cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction of S2 with XMo(110) (X = Fe, Pt or Al) surfaces: admetal-promoted sulfidation of Mo and the behavior of hydrodesulfurization catalysts

Exposure of a clean Mo(110) surface to S2 at room temperature or at 700 K results in a chemisorbed layer of sulfur only, without any evidence for the formation of molybdenum sulfides. The effects of Fe, Pt, and Al on the reactivity of Mo(110) toward sulfur have been studied using thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES). It is found that at room temperature, the reactivity of S2 with multilayers of the admetal follows the order Fe > Al ⪢ Pt. While most of the Fe becomes sulfidized, only a few layers of the Al become sulfidized before passivation, and the least reactive Pt surface is covered by a chemisorbed layer of sulfur. Upon exposure of the FeMo(110) (θFe <2 ML) surfaces to S2 at elevated temperatures (700 K) or annealing of FeSyMo(110) surfaces (700–1000 K), the formation of MoSx compounds is observed, with FeSy remaining on the surface. High-temperature S2 exposure of the PtMo(110) system leads to the formation of a small amount of MoSx only in the case where θPt < 1, with only a chemisorbed layer of sulfur observed on top the Pt surface in all other cases. There is no evidence for PtSx formation. High-temperature S2 exposure of AlMo(110) or annealing of the AlSx/Al/Mo(110) system does not lead to formation of molybdenum sulfides. The thin layer AlSx film remains stable to further S2 exposure. The effects of Fe, Pt, and Al on the rate of sulfidation of Mo are rationalized by examining the relative stabilities of the metal sulfides, the cohesive energies of the metals involved and electronic interactions in bimetallic bonding. The trends in our results are compared with trends in the activity of Mo-based bimetallic catalysts in hydrodesulfurization processes.
Polypeptide subunits of lipovitellin

Abstract α- and β-Vitellin, the lipid-extracted proteins deriving from the egg yolk α- and β-lipovitellins, each have been shown to be composed of more than two polypeptide chains of different sizes. Sedimentation analysis and equilibrium molecular weight determinations of the vitellins in 6 m guanidinium chloride give evidence for a light fraction of molecular weight in the range of 30,000 and a heavy fraction of molecular weight 110,000-140,000.
Antimicrobial activity of nisin incorporated in pectin and polylactic acid composite films against Listeria monocytogenes

Summary An extruded composite food packaging film containing pectin, polylactic acids (PLAs) and nisin was developed to inhibit Listeria monocytogenes. The mechanical properties and surface structure of the film were also examined. Cells of L. monocytogenes were reduced by 2.1, 4.5 and 3.7 log units mL−1 by the pectin plus PLA (pectin/PLA) film containing nisin (1000 IU mL−1 of tested liquid) in Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth, liquid egg white and orange juice, respectively, after 48 h at 24 °C. Pectin played an important roll in embedding nisin into the film. The pectin/PLA film had a similar stiffness but lower tensile strength, elongation and fracture energy than the pure PLA film. These data suggested that nisin incorporated into the pectin/PLA film was an effective approach to reducing L. monocytogenes in a typical growth medium (e.g. BHI broth) as well as in foods (e.g. orange juice and liquid egg).
Projections, generalized inverses, and quadratic forms

The purpose of this paper is to present a unified treatment of the apparently unrelated topics, namely projections and generalized inverses, with some applications to the distribution theory of quadratic forms in Gaussian random variables. Other applications will also be mentioned. Only finite dimensional euclidean spaces are considered, but some of the theory can be extended to the infinite dimensional case using, for instance, the methods of [l]. However, the treatment then will no longer be elementary. It is customary to consider linear operators in finite dimensional spaces as matrices, and we shall do so here. For this we choose a fixed but arbitrary basis, and all considerations are related to it. Thus “projection” is synonymous with “idempotent matrix”. The properties of such matrices play a key role in what follows. The importance of projections has been noticed in the past (e.g., refs. 2-4, to name a few). However, they limited themselves to the cases of orthogonal projections, or symmetric idempotent matrices. Unless otherwise stated, the idempotent matrices are not symmetric in this paper. In Section I, several properties of such matrices are proved. It turns out that, by our methods, the results of the above authors can be simplified. In Section II, we deduce the existence (and uniqueness) of the so-called generalized inverse of a matrix [5], a computational formula [6], as well as a “spectral theorem” for such matrices using the results of Section I. Finally in Section III, we apply this theory in deriving the distributions of some quadratic forms in
Chlorophenol Reactions on Fly Ash. 2. Equilibrium Surface Coverage and Global Kinetics

The adsorption properties of chlorophenols, mostly 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol, on MSWI fly ash were measured as a function of temperature and gas-phase chlorophenol concentration. Chlorophenols were found to be highly adsorptive on fly ash while satisfying a Freundlich adsorption isotherm with θ s = cP g 0.50±0.05 , where θ s is the fractional surface coverage, c is a function of temperature, and P g is the gas-phase chlorophenol concentration. Adsorption studies at low temperatures suggested thatthe fly ash used had about 6 x 10 18 adsorption sites per gram. The catalytic mechanism for chlorophenol conversion to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) on fly ash was consistent with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The global rate of PCDD formation from chlorophenols on fly ash was best represented by r PCDD = kP g 1.0 , where k is a complicated function of temperature incorporating the reaction rate constant and the temperature-dependent Freundlich isotherm constant.
Observations on the nodular thyroid gland with the gammagraph.

