cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mixed-Use and Mini-Vans: When New Urbanism Meets Sunbelt Consumer Preference: A Case Study Analysis of Mixed-Use in Dallas, Texas

What happens when the ideology commonly referred to as “New Urbanism” meets the dreaded consumer preferences of automobile-addicted sunbelt cities such as Dallas, Texas? New Urbanist ideology permeates current planning policies and influences many discussions in the development community around sustainability and sprawl. Yet policies and hopes often take on a different identity entirely once molded by the preferences of the American consumer. New Urbanism offers potential solutions to many of the problems associated with suburban sprawl in the United States, but it is no panacea. Ideologues and opponents may debate its merits and shortcomings, but it is the consumers’ votes in dollars and cents that ultimately render the verdict in practice. The market dynamics of sunbelt cities present challenges and preferences different in many ways from higher density cities on either the west or east coasts. Recent developments show that New Urbanism, and mixed-use development in particular, offers competitive differentiation and may be extremely successful in the sunbelt. Yet the ideology does not meet all needs of this market, and the development community must carefully analyze what elements of New Urbanism will work in practice and which will not. This paper will provide the background of New Urbanism and explore the view points of its proponents and opponents. Finally, two developments in Dallas, Texas will be used as case studies to illustrate how the debate has manifested itself in the sunbelt and what each teaches about the viability of New Urbanism in this type of market.
The united states naval blockade of Iraq: A foreign policy and international law analysis

The current Persian Gulf crisis may signal a new period in human history in which the United Nations is viewed as the forum of first resort for the resolution of international harms and disputes. This is particularly striking since the Security Council, because of east-west divisions, has been unable to act in a collective manner to addresses serious international breaches of the peace. This two part essay deals with the events leading up to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the step-by-step reaction by the U.S. Government, the imposition of the U.S. Navy blockade of Kuwaiti shipping, and the legal justification for the introduction of forces. The reader is left to decide whether the Rule of Law and Charter ideals of collective security, are the real victors in the current conflict. Part 1 of the essay examines the detailed economic and political causes for the Iraqi invasion. Even though some commentators have characterized Saddam Hussein's entry into Kuwait as “naked aggression” which was driven by Saddam H...
Isolation and characterization of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Cape Cod soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria).

Abstract Vibro parahaemolyticus was isolated from soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) taken from 10 different clamming areas on Cape Cod, Mass., during July and August 1972. Direct plating on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose agar was found to be superior to either direct plating on Vanderzant modified salt starch agar or enrichment with Trypticase soy broth containing 7% salt for isolation from clam samples. Morphological and biochemical characteristics of 33 isolates from 30 samples generally conform to those described for this organism in the literature, except for the production of acid from sucrose, lactose, and sorbitol. Six of the isolates were hemolytic on human blood agar plates, whereas all showed a negative Kanagawa phenomenon. Twenty of the 33 isolates reacted with pooled antisera to the K antigen; 15 of these reacted with 9 different specific K antisera, leaving 5 untypable. Ten of these 15 reacted with 4 different O antisera.
Autophagy, inflammation and neurodegenerative disease

Autophagy is emerging as a central regulator of cellular health and disease and, in the central nervous system (CNS), this homeostatic process appears to influence synaptic growth and plasticity. Herein, we review the evidence that dysregulation of autophagy may contribute to several neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS. Up-regulation of autophagy may prevent, delay or ameliorate at least some of these disorders, and - based on recent findings from our laboratory - we speculate that this goal may be achieved using a safe, simple and inexpensive approach.
A small signal stability performance boundary for direct load control

This paper deals with the problem of determining a boundary of small-signal stability performance of a power system in terms of active power loads selected at a few buses. The boundary could be used to schedule the operation of loads such that a desired small-signal stability performance is satisfied over a period of time. Such a scheme for direct control of loads from a central control center could be employed at times when the system is vulnerable. The underlying analysis in forming the above boundary is based on structured singular value (SSV or /spl mu/) framework. This paper presents the detailed development of the analysis framework and results on the Nordic32 test system.
Evaluation of Hierarchical Mesh Reorderings

Irregular and sparse scientific computing programs frequently experience performance losses due to inefficient use of the memory system in most machines. Previous work has shown that, for a graph model, performing a partitioning and then reordering within each partition improves performance. More recent work has shown that reordering heuristics based on a hypergraph model result in better reorderings than those based on a graph model. This paper studies the effects of hierarchical reordering strategies within the hypergraph model. In our experiments, the reorderings are applied to the nodes and elements of tetrahedral meshes, which are inputs to a mesh optimization application. We show that cache performance degrades over time with consecutive packing, but not with breadth-first ordering, and that hierarchical reorderings involving hypergraph partitioning followed by consecutive packing or breadth-first orderings in each partition improve overall execution time.
Role of 14-3-3 proteins in eukaryotic signaling and development.

