cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of interaction between gabapentin and ibuprofen on the formalin test in rats.

Background Gabapentin is active in the regulation of facilitated pain states evoked by tissue injury. The mechanism of this action is believed to be through a specific binding site, likely at the spinal level. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs have a comparable behavioral profile, although their actions are believed to be mediated by cyclooxygenase inhibition at the spinal level. This study was undertaken to determine the nature of the interaction of these two mechanistically distinct antihyperalgesic agents in rats in a model of facilitated processing, the formalin test. Methods The effects of intraperitoneal gabapentin and ibuprofen were examined on flinching behavior and cardiovascular response (mean arterial blood pressure [MABP] and heart rate measured in the tail artery) evoked by the injection of formalin (5%; 50 microl). Their interaction was characterized using an isobolographic analysis. Results Injection of formalin into the hind paw caused a biphasic flinching and parallel increases in MABP. Gabapentin and ibuprofen produced a limited effect on the flinching in phase 1, but both drugs produced dose-dependent suppression of the flinching observed during phase 2 (gabapentin ED50 = 88 mg/kg; ibuprofen ED50 = 19 mg/kg). Gabapentin similarly showed a dose-dependent suppression of the MABP and heart rate response only during phase 2; ibuprofen showed dose-dependent reduction of MABP response in both phases. The isobolographic analysis carried out using equipotent dose ratios in phase 2 revealed an additive interaction between the two drugs. Neither gabapentin nor ibuprofen affected the baseline cardiovascular measures. Conclusion Gabapentin and ibuprofen independently alter the facilitated state as measured by somatomotor and autonomic response. Together these agents interact in an additive fashion if delivered concurrently. This combination may prove useful in managing postinjury pain states in humans.
My Journey to Reconcile Religious Beliefs with Reality

This article describes the tensions that I have wrestled with between my fundamentalist Christian socialization and my lived experience since acquiring a spinal cord injury. First, being a model disciple and an evangelist of my community's religious beliefs did not exempt me from being placed in an aberrant status. Second, being immersed in conservative religious beliefs did not equip me to deal effectively with the reality of my disability. In fact, it made the process more difficult. Third, the journey to reconcile my religious beliefs with my reality has been a more frustrating, painful, lifelong process than the physical difficulties caused by my impairments.
Global Nonparametric Sufficient Optimality Conditions for Semi-Infinite Discrete Minmax Fractional Programming Problems Involving Generalized (η, ρ)-Invex Functions

In this paper, we establish a set of necessary optimality conditions and discuss a fairly large number of sets of global nonparametric sufficient optimality criteria under various generalized (η, ρ)-invexity assumptions for a minmax fractional programming problem with infinitely many nonlinear inequality and equality constraints.
Proper orthogonal decomposition analysis of autoignition simulation data of nonhomogeneous hydrogen-air mixtures

Abstract The proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method is implemented on unsteady 2D direct numerical simulation of autoignition in nonhomogeneous hydrogen–air mixtures. The analysis is implemented to evaluate requirements for the reproduction of transient, multidimensional and multiscalar processes in combustion. Data reduction is implemented on a set of 30 snapshots of 2D fields of a passive scalar, the mixture fraction, and a reactive scalar, the mass fraction of the intermediate species, HO2. The snapshots cover the evolution of the hydrogen–air mixture from induction to the early stages of high-temperature combustion. The standard method by which the POD technique is measured, the cumulative energy criterion, based on the sum of the largest eigenvalues, suggests that the bulk of this energy may be represented by the first three to four modes for the reactive scalars. However, this criterion may not be sufficient to characterize the performance of the POD reduction approach. Therefore the number of required eigenmodes for each data set is tested. A number of preprocessing strategies of the scalar fields are explored to reduce the number of required eigenmodes. The strategies are designed to reduce the temporal and spatial spans of scalar values. The results show that different preprocessing strategies may yield different outcomes for the passive scalars, represented by the mixture fraction, and reactive scalars, represented by the intermediate species, HO2 mass fraction. More importantly, there are different requirements to reproduce passive and reactive scalars during the autoignition process. The mixture fraction, which is affected by the mixing process only, requires the least number of eigenmodes, and yields a sufficient representation of the original data with only two to three eigenmodes. The reactive scalar reduction improves significantly with preprocessing, which reduces the required number of eigenmodes to approximately six.
Pathology of the Olfactory Mucosa: Implications for the Treatment of Olfactory Dysfunction

Objective: The pathology of the olfactory mucosa is poorly understood; however, most cases of hyposmia and anosmia appear to be associated with a decline in the number of functioning mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). Under normal conditions, OSNs undergo apoptotic cell death at a baseline rate likely secondary to their exposed location in the nose. Regeneration of mature OSNs from precursors in the epithelium allows the animal to maintain an adequate number of neurons necessary for olfactory sensation. In many cases of olfactory dysfunction, this balance is apparently disturbed, with a net loss of OSNs. The current study will examine normal and diseased olfactory tissue for the presence of data demonstrating that the preferred mechanism of OSN cell death is apoptotic in both health and disease. The potential therapeutic implications will be discussed. Study Design: Histologic analysis of human and animal olfactory tissue. Methods: Normal and diseased human and animal olfactory mucosa were assessed for immunohistochemical evidence of apoptosis. Results: Increased activity of the apoptotic effector enzyme caspase-3 was demonstrated in diseased olfactory mucosa in comparison with normal controls. Conclusion: These results indicate that a common pathway may mediate OSN cell death from a diverse set of pathologic insults including aging, trauma, and sinusitis. Interference with this pathway of cell death is currently the subject of intense pharmacotherapeutic research for the management of stroke and meningitis. These drugs may ultimately prove useful in the treatment of clinical olfactory dysfunction.
Medical Treatment of Cystinuria: Results of Contemporary Clinical Practice

