cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Requirement of the type II secretion system for utilization of cellulosic substrates by Cellvibrio japonicus.

Cellulosic biofuels represent a powerful alternative to petroleum but are currently limited by the inefficiencies of the conversion process. While Gram-positive and fungal organisms have been widely explored as sources of cellulases and hemicellulases for biomass degradation, Gram-negative organisms have received less experimental attention. We investigated the ability of Cellvibrio japonicus, a recently sequenced Gram-negative cellulolytic bacterium, to degrade bioenergy-related feedstocks. Using a newly developed biomass medium, we showed that C. japonicus is able to utilize corn stover and switchgrass as sole sources of carbon and energy for growth. We also developed tools for directed gene disruptions in C. japonicus and used this system to construct a mutant in the gspD gene, which is predicted to encode a component of the type II secretion system. The gspD::pJGG1 mutant displayed a greater-than-2-fold decrease in endoglucanase secretion compared to wild- type C. japonicus. In addition, the mutant strain showed a pronounced growth defect in medium with biomass as a carbon source, yielding 100-fold fewer viable cells than the wild type. To test the potential of C. japonicus to undergo metabolic engineering, we constructed a strain able to produce small amounts of ethanol from biomass. Collectively, these data suggest that C. japonicus is a useful platform for biomass conversion and biofuel production.
THE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT OF CRYSTALLINE TRYPSIN

The diffusion coefficient of crystalline trypsin in 0.5 saturated magnesium sulfate at 5°C. is 0.020 ±0.001 cm.2 per day, corresponding to a molecular radius of 2.6 x 10–7 cm. The rate of diffusion of the proteolytic activity is the same as that of the protein nitrogen, indicating that these two properties are held together in chemical combination and not in the form of an adsorption complex.
Focus on Family: Homework Supports for Children With Learning Disabilities

Research indicates that parental involvement in school experiences, specifically parents completing homework with their children, can promote academic achievement (Jeynes, 2007). However, parents o...
A unifying group of global asymptotical stability of neural networks with delay

We present new global stability results of neural networks with delay and show that these results generalize recently published stability results. In particular, several different stability conditions in the literature which were proved using different Lyapunov functionals are generalized and unified by proving them using the same Lyapunov functional. We also show that under certain conditions, reversing the directions of the coupling between neurons preserves the global asymptotical stability of the neural network.
Using pedotransfer functions in vadose zone models for estimating groundwater recharge in semiarid regions

[1] Process-based vadose zone models are becoming common tools for evaluating spatial distributions of groundwater recharge (GR), but their applications are restricted by complicated parameterizations, especially because of the need for highly nonlinear and spatially variable soil hydraulic characteristics (SHCs). In an attempt to address the scarcity of field SHC data, pedotransfer functions (PTF) were introduced in earlier attempts to estimate SHCs. However, the accuracy of this method is rarely questioned in spite of significant uncertainties of PTF-estimated SHCs. In this study, we investigated the applicability of coupling vadose zone models and PTFs for evaluating GR in sand and loamy sand soils in a semiarid region and also their sensitivity to lower boundary conditions. First, a data set containing measured SHCs was used in the simulations. A second data set contained correlated SHCs drawn from the covariance matrix of the first data set. The third SHC data set used was derived from a widely used PTF. Although standard deviations for individual parameters were known for this PTF, no covariance matrix was available. Hence, we assumed that the parameters of this PTF were uncorrelated, thereby potentially overestimating the volume of the parameter space. Results were summarized using histograms of GR for various sets of input parameters. Under the unit gradient flow lower boundary condition, the distributions of GR for sand and loamy sand significantly overlap. Values of GR based on mean SHCs (or GR*) generally lie off the mode of the GR distribution. This indicates that the routinely used method of taking GR* as a regional representation may not be viable. More importantly, the computed GR largely depends in a nonlinear fashion on the shape factor n in the van Genuchten model. Under the same meteorological conditions, a coarser soil with a larger n generally produces a higher GR. Therefore, the uncertainty in computed GR is largely determined by the uncertainty in estimated n by PTFs (e.g., mean and standard deviation). Under the constant head lower boundary condition, upward soil moisture flux may exist from the lower boundary. Especially for regions with shallow water tables where upward flux exists, choosing an appropriate lower boundary condition is more important than selecting SHC values for calculating GR. The results show that the distribution of GR is less scattered and GR is more intense if the constant head lower boundary is located at deeper depths.
Generalized single cycle classifier with applications to SQPSK vs. 2/sup k/PSK