14–3–3 genes encode a ubiquitous family of highly conserved eukaryotic proteins from fungi to humans and plants with several molecular and cellular functions. Most notably, 14–3–3 proteins bind to phosphoserine/phosphothreonine motifs in a sequence‐specific manner. More than 100 14–3–3 binding partners involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, stress responses, and malignant transformation have been identified. The 14–3–3 proteins form homodimers and heterodimers, and there is redundancy of the binding specificity and function of different 14–3–3 proteins because of their highly similar amino acid sequence and tertiary structure. 14–3–3 proteins can regulate target protein function by several mechanisms. Although the molecular and cellular functions of 14–3–3 proteins have been well studied, there have been fewer studies addressing the in vivo role of 14–3–3s. Here we review what is known about 14–3–3 proteins during eukaryotic development.
Physiological responses of Vitis vinifera cv. 'Chardonnay' to infection by the Pierce's disease bacterium.

Physiological changes associated with water stress and senescence were compared between leaves of healthy grapevines ( Vitis vinifera cv. “Chardonnay”) and grapevines infected with the Pierce's disease (PD) bacterium. Vegetative growth of diseased vines was less than that of nearby healthy vines under natural vineyard conditions. Although stomatal resistance of diseased leaves with marginal necrosis was similar to that of healthy leaves during early morning, the stomatal resistance of diseased leaves increased greatly later in the day while that of healthy leaves remained relatively constant. The diurnal patterns of transpiration and photosynthesis demonstrated that these processes were inhibited by PD. The reduced photosynthesis of diseased leaves was at least partly due to inhibition of nonstomatal-related aspects of CO 2 fixation. Compared to healthy leaves, diseased leaves had higher concentrations of abscisic acid, glucose, fructose, Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , but a lower concentration of K + . Sucrose accumulated in green tissue of a diseased leaf, but the concentration of sucrose and starch were lower in diseased chlorotic tissue than in diseased green or healthy leaf tissue. Chlorophyll reduction in diseased leaves was also associated with increases in electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation and superoxide anion. Based on these physiological changes and the similarity of PD to other “non flaccid” vascular diseases, it is proposed that the symptoms of PD are the result of relatively mild but prolonged water stress which accelerates leaf senescence.
Sensory Integration as a Treatment for Automatically Maintained Stereotypy

According to sensory integration (SI) theory, many symptoms of autism are caused by an inability to integrate and adaptively respond to sensory input. Despite little evidence supporting SI, this form of therapy is a popular treatment for children with autism. Should these treatments work, they should be most effective for behavior maintained by sensory consequences (automatically maintained). SI activities may make these sensory consequences less reinforcing. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SI treatments could reduce automatically-maintained stereotypy. Five individuals with autism participated. An occupational therapist prescribed sensory activities that competed with stereotypy for SI treatments. Two types of SI treatments were tested: sensory diets and brushing with deep-pressure therapy. The effect of these treatments on stereotypy was evaluated in an ABAB design. Neither the sensory diet alone, brushing and deep pressure alone, nor both treatments combined were effective interventions for stereotypy. These results do not support the use of SI as a treatment for stereotypy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perturbation of initial and boundary conditions for a limited‐area ensemble: multi‐model versus single‐model approach

With the aim of developing of an ensemble forecasting system for the short-range, the validity of a multi-analysis multi-model approach for initial- and boundary-condition perturbations has been explored by the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling (COSMO). This approach has been adopted in the COSMO Short-Range Ensemble Prediction System (COSMO–SREPS), in which members are driven by a few operational deterministic runs. In this work, we show the extent to which this approach is beneficial with respect to the downscaling of a single-model global ensemble, adopted by the operational COSMO Limited-Area Ensemble Prediction System (COSMO–LEPS). Both COSMO–SREPS and COSMO–LEPS are made up of 16 integrations of the COSMO model with 7 km horizontal mesh size. Results based on the 2010–2011 winter season show that the 16 member COSMO–LEPS outperforms the 16 member COSMO–SREPS, which has boundaries perturbed by three global model runs only, but the reverse is true when the three-member versions of the two systems are compared. Hence, if only a small-size Limited-Area Model (LAM) ensemble is feasible, then the multimodel approach for boundaries gives better results. The dependence of the scores on ensemble size is also studied, showing that all the quality measures tend to saturate before the full size is reached. Finally, the impact of combining the two ensembles is assessed, showing that a positive impact results from adding multi-model-driven members to COSMO–LEPS.
Alternative Multi-level Continuous Sampling Plans

In this paper we consider certain continuous sampling plans for which the rules concerning partial inspection depend, in part, on the length of time it takes to decide that the process quality is good enough so that 100% inspection may be suspended (e.g. the time required to find i consecutive items free of defects). These plans are shown to be identical to various existing multi-level continuous plans with respect to many mathematical characterizations. In certain cases these plans may be more desirable or easier to administer in practice.
Diagnosis of occult Zollinger‐Ellison tumors by gastrin radioimmunoassay

