cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deploying Patient-Facing Application Programming Interfaces: Thematic Analysis of Health System Experiences

Background: Health systems have recently started to activate patient-facing application programming interfaces (APIs) to facilitate patient access to health data and other interactions. Objective: This study sought to ascertain health systems’ understanding, strategies, governance, and organizational infrastructure around patient-facing APIs, as well as their business drivers and barriers, to facilitate national learning, policy, and progress toward adoption. Methods: We performed a content analysis of semistructured interviews with a convenience sample of 10 health systems known to be leading adopters of health technology, having either implemented or planning to implement patient-facing APIs. Results: Of the 10 health systems, eight had operational patient-facing APIs, with organizational strategy driven most by federal policy, the emergence of Health Records on iPhone, and feelings of ethical obligation. The two priority use cases identified were enablement of a patient’s longitudinal health record and digital interactions with the health system. The themes most frequently cited as barriers to the increased use of patient-facing APIs were security concerns, an immature app ecosystem that does not currently offer superior functionality compared with widely adopted electronic health record (EHR)–tethered portals, a lack of business drivers, EHR vendor hesitation toward data sharing, and immature technology and standards. Conclusions: Our findings reveal heterogeneity in health system understanding and approaches to the implementation and use of patient-facing APIs. Ongoing study, targeted policy interventions, and sharing of best practices appear necessary to achieve successful national implementation.
Spatiotemporal patterns of transcranial electrical stimulation can strengthen the metamemory of individual episodic memories in humans

Long-term retention of memories critically depends on consolidation processes, which occur during slow-wave oscillations (SWOs) in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. We designed a non-invasive system that can tag one-shot experiences of naturalistic episodes within immersive virtual reality (VR) with unique spatiotemporal amplitude-modulated patterns (STAMPs) of transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). We demonstrate that these STAMPs can be re-applied during UP states of SWOs on two consecutive nights to achieve a 19.43% improvement in the metamemory of targeted episodes at 48 hours after the one-shot viewing, compared to the control episodes. Further, we found an interaction between pre-sleep metamemory of targeted episodes and the number of STAMP applications for those episodes during sleep, and that STAMPs elicit increases in left temporal slow-spindle (9-12 Hz) power that are predictive of overnight metamemory improvements. These results prescribe an optimal strategy to leverage STAMPs for boosting metamemory based on pre-sleep performance and tracking the STAMP-induced biomarker during sleep, and suggest that real-world episodic memories can be modulated in a targeted manner even with coarser, non-invasive spatiotemporal stimulation.
Implications of the microbiome in the development and treatment of pancreatic cancer: Thinking outside of the box by looking inside the gut

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. As one of the most lethal cancer types, the prognosis for patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer remains dismal and novel investigations are urgently needed. Evidence for an association of microbes with pancreatic cancer risk, development, treatment response, and post-treatment survivorship is rapidly developing. Herein, we provide an overview on the role of the microbiome as it relates to the natural history of pancreatic cancer, including host immune interactions, alterations in metabolism, direct carcinogenic effect, and its role in treatment response.
Foveal vision at the time of microsaccades

Humans use rapid eye movements (saccades) to inspect stimuli with the foveola, the region of the retina where receptors are most densely packed. It is well established that visual sensitivity is generally attenuated during these movements, a phenomenon known as saccadic suppression. This effect is commonly studied with large, often peripheral, stimuli presented during instructed saccades. However, little is known about how saccades modulate the foveola and how the resulting dynamics unfold during natural visual exploration. Here we measured the foveal dynamics of saccadic suppression in a naturalistic high-acuity task, a task designed after primate9s social grooming, which---like most explorations of fine patterns---primarily elicits minute saccades (microsaccades). Leveraging on recent advances in gaze-contingent display control, we were able to systematically map the peri-saccadic time-course of sensitivity across the foveola. We show that contrast sensitivity is not uniform across this region and that both the extent and dynamics of saccadic suppression vary within the foveola. Suppression is stronger and faster in the most central portion, where sensitivity is generally higher and selectively rebounds at the onset of a new fixation. These results shed new light on the modulations experienced by foveal vision during the saccade-fixation cycle and explain some of the benefits of microsaccades.
Post-operative pain management in dental implant surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

