cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
7α-Hydroxylation of cholestanol by rat liver microsomes

In a study of the mechanism whereby 5alpha-bile acids are formed from cholestanol, the 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholestanol was investigated in rat liver preparations in vitro. It was found that in the presence of NADPH and oxygen, rat liver microsomes catalyzed the 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholestanol to the same extent as that of cholesterol. The rate of the hydroxylation was enhanced by prior treatment of the experimental rats with cholestyramine (a bile acid sequestrant) or by establishment of bile fistulas-i.e., by partial or complete removal of bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation. The 7-hydroxylation reaction was further stimulated by pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbital, a drug known to produce increased biosynthesis of hepatic endoplasmic membranes. The 7alpha-hydroxylase was inhibited by the reaction product, by sterols with 7-keto or 7beta-hydroxyl groups, and also by mono- and dihydroxy bile acids of the 5beta-series, although cholic acid or taurocholate produced no inhibition unless added in high concentrations. The results of these studies are in accord with the concept that the presence of a Delta(5)-double bond is not required for the enzymatic formation of the 7alpha-hydroxy derivative. The rate of this hydroxylation reaction in vitro appears to depend on the concentration of bile salts in the enterohepatic circulation of the experimental animals from whom the microsomes were obtained.
α‐Bromo‐p‐Hydroxyacetophenone

[2491-38-5] C8H7BrO2 (MW 215.04) InChI = 1S/C8H7BrO2/c9-5-8(11)6-1-3-7(10)4-2-6/h1-4,10H,5H2 InChIKey = LJYOFQHKEWTQRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for synthesis including a wide variety of photolinkers, photoremovable protecting groups, and heterocycles) Physical Data: mp 129–131 °C; flash point 160 °C; d 1.2733 g cm−1. Solubility: slightly soluble in H2O (0.248 g/100 mL), soluble in alcohol, ether, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: slightly yellow, off white solid; widely available. Purification: flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with methylene chloride/acetonitrile Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be stored in a closed container in a refrigerator.
GRAIN BOUNDARY INTERNAL FRICTION AND RELATIONSHIP TO INTERGRANULAR FRACTURE

Mesures de la vitesse de fluage et determination du mode de rupture dans des alliages Ni-20% poids Cr contenant 0 et 180 at. ppm Ce. Determination par des mesures de frottement interne, des phenomenes de relaxation anelastique aux joints de grains. Correlation au comportement a la rupture
Sleep and the Price of Plasticity: From Synaptic and Cellular Homeostasis to Memory Consolidation and Integration

Sleep is universal, tightly regulated, and its loss impairs cognition. But why does the brain need to disconnect from the environment for hours every day? The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) proposes that sleep is the price the brain pays for plasticity. During a waking episode, learning statistical regularities about the current environment requires strengthening connections throughout the brain. This increases cellular needs for energy and supplies, decreases signal-to-noise ratios, and saturates learning. During sleep, spontaneous activity renormalizes net synaptic strength and restores cellular homeostasis. Activity-dependent down-selection of synapses can also explain the benefits of sleep on memory acquisition, consolidation, and integration. This happens through the offline, comprehensive sampling of statistical regularities incorporated in neuronal circuits over a lifetime. This Perspective considers the rationale and evidence for SHY and points to open issues related to sleep and plasticity.
MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR IS RELEASED AS A COMPLEX WITH α1-INHIBITOR-3 IN THE INTRALUMINAL FLUID DURING BLADDER INFLAMMATION IN THE RAT

ABSTRACT Purpose: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is released into intraluminal fluid (ILF) during bladder inflammation in the rat. We investigated the forms of MIF that are released. We examined MIF release after subcutaneous substance P (SP) or intravesical capsaicin and studied proteins associated with excreted MIF in ILF. Materials and Methods: Anesthetized male rats with the bladder isolated from the kidneys were injected with SP subcutaneously (saline vehicle) or with intravesical capsaicin (vehicle, 0.1 mM and 1 mM). After 1 hour the ILF was removed and MIF levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or Western blotting procedures under native, nonreducing and reducing conditions. Mass spectrometry was used to identify proteins associated with MIF in ILF and results were verified by immunoprecipitation. Results: SP and intravesical capsaicin increased the total amount of MIF in ILF. MIF was found in high molecular weight complexes that resolved into 2 bands under nonreducing conditions. SP and capsaicin differentially increased the MIF bands. Mass spectrometry determined that MIF was complexed with acute phase proteins. MIF immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting confirmed that MIF was complexed to α1-inhibitor-3. Conclusions: MIF is complexed with α1-inhibitor-3, a member of the α-2-macroglobulin proteinase inhibitor family, in the rat. Although SP and capsaicin increased the total amount of MIF detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in ILF, the patterns of MIF complexes elicited by these 2 treatments were different. These findings suggest that in association with other proteins MIF forms part of a complex elicited by bladder inflammation.
Bending behavior of HVOF produced WC-17Co coating: Investigated by acoustic emission