The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be best diagnosed by the measurement of elevated concentrations of peripheral venous gastrin. Using the gastrin radioimmunoassay, ulcerogenic tumors were diagnosed preoperatively in 4 patients. In three of these patients, no tumor could be found at laparotomy. In each, a tiny lesion was found in the submucosa of the duodenum, one at subsequent laparotomy, one in the duodenal stump resected for suspicion of retained antrum, and the third at autopsy. In the fourth patient, the duodenum was opened and a tiny duodenal islet cell adenoma resected. In the second and fourth patients, resection of the adenomas appears to have cured the patients without total gastrectomy; they are asymptomatic and have markedly lowered gastrin levels postoperatively. A plan for the management of duodenal islet cell tumors is presented which suggests that total gastrectomy might possibly be avoided if the surgeon is confident that the tumor is confined to the duodenum; this should be verified by following the course of the concentrations of peripheral venous gastrin.
Clinical and immunologic evaluation of trimellitic anhydride workers in multiple industrial settings

Abstract This article describes our clinical and immunologic experience in assessing workers exposed to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) in three industrial settings. Since 1977 we have been engaged in a prospective study of workers involved at the site of manufacture of TMA. These studies demonstrate that serologic measurements of total antibody to trimellityl human serum albumin (TM-HSA) and IgE antibody to TM-HSA are predictive of the development of an immunologically mediated respiratory illness and are useful in monitoring workers removed from TMA exposure, in identifying asymptomatic workers who may be at risk in the future, and in defining the nature of sensitization of the workforce. In a different industrial setting, we have been able to study workers who mixed previously manufactured TMA powder with epoxy resins. This study indicated that clinical assessments by a plant physician with a standardized questionnaire, along with serologic tests, could establish the presence or absence of an immunologic respiratory illness caused by the inhalation of TMA dust. In a third industrial situation, workers were exposed to both TMA and phthalic anhydride (PA). Here workers were interviewed by a local physician with minimal experience with TMA-related respiratory illness. In this situation a more detailed questionnaire was utilized, along with serologic tests utilizing the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to establish the presence of a TMA- or PA-related syndrome. Immunologic studies demonstrated in workers exposed to both TMA and PA that the antibody responses elicited showed little crossreactivity between antibodies directed against TM-HSA or PA-HSA.
Percutaneous Bone Marrow Transplantation Using Fractional Ablative Erbium:YAG Laser

Topical application of therapeutic agents has been a mainstay in Dermatology for the treatment of skin disorders but is not commonly used for systemic delivery. For a topically applied agent to reach distant body sites it must first overcome the barrier function of the skin and then penetrate into deeper structures before reaching the systemic circulation. This has limited the use of topically applied agents to those having specific charge, solubility and size restrictions. Pretreatment of the skin with ablative fractional laser appears to enhance the uptake of some topically applied drugs but the ability to effectively deliver agents to distant sites is largely unproven. In this report we used a fractional ablative Erb:YAG (Erbium/Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser to facilitate the transfer of bone marrow stem cells through the skin in a murine bone marrow transplant model. Chimerism could be detected in the peripheral blood of recipient C57BL/6 mice that were pretreated with ablative fractional laser and had topically applied enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled bone marrow cells from syngeneic donor transgenic mice. This study indicates that fractional laser can be used to deliver stem cells through the skin and remain functionally intact.
Understanding prism adaptation: An individual differences approach

Adaptation of college students to wedge prisms was studied in terminal exposure and continuous exposure conditions. The adaptation experience was preceded by the administration of a battery of pretests designed to evaluate several visual and motor abilities thought to be involved in adaptation performance. Ability indices were formed for each subject on the basis of his performance on the pretests. These radices were then used in multiple regression analyses with several measures of adaptation as dependent variables. The ability indices accounted for substantial portions of the dependent measure variance. In the terminal exposure condition, amount of adaptation was positively correlated with indices of eye ability and negatively correlated with indices of hand ability. Intermanual transfer of adaptation was positively correlated with hand abilities and negatively correlated with eye abilities. In the continuous exposure condition, amount of adaptation was positively correlated with eye abilities and negatively correlated with hand abilities. It was suggested that theoretical and experimental approaches may be oversimplified if they do not take into account the possibility that at least some of the differences in the adaptation shown by different subjects is attributable to differences in abilities that are basic to the process of adaptation.
iPhone application development using Xcode

In this research, an iPhone application has been developed using the latest IOS 5 operating system with the new feature storyboards, object-c, JSON, and Hpple parser using Xcode. The app will launch a splash screen for a web site where a list of icons will take the user to different screens. Some added features on the app are Map view, link to Sakai and feedback icons. The rich user interface in this app makes it more interesting with different gestures like swipe, tap and pinch. This app will be of a great use to the University students with the smart phones. It provides users easy access to the web site and the online materials who can view them anywhere with a handhold device.
The fiscal consequences of foreign students in public higher education: a case study of California