To evaluate the clinical efficacy of various analgesic medications in mitigating orofacial pain following dental implant surgery. A systematic search was conducted to identify randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs). The primary outcomes examined were post-operative pain (POP) and consumption of rescue analgesics following implant placement; secondary outcomes included adverse effects, post-operative inflammation, infection, swelling, bleeding, patient satisfaction, and quality of life. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted for risk ratios of dichotomous data. Nine RCTs fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Individual studies and meta-analysis of two studies indicated that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) significantly reduced POP and consumption of rescue analgesics after dental implant placement compared to placebo. Transdermal administration of NSAIDs may be superior to the oral route as it was similarly effective for POP control and resulted in fewer side effects. Glucocorticoids administered as primary analgesics or NSAID adjuvants resulted in comparable pain sensation compared to NSAIDs alone. Caffeine-containing analgesics were reported as acceptable and effective for the treatment of POP and swelling when compared to codeine adjuvants. With regard to analgesic dosing schedules, pain modulation may be most critical during the first 72 h following dental implant placement. Risk of bias assessment indicated an overall low risk of bias across the included trials. Within the limitations of this review, POP following implant surgery may be effectively treated with the short-term use of analgesic medications. However, given the heterogeneity in the available RCTs, there is insufficient evidence to recommend an analgesic regimen following dental implant surgery. Short-term use of analgesic medications may be sufficient for post-operative pain management in dental implant surgery. Ultimately, the clinician’s analgesic prescription should be directed by a patient’s medical history, in order to increase the success of pain management in a short period of time and decrease potential adverse effects. CRD42018099324
“Anyone else? Is this normal?”: anonymously seeking information on the Ovia Pregnancy App

Women often experience anxiety and a desire for information before, during, and after their pregnancy. While women have traditionally turned to their doctors, family, and friends, the Internet and ...
Preparing for COSMIC: Inversion and Analysis of Ionospheric Data Products

The Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) is scheduled for launch in 2006. COSMIC will consist of six low earth orbiting satellites in planes separated by 24° to provide global atmospheric and ionospheric observations. One of the goals is to demonstrate near real-time processing of data products for numerical weather prediction and space weather applications. Each COSMIC satellite will carry three payloads: (1) a Global Positioning System (GPS) occultation receiver with two high-gain limb viewing antennas and two antennas for precision orbit determination, (2) a Tiny Ionospheric Photometer (TIP) for monitoring the electron density via nadir radiance measurements along the sub-satellite track, and (3) a Tri-Band Beacon (TBB) transmitter for ionospheric tomography and scintillation studies. The data from all these payloads will be processed at the COSMIC Data Analysis and Archival Center (CDAAC). Here we give an overview of the ionospheric data products from COSMIC and focus on the plans and preliminary simulation studies for analyzing the ionospheric occultation data and combining them with ground-based GPS, TIP, and TBB observations.
Vascular Effects of Cardioplegic Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Cardiac surgery continues to depend on the use of hyperkalemic cardioplegia to arrest the heart for the vast majority of operations (Parolari et al.). In addition to providing a quiescent heart on which to operate, the use of cardioplegia (CP) allows for a relatively bloodless operative field allowing a safe and successful operation. Myocardial protection strategies continue to improve, but cardiac surgery utilizing CP and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)
Ushering in a New Era of Algorithm Design

Advances in data acquisition technology, together with the imminent demise of Moore's Law, are prompting a rethink of basic algorithm design principles. Computing with massive data sets, data streaming, coping with uncertainty, priced computation, property testing, and sublinear algorithms are all parts of the story. So is the growing trend toward using algorithms as modeling tools for natural phenomena. I will discuss some of these developments; in particular, dimension reduction, sublinear algorithms, online reconstruction, and self-improving algorithms.
Multilinguals Are …? by Madalena Cruz-Ferreira

Cruz-Ferreira has crafted a book that has been a long time coming; Multinguals Are … ? deconstructs the paradoxical discourse surrounding multilingualism in a blunt and tongue-in-cheek fashion. The...
The design of a hydraulic suction tube for peroral biopsy of the human gastrointestinal tract.

Summary A hydraulically operated peroral tube has been developed which delivers individual biopsies externally within seconds of excision. Design considerations and structural details are outlined. A double lumen tube is used to activate the knife and to deliver the biopsy specimen. The knife serves both as the cutting instrument and as the connection valve between the activating channel and the delivery channel. Any number of biopsies may be obtained from any level of the gastrointestinal tract within the limits of the physician's discretion and the patient's tolerance. The rapid delivery of the specimen allows the prompt processing necessary for detailed study of structure and function.
Children's social competence and sociometric status: Further exploration of aggression, social withdrawal, and peer rejection

