cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparison of discrete and continuous intrusion models for the thermal structure of the plates

Summary. We have obtained the temperature solution for a thermal model of the plates in which material is emplaced at discrete intervals rather than spreading continuously. The time-averaged heat flux and integrated heat flux for this discrete instrusion model are finite everywhere, differing from that given by a one-dimensional cooling model within a few intrusion widths of the ridge axis. In the limit as the intrusion width and period of emplacement tend to zero the temperature solution away from the ridge axis becomes that given by a modified plate model where a thermal balance boundary condition instead of a constant temperature condition is applied at the ridge axis. The integrated heat loss from a limited age interval about the ridge differs negligibly from that given by the one-dimensional cooling model or the modified plate model provided the interval extends more than two intrusion widths from the ridge axis.
Managing Law Enforcement Presence in the Emergency Department: Highlighting the Need for New Policy Recommendations

BACKGROUND: The Emergency Department (ED) is the portal of entry to the health care system for a large percentage of patients. This is especially true for victims and perpetrators of interpersonal violence. Frequently, law enforcement personnel (LEP) accompany patients to the ED or seek access to patients during their ED stay or subsequent hospitalization. The time-sensitive nature of both emergency care and criminal investigation motivates both health care personnel and LEP, and can lead to potential conflicts of interest regarding access to patients in the ED. OBJECTIVES: We hope to examine the relationship among patients, providers, and LEP in the ED, and the potential impact these interactions have on patient care. This article presents a review of the relevant literature and policy consideration as well as provides guidance on the development of such policies for EDs. DISCUSSION: Hospitals, EDs, and trauma resuscitation rooms are highly regulated environments, but LEP largely fall outside the ethical and institutional guidelines of health care institutions. Many potential areas of conflict exist when LEP are present in the ED that can have detrimental effects on patient care, provider liability, and LEP efficacy. Patients' perceptions of collaboration between ED personnel and LEP can compromise emergency patient care. CONCLUSION: There is a need for hospital policies to govern interactions among patients, emergency health care providers, and LEP in the ED. Language: en
A dual homogenization and finite-element study on the in-plane local and global behavior of a nonlinear coated fiber composite

Abstract In order to uncover the influence of localized deformation in the soft interphase layer on the global elastoplastic behavior of a fiber-reinforced composite, a dual homogenization and finite-element study is presented in this paper. The homogenization approach makes use of the concept of secant moduli and an energy-based effective stress which is evaluated by a field fluctuation method. In the finite-element analysis NASTRAN was used, with the triangular elements carefully constructed in the unit cell to deliver the local stress and strain fields of the constituent phases. These dual investigations are complementary in that the homogenization theory could readily provide the overall stress–strain curves of the composite whereas the finite-element analysis could give the local stress fields which are important to the onset of damage or crack initiation. The results of finite-element method (FEM) could also be used to assess the accuracy of the homogenization theory. Detailed comparisons between the two have indicated that the homogenization theory is sufficiently accurate. The propagation of plastic zone in both ductile phases are also vividly demonstrated. In addition, the soft interphase is found to be a region of high strain concentration, rendering the entire system with a lower elastoplastic strength as compared to an ordinary 2-phase composite.
Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Simulation of Microwave Sintering in Multimode Cavities

Microwave sintering of ceramics in multimode cavities, particularly the use of picket-fence arrangements, has recently received considerable attention. Various types of ceramics have been successfully sintered and, in some cases, a desirable and unique “microwave effect” has been observed. At present, various aspects of the sintering process such as sample sizes and shapes, types of insulations, and the desirability of including a process stimulus such as SiC rods are considered forms of art and highly dependent on human expertise. The simulation of realistic sintering experiments in a multimode cavity may provide a better understanding of critical parameters involved and allow for the development of guidelines towards the optimization of the sintering process. In this paper, we utilize the FDTD technique to model various geometrical arrangements and material compatibility aspects in multimode microwave cavities and to simulate realistic sintering experiments. The FDTD procedure starts with the simulation of a field distribution in multimode microwave cavities that resembles a set of measured data using liquid crystal sheets. Also included in the simulation is the waveguide feed as well as a dielectric loading plate placed at the base of the cavity. The FDTD simulation thus provides realistic representation of a typical sintering experiment. Aspects that have been successfully simulated include types of insulation, role of SiC rods on the uniformity of the resulting fields, problems that may result from presence of thermocouples, and the possible shielding effects that may result from excessive use of SiC. These results as well as others showing the electromagnetic fields and power-deposition patterns in multiple ceramic samples are presented.
Innovation and regulation in energy supply

There has been considerable merger activity in EU energy markets in recent years. It could be argued that competition authorities should be required to take into account potential innovation effects of mergers. In the UK, regulators are now trying to achieve multiple objectives within the current framework. There is a danger that if markets are expected to deliver mutually incompatible objectives they will be unable to achieve any of them.
Image Database Classification based on Concept Vector Model