Abstract An attempt is made to determine the size of California state taxpayer subventions to foreign students enrolled in public higher education. Aggregate subventions are estimated to be in the range of $36–55 million for the 1978 academic year. Subventions are likely to increase significantly by the end of the decade as colleges and universities enroll larger numbers of foreign students to compensate for the projected decline in domestic students. The possible economic rationale for such subventions is discussed, and policy options are presented and evaluated.
Life span and soluble/insoluble collagen (hydroxyproline) ratios in normal and irradiated hamsters

Abstract A life table for males of the Bezanson hamster strain is presented, based upon culled data from forty-six normal anilmals and commencing with the fourth month of life. Mean survival was 22 months. Total body irradiation with 425 r led to a 41 per cent reduction in mean survival. Amyloidosis was the commonest age-related disease and seemed to occur in irradiated animals sooner than in normals. A decline in soluble/insoluble collagen ratios was found in relation to chronologic age in normal and irradiated hamsters. In thid small series no statistically significant difference in the collagen ratios for normal as compared to irradiated animals of the same age was apparent.
Attitudes towards couples-based HIV testing among MSM in three US cities.

Couples-based voluntary HIV counseling and testing (CVCT)—in which couples receive counseling and their HIV test results together—has been shown to be an effective strategy among heterosexual sero-discordant couples in Africa for reducing HIV transmission by initiating behavioral change. This study examined attitudes towards CVCT among men who have sex with men (MSM) in three US cities. Four focus group discussions (FGD) were held with MSM in Atlanta, Chicago, and Seattle. Although initially hesitant, participants reported an overwhelming acceptance of CVCT. CVCT was seen as a sign of commitment within a relationship and was reported to be more appropriate for men in longer-term relationships. CVCT was also seen as providing a forum for the discussion of risk-taking within the relationship. Our results suggest that there may be a demand for CVCT among MSM in the United States, but some modifications to the existing African CVCT protocol may be needed.
APS deposition facility upgrades and future plans

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) has recently invested resources to upgrade or replace aging deposition systems with modern equipment. Of the three existing deposition systems, one will receive an upgrade, while two are being replaced. A design which adds a three-substrate planetary for the APS rotary deposition system is almost complete. The replacement for the APS large deposition system, dubbed the “Modular Deposition System”, has been conceptually designed and is in the procurement process. Eight cathodes will sputter horizontally on mirrors up to 1.5 meters in length. This new instrument is designed to interface with ion-milling instruments and various metrology equipment for ion-beam figuring. A third linear machine, called the APS Profile Coating System, has two cathodes and is designed to accept substrates up to 200mm in length. While this machine is primarily intended for fabrication of figured KB mirrors using the profile-coating technique, it has also been used to produce multilayer monochromators for beamline use.
Esophageal motor dysfunction years after radiation therapy

Well-known complications of radiation to the esophagus are acute esophagitis and strictures. Although radiologic studies have demonstrated motor abnormalities after radiation treatment, clinical aspects have not been described adequately, nor have manometric evaluations been reported. Clinical presentation of dysphagia long after treatment also has not been reported. We describe herein three patients who presented with dysphagia years after radiation therapy. Radiographic, endoscopic, histologic, and manometric studies supported our conclusion that these patients suffered from radiation-induced esophageal motor dysfunction. This report indicates the need, in the proper setting, to consider radiation-induced motor dysfunction as a cause of dysphagia even decades after radiation treatment.
Functional Impairment in Older Schizophrenic Persons: Toward a Conceptual Model

The authors examined the determinants and consequences of impaired functioning in older schizophrenic persons by adapting a model of impairment developed by Berkman and Gurland. The sample consisted of 117 persons age 55 or older with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia. In logistic-regression analysis, the overall model attained significance in predicting functional impairment, and three predictor variables—abnormal movements, use of antiparkinsonian agents, and negative symptoms—attained independent significance. Functional impairment had a direct effect on two of the seven resultant variables, community activities and self-health, and an indirect effect on two other resultant variables, depression and life satisfaction. Thus, the Berkman–Gurland Model has potential usefulness for exploring functioning impairment among older schizophrenic persons. Moreover, the variables that have the greatest impact on functional impairment are potentially remediable.
THE EFFECT OF 3 CORD CARE REGIMENS ON BACTERIAL COLONIZATION OF NORMAL NEONATES

One hundred infants were randomly assigned to each of three treatment groups. All infants received a castile soap (CS) bath at 6 hrs of age followed by no further cord care in the control group and either a single application of silver Sulfadiazine (SS) or triple dye (TD) in the 2 study groups. Semiquantitative umbilical and nasopharyngeal cultures were obtained at 48 hrs of age. SS significantly reduced umbilical group B streptococcal colonization at 48 hrs (27%) as compared to CS (40%) and TD (40%). SS also significantly reduced umbilical gram negative rod colonization (52%) as compared to CS (90%) and TD (90%). TD was more effective in reducing Staph. aureus colonization (15%) than SS (54%) but both were more effective than CS (72%). Staph. epi. colonization was significantly higher in the SS group (61%) than in the TD and CS groups (48% and 41% respectively). There were no significant differences in group D streptococcal colonization. No adverse reactions or significant side effects were encountered in the study population.
Comments on the use of unrestricted hartree—fock theory in orbital energy crossing

