cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU‐E‐E‐06: The New ABR Exam: What Have We Done to Change the Way We Teach Physics to Residents?

Purpose: Our purpose is to develop a new physics course integrated with radiology clinical content and practice to prepare radiology residents to take the new American Board of Radiology (ABR) diagnostic radiology exam that went into effect on July 2010. Methods: Our old physics course was taught over a period of one year, and consisted mainly of lectures taught from an imagingphysicstextbook. We now offer a two year course that primarily uses the RSNA/AAPM physics modules supplemented with other resources such as the AAPM physics curriculum and AAPM/RSNA physics tutorials. Various physics topics will be discussed in a non‐serial order so that the residents develop an understanding of a breadth of topics in the first year. Each class session requires assigned reading or review before class. During class, we focus on important and relevant concepts from the assigned reading. We meet with the residents every other week and have one scheduled clinical lecture a month. The clinical lecture may come in the form of a radiologist teaching physics with emphasis on clinical relevance, a lab demonstrating physics concepts, a show and tell of radiology equipment, or a guest speaker from another institution. We are using audience response systems to encourage participation and discussion, and using tag‐team teaching to generate interest and discuss clinically relevant questions and answers. We have also redesigned the physics course website to make it more user‐friendly. Results: We don't know yet. Only time and the success of our residents taking the board exam in 2013 will demonstrate whether the new format is working Conclusions: We anticipate that the new format will work, but this is only possible providing time and effort is expended by physicists in making changes to the old teaching methods to benefit the residents and the radiology community as a whole.
A molecular beacon DNA microarray system for rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 that eliminates the risk of a false negative signal.

Abstract A DNA hybridization based optical detection platform for the detection of foodborne pathogens has been developed with virtually zero probability of the false negative signal. This portable, low-cost and real-time assaying detection platform utilizes the color changing molecular beacon as a probe for the optical detection of the target sequence. The computer-controlled detection platform exploits the target hybridization induced change of fluorescence color due to the Forster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) between a pair of spectrally shifted fluorophores conjugated to the opposite ends of a beacon (oligonucleotide probe). Unlike the traditional fluorophore-quencher beacon design, the presence of two fluorescence molecules allows to actively visualize both hybridized and unhybridized states of the beacon. This eliminates false negative signal detection characteristic for the fluorophore-quencher beacon where bleaching of the fluorophore or washout of a beacon is indistinguishable from the absence of the target DNA sequence. In perspective, the two-color design allows also to quantify the concentration of the target DNA in a sample down to ≤1 ng/μl. The new design is suitable for simultaneous reliable detection of hundreds of DNA target sequences in one test run using a series of beacons immobilized on a single substrate in a spatial format.
MMPI Diagnostic Classification of Substance Abusers of the 1970s

Retrospective analysis of the MMPI profiles of 160 substance abusers tested in the 1970s showed that 54% were classified as showing signs of characterological disorder, 32% thinking disturbance, and 9% emotional disturbance. Four percent of the profiles were asymptomatic. These findings are presented both to confirm the wider variety of psychopathology in substance abusers of the 1970s than earlier and to provide current researchers with comparative data.
Effects of epidermal hydration on skin conductance responses and levels

Abstract Simultaneous recordings of skin conductance responses (SCRs) and levels (SCLs) were obtained from four sites. A glycol solution at one site produced minimal hydration while agar jelly at another site which was presoaked with water produced maximal hydration. The other two sites were recorded with two standard electrolytes (agar jelly and Unibase cream). In separate experimentsra pid and slow recovery SCRs were elicited over a period of 20–25 min. It was concluded that Unibase and agar have very different effects on skin conductance (SC) measurements, and that the relationship between SC measures and hydration is not monotonic.
Serotonin-2C Receptor Pre-mRNA Editing in Rat Brain andin Vitro by Splice Site Variants of the Interferon-inducible Double-stranded RNA-specific Adenosine Deaminase ADAR1

The interferon-inducible RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR1) is an RNA editing enzyme implicated in the site-selective deamination of adenosine to inosine in cellular pre-mRNAs. The pre-mRNA for the rat serotonin-2C receptor (5-HT2CR) possesses four editing sites (A, B, C, and D), which undergo A-to-I nucleotide conversions that alter the signaling function of the encoded G-protein-coupled receptor. Measurements of 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA editing in vitro revealed site-specific deamination catalyzed by ADAR1. Three splice site variants, ADAR1-a, -b, and -c, all efficiently edited the A site of 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA, but the D site did not serve as an efficient substrate for any of the ADAR1 variants. Mutational analysis of the three double-stranded (ds) RNA binding motifs present in ADAR1 revealed a different relative importance of the individual dsRNA binding motifs for deamination of the A site of 5-HT2CR and synthetic dsRNA substrates. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated that the 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA was most highly expressed in the choroid plexus of rat brain. However, ADAR1 and the related deaminase ADAR2 showed significant expression in all regions of the brain examined, including cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and striatum, where the 5-HT2CR pre-mRNA was extensively edited.
Application of Dynamic Subgrid-scale Models for Large-eddy Simulation of the Daytime Convective Boundary Layer over Heterogeneous Surfaces

