cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Human Metapneumovirus Infection: Insights into the Pathogenesis of a Newly Identified Respiratory Virus

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently discovered human virus that causes significant respiratory infections. Pathologic features of hMPV infection have not been described. A total of 1257 pediatric respiratory samples submitted for routine clinical virologic testing were additionally tested for hMPV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pathology specimens, available in 6 of 53 hMPV-positive patients, were examined by light and electron microscopy and included 6 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and 3 lung biopsy specimens from 6 patients (3 girls and 3 boys) ranging in age from 1 to 16 years. BAL from three patients performed within 4 days of the positive hMPV assay showed epithelial degenerative changes and eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions within epithelial cells, multinucleate giant cells, and histiocytes. Inclusions were not seen in three patients with BAL performed = 1 month from the time of their positive assay. Lung biopsy, performed in three patients, all = 1 month from the time of their positive assay, showed chronic airway inflammation and intraalveolar foamy and hemosiderin-laden macrophages; all three patients had an underlying pulmonary/systemic disorder. Our findings delineate the clinicopathologic features in hMPV-infected patients undergoing anatomic sampling, which may provide diagnostic guidance to a practicing pathologist. Further, they contribute toward understanding the pathogenesis of hMPV infection.
A Tool Support for Design and Validation of Communication Protocol using State Transition Diagrams and Patterns

In this paper, we introduce a software tool to assist design and validation of a communication protocol specified in state transition diagrams and patterns. When protocol developers start development of a new system, they tend to describe the developing system with several highlevel description elements such as communicating blocks, communication paths, messages, and finite state machines. Then, they want to validate the correctness of their design as early as possible to find out any faults in the design. In this paper, we propose a software tool with which protocol developers can specify structural architectures and behavioral main operations of a protocol system through the graphical user interface. Then, the tool generates PROMELA code from the design specification to make it possible for the developers to validate the specification using the SPIN model checker. Meanwhile, we can specify a protocol system with more high-level abstraction using a pattern, a combination of several basic elements of the protocol. A pattern is a software reuse mechanism to apply a well-known solution of a recurring problem to the similar software developments repeatedly. In the paper, we also propose the usage of patterns in our tool. Using the pattern support, it will be possible for the tool to provide automatic pattern selection, instantiation, and composition. As results of this tool, protocol developers can describe a communication protocol more efficiently and reduce the development cost. Furthermore, they can have the confidence for the specification at the early stage of software development.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of YBa2Cu307_8 on SrTiO3 and LaA103

Thin films of YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7-8 have been deposited on (100) SrTiO 3 and (100) LaAIO 3 by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The tetramethylheptanedionates of Y, Ba, and Cu were used as the metalorganic sources for transport. Films were grown under reduced pressure using nitrous oxide as an oxidizing source. Growth temperatures were varied from 700 to 775°C. Film growth rates were between 500 and 1000 A/h. Films deposited on both LaAlO 3 and SrTiO 3 at 775°C have T c 's between 87 and 89 K with J c 's of (1−3) x 10 6 A/cm2 (measured at 77 K). At lower growth temperatures (700-750°C), T c and J c of films on LaA103 degrade more significantly than films on SrTiO 3 . Microwave surface resistance vs. temperature measurements for thicker films (i.e. 4000 ,A) grown at 775AC have been measured in a 36 GHz cavity and show a sharp drop through the transition temperature, indicative of high quality thin films. Calculated R s values corresponding to 10 GHz indicate improvements greater than an order of magnitude over copper metal at 77 K.
Creating Integrated Networks Of Emergency Care: From Vision To Value

Emergency care is an essential component of the care delivery system in the United States, but it received little attention during the debates about health care reform. As a result, US emergency care remains outdated and fragmented. We provide an overview of efforts to regionalize emergency care in the United States, and we both identify challenges to change and recommend next steps in five domains: people, quality and processes, technology, finances, and jurisdictional politics. We offer a commonsense approach to increasing the value of emergency care delivery by developing regionalized integrated networks of emergency care that take advantage of emerging changes in the health system and are designed to meet time-sensitive patient needs.
Changes in Bacterial and Fungal Communities across Compost Recipes, Preparation Methods, and Composting Times

