cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the phase-center offset from 2D antenna radiation patterns

Centering the phase-center of an antenna onto the rotational axis used to measure its radiation pattern is an iterative and time consuming process. To facilitate this process, an algorithm has been developed to calculate the phase-center offset from the axis of rotation of a 2D antenna pattern. The hybrid algorithm is comprised of a combination of the two-point method to calculate the offset along the antenna mainbeam, and an antisymmetry method is used to calculate offset perpendicular to the mainbeam direction. The algorithm is tested on the E-plane radiation pattern of a cylindrical horn antenna calculated using the HFSS electromagnetic simulation engine, radiating at 5GHz. The algorithm calculates the phase-center offset to within 15%. Because the algorithm analyzes the unwrapped phase of the radiation pattern, which it converts to offset distance, no ambiguity due to offsets greater than a wavelength exist. Using this algorithm, the phase-center of the antenna can be placed coincident to the axis of rotation after the first antenna pattern is measured and analyzed.
Frictional Sliding of Cold Ice: A Fundamental Process Underlying Tectonic Activity Within Icy Satellites

Frictional sliding is a fundamental process underlying tectonic activity within the crusts of Enceladus, Europa and other icy satellites. Provided that the coefficient of friction is not too high, sliding can account for the generation of active plumes within Enceladus "tiger stripes" and for the development of certain fracture features on Europa. This paper reviews current knowledge of frictional sliding in water ice Ih, and then raises a number of questions relevant to tectonic modeling.
Planning for Bimaxillary Surgery and the Implications of Rigid Internal Fixation

This chapter describes and illustrates a classic technique of planning and executing bimaxillary orthognathic corrections utilizing models mounted on plasterless articulators. The teeth are used as the reference points for repositioning the jaws. The maxillary model in corrected position is related to the mandibular model in uncorrected position with a transitional acrylic interocclusal index (splint). Facial height is set by relating the maxillary incisal edges to the inferior margin of the upper lip. Following rigid internal fixation of the upper jaw in this position, the mandible is mobilized and related in its corrected position to the maxilla with a final interocclusal index.
Start-Up Accelerators and Crowdfunding to Drive Innovation Development

This article attempts to study the mechanisms of start-up accelerators and crowdfunding to support entrepreneurial development in Thailand. In particular, the study explores the major accelerator programs to support innovation commercialization and the start-up eco-innovation system. The results show the problems of a weak triple helix system: The interactions among universities, industry and government are not strong enough to drive effective technology commercialization. Arguably, the accelerator program should act as an intermediary among the institutional spheres to provide interactive linkages and promote effective utilization of research results. The empirical study provides insightful implications on the move toward Thailand 4.0 and the lessons Thailand can offer on stimulating entrepreneurial development that can be applied to other developing economies. TOPICS:Emerging markets, private equity, factor-based models Key Findings • The Thai government has established the start-up eco-innovation system so as to transition to a new economic model of Thailand 4.0. • The Thai government has adopted the US model in building the start-up eco-innovation system. • The effective start-up eco-innovation system in Cambridge, USA is mainly fueled by strong Triple Helix interactions.
PATENT FORAMEN OVALE SHUNT DIRECTION PREDICTS STROKE OUTCOME IN PATIENTS WITH NON-VALVULAR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

The pathophysiologic relevance of PFO shunt flow direction as a mechanism of stroke in conditions associated with elevation of left ventricular filling pressures such as atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. We analyzed 3069 consecutive patients (mean age 69.4±12.2 years; 67.1% men) undergoing TEE-
Restoration of superconductivity in high magnetic fields in UTe$_2$

It was theoretically predicted more than 20 years ago [A.G. Lebed and K. Yamaji, {\it Phys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf80}, 2697 (1998)] that a triplet quasi-two-dimensional (Q2D) superconductor could restore its superconducting state in parallel magnetic fields, which are higher than its upper critical magnetic field, $H > H_{c2}(0)$. It is very likely that recently such phenomenon has been experimentally discovered in the Q2D superconductor UTe$_2$ by Nicholas Butch, Sheng Ran and their colleagues and has been confirmed by Japanese-French team. We review our previous theoretical results, using such a general method that it describes the reentrant superconductivity in the above mentioned compound as well as will hopefully describe the similar phenomena, which can be discovered in other Q2D superconductors.
The Two Faces of Nematode Infection: Virulence and Immunomodulatory Molecules From Nematode Parasites of Mammals, Insects and Plants.