The sensitivity of large-eddy simulation (LES) to the representation of subgrid-scale (SGS) processes is explored for the case of the convective boundary layer (CBL) developing over surfaces with varying degrees of spatial heterogeneity. Three representations of SGS processes are explored: the traditional constant Smagorinsky–Lilly model and two other dynamic models with Lagrangian averaging approaches to calculate the Smagorinsky coefficient (C S ) and SGS Prandtl number (Pr). With initial data based roughly on the observed meteorology, simulations of daytime CBL growth are performed over surfaces with characteristics (i.e. fluxes and roughness) ranging from homogeneous, to striped heterogeneity, to a realistic representation of heterogeneity as derived from a recent field study. In both idealized tests and the realistic case, SGS sensitivities are mostly manifest near the surface and entrainment zone. However, unlike simulations over complex domains or under neutral or stable conditions, these differences for the CBL simulation, where large eddies dominate, are not significant enough to distinguish the performance of the different SGS models, irrespective of surface heterogeneity.
The Misaligned, Eccentric Face Seal

Misalignment and eccentricity effect on face seal, discussing leakage dependence on phase angle
Effects of aging on lens transmittance and retinal input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in golden hamsters

Old animals are less sensitive by almost an order of magnitude to the phase-shifting effects of a low intensity light pulse on the locomotor activity rhythm and the associated induction of immediate early genes in the circadian clock. The transmittance of energy from 200 to 700 nm through the excised lens of the eyes of young and old golden hamsters was measured to determine if an age-related difference exists in the transmittance of light. There is only a small decrease (8-50%) in transmittance, with the magnitude being dependent upon wavelength. No significant differences were detected between young and old animals in the retinal innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). These results support the hypothesis that the observed decrease in sensitivity to light in the aged circadian system occurs within the SCN itself and/or retino-hypothalamic tract photoreceptors.
Defining acute lung disease in children with the oxygenation saturation index.

Objective To evalute whether a formula could be derived using oxygen saturation (Spo2) to replace Pao2 that would allow identification of children with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Definitions of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome require arterial blood gases to determine the Pao2/Fio2 ratio of 300 (acute lung injury) and 200 (acute respiratory distress syndrome).
The computed tomographic findings in intracranial metastases due to breast carcinoma.

Abstract Seventeen patients with breast cancer had CT evidence of intracranial metastatic lesions. Sixteen patients showed neurological abnormalities on examination; one patient had no abnormalities on clinical examination. CT showed evidence of basal parasellar lesions (3 cases), orbital lesions (2 cases), or cerebral hemispheric (intracerebral or subdural) lesions (11 cases). In one case, diffuse meningeal and cortical nodular enhancement was consistent with diagnosis of carcinomatous meningitis. Ten had solitary and seven had multiple lesions. CT showed evidence of bone lesions in 8 cases and there were accompanying parasellar (3 cases), orbital (2 cases), and subdural lesions (3 cases). The intracerebral lesions(s) had an iso- or hypodense appearance on plain scan; there was peripheral rim or nodular enhancement on post-contrast scan.
The effect of oxygen on arteriolar red cell velocity and capillary density in the rat cremaster muscle

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of varying oxygen tension upon microcirculatory flow. The cremaster muscle of the rat was exposed and suffused with a control Ringer's solution equilibrated with nitrogen. During this procedure the red cell velocity was measured in 10–30 μm arterioles by the dual-slit photometric method, the tissue and solution pO2 were measured with an oxygen microelectrode, and the number of flowing capillaries was determined from analysis of video tapes. For a 5-min period the suffusion solution was changed to one containing 5, 10, or 21% oxygen. As the pO2 of the suffusion solution immediately above the muscle rose from 24 to 85 mm Hg, the arteriolar red cell velocity fell from 2.36 ± 0.29 to 0.69 ± 0.30 mm/sec. The tissue pO2 averaged 19 mm Hg under the 0, 5, and 10% oxygen solutions and rose to 40 mm Hg under the 21% oxygen solution. When the solution pO2 was increased from 38 to 97 mm Hg, the capillary density fell by 48%. When the suffusion solution was equilibrated with nitrogen the tissue pO2 was 2.9 mm Hg or higher, which is above the currently accepted values for the critical pO2 in tissue.
Prony estimation of AR parameters of an ARMA time series

Abstract The auto-covariance function of a white noise excited time series can be decomposed into the contributions of different modes, therefore having the same structure as that of the impulse response of a deterministic system. By matching the auto-covariance of the data with that of the ARMA model, the estimation of the characteristic roots of the system and the dispersion coefficients can be implemented using the Prony method, therefore the estimation of the AR parameters becomes a linear least squares problem. It is found that this estimate for the AR parameters of an ARMA model is identical to the asymptotically unbiased estimate using modified Yule-Walker equation for ARMA ( n , n −1).
HAUSP hunting the FOX(O)