THE introduction of the scintillation counter (1, 2, 3, 4) to clinical medicine, as a possible replacement for the less-sensitive gammadetecting Geiger-Mueller counter for in vivo studies in human beings, has led to many interesting observations and has suggested several new applications of radiotracers. Because of the increased efficiency of the scintillation counter for gamma radiation, it became possible to construct a specially designed gamma-detecting scintillation counter with an optical geometry whose resolution is such that the isotope-concentrating tissue can be outlined in such a manner that a silhouette indicating the size and shape of the tissue can readily be obtained. The silhouette of the isotope-concentrating tissue, for the sake of simplicity and clarity, has been designated a gammagram, so named because the principle of its production is similar to the principle involved in making a photograph. Instead of an image created by photons of visible light, a gammagram represents an image creat...
Binding Model for the Interaction of Anticancer Arylsulfonamides with the p300 Transcription Cofactor.

Hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that activate expression of multiple gene products and promote tumor adaptation to a hypoxic environment. To become transcriptionally active, HIFs associate with cofactors p300 or CBP. Previously, we found that arylsulfonamides can antagonize HIF transcription in a bioassay, block the p300/HIF-1α interaction, and exert potent anticancer activity in several animal models. In the present work, KCN1-bead affinity pull down, 14C-labeled KCN1 binding, and KCN1-surface plasmon resonance measurements provide initial support for a mechanism in which KCN1 can bind to the CH1 domain of p300 and likely prevent the p300/HIF-1α assembly. Using a previously reported NMR structure of the p300/HIF-1α complex, we have identified potential binding sites in the p300-CH1 domain. A two-site binding model coupled with IC50 values has allowed establishment of a modest ROC-based enrichment and creation of a guide for future analogue synthesis.
Effects of SOA and flash pattern manipulations on ERPs, performance, and preference: implications for a BCI system.

Abstract P3 brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) are synchronous communication systems that allow users to communicate interest in a target event by choosing to attend to it while ignoring other events. In such a system, a cogneme refers to the user's response to: “/attend to the event/” or “/ignore the event/”. The present study examined subjects' ability to generate more cognemes per minute (by varying stimulus onset asynchrony or SOA), or requiring fewer cognemes to convey a message (by varying the pattern of stimulus presentation). Both of these have implications for improved information throughput in a P3 BCI. SOAs of 125, 250, and 500 ms were used. Additionally, the conventional “single flash” approach was compared to a new “multiple flash” condition in which half of the stimuli in an 8 × 8 grid were flashed simultaneously. In both conditions, P3-like component amplitudes decreased with faster SOAs at low target probabilities, but the trend did not hold for higher probabilities. The multiple flash condition produced more robust ERPs at the faster speeds. The results also indicate that attend/ignore differences were more apparent following multiple flashes for low target probabilities, but less apparent for high target probabilities. Although information throughput alone does not support the superiority of one approach over the other, only six cognemes are needed in the multiple flash conditions to identify a character, compared to sixteen cognemes in the single flash condition. This suggests that the former approach could operate more rapidly. Thus, the present results suggest that the multiple flash approach may be a more efficient and faster basis for a P3 BCI system.
Educational needs assessment and practices of grocery store food handlers through survey and observational data collection

Grocery store associates in deli/bakery departments prepare and serve an increasing number of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods and full meals. The shift to more convenience foods and take-home meals highlights the need for effective food safety training programs in retail grocery establishments to prevent foodborne illness. Through qualitative and quantitative methods, food safety knowledge, training preferences, needs, and current practices of grocery stores deli/bakery food handlers in Southwest and Southern Virginia were explored. Deli employees (n = 78) completed a 34 question survey eliciting information on demographics, food safety training needs, preferences and knowledge. In an additional phase of this project, a subset of those originally surveyed (n = 15) were observed for food handling practices (6 h per person). Observational data collection focused on cross-contamination, glove use and hand washing. Most grocery store deli/bakery food handlers reported wanting frequent hands-on, interactive one-on-one training lasting less than 2 h. The target audience's largest knowledge gaps included correct temperatures for cooking, reheating and cooling foods. Observed behaviors did not correlate with food safety knowledge. For example, greater than 95% of participants reported using correct hand washing techniques; however, observational behavior data showed less than 50% of hand washing events observed were correct. Additionally, food handlers were observed not washing hands prior to putting gloves on as well as practicing bare hand contact with RTE foods. The creation of short, hands-on or interactive trainings for retail grocery food handlers that focuses on changing food handling and preparation behaviors may enhance the food handler's safe food handling practices.
Chemical imaging with scanning near-field infrared microscopy and spectroscopy

