cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How some nonmeteorological professionals view meteorology and weather forecasting.

The results of a questionnaire designed to gather information on how nonmeteorological scientists and engineers view meteorology and weather forecasting are summarized in this paper. The respondents were from two organizations, Texas A & M University and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, the first representing the academic community and the latter the engineering community. While there were some differences between the groups, in most cases answers expressed in the opinionnaire by the two groups were essentially identical. The results revealed the following: Approximately three-fourths of the respondents use meteorological data and/or weather forecasts in their profession; the meaning of probability forecasts is very unclear with only 13% indicating the correct answer; television is the main source of weather information; approximately half of the respondents had never heard of the Global Atmospheric Research Program; and the opinion was almost unanimous that satellites had contributed significantly to weather observations and/or forecasts. Also, the results indicated a number of other ?problem' areas where some improvements are desired.
Transcranial sonography and vertebrobasilar insufficiency.

Abstract Objective: The objective was to discuss a case illustrating the role of transcranial Doppler sonography in the screening and treatment of a patient with intermittent vertebral artery brainstem ischemia. Clinical Features: A 28-year-old woman had neck pain, arm pain, headaches, and dizziness. Her symptoms occurred intermittently over several years. Past care had provided little relief. De Kleyn's test, transcranial Doppler sonography, and magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography helped establish a diagnosis of vertebrobasilar syndrome. Intervention and Outcome: The patient was referred for neurosurgical evaluation. She subsequently chose to be treated with spinal manipulative therapy. Her neck pain, headaches, and radicular symptoms resolved. The dizzy spells abated to a tolerable level. The neurosurgeon subsequently re-evaluated the patient and recommended that surgery not be performed. Conclusions: This illustrates a case of extra-arterial mechanical compression of the vertebral arteries documented by transcranial Doppler sonography procedures. Brainstem symptoms were correlated with a documented perfusion deficit during cervical positional testing. This case also demonstrated that spinal manipulative therapy may be safely used on patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency when the biomechanics and related flow studies are elucidated.
Evaluation of the EYTEX system as a screen for eye irritancy of petroleum products

Abstract 89 petroleum products were tested in the EYTEX in vitro assay and the results were compared with data from Draize tests on the same materials. All 26 chemicals assessed as irritant in the Draize test were classified as irritant by the EYTEX assay; 61 of the 63 non-irritants were correctly classified by the in vitro assay. The correlation between the results from the EYTEX system and the Draize data was 89%, and the predictive value of the EYTEX system (percentage of EYTEX irritants that are true irritants) was 93%. When the same chemicals were tested in another laboratory, the coefficient of determination for the comparison of the EYTEX scores from the two laboratories was R2 = 0.86. The results demonstrate the reliability and interpretability of the EYTEX assay carried out in our laboratory and therefore the viability, if not the validity, of this in vitro method as a screening test for the Draize assay.
Dietary Adherence During Weight Loss Predicts Weight Regain

This study examined the relationship between previous dietary adherence during a low-calorie diet weight loss intervention and subsequent weight change during a 2-year follow-up for weight maintenance. One hundred and sixteen healthy, recently weight reduced (lost ~12 kg, BMI 22-25 kg/m2) premenopausal women were studied. Dietary adherence was assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW) and body composition change. Comparisons were made between the upper and lower tertiles for previous dietary adherence and subsequent weight change at 1- and 2-year follow-up. Percent weight regained was significantly lower (30.9 ± 6.7% vs. 66.7 ± 9.4%; P < 0.05) in the upper compared to the lower adherence tertile for previous weight loss dietary adherence (49.9 ± 8.8% vs. 96.8 ± 12.8% P < 0.05) at 1- and 2-year follow-up, respectively. This difference was partly explained by increases in daily activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) (+95 ± 45 kcal/day vs. -44 ± 42 kcal/day, P < 0.05) and lower daily energy intake (2,066 ± 71 kcal/day vs. 2,289 ± 62 kcal/day, P < 0.05) in the higher tertile for previous dietary adherence, compared to the lower. These findings suggest that higher adherence (i.e., higher tertile) to the previous low-calorie diet predicts lower weight regain over 2-year follow-up for weight maintenance, which is explained by lower energy intake and higher physical activity. Finally, how well an individual adheres to a low-calorie diet intervention during weight loss may be a useful tool for identifying individuals who are particularly vulnerable to subsequent weight regain.
Effect of moisture and temperature on the phosphorus content of crude soybean oil extracted from fine flour

Analysis of total oil content in soybeans is usually done by extracting flours, whereas commercial extraction for recovery of oil is done by extracting flakes. It has recently become apparent that phosphorus content of crude soybean oil extracted from flours can vary depending on extraction temperature and flour moisture. In this study, flour moistures below 6% yielded crude oil with low phosphorus (15 ppm), but phosphorus in the oil increased rapidly to 260 ppm at 9% moisture. When temperature of the extraction was increased from 25 to 60°C, the phosphorus in extracted oil also increased for moisture contents of 6.6% and 8.3%, but not for moisture contents of 5% and 3%. In addition to the effects of extraction temperature, it was found that preheating whole soybeans at various temperatures affected phosphorus in oil from extracted flour. Preheating at 130°C caused high phosphorus content regardless of how dry the flour was, whereas preheating at 100°C or below caused phosphorus content that increased with increased moisture. The response of phosphorus content in crude oil to temperature and moisture may be useful in improving the quality of commercially extracted soy oil.
Phase speed and attenuation in bubbly liquids inferred from impedance measurements near the individual bubble resonance frequency.