Helminths stage a powerful infection that allows the parasite to damage host tissue through migration and feeding while simultaneously evading the host immune system. This feat is accomplished in part through the release of a diverse set of molecules that contribute to pathogenicity and immune suppression. Many of these molecules have been characterized in terms of their ability to influence the infectious capabilities of helminths across the tree of life. These include nematodes that infect insects, known as entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) and plants with applications in agriculture and medicine. In this review we will first discuss the nematode virulence factors, which aid parasite colonization or tissue invasion, and cause many of the negative symptoms associated with infection. These include enzymes involved in detoxification, factors essential for parasite development and growth, and highly immunogenic ES proteins. We also explore how these parasites use several classes of molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids) to evade the host's immune defenses. For example, helminths release immunomodulatory molecules in extracellular vesicles that may be protective in allergy and inflammatory disease. Collectively, these nematode-derived molecules allow parasites to persist for months or even years in a host, avoiding being killed or expelled by the immune system. Here, we evaluate these molecules, for their individual and combined potential as vaccine candidates, targets for anthelminthic drugs, and therapeutics for allergy and inflammatory disease. Last, we evaluate shared virulence and immunomodulatory mechanisms between mammalian and non-mammalian plant parasitic nematodes and EPNs, and discuss the utility of EPNs as a cost-effective model for studying nematode-derived molecules. Better knowledge of the virulence and immunomodulatory molecules from both entomopathogenic nematodes and soil-based helminths will allow for their use as beneficial agents in fighting disease and pests, divorced from their pathogenic consequences.
Strategic Exit With Information and Payoff Externalities

I consider a stopping game between two players, where observations related to an unknown state of the nature arrive at random. Players not only learn from observing each other, but their payoffs also depend on the presence of the counterpart. I derive a general characterization of an equilibrium in this game. As applications, I consider two stopping time games which can be viewed as models of sponsored research - one is the model where researchers get funded until (if ever) a research project experiences the first failure, the other one is the model where researchers get rewarded if a success is achieved. In either case, the researchers start working on a project of unknown quality. The quality of the project is identified with its ability to generate failures or successes, in the first and second models, respectively. The rate of arrival of success conditioned on the quality of the project is an increasing function of the total time spent on the sponsored research. Observations of failures or successes are public information.I find subgame perfect equilibria in both models and show that in case of two competing researchers, neither equilibrium outcomes, nor cooperative solutions are efficient unless research creates no payoff externalities. In either model, at least one of the researchers experiments inefficiently long, so that a designer of a grant competition would like to stop sponsoring one of the players earlier than in equilibrium. Surprisingly, this result holds in the model where the first success is rewarded no matter whether the laggards are rewarded with a smaller prize or punished.
Methods to monitor water-in-oil film thinning and stability: An application to bitumen demulsification.

Abstract Understanding what governs the water-in-oil emulsion film stability and demulsification is important for science and technology. The demulsification of the tar sands’ water-in-bitumen emulsion and proposing methods for demulsification with an efficient demulsifier (emulsion breaker) are important but challenging tasks. Despite the long period of time researchers have been examining the factors governing bitumen emulsion stability and demulsification, these concepts are still not well understood and require more study. Due to the lack of suitable robust methods to reveal what governs bitumen emulsion thinning and stability, additional study is needed. The goal of this research is to provide an understanding of the role of the asphaltene-resin nanoparticles on the bitumen film and emulsion stability and to propose a possible solution to the challenges presented. The techniques were developed and applied to monitor the curved and flat bitumen emulsion films’ thinning in transmitted and reflected light. The observed plane bitumen emulsion film stepwise thinning in reflected light interferometry reveals the role of the layered-lattice film structural stabilization. The role of the asphaltene-resin structure formation on film stability is discussed and a model is proposed. The data obtained by the techniques help to propose a methodology to optimize the performance of the demulsifier.
Antibiotic stewardship in NICU: De-implementing routine CRP to reduce antibiotic usage in neonates at risk for early-onset sepsis.

Objective Antibiotic overuse is common in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). We evaluated the change in antibiotic utilization rate (AUR) by eliminating routine CRP in the management of early-onset sepsis (EOS). Methods Retrospective before-after cohort study in a Level 3B NICU. We made the following practice changes in the management of EOS: (1) stop routine CRP and (2) implement an automatic stop order (ASO) for antibiotics at 48 h. We compared the AUR, defined as any antibiotic use per 1000 patient days before and after practice change. Result There was an absolute reduction of 30% in AUR and a decrease in the proportion of neonates receiving antibiotics from the day of life 3-6 in postintervention period. We did not identify any case of partially treated EOS with change in practice. Conclusion Elimination of routine CRP and ASO implementation for antibiotics in neonates at risk for EOS decreased AUR.
Categorically Queer? An Exploratory Study of Identifying Queer in the USA

