cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Scope Advantage of Disadvantage? -- Cost Spreading and Firm's Innovation Response to Demand Shock

In this paper, I study firms’ investment in innovation in response to exogenous shock in demand. Focusing on the manufacturing sectors from 2001 to 2011, I look at firms’ patenting activity and how that is correlated with US exportation to China, instrumented by the Chinese tariff. I use the cost spreading theory to explain the relationship between firms’ structure/diversification strategy and their response to increase in demand. Consistent with early studies, both size and scope confer an advantage in innovation when facing demand pull. Vertically integrated firms have a much higher response in innovation, mostly due to their ability to scale up dynamically and capture the market opportunity. This enables them to attain a larger output to spread the cost of innovation. Related diversified firms do not have such an advantage, and are not significantly different in their innovation investment from unrelated diversified firms.
Assimilation of Aircraft Observations in High-Resolution Mesoscale Modeling

Aircraft-based observations are a promising source of above-surface observations for assimilation into mesoscale model simulations. The Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) observations have potential advantages over some other aircraft observations including the presence of water vapor observations. The impact of assimilating TAMDAR observations via observation nudging in 1 km horizontal grid spacing Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations is evaluated using five cases centered over California. Overall, the impact of assimilating the observations is mixed, with the layer with the greatest benefit being above the surface in the lowest 1000 m above ground level and the variable showing the most consistent benefit being temperature. Varying the nudging configuration demonstrates the sensitivity of the results to details of the assimilation, but does not clearly demonstrate the superiority of a specific configuration.
Effect of Aqueous HCl with Dissolved Chlorine on Certain Corrosion-Resistant Polymers

Polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), ethylene chloro tetrafluoroethylene, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene, and epoxy vinyl ester resin (Derakane 470-300) were evaluated in aqueous HCl containing chlorine gas at high temperature as a corrosion media. Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray, and dynamic mechanical analyzer are used for identification of nature of chemical reactions on polymer chain. Puncture resistance and hardness tests were done to evaluate the mechanical strength after the exposure. The scanning electron microscopy image was taken to check the morphological change of polymer surface. Chlorination and oxidation reactions were observed to be responsible for the stability behavior of polymer. A mechanism proposed for both chlorination and oxidation on polymer.
Knowledge exchange in clusters: The contingent role of regional inventive concentration

Abstract Geographic clusters confer advantages to collocated firms, in particular access to local know-how. This article argues that the access to local know-how is contingent on the extent to which inventive activity is concentrated in the cluster. We draw on sociological theories of generalized exchange to argue that contrasting logics of exchange emerge in geographic clusters that have opposing effects on the extent to which firms benefit from collaborating with local organizations and source local knowledge. A longitudinal data set of 1903 firms engaged in nanotechnology research is used to examine the relationship between firm co-authorships on scientific articles with firms and public research organizations (PROs) and firm inventive performance. Results indicate that when cluster-level firm inventive concentration is high, collaborations with local firms are associated with lower inventive performance. We also find that firms source less local knowledge for their own inventions when firm inventive concentration is high. In contrast, concentrated inventive activity among PROs increases the positive relationship between collaborations with local PROs and firm inventive performance. Results also show firms source more knowledge from local PROs when local PRO inventive concentration is high. The findings suggest that inventive concentration both helps and hinders spill-over of cutting-edge knowledge.
Observations on serum B12 and folate activity in normal and leukemic rats.

In normal rats serum B 12 activity was found to be similar to man but serum folate activity was a good deal higher, in the range of 129 mµg./ml. Total body radiation and administration of 3MCA did not significantly alter B 12 or folate activity. Osborne-Mendel rats maintained on a vitamin A-deficient diet were found to have markedly lowered serum B 12 activity; the folate levels were only slightly decreased. Studies on leukemic rats showed that eight animals with myelogenous leukemia had no elevation of the serum B 12 activity, and in these animals folate levels were slightly reduced. In two rats with radiation-induced acute lymphatic leukemia, serum B 12 activity was significantly elevated due to hepatic necrosis, and folate values were somewhat below normal levels.
Partial Loss of Prestress

Prestressing a concrete member effectively applies a substantial axial force to the member that is in place for its entire service life. In both pretensioned and post-tensioned methods of prestressing, this prestressing force begins to decline immediately upon its application and continues to decline throughout its service life. This reduction in force is referred to as partial prestress loss and is addressed as part of the design of a prestressed member. Partial prestress losses, typically referred to as “prestress losses,” are divided into two broad categories: initial and time-dependent effects. Initial losses occur during stressing operation and include anchor seating, elastic shortening, and friction between prestressing steel and post-tensioning ducts or tendon deviators and harped pretensioned strands. Long-term losses occur because of viscoelastic material effects and include concrete shrinkage, creep, and tendon relaxation.
Optimization of coal blending operations under uncertainty – robust optimization approach

