cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What Does it Mean to Understand Language

In its earliest drafts, this paper was a structured argument, presenting a comprehensive view of cognitive science, criticizing prevailing approaches to the study of language and thought and advocating a new way of looking at things. Although I strongly believed in the approach it outlined, somehow it didn’t have the convincingness on paper that it had in my own reflection. After some discouraging attempts at reorganization and rewriting, I realized that there was a mismatch between the nature of what I wanted to say and the form in which I was trying to communicate. The understanding on which it was based does not have the form of a carefully structured framework into which all of cognitive science can be placed. It is more an orientation-a way of approaching the phenomena-that has grown out of many different experiences and influences and that bears the marks of its history. I found myself wanting to describe a path rather than justify its destination, finding that in the flow, the ideas came across more clearly. Since this collection was envisioned as a panorama of contrasting individual views, I have taken the liberty of making this chapter explicitly personal and describing the evolution of my own understanding. My interests have centered around natural language. I have been engaged in the design of computer programs that in some sense could be said to “understand language, ’ ’ and this has led to looking at many aspects of the problems, including theories of meaning, representation formalisms, and the design and construction of complex computer systems. There has been a continuous evolution in my understanding of just what it means to say that a person or computer “understands,” and this story’ can be read as recounting that evolution. It is
Synthesis and turnover of polysomal mRNAs in sea urchin embryos

The synthesis and turnover kinetics of polysomal mRNA have been measured in sea urchin embryos. Polysomes were isolated from stages ranging between mesenchyme blastula and late gastrula Strongylocentrotus purpuratus embryos which had been exposed to exogenous ^3H-guanosine. The amount of radioactivity incorporated into messenger and ribosomal RNAs was determined separately as a function of time, and the precursor pool specific activity was measured in the same embryos. Synthesis and decay rate constants were extracted from the data by a leastsquares procedure. Per embryo, the rate of mRNA synthesis was calculated to be about 0.13 pg min_(−1), while the rate of rRNA synthesis is about 0.022 pg min^(−1). The newly synthesized mRNA turns over with a half-time of 5.7 hr. The data support only a single decay rate for the mRNA, but small fractions of mRNA decaying at different rates cannot be excluded. Previous studies have shown that a minor fraction of the mRNA includes the least abundant, most highly diverse set of messages (“complex class” mRNAs). To determine whether mRNAs of the complex class are synthesized and degraded at similar rates, labeled mRNA was measured in hybrids formed in mRNA excess reactions with single copy DNA. These experiments showed that complex class mRNAs represent an approximately proportional amount of the new mRNA synthesis, and turn over at the same average rate as does the bulk of the mRNA. Most of the mRNAs in the embryo polysomes are newly synthesized, rather than maternal. This statement refers both to complex class mRNAs and to prevalent mRNAs. Considering the sequence homology between embryo and oocyte mRNAs shown earlier, these results indicate that many of the same structural genes active during oogenesis are being transcribed in embryos at these stages.
Differential Evolution and Stability of Epitope-Specific CD8+ T Cell Responses in EBV Infection

Murine models of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection suggest that the memory CD8+ T cell repertoire is reflective of the CD8+ T cell repertoire generated during acute infection. Less is known regarding the evolution of CD8+ T cell repertoires during human viral infections. We therefore examined epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses in a large cohort of individuals with acute through latent Epstein-Barr virus infection. Using 16 of 20 published EBV epitopes restricted by HLA-A2, HLA-A3 or HLA-B7, we showed that lytic cycle-specific CD8+ T cell responses predominated during acute EBV infection. However, whereas HLA-A2+-restricted BMLF-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses were maintained through latency, HLA-A2+- and HLA-B7+-restricted BZLF-1, as well as HLA-A3+-restricted BRLF-1 CD8+ T cell responses, were generated but not readily maintained. Analyses of CD8+ T cell responses to EBV latent cycle Ags showed delayed detection and lower frequencies of latent epitope-specific CD8+ T cell responses during acute EBV infection, with maintenance of these responses 1 yr post-EBV infection. Early BMLF-1 and EBNA-3A epitope-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies did not correlate with their frequencies at 1 yr postinfection. Interestingly, populations of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells were stable during 20 mo in our long term EBV-seropositive populations, suggesting homeostasis between virus and the host immune system. This study demonstrates that CD8+ T cell repertoires generated during persistent viral infections are not simply reflective of the initial pool of CD8+ T cells and provides evidence that the generation of CD8+ T cell responses to a persistent infection is a dynamic process.
Chromatid Breakage: Differential Effect of Inhibitors of DNA Synthesis during G2 Phase

The cell cycle specificity of chromatid breakage induced by inhibitors of DNA synthesis depends on the mechanism of drug action. 5-Hydroxy-2-formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone, hydroxyurea, and guanazole, compounds that inhibit ribonucleotide reductase, do not cause chromatid breakage during G 2 phase. In contrast, two active antitumor agents, arabinosylcytosine and 5-azacytidine, which are either incorporated into polynucleotides or affect DNA polymerase, produce chromatid breakage during G 2 phase. All of these agents except guanazole also induce breakage in S phase.
Is it better to add taxa or characters to a difficult phylogenetic problem

