cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic ventral and incisional hernia repair: a simplified method of mesh placement.

Incisional herniation is the most common postoperative wound complication after abdominal surgery, developing in 2% to 11% of laparotomy incisions. Unfortunately, the recurrence rate after primary repair ranges from 20% to 46%. The use of prosthetic materials in repairing incisional hernias has decreased the recurrence rate, and the laparoscopic revolution has given rise to laparoscopic ventral and incisional herniorrhaphy. Advocates of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair hope to capitalize on the inherent benefits of laparoscopic surgery, including reductions in postoperative pain, hospital stay, and time needed to return to normal activities. By avoiding the large incisions required in open surgery, laparoscopic ventral hemiorrhaphy decreases the rate and consequences of wound infection, and recurrences (3.4%). Most surgeons agree that the abdominal wall defect requires prosthetic coverage with an overlap of the defect of 3cm in all dimensions. Most also agree that staples or tacks alone are insufficient for prosthetic fixation. So sutures must be placed through the mesh either intracorporeally, or prepositioned in the mesh before its introduction into the peritoneal cavity. Intracorporeally placed sutures are usually placed through the entire abdominal wall and mesh with a laparoscopic suture passer. This device creates a defect in the mesh larger than that made by the usual CT or SH needle and can also be difficult to place in the large sizes of mesh used in these repairs. The alternative method of preplacing the sutures extracorporeally has the disadvantage of creating what one author describes as a tangle of suture material that is cumbersome to work with in the limited space available. We describe a simplified method of laparoscopic ventral herniorrhaphy with mesh placement using extracorporeally placed sutures. It is a technique with which we have great experience in the laparoscopic repair of the inguinal hernia and works as well in the laparoscopic repair of the ventral hernia.
Adhesion Strength and Deformation Behavior of Al(Cu-Si)/BPDA-PDA Layered Structures

The adhesion of Al(Cu-Si) line structures on thin films of BPDA-PDA with different surface preconditioning were examined by measuring the deformation energy of the metal and interface. The properties of BPDA-PDA/Al(Cu-Si) were examined with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Although different sputtering treatments profoundly affect the adhesive properties, the sputtering does not appreciably change the topology of the BPDA-PDA. We also found evidence that even though the thickness of the interface can be very small (3–5 nm), the polymer/metal interface can greatly affect the deformation behavior of the entire system.
Permeability properties of monolayers of the human trophoblast cell line BeWo.

The BeWo cell line (b30 clone) has been examined as a potential in vitro system to study transplacental transport. At the light and electron microscope level, the cells were observed to form conflu...
Developmental biologists cast a net over sequenced genomes.

A report on the annual meeting of the Society of Developmental Biology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA, 21-24 July 2002.
On a Class of Nonsmooth Composite Functions

We discuss in this paper a class of nonsmooth functions which can be represented, in a neighborhood of a considered point, as a composition of a positively homogeneous convex function and a smooth mapping which maps the considered point into the null vector. We argue that this is a sufficiently rich class of functions and that such functions have various properties useful for purposes of optimization
THE MDRC WORK/WELFARE PROJECT: OBJECTIVES, STATUS, SIGNIFICANCE

In 1981, states, for the first time, were given an option to restructure the AFDC welfare program and require recipients to work in exchange for benefits. States have acted on this opportunity to introduce workfare or work requirements in a climate of polarized discussion and limited information. This paper summarizes the findings available from the pre-1981 demonstrations on the feasibility, impact, and cost-effectiveness of this approach. The authors conclude that these early demonstrations and evaluations provide very limited guidance to program administrators. The paper describes briefly a five-year social experiment currently under way in nine states to address the critical open policy questions through comprehensive process, impact, and benefit-cost studies.
The effects of bradykinin and sequence-related analogs on the response properties of cutaneous nociceptors in monkeys.

The endogenous peptide bradykinin is found in plasma and inflammatory exudates and has been implicated as a chemical mediator of inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia. Two subtypes of bradykinin receptors, B1 and B2, have been described, and antagonists for the receptor subtypes have been synthesized. The bradykinin analogs [desArg9,Leu8]BK and DArg[Hyp3DPhe7]BK have been reported to have antagonist activity at the B1 and B2 bradykinin receptors in smooth muscle, respectively. Behavioral studies in rats indicate that the bradykinin analogs can block the algesic effects of bradykinin. We wished to determine the effects of bradykinin and the bradykinin analogs (B1 and B2 analogs, respectively) on cutaneous nociceptors in the monkey. In addition, we wished to determine the type of bradykinin receptor that mediates the sensitizing effects of bradykinin. Recordings were made from single C-fiber and A-fiber nociceptive afferents (CMHs and AMHs) that innervated hairy skin. Heat sensitivity before and after the inje...
Précis of Gut Reactions

