cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A randomized clinical trial of alcohol care management delivered in Department of Veterans Affairs primary care clinics versus specialty addiction treatment.

BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide. Despite the availability of efficacious treatments, few individuals with an alcohol use disorder are actively engaged in treatment. Available evidence suggests that primary care may play a crucial role in the identification of patients with an alcohol use disorder, delivery of interventions, and the success of treatment.
Out of the veil of death rode the one million! Neandertals and their genes.

Two recent papers1,2 report extensive nuclear DNA sequence from a 38,000-year-old Neandertal fossil, comparing it to modern humans and estimating when it diverged from, and whether it contributed to, our gene pool. Based on 65,250 and over a million base-pairs of sequence across the genome, respectively, the groups arrived at slightly different interpretations. The data are an exciting and interesting new contribution, but are not surprising, and a sense of history and question helps put them in perspective. BioEssays 29: 105–110, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evoked potential averager made up from laboratory instruments.

An analog averager made of conventional laboratory instruments has been developed. It accumulates the signals as density changes on photographic film since the signals modulate the brightness of multiple oscilloscopic tracings. The final averaged response is graphically reproduced by a simple photoelectric densitometer made up from two oscilloscopes and a phototube.
Growth response of Phaseolus vulgaris to varying salinity regimes

Abstract Phaseolus vulgaris tolerates low (48 mM NaCl), but not higher levels (72 and 96 mM NaCl) of salinity stress. At the low salinity stress, there is an initial delay in development (morphogenetic shift) of the leaves. Salinity affects shoot growth more than root growth. Osmotic adjustment to salt stress results in an increased water content in the leaves. Our results suggest that two major physiological traits enable the plants to tolerate salinity: (a) compensatory growth following adjustment to salinity, and (b) ability to increase both leaf area ratio (LAR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) to achieve this increased growth. These characteristics are important physiological traits which can be used in screening for potential salt-tolerant lines of beans and other crop plants.
Workshop lecture on products of Fréchet spaces

Abstract The general question, “When is the product of Frechet spaces Frechet?” really depends on the questions of when a product of α 4 Frechet spaces (also known as strongly Frechet or countably bisequential spaces) is α 4 , and when it is Frechet. Two subclasses of the class of strongly Frechet spaces shed much light on these questions. These are the class of α 3 Frechet spaces and its subclass of ℵ 0 -bisequential spaces. The latter is closed under countable products, the former not even under finite products. A number of fundamental results and open problems are recalled, some further highlighting the difference between being α 3 and Frechet and being ℵ 0 -bisequential.
Nitrate-induced elevations in circulating sex steroid concentrations in female Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) in commercial aquaculture

Abstract Although nitrate is a ubiquitous component of aquatic environments, and has become a global pollutant in a variety of aquatic systems, it has only recently begun to receive attention for its ability to alter endocrine function. Aquaculture environments with limited water exchange often contain nitrate concentrations far in excess of natural environments, yet nitrate's impact on the reproductive health and endocrine function of commercially important species residing in these environments has not been investigated. Two experiments were conducted evaluating the effects of elevated nitrate on cultured Siberian sturgeon ( Acipenser baeri ). The first experiment compared the effects of a 30 day exposure to 11.5 ± 0.36 and 57 ± 2.18 mg/L nitrate-N concentrations on plasma cortisol (F), glucose, 17β-estradiol (E 2 ), testosterone (T) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) concentrations. The second experiment was similar to the first but evaluated concentrations of 1.5 ± 0.057 and 57 ± 1.52 mg/L nitrate-N. In both experiments, after 30 days of exposure to a given nitrate concentration, blood samples were obtained at time 0, and a portion of those fish were then placed under confinement stress for a period of 6 h to evaluate whether nitrate affects the associated stress response. The fish were bled at 1 h and 6 h during the confinement period. Results revealed that 57 mg/L nitrate-N exposure was associated with an increase in plasma T, 11-KT and E 2 concentrations at time 0, but did not alter the associated stress response defined by elevated plasma cortisol concentrations. An additional measure of the stress response, plasma glucose concentration, however, was altered by nitrate exposure during the 6 h period of confinement stress in Experiment 1, but was not in Experiment 2. These findings demonstrate that nitrate has the potential to disrupt endocrine function and possibly secondary stress responses in cultured Siberian sturgeon.
Supramolecular structures of cadmium(II) coordination polymers: a new class of ligands formed by linking tripodal tris(pyrazolyl)methane units.

