cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Suspended sediment transport, sedimentation, and resuspension in Lake Houston, Texas: Implications for water quality

Lake Houston is a man-made reservoir located northeast of Houston, Texas. The purpose of this investigation was to document suspended sediment transport, sedimentation, and resuspension in the lake with a view towards estimating the influence of sedimentation on water quality. Sediment traps were placed in strategic locations in the lake to collect suspended sediments. Samples were analyzed for bulk density, grain size, organic carbon, and a number of trace elements. These data were analyzed along with meteorological data to examine those factors which regulate suspended sediment input and dispersal, and the role of suspended sediments in controlling water quality within the lake. Sediment input to the lake depends primarily on the intensity of rainfall in the watershed. Sediment movement within the lake is strongly influenced by wave activity, which resuspends sediments from shallow areas, and by wind-driven circulation. The increased residence time of suspended sediments due to resuspension allows greater decomposition of organic matter and the release of several trace elements from sediments to the water column. Virtually all samples from sediment traps suspended between 1 and 5 m above the lake bottom contain medium to coarse silt, and even some very fine sand-sized material. This implies that circulation in Lake Houston is periodically intense enough to transport this size material in suspension. During winter, northerly winds with sustained velocities of greater than 5 m/sec provide the most suitable condition for rapid (<1 d) transport of suspended sediment down the length of the lake. Fluctuations in current velocities and the subsequent suspension/deposition of particles may explain variations in the abundance of coliform bacteria in Lake Houston.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFANTILISM : I. ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM: KREATININ, KREATIN, URIC ACID.

In my three cases of intestinal infantilism, the kreatinin excretion was more irregular than normally, and the kreatinin coefficient was low. Kreatin was found in the urine on a kreatin-free diet. The sum of kreatinin and kreatin was also irregular. The endogenous uric acid was irregular from day to day. The kreatin excretion is apparently lower on a high fat diet than on a high carbohydrate diet.
COULOMB CORRECTIONS IN THE THEORY OF INTERNAL BREMSSTRAHLUNG

The internal bremsstrahlung associated with allowed $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay is calculated for the case for which the gamma-ray energy is less than $2m{c}^{2}$, the kinetic energy of the electron in its final state is small compared to $m{c}^{2}$, and $\frac{Z{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}c}$ is small compared to 1. It is not assumed that $(\frac{Z{e}^{2}}{\ensuremath{\hbar}c})mc$ is small compared to the final momentum of the electron, or to the gamma-ray momentum. Results are obtained for the gamma-ray energy spectrum and for the angular correlation between the electrons and the gamma rays. For ${\mathrm{S}}^{35}$, for which the above assumption would seem to be satisfied, the agreement between theory and experiment for the number of gamma rays per $\ensuremath{\beta}$ disintegration per $m{c}^{2}$ is better than that previously obtained; because of uncertainties in the experimental results, the extent of the improvement is not clear. Under the additional assumption that the final kinetic energy of the electron is small compared to the gamma-ray energy, an expression is derived for the polarization of the gamma rays.
Applications of classroom management research findings

The purpose of this study was to examine the long‐term effects of providing a research‐based approach to classroom management through a two‐phase staff development process. Findings indicate that teachers identified specific benefits they gained from implementing group development and cooperative learning strategies. The findings also indicate that classrooms of high implementors differed from classrooms of low implementors. Finally, specific characteristics of the staff development experience which teachers felt contributed to their long‐term use of the new ideas were identified. Implications for staff development are discussed. 1This paper was supported in part by the Department of Teacher Education, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Three-dimensional structure identified from single sections.

Errors in the identification of objects have been made frequently because of faulty interpretation of their flat images or sections. Such errors are perpetuated through a strange psychological chain reaction. 1) The first author who observes sections of an object, although presenting faithful pictures of sections of it, identifies its shape incorrectly. Such an initial mistake may be due to identification of the flat image with the object itself or to failure to consider the shape of the image as a function of the shape of the real object and the angle and level of cutting. 2) The first author describes verbally his personal concept of the object. 3) The reader reads the text of a publication before or without examining the pictorial evidence. 4) The reader9s belief in the authority of the printed word immunizes him against critical evaluation of the evidence. 5) The reader regards a published opinion as a "fact." 6) A mechanism of suppression of new evidence is set up in the brain of the reader in favor of previously published, verbalized concepts. His brain unconsciously rejects new concepts that might arise intracerebrally. The printed word supersedes visual evidence. 7) A secondary mechanism parallels steps 3 to 6. An observer notices an unfamiliar figure in the microscope. Following established procedures for scientific investigations, he refrains from forming an opinion about his observation. Instead he rushes to the library searching for similar, published observations. If he finds a previous report about a similar shape, he accepts it as a "fact" and he "confirms" the previously printed viewpoint. Let me interject a personal experience concerning this mechanism. I investigated the arrangement of blood vessels in the human liver by means of corrosion preparations. The work was divided between an assistant and me. He was assigned the task of preparing drawings of two specimens. In his drawings he showed a structure which was absent from the specimens but had been described in a previous publication. This article shows simple ways for correct initial identification of shape and structure and for the breaking of the reverberating circuit of erroneous thinking.
Resolution of the discrepancy between experiment and theory of midlatitude F-region structures

