cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Establishing a Multi-Tiered Problem-Solving Model for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Comorbid Emotional-Behavioral Disorders.

Students with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) present unique programming challenges to school personnel because of the wide variability of clinical symptoms and the high rates of emotional and/or behavior disorders (EBD) that can affect learning outcomes. Currently, there is little empirically based guidance to assist in determining the support and intervention needs of these students to improve their classroom participation and engagement in learning, particularly for those students at risk for or diagnosed with an EBD. This article describes considerations for establishing a multi-tiered problem-solving model of service delivery that can guide identification, intervention, and progress monitoring of EBD in students with ASD. This article describes how empirically based ASD-specific assessment and instructional and behavior support practices can be embedded within a multi-tiered prevention-based continuum of support. A case example illustrates how the model was developed in a school to meet the needs of students with ASD and related EBD.
Aluminum Foam-Phase Change Material Composites as Heat Exchangers

The effects of geometric parameters of open-cell aluminum foams on the performance of aluminum foam-phase change material (PCM) composites as heat sinks are investigated by experiments. Three types of open-cell aluminum 6061 foams with similar relative densities and different cell sizes are used. Paraffin is selected as the PCM due to its excellent thermal stability and ease of handling. The experimental results show that the performance of the heat sink is significantly affected by the surface area density of the aluminum foam. In general, as the surface area density of the foam increases, the performance of the heat sink is improved regardless of the current phase of the PCM.
Fluoropyrimidine-mediated Radiosensitization Depends on Cyclin E-dependent Kinase Activation

Fluoropyrimidines radiosensitize human colon cancer cells that progress into S phase in the presence of drug (M.A. Davis, H-Y. Tang, J. Maybaum, and T.S. Lawrence. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 67. 509-512, 1995). We hypothesized that progression occurs in cells that generate elevated levels of cyclin E-dependent kinase activity despite the presence of the fluoropyrimidine. To test this hypothesis, we treated HT29 and SW620 human colon cancer cells with fluorodeoxyuridine under conditions that produced nearly complete inhibition of thymidylate synthase but which sensitized only the HT29 cells. We found that, whereas HT29 cells progressed into S phase and demonstrated increased cyclin E-dependent kinase activity, SW620 cells arrested just past the G1-S boundary and showed no change in kinase activity. Because these cell lines have the same p53 mutation, these findings suggest that there is a p53-independent G1-S checkpoint that mediates radiosensitization produced by fluorodeoxyuridine.
Red muscle proportions and enzyme activities in deep-sea demersal fishes.

Owing to the paucity of data on the red muscle of deep-sea fishes, the goal of this study was to determine the proportions of red muscle in demersal fishes and its enzymatic activities to characterize how routine swimming abilities change with depths of occurrence. Cross sectional analysis of the trunk musculature was used to evaluate the proportion of red muscle in 38 species of Californian demersal fishes living at depths between 100 and 3000 m. The activity of metabolic enzymes was also assayed in a sub-set of 18 species. Benthic fishes had lower proportions of red muscle and lower metabolic enzyme activities than benthopelagic species. Mean proportion of red muscle declined significantly with depth with the greatest range of values in shallow waters and species with low proportions found at all depths. This suggested that while sedentary species occur at all depths, the most active species occur in shallow waters. Citrate synthase activity declined significantly with depth across all species, indicating that the mass-specific metabolic capacity of red muscle is lower in deep-sea species. These patterns may be explained by coupling of red and white muscle physiologies, a decrease in physical energy of the environment with depth or by the prevalence of anguilliform body forms and swimming modes in deep-living species.
Radio Frequency Spectroscopy with a Fast Atomic Beam

Measurements of the fine structure of the excited states of simple atoms give important tests of basic theory and important sources for determination of the fundamental constants.1,2 The most familiar such system is the n=2 state of atomic hydrogen — the 2S1/2 → 2P1/2 Lamb shift interval provides a fundamental test of quantum electrodynamics, the 2P3/2 → 2P1/2 fine structure interval gives a theoretically unambiguous source for the determination of the fine structure constant. The most precise measurements of these intervals have come from atomic beam experiments which depend critically on the metastability of the 22S1/2 state. In the atomic beam technique developed by Lamb and coworkers in their pioneering measurements of the hydrogen fine structure, hydrogen atoms produced by thermal dissociation in a hot oven are excited by a crossed electron beam into the metastable 2S1/2 state. They then pass through a microwave cavity located in a magnetic field and are detected through the ejection of electrons from a wire. When the magnetic field is such that the radiofrequency field produces transitions to the 2P1/2 or 2P3/2 states, number of metastable atoms striking the wire decreases.
Abstract B05: Recurrence and hormone therapy resistance of cervical cancer in a transgenic mouse model