The forkhead box O (FOXO) family of transcription factors regulate cell stress, cell cycle and cell death pathways. Their activities can be modulated by multiple posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and acetylation. A recent study adds a new twist to FOXO regulation, showing that coupled ubiquitination and deubiquitination of FOXO may be important for cellular responses to oxidative stress.
Pharmacokinetics of two Alternative Dosage Forms for Cyclosporine: Liposomes and Intralipid

Cyclosporine (CsA), commercially available as iv or oral Sandimmune, is a potent immunosuppressant which can induce dose-related nephrotoxocity. In addition, the iv product contains a solubilizing agent, Cremophore EL, which in itself is reported to be nephrotoxic and can induce, in sensitized patients, anaphylactic reactions. Solubilization of CsA with liposomes or lipid emulsions could provide a suitable alternative dosage form for iv administration. With this in mind, male New Zealand white rabbits were given iv CsA (10 mg/kg) in three different dosage forms: (1) CsA:liposomes; (2) CsA:Intralipid (soybean oil and phospholipids); and (3) the commercially available Sandimmune (cyclosporine). The CsA concentration in whole blood samples was analyzed by HPLC. The terminal disposition half-life of CsA (t1/2 β) ranged from 400 to 475 min and was not statistically different among the three groups. However, the distribution characteristics of CsA changed dramatically depending on the dosage form. The volume of distribution of CsA at steady state (Vdss) in Sandimmune was 2.7 ± 0.2 L/kg and was significantly lower than that of either Intralipid (10.6 ± 2.7 L/kg) or liposomes (7.4 ± 2.3 L/kg). A significantly lower total body clearance (TBC) of CsA also was seen for Sandimmune (12.7 ± 0.3 mL/min/kg) as compared with that of either Intralipid (24.4 ± 8.2 mL/min/kg) or liposomes (18.9 ± 3.9 mL/min/kg). Since CsA is extensively bound to lipoproteins, it is surprising that both test vehicles showed a different distribution pattern. It is speculated that in addition to the benefit of removing Cremophore EL from the product, the different distribution of CsA:liposomes or CsA:Intralipid may prove useful in altering the nephrotoxocity and immunosuppression of CsA during iv therapy.
Analysis of the combined Maglev levitation, propulsion, and guidance system

An analysis of a Japanese Maglev system that uses only one set of coils in the guideway for combined levitation, propulsion, and guidance functions is presented. This preliminary study, using the dynamic circuit approach, indicates that the system is very promising. >
Level V involvement in patients with early T-stage, node-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To assess the risk of level V nodal involvement for early T-stage and node positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (ORO-SCC). Methods: Retrospective analysis performed on patients with ORO-SCC and clinically positive lymph nodes who had undergone upfront elective dissection of level V before definitive chemoradiotherapy. Pathological data collected and prevalence of involvement of level V determined. Results: A total of 119 patients had level V dissection. The prevalence of pathologically positive lymph nodes in level V was 3.4% (4/119). Moreover, it was observed only in the presence of pathological involvement of multiple other nodal levels (4/52 patients, 7.7% vs. 0/67 in patients with a single nodal station involved, χ2P = .02). Conclusions: Subclinical involvement of level V in ORO-SCC is rare, especially in the presence of disease confined to a single nodal level. The present data do not support its dissection after primary chemoradiotherapy. Laryngoscope, 2009
Transport and stability studies on TFTR

During the 1987 run, TFTR reached record values of QDD, neutron source strength, and Ti(0). Good confinement together with intense auxiliary heating has resulted in a plasma pressure greater than 3*105 Pascals on axis, which is at the ballooning stability boundary. At the same time improved diagnostics, especially ion temperature profile measurements, have led to increased understanding of tokamak confinement physics. Ion temperature profiles are much more peaked than previously thought, implying that ion thermal diffusivity, even in high ion temperature supershot plasmas, is greater than electron thermal diffusivity. Based on studies of the effect of beam orientation on plasma performance, one of the four neutral beamlines has been re-oriented from injecting co-parallel to counter parallel, which will increase the available balanced neutral injection power from 14 MW to 27 MW. With this increase in balanced beam power, and the addition of 7 MW of ICRF power it is planned to increase the present equivalant QDT of 0.25 to close to break-even conditions in the coming run.
Persistence of tolerance to a single dose of ethanol in the selectively-bred alcohol-preferring P rat.

