cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A potential generation gap: perspectives on female leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the potential relationship between generational membership and perspectives on female leadership. Design/methodology/approach – Participants from Generation X (birth years from 1961 to 1980) and Generation Y (birth years from 1981 to 2000) rated 10 descriptor words, which came from Kouzes and Posner’s ten most admired leadership characteristics. Participants were put into three gender conditions: rating a male leader, female leader or gender-neutral leader. Findings – Differences did not emerge for the gender conditions, probably due to the methodology implemented. However, findings indicated that Generation X members admired competency and honesty more than Generation Y members, while Generation Y members admired ambitiousness and determination more than Generation X members. Social implications – By examining the perceptions of different generations, we can begin to track potential changes in this country’s perspective on female leadership. Originality/v...
A theoretical and experimental investigation of a family of minimum-weight simply-supported beams

Space and force diagrams are presented for a family of simply-supported minimum-weight beam structures. The analytical methods, used to determine volume and displacements for a structure with different strength in tension and compression, are reviewed using the simplest circular arc beam example. The full design of a non-trivial symmetrical beam is described. The use of power series solutions and a matrix operator numerical method, developed for plane-strain slip-line field theory, are described to determine the beam layouts. The results of testing beam models, manufactured using both laser free-form sintering of nylon powder and CNC milling of aluminum alloy plate, are compared to the theoretical predictions of stiffness and maximum load capability. The theoretical predictions are shown to provide excellent agreement with both the isotropic aluminum test structure, and with the strongly bi-modulus nylon test structures.
Windblown Dust Potential from Oilseed Cropping Systems in the Pacific Northwest United States

Published in Agron. J. 106:1147–1152 (2014) doi:10.2134/agronj13.0384 Copyright © 2014 by the American Society of Agronomy, 5585 Guilford Road, Madison, WI 53711. All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ABSTRACT
The origin of galaxies: A review of recent theoretical developments and their confrontation with observation

The subject of Galaxy Formation has advanced considerably during the past decade. On the theoretical side two theories in particular have been developed to the point where confrontation with observation will be possible; these are the "Gravitational Instability Picture" and the "Cosmic Turbulence Theory." These theories are discussed at some length here, with particular attention to the question of the origin of cosmic angular momentum and the nature of the initial conditions. There is now a considerable body of data on galaxies; the problem is in deciding which kind of observation is most relevant to understanding the origin of galaxies. Throughout the review an attempt is made both to put the present research in its historical perspective and to stress the possibilities for future advances towards the goal of understanding the origin of cosmic structure.
A Transport Model with Coupled Ternary Exchange and Chemisorption Retention for Hydrazinium Cations

A numerical model was developed to describe the fate and transport of hydrazinium (N2H5+) and competing Ca2+ and H+ cations applied in acidic solutions to columns of Ca2+/H+-saturated sandy soil during steady saturated flow conditions. Instantaneous ternary H+-Ca2+-N2H5+ cation exchange using the Gaines-Thomas approach was combined with second-order, irreversible, kinetic chemisorption of exchange-phase N2H5+ ions as major retention mechanisms for N2H5+. Exchange-mediated chemisorption is assumed to occur as chemical binding of N2H5+ ions located on carboxyl-group exchange sites to nearby carbonyl groups, consequently decreasing the effective soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). Comparison of simulated and observed breakthrough curves (BTCs) for concentrations of N2H5+ and Ca2+ ions in column effluent was used in model evaluation. The cation transport model with cation exchange coupled with exchange-mediated chemisorption provided a valid first approximation for N2H5+ transport.
The effect of thyroidectomy on testicular size and on the photorefractory period in the starling (Sturnus vulgaris L.)

Thyroidectomy of Starlings prior to exposure to long photo-periods (17L:7D) resulted in a failure of testes to regress after an initial size increase. Thyroidectomy after four weeks of such exposure resulted in testicular regression followed by a second period of size increase. Testicular size was correlated with androgen secretion as indicated by yellowing of the bill. The effect of thyroidectomy was not due to increased gonadal sensitivity to gonadotrophins and not due to the requirement of the presence of the thyroid for regression per se. Presumably thyroidectomy results in higher gonadotrophin secretion. Thyroidectomy did not affect the termination of the photorefractory period in the fall. Thyroidectomized Starlings had higher body weights than controls.
The House's policy reversal on gun control: Agency discretion and the durability of interest group deals

Purpose – This paper aims to examine why a legislature would repeal an interest group deal. Design/methodology/approach–This paper provides a case study of the House of Representatives’ roll call reversal on the Brady Bill. The House voted against the Brady Bill in 1988 giving a victory to pro‐gun interest groups. It then reversed itself and voted for the Brady Bill in 1993.Findings – This paper finds that changes in the democratic party leadership may be responsible for the House's policy reversal on gun control.Practical implications – These findings suggest that in a principal–agent relationship, the agent has some discretion. In this case, the principal (elected members of a party in the US House) hires an agent (its leadership) to organize their teamwork to produce legislative output. The leadership has some discretion in making interest group deals.Originality/value – The paper shows how changes in leadership reduce the durability of interest group deals.
Known-Item Search: Variations on a Concept