Automatic semantic classification of image databases is very useful for users' searching and browsing, but it is at the same time a very challenging research problem as well. In this paper, we develop a hidden semantic concept discovery methodology to address effective semantics-intensive image database classification. Each image is segmented into regions and then a uniform and sparse region-based representation is obtained. With this representation a probabilistic model based on statistical-hidden-class assumptions of the image database is proposed, to which the Expectation-Maximization (EM) technique is applied to analyze semantic concepts hidden in the database. Two methods are proposed to make use of the semantic concepts discovered from the probabilistic model for unsupervised and supervised image database classifications, respectively, based on the automatically learned concept vectors. It is shown that the concept vectors are more reliable and robust and thus promising than the low level features through the theoretic analysis and the experimental evaluations on a database of 10,000 general-purpose images.
Mortality and Optimal Body Mass Index in a Sample of the US Population

In this paper the authors model the nonmonotonic relation between body mass index (BMI)...and mortality in 13242 [U.S.] black and white participants in the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study in order to estimate the BMI at which minimum mortality occurs.... The authors determined the range of values over which risk of all-cause mortality would increase no more than 20% in comparison with the minimum. This interval was nine BMI units wide and it included 70% of the population. These results were confirmed by parallel analyses using quantiles. The model used allowed the estimation of parameters in the BMI-mortality relation. The resulting empirical findings from each of four race/sex groups which are representative of the U.S. population demonstrate a wide range of BMIs consistent with minimum mortality and do not suggest that the optimal BMI is at the lower end of the distribution for any subgroup. (EXCERPT)
The role of a newly identified SET domain-containing protein, SETD3, in oncogenesis

The SET domain is found in histone methyltransferases and other lysine methyltransferases. SET domain-containing proteins such as MLL1 play a critical role in leukemogenesis, while others such as SETD2 may function as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer and renal cell carcinoma. We recently discovered that SETD3, a well-conserved SET domain-containing protein, was involved in a translocation to the immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus in one of the non-homologous end-joining/p53-deficient peripheral B-cell lymphomas. We showed that a truncated mRNA lacking the SET domain sequences in Setd3 gene was highly expressed in the lymphoma. Furthermore, we found that the truncated SET-less protein displayed oncogenic potential while the full length SETD3 protein did not. Finally, SETD3 exhibits histone methyltransferases activity on nucleosomal histone 3 in a SET-domain dependent manner. We propose that this newly identified Setd3 gene may play an important role in carcinogenesis.
Perching failure detection and recovery with onboard sensing

Perching on a vertical surface carries the risk of severe damage to the vehicle if the maneuver fails, especially if failure goes undetected. We present a detection method using an onboard 3-axis accelerometer to discriminate between perching success and failure. An analytical model was developed to calculate acceleration differences for success and failure and set decision times. Two distinct decision times were shown to be effective, corresponding to properly engaging the gripper and overloading the gripper's capabilities. According to a machine learning feature selection algorithm, the maximum Z axis acceleration of the quadrotor and the presence of near-zero readings are the most relevant features within these two time frames. Using these features, the detection algorithm discriminated between success and failure with a 91% accuracy at 40 ms, and 94% at 80 ms. Real-time detection and failure recovery experiments with a 20 g quadrotor verify the detection method. An improved approach that combines various decision times correctly identified success/failure for all 20 trials with an average total falling distance of 0.8m during recovery. We discuss the feasibility of extending our method to other quadrotor platforms.
Nipah Virus Emergence, Transmission, and Pathogenesis

Nipah virus was discovered during an outbreak of respiratory and neurological disease in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998–1999 involving 276 human cases, with 106 fatalities. Since 2001, outbreaks of Nipah virus disease have occurred almost every year in Bangladesh with case-fatality rates up to 90 %. Human disease is characterized by both respiratory and neurological symptoms; effective vaccines or treatments are currently unavailable.
The effect of Appalachian Mountain topography on seismic waves