The effects on phylogenetic accuracy of adding characters and/or taxa were explored using data generated by computer simulation. The conditions of this study were constrained but allowed for systematic investigation of certain parameters. The starting point for the study was a four-taxon tree in the ``Felsenstein zone,'' representing a dif® cult phylogenetic problem with an extreme situation of long branch attraction. Taxa were added sequentially to this tree in a manner speci® cally designed to break up the long branches, and for each tree data matrices of different sizes were simulated. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed from these data using the criteria of parsimony and maximum likelihood. Phylogenetic accuracy was measured in three ways: (1) proportion of trees that are completely correct, (2) proportion of correctly reconstructed branches in all trees, and (3) proportion of trees in which the original four-taxon statement is correctly reconstructed. Accuracy improved dramatically with the addition of taxa and much more slowly with the addition of characters. If taxa can be added to break up long branches, it is much more preferable to add taxa than characters. (Long branch attraction; parsimony; phylogenetic recon- struction; simulation; taxon sampling.)
Client-server metadata management for the delivery of movies in a video-on-demand system

Describes a metadata mechanism for location, identification, and delivery of continuous media in the form of digital motion pictures and in the context of a distributed system. The metadata mechanism and supporting protocols are based on the client-server model. The mechanism can be applied to numerous application domains including multimedia-based home entertainment, catalog shopping, distance learning, and distributed-interactive classrooms. We demonstrate the practicality of our the mechanisms through a prototype application based on home entertainment. >
Optimal vegetation maintenance scheduling of overhead electric power distribution systems

Vegetation maintenance involves trimming or removing trees and brush near the overhead conductors to reduce the number of tree related outages and maintain system reliability. This paper reports a maintenance scheduling algorithm that determines the optimal location and time for performing vegetation maintenance on overhead distribution feeders. A vegetation failure rate model is developed that quantifies the impact of the maintenance schedule on the reliability of a distribution system. Using this reliability model and a predictive reliability assessment algorithm, the maintenance scheduling algorithm is formulated as a combinatorial optimization problem that considers different objective functions and constraints. After experimentation with several heuristic search techniques, a hybrid genetic algorithm-hill climbing technique consistently found the highest quality maintenance schedules. The results from applying the maintenance scheduling algorithm to a real distribution system are also presented. It is shown that the new maintenance scheduling algorithm can find lower cost and more reliable schedules as compared to standard fixed interval schedules.
Institutionalized Racism and the Education of Blacks

Research into the causes of the unsatifactory educational performance of many black students has focused on linguistic and cultural differences of black students to the neglect of institutionalized racism, which must be recognized as the major factor affecting black academic achievement. Given the nature of institutionalized racism, it becomes clear that the actual academic accomplishment of black students must not be evaluated by the same criteria employed in the evaluation of the academic accomplishment of white students. ANTHROPOLOGY AND EDUCATION, RACISM AND EDUCATION, BLACK ENGLISH, SOCIOLINGUISTICS, LANGUAGE AND EDUCATION.
Mesozooplankton influences on the microbial food web : Direct and indirect trophic interactions in the oligotrophic open ocean

The phytoplankton in warm oligotrophic regions of the open oceans is dominated by ,2-mm cells too small for efficient direct consumption by mesozooplankton. However, these primary producers are hypothetically linked to higher trophic levels via the cascading impacts of mesozooplankton grazing on intermediate consumers. To assess the magnitudes of these indirect trophic linkages, grazing experiments, involving different concentration treatments of the mixed mesozooplankton community, were performed during cruises in the subtropical North Pacific at station ALOHA. Mesozooplankton fed on a diverse assemblage of microzooplankton and nanoheterotrophs .5 mm, and their predation indirectly enhanced net growth rates of phytoplankton and 2‐5-mm heterotrophs. Increasing the concentration of mesozooplankton also enhanced growth rates of heterotrophic bacteria, but this was more likely the result of organic enrichment than trophic transfer. Scaled to their natural abundance, the indirect grazing impacts of mesozooplankton on lower trophic levels are small, accounting for ,0.005 d of the growth rates of each prey category examined. Thus, the larger consumers appear to exert little net influence on the dynamics at the base of the food web. In contrast, size-fraction manipulations of consumers between 2 and 20 mm (i.e., the nanozooplankton) elicited strong responses among bacterial populations indicative of tightly coupled predatory chain of at least two steps. Given the present results, detailed studies of the interactions among pico- and nanoplankton appear to be the most profitable avenue for improving our understanding of community structure and function in this region and for acquiring useful data for developing and validating ecosystem models of the open oceans.
The Intersection of War and Politics: The Iraq War Troop Surge and Bureaucratic Politics