The new ligands C6H4[CH2OCH2C(pz)3]2 (pz = pyrazolyl ring), 1 (ortho), 2 (meta), and 3 (para), that can potentially bond two or more metal centers were obtained in a single step from the reaction of the appropriate dibromoxylene, 2 equiv of tris-2,2,2-(1-pyrazolyl)ethanol, and excess NaH. Although the arrangement of the tris(pyrazolyl)methane units in the solid-state structures of 1 and 3 are similar, the orientation of these groups with respect to the phenyl ring are different, with 1 showing a twisted structure and 3 a stepped structure. The reaction of [Cd2(THF)5][BF4]4 with the appropriate ligand yields each of the three coordination polymers of the formula {C6H4[CH2OCH2C(pz)3]2Cd}(BF4)2}n, 4 (ortho), 5 (meta), and 6 (para). In the solid-state structures of all three each tris(pyrazolyl)methane unit is tridentate, with each ligand bonded to two different cadmium(II) atoms, forming a coordination polymer containing 6-coordinate, pseudooctahedral cadmium(II) centers. Polymers 4 and 5 form wavelike chain...
Characterization and implementation of OSL dosimeters for use in evaluating the efficacy of organ-based tube current modulation for CT scans of the face and orbits.

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to characterize commercially available optically stimulated luminescent (OSL) dosimeters for general clinical applications and apply the results to the development of a method to evaluate the efficacy of a vendor-specific organ-based tube current modulation application for both phantom and clinical computed tomography (CT) scans of the face and orbits. Methods: This study consisted of three components: (1) thorough characterization of the dosimeters for CT scans in phantom, including evaluations of depletion, fading, angular dependence, and conversion from counts to absorbed dose; (2) evaluation of the efficacy of using plastic glasses to position the dosimeters over the eyes in both phantom and clinical studies; and (3) preliminary dosimetry measurements made using organ-based tube current modulation in computed tomography dose index (CTDI) and anthropomorphic phantom studies. Results: (1) Depletion effects were found to have a linear relationship with the output of the OSL dosimeters (R2 = 0.96). Fading was found to affect dosimeter readings during the first two hours following exposure but had no effect during the remaining 60-h period observed. No significant angular dependence was observed for the exposure conditions used in this study (with p-values ranging from 0.9 to 0.26 for all t-tests). Dosimeter counts varied linearly with absorbed dose when measured in the center and 12 o'clock positions of the CTDI phantoms. These linear models of counts versus absorbed dose had overlapping 95% confidence intervals for the intercepts but not for the slopes. (2) When dosimeters were positioned using safety glasses, there was no adverse effect on image quality, and there was no statistically significant difference between this placement and placement of the dosimeters directly on the eyes of the phantom (p = 0.24). (3) When using organ-based tube current modulation, the dose to the lens of the eye was reduced between 19% and 43%, depending on the scan protocol used and the positioning of the phantom. Furthermore, the amount of dose reduction was significantly affected by the vertical position of the phantom, with the largest reduction in dose seen when the phantom was centered in the gantry. Conclusions: (1) An appropriate correction factor, specific to CT scanning, was developed to account for depletion and fading characteristics of the dosimeters. Additionally, an equation to convert dosimeter counts to absorbed dose was established. (2) The use of plastic safety glasses was validated as an appropriate positioning device when measuring dose to the lens of the eye. (3) The use of organ-based tube current modulation can reduce dose to the lens of the eye during CT scanning. The amount of dose reduction, however, is largely influenced by the positioning of the anatomy in the gantry.
Characteristics of ambulatory care clinics and pharmacists in Veterans Affairs medical centers: an update.

Purpose. The characteristics of ambulatory care pharmaceutical services and pharmacists in Veterans Affairs medical centers (VAMCs) were studied. Methods. A descriptive survey comprised of multiple-choice and short-answer questions was developed to assess the characteristics of ambulatory care VAMCs and health care systems (HCSs), including pharmacist-managed clinics, clinics with pharmacist involvement, clinics without pharmacist involvement, group clinics, and residency programs. The survey, a letter explaining its purpose, instructions to complete it, and a link to the online questionnaire were sent electronically. Responses were recorded by means of an electronic survey tool, and the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and compared with the results of a similar study conducted in 1998. Results. A total of 69 of the 157 survey recipients completed the survey. Of the respondents from pharmacist-managed clinics, the most commonly reported specializations were anticoagulation (38), primary care and general medicine (37), and lipid management (25). Of the 37 facilities that reported having a pharmacist-managed primary care clinic, the mean ± S.D. number of primary care clinics was 3.8 ± 3.7 per facility (range, 1–16). Of the 38 facilities reporting a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic, all of them allowed pharmacist prescribing privileges. A total of 35 of the responding facilities reported having clinics with pharmacist involvement. Of the 1344 pharmacists employed at the responding sites, 666 of them were devoted to providing ambulatory care services. Conclusion. Compared with the original 1998 report, the number of pharmacists involved in ambulatory care in VAMC HCS facilities has increased as the scope and type of care provided have expanded. This trend is likely to continue for ambulatory care services in VAMC HCSs.
Nonlinear dynamics of a breakable chain at threshold: Large-N results.