Abstract Curve crossing in a simple two-electron two-orbital model is considered. It is shown that the spin density wave (SDW) solution has the correct crossing points and is closest to the exact solution of all single determinants.
Further Investigation of Reserpine and Deoxycholic Acid Potentiation

Intravenous administration of reserpine acetate and oral deoxycholic acid showed no increase in blepharoptotic potency relative to intravenous reserpine acetate alone. Since this experiment eliminates physicochemical interactions within the gastrointestinal tract, it suggests that the potentiation of reserpine taken orally as reserpine—bile acid coprecipitates is by physicochemical rather than by physiopharmacological means.
Metabolic Risks among College Students: Prevalence and Gender Differences.

Background: Little is known about the rate of metabolic dysfunction and gender differences in late adolescence or early adulthood. We report here the prevalence of and gender differences in components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in a college sample. Methods: Three hundred students (2/3 female) with no prior diagnosis of illness from the University of Kansas, Lawrence, participated in a cross-sectional measurement of weight, height, fasting blood, and 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Prevalence of metabolic risks was determined using the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III, World Health Organization or International Diabetes Federation criteria. Gender differences in both continuous and dichotomous metabolic variables were tested. Results: The prevalence of MetS was low, but the rate of having at least one abnormal component ranged from 26% to 40%. Different criteria identified different individuals with the MetS. Prevalence was high for low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (24%), impaire...
Phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms: a demographic analysis of awareness and use at the University of Chicago.

Abstract Objectives. To assess awareness and use of phytotherapeutic agents in treating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Methods. A survey was conducted of 1280 patients presenting to the University of Chicago Hospitals urology clinic. The questions pertained to age, race, educational level, and use of prescription and nonprescription medications for urinary symptoms. Results. Of 1264 patients filling out the surveys correctly, the 51 to 60-year-old age range demonstrated the greatest percentage of use of these agents. Whites were nearly twice as likely as their African American counterparts to use medicinal botanicals. Men with college or graduate school degrees were 1.5 times as likely to use medicinal botanicals in treating LUTS. More than 50% of men using phytotherapeutic drugs were also taking prescription medications for the urinary symptoms. Conclusions. There is significant use of phytotherapeutic agents in men with LUTS, although there is variability in their use between patient groups. American physicians need some understanding of these agents to best advise and treat their patients.
Redshifts of the Gravitational Lenses MG 0414+0534 and MG 0751+2716*

We report redshifts in two gravitational lens systems, MG 0414+0534 and MG 0751+2716. The lens galaxy in MG 0414+0534 lies at zl = 0.9584 ± 0.0002. The luminosity and extreme red color of the lens are thus typical of a passively evolving early-type ~2L* galaxy. The galaxy cannot have a significant global mean extinction without being anomalously luminous. The lens galaxy in MG 0751+2716 has a redshift of zl = 0.3502 ± 0.0003, and it is a member of a small group. The group includes the nearby bright companion galaxy whose redshift we confirmed to be z = 0.3501 ± 0.0001 and a nearby emission-line galaxy with z = 0.3505 ± 0.0003. A second emission-line galaxy with z = 0.5216 ± 0.0001 was found nearly superposed on the first emission-line galaxy. The source in MG 0751+2716 is a zs = 3.200 ± 0.001 radio quasar. For flat universes with Ω0 = 1.0 (0.3), 96% (87%) of lenses like MG 0414+0534 and 7% (3%) of lenses like MG 0751+2716 are expected to have lower lens redshifts than observed.
Excited states of a bound polaron

Abstract Expressions for the energies of the 3 s , 3 p and 3 d states of a polaron, bound to a positively charged impurity ion in a polar crystal through a Coulomb potential, are obtained in analytic forms using perturbation theory. The values of these energies are calculated in several polar crystals.
Carbon, nitrogen, and water response to climate and land use changes in Pennsylvania during the 20th and 21st centuries