The concept of known-item search has long been central to research and application in library and information science. It is surprising then that this concept has received practically no systematic discussion. We survey the various conceptual and operational characterizations of known-item search in the LIS literature in order to determine exactly how the concept is being understood by its users. We demonstrate that this apparently simple notion is actually quite complex and varied, and moreover, that there is hardly a single feature ordinarily associated with it that can confidently be said to be an essential part of the concept.
Xenobiotic- and Vitamin D-responsive Induction of the Steroid/bile acid-sulfotransferase Sult2A1 in Young and Old Mice: The role of a Gene Enhancer in the Liver Chromatin

The xenobiotic-activated nuclear receptors PXR (pregnane X receptor) and CAR (constitutive androstane receptor) and the vitamin D(3)-activated nuclear receptor VDR regulate steroid and xenobiotic metabolism by inducing the phase I cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, phase II conjugating transferases, and the phase III transporters, which mediate the efflux of water-soluble lipid metabolites from cells. Metabolic stress due to the deviant expression of steroid- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes is known to have severe health consequences including accelerated aging, and increased expression of these enzymes is associated with extended longevity [Gachon, F, Olela, FF, Schaad, O, Descombes, P and Schibler, U, 2006. The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification. 4, 25-36.; McElwee, JJ, Schuster, E, Blanc, E, Thomas, JH and Gems, D, 2004. Shared Transcriptional Signature in Caenorhabditis elegans Dauer Larvae and Long-lived daf-2 Mutants Implicates Detoxification System in Longevity Assurance. J. Biol. Chem., 279, 44533-43.]. Information on the similarities and dissimilarities in drug metabolism between the young and old, as may be uncovered by studying aging regulation of the genes relevant to steroid and xenobiotic metabolism, is likely to have clinical significance. In this report, we examined the VDR- and PXR-mediated gene induction of the phase II sulfotransferase Sult2A1 in the livers of 4-month- and 20-month-old mice. Sult2A1 converts bile acids, steroids and a number of drugs to the corresponding sulfated metabolites, which are readily eliminated from the body due to increased water solubility. In RT-PCR assay, aging did not change the induction of Sult2A1 mRNAs by the hormonally active vitamin D(3) and the catatoxic synthetic steroid PCN (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) from liver nuclei showed that aging had no effect on the activity of an IR0 enhancer in the Sult2A1 chromatin to recruit VDR, RXR-alpha (retinoid X receptor) and PXR in mice injected with D(3) or PCN. Thus, mice in late life are as competent as those in early life in responding to the hormonal and xenobiotic signaling for Sult2A1 induction. This is the first report describing the role of aging in the functional response of an enhancer in the liver chromatin to the nuclear receptor-dependent signaling.
Linguistic Word Classes in the Spoken Language of Normal, Hard-of-Hearing, and Deaf Children

The spoken language of three groups of subjects—normal, hard-of-hearing, and deaf—was analyzed by means of a new classification system devised by Jones, Goodman, and Wepman. Each spoken word was so...
Test anxiety and self-schemas

High and low test-anxious subjects evaluated positively and negatively toned statements as either self-descriptive or other-descriptive. The endorsement results were in accord with the existence of different self-schemas. Specifically, anxious subjects accepted more negative material as self-descriptive. Because the self-concept provides a highly effective cognitive structure for the integration of information, consideration of this difference should be beneficial in altering the effect of test anxiety on learning.
MEASUREMENT AND PARTITIONING OF IN SITU CARBON DIOXIDE FLUXES IN TURFGRASSES USING A PRESSURIZED CHAMBER

Field measurements of photosynthesis in turfgrass often are conducted with hand-held chambers that are temporarily placed over the canopy and soil. Because gas exchange measurements include soil respiration (R,), results do not represent net canopy photosynthesis (P c , n e t ) but rather net ecosystem exchange of CO 2 (NEE) or gross canopy photosynthesis (P g ) less the sum of canopy respiration (R c ) and R 8 . Chambers attached to steady-state, portable photosynthesis systems normally are partially pressurized, which may partially suppress R, (depending on pressure magnitude and soil moisture and type) and may overestimate NEE. Objectives of this research were to: (i) develop a chamber in which pressure could be manipulated, (ii) measure CO 2 fluxes at neutral pressure (chamber pressure equals atmospheric) to estimate NEE; (iii) measure P c , n e t by applying increasing pressure until R, is prevented from entering the chamber, and (iv) partition CO 2 fluxes among P g , R c , and R s . Pressure fluctuations of ′1.0 Pa were uncontrollable, which caused large differences in CO 2 exchanges near neutral pressure and prevented measurements of NEE. Chamber pressurization from 50 to 200 Pa suppressed most but not all R g , which disallowed measurement of P c , n e t using a single pressurized reading. A new procedure provided estimates of P c , n e t R c , and P, from pressurized measurements of turf under sunlit and shaded conditions and from turf clipped at ground level. Flux from clipped plots under pressurization provided estimates of R s that could not be suppressed with pressure. This was subtracted from pressurized readings over sunlit and shaded unclipped canopies to estimate P c , n e t and R c , respectively.
Sensory transduction in Escherichia coli: two complementary pathways of information processing that involve methylated proteins.

