cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems and Echo State Networks for PV Power Prediction☆

Abstract Use of photo-voltaic (PV) power as a source of electricity has been rapidly growing. Integration of large PV power into the grid operation introduces several challenges. Uncertainty of PV power generation causes frequency fluctuations and power system instabilities. Due to this, short term PV power prediction has become an important area of study. Short term PV power prediction supports proper decision-making in control centers. Power generation output of a PV plant is highly dependent on different weather conditions such as solar irradiance, temperature and cloud covers. Weather data analysis and prediction can be considered as big data due to its complexity and dynamically changing characteristics. In this paper, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is developed and compared with an echo state network (ESN) for short term PV power prediction. The ANFIS approach consists of three ANFIS modules for predicting solar irradiance and temperature, and then estimating the PV power, respectively. The ESN on the other hand predicts the PV power based on current weather parameters. A weather database containing data sampled every second is used in developing the ANFIS and ESN based PV power prediction systems. Results are compared under different Clemson, SC weather conditions with the two approaches.
Double lip: Report of a case

Abstract A case of double lip is reported. This is an uncommon anomaly appearing in either the upper or lower lip. Excision of this abnormality is a relatively simple surgical procedure, and excellent cosmetic results are obtainable.
Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. II. Properties of galactose- and leucine-binding proteins.

The galactose- and leucine-binding proteins of Escherichia coli were obtained and their physicochemical properties were studied. Both proteins were homogeneous as judged by sedimentation behavior. Molecular weights of 35,000 and 36,000 were obtained for the galactose- and leucine-binding protein, respectively. Analyses for amino acid composition, inorganic phosphate, and pentose content are reported. The proteins were relatively heat- and acid-stable but were alkali-labile. No selective inhibitors for binding activity have been found so far. The nature of the complex of binding protein with substrate has been examined. The complex consisted of 1 molecule of substrate per molecule of protein.
Galileo and the Rhetoric of Relativity

This paper argues that Galileo well fitted in with the neo-Protagorian, person-relative framework that was emerging around him in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries in western Europe. For Galileo all knowledge depended crucially and essentially on first person experience, and at the same time this knowledge was objective, not subjective. The paper develops this tension and concludes with some remarks on its educational implications.
ADDED MASSES AND FORCES ON TWO BODIES APPROACHING CENTRAL IMPACT IN AN INVISCID FLUID

An integral-equation procedure has been developed to determine interaction forces on two bodies approaching central impact in an inviscid fluid. The accuracy of the results from that procedure is evaluated by applying it to a pair of circles and a pair of spheres for which exact solutions are available. A second purpose was to refine the procedure so that accurate solutions could be obtained at closer distances between the bodies. In the first part of this work, the classical theory is extended by deriving truncation corrections for the infinite series representing the exact solution and asymptotic formulas for computing interaction forces at small gaps. In the second part, two problems were resolved: one on the treatment of the sharp peaks of the integrands when the gap between the bodies was small, the other on reducing the errors in the numerical differentiation required to evaluate the forces. Results for various combinations of circle pairs, for equal spheres, and for an elliptical cylinder approaching a circular one are presented. A new relation between the interaction forces on a wall and on a body moving normal to it is presented.
Investigation of reproducibility and error associated with qPCR methods using Quantifiler® Duo DNA quantification kit.

Abstract Reproducibility of quantitative PCR results is dependent on the generation of consistent calibration curves via accurate volume transfers and instrument performance. A review of 14 standard curves, using two different QuantDuo® standard DNA lots, showed variability of cycle threshold values between assays were larger than those of the Internal PCR Control (IPC). This prompted a set of experiments designed to determine the source of variability. Results showed that error introduced during DNA addition to the plate resulted in little variation. A comparison of seven independent series demonstrated cycle threshold variation between dilutions was larger than the variation expected from repeated samples. Modeling the influence of pipette errors on dilution series accuracy indicated that a more rigorous approach to external calibration curve production is required and showed that improvement in calibration curve stability is expected if the pipette conditions are carefully chosen and ⁄ or a single validated curve is utilized as the calibrator.
Fragmentation of deprotonated polyethylene glycols, [PEG – H]–

RATIONALE Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are soluble molecules utilized in a wide range of applications. Mass spectrometry and fragmentation patterns of positively charged PEG oligomers are well-known, but decomposition mechanisms of the deprotonated ions have not been studied. METHODS Deprotonated PEGs were generated by electrospray ionization of PEG in water/acetonitrile. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were carried out in a tandem mass spectrometer. The anions were studied using a tandem mass spectrometer to carry out CID experiments. A series of small PEG oligomers, with 1 to 8 monomer units, were studied in order to monitor size-dependent effects on fragmentation reactions. RESULTS Because deprotonated PEG ions have a unique charge site, their dissociation pathways can easily be monitored. The ions fragment by loss of C2H4O monomer units, with an alternating intensity pattern that suggests the loss of an even number of monomer units is favored. Smaller oligomers and oligomer fragments also yielded fragments corresponding to H2 elimination and H2O loss. H2 elimination occurs by the generation of a hydride ion which deprotonates an alcohol upon leaving, while dehydration appears to be a charge-remote process. CONCLUSIONS The fragmentation of deprotonated PEG is dominated by intramolecular S(N)2 reactions involving the terminal oxide anion.
Understanding the Health Needs and Barriers to Seeking Health Care of Veteran Students in the Community