Compost production is a critical component of organic waste handling, and compost applications to soil are increasingly important to crop production. However, we know surprisingly little about the microbial communities involved in the composting process and the factors shaping compost microbial dynamics. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing approaches to assess the diversity and composition of both bacterial and fungal communities in compost produced at a commercial-scale. Bacterial and fungal communities responded to both compost recipe and composting method. Specifically, bacterial communities in manure and hay recipes contained greater relative abundances of Firmicutes than hardwood recipes with hay recipes containing relatively more Actinobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes. In contrast, hardwood recipes contained a large relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi. Fungal communities of compost from a mixture of dairy manure and silage-based bedding were distinguished by a greater relative abundance of Pezizomycetes and Microascales. Hay recipes uniquely contained abundant Epicoccum, Thermomyces, Eurotium, Arthrobotrys, and Myriococcum. Hardwood recipes contained relatively abundant Sordariomycetes. Holding recipe constant, there were significantly different bacterial and fungal communities when the composting process was managed by windrow, aerated static pile, or vermicompost. Temporal dynamics of the composting process followed known patterns of degradative succession in herbivore manure. The initial community was dominated by Phycomycetes, followed by Ascomycota and finally Basidiomycota. Zygomycota were associated more with manure-silage and hay than hardwood composts. Most commercial composters focus on the thermophilic phase as an economic means to insure sanitation of compost from pathogens. However, the community succeeding the thermophilic phase begs further investigation to determine how the microbial dynamics observed here can be best managed to generate compost with the desired properties.
The Role of CAEME in the Stimulation and Propagation of Effective Electromagnetics Education in the USA and Abroad

The NSF/IEEE Center for Computer Applications in Electromagnetic Education (CAEME) was established in early 1990 as a result of a grant from the Undergraduate Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Division of the National Science Foundation. To help provide broad and international participation in its activities, the Center is managed by the executive office of IEEE. CAEME's objective is to stimulate and accelerate the use of computers and software tools to help boost electrmagnetic education. It is shown in this paper that the Center has helped in propagating effective EM education by providing seed funds for software development projects, organizing workshops and special sessions, and through the publication of software books that contain diskettes of developed software. The Center also developed interactive video lessons and is almost self-supporting through corporate sponsorship.
Tramadol Use in Zoologic Medicine

SUMMARY Tramadol may be an alternative to analgesics currently used in zoologic medicine. Afew studies examining the effect of tramadol in zoologic species are available andthey suggest that significant species differences exist in pharmacokinetics as wellas analgesic dynamics. Until more research is available, recommended doses willbe based solely on clinical experience. Clinicians at various zoologic institutions andexotic clinical practices are encouraged to perform clinical trials and aid in the deter-mination of appropriate doses of tramadol for the many zoologic species present. REFERENCES 1. Scott LJ, Perry CM. Tramadol: a review of its use in perioperative pain. Drugs2000;60:139–76.2. Raffa RB, Friderichs E, Reimann W, et al. Opioid and nonopioid componentsindependently contribute to the mechanism of action of tramadol, an atypicalopioid analgesic. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;280:275–85.3. Valle M, Garrido MJ, Pavon JM, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamicmodeling of the antinociceptive effects of main active metabolites of (-)-O-des-methyltramadol, in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;293:646–53.
Television Art's Abstract Starts: Europe circa 1944–1969*

Video and television art, so the story goes, started with Nam June Paik. That he first turned to television in Wuppertal, West Germany, before moving to New York has remained at best a peculiar side note to discussions of the relationship between art and television, which, at least on this side of the Atlantic, appear largely dominated by art made in the U.S. What is more, even at the presumed moment of its origin, Paik himself deflected the honor of being the first television artist. In a text published on the occasion of his 1963 exhibition Exposition of Music Electronic Television at Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal, Paik opens with a credit that today most art historians would find obscure and, even for those on more intimate terms with postwar European art, bizarre: "As is well known Prof.
Merging the Idiographic Filter With Dynamic Factor Analysis to Model Process

To model processes we propose merging idiographic filter measurement with dynamic factor analysis. This involves testing whether or not the same latent dynamics (concurrent and lagged factor interrelations) can describe different individuals' observed multivariate time series. The methodology allows fitting, across different individuals, dynamic factor models that are invariant with respect to the latent dynamics, but not necessarily the factor loadings (measurement model). This methodology allows the same latent process to manifest differently from one individual to another, thus recognizing that the process is general but its realization in a given person is to some degree idiosyncratic. The approach is illustrated with empirical data.
The effect of vitamin D on the structural crosslinks and maturation of chick bone collagen.

The quantitative relationships were determined between the structural crosslinks, dihydroxylysinonorleucine (Lys(OH)2-Nle) and hydroxylysinonorleucine (Lys(OH)-Nle) in NaB 3H4-reduced diaphyseal bone collagen from 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-week-old chicks fed either a vitamin D-deficient diet, a normal-vitamin D diet or a high-, but non-toxic, vitamin D diet from time of hatching. Chicks fed the normal diet showed a progressive decrease in the ratio of Lys(OH)2-Nle/Lys(OH)-Nle with age. This decrease was accelerated in chicks receiving the High-vitamin D diet. In the vitamin D-deficient group, the ratio was higher than controls at 1 and 2 weeks and increased further at 3 and 4 weeks. Similar changes in Lys(OH)2-Nle/Lys(OH)-Nle ratio did not occur in skin collagen. Compared to Control-vitamin D animals, the increased crosslink ratios in the vitamin D-deficient bone collagen occurred prior to changes in growth rate and could not be correlated with lysine hydroxylation or the hypocalcemia seen in this group. These results suggest that the type of crosslink analysis used in this study provides one of the earliest and most sensitive indications of a bone disturbance due to vitamin D deficiency and that vitamin D specifically acts to increase the rate of maturation of bone collagen.
Random testing for higher-order, stateful programs