abstract A field program was conducted during the summer of 1977 in the Appalachian Mountains to study some of the effects of topography on seismic-wave motions. The study areas included Powell Mountain (394 m of relief) in Lee County, Virginia, Bays and River Mountains (260 m of relief) in Sullivan County, Tennessee, and Gap and Brush Mountains (236 m of relief) in Montgomery County, Virginia. The majority of the data were recorded using 1 Hz horizontal seismometers aligned parallel to the long dimension of the northeast trending ridges. Some vertical (1 Hz) data were also collected. The signal sources were quarry and mine blasts located mostly to the west and northwest of the study areas. The Tennessee earthquake of July 27, 1977 [ m b (Lg) = 3.5] was recorded at Bays and River Mountains by both horizontal and vertical sensors. The basic data consist of maximum amplitudes and their associated periods measured from the Sg-Lg coda (some Rayleigh-wave and P -wave data were also obtained) at various sites on the ridges and in the valleys. In total, 137 events were considered from which 444 measurements of trace amplitude and wave period were made. These were cast in the form of 382 amplitude ratios between the individual sites. Four of the five ridges (Powell Mountain, Gap Mountain, Bays Mountain, and River Mountain) show amplification at the mountaintops with respect to the valleys. However, one ridge, with a less pronounced crest than the others (Brush Mountain), exhibited some wave-amplitude suppression. The vertical data obtained display a lesser degree of amplification than do the horizontal data as might be expected from other published observations. To reduce the scatter found in the individual amplitude ratios, average amplitude ratios between mountaintop and valley sites were determined. These average ratios showed that the seismic wave amplitudes at the mountaintops were amplified by factors from 1.7 to 3.4. Employing the theory for scattering of SH waves in a half-space with an irregular free surface, the predicted ground motions for each of the study areas were obtained. The comparison of the observed average ratios with these theoretical calculations indicates that a topographic effect is present but inadequately modeled by the theory.
Micropuncture Study of Water Reabsorption and PAH Secretion in Urea Diuresis in Rats.

SummaryInulin and PAH concentrations and osmolalities were determined in samples of tubular fluid collected from surface convolutions of rat kidneys during urea diuresis. F/P inulin ratios averaged 1.6 for the proximal tubule, 2.9 for the distal convolution and 21.7 for the ureteral urine, all significantly lower than in nondiuretic rats. Net PAH secretion appeared to be confined to the proximal tubule and could not be demonstrated in other parts of the nephron.
Patchworking Singularities Aμ and Dμ and Meanders of Their Smoothings

Let an algebraic curve f have a singular point of type Aμ or Dμ. Let \({\tilde f}\) be the curve obtained by smoothing the singular point of f. In this paper, local maximal meanders appearing under an M-smoothing in a neighborhood of the singular point are studied. A local maximal meander means that the number of real points of the intersection of \({\tilde f}\) with a coordinate axis in the neighborhood is maximal and the points belong to one of the components of \({\tilde f}\). An M-smoothing means that the number of components of \({\tilde f}\) which appear in the neighborhood under the smoothing is also maximal. Bibliography: 9 titles.
Regulation of mda-7 gene expression during human melanoma differentiation.

Induction of irreversible growth arrest and terminal differentiation in human melanoma cells following treatment with recombinant human fibroblast interferon (IFN-β) and mezerein (MEZ) results in elevated expression of a specific melanoma differentiation associated gene, mda-7. Experiments were conducted to define the mechanism involved in the regulation of mda-7 expression in differentiating human melanoma cells. The mda-7 gene is actively transcribed in uninduced HO-1 human melanoma cells and the rate of transcription of mda-7 is not significantly enhanced by treatment with IFN-β, MEZ or IFN-β+MEZ. The high basal activity of the mda-7 promoter in uninduced melanoma cells and the absence of enhancing effect upon treatment with differentiation inducers is corroborated by transfection studies using the promoter region of mda-7 linked to a luciferase reporter gene containing the SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence. RT–PCR analysis detects the presence of low levels of mda-7 transcripts in uninduced and concomitant increases in differentiation inducer treated HO-1 cells. However, steady-state mda-7 mRNA is detected only in IFN-β+MEZ and to a lesser degree in MEZ treated cells. We show that induction of terminal differentiation of HO-1 cells with IFN-β+MEZ dramatically increases the half-life of mda-7 mRNA while treatment with cycloheximide results in detectable mda-7 mRNA in control and inducer treated cells. These observations confirm constitutive activity of the mda-7 promoter in HO-1 cells irrespective of differentiation status suggesting posttranscriptional processes as important determinants of mda-7 expression during terminal differentiation. The 3′ UTR region of mda-7 contains AU-rich elements (ARE) that contribute to rapid mda-7 mRNA turnover during proliferation and reversible differentiation, a process controlled by a labile protein factor(s). Substitution of the SV40 polyadenylation signal sequence in the luciferase reporter plasmid with the mda-7-ARE-3′-UTR renders the Luciferase message unstable when expressed in proliferating and reversibly differentiated melanoma cells. In contrast, the luciferase message is stabilized when the mda-7-ARE-3′-UTR construct is expressed in terminally differentiated HO-1 cells. These results provide compelling evidence that mda-7 expression during terminal differentiation in human melanoma cells is regulated predominantly at a posttranscriptional level.
Reducing the Economic Impact of Grapevine Leafroll Disease in California: Identifying Optimal Disease Management Strategies