The Perkins instability has long been quoted as the explanation for midlatitude F-region structure. This notion has been called into question by a number of recent experimental results using airglow and incoherent scatter radar measurements. Here we attempt to reconcile experiment and theory by invoking polarization of the Perkins structures in the direction parallel to their long axis. The resulting northwest-directed electric field causes the observed southwestward motion, thus resolving the apparent conflict. A simple dipole polarization electric field model is proposed and compared favorably with the observations.
A Profile of the Ethical Professor: Student Views

Abstract Two studies examined college students' perceptions of professors' ethical responsibilities. Students agreed that professors must demonstrate respect for students, teach objectively, and grade honestly, and they should not tolerate cheating or plagiarism. Results indicate that students expect professors to act with professionalism, to employ a vast base of content knowledge, and to show concern for student welfare. Many view professors as exemplars of scholarship and professional behavior. Professors must be cognizant of student expectations and should reflect on their behavior both in and out of the classroom.
Development of the Alcohol and Other Drug Self-Efficacy Scale

Objective: This article reports the initial development of the Alcohol and Other Drug Self-Efficacy Scale (AODSES). Method: The scale instrument is designed to measure social workers' perceived self-efficacy of their substance abuse knowledge and skills with MSW practitioners (N =399). Results: Factor analysis revealed six subscale factors in the initial scale development com-posed of 43 items, accounting for 76% of the variance with excellent internal reliabilities. The six subgroup factors were moderately correlated. Conclusions: Given the reliability and validity of the scale, it may be useful in agency settings to evaluate and measure social workers' confidence in treating clients who have alcohol and other drug problems. Replication of the study is a necessary next step with another group of social workers for further external and internal validation.
The Double Focusing Beta-Ray Spectrometer

The double focusing spectrometer recently proposed by Siegbahn and Svartholm has been analyzed and compared with the conventional semicircular spectrometer. A shaped magnetic field is required which possesses cylindrical symmetry as well as symmetry with respect to the median plane of the instrument. The magnetic field in the median plane is assumed to have the form $H={H}_{0}\ensuremath{-}\frac{(r\ensuremath{-}a)\ensuremath{\alpha}{H}_{0}}{a}+\frac{{(r\ensuremath{-}a)}^{2}\ensuremath{\beta}{H}_{0}}{{a}^{2}},$ where $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}$ are experimentally disposable shaping constants. The analysis, which has been carried through the second order of approximation, shows that double focusing occurs when $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2}$. In general there will exist, for all types of spectrometers, second order defocusing terms which tend to lower the resolving power. However, these may be almost completely eliminated in the double focusing spectrometer by choosing $\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{1}{8}$. A figure is presented showing the form of the focused image for a semicircular spectrometer and for several cases of the double focusing spectrometer. It becomes evident that when $\ensuremath{\alpha}=\frac{1}{2}$ and $\ensuremath{\beta}=\frac{1}{8}$, the intensity of the image as well as the resolving power become many times greater than for the former type of instrument.
MO-E-L100F-03: Noninvasive Temperature Imaging Using Diagnostic Pulse-Echo Ultrasound

Several ultrasonic parameters are known to have temperature dependence including the speed of sound,attenuation, nonlinearity parameter, etc. Local changes in tissue temperature can be estimated noninvasively using diagnostic pulse‐echo ultrasound. A number of temperature estimation methods have been proposed since the early 1990s with varying levels of success. One method that was investigated by numerous groups is based on minute changes in echo locations due to temperature‐dependent changes in the speed of sound and thermal expansion. Both in vitro and in vivo results have been obtained to demonstrate the feasibility of the method. However, several limitations have been shown to limit the use of this method in practice. In this paper, we describe a true two‐dimensional displacement tracking algorithm with robust temperature estimation from real‐time 2D pulse‐echo ultrasound. The method employs a physics‐based Kalman filter derived from the transient bioheat transfer equation (BHTE). The filter is shown to be effective in rejecting displacement artifacts from tissue motion as well as those resulting from the thermal lens effects. This lecture will provide a description of the BHTE and the system approach leading to the design of the Kalman filter for tracking the temperature data based on the observed displacements in echo location in the region of interest. The tracking properties of the filter and its ability to reject artifacts from the observed displacements will be illustrated. One‐dimensional and two‐dimensional versions of the filter will be presented and contrasted in terms of their ability to reject displacement artifacts. Comparisons with previously published algorithms will be given using in vivo and in vitro data. We will also present results on using the Kamlan filter methodology in tracking changes in tissue absorption associated with lesion formation using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). This technique may lead to quantitative parameter imaging for monitoring and control of HIFU treatments under ultrasoundimage guidance. The Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the origin of temperature‐dependence of relevant acoustic parameter and their effects on observed pulse‐echo data. 2. Understand the limitations of noninvasive temperature estimation using pulse‐echo data. 3. Understand the connection between the physical model for temperature evolution and robust temperature and parameter tracking in tissue media.
Complete fourth-order relativistic many-body calculations for atoms

