cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A progressive early onset cataract gene maps to human chromosome 17q24

Cerulean cataract is an autosomal dominant, early onset, progressive cataract characterized by blue or white opacifications in the nucleus and cortex of the lens. A large four–generation pedigree in which cerulean cataract segregates was studied for linkage analysis. A genome wide search was undertaken after the plausible candidate genes were excluded and the cerulean cataract phenotype was mapped to chromosome 17q24. The three markers closest to the disease gene are D17S802 (Z(θ)=9.46 at (θ)=0.085), D17S836 (Z(θ)=5.26 at (θ)=0.031) and AFMa238yb5 (Z(θ)=7.11 at (θ)=0.032). Multipoint linkage analyses yielded a maximum lod score of Z(θ)=13.71, placing the cerulean cataract gene between D17S802 and D17S836 at (θ)=0.048 and (θ)=0.013, respectively.
New Strategies for the Synthesis of Biologically Important Tetrapyrroles. The “B,C + D + A” Approach to Linear Tetrapyrroles

Linear tetrapyrroles related to phytochrome (1) were prepared in enantiospecific fashion by a new strategy beginning with ring-B,C synthons of type 19 (bis-iododipyrrins). Rings A and D were elaborated by Pd(0)-mediated coupling of 19a with the appropriate alkyne acid or amide derivatives 9 and 20, followed by intramolecular cyclization (method C: BC + D + A → ABCD).
Deep mantle matters

The lower mantle, lying between ~670- and ~2890-km depth, comprises most of the rocky portion of Earth. Convection processes within this region transfer heat from the iron core upward, advecting the heat flow that drives the near-surface tectonic engine. As many of the largest volcanic events appear to be correlated with seismic features in the deep mantle ( 1 ), the deep lower mantle may also represent an occasional scourge of our surface environment. In this issue, two sets of challenging experiments yield new pictures for how different deep seismic anomalies might be generated. On page 892, Andrault et al. ( 2 ) examine the melting temperature of oceanic crust (basalt) to core-mantle boundary (CMB) pressures and temperature, and use that to explain the genesis of areas with ultralow seismic velocities near the CMB. On page 877, Zhang et al. ( 3 ) report the startling discovery of a new, iron-rich silicate phase that may be a major component of the lowermost ~700 km of Earth's mantle.
TiO2 Nanotubes and Its Composites: Photocatalytic and Other Photo-driven Applications

This article describes the multifunctional applications of TiO2. It substantiates the universality of the anodization process to grow well-ordered TiOxnanotube (T–NT) of hollow cylindrical shape on a variety of planar and nonplanar substrates. It highlights an approach to effectively bring down the cost of anodization via utilization of a small volume of electrolyte. The multifunctionality of these nanostructures is highlighted through representative examples that illustrate wide ranging optical, electronic, and catalytic properties. Combining the T–NT with other materials such as metals and photoactive additives to form composite nanostructures has been shown to benefit photocatalysis, photovoltaics, biological processes, and environment-related applications. This article also demonstrates the applicability of T–NT as an agent to produce dissolved oxygen in simulated blood—an application that can assist in the development of artificial lungs. Key results from the research group, collaborations, and recent articles are highlighted.
Production-Inventory with Equipment Replacement-PIER

A two-dimensional Markov Decision Process model is used to combine the Production-Inventory problem and the Equipment Replacement problem. We provide two sets of sufficient conditions for the combined optimal policy to have a relatively simple monotonic structure.
Histological dating of secretory endometrium: What controversy?

The evidence still supports abandoning the histological dating of the endometrium during the routine evaluation of the infertile couple. Once molecular determinants are discovered and validated as markers of endometrial function, then the clinical usefulness of the endometrial biopsy for the evaluation of infertility will need to be re-examined.
P17.83OUTCOMES OF RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA PATIENTS TREATED WITH BEVACIZUMAB AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER.

BACKGROUND: Bevacizumab is FDA approved for use in recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM). There is limited information on outcomes of rGBM treated with bevacizumab at tertiary care hospitals. We evaluated the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in rGBM patients treated with bevacizumab at our center. We also examined the outcomes of patients with rGBM treated with bevacizumab in first recurrence, second recurrence or third or greater recurrence to see if there was a PFS or OS survival difference (three groups). METHODS: With IRB approval, the Cleveland Clinic Brain Tumor database was used to examine 690 rGBM patient charts (2003 to 2013). The patients that received bevacizumab for rGBM were included for this analysis. Progression-free survival and OS was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Renyi (supremum log-rank) test to formally compare the difference in overall and PFS between the three groups. All analyses were completed in R version 3.0.1. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty patients received bevacizumab for rGBM. The median age 56 years (range: 24-83). Median KPS prior to initiation of bevacizumab treatment was 80 (range: 40-100). Twenty-eight patients had multifocal and 122 had unifocal disease at time of starting bevacizumab therapy. The median number of comorbidities at diagnosis was1 (range: 0-4). Seventy five patients (50%) received bevacizumab at first recurrence, 50 patients (33%) started bevacizumab at second recurrence, and 25 patients (17%) were treated with bevacizumab at third or later recurrences. Median OS from start of bevacizumab was 12.2 months (95% CI: 10.0, 14.3) and median PFS was 8.3 months (95% CI: 6.2, 10.2). Stratified by recurrence and initiation of bevacizumab, median PFS was 7.1 months (95% CI: 5.9, 10.1) for the first recurrence, 9.9 months (95% CI: 6.3, 25.2) for second recurrence, and 9.4 months (95% CI: 3.8, 16.8) for the third recurrence (p = 0.09). Median OS was 11.7 months (95% CI: 10.3, 14.3) for first recurrence, 10.0 months (95% CI: 8.1, 39.3) for second recurrence, and 13.9 months (95% CI: 8.2, 18.4) for the third or later recurrence (p = 0.26). CONCLUSIONS: The benefit seen with bevacizumab in our cohort is consistent with that reported in other studies. There was no significant difference in median OS or PFS in the patients with rGBM groups treated with bevacizumab in first, second or third or later recurrence. One hypothesis is that patients who need bevacizumab at first recurrence possibly have larger tumors or a more rapid disease trajectory than those who receive it at a later recurrence.
Wound Dressings: Selecting the Most Appropriate Type