Abstract The persistence of tolerance to a single dose of ethanol was examined in the selectively-bred alcohol-preferring P line of rats. Tolerance was measured by a test that required trained rats to jump onto a descending platform to avoid footshock. On day 0, each trained rat received a single IP injection of 2.5 g ethanol/kg body weight and was tested every 15 minutes for recovery to a criterion of 75% of pre-alcohol training performance. The second ethanol injection of 2.5 g/kg and testing were carried out seven days later for one group (n = 12), and 14 days later for another group (n = 12). Tolerance was assessed by the differences in time required to recover to criterion performance and blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) at time of recovery on day 0 vs. day 7 and day 14. The mean recovery times and BACs on day 0 were 156±5 minutes and 222±6 mg%, respectively. The group injected on day 7 exhibited shorter recovery times of 113±4 minutes and higher BACs at recovery of 261±4 mg%, while the group injected on day 14 did not show any significant differences from the values obtained on day 0. In a second experiment, the persistence of tolerance in P rats was compared with that of rats from the alcohol-nonpreferring NP line and of stock Wistar rats (n = 6/group). All rats were trained and tested for recovery to criterion after 2.5 g ethanol/kg on day 0 as described for the first experiment. The rats were then injected with ethanol and tested for tolerance on three subsequent occasions. For the P rats, injections were administered after ethanol-free periods of 7, 10 and 14 days, while 3, 7 and 14 day intervals were used for the NP and Wistar rats. The P rats still exhibited tolerance 7 and 10 days (but not at 14 days) following the first dose of ethanol. The NP and Wistar rats, by contrast, showed no significant differences in either recovery times or BACs at time of recovery when injected and tested 3, 7 or 14 days apart. The findings demonstrate that the persistence of acute behavioral (neuronal) tolerance after even a single ethanol exposure is under genetic control and suggest a positive association of this persistence with alcohol drinking preference.
D-methionine (D-met) significantly rescues noise-induced hearing loss: timing studies.

Abstract We have previously reported rescue from noise-induced auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold shifts with d -methionine ( d -met) administration 1 h after noise exposure. The present study investigated further d -met rescue intervals at 3, 5 and 7 h post-noise exposure. Chinchillas laniger were exposed to a 6 h 105 dB sound pressure level (dB SPL) octave band noise (OBN) and then administered d -met i.p. starting 3, 5, or 7 h after noise exposure; controls received saline i.p. immediately after noise exposure. ABR assessments were performed at baseline and on post-exposure days 1 and 21. Outer hair cell (OHC) loss was measured in cochleae obtained at sacrifice 21 days post-exposure. Administration of d -met starting at any of the delay times of 3–7 h post-noise exposure significantly reduced day 21 ABR threshold shift at 2 and 4 kHz and OHC loss at all hair cell regions measured (2, 4, 6 and 8 kHz). ABR threshold shifts in the control group at 6 and 8 kHz were only 8 and 11 dB respectively allowing little opportunity to observe protection at those 2 frequencies.
Generating dichotomous item scores with the four-parameter beta compound binomial model

A Monte Carlo simulation technique for generating dichotomous item scores is presented that implements (a) a psychometric model with different explicit assumptions than traditional parametric item response theory (IRT) models, and (b) item characteristic curves without restrictive assumptions concerning mathematical form. The four-parameter beta compound-binomial (4PBCB) strong true score model (with two-term approximation to the compound binomial) is used to estimate and generate the true score distribution. The nonparametric item-true score step functions are estimated by classical item difficulties conditional on proportion-correct total score. The technique performed very well in replicating inter-item correlations, item statistics (point-biserial correlation coefficients and item proportion-correct difficulties), first four moments of total score distribution, and coefficient alpha of three real data sets consisting of educational achievement test scores. The technique replicated real data (including subsamples of differing proficiency) as well as the three-parameter logistic (3PL) IRT model (and much better than the 1PL model) and is therefore a promising alternative simulation technique. This 4PBCB technique may be particularly useful as a more neutral simulation procedure for comparing methods that use different IRT models.
A phase I study of continuous infusion cilengitide in patients with solid tumors

Background: Cilengitide (EMD121974) is a cyclized pentapeptide that is a potent and selective integrin antagonist which has shown activity in malignant gliomas. In all previous studies, cilengitide has been administered in an intermittent fashion. However, cilengitide has a short half-life of 3–5 h with no evidence of drug accumulation. These data prompted the initiation of this phase I study of continuous infusion cilengitide. Methods: Cilengitide was administered as a continuous infusion without break in 4-week cycles. Plasma samples for pharmacokinetic studies were obtained weekly in cycle 1 immediately prior to and 2 h after infusion bag change. Results: Thirty-five patients were treated (median age 56; 23 males) at dose levels of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 27, and 40 mg/h. Toxicities were limited to grade ≤2 and showed no relation to dose. Fatigue was most common (17%), while all other toxicities were reported in <10% of patients. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed, and therefore the maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that values for clearance and volume of distribution were comparable across dose levels, and the steady-state concentration increased proportionally with dose. Conclusions: Cilengitide can be safely administered as a continuous infusion at doses up to at least 40 mg/h, which represents the maximum feasible dose due to drug solubility and delivery limitations. The pharmacokinetics of continuous infusion cilengitide are linear and consistent with the results obtained using a twice weekly infusion.
Outcomes of Arthroscopic and Open Surgical Repair of Isolated Subscapularis Tendon Tears