ABSTRACTA novel approach to robust optimization of coal blending operations is proposed. While many rigorous mathematical approaches have been developed for this problem in the past, most neglect t...
The transition between sand ripples and megaripples on Mars

Abstract HiRISE images of small sand dunes and megaripples in Gamboa and Matara craters on Mars raise intriguing questions regarding the relationship between sand ripples and megaripples. The observations suggest that there might be a progressive transition from sand ripples to megaripples, something worthy of consideration by the community as analysis of HiRISE images continues.
Freestyle Lawering: Taking an Expedited Appear in the New York State Courts

This article provides guidance to practitioners who wish to expedite an appeal in a New York court. It first sets forth the existing rules for taking an expedited appeal in the court of appeals and each department of the Appellate Division. It then sets forth the preferred practices in those departments that lack published rules, as best those practices can be discerned from the experience of the author and members of the Appeals Bureau of the New York State Attorney General’s Office. It then examines instances where New York appellate courts granted preferences in order to illustrate the sorts of cases in which the effort to expedite an appeal is likely to be successful. Finally, the article offers some practical tips for bringing an appeal on an expedited basis, including putting a record together and advising a client on when to expect a decision.
Anatomy and Histology of the Anus

A thorough understanding of anal cancer necessitates a nuanced comprehension of the anatomy involved. The anal canal and sphincter complex are often oversimplified, but the alternative perspectives on this anatomic region and its histologic characteristics influence how anal cancer pathology is conceptualized and ultimately treated. In this chapter, we highlight the divergent definitions and complexity of anal canal anatomy, review the anatomic and functional configuration of the pelvic floor and anal sphincter musculature, delineate histologic characteristics of the anal canal and perianal skin, and describe the distinct vascular and lymphatic drainage patterns of the anal canal and perianal skin.
Androgens are essential for epithelial cell recovery after efferent duct ligation in the initial segment of the mouse epididymis

Efferent duct ligation (EDL) induces epithelial cell degeneration followed by regeneration in the epididymal initial segment. We tested here the role of androgens in the recovery phase. EDL was performed at post-natal weeks (PNW) 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, and apoptotic and proliferating epithelial cells were quantified 24 h, and at days 2 and 2.5 post-EDL, respectively. A progressive increase in the number of apoptotic basal cells (BCs) and principal cells (PCs) was detected from PNW3 to 6, 24 h after EDL. Two days after EDL, no increase in proliferating BCs and PCs was observed at PNW3 and 4, despite the induction of apoptosis by EDL. A progressive increase in the number of proliferating BCs was then observed from PNW5 to 6, while the number of proliferating PCs remained low. 2.5 days after EDL, the number of proliferating BCs and PCs remained low at PNW3, 4, and 5, but a marked increase in the number of proliferating PCs was observed at PNW6. Flutamide pretreatment for 3 weeks followed by EDL at PNW7 dramatically decreased the number of proliferating BCs on EDL day 2, and the number of proliferating PCs on EDL day 2.5, compared to controls. We conclude that (1) BCs are the first to show recovery after EDL, followed by PCs; (2) androgens are essential for BC and PC repair after injury in the postpubertal epididymis; and (3) the prepubertal epididymis lacks repair ability following injury.
New Solutions To The Bianchi VIII Wheeler DeWitt Equation And Leading Order Solutions For $\Lambda$ $\ne$ 0 And A Primordial Magnetic Field

New non trivial solutions to the Lorentzian-signature symmetry reduced Bianchi VIII Wheeler DeWitt equation for Hartle Hawking ordering parameters $ \pm 2\sqrt{33} $ are obtained using an Euclidean-signature semi classical method. Using the aforementioned method we define 'excited' states for the Bianchi VIII wave function and construct leading order 'excited' states which appear to be a hybrid of scattering and bound states. Also six new solutions for the $\Lambda \ne 0$ Bianchi VIII Euclidean-signature Hamilton Jacobi equation are presented which can be used to construct semi-classical states corresponding to the Lorentzian signature symmetry reduced Wheeler DeWitt equation. In addition, new solutions to the Euclidean-signature Hamilton Jacobi equation for the Bianchi VIII models are found when $\Lambda \ne 0$ and an aligned primordial magnetic field is present. Furthermore, we find eight new complex solutions to the Euclidean-signature Hamilton Jacobi equation for the case when matter is not present, which can be used to construct additional semi-classical states. We also study the leading order wave functions which result from our aforementioned solutions when they are restricted to the $\beta+$ axis. Prior to presenting these results we explain the Euclidean-signature semi classical method and discuss how to solve the resultant equations this method generates when it is applied to the Lorentzian-signature symmetry reduced Bianchi VIII Wheeler DeWitt equation. The Euclidean-signature semi-classical method used here is applicable to other field theories as well. The work presented throughout this paper further shows the power Eulclidean-signature semi classical methods possess for solving problems in quantum cosmology and solving Lorentzian signature problems in general.
Treatment of Pectoralis Major Tendon Tears: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Operative and Nonoperative Treatment:

Background:The incidence of pectoralis major tendon tears is increasing, and repair is generally considered; however, a paucity of comparative data are available to demonstrate the superiority of o...
Evaluation of gas and particle sensors for detecting spacecraft-relevant fire emissions

Abstract Fire detection faces challenges of increasing sensitivity, accuracy, and response speed while reducing false alarms. Air quality sensors measure fire emission signatures similar to smoke detectors but are often more sensitive. Recent advancement in air quality sensors provides an opportunity to improve fire detection. This study used low-cost and research-grade gas and particle sensors to detect and characterize emissions from laboratory smoldering and flaming tests of three spacecraft-relevant materials. The electrochemical carbon monoxide (CO) sensor sensitively detected fire emissions in all but a pyrolysis test, whereas the metal oxide volatile organic compound (VOC) sensor with cross sensitivity for CO detected fire emissions in all tested cases. Several low-cost particle sensors, although saturated at high concentrations, detected smoke at low concentrations. A combination of CO/VOC and particle sensors would provide sensitive fire detection distinct from non-combustion nuisance sources. In support of the ongoing Spacecraft Fire Safety Experiments (Saffire), the DustTrak DRX aerosol monitor was evaluated for smoke measurement. It measured particle concentrations over a wide range and its single particle counting provided additional size distribution data similar to that of an optical particle counter. However, the single particle counting accuracy degraded at high concentrations due to coincidence errors.
Moisture-Responsive Paper Robotics

Origami structures held promise for their flexibility, simultaneous responsiveness, and adaptability, yet they are vulnerable due to the hygroscopic property when exposed to the humid environments. However, the patterning of hydrophobic material along the design enhances the controllability of paper for self-folding to robotics locomotion. The capillary action of sprayed water molecules is localized through the number or sizes of hydrophilic channels defined by the printed wax patterns resulting in large deformation to form various 3D geometries. The patterned paper performed folding actuation with water and unfolding behavior with evaporation without being mechanically manipulated by external forces or moments. The paper actuators further enable the sequential self-folding along the multiple hinges for the cube and diamond structures. Advances in soft robotics for practical applications, the utilization of different swelling/shrinking properties with water and kirigami-inspired programmable structures interact with the lightweight and non-planar objects. The anisotropic properties of paper in response to water spraying combined with folding/unfolding deformations permit the fold-to-pop-up robots for biomimetic locomotion on the plane or water. Two robots deform their body to move forward through bending-relaxation gait. [2020-0083]
The 11-Item Modified Frailty Index as a Tool to Predict Unplanned Events in Traumatic Brain Injury.

BackgroundFrailty has been studied extensively in trauma, but there is minimal research detailing its impact on traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that the 11-item modified frailty index...
My Journey as a School Psychology Advocate

Dr. Jean C. Ramage has been a School Psychology Advocate for over 50 years. Her chapter traces the development of her advocacy efforts. Her guiding principle has been to bring about social justice for her own students and for the pupils they serve. She initially describes the influence of her family and their Civil Rights framework. She then writes about her early journey as a student in the 1960s. Her framework to bring about equity is reflected in the development of bilingual and multicultural school psychology programs. Her NASP and APA advocacy work reflects her efforts to work with others to provide the full range of academic and behavioral services to children and their families. She has always been willing to take on challenges and to see that the reforms last. She has done this both in school psychology and in teacher education. Today, she continues to be an active advocate. The goal of her chapter is to stimulate others to take on the challenges of today and tomorrow and to enjoy the journey along the way.
Modifiable factors to improve work-life balance for trauma surgeons.

Introduction A balance between work and life outside of work can be difficult for practicing physicians to achieve, especially for trauma surgeons. Work-life balance (WLB) has been associated with burnout and career changes. The specific aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with WLB for trauma surgeons. We hypothesized that trauma surgeons are dissatisfied with their WLB, and there are modifiable factors that can be adjusted to improve and maintain WLB. Methods Survey study of AAST members including detailed questions regarding demographics, clinical practice, family, lifestyle, and emotional support. Primary outcome was WLB, while the secondary outcome was surgeon burnout. Results A total of 1,383 American Association for the Surgery of Trauma members received an email with the survey, and 291 (21%) completed the survey. There was a total of 125 members (43%) satisfied with their WLB, and 166 (57%) were not. Factors independently associated with satisfying WLB included hobbies (2.3 [1.1-4.7], p = 0.03), healthy diet (2.6 [1.2-4.4], p = 0.02), exercise (2.6 [1.3-5.1], p = 0.006), vacation weeks off (1.3 [1.0-1.6], p = 0.02), and fair compensation (2.6 [1.3-5.3], p = 0.008). Conversely, factors independently associated with a poor WLB included being midcareer (0.3 [0.2-0.7], p = 0.002), more work hours (0.4 [0.2-0.7], p = 0.006), fewer awake hours at home (0.2 [0.1-0.6], p = 0.002), and feeling that there is a better job (0.4 [0.2-0.9], p = 0.02]. Risk factors for burnout were the same as those for poor WLB. Conclusion Only 43% of trauma surgeons surveyed were satisfied with their WLB, and 61% reported burnout. Modifiable factors independently associated with a satisfying WLB were related to lifestyle and fair compensation. Factors independently associated with poor WLB and suffering burnout were being midcareer, increased hours at work, decreased awake hours at home, and feeling that there was a better job for yourself. Many factors associated with trauma surgeon WLB are modifiable. Trauma surgeons, as well as trauma leaders, should focus on these modifiable factors to optimize WLB and minimize burnout. Level of evidence Care management, Level III.
The barriers impeding precautionary behaviours by undocumented immigrants in emergencies: The Hurricane Ike experience in Houston, Texas, USA

