cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Eating, Activity, and Weight-related Problems From Adolescence to Adulthood.

Introduction Determining the population-based scope and stability of eating, activity, and weight-related problems is critical to inform interventions. This study examines: (1) the prevalence of eating, activity, and weight-related problems likely to influence health; and (2) the trajectories for having at least one of these problems during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Methods Project EAT I-IV (Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults) collected longitudinal survey data from 858 females and 597 males at four waves, approximately every 5 years, from 1998 to 2016, during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Analyses were conducted in 2017–2018. Measures included high fast-food intake (≥3 times/week), low physical activity ( Results Among females, the prevalence of having at least one eating, activity, or weight-related problems was 78.1% at Wave 1 (adolescence) and 82.3% at Wave 4 (adulthood); in males, the prevalence was 60.1% at Wave 1 and 69.2% at Wave 4. Of all outcomes assessed, unhealthy weight control behaviors had the highest prevalence in both genders. The stability of having at least one problem was high; 60.2% of females and 34.1% of males had at least one problematic outcome at all four waves. Conclusions The majority of young people have some type of eating, activity, or weight-related problem at all stages from adolescence to adulthood. Findings indicate a need for wide-reaching interventions that address a broad spectrum of eating, activity, and weight-related problems prior to and throughout this developmental period.
MICS with Different Platforms: Stellaris Vision Enhancement System

Innovative design concepts incorporated into the Stellaris Vision Enhancement System make it a superlative choice for MICS. These concepts include monitoring and maintenance of fluidic parameters, millisecond level surgeon control of ultrasound power and ergonomic comfort and adaptability for any surgical technique. The Stellaris Vision Enhancement System is safe and effective for BMICS and CMICS. The advantages of BMICS include enhanced surgical flexibility and control made possible by separation of inflow and outflow. The CMICS solution enables the incision to be decreased to 1.8 mm without any change in the current coaxial phaco technique.
Substance Use-Focused Self-Help Groups: Processes and Outcomes

This chapter provides an overview of the processes and outcomes of self-help or mutual support groups that focus primarily on substance use and associated disorders. The overview covers the role of attendance and involvement in self-help groups, primarily Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, in improving substance use and psychosocial functioning outcomes and describes the connections between self-help groups and treatment. Then, the focus turns to personal factors that affect participation in and outcomes of self-help groups, including the severity of substance-related impairment, disease model beliefs and religious/spiritual orientation, and the influence of self-help groups on individuals with substance use and psychiatric disorders, women, older adults, and individuals of racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. The concluding section focuses on the probable active ingredients of self-help groups, including abstinence-specific and general support, goal direction and structure, involvement in rewarding substance-free activities, and an emphasis on bolstering members’ self-efficacy and coping skills and helping other individuals in need.
Intersubjectivity and the Internet

No technological innovation is as much anticipated as the universal spread of communication mediated by computers. In every way, computers have changed the way we live in the world, especially in the developed world; these changes have come with astounding speed and without much thought. But we must ask ourselves about this new medium, and about how it conditions our interrelations. How do we encounter one another through computer communications? What impact does the computerization of communication have on community?
Low Glasgow Coma Score in Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage Predicts Development of Cerebral Vasospasm

Background The exact mechanism, incidence, and risk factors for cerebral vasospasm after traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) continue to be poorly characterized. The incidence of post-traumatic vasospasm (PTV) varies depending on the detection modality. Objective We aimed to shed light on the predictors, associations, and true incidence of cerebral vasospasm after traumatic ICH using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the gold standard. Methods We examined a prospectively maintained database of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients to identify patients with ICH secondary to TBI enrolled between 2002 and 2015 at our trauma center. Patients with TBI-associated ICH and evidence of elevated velocities on transcranial Doppler and computed tomography angiograms, confirmed with DSA were included. The diagnostic cerebral angiograms were evaluated by 2 blinded neurointerventionalists for cerebral vasospasm. Statistical analyses were conducted to determine predictors of PTV. Results Twenty patients with ICH secondary to TBI and evidence of vasospasm underwent DSAs. Seven patients (7/20; 35%) with traumatic ICH developed cerebral vasospasm and of those, 1 developed delayed cerebral ischemia (1/7; 14%). Of these 7 patients, 6 presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (6/7; 85%). Vasospasm was substantially more common in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale Conclusions PTV as demonstrated by DCA may be more common than previously reported. Patients who exhibit PTV were more likely to have a Glasgow Coma Scale
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF SUGAR CROPS IN EGYPT

