cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functions of Wild Gorilla 'Close' Calls. I. Repertoire, Context, and Interspecific Comparison

Individuals in social groups of a number of species produce and exchange among themselves frequent, quiet vocalisations. The function of most such vocalisations, here termed 'close' calls, remains obscure, because of the lack of any obvious context of behaviour associated with their production. In this first of two papers that attempt to determine the function of these calls in wild girilla groups, we describe the call repertoire, the age-sex distribution of frequencies of call-types, the contexts in which the calls are given, compare the above measures with available descriptions for the other African great apes, the common and bonobo chimpanzees, and briefly speculate on possible functions. We provide sonograms and 21 acoustical measures of 15 calls in total, including eight 'close' calls, recorded from identified individuals of two habituated heterosexual groups of wild gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) of average composition for the region. In so doing, we provide the most detailed description yet of any great ape's within-group vocalisations. The age-sex classes differed in their use of 'close' calls: adult males called the most in total, immatures the least; and while most classes gave all calls, they gave them at differing frequencies. The differences were consistent across the two-year study period. We suggest two main contexts of production, namely situations of potential separation, and potentially agonistic situations. Thus animals called when far from others and before changes in group activity, and they called when unusually close to one another, especially while feeding. In comparison to the closely related common and bonobo chimpanzees, gorillas apparently had no calls specific to subordinate individuals behaving submissively: subordinate gorillas gave calls in such a situation, but they and dominants gave the same calls (at our current level of analysis) in other situations also. Acoustically and functionally, the gorilla's 'close' calls can be separated into 'syllabled' grunts and non-syllabled' longer calls, we suggest. 'Syllabled' calls might function to maintain contact between animals, to coordinate activity, and to act as mild threats; 'non-syllabled' calls might function as appeasement signals, and to cohere and coordinate group movement when given at good feeding sites, both by attracting animals to the site, and by inhibiting competition at it.
Full and von Karman geometrically nonlinear analyses of laminated cylindrical panels

A total Lagrangian-type nonlinear analysis for prediction of large deformation behavior of thick laminated composite cylindrical shells and panels is presented. The analysis, based on the hypothesis of layerwise linear displacement distribution through thickness, accounts for fully nonlinear kinematic relations, in contrast to the commonly used von Karman nonlinear strain approximation, so that stable equilibrium paths in the advanced nonlinear regime can be accurately predicted. The resulting degenerated surface-parallel quadratic (16-node) layer element, with 8 nodes on each of the top and bottom surfaces of each layer, has been implemented in conjunction with full and reduced numerical integration schemes to efficiently model both thin and thick shell behavior. The modified Newton-Raphson iterative scheme with Aitken acceleration factors is used to obtain hitherto unavailable numerical results corresponding to fully nonlinear behavior of the analyzed panels. A two-layer [0/90] thin/shallow clamped cylindrical panel is investigated to assess the convergence rate for full and reduced integration schemes and to check the accuracy of the present degenerate cylindrical shell layer element. Accuracy of the von Karman nonlinear approximation, currently employed in many investigations on buckling/postbuckling behavior of thin shells, is assessed, in the case of laminated thin cylindrical panels, by comparing the numerical results obtained using this approximation with those due to fully nonlinear kinematic relations, especially in the advanced stable postbuckling regime.
Tourism and crime: Implications for regional development policy

Fujii E. T. and Mak J. (1980) Tourism and crime: implications for regional development policy, Reg. Studies 14, 27–36. This paper investigates the hypothesis that tourism generates environmental externalities in the form of increased crimes against persons and property using annual time series data over the period 1961–1975 and cross-section data for 1975 from the State of Hawaii. We find that an increase in the proportion of tourists in the population results in a significantly greater number of burglaries and rapes than a comparable increase in other population subgroups. The implications of the results for regional development planning of the visitor industry are then explored.
Cyclododecapeptide Analog of the Polyhexapeptide of Elastin: 2-D NMR and Molecular Dynamics Studies

The hexapeptide, (APGVGV), is one of the repeating sequences found in the natural protein, elastin. The cyclododecapeptide, cyclo( L-Ala ’-~-Pro~-Gly’-~-Val 4-Gly5-~-Va16)2, was synthesized and was found to undergo an inverse temperature transition leading to crystallization. Extensive NMR experiments have been carried out previously to evaluate its secondary structure in comparison to that of its linear counterpart, polyhexapeptide ( APGVGV),, directly and in terms of the concept of cyclic conformations with linear conformational correlates. Building on the previous work, this report adds 2-D NMR and molecular dynamics studies on the molecular structure of the cyclododecapeptide. From the 2-D COSY and 2-D NOESY experimental results, a reversal of the previous Gly’ and Gly’ resonance assignments in the cyclododecapeptide is reported. And in the 2-D NOESY study, a prominent NOE is found between the NH’s of the two valine residues at position 4 and 6. Because the Val4 and Val6 residues are not adjacent to each other sequentially, the proximity ofthese two backbone hydrogens is used as an imposed constraint in constructing the molecular Structure of the cyclododecapeptide. Molecular dynamics investigations were employed using the information from the 1-D and 2-D NMR experiments to arrive at potential molecular structures of the cyclododecapeptide. The characteristic secondary structural feature obtained is the expected Type 11 Pro2-Gly3 D-turn consisting of the 10-membered hydrogen bond between the residue-4 NH and the residue-1 C=O, a feature previously found in this and all other repeating peptides in elastin which contain the Pro2-Gly3 sequence.
Extreme Makeover: Preserving the HBCU Mission Through Service Learning Pedagogy