Persistent HPV infection and other cofactors are required for the progression of cervical cancer. Oral contraceptive use or multiple parities increases risk for cervical cancer in HPV-positive women. These risk factors have hormonal balance skewed toward estrogen (i.e., an increase in estrogen levels is much greater than an increase in progesterone levels). It is consistent that transgenic mice expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 (K14E6/K14E7) develop cervical cancer only when treated with physiological levels of estrogen. Using this validated mouse model, we demonstrated that estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonists (e.g., raloxifene) or a progesterone receptor (PR) agonist [e.g. medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)] is efficient in treating cervical cancer. Cervical cancer recurs after raloxifene therapy, and recurring disease remains sensitive to raloxifene. The present study investigates whether cervical cancer recurs after stopping MPA treatment. Consistent with our prior results, K14E6/K14E7 mice (7 of 7) developed cervical cancer after 6-month estrogen treatment (initial cancer), which regressed in 14 of 14 mice upon 2-month MPA treatment (i.e., complete response). When the mice were re-treated for 2 months with estrogen after MPA therapy, cervical cancer was observed in 6 of 6 mice (100%). As a control, a group of mice were left untreated for first 6 months, and then treated with MPA for 2 months followed by 2-month estrogen treatment. We defined cervical disease in this group as newly arising disease. Cancer incidence in this group (25%; 4 of 16 mice) was significantly lower. These results indicate that cervical cancer recurs if MPA treatment is discontinued. Interestingly, recurrence was also observed in 8 of 8 mice without readministration of estrogen, indicating that recurring cancers are independent of exogenous estrogen (we do not know whether they depend on endogenous estrogen). Strikingly, when mice bearing recurring cancers were re-treated with MPA, cancer incidence (100%, 5 of 5 mice) and cancer multiplicity remained similar to a control group, and moderate reduction in cancer size was observed. These results indicate that recurring cervical cancers acquired resistance to PR agonist therapy. This resistance was not due to loss of PR because PR status in recurring cancers was similar to that in initial cancers. Further study is warranted to determine a mechanism of therapy resistance in this mouse model, which is anticipated to facilitate development of a more efficient therapy for the disease. Citation Format: Fabiola Mehta, Sang-Hyuk Chung. Recurrence and hormone therapy resistance of cervical cancer in a transgenic mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Drug Sensitivity and Resistance: Improving Cancer Therapy; Jun 18-21, 2014; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(4 Suppl): Abstract nr B05.
Atlas Fractures: Treatment and Long-term Results

Fractures of the first cervical vertebra (C1) represent approximately 7% of all acute cervical spine fractures. Frequently, the atlas will be fractured in combination with the axis (44% of cases). Treatment of isolated C1 fractures should be governed by the rules of Spence. The treatment of combination C1–C2 fractures is dictated by the type and severity of the C2 fracture. Experience with 57 cases of acute traumatic atlas fractures are reviewed. The long-term outcome from an atlas fracture is good (median follow-up, 40 months).
Precision design, analysis and manufacturing of quasi-optic lens/reflector antenna systems for CubeSat MMW/SMMW radiometers

The prediction of weather and climate from meso to global scales necessitates the use of precision satellite data, closely sampled in both temporal and spatial extent. Atmospheric temperature variations of 0.1 K or smaller over a decade are relevant to the detection and prediction of global change. Radiometric sounding measurements used to provide such data are strongly affected by the main-beam, ohmic, and spillover efficiencies of the optics, as well as inhomogeneities in the scene and background radiation fields. The interpretation of radiometric data is also affected by the accuracy with which these efficiencies can be determined. To emphasize this point, it is to be noted that a space-borne radiometer observing a 300 K scene in cold space requires that the error in the estimation of spillover efficiency be 0.03% or smaller in order to obtain corrected brightness temperature measurement accuracies of ∼0.1 K or better.
Development of the Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool for Medical-Surgical Nursing (MED-SURG BKAT) © and implications for in-service educators and managers.

BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM. Medical-surgical nursing is now the largest specialty in acute care, and needs an objective measure of basic knowledge necessary to provide safe care to patients. The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations noted that healthcare organizations have in the past relied on education and experience to support competence, but an increasing number are seeking objective measures of a nurse's knowledge that is required for safe practice. The American Nurses Association adds that safe practice is both a professional and a moral responsibility. PROBLEM. A review of the literature failed to locate a standardized test of basic knowledge in medical-surgical nursing. In-service educators and managers need such a test to facilitate orientation programs, and as a way to safely decrease the length of orientation for new employees with previous experience in medical-surgical nursing. METHODS. The purpose of the study was to develop a valid and reliable test to measure basic knowledge in medical-surgical nursing. FINDINGS. The Basic Knowledge Assessment Tool for Medical-Surgical nursing was developed with support for its validity and reliability.
A Curriculum-Based Classification System for Community Colleges.