Providing high-quality care to US military veterans is a national priority. Although recent focus has been on wait times at Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities,1,2 additional factors may prevent veterans in the community from seeking or accessing care. Veterans have a higher burden of illness than civilians,3 but fewer than one-third of individuals deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan since 2001 have used VA healthcare services.4 Issues of stigma and “not being able to ask for help” have been identified as barriers to seeking treatment.5–11 Mental health concerns,4,12,13 including issues related to substance abuse,14 stress related to multiple deployments,15 and family reintegration problems,16 may increase health risks17 but also may affect health-seeking behavior and use of non–mental health outpatient services.18 Veterans returning to civilian life often pursue higher education through the GI Bill. Partnerships between VA medical centers and community colleges offer an opportunity for VA medical centers to engage with veteran students and better assess their healthcare needs.19–21 We used one such partnership to conduct focus groups of student veterans. Our goal was to understand veterans’ beliefs regarding their health needs and to explore modifying factors that could affect their health-seeking behavior. We hypothesized that barriers other than the ability to access health care affect health-seeking behavior of veteran students.
On the dynamics of agglomerating ensembles of clouds

It is shown that for dynamical time scales longer than 10 million years the ensemble of interstellar cold diffuse clouds may be described by equations of mass and momentum conservation where the pressure has the form p/v-squared/ where /v-squared/ is the mass averaged square velocity dispersion. Equilibrium cloud spectra are derived and an equation of state obtained. The equation of state undergoes a phase transition at a critical density close to the local interstellar gas density. At higher densities, more massive clouds are formed and the cloud fluid softens. It is suggested that this mechanism may naturally regulate the interstellar gas density if star formation is very efficient in the cooler high-density systems.
Mix-and-match riboswitches.

Riboswitches are noncoding RNA elements found in the 5′-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA) that mediate gene expression in a cis fashion in the absence of protein. This common regulatory strategy in bacteria is achieved through the interplay of two distinct domains: an aptamer domain responsible for sensing intracellular concentrations of a specific metabolite and a domain containing a secondary structural switch directly controlling expression. In a recent study, riboswitches have been discovered that are capable of regulating transcription by using an RNA architecture mimicking a Boolean NOR logic gate. Tandem arrangement of elements that recognize S-adenosylmethionine and coenzyme B12 yields an mRNA that is only expressed when both metabolites are in low concentration in the cell.
Climbing the Scaffolds of Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis

Several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, are characterized neuropathologically by accumulation of misfolded proteins such as α-synuclein that disrupts scaffold molecules in the caveolae. A new study by Ihara et al. in this issue of Neuron shows that a novel scaffold protein, Sept4, may be an important player in modulating the pathological alterations of α-synuclein in models of Parkinson's disease, suggesting that gene therapies targeting scaffold proteins might be effective in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
MATTHEW ARNOLD AND RELIGION'S COSMOPOLITAN HISTORIES

Matthew Arnold cuts a familiar figure in narratives of Victorian secularization, although commentators often cast him in contradictory roles. In some accounts we meet him as an elegiac liberal who laments the loss of a no-longer-tenable faith but feels powerless to produce an alternative – “Wandering,” in a famous couplet, “between two worlds, one dead, / The other powerless to be born” (Arnold, “Stanzas from the Grand Chartreuse” 85–86; see Miller 212–69). Meanwhile other studies portray Arnold as a cautionary example of aggressive counter-secularization, a humanist whose vaunted ideal of “Culture” becomes as absolutist as the religion it is designed to replace (Williams, Culture and Society 125–26). What both accounts share, however, is an understanding of secularization as the process whereby a definite thing called religion lost its hold upon European public life, leaving worried intellectuals to search for substitutes. Since the Second World War this view of secularization has come under increased scrutiny from sociologists, historians, anthropologists, and lately some literary critics; yet it remains difficult to imagine nineteenth-century literary history without it, largely because it is a narrative that was first developed by major Victorian writers like Arnold himself. Perhaps the best way, then, to engage Victorian crisis-of-faith writers is to follow the lead of recent commentators like Talal Asad and Michael Kaufmann and reframe the problem in discursive terms. Rather than retrace the rise and fall of two definite things called religion and secularity, Kaufmann argues, we should instead assume from the outset that “[t]here is no idea, person, experience, text, institution, or historical project that could be categorized as essentially . . . secular or religious” and mark how the significance of this opposition gets reordered in “varying discursive contexts” (Kaufmann 608; see Asad 25–26). We can see such thinking at work in recent scholarship that effectively replaces “secularization” with the conceptual emergence of religion as such – that is, the modern redescription of religion as a specific and limited sphere of human life, marked by certain energies (the irrational, the affective), whose role within the public is considered problematic. Anthropologist Timothy Fitzgerald, for instance, suggests that the Enlightenment turn toward regarding religion as the arena of strong personal belief was instrumental in establishing the space of the secular in the first place, insofar as it helped to define by contrast the new public sphere of “this-worldly . . . freedoms, laws, and markets” (Fitzgerald 5). Similarly, historian Callum Brown argues that late eighteenth-century Evangelicalism produced, as a sort of necessary pair, both the sociological idea of religion as an empirically discrete thing and our popular notion of religion as under threat or in decline (C. Brown 1–34).
Loroxanthin, a unique xanthophyll from scenedesmus obliquus and chlorella vulgaris