Emergency management tends to be planned for legal, resident populations that are responsive to mainstream channels of communication and enforcement. For many areas prone to extreme events and emergencies, populations are also composed of transitory tourists, temporary visitors and migrant workers. This latter group may be a large population and, while not completely invisible to residents, may prefer obscurity and concealment within the social landscape. Tending towards poverty, technologically disconnected and linguistically isolated, undocumented migrants seek employment and attempt to avoid local law enforcement and immigration officials for fear of imprisonment and deportation. In this context, the behaviours prompted by developing public emergencies will be different for undocumented migrants than for the population at large. We examine the experience of 135 Hispanic undocumented migrants in the coastal zone of Houston-Galveston, Texas to understand the factors and issues that influence decision mak...
Lifetime Alcohol Use Influences the Association Between Future-Oriented Thought and White Matter Microstructure in Adolescents.

AIMS: Future orientation, or the ability to plan ahead and anticipate consequences, is a capacity that develops during adolescence, yet its underlying neurobiology is unknown. Previous independent reports suggest that reduced future orientation and altered white matter microstructure are associated with greater alcohol use in adolescents; however, these effects have not been studied in conjunction. This study investigated the association between future orientation and white matter microstructure as a function of lifetime alcohol use. METHODS: Seventy-seven adolescents (46 female; 15-21 years of age) underwent diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) and completed a fifteen-item Future Orientation Questionnaire. Regression analyses assessed the association between self-reported lifetime alcohol use and future orientation, and the association between future orientation and white matter microstructure, as a function of lifetime alcohol use. RESULTS: Adolescents with more lifetime alcohol use demonstrated lower future orientation. Voxel-wise DWI analyses revealed two regions, bilateral posterior corona radiata (PCR), where greater future orientation was associated with lower mean diffusivity in those with little or no history of alcohol use; however, this association was diminished with increasing rates of lifetime alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS: These findings replicate reports of reduced future orientation as a function of greater lifetime alcohol use and demonstrate an association between future orientation and white matter microstructure, in the PCR, a region containing afferent and efferent fibers connecting the cortex to the brain stem, which depends upon lifetime alcohol use. These findings provide novel information regarding the underlying neurobiology of future-oriented thought and how it relates to alcohol use.
Children's Resource Acquisition Behaviors in the Situation of Potential Conflict: A Cross-cultural Study of Chinese and Canadian 7 Years Old Children

Resources are usually limited, how can children acquire resources successfully and avoid conflict with their peer in peer interaction is an interesting and important topic in developmental psychology. It's a pity that there is little research on children's resource acquisition in either China or other countries. Cross-cultural research is even less. In the present study, we attempted to investigate resource acquisition behaviors of 7-year-old children, and compare the differences between Chinese and Canadian children on these behaviors. One hundred and sixty Chinese children and one hundred and thirty three Canadian children took part in this study. At 7 years old, 4 children who were not familiar with each other were invited to the laboratory, and the child's resource acquisition behaviors were observed as they played with a single novel toy. Statistical analyses revealed the following results:(1) Chinese children exhibited more adult seeking and spontaneous giving behaviors than Canadian children. The percentages of unsuccessful resource acquisition behaviors and resource acquisition for self of Canadian children were significantly higher than Chinese children.(2) Boys exhibited more assertive behaviors and turn taking rule behaviors than girls, and girls exhibited more spontaneous giving, leadership/organization and resource acquisition for others than boys.(3) Turn taking rule was an important non-strategy resource acquisition method.(4) Chinese children exhibited more leadership/ organization than Canadian children in group level.(5) Assertive behavior and turn taking rule were all effective resource acquisition method but not for polite verbal request.(7) Adult seeking was an effective method for Chinese boys, but not for girls and Canadian children.
The Riemann integral

In the previous chapter we reviewed differentiation—one of the two pillars of single variable calculus. The other pillar is, of course, integration, which is the focus of the current chapter. More precisely, we will turn to the definite integral, the integral of a function on a fixed interval, as opposed to the indefinite integral, otherwise known as the antiderivative. These two are of course linked by the Fundamental theorem of calculus, of which more will be said later.
Exploring Attitudes Towards Science of Latino Parents with Family Science Events