Sociometric status differences in children's social competence were examined in a sample of elementary school-aged children using teacher ratings and peer nominations. Rejected children evinced significantly fewer competencies (e.g., peer group entry, responses to provocation) than popular, average, or neglected children but differed from controversial children only with respect to their inability to meet established social norms for cooperative behavior and teachers' expectations for classroom behavior. An examination of the heterogeneity of peer-rejected children revealed that rejected-aggressive children were deficient in all aspects of social competence assessed and were most disliked by their peers. Rejected-withdrawn children were seen by peers as most unhappy, whereas rejected-undifferentiated children (i.e., rejected children who were neither highly aggressive nor highly withdrawn) had problems with social withdrawal, disruptive behavior, and socially appropriate behavior. Rejected-aggressive and rejected-withdrawn children had more difficulties with reactive aggression combined with an inability to respond positively to peers than their nonrejected agemates. The need for further research on the heterogeneity of peer-rejected children and the long-term implications for these children are discussed.
Noninvasive Oxygen Partial Pressure Measurement of Human Body Fluids In Vivo Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Rationale and Objectives The oxygen partial pressure (pO2) of human body fluids reflects the oxygenation status of surrounding tissues. All existing fluid pO2 measurements are invasive, requiring either microelectrode/optode placement or fluid removal. The purpose of this study is to develop a noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging method to measure the pO2 of human body fluids. Materials and Methods We developed an imaging paradigm that exploits the paramagnetism of molecular oxygen to create quantitative images of fluid oxygenation. A single-shot fast spin echo pulse sequence was modified to minimize artifacts from motion, fluid flow, and partial volume. Longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 = 1/T1) was measured with a time-efficient nonequilibrium saturation recovery method and correlated with pO2 measured in phantoms. Results pO2 images of human and fetal cerebrospinal fluid, bladder urine, and vitreous humor are presented and quantitative oxygenation levels are compared with prior literature estimates, where available. Significant pO2 increases are shown in cerebrospinal fluid and vitreous following 100% oxygen inhalation. Potential errors due to temperature, fluid flow, and partial volume are discussed. Conclusions Noninvasive measurements of human body fluid pO2 in vivo are presented, which yield reasonable values based on prior literature estimates. This rapid imaging-based measurement of fluid oxygenation may provide insight into normal physiology as well as changes due to disease or during treatment.
Vascular Ectasia of the Gastric Antrum

Figure 1. A 76-year-old woman presented with a two-month history of intermittent melena, weakness, and anemia that required the transfusion of six units of packed red cells. In the past she had been treated for hypertension and hypothyroidism. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed gastric atrophy and bright red stripes in the antrum of the stomach that radiated spokelike from the pylorus and resembled the stripes of a watermelon — the typical findings of vascular ectasia of the gastric antrum. In Panel A, the view from the distal portion of the gastric body shows a linear pattern of vascular ectasias that begin in the . . .
Coherence theory of pairs of correlated wave fields

A theory is formulated for analysing interference experiments with two correlated wave fields, each of an arbitrary state of coherence and is illustrated by the analysis of a typical detection scheme involving two random fields.
Challenges in the development of high-speed true 600-dpi thermal ink-jet printing

Hewlett-Packard Company recently introduced a line of thermal ink jet printers which delivers 6 to 8 pages per minute laser parity text throughput with true 600 X 600 dpi resolution. In the development of this technology, we achieved major breakthrough in many key areas in the design of the HP 51645A ink jet print cartridge. In order to print at true 600 dpi resolution, the dot size has to be reduced proportionally from the previous 300 dpi resolution. To increase the print engine throughput to meet customer needs, firing frequency of the drop generator has to be higher than any previous thermal ink jet designs. As a result of the need to improve print quality and throughput, all fluidic dimensions in the vicinity of the ink jet drop generator have to be redesigned and scaled down. This geometric redesigning and scaling poses significant challenges to the capabilities of our manufacturing processes, leading to the redesign of the orifice plate. Major development work in ink formulation has resulted in significant improvements in printer performance as well. The pigmented ink designed for this new generation of ink jet printers provides the highest optical density and media independency to meet customer's print quality needs. The ink formulation also improves dry time so as to meet the pages per minute throughput design objective.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experimental study of thickness-tapered unidirectional composite compression specimens

Various untabbed, thickness-tapered compression specimen geometries were studied experimentally. Both shear-loaded and end-loaded compression test methods were used to measure the strength and stiffness of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy unidirectional composite material systems. The compressive strength was found to be strongly dependent on specimen geometry, loading conditions, and the cracks that initiated in the taper regions and propagated to various lengths prior to catastrophic failure. A specific thickness-tapered specimen geometry that produced compressive strengths significantly higher than conventional specimen configurations resulted from the experimental optimization process. A method of determining compressive strains, and thus the compressive modulus, using this same specimen geometry and strain gages was also demonstrated.
Jane Eyre: Charlotte Bronte Vs. the Hollywood Myth of Romance

(1977). Jane Eyre: Charlotte Bronte Vs. the Hollywood Myth of Romance. Journal of Popular Film: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 13-31.
EFFECTS OF PHENETHYL ALCOHOL TREATMENT UPON THE FOLDED CHROMOSOME OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Treatment of strains of Escherichia coli with 0.25% phenethyl alcohol resulted in a reversible inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division. Comparisons of sedimentation behavior for nucleoids isolated prior to and following phenethyl alcohol exposure indicated a dramatic increase in sedimentation velocity, from 3, 220S to 11, 770S. However, following extended phenethyl alcohol exposure, nucleoid sedimentation velocities began to decline spontaneously and to approach that of nucleoids obtained from untreated cultures. Following removal of phenethyl alcohol, DNA synthesis and cell division resumed and nucleoid sedimentation velocities returned to that of controls. Analysis of nucleoids isolated from phenethyl alcohol treated cultures demonstrated the presence of high levels of cosedimenting membrane proteins, indicating that nucleoids were not released from the membrane even though DNA synthesis had terminated. Results are discussed in relation to previously reported phenethyl alcohol-induced perturbations of various cellular processes.
A selected ion flow tube study of the reactions of various nitrogen containing ions with formic acid, acetic acid, and methyl formate