Purpose Reports of the results of subscapularis repairs make up a very small minority of the published literature on rotator cuff repairs, yet subscapularis tears cause significant pain and dysfunction for patients. The goals of this study were to systematically review the published results after subscapularis repair and to compare arthroscopic versus open techniques when appropriate. Methods The Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases were reviewed for studies evaluating isolated subscapularis repairs. If a study reported outcomes for both subscapularis and supraspinatus tears, a subgroup analysis of isolated subscapularis tears was necessary for inclusion in this review. Other inclusion criteria included a minimum of 1-year follow-up. Results We found 3 arthroscopic repair studies and 6 open repair studies that met all inclusion criteria. The mean patient age was 49.2 years, and the mean time from injury to surgical repair was 11.1 months. Constant scores were consistent between groups, with a mean postoperative score of 88.1. Pain scores improved significantly after repair, with a mean of 13.4 (on a scale ranging from 0 to 15, with 15 being no pain) in the arthroscopic repair group and 11.5 in the open repair group. Concomitant procedures were common, with biceps tenodesis being the most common, having been performed in 54.8% of shoulders, followed by biceps tenotomy and biceps recentering. Healing was reported in 90% to 95% of shoulders. Conclusions Subscapularis tears can cause significant morbidity and often occur as traumatic injury in a younger population. Pain and function can be restored with repair, with excellent healing rates. The characteristic injury pattern suggested by a review of the literature is 1 where such tears are full thickness yet involve a portion of the tendon in the craniocaudal dimension. Concomitant procedures are common and can affect the results, because biceps tenotomy and tenodesis have been shown to significantly improve pain as well. All studies were Level IV, which introduced selection bias. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level IV studies.
Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by hexuronyl hexosaminoglycan sulfate

The efficacy of heparin (HEP), the heparin analogue hexuronyl hexosaminoglycan sulfate (HHS), and hydrocortisone (HC) was studied in inhibiting the growth of four morphologically distinct pancreatic adenocarcinoma lines (CBP, LHP2, LSP3, and Pour-LVG) in hamsters. Animals were inoculated with LD100 doses of one of the four tumor lines and were randomly allocated to groups of five animals, which received in their drinking water either: HEP (1000 U/ml) alone, HHS (10 mg/ml) alone, HC (0.5 mg/ml) alone, HEP plus HC, HHS plus HC, or no additives (control). Tumors were measured, growth rates calculated, and nonparametric statistical comparisons made among the median growth rates of all of the treatment groups. All four tumors were tested in the rabbit cornea assay for their ability to induce angiogenesis. Extracts of tumors from control animals as well as from animals treated with HHS plus HC were prepared for quantitative testing in vitro by endothelial cell migration assay. All four tumor lines caused angiogenesis as measured in the rabbit cornea assay. A reduction in median tumor growth rates was observed in animals treated with HHS plus HC bearing the CBP, Pour-LVG, and LSP3 tumors. Similarly, in vitro capillary endothelial cell migration was decreased by HHS plus HC treatment in animals bearing CBP, Pour-LVG, and LSP3 tumors. Animals bearing the LHP2 tumor showed no effect of HHS plus HC treatment on tumor growth rate and no effect on endothelial cell migration. HEP alone, HHS alone, HC alone, and HEP plus HC showed no effect on tumor growth rate in any of the four tumors tested.
Trophic consequences of differential performance: ontogeny of oral jaw-crushing performance in the sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Teleostei, Sparidae)

Studies in the field of ecomorphology aim to delineate the role of anatomy in determining an organism's ecological niche. Although an extensive literature exists correlating trophic morphology with biological role, surprisingly little research has investigated the causal relationship between morphological variation and differential feeding performance. This study examines the possible role of oral jaw-crushing performance in moulding diet in an ontogenetic series of sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Sparidae: Teleostei). By comparing potential niche, as determined by anatomical predictions of force production, with realized niche, as determined by field studies investigating prey use in the natural environment, we were able to assess to what degree maximal capabilities affected resource use. Evidence strongly suggested that oral jaw-crushing force was an important determinant of diet in these fishes. All oral jaw elements, as well as force produced by the adductor mandibulae complex, scaled with positive allometry, which was consistent with the increase in hard prey taken. There was a significant correlation between increased force production and increased durophagous habit. Lastly, the force used to feed in nature increased at the same rate as the predicted maximum force generated by the adductor mandibulae complex. Studies such as this one speak directly to the relationship between maximum functional potential and actual patterns of resource use.
Individual differences in distinguishing licit from illicit ways of discharging the burden of proof

Abstract Within argumentation theory, the burden of proof (BoP) refers to an incurred obligation to provide evidence or justification in support of one's position in an argument. The nature of BoP rules in conversational arguments and the basis of lay individual's sensitivity to such rules were explored across two studies. College students were presented with hypothetical two-person arguments featuring four different types of response to a challenge. Study 1 established which of these responses represent legitimate defenses, involving a licit discharging of the BoP, and which do not. Participants made a subtle distinction between two uses of challenge as a defense in this regard. Study 2 identified several dispositional characteristics that predict individual differences in the ability to distinguish between licit and illicit ways of discharging the BoP. These characteristics include knowledge of the norms or rules that enable argumentation to approach the ideal of a critical discussion, trait argumentativeness, a positive theory of argument, and both separation and connection as alternative ways of knowing. Results are discussed in terms of the pragma-dialectical ( van Eemeren and Grootendorst, 2004 ) and presumptive ( Walton, 1996b ) models of argumentation.
Extraction of surface parameters from depth maps viewing planes and quadrics of revolution

