cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation between Einstein and quantum field equations

We show that there exists a choice of scalar field modes, such that the evolution of the quantum field in the zero-mass and large-mass limits is consistent with the Einstein equations for the background geometry. This choice of modes is also consistent with zero production of these particles and thus corresponds to a preferred vacuum state preserved by the evolution. In the zero-mass limit, we find that the quantum field equation implies the Einstein equation for the scale factor of a radiation-dominated universe; in the large-mass case, it implies the corresponding Einstein equation for a matter-dominated universe. Conversely, if the classical radiation-dominated or matter-dominated Einstein equations hold, there is no production of scalar particles in the zero and large mass limits, respectively. The suppression of particle production in the large mass limit is over and above the expected suppression at large mass. Our results hold for a certain class of conformally ultrastatic background geometries and therefore generalize previous results by one of us for spatially flat Robertson-Walker background geometries. In these geometries, we find that the temporal part of the graviton equations reduces to the temporal equation for a massless minimally coupled scalar field, and therefore the results for massless particle production hold also for gravitons. Within the class of modes we study, we also find that the requirement of zero production of massless scalar particles is not consistent with a non-zero cosmological constant. Possible implications are discussed.
Advances in environmental and occupational disorders

As with the previous year, 2005 was a very active year for investigation of the effect of environmental agents on allergic disease, be they allergens, pollutants, bioaerosols, or occupationally encountered agents. There were a large number of articles on the prevalence of allergic disease in the United States, identification and characterization of a number of allergens, and the role of indoor allergens and potential mitigation of the effect of such allergens, as well as the hygiene hypothesis, air pollution, and the effect of these agents on airway disease. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology also saw very interesting case reports and mechanistic studies examining the causes of occupational immune-mediated disease. There were also reports on gene-environment interactions, highlighting the importance of such interactions in modulating the risk for development of allergic disease. That these interactions have proved to be remarkably complex comes as no surprise to the allergy and immunology community because allergists and immunologists have long appreciated the role of environmental influences on disease.
Use of Otolith Microstructure to Distinguish Wild from Hatchery-Reared American Shad in the Susquehanna River

Abstract Hatchery production is a major component of the effort to restore American shad Alosa sapidissima in the Susquehanna River. Otoliths of all hatchery-reared American shad are marked by immersion of larvae in a solution of tetracycline. Sagittae from juvenile outmigrants are examined for marks and the data are used to estimate hatchery contributions to the total population of the outmigrants. We have developed an alternative method of distinguishing wild from hatchery-reared American shad based on otolith microstructure, Otoliths of hatchery-reared shad characteristically exhibit narrow increments related to slow growth and constant rearing conditions in the hatchery, followed by wider increments formed after fish have been released into the wild. Sagittal increment widths were measured for 10 groups of American shad from known origins. Mean widths of the first 15 increments were smallest for four groups of hatchery-reared fish, largest for four groups of wild Susquehanna River fish, and of interme...
Identification of Differential Gene Expression in Brassica rapa Nectaries through Expressed Sequence Tag Analysis

Background Nectaries are the floral organs responsible for the synthesis and secretion of nectar. Despite their central roles in pollination biology, very little is understood about the molecular mechanisms underlying nectar production. This project was undertaken to identify genes potentially involved in mediating nectary form and function in Brassica rapa. Methodology and Principal Findings Four cDNA libraries were created using RNA isolated from the median and lateral nectaries of B. rapa flowers, with one normalized and one non-normalized library being generated from each tissue. Approximately 3,000 clones from each library were randomly sequenced from the 5′ end to generate a total of 11,101 high quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Sequence assembly of all ESTs together allowed the identification of 1,453 contigs and 4,403 singleton sequences, with the Basic Localized Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) being used to identify 4,138 presumptive orthologs to Arabidopsis thaliana genes. Several genes differentially expressed between median and lateral nectaries were initially identified based upon the number of BLAST hits represented by independent ESTs, and later confirmed via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). RT PCR was also used to verify the expression patterns of eight putative orthologs to known Arabidopsis nectary-enriched genes. Conclusions/Significance This work provided a snapshot of gene expression in actively secreting B. rapa nectaries, and also allowed the identification of differential gene expression between median and lateral nectaries. Moreover, 207 orthologs to known nectary-enriched genes from Arabidopsis were identified through this analysis. The results suggest that genes involved in nectar production are conserved amongst the Brassicaceae, and also supply clones and sequence information that can be used to probe nectary function in B. rapa.
Overview and design aspects of data- and telecommunication power system to meet latest efficiency and power saving standards and regulations

