cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Semi-supervised machine-learning classification of materials synthesis procedures

Digitizing large collections of scientific literature can enable new informatics approaches for scientific analysis and meta-analysis. However, most content in the scientific literature is locked-up in written natural language, which is difficult to parse into databases using explicitly hard-coded classification rules. In this work, we demonstrate a semi-supervised machine-learning method to classify inorganic materials synthesis procedures from written natural language. Without any human input, latent Dirichlet allocation can cluster keywords into topics corresponding to specific experimental materials synthesis steps, such as “grinding” and “heating”, “dissolving” and “centrifuging”, etc. Guided by a modest amount of annotation, a random forest classifier can then associate these steps with different categories of materials synthesis, such as solid-state or hydrothermal synthesis. Finally, we show that a Markov chain representation of the order of experimental steps accurately reconstructs a flowchart of possible synthesis procedures. Our machine-learning approach enables a scalable approach to unlock the large amount of inorganic materials synthesis information from the literature and to process it into a standardized, machine-readable database.
Electrospray ionization enters the final frontier: Mass spectrometry's role in understanding electrospray thrusters and their plumes

Electrospray thrusters using ionic liquid (IL)-based propellants are quickly gaining popularity in spacecraft design. Mass spectrometry is especially well-suited to provide important knowledge on the fundamentals of how these systems work and on evaluating their efficiencies and impacts, given that the operating principles of electrospray thrusters closely mimics the mass spectrometry experiment - in both ions are generated by electrospray and then enter a vacuum. Here, electrospray thruster technology and IL-based propellants are briefly introduced. This introduction is then followed by a discussion of mass spectrometry's current contribution to the study of IL-based electrospray thrusters - with a focus on electrospray, dissociation, and spectroscopy studies - and a brief discussion of areas ripe for immediate contributions from the mass spectrometry community.
Glycopegylated Factor IX Enables Prolonged Efficacy After Subcutaneous Injection But Requires a Higher Than Expected Plasma Activity To Prevent Bleeding In Hemophilia B Mice

Background Reduced frequency of administration as well as subcutaneous (s.c.) injection would improve the treatment of Hemophilia B. Conjugation to polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to increase the half-life of i.v. dosed Factor IX (FIX), but s.c. dosing of PEGylated FIX was not previously evaluated. Because s.c. dosing is limited by volume and bioavailability, we evaluated the combination of PEGylation with the increased specific activity variant R338A to reduce the amount of protein needed to provide therapeutic levels of FIX. Methods FIX-R338A was PEGylated on N-linked glycans in the activation peptide by periodate oxidation of sialic acid residues followed by conjugation to amino-oxy functionalized PEG. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles were determined in hemophilia B mice and cynomologous monkeys. Allometric scaling was used to predict dose regimens in humans. Prophylactic efficacy was determined in a Hemophilia B mouse tail bleeding model. Results 60kDaPEG-R338A had prolonged terminal half-life in mice (3-fold) and monkeys (5-fold) and the s.c. bioavailability was 44% and 35%, respectively. The volume of distribution was reduced 5-fold. To achieve a trough level of 3% FIX activity, s.c. dosing at weekly, bi-monthly and monthly intervals was predicted to require doses of 7, 25 and 220 IU/kg in patients. However, in a tail vein transection injury model, approximately 10-fold higher plasma FIX activity levels of PEGylated proteins were found to be needed to protect hemophilia B mice against bleeding than was required for i.v. dosed un-PEGylated recombinant FIX. This difference was observed for PEGylated wild-type and R338A proteins, dosed i.v or s.c. We hypothesize that this is related to the reduced distribution of PEGylated FIX to the extravascular compartment. Trough levels of 30% FIX activity were predicted to be achievable in humans after weekly and bi-monthly s.c. dosing at 70 and 260 IU/kg. Conclusions The PEGylation of FIX led to a significant improvement in both i.v. and s.c. PK. Unexpectedly, a 10-fold higher plasma activity was needed for PEGylated FIX to provide protection against bleeding in Hemophilia B mice, suggesting that trough levels of 10 to 30% of PEGylated FIX activity may be needed in patients to provide efficacy equivalent to current therapy of recombinant or plasma derived FIX. Nevertheless, 60kDaPEG-R338A has the potential to treat hemophilia B patients with once weekly or twice monthly subcutaneous injection. Disclosures: Sim:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Brooks:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Mallari:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Xu:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Feldman:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Schneider:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Patel:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Blasko:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Ho:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Su:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Liu:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Laux:Bayer HealthCare: Employment. Murphy:Bayer HealthCare: Employment.
Government Responses Matter: Predicting Covid-19 cases in US under an empirical Bayesian time series framework