Abstract The possibility of forming organic molecules, such as the amino acid, glycine, from interstellar species through the ion–molecule reactions of ionized amine fragment compounds with neutral carboxylic acid and ester species has been investigated in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) at 298 K. An earlier study showed that reactions of neutral amine species with ionized carboxylic acid or ester fragments does not result in the desired combination of groups but instead results in the fragmentation of the amines [D.M. Jackson, N.J. Stibrich, N.G. Adams, L.M. Babcock, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 243 (2005) 115–120]. In the present study, the ion product distributions and reaction rate coefficients of the gas phase reactions of HCOOH, CH 3 COOH, and CH 3 OCHO with the ions Ar + , N 2 + , NH 2 + , NH 3 + , and HCNH + have been determined. The ions Ar + and N 2 + fragment the neutral species in dissociative charge transfer, and the reactions of NH 2 + and HCNH + with the neutrals result in dissociative proton transfer. NH 3 + reacts with all three species to form NH 4 + by H atom abstraction. The reaction rate coefficients were on average within experimental error of the gas kinetic rate and were on the order of 10 −9 cm 3 s −1 .
Some relationships between creativity and personality

(1961). Some Relationships Between Creativity and Personality. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 65, No. 1, pp. 145-161.
Atrial natriuretic peptide and dopamine in a rat model of ischemic acute renal failure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide and dopamine in a rat model of ischemic acute renal failure. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has been shown to reverse experimental models of ischemic acute renal failure (ARF). However, infusion of ANP has been associated with systemic hypotension making its use in clinical ARF impractical. Therefore, in this investigation, dopamine (D) was combined with intravenous (i.v.) atriopeptin III (AP III) to determine if this regimen was effective in reversing ARF while preventing systemic hypotension and maintaining renal blood flow (RBF). Four groups of Munich-Wistar rats were studied. Group 1, sham-ARF; Group 2, renal artery (RA) clamp (55 min) followed by i.v. saline; Group 3, RA clamp followed by i.v. AP III-D; and Group 4, RA clamp followed by i.v. D only. All infusions were begun after RA clamp release and continued for four hour. Mean arterial pressure in Group 3 rats given AP III-D were similar to that in Group 2, slightly less than that in Groups 1 and 4 (P 100 mm Hg during the four hour infusion. RBF in Group 3 was elevated above the level in Group 1 at P GC ) and glomerular plasma flow rate (Q A ) as the result of a major decline in afferent arteriolar resistance (R A ) compared to the other three groups. It was concluded that the combination of i.v. AP III and D is effective in restoring GFR in an ischemic model of ARF while preventing systemic hypotension and maintaining RBF. The dominant effect on glomerular hemodynamics, attributable primarily to AP III, was a reduction in R A causing striking increases in both P GC and Q A .
The mock trial course in justice education

This paper discusses the application of the mock trial, regularly used in legal education, to students of criminal or civil justice. The mock trial can be taught as a independent course or as a part of any course which deals with the criminal or civil justice system. The paper identifies the goals and benefits of the mock trial for justice students. These include providing an understanding of the justice system and whether it needs change, learning about litigation and legal issues in the justice context, using critical thinking skills, working as a group, and shaping the course of their careers.
Being pushed and pulled: a model of US HR professionals’ roles in bullying situations

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to clarify how human resource professionals (HRPs) in the United States (US) understand their roles in bullying situations and how they perceive others (targeted employees and senior management) understand their roles. It is important to understand these role expectations as HRPs are integral actors in bullying situations and are often evaluated negatively by those in bullying situations. Design/methodology/approach – Strauss & Corbin’s grounded theory approach was used to uncover HRPs role perceptions. Narrative and respondent in-depth interviews were conducted with HRPs and revealed an evolving HR role that clashed with perceived target and senior management role expectations. Findings – This research has revealed a theoretical model of the progressive role HRPs play in bullying situations. The authors discovered HRPs play several important roles in bullying situations and they link these roles in a temporal and situational manner. They first play the role of first...
Testing an Integration of Vroom's Instrumentality Theory and Holland's Typology on Working Women.