Telecommunication power system solutions are reviewed and compared to meet latest power saving standards and regulations. As part of such system, front-end power supply design including PFC and post-PFC DC/DC converter optimal topologies is discussed in depth. Benefits of suggested optimal power saving control algorithm for phase-shifted full-bridge converter are confirmed by test results of 660-W prototype.
Picosecond spectral coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering imaging with principal component analysis of meibomian glands

The lipid distribution in the mouse meibomian gland was examined with picosecond spectral anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging. Spectral CARS data sets were generated by imaging specific localized regions of the gland within tissue sections at consecutive Raman shifts in the CH2 stretching vibrational range. Spectral differences between the location specific CARS spectra obtained in the lipid-rich regions of the acinus and the central duct were observed, which were confirmed with a Raman microspectroscopic analysis, and attributed to meibum lipid modifications within the gland. A principal component analysis of the spectral data set reveals changes in the CARS spectrum when transitioning from the acini to the central duct. These results demonstrate the utility of picosecond spectral CARS imaging combined with multivariate analysis for assessing differences in the distribution and composition of lipids in tissues.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and soot formation in premixed flames of CH3Cl/CH4 and CH4

The microstructures of atmospheric-pressure, laminar, premixed flames of CH 3 Cl/CH 4 and CH 4 have been studied under similar fuel-rich (=2.5) and carbon density (1.90×10 −5 mole/cm 3 ) conditions using both heated microprobe and cold-trap sampling, followed by analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mole fraction profiles of a large number of species, including aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been determined. In addition, the temperature and relative soot profiles were obtained using thermocouples and He−Ne laser light extinction measurements, respectively. These experiments indicated that although the CH 3 Cl/CH 4 flame was more sooting, the levels of all the aromatics and PAHs were significantly lower, some by as much as a factor of 10, than the CH 4 flame in the postflame zones. This is a surprising result that contradicts the generally held belief that increased soot formation is associated with higher PAH levels. These measurements also provide new information on flame chemistry and suggest that the major effect of chlorine is the rapid incorporation of PAHs into soot.
UWB signal acquisition in positioning systems: Bayesian compressed sensing with redundancy

In ultra wide band (UWB) positioning systems, the key problem is to detect the timing of transmitted UWB pulses. Narrow pulses are required for high precision of positioning, thus demanding high sampling rate. To alleviate the difficulty for analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and utilize the feature of time sparsity of UWB pulses, a compressed sensing based scheme is proposed, in which the received signal is mixed using distributed amplifiers, sampled using a bank of low rate ADCs and then reconstructed. To combat the detrimental effect of Gaussian noise, Bayesian compressed sensing is applied, using a structure similar to the iterative decoder for turbo codes to exploit the redundancy in time, history and space. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that the Bayesian compressed sensing using redundancy achieves substantial performance gain (UWB pulse recovery rate and positioning precision), compared with traditional compressed sensing approaches.
Rules for sequential diagnosis.

Abstract Two different types of programs have been developed for computer-aided diagnosis. Either all the data can be input and diagnostic probabilities determined algorithmically or the data are entered sequentially, a set of decision rules being used to rank the tests remaining, and, if appropriate, to stop the sequence. This latter type may be used for computer-aided learning about diagnosis. A special set of programs has been compiled to generate, update and modify files which are then used in other programs written in the BRANCHIT author language to test strategies of sequential diagnosis. From these, a new heuristic function has been developed which satisfies the following requirements. It must be possible to evaluate the decision rule using relatively little computer memory or computer time. The rule should yield not only the best test but an ordering and a scoring of the tests available. There must be a threshold which is useful both as a discriminator against poor tests and for the stopping rule. And, finally, the method must be reasonably robust against minor errors in the data base. The final rules and functions which were selected work well with either probabilities or costs. They are in use in a computer-aided learning program dealing with abdominal pain and available on the CDC 3300 computer and the Health Computer Sciences distributed capacity network.
Research Note: What Takes Them Out to the Ball Game?

The game of baseball was an integral part of life in 20th-century America. The relation baseball had with its fans, though, evolved as the game moved from quiet pastime to a multibillion dollar business. As the presented evidence will suggest, consumer demand at the close of the 20th century was less about loyalty to ‘our team’ and more about winning. Possible explanations for this trend are greater competition, labor-management strife, free agency, and a general change in the focus of sports away from simple quiet pastimes to one of profit-maximizing business.
Cooperative interactions between the contractile proteins of cardiac and skeletal muscle.

