cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Deep Learning in SystemML using Layer-wise Adaptive Rate Scaling(LARS) Optimizer.

Increasing the batch size of a deep learning model is a challenging task. Although it might help in utilizing full available system memory during training phase of a model, it results in significant loss of test accuracy most often. LARS solved this issue by introducing an adaptive learning rate for each layer of a deep learning model. However, there are doubts on how popular distributed machine learning systems such as SystemML or MLlib will perform with this optimizer. In this work, we apply LARS optimizer to a deep learning model implemented using SystemML.We perform experiments with various batch sizes and compare the performance of LARS optimizer with \textit{Stochastic Gradient Descent}. Our experimental results show that LARS optimizer performs significantly better than Stochastic Gradient Descent for large batch sizes even with the distributed machine learning framework, SystemML.
The Influence of Xylazine and Clonidine on Lung Ultrasound–Induced Pulmonary Capillary Hemorrhage in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Induction of pulmonary capillary hemorrhage (PCH) by lung ultrasound (LUS) depends not only on physical exposure parameters but also on physiologic conditions and drug treatment. We studied the influence of xylazine and clonidine on LUS-induced PCH in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats using diagnostic B-mode ultrasound at 7.3 MHz. Using ketamine anesthesia, rats receiving saline, xylazine, or clonidine treatment were tested with different pulse peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes in 5 min exposures. Results with xylazine or clonidine in spontaneously hypertensive rats were not significantly different at the three exposure pulse peak rarefactional pressure amplitudes, and thresholds were lower (2.2 MPa) than with saline (2.6 MPa). Variations in LUS PCH were not correlated with mean systemic blood pressure. Similar to previous findings for dexmedetomidine, the clinical drug clonidine tended to increase susceptibility to LUS PCH.
Assessment of Different Sampling Methods for Measuring and Representing Macular Cone Density Using Flood-Illuminated Adaptive Optics.

Adaptive optics (AO) has been increasingly used to study retinal disease.1–26 Until recently, the application of AO technology in ophthalmic imaging has been restricted to custom-built systems that require extensive technical infrastructure, which limits their use in a typical clinical setting. Now with commercially available AO imaging systems, such as the flood-illuminated rtx1 from Imagine Eyes (Orsay, France), the Compact AO retinal imager from Physical Sciences, Inc. (Andover, MA, USA), and an AO scanning laser ophthalmoscope from Canon, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), AO-aided imaging is becoming a more clinically viable tool for assessing retinal disease.27–30 We used the rtx1 flood-illuminated AO camera from Imagine Eyes to develop a protocol for imaging and sampling cone density from a large macular area in healthy subjects. Previous studies have used the rtx1 to examine retinal diseases,12,21,22,31–36 study the healthy eye,37–40 and optimize AO imaging parameters.41,42 However, the practicality and limitations of using the rtx1 and other commercial systems have not been well established. Most studies have sampled density in small, manually selected areas of high image quality, even though a major advantage of flood-illuminated AO imaging is to allow for large areas of the retina to be imaged quickly. The density analysis methods typically used are also prohibitively labor intensive when analyzing large datasets with extensive retinal areas. Therefore, the clinical and research utility of adaptive optics remains limited by a lack of automated cone sampling and density representation methods. Additionally, although some studies have explored the effect of different-sized sampling windows on measurements of cone density,43 it is still unclear how to best represent or sample cone density most accurately and consistently. We describe our process for image acquisition, processing, and cone density analysis using the rtx1. We evaluated three methods of automatically sampling cone density, assessed the repeatability of our measurements, and compared our cone density values to histological studies,44,45 adding our data to previous studies that have used AO imaging systems to characterize the normal photoreceptor mosaic.37,38,46–52
Unpacking Privilege: Memory, Culture, Gender, Race, and Power in Visual Culture.

(2007). Unpacking Privilege: Memory, Culture, Gender, Race, and Power in Visual Culture. Art Education: Vol. 60, Second Chances, pp. 19-24.
Three dimensional image registration using artificial neural networks

Registration of three-dimensional medical images is important for correlation of images from different modalities and to be able to follow progression or regression of disease. In this paper, the authors investigate the use of artificial neural networks in registering simulated 3-D images. Backpropagation networks with 0 or 1 hidden layers accurately map between coordinate spaces which are rotated, translated, and linearly scaled in 3 dimensions. Mapping between coordinate spaces which are nonlinear related is less accurate. Functional link net type architecture and larger training sets appear to improve the accuracy on these non-linear mappings. >
Inflation inertia and the failure to stabilize