A four-point bend test using acoustic emission (AE) was used to compare coating properties under mechanical solicitation, mainly the toughness and spalling behavior. Coatings are made from the same material; Sulzer-Metco (Westbury, NY) 2005NS (WC-17Co) sprayed with an HVOF gun with different spray parameters. Coatings deposited on thin rectangular substrates were first bent in tension then in compression. AE features like the event number, energy per event, and cumulative energy were used to assess the damages in the coatings. The results are analyzed in relation to the coating microstructure.
Antibody formation by one or both lymphoid populations present in chimeric marmosets

Development of an isoimmune serum capable of identifying a specific leukocyte antigen in the marmoset, Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri, permitted detection of lymphoid cell chimerism in this species by the cytotoxic test. This reagent was then used to identify the cell population in the chimera responsible for antibody production against a test antigen, sheep red blood cells. Primary in vitro antibody formation as measured by plaque-forming cells with blood leukocytes or splenic lymphocytes of six animals chimeric for the leukocyte antigen, MLA-1, revealed an immune response by both cell types of the chimeric population from three animals and a response by only one cell type in the other three.
Human CCT4 and CCT5 Chaperonin Subunits Expressed in Escherichia coli Form Biologically Active Homo-oligomers

Chaperonins are a family of chaperones that encapsulate their substrates and assist their folding in an ATP-dependent manner. The ubiquitous eukaryotic chaperonin, TCP-1 ring complex (TRiC), is a hetero-oligomeric complex composed of two rings, each formed from eight different CCT (chaperonin containing TCP-1) subunits. Each CCT subunit may have distinct substrate recognition and ATP hydrolysis properties. We have expressed each human CCT subunit individually in Escherichia coli to investigate whether they form chaperonin-like double ring complexes. CCT4 and CCT5, but not the other six CCT subunits, formed high molecular weight complexes within the E. coli cells that sedimented about 20S in sucrose gradients. When CCT4 and CCT5 were purified, they were both organized as two back-to-back rings of eight subunits each, as seen by negative stain and cryo-electron microscopy. This morphology is consistent with that of the hetero-oligomeric double-ring TRiC purified from bovine testes and HeLa cells. Both CCT4 and CCT5 homo-oligomers hydrolyzed ATP at a rate similar to human TRiC and were active as assayed by luciferase refolding and human γD-crystallin aggregation suppression and refolding. Thus, both CCT4 and CCT5 homo-oligomers have the property of forming 8-fold double rings absent the other subunits, and these complexes carry out chaperonin reactions without other partner subunits. Background: The subunit-specific roles of the CCT subunits in the chaperonin, TRiC, have not been elucidated. Results: When expressed in E. coli, CCT4 and CCT5 form TRiC-like homo-oligomeric rings. Conclusion: TRiC does not require all eight CCT subunits to form functional rings. Significance: The unexpected formation of homo-oligomeric CCT rings provides clues into the assembly of TRiC as a complex.
Black hole formation from massive scalar field collapse in the Einstein–de Sitter universe

We study the spherically symmetric collapse of a real, minimally coupled, massive scalar field in an asymptotically Einstein–de Sitter spacetime background. By means of an eikonal approximation for the field and metric functions, we obtain a simple analytical criterion—involving the physical size and mass scales (the field’s inverse Compton wavelength and the spacetime gravitational mass) of the initial matter configuration—for generic (non-time-symmetric) initial data to collapse to a black hole. This analytical condition can then be used to place constraints on the initial primordial black hole spectrum, by considering spherical density perturbations that re-entered the horizon during an early matter-dominated phase that immediately followed inflation.
A Three-Dimensional Model of the Human Cervical Spine for Impact Simulation

A three-dimensional analytical model of the cervical spine is described. The cervical vertebrae and the head are modeled as rigid bodies which are interconnected by deformable elements representing the intervertebral disks, facet joints, ligaments and muscles. A special pentahedral continuum element for representing the articular facets is described which effectively maintains stability of the cervical spine in both lateral and frontal plane accelerations, which is very difficult with multi-spring models of the facets. A simplified representation is used for the spine and body below the level of T1. The neck musculature is modeled by over 100 muscle elements representing 22 major muscle groups in the neck. The model has been validated for frontal and sideways impact accelerations by simulating published experimental data. Results are also presented to show the effects of the stretch reflex response on the dynamics of the head and neck under moderate acceleration.
Educating a New Generation: The Model of the “Genocide and Human Rights University Program”

