cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of clofibrate on CO2 fixation into glycogen and fatty acids via the Leucine catabolism pathway in Tetrahymena

Abstract Tetrahymena pyriformis were grown to sationary phase and then incubated for 17 h with 0.21 mM clofirate, a concentration that causes considerable growth inhibition when added to exponentially growing cells. After the clofibrate treatment, the cells were resuspended in a salt solution and the incorporation of label from [1- 14 C]leucine, [1- 14 C]tyrosine, [1- 14 C]pyruvate, and [ 14 C]bicarbonate into glycogen and into the fatty acid and glycerol moieties of lipids was measured. Each of these substrates yields 14C CO 2 at any early step of its catabolism, so that incorporation of label into these products is a measure of CO 2 fixation. Clofibrate-treated cells incorported a 2- or more-fold label from leucine, tyrosine, and bicarbonate into the fatty acid moieties of the lipid than did control cells, but only slightly more into the glycerol moiety. Because the only pathway for CO 2 fixation into fatty acids in Tetrahymena is via leucine degradation, these results demonstrate that clofibration increases CO 2 fixation via the leucine degrative pathway. Clofibrate treatment reduced 14 CO 2 formation from [1- 14 C]-labeled glucose, ribose, and glycerol by about 30–40%, but not from [1- 14 C]-labeled glyoxylate, acetate, hexanoate, or octanoate. Incorporation of label from each of these substrates (and from tyrosine and leucine) into glycogen was increased (1.2-fold for glucose, up to 3.2-fold for octanoate) by clofibrate treatment. In addition to the increase in 14 CO 2 fixation via the leucine catabolic pathway, these results show that clofibrate does not appreciably alter flux the Krebs cycle or the glyoxylate bypass, but increases glyconeogenic capacity and inhibits glycolytic capacity.
Axoplasmic transport of norepinephrine in the rat brain.

Abstract { 3 H} Norepinephrine is synthesized from { 3 } dopamine injected stereotaxically into the locus coeruleus of the rat, and subsequently is transported to the anterior hypothalamus at a rate of 0.9 mm/hr. Transport occurs within the median forebrain bundle and is blocked by 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions in the bundle.
The optical rotatory dispersion of some N-decyl-N-N-dimethylalanine salts and their critical micelle concentrations

The optically active salts of N-decyl-NN-dimethylalanine are shown to have anomalous optical rotatory dispersion curves and to not be fully ionized in aqueous solution. The position of the peak in the 225 to 230 mμ region varies with concentration of the surfactant as does the molecular rotation at a given wavelength. The positions of the peaks and the molecular rotations at these low wavelengths are pH sensitive. The change in molecular rotation with concentration enables the critical micelle concentrations of L and D N-decyl-NN-dimethylalanine hydrobromides to be determined by optical rotatory dispersion measurements, the results agreeing well with the values calculated from the literature. The change in rotation on micelle formation appears to be due to a change in the degree of ionization of these weak acids, a fact which is confirmed by pH measurements on these solutions.
Perceived stress, sensation seeking, and college students' abuse of the Internet

College students (n=140) were examined to test whether sensation seeking and perceived stress would predict abuse of the Internet. Previous studies have found that disinhibition, boredom susceptibility, and total sensation seeking scores were related to Internet abuse (Chaney & Chang, 2005; Lin & Tsai, 2001). Because stress has been documented to have a negative effect on students (Pierceall & Keim, 2007), and may be linked to Internet use (Lavoie & Pychyl, 2001), it was tested as a possible predictor of Internet abuse. This study also analyzed abuse of the Internet for sexual purposes, because sexuality is prevalent online, and college students are in an age of sexual exploration. Results of stepwise regression analyses revealed that disinhibition and total perceived stress were predictive of Internet abuse for sexual purposes, and perceived hopelessness and boredom susceptibility were predictive of Internet abuse for non-sexual purposes. Implications for students and Internet abuse are discussed.
In vitro interaction of the antipsychotic agent olanzapine with human cytochromes P450 CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A

1. The ability of olanzapine to inhibit the metabolism of marker catalytic activities for the cytochromes P450 CYP3A, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 was examined. This inhibitory capability was compared with that obtained with clozapine and known inhibitory compounds for the same cytochromes P450. 2. Olanzapine, clozapine, and ketoconazole were all found to non-competitively inhibit 1'-hydroxy midazolam formation, form selective for CYP3A, yielding Ki values of 491, 99 and 0.11 microM, respectively. The 1'-hydroxylation of bufuralol, form selective for CYP2D6, was competitively inhibited by olanzapine (Ki = 89 microM), clozapine (Ki = 19 microM), and quinidine (Ki = 0.03 microM). Tolbutamide metabolism to 4-hydroxy tolbutamide, form selective for CYP2C9, was competitively inhibited by clozapine and phenytoin (Ki of 31 microM and 17 microM, respectively). Olanzapine non-competitively inhibited tolbutamide metabolism with a Ki of 715 microM. The marker catalytic activity for CYP2C19 mediated metabolism, 4'-hydroxy S-mephenytoin formation, was competitively inhibited by clozapine (Ki = 69 microM) and omeprazole (Ki = 4.1 microM). Non-competitive inhibition of CYP2C19 mediated metabolism was seen with olanzapine with a Ki of 920 microM. 3. The calculated percent inhibition by olanzapine of substrates metabolized by CYP3A, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 was modeled assuming a total plasma concentration in the therapeutic range (0.2 microM). Total olanzapine vs unbound olanzapine was used to model the worst case (most conservative) situation. In all cases, the calculated percent inhibition of these cytochromes P450 by olanzapine was < 0.3%, suggesting that there would be little in vivo inhibition of the metabolism of substrates of these enzymes when co-administered with olanzapine.
Posterior segment ocular manifestations in patients with HLA-B27-associated uveitis.