In the ocean, natural and artificial processes generate clouds of bubbles that scatter and attenuate sound. Measurements have shown that at the individual bubble resonance frequency, sound propagation in this medium is highly attenuated and dispersive. The existing theory to explain this behavior is deemed adequate away from resonance. However, due to excessive attenuation near resonance, little experimental data exists for a comparison with model predictions. An impedance tube was developed specifically for exploring this regime. The effective medium phase speed and attenuation were inferred from measurements of the surface impedance of a layer of bubbly liquid composed of air bubbles and distilled water, for void fractions from 6.2×10−5 to 5.4×10−4 and bubble sizes centered around 0.62 mm in radius. Improved measurement speed, accuracy, and precision is possible with the new instrument, and both instantaneous and time-averaged measurements were obtained. The phase speed and attenuation at resonance was ...
Expression and Function of Recombinant Endothelial NO Synthase in Coronary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells

Abstract Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a key role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. The objectives of this study were to determine whether transfer of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene to porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cell (CSMCs) would result in expression of a functional enzyme and to assess the effect of expression of eNOS on cell proliferation. CSMCs were transduced in vitro with adenoviral vectors encoding cDNA for eNOS (AdeNOS) and β-galactosidase (AdβGal). In contrast to AdβGal- or sham-transduced cells, CSMCs transduced with AdeNOS stained positive with the NADPH-diaphorase stain, acquired calcium-dependent NOS activity (measured by the conversion of [3H]l-arginine to [3H]l-citrulline), had increasing cyclic 3′,5′ cGMP levels with increasing concentrations of the vector, and produced increased amounts of nitrite. cGMP production by AdeNOS-transduced cells was augmented by increasing intracellular levels of the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin. CSMCs transduced with AdeNOS showed diminished serum-stimulated DNA synthesis as measured by thymidine uptake. Cell proliferation was diminished in AdeNOS-transduced CSMCs as assessed by cell counts 3 and 6 days after serum stimulation of quiescent CSMCs. The present study demonstrates that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of eNOS to CSMCs results in the expression of a functional enzyme whose activity can be augmented by increasing intracellular levels of tetrahydrobiopterin. Expression of recombinant eNOS in CSMCs results in inhibition of serum-stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. These findings imply that eNOS gene transfer to SMCs may be a unique mode of increasing local NO production in the arterial wall.
Vacancy cluster evolution in metals under irradiation

Abstract A stochastic treatment of vacancy cluster formation in irradiated metals is formulated in terms of a Fokker-Planck equation. The Fokker-Planck coefficients are found to depend on the cluster si2e distribution itself. This non-linear equation is solved by a previously developed numerical path-integral solution. The non-linear dependence provides an important feedback for the evolution of the bias. This evolution both initiates and terminates the nucleation process. The void size distribution follows a bifurcation process in which a peaked distribution of stable voids separates from a distribution of small unstable voids. The stable void number density reaches a final value which depends on temperature and dose rate. These predicted values are in close agreement with measured void number densities.
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of low-energy recoil events in ThO 2 , CeO 2 , and ZrO 2

Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of low-energy recoil events in ThO2, CeO2, and ZrO2 have been carried out to determine the threshold displacement energies, resulting defect configurations, dynamics of defect generation, and role of charge transfer during the process. The results reveal that, in most cases, these fluorite structure oxides exhibit a similar response to low-energy recoils. A variety of different defect configurations are created, consisting mainly of vacancies and interstitials. Charge transfer occurs during the dynamic displacement process. Local charge redistribution leads to cation and O vacancies being negatively and positively charged, respectively. Likewise, due to charge redistribution, the cation and O interstitials are less positively and negatively charged, respectively, than the ions on lattice sites in perfect MO2.
Temperature-mediated processes in teleost immunity: Homeoviscous adaptation by channel catfish peripheral blood cells

