for vital PDL cells on the root surface of avulsed teeth. Thirty-two single-rooted premolars were utilized from patients aged 13 to 28 years. Following atraumatic extraction, the teeth in the experimental groups were air dried for 10 min and then placed in either milk or saline for 120 min. Both control and experimental teeth were subjected to trypsinization procedures, staining with FDA, and haemocytometer readings to determine the number of vital cells. There was no statistically signifi-cant difference in the number of viable cells on the root surfaces of teeth after 2h of storage in either milk or in saline. Furthermore, staining with FDA provided an excellent method by which to determine PDL cell vitality.
Phylogenetic analysis of Leishmania RNA virus and Leishmania suggests ancient virus-parasite association

Abstract Some strains of the protozoan parasite Leishmania belonging to the new world species guyanensis and braziliensis are infected with persistent, single-segmented, non-enveloped dsRNA viruses termed LRV1. A single old world strain classified as L. major was recently found to harbor a similar virus, designated LRV2-1. The genomic nucleotide sequences of two LRV1 types (1-1 and 1-4) isolated from two L. guyanensis strains have been determined and found to be highly conserved. In contrast, LRV1-specific cDNA probes derived from the conserved genomic 5' region failed to recognize LRV2 RNA on Northern blots, suggesting a greater degree of divergence between LRV1 and LRV2 than among LRV1 types. This observation suggests a long-term association and coevolution of LRV within each parasite strain. We tested this concept by comparing nucleotide sequences of seven LRV types and PCR fingerprints of the parasite strains from which these viruses were derived. In support of the idea of virus-parasite co-evolution, we find that genetic distances between LRV types mirror the heterogeneity between parasite fingerprints and are clustered according to the geographical origin of the strains. In agreement with the postulated common origin of persistent dsRNA viruses of protozoa and fungi, we conclude that the infection of Leishmania with LRV pre-dates the divergence of Leishmania into different lineages.
A Geometric Assignment Problem for Robotic Networks

In this chapter we look at a geometric target assignment problem consisting of an equal number of mobile robotic agents and distinct target locations. Each agent has a fixed communication range, a maximum speed, and knowledge of every target’s position. The problem is to devise a distributed algorithm that allows the agents to divide the target locations among themselves and, simultaneously, leads each agent to its unique target. We summarize two algorithms for this problem; one designed for “sparse” environments, in which communication between robots is sparse, and one for “dense” environments, where communication is more prevalent. We characterize the asymptotic performance of these algorithms as the number of agents increases and the environment grows to accommodate them.
Descriptive epidemiology of holoprosencephaly and arhinencephaly in metropolitan Atlanta, 1968-1992.

We report the descriptive epidemiology of holoprosencephaly and arhinencephaly using data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, a population-based birth defects surveillance system with multiple sources of ascertainment. From 1968-1992, we ascertained 63 cases of holoprosencephaly and arhinencephaly from approximately 734,000 births, for a birth prevalence of 0.86 per 10,000. Thirteen case infants with holoprosencephaly and four case infants with arhinencephaly were categorized as having syndromes. Of the case infants with non-syndromic holoprosencephaly, 55% had malformations not attributable to the underlying brain defect. The rate of holoprosencephaly and arhinencephaly increased from 0.58 per 10,000 during 1968-1972 to 1.2 per 10,000 during 1988-1992 (P for trend = 0.016). Rates were higher for females than for males (risk ratio = 1.45, 95% C.I. 0.88-2.41) and higher for nonwhites than for whites (risk ratio = 1.74, 95% C.I. 1.06-2.86). There was a U-shaped distribution of risk associated with maternal age with a slightly increased risk for younger women (risk ratio for maternal age 34 years, compared with age 25-29 years = 2.30, 95% C.I. 0.93-5.7), but this was not statistically significant. The increased risk in the older age group could be largely explained by the presence of cases with autosomal trisomies. Neonatal mortality was higher for infants with malformations that were not attributable to the underlying brain defect and for infants with syndromes than for infants with isolated holoprosencephaly. This analysis is the first population-based study with long-term data on this rare defect. Further epidemiologic studies will be necessary to assess the risk factors for holo-prosencephaly and arhinencephaly.