cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Friction and wear behavior of TiN in air : the chemistry of transfer films and debris formation

Abstract Friction tests were performed on TiN-coated substrates at low speed (less than 0.1 m s −1 ) in air. Optical (Nomarski) and scanning electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the transfer films and debris generated during sliding against steel and sapphire balls. Friction coefficients of steel against rougher ( R a ≈60–100 nm) TiN coatings started and remained relatively high (0.5–0.7) owing to wear and transfer of the steel. After the TiN coating was polished ( R a ≈4 nm), transfer was reduced and initial friction coefficients ranged from 0.15 to 0.2. Initial friction coefficients with sapphire balls sliding against polished TiN were even lower (0.05). However, friction coefficients with both balls increased as debris formed and transferred to the wear track. Auger analysis showed that steel balls accumulated metallic iron and/ or iron oxide as well as titanium oxide layers and debris, whereas sapphire balls acquired only titanium oxide transfer layers. TEM of debris stripped from contact areas of steel and sapphire balls identified the phases of debris as a rhombohedral ternary oxide (FeTiO 3 / α-Fe 2 O 3 ) and rutile (TiO 2 ) respectively; morphologies were either thin, uniform flakes — prevalent in low friction sliding — or spherical clusters. A thermochemical basis for oxide debris formation is given and the friction behavior is interpreted in terms of an oxide wear mechanism.
The Relationship Between e-Collaboration and Cognition

Recent research has proposed that groupware performance may be strongly affected by the fit between the task and the groupware structures selected for use. We suggest that the link is deeper; there needs to be a fit between the task and the groupâ€™s cognitive structures as mapped to the groupware structures. In this paper, we address this shortcoming by integrating recent theories of cognition (distributed cognition, transactive memory, and template theory) from the perspective of electronic collaboration. We refine the concept of cognitive fit as applied to group work and offer propositions for further study. We suggest that template core data is used during situation assessment and that slot data refines response selection. Finally, we propose several techniques by which the group cognitive effort can be minimized, thereby leaving more capacity for the collective task. This approach is especially applicable to naturalistic group decision situations.
Catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial tachycardia

Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation has revolutionized the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia, particularly those caused by atrioventricular nodal reentry and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Recently, RF catheter ablation has also been used to treat atrial flutter (AFL), focal automatic atrial tachycardia, and intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia. Typical AFL is caused by reentry in the right atrium, with an area of slow conduction in the isthmus between the inferior vena cava and tricuspid valve annulus. Ablation of exit sites from the isthmus near the coronary sinus ostium, or the isthmus itself, may cure AFL in the majority of patients. Intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia also has an area of slow conduction where application of RF energy is curative in most patients. In this arrhythmia, which is particularly common after congenital heart disease surgery, the reentrant circuit may occur in the right or left atrium. Focal automatic atrial tachycardia is probably caused by abnormal automaticity and, although it may arise from the right or left atrium, is easily ablated in most patients. Thus, RF catheter ablation is a highly effective alternative to pharmacologic therapy for treating atrial tachycardia, and it is likely to be increasingly used as curative therapy in the future.
Research on aircraft/vortex-wake interactions to determine acceptable level of wake intensity

An evaluation of the literature on large aircraft wake-vortex encounters in flight and in flight simulators has furnished an estimate of the level to which the vortex-induced rolling moments must be reduced in order to be perceived as nonhazardous at a 2-n.mi. separation distance. The criteria are based on the ratio of the vortex-induced acceleration in roll to the aileron-induced roll acceleration. A wake is acceptably alleviated if the ratio of vortex-to-aileron rolling moments is less than about 0.5. When a satisfactory alleviation scheme is identified, the alleviated vortex structure should be inserted into a simulator to ascertain whether the maximum bank angles induced are within tolerable limits.
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of photorefractive reflection gratings

Rigorous coupled-wave reflection grating analysis and Kukhtarev’s equations have been solved in the time domain to determine the optical intensity, electron density, and dielectric modulation in BaTiO3. A novel Green’s-function approach has been developed to analyze Kukhtarev’s material equations. The Green’s-function approach allowed Kukhtarev’s equations to be reduced to a matrix form, from which the electron density could be obtained. A temporal state variable matrix equation was also developed from which full time-dependent solutions of Kukhtarev’s equations could be determined. An electron balance equation was developed from which the different terms in Kukhtarev’s equation could be studied and compared. Numerical simulations were carried out that showed the growth of a photorefractive BaTiO3 reflection grating. The simulation showed that an asymmetric, blazelike pattern resulted for the dielectric modulation. The blazelike pattern was shown to arise from spatial differentiation of a cusplike shape that the electron-density function assumed for its solution.
FF deconvolution of fluorescence decay data

Abstract An approach for the deconvolution of multiexponential fluorescence decay data in which a single exponential decay is used in place of the usual excitation profile is described. For analysis by the method of moments, the resulting decay lifetimes are identical to those in the multiexponential decay, while the preexponential factors are a simple function of the true values and the parameters of the single exponential decay. This approach, which we call the F F deconvolution method, is capable of eliminating the errors in decay analyses which arise from the wavelength dependence of the instrument response function.
Effect of age on hydrogen peroxide mediated contraction damage in the male rat bladder.