Purpose: To describe a series of patients with seronegative arthritic syndromes and HLA-B27-associated uveitis with severe, sight-threatening, posterior segment ocular manifestations. Methods: The authors reviewed the records of 29 patients (17.4%) with posterior segment involvement from a cohort of 166 patients with HLA-B27-associated uveitis. The inclusion criteria included individuals with a positive HLA-B27 who had at least one of the following Findings: (1) severe vitreous inflammation; (2) papillitis; (3) retinal vasculopathy; or (4) pars plana exudates. The study population comprised 13 men and 16 women with a mean age at onset of uveitis of 35.2 years. The average duration of the uveitis was 5.3 years, and the median follow-up time was 26 months. Findings: Posterior segment involvement occurred in 34 eyes of the 29 patients. The most common findings included severe and diffuse vitritis in 93.1 % of the patients and papillitis in 24 patients (82.7%). Retinal vasculitis occurred in seven patients (24.1 %), and pars plana exudates were present in two patients (6.8%). Cystoid macular edema (37.9%) and epiretinal membrane (17.2%) were common causes of visual impairment. Systemic immunosuppressive therapy was required for control of inflammation in 32% of the patients. Conclusion: HLA-B27-associated uveitis may be related to severe, sight-threatening posterior segment manifestations in some patients; this is an under-recognized phenomenon. These patients may require the use of aggressive systemic immunosuppressive therapy to control inflammation and preserve vision.
Evaluating Teaching Techniques in the Hmong Breast and Cervical Cancer Health Awareness Project

Cancer health disparities are a reality for Hmong women who are often diagnosed at a later stage and have low literacy and experienced care that are not culturally appropriate. Lack of attention to cultural appropriateness and literacy levels of cancer screening materials may contribute to disproportionately low levels of cancer screening among Hmong women. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the Hmong Health Awareness Project (HHAP), a program designed to create awareness and acceptance of breast and cervical cancer screening, and to examine participants' perceptions of the utility of the content of the workshops. Hmong researchers partnered with three Midwestern Hmong community centers to implement six workshops. Three teaching techniques: pictographs, videos, and hands-on activities were utilized to teach Hmong participants about cancer screening. Participants included 150 Hmong (male participants = 30 and female participants = 120). Teach-back method was used to assess the participants' understanding of cancer screening throughout the workshops. Qualitative data were collected in focus groups to assess the feasibility of teaching methods and participants' perceptions of the utility of the content of the workshops. Directed content analysis was used to analyze participants' responses. The three teaching techniques were helpful in increasing the Hmong people's understanding about breast and cervical cancer screening. Nearly, all participants perceived an increased in their understanding, greater acceptance of cancer screening, and increased willingness to be screened. Men expressed support for screening after the workshops. Findings can guide future interventions to improve health communications and screening and reduce diagnostic disparities among Hmong and immigrant populations.
The small intestine and the control of meal patterns of the rat

Abstract Preabsorptive stimuli associated with a meal may be responsible for short term control of feeding in ad lib fed rats. It has been proposed that one of these stimuli may be feedback associated with intestinal distension. Mannitol, a nonabsorbable sugar, was added to a mash diet; meal size was found to be relatively constant regardless of the concentration of mannitol used to prepare the diet, but the length of time that elapsed before the onset of the next meal increased as the mannitol concentration increased. Consumption of diets containing concentrated mannitol solutions was associated with an accumulation of water, and possibly food, in the upper small intestine but not the stomach or lower intestine. It was also found, using a conditioned taste aversion procedure, that discomfort induced by mannitol ingestion was unlikely to be related to delaying the next meal. These results suggested that intestinal distension may function under natural conditions to delay the onset of a meal or prolong a postmeal interval rather than to stop an ongoing meal.
Safe work practices in the real world