Abstract The properties of two classes of behavioral mutants of Escherichia coli (called tsr and tar) are described. The mutations in these strains define two complementary pathways of information flow in bacterial chemotaxis: behavioral responses to one set of stimuli are defective in tsr mutants, while responses to a complementary set of stimuli are defective in tar mutants. A double mutant containing both genetic lesions is defective in responses to all stimuli tested. The behavioral defects are shown to correlate with alterations in the properties of a methylation reaction involved in chemotaxis. Two independent sets of methyl-accepting proteins are demonstrated in the wild type, each set functioning in one of the two pathways mentioned above. Methylation of one set of proteins is defective in tsr mutants, while methylation of the complementary set is defective in tar mutants. The double mutant shows no methylation of either set. The relationship between the genetic loci (tsr and tar) and the methyl-accepting proteins is discussed.
PULSAR Io EFFECT.

Burbidge and Strittmatter1 have suggested that a small orbiting companion of a neutron star might trigger pulses of radio emission, in a way analogous to the Io effect in Jupiter. They propose a satellite of mass m < 1027 g, to avoid difficulties with gravitational radiation, orbiting at a distance R = 108 cm to give a period of the order observed in pulsars.
Human Identification based on 3D Ear Models

Two 3D ear recognition systems using structure from motion (SFM) and shape from shading (SFS) techniques, respectively, are explored. Segmentation of the ear region is performed using interpolation of ridges and ravines identified in each frame in a video sequence. For the SFM system, salient features are tracked across the video sequence and are reconstructed in 3D using a factorization method. Reconstructed points located within the valid ear region are stored as the ear model. The dataset used consists of video sequences for 48 subjects. Each test model is optimally aligned to the database models using a combination of geometric transformations which result in a minimal partial Hausdorff distance. For the SFS system, the ear structure is recovered by using reflectance and illumination properties of the scene. Shape matching is performed via iterative closest point. Based on our results, we conclude that both structure from motion and shape from shading are viable approaches for 3D ear recognition from video sequences.
Dunes on Saturn’s moon Titan as revealed by the Cassini Mission

Dunes on Titan, a dominant landform comprising at least 15% of the surface, represent the end product of many physical processes acting in alien conditions. Winds in a nitrogen-rich atmosphere with Earth-like pressure transport sand that is likely to have been derived from complex organics produced in the atmosphere. These sands then accumulate into large, planet-encircling sand seas concentrated near the equator. Dunes on Titan are predominantly linear and similar in size and form to the large linear dunes of the Namib, Arabian and Saharan sand seas. They likely formed from wide bimodal winds and appear to undergo average sand transport to the east. Their singular form across the satellite indicates Titan’s dunes may be highly mature, and may reside in a condition of stability that permitted their growth and evolution over long time scales. The dunes are among the youngest surface features, as even river channels do not cut through them. However, reorganization time scales of large linear dunes on Titan are likely tens of thousands of years. Thus, Titan’s dune forms may be long-lived and yet be actively undergoing sand transport. This work is a summary of research on dunes on Titan after the Cassini Prime and Equinox Missions (2004–2010) and now during the Solstice Mission (to end in 2017). It discusses results of Cassini data analysis and modeling of conditions on Titan and it draws comparisons with observations and models of linear dune formation and evolution on Earth.
The Political Economy of Putin’s Russia. Pekka Sutela

(2012). The Political Economy of Putin’s Russia. Pekka Sutela. Eurasian Geography and Economics: Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 550-552.
Characterization of a cDNA encoding a protein involved in formation of the skeleton during development of the sea urchin Lytechinus pictus.

Abstract In order to investigate the role of proteins in the formation of mineralized tissues during development, we have isolated a cDNA that encodes a protein that is a component of the organic matrix of the skeletal spicule of the sea urchin, Lytechinus pictus. The expression of the RNA encoding this protein is regulated over development and is localized to the descendents of the micromere lineage. Comparison of the sequence of this cDNA to homologous cDNAs from other species of urchin reveal that the protein is basic and contains three conserved structural motifs: a signal peptide, a proline-rich region, and an unusual region composed of a series of direct repeats. Studies on the protein encoded by this cDNA confirm the predicted reading frame deduced from the nucleotide sequence and show that the protein is secreted and not glycosylated. Comparison of the amino acid sequence to databases reveal that the repeat domain is similar to proteins that form a unique β-spiral supersecondary structure.
High Resolution Dynamic Ultrasonic Imaging