Sugar crops are considered to be the most important strategic food commodities, which attract the attention of decision-makers and producers who are concerned with the availability of supply in the markets, the deficit and the food gap. Sugar production depends on two crops in Egypt: sugarcane and sugar beet. A sugar gap due to the inability of the supply of domestic sugar to meet the demand for increased consumer needs, resulting in higher prices. The study aims to study the current situation of the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and to estimate the food gap of sugar. Also, study the most important factors affecting the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and the self-sufficiency rate. Of sugar The research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, the subject of the research to measure those variables and the research reached the following results. The cultivated area of sugar cane and sugar beet has taken an increasing general trend, which is estimated to be about 0.6, 37.7 thousand feddans annually, respectively, representing about 0.19%, 11.3% of the average during the period (2005- 2015) 324.3, 334.6 thousand acres, respectively. The total production of cane sugar has taken a general trend is decreasing, and did not confirm the statistical model, that is, there is relative stability length of study. The production of sugar beet crop has taken an increasing trend, which is estimated at about 810.8 thousand tons annually, representing about 11.6% of the annual average and estimated at 7002 thousand tons. The total amount of sugar produced from both sugar cane and sugar beets has taken an increasing general trend, and did not confirm the statistical significance, that is, there is relative stability throughout the study period. The food gap of sugar amounted to about 50.35 thousand tons, representing about 1.71% of the average national consumption of sugar, which amounted to 2937 thousand tons during the same period. Self-sufficiency rate of sugar amounted to about 63%, has taken a general trend decreases, and did not confirm the statistical significance, there is relative stability length of the study period. The study of the most important factors affecting the production of cane and sugar beet separately showed the existence of a positive relationship between the total production of each crop separately and the area and productivity of each crop separately, respectively. Study the factors affecting the consumption of sugar during the period of research shows the existence of a positive relationship between national consumption of sugar and the income of the consumer per pound / per year, local production of sugar per thousand tons, and the monetary value to support sugar per million pounds, and the opposite of the amount of national consumption of sugar and the retail price of sugar per kilogram per kilogram and the average global price in dollars / ton.
Cavity-enhanced Thomson scattering measurements of electron density and temperature in a hollow cathode discharge.

A cavity-enhanced Thomson scattering (CETS) diagnostic has been developed to perform electron density and temperature measurements in low-density weakly ionized discharges. The diagnostic approach is based on generating a high-power beam in an optical build-up cavity and using the beam as a light source for Thomson scattering from plasma housed within the cavity. In our setup, a high-power (∼5 W) fiber laser at 1064 nm allows an intra-cavity power of 11.7 kW in a two-mirror cavity for measurements in the plume of a BaO hollow cathode discharge. A study of plasma density and temperature was performed at various operating conditions. Electron densities and temperatures in the range of ∼1012 cm−3 and ∼3 eV were measured, respectively. The high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the present measurements (SNR=1100) suggests the ability to measure significantly lower density plasmas in the range of ∼3×109 to 3×1010 cm−3, thereby extending current laser Thomson scattering diagnostic capabilities.
Design of a Display for Alerting Cockpit Automation Function Configuration Changes

The evolution of automation on the modern airliner flight deck has resulted in a "stack" of functions that has been incrementally "layered" over time to support the flight crew in performing the mission. The stack includes automation functions for: (1) Stability Augmentation and Engine Control for instantaneous control of aerodynamic control surfaces and engines, (2) Autopilot and Autothrottle for tactical control of the trajectory, and (3) Flight Management for strategic flight plan path management and optimization. By engaging/disengaging these functions there are up to 16 combinations of automation function configurations that can be engaged at any time. Due to the evolutionary development of the flight deck, the engagement status of the combination of functions is annunciated in an adhoc, distributed fashion across the flight deck displays. There is no single display of the consolidated automation function configuration.Analysis of the accident scenarios for Controlled Flight into Stall (CFIS) accidents identified a category of accident in which an automation function (e.g. Autothrottle) autonomously dis-engaged without flight crew action. This resulted in the automation flying the aircraft into an aerodynamic stall. Without salient notification of the engagement status change, the flight crew’s ability to mitigate the scenario in a timely manner was curtailed.This paper describes the requirements, design and test plan to provide a single synoptic display of the consolidated automation function configuration status. The display appears whenever a configuration change occurs, otherwise it remains hidden. The implications and limitations of this design are discussed.
Comparison Between Anatomical and Functional Imaging Modalities for Evaluation of Chest Pain in the Emergency Department.

Evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department (ED) frequently employs a noninvasive strategy, including coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), stress echocardiography (SE), or myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We sought to report the real-world experience of utilizing CCTA compared with SE and MPI at an urban hospital ED. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutively enrolled patients presenting with chest pain who had normal or nondiagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG), negative initial troponin-T, at least intermediate risk based on modified Diamond-Forrester criteria, and who underwent CCTA, SE, or MPI based on their individual test eligibility criteria. The primary outcome was ED discharge time. Secondary outcomes included test utilization and 30-days rehospitalization rates. The 2,143 patients who were included (mean age was 56 ± 12 years; 55% women) utilization rate (test performed/eligible) was lower for CCTA (n = 354/1,329) and MPI (n = 530/1,435) compared with SE (n = 1,259/1,650), p
Finite Control Set Model Predictive Control With Secondary Problem Formulation for Power Loss and Thermal Stress Reductions

