cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing the United Progressive Alliance The Challenges Ahead

The United Progressive Alliance has completed one year. Although all the UPA’s constituents share political responsibility for its performance the Congress’ balance of power within the coalition justifies its greater burden. However, over the past one year, its attempts to turn the terms of power to its advantage have produced many damaging results. This article is an analytical review of the UPA’s electoral strategies and economic policies of the past 12 months which reveals the risks that lie ahead if the Congress and its allies do not change course.
The Essential but Implicit Role of Modal Concepts in Science

When J. C. C. McKinsey and I were working on the foundations of mechanics many years ago, we thought it important to give a rigorous axiomatization within standard set theory, and we therefore resisted any use of modal concepts or counterfactual conditionals in the formulation of the axioms of mechanics. I continue to think that the use of an extensional set-theoretical framework is appropriate and adequate for most, if not all, scientific discourse. As my interests have shifted more to the foundations of probability and the applications of probability concepts in the behavioral sciences, however, I have gradually come to the position that modal concepts, especially as expressed in the use of probability concepts, are essential to standard scientific talk. Yet, in a majority of cases the modal concepts remain implicit in that talk, and their logic is scarcely used in either theoretical or experimental analyses of empirical phenomena. In this paper I expand on these main points under two headings, probability and physical space, each of which raises particular issues about modal concepts.
From Measuring Desire to Quantifying Expectations: A Late Nineteenth-Century Effort to Marry Economic Theory and Data

This chapter contains sections titled: From Mechanics to Quantification: The Analogy Machine, Definitions, Tables, and Accounting Measurement: From Defining “Capital” to Scrubbing Data, Conclusions
Research on reactive voltage characteristics and control strategy of offshore wind farm

Offshore wind farm is usually integrated into bulk grid onshore through the AC submarine cable. The voltage stability of grid is affected due to reactive voltage characteristics and compensation scheme. It's necessary to study reactive voltage and control strategy in-depth with offshore wind farms integration in order to increase transmission capacity, reduce impact of large scale of wind power on power system. The impact of offshore wind farm integration on system voltage is studied as well as compensation for security and stability operation of grid and farm. Firstly, the models of offshore farm are built with wind turbines, submarine cable, transformer and reactive compensation, based which the distribution characteristics of reactive voltage is analysed for the submarine cable. Then, the voltage is studied with reactive compensation. Finally, the compensation installed methods and control strategy are presented for the offshore wind power.
Kinetic disruption of lipid rafts is a mechanosensor for phospholipase D.

The sensing of physical force, mechanosensation, underlies two of five human senses—touch and hearing. How transduction of force in a membrane occurs remains unclear. We asked if a biological membrane could employ kinetic energy to transduce a signal absent tension. Here we show that lipid rafts are dynamic compartments that inactivate the signalling enzyme phospholipase D2 (PLD2) by sequestering the enzyme from its substrate. Mechanical disruption of the lipid rafts activates PLD2 by mixing the enzyme with its substrate to produce the signalling lipid phosphatidic acid (PA). We calculate a latency time of <650 μs for PLD activation by mixing. Our results establish a fast, non-tension mechanism for mechanotransduction where disruption of ordered lipids initiates a mechanosensitive signal for cell growth through mechanical mixing. Mechanosensation by biological membranes can be relayed by mechanical tension to ion channels. Here the authors show that phospholipase D (PLD) is activated by mechanical disruption of lipid rafts which allows PLD to mix with its substrate in the lipid membrane, and propose a kinetic model of force transduction.
Targeting the androgen receptor in triple-negative breast cancer: current perspectives

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype associated with frequent recurrence and metastasis. Unlike hormone receptor-positive subtypes, treatment of TNBC is currently limited by the lack of clinically available targeted therapies. Androgen signaling is necessary for normal breast development, and its dysregulation has been implicated in breast tumorigenesis. In recent years, gene expression studies have identified a subset of TNBC that is enriched for androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Interference with androgen signaling in TNBC is promising, and AR-inhibiting drugs have shown antitumorigenic activity in preclinical and proof of concept clinical studies. Recent advances in our understanding of androgenic signaling in TNBC, along with the identification of interacting pathways, are allowing development of the next generation of clinical trials with AR inhibitors. As novel AR-targeting agents are developed and evaluated in clinical trials, it is equally important to establish a robust set of biomarkers for identification of TNBC tumors that are most likely to respond to AR inhibition.
Single‐shot speckle correlation fluorescence microscopy in thick scattering tissue with image reconstruction priors