"Dynamic" imaging of superficial body organs has increased the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound. A linear array clinical system has been developed to provide dynamic, high-resolution examinations. This system provides a simultaneous wide-range gray scale B-mode image and calibrated A-mode image on the same display. Use of a TV monitor allows full gray scale representation of the 45 dB echo amplitude range after appropriate logarithmic amplification. The A-mode is presented immediately below the B-mode display and represents the echo amplitude information along the central axis. The ultrasonic probe in the instrument contains a linear array of 35 elements which makes direct contact with the skin. Electronic scanning is performed by custom-made multi-plexers in the probe at a 60 frame per second rate. Push-buttons in the hand-held probe allow for remote frame-freezing, photographic documentation or control of a videotape recorder. The 32 scan lines of the individual transducer elements are expanded to 256 lines on the video display using electronic interpolation to provide a smooth, full B-mode image without streaking, and television crispening techniques used on the ultrasonic signals sharpen the image. A microprocessor in the system aids in controlling system function and simplifies the operational controls adjusted by the physician.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Understanding Bullying in an Affluent, Academically Rigorous U.S. High School: A Grounded Theory Analysis

Students and staff members from a U.S. high school were asked to discuss their understanding of bullying within the context of their school social environment. Findings from the grounded theory analysis suggest that understandings of bullying are socially constructed and that how bullying is understood is influenced by context and by the negotiation of identity within that context. Furthermore, subjects focused on drama, a form of social interaction considered far more common than bullying. Findings suggest that research on bullying may benefit from shifting its emphasis on defining bullying and establishing prevalence, to exploring youths' contextual and developmental perspectives.
Groundwater-induced redox-gradients control soil properties and phosphorus availability across four headwater wetlands, New York, USA

Hydrochemical patterns across groundwater-fed wetlands, especially carbonate and redox gradients, can influence phosphorus (P) availability by controlling its distribution among different soil pools. We explored these linkages by comparing shallow (5–20 cm) soil properties along groundwater flowpaths in two rich fens, a marl fen, and a poor fen. Organic matter content, bulk density, and total elemental content varied more with depth to underlying drift materials than with water table fluctuation, but also were influenced by groundwater discharge, which stabilized water table elevations and controlled redox conditions. Total sulfur and calcium content increased where pore-water chemistry indicated active iron and sulfate reduction. Calcium mineral dynamics, however, did not appear to influence P availability: first, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) accounted for <2% of the soil composition, except in the marl fen where it accounted for 20–25% of the soil composition. Second, Ca-bound P pools, determined from hydrochloric extraction of wet soil samples, accounted for <25% of the inorganic soil P pool. In contrast, iron-bound P determined from bicarbonate-buffered dithionite solution, accounted for 50–80% of the inorganic soil P, and increased where there was evidence of groundwater mixing, as did P release rates inferred from incubated anion resin bags. The total carbon and phosphorus content of organic-rich soils as well as available and labile P pools were strongly correlated with pore-water iron and alkalinity concentrations. Groundwater discharge and resulting hydrochemical gradients explained significant variation in soil composition and P availability across each site. Results highlight the importance of conducting biogeochemical studies in the context of a site’s shallow geologic setting and suggest mechanisms supporting the diverse plant species unique to groundwater wetlands.
Effects of renin-angiotensin system in mediating endothelin-induced renal vasoconstriction: therapeutic implications.

Purpose Experiments were designed to determine whether angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with quinaprilat can prevent endothelin-mediated decreases in renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate in the anesthetized dog. Methods To mimic the activation of the renal endothelin system that occurs in a number of cardiorenal disease states, endothelin was administered intrarenally in a group of mongrel dogs. Quinaprilat, the major active metabolite of quinapril, was infused in a separate group. One kidney (group 1) or both kidneys (group 2) were exposed in order to measure renal blood flow by an electromagnetic flow probe. Mean arterial blood pressure was measured through a catheter in a femoral vein. Blood samples were taken to determine plasma renin activity. Urine was collected. Results The infusion of endothelin decreased renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate and increased renal vascular resistance. These renal vascular responses were associated with increased plasma renin activity, indicating activation of the renal renin-angiotensin system. Quinaprilat attenuated the renal vascular responses. Conclusions These studies provide further evidence of the importance of the renal renin-angiotensin system in mediating the renal vasoconstrictor actions of endothelin and indicate the therapeutic potential for quinapril in opposing the actions of endothelin in states of excessive endothelin activation.
Clinical studies of β‐thioguanine deoxyriboside alone and in combination with arabinosyl cytosine

Beta-thioguanine deoxyriboside (betaTGdR) is a purine nucleoside derivative which was studied alone or in combination with arabinosyl cytosine (Ara-C) in patients with solid tumors and acute leukemia. No significant responses were observed in 22 patients with solid tumors. The response rate with betaTGdR alone in acute leukemia was 26% and in combination with Ara-C was 24%. Responses were generally of short duration. Toxicity included myelosuppression, nausea, stomatitis, hyperpigmentation, photosensitivity, and liver function abnormalities.
Livening virtual reference with screencasting and screen sharing