ABSTRACTPurpose: Recent studies introduced the concept that reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be a major factor in the progressive deterioration of bladder function induced by benign prostatic hyperplasia in men and following partial outlet obstruction in animals. We determined whether bladder contraction sensitivity to ROS changes with aging. Using H2O2 to simulate ROS damage we compared the sensitivity of the contractile responses of bladder smooth muscle isolated from young and elderly rats to H2O2.Materials and Methods: Male 3-month-old (young) and 12-month-old (elderly) Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study with 24 per group. Each rat was anesthetized and the bladder was excised. Two longitudinal strips were cut from the bladder body. Each strip was placed in individual 15 ml baths containing oxygenated Tyrode’s solution at 37C. Each strip was stimulated at 32 Hz for 20 seconds with pulses 1 millisecond in duration at 80 V. After electrical field stimulation (EFS) the response to 20 μM carbach...
Patterns and predictors of service use and unmet needs among aging families of adults with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined patterns and predictors of use of and unmet need for support services among aging families of adults with severe mental illness by using an expanded version of the Andersen Behavioral Model. METHODS: Mailed surveys were completed by 157 mothers from 41 states who lived with and provided care to adult offspring with serious mental disorders, primarily schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. The mean age of the mothers was 67 years (range, 50 to 88 years). RESULTS: Although unique patterns were observed among individual services, overall service use was low despite high perceived need for services. The greatest unmet needs were for social or recreational programming, training in behavior management, and information on planning for the future. Regression analyses based on the expanded Andersen model revealed that greater service use occurred when offspring spent their days away from home, mothers received higher levels of informal support, and offspring were in poorer physi...
Robust filtering technique for missile seekers

A seeker is one of the most significant components in a missile guidance system. Because an advanced missile is required to operate in highly dynamic scenarios, the ability to handle uncertainties is important to the filter of a missile seeker. Sources for uncertainties are various. For instance, when a nonlinear system is linearized, the unmodeled high frequency dynamics could corrupt the filtering process when a large persistent estimation error accumulates. Facing the uncertainties, we propose to develop a robust filter for a seeker so that the uncertainties are precompensated in design. First, the uncertainty in a linear observation equation, which is the approximation of a nonlinear equation, is replaced by an equivalent noise process. The equivalent noise process is added to the nominal system and an auxiliary system is formed. A Kalman filter is designed for the auxiliary system so that an unbiased estimate of the system can be reached. Because the uncertainty in the original system is compensated, the filter for the auxiliary system is robust for the original system in the sensor that it provides an error bound for the nominal system with admissible uncertainties.
Response of the active scattering aerosol spectrometer probe (ASASP-100X) to particles of different chemical composition

Response of the Active Scattering Aerosol Spectrometer Probe (ASASP-100X) was simulated numerically for particles of different chemical composition. Simulation was based on the Mie scattering calculations of the ASASP's response to input lognormal size distributions of particles having different refractive indices. Results from such simulation calculations show that the measurement data would greatly distort the true size distributions with apparent artificial peaks and underestimation of particle volume, especially in the resonant region of the instrument's response, 0.4–0.8 μm particle diameter size range. Thus it is very important in interpreting the size distribution data measured with an ASASP to correct them using the size calibration data based on the optical properties of the particles being measured.
Theoretical analysis of vibronic coupling in the lowest T1[3A'2(ππ*)] state of triphenylene-h12 and-d12

Abstract The recently observed T 1 ← S O excitation spectra of triphenylene- h 12 and - d 12 are analysed in terms of interstate pseudo-Jahn-Teller and intrastate Jahn-Teller coupling of the two lowest triplet states, T 1 [ 3 A' 2 (ππ ∗ )] and T 2 [ 3 E'(ππ * )], via an e' mode.
Metabolic Mechanisms Associated with Alleles Governing the 16:0 Concentration of Soybean Oil

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] oil typically contains ca. 11% palmitic acid, but germplasm has been developed with less than 4% to about 35% 16∶0, A number of recessive alleles associated with these phenotypes have been described thattrepresent different mutations at Fap loci, however, the gene products (enzymes) produced by these alleles are unknown. This work attempts to define the metabolic activities that are regulated by the fap 1, fap 2, and fap nc alleles in soybean. Observation of de novo synthesis and metabolic turnover of fatty acids esterified to phospholipids in cotyledons during the period of peak oil accumulation revealed genotypic differences in the supply of 16∶0-CoA from plastids. These metabolic studies narrowed the identification of fap 1, fap 2, and fap nc alleles to the genes that encode or regulate the 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthetase II (where ACP is acyl carrier protein), 16∶0-ACP thioesterase, 18∶0-ACP desaturase, or 18∶1-ACP thioesterase enzymes. Kinetic analyses suggested that the fap 2 mutation results in a decreased 3-keto-acyl-ACP synthetase II activity. Deficiencies in 16∶0-ACP thioesterase activity represented the most likely explanation of fap 1 and fap nc gene function. This hypothesis was strongly supported by Northern blot assays that revealed a significant reduction in the accumulation of transcripts corresponding to the 16∶0-ACP thioesterase in germplasm homozygous for the fap nc allele.
Gestalt Therapy: Past, Present, Theory, and Research.