This paper examines the design and teaching of "Genocide and Human Rights," an innovative, higher education course introduced in 2002 to provide training for a new generation of scholars and teachers. The course was developed and funded by a small non-profit organization, the Zoryan Institute, in Toronto, Canada. One purpose of the course is to teach about the Armenian genocide within a comparative genocide and human rights framework. Another goal is to fill a gap in the curriculum in response to increased student interest and research in genocide and human rights. The course serves as a valuable pedagogical model including its comparative framework, teaching by invited specialists, adjusting the curriculum to reflect student interest and new scholarship, and setting up and maintaining formal and informal scholarly networks. Features of critical pedagogy include classroom dialogue and critique and respect for differences in background and opinion. For example, interactions between students of Turkish and Armenian background provide an opportunity to explore issues of stereotypes, memory, denial and reconciliation. The course provides training for a new generation in research, publications, teaching and advocacy in fields related to genocide and human rights.
Accelerating Progress in Eating Disorders Prevention: A Call for Policy Translation Research and Training

The public health burden of eating disorders is well documented, and over the past several decades, researchers have made important advances in the prevention of eating disorders and related problems with body image. Despite these advances, however, several critical limitations to the approaches developed to date leave the field far from achieving the large-scale impact that is needed. This commentary provides a brief review of what achievements in prevention have been made and identifies the gaps that limit the potential for greater impact on population health. A plan is then offered with specific action steps to accelerate progress in high-impact prevention, most compellingly by promoting a shift in priorities to policy translation research and training for scholars through the adoption of a triggers-to-action framework. Finally, the commentary provides an example of the application of the triggers-to-action framework as practiced at the Strategic Training Initiative for the Prevention of Eating Disorders, a program based at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Boston Children's Hospital. Much has been achieved in the nearly 30 years of research carried out for the prevention of eating disorders and body image problems, but several critical limitations undermine the field's potential for meaningful impact. Through a shift in the field's priorities to policy translation research and training with an emphasis on macro-environmental influences, the pace of progress in prevention can be accelerated and the potential for large-scale impact substantially improved.
Effects of electrode morphology on the performance of BPSH and PATS ionic polymer transducers

Ionic polymer transducers are soft actuators that produce large bending deflections when a small voltage is applied across their thickness. The electromechanical coupling in ionomeric materials is due to the charge motion in the polymer backbone. Increasing the capacitance of the actuator increases the motion of the charges and the actuation performance of ionic polymer transducers has been shown to be strongly correlated with charge motion. Ionomers exhibit large capacitance due to the electric double layer formed on the polymer-electrode interface. Increasing the effective interfacial area results in the increase in the capacitance, and manipulating the electroding process of the ionic polymers has proved to have major effect on capacitance and therefore transduction. In this paper a novel electroding technique is developed and characterized. The method is composed of mixing an ionic polymer solution with a fine metal powder such as RuO_2, and attaching it to the membrane as an electrode. Scanning Electron Microscopy images are obtained for several plating processes, and relations between plating parameters and electrode morphology are established. The transducers are characterized as actuators by measuring their strain output, force output, and capacitance. Capacitance values of up to 45 mF/cm^2 are obtained using the novel electroding method, which is between five and ten times higher than that obtained with a standard impregnation-reduction process. The performance of the transducers fabricated with the novel electroding technique exceeds the performance of those fabricated with the impregnation-reduction method by a factor of between 2 and 5. Transducers fabricated with the impregnation-reduction method generally produce 200 to 500 microstrain/V while the ones fabricated with the new process exhibited free strain values of greater than 1550 microstrain/V at low frequencies.
FIRST‐PASS RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF AORTOILIAC THROMBOEMBOLISM IN A HORSE

First-pass radionuclide angiography of the terminal aorta was performed in 3 normal horses and a 6-year old Standardbred intact male with aortoiliac thromboembolism. Thromboembolism caused chronic bilateral hind limb lameness, more severe in the right hind limb, was detected by rectal examination, and confirmed using transrectal ultrasonography. Using 99mTc-HDP, first-pass radionuclide angiography was combined with hind limb and pelvis bone(delayed) scintigraphy and revealed marked reduction in blood flow through both external iliac arteries and absence of blood flow in the internal iliac arteries. Quantitative analysis showed a decreased activity in the right iliac vessels in the clinic patient consistent with reduced blood flow when compared to control horses. First-pass radio-nuclide angiography provided a method to obtain diagnostic images of the terminal aorta and branches and a method to diagnose aortoiliac thromboembolism in the horse.
Space Interferometry Mission (SIM): technology completion and transition to flight

Optical interferometry will open new vistas for astronomy over the next decade. The Space Interferometry Mission, operating unfettered by the Earth's atmosphere, will offer unprecedented astrometric precision that promises the discovery of Earth-class extra-solar planets as well as a wealth of important astrophysics. Optical interometers also present severe technological challenges: laser metrology systems must perform with sub-nanometer precision; mechanical vibrations must be controlled to nanometers requiring orders of magnitude distrubance rejection; a multitude of actuators and sensors must operate flawlessly and in concert. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory along with its industry partners, Northrop Grumman Space Technology, and Lockheed Martin, are addressing these challenges with a technology development program that is nearing completion. Emphasis is shifting from technology demonstration to technology transfer to the flight team that wil build and launch the space system.
Pericardial Disease in the Intensive Care Setting