Although efforts have been made in the United States to increase diversity within the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) fields, the Latino population is still largely underre...
Endogenous Choice of Stakes Under Common Ownership

We present a simple model of common ownership in which an investor chooses its stake in competing firms in light of the effects on firm behavior and firm profits. Two firms compete in Cournot duopoly, and ownership affects a firm’s objective function in the manner posited by Bresnahan & Salop (1986) and O’Brien & Salop (2000). We show that an investor with equal stakes in both firms—a so‐called common concentrated owner (CCO)—places a greater value on an additional share of a firm, compared to atomistic owners. The same is true of a noncommon concentrated owner (NCO) with a stake in just one firm. Both the CCO and the NCOs thus have incentives to acquire any shares held by atomistic owners. Our model yields two testable empirical predictions. First, equilibrium ownership structure in noncompetitive industries should be systematically more concentrated than in competitive industries. Second, within the investment portfolio of institutional investors, holdings in noncompetitive industries should be systematically more concentrated than holdings in competitive industries.
Cell-Based Drug Delivery for Improving Antiretroviral Therapeutic Outcomes

During the past decade, our laboratories pioneered the use of monocyte-macrophages as Trojan horses for the uptake, trafficking, and delivery of nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART) to improve drug delivery to tissue, cell, and subcellular sites of human immunodeficiency virus infections. Particles were manufactured with excipients and coated with sugars or peptides to facilitate particle uptake and sequestration in mononuclear phagocytes. Particles housed as cellular depots in recycling endosomes and free bioactive medicines dissociated from particles were released over periods of days to weeks. This enabled long-lived drug tissue reservoirs where peripheral monocytes and tissue macrophages activated by the nanoparticles are able to sequester ART for periods of weeks and longer. Indeed, following parenteral injection of the particles high concentrations of drug are found in the reticuloendothelial system with limited systemic toxicities enabling prolonged drug-dosing intervals. Target coating of the particles further facilitated pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics improvements over native or “naked uncoated” particle drug administrations, especially in reaching reservoirs of viral infection, such as the brain, gut, and lymphoid organs. The future of such therapies towards improving drug compliance, diminishing viral resistance, and facilitating residual virus reductions is timely and important and expanded upon within the current review.
The amino acid sequences of some tryptic peptides from porcine pepsinogen.

Abstract Pepsinogen was reduced, carboxymethylated, and hydrolyzed with trypsin. The resulting mixture of peptides was fractionated (a) on a column of Sephadex G-25, (b) on Amberlite IR-120-A2 followed by high voltage electrophoresis, and (c) by peptide mapping. Eight peptides, varying in length from two to eight amino acids were isolated and their amino acid sequences were determined. Six of these peptides and free lysine could be assigned to the NH2-terminal portion of pepsinogen which is released on activation. The amino acid composition of these peptides accounts for 32 of the 41 residues liberated, including 7 of the 9 lysines, 1 histidine, and 2 arginines. Two additional peptides (I) Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys and (II) Val-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala were characterized and assigned to the COOH-terminal part of pepsinogen, with alanine of Peptide II being the COOH terminus.
Understanding the Effects of PEMFC Contamination from Balance of Plant Assembly Aids Materials: In Situ Studies

In this study, in situ performance data were measured to assess the degree of contamination from leachates of five families of balance of plant (BOP) materials (i.e., 2-part adhesive, grease, thread lock/seal, silicone adhesive/seal and urethane adhesive/seal) broadly classified as assembly aids that may be used as adhesives and lubricants in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. Leachate solutions, derived from soaking the materials in deionized (DI) water at elevated temperature, were infused into the fuel cell to determine the effect of the leachates on fuel cell performance. During the contamination phase of the experiments, leachate solution was introduced through a nebulizer into the cathode feed stream of a 50 cm2 PEMFC operating at 0.2 A/cm2 at 80°C and 32%RH. Voltage loss and high frequency resistance (HFR) were measured as a function of time and electrochemical surface area (ECA) before and after contamination were compared. Two procedures of recovery, one self-induced recovery with DI water and one driven recovery through cyclic voltammetry (CV) were investigated. Finally, performance results measured before and after contamination and after CV recovery are compared and discussed.
Light-Dependent Isoprene Emission (Characterization of a Thylakoid-Bound Isoprene Synthase in Salix discolor Chloroplasts)