Abstract 1. 1. Channel catfish peripheral blood erythrocyte, thrombocyte, T cell and B cell membranes were assayed by fluorescence depolarization using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5 hexatriene (DPH) to determine the effects of in vivo temperature acclimation on membrane viscosity and the kinetics of homeoviscous adaptation. 2. 2. Erythrocyte membranes did not undergo homeoviscous adaptation during the 8 week time period studied and were more rigid compared with those of the other cell types. 3. 3. The kinetics of homeoviscous adaptation exhibited by membranes from T cells, B cells and thrombocytes differed: B cells required 1–3 weeks while T cells and thrombocytes each required 3–5 weeks. Membranes from T cells, B cells and thrombocytes from fish acclimated for relatively short times (⩽3 weeks) exhibited similar membrane fluidities. 4. 4. T cells from channel catfish appeared not only to be sensitive to temperature but also to a factor(s) independent of temperature but correlated to long term in vivo acclimation, i.e. T cell membranes underwent additional decreases in membrane viscosity between 3 and 5 weeks. 5. 5. In conclusion, it appears that low temperature-mediated immunosuppression of T cell functions in channel catfish is probably not due to an inherent non-adaptibility or rigid nature of the T cell membranes.
“Jumping from one heart to another”: How Andre Dubus Writes about Women

Abstract Andre Dubus began publishing short fiction in the late 1960s. Unlike many writers working during that period of literary experimentation, Dubus grounds his fiction in a real world; he evidences little interest in explorations of fiction-as-fiction, surfictions, or metafictions.
Framework for Enterprise Systems Engineering

ion levels Conceptual Structural Realizational No abstraction levels, but three levels for genericity of models: generic, partial, and particular Not specified
Doing good, doing harm, being well and burning out: The interactions of perceived prosocial and antisocial impact in service work

Service employees often perceive their actions as harming and benefiting others, and these perceptions have significant consequences for their own well-being. We conducted tw os tudies to test the hypothesis that perceptions of benefiting others attenuate the detrimental effects of perceptions of harming others on the well-being of service employees. In Study 1, as urve yo f3 77 transportation service employees and 99 secretaries, perceive dp rosocial impact moderated the negative association between perceived antisocial impact and job satisfaction, such that the association decreased as perceived prosocial impact increased. In Study 2, as urve yo f7 9s chool teachers, perceived prosocial impact moderated the association between perceived antisocial impact and burnout, and this moderated relationship was mediated by moral justification; the results held after controlling for common antecedents of burnout. The results suggest that perceptions of benefiting others ma yp rotect service employees against the decreased job satisfaction and increased burnout typically associated with perceptions of harming others. Implications for research on burnout, job satisfaction, positive organizational scholarship and job design ar e discussed.
The Role of Prostaglanclins in Diabetes Insipidus Produced by Desoxycorticosterone in the Dog

To determine the role of renal prostaglandins (PGs) in the renal response to desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA), dogs were studied on a constant diet in which sodium intake was restricted (2.5 meq/day) or high (115 meq/day). On the restricted sodium intake, DOCA (25 mg/day im for 6 days) did not affect urinary volume, sodium, potassium, PGE2, or PGF2 alpha. On the high sodium intake, DOCA produced sodium retention for 1 day and a sustained increase in urinary potassium with a fall in serum potassium to 3.1 meq/liter. Urine volume increased from 574 +/- 50 to 1726 +/- 177 ml/day (P less than 0.001) with a fall in urinary osmolality from 1545 +/- 122 to 495 +/- 55 mosmol/ liter (P less than 0.001) as serum sodium increased from 149.0 +/- 1.0 to 152.5 +/- 0.3 meq/liter (P less than 0.025) by the sixth day of DOCA. Urinary PGE2 and PGF2 alpha were unchanged during the first 2 days of DOCA, then increased progressively from control values of 261 +/- 60 and 1143 +/- 144 ng/day ng/day, respectively, to 730 +/- 62 (P less than 0.005) and 3013 +/- 479 ng/day (P less than 0.01), respectively. Potassium repletion during continued DOCA treatment restored urinary volume, osmolality, PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, and serum sodium to control values. Treatment with indomethacin during DOCA-induced hypokalemia, polyuria, hypernatremia, and increased urinary PG, restored urinary PGs to control values, and corrected the polyuria and hypernatremia without a change in serum potassium. Thus, DOCA produced potassium depletion, polyuria, increased urinary PGs, and hypernatremia in dogs on a high sodium intake but not in those on a restricted sodium intake. As polyuria and hypernatremia were corrected either by potassium repletion, which corrected the supranormal renal synthesis of PGs, or by indomethacin, which inhibited their synthesis, renal water loss was presumably the result of an increase in renal PG synthesis, probably stimulated by potassium depletion.
A comparison of the Framingham and European Society of Cardiology coronary heart disease risk prediction models in the normative aging study.