We report, to our knowledge, the first relativistic calculation for many-electron atoms complete through the fourth order of many-body perturbation theory. Owing to an overwhelmingly large number of underlying diagrams, the calculations are aided by our suite of symbolic algebra tools. We augment all-order single-double excitation method with 1648 omitted fourth-order diagrams and compute amplitudes of principal transitions in Na. The resulting ab initio relativistic electric dipole amplitudes are in an excellent agreement with 0.05%-accurate experimental values. Analysis of previously unmanageable classes of diagrams provides a useful guide to a design of even more accurate, yet practical, many-body methods.
Frequency-Domain Finite Element Electrodynamic Modeling of Lossy Interconnects from DC to Multi-GHz Frequencies

A finite element electrodynamic field solver is demonstrated that uses a broadband surface-impedance boundary condition on the lossy wires and a robust Krylov subspace-based fast frequency sweep for the expedient generation of the electrodynamic response of lossy interconnects, from DC up to multiple GHz.
Ruffed Grouse Selection of Drumming Sites in the Black Hills National Forest

Abstract Ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) are important game birds that depend on multiple forest age-classes of aspen (Populus spp.) for food and cover, which makes them an appropriate management indicator species for the condition of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) communities in the Black Hills National Forest of western South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming (BHNF). Recent landscape-scale drumming surveys showed that occupancy of ruffed grouse in the BHNF depended primarily on the amount of aspen-dominated vegetation within a 95 ha site. However, an investigation of drumming site characteristics is lacking. To evaluate drumming site selection, we located and measured the drumming structure and surrounding vegetation for 49 primary drumming sites and 147 paired unused sites during 2007 and 2008. We used discrete-choice modeling with an information-theoretic approach to evaluate resource characteristics of drumming sites associated with use. Percent area exposed (visibility) between 0.9 m and 1.8 m in...
A Comparison of Silicon and Silicon Carbide MOSFET Switching Characteristics

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide-bandgap semiconductor material that has several promising properties for use in power electronics applications. While SiC manufacturing techniques are still being researched, several SiC devices such as SiC Schottky diodes have entered the market and are finding utility in numerous applications. In this paper, a new 1200 V, 10 A SiC MOSFET will be compared to 1000 V, 10 A Si MOSFET in terms of their dc and transient characteristics and their switching performance in a step-down converter. The SiC device compares favorably to the Si device tested as well as other Si devices available on the market for a similar voltage range.
The ethics of the pharmaceutical industry and the need for a dual market system.

In an era of increasing medical costs and cries for health care reform in the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has come under intense scrutiny. Ethical issues are inherent in the pharmaceutical marketplace, and there is a need to address the moral rights and responsibilities of drug manufacturers consumers, health care professionals, and governmental agents in the production, distribution, regulation, and use of these products. A dual market system protecting individual rights to access and autonomy without placing an undue strain on societal resources would provide an adequate and equitable framework for an ethical pharmaceutical industry.
Breaking Out of the Low-skill Equilibrium

Reasons underlying a low demand for vocational skills in UK industry, relative to major competitors, are investigated. Low demand leads to a low supply of skilled labour, since the rates of return to vocational training are unattractive to potential trainees. Suggestions for reform are made.
Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystalline Polysiloxanes Containing Terminal Fluoromethyl Groups

A series of liquid crystalline (LC) polysiloxanes (PI-PV) were prepared by use of poly(methylhydrogeno)siloxane and two kinds of terminal olefinic monomers. The chemical structures and liquid-crystalline properties of the synthesized materials were characterized by various experimental techniques. From PI to PV, the glass transition temperature and the isotropic temperature decreased slightly with increase of terminal fluoromethyl units in the polymer systems. All the monomers and polymers showed nematic phase with wide mesophase temperature ranges. The polymers PI, PII and PIII displayed single nematic mesophase, but PIV and PV bearing more terminal fluoromethyl units showed another smectic mesophase besides nematic mesophase.
Assessment time affects the outcome of the tail suspension test

