cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Electron Microscopy on Materials Research

We live, work and play in a world of materials. Modern technology depends critically on the availability of advanced materials, in such areas as transportation, communications, data processing, and production systems, and more and more emphasis is being placed on the research and development of materials. In the world of sports, records fall as a result of the continual improvement in equipment, e.g., composites for field sports, skiing, etc. Industrial laboratories and even some production facilities, in addition to universities and leading research centers, have become heavy users of electron microscopes. There are well over 10, 000 instruments in use in the Western world. Materials research and development in metals, ceramics, and composites (including designing for better mechanical and physical properties, processing, forming, joining, catalysis, etc.) require analyses by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) because of the small scale of relevant microstructures and composition. Because TEM instruments are central to all fields of structural characterization, electron microscopy is perhaps the most interdisciplinary field in today’s complex world. [2] Biologists, materials scientists, engineers, physicists, chemists, etc., all rub shoulders at national and international meetings.
30-Year Longitudinal Study of Hematological Parameters of HIV-1 Negative Men Participating in Los Angeles Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS).

Background Clinicians often use population-based reference intervals (RIs) when interpreting patient results. However, this method can present problems if the analyte in question has wide variability from person to person. Methods We examined the biological variation of routine hematologic markers in 82 white non-Hispanic men every 6 months during a 30-year period, to determine the usefulness of population-based RIs and age-related decline of hematological markers. Results Many of these markers showed significant person-to-person differences (index of individuality <1.4 in 10/11 markers) and change over time with a decrease in mean for white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, and neutrophils. The mean increased for monocytes, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (all P <.05). Conclusion Longitudinal analysis demonstrated significant decline in hematologic marker counts, with the exception of MCV and MCH. Establishment of a personalized baseline for hematologic assessments may be more useful to clinicians than previous methods.
Laplacian matrices and Turing bifurcations: revisiting Levin 1974 and the consequences of spatial structure and movement for ecological dynamics

We revisit a seminal paper by Levin (Am Nat 108:207–228, 1974), where spatially mediated coexistence and spatial pattern formation were described. We do so by reviewing and explaining the mathematical tools used to evaluate the dynamics of ecological systems in space, from the perspective of recent developments in spatial population dynamics. We stress the importance of space-mediated stability for the coexistence of competing species and explore the ecological consequences of space-induced instabilities (Turing instabilities) for spatial pattern formation in predator–prey systems. Throughout, we link existing theory to recent developments in discrete spatially structured metapopulations, such as our understanding of how ecological dynamics occurring on a network can be analyzed using the Laplacian matrix and its associated eigenvalue spectrum. We underline the validity of Levin’s message, over 40 years later, and suggest it has ever-growing implications in a changing and increasingly fragmented world.
Preparation of 3(5)-phenyl-1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxide and 4-methyl-3(5)-phenyl-1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxide

Nitrosation of acrylophenone oxime or of methacrylophenone oxime with n-butyl nitrite in the presence of pyridine and copper(II) sulfate gives the copper complexes of the title compounds. The free 1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxides are isolated by treating the copper complexes with dilute sodium hydroxide, filtration, and acidification of the basic filtrates. The title compounds are the first examples of 1-hydroxypyrazole 2-oxides in which the C3(5) ring position is unsubstituted.
Mother-Child Storytelling Patterns among First-Generation Latino Dyads: Implications for Improving Home-School Engagement in Early Literacy Skills

Mother-child storytelling is a universal activity that predicts literacy development and can play a promising role in developing strong parent-school connections among first-generation Latino famil...
Loop Diuretic Resistance in a Patient with Acute Heart Failure

Diuretic resistance complicating decongestion during acute heart failure hospitalization is an emerging research topic of interest. Herein, we discuss the issues prohibiting a universal definition for diuretic resistance and discuss the best metrics available to identify and prognosticate outcomes following diuretic resistance. We propose a resistance mechanism-based classification system for loop diuretic resistance: pre-nephron resistance, pre-loop of Henle resistance, loop of Henle resistance, and post-loop of Henle resistance. Within this classification system, we discuss the current relevance of historical paradigms of diuretic resistance from other patient populations and limitations in automatically applying these concepts to patients with heart failure. We provide a review of recent diuretic resistance research performed in specific heart failure cohorts and interpret these results in the context of historical literature. We conclude with a discussion of mechanism-based treatment options to restore diuretic efficacy.
The Kochia and Dicamba Story

Herbicides are standard weed management tools for producers. This lesson examines the development of herbicide resistant-weeds and research conducted to help predict and prevent this resistance. Discussion on populations of organisms and evolution of these populations is included.
Swept-Tone Stimulus-Frequency Otoacoustic Emissions in Human Newborns.