Orthodox gestalt therapy suffered a rather unfortunate fate; gestalt theory has been poorly articulated, and gestalt techniques have received minimal empirical validation. These weaknesses are, in part, a consequence of F. Perls’s biographical history, which led to an integration of disparate theoretical models that were exacerbated by F. Perls’s haphazard, idiosyncratic personal style. However, recent empirical research suggests that the 2-chair technique is superior to other therapeutic interventions for conflict splits, decisional conflict, marital conflict, and unfinished business and that the 2-chair technique is as effective as Rogerian and cognitive–behavioral therapies. Although F. Perls’s techniques may have been generated largely from his idiosyncratic personality characteristics, these techniques have some validity for very specific psychological dilemmas. Classical Gestalt Theory and Perls’s Eccentricities
The effects of the neutron pickup process on 3He (p, pd)p quasi-free scattering

Abstract Anomalies in the QFS enhancement in the 3 He(p, pd)p reaction have been observed. The effects of the coherent addition of the 3 He(p, d) pp l = 0 neutron pickup mechanism to the QFS amplitude have been investigated and this calculation qualitatively reproduces the basic features of the data.
Blaschke's rolling theorem for manifolds¶with boundary

For a complete Riemannian manifold M with compact boundary ∂M denote by $\Cut$ the cut locus of $\f M$ in M. The rolling radius of M is roll(M)≔ dist(∂M, ?∂M). Let Focal(∂M) be the focal distance of ∂M in M. Then conditions are given that imply the equality roll(M)= Focal(∂M). This generalizes Blaschke's rolling theorem from bounded convex domains in Euclidean space to more general Euclidean domains and to Riemannian manifolds with boundary.
Education and Training to Increase Adoption of IPM for Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

ABSTRACT The University of Florida, IFAS, IPM Florida and Southern Plant Diagnostic Network (SPDN) are cooperatively developing education and training to increase integrated pest management (IPM) of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Management of WFT is exacerbated by difficulty in identifying thrips species and by their development of insecticide resistance. Education and training will emphasize workshops on identification of thrips; insecticide resistance management protocols; description of the effects of insecticides on natural enemies, i.e., Orius spp., and use of the “Grower's IPM Guide for Florida Tomato and Pepper Production”. Thrips identification aids, such as a national field-based identification deck currently under development by the SPDN and the North Central IPM Center (NCIPMC), will be useful to Florida growers. This kind of information will be delivered through Extension programs, including workshops, in-service training, field days, and classroom educati...
Monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate differentiation antigens identify subsets of primary sensory neurones

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones transmit cutaneous sensory information from the periphery to the spinal cord. Within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, classes of sensory fibres that are activated by different cutaneous stimuli terminate in separate and highly restricted laminae1–3. Although the developmental events resulting in the laminar organization of sensory afferent terminals have not been defined, it is likely that interactions between surface molecules on DRG and dorsal horn neurones are involved in the generation of afferent synaptic connections. The identification of surface antigens that distinguish functional subclasses of DRG neurones would represent a first step in establishing the existence and nature of such molecules. We report here that monoclonal antibodies directed against carbohydrate differentiation antigens4,5 identify cytoplasmic and cell surface molecules expressed selectively by functional subsets of DRG neurones.
Increased response to sympathetic stimulation in the cutaneous vasculature in presence of angiotensin

Abstract The vasoconstrictor response to sympathetic nerve stimulation in the perfused hind limb of the dog was not significantly altered by small doses of angiotensin infused intraarterially. In the perfused hind paw, which responded more actively to nerve stimulation, infusion of angiotensin (1 μg/min) greatly increased the response to nerve stimulation. Vasoconstriction in arterial, venous, and small vessel segments contributed to the total vasoconstrictor response to nerve stimulation; however, id the presence of angiotensin, only the responses in the arterial and venous segments were further increased. The direct vasoconstrictor action of norepinephrine in the paw was also affected by angiotensin in that the arterial constriction elicited by norepinephrine was increased in the presence of angiotensin. Since the total constrictor effect of norepinephrine was not further augmented, sensitization of the vascular smooth muscle to norepinephrine did not seem to be wholly responsible for the increased effect of nerve stimulation. Rather, the evidence suggests that angiotensin facilitates the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves in the cutaneous vascular bed. Whether blockade of rebinding of the neurotransmitter by angiotensin is the mechanism of the facilitated release is as yet unproven.
Communication education: Pedagogical content knowledge needed