The calcium activation of the ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity of cardiac actomyosin reconstituted from bovine cardiac myosin and a complex of actin-tropomyosin-troponin extracted from bovine cardiac muscle at 37°C was studied and compared with similar proteins from rabbit fast skeletal muscle. The proteins of the actin complex were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Half-maximal activation of the cardiac actomyosin was seen at a calcium concentration of 1.2 ± 0.002 (S.E. of mean) μM. A hybridized reconstituted actomyosin made with cardiac myosin and the actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle was also activated by calcium but the half-maximal value was shifted to 0.65 ± 0.02 (S.E. of mean) μM Ca2+. Homologous rabbit skeletal actomyosin showed half-maximal activation at 0.90 ± 0.01 (S.E. of mean) μM Ca2+ and the value for a hybridized actomyosin made with rabbit skeletal myosin and the actin-complex from cardiac muscle was found at 1.4 ± 0.03 (S.E. of mean) μM Ca2+ concentration. Kinetic analysis of the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity of reconstituted bovine cardiac actomyosin indicated some degree of cooperativity with respect to calcium. Double reciprocal plots of reconstituted actomyosins made with bovine cardiac actin complex were curvilinear and significantly different than those of reconstituted actomyosins made with the rabbit fast skeletal actin complex. The Ca2+-dependent cooperativity was of a mixed type as determined from Hill plots for homologous reconstituted bovine cardiac and rabbit fast skeletal actomyosin. The results show that cooperative interactions in reconstituted actomyosins were greater when the actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex was derived from cardiac than skeletal muscle.
Classification of ultrasonic image texture by statistical discriminant analysis and neural networks

In this paper the ability of two common statistical discriminant analysis procedures are compared with two commercial neural network software packages. The major objective of this study was to determine which of the procedures could best discriminate between normal and abnormal ultrasonic liver textures. The same set of features were input into both statistical discriminant analysis procedures and both neural network models. Preliminary results have found the restricted Coulomb Energy (RCE) neural network model to have a testing accuracy of 90.6% which is approximately 10% better than any of the other techniques investigated.
GASTROCYSTOPLASTY: LONG-TERM FOLLOWUP

AbstractPurpose: Gastrocystoplasty is no longer favored at many institutions due to complications, including the hematuria-dysuria syndrome and metabolic alkalosis. We reviewed our experience to determine the advantages and disadvantages of bladder augmentation using stomach body wall.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records, urodynamic studies, x-rays and laboratory evaluations of 47 children who underwent gastrocystoplasty at our institution between 1986 and June 1997. Parents and patients were contacted by telephone for detailed interviews to validate the medical record and determine whether there had been any changes since the last visit. Followup ranged from 9 months to 11 years (mean 4.4 years). Bladder dysfunction was secondary to spinal dysraphism in 38 children. Other diagnoses included cloacal and bladder exstrophy, posterior urethral valves, a persistent urogenital sinus and bilateral ectopic ureters.Results: Preoperative and postoperative ultrasound studies availa...
The Indiana University Center for Healthcare Innovation and Implementation Science: Bridging healthcare research and delivery to build a learning healthcare system

In the United States, it is estimated that 75,000 deaths every year could be averted if the healthcare system implemented high quality care more effectively and efficiently. Patient harm in the hospital occurs as a consequence of inadequate procedures, medications and other therapies, nosocomial infections, diagnostic evaluations and patient falls. Implementation science, a new emerging field in healthcare, is the development and study of methods and tools aimed at enhancing the implementation of new discoveries and evidence into daily healthcare delivery. The Indiana University Center for Healthcare Innovation and Implementation Science (IU-CHIIS) was launched in September 2013 with the mission to use implementation science and innovation to produce great-quality, patient-centered and cost-efficient healthcare delivery solutions for the United States of America. Within the first 24 months of its initiation, the IU-CHIIS successfully scaled up an evidence-based collaborative care model for people with dementia and/or depression, successfully expanded the Accountable Care Unit model positively impacting the efficiency and quality of care, created the first Certificate in Innovation and Implementation Science in the US and secured funding from National Institutes of Health to investigate innovations in dementia care. This article summarizes the establishment of the IU-CHIIS, its impact and outcomes and the lessons learned during the journey.
Randomized trial of two parent-training programs for families with conduct-disordered children.

Department of Parent and Child NursingUniversity of WashingtonClinic mothers of 35 conduct-disordered children were randomly assigned to awaiting list control group, 9 weeks of individual therapy, or 9 weeks of therapist-led group therapy based on a standardized videotape modeling program. Mothersand their children were assessed at baseline, immediately after treatment, and 1year later by home visits, twice-per-week telephone reports, and questionnaires.One month after treatment, both groups of treated mothers showed significantattitudinal and behavioral improvements compared with untreated controls. Ad-ditionally, the children in the two treatment groups showed reductions in childnoncompliance compared with control children. At the 1-year follow-up, not onlywere most of the changes in mothers' behaviors maintained, but both treatmentgroups of children continued to show significant reductions in noncompliant anddeviant behaviors. There were no significant differences on any of the attitudinalor behavioral measures between individual and videotape modeling group discussiontherapies at the immediate or 1-year follow-up. Total therapist time was approx-imately 251 hr for the entire individual group and 48 hr for the entire videotapediscussion group. Although both treatments seem to offer equivalent and sustainedimprovements for parents and conduct-disordered children, the therapeutic efficiencyof the videotape modeling group format is more cost-effective.In response to the large numbers of childrenwith conduct disorders and the shortage ofprofessional personnel, there has been an in-creasing emphasis on training parents as ther-apists for their own children. Several excellentreviews (Berkowitz & Graziano, 1972; Gra-ziano, 1977; Johnson KMoreland,Schwebel, Beck, & Wells, 1982; Pawlicki,
Accumulation of 14C-Naphthalene in the tissues of redhead ducks fed oil-contaminated crayfish.

Crayfish, artificially contaminated with14C-naphthalene-5% water-soluble fraction of No. 2 fuel oil, were force-fed to one-year-old redhead ducks to determine the accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The relative distribution of carbon-14 activity in the gall bladder containing bile, and fat were similar, and significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the activity in the blood, brain, liver, and kidney. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the disintegrations per minute per gram (dpm/g) in the blood, brain, kidney, and liver between days 1 and 3 of feeding, indicating a progressive accumulation of carbon-14 activity (naphthalene and presumably its metabolites). There was no significant effect of sex or the interaction of the duration of feeding and sex on carbon-14 activity in any of the tissues. The low daily dose of petroleum hydrocarbons (a total of approximately 1.25 mg/day) received by the ducks from the crayfish and the relatively short feeding regimen did not cause any overt signs of toxicity in the ducks.
A source of amniotic fluid in the lamb: the naso-pharyngeal and buccal cavities.

INVESTIGATIONS in recent years have shown that there is an exchange of water between amniotic fluid and the blood streams of the mother and fœtus. This has been observed in the guinea pig1 and human2. In the latter, a volume of water equal to about one-third the total volume of amniotic fluid is exchanged every hour from the twenty-eighth week to term3. At present, there is neither a set of observations nor a hypothesis to account for such a rapid and voluminous turnover of water, and no one has shown by what route or routes this fluid is derived.
Benzene Inhibition of in Vitro Rabbit Reticulocyte Haem Synthesis at Delta Aminolaevulinic Acid Synthetase: Reversal of Benzene Toxicity by Pyridoxine

Benzene (0.113 M) inhibited haem and protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. This inhibition of haem synthesis was found when L-2-[14C]-glycine was used as the radioactive precursor. However, when 4-[14C]delta-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) was used, there was no significant inhibition. Since ALA measures the haem synthetic pathway beyond the enzyme delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase (ALA synthetase), these results suggest that benzene inhibits haem synthesis at or before ALA synthetase. This was confirmed by demonstrating that 1 mM ALA both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. In addition, 1 mM pyridoxine both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte protein synthesis. In addition, ImM pyridoxine both protected against and reversed the benzene inhibition of reticulocyte haem and protein synthesis. These results indicate that benzene (or a metabolite) either competes with pyridoxal phosphate at ALA synthetase or competes with pyridoxine for pyridoxal phosphokinase. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the possible roles of ALA synthetase and the haemin-controlled repressor in benzene-induced aplastic anaemia.
Dynamic studies of molecular imprinting polymerizations

Abstract Mechanisms of interaction of a three-dimensional polymer with solutes are of interest in the development and function of synthetic biomimetic polymers. We have investigated the effects of template/monomer interactions and template concentration on conversion and polymerization rates of a molecularly imprinted polymer. Copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEG600DMA) were prepared in the presence of glucose. The polymerization reaction kinetics of non-imprinted networks as well as those imprinted with glucose at concentration ratios of [HEMA]/[Glucose] between 11 and 1 were monitored in situ by ATR–FTIR spectroscopy and differential photocalorimetry (DPC). The rates of polymerization for imprinted polymers showed an early lag period followed by a late autoacceleration, indicative of the complexation between monomer and template. Hydrogen-bonding was also observed using FTIR through the C O (carbonyl) bond of the monomers by FTIR. A significant effect of the template on conversion and polymerization rate of imprinted polymers was observed compared to non-imprinted ones. These values provide guidelines for kinetic models of interacting systems.
Frequency and surface dependence of the mechanical loss in fused silica