Several types of otoacoustic emissions have been characterized in newborns to study the maturational status of the cochlea at birth and to develop effective tests of hearing. The stimulus-frequency...
A New Fast Algorithm for Finding Capacity of Discrete Memoryless Thresholding Channels

This paper proposes an efficient algorithm for finding the channel capacity of discrete memoryless thresholding channels (DMTCs) that are typically used in Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). While there are efficient algorithms for determining capacity of a discrete memoryless channel (DMC), it is difficult to obtain the capacity of a DMTC. Unlike a typical DMC channel whose the capacity is a convex function of the input distribution, the capacity of a DMTC is a non-convex function of both the input distribution and decision thresholds. To resolve this problem, we propose an efficient algorithm for approximating the channel capacity of a DMTC using a novel modified k-means algorithm whose computational complexity is reduced by a factor of $ \frac{M}{\log M}$ over the standard k-means algorithm, where M relates to the precision resolution of the solution. Both theoretical and numerical results are provided to verify the proposed algorithm.
Hong Kong Corporate Rescue Proposals: Making Secured Creditors More Secure

A glaring weakness in Hong Kong insolvency law has been the lack of an acceptable corporate rescue procedure. Under existing law it is difficult to reorganize or restructure a company in financial difficulty. Therefore, creditors holding fixed and/or floating charges often resort to receivership and, ultimately, unsecured creditors have little option but to petition for the liquidation of the company. From the perspectives of many of the participants, the result is often wasteful and unsatisfactory. It appears help is finally on the way. Over the past year, important developments have addressed the difficulties in rehabilitating companies in Hong Kong. Most significantly, in October 1996 the Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong published its Report on Corporate Rescue and Insolvent Trading, which proposes dramatic changes to facilitate the rescue of financially troubled companies in Hong Kong. It is anticipated that a bill will be gazetted in 1998. This article discusses the proposed changes to Hong Kong law in the Report on Corporate Rescue.
Abstract TP303: Improved Metrics and Outcomes Post Implementation of an ELVO Taskforce

Objective: To assess whether the implementation of a standardized protocol for the rapid diagnosis, transfer, and management of emergent large vessel occlusions (ELVO) improves treatment times and ...
Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Sacubitril-Valsartan In Heart Failure Patients Receiving Intravenous Vasodilator and Inotropic Therapy

Background Prior study has demonstrated that transitioning patients in acutely decompensated heart failure with a low cardiac output directly from intravenous (i.v.) vasoactive (ie, vasodilators or inotropes) drugs to sacubitril-valsartan (S/V) can be done safely with tolerance to the 1-month follow-up. Here, we further characterize the hemodynamic impact of S/V after patients have been optimized on vasoactive therapy. Methods and Results In a single-center, retrospective analysis, 25 patients with cardiac index of less than 2.2 L/min/m2 were admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit and newly initiated on angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor therapy with the guidance of invasive hemodynamic monitoring. Hemodynamic data were gathered and compared upon cardiac intensive care unit admission, after optimization with i.v. vasoactive therapy, and after S/V initiation and weaning off i.v. therapy. All patients who tolerated S/V (n = 20) were weaned off vasoactive medications before transfer out of cardiac intensive care unit. Patients maintained their significant improvement in cardiac index and reduction in SVR/PVR on transition from i.v. inotropic and vasodilator therapy to oral S/V. There was an increase in pulmonary artery pulsatility index with S/V therapy compared with the i.v. vasoactive phase of care. Conclusions Patients in the cardiac intensive care unit can be successfully bridged from vasoactive i.v. therapy to oral S/V with sustained improvement in cardiac index garnered from vasoactive agents. We also observed improvement in the pulmonary artery pulsatility index and maintenance of left and right ventricular unloading with S/V. These encouraging findings merit further prospective study.
Abortion method preference among people presenting for abortion care

ABSTRACT Objective To explore abortion method preference, interpersonal and cultural factors associated with preference, and whether, among people with a preference for medication abortion, those presenting past 10 weeks gestation had experienced more obstacles to care. Methods In 2019, we invited people aged 15 to 45 years presenting to 4 U.S. abortion clinics to complete a self-administered, anonymous iPad survey prior to seeing the health care provider. Questions focused on their pregnancy, including self-reported gestational age and experiences accessing abortion care, including abortion method preference. We used multivariate logistic regression to assess associations between worry about perceived pregnancy-related stigma or abortion-related health myths and abortion method preference. Results The majority (784 [77%]) of those approached (1092) initiated the survey and 712 responded to the preference question. Most (597 [84%]) preferred a method: 246 (41%) preferred medication abortion and 351 (59%) an in-clinic procedure. About one-third (110 [32%]) of those preferring medication abortions exceeded 10 weeks gestation and 83% (n = 91) had experienced delay-causing obstacles to care. In multivariate analyses, we found a greater odd of preference for medication abortion over in-clinic procedure among those very worried about people's reaction to the pregnancy (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.95, 95% CI 1.16–3.28), judgment from God or religion (aOR 1.93, 95% CI 1.17–3.19) and abortion affecting mental health (aOR 2.51, 95% CI 1.45–4.34) or ability to get pregnant later (aOR 1.80, 95% CI: 1.09–2.97). Conclusions Many people seeking abortion have a method preference; delayed presentation to care may impede ability to obtain desired method. Pregnancy-related stigma and misinformation are associated with preference for medication abortion. Implications statement Pregnancy-related stigma and misinformation, such as health and safety myths promulgated by state-mandated abortion counseling, may motivate preference for medication abortion. Abortion access obstacles may impede individuals’ ability to obtain their preferred method. Removing barriers to clinic access may enhance people's ability to obtain their preferred abortion method.
Mississippi's whole body donors: Analysis of donor pool demographics and their rationale for donation.