Abstract Future climate projections indicate that Pennsylvania will get significantly warmer and wetter due to continued increases in atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Using the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model version Hydro2 (TEM-Hydro2), this study explores the effect of different climate and land use scenarios on carbon, nitrogen, and water dynamics during the 20th and 21st centuries. TEM-Hydro2 runs are forced by historical 20th century climate data and by 21st century climate projections from the NCAR CCSM3.0 IPCC A2 and B1 scenarios, a relatively high and low GHG emissions scenario, respectively. Regrowing forests are the only ecosystem with positive Net Carbon Exchange (NCE) and sequestered more than 12,000 g C m−2 during the 20th century. The highest rates of leaching of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) occurred in fertilized croplands in the 20th century. Twenty first century runoff increases by 30% in the A2 scenario and 20% in the B1 scenario, but DIN leaching only increases in the A2 scenario. DIN leaching depends upon both runoff and available inorganic nitrogen, which decreases due to high productivity and enhanced plant nitrogen uptake. The effect of increasing urbanization in the 21st century is to reduce NCE by about 34% in both climate scenarios, while water runoff increases by 5% and DIN leaching decreases by 17%. The reduced leaching is the result of converting agricultural land to suburban areas, which are a combination of turflawn and forests, both of which have lower leaching rates than croplands or pastures. Incorporating realistic forest stand age substantially increases the NCE but has little effect on runoff or DIN leaching. Maize yields decrease in the A2 scenario due to the excessive leaching, but increase in the B1 scenario. These results illustrate why it is important to include scenarios of both GHG emissions and realistic land use changes in model projections of the regional impacts of climate change in the 21st century.
The control region of the metH gene of Salmonella typhimurium LT2: an atypical met promoter

Abstract The control region of the Salmonella typhimurium metH gene was sequenced and the transcription start point was determined by S1 nuclease mapping experiments. Activation of the metH gene by the metR gene product was shown to occur at the level of transcription. The translation start site was determined by amino acid sequence analysis of the amino terminus of a chimeric Met-Lac fusion protein encoded by a metH-lacZ gene fusion. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the metH promoter region showed that two sequence elements, present in the promoters of all other met biosynthetic genes thus far examined, are not present in the metH promoter region, namely, the repeated MetJ represser recognition sequence 5′-AGACGTCT-3prime; and a highly conserved sequence 5′-TGGA—TAAAC-3′ of unknown function.
Analysis of process operability at the preliminary design stage

Abstract A hierarchical procedure is presented for assessing the steady-state operability of a process. The method can be applied as new processes are being designed, or it can be used as a decomposition procedure for studying the operability of existing processes. The results indicate that operability alternatives are often encountered, i.e. different problem formulations are obtained depending on the assumptions that are made. In addition, the analyses indicate that the equipment design should be based on the mean value of the disturbances, the “worst-case” conditions or the expected profit, depending on the particular equipment in the flowsheet.
Frequency and Temporal Compounding of Partially Correlated Signals: Speckle Suppression and Image Resolution

This work presents the results of first principle calculations of the effects of frequency and temporal compounding on speckle contrast and axial (range) resolution. Frequency compounding corresponds to the process in which a coherent pulse of a specific bandwidth is passed through a filter bank which divides the pulse into a number of sub-bands. The image is formed by incoherently summing (compounding) the intensities of the individual sub-bands. Temporal compounding falls into the category of non-linear multirate signal processing as the final pixel intensity is made up of the intensity of samples which were sampled initially at rates equal to or higher than the pulse bandwidth. The intensities of the samples are then compounded to form the final image. In the limit of infinite sampling rate, temporal compounding is equivalent exactly to analog integrated backscatter where the sensor continuously integrates the intensity of the incoming signal. The speckle contrast reduction and the decrease in resolution for these processes are discussed. These results apply to generic coherent imaging systems which can access both the amplitude and phase of signals.
An experimental and modeling study of pressure effects on tar release by rapid pyrolysis of cellulose sheets in a screen heater

Abstract Effects of total external pressure (vacuum [0.0001 atm], 1.3 and 69 atm of helium), on tar, char, and gas yields from rapid pyrolysis of 101-μm-thick cellulose sheets were measured in a screen heater reactor, using holding times of 0, 2, or 5 s at final temperatures from 400° up to 1100°C. At a heating rate of 1000°C/s, increasing pressure from 0.0001 to 1.3 atm at > 750°C or from 1.3 to 69 atm at > 650°C, decreased tar yields and increased gas production. Tar yields at 0.0001, 1.3, and 69 atm, at this heating rate, were well correlated for a wide range of temperatures, by mathematically modeling tar release rates in terms of the kinetics of tar generation by cellulose thermal decomposition, tar destruction by secondary reactions, and tar transport by pressure-cognizant mass transfer. The data and analysis imply that increasing pressure above vacuum, enhances tar holdup within the cellulose by slowing intrasubstrate diffusion of tar, and assists tar escape from the cellulose surface by augmenting free convection of surrounding gas. Related conclusions are that, at a 1000°C/s heating rate, tar secondary reactions are significant within the fuel piece at pressures near and above 1 atm, and temperatures ≥ 650°–750°C, and external to the fuel piece, including on the heater screen, at 0.0001 atm and ≥ 800°C.
Differences in the consumption of ethanol and flavored solutions in three strains of rats.