This study examines the decision-making process of the George W. Bush administration which led to the decision in late 2006 to order the Iraq troop surge. The study analyzes whether the bureaucrati...
Subconfigurations of the human form in the perception of biological motion displays

Abstract We report four experiments examining processes that contribute to the perception of point-light displays of human locomotion. In three experiments, we employed a simultaneous masking paradigm to examine the visual system’s use of configural information in global analyses of biological motion displays. In the fourth experiment, we obtained descriptions of our stimulus displays from naive observers. Performance in both the detection and identification studies suggests that the visual system responded equivalently to figures exhibiting any organization of limbs that is consistent with the human form. Moreover, the subconfigurations best detected were also most likely to be described independently as depicting a human figure. Thus our findings provide evidence that the visual system can exploit characteristic subconfigurations of the human form in the perception of human locomotion.
Resolving Treatment Complications Associated with Comorbid Depression

Brad is a 30-year-old male who presents to the clinic with complaints of frequent, intense, unexpected panic attacks as well as symptoms of major depression. Following a functional analysis of his symptoms, Brad and his therapist agree to an initial treatment focus on panic disorder. As treatment progresses, and despite understanding the treatment model and reporting motivation for conducting exposure exercises, Brad has difficulty completing his exposure homework. He reports that it is hard for him to gather the motivation to conduct the exposures without help from his therapist and only manages to practice one exposure per week. He considers this to be a sign that he is a “failure.” During treatment sessions he sits slouched in his chair with a sad expression on his face. Brad sighs and says that he is considering stopping treatment, because “it isn’t working.” This thought quickly spirals into a series of thoughts about how he will never get better and will never be able to support himself” so he will have to return home and live with his parents or live on the street.” This coincides with a week of frequent and intense panic attacks, significant anticipatory anxiety and avoidance, as well as an exacerbation of depression symptoms – including passive suicidal ideation.
Sensors and wireless communication for medical care

Biological, chemical, and radiological agents can tamper with the activities of medical care providers, patient samples, and medicine administration. This results in a shut down of all medical care, leaving patients at a major risk. The technical challenge is to develop sensors to detect and monitor any violations in the medical care environment before threat to life occurs. Wireless devices must communicate multimedia data such as patient information, laboratory results, prescriptions, and X-ray and EKG reports. The reliability, security, and accuracy of these sensors and wireless devices can affect the timeliness access to information for patient monitoring. In addition, data can be corrupted, computer information systems can fail, and communication networks may experience denial of service attacks leading to complete failure of proper patient care. In this paper, we discuss security and safety issues in medical environment, the technology, types, and characteristics of sensors, and research issues in smart antennas, denial of service, fault tolerant authentication, privacy issues, and energy considerations. A discussion of sensors in patient rooms, clinics/wards, hospitals, and measurements of safety and security is presented. The available devices for sensor and wireless communication are also briefly included.
Absorption of cholesterol by the gallbladder.

To study whether cholesterol is absorbed by the gallbladder, we instilled from 1 to 300 nmoles of [4-14C]cholesterol dissolved in 1 ml of guinea pig bile into the in situ guinea pig gallbladder. The bile used in these experiments contained 7 µmole/ml bile acid, 27 nmole/ml lecithin, and 8 nmol/ml cholesterol. To this bile, we added the radioactive cholesterol, from 0 to 1 µmole/ml egg lecithin, and 100 µg/ml of bromosulfophthalein, a nonabsorbable marker. After 1 nmole [4-14C]cholesterol was instilled in bile without added lecithin, 77 ± 8% of the radioactivity was demonstrated to be in the gallbladder wall 6 hours later. The proportion of cholesterol absorbed by the gallbladder decreased as the concentration of added lecithin or bile salts was increased. Radioautography showed radioactivity in the mucosa, and subcellular fractionation of homogenized cells by centrifugation showed cholesterol in the mitochondrial (23 ± 4%) and microsomal (18 ± 4%) fractions. Studies on specific activity suggested that there was net absorption of cholesterol and not merely an exchange of cholesterol in the contents for cholesterol in the wall. This study presents evidence that significant quantities of cholesterol but not cholesterol ester can be absorbed by the guinea pig gallbladder. We also found that the absorbed cholesterol can be converted to cholesterol ester and the relevance of these findings to cholesterosis in man are discussed.
Electroless Plating of Thin Gold Films Directly onto Silicon Nitride Thin Films and into Micropores

A method to directly electrolessly plate silicon-rich silicon nitride with thin gold films was developed and characterized. Films with thicknesses <100 nm were grown at 3 and 10 °C between 0.5 and 3 h, with mean grain sizes between ∼20 and 30 nm. The method is compatible with plating free-standing ultrathin silicon nitride membranes, and we successfully plated the interior walls of micropore arrays in 200 nm thick silicon nitride membranes. The method is thus amenable to coating planar, curved, and line-of-sight-obscured silicon nitride surfaces.
Comparison and Evaluation of Methods to Apportion Ambient PM_(2.5) to Residential Wood Heating in Fairbanks, AK