Abstract An approach to integrate a cognitive component into Holland's typology was developed and tested on 171 noncollege degreed women employed in male and female typical occupations. In this integration women's occupational preferences were derived via V. Vroom's 1964 ,Work and motivation. New York: Wiley instrumentality theory and classified according to J. L. Holland's 1973 ,Making vocational choices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall typology. The congruency between types of women's actual occupational choices and their cognitive occupational preferences was then compared to the congruency between types of their personality and choices. Results indicated that although the association between types of cognitive occupational preference and actual occupational choice was superior to that of personality and choice, occupational preference and choice were different constructs. The utility of this approach was discussed in relation to (a) the necessary distinction between occupational preference and choice, particularly for segments of the population facing stereotyping and discrimination, (b) the silence in Holland's theory regarding this distinction, and (c) the growing interest in a proactive research posture among those interested in the effect of psychology on the status quo of women in the work force.
Describing Faces from Memory: Accuracy and Effects on Subsequent Recognition Performance

The present research examines: (a) the accuracy of three face description methods, and (b) the effects of post-exposure description and imaging activities on subsequent face recognition performance...
Is boundary conformal in CFT

We discuss boundary conditions for conformal field theories that preserve the boundary Poincare invariance. As in the bulk field theories, a question arises whether boundary scale invariance leads to boundary conformal invariance. With unitarity, Cardy’s condition of vanishing momentum flow is necessary for the boundary conformal invariance, but it is not sufficient in general. We show both a proof and a counterexample of the enhancement of boundary conformal invariance in (1+1) dimension, which depends on the extra assumption we make. In (1+2) dimension, Cardy’s condition is shown to be sufficient. In higher dimensions, we give a perturbative argument in favor of the enhancement based on the boundary g-theorem. With the help of the holographic dual recently proposed, we show a holographic proof of the boundary conformal invariance under the assumption of the boundary strict null energy condition, which also gives a sufficient condition for the strong boundary g-theorem.
Predictors of 16‐Year Mortality Among Individuals Initiating Help‐Seeking for an Alcoholic Use Disorder

Background and Methods: We examined rates and predictors of mortality in individuals (47%women) who had just initiated help-seeking for their alcohol use disorders (AUDs) at the start of thestudy (n5628) and were followed for 16 years.Results: For both women and men, the observed-to-expected mortality ratio (1.4) was lower thanratesfoundinsamplesoftreatedindividualswithAUDs,suggestingthatthoseinitiatinghelp-seekingcareers have better chances of long-term survival. Of the individuals for whom cause of death wasknown, 68% died of alcohol-related causes. Men were more likely to die than were women. Whengender was controlled, individuals who were older and unmarried and had more alcohol dependencesymptoms at baseline were more likely to die over the 16-year period. When these baseline charac-teristicswerecontrolled,betterdrinkingoutcomesat1yearwereassociatedwithalowerlikelihoodofsubsequent death. The combination of a shorter duration of inpatient/residential care and betterdrinking outcomes at 1 year was related to a lower probability of death, as was the combination of alonger duration of outpatient care or Alcoholics Anonymous attendance and better drinking out-comes at 1 year.Conclusions: Efforts should be made to help providers identify individuals who are notresponding positively to inpatient or residential treatment and intervene to motivate participation incontinuing outpatient care and community 12-step self-help groups to reduce the likelihood of achronic and fatal AUD course.Key Words: Alcohol Use Disorder, Mortality, Gender, Treatment, Alcoholics Anonymous.
Molecular vibration in cold-collision theory

Cold collisions of ground-state oxygen molecules with helium have been investigated in a wide range of cold-collision energies (from $1\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ up to 10 K) treating the oxygen molecule first as a rigid rotor and then introducing the vibrational degree of freedom. The comparison between the two models shows that at low energies the rigid-rotor approximation is very accurate and able to describe all the dynamical features of the system. The comparison between the two models has also been extended to cases where the interaction potential $\mathrm{He}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is made artificially stronger. In this case vibration can perturb rate constants, but fine tuning the rigid-rotor potential can alleviate the discrepancies between the two models.
Erratum to “Role of time in self-prediction of behavior” [Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 100 (2006) 160–176]

The publisher regrets that the following errors were introduced by the typesetter at a late stage after the authors had checked the proofs: On page 161, first column, line 8 should read ‘‘into their theorizing’’ instead of ‘‘into the theorizing.’’ On page 161, second column, line 14 should read ‘‘a person’’ instead of ‘‘a person’s.’’ On page 163, second column, line 11 from the bottom should read ‘‘is considered an episodic’’ instead of ‘‘is considered as an episodic.’’ On page 164, second and third sentences of second paragraph under Study 1 should read ‘‘This resulted in a response rate of just over 24%. Of the 1247 usable household responses, 501 already owned one or more PCs’’ instead of ‘‘This resulted in a response rate of just over 24 household responses, 501 already owned one or more PCs.’’ On page 166, first column, line 9 should read ‘‘odds ratio for BI · experience’’ instead of ‘‘odds ratio for BE · experience.’’ On page 168, line 3 of the legend to Fig. 1 should read ‘‘intention’’ instead of ‘‘intension.’’ On page 169, the bottom four rows of the correlation matrix should appear at the top of page 170. On page 173, line 6 should read ‘‘while we theorized’’ instead of ‘‘while we were theorized.’’
Meeting report of the Second International Workshop on Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Man.

