cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
6.09 – Development of the Somatosensory Cortex and Patterning of Afferent Projections

Much of what we know today about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the development of the somatosensory cortex and patterning of the thalamocortical afferents comes from studies on the phenotypes of mice, in which a variety of genes have been altered using targeted mutations or other experimental means. Coupled with the recent advances in imaging of axons and dendrites in the cerebral cortex of living mice and rats, genetic loss of function and gain of function studies are likely to uncover many mysteries of the cortical development in general, and differentiation and patterning of the somatosensory cortex. This chapter provides an overview of the recent advances in mechanistic explanations of how the somatosensory cortex develops and the patterning of the thalamocortical axons which provide the primary sensory inputs from the sensory periphery via the dorsal column lemniscal and trigeminal pathways. Since the vast majority of the developmental studies use the mouse as a model, this species is the focus of the chapter.
How to Teach at the Bedside

A variety of factors have conspired to reduce the frequency, as well as the quality, of bedside teaching. However, the benefits of bedside teaching, for both learners and patients, remain profound and worthy of our efforts to resurrect this practice. At the bedside, the attending physician is charged with diagnosing the patient, then diagnosing the learner, and finally teaching. Many attending physicians are uncomfortable with bedside teaching—anxiety about extemporaneous teaching, frustration with frequent interruptions, or concern about disrupting the residents’ autonomy may play a role. Bedside teaching is a complex task requiring preparation, clear definitions of roles and responsibilities of all team members, and, ideally, the presentation of selected topics in a concise fashion. This chapter presents practical steps to accomplish these tasks.
Single chip CMUT arrays with integrated CMOS electronics: Fabrication process development and experimental results

One of the most important promises of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology is integration with electronics. This approach maximizes transducer sensitivity by minimizing parasitic capacitances and ultimately improves the signal to noise ratio. Additionally, due to physical size limitations required for catheter based imaging devices, optimization of area occurs when the CMUTs are fabricated directly above the associated electronics. Here, we describe successful fabrication of CMUTs on custom designed CMOS electronics from a commercial IC foundry. This is achieved by modifying a low temperature micromachining process by adding one additional mask and developing a sloped wall dry etching step on isolation oxide layer for metal interconnect. Experiments show that both the CMUT and the integrated CMOS electronics are functional, resulting combination generating pulse-echo response suitable for ultrasound imaging.
Thirty Years of Advertising Research in Leading Communication and Marketing Journals: Learning From the Parent Disciplines

ABSTRACTAcademic advertising research has been criticized for a lack of progression and change. The criticism has revolved around the fact that advertising research has heavily relied on theories and methodologies from its parent disciplines such as psychology, communication, and marketing. To identify potential venues for progression and provide a complete understanding of academic advertising research, a longitudinal content analysis was conducted with scholarly advertising articles from twelve major communication and marketing journals from 1980 to 2010. This analysis seeks to suggest possible routes to moving advertising research forward by juxtaposing its research approach to that of broader marketing and communications journal research.
How difficult is nonlinear optimization? A practical solver tuning approach, with illustrative results

Nonlinear optimization (NLO) encompasses a vast range of problems, from very simple to theoretically intractable instances. For this reason, it is impossible to offer guaranteed—while practically meaningful—advice to users of NLO software. This issue becomes apparent, when facing exceptionally hard and/or previously unexplored NLO challenges. We propose a heuristic quadratic meta-model based approach, and suggest corresponding key option settings to use with the Lipschitz global optimizer (LGO) solver suite. These LGO option settings are directly related to estimating the sufficient computational effort to handle a broad range of NLO problems. The proposed option settings are evaluated experimentally, by solving (numerically) a representative set of NLO test problems which are based on real-world optimization applications and non-trivial academic challenges. Our tests include also a set of scalable optimization problems which are increasingly difficult to handle as the size of the model-instances increases. Based on our computational results, it is possible to offer generally valid, practical advice to LGO users. Arguably (and mutatis mutandis), comparable advice can be given to users of other NLO software products with a similarly broad mandate to LGO’s. An additional benefit of such aggregated tests is that their results can effectively assist the rapid evaluation and verification of NLO solver performance during software development phases.
Interaction of mammographic breast density with menopausal status and postmenopausal hormone use in relation to the risk of aggressive breast cancer subtypes.