Abstract A unique xanthophyll, which had been detected before in certain green algae, has now been isolated from Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella vulgaris . This pigment, here called loroxanthin, has also been isolated in its deuterated form from fully deuterated Chlorella . It forms a triacetate, and with methanol plus HCl, it yields monomethyl and dimethyl ethers. It can be oxidized to an aldehyde, loroxanthal. It has been characterized as a hydroxy lutein with the additional hydroxy group on a chain methyl group, probably that on C 9 . The previously reported absence of this pigment in C. pyrenoidosa has been confirmed. It was present in two marine Cladophora species and in Ulva rigida but absent in Spirogyra sp. and in two marine siphonalean green algae. It is probably not identical with certain similar pigments reported in other vegetable sources and variously described as trollein and trollein-like.
Venus: New Microwave Measurements Show No Atmospheric Water Vapor

Two sets of passive radio observations of Venus—measurements of the spectrum of the disk temperature near the 1-centimeter wavelength, and interferometric measurements of the planetary limb darkening at the 1.35-centimeter water vapor resonance—show no evidence of water vapor in the lower atmosphere of Venus. The upper limit of 2 x 10-3 for the mixing ratio of water vapor is substantially less than the amounts derived from the Venera space probes (0.5 x 10-2 to 2.5 x 10-2). This amount of water vapor cannot produce dense clouds, and it is doubtful that it may contribute significantly to a greenhouse effect.
Coloboma contiguous gene deletion encompassing Snap alters hippocampal plasticity

Mice heterozygous for the semidominant mutation coloboma (Cm/+) display several distinct pathologies including head bobbing, ophthalmic deformation, and locomotor hyperactivity. The Cm/+ mutation comprises a contiguous gene defect which encompasses deletion of the gene Snap encoding the presynaptic nerve terminal protein SNAP-25 that is an integral component of the synaptic vesicle docking and fusion complex. Indeed, SNAP-25 is required for axonal growth and for the regulated release of neurotransmitters at the synaptic cleft. As an extension of our studies on the behavioral deficits exhibited by these mutants, including evaluation of the hyperkinesis and dopamine-related behavioral pharmacology that might be related to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in humans, we have studied spontaneous electroencephalographic and evoked potential recordings in the dentate gyrus of halothane-anesthetized Cm/+ and normal (+/+) littermates to evaluate potential physiological abnormalities of synaptic function in these mice. While sensory activation elicited by brief (10 sec) tail-pinch produced 1-2 min of theta rhythmic activity in +/+ mice, theta induction was markedly reduced in Cm/+ mice. There were no significant differences in dentate afferent-evoked population excitatory postsynaptic potential (pEPSP) slopes, pEPSP facilitation, or population spike (PS) amplitudes; however, paired-pulse inhibition of dentate PS amplitudes was significantly increased in Cm/+ mice. Furthermore, although brief high-frequency stimulation of the perforant path produced robust long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in the dentate gyrus of +/+ mice, LTP was attenuated in Cm /+ mice. It has been previously demonstrated that dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is essential for induction of one type of hippocampal theta rhythm and also may modulate hippocampal LTP, suggesting that alterations in DA synaptic transmission may underlie the behavioral abnormalities, in particular the hyperactivity, associated with Cm/+ mutant mice.
Catheter Ablation with Radiofrequency Energy: Biophysical Aspects and Clinical Applications

Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation. Radiofrequency catheter ablation techniques are becoming increasingly accepted as the therapy of choice for selected patients with symptomatic arrhythmias. The ability to titrate the power output using radiofrequency current has allowed these ablative techniques to be applied safely in a variety of arrhythmias. In many institutions, radiofrequency catheter ablation has now become standard therapy for controlling medically refractory atrial arrhythmias using atrioventricular (AV) junction ablation and for curing AV nodal reentrant tachycardia and supra ventricular tachycardia due to accessory AV connections. This technology is also being used to treat some forms of ventricular tachycardia such as bundle branch reentry ventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia in structurally normal hearts, and with limited success in patients with ventricular tachycardia and coronary artery disease. Advancements in catheter design and energy delivery systems may further expand the use of this form of therapy. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 3, pp. 173–186, April 1992)
The Effect of Knowledge of Results for Training Vigilance in a Video Game-Based Environment

One of the greatest challenges facing military personnel deployed to combat zones is the threat of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). In spite of advances in IED detection technology, one of the best defenses against IEDs is the vigilant Soldier. The present study compares the vigilance performance of those who were provided knowledge of results (KR) during vigilance training, to those who did not have knowledge of results, using a video game-based vigilance task. KR was effective in improving vigilance, both during training and during a subsequent test phase in which no feedback was provided. These results indicate that video game-based methods may be useful for training sustained attention.
Reverse genetics studies of attenuation of the ca A/AA/6/60 influenza virus: the role of the matrix gene

The matrix (M) gene of influenza virus has been implicated in the attenuation phenotype of the cold adapted (ca) A/AA/6/60 vaccine. Previous studies have evaluated the ca M from A/AA/6/60 in different wild type (wt) virus backgrounds with varying results. In experiments described here, the ca M gene was transfected into the background of its own wt A/AA/6/60 to eliminate the possibility of confounding gene constellation effects. Comparison of the sequence of the wt and the ca A/AA/6/60 revealed one substitution in the nucleotide sequence of M. The molecular techniques of reverse genetics were used to rescue the ca M gene into the virulent wt A/AA/6/60 virus. The selection system used to identify the desired transfectant virus was amantadine resistance, which was introduced into the M2 gene using mutagenesis. The ca A/AA/6/60, the wt A/AA/6/60, a virus which contained wt M and was wt in the remaining seven genes and amantadine resistant (wt/969), a virus which contained the ca M but wt in the other seven genes (ca/969) were all evaluated in mice determine the effect of the ca M. The ca/969 virus was not attenuated in the mouse model when compared to the wt/969 virus, indicating that the ca A/AA/6/60 M does not independently contribute to the attenuation phenotype attributed to the ca A/AA/6/60 vaccine virus.
Cognitive bias covaries with alcohol consumption.

Cognitive models of behavior led to the prediction that ambiguous stimuli would be interpreted as alcohol-relevant in heavier drinkers. Women were asked to define words that could be interpreted as alcohol-relevant or not (e.g., shot). Two measures served as indicators of a latent construct of cognitive bias: the number of words construed to be related to alcohol, and the position of the first word in the series that was defined as alcohol-relevant. Average quantity, average frequency, and maximum number of drinks imbibed in a single episode served as indicators of a latent construct of alcohol consumption. These two constructs covaried significantly (.44) in a two-factor latent variable analysis that fit the data better than alternative models. These findings support an alcohol-related interpretive bias and suggest hypotheses concerning the types of interpretive preferences that may contribute to alcohol consumption.
Donors who react may not come back: analysis of repeat donation as a function of phlebotomist ratings of vasovagal reactions.

Abstract Previous studies using small or restricted samples suggest that vasovagal reactions to blood donation are associated with a decreased likelihood of repeat donation. In the present study, we examined data for all allogeneic whole blood donors ( n =89,587) in the American Red Cross Blood Services, Central Ohio Region during an entire year. Results of a one-year follow-up revealed that moderate and severe vasovagal reactions reduced the likelihood of repeat donation by 50% or more. Light vasovagal reactions, which represented 97% of all reactions recorded, significantly reduced return rates by 20% for first-time donors and 33% for experienced donors.
Multivalent narratives: Extending the narrative paradigm with insights from ancient Indian philosophical texts

This study discusses the ways in which ancient Indian narratives use ambiguity and contradiction to enshrine new values and stories for potential acceptance by cross‐cultural audiences. By examining two representative Indian didactic texts (gitas), the Avadhoota Gita and the Devi Gita, this inquiry explores how auditors are forced to reconstruct what these texts mean before they can evaluate them, thus exposing the auditors to powerful sources of novelty. The narrative paradigm espoused by Walter Fisher has been criticized as not allowing new possibilities into the lifeworld of the audience in the form of narratives espousing foreign values and beliefs. This study explicates how these multivalent narratives differ from polyvalent and polysemic narratives in their use of multiple value structures that force the audience to reconcile and reconstruct the various meanings within the text. This study culminates by revising the concepts of narrative probability and fidelity to allow for multivalent narratives t...
Changes in Water-Soluble Calcium and Magnesium Content of Pear Fruit Tissue During Maturation and Ripening in Relation to Changes in Pectic Substances

