cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Image Clustering and Feedback-based Retrieval Framework

Most existing object-based image retrieval systems are based on single object matching, with its main limitation being that one individual image region object can hardly represent the user's retrieval target, especially when more than one object of interest is involved in the retrieval. Integrated Region Matching IRM has been used to improve the retrieval accuracy by evaluating the overall similarity between images and incorporating the properties of all the regions in the images. However, IRM does not take the user's preferred regions into account and has undesirable time complexity. In this article, we present a Feedback-based Image Clustering and Retrieval Framework FIRM using a novel image clustering algorithm and integrating it with Integrated Region Matching IRM and Relevance Feedback RF. The performance of the system is evaluated on a large image database, demonstrating the effectiveness of our framework in catching users' retrieval interests in object-based image retrieval.
Forget the Diffusion—Do We Need T2-weighted MR Images to Detect Early Central Nervous System Injury?

SUMMARY T2- and diffusion-weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging examinations performed with techniques adopted from the brain are practical in the spinal cord. Results indicate that these modalities will be highly useful for characterizing radiation injury to the spinal cord and illuminate our understanding of the brain's response to radiation therapy. Further technical developments will be required to make high-spatial-resolution, high-quality axial DW imaging practical in routine clinical use.
Neutron reflectivity investigation of the effects of harsh environments on Ta2N thin films

We use neutron reflectivity to study the effects of harsh environments on the composition and structure of Ta2N films. We investigated samples with a 700 A Ta2N layer, annealed in vacuum, hydrogen, and air, in an attempt to simulate the effects of aging on Ta2N thin films. We obtained good model/data fits for all samples studied, with the exception of the air annealed sample — inhomogeneities and cracking reduced the quality of this fit. A 90 A thick layer of TaHx was found on top of the hydrogen annealed sample, with no evidence of hydrogen enrichment at the Ta2N/SiO2 interface, Furthermore, we found that air annealing produces a ~2000 A thick layer of tantalum oxide.
HYDROPIC STAGES IN THE INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM OF NEW-BORN CALVES

There occurs in the small intestines of a large percentage of calves up to and including the 3rd day a hydropic condition of the epithelium. This manifests itself in the form of a large vacuole or vesicle usually under the top plate of the epithelial cell. More rarely a number of smaller vesicles or vacuoles replace it. These may break away from the cell and float free when bits of the fresh mucosa are gently compressed under a cover-glass. The vesicles probably contain coagulable protein. This condition has its origin in late intrauterine life. It involves the lowest third of the small intestine and extends upwards as far as the duodenum in some cases. It is not a necessary forerunner of the early diarrhea or scours. Its relation to this disease is not defined. It may or may not be accompanied by a fat stasis of the upper third of the small intestine. Frequently associated with it is coagulable protein in the contents of the ileum.
Accumulation of l-Glutamic Acid from Dibasic Carboxylic Acids by a Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacterium

In order to know the substrate specificity in a hydrocarbon utilizing bacterium, the following materials were examined: n-alkanes, n-alkenes, monohydric alcohols, aldehydes, monobasic carboxylic acids, dihydric alcohols and dibasic carboxylic acids.It was found that dibasic carboxylic acids were well utilized, and a great deal of l-glutamic acid was accumulated from them. Then suberic acid, which is C8 dibasic carboxylic acid, was compared with n-dodecane in the effects of thiamine, penicillin, C/N ratio and substrate concentration on l-glutamic acid accumulation and cell growth.
Conspecific density determines the magnitude and character of predator-induced phenotype

The benefits in survival gained from predator-induced phenotypes often come at a cost to other components of fitness. Therefore, the level of expression of an induced phenotype should mirror the level of risk in the environment. When a predator exhibits a saturating functional response the risk of mortality to a given prey decreases as prey density increases. Therefore, for a given predator threat, investment in defense should be lower in prey at high density relative to those at low density. In this study, I test whether the magnitude of predator-induced morphological plasticity decreases with increasing conspecific density by exposing pine woods tree frog (Hyla femoralis) tadpoles at three different densities to predators (present or absent) in a factorial experiment. Tadpole morphology was not affected by changes in density in the absence of predators. However, predators had a significant, density-dependent effect on tadpole morphology. Specifically, the magnitude of morphological response was graded and larger for animals in the low density (high risk) environment. This study demonstrates that tadpoles can modulate phenotypic plasticity in response to mortality risk as a function of both the density of conspecifics and chemical cues from predators, which suggests that they are able to detect and respond to fine-scale changes in the threat environment. In addition, this study highlights the need for analytical approaches that allow morphological plasticity studies to elucidate allometric relationships in addition to simply quantifying size-corrected traits.
Baseline serum and cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia

Objective: To determine whether baseline cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels in preeclampsia differ from those in normal pregnancy, and to ascertain whether pre-treatment cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels correlate with serum levels, which would suggest a baseline alteration in the blood-brain barrier in preeclampsia. Methods: When spinal analgesia or anesthesia was administered for delivery, serum and cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels were determined in 20 normal gravidas and 20 preeclamptic women not treated with magnesium sulfate. Data were analyzed by two-sided Student t test and regression analysis. Results: Mean (± standard deviation) cerebrospinal fluid magnesium level for preeclamptic patients was 2.23 ± 0.09 mEq/L, which was not significantly different from controls. Regression analysis revealed no significant correlation between cerebrospinal fluid and serum magnesium levels for either normal or preeclamptic gravidas. Conclusion: During the third trimester, there is no difference in baseline, pre-treatment cerebrospinal fluid magnesium levels in preeclamptic patients compared to normal subjects, and no correlation between cerebrospinal fluid and serum magnesium over the range of baseline values.
Semiclassical mechanics of a nonintegrable spin cluster

We study detailed classical-quantum correspondence for a cluster system of three spins with single-axis anisotropic exchange coupling. With autoregressive spectral estimation, we find oscillating terms in the quantum density of states caused by classical periodic orbits: in the slowly varying part of the density of states we see signs of nontrivial topology changes happening to the energy surface as the energy is varied. Also, we can explain the hierarchy of quantum energy levels near the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states with Einstein-Brillouin-Keller quantization to explain large structures and tunneling to explain small structures.
Optic tectum of the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. II. Morphology of efferent cells.

Abstract Tectal efferent neurons were retrogradely filled from extracellular injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into pathways efferent from the tectum. Tectorotundal neurons have cylindrical dendritic trees, 80-100 microns in diameter, that extend vertically across the central and superficial tectal layers. Apical and basal dendrites are laden with complex appendages. The axon gives rise to an intratectal, collateral arbor that extends horizontally into the stratum griseum centrale beyond the cell's dendritic tree. The parent axon exits the tectum laterally in the tectothalamic tract. Tectogeniculate neurons also have narrow, radially oriented, and highly branched apical dendrites, but their basal dendrites are infrequently branched and lack appendages. An intratectal axon collateral forms a small, spherical arbor overlapping the apical dendrites in sublayer c of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The parent axon ascends vertically and just below the stratum opticum turns rostrad to follow the optic fibers to the diencephalon. Tectoisthmi neurons have small somata and thin, radial dendrites that arborize below the pial surface in the stratum zonale. An intratectal axon collateral forms a spatially restricted arbor ventral to the soma in register with the dendritic tree. Tectoisthmobulbar neurons have dendrites that arborize extensively in sublayer a of the stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale. The axon exits the tectum without collateralizing and joins a small-caliber component of the ventral tectobulbar tract. Ipsilateral tectobulbar neurons have stellate dendritic fields, 150-250 microns in diameter, that are restricted to the deep layers of the tectum. Sparsely branched dendrites are appendage-free but bear many short, fine spicules. The axon initially ascends from the soma and recurves into the stratum album centrale without collateralizing before joining a medium-caliber component of the ventral tectobulbar tract. Crossed tectobulbar neurons have large, stellate dendritic trees with diameters ranging from 200 to 500 microns. Like ipsilateral tectobulbar neurons, their dendrites are appendage-free but bear spicules. Their thick-caliber axons exit the tectum without collateralizing and course deep in the stratum album centrale to reach the dorsal tectobulbar tract.
Neuromuscular organization of the canine tongue.

The tongue manipulates food while chewing and swallowing, dilates the airway during inspiration, and shapes the sounds of speech in humans. While performing these functions the tongue morphs through many complex shapes. At present it is not known how the muscles of the tongue perform these complex shape changes. The difficulty in understanding tongue biomechanics is partly due to gaps in our knowledge regarding the complex neuromuscular anatomy of the tongue. In this study the motor and sensory nerve anatomy of four canine tongues was studied with Sihler's stain, a technique that renders most of the tongue tissue translucent while counterstaining nerves. An additional tongue specimen was serially sectioned to provide a reference for the muscle structure of the tongue. The hypoglossal nerve (XII) has approximately 50 primary nerve branches that innervate all intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles. Two extrinsic muscles, the styloglossus and hyoglossus, are innervated by about three to four branches from the lateral division of the XII. The third extrinsic muscle, the genioglossus, is composed of oblique and horizontal compartments, which receive about ten nerve branches from the medial division of the XII. The intrinsic muscles are composed of many neuromuscular compartments. On each side, the superior longitudinal muscle had an average of 40 distinct muscle fascicles that spanned the length of the tongue. Each of the fascicles is supplied by a nerve branch. The inferior longitudinal muscle had a similar organization. Each of the transverse and vertical muscles is composed of over 140 separate muscle sheets, and every sheet is innervated by a separate terminal nerve. The muscle sheets from the vertical and transverse alternate their orientation 90 degrees throughout the length of the tongue. It is concluded that the intrinsic canine tongue muscles are actually composed of groups of neuromuscular compartments that are arranged in parallel (longitudinal muscles) or in a precise alternating sequence (transverse and vertical muscles). This arrangement suggests that the compartments from the different tongue muscles could cooperate to control the three-dimensional contractile state of their local area. This hypothesis could explain how many different tongue shapes are formed, and is supported by physiologic evidence.
Organism-substrate relations: terminology for ecology and palaeoecology