We examined the associations of mammographic breast density with breast cancer risk by tumor aggressiveness and by menopausal status and current postmenopausal hormone therapy. This study included 2596 invasive breast cancer cases and 4059 controls selected from participants of four nested case–control studies within four established cohorts: the Mayo Mammography Health Study, the Nurses’ Health Study, Nurses’ Health Study II, and San Francisco Mammography Registry. Percent breast density (PD), absolute dense (DA), and non-dense areas (NDA) were assessed from digitized film-screen mammograms using a computer-assisted threshold technique and standardized across studies. We used polytomous logistic regression to quantify the associations of breast density with breast cancer risk by tumor aggressiveness (defined as presence of at least two of the following tumor characteristics: size ≥2 cm, grade 2/3, ER-negative status, or positive nodes), stratified by menopausal status and current hormone therapy. Overall, the positive association of PD and borderline inverse association of NDA with breast cancer risk was stronger in aggressive vs. non-aggressive tumors (≥51 vs. 11–25% OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.94–3.22 vs. OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.70–2.43, p-heterogeneity = 0.03; NDA 4th vs. 2nd quartile OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41–0.70 vs. OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.59–0.85, p-heterogeneity = 0.07). However, there were no differences in the association of DA with breast cancer by aggressive status. In the stratified analysis, there was also evidence of a stronger association of PD and NDA with aggressive tumors among postmenopausal women and, in particular, current estrogen+progesterone users (≥51 vs. 11–25% OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.75–6.00 vs. OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.25–2.98, p-heterogeneity = 0.01; NDA 4th vs. 2nd quartile OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.21–0.85 vs. OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35–0.89, p-heterogeneity = 0.01), even though the interaction was not significant. Our findings suggest that associations of mammographic density with breast cancer risk differ by tumor aggressiveness. While there was no strong evidence that these associations differed by menopausal status or hormone therapy, they did appear more prominent among current estrogen+progesterone users.
On the Ergodicity Hypothesis in Heterogeneous Formations

Application of the ergodicity hypothesis to the stochastic subsurface hydrology has been checked by investigating the hydraulic conductivity field. The relative variance of the spatial average of conductivity, which is denoted as R, and the error index E.I. = \(\sqrt R \), were employed to justify the uncertainties and errors of using the ergodicity hypothesis. Six factors influence R: autocorrelation function; variance of logconductivity; spatial correlation scales of logconductivity; domain sizes; anisotropy; and dimensionality of the problem. Closed-form analytical solutions of R for the linear autocorrelation function were derived and the numerical integration of R for the exponential autocorrelation function for one-, two-, and three-dimensional problems calculated. It is easy to fulfill the ergodicity hypothesis under these conditions: weak heterogeneity and large ratio of domain size vs. correlation length (L/I). The uncertainties and errors of using this hypothesis increase rapidly when the variances of logconductivity increase and/or the ratios of L/I decrease. The ergodicity hypothesis has less error when applied to a problem with higher dimensionality.
Towards an intersectionality of race and ethnicity

As we write this response to our piece, one group of sociologists is preparing to attend a Critical Race conference in Tennessee, while another is preparing to attend an Immigration conference in B...
Robotic Instrument Failure-A Critical Analysis of Cause and Quality Improvement Strategies.

Abstract Objective To introduce a quality improvement initiative tracking robotic instrument failures on a per case basis. It is imperative to understand rates of failure, financial implications of failures, and identify factors suggesting common mechanisms of failure. Materials and Methods Starting in January 1, 2014 a quality reporting system for failed robotic equipment began. Staff was instructed to submit an incident report when a robotic instrument failed and the instrument returned to central processing. Instruments were then returned to the manufacturer (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) for analysis and reimbursement. Results of failure analysis by the manufacturer, including reimbursement rates, were recorded and correlated with the procedure and surgical specialty. Results A total of 3935 robotic cases were performed during the study period with a reported instrument failure incidence of 6.2% (247 total instruments). Etiology of instrument failure was as follows: tip or wrist (46.9%), cable (30.0%), unknown (12.6%), control housing (5.3%), and shaft (3.2%). Highest instrument failure incidence was seen in colorectal surgery cases at 4.0%, Urology had the lowest at 2.7%. Manufacturer reimbursement rate was 57.9%; the most common reason for denial being mishandling/misuse of equipment, determined by manufacturer analysis. Conclusion Herein, we have demonstrated that improved process flow of reporting is necessary to better track incidence and etiology of instrument failures. Cost savings comes from improved training of not only surgeons but operating room and central processing staff in handling equipment to prevent high rates of reimbursement denial.
Application of supervised machine learning for defect detection during metallic powder bed fusion additive manufacturing using high resolution imaging.