The mouse tail suspension test (TST) is a method to screen antidepressants. Antidepressants reduce the amount of time spent immobile during the TST. A confounder in the TST is tail-climbing. The vast majority of studies using the TST perform the test during the mouse's sleep cycle. We hypothesized that mice would spend less time immobile in their wake cycle than in their sleep cycle. One strain of mouse, C57BL/6J (B6), spent more time immobile in its wake cycle than in its sleep cycle. A second strain of mouse, DBA2/J (D2), spent less time immobile in its wake cycle than in its sleep cycle. Both strains of mice were more likely to climb their tails in the wake cycle than in the sleep cycle. Our findings suggest that the outcome of the TST is affected by the assessment time; this is likely applicable to other behavioral assessment tests.
The Population Ecology of Grassroots Democracy: Christian Right Interest Populations and Citizen Participation in the American States

Prior research on citizen political participation suggests a narrow role for organizations, that they promote the political activity solely of their members. Yet studies at the individual level cannot assess any other role for organizations than a narrow, direct one. The authors estimate hierarchical models of how the intensity of Christian Right groups’ activism in the states affects individual political participation as a means of identifying the degree of context dependence of grassroots activism. The authors find evidence to support a broad-based, pluralist effect of movement activism rather than a narrow effect of mobilizing a target constituency.
The use of immersive technologies to improve consumer testing: The role of ecological validity, context and engagement in evaluating coffee

Abstract Traditionally, sensory consumer testing is completed in isolated sensory booths where the influence of non-product (e.g., environmental) attributes is controlled. However, these highly controlled environments strip away meaningful contextual (visual, auditory and olfactory) information important in forming consumer perceptions, liking and behaviors. Moreover, boredom and lack of panelist engagement associated with typical testing paradigms can result in uninformative or misleading consumer data. We utilized an immersive environment depicting a virtual coffeehouse, replete with visual, auditory and olfactory cues found regularly in this setting, and compared liking scores for five coffees to those obtained from the same individuals in a traditional testing environment in which contextual information was absent. We found significant differences in preference order and liking for coffees evaluated by the same people in the two settings and showed hedonic data collected in the virtual coffeehouse to be more discriminating and a more reliable predictor of future coffee liking unlike data collected in traditional sensory booths. Additionally, we found consumers to be more engaged in the testing when evaluating coffees in the virtual coffeehouse, an outcome that likely also contributed to improved data quality. These results suggest that during product evaluations, extrinsic contextual information is processed simultaneously with the intrinsic product attributes to influence hedonic assessments and shape reward outcomes. Further, these results suggest that methodological changes to current testing strategies have the potential to improve the reliability of consumer data providing food and consumer product companies significant savings on product development costs and failed launches.
Differences in Word Usage by Truth Tellers and Liars in Written Statements and an Investigative Interview After a Mock Crime

Although much is known about word usage differences between truths and lies, most of the research to date involves an examination of truths and lies in low stakes situations, written statements or interviews but not both, and native speakers of a single language. We examined differences in word usage between truth tellers and liars in a moderately high stakes, real-life scenario (mock crime) involving participants from four cultural/ethnic groups—European-Americans, Chinese, Hispanics and Middle Easterners. Each participant produced a written statement and participated in an investigative interview; word usage in both was analyzed. Word usage differentiated truths from lies in both the written statement and the investigative interview, and the effect sizes associated with these findings were substantial. For the written statement, word usage predicted truths from lies at 68.90% classification accuracy; for the investigative interview, word usage predicted truths from lies at 71.10% accuracy. Ethnicity did not moderate these effects. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications to cross-cultural applicability of the psychological demands placed on liars and in terms of their practical field utility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicomponent interphase diffusion of carbon dioxide¿methanol¿water under near-critical conditions

Abstract Multicomponent diffusion between liquid and vapor phases is analyzed for a closed system at high pressure. The movement of the interface during the diffusion is taken into account. The principle model used is the Fick's law in one-dimensional form, which is a second-order partial differential equation with respect to time and a spatial dimension. The model is solved using fixed grid explicit finite difference method. The Fick diffusivities are estimated at each iteration using the Maxwell–Stefan approach, which decouples the drag effects from the thermodynamic nonideality effects. It is found that the thermodynamic correction factor, due to nonideality effects, enhances the off-diagonal Fick diffusivities for gases at high pressure, particularly near critical conditions. The off-diagonal diffusivities in turn make a significant change on the composition-time trajectories.
Interaction of Electromagnetic Radiation with Organic Matrix Composites