Safety and electrical training are not an option. There are legal as well as ethical and social responsibilities to reasonably provide information for protection of people. Both high energy and shock hazards must be identified. The amount of training required depends on the frequency and level of exposure to electrical systems. Three different levels are identified for nonelectrical skills. These can be grouped as painter level, mechanic level, and operator level. Minimum time is required for these services. Operators that must check fuses require more training. A hands-on approach is most effective. The time is divided between class time for explanations and actual performance of the task. Checklists and appropriate safety equipment are essential. Periodic follow-up checks are necessary to correct weak habits and as a safety reminder. >
Nanoscale Calorimetry Using a Suspended Bridge Configuration

Abstract A new setup for small-scale differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies based on a suspended bridge configuration is presented. The new setup has three major advantages over previously reported DSC setups: 1) superior temperature uniformity in the bridge cross section; 2) less heat loss to the surroundings by at least two orders of magnitude; and 3) a faster transient response by three orders of magnitude. This paper includes a thermal analysis to support these improvements. A major contribution of the new thermal analysis over previous reports is the inclusion of the thermal mass of the substrate in calculations, which makes thermal design more detailed, dramatically affecting accuracy and sensitivity in measurements. Furthermore, the new thermal analysis more accurately accounts for heat loss to the substrate and the surroundings in efforts to resolve suspected inconsistencies in previously reported data. Experimental validation of the new setup is presented by measuring the specific heat of thin layers of Si02 and CoFe. The specific heat of Si02 was found to be 2.2 times 106 Jm -3 K-1 which is nearly 10% different from the literature values of bulk specimens. For CoFe, the specific heat value of 3.16 x 106 Jm -3 K-1 is obtained using differential Cu/Si02 and Cu/Si02/CoFe structures compared to the value of 3.5 times 106 Jm -3 K-1 obtained using single CoFe suspended structure.
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth in vicinity of broken clouds from reflectance ratios: case study

Abstract. A recently developed reflectance ratio (RR) method for the retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) is evaluated using extensive airborne and ground-based data sets collected during the Cloud and Land Surface Interaction Campaign (CLASIC) and the Cumulus Humilis Aerosol Processing Study (CHAPS), which took place in June 2007 over the US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site. A detailed case study is performed for a field of single-layer shallow cumuli observed on 12 June 2007. The RR method is applied to retrieve the spectral values of AOD from the reflectance ratios measured by the MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) for two pairs of wavelengths (660 and 470 nm, 870 and 470 nm) collected at a spatial resolution of 0.05 km. The retrieval is compared with an independent AOD estimate from three ground-based Multi-filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometers (MFRSRs). The interpolation algorithm that is used to project MFRSR point measurements onto the aircraft flight tracks is tested using AOD derived from NASA Langley High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL). The RR AOD estimates are in a good agreement (within 5%) with the MFRSR-derived AOD values for the 660-nm wavelength. The AODs obtained from MAS reflectance ratios overestimate those derived from MFRSR measurements by 15–30% for the 470-nm wavelength and underestimate the 870-nm AOD by the same amount.
Calcium ion binding to carbonyls of elastin hexapeptide.

Abstract Carbon-13 and proton magnetic resonance studies are reported on the interaction of calcium ions with a hexapeptide that is a repeating sequence in elastin. Of the seven carbonyls in N-formyl—L-Val—L-Ala—L-Pro—Gly—L-Val—Gly—OMe, six are observed to titrate downfield on sequential CaCl2 addition. Deshielding of the peptide carbonyl carbon results from cation interaction with the carbonyl moiety. This study provides the first direct evidence of elastin carbonyl binding to calcium ion which has been proposed as the initiating step in the pathological calcification of arterial elastic fibers. A working model for the conformation of the hexapeptide-calcium ion complex is presented.
Growth pulsations in symmetric dendritic crystallization in thin polymer blend films.

The crystallization of polymeric and metallic materials normally occurs under conditions far from equilibrium, leading to patterns that grow as propagating waves into the surrounding unstable fluid medium. The Mullins-Sekerka instability causes these wave fronts to break up into dendritic arms, and we anticipate that the normal modes of the dendrite tips have a significant influence on pattern growth. To check this possibility, we focus on the dendritic growth of polyethylene oxide in a thin-film geometry. This crystalline polymer is mixed with an amorphous polymer (polymethyl-methacrylate) to ``tune'' the morphology and clay was added to nucleate the crystallization. The tips of the main dendrite trunks pulsate during growth and the sidebranches, which grow orthogonally to the trunk, pulsate out of phase so that the tip dynamics is governed by a limit cycle. The pulsation period P increases sharply with decreasing film thickness L and then vanishes below a critical value ${L}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}80\mathrm{nm}.$ A change of dendrite morphology accompanies this transition.
Spectral Measurements in Transitional Boundary Layers on a Concave Wall Under High and Low Free-Stream Turbulence Conditions