Although scores of colleges and universities are being hit hard by the economic crisis, historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) are considerably more vulnerable to these financial misfortunes. Efforts to merge or close down HBCUs have grown increasingly stronger due to decreased federal and state budget allowances and changing perceptions about the cultural and academic need for these historical institutions. However, HBCUs continue to play an important role in offering educational opportunities to underrepresented post-secondary populations while maintaining a mission of civic and social justice. Although the mission of these institutions has not changed, societal and financial conditions are constantly evolving. Consequently, if HBCUs are to remain in a position to educate students to become forceful civic and social change agents, strategies for continuing to advance the historic mission must transform. Moreover, as HBCUs become more racially diverse and funding levels decrease, a curriculum shift to an integrated and authentic service learning pedagogy will allow HBCUs a contemporary approach to preparing students to excel in academics and to affect change in their communities.
High Precision Control Of Galvanometer Scanner

A high precision controller using two synchronization photodiodes or phototransistors is used to compensate the errors introduced by the position sensor of the galvanometer and its electronic driving circuit. Errors of gain, offset, and phase of a periodic waveform are easily compensated using this technique. This paper will describe the approach used. A comparison with the conventional method of reading the signal directly from the position sensor will also be made. Experimental results will be presented.
Microheterogeneity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B

Abstract Four components have been demonstrated in staphylococcal enterotoxin B by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. In a typical preparation their relative concentrations from the most to least cathodic were 6, 56, 31 and 7%. The components were not stable conformers nor were the differences in isoionic points due to bound ligand. A comparison of the measured isoionic points with values calculated for varying numbers of excess basic groups indicated that each component differed from the succeeding one by a single charge. Sequential conversion of the components from the more to the less alkaline forms was obtained by exposure to pH 9.0 at 37 °C. The data gave an excellent fit for two consecutive first-order reacions in whicc the specific reaction rate constants were nearly identical. The reaction was much slower at pH 7.3 and 37 °C and no change at all was observed over a period of 32 days at pH 9.0 and 1 °C. Amide hydrolysis is the mechanism for these conversions, but the rate is too slow to account for the appearance of four components during the comparatively short period of bacterial fermentation. It is suggested, therfore, that only the most cathodic component is synthesized by the organism and that this is converted to the other forms enzymatically.
Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System

Slavery and the Rise of the Atlantic System. Barbara L. Solow (editor). W.E.B. DuBois Institute for Afro-American Research. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. viii + 355 pp. ISBN 0–521–40090–2.
Compact monotonically metacompact spaces are metrizable

Abstract Monotonically metacompact spaces were recently introduced as an extension of the concept of monotonically compact spaces. In this note we answer a question of Popvassilev, and Bennett, Hart, and Lutzer, by showing that every compact, Hausdorff, monotonically (countably) metacompact space is metrizable. We also show that certain countable spaces fail to be monotonically (countably) metacompact.
Integration of gallium nitride and silicon: From devices to Diamond

• GaN-on-Si(111) has achieved commercial success - RF Power Transistors - 100 mm wafers - Power Management - 150(+) mm wafers • Epi-inverted N-face GaN on diamond HEMT is fabricated from state-of-the-art Ga-face material - Spatially locate diamond nearest 2DEG channel, compared to all other approaches - Removal of the GaN buffer and sub-buffer layers • Highest defect density region • Mitigate device leakage - Tailored epitaxial structures for high frequency and/or high power - Novel GaN selective etch technique developed
Tumor necrosis factor-α induces expression and release of interleukin-6 by human urothelial cells.