We have compiled measurements of the mechanical loss in fused silica from samples spanning a wide range of geometries and resonant frequency in order to model the known variation of the loss with frequency and surface-to-volume ratio. This improved understanding of the mechanical loss has contributed significantly to the design of advanced interferometric gravitational wave detectors, which require ultra-low loss materials for their test mass mirrors.
Reverse Monte Carlo Simulations of Light Pulse Propagation within Three-Dimensional Media

An ultrashort light pulse inside an absorbing and anisotropically scattering three-dimensional nonhomogeneous medium is considered. The purpose is two fold: to develop an accurate and easily parallelized numerical model to understand the physics of the transport process and to provide a tool with which a direct comparison with measured temporal signals can be made. The ultrashort light pulse propagation is modeled by the reverse Monte Carlo method. The detailed algorithm treating the source integration over a path length that contains nonuniform radiative properties and finite-size collimated source is given. Validation and numerical simulations are presented. It is found that there is a direct correlation between the travel time of ballistic photons in the temporal reflectance signals and the interface location under certain conditions. It is also found that the inversion parameters proposed by earlier research, such as the long-time logarithm slope and pulse-broadening effect, are inadequate for use in the inverse analysis because these parameters do not provide the specificity needed for such use. More study is needed to identify effective inversion parameters.
Purpose and design of antimicrobial stewardship programs in pediatrics.

Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) provide assistance in the optimal selection, dosage, and duration of antimicrobial treatment to enhance clinical outcomes, minimize resistance, and improve patient quality and safety. The increased recognition that antimicrobial use is often inappropriate, contributes to avoidable adverse events and promotes antimicrobial resistance, has led to the development of ASPs. Studies in both adults and children have demonstrated proven benefits resulting from ASPs. The most consistent outcome has been a reduction in costs attributable to reduced antimicrobial days or use of less costly alternatives. Although some studies have shown clinical benefits such as reductions in the incidence of Clostridium difficile colitis, antibiotic related adverse events, hospital-length of stay, and antibiotic resistance, the evidence supporting these benefits is weaker. A recent survey conducted among members of the Emerging Infections Network estimated that while only approximately onethird of pediatric institutions have ASPs, many institutions are currently developing programs. Several potential barriers to successful program implementation were identified, namely limited financial resources and dedicated full-time equivalents for physicians and to a lesser extent concerns about institutional administrative support and impact on physician autonomy. The current interest in ASPs for pediatric settings is reflected in recent publications that have evaluated their impact. Findings from these studies are favorable with estimated annual cost savings ranging from $150 to 300,000/yr. The purpose of this review is to describe the recommended structural components for developing a pediatric ASP and to identify important areas for future investigation.
Compact submillimeter-wave multi-pixel local oscillator sources

Many key tracers of the interstellar medium and the process of star formation in the submillimeter region, such as C+, N+, CO, and H 2 O have been successfully observed with the Herschel HIFI instrument. HIFI also confirmed the dusty and filamentary nature of the universe with many unanswered questions regarding star formation. While HIFI was a single pixel system, the goal now is to develop and demonstrate focal plane arrays that can image extended sources in a reasonable observation time frame. This will provide a major enhancement of capability for high spectral resolution imaging of submillimeter lines with SOFIA and future suborbital and space platforms.
Why Genes Evolve Faster on Secondary Chromosomes in Bacteria

In bacterial genomes composed of more than one chromosome, one replicon is typically larger, harbors more essential genes than the others, and is considered primary. The greater variability of secondary chromosomes among related taxa has led to the theory that they serve as an accessory genome for specific niches or conditions. By this rationale, purifying selection should be weaker on genes on secondary chromosomes because of their reduced necessity or usage. To test this hypothesis we selected bacterial genomes composed of multiple chromosomes from two genera, Burkholderia and Vibrio, and quantified the evolutionary rates (dN and dS) of all orthologs within each genus. Both evolutionary rate parameters were faster among orthologs found on secondary chromosomes than those on the primary chromosome. Further, in every bacterial genome with multiple chromosomes that we studied, genes on secondary chromosomes exhibited significantly weaker codon usage bias than those on primary chromosomes. Faster evolution and reduced codon bias could in turn result from global effects of chromosome position, as genes on secondary chromosomes experience reduced dosage and expression due to their delayed replication, or selection on specific gene attributes. These alternatives were evaluated using orthologs common to genomes with multiple chromosomes and genomes with single chromosomes. Analysis of these ortholog sets suggested that inherently fast-evolving genes tend to be sorted to secondary chromosomes when they arise; however, prolonged evolution on a secondary chromosome further accelerated substitution rates. In summary, secondary chromosomes in bacteria are evolutionary test beds where genes are weakly preserved and evolve more rapidly, likely because they are used less frequently.
Requirement of the Zinc-Binding Domain of ClpX for Spx Proteolysis in Bacillus subtilis and Effects of Disulfide Stress on ClpXP Activity