Abstract The Second International Workshop on the Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Man, sponsored by the National Foundation—March of Dimes, was held in St. Petersburg, Florida, February 4–8, 1973. This short review attempts to summarize the most important findings reported at the Workshop. The complete papers and discussions will be published by the National Foundation; however, brief reports of new diagnostic criteria, recently discovered disorders of the immune system, and new information about animal models may be of value immediately to those responsible for therapy of patients with these diseases. The condensed information below is derived from notes taken by the authors; it is not an official proceedings of the workshop. Detailed inquiries regarding topics discussed here should be directed to the appropriate investigators.
Differences in D2 dopamine receptor binding in the neostriatum between cats hemidecorticated neonatally or in adulthood

In order to study differences in response to neocortical injury sustained at different ages at the neurotransmitter level, we examined the density in D2 dopamine receptors in the neostriatum of cats hemidecorticated neonatally (N = 4) or in adulthood (N = 4), as well as in intact brains (N = 6). Receptor densities were measured using quantitative autoradiography and [3H]-spiperone binding in 12 regions of the neostriatum and nucleus accumbens septi. We found that the anterior lateral caudate nucleus on both sides of the brain contained a higher D2 receptor density in neonatal-lesioned as compared to adult-lesioned brains. Ipsilateral to the lesion, the increase was 101% (P < 0.05) and contralaterally it amounted to 77% (P < 0.05). Moreover, this region of the ipsilateral caudate nucleus of neonatal-lesioned cats tended to be more densely labeled than that of intact brain by 58% (P < 0.1). D2 receptor densities in adult-lesioned cats did not differ from that of intact controls. Comparison of these data with those of a former morphological study using the same animals suggested that this bilateral elevation of D2 receptor density in neonatally lesioned brains represents a higher mean density of binding sites per neuron. The elevation in the neonatal-lesioned cats might be a response of the striatum to neuroplastic changes in the striatal neuropil, including the corticostriatal afferents, since such changes are different in neonatal- as compared to adult-lesioned cats.
The North Atlantic Port Differentials

I. The historical background, 644. — The present adjustment, 646. — II. Summary of arguments for and against the existing system, 647. — III. The Fink Report, 651. — The Thurman Commission, 652. — Early cases before the Interstate Commerce Commission, 653. — Later cases, 655. — IV. Advantages of distance, 657. — Terminal costs, 658. — Ocean rates, 660. — V. Probable results of equalizing rail rates, 662. — Basis of New York's dominance, 664. — Boston's difficulties, 667. — Conclusion: the differentials a special case of equalization in rate-making, 669.
The Effects of Hyper Growth on Firm Profitability

Although many scholars have suggested that firm growth creates employment, wealth, and broad economic development, no one has yet reviewed whether “hyper-growth” in sales (such as 500% to 30,000%) leads to profitability. Based on the Inc. 500 fastest-growing company database, this study uses a large sample size of 1,233 and found no correlation between growth rate and profitability.
Hydrogen Halides on Jupiter and Saturn

Abstract The quest to detect gaseous HCl, HBr, and HF in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn has led to a tentative detection of 1 ppb HCl near Saturn's cloud deck. The detection is puzzling because, while these hydrogen halides may be present several scale heights below the clouds, they are expected to react with ammonia to form solid ammonium halide salts in the upper troposphere. I show that the loss timescale for condensation of gaseous hydrogen halides onto particles is ∼103–105 s for realistic cloud densities and particle sizes, which is much less than the ∼108 s residence time of upper tropospheric air. The hydrogen halides can only survive transport up to the cloud layer if less than 1 in 106 of their collisions with particle surfaces leads to condensation, which is unlikely. Even in the absence of foreign particles, homogeneous nucleation would probably prevent supersaturations in excess of a few hundred, which is ∼1020–1040 times too low to explain the observation. These calculations therefore suggest that hydrogen halides cannot exist at part-per-billion levels in the upper troposphere. The interplanetary source of halogens is also too low to produce detectable quantities of hydrogen halides except perhaps at pressures less than 1 mbar. A possible detection of chlorine by the Galileo probe at pressures exceeding 9 bars on Jupiter may be consistent with the equilibrium abundance of gaseous HCl or NH4Cl.
Functionally improved bone in Calbindin-D28k knockout mice