We investigate the behavior of a chain of N nonlinear oscillators, in a model originally invoked to describe depinning of switching charge-density waves. The dynamics is dominated by the coexistence of a large number of attractors, one of which\char21{}the minimally stable state\char21{}plays a central role. At threshold, very broad depinning-time distributions occur for long chains. Physically, these long times reflect very slow motion punctuated by rapid but localized motion of the chain.
Opening of the red sea with two poles of rotation

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the Red Sea was formed by two stages of sea-floor spreading, with a quiescent period in between. We suggest that these two phases have occurred in different directions. The shape of the central trough indicates that the present-day motion is almost E-W, whereas the total opening, deduced from the shape of the coastlines, is NE-SW. If the axial trough has opened in an E-W direction, the earlier stage of opening was in a direction which made the Dead Sea Rift fall along a small circle to the pole of early opening, and hence suggests that the Dead Sea Rift was a transform fault during this early stage. The later movement gives almost pure extension along the Dead Sea Rift, and this should be seen by normal faulting. Available first-motion studies are not precise enough to confirm or deny this hypothesis.
CD variations from nontrivial mask-related factors

Mask critical dimension (CD) control relies on advanced write tools and resist processes. However, a specified write tool and process does not necessarily guarantee high mask quality. As the mask feature size shrinks to below 500 nm, there are other mask-related factors that can also significantly affect the mask performance. This paper discusses the impact of those non-trivial factors, such as mask writing tool and process control, calibration of mask CD metrology, blank quality of attenuated phase shift mask (ATPSM), pellicle degradation due to 193 nm laser irradiation, and profile of mask features, etc.
Abstract B27: Probing synthetic lethal interactions with RAF inhibition in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer

Large-scale RNA interference screens have indicated that BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines are dependent upon BRAF expression for proliferation. However, small molecule RAF inhibitors, such as vemurafenib, have so far failed to exhibit robust activity in clinical trials of patients with CRC, with a response rate of only 5%. Commensurate with this, CRC cell lines demonstrate intrinsic resistance to RAF inhibitors. Therefore, we designed an RNA interference screen to identify loss of function events that could synergize with pharmacologic RAF inhibition. We transduced a pooled lentiviral library encoding 90,000 shRNAs targeting over 16,500 genes into RAF-inhibitor-resistant RKO CRC cells. The shRNA-infected population was divided into two experimental arms, one treated with DMSO, the other treated with PLX4720. Following 16 population doublings, the abundance of each hairpin was assessed by PCR amplification of barcoded hairpin DNA, followed by massively parallel paired-end sequencing. The log-fold change in shRNA abundance between the PLX4720- and DMSO-treated controls was determined and RNAi gene enrichment (RIGER) used to rank individual shRNAs and nominate candidate genes that were required for survival of RKO cells exposed to PLX4720. We validated the 40 top-ranking genes that displayed synthetic lethality with RAF inhibition in an arrayed secondary screen. shRNAs targeting MET scored highly, consistent with recent reports implicating HGF-MET signaling in resistance to BRAF inhibition, validating our approach. Furthermore, we describe the characterization of additional genes that sensitize cells to inhibition of BRAF, suggesting novel therapeutic opportunities. By integrating these findings with other genomic and functional studies we aim to identify clinically actionable events that cause RAF-inhibitor resistance in colorectal cancers. Citation Format: Steven R. Whittaker, Flora Luo, Jessica Hsiao, Glenn S. Cowley, David E. Root, Levi A. Garraway. Probing synthetic lethal interactions with RAF inhibition in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr B27.
A statistical theory of brittle fracture for rock materials Part II—Brittle failure under homogeneous triaxial states of stress

Abstract The critical volumetric microcrack strain criterion outlined in Part I is extended to include total failure of brittle materials deformed under a condition of homogeneous triaxial loading. It is shown that the criterion indicates the fracturing characteristics of brittle rock materials are influenced by the value of the intermediate principal stress. The influence of material heterogeneity upon the fracture characteristics of brittle rock is discussed. The analysis indicates that the failure envelope is nonlinear and that the degree of nonlinearity tends to diminish as the confining pressure is increased.
Indigestion?: An Apology for Ties

(2003). Indigestion?: An Apology for Ties. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport: Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 144-158.
Exploration and exploitation in engineering design: Examining the effects of prior knowledge on creativity and ideation

In this paper, we contribute to the work on design thinking and learning by examining students' creativity within engineering design activities. In particular, we investigate how students explore novel solutions while exploiting prior knowledge. We present findings from a field study of a nine-week long design project where student design teams worked on renewable energy solutions for a farm in New Hampshire. The data for this study comes from a larger effort where we collected data on multiple student teams, however in this paper we focus on one design team using video, audio, survey and interview data. The variation in design solutions offered by the design team and their prior experiences suggest a link between exploitation - using what they know - and exploration - applying the knowledge in novel ways. Students started with easily available alternative solutions to the problem, engaging in discussion around those solutions, and then exploring the possibility of applying that solution within the constraints of the design space. Prior experience was related to the conception for the final design irrespective of the novelty of the solution. However, students' self perceived experience with design and technology was not as strongly correlated with assessment of the final design.
Inflammation-induced enhancement of the visceromotor reflex to urinary bladder distention: modulation by endogenous opioids and the effects of early-in-life experience with bladder inflammation.