Thermal stress has been identified as one of the major failure causes in power modules. Generated from the power loss, thermal stress accelerates the degradation of semiconductor devices and downgrades the system reliability. This article presents a finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) oriented to reduce the power loss over the mission profile and relieve the thermal stress in power modules. Conventional control approaches including the switching frequency regulation, the reactive power injection, and the dc-bus voltage adaption show an effective progress. However, the increased control loops and complicated modulation schemes limit the system performance and practical implementation. In the proposed FCS-MPC, a secondary problem formulation is defined to reduce the power loss for the thermal stress reduction in power modules. It is simply integrated with the primary problem formulation in order to achieve the power flow control and power loss reduction simultaneously. An energy-based loss model is proposed for the loss prediction. The impact of the weightings between primary and secondary problem formulations is investigated and a most efficient weighting curve with a weighting-zones strategy is presented to design the proposed FCS-MPC. The proposed FCS-MPC is validated in the simulations and experiments. A 2.5-kW grid-tied inverter prototype is developed for the hardware testing and validation.
Abstract 230: Internal Medicine Trainee Understanding and Reaction to Out of Pocket Costs

Introduction: Out-of-pocket costs (OOPC) are a significant barrier to care and drive suboptimal medical therapy in ASCVD. Despite this, there is minimal attention paid to these costs in post-gradua...
Intersectional Decoloniality: Reimagining International Relations and the Problem of Difference

This book assesses diverse ways to think about “others” while also emphasizing the advantages of decolonial intersectionality. The author analyzes a number of struggles that emerge among Andean indigenous intellectuals, governmental projects, and International Relations scholars from the Global North. From different perspectives, actors propose and promote diverse ways to deal with “others”. By focusing on the epistemic assumptions and the marginalizing effects that emerge from these constructions, the author separates four ways to think about difference, and analyzes their implications. The genealogical journey linking the chapters in this book not only examines the specificities of Bolivian discussions, but also connects this geo-historical focal point with the rest of the world, other positions concerning the problem of difference, and the broader implications of thinking about respect, action, and coexistence. To achieve this goal, the author emphasizes the potential implications of intersectional decoloniality, highlighting its relationship with discussions that engage post-colonial, decolonial, feminist, and interpretivist scholars. He demonstrates the ways in which intersectional decoloniality moves beyond some of the limitations found in other discourses, proposing a reflexive, bottom-up, intersectional, and decolonial possibility of action and ally-ship. This book is aimed primarily at students, scholars, and educated practitioners of IR, but its engagement with diverse literature, discussions of epistemic politics, and normative implications crosses boundaries of Political Science, Sociology, Gender Studies, Latin American Studies, and Anthropology.
Nuclear Spectroscopy of Ba 131

The spectra of ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{131}$ have been investigated in permanent magnet spectrographs, a solenoidal betaspectrometer and a thin lens gamma-spectrometer. Gamma-rays of 122, 214, 241, 370, and 494 kev have been confirmed. In the conversion electron spectrum, there is indication of the existence of three low energy gamma-rays: \ensuremath{\sim}65 kev, \ensuremath{\sim}43 kev, and \ensuremath{\sim}108 kev. The $\frac{K}{L}$ ratios, $K$-conversion coefficients and relative intensities have been estimated.
Birth intentions among US fathers with disabilities.

Abstract Background Men’s birth intention is an indicator of their sexual health and plays an important role for their child’s health and development; however, birth intendedness in fathers with disabilities has been unknown. Objective This study examines disparities in birth intendedness among fathers with and without disabilities and explores whether the differences vary by marital status or race/ethnicity. Methods Data from the 2011–2017 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were used to examine pregnancy intendedness for fathers with (n = 380) and without disabilities (n = 1,324) about their last birth in the five years preceding the interview. Multinomial regression models estimated the odds ratios of fathers’ disability status on birth intention controlling for covariates. Interaction effects of disability status by marital status or race/ethnicity were also tested. Results Fathers with disabilities were 1.89 (95% CI = 1.21, 2.95) times as likely to report their last birth as unwanted versus intended compared to those without disabilities after adjusting for covariates. Although married fathers without disabilities were less likely to report unintended birth than their unmarried counterparts, the protective effect of marriage was not evident among fathers with disabilities. Conclusions Disabled fathers are at a higher risk of unintended birth compared to nondisabled fathers. These findings highlight the need to increase access to family planning services for disabled men. Further research is needed to better understand the risk factors that contribute to disabled fathers’ unintended birth and how these are linked to their child and family well-being.
Isotopic fingerprints of mountain uplift and global cooling in paleoclimatic and paleoecological records from the northern Tibetan Plateau