Deep tissue imaging in the multiple scattering regime remains at the frontier of fluorescence microscopy. Speckle correlation imaging (SCI) can computationally uncover objects hidden behind a scattering layer, but has only been demonstrated with scattered laser illumination and in geometries where the scatterer is in the far field of the target object. Here, SCI is extended to imaging a planar fluorescent signal at the back surface of a 500-μm-thick slice of mouse brain. The object is reconstructed from a single snapshot through phase retrieval using a proximal algorithm that easily incorporates image priors. Simulations and experiments demonstrate improved image recovery with this approach compared to the conventional SCI algorithm.
Mechanism of Formation of Li7P3S11 Solid Electrolytes through Liquid Phase Synthesis

Crystalline Li7P3S11 is a promising solid electrolyte for all solid-state lithium/lithium ion batteries. A controllable liquid phase synthesis of Li7P3S11 is more desirable than conventional mechanochemical synthesis, but recent attempts suffer from reduced ionic conductivities. Here we elucidate the mechanism of formation of crystalline Li7P3S11 synthesized in the liquid phase [acetonitrile (ACN)]. We conclude that crystalline Li7P3S11 forms through a two-step reaction: (1) formation of solid Li3PS4·ACN and amorphous “Li2S·P2S5” phases in the liquid phase and (2) solid-state conversion of the two phases. The implication of this two-step reaction mechanism for morphology control and the transport properties of liquid phase synthesized Li7P3S11 is identified and discussed.
Somatic Treatment of Psychiatric Symptoms in HIV Disease

In June 1981, the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report published an account of five homosexual men infected with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP).1 As case reports mounted of PCP, of previously rare Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), and of other opportunistic infections,2 the symptom cluster was given the name acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 1983, a retrovirus was isolated that is currently believed to be etiologic in AIDS, which now carries the official name human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). After a brief introduction on HIV illness in general, we review the literature to date on its neuropsychiatric aspects, with a major focus on the complicated diagnostic and treatment issues at this interface. Psychosocial issues3,4 so essential in treatment, are described elsewhere in this volume and are beyond the scope of this chapter.
Test Quality and the Fractured Marketplace for Testing

In previous chapters, we have seen that the marketplace for testing has been expanding rapidly over the last several decades. From a business point of view, standardized testing appears to be more successful than ever, with more tests sold for more different purposes than ever before. Moreover, as we have recounted, a variety of spin-off industries (e.g. computer products and services, books and commercial test coaching courses) have grown up around the burgeoning testing market. Despite their commercial success, the quality of many tests and test-related services appears to be increasingly questionable. The testing marketplace is so large and diverse that it is impossible assess the quality of all tests and related services; in this section, we simply attempt to describe what we see as five problem areas in the testing marketplace: the Lake Wobegon phenomenon, the marketing of tests, the purchase of tests by government agencies via the RFP process, computer-based test interpretations, and test preparation and coaching. In the concluding part of this section we try to assess the significance of these problems in the testing marketplace. Before setting out on this itinerary, however, we first delineate what we mean by quality in testing.
Does mesenteric venous imaging assessment accurately predict pathologic invasion in localized pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Abstract Background Accurate prediction of mesenteric venous involvement in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is necessary for adequate staging and treatment. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted in PDAC patients at a single institution. All patients with resected PDAC and staging CT and EUS between 2003 and 2014 were included and sub-divided into “upfront resected” and “neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)” groups. Independent imaging re-review was correlated to venous resection and venous invasion. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were then calculated. Results A total of 109 patients underwent analysis, 60 received upfront resection, and 49 NAC. Venous resection (30%) and vein invasion (13%) was less common in patients resected upfront than those who received NAC (53% and 16%, respectively). Both CT and EUS had poor sensitivity (14–44%) but high specificity (75–95%) for detecting venous resection and vein invasion in patients resected upfront, whereas sensitivity was high (84–100%) and specificity was low (27–44%) after NAC. Conclusions Preoperative CT and EUS in PDAC have similar efficacy but different predictive capacity in assessing mesenteric venous involvement depending on whether patients are resected upfront or received NAC. Both modalities appear to significantly overestimate true vascular involvement and should be interpreted in the appropriate clinical context.
Fault Diagnosis of Array Processors with Uniformly Distributed Faults

Array processors can be defined as computing systems consisting of a number of identical cooperating processing elements which are connected in a desired structure. The regular structure of array processors makes them suitable for implementing in very large scale integration (VLSI) or wafer scale integration (WSI) devices. Two classes of VLSI array processors, systolic arrays[1] and wavcfront arrays[2], have been proposed for real-time digital signal and image processing. Recent developments and applications of systolic/wavefront arrays can be found in [3] [4].
Breaking the cycle: lidocaine therapy for habit cough

Habit or psychogenic cough is a common problem of unknown etiology with a variety of suggested therapies. A postulated mechanism is a cough which causes vibration of the airway walls, irritation and more cough. Nebulized lidocaine breaks this cycle and allows control and resolution of the cough.
Ab initio properties of electronic states of Be69