SUMMARY Changes were determined in total and water-soluble calcium and magnesium content and in the pectic substances of Bartlett pears during maturation and storage. The data indicate a change in metabolic processes when the fruit is removed from the tree. In maturing fruit, about 48% of calcium and 65% of magnesium are present in soluble form. Both cations generally decreased during maturation. The Mg/Ca ratio varied with growing conditions and may be related to soil composition. The data indicate that mare, total pectin, water-soluble pectin, total calcium, and total magnesium arc correlated with firmness. The relationship of soluble calcium and magnesium to firmness is radically different in detached fruit from that in fruit on the tree. Analyses of data indicate that the “bound” calcium and magnesium are present in concentrations far greater than the total available carboxyl groups of pectin, and that protopecin content is not related to calcium- or magnesium-bound pectinic acid chains. In detaching ripening fruit, when a general breakdown begins there is a good correlation of all data with firmness.
Mesoscopic Modeling of Bacterial Flagellar Microhydrodynamics

A particle-based hybrid method of elastic network model and smooth-particle hydrodynamics has been employed to describe the propulsion of bacterial flagella in a viscous hydrodynamic environment. The method explicitly models the two aspects of bacterial propulsion that involve flagellar flexibility and long-range hydrodynamic interaction of low-Reynolds-number flow. The model further incorporates the molecular organization of the flagellar filament at a coarse-grained level in terms of the 11 protofilaments. Each of these protofilaments is represented by a collection of material points that represent the flagellin proteins. A computational model of a single flexible helical segment representing the filament of a bacterial flagellum is presented. The propulsive dynamics and the flow fields generated by the motion of the model filament are examined. The nature of flagellar deformation and the influence of hydrodynamics in determining the shape of deformations are examined based on the helical filament.
Osteocytes, mechanosensing and Wnt signaling.

The majority of bone cell biology focuses on activity on the surface of the bone with little attention paid to the activity that occurs below the surface. However, with recent new discoveries, osteocytes, cells embedded within the mineralized matrix of bone, are becoming the target of intensive investigation. In this article, the distinctions between osteoblasts and their descendants, osteocytes, are reviewed. Osteoblasts are defined as cells that make bone matrix and osteocytes are thought to translate mechanical loading into biochemical signals that affect bone (re)modeling. Osteoblasts and osteocytes should have similarities as would be expected of cells of the same lineage, yet these cells also have distinct differences, particularly in their responses to mechanical loading and utilization of the various biochemical pathways to accomplish their respective functions. For example, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is now recognized as an important regulator of bone mass and bone cell functions. This pathway is important in osteoblasts for differentiation, proliferation and the synthesis bone matrix, whereas osteocytes appear to use the Wnt/β-catenin pathway to transmit signals of mechanical loading to cells on the bone surface. New emerging evidence suggests that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in osteocytes may be triggered by crosstalk with the prostaglandin pathway in response to loading which then leads to a decrease in expression of negative regulators of the pathway such as Sost and Dkk1. The study of osteocyte biology is becoming an intense area of research interest and this review will examine some of the recent findings that are reshaping our understanding of bone/bone cell biology.
Congress and Harry S. Truman: A Conflicted Legacy. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie . Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2011. 209 pp.

Congress and Harry S. Truman: A Conflicted Legacy. Edited by Donald A. Ritchie. Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2011. 209 pp. The subtitle of this collection of essays is certainly appropriate. Participants at the Seventh Truman Legacy Symposium, "Truman and Congress: A Conflicted Legacy," offered a wide array of opinions on Harry S. Truman's relationship with Congress, as his administration tackled the weighty affairs of state. The resulting book includes three contributions focusing on legislative-executive relations, three on domestic affairs, and three on foreign policy matters, as well as a fascinating "Graphic Essay" with images of key documents, White House staff members, powerful members of Congress, and the president at work. So, how did contributors to this volume interpret Truman's record of accomplishments? To set the stage, Donald A. Ritchie, historian of the U.S. Senate, stressed the circumstances that the new president confronted when he assumed the office: a difficult time politically, with the "gas tank" of liberal reformism "on empty" and citizens eager to get on with their lives (p. xviii). Truman's tenure unfolded, in Alonzo L. Hamby's words, during "a postwar age of conservative restoration" (p. 93). Nevertheless, a gutsy president accomplished a great deal. Central to Truman's record was a more systematic approach to relations with the legislative branch. In his sweeping introductory survey of White House-Congress relations after Franklin D. Roosevelt, Ritchie emphasized the significance of the Truman administration's pioneering liaison efforts with Congress. Truman was a transitional figure whose dealings with Congress, Ritchie reminds readers, was "halfway between the 'designed chaos' of his predecessor and the 'structural purity' of his successor" (p. xxi). It must be noted, however, that Ken Hechler, White House staff member from 1949 to 1953, believes that interpretation an "exaggeration," and recalled senior administrative assistant George Elsey's description of liaison staffers as "glorified errand boys" for the White House appointments secretary (pp. 4-5). In the policy realm, the embattled president articulated a broad liberal vision for the postwar years and what Hamby concluded was "a largely unattainable checklist of legislation" (p. 99). Ritchie, Hamby, Susan M. Hartmann, Richard S. Conley, and other contributors to this volume recognized the deep schism that occurred between foreign and domestic policy. Bipartisanship in foreign policy, the focus of Hartmann's assessment of the early Cold War years, led to the enactment of a far-reaching containment program. …
INVESTIGATIONS OF ANGIOSPERMS FROM THE EOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA: RHAMNUS MARGINATUS (RHAMNACEAE) REEXAMINED'