Abstract Post-middle Miocene changes in climate and ecology in the northern Tibetan Plateau have been attributed to tectonic uplift and global climate change. However, the relative roles of tectonism and global climate change have been a long-standing debate. To untangle the complex influences of global climate change versus the tectonism on regional climate and ecology in the northern Tibetan Plateau, we studied carbon isotopes (δ13Cwax) of leaf wax long-chain n-alkanes and carbon (δ13C) and oxygen isotopes (δ18O) of carbonates from three stratigraphic successions (ca. 16 Ma to 2 Ma) in the Hexi Corridor (foreland basin) and compare them with paleoclimate records in the Qaidam Basin (intermontane basin). Our isotopic results can be divided into two stages. In Stage 1 (16–12 Ma), a decrease of δ13Cwax values in the Hexi Corridor and Qaidam Basin is synchronous with global cooling after the Mid-Miocene Climate Optimum (MMCO). We interpret the 2‰ decrease in δ13Cwax values to be associated with the decline in C4 plants due to the global cooling. In Stage 2 (since 12 Ma), plant carbon isotope discrimination (ƐCO2-wax) and δ18O values in the Hexi Corridor reflect relatively stable hydroclimate condition, which contracts with the enhanced aridity in Qaidam Basin during the same interval. We attribute the difference in paleohydrological conditions to the uplift-induced basin isolation and the enhancement of water deficiency in the Qaidam Basin. The effects of late Miocene uplift also manifest as persistent intra-basinal differences in the Hexi Corridor, indicating changes associated with orographic precipitation and ecology.
Extended Lagrangian Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics: from density functional theory to charge relaxation models

We present a review of extended Lagrangian Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics and its most recent development. The molecular dynamics framework is first derived for general Hohenberg–Kohn density functional theory and it is then presented in explicit forms for thermal Hartree–Fock theory using a density matrix formalism, for self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding theory, and for general non-linear charge relaxation models that can be designed and optimized using modern machine learning methods. Our intention is to give a self-contained but brief and hopefully pedagogical presentation.
Annotation-Efficient Cell Counting

Recent advances in deep learning have achieved impressive results on microscopy cell counting tasks. The success of deep learning models usually needs sufficient training data with manual annotations, which can be time-consuming and costly. In this paper, we propose an annotation-efficient cell counting approach which injects cell counting networks into an active learning framework. By designing a multi-task learning in the cell counter network model, we leverage unlabeled data for feature representation learning and use deep clustering to group unlabeled data. Rather than labeling every cell in each training image, the deep active learning only suggests the most uncertain, diverse, representative and rare image regions for annotation. Evaluated on four widely used cell counting datasets, our cell counter trained by a small subset of training data suggested by the deep active learning, achieves superior performance compared to state-of-the-arts with full training or other suggestive annotations. Our code is available at https://github.com/cvbmi-research/AnnotationEfficient-CellCounting.
Livestock Gross Margin-Dairy Insurance: An Assessment of Risk Management and Potential Supply Impacts

Public risk management policies for dairy producers have the potential to induce expansion in milk supplies, which might lower farm-level prices and offset risk-reduction benefits. An evaluation of USDA’s Livestock Gross Margin-Dairy (LGM-Dairy) insurance program finds economic downside risk significantly reduced, with potential to induce modest supply expansion (0 to 3 percent) if widely adopted. Supply impacts are likely limited due to relatively low participation levels and a minimal (“inelastic”) supply response to risk. LGM-Dairy is more flexible and convenient than other risk management tools, such as hedging directly in futures or options markets, especially for small farms.
Costs of clinical mastitis and mastitis prevention in dairy herds

A stratified random sample of 50 Ohio dairy herds, monitored for 1 year between March 1988 and May 1989, was used to estimate the component costs of clinical mastitis per cow-year overall and by organism, the component costs of an episode of clinical mastitis overall and by organism, and the incidence of clinical mastitis by organism. Each herd was visited monthly by a veterinarian who conducted on-farm interviews and completed standardized data-collection forms designed to elicit economic information about the on-farm costs of clinical mastitis and mastitis prevention. Producers collected milk samples prior to treatment of clinical mastitis cases. Culturing methods allowed identification of 18 specific mastitis pathogen classifications. Annual costs estimated were on a per cow-year and clinical episode basis. The monthly mean population of cows monitored was 4,068. Mastitis prevention cost $14.50/cow-year, whereas the cost incurred by producers because of clinical cases of mastitis was $37.91. Organisms prevalent in the cows' environment caused the most costly types of mastitis. Disregarding contaminated samples and episodes for which no milk samples were taken, mastitis for which 2 organisms were isolated accounted for 35.5% of costs of clinical mastitis, followed by cases for which Escherichia coli (21.3%) was isolated, cases for which culturing yielded no growth (8.6%), and cases for which esculin-positive Streptococcus spp (6.4%), Klebsiella spp (5.7%), esculin-negative CAMP-negative Streptococcus spp (5.1%), Enterobacter spp (4.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp (4.1%), coagulase-positive Staphylococcus spp (3.0%), S agalactiae (2.5%), and Bacillus spp (1.2%) were isolated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A simple solution to H ∞ optimization problems