A binary signal classification problem, where the received signal has different spectral correlations for different hypotheses, is investigated. A simple classifier, designated the generalized single-cycle classifier, is developed under additive white Gaussian noise for (1) ideal, (2) unknown phase, and (3) unknown phase and epoch environments. As a specific example, the developed classifier is applied to the SQPSK/2/sup k/PSK (k>or=1) modulation classification problem. The optimum choice of cycle and the relation between the single-cycle classifier and the likelihood ratio for SQPSK/2/sup k/PSK classification are discussed. Emphasis is placed on low signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of the classifier is predicted by the classification probability for a fixed rejection probability. >
Target of rapamycin signaling regulates high mobility group protein association to chromatin, which functions to suppress necrotic cell death

Background The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction pathway activated by environmental nutrients that regulates gene transcription to control cell growth and proliferation. How TORC1 modulates chromatin structure to control gene expression, however, is largely unknown. Because TORC1 is a major transducer of environmental information, defining this process has critical implications for both understanding environmental effects on epigenetic processes and the role of aberrant TORC1 signaling in many diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Phosphorylation of nuclear and flagellar basal apparatus proteins during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The antiphosphoprotein monoclonal antibody MPM-2 was used to investigate protein phosphorylation during flagellar regeneration in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. MPM-2 recognizes a phosphorylated epitope and detects several Chlamydomonas proteins by Western immunoblot analysis. Two MPM-2 reactive proteins (34 and 90 kD) increase in Western immunoblot intensity after flagellar excision and decrease in intensity during flagellar regeneration. Immunofluorescence and immunogold labeling revealed MPM-2 staining within the nucleus, especially towards the nuclear periphery, the flagellar basal apparatus, and the nucleus-basal body connector after flagellar excision. Comparison of MPM-2 reactivity in wild-type cells and in the mutant bald-2, which lacks functional basal bodies, demonstrates that the 34-kD protein is localized in the nucleus and the 90-kD protein is localized in the flagellar basal region. MPM-2 reactivity is observed in cells competent for flagellar regeneration. However, when cells were treated with the kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, MPM-2 reactivity did not increase after flagellar excision and flagellar regeneration was impaired. These observations suggest that phosphorylation of the 34- and 90-kD proteins may be important for flagellar regrowth. Possible roles for phosphorylation in flagellar regeneration include transcriptional activation and transport of flagellar precursors to the base of the growing flagella.
Silencing Hardware Backdoors

Hardware components can contain hidden backdoors, which can be enabled with catastrophic effects or for ill-gotten profit. These backdoors can be inserted by a malicious insider on the design team or a third-party IP provider. In this paper, we propose techniques that allow us to build trustworthy hardware systems from components designed by untrusted designers or procured from untrusted third-party IP providers. We present the first solution for disabling digital, design-level hardware backdoors. The principle is that rather than try to discover the malicious logic in the design -- an extremely hard problem -- we make the backdoor design problem itself intractable to the attacker. The key idea is to scramble inputs that are supplied to the hardware units at runtime, making it infeasible for malicious components to acquire the information they need to perform malicious actions. We show that the proposed techniques cover the attack space of deterministic, digital HDL backdoors, provide probabilistic security guarantees, and can be applied to a wide variety of hardware components. Our evaluation with the SPEC 2006 benchmarks shows negligible performance loss (less than 1% on average) and that our techniques can be integrated into contemporary microprocessor designs.
Coincidence in the two-photon spectra of Li and Li2 at 735 nm

A coincidence between the 2 2 S1/2–3 2 S1/2 two-photon transition in the atomic spectrum of 6 Li and the X 1 � + g → E 1 � + g two-photon ro-vibrational series of 7 Li2 was observed near 735 nm in a heat pipe oven using a tunable laser and thermionic diode detection scheme. The molecular transition obscures one component of the 6 Li atomic transition. Selective detection of the atomic transition was obtained by adding an intensity-modulated laser that drives atoms from the 3S to 16P state. The coincident molecular transition and four nearby molecular lines were identified using previously determined Dunham coefficients.
Exploring the effect of illumination on automatic expression recognition using the ICT-3DRFE database

One of the main challenges in facial expression recognition is illumination invariance. Our long-term goal is to develop a system for automatic facial expression recognition that is robust to light variations. In this paper, we introduce a novel 3D Relightable Facial Expression (ICT-3DRFE) database that enables experimentation in the fields of both computer graphics and computer vision. The database contains 3D models for 23 subjects and 15 expressions, as well as photometric information that allow for photorealistic rendering. It is also facial action units annotated, using FACS standards. Using the ICT-3DRFE database we create an image set of different expressions/illuminations to study the effect of illumination on automatic expression recognition. We compared the output scores from automatic recognition with expert FACS annotations and found that they agree when the illumination is uniform. Our results show that the output distribution of the automatic recognition can change significantly with light variations and sometimes causes the discrimination of two different expressions to be diminished. We propose a ratio-based light transfer method, to factor out unwanted illuminations from given images and show that it reduces the effect of illumination on expression recognition.
Thermodynamic model fitting of the calorimetric output obtained for aqueous solutions of oxyethylene-oxypropylene-oxyethylene triblock copolymers