We examined the effects of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on expression and release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by human urothelial cells (HUCs) and investigated whether the effects of TNF-α are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. HUCs were treated with TNF-α at 1–10 ng/ml for 2–24 h. Expression of IL-6 and TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) mRNAs were examined by real-time PCR. The release of IL-6 into culture medium was determined by ELISA. The presence of TNFR1 protein and TNF-α-induced activation of MAPK pathways was examined by immunoblotting analysis. The effects of selective blockers of MAPK pathways on TNF-α-induced IL-6 expression and release were determined. TNF-α increased IL-6 mRNA expression and stimulated release of IL-6 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The effects of TNF-α were mediated by TNFR1. TNF-α induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK, and TNF-α-induced IL-6 expression and release were inhibited by selective ERK1/2 and JNK blockers. These results demonstrate that TNF-α increases expression and release of IL-6 by HUCs and that the effects of TNF-α are mediated by TNFR1. Also, the ERK1/2 and JNK pathways are involved in TNF-α-induced expression and release of IL-6 in HUCs and may represent therapeutic targets in inflammatory urinary tract diseases.
Tunable quantum tunnelling of magnetic domain walls

Perhaps the most anticipated, yet experimentally elusive, macroscopic quantum phenomenon is spin tunnelling in a ferromagnet, which may be formulated in terms of domain wall tunnelling. One approach to identifying such a process is to focus on mesoscopic systems where the number of domain walls is finite and the motion of a single wall has measurable consequences. Research of this type includes magnetotransport measurements on thin ferromagnetic wires, and magnetization experiments on single particles, nanomagnet ensembles and rare-earth multilayers. A second method is to investigate macroscopic disordered ferromagnets, whose dynamics are dominated by domain wall motion, and search the associated relaxation-time distribution functions for the signature of quantum effects. But whereas the classical, thermal processes that operate in these experiments are easily regulated via temperature, the quantum processes have so far not been tunable, making difficult a definitive interpretation of the results in terms of tunnelling. Here we describe a disordered magnetic system for which it is possible to adjust the quantum tunnelling probabilities. For this material, we can model both the classical, thermally activated response at high temperatures and the athermal, tunnelling behaviour at low temperatures within a unified framework, where the domain wall is described as a particle with a fixed mass. We show that it is possible to tune the quantum tunnelling processes by adjusting the `mass' of this particle with an external magnetic field.
The European Community and the implications for United States banking industry

The purpose of this paper is to examine the ramifications of the EC union on the US banking industry both in the US domestic environment and in the EC market. In the context of regulatory changes being imposed by the US government, the competitive posture of US banks is discussed. The future environment of the industry is also addressed in relation to the increasingly global nature of the industry.
Matrix metalloproteinase-7 regulates cleavage of pro-nerve growth factor and is neuroprotective following kainic acid-induced seizures.

The neurotrophin nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates neuronal growth, differentiation, and survival during development. However, the precursor of NGF, proNGF, is a potent apoptotic ligand for the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR)–sortilin complex. The mechanisms that regulate cleavage of proNGF, therefore, are critical determinants of whether this factor promotes neuronal survival or death. In this study, we demonstrate that, following kainic acid-induced seizures, the proNGF processing enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP-7) and its inhibitor TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1) are regulated in a manner that prevents proneurotrophin cleavage and leads to increased proNGF in the extracellular milieu. Furthermore, we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that exogenous MMP-7 enhances proNGF cleavage and provides neuroprotection following kainic acid treatment. These data demonstrate that increased extracellular proNGF levels following seizures are stabilized by altered MMP-7 enzymatic activity, leading to increased neuronal death via activation of p75NTR.
Purification and characterization of calpain from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Recent studies have demonstrated that a calcium-sensitive protease converts Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C to a Ca2+/phospho-lipid-independent form during the activation of human neutrophils. In this paper, the results of the purification and characterization of a calcium-dependent cytosolic protease from neutrophils is reported. Calcium-dependent protease has been purified 1062-fold from human neutrophils and behaves as a single species on native polyacrylamide gels. The protease is active in the neutral pH range with no observable activity at pH values greater than 8.0, has an absolute requirement for calcium for expression of activity with half-maximal activity observed at 12 /μM free calcium, and has an apparent molecular weight of 110,000 based on gel filtration. The protease requires the presence of dithiothreitol for activity and is inhibited by sulfhydryl inhibitors, leupeptin, and antipain but not by serine protease inhibitors, pepstatin, or orthophenanthroline. The protease is also susceptible to inactivation by autoproteolysis. Based on the similarities of this calcium-dependent protease with calpains from a variety of other mammalian tissues, the protease isolated from human neutrophils appears to be a calpain I.
Genital aerobic bacterial flora of women receiving radiotherapy for gynecologic malignancy.