The relationship between free-stream turbulence and boundary layer behavior has been investigated using spectral measurements. The power spectral densities of turbulence quantities in transitional and fully turbulent boundary layers were computed and compared to the power spectra of the same quantities measured in the free stream. Comparisons were made using the transfer function. The transfer function is the ratio of two spectra at each frequency in the spectra. Comparisons were done in flows with low (0.6 percent) and high (8 percent) free-stream turbulence intensities. Evidence was gathered that suggests that relatively low-frequency, large-scale eddies in the free stream buffet the boundary layer, causing boundary layer unsteadiness at the same low frequencies. These fluctuations are present in both transitional and fully turbulent boundary layers. They are seen under both high and low free-stream turbulence conditions, although they are stronger in the high-turbulence case. Examination of the turbulent shear stress suggests that the low-frequency fluctuations enhance transport in the boundary layer but they are not so effective in promoting eddy transport as are turbulent eddies produced and residing within the boundary layer. In the fully-turbulent boundary layer, higher-frequency fluctuations are added to the low-frequency unsteadiness. These higher-frequency fluctuations, not seen in the transitional boundary layer, are associated with turbulence production in the boundary layer and appear not to be directly related to free-stream unsteadiness.
An association of gastrointestinal allergy withthe celiac syndrome

Summary From the observations recorded, it seems that there is, at times, an association of gastrointestinal allergy with the celiac syndrome. Whether the allergy is secondary to a disturbance of absorption dependent on the celiac syndrome or whether the food sensitization precedes and is responsible for the symptomatology of celiac disease is not clear. The added observation that absorption from the gastrointestinal tract of a fat-soluble substance, vitamin A, may be impaired in conditions known to be due to allergy but in which gastrointestinal symptomatology is minimal suggests that degrees of impairment of absorption may occur on an allergic basis and that gastrointestinal allergy may bear a causal relationship to the celiac syndrome.
A library based literacy program for mothers and their preschool children

The program, “Parents as Teachers” was funded by the Library Services and Construction Act, Title VI, from the U.S. Department of Education. This grant was geared toward promoting the literacy of parents through educating them to teach their children. The target population was mothers and their children ages 0‐5 living in the Austin neighborhood, a primarily Black, low income neighborhood on the west side of Chicago. Fifteen mothers and twenty‐six children volunteered for the project. Pre and post intervention questionnaires were administered to the parents. Parents stated that they had learned the following from the project: 1] how to play games, read books, and make simple toys for children; 2] how children can learn from everyday things; 3] how to observe what children like rather than give them things preferred by the parent. The parents stated that their children had learned the following through the project: 1] to sing new songs, 2] to pick out favorite books, 3] to make arts and crafts projects, 4]...
Iron Binding Modulates Candidacidal Properties of Salivary Histatin 5

Salivary protein histatin 5 (Hst 5) is fungicidal toward Candida albicans, the causative agent of oropharyngeal candidiasis. However, its activity in saliva is compromised by salivary protease-mediated degradation and interaction with salivary salts. Hst 5 has also been shown to bind various metals in saliva-namely, Zn, Cu, and Ni. Surprisingly, interactions of Hst 5 with Fe have not been studied, although iron is one of the most abundant metals present in saliva. Using circular dichroism, we show that Hst 5 can bind up to 10 equivalents of iron as measured by loss of its alpha-helical secondary structure that is normally observed for it in trifluoroethylene. A significant decrease in the candidacidal ability of Hst 5 was observed upon iron binding, with increasing iron concentrations being inversely proportional to Hst 5 killing activity. Binding assays showed that the decrease in killing was likely a result of reduced binding (10-fold reduction) of Fe-Hst 5 to C. albicans cells. Protease stability analysis showed that Fe-Hst 5 was completely resistant to trypsin digestion. In contrast, zinc binding had limited effects on Hst 5 fungicidal activity or protease susceptibility. RNA sequencing results identified changes in iron uptake genes in Hst 5-treated C. albicans cells. Our findings thus suggest that consequences of Hst 5 binding iron not only affect candidacidal ability and proteolyic stability of Hst 5, but may also contribute to a novel killing mechanism involving interference with cellular iron metabolism.
Spatial and Temporal Trade-Offs by Bluegills in Floodplain River Ecosystems

Ecological trade-offs by organisms to minimize mortality and maximize growth is a foundational theme in ecology. Yet, these trade-offs are rarely examined within spatially complex, temporally variable ecosystems, such as floodplain rivers. Here, we evaluate ecological trade-offs across space and time for the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in two unregulated river ecosystems in southeastern USA. Life-history differences among spatially segregated main channel and floodplain lake populations were used to assess effects of habitat type on bluegill fitness. Growth, condition, and gonadal somatic index were all significantly enhanced in floodplain lakes relative to the main channel. Furthermore, stomach fullness was significantly higher, and predator densities significantly lower in floodplain lakes thereby providing an ecological explanation for the life-history plasticity observed across the riverscape. However, historical observations suggested that although floodplain lakes are highly productive for bluegills, they are also prone to complete desiccation by drought approximately every 5 years, revealing the ultimate value of channel habitat, which does not dry, as desiccation refugia. Bluegills are faced with a balancing act associated with variation in foraging opportunities, and risks to predation and desiccation, that change in both the temporal and the spatial dimensions of floodplain rivers. The differential responses to these opportunities and risks help to explain why both habitats remain actively populated by bluegills, as well as many other organisms, in these and many other natural rivers.
Mossbauer study of the effect of oxygen stoichiometry on the highT c superconductor Y1Ba2(Cu0.97Fe0.03)3O7−x