A high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HSDSC) study of aggregation transitions in dilute aqueous solutions of oxyethylene−oxypropylene−oxyethylene (EO−PO−EO) triblock copolymers (poloxamers) is reported. The data have been analyzed using a previously described thermodynamic model (Armstrong, J. K.; et al. J. Chem. Res. 1994, 364) based upon a mass action description of aggregation which has been further elaborated to include the effect of changes in the heat capacity of the initial and final states. As a consequence the model incorporates the underlying changes in the heat capacity of the system, thus obviating the need for baseline fitting and as such provides a useful mechanism for the analysis of the data. Model-fitting results are presented for aqueous solutions of various concentrations of the poloxamers P237 (EO62PO39EO62) and P333 (EO19PO56EO19). In addition model-derived results are presented for a number of other poloxamer solutions. The thermodynamic data obtained are further used...
Characterization of the BaCl + (X 1 Σ + ) cation by photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract The BaCl + cation is of interest as it has the potential for being cooled to ultra-cold temperatures. Recent experiments have demonstrated sympathetic cooling of BaCl + (Rellergert et al., 2013), but characterization of the internal state population distributions is hampered by the lack of spectroscopic data for this ion. In the present study, pulsed field ionization–zero kinetic energy photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to observe the v + = 0–3 vibrational levels of BaCl + (X 1 Σ + ). Vibrational constants and an accurate value for the ionization energy of BaCl are reported. Comparisons to the predictions of high-level electronic structure calculations are also provided.
Residential Care for Abused and Neglected Children – Are there Better Alternatives?

This chapter will focus on a growing area of interest and concern in social work: Children who come into contact with the child welfare system due to abuse and neglect but also present with emotional and behavioral disorders. Finding ways to effectively address the needs of these children presents a considerable challenge to child welfare systems.
Avoidant But Not Avoiding: The Mediational Role of Anticipated Regret in Police Decision-making

Police officers make significant stress-inducing decisions daily. Given the influence of emotions on police work, we examine the impact of anticipated regret on the decision-making process using a cross-cultural sample. Officers were asked to hypothetically make one of two job-related decisions of varying degrees of severity: shoot a threatening suspect (or not), or issue a speeding ticket (or not). Participants’ avoidant decision-making style, feelings of anticipated regret and predicted actions were analyzed. Results supported the mediated influence of anticipated regret on the relationship between avoidant decision-making style and avoidant decisions. Decision quality was also explored as an outcome which revealed a similar mediating influence of anticipated regret. While we found no significant cross-cultural outcome differences, we did notice differences regarding the use of avoidant decision-making style between the two samples. Implications are discussed.
Sources of soybean aphid resistance in early-maturing soybean germplasm

Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a non-native and damaging pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the north central United States. We screened 78 soybean lines (maturity groups 000 to I) for resistance to soybean aphid and categorized resistance (i.e., antibiosis or antixenosis) in lines that showed putative resistance. Selected lines were also included in field trials at Rosemount and St. Paul, MN, in 2014. We detected antibiosis in PI 639534A, PI 639537, and PI 605765B and antixenosis in PI 507713. PI 605765B and PI 639537 performed better than susceptible varieties in both field trials with natural infestations of soybean aphid. We also documented antixenosis within IA3027, a line previously assumed to be susceptible to soybean aphid, which underscores the importance of including multiple susceptible and resistant controls for comparison in resistance screening studies. These additional sources of resistance may provide soybean breeders more options for incorporating resistance into early-maturing soybean varieties and allow different types of host plant resistance to be pyramided into varieties for growers.
PIK3CA mutation analysis in recurrent breast cancer

11041 Background: Mutations in PIK3CA (encoding p110α catalytic subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase) are among the most common genetic events identified in breast cancer but the role of these ...
The in Vivo Measurement of Bone Lead Stores by 109Cd K X-Ray Fluorescence in a Non-Human Primate (Macaca mulatta)

The Toxicology Program of the University of Maryland and the Harlow Primate Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin are engaged in a study of the effects of low level lead exposure during infancy, pregnancy and aging of monkeys. As part of this larger research project, the relationships between previous lead exposure, current blood lead levels and bone lead levels (as assessed by 109Cd K X-ray fluorescence in vivo measurements) are under investigation in nineteen adult and ten geriatric rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). This paper reports some preliminary data from these measurements.
The Effect of Thermal Microclimate on Foraging Site Selection by Wintering Mountain Chickadees

