cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
MACCOBY, Eleanor S., THE TWO SEXES: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together

MACCOBY, Eleanor S., THE TWO SEXES: Growing Up Apart, Coming Together. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard, University, 1998, 376pp., $39.95 hardcover. CATHY D. MARTIN* The Two Sexes undertakes an examination of gender segregation that occurs in early childhood and the resulting consequences when males and females are later drawn together. The book contends that the most robust gender differences are of the group, or social, kind and must be understood in a developmental context. Males and females diverge at certain stages of development and converge at others, creating the need for considerable negotiation within heterosexual relationships. Maccoby's book is divided into three sections: divergence in childhood; the explanatory web; and convergence in adulthood. Section I traces the preference for same-sex social groupings in childhood and the tendency for children to play more compatibly with samesex partners. This segregating impulse becomes apparent quite early and increases during the preschool and grade school years. The author does point out examples of variation in the prevalence of segregation, as well as specific experiments aimed at increasing crosssex interaction, although these are often met with resistance. In reviewing the predominately ethnographic research regarding the differences in interacting styles between all-male and all-female peer groups, she is quick to assert that "the differences are probably not so robust as is segregation itself." Even so, considerable effort is spent describing the distinctive cultures that emerge in same-sex play groups. In the next section, the author considers three components to explain these genderdifferentiated social patterns: biology, socialization, and cognition. She suggests that genetic predispositions probably are involved since gender segregation is characteristic of all children, but biological and environmental factors are inextricably linked. While acknowledging the powerful impact that socialization has on behavior, Maccoby claims a more limited role of parental socialization in gender segregation than others have done. For instance, she does not see evidence of socialization patterns that would result in girls becoming more passive or boys becoming more assertive. The author concludes that inhome socialization plays a greater role in the kinds of interaction styles that develop in same-sex playgroups than it does in creating gender segregation per se. …
Forging the Future of Special Collections , edited by Arnold Hirshon, Robert H. Jackson, and Melissa Hubbard.

Forging the Future is a new collection of essays by some of the most prominent special collections librarians, curators, rare book dealers, and collectors currently working in the field. Originating from presentations given at the National Colloquium on Special Collections, the book explores the current and future concerns of special collections. The 2014 conference was organized by the Kelvin Smith Library at Case Western Reserve University, and the editors of this volume include Associate Provost and University Librarian Arnold Hirshon, 2013–2014 Distinguished Visiting Scholar Robert H. Jackson (also a rare book collector and coeditor of the 2007 Book Talk , a clear predecessor of Forging the Future ), and Team Leader of Scholarly Resources and Special Collections Melissa Hubbard.
Investigation of Swirl Flows Applied to the Oil and Gas Industry

The work presented in this paper is part of a larger research project which is aimed at finding solutions to problems associated with liquid loading, erosion at pipe bends caused by sand particles, and phase separation. The work uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to design solutions that can reduce or eliminate the aforementioned problems. Here, the results from CFD simulations of two-phase air and water flows are critically analyzed through comparison with the results from experiments carried out by Falcone et al. (2003) using the ANUMET* concept. The entire experimental setup is modeled within the CFD simulation and flow rates for water and air are taken from the data used for the experiments. Important variables such as pressure drop and fluid film thickness, which were monitored closely during the experiments, are obtained from the CFD simulations and compared with the experimental results. The results presented in this paper provide insights into the physics of two-phase swirl flows, identifying areas of research that still need to be addressed.
Thermal conduction in graphite flake-epoxy composites using infrared microscopy

Thermally conductive polymer composites, in particular those composed of polymers and carbon-based nanomaterials, are promising for thermal management in electronic devices because they offer high thermal conductivity at low filler loading. The effective thermal properties of these composites exhibit high variability that depend on the topological arrangements and morphological characteristics of the filler particles. In order to tailor the thermal conduction within these composites for use as an efficient heat dissipation material, careful control of the microstructural arrangement of the filler material is required. In this work, we use infrared (IR) microscopy to characterize thermal transport through epoxy composites containing sub-millimeter sized graphitic flakes as filler particles. Graphite flake-epoxy composites of two volume fractions (3%, 25%) are prepared and characterized using an infrared microscope with a temperature resolution of 0.1 K that images the temperature distribution at the top surface of the composite subject to a temperature gradient. The effective thermal conductivity of the composite with a 25% filler fraction was found to be 2.9 W/m-K, a factor of 16 higher than the neat epoxy. With the micron-scale resolution of the IR microscope, the steady-state particle-scale temperature fields within the composite are directly observed and highlight the non-uniform heat transfer pathways. This local temperature analysis reveals the impact of important microstructural features such as clustering of filler particles. Ultimately, this approach could be used to investigate percolation and anisotropic heat conduction in composites with shear aligned particles.
Reliable, All-Phosphorescent Stacked White Organic Light Emitting Devices with a High Color Rendering Index