A lot of things happen when you are, say, overcome with grief. Usually there is an experience of an eliciting event (your lover breaks up with you), a barrage of appraisal judgments (what a terrible loss!), a cascade of changes in your body (the tears flow), an experience of those changes (the ache in your chest), changes in attention and memory (a rapid effort to recall where things went sour), and a suite of new behaviors and behavioral dispositions (you withdraw and sulk). Much of the work done in emotion theory is designed to characterize these events, and to take a stand on which of them are most essential to our emotions. Dif-
Initial Experience with Videoscopic Inguinal Lymphadenectomy

Inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy is associated with frequent and marked incision-related morbidity. Our initial feasibility study of videoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VIL) for melanoma showed appropriate nodal yield and anatomic dissection. Although a limited suprafascial dissection has been reported in the urologic literature, we report our growing experience with VIL applying a comprehensive approach to dissection. Patients with inguinal metastases from varied malignancies were offered VIL. With institutional review board approval, procedures were performed via three ports: one at the apex of the femoral triangle, a second medial to the adductor, and a third lateral to sartorius. Femoral vessels were skeletonized, and all lymphatic tissue within the femoral triangle to 5 cm up onto the external oblique aponeurosis was resected. Specimens were removed through the apical port via a specimen bag. Clinicopathologic and perioperative outcome data were recorded. Forty-five VILs were performed in 32 patients: 19 had unilateral VILs, and 13 had bilateral VILs for neuroendocrine, extramammary Paget disease, or varied genitourinary malignancies. Nine procedures (20%) were performed in women. Median age was 61 (range 16–87) years. Median body mass index was 30 (range 19–53). Median operative time was 165 (range 75–245) minutes, median length of stay was 1 (range 1–14) day, and median drain duration was 15 days. Median number of collected nodes was 11 (range 4–24), and the largest node removed was 5.6 cm in size. Wound complications were observed in 8 cases (18%). Six patients (13%) developed cellulitis without any wound dehiscences, 1 patient developed a seroma, and 1 patient with diabetes had mild skin flap necrosis, which resolved with minimal local care. VIL is an alternative approach to traditional open inguinal lymphadenectomy. In our growing experience, node retrieval is appropriate and wound complications are substantially fewer than reported via an open approach. Further comparative analysis of VIL and traditional inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy is being pursued in a randomized, prospective trial.
On provable exact low-rank recovery in topic models

In the past few years, probabilistic topic models have been developed and applied to problems in text document classification and computer vision. Such models provide a probabilistic framework for characterizing a corpus of documents (or images) in the bag-of-words representation. Key feature of such models is that a low dimensional representation is facilitated through latent topic variables. Most inference algorithms in topic models assume a fixed number of topics and determine the number of topics empirically. In this paper, we consider the problem of identifying the number of topics in topic models. We present a rank minimization framework and provide sufficient conditions, which guarantee exact recovery of the number of topics. Moreover, we propose a heuristic convex relaxation to the rank minimization. Using simulations, we show that the proposed convex relaxation provides exact rank recovery under the sufficient conditions proposed for the rank minimization problem.
A model for library support of distance education in the USA

Until the past few years, distance education has been slow to find support in the USA, particularly for advanced degree programmes. As distance education gains popularity in the USA, academic departments in US colleges and universities have seen the opportunity to expand into off‐site programmes. Much attention has been given to the logistics and methodology of teaching such off‐site courses. Less attention has been given to providing information services for the off‐site programme. This paper discusses the collaboration of the University of Virginia Library with the UVa Division of Continuing Education to provide library services for off‐site students.
Bronchoscopy With N-Acetylcysteine Lavage in Severe Respiratory Failure From Pertussis Infection

Pertussis is an illness that causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in infants younger than 3 months old. In the most severe cases, it can cause pneumonia, respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and death. There are reports of using rescue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a rescue therapy. However, the mortality of ECMO with pertussis is higher than with other causes of pediatric respiratory failure. We report here the case of a 2-month-old boy with severe respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension who satisfied ECMO criteria but was successfully treated with repeated bronchoscopy with instillation of N-acetylcysteine. Our patient's respiratory failure was refractory to multiple therapies that have shown benefit in pediatric hypoxemic respiratory failure, including open lung strategies, prone positioning, intratracheal surfactant, and inhaled nitric oxide. Although pulmonary hypertension is a key factor in most cases of fatal pertussis, the adverse effects of hyperinflation and air leaks were more important in this patient's clinical course. Because bronchiolar obstruction from inflammatory, mucous, and airway epithelial debris can be seen in severe pertussis, a regimen of repeated therapeutic bronchoscopy was initiated, and thick, inspissated secretions were retrieved. The patient's airway obstruction gradually resolved, and he eventually recovered with minimal sequelae.
Psychometric and Genetic Architecture of Substance Use Disorder and Behavioral Disinhibition Measures for Gene Association Studies