Biomass burning for residential heating significantly contributes to ambient PM_(2.5) burdens in many areas, making source apportionment to wood heater emissions an important issue. This study compares and evaluates Chemical Mass Balance (CMB), levoglucosan analysis, and ^(14)C analysis methods for apportionment. Results suggest that the CMB method appears to overestimate the contribution of residential wood heating in Fairbanks, perhaps due to non-representativeness of emissions source profiles. Carbon-14 analysis allows for apportionment to biomass sources, but must be corrected for noncarbon PM_(2.5) content. Levoglucosan analysis has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive, but there is considerable uncertainty in determining conversion factors to calculate wood smoke levels from measured levoglucosan concentrations. Conversion factors in the range of 9.1 to 13.3 are calculated from previously published and experimental mass fractions of levoglucosan in wood smoke PM_(2.5). Conversion factors in the range of 10.7 to 12.9 are determined from analysis of independent field measurements of ^(14)C and levoglucosan in Fairbanks. The calculated and measured conversion factors are consistent and are similar to previously-reported values. The three apportionment methods (focused on residential wood smoke contributions) are complementary and collectively provide a means to evaluate or confirm apportionment results.
Kinetics of Solidification at Rapid Rates

A novel technique was used to measure directly the interface temperature and growth rate during solidification of pure gallium. The technique utilizes the Seebeck emf generated across two solid-liquid interfaces to determine the interface supercooling and an optical microscope to measure the solidification rates. The growth rate measurements were made in the range of about 0.08 to 1400 µm/s for 1.59 to 3.6°C interface supercoolings (ΔT) on the (111) interface of high purity gallium in glass capillaries. A plot of logv vs. 1/ΔT for dislocation-free interfaces followed two straight lines, one for higher than about 1 µm/s growth rates and the other for the lower rates. The data at the lower rates correspond to the lateral growth mechanism for which a single nucleus forms and spreads across the interface before formation of the next nucleus, while those at the higher solidification rates correspond to the lateral growth by the multi-nucleation and spreading mechanism.
FUZZY LOGIC SIMULATION MODELING AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE ANALYSIS OF QINGDAO FOG

The fuzzy inference modeling method is introduced to establish a quantitative fuzzy reasoning mapping model for Qingdao fog on the basis of traditional qualitative analysis, observations and forecast experience. Some important influential Factors on Qingdao results show that the fuzzy reasoning approach has the advantages of being quantitative, objective and automatic, and is thus superior to the traditional weather analysis and forcast, and is of value in the forecast of complicated weather such as sea fog.
The PEG-Pedi-PEG technique: a novel method for percutaneous endoscopic gastrojejunostomy tube placement (with video)

Background and Aims When PEG tube feeding is complicated by anatomic obstruction, dysmotility, or aspiration, a need arises for feeding beyond the pylorus. The currently available percutaneous gastrojejunostomy (PEG-J) kits have issues with the jejunal extension portion migrating back into the stomach. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of a novel technique that creates PEG-J tubes by combining an adult percutaneous gastrostomy (PEG) tube with a pediatric PEG tube, the PEG-Pedi-PEG procedure. Methods This was a retrospective study at a single tertiary care center. The main outcome measures were success of placement, rate of retrograde tube migration, early ( 24 h after procedure was performed) adverse events. Results Seventeen patients underwent PEG-Pedi-PEG procedures during the study period. Technical success was achieved in all patients (100%). The retrograde migration rate of the jejunal extension tube was 0%. Early adverse events included peristomal pain in 1 patient. Late adverse events included inadvertent tube removal (3 patients), diarrhea (1 patient), prolonged ileus/gastroparesis (1 patient), and tube occlusion (1 patient). Mean follow-up was 290 days. Conclusions The PEG-Pedi-PEG procedure is a novel endoscopic technique to facilitate post-pyloric feeding because the pediatric PEG bumper may act like a sail in the small bowel, with peristalsis pushing the bumper distally and thus decreasing the possibility of migration back into the stomach. This study demonstrated excellent technical success, no retrograde migration, and a low rate of adverse events.
A Different Hue of the Gender Gap: Latino Immigrants and Political Conservatism in the United States

Using the 2012 Latino Immigrant National Election Study, we investigate gender differences in the liberal-conservative identification of Latino immigrants. We assess differences between Latino immigrant men and women in ideological ratings and consider two explanations for a different hue of the gender gap in political ideology. One emphasizes women’s greater social conservatism compared with men; the second considers whether and how gender differences in political ideology shift with longer U.S. residence. We find that Latinas are more politically conservative than Latinos, net of other factors, and that relationships between different social issue predictors, or length of U.S. residence, and liberal-conservative self-identification are gendered.
Government Activity and Aggregate Economic Choice

The traditional approach to incorporating government activity into macroeconomic models views the government as an autonomous agent who manipulates government spending and taxes in order to achieve desired changes in national income, prices or economic growth. In the conventional model, government spending (to the extent it does not “crowd out” private spending) serves only to generate earned income (and national product) to the factors which are used to produce the goods or services purchased by the government. The standard model ignores the usefulness to the private sector of any goods or services which the government provides as a result of these purchases. Consequently it cannot address the factors that affect the private sector’s willingness for the government to engage in spending.
Kundenorientierte Unterstützung aus Sicht eines Schweizer Arbeitsamts