Pericardial disease commonly occurs in the intensive care setting, but its timely diagnosis may be missed. The normal pericardium serves as a lubricated sac within which the heart may beat with minimal friction. The effect of the pericardium on cardiac filling at normal diastolic pressures is not clear; however, it may limit cardiac dilation in states of acute volume overload such as mitral regurgitation and right ventricular infarction.Pericardial disease may be divided into two catego ries : those cases that result from inflammation of the pericardium (pericarditis), and those cases in which a pericardial effusion or the thickened pericardium itself causes hemodynamic changes (tamponade and constric tion). Simple pericarditis should not lead to any hemo dynamic alteration other than tachycardia. In both tam ponade and constriction, the jugular venous pressure is elevated with low forward cardiac output; tamponade typically shows pulsus paradoxus, whereas constric tion more frequently shows Kussmaul's si...
Peripheral Circulatory Changes as Criteria for Hemorrhagic Shock Therapy

This study of hemorrhagic shock syndrome in dogs evaluates commonly used therapeutic procedures on the basis of ability to correct specific vascular decompensatory episodes associated with progressive refractoriness to blood transfusion. Using specific criteria (vasomotion, responsiveness to vasoconstrictor stimuli, tone of arterioles and venules and capillary blood flow), it was found that pressor drugs improved blood pressure only at the expense of peripheral circulation. However, drugs such as angiotonin and especially pitressin, when added to the transfusion medium in subpressor concentrations sufficient to produce only a tonic narrowing of the terminal arterioles, brought sustained improvement in blood flow through the omental vessels. That the prognosis for successful treatment of the circulatory collapse closely parallels the sequential changes which occur in the terminal vascular bed, adds further significance to the probable causal relationship between the observed vascular derangements and the u...
Ethos, economics and “civilization” in rural Italy

Sydel Silverman. Three Bells of Civilization: The Life of an Italian Hill Town. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. xvi + 263 pp. Illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography and index. $15.00.
On the selection of secondary indexes

The selection of secondary indexes to use for speeding up the access to information is one of the key problems in data organization. While in general, the provision of indexes facilitate data retrieval, we are also expected to pay a certain amount of various costs. Therefore, the gains and costs to index an attribute or field must be analyzed on individual basis. Lum and King in their papers, analyzed the problem of single attribute indexes with maintenance. Stonebraker analyzed a similar problem allowing the indexes to be combined, but taking into consideration only retrieval time. Here we would like to follow the approach of Lum and King but propose a much simpler version which can be used as a rule of thumb for index selection.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenine pathway metabolites in patients with eating disorders: Relation to clinical and biochemical variable

In brain, most L-tryptophan is metabolized to indoleamines, whereas in systemic tissues L-tryptophan is catabolized to kynurenine pathway metabolites. Among these latter compounds are: quinolinic acid, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor agonist; kynurenic acid, an antagonist of excitatory amino acid receptors that also reduces quinolinic acid-mediated neurotoxicity; and L-kynurenine, a possible convulsant. Because the metabolism of L-tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway is dependent upon adequate nutrition, we sought to determine whether the impaired nutrition characteristic of eating-disordered patients might be associated with specific disturbances in this metabolic pathway. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of L-tryptophan, quinolinic acid, kynurenic acid, L-kynurenine, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in medication-free female patients meeting DSM-III-R criteria for either anorexia nervosa ( n = 10) or normal-weight bulimia nervosa ( n = 22), studied at varying stages of nutritional recovery. Eight healthy, normal-weight females served as a comparison group. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of kynurenic acid were significantly reduced in underweight anorectics, compared to normal females, but returned to normal values with restoration of normal body weight. Although cerebrospinal fluid quinolinic acid levels were not different from controls, the ratio of quinolinic acid to kynurenic acid was significantly increased during the underweight phase of anorexia nervosa. Furthermore, in the eating-disordered patients, kynurenic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlated positively with percent-of-population average body weight. Cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were reduced in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa. These results indicate that perturbations in kynurenine metabolism occur in patients with anorexia nervosa, possibly as a consequence of the nutritional compromise associated with the underweight phase of the illness
Use of Intravenous Contrast Material During in Situ Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy of Ureteral Calculi

ABSTRACTPurpose: We prospectively studied the usefulness of contrast material to facilitate extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL† †Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia.) of ureteral calculi in situ.Materials and Methods: Followup was available for 67 consecutive patients with ureteral calculi treated in situ (without ureteral catheterization) on an unmodified Dornier HM-3 lithotriptor. In 30 patients radiographic contrast material was administered to facilitate targeting of calculi. Intraoperative obstruction was determined by the lack of passage of contrast material beyond the calculus during treatment. Immediate postoperative obstruction was defined as prolonged retention of contrast material on a postoperative radiograph.Results: Passage of contrast material beyond the calculus was note noted in 9 of 26 evaluable patients, 5 of whom appeared to have obstruction on postoperative radiography. Of these 5 patients 3 required immediate hospitalization for pain control, compared to none of...
Twenty-First Century Pathology Sign-Out