Abstract In the present study, genital aerobic bacterial flora was prospectively studied in 12 women receiving radiotherapy for gynecologic malignancy. Gram-positive cocci accounted for 59% and gram-negative bacilli for 27% of the 26 cervical or vaginal isolates preradiation. A similar pattern of recovery was found during external beam 60 CO whole pelvis radiotherapy. The gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli accounted for 42 and 46% of the pre-radiotherapy rectal isolates, respectively. There was no significant change in the pattern of rectal flora during external beam radiotherapy. Thus, results from this preliminary study would indicate that external beam radiotherapy has little or no influence on the major aerobic pathogens in either the cervix, vagina, or rectum.
Reaction Dynamics of H2O + (D2O + ) + NH3 Studied with Crossed Molecular Beams and Density Functional Theory Calculations †

The charge transfer and proton transfer reactions between H 2 O + (D 2 O + ) and NH 3 were studied at collision energies below I eV using the crossed molecular beam technique and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The reaction products include NH 3 D + formed by deuterium ion transfer, NH 3 + produced by charge transfer, and NH 2 D + formed by charge transfer with H/D exchange. These three products are formed in the ratio of 1.0:2.0:1.2, respectively. The center of mass flux distributions of the product ions for all three reaction channels exhibit asymmetry, with maxima close to the velocity and direction of the precursor ammonia beam, characteristic of direct reactions. The internal energy distributions of the products of charge transfer are independent of collision energy, are very narrow (∼0.55 eV) and are peaked at the reaction exothermicity of 2.55 eV. The NH 2 D + products have very similar distributions, peaking at the reaction exothermicity and having widths of ∼0.70 eV. The mechanisms for these reaction channels are discussed on the basis of the DFT calculated potential energy surfaces, which identify three electrostatically bound complexes of the form [H 2 O.NH 3 ] + that mediate reaction. Theory suggests that H/D exchange to form NH 2 D + may occur through the complex NH 3 D + ...OD, in which an internal rotation of the NH 3 D + unit exchanges hydrogen and deuterium atoms. The large fraction of NH 2 D + reaction products observed indicates that this exchange takes place at a rate nearly 3 orders of magnitude faster than the predictions of statistical theory.
Contrast sensitivity function of the infant visual system.

Abstract The response of the human infant visual system to sinewave gratings of various spatial frequencies was measured. The contrast sensitivity functions obtained are an estimate of the spatial information available to the infant. Evidence for lateral inhibitory processing was found. The implications of the results for the development of form perception are discussed
Amino acid sequence of bovine neurophysin-II: a reinvestigation.

Abstract The entire amino acid sequence of bovine neurophysin-II has been redetermined by manual Edman degradation of tryptic peptides obtained from performic acid-oxidized neurophysin. Electrophoretically homogeneous bovine neurophysin-II was found to be a mixture of two species of protein molecules both containing 95 amino acid residues. The only difference between the two species of the neurophysin molecules is a single amino acid substitution at residue 89. Of the bovine neurophysin-II used in this work 70% of the protein material contained valine and 30% contained isoleucine at residue 89 in their sequences. The redetermined sequences of bovine neurophysin-II shown in Fig. 2 differ substantially from the reported sequence of bovine neurophysin-II but resemble closely that of porcine neurophysin-I and ovine neurophysin-III (Fig. 3).
Becoming a Self-Regulated Writer: A Social Cognitive Perspective

Abstract Becoming an adept writer involves more than knowledge of vocabulary and grammar, it depends on high levels of personal regulation because writing activities are usually self-planned, self-initiated, and self-sustained. We present a social cognitive model of writing composed of three fundamental forms of self-regulation: environmental, behavioral, and covert or personal. Each of these triadic forms of self-regulation interact reciprocally via a cyclic feedback loop through which writers self-monitor and self-react to feedback about the effectiveness of specific self-regulatory techniques or processes. Well known writers’ personal descriptions of ten major self-regulatory techniques are recounted, and empirical studies demonstrating the effectiveness of these self-regulatory techniques are discussed. We conclude that writing self-regulation is a complex system of interdependent processes that are closely linked to an underlying sense of self-efficacy, and we discuss implications of the proposed model of self-regulatory processes and self-beliefs for guiding future research and developing innovative writing instruction.
Relative weight and mobility: a longitudinal study in a biracial population of older adults.

Purpose We examined the association of relative weight with mobility and changes in mobility over time and whether these associations differed by race. Methods Data come from a prospective, population-based, observational study of adults aged 65 years or older. Mobility outcomes were assessed at baseline and two follow-up interviews at 3-year intervals. The study included 4195 participants with a mean age of 73.8 ± 6.3 (SD) years; 61.4% were women, and 60.9% were black. Assessment of mobility included a brief self-report instrument and a performance-based walk test. Body mass index (BMI, kilograms per square meter) was used as a measure of relative weight. We used generalized estimating equation models to examine change in mobility outcomes over time as a function of BMI. Results Average BMI was 26.6 ± 5.7 kg/m 2 , with 34.0% overweight and 23.4% obese. BMI showed a significant curvilinear association with mobility outcomes at baseline ( p Conclusions Higher levels of BMI may lead to mobility impairments earlier in life, but there is little evidence that they increase the rate of decline in mobility in older age itself.
Computerized conferencing for the deaf and handicapped

This summary paper briefly describes a unique an d relatively new medium for human communication utilizing current computer and communication technology. However, emphasis is placed on the tremendous potential benefits that this form of communication can have for the deaf and physically handicapped since this form of communication eliminates restrictions on communication imposed by lack of mobility or transportation, lack of speech, and requirements of time coincidence among members of a discussion.
Excitation of nuclear octupoles by proton scattering