Results of ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations are presented for the nine-coordination-shell cluster Be{sub 69}. Binding energy, ionization potential, electrical field gradient, nuclear-electrostatic potential, diamagnetic shielding constant, second moments of charge, and Mulliken populations are reported for several electronic states. Properties centered at the innermost Be atoms exhibit convergence toward bulk Be metal values.
The Intricacies of Special-Use Valuation

Estates with substantial value attributable to real estate used in family owned farms or family owned businesses can reduce the value of the gross estate, and thus estate taxes, by taking full advantage of the special use valuation provisions of the Code. The authors explain how special-use valuation provisions limit the value of the land to its present use, not the land's best and highest use. This article discusses the strict limits on the conditions, type and form of the election, the limits on value reduction, the interplay of the election and the alternate valuation date, and the affect of the election on basis in the hands of the heirs. Also explained are the requirements and restrictions on the use and disposition of the land after the election, the consequences if the requirements and restrictions are breached, and techniques to preserve the tax benefits even when heirs do not wish to personally carry on the farm or business activity.
The culture of the southern bay scallop in Tampa Bay, an urban Florida estuary

Bay scallop, Argopecten irradians concentricus (Say), stocks were collected from a Homosassa (Florida) population in 1991 and were kept in seawater from Bayboro Harbor on Tampa Bay, an urban Florida estuary. They were fed with Isochrysis galbana and Tetraselmis sp. Spawning was allowed to occur after the scallops became ripe. The hatching rate of the F1 eggs to D-shaped larvae was 72%. Settlement and metamorphosis began 11 days after fertilization. When spat reached a shell height of 0.8 mm in the laboratory, they were placed with substrates into 300 and 800 μm mesh bags, and later in lantern nets, suspended from a dock in Bayboro Harbor. The F1 scallops successfully survived to gonad maturity in the fall of 1992, with mean (sd) shell height of 49.8 (4.0) mm on 6 September 1992. The scallops experienced heavy mortality during the summer, partially as a result of heavy fouling. From early August to October of 1992, F1 scallops grown in Bayboro Harbor were successfully spawned in the laboratory. Growth and survival of the F2 scallops were comparable to those of the F1 scallops. Results have shown that bay scallops can complete an entire life cycle in an urban estuary such as Tampa Bay, and a hatchery for bay scallops on the estuary can assist in the restoration of the population. Fouling represents a possible severe limitation and alternatives to caging for grow-out should be considered.
Detection of RAS and RAS-associated alterations in primary lung adenocarcinomas. A correlation between molecular findings and tumor characteristics.

Summary Rat sarcoma (RAS) and RAS-associated pathways play important roles in the pathogenesis of lung cancers and in the development of targeted therapies. However, the clinical significance of RAS pathways is still not fully understood. We investigated the RAS-associated molecular aberrations in primary lung adenocarcinomas and correlated molecular findings with clinicopathological characteristics of tumors. A total of 220 surgically resected tumors were identified for which a lung cancer molecular panel (testing 7 genes by next-generation sequencing and 3 genes for rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization) had been performed. The overall molecular alterations were detected in 143 cases (65.00%), including 58 cases (26.36%) of KRAS, 40 cases (18.18%) of EGFR, 24 cases (10.91%) of BRAF, 8 cases (3.64%) of PIK3CA, 7 cases (3.18%) of NRAS, 6 cases (2.73%) of ALK alterations. KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations were more commonly seen in smokers and occurred with much higher rates than previously published data. BRAFV600E mutations were commonly seen in female smokers, whereas, BRAFnon-V600E mutations were seen in both male and female smokers with moderately to poorly differentiated tumors. PIK3CA mutations were predominantly occurred in p.E545K and p.E542K on exon 9 in moderately to poorly differentiated tumors.
Heterotrophic bacterial production measured on soil microaggregates sampled using a Biological Laser Printer

Abstract Although routinely measured in aquatic systems over the last 30 years, heterotrophic bacterial production (3H-leucine method) has only more recently been measured in terrestrial ecosystems to elucidate the role of soil biogeochemical processes in global carbon cycles and climate change. Studying bacterial metabolism at the microaggregate scale (100–300 μm) may unmask important microscale biogeochemical relationships amongst bacterial processes and the surrounding soil. Biological laser printer technology was used to sample soil core sections (ca. one mm thick) into ca. 100–300 μm microaggregates. Bacterial production was measured on collections of five microaggregates each (180 samples over 5 cm depth profile) by suspending microaggregates into filtered rainwater with 3H-leucine and incubating for 4 h. Bacterial production varied by over two orders of magnitude amongst groups of five microaggregates collected over the same millimeter scale core slice. Range for all measurements along the core was below detection (0.005) to 897 fg C aggregate d−1. As expected, variability amongst adjacent (within 2 mm of each other) microaggregates groups generally decreased with depth along with the total magnitude of bacterial production rate. Variation in bacterial production at the microaggregate scale was greater than that seen at larger scale (ca. 50 mg; theoretical 3200 microaggregates) sampling of the same core. This is the first demonstration of using a biological laser printer for fine scale sampling of soil core slices and subsequent measurement of bacterial metabolism.
Time-varying Weights in Multi-Objective Optimal Control for Flexible Wing Aircraft

