cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A SOIL IDENTIFICATION METHOD FOR POTENTIAL ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROBLEM SITES ON THE OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WASHINGTON

Several logging road subgrades and cut slopes failed under wet construction conditions in the 1980's on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Although standard laboratory soil test results did not indicate this would occur, field tests showed possible soil failure. A majority of these soils were coarse-grained with significant amounts of fines (silt and clay). Field soil identification methods indicated that these soils had a moisture content above the plastic limit; the laboratory test results were mostly non-plastic. During construction, the soils performed like plastic soils with low strength values, although in the laboratory the soils had suitable strength values for normal road construction methods. An hypothesis that standard laboratory tests for soil strength values do not detect organic and/or clay minerals that lead to failure under wet road construction conditions on the Olympic Peninsula was proven correct. A combined field and laboratory testing procedure was developed for identifying these soils. (A)
Isoniazid Completion Rates for Latent Tuberculosis Infection among College Students Managed by a Community Pharmacist.

Objective: The authors' objective was to document 9-month and previously recommended 6-month treatment completion rates for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in a pharmacistmanaged LTBI clinic in a community pharmacy on a college campus, and to describe patient characteristics. Participants: Participants were university students diagnosed with LTBI. Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective review of pharmacy records from 2000 to 2006. Main outcome measures included 6-month and 9-month LTBI treatment completion rates, total isoniazid (INH) tablets taken, characteristics of completers versus noncompleters, average time to treatment completion, and reported adverse drug events. Results: The 9-month completion rate was 59%, and the 6-month completion rate was 67%. Among those not completing treatment, 15.2% experienced fatigue and 2.2% experienced a rash (p = .04 and p = .03, respectively). Conclusion: LTBI clinics are a unique niche for community pharmacies and can provide individualized patient car...
Restoration of skeletal muscle ischemia-reperfusion injury in humanized immunodeficient mice

Background Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) of tissue provokes an inflammatory process that is highly dependent on circulating natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) and the complement cascade. In mice, a single IgM specificity produced by peritoneal B cells can initiate reperfusion injury. It is unknown whether humans express natural IgM with a similar specificity. It is also unknown whether pathogenic IgM is produced solely from peritoneal B cells or can also be made by circulating B cells. Methods Immunodeficient mice lacking endogenous immunoglobulin were used. Mice were reconstituted with 0.9% normal saline, human serum, or xenografted human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and then subjected to tourniquet-induced hindlimb I/R. Serum human IgM and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay. Skeletal muscle was harvested for injury assessment by histology and for immunohistochemistry. Results Immunodeficient mice were protected from skeletal muscle injury after hindlimb I/R. Transfer of human serum restored skeletal muscle damage. Rag2/γR-/- mice that were engrafted with human PBL (huPBL-SCID) had high levels of human IgM. huPBL-SCID mice developed significantly more skeletal muscle injury than control saline-treated mice (P ≤ .01) and human serum–reconstituted Rag2/γR-/- mice (P ≤ 0.01). Sham-treated huPBL-SCID mice had no muscle injury, demonstrating that human lymphocyte engraftment did not cause injury in the absence of ischemia. Deposition of human IgM was observed on injured but not sham-injured muscle. Conclusion Human serum can initiate murine skeletal muscle I/R injury. Circulating human PBL may be a source of pathogenic IgM. The huPBL-SCID mouse may be a useful model to define the specificity of pathogenic human IgM and to test therapeutics for I/R injury.
Weibull Effective Volumes and Surfaces for Cylindrical Rods Loaded in Flexure

Formulas are given for the effective volumes and effective surfaces for cylindrical rods that have been loaded in flexure. Strength scaling for specimen size usually is dependent on whether the flaws are volume- or surface-distributed. Flexural loadings of rods of constant diameter are an exception. The ratio of three-point flexural strengths to four-point flexural strengths is independent of whether the flaws are volume- or surface-distributed. Rods that have been tested in flexure do not expose much material to the maximum stresses. Large rods produce strengths that are comparable to common standard-sized rectangular bend bars for volume flaws. For surface flaws, smaller rectangular bar specimens actually have larger effective surfaces.
Comparative Effectiveness of Prostate Cancer Surgical Treatments: A Population Based Analysis of Postoperative Outcomes

Purpose: Enthusiasm for laparoscopic surgical approaches to prostate cancer treatment has grown despite limited evidence of improved outcomes compared with open radical prostatectomy. We compared laparoscopic prostatectomy with or without robotic assistance vs open radical prostatectomy in terms of postoperative outcomes and subsequent cancer directed therapy.Materials and Methods: Using a population based cancer registry linked with Medicare claims we identified men 66 years old or older with localized prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy from 2003 to 2005. Outcome measures were general medical/surgical complications and mortality within 90 days after surgery, genitourinary/bowel complications within 365 days, radiation therapy and/or androgen deprivation therapy within 365 days and length of hospital stay.Results: Of the 5,923 men 18% underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. Adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics, there were no differences in the rate of general medical/surg...
Staffing requirements for infection control programs in US health care facilities: Delphi project***