Abstract Abdominal electromyographic (EMG) responses to noxious intensities of urinary bladder distention (UBD) are significantly enhanced 24 hours after zymosan-induced bladder inflammation in adult female rats. This inflammation-induced hypersensitivity is concomitantly inhibited by endogenous opioids because intraperitoneal (i.p.) naloxone administration before testing significantly increases EMG response magnitude to UBD. This inhibitory mechanism is not tonically active because naloxone does not alter EMG response magnitude to UBD in rats without inflammation. At the dose tested, naloxone does not affect bladder compliance in rats with or without inflammation. The effects of i.p. naloxone probably result from blockade of a spinal mechanism because intrathecal naloxone also significantly enhances EMG responses to UBD in rats with inflammation. Rats exposed to bladder inflammation from P90-P92 before reinflammation at P120 show similar hypersensitivity and concomitant opioid inhibition, with response magnitudes being no different from that produced by inflammation at P120 alone. In contrast, rats exposed to bladder inflammation from P14-P16 before reinflammation at P120 show markedly enhanced hypersensitivity and no evidence of concomitant opioid inhibition. These data indicate that bladder inflammation in adult rats induces bladder hypersensitivity that is inhibited by an endogenous opioidergic mechanism. This mechanism can be disrupted by neonatal bladder inflammation. Perspective The present study observed that bladder hypersensitivity resulting from acute bladder inflammation is suppressed by an opioid-inhibitory mechanism. Experiencing bladder inflammation during the neonatal period can impair the expression of this opioid inhibitory mechanism in adulthood. This suggests that bladder insults during development may permanently alter visceral sensory systems and may represent 1 cause of painful bladder disorders.
DEVELOPING A PROBABILISTIC METRIC OF MIDAIR COLLISION RISK

The evaluation of single-aircraft-pair midair collision risk in the national airspace system is addressed. A nonlinear mathematical function is proposed to model the most significant feature of this risk. The function estimates probability of collision as a function of time to contact. Previous attempts to model collision risk have met with difficulty when faced with the challenge of integrating multiple, uncertain probability density functions for the individual components of risk. This approach sidesteps this problem by finding a psychometric function for collision-avoidance performance. This function is evaluated logically and by curve fitting to flight simulator data from commercial airline pilots in simulated conflict scenarios. Analysis of these data gives preliminary support for the appropriateness of the approach. Properly parameterized, such a function or family of functions could be projected to estimate the probability of collision associated with a planned aircraft maneuver. This is similar to...
Individual Weight Change Is Associated with Household Food Security Status

This study examined the relation between household food security status and current measured weight and change in self-reported weight over 12 mo using data from the 1999-2000 and 2001-2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Current measured BMI categories were as follows: underweight ( or =25 kg/m(2)), and obese (> or =30 kg/m(2)). Change in self-reported weight used 2 cut-off points, i.e., a gain/loss of at least 2.27 kg (5 lb) and at least 4.54 kg (10 lb). Household food security categories were as follows: fully secure, marginally secure, insecure without hunger, and insecure with hunger. Multivariate analyses were adjusted for race/ethnicity, household income, education level, and current health status. Compared with women in households that were fully food secure, women in households that were marginally food secure [odds ratio (OR) 1.58] and food insecure without hunger (OR 1.76) were significantly more likely to be obese. Compared with women in households that were fully food secure, those in households that were marginally food secure were significantly more likely to gain at least 4.54 kg (OR 1.68). Compared with men in households that were fully food secure, men in households that were marginally food secure were more likely to be obese and to gain at least 4.54 kg, but these effects were smaller in magnitude than those for women and insignificant in some specifications. This study corroborates previous cross-sectional associations between intermediate levels of food insecurity and obesity for women, and it finds an association between intermediate levels of food insecurity and 12-mo weight gain for women.
MEASUREMENT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER EFFECT ON AIRFRAME NOISE IN THE 12-FOOT PRESSURE WIND TUNNEL

Flap-tip noise sources on a 4.7% DC-lo/MD-11 model respond to increasing Reynolds number (Re) with increases in high frequency sound generation. Sound level increases of 3 dB in frequencies greater than 15 kHz (700 Hz full-scale) are observed with increasing Re between 1.7 x lo6 and 5 x lo6 (based on the model mean aerodynamic chord). The effect is most apparent with the doubling of Re from approximately 2 x lo6 to 4 x 10h; above 5 x lo6 no further increase in sound level is observed. Noise measurements were made up to a Re of 7.6 x 10’ (22% of full-scale Re). Corresponding aerodynamic measurements show that lift on the model increases over the same Re range. A case is made to relate the sound generation to the model lift through flap loading alone. The cornerstone of this case is the comparison of data from the DC-10 and the MD-l 1 configurations. The conversion of the DC-10 model to the MD- 11 configuration by adding a winglet provides a significant improvement in total lift with no increase in flap-tip noise. Relating the source strength uniquely to flap loading explains this finding. Re variation was accomplished by wind tunnel pressurization using the NASA Ames Research Center 12-Foot Pressure Wind Tunnel. A wall-mounted phased microphone array provided the acoustic data. Re effects on both broadband and tonal features in the data are described, and the implications for prediction of full-scale airframe noise from scale models are discussed.
Fermentation of Whole Egg by Heterofermentative Streptococci