Testing is among the most effective tools available for finding bugs. Still, we know of no automatic technique for generating test cases that expose bugs involving a combination of mutable state and callbacks, even though objects and method overriding set up exactly that combination. For such cases, a test generator must create callbacks or subclasses that aggressively exercise side-effecting operations using combinations of generated objects.This paper presents a new algorithm for randomly testing programs that use state and callbacks. Our algorithm exploits a combination of contracts and environment bindings to guide the test-case generator toward interesting inputs. Our prototype implementation for Racket (formerly PLT Scheme) - which has a Java-like class system, but with first-class classes as well as gbeta-like augmentable methods - uncovered dozens of bugs in a well-tested and widely used text-editor library.We describe our approach in a precise, formal notation, borrowing the techniques used to describe operational semantics and type systems. The formalism enables us to provide a compact and self-contained explanation of the core of our technique without the ambiguity usually present in pseudo-code descriptions.
Mental Models of Quality

Using a qualitative case study approach, the mental models of quality among employees working in a small manufacturing company with a Total Quality Management (TQM) agenda are identified and described. The results of a content analysis of subjects' verbatim responses to open-ended interview questions, employing Hyper RESEARCH software, indicate the presence of five overlapping yet qualitatively distinct mental models of quality. In order of least to most complex, these are: a) product-based, b) production- or process-based, c) value-based, d) continuous improvement-based, and e) TQM-based mental models of quality. Each mental model offers a different perspective of what constitutes quality and appropriate quality-oriented practices. Implications for training are discussed.
First Three-Dimensional Structure of Toxoplasma gondii Thymidylate Synthase–Dihydrofolate Reductase: Insights for Catalysis, Interdomain Interactions, and Substrate Channeling

Most species, such as humans, have monofunctional forms of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) that are key folate metabolism enzymes making critical folate components required for DNA synthesis. In contrast, several parasitic protozoa, including Toxoplasma gondii, contain a unique bifunctional thymidylate synthase-dihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) having the catalytic activities contained on a single polypeptide chain. The prevalence of T. gondii infections across the world, especially for those immunocompromised, underscores the need to understand TS-DHFR enzyme function and to find new avenues to exploit for the design of novel antiparasitic drugs. As a first step, we have solved the first three-dimensional structures of T. gondii TS-DHFR at 3.7 A and of a loop truncated TS-DHFR, removing several flexible surface loops in the DHFR domain, improving resolution to 2.2 A. Distinct structural features of the TS-DHFR homodimer include a junctional region containing a kinked crossove...
RACE AND HOME OWNERSHIP: IS DISCRIMINATION DISAPPEARING?

Racial differentials in home ownership rates are examined using data on households in the twenty-four largest metropolitan areas. considerable recent reduction in racial discrimination is indicatd, in contrast to the findings of a previous analysis of the St. Louis housing market. The results are maintained under a number of modifications of the model and estimation technique.
Dysgerminoma: The Role of Conservative Surgery

Twenty-five cases of pure ovarian dysgerminoma treated at UCLA Medical Center between 1958 and 1992 were reviewed retrospectively. Patterns of recurrence and overall survival were analyzed with regard to primary surgery (conservative versus nonconservative), use of adjuvant therapy, and stage of disease. Fourteen patients (56%) underwent conservative surgical therapy defined as preservation of the contralateral ovary, 10 patients (40%) had nonconservative primary surgery, and one patient (4%) had chemotherapy as primary treatment. Three patients (12%) received adjuvant chemotherapy and nine patients (36%) received postoperative radiation therapy. Fifteen patients (60%) had stage I disease, four (16%) stage II, and three each (12%) had stage III and IV disease. Nine patients (36%) experienced recurrence of disease. Seven of these nine patients (78%) had stage I disease and all seven had undergone conservative primary surgery with preservation of the contralateral ovary. Six of the seven had received no adjuvant therapy. Only one of these seven patients experienced recurrence in the preserved ovary. She was found to have a dysgenetic ovary and an XY karyotype. Three patients with recurrent disease had received radiation therapy after primary surgery. Twenty patients (80%) were alive without disease at follow-up, two patients (8%) were alive with disease, and three (12%) had died of disease. There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence rates between those patients treated with conservative surgery and those treated with nonconservative surgery, although the total number of patients with recurrences was greater in the former group. Our data suggest that a conservative surgical approach is the preferred treatment in patients with pure dysgerminoma of the ovary who desire future fertility. Lack of adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy, rather than type of initial surgery, may be associated with a higher risk of recurrence.
Model calculations of torque-induced axial magnetization in circumferentially magnetized rings: Further results