A multi-objective optimal control technique is modified to accommodate changing cost function weights and is used to control a flexible wing aircraft model. Variation of the weights is used to adjust the relative importance of each objective according to either a prescribed function of time or of the state. Several techniques for obtaining a practical approximation to the optimal control solution are presented, and stability of a specific weight structure with the optimal controller is demonstrated. Functionality of the multi-objective control design with weight variation is demonstrated in simulation of a flexible wing transport aircraft and is shown to improve performance over the fixed weight version both at a constant flight condition and across changing flight conditions.
Matrix Mediated Viral Gene Delivery: A Review

Polymeric matrices inherently protect viral vectors from pre-existing immune conditions, limit dissemination to off-target sites, and can sustain vector release. Advancing methodologies in development of particulate based vehicles have led to improved encapsulation of viral vectors. Polymeric delivery systems have contributed to increasing cellular transduction, responsive release mechanisms, cellular infiltration, and cellular signaling. Synthetic polymers are easily customizable, and are capable of balancing matrix retention with cellular infiltration. Natural polymers contain inherent biorecognizable motifs adding therapeutic efficacy to the incorporated viral vector. Recombinant polymers use highly conserved motifs to carefully engineer matrices, allowing for precise design including elements of vector retention and responsive release mechanisms. Composite polymer systems provide opportunities to create matrices with unique properties. Carefully designed matrices can control spatiotemporal release pat...
Average daily speech exposure for fetuses

The quality and quantity of speech and language exposure during early childhood is believed to be predictive of language ability during later childhood development. However, the human auditory nervous system comes “online” in utero, at least as early as 23 weeks’ gestation. It has been demonstrated that intrauterine fetal experience with extrauterine sounds during this last trimester of gestation is sufficient to impact auditory brain development and neural responses to speech. Whether fetal exposure to speech affects later childhood language development remains an open and difficult question. To begin to address this question, we collected and analyzed fetal auditory exposure data for sounds generated in the extrauterine environment using small audio recorders worn by pregnant women during the third trimester of pregnancy. Averaged across 2200 h of audio data, daily speech exposure for individual fetus subjects ranged from 2.8 to 5 h, suggesting some newborns may begin extrauterine life with less than 60% of the speech and language exposure of their peers. Whether this variability is associated with variability in subsequent development remains to be seen.
Youth definitions of success, obstacles to success, and how significant others can help: Providing youth a voice in their own development

Positive Youth Development (PYD) programmes are often conceptualized and led by adults with little or no youth input. The purpose of this study was to better understand youth definitions of success...
Political Foundation: Religious Proclamations, Free Exercise Expansion, Establishmentarianism

The issuance of presidential religious proclamations has been generally standard practice from the beginning of the American republic. But not all presidents have issued them, and early political architects of the US Constitution strongly doubted their appropriateness given the logic of the Constitution’s containment structure premised on the political foundation of the religious axis. Intertwined with the epistemic and axiological foundations, the essence of the political foundation emerged as early proponents of the Constitution presented the logical and moral grounding of religious liberty, the factional imperative, and democratic accountability while its structure contained fires of faith. The containment structure has also served as the means for the return of establishmentarianism, which has influenced efforts to incorporate a Christian amendment in the Constitution, achieve de facto religious establishment, or evangelize political leaders. Evangelical political theologies have penetrated the highest levels of contemporary American government to weaken if not dismantle the structure.
An Infant with Blue Spells During Feeding

Please view the barium esophagram (Fig 1) and watch the accompanying video clip (Video 1) showing the results of a flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallow (FEES) in a newborn. Figure 1. Barium esophagram lateral view (anterior to the left). Video 1. Click here to view the video. The Results of a Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallow (FEES) in a Newborn. The most likely diagnosis of the neonate in this video is a(n): The female neonate depicted in Video 1 was born at term via vaginal delivery at 40 weeks and 2 days’ estimated gestational age. The delivery was uncomplicated, and the neonate’s Apgar scores were 8 and 9 at 1 and 4 minutes, respectively. She had a blue spell with oral feeding on the first day after birth and was transferred to the NICU for further observation. Subsequently, the neonate had several episodes, after oral feeding, of oxygen desaturations to the 50s associated with coughing with quick, spontaneous recovery. Currently she has a normal cry and no …
A Nonisolated Soft-Switched DC-DC Converter Based on Semiactive Voltage Rectifier with PWM Plus Phase Shift Control for Renewable Energy Systems