Leaf compressions, previously assigned to Rhamnus marginatus Lesquereux, were collected from the Middle Eocene Claiborne Formation of western Kentucky and Tennessee. The leaf architecture and cuticular features of over 40 compressions were carefully examined and compared to those of many extant species of Rhamnaceae and related families as well as fossil specimens previously assigned to this taxon. This leaf type appears to belong to the Rhamnaceae, however, it conforms more closely to species of several genera in the tribe Zizypheae than to those of Rhamnus or other genera in the tribe Rhamneae. Confident assignment to any specific genus within this complex of genera cannot be made on the basis of leaf characteristics alone and would require discovery and analysis of additional vegetative and reproductive organs. Because this fossil leaf form cannot be confidently assigned to any modern genus and earlier classifications appear to be improper, this leaf type has been reassigned to the taxon Berhamniphyllum claibornense gen. et sp. nov. The transfer of this leaf form at the tribe level reaffirms the need for close examination of taxonomic determinations made by early workers. The characteristics and stratigraphic position of this leaf type support the hypothesis that modern tribes and possibly genera of Rhamnaceae had evolved by the Middle Eocene.
Selective Recovery from Retrograde Amnesia Produced by Hippocampal Spreading Depression

Injections of potassium chloride into the hippocampus after learning produce temporary disruption of neural activity and retrograde amnesia. Recovery from the amnesia is selective-rats recover from amnesia of events that occurred24 hours before injection but do not recover from amnesia of events that occurred 10 seconds before injection.
Demographic implications of the New United States certificates.

To assist in developing uniform reporting of vital events among the fifty states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, the United States government prepares standard certificates of birth, fetal death, death, marriage, and divorce. These model forms are revised, with the assistance of the states, approximately every ten years. Revisions are now being prepared by the National Center for Health Statistics which will become effective beginning January 1, 1968. Important new source material for demography will be introduced.Most changes will appear in the Standard Certificate of Live Birth and in the Standard Certificate of Fetal Death. An item on education of father and mother will provide detailed national data on education and fertility. The date of the last live birth to the mother and the date of the last fetal death will provide information on previous pregnancy outcome and on child-spacing. The recording of state file numbers for mates born alive and dead in the same delivery will make it easier to match live birth and fetal death certificates for the preparation of detailed tabulations on multiple births. Several new items related to maternal and child health have also been added. No significent changes were planned for the Standard Certificate of Death.The Standard Certificate of Marriage will include as new items the education of the bride and groom, the date on which the last marriage, if any, ended, and specification of the officiant as a religious or civil official. The Standard Certificate of Divorce or Annulment will obtain information on the education of husband and wife, the approximate date on which the couple separated, the mode of dissolution of the previous marriage, and the total number of living children. It is anticipated that most of the new items will be included in the certificates of all the states. The National Center for Health Statistics will provide detailed tabulations related to these items, beginning with data year 1968.Demographers are making an increased use of vital records and at the same time are extending their contacts with state health departments; in some states collaborative projects have been undertaken. Because of the importance of the source documents, which in some cases have not been exploited fully, demographers should increase their contact with the state vital statistics offices which develop, collect, and process the records. By indicating an interest in vital registration and by making their research needs known, demographers can encourage the acceptance of new concepts and collaborate in the improvement of vital records for demographic research purposes.
Community Leadership Structure: Differences between Rural Community Leaders' and Residents' Informational Networks.

A demarcation must exist between community leaders and non-leaders; leaders must have followers. Typically, community leaders are identified through specific attributes, positions, skills etc.–element in the psychology of community leadership development. However, to create sustainable leadership and community development, communities need to consistently mobilize resources through collective action. To do this, an established system of information networks and a method for allocating organized efforts in the community need to be in place. Thus, besides functional leaders, communities also need a functional leadership structure–the sociology of community leadership. We examined the network density, size, and organizational memberships of identified community leaders and other residents in two rural Missouri communities. Leaders had larger, more dense, and diffuse networks, and more organizational memberships than other residents. The structure of community leadership is as important and real as the psycho...
Neural response telemetry with the nucleus CI24M cochlear implant.