Abstract We extend our previous theoretical analysis of the axial magnetization developed in a circumferentially magnetized, magnetostrictive ring subjected to a torque. The ring is assumed to consist of single-domain crystallites having either uniaxial, cubic {1 1 1} -easy, or cubic {1 0 0} -easy magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The small angle approximation, in which the departure of each moment from its remanent-state easy direction in the presence of torque is taken to be small, is employed. Here we examine the impact of higher order terms in the anisotropy and include a constant uniaxial stress to investigate the effect of residual stress. The results are extended to composites consisting of magnetostrictive material in a nonmagnetic matrix.
A note on the best invariant estimator of a distribution function under the Kolmogorov-Smirnov loss

For the invariant decision problem of estimating a continuous distribution function with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov loss within the class of ‘proper– distribution functions, it is proved that the sample distribution function is the best invariant estimator only for the sample size n = 1 and 2. Further it is shown that the best invariant estimator is minimax. Exact jumps of the best invariant estimator are derived for n ≤ 4.
Formation of Amyloid Fibers by Monomeric Light-chain Variable Domains

Systemic light chain amyloidosis is a lethal disease characterized by excess immunoglobulin light chains and light chain fragments composed of variable domains, which aggregate into amyloid fibers. These fibers accumulate and damage organs. Some light chains induce formation of amyloid fibers, whereas others do not, making it unclear what distinguishes amyloid formers from non-formers. One mechanism by which sequence variation may reduce propensity to form amyloid fibers is by shifting the equilibrium toward an amyloid-resistant quaternary structure. Here we identify the monomeric form of the Mcg immunoglobulin light chain variable domain as the quaternary unit required for amyloid fiber assembly. Dimers of Mcg variable domains remain stable and soluble, yet become prone to assemble into amyloid fibers upon disassociation into monomers.
Offending Patterns Among Southeast Asians in the State of California

Abstract Using California's Monthly Arrest and Citation Register (MACR) data collected by the California Department of Justice for the years 1991-1996, this study examined odds of arrest for various violent and lucrative type offenses, across seven different Asian ethnic groups. To avoid selection bias, African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans were also included in the analysis. Logistic regression models were fitted to the MACR data. Consistent with theoretical hypotheses, the authors found that Southeast Asian immigrants were more likely to engage in criminal activity than their white counterparts and more established Asian groups. Logistic regression results revealed that Southeast Asians, in particular Vietnamese, were over-represented in every arrest category, while non-refugee Asian groups were considerably underrepresented in arrests. Cambodians, Laotians, and Vietnamese were at significantly higher odds of arrest for crimes that tended to produce financial gain, such as theft, car theft, ...
The diffusibility of oxygen across the sheep placenta.

Estimates have been made of: (1) the oxygen tension in blood samples drawn from unanesthetized ewes and their fetuses via chronic catheters in the uterine vein, umbilical artery and umbilical vein between 90 days and full term; (2) the rate of oxygen uptake by the umbilical circulation between 80 and 134 days in a series of anesthetized ewes, and (3) the ‘diffusing capacity’ of the placenta for oxygen in eleven anesthetized ewes in stages of gestation from 81 to 134 days. The results demonstrate: (1) there is no regular change with advancing gestation in the oxygen tension of the blood in the vessels sampled, and (2) the quantity of oxygen taken up by the umbilical blood and the ‘diffusing eapacity’ of the placenta for oxygen both increase as the fetal weight.
Adolescent Girls’ Involvement in Disability Sport: Implications for Identity Development:

The social institution of sport reflects a society that presupposes the values, mores, norms, and standards of the majority and subsequently determines who can participate in sport and who can be identified as an athlete. Recognizing the growing importance of disability sport to people with disabilities, the purpose of this study was to use the construct of symbolic interactionism to examine the identity development of adolescent girls with physical disabilities who participate in organized wheelchair sports with a specific focus on athletic identity development. An understanding of how the girls’ interaction with various socializing agents through a wheelchair sport program to develop an athletic identity was developed through interviews. Results are presented utilizing Keliber’s framework for identity development through leisure participation, including sport.
A new UV lithography photoresist based on composite of EPON resins 165 and 154 for fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microstructures

Abstract We report a new type of negative-tone photoresist in this paper. The resist is based on a composite of EPON resins 154 and 165 (both from Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc., Columbus, OH 43215). These two epoxy-based resins were mixed in an optimal ratio and dissolved in gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) solvent. The mixture was then photosensitized by adding a given amount of triaryl sulfonium salt to obtain a new negative-tone photoresist that can be used in for ultra-high-aspect-ratio microstructure fabrication with UV lithography. Preliminary studies have found that microstructures with heights of more than 1000 μm and feature sizes down to 10 μm (aspect-ratios of more than 100) can be obtained using the new resist film with ultraviolet lithography. The microstructures have excellent sidewall quality. In this paper, both the material properties and lithography properties of this new type of UV resist will be presented. The potential applications of the new resist in microfabrication and MEMS systems are also discussed.
The antiteratogenic effects of hypo- and hyperthermia in trypan blue-treated chick embryos