Abstract Since the Covid-19 outbreak, researchers have been predicting how the epidemic will evolve, especially the number in each country, through using parametric extrapolations based on the history. In reality, the epidemic progressing in a particular country depends largely on its policy responses and interventions. Since the outbreaks in some countries are earlier than United States, the prediction of US cases can benefit from incorporating the similarity in their trajectories. We propose an empirical Bayesian time series framework to predict US cases using different countries as prior reference. The resultant forecast is based on observed US data and prior information from the reference country while accounting for different population sizes. When Italy is used as prior in the prediction, which the US data resemble the most, the cases in the US will exceed 300,000 by the beginning of April unless strong measures are adopted.
Electrolyte for Improved Durability of Dynamic Windows Based on Reversible Metal Electrodeposition

Summary Electrochromic, “smart” windows allow users to control light and heat flow into and out of buildings or vehicles without sacrificing their view. Despite the appeal of dynamic windows, they have yet to achieve extensive commercialization due to their inability to simultaneously achieve fast, color-neutral tinting over a wide optical dynamic range at a low cost. Reversible metal electrodeposition (RME) is a promising alternative that addresses the drawbacks of existing technologies. Here, we study several possible RME electrolytes at various pHs with different supporting anions. We identify that acidic perchlorate electrolytes permit fully reversible metal electrodeposition without harming the substrate or introducing irreversible side reactions, which was not seen among all other electrolytic compositions. This perchlorate electrolyte shows promising long-term durability, demonstrating 10,000 stable cycles with no evidence of electrode etching. In addition, we construct 15 × 15 cm2 dynamic windows that tint uniformly with fast, color-neutral switching (>60% contrast in
What's After Good?: The Burden of Post-Incarceration Life

In the current era of mass incarceration, an increasing number of people face the challenge of transitioning from prison to society. Researchers of post-incarceration life have produced a detailed account of the collateral consequences of incarceration, noting the numerous barriers people must overcome as they try to return to society. In this paper, we show how stigma continues to be a structuring force in the lives of the formerly incarcerated. We develop the concept of the burden of post-incarceration life, meaning the structural constraints formerly incarcerated people face and the constant work they undertake to demonstrate and attempt to receive recognition for their rehabilitation. We argue that this burden is a critical though understudied aspect of life after prison. To develop this argument, we draw upon ethnographic and qualitative interview data from two distinct research projects with formerly incarcerated men and women in Chicago and highlight three interrelated themes that emerged from our data: judgment, exploitation, and competing demands. By centering burden in our analysis, we conclude that a focus on overcoming barriers may obfuscate the ongoing challenges formerly incarcerated people face.
Temporal Pattern of Radiographic Findings of Costochondral Junction Rib Fractures on Serial Skeletal Surveys in Suspected Infant Abuse

Please see the Editorial Comment by Katya Rozovsky discussing this article. BACKGROUND. Costochondral junction (CCJ) rib fractures pose a challenge in the radiographic detection and dating of infan...
Left mid-ventral temporal cortex interacts with early visual cortex and the anterior temporal lobe to support word individuation

The left mid-ventral temporal cortex (lmVTC) plays a dynamic role in reading. In this study we investigated the neural interactions that influence lmVTC dynamics and the lexical information these interactions are dependent on. We monitored activity with either intracranial electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography while participants viewed real words, pseudowords, consonant strings, and false fonts. A coarse level representation in early lmVTC activity allowed for decoding of visually dissimilar real words, pseudowords, and false fonts. Functional interactions between anterior ventral temporal regions, possibly containing stored knowledge about words, and low-order visual regions occurred after this initial stage of processing and was followed by the individuation of orthographically similar real words in lmVTC, but not similar pseudowords, letter strings, or false fonts. These results suggest that the individuation of real word representations in lmVTC is catalyzed by stored knowledge about word forms that emerges from network-level interactions with anterior regions of the temporal lobe.
Ultra-high-quality two-dimensional electron systems

Two-dimensional electrons confined to GaAs quantum wells are hallmark platforms for probing electron–electron interactions. Many key observations have been made in these systems as sample quality has improved over the years. Here, we present a breakthrough in sample quality via source-material purification and innovation in GaAs molecular beam epitaxy vacuum chamber design. Our samples display an ultra-high mobility of 44 × 106 cm2 V–1 s–1 at an electron density of 2.0 × 1011 cm–2. These results imply only 1 residual impurity for every 1010 Ga/As atoms. The impact of such low impurity concentration is manifold. Robust stripe and bubble phases are observed, and several new fractional quantum Hall states emerge. Furthermore, the activation gap (Δ) of the fractional quantum Hall state at the Landau-level filling (ν) = 5/2, which is widely believed to be non-Abelian and of potential use for topological quantum computing, reaches Δ ≈ 820 mK. We expect that our results will stimulate further research on interaction-driven physics in a two-dimensional setting and substantially advance the field. Source-material purification and optimized vacuum chamber design lead to a breakthrough in GaAs sample quality.
Branched Endovascular Aortic Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Using Total Percutaneous Transfemoral Approach

Fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic repair has gained widespread acceptance as an alternative option to open surgical repair in patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms . Incorporation of the renal and mesenteric arteries is possible using fenestrations or directional branches, with either off the shelf or custom designs that are tailored to the patient anatomy. Fenestrations are ideally suited for target vessels that have origin in narrower aortic segments with transverse or upgoing orientation, whereas directional branches are preferentially selected to incorporate vessels with down-going orientation with origin in large aortic segments. Traditionally, directional branches are accessed via the upper extremity approach for placement of bridging stents into the target vessels. Recent developments in steerable sheath technology have allowed total transfemoral access, decreasing the risks of cerebrovascular emboli associated with manipulations across the aortic arch. We describe the technical pitfalls of Fenestrated and branched endovascular aortic repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms using total trans-femoral access.
Internet Search Trends Relevant to Interventional Oncology: A Google Trends Study (2004-2020).

Abstract Interventional Radiology (IR) procedures addressing cancer have been grouped in the subspecialty of interventional oncology and represent an important component of modern multidisciplinary cancer care. This study pinpoints temporal and geographical trends of public online searches for terms related to the field, as well as IR-related cancer therapies. Google Trends data were analyzed for long-term (2004–2020) trends in the United States and worldwide. Overall, search interest for IR increased throughout the United States but decreased globally. Specific search volumes for cancer-related IR techniques such as radioembolization and chemoembolization therapies increased by 2.8- and 2.5-fold, respectively, in the United States, whereas the search volumes for ablation techniques remained steady or decreased. Future research and advocacy may focus on increasing public awareness of the field.
Golden opportunity for piRNA in female fertility.

Mice deficient in the piRNA pathway display sterility only in males. Taking advantage of a more representative piRNA pathway in golden hamsters, three studies now demonstrate that the piRNA pathway is essential for fertility in hamsters of both sexes and thus strongly link this small RNA pathway to fertility regulation in both men and women.
Polycystin-1 dependent regulation of polycystin-2 via GRP94, a member of HSP90 family that resides in the endoplasmic reticulum

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is a common inherited renal disorder that results from mutations in either PKD1 or PKD2, encoding polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. Downregulation or overexpression of PKD1 or PKD2 in mouse models results in renal cyst formation, suggesting that the quantity of PC1 and PC2 needs to be maintained within a tight functional window to prevent cystogenesis. Here we show that enhanced PC2 expression is a common feature of PKD1 mutant tissues, in part due to an increase in Pkd2 mRNA. However, our data also suggest that more effective protein folding contributes to the augmented levels of PC2. We demonstrate that the unfolded protein response is activated in Pkd1 knockout kidneys and in Pkd1 mutant cells and that this is coupled with increased levels of GRP94, an endoplasmic reticulum protein that is a member of the HSP90 family of chaperones. GRP94 was found to physically interact with PC2 and depletion or chemical inhibition of GRP94 led to a decrease in PC2, suggesting that GRP94 serves as its chaperone. Moreover, GRP94 is acetylated and binds to histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a known deacetylase and activator of HSP90 proteins. Inhibition of HDAC6 decreased PC2 suggesting that HDAC6 and GRP94 work together to regulate PC2 levels. Lastly, we showed that inhibition of GRP94 prevents cAMP-induced cyst formation in vitro. Taken together our data uncovered a novel HDAC6-GRP94-related axis that likely participates in maintaining elevated PC2 levels in Pkd1 mutant cells.
Privacy Policy Question Answering Assistant: A Query-Guided Extractive Summarization Approach

Existing work on making privacy policies accessible has explored new presentation forms such as color-coding based on the risk factors or summarization to assist users with conscious agreement. To facilitate a more personalized interaction with the policies, in this work, we propose an automated privacy policy question answering assistant that extracts a summary in response to the input user query. This is a challenging task because users articulate their privacy-related questions in a very different language than the legal language of the policy, making it difficult for the system to understand their inquiry. Moreover, existing annotated data in this domain are limited. We address these problems by paraphrasing to bring the style and language of the user's question closer to the language of privacy policies. Our content scoring module uses the existing in-domain data to find relevant information in the policy and incorporates it in a summary. Our pipeline is able to find an answer for 89% of the user queries in the privacyQA dataset.
Business school deans’ and accounting chairs’ perceptions of strategic consensus and performance

Using survey data collected from business school deans/accounting department chairs, a scale measuring factors critical to the success of accounting programs and business schools was developed and ...
Evaluation and treatment of headache associated with moyamoya disease - a narrative review.