Abstract Process monitoring in additive manufacturing (AM) is a crucial component in the mission of broadening AM industrialization. However, conventional part evaluation and qualification techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), can only be utilized after the build is complete, and thus eliminate any potential to correct defects during the build process. In contrast to post-build CT, in situ defect detection based on in situ sensing, such as layerwise visual inspection, enables the potential for in-process re-melting and correction of detected defects and thus facilitates in-process part qualification. This paper describes the development and implementation of such an in situ defect detection strategy for powder bed fusion (PBF) AM using supervised machine learning. During the build process, multiple images were collected at each build layer using a high resolution digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera. For each neighborhood in the resulting layerwise image stack, multi-dimensional visual features were extracted and evaluated using binary classification techniques, i.e. a linear support vector machine (SVM). Through binary classification, neighborhoods are then categorized as either a flaw, i.e. an undesirable interruption in the typical structure of the material, or a nominal build condition. Ground truth labels, i.e. the true location of flaws and nominal build areas, which are needed to train the binary classifiers, were obtained from post-build high-resolution 3D CT scan data. In CT scans, discontinuities, e.g. incomplete fusion, porosity, cracks, or inclusions, were identified using automated analysis tools or manual inspection. The xyz locations of the CT data were transferred into the layerwise image domain using an affine transformation, which was estimated using reference points embedded in the part. After the classifier had been properly trained, in situ defect detection accuracies greater than 80% were demonstrated during cross-validation experiments.
Using a tree seedling mortality budget as an indicator of landscape-scale forest regeneration security

Abstract Securing desirable forest regeneration outcomes is an essential component of sustainable forest management. When natural reproduction is preferred over planting, achieving desirable outcomes may be the principal challenge for forest managers, as reports of struggles and even failures are common across many regions and forest ecosystems. Informing managers and policymakers of the prospects of regeneration success before practices and policies are implemented promotes long-term sustainability because rehabilitating undesirable regeneration outcomes is often lengthy, expensive, and uncertain. In 2012, the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis program implemented Regeneration Indicator (RI) protocols that added detailed seedling measurements and browse impact assessments to a subsample of inventory plots across 24 states in the northern United States. The goal of this expanded sampling effort is to improve the ability to monitor broad scale regeneration trends and better inform forest management planning and policy. Modeling probable regeneration outcomes is difficult and the rarity of vetted models that can fully utilize RI inventory data highlights an immediate need for flexible methods to evaluate regeneration of different taxa at large scales. This manuscript is premised on estimation of a tree seedling mortality budget for inventoried reproduction. The method offers a transparent structure for leveraging existing literature and expert knowledge to gain provisional insight into plausible regeneration outcomes. The resulting tool provides flexibility for users to examine regeneration for multiple species, site conditions, and user-defined quantitative regeneration objectives. The approach is demonstrated by applying a suite of multispecies regeneration objectives to RI data for two case studies with different forest composition and geographic scales, the Ozark Highland Ecological Section (OHES) and the Monongahela National Forest (MNF). Within the Quercus/Carya dominated OHES, analyses indicate that desirable regeneration outcomes are more likely than not based on current plot conditions. Regeneration events were projected to produce new fully stocked forests on 76% of OHES plots, produce a sizable component of characteristic overstory species on 57%, and produce a sizable component of commercially important species on 59%. Within the Acer/Fagus/Betula and Quercus/Carya forests of the MNF, analyses indicated that difficulties in achieving desirable regeneration outcomes were likely. Only 36% of MNF plots were projected to produce new fully stocked forests following a regeneration event and only 29% were projected to regenerate a sizable component of either characteristic overstory species or commercially important species.
Amenorrhoea in adolescent female athletes.

Summary Female athletes often experience amenorrhoea at various times during training, but this should not be considered normal. Low energy availability is a common cause of menstrual dysfunction, and amenorrhoea can serve as a warning sign of some of the health and performance consequences associated with inadequate energy, including poor bone accrual and low bone mineral density. Adolescence is an important time for bone accrual, growth, and development, making delayed menarche and secondary amenorrhoea particularly concerning in young athletes. The development of disordered eating and eating disorder behaviours also peaks during adolescence. Thus, screening for low energy availability, establishing the various causes of amenorrhoea, and treating amenorrhoea and low energy availability with an interdisciplinary team is most effective.
Error Recovery in High-Speed Networks

The performance of high-speed networks of today and the future will be primarily limited by packet loss due to buffer overflows during congested traffic conditions. A message or aprotocol data unit(PDU) is made up of many smaller packets, and any one of the packets being lost results in the entire PDU being retransmitted. The performance of end-to-end protocols degrades rapidly if error recovery is based on packet loss detection and retransmission of PDUs, i.e., on some form of ARQ. This phenomenon is more pronounced in high-speed networks since the ratio of packet transmission time to propagation delay is very small. Hence, efficient protocols must be designed to provide reliable communication using error control techniques to recover lost packets. Using FEC to reduce the retransmission frequency is an attractive solution for error recovery in high-speed networks.
Clinical features and mutations in patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa-1 (RP1).