Spx, a transcriptional regulator of the disulfide stress response in Bacillus subtilis, is under the proteolytic control of the ATP-dependent protease ClpXP. Previous studies suggested that ClpXP activity is down-regulated in response to disulfide stress, resulting in elevated concentrations of Spx. The effect of disulfide stress on ClpXP activity was examined using the thiol-specific oxidant diamide. ClpXP-catalyzed degradation of either Spx or a green fluorescent protein derivative bearing an SsrA tag recognized by ClpXP was inhibited by diamide treatment in vitro. Spx is also a substrate for MecA/ClpCP-catalyzed proteolysis in vitro, but diamide used at the concentrations that inhibited ClpXP had little observable effect on MecA/ClpCP activity. ClpX bears a Cys4 Zn-binding domain (ZBD), which in other Zn-binding proteins is vulnerable to thiol-reactive electrophiles. Diamide treatment caused partial release of Zn from ClpX and the formation of high-molecular-weight species, as observed by electrophoresis through nonreducing gels. Reduced Spx proteolysis in vitro and elevated Spx concentration in vivo resulted when two of the Zn-coordinating Cys residues of the ClpX ZBD were changed to Ser. This was reflected in enhanced Spx activity in both transcription activation and repression in cells expressing the Cys-to-Ser mutants. ClpXP activity in vivo is reduced when cells are exposed to diamide, as shown by the enhanced stability of an SsrA-tagged protein after treatment with the oxidant. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that inhibition of ClpXP by disulfide stress is due to structural changes to the N-terminal ZBD of ClpX.
Redistributed charge and dipole schemes for combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical calculations.

Special care is needed in carrying out combined quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM) calculations if the QM/MM boundary passes through a covalent bond. The present paper discusses the importance of correctly handling the MM partial point charges at the QM/MM boundary, and in particular, it contributes in two aspects: (1) Two schemes, namely, the redistributed charge (RC) scheme and the redistributed charge and dipole (RCD) scheme, are introduced to handle link atoms in QM/MM calculations. In both schemes, the point charge at the MM boundary atom that is replaced by the link atom is redistributed to the midpoint of the bonds that connect the MM boundary atom and its neighboring MM atoms. These redistributed charges serve as classical mimics for the auxiliary orbitals associated with the MM host atom in the generalized hybrid orbital (GHO) method. In the RCD scheme, the dipoles of these bonds are preserved by further adjustment of the values of the redistributed charges. The treatments are j...
The Tile and General Research Imaging System (TIGRIS)

The Tile and General Research Imaging System (TIGRIS) is a UNIX-based image software system implemented in, and strictly conforming to, UNIX, C/ANSI C, and X11 Window standards. The TIGRIS design and implementation emulates UNIX at the user, application, and system levels. The TIGRIS Application Programmer Interface (API) provides a convenient way to create diverse image processing and analysis applications. TIGRIS has been used primarily to support satellite remote sensing, global change research, and operational activities. Numerous applications related to specific remote sensing issues (e.g., cloud detection, noise reduction in AVHRR Channel 3 data, oceanic transport) are included in the application layer. In addition, a number of powerful general purpose imaging applications (e.g., image algebra, morphological operations, textural analysis) are provided which support general image processing, analysis, interactive visualization, and noninteractive image product generation. Use of TIGRIS to accomplish a few complex image analysis tasks is demonstrated.
BLOOD VOLUME IN WOUNDED SOLDIERS II. THE USE OF FORCED FLUIDS BY THE ALIMENTARY TRACT IN THE RESTORATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AFTER HEMORRHAGE.