There is wide variation and disagreement about the term “queer,” and there is little consensus about who identifies as queer. To speak to this, the current study seeks to answer the questions: (1) Who are queer people? and (2) What characteristics and perspectives relate to identifying as queer? Queer identity and queer people are investigated using the 2018 LGBTQ and Hetero-cis Population Study, a sample of US adults aged 18–64 stratified by US census categories of age, gender, race/ethnicity, and census region collected from online panelists (N = 3104). Queer identity was highly visible: about 1 in 8 overall (12.7%, n = 393/3104) and nearly 1 in 5 LGBT people (19.5%, n = 313/1604) identified as “queer.” There were also a sizeable number of heterosexual queer-identified people (n = 84). There were four key findings: (1) Queer identity is attractive to people that express sexual and gender diversity, especially pansexual, two-spirit, leather, non-binary, butch, femme, bear, and twink-identified people; (2) cis women, trans women, and bisexual people (and to a lesser extent asexuals) are less likely to identify as queer; (3) LGBTQ perspectives and political perspectives (including feminism) relate to queer self-identification; and (4) among queer heterosexuals who express sexual and gender diversity, race, ethnicity, and religiosity are also significant. Overall, by looking more closely at these relationships, this study works toward developing a better understanding of what it means to be queer and how to best examine queer people and their lived experiences with queer identity.
Pressure drop and flow characteristics in partially blocked wire wrapped rod bundles

Abstract One of the fuel assembly designs considered for liquid metal-cooled fast reactors (LMFR) uses wires helically wrapped around fuel pins as spacers. The understanding of the coolant behavior in LMFR fuels under the influence of a partially blocked flow area is required for a correct safety assessment. Accumulation of debris or cladding deformation may generate a partial or total flow blockage of coolant channels at different locations. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) is applied using different turbulence models to predict the axial friction factor under the presence of blockages. Results are compared with experiments. The different turbulence models presented a variable performance for the blockage scenarios under study, finding k - ∊ Realizable the recommended model for turbulent regime and k - ω SST the recommended model at transition regime. A Large Eddy Simulation was also implemented to simulate the case with the largest blocked area finding its results in reasonable agreement with the experiments.
Effects of tendon viscoelasticity in the distribution of forces over sutures in a model tendon-to-bone repair

Tears to the rotator cuff often require surgical repair. These repairs often culminate in re-tearing when sutures break through the tendon in the weeks following repair. Although numerous studies have been performed to identify suturing strategies that reduce this risk by balancing forces across sutures, none have accounted for how the viscoelastic nature of tendon influences load sharing. With the aim of providing insight into this problem, we studied how tendon viscoelasticity, tendon stiffness, and suture anchor spacing affect this balancing of forces across sutures. Results from a model of a three-row sutured re-attachment demonstrated that optimized distributions of suture stiffnesses and of the spacing of suture anchors can balance the forces across sutures to within a few percent, even when accounting for tendon viscoelasticity. Non-optimized distributions resulted in concentrated force, typically in the outermost sutures. Results underscore the importance of accounting for viscoelastic effects in the design of tendon to bone repairs.
Napping behavior in adults with episodic migraine: a six-week prospective cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES Patients with migraine commonly endorse napping as a strategy for headache pain relief, but also experience high rates of sleep disturbance. To elucidate the relationship between napping behavior and migraine, we evaluated the association between napping and headache frequency, severity, and intensity among adults with episodic migraine. We also examined the association between daily napping and that night's sleep. METHODS In this six-week prospective cohort study, 97 adults with episodic migraine completed twice-daily headache and sleep electronic diaries and wore a wrist actigraph. We modeled the associations between napping (yes/no) and headaches with conditional logistic regression and daily napping and nighttime sleep with linear regression. RESULTS Over 4,353 study days, participants reported 1,059 headache days and 389 days with naps. More than 80% of participants napped during the study, with mean nap duration of 76.7±62.4 minutes. Naps were more likely to occur on day 2 of headache 35/242 (14.5%) than on non-headache days 279/3294 (8.5%, OR 2.2 [95%CI 1.4,3.4]). Mean nap onset time (14:40h ± 3.3h) was later than headache onset (12:48h ± 5.3h). In adjusted models, napping was associated with an additional 1.1 (95%CI -1.4, 3.6) headache days/month. Naps were not associated with worse self-reported or objective sleep that night. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that naps may be an uncommonly used behavioral strategy for prolonged migraine attacks and do not contribute to nightly sleep disturbance. Future studies are needed to examine the acute analgesic effects of daytime napping in patients with migraine.
A Comprehensive Overview of Skeletal Phenotypes Associated with Alterations in Wnt/β-catenin Signaling in Humans and Mice