The standard explanation for the many failed stabilization attempts in Brazil and other Latin American countries is that they resulted from lack of correct fundamentais in fiscal and moneta!)' policy (eg. Dornbusch et aI., 1990; Kiguel & Liviatan, 1991 and 1992; Dornbusch, 1992). This paper offers an alternative explanation using only the notion of intlation inertia. It is not our purpose to deny the importance of a proper handling of fundamentais in the stabilization processo Fighting intlation obviously requires dealing with both inertia and fundamentais, but we want to point out that inertia may by itself present a rather difficult challenge, one that perhaps has not been adequately recognized in the literature. Failing to deal with inertia adequately may be sufficient to destroy a stabilization attempt. Section 2 presents the simple notion of intlation inertia in a two sector model. Section 3 introduces the more realistic concept of catching up inertia, showing that under it a price restraint policy may fail to produce stabilization. Section 4 derives the same results for the general case of an n-sector economy. The final section presents some concluding remarks on the role of fundamentais.
Thermal conductivity and characterization of compacted, granular silica aerogel

Abstract Monolithic silica aerogels are well known for their low thermal conductivity (approximately 15 mW/(m K)) (Aegerter et al. (Eds.), 2011. Aerogels Handbook, first ed., Springer-Verlag New York, LLC, New York, NY). Their low relative density (typically less than 5%) reduces conduction through the solid and their small pore size, typically less than one hundred nanometers, on the order of the mean free path of air, reduces conduction through air, as well as convection and radiation. As they are fragile and brittle, they are often used in a granular form in thermal insulation, with some increase in their thermal conductivity from the air between the granules. Here, we describe a technique for compacting a bed of granular silica aerogel that reduces the thermal conductivity from 24 mW/(m K) (when uncompacted) to 13 mW/(m K) (after compaction). We find that there is an optimum level of compaction to minimize the thermal conductivity: at higher levels of compaction, the contact area between the granules increases and the granules densify, increasing conduction through the solid.
A remarkable new species of Maruina (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Colombia

The male and female adults, pupa, and larva of Maruina chiringa sp.n., from Cundinamarca Department, Colombia, are described and figured.
Self-Limiting, Cell Type-Dependent Replication of an Integrase-Defective Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Human Primary Macrophages but Not T Lymphocytes

Integration of retroviral DNA into the host cell genome, catalyzed by the integrase (IN) protein, is thought to be required for replication. We show here that one IN-minus defective mutant of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is able to replicate in macrophages but not in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Replication of the HIV-1 defective mutant, however, was inefficient and self-limiting. The absence of integration in the HIV-1 IN mutant in contrast to the wild-type implies that the replication of the IN mutant depends on the transcription of the extrachromosomal forms of viral DNA. In both PBLs and macrophages circular forms of DNA were detected at significant levels, indicating that the lack of a complete functional IN protein does not preclude nuclear import of HIV-1 DNA. Cell-associated p24 was absent in the IN-defective-infected PBLs, suggesting a transcriptional block of the extrachromosomal forms of HIV-1. These results show the existence of different strategies for HIV-1 replication depending upon the cell type, and indicate the necessity of integration of viral DNA for the self-maintained progression of the infection.
Solubilization by potassium laurate solutions containing lauric acid

Abstract Studies have been made of the solubilization of benzene by potassium laurate solutions containing lauric acid, with moderate quantities of 1-butanol present to improve solubilities. Up to a concentration of about 25% lauric acid relative to potassium laurate, the influence of increasing acid content is a regular increase in solubilization of benzene. This increase is substantially greater than that produced by an equimolar increase in butanol concentration. At a potassium laurate-lauric acid ratio of about 3 1 to 4 1 a sharp change in properties occurs; beyond this transition region increased lauric acid content causes a great reduction in the solubilization of benzene, an increase in viscosity, and a sharp decrease in the influence of butanol as a co-solubilizer. Observations in this transition region are interpreted as indicating a change from a spherical to a rodlike micellar structure.
Inhibiting Action of Biogenic Surfactants in Corrosive Media

It is shown that, for relatively low concentrations, the biogenic surfactants obtained as products of the biosynthesis of the Pseudomonas sp. PS-17 bacterial strain (culture supernatant and rhamnolipid biocomplex), are efficient corrosion inhibitors for D16T aluminum alloy in distilled water and in a 0.1% sodium chloride solution. Their efficiency increases their concentration. As soon as the critical micelle concentration is attained, any subsequent increase in the amount of biogenic surfactants in the corrosive medium does not affect the protective anticorrosion effect. The mechanism of corrosion inhibition is based on the adsorption of molecules of biosurfactants on the surface of aluminum alloy resulting in the formation of a barrier film. The rhamnolipid biocomplexes efficiently inhibit corrosion processes in heterogeneous aluminum alloys placed in chloride-containing media.
The Problem of Agency in Scientific Distributed Cognitive Systems