Abstract Background Whole body donation (WBD) is fundamental to anatomical education and research because human dissection provides an educational tool for training healthcare professionals. Investigation into the demographics and rationale of whole body donors can provide insight on who donates their bodies to science. Literature reports a typical donor who is a 60 to 70-year-old, white, married, educated man with the reason for donating to be altruism. Because there are no studies in the United States (US) about the rationale of WBD in correlation with the donor characteristics, this study seeks to accomplish two aims: (1) analyze the demographics of the University of Mississippi Medical Center’s (UMMC) current donor registrants and (2) analyze their reasons for donation. Methods Data from authorization forms from living preregistered donors were analyzed. A survey was sent to registrants who filled out these forms between 2017 and 2019 about their reasons for body donation. Results UMMC has an average donor registrant population consisting of 69-year-old white (95.2%), females (56.5%) who acquired a college degree (24.9%) and are in good health at the time of donation (50.8%). Males and females differed in their marital status (p = 0.001), with more married males (67.2%) than females (46.2%) donating their bodies to science. Seven hundred eighty-one registrants completed the survey (56.3% response rate, n = 1,387). Their primary and secondary reasons for donation were furthering medical education/research (57.4%) and giving their body purpose after life (49.2%), respectively. In addition, thematic analysis of 62 donor rationale statements revealed that the majority of registrants wanted to donate their bodies for the purpose of being useful. Conclusions These results indicate that UMMC’s current registrant demographic data deviates from what is presented in the literature. The study also found that the main reason for donation for this registrant population was altruism with the purpose of being useful. Information from this study adds current US data to the published literature on WBD.
Randomized blinded placebo-controlled trials of renal sympathetic denervation for hypertension: a meta-analysis

Abstract Background The efficacy of renal denervation has been controversial, but the procedure has now undergone several placebo-controlled trials. New placebo-controlled trial data has recently emerged, with longer follow-up of one trial and the full report of another trial (which constitutes 27% of the total placebo-controlled trial data). We therefore sought to evaluate the effect of renal denervation on ambulatory and office blood pressures in patients with hypertension. Methods We systematically identified all blinded placebo-controlled randomized trials of catheter-based renal denervation for hypertension. The primary efficacy outcome was ambulatory systolic blood pressure change relative to placebo. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. Results 6 studies randomizing 1232 patients were eligible. 713 patients were randomized to renal denervation and 519 to placebo. Renal denervation significantly reduced ambulatory systolic blood pressure (−3.52 mmHg; 95% CI −4.94 to −2.09; p Conclusions The totality of blinded, randomized placebo-controlled data shows that renal denervation is safe and provides genuine reduction in blood pressure for at least 6 months post-procedure. If this effect continues in the long term, renal denervation might provide a life-long 10% relative risk reduction in major adverse cardiac events and 7.5% relative risk reduction in all-cause mortality.
A complex-variable cohesive finite element subroutine to enable efficient determination of interfacial cohesive material parameters

Abstract A new complex-variable version of a cohesive element is presented that provides highly accurate first order derivatives of the nodal displacements with respect to the cohesive fracture parameters. These sensitivities are provided as a byproduct of the analysis using the complex Taylor series expansion method. This information is useful for inversely determining the cohesive fracture parameters from experimental or synthetic data using a finite element-based approach. In particular, the PPR cohesive element (Park et al., 2009), was extended using complex variables as a user element for the well-known commercial finite element program, Abaqus. The source code for the element is provided as an educational resource. The advantage of having accurate first order derivatives on both accuracy and efficiency is demonstrated through numerical examples.
Anticoagulation in Mechanical Circulatory Support

The field of mechanical circulatory support is rapidly evolving, and along with it, the management of anticoagulation and hemocompatibility also changes. The purpose of this review is to provide a contemporary approach to the evaluation and management of anticoagulation in mechanical circulatory support device therapies. Important recent studies and guidelines have solidified a more uniform approach to anticoagulation in both temporary and durable devices. With advances in technology, it may be possible to reduce the requirements for anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapies. Though there are new technologies and management strategies being utilized, hemocompatibility between a patient and their mechanical circulatory support device remains of paramount importance for acceptable outcomes after device implantation. This must be individualized to each patient and performed within the context of a dedicated multidisciplinary team.
106 Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) and mares: Is the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) involved?