Terms for indicating the relationship between organisms and their substrates are necessary for effective communication in ecology and palaeoecology. Usage of terms denoting these relationships are discussed and suggestions for more meaningful usage given. Suggested/recommended usage attempts to adhere as closely as possible to the meanings of the terms as originally proposed (e.g. symbiosis). Distinction between substrate and medium is important. Although substrate is categorized as firm and loose, detailed petrographical and/or sedimentological analyses of substrates are needed in both ecology and palaeoecology. A symmetrical classification of organism-substrate relations defining recommended terms which cover broad categories provides a terminology which hopefully is flexible and serves a useful function.
Three-Dimensional Observations of a Deep Convective Chimney in the Greenland Sea during Winter 1988/89

Abstract All available temperature data, including moored thermistor, hydrographic, and tomographic measurements, have been combined using least-squares inverse methods to study the evolution of the three-dimensional temperature field in the Greenland Sea during winter 1988/89. The data are adequate to resolve features with spatial scales of about 40 km and larger. A chimney structure reaching depths in excess of 1000 m is observed to the southwest of the gyre center during March 1989. The chimney has a spatial scale of about 50 km, near the limit of the spatial resolution of the data, and a timescale of about 10 days. The chimney structure breaks up and disappears in only 3–6 days. A one-dimensional vertical heat balance adequately describes changes in total heat content in the chimney region from autumn 1988 until the time of chimney breakup, when horizontal advection becomes important. A simple, one-dimensional mixed layer model is surprisingly successful in reproducing autumn to winter bulk temperatur...
Exploring the Participation of Organized Interests in State Court Litigation

For nearly five decades, scholars have explored interest group involve ment in courts, with their insights providing substantive and, eventually, theoretical breakthroughs. While the early pluralists noted instances of groups litigation in both federal and state courts, virtually all modern-day scholars have focused their attention on federal arenas. This emphasis is hardly surprising: we do not know whether or not interest groups participate in state court litigation in numbers sufficient to warrant investigation. In an effort to fill this gap, I address two interrelated questions about litigation in state courts: has interest group use of state judicial systems increased over the past four decades and has the scope of litigation activity expanded to incorporate a wider range of interests? An examination of litigation activity in sixteen state supreme courts generally answers these questions affirmatively. It indicates a heightened presence of organized interests; it also shows that a wider range of grou...
INTERACTION MODELS FOR THE LATIN SQUARE1

This paper presents a general method for testing if a particular type of interaction is present in latin square models with one observation per cell. Computing instructions are given along with a detailed numerical example. A data analysis approach is explained where an experimenter can use various models to determine whether interaction is present. If there is interaction, then a procedure is given for examining a number of models to decide what factors (row, column, treatment) are interacting. In addition, a number of sets of latin square data from the literature are reanalysed to determine if they contain interaction.
The cardiovascular effects of eplerenone, a selective aldosterone-receptor antagonist.

Background: The role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension and heart failure has been extensively studied. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II-receptor blockers have been shown to effectively reduce blood pressure, protect the kidney, and reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. Therefore, there is increased interest in the effects of aldosterone and the use of aldosterone-receptor antagonists in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Eplerenone is the first selective aldosterone-receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of hypertension and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Objective: The goal of this article was to review the pharmacologic properties, clinical efficacy, and tolerability of eplerenone in the treatment of hypertension, LV dysfunction, and proteinuria. Methods: Relevant English-language articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE (1966–May 2003), Current Contents, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–May 2003) using the terms hypertension, heart failure, eplerenone, aldosterone, and aldosterone antagonist. Other pertinent publications were identified from the reference lists of the identified articles. Information was also obtained from abstracts presented at national meetings and data on file with the manufacturer. Results: In clinical trials, eplerenone alone and in combination with renin-angiotensin blockade significantly reduced both systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with placebo (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001). In EPHESUS (Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study), the addition eplerenone to optimal medical therapy reduced morbidity and mortality in patients with AMI and LV dysfunction, although the incidence of serious hyperkalemia was also significantly greater. In comparisons with spironolactone, eplerenone was associated with a lower incidence of gynecomastia and other sex hormone-related adverse effects. Conclusions: Either alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, eplerenone appears to be effective for the treatment of hypertension. Morbidity and mortality were reduced when eplerenone was added to standard therapy for LV dysfunction complicating AMI. The use of eplerenone for hypertension or heart failure may be limited in patients at risk for hyperkalemia.
Individual Differences in Airline Captains' Personalities, Communication Strategies, and Crew Performance