Purpose To survey patients with dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP) for mutations in the RP1 gene to determine the spectrum of dominant mutations in this gene, to estimate the proportion of dominant RP caused by this gene, and to determine whether the clinical features of patients with RP1 mutations differ from features of those with rhodopsin mutations. Methods A set of 241 patients who did not have mutations in the rhodopsin gene (based on previous work) formed the basis for the study. Of these patients, 117 had also been previously evaluated and were found not to carry mutations in the RDS gene. The single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method was used to search for sequence variants, which were then directly sequenced. The relatives of selected patients were recruited for segregation analyses. Clinical evaluations of patients included a measurement of Snellen visual acuity, final dark adaptation thresholds, visual fields, and ERGs. Clinical data were compared with those obtained earlier from a study of 128 patients with dominant rhodopsin mutations. Results Of the 241 patients, all were screened for the most common RP1 mutation (Arg677Ter), and 10 patients were found to have this mutation. In addition, an evaluation of a subset of 189 patients in whom the entire coding sequence was evaluated revealed the following mutations: Gln679Ter (1 case), Gly723Ter (2 cases), Glu729(1-bp del) (1 case), Leu762(5-bp del) (2 cases), and Asn763(4-bp del) (1 case). All of these mutations cosegregated with RP in the families of the index patients. Nine missense mutations that were each found in six or fewer patients were encountered. The segregation of eight of these was evaluated in the respective patients' families, and only one segregated with dominant RP. This cosegregating missense change was in cis with the nonsense mutation Gln679Ter. Although patients with RP1 mutations had, on average, slightly better visual acuity than patients with rhodopsin mutations, there was no statistically significant difference in final dark-adaptation thresholds, visual field diameters, or cone electroretinogram (ERG) amplitudes. Comparably aged patients with RP1 mutations had visual function that varied by approximately two orders of magnitude, based on visual fields and ERG amplitudes. Conclusions Dominant RP1 alleles typically have premature nonsense codons occurring in the last exon of the gene and would be expected to encode mutant proteins that are only approximately one third the size of the wild-type protein, suggesting that a dominant negative effect rather than haploinsufficiency is the mechanism leading to RP caused by RP1 mutations. On average, patients with RP1 mutations have slightly better visual acuity than patients with dominant rhodopsin mutations; otherwise, they have similarly severe disease. The wide range in severity among patients with RP1 mutations indicates that other genetic or environmental factors modulate the effect of the primary mutation.
The Talhouët Affair: Graft and Punishment in 1723 France

The “Talhouet Affair” was the most serious corruption scandal of early eighteenth century France. It arose in the context of a major restructuring of the public debt (the “Visa” of 1721–1723) and was handled by a special court which meted out exemplary punishment. Both the Affair and its context (the Visa of 1721) are known, but have not been studied in detail. I summarize the Visa operation and then recount the Affair, which sheds unexpected light on the primacy of State interests over the power of personal connections.
Convolutional Neural Networks for the Detection and Measurement of Cerebral Aneurysms on Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Aneurysm size correlates with rupture risk and is important for treatment planning. User annotation of aneurysm size is slow and tedious, particularly for large data sets. Geometric shortcuts to compute size have been shown to be inaccurate, particularly for nonstandard aneurysm geometries. To develop and train a convolutional neural network (CNN) to detect and measure cerebral aneurysms from magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) automatically and without geometric shortcuts. In step 1, a CNN based on the U-net architecture was trained on 250 MRA maximum intensity projection (MIP) images, then applied to a testing set. In step 2, the trained CNN was applied to a separate set of 14 basilar tip aneurysms for size prediction. Step 1—the CNN successfully identified aneurysms in 85/86 (98.8% of) testing set cases, with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area-under-the-curve of 0.87. Step 2—automated basilar tip aneurysm linear size differed from radiologist-traced aneurysm size on average by 2.01 mm, or 30%. The CNN aneurysm area differed from radiologist-derived area on average by 8.1 mm2 or 27%. CNN correctly predicted the area trend for the set of aneurysms. This approach is to our knowledge the first using CNNs to derive aneurysm size. In particular, we demonstrate the clinically pertinent application of computing maximal aneurysm one-dimensional size and two-dimensional area. We propose that future work can apply this to facilitate pre-treatment planning and possibly identify previously missed aneurysms in retrospective assessment.
Effect of Two‐Dimensional Crystal Orbitals on Fermi Surfaces and Electron Transport in Three‐Dimensional Perovskite Oxides