Background Headache in patients with moyamoya disease is an under-addressed topic in the medical literature. Delay in the diagnosis of moyamoya disease or inappropriate treatment of headache could lead to devastating cerebrovascular outcome. With the evolving understanding of moyamoya disease, migraine pathophysiology, and various migraine-specific medications that have become available, it is crucial to provide an updated overview on this topic. Methods We searched PubMed for keywords including moyamoya disease, moyamoya syndrome, headache in moyamoya, surgical revascularization, surgical bypass, migraine and moyamoya, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We summarized the literature and provide a comprehensive review of the headache presentation, possible mechanisms, the impact of various surgical revascularizations on headache in patients with moyamoya disease, and the medical management of headache incorporating novel migraine-specific treatments.Results and conclusion: The most common headache phenotype is migraine; tension-type headache, hemiplegic migraine, and cluster headache have also been reported. Most patients experience improvement of headache after surgical revascularization, though some patients report worsening, or new-onset headache after surgery. Given the complexity of moyamoya disease, careful consideration of different types of medical therapy for headache is necessary to improve the quality of life while not increasing the risk of adverse cerebrovascular events. More prospective studies are warranted to better understand and manage headache in patients with moyamoya disease.
Bacteriocin Production by Transformable Group H Streptococci

Group H streptococci (strain Challis) which are competent for transformation release a bacteriocin into liquid medium which is bacteriocidal for another group H streptococcus (strain Wicky). The streptocin (STH1) is resistant to treatment with deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease but is sensitive to trypsin, phospholipase C, and alkaline phosphatase. Such enzyme sensitivity experiments indicate that the bacteriocin may be a complex molecule (protein and lipid) containing phosphate groups essential for activity. STH1, which is readily distinguishable from competence factor and bacteriophage activity, appears to have no role in the initiation of the competent state in strain Wicky. The presence of this factor in Challis culture supernatant fluids indicates that a reevaluation of earlier studies performed with the Challis-Wicky transformation system may be necessary.
Two Additional Salmonella Serotypes: Salmonella enteritidis Ser 58:a:- and Salmonella enteritidis Ser 44Z36, Z38:-

The antigenic compositions of two additional Salmonella serotypes isolated from the feces of man were determined to be 58:a:— and 44:Z36, Z38—.
Inducible T cell tyrosine kinase regulates actin-dependent cytoskeletal events induced by the T cell antigen receptor.

The tec family kinase, inducible T cell tyrosine kinase (Itk), is critical for both development and activation of T lymphocytes. We have found that Itk regulates TCR/CD3-induced actin-dependent cytoskeletal events. Expression of Src homology (SH) 2 domain mutant Itk transgenes into Jurkat T cells inhibits these events. Furthermore, Itk −/− murine T cells display significant defects in TCR/CD3-induced actin polymerization. In addition, Jurkat cells deficient in linker for activation of T cells expression, an adaptor critical for Itk activation, display impaired cytoskeletal events and expression of SH3 mutant Itk transgenes reconstitutes this impairment. Interestingly, expression of an Itk kinase-dead mutant transgene into Jurkat cells has no effect on cytoskeletal events. Collectively, these data suggest that Itk regulates TCR/CD3-induced actin-dependent cytoskeletal events, possibly in a kinase-independent fashion.
Semiempirical Analytical Model for the Spin Modulation of Retarding Potential Analyzer Fluxes

The spin modulation of ion fluxes to a spinning retarding potential analyzer (RPA) has been computed numerically from a theoretical model that has been found to represent satellite observations well in the forward direction. These calculations cover ion Mach numbers from 0.2 to 4.2, normalized (dimensionless) spacecraft potentials from -5 to +5, and spin angles from Q to 90 deg. A relatively simple empirical, analytical expression has been developed to represent these curves very accurately as functions of these three parameters. Over the range of parameters investigated, maximum deviations of the model from the original values are less than 16%, these occurring for spin angles of 30 and 80 deg, while average values are within 4%. The spin modulation is found to be more sensitive to ion Mach number than to spacecraft potential, but with sensitivity increasing as the spacecraft potential becomes more positive. This latter characteristic makes the spin modulation a useful supplement to the customary energy analysis of RPA ion data, particularly for determining spacecraft potential for a positively charged spacecraft.
Evidence for a Rate-determining Proton Abstraction in the Serine Deaminase Reaction of the β2 Subunit of Tryptophan Synthetase

Abstract The β2 subunit of tryptophan synthetase of Escherichia coli catalyzes the pyridoxal-P-dependent conversion of l-serine to pyruvate and ammonia. In order to study the effect of substitution of deuterium for the α-hydrogen of serine on the rate of this reaction, a new method for the synthesis of α-deutero-dl-serine has been developed; analyses of the product by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are shown. The rate of pyruvate formation from α-deuteroserine is one-fourth of that from α-proteoserine in the absence of NH4+ ion. This kinetic isotope effect indicates that the dissociation of the α-C—H bond of l-serine is the rate-determining step in the formation of pyruvate under these conditions. The enzyme-substrate intermediate which accumulates before the rate-determining α-proton abstraction under these conditions can be observed by its absorption at 420 nm or by its fluorescence. We conclude that this intermediate must be the Schiff base formed between pyridoxal-P and l-serine. The disappearance of this intermediate formed from α-deutero-dl-serine and α-proteo-dl-serine has been measured by stopped flow experiments in the presence of NH4+ ion which increases the rate of this step. The results show a kinetic isotope effect of 4.6 on the rate constant for the forward reaction in which this intermediate disappears. These results are direct evidence that a proton is transferred in this step.
Cave Biology: Life in Darkness