Abstract Growth and diacetyl production of heterofermentative streptococci in liquid whole egg (WE) were investigated. Three mixed-strain lactic cultures, a Streptococcus diacetilactis culture, and two Leuconostoc species did not grow well in pasteurized (60° C. for 3.5 min.) WE with or without added yeast extract. Lowering the pH and/or additional heating of the WE enhanced growth. S. diacetilactis grew in pasteurized WE when pH was reduced to 6.5 or below. Both superheating (65° C. for 20 min.) the WE and pH adjustment were necessary for good growth of the other cultures. S. diacetilactis produced most diacetyl in WE acidified to pH 5.5 with citric acid. Peak concentrations of 9 p.p.m. were noted after 8 hr. of fermentation at 21.5° C. A “buttery” aroma was readily apparent. Diacetyl concentrations were low and varied in WE acidified with citric acid, when inoculated with mixed-strain cultures. Leuconostoc cultures produced a mild fermented odor without diacetyl. When lactic acid was used for pH adjustment, the mixed strain cultures and S. diacetilactis produced a “metallic” off-odor which increased with fermentation time. It was possible to simultaneously desugar WE and impart flavors and/or aromas characteristic of dairy products by fermentation with S. diacetilactis. However, growth of a bacillus contaminate during fermentation was a problem.
Acoustic droplet vaporization for temporal and spatial control of tissue occlusion: a kidney study

Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been introduced with the potential application of tumor treatment via occlusion and subsequent necrosis. New Zealand White rabbits were anesthetized, and their left kidney was externalized. An imaging array and single-element transducer were positioned in a tank with direct access to the kidney's vasculature and renal artery. Filtered droplet emulsions (diameter 90% and an average organ perfusion reduction of >70% was achieved using ADV. After treatment of the left kidney, the control kidney on the contralateral side showed a maximum decrease in regional blood flow of 18% relative to the pre-ADV baseline. Image-based hyper-echogenicity from ADV of IA injections was monitored for approximately 90 minutes, and cortex perfusion was reduced by >60% of its original value for more than 1 hour. This could be enough time for the onset of cell death and possible tumor treatment via ischemic necrosis. Moreover, currently used radiofrequency tissue ablation-based tumor treatment could benefit from ADV due to the decreased heat loss via vascular cooling.
Compressed sensing - probabilistic analysis of a null-space characterization

It is well known that compressed sensing problems reduce to solving large under-determined systems of equations. To assure that the problem is well defined, i.e., that the solution is unique the vector of unknowns is of course assumed to be sparse. Nonetheless, even when the solution is unique, finding it in general may be computationally difficult. However, starting with the seminal work of Candes and Tao [2005], it has been shown that linear programming techniques, obtained from an l1-norm relaxation of the original non-convex problem, can provably find the unknown vector in certain instances. In particular, using a certain restricted isometry property, Candes and Tao [2005] shows that for measurement matrices chosen from a random Gaussian ensemble, l1 optimization can find the correct solution with overwhelming probability even when the number of non-zero entries of the unknown vector is proportional to the number of measurements (and the total number of unknowns). The subsequent paper [Donoho and Tanner, 2005] uses results on neighborly polytopes from [Vershik and Sporyshev, 1992] to give a "sharp" bound on what this proportionality should be in the Gaussian case. In the current paper, we observe that what matters is not so much the distribution from which the entries of the measurement matrix A are drawn, but rather the statistics of the null-space of A. Using this observation, we provide an alternative proof of the main result of Candes and Tao [2005] by analyzing matrices whose null-space is isotropic (of which i.i.d. Gaussian ensembles are a special case).
Fifteen years later: Can residential mobility programs provide a long-term escape from neighborhood segregation, crime, and poverty

We examined whether the Gautreaux residential mobility program, which moved poor black volunteer families who were living in inner-city Chicago into more-affluent and integrated neighborhoods, produced long-run improvements in the neighborhood environments of the participants. We found that although all the participants moved in the 6 to 22 years since their initial placements, they continued to reside in neighborhoods with income levels that matched those of their placement neighborhoods. Families who were placed in higher-income, mostly white neighborhoods were currently living in the most-affluent neighborhoods. Families who were placed in lower-crime and suburban locations were most likely to reside in low-crime neighborhoods years later.
Differentiating language contact phenomena: Evidence from Korean–English bilingual children