The relationship between the thermal microclimate and foraging site selection by Mountain Chickadees (Parus gambeli) was investigated during February and March 1992 in south central Wyoming. Air temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation were measured at 465 actual foraging sites and 525 available sites using battery powered dataloggers and sensors mounted on extendable poles. Mountain Chickadees selected sites that had higher air temperatures and lower wind speeds than available foraging sites. Solar radiation at actual foraging sites did not differ from available foraging sites. Standard operative temperatures at actual foraging sites were closer to idealized warm sites than were available foraging sites. The thermal environment, in addition to food availability, may contribute to foraging site choice by Mountain Chickadees in winter.
Ear Tagging Increases Tick (Ixodes dammini) Infestation Rates of White-Footed Mice (Peromyscus leucopus)

The white-footed mouse ( Peromyscus leucopus ) is an important host of the deer tick ( Ixodes dammini ), and the principle reservoir for the spirochete ( Borrelia burgdorferi ) known to cause Lyme disease. In summer and autumn 1991, we uniquely marked small rodents, including P. leucopus , with metal ear tags. The presence of ear tags increased rates of infestation by larval ticks on mice by 50 to 100%, probably because the tags reduced grooming efficiency. Because larval deer ticks acquire the Lyme disease spirochete more efficiently from P. leucopus than from other mammalian and avian hosts, increasing the numbers of ticks parasitizing mice may cause a higher percentage of ticks to carry Lyme disease.
Human-Robot Interaction: Status and Challenges.

Objective:The current status of human–robot interaction (HRI) is reviewed, and key current research challenges for the human factors community are described.Background:Robots have evolved from continuous human-controlled master–slave servomechanisms for handling nuclear waste to a broad range of robots incorporating artificial intelligence for many applications and under human supervisory control.Methods:This mini-review describes HRI developments in four application areas and what are the challenges for human factors research.Results:In addition to a plethora of research papers, evidence of success is manifest in live demonstrations of robot capability under various forms of human control.Conclusions:HRI is a rapidly evolving field. Specialized robots under human teleoperation have proven successful in hazardous environments and medical application, as have specialized telerobots under human supervisory control for space and repetitive industrial tasks. Research in areas of self-driving cars, intimate co...
Cataract and aphakia.

Cataracts almost invariably accompany old age. The change from nuclear sclerosis or cortical spoking to frank cataract formation is gradual. Simply stated, a cataract is present when the physiologic changes of nuclear sclerosis and cortical spoking cause a diminution of vision that cannot be corrected with optical devices. Operation is successful in about 85 percent of patients, but restoration of visual acuity brings with it problems of optical aberrations. For those who can wear contact lenses, the visual world returns to near normal.
Regional distributions of brain glutamate and glutamine in normal subjects

Glutamate (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) play an important role in neuronal regulation and are of value as MRS-observable diagnostic biomarkers. In this study the relative concentrations of these metabolites have been measured in multiple regions in the normal brain using a short-TE whole-brain MRSI measurement at 3 T combined with a modified data analysis approach that used spatial averaging to obtain high-SNR spectra from atlas-registered anatomic regions or interest. By spectral fitting of high-SNR spectra this approach yielded reliable measurements across a wide volume of the brain. Spectral averaging also demonstrated increased SNR and improved fitting accuracy for the sum of Glu and Gln (Glx) compared with individual voxel fitting. Results in 26 healthy controls showed relatively constant Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr throughout the cerebrum, although with increased values in the anterior cingulum and paracentral lobule, and increased Gln/Cr in the superior motor area. The deep gray-matter regions of thalamus, putamen, and pallidum show lower Glu/Cr compared with cortical white-matter regions. Lobar measurements demonstrated reduced Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr in the cerebellum as compared with the cerebrum, where white-matter regions show significantly lower Glu/Cr and Gln/Cr as compared with gray-matter regions across multiple brain lobes. Regression analysis showed no significant effect of gender on Glu/Cr or Gln/Cr measurement; however, Glx/Cr ratio was found to be significantly negatively correlated with age in some lobar brain regions. In summary, this methodology provides the spectral quality necessary for reliable separation of Glu and Gln at 3 T from a single MRSI acquisition enabling generation of regional distributions of metabolites over a large volume of the brain, including cortical regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epstein-Barr Virus Oncoprotein LMP1 Mediates Epigenetic Changes in Host Gene Expression through PARP1.