Using large twin, family, and adoption studies conducted at the Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, we describe our efforts to develop measures of substance use disorder (SUD) related phenotypes for targets in genome wide association analyses. Beginning with a diverse set of relatively narrow facet-level measures, we identified 5 constructs of intermediate complexity: nicotine, alcohol consumption, alcohol dependence, illicit drug, and behavioral disinhibition. The 5 constructs were moderately correlated (mean r = .57) reflecting a general externalizing liability to substance abuse and antisocial behavior. Analyses of the twin and adoption data revealed that this general externalizing liability accounted for much of the genetic risk in each of the intermediate-level constructs, though each also exhibited significant unique genetic and environmental risk. Additional analyses revealed substantial effects for age and sex, significant shared environmental effects, and that the mechanism of these shared environmental effects operates via siblings rather than parents. Our results provide a foundation for genome wide association analyses to detect risk alleles for SUDs as well as novel insights into genetic and environmental risk for SUDs.
Microstructural Development of Coherent Tetragonal Precipitates in Magnesium‐Partially‐Stabilized Zirconia: A Computer Simulation

A new computer simulation technique for modeling morphological pattern formation during nucleation, growth, and coarsening of coherent misfitting particles is developed. Microstructure evolution during precipitation of tetragonal phase from Mg-partially-stabilized cubic zirconia is investigated. The computer simulation shows that during the initial stage of precipitation, the tetragonal particles formed by homogeneous nucleation display strong alignment along certain crystallographic directions, forming the so-called ``tweed`` pattern. During subsequent growth of the spatially correlated nuclei, an alternating band structure is observed, with each individual band consisting of lens-like-shaped tetragonal phase particles of the same orientation variant dispersed in the cubic matrix. The particles in the neighboring bands are twin-related. The microstructures obtained in their computer simulation seem to agree well with the experimental observations.
Color and communication in the dreams of hearing and deaf persons

Research suggests that the experiences recollected from the dreams of persons who are deaf or who have hearing loss reflect their personal background and circumstances. However, this literature also indicated that few studies have surveyed the occurrence of color and communication styles. Individual differences in the perception of color and affect were especially noted. These differences appeared dependent upon whether the impairment was congenital or acquired. In this study, 24 deaf persons and a person with hearing loss who use American Sign Language (ASL) were compared to a sample of hearing persons regarding colors and communication occurring in their dreams. Both groups were found to communicate in dreams as they do in life, deaf persons and person with hearing loss by signing, and hearing persons by speech. The deaf persons and a person with hearing loss experienced more color and more vividness, and the time of onset for a hearing impairment showed differences among persons with hearing loss. The findings also suggest that utilizing dreams as therapeutic material when treating persons with hearing loss and nonimpaired persons may have clinical utility.
Repair of recurrent vaginal vault prolapse using sacrospinous ligament fixation with mesh interposition and reinforcement

Objective. Our goal was to study the efficacy of performing the repeated sacrospinous ligament fixation with mesh interposition and reinforcement in women with recurrent vaginal vault prolapse. Materials and methods. Fifteen consecutive patients with symptomatic severe vaginal vault or uterus prolapse after previous sacrospinous ligament fixation were enrolled. The sacrospinous ligament fixation was performed with a mesh interposition between sacrospinous ligament complex and vaginal apex. The mesh was extended to anterior and posterior vaginal wall for the repair of concurrent cystocele and rectocele, if indicated. The surgical results and complications were evaluated. The prolapse evaluation was performed according to International Continence Society (ICS) ordinal stages of pelvic organ prolapse. Results. The mean age was 55 years. The mean follow-up was 2.9 years (range 1.0-5.5 years). Repeated sacrospinous ligament fixation was performed for all patients. Eleven were performed unilaterally to the righ...
3-Hydroxylation of Salicylamide in Mice

Salicylamide is an important model compound for use in investigations concerning drug disposition. In this study the metabolic fate of salicylamide at high doses was evaluated in male mice using HPLC methodology. The concentrations of salicylamide and its metabolites were determined in urine and in blood at various times after the administration of 2 or 4 mmol kg−1 salicylamide. Salicylamide, gentisamide, and their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates were detected. 2,3‐Dihydroxybenzamide, the 3‐hydroxy metabolite of salicylamide, as well as its glucuronide and sulfate conjugates, were identified and quantitated for the first time by HPLC. 2,3‐Dihydroxybenzamide had previously been detected only as a minor metabolite of salicylamide by paper chromatography. However, in the present study, 18% of the salicylamide metabolites appearing in urine after either dosage of salicylamide were 3‐hydroxylation products. When a previously published HPLC method for salicylamide analysis was used, 2,3‐dihydroxybenzamide glucuronide coeluted with salicylamide glucuronide. The possible formation of 3‐hydroxy metabolites must be evaluated in any study of drug metabolism using salicylamide as a model compound.
Local foods in a university setting: Price consciousness, product involvement, price/quality inference and consumer's willingness-to-pay