Das Kapitel zeigt einerseits, wie sich der Arbeitsmarkt verandert hat. Andererseits erfahren Sie mehr uber die personliche Situation der Stellensuchenden wahrend der Arbeitslosigkeit und wie kundenorientierte Beratung im Arbeitsamt sie wirksam unterstutzt. Weiterhin erfahren Sie, welche arbeitsmarktlichen Masnahmen sinnvoll sind und ob Sanktionen im Widerspruch zur kundenorientierten Beratung stehen. Und schlieslich wird der Jobmarkt spezial vorgestellt: eine neue Moglichkeit der Rekrutierung.
The two Prometheuses

ἐκρίνeτο τί θeὸς καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἐν τῇ ᡋΜηκώνῃ. In Mekone it was decided what is a god and what a human being. (Scholium on Theogony 535) If the anthropogonic myths we have examined trace the origins of mankind, the myth of Prometheus describes its condition. As a testimony to the signal importance he assigns to it, Hesiod relates the story twice, once in the middle of the Theogony (521–616), and again at the beginning of the Works and Days (47–105). This double telling, more or less contemporaneously, by the same poet offers a unique insight into Hesiod's myth-making; it also reveals how the story could be manipulated and adjusted to fit the very different contexts in which it appears. In the first case, the account, the longest sustained narrative in the Theogony , is placed in the middle of the poem between Zeus's deposition of his father Cronus and the Titanomachy, where the Olympians successfully defeat the gods of the previous generation. Thus the story patently – since Athena and Hephaestus, who are not yet born, take part in the action – breaks the expected temporal sequence. In the Works and Days, the myth, set close to the beginning, clearly serves as an introduction to Hesiod's exhortations to his brother Perses. The narrative itself has frequently been viewed as a rather unsatisfactory synthesis of heterogeneous elements.
P009 Implementation of robotic methodology and instrumentation for the detection of HLA antibodies in single antigen beads assays

Aim The development of solid-phase assays allows the measurement of anti-HLA antibodies with high sensitivity. Our goal was to address MFI inconsistencies between Luminex instruments as well as tech-to-tech variation when performing Single Antigen Class I & II assays (SAB). Methods The SAB assay from One Lambda was used for this study. Run-to-run variability was assessed by testing a pool of serums from sensitized patients (PC) on every tray. SAB was performed manually or using the LABXpress Pipettor (LXP). Trays were then run using the same Luminex or in 1 randomly selected instrument out of 4 available. MFI values from informative beads with different MFI intensities were evaluated. We performed Instrument correlation studies by testing the same patient sera on the LXP and reading the same tray on two separate instruments at a time. MFI values for each specificity were compared. Results Comparison of PC individual beads MFI values between the manual and LXP methods read on the same Luminex showed an overall intra-run coefficient of variation (CV) of 17% and 10% respectively. An initial assessment of MFI values for PC using 4 different Luminex machines (CV13%) was higher than results obtained when the same Luminex was used (CV 10%). The run-to-run variability was greater for MFI ranges 9–15 × 103 (CV13%). Subsequent service (alignment & standardization) of all Luminex instruments did not show any improvement on MFI variance (CV 13%). MFI correlation studies revealed a 99% correlation coefficient for all instruments. Conclusion Our study revealed that implementation of the LABXpress significantly reduced the MFI variability and validates using this robotic approach for the SAB assay. Even though there was an excellent correlation between Luminex instruments and all QC parameters passed, Luminex controls do not assure instrument MFI comparability. Further efforts must be made to minimize MFI variations allowing the lab to compare MFI values from multiple instruments.
Influence of siloxane on the transport of ZnO nanoparticles from different release pathways in saturated sand.

The production of nanomaterials (NMs) is expected to grow continuously, yet their transformation, transport, release mechanisms, and interactions with contaminants under environmental conditions remain poorly understood. Few studies have investigated the effects of contaminants on fate and transport of NMs, especially siloxanes that are widely found in products. It is hypothesized that the model contaminant, siloxane (e.g., 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS)) may influence the mechanisms and transport kinetics of NMs under different release pathways. Sand column experiments were carried out under two different scenarios: the release from a mixed TMDS and nano-ZnO suspension (A) and the release of nano-ZnO from sand contaminated with TMDS (B). Results show that interparticle reactions are dominant in (A) and particle–porous interactions are responsible for blocking effects governing in (B). Insights, especially the kinetics of nano-ZnO from co-transport by a contaminant and from porous media preloaded with a contaminant, and environmental factors affecting the release and retention of nano-ZnO in saturated sand are unveiled. These two dominant transport mechanisms (e.g., interparticle reactions and blocking effects) were derived. This study indicates that the release of ZnO NPs is influenced by the presence of TMDS; the extent of mobility and their transport pathways depend on the pre-existence of TMDS in porous media.
The Role of the Primary Romantic Relationship in HIV Care Engagement Outcomes Among Young HIV-Positive Black Men Who Have Sex with Men