Appropriate wound dressing selection is guided by an understanding of wound dressing properties and an ability to match the level of drainage and depth of a wound. Wounds should be assessed for necrosis and infection, which need to be addressed prior to selecting an ideal dressing. Moisture-retentive dressings include films, hydrogels, hydrocolloids, foams, alginates, and hydrofibers and are useful in a variety of clinical settings. Antimicrobial-impregnated dressings can be useful in wounds that are superficially infected or are at higher risk for infection. For refractory wounds that need more growth stimulation, tissue-engineered dressings have become a viable option in the past few decades, especially those that have been approved for burns, venous ulcers, and diabetic ulcers. As wounds heal, the ideal dressing type may change, depending on the amount of exudate and depth of the wound; thus success in wound dressing selection hinges on recognition of the changing healing environment.
Screening in a spirit haunted world

High-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns can be dominated by hits that ultimately turn out to be non-drug-like. These ‘nuisance’ compounds often behave strangely, with steep dose–response curves, absence of clear structure–activity relationships, and high sensitivity to assay conditions. Several mechanisms contribute to these artifacts, including chemically reactive molecules, those that absorb light in assays and those that affect redox conditions. One of the most common mechanisms behind artifactual inhibition is discussed in this review: at micromolar concentrations organic molecules can aggregate to form particles in aqueous buffers, and these aggregates can sequester and thereby inhibit protein targets. Aggregation-based inhibition is baffling from a chemical perspective, but viewed biophysically such behavior is expected. The range of molecules that behave this way, their rapid detection in a screening environment and their possible biological implications will be considered here.
Gamma synuclein: Subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction

Synucleins are small, highly conserved proteins in vertebrates, especially abundant in neurons and typically enriched in presynaptic terminals. alpha-Synuclein protein and a fragment of it, called NAC, have been found in association with pathological lesions of neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, mutations in a alpha-synuclein gene have been reported in families susceptible to an inherited form of Parkinson's diseases. In addition, alpha-synuclein has been implicated in the pathophysiology of other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and multiple system atrophy. Far less is known about other members of the synuclein family, beta- and gamma-synucleins. gamma-synuclein is up-regulated in several types of cancer and may affect the integrity of the neurofilament network, while its bovine ortholog, synoretin, activates the Elk-1 signal transduction pathway. In this paper, we present data about the localization and properties of human and bovine gamma-synuclein in several neuronal and non-neuronal cell cultures derived from ocular tissues. We show that gamma-synuclein is present in the perinuclear area and is localized to centrosomes in several types of human interphase cells and in bovine retinal pigment epithelium. In mitotic cells, gamma-synuclein staining is localized to the poles of the spindle. Further, overexpression of synoretin in retinoblastoma cells up-regulates MAPK and Elk-1. These results support the view that gamma-synuclein is a centrosome protein that may be involved in signal transduction pathways.
Teacher Enrichment of Prekindergarten Curriculum with Sign Language

Abstract This investigation tracked one prekindergarten teacher's experience, over a three-year period, to determine if a relationship exists between student outcomes and a teacher's signing ability. The students' receptive English vocabulary gains indicate a corresponding increase in the teacher's mastery of sign language technique. The study shows that enriching preschool curriculum with sign language ultimately improves hearing African American children's receptive English vocabulary. These findings confirm and extend those of previous research demonstrating that simultaneously presenting words visually, kinesthetically and orally offers an advantage to young learners. Additionally, it presents an account of the process of prekindergarten teacher preparation, assesses mastery of the teacher's sign language technique in curriculum delivery, examines the manner in which sign language is introduced in the classroom, and explores the theoretical rationale for the student's vocabulary gains.
A New Method for Measuring Ion Implantation Amorphous Dose In Situ