Background A number of prediction models have been developed in an attempt to accurately identify patients at increased risk of a first coronary heart disease event. We sought to determine the ten-year incidence of coronary heart disease events in a healthy cohort with measurable risk factors, and to compare these results with the predicted number of events by use of both the Framingham and European Society of Cardiology risk prediction models. Methods We compared the predicted and observed number of events in 5 risk categories in 1393 subjects aged 30 to 74 years who were enrolled in the Normative Aging Study. Results The risk prediction models reliably stratify populations with regards to relative risk of coronary heart disease events and there is reasonable agreement between the 2 models (weighted κ = 0.46, P <.01). The Framingham model underestimated the absolute risk of coronary heart disease events in the low-risk group, and both risk prediction models overestimated the absolute risk of events in the high- or very-high-risk groups (Framingham c-statistic = 0.60, European Society of Cardiology c-statistic = 0.58). Conclusions Despite simplification, the accuracy of the European model was not significantly different from the Framingham model. But the accuracy of absolute risk prediction, particularly at the extremes of risk, is imperfect. Refinement and validation of these risk prediction models is important because they affect the management of individual patients and the allocation of community resources. (Am Heart J 2002;144:95-100.)
Resource Description and Access (RDA) Database Enrichment: The Path to a Hybridized Catalog

This article examines the benefits of a Resource Description and Access (RDA) enrichment project for libraries. Enrichment projects “hybridize,” or enrich legacy Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition (AACR2) bibliographic records with RDA data. Until a replacement for MARC is developed, bibliographic data will continue to be encoded in MARC 21 in many integrated library systems. Library catalogs contain records coded under both AACR2 and RDA standards. RDA enrichment projects benefit the patron experience because the data is cleaner and more consistent for patron use and display, cataloging staff workflows are simplified, and the consistency of the data is advantageous for system development and data exchange with other communities.
A chemical mass balance analysis of nonmethane hydrocarbon emissions in North Carolina

Abstract The EPA's Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model (CMB7) was used for analysis of nonmethane hydrocarbon source-receptor relationships in the Raleigh, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Three hour integrated ambient samples collected 15 km southeast of downtown Raleigh from 5–8 AM weekdays during August, 1993 were analyzed for speciated hydrocarbons and used as inputs in the model. Additional samples collected from 12–3 PM and 5–8 PM were also analyzed. CMB results for four source profiles, i.e. roadway, whole gas, surface coating, and isoprene were compared with the State of North Carolina's seasonally adjusted emission inventory for anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbon emissions. The Biogenic Emission Inventory System (BETS) was used to estimate isoprene emissions for a typical summer day in the Raleigh area. CMB results using average concentrations of the 5–8 AM samples were similar to both the anthropogenic and biogenic emission inventory. Mass balance attributed 50.5% of total nonmethane organic carbon to roadway sources, 17.0% to surface coatings, and 4.0% to isoprene sources during the 5–8 AM sampling period; compared to the emission inventory which apportioned 47.5% to mobile sources, 14.0% to surface coating sources and 6.0% to isoprene sources during the same period. Afternoon and early evening samples were used to determine the diurnal profile for isoprene and roadway sources for comparison with emission inventory profiles. CMB results showed roadway source emissions decrease from morning to the afternoon and remain relatively constant from the afternoon to early evening.
Advanced Dynamic Programming in Semiring and Hypergraph Frameworks

Dynamic Programming (DP) is an important class of algorithms widely used in many areas of speech and language processing. Recently there have been a series of work trying to formalize many instances of DP algorithms under algebraic and graph-theoretic frameworks. This tutorial surveys two such frameworks, namely semirings and directed hypergraphs, and draws connections between them. We formalize two particular types of DP algorithms under each of these frameworks: the Viterbi-style topological algorithms and the Dijkstra-style best-first algorithms. Wherever relevant, we also discuss typical applications of these algorithms in Natural Language Processing.
Characterization of a Stem-like Subpopulation in Basal-like Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS) Lesions

Previously, we found that basal-like ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) contains cancer stem-like cells. Here, we characterize stem-like subpopulations in a model of basal-like DCIS and identify subpopulations of CD49f+/CD24− stem-like cells that possess aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 activity. We found that these cells show enhanced migration potential compared with non-stem DCIS cells. We also found that the chemopreventive agent sulforaphane can target these DCIS stem-like cells, reduce aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression, and decrease mammosphere and progenitor colony formation. Furthermore, we characterized exosomal trafficking of microRNAs in DCIS and found that several microRNAs (miRs) including miR-140, miR-29a, and miR-21 are differentially expressed in exosomes from DCIS stem-like cells. We found that SFN treatment could reprogram DCIS stem-like cells as evidenced by significant changes in exosomal secretion more closely resembling that of non-stem cancer cells. Finally, we demonstrated that exosomal secretion of miR-140 might impact signaling in nearby breast cancer cells.
Horizontal transfer beyond genes