This paper attempts to provide a reliable description of the characteristics of intrasentential language mixing produced by a group a Korean–English bilingual children, with a special focus on the distinction between code switching and borrowing. Making use of the inherent variability in case marking in Korean, this study employs a quantitative variationist method to determine the status of single nouns of English origin in an otherwise Korean discourse, which constitute the largest portion of the bilingual data. Analysis of the overall bilingual data suggests that intrasentential language mixing is determined by the bilingual abilities and preferences of the speaker as well as those of the addressee. The results of the variable analysis of case marking show that most of the English-origin objects and subjects of Korean verbs are best treated as borrowings and not as code switches.
EFFECTS OF IRRADIATION ON DIABETES IN THE BB/WOR RAT

Lymphoid irradiation is known to prevent spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in susceptible BB rats. The present studies investigated further the effects of radiation in diabetes prone (DP) and resistant (DR) BB/Wor rats, and histocompatible Yoshida (YOS) rats. Single doses of total body gamma irradiation (125-600 rads) induced diabetes within 22-44 days in 20 of 102 (20%) 30 day old DR rats, less than 1% of which develop the disease. Radiation was also associated with (1) a reduction in the ratio of W3/25+ to OX8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes within 2 weeks, and (2) a decreased percentage of lymph node cells expressing the RT6.1 surface alloantigen 3-4 weeks after treatment. Similar doses of irradiation did not alter the frequency or age at onset of diabetes in DP rats, and did not induce diabetes in YOS rats. When a single dose of 250 or 500 rads of gamma irradiation was followed by injection of mitogen activated spleen cells from acutely diabetic rats to adoptively transfer diabetes, 16 of 19 (84%) DR and 8 of 14 (57%) YOS rats became diabetic. Long term exposure to ultraviolet irradiation (UVB) did not alter the frequency or age at onset of diabetes in either DP or DR rats. We conclude that there may exist a population of regulatory cells relatively sensitive to gamma irradiation that play a role in determining the susceptibility of rats to autoimmune diabetes mellitus.
Who are the bilinguals (and monolinguals)

In the keynote article, "Bilingualism and Cognition", Valian (2014) has reviewed current research on comparing executive function (EF) in monolingual and bilingual individuals across the lifespan. The conclusion is that there are inconsistent EF advantages from bilingualism and all other cognitive challenging activities primarily because individual differences in these cognitive challenging experiences may collectively attribute to superior EF resulting in inconsistent EF benefit attributable to a single experience. In essence, variability in study participants' experience and tasks contributes to the inconsistency in the behavioral outcomes observed in monolinguals and bilinguals. Notably, Valian suggests that monolinguals may also engage in other cognitively challenging activities, which have not been accounted for in individual studies, thereby resulting in improved EF similar in magnitude to that related to bilingual experience. Although it was not specified which cognitively challenging activity is more likely to be engaged by monolinguals more than by bilinguals, the question at heart is: is there an EF advantage that can be specifically attributed to bilingual experience? The review addressed in the keynote demonstrates seemingly inconsistent patterns of results. In this commentary, I would like to suggest that, in addition to task measurements, individual bilingual experience is dynamic and multifaceted. Moreover, bilingual experience varies in different communities. Consequently, one potential source of explanation for the inconsistent results in between-group EF performances is the characteristics of the bilinguals (and monolinguals) and their social environments included in these studies.
On the Relationship Between Inventory Costs and Variety Benefits in Retailassortments

Consider a category of product variants distinguished by some attribute such as color or flavor. A retailer must construct an assortment for the category, i.e., select a subset variants to stock and determine purchase quantities for each offered variant. We analyze this problem using a multinomial logit model to describe the consumer choice process and a newsboy model to represent the retailer's inventory cost. We show that the optimal assortment has a simple structure and provide insights on how various factors affect the optimal level of assortment variety. We also develop a formal definition of the level of fashion in a category using the theory of majorization and examine its implications for category profits.
Transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ in the EtC.1 cerebellar granule cell line

Abstract Estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) are expressed in the cerebellum throughout development and in the adult suggesting an important role of 17-β-estradiol (E2) in this brain structure. In the present study, we have characterized the functionality of estrogen receptors (ERs) expressed in the immature cerebellar granule cell line EtC.1 by transfecting such cells with a luciferase reporter gene (ERE-Luc) coupled to an estrogen response element promoter. The induction of luciferase activity in EtC.1 cells by E2 and ER-subtype selective agonists was compared in normal cells and in cells overexpressing human ERα or ERβ (hERα or hERβ). E2-mediated transcription of the reporter gene was blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 (ICI), demonstrating the presence of functional native ERs. The selective agonist for ERα (PPT) showed a reduced response in luciferase induction compared to E2. Moreover, the ERβ agonist (DPN) was unable to induce luciferase activity. E2-induced ERE-Luc transcription was not increased by overexpression of hERα. In contrast, hERβ overexpression reduced the efficacy of E2 and abolished ERα-selective agonist activity. The ERβ-specific agonist did not induce gene reporter activity unless hERβ was overexpressed in the cells, suggesting that the endogenous ERβ in EtC.1 cells is transcriptionally inactive. ICI inhibition of E2 responses was not affected by overexpression of the human ERs. The data suggest that ERα plays a predominant role in E2-mediated transcription in EtC.1 cells. Our data are discussed in view of other reports alluding to the complexity and cell-type specificity of E2-mediated transcription.
Pulmonary fibrosis in experimental acute respiratory disease.