Abstract The current study looks at the relationship between price consciousness, product involvement, price/quality inference, and consumer's willingness-to-pay related to local foods in a university foodservice environment. The study develops a model that looks at the above relationships as well as the potential moderating factor of perceived product information to determine what role they play in the willingness-to-pay for locally grown products. A survey of 352 students at a large, southeastern U.S. university foodservice operation asked about the role of the above factors in choosing local foods. The study found there were significant relationships between product involvement, price consciousness, and price/quality inference on willingness-to-pay, although perceived product information did not moderate the relationships. Ensuring that customers have sufficient information regarding local products and increasing emotional interest in the local products specifically will help to increase willingness-to-pay for those products. Implications for academics and university foodservice practitioners are discussed.
Evaluation of Meteorological Analyses, Simulations, and Long-Range Transport Calculations Using ANATEX Surface Tracer Data

Abstract Perfluorocarbon tracer data collected during the Across North America Tracer Experiment (ANATEX) are used to evaluate different meteorological analysis, simulations, and long-range transport calculations. Three basic types of meteorological analysis and simulation are evaluated: objective analysis of observed data, prognostic simulation with observed lateral boundary conditions, and four-dimensional data assimilation (FDDA). The evaluation is based on 1) the root-mean-square separation between two-dimensional meteorological trajectories (constructed from different analyses or simulations) and surface tracer trajectories and 2) the relationship between the upward displacement of three-dimensional trajectories and the maximum value of the surface tracer concentration. The root-mean-square data indicate that the optimum value of the Newtonian nudging coefficient for the FDDA wind field in the lower troposphere is 6 × 10−4 s−1, and the quality of the prognostic simulation is lower than that for FDDA ...
The Role of Planetary Waves in the Maintenance of the Zonally Averaged Ozone Distribution of the Upper Stratosphere

Abstract We use a quasi-geostrophic βplane channel model with parameterized photochemistry to study the effect of planetary waves on the zonally averaged ozone distribution in the wintertime upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere. When an initial state in radiative and photochemical equilibrium is disturbed by a stationary wavenumber 1 perturbation, the zonally averaged distribution above 30 km is modified significantly. Above 45 km, ozone responds to changes in the zonal-mean temperature caused by eddy beat flux; below 40 km, changes are brought about mainly by the convergence of the meridional eddy ozone transport, which is much enhanced by the interaction between dynamics and photochemistry. The latitudinal variation of ozone photochemistry is shown to play an essential role in determining the channel-mean ozone profile. Runs with time-dependent forcing indicate that wave transience does not enhance transport effects as long as strong interaction between the waves and the zonal-mean wind does not occu...
CHROMOSOMES OF THE CARIBBEAN FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

Abstract Larval tissues of Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) were examined to determine the optimal tissue and stage for chromosomal preparations and to determine the karyotype. Tissues were dissected in saline, stained in 2% aceto-orcein for 45 minutes, and squashed on a coverglass by thumb pressure. The compound eye imaginal discs from 6-day-old larvae yielded the best preparations of dividing cells. Mitotic figures also can be obtained from larval brain tissue, ventral nerve cord, and leg imaginal discs. In larvae 6 days old, many cells in the tissues examined were dividing. Cell division appears to be synchronized in the different tissues examined, with most cells in interphase or dividing at the same time during all instars. The male is heterogametic (XY) and the female is homogametic (XX). The chromosome number is 12 (10 autosomes + XX or XY). There are 3 pairs of subtelocentric and 2 pairs of submetacentric chromosomes. The X chromosome is subtelocentric and the Y chromosome is subm...
Avian communities of created and natural wetlands: Bottomland forests in Virginia

Abstract The federal government requires those who destroy wetlands to preserve, restore, or create new ones with the goal of no net loss of wetlands. In the summer of 2000, we tested whether forested wetlands created an average of 8 years earlier had developed avian communities similar to natural wetlands of the same age in southeastern Virginia. We compared six created wetlands to five natural (reference) wetlands that had undergone ecological succession after clearcutting. We also created a trajectory of expected avian community development by comparing 20 reference wetlands, logged 1–25 years earlier, to mature forested wetlands that had not been logged for 50 years or more. Created wetlands had significantly lower avian richness and diversity, and a different community composition, than reference wetlands. These differences were likely due to the fact that created wetlands supported low numbers of the expected passerine species. In addition, natural wetlands supported species of higher conservation c...
Finite Groups in Two and Three Dimensions