The analysis of proton scattering in terms of direct interaction theory is a powerful tool for the study of a 3octupole-vibration state in nuclei through both experimental and theoretical predictions. Because angular distribution is sensitive not only to the multiple order of the transition but also to the radial distribution of the interaction in elastic scattering above the Coulomb barrier, greater detail can be used in testing the predictions of various nuclear models. (R.E.U.)
Fine-tuning photorefractive properties of monolithic molecular materials

Single component photorefractive materials based on small molecules have been synthesized. The sidechains located in the electron-withdrawing group of these molecules were systematically changed in order to investigate their influence. It was demonstrated that the photorefractive performance of these materials could be fine-tuned by changing the length of the sidechain. Excellent optical quality and photorefractive properties were obtained. A large net optical gain of 280 cm−1 at a low external field (38.3 V/μm) and a diffraction efficiency of 82% were observed at 780 nm. The results indicate that an optimum sidechain length exists for this type of molecules.
Ambiguous genitalia in infant exposed to tamoxifen in utero

Irregularly ossified ribs have been described in the offspring of pregnant rats who were given tamoxifen. Toxicological experiments with tamoxifen resulted in metaplastic changes of the uterine epithelium of fetal rats and vaginal adenosis in newborn mice. Cunha showed that the use of tamoxifen on human fetal genital tracts resulted in delayed proliferation and maturation of the vaginal epithelium. There are no adequate and well-controlled trials of tamoxifen in pregnant women. Baum stated that in 85 women who became pregnant while receiving prophylactic tamoxifen as part of a trial in healthy women at high risk for breast cancer, there were no fetal abnormalities. He did not state whether any women received tamoxifen during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy. In recent times, more women are delaying pregnancy until later years, and so the number of women of child-bearing age with breast cancer will increase. It is reasonable to expect an increase in the number of reports of infants exposed to tamoxifen during pregnancy. Our report suggests the potential for teratogenicity of tamoxifen on the developing human genital tract. In addition to structural abnormalities, it appears that the fetus may be at risk for dysplastic changes of the reproductive tract, analogous to in-utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol and the development of adenosis and adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix. Close follow-up is necessary for this infant and all other females exposed to tamoxifen in utero. We recognise that the circumstances in this case were unusual and that a causal link is unproven. Nonetheless, the incident does suggest the need for a registry of pregnancies and their outcomes in women taking tamoxifen, analogous to the registry established for diethylstilbestrol.
The diameter-cube hypothesis: a new biophysical model of aneurysm rupture.

BACKGROUND Recent discussions on the relationship between intracranial aneurysm diameter and rupture probability have focused on the presence of an apparent critical diameter of 10 mm for aneurysm rupture. Despite the fact that many investigators have argued against the existence of this critical diameter, no one has yet proposed a viable alternative concept. In this report we present a scientifically rigorous alternative concept, that the size-specific rupture probability (RP) of an aneurysm varies as the third power of the aneurysm diameter. METHODS We utilized a new biophysical model of aneurysm rupture that predicts the relationship between the size-specific rupture probability of an aneurysm and the diameter (D) to be RP = kD3. We tested this hypothesis against data from two autopsy studies and one large clinical aneurysm study. Subsequently, using this D3 hypothesis and the different size distributions of aneurysms in the study populations, we predicted the variation of cumulative rupture probability (CRP) with diameter for each population. RESULTS Data from the autopsy studies supported the diameter-cube hypothesis, with the log-log plots of size-specific rupture probability versus aneurysm diameter from the two autopsy series yielding lines with slopes 3.54 (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.12) and 3.05 (R2 = 0.98, p << 0.001). Plots of cumulative rupture probability versus diameter were determined to be sensitive to the size distributions of the unruptured aneurysms in the population. Furthermore, none of the CRP plots showed evidence of a critical diameter for aneurysm rupture. CONCLUSIONS RP varies as the third power of aneurysm diameter, a relationship that predicts a continuous increase in RP with increasing size rather than the existence of a threshold diameter that separates low- from high-risk aneurysms. Accordingly, all aneurysms have finite risk for rupture and deserve consideration for treatment. Much of the current controversy regarding the relationship between rupture rates and diameter is a result of different size distributions in study populations rather than differences in aneurysm biology.
Dependence of flame propagation on pressure and pressurizing gas for an Al/CuO nanoscale thermite