A model was developed which describes the interaction between linearly polarized transverse electromagnetic waves or isotropic electromagnetic waves and continuous fiber-reinforced organic matrix composites. On the basis of the model, a user-friendly computer code was developed which provides the reflectance, transmittance, total ab sorbed energy, and absorbed energy distribution inside the composite. In order to validate the model, tests were performed using a waveguide measuring the reflectances and transmittances of Fiberite S2/9134B glass epoxy and Hercules AS/3501-6 graphite epoxy composites. The data were compared with the results calculated by the computer code. Good agreements were found between the experimental data and the numerical results. A parametric study was also performed which shows the dependence of the reflectance, transmittance, and absorbed energy on the characteristics of the incident electromagnetic wave, the geometry (composite and coating thicknesses and ply orientation), and the...
A Phosphorylation-regulated Brake Mechanism Controls the Initial Endocytosis of Opioid Receptors but Is Not Required for Post-endocytic Sorting to Lysosomes *

The delta-opioid receptor (DOR) can undergo proteolytic down-regulation by endocytosis of receptors followed by sorting of internalized receptors to lysosomes. Although phosphorylation of the receptor is thought to play an important role in controlling receptor down-regulation, previous studies disagree on whether phosphorylation is actually required for the agonist-induced endocytosis of opioid receptors. Furthermore, no previous studies have determined whether phosphorylation is required for subsequent sorting of internalized receptors to lysosomes. We have addressed these questions by examining the endocytic trafficking of a series of mutant versions of DOR expressed in stably transfected HEK 293 cells. Our results confirm that phosphorylation is not required for agonist-induced endocytosis of truncated mutant receptors that lack the distal carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic domain containing sites of regulatory phosphorylation. However, phosphorylation is required for endocytosis of full-length receptors. Mutation of all serine/threonine residues located in the distal carboxyl-terminal tail domain of the full-length receptor to alanine creates functional mutant receptors that exhibit no detectable agonist-induced endocytosis. Substitution of these residues with aspartate restores the ability of mutant receptors to undergo agonist-induced endocytosis. Studies using green fluorescent protein-tagged versions of arrestin-3 suggest that the distal tail domain, when not phosphorylated, inhibits receptor-mediated recruitment of beta-arrestins to the plasma membrane. Biochemical and radioligand binding studies indicate that, after endocytosis occurs, phosphorylation-defective mutant receptors traffic to lysosomes with similar kinetics as wild type receptors. We conclude that phosphorylation controls endocytic trafficking of opioid receptors primarily by regulating a "brake" mechanism that prevents endocytosis of full-length receptors in the absence of phosphorylation. After endocytosis occurs, subsequent steps of membrane trafficking mediating sorting and transport to lysosomes do not require receptor phosphorylation.
Doing a Literature Review

Students entering a graduate program often encounter a new type of assignment that differs from the papers they had to write in high school or as college undergraduates: the literature review (also known as a critical review essay). Put briefly, a literature review summarizes and evaluates a body of writings about a specific topic. The need to conduct such reviews is by no means limited to graduate students; scholarly researchers generally carry out literature reviews throughout their research careers. In a world where the Internet has broadened the range of potentially relevant sources, however, doing a literature review can pose challenges even to an experienced researcher.In drafting this overview, I have incorporated some points made by Paul Pitman in a lecture delivered to students at the Naval Postgraduate School. I have also incorporated some suggestions contained in a handout prepared by John Odell for students in the School of International Relations at the University of Southern California.
Gender, Expectations, and Grades in Introductory Microeconomics at a US University

Previous studies have documented a gender gap in the study of economics in Canada, the UK, and the US. One important factor may be women's low expectations about their ability to succeed in economics courses. Women in our sample expect to do less well than men in an introductory microeconomics course, even after controlling for variables relating to family background, academic experience, and mathematics experience. These expectations are partly self-fulfilling, since expected grades have an important and positive effect on class performance. We also find that having taken an economics course in secondary school actually has a negative effect on performance. We observe this negative effect for women and men, but it is more pronounced for women. When we control for both expectations and secondary-school experience with economics, the independent effect of gender is small and insignificant.
Putting Standards Into Practice: Evaluating the Utility of the NAGC Pre-K–Grade 12 Gifted Program Standards

Despite their importance, there has been surprisingly little scholarly examination of the NAGC Pre-K --Grade 12 Gifted Program Standards (NAGC, 2008/2000; Landrum, Callahan, & Shaklee, 2001) since their publication a decade ago. As part of a larger study investigating the effectiveness of local policies developed within the framework of state law, we used a qualitative approach to examine the ‘minimum’ and ‘exemplary’ criteria from the Student Identification portion of these NAGC Standards. Through this process we developed a 27-item checklist, which we then used to evaluate 43 locally developed plans for identifying diverse gifted learners from one large state in the southeastern United States. Based on this experience, we identify the strengths and weaknesses that we encountered in using the Standards for this purpose. We provide the checklist items we developed, and we offer specific suggestions for how the Gifted Program Standards in their currently ongoing revision process might be made more user-fri...
SIMPLIFYING THE NORMALIZING FACTOR IN SPATIAL AUTOREGRESSIONS FOR IRREGULAR LATTICES