This paper presents a first step in the definition and construction of a vision system to recognize three-dimensional objects whose surface are composed of planar patches and patches of quadrics of revolution. A large portion of man-made objects can be either modeled exactly, or at least well approximated by a number of patches of such surfaces. The problems addressed in this paper are three-dimensional surface recognition and parameter extraction from noisy depth maps viewing one surface. The basis for the surface recognition and parameter estimation is the curvature information that can be extracted from polynomial approximations to the range data. The curvature properties are derived directly from the Weingarten map, a well-known concept from classical differential geometry. The actual process of recognition and parameter extraction is framed as a set of stacked parameter space transforms that compute measures of confidence in an iterative refinement, or multi-level relaxation, scheme. This scheme resulted from experiments with connectionist visual recognition systems. The measure of confidence associates a measure with a hypothesis that a parameterization (corresponding to a surface) actually exists in the scene.
Ascorbate-generated endogenous extracellular matrix affects cell protein synthesis in calf aortic smooth muscle cells☆

Abstract Ascorbate supplementation of cultured fetal calf aortic smooth muscle cells leads to increased deposition of extracellular matrix proteins and stimulation of cellular protein synthesis (E. Schwartz et al., J cell biol 92 (1983) 462) [7]. In the present study, we have investigated this phenomenon at the level of gene expression. Cells were grown for three weeks on tissue culture plastic with or without ascorbate (50 μg/ml). When compared to controls, cells grown in presence of ascorbate had twice as much poly(A + ) RNA per (μg of total RNA, and ascorbate led to a 50% increase in [ 35 S]methionine incorporation when the total RNA was translated in the reticulocyte lysate system. SDS-PAGE revealed no change in the protein pattern under the two conditions. “Northern” hybridization revealed a two- to fivefold increase in the sequence content of β-actin, α-tubulin and type I pro α 1 -collagen in total RNA of ascorbate-supplemented cells, but no difference was observed in the mRNA sequence content for the three specific proteins when equal amounts of poly(A + ) RNA from ascorbate and control cells were hybridized with the three cloned cDNAs. To evaluate the effect of an exogenous matrix, cells were also plated on collagen gels. RNA isolated from cells grown on collagen without added ascorbate exhibited translational activity and mRNA sequence content similar to cells grown with ascorbate on tissue culture plastic. In contrast, no differences from controls were found in cells grown for one week in the presence of ascorbate, at which time no significant deposition of collagen occurs in the extracellular matrix. These results suggest that the stimulation in protein synthesis in fetal calf smooth muscle cells supplemented with ascorbate is associated with an increase in the proportion of poly(A + ) RNA in the total RNA pool, and that the production of an endogenous collagen-rich matrix in the presence of ascorbate may be the basis for these pretranslational changes.
On the characterization of the reaction of organotin compounds with d-glucuronic acid

Abstract 13 C NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry show that d -glucuronic acid forms trialkyltin glucuronate complexes upon reaction with bis(tributylt
Shakespearean Editing and Why It Matters

A generation ago, many Shakespearean scholars simply accepted the versions of the play that they were provided with by editors. So long as the label was right – Arden, Oxford, Cambridge, Penguin, Riverside, Pelican – the content was assumed to be reliable. But editing can never be transparent – it is always influenced by the cultural assumptions of the editor and his or her era, however submerged those assumptions may be in terms of the editor's stated textual practices. In the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries, as a result of feminist and postcolonial critical approaches to Shakespearean texts, we have begun to realize the degree to which our inherited editions are shaped in accordance with assumptions about colonialism, race, and the status of women that are no longer acceptable to us, and that in fact distort elements of Shakespeare's plays as they exist in early printed quarto and folio versions. As earlier disciplinary boundaries between editing and criticism have broken down, Shakespearean critics have increasingly turned to editing in order to undo some of the racist and sexist assumptions behind our received texts of the plays.
Microstructural Changes in an Aged Cu-15.0 at%Sn Shape Memory Alloy

Etude par microscopie electronique sur un alliage vieilli a 373 ou 323 K. Etude detaillee de la microstructure en fonction du vieillissement pour determiner l'origine de l'abaissement des temperatures de transformation a la suite du vieillissement
Pacific margins of Laurentia and East Antarctica-Australia as a conjugate rift pair: Evidence and implications for an Eocambrian supercontinent