The Mossbauer effect of oxygen-depleted YBa2Cu3O7-x and PrBa2Cu3O7-x doped with 3%57Fe has been investigated at room temperature. A manifold of quadrupole-split spectra has been found, whose parameters are in general agreement with those found by other workers. In addition, the Mossbauer spectra show that a fraction of the Fe sites develop magnetic order at room temperature when the oxygen content is reduced. It is demonstrated that the observed asymmetries in the Mossbauer spectra can be the result of a preferential alignment of the platelike crystallites that arises during the normal sample preparation process. The tendency to bond with the oxygen atoms is presumed to be responsible for the discreteness of the Mossbauer spectra as a function of oxygen depletion.
A cognitive—behavioral treatment for battered women with PTSD in shelters: Findings from a pilot study

Despite the high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among battered women in shelters, virtually no treatments for these women have been developed or tested. This study evaluated the initial feasibility and efficacy of an individual, cognitive-behavioral treatment for battered women with PTSD or subthreshold PTSD in shelters. Eighteen women participated in an open-trial where they received a new treatment, Helping to Overcome PTSD with Empowerment (HOPE). Intent-to-treat analyses indicate that participants experienced significant decreases in PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, in their loss of resources and degree of social impairment; and significant increases in their effective use of community resources. These gains were maintained over time. Results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and lack of a control group.
Configurational transitions in Fourier series-represented DNA supercoils

A new Fourier series representation of supercoiled DNA is employed in Langevin dynamics simulations to study large-scale configurational motions of intermediate-length chains. The polymer is modeled as an ideal elastic rod subject to long-range van der Waals' interactions. The van der Waals' term prevents the self-contact of distant chain segments and also mimics attractive forces thought to stabilize the association of closely spaced charged rods. The finite Fourier series-derived polymer formulation is an alternative to the piecewise B-spline curves used in past work to describe the motion of smoothly deformed supercoiled DNA in terms of a limited number of independent variables. This study focuses on two large-scale configurational events: the interconversion between circular and figure-8 forms at a relatively low level of supercoiling, and the transformation between branched and interwound structures at a higher superhelical density.
Acetylcholinesterase isozymes of the house fly thorax: In vivo inhibition by organophosphorous insecticides

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the supernatant fraction of house fly thoracic homogenates demonstrated five electrophoretic bands having cholinesterase activity. The five esteratic bands were considered to be isozymes of acetylcholinesterase based on their staining properties with acetylthiocholine. There appeared to be no visual or densitometric difference in the intensity of staining of the isozymes when acetylthiocholine was compared with butyrylthiocholine as substrate. Selective inhibition of these isozymes in vivo by organophosphate insecticides may contribute only in small part to the mode of action of organophosphate insecticides.
A heat transfer analysis for quartz microresonator IR sensors

Abstract To aid the design of uncooled IR sensors based on quartz microresonators, a heat transfer analysis is carried out for the time-dependent temperature distribution in the resonator. The quartz resonator is taken to be circular, homogeneous isotropic, with a ring electrode on its front surface which is IR illuminated. It is assumed that the microresonator array is packaged in high vacuum; the side and back surfaces of the resonator are thermally insulated. Only heat conduction within the quartz resonator is considered; radiation at the surfaces and heat conduction through the bridges that link the resonator to the base structure are neglected. The boundary value problem of heat conduction in the resonator is solved analytically; expressions for the temperature distribution before and after the photon flux is turned off are given. It is found that for the quartz resonator under study, the time is required to reach a uniform temperature distribution in the entire resonator (the time constant) is critically dependent on the photon absorptivity of the ring electrode on the front surface. For example, when the ring electrode has no effect on photon absorption, t8 = 9.52 microseconds; however, if the ring electrode is fully reflective, t8 = 4.76 milliseconds. These time constants are expected to play an important role in the design of the quartz microresonator IR sensors.
Changes in financial status influencing level of satisfaction in households

This study explores the impact of changes in family financial status over a four year period on level of satisfaction with various aspects of household finances. Data were collected through personal interviews with 123 families in 1982 and 1986. Information was obtained on household income, assets, liabilities, and on the satisfaction of the money managers with seven aspects of household finances. Two-tail pairedt-tests were used to compare differences in financial and satisfaction variables between the two time periods. Regression analyses were applied to ascertain factors affecting the satisfaction of the money managers. The financial status of households improved during the 4 year period as reflected by net worth. The mean net worth, with and without real estate, increased significantly during this time period. In spite of this improvement, money managers are less satisfied with various aspects of their household finances.
Metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma of male breast