AbstractPurpose: We determined the efficacy of a contemporary medical regimen for treatment of cystinuria.Materials and Methods: A total of 16 patients with cystinuria was followed for 7 to 141 months (mean 78.1). Standard therapy included hydration and alkalization. D-penicillamine or alpha-mercaptoproprionylglycine was added for failure of hydration and alkalization to prevent new stones or stone growth, or to cause dissolution. Captopril was added for failure of or intolerance to D-penicillamine or alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine. Radiography was performed every 6 to 12 months, at which time stone events were documented.Results: During hydration and alkalization 46 stone events occurred in 8 of 9 patients (1.6 events per patient-year). With addition of thiol derivatives 7 of 9 patients experienced 24 stone events, all 6 treated with hydration, alkalization and captopril experienced 10 events, and 4 of 5 treated with alkalization, thiols and captopril experienced 8 events (0.52, 0.71 and 0.54 events per ...
Control of voltage regulator modules using anticipated load transients

Fast load transient response and tight regulation are two strict specifications of dc–dc converters, called voltage regulator modules (VRMs), to power desktops and microprocessors. This manuscript presents a VRM topology, in which instead of conventional bulky capacitors, small metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) utilised to provide fast transient requirements of the system. VRM topology based on anticipatory control tightly maintains output voltage of the converter within the required output voltage ripple band during transients. In anticipatory control, since there is no need for instantaneous changes in the inductor current, therefore the dynamic response of the converter to the load changes is ultra-fast. A 12/1.5 V, 25 A and 300 kHz VRM, based on anticipatory control is designed, built and tested. The proposed topology is validated with detailed simulation and a hardware prototype.
Behavioral interactions between naloxone and dopamine agonists

Abstract A fixed-interval schedule of food presentation was used to study the effects of apomorphine, ET-495 and clonidine and interactions between these drugs and naloxone in the rat. The rate of responding under this schedule was decreased by low doses of apomorphine (0.03–0.3 mg/kg), ET-495 (0.3–1.0 mg/kg) and clonidine (0.03–0.3 mg/kg). Naloxone, at a dose (3 mg/kg) which did not itself alter responding, potentiated the rate decreasing effects of apomorphine and ET-495 but did not alter the effects of clonidine. It is suggested that the rate decreasing effects of low doses of apomorphine and ET-495 may be related to presynaptic inhibition of dopamine neurons and that under certain circumstances naloxone may also inhibit dopaminergic activity.
Protonic conduction in Fe-doped KTaO3 crystals

Abstract The protonic conductivity of perovskite-structured KTaO3 crystals acceptor doped with Fe3+ is investigated as a function of PO2, PH2O and dopant concentration. We shhow that Fe-doped KTaO3 is a protonic conductor after treatment in gases of low PO 2 (
Cell-targeted self-assembled DNA nanostructures.

We present two strategies for attaching self-assembled DNA arrays to the surfaces of cells. Our first approach uses biotin−streptavidin interactions to bind DNA architectures to biotinylated cells. The second approach takes advantage of specific antibody−cell surface interactions, conjugated arrays and the subsequent binding to native epidermal growth factor receptors expressed on cancer cells. DNA array−cell surface interactions were visualized by fluorescence, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. This novel application of DNA nanoarrays provides strategies to specifically label cell surfaces with micrometer-sized patches, bind cells onto a designed functionalized DNA scaffold, engineer cell/cell networks into microtissues, and deliver materials to cell surfaces.
The V-ATPase B1-subunit promoter drives expression of Cre recombinase in intercalated cells of the kidney

The collecting duct of the kidney is composed of two morphologically and physiologically distinct cell types, principal and intercalated cells. To better understand intercalated cell function we generated a transgenic mouse expressing Cre recombinase under the control of a cell type- specific promoter. We used 7 kb of the ATP6V1B1 5′ untranslated region (B1 promoter), a gene found in the intercalated cells of the kidney and the male reproductive tract. We first crossed these B1-Cre transgenic mice with the ROSA26-loxP-stop-loxP-yellow fluorescent protein reporter mice to assess the specificity of Cre expression. Immunohistochemistry and confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that Cre is selectively active in all intercalated cells (type A, type B, and non-A/B cells) within the collecting duct and most cells of the connecting segment. About half of the principal cells of the connecting segment also expressed Cre, a pattern also seen in B1-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic mice. Cre was found to be active in the male reproductive tract and at a low level in limited non-ATP6V1B1 expressing tissues. The B1-Cre transgenic mice are healthy, breed normally, produce regular sized litters, and transmit the transgene in Mendelian fashion. This new cell-specific Cre expressing mouse should prove useful for the study of intercalated cell physiology and development.
Crystallographic Observation of pH-Induced Conformational Changes in the Amyelois transitella Pheromone-Binding Protein AtraPBP1

The navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella is a major agricultural pest causing large losses in a variety of tree crops. Control of this insect pest may be achieved by interfering with olfactory pathways to block detection of female-produced sex pheromones and consequently, disrupt mating. The first component of this pathway is the pheromone-binding protein AtraPBP1, which recognizes the pheromone and presents it to the odorant receptor housed in a sensory neuron of the male antennae. Release of the ligand depends on a pH-induced conformational change associated with the acidity of the membrane surface. To characterize this conformational change and to understand how pheromones bind, we have determined the high resolution crystal structures of AtraPBP1 in complex with two main constituents of the sex pheromone, i.e., (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienal and (11Z,13Z)-hexadecadienol. Comparison with the structure of the unliganded form demonstrates a large ∼90° movement of the C-terminal helix which is observed in other pheromone- or odorant-binding proteins accompanied by an unpredicted 37° displacement of the N-terminal helix. Molecular dynamic trajectories suggest that the conformational change of the α1 helix facilitates the movement of the C-terminal helix.
Pincer-like amido complexes of platinum, palladium, and nickel.

The ligands bis(8-quinolinyl)amine (BQAH, 1), (2-pyridin-2-yl-ethyl)-(8-quinolinyl)amine (2-pyridin-2-yl-ethyl-QAH, 2), o-dimethylaminophenyl(8-quinolinyl)amine (o-(NMe_2)Ph-QAH, 3), and 3,5-dimethylphenyl(8-quinolinyl)amine (3,5-Me_2Ph-QAH, 4) have been prepared in high yield from aryl halide and amine precursors by palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Deprotonation of 1 with ^nBuLi in toluene affords the lithium amide complex [Li][BQA] (5), whose dimeric solid-state crystal structure is presented. Lithium amide 5 was transmetalated by TlOTf to afford the thallium(I) amido complex [Tl][BQA] (6). An X-ray structural study of 6 shows it to be a 1:1 complex of the BQA ligand and Tl. Entry into the group 10 chemistry of the parent ligand 1 was effected by both protolytic and metathetical strategies. Thus, the divalent chloride complexes (BQA)PtCl (7), (BQA)PdCl (8), and (BQA)NiCl (9) were prepared and fully characterized. An X-ray structural study for each of these three complexes shows them to be well-defined, square-planar complexes in which the auxiliary BQA ligand binds in a planar, ^η3-fashion. For comparison, the reactivity of ligands 2−4 with (COD)PtCl_2 was studied. While reaction with ligand 2 afforded an ill-defined product mixture, ligands 3 and 4 reacted with (COD)PtCl_2 to generate the unusual alkyl complexes (o-(NMe_2)Ph-QA)Pt(1,2-η^2-6-σ-cycloocta-1,4-dienyl) (10) and (3,5-Me_2Ph-QA)Pt(1,2-η^2-6-σ-cycloocta-1,4-dienyl) (11), both of which have been structurally characterized.
Existence, uniqueness, and stability of stochastic wave equation with cubic nonlinearities in two dimensions

Abstract The main focus of this article is the qualitative and quantitative behavior of stochastic wave equations with cubic nonlinearities in two dimensions. We prove that the strong Fourier solution of these semi-linear wave equation exists and is unique on an appropriate Hilbert space. Also, we study the stability of solutions and give conclusions in three cases: stability in probability, estimates of L p -growth, and almost sure exponential stability. The main tool is the study of related Lyapunov-type functionals which admits to control the total energy of randomly vibrating membranes. The analysis is carried out by a natural N-dimensional truncation in isometric Hilbert spaces and uniform estimation of moments with respect to N.
Structure and ligand binding of the soluble domain of a Thermotoga maritima membrane protein of unknown function TM1634

As a part of the Joint Center for Structural Genomics (JCSG) biological targets, the structures of soluble domains of membrane proteins from Thermotoga maritima were pursued. Here, we report the crystal structure of the soluble domain of TM1634, a putative membrane protein of 128 residues (15.1 kDa) and unknown function. The soluble domain of TM1634 is an α-helical dimer that contains a single tetratrico peptide repeat (TPR) motif in each monomer where each motif is similar to that found in Tom20. The overall fold, however, is unique and a DALI search does not identify similar folds beyond the 38-residue TPR motif. Two different putative ligand binding sites, in which PEG200 and Co2+ were located, were identified using crystallography and NMR, respectively.
Measurement of the high-field Q drop in the TM010 and TE011 modes in a niobium cavity