The primary romantic relationship plays a fundamental role in health maintenance, but little is known about its role in HIV care engagement among young Black men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV. We examined how HIV care engagement outcomes (i.e., having a primary healthcare provider, receiving HIV treatment, taking antiretroviral medication, and medication adherence) vary by partnership status (single vs. concordant-positive vs. discordant) in a sample of young Black MSM living with HIV. Results showed mixed findings. Partnership status was significantly associated with HIV care engagement, even after adjusting for individual, social, and structural factors. While partnered men were consistently more likely than their single counterparts to have a regular healthcare provider, to receive recent treatment, and to have ever taken antiretroviral medication, they were less likely to report currently receiving antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, men with a discordant partner reported better adherence compared to men with a concordant or no partner. The association between partnership status and HIV care engagement outcomes was not consistent across the stages of the HIV Care Continuum, highlighting the complexity in how and why young Black men living with HIV engage in HIV healthcare. Given the social context of HIV disease management, more research is needed to explicate underlying mechanisms involved in HIV care and treatment that differ by relational factors for young Black MSM living with HIV.
Fate and development of naturally occurring Fusarium mycotoxins during malting and brewing

There was widespread occurrence of Fusarium head blight and the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) on barley produced in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota during 1993. To study the fate of Fusa...
Validation of an Inventory for Providers to Self-Assess Their Engagement in Patient-Centered Culturally Sensitive Health Care.

Objective:Cultural sensitivity training of health-care providers could help eliminate health disparities. The Tucker-Culturally Sensitive Health-Care Provider Inventory (T-CSHCPI) is an inventory for providers to self-assess their engagement in patient-defined/-centered culturally sensitive health care. The T-CSHCPI is novel in that it assesses providers’ strengths and areas of growth in their efforts to provide culturally sensitive care as defined by culturally diverse patients.Methods:Using ratings on this inventory by a sample of culturally diverse providers (N = 291) from 67 health-care sites across the United States, a confirmatory analysis of the T-CSHCPI was conducted, and its validity and reliability were determined.Results:Factor analysis produced a final solution with 4 factors (interpersonal skills, conscientiousness, sensitivity, and disrespect/disempowerment) that were reliable. These 4 factors are associated with cultural competence, suggesting validity.Discussion:The T-CSHCPI measures indep...
Lung tumor exome files with T-cell receptor recombinations: a mouse model of T-cell infiltrates reflecting mutation burdens

Tumor exomes and RNASeq data were originally intended for obtaining tumor mutations and gene expression profiles, respectively. However, recent work has determined that tumor exome and RNAseq read files contain reads representing T-cell and B-cell receptor (TcR and BcR) recombinations, presumably due to infiltrating lymphocytes. Furthermore, the recovery of immune receptor recombination reads has demonstrated correlations with specific, previously appreciated aspects of tumor immunology. To further understand the usefulness of recovering TcR and BcR recombinations from tumor exome files, we developed a scripted algorithm for recovery of reads representing these recombinations from a previously described mouse model of lung tumorigenesis. Results indicated that exomes representing lung adenomas reveal significantly more TcR recombinations than do exomes from lung adenocarcinomas; and that exome files representing high mutation adenomas, arising from chemical mutagens, have more TcR recombinations than do exome files from low mutation adenomas arising from an activating Kras mutation. The latter results were also consistent with a similar analysis performed on human lung adenocarcinoma exomes. The mouse and human results for obtaining TcR recombination reads from tumor specimen exomes are consistent with human tumor biology results indicating that adenomas and high mutation cancers are sites of high immune activity. The results indicate hitherto unappreciated opportunities for the use of tumor specimen exome files, particularly from experimental animal models, to study the connection between the adenoma stage of tumorigenesis, or high cancer mutation rates, and high level lymphocyte infiltrates.
Process system fault detection and diagnosis using a hybrid technique