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major process in the evolution of bacteria and archaea (1⇓–3) that is thought to be the principal source of functional innovation in microbial evolution (4, 5). The signal of vertical, tree-like evolution is detectable primarily among genes encoding components of information processing systems, whereas evolution of the operational genes (primarily, metabolic enzymes, transporters, and regulators of these processes) effectively shows network-type evolutionary dynamics (6, 7). Quantification of HGT across the diversity of bacteria reveals extremely high characteristic rates of gene transfer in most groups of bacteria, with multiple HGT events detectable per nucleotide substitution per gene, indicating that HGT is indeed the dominant mode of microbial evolution (8). Many HGT events involve individual genes, but transfer of larger portions of genomes, in particular operons, is common as well, leading to the selfish operon hypothesis under which operons represent self-contained and hence readily transferable units of evolution (9, 10). Accordingly, evolution of bacterial metabolic networks has been modeled as a process of acquisition of operons encoding distinct metabolic pathways, complete with the cognate regulatory elements (11). In PNAS, Oren et al. (12) add an unexpected, potentially important facet to the already extensive evidence of the dominance of …
Intimate Diversity: The Presentation of Multiculturalism and Multiracialism in a High-Boundary Religious Movement

Researchers studying the small yet significant number (8-10 percent) of U. S. multiracial/ethnic congregations have argued that formal organizational commitment, the development of inclusive worship styles, and the formation of small racially/ethnically mixed groups appear to be significant factors in constructing and maintaining congregational diversity. Drawing, from four years of field studies in a racially and ethnically diverse congregation of the International Churches of Christ (ICOC). I address a process about which we know relatively little: the construction and maintenance of multiracial/ethnic networks in high-boundary religious movements. I demonstrate how this type of group is particularly able to present a valuable and rising commodity in our U.S. religious economy, what I have named intimate diversity-the enactment and/or narration of close and caring relationships among a racially and ethnically diverse membership. My comparative analysis here of the ICOC, the People's Temple, and contemporary U.S. Baha'i communities suggests that membership in such groups offers members greater expsure and involvement with people from different backgrounds, hut the terms of involvement in the organization seriously limit and define the manner in which individuals can experience diversity. Furthermore, group commitment to present a face of intimate diversity and strict mechanisms of social control hinder the abilities of the leadership and members to clearly recognize contradictions in group racial/ethnic ideologies and practice.
Algebraic properties of program integration

The need to integrate several versions of a program into a common one arises frequently, but it is a tedious and time consuming task to merge programs by hand. The program-integration algorithm recently proposed by Horwitz, Prins, and Reps provides a way to create a semantics-based tool for integrating a base program with two or more variants. The integration algorithm is based on the assumption that any change in the behavior, rather than the text, of a program variant is significant and must be preserved in the merged program. An integration system based on this algorithm will determine whether the variants incorporate interfering changes, and, if they do not, create an integrated program that includes all changes as well as all features of the base program that are preserved in all variants. To determine this information, the algorithm employs a program representation that is similar to the program dependence graphs that have been used previously in vectorizing and parallelizing compilers.
Superstring Solitons and Conformal Field Theory

Theories with conventional superstring spectra can be generalized by allowing non-vanishing vacuum expectation values (vevs) for all the fields in the low energy supergravity, rather than for only the metric tensor. The vevs are given by classical solutions of the supergravity field equations. These solutions can be elementary in that they carry only Noether charge, or solitons which have topological charge. The bosonic supergravity fields, apart from the metric, are described by d-form potentials, which fall into two categories: they are either NS-NS or RR, the latter occurring only in Type II superstrings. These two types are distinguished by the d-forms representing massless states having their origin in the Neveu-Schwarz/Neveu-Schwarz or the Ramond/Ramond sector of the string theory.
Bounding Causal Effects Using Data from a Contaminated Natural Experiment: Analysing the Effects of Teenage Childbearing

In this paper, we consider what can be learned about causal effects when one uses a contaminated instrumental variable. In particular, we consider what inferences can be made about the causal effect of teenage childbearing on a teen mother's subsequent outcomes when we use the natural experiment of miscarriages to form an instrumental variable for teen births. Miscarriages might not meet all of the conditions required for an instrumental variable to identify such causal effects for all of the observations in our sample. However, it is an appropriate instrumental variable for some women, namely those pregnant women who experience a random miscarriage. Although information from typical data sources does not allow one to identify these women, we show that one can adapt results from Horowitz and Manski (1995) on identification with data from contaminated samples to construct informative bounds on the causal effect of teenage childbearing. We use these bounds to re-examine the effects of early chilbearing on the teen mother's subsequent educational and labour market attainment as considered in Hotz, McElroy and Sanders (1995a, 1995b). Consistent with their study, these bounds indicate that women who have births as teens have higher labour market earnings and hours worked compared to what they would have attained if their childbearing had been delayed.
Clinical research in pancreatic cancer: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trials.