A simple approach to obtain all solutions for the hari extension problem for a given performance level γ is introduced. Using an embedding idea [7],[6], we reduce the four-block General Distance Problem (GDP) to the one-block problem, and in this manner we obtain a novel characterization of all solutions for the four-block GDP.
The use of amniotic fluid bubble stability, L/S ratio, and creatinine concentration in the assessment of fetal maturity☆

Abstract Amniotic fluid bubble stability and creatinine concentration are analyzed in relation to the L/S ratio and clinical outcome. Bubble stability by the standard method 1 showed 20.5 per cent (31/151) initial disagreement between two laboratories, 53.6 per cent (81/151) correlation with L/S ratio, and did not correlate well with patient outcome. However, a "foamy" test, i.e., foam noticeable at a distance, in both 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions, indicated an elevated L/S ratio and mature pulmonary outcome. Amniotic fluid creatinine levels showed an estimated 5 to 6 per cent risk for RDS at levels we formerly thought to be safe (≥ 2.0 mg. per 100 ml. with maternal serum ≤ 0.9 mg. per 100 ml.), and has many false-negative values. Fetal maturity can be estimated with clinical data and amniotic fluid analysis. Amniotic fluid sampling is necessary in all instances where the clinical data leave a reasonable doubt of actual gestational age and in all cases for elective preterm delivery. We recommend a sequential approach to amniotic fluid analysis. First a bubble stability test (a "foamy" at both 1:1 and 1:2 dilutions indicates pulmonary maturity). If the bubble stability test is not "foamy", an L/S ratio. The risk of RDS associated with creatinine concentration makes this test unacceptable in any case of elective delivery; however, it may be useful as a weighing factor in emergency situations where phospholipid analysis is unavailable.
Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. (1913–1992)

Mackenzie Gordon, Jr., 78 (Figure 1), was a geologist and paleontologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) for more than 40 years. Mac, as he was affectionately known, died of cardiac arrest at his home on 30 January 1992 after a very brief illness. He is survived by his wife Barbara Walker Gordon of Washington, D.C.
Assessing the Viability of Desalination for Rural Water Supply: A Case Study of Chwaka, Zanzibar

Zanzibar has been struggling with water scarcity issues over the last few decades due to an increase in consumption on the island and a deterioration of existing supply infrastructure. Poor distribution has affected rural communities most, due to their absence of tourism development, which has gone hand in hand with infrastructure establishment. Foreign aid has begun to address the issue by investing in alternative forms of water supply. In November 2011, a solar and wind powered desalination unit was inaugurated in the village of Chwaka, which, previous studies have shown, suffers from salt contaminated wells. This study sought to assess the viability of this alternative source of water in Chwaka and found that the desalination unit installed is not a viable source of freshwater for the entire village of Chwaka compared to government piped well water. Installed with the best intentions for the people of Chwaka, the presence and purpose of the machine is unknown to most of the village and its production capacity could only hope to supplement drinking water. Relative investment costs of distributing similar volumes of water show that piped water is the cheaper option. The intentions of the project are nonetheless laudable and this type of innovative investment should be encouraged as long as the government is not asked to take the bill. Zanzibar has access to adequate freshwater resources and must look to efficient consumption before turning to alternative forms of water production. Key words : Advantages; Alternative; Chwaka; Desalination; Disadvantages; Drinking; Freshwater; Supply; Tanzania; Viability; Water; Zanzibar
We should replace the aortic arch and more in DeBakey type I dissection - A perspective from the Cleveland Clinic.

A frequently debated question in aortic arch surgery has been: should we replace the dissected arch in type A dissection? As techniques improve the answer is shifting towards ‘yes’ more often than ‘no’. Arguments in favor of a more extensive repair for DeBakey type 1 dissection, however, are not new. In the early 1980s operative techniques for this disease were refined to greatly reduce operative deaths, especially those attributable to bleeding complications (1, Lytle BW: personal communication) (See Figure 1). These advances occurred at a time when the use of circulatory arrest was becoming more widely disseminated and the elephant trunk repair was being introduced (2,3). Not long after that, several pioneering aortic surgeons demonstrated in the mid-1990s that more extensive arch repairs were not only safe, but effective at promoting distal aortic remodeling in patients presenting with acute type 1 dissection (4-7). Nonetheless, over the last two and a half decades, the most common operation performed in this emergency setting is a supra-coronary ascending and hemi-arch interposition graft repair. The reluctance to perform more extensive repairs at the time of acute proximal aortic dissection is due to concerns that performing a bigger operation will increase the perioperative mortality (8-10). Figure 1 The curve represents the decreasing trend in operative mortality year by year (represented by black dots) at the Cleveland Clinic from 1980 to 2004. Note a major shift in the curve in the mid-1980s Within the last decade, endovascular stent-graft devices have been widely adopted to treat thoracic aortic disease. Novel hybrid strategies combining the use of these devices with conventional open surgery show promise to simplify more extensive aortic repair at the time of acute dissection (11-19). With wider access to endovascular devices, brain protection strategies becoming more commonplace, and reproducible results with hybrid repairs, is only repairing the ascending aorta good enough in the modern era? I believe that the answer to this question is a resounding ‘no’. We should replace the arch and more in patients who present with acute DeBakey type 1 aortic dissection. I believe that embracing these newer techniques will allow us to make the incremental improvements in outcomes for acute proximal dissection that have not been seen since the mid-1980s.
The Effects of Temperature on Flight Muscle Potentials in Honeybees and Cuculiinid Winter Moths