An in situ method for determining the ion implantation dose necessary to make Si amorphous is developed and utilized. This method is based on measuring ion-implantation-induced in-plane stress. Measurements are carried out for various low energy ions implanted into thin p-type (100) Si. The doses necessary to make Si amorphous obtained by this method are in good agreement with previous data. This technique is sensitive, informative, quick, visual and nondestructive.
Acylguanidines as Small-Molecule β-Secretase Inhibitors

BACE1 is an aspartyl protease responsible for cleaving amyloid precursor protein to liberate Aβ, which aggregates leading to plaque deposits implicated in Alzheimer's disease. We have identified small-molecule acylguanidine inhibitors of BACE1. Crystallographic studies show that these compounds form unique hydrogen-bonding interactions with the catalytic site aspartic acids and stabilize the protein in a flap-open conformation. Structure-based optimization led to the identification of potent analogs, such as 10d (BACE1 IC50 = 110 nM).
Long-Term Management of Alcoholic Liver Disease.

Despite the epidemics of viral hepatitis C and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol remains one of the major causes of liver disease. Commonly, hepatitis C and other liver diseases are found in association with alcohol consumption. This association in many instances is noted to accelerate the progression of liver disease. In many respects, the long-term management of alcoholic liver disease is not dissimilar from the long-term management of patients with cirrhosis from other etiologies. One major element is the abstinence of alcohol use. The ability to maintain sobriety has a major impact on the outcome of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis because maintaining abstinence can lead to significant regression of fibrosis and possibly early cirrhosis. Similarities in managing patients with cirrhosis due to alcohol or cirrhosis from other causes include vaccination to prevent superimposed viral hepatitis and screening for esophageal varices and hepatocellular carcinoma with subsequent appropriate therapy.
Reaction-layer fatigue: understanding the limitations of structural silicon

Previous research has attributed the fatigue susceptibility of silicon films to the sequential oxidation of the silicon and environmentally-assisted crack growth solely within the SiO 2 surface layer. This “reaction-layer fatigue” mechanism is only significant in thin films where the critical crack size for catastrophic failure can be reached by a crack growing within the oxide layer. Fracture mechanics analyses can provide important insight into the limitations of structural silicon films. In this paper, our current understanding of the reaction-layer fatigue mechanism will be reviewed. Current results suggest that surface oxide layer thicknesses as low as 10-20 nm may induce reaction-layer fatigue when considering failure of the specimen for a crack reaching the silica/silicon interface. In contrast, 3-fold thicker surface oxide layers are required for failure due to a crack within the oxide layer.
Tenderness and R-Value Changes in Early Harvested Broiler Breast Tissue Following Post-Mortem Electrical Stimulation

Abstract This study was designed to compare tenderness (shear force) and post-mortem metabolism at time of boning (R value) of broiler breast fillets harvested from a total of 200 electrically stimulated carcasses (840 V, 340 mA, pulsed 2 s on, 1 s off for 15 s) and 200 nonstimulated (control) carcasses at various times post-mortem up to 240 min. As on-carcass aging time was increased prior to fillet harvesting, shear force values decreased for fillets from both electrically stimulated and nonstimulated carcasses. However, regression analysis of the data indicated that fillets harvested 100 min post-mortem from electrically stimulated carcasses were as tender as fillets harvested at 240 min post-mortem from nonstimulated carcasses. For those processors currently holding broiler carcasses for 3 to 4 h after chilling prior to boning, electrical stimulation would provide a decrease of approximately 60% in the holding time to reach tenderness levels similar to those attained without electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation did not have a significant effect on the rate of post-mortem metabolism as measured by R value.
Optical and electrical properties of amorphous Sb‐Sn‐O thin films

Abstract The physical properties of tin oxide thin films containing Sb (Sb‐Sn‐O) have been investigated. The films were prepared by spray pyrolysis at a temperature of 350°C. While the undoped tin oxide (SnO2) thin film is polycrystalline, the Sb‐Sn‐O thin films are amorphous. All the films in this study have absorption edges at a wavelength of around 300 nm and are transparent in the wavelength range 400–2600 nm. An explanation is given as to why the amorphous Sb‐Sn‐O thin films retain transparency although polycrystalline Sb‐Sn‐O thin films prepared at 500°C are deeply coloured as reported by Kojima et al. in 1993. The resistivity of the undoped film is 0.23 O cm and the addition of Sb causes the resistivity to rise significantly. From the temperature dependence of the film resistivity, a change in the electronic conduction is found; in the undoped polycrystalline film the electron transport mechanism is band conduction while in the amorphous Sb‐Sn‐O films it is variable‐range hopping.
Social Fragmental Origins of Terrorism: A Research Note

Social fragmentation is one of the primary factors feeding the reservoir of discontent leading to terrorism. Social fragmentation is a result of internal and external tensions. The primary set of internal tensions is ethnic identities related to several issues, including race, religion, and language. The primary external tension is rooted in past colonial policies which favor the emergence of puppet 'strongmen,' and their hereditary successors within the colonized land (Migdal 1988; Shughart 2006; Esposito 2003). The external tensions polarize the fragments by disrupting the delicate balance in wealth distribution among social groups, enabling the emergence of cliental economies and tribal politics.
Bacillus subtilis contains multiple Fur homologues: identification of the iron uptake (Fur) and peroxide regulon (PerR) repressors