It is difficult to imagine a field that is changing as rapidly as pathology. A convergence of factors including not only scientific and technological advances but also changes in business models is transforming the field, particularly in the area of cancer diagnostics. The authors examine 8 themes, or "forces of change," in pathology and speculate on how these will affect pathology sign-out and the future role of pathologists in patient care.
Microstructure-based modeling of deformation in Sn-rich (Pb-free) solder alloys

The mechanical properties of Sn-rich solder alloys are directly related to their heterogeneous microstructure. Thus, numerical modeling of the properties of these alloys is most effective when the microstructure is explicitly incorporated into the model. In this review, we provide several examples where 2D and 3D microstructures have been used to model the material behavior using finite element modeling. These included (a) 3D visualization of the solder microstructure, (b) 3D microstructure-based modeling of tensile behavior, (c) 2D modeling of the effect of intermetallic volume fraction and morphology on shear behavior of solder joints, and (d) prediction of crack growth in solder joints. In all these cases, the experimentally observed behavior matches very well with the microstructure-based models.
STUDY OF INTERFACIAL CHARGE-TRANSFER COMPLEX ON TIO2 PARTICLES IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION BY SECOND-HARMONIC GENERATION

We report the first direct observation of an interfacial charge-transfer complex using second-harmonic spectroscopy. The second-harmonic spectrum of catechol adsorbed on 0.4 micron-sized TiO2 (anatase) colloidal particles in aqueous suspension reveals a charge-transfer band centered at 2.72 eV (456 nm). In addition, the adsorption isotherm of catechol on the colloidal TiO2 suspension was obtained and gave an excellent fit to the Langmuir adsorption model. From this, we infer the free energy of the adsorption to be ΔG° = −6.8 kcal/mol.
Single unit responses of substantia nigra pars reticula neurons to apomorphine: Effects of striatal lesions and anesthesia

Abstract Many of the behavioral consequences of dopamine system activation are thought to be mediated by substantia nigra pars reticulata output pathways. Extracellular, single unit recording studies were conducted to determine how i.v. administration of the dopamine agonist, apomorphine, affects the activity of these pars reticulata neurons. Results revealed that a 320 μg/kg dose of the drug, considered sufficient to stimulate striatal postsynaptic dopamine receptors, caused affinity variable changes in reticulata cell firing. Cells exhibited increases, decreases, or no changes in firing. Many cells also displayed marked minute to minute changes in firing. This non-uniform pattern of responses was not related to state of consciousness since similar responses were observed in both chloral hydrate-anesthetized as well as conscious, paralyzed rats. Both the increases and decreases could be reversed by subsequent administration of haloperidol. The variable responses to apomorphine were reduced but not totally prevented by striatal kainic acid lesions, suggesting that changes in striatonigral transmission may account for some but not all of the firing changes which were observed. A lower dose of apomorphine (20 μg/kg), thought to act primarily at dopamine cell autoreceptors, had little effect on reticula cell firing and did not modify the variable responses normally observed after the higher dose. These results contrast strikingly with the consistent excitatory responses to apomorphine which have previously been observed in the globus pallidus and suggest that complex or multiple indirect effects of the drug may contribute to the varied reticulata responses.
Plasmodium yoelii macrophage migration inhibitory factor is necessary for efficient liver-stage development

Mammalian macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a multifaceted cytokine involved in both extracellular and intracellular functions. Malaria parasites express a MIF homologue that might modulate host immune responses against blood-stage parasites, but the potential importance of MIF against other life cycle stages remains unstudied. In this study, we characterized the MIF homologue of Plasmodium yoelii throughout the life cycle, with emphasis on preerythrocytic stages. P. yoelii MIF (Py-MIF) was expressed in blood-stage parasites and detected at low levels in mosquito salivary gland sporozoites. MIF expression was strong throughout liver-stage development and localized to the cytoplasm of the parasite, with no evidence of release into the host hepatocyte. To examine the importance of Py-MIF for liver-stage development, we generated a Py-mif knockout parasite (P. yoelii Δmif). P. yoelii Δmif parasites grew normally as asexual erythrocytic-stage parasites and showed normal infection of mosquitoes. In contrast, the P. yoelii Δmif strain was attenuated during the liver stage. Mice infected with P. yoelii Δmif sporozoites either did not develop blood-stage parasitemia or exhibited a delay in the onset of blood-stage patency. Furthermore, P. yoelii Δmif parasites exhibited growth retardation in vivo. Combined, the data indicate that Plasmodium MIF is important for liver-stage development of P. yoelii, during which it is likely to play an intrinsic role in parasite development rather than modulating host immune responses to infection.
The public's last chance—protests and appeals to federal land management plans