Perovskite oxides are candidate materials in catalysis, fuel cells, thermoelectrics, and electronics, where electronic transport is vital to their use. While the fundamental transport properties of these materials have been heavily studied, there are still key features that are not well understood, including the temperature-squared behavior of their resistivities. Standard transport models fail to account for this atypical property because Fermi surfaces of many perovskite oxides are low-dimensional and distinct from traditional semiconductors. In this work, the low-dimensional Fermi surfaces of perovskite oxides are chemically interpreted in terms of two-dimensional crystal orbitals that form the conduction bands. Using SrTiO3 as a case study, the d/p-hybridization that creates these low-dimensional electronic structures is reviewed and connected to its fundamentally different electronic properties. A low-dimensional band model explains several experimental transport properties, including the temperature and carrier-density dependence of the effective mass, the carrier-density dependence of scattering, and the temperature dependence of resistivity. This work highlights how chemical bonding influences semiconductor transport.
HYPOTHALAMIC AND RETICULAR LESIONS PRODUCED BY CHRONICALLY IMPLANTED ELECTRODES: EFFECTS ON THE HIBERNATION CYCLE OF SPERMOPHILUS LATERALIS

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the hypothalamic and reticular lesions produced by chronically implanted electrodes. The chapter describes some experiments that were conducted to determine the effects of discrete lesions of the hypothalamus or reticular formation on an animal's ability to enter, maintain, or arouse from hibernation. In these experiments, electrodes were implanted chronically, making it possible to produce lesions at any time in the hibernation cycle and, thus, to assess separately effects on entry, maintenance of dormancy, and arousal. The results showed that posterior hypothalamic lesions, produced at the approximate midpoint of a bout of hibernation, severely impaired thermogenic responses. These lesions resulted in an immediate and prolonged drop in Tb and an increase in respiratory rate and oxygen consumption. Although the lesioned animals aroused from hibernation, the arousals were atypical and required nearly twice the time to complete. Heart rate accelerated more slowly, and shivering thermogenesis was less pronounced. Respiratory rate and oxygen consumption remained approximately twice as high as during previous arousals by the same animals.
What do AP physics courses teach and the AP physics exam measure

AP physics exam scores are a weak measure of the level of physics understanding one would expect from an introductory university physics course.
Breast cancer chemoprevention: An update on current practice and opportunities for primary care physicians

Several risk assessment models have been validated for the estimation of risk of breast cancer in women. Chemoprevention through hormonal therapy is an effective way to reduce the incidence of breast cancer in women with high risk. Selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen and raloxifene, are approved for this indication by the United States Food and Drug Administration, and aromatase inhibitors have also shown promise in recent studies. These medications are generally well tolerated, except for reported increased rates of fractures and venous thromboembolic events. Despite strong recommendations from several regulatory bodies, advocacy for chemoprevention has been inadequate in practice, more so among the primary care physicians. Studies have identified several barriers in physicians, patients, and the system, contributing to this problem. Lack of knowledge about risk assessment models and chemoprevention options preclude physicians from prescribing these medications with confidence. Fear of potential adverse events, confusion regarding the purpose of the therapy, and need for continued adherence for five years are among the principal reasons for reduced chemoprevention uptake and early discontinuation among patients. Multifaceted interventions directed at education and training of health care professionals, proper counseling of women at high risk, and promotion of the development of improved medications might help ensure better chemoprevention uptake in the target population.
A simple, dynamic extension of temporal motivation theory

Temporal motivation theory (TMT) has been criticized for its static representation and neglect of the environment. In this paper, I develop goal sampling theory (GST) to appease these criticisms an...
Decolonising the University, Edited by Gurminder K. Bhambra, Dalia Gebrial and Kerem Nisancioglu Reviewed by Eli Meyerhoff

How we imagine alternatives to the university as-we-know-it shapes our horizons for transforming it. The authors assembled in the important volume, Decolonising the University, present different wa...
A Method for User-defined Mutagenesis by Integrating Oligo Pool Synthesis Technology with Nicking Mutagenesis