From the perspective of cognitive science, it is illuminating to think of much contemporary scientific research as taking place in distributed cognitive systems. This is particularly true of large-scale experimental and observational systems such as the Hubble Telescope. Clark, Hutchins, Knorr-Cetina, and Latour insist or imply such a move requires expanding our notions of knowledge, mind, and even consciousness. Whether this is correct seems to me not a straightforward factual question. Rather, the issue seems to be how best to develop a theoretical understanding of such systems appropriate to the study of science and technology. I argue that there is no need to attribute to such systems as a whole any form of cognitive agency. We can well understand the importance of such systems while restricting agency to the human components. The implication is that we think of these large-scale distributed cognitive systems not so much as unified wholes, but as hybrid systems including both physical artifacts and ordinary humans.
Transmyocardial Migration of a Temporary Epicardial Pacing Wire: A Pediatric Case Report

Transmyocardial migration of a retained temporary epicardial pacing wire has been rarely reported in adult patients after heart surgery. We present the case of a child in whom a temporary epicardial pacing wire was discovered incidentally in the right ventricular outflow tract one year after surgical repair of congenital heart disease. The pacing wire was subsequently extracted using the snare method during cardiac catheterization. Clinicians caring for patients after congenital heart surgery should be aware of this uncommon though potentially life-threatening complication.
Evidence That Gene Activation and Silencing during Stem Cell Differentiation Requires a Transcriptionally Paused Intermediate State

A surprising portion of both mammalian and Drosophila genomes are transcriptionally paused, undergoing initiation without elongation. We tested the hypothesis that transcriptional pausing is an obligate transition state between definitive activation and silencing as human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) change state from pluripotency to mesoderm. Chromatin immunoprecipitation for trimethyl lysine 4 on histone H3 (ChIP-Chip) was used to analyze transcriptional initiation, and 3′ transcript arrays were used to determine transcript elongation. Pluripotent and mesodermal cells had equivalent fractions of the genome in active and paused transcriptional states (∼48% each), with ∼4% definitively silenced (neither initiation nor elongation). Differentiation to mesoderm changed the transcriptional state of 12% of the genome, with roughly equal numbers of genes moving toward activation or silencing. Interestingly, almost all loci (98–99%) changing transcriptional state do so either by entering or exiting the paused state. A majority of these transitions involve either loss of initiation, as genes specifying alternate lineages are archived, or gain of initiation, in anticipation of future full-length expression. The addition of chromatin dynamics permitted much earlier predictions of final cell fate compared to sole use of conventional transcript arrays. These findings indicate that the paused state may be the major transition state for genes changing expression during differentiation, and implicate control of transcriptional elongation as a key checkpoint in lineage specification.
The human BARX2 gene: genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and single nucleotide polymorphisms.

The BARX genes 1 and 2 are Bar class homeobox genes expressed in craniofacial structures during development. In this report, we present the genomic structure, chromosomal localization, and polymorphic markers in BARX2. The gene has four exons, ranging in size from 85 to 1099 bp. BARX2 is localized on human chromosome 11q25, as determined by radiation hybrid mapping. In the mouse, Barx2 is coexpressed with Pitx2 in several tissues. Based on the coexpression, BARX2 was assumed to be a candidate gene for those cases of Rieger syndrome that cannot be associated with mutations of PITX2. Mutations in PITX2 cause some cases of Rieger syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder affecting eyes, teeth, and umbilicus. DNA from Rieger patients was subjected to single-strand conformation polymorphism screening of the BARX2 coding region. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms were found in a normal population, although no etiologic mutations were detectable in over 100 cases of Rieger syndrome or in individuals with related ocular disorders.
A Review and Meta-Analysis of Multimodal Affect Detection Systems

Affect detection is an important pattern recognition problem that has inspired researchers from several areas. The field is in need of a systematic review due to the recent influx of Multimodal (MM) affect detection systems that differ in several respects and sometimes yield incompatible results. This article provides such a survey via a quantitative review and meta-analysis of 90 peer-reviewed MM systems. The review indicated that the state of the art mainly consists of person-dependent models (62.2p of systems) that fuse audio and visual (55.6p) information to detect acted (52.2p) expressions of basic emotions and simple dimensions of arousal and valence (64.5p) with feature- (38.9p) and decision-level (35.6p) fusion techniques. However, there were also person-independent systems that considered additional modalities to detect nonbasic emotions and complex dimensions using model-level fusion techniques. The meta-analysis revealed that MM systems were consistently (85p of systems) more accurate than their best unimodal counterparts, with an average improvement of 9.83p (median of 6.60p). However, improvements were three times lower when systems were trained on natural (4.59p) versus acted data (12.7p). Importantly, MM accuracy could be accurately predicted (cross-validated R2 of 0.803) from unimodal accuracies and two system-level factors. Theoretical and applied implications and recommendations are discussed.
Management of Wisconsin Dairy Herds Enrolled in Milk Quality Teams