Aircrew effectiveness in coping with emergencies has been linked to captain's personality profile. The present study analyzed cockpit communication during simulated flight to examine the relation between captains' discourse strategies, personality profiles, and crew performance. Positive Instrumental/Expressive captains and Instrumental-Negative captains used very similar communication strategies and their crews made few errors. Their talk was distinguished by high levels of planning and strategizing, gathering information, predicting/alerting, and explaining, especially during the emergency flight phase. Negative-Expressive captains talked less overall, and engaged in little problem solving talk, even during emergencies. Their crews made many errors. Findings support the theory that high crew performance results when captains use language to build shared mental models for problem situations.
MO‐D‐220‐06: Progress on an Ultrasonic Imaging System for Radiation Dosimetry

Purpose: To assess the temperature sensitivity and spatial resolution of an ultrasonic imaging array to be used for radiation dosimetry. Methods: A circular array of ultrasonic transducers is used to image radiation heating of water in a phantom. The array is constructed of 128 PVDF sensors arranged in a circle of 177.8 mm radius that are multiplexed to analog input and output digitizers that are synchronized via high‐precision timing and triggering circuits used for measuring time‐of‐flight of ultrasonic tonebursts with central frequency of 1 MHz. The time‐of‐flight data are inverted to obtain average water temperature along the flight path between each transmitter/receiver pair, and the ensemble of such data is passed to a filtered backprojection algorithm for tomographic reconstruction of 2D temperature profiles at a refresh rate of about 10s per scan. The expected linear spatial resolution of the array is ∼ 5mm, and the system is designed to resolve temperature changes below 1 mK. Initial testing of the system has been done with thermal stimuli provided by an incandescent spotlight which is focused in the imaging plane. Results: With the ∼7 mm spotlight filament dissipating ∼60W focused in the imaging plane of the array, thermal disturbances of 2‐cm fwhm in size are recorded, measuring ∼10 mK near the peak and temperature resolution approaching sub‐mK levels. A crude validation of the temperature sensitivity has been done by incorporating a calibrated thermistor probe near the beam hot‐spot for comparison with the image data. Conclusions: Initial testing of an imaging system based on ultrasonic thermometry indicates that the instrument may be suitable for testing in ionizing radiation beams, where it would be used for imaging 2D dose distributions in real time.
Holistically processing XML twig queries with AND, OR, and NOT predicates

Structural joins are important for XML queries, but suffer from producing large, unused intermediate result sets. Holistic twig joins claim to solve this problem, but previously proposed algorithms fail to support XML queries involving all the three types of logical operations predicates: AND, OR, and NOT, which are however highly desired (such queries are referred to as All-twigs). Currently, there is no holistic twig join algorithm designed for All-twigs. In this paper, we first propose to normalize All-twigs to harness their complexity and then present a holistic join framework based on normalized All-twigs.
Order-order transitions in spin systems with double electron exchange

Abstract Spin systems in the presence of isotropic single and double electron exchange are investigated at nonzero temperature. We use a generalized mean field approximation that allows for a variable local axis of quantization. This leads to the introduction of an angular parameter Θ giving the angle between nearest neighbor quantization axes. It is shown that order-order transitions can occur between phases of partially aligned spins (general Θ) and pure ferro- ( Θ = 0) or antiferromagnetic ( Θ = π ) spin structures for physically reasonable values of the exchange ratio J 2 / J 1 of double to single exchange when J 2 > 0. The order-order critical temperature τ 0 is determined as a function of J 2 / J 1 for the particular cases of atomic spin s = 1, 3 2 , 2, 5 2 , and the corresponding phase diagrams are presented. Biquadratic and three-atom double electron exchange effects are considered separately. Expressions for the paramagnetic transition temperature and for the spontaneous magnetization M s for general atomic spin s are given, and the discontinuous change in M s at τ 0 is also found as a function of J 2 / J 1 .
Condensed-matter physics: Pressure for change in metals

When is a metal not a metal? When it is under high pressure, if it's lithium or sodium. The strange behaviour of dense forms of these elements exposes difficulties with commonly used models of electronic structure.
Effect of fiber fracture and interfacial debonding on the evolution of damage in metal matrix composites