Fur (ferric uptake regulator) proteins control iron uptake in many Gram-negative bacteria. Although Fur homologues have been identified in Gram-positive bacteria, their roles in gene regulation are unknown. Genome sequencing has revealed three fur homologues in Bacillus subtilis: yqkL, yqfV and ygaG. We demonstrate that yqkL encodes an iron uptake repressor: both siderophore biosynthesis and transcription of ferri-siderophore uptake genes is constitutive in the yqkL mutant. Thus, yqkL encodes a repressor that is functionally as well as structurally related to Fur. B. subtilis peroxide stress genes are induced by either H2O2 or by metal ion limitation. Previous genetic studies defined a regulatory locus, perR, postulated to encode the peroxide regulon repressor. We demonstrate that a ygaG mutant has the perR phenotype: It is highly resistant to peroxides and overexpresses catalase, alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and the DNA binding protein MrgA. Nine spontaneous perR mutations, isolated by virtue of their ability to derepress mrgA transcription in the presence of managanous ion, all contain sequence changes in the ygaG locus and can be complemented by the cloned ygaG gene. Thus, ygaG encodes the peroxide regulon repressor and is allelic with perR.
224 SURVIVAL OF CARDIAC ARREST IN RELATION TO LENGTH OF RESUSCITATION AND POOR PATIENT PROGNOSIS

224 SURVIVAL OF CARDIAC ARREST IN RELATION TO LENGTH OF RESUSCITATION AND POOR PATIENT PROGNOSIS
A self-templated approach to TiO2 microcapsules

A self-templated approach has been developed for the synthesis of TiO2 microcapsules with tunable size and wall thickness by heating sol−gel derived TiO2 microspheres with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in a diethylene glycol (DEG) solution. PAA plays a crucial role in the formation of microcapsules by crosslinking the surface TiO2 nanoparticles and preventing them from dissolution by DEG. Hollow microcapsules form when DEG molecules penetrate the outer layer and remove the core materials by forming soluble titanium glycolate.
Paul de Man’s ‘Wartime Journalism’ and the Critics

Few professors of Judaic literature studied with Paul de Man and the other so-called deconstructive critics at Yale University. As one of De Man’s last doctoral students, I felt directly involved — yet unable to articulate my reactions — when his incriminating wartime essays were rediscovered in 1987. At the time I watched silently as journalists and scholars debated the significance of those writings in Le Soir. Then after the smoke had cleared, the Center for Language, Literature and Culture at Emory University asked me to respond. This article has been heavily revised from my remarks at a 1993 symposium in Atlanta, which was called ‘The Thinker from the Thought’.
Using temporal patterns (t-patterns) to derive stress factors of routine tasks

We describe the use of a statistical technique called T-pattern analysis to derive and characterize the routineness of tasks. T-patterns provide significant advantages over traditional sequence analyses by incorporating time. A T-pattern is characterized by a significant time window (critical interval) that describes the duration of this pattern. Our analysis is based on data collected from shadowing 10 knowledge workers over a total of 29 entire work days. We report on the statistics of detected T-patterns and derived correlations with participant perceptions of workload, autonomy, and productivity.
Preparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical monomers towards bridge trifluoromethylated poly(p-phenylenevinylene)

The preparation and identification of a series of trifluoromethylated and bis(trifluoromethylated) precursors and monomers for bridge substituted trifluoromethylated poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) is reported. These monomers were prepared in several steps from terephthaldicarboxaldehyde and they contain symmetrical and unsymmetrical combinations of leaving groups and/or polarizers, including chlorides, sulfoxides, sulphones, tosylates and S-methyl (and also O-ethyl) xanthates. The electron withdrawing effect of the trifluoromethyl group dominated the regioselectivity of substitution, thus allowing the convenient and selective formation of unsymmetrically substituted products in high yield.
Quasi-biennial oscillation and quasi-biennial oscillation–annual beat in the tropical total column ozone: A two-dimensional model simulation