Grapevine leafroll disease (GLRD) is a devastating viral disease found across all grapegrowing regions. Vineyard managers have adopted various strategies for managing GLRD, including roguing individual symptomatic vines and replacing them with certified vines derived from clean, virus-tested stocks; applying insecticides targeting mealybug vector populations to reduce disease spread and minimize long-term impacts; and fully replanting vineyards at the onset of disease symptoms. Moreover, some managers elect not to control GLRD at all. We collected survey data from vineyard managers throughout the three major California grapegrowing counties, Napa, Sonoma, and Northern San Joaquin Valley, to estimate the economic impact of GLRD on Cabernet Sauvignon vines. The goal was to identify cost-minimizing management strategies under various disease-prevalence levels, price penalties, timing of disease onset relative to vineyard age, yield losses, and costs of control. Our results estimated that the economic cost of GLRD ranged from $29,902 to $226,405 per ha. Roguing symptomatic vines and replanting with certified vines in combination with insecticides to reduce mealybugs may minimize losses if GLRD prevalence is low (between 5 and 10%), while a full vineyard replacement should be pursued if disease prevalence is higher, generally above 25%, although regional differences were noted. These findings should help vineyard managers in the three regions examined to adopt optimal GLRD management strategies that can be tailored regionally or locally to unique market opportunities, potential market prices, and annual operating costs.
Comparison of Vapor Formation of Water at the Solid/Water Interface to Colloidal Solutions Using Optically Excited Gold Nanostructures

The phase transformation properties of liquid water to vapor is characterized by optical excitation of the lithographically fabricated single gold nanowrenches and contrasted to the phase transformation properties of gold nanoparticles located and optically excited in a bulk solution system [two and three dimensions]. The 532 nm continuous wave excitation of a single gold nanowrench results in superheating of the water to the spinodal decomposition temperature of 580 ± 20 K with bubble formation below the spinodal decomposition temperature being a rare event. Between the spinodal decomposition temperature and the boiling point liquid water is trapped into a metastable state because a barrier to vapor nucleation exists that must be overcome before the thermodynamically stable state is realized. The phase transformation for an optically heated single gold nanowrench is different from the phase transformation of optically excited colloidal gold nanoparticles solution where collective heating effects dominate...
Simulation of potato yield, nitrate leaching, and profit margins as influenced by irrigation and nitrogen management in different soils and production regions

Abstract The Columbia Basin in the Pacific Northwest is a highly productive area for potatoes in the United States. Here, nitrate is the most frequently documented groundwater contaminant, and the challenge of maximizing crop productivity while minimizing the nitrate pollution still remains. This study assessed the responses of tuber yield, nitrate leaching, and profit margin to irrigation water amount, irrigation interval, nitrogen application rate, and soil type using 30 years of historical weather data and two representative soils in three locations of this region. A potato model was used to simulate the response variables for a total of 7500 scenarios (5 irrigation intervals × 5 irrigation amounts × 5 nitrogen rates × 2 soil types × 30 years) for each location. The results showed that nitrate leaching was greater with a larger irrigation—, a longer irrigation interval, a higher nitrogen rate, and a lighter soil. Tuber yield was larger with a smaller irrigation, a higher nitrogen rate, and a heavier soil. Profit margin was larger with a smaller irrigation and a heavier soil. The optimum amount of irrigation water for the study region was 400 mm, at which both tuber yields and profit margins were the largest with the nitrogen application rate of 336 kg ha−1. The increase in leaching with a larger irrigation was smaller for a longer irrigation interval and a lighter soil but larger for a higher nitrogen rate. These findings might be helpful to potato growers in this region in identifying irrigation and nitrogen application rates aimed toward maximizing yields and profits while minimizing the nitrate contamination of groundwater.
Immunological relationship between measles and distemper viruses.

SummaryIn tissue culture studies, the Edmonston strain of measles virus was neutralized by distemper antiserum prepared in ferrets with the egg-adapted and mouse-adapted strains of distemper virus. All normal ferret sera failed to show any neutralization of measles virus. In animal studies, ferrets immunized with measles virus and subsequently challenged with virulent distemper virus showed some evidence of protection as revealed by prolonged incubation periods, modified illnesses and survivals. The mouse-adapted distemper virus was completely neutralized by measles antiserum prepared in ferrets, whereas, normal serum failed to show any neutralization. Mouse-adapted distemper virus was also neutralized by human measles convalescent sera. These results suggest that common antigenic components are shared by the viruses of measles and distemper.
Organization of a Laboratory Service for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

A laboratory service for therapeutic drug monitoring is designed to measure plasma drug levels in order to achieve optimal therapeutic effect and to avoid toxic effect. After deciding which drugs should be measured, equipment, supply, personnel, and space requirements must be considered. The careful design of the request form and an ongoing quality control program are other critical factors in the successful organization and continuation of a laboratory service.
Information Literacy Instruction and Assessment in a Community College: A Collaborative Design.