As the world of power generation keeps shifting toward more clean energy utilization, the main concern in terms of efficiency of system is becoming more significant. A boost converter with high conversion ratio and soft-switching feature is presented in this paper, in which an active clamp structure is used to decrease the voltage stress of switches. So, the designer can select the switches with small on-resistance, which contribute to the smaller conduction losses of switches. The output stage contains a voltage quadrupler circuit that increases the voltage gain of the converter, limits the voltage stress of switches, and allows the output diodes turn off under zero-current-switching, leading to reduced turn-off losses and reverse-recovery losses. The proposed converter is modulated using pulse-width-modulation plus phase-shift, where phase shift is responsible for reducing the current stress and the conduction losses. The theoretical analysis and the experimental results of a 1kW prototype are given to verify the concept.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF ALTERNATIVE FACTS: DARK PARTICIPATION AND KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN THE QANON CONSPIRACY

QAnon is a right-wing conspiracy theory based on a series of posts (“Drops”) made to the imageboard 8chan by “Q”, an anonymous poster who claims to be a Trump administration insider and encourages their followers (“Bakers”) to conduct research to interpret and find hidden truths (“Bread”) behind current events. In this paper, we argue that QAnon Bakers adopt a “scientistic self” by producing and maintaining specific facts and theories that enable the conspiracy’s social and political cohesion over time. Rather than dismissing Q researchers’ conclusions out of hand, we adopt science studies’ symmetry principle to consider the tools and techniques of Baking. We argue that the institutional character of Baking distinguishes QAnon from other online conspiracy communities, which primarily rely on anecdotal evidence or sow doubt in scientific consensuses. Q, by contrast, research is intended to produce certainty through the systematic construction of alternative facts. In making this argument, we share and build upon other scholars’ critiques of participatory media. Indeed, we conclude that it is precisely the participatory affordances of the social web that have made QAnon so potent.
An Unusual Presentation of New Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus With Concurrent Addison’s Disease in an Adolescent Male

Introduction: Majority of children and adolescents diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1D) present with the classic symptoms of polyuria, polydipsia and polyphagia, associated with hyperglycemia. Concurrent conditions at the time of T1D diagnosis may alter its presentation and potentially lead to challenges in diagnosis and management. Clinical Case: We present a 17-year-old male with worsening fatigue and unintentional weight loss for two months, then one week of emesis and abdominal pain. Initial work-up by his primary care provider showed sodium 125 mmol/L (133–145), potassium 5.7 mmol/L (3.5–5.1), HCO3 20 mmol/L (21–31), anion gap 13 mmol/L (9–18), random glucose 141 mg/dL (70–199). Due to hyponatremia and dehydration, he was sent to a local emergency room where he was found to be mildly hypotensive at 87/57 mmHg. He received intravenous fluids for hydration and was sent home. On out-patient follow up, he appeared well despite being hypotensive. His additional labs revealed a random glucose of 330 mg/dl and elevated HbA1C of 8.3% (4.4–5.6). His urine was positive for glucose but negative for ketones. He was admitted for further management of new onset diabetes. On admission, he was well appearing and in no acute distress. Blood pressure was 86/57 mmHg, heart rate was 109 bpm, and other physical exam findings were unremarkable. Although his hyperglycemia improved after initiation of insulin therapy, his electrolyte abnormalities persisted, raising suspicion for adrenal insufficiency. An ACTH stimulation test was performed, with both baseline and 60-minute cortisol levels low at 1 ug/dl and 0.9 ug/dl, respectively, confirming adrenal insufficiency. He responded well to glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement. His electrolytes and blood pressure normalized. Further testing confirmed elevated levels of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase antibodies 0.19 nmol/L (less than 0.02), Islet Antigen 2 Antibodies: 3.38 nmol/L (less than 0.02), and 21-Hydroxylase antibodies, consistent with T1D with concomitant Addison’s disease (AD). Conclusion: About 0.5% of patients with T1D have AD, but the diagnosis of T1D typically precedes AD for several years, thus the coexistence of both autoimmune conditions at diagnosis is rare.
Theories Demonstrated in American Social Movements Involved in Conversion Therapy

Conversion therapy, also known as reparative therapy, is a practice that claims to change a person’s sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. The methods of conversion therapy administered by psychotherapists include processes that manage, diminish, or eliminate feelings of homosexuality rather than identifying with and acting upon them. Two current social movement organizations, The Alliance for Therapeutic Choice and Scientific Integrity and The Trevor Project, operate with opposing views. This report compares and evaluates each organization’s emergence, mobilization, organizational structure and decision-making. Social movement theories are also reviewed to determine their validity and applicability in these movement organizations.
Strengthening public engagement on environmental hazards: insights from cross-disciplinary air pollution research