Saturation mutagenesis is a fundamental enabling technology for protein engineering and epitope mapping. Nicking mutagenesis (NM) allows the user to rapidly construct libraries of all possible single mutations in a target protein sequence from plasmid DNA in a one-pot procedure. Briefly, one strand of the plasmid DNA is degraded using a nicking restriction endonuclease and exonuclease treatment. Mutagenic primers encoding the desired mutations are annealed to the resulting circular single-stranded DNA, extended with high-fidelity polymerase, and ligated into covalently closed circular DNA by Taq DNA ligase. The heteroduplex DNA is resolved by selective degradation of the template strand. The complementary strand is synthesized and ligated, resulting in a library of mutated covalently closed circular plasmids. It was later shown that because very little primer is used in the procedure, resuspended oligo pools, which normally require amplification before use, can be used directly in the mutagenesis procedure. Because oligo pools can contain tens of thousands of unique oligos, this enables the construction of libraries of tens of thousands of user-defined mutations in a single-pot mutagenesis reaction, which significantly improves the utility of NM as described below. Use of oligo pools afford an economically advantageous approach to mutagenic experiments. First, oligo pool synthesis is much less expensive per nucleotide synthesized than conventional synthesis. Second, a mixed pool may be generated and used for mutagenesis of multiple different genes. To use the same oligo-pool for mutagenesis of a variety of genes, the user must only quantify the fraction of the oligo-pool specific to her mutagenic experiment and adjust the volume and effective concentration of the oligo-pool for use in nicking mutagenesis.
Process evaluation of a systemic intervention to identify and support partner violence survivors in a multi-specialty health system.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent in the United States and impacts the physical and mental health and social well-being of those who experience it. Healthcare settings are important intervention points for IPV screening and referral, yet there is a wide range of implementation of IPV protocols in healthcare settings in the U.S., and the evidence of the usefulness of IPV screening is mixed. This process evaluation investigates the facilitators and barriers to implementing Coordinated Care for IPV Survivors through the M Health Community Network (“M Health Network”), an intervention that aimed to standardize IPV screening and referral in a multi-specialty clinic and surgery center (CSC). Two validated IPV screens were introduced and mandated to be done by rooming staff at least once every 3 months with all clinic patients regardless of gender; the Humiliation Afraid Rape Kick (HARK) for presence of IPV and the shortened Danger Assessment (DA-5) for lethality of IPV. Upon a positive screen, the patient was offered immediate informational resources and, if willing, was referred to a social worker for care coordination with a community organization. Semi-structured, individual and group process interviews with clinic managers and clinic staff at 8 CSC clinics (N = 24) were undertaken at 3,12, and 27 months after intervention start. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with the research team (N = 3) post-implementation. A Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) codebook was used to code data in two rounds. After each round, thick description was used to write detailed and contextual descriptions of each code. Facilitators and barriers to implementation were identified during the second round of thick description. Facilitators to implementation were clinic staff support, dedication, and flexibility and research team engagement. Barriers were lack of prioritization, loss of intervention champions, lack of knowledge about intervention protocol and resources, staff and patient discomfort discussing IPV, and operational issues with screen technology. The IPV protocol was implemented, but faced common barriers. CFIR is a complex, but comprehensive, tool to guide process evaluation for IPV screening and referral interventions in health systems in the U.S.
Efficient crowdsourcing of crowd-generated microtasks

Allowing members of the crowd to propose novel microtasks for one another is an effective way to combine the efficiencies of traditional microtask work with the inventiveness and hypothesis generation potential of human workers. However, microtask proposal leads to a growing set of tasks that may overwhelm limited crowdsourcer resources. Crowdsourcers can employ methods to utilize their resources efficiently, but algorithmic approaches to efficient crowdsourcing generally require a fixed task set of known size. In this paper, we introduce cost forecasting as a means for a crowdsourcer to use efficient crowdsourcing algorithms with a growing set of microtasks. Cost forecasting allows the crowdsourcer to decide between eliciting new tasks from the crowd or receiving responses to existing tasks based on whether or not new tasks will cost less to complete than existing tasks, efficiently balancing resources as crowdsourcing occurs. Experiments with real and synthetic crowdsourcing data show that cost forecasting leads to improved accuracy. Accuracy and efficiency gains for crowd-generated microtasks hold the promise to further leverage the creativity and wisdom of the crowd, with applications such as generating more informative and diverse training data for machine learning applications and improving the performance of user-generated content and question-answering platforms.
Perception of COVID-19 Physical Distancing Effectiveness and Contagiousness of Asymptomatic Individuals: Cross-sectional Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adults in the United States.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a rapid increase in the amount of information about the disease and SARS-CoV-2 on the internet. If the language used in video messages is not clear or understandable to deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people with a high school degree or less, this can cause confusion and result in information gaps among DHH people during a health emergency. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between DHH people's perception of the effectiveness of physical distancing and contagiousness of an asymptomatic person. Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey study on DHH people's perceptions about COVID-19 (N=475). Items pertaining to COVID-19 knowledge were administered to US deaf adults from April 17, 2020, to May 1, 2020, via a bilingual American Sign Language/English online survey platform. Results: The sample consisted of 475 DHH adults aged 18-88 years old, with 74% (n=352) identifying as White and 54% (n=256) as female. About 88% (n=418) of the sample felt they knew most things or a lot about physical distancing. This figure dropped to 72% (n=342) for the question about the effectiveness of physical distancing in reducing the spread of COVID-19 and 70% (n=333) for the question about the contagiousness of an infected person without symptoms. Education and a knowledge of the effectiveness of physical distancing significantly predicted knowledge about the contagiousness of an asymptomatic individual. Race, gender, and age did not emerge as significant predictors. Conclusions: This results of this study point to the strong connection between education and coronavirus-related knowledge. Education-related disparities can be remedied by making information fully accessible and easily understood during emergencies and pandemics.
Optimizing Sexual and Urinary Outcomes in Robotic TME