In the last few years superconducting radio-frequency (rf) cavities made of high-purity ($\mathrm{\text{residual resistivity ratio}}g200$) niobium achieved accelerating gradients close to the theoretical limits. An obstacle towards achieving reproducibly higher fields is represented by ``anomalous'' losses causing a sharp degradation of the cavity quality factor when the peak surface magnetic field (${B}_{p}$) is above about 90 mT, in the absence of field emission. This effect, called ``$Q$ drop'' has been measured in many laboratories with single- and multicell cavities mainly in the gigahertz range. In addition, a low-temperature (100--140 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) ``in situ'' baking of the cavity was found to be beneficial in reducing the $Q$ drop. In order to gain some understanding of the nature of these losses, a single-cell cavity has been tested in the ${\mathrm{TM}}_{010}$ and ${\mathrm{TE}}_{011}$ modes at 2 K. The feature of the ${\mathrm{TE}}_{011}$ mode is to have zero electric field on the cavity surface, so that electric field effects can be excluded as a source for the $Q$ drop. This article will present some of the experimental results for different cavity treatments and will compare them with existing models.
Bequests as signals: Implications for fiscal policy

This paper explores how bequests affect redistributive fiscal policies. The main premise underlying our approach is that bequests act as a signal of parental affection. It is shown that private transfers in the form of bequests may not offset public transfers to a significant extent, even though such private transfers are altruistically motivated and are strictly positive for all but a negligible set of households. This is notable since these conditions are normally believed to yield a fully offsetting response (Ricardian equivalence). We explicitly identify circumstances under which the departure from Ricardian equivalence is large. Notably, the departure may be quite large even when our model is observationally very close to one in which Ricardian equivalence is known to hold (in the sense that children care very little about parental affection).
Direct Photoisomerization of the 1,6-Diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrienes. Medium Effect on Triplet and Singlet Contributions

Quantum yields for the interconversion of the all-trans-, cis,trans,trans- and trans,cis,trans-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrienes (DPH) in methylcyclohexane (MCH) or acetonitrile (AN) following 366 nm ...
On multivariable Sheffer sequences

Let {Bn(x)}~=,, be a polynomial sequence which is simple, one where each B,(x) is of degree precisely 71. We say that (B,(x)}~~~ is a binomial sequence if
ALMS: Automated logic mapping system

ALMS is a set of design automation computer programs which accepts as input a description of a logic design, specifications of modules (e.g., chips, cards, etc.) into which the blocks of the design are to be partitioned or mapped, and some constraints that must be satisfied. It produces as output a documented assignment of the blocks to the modules satisfying the specified constraints. The system algorithms are presented, system features are discussed, program execution times are given and results are presented and compared to manual solutions for the same tasks. Three conclusions are reached. First is that computer programs make it possible to perform partitioning and mapping experiments which were not possible before. Second, for one-level partitions (e.g., logic gates on chips), highly automatic solutions obtained by the program are at least as good as manual solutions and are less costly to obtain. Third, for multi-level partitions (e.g., logic gates on chips on cards) or for mappings, the solutions obtained with the program are again at least as good as manual solutions; further-more, ALMS allows a designer to try more alternatives than he could manually, so that he can trade-off the time and cost of trying additional alternatives against the value of a better solution.
Engineering factors in single‐cell protein production. I. Fluid properties and concentration of yeast by evaporation

The processing of fermentor-grown, edible yeast involves the removal of water. This can be accomplished through concentration followed by drum or spray drying. This study presents the essential physical properties of yeast solutions necessary for calculation of production economics. In addition, our initial studies of vacuum concentration show that some of the cell leakage necessary for good drying characteristics occurs. The residence time during concentration is also sufficient, to yield 1-2 log cycles of kill which are mandatory since the final product, should contain no viable cells.
Embryonic corneal Schwann cells express some Schwann cell marker mRNAs, but no mature Schwann cell marker proteins.

Purpose Embryonic chick nerves encircle the cornea in pericorneal tissue until embryonic day (E)9, then penetrate the anterior corneal stroma, invade the epithelium, and branch over the corneal surface through E20. Adult corneal nerves, cut during transplantation or LASIK, never fully regenerate. Schwann cells (SCs) protect nerve fibers and augment nerve repair. This study evaluates SC differentiation in embryonic chick corneas. Methods Fertile chicken eggs were incubated from E0 at 38 degrees C, 45% humidity. Dissected permeabilized corneas plus pericorneal tissue were immunostained for SC marker proteins. Other corneas were paraffin embedded, sectioned, and processed by in situ hybridization for corneal-, nerve-related, and SC marker gene expression. E9 to E20 corneas, dissected from pericorneal tissue, were assessed by real-time PCR (QPCR) for mRNA expression. Results QPCR revealed unchanging low to moderate SLIT2/ROBO and NTN/UNC5 family, BACE1, and CADM3/CADM4 expressions, but high NEO1 expression. EGR2 and POU3F1 expressions never surpassed PAX3 expression. ITGNA6/ITGNB4 expressions increased 20-fold; ITGNB1 expression was high. SC marker S100 and MBP expressions increased; MAG, GFAP, and SCMP expressions were very low. Antibodies against the MPZ, MAG, S100, and SCMP proteins immunostained along pericorneal nerves, but not along corneal nerves. In the cornea, SLIT2 and SOX10 mRNAs were expressed in anterior stroma and epithelium, whereas PAX3, S100, MBP, and MPZL1 mRNAs were expressed only in corneal epithelium. Conclusions Embryonic chick corneas contain SCs, as defined by SOX10 and PAX3 transcription, which remain immature, at least in part because of stromal transcriptional and epithelial translational regulation of some SC marker gene expression.
Infected vs sterile corneal infiltrates in contact lens wearers