Fertile White Leghorn chicken eggs (N = 174) were incubated under optimum conditions until the embryos had reached Hamburger-Hamilton stage 12 (about 48 hr). At that time, 20 μl of 1% trypan blue solution, dissolved in 0.85% NaCl (wt/vol) was injected through the yolk sac into the liquid yolk found just under the embryo. After injection, the eggs were separated into groups and returned to the incubator under control conditions (38°C), or at temperatures lower (35°C) or higher (41°C) than optimum. After an additional 24 hr of incubation, the embryos incubated at 35°C (N = 53) exhibited significantly fewer caudal hematomas (P < 0.02) than did embryos incubated at 38°C (N = 51). Similarly, embryos incubated at 41°C (N = 40) also exhibited significantly fewer caudal hematomas (P < 0.05) than did their corresponding (38°C) controls (N = 30). There was no significant difference between the 35°C group and their controls, or the 38°C group and their controls, in embryonic dry weight, dry weight of the area vasculosa, or crown-rump length. The only other significant difference detected between groups was a very slight but significant (P < 0.0005) decrease in Hamburger-Hamilton stage (0.4 stage unit) between embryos incubated at 35°C and the corresponding controls. Since incubation temperatures either above or below optimum result in a marked reduction in the teratogenic response to trypan blue treatment, we conclude that there exists a temperature optimum for the development of caudal hematomas.
Critical states for rocks at changing deformation rates

1. Integration of the experimental results in a synthesis of the kinetic and statistical theories of strength yielded general mathematical conditions for breaking points and limits of elasticity for rocks, valid for a broad range of deformation rates and for the many variations of stress state. 2. The equations include four independent constants, whose determination calls for two series of experiments: a) determination of elasticity limits and breaking points in uniaxial compresion and a braod range of deformation rate variations; b) determination of elasticity and strength curves for a single (standard) deformation rate. 3. Solving the system of equations in the coordinates log τ-C yields curves of elasticity and strength. Analysis of errors associated with these curves suggests a simplified system of equations more convenient for calculations and practical purposes. These equations are the same four independent constants, but yield straight-line characteristics at any deformation rates. The lines are drawn for two theoretical points.
Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Atypical Antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics [also known as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs)] have become a mainstay therapeutic treatment intervention for patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and other psychotic conditions. These agents are commonly used with other medications--most notably, antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs. Drug interactions can take place by various pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmaceutical mechanisms. The pharmacokinetic profile of each SGA, especially with phase I and phase II metabolism, can allow for potentially significant drug interactions. Pharmacodynamic interactions arise when agents have comparable receptor site activity, which can lead to additive or competitive effects without alterations in measured plasma drug concentrations. Additionally, the role of drug transporters in drug interactions continues to evolve and may effect both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Pharmaceutical interactions occur when physical incompatibilities take place between agents prior to drug absorption. Approximate therapeutic plasma concentration ranges have been suggested for a number of SGAs. Drug interactions that markedly increase or decrease the concentrations of these agents beyond their ranges can lead to adverse events or diminished clinical efficacy. Most clinically significant drug interactions with SGAs occur via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) system. Many but not all drug interactions with SGAs are identified during drug discovery and pre-clinical development by employing a series of standardized in vitro and in vivo studies with known CYP inducers and inhibitors. Later therapeutic drug monitoring programmes, clinical studies and case reports offer methods to identify additional clinically significant drug interactions. Some commonly co-administered drugs with a significant potential for drug-drug interactions with selected SGAs include some SSRIs. Antiepileptic mood stabilizers such as carbamazepine and valproate, as well as other antiepileptic drugs such as phenobarbital and phenytoin, may decrease plasma SGA concentrations. Some anti-infective agents such as protease inhibitors and fluoroquinolones are of concern as well. Two additional important factors that influence drug interactions with SGAs are dose and time dependence. Smoking is very common among psychiatric patients and can induce CYP1A2 enzymes, thereby lowering expected plasma levels of certain SGAs. It is recommended that ziprasidone and lurasidone are taken with food to promote drug absorption, otherwise their bioavailability can be reduced. Clinicians must be aware of the variety of factors that can increase the likelihood of clinically significant drug interactions with SGAs, and must carefully monitor patients to maximize treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse events.
IR photodissociation of vinyl fluoride: Time resolved emission under collisionless conditions☆

Abstract The photodissociation of vinyl fluoride in the presence of intense CO 2 TEA laser radiation is reported. Time resolved emission from vibrationally excited products as well as undissociated parent species reveal (1) the collisionless nature of the dissociation process, (2) that the main product channel is HF elimination, and (3) that the available energy of the transition state is preferentially channeled into HF vibration energy. Our results are compared to those of others where alternate methods of dissociation were employed.
On the structure of shared awareness