The Jacobian term appears in certain likelihood functions as a normalizing factor; it ensures that the use of variable transformations still leads to probability density functions whose complete integration yields unity. This term is particularly troublesome when dealing with spatial autoregressive models in that it requires numerically intensive solutions to accompanying parameter estimation problems. For these types of autoregressive models, the Jacobian term is a function of the eigenvalues of then-by-n connectivity matrix that depicts the geographic configuration of the areal units under study. This paper reports on Jacobian approximation results, based upon supercomputer and other experiments, for irregular lattices.
Bacterial chemotaxis in the absence of receptor carboxylmethylation

Although chemoreceptor methylation in Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli has been shown to be at the core of the chemotactic phenomenon, mutants in the gene (cheR) that codes for the methylating enzyme still respond and adapt to repellent stimuli. Analyses of receptor methylation and transferase activity show that this behavior is not due to residual transferase activity. That receptor methylation is not absolutely required for chemotactic sensory processing is confirmed by the isolation of cheR pseudorevertants that remain defective in receptor methylation, yet are able to respond to gradients on semi-solid tryptone agar. A detailed comparison of cheR and wild-type responses indicates that chemotaxis is mediated by at least two interdependent adaptation systems, only one of which involves receptor methylation. The interaction of these two systems produces the full response in wild-type cells. Methylation-deficient mutants exhibit a partial response and retain some chemotactic ability.
Total Synthesis of Rhizoxin D, a Potent Antimitotic Agent from the Fungus Rhizopus chinensis

Rhizoxin D (2) was synthesized from four subunits, A, B, C, and D representing C3-C9, C10-C13, C14-C19, and C20-C27, respectively. Subunit A was prepared by cyclization of iodo acetal 21, which set the configuration at C5 of 2 through a stereoselective addition of the radical derived from dehalogenation of 21 at the beta carbon of the (Z)-alpha,beta-unsaturated ester. Aldehyde 29 was obtained from phenylthioacetal 24 and condensed with phosphorane 30, representing subunit B, in a Wittig reaction that gave the (E,E)-dienoate 31. This ester was converted to aldehyde 33 in preparation for coupling with subunit C. The latter in the form of methyl ketone 55 was obtained in six steps from propargyl alcohol. An aldol reaction of 33 with the enolate of 55 prepared with (+)-DIPCl gave the desired beta-hydroxy ketone 56 bearing a (13S)-configuration in a 17-20:1 ratio with its (13R)-diastereomer. After reduction to anti diol 57 and selective protection as TIPS ether 58, the C15 hydroxyl was esterified to give phosphonate 59. An intramolecular Wadsworth-Emmons reaction of aldehyde 62, derived from delta-lactone 60, furnished macrolactone 63, which was coupled in a Stille reaction with stannane 68 to give 2 after cleavage of the TIPS ether.
Finite element analysis application to semiconductor devices

The application of finite-element analysis (FEA) to the package design of the integrated circuit is addressed. An overview is given of structured design and stress issues for packages, and fundamental FEA concepts are reviewed. Stress-sensitive test structures used by industry are described. Aspects of package design, namely surface shear stresses, die attach stresses, stresses within the plastic, and metal notching, are considered. >
Specific dynamic action: a century of investigation.

Abstract Specific dynamic action (SDA) is the term used to refer to the increased metabolic expenditure that occurs in postprandial animals. Postprandial increases in metabolism were first documented in animals over two hundred years ago, and have since been observed in every species thus far examined. Ironically, the ubiquity of this physiological response to feeding understates its complex nature. This review is designed to summarize both classical and modern hypotheses regarding the causality of SDA as well as to review important findings from the past century of scientific research into SDA. A secondary aim of this work is to emphasize the importance of carefully designed experiments and systematic hypothesis testing to make more rapid progress in understanding the physiological processes that contribute to SDA. I also identify three areas in SDA research that deserve more detailed investigation. The first area is identification of the causality of SDA in ‘model’ organisms. The second area is characterization of SDA responses in novel species. The third area is exploration of the ecological and potential evolutionary significance of SDA in energy budgets of animals.
Epithelial Marker–Negative Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor With Atypical Morphology: Definitive Classification by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Desmoplastic small round cell tumor typically presents with abundant desmoplastic stroma containing nested primitive round cells bearing a polyphenotypic immunohistochemical profile. Lesions with minimal classic morphology pose a formidable diagnostic challenge. The current case represents one such example, arising as a large abdominal-pelvic mass in a 17-year-old female patient. The tumor was composed of a monomorphous population of small round cells lining microcystic structures and forming pseudoacini and fine anastomosing trabeculae and cords. The stroma was abundantly myxoid with only occasional thick desmoplastic septa. The tumor cells were variably immunopositive for vimentin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase, Bcl-2 and WT1 (nuclear); epithelial markers were negative. The definitive diagnosis of desmoplastic small round cell tumor was rendered with the demonstration of the characteristic EWS-WT1 gene fusion by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The current case emphasizes the utility of fluorescence in situ hybridization to demonstrate EWS-WT1 gene fusion in desmoplastic small round cell tumor with nonclassic morphologic and immunohistochemical features to avoid potential misdiagnosis.
GaInP/GaAs HBT broadband monolithic transimpedance amplifiers and their high frequency small and large signal characteristics