Blood volume tests made on a number of soldiers recovering from hemorrhage have shown that in many instances dilution of the blood occurs very slowly. The principal reasons for this seem to be (a) an initial lack of reserve fluid of the tissues, and (b) the absence of any subsequent attempt by the body to make up this fluid deficiency. By putting such patients on a large fluid intake by mouth and rectum it has been found that their blood volume can be promptly and greatly increased. Hemorrhage cases transfused, yet still showing a low blood volume, were first treated in this way. Then the effect of forced fluids without transfusion was tried. Immediately after a hemorrhage, or as soon as the patient came under observation, he was given large quantities of water by mouth, and salt solution by rectum. Under such treatment the blood pressure soon began to show a progressive rise, the volume increased, and the red cells became more evenly redistributed, as shown by the relative hemoglobin percentages of the capillary and venous blood. These changes were often well marked after only 2 or 3 hours of the treatment. More than this, forcing fluids in cases where the amount of bleeding is difficult to estimate on account of the presence of a high hemoglobin percentage is of distinct value, since the dilution of the blood which results serves to show the extent of the hemorrhage through the drop in hemoglobin that it entails. In attempting to determine the condition of the patient after hemorrhage with a view to deciding the most suitable form of treatment, it is of much importance to learn the total blood loss—which is often not even indicated by the hemoglobin concentration of the remaining blood. With a total hemoglobin reduced to 25 per cent or under transfusion is needful. New blood is necessary, not only to supply more oxygen-carrying cells, but also because it actually enables the circulation to increase its volume. For, as has been pointed out in Paper I, the hemoglobin percentage must be above a certain point if a rapid restoration of the blood volume by means of the organism's own activities is to come about. With the total hemoglobin above 25 per cent the chief need is for increased blood volume, and if the patient's condition demands an immediate and large addition of circulating fluid, gum acacia solution should be given. If the condition is not so urgent, forced fluids by the alimentary tract are indicated. The blood volume can be considerably reduced and yet a normal blood pressure maintained. It is pointed out that the vasomotor mechanism which, has adapted itself to the diminished blood bulk may in any individual case be very near the margin of its compensatory power. Increased strain in such instances may cause a failure of this mechanism with a resulting fall in blood pressure. The beneficial results of forced fluids after secondary hemorrhage suggest the value of the early use of fluids by the alimentary tract in cases of primary hemorrhage.
Neurotoxic Metal Coexposures: Claus Henn et al. Respond

We thank Dorea for his comments on the importance of examining breast-feeding and ethylmercury exposure in our study of manganese–lead coexposures and neurodevelopment (Claus Henn et al. 2012). We agree that both breast-feeding and organic mercury exposure may affect neurodevelopment and have the potential to act as confounders and/or effect modifiers in analyses of metal effects on neurodevelopment. To be a confounder, a variable must be associated with both exposure and outcome. In our data, duration of breast-feeding was not strongly associated with exposures (measured by blood manganese and lead levels). When breast-feeding variables were forced into final models, the manganese–lead effect estimates did not change appreciably. Although breast-feeding did not appear to be an important confounder in our data, we agree with Dorea that this factor needs to be considered in studies of prenatal and early life environmental exposures and neurodevelopment. We agree with Dorea that organic mercury may be an important coexposure, acting potentially as a confounder and/or effect modifier of the manganese–lead association with neurodevelopment. We do not have detailed data on vaccination rates and ages. However, if the primary source of mercury exposure among these participants is via thimerosal-containing vaccines, as Dorea suggests, then in order for mercury to be a confounder, becoming vaccinated must be associated with manganese and lead exposures. We posit that any vaccination and lead–manganese exposure association would be weak at best, thereby reducing concerns that confounding by ethylmercury would explain observed associations between manganese–lead exposure and neurodevelopment. Nonetheless, we recognize that exposure to mercury and other co-pollutants may be a source of unmeasured confounding, which we stated in our article (Claus Henn et al. 2012). Three-way interactions are undoubtedly important and warrant attention. The limited sample size in our study population precludes us from looking at a manganese–lead–mercury interaction. In the future, epidemiologic studies should be designed with sufficient power to address the impact of multiple metal exposures, including three-way interactions.
A new assessment of errors from digitization and base line corrections of strong-motion accelerograms

Statistical analysis of strong-motion records of the 1966 Parkfield earthquake and the 1952 Taft earthquake indicates that the usable limit of long period of velocity and displacement, calculated by integration of the accelerogram records, is restricted mainly by human reading and base line correction errors. Base line correction errors arise from uncertainties in the coefficients of the fitted straight base line. Calculation by the jackknife method of the variances of the errors in displacement records from linear base line corrections indicates that these errors are more pronounced in the long-period (above 7 sec) range than errors from digitization. The records analyzed in this paper indicate that long-period limits due to the combined errors vary between 7 and 14 sec. Beyond these limits components of displacement spectra from the present analog accelerograms are not reliable measures of ground motion.
Cytogenetic abnormalities in reactive lymphoid hyperplasia: byproducts of the germinal centre reaction or indicators of lymphoma?