High efficiency solid state lighting devices have the potential to significantly reduce lighting energy usage while also offering good color rendering and longer lifetimes than conventional lighting sources. While organic light emitting diodes are promising candidates for this application, their operational lifetime is limited by the blue phosphorescent chromophore. We demonstrate stacked white phosphorescent light emitting devices (SWOLEDs) with lifetimes (as determined from the time it takes to lose 30% of the initial luminance of 1000 cd/m2) of up to 80000 h. The correlated color temperature of the devices ranges between 2780 and 3300 K, with color rendering index as high as 89. The three emitter (red, green, and blue) devices contain up to five stacked elements and employ red emitting blocking layers, stable charge generation layers, graded doping, and hot excited state management to achieve long lifetime. The materials and layer structures used and design principles for SWOLEDs are discussed.
Pain management for laminitis in the horse

The inability to control pain is the most common reason for cessation of treatment and euthanasia in cases of laminitis, yet pain also serves a unique protective function in these cases, particularly in the acute phase when lamellar integrity is weakened. Successful analgesia requires an understanding of the disease pathophysiology, the sources of pain in laminitis, methods of serial pain evaluation, and methods of analgesia including systemic and regional techniques. This review discusses the approach to analgesia including detail of traditional and novel analgesic medications and techniques with specific reference to the laminitis case.
Design of Materials and Mechanisms for Responsive Robots

As robots move beyond manufacturing applications to less predictable environments, they can increasingly benefit, as animals do, from integrating sensing and control with the passive properties provided by particular combinations and arrangements of materials and mechanisms. This realization is partly responsible for the recent proliferation of soft and bioinspired robots. Tuned materials and mechanisms can provide several kinds of benefits, including energy storage and recovery, increased physical robustness, and decreased response time to sudden events. In addition, they may offer passive open-loop behaviors and responses to external changes in loading or environmental conditions. Collectively, these properties can also increase the stability of a robot as it interacts with the environment and allow the closed-loop controller to reduce the apparent degrees of freedom subject to control. The design of appropriate materials and mechanisms remains a challenging problem; bioinspiration, genetic algorithms, ...
Walking the talk: An exploratory examination of executive leadership communication at startups in China

This study explored the under-researched topic of leadership communication in the context of startup companies in China. Specifically, this study examined the role of executive leadership in shapin...
An Advanced Statistical Approach to Data-Driven Earthquake Engineering

Decades-long experimental databases become accessible in global earthquake engineering community. Yet, complex interactions of a multitude of variables pose formidable challenges to data-driven res...
Weitere komplizierte Moleküle und Ionen

Dieses Kapitel des „Molekul-Origami“ konzentriert sich auf Molekule, die durch Kombination von zwei oder mehr „Zentralatomen“ gebildet werden. Es gibt naturlich unzahlige Moglichkeiten, aber funf wichtige Arten der „Verknupfung“ sind: Verketten. Hier wird das Zentralatom einer Einheit zum auseren Atom einer anderen. Modellvorlagen fur drei solcher Molekule, BH3·PF3 (Seite 43), CH3CH3 (Seite 49) und CH3NH2 (Seite 17 u. 53) befinden sich in Kapitel 1. Verknupfung uber gemeinsame Kanten. Eine ubliche Methode, mit der Elektronenmangel-Molekule ihre Valenz auffullen, ist das Teilen von zwei Atomen mit einem anderen Molekul. B2H6 (Seite 143) ist ein Dimer, das diese Art der Verknupfung uber eine gemeinsame Kante demonstriert. Verknupfung uber gemeinsame Flachen. Viele anorganische Molekule und Ionen enthalten Oktaeder, die Flachen (drei ausere Atome) miteinander teilen. Fe2 (CO)9 (Seite 145) zeigt, welche Verzerrungen auftreten konnen, wenn sich zwei Oktaeder eine Flache teilen. Clusterbildung. Dies ist eigentlich nur ein „hochgestochener“ Ausdruck fur das Verketten, primar in anorganischen Systemen. Cluster sind Molekule, die aus einer Gruppe von mindestens drei direkt miteinander verbundenen „Hauptatomen“ bestehen, von denen keines als „Zentralatom“ fungiert. Die vorliegenden Modellvorlagen konzentrieren sich auf diese Hauptatome im Cluster. Zu ihnen zahlen P4 (Seite 149), B12H 12 2− (Seite 151) und C60 (Seite 155). Verknupfung uber gemeinsame Ecken. Bei dieser Methode verbindet ein auseres Atom zwei Zentralatome. Ein schones Beispiel liefert Quarz, der ein ausgedehntes Netzwerk bildet. Kapitel 5 beschaftigt sich mit Quarz.
Easy Domain Processing over Heterogeneous Databases: A Unified Programming Paradigm