Abstract Three cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the male breast from prostatic carcinoma are added to the 15 well-documented cases reported in the literature. These 15 cases had received estrogen therapy for prostatic cancer and gynecomastia developed; 14 had clinically palpable breast nodules containing adenocarcinoma. Our 3 cases also received estrogen therapy but differed in that gynecomastia developed in only 1 patient clinically, and diagnoses were made at autopsy with no clinical symptoms related to breast metastases. Moreover, 1 case also showed remarkable florid lactation-like changes of the breast almost indistinguishable morphologically from that seen in the female breast during pregnancy. The histopathologic differential diagnosis of metastatic prostatic carcinoma of the breast from promary cancer of the male breast is stressed. Its importance is obvious because of the differences in clinical treatment and prognosis. Microscopically, the differential points consist of duct hypertrophy and periductal fibrosis (gynecomastia), absence of any ductal involvement by carcinoma cells, frequent presence of cancer cells in lymphatics and vascular channels, morphologic similarity between the cancers in the breast and prostate, and finally, the usual presence of acid phosphatase in the tumors of the prostate and breast.
BAFF inhibition: a new class of drugs for the treatment of autoimmunity

BAFF (BLyS) and APRIL are TNF-like cytokines that support survival and differentiation of B cells. Recent studies have discovered a role for BAFF in augmenting both innate and adaptive immune responses as well as in collaborating with other inflammatory cytokines to promote the activation and differentiation of effector immune cells. BAFF is an important pathogenic factor in lupus mouse models and BAFF inhibition successfully delays disease onset in these mice, although the responsiveness to BAFF inhibition varies among different strains. These results have led to the development of inhibitors targeting BAFF and APRIL in humans. An anti-BAFF antibody has shown significant but modest efficacy in two Phase III clinical trials for moderately active SLE and other inhibitors are being developed or at early stages of clinical testing.
The communication of factual information through various channels

Abstract The research reported here is aimed at discovering principles of human communication that may be useful in the design of conversational computers of the future. Two-man teams were asked to solve credible, real-world problems of the kind for which computers have been, or could be, of assistance. The teams communicated in different modes simulating various input-output channels between the computer and its human user. These modes were: Typewriting, handwriting, voice, and natural unrestricted communication. The results of two experiments show that subjects can solve problems much faster when they communicate in either of the two oral modes (voice and natural communication) rather than in either of the two hard-copy modes (typewriting and handwriting). One comparison shows that typing skill per se apparently has only a small influence on communication time. Although solutions were reached much more quickly in the two oral modes, the number of messages and the number of words exchanged in these modes is very much greater than the corresponding numbers in the hard-copy modes, thus implying greatly different rates of information transmission. Natural human communication is characterized by a great many small errors that would result in a complete failure of communication between man and computer. If they are to be truly conversational, computers of the future will have to be made much more forgiving of the many small errors that we so readily accept and overlook in our ordinary communications. The freedom to interrupt messages is an expensive option to provide in computer systems. One series of comparisons shows that the freedom to interrupt has only a negligible effect on the efficiency of human communication. p]The paper ends with a statement of some problems still to be solved if we are ever to have truly interactive conversational computers.
A Memory Search Model of Reliability

A reanalysis is given of data presented by Gillmore in which a paired-item design permitted differentiation between reliability and communality. This analysis yielded results "inconsistent" with traditional reliability theory. A new model based on assumptions about memory is presented which fits Gillmore's data. The implications of this theory are indicated for reliability artifacts, measurement, factor analysis, and the measurement of change.
Mechanochemical processing of nanocrystalline Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Synthesis of nanocrystalline Ti-6Al-4V was explored using mechanochemical processing. The reaction mixture was comprised of CaH2, Mg powder, anhydrous AlCl3, anhydrous VCl3, and TiCl4. The milled powder (reaction product) primarily consisted of nanocrystalline alloy hydride having a composition (Ti-6Al-4V)H1.942, along with MgCl2 and CaCl2 as by-products. Aqueous solutions of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and 1 pct sodium sulfite were found to be very effective in leaching of the chlorides from the milled powder. The (Ti-6Al-4V)H1.942 on dehydrogenation at 375°C resulted in nanocrystalline Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder.
Occupational status and mobility among undocumented immigrants by gender.

Immigration has long been a national and state concern. The 1989 Legalized Population Survey (LPS-1) collected data on illegal immigrants to the US who subsequently became legalized aliens under the provisions of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. These data are used in a study assessing whether undocumented male and female immigrants improve their earnings and occupational status over time and the extent of variation in occupational status and mobility by gender and region. The data indicate that both undocumented men and women on average improved their earnings and occupational status between their first jobs in the US and their jobs just before applying for legalization under the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. However the earnings occupational status and occupational mobility of men were greater than for women.
Enhancing hyperthermia treatment for breast cancer using nanoparticles

Hyperthermia treatments involve raising the tumor temperature without damaging the surrounding normal tissues. A novel hyperthermia treatment using nanoparticles within the tumor is presented here. Iron oxide nanoparticles are found to be good absorbers at 2.45 GHz. Under this treatment, the tumor's temperature reached 42°C without damaging the normal tissue. Varying the size and the density of nanoparticle, different temperatures can be obtained. Also, the specific absorption rate increases significantly into the tumor and remains low in the surrounding normal tissue.
Tissue-specific expression of squirrel monkey chorionic gonadotropin.