Evidence supports the hypothesis that the Laurentian and East Antarctic-Australian cratons were continuous in the late Precambrian and that their Pacific margins formed as a conjugate rift pair. Both margins extend for approximately 40° of latitude. They have a similar rift history throughout their length—i.e., Late Proterozoic rifting and Early Cambrian carbonate platform development. A geometrically acceptable computer-generated reconstruction for the latest Precambrian juxtaposes and aligns the Grenville front that is truncated at the Pacific margin of Laurentia and a closely comparable tectonic boundary in East Antarctica that is truncated along the Weddell Sea margin. These may prove to be critical, perhaps even unique, "piercing points" for relating the northern and southern continents. Geologic and paleomagnetic evidence also suggests that the Atlantic margin of Laurentia rifted from the proto-Andean margin of South America in earliest Cambrian time. Early Phanerozoic sea-floor spreading that isolated Laurentia from South America and East Antarctica-Australia in an Eocambrian supercontinent appears to balance convergence along the Mozambique suture which resulted in final amalgamation of the smaller Gondwana supercontinent at ∼500 Ma.
The P30 movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus is a single-strand nucleic acid binding protein

The P30 protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is required for cell to cell movement of viral RNA, which presumably occurs through plant intercellular connections, the plasmodesmata. The mechanism by which P30 mediates transfer of TMV RNA molecules through plasmodesmata channels is unknown. We have identified P30 as an RNA and single-stranded (ss) DNA binding protein. Binding of purified P30 to ss nucleic acids is strong, highly cooperative, and sequence nonspecific with a minimal binding site of 4-7 nucleotides per P30 monomer. In-frame deletions across P30 were used to localize the ss nucleic acid binding domain to within amino acid residues 65-86 of the protein. We propose that binding of P30 to TMV RNA creates an unfolded protein-RNA complex that functions as an intermediate in virus cell to cell movement through plasmodesmata.
Mirror-Image Dextrocardia With Situs Inversus

A 57-year-old white male was found to have an abnormal ECG (Fig 1⇓) on admission for evaluation of rectal bleeding and anemia. The patient had no history of cardiac or sinopulmonary disease. Fig 1⇓ shows the ECG with right-axis deviation of the P wave (negative in aVL and lead I and positive in aVR) and of the QRS complex indicating left to right activation, and low voltage in the left precordial leads. The chest x-ray (Fig 2⇓) shows …
Wi‐Fi networks and the rerun of the cycle

While it is quite natural for us to be drawn to the new potentialities wireless fidelity (Wi‐Fi) represents, we should give pause and place it within its proper context and take a long‐term view of the phenomenon. One of the repeated shortcomings of the research on new technologies has been that the researchers have time and again studied them in isolation. A new technology does not strike roots and grow on a virgin ground. Instead, it encounters a terrain marked by old technologies. The new technology’s growth then is shaped not only by its own potentialities but also the opportunities and restraints created by the systems based on old technologies. In order to expand the perspective beyond Wi‐Fi to those that preceded it, this paper draws on the framework provided by Infrastructure Development Model (IDM), which delineates eight stages through which infrastructure networks (railroads, telegraph, telephone, and others) typically go in their development, to study its emergence.
Reliability enhancement for SIP signaling in tactica environments

The importance of tactical networks that support military operations is well known in the DoD community for their ability to rapidly deploy anywhere at anytime without pre-existing infrastructure. Tactical networks provide a battle space where warfighters possess dynamic and ad hoc mobile communications to support operations against a broad array of threats. Managing mobility to provide undisrupted network connectivity to support continuous operation is a fundamental component of tactical networks. This study proposes a reliability enhancement for SIP mobility support.
The long term functional and histologic fate of arteriotomy patches of autogenous arterial and venous tissue—Observations on “Arterialization”

Summary o 1. Four autogenous vein patches and four autogenous arterial patches in arteriotomies of dogs' arteries were studied angiographically and histologically for periods of 193 days to 466 days. 2. All segments remained patent and could barely be distinguished arteriographically or grossly from the adjacent segment of artery. 3. Histologic study of the venous patch revealed a loss of most of the original tissue and replacement of it by an external dense collagenous layer surrounding a thickened intima containing newly formed muscle cells. In the arterial patch, on the other hand, about one half of the original structure persisted and the thickened intima formed by new muscle cells and fibrous tissue was of a lesser degree. The reactions in both tissues, probably identical with what has in the past been called “arterialization,” were not progressive with time.
Acute heart failure syndromes

Heart failure resulting in hospitalization represents a significant and growing health care burden. Heterogeneity characterizes this group in terms of mode of presentation, pathophysiology, and prognosis. The vast majority of patients symptomatically improve during hospitalization; however, their early post-discharge rehospitalisation and mortality rates continue to be high. Worsening signs and symptoms, neurohormonal, and renal abnormalities occurring soon after discharge may contribute to these high post-discharge event rates. Currently available assessment modalities combined with recent advances in cardiovascular therapies provide present-day opportunities to improve post-discharge outcomes. Further investigation into pathophysiologic targets and novel approaches to clinical trial design are needed. Improving post-discharge outcomes is the single most important goal in the management of acute heart failure syndromes [1].
Water-level fluctuations and earthquakes on the San Andreas fault zone