The National Centers for Environmental Prediction–Department of Energy Reanalysis 2 data are used to calculate the monthly mean meridional circulation and eddy diffusivity from 1979 to 2002 for use in the California Institute of Technology–Jet Propulsion Laboratory two-dimensional (2-D) chemistry and transport model (CTM). This allows for an investigation of the impact of dynamics on the interannual variability of the tropical total column ozone for all years for which the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer and the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet merged total ozone data are available. The first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the deseasonalized and detrended stratospheric stream function capture 88% of the total variance on interannual timescales. The first EOF, accounting for over 70% of the interannual variance, is related to the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and its interaction with annual cycles, the QBO-annual beat (QBO-AB). The 2-D CTM provides realistic simulations of the seasonal and interannual variability of ozone in the tropics. The equatorial ozone anomaly from the model is close to that derived from the observations. The phase and amplitude of the QBO are well captured by the model. The magnitude of the QBO signal is somewhat larger in the model than it is in the data. The QBO-AB found in the simulated ozone agrees well with that in the observed data.
Chemical genetic engineering of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) play a pivotal role in receptor regulation. Efforts to study the acute effects of GRKs in intact cells have been limited by a lack of specific inhibitors. In the present study we have developed an engineered version of GRK2 that is specifically and reversibly inhibited by the substituted nucleotide analog 1-naphthyl-PP1 (1Na-PP1), and we explored GRK2 function in regulated internalization of the μ-opioid receptor (μOR). A previously described method that conferred analog sensitivity on various kinases, by introducing a space-creating mutation in the conserved active site, failed when applied to GRK2 because the corresponding mutation (L271G) rendered the mutant kinase (GRK2-as1) catalytically inactive. A sequence homology-based approach was used to design second-site suppressor mutations. A C221V second-site mutation produced a mutant kinase (GRK2-as5) with full functional activity and analog sensitivity as compared with wild-type GRK2 in vitro and in intact cells. The role of GRK2-as5 activity in the membrane trafficking of the μOR was also characterized. Morphine-induced internalization was completely blocked when GRK2-as5 activity was inhibited before morphine application. However, inhibition of GRK2-as5 during recycling and reinternalization of the μOR did not attenuate these processes. These results suggest there is a difference in the GRK requirement for initial ligand-induced internalization of a G protein-coupled receptor compared with subsequent rounds of reinternalization.
Diversity and Inclusion Training in Pediatric Departments

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The diversifying US population of children necessitates assessing the diversity of the pediatric academic workforce and its level of cultural competency training. Such data are essential for workforce and educational policies. METHODS: An 8-question survey was sent to 131 US pediatric chairs to assess plans for diversity, targeted groups, departmental diversity, diversity measures, perceived success in diversity, and presence and type of cultural competency training. RESULTS: In all, 49.6% of chairs responded, and three-quarters of them reported having a plan for diversity, which targeted racial; ethnic; gender; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; disabled; and social class groups. Of the residents, 75% were women, as compared with 54% of faculty and 26% of chairs. Racial and ethnic diversity was limited among trainees, faculty, and leaders; CONCLUSIONS: Pipeline issues for minorities are ongoing challenges. Pediatric leadership needs more representation of racial and ethnic minorities, women, and LGBT. Suggestions for workforce and educational policies are made.
Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidaton: Simultaneous in vivo measurements of pentane and chloroform exhaled by the rat

Abstract Simultaneous measurements of pentane, an index of lipid peroxidation, and chloroform (CHC4), an index of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) metabolism, were made on samples of breath from rats injected with 30μl CCl4/100 g body wt. In the first 3 h after administration of CCl4, rats fasted overnight metabolized less CCl4 and exhaled less pentane than did fed rats. Multiple injections of CCl4 decreased both the metabolism of CCl4 to CHCl3 and the level of in vivo lipid peroxidation following administration of a subsequent dose of CCl4. Dietary vitamin E provided limited protection from CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation and had no effect on the rate of CCl4 metabolism to CHCl3.
Clinical Presentation of Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Adults

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an increasingly recognized immune antigen-mediated esophageal disease found in both children and adults. It is defined as a clinicopathologic disease characterized by symptoms of esophageal dysfunction accompanied by an eosinophil-predominant esophageal inflammation that occurs in the absence of other causes of esophageal eosinophilia. Classic symptoms in adults include dysphagia to solids and food bolus impaction but a variety of other symptoms are also encountered. Despite the increasing awareness of EoE among practicing physicians, a long delay from onset of symptoms to diagnosis remains a problem in this disease.
Emerging foodborne pathogens: Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model of entry of a new pathogen into the food supply of the developed world.

There would appear to be little argument that the large outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7 which have occurred since the early 1980s represent a distinct, new phenomenon. The number of reported cases have increased dramatically, starting from zero in 1981; however, it is also clear that this increase in reported cases is in part an artifact of improved surveillance and reporting. Available data suggest that E. coli O157:H7 infections were present prior to 1982, although numbers appear to have been small. At a molecular level, the organism shows evidence of clonal origin, but there is not the striking clonality, with virtually identical pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and ribotyping patterns, which has been seen in situations such as the emergence of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in the Indian subcontinent in 1992 or the introduction of V. cholerae O1 into naive populations in South America in 1991 (127-129). Findings are more consistent with the image of an organism which arose from a common ancestor, but which has had time to become distributed geographically and to show some evidence of genetic divergence. While this is an "emerging" infection, at least in terms of its distribution and public recognition, it is unlikely that it will be possible to identify the "first" O157:H7 case or to track the clonal spread of the organism through cattle or human populations.
CT406 Encodes a Chlamydial Ortholog of NrdR, a Repressor of Ribonucleotide Reductase