Abstract Pituitary gonadotropins LH and FSH play central roles in reproductive function. In Old World primates, LH stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. Recent studies have found that squirrel monkeys and other New World primates lack expression of LH in the pituitary. Instead, chorionic gonadotropin (CG), which is normally only expressed in the placenta of Old World primates, is the active luteotropic pituitary hormone in these animals. The goal of this study was to investigate the tissue-specific regulation of squirrel monkey CG. We isolated the squirrel monkey CGβ gene and promoter from genomic DNA from squirrel monkey B-lymphoblasts and compared the promoter sequence to that of the common marmoset, another New World primate, and human and rhesus macaque CGβ and LHβ. Using reporter gene assays, we found that a squirrel monkey CGβ promoter fragment (−1898/+9) is active in both mouse pituitary LβT2 and human placenta JEG3 cells, but not in rat adrenal PC12 cells. Furthermore, within this construct separate cis -elements are responsible for pituitary- and placenta-specific expression. Pituitary-specific expression is governed by Egr-1 binding sites in the proximal 250 bp of the promoter, whereas placenta-specific expression is controlled by AP-2 sites further upstream. Thus, selective expression of the squirrel monkey CGβ promoter in pituitary and placental cells is governed by distinct cis -elements that exhibit homology with human LHβ and marmoset CGβ promoters, respectively.
Electrostatic powder mixing

A device has been developed which uses electrostatic forces to mix powders. This mixer has no moving parts, and the mixture it produces approaches a perfect mixture whereas mechanical devices can at best produce a random mixture. The device is described, as are experiments which exhibit its operation. Also included are a mathematical model describing the behavior of the device, suggestions for scale-up procedures, and h discussion of some closely related concepts of mixing.
Intellectual development: A complex teaching goal

ABSTRACT Faculty goals for students' intellectual development in introductory college courses were analysed to examine disciplinary differences and similarities. Intellectual development goals were defined as those concerned with relationships of ideas within disciplines, between disciplines, or with various aspects of students' lives. Faculty members usually assumed intellectual development goals would occur in conjunction with goals for knowledge acquisition. Those teaching literature, history, and fine arts most often sought to help students see varied relationships, especially by fostering appreciation of the discipline's contributions to human culture and by attempting to broaden students' horizons. Biology, social science and English composition instructors more frequently aimed to build connections with students' lives and foster personal development. Mathematics and foreign language teachers seldom emphasised intellectual development goals as defined here. Relatively few instructors aimed for inte...
Pre-Steady-State Studies of Phosphite Dehydrogenase Demonstrate That Hydride Transfer Is Fully Rate Limiting†

Phosphite dehydrogenase (PTDH) is a unique NAD-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of inorganic phosphite to phosphate. The enzyme has great potential for cofactor regeneration, and mechanistic studies have provided some insight into the residues that are important for catalysis. In this investigation, pre-steady-state studies were performed on the His6-tagged wild-type (WT) enzyme, several active site mutants, a thermostable mutant (12X-PTDH), and a thermostable mutant with dual cofactor specificity (NADP-12X-PTDH). Stopped-flow kinetic experiments indicate that slow steps after hydride transfer do not significantly limit the rate of reaction for the WT enzyme, the active site mutants, or the thermostable mutant. Pre-steady-state kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) and single-turnover experiments further confirm that slow steps after the chemical step do not significantly limit the rate of reaction for any of these proteins. Collectively, these results suggest that the hydride transfer step is fully rate determining in PTDH and that the observed KIE on kcat is the intrinsic effect in WT PTDH and the mutants examined. In contrast, a slow step after catalysis may partially limit the rate of phosphite oxidation by NADP-12X-PTDH with NADP as the cofactor. Finally, site-directed mutagenesis of Asp79 indicates that this residue is important in orienting Arg237 for proper interaction with phosphite.
Folding of a heterogeneous β-hairpin peptide from temperature-jump 2D IR spectroscopy

We provide a time- and structure-resolved characterization of the folding of the heterogeneous β-hairpin peptide Tryptophan Zipper 2 (Trpzip2) using 2D IR spectroscopy. The amide I′ vibrations of three Trpzip2 isotopologues are used as a local probe of the midstrand contacts, β-turn, and overall β-sheet content. Our experiments distinguish between a folded state with a type I′ β-turn and a misfolded state with a bulged turn, providing evidence for distinct conformations of the peptide backbone. Transient 2D IR spectroscopy at 45 °C following a laser temperature jump tracks the nanosecond and microsecond kinetics of unfolding and the exchange between conformers. Hydrogen bonds to the peptide backbone are loosened rapidly compared with the 5-ns temperature jump. Subsequently, all relaxation kinetics are characterized by an observed 1.2 ± 0.2-μs exponential. Our time-dependent 2D IR spectra are explained in terms of folding of either native or nonnative contacts from a common compact disordered state. Conversion from the disordered state to the folded state is consistent with a zip-out folding mechanism.
FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF THE WAKE SHED BY A FLAPPING FILAMENT IN FLOWING SOAP-FILM