Studying air pollution provides an opportunity to explore public opinion about the environment from a health perspective, and examine how the often-siloed fields of health, environmental, and scien...
Performance of nitrogen pulsating heat pipes as passive thermal switches in a redundant cryocooler application

Abstract A novel redundant cryocooler system, featuring two cryocooler cold heads linked via separate nitrogen pulsating heat pipe (PHP) thermal switches to a common cold plate, is developed and performance tested. The setup allows the cold plate to be maintained at the design temperature when one of the two cryocoolers is inactive by leveraging the low thermal conductivity of the static vapor in the associated dry PHP as insulation from the warm inactive cryocooler. The PHP thermal switches operate passively and require no mechanical actuation, inherently offering a highly reliable switching mechanism. PHP heat load, effective thermal conductivity, effective conductance, evaporator temperature, and condenser temperature measurements are presented for a range of fill ratios and applied cold plate heat loads. The tested PHPs can transfer at least 16 W before dryout and have effective thermal conductivities in the ON and OFF switch states ranging from 10,000 W/m-K to 55,000 W/m-K and 8 W/m-K to 50 W/m-K, respectively. Thermal switch performance is characterized by the switching ratio – the ratio of its effective conductance in the ON state to that in the OFF state – and is demonstrated to approach about 2500 for the tested PHPs. The parasitic heat load through the PHP switch in the OFF state (about 0.6 W) is found to be about 4 percent of its maximum tested ON state heat transfer capacity (about 16 W).
Multidimensional Genome-wide Screening in Yeast Provides Mechanistic Insights into Europium Toxicity.

Europium is a lanthanide metal that is highly valued in optoelectronics. Even though europium is used in many commercial products, its toxicological profile has only been partially characterized, with most studies focusing on identifying lethal doses in different systems or bioaccumulation in vivo. This paper describes a genome-wide toxicogenomic study of europium in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which shares many biological functions with humans. By using a multidimensional approach and functional and network analyses, we have identified a group of genes and proteins associated with the yeast responses to ameliorate metal toxicity, which include metal discharge paths through vesicle-mediated transport, paths to regulate biologically-relevant cations, and processes to reduce metal-induced stress. Furthermore, the analyses indicated europium promotes yeast toxicity by disrupting the function of chaperones and cochaperones, which have metal-binding sites. Several of the genes and proteins highlighted in our study have human orthologues, suggesting they may participate in europium-induced toxicity in humans. By identifying the endogenous targets of europium as well as the already existing paths that can decrease its toxicity, we can determine specific genes and proteins that may help to develop future therapeutic strategies.
The Rise of Writing: Redefining Mass Literacy

Introduction: the rise of mass writing 1. The status of writing 2. Writing for the State 3. Occupation: author/writing over reading in the literacy development of contemporary young adults 4. When everybody writes Conclusion: deep writing Appendices Notes Bibliography.
Expanding Roles for Lipid Droplets

Lipid droplets are the intracellular sites for neutral lipid storage. They are critical for lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, and their dysfunction has been linked to many diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that the roles lipid droplets play in biology are significantly broader than previously anticipated. Lipid droplets are the source of molecules important in the nucleus: they can sequester transcription factors and chromatin components and generate the lipid ligands for certain nuclear receptors. Lipid droplets have also emerged as important nodes for fatty acid trafficking, both inside the cell and between cells. In immunity, new roles for droplets, not directly linked to lipid metabolism, have been uncovered, with evidence that they act as assembly platforms for specific viruses and as reservoirs for proteins that fight intracellular pathogens. Until recently, knowledge about droplets in the nervous system has been minimal, but now there are multiple links between lipid droplets and neurodegeneration: many candidate genes for hereditary spastic paraplegia also have central roles in lipid-droplet formation and maintenance, and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons can lead to transient accumulation of lipid droplets in neighboring glial cells, an event that may, in turn, contribute to neuronal damage. As the cell biology and biochemistry of lipid droplets become increasingly well understood, the next few years should yield many new mechanistic insights into these novel functions of lipid droplets.
Ting-Toomey, Stella

Stella Ting-Toomey was born on May 22, 1952 in Hong Kong. In 1972, she was accepted into three different undergraduate schools in the United States. Undecided, she gave her youngest brother three different pieces of paper to choose from and he picked the University of Iowa. Within five years, Ting-Toomey received both her B.A. and M.A. in mass communication. She moved to the University of Washington where she received her Ph.D. degree in speech communication in 1981. Early in her career, she taught at Rutgers University and Arizona State University, finally moving in 1989 to California State University (CSU) at Fullerton, where she is currently a professor of communication. Ting-Toomey is an internationally recognized leader in intercultural communication, conflict management, and intercultural competence. Her contributions in cross- cultural communication span three decades of research, theory, and teaching. Keywords: conflict management; identity
Do Airborne Particles Induce Heritable Mutations