The development of a scanning near-field microscope that utilizes infrared absorption as the optical contrast mechanism is described. This instrument couples the nanoscale spatial resolution of a scanning probe microscope with the chemical specificity of vibrational spectroscopy. This combination allows the in situ mapping of chemical functional groups with subwavelength spatial resolution. Key elements of this infrared microscope include: a broadly tunable infrared light source producing ultrafast pulses with a FWHM bandwidth of 150 cm-1, an infrared focal plane array-based spectrometer which allows parallel detection of the entire pulse bandwidth with 8 cm-1 resolution, and a single mode fluoride glass fiber probe which supports transmission from 2200 to 4500 cm-1. A novel chemical etching protocol for the fabrication of near-field aperture probes is described. Infrared transmission images of a micropatterned thin gold film are presented that demonstrate spatial resolution of (lambda) /8 at 2900 cm-1, in the absence of artifacts due to topography induced contrast. Images of thin film polymer blends and nanocomposites acquired in the C-H stretching region are used to benchmark the chemical imaging capabilities of this microscope, focusing particularly on the absorption sensitivity of the spectrometer.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin : an effective adjunct against melanoma in vivo

Abstract Background We have previously demonstrated the potent in vitro antiproliferative effects of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) against melanoma. Our prior studies directed us to hypothesize that KLH would be effective in vivo against melanoma, alone and in combination with conventional immunotherapy. Methods Mice were inoculated with 2 × 10 7 HTB68 cells and randomized to 6 groups. Treatment groups consisted of control, KLH 200 μg, alpha interferon (AIFN) 1000 IU, interleukin-2 (IL-2) 5000 IU, KLH + AIFN, and KLH + IL-2. Results KLH + IL-2 exhibited the greatest reduction in tumor volume (30%) as compared to control ( P = .014), followed by KLH + AIFN (28%, P = .031). Singly treated animals had less tumor inhibition: IL-2 (30%, P = .022), KLH (18%, not significant), and AIFN (16%, not significant). Conclusions KLH augments the effects of AIFN, one of the standard immunotherapeutic agents against melanoma in vivo. Further in vivo and early clinical studies into the effects of KLH as both a single and combined agent are warranted.
Molecular dynamics simulation of low energy cluster deposition during diffusion-limited thin film growth

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations permit multiple-layer thin film growth to be studied in detail, using reliable interatomic potentials for fcc metals from corrected effective medium theory. Results are presented for the homoepitaxial deposition of 20 ML on Pd(001) and Cu(001) near 0 K via low energy deposition of 5- and 10-atom clusters, along with preliminary results for deposition of 100-atom clusters. Thin films grown via low energy cluster deposition are found to be more three-dimensional than films grown via single atom deposition. The increased surface roughness can be attributed to the following factors: (i) most deposition events add atoms to two or more layers; and (ii) the growth of (111) facets on the surface produces many partially exposed atoms. Neither of these features was observed during the deposition of single atoms. Thin films grown by deposition of larger clusters tend to be rougher than those produced by smaller clusters at this low temperature. © 1997 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
Sorption of benzenesulfonates by weak base anion exchange resins

Weak base phenol formaldehyde anion exchange resins were found to have an excellent capacity for removing the anionic organic species benzenesulfonate (BS), p-toluenesulfonate (PTS) and dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) from pH 2 and 4 solutions. The capacity for DBS was generally greater than that of activated carbon and significantly greater than that of a polystyrene-divinylbenzene resin with no ion exchange functional groups. The maximum capacity of the weak base resins appeared to be limited by the exchange capacity of the resin. The mechanism of removal was strongly indicated as being either ion exchange at the amine functional groups in the acid form, or uptake of a proton by the amine groups in the free base form with the organic anion as the associated counter ion. Increasing concentrations of Cl− decreased the amount of organic anion that could be sorbed. The swelling of one of the resins, Duolite A-7, also had a marked effect on its sorption capacity. The pores of the acid chloride or acid organic anion form of the resin were apparently larger than those of the free base form; thus, as conversion of the resin to the acid form took place, a greater amount of uptake was observed. The effect of swelling on the capacity of Duolite S-37 was much less, apparently owing to its larger pore structure, but its capacity for DBS at low pH was lower than that for A-7 because of its lower nitrogen content. Also, BS and DBS were easily removed from the weak base resins by washing them with NaOH. Four bed volumes of 1 m NaOH gave essentially complete regeneration of BS saturated A-7.
The “allot” model: A pc-based approach to siting and planning

Abstract This paper reports on development and application of a computer model which has been designed to help governmental jurisdictions and private landowners achieve economically efficient and environmentally sound land use and development planning alternatives in a short period of time. The model, which is written in the SAS programming language, begins with the use of a GIS database to conduct a land suitability analysis of the study area. The second part of the model combines the results of the suitability analysis with forecasted demand for various land use types to produce “optimal” future land use patterns, sites for major facilities, etc. The model runs on IBM-compatible PCs and is capable of analyzing a wide variety of forecasts.
In vivo actions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors: glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion.

Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) form a family of nuclear hormone receptors involved in energy hemostasis and lipid metabolism (1,2) and include three isotypes encoded by different genes: PPARα (chromosome 22q12–13.1), PPARβ/δ (chromosome 6p21.2–21.1), and PPARγ (chromosome 3p25). PPARα was the first discovered and causes cellular peroxisome proliferation in rodent livers (3), giving this receptor family its name. Upon activation, PPARs interact with retinoid X receptor to create heterodimers, which bind to a specific DNA sequence motif termed peroxisome proliferator response element (4). Peroxisome proliferator response element usually appears in promoter regions and is constructed from repeats of nucleotide sequence AGGTCA separated by a single nucleotide. PPARα is widely expressed in tissues with high fatty acid catabolic activity: brown fat, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine (5). Upon activation by endogenous fatty acids and their derivatives, PPARα mediates fatty acid catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and ketone body synthesis, mainly in liver (6–9). In rodents, PPARα activation also influences immune modulation (10,11) and amino acid metabolism (12), reduces plasma triglyceride, reduces muscle and liver steatosis, and ameliorates insulin resistance (IR) (13,14). Pharmacologic PPARα activation is achieved by fibrates (7) and results in reduced (30–50%) triglyceride and VLDL levels by increasing lipid uptake, lipoprotein lipase–mediated lipolysis, and β-oxidation (15). This is accompanied by a modest increase in HDL cholesterol (5–20%), secondary to transcriptional induction of apolipoprotein A-I/A-II synthesis in liver (15). In man, the primary effect of PPARα is to reduce plasma triglyceride concentration; effects on plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration/FFA oxidation, muscle/liver fat content, and muscle/hepatic insulin sensitivity have not been demonstrated with current PPARα agonists such as fenofibrate (16,17). Fibrates are used to treat severe hypertriglyceridemia and combined hyperlipidemia (18–20). Clinical trials to establish a role for PPARα agonists (fenofibrate, gemfibrozil) …
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid on platelet function, platelet fatty acid composition, and blood coagulation in humans.

Despite extensive research on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) showing multiple beneficial effects in animal models, little is known about the role of dietary CLA in human health. To investigate if the beneficial effects of CLA seen in animal models are relevant to humans, we conducted a study with 17 healthy female volunteers who lived in the Metabolic Research Unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center for 93 d. This paper reports only the results from this study that are related to the effects of CLA supplementation on blood coagulation, platelet function, and platelet fatty acid composition. Throughout the study, the subjects were fed a low-fat diet (30 en% fat, 19 en% protein, and 51 en% carbohydrate) consisting of natural foods with the recommended dietary allowances for all known nutrients. After a 30-d stabilization period, subjects were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=10) whose diet was supplemented with 3.9 g/d of CLA or a control group (n=7) who received an equivalent amount of sunflower oil consisting of 72.6% linoleic acid with no detectable CLA. Platelet aggregation was measured in platelet-rich plasma using adenosine diphosphate, collagen, and arachidonic acid agonists. No statistical difference was detected between the amount of agonist required to produce 50% aggregation of platelet-rich plasma before and after the subjects consumed the CLA, with the exception of a decrease in response to collagen. This decrease was found in both control and intervention groups with no significant difference between the groups, suggesting that both linoleic acid (sunflower oil) and CLA might have similar effects on platelet function. The prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and the antithrombin III levels in the subjects were determined. Again, there was no statistically significant difference in these three parameters when pre-and post-CLA consumption values were compared. The in vivo bleeding times were also unaffected by CLA supplementation (10.4+2.8 min pre- and 10.2+1.6 min postconsumption). Platelet fatty acid composition was not markedly influenced by the consumption of dietary CLA, although there was a small increase in the amount of the 9 cis, 11 trans-18∶2 isomer normally present in platelets after feeding CLA for 63 days. In addition, small amounts of the 8 trans, 10 cis-18∶2 and the 10 trans, 12 cis-18∶2 isomers were detected in the platelets along with traces of some of the other isomers. Thus, when compared to sunflower
The Rotational Motion of Molecules in Crystals

It is shown by the discussion of the wave equation for a diatomic molecule in a crystal that the motion of the molecule in its dependence on the polar angles θ and φ may approach either one of two limiting cases, oscillation and rotation. If the intermolecular forces are large and the moment of inertia of the molecule is large (as in I2, for example), the eigenfunctions and energy levels approach those corresponding to oscillation about certain equilibrium orientations; if they are small (as in H2), the eigenfunctions and energy levels may approximate those for the free molecule, even in the lowest quantum state. It is found in this way that crystalline hydrogen at temperatures somewhat below the melting point is a nearly perfect solid solution of symmetric and antisymmetric molecules, the latter retaining the quantum weight 3 for the state with j=1 as well as the spin quantum weight 3. This leads to the expression S=-nARlognA-(1-nA)Rlog(1-nA)+nARlog9+Str, in which Str is the translational entropy, for the entropy of the solid at these temperatures. At lower temperatures (around 5°K) the solid solution becomes unstable relative to phases of definite composition, and the entropy falls to S=nARlog3+Str, the entropy of mixing and of the quantum weight 3 for j=1 being lost at the same time. Only at temperatures of about 0.001°K will the spin quantum weight entropy be lost. Gradual transitions covering a range of temperatures and often unaccompanied by a change in crystal structure, reported for CH4, HCl, the ammonium halides, and other substances, are interpreted as changes from the state in which most of the molecules are oscillating to that in which most of them are rotating. The significance of molecular rotation in the interpretation of other phenomena is also discussed.
Balancing Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Therapies in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

Anticoagulation is needed for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Antiplatelet therapy is essential for the prevention of stent thrombosis and the reduction of cardiovascular events in patients who undergo coronary stenting and suffer acute coronary syndromes. When these conditions overlap, the individual antithrombotic strategies are commonly combined, and the efficacy benefit of triple oral antithrombotic therapy is assumed to outweigh the bleeding risk based on the available data. Recent studies have investigated this topic further, including the first randomized controlled trial to address this issue. This new evidence challenges previous assumptions and may have implications for future practice and investigation.
The impact of the number of satellite altimeters used in a data assimilative ocean prediction system

This paper describes the relative impact of the number of satellite altimeters used in the data assimilation portion of the U.S. Navy ocean prediction system. Using two different statistical and two different comparison methods, four different sets of results are evaluated. Much needed information is provided, regarding the ocean prediction accuracy that is achieved with satellite altimeters determined relative to in situ ocean observations.
Frequency upshifting and pulse compression via underdense relativistic ionization fronts

Theoretical and experimental work on the interaction of radiation with a relativistically propagating, underdense ionization front in a waveguide was performed. In the experiment 35-GHz microwave pulses were upshifted and compressed upon encountering a moving front. The frequency spectrum of the upshifted radiation was determined independently using sections of cutoff waveguides and a microwave diffraction grating. These frequency upshifts were proportional to the plasma density of the ionization front as predicted by the theory. The front density was determined using microwave interferometry. The pulsewidths of the upshifted radiation were measured with fast diode detectors. These pulsewidth measurements were also in good agreement with the theory. Frequency upshifts and pulse compressions of up to a factor of five were recorded in this experiment. >
The effect of supply and substrate noise on jitter in ring oscillators

Measurements, simulations and equations show that differential and single-ended ring oscillators have comparable performance when subjected to the same deterministic noise sources. Both topologies are shown to have a much greater sensitivity to supply noise than substrate noise. It is also shown that symmetrical/asymmetrical noise injection must be considered. The measured results are compared to predictive jitter equations and Spectre/spl reg/ time domain simulations. It is shown that the measurements are in agreement with the simulations and equations.
The effect of expression of anger and happiness in computer agents on negotiations with humans

There is now considerable evidence in social psychology, economics, and related disciplines that emotion plays an important role in negotiation. For example, humans make greater concessions in negotiation to an opposing human who expresses anger, and they make fewer concessions to an opponent who expresses happiness, compared to a no-emotion-expression control. However, in AI, despite the wide interest in negotiation as a means to resolve differences between agents and humans, emotion has been largely ignored. This paper explores whether expression of anger or happiness by computer agents, in a multi-issue negotiation task, can produce effects that resemble effects seen in human-human negotiation. The paper presents an experiment where participants play with agents that express emotions (anger vs. happiness vs. control) through different modalities (text vs. facial displays). An important distinction in our experiment is that participants are aware that they negotiate with computer agents. The data indicate that the emotion effects observed in past work with humans also occur in agent-human negotiation, and occur independently of modality of expression. The implications of these results are discussed for the fields of automated negotiation, intelligent virtual agents and artificial intelligence.
Moving beyond balance for a better antidepressant.

Over the past 15 years, the recognition and treatment of depression has drastically improved. This change is the result of two specific efforts: improvement in the detection of depression in primary care and the development of new classes of antidepressants. These second-generation antidepressants
Relationship between primary Gleason pattern on needle biopsy and clinicopathologic outcomes among men with Gleason score 7 adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract Objectives To examine the relationship among needle biopsy primary grade, prostatectomy grade, and postprostatectomy biochemical recurrence among men with Gleason score 7 disease. Methods We identified 320 men with Gleason score 7 tumors on prostate biopsy treated with radical prostatectomy between 1991 and 2001 by a single surgeon. None of these patients had received neoadjuvant or adjuvant hormonal therapy or radiotherapy. The chi-square test and Kaplan-Meier method were used to evaluate the correlation among biopsy Gleason score, prostatectomy Gleason score, and biochemical recurrence. Results A total of 252 (79%) and 68 (21%) men had primary Gleason pattern 3 and 4 identified on needle biopsy, respectively. Of the patients with Gleason pattern 3 + 4 tumors on biopsy, 24% were upgraded to primary pattern 4 or more on final pathologic analysis. Of the patients with Gleason pattern 4 + 3 tumors on biopsy, 47% were downgraded to primary pattern 3 or less on final pathologic analysis. The actuarial risk of biochemical prostate-specific antigen recurrence was significantly lower among patients with Gleason pattern 4 + 3 on biopsy, if the prostatectomy Gleason score was downgraded to 3 + 4 or less ( P = 0.03). Conclusions Approximately 47% of men with a diagnosis of Gleason pattern 4 + 3 on needle biopsy are downgraded at radical prostatectomy and will have biochemical prostate-specific antigen recurrence-free outcomes similar to patients originally diagnosed with Gleason pattern 3 + 4 adenocarcinoma. This group of patients may benefit from definitive treatment such as radical prostatectomy for management of their disease.
Effect of Water Stress on Yield Components in Guar

This study was undertaken to measure the effect of water stress on yield and yield components in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) grown under water-stressed and water-optimal field conditions. Fifteen guar germplasms were grown in irrigated and dryland tests at Lubbock, TX on an Amarillo loam (fine-loamy, mixed thermic Aridic Paleustoll). Plants in each germplasm were hand harvested at maturity and data recorded for number of racemes/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, weight/100 seeds and g/seed/plant. We found differences among germplasms for yield components under both dryland and irrigated conditions. Germ-plasms responded statistically the same in both moisture levels. Among three pre-selected cultivars, water use efficiency did not differ statistically. Our analyses indicated that the component of yield most affected by water stress was number of pods/plant. Seed weight, seeds/pod, and racemes/plant each had progressively smaller effects on seed yield.
Activation Energy Spectra: Insights into Transport Limitations of Organic Semiconductors and Photovoltaic Cells

Some mechanisms of charge transport in organic semiconductors and organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells can be distinguished by their predicted change in activation energy for the current, Ea, versus applied field, F. Ea versus F is measured first in pure films of commercially available regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and in the same P3HT treated to reduce its charged defect density. The former shows a Poole–Frenkel (PF)-like decrease in Ea at low F, which then plateaus at higher F. The low defect material does not exhibit PF behavior and Ea remains approximately constant. Upon addition of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), however, both materials show a large increase in Ea and exhibit PF-like behavior over the entire field range. These results are explained with a previously proposed model of transport that considers both the localized random disorder in the energy levels and the long-range electrostatic fluctuations resulting from charged defects. Activation energy spectra in working OPV cells show that the current is injection-limited over most of the voltage range but becomes transport-limited, with a large peak in Ea, near the open circuit photovoltage. This causes a decrease in fill factor, which may be a general limitation in such solar cells.
A Statistical Approach to Quantum Mechanics

A Monte Carlo method is used to evaluate the Euclidean version of Feynman’s sum over particle histories. Following Feynman’s treatment, individual paths are defined on a discrete (imaginary) time lattice with periodic boundary conditions. On each lattice site, a continuous position variable xi specifies the spatial location of the particle. Using a modified Metropolis algorithm, the low-lying energy eigenvalues, / &,(x)jZ, the propagator, and the effective potential for the anharmonic oscillator are computed, in good agreement with theory. For a deep double-well potential, instantons were found in our computer simulations appearing as multi-kink configurations on the lattice.
Comparison principles for free-surface flows with gravity

This article considers certain two-dimensional, irrotational, steady flows in fluid regions of finite depth and infinite horizontal extent. Geometrical information about these flows and their singularities is obtained, using a variant of a classical comparison principle. The results are applied to three types of problems: (i) supercritical solitary waves carrying planing surfaces or surfboards, (ii) supercritical flows past ship hulls and (iii) supercritical interfacial solitary waves in systems consisting of two immiscible fluids.
TECOVASUCHUS CHATTERJEEI, A NEW AETOSAUR (ARCHOSAURIA: STAGONOLEPIDIDAE) FROM THE TECOVAS FORMATION (CARNIAN, UPPER TRIASSIC) OF TEXAS

Abstract A new aetosaur, Tecovasuchus chatterjeei gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Triassic (middle or upper Carnian) Tecovas Formation of Texas is described, based primarily on osteoderms from several individuals. The diagnosis is based on a unique suite of osteoderm characters: very wide dorsal paramedian osteoderms; a low, keel-shaped dorsal boss on the dorsal paramedians that does not reach the posterior margin of the osteoderm; a strut on the ventral surface of the dorsal paramedians; ornamentation on the dorsal paramedians with both deep pits and fainter radiating grooves; a unique strongly thickened and beveled posterior edge on the dorsal paramedians; a prominent raised anterior bar on both the dorsal paramedian and lateral osteoderms; lateral osteoderms with dorsoventrally flattened, posteriorly excavated horns, reduced, tongue-like dorsal flanges, and larger, plate-like ventrolateral flanges. The low number of diagnostic criteria for identifying aetosaur osteoderms results in mandatory splitting...
Novel mixing tank for improved gas–liquid mass transfer and solids suspension

A novel, baffleless, mixing tank configuration presented provides greater mixing efficiency than conventional technologies under a wide variety of operating conditions. The concept uses a cylindrical tank with a contoured bottom and a shroud that surrounds an axial flow impeller and supports a set of stationary antiswirl fins positioned in close proximity to the impeller blades. The angle and pitch of the fins impart an angular component to the flow that is equal and opposite to the swirl induced by impeller rotation, thereby eliminating the need for wall baffles. The contoured bottom eliminates dead space beneath the impeller and n the corners of flat-bottom mixing tanks. This alternative mixing system, named the ASSET system, is compared to conventional mixing configurations through experiments of power consumption, gas-liquid mass transfer, and solids suspension. Measurements of Power number vs. Reynolds number reveal that it has power requirements similar to those of high-efficiency axial-flow turbines in a conventional tank geometry. Unsteady-state oxygen absorption and stripping experiments are used to determine the interphase mass-transfer coefficient as a function of power input for each configuration at superficial gas feed velocities of 0.057 to 0.17 cm/s. With this system, K{sub L}a values are on average 30 tomore » 50% greater than those obtained in a conventional mixing tank at the same power input. Measurements of the height of the well-mixed region of suspended solids in a 15 wt. % mixture of 0.1-cm-dia. glass beads in water indicate that the ASSET system requires {approximately} 30% less power to achieve equivalent extents of solids suspension than the conventional setup.« less
Families as Coordinated Symbiotic Systems: Making use of Nonlinear Dynamic Models

Family and dynamic systems theories have emerged from basic principles of general systems theory (von Bertalanffy General systems theory. George Braziller. New York, 1968). In this chapter, we illustrate how one of the modeling frameworks being used in ecology (nonlinear dynamic models) can be used to study family systems. First, we review some of the theoretical principles at the core of dynamic systems theory that can be applied to the study of families. Second, we briefly summarize how the taxonomies used in biological ecology to describe interspecies interactions (e.g., symbiosis) have been articulated using the general mathematical framework for nonlinear dynamic models. Third, we consider how this ecological framework is being applied in the study of family systems. Fourth, we introduce an example with data collected from a married couple around the birth of their first child using an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) multiple-burst design. Finally, we indicate what we anticipate will be fruitful pursuits for future thinking and research.
Crystal Plasticity Based Fe Model for Understanding Microstructural Effects on Creep and Dwell Fatigue in Ti-6242

This paper is aimed at identifying key microstructural parameters that play important roles in the failure initiation of polycrystalline Ti-6242 subjected to creep and dwell loading. A finite element model, incorporating rate dependent elastocrystal plasticity, is developed for analyzing evolving variables in material microstructure. The crystal plasticity parameters are characterized by a combination of microtesting, orientation imaging microscopy, computational simulations, and minimization process involving Genetic algorithms (Ga). Accurate phase volume fractions and orientation distributions that are statistically equivalent to those observed in orientation imaging microscope scans are incorporated in the computational model of polycrystalline Ti-6242 for constant strain rate, creep, and dwell tests. The computational model is used for the identification of possible microstructural variables that may result in local crack initiation. Basal normal stress, equivalent plastic strain, and stress in loading direction are considered as candidate parameters, of which the former is chosen as most probable from results of creep and dwell experiments and simulations. Creep induced load shedding phenomena is observed to lead to high value stresses that cause failure. The role of grain orientation with respect to the loading axis and misorientation with its neighbors, in causing load shedding and stress localizations is explored.
Allelopathic potential of centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides)

Abstract Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of centipedegrass. Germination and growth of indicator species were evaluated in soil leachates, leaf debris, and aqueous leaf extracts of centipedegrass. Centipedegrass soil leachates did not inhibit annual bluegrass, goosegrass, henbit, large crabgrass, or perennial ryegrass germination compared with the nonfertilized control. Incorporated centipedegrass leaf debris did not reduce lettuce germination, shoot weight, or root weight compared with the control. However, shoot and root dry weights of radish were reduced with increasing rates of centipedegrass leaf debris. Six and 9 mg debris g−1 soil reduced radish shoot weight by 49 and 64%, respectively, compared with the control. Aqueous leaf extracts of centipedegrass reduced lettuce germination; however, radicle and hypocotyl length were similar to the control. These data do not conclusively suggest centipedegrass has widespread allelopathic activity; ho...
Design of Desilting Works for Irrigation Systems

Several considerations are used by the Bureau of Reclamation in the design of economic handling systems for the sediment encountered in irrigation systems. The sediment problem usually develops at the place in the stream where heavily laden sediment water is diverted from the river to the canal. To solve this problem some type of sediment excluder or ejector device is selected after considering six basic requirements. A knowledge and understanding of basic hydraulic and sediment principles is necessary to locating the diversion site and selecting the proper type of sediment removal device. Model studies are usually necessary in selecting a favorable location for the intake and in working out the details of arrangement of the structures. A variety of sediment removal devices has been developed from hydraulic model studies and constructed by the Bureau. Some of the devices are guide walls, vortex tubes, surface and bottom vanes, settling basins, drop inlet diversion structures, and Dufour types of automatic sand sluices. Based on the available information, some devices indicate satisfactory performance further substantiated by field personnel operating the diversion works. More studies are to be made in this area.
Do government stimulus programs have different effects in recessions, or by type of tax or spending program?

This study tests 70 structural models of US GDP, consumption, and investment, differing in control variables, econometric method, or period tested. Deficit-financed government stimulus programs were found to crowd-out consumer and business spending in both recessions and nonrecessions, even in Keynesian models. Causes of crowd-out in recessions are identified. The type of tax cut or spending stimulus did not matter. Some VAR studies reach contrary conclusions. Methodological differences may explain why. Differences include how causal and spurious correlates are separated, how business cycle and stimulus effects are distinguished, and under what circumstances parameter estimates can be modified.
The “New” DSW Is Here: Supporting Degree Completion and Student Success

Some have questioned whether there should be a practice doctorate in social work. Academics and other key stakeholders would appear to agree that the degree has a role within 21st-century social work practice and education. Practitioners increasingly seek out the degree, and current and emerging programs have developed to meet that demand. This article seeks to identify the characteristics of the new DSW students and their needs, and to target areas of support that DSW programs should provide for successful degree completion. These include financial assistance, academic rigor, and mentoring opportunities.
Iterative Scheme for Estimating Airplane Trajectory and G-Forces Using Video Analysis and Simulation Models

A World War II era P-51D Mustang fighter airplane crashed while participating in the 2011 Reno Air Races, killing ten spectators on the ground and the pilot. Except for videos recorded by spectators using hand-held cameras, there was no other information on airplane trajectory during the loss-of-control event. Video analysis, kinematic analysis, and modelbased simulations were used to estimate the trajectory of the airplane and the pilot G-forces. The analysis revealed that about one second after the airplane started losing control, the pilot vertical G-force exceeded 15 g. Such G-force level and such rate of increase are beyond human tolerance limits, rendering the pilot incapacitated and unable to stabilize the airplane and prevent the accident. The effect of modeling errors on the accuracy of results was analyzed and it was determined that the vertical G-force estimates are representative even if large parameter errors are assumed to exist in the 6 DOF nonlinear airplane model that was used for aerodynamic simulations.
A Binary Programming Solution to the Min-Max Multiple-Depots, Multiple Traveling Salesman Problem

We formulate the Min-Max Multiple Depots, Multiple Traveling Salesmen Problem (MMMDMTSP) as a Binary Programming Problem. The MMMDMTSP is an extension of the classical Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP), in the sense that there are several salesmen, whose routes may originate at several depot locations, and where the goal is to minimize the longest tour by any single salesman. This problem is of particular interest in cases where the time required to complete a set of tasks is of the greatest importance, e.g., military missions or civilian relief efforts. Using our formulation, we develop an algorithm that is capable of finding a near optimal solution to the MMMDMTSP, with a bound on the optimal cost. Some sample solutions are shown for randomly generated instances of the problem, and the scalability properties of the solution are discussed.
Strengthen the Industry Base Construction to Lead the Development of Modern Sericulture

Through the analysis on the project funding,implementation,construction effectiveness and project management of characteristics and advantages agricultural products for Zhejiang sericulture production base in recent years,that the base project construction is to protect the implementation of sericulture development plan to guide the development of modern sericulture an important carrier and made the next major support from the provincial capital project aspect and direction.