We examined 50 patients to determine whether differences exist between the initial clinical signs and symptoms associated with infected vs sterile corneal infiltrates. A detailed history regarding contact lens use and ocular symptoms was taken, after which a careful slit-lamp examination was performed. The ocular findings were correlated with the results of corneal cultures. Increased pain (P
Beaver lodge distributions and damage assessments in a forested wetland ecosystem in the southern United States

Abstract Caddo Lake, USA, a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance, is a lacustrine wetland complex consisting of stands of flooded baldcypress intermixed with open water and emergent wetland habitats. Recently, concern has been expressed over a perceived increase in the beaver population and the impact of beaver on the long-term sustainability of the baldcypress ecosystem. We used intensive beaver lodge surveys to determine the distribution and relative abundance of beaver and the amount, type, and distribution of beaver damage to mature trees and seedlings at Caddo Lake. A total of 229 lodges were located with a combination of aerial and boat/ground surveys. Most lodges were located in open water and edge habitats. About 95% of the lodges were occupied by beaver or nutria. Some form of damage was exhibited by one or more trees near 85% of the lodges. Intensive damage assessments around 35 lodges indicated that most damage to trees, baldcypress in particular, was restricted to peeling or stripping of bark which is believed to have minimal effect on tree survival. Surveys of regeneration indicated that baldcypress seedlings were very abundant; however, over 99.9% were less than 30 cm tall. The lack of recruitment into the larger size classes appears to be a result of high stand densities and water management practices. At this time, the young age and density of the baldcypress forests suggest that recruitment is not a major concern and herbivore damage appears to be having a minimal effect on the forest.
Diagnostic accuracy of Doppler echocardiography for determining left ventricular diastolic pressure elevation: prospective comparison to chest radiography, serum B-type natriuretic peptide, and chest auscultation.

BACKGROUND: Doppler echocardiography (DE), chest radiography (CXR), serum B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement and physical examination are all commonly employed to estimate left ventricular diastolic pressure (LVDP) in clinical care. There are no published studies directly comparing the diagnostic accuracy of these tests. METHODS AND RESULTS: DE, BNP, CXR, and physical examination were performed on 56 consecutive patients immediately following clinically indicated cardiac catheterization with measurement of LVDP. LVDP measured preceding atrial contraction at end-expiration was elevated (>16 mmHg) in 19 subjects. Diagnostic accuracies were 79%, 70%, 61% for DE, BNP, and CXR, respectively. None of the study subjects had evidence of raised LVDP by chest auscultation. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnostic accuracy of DE compares favorably to other noninvasive markers for prediction of invasively determined LVDP.
Roles of Ser101, Asp236, and His237 in catalysis of thioesterase II and of the C-terminal region of the enzyme in its interaction with fatty acid synthase.

Abstract Thioesterase II (TE II), present in specialized tissues, catalyzes the chain termination and release of medium-chain fatty acids from fatty acid synthase [FAS; acyl-CoA:malonyl-CoA C-acyltransferase (decarboxylating, oxoacyl- and enoyl-reducing and thioester-hydrolyzing), EC 2.3.1.85]. We have expressed rat mammary gland TE II in Escherichia coli and created several site-directed mutants. Replacing both Ser101 and His237 with Ala yielded inactive proteins, suggesting that these residues are part of the catalytic triad as in FAS thioesterase (TE I). Mutating the conserved Asp236 or modifying it with Woodward's reagent K caused partial loss (40%) of TE II activity and reduced reactivity of Ser101 and His237 toward their specific inhibitors, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diethylpyrocarbonate, respectively. These results suggested that Asp236 enhances, but is not essential for, the reactivity of Ser101 and His237. Mutation analyses revealed that, at the C terminus, Leu262 is critical for TE II to interact with FAS. Hydrophobic interactions seem to play a role, since the interaction of TE II with FAS is enhanced by polyethylene glycol but reduced by salt. The Ser101 and His237 mutants and a synthetic C-terminal decapeptide did not compete in the interaction. These results suggest that a TE II-acyl FAS complex forms first, which then is stabilized by the interaction of the hydrophobic C terminus of TE II with FAS, leading ultimately to hydrolysis and release of fatty acid.
Effect of Temperature and pH on Solubility and Aggregation of Whole γ-Casein

Abstract The solubility of whole γ -casein in citrate-phosphate buffer at pH values from 4.0 to 6.5 and at temperatures of 5, 15, and 25C was investigated. Solubility decreased with increasing temperature at all pH values. At all three temperatures, the solubility approached a minimum near the isoelectric point of whole casein (pH 4.6) rather than that of γ -casein (pH 5.8 to 6.0). Unlike α s -and κ-caseins, whole γ -casein was soluble at all temperatures and pH values. Minimum solubility (.66 mg/ml) occurred at pH 4.5 and 25C. Sephadex G-100 gel filtration profiles of whole γ -casein solutions indicate that both a temperature-dependent and a concentration-dependent aggregation of whole γ -casein occurs.
Bio-selective membrane electrode using tissue slices