Abstract A new approach for modeling the behavior of laminated composite structures using computational methods is presented, considering damage evolution at the micromechanical level. Micromechanical models are developed to predict the stress–strain response of a composite lamina explicitly accounting for the local damage mechanisms such as fiber fracture and interfacial bonding. The model is applied to metal matrix composites and hence the inelastic constitutive behavior of the matrix phase is included. The stochastic variation of the fiber properties is incorporated in this simulation using the two-parameter Weibull model. The effect of fiber volume fraction and the properties of the fiber, matrix and interface on the damage evolution is studied using this approach. A constitutive damage tensor for the composite lamina is developed from the micromechanical models which can be input into laminate structural analysis codes.
Estrogen Augmentation of Gonadotropin-Stimulated Progestin Biosynthesis in Cultured Rat Granulosa Cells*

The influence of estrogens on gonadotropin-stimulated production of progesterone and 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OH-P) was examined in primary cultures of rat granulosa cells. Granulosa cells were cultured for 3 days with increasing concentrations of FSH in the presence or absence of either diethylstilbestrol (DES) or estradiol. FSH treatment increased progestin production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas treatment with estrogens alone were ineffective. In contrast, concomitant addition of either DES or estradiol augmented FSH-stimulated production of progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-P. Increasing concentrations of estradiol (10(-10) - 10(-7) M) augmented the stimulatory effect of FSH (30 ng/ml) on progesterone production in a dose-dependent manner with ED50 values of approximately 3 X 10(-9) M. The facilitatory action of estradiol was time-related, becoming significant after 36 h of treatment. Granulosa cells were also cultured for 2 days with FSH to induce functional LH receptors. The FSH-primed cells were treated for an additional 3 days with increasing concentrations of LH (0.3-30 ng/ml) in the absence or presence of DES (10(-7) M). LH stimulated progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-P production in a dose-dependent manner, whereas concomitant addition of DES further enhanced LH-induced progestin biosynthesis. (Bu)2cAMP also increased progesterone and 20 alpha-OH-P production by the granulosa cells; however, concurrent addition of DES did not augment the actions of (Bu)2cAMP. The effect of estrogens on gonadotropin-stimulated cAMP accumulation was also examined. FSH treatment dose-dependently increased cAMP accumulation, whereas concomitant treatment with estradiol further increased the FSH action. Similarly, LH treatment also stimulated cAMP accumulation in FSH-primed cells, whereas concurrent addition of DES further augmented LH action. Thus, the stimulatory effect of estrogens upon gonadotropin-stimulated progestin production may be related to the augmentation of cAMP biosynthesis. The present observations suggest that intraovarian estrogens may act locally to enhance the sensitivity of granulosa cells to FSH and LH, thereby increasing the biosynthesis of progestins and cAMP by the granulosa cells.
Inhibition of key cytokines by tetrathiomolybdate in the bleomycin model of pulmonary fibrosis

Tetrathiomolybdate is an anticopper drug with a unique mechanism of action. Tetrathiomolybdate complexes copper to protein and itself, rendering the copper unavailable for cellular uptake. It was originally developed for Wilson's disease, and is now being developed as an antiangiogenic agent for the treatment of cancer. Many angiogenic cytokines require normal levels of copper, and lowered copper levels reduce cytokine signaling while cellular copper requirements are met. Cytokines of fibrosis and inflammation may be similarly copper dependent, since tetrathiomolybdate inhibits bleomycin induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. The basis for this inhibition was evaluated here by examination of tetrathiomolybdate effects on cytokines in lung pathophysiologically important in the bleomycin mouse model of pulmonary damage. Results in mice injected endotracheally with bleomycin confirmed that tetrathiomolybdate therapy was effective in reducing fibrosis. This effect was associated with significant inhibition of bleomycin-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha and transforming growth factor beta expression in lung homogenates. These effects were shown to be independent of one another. This indicates that tetrathiomolybdate therapy can be effective even when fibrosis is at a more chronic stage, wherein inflammatory cytokines are playing a diminishing role. The inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha suggests that diseases of tumor necrosis factor alpha overexpression are also potential targets of tetrathiomolybdate therapy.
A test of the conservation model for autoshaped leverpressing and polydipsia in the rat

This study examined a conservation model (Allison & Mack, 1982)that predicts a linear rela­ tion between the weighted sum of two responses, autoshaped leverpressing and polydipsia, and the amount of food delivered on a variable-time schedule. Fifteen rats were assigned randomly to one of three groups. The rats in Group 1 were maintained at 80% of their free-feeding body weights. Those in Group 2 began at 100% but were allowed to lose weight during the experi­ ment. The rats in Group 3 also began at 100%of their free-feeding weights and were maintained at this level. Each group was exposed to five conditions that delivered less food than that con­ sumed during baseline and to one condition that delivered more food, The results did not support the conservation model. Contrary to the model, the decreasing linear relation between the in­ dividual responses, or the weighted sum of the responses, and the amount of food delivered was not found for all rats, and some rats responded more when an excessive amount of food was presented than during baseline, Conservation theory predicts how an animal will re­ spond during schedules of reinforcement, by assuming that the responses involved can be scaled on some common dimension such as energy expenditure. It also assumes that this dimension is conserved across two sessions of the sameduration: an experimental session, in which the op­ portunity to performa particular response is on a sched­
Becoming a School: Developing Learning Objectives for Psychoanalytic Education