Abstract Purpose To summarize the clinical research activities of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group program in the treatment of patients with locally advanced, as well as resected, pancreatic cancer. Methods and materials Phase II and III clinical trials are underway, examining novel cytotoxic and targeted agents with irradiation (RT) for patients with locally advanced and resected pancreatic cancer. Results A Phase II study incorporating concurrent paclitaxel with external beam radiotherapy in the locally advanced setting has been completed and recently analyzed. This experience has served as the foundation of a Phase II study using concurrent paclitaxel and gemcitabine with RT followed by R115777, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, as maintenance therapy. In the adjuvant treatment of pancreatic cancer, an Intergroup Phase III trial has compared “conventional” postoperative chemoirradiation (5-fluorouracil before, after, and during RT) and gemcitabine before and after RT (with 5-fluorouracil during RT). This study has recently closed, meeting its accrual goal. The successor study will evaluate the use of gemcitabine given concurrently with RT, as well as in a maintenance schedule. Conclusion This report summarizes current and future Radiation Therapy Oncology Group clinical trials in the treatment of patients with localized pancreatic cancer.
Synthesis, characterization, and crosslinking of novel stars comprising eight poly(isobutylene‐azeotropic‐styrene) copolymer arms with allyl or hydroxyl termini. II. Stars of eight isobutylene/styrene azeotropic copolymer arms emanating from a calix[8]arene core

Our objective was the precision synthesis of novel stars consisting of a well-defined calix[8]arene core out of which radiate eight poly(isobutylene-aze-styrene) [P(IB-aze-St)] arms fitted with crosslinkable end groups. We reached our objective by preparing the octafunctional calixarene derivative C[8]OCH3, inducing the living azeotropic copolymerization of IB/St charges with the C[8]OCH3/BCl3·TiCl4 initiating system, and end-quenching living IB/St copolymerizations with allyltrimethylsilane. With this strategy, we obtained stars C[8][P(IB-aze-St)CH2CHCH2]8 of various molecular weights. The number of CH2CHCH2 termini of the arms was 8.0 ± 0.2 by quantitative 1H NMR analysis. The eight allyl termini were quantitatively converted to CH2CH2CH2OH termini by hydroboration/oxidation. To confirm that the latter second-generation stars possessed eight primary alcohol end groups, we quantitatively converted the CH2OH termini to OSi(CH3)3 termini, the concentration of which was quantitated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. According to this analysis, the stars contained 8.0 ± 0.3 hydroxyl termini. The glass-transition temperatures of the P(IB-aze-St) arms increased from 59 to 65 °C as the weight-average molecular weights of the arms increased from about 2500 to about 4300 g/mol, respectively. The α and K constants of the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada relationship and the intrinsic viscosity of a representative allyl-telechelic star were determined and compared with a linear azeotropic IB/St copolymer of similar molecular weight. The crosslinking of C[8][P(IB-aze-St)CH2CH2CH2OH]8 stars with 4,4′-methylene bis(phenyl) diisocyanate and 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate in various solvents afforded tightly crosslinked films of potential interest for scratch-resistant coatings, mar-resistant coatings, or both. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1525–1532, 2001
Proteomic cancer biomarkers from discovery to approval: it’s worth the effort

The current landscape of cancer biomarkers is changing rapidly, with new and exciting developments. With the advances of proteomic technologies, many potential cancer biomarkers have been discovered. However, the number of new cancer biomarkers cleared or approved by the US FDA is rather limited. Although technological advances are important, clearly defining intended use, good study design and appropriate patient specimens are critical for the success of FDA approval. While obtaining FDA clearance/approval for newly developed and clinically useful cancer biomarkers has been slow, the reward for patient care could be enormous.
Plasmids of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6701

Abstract Plasmids were obtained from Synechocystis 6701 using a lysis method that employed a hemicellulase digestion procedure. Eight major bands were observed in the initial preparation. Four of the smaller plasmids were isolated using preparative agarose electrophoresis gels and identified by restriction endonuclease analysis. Chromosomal DNA was screened with 15 restriction enzymes and 6 ( Eco RI, Sst I, Hpa I, Bst EII, Acc I, and Bgl II) were effective. Analysis of DNA fragments from plasmids pSCY 1–4 indicated that each plasmid was unique and that their approximate sizes were 5, 7.5, 13.5 and 15 kb, respectively. Digestion of pSCY 1 and pSCY 4 with Bgl II produced DNA fragments that may be used to construct a conjugation vector for this unicellular cyanobacterium.
Fiber, Lipids, and Coronary Heart Disease A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee, American Heart Association