Abstract The pressure dependence of flame propagation in an Al/CuO nanoscale thermite was studied. Experiments were performed by loosely packing the Al/CuO mixture in an instrumented burn tube, which was placed in a large volume, constant pressure chamber with optical windows. A high-speed camera was used to take photographic data, and six pressure transducers equally spaced along the length of the burn tube were used to measure the local transient pressure. Ambient pressures were varied between 0 and 15 MPa, and three different pressurizing gases were used: argon, helium, and nitrogen. Three modes of propagation were observed. The pressure at which the mode of propagation changed was similar for argon and nitrogen, however, when pressurized with helium, transition occurred at lower pressures. In the low-pressure regime (∼0–2 MPa) a constant velocity mode with speeds on the order of 1000 m/s was observed. In this region, a convective mode of propagation was dominant. An accelerating regime was observed for a pressure range of approximately 2–5 MPa in argon and nitrogen, with speeds ranging from 100 to 800 m/s. In helium, however, if an accelerating region existed it occurred over a narrow pressure range which was not observed in the present experiments. An oscillating regime was observed in all three gases, in a pressure range of ∼5–9 MPa for argon and nitrogen, and a range of ∼2–4 MPa for helium. Velocities in this region are bimodal, and differ by orders of magnitude, suggesting that the propagation mechanism was oscillating between convective and conductive. At relatively high ambient pressures, a constant velocity mode with speeds on the order of 1 m/s was observed for all three gases. The conductive mode of propagation was likely dominant in this region.
Demonstration of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Chlamydia trachomatis Salpingitis in Monkeys: A Pathogenic Mechanism of Tubal Damage

The role of delayed hypersensitivity in the pathogenesis of Chlamydia t trachomatis salpingitis was studied in the monkey "pocket" model. Pigtailed monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were sensitized by inoculation of live C. trachomatis organisms (E/UW-5/Cx) into subcutaneous pockets containing salpingeal autotransplants. At 21 days, affinity-purified recombinant C. trachomatis heat-shock protein (rhsp60) was injected into pockets either previously sensitized with C. trachomatis or not sensitized in the same monkey. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction was observed, characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration with peak reaction at 48 h. Injection of rhsp60 into the pockets of a naive animal did not induce inflammation. This study showed that C. trachomatis infection in monkeys induced delayed hypersensitivity, which is mediated by hsp60. Histologic findings of the salpinx were consistent with delayed hypersensitivity reaction observed in ocular C. trachomatis infection, further suggesting a similar pathogenesis for both salpingitis and trachoma.
Quality of life in patients surviving at least 12 months following high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow support

BACKGROUND Over the past decade, high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow (HDC-ABMT) support has been used increasingly in the treatment of patients with breast cancer. In evaluating the results of HDC-ABMT in patients with breast cancer, an assessment of quality of life can add to the traditional endpoints (toxicity, and disease-free and overall survival) that are routinely assessed in clinical trials. PURPOSE This study evaluated the quality of life (QOL) of breast cancer patients who had survived 1 or more years following high dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplant (HDC-ABMT) support. METHODS Eighty-two patients who had undergone HDC-ABMT were surveyed by written questionnaire and follow-up telephone interview at least 1 year following HDC-ABMT. Patients were asked to complete the Functional Living Index-Cancer (FLIC), the Symptom Distress Scale (SDS), and a survey of sexual function developed as part of the study. RESULTS The mean FLIC score among all patients was 130 +/- 19.1 (possible range 22-154). FLIC scores were significantly lower in patients with evidence of recurrent disease than in patients who were free of disease. The most commonly reported symptoms after HDC-ABMT were insomnia, fatigue, and pain. Sexual interest and sexual activity were reported to be lower after participation in HDC-ABMT than prior to the procedure. The majority of patients who were employed outside the home prior to HDC-ABMT returned to work with a median time away from work of 48 weeks. CONCLUSIONS Patients with breast cancer who survive 1 or more years following HDC-ABMT rate their QOL at a relatively high level and frequently return to work. Less than one-third of patients who were interviewed reported moderate to severe symptoms. Problems with sexual functioning were common. IMPLICATIONS Future research is needed on long-term outcomes after HDC-ABMT and on specific areas of concern, such as sexual functioning.
Increased creatine kinase in the hormone-stimulated smooth muscle of the bovine uterus.

Abstract The hormone-stimulated growth of the bovine myometrium is accompanied by a 2-fold increase in creatine kinase (CK) ★ activity and a decrease in the total cell protein at 90–120 day gestation. The microsome bound fraction of CK increases 4-fold. From identical electrophoretic and immunological behavior of the enzyme with the enzyme from unstimulated muscle, we conclude that the hormone-induced change in activity results from an increase in the quantity of the normal smooth muscle CK isoenzyme.
Charged-particle beam diagnostics for the advanced photon source

Plans, prototypes, and initial test results for the charged-particle beam (e[sup [minus]], e[sup +]) diagnostic systems on the injector rings, their transport lines, and the storage ring for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) are presented. The APS will be a synchrotron radiation user facility with one of the world's brightest x-ray sources in the 10-keV to 100-keV regime. Its 200-MeV electron linac, 450-MeV positron linac, positron accumulator ring, 7-GeV booster synchrotron, 7-GeV storage ring, and undulator test lines will also demand the development and demonstration of key particle-beam characterization techniques over a wide range of parameter space. Some of these parameter values overlap or approach those projected for fourth generation light sources (linac-driven FELs and high brightness storage rings) as described at a recent workshop. Initial results from the diagnostics prototypes on the linac test stand operating at 45-MeV include current monitor data, beam loss monitor data, and video digitization using VME architecture.
THE ANTAGONISM OF CALCIUM AND NEOSTIGMINE TO KANAMYCIN-INDUCED NEUROMUSCULAR PARALYSIS.