MEMBRANE electrodes based on living bacterial cells1 as biocatalysts have been shown to be useful sensors for amino acids and other biomolecules. We report here that we have now developed a highly effective membrane electrode for glutamine using slices of porcine kidney tissue as the biocatalytic layer. This tissue-based electrode yields excellent selectivity and sensitivity while having the additional advantages of simplicity and low cost. Further, the tissue-based electrode shows a much longer useful lifetime than comparable electrodes prepared with the isolated porcine enzyme.
Examining smart-card security under the threat of power analysis attacks

This paper examines how monitoring power consumption signals might breach smart-card security. Both simple power analysis and differential power analysis attacks are investigated. The theory behind these attacks is reviewed. Then, we concentrate on showing how power analysis theory can be applied to attack an actual smart card. We examine the noise characteristics of the power signals and develop an approach to model the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We show how this SNR can be significantly improved using a multiple-bit attack. Experimental results against a smart-card implementation of the Data Encryption Standard demonstrate the effectiveness of our multiple-bit attack. Potential countermeasures to these attacks are also discussed.
Influence of multi-step topography on barotropic waves and consequences for numerical modeling

Propagation of barotropic topographic Rossby waves (TRWs) and Kelvin type waves over topography consisting of multiple steps is investigated. The transformation of the wave solution from one limiting case with narrow and small steps most closely approximating a continuous slope to another limiting case with wide and high steps is analyzed. The analysis is based on the numerical simulation of the topographic waves by employing a model with r-level (terrain following) vertical coordinates and several Z-level (geopotential following) vertical coordinate model configurations with a varying number of vertical levels. An analytical solution for frequencies of quasi-geostrophic waves over a multi-step topography is derived to examine how the wave solution transforms for different vertical resolution (yielding different step sizes). Analysis of the model and analytical results suggests criteria for the vertical resolution of a Z-level model with a given topography to support TRW-like solutions and to prevent the formation of artificial edge-trapped waves. When the model has a coarse vertical resolution yielding wide steps compared to the trapping scale of the wave the quasi-geostrophic waves convert to double Kelvin waves trapped along the step edges. In the model with fine vertical resolution there is a transition from the quasi-geostrophic wave to the TRW solution. � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Oral Rehydration Therapy: New Explanations for an Old Remedy

Diarrheal diseases are among the most devastating illnesses globally, but the introduction of oral rehydration therapy has reduced mortality due to diarrhea from >5 million children, under the age of 5, in 1978 to 1.3 million in 2002. Variations of this simple therapy of salts and sugars are prevalent in traditional remedies in cultures world-wide, but only in the past four decades have the scientific bases for these remedies begun to be elucidated. This review aims to provide a broad understanding of the cellular basis of oral rehydration therapy. The features integral to the success of oral rehydration therapy are active glucose transport in the small intestine, commensal bacteria, and short-chain fatty acid transport in the colon. The review examines these processes and their regulation and considers new approaches that might supplement oral rehydration therapy in controlling diarrheal diseases.
The Future of Cancer Prevention

Objectives To hypothesize on the future of cancer prevention based on past and current progress of the field, as well as possible assimilation of knowledge in other fields that may be applied to cancer prevention. Data Sources Peer-reviewed research and federal government reports. Conclusion Cancer prevention will exist in the future as an important public health strategy involving lifestyle and medical approaches that include behavior in relation to risk factors, chemoprevention, biomarker assessment, vaccines, and emerging technologies to better identify individuals at risk for cancer. Implications for Nursing Practice In the future nurses will play an enhanced role in cancer prevention through their efforts supporting risk assessment, education, and medical approaches in an expanded role with diagnostic testing, and support for prevention clinical trials.
Heart-rate conditioning in rats as a function of interstimulus interval.

Summary.--Classical aversive conditioning of heart rate in rats was studied using a 2 x 6 factorial design involving comparisons of trace and delayed conditioning procedures and six CSUS intervals (.0, .l, .3, .5, 1.0, and 6.0 sec.). Positive evidence of decelerative HR CRs was obtained at the .5, 1.0 and 6.0 ISIs, with maximum conditioning occurring at the 6.0 value. The results supported a modified version of the temporal gradient of reinforcement theory of classical condirioning. Problems relating to the separation of true CRs from nonassociative reactions to the CS were also discussed. It has been well established (e.g., Church & Black, 1958; Ellison, 1964; Fitzgerald & Teyler, 1970) thac classical conditioning of certain autonomic nervous system responses can readily be achieved using CS-US intervals several times longer than those which are productive for many skeletal reactions. However, very little systematic information is available concerning the relative effecciveness of short interstimulus intervals (ISIs) on automatic conditioning. In one of the few studies examining short ISIs, VanDercar and Schneiderman (1967) found that a 2.5-sec. IS1 produced better discrimination conditioning of heart race (HR) in rabbits than did .25-, .75-, and 6.75-sec. intervals. This outcome is in contrast to the res~~lts showing thac ISIs of around .5 sec. maximize GSR conditioning in humans (e.g., Moeller, 1954; Prokasy, Fawcett & Hall, 1962; White & Schlosberg, 1952; Wittig & Wickens, 1966). However, the findings of the GSR studies showing an optimum IS1 of about .5 sec. have been questioned recently on methodological grounds. According to Badia and Defran (1970), the use in these studies of either CS-alone trials or extinction trials to test for the occurrence of the CR may have resulted in the elicitation of an orienting GSR to the omission of the US. The authors noted thac if such responses were present they may have inflated performance at the .5-sec. IS1 at the expense of longer intervals. Similarly, Gormezano and Moore (1969) have suggested the possibility that included in the results of the GSR studies were nonassociative reflex responses to the CS that were maximally sensitized at the .5-sec. ISI. In view of these difficulties, the question of the relative effectiveness of short ISIs in classical conditioning of the autonomic nervous system remains largely unanswered. The purpose of the present experiment was to provide data on this question for classically conditioned heart rate in the rat. Interstimulus intervals extending from 0 to 6 sec. were tested with both 'This research was supported by Grants GB-11594 and GB-28222 from the National Science Foundation, by Grants HE-06-336-9 and HE-06-336-10 from the National Heart Institute and by a NIGMS traineeship held by Glen K. Martin. qequests for reprints should be sent to R. D. Fitzgerald, Deparunent of Medical Psychology, University of Oregon Medical School, Portland, Oregon 97201.
High-power radio-frequency binary pulse-compression experiment at SLAC

A high-power X-band three-stage binary RF pulse compressor has been implemented and operated at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). In each of three successive stages, the RF pulse length is compressed by half, and the peak power is approximately doubled. The experimental results presented have been obtained at power levels up to 25-MW input (from an X-band klystron) and up to 120-MW output (compressed to 60 ns). Peak power gains greater than 5.2 have been measured. >
Influence of seminal vesiculectomy on certain physical and biochemical properties of bovine semen.

Summary A study was designed to investigate some of the changes in bovine semen characteristics following the extirpation of the seminal vesicles of four young bulls. Ejaculates from each bull were pooled on each collection day until a minimum of 5ml. of semen was obtained. The pooling of ejaculates of each bull was necessitated by the number of tests conducted on each collection day. These characteristics were studied by physical evaluation techniques and biochemical analyses of pooled ejaculates collected before and after seminal vesiculectomy. The physical evaluations included the per cent of motile spermatozoa, the degree of progressive motility, semen pH, volume, concentration, and freezability. Biochemical analyses were conducted on semen fructose, semen citric acid, and five seminal amino acids—namely, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, serine, and aspartic acid. The removal of the seminal vesicles resulted in a 50% reduction in semen volume. Spermatozoan concentration and pH values were significantly higher in postoperative collections. The per cent of motile spermatozoa and motility ratings was significantly higher in preoperative collections. Seminal vesiculectomy did not affect the per cent recovery of live spermatozoa when frozen pre- and postoperative collections were compared. Extirpation of the seminal vesicles resulted in extremely low levels of semen fructose and citric acid. Fructose was reduced to levels as low as 1.9mg. % for a single collection, whereas citric acid values were reduced to levels as low as 0.7mg. % for a single collection following glandular removal. The mean concentration of the five individual seminal amino acids was not altered significantly by the removal of the seminal vesicles. Concentrations ranged from 1.51 to 6.06mg. % prior to the operation, and from 2.36 to 6.72mg. % after the operation. The concentrations in descending order were: glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, serine, and aspartic acid when preoperative collections were analyzed. Postoperative concentrations were in the same order, with the exception of a higher mean concentration of serine than alanine.
Use of a trauma service clinical pathway to improve patient outcomes for retained traumatic hemothorax.

Early evacuation of retained hemothorax (RHTX) has been shown to improve clinical outcomes. In 2006, our trauma surgery service instituted a clinical pathway for management of RHTX that was designed to decrease time to operation and improve patient outcomes. We report our experience with early evacuation of posttraumatic RHTX after instituting a service-wide clinical pathway. From 2006 to 2007, 29 operations were performed by the trauma surgery service for RHTX. Using the clinical pathway, if patients had a persistent effusion on hospital day 2, the patient underwent thoracoscopic (VATS) evacuation of the hemothorax. A case control cohort (24 patients) was generated from 2003 to 2005 of operations for retained hemothorax before implementation of this pathway. The mean age was 33.2 years. There was no difference in ISS between groups (p = 0.14). The study group had significantly decreased time to operating room (3.0 ± 0.33 days vs. 9.9 ± 2.0 days, P = 0.002) and shorter hospital stays (10.8 ± 0.8 days vs. 30.5 ± 5.8 days, P = 0.003). All 29 study patients had their hemothorax evacuated by VATS, whereas 14 of 29 control patients had evacuation attempted by VATS (P = 0.0003). There were no differences in complications or reoperation between groups. Total hospital charges for the study group were $46,471 in the study group compared with $126,221 in the control group (P = 0.03). Implementation of a clinical pathway for early evacuation of retained hemothorax can significantly improve patient outcomes and decrease hospital costs. Furthermore, trauma surgeons are capable of safely performing thoracic surgery for evacuation of retained hemothorax.
Validation of a self-administered instrument to measure adherence to anticholinergic drugs in women with overactive bladder.