UNLABELLED The latent infection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with 1% of human cancer incidence. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation) is a posttranslational modification catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) that mediate EBV replication during latency. In this study, we detail the mechanisms that drive cellular PARylation during latent EBV infection and the effects of PARylation on host gene expression and cellular function. EBV-infected B cells had higher PAR levels than EBV-negative B cells. Moreover, cellular PAR levels were up to 2-fold greater in type III than type I latently infected EBV B cells. We identified a positive association between expression of the EBV genome-encoded latency membrane protein 1 (LMP1) and PAR levels that was dependent upon PARP1. PARP1 regulates gene expression by numerous mechanisms, including modifying chromatin structure and altering the function of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Since LMP1 is essential in establishing EBV latency and promoting tumorigenesis, we explored the model that disruption in cellular PARylation, driven by LMP1 expression, subsequently promotes epigenetic alterations to elicit changes in host gene expression. PARP1 inhibition resulted in the accumulation of the repressive histone mark H3K27me3 at a subset of LMP1-regulated genes. Inhibition of PARP1, or abrogation of PARP1 expression, also suppressed the expression of LMP1-activated genes and LMP1-mediated cellular transformation, demonstrating an essential role for PARP1 activity in LMP1-induced gene expression and cellular transformation associated with LMP1. In summary, we identified a novel mechanism by which LMP1 drives expression of host tumor-promoting genes by blocking generation of the inhibitory histone modification H3K27me3 through PARP1 activation. IMPORTANCE EBV is causally linked to several malignancies and is responsible for 1% of cancer incidence worldwide. The EBV-encoded protein LMP1 is essential for promoting viral tumorigenesis by aberrant activation of several well-known intracellular signaling pathways. We have identified and defined an additional novel molecular mechanism by which LMP1 regulates the expression of tumor-promoting host genes. We found that LMP1 activates the cellular protein PARP1, leading to a decrease in a repressive histone modification, accompanied by induction in expression of multiple cancer-related genes. PARP1 inhibition or depletion led to a decrease in LMP1-induced cellular transformation. Therefore, targeting PARP1 activity may be an effective treatment for EBV-associated malignancies.
Low-threshold optically pumped IV-VI quantum well vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser operating at λ = 4.45 µm

While substantial advances have been made in the development of edge emitting mid-infrared semiconductor lasers in a number of material systems e.g., III-V interband lasers, quantum cascade lasers (QCL), and IV-VI (lead-salt) lasers, there has been little progress until recently in the development of mid-IR vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs).
Chronic Orofacial Pain and Behavioral Medicine

Patients with chronic orofacial pain disorders have significant psychological distress that plays an important role in modulating and maintaining their pain. For many patients, doing procedures or giving them medications does not relieve their pain. This article discusses the role of cognitive behavioral therapy and other related types of therapy, including mindfulness practices in modulating their pain disorders and helping patients to understand and participate in exercises and practices that will downregulate their pain and add to their toolbox of things they can do to gain relief.
Combining natural language processing and network analysis to examine how advocacy organizations stimulate conversation on social media

Social media sites are rapidly becoming one of the most important forums for public deliberation about advocacy issues. However, social scientists have not explained why some advocacy organizations produce social media messages that inspire far-ranging conversation among social media users, whereas the vast majority of them receive little or no attention. I argue that advocacy organizations are more likely to inspire comments from new social media audiences if they create “cultural bridges,” or produce messages that combine conversational themes within an advocacy field that are seldom discussed together. I use natural language processing, network analysis, and a social media application to analyze how cultural bridges shaped public discourse about autism spectrum disorders on Facebook over the course of 1.5 years, controlling for various characteristics of advocacy organizations, their social media audiences, and the broader social context in which they interact. I show that organizations that create substantial cultural bridges provoke 2.52 times more comments about their messages from new social media users than those that do not, controlling for these factors. This study thus offers a theory of cultural messaging and public deliberation and computational techniques for text analysis and application-based survey research.
Development and Evaluation of a Distance Learning Master's Degree in Family Studies

This article describes an online Master's degree in Family Studies and reports on student readiness for distance learning, student satisfaction, and program review. Evaluations indicate that graduate students in Family Studies are sufficiently prepared to succeed in online course work and that they are satisfied with their program, identifying convenience as a primary advantage of distance learning. Program evaluations, conducted after course conversion to online delivery, focused on Principles of Good Practice for distance education. This review includes implications and future directions for administrators of distance learning programs. Development and Evaluation of a Distance Learning Master's Degree in Family Studies Distance learning (DL) has evolved to span a broad spectrum of technology uses, known variously as distributed education, distance education, and, more recently, e-learning to refer to online distance learning (Baker, 2003). At Texas Woman's Uni versity (TWU), a decision was made in 2001 to mount a fully online Master's degree in Family Studies to extend the mission of the University to provide educational programs to meet the needs of adult students, especially women, who seek graduate study in preparation for career or to enhance career advancement. T he Family Studies program is one of eight graduate online degree programs at TWU (the University also has two certificate programs and two undergraduate degree programs online). Adoption of DL programs can be understood in light of TWU's student composition: 46% of students are enrolled in g raduate programs. Most are working professionals who attend school part-time. The national profile of the distance learner—older, working in paid employment, and enrolling for 3 or 6 credit hours per semester—is reflected at TWU. Students in the online Family Studies program follow the pattern (statistics from Fall 2004 semester): mean age is 33 (range is 22 years to 62 years) and 86% enroll for 6 or fewer hours at a time. At present, all students enrolled in the Master's program are female. The management of online programs such as the Family Studies M.S. challenges administrators and faculty as traditional program models are adjusted or replaced to meet new needs of students and new pressures in terms of technology. At TWU, a review of the five largest growing online degree programs (which included the program reported here) generated a list of five different management models. Evaluation of all programs operating on a campus must contribute to a campus goal of identifying best models and best practices if online programs are to progress in terms of quality, effectiveness, and accountability. As this article reflects, initial efforts in evaluation are a starting point but small sample size and developing instruments necessarily restrict interpretation and cannot produce summative evaluation.
Emotion Regulation Mediates the Relationship between a History of Child Abuse and Current PTSD/Depression Severity in Adolescent Females