Sexual and urinary dysfunctions are well-known complications of rectal cancer surgery and are the factors that most influence both the physical and psychological health of patients, as well as impacting quality of life for themselves and their partners.
Anti-Racism and Anti-Colonialism Praxis in Global Health—Reflection and Action for Practitioners in US Academic Medical Centers

The movement to decolonize global health and address power inequities among its actors is not new. Founded on the work of colonized and marginalized people themselves, initiatives at universities, schools of public health, and international development organizations have emerged to call for anti-racism and anti-colonialism within the field. US Academic Medical Centers (AMCs) have been less vocal in this wider discussion, despite their large engagement in the field through clinical, research, and medical education activities. As global health practitioners currently based at an AMC, we believe that it is important to critically evaluate our practices. We therefore propose three starting questions for our colleagues and students to consider and act upon as they adopt and navigate a praxis in anti-racism and anti-colonialism as foundational principles in global health. These questions call on us to closely examine the legacies of racism and colonialism in global health, the value placed on different ways of knowing in this field, and our motivations for engaging in this work. They are presented as a tool to reexamine global health, challenging the constructed binary of the "global South" and "global North," and the perceived ideas of poverty and resource scarcity as the natural immutable reality of the global South.
Quantitation of the förster energy transfer for two-dimensional systems: I. Lateral phase separation in unilamellar vesicles formed by binary phospholipid mixtures

Abstract An analytical solution is presented for the rate of energy transfer in unilamellar vesicles formed by binary mixtures of phospholipids showing lateral phase separation. The analytical approach developed here is mainly based on geometrical considerations and therefore, is formally different for lateral phase separation phenomena taking place in the gel and in the liquid crystalline states of the lipid system. The rate of energy transfer among donor and acceptor molecules attached to chemically different phospholipids is mathematically correlated to the average cluster size of the less-rich component of the binary mixture, thus allowing its calculation from experimental measurements. Moreover, the equations derived here permit the calculation of the average cluster size as a function of the concentration of each lipid component within certain ranges, and this can be used to improve our knowledge of the thermodynamics of these processes.
The First-Order Theory of Sets with Cardinality Constraints is Decidable

Note: MIT CSAIL report number 958Superseded by citeKuncakETAL06DecidingBooleanAlgebraPresburgerArithmetic Reference LARA-REPORT-2004-003 URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0407045 Record created on 2007-08-21, modified on 2017-05-12
Fractures of the femur. End results : Melvin S. Henderson MD (1883-1954): the 5th president of the AAOS 1936.

My part in this symposium is to discuss the end results of fractures of the femur. In order to gain the proper perspective, I have reviewed the literature of the past five years and have carefully, with the assistance of Dr. J. I. Mitchell, studied the records of 222 consecutive cases in the Mayo Clinic. The literature on the subject is so abundant that I shall not attempt to discuss it, but proceed at once with the discussion of data concerning the patients who have been under our care. Fifty-seven of the 222 patients had sustained fractures recently; the remaining 165 presented the end results of treatment which they had received elsewhere. These patients came to the Clinic because of malunion, delayed union, nonunion, chronic osteomyelitis, stiff joint, and so forth.
SUBLIME TRANSLATION IN THE NOVELS OF JAMES FENIMORE COOPER AND WALTER SCOTT

In the first four volumes of his Leatherstocking Tales (1823-1840), James Fenimore Cooper employs an arcane motif in which scenes of communication between Anglo-Americans and native Americans are set in sublime locations and, typically, interrupted by animals. Cooper has borrowed this motif of ““sublime translation”” from Walter Scott; the paradigm is the ““Highland Minstrelsy”” chapter of Waverley (1814). ““Sublime translation”” is crucial to the thematics of both sets of romances. In the works of Scott, Cooper finds a use of the sublime that is particularly suitable to his aesthetic agenda of differentiating his usage of English from that of the mother country. The motif figuratively naturalizes American English and links it to the indigenous languages, and it also transfers the quality of sublimity from the dying native tongues to the new American one. Thus the ultimate elevation of Reason over Nature that characterizes the Kantian sublime (Scott was strongly influenced by German Romanticism) takes on a new meaning in colonial and postcolonial contexts.
Chemical Determinants of the Rat Electro-Olfactogram