Abstract Background: The guideline for staffing infection control programs of 1 infection control professional (ICP) for every 250 occupied acute care beds has been used in many health care facilities in the United States since 1985. Since that time, the health care system, patient populations, and expectations about the work of infection prevention and control programs have changed substantially. Methods: The Delphi method was used; data were obtained from a group of ICPs through a series of 10 surveys. Through this iterative process, participant responses were progressively synthesized and areas of agreement and disagreement identified. These surveys were conducted by electronic and paper mail to identify the personal ICP characteristics and structural variables associated with performance of activities required for contemporary infection prevention and control programs in a variety of health care settings. Results: Delphi panel members (n = 32) from 20 states and who represented acute care, long-term care, and community care settings reported tasks in addition to those identified in earlier task analyses as well as expanded responsibilities. Competing responsibilities and lack of adequate resources were the most frequently cited reasons for nonperformance of essential infection control tasks. A ratio of 0.8 to 1.0 ICP for every 100 occupied acute care beds was suggested as adequate staffing by the Delphi panel. Conclusions: Infection control responsibilities have expanded beyond the traditional acute care setting. Recommendations for staffing must not only consider the number of occupied beds (average daily census) but also include the scope of the program, the complexity of the health care facility or system, the characteristics of the patient population, and the unique or urgent needs of the facility and community. (Am J Infect Control 2002;30:321-33.)
Option pricing, model calibration, and prediction with a switchable market: A stochastic approximation algorithm

This paper considers option pricing under a regime-switching model. The switching process takes two different modes, and the underlying stock price evolves in accordance with the two modes dictated by a continuous-time, 2-state Markov chain. At a given instance, the price follows either a model of geometric Brownian motion or mean-reversion model on its market mode. We build stochastic approximation algorithms for model calibration. Convergence and rate of convergence are provided. Option market data are used to predict future market mode.
HABITAT-DEPENDENT SONG DIVERGENCE IN THE LITTLE GREENBUL: AN ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SELECTION PRESSURES ON ACOUSTIC SIGNALS

Bird song is a sexual trait important in mate choice and known to be shaped by environmental selection. Here we investigate the ecological factors shaping song variation across a rainforest gradient in central Africa. We show that the little greenbul (Andropadus virens), previously shown to vary morphologically across the gradient in fitness-related characters, also varies with respect to song characteristics. Acoustic features, including minimum and maximum frequency, and delivery rate of song notes showed significant differences between habitats. In contrast, we found dialectal variation independent of habitat in population-typical songtype sequences. This pattern is consistent with ongoing gene flow across habitats and in line with the view that song variation in the order in which songtypes are produced is not dependent on habitat characteristics in the same way physical song characteristics are. Sound transmission characteristics of the two habitats did not vary significantly, but analyses of ambient noise spectra revealed dramatic and consistent habitat-dependent differences. Matching between low ambient noise levels for low frequencies in the rainforest and lower minimal frequencies in greenbul songs in this habitat suggests that part of the song divergence may be driven by habitat-dependent ambient noise patterns. These results suggest that habitat-dependent selection may act simultaneously on traits of ecological importance and those important in prezygotic isolation, leading to an association between morphological and acoustic divergence. Such an association may promote assortative mating and may be a mechanism driving reproductive divergence across ecological gradients.
Growing Pains: The Effect of Common Core State Standards on Perceived Teacher Effectiveness

AbstractThe recently implemented Common Core State Standards (CCSS) have caused consternation among teachers, making it reasonable to inquire how the standards are affecting teachers' perceptions of their capacity to teach effectively. Survey results indicate that CCSS is indeed reducing teachers' perception of their capacity to teach effectively. The study demonstrates how the simultaneous implementation of standards-based reform and accountability-based reform may produce unfair circumstances for the nation's teachers.
The Ethics of Intervention

In recent years, there have been extensive efforts at educational, economic, and social intervention in the lives of families in the United States. Many intervention programs have been established to break the cycle of poverty (e.g., Head Start), to reduce or eliminate drug abuse, and to remediate an untold array of individual and social problems.
Imagining the New Nation: Technology, Science and Nation-Building in Ghana, 1957-1966

This paper considers why Kwame Nkrumah's administration under the First Republic of Ghana forged ties with Asian countries such as China and Japan in its nation building efforts. Nkrumah envisioned the new nation in terms of developing particular nation building projects tied to Cold War ideas about economic and political development, independence and progress. The Ghanaian government actively sought to realize these goals by developing relationships with Communist countries and working within the Afro-Asia solidarity and non-alignment movements of the time. The paper underscores the notion that leaders of decolonization in Ghana employed new power alliances as they imagined how the new nation must prosper. One of the major ways they achieved this was in the realm of technology and science, and the development of Ghanaian expertise by bringing Chinese and Japanese experts to Ghana for training purposes. Technical Assistance programs were imaginative and designed to establish or expand a broad range of industries and science-based institutes (i.e. pencil and plastic factories, the creation of agricultural institutes and medical science initiatives under the Ghana Academy of Science). The outcomes of these programs were mixed at best; as the government cautiously engaged with communist governments, while attempting to maintain an independent pan-African identity.
Long-term Follow-up of the Virtue Quadratic Male Sling