Changes in collagen metabolism were examined in 3 models of acute respiratory disease in rats. Fibrotic changes in the lungs of rats were provoked by exposing them to paraquat (intraperitoneal), ozone (inhaled), or bleomycin (intratracheally injected). After an interval sufficient to allow histologically discernible fibrosis to occur (6 to 7 days), lungs were removed from the rats, and apparent collagen synthesis rates were determined with cultured lung minces incubated in medium containing 3H-proline. There was a significant increase (severalfold) in the apparent collagen synthesis rates by lung minces from all the pneumotoxin-exposed rats in this study. Portions of the 3H-proline-labeled lung minces were then used for quantifying ratios of Type I to Type III collagen. Using CNBr mapping techniques and a combination of carboxymethylcellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, we quantified Type I/Type III collagen for newly synthesized, 3H-labeled collagen as well as for total unlabel...
Atomic-scale EDS Mapping for Chemical Imaging and Quantification of Interdiffusion in Self-assembled Vertically Aligned Nanocomposite Thin Films

Recent technical advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and xray detector technology have made it possible to perform atomic-resolution chemical mapping using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) [1]. This ability allows for establishing a direct correlation between atomic-scale STEM images, such as high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images, and atomic-scale chemical EDS images, making chemical quantification of interfaces, defects and crystalline structure at the atomic-scale possible. Using these capabilities, we have lately quantified the chemical composition of an epitaxial (La0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 (LSMO)/BiFeO3 (BFO) quantum structure [2], cation occupancy in a Sm-doped SrTiO3 (STO) thin film and antiphase boundaries present within STO films [3], as well as determined structures of several intermetallic alloys [4]. In this study, we describe further use of these capabilities to quantify atomic-scale interdiffusion in self-assembled, vertically aligned nanocomposite (VAN) thin films. Self-assembled VAN thin films, consisting of two immiscible components heteroepitaxially grown on single crystals, have experienced an increase in research activity in recent years [5]. These structures offer the advantage of utilizing the functionalities of both components with the possibility of tuning the material’s properties by tailoring the volume ratio of the two components, the interface-to-volume ratio and hetero-epitaxial strain. In addition, modification of interface properties such as structural and elemental distribution across the interface offers an additional dimension to generate new properties and functionalities. The atomic-scale characterization of the interface plays an essential role in understanding the structure-property relationships. Here we describe the characterization of NiO:LSMO and ZnO:LSMO VAN thin
A legal fiction with real consequences.

In “Changing the Conversation About Brain Death,” Truog and Miller (2014) summarize doubts that have been expressed for decades about whole brain death, and argue forcefully that brain death is not...
Valvular Heart Disease: Introduction, Clinical Pathogenesis, and Management

Valvular heart disease (VHD) is a common cardiac condition with a big impact on healthcare economics. The incidence of VHD had been increasing over the past few decades, likely due to aging population [1]; improved mortality outcomes with increased survival in patients with conditions such as ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory disease states, and oncologic patients; earlier diagnoses due to technologic advances in imaging tools; and iatrogenic valve disease such as prosthetic valve dysfunction [2]. It is important to have an in-depth understanding of the different types of VHD; the natural history; interplay between anatomic, genetic, and molecular mechanisms of specific VHD; impact of VHD on other organ systems; and advances in diagnostic and therapeutic options that will translate to improved patient outcomes [3].
Fertility of the Early Post-Eruptive Surfaces of Kasatochi Island Volcano

ABSTRACT In the four years after the 2008 eruption and burial of Kasatochi Island volcano, erosion and the return of bird activity have resulted in new and altered land surfaces and initiation of ecosystem recovery. We examined fertility characteristics of the recently deposited pyroclastic surfaces, patches of legacy pre-eruptive surface soil (LS), and a post-eruptive surface with recent bird roosting activity. Pyroclastic materials were found lacking in N, but P, K, and other macronutrients were in sufficient supply for plants. Erosion and leaching are moving mobile P and Fe downslope to deposition fan areas. Legacy soil patches that currently support plants have available-N at levels (10–22 mg N kg-1) similar to those added by birds in a recent bird roosting area. Roosting increased surface available N from <1 mg N kg-1 in the new pyroclastic surfaces to up to 42 mg N kg-1 and increased soil biological respiration of CO2 from essentially zero to a level about 40% that of the LS surface. Laboratory plan...
Pediatrician Ambiguity in Understanding Palliative Sedation at the End of Life.