Air pollution is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and has other adverse health effects. In their Perspective, [Samet, DeMarini, and Malling][1] discuss new findings ([ Somers et al .][2]) showing that particulate air pollution can induce presumptive mutations in the germline cells of male mice that can be passed on to the next generation. The germline mutation rate was reduced by about 50% if the mice were exposed to air cleansed of particulate matter by passage through a HEPA filter. [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/304/5673/971 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/304/5673/1008
Fat cell size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, depot, and metabolic risk factors in morbidly obese adolescents

Objective To understand the regulation of adipocyte size and adipokine expression in relation to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in adolescents with morbid obesity. Methods Adipocyte size and adipokine expression in paired abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and omental (VAT) surgical adipose tissues were related to gender, anatomic location, adiposity, and metabolic risk factors in a group of morbidly obese adolescents. Results Significant depot- and/or gender-related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression were detected. Adjusted for body mass index, adipocyte size in both depots was larger in males than in females and was a major predictor of mRNA levels of leptin, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and adiponectin. Gender, but not adipocyte size, was significantly correlated with proinflammatory cytokine expression. Body mass index and waist circumference were correlated positively with VAT adipocyte size and negatively with SAT adipocyte size. VAT adiponectin and interleukin-6 expression levels were major predictors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, independent of gender, adiposity, and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions Adipose tissue morphology and function in obese adolescents are influenced by gender and anatomic location; the pattern of gender- and depot-related differences in adipocyte size and adipokine expression suggests that adolescent males, relative to the females, are at increased risk for obesity-related metabolic comorbidities.
Introduction of a Renal Papillary Grading System for Patients with Nephrolithiasis

Abstract: Introduction: An overlooked finding at the time of renal endoscopy for patients with nephrolithiasis is the appearance of the renal papillae. Recent work has demonstrated that it is possible to distinguish specific stone-forming phenotypes by endoscopic patterns of papillary appearance alone.1–4 These variable expressions are likely to have clinical significance; yet, the ability to pursue such research efforts remains limited by the lack of a standardized system to describe these findings. Herein, we describe a novel grading system designed to standardize and simplify the description of renal papillary appearance in stone formers at the time of endoscopy. Materials and Methods: Since 1999, 342 patients have been prospectively enrolled and given consent to be part of an NIH funded project studying the pathogenesis of stone formation at a single institution (Methodist Hospital, Indiana University Health). Patients have been treated and studied using both percutaneous and retrograde ureteroscopic ...
Why Do Multinational Firms Exist? A Theory Note About The Effect of Multinational Expansion on Performance and Recent Methodological Critiques

This theory note offers a detailed microanalysis of the benefits, costs, and limits to international expansion to explain why multinational firms exist, in response to critiques which ask whether any generalizable theory relationship exists between firm performance and its degree of multinationality. Some even question the validity of the entire multinationality-performance field. These critiques fly in the face of the fact that multinational firms exist, thrive, increase in number, and are generally regarded as earning superior profits versus their purely domestic counterparts. This note proposes alternative methodological reasons for the seemingly contradictory and confusing results of past empirical studies over 30 years, indicates directions for future research, and calls for a contingent variable approach to empirical studies in the field.
Effects of afterload and heart rate on NAD(P)H redox state in the isolated rabbit heart

NAD(P)H redox state was monitored using surface fluorescence in isolated, normothermic, working rabbit hearts under conditions of limited substrate (glucose alone) and abundant substrate (glucose + lactate). To alter work, afterload was varied between 75 and 150 cmH2O or heart rate was increased in steps until no further increase in myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) occurred. Alterations in afterload did not cause a significant change in NAD(P)H fluorescence. Progressive increases in heart rate did not alter NAD(P)H emission until MVO2 began to decline (approximately 300 beats/min), ventricular performance decompensated, and there was evidence of ischemia, at which time NAD(P)H fluorescence increased. Although the addition of 3 mM lactate to the perfusate resulted in a rapid increase in NAD(P)H fluorescence, NAD(P)H fluorescence still did not respond to altered workload. The results suggest that NAD(P)H redox state is not the primary stimulus for increased myocardial respiration secondary to tachycardia or afterload. However, despite increased rates of cardiac work, NAD(P)H was maintained at a relatively stable level, suggesting that reducing equivalent supply to the electron transport chain increases in parallel with increased MVO2.
Bioengineered Implantable Scaffolds as a Tool to Study Stromal-Derived Factors in Metastatic Cancer Models