Objective To report our long-term outcomes of Virtue Quadratic (VQ) sling since male slings have been introduced as a potential alternative treatment option to the artificial urinary sphincter (AUS), with limited long-term data available for proof of efficacy. Herein, we report our data. Methods A retrospective review was performed on all Virtue slings performed at our institution over a 2-year period. Patient-reported outcomes regarding procedure success, complications, as well as subsequent procedures were identified. Procedure failure was defined as the inability to reduce patient's preoperative pad use, sling explant for complications, and need for AUS due to continued incontinence. Results We identified 32 consecutive male patients who were implanted with the VQ sling over the study period. One patient was excluded due to no follow-up. Median follow-up was 55 months. Median preoperative and postoperative pads per day were 3 (interquartile range: 1-3) and 2 (1-2.5). There were 21 (68%) patients who were considered procedure failures. Two (7%) patients reported chronic pain following placement and 7 (22%) underwent subsequent sling explant due to pain or for failure (1 vs 6). Six (20%) patients underwent subsequent AUS placement. Failure was more likely in patients with external beam radiation therapy (6, 19%) ( P = .02). There was no association between procedure failure with age ( P = .65) or severity of incontinence ( P = .17). Conclusion This study demonstrated a significant procedure failure and complication rate with the VQ sling. Thus, we do not recommend the use of the VQ sling and have abandoned all further implantation of the device.
Screening Humans for Degrees of Attractiveness to Mosquitoes

Human populations have been studied for variability in attractiveness to mosquitoes [Aedes aegypti var. queenslandensis (Theobald)]. Attractiveness or its lack was quantitated in 2 ways: 1) by subjecting individuals to mosquito bites, and 2) by recording the time when 50% of exposed mosquitoes would probe on the bottom of a cage held over the forearm. This measurement we called probing time (PT50). With the biting technique 1 individual of 838 persons tested was found resistant to the bite of the mosquito. Persons highly attractive to mosquitoes could not be identified with this biting technique. With the technique of PT50, 6 persons were found very unattractive to mosquitoes and 3 highly attractive out of 100 other individuals tested. These individuals were each retested with 100 PT50 determinations after a lapse of 2–3 weeks. Three persons were confirmed as highly unattractive and 1 as very attractive. It was found that the same mosquitoes could be used for at least 100 PT50 determinations, making this a quick and reliable technique to establish individual differences in attractiveness to mosquitoes.
Genome evolution in pocket gophers (genus Thomomys). III. Fluorochrome-revealed heterochromatin heterogeneity.

Heterochromatin is a dominant component of the genome in the bottae group of the pocket gopher genus Thomomys, having had a major role in the karyotypic evolution of member species. Heterochromatin characteristics of two subspecies of T. bottae and one of T. umbrinus were examined with fluorochrome dyes identifying presumptive GC- and AT-rich regions. In two karyotypic forms of T. b. fulvus and in T. umbrinus, chromatin that fluoresces brightly with chromomycin A3 is also C-band positive, although not all heterochromatin fluoresces. However, in T. b. bottae, only euchromatic regions fluoresce brightly with chromomycin. Fluorescence patterns produced with DAPI are the reverse of the chromomycin banding in all karyotypic forms. Heterochromatin in these taxa is thus highly differentiated, exhibiting heterogeneity in staining characteristics, and presumably in underlying DNA sequences, both across the genome within a given chromosomal complement as well as among the different karyotypic races and species of the bottae group of pocket gophers.
Construction of fuel quality sensors for high performance aircraft

Today's high performance military aircraft are a marvel of precision and functional design. They achieve this, however, at the cost of demanding the ultimate in properties from all of the materials used in their construction. This paper describes the construction of a fuel quantity center of gravity sensor system, developed for such aircraft.
A Panoramic Test System for Intelligent Substation Based on Wireless Time Synchronization Technology

The organization and distribution of information in secondary system of intelligent substation is so complex that it is almost impossible to use traditional test approach to identify the drawbacks.A novel panoramic test method based on wireless time synchronization technology is presented and the corresponding system is developed.The proposed system performs debugging test of intelligent substation secondary system under steady-state and transient state based on numerical simulation of power network,distributed injection of synchronized signals,wireless time synchronization and data transmission,etc. Total design of the test system and implement scheme of wireless synchronization technology is described.And accuracy of synchronization has been verified.The developed system has been applied to the test of many intelligent substations under construction.It shows that the proposed approach improves the integrity and the efficiency of the test,achieving better test results.
CNS Complications of Primary Human Herpesvirus-6 Infection