The three categories of content knowledge identified by Shulman (1986) provide a basis for conceptualizing and examining the knowledge needed by communication educators. This paper calls for the discipline knowledge produced by communication scholars to be translated into viable school experiences so that students obtain accurate conceptual understandings of communication.
Integrated modulation of phorbol ester-induced Raf activation in EL4 lymphoma cells

The EL4 murine lymphoma cell line exists in variant phenotypes that differ with respect to responses to the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA1). Previous work showed that “PMA-sensitive” cells, characterized by a high magnitude of PMA-induced Erk activation, express RasGRP, a phorbol ester receptor that directly activates Ras. In “PMA-resistant” and “intermediate” EL4 cell lines, PMA induces Erk activation to lesser extents, but with a greater response in intermediate cells. In the current study, these cell lines were used to examine mechanisms of Raf-1 modulation. Phospho-specific antibodies were utilized to define patterns and kinetics of Raf-1 phosphorylation on several sites. Further studies showed that Akt is constitutively activated to a greater extent in PMA-resistant than in PMA-sensitive cells, and also to a greater extent in resistant than intermediate cells. Akt negatively regulates Raf-1 activation (Ser259), partially explaining the difference between resistant and intermediate cells. Erk activation exerts negative feedback on Raf-1 (Ser289/296/301), thus resulting in earlier termination of the signal in cells with a higher level of Erk activation. RKIP, a Raf inhibitory protein, is expressed at higher levels in resistant cells than in sensitive or intermediate cells. Knockdown of RKIP increases Erk activation and also negative feedback. In conclusion, this study delineates Raf-1 phosphorylation events occurring in response to PMA in cell lines with different extents of Erk activation. Variations in the levels of expression and activation of multiple signaling proteins work in an integrated fashion to modulate the extent and duration of Erk activation.
Moving democracy: Industrial areas foundation social movements and the political arts of listening, traveling, and tabling

Practices of listening, receptive corporeal traveling, and moving the democratic table among different constituencies and locations are vital to democratic struggles in a heterogeneous world. Marginalizing these practices weakens ethical-political vision and the strategic capacities of radical democracy. First, this article discusses the importance of moving beyond the accent on voice in a lot of democratic theory, to focus more on practices of listening. Second, it discusses the limits of listening and theorizes the need for practices of receptive corporeal traveling beyond the power-saturated borders and scripted flows of human bodies that characterize most cities. Third, it suggests these insights might alter a fundamental metaphor underpinning many democratic theories, through a critical discussion of the imaginary of the solid democratic “table.” It is better to construe democracy as “tabling”: an activity in which the tables of engagement must be repeatedly altered by being moved and multiplied.
Cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants

Knowledge of the control and regulation of cellulose synthesis is fundamental to an understanding of plant development since cellulose is the primary structural component of plant cell walls. In vivo , the polymerization step requires a coordinated transport of substrates across membranes and relies on delicate orientations of the membrane-associated synthase complexes. Little is known about the properties of the enzyme complexes, and many questions about the biosynthesis of cell wall components at the cell surface still remain unanswered. Attempts to purify cellulose synthase from higher plants have not been successful because of the liability of enzymes upon isolation and lack of reliable in vitro assays. Membrane preparations from higher plant cells incorporate UDP-glucose into a glucan polymer, but this invariably turns out to be predominantly β -1,3-linked rather than β -1,4-linked glucans. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain this phenomenon. One idea is that callose and cellulose-synthase systems are the same, but cell disruption activates callose synthesis preferentially. A second concept suggests that a regulatory protein as a part of the cellulose-synthase complex is rapidly degraded upon cell disruption. With new methods of enzyme isolation and analysis of the in vitro product, recent advances have been made in the isolation of an active synthase from the plasma membrane whereby cellulose synthase was separated from callose synthase.
A comprehensive detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanism for combustion of n-alkane hydrocarbons from n-octane to n-hexadecane

Detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms have been developed to describe the pyrolysis and oxidation of nine n-alkanes larger than n-heptane, including n-octane (n-C8H18), n-nonane (n-C9H20), n-decane (n-C10H22), n-undecane (n-C11H24), n-dodecane (n-C12H26), n-tridecane (n-C13H28), n-tetradecane (n-C14H30), n-pentadecane (n-C15H32), and n-hexadecane (n-C16H34). These mechanisms include both high temperature and low temperature reaction pathways. The mechanisms are based on previous mechanisms for the primary reference fuels n-heptane and iso-octane, using the reaction classes first developed for n-heptane. Individual reaction class rules are as simple as possible in order to focus on the parallelism between all of the n-alkane fuels included in the mechanisms. These mechanisms are validated through extensive comparisons between computed and experimental data from a wide variety of different sources. In addition, numerical experiments are carried out to examine features of n-alkane combustion in which the detailed mechanisms can be used to compare reactivities of different n-alkane fuels. The mechanisms for these n-alkanes are presented as a single detailed mechanism, which can be edited to produce efficient mechanisms for any of the n-alkanes included, and the entire mechanism, with supporting thermochemical and transport data, together with an explanatory glossary explaining notations and structural details, is available for download from our web page.
Design and construction of a reactor-chromatographic system for on-line monitoring of gaseous reaction products