The Wnt signaling pathway plays key roles in differentiation and development and alterations in this signaling pathway are causally associated with numerous human diseases. While several laboratories were examining roles for Wnt signaling in skeletal development during the 1990s, interest in the pathway rose exponentially when three key papers were published in 2001–2002. One report found that loss of the Wnt co-receptor, Low-density lipoprotein related protein-5 (LRP5), was the underlying genetic cause of the syndrome Osteoporosis pseudoglioma (OPPG). OPPG is characterized by early-onset osteoporosis causing increased susceptibility to debilitating fractures. Shortly thereafter, two groups reported that individuals carrying a specific point mutation in LRP5 (G171V) develop high-bone mass. Subsequent to this, the causative mechanisms for these observations heightened the need to understand the mechanisms by which Wnt signaling controlled bone development and homeostasis and encouraged significant investment from biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies to develop methods to activate Wnt signaling to increase bone mass to treat osteoporosis and other bone disease. In this review, we will briefly summarize the cellular mechanisms underlying Wnt signaling and discuss the observations related to OPPG and the high-bone mass disorders that heightened the appreciation of the role of Wnt signaling in normal bone development and homeostasis. We will then present a comprehensive overview of the core components of the pathway with an emphasis on the phenotypes associated with mice carrying genetically engineered mutations in these genes and clinical observations that further link alterations in the pathway to changes in human bone.
A Kinetic Analysis of the Phosphorolysis of Oligonucleotides by Polynucleotide Phosphorylase

Abstract The kinetics of the phosphorolysis of oligoadenylic acids by highly purified polynucleotide phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus have been investigated in detail. Double reciprocal plots of initial velocity against either inorganic phosphate or oligonucleotide substrate concentration were linear, and further, the affinity of the enzyme for either substrate was unaffected by the presence of the other. Oligonucleotides with phosphate esterified to the free terminal 3'-OH groups are competitive inhibitors with respect to oligonucleotide substrate and noncompetitive with respect to inorganic phosphate. Conversely, two analogues of the ADP product, dADP and adenosine 5'-methylene diphosphonate, are competitive inhibitors with respect to Pi and are, in general, noncompetitive with respect to oligonucleotide. The results were almost identical with primer-independent and primer-dependent enzyme. On the basis of these data a rapid equilibrium random Bi-Bi kinetic mechanism is proposed for M. luteus polynucleotide phosphorylase. The stepwise phosphorolysis of oligonucleotides with chain length up to six proceeds by a random mechanism and not by the processive mechanism observed with long polymers.
Fiber-Optic Data Link for Vehicle Navigation

Fiber-optic data links have been developed for use in vehicle navigation systems, especially for the communication of CD data. The links consist of transmitters, receivers, and cable assemblies. The transmitters, which include only LEDs, must have driver circuits on their exteriors. In the receiver section, a PD, an amplifier, and a TTL compatible comparator are all integrated into the custom designed IC which is hermetically sealed into an originally developed metal package. Small optical connectors and heat-resistant plastic fiber cords with sufficient reliability and good operability for automotive uses have also been developed.
The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama. By Glenn Feldman (Athens, University of Georgia Press, 2004) 311 pp. $39.95

During the campaign to restrict suffrage in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century South, upper-class Democrats from heavily African American areas urged all whites, regardless of geography, class, or past partisanship, to recall the “horrors” of Reconstruction and unite behind the “reforms,” pledging that legal means to disfranchise nearly all blacks, but no whites, were possible. Feldman contends that poor whites were so strongly and irrationally racist that they believed the Democrats’ empty promises, ignored their own economic and political self-interest, and committed political suicide (9–10, 23, 136). Often heavy-handedly attacking Woodward, Webb, and this reviewer as credulous propagators of “the disfranchisement Myth” that “plain” white anti-Democraticparty sympathizers opposed suffrage restriction, Feldman seeks to restore the white-consensus view of southern politics, shorn of its original racist purposes (3–11, 123). Misrepresenting the views of the historians that he attacks, distorting or ignoring evidence to fit his thesis, and performing only the most simplistic statistical analysis of election returns, Feldman fails as badly as the disfranchisers did to obscure white disunity.
Evaluation of digital channel network derivation methods in a glaciated subalpine catchment

The digital elevation model (DEM) has become an essential tool for an increasing array of mountain runoff analyses, particularly the derivation and mapping of stream channel networks. This study examines how well commonly applied DEM-based channel derivation methods at different spatial resolutions can represent the channel network for a glaciated Rocky Mountain headwater catchment. The specific objectives are to (1) examine how differences in gridded DEM resolution affect spatially distributed values of local slope, specific contributing area, and topographic wetness index derived from both eight and infinite directional flow algorithms, (2) map the actual stream channel network to examine the influence of surface variables on channel initiation, and (3) assess accuracy of DEM-derived networks compared with the field surveyed network. Results show that for the same contributing area threshold, increasing grid cell size leads to increased channelization of modeled networks. A plot of local slope versus contributing area reveals a negative relationship similar to that of prior studies in un-glaciated areas but with breaks in slope at contributing areas that are too small to represent thresholds for channelization. Field survey results and evaluation of DEM-derived channel networks suggest that channel network formation is not clearly related to surface topographic variables at Loch Vale. Digitally derived channel networks do not accurately predict low order channel locations, but approximations of the channel network with drainage density and headward extent of channelization similar to the observed network can be derived with both a 1 m and 10 m DEM using a contributing area threshold of approximately 4x104 m2. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond the keyword barrier: knowledge-based information retrieval