With surging amounts of data becoming available to scientific and engineering professionals each day, demands are growing for (1) extremely efficient data processing mechanisms, and (2) lowered entries to incorporate domain expertise for higher value. With video analytics as an example, the paper pursues a database approach and proposes a unified programming paradigm, which essentially allows one to seamlessly program domain processing workflows, as well as computations to be pushed down to (heterogeneous) database systems, in one programming language. We hence offer great easiness in building efficient data intensive computation applications, with multiple heterogeneous databases as the underlying computation platform.
Erotetics, Cognitive Psychology and the Process of Problem Solving

Thus far, we have restricted ourselves to the erotetic approach to teaching. This chapter will reconsider the basic ideas of erotetic logic and relate them to some of the principles central to cognitive psychology and information processing models of problem solving. The introduction of erotetic logic into the discussion of problem solving not only provides an alternative way of studying problem solving activity, but more importantly, it also provides a “logical home” for a number of the central concepts and theories found in this burgeoning area of study.
First Steps Towards Nonlinear ICA

In many real world situations the linear assumption is an approximation of nonlinear phenomena. For several situations the linear assumption may lead to incorrect solutions. Therefore the goal in this chapter is to formulate an ICA framework that is able to separate nonlinear mixing models. Researchers have very recently started addressing the ICA formulation to nonlinear mixing models (Burel, 1992; Hermann and Yang, 1996; Lee et al., 1997c; Lin and Cowan, 1997; Pajunen, 1996; Taleb and Jutten, 1997; Yang et al., 1997) The proposed nonlinear ICA methods can be roughly divided into two classes of approaches. The first class of methods is an obvious extension to the linear ICA model where nonlinear mixing models are added to the linear model and the task is to find the inverse of the linear model as well as the inverse of the nonlinear model (Burel, 1992; Lee et al., 1997c; Taleb and Jutten, 1997; Yang et al., 1997). The nonlinearities are often parameterized allowing limited flexibility. More recently, Hochreiter and Schmidhuber (1998) have proposed low complexity coding and decoding approaches for nonlinear ICA. The second class of methods uses self-organizing-maps (SOM) to extract nonlinear features in the data (Hermann and Yang, 1996; Lin and Cowan, 1997; Pajunen, 1996) Their approach is more flexible and to some extent parameter-free which allows greater freedom of nonlinear representation.
Nitric oxide-releasing microparticles as a potent antimicrobial therapeutic against chronic rhinosinusitis bacterial isolates.

BACKGROUND Bacteria, particularly in the biofilm state, may be implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and enhance antibiotic resistance. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous immunomodulator with antimicrobial activity and a short half-life, complicating achievement of therapeutic concentrations. We hypothesized that a novel microparticle-based delivery platform, which allows for adjustable release of NO, could exhibit potent antibacterial effects. METHODS Porous organosilica microparticles (SNO-MP) containing nitrosylated thiol groups were formulated. Dissociation of the nitrosothiol groups generates NO at body temperature. The susceptibility of bacterial isolates from CRS patients to SNO-MP was evaluated through a colony forming unit (CFU) assay. Serial dilutions of SNO-MP in triplicate were incubated with isolates in suspension for 6 hours followed by plating on tryptic soy agar and overnight incubation followed by CFU quantification. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS using one-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS SNO-MP displayed antibacterial activity against gram-positive (methicillin-resistant and -sensitive Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Proteus mirabilis) isolates. SNO-MP induced dose-dependent reductions in CFU across all strains. Compared with controls and blank nanoparticles, SNO-MP (10 mg/mL) induced a 99.99%-100% reduction in CFU across all isolates, equivalent to a 5-9 log kill (p < 0.005). There was no statistically significant difference in CFU concentration between controls and blank microparticles. CONCLUSION SNO-MP demonstrates potent bactericidal effect against antibiotic-resistant CRS bacterial strains.
Control of movement vigor and decision making during foraging