Although experiencing child abuse (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, exposure to violence) is associated with a variety of mental health difficulties, simple exposure to abuse does not produce symptoms in every individual. The current study explored emotion regulation as a mediator in the relationship between a history of child abuse and symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression. Adolescent females (ages 11–17 years) were asked to retrospectively report on their exposure to child abuse, current symptoms of PTSD/depression, and emotion regulation abilities. Caregiver report of adolescent emotional difficulties was also obtained. Analyses revealed that child abuse-exposed females, when compared to females without a trauma history, had worse emotion regulation abilities and increased mental health difficulties. Moreover, emotion regulation significantly mediated the relationship between child abuse and all assessed mental health symptoms. These findings extend previous work from adult samples, underscoring the importance of assessing emotion regulation abilities in abuse-exposed youth.
Sedative-Hypnotic Use Among Older Adults Participating in Anxiety Research:

Older adults are prescribed sedative-hypnotic medications at higher rates than younger adults. These are not recommended for older adults due to risk of sedation, cognitive impairment, and falls. Severe generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a possibly appropriate use of these medications in older people, but little is available on use of sedative-hypnotic medications among older adults with GAD. This study examined the frequency and predictors of sedative-hypnotic medication use among older adults screening positive for anxiety. 25.88% ( n = 125) of participants reported taking sedative-hypnotics over the past 3 months; 16.36% ( n = 79) reported taking benzodiazepines, and 12.22% ( n = 59) reported taking hypnotic sleep medications. Depressive symptoms were more strongly associated with sedative-hypnotic use than insomnia or worry. Major depressive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder, but not GAD, predicted sedative-hypnotic use. Other medications and treatments are more appropriate and efficacious for depression, anxiety, and insomnia in this population.
Outcomes of Spontaneous Labor in Women Undergoing Trial of Labor after Cesarean as Compared with Nulliparous Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective The objective of this study was to compare spontaneous labor outcomes in women undergoing trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) and nulliparas to better counsel women. Study Design A 4-year retrospective cohort. We included women at term in spontaneous labor with vertex singletons and no more than one prior cesarean delivery. In planned secondary analysis, we focused on a subset of women with a prior cesarean and a predicted likelihood of a successful vaginal delivery of 70% or more based on the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units-vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) calculator. Results Our cohort included 606 TOLACS and 606 nulliparas. Women undergoing TOLAC were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (25.7 vs. 14.7%; p Conclusion Women undergoing TOLAC were more likely to have a cesarean delivery, hemorrhage, or uterine rupture. Those with more than 70% predicted likelihood of VBAC were no more likely to experience these outcomes. These findings help contextualize the risks of TOLAC for women considering this option.
Fundamentals of Light Amplification in Single-Mode Fibers

In the first part of this chapter, the characteristics of different types of fiber amplifiers based on Raman and Brillouin scattering,4-photon mixing and erbium-doping are compared. In the second part, the fundamentals of light amplification for both scattering and erbium fiber amplifiers are described through quantum and semiclassical theories.The concepts of noise figure and quantum limit are then analyzed from both perspectives. A simplified description of the signal-to-noise ratio and bit-error-rate is made next. Finally, different configurations of lumped and distributed fiber amplifiers chains for long-haul communications are described, which is followed by a comparison between Raman and erbium fiber amplifier-based systems.
Human-Inspired Balance Control of a Humanoid on a Rotating Board

We present a stability analysis of the upright stance of a model of a humanoid robot balancing on a rotating board and driven by a human-inspired control strategy. The humanoid-board system is modeled as a triple inverted pendulum actuated by torques at the board’s hinge, ankle joint, and hip joint. The ankle and hip torques consider proprioceptive and vestibular angular information and are affected by time delays. The stability regions in different parameter’ spaces are bounded by pitchfork and Hopf’s bifurcations. It is shown that increasing time delays do not affect the pitchfork but they shrink the Hopf bifurcations. Moreover, the human-inspired control strategy is able to control the upright stance of a humanoid robot in the presence of time delays. However, more theoretical and experimental studies are necessary to validate the present results.
Bone Graft and Bone Substitute Biology