The author proposes and tests a community college classification based on curricular characteristics and their association with institutional characteristics. The analysis seeks readily available data correlates to represent the percentage of a college's course offerings that are in the liberal arts. A simple two-category classification system using total enrollment is ultimately found to be the most accurate.
Nonlinear semelparous Leslie models

In this paper we consider the bifurcations that occur at the trivial equilibrium of a general class of nonlinear Leslie matrix models for the dynamics of a structured population in which only the oldest class is reproductive. Using the inherent net reproductive number n as a parameter, we show that a global branch of positive equilibria bifurcates from the trivial equilibrium at $n=1$ despite the fact that the bifurcation is nongeneric. The bifurcation can be either supercritical or subcritical, but unlike the case of a generic transcritical bifurcation in iteroparous models, the stability of the bifurcating positive equilibria is not determined by the direction of bifurcation. In addition we show that a branch of single-class cycles also bifurcates from the trivial equilibrium at $n=1$. In the case of two population classes, either the bifurcating equilibria or the bifurcating cycles are stable (but not both) depending on the relative strengths of the inter- and intra-class competition. Strong inter-class competition leads to stable cycles in which the two population classes are temporally separated. In the case of three or more classes the bifurcating cycles often lie on a bifurcating invariant loop whose structure is that of a cycle chain consisting of the different phases of a periodic cycle connected by heteroclinic orbits. Under certain circumstances, these bifurcating loops are attractors.
A METHOD FOR PRECISE CHARGE MEASUREMENTS OF RELATIVISTIC LIGHT NUCLEI, Z < 3, IN NUCLEAR TRACK EMULSION

Abstract A technique for precise charge measurement of particle tracks in nuclear emulsion is described. The method is based on measurements of the lacunarity, i.e., fractional transparency, and/or the fractional opacity in the linear track structure of ionization tracks observed in the developed emulsion. The method yields estimates of charge for relativistic Z = 1 and 2 nuclei to a precision of ∼ ± 0.05 charge units, in agreement with Barkas' theoretical model of track structure. The technique is applicable up to Z = 6, but with dimensional charge resolution with increasing charge above Z = 3. Systematics that affect the accuracy of the method are noted and discussed.
Proteomics Reveals Novel Drosophila Seminal Fluid Proteins Transferred at Mating

Across diverse taxa, seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) transferred at mating affect the reproductive success of both sexes. Such reproductive proteins often evolve under positive selection between species; because of this rapid divergence, Sfps are hypothesized to play a role in speciation by contributing to reproductive isolation between populations. In Drosophila, individual Sfps have been characterized and are known to alter male sperm competitive ability and female post-mating behavior, but a proteomic-scale view of the transferred Sfps has been missing. Here we describe a novel proteomic method that uses whole-organism isotopic labeling to detect transferred Sfps in mated female D. melanogaster. We identified 63 proteins, which were previously unknown to function in reproduction, and confirmed the transfer of dozens of predicted Sfps. Relative quantification of protein abundance revealed that several of these novel Sfps are abundant in seminal fluid. Positive selection and tandem gene duplication are the prevailing forces of Sfp evolution, and comparative proteomics with additional species revealed lineage-specific changes in seminal fluid content. We also report a proteomic-based gene discovery method that uncovered 19 previously unannotated genes in D. melanogaster. Our results demonstrate an experimental method to identify transferred proteins in any system that is amenable to isotopic labeling, and they underscore the power of combining proteomic and evolutionary analyses to shed light on the complex process of Drosophila reproduction.
On cographic matroids and signed-graphic matroids

We prove that a connected cographic matroid of a graph G is the bias matroid of a signed graph @S iff G imbeds in the projective plane. In the case that G is nonplanar, we also show that @S must be the projective-planar dual signed graph of an actual imbedding of G in the projective plane. As a corollary we get that, if G"1,...,G"2"9 denote the 29 nonseparable forbidden minors for projective-planar graphs, then the cographic matroids of G"1,...,G"2"9 are among the forbidden minors for the class of bias matroids of signed graphs. We will obtain other structural results about bias matroids of signed graphs along the way.
Managers' attitudes about firm responsibilities

A mail survey was conducted in order to investigate whether the importance a manager attaches to corporate ethical and legal responsibilities varies according to personality characteristics, demographic variables, or the perceived moral climates in the manager's firm. Respondents were middle- and lower-level managers in 112 for-profit businesses located throughout the United States. As expected, attitudes about corporate ethical responsibility were significantly related to (1) the individual's capacity for empathy and (2) a perceived caring climate in the firm; attitudes about corporate legal responsibility were significantly related to (1) the individual's hierarchical position and (2) an organizational climate perceived to be supportive of law.
Novel insights into lossless AC and DC power flow

A central question in the analysis and operation of power networks is feasibility of the power flow equations subject to security constraints. For large-scale networks the solution of the nonlinear AC power flow equations can be constructed only numerically or approximated through the linear DC power flow. The latter serves as well-used approximation to obtain the phase angle differences near an acceptable operating point, but the accuracy of the DC approximation drops in a stressed grid. Here, we propose a modified DC approximation that applies to lossless networks with parametric uncertainties and with voltage magnitudes bounded within security constraints. We show that the phase angle differences can be well approximated by the solution to a set of linear and interval-valued equations reminiscent of the DC power flow equations. Our proposed approximation improves upon the standard DC approximation, is computationally attractive and provably exact for a broad range of network topologies and parameters. We validate the accuracy of our approximation through standard power network test cases with randomized power demand at the loads.
Starvation, Serotonin, and Symbolism. A Psychobiocultural Perspective on Stigmata