Central nervous system manifestations of primary human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) are described in 9 children, ages 3 to 24 months, with HHV-6 DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid, in a prospective study at the University of Helsinki, and other centers in Finland.
A Two-Layered Parallel Static Security Assessment for Large-Scale Grids Based on GPU

The development of smart grid and the increasing scale of power system brings more and more pressure to the conventional power system simulators. The graphic processing unit which features the massive concurrent threads and excellent floating point performance brings a new chance to the area of power system simulation. This paper introduces a hierarchical parallel LU decomposition algorithm based on stratified elimination tree, and develops a graphic processing unit (GPU)-based parallel linear system solver on the algorithm. To boost the effectiveness of the solver, a hybrid improved matrix ordering algorithm is proposed which can reduce the height of the elimination tree. On the basis of the solver, this paper implements a coarse-grained task parallelism which can analyze several contingencies of static security assessment (SSA) in parallel, and develops a two-layered parallel SSA program. The performance of the proposed parallel SSA program is benchmarked on a Tesla C2050 GPU using several real world cases, whose scale is up to 21801 nodes, compared with a serial SSA program which runs on a Xeon E5620 CPU. The results of the case studies show that the introduced method’s speedup reaches 9.2 times, which can greatly accelerate SSA solution.
Alcohol and the Blood

Pathologic effects of ethanol on hematopoietic tissue can result directly from alcohol ingestion or from secondary nutritional deficiencies or hepatic disease. The clinician will often confront an array of overlapping syndromes in the alcoholic patient which involve abnormalities of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
Geneticists should offer data to participants.

Sarah Nelson was refused access to her own genome data. How long before volunteers who face this attitude turn away from science?
Sprouting capacity of Persea borbonia and maritime forest community response to simulated laurel wilt disease

There are numerous examples of how exotic insect pests and pathogens have altered the dominance of native tree species. Changes to the structure of associated communities will depend on whether the affected species survives and if so, the degree to which it is diminished. In the southeastern USA, Persea borbonia, a common tree found in many coastal plain habitats, is the primary host of laurel wilt disease (LWD); infection rates and main-stem mortality are catastrophically high (>90%) in invaded populations. We simulated the effects of LWD prior to its arrival in coastal Mississippi by girdling and then removing the main stems of P. borbonia trees. Over a 2-year period, we monitored P. borbonia persistence via basal resprouts, understory light availability, and community structure. Removal of P. borbonia main stems resulted in a 50% increase in light transmission (measured at 1 m above ground level). All treated individuals produced basal resprouts, the size and number of which were positively related to initial tree girth. Post-treatment increases in basal area were greatest for the sub-canopy species, Ilex vomitoria, and were significantly higher in treatment versus control plots. Woody seedlings and herbaceous plants showed no significant trends in composition and abundance over time or between control and treatment plots. Our results suggest that removal of P. borbonia and subsequent resprouting causes shifts in P. borbonia size class frequencies and sub-canopy species dominance but has negligible impacts on understory plant community dynamics.
Increasing JAK/STAT Signaling Function of Infant CD4 + T Cells during the First Year of Life.

Most infant deaths occur in the first year of life. Yet, our knowledge of immune development during this period is scarce, and derived from cord blood only. To more effectively combat pediatric diseases, a deeper understanding of the kinetics and the factors that regulate the maturation of immune functions in early life is needed. Increased disease susceptibility of infants is generally attributed to T helper 2 (Th2)- biased immune responses. The differentiation of CD4+ T cells along a specific Th cell lineage is dependent on the pathogen type, and on costimulatory and cytokine signals provided by antigen-presenting cells. Cytokines also regulate many other aspects of the host immune response. Therefore, towards the goal of increasing our knowledge of early immune development, we defined the temporal development of the Janus kinase (JAK)/ Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) signaling function of CD4+ T cells using cross-sectional blood samples from healthy infants ages 0 (birth) to 14 months. We specifically focused on cytokines important in T cell differentiation (IFN- IL-12 and IL-4) or in T cell survival and expansion (IL-2 and IL-7) in infant CD4+ T cells. Independent of the cytokine tested, JAK/STAT signaling in infant compared to adult CD4+ T cells was impaired at birth, but increased during the first year, with the most pronounced changes occurring in the first 6 months. The relative change in JAK/STAT signaling of infant CD4+ T cells with age was distinct for each cytokine tested. Thus, while about 60% of cord blood CD4+ T cells could efficiently activate STAT6 in response to IL-4, less than 5% of cord blood CD4+ T cells were able to activate the JAK/STAT pathway in response to IFN-, IL-12 or IL-2. By 4-6 months of age, the activation of the cytokine-specific STAT molecules was comparable to adults in response to IL-4 and IFN-, while IL-2- and IL-12-induced STAT activation remained below adult levels even at 1 year. These results suggest that common developmental and cytokine-specific factors regulate the maturation of the JAK/STAT signaling function in CD4+ T cells during the first year of life.
Impact of Sodium Bicarbonate-Buffered Lidocaine on Patient Pain During Image-Guided Breast Biopsy.