A study was conducted to characterize Wisconsin dairy herds that enrolled in a team-based milk quality improvement program and to assess association of specific management practices with milking efficiency and milk quality. Management and financial data were obtained from dairy farms (n = 180) that participated in the program. Upon enrollment, herds reported a median bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC) of 333,500 cells/mL, an average of 125 lactating cows, and a mean rolling-herd average of 10,100 kg. Many management practices and bulk milk SCC were strongly associated with herd size and facility type. Managers of herds housed in freestall barns adopted more standardized procedures and recommended management practices compared with managers of herds housed in stall barns. Those managers also reported less bulk milk SCC and greater milk yields, and had a tendency for lower prevalence of subclinical mastitis and reduced estimates of the incidence of clinical mastitis. Managers of freestall herds received more quality premiums for milk shipped, estimated that they had fewer financial losses related to mastitis, and reported more efficient milking performance. A more efficient milking performance did not increase estimates of clinical mastitis or bulk milk SCC. In herds having freestalls, frequent training of employees seemed to be the fundamental factor that increased milking efficiency. Bulk milk SCC was positively associated with standard plate count, estimated rate of clinical mastitis, prevalence of subclinical mastitis, numbers of cows culled for mastitis, and estimated financial losses attributable to mastitis. Herds reporting high bulk milk SCC had an increased prevalence of subclinical mastitis, but incidence did not differ among bulk milk SCC categories. Overall, herds did not discuss milk quality frequently with dairy professionals, and herds having greater bulk milk SCC reported less consultation with their herd veterinarian.
The C-terminal half of the anti-sigma factor, FlgM, becomes structured when bound to its target, σ28

The interaction between the flagellum specific sigma factor, σ28, and its inhibitor, FlgM, was examined using multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. Here we observe that free FlgM is mostly unfolded, but about 50% of the residues become structured when bound to σ28. Our analysis suggests that the σ28 binding domain of FlgM is contained within the last 57 amino acids of the protein while the first 40 amino acids are unstructured in both the free and bound states. Genetic analysis of flgM mutants that fail to inhibit σ28 activity reveal amino acid changes that are also isolated to the C-terminal 57 residues of FlgM. We postulate that the lack of structure in free and bound FlgM is important to its role as an exported protein.
Extent and consequences of welfare dependence among America's children☆

Abstract This article examines the extent and consequences for children of life in a family that receives at least part of its income from welfare. We find that occasional receipt is widespread but persistent dependence is not. Dependence appears to have increased between the late 1960s and early 1970s, did not change much between the early 1970s and late 1980s, and may have increased again, for younger black children, in the early 1990s. Welfare dynamics lead only a minority of first-time recipients to be affected by policies that would limit the duration of AFDC receipt to two years. Children whose parents receive welfare appear to complete less schooling, even after adjustment for other differences between recipient and nonrecipient families. Low family income and maternal employment are also found to reduce completed schooling, which complicates welfare-to-work policy choices.
Performance of two cloud-radiation parameterization schemes in the finite volume general circulation model for anomalously wet May and June 2003 over the continental United States and Amazonia

An objective assessment of the impact of a new cloud scheme, called Microphysics of Clouds with Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS) (together with its radiation modules), on the finite volume general circulation model (fvGCM) was made with a set of ensemble forecasts that invoke performance evaluation over both weather and climate timescales. The performance of McRAS (and its radiation modules) was compared with that of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (NCAR CCM3) cloud scheme (with its NCAR physics radiation). We specifically chose the boreal summer months of May and June 2003, which were characterized by an anomalously wet eastern half of the continental United States as well as northern regions of Amazonia. The evaluation employed an ensemble of 70 daily 10-day forecasts covering the 61 days of the study period. Each forecast was started from the analyzed initial state of the atmosphere and spun-up soil moisture from the first-day forecasts with the model. Monthly statistics of these forecasts with up to 10-day lead time provided a robust estimate of the behavior of the simulated monthly rainfall anomalies. Patterns of simulated versus observed rainfall, 500-hPa heights, and top-of-the-atmosphere net radiation were recast into regional anomaly correlations. The correlations were compared among the simulations with each of the schemes. The results show that fvGCM with McRAS and its radiation package performed discernibly better than the original fvGCM with CCM3 cloud physics plus its radiation package. The McRAS cloud scheme also showed a reasonably positive response to the observed sea surface temperature on mean monthly rainfall fields at different time leads. This analysis represents a method for helpful systematic evaluation prior to selection of a new scheme in a global model.
Central domain assembly: thermodynamics and kinetics of S6 and S18 binding to an S15-RNA complex

The 30 S ribosomal subunit assembles in vitro through the hierarchical binding of 21 ribosomal proteins to 16 S rRNA. The central domain of 16 S rRNA becomes the platform of the 30 S subunit upon binding of ribosomal proteins S6, S8, S11, S15, S18 and S21. The assembly of the platform is nucleated by binding of S15 to 16 S rRNA, followed by the cooperative binding of S6 and S18. The prior binding of S6 and S18 is required for binding of S11 and S21. We have studied the mechanism of the cooperative binding of S6 and S18 to the S15-rRNA complex by isothermal titration calorimetry and gel mobility shift assays with rRNA and proteins from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. S6 and S18 form a stable heterodimer in solution with an apparent dissociation constant of 8.7 nM at 40 degrees C. The S6:S18 heterodimer binds to the S15-rRNA complex with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 2.7 nM at 40 degrees C. Consistent with previous studies using rRNA and proteins from Escherichia coli, we observed no binding of S6 or S18 in the absence of the other protein or S15. The presence of S15 increases the affinity of S6:S18 for the RNA by at least four orders of magnitude. The kinetics of S6:S18 binding to the S15-rRNA complex are slow, with an apparent bimolecular rate constant of 8.0 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) and an apparent unimolecular dissociation rate of 1.6 x 10(-4) s(-1). These results, which are consistent with a model in which S6 and S18 bind as a heterodimer to the S15-rRNA complex, provide a mechanistic framework to describe the previously observed S15-mediated cooperative binding of S6 and S18 in the ordered assembly of a multi-protein ribonucleoprotein complex.
Costimulation of Th17 cells: Adding fuel or putting out the fire in the inflamed gut?

Inflammatory bowel disease, typified by Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a common disorder characterized by recurrent and serious inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. It is well documented that T cells play a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease. Th17 cells are a unique T cell subpopulation implicated in inflammatory bowel disease and many other autoimmune/inflammatory diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of Th17 activation and proliferation has not been defined completely. Recent studies have shown that the ligation of several costimulatory receptor–ligand pairs contributes to the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of T lymphocytes including the Th17 subset. In this review, we will discuss the emerging evidence on the role of Th17 cells in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis as well as the effect of costimulatory molecules on Th17 development and consider if the need for such costimulation of T lymphocytes provides a target for the development of novel therapeutic strategy.
Purification and some kinetic properties of bovine thyroid gland 1-glutamine : d-fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase

Abstract 1. 1. l -Glutamine : d -fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase was purified about 220-fold from bovine thyroid gland. A preparation (second DEAE-cellulose chromatography) free of contaminant activities was utilized for kinetic studies and other properties of the enzyme. 2. 2. The pH optimum was 7.4. The molecular weight was about 350,000 as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 column. 3. 3. During purification, the enzyme retained its sensitivity to the feedback inhibitor, UDP- N -acetylglucosamine. 4. 4. Kinetic studies showed that UDP- N -acetylglucosamine is a competitive inhibitor with respect to fructose-6-phosphate, and a noncompetitive one with respect to glutamine. 5. 5. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by 6-diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine (DON) with respect to glutamine.
An Interindustry Analysis of Bargaining Outcomes: Preliminary Evidence from Two-Digit Industries

An industrial relations paradigm, 433.—Industry outcomes, 435.—Determinants of outcomes, 435.—Correlation results, 440.—Regression results, 445.—Summary, 447.—Appendix A: Classification of contract provisions, 448.—Appendix B: Data sources, 450.
Invited Paper SLMS In Optical Symbolic Computing Architectures

ABSTRACTMany functions involving manipulations of symbolic information are capable of beingperformed in a parallel fashion. With the advent of new parallel multiprocessorarchitectures, the approach to symbolic computing is experiencing a change from complexheuristic approaches accomplished on serial machines to more brute -force, but much faster,approaches on parallel machines. Due to the heavy degree of interconnection required insuch architectures and to their parallel nature, numerous optical processing techniquesare under serious consideration for symbolic computing. This paper describes themultiprocessor approach to symbolic computing and discusses the central role oftwo -dimensional SLMs for optical symbolic computing. 1. INTRODUCTIONThere exists a set of problems that conventional computer science approaches findintractable or prohibitively expensive. This set includes image, natural language, andspeech understanding, along with expert reasoning. These problems are easily solved byhumans so a solution must exist. The computer science community has taken up thischallenge under the designation of artificial intelligence (AI). Since much of AI dealswith the manipulation of symbolic data structures rather than numeric, the name "symboliccomputing" is also used in reference to this phase of computer science.Unfortunately, the solution strategies developed by the AI researchers so far possessseveral shortcomings. In particular, to implement these solutions for meaningfulapplications requires the development of computers far different than the digitalelectronic workhorses of the past. To be more specific, existing computer technology hasthree major shortcomings: the computers are not able to make large volumes of knowledgean effective part of the computational activities, they are not able to effectively dealwith incomplete and /or unexpected data, and they need formal descriptions of inputs.
Theory of fluorescence and Raman scattering near resonance

Abstract Using a simple model for a molecular system in a bath, the cross section for Raman scattering around resonance is calculated. Without introducing constant relaxation times at the outset, the calculation yields a sharp coherent term, and a broad “hot” luminescence term. The second term is due to dephasing; its relative strength depends on the incident light frequency, and it disappears away from resonance.
THE ANGLE OF REPOSE FOR A SINGLE GRAIN ON A FIXED ROUGH BED