Data collected from multiple psychoanalytic institutes in the United States. indicate that the lack of clear guidelines for progression and graduation compromises psychoanalytic training in many ways (Cabaniss, Glick, and Roose, 2000). Educational research suggests that learning objectives and clear assessment tools can help to demystify education, guide curriculum development, clarify standards for the field, and prompt research (Gardner, 1995, 1999; Wiggins and McTighe, 1998; Wiske, 1998). This article outlines the process by which the Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research undertook to operationalize objectives for learning in clinical psychoanalysis and to develop and use a standardized supervisory assessment tool. It further outlines the multicenter project on supervisory assessment that has evolved from this effort that now involves 4 psychoanalytic institutes in North America.
Gas-Phase Conformations of Deprotonated and Protonated Mononucleotides Determined by Ion Mobility and Theoretical Modeling

Collision cross-sections of protonated and deprotonated 2‘-deoxy-5‘-mononucleotide ions were measured in helium using ion mobility based methods. Various computational methods were then used to generate candidate structures of the ions and calculate their collision cross-sections for comparison to experiment. For the deprotonated systems, the ion mobility data indicate that only one family of conformers is present. Molecular mechanics calculations (AMBER) predict that the sugar is twisted into a C3‘-endo conformation with the phosphate and base above the plane of the sugar. For dAMP, dCMP, and dTMP, the base is in an “anti” conformation about the glycosidic bond but in dGMP, the guanine base is in a “syn” position with the amino group hydrogen-bonded to the deprotonated phosphate. DFT calculations yield similar low-energy structures as those predicted by AMBER. The calculated cross-sections of the C3‘-endo conformers agree very well with experimental values (1−2% difference). For the protonated mononucleo...
Dissociation of Hydrogen Molecules by Vibrational Excitation and Three-Body Recombination Coefficient

The recombination of two atoms in the presence of a third body is of importance in gas kinetics. The evaluation of its probability coefficient can be reduced to that of the reverse process, the dissociation of a molecule by collision, by means of the principle of detailed balance. Various mechanisms for dissociation are briefly discussed, and an attempt is made to estimate the general order of magnitude of the cross section for the excitation of a molecule into the vibrational continuum of its electronic ground state by carrying through a calculation for the dissociation of a hydrogen molecule by collision with an electron, proton, and hydrogen atom. The Born approximation is not satisfactory for the heavy particles at low energies, and a tentative method of correcting the cross section by means of the exact one-dimensional problem is given. The resulting value of the cross section for dissociation of a hydrogen molecule by a hydrogen atom is of the order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}26}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at low energies; the three-body recombination coefficient for the reverse process, namely, the recombination of two hydrogen atoms in the presence of a third, is \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}43}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{6}$/sec, which is very much smaller than the experimental value.
Hydrologic Properties of Pervious Concrete

Pervious concrete is concrete made by eliminating most or all of the fine aggregate (sand) in the concrete mix, which allows interconnected void spaces to be formed in the hardened product. These interconnected void spaces allow the concrete to transmit water at relatively high rates. The main objective of this project was to conduct research on the potential application of pervious concrete in agricultural settings, specifically for use in animal feed lots, manure storage pads, animal manure and bedding compost facilities, or floor systems in animal buildings. Laboratory tests were conducted on replicated samples of pervious concrete formed from two rock sources (river gravel and limestone) for coarse aggregates and different size fractions to determine hydrologic relationships. Linear relationships were found between density and porosity, density and permeability, porosity and permeability, and porosity and specific yield. The results suggest that properties such as permeability, porosity, and specific yield are not significantly affected by different aggregate types. However, density and porosity can be effective methods for predicting porosity, specific yield, and permeability. In addition, t-tests were conducted to determine the effect of aggregate types on the solid/liquid separation properties of the pervious concrete after adding composted beef cattle manure and bedding to the surface of the specimens. The amount of composted beef cattle manure and bedding retained within the specimens was significantly less (p = 0.012) when samples constructed of #8 river gravel were used rather than the other aggregates. The #8 river gravel also had significantly less reduction in permeability compared to other aggregates. Although the #8 river gravel had a different effect on the compost retained and the reduction in permeability for the specimens, all four aggregates exhibited a significant reduction in the permeability after the compost was applied.
Population growth beyond the urban fringe: implications for rural land use policy