Abstract Purpose This randomized, double-blind controlled study evaluated the effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate-buffered lidocaine on reducing pain during imaging-guided breast biopsies. Materials and Methods This prospective, HIPAA-compliant study randomly assigned 85 women undergoing ultrasound- or stereotactic-guided core-needle breast biopsies to receive intradermally and intraparenchymally either 1% lidocaine buffered with sodium bicarbonate (9:1 ratio) (bicarbonate study group) or 1% lidocaine alone (control group). Pain was evaluated using a 0-to-10 Likert pain scale during both intradermal and intraparenchymal anesthesia injections and during tissue sampling. Prebiopsy breast pain, anxiety, medical history, demographics, biopsy type, radiologist level of training, breast density, and lesion histology were recorded. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and analysis of covariance. Results Unadjusted mean pain scores were 1.47 and 2.07 (study and control groups, respectively; P = .15) during intradermal injections, and 1.84 and 2.98 (study and control groups, respectively; P = .03) during intraparenchymal injections. Tissue sampling mean pain scores were .81 and 1.71 (study and control groups, respectively; P = .07). Moderator analyses found (1) among patients with preprocedural pain, those in the bicarbonate group experienced less intradermal injection pain (0.85 ± 1.23) than patients in the control group (2.50 ± 2.09); (2) among patients with fatty or scattered fibroglandular tissue, those in the bicarbonate group (1.35 ± 1.95) experienced less intraparenchymal injection pain than the control group (3.52 ± 3.13); and (3) during ultrasound-guided biopsies, patients in the bicarbonate group experienced less tissue-sampling pain (0.23 ± 0.63) than the control group (1.79 ± 3.05). Conclusions Overall, buffering lidocaine with sodium bicarbonate significantly reduced pain during intraparenchymal injections, and additional pain reduction was found in certain patient subgroups during intradermal injections, intraparenchymal injections, and tissue sampling.
DiTON: Distributed transactions in opportunistic networks

Abstract Opportunistic networks (ONs) allow wireless devices to communicate and collaborate in the absence of dedicated networking infrastructure. Recent research work exploits mobility of nodes to create delayed paths in opportunistic networks. Execution of distributed transactions that comprise a sequence of atomic operations across multiple nodes continues to be a challenge for opportunistic networks. Implementing distributed transactions poses new challenges as participation of multiple processes, both local and remote, is required. In this paper, we propose and implement a novel transaction system called DiTON, specifically tailored to operate in opportunistic networks for delay-tolerant applications. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first attempt to implement a transaction paradigm specifically intended for opportunistic networks. DiTON is a novel transaction scheme that allows multiple nodes to collaborate on shared sets of data while providing global coherency despite network interruptions. Through experimental results, we demonstrate that DiTON can be successfully implemented in opportunistic networks.
Mini-channel flow condensation enhancement through hydrophobicity in the presence of noncondensable gas

Steam condensation is important for a broad range of industrial applications, including power generation and nuclear containment systems. The presence of noncondensable gases in these systems significantly reduces heat transfer, prompting the need for condensation heat transfer enhancement. Steam was condensed in the presence of nitrogen in hydrophilic and hydrophobic 1.82-mm rectangular mini-channels for a range of experimental conditions: steam mass flux (i.e., 35–75 kg/m2 s), steam quality (i.e., 0.3 < x < 0.9), and nitrogen mass fraction (i.e., 0–30%). In the hydrophilic channel, nitrogen mass fractions of 10–30% reduced condensation heat transfer coefficients by 24–55%. Experimental results were well predicted by the Caruso et al. (2013) correlation. Dropwise condensation was observed in the hydrophobic channel, although the addition of nitrogen suppressed nucleation. In the hydrophobic channel, heat transfer was enhanced by 34–205% over the hydrophilic channel in presence of 10–30% nitrogen, particularly at low vapor mass fractions. Heat transfer coefficients in the hydrophobic channel with 30% nitrogen were identical or higher than those of pure steam in the hydrophilic channel at the same mass flux and quality. Heat transfer coefficients strongly depended on vapor mass fraction, defined as the vapor mass flow rate divided by the three-phase (vapor, liquid and nitrogen) mass flow rate.
Structure, High Affinity, and Negative Cooperativity of the Escherichia coli Holo-(Acyl Carrier Protein):Holo-(Acyl Carrier Protein) Synthase Complex.