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is dependent on its host cell for nucleotides. Chlamydia imports ribonucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) but not deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and instead uses ribonucleotide reductase to convert imported ribonucleotides into deoxyribonucleotides for DNA synthesis. The genes encoding ribonucleotide reductase have been recently shown to be negatively controlled by a conserved regulator called NrdR. In this study, we provide direct evidence that Escherichia coli NrdR is a transcriptional repressor and that C. trachomatis CT406 encodes its chlamydial ortholog. We showed that CT406 binds specifically to two NrdR boxes upstream of the nrdAB operon in C. trachomatis. Using an in vitro transcription assay, we confirmed that these NrdR boxes function as an operator since they were necessary and sufficient for CT406-mediated repression. We validated our in vitro findings with reporter studies in E. coli showing that both E. coli NrdR and CT406 repressed transcription from the E. coli nrdH and C. trachomatis nrdAB promoters in vivo. This in vivo repression was reversed by hydroxyurea treatment. Since hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and reduces intracellular deoxyribonucleotide levels, these results suggest that NrdR activity is modulated by a deoxyribonucleotide corepressor.
Über die Auswertung von Leitfähigkeitsglowkurven

Es wird fur ein einfaches reaktionskinetisches Modell mit einer Hafttermgruppe einheitlicher energetischer Lage der Verlauf der Losungsfunktionen des ihm entsprechenden Gleichungssystems diskutiert, unter gewissen Naherungsannahmen eine Methode zur Bestimmung physikalisch interessierender Parameter aus Leitfahigkeitsglowkurven angegeben und eine Fehlerabschatzung fur die nach dieser Methode bestimmten Parameter durchgefuhrt. Es ergibt sich uberdies, das die Naherungsformel von Randall und Wilkins auch fur Leitfahigkeitsglowkurven und auch dann, wenn ein Wiederanhaften. von Elektronen nicht vernachlassigt werden kann, recht gute Werte fur den energetischen Abstand der Hafttermgruppe vom Leitungsband liefert.
Ultrastructure of Early Lipid Accumulation in ApoE-Deficient Mice

Apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice develop severe hypercholesterolemia and have lesions that progress from fatty streaks to fibrous plaques distributed in lesion-prone areas throughout the aorta. Lesions develop in apoE-deficient mice on a regular chow diet and will occur faster on a diet higher in cholesterol. Examination of the aortas from these mice on a chow diet by high-resolution, freeze-etch electron microscopy demonstrated lipid retention in the intima by 3 weeks of age. Lipid was retained in the matrix as individual particles between 33 and 48 nm in diameter, aligned along the collagen fibrils and in aggregates consisting of lipid particles with average diameters of 33 and 68 nm. Larger particles seemed to have formed from fusion of smaller particles. Lipid retention was more widespread in 5- and 9-week-old mice. Monocyte attachment to endothelial cells was observed by electron microscopy at 5 weeks of age. The appearance of the intimal lipid was similar to that previously described in rabbit models and suggests that lipid interaction with matrix filaments and subsequent aggregation of lipid particles are critical first steps in the process of foam cell formation.
Life Cycle of Polytomella caeca (Phytomonadida, Polyblepharidae)

SYNOPSIS. Polytomella caeca (Phytomonadida, Polyblepharidae) reproduce by binary fission and sexual reproduction. The sexual process increases in frequency as the population becomes denser. Normally 2 monoecious isogametes engage their anterior flagella prior to fusion, which occurs by merging of the cells from their anterior to their posterior ends. This is followed by a period of zygotic enlargement before cleavage of the zygote into 4 daughter cells. Encystment occurs throughout the flagellates' bloom until they represent 80% of the individuals at the end of the bloom. Cysts are a resistant, not reproductive stage. The observations were made over long periods of time by following individual flagellates in microcultures and by viewing living cells taken at various stages from larger cultures.
Charge transport in nanocrystalline germanium/hydrogenated amorphous silicon mixed-phase thin films

Mixed phase thin films consisting of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) in which germanium nanocrystals (nc-Ge) are embedded have been synthesized using a dual-chamber co-deposition system. Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurements confirm the presence of 4 - 4.5 nm diameter nc-Ge homogenously embedded within the a-Si:H matrix. The conductivity and thermopower are studied as the germanium crystal fraction XGe is systematically increased. For XGe 25% p-type transport is observed. For films with 10 < XGe< 25% the thermopower shifts from p-type to n-type as the temperature is increased. This transition is faster than expected from a standard two-channel model for charge transport.
Perceptions of Academic Honesty in Online vs. Face-to-Face Classrooms

As online instruction continues to evolve, instructors continue to struggle with the perceived growing problem of academic dishonesty. This study will expand the literature regarding academic integrity, particularly in the online learning environment by examining student perceptions of academic integrity related to both online and face-to-face course formats. A survey was administered which measured the frequency students participated in academic misconduct and the instances in which students believed other students participated in academic misconduct. This study involved two research questions: 1) Do differences exist between online vs. face-to-face students’ perception of the academic integrity of their own behavior based on course type? 2) Do differences exist between online and face-to-face students’ perceptions of other students’ behavior based on course type?
Atmospheric forcing of the Oregon coastal ocean during the 2001 upwelling season