Stigmata, wounds resembling those of Christ, have been reported since the 13th century. The wounds typically appear in association with visions following prolonged fasting. This paper argues that self-starvation holds the key to understanding this unique event. Stigmata may result from self-mutilation occurring during dissociation, phenomena precipitated in part by dietary constriction. Psychophysiological mechanisms produced by natural selection adjust the salience of risk in light of current resource abundance. As a result, artificial dietary constriction results in indifference to harm. A variety of data links dramatic dietary constriction, reduced serotonergic functioning, altered states of consciousness, and self-injurious behavior. Catholic representations of Christ's crucifixion provide a cultural context that both motivates and lends meaning to the experiences of individuals whose predispositions and life histories increase the likelihood of dietary constriction, dissociation, and self-mutilation. Examining this case raises interesting questions about both the evolutionary and the cultural grounds for defining individual psychopathology.
Heraldic art as a supplement to individual psychotherapy

Abstract This paper describes the use of a technique termed “heraldic art therapy”. The approach to treatment was utilized in conjunction with individual psychotherapy in the treatment of mild to moderately disturbed patients having difficulty establishing and maintaining interpersonal relationships and group affiliations. Seventeen patients in an outpatient mental health clinic were selected for participation in the weekly heraldic art therapy group. Fourteen members remained in the group for 15 months and three members withdrew from the group rather early. The paper highlights the major group emphasis and assignments, as well as the direction and course of one patient's response to treatment. It was concluded that the dual treatment design appeared to be remarkably helpful to the patients in addressing and reducing problems in individual and group functioning.
Formative Information Using Student Growth Percentiles for the Quantification of English Language Learners’ Progress in Language Acquisition

English language learners (ELLs) are the fastest growing subgroup in American schools. These students, by a provision in the reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, are to be supported in their quest for language proficiency through the creation of systems that more effectively measure ELLs’ progress across years. In the past, ELLs’ progress has been based on students’ prior scores measuring the same construct. To disentangle effectiveness from achievement, the reporting has generally targeted mean-group activity. In contrast, student growth percentiles (SGPs) provide a comparison of students’ growth with others who have the same achievement score history. By examining the construct measured by an English language proficiency test as manifested in student scores in Speaking, Listening, Reading and Writing, this article outlines the use of SGPs in providing information on how much each student needs to grow, which will allow educators to more effectively apply differential formative ...
Ion-channel Regulation of Chondrocyte Matrix Synthesis in 3D Culture Under Static and Dynamic Compression

Inhibition of various ion channels alters chondrocyte mechanotransduction in monolayer, but the mechanisms involved in chondrocyte mechanotransduction in three- dimensional culture remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inhibiting putative ion-channel influenced mechanotransduction mechanisms on the chondrocyte responses to static and dynamic compression in three-dimensional culture. Bovine articular cartilage explants were used to investigate the dose-dependent inhibition and recovery of protein and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) syntheses by four ion-channel inhibitors: 4-Aminopyridine (4AP), a K+ channel blocker; Nifedipine (Nf), a Ca2+ channel blocker; Gadolinium (Gd), a stretch-activated channel blocker; and Thapsigargin (Tg), which releases intracellular Ca2+ stores by inhibiting ATP-dependent Ca2+ pumps. Chondrocyte-seeded agarose gels were used to examine the influence of 20 h of static and dynamic loading in the presence of each of the inhibitors. Overall, treatment with the ion-channel inhibitors had a greater effect on sGAG synthesis, with the exception of Nf, which more substantially affected protein synthesis. Treatment with Tg significantly impaired both overall protein and sGAG synthesis, with a drastic reduction in sGAG synthesis. The inhibitors differentially influenced the responses to mechanical stimuli. Dynamic compression significantly upregulated protein synthesis but did not significantly affect sGAG synthesis with Nf or Tg treatment. Dynamic compression significantly upregulated both protein and sGAG synthesis rates with Gd treatment. There was no significant stimulation of either protein or sGAG synthesis by dynamic compression with 4AP treatment. Interruption of many ion-channel signaling mechanisms affected sGAG synthesis, suggesting a complicated, multi-pathway signaling process. Also, Ca2+ signaling may be critical for the transduction of mechanical stimulus in regulating sGAG synthesis. This modulation potentially occurs through direct interactions with the extracellular matrix.
A combinatorial approach toward DNA recognition.

A combinatorial approach has been used to identify individual RNA molecules from a large population of sequences that bind a 16-base pair homopurine-homopyrimidine DNA sequence through triple-helix formation. Fourteen of the seventeen clones selected contained stretches of pyrimidines highly homologous to the target DNA sequence (T.AT and C+.GC). In addition, these RNA molecules contained hairpin loops, interior loops, and nonstandard base triplets [C+(or C).AT, U.GC, G.GC, and A.AT] at various positions. Affinity cleavage experiments confirmed the ability of selected sequences to bind specifically to the target DNA. Systematic variation in both the target DNA sequence and buffer components should provide increased insight into the molecular interactions required for triple-helix-mediated recognition of natural DNA.
Electrostatically-Directed Self-Assembly of Cylindrical Peptide Amphiphile Nanostructures

We present theoretical studies of peptide amphiphile nanostructures created by Stupp and co-workers [Hartgerink, J. D.; Beniash, E.; Stupp, S. I. Science 2001, 294, 1684] and show that these amphiphiles exhibit attractive electrostatic interactions between their hydrophilic headgroups. These interactions prevail in their competition with the hydrophobic attraction between the amphiphile “tails” for the shape of the self-assembly, leading to cylindrical micelles of nanoscale dimension. The theory is supported by Monte Carlo simulations which show that in the absence of the directional electrostatic interactions between the headgroups the amphiphiles self-assemble into spherical micelles, in accord with our recent formal calculations [Tsonchev, S.; Schatz, G. C.; Ratner, M. A. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 623], whereas inclusion of the electrostatic interactions leads to cylindrical nanostructures.
Perioperative pharmacology in morbid obesity.

Purpose of reviewMorbid obesity alters drug dose requirement and time course of drug response. In addition, morbid obesity's impact on many organ systems decreases the margin of safety of anesthetic drugs. Consequently, incorrect dosing will increase the rate of perioperative complications. In this
Circadian rhythms and memory formation: regulation by chromatin remodeling

Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, can remodel the chromatin and regulate gene expression. Remodeling of chromatin provides an efficient mechanism of transducing signals, such as light or nutrient availability, to regulate gene expression. CLOCK:BMAL1 mediated activation of clock-controlled genes (CCGs) is coupled to circadian changes in histone modification at their promoters. Several chromatin modifiers, such as the deacetylases SIRT1 and HDAC3 or methyltransferase MLL1, have been shown to be recruited to the promoters of the CCGs in a circadian manner. Interestingly, the central element of the core clock machinery, the transcription factor CLOCK, also possesses histone acetyltransferase activity. Rhythmic expression of the CCGs is abolished in the absence of these chromatin modifiers. Recent research has demonstrated that chromatin remodeling is at the cross-roads of circadian rhythms and regulation of metabolism and aging. It would be of interest to identify if similar pathways exist in the epigenetic regulation of memory formation.
Registration of CRB 252, an Upland Cotton Germplasm Line with Improved Fiber Quality Traits

The upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm line CRB 252 (Reg. No GP-925, PI 658596) was developed, evaluated, and jointly released in 2009 by the USDA-ARS, the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, and Cotton Incorporated. The purpose of the release was to provide a broadly adapted, high fi ber-quality resource for facilitating fi ber improvement efforts across the U.S. Cotton Belt. CRB 252 originated from the cross 'Suregrow 248'/'Phytogen 72'//'Stoneville 474'/'Acala Maxxa', followed by individual plant selection in the F2 and F3 generations at the low-desert location of Maricopa, AZ and F3.5 progeny selection at fi ve locations distributed across the Cotton Belt. Evaluation of CRB 252 occurred in 13 location-year environments at Florence, SC; Blackville, SC; Tifton, GA; Plains, GA; Alexandria, LA; Maricopa, AZ; and Shafter, CA in 2007 and 2008. CRB 252 displayed fi ber length and micronaire values superior to those of the high fi ber-quality check cultivars Phytogen 72 and FM 958. The fi ber strength and short-fi ber content of CRB 252 was superior to those of FM 958. Lint yield of CRB 252 was superior to that of Phytogen 72 and did not differ from FM 958. CRB 252 is an excellent source of quality fi ber, with acceptable yield potential that appears to be stable across production environments.
A Port-Controlled Hamiltonian Approach to Control of an Electrostatic MEMS Actuator

While mechanical, electrical and electromechanical systems may exhibit complex nonlinear dynamics, their behavior is typically governed by relatively simple underlying principles of energy transfer. Modeling methodologies that seek to capture this underlying order give rise to a special form of the equations of motion, called a port controlled Hamiltonian structure with damping (PCHD). Often the natural behavior of a system is unacceptable for a desired application, and must be modified. A body of work on passivity-based control exists that shows how to use Casimir functions—certain invariant quantities of the open-loop PCHD—to reshape the natural dynamics in a desired way. We seek to apply this approach to an electrostatically-actuated MEMS device subject to the saddle-node bifurcation known as snap-through. We show that the equations describing this system do not have an appropriate Casimir function, but that they can be suitably modified through an implementable output feedback. We fully characterize the Casimirs of the modified system, and show how they may be used to eliminate snap-through. Unfortunately the transient behavior of the resulting closed-loop system is governed by the damping of the mechanical subsystem, which may or may not provide adequate performance.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Evaluation of novel micronized encapsulated essential oil-containing phosphate and lactate blends for growth inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on poultry bologna, pork ham, and roast beef ready-to-eat deli loaves.

Essential oils and their constituents are reported to possess potent antimicrobial activity, but their use in food processing is limited because of low solubility in aqueous systems and volatilization during processing. Two proprietary noncommercial essential oil–containing phosphate blends were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Salmonella enterica cocktail (SC)–and Listeria monocytogenes (Lm)–inoculated deli meat products made from pork, poultry, or beef. Four treatments were tested on restructured cured pork ham, emulsified chicken bologna, and restructured beef loaf: nonencapsulated essential oil with phosphate version 1 at 0.45% of final batch (EOV145; chicken and pork, or EEOV245 beef), micronized encapsulated essential oil with phosphate version 2 at 0.60% of final batch (EEOV260), a 2.0% potassium lactate (PL) control, and a negative control (CN) with no applied antimicrobial agent. Compared with the CN, none of the antimicrobial agents (EEOV260, EOV145, PL) successfully limited Lm or SC...
Sound production in the cockroach,Gromphadorhina portentosa: The sound-producing apparatus

1. The giant Madagascar cockroach,Gromphadorhina portentosa, hisses by expelling air from a pair of specialized abdominal spiracles. The anatomy and innervation of serially homologous respiratory and sound-producing spiracles were compared in order to determine the evolutionary steps by which a new behavior has developed. 2. The trachea leading to the sound-producing (fourth) spiracle shows a constriction proximally; distally it is greatly elongated with a conical bore (Fig. 2). These features, which are lacking in other spiracles, are sufficient to account for the character of the sound (Fig. 10). 3. The motoneurons innervating both types of spiracles were located by axonal diffusion of cobalt, and their morphology was determined in wholemounted ganglia. The number, ganglionic locations, and in some cases branching patterns of motoneurons serving the sound-producing and respiratory spiracles were essentially identical (Figs. 4, 5, 6). 4. Physiological activity was recorded along spiracle nerves and within spiracle muscle fibers; four units were identified for each spiracle, agreeing with the number of cells located anatomically. These included, for each abdominal spiracle, an opener exciter motoneuron, two closer exciter motoneurons, and one closer inhibitor motoneuron (Figs. 7, 8). 5. During normal respiration the output of these 4 units had similar phase relationships in all abdominal spiracles which were examined; lower firing rates in the motoneurons innervating the hissing spiracles rendered these nonfunctional during normal respiration (Fig. 9). 6. The findings are consistent with conservation of motor innervation and of central pattern generators during evolution.
A Variational Principle for Granular Materials

A variational principle for the continuum theory of granular materials is presented. This principle is used to obtain the basic equations of the equilibrium theory and the boundary conditions for both the incompressible granule case, and the compressible granule case. Es wird ein Variationsprinzip fur die Kontinuumstheorie korniger Materialien vorgestellt. Dieses Prinzip ist fur die Aufstellung der Gleichgewichtsbeziehungen und der Randbedingungen sowohl fur den inkompressiblen als auch fur den kompressiblen Fall kornigen Gutes geeignet.
The cloning and transposon Tn5 mutagenesis of the glnA region of Klebsiella pneumoniae: identification of glnR, a gene involved in the regulation of the nif and hut operons.

A 15 kilobase HindIII fragment of Klebsiella pneumoniae DNA containing the glnA gene was cloned into the plasmid vector pACYC184. The resulting plasmid, pFB51, complements glnA- mutations in Escherichia coli and K. pneumoniae. pFB51 also complements the GlnR phenotype of a Klebsiella pneumoniae gln regulatory mutant (KP5060) defined by the restoration of Hut+ and Nif+ (histidine utilization and nitrogen fixation) phenotypes to this strain. Three recombinant plasmids containing subsegments of the 15 kb HindIII fragment were derived from pFB51. Plasmid pFB514 which contains a spontaneous 4 kb delection of K. pneumoniae DNA from pFB51 is more stable than pFB51 and is still able to complement glnA- mutations and the GlnR- phenotype of KP5060. Plasmids pFB53 and pFB54, which contain a 6.5 kb SalI DNA fragment from pFB51 recloned into pACYC184 in opposite orientations, complement glnA- mutations but not the GlnR- phenotype of KP5060. Plasmids pFB514 and pFB53 were mutagenized by transposon Tn5 resulting in a total of 92 Tn5 insertions in the cloned fragments. Utilizing these insertion mutations, a correlated physical and genetic map was constructed by determining the physical location of each Tn5 insertion and by analyzing the ability of each Tn5 mutated plasmid to complement a glnA- strain of E. coli and a glnA- GlnR- strain of K. pneumoniae. Two classes of Tn5 insertions with an altered Gln phenotpye were obtained. One cluster of insertions spanning a 1.3 kb region abolished complementation of the glnA- mutations. A second 2 kb cluster of Tn5 insertions, immediately adjacent to the first cluster, abolished the ability of pFB514 plasmid to complement the GlnR- phenotype, while glnA- complementation was unaffected. We propose that the second cluster of Tn5 insertions define a DNA region coding for a positive regulatory factor for nitrogen fixation (nif) and histidine utilization (hut) genes (glnR).
Helping Science Methods Students Construct Meaning from Text.

The pursuit of meaning through reflection is an ultimate goal of teacher education. The reading reaction sheet strategy is one way to help methods students construct meaning about science teaching and learning, and is applicable to other college courses where considerable reading is expected. Furthermore, through instructor modeling (Kyle, Abell, & Shymansky, 1989; Yeany & Padilla, 1986), preservice teachers are more likely to employ techniques for reading in the content area in their own teaching. Thus the reading reaction sheet strategy illustrates the integration of research in reading, writing, and science education and its application to classroom practice.
Enrichment of NK Cells from Human Blood with the RosetteSep Kit from StemCell Technologies

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that belong to the innate immune system and play major roles in fighting against cancer and infections, but are also implicated in the early stages of pregnancy and transplant rejection. These cells are present in peripheral blood, from which they can be isolated. Cells can be isolated using either positive or negative selection. For positive selection we use antibodies directed to a surface marker present only on the cells of interest whereas for negative selection we use cocktails of antibodies targeted to surface markers present on all cells but the cells of interest. This latter technique presents the advantage of leaving the cells of interest free of antibodies, thereby reducing the risk of unwanted cell activation or differenciation. In this video-protocol we demonstrate how to separate NK cells from human blood by negative selection, using the RosetteSep kit from StemCell technologies. The procedure involves obtaining human peripheral blood (under an institutional review board-approved protocol to protect the human subjects) and mixing it with a cocktail of antibodies that will bind to markers absent on NK cells, but present on all other mononuclear cells present in peripheral blood (e.g., T lymphocytes, monocytes...). The antibodies present in the cocktail are conjugated to antibodies directed to glycophorin A on erythrocytes. All unwanted cells and red blood cells will therefore be trapped in complexes. The mix of blood and antibody cocktail is then diluted, overlayed on a Histopaque gradient, and centrifuged. NK cells (>80% pure) can be collected at the interface between the Histopaque and the diluted plasma. Similar cocktails are available for enrichment of other cell populations, such as human T lymphocytes.
A role for the mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3 in regulating energy homeostasis

Here, we demonstrate a role for the mitochondrial NAD-dependent deacetylase Sirt3 in the maintenance of basal ATP levels and as a regulator of mitochondrial electron transport. We note that Sirt3−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts have a reduction in basal ATP levels. Reconstitution with wild-type but not a deacetylase-deficient form of Sirt3 restored ATP levels in these cells. Furthermore in wild-type mice, the resting level of ATP correlates with organ-specific Sirt3 protein expression. Remarkably, in mice lacking Sirt3, basal levels of ATP in the heart, kidney, and liver were reduced >50%. We further demonstrate that mitochondrial protein acetylation is markedly elevated in Sirt3−/− tissues. In addition, in the absence of Sirt3, multiple components of Complex I of the electron transport chain demonstrate increased acetylation. Sirt3 can also physically interact with at least one of the known subunits of Complex I, the 39-kDa protein NDUFA9. Functional studies demonstrate that mitochondria from Sirt3−/− animals display a selective inhibition of Complex I activity. Furthermore, incubation of exogenous Sirt3 with mitochondria can augment Complex I activity. These results implicate protein acetylation as an important regulator of Complex I activity and demonstrate that Sirt3 functions in vivo to regulate and maintain basal ATP levels.
Interplanetary shock waves: Recent developments

Direct and indirect observations of interplanetary shock waves have been extended to the study of (i) the shock structure itself; (ii) the disturbed solar wind in its wake; (iii) additional discontinuities such as reverse shocks and pistons; and (iv) the shock's kinematic behavior. The last item — the trajectory — has benefited by the procedure (suggested by Pinter) of matching type II radio drift-inferred velocities with indirectly-inferred initial velocities found from at least two successive measurements in space. The significance of making type II observations at hectometric and kilometric wavelengths (as made, for example, by Slysh and Malitson, Feinberg and Stone) cannot be over-emphasized due to this technique's ability to make unambiguous solar terrestrial relationships. More direct and physically-meaningful observations, however, are still dependent uponin situ plasma and magnetic field measurements. Additional emphasis is presently being placed on numerical modeling of shock-induced disturbances in the solar wind as generated by both flares and stream-stream interactions. The former mechanism is emphasized in this review with several recommendations for further research: (a) further numerical modeling for shocks, starting when they are ‘born’ within relatively low-Alfven speed coronal regions; (b) expanded synoptic studies by spacecraft at various heliocentric longitudes, radii, and (eventually) latitudes with coordinated diagnostics; and (c) extended patrol of natural probes, such as comets, augmented with theoretical studies of possible shock-induced mechanical and chemical effects.
Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport and retention in tropical, rain forest streams draining a volcanic landscape in Costa Rica: in situ SRP amendment to streams and laboratory studies

Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) transport/retention was determined in two rain forest streams (Salto, Pantano) draining La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. There, SRP levels can be naturally high due to groundwater enriched by geothermal activity within the surfically dormant volcanic landscape, and subsequently discharged at ambient temperature. Combined field and laboratory approaches simulated high but natural geothermal SRP input with the objective of estimating the magnitude of amended SRP retention within high and low SRP settings and determining the underlying mechanisms of SRP retention. First, we examined short-term SRP retention/transport using combined SRP-conservative tracer additions at high natural in situ concentrations. Second, we attempted to observe a DIN response during SRP amendment as an indicator of biological uptake. Third, we determined SRP release/retention using laboratory sediment assays under control and biologically inhibited conditions. Short-term in situ tracer-SRP additions indicated retention in both naturally high and low SRP reaches. Retention of added SRP mass in Upper Salto (low SRP) was 17% (7.5 mg-P m−2 h−1), and 20% (10.9 mg-P m−2 h−1) in Lower Salto (high SRP). No DIN response in either nitrate or ammonium was observed. Laboratory assays using fresh Lower Salto sediments indicated SRP release (15.4 ± 5.9 μg-P g dry wt.−1 h−1), when incubated in filter sterilized Salto water at ambient P concentration, but retention when incubated in filter sterilized river water amended to 2.0 mg SRP l−1 (233.2 ± 5.8 μg-P g dry wt.−1 h−1). SRP uptake/release was similar in both control- and biocide-treated sediments indicating predominantly abiotic retention. High SRP retention even under biologically saturated conditions, absence of a DIN response to amendment, patterns of desorption following amendment, and similar patterns of retention and release under control and biologically inhibited conditions all indicated predominantly abiotic P flux.
Evolution of the Early Proterozoic Colorado province: Constraints from U-Pb geochronology

The Colorado province represents an addition of a belt of rocks more than 500 km wide to the southern margin of the Archean Wyoming craton during the Early Proterozoic, between about 1790 and 1660 Ma. Correspondence in ages between metamorphism, deformation, and plutonism; association of volcanic rocks with comagmatic calc-alkalic plutons; and lack of older basement are all consistent with the interpretation that the rocks of the province are products of arc magmatism and cannibalistic sedimentation along a convergent margin at the southern edge of the craton.
An Action Plan for Training Substitute Teachers

(1991). An Action Plan for Training Substitute Teachers. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 37-38.
The Chinese Approach to International Business Negotiation

While a new, market-driven China has been emerging fast in the global market place, Western companies have often reported frustration and confusion when negotiating in China. To identify the roots of the problems, this study investigated what Chinese negotiators are trained to do in the global marketplace by examin ing China's international business negotiation textbooks used in their training pro grams. The results indicate the following: (a) The win-win, win-lose, cooperative egoism, and concessive negotiation strategies are taught in China with the win-win recommended and the cooperative egoism controversially recommended, and Chi nese negotiators are also trained to probe the counterparts' strategies and then act accordingly; (b) Chinese negotiators are taught a large variety of communication techniques for negotiation arrayed along a continuum from the relationship-based win-win strategy to the pure competition-based win-lose mentality; however, the win-win techniques are taught and used far more fre...
EFFECT OF VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY ON PULMONARY OXYGEN TOXICITY

Adult female white mice were divided into two groups. One was fed a diet deficient in vitamin E (E-) and the other (E+) was fed the same mixture with D-a-tocopherol added (100 mg/kg chow). The following were evaluated: serum tocopherol concentrations, lung weight and sodium content, and the survival time of the animals in oxygen. Mean serum tocopherol concentrations were 2.1 ug/ml and 14.5 ug/ml (p<.005). Lung wet weight, sodium content and water content increased with time in 65% and 100% oxygen. E- mice had more sodium retention/gin lung than E+ mice (p<.05). Survival: Electron microscope studies of lungs that were fixed with glutaraldehyde at 20 cmH2O pressure showed vitamin E related differences. Oxygen (65% x 3-6 days) caused disruption of pulmonary capillary endothelial junctions and of the structure of the mitochondrial cristae in E- mice but not in E+ mice. Edema and fibrin deposition were greater in the E- group. These changes were not observed in animals kept in room air. These results indicate that vitamin E deficiency enhances the toxic effects of oxygen in mice.
General Aviation Safety

(1970). General Aviation Safety. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 203-205.
Pancreas transplant options for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease: simultaneous pancreas kidney or pancreas after kidney?

Purpose of reviewFor patients with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, the benefits of kidney transplantation vs. dialysis have long been appreciated. However, until recently, the added benefit of pancreas transplantation has been less well defined.Recent findingsA number of articles now sug