The chemical properties that determine the distribution of the electro-olfactogram were studied after exposure of a large area of the rat olfactory epithelium. Multiple electrodes were placed along the rostral border of endoturbinate IV on the midline of the nasal cavity. This array of electrodes spanned a region containing the four receptor gene expression zones described for the rat. The response to a series of odorants containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen was strongly related to electrode position. For most hydrocarbons, the responses were progressively larger toward the ventral epithelium. The only exceptions were aromatic hydrocarbons, which evoked nearly equal response sizes across the epithelium. Ketones and aldehydes evoked relatively larger dorsal responses than did hydrocarbons with similar structures. Aromatic ketones and aldehydes evoked systematically larger responses from the dorsal part of the epithelium. The response profiles for most odorants were well described by a linear fit to the electrode position along the dorsal–ventral position on the epithelium. However, a few bicyclic odorants and carboxylic acids evoked significantly nonlinear profiles. It is concluded that there is a systematic distribution of odorant sensitivity across this part of the epithelium and that this sensitivity is related to general chemical properties. Other evidence suggests that these properties extend to other parts of the epithelium. This spatial sensitivity of the epithelium to odorants probably contributes to olfactory coding in parallel with the convergence of axons from olfactory sensory neurons expressing the same receptor type.
Integrating Horticulture Biology and Environmental Coastal Issues into the Middle School Science Curriculum

SUMMARY. Encouraging students to become better stewards of the environment and to be more educated in science content knowledge is an important goal of today’s educational leaders. Eight lessons were created to aid an established stewardship program (Coastal Roots) in introducing hands-on activities to middle school children in southern Louisiana. Students were tested on science content in the lessons using a pre-test, eight multiple choice quizzes (each focusing on a particular lesson), and a post-test. The ‘‘children’s attitudes toward the environment scale’’ test was administered to evaluate environmental awareness changes in the treatment and control group students. Students who received the horticulture lessons improved their post-test scores by 11.4 points (P £ 0.05) in the first year and 25.07 points (P £ 0.0001) in the second year of the study. Significant increases in individual lessons were found both years. In the second year, students who received the lessons were more aware of their role in the environment than those who did not receive the additional lessons (P £ 0.01). The addition of horticulture lessons to the middle school curriculum enhanced student knowledge and stewardship of the environment.
SOME CYTOLOGICAL AND PATHOGENIC PROPERTIES OF SPHEROPLASTS OF CANDIDA ALBICANS

Kobayashi, George S. (Tulane University, New Orleans, La.), Lorraine Friedman, and Judith F. Kofroth. Some cytological and pathogenic properties of spheroplasts of Candida albicans . J. Bacteriol. 88: 795–801. 1964.—Spheroplasts of Candida albicans were prepared by use of an enzymatic mixture from the digestive tract of the snail Helix pomatia . Untreated cells exhibited well-defined cell walls, whereas such structures were absent from spheroplasts. The intravenous inoculation of either spheroplasts or intact cells into rabbits produced a fever which was apparent within 30 min, the “immediate” fever response characteristic of microbial endotoxin. Cell-wall fragments of enzyme-treated cells did not induce a convincing pyrogenic response. When the inoculum was viable, body temperatures did not return to normal but remained elevated until death of the animal 1 or more days later, exhibiting the “delayed” fever of infection. The gross pathological picture in animals succumbing to infection by viable spheroplasts was similar to that obtained with untreated yeast cells. Images
Pediatric Injury Control in 1999: Where Do We Go From Here?

The problem of injuries to children and adolescents is not a new one. In recent years, however, interest in trauma has increased dramatically for a number of reasons. Advances in the treatment and prevention of a wide variety of acute and chronic diseases have highlighted the importance of trauma as a cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability.1 An increasingly scientific approach to injury causation over the last 2 decades has led to progressively more effective prevention programs.2 The interest of government agencies at the national level such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has been accompanied by an infusion of money for both research and prevention. As a result, the scientific and academic communities have taken a greater interest in this problem, and in the last decade, a large number of important contributions have appeared.3,,4 This article addresses where we have come and where we must go to reduce further the impact of unintentional injuries on children and adolescents in our society. Self-inflicted injuries and injuries attributable to interpersonal violence are not discussed. The publication of this article in the new Journal of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association is appropriate, because additional advances primarily will come from investigators in academic centers using basic and applied science and collaborating with clinicians to address the injury problem from the point of primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. There have been some remarkable gains in injury control over the last 2 decades. Data are limited on the true incidence of injuries as well as its consequences; we must rely primarily on mortality data to track trends over time. In the pediatric age group, unintentional injury mortality has fallen by 45.3% between 1979 and 1996 (Table 1). The largest decreases have been among those 5 to 9 years of …
Origins of new queens in polygyne red imported fire ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Polygyne colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, accepted newly mated queens both from their own colony and unrelated colonies. Only a small fraction of the marked winged queens ...