Abstract This paper presents a hybrid methodology to detect and diagnose the faults in dynamic processes based on principal component analysis (PCA) with T2 statistics and a Bayesian network (BN). It deals with the uncertainty generated by the multivariate contribution plots and improves the diagnostic capacity by updating the BN with multiple likelihood evidence. It can diagnose the root cause of the process fault precisely as well as identify the fault propagation pathway. This methodology has been applied to the continuous stirred tank heater and the Tennessee Eastman chemical process for twelve fault scenarios. The result shows that it provides better diagnostic performance over conventional principal component analysis with hard evidence-based approaches.
Effects of Ileo-Colonic Delivery of Conjugated Bile Acids on Glucose Metabolism, GLP-1, and Body Weight in Patients with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Bile acid secretion increases significantly after Roux-in-Y gastric bypass and may play a role in weight loss after bariatric surgery. The acute intrajejunal-delivery or intra-rectal delivery of bile acids improves glucose metabolism. We aimed to study the effect of conjugated bile acids released on the ileo-colonic region (IC-CBAS) on glucose metabolism and body weight. In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized, 28-days trial, we studied the effect of IC-CBAS 500 mg BID on glucose metabolism, incretin hormones (GLP-1 and FGF-19), gastric emptying (scintigraphy) and weight loss in obese type 2 diabetic subjects (n=24 white patients, age=57±2 years, BMI=38.6±1.3 kg/m2, HbA1c=8.5±0.2%, fasting glucose 9.9±0.4 mmol/L). Participants were taking stable doses of DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin and were instructed to continue their current diet and exercise routine. Subjects underwent a meal challenge at baseline and at the end of the treatment period. The primary analyses compared treatment groups at the end of 28 days’ treatment using analysis of covariance models incorporating the corresponding baseline study value as a covariate. IC-CBAS significantly increases postprandial GLP-1 (mean p=0.04, AAB p=0.04), postprandial insulin (AAB p=0.04) and postprandial c-peptide (AAB p=0.01); and decreases fasting insulin (p=0.04) when compared to placebo. IC-CBAS also induced a numerically (but not statistically significantly) improvement in fasting glucose (delta -16 mg/dl), postprandial glucose (delta mean -14 mg/dl) and weight (delta -0.45±.4 kg) compared to placebo. There were no reported side effects, or dropouts; and no difference in FGF-19, gastric emptying or number of bowel movements. IC-CBAS 28-day treatment results in significant increase in GLP-1 and postprandial insulin, suggesting a beneficial role in incretins, insulin and glucose homeostasis. Disclosure G. Calderon Manrique: None. J. Davis: None. A.N. Bonis: None. D. Khemani: None. B. Gedulin: None. A. Vella: Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc., XOMA Corporation. Advisory Panel; Self; VTV Therapeutics, Bayer AG. M. Camilleri: None. A. Acosta: None.
Telling the Same Tale Twice: Déjà vu and the Shades of Grey in Self-Plagiarism

The integrity of medical and scientific publishing depends on responsible and honest practices by authors. Some of the practices that threaten the integrity of scientific publication include publishing the same paper in more than one journal (i.e. duplicate publication), presenting data from one study in multiple small papers (i.e. salami-slicing), copyright infringement, and text recycling [1]. While this subject is of vital interest to authors and investigators, as well as to journal editors and reviewers, it is also relevant to the readership of these publications. This chapter will explore and analyze examples of these practices.
The Mechanics of Particle-Filled Flows at High Solids Volume Fraction

Classical modeling predicts instability when a bed of powder is fluidized by gas. Older experiments by Rietema and colleagues, and more recent ones by Tsinontides and Jackson, present a compelling argument that, at least for Geldart Type-A powders, there exists an interval of stable fluidization. Moreover, these experiments indicate that constitutive models for the particle phase must account for plastic, solid-like, stresses, including tensile strength. We propose a simple one-dimensional model accounting for some of the observed behavior. We also present preliminary results from a numerical model for particle-fluid interaction.
Time-Resolved Measurement of Electronic and Vibrational Nonlinear Refraction in Ti:sapphire and Cr:LiSGaF

We observe electronic and vibrational contributions in the femtosecond nonlinear response of Ti:sapphire and Cr:LiSGaF. The results suggest that nonlinear refraction is resonantly enhanced in Ti:sapphire relative to that of undoped sapphire. Cr:LiSGaF shows a substantial vibrational component and finite two-photon absorption. The implications of the nonlinear responses for short-pulse formation are discussed.
Thoracic myelopathy secondary to intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst.

Background/Objective: To report a case of thoracic myelopathy secondary to intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst.Study Design: Case report.Methods/Findings: A 20-year-old man presented to the...
Intrathecal Viral Vector Delivery of Trastuzumab Prevents or Inhibits Tumor Growth of Human HER2-Positive Xenografts in Mice.

Breast cancer brain metastases are a deadly sequela of primary breast tumors that overexpress human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2); median survival for patients with these tumors is 10 to 13 months from the time of diagnosis. Current treatments for HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases are invasive, toxic, and largely ineffective. Here, we have developed an adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) vector to express the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) in vivo A single prophylactic intrathecal administration of AAV9.trastuzumab vector in a novel orthotopic Rag1-/- murine xenograft model of HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases significantly increased median survival, attenuated brain tumor growth, and preserved both the HER2 antigen specificity and the natural killer cell-associated mechanism of action of trastuzumab. When administered as a tumor treatment, AAV9.trastuzumab increased median survival. Dose-escalation studies revealed that higher doses of AAV9.trastuzumab resulted in smaller tumor volumes. Our results indicate that intrathecal AAV9.trastuzumab may provide significant antitumor activity in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases.Significance: Intrathecal delivery of trastuzumab via adeno-associated virus has the potential to become a novel, integral part of adjuvant therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer brain metastases. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6171-82. ©2018 AACR.
The Use of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis

With average life expectancy and the rising prevalence of obesity, osteoarthritis (OA) is creating an increasingly large financial and physical burden on the U.S. population today. As the body ages and experiences trauma, articular cartilage surfaces in joints are gradually worn away, leading to OA. Traditionally, treatment options have included lifestyle modifications, pain management, and corticosteroid injections, with joint replacement reserved for those who have exhausted nonsurgical measures. More recently, hyaluronic acid, micronized dehydrated human amniotic/chorionic membrane tissue, and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections have started to gain traction. PRP has been shown to have both anti-inflammatory effects through growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β and insulin-like growth factor 1, and stimulatory effects on mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts. Multiple studies have indicated that PRP is superior to hyaluronic acid and corticosteroids in terms of improving patient-reported pain and functionality scores. Unfortunately, there are many variations in PRP preparation, and lack of standardization in factors, such as speed and duration of centrifugation, leads to wide ranges of platelet and leukocyte concentrations. This review examines the current literature addressing the use of PRP in symptomatic knee OA and addresses suggestions for future studies in this area.
An analysis of autobiographical tools in written reflection: implications for teaching critical thinking and goal-setting

This paper analyzes the results of an 18 month study of a variety of participants involved in written reflection on their learning, both in classes at two universities in the Southern US or in volu...
The Mechanosensitive Ion Channel Piezo Inhibits Axon Regeneration

Summary Neurons exhibit a limited ability of repair. Given that mechanical forces affect neuronal outgrowth, it is important to investigate whether mechanosensitive ion channels may regulate axon regeneration. Here, we show that DmPiezo, a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channel, functions as an intrinsic inhibitor for axon regeneration in Drosophila. DmPiezo activation during axon regeneration induces local Ca2+ transients at the growth cone, leading to activation of nitric oxide synthase and the downstream cGMP kinase Foraging or PKG to restrict axon regrowth. Loss of DmPiezo enhances axon regeneration of sensory neurons in the peripheral and CNS. Conditional knockout of its mammalian homolog Piezo1 in vivo accelerates regeneration, while its pharmacological activation in vitro modestly reduces regeneration, suggesting the role of Piezo in inhibiting regeneration may be evolutionarily conserved. These findings provide a precedent for the involvement of mechanosensitive channels in axon regeneration and add a potential target for modulating nervous system repair.
The use of distant sample prediction in speech coders

Distant sample or pitch prediction is an important aspect in predictive speech coders. The pitch predictor greatly enhances the efficiency of these coders by regenerating the periodicity in the decoded speech. This paper provides a review of the research done in pitch prediction. The significant issues considered are filter formulation, determination of the pitch parameters, stability, implementation as part of a speech coder and bit rate for transmission of the pitch parameters. >
Physogs: a game with consequences

In 1939, an unusual card game, Physogs, debuted in the United Kingdom. Based on physiognomic principles, it instructed players as to how to read and construct facial features and character types. Thirty years later, a new form of composite facial recognition, Photofit, was incorporated into the practice of the British police. Both projects, Physogs and Photofit, were the brainchild of one man, Jacques Penry, representing his twentieth-century iteration of physiognomy. How did a card game become an origin point for a new approach to policing?
Changes in cardiac output with hemodialysis relate to net volume balance and to inferior vena cava ultrasound collapsibility in critically ill patients.

Cardiac output may increase after volume administration with relative intravascular volume depletion, or after ultrafiltration (UF) with relative intravascular volume overload. Assessing relative i...
Factors associated with palliative care utilization in advanced and metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

146Background: Palliative care (PC) offers various benefits for patient with cancer that include, but are not limited to, decrease in disease-specific symptoms and improvement in functional status....
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Attitude toward Booster Doses among US Healthcare Workers.

Vaccine reluctance among healthcare workers (HCW) can have widespread negative ramifications, including modeling behavior for the general population and challenges with maintaining a healthy workforce so we can respond to a resurgence of the pandemic. We previously reported that only one-third of HCW were willing to take the vaccine as soon as it became available prior to its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA). Here, we re-examine the attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines among HCW several months after the vaccines have been made widely available. In this study, only 7.9% (n = 107) of respondents were hesitant to take the first or second dose of the vaccine. Younger age (18–40 years) and lower level of education attainment (GED or less) were associated with higher vaccine hesitancy, whereas self-identified Asian racial identity was associated with greater acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination. Among the vaccine-hesitant group, more respondents noted mistrust of regulatory authorities (45.3%), government (48.6%), and pharmaceutical companies (50%) than mistrust of doctors (25.4%). Nearly two-thirds of respondents were concerned that vaccination may be ineffective against new strains and booster doses may be required; however, vaccine-hesitant respondents’ acceptance of a hypothetical booster dose was only 14.3%. Overall, vaccine hesitancy was observed to have demographic predictors similar to those previously reported; the hesitancy of some US HCW to receive booster doses may reflect a general hesitancy to receive other forms of vaccination.