Aim To validate a self-administered instrument, the Medication Adherence Self-Report Inventory (MASRI) for measuring adherence to anti-cholinergic medication for overactive bladder (OAB). Methods Prospective study in 131 women with OAB treated with fesoterodine. Adherence was measured at 8 and 12 weeks using an interviewer administered brief medication questionnaire (BMQ) that assesses barriers to adherence (criterion standard), the MASRI, and pill count. Construct, concurrent and discriminant validity of the MASRI was assessed. We hypothesized that women who were non-adherent as measured by the MASRI would be more likely to have a belief barrier than women who were adherent to medication. Results Women diagnosed as non-adherent by the MASRI were more likely to report a belief barrier to taking medication as compared to adherent women at 8 weeks (80% vs. 38%, P < 0.001) and at 12 weeks (70% vs. 40%, P = 0.003). Significant correlations were noted between adherence rates measured by the MASRI and the BMQ at 8 weeks (r = 0.87, P < 0.001) and 12 weeks (r = 0.90, P < 0.001). Moderate correlation was noted between the adherence rate as measured by the MASRI and pill count at 8 weeks (r = 0.49, P = 0.02) but not at 12 weeks (r = 0.05, P = 0.87). The MASRI correctly identified 93% and 96% of non-adherent women at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio of the MASRI for predicting non-adherence was 91%, 82%, and 5.1 at 8 weeks and 90%, 85% and 6.1 at 12 weeks. Conclusions The MASRI is a valid self-administered tool for measuring adherence to anti-cholinergic medication in women with OAB. Neurourol. Urodynam. 34:424–428, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of reduced bit depth on optical coherence tomography phase data

Past studies of the effects of bit depth on OCT magnitude data concluded that 8 bits of digitizer resolution provided nearly the same image quality as a 14-bit digitizer. However, such studies did not assess the effects of bit depth on the accuracy of phase data. In this work, we show that the effects of bit depth on phase data and magnitude data can differ significantly. This finding has an important impact on the design of phase-resolved OCT systems, such as those measuring motion and the birefringence of samples, particularly as one begins to consider the tradeoff between bit depth and digitizer speed.
On the Effect of Flux and Composition on Irradiation Hardening at 60°C

A large matrix of simple alloys and complex commercial type steels was irradiated over a range of fluxes at 60°C up to a fast fluence of about 3x10 2 2 n/m 2 . Combined with data in the literature, these results show a negligible effect of flux on irradiation hardening in the range of 2x10 1 3 to 5x10 1 8 n/m 2 -s. This observation lends indirect support to the proposal that the accelerated embrittlement in the High Flux Isotope Reactor surveillance steels was due to an anomalously high level of damage from gamma rays. A weak dependence of hardening on a number of elements, including copper, nickel, phosphorous, molybdenum and manganese, can be described by a simple empirical chemistry factor. Particular combinations of elements resulted in hardening differences of up to about 60% in the complex commercial type steels and up to about 100% in simple model alloys. Direct effects of microstructure appear to be minimal. Hardening varies with the square root of fluence above a threshold around 4x10 2 0 n/m 2 . The results suggest that low temperature hardening is dominated by local intracascade processes leading to the formation of small defect-solute clusters/complexes. The observed hardening corresponds to nominal maximum end-of-life transition temperature shifts in support structure steels of about 120°C.
Effect of Chilling Method and Deboning Time on Broiler Breast Fillet Quality

SUMMARY A study was conducted to determine the effects of chilling method and postmortem aging time on broiler breast fillet quality. One hundred fifty eviscerated broiler carcasses were removed from a commercial processing line before chilling and transported to the laboratory. Half of the carcasses were chilled by dry air, whereas the other half were chilled by water immersion. Immersion-chilled (IC) carcasses were divided into 3 groups (0, 1.67, and 24 h) based on postchill fillet aging time on the carcass. Air-chilled (AC) carcasses were divided into 2 groups based on fillet aging time (0 and 24 h postchill). Because AC requires more time to reach the same temperature, fillets removed immediately after chilling (0 h) were the same postmortem age as the 1.67 h IC fillets. Average pH values of IC and AC fillets were similar when fillets were aged for the same length of time postmortem. Method of chilling had no effect on raw breast fillet color; however, postmortem aging time had a slight but significant effect on fillet lightness. Shear values of IC fillets removed 0 and 1.67 h after chilling were similar and corresponded to sensory panel categories of slightly tough to tough (>8 kg/g). Shear values of AC fillets deboned at 0 h (8.4 kg/g) were slightly lower but not significantly different than the shear values for IC fillets (10.3 kg/g) aged for the same length of time (1.67 h). After 24 h of aging, shear values for IC and AC fillets were <8 kg/g and corresponded to sensory panel categories of tender to very tender. Cook yield (%) of AC fillets was significantly higher than cook yield (%) of IC fillets for all deboning times. Results show that air chilling has an accelerating effect on rigor mortis onset, but postchill aging time is required to maximize the proportion of tender meat.