Monolithic broadband transimpedance amplifiers were developed using GaInP/GaAs single HBTs. The HBTs showed a cut off frequency (f/sub T/) of 60 GHz and maximum oscillation frequency (f/sub max/) of 100 GHz. The fabricated amplifiers had a maximum bandwidth of 19 GHz and an associated transimpedance gain of 47 dB/spl Omega/. The large signal characteristics of two transimpedance amplifier designs with similar gain were also investigated and showed that the cascode approach is much less sensitive to input power level.
In Vivo Analysis of an Essential Archaeal Signal Recognition Particle in Its Native Host

The evolutionarily conserved signal recognition particle (SRP) plays an integral role in Sec-mediated cotranslational protein translocation and membrane protein insertion, as it has been shown to target nascent secretory and membrane proteins to the bacterial and eukaryotic translocation pores. However, little is known about its function in archaea, since characterization of the SRP in this domain of life has thus far been limited to in vitro reconstitution studies of heterologously expressed archaeal SRP components identified by sequence comparisons. In the present study, the genes encoding the SRP54, SRP19, and 7S RNA homologs (hv54h, hv19h, and hv7Sh, respectively) of the genetically and biochemically tractable archaeon Haloferax volcanii were cloned, providing the tools to analyze the SRP in its native host. As part of this analysis, an hv54h knockout strain was created. In vivo characterization of this strain revealed that the archaeal SRP is required for viability, suggesting that cotranslational protein translocation is an essential process in archaea. Furthermore, a method for the purification of this SRP employing nickel chromatography was developed in H. volcanii, allowing the successful copurification of (i) Hv7Sh with a histidine-tagged Hv54h, as well as (ii) Hv54h and Hv7Sh with a histidine-tagged Hv19h. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that these components interact in archaea. Such copurification studies will provide insight into the significance of the similarities and differences of the protein-targeting systems of the three domains of life, thereby increasing knowledge about the recognition of translocated proteins in general.
Outcomes of Extravesical Versus Intravesical Ureteral Reimplantation

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to examine outcomes and compare length of stay after extravesical and intravesical ureteral reimplantation at our institution. Materials and Methods: Retrospective review was performed of 30 patients (55 ureters) with vesicoureteral reflux who underwent either the Cohen (intravesical) cross-trigonal procedure or the extravesical (detrusorrhaphy) approach. Each patient had documented follow-up consisting of a postoperative renal ultrasound and/or a voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Inclusion criteria was the presence of primary vesicoureteral reflux. Exclusion criteria were patients who had undergone a previous repair and patients in whom results of neither the renal ultrasound nor the VCUG were available. Results: There were no significant cases of obstruction or wound infection with either approach. Two patients who underwent the extravesical approach had persistent reflux on VCUG three months postoperatively, but both resolved by fifteen months. Average length of stay was only 3.00 ± 1.33 days for the extravesical approach, compared to 5.36 ± 1.75 days for the intravesical approach ( P = .0003 ). Conclusions: Given that by fifteen months success rates were the same with either approach, the extravesical approach is comparable to the intravesical technique and is a viable option in terms of outcome and economics given the shorter length of hospital stay.
Mobile backbone synthesis for ad hoc wireless networks

In this paper, we present an extended mobile backbone network topology synthesis algorithm (ETSA) for constructing and maintaining a dynamic backbone structure for mobile ad hoc wireless networks. We present and analyze the mathematical features of the proposed scheme. Using these results, we prove that: (1) The ETSA scheme converges in constant time; (2) The length of each control packet is bounded by a constant value that is independent of the number of network nodes; (3) The size of the backbone network depends only on the size of the operational area and is independent of nodal density. We compare the performance features of this scheme with those characterizing other protocols that employ clustering operations and/or use selective forwarding on demand routing methods. In addition, we present an on-demand routing protocol (MBNR) that makes use of the underlying dynamically self-configuring backbone network infrastructure and demonstrate its performance advantages when compared with an on-demand routing protocol that is based on a flat architecture, as well as with other backbone-based routing protocols.
Unusual Dominance by Desert Pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius) in Experimental Ponds within the Salton Sea Basin

Abstract In October 2006, months after shallow experimental ponds in the Salton Sea Basin were filled with water from the Alamo River and Salton Sea, fish were observed in several ponds, although inlets had been screened to exclude fish. During October 2007–November 2009, nine surveys were conducted using baited minnow traps to document species and relative abundance of fish. Surveys yielded 3,620 fish representing five species. Desert pupfish (Cyprinodon macularius), the only native species encountered, was the most numerous and comprised >93% of the catch. Nonnative species included western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis, 4.1%), sailfin molly (Poecilia latipinna, 2.8%), and tilapia (a mixture of hybrid Mozambique tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus × O. urolepis and redbelly tilapia Tilapia zillii, <0.1%). Dominance by desert pupfish, which persisted over our 2 years of study, was unusual because surveys conducted in nearby agricultural drains yielded relatively few desert pupfish.
Modification of immobilized metal complexes toward the design and synthesis of functional materials for nitric oxide delivery

Functional polymeric materials containing immobilized metal complexes with the potential to bind nitric oxide (NO) are described. The materials were synthesized using template copolymerization techniques and contain immobilized metalloporphyrin and metallosalen (N,N'-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-ethylenediaminato(2-)) sites where NO binding occurs. A potential drawback of current materials designed for NO-delivery is the rebinding of NO to the material after release. To minimize this undesirable rebinding event, materials were prepared in which immobilized sites contain additional covalently-linked functional groups that can bind to the metal centers after NO dissociation. A model system with a covalently attached Co II salen complex and pyridine groups confirmed that the immobilized sites bind NO in the presence of the additional ligands. Attempts to immobilize an iron porphyrin, containing two axial imidazole ligands, were unsuccessful because the lability of the iron center prevented the formation of a stable template. Instead, the desired material was achieved by selecting Co III porphyrin with axially coordinated imidazole ligands as the template complex. Once immobilized, a procedure was developed to remove the cobalt ions and incorporate iron into the sites. The site structure of these new immobilized sites was examined spectroscopically.
Postpartum ovarian vein thrombophlebitis

Four cases of proved thrombophlebitis of the ovarian vein occurring in the postpartum period were obtained from the files of Deaconess Hospital, Spokane. These 4 cases occurred in a 10 year period from January 1, 1960, to December 31, 1969, during which time the hospital reported 18,813 births. Histories of these cases were reviewed, and a correlation of symptoms, physical signs, operative findings, treatment, and outcome are presented.
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma: Evolution of an Entity as an Entry into a Familial Tumor Predisposition Syndrome

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is the most common primary malignant neoplasm of the lung in children. Like other solid dysontogenic neoplasms, this tumor typically presents before 7 years of age. The earliest manifestation is the presence of a lung cyst(s), which is usually recognized in the first year of life and is difficult to differentiate on the basis of imaging studies from non-neoplastic cysts of early childhood. From a multilocular cyst, PPB has the potential to progress to a high-grade multipatterned primitive sarcoma. More than 65% of all affected children have a heterozygous germline mutation in DICER1. The DICER1 PPB familial tumor predisposition syndrome is initially recognized in most cases on the basis of PPB alone but also by several other unique and characteristic extrapulmonary tumors, including pediatric cystic nephroma, nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma, nodular lesions of the thyroid, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the cervix, and ciliary body medulloepithelioma.
LESIONS OF THE SKELETON AND OF OTHER MESODERMAL TISSUES IN RATS FED SWEET-PEA (LATHYRUS ODORATUS) SEEDS

Diets containing Lathyrus odoratus seeds fed to rats produce a hitherto unrecognized lesion in the epiphyseal plates. These are very wide, the cartilage matrix appears to lose cohesion, and the cartilage cells are grouped in clusters. The same diets produce loosening and detachments of the tendinous and ligamentous insertions. Because of these two lesions, occurring independently or together, the following skeletal conditions developed in the experimental animals: Epiphyseal slippings, metaphyseal fibrous defects, kyphoscoliosis, thoracic deformities, detachments of the tibial tuberosity, subluxations and dislocations of the shoulder, diastasis of the sacro-iliac joints, degeneration of the intervertebral discs, disc herniations, Legg-Perthes-like disease of the femoral head, and valgus of the forepaws. In practically all the experimental rats there were extensive areas of periosteal newbone formation following detachment of the periosteum. Degenerative arthritis was observed in rats fed the experimental diets for several months. Two lesions developed concomitantly,—degeneration of the joint cartilage and loosening of the capsular and ligamentous insertions. Bone lesions resembling those seen in Paget's disease were observed in small groups of older rats. Dissecting aneurysms of the aorta and abdominal and inguinal herniae were observed in many rats. The collagen fibers appeared to be normal on electron-microscope examination. It is surmised that all these lesions are due to defective formation or excessive destruction of the chondroitin sulphate of the ground substance. The possible relationship between these lesions in rats and similar lesions in humans is a matter for further study.