Sentences of the form, “A thinks B thinks ,” arise in the analysis of game-like situations and in the sociology of knowledge. These are modeled by a Boolean algebra with operators, where “A believes x,” is written Ax. Operators ∩j=1 (∞i, Ai)j representing complete consensus or “common opinion” are defined. Properties of these epistemic operators are derived from postulates. Sociological features of content, stability and change of shared awareness are discussed. Finally, the model is used to solve a class of 2-person 0-sum games in which the conventional requirements for mutual knowledge are relaxed.
A Note on Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm

An assertion that Dijkstra's algorithm for shortest paths (adapted to allow arcs of negative weight) runs in O(n3) steps is disproved by showing a set of networks which take O(n2n) steps.
Correlation between hole depletion and atomic structure at high angle grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7−δ

Abstract Using a combination of high-resolution Z-contrast imaging and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), the local hole depletion and local atomic structure in the region of grain boundaries can be studied simultaneously. The atomic resolution Z-contrast image can be used to position the probe for energy loss spectroscopy, which by quantitative analysis of the pre-edge feature of the oxygen K-absorption edge can be used to measure the local hole depletion to an accuracy of approximately 5%. Additionally, as the Z-contrast technique is sensitive to the effects of damage from the specimen preparation, boundaries representative of the original material can be easily selected. Studied have been performed on both asymmetric and symmetric high-angle tilt boundaries in YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ films prepared by laser ablation on yttria-stabilised-zirconia (YSZ) substrates. The symmetric boundary shows no significant hole depletion in the boundary region whereas the asymmetric boundary has significant depletion in a zone extending over a far greater region than the disordered atomic structure indicated by the image.
Synthesis and Spectroscopy of μ-Oxo (O2-)-Bridged Heme/Non-heme Diiron Complexes: Models for the Active Site of Nitric Oxide Reductase

In this paper, we describe the synthesis and study of a series of heme/non-heme Fe-O-Fe' complexes supported by a porphyrin and the tripodal nitrogen ligand TMPA [TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine]. The complete synthesis of [((6)L)Fe-O-Fe(X)](+) (1) (X = OMe(-) or Cl(-), 69:31 ratio), where (6)L is the dianion of 5-(o-O-[(N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-2-(6-methoxyl)pyridinemethanamine)phenyl]-10,15,20-tris(2,6-difluorophenyl)porphine, is reported. The crystal structure for 1.PF(6) reveals an intramolecular heme/non-heme diferric complex bridged by an Fe-O-Fe' moiety; 90 degree angle (Fe-O-Fe') = 166.7(3) degrees, and d(Fe.Fe') = 3.556 A. Crystal data for C(70)H(57)ClF(12)Fe(2)N(8)O(3)P (1.PF(6)): triclinic, Ponemacr;, a = 13.185(3) A, b = 14.590 (3) A, c = 16.885(4) A, alpha = 104.219(4) degrees, beta = 91.572(4) degrees, gamma = 107.907(4) degrees, V = 2977.3(11) A(3), Z = 2, T = 150(2) K. Complex 1 (where X = Cl(-)) is further characterized by UV-vis (lambda(max) = 328, 416 (Soret), 569 nm), (1)H NMR (delta 27-24 [TMPA -CH(2)-], 16.1 [pyrrole-H], 15.2-10.5 [PY-3H, PY-5H], 7.9-7.2 [m- and p-phenyl-H], 6.9-5.8 [PY-4H] ppm), resonance Raman (nu(as)(Fe-O-Fe') 844 cm(-)(1)), and Mossbauer (delta(Fe) = 0.47, 0.41 mm/s; deltaE(A) = 1.59, 0.55 mm/s; 80 K) spectroscopies, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (m/z 1202), and SQUID susceptometry (J = - 114.82 cm(-)(1), S = 0). We have also synthesized a series of 3-, 4-, and 5-methyl-substituted as well as selectively deuterated TMPA(Fe') complexes and condensed these with the hydroxo complex (F(8))FeOH or (F(8)-d(8))FeOH to yield "untethered" Fe-O-Fe' analogues. Along with selective deuteration of the methylene hydrogens in TMPA, complete (1)H NMR spectroscopic assignments for 1 have been accomplished. The magnetic properties of several of the untethered complexes and a comparison to those of 1 are also presented. Complex 1 and related species represent good structural and spectroscopic models for the heme/non-heme diiron active site in the enzyme nitric oxide reductase.
NASA's Future HyspIRI Mission and the EO-1 Hyperion Collections

NASA’s Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) concept for a global survey mission with two instruments, a visible-shortwave infrared imaging spectrometer (380-2500 nm) and an 8-band multispectral thermal imager, will be described. Also, the ten years (2001-present) of a global sampling mission by a heritage sensor, the Hyperion instrument on Earth Observing-1 satellite, will be summarized.
Management of urinary tract infections: children are different