Observations of the water-level changes in a well drilled into the San Andreas fault zone have been under way since May 1971, with the objective of studying in situ pore-pressure changes in a zone of active tectonic creep and seismicity. Small water-level changes, characterized by a decrease and subsequent rise, have been followed by earthquakes of moderate size on the San Andreas fault zone. Compatibility of these observations with either a dilatancy-type behavior or a dislocation-type behavior for the pre-earthquake process can be demonstrated. Additional water-level observations at other sites in the fault zone are needed to examine the spatial and temporal extent of the actual preseismic process that is responsible for observed creep events, water-level changes, and tilt changes.
Quantification and histochemical localization of ascorbic acid in ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ and ‘Fuji’ apple fruit during on-tree development and cold storage

Abstract Apple fruit are subject to multiple stressors during pre- and post-harvest development. Stress-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be detrimental to the fruit, and ascorbic acid (AsA) is involved in many of the antioxidant pathways that detoxify ROS. An inclusive study to characterize AsA dynamics in ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ and ‘Fuji’ apples during pre- and post-harvest development was performed. AsA was quantified in fruit harvested prior to, at, and following attainment of physiological maturity. Fruit harvested at physiological maturity was stored in air at 0.5 °C and AsA was monitored at monthly intervals. AsA content in peel exceeded that in cortex for all cultivars at all sampling points. AsA in cortex declined early in fruit development and remained low relative to peel throughout development and storage. During development there was a slight increase in the quantity of AsA at physiological maturity, which correlates with an increase in internal ethylene. ‘Delicious’ apples harvested at 161 d after full bloom (DAFB) had the highest quantity of AsA, followed by ‘Golden Delicious’ at 149 DAFB and ‘Fuji’ at 178 DAFB. AsA localization in fruit sections stained with silver nitrate supported the analytical data obtained via HPLC and revealed AsA localizes to the core line and vascular bundles later in fruit development, and this pattern continues during cold storage.
Language, Learning, and Behavioral Disturbances in Childhood: A Longitudinal Perspective

Abstract Objective Investigate longitudinally the course of development of preschool learning impaired (LI) children to better understand the interaction between neurodevelopmental delay, behavioral/emotional disorders, and language development and disorders. Method Relationships between developmental language disorders and emotional problems were investigated in 99 8-year-old specifically language impaired and control children originally assessed at age 4 years using the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist and the Conners' Parents Questionnaire. Results LI children received higher behavior problem scores and were more likely to score in the clinical range than were control children. Neither degree of early language impairment nor amount of language improvement predicted 8-year behavioral/emotional status. LI children with the largest drop in IQ between ages 4 and 8 received the highest behavior problem scores. No significant comorbid relationship was seen between LI and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conclusions The enhanced incidence of behavior problems reported heretofore may be related more to lower IQ than to linguistic deficit per se. Care must be taken to differentiate the symptoms of neurodevelopmental delay and emotional disturbance, however, preschool children with scores in the clinical range on such measures should be referred for additional evaluation. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1993, 32, 3:585–594.
Obesity and flavor perception: multidimensional scaling of soft drinks.

Multidimensional scaling procedures were used to assess the principal taste attributes of eight non-diet sodas as judged by obese and normal weight subjects. There were no systematic obese/normal differences either in flavor perception or in the reported patterns of taste preference. Hedonic ratings declined following repeated tasting of the sodas without swallowing. The decline in taste hedonics was greatest for the sodas perceived as sweetest, highest in calories and most intensely flavored, suggesting that changes in preference can be produced purely as a result of “flavor fatigue” and need not involve ingestion of calories.
Surface diffusion of H on Ni(100): Interpretation of the transition temperature.

We calculate surface-diffusion coefficients for hydrogen on the (100) face of nickel over a temperature range from 40 to 1000 K. The calculations include tunneling contributions from discrete-energy states. The results are in very good agreement with experiment. We find a dramatic leveling off of the Arrhenius plot at approximately 66 K, below which temperature the diffusion coefficient is virtually independent of temperature. The existence and magnitude of such a transition temperature agrees well with experimental findings and also with previous theoretical work based on path-integral transition-state theory. The present treatment provides insight into the origin of the effect. We evaluate the transition temperature analytically in terms of local quadratic approximations to the potential and find it to correspond approximately to the temperature at which the various low-energy bound-reactant states contribute equally to the diffusion coefficient. The nearly temperature-independent diffusion rate below the transition temperature corresponds to tunneling primarily from the ground state. The analytical expression for the transition temperature depends strongly on the magnitude of the frequency at the top of the potential barrier. We also demonstrate that this transition temperature does not correspond to a transition from over-barrier activated diffusion to tunneling diffusion, which has been previously proposed, and that the surface-diffusion process proceeds largely by a tunneling mechanism even well above the transition temperature.
Defining social movements by their rhetorical form

How do we know that some collective behavior is a social movement? At what point is a movement perceived to exist? How do movements progress? The relevance of these three questions to a rhetorical theory of movements is discussed in this essay?