Despite the great interest in coalbed gas formation mechanisms, detailed descriptions of instrumentation used for experimentation in such studies, especially laboratory reactors for measuring reaction rates under well-defined conditions, are scarcely found in the scientific literature. This communication describes the design, construction, and demonstration of a state-of-the-art batch reactor system with on-line analysis and data processing for measurement of gas formation rates. This system features complete on-line GC analysis of the gaseous compounds produced in the reactor as a function of reaction time. It is computer controlled and automated using software written in Visual Basic 5.0. The use of this reaction system is reported here for (1) quantitative analysis of gas-phase products from catalytic hydrogenolysis of hydrocarbons as well as CO2 hydrogenation, (2) real-time measurement of reaction parameters, including temperature and pressure, and (3) qualitative and quantitative analysis of gases desorbed from coal samples.
On analyzing video with very small motions

We characterize a class of videos consisting of very small but potentially complicated motions. We find that in these scenes, linear appearance variations have a direct relationship to scene motions. We show how to interpret appearance variations captured through a PCA decomposition of the image set as a scene-specific non-parametric motion basis. We propose fast, robust tools for dense flow estimates that are effective in scenes with small motions and potentially large image noise. We show example results in a variety of applications, including motion segmentation and long-term point tracking.
Position acuity with opposite-contrast polarity features: Evidence for a nonlinear collector mechanism for position acuity?

Vernier acuity for opposite-contrast polarity stimuli clearly poses problems for local contrast models of relative position processing. In Expt 1 we show that vernier thresholds for abutting, or closely separated features of opposite-contrast polarity, are degraded across a wide range of stimulus strengths and configurations; but for widely separated stimuli they are more or less independent of contrast polarity (confirming and extending previous work). In Expts 2 and 3 we use a one-dimensional spatial noise masking paradigm to investigate to what extent the same mechanisms masked by this noise contribute to the relative position processing of same and opposite polarity stimuli. The orientation tuning functions determined using this paradigm are quite different for same and opposite polarity targets, for both line vernier acuity, and closely spaced two-dot alignment. However, for widely separated targets (24 min arc or more), they are similar. Over a range of separations from 3 to 30 min arc, for same and opposite polarity dots, masking is strongest at a spatial frequency of about 10 c/deg. Our results are consistent with the notion that signals from early (and relatively high spatial frequency) linear filters are collected in a second-stage nonlinear mechanism, which collates information along an orientation trajectory. We suggest that different properties of the mechanisms at each level of processing, can constrain positional acuity at small and large separations.
Choline kinase and choline phosphotransferase in developing fetal rat lung.

Abstract Determinations of lung choline kinase and choline phosphotransferase activities in developing rat fetuses have revealed that both enzymes increase three days before birth at 19 days gestation. This change is accompanied by a significant elevation in de novo lecithin synthesis through the choline incorporation pathway.
Light microscopic and ultrastructural localization of immunoreactive substance P in the dorsal horn of monkey spinal cord

Abstract Light- and electron-microscopic localization of substance P in the monkey spinal cord was studied by the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique with the particular aim of examining types of interactions made by substance P-positive boutons with other neuronal elements in the dorsal horn. By light-microscopy dense labeling for immunoreactive substance P was found in laminae I, II (outer zone) and V (lateral region), consistent with findings in other mammalian species. By electron-microscopy, substance P-positive staining was mostly in unmyelinated and in some thinly myelinated small diameter fibers. Substance P-positive terminals contained both large granular vesicles (80–120 nm diameter), which were filled with reaction product, and clear round vesicles (40–60 nm). Substance P-positive large granular vesicles were sometimes observed near presynaptic sites and in contact with dense projection there. Immunoreactive substance P boutons were small to large in size (1–4μm), formed synapses with somata and large dendrites and were the central axons of synaptic glomeruli where they were in synaptic contact with numerous small dendrites and spines. Substance P-labeled axons frequently formed synapses with dorsal horn neurons which were also postsynaptic to other types of axons. Substance P-positive profiles participated in numerous puncta adhaerentia with unlabeled cell bodies, dendrites and axons. Only rarely, some suggestive evidence was obtained indicating that axons might synapse onto substance P-containing boutons. Biochemical analysis of monkey spinal cord tissue extracts, undertaken to characterize more precisely the immunoreactive substances, indicated that only substance P and its oxide derivative were detected with the antiserum used in the immunocytochemistry. These morphological findings show that substance P is contained within a class of axon terminals, many of which have been shown previously in the monkey to originate from the dorsal root. The results suggest that modulation of substance P primary afferents terminating in the outer dorsal laminae of the monkey spinal cord occurs in part via axonal inputs onto dorsal horn neurons postsynaptic to the primary afferent.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Study of the Interaction of PEDOT:PSS with Plasmonically Active Nanoparticles

Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectra have been obtained for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a polymer blend widely used as a semitransparent, hole-transporting electrode coating in organic polymer-based photovoltaic cells. Spectra of thin films are reported for both the as-received (oxidized or doped) PEDOT:PSS and samples in which the PEDOT has been chemically reduced with hydrazine. The Raman spectra of the polymer blend are dominated by lines attributable to PEDOT and the oxidized and reduced species have clearly distinct Raman spectra at excitation wavelengths of 457.9, 514.5, and 632.8 nm. The Raman spectra in the ring stretching region exhibit changes in the presence of Au or Ag which depend on the method of deposition of the nanoparticles. Ag nanoparticles appear to facilitate reoxidation of chemically reduced PEDOT. Light-induced changes in the Raman spectra in the presence of Ag nanoparticles are consistent with addition of oxygen to the sulfur atoms in the ...
Influence of subsurface, charged impurities on the adsorption of chlorine at TiO2(1 1 0)

Abstract Adsorption of chlorine on TiO2(1 1 0) surfaces modified by subsurface impurity atoms was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Adsorption was found to be suppressed in the vicinity of positively charged subsurface donor atoms. The reduced adsorption is explained by an increased electron affinity close to the impurity atoms that renders these sites energetically unfavorable for acceptor-like adsorbates.
Sp1-mediated transactivation of the rabbit α1 acid glycoprotein-encoding gene involves a cis-acting element in the 5′-proximal promoter region

Analysis of the regulatory promoter region of the rabbit alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (alpha 1-AGP)-encoding gene revealed the presence of a G + C-rich region that is a potential binding site for the transcription factor Sp1. DNase I footprinting and competition with Sp1-specific wild-type oligodeoxyribonucleotides showed that Sp1 interacts with a tandem array of GGGCGG motifs within the alpha 1-AGP promoter. Transfection assays using both liver and nonliver cells have demonstrated that these Sp1-binding elements are transcriptionally active and overproduction of Sp1 can significantly induce the expression of this gene. Previously, we have identified two adjacent C/EBP-binding elements just upstream from these Sp1-binding regions. We now demonstrate by both in vivo and in vitro analyses that C/EBP and Sp1 bind to the alpha 1-AGP promoter and transactivate the expression of this gene in an independent manner.
Chandra Study of a Complete Sample of Millisecond Pulsars in 47 Tucanae and NGC 6397

We report Chandra observations of the complete sample of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) with precise radio positions in the globular clusters 47 Tuc (NGC 104) and NGC 6397. The X-ray luminosities and colors are derived or constrained and compared to X-ray MSPs previously detected in the field as well as one previously detected in a globular cluster (M28). The 47 Tuc MSPs are predominantly soft sources suggestive of thermal emission from small (rX < 0.6 km) polar caps on the neutron star rather than magnetospheric emission and are a relatively homogeneous sample, with most X-ray luminosities in a surprisingly narrow range [LX ~ (1-4) ? 1030 ergs s-1]. We use previously derived intrinsic values and find a new relation between LX and spin-down luminosity, ??:?LX ??, with ? ~ 0.5 ? 0.2 versus ~1.0 for both pulsars and MSPs in the field. Adding the single MSP in NGC 6397 constrains ? to 0.5 ? 0.15. This LX-? relation and also the LX/? versus spin-down age are each similar to that found by Harding & Muslimov for thermal emission from polar cap heating. However, the cluster MSPs are relatively longer lived (in thermal X-rays) than either the models or field MSPs, which may have additional magnetospheric (nonthermal) components. We suggest that the cluster MSPs may have altered surface magnetic field topology (e.g., multipole), or their neutron stars are more massive from repeated accretion episodes due to encounters and repeated exchange interactions. MSP binary companions on or just off the main sequence (e.g., NGC 6397) are likely to have been reexchanged and might show anomalous and ? values due to relaxation of misaligned core-crust spins. The radial distribution of ~40 soft Chandra sources in 47 Tuc is consistent with a ~ 1.4 M? component in a multimass King model and with the identified MSP sample. The implied total MSP population in 47 Tuc with LX 1030 ergs s-1 is ~35-90 and can constrain the relative beaming in radio versus soft X-rays. NGC 6397 is relatively deficient in MSPs: its single detected example may have been reexchanged out of the cluster core.
SU-E-T-151: Enhanced Radiation Attenuation with Multi-Layer Foils