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem in infants and children and may have serious consequences leading to chronic renal failure. In spite of its frequency and potential severity, UTI often is felt to be a simple problem. Nothing could be further from the truth; there are many dynamic issues related to its proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Especially important are the differences in UTI between adults and children that emphasize that children are not "little adults." Epidemiology The prevalence of UTI varies by age and sex. In the newborn period, approximately 1% to 2% of both girls and boys (usually uncircumcised) have UTIs. In infancy and childhood, UTI is more common in girls than in boys; approximately 1% of school-age girls develop symptomatic infection each year. This incidence increases even further when adolescent girls become sexually active. Risk factors for UTI in females include sexual intercourse, sexual abuse, use of bubble bath, constipation, pinworms, and infrequent or incomplete voiding. In either sex, risk factors include ureteric reflux in a sibling, urologic abnormalities, indwelling urethral catheterization, and neurogenic bladder. Pathogenesis Although cystitis may be caused by adenovirus, UTI usually is caused by bacteria that commonly are found on the perineum and ascend up the urethra into the bladder.
Control of some linear stochastic systems with a fractional Brownian motion

In this paper a control problem for a linear stochastic system driven by a fractional Brownian motion with a cost functional that is quadratic in the state and the control is considered. An optimal control is given explicitly using fractional calculus and the control is shown to depend on the prediction of the fractional Brownian motion as well as the usual linear feedback control for the linear-quadratic control problem.
Muonic X-ray study of the charge distribution of 165Ho

Abstract We report the measurement of the energies of 4f → 3d, 3d → 2p, 2p → 1s, 3p → 2s and 2s → 2p muonic atomic transitions in 165Ho. Using transitions to and from the 1s, 2s, 2p and 3p levels, as well as the hyperfine splittings of the 2p, 3p, and 3d states, we have fitted our data to two distinct deformed Fermi distributions: one with a constant skin thickness; the other with a skin thickness which varies as a function of polar angle. Both yield good fits. The necessity of adding nuclear polarization corrections is demonstrated. The spectroscopic quadrupole moments of the first two nuclear states are determined to be 3.49±0.03 e · b and 3.43±0.04 e · b, respectively. The groundstate intrinsic hexadecapole moment is determined to be 0.50±0.23 e · b2.
A Family Study of Alcohol Dependence Coaggregation of Multiple Disorders in Relatives of Alcohol-Dependent Probands

Background Alcohol dependence tends to aggregate within families. We analyzed data from the family collection of the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism to quantify familial aggregation using several different criterion sets. We also assessed the aggregation of other psychiatric disorders in the same sample to identify areas of possible shared genetic vulnerability. Design Age-corrected lifetime morbid risk was estimated in adult first-degree relatives of affected probands and control subjects for selected disorders. Diagnostic data were gathered by semistructured interview (the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism), family history, and medical records. Rates of illness were corrected by validating interview and family history reports against senior clinicians’ all sources best estimate diagnoses. Sex, ethnicity, comorbidity, cohort effects, and site of ascertainment were also taken into account. Results Including data from 8296 relatives of alcoholic probands and 1654 controls, we report lifetime risk rates of 28.8% and 14.4% forDSM-IValcohol dependence in relatives of probands and controls, respectively; respective rates were 37.0% and 20.5% for the less stringentDSM-III-Ralcohol dependence, 20.9% and 9.7% for anyDSM-III-Rdiagnosis of nonalcohol nonnicotine substance dependence, and 8.1% and 5.2% for antisocial personality disorder. Rates of specific substance dependence were markedly increased in relatives of alcohol-dependent probands for cocaine, marijuana, opiates, sedatives, stimulants, and tobacco. Aggregation was also seen for panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and major depression. Conclusions The risk of alcohol dependence in relatives of probands compared with controls is increased about 2-fold. The aggregation of antisocial personality disorder, drug dependence, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders suggests common mechanisms for these disorders and alcohol dependence within some families. These data suggest new phenotypes for molecular genetic studies and alternative strategies for studying the heterogeneity of alcohol dependence.
Roles of clays in soils