Isoprene synthase is an enzyme that is responsible for the production of the volatile C5 hydrocarbon, isoprene, in plant leaves. Isoprene formation in numerous C3 plants is interesting because (a) large quantities of isoprene are emitted, 5 x 1014 g of C annually, (b) a plant may release 1 to 8% of its fixed C as isoprene, and (c) the function of plant isoprene production is unknown. Because of the dependence of foliar isoprene emission on light, the existence of a plastidic isoprene synthase has been postulated. To pursue this idea, a method to isolate chloroplasts from Salix discolor was developed and shows a plastidic isoprene synthase that is tightly bound to the thylakoid membrane and accessible to trypsin inactivation. The thylakoid-bound isoprene synthase has catalytic properties similar to known soluble isoprene synthases; however, the relationship between these enzymes is unknown. The discovery of a thylakoid-bound isoprene synthase with a stromal-facing domain places it in the chloroplast, where it may be subject to numerous direct and indirect light-mediated effects. Implications for the light-dependent regulation of foliar isoprene production and its function are presented.
Digital Dermatoglyphic Patterns of Eskimo and Amerindian Populations: Relationships between Geographic, Dermatoglyphic, Genetic, and Linguistic Distances

Dermatoglyphic traits have been used to assess population affinities and structure. Here, we describe the digital patterns of four Eskimo populations from Alaska: two Yupik-speaking villages from St. Lawrence Island and two Inupik groups presently residing on mainland Alaska. For a broader evolutionary perspective, these four Eskimo populations are compared to other Inuit groups, to North American Indian populations, and to Siberian aggregates. The genetic structures of 18 New and Old World populations were explored using R-matrix plots and Wright's FST values. The relationships between dermatoglyphic, blood genetic, geographic, and linguistic distances were assessed by comparing matrices through Mantel correlations and through partial and multiple correlations. Statistically significant relationships between dermatoglyphics and genetics, genetics and geography, and geography and language were revealed. In addition, significant correlations between dermatoglyphics and geography, with linguistic variation constant, were noted for females but not for males. These results attest to the usefulness of dermatoglyphics in resolving various evolutionary questions concerning normal human variation.
Beyond the Rules: Creating Great Writers - Not Just Legal Writers

We’ve all heard and taught the rules. Be concise, organized, compelling, logical, and theme-driven. Avoid legalese, repetition, overly long sentences, esoteric words, and grammar and spelling errors. These rules are indispensable components of effective legal writing. But tomorrow’s Legal Research and Writing (Lawyering Skills) programs must prepare students to be great writers, not just legal writers – to be artists, not just artisans. At its core, legal writing is no different from other types of writing. Thus, legal writing programs should incorporate the following five skills that great writers of all genres and styles embrace before penning the first words of a novel, poem, and, yes, a legal document.
Effects of ethanol on systemic hemodynamics in a porcine model of accidental hypothermia.

Abstract Objectives Accidental hypothermia is frequently associated with ethanol intoxication. Each has independent effects on systemic hemodynamics, but their combined effects are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the hemodynamic effects of ethanol intoxication in a model of severe hypothermia and rewarming. Methods Anesthetized pigs was assigned to control (n = 8) or ethanol groups (ETOH) (n = 7, 3 mg/kg of ethanol via an orogastric tube). Subjects were cooled to 25°C using ice packs and then warmed to baseline core temperature with passive external and active core rewarming. Results In the ETOH group, peak serum ethanol concentration was 202 mg/dL at 25°C. Ethanol had no effect on time of cooling or rewarming. In both the control and ETOH, there were similar maximal decreases in mean arterial pressure (from 94 ± 24 to 50 ± 15 mm Hg and 100 ± 27 to 31 ± 12 mm Hg, respectively), ventricular contractility (rate of maximal left ventricular pressure rise from 5731 ± 1462 to 2610 ± 596 mm Hg/s and 6832 ± 1384 to 1937 ± 437 mm Hg/s, respectively), and cardiac output (from 2.14 ± 0.8 to 0.53 ± 0.3 L/min and 2.93 ± 0.9, to 0.44 ± 0.2 L/min, respectively; all P P Conclusions Hypothermia caused significant adverse effects on cardiac function and systemic hemodynamics, which returned to baseline with rewarming. Ethanol intoxication had no additional effects on systemic hemodynamics during cooling; however, it caused more prolonged depression of cardiac function and adverse effects on systemic hemodynamics during rewarming. These data may have implications for resuscitation of ethanol-intoxicated victims of accidental hypothermia.
Protein Variation in ADH and ADH-RELATED in Drosophila pseudoobscura: Linkage Disequilibrium Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Protein Alleles

A 3.5-kb segment of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) region that includes the Adh and Adh-related genes was sequenced in 139 Drosophila pseudoobscura strains collected from 13 populations. The Adh gene encodes four protein alleles and rejects a neutral model of protein evolution with the McDonald-Kreitman test, although the number of segregating synonymous sites is too high to conclude that adaptive selection has operated. The Adh-related gene encodes 18 protein haplotypes and fails to reject an equilibrium neutral model. The populations fail to show significant geographic differentiation of the Adh-related haplotypes. Eight of 404 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Adh region were in significant linkage disequilibrium with three ADHR protein alleles. Coalescent simulations with and without recombination were used to derive the expected levels of significant linkage disequilibrium between SNPs and 18 protein haplotypes. Maximum levels of linkage disequilibrium are expected for protein alleles at moderate frequencies. In coalescent models without recombination, linkage disequilibrium decays between SNPs and high frequency haplotypes because common alleles mutate to haplotypes that are rare or that reach moderate frequency. The implication of this study is that linkage disequilibrium mapping has the highest probability of success with disease-causing alleles at frequencies of 10%.
Efficacy and safety of mitomycin C as an agent to treat corneal scarring in horses using an in vitro model.