larger-scale and longer-term conditions. Southward wind stresses of 0.05� 0.1 N m � 2 occurred roughly 75% of the time, with a sustained period of dominantly southward stress from mid-June through July. Wind variations were correlated with variations in the largescale Aleutian Low and North Pacific High pressure centers; correlations with the continental Thermal Low were small. Intraseasonal oscillations in alongshore wind stress (periods near 20 days) correlated with the north-south position of the jet stream. These stress oscillations drove 20 day oscillations in upper ocean temperature, with a lag of roughly 5 days for maximum correlation and amplitudes near 4� C. The sum of sensible and latent air-sea heat fluxes was generally into the atmosphere through June, then weakly into the ocean thereafter, with fluctuations on synoptic timescales. Semidiurnal fluctuations in surface air temperature were observed at two northern moorings, apparently forced indirectly by nonlinear internal ocean tides. The diurnal cycle of wind stress was similar for both southward and northward wind conditions, with the diurnal alongshore fluctuation southward in the evening and northward in the morning. During southward winds the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) was typically defined clearly by a strong temperature inversion, and a shallow stable internal boundary layer often formed within the MABL over cool upwelled waters, with surface air temperature roughly 1� C lower inshore than offshore. During northward winds, essentially no low-level temperature stratification was observed.
A simple performance analysis of ℓ 1 optimization in compressed sensing

It is well known that compressed sensing problems reduce to solving large under-determined systems of equations. If we choose the elements of the compressed measurement matrix according to some appropriate probability distribution and if the signal is sparse enough then the l 1 optimization can recover it with overwhelming probability (see, e.g. [4], [6], [7]). In fact, [4], [6], [7] establish (in a statistical context) that if the number of measurements is proportional to the length of the signal then there is a sparsity of the unknown signal proportional to its length for which the success of the l 1 optimization is guaranteed. In this paper we introduce a novel, very simple technique for proving this fact. Furthermore, in addition to being very simple the new technique provides very good values for proportionality constants. In some cases, the presented analysis, although very simple, provides the best currently known values for the proportionality constants.
Geometry-based algorithm for the prediction of nonpathologic mandibular movement.

Purpose The goal of this study was to create a model for human mandibular movement prediction based on the geometry of the mandible. Materials and Methods Ten nonpathologic individuals underwent motion tracking and sagittal radiographs. From the data, a mathematical algorithm for mandibular movement prediction was developed based on mandibular geometry. The algorithm was then used to predict the mandibular movement of a cadaver subject. The algorithm was also validated in a living subject by comparing to recorded mandibular movement. Results Both mandibular movement predictions were free of bone collisions and showed mandibular movement that mimicked the in vivo situation. Comparisons between the predicted and recorded mandibular movements for the living human subject verified that the prediction model was accurate. Conclusions The mandibular movement can be predicted based on the mandibular opening radius. The model is validated in living human subjects and shows effectiveness in predictions for cadaver models. Mandibular movement prediction may be a useful tool for physicians as well as investigators who focus on temporomandibular joint research.
Synthesis and X-ray crystallographic characterization of substituted aryl imines

Abstract We report the synthesis of α-diimine 1,4-bis(2,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene, 1, and α-iminoketones 2-[(3,5-xylyl)imino]acenaphthylen-1-one, 4, and 2-[(4-chlorophenyl)imino]acenaphthylen-1-one, 5, all of which have been characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, and X-ray crystallography. Also, we report the previously unknown X-ray crystal structures of α-diimines Ar-BIAN (Ar-BIAN = bis(arylimino)acenaphthene; Ar = 3,5-xylyl, 2; Ar = 4-chlorophenyl, 3) and α-iminoketone 2-[(2,6-xylyl)imino]acenaphthylen-1-one, 6. In solution, 4 and 5 show fluxional behavior observed with variable temperature 1H NMR in DMSO-d6 which is attributed to isomerization between the E and Z form of the imine.
Model predictive control of ultrasound hyperthermia treatments of cancer

A model predictive controller (MPC) of the thermal dose in hyperthermia cancer treatments has been developed and evaluated using simulations with one-point and one-dimensional models of a tumor. The developed controller is the first effort in (a) the application of feedback control to pulsed, high temperature hyperthermia treatments, (b) the direct control of the treatment thermal dose rather than the treatment temperatures, and (c) the application of MPC to hyperthermia treatments. Simulations were performed with different blood flow rates in the tumor and constraints on temperatures in normal tissues. The results demonstrate that (a) thermal dose can be controlled in the presence of plant-model mismatch, (b) constraints on the maximum allowable temperatures in normal tissue and/or the pulsed power magnitude can be directly incorporated into MPC and met while delivering the desired thermal dose to the tumor.
Design of Unique and Reliable Physically Unclonable Functions Based on Current Starved Inverter Chain

Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) are a class of circuits, which are used to map a set of challenges to responses relying upon the intrinsic process variations in interconnects and transistors. The PUFs are expected to produce unique and repeatable responses. In an arbiter based PUF, the uniqueness is contingent upon relative path delays. Reliability or repeatability of responses depends on circuit sensitivity to environmental parameters such as temperature. In this paper, we propose an arbiter based PUF circuit built on current starved inverters, whose drain currents are set by local current mirrors. This circuit amplifies process variations that result in greater uniqueness when compared against a simple inverter chain. The final 64-stage PUF implemented in 45nm CMOS technology requires only 256 current-starved inverter gates. In experimental results we demonstrate superior performance of proposed circuit in uniqueness and reliability.
Positive Behavior Support and Applied Behavior Analysis: A Familial Alliance