Objectives: To review our intraoperative and post-operative testing protocol for cochlear implant patients. This study describes the methodologies and applications of a new technique called neural response telemetry (NRT) for the Nucleus CI24M cochlear implant system. NRT uses radiofrequency telemetry technology to measure the action potentials of the auditory nerve. Study Design: We have developed a specific protocol for intraoperative testing of the implant device before, during, and after implantation. This includes device integrity tests, visual detection of electrical stapedius muscle reflexes (VESR), and NRT. Methods: Our methodologies use the commercial software (Windows-based Diagnostic and Programming System [WIN-DPS] and NRT) for the Nucleus CI24M. We describe the details of our protocol used on all of the patients (14 adults and 14 children) who received CI24M implants at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). Our protocol correlates the NRT threshold with the behavioral responses for each patient on at least four electrodes. Results: From August 1, 1998, to December 31,1998, we completed electrode integrity tests, NRT, and VESR testing intraoperatively on 12 patients with the Nucleus CI24M. We have measured normal implant function on all 28 of our CI24M patients with one exception. One of our children had a device failure after approximately 4 months as a result of head trauma. We have also obtained NRT results from an additional 10 patients postoperatively. Conclusions: The measurement of device and electrode array function is quite simple with the CI24M software. These measurements can be obtained intraoperatively as well as postoperatively. We conclude that VESR and NRT measurements can be very helpful in programming for patients with cochlear implants, especially children, because they provides us with target settings for the speech processor.
Animal model for thoracoscopic laser ablation of emphysematous pulmonary bullae.

Background and Objective Thoracoscopic laser techniques have been described for treatment of pulmonary bullae. Clinical application of this procedure has proliferated despite limited data regarding efficacy or optimal techniques. The objective of this study was to develop an animal model for investigating laser treatment of bullous lung disease. Study Design/Materials and Methods Sixty-two New Zealand White rabbits (3–5 kg) were injected intravenously with 0.35 cc sterile-filtered Sephadex G-100 beads (1 g/100 cc suspension). Three hours later, rabbits were anesthetized, intubated, and 10 cc 0.7% heat-treated or 1% untreated carrageenan solution was instilled endotracheally into a catheter wedged in a mainstem bronchus. Results Bullae formed over 4–6 weeks in 33% of the animals treated with 0.7% heat-treated carrageenan, and 90% of animals receiving 1% untreated carrageenan (P < 0.005) as demonstrated by serial thoracoscopy. Thoracoscopy was performed at 6–8 weeks using 5 mm trocars under general anesthesia and mechanical ventilatory support. Animals developed pulmonary bullae ranging in size from 0.5 to 2 cm. Bullae were ablated under thoracoscopic visualization using a CO2 laser with a 4 mm OD rigid probe and short focal length in a defocused mode, or an Nd:YAG laser with a 0.4 mm diameter flexible fiberoptic probe. Animals recovered quickly following thoracoscopy. Conclusion We have successfully developed an animal model for thoracoscopic laser ablation of emphysematous pulmonary bullae. This animal model should be useful in investigating treatment of bullous lung disease in humans. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An application of cluster analysis in mineral exploration

This paper presents a technique for evaluating the similarity of ore deposits utilizing several geological variables. Information on tungsten mines in North America, taken from published literature, was used for a cluster analysis to group samples according to their similarity based on a simple matching coefficient. It was possible to interpret and evaluate different ore environments that clustered according to age, mineralogy, and other variables. Cluster analysis may be important in mineral exploration where considerable amounts of data are available for analysis. Subtle relationships that might be overlooked because the data are too voluminous can be isolated using this technique. It also can be used to establish exploration priority in unknown areas on the basis of similarity to known metallogenetic provinces.
Fertility and suicidal behavior