The Escherichia coli holo-(acyl carrier protein) synthase (ACPS) catalyzes the coenzyme A-dependent activation of apo-ACPP to generate holo-(acyl carrier protein) (holo-ACPP) in an early step of fatty acid biosynthesis. E. coli ACPS is sufficiently different from the human fatty acid synthase to justify the development of novel ACPS-targeting antibiotics. Models of E. coli ACPS in unliganded and holo-ACPP-bound forms solved by X-ray crystallography to 2.05and 4.10A, respectively, revealed that ACPS bound three product holo-ACPP molecules to form a 3:3 hexamer. Solution NMR spectroscopy experiments validated the ACPS binding interface on holo-ACPP using chemical shift perturbations and by determining the relative orientation of holo-ACPP to ACPS by fitting residual dipolar couplings. The binding interface is organized to arrange contacts between positively charged ACPS residues and the holo-ACPP phosphopantetheine moiety, indicating product contains more stabilizing interactions than expected in the enzyme:substrate complex. Indeed, holo-ACPP bound the enzyme with greater affinity than the substrate, apo-ACPP, and with negative cooperativity. The first equivalent of holo-ACPP bound with a KD=62±13nM, followed by the binding of two more equivalents of holo-ACPP with KD=1.2±0.2μM. Cooperativity was not observed for apo-ACPP which bound with KD=2.4±0.1μM. Strong product binding and high levels of holo-ACPP in the cell identify a potential regulatory role of ACPS in fatty acid biosynthesis.
A new genus of moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillarioidea: Douglasiidae) in Myanmar amber

AbstractA new genus and species of moths, Tanyglossus orectometopus n. gen. et sp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillarioidea), is described from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber. Autapomorphies for the new genus a...
Putative role of attractive and repulsive forces in the glass transition

Abstract At a given temperature a balance between repulsive and attractive molecular forces determines liquid density. As temperature is lowered, attractive forces increase, but eventually saturate and asymptote to a near fixed value. At saturation, the attractive/repulsive force balance stabilizes the liquid density, which thereafter becomes effectively temperature independent. Configurational entropy also saturates, but at a much lower temperature. Once entropy begins to saturate, it converges to zero at absolute zero. There is no second order phase transition nor is there a divergent temperature above absolute zero predicted for glass relaxation phenomena. Using a phenomenological argument, it is shown that the relaxation time for volume relaxation varies inversely with configurational entropy. Stoichiometric electron density is proposed as a metric for repulsive force strength, which was determined at T g and averaged 0.61 ± 0.03 mol/cc for 15 polymers that contain oxygen and 0.53 ± 0.02 mol/cc for 7 hydrocarbon polymers. Qualitatively, similar polymer liquids that pack to higher electron densities at a given temperature are expected to experience a glass transition earlier as temperature is lowered. For certain polymer types, the glass transition appears to be an isoelectronic state.
Can fictionalists have faith? It all depends

Can fictionalists have faith? It all depends on how we disambiguate ‘fictionalists’ and on what faith is. I consider the matter in light of my own theory. After clarifying its central terms, I distinguish two fictionalists – atheistic and agnostic – and I argue that, even though no atheistic fictionalist can have faith on my theory, agnostic fictionalists arguably can. After rejecting Finlay Malcolm's reasons for thinking this is a problem, I use his paradigmatic agnostic fictionalist as a foil to explore a variety of ways in which to describe agnostic fictionalists, none of whom pose a problem for my theory.
Immobilization of LiCl-Li2O pyroprocessing salt wastes in chlorosodalite using glass-bonded hydrothermal and salt-occlusion methods

Abstract In this study, hydrothermal and salt-occlusion processes were used to make chlorosodalite through reactions with a high-LiCl salt simulating a waste stream generated from pyrochemical treatment of oxide-based used nuclear fuel. Some products were reacted with glass binders to increase chlorosodalite yield through alkali ion exchange and to aid in densification. Hydrothermal processes included reaction of the salt simulant in an autoclave with either zeolite 4A or sodium aluminate and colloidal silica. Chlorosodalite yields in the crystalline products were nearly complete in the glass-bonded materials at values of 100 mass% for the salt-occlusion method, up to 99.0 mass% for the hydrothermal synthesis with zeolite 4A, and up to 96 mass% for the hydrothermal synthesis with sodium aluminate and colloidal silica. These results show promise for using chemically stable chlorosodalite to immobilize oxide reduction salt wastes.
Amy Gutmann and Liberal, Deliberative Democracy: Implications for Schools