Autologous bone graft (autograft) is defined as bone graft material harvested from the host. It can either be taken locally from the surgical site or from a distant donor site. Bone graft substitutes are synthetic or allograft derived substrates created to enhance fusion. They can be subdivided into many different categories including allografts, ceramics, demineralized bone matrix, osteoinductive factors, autogenous platelet concentrate, mesenchymal stem cells, and gene therapy. The various options possess different biologic and physiologic attributes which, depending on the surgical need, make them the preferential choice as a fusion adjunct.
167-P: A ONE-PASS DNA SEQUENCING STRATEGY AT RECRUITMENT OF HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL DONORS – RETHINKING TYPING REQUIREMENTS

Aim In order to reduce the time required to identify a match for unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a one-step DNA sequencing strategy was employed at the time of recruitment. The impact of this strategy on typing resolution and the effect of current registry requirements on resolution and coding of assignments were evaluated. Methods Sanger-based DNA sequencing was used to obtain diploid exons 2 and 3 HLA-A,-B,-C assignments of 2,746 unrelated African American volunteers at recruitment. Results The results are high resolution; using IMGT/HLA database 2.28.0, ∼90% of donors carried 3 or less alternative genotypes (e.g., 89% HLA-C). Of those individuals whose HLA typing resulted in alternative genotypes, the majority (∼90%) were predicted to have only a single “common” genotype among the alternatives. Higher resolution typing confirmed these predictions. A small percentage of all assignments (3.4% A, 8.6% B, 3.9% C) included greater than two antigen groups. For HLA-B, only 4 of the 48 unique haplotypes with >2 antigens included two common genotypes, impacting only 18 of the 2746 individuals. The need for secondary assays to resolve these few combinations at the time of recruitment is questionable because of the high resolution of the screening-level typing, the focus on matching alleles not antigens, the additional cost, the increased opportunity for errors, and the less robust nature of the secondary assays. The assignment of NMDP-designated allele codes reduced the resolution substantially and introduced genotypes that were not included in the laboratory’s assignments. Conclusions We suggest an alternative strategy: use the exons 2-3 diploid sequence as the assignment to avoid the limitations mentioned above, as well as to “immortalize” the assignment in time regardless of the introduction of novel alleles. To keep pace with current donor selection criteria and with the increasing number of new alleles, it is time to rethink our recruitment typing strategies.
Complex Spike Wars: a New Hope.

The climbing fiber–Purkinje cell circuit is one of the most powerful and highly conserved in the central nervous system. Climbing fibers exert a powerful excitatory action that results in a complex spike in Purkinje cells and normal functioning of the cerebellum depends on the integrity of climbing fiber–Purkinje cell synapse. Over the last 50 years, multiple hypotheses have been put forward on the role of the climbing fibers and complex spikes in cerebellar information processing and motor control. Central to these theories is the nature of the interaction between the low-frequency complex spike discharge and the high-frequency simple spike firing of Purkinje cells. This review examines the major hypotheses surrounding the action of the climbing fiber–Purkinje cell projection, discussing both supporting and conflicting findings. The review describes newer findings establishing that climbing fibers and complex spikes provide predictive signals about movement parameters and that climbing fiber input controls the encoding of behavioral information in the simple spike firing of Purkinje cells. Finally, we propose the dynamic encoding hypothesis for complex spike function that strives to integrate established and newer findings.
Energy Informatics: Initial Thoughts on Data and Process Management

Energy Informatics is an emerging discipline concerned with using information systems to reduce energy consumption. The relationship between Energy Informatics and data and process management is examined. A new era of sensor network data is identified. Three aspects of business process management, case management, complex event processing, and key performance indicators are examined. The chapter shows how these three BPM technologies fit into an energy management systems general model.
Declines in northern forest tree growth following snowpack decline and soil freezing.

Changes in growing season climate are often the foci of research exploring forest response to climate change. By contrast, little is known about tree growth response to projected declines in winter snowpack and increases in soil freezing in seasonally snow-covered forest ecosystems, despite extensive documentation of the importance of winter climate in mediating ecological processes. We conducted a 5-year snow-removal experiment whereby snow was removed for the first 4-5 weeks of winter in a northern hardwood forest at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, USA. Our results indicate that adverse impacts of reduced snowpack and increased soil freezing on the physiology of Acer saccharum (sugar maple), a dominant species across northern temperate forests, are accompanied by a 40 ± 3% reduction in aboveground woody biomass increment, averaged across the 6 years following the start of the experiment. Further, we find no indication of growth recovery 1 year after cessation of the experiment. Based on these findings, we integrate spatial modeling of snowpack depth with forest inventory data to develop a spatially explicit, regional-scale assessment of the vulnerability of forest aboveground growth to projected declines in snowpack depth and increased soil frost. These analyses indicate that nearly 65% of sugar maple basal area in the northeastern United States resides in areas that typically experience insulating snowpack. However, under the RCP 4.5 and 8.5 emissions scenarios, we project a 49%-95% reduction in forest area experiencing insulating snowpack by the year 2099 in the northeastern United States, leaving large areas of northern forest vulnerable to these changes in winter climate, particularly along the northern edge of the region. Our study demonstrates that research focusing on growing season climate alone overestimates the stimulatory effect of warming temperatures on tree and forest growth in seasonally snow-covered forests.
1,3‐Dimethoxy‐1‐trimethylsilyloxy‐1,3‐butadiene