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of increasing the number of thin high Z foils on the dose enhancement and the overall radiation attenuation with a 24MV photon beam. Methods: DOSXYZnrc was used to perform Monte Carlo simulations of multi-layer lead foil configurations. The foil size was 7cm x 7cm. and the foil thickness was adjusted to give a combined thickness of 1mm. The number of foils used was 4, 6, 8, and 10. The separation between foils was also varied from 3 to 9 mm. The Mohan 24MV energy spectrum was used as a photon source. The field size was 5cm x 5cm and SSD was 100 cm. The phantom size was 16cm × 16cm × 28cm. The number of histories ranged from 1 to 2 billion. The percentage difference of the dose between the medium with foils and the homogeneous water was computed along the beam axis. The minimum dose enhancement and the change of integrated dose between the foils were determined. Results: Increasing the number of foils resulted in a decrease in the minimum dose enhancement. The highest dose region occurred in the last section for the 4 and 6 foil cases, whereas the 8 and 10 foilmore » configurations showed the maximum dose region towards the center of the foil group. Increasing the number of foils increased the total integrated dose between foils. For example, the total integrated dose increase between the first and the last foils with a 3mm foil separation were 34.2, 43.4, 57.4, and 64.7% for 4, 6, 8 and 10 foils, respectively. Conclusion: This work showed the degree of dose enhancement around multiple thin lead foils. The results suggest that the total attenuation of photon beam can be increased by increasing the number of foils with a fixed total foil thickness.« less
ACGME Core Competency Training, Mentorship, and Research in Surgical Subspecialty Fellowship Programs

Objective To determine the perceived effectiveness of surgical subspecialty training programs in teaching and assessing the 6 ACGME core competencies including research. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting ACGME approved training programs in pediatric urology and colorectal surgery. Participants Program Directors and recent trainees (2007-2009). Results A total of 39 program directors (60%) and 57 trainees (64%) responded. Both program directors and recent trainees reported a higher degree of training and mentorship (75%) in patient care and medical knowledge than the other core competencies (p Conclusions Not all 6 core competencies and research are effectively being taught in surgery subspecialty training programs and mentorship in areas outside of patient care and research is lacking. Emphasis should be placed on faculty supervision and feedback when designing methods to better incorporate all 6 core competencies, research, and mentorship.
Post-War Government of the Netherlands East Indies

The principal purpose of this study is to analyze postwar developments and innovations in the government of The Netherlands Indies. Emphasis will consequently be laid on (1) the relationships of the Dutch to the Indonesian national movement and (2) the political institutions of Indonesian nationalism, with (3) some reference to problems of current policy. These emphases result in a conscious distortion of perspective, because large portions of The Netherlands Indies have not been affected by nationalist movements and the government of The Netherlands Indies today conducts the administration of approximately 90 per cent of the total land area of the archipelago substantially along pre-war colonial lines, with but slight modifications.l
A new Buddhist sect?: The Dhammakāya temple and the politics of religious difference

Abstract In this article I explore the politics of the Dhammakāya temple controversy that captivated the Thai public in 1998 and 1999. By looking at the claim that the Dhammakāya temple constitutes a new nikāi, I examine a debate over tradition and innovation, a debate that has implications for modern constructions of sectarianism and of authentic Buddhism within the Thai sangha. I address the following questions: What kinds of innovations in doctrine and practice are acceptable? What constitutes a new nikāi in late modern Thailand? Who decides what is and is not consistent with orthodox Buddhism?
Effects of Some Metabolic Inhibitors on the Pigments of Euglena gracilis in an Acidic Medium

SYNOPSIS. Darkness and O2-lack promote formation of a pheophytin-like pigment from chlorophyll in Euglena gracilis in an acidic medium. Dinitrophenol (DNP) produces similar but more drastic pigment alterations in aerated and illuminated cells. The extent of pigment decay was dependent on DNP concentration and external pH. Since volume expansion and inhibition of the contractile vacuole were also noted, it is suggested that pheophytin formation is secondary to hydrogen ion influx from the external medium. Major structural alterations of the chloroplast accompanied the pigment changes. Pentachlorophenol, iodoacetamide, Na fluoride, and Na azide produced similar pigment changes. Malonic acid and fluoroacetate were ineffective under the conditions described. However, in the dark, cells treated with fluoroacetate formed pheophytin rapidly. These effects are discussed in relation to the maintenance of intracellular [H+].
Assessing the need for a certification program for oceanographie professionals

Certification is a way to recognize that an individual has demonstrated professional competence and integrity in an occupational field. The Marine Advanced Technology Education Center undertook a study from September 2006 to June 2009 to assess whether there is a need for a voluntary certification program for oceanographie professionals (CPOP) in the U.S. The study, funded by NOAA, was motivated in part by the rapid growth in recent years of operational oceanographie activities and ocean observing systems, and the increased public attention to ocean issues. The goals of the project were to explore the pros and cons of certification programs in similar fields of expertise; collect and analyze data on the opinions about the need for, and structure of, a CPOP; report the analysis results; and make recommendations to the oceanographie community in order to: improve ocean-related education, enhance professional development for oceanographie professionals, help meet national ocean-related workforce needs, and assist users of oceanographie products and services in making well-informed decisions.
Introducing color television: The audience and programming problem