Objective Mitomycin C (MMC) is used clinically to treat corneal scarring in human patients. We investigated the safety and efficacy of MMC to treat corneal scarring in horses by examining its effects at the early and late stages of disease using an in vitro model. Procedure An in vitro model of equine corneal fibroblast (ECF) developed was used. The ECF or myofibroblast cultures were produced by growing primary ECF in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ1) under serum-free conditions. The MMC dose for the equine cornea was defined with dose-dependent trypan blue exclusion and (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays after applying MMC to the cultures once for 2 min. The efficacy of MMC to control corneal scarring in horses was determined by measuring mRNA and protein expression of corneal scarring markers (alpha-smooth muscle actin and F-actin) with western blotting, immunocytochemistry and/or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. Results A single 2-min treatment of 0.02% or less MMC did not alter ECF phenotype, viability, or cellular proliferation whereas 0.05% or higher MMC doses showed mild-to-moderate cellular toxicity. The TGFβ1 at 1 ng/mL showed significant myofibroblast formation in ECF under serum-free conditions. A single 2-min, 0.02% MMC treatment 24 h (early) after TGFβ1 stimulation significantly reduced conversion of ECF to myofibroblasts, however, a single 0.02% MMC treatment 11 days after TGFβ1 stimulation showed moderate myofibroblast inhibition. Conclusions That MMC safely and effectively reduced scarring in ECF by reducing the degree of transdifferentiation of corneal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in vitro. Further clinical in vivo investigations are warranted using MMC in horses.
Innate immune recognition of the microbiota promotes host-microbial symbiosis

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are traditionally known to sense microbial molecules during infection to initiate inflammatory responses. However, ligands for PRRs are not exclusive to pathogens and are abundantly produced by the resident microbiota during normal colonization. Mechanism(s) that underlie this paradox have remained unclear. Recent studies reveal that gut bacterial ligands from the microbiota signal through PRRs to promote development of host tissue and the immune system, and protection from disease. Evidence from both invertebrate and vertebrate models reveals that innate immune receptors are required to promote long-term colonization by the microbiota. This emerging perspective challenges current models in immunology and suggests that PRRs may have evolved, in part, to mediate the bidirectional cross-talk between microbial symbionts and their hosts.
An algorithm for studying the digit sum of large integers

Let M denote the largest integer representable on a computer. Then only (part of) integers of digits or less can be represented. However, using the algorithm of this paper we can study the digit sum of integers of as many as [M/9] digits. This algorithm can evaluate the proportion of integers whose digit sum satisfies certain given conditions. The implementation of this algorithm does not require large memory space. The algorithm is also very suitable to parallel computing. An application of this algorithm is presented. A mathematical conjecture related to this algorithm is also raised.
Citrus meletensis (Rutaceae), a new species from the Pliocene of Valdarno (Italy)

There are few fossil remains that are assigned or compared toCitrus. A new and characteristic leaf from the Pliocene of Italy is described asCitrus meletensis and its systematic position within theRutaceae is discussed. Together with other sparse remains that are reviewed here it confirms the existence ofCitrus in the European Tertiary.
Review of the I.U.T.A.M.–-I.U.P.A.P. Symposium on Electrohydrodynamics

A Symposium on Electrohydrodynamics sponsored by the International Unions of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics and of Pure and Applied Physics was convened at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 31 March to 1–2 April 1969. Authors from eight countries presented 44 papers to an invited audience of 112. The presentations illustrated the spectrum of scientific and engineering interests in the interactions of electric fields and moving fluids. Papers were grouped in seven sessions with the following titles: Steady flows; Bulk stability and dynamics; Interfacial dynamics: Static and steady-flow equilibria; Interfacial dynamics and stability: Drops; Basic formulation; Generation and other applications; Aerosol charging and dynamics. It is expected that the majority of authors will publish their papers in the formal literature. This brief review gives only an over-view of the Symposium as seen by the author.
The roles of various metabolic enzymes in diabetic cardiomyopathy—in vivo and in vitro approach

showed larger atheroma size, more advanced calcification, greater macrophage accumulation in arteries and fat, and greater fat deposition, as compared to control Ldlr−/− mice. Notch3tg: Ldlr−/− macrophages expressed higher levels of M1 genes. Conclusions: These results suggest that Dll4-Notch3 signaling plays a central role in the shared mechanism for the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic vascular diseases and metabolic disorders.
Partitioning the non-consumptive effects of predators on prey with complex life histories