[106875-55-2] (E) C9H18O3Si (MW 202.32) InChI = 1S/C9H18O3Si/c1-8(10-2)7-9(11-3)12-13(4,5)6/h7H,1H2,2-6H3 InChIKey = IXZKGTYBQWJMGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [74272-66-5] (Z) InChI = 1S/C9H18O3Si/c1-8(10-2)7-9(11-3)12-13(4,5)6/h7H,1H2,2-6H3/b9-7+ InChIKey = IXZKGTYBQWJMGE-VQHVLOKHSA-N [90857-62-8] InChI = 1S/C9H18O3Si/c1-8(10-2)7-9(11-3)12-13(4,5)6/h7H,1H2,2-6H3/b9-7- InChIKey = XZKGTYBQWJMGE-CLFYSBASSA-N (diene in Diels–Alder reactions; nucleophile) Physical Data: bp 54 °C/0.5 mmHg. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR (film) 1660, 1270, 1255, 845 cm−1; 1H NMR (199.5 MHz, CDCl3) δ 4.32 (d, J = 1 Hz, 1 H), 4.00 (dd, 2 H), 3.53 (d, 6 H), 0.28 (s, 9 H); 13C NMR (50.10 MHz, CDCl3) δ 157.9, 89.6, 77.8, 74.9, 54.1, 53.1, −0.6. The stereochemistry of the diene has been determined to be (Z) by NOE experiments.1 Preparative Method: enol silylation of methyl (E)-3-methoxy-2-butenoate, which is prepared from methyl acetoacetate and trimethyl orthoformate.2 Purification: the diene should be distilled at the lowest possible temperature to avoid intramolecular silyl migration which occurs above 80 °C. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: stable in an inert atmosphere under anhydrous conditions when stored at 5 °C for several months. Use in a fume hood.
Tax Reform on Homeownership and the Impact on Children

This article discusses several homeownership provisions modified by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, and how they affect children.
Orders of magnitude reduction in the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline diamond through carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen ion implantation

Abstract Despite the exceptional thermal and mechanical functionalities of diamond, its superlative properties are highly subject to the presence of point defects, dislocations, and interfaces. In this study, polycrystalline diamond is ion implanted with C3+, N3+, and O3+ ions at an energy of 16.5 MeV, producing an amorphous layer at the projected range and a damaged crystalline region between the surface and amorphous layer. Using time-domain thermoreflectance in combination with thermal penetration depth calculations based upon the multilayer heat diffusion equation, it is determined that reductions in the thermal conductivity can span nearly two orders of magnitude while still maintaining a polycrystalline structure within the regions thermally probed. Dynamical diffraction simulations of high-resolution x-ray diffraction measurements demonstrate the formation of a strained layer localized at the end of range, with much lower levels of strain near the surface. Furthermore, within the polycrystalline region above the amorphous layer, the average number of displacements-per-atom from the ion irradiation is found to be 1 % , with mass impurity concentrations much less than 1%. These low defect concentrations within the thermally probed region demonstrate the remarkably large impact that dilute levels of defects from the ion implantation can have on the thermal conductivity of diamond.
A Young Child with Activity-Limiting Back Pain for the Last 3 Months

Activity limiting back pain in a young patient, pain that interferes with sleep, and constitutional symptoms are red flags. Young children may have difficulty verbalizing the frequency, extent, and location of the pain. The examination may identify significant spinal stiffness. Although up to 30% of children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis have reported pain, scoliosis does not typically present with severe pain or night pain. Children with painful scoliosis should receive greater scrutiny and not have their symptoms ascribed to the scoliosis alone. The scoliosis may be a manifestation of an underlying disease. In young children, back pain should not be attributed to secondary motives as can occur in teenagers or adults.
Integrating Connectionist and Structuralist Social Network Approaches to Understand Education Policy Networks: The Case of the Common Core State Standards and State-Provided Curricular Resources

This chapter examines how social network analysis can be used to study education policy networks—specifically, state support for the Common Core State Standards. Researchers built a comprehensive database of more than 2000 English/language arts standards resources on state educational agency websites. Social network analysis was used to visualize the network of organizations and state educational agencies sponsoring each of these resources to identify the most powerful organizations involved in determining the meaning of the Common Core State Standards for classroom instruction. A second study used discourse network analysis to analyze similarities and differences in the content of the materials. A final component used an institutional theory lens to examine the extent to which state attributes such as Common Core-adoption are related to having shared organizational ties.