During foraging, animals decide how long to stay at a patch and harvest reward, and then, they move with certain vigor to another location. How does the brain decide when to leave, and how does it determine the speed of the ensuing movement? Here, we considered the possibility that both the decision-making and the motor control problems aimed to maximize a single normative utility: the sum of all rewards acquired minus all efforts expended divided by total time. This optimization could be achieved if the brain compared a local measure of utility with its history. To test the theory, we examined behavior of people as they gazed at images: they chose how long to look at the image (harvesting information) and then moved their eyes to another image, controlling saccade speed. We varied reward via image content and effort via image eccentricity, and then, we measured how these changes affected decision making (gaze duration) and motor control (saccade speed). After a history of low rewards, people increased gaze duration and decreased saccade speed. In anticipation of future effort, they lowered saccade speed and increased gaze duration. After a history of high effort, they elevated their saccade speed and increased gaze duration. Therefore, the theory presented a principled way with which the brain may control two aspects of behavior: movement speed and harvest duration. Our experiments confirmed many (but not all) of the predictions, suggesting that harvest duration and movement speed, fundamental aspects of behavior during foraging, may be governed by a shared principle of control.
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT OF FORMALDEHYDE FROM BABY CARE PRODUCTS

Background and Aims: Formaldehyde-releasers are widely used as preservatives in water-containing cosmetics (baby care products/toiletries). It was observed that these compounds very rapidly release...
The Association between Sleep Duration and Metabolic Syndrome: The NHANES 2013/2014.

Background: We aimed to assess the association of sleep with metabolic syndrome in the 2013/2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: Sample size included 2737 out of 2013 and 2014 NHANES surveys. Cross-sectional study of metabolic syndrome and sleep duration was conducted. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to NCEP ATPIII (National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III) criteria. Metabolic syndrome severity score was calculated based on actual measurement of each component, adjusted for sex and race. The generalized additive model (GAM) was built to assess the smooth relationship between metabolic syndrome/metabolic syndrome severity score and sleep duration. Adjustment of models were done for age, sex, race, and sitting time. The value of effective degree of freedom (EDF) formed by the GAM model shows the degree of curvature of the relationship. A value of 1 for EDF is translated as the linear shape of relationship. Values larger than one denote a more complex relationship between the response variable and the predicting one. Results: There was a U-shaped association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome in univariable GAM (EDF = 2.43, p = 0.06) and multivariable GAM (EDF = 2.03, p = 0.20). The lowest risk of metabolic syndrome was observed in people sleeping 7 hours/night. There was a significant U-shaped association between sleep duration and metabolic syndrome severity score in multivariable GAM (EDF = 2.94, p = 0.0004). Similarly, the lowest mean metabolic syndrome severity score was observed in people sleeping 7 hours/night. There was an effect modification of sex and sleep duration indicating strong U-shaped relationship of metabolic syndrome severity score and sleep duration in women (EDF = 3.43, p = 0.00002) and semi-linear association in men (EDF = 1.76, p = 0.04). Conclusion: Short and long sleep duration was associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome and higher scores of metabolic syndrome severity score in women. Short sleep duration was associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome and higher scores of metabolic syndrome severity score in men.
Reducing Effects of LO Cable Movement in Antenna and Long Distance VNA Measurements

We evaluate a method for estimating and removing local oscillator cable drift in transmission measurements using a network analyzer. The geometric mean of the measured forward and reverse transmission, including drift, can be used to estimate the actual transmission without drift. This requires the measurement of passive, symmetrical transmission measured with a bi-directional two-port remote-mixing down-converting measurement system. This method is being used in antenna measurements where cable movement is unavoidable. It is viable for other calibrations and measurements using remote-mixing systems and frequency extenders at higher frequencies.
Environmental Predictors of Schistosomiasis Persistent Hotspots following Mass Treatment with Praziquantel.