Non-consumptive effects (NCEs) of predators on prey can be as strong as consumptive effects (CEs) and may be driven by numerous mechanisms, including predator characteristics. Previous work has highlighted the importance of predator characteristics in predicting NCEs, but has not addressed how complex life histories of prey could mediate predator NCEs. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the effects of predator gape limitation (gape limited or not) and hunting mode (active or sit-and-pursue) on the activity, larval period, and size at metamorphosis of larval aquatic amphibians and invertebrates. Larval prey tended to reduce their activity and require more time to reach metamorphosis in the presence of all predator functional groups, but the responses did not differ from zero. Prey metamorphosed at smaller size in response to non-gape-limited, active predators, but counter to expectations, prey metamorphosed larger when confronted by non-gape-limited, sit-and-pursue predators. These results indicate NCEs on larval prey life history can be strongly influenced by predator functional characteristics. More broadly, our results suggest that understanding predator NCEs would benefit from greater consideration of how prey life history attributes mediate population and community-level outcomes.
A systematic review of the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for treating and preventing perinatal depression.

Abstract Background Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for treating and preventing depression that has been widely studied in perinatal populations. Previous meta-analytic reviews of CBT interventions in this population have not investigated potential moderators of treatment efficacy specific to this type of therapy. Method Forty randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of CBT during pregnancy and the first year postpartum were included in the meta-analyses. Change in depressive symptoms from pre-treatment to post-treatment was assessed in both treatment and prevention trials, and the difference in prevalence of postpartum depressive episodes was assessed in prevention trials. Characteristics of included studies, interventions and samples were assessed as potential moderators of effect sizes. Results CBT interventions resulted in significant reductions in depressive symptoms compared to control conditions in both treatment and prevention studies. In prevention studies, individuals who received CBT had significantly lower rates of postpartum depressive episodes compared to control conditions. In both treatment and prevention trials, interventions initiated during the postpartum period were more effective than antenatal interventions. In prevention trials, individually-administered treatments were more effective than group interventions and greater reductions in depressive symptoms were found in studies that included higher proportions of nonwhite, single, and multiparous participants. Limitations The methodological quality of included studies varied widely among studies eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Conclusions There is strong evidence that CBT interventions are effective for treating and preventing depression during the perinatal period. Further methodologically rigorous studies are needed to further investigate potential moderators of treatment efficacy.
Replacement of sodium chloride with dextran or polyethylene glycol for immunoprecipitation of lipopolysaccharide with antibodies in chicken or turkey sera

Abstract Dextran or polyethylene glycol could replace sodium chloride in agarose gels for inducing immunoprecipitation of Pasteurella multocida lipopolysaccharides with antibodies in chicken or turkey sera. Resolution of immunoprecipitates was best when 3% concentrations of either dextran or polyethylene glycol were used. Higher concentrations increased opacity of the gels. Nonspecific precipitation of serum or γ-globulin fractions in gels was caused by the electrophoresis buffer, dextran, and polyethylene glycol. Dialysis of serum or γ-globulin fractions against the electrophoresis buffer and soaking gels in buffers of pH greater than 7.0 that contained 3% polyethylene glycol reduced nonspecific precipitation. Incorporation of dextran or polyethylene glycol into gels enhanced immunoprecipitation in rocket immunoelectrophoresis but resulted in slower mobility of antigen.
Past, Present and Emerging Toxicity Issues for Jet Fuel

The US Air Force wrote the specification for the first official hydrocarbon-based jet fuel, JP-4, in 1951. This paper will briefly review the toxicity of the current fuel, JP-8, as compared to JP-4. JP-8 has been found to have low acute toxicity with the adverse effects being slight dermal irritation and weak dermal sensitization in animals. JP-4 also has low acute toxicity with slight dermal irritation as the adverse effect. Respiratory tract sensory irritation was greater in JP-8 than in JP-4. Recent data suggest exposure to jet fuel may contribute to hearing loss. Subchronic studies for 90 days with JP-8 and JP-4 showed little toxicity with the primary effect being male rat specific hydrocarbon nephropathy. A 1-year study was conducted for JP-4. The only tumors seen were associated with the male rat specific hydrocarbon nephropathy. A number of immunosuppressive effects have been seen after exposure to JP-8. Limited neurobehavioral effects have been associated with JP-8. JP-8 is not a developmental toxicant and has little reproductive toxicity. JP-4 has not been tested for immune, neurobehavioral or reproductive endpoints. JP-8 and JP-4 were negative in mutagenicity tests but JP-4 showed an increase in unscheduled DNA synthesis. Currently, JP-8 is being used as the standard for comparison of future fuels, including alternative fuels. Emerging issues of concern with jet fuels include naphthalene content, immunotoxicity and inhalation exposure characterization and modeling of complex mixtures such as jet fuels.