ABSTRACTThis article describes practical steps taken in the planning of an integrated information literacy instruction linked to a course assignment for community health majors at Kingsborough Community College of the City University of New York. The library sessions integrated the Association of College and Research Libraries Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education and were based on faculty-librarian collaboration. A course outline was designed to support a step by step course project. Tools to collect evidence of student learning were designed and adjustments to the course plan and activities were made based on those assessments. Suggestions for using these tools in an iterative design process are made.
Shrinking light to allow forbidden transitions on the atomic scale

The diversity of light-matter interactions accessible to a system is limited by the small size of an atom relative to the wavelength of the light it emits, as well as by the small value of the fine-structure constant. We developed a general theory of light-matter interactions with two-dimensional systems supporting plasmons. These plasmons effectively make the fine-structure constant larger and bridge the size gap between atom and light. This theory reveals that conventionally forbidden light-matter interactions--such as extremely high-order multipolar transitions, two-plasmon spontaneous emission, and singlet-triplet phosphorescence processes--can occur on very short time scales comparable to those of conventionally fast transitions. Our findings may lead to new platforms for spectroscopy, sensing, and broadband light generation, a potential testing ground for quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the ultrastrong coupling regime, and the ability to take advantage of the full electronic spectrum of an emitter.
Glass frit sealing method for macroscopic defects in Pd-based composite membranes with application in catalytic membrane reactors

Abstract A method of sealing defects in thin-film Pd-alloy composite membranes using commercially available glass frit powder is detailed. This technique involves application of a low melting point glass frit and in situ firing in inert gas to seal defects on the order of 1 mm in diameter. In this case, a glass frit with a melting point of 560 °C was found to produce stable seals at 520 °C during a 150 h stability test under pure hydrogen. Changing the feed mixture to 50% H 2 , 25% Ar and 25% steam, however, caused softening and subsequent seal failure at 520 °C. However, stable operation was achieved with water gas-shift mixtures when the temperature was reduced to 400 °C. The seal is demonstrated to be very robust within ammonia decomposition membrane reactors. Even though the frit seal had direct contact with the catalyst bed, it was observed to be stable in an ammonia decomposition reactor at 520 °C. The catalytic membrane reactor obtained 98% conversion, producing above 99% purity hydrogen with a flux of 0.11 mol m −2 s −1 for 150 h with no signs of seal degradation.
To slip or not to slip

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, in which materials are modelled on super-computers at the level of their interacting molecules, have become an invaluable tool for studying complex systems on microscopic scales. Many problems in condensed matter physics and chemistry, which have otherwise eluded experimental and theoretical analysis, have been resolved with MD techniques. For three decades, most applications of MD focused on equilibrium properties of solids, liquids, and other condensed systems. Recently, the availability of supercomputers has led to a proliferation of exciting studies involving inhomogeneous, non-equilibrium systems. New applications include studies of fluid dynamics, atomic force microscopy, micro-indentation and 'stick–slip' phenomena.
Is plasmonic enhancement limited if metal becomes “lossless”?

Metal nanostructures have been consistently studied for the purpose of enhancement of optical properties of various active objects of similar or smaller dimensions such as atoms, molecules, or quantum dots placed in close proximity of the nanostructures. The optical enhancement is the result of strong electric field localization of the surface plasmon around the metal nanostructure. An important question therefore is what the ultimate limit of this enhancement is.
On the occurrence of the genus Callocardia in Australian waters, with the description of a new Species

Callocardia thorae, new species, described from twelve dredging stations off the central part of the east coast of Australia between the Capricorn Channel, Queensland and North Solitary Island, New...
Conducting an Unplanned Participant Observation: The Case of a Non-Birder in Bird Watchers' Land

In diesem Beitrag beschreibe ich zwei teilnehmende Beobachtungen von Vogelbeobachter/innen, die zufallig zustande kamen. Individuelle und interpersonelle Handlungsmuster werden identifiziert und veranschaulicht. Im Besonderen diskutiere ich Themen wie das vollige Eintauchen in Details von Vogelbeobachtung und den kollaborativ-kompetitiven Charakter der subkulturellen Interaktionen vor dem Hintergrund verfugbaren Wissens uber Sport- und Freizeitaktivitaten in anderen Subkulturen. Zusatzlich befasse ich mich mit methodologischen und ethischen Implikationen ungeplanter teilnehmender Beobachtung. URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs170187
MicroRNA therapeutics: towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that can modulate mRNA expression. Insights into the roles of miRNAs in development and disease have led to the development of new therapeutic approaches that are based on miRNA mimics or agents that inhibit their functions (antimiRs), and the first such approaches have entered the clinic. This Review discusses the role of different miRNAs in cancer and other diseases, and provides an overview of current miRNA therapeutics in the clinic. In just over two decades since the discovery of the first microRNA (miRNA), the field of miRNA biology has expanded considerably. Insights into the roles of miRNAs in development and disease, particularly in cancer, have made miRNAs attractive tools and targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Functional studies have confirmed that miRNA dysregulation is causal in many cases of cancer, with miRNAs acting as tumour suppressors or oncogenes (oncomiRs), and miRNA mimics and molecules targeted at miRNAs (antimiRs) have shown promise in preclinical development. Several miRNA-targeted therapeutics have reached clinical development, including a mimic of the tumour suppressor miRNA miR-34, which reached phase I clinical trials for treating cancer, and antimiRs targeted at miR-122, which reached phase II trials for treating hepatitis. In this article, we describe recent advances in our understanding of miRNAs in cancer and in other diseases and provide an overview of current miRNA therapeutics in the clinic. We also discuss the challenge of identifying the most efficacious therapeutic candidates and provide a perspective on achieving safe and targeted delivery of miRNA therapeutics.
Genomic evidence for convergent evolution of a key trait underlying divergence in island birds