In this study, we illustrate the fractal nature of the wake shed by a periodically flapping filament. Such wake structure is a combination of primary vortex shedding resulting in the von Karman vortex street, a series of concentrated vortex dipoles formed when the trailing edges of filaments reach their maximum amplitudes and small eddies form along the shear layer connected with the concentrated vortices due to the shear layer instability. The vortex dynamics of the flapping filament are visualized and imaged experimentally using a soap-film flow tunnel with a high-speed camera and a low pressure sodium lamp as a light source. The wake fractal geometry is measured using the standard box-counting method and it is shown that the fractal dimension of the soap pattern boundaries in the wake is D = 1.38 ± 0.05, which agrees well with those measured for fully developed turbulences and other shear flow phenomena. The invariant of the fractality in the wake induced by the flapping filament thus provides another illustration of the geometrical self-similarity and nonlinear dynamics of chaotic fluid flows.
Instrument‐independent database for collisionally activated dissociation in radiofrequency‐only quadrupoles. Single‐collision versus multiple‐collision conditions

The collisionally actived dissociation (CAD) of the acetone cation (m/z 58) and of the acetyl cation (m/z 43) from acetone were studied under single-collision and multiple-collision conditions. A kinetics-based measurement protocol developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology was used to measure the CAD spectra (i.e., the product distributions (branching ratios) of the CAD fragment ions). A protocol is proposed for a second interlaboratory round robin to explore the feasibility (or lack thereof) of measuring standardized, instrument-independent CAD spectra under multiple-collision conditions.
Do social networks improve e-commerce?: a study on social marketplaces

Social networks have made a significant impact on how Internet users communicate, search for and share data today. Numerous proposals have been made to improve existing distributed systems by leveraging the inherent trust built into social links. For example, many believe that by augmenting online marketplaces with social networking, we can improve trust between transaction partners and increase user satisfaction. In this paper, we perform a detailed study of Overstock Auctions, an auction site that has recently integrated social links into user profiles. Using data on connections between roughly 400,000 Overstock users, we evaluate the impact of social connections on business transactions. Our results show that while the majority of users do not engage in social networking, those who transact with friends from their social network generally obtain significant benefits in the form of higher user satisfaction.
Foundations of Place: A Multidisciplinary Framework for Place-Conscious Education

This article provides educators at all levels with a theoretical rationale for place-conscious education; it also discusses pedagogical pathways, and institutional challenges, to place-consciousness. Drawing on insights from phenomenology, critical geography, bioregionalism, ecofeminism, and other place-conscious traditions, the author gathers diverse perspectives on “place” to demonstrate the profoundly pedagogical nature of human experience with places. Five “dimensions of place” are described that can shape the development of a socio-ecological, place-conscious education: (a) the perceptual, (b) the sociological, (c) the ideological, (d) the political, and (e) the ecological. After discussing these, the author reframes several place-conscious educational traditions. The article concludes with an analysis of the possibilities for place-conscious education in an era that defines institutional accountability by standards and testing.
Extensive summer water pulses do not necessarily lead to canopy growth of Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert shrubs

Plant species and functionally related species groups from arid and semi-arid habitats vary in their capacity to take up summer precipitation, acquire nitrogen quickly after summer precipitation, and subsequently respond with ecophysiological changes (e.g. water and nitrogen relations, gas exchange). For species that respond ecophysiologically, the use of summer precipitation is generally assumed to affect long-term plant growth and thus alter competitive interactions that structure plant communities and determine potential responses to climate change. We assessed ecophysiological and growth responses to large short-term irrigation pulses over one to three growing seasons for several widespread Great Basin and northern Mojave Desert shrub species: Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Sarcobatus vermiculatus, Atriplex confertifolia, and A. parryi. We compared control and watered plants in nine case studies that encompassed adults of all four species, juveniles for three of the species, and two sites for two of the species. In every comparison, plants used summer water pulses to improve plant water status or increase rates of functioning as indicated by other ecophysiological characters. Species and life history stage responses of ecophysiological parameters (leaf N, δ15N, δ13C, gas exchange, sap flow) were consistent with several previous short-term studies. However, use of summer water pulses did not affect canopy growth in eight out of nine comparisons, despite the range of species, growth stages, and site conditions. Summer water pulses affected canopy growth only for C. nauseosus adults. The general lack of growth effects for these species might be due to close proximity of groundwater at these sites, co-limitation by nutrients, or inability to respond due to phenological canalization. An understanding of the connections between short-term ecophysiological responses and growth, for different habitats and species, is critical for determining the significance of summer precipitation for desert community dynamics.