The literature on suicide has many references to the place of the family in the etiology of suicidal behavior. One tentative conclusion to be drawn from the literature is that completed and attempted suicide are related to "family density" (Durkheim, 1951; Lester, 1966). Durkheim presented data to suggest that married but childless women completed suicide more frequently than the unmarried of the same age. Halbwachs ( 1960), a student of Durkheim, contended that married women are guarded against suicide in direct proportion to the number of children they have. This intriguing idea has never been followed up. What are the effects of children versus no children and the number of children on the suicide potential of adults? For the city of Flint it was possible ro compute a standardized fertility ratio (number of children under 5 yr. per 1,000 females aged 15 through 44 yr.), based on 1970 census data for each of the 47 census tracts. The fcrt~l~ry ratios of each census tract were correlated with the completed and attempted suicide rate for the period 1966-1975. The productmoment correlation coefficient for completed suicide and fertility was -.68 and for attempted suicide and fertility -.57. The coefficients are "high" (significant), and it may be concluded chat the larger the family as measured by the fertility ratio, the lower the rates of completed and attempted suicide in census tract populations. Apparently, the larger the family the less likely are suicidal acts by adult members of the family. Why should marriage and children insulate against acts of suicide? It is a well known fact, that the highest completed and attempted suicide rates tend to be found among the single, divorced, and widowed, whereas the lowest rates are generally associated with the married and a strong family life. For instance, Cavan (1928) referred to the lack of family life in those census tracts in Chicago having the greatest incidence of suicide. In describing such an area, Cavan writes: "For the most part they are either not married or ac least are not living with husband and wife; and they are unencumbered with children." Durkheim believed that the presence of children has a "protective" effect on the married, by demonstrating that, when marriage produces children, the "co~fficient of preservation" is almost doubled. Henry and Shorr (1955) concluded that the relational system of the married with children is stronger than the relational system of the unmarried. The assumption made by these writers is that a large family is a vehicle for integration and regulation: children are a source of constraint. But, it can be argued that persons in some areas who are highly disaffiliated will not want to become responsible for children, nor will those who are highly integrated desire children. In sum, support is given to Durkheim's hypothesis of the relationship of suicide to number of children in the family. From the present data it appears that the fertility ratio may account in part for variation in the rates of completed and attempted suicide over census tracts in Flint.
Ground State of Liquid He 4

The properties of the ground state of liquid ${\mathrm{He}}^{4}$ are studied using a variational wave function of the form ${\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{ilj}f({r}_{\mathrm{ij}})$. The Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential is used with parameters determined from the gas data by deBoer and Michiels. The configuration space integrals are performed by a Monte Carlo technique for 32 and 108 atoms in a cube with periodic boundary conditions. With $f(r)=\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}{(\frac{2.6 \mathrm{\AA{}}}{r})}^{5}]$, the ground-state energy is found to be -0.78 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ ergs/atom, which is 20% above the experimental value. The liquid structure factor and the two-particle correlation function are in reasonably good agreement with the x-ray and neutron scattering experiments.
New techniques for analysis of organic pollutants in drinking water

ION OP AMINES PROM GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC STREAMS 3 Review of Related Work 3 Experimental 5 Apparatus and reagents 5 Gas chromatograph 5 Abstractor columns 5 Analytical columns 6 Reagents 6 Techniques and procedures 7 Preparation of abstractor packing 7 Solutions 7 Gas-chromatographlc technique 7 Results and Discussion 8 Development of abstractor packing 8 Applications of amlne-abstractor columns 11 Conclusions 23 DETERMINATION OP HALOPORMS IN WATER 25 Review of Related Work 25 Experimental 27 Apparatus and reagents 27 Gas chromatograph 27 Water-sampling apparatus 28 Sorption columns 28 Gas-chromatographlc column 28 Water 28 Reagents 30
The Validity of Assumptions Underlying Current Uses of Lanchester Attrition Rates

Abstract : Part One of this study examines critically the various assumptions, results, and concepts that exist to date in the literature and scientific community concerning the relationships among the Lanchester, Stochastic Lanchester, and the General Renewal models of combat. Many of the prevailing understandings are shown to be erroneous. Conclusions and recommendations for further study are provided. In Part Two we collect organize and reduce to common notation almost all known tabled results and curves of particular examples. These support the theoretical discussion.
Ordered and Cooperative Binding of Opposing Globular Domains of Calmodulin to the Plasma Membrane Ca-ATPase

We have investigated the mechanisms of activation of the plasma membrane (PM) Ca-ATPase by calmodulin (CaM), which result in enhanced calcium transport rates and the maintenance of low intracellular calcium levels. We have isolated the amino- or carboxyl-terminal domains of CaM (i.e. CaMN or CaMC), permitting an identification of their relative specificity for binding to sites on either the PM Ca-ATPase or a peptide (C28W) corresponding to the CaM-binding sequence. We find that either CaMN or CaMC alone is capable of productive interactions with the PM Ca-ATPase that induces enzyme activation. There are, however, large differences in the affinity and specificity of binding between CaMN and CaMC and either C28W or the PM Ca-ATPase. The initial binding interaction between CaMC and the PM Ca-ATPase is highly specific, having approximately 10,000-fold greater affinity in comparison with CaMN. However, following the initial association of either CaMC or CaMN, there is a 300-fold enhancement in the affinity of CaMN for the secondary binding site. Thus, while CaMC binds with a high affinity to the two CaM-binding sites within the PM Ca-ATPase in a sequential manner, CaMN binds cooperatively with a lower affinity to both binding sites. These large differences in the binding affinities and specificities of the amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains ensure that CaM binding to the PM Ca-ATPase normally involves the formation of a specific complex in which the initial high affinity association of the carboxyl-terminal domain promotes the association of the amino-terminal domain necessary for enzyme activation.