Schistosomiasis control programs rely heavily on mass drug administration (MDA) campaigns with praziquantel for preventative chemotherapy. Areas where the prevalence and/or intensity of schistosomiasis infection remains high even after several rounds of treatment, termed "persistent hotspots" (PHSs), have been identified in trials of MDA effectiveness conducted by the Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE) in Kenya, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Cote d'Ivoire. In this analysis, we apply a previously developed set of criteria to classify the PHS status of 531 study villages from five SCORE trials. We then fit logistic regression models to data from SCORE and publically available georeferenced datasets to evaluate the influence of local environmental and population features, pre-intervention infection burden, and treatment scheduling on PHS status in each trial. The frequency of PHS in individual trials ranged from 35.3% to 71.6% in study villages. Significant relationships between PHS status and MDA frequency, distance to freshwater, rainfall, baseline schistosomiasis burden, elevation, land cover type, and village remoteness were each observed in at least one trial, although the strength and direction of these relationships was not always consistent among study sites. These findings suggest that PHSs are driven in part by environmental conditions that modify the risk and frequency of reinfection.
Overcoming challenges in fellowship recruitment: Headache medicine's experience may help other subspecialties

Headache medicine has grown exponentially with (1) cutting-edge research leading to a new understanding of headache pathophysiology, (2) new Food and Drug Administration–approved devices and medications, and (3) the International Classification of Headache Disorders diagnostic criteria, now on its third edition. The establishment of the United Council for Neurologic Subspecialties (UCNS) in 2003 and headache medicine accreditation in 2005 has also helped build credibility and growth.1 UCNS provides both formal fellowship accreditation and certification examinations, with successful applicants becoming UCNS Diplomates. Two examination application pathways are currently available, a fellowship track (if they completed fellowship training) and a practice track (if they have a headache medicine clinical practice). The growth of accredited fellowship programs has helped drive more UCNS Diplomates; the cumulative number of both has dramatically increased since 2006 (figure) (UCNS Executive Director Brenda Riggott, personal communication, March 29, 2020), now with more programs than applicants. The current geographic distribution of the fellowship programs is not well matched to the US population, suggesting the need for more programs that are geographically diverse to meet the needs of headache patients.2 A variety of initiatives are underway to increase the pipeline, such as the American Headache Society (AHS) Residency Education Program, begun in 2017 and now held biannually. Until the downstream effects are realized, many current fellowship programs have unfilled positions, leading to the challenge of finding effective recruitment and matching strategies.
Transcatheter mitral valve repair in patients with chronic liver disease: Insights from the national inpatient sample

OBJECTIVE To evaluate contemporary national trends of morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) and co-existing chronic liver disease (CLD) undergoing transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR). METHODS The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was used to assess trends in patients undergoing TMVR between January 2012 and December 2017. Propensity match analysis was done to compare it to subjects without underlying CLD. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Of 15,270 patients undergoing TMVR, 569 (3.7%) had coexisting CLD. Patients with CLD had a higher proportion of males (61.3 vs 52.6%; p < .01), congestive heart failure (6.9 vs 1.0%; p < .01), renal failure (42.2 vs 36.7%; p < .01), and peripheral vascular disease (19.3 vs 12.5%; p < .01). After propensity matching subjects with CLD had significantly higher hospital mortality (19.8 vs 4.6%; p < .01), acute kidney injury (46.1 vs 37.8%; p < .01), cardiogenic shock (25.4 vs 12.1%; p < .01), mechanical ventilation (26.3 vs 14.0; p < .01), pneumothorax (6.6 vs <2%.; p < .01), length of stay (5 vs 9 days), and average cost of hospitalization (209,573 vs 250,587 $; p < .01). Over the years, in-hospital mortality in patients receiving TMVR has improved in both patients with (from 33.3 in 2013 to 22.2% in 2017) and without CLD (from 2.7 in 2011 to 1.6% in 2017). CONCLUSION Patients with MR undergoing TMVR, with coexisting CLD bear substantially higher comorbidities, complication rates, and inpatient mortality compared with those without CLD. A favorable temporal trend of in-hospital mortality among these subjects is noteworthy.
Expert Assistance for Flow Immunophenotyping