Summary The relative effectiveness of calcium gluconate and neostigmine as antagonists of kanamycin-induced neuromuscular blockade was studied using the sciatic nerve-gastrocnemius muscle preparation of the rabbit and by determinations of paralyzing doses of kanamycin in mice. Both calcium and neostigmine antagonized the kanamycin paralysis, but over a wide dose range calcium was the more effective agent. Other dose-response studies indicated that the combination of calcium gluconate and neostigmine may be more effective than either of these agents alone.
Oriented Asymmetric Divisions That Generate the Stomatal Spacing Pattern in Arabidopsis Are Disrupted by the too many mouths Mutation

Wild-type stomata are spaced by intervening cells, a pattern disrupted in the Arabidopsis mutant too many mouths (tmm). To determine the mechanism of wild-type spacing and how tmm results in pattern violations, we analyzed the behavior of cells through time by using sequential dental resin impressions. Meristemoids are stomatal precursors produced by asymmetric division. We show that wild-type patterning largely results when divisions next to a preexisting stoma or precursor are oriented so that the new meristemoid is placed away. Because this placement is independent of cell lineage, these divisions may be oriented by cell–cell signaling. tmm randomizes this orientation and releases a prohibition on asymmetric division in cells at specific locations, resulting in stomatal clusters. TMM is thus necessary for two position-dependent events in leaves: the orientation of asymmetric divisions that pattern stomata, and the control of which cells will enter the stomatal pathway. In addition, our findings argue against most previous hypotheses of wild-type stomatal patterning.
A rare case of endogenous Aspergillus conicus endophthalmitis in an immunocompromised patient

Background The purpose of this study was to report the case of a patient with bilateral panuveitis who was found to have a rarely reported intraocular fungus, Aspergillus conicus. A 40-year-old man presented with gradual vision loss in both eyes. He had bilateral anterior uveitis, granulomatous vitritis with a preretinal granuloma in the right eye, and nongranulomatous vitritis with two quadrants of chorioretinal scarring in the left.
The Effect of Perceived Uncertainty on Analysts’ Recommendations and Earnings Forecasts

Prior literature has found that as uncertainty in a firms information environment increases, optimism increases in equity analysts’ earnings forecasts. The studies suggest an economic incentive explanation, commonly called the management‐relations hypothesis. However, there is conflicting evidence that managers would prefer pessimistic forecasts and encourage analysts to “walk‐down” their forecasts to prevent negative earnings surprises. To test these contradictory findings, this study uses an experimental setting to remove economic incentives from the analyst’s decision process and isolate the cause of observed bias in analysts’ reports. The results of the experiment show that an increase in the perceived uncertainty of the forecasting task results in significantly lower relative optimism in analysts’ earnings forecasts. This finding is consistent with a negativity hypothesis and the managementrelations hypothesis extolled in the empirical research. The findings also show that relative forecast optimism bias is positively related to the level of analysts’ buy/sell recommendations consistent with more recent findings that suggest that analysts use motivated reasoning (the tendency to process information in a manner that supports one’s goal) in their judgments of forecasted earnings and recommendations. Together, these results suggest that analysts consider and use financial information differently depending on their decision goal.
Decay mode K → 2π + γ

The radiative decay K+ → π+ + π0 + π0 + γ is considered in the light of the ΔT= 1/2 rule. The possibility that the nonradiative and radiative rates are of the same order of magnitude is investigated by constructing mechanisms that obey the ΔT = 1/2 rule in the absence of electromagnetic interactions. We consider a boson pole model and a model involving a two-particle intermediate state and find that the former model can give contributions to the radiative rate that are of the same order of magnitude as the internal bremsstrahlung contribution. The pole model also furnishes an estimate of the rate for K20→ π+π+ + π- + γ.
Modeling to Generate Alternatives: The HSJ Approach and an Illustration Using a Problem in Land Use Planning