Reproductive isolation can be initiated by changes in one or a few key traits that prevent random mating among individuals in a population. During the early stages of speciation, when isolation is often incomplete, there will be a heterogeneous pattern of differentiation across regions of the genome between diverging populations, with loci controlling these key traits appearing the most distinct as a result of strong diversifying selection. In this study, we used Illumina-sequenced ddRAD tags to identify genomewide patterns of differentiation in three recently diverged island populations of the Monarcha castaneiventris flycatcher of the Solomon Islands. Populations of this species have diverged in plumage colour, and these differences in plumage colour, in turn, are used in conspecific recognition and likely important in reproductive isolation. Previous candidate gene sequencing identified point mutations in MC1R and ASIP, both known pigmentation genes, to be associated with the difference in plumage colour between islands. Here, we show that background levels of genomic differentiation based on over 70,000 SNPs are extremely low between populations of distinct plumage colour, with no loci reaching the level of differentiation found in either candidate gene. Further, we found that a phylogenetic analysis based on these SNPs produced a taxonomy wherein the two melanic populations appear to have evolved convergently, rather than from a single common ancestor, in contrast to their original classification as a single subspecies. Finally, we found evidence that the pattern of low genomic differentiation is the result of both incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow between populations.
Voluminous arc dacites as amphibole reaction-boundary liquids

Dacites dominate the large-volume, explosive eruptions in magmatic arcs, and compositionally similar granodiorites and tonalites constitute the bulk of convergent margin batholiths. Shallow, pre-eruptive storage conditions are well known for many dacitic arc magmas through melt inclusions, Fe–Ti oxides, and experiments, but their potential origins deeper in the crust are not well determined. Accordingly, we report experimental results identifying the P–T–H2O conditions under which hydrous dacitic liquid may segregate from hornblende (hbl)-gabbroic sources either during crystallization–differentiation or partial melting. Two compositions were investigated: (1) MSH–Yn−1 dacite (SiO2: 65 wt%) from Mount St. Helens’ voluminous Yn tephra and (2) MSH–Yn−1 + 10% cpx to force saturation with cpx and map a portion of the cpx + melt = hbl peritectic reaction boundary. H2O-undersaturated (3, 6, and 9 wt% H2O) piston cylinder experiments were conducted at pressures, temperatures, and fO2 appropriate for the middle to lower arc crust (400, 700, and 900 MPa, 825–1100 °C, and the Re–ReO2 buffer ≈ Ni–NiO + 2). Results for MSH–Yn−1 indicate near-liquidus equilibrium with a cpx-free hbl-gabbro residue (hbl, plg, magnetite, ± opx, and ilmeno-hematite) with 6–7 wt% dissolved H2O, 925 °C, and 700–900 MPa. Opx disappears down-temperature consistent with the reaction opx + melt = hbl. Cpx-added phase relations are similar in that once ~10% cpx crystallizes, multiple saturation is attained with cpx, hbl, and plg, +/− opx, at 6–7 wt% dissolved H2O, 940 °C, and 700–900 MPa. Plg–hbl–cpx saturated liquids diverge from plg–hbl–opx saturated liquids, consistent with the MSH–Yn−1 dacite marking a liquid composition along a peritectic distributary reaction boundary where hbl appears down-temperature as opx + cpx are consumed. The abundance of saturating phases along this distributary peritectic (liquid + hbl + opx + cpx + plg + oxides) reduces the variance, so liquids are restricted to dacite–granodiorite–tonalite compositions. Higher-K dacites than the Yn would also saturate with biotite, further limiting their compositional diversity. Theoretical evaluation of the energetics of peritectic melting of pargasitic amphiboles indicates that melting and crystallization of amphibole occur abruptly, proximal to amphibole’s high-temperature stability limit, which causes the system to dwell thermally under the conditions that produce dacitic compositions. This process may account for the compositional homogeneity of dacites, granodiorites, and tonalites in arc settings, but their relative mobility compared to rhyolitic/granitic liquids likely accounts for their greater abundance.
El capitalismo después de la crisis