There is a serious data analysis bottleneck for flow immunophenotyping in the clinical laboratory when many parameters are required. Multiple tubes of cells are measured on the flow cytometer for each patient peripheral blood or bone marrow specimen. Each tube requires only a few minutes to measure five variates on each of 7000 or more cells. The data for each patient, however, may require 20 to 40 minutes to analyze with the manual methods now in common use. This paper describes the use of cluster analysis to replace the manual gating methods used to find the leukemic or other abnormal cell populations. It then discusses the use of an expert system to assist in describing the immunophenotype of the specimen. Since the literature on expert systems in cytometry has been reviewed recently (Salzman and Bartels, 1992), this article does not include such a review.
A model for the transfer of control from the brain to the spinal cord through synaptic learning

The spinal cord is essential to the control of locomotion in legged animals and humans. However, the actual circuitry of the spinal controller remains only vaguely understood. Here we approach this problem from the viewpoint of learning. More precisely, we assume the circuitry evolves through the transfer of control from the brain to the spinal cord, propose a specific learning mechanism for this transfer based on the error between the cord and brain contributions to muscle control, and study the resulting structure of the spinal controller in a simplified neuromuscular model of human locomotion. The model focuses on the leg rebound behavior in stance and represents the spinal circuitry with 150 muscle reflexes. We find that after learning a spinal controller has evolved that produces leg rebound motions in the absence of a central brain input with only three structural reflex groups. These groups contain individual reflexes well known from physiological experiments but thought to serve separate purposes in the control of human locomotion. Our results suggest a more holistic interpretation of the role of individual sensory projections in spinal networks than is common. In addition, we discuss potential neural correlates for the proposed learning mechanism that may be probed in experiments. Together with such experiments, neuromuscular models of spinal learning likely will become effective tools for uncovering the structure and development of the spinal control circuitry.
Summon user experience: A study of the summon laptop and mobile interface

The Summon Discovery tool is a widely used tool in academic libraries. This research explores how users interact with the Summon search interface in a laptop and mobile-simulation setting. The stud...
Fabrication and characterization of aluminum - magnetic shape memory alloy composites

Abstract Smart composites, manufactured with embedded functional materials, hold the potential for a new type of structural health monitoring systems. The work herein focuses on how embedding Ni43Co7Mn39Sn11 metamagnetic shape memory alloy (MMSMA) sensory particles into pure aluminum matrix modifies the chemical constitution and mechanical properties of both materials. Martensitically transforming particles in pure Al or Al alloys can interact with crack tip stress fields and undergo stress-induced martensitic transformation. This process emits acoustic signals and changes the magnetic state of the particles, which can then be exploited using acoustic monitors and/or magnetic sensors to determine the crack locations. Fabrication of these composites consisted of consolidation of homogeneously mixed powder precursors containing 10 vol% of Ni43Co7Mn39Sn11 MMSMA particles. Elemental composition, hardness, and elastic modulus of the embedded particles and resulting diffusion region between the particles and the matrix were determined using wavelength dispersive spectrometry and instrumented nanoindentation. Elastic constants of the sintered bulk composites were also experimentally determined using resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS). Compositional analysis revealed that the diffusion region contained a diverse group of intermetallics. Nanoindentation results demonstrated that the diffusion region exhibits a high hardness value of 10.0 ± 0.3 GPa and an elastic modulus of 163 ± 5 GPa, as compared to the embedded particles having a hardness of 4.5 ± 0.4 GPa, and elastic modulus of 127 ± 6 GPa. Poisson's ratio and the stiffness tensor components (C11, C12, and C44) were found to be 0.34, 214 GPa, 111 GPa, and 52 GPa, respectively, through RUS. The important material properties determined in the present study, especially the interface properties, can be used to model the composite system to optimize the particle size, distribution, and the size of the interfaces for desired bulk mechanical properties and damage sensing ability.
Survival, growth, and radula morphology of Haliotis kamtschatkana postlarvae fed six species of benthic diatoms

Abstract Haliotis kamtschatkana is the only abalone native to the Pacific Northwest of North America. Haliotis kamtschatkana populations are in decline, and current restoration efforts in Washington State rely on out-planting hatchery-produced juveniles. Hatchery personnel report highest mortalities in the postlarval stage of H. kamtschatkana, mