cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy of neuroblastoma in mice with anticancer agents

Neuroblastoma-inoculated A/J mice were treated with various anticancer chemotherapeutic agents, including cyclophos-phamide, daunorubicin, vincristine, α-bungarotoxin, dihydroxytrypt-amine, and diaminopropane. Cyclophosphamide and diaminopropane inhibited neuroblastoma as effectively as bromoacetylcholine and bromoacetate. The effectiveness of these drugs could be related to the inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of polyamines.
Radial head replacement with a bipolar system: a minimum 2-year follow-up.

Background We report the short-term results of a cohort of patients undergoing radial head replacement using a novel radial head prosthesis with a smooth, unfixed, telescoping stem and a bipolar design after a mean follow-up of 34 months (range, 24-48 months). Materials and methods Patients were assessed using clinical and radiographic examination as well as with standardized outcome measures. Thirty implants (29 patients) were available for review. Results At final follow-up, the average Mayo Elbow Performance Index Score was 92.1 and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score was 13.8. Clinical examination revealed significant differences between operative and nonoperative sides for flexion/extension and pronation/supination. Radiographic measurement of medial and lateral ulnohumeral spaces revealed re-establishment of a congruent elbow joint. No significant arthritic changes were identified at the radiocapitellar joint. Minimal angular migration of the implant in the proximal radial shaft was observed over time. Complications included 1 patient requiring temporary placement of a hinged external fixator for instability and 1 patient requiring revision surgery at 4 weeks. Conclusion This review demonstrates that a bipolar radial head prosthesis with a smooth stem and telescoping neck effectively restores stability to elbows with a comminuted radial head fracture and valgus instability. To date, this is the largest reported outcome analysis of bipolar radial head replacement in the literature.
The Rtr1p CTD phosphatase autoregulates its mRNA through a degradation pathway involving the REX exonucleases

Rtr1p is a phosphatase that impacts gene expression by modulating the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Here, we show that Rtr1p is a component of a novel mRNA degradation pathway that promotes its autoregulation through turnover of its own mRNA. We show that the 3'UTR of the RTR1 mRNA contains a cis element that destabilizes this mRNA. RTR1 mRNA turnover is achieved through binding of Rtr1p to the RTR1 mRNP in a manner that is dependent on this cis element. Genetic evidence shows that Rtr1p-mediated decay of the RTR1 mRNA involves the 5'-3' DExD/H-box RNA helicase Dhh1p and the 3'-5' exonucleases Rex2p and Rex3p. Rtr1p and Rex3p are found associated with Dhh1p, suggesting a model for recruiting the REX exonucleases to the RTR1 mRNA for degradation. Rtr1p-mediated decay potentially impacts additional transcripts, including the unspliced BMH2 pre-mRNA. We propose that Rtr1p may imprint its RNA targets cotranscriptionally and determine their downstream degradation mechanism by directing these transcripts to a novel turnover pathway that involves Rtr1p, Dhh1p, and the REX family of exonucleases.
Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by photo-excitation of endogenous porphyrins: In vitro and in vivo studies.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is among the most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections and is responsible for about 10% of all hospital-acquired infections. In the present study, we investigated the potential development of tolerance of P. aeruginosa to antimicrobial blue light by carrying 10 successive cycles of sublethal blue light inactivation. The high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis was performed to identify endogenous porphyrins in P. aeruginosa cells. In addition, we tested the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light in a mouse model of nonlethal skin abrasion infection by using a bioluminescent strain of P. aeruginosa. The results demonstrated that no tolerance was developed to antimicrobial blue light in P. aeruginosa after 10 cycles of sub-lethal inactivation. HPLC analysis showed that P. aeruginosa is capable of producing endogenous porphyrins in particularly, coproporphyrin III, which are assumed to be responsible for the photodynamic effects of blue light alone. P. aeruginosa infection was eradicated by antimicrobial blue light alone (48 J/cm(2) ) without any added photosensitizer molecules in the mouse model. In conclusion, endogenous photosensitization using blue light should gain considerable attention as an effective and safe alternative antimicrobial therapy for skin infections. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:562-568, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
150 years of pharmacy: our patients, our passion.

As American pharmacy celebrates its sesquicentennial, the profession is poised to significantly expand its contributions to patient care.
Effect of Pesticides on Mortality, Fecundity, and Egg Viability of Geocoris pallens (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Sublethal doses of the insecticides carbaryl, methidathion, and methomyl, the acaricides dicofol and propargite, the herbicide glyphosate, the defoliant DEF, and the fungicide sulfur were tested as cotton leaf residues on Geocoris pallens Stal. All pesticides except propargite did not significantly increase adult mortality 25 to 192 h after a 24 h acute exposure; neither did they have any detrimental effect on female mortality, fecundity, or egg viability. These results suggest that deleterious long-term effects in predator populations would not occur if insects survived initial treatments. Adult males were more susceptible to methidathion and methomyl, and adult females were more susceptible to propargite. Females exposed to DEF laid more eggs, and females exposed to glyphosate and methomyl laid more viable eggs. Potential beneficial effects of chemicals on predator populations should be considered in the selection of pesticides for pest management programs.
Advanced Optical Sensor Technology: Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft Applications

The advent of compact, high-performance optical sensors of strain and temperature based on frequencydomain interrogation of special optical fibers yields many unique opportunities for sensing in environments that are challenging for traditional sensor technologies. An intriguing application is the use of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors to collect critical structural, thermal, and even acoustic data throughout the launch vehicle and spacecraft engineering lifecycle, including during flight. Fiber Bragg Grating sensors are formed from special optical perturbations of a communications-grade optical fiber, and act as high sensitivity, low mass, electrically passive, and electrically immune detectors of structural strain, temperature, and other quantities; the serial architecture and embeddable sensor element with very small cross section make FBGs an attractive solution for minimally invasive instrumentation of both ground test and flight test experiments, especially where traditional (piezoelectric, foil-resistive) sensors are impractical due to harsh environmental conditions. In this paper, several elements of the state of the art of FBG sensors are detailed with a focus on the necessary technology development steps required to employ FBGs as a critical, enabling technology for collection of mission-critical structural dynamics, thermal, and subsystem health data in harsh flight environments. Current capabilities and limitations are detailed in the context of this unique application where existing commercial and research-grade sensor systems have not yet been extensively deployed.
Cellular Automaton Simulations of Surface Mass Transport Due to Curvature Gradients: Simulations of Sintering in 3-D.

A cellular automaton algorithm is described that simulates the evolution of a surface driven by the reduction of chemical potential differences on the surface. When the surface tension is isotropic, the chemical potential is proportional to the curvature at the surface. This process is important in the development of microstructure during the sintering of powders. The algorithm is implemented in two and three dimensions in a digital image mode, using discrete pixels to represent continuum objects. The heart of the algorithm is a pixel-counting-based method for computing the potential at a pixel located in a digital surface. This method gives an approximate measure of the curvature at the given surface pixel. The continuum version of this method is analytically shown to give the true curvature at a point on a continuum surface. The digital version of the curvature computation method is shown to obey the scaling laws derived for the continuum version. The evolution of the surface of a three dimensional loosely packed powder, along with the percolation characteristics of its pore space, are computed as an example of the algorithm.
The practice of coronary artery bypass surgery in 1980

We obtained information from 677 cardiac surgeons in the United States on the type of practice, case load, and techniques currently used for coronary bypass operations. These surgeons collectively performed 93,000 bypass operations in 1979. Less than 25% of these procedures were done in university or federal hospitals; the majority were performed in the private sector by surgeons engaged in a single specialty group practice. The mean case load in 1979 was 137 operations per surgeon, and only 46 (6.8%) did fewer than 25 bypass operations during that year. These surgeons devote a relatively small percentage of their professional activity to other areas in thoracic surgery-the majority do not perform congenital heart surgery and two thirds devote less than 10% of their professional activity to general thoracic surgery. Compared with our previous national survey done in 1975, techniques used for bypass grafting have changed considerably over the past 5 years. An increasing number of surgeons conduct cardiopulmonary bypass with an arterial input line introduced into the ascending aorta and with a single cannula for venous drainage and do not routinely vent the left ventricle. Cold chemical cardioplegia has become the technique of choice (by 91% of surgeons) for myocardial protection, sequential bypass grafts are now widely employed, and 83.2% of surgeons perform all distal anastomoses during a single period of cardioplegic arrest.
The Möbius Function of a Partially Ordered Set

The history of the Mobius function has many threads, involving aspects of number theory, algebra, geometry, topology, and combinatorics. The subject received considerable focus from Rota’s by now classic paper in which the Mobius function of a partially ordered set emerged in clear view as an important object of study. On the one hand, it can be viewed as an enumerative tool, defined implicitly by the relations $$f(x) = \sum\limits_{yx} {g(y)} {\text{ and }}g(x) = \sum\limits_{yx} {\mu (y,x)f(y)} $$ where f and g are arbitrary functions on a poset P. On the other hand, one can study μ for its own sake as a combinatorial invariant giving important and useful information about the structure of P.
Nature at a glance: Immersive maps from panoramic to digital

This article offers a media archaeology of immersive world maps and astronomical models, focusing on walk-in terrestrial and celestial globes. Innovations in digitally interactive data visualization promise spectators new ways of extracting knowledge from complex information. But the outsized claims and expanded formats of emergent displays invoke the ambitions of earlier scientific spectacles such as the nineteenth-century Georama – a giant sphere whose interior was painted to model the surface of the globe. Comparing immersive and interactive models of earth and sky exposes changing assumptions about how nature is ordered, how aesthetic representation should recapitulate that order, and how a spectator might perceive and know not just a model but the construct of reality itself. This article discusses examples spanning almost two centuries, such as the Gottorp Globe, the Georama, Wyld’s Great Globe, the Celestial Globe of the 1900 Paris Exposition, the Atwood Sphere, the twin maps of Google Earth and Go...
Product Placement in Top-Grossing Hollywood Movies: 2001–2012

ABSTRACTThe study examines the nature and characteristics of product placement in U.S. top-grossing movies from a historical approach. Several important findings and trends are identified from the results. First, product placements are found to be prolific in U.S. top-grossing movies. Second, the product categories of automobile, electronic equipment, and media and entertainment enjoy the highest exposure in movies. Third, over years, the embedded brands appear more and more bold and salient in movies. Finally, variations are found among product placements in different types of movies and product categories.
Invoices on scraps of paper: trust and reciprocity in local food systems

One of the many claims about the value of local food is that local food exchanges generate trust between producers and consumers. To what degree is this actually the case and how does such trust develop? Drawing on interview and fieldwork data in one local food system in the Northeastern U.S., I show how local food participants (particularly farms and food retailers) build trust and reciprocity with one another in order to mitigate the challenges imposed by the conventional system. This trust and reciprocity builds primarily through three mechanisms: reliable, positive relationships; demonstrations of good will toward one another; and a shared understanding of the value of locally-oriented food. Through these mechanisms, local food operators are able to build a healthy, stable local food system, able to better resist the pressures of the conventional system in which it must continually operate.
The Summoner and His Panne

When readers near the end of Geoffrey Chaucer's Friar's Tale, they witness the wicked summoner threaten the old widow from whom he is trying to extort money. After she refuses to pay the ransom of ...
Pricing: Manufacturers and Wholesalers

This chapter discusses pricing for manufacturers and wholesalers. A large portion of the business transactions in the economy relate to the transfer of goods from one business to another or from a business to a consumer. Three types of business establishments are manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. A manufacturer produces items such as clothing, automobiles, and television sets, and sells them to wholesalers and retailers. A wholesaler purchases items from a manufacturer and sells the items to a retailer. A retailer purchases items from a manufacturer or wholesaler and sells the items to a consumer. When a manufacturer or wholesaler sells goods, an invoice is sent to the business that is purchasing the goods. The invoice number is used as a reference number in the bookkeeping system for both the seller and the purchaser. It is also used in any business correspondence or telephone conversations that relate to the invoice. Trade discounts are given to businesses that purchase merchandise for resale. The trade discount is usually listed as a percent of the list price.
What makes an on-road object important?

Human drivers continuously attend to important scene elements in order to safely and smoothly navigate in intricate environments and under uncertainty. This paper develops a human-centric framework for object recognition by analyzing a notion of object importance, as measured in a spatio-temporal context of driving a vehicle. Given a video, a main research question in this paper is - which of the surrounding agents are most important? The answer inherently requires complex reasoning over the current driving task, object properties, scene context, intent, and possible future actions. Therefore, we find that various spatio-temporal cues are relevant for the importance classification task. Furthermore, we demonstrate the usefulness of the importance annotations in evaluating vision algorithms (specifically, for the task of object detection) in an application where trust in automation is imperative and errors are costly. Finally, we show that importance-guided training of object detection models results in improved detection performance of surrounding objects of higher importance. Hence, such models may be better suited for use in representing safety-critical situations, predicting surrounding agents' intentions, and in human-robot interactivity. The dataset and code will be made publicly available.
Bilateral obstructive renal calculi leading to severe kidney injury.

A 63-year-old female with history of hypothyroidism presents to the emergency room with worsening dyspnea and fatigue of 2-week duration. Initial laboratory work showed acute kidney injury with hyperkalemia of 6.7 mEq/L, blood urea nitrogen of 295 mg/dL, and serum creatinine of 24.90 md/dL. Computerized tomography of the abdomen and pelvis showed moderate to severe bilateral hydronephrosis with two proximal right ureteric obstructing calculi (1.8 and 1.6 cm) situated adjacent to each other below the ureteropelvic junction along with several right sided intrarenal calculi (Panel A; blue arrow), and numerous distal left ureteric calculi situated in a row up to the level of the left ureterovesicular junction (Panel B; blue arrow).
Continuous Quotients for Lattice Actions on Compact Spaces

Let Γ < SL n ( $$\mathbb{Z}$$ ) be a subgroup of finite index, where n ≥ 5. Suppose Γ acts continuously on a manifold M, where π1(M) = $$\mathbb{Z}$$ n , preserving a measure that is positive on open sets. Further assume that the induced Γ action on H 1(M) is non-trivial. We show there exists a finite index subgroup Γ′ < Γ and a Γ′ equivariant continuous map ψ : M → $$\mathbb{T}$$ n that induces an isomorphism on fundamental group. We prove more general results providing continuous quotients in cases where π1(M) surjects onto a finitely generated torsion free nilpotent group. We also give some new examples of manifolds with Γ actions.
Ultrasound of the pediatric appendix

Appendicitis is the most common pediatric surgical emergency. Ultrasound (US) receives the highest appropriate rating scale in children with right lower quadrant pain suspected to have appendicitis. The US exam of the appendix has improved since Puylaert pioneered the technique of graded compression in 1986. In this article, we review ultrasonography of the pediatric appendix as it pertains to the normal appendix, acute appendicitis and the different sonographic manifestations. We also briefly describe technical optimization of image acquisition, common pitfalls and differential diagnoses.
Long-term outcomes of adult medulloblastoma patients treated with radiotherapy

Medulloblastoma (MB) is rare in adults and treatment guidelines are consequently not well-established. Few modern series have reported long-term follow-up and treatment sequelae. We examined long-term outcomes of adult MB patients at one institution. Records of 29 consecutive patients (18 male, 11 female) aged ≥ 18 years who received radiotherapy (RT) for primary MB from 1990 to 2016 were reviewed. Median age at diagnosis was 28 years (range 18–72 years). Seventeen patients were standard risk and 12 were high risk. Nineteen patients had gross total resection, seven had subtotal resection, and three had biopsy only. Median craniospinal irradiation and boost doses were 36 Gy (range 23.4–39.6 Gy) and 55.8 Gy (range 54–59.4 Gy), respectively. Of 24 patients receiving chemotherapy, 20 received concurrent + adjuvant and 4 received adjuvant only. At median follow-up of 9.0 years (range 1.1–20.5 years), five patients recurred: four in the posterior fossa and one in both the posterior fossa and above the tentorium. Five patients died: two of disease progression and three after possible treatment complications (seizure, lobar pneumonia, and multifactorial sepsis). At last follow-up, 23 patients were alive with no evidence of disease. Long-term effects include executive dysfunction (n = 17), weakness/ataxia (n = 16), and depression/anxiety (n = 13). Kaplan–Meier estimates of 10-year overall survival and failure-free survival are 83% (95% confidence interval [CI] 59–93%) and 79% (CI 55–91%), respectively. Despite encouraging disease control in this cohort, long-term sequelae may limit quality of life. Multimodality pediatric regimens using lower RT doses may be considered to reduce treatment-related morbidity.
Relations of perceived parental autonomy support and control with adolescents' academic time management and procrastination

Abstract We investigated adolescent students' academic time management and procrastination from a self-regulated learning perspective. Parental autonomy support and control were examined as predictors of academic time management and procrastination. In addition, we tested self-efficacy for self-regulated learning as a motivational mediator. The factor structure of academic time management and procrastination was first evaluated. Three factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis: planning time, monitoring time, and procrastination. In the path model, perceived parental autonomy support positively predicted planning time and monitoring time and negatively predicted procrastination. In comparison, perceived parental control positively predicted procrastination only. In the mediation model, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning served as a motivational pathway that linked perceived parental autonomy support and control to students' academic time management and procrastination. It appears that parents play a pivotal role in helping their children feel efficacious enough to manage their time effectively and avoid putting off their academic tasks.
The Williams College Expedition to Ramnicu Valcea

The Williams College expedition to Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania, made observations of the solar corona (a) to compare with the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory; (b) to search for the source of coronal heating through a study of the oscillatory power spectrum of coronal loops in an emission line typical of high temperature; (c) mapped the coronal temperature using ultraviolet continuum observations; (d) made videos and still photographs of coronal motions and details; and (e) collaborated with the scientists at the Astronomical Institute in Bucharest.
Changes in Parental Hopes for Seriously Ill Children.

BACKGROUND: Hopes of parents of children with serious illness play an important role in decision-making and coping. Little is known about how parent hopes change over time. We describe the changes in parent hopes across multiple domains and time intervals, examine hopes in a subgroup of parents whose child died, and explore the maintenance of domains over time. METHODS: In a mixed-methods prospective cohort study on decision-making, parents of seriously ill children reported demographic characteristics and hopes at baseline and reported any changes in hopes at 4-, 8-, 12-, 16-, and 20-month follow-up visits. Hopes were coded into 9 domains. Hope changes and domain changes were identified for each parent at each visit. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-nine parents of 158 patients most often reported hopes in the domains of quality of life (75%), physical body (69%), future well-being (47%), and medical care (34%). Hope percentages increased over time for quality of life (84%), future well-being (64%), and broader meaning (21%). The hope domains reported by parents of children who died were similar to the rest of the sample. The majority of parents who completed 5 to 6 follow-up visits changed at least 1 domain. At the individual parent level, some domains revealed considerable change over time, whereas other domains were stable among a subset of parents. CONCLUSIONS: The specific hopes and overall areas of hope of parents of seriously ill children vary over time, although most hopes fall within 4 major areas. Accordingly, clinicians should regularly check with parents about their current hopes.
Advances in Vascular Access

Vascular access is the lifeline of the hemodialysis patient. However, many patients lack early nephrology care that results in late referral for vascular access placement and dialysis initiation with a central venous catheter in 80% of the United States incident dialysis population. Despite these hurdles, arteriovenous fistulae (AVF) have doubled, to 65%, in the United States prevalent hemodialysis population over the last decade. The endovascular revolution has resulted in better rescue and maintenance of established AVF and arteriovenous grafts (AVG). Newer conduits are available for those needing an AVG, and a number of devices have been approved or are in trials to address specific issues, such as high-grade central stenosis, deep AVF, slow maturation, need for immediate cannulation, and persistent backwall injury. Finally, new techniques to deal with distal hypoperfusion ischemic syndrome, or “steal syndrome,” have been developed.
Logic and Cognition, Psychology of

Cognitive psychology seeks to understand human rationality in its myriad of forms, including the limits to rationality and the source of errors of which we are so keenly aware. One discovery shows that people are far more rational than they may believe. We follow a set of rules or procedures that differ from classroom-taught logic because the logic inside our heads is not completely the same as the philosopher's logic. But that does not mean we are condemned to error. Humans possess pragmatic elements as well as logic-like rules that jointly provide a cognitive firewall against propagating errors in our inferences: we are capable of distinguishing between conjecture, possible truths, fantasies, and what other minds might know. A complete specification of our reasoning rules by themselves is insufficient to appreciate human inference. In addition, we must understand our system of knowledge because the development of reasoning skill seems to follow the development of our knowledge of the world and the subtleties in our mental representation of that knowledge.
Highly Stretchable Metal Films on Polymer Substrates: Mechanics and Mechanisms

Stretchable interconnects are required for flexible electronic devices where a typical system comprising metallic interconnect and elastomer substrate needs to undergo large deformation while maintaining its mechanical and electrical integrity. This paper reports on a highly stretchable interconnect system consisting of indium metal periodically bonded to a compliant polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate via a thin, cracked chromium interlayer. It is shown that the system can sustain large tensile strain of ~100% without mechanical breakage and about 30% strain without significant electrical and mechanical damage. It is shown that the In-layer overlying the narrow gaps between adjacent Cr islands are strained much more than that possible in bulk In. The increased failure strain is demonstrated to be associated with microscale effective gauge lengths between Cr islands using digital image correlation (DIC). It is further demonstrated via experiments on freestanding thin In foils that the ductility of the foil increases with decreasing sample length, particularly when the sample length is less than 100 μm. This suggests that the root cause for obtaining such large strain-to-failure in periodically bonded In films on PDMS is the delay in the film plastic instability as a result of the reduction in the sample gauge length.
Silencing efficiency of dsRNA fragments targeting Fusarium graminearum TRI6 and patterns of small interfering RNA associated with reduced virulence and mycotoxin production.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of cereal grains caused by Fusarium head blight may be addressed by future RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing approaches. However, utilizing these approaches will require a greater understanding of the principles that govern RNAi effectiveness in the pathogen Fusarium graminearum. RNAi in higher eukaryotes, including fungi, involves processing double stranded RNA (dsRNA) into small interfering RNA (siRNA) that silence gene expression based on base pair complementarity. This study examined virulence, DON production, and the small RNA (sRNA) populations in response to RNAi-based silencing of TRI6, a transcription factor that positively regulates DON synthesis via control of TRI5 expression. Silencing was accomplished via the expression of transgenes encoding inverted repeats targeting various regions of TRI6 (RNAi vectors). Transgene expression was associated with novel, TRI6-specific siRNAs. For RNAi vectors targeting the majority of TRI6 sequence (~600 bp), a discontinuous, repeatable pattern was observed in which most siRNAs mapped to specific regions of TRI6. Targeting shorter regions (250–350 bp) did not alter the siRNA populations corresponding to that region of TRI6. No phased processing was observed. The 5' base of ~83% of siRNAs was uracil, consistent with DICER processing and ARGONAUTE binding preferences for siRNA. Mutant lines showed TRI6 siRNA-associated reductions of TRI5 expression on toxin inducing media and DON in infected wheat and barley spikes. Shorter RNAi vectors resulted in variable levels of silencing that were less than for the ~600 bp RNAi vector, with a 343 bp RNAi vector targeting the 5’ end of TRI6 having the best silencing efficiency. This work identifies efficient shorter region for silencing of TRI6 and describes the patterns of siRNA corresponding to those regions.
The competing effects of stress and water saturation on in situ Q for shallow (< 1 m), unconsolidated sand, evaluated with a modified spectral ratio method

A publicly available seismic dataset from a lab experiment shows the simultaneous dependence of quality factor (Q) on water saturation and stress in unconsolidated sand. Large Q gradients (e.g., > 10 m−1) necessitate a spectral ratio method modified to assume that Q changes with each ray path, thereby eliminating false Q values (e.g., < 0). Interval Q values (Qint) increase the most with depth (dQ/dz = 43 m−1) and stress (dQ/dσ = 0.0025/Pa) in dry sand and the least in partially saturated sand (dQ/dz = 10 m−1 and dQ/dσ = 0.0013/Pa) where attenuation created by local fluid flow reaches a maximum. Expected Qint values can be extrapolated from dQ/dσ and are bounded by Qint of the dry (Qdry) and partially saturated (Qwet) media (e.g., Qdry ≥ Qint ≥ Qwet). Qint deviations outside this range may be explained by changes in effective stress, attenuation mechanism, or sediment composition. Field values of seismic attenuation in natural settings may be helped by these constraints, although attenuation remains subject to careful consideration of other factors, e.g., grain size, sorting, and shape.
Isolated third nerve palsies as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis

Consider demyelinating disease in the differential diagnosis of cranial nerve III palsy, particularly in a younger patient without typical microvascular risk factors.
Erythema dyschromicum perstans: A case report and systematic review of histologic presentation and treatment

Abstract Objective Erythema dyschromicum perstans (EDP) can be difficult to diagnose and treat; therefore, we reviewed the literature to assess whether histology can be used to differentiate lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) from EDP and determine which treatments are the most effective for EDP. We also present a case of a patient who was treated successfully with narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB). Methods A systematic review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was conducted up to July 2017 using four databases. Results Histologic analyses from the literature reveal a significant percentage of melanophages, lymphocytic infiltrates, and basal vacuolar degeneration in EDP, and a significant histologic overlap with LPP. The review of the literature on treatment outcomes showed that NB-UVB and tacrolimus were effective with minimal side effects. Clofazimine was effective, but demonstrated significant-to-intolerable side effects. Griseofulvin, isotretinoin, and dapsone provided unsatisfactory results as lesions recurred after discontinuation. Lasers were largely ineffective and may cause postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and fibrosis. Conclusion A diagnosis of EDP should not be based on histologic findings alone. Clinical history, morphology, and distribution should be used to differentiate EDP and LPP. NB-UVB and tacrolimus are promising treatments for EDP with minimal side effects. This is the first report to our knowledge of sustained resolution of EDP after treatment with NB-UVB at long-term follow-up of 4 years. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Political rhetoric through the lens of non‐parametric statistics: are our legislators that different?

We present a novel statistical analysis of legislative rhetoric in the US Senate that sheds a light on hidden patterns in the behaviour of Senators as a function of their time in office. Using natural language processing, we create a novel comprehensive data set based on the speeches of all Senators who served on the US Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources in 2001–2011. We develop a new measure of congressional speech, based on Senators’ attitudes towards the dominant energy interests. To evaluate intrinsically dynamic formation of groups among Senators, we adopt a model‐free unsupervised space–time data mining algorithm that has been proposed in the context of tracking dynamic clusters in environmental georeferenced data streams. Our approach based on a two‐stage hybrid supervised–unsupervised learning methodology is innovative and data driven and transcends conventional disciplinary borders. We discover that legislators become much more alike after the first few years of their term, regardless of their partisanship and campaign promises.
Physiologic and pathologic effects of dietary free fatty acids on cells of the joint

Fatty acids (FAs) are potent organic compounds that not only can be used as an energy source during nutrient deprivation but are also involved in several essential signaling cascades in cells. Therefore, a balanced intake of different dietary FAs is critical for the maintenance of cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. A diet with an imbalanced fat composition creates a risk for developing metabolic syndrome and various musculoskeletal diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge and mechanistic insights regarding the role of dietary FAs, such as saturated FAs, omega-6 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and omega-3 PUFAs on joint inflammation and OA pathogeneses. In particular, we review how different types of dietary FAs and their derivatives distinctly affect a variety of cells within the joint, including chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and synoviocytes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of FAs on metabolic behavior, anabolic, and catabolic processes, as well as the inflammatory response of joint cells, may help identify therapeutic targets for the prevention of metabolic joint diseases.
Intersecting Arts Based Research and Disability Studies: Suggestions for Art Education Curriculum Centered on Disability Identity Development

This research investigates how arts based research methods contribute to the development of a positive disability identity through the act of uncovering. Through the theoretical framework of critical disability studies, the experience of having invisible disabilities in a normative society is explored via narrative and visual methods of inquiry including reflexive journaling, drawing, watercolor and sculpture. The heuristic process of arts based reflexivity is then used as a means to create a comprehensive portrait of the disability experience. This study concludes with research implications that address the ways in which teachers can integrate critical disability studies into the art classroom as well as significant considerations for when art educators introduce this type of critically reflective work into their teaching practices.
Associations between Snacking and Weight Status among Adolescents 12-19 Years in the United States.

Snacking is a significant contributor to energy intake among adolescents, but its association with weight status is unclear. To elucidate this association, data from 6545 adolescents (12–19 years) in the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. The mean number of daily snack occasions, mean snack size, and mean snack energy density were examined by weight classification (body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentiles: normal weight (NW) <85th; overweight (OW) ≥85th to <95th; obese (OB) ≥95th). Models included all snacking parameters, mean meal size, demographic characteristics, survey cycle year, and dietary reporting accuracy. Adolescents with NW consumed fewer snacks daily (1.69 (0.02) snacks/day) and smaller snacks per occasion (262.32 (4.41) calories (kcal)/snack) compared to adolescents with OW (1.85 (0.05) snacks/day, p = 0.005; 305.41 (8.84) kcal/snack, p < 0.001), and OB (1.97 (0.05) snacks/day; 339.60 (10.12) kcal/snack, both p < 0.001). Adolescents with OW and OB also consumed more added sugar, saturated fat and sodium from snacks, but had lower mean energy density per snack compared to snacks consumed by NW adolescents. US adolescents with OW and OB consume more snacks daily and more calories at each snacking occasion compared to adolescents with NW. Future studies should examine the prospective associations between snacking and weight status and impact on overall diet quality.
Editorial: Identifying Youths With Mood Disorders at High Short-Term Risk of Hospital Readmission

Children and adolescents with mood disorder diagnoses are at greater risk of psychiatric hospital admission than youths with disruptive disorder or even psychotic disorder diagnoses.1,2 These youths account for more than two thirds of all child and adolescent mental health admissions to general hospitals, and they have a substantial risk of early hospital readmission after leaving the hospital.3 Yet despite these risks, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to identifying which child and adolescent inpatients with mood disorders are at particularly high risk of early hospital readmission. Progress in understanding these risks would help child and adolescent psychiatrists focus the most intensive follow-up efforts and interventions on their patients who are most vulnerable to early relapse.
MRI Volumetric Quantification in Persons with a History of Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognitive Impairment.

Background While traumatic brain injury (TBI) is recognized as a risk factor for dementia, there is lack of clinical tools to identify brain changes that may confer such vulnerability. Brain MRI volumetric quantification can sensitively identify brain atrophy. Objective To characterize regional brain volume loss in persons with TBI presenting with cognitive impairment. Methods IRB approved review of medical records in patients with cognitive decline focused on those who had documented TBI histories and brain MRI scans after TBI (n = 40, 67.7±14.5 years) with volumetric quantification by applying an FDA cleared software program. TBI documentation included head trauma mechanism. Brain volumes were compared to a normative database to determine the extent of atrophy. Correlations between these regions and global tests of cognition (MMSE in n = 17, MoCA in n = 27, n = 14 in both) were performed. Results Multiple regions demonstrated volume loss in TBI, particularly ventral diencephalon, putamen, and pallidum with smaller magnitude of atrophy in temporal lobes and brainstem. Lobar structures showed strongest correlations between atrophy and lower scores on MMSE and MoCA. The hippocampus, while correlated to tests of cognitive function, was the least atrophic region as a function of TBI history. Conclusion Persons with TBI history exhibit show regional brain atrophy. Several of these areas, such as thalamus and temporal lobes, also correlate with cognitive function. Alzheimer's disease atrophy was less likely given relative sparing of the hippocampi. Volumetric quantification of brain MRI in TBI warrants further investigation to further determine its clinical potential in TBI and differentiating causes of cognitive impairment.
Guardant360 Circulating Tumor DNA Assay Is Concordant with FoundationOne Next-Generation Sequencing in Detecting Actionable Driver Mutations in Anti-EGFR Naive Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

Background Direct comparisons between Guardant360 (G360) circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and FoundationOne (F1) tumor biopsy genomic profiling in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) are limited. We aim to assess the concordance across overlapping genes tested in both F1 and G360 in patients with mCRC. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed 75 patients with mCRC who underwent G360 and F1 testing. We evaluated the concordance among gene mutations tested by both G360 and F1 among three categories of patients: untreated, treated without, and treated with EGFR inhibitors, while considering the clonal and/or subclonal nature of each genomic alteration. Results There was a high rate of concordance in APC, TP53, KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations in the treatment-naive and non-anti-EGFR-treated cohorts. There was increased discordance in the anti-EGFR treated patients in three drivers of anti-EGFR resistance: KRAS, NRAS, and EGFR somatic mutations. Based on percentage of ctDNA, discordant somatic mutations were mostly subclonal instead of clonal and may have limited clinical significance. Most discordant amplifications noted on G360 showed the magnitude below the top decile, occurred in all three cohorts of patients, and were of unknown clinical significance. Serial ctDNA in anti-EGFR treated patients showed the emergence of multiple new alterations that affected the EGFR pathway: EGFR and RAS mutations and MET, RAS, and BRAF amplifications. Conclusion G360 Next-Generation Sequencing platform may be used as an alternative to F1 to detect targetable somatic alterations in non-anti-EGFR treated mCRC, but larger prospective studies are needed to further validate our findings. Implications for practice Genomic analysis of tissue biopsy is currently the optimal method for identifying DNA genomic alterations to help physicians target specific genes but has many disadvantages that may be mitigated by a circulating free tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay. This study showed a high concordance rate in certain gene mutations in patients who were treatment naive and treated with non-anti-EGFR therapy prior to ctDNA testing. This suggests that ctDNA genomic analysis may potentially be used as an alternative to tumor biopsy to identify appropriate patients for treatment selection in mCRC, but larger prospective studies are needed to further validate concordance among tissue and ctDNA tumor profiling.
Methane and nitrous oxide porewater concentrations and surface fluxes of a regulated river.

Abstract Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers are a critical missing component of current global GHG models. Their exclusion is mainly due to a lack of in-situ measurements and a poor understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of GHG production and emissions, which prevents optimal model parametrization. We combined simultaneous observations of porewater concentrations along different beach positions and depths, and surface fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide at a plot scale in a large regulated river during three water stages: rising, falling, and low. Our goal was to gain insights into the interactions between hydrological exchanges and GHG emissions and elucidate possible hypotheses that could guide future research on the mechanisms of GHG production, consumption, and transport in the hyporheic zone (HZ). Results indicate that the site functioned as a net source of methane. Surface fluxes of methane during river water stages at three beach positions (shallow, intermediate and deep) correlated with porewater concentrations of methane. However, fluxes were significantly higher in the intermediate position during the low water stage, suggesting that low residence time increased methane emissions. Vertical profiles of methane peaked at different depths, indicating an influence of the magnitude and direction of the hyporheic mixing during the different river water stages on methane production and consumption. The site acted as either a sink or a source of nitrous oxide depending on the elevation of the water column. Nitrous oxide porewater concentrations peaked at the upper layers of the sediment throughout the different water stages. River hydrological stages significantly influenced porewater concentrations and fluxes of GHG, probably by influencing heterotrophic respiration (production and consumption processes) and transport to and from the HZ. Our results highlight the importance of including dynamic hydrological exchanges when studying and modeling GHG production and consumption in the HZ of large rivers.
Chapter 17 – Halogens

The halogens are reactive elements that consist of diatomic molecules. All are oxidizing agents with fluorine being extremely strong. The elements are found in nature with salt, NaCl, being the most abundant compound of chlorine. Fluorine occurs in fluorite, CaF2, and other minerals. Bromine and iodine are found in seawater and as minor constituents in chlorides. Fluorine and chlorine are produced electrochemically. Halogens form compounds containing two different halogens, the interhalogens, having the formulas XX′n where X is the less electronegative element and n = 1, 3, 5, or 7. Not all of the possible compounds are known and only iodine forms IF7. Most are extremely reactive and behave as fluorinating agents. Both anions and cations of interhalogens are known, usually formed by removing or adding X− to an interhalogen molecule. The hydrogen halides are all acidic although HF is a weak acid. The halogen oxides are the anhydrides of acids.
Semi-automated tree-fall pattern identification using image processing technique: Application to alonsa, MB tornado

Abstract A significant number of tornadoes in North America occur in rural forested regions and often cause a massive volume of trees to fall down. As a result, the demand for documenting the tree damage in forests and research in estimating near-surface wind fields of tornadoes using forest damage have increased in the past years. However, excessive manual labor and time in identifying the damaged trees has been a challenge. Thus, a new method of identifying tree-fall patterns using image processing was developed. The method identifies downed trees in aerial photographs and determines the direction of the tree-fall. The leaves and stems of the fallen trees were identified and separated using an RGB color filter, and the median fall direction of the downed trees was determined using the Hough Transformation and the relative position between the leaf and stem pixels. The proposed method was applied to Alonsa, MB tornado in Canada, and the tree-fall directions of the tornado were identified. The manually and automatically identified tree-fall directions were compared and the error was assessed, in which 59% of the samples had less than a 20-degree difference and 73% had less than a 45-degree difference between the two methods.
Mental and Physical Health Conditions of Individuals with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (IDD) with and without Down Syndrome (DS).

Introduction: Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and IDD have lower psychiatric disorders rates than other individuals with IDD, and more information is needed about possible unique mental health ...