Luigi Zingales se pregunta en este articulo si el capitalismo democratico seguira gozando en Estados Unidos de la legitimidad indiscutida que habia tenido hasta hoy entre la poblacion. Los indicadores iniciales —senala— no son alentadores. El gobierno estadounidense, al reaccionar frente a la crisis como lo ha hecho, en especial mediante operaciones estatales en gran escala para el rescate financiero de bancos y grandes corporaciones, amenazaria con encaminar al pais hacia el corporativismo europeo y el capitalismo de compadrazgos. Lo cual, en el largo plazo, conduciria a la consolidacion de las mismas practicas que ocasionaron en el pasado la crisis y que tienen atrapado al capitalismo, en la mayor parte del mundo, en un circulo vicioso. Asi, en opinion del autor, el curso de accion que se ha impuesto hasta ahora en los EE. UU. bien podria ser la consecuencia mas grave y perjudicial de la crisis financiera
Arbitrability and Tax

Although arguments exist that fiscal disputes should remain beyond private adjudication, implicating as they do the sovereign prerogative of revenue raising, the practice proves very much to the contrary. Arbitration of tax-related disputes proves very much a reality despite doctrinal objections. The amenability of such disputes to arbitration remains highly fact-intensive, with no hard-and-fast rule prohibiting all tax arbitration per se, while some controversies stay out-of-bounds for arbitrators. One analytic starting point for determining fiscal arbitrability lies in the distinction between legitimate and illegitimate taxes.
Response of Cr and Cr-Al coatings on Zircaloy-2 to high temperature steam

Abstract The oxidation behavior of chromium (Cr) and chromium-aluminum (CrAl) coatings with various compositions deposited on Zircaloy-2 to 700 °C high-temperature steam (HTS) exposure has been investigated. CrAl coatings with higher Al compositions demonstrate lower oxidation weight gain. A layer of γ-alumina developed on the CrAl coatings with Al composition over 43 at%, while Al2O3 and Cr2O3 developed on CrAl coatings with Al composition below 33 at%. Oxidation of Zircaloy-2 substrate was inhibited by the 1um coatings to 20 h HTS exposure. Coating constituent elements diffused into the substrate and formed intermetallic phases with the Zircaloy substrate. Thicker layers of intermetallic phases developed on the coatings with higher Al composition. The intermetallic phases included Fe and Ni, indicating the dissolution of second phase particles (SPPs) during HTS exposure.
Communication Partner Involvement in Auditory Rehabilitation: It's Time to Include Adult Children

Family-centered care emphasizes collaboration and open communication between the patient, clinician, and the family. Social support from a frequent communication partner can help to promote initiat...
The differential effect of polymyxin B1 on guinea pig lung mitochondrial and microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase

The activities of guinea pig lung mitochondrial and microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase differed in sensitivity to polymyxin B1. At an antibiotic concentration of 1 mg/ml, the mitochondrial enzyme activity was stimulated twofold, but the microsomal enzyme activity was completely inhibited. Furthermore, the mitochondrial enzyme activity was stimulated by polymyxin B1 without the addition of exogenous acyl-CoA. Additional experiments ruled out the possibility of polymyxin B1 acting as a substrate for the mitochondrial acyltransferase. These results suggest either that the polymyxin B1 sensitivity of mitochondrial and microsomal glycerophosphate acyltransferase is different or that their accessibility to substrates is different because the two isoenzymes are located differently in the different phospholipid microenvironment of the membranes.
Modèle probabiliste d’un langage en reconnaissance de la parole

Dans les diverses tâches de reconnaissance de la parole, en particulier celles qui utilisent un large vocabulaire, il est necessaire d’avoir un modele de langage qui participe au choix des candidats pour la suite de la phrase. L’idee de construire un modele probabiliste adapte a cette tâche provient naturellement du fait que la succession des mots dans une phrase est soumise a des contraintes d’ordres grammatical et semantique. Le principe est d’estimer la probabilite conditionnelle de l’apparition d’un mot, le debut de la phrase etant fixe. Apres avoir pose le probleme du modele adapte a un large vocabulaire et une tâche naturelle, les auteurs presentent un outil theorique (Source de Markov en theorie de l’information), utile a sa formalisation, et les methodes automatiques d’estimation des parametres necessaires. Puis ils exposent l’experience d’un modele particulier pour l’anglais, et ses resultats. In speech recognition with a large size vocabulary, a language model is used to direct the choice of the word candidates along the sentence being decoded. The word succession is subject to syntactic and semantic constraints. A probabilistic language model should estimate the conditional probability of utterrance of any word, given the past sequence. In this paper, the authors introduce the language modelling problem for natural tasks. They give an information theoretic tool for its formalisation: the notion of Markov source. The automatic training and parameters estimation are showed. Then a particular model experiment for natural english is related.
Evolution of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine

Consultation-liaison (CL) psychiatry refers to the skills and knowledge utilized in evaluating and treating the emotional and behavioral conditions in patients who are referred from medical and surgical settings. Many such patients have comorbid psychiatric and medical conditions, and others have emotional and behavioral problems that result from the medical illness either directly or as a reaction to it and its treatment. Psychosomatic medicine refers to the study of “mind–body” relationship in medicine. Investigators in psychosomatic medicine have historically been interested in the psychosomatic aspects of medical patients, and were pioneer practitioners of CL psychiatry.
Causes of Persistent Positional Vertigo Following Posterior Semicircular Canal Occlusion for Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo.