Abstract Nearly one‐quarter of all lands in the United States are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the Forest Service. As a result of laws passed in 1976, the agencies are now developing management plans for this land. The public has many opportunities to provide information and comment as the plans are being developed. Nevertheless, each agency provides an administrative “last chance”; to influence informally the way the lands will be managed. One can “protest”; a BLM plan between issuance of the proposed plan/Final EIS and the Record of Decision or “appeal”; a Forest Service Plan Record of Decision. A key difference between the two processes is that the BLM protest is made prior to the final decision while the Forest Service appeal is of a decision already made. Other differences exist in respect to the formalities of the processes, who may protest or appeal, and each agency's primary purposes for its process.
Utilization of Polyurethane Foam Scrap as a Sole Binder for Recycling of Automotive Interior Trim Products

A number of rear-seat-to-back-window trim panels (CHMSL covers) were manufactured by thermoforming ground polyurethane-cored headliner (UROCOR) scrap with PMDI as a binder with and without water as a component of the composite mixture utilizing industrial equipment at a Lear plant in Holland, Michigan. Unexpectedly, it was found that UROCOR scrap which contains a significant amount of flexible and semi-rigid polyurethane foam can be thermoformed without addition of PMDI. In order to confirm that the polyurethane scrap can be used as a binder, the polyurethane seating foam scrap was successfully recycled as the sole scrap and in 75/25 and 50/50 mixtures with resinated fibers.
Effect of carrier spillover and Auger recombination on the efficiency droop in InGaN-based blue LEDs

Abstract We have investigated efficiency droop in InGaN-based blue LEDs by considering radiative, nonradiative, and carrier spillover processes in the context of internal quantum efficiency (IQE) vs. injection current. If relied on fitting only, both the Auger recombination and an empirical formula for carrier spillover are consistent with experiments. However, the dependence of IQE on quantum well parameters and lack of droop in optical pumping experiments support the notion that carrier spillover is the main mechanism in play.
Renal Microsomal Cytochrome P-450 and the Oxidative Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid*

ABSTRACT Arachidonic acid is oxidized by the microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases of rabbit kidney cortex and medulla to products that include W and W-1 alcohols and several epoxyacids. In vivo administration of deoxycorticosterone acetate results in a time dependent and selective induction of the arachidonic acid W/W-1 oxygenase activity of cortex and medulla microsomal fractions (145% and 220% of controls, respectively). Initial segmental analysis shows the presence of an active epoxygenase activity in the isolated rabbit pars recta and it’s in vitro activation by p-aminohippuric acid.
Varieties of Phenomenological Research at the University of Dallas: An Emerging Typology

This article seeks to describe what characterizes phenomenological research as ‘phenomenological,’ especially in relation to the more general term, ‘qualitative research.’ Following research techniques being developed at the University of Dallas as a legacy of the ‘Duquesne school’ of phenomenological research, this article presents Giorgi's description of what he takes to be central features of a phenomenological method: description, use of the phenomenological reduction, consideration of intentionality, the disclosure of essences or structures as results, and the necessity that the researcher holds a psychological perspective in reference to the data (1985, 2003 [with B. Giorgi]). The article then describes several varieties of phenomenological research being practiced at the University of Dallas in terms of their subject matter, data, intentional or meaning relations being investigated, and the knowledge claims made. Common threads amongst the presented variety of phenomenological inquiry are discussed.
Iterative refinement of a tailored system for self-care management of depressive symptoms in people living with HIV/AIDS through heuristic evaluation and end user testing

Abstract Background HIV TIDES – Tailored Interventions for self-care management of DEpressive Symptoms for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) – provides assessment of depression and tailored education on self-care strategies to decrease the risk of developing clinical depressive disorders. The iterative refinement of the prototype is an important process during system development to ensure that the design of the system is easy to use and useful. Methods The heuristic evaluation and usability testing methodologies were used to guide the iteration of the HIV TIDES. Results The system's compliance with the majority of usability concepts and current standards was confirmed by three experts on human–computer interaction in the heuristic evaluation. However, a number of usability problems were identified. Refinements were made based on experts' recommendations prior to the usability testing. The usability testing included six PLWHA with various levels of computer experience. Data from this iterative testing informed the refinement of key pages and the development of new features. Conclusions The final version of HIV TIDES consists of 73 messages. The average readability level of the messages is 6.0 based on the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and the average word count is 103.
The avalon media system: a platform for access-controlled delivery of time-based media

This demonstration will show version 1.0 of the Avalon Media System, an open source system being developed by Indiana University and Northwestern University to allow libraries and archives to provide online access to audio and video collections.
Potassium, but not atropine-stimulated cortical acetylcholine efflux, is reduced in aged rats

Abstract Using in vivo microdialysis, cortical acetylcholine (ACh) efflux was measured in freely moving Brown Norway/Fischer 344 F1 rats, aged 4 or 22 months. The effects of local, intracortical perfusion of atropine (1.0 or 100.0 μM) via the dialysis probe were compared to local K + (100.0 mM) stimulation in the presence of elevated extracellular Ca 2+ (2.5 mM). Basal cortical ACh efflux in aged rats was similar to that of young animals. Administration of atropine (1.0 or 100.0 μM) via the cortical dialysis probe substantially increased cortical ACh efflux, but did not differentially stimulate ACh efflux in young and aged rats. In contrast, ACh efflux stimulated locally with K + and Ca 2+ was significantly reduced in aged rats relative to young adults. The implications of the dissociable effects of K + -depolarization and muscarinic blockade for local regulation of cortical ACh efflux in aged animals are discussed.
Catalan numbers, q -Catalan numbers and hypergeometric series