SUMMARY The angle of repose under water is experimentally determined for a single particle on a fixed rough bed. The effect of grain shape, size and sorting of the bed and ratio of particle diameter to average bed grain diameter are taken into account. An empirical equation is given for predicting angle of repose as a function of the above factors. The accuracy of fit of this equation is quite good. Several other conclusions drawn for the case of a single grain on a fixed rough bed are: 1Angle of repose increases with decrease in size, departure from sphericity and increased angularity. 2Angle of repose increase with decrease in sorting. 3A single angle of repose for sand size grains is not valid. Variation ranges from nearly 90° to less than 20°, depending on the values of the factors given above.
Parent–Daughter Communications and Emerging Adults’ Beliefs About Mate Selection

The current study explores the association between emerging adult females’ experiences discussing relationships with their parents during adolescence and their current constraining relationship beliefs about mate selection. Constraining beliefs about the need for complete assurance of personal and relational success were more strongly held, whereas beliefs that cohabitation improves later marital outcomes, successful relationships require little effort, and opposites attract were less likely to be endorsed. A broad range of topics on romantic relationships were discussed, most often with mothers, during adolescence. What these young adults recalled discussing and how they felt about those discussions were associated with some, but not all, of their current constraining beliefs. Implications for future research are discussed.
Comment on "Measurement of coherent Cherenkov radiation from an intense beam of a picosecond electron bunch"

A Comment on the Letter by J. Ohkuma, S. Okuda, and K. Tsumori, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66, 1967 (1991).
The Oxford Handbook of Public Management

The article reviews “The Oxford Handbook of Public Management,” edited by Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E. Lynn, Jr., and Christopher Pollitt.
On the dangers of averaging across observers when comparing decision bound models and generalized context models of categorization.

Averaging across observers is common in psychological research. Often, averaging reduces the measurement error and, thus, does not affect the inference drawn about the behavior ofindividuals. However, in other situations, averaging alters the structure of the data qualitatively, leading to an incorrect inference about the behavior of individuals. In this research, the influence of averaging across observers on the fits of decision bound models (Ashby, 1992a) and generalized context models (GCM; Nosofsky, 1986) was investigated through Monte Carlo simulation of a variety of categorization conditions, perceptual representations, and individual difference assumptions and in an experiment. The results suggest that (1) averaging has little effect when the GCM is the correct model, (2) averaging often improves the fit of the GCM and worsens the fit of the decision bound model when the decision bound model is the correct model, (3) the GCM is quite flexible and, under many conditions, can mimic the predictions of the decision bound model, whereas the decision bound model is generally unable to mimic the predictions of the GCM, (4) the validity of the decision bound model’s perceptual representation assumption can have a large effect on the inference drawn about the form of the decision bound, and (5) the experiment supported the claim that averaging improves the fit of the GCM. These results underscore the importance of performing single-observer analysis if one is interested in understanding the categorization performance of individuals.
Optimal experimental control in econometrics: the simultaneous equation problem

An effective controlled economic experiment is an extremely expensive undertaking. This suggests that efficient design is crucial, and there is need for economists to extend design theory to handle peculiarities of economic experimentation. In this paper, we investigate the class of experimental control strategies that are optimal for estimation in the context of a simultaneous equation model where attention is limited to / admissible sample points which have been chosen by the experimenter so that the relevant region of the design space is adequately covered. Since the nonlinear restrictions of reduced-form coefficients implied by the structural form cause the design criteria to depend on unknown parameters, the experimental control problem is formulated in an adaptive framework. This approach is shown to resolve the conceptual difficulties inherent in alternative formulations. The experimental control problem considered in this paper can also be treated as an initial phase of a stochastic control proble...
Idaho State Budgeting: Finding the “New Normal”

In 2009 and 2010, when Idaho policymakers experienced major economic problems and scarcer revenues, they approved major spending reductions. More recently, as the state's economy and revenues have been improving, policymakers have sought to establish the "new normal" for Idaho state budgeting. To discern what this new normal may entail, this paper exam- ines the governor's budget recommendations and the legislature's appropria- tion actions for Fiscal Year 2013. It briefly describes Idaho's people, politics, and budgeting process. After discussing developments in Idaho's economy and General Fund revenues, it reports on the governor's budget recommendations and the legislature's actions. It then considers impacts of these decisions in terms of budget shares and progress to return budgets to their spending levels before Idaho's economic and revenue problems began. It finds that General Fund revenues have improved, but the fortunes of General Fund budgets have been mixed.
Designing ionic solids from metallic clusters

Abstract using self-consistent quantum mechanical calculations it is shown that numerous metal clusters with varying size and composition can be designed to mimic the chemistry of atoms in the periodic table. Such clusters can, therefore, extend the limits of the current periodic table of elements, making it possible to envision a new class of materials whose building blocks are not atoms but atomic clusters. This process can lead even otherwise immisicible elements to form a very stable solid with unusual electronic properties.
Monofunctionalized Tetraazacrowns for Use in Bioconjugation and Catalysis

Alkylation of 1,4,7,11‐tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) with 4‐nitrobenzyl bromide, p‐chloromethylbenzyl alcohol, 4‐iodobenzyl bromide, or 4‐vinylbenzyl bromide in acetonitrile gave N‐monoalkylated cyclen ligands 1–4 in 38–60% yield. Compounds 3 and 4 reacted with cobalt chloride hexahydrate in methanol, followed by air oxidation and addition of HCl, gave cobalt complexes dichloro{N‐(4‐iodobenzyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclotetradecane}cobalt(III) chloride (5) and dichloro{N‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclotetradecane}cobalt(III) chloride (6) in 34–55% yield. Compounds 1–6 were characterized by 1H NMR, ESI‐MS, UV‐visible, and IR spectroscopies.
The structure of Morava stabilizer algebras

The purpose of this note is to prove some general theorems which will facilitate the computation of Ext*e.sp(BP , , v21BP./I.), where 1.=(p, vl, ..., v,_ 0 is the n-th invariant prime ideal in BP.. Specific calculations and applications to the Novikov spectral sequence will be exposed in [8] and 1-13]. This paper is a sequel to [4] in that we reprove some results of Morava ([10] and [11]) with more conventional algebraic topological methods. Our approach differs from those of Morava and Johnson-Wilson in that no use is made of any cohomology theories other than Brown-Peterson theory. Our results have the advantage of being more directly applicable to homotopy theoretic computations than Morava's were. Although none of his results are actually used here, this paper owes its existence to many inspiring and invaluable conversations with Jack Morava. I would also like to thank Haynes Miller, John Moore, Robert Morris, and Steve Wilson for their interest and help. In w 1 we use the change of rings theorem of [7] to show that computing the above mentioned Ext group is equivalent to computing the cohomology of a certain Hopf algebra S(n), which we call the Morava stabilizer algebra. We describe it explicitly using the results of [12]. In w we describe the relation of S(n) to a certain compact p-adic Lie group S. which Morava called the stabilizer group, as it was the isotropy group of a certain point in a scheme with a certain group action in [10]. This group has been studied to some extent by number theorists but we do not exploit this fact. Its basic cohomological properties were originally found by Morava and the author (very likely not for the first time) by application of the results of Lazard I-5]. The results of w 3, however, make no use of [5] or even of the existence of S., and w 3 is independent of w 2. We do however use this group theoretic interpretation to get a certain splitting (Theorem (2.12)) of S(n) when p does not divide n.
The mechanism of formation of nickel(II) complexes in methanol

Abstract The reaction of nickelII(II) ion with trithiocarbonate ion in methanol has been studies at 25°C. The kinetics of the reaction are first order at low ionic strength and second order at an ionic strength of 0.1 M. This confirms the previously proposed ion pair mechanism for formation of NiII complexes and permits evaluation of the equilibrium constant for formation of an ion pair between NiII ion and trithiocarbonate ion in methanol. The radius of the ion pair is estimated to be between 5.0 and 5.5 angstroms.
Characterization of isozymes in Salvia columbariae

Salvia columbariae is a herbaceous annual species which has potential for domestication as a new source of industrial oil. Isozyme markers provide a mean by which this process may be facilitated. Isozyme survey of field grown Salvia columbariae plants showed variation for malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), and phosphogllucomutase (PGM). Selfed seed was obtained from the field and was grown in the greenhouse for segregation analyses. Electrophoretic results indicated that MDH was variable at zone 1, showing presence or absence of a band. The observed segregation ratio was not significantly different from expected ratio for Pgi-4 and Pgm-3 isozymes, indicating monogenic control of the two loci. Pgi-4 locus was heterozygous for a null allele. Cross dimerization between the allozyme Pgi-3 and Pgi-4 loci resulted in an intergenic band for this isozyme system.
Community Norms and Blood Donation1

It is suggested that for social psychological theory and research on helping to provide an adequate general explanation of helping, more attention must be paid to supraindividual factors. Most studies of blood donation have failed to take into account a number of factors that may influence donations at the level of the organization, community or collectivity. This study examines the possibility that specific community norms may emerge that have an influence on the donating behavior of community members. Perceived normative support was found to exist in different degrees in communities that provide different levels of behavioral support for bloodmobile visits, and persons who report a greater degree of perceived community support for donation are more likely to have donated in the past year. Implications for donor recruitment procedures are discussed.
Theta Functions and the Dispersion Relations of Periodic Waves

The phase speeds or the dispersion relations for the periodic waves of certain nonlinear evolution equations can be expressed in remarkably compact forms by using theta functions.
Yes to resistance to history