Positive behavior support (PBS) emerged in the mid-1980s as an approach for understanding and addressing problem behaviors. PBS was derived primarily from applied behavior analysis (ABA). Over time, however, PBS research and practice has incorporated evaluative methods, assessment and intervention procedures, and conceptual perspectives associated with a number of additional disciplines. Recently, there has been some confusion regarding the definition of PBS and, in particular, its relationship to ABA. In this article, it was noted that the practice of PBS and ABA, in some instances, can be indistinguishable but that important differences in definitions and emphases mandate an explicit distinction. The purpose of this article is to address some of the key points of confusion, identify areas of overlap and distinction, and facilitate a constructive and collegial dialog between proponents of the PBS and ABA perspectives.
Intake of carotenoids and retinol in relation to risk of prostate cancer.

Background Several human studies have observed a direct association between retinol (vitamin A) intake and risk of prostate cancer; other studies have found either an inverse association or no association of intake of beta-carotene (the major provitamin A) with risk of prostate cancer. Data regarding carotenoids other than beta-carotene in relation to prostate cancer risk are sparse. Purpose We concluded a prospective cohort study to examine the relationship between the intake of various carotenoids, retinol, fruits, and vegetables and the risk of prostate cancer. Methods Using responses to a validated, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire mailed to participants in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study in 1986, we assessed dietary intake for a 1-year period for a cohort of 47,894 eligible subjects initially free of diagnosed cancer. Follow-up questionnaires were sent to the entire cohort in 1988, 1990, and 1992. We calculated the relative risk (RR) for each of the upper categories of intake of a specific food or nutrient by dividing the incidence rate of prostate cancer among men in each of these categories by the rate among men in the lowest intake level. All P values resulted from two-sided tests. Results Between 1986 and 1992, 812 new cases of prostate cancer, including 773 non-stage A1 cases, were documented. Intakes of the carotenoids beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lutein, and beta-cryptoxanthin were not associated with risk of non-stage A1 prostate cancer; only lycopene intake was related to lower risk (age- and energy-adjusted RR = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64-0.99 for high versus low quintile of intake; P for trend = .04). Of 46 vegetables and fruits or related products, four were significantly associated with lower prostate cancer risk; of the four--tomato sauce (P for trend = .001), tomatoes (P for trend = .03), and pizza (P for trend = .05), but not strawberries--were primary sources of lycopene. Combined intake of tomatoes, tomato sauce, tomato juice, and pizza (which accounted for 82% of lycopene intake) was inversely associated with risk of prostate cancer (multivariate RR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44-0.95, for consumption frequency greater than 10 versus less than 1.5 servings per week; P for trend = .01) and advanced (stages C and D) prostate cancers (multivariate RR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.22-1.00; P for trend = .03). No consistent association was observed for dietary retinol and risk of prostate cancer. Conclusions These findings suggest that intake of lycopene or other compounds in tomatoes may reduce prostate cancer risk, but other measured carotenoids are unrelated to risk. Implications Our findings support recommendations to increase vegetable and fruit consumption to reduce cancer incidence but suggest that tomato-based foods may be especially beneficial regarding prostate cancer risk.
Rhetorical Patterns in English and Japanese

U A study was conducted to investigate differences in U.S. and Japanese students' use of rhetorical patterns in their first language writing and Japanese students' use of their first language patterns in English writing. A total of 676 writing samples was obtained from 226 students representing four groups: U.S. college students (AEA), Japanese advanced ESL students in the U.S. (JEA), and two groups of Japanese college students in Japan-English majors (JEJ) and non-English majors (JJJ). The two groups in the U.S. and the JEJ group wrote in English, while the JJJ group wrote in Japanese. Each student was asked to write three compositionstwo semi-controlled compositions based on pictures and one free composition on an assigned topic-involving narrative and expository modes. The writing samples were examined for two categories: placement of a general statement and type of general statement used. Each of the samples was first coded by native speakers of the two languages as exemplifying one of four rhetorical patterns: 1) General-to-Specific (GS), 2) Specific-toGeneral (SG), 3) General Statement in the Middle (MG), and 4) Omission of a General Statement (OM). The samples were then classified into three major categories of general statements which were established in the course of the analysis: 1) Topic Stating (writers simply restate the given topic), 2) Text Restating (writers summarize or generalize the content of the composition), and 3) Text Relating (writers reveal personal values, beliefs, feelings, and experience in relation to the content of the composition). The study found that the four groups differed from each other in their use of rhetorical patterns and general statement types. U.S. students (AEA) frequently chose the GS pattern; that is, they wrote a general statement first and followed it with specifics. Japanese students writing in Japanese (JJJ) frequently chose the SG pattern; they began with specifics that led to a general statement. The two Japanese groups writing in English showed clearly different tendencies; the JEA group fell between the two culturally