Amplitudes of extracellular action potentials in indirect flight muscles of honeybees and cuculiinid winter moths decline with decreasing muscle temperatures and fall suddenly to zero. Action potential durations increase with amplitude decline. Amplitudes at 11°C are only 20% of values near 30°C in workers of Apis mellifera mellifera. They fall to zero at approx. 10°C. In the cuculiinid winter moth Eupsilia devia, amplitudes at 1°C are approx. 12% of values at 27°C. They fall to zero between 0 and 1°C. The duration of action potentials in bees and cuculiinid winter moths is about 7 ms at 27°C and increases to 52 ms at 11°C in bees and to 66 ms at 1°C in moths. The ratios of action potential rise time to fall time are about 1 at 27°C for bees and moths. They decrease to 0.45 at 11°C in bees and to 0.56 at 1°C in moths. Results suggest that bees can heat flight muscles only if muscle temperatures are above 10°C, whereas cuculiinid winter moths can shiver with muscle temperatures near 0°C.
A Review of Turbulent Combustion Modeling for Multidimensional In-Cylinder CFD

Multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become an accepted and indispensible tool in the analysis and design of next-generation low-fuel-consumption, low-emissions internal combustion (IC) engines. Turbulent combustion models have been developed to deal with the wide variety of combustion phenomena that occur in spark- and compression-ignition, homogeneous- and stratified-charge engines. IC-engine combustion can vary from essentially premixed turbulent flame propagation, through turbulent-mixing-controlled nonpremixed combustion, to chemical-kinetics-controlled regimes, within a single device on a single engine cycle. In this review, an overview of the combustion systems of interest for reciprocating-piston IC engines is provided first. Then the underlying governing equations, and the manipulations and simplifications that lead to a tractable equation set suitable for engineering CFD calculations, are reviewed. Several turbulent combustion models are introduced in the context of multidimensional modeling case studies. The emphasis is on models that can accommodate multiple combustion regimes and detailed chemical kinetics; the coverage is not comprehensive. Strengths and shortcomings of current models are pointed out. The latter serve to provide direction for future research.
Skewed homeostasis of natural killer cells in aging decreases their capacity to eliminate target cells (HEM3P.290)

Natural killer cells (NKCs) are critical in eliminating tumors and viral infections, both of which occur at a high incidence in the elderly. Previous studies showed that aged NKCs are less cytotoxic in vitro and are less mature than young NKCs. However, the mechanisms by which aging influences NKC homeostasis and function remain poorly understood. We found that aged mice had a significant decrease in frequency of mature and educated NKCs in all lymphoid organs and aged NKCs were less efficient at eliminating allogeneic and B16 melanoma targets in vivo. This phenomenon could be explained by the impaired degranulation, particularly by mature NKCs of aged mice. Administration of exogenous IL-15 or depleting Tregs or CD8+ T cells, which may compete for IL-15, did not augment aged NKC maturation. However, T-bet and Eomes which regulate NKC maturation, were significantly decreased in bone marrow (BM) NKCs of aged mice, indicating that there may be a block in progressive differentiation of immature to mature NKCs in aging. Consistent with reports supporting T-bet mediated Granzyme B (GZB) expression, the proportion of GZB+ NKCs was significantly reduced in aged mice. The homeostatic proliferation of BM aged NKCs was also greatly diminished compared to young NKCs. Overall, our results suggest that aged BM NKCs may not respond well to maturation signals and that this impaired maturation is linked to their defective cytotoxicity.
Should we transplant UNOS status 2 patients