In vitro studies indicate that Calbindin-D28k, a calcium binding protein, is important in regulating the life span of osteoblasts as well as the mineralization of bone extracellular matrix. The recent creation of a Calbindin-D28k knockout mouse has provided the opportunity to study the physiological effects of the Calbindin-D28k protein on bone remodeling in vivo. In this experiment, histomorphometry, microCT, and bend testing were used to characterize bones in Calbindin-D28k KO (knockout) mice. The femora of Calbindin-D28k KO mice had significantly increased cortical bone volume (60.4% +/- 3.1) compared to wild-type (WT) mice (45.4% +/- 4.6). The increased bone volume was due to a decrease in marrow cavity area, and significantly decreased endosteal perimeters (3.397 mm +/- 0.278 in Calbindin-D28k KO mice, and 4.046 mm +/- 0.450 in WT mice). Similar changes were noted in the analysis of the tibias in both mice. The bone formation rates were similar in the femoral and tibial cortical bones of both mice. microCT analysis of the trabecular bone in the tibial plateau indicated that Calbindin-D28k KO mice had an increased bone volume (35.2% +/- 3.1) compared to WT mice (24.7% +/- 4.9) which was primarily due to increased trabecular number (8.99 mm(-1) +/- 0.94 in Calbindin-D28k KO mice compared to 6.75 mm(-1) +/- 0.85 in WT mice). Bone mineral content analysis of the tibias indicated that there is no difference in the calcium or phosphorus content between the Calbindin-D28k KO and WT mice. Cantilever bend testing of the femora demonstrated significantly lower strains in the bones of Calbindin-D28k KO mice (4135 micro strain/kg +/- 1266) compared to WT mice (6973 micro strain/kg +/- 998) indicating that the KO mice had stiffer bones. Three-point bending demonstrated increased failure loads in bones of Calbindin-D28k KO mice (31.6 N +/- 2.1) compared to WT mice (15.0 N +/- 1.7). In conclusion, Calbindin-D28k KO mice had increased bone volume and stiffness indicating that Calbindin-D28k plays an important role in bone remodeling.
A canonical decomposition for quadratic forms with applications to monotone convergence theorems

We prove monotone convergence theorems for quadratic forms on a Hilbert space which improve existing results. The main tool is a canonical decomposition for any positive quadratic form h = hr + hs where hr is characterized as the largest closable form smaller than h. There is also a systematic discussion of nondensely defined forms.
Use of the sulfo-phospo-vanillin reaction in a routine method for determining total lipids in human cerebrospinal fluid

Adult human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was assayed for total lipid levels by the sulfo-phospho-vanillin color reaction. Lipids in a 1-2 ml sample of CSF are extracted with a 2:1 chlofoform-methanol mixture and the solvent extract, after equilibration with 0.74 percent potassium chloride, is evaporated to dryness. The lipid in the residue is estimated by the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction. The extraction process is essentially quantitative for lipid mixtures normally found in CF. The technique has an average coefficient of variation of 1.5 percent and the recovery of added lipids is nearly quantitative. It can be used as a rapid routine method for estimating CSF total lipids and several samples can be processed simultaneously. Estimations of total lipid levels using the sulfo-phospho-vanillin reaction agree quite well with the results obtained by densitometric quantitation of charred lipids. A preliminary analysis of 22 samples of adult human CSF containing normal levels of total protein gave an average total lipid level of 0.78 (+/- 0.07 SEM) mg/dl. Total lipid levels in CSF did not significantly correlate with age. However lipid levels in CSF show a significant positive correlation with CSF total protein levels.
Intercellular and intracellular signals and their transduction via the plasma membrane-cytoskeleton interface

Electrical signals (action potentials) and hydraulic signals (evidenced as variation potentials, graded potentials or slow waves) are discussed as complements to hormones as major means of intercellular communication in plants. It is shown that all three types of signals can be transduced into similar intracellular signals via the appropriate Ca2+ channel (voltage-gated, mechano-sensitive, or hormone-dependent, respectively). A likely role for these signals in modulating gene expression through transcription and translation is presented with special reference given to (de)phosphorylation modulated via Ca(2+)-dependent cytoskeleton-associated proteins.
Registration of 'Prohio' Soybean

‘Prohio’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. CV-497, PI 643146) was developed jointly by the USDA-ARS and The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) in Wooster, OH, and was released as a high-yielding maturity group IV (relative maturity 4.1) non–Roundup Ready cultivar with relatively high seed protein. Prohio is a selection from a cross between HC94-81PR × ‘A2506’. Both in the 2004 northern Regional Preliminary Test IV and in the 2005 northern Regional Uniform Test IV, Prohio had the greatest seed protein, while its oil content was slightly above the average for these tests. In South Region normal varieties evaluation of 2005 Ohio Soybean Performance Trials, Prohio had higher yields than all other public varieties in the test and had numerically highest seed protein among all lines in the trial. Prohio is a relatively high protein soybean cultivar with high yield potential, particularly in southern Ohio.
Fukaya Categories as Categorical Morse Homology

The Fukaya category of a Weinstein manifold is an intricate symplectic inva- riant of high interest in mirror symmetry and geometric representation theory. This paper informally sketches how, in analogy with Morse homology, the Fukaya category might result from gluing together Fukaya categories of Weinstein cells. This can be formalized by a re- collement pattern for Lagrangian branes parallel to that for constructible sheaves. Assuming this structure, we exhibit the Fukaya category as the global sections of a sheaf on the conic topology of the Weinstein manifold. This can be viewed as a symplectic analogue of the well-known algebraic and topological theories of (micro)localization.
Reconceptualizing the Zone of Proximal Development: The Importance of the Third Voice.