There is now overwhelming evidence that dietary factors influence risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) both favorably and unfavorably.1 2 3 4 The three most atherogenic dietary risk factors are saturated fat, cholesterol, and obesity.2 3 The Step I and Step II diets are recommended to address these problems and are aimed at reducing intake of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol. On average, blood cholesterol levels can be reduced an estimated 5% to 15% through the Step I–Step II diet approach, with some hyperlipidemic patients experiencing even greater reductions. Increased carbohydrate intake, especially complex carbohydrates, is also recommended to replace the majority of calories lost through reduced fat intake. Choosing fiber-rich carbohydrate sources may foster additional cholesterol lowering and other nutritional benefits beyond those derived from fat modification alone. Inconsistent findings from studies on fiber and lipids have recently contributed to some confusion regarding fiber’s potential benefits. Current evidence regarding this subject and limitations of the existing literature are briefly reviewed. The Life Sciences Research Office of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology defines fiber as “the endogenous components of plant materials in the diet which are resistant to digestion by enzymes produced by humans.”4 Simply put, dietary fiber, including cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, and lignin, comes from the cell walls of plants plus other indigestible components of plants. Much of the difficulty in defining specific types of fiber is related to differences in analytical methodology used to quantify it. Only as recently as the late 1970s was it recognized that fiber could be characterized by its solubility in the intestines.5 6 Nutrient tables developed before 1980 contain primarily crude fiber values. Crude fiber is measured after an exhaustive extraction of foods and does not provide an accurate estimate of the actual dietary fiber …
Frequency of Premature Infant Engagement and Disengagement Behaviors During Two Maternally Administered Interventions

Although sensitive maternal behaviors improve later quality of mother-infant interaction and subsequently infant development, little is known regarding how an intervention might promote early premature infant social interactive behavior. This study compared the frequency of premature infant engagement and disengagement behaviors during two maternally administered interventions, the multi-sensory auditory, tactile, visual and vestibular intervention (ATVV) and kangaroo care (KC) for 26 infants between 31 and 46 weeks PMA. The ATVV intervention elicited more disengagement (M = 24 vs. 12, p = .0003), trended toward more engagement (M = 21 vs. 15.7, p = .06) and more potent engagement (M = 24 vs. 12, p = .0003), subtle disengagement (M = 25 vs. 11.9, p < .0001), and potent disengagement (M = 22.9 vs. 14, p = . 006) behaviors than did KC. The ATVV intervention may be an intervention to promote the infant's learning how to regulate engagement and disengagement behaviors.
Lymphoid Organs and Amphibian Immunity

Immunological responses are physiological mechanisms which endow an animal with the capacity to recognize foreign materials and to eliminate them. In order to execute the functions of immunity, a ubiquitous cell system has evolved within the vertebrates known as the lymphoreticular system. This collection of cellular elements is distributed strategically throughout the body and housed primarily in various lymphoid organs. Observations on the morphological development of the vertebrate lymphoid system (1) reveals that as one examines the phylogenetic scale from agnathans to birds and mammals, the number, location and diversity of lymphoid organs increases. By analyzing the lymphoid system of primitive vertebrates, one can thus gain answers as to how the immune system of advanced vertebrates evolved.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Ideal strength and phonon instability in single-layer MoS 2 ’ ”

In the Comment, Cooper et al. pointed out a disagreement between two recent density functional theory (DFT) studies ([Li, Phys. Rev. B 85, 235407 (2012)] and [Cooper et al., Phys. Rev. B 87, 035423 (2013)]) on the uniaxial tensile stress as a function of the applied strain along the zigzag $(x)$ and armchair $(y)$ directions of single-layer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$. We show here that it is the in-plane atomic relaxation under the applied uniaxial tensile stress, rather than the errors in the execution of the DFT calculation, that leads to the discrepancy. Furthermore, through new analysis, we show that our original conclusion that the tensile strength of single-layer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$ is dictated by out-of-plane soft-mode phonon instability under the biaxial tension and the uniaxial tension along the armchair direction is still valid when the in-plane atomic relaxation is considered.
Investigation on Health Knowledge Awareness of Employees in Lianyungang City

[Objective]To understand the health knowledge awareness of employees in Lianyungang City,and provide reference for adopting effective health education interventions.[Methods]Three municipal enterprises were selected by random sampling.Questionnaire survey was adopted.[Results]The total awareness rate of general health knowledge was 77.06%.The awareness rate of health,hypertension,TB,occupational disease,the transmission of AIDS and whether smoking is harmful to the human body was 83.47%,73.91%,80.0%,70.43%,73.91% and 96.52%,respectively.There was no significant difference of awareness rate between genders throughχ2 test.While the awareness rate between different education levels was significantly different by χ2 test.The results showed that the major ways for employees to obtain health knowledge were newspaper,magazines and books,followed by internet,TV,relatives,friends,lectures and brochures.[Conclusion]The awareness rate of health knowledge among employees in Lianyungang City is relatively high,but which is still lower than the specified index.Therefore,health education in enterprise needs to be further strengthened.
Effect of immunization with prostaglandin metabolites on gastrointestinal ulceration