Public-sector planning problems are typically complex, and some important planning issues cannot be captured within a mathematical programming model of a problem; such issues may be qualitative in nature, unknown, or unrevealed by decisionmakers. Furthermore, there are often numerous solutions to a mathematical formulation that are nearly the same with respect to modeled issues but that are drastically different from each other in decision space. In such cases, some of these solutions may be significantly better than others with respect to unmodeled issues. Thus, a potentially important role of programming models is to generate a small number of alternative solutions that are feasible, perform well with respect to modeled issues, and are significantly different with respect to the decisions they specify. Such a set of alternatives may aid analysts and decision makers in understanding the problem and may serve as a catalyst for human creativity and invention. The Hop, Skip, and Jump HSJ method has been developed for this purpose. It is designed to produce alternative solutions that are very different from previously generated solutions. Each solution generated is good in the sense that it meets targets specified for modeled objectives. The technique is described in this paper, and is illustrated using a multiobjective linear programming model of a land use planning problem provided by a regional planning commission. In this case, the method is shown to be capable of generating alternative solutions that perform well with respect to the modeled objectives and that are drastically different with respect to the land use pattern specified. Differences among solutions are discussed using visual inspection as well as simple quantitative measures. The technique can be used to extend the capabilities of existing mathematical programming packages.
Inhibitory circuits for visual processing in thalamus

Synapses made by local interneurons dominate the intrinsic circuitry of the mammalian visual thalamus and influence all signals traveling from the eye to cortex. Here we draw on physiological and computational analyses of receptive fields in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus to describe how inhibition helps to enhance selectivity for stimulus features in space and time and to improve the efficiency of the neural code. Further, we explore specialized synaptic attributes of relay cells and interneurons and discuss how these might be adapted to preserve the temporal precision of retinal spike trains and thereby maximize the rate of information transmitted downstream.
Laramide Basin Subsidence and Basement Uplift in Rocky Mountain Foreland of Wyoming: ABSTRACT

The basement-cored ranges of the Rocky Mountain foreland have attracted geologists' attention since the time of early exploration of the western United States and have been the subject of numerous structural studies since early in this century. Until the advent of hydrocarbon exploration, however, the basins got little attention. Even today, our knowledge of the uplifts far exceeds that concerning basin genesis. The most recent work shows that uplift of the ranges and subsidence of the basins are intimately related and suggests that viewing the subsidence-uplift couple as the unit of deformation in the foreland is most likely to lead to a better understanding of the timing and kinematics of the Laramide orogeny. The Wind River Range in western Wyoming is an excellent natural laboratory for studying a Laramide uplift. A COCORP seismic profile provides geometric control, and tectogenic sediments record the history of uplift and erosion. The stratigraphy and provenance of these sediments indicate a complex Laramide and later tectonic history for the range and identify the timing and position of individual faulting events. These events are (1) main uplift of the range by motion on the Wind River fault and the formation of an erosion surface of low relief (Late Cretaceous through early Eocene), (2) elevation of this erosion surface as much as 3,000 ft (914 m) by motion on imbricates and associated tear faults in the hanging wall of the Wind River fault (end of early Eocene), (3) collapse of the ti of the Wind River fault into sedimentary fill of the Green River basin (between middle Eocene and late Oligocene), (4) uplift of the crest of the range by nearly 3,000 ft (914 m) forming the highest peaks in the Wyoming foreland (late Oligocene), and (5) collapse of the southern part of the range along normal faults (Neogene). Basin modeling in two distinctly different structural settings points to several driving mechanisms for subsidence in Laramide basins. Subsidence of the northern Green River basin was a flexural response to sediment loading and the intracrustal and topographic loads imposed by uplift of the adjacent Wind River Range. In contrast, the Hanna basin subsided when a rigid crustal block rotated downward as the Rawlins uplift was raised on the other end. Both flexure and rigid block rotation likely are operative to varying degrees in most Laramide basins. A schematic cross section through central Wyoming suggests that deep basins, where both rotation and tectonic loading are important, support structurally low ranges. Where rotation is not an important component of subsidence, basins support structurally high ranges. Furthermore, because basin subsidence and basement uplift are genetically linked, both indicate the timing of Laramide deformation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1523------------
Energy-averaged electron–ion momentum transport cross section in the Born approximation and Debye–Hückel potential: Comparison with the cut-off theory

Abstract An exact analytical expression for the energy-averaged electron–ion momentum transport cross section in the Born approximation and Debye–Huckel exponentially screened potential has been derived and compared with the formulae given by other authors. A quantitative comparison between cut-off theory and quantum mechanical perturbation theory has been presented. Based on results from the Born approximation and Spitzer's formula, a new approximate formula for the quantum Coulomb logarithm has been derived and shown to be more accurate than previous expressions.
THE VANISHING FETAL URETEROCELE: A CAUSE FOR CONCERN?

The natural history of fetal ureteroceles is poorly understood. We report two cases of fetal ureterocele which add to our understanding of its natural history. In both cases, the fetal ureterocele ‘resolved’ later in gestation. The postnatal findings emphasize the importance of an aggressive newborn evaluation despite apparent resolution of the ureterocele on prenatal ultrasound examination.