A reconceptualization of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) is proposed by introducing the notion of dialogicality and voice. Drawing on Bakhtin’s semiotics, it is argued that the dialogical interactions occurring within the ZPD must be understood in a larger context to go beyond the visible and audible participants. More specifically, in addition to the first voice of the more capable participant and the second voice of the less competent participant, there is a third voice that serves as an immediate agenda of the ZPD. The third voice exerts its influence through the first voice by mediating the latter’s intrapsychological functioning. The compatibility between the agenda of the third voice and the developmental goals of the zone determines whether the progression through the ZPD is enhanced or constrained. Standardized testing is given as an example of the third voice with a focus on its compatibility with the developmental goal of the ZPD.
Preparation of orthogonally-functionalized core Click cross-linked nanoparticles

The preparation of well-defined core cross-linked polymeric nanoparticles is reported, utilizing multi-functional dendritic cross-linkers that allow for the effective stabilization of supramolecular polymer assemblies and the simultaneous introduction of reactive groups within the core domain. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(acrylic acid)-b-poly(styrene) (PAA-b-PS) that contained alkynyl functionality, partially incorporated throughout the hydrophobic PS block segment, were utilized as Click-readied precursors for the formation of polymer micelles. Divergently-grown dendrimers of the zero, first, second and third generations, having increasing numbers of azide terminating groups ((N3)2-[G-0], (N3)4-[G-1], (N3)8-[G-2], and (N3)16-[G-3], respectively), were investigated as cross-linkers via Click reactions with the polymer alkynyl groups to form covalent linkages throughout the micellar core domains, thus forming core cross-linked nanoparticles. All four generations of dendrimers were found to cross-link the micelle core effectively and afford robust nanostructures, whilst simultaneously introducing Click-readied functionalities throughout the hydrophobic domain, which are proposed to be readily available for further chemical modification.
Review of the highlights of X-ray studies of liquid metal surfaces

X-ray studies of the interface between liquid metals and their coexisting vapor are reviewed. After a brief discussion of the few elemental liquid metals for which the surface Debye-Waller effect is sufficiently weak to allow measurement, this paper will go on to discuss the various types of surface phenomena that have been observed for liquid metal alloys. These include surface adsorption, surface freezing, surface aggregation of nm size atomic clusters, and surface chemistry that leads to new 3D crystalline phases.
Suppression of mouse mammary tumorigenesis by long-term tamoxifen therapy

A sustained release of tamoxifen, which produced decreasing serum levels of this drug (24 to 4 ng/mL) over 6 months, suppressed mammary tumorigenesis in virgin or once pregnant C3H/OUJ female mice. Tamoxifen was consistently more effective than early ovariectomy, which only delayed tumorigenesis. Tamoxifen prevented the stimulatory action of cyclical (alternate-month) progesterone administration on mouse mammary tumorigenesis. However, when tamoxifen treatment (12 months) was stopped, progesterone treatment initiated tumorigenesis. In contrast, when long-term tamoxifen treatment was stopped in mice that had not undergone ovariectomy, and estrous cycle returned, the majority of these mice remained tumor free. A comparison of different durations (3, 6, and 12 months) of tamoxifen treatment of virgin mice, starting at approximately 4 months of age, showed an equivalent effect on mammary tumorigenesis. All virgin mice developed tumors by 18 months of age, whereas 80% of the tamoxifen-treated mice were tumor free. Nevertheless, cyclical progesterone administration caused rapid development of tumors after 3 months of tamoxifen treatment; only 15% of these mice were tumor free at 18 months. Cyclical progesterone administration caused an increase in tumorigenesis after 6 months of tamoxifen treatment; 50% of these mice were tumor free at 18 months of age. These data demonstrate the efficacy of tamoxifen to suppress mouse mammary tumorigenesis and demonstrate that continuous tamoxifen therapy is necessary to prevent the development of tumors by progesterone, a stimulatory hormone.
Fracture incidence in Olmsted County, Minnesota : Comparison of urban with rural rates and changes in urban rates over time

Using the data resources of the Rochester Epidemiology Project, we carried out a descriptive study of fracture incidence among the residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. During the 3-year period 1989–91, 2901 County residents ≥ 35 years of age experienced 3665 separate fractures. The age- and sex-adjusted (to 1990 United States whites) incidence of any fracture was 2205 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI, 2123 to 2286) and that of all fractures was 2797 per 100 000 (95% CI, 2705 to 2889). Age-adjusted fracture rates were 40% greater among women. Incidence rates increased with age in both sexes. One-third of the fractures involved the hip, spine or distal forearm – the skeletal sites traditionally associated with osteoporosis. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence of fractures due to moderate trauma (2205 per 100 000 person-years; 95% CI, 2106 to 2303) was twice that of fractures due to more severe trauma (1164 per 100 000; 95% CI, 1106 to 1223) and 12 times that of pathological fractures (178 per 100 000; 95% CI, 133 to 222). Overall fracture rates were 15% greater among residents of the central city of Rochester compared with the rural portion of Olmsted County. The incidence of limb fractures among Rochester residents was 14% higher than comparable rates documented for this community 20 years earlier in 1969–71, due mainly to a substantial increase in the incidence of leg fractures.