Abstract Catalan numbers are examined in the context of hypergeometric series. We are thus able to produce new and simple q -analogs related to the theory of partitions.
Coupling of a 3D Finite Element Model of Cardiac Ventricular Mechanics to Lumped Systems Models of the Systemic and Pulmonic Circulation

In this study we present a novel, robust method to couple finite element (FE) models of cardiac mechanics to systems models of the circulation (CIRC), independent of cardiac phase. For each time step through a cardiac cycle, left and right ventricular pressures were calculated using ventricular compliances from the FE and CIRC models. These pressures served as boundary conditions in the FE and CIRC models. In succeeding steps, pressures were updated to minimize cavity volume error (FE minus CIRC volume) using Newton iterations. Coupling was achieved when a predefined criterion for the volume error was satisfied. Initial conditions for the multi-scale model were obtained by replacing the FE model with a varying elastance model, which takes into account direct ventricular interactions. Applying the coupling, a novel multi-scale model of the canine cardiovascular system was developed. Global hemodynamics and regional mechanics were calculated for multiple beats in two separate simulations with a left ventricular ischemic region and pulmonary artery constriction, respectively. After the interventions, global hemodynamics changed due to direct and indirect ventricular interactions, in agreement with previously published experimental results. The coupling method allows for simulations of multiple cardiac cycles for normal and pathophysiology, encompassing levels from cell to system.
Finite element approximation in quantum field theory

Abstract Lattices are conventionally used to regulate quantum field theory. However, lattices have a number of drawbacks, one of the most noteworthy being the awkwardness which arises in treating the first difference operator associated with the fermion kinetic energy. We propose here an alternative to the conventional lattice formulation of quantum field theories. This alternative is based on the method of finite elements, which has been a powerful tool in continuum mechanics and fluid dynamics for many years. We believe that this method may be advantageous in quantum field theory because it treats bosons and fermions on a nearly equal footing. This is possible because in the finite element method one does not introduce a finite difference approximation for derivatives. In this paper, we adapt the finite element technique to quantum field theory, and apply it to several elementary field theory models.
Morphology and emplacement of a long channeled lava flow near Ascraeus Mons Volcano, Mars

[1] Channeled lava flows, hundreds of kilometers long, are common on the lower flanks of the Tharsis Montes on Mars. Our analysis of a 690-km-long lava flow along the southwest perimeter of Ascraeus Mons shows that it was emplaced on low local slopes ( 100 km in length, but the maximum effusion rates necessary on Earth are essentially the minimum for Martian flows. On the basis of our calculated effusion rates, the eruption duration was 3 to 7 Earth months, assuming a constant effusion rate and continuous eruption. The morphology of the Ascraeus Mons flow shows similarities to terrestrial and simulated channeled flows. Downstream changes in morphology resemble those observed in the 1907 flow, Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii and channeled polyethylene glycol (PEG) flows. Braided sections of the channel in the Ascraeus Mons flow contain islands which are hundreds of meters across and resemble features observed in the 1907 and 1984 flows on Mauna Loa Volcano. Crosscutting relationships suggest islands in the proximal section were shaped by thermal and mechanical erosion, whereas islands in the medial section are inferred to be material rafted by surges of lava through the channel. Overall, understanding the morphology of long lava flows on Mars is essential to the interpretation of their emplacement and constraining eruption conditions in the saddle regions of the Tharsis volcanoes.
Channel-aware M-ary distributed detection: Optimal and suboptimal fusion rules

We consider fusion rules for M-ary distributed Bayesian hypothesis testing in wireless sensor networks, assuming that sensors' observations are conditionally independent, conditioned on the hypothesis. Sensors make decisions and send the decisions over wireless channels to fusion venter (FC). The wireless channels are subject to noise and Rayleigh fading. We consider both simple and composite hypothesis testing, when the the sensing channel noise variance is unknown at the FC. For simple hypothesis, optimal Likelihood Ratio Test (LRT) fusion rule and for composite hypothesis, Generalized LRT, majority, and Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) fusion rules are provided. Our results show that at high wireless channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), majority and optimal LRT rules have similar performance for binary hypothesis testing. Also, at low wireless channel SNR, as M increases, performance of MRC rule approaches that of the optimal LRT rule, while in some cases MRC rule outperforms GLRT rule.
The Military and Legalism: A Response to Paul Sigmund