Context:Palliative sedation is a means of relieving intractable symptoms at the end of life, however, guidelines about its use lack consistency. In addition, ethical concerns persist around the practice. There are reports of palliative sedation in the pediatric literature, which highlight various institutional perspectives.Objectives:This survey of 4786 pediatric providers sought to describe their knowledge of and current practices around pediatric palliative sedation.Methods:Our survey was administered to pediatricians who care for children at the end of life. The survey assessed agreement with a definition of palliative sedation, as well as thoughts about its alignment with aggressive symptom management. Bivariate analyses using χ2 and analysis of variance were calculated to determine the relationship between responses to closed-ended questions. Open-ended responses were thematically coded by the investigators and reviewed for agreement.Results:Nearly half (48.6%) of the respondents indicated that the s...
Analysis and evaluation on surveillance results of the unknown etiology pneumonia cases in Shenzhen 2011

Objective To analyze the reporting of unknown etiology pneumonia(UEP) cases in seven hospitals of Shenzhen city 2011,and evaluate the surveillance system.Methods All surveillance data of UEP cases from the surveillance system in 2011 were be described and analyzed by statistical methods.Results In 2011,there were 1 634 718 outpatient cases from seven sentinel hospital in Shenzhen,including 40 099 influenza-like cases(2.45 percent) and 3 504 cases with fever and pneumonia(0.21 percent),accounting for 8.74% of influenza-like illness.48 409 cases of hospitalized cases,of which 1 905 cases were fever pneumonia cases,accounting for 3.94% of the total hospitalized patients and 0.12% of the total number of outpatient cases.2 UEP cases were reported in 2011,1 case with human infection of highly pathogenic avian influenza(H5N1)was confirmed.Conclusion The results show that the surveillance system for unknown etiology pneumonia has good sensitivity and specificity,however it is not good enough to find the early patients and make early warning.Therefore,it is very important to establish a new surveillance system for infectious disease of respiratory tract by combining influenza surveillance system with unknown etiology pneumonia monitoring system.
Intersectionality in Quantitative Psychological Research II. Methods and Techniques

Intersectional approaches, which consider how simultaneous membership in multiple social categories characterize our experiences and are linked to power and privilege, have deep roots in feminist p...
Pulsatile perfusion system for ex vivo investigation of biochemical pathways in intact vascular tissue.

We have constructed and performed initial validation of an innovative perfusion system that allows exposure of intact segments of vascular tissue to realistic physiological and hemodynamic environm...
Pennsylvanian endothyroid Foraminifera from the Appalachian Basin

Endothyroid foraminifers are common in most marine Pennsylvanian units in the Appalachian Basin. The genera Planoendothyra Reitlinger, 1959, and Endothyranella Galloway and Harlton, 1930, are the dominant taxa. Scarce Endothyra Phillips, 1846, are restricted below the Desmoinesian. The greatest change in stratigraphic distribution of taxa occurs at the Atokan-Desmoinesian boundary. Sixteen taxa are recognized. Five new species are proposed, including Planoendothyra orbiculata, P.? associata, Endothyranella kentuckyensis, E. inflata, and E. intermissa. Most taxa are assigned previously described American species using a cf. designation. Description and thin section illustration provide a basis for nomenclatural acceptance of these taxa.
Theorizing de-Christianization in women's reproductive lives in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada

Abstract Several scholars argue that there is a causal link between the sexual revolution, plunging fertility rates, delayed age of first marriage and the waning influence of Christianity between 1957 and 1975, and that the most dramatic shift occurred in Canada. However, when these findings are contrasted with intergenerational family narratives gathered from women living in a culturally distinct and religiously homogeneous Canadian province, a more complex story of de-Christianization in relation to women's reproductive lives emerges. We suggest that secularization in women's lives in Newfoundland and Labrador occurred later, and appeared to coincide with two significant de-institutionalizing events – the Mount Cashel scandal in the 1980s and the end of the denominational school system in the 1990s. Moreover, even following women's reported departure from the Church, religiously-framed morality remains salient in women's descriptions of their reproductive lives, and mothers were central in imparting these mores.
Radiation Testing of Linear Microcircuits

A study was made to determine the effects of fast neutron radiation on linear microcircuits. Both overall effects and individual components were studied. Circuits tested were two operational amplifiers and two gold-doped comparators. The primary results of the tests were that one operational amplifier and the gold-doped comparators withstood up to 1014 nvt. The other operational amplifier withstood at least 3 × 1013 nvt. At these levels, gain was down about 50% on the comparators and input bias current was doubled. On the operational amplifiers, the input current showed a more severe degration than the gain because more feedback was used. Other circuit parameters showed little significant change up to the levels at which the gain was halved. By measuring common-base current-gain degradation at different current levels, it is shown that both base transport factor and emitter efficiency degrade with radiation. It has been determined that diffused resistors show little change up to 1015 nvt. Since current design utlizes resistor ratios instead of absolute values, the effect is further reduced. Avalanche breakdown voltages increased due to higher resistivities as expected. Other component changes were small. A particularly interesting aspects of the study was to determine the sensitivity to ratiation of a wide-base device, the so-called lateral PNP. Tests showed that the device was more sensitive to radiation thatn the NPN structures. Betas decreased by an order of magnitude at 3 × 10 nvt. A vertical PNP also showed heavy degradation.