Maternal recognition of pregnancy (MRP) describes the prevention of luteolysis via the early conceptus. By prolonging the presence of the corpus luteum (CL), the conceptus ensures an environment capable of supporting pregnancy. In mares, MRP is enigmatic; the horse is one of few domesticated species wherein the MRP signal has yet to be discovered. Equine conceptus mobility throughout the uterine horns, termed migration, is known to be essential for pregnancy establishment. However, while the MRP signal in several other species is conceptus-derived, such a signal has yet to be observed from the equine embryo. We hypothesize that the migration of the equine conceptus itself activates MRP, potentially through epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). ENaC has been previously detected in multiple equine organs, observed in the uteri of various mammalian species, and also found to be upregulated during preimplantation in mice. However, neither the presence of ENaC within the mare uterus nor its potential involvement with the equine pregnancy has been researched. The aim of this study was 1) to determine if ENaC was present within the endometrium of the mare uterus and 2) to describe the location of ENaC if observed. Estrus synchronization was completed in mares (n = 14) during peak breeding season. Mares were subsequently blocked by age and breed and then placed into one of 2 groups: control mares (C; n = 7) and treatment mares (T; n = 7). Transrectal ultrasonography (US) was completed in all mares daily when one or more ovarian follicles reached 25 mm. When a mare had a 35 mm or larger follicle present, she received 2,000 international units of human chorionic gonadotropin intramuscularly to induce ovulation (OV) and US continued daily. Additionally, T mares were artificially inseminated (AI) with fresh, extended semen every day until the day after OV and were subsequently checked for pregnancy 12 d post-OV. C mares had the cervix manually manipulated the day after OV to replicate physical stimulation that occurs to the cervix when AI; however, no semen was deposited in C mare reproductive tracts. Endometrial biopsies were collected from all mares before OV, after OV, and during early pregnancy (when applicable) and samples were then processed for ENaC immunohistochemistry analysis. ENaC protein was immunodetected in all C and T mare endometrial samples and was localized to both uterine luminal epithelium and uterine glands. While further analysis will be conducted to quantify endometrial ENaC expression in C versus T (open versus pregnant) mares, the present histological data confirms that ENaC is present within the equine uterus.
Further Thoughts on Natural Theology, Metaphysics, and Analogy:

In this article, I respond to each of the three authors who have engaged my book God in Himself. Regarding Gray Sutanto’s response, I offer comments on his effort to integrate Schleiermacher and Ca...
Bronchoscopic interventions for plastic bronchitis in children without structural heart disease.

Plastic bronchitis (PB) is a rare and life-threatening complication encountered in several disease states that leads to airway obstruction by branching casts. PB is most often reported in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease where recurrence is common, and mortality is high. There is limited data on optimal management strategies or recurrence of non-structural heart disease–related PB in children. We describe the clinical features, management, and outcomes in our cohort of children with non-structural heart disease-related PB. Among the 12 identified patients, asthma was the most common (67%) diagnosis. Ventilatory requirements ranged from room air to one patient who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Most patients (92%) required bronchoscopy, and cryotherapy was successfully utilized in two patients to relieve refractory obstructive airway casts. All patients received chest physiotherapy, and 11 patients were treated with two or more medications. There was one mortality despite ECMO, and one-third had recurrent PB, all of whom had asthma. Conclusion: Asthma is a risk factor for recurrent PB. Bronchoscopic interventions including cryotherapy are safe and effective treatment options in patients with refractory PB.
Recruitment and retention of underrepresented and vulnerable populations to research

Per principles outlined in the Belmont Report, research involving human subjects should minimize risks to participants and maximize benefits to participants and society. Recruitment of participants should be equitable. Once enrolled, participants have the right to withdraw at any point. Researchers must balance these principles with pressures to meet enrollment goals and, in the context of repeated-measures designs, retain participants across time. The purpose of this perspective is to describe the approach and corresponding activities for recruiting and retaining underrepresented and vulnerable populations that are the focus of a transdisciplinary academic research center. To this effort, we offer diverse disciplinary backgrounds, experience working with a wide range of populations (from infants to older adults and across multiple health conditions), and spanning a variety of research designs. Effective strategies offered include partnering with community entities, approaching potential participants where they are and at a time of readiness, using population-appropriate modes of communication and data collection, conducting study activities in familiar settings and at convenient times, maintaining frequent contact, and offering meaningful incentives. These strategies are consistent with population-specific reports found in the extant literature and underscore their cross-cutting nature, with adaptations based on participant and community partner needs and preferences.
Trusty Ally or Faithless Snake: Modeling the Role of Human Memory and Expectations in Social Exchange