Amy Gutmann (1949–) is a political philosopher who brings a critical, feminist, and multicultural read to John Dewey’s concept of democratic education. I begin by turning to Gutmann’s (Democratic education. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987) Democratic Education to see how she amends and extends Dewey’s concept of democracy in relation to education. I then explore her further development of deliberative democracy as a political theory in Democracy and Deliberation (1996). We learn about her basic principles for democratic education, nonrepression and nondiscrimination, developed in her earlier work and the addition of a third principle, deliberation, in Democracy and Disagreement, as she continues to aim to find ways for basic democratic values of liberty, opportunity, and mutual respect to thrive and for acceptable terms for social cooperation to further develop in a world where people disagree in significant ways. We find that Gutmann relies on a separation between moral ideals and political ideals to maintain the case for the value of deliberative democracy as a political ideal. There are problems such a separation creates from a transactional perspective of democracy-always-in-the-making. We consider if Gutmann’s theory will help us improve conditions for democracy someday, or not.
The Use of Bovine MHC Class I Allele-Specific Peptide Motifs and Proteolytic Cleavage Specificities for the Prediction of Potential Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitopes of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is crucial for the defense against viruses. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a major role in CMI. They recognize endogenous antigenic peptides presented by antigen presenting cells in association with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The elucidation of the sequence of CTL epitopes of viruses should help in designing better vaccines. In this study, we have identified candidate epitopes restricted by five bovine MHC class I molecules that are potentially available for presentation to CTLs. The candidate peptide epitopes were identified by using the computer programs available as a part of the Genetics Computer Group package and applying the information on allele-specific peptide motifs and intracellular enzymatic cleavage patterns to the bovine viral diarrhea virus polyprotein. Several candidate peptides were found for each of the bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA)-A11, -A20, -HD1, and -HD6 whereas no peptide was found for BoLA- HD7. Based on this finding, the probable contribution of genomic segments of BVDV to the CTL response and strategies for recombinant vaccines are discussed.
Motivating older adults to exercise

Although exercise is beneficial in the older population, leisure physical activity tends to decline with advancing age. Knowledge, attitudes, intentions, expected benefits, beliefs about personal control of health and fitness, perceived barriers to physical activity, and self-efficacy have been associated with participation in physical activity among young and middle-aged adults. These factors and interventions for increasing physical activity have not been well studied in persons aged 65 years or older. Methods to standardize research in this area and combine data with clinical observation are needed to achieve the physical activity objectives set for older adults for the year 2000.
Conditional Discrimination in the Intraverbal Relation: A Review and Recommendations for Future Research

Conditional discrimination is inherent in the intraverbal relation when one verbal stimulus alters the evocative effect of another verbal stimulus and they collectively evoke an intraverbal response. Rarely in research on conditional discriminations have both conditional and discriminative stimuli been vocal verbal and rarely have the responses been topography-based. Making conditional discriminations in intraverbal behavior is a repertoire that is often delayed in children with autism and other developmental disabilities. Reviewed in this paper is research on teaching intraverbal behavior, auditory conditional discriminations, and restricted stimulus control. The purpose of these reviews is to identify the extent to which previous researchers examined conditional discriminations in the intraverbal relation and to recommend directions for research in this area.
Computations of Explosive Boiling in Microgravity

Dynamics of the explosive growth of a vapor bubble in microgravity is investigated by direct numerical simulation. A front tracking/finite difference technique is used to solve for the velocity and the temperature field in both phases and to account for inertia, viscosity, and surface deformation. The method is validated by comparison of the numerical results with the available analytical formulations such as the evaporation of a one-dimensional liquid/vapor interface, frequency of oscillations of capillary waves, and other numerical results. Evolution of a three-dimensional vapor nucleus during explosive boiling is followed and a fine scale structure similar to experimental results is observed. Two-dimensional simulations yield a similar qualitative instability growth.
Pre-Positioning and Local-Purchasing for Emergency Operations Under Budget and Supply Uncertainty

Problem definition: Considering a mix of pre-positioning and local purchasing, common to cover humanitarian demands in the aftermath of a rapid-onset disaster, we propose policies to determine pre-position stock. These formulations are developed in the presence of demand, budget and local supply uncertainties, and for single items delivery. Academic/Practical Relevance: The immediate period aftermath of a disaster is the most crucial period during which humanitarian organizations must supply relief items to beneficiaries. Yet, due to many unknowns such as time, place, and magnitude of a disaster, supply management is a significant challenge, and these decisions are made intuitively. The features and complexities we examine have not been studied in the literature. Methodology: We derive properties of the optimal solution, identify exact solution methods, and determine approximate methods that are easy to implement. Results: We (i) characterize the interplay of supply, demand, and budget uncertainties, as well as the impact of product characteristics on optimal prepo stock levels, (ii) show in what conditions, the prepo stock is a simple Newsvendor solution, and (iii) discuss the value of emergency funds. Managerial Implications: We show that budget level is a key determinant of the optimal policy. When it is above a threshold, inventory increases in disaster frequency and severity, but the reverse is true otherwise. When budget is limited, the rate of savings from improved forecasts is amplified (attenuated) for critical (noncritical) items, reflecting opposing directional effects of mismatch cost and cost of insufficient funding. Our model can also be used to estimate the value of initiatives to mitigate constraints on local spend, (e.g., a line of credit underwritten by large donors that is available during the immediate relief period).
Individualized Student Feedback: Are Templates the Solution?:

Management educators understand the importance of providing feedback to students, but are they capable of providing effective feedback? Several laboratory and classroom studies have examined differ...
TRANSTHORACIC TRANSCATHETER APPROACH FOR THE EXCLUSION OF A PSEUDOANEURYSM IN A FONTAN PATIENT