Biospeleology, the study of organisms that live in caves, has a tremendous potential to inform many aspects of modern biology; yet this area of knowledge remains largely anchored in neo-Lamarckian views of the natural world in both its approaches and jargon. Written for graduate students and academic researchers, this book provides a critical examination of current knowledge and ideas on cave biology, with emphasis on evolution, ecology, and conservation. Aldemaro Romero provides a historical analysis of ideas that have influenced biospeleology, discusses evolutionary phenomena in caves, from cave colonization to phenotypic and genotypic changes, and integrates concepts and knowledge from diverse biological viewpoints. He challenges the conventional wisdom regarding the biology of caves, and highlights urgent questions that should be addressed in order to get a better and more complete understanding of caves as ecosystems.
Semiactive and Active Suspensions for Vehicle Ride Control Using Velocity Feedback

This paper discusses the application of velocity feedback systems to the control of vehicle ride. The first is a semiactive damper with an adjustable damping coefficient. The damping may be switched from low to high or vice versa through continuous paths. The second is an active damper whose control force is derived from velocity signals. Both control systems could be used when full-state information is not available. The effect of high damping levels and control valve switching time of the semiactive damper on the ride performance is examined. The controller for the active damper is developed from second-order equations. By assuming the road profile as a random noise, the power spectral density is computed and compared with that of full-state systems. A quarter-car model is used for the simulation.
How New is Self-Harm?

"Self-harm" is now proposed as a full-fledged diagnostic category for DSM-5. The existing literature of the topic posits that it is a transhistorical psychiatric category and that examples of self-harm can be found from the earliest written records, which is part of the underlying argument for its inclusion in DSM-5. However, how old is self-harm and, indeed, what defines self-harm historically and culturally?
Pupation site choice of a North American lycaenid butterfly : the benefits of entering ant nests

. 1 Larvae of the North American lycaenid butterfly Hemiargus isola Reakirt tended by the ant Formica perpilosa Wheeler often enter nests of this ant species, and pupate in tunnels and chambers near the surface. Untended larvae and those tended by the ants Dorymyrmex Forel sp. (smithi complex), Forelius foetida (Buckley), and Myrmecocystus mimicus Wheeler pupate in crevices in the ground, under bark, and on leaves; but rarely inside ant nests. 2 The location and structure of F.perpilosa nests facilitates discovery by H.isola prepupae. At the southeast Arizona study site, F.perpilosa nests are located at the base of H.isola's host plant, whereas other species’nests are in open ground. Also, F.perpilosa nest openings are wide, whereas those of other species may be too narrow for prepupae to enter. 3 Prepupae associated with F.perpilosa spent 67% less time on the ground searching for pupation sites than prepupae associated with other ant species. Pupae in artificial chambers connected to F.perpilosa nests were 4–5 times less likely to disappear overnight, presumably due to predation, than those not connected to nests. 4 Formica perpilosa ants tend pupae inside nests. However, in the laboratory experiments tended pupae did not lose more weight prior to eclosion than untended ones, suggesting that chemicals or sounds produced by pupae as ant attractants are inexpensive, or are produced whether or not ants are present. 5 Newly-eclosed butterflies exited nests unmolested by ants in the field, but were attacked if confined with ants for several minutes after eclosion in the laboratory.
Fortification of cereals with amino acids

The grim race between the growth in population and the efforts to maintain, much less to increase, the quantity and quality of the world's per eapita food supply is perhaps the most critical struggle taking place today. Aside from the pressing need for population control, it is perfectly clear that agricultural, economic, cultural, sanitary, and medical problems are all important factors limiting the assurance of adequate nutrition and the maintenance of optimal health. Thus, the problem of malnutritioll is said to be multifaceted or multifactorial. These quite fashionable adjectives really explain nothing; worse, there is the risk of these labels' merely providing a cynical excuse for not vigorously attacking particular aspects of a health problem, assuming this would be a partial solution and even naive. And so it is with malnutrition; a multidisciplinary approach to a multifaeeted problem will doubtless be necessary for the ultimate achievement of optimal health in developing countries. Furthermore, regional differences will make some flexibility necessary in programs aimed at lessening malnutrition in various areas. Since all of the factors involved in bringing about an increase in both quantity and quality as well as better storage and distribution of food supplies are complex, it is also true that we need more research-research into the techniques, and logistics of bringing about agricultural and social change. On the other hand, this ought not to stop us from attempting action now, even though such action be on only a limited facet of the malnutrition problem and so long as we do not delude ourselves into thinking that such action is a
Heat Transfer Characterization of a Finned-Tube Heat Exchanger (With and Without Condensation)