Modeling the hematogenous spread of cancer cells to distant organs poses one of the greatest challenges in the study of human metastasis. Both tumor-cell intrinsic properties as well as interactions with reactive stromal cells contribute to this process, but identification of relevant stromal signals has been hampered by the lack of models allowing characterization of the metastatic niche. Here we describe an implantable bioengineered scaffold, amenable to in vivo imaging, ex vivo manipulation and serial transplantation for the continuous study of human metastasis in mice. Orthotopic or systemic inoculation of tagged human cancer cells into the mouse leads to the release of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) into the vasculature, which seed the scaffold, initiating a metastatic tumor focus. Mouse stromal cells can be readily recovered and profiled, revealing differential expression of cytokines, such as IL-1β, from tumor-bearing versus unseeded scaffolds. Finally, this platform can be used to test the effect of drugs on suppressing initiation of metastatic lesions. This generalizable model to study cancer metastasis may thus identify key stromal-derived factors with important implications for basic and translational cancer research.
Electron microscopic studies of planaria. III. Some observations on the fine structure of planarian nervous tissue

The small size of the nerve fibers of the planarian nervous system render the details of its neuroanatomy invisible to optical microscopy. Electron microscopic studies on the nervous system of Dugesia dorotocephala are described showing the neuropil of the brain, the origin of the ventral nerve cords from the brain neuropil, synaptic junctions in the neuropil, and “giant” fibers in the longitudinal conduction system. Two major kinds of synapses can be discerned as well as the pre- and post-synaptic sides of each. There appear to be three major kinds of cells comprising the brain; neurons, neurosecretory cells, and neuroaccessory cells. The neurons are unmyelinated, contain neurotubules, and appear to synapse only in the centrally located neuropil.
Interactions between Drosophila IgCAM adhesion receptors and cindr, the Cd2ap/Cin85 ortholog

Background: Morphogenetic modeling of tissues requires coordinated regulation of adhesion. For its correct patterning, the Drosophila pupal eye requires several Immunoglobulin superfamily cell adhesion molecules (IgCAMs) and the adaptor protein Cindr. Orthologs of these proteins are essential components of specialized junctions of the vertebrate kidney; the Cindr ortholog Cd2ap is essential for the integrity of this structure. Results: Reducing Cindr during fly eye development led to incorrect distribution of the IgCAMs Roughest (Rst) and Hibris (Hbs). Both bound Cindr. Disrupting endocytosis similarly led to Rst and Hbs mis-localization; our data suggests an additional early requirement for endocytosis in regulating Hbs localization or stability. Finally, Rst and Hbs localized correctly only when in stable membrane complexes and we propose that Cindr anchors these to the cytoskeleton. This regulation likely does not extend to IgCAMs Kin of irre (Kirre) and Sticks and stones (Sns) in the pupal eye; neither interacted with Cindr in in vitro assays. Nonetheless, Kirre and Sns partially mis-localized when Cindr was reduced, possibly due to interactions with Rst/Hbs. Conclusions: Our data suggests Cindr recapitulates both proposed functions of its mammalian orthologs Cd2ap and Cin85: targeting the IgCAMs Rst and Hbs for endocytosis and stabilizing these heterophilic IgCAM complexes. Developmental Dynamics, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE RADIATION HARDENING IN COPPER AND NICKEL

Single crystals of copper were irradiated with neutrons in a reacter to a dose of 2 x 10/sup 19/ nvt (integrated flux) at approximately 70 deg C and were subsequently deformed by various tensile stresses. The crystals were electrolytically polished to l000 A thickness and examined electron microscopically. The most obvious feature of the irradiated copper was dark spots with diameters from 50 to 250 A. These were probably caused by small vacancy condensation loops. Heavily kinked and intertwined glide dislocations, previously observed in deformed irradiated nickel, were also present. It was suggested that the kinks and intertwined loops were forced when glide dislocations had attracted vacancies and vacancy groups which, after they had condensed on them, formed kinks. It was concluded that the high yield stress after irradiation is caused by the profuse kinking of the glide dislocations. The low rate of work hardening is explained by the clearing of channels free of obstacles. (J.S.R.)
Environmental chamber for study of the deposition flux of gaseous pollutants to material surfaces

Abstract A specially designed recirculating environmental chamber was constructed to study the environmental factors affecting the deposition of pollutant gases to the surface of stone and other building materials. The chamber and sample holder are designed to place samples in an aerodynamically well-defined air flow. The system is designed to permit use of radioactive 35SO2 as a tracer if necessary. A wide range of typical environmental conditions can be continuously maintained in the chamber. Wind speeds in the test section can range up to about 5 ms−1, exposing replicate samples to air flow that is uniform to within approximately 3%. Relative humidity in the chamber can be maintained to within 3%, and SO2, NO2 and O3 concentrations in the chamber air can be maintained to within 4%. Test results indicate SO2 deposition and wind speed in the chamber are closely correlated, allowing for a direct determination of the surface resistance (rc) component of the SO2 deposition velocity to various test materials. Initial studies of SO2 deposition to limestone and marble indicate the rc values are approximately 1.3 s cm−1 for fresh limestone and 34 s cm−1 for fresh marble at 75% relative humidity, 26°C and 50 ppb SO2.