Exchange is a foundational form of human interaction underlying more complex forms of cooperation and collaboration. Exchange scholars have demonstrated that both the structure of exchange relationships, and the cultural logics that govern them influence the benefits that exchange partners contribute and receive. These factors influence behavior by shaping expectations; but, the cognitive process involved in forming expectations over the course of repeated exchanges is less well understood. We introduce a cognitive model of social exchange implemented in ACT-UP, employing instance-based learning (Gonzalez et al. 2003). In this paper, we focus on how the logical structure of exchange relationships influences exchange behaviors by comparing simulation outcomes to experimental data collected by (Molm et al. 2013). We find that the cognitive model is able to replicate well the outcomes of negotiated exchanges but that reciprocal exchanges pose a greater challenge.
Telling and Keeping Still; Reviving and Letting Go

Stanley Schade proposes a change in policy which sets Do Not Resuscitate order decisions, and the decision whether or not to communicate the implications of resuscitation, squarely in the hands of physicians. Schade argues that “if after careful consideration of the patient’s illness, psychology, and personality” the physician determines resuscitation procedures useless, that physician is “obligated to write a Do Not Resuscitate order.” Schade adds the important stipulation that if the physician also concludes that the discussion of this order “would only enhance the patient’s discomfort and fears” then that physician is “obligated to refrain from such a discussion with the patient.”
PITUITARY-TESTICULAR RESPONSES OF ESTRADIOL-17β-IMPLANTED BULL CALVES TO CONTINUOUS VERSUS PULSATILE INFUSION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE

The luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone response of bull calves implanted with estradiol-17 beta to continuous and pulsatile infusion of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) has been examined. Estradiol-17 beta reduced serum LH and FSH concentrations and suppressed testosterone secretion and testicular growth when compared with sham-implanted bulls. Pulsatile iv infusion of LHRH [500 ng every 2 h (6 micrograms/d)] for a 4-wk period to estradiol-17 beta-implanted bulls resulted in elevated mean serum LH and testosterone concentrations that were characterized by discrete secretory episodes. Mean serum FSH was also increased by LHRH pulse infusion, but LHRH-coupled secretory episodes were not apparent. Continuous infusion of LHRH (6 micrograms/d) did not increase the low serum gonadotropin levels observed in estradiol-17 beta-implanted calves. Testicular growth was normal in LHRH pulse-infused calves, but was markedly curtailed in continuously infused calves. These results suggest that estradiol-17 beta inhibits testicular development by blocking gonadotropin release at the level of the hypothalamus because pulsatile administration of LHRH can override the inhibitory effect by increasing LH and FSH secretion.
Control of Gluconeogenesis in Liver III. EFFECTS OF l-LACTATE, PYRUVATE, FRUCTOSE, GLUCAGON, EPINEPHRINE, AND ADENOSINE 3',5'-MONOPHOSPHATE ON GLUCONEOGENIC INTERMEDIATES IN THE PERFUSED RAT LIVER

The levels of intermediary metabolites in the perfused liver have been measured to determine the location of the rate-limiting step for gluconeogenesis from lactate and the site at which glucagon, epinephrine, and cyclic AMP exert control. The reaction limiting maximum gluconeogenesis from lactate is situated between pyruvate and phosphopyruvate. Glucagon or epinephrine, acting through cyclic AMP, appears to activate a reaction in this portion of the pathway. At less than saturating levels of lactate, the rate of gluconeogenesis is determined by the activities of the above reaction and also of lactate dehydrogenase. The latter step is not under hormonal control. Gluconeogenesis is not limited by the supply of NAD+ or NADH and is virtually independent of the oxidation-reduction potential of the extramitochondrial NAD+-NADH couple as reflected by the lactate-pyruvate ratio of the tissue. The liver has potent mechanisms to restore a displaced oxidation-reduction potential to normal. Glucagon does not stimulate gluconeogenesis or inhibit lactate formation from fructose or dihydroxyacetone. It is suggested that a sparing of pyruvate oxidation or inhibition of the pyruvate kinase reaction is not responsible for the gluconeogenic action of glucagon and that effects, if any, of glucagon on reactions at the level of triose phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose diphosphatase, or glucose 6-phosphatase are of no physiological importance.
Critical fat, menarche, and the maintenance of menstrual cycles: A critical review