Purpose – As the usage of virtual reference services continues to increase, libraries must consider ways to remedy the lack of ability to visually demonstrate during teaching moments when conducting reference transactions over e‐mail, instant messaging or chat, and text messaging. This paper seeks to address these issues.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a brief overview of a selection of free tools for screencasting and screen sharing, including Jing, Screencast‐o‐matic, Screencastle, Screenjelly, Dimdim, Yuuguu, and ShowMyPC.Findings – The paper finds that each free tool has its positive and negative features, but with so many accessible options available, most libraries should be able to find a tool that will work for their needs.Originality/value – The paper offers insight into the strong availability of free tools, many web‐based, for screencasting and screen sharing, providing an overview of the functionality of each.
The relation of aggression, hostility, and anger to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by blood monocytes from normal men

Abstract Aggression, hostility, and anger significantly predict morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). ACVD is believed to be an inflammatory disease characterized by increased expression of a number of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. This study examined the relation of aggression, hostility, and anger to monocyte-associated TNF-α expression following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Participants were 62 healthy, non-smoking men (aged 18–45 years). Hostility, anger, verbal, and physical aggression were assessed using the Buss–Perry aggression questionnaire (BPAQ). LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression was determined using dual-color flow cytometry gating for CD14 + cells. After controlling for age, race, education, and alcohol use, scores on the hostility ( p = .013), physical aggression ( p = .010), and verbal aggression ( p = .034) subscales, and the total score ( p = .007) on the BPAQ were positively associated with LPS-stimulated TNF-α expression. The results suggest that hostility and aggression are associated with an increased expression of TNF-α, a cytokine implicated in ACVD.
Minds, Brains, and Quantum Mechanics

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la lecture physicaliste, reductive ou non-reductive, de la mecanique quantique interpretee par J. von Neumann n'echappe pas aux pieges du cartesianisme en ce qui concerne l'explication du role particulier de l'esprit ou de la conscience de l'observateur des evenements physiques, sur la scene de la nature
SYNTHESIS OF FACTOR VIII BY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Factor VIII circulates in plasma in vivo as a high molecular weight (>1, 200 Kd) complex composed of two different glycoproteins. The major component (probably about 99% by weight) of the complex is called Factor VIII: von Willebrand Factor (VII:vWF) and is composed of 200–225 Kd disulfide-linked subunits. VIII: vWF can be measured antigenically as VIII: RAg using several different sensitive and specific immunoassays and is present in normal plasma at levels of about 10 μg/ml (1–5). VIII:vWF can also be measured functionally using several different types of assays including those involving the aggregation of platelets by the antibiotic ristocetin and those utilizing fixed platelets as a source of VIII: vWF receptor (5–7). VIII: RAg and VIII: vWF levels are both normal or increased in plasma from patients with hemophilia A and decreased in plasma from patients with classical von Willebrand’s disease (4–6). The other component of the complex is called antihemophilic factor (VIII: AHF or VIII: C) and is thought to have a molecular weight of about 285 Kd in the native state though present purifications yield a partially proteolyzed but functionally active product (5, 8–12). VIII: C can be measured antigenically as VIII: CAg by specific immunoassay (5, 13, 14) and is present in plasma at levels of <100 ng/ml. VIII: C can also be measured functionally using a specific clotting assay for procoagulant Factor VIII. VIII: CAg and VIII: C levels are reduced in plasma from most patients with hemophilia A and classical von Willebrand’s disease (5, 13, 14). While VIII: vWF and VIII: C circulate in plasma as a complex, they can be separated by a variety of procedures in vitro (5, 15, 16) and are not related antigenically (5, 13) (see reference 5 for a comprehensive recent review of the factor VIII complex).
Healthy Animals with Extreme Longevity

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , mutations that inhibit insulin/IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1) signaling, such as daf-2 insulin/IGF-1 receptor mutations, can double the life-span of the animal ([ 1 ][1]). Removing the germ-line precursor cells also extends life-span by approximately 60
A critical appraisal of the systematic review process: systematic reviews of zirconia single crowns.