(1980). Introducing color television: The audience and programming problem. Journal of Broadcasting: Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 515-525.
Projections of physiologically defined subdivisions of the inferior colliculus in the mustacbed bat: Targets in the medial geniculate body and extrathalamic nuclei

This study examined the output of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body and other parts of the nervous system in the mustached bat (Pteronotus parnellii). Small deposits of anterograde tracers (horseradish peroxidase, [3H]leucine, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, or biocytin) were made at physiologically defined sites in the central nucleus representing major components of the bat's echolocation signal. The topography, frequency specificity, and axonal morphology of these outputs were studied. The medial geniculate body was a major target of inferior collicular neurons, with three distinct input patterns. The projection to the ventral division was tonotopically organized, but had a relatively sparse contribution from neurons representing frequency modulated components of the biosonar pulse. The second input was to the rostral medial geniculate body, in which projections from inferior collicular neurons representing constant frequency sonar components were separated from those representing frequency modulated components. A third input was to the suprageniculate nucleus, which received strong, topographically arranged projections. Inputs to the dorsal nucleus and medial division were also observed. Extrathalamic regions receiving input included the pontine gray, external nucleus of the inferior colliculus, pericollicular tegmentum, nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus, and pretectum. These central nucleus projections differed in organization and the structure of axon terminals, suggesting different physiological influences on their target nuclei. These results demonstrate that the central nucleus has divergent projections to various sensory and premotor nuclei, besides its well-established projection to the medial geniculate body. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intrusion of multiradicular teeth and related root resorption with mini-screw implant anchorage: a radiographic evaluation.

Introduction: Mini-screw implants (MSIs) hold great potential for enhancing intrusive mechanics applied to multiradicular teeth. This experimental study used various force magnitudes to evaluate (1) the stability of immediately loaded MSIs, (2) the amounts of tooth intrusion produced, and (3) the amounts of root resorption produced. Methods: By using a split-mouth repeated-measures design, intrusive forces were applied for 98 days to the mandibular second (LPM2), third (LPM3), and fourth (LPM4) premolars of 8 mature beagle dogs (ages, 20-24 months). With 12 MSIs (IMTEC, Ardmore, Okla) placed in the lingual and buccal cortical plates of each dog, Sentalloy coil springs (GAC International, Bohemia, NY) applied constant intrusive forces of 50, 100, or 200 g per tooth. The intrusive forces were randomly assigned between pairs of teeth; LPM2 was loaded with 50 or 100 g, LPM3 with 100 or 200 g, and LPM4 with 50 or 200 g. Multilevel statistical procedures were used to model tooth movements and root resorption, based on 64 standardized radiographs per tooth taken at 14-day intervals. Results: Only 1 of the 96 immediately loaded MSIs failed. Significant ( P Conclusions: Constant intrusive forces from 50 to 200 g produce clinically significant amounts of intrusion with little or no root resorption, suggesting that immediately loaded MSIs hold great promise as fixed anchorage devices for intruding multiradicular teeth.
Le stratège et le stratigraphe

Dans les dernieres pages de L’image-temps, Gilles Deleuze constate que le decor du cinema moderne se presente tres souvent comme celui d’un paysage stratigraphique. Le cinema, surtout celui qui va d’Antonioni a Straub et Huillet, presente une duree innommable et incommensurable. En partant d’une lecture suivie de Surveiller et punir et d’autres ouvrages de Michel Foucault, en travaillant, dans son livre sur Foucault, la distinction que ce dernier avait etablie entre lire et voir, Deleuze evoque ces memes paysages. Ces paysages, dit-il, sont jonches de mots, de lettres et de signes. Eparpilles et enfouis dans le decor, ils constituent des jalons pour des lectures variees du cinema. Il faut cependant noter que les « strates » que releve le philosophe supposent aussi des strategies de la part du cineaste et du spectateur. C’est ainsi que le critique ou l’homme ordinaire du cinema se mue en une espece de stratege et est amene a se rapporter au cinema d’une maniere radicalement nouvelle. Le lecteur-stratege est invite a « voir » et a « lire » le paysage du cinema classique (tel celui du western) comme un espace stratigraphique, donc a penser l’image-temps dans des espaces ou l’on n’en soupconnait pas l’existence. Pourtant, les plans stratigraphiques marquant la tradition du western indiquent que ce que Deleuze appelle l’image-temps — qui constitue le propre du cinema moderne et du cinema experimental — se trouve aussi dans le regime de l’image-mouvement. Sans mettre en question les fins du projet taxinomique de Cinema 1 et de Cinema 2, on avancera l’idee que la duree habite bel et bien les paysages des westerns les plus « traditionnels » ou « familiers » : pour en donner une preuve concrete, les dernieres lignes de l’analyse qui est proposee ici sont consacrees a la lecture d’un plan « stratigraphique » tire de Tall in the Saddle (Edwin L. Marin, 1944).