Objective To report causes of persistent recalcitrant positional vertigo (PRPV) after posterior semicircular canal occlusion (PSCO) for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). Study design Retrospective chart review. Setting Single high-volume otology practice. Patients Patients diagnosed with BPPV from 2007 to 2017. Intervention PSCO and follow-up care including diagnostic and particle repositioning maneuvers for recurrent BPPV. Main outcome measures PRPV, defined as recalcitrant positional vertigo for any reason following PSCO. Results Twenty seven PSCO operations were performed in 26 patients. Twenty five patients (96.2%) had resolution of the Dix-Hallpike test in the operated ear. Eleven patients (42.3%) developed BPPV postoperatively, three (11.5%) in the operated ear and eight (30.8%) in the contralateral ear. Five of eight patients (62.5%) who developed contralateral BPPV had unilateral BPPV preoperatively. Eight patients (30.8%) developed BPPV at least twice after surgery or did not resolve, qualifying as PRPV, and all but one of these events occurred in the nonsurgical ear. No instances of cerebrospinal fluid leak, postoperative infection, facial palsy, clinically significant hearing loss, or death occurred. Conclusions PSCO is a safe and effective option for recalcitrant BPPV. However, 30.8% of patients, including patients with initially unilateral BPPV, had recalcitrant positional vertigo postoperatively, usually due to contralateral BPPV. Patients considering PSCO should be counseled regarding this risk to ensure realistic expectations.
Understanding Online Trust and Information Behavior Using Demographics and Human Values

In the aftermath of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election, the role of social media in influencing the dissemination of information is a timely and critical issue. To understand how social media-based information, misinformation, and disinformation work in practice, it is critical to identify factors that can predict social media users’ online information behavior. To this end, we designed an experiment to study the influence of the independent variables, demographics, and human values, on the dependent variables, social media users’ observed trust behavior, self-reported trust behavior, and information behavior. We report the statistically significant results of these comparisons; for example, we found that liberals were more likely to trust mainstream media (p < 0.05) and scientific journals (p < 0.05) and to state that the content of the linked pages influenced their trust (p < 0.01) than moderates; for values, we found that participants who more highly valued security were more likely to trust mainstream media articles (p < 0.05), to notice the presence or absence of hyperlinks, and to click on fake news articles (p < 0.05). Ultimately, both demographics and values can be used to predict online trust and information behavior; while demographics are commonly captured or predicted in online marketing, values represent a much less tapped opportunity to predict social media users’ online trust and information behavior.
Retooling of Paper-based Outcome Measures to Electronic Format: Comparison of the NY State Public Risk Model and EHR-derived Risk Models for CABG Mortality.

Background:Risk adjustment is critical in the comparison of quality of care and health care outcomes for providers. Electronic health records (EHRs) have the potential to eliminate the need for costly and time-consuming manual data abstraction of patient outcomes and risk factors necessary for risk
Injectable cellulose-based hydrogels as nucleus pulposus replacements: Assessment of in vitro structural stability, ex vivo herniation risk, and in vivo biocompatibility

Current treatments for intervertebral disc degeneration and herniation are palliative only and cannot restore disc structure and function. Nucleus pulposus (NP) replacements are a promising strategy for restoring disc biomechanics and height loss. Cellulose-based hydrogel systems offer potential for NP replacement since they are stable, non-toxic, may be tuned to match NP material properties, and are conducive to cell or drug delivery. A crosslinked, carboxymethylcellulose-methylcellulose dual-polymer hydrogel was recently formulated as an injectable NP replacement that gelled in situ and restored disc height and compressive biomechanical properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the translational potential of this hydrogel system by examining the long-term structural stability in vitro, the herniation risk and fatigue bending endurance in a bovine motion segment model, and the in vivo biocompatibility in a rat subcutaneous pouch model. Results showed that the hydrogels maintained their structural integrity over a 12-week period. AF injury significantly increased herniation risk and reduced fatigue bending endurance in bovine motion segments. Samples repaired with cellulosic hydrogels demonstrated restored height and exhibited herniation risk and fatigue endurance comparable to samples that underwent the current standard treatment of nucleotomy. Lastly, injected hydrogels elicited a minimal foreign body response as determined by analysis of fibrous capsule development and macrophage presence over 12 weeks. Overall, this injectable cellulosic hydrogel system is a promising candidate as an NP substitute. Further assessment and optimization of this cellulosic hydrogel system in an in vivo intradiscal injury model may lead to an improved clinical solution for disc degeneration and herniation.
Copula directional dependence of discrete time series marginals

To understand the dynamic relationship of discrete time series processes, we adopted copula directional dependence via beta regression model applied with generalized autoregressive conditional hete...