If T ∈ O(ℛ2), then T is completely determined by its action on the basis vectors e l = (1, 0) and e 2 = (0, 1). If Te 1 = (µ, v), then µ 2 + v 2 = 1 and Te 2 = ±(−v, µ), since T preserves length and orthogonality. Choose θ, 0 ≤ θ < 2π, such that cos θ = µ and sin θ = v.
Toward Model-Centered Mathematics Learning and Instruction Using Geogebra

This chapter presents a model-centered theoretical framework for integrating GeoGebra in mathematics teaching and learning to enhance mathematical understanding. In spite of its prominence in the ongoing mathematics education reform, understanding has been an ill-defined construct in the literature. After reviewing multiple perspectives from learning theories and mathematics education, we propose an operational definition of understanding a mathematical idea as having a dynamic mental model that can be used by an individual to mentally simulate the structural relations of the mathematical idea in multiple representations for making inferences and predictions.
Emerging new strategies for successful metabolite identification in metabolomics

This review discusses strategies for the identification of metabolites in complex biological mixtures, as encountered in metabolomics, which have emerged in the recent past. These include NMR database-assisted approaches for the identification of commonly known metabolites as well as novel combinations of NMR and MS analysis methods for the identification of unknown metabolites. The use of certain chemical additives to the NMR tube can permit identification of metabolites with specific physical chemical properties.
The Underappreciated Importance of the Sequence in Which the Issues are Addressed in Contract Litigation

Judicial opinions rarely identify the precise sequence in which the issues presented were addressed by the court. Since this sequence is not generally regarded as being significant for the decisions reached, persons later parsing the opinions for their significance rarely go to the considerable trouble involved in acquiring the litigation briefs and interviewing the attorneys and judges involved so as to ascertain this sequence. However, my surmise is that at least in contract litigation the sequence in which the issues are addressed can sometimes be significant or even outcome-determinative for the results. A good example of this is presented by the conflicting jurisprudence regarding whether a signed offer is sufficient to satisfy the Statute of Frauds. I argue that the divergence among courts in this area can be largely explained by whether the Statute of Frauds issue was addressed before or instead after any contract formation issues that are presented. This conjecture as to the importance of issue sequencing would, however, be extraordinarily difficult to test empirically.
The "Cuban Epidemic Neuropathy" of the 1990s: A glimpse from inside a totalitarian disease.

During the 1990s, Cuba was struck by a rare epidemic disease. Up to 50,000 people were affected by a pathology compromising primarily the optic nerve but also peripheral nerves and even spinal cord. This is a testimony from a direct witness and participant in the initial study of the epidemics showing that in spite of claims of a “multifactorial” etiology, still in the literature, the root cause of this disease is just result of the deliberate deprivation of the most elementary economic rights by extreme Government control over a population left unable to tend to its elementary survival by itself, in spite of a thorough Government-sponsored, universally celebrated Universal Healthcare System.
Modulating Sterics in Trimethylplatinum(IV) Diimine Complexes To Achieve C–C Bond-Forming Reductive Elimination

Tuning the aryl substituents of N,N′-diaryl-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene (DAB) ligands promotes the challenging C–C bond-forming reductive elimination from PtIV diimine complexes [(DAB)Pt(CH3)3(solvent)]+ (2) under mild conditions. Experimental results and density functional calculations indicate that 2,6-aryl substitution promotes reductive elimination by facilitating dissociation of the coordinating solvent by close to 10 kcal mol–1, but too much steric bulk inhibits the formation of 2 in the one-electron outersphere oxidation of (DAB)Pt(CH3)2 (1).
Processing Gossypium microspores for first-division chromosomes.

A procedure developed for the observation of the first-division chromosomes of the thick-walled microspores of Gossypium is as follows: fixation in 3:1 ethyl alcohol-propionic acid followed by soaking in 70% alcohol for 24 hr; maceration in a 2:1:1 mixture of 15% CrO3, 10% HNO3, and 5% HCl for 5–7 min; hardening in 1.1 ethyl alcohol-propionic acid; and staining in acetocarmine.
Everyone Has Super Potentials,and Everyone Needs Supernormal Education—Double Supernormal Education:a Solution to the Cultivation of Top Creative Talents

This article,which focuses on the solution to the cultivation of top creative talents,puts forward the new topic that "everyone has super potentials,and everyone needs supernormal education," based on a further explanation of the scientific concept of developing "double supernormal education." Then the article probes into the aforesaid topic from the perspectives of both the potentials of the human brain and multiple intelligences,and reveals the key element of the cultivation of top creative talents: getting super potentials brought to full play.
“Taking Good Care of Our Health”: Parent-Adolescent Perceptions of Boundary Management About Health Information

Family members’ communication about health has a significant impact on issues of obtaining social support, avoiding stigma, and seeking and receiving appropriate medical treatment and care. A Communication Privacy Management (CPM) theoretical perspective was used to analyze 85 semi-structured, in-depth interviews with parents and one of their adolescent children in 40 families. Findings reveal intergenerational motivations and strategies for managing individual and collective privacy boundaries around health information and the consequences of this management for individuals and families. Motivations include protecting personal privacy, preventing stress, and soliciting social support. Strategies for boundary management include humor and topic avoidance. Implications for future research in the areas of privacy management, health, and family relationships are discussed.
Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians.