Abstract Several studies have shown a correlation between ethanol consumption and the intake of flavored solutions in rats, particularly sweet solutions. This observation, however, has not been shown in all strains of rats. The present study examined whether the intake of ethanol and that of flavored solutions would be related in Lewis (LEW), Wistar (WIS), and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. During phase I, all rats were presented with water and a flavored solution following a continuous access paradigm as developed by Overstreet et al.: quinine (0.25% wt/vol), saccharin (0.1% wt/vol), ethanol (ETOH) (10% vol/vol), and saccharin-quinine (SQ) solutions (0.4% wt/vol–0.04% wt/vol). During phase II, fluid presentations were reduced to a 10-min limited access schedule and were presented in the same order. Results showed strain differences in intake and preference for ETOH and SQ during both phases, but not in quinine or saccharin intake. ETOH and saccharin intake were only correlated in the LEW strain during limited access drinking, while ETOH and SQ intake were correlated in the LEW strain as well as when all strains were collapsed during continuous drinking. These findings suggested that any association between ETOH and sweet intake may not be generalizable to all rat strains. The animals used in this study may have differed in taste sensitivity, as low ETOH-consuming LEW rats were sensitive to the bitter taste of quinine alone, as well as when mixed with saccharin. Sensitivity to bitter tastes may be an important predictor of low ETOH consumption and/or preference. These data provide further evidence for the role of taste factors in the mediation of voluntary ETOH consumption in rats.
Career development for youth with autism

The perception of a person's value in society is, in large measure, determined by the individual's earning power and the status of the job which that person holds. Sadly, most autistic and other persons with severe handicaps are not only unemployed but also spend most of their lives in segregated settings, isolated from society's mainstream, and dependent upon others for their care.
Symbols and orbits for 3-step nilpotent Lie groups

Abstract Sufficient conditions are derived for L 2 -boundedness of a convolution operator on a 3-step nilpotent Lie group. This is achieved by producing estimates on the Kirillov symbol of the operator, and is closely linked to the co-adjoint orbit structure of the group. A structure theorem for 3-step nilpotent Lie groups with 1-dimensional center is proved.
Income instability, terms of trade, and the choice of exchange rate regime

Abstract In this article terms of trade fluctuations, which constitute an important source of income instability in many LDC's, are decomposed into three principal components: (a) shifts in world market conditions, (b) shifts in home market conditions and (c) changes in exchange rates. The appropriateness of a ‘basket peg’ is then analyzed in terms of a country's net export-side market power and a weighting formula is derived which would offset variations in third countries' exchange rates on the home country's terms of trade. Initial empirical results tend to support the hypothesis that basket pegs are usually adopted by countries with net export-side market power.
IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL OF A VIRUS-CODED, TUMOR-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN (AG-4) IN CERVICAL CANCER

The central theme of this communication is the recognition of an immunodiagnostic potential in a herpes virus antigen, the molecular interrelationship of which with cervical tumor cells is described. In addition to the productive infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) we are confronted by latency and, as suggested by recent studies, by cancer. These different types of virus-host cell interactions are discussed at the host, as well as at the cellular level. A defined level of molecular interaction between host and viral gene products must exist if the virus is to co-exist with the host, as is the case in latency and carcinogenesis. The molecular interpretations posit the presence, in the squamous cervical tumor cells, of a product of the expression of the viral genome that has immunodiagnostic potential. The antigen designated AG-4 fulfills these predictions and appears to have immunodiagnostic potential. AG-4 is present in cervical tumor biopsies, but not in normal cervical tissue. It is a structural component of the HSV-2 virion that, in tissue cultures infected with HSV-2, is synthesized preferentially under conditions that prevent the normal replication of the virus. In view of its structural nature it is most probably virus-coded. AG-4 antibody identified in complement fixation assays with antigen prepared in tissue culture, disappears following successful tumor removal and reappears during cancer recurrence. This antibody also potentially identifies those patients with cervical atypia that are at high risk of neoplastic progression. The clinical benefits of the assay are evident.
Isolation of the human placenta receptor for epidermal growth factor-urogastrone.

EPIDERMAL growth factor-urogastrone (EGF-URO), a singlechain polypeptide of molecular weight ∼6,000, found both in the mouse1–3 and in man4–7, is both a potent stimulant of cell proliferation and an inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. Specific membrane receptors for EGF-URO can be detected in various tissues including human placenta8–11. Although the mouse and human polypeptide sequences differ at 16 positions, they can share the same receptor site in human tissues3,12. There has been considerable recent interest in EGF-URO and its receptor, not only because of the potent mitogenic and acid-inhibitory actions of the polypeptide, but also because of the association of viral13, chemical14 and spontaneous15 cell transformation with a specific reduction in cell receptors for EGF-URO. It is also believed that EGF-URO and its receptor may be involved in the development, maintenance, and differentiation of tissues as diverse as the lens16, the palate17 and the keratin layer of skin18. In experiments aimed at the isolation of the membrane receptor for EGF-URO, we have observed that, unlike the receptor for insulin19, but like the muscarinic receptor for acetylcholine20, the EGF-URO receptor loses its ligand recognition property following solubilisation with detergents. We therefore developed an affinity-labelling technique using glutaraldehyde, that can covalently crosslink the receptor with 125I-labelled EGF-URO before solubilisation21. Independently, Das and coworkers have developed a photoaffinity-labelling technique that can also be used to radiolabel the EGF-URO receptor before solubilisation22. Here we report the success of both our previously described glutaraldehyde crosslinking technique21 (using 125I-EGF-URO for receptor labelling) and of a newly developed photoaffinity-labelling technique (using a photolabile 125I-EGF-URO crosslinking reagent) to identify the EGF-URO receptor in human placenta membranes and to effect the isolation of the affinity-labelled receptor by affinity chromatography using lectin and murine EGF-URO antibody–Agarose columns.
Inhibition of mouse testicular DNA synthesis by mutagens and carcinogens as a potential simple mammalian assay for mutagenesis