Abstract Population growth and redistribution generate urban development in both metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties throughout the USA. This paper presents an analysis of population growth and urban development within a non-metropolitan county in southeastern New York State. Land use data for a 30 km by 50 km study area were integrated with ancillary physiographic data in a raster geographic information system. Spatial analysis of these data revealed that urban land uses increased from 6.7% of the landscape in 1968 to 17.8% in 1985, resulting in an expansion in urban land area that was eight times faster than the increase in population. The number of urban patches, or contiguous urban areas, decreased from 936 to 829, although the average size of the urban patches increased from 9.4 to 25.4 ha. The majority of the new urban land was residential development located between 3 and 25 km from the central business districts of the villages and cities within the landscape. Spatially dispersed urban development generates incremental landscape changes that typically contribute to environmental degredation. Land use policies designed to protect environmental quality in urbanizing landscapes should focus, therefore, on accomplishing at least three objectives: (1) minimize further fragmentation of the ecological infrastructure; (2) restore, where practical, severed linkages in the ecological infrastructure; and (3) guide new development to locations near existing urban centers. If any of these objectives are to be met in the adversarial legal and political milieu of the USA, policy makers must devise land use controls that do not constitute a ‘taking’ of private property. This paper argues that effective rural land use controls will not be widely implemented, or successfully withstand legal challenges, until empirical research demonstrates that land use spatial patterns directly affect both environmental quality and human quality of life, and that unregulated land markets in urbanizing landscapes encourage land use changes that inevitably degrade environmental quality.
Use and abuse of bioethics: Integrity and professional standing

This paper sets out to examine the integrity and professional standing of “Bioethics.” It argues that professions have certain responsibilities that start with setting criteria for and credentialing those that have met the criteria and goes on to ultimately have social responsibilities to the community. As it now stands we claim that Bioethics—while it certainly has achieved some progress in the way medicine has developed—has failed to become a profession and has to a large extent failed in its social responsibility. We feel that Bioethics has to define itself, set criteria for membership in the profession, police itself and—above all—meet its social responsibility to become a profession meriting that name.
Delay lines based on coupled slow-wave structures

A novel method to obtain an electromagnetic signal delay is described. It is shown that the positive magnetic and electric coupling between impedance conductors produces an increase in the time delay. It is also shown that the increase in delay time is obtained without additional attenuation. This allows a reduction in electromagnetic losses, by a factor of several times, for a delay time. An approximate analysis of electromagnetic delay lines based on coupled impedance conductors with "spiral" and "meander" patterns allowed obtaining very simple expressions for the wave deceleration factor, wave impedance, and attenuation factor. The results of the analysis are confirmed by the results of measurements.
Photon-stimulated desorption of excited alkali atoms from alkali halides following core-level excitation

Abstract We report excitation-functions for excited alkali atoms from NaCl, KCl and LiF surfaces irradiated with ultraviolet light in the range 15 to 70 eV, an energy range including several alkali core levels. The excitation function of the excited Li yield is shown to be similar to the total electron yield obtained simultaneously. The results are consistent with desorption initiated by a localized two-hole valence excitation following the decay of the core excitation. The excited potassium yield from KCl is seen to decrease with temperature, suggesting a dependence on surface conditions such as the presence of excess metal.
Anaphylaxis to casein hydrolysate formula

the age range closer to the currently recommended age were significantly lower than in the younger infants given two doses. These and previous 2, 3 observations provide an optimistic outlook for eventual prevention of invasive Hib infection in infants with sickle cell disease after two or more doses of conjugate vaccine. For now, follow-up or consideration of booster doses may be indicated for children with sickle cell diseases who were vaccinated according to the current single-dose schedule.
Randomized Phase II Trials: Time for a New Era in Clinical Trial Design

The classic single-arm oncology phase II trial designs for evaluating an experimental regimen/agent are limited by multiple sources of bias arising from the inability to separate trial effects (such as patient selection, trial eligibility, imaging techniques and assessment schedule, and treatment locations) from treatment effect on clinical outcomes. Changes in patient population based on biologic subsetting, newer imaging technologies, the use of alternative end points, constrained resources, and the multitude of promising therapies for a given disease make randomized phase II designs, with a concurrent control arm where necessary, attractive. In this brief report, we discuss the salient features of the randomized designs for phase II trials, which when properly applied under the constraints of their underlying inference framework can assure optimal use of limited phase III financial and patient resources.
Peroxisomal defects in neonatal-onset and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophies

Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in X-linked and neonatal forms of adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) appears to be a consequence of deficient peroxisomal oxidation of very long chain fatty acids. Peroxisomes were readily identified in liver biopsies taken from a patient having the X-linked disorder. However, in liver biopsies from a patient having neonatal-onset ALD, hepatocellular peroxisomes were greatly reduced in size and number, and sedimentable catalase was markedly diminished. The presence of increased concentrations of serum pipecolic acid and the bile acid intermediate, trihydroxycoprostanic acid, in the neonatal ALD patient are associated with a generalized diminution of peroxisomal activities that was not observed in the patient with X-linked ALD.
Antiplatelet therapy for the primary and secondary prevention of cerebrovascular events in patients with extracranial carotid artery disease.

Cerebrovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries around the world. In the United States, there are an estimated 700,000 cases of stroke annually (of which over 85% are ischemic), costing an estimated $56.8 billion in associated treatment. Large vessel internal carotid artery stenosis is an important cause of ischemic stroke. Population-based studies have shown that the prevalence of carotid stenosis is ∼0.5% in the sixth decade of life and increases to ∼10% in the ninth decade. The majority of patients are asymptomatic. Asymptomatic carotid stenosis with ≤75% lumen loss carries a stroke risk of 1.3% annually, whereas the combined risk of myocardial ischemia and vascular death is as high as 10%. With diameter stenosis >75%, the combined stroke and transient ischemic attack risk increases to ∼11% annually, with 75% of events ipsilateral to the affected artery. Other studies have also shown that the risk of stroke increases proportionately to the severity of stenosis. The risk is higher for those patients who are symptomatic. In this review, we will discuss antiplatelet agents to prevent cerebrovascular events in the context of extracranial carotid artery disease. It is beyond the scope of this article to discuss antiplatelet treatment for other etiologies of stroke.
The cost‐effectiveness of anorexia nervosa treatment

Objective Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an expensive-to-treat illness with a high mortality rate. Some health care systems have limited the amount of treatment provided for AN despite the lack of clearly documented efficacy for these limited-intensity approaches. One method that can inform decisions about AN treatment is cost-effectiveness analysis. Method Cost-modeling analysis was used to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of AN treatment. Modeling was chosen given the lack of primary data on costs and outcomes in AN treatment. Data for age of onset, life expectancy, and disease-associated mortality were taken from the literature. The costs of treatment used in the analysis were those in use at the University of Minnesota. Results Assuming an approach consisting of inpatient weight restoration, followed by treatment of gradually diminishing intensity (partial hospitalization, then outpatient psychotherapy plus medication management), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated and compared with a limited intensity, “usual care” model. These assumptions yielded a cost per year of life saved of $30,180. Discussion Relative to many other medical interventions, the comprehensive treatment of AN appears to be quite cost-effective in terms of cost per year of life saved. Such data may have an impact on payer decisions and underscore the serious nature of AN. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 35: 155–160, 2004.
Upper atmospheric planetary-wave and gravity-wave observations

Previously collected data on atmospheric pressure, density, temperature and winds between 25 and 200 km from sources including Meteorological Rocket Network data, ROBIN falling sphere data, grenade release and pitot tube data, meteor winds, chemical release winds, satellite data, and others were analyzed by a daily-difference method, and results on the magnitude of atmospheric perturbations interpreted as gravity waves and planetary waves are presented. Traveling planetary-wave contributions in the 25-85 km range were found to have significant height and latitudinal variation. It was found that observed gravity-wave density perturbations and wind are related to one another in the manner predicted by gravity-wave theory. It was determined that, on the average, gravity-wave energy deposition or reflection occurs at all altitudes except the 55-75 km region of the mesosphere.
Controlled-release and local delivery of therapeutic antibodies

Human and humanised antibodies are now poised to become a major new class of protein-based therapeutic agents. A significant fraction of new drugs in clinical testing (approximately 20% in 2002) are antibody classes. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with high affinities against newly discovered disease targets, both cellularly and extracellularly, are now clinically proven to elicit high bioactivities against numerous diseases, including tumours, infections, asthma, inflammation, arthritis and osteoporosis. Clinical humanised antibody delivery is typically intravenous, with large multiple doses (grams) required for systemic volumes of distribution. Due to the relatively high costs of both this drug type, and its common mode of administration, alternatives are sought where doses might be reduced and the bioavailability and efficacy enhanced. Local, controlled-release methods that deliver antibodies locally to site of disease, offer new possibilities with these potential advantages. However, protein drugs frequently exhibit formulation challenges when packaged in delivery vehicles, and as globular proteins, antibodies are no exception. Several examples of mAb controlled-release and local delivery strategies against several disease targets are reviewed. Importantly, several antibody delivery methods work in tandem with existing clinically-accepted therapeutics, sometimes exhibiting potentiating or synergistic effects in animal models with small molecule, systemically administered drugs.