The effects upon the performance of an air-to-water copper finned-tube crossflow heat exchanger due to condensation on the outer surface are considered. A four-tube, two-pass heat exchanger was tested over a Reynolds number range (based on hydraulic diameter) from 400 to 1,500. The coil was operated both in overall parallel and overall counterflow configurations. Convective heat and mass transfer coefficients are presented as plots of Colburn j-factor versus Reynolds number. Pressure losses are, similarly, presented as plots of the friction factor versus Reynolds number. Enhancement of sensible heat transfer due to the presence of a condensate film is also considered.
Effect of luminance noise on the object frequencies mediating letter identification

Purpose: To determine if the same object frequency information mediates letter contrast threshold in the presence and absence of additive luminance noise (i.e. “noise-invariant processing”) for letters of different size. Methods: Contrast thresholds for Sloan letters ranging in size from 0.9 to 1.8 log MAR were obtained from three visually normal observers under three paradigms: 1) high- and low-pass Gaussian filtered letters were presented against a uniform adapting field; 2) high- and low-pass Gaussian filtered letters were presented in additive white luminance noise; and 3) unfiltered letters were presented in high- and low-pass Gaussian filtered luminance noise. A range of high- and low-pass filter cutoffs were used to limit selectively the object frequency content of the letters (paradigms 1 and 2) or noise (paradigm 3). The object frequencies mediating letter identification under each paradigm were derived from plots of log contrast threshold vs. log filter cutoff frequency. Results: The object frequency band mediating letter identification systematically shifted to higher frequencies with increasing log MAR letter size under all three paradigms. However, the relationship between object frequency and letter size depended on the paradigm under which the measurements were obtained. The largest difference in object frequency among the paradigms was observed at 1.8 log MAR, where the addition of white noise nearly doubled the center frequency of the band of object frequencies mediating letter identification, compared to measurements made in the absence of noise. Conclusions: Noise can affect the object frequency band mediating letter contrast threshold, particularly for large letters, an effect that is likely due to strong masking of the low frequency letter components by low frequency noise checks. This finding indicates that noise-invariant processing cannot necessarily be assumed for large letters presented in white noise.
Development of a Patient and Visitor Information Kiosk

ABSTRACT This article will help to fulfill the health information needs for patients and visitors in the absence of a consumer health library at Oklahoma State University Medical Center. The target groups for this project were patients and visitors to OSUMC. The kiosk project is a creative solution to the problem of not having a consumer health library, and this article demonstrates that.
Endogenous growth theory applied: Strategies for university R&D

Abstract Economic theory has always been a useful tool for marketing strategy. Endogenous growth theory (EGT) differs from neoclassical models in that the long-run growth rate of an economy is endogenous, or driven largely by human decisions. The paper examines the potential impact of EGT on marketing thought, proposes a conceptual model of inputs and outputs at university R&D departments, and explores how these departments can use the idea of EGT as a guide for the development of marketing strategies.
Quantitative bone analysis in children: current methods and recommendations.

Over the past decade there have been an increasing number of published manuscripts dealing with pediatric bone mineral density (BMD). The reason for this interest is 2-fold. First, there is a belief that bone gained early in life is an important factor in determining the risk of osteoporosis later in life. Second, there is a desire to identify children who may benefit from drugs that are becoming available for use in treating osteopenia and osteoporosis. Despite the interest, there are several important issues with assessing BMD or the amount of bone (bone mineral content [BMC] or bone mass) that are unique to children that need to be recognized and are discussed in this review. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most common method for assessing BMD and BMC, but other methods, including peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and quantitative ultrasonography (QUS), may provide important additional information on bone size, geometry, and quality, and these methods also are discussed. Approximately 90% of adult bone mass is gained in the first 2 decades of life. Optimizing peak bone mass and bone strength early in life and stabilizing it during young adulthood is believed to play a significant role in preventing osteoporosis and fracture later in life. Environmental factors important in determining whether children reach their genetic potential in achieving peak bone mass include adequate nutrition and activity levels. Pediatric diseases, or the therapeutic interventions used in their treatment, also may prevent children from reaching their genetic potential. Diseases or conditions known to affect bone density adversely include osteogenesis imperfecta, gastrointestinal illnesses (ie, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease), cystic fibrosis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, growth hormone deficiency, chronic steroid use, and history of previous fracture. Obese and less-active children also have been shown to have decreased BMD or bone mass compared with nonobese children of similar weight. 1,2 Whether this decreased BMD among obese children is a direct effect of fat on bone or due to decreased muscle mass or reduced activity levels, or a combination of both of these factors, is not clear. However, the epidemic of childhood obesity may in part directly or indirectly explain the increase in childhood fracture incidence that has recently been reported. 3 Identifying children with low bone mass early in life could be an important strategy for preventative or therapeutic efforts to optimize bone accrual and, consequently, bone strength.
Rooted tree statistics from Matula numbers