Active immunization of rabbits with a 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-thyroglobulin conjugate induced gastrointestinal ulceration, whereas active immunization of rabbits with 13,14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin E2-thyroglobulin conjugate or with thyroglobulin alone did not result in ulceration. Passive immunization of a separate group of rabbits with 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-hyperimmune plasma, obtained from actively 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha-immunized donor rabbits that had ulcers, induced gastric ulceration within 9 days, whereas passive immunization of rabbits with control plasma, obtained from donor rabbits actively immunized with thyroglobulin alone, did not induce ulceration. Ulcerogenic donor plasma containing antibody to 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha neutralized the inhibitory actions of prostacyclin on adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation, indicating that this antibody cross-reacted with prostacyclin. In contrast, plasma containing antibodies to 13,14-dihydro-15-ketoprostaglandin E2 cross-reacted only slightly with prostaglandin E2. Thus antibodies to inactive metabolites of prostaglandins induce ulceration only if these antibodies cross-react with an endogenous, "cytoprotective" prostaglandin.
Embracing the Contribution of Both Behavioral and Cognitive Theories to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Maximizing the Richness

Cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) is one of the most popular intervention models used by social workers and other mental health professionals. CBT stems from two very distinct and unique theoretical paradigms with rich histories. Yet, in practice, the full potential of the model is not realized as behavioral theories are applied as secondary to cognitive theories. In this paper, we present a brief overview of the histories of both cognitive and behavioral theories, a summary of their explanatory and intervention theories, and describe how they have been merged to date to create an intervention model. We argue that if CBT truly acknowledged the contributions of behavioral theory, the social work perspective of the person in environment would be more closely represented by balancing the internal mental process of cognitive theory with the determining contingencies of the external environment central to behavioral theory.
Maternal factors in "fetally malnourished" black newborn infants

"Fetal malnutrition" was diagnosed in term, black infants who had low ratios of birth weight to body length in the presence of characteristic physical signs of malnutrition and in the absence of clinical evidence of genetic defects, intrauterine infections, and congenital malformations. Maternal factors significantly associated with "fetal malnutrition" included a poor maternal weight gain, little or no prenatal care, pre-eclampsia, and chronic major illness. Maternal factors that were not significantly associated with "fetal malnutrition" were smoking, being on welfare, being unmarried, obesity, underweight, maternal age, and number of school years completed.
Sex allocation in Lythrypnus (Gobiidae) : variations on a hermaphroditic theme

The gonadal sexual patterns of three Atlantic/Caribbean Lythrypnus (L. nesiotes, L. phorellus, L. spilus) are described, based on histological examination, and compared with previously described sexual patterns of L. dalli and L. zebra, from the eastern Pacific. Overall, there was striking similarity in the sexual patterns of all the species; each exhibited simultaneous hermaphroditism with a high degree of variability in allocation to male tissue among individuals. Among the five species whose sexual patterns are described, at least three distinct sexual patterns were identified. Lythrypnus dalli has an allocation pattern distinct from the other species, with populations consisting of primarily pure females, strongly female-biased hermaphrodites and pure males. Lythrypnus nesiotes was also found to be distinct from the other species, consisting primarily of pure females and strongly female-biased hermaphrodites and male-biased individuals (mean allocation to male tissue = 75%). In contrast to L. dalli, L. nesiotes had no pure males. Indeed, no other species examined included pure males. L. phorellus, L. spilus and L. zebra had much more intermediate allocation patterns than either L. dalli or L. nesiotes. Most individuals were female biased (<10% male tissue), and there were significant numbers of individuals with intermediate allocation (10–90% male). L. zebra differed somewhat from L. phorellus and L. spilus in that more strongly male-biased individuals were common in the sample (i.e., ranging in allocation from 90 to 98% male); this difference was not statistically compelling. This marked variation in allocation among closely related species suggests Lythrypnus is a useful model system to explore factors affecting allocation. For example, models developed for simultaneous hermaphrodites and appropriate for Lythrypnus predict that pure sexed individuals will be more common at higher density (e.g., because mating success is more certain). The observed interspecific variation supports this prediction – both L. dalli and L. nesiotes occur at high density and have the most extreme allocation patterns, whereas L. phorellus, L. spilus, and L. zebra occur at lower density and have more intermediate allocation patterns.
Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD: NIH Consensus Report

The following is a synopsis of the consensus statement issued by the planning committee and panel members of a conference on ADHD held at the NIH, November 16-18, 1998.
The Midlatitude Lower-Stratospheric Mountain Wave “Valve Layer”

AbstractThe vertical propagation and attenuation of mountain waves launched by New Zealand terrain during the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) field campaign are investigated. New Zealand mountain waves were frequently attenuated in a lower-stratospheric weak wind layer between z = 15 and 25 km. This layer is termed a “valve layer,” as conditions within this layer (primarily minimum wind speed) control mountain wave momentum flux through it, analogous to a valve controlling mass flux through a pipe. This valve layer is a climatological feature in the wintertime midlatitude lower stratosphere above the subtropical jet.Mountain wave dynamics within this valve layer are studied using realistic Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations that were extensively validated against research aircraft, radiosonde, and satellite observations. Locally, wave attenuation is horizontally and vertically inhomogeneous, evidenced by numerous regions with wave-induced low Richardson numbers an...