Non-random karyotypic abnormalities associated with non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) have been described in cases of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH). However, the frequency and types of cytogenetic aberrations detected and their clinical relevance are unknown. To address these questions, we undertook a retrospective analysis of a large series of RLH diagnosed at our institute over 8 years. Cytogenetic abnormalities were identified in 20 of 116 (17%) cases with informative karyotypes, comprising 14 (70%) structural and 11 (55%) numerical changes. Clonal (n = 14, 70%) and non-clonal (n = 6, 30%) abnormalities were observed. Aberrations of chromosome 14 were the most frequent (n = 8, 42%, 7 represented IgH translocations), followed by chromosome 3 (n = 4, 3 represented BCL6 translocations), and chromosome 12 (n = 4). Abnormal karyotypes were most often associated with florid follicular hyperplasia. Isolated lymphoid organ (lymph node, tonsil or spleen) enlargement (12/20, 60%) was more common, no specific etiology was identified in 10/20 (50%) cases and only 1 of 18 patients with clinical follow-up (range 2–107 months, median 60 months) developed lymphoma. In our experience, cytogenetic abnormalities involving loci associated with B-cell NHL are not infrequently detected in RLH. Their occurrence portends low risk for lymphomagenesis, however longer follow-up is prudent to further evaluate the natural history of such cases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Evolutionary and Epidemiological Dynamics of the Paramyxoviridae

Paramyxoviruses are responsible for considerable disease burden in human and wildlife populations: measles and mumps continue to affect the health of children worldwide, while canine distemper virus causes serious morbidity and mortality in a wide range of mammalian species. Although these viruses have been studied extensively at both the epidemiological and the phylogenetic scales, little has been done to integrate these two types of data. Using a Bayesian coalescent approach, we infer the evolutionary and epidemiological dynamics of measles, mumps and canine distemper viruses. Our analysis yielded data on viral substitution rates, the time to common ancestry, and elements of their demographic history. Estimates of rates of evolutionary change were similar to those observed in other RNA viruses, ranging from 6.585 to 11.350 × 10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year. Strikingly, the mean Time to the Most Recent Common Ancestor (TMRCA) was both similar and very recent among the viruses studied, ranging from only 58 to 91 years (1908 to 1943). Worldwide, the paramyxoviruses studied here have maintained a relatively constant level of genetic diversity. However, detailed heterchronous samples illustrate more complex dynamics in some epidemic populations, and the relatively low levels of genetic diversity (population size) in all three viruses is likely to reflect the population bottlenecks that follow recurrent outbreaks.
Occupation and Industry Sex Segregation, Gender, and Workplace Support: The Use of Flexible Scheduling Policies:

This study examines how industry and occupation sex segregation are related to the use of flexible scheduling policies and perceptions of the career repercussions of using such policies. The analysis is performed on data from the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 2,810). Findings suggest that the percentage of women per industry and occupation increase the likelihood of using flexible scheduling; however, the effect is not cumulative. The results show that organization family support interacts with gender and the sex composition of the industry in predicting use of flexible scheduling. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the relationship between the extent of sex segregation and perceptions of the career repercussions of using policies is complicated with a three-way interaction of percentage women per industry, percentage women per occupation, and gender. These patterns are discussed in further detail along with implications of the study.
Claudius: an interactive graphical software design method

The authors describe Claudius, a proposed graphical software design system for teaching software design. This system uses a goal-driven technique which is language-independent and encourages visualization of patterns and templates which are common in software design. These patterns are represented as flowcharts which can be combined into a single plan. Subprograms are represented with input and output parameters and side effects to fully define the interaction between subprograms and the main program. Alternate views of the program which are represented include a hierarchical diagram showing the scope of subprograms, and a data view which shows the data and the structure of the data. An intelligent tutoring system will assist students in using Claudius. This system will operate as a coach which can suggest what the student should do next and find errors the student has made. >
Testing the effects of prior coursework and gender on geoscience learning with Google Earth

Two sets of learning activities in Google Earth were developed for use by geoscience majors and non-science majors. The fi rst activity aimed to foster undergraduate students’ understanding of the geography and basic geology of Iceland. We tested the effi cacy of this activity for learning with 300 undergraduates from a university in the southeastern part of the United States. In terms of post- versus pre-test scores we found: (1) overall learning gains when collapsing over type of prior knowledge and gender, (2) no differences in learning gains when comparing those with prior coursework in geology or geography to other students without such prior coursework, and (3) no differences in learning gains when comparing males and females. In terms of items completed during the lab exercise, again we found no differences by prior coursework (prior geology, prior geography, or none), and no differences by gender. Lastly, moderate positive correlations were found between students’ pre-test and post-test scores, as well as between students’ embedded lab scores and post-test scores. For the second activity, we developed a laboratory activity about the classic Tonga region of the west Pacifi c in order to support undergraduate students’ understanding of: (1) the physical geography of the Tonga Subduction System, (2) the dynamic geological processes involved in plate movement, subduction, magmatic arc evolution, and trench rollback, and (3) geological processes resulting from subduction, including volcanism, and earthquake formation. Using the program called Sketch-Up, we created 3-D COLLADA (three-dimensional COLLAborative Design Activity) models