The writings of Keith Jenkins have generated much healthy criticism in historiography and contemporary intellectual life. I propose to expand on his historiographic contribution, drawing on his critique of narrative form, which involves the social–intellectual effects of temporal paradoxes. Do the writings of historians actually generate modes of destroying a past through misleading concepts of continuity? Or, as many groups experience widespread discontinuity today, is continuity now a privilege of labor and life? Has continuity been capitalized? If today many historians agree there is no ‘foundational’ access to the past, why do their narratives read otherwise, relying on uni-directionality and the code of before/after? If contemporary Western societies have shifted to knowledge that adds direct value to a market, where, for example, law schools put in intellectual property attorneys, what value does historical narrative generate? My contribution to this volume honoring Keith Jenkins' writings is presen...
Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Restore Epithelial Protein Permeability in Cultured Human Alveolar Type II Cells by Secretion of Angiopoietin-1

Acute lung injury is characterized by injury to the lung epithelium that leads to impaired resolution of pulmonary edema and also facilitates accumulation of protein-rich edema fluid and inflammatory cells in the distal airspaces of the lung. Recent in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) may have therapeutic value for the treatment of acute lung injury. Here we tested the ability of human allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells to restore epithelial permeability to protein across primary cultures of polarized human alveolar epithelial type II cells after an inflammatory insult. Alveolar epithelial type II cells were grown on a Transwell plate with an air-liquid interface and injured by cytomix, a combination of IL-1β, TNFα, and IFNγ. Protein permeability measured by 131I-labeled albumin flux was increased by 5-fold over 24 h after cytokine-induced injury. Co-culture of human MSC restored type II cell epithelial permeability to protein to control levels. Using siRNA knockdown of potential paracrine soluble factors, we found that angiopoietin-1 secretion was responsible for this beneficial effect in part by preventing actin stress fiber formation and claudin 18 disorganization through suppression of NFκB activity. This study provides novel evidence for a beneficial effect of MSC on alveolar epithelial permeability to protein.
Age-related macular degeneration: a randomized clinical trial of a self-management intervention.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a randomized clinical trial to assess whether a self-management group intervention can improve mood, self-efficacy, and activity in people with central vision loss due to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ninety-two elderly patients with AMD (average age=79) from a university ophthalmology clinic were randomly assigned to the self-management intervention (n=44) or to a wait-list (n=48). All patients were legally blind in at least one eye. The intervention consisted of 6 weekly 2-hour group sessions providing education about the disease, group discussion, and behavioral and cognitive skills training to address barriers to independence. All participants eventually completed the intervention allowing pre-post comparisons for all patients. The battery of measures included the Profile of Mood States (POMS); Quality of Well-Being Scale; and assessments of self-efficacy, participation in activities, and use of vision aids. Participants' initial psychological distress was high (mean total POMS=59.72) and similar to distress experienced by other serious chronic illness populations (e.g. cancer, bone marrow transplant). Analysis of covariance testing the primary hypothesis revealed that intervention participants experienced significantly (p=.04) reduced psychological distress (pre $$\bar x = 61.45$$ ; post $$\bar x = 51.14$$ ) in comparison with wait-list controls (pre $$\bar x = 57.72$$ ; post $$\bar x = 62.32$$ ). Intervention participants also experienced improved (p=.02) self-efficacy (pre $$\bar x = 70.16$$ ; post $$\bar x = 77.27$$ ) in comparison with controls (pre $$\bar x = 67.71$$ ; post $$\bar x = 69.07$$ ). Further, intervention participants increased their use of vision aids (p<.001; pre $$\bar x = 3.37$$ , post $$\bar x = 6.69$$ ). This study demonstrates that a relatively brief behavioral intervention can substantially reduce psychological distress and increase self-efficacy in elderly adults experiencing vision loss due to macular degeneration. Self-management intervention appears to improve mood, self-efficacy, and use of vision aids, further enhancing the lives of poorly sighted individuals with AMD.
On the Temporal Relationships between Lung Function and Somatic Growth

A sample population of healthy nonsmoking male (n = 416) and female (n = 608) subjects derived from all non-Hispanic white subjects 5 to 60 yr of age enrolled in the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease was studied to evaluate the temporal relationships between various pulmonary function measures and somatic growth. Pulmonary function measures derived from the maximal expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curve included FVC, FEV1, maximal expiratory flow after 50% of vital capacity had been expired (max50), and maximal midexpiratory flow (FEF25–75). The lung function and somatic growth longitudinal data were characterized by a nonparametric polynomial smoothing spline model. This procedure yields an optimal fitted curve through the data, an estimate of the growth velocity curve, and 95% confidence bands. Temporal relationships between the fitted growth curves were determined examining the ages at which the growth velocity peaks (GVP) occur. In addition, the age of growth cessation was estima...