AlthoughArgentina and Brazil initially received more attention in that regard, Chile is a tempting new examplebecause retired General Augusto Pinochet, once a symbol of utter impunity (even entering theChilean Senate), was transformed into a rumpled octogenarian, and for the most part disappearedfrom public view (though not from public discourse). His successors in the role of army Commander-in-Chief began speaking in new terms, eschewing Pinochet’s intentionally inflammatory rhetoric,and even conceding that officers involved in human rights abuses could be brought before civiliancourts. In this vein, Paul Sigmund comes to the conclusion –based in large part on criticism of mybook on Chilean civil-military relations –that legalism has finally been restored to Chilean civil-militaryrelations (Sigmund, 2003). My own contention is that although Chilean governments have madeimportant strides, the legal foundations of military influence remained in place. I have elsewherecalled this “inching toward democracy” (Weeks, 2003). In this short response, I will address boththe criticism of my work and Professor Sigmund’s own hypothesis.I was surprised that Professor Sigmund stated that I do not define “salient interests” (Sigmund,2003: 248). I will not belabor the point, but rather refer the reader to my book where betweenpages 13 and 17, I address that very issue in detail (Weeks, 2003b: 13-17). The military is interestedin many issues, but attaches different importance to each interest, which in turn affects the waythey react to the expansion of civilian authority over those issues.Next, he claims that I “[do] not believe that the military will agree to the abolition of their appointedsenators” (Sigmund, 2003: 248). In fact, I argue that the military designated senators (not themilitary as a whole) very likely will not vote themselves out of power. The sentence Sigmund quotesfollows a discussion of the possibility of getting votes for such civil-military reform: “These votespotentially could come from members of the Concertacion who are named designated senators,but the military senators will not likely acquiesce to dismantling the system ” (Weeks, 2003: 161).The armed forces may, in the future, feel compelled to “agree to” the abolition of designatedsenators (perhaps as part of some political bargain) but as yet it has not come to pass.Professor Sigmund also quotes my book with regard to the solution of the 1993 boinazo, whichrequires elaboration. The concessions did not simply involve “an agreement on the treatment ofhuman rights cases ” (Sigmund, 2003: 247). As I point out, they also involved firing a Subsecretaryof War (Marcos Sanchez) that the army disliked, as well as compelling the Aylwin government to
Winter cold of eastern continental boundaries induced by warm ocean waters

In winter, northeastern North America and northeastern Asia are both colder than other regions at similar latitudes. This has been attributed to the effects of stationary weather systems set by elevated terrain (orography), and to a lack of maritime influences from the prevailing westerly winds. However, the differences in extent and orography between the two continents suggest that further mechanisms are involved. Here we show that this anomalous winter cold can result in part from westward radiation of large-scale atmospheric waves—nearly stationary Rossby waves—generated by heating of the atmosphere over warm ocean waters. We demonstrate this mechanism using simulations with an idealized general circulation model, with which we show that the extent of the cold region is controlled by properties of Rossby waves, such as their group velocity and its dependence on the planetary rotation rate. Our results show that warm ocean waters contribute to the contrast in mid-latitude winter temperatures between eastern and western continental boundaries not only by warming western boundaries, but also by cooling eastern boundaries.
Active euthanasia and forgoing life-sustaining treatment: Can we hold the line?

Public sentiment in favor of permitting voluntary active euthanasia creates a dilemma for a bioethics rooted in a libertarian notion of autonomy. At stake in the active euthanasia debate is actually a question of power--the individual's assertion of sovereignty over the timing and circumstances of his or her own death. Also at stake is society's unwillingness to impose a conception of the good--and a good dying--on individuals whose personal values and conceptions of the good may differ. In order both to reject voluntary active euthanasia and to affirm the patient's right to forgo life-sustaining treatment, some societal conception of the good must be developed and agreed upon to counter unbridled claims of individual self-sovereignty over dying. Pragmatic arguments alone, such as the need to maintain confidence in the doctor-patient relationship, will not be sufficient.
Generalized bi-circular projections on minimal ideals of operators

We characterize generalized bi-circular projections on I(Η), a minimal norm ideal of operators in BH), where H is a separable infinite dimensional Hilbert space.
High-Density Optical Storage Using Optical Delay Lines: Use Of Optical Delay Lines As A Disk

ABSTRACT This document describes the use of optical delay lines for data storage and a series of experiments to demonstrate this idea.The idea is based on constructing an optical version of a mercury delay line - such as those used in the 1950s.1. INTRODUCTIONTo achieve transfer rates comparabls to or better than a parallel head transfer disk will require the use of optical networkswith electro -optic or opto -optic network interfaces. Let us assume an optical ring network with very high data rates and thesize of the network, i.e. the number of bits which could be stored on the network itself, equal to the size of the buffer - then auser could simply wait for the data that they were interested in to go by! This design is reminiscent of the mercury delay linesused in the 1950s, but using optical "bits" rather than acoustic "bits ".The first question which comes to mind is: "Is this feasible ?" Consider building a storage system with a capacity of 1014bytes (100 Tera- bytes) if we were able to achieve a signaling rate of 1015 bits /second (roughly 1014 bytes per second) one