Des recherches en intelligence artificielle portant sur le traitement du langage naturel permettent de plus riches representations des textes et des techniques pour reflechir a ces representations. L'utilisation de cadres procure une representation semantique relationnelle des documents comme des questions des utilisateurs. Cet article presente les methodes de representation des connaissances fondees sur un cadre telles qu'on les utilise dans un systeme de recherche de l'information. Cette methode est illustree par la presentation du systeme FERRET
Chapter 6 Genetic aspects of diagnosis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetic aspects of a diagnosis. For the perfect functioning of an organism, stability and constancy of the genetic information is essential. On the other hand, the complex process of the transfer of genetic information is susceptible to error. If the hereditary information is altered or mutated in any way, it can have far-reaching consequences. The genetic variation, from normal variants to disease phenotypes, originates from the process of mutation, which is defined as a change in a DNA sequence. The process of diagnosing a genetic disorder is a sequence of events, a phenotype analysis. It depends on diagnostic decision making, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnosis. The physical examination of a patient as well as the family history may permit a confident diagnosis or indicate the need for further investigation. Chromosomal abnormalities may produce diverse dysmorphic features and malformations. Chromosomal analysis should be considered if these are present, especially if accompanied by mental handicap. The earliest approach to detecting genetic variation at the DNA level took an advantage of the existence of bacterial enzymes known as “restriction endonucleases” or “restriction enzymes.” However, the detection of genetic variation at the DNA level is now more efficient by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
HOMOLOGOUS RNA RECOMBINATION IN BROME MOSAIC VIRUS : AU-RICH SEQUENCES DECREASE THE ACCURACY OF CROSSOVERS

Brome mosaic virus, a tripartite positive-stranded RNA virus of plants, was used for the determination of sequence requirements of imprecise (aberrant) homologous recombination. A 23-nucleotide (nt) region that included a 6-nt UUAAAA sequence (designated the AU sequence) common between wild-type RNA2 and mutant RNA3 supported both precise and imprecise homologous recombination, though the latter occurred with lower frequency. Doubling the length of the 6-nt AU sequence in RNA3 increased the incidence of imprecise crossovers by nearly threefold. Duplication or triplication of the length of the AU sequence in both RNA2 and RNA3 further raised the frequency of imprecise crossovers. The majority of imprecise crosses were located within or close to the extended AU sequence. Imprecise recombinants contained either nucleotide substitutions, nontemplated nucleotides, small deletions, or small sequence duplications within the region of crossovers. Deletion of the AU sequence from the homologous region in RNA3 resulted in the accumulation of only precise homologous recombinants. Our results provide experimental evidence that AU sequences can facilitate the formation of imprecise homologous recombinants. The generation of small additions or deletions can be explained by a misannealing mechanism within the AU sequences, while replicase errors during RNA copying might explain the occurrence of nucleotide substitutions or nontemplated nucleotides.
Software FMEA techniques

Assessing the safety characteristics of software driven safety critical systems is problematic. The author has performed software FMEA on embedded automotive platforms for brakes, throttle, and steering with promising results. Use of software FMEA at a system and a detailed level has allowed visibility of software and hardware architectural approaches which assure safety of operation while minimizing the cost of safety critical embedded processor designs. Software FMEA has been referred to in the technical literature for more than fifteen years. Additionally, software FMEA has been recommended for evaluating critical systems in some standards, notably draft IEC 61508. Software FMEA is also provided for in the current drafts of SAE ARP 5580. However, techniques for applying software FMEA to systems during their design have been largely missing from the literature. Software FMEA has been applied to the assessment of safety critical real-time control systems embedded in military and automotive products. The paper is a follow on to and provides significant expansion to the software FMEA techniques originally described by the author in the 1993 RAMS paper "Validating The Safety Of Real-Time Control Systems Using FMEA".
Cloning, sequencing and mutagenesis of the genes for aromatic amine dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes faecalis and evolution of amine dehydrogenases.

The nucleotide sequence of the aromatic amine utilization (aau) gene region from Alcaligenes faecalis contained nine genes (orf-1, aauBEDA, orf-2, orf-3, orf-4 and hemE) transcribed in the same direction. The aauB and aauA genes encode the periplasmic aromatic amine dehydrogenase (AADH) large and small subunit polypeptides, respectively, and were homologous to mauB and mauA, the genes for the large and small subunits of methylamine dehydrogenase (MADH). aauE and aauD are homologous to mauE and mauD and apparently carry out the same function of transport and folding of the small subunit polypeptide in the periplasm. No analogues of the mauF, mauG, mauL, mauM and mauN genes responsible for biosynthesis of tryptophan tryptophylquinone (the prosthetic group of amine dehydrogenases) were found in the aau cluster. orf-2 was predicted to encode a small periplasmic monohaem c-type cytochrome. No biological function can be assigned to polypeptides encoded by orf-1, orf-3 and orf-4 and mutations in these genes appeared to be lethal. Mutants generated by insertions into mauD were not able to use phenylethylamine, tyramine and tryptamine as a source of carbon and phenylethylamine, 3’-hydroxytyramine (dopamine) and tyramine as a source of nitrogen, indicating that AADH is the only enzyme involved in utilization of primary amines in A. faecalis. AADH genes are present in Alcaligenes xylosoxydans subsp. xylosoxydans, but not in other β- and γ-proteobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of amine dehydrogenases (MADH and AADH) indicated that AADH and MADH evolutionarily diverged before separation of proteobacteria into existing subclasses.
Performance of distributed reservation control in wavelength-routed all-optical WDM networks with Adaptive Alternate Routing

In this work, we consider the performance benefits of distribution reservation control schemes in partially-connected wavelength-routed all-optical WDM networks. In particular, we propose a new distributed reservation control scheme designed to work for general topology wavelength-routed WDM networks. In this new scheme, capacity reservation is invoked by always using the first shortest path if the direct route does not exist between all node (demand) pairs. Through our study, we show that our proposed scheme in the presence of distributed adaptive routing is much more fair on pairwise blocking than the conventional reservation method in general topology wavelength-routed WDM networks, especially in the presence of wavelength converters and overload situations.
Characterization of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in peripubertal chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Background Assessment of cerebrospinal (CSF) monoamine metabolites 5-hydroxyindoeacetic acid (5-HIAA) and homovanillic acid (HVA), and the serotonin precursor tryptophan (TRP), in chimpanzees may help in understanding the neurobiology underlying aggressive, impulsive behavior in humans and non-human primates. Methods Two CSF samples were obtained from 11 peripubertal chimpanzees 8 months apart and were assayed for monoamine metabolite and TRP concentrations. Results Substantial inter-individual stability was observed for 5-HIAA (n = 11; r = 0.83, P < 0.001) and HVA (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). Females had significantly higher concentrations of 5-HIAA compared to males (F1,8 = 7.31; P < 0.05). Levels of 5-HIAA (r = −0.62, P < 0.05), HVA (r = −0.86, P < 0.001) and TRP levels (r = −0.67; P < 0.05) decreased with age. Conclusion Close parallels were observed between chimpanzees and humans with respect to absolute levels, sex effects, ontogeny, and 5-HIAA-HVA correlations, supporting the potential utility of the measures in understanding relationships between monoamine functioning and behavior in chimpanzees and humans.
Treatment of Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety: A September 11, 2001, Case Study with a 1-Year Follow-Up.

This article describes the application of cognitive behavioral therapy in the treatment of a 20-year-old White male manifesting an adjustment disorder with anxiety, who initially presented on September 11, 2001, following the terrorist attacks. The initial treatment regime lasted 8 weeks. In addition, follow-up sessions at 6, 11, and 12 months were conducted. A combination of 4 cognitive behavioral therapy techniques, including cognitive impulse control, challenging irrational beliefs, stress management skills, and relaxation training, was applied. To determine treatment efficacy, the Outcome Questionnaire-45 ( Lambert & Burlingame, 1996 ) was administered 6 times in a pre-, during, and posttreatment fashion. Treatment results suggest that this combination of techniques was effective in reducing the client's anxiety and increasing his functioning.
Substrate analog inhibitors of HIV-1 protease containing phenylnorstatine as a transition state element.

Summary Substrates of HIV-1 protease are classified into three groups ( A, B and C) based on the amino acid residues present at P1′ and P2′ sites. Replacement of the scissile amide bond by phenylnorstatine in representative substrate analog sequences from class A, B and C, yielded inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. Of the twelve inhibitors synthesized in this series, class C substrate analog inhibitors are more potent inhibitors (Ki′s 3.3–24 μM) than either class A or class B inhibitors. In this series of inhibitors, the (2S,3S) isomer of phenylnorstatine is preferred over the other isomers as a “transition state element” for design of inhibitors of HIV-1 protease.
Statistical determination of significant curved I-girder bridge seismic response parameters

Curved steel bridges are commonly used at interchanges in transportation networks and more of these structures continue to be designed and built in the United States. Though the use of these bridges continues to increase in locations that experience high seismicity, the effects of curvature and other parameters on their seismic behaviors have been neglected in current risk assessment tools. These tools can evaluate the seismic vulnerability of a transportation network using fragility curves. One critical component of fragility curve development for curved steel bridges is the completion of sensitivity analyses that help identify influential parameters related to their seismic response. In this study, an accessible inventory of existing curved steel girder bridges located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic United States (MAUS) was used to establish statistical characteristics used as inputs for a seismic sensitivity study. Critical seismic response quantities were captured using 3D nonlinear finite element models. Influential parameters from these quantities were identified using statistical tools that incorporate experimental Plackett-Burman Design (PBD), which included Pareto optimal plots and prediction profiler techniques. The findings revealed that the potential variation in the influential parameters included number of spans, radius of curvature, maximum span length, girder spacing, and cross-frame spacing. These parameters showed varying levels of influence on the critical bridge response.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 Antagonists Based on Fenobam().

In an effort to discover potent and selective metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) antagonists, 15 tetrahydropyrimidinone analogues of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-urea (fenobam) were synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for antagonism of glutamate-mediated mobilization of internal calcium in an mGluR5 in vitro efficacy assay. The IC50 value for 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-(1-methyl-4-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine)urea (4g) was essentially identical to that of fenobam.
Lithium overdose with electrocardiogram changes suggesting ischemia

Background Lithium toxicity is associated with electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, but changes suggestive of an ST segment elevation myocardial infarction have not been reported.
An adaptive tool path generation algorithm for precision surface machining

Abstract In this article an adaptive CNC tool path generation algorithm for precision machining of parts with free-form surfaces is proposed. It is aimed at developing a generic CNC tool path generation methodology suitable for machining parts having analytical curves/surfaces and/or sculptured (parametric) surfaces, as opposed to most existing NC programming techniques which are unable to handle free-form surface cutting. The proposed algorithm is desired to be robust that it can be applied to generate tool paths for CAD models having both two- and three-dimensional curves and/or surfaces. In the method, a parametric surface curve on a three-dimensional (3D) sculptured surface is approximated by a sequence of linear segments. From the current reference point of the cutting tool, the method has the capability of predicting the next reference point of the tool for a given feed. If the predicted reference point does not satisfy a specified dimension tolerance, then the method will adjust itself according to the adaptive rules. As a result, the deviations between the generated tool paths and the desired surfaces/curves will always fall within desired tolerances. In addition, the conditions for all minimum adjustments such that the desired tolerance requirement is fulfilled are analyzed and presented. Based on the adjustment information together with the current position of the cutter, a corrected position of the cutter can be obtained. A general surface curve is used to test the effectiveness of the method. At the respective feedrates of 10 and 30 mm/s, the method is not only able to replicate the contour of the desired curve but also to steer the path generated to constantly stay within an allowable range with a specified tolerance. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is proved to be robust and effective in generating precision tool paths due to its adaptive error correction mechanism. This makes the proposed algorithm suited to serve as an add-on adaptive mechanism to conventional CNC tool path generators. Particularly, it is suitable to be used for free-form/sculptured surface machining where an accurate tool path generation based on a CAD model is a real challenge.
Circulatory Effects of Guanethidine Clinical, Renal, and Cardiac Responses to Treatment with a Novel Antihypertensive Drug

Guanethidine, a new synthetic hypotensive drug that probably interferes with release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings and that does not inhibit parasympathetic activity, has proved ...
Conscious sedation in the 21st century

Most (99%) patients treated at this university clinic do not need any form of sedation as rapport and behavioral management skills are more than sufficient and are safe. Those aged 1 to 5 years, who needed the use of oral sedation (Midazolam), showed 70% success. Those who needed nitrous oxide / oxygen ranged in age from 8 to 18 years and were later treated without any sort of conscious sedation after one or two sessions of nitrous oxide / oxygen sedation.
Stochastic identification of imperfections in a submerged shell structure

Abstract Accurate predictions of the buckling load in imperfection sensitive shell structures requires precise knowledge of the location and magnitude of any geometric imperfections in the shell (e.g. dents). This work describes a non-contact approach to identifying such imperfections in a submerged shell structure. By monitoring the acoustic pressure field at discrete points proximal to a shell structure excited by a cyclic membrane (i.e. in-plane) loading, it is noticed that parameters, describing small scale denting, can be identified. In order to perform the identification, a fluid-structure model that predicts the spatio-temporal pressure field is required. This model is described in detail and includes the predicted effects of the imperfection on the observations. A Bayesian, Markov chain Monte Carlo approach is then used to generate the imperfection parameter estimates and quantify the uncertainty in those estimates. Additionally: for cases involving the occurrence of an unknown number of dents, reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) methods are employed in this work.
Antisense‐Induced Reduction of Presenilin 1 Expression Selectively Increases the Production of Amyloid β42 in Transfected Cells

Autosomal dominant mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene are associated with familial, early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Although the pathogenic mechanism of these mutations is unclear, their common feature is that they lead to an increased concentration of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) 42 in the plasma of early-onset patients, in the conditioned media of transfected cells, and in the brains of transgenic mice that overexpress mutant PS1. To address the mechanism(s) by which the pathogenic PS1 mutations increase Abeta42, we constructed human cell lines expressing a doxycyclin (dox)-inducible antisense PS1 RNA and measured its effects on the levels of PS1, amyloid precursor protein (APP), and Abeta. In time course experiments, we observed a statistically significant (p = 0.0038) more than twofold elevation in secreted Abeta42 as early as 12 days after addition of dox. This correlated with an 80% decrease in the 46-kDa PS1 holoprotein and a 30% decrease in the 26-kDa N-terminal fragment (NTF). Furthermore, there was a significant fivefold (p = 0.002) increase in Abeta42 after 14-day dox treatment; this correlated with a >90% decrease in PS1 holoprotein and 60% decrease in NTF. At no time point did we observe significant changes in Abeta40, APP holoprotein, presenilin 2, or tubulin. Ten days after the removal of dox, we observed a return to constitutive levels for Abeta42, PS1 holoprotein, and NTF. These results suggest that in human cell lines, the reduction of normal PS1 activity results in the increased production of Abeta42. Furthermore, our results are consistent with a loss of function or dominant negative mechanism for the pathogenic PS1 mutations.
Probabilistic analysis of a nonlinear pendulum

We investigate the reliability of a nonlinear pendulum forced by a resonant harmonic excitation and interacting in a random environment. Two types of random perturbations are considered: additive weak noise, and random phase fluctuations of the harmonic resonant forcing. Our goal is to predict the probability of a transition of the response from oscillatory regime to rotatory regime. In the first stage, the noise-free system is analyzed by an averaging method in view of predicting period-1 resonant orbits. By averaging the fast oscillations of the response, these orbits are mapped into equilibrium points in the space of the energy and resonant phase variables. In the second stage, the random fluctuating terms exciting the averaged system are evaluated, leading to a Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation governing the probability density function of the energy and phase variables. This equation is solved asymptotically in the form of a WKB approximationp∼exp(−Q/e) as the parameter e characterizing the smallness of the random perturbations tends to zero. The quasipotentialQ is solution of a Hamilton-Jacobi equation, and can be obtained numerically by a method of characteristics. Of critical importance is the evaluation of the minimum difference of quasipotential between the equilibrium point and the boundary across which the transitions occur. We show that this minimum difference determines to logarithmic accuracy the mean first-passage time to the critical boundary and hence the probability of failure of the oscillatory regime. The effects of the two types of random perturbations are analyzed separately.
Upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in critically ill pediatric patients

Similar to adults, children under physiologic stress can develop an imbalance in defensive (mucosal layer, motility) and aggressive (gastric acid, bile salts, enzymes) factors responsible for maintaining a healthy gastrointestinal tract. Hypoxia in the gastrointestinal tract likely disrupts the defensive factors, thereby permitting damage by aggressive factors to upper gastrointestinal epithelium that may progress to stress ulceration and acute upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding (UGIB). The basic pathophysiology may be similar in children and adults; however, differences in the time to developing ulceration, ulcer location, and number of ulcers have been reported. Functional development of the gastrointestinal tract is influenced by disease, gestational and postnatal age, and exposure to and type of enteral feedings, thereby confounding the development and prophylaxis of UGIB in neonates and infants. In addition, pharmacotherapy decisions are often complicated by drug administration issues and adverse effects.
Measurement of magnetic fluctuation-induced heat transport in tokamaks and RFP

It has long been recognized that fluctuations in the magnetic field are a potent mechanism for the anomalous transport of energy in confined plasmas. The energy transport process originates from particle motion along magnetic fields, which have a fluctuating component in the radial direction (perpendicular to the confining equilibrium magnetic surfaces). A key feature is that the transport can be large even if the fluctuation amplitude is small. If the fluctuations are resonant with the equilibrium magnetic field (i.e., the fluctuation amplitude is constant along an equilibrium field line) then a small fluctuation can introduce stochasticity to the field line trajectories. Particles following the chaotically wandering field lines can rapidly carry energy across the plasma.
Reactivities of thiol and thione phosphorus (V) esters in nonmicellized amphiphiles

Abstract Rate constants of reactions of OH- with thiol and thione phosphorus (V) esters are increased by cationic surfactants, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, and mesylate (CTAX, X = Br, OMs) and there are double rate maxima at [CTAX] ≈ the critical micelle concentration (cmc). The esters are R′2 PO · SR, 1a, R′ = OEt; R = Ph; 1bR ′ = R = Ph; 1c, R′ = Ph, R = OEt and Parathion, (EtO)2 PS · OC6H4NO2 (4). In CTAOMs maximum rate enhancements are by factors of ca. 20 in 0.01 M OH- and are slightly lower in CTABr and at higher [OH-]. Changes in 1 H chemical shifts of CTAOMs on addition of 1b show that complexes form below the cmc. Reaction of OH- with 1b is speeded by tri-n-octyl methylammonium mesylate. These results show that submicellar complexes of substrate and hydrophobic ammonium ions are more reactive towards OH- than free substrate.