The critical weight (fat) hypothesis has generated interest as a mechanism for the onset and maintenance of normal reproductive cycles in human females. It postulates that menarche is triggered by the attainment of a critical percentage fat and that the maintenance of menstrual cycles requires the persistence of a minimal level; each level is argued to be universal for a particular population or race and, by implication, for the species as a whole. However, an examination of the evidence reveals the hypothesis to have a number of serious methodological and empirical shortcomings which may be grouped under three headings. First, there are no acceptable measures of body fatness, and workers rely instead on estimates from height and weight which have been shown to be intolerably erroneous for individuals. Second, using either these estimates, or more reliable ones using appropriate methods, it may be shown that critical levels do not apply: numerous exceptions involving fat levels above and below the suggested threshold may be shown. Finally, where specific conditions involving reduced fatness and menstrual delay or dysfunction are used to support the hypothesis, it may be shown that other confounding factors are equally plausible. Consequently, based on available evidence, the critical weight (fat) hypothesis cannot be accepted. Hypotheses based on normal maturational processes, especially of the central nervous system, currently provide better explanations.
Communes, Anthropology of

This article treats, with few exceptions, ethnographical studies of communes. By ‘communes’ is meant relatively small collective communities that typically regard themselves as alternative to their ambient social orders. Although these communities lend themselves well to ethnographic research, anthropologists have not shown great interest in them. The most notable and substantial ethnographic studies focus on North American Anabaptist settlements (the Hutterian brethren), the Israeli kibbutz, and Japanese communes. Taking their cue from the self-proclaimed alternative character of communes, these studies tend to focus on the institutional and psychological difference collective social arrangements make, and on the ability of the communities to cope given an adverse social surround. The resulting analyses of the tension between collectivist theory and practice, and of the nature of collectivist commitment, are both informative and provocative. But the evident tendency to take as guiding sociological problems, the ‘social problems,’ in terms of which these communities worry and busy themselves seems to grant too much to the ideological presumption of ‘alternative’ and to overlook the anthropological advantage of a research perspective gained from the disciplined study of ‘other cultures.’
Regionalism, personalism, ethnicity, and violence: parties and voter preference in the 2010 parliamentary election in Kyrgyzstan

On the basis of interviews, census data, and precinct-level electoral results from the October 2010 parliamentary election in Kyrgyzstan, this paper examines the influences on the party vote in Kyrgyzstan. Instead of traditional socioeconomic variables, this study finds that regionalism (North vs. South), ethnicity, personalism, and violence offered the most compelling explanations of party preference in Central Asia's most competitive election. The paper also examines the contextual factors that constructed and filtered voter demand, from Kyrgyzstan's political and economic conjuncture in 2010 to its unusual party system and electoral rules.
REGULATIONS AND STRATEGY: EVIDENCE ON ADVERTISING

This article evaluates the impact of the introduction of incentive regulation on firms’ advertising spending among the population of local exchange carriers in the United States telecommunications industry between 1988 and 2001. The results show that the hybrid rate of return method and other intermediate incentive schemes have a negative relationship with advertising spending. Conversely, the introduction of pure price caps schemes has had a positive and significant impact on firms’ advertising spending. These results highlight the importance of incentive compatible mechanism design in motivating firms to be market oriented and strive for superior performance. Regulaciones y estrategia: pruebas concernientes a la publicidad El articulo evalua el impacto de la introduccion de una regulacion relativa a los gastos de publicidad de las empresas en el conjunto de los operadores locales del sector de las telecomunicaciones en Estados Unidos entre 1988 y 2001. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto que el metodo de la tasa hibrida de rendimiento de otros sistemas de impulso tienen una relacion negativa con los gastos de publicidad. Inversamente, la introduccion de planes para poner un tope a los precios ha tenido un impacto positivo y significativo sobre los gastos de publicidad de las empresas. Estos resultados ponen el acento sobre la importancia de elaborar mecanismos de impulso compatibles para motivar a las empresas a estar orientadas hacia el mercado y a esforzarse a tener mejores resultados. Regulations et strategie : preuves concernant la publicite L'article evalue l'impact de l'introduction d'une regulation incitative sur les depenses de publicite des entreprises au sein de la population des operateurs de boucle locale aux Etats Unis dans le secteur des telecommunications entre 1988 et 2001. Les resultats indiquent que la methode du taux hybride de rendement et d'autres systemes intermediaires d'incitation ont une relation negative avec les depenses de publicite. Inversement, l'introduction de plans purs de plafonnement des prix a eu un impact positif et significatif sur les depenses de publicite des entreprises. Ces resultats mettent l'accent sur l'importance d’elaborer des mecanismes d'incitation compatibles pour motiver les entreprises a etre orientees vers le marche et a s'efforcer d’etre plus performantes. Regulierung und Strategie: Befund zur Werbung In diesem Beitrag wird die Auswirkung der Einfuhrung von Anreizregulierung im Bereich der Werbeausgaben von Unternehmen an die Kunden von Ortsvermittlungsanbietern im Telekommunikationssektor der USA von 1988 bis 2001 untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass zwischen der hybrid rate of return Methode und anderen intermediaren Anreizsystemen einerseits sowie Werbeausgaben andererseits eine negative Beziehung besteht. Umgekehrt hatte die Einfuhrung reiner Preisobergrenzensysteme eine positive und signifikante Wirkung auf die Werbeausgaben der Unternehmen. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung anreizkompatibler Mechanismus-Designs, um Unternehmen zu motivieren, sich marktorientiert zu verhalten und bessere Performance anzustreben.
Reducing mobile device energy consumption with computation offloading

The need for increased performance of mobile device directly conflicts with the desire for longer battery life. Offloading computation to multiple devices is an effective method to reduce energy consumption and enhance performance for mobile applications. Android provides mechanisms for creating mobile applications but lacks a native scheduling system for determining where code should be executed. This paper presents Jade, a system that adds sophisticated energy-aware computation offloading capabilities to Android apps. Jade monitors device and application status and automatically decides where code should be executed. Jade dynamically adjusts offloading strategy by adapting to workload variation, communication costs, and energy status in a distributed network of Android and non-Android devices. Jade minimizes the burden on developers to build applications with computation offloading ability by providing easy-to-use Jade API. Evaluation shows that Jade can effectively reduce up to 39% of average power consumption for mobile application while improving application performance.
Climate change opportunities for Idaho's irrigation supply and deliveries

The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) was used to simulate timing and magnitude of runoff for six climate scenarios (2030 and 2080 ‘Wet’, ‘Middle’, and ‘Dry’). The water supply results from SRM were run through a Southern Idaho reservoir operation and water rights allocation model (MODSIM). The 2030-Dry and 2080-Dry scenarios produce supply deficits relative to the current climate of 5.4%, and 1.9%, respectively, for which the corresponding irrigation water delivery reductions were 1.7% and 2.7%. In contrast, the 2030-Wet, 2030-Mid, 2080-Wet, and 2080-Mid climate change scenarios increased water supply by 13.4%, 0.5%, 19.5%, and 5%, respectively, for which water deliveries increased by 0.41%, 0.04%, 0.34% and 0.14%, respectively. Idaho's irrigation delivery and storage system can ameliorate the risk of dry climate change, but is incapable of storing and delivering the increased water supplied by the wet climate change scenarios. This is an opportunity worth exploring.
Abstract 1710: Expression of erbB3 upregulates Survivin via transcription-independent mechanism in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells to confer Paclitaxel resistance

The erbB2 receptor is often activated via dimerization with another erbB receptor, such as EGFR or erbB3. Studies show that co-expression of erbB3 and erbB2 is frequently observed in breast cancer; and erbB2 requires erbB3 to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation. Increased resistance to therapeutic agents such as paclitaxel is one of the mechanisms by which erbB2 contributes to breast tumorigenesis. While several molecular mechanisms contributing to paclitaxel resistance have been proposed, a series studies demonstrate that overexpression of erbB2 inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. However, the role of erbB3 in paclitaxel resistance remains unclear. Our current studies focus on determining the role(s) of erbB3 in erbB2-mediated paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells. Overexpression of exogenous erbB3 via either stable or transient transfection in erbB2-overexpressing, but not EGFR-expressing, breast cancer cells significantly decreases paclitaxel-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Consistently, knockdown of erbB3 expression with a specific shRNA in breast cancer cells with coexpression of both erbB2 and erbB3 enhances paclitaxel-induced apoptosis evidenced by increased DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and activation of caspase-3, and -8. Furthermore, while forced overexpression of erbB3 increases, specific knockdown of erbB3 decreases the protein but not mRNA expression levels of Survivin only in the erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Targeting Survivin with specific shRNA overcomes paclitaxel resistance without effect on the expression levels of either erbB2 or erbB3. Mechanistic studies indicate that the specific PI-3K, Akt, and mTOR inhibitors, but not the MEK inhibitor, not only abrogate erbB3-mediated upregulation of Survivin, but also reinforce the erbB2/erbB3-coexpressing breast cancer cells to paclitaxel-induced growth inhibition. Our studies demonstrate that heterodimerization of erbB2/erbB3 results in paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells via PI-3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Elevated expression of erbB3 upregulates Survivin through transcription-independent mechanism in erbB2-overexpressing cancer cells, suggesting that novel strategies targeting erbB3 or Survivin protein translation may enhance the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents against breast cancer with erbB2-overexpressing tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1710. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1710
Approximate analytic solution for the dissociation of molecular iodine in the presence of singlet oxygen

A computational study including sensitivity, nondimensional, and stedy-state analyses of the gas-phase kinetics associated with Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Lasers (COIL) was performed to develop a simplified kinetic model and assess kinetic limitations to laser performance. A minimal set of 13 reactions is developed that adequately describes the time evolution of the major chemical constituents of a COIL device. A characteristic time for the dissociation of molecular iodine by singlet oxygen is established in terms of iodine fraction, water content, yield of singlet oxygen, and rate parameters. Finally, an approximate analytic solution to the iodine dissociation problem is established for a broad range of reagent concentrations. The current study is limited in applicability due to the exclusion of chemical heat release and reactive mixing phenomenon. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of 4-1BB in immune responses.