There is a one-to-one correspondence between natural numbers and rooted trees; the number is called the Matula number of the rooted tree. We show how a large number of properties of trees can be obtained directly from the corresponding Matula number.
Pseudo-differential operators with nonregular symbols

where a power of 27~ is ignored and G(tr ,..., 5,) is the Fourier transform of U(Xi ,...) x,). We shall call xi the space variables and fi the dual variables. The notion of pseudo-differential operators has grown in recent years out of attempt to obtain sharp a priori estimates for the solutions of the partial differential equations. Since its discovery it has been found to be one of the most powerful tools in attacking various problems in partial differential equations such as the existence and uniqueness of the boundary value problems [I], regularity of the solutions of the partial differential equations [2], solvability of a general partial differential operator [3], etc. The basic calculus formulas for the pseudo-differential operators are due to J. Kohn and L. Nirenberg [4] as a development of the theory of Singular Integral Operators of Calderon and Zygmund. They constructed an algebra of pseudo-differential operators with symbols having bounded derivatives in the space variables and proved the boundedness of such operators. However their algebra is too restrictive for many purposes. One of the
Quantum-resistance states of normal-superconducting layered films

The discrete resistance states of alternate layers of normal and superconducting films have been measured using lead and silver evaporated layers. A phenomenological theory based on quantised quasiparticle states in the normal layers appears to be well able to explain the result. The V-I characteristics of several composite layered configurations are treated in detail. 21 refs.
Endovascular stenting of an acutely thrombosed basilar artery: technical case report and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: The goal of this report was to describe the successful percutaneous endovascular use of a Gianturco-Roubin-2 coronary stent in the treatment of an acute atherothrombotic occlusion of the basilar artery. To our knowledge, the percutaneous endovascular deployment of an intra-arterial stent for the treatment of an acute atherothrombotic occlusion of the basilar artery and the percutaneous endovascular placement of a Gianturco-Roubin-2 stent in the basilar artery have not been previously reported. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: An 83-year-old man presented with a recurrent, transient, locked-in syndrome resulting from a lower basilar artery occlusion caused by vertebrobasilar thrombosis superimposed on severe proximal basilar artery atheromatous stenosis. INTERVENTION: After successful superselective intra-arterial thrombolysis of the vertebrobasilar clot, balloon angioplasty of the underlying basilar artery stenosis was performed, without significant angiographic improvement. Percutaneous endovascular deployment of a Gianturco-Roubin-2 coronary stent of 4-mm diameter was subsequently performed, with excellent angiographic results. CONCLUSION: The patient made a very good neurological recovery but unfortunately died as a result of cardiogenic shock and sepsis. Detailed neuropathological follow-up results are presented; stent patency was revealed in the postmortem examination. The anatomic and pathophysiological considerations of basilar artery stent placement for the treatment of acute basilar artery occlusion related to atherosclerotic stenosis are discussed.
A partial differential equation formulation of Vickrey's bottleneck model, part I: Methodology and theoretical analysis

This paper is concerned with the continuous-time Vickrey model, which was first introduced in Vickrey (1969). This model can be described by an ordinary differential equation (ODE) with a right-hand side which is discontinuous in the unknown variable. Such a formulation induces difficulties with both theoretical analysis and numerical computation. Moreover it is widely suspected that an explicit solution to this ODE does not exist. In this paper, the authors advance the knowledge and understanding of the continuous-time Vickrey model by reformulating it as a partial differential equation (PDE) and by applying a variational method to obtain an explicit solution representation. Such an explicit solution is then shown to be the strong solution to the ODE in full mathematical rigor. The authors' methodology also leads to the notion of generalized Vickrey model (GVM), which allows the flow to be a distribution, instead of an integrable function. As explained by Han et al. (in press), this feature of traffic modeling is desirable in the context of analytical dynamic traffic assignment (DTA). The proposed PDE formulation provides new insights into the physics of The Vickrey model, which leads to a number of modeling extensions as well as connection with first-order traffic models such as the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) model. The explicit solution representation also leads to a new computational method, which will be discussed in an accompanying paper, Han et al. (in press).
Combined spectral and spatial processing of ERTS imagery data

A general procedure is presented for extracting textural properties of blocks of image data. These features are calculated in the spatial domain, taking into account the statistical nature of texture. The procedure is based on the assumption that the texture information in an image is contained in the overall or 'average' spatial relationship which the gray tones in the image have to one another. The spatial gray-tone dependence matrix is discussed together with the spectral features used in the study and the land use classification studies conducted. The results of the study show the usefulness of using both spectral and textural characteristics of ERTS multispectral scanner data for developing classification procedures.
Neutron capture rates near A=130 that effect a global change to the r-process abundance distribution

We investigate the impact of neutron capture rates near the A=130 peak on the r-process abundance pattern. We show that these capture rates can alter the abundances of individual nuclear species, not only in the region of A=130 peak but also throughout the abundance pattern. We discuss in general the nonequilibrium processes that produce these abundance changes and determine which capture rates have the most significant impact.
Analogic and Abstraction Strategies in Synthetic Grammar Learning: A Functionalist Interpretation.