Abstract Introduction: Improved outcomes with contemporary medical therapy in patients with advanced heart failure questions the benefit of transplantation (TX) in UNOS status 2 patients. Methods: Between January 1999 and June 2001; 4,255 patients were listed for heart TX as UNOS status 2. Using a competing risk method, probabilities of events on the waiting list were computed. Additionally, a time dependent proportional hazards model was used to determine predictors of death pre and post TX. Results: Demographics of this cohort revealed a mean age of 52.3 years, female gender (23%), ischemic etiology (48%), diabetes (21%), white race (85%), and mean time on the waiting list (398.5 days). Relative risks of death (> 1 indicates an increased risk) compared to patients remaining on the waiting list as status 2 were: upgrade to status 1A; RR 14.9 (95%CI 9.7–22.2), upgrade to status 1B; RR 3.4 (95%CI 2.4–4.7), 0–7 days following TX as status 2; RR 16.7 (95%CI 9.3–30.2) and 7–33 days following TX as status 2; RR 6.5 (95%CI 3.7–11.2). All factor were significant at p Conclusion: After accounting for early perioperative mortality, there appears to be little survival benefit at one year in transplanting UNOS status 2 patients. The point of optimal benefit from TX in UNOS status 2 patients may need to be further defined. Download : Download high-res image (74KB) Download : Download full-size image
Mediator Behavior and the Outcome of Mediation

This research tests the notion that mediation is an art and thereby reflects mediators' unique interpretation of case characteristics and their intuitive resolution skills. Self-report data were collected from 327 grievance mediation conferences. Specifically, five mediators reported whether or not they encouraged a compromise settlement, proposed a concrete settlement, encouraged the parties to discuss a compromise settlement, separated the parties during the mediation conference, and/or advised the parties in private how they thought the grievance would be resolved by an arbitrator. In addition, mediators were asked to report the duration of the conference and the type of conference outcome. The findings show that although four of the five mediators varied their behavior across conferences, all were about equally successful in settling grievances. The kind of settlements the mediators achieved, however, varied according to their behavioral choices. It is suggested that mediators choose behavioral tactics based on the kind of outcome they wish to achieve. Mediator behavior is less reactive and more proactive and systematic than popularly thought. It may thus be time to recognize that mediators are skilled practitioners of a learned craft-not innately intuitive artists.
Things fall apart; The center cannot hold: The crisis in governing

In the United States the Reagan Administration has proposed a number of policy initiatives which have the effect of decentralizing governmental services. The services, until recently, had increasingly become the responsibility of the federal (i.e., centralized) government. This paper inquires as to the possible effects of such decentralization tendencies. Drawing upon approaches advocated by the policy sciences and futures studies, the analysis weighs goals, trends, and conditions to propose a set of projections and policies.
Effect of phase on debond strength in shape memory alloy reinforced composites

Abstract Systematic single fiber pullout tests were performed on epoxy composites embedded with nickel titanium shape memory alloy (SMA) wires. The SMA wires were tested in the austenitic or martensitic states to study and decouple the elastic moduli from martensite transformation or reorientation stresses in the analysis of debond loads. The results reveal that the SMA wires that were in the austenite phase consistently produced higher debond loads as compared to that of those wires that started in the martensite phase, likely due to differences in the Poisson’s ratio. Additionally, there appears to be a relationship between the elastic modulus and debond load where reinforcements with a higher elastic modulus displayed lower debond loads. Lastly, for SMA reinforcements that underwent a martensitic phase transformation or reorientation, the debond load was equivalent to the martensite transformation or reorientation load. The results of this work illustrate the sensitivity of SMA reinforced composites on the mechanical behavior and phase transformation characteristics of the constituent materials.
Use of arabic in computerized information interchange

There is a growing demand in the Arab world for the use of Arabic script in inputting and accessing information systems and the establishment of Arab databases. In all Arab countries, Arabic is the working language In management, business, accounting, education, arts, and literature and to a lesser extent in science, medicine, and engineering. Arab member countries in the International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS), whose carrler language is English, face some difficulties in preparing documents in the Arabic language for AGRIS input. The method of script conversion through transliteration, which is used by AGRIS and the Library of Congress is neither helpful or acceptable to Arab librarians and Information specialists. These and similar complaints have prompted information and computer specialists to address the issues of Arabization of computer terminals and Input/output procedures. This article addresses the problem of Arabic computerized Information exchange and highlights the basic differences between treatment of Arabic and English. It also discusses the various Arab attempts to formulate standards for coding Arabic letters and vowels points and their sorting sequence. Another area that this article explores is the high degree of syntactical flexibility which characterizes the Arabic language and complicates data retrieval, computer aided translation, and human machine interface. A unified standard for the Arab/Latin Computer Code known as CODAR-UFD based on the ASCII Code was adopted in 1982. This article discusses this new code and describes some of the existing terminals that use other codes.
Preparing pre‐service teachers for inclusive classrooms: revising lesson‐planning expectations

The purpose of this article is to explore the use of a lesson‐planning template designed to support and scaffold pre‐service teachers’ lesson‐planning techniques for a wide range of learners in inclusive classrooms. This template is currently used across the final three semesters of a dual certification inclusive elementary and special education teacher preparation programme. This article reports on an empirical study using a mixed methodology that addresses the following question: How do pre‐service teachers, university faculty, supervising teachers and field supervisors perceive their experiences using this template? Addressing that question led to revising the original template. This article concludes with that revised lesson‐planning template.
Encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences

Four experiments examined encoding differences between bridging and predictive inferences. In Experiments 1 and 2, the relative inhibition effect found in Fincher‐Kiefer (1995) for an explicit target involved in a bridging inference was eliminated and relative facilitation was obtained when the target was presented one sentence after the sentence that elicited the inference. In Experiments 3 and 4, the relative facilitation effect was not obtained for explicit targets involved in predictive inferences, and the relative inhibition effect persisted as long as the text supported the inference. These data suggest that bridging inferences are encoded into the textbase, whereas predictive inferences are not. Predictive inferences are held in working memory, perhaps as part of the reader's situation model.
Differential reflectance and second-harmonic generation of the Si/SiO 2 interface from first principles

The equilibrium atomic geometries of a Si /SiO2 interface are studied by using first principles pseudopotential method within the density functional theory. The optical linear reflectance differential spectra RDS and nonlinear second-harmonic generation SHG spectra of the Si /SiO2 interface are calculated using ab initio ultrasoft and norm-conserving pseudopotentials. Local bridgelike oxygen atomic configurations provide well defined optical features in both linear RDS and nonlinear SHG optical spectra of the Si /SiO2 interface. The results of the present work demonstrate that it is possible to unambiguously identify spectral features in both linear RDS and nonlinear SHG optical spectra of the Si /SiO2 interface with local atomic oxygen-related configurations. The advantages of a simultaneous analysis of RDS and SHG spectra are demonstrated in order to obtain a detailed picture of the Si /SiO2 interface at the atomic level.
Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis genotypes in pre-weaned dairy calves.

Abstract To determine the prevalence of Giardia genotypes in pre-weaned dairy calves, fecal samples were collected from a minimum of 18, 1–7-week-old dairy calves per farm on two farms each in the states of Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida. Samples cleaned of fecal debris and concentrated using CsCl density gradient centrifugation were stained and examined by immunofluorescence microscopy and also subjected to PCR and gene sequence analysis. Prevalence by PCR ranged from 9% on a farm in Pennsylvania to 93% on a farm in Vermont, with an average prevalence for 407 calves on 14 farms of 40%. Gene sequence analysis of the TPI, β-giardin and 16S rRNA genes revealed 85% of the positive samples to be Assemblage E, while 15% were Assemblage A, although the percentages of these genotypes varied greatly from farm to farm. Some farms had no Assemblage A Giardia. Thus, while a majority of the calves were infected with a genotype that is not known to be infectious for humans, calves on 7 of 14 farms did harbor Assemblage A Giardia. Calves should be considered as a potential source of human infectious cysts in the environment.
User Evaluation Of Cursor-Positioning Devices For 3-D Display Workstations

ABSTRACT This paper reports a human -factors evaluation of cursor- positioning devices for 3- dimensional (3 -D) display workstations. Fiveinput devices were compared in terms of cursor- positioning time and error with two 3 -D display systems: a true 3 -D stereoscopicdisplay system and a conventional display system using linear perspective to convey depth information. For both 3 -D display systems,the results indicated that vector -oriented input devices produced lower cursor- positioning errors and faster cursor- positioning timethan either plane- oriented or free -space input devices. Several implementations of vector- oriented input devices are discussed. INTRODUCTION Along with the recent proliferation of high -performance computer workstations, there has been a renewed interest in the useof 3- dimensional (3 -D) display systems. Much of this interest stems from users' newly- acquired capabilities to create and manipulatedata structures on these workstations that are too complex for meaningful representation on conventional 2- dimensional displays.For example, in scientific and engineering applications, sophisticated workstation analysis tools can produce numerical results thatrequire graphical portrayal in three or more dimensions; whereas, in medical and military imaging applications, digital -image proc-essing workstations demand accurate display of subtle details in real -world objects. It is believed that 3 -D display systems can pro-vide the additional "information" dimensions to users to meet the requirements of these applications and, ultimately, lead to enhancedproductivity.The implementation of 3 -D display workstations presents many engineering -development issues to system designers that donot have clear solutions by extension of previous experience with conventional display systems. Aside from specialized hardwareand software systems needed to display 3 -D imagery, design guidelines for the user interface have not been developed and testedfully and, in some cases, are lacking entirely. One aspect of the user interface that is of particular concern involves the specificationof input devices that allow users to select and manipulate objects within the 3 -D workspace.This paper reports an extension to previous work' directed toward the evaluation of cursor- positioning devices for 3 -D displayworkstations. The devices were selected for evaluation on the basis of their cursor- movement capability; that is, the input devicesprovided either (1) vector -oriented movements through separate cursor controls for each axis in the workspace, (2) plane -oriented