Surgically corrected congenital heart defects may result in unique long-term complications. An 18 year old man with tricuspid atresia, normally related great arteries, and ventricular septal defect (VSD), status post a staged surgical palliation culminating in an extra-cardiac Fontan, presented
Classification Made Simple: An Introduction to Knowledge Organisation and Information Retrieval. 3rd ed By Eric Hunter. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009. 163 pp. £25.00 soft cover ISBN 9780754675587

In the 3rd edition of Classification Made Simple, author Eric Hunter has employed a large assortment of classification schemes to illustrate the basic concepts of classification theory. He makes cl...
The Enteric Nervous System for Epithelial Researchers: Basic Anatomy, Techniques, and Interactions With the Epithelium.

The intestinal epithelium does not function in isolation, but interacts with many components including the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). Understanding ENS and intestinal epithelium interactions requires multidisciplinary approaches to uncover cells involved, mechanisms used, and the ultimate influence on intestinal physiology. This review is intended to serve as a reference for epithelial biologists interested in studying these interactions. With this in mind, this review aims to summarize the basic anatomy of the epithelium and ENS, mechanisms by which they interact, and techniques used to study these interactions. We highlight in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques. Additionally, ENS influence on epithelial proliferation and gene expression within stem and differentiated cells as well as gastrointestinal cancer are discussed.
Highly fluorescent hybrid Au/Ag nanoclusters stabilized with poly(ethylene glycol)- and zwitterion-modified thiolate ligands

We report a simple strategy to grow highly fluorescing, near-infrared-emitting nanoclusters (NCs) made of bimetallic Au/Ag cores, surface capped with a mixture of triphenylphosphine and various monothiol ligands. The ligands include short chain aliphatic monothiols, which yields hydrophobic NCs, and poly(ethylene glycol)- or zwitterion-appended monothiols, which yield NCs that are readily dispersible in buffer media. The reaction uses well-defined triphenylphosphine-protected Au11 clusters (as precursors) that are reacted with Ag(i)-thiolate complexes. The prepared materials are small (diameter <2 nm, as characterized by TEM) with emission peak at 730-760 nm and long lifetime (∼8-12 μs). The quantum yield measured for these materials in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic dispersions is ∼40%. High-magnification dark field STEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show the presence of both metal atoms in the core, with measured binding energies that agree with reported values for nanocluster materials. The NIR emission combined with high quantum yield, small size, colloidal stability in buffer media and ease of surface functionalization afforded by the coating, make these materials suitable for investigating fundamental questions and potentially useful for biological sensing and imaging applications.
Perceived peer delinquency, proactive criminal thinking, neighborhood disorder, and serious offending: moderated mediation and theoretical integration

This paper illustrates how theoretical integration in criminology might be achieved, in part, through the use of such research methodologies as mediation and moderation. Analyzing data from the fir...
Structural and behavioural changes in the short term preventive check in the northwest Balkans in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Fertility responded negatively to grain insufficiency(proxied by grain price increases), and mortality respondedpositively in Croatia-Slavonia-Srem in the 18thand 19th centuries, as in most of Europe. Shiftsin the intensity and timing of these responsesoccurred over time as social and economic structureschanged. Shifts in the elasticity of fertility withrespect to grain supply inversely mimic and lagchanges in the elasticity of mortality. Both appear tobe induced by increasing land shortage, the collapseof feudalism, and differences in the patterns ofadjustment to post-feudal conditions among former civiland military serfs. Generally, responses are strongerfor civil and former civil serfs, who may have been inless favourable economic circumstances than themilitary. Fertility responses in the year of a priceshock come to dominate those in the year following,suggesting a shift from contraception to abortion aseconomic and social conditions apparently worsened andstrategies of control intensified. Analysis of monthlyresponses supports the conjecture based on the annualresponses. The shift to the preventive check and strength of thepreventive check in the same year as the price shockis unusual in Europe and beyond. Analysis is based on25 parishes and employs lagged annual and monthly timeseries analysis with corrections for autocorrelation,in combination with ethnographic and historical data.
Chapter 6 – Acetaminophen

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause hepatotoxicity and even acute liver failure. Hepatotoxicity is due to the formation of a reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, which forms protein adducts on mitochondrial proteins, leading to mitochondrial oxidant stress and peroxynitrite formation accompanied by activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and its translocation, along with Bax, to the mitochondria. This induces the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition and release of intermembrane proteins, which translocate to the nucleus, leading to nuclear DNA fragmentation and activation of programmed necrosis. This in turn activates a sterile inflammatory response that supports removal of necrotic cell debris in preparation of regeneration. Insight into the mechanism of APAP hepatotoxicity led to the development of mechanistic serum biomarkers, which predict the outcome in patients after APAP overdose and it is hoped that a better understanding of the process will enable identification of novel therapeutic targets, which could help in the development of better antidotes.