Abstract Since mutagenic substances induce structural changes in DNA, studies were undertaken to determine whether mutagenic substances would modify DNA replicative activity. DNA synthesis was quantitated 3.5 h after drug administration as uptake into DNA of a 30-min pulse of 10 μCi of [ 3 H]thymidine. Combinationso of methylurea (2000 mg/kg) and sodium nitrite (150 mg/kg) administered p.o. resulted in gastric synthesis of nitrosomethylurea and inhibited testicular DNA synthesis by 83%. Combinations of methylurea and sodium nitrite of 1000 and 100 mg/kg respectively inhibited DNA synthesis by 75%. With dimethylamine and sodium nitrite, a combination which results in gastric synthesis of dimethylnitrosamine, inhibitions of 65 and 57% were observed at 2000 mg/kg together with 150 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg in combination with 100 mg/kg, respectively. In separate experiments, dimethylnitrosamine (50 mg/ kg, p.o.) and diethylnitrosamine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited thymidine uptake by 30 and 89%, respectively. The mutagenic polynuclear hydrocarbon 3-methylcholanthrene (15 mg/kg) inhibited DNA synthesis by 95% and safrole (640 mg/kg), a mutagenic methylenedioxybenzene derivative, inhibited by 60%. Cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg), acetylaminofluorene (160 mg/kg) and dibutylnitrosamine (500 mg/kg) also induced statistically significant effects. Noncarcinogenic analogues of these substances (anthracene, 125 mg/kg; diphenyl-nitrosamine, 500 mg/kg; piperonyl butoxide, 640 mg/kg, and methylurea, 2000 mg/kg in combination with sodium nitrate) were inactive. Highly toxic substances (potassium cyanide, 2.5 mg/kg; 2,4-dinitrophenol, 20 mg/kg; and lead acetate, 150 mg/kg) were also inactive. This index of mutagenicity appears to have considerable sensitivity and therefore may have potential in drug evaluation.
Severe narrowing of left cavernous carotid artery associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum infection

Severe oropharyngeal infection can result in Lemierre's disease, a syndrome with high mortality secondary to inflammation and thrombosis of cervical and intracranial veins with involvement of contiguous structures; however arterial involvement is rare. We report a case of Lemierre's disease in a 12 year old boy with severe narrowing of the left cavernous carotid artery.
Problems after bariatric surgery

We are pleased that patients and health care providers are devoting attention to the postbariatric surgery population. There are indeed variations in individual practice in approaching these patients. With respect to vitamin B12 supplementation, there does not appear to be primary literature
Comparison of methods for obtaining longitudinal whole-brain magnetization transfer measurements.

Purpose To investigate whether the method of applying image masks can alter quantifiable measures determined from whole-brain MTR calculations. Materials and Methods Thirty-five T1/MT image pairs were obtained from five normal volunteers. For each pair a mask was used to specify the regions to be analyzed. Using these regions, a histogram was used to calculate seven global MTR metrics. This process was performed three ways: 1) using a unique mask for each T1/MT pair, 2) sharing a single mask for each subject and registering all intrasubject images to the image corresponding to their mask, and 3) sharing a single mask for each subject and transforming that mask into alignment with each of their original T1/MT image pairs. Results With respect to the first method, the latter two methods caused small but significant differences in several parameters. Conclusion The method of applying image masks can affect whole-brain MTR values. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;15:8–15. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Differential genetic susceptibility of cultured human skin fibroblasts to transformation by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus

Hereditary adenomatosis of the colon and rectum (ACR), an autosomal dominant trait, is associated with a predisposition to neoplasia. The present study describes the differential genetic susceptibility of cultured human skin fibroblasts to transformation by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Primary cutaneous outgrowths were derived from normal appearing subepidermal biopsies of ACR phenotypes and appropriate controls. Exponentially growing cell cultures from ACR subjects and a portion of the clinically asymptomatic ACR progeny subjected to the viral probe were 100-1000 fold more susceptible to transformation than were normal skin fibroblast cultures. The virally transformed human skin fibroblasts showed a loss of anchorage dependency in carboxymethylcellulose suspension and formed tumors in athymic mice. The results suggest that skin fibroblasts obtained from individuals gine sarcoma virus.