Abstract Subjects learned artificial grammars under two conditions of acquisition: paired-associate learning and observation of exemplars. The former procedure was strongly associated with the establishment of a fairly concrete memorial space consisting of specific items and parts of items and the use of an analogic strategy for making decisions about novel stimuli. The observation procedure was strongly associated with the induction of an abstract representation of the rules of the grammar and the use of a correspondence strategy for decision making. Moreover, this latter procedure led to more robust knowledge and better overall performance. Analyses of both objective response patterns and subjective introspections yielded coordinated data in support of this distinction. The relationships between acquisition condition and cognitive strategy are discussed from a functionalist point of view.
Acclimation to cadmium by Fundulus heteroclitus as demonstrated by fin regeneration and cadmium accumulation

There is a body of literature indicating that pre-exposure to low levels of metals may increase tolerance during subsequent exposure.1 We have previously demonstrated that exposure to cadmium at 100 to 500 μg/liter will retard the rate of fin regeneration in the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus.2 These experiments were designed to investigate the effects of pre-exposure to cadmium, using fin regeneration as the parameter of effect. The results indicate that pretreatment allows this species to regenerate faster during cadmium treatment as compared to non-pretreated fish, and that the relationship between the pretreatment and treatment concentrations is relevant to pretreatment effects.
The bacterial essence of tiny symbiont genomes

Bacterial genomes vary in size over two orders of magnitude. The Mycoplasma genitalium genome has historically defined the extreme small end of this spectrum, and has therefore heavily informed theoretical and experimental work aimed at determining the minimal gene content necessary to support cellular life. Recent genomic data from insect symbionts have revealed bacterial genomes that are incredibly small — two to four times smaller than M. genitalium — and these tiny genomes have raised questions about the limits of genome reduction and have blurred the once-clear distinction between autonomous cellular life and highly integrated organelle. New data from various systems with symbiotic bacterial or archaeal partners have begun to shed light on how these bacteria may function with such small gene sets, but major mechanistic questions remain.
VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF GSRS AND REPORTS OF SWEATING

The results of two previous studies (Stern Kaplan, 1967; Stern & Lewis, 1968) have shown that those Ss who were best able to control their galvanic skin responses (GSRs) usually reported that their primary bodily response co real-life suess was sweating. This finding was considered to be particularly interesting both because of the relationship of the GSR to sweating and because this was the first evidence of a constitutional factor which correlated with the ability co control GSRs. In the above studies Ss were simply asked at the end of the laboratory session what their predominant response to stress was, and no distinction was made between palmar and body sweating. The procedure required Ss to try to make GSRs (Respond) for 10 consecutive min. and to block GSRs (Rest) for 10 min. The purpose of this note is to mention briefly two recent follow-ups of this research. Wack (1972), as part of a larger study dealing with focusing, used the Somatic Perception Questionnaire (Landy & Stern, 1971) to separate his Ss into palmar sweaters versus non-sweaters. One-min. Respond periods were alternated with 1-min. Rest periods. Palmar sweaters emitted significantly more responses in both Rest and Respond periods than non-sweaters. Both groups made significantly more GSRs during Respond than Rest. However, only the palmar sweaters showed an improvement in abiliry to control their GSRs as a function of trials. In a similar study just completed, 25 extreme palmar sweaters and 25 non-sweaters were used in a double-blind design; the results were basically the same as Wack's. In conclusion, it appears that Ss who report palmar sweating as a predominant response to stress not only make more GSRs, but with practice they can learn to control them better &an non-sweaters.
The compromised airway: tumors, strictures, and tracheomalacia

Airway obstruction caused by intrinsic laryngeal and tracheal disorders requires a systematic diagnostic approach, including a careful bronchoscopic examination. Tumors of the upper airway are most often malignant; except for the larynx, metastatic lesions predominate. Among the inflammatory strictures, intubation injuries remain common in developed countries. Tracheomalacia related to chronic obstructive lung disease causes high-grade, chronic, long-segment airway obstruction. The surgical treatment for each group of these disorders is described.
Dose–response relationships between sedentary behaviour and the metabolic syndrome and its components

Aims/hypothesis The aim of this study was to examine the relationship among sedentary behaviour (SB) and the metabolic syndrome and its components by age, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and sex.