SUMMARY The process of smoking cessation involves progression through five stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Most patients are not prepared to take action on their smoking, yet most smoking cessation programs are designed for smokers who are so prepared. Small percentages of smokers register for action-oriented cessation programs. How much progress patients make after an intervention is directly related to what stage they are in prior to intervention. The stages of change can be quickly assessed with four questions. Physicians can then be more effective with a broader range of patients by matching their interventions to the patients’ stage of change. Helping patients progress just one stage can double their chances of not smoking 6 months later. Providing personalized information about the cons of smoking, asking affect-arousing questions, and encouraging patients to re-evaluate themselves as smokers are interventions physicians can use to help patients who are not prepared to quit smoking. Behavioral interventions, such as providing substitutes like nicotine gum and removing or altering cues for smoking, are most helpful for patients who are ready to take action. The use of a stage-matched, patient-centered counseling intervention can help physicians to feel less frustrated and more effective in their efforts to help a broad range of their patients.
The Contested District: Lower Mainland Police Work in Context

The structure of public policing in any district is normally subject to and a result of local social conditions, histories, institutional arrangements, political influence, and to one degree or another, happenstance and luck or misfortune as the case may have it (Bayley 1992; Willis and Mastrofski 2011). The organization of most Anglo-American public police forces can also be located in a national or international context of common practice or ‘best practices’ (ibid,; see also Manning 2005; Wood 2007). The public police in the Lower Mainland have certainly been subject to conditioning pressures at the local level, but the policing arrangements found therein cannot easily be located within the standard picture of Canadian police practice nor within some internationally dominant institutional form of police-force structure.
Practice Patterns of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement in Acute Stroke: Are the Guidelines Achievable?

Objectives Our objectives were to evaluate trends in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement rate and timing in acute stroke patients. We hypothesized that noncompliance with clinical practice guidelines for timing of tube placement and an increase in placement occurred because of a decrease in length of hospital stay. Methods We conducted a retrospective observational study of archival hospital billing data from the Florida state inpatient healthcare cost and utilization project database from 2001 to 2012 for patients with a primary diagnosis of stroke. Outcome measures were timing of PEG tube placements by year (2006-2012), rate of placements by year (2001-2012), and length of hospital stay. Univariate analyses and simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted. Results The timing of gastrostomy tube placement remained stable with a median of 7 days post admission from 2006 through 2012. The proportion of tubes that were placed at or after 14 days and thereby met the guideline recommendations varied from 14.09% in 2006 to 13.41% in 2012. The rate of tube placement in stroke patients during the acute hospital stay decreased significantly by 25% from 6.94% in 2001 to 5.22% in 2012 ( P P Conclusions The vast majority of PEG tube placements happen earlier than clinical practice guidelines recommend. Over the study period, the rate of tubes placed in stroke patients decreased during the acute hospital stay despite an overall reduced length of stay.
sGC stimulators: Evidence for riociguat beyond groups 1 and 4 pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic cardiopulmonary disorder that if left untreated, progresses rapidly and is ultimately fatal. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified PH into 5 distinct groups according to pathophysiology, hemodynamic characteristics, and clinical presentation. Dysfunction in the nitric oxide (NO) pathway plays a key role in the pulmonary hypertension disease process, including in WHO Groups 2 and 3 PH. PH is associated with endothelial dysfunction, impaired synthesis of NO, and insufficient stimulation of the NO–soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, which reduces cGMP production. cGMP regulates vascular tone, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis and its depletion can lead to a variety of abnormalities, including pulmonary vasoconstriction, impaired vascular remodeling, and in situ thrombosis. This review will examine a novel class of drugs called sGC stimulators which directly stimulate sGC independently of NO, leading to increased production of cGMP.
Potato Psyllid (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Response to Insecticides Under Controlled Greenhouse Conditions.

Bactericera cockerelli (Sulc) is a common pest of solanaceous crops largely known for vectoring “psyllid yellows” in potatoes. In recent years, however, this pest has attracted considerable attention for vectoring Zebra Chip, a devastating bacterial disease that was first reported in the United States in 2004 and has spread across the southern and northwestern states, causing significant economic losses to potato growers and the industry. Management of the disease is mainly achieved by reducing the psyllid population using insecticides, including pyrethroids and neonicotinoids; however, new insecticides with different modes of action are needed to avoid the acquisition of resistance. In the current study, the immediate and residual effects of conventional and new materials were tested under greenhouse conditions against adults and nymphs. Cyantraniliprole at a high rate and spinetoram showed the highest immediate and residual activity against adults, whereas cyantraniliprole and oxamyl (low and high rates) were effective against nymphs, with no differences between rates. Soil applications of cyantraniliprole, oxamyl, and imidacloprid were still toxic to adults and nymphs 7 and 14 d after treatment. Also, cyantraniliprole and tolfenpyrad were detrimental to psyllid reproduction. The incorporation of new chemistry in rotation programs may provide a useful management tool against this pest.
Charitable Subsidies and Nonprofit Governance: Comparing the Charitable Deduction with the Exemption for Endowment Income

Charitable subsidies are supposed to encourage positive externalities from charity. In principle, the government can pursue this goal by evaluating specific charitable initiatives and deciding how much each should receive. But this Article focuses on two income tax rules that leave the government very little discretion about which charities to fund: the deduction for donations to charity (“the deduction”) and the exemption of a charity’s investment income (“the exemption”). Under each rule, as long as charities satisfy very general criteria, federal dollars flow automatically. While both of these sibling subsidies delegate key decisions to private individuals, they create very different incentives and effects. This Article breaks new ground by showing their different effects on the governance of nonprofits. Specifically, the deduction has three advantages over the exemption. First, the deduction uses a more reliable test for determining whether a charity should receive government funding: a charity has to attract donations, which means donors believe in the charity. For the exemption, by contrast, the charity has to run a surplus, which is less dependable evidence of social value. Second, the deduction empowers donors to monitor nonprofit managers, while the exemption sometimes undercuts this monitoring. Since the exemption offers tax-free returns only to charities, and not to donors, it encourages donors to turn over assets to charities (“endowment gifts”), instead of keeping these assets and making annual gifts of the investment return (“spendable gifts”). If a donor gives an endowment to an operating charity, such as a university or a museum, she cannot redirect this money to another charity, even if she later develops doubts about the charity’s mission or management. Alternatively, if a donor gives the endowment to a grant-making charity that she can influence, such as a private foundation or a donor advised fund, she avoids committing to a particular operating charity, but she is likely to incur other costs, such as taxes, managerial fees, and agency costs (e.g., when managers disregard donor preferences in making grants). Third, in favoring endowments, the exemption exacerbates another familiar governance problem: cumbersome or stale limits on endowments. These governance issues are an important, but largely overlooked, reason to favor the deduction over the exemption. Yet although scaling back the exemption solves one set of problems, it creates another: charities would begin making tax-motivated saving and investment decisions. In deciding how much of the subsidy for charities should be delivered through the exemption, as opposed to the deduction, Congress needs to manage this tradeoff. This Article explores various ways to do so.
The challenges of solid tumor for designer CAR-T therapies: a 25-year perspective.

Designer chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells (dTc) have come to be the latest designer ‘drug’ for treatment of cancer. This technology has generated multiple apparent cures in the treatment of B-cell malignancies, but has had much less impact in solid tumors. This perspective article considers the prior experience and the future possibilities for extending this technology’s potential to the much more numerous solid tumors for a broader clinical utility.
Application, technical issues, and interpretation of C1q for graft outcome

Purpose of reviewSignificant interest and controversy surround the use of C1q for determining risk of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and graft loss. Alternate models for predicting outcomes have been proposed. This review focuses on the correlation of currently utilized assays for outcome, togeth
Predicting hard and soft-responses and identifying stable challenges of MUX PUFs using ANNs

In this paper, we present artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict hard and soft-responses of three configurations of arbiter based physical unclonable functions (PUFs): standard, feed-forward (FF) and modified feed-forward (MFF). The models are trained using data extracted from 32-stage arbiter PUF circuits fabricated using IBM 32 nm HKMG process. The contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, we evaluate the unpredictability of the PUFs by predicting hard responses using ANNs and comparing these with ground truth. Second, ANNs are trained to predict soft-responses and a probability based thresholding scheme is used to define stability. The obtained soft-response models are used to identify unstable responses.
Examining the Role of Professional Development in a Large School District's iPad Initiative

This study examined 342 teachers' views of professional development (PD) provided by a large school district to support its iPad initiative. We were interested in investigating teachers' perception...
Development of μ-Low-Flow-Push-Pull Perfusion Probes for Ex Vivo Sampling from Mouse Hippocampal Tissue Slices.

This work demonstrates a reduced tip μ-low-flow-push–pull perfusion technique for ex vivo sampling of the extracellular space of mouse hippocampal brain slices. Concentric fused-silica capillary probes are pulled by an in-house gravity puller with a butane flame producing probe tips averaging an overall outer diameter of 30.3 ± 8 μm. The 10–30 nL/min perfusion flow rate through the probe generates an average recovery of 90%. Sampling was performed with mouse brain tissue slices to characterize basal neurotransmitter content in this model system. Samples were collected from hippocampal tissue slices at a volume of 200 nL per sample. Sample arginine, histamine, lysine, glycine, glutamate, and aspartate content was quantified by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with LED-induced fluorescence detection. Primary amine content was sampled over several hours to determine evidence for tissue damage and loss of extracellular content from the tissue slice. Overall, all amino acid concentrations trended lower a...
An analysis on current food regulations for and inspection challenges of street food: Case of Florida

This study reviews current food safety regulations of food trucks and discusses possible inspection challenges and reasons for gaps between food safety regulations and practices. To be able to asse...
Fe-Mediated Nitrogen Fixation with a Metallocene Mediator: Exploring pKa Effects and Demonstrating Electrocatalysis

Substrate selectivity in reductive multielectron/proton catalysis with small molecules such as N2, CO2, and O2 is a major challenge for catalyst design, especially where the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is thermodynamically and kinetically competent. In this study, we investigate how the selectivity of a tris(phosphine)borane iron(I) catalyst, P3BFe+, for catalyzing the nitrogen reduction reaction (N2RR, N2-to-NH3 conversion) versus HER changes as a function of acid p Ka. We find that there is a strong correlation between p Ka and N2RR efficiency. Stoichiometric studies indicate that the anilinium triflate acids employed are only compatible with the formation of early stage intermediates of N2 reduction (e.g., Fe(NNH) or Fe(NNH2)) in the presence of the metallocene reductant Cp*2Co. This suggests that the interaction of acid and reductant is playing a critical role in N-H bond-forming reactions. DFT studies identify a protonated metallocene species as a strong PCET donor and suggest that it should be capable of forming the early stage N-H bonds critical for N2RR. Furthermore, DFT studies also suggest that the observed p Ka effect on N2RR efficiency is attributable to the rate and thermodynamics of Cp*2Co protonation by the different anilinium acids. Inclusion of Cp*2Co+ as a cocatalyst in controlled potential electrolysis experiments leads to improved yields of NH3. The data presented provide what is to our knowledge the first unambiguous demonstration of electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation by a molecular catalyst (up to 6.7 equiv of NH3 per Fe at -2.1 V vs Fc+/0).
Accretion for direct volumetric manufacturing via addressable resistive thermal fields

Abstract The vast majority of additive manufacturing methods rely on an ultra-serialized approach for building parts. Often described as “layer-by-layer,” in reality, these are hierarchically serial, point-by-point, path-by-path and layer-by-layer approaches. The multi-scale stratification of mass and accompanying complex thermal histories introduced by thermally-based hierarchical processes such as selective laser melting (SLM), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and direct metal laser deposition (DMLS), give rise to a number of limitations in terms of build times with respect to part size and scale, as well as structural performance due to process-induced inhomogeneities. This work proposes a new methodology that has the potential for addressing these drawbacks by implementing a truly volumetric approach to additive manufacturing of fiber-reinforced-like composite objects. That is, instead of building parts a single point at a time in a hierarchical manner, by spatially controlling the energy distribution within a three-dimensional build domain, one can build parts from large constituent volumes, in parallel, by addressable, resistive heating. The work presented herein consists of a theoretical treatment of the underlying physics, process planning via the solution of an inverse problem for implementing the proper control, and, finally, a preliminary demonstration of the process.
Transmembrane-Mediated Communication and Its Relevance to Hormone Action

Cells possess highly specialized surfaces which can regulate cell communication, positioning and proliferation, and cell-cell interactions. Changes in these behavioral responses of cells are thought to be triggered through the receipt of specific information by certain cell surface receptors. Intercellular information, acting at the level of cell surface receptors, can be mediated by a number of different substances such as ions and other soluble ligands and even cell surface structures present on adjacent cells. Each cell appears to possess a complex array of different receptor molecules which are important in determining cellular identity and in specifying the response to a given signal so that only the proper cells respond and the response is appropriate during any given informational period.
Ganglioglioma and Ganglion Cell Tumors

There has muchliterature in recent years examining the pathology of chronic, medically intractable epilepsy. In many of these cases, the etiology or morphologic basis for seizures continues to be elusive. However, in some instances, the patient’s seizures can be attributed to a number of identifiable morphologic abnormalities including hippocampal sclerosis (mesial temporal sclerosis), cortical dysplasia and a variety of low grade tumors. In the last several years, a number of institutions have reviewed their experience with tumors arising in the setting of chronic epilepsy. In a number of these series, ganglioglioma is one of the most commonly encountered tumors, along with low-grade astrocytoma (1–4). Distinction of gangliogliomas from other low-grade glial tumors, in particular fibrillary astrocytomas, is important from a prognostic viewpoint.