4-1BB is an inducible T cell surface receptor which belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, a group of cysteine-rich cell-surface molecules. Both human and mouse 4-1BB recently received HLDA nomenclature. Naive T cells lack 4-1BB, which is not only induced upon T cell activation, but also remains on activated T cells. The natural ligand for 4-1BB, 4-1BBL is also induced and is found on activated antigen-presenting cells. Cross-linking of the 4-1BB molecule by agonistic antibody transmits a distinct and potent co-stimulatory signal leading to the activation and differentiation of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. 4-1BB transmits signals through the TRAF2-NIK pathway and activates NF-kappaB. Signals relayed through 4-1BB inhibit activation-induced cell death and rescue the immune system during the post-CD28 phase. Antibodies to the 4-1BB molecule can increase GVHD, accelerate the rejection of cardiac allograft and skin transplants, and eradicate established tumors. Interference with the 4-1BB-4-1BBL pathway may be of therapeutic use in the treatment of HIV infection. 4-1BB-deficient mice show dysregulated immune responses and mount elevated Ig responses to T-dependent antigens.
P450 monooxygenases (P450ome) of the model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Phanerochaete chrysosporium, the model white rot fungus, has been the focus of research for the past about four decades for understanding the mechanisms and processes of biodegradation of the natural aromatic polymer lignin and a broad range of environmental toxic chemicals. The ability to degrade this vast array of xenobiotic compounds was originally attributed to its lignin-degrading enzyme system, mainly the extracellular peroxidases. However, subsequent physiological, biochemical, and/or genetic studies by us and others identified the involvement of a peroxidase-independent oxidoreductase system, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. The whole genome sequence revealed an extraordinarily large P450 contingent (P450ome) with an estimated 149 P450s in this organism. This review focuses on the current status of understanding on the P450 monooxygenase system of P. chrysosproium in terms of pre-genomic and post-genomic identification, structural and evolutionary analysis, transcriptional regulation, redox partners, and functional characterization for its biodegradative potential. Future research on this catalytically diverse oxidoreductase enzyme system and its major role as a newly emerged player in xenobiotic metabolism/degradation is discussed.
Crowding and Agonistic Behavior: A Curvilinear Relationship?,

Abstract A postulated curvilinear relationship between area per bird and frequency of agonistic interactions is based on data collated from several preliminary experiments.
Characterization of a supercritical fluid chromatographic retention process with a large pressure drop by the temporal average density

The characterization of supercritical fluid chromatographic retention by different forms of the average density, viz., the temporal average density, the spatial average density and the arithmetic average density, is investigated in a system with appreciable pressure drop along the column. The logarithm of the capacity factor, when described in terms of the temporal average density, is independent of the pressure drop. Hence, supercritical fluid chromatographic retention processes can be characterized and represented by a hypothetical zero-pressure-drop system at a density equal to the temporal average density of the real system.
TRAINING ADULT‐SERVICE SOCIAL WORKERS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: A CORE CURRICULUM FOR EFFECTIVE GERIATRIC SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE

This article presents a training model for adult‐service social workers in the public social services. In presenting the training model, this article draws upon a statewide manpower survey of nearly 600 adult‐service social workers and a training curriculum that has been participated in by 300 social workers over a three‐year period. The training is offered as a best practice model of family‐centered social work with core skills in geriatric assessment and case management.
The surface chemistry of vapor phase lubricants: tricresylphosphate on Ni(1 0 0)

Abstract Tricresylphosphate (TCP) is known to serve as an excellent high temperature vapor phase lubricant with some metals such as Fe but not with others such as Ni. The surface chemistry of m -TCP has been studied on clean and phosphorous covered Ni(1 0 0) surfaces in order to understand the differences between its reactivity on Fe and Ni. Our results show that upon heating to 800 K m -TCP decomposes on the clean Ni(1 0 0) surface to deposit carbon and phosphorous with the evolution of H 2 , CO, benzene, and toluene into the gas phase. During further heating to 1000 K, all the carbon on the surface dissolves into the Ni bulk leaving only phosphorous. The adsorption and heating of m -TCP on the phosphorous-modified Ni surface does not result in significant decomposition. The clean Ni substrate is able to activate TCP decomposition in much the same way that it decomposes on the clean Fe surface. The lack of significant differences in the chemistry of TCP on the clean metal surfaces cannot explain the fact that TCP vapor will form thick lubricating films on Fe but not on Ni.