Abstract In soil science, the term clay refers to all particles less than 2 μm in diameter. Thus it includes layer silicates, oxides and other minerals. Clays are the source of many of the chemical and physical properties of soils that make them a useful medium for the growth of plants and for the less common uses such as a medium for the disposal of wastes. Clays add much of the diversity found in soils. The minerals in soil clays frequently differ from their counterparts in commercial deposits. Also, the behavior of soil clays is influenced by the associated minerals in the coarser fractions. Organic matter is an important reactant with clays of some soils, but it is beyond the scope of this review. The cation exchange properties of clays are among their most important properties in retaining plant nutrient ions (e.g., NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.). Cation selectivity of clays influences soils as a plant growth medium and as a disposal medium for wastes (e.g., radioactive and toxic metal ions). Native K in layer silicates of soils is the most important element provided to plants by illites and other micas. Clays contribute to the formation of soil structure by undergoing seasonal shrinking and swelling. Also, they are transported and form clay films that coat natural aggregates that characterize many friable soils. The dispersion and flocculation of clays are important reactions in the physical behavior of soils which in turn influence friability, water infiltration rate, erodibility and other behavioral properties. Vermiculite and smectite in soils frequently have Al3+ or polymeric Al on the cation exchange sites. Thus the behavior of these minerals is different from structurally similar minerals in natural deposits. The Fe oxides in soils occur largely as goethite and hematite. Yet they contain Al substituted in their structures, consequently the crystals are smaller and less soluble than their ideal counterparts. Iron oxides contribute to the color, aggregation, and adsorptive properties of soils. Manganese oxides in soils contribute to the retention of trace metals (Co, Zn, Ba, Ni, etc.) and to the oxidation of Fe. Lithiophorite forms in acid soils thus marking another group of minerals that occurs in soils and that is influenced by Al in the structure or in interlayer positions as a result of weathering.
Supergravity with Axial Gauge Invariance

An extension of the locally supersymmetric theory of the spin- (2,3/2) gravitational multiplet and the spin- (1,1/2) Abelian gauge multiplet is obtained in which the spin-1 field becomes an axial-gauge field coupled to both the spin-3/2 and spin-1/2 fields.
Comparisons of the standard Galaxy model with observations in two fields

The Bahcall-Soneira (1984) model for the distribution of stars in the Galaxy is compared with the observations reported by Gilmore, Reid, and Hewett (1984) in two directions in the sky, the pole and the Morton-Tritton (1982) region. It is shown that the Galaxy model is in good agreement with the observations everywhere it has been tested with modern data, including the magnitude range, V = 17-18, and provided that the globular cluster feature is included in the luminosity function of the field Population II stars.
Mechanics of Drag Embedment Anchors in a Soft Seabed

This paper presents an analysis of the load capacity and trajectory of a drag embedment anchor in a soft seabed. Anchor capacity relationships are developed for an idealized anchor comprising a rectangular fluke and a cylindrical shank. Geometric variables considered for the anchor include fluke length, fluke thickness, shank length, angle between fluke and shank, and shank thickness. Parametric studies are presented investigating the effect of these variables on anchor capacity and performance. A method of anchor trajectory prediction during drag embedment is developed by considering anchor behavior in conjunction with the mechanics of the anchor line. The anchor trajectory simulations indicate that an equilibrium condition rapidly develops during embedment in which the rate of anchor rotation is identical to the rate of change in the anchor line uplift angle at the shackle point. At the equilibrium state, the anchor load capacity normalized by soil strength remains constant and the anchor is in a state ...
Translating the Molecular Message of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer into Targeted Therapy

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a poor prognosis with limited treatment options. Genomic analysis of TNBCs offers the opportunity to decode TNBC into biologically relevant subtypes with unique molecular targets. With further research, these findings may be translated into effective targeted therapeutic options.
A new soft-start method with abnormal over current protection function for switching power supplies

The present paper relates to the SMPS (switching mode power supply) used fly-back converter. In conventional built-in soft start up, it normally applied to the pulse-width-modulated converter to reduce stress of system and the inrush current on the input circuits. During the soft start up, it exists uncontrollable time which consists of leading edge blanking (LEB) time, internal circuit delay and power MOSFET on/off time. Consequently the primary side transformer current (I ds) can't be controlled by feedback loop, and then the drain voltage (Vds) is increased higher than BVdss level of the power MOSFET. Therefore power MOSFET is seriously stressed. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes a new soft-start method with AOCP (abnormal over current protection) function. The uncontrollable time of the power MOSFET is minimized 46% by AOCP function. Therefore V ds max rating can be reduced less 33% than conventional soft-start method, because minimum turn on time is minimized with the clamped current of primary side transformer
Inflation Physics from the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure.

Fluctuations in the intensity and polarization of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the large-scale distribution of matter in the universe each contain clues about the nature of the earliest moments of time. The next generation of CMB and large-scale structure (LSS) experiments are poised to test the leading paradigm for these earliest moments---the theory of cosmic inflation---and to detect the imprints of the inflationary epoch, thereby dramatically increasing our understanding of fundamental physics and the early universe. A future CMB experiment with sufficient angular resolution and frequency coverage that surveys at least 1 of the sky to a depth of 1 uK-arcmin can deliver a constraint on the tensor-to-scalar ratio that will either result in a 5-sigma measurement of the energy scale of inflation or rule out all large-field inflation models, even in the presence of foregrounds and the gravitational lensing B-mode signal. LSS experiments, particularly spectroscopic surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, will complement the CMB effort by improving current constraints on running of the spectral index by up to a factor of four, improving constraints on curvature by a factor of ten, and providing non-Gaussianity constraints that are competitive with the current CMB bounds.