Statement of problem Systematic reviews analyze the data of published research in an effort to assemble the scientific evidence to help clinicians apply evidence-based information in decision making. The quality of systematic reviews varies greatly. Purpose The purpose of this study was to critically appraise the current systematic review process by evaluating systematic reviews that pertain to zirconia-based single crowns. Materials and methods The following PICO (patients, intervention, comparison, outcome) question was formulated: “In adults, how does the long-term prognosis of zirconia-based single crowns compare with conventional single crowns on natural teeth?” An electronic search was performed in PubMed and the Cochran Library for articles published in English between 1950 and October 2012. Additional manual searches were completed. To be included in the analysis, the study must have been a systematic review, published in an English-speaking peer-reviewed journal, and evaluated zirconia crowns on teeth. Two examiners qualitatively evaluated the publications with an Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews checklist and the Oxford Systematic Review Appraisal form. Results Three systematic reviews were identified that met the search criteria. Two studies met 5 of the 11 Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews criteria, whereas the third met only 1 criterion. The same 2 studies met 3 of the 5 Oxford Systematic Review Appraisal criteria and the third met only 2 criteria. Conclusion Because of the variation in methodologies, systematic reviews should be interpreted cautiously. The Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews Checklist and the Oxford Systematic Review Appraisal Sheet are practical tools for appraising and determining the quality of systematic reviews.
Capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination as first- or second-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer: a Wisconsin Oncology Network trial

Purpose Several cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens are active against metastatic breast cancer; however, benefits are modest and overall prognosis remains limited. For anthracycline and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer, there remains a relative paucity of therapies with significant activity. This Phase II study evaluated the combination of capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) among patients with metastatic breast cancer being treated in the first- or second-line setting.
Suicide in a South African Town: A Cultural Psychological Investigation:

Paarl, a large South African town, has experienced a dramatic increase in suicide among young, professional Coloured men during the period 1990 to 2000. Interviews were conducted with surviving family members and friends, and subjected to a qualitative, interpretative analysis. Theoretically and methodologically, cultural psychology is presented as a critical alternative to mainstream academic literature on suicide within psychology and sociology. Hence, the suicides of the young men are read as a cultural phenomenon within a particular post-Apartheid context. Cultural certitude and identity are presented as organising dialectic and phenomenological hermeneutic.
Research and Development and the Price of Oil

The future price of oil is an important parameter in many planning and management functions. Due to the nonrenewable nature of oil and other conventional energy resources, the economically optimal (i.e., profit maximizing) current price depends upon expectations of future energy supplies. This relationship leads to the conclusion that energy research and development has economic benefits in the form of lower short-term fossil fuel prices—benefits on the order of billions of dollars. These benefits should be considered in determining the magnitude of the energy R&D effort.
Thermal Oxidation of Parylene X

Up until recently the only parylene polymers that existed were linear chain polymers, the most common of which are poly(p-xylylene) (parylene N) and poly(chloro-p-xylylene) (parylene C). Both of these polymers have a strong sensitivity towards oxygen and UV light in the presence of oxygen. They are both reactive towards oxygen and subsequently lose mass via chain scission, however cross-linked or networked polymers have much different degradation mechanisms since chain scission is not readily available due to the connectivity of the polymer chains. In this study it is observed that poly(ethynyl-p-xylylene)-co-poly(p-xylylene) (parylene X) is stable to 300 °C in air for one hour after a 1 h post-deposition vacuum anneal at 380 °C, whereas parylene N is stable to just 200 °C for 1 h in air under the same conditions, for 1705 A and 1826 A thin films, respectively. After 1000 h at 150 °C in air, parylene X loses little if no film thickness (<0.2%), whereas parylene N loses 7%; however, chain scission is initiated in the parylene X thin films at 362 h. Chain scission is also observed with the birefringence data and in the infrared spectroscopy spectra. The data do not suggest parylene X is more stable than parylene N, but rather its degradation mechanism is much different due to its networked structure, which may have implications for its thermo-mechanical properties. Infrared spectroscopic and ellipsometric data will be presented as a function of time and temperature for both the aforementioned polymers.
Interaction between a magnetic dipole and a superconducting sphere.

On the basis of the Meissner effect and the London theory of superconductivity, we theoretically studied the interaction between a magnetic point dipole and a superconducting sphere. Furthermore, the force acting on the tip of a magnetic force microscope from a superconducting sphere was derived on the basis of the London theory of superconductivity. For a micro-system, we derived an analytical expression of the repelling forces as a function of the London penetration depth λ(T) and suggest an experimental method to measure λ(T) as a function of temperature T. From the model study, we show the invalidity of the frequency used image method for some superconductor-magnet systems.
Partial molar volume and solvation structure of naphthalene in supercritical carbon dioxide: a Monte Carlo simulation study.

Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the solvation of naphthalene in supercritical carbon dioxide at a temperature of 308.38 K just above the solvent's critical temperature and at pressures of 74.6, 79.7, 87.8, and 310.2 bar covering a range from just below to far above the solvent's critical pressure and at a slightly elevated temperature of 318.15 K and a pressure of 93.0 bar. The Monte Carlo simulations were carried out in the isobaric−isothermal ensemble and employed the transferable potentials for phase equilibria (TraPPE) force field. Systems containing 2000 carbon dioxide molecules and from 0 to 4 solute molecules were used for all five state points, and additional simulations with 16 000 solvent molecules were carried out at the lower temperature and p = 79.7 bar. In agreement with experiment, the simulations yield large, negative partial molar volumes of naphthalene near the critical pressure at 79.7 bar, with values of −4340 ± 750 and −3400 ± 620 cm3 mol-1 for the 2000 and 16 000 mol...
Triadic energy transfers in non-helical magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

The eddy-damped quasi-normal Markovian (EDQNM) two-point statistical closure model is used to study the non-linear triadic energy transfer processes in three-dimensional, incompressible, isotropic, non-helical magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the primitive variable formulation. The triadic transfer functions, which arise from the closure of the three-point correlations in the kinetic energy and magnetic energy spectrum evolution equations, are calculated for non-helical MHD turbulence as a function of wavenumber $k$ for given values of $(p,q)$ with $q$ fixed and $p$ varied. These functions describe the magnitude of the energy transferred into or out of a given mode with wavenumber $k$ due to all allowed interactions of modes with wavenumbers $p$ and $q$ satisfying ${\bf k}={\bf p}+{\bf q}$ , and their integrals over all $p$ and $q$ yield the kinetic energy and magnetic energy transfer spectra. Rather than solving the time-dependent, coupled EDQNM equations using initial, prescribed energy spectra, assumed forms of the kinetic energy spectrum $E_{v}(k)$ and the magnetic energy spectrum $E_{B}(k)$ having both a production subrange spectrum proportional to $k$ and a Kolmogorov inertial subrange spectrum proportional to $k^{-5/3}$ are used to evaluate instantaneous values of the triadic transfer functions. The two cases $r_{A}\,{=}\,1$ and $\frac12$ are considered, where $r_{A}$ is the Alfven ratio. The individual contributions to the transfer functions are also computed in order to determine the dominant interactions that contribute to the total spectral energy transfers. The triadic transfers exhibit forms similar to those found in previous studies of incompressible, isotropic Navier–Stokes turbulence. The non-local-in-wavenumber triadic interactions dominate the local-in-wavenumber interactions, which indicates that the transfer process in non-helical MHD turbulence is primarily local in scale. As the Alfven ratio decreases, it was found that the most non-local triadic interactions resulted in kinetic energy input and magnetic energy removal at most wavenumbers $k$ . The decomposition of the triadic kinetic and magnetic energy transfer functions into their constituents showed that increasing non-locality of the wavenumber interaction involving modes $p$ and $q$ responsible for the net energy transfer into a given wavenumber $k$ corresponds to a qualitative change in the cascade dynamics; namely, there is less energy removal at smaller $k$ and primarily energy input at nearly all $k$ . An increased degree of non-locality also results in more cancellation between constituent triadic transfer functions.
Age of the South Bight II marine transgression at Amchitka Island, Aleutians

Uranium-series dating of fossil shells and bone yielded an average age of 127,000 ± 8,000 yr for the fossiliferous deposit of the South Bight II marine transgression at Amchitka Island, Aleutians. These Pleistocene beds were deposited during an interglacial high sea stand contemporaneous with the well-dated period of coral-reef formation on Hawaii and Barbados about 125,000 yr ago.
The Effect of a Physician Assistant on the Hospitalization of Nursing Home Residents

OBJECTIVES: To describe the impact of regular visits to a nursing home by a gerontologist physician assistant (PA) on the hospitalization and medical costs of patients. DESIGN: A 6-year case series (1992–1997) incorporating events before and after introduction of a PA in May 1994. The PA visited the nursing home 3 to 4 times per week, provided nearly all of the acute medical care, and alternated routine visits with supervising physicians. SETTING: A 92-bed teaching nursing home in central Georgia. MEASUREMENTS: Demographics of the nursing home population; hospitalizations of residents, including major diagnosis and length of stay; number and site of all resident deaths; costs of physician and PA services and hospital costs. RESULTS: After the introduction of the physician assistant, the number of annual hospital admissions fell by 38.0%, and the total number of hospital days per 1000 patient years fell by 68.6% (from 4170 in 1992 to 1310 in 1997). The number of nursing home visits increased by 62.1%. Annual Medicare-allowed charges for MD and PA services increased by $22,304, but this was more than offset by a decline in hospital DRG reimbursements of $96,043. CONCLUSIONS: The introduction of regular visits to nursing home patients by a physician assistant can reduce hospitalization and medical costs of these frail older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 46:610–614, 1998.
SODIUM AND CHLORIDE BALANCE IN CATS AS AFFECTED BY DIABETES INSIPIDUS, ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY, AND PITRESSIN INJECTIONS

IT HAS PREVIOUSLY BEEN SHOWN (1, 2) that the usual post-adrenalectomy changes in serum sodium and chloride do not occur in cats with diabetes insipidus, unless pitressin is injected. Since it has been suggested (3–5) that changes in plasma electrolytes in adrenal insufficiency may be secondary to abnormal excretion of these substances, it becomes of interest to determine whether or not there is any difference between polyuric and non-polyuric animals in their excretion of electrolytes after adrenalectomy. We have sought to obtain evidence regarding a possible role of the posterior lobe of the pituitary in electrolyte metabolism, both in the presence and absence of the adrenals, and the present paper, accordingly, is concerned with the excretion of sodium and chloride in diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency, and in the presence of both syndromes combined, together with the effect of pitressin injections on electrolyte excretion in these conditions.
On the impossibility of linear Cauchy and Piola-Kirchhoff constitutive theories for stress in solids

We investigate the possibility of linear elasticity as an infinitesimal theory based on a genuinely linear response function which retains its validity even for finite deformations. Careful consideration of the domain of definition of the stress response function, the definition of linearity and the notion of material frame-indifference leads to our main result that an exact linear constitutive theory for elastic solids is impossible. We then generalize our result to viscoelasticity theory where the stress response is dependent on deformation gradient histories.
Properties of placental alkaline phosphatase. 3. Thermostability and urea inhibition of isolated components of the three common phenotypes.

Different heat inactivation rates were found among the three common homozygous human placental alkaline phosphatase phenotypes with respect to component I (the rapidly migrating component). Phenotype I1 was less stable than F1 and S1, while types F1 and S1 exhibited very similar thermostabilities, F1 being slightly more stable than S1. Components I, IIα (the fastest of the slow-moving components), and IIβ (the group of the very slowly migrating components) had different heat stabilities, IIβ being the most stable and I the least stable. Magnesium greatly increased the heat stability of all tested phenotypes. Placental alkaline phosphatase was found to be less heat resistant than reported previously. All phenotypes were equally inhibited over urea concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 8 m. No difference in the inhibition rate was found among components I, IIα, IIβ, and the crude placental butanol extract. The altered electrophoretic pattern of the crude placental extract obtained by urea starch gel electrophoresis was considered as being most likely due to reversible changes in the folding of the molecules.
An autoradiographic study of the macronuclear changes occurring in Paramecium aurelia during autogamy.

Abstract The fate of the macronucleus of Paramecium aurelia during and after autogamy has been studied in organisms grown in an axenic medium containing tritiated thymidine. Autoradiographs indicate that the DNA of the old macronucleus is not preferentially reutilized for the formation of DNA in the new macronucleus. Growth of cells in a medium containing 25 μc of tritium per ml showed marked labeling of the cytoplasm. Hydrolysis with hot acid according to Feulgen did not remove the label. This may indicate the presence of DNA in the cytoplasm. Chromatography on paper of the cellular fractions revealed that uridylic acid from RNA is radioactive. Paramecium aurelia appears capable of converting thymidine to RNA precursors followed by incorporation into RNA.
Constitutive and inducible cytochromes P450 in rat lung mitochondria: xenobiotic induction, relative abundance, and catalytic properties.

The presence of xenobiotic-inducible CYP1A1, 2B1/2, and 3A1/2 in rat lung mitochondria was investigated using mitochondrial preparations of defined purity. The mitochondrial P450 content in uninduced lung was 1.5-fold higher compared to microsomes. Administration of BNF induced the P450 contents by twofold in both mitochondrial and microsomal membrane fractions. BNF treatment induced EROD activity to about 40-fold in the microsomal fraction and 25-fold in the mitochondrial fraction. The microsomal induction was observed at 4 days of BNF treatment, while the mitochondrial induction required 10 days of treatment. Consistent with the activity profile, Western blot analysis showed the presence of CYP1A1 antibody reactive protein only in lung mitochondria from BNF-treated rats. BNF administration also caused a 50 to 80% reduction in the CYP2B1/2-associated PROD and BROD activities and CYP3A1/2-associated ERND activity in both mitochondria and microsomes. There was also a parallel reduction in the antibody reactive CYP2B1/2 and 3A1/2 proteins in both of these membrane fractions. Administration of DEX for 4 days induced mitochondrial and microsomal ERND activity by 1.7- and 2.5-fold, respectively. Mitochondrial EROD activity was inhibited by antibodies to P450MT2, as well as Adx, but not by antibody against P450 reductase, indicating the mitochondrial localization of CYP1A1. Protease protection and alkaline extraction experiments indicated that CYP1A1 associated with lung mitochondria is localized inside the inner membrane and exists as a membrane extrinsic protein. In summary, this is probably the first report of inducible P450s in rat lung mitochondria, and our results suggest a possible functional role for these mitochondrial enzymes in xenobiotic metabolism.
Racial Conflict and Cultural Politics in the United States

This article argues that recent instances of cultural conflict in the United States are part of a single, historically distinctive trend likely to intensify in the future. Recent cultural conflict springs in part from growing competition for cultural capital between dominant and subordinate racial groups in the United States. This article analyzes this conflict, treating its chief symbolic expression--"multiculturalism"--as a form of subordinate resistance to dominant group power. This article concludes that the uncertain outcome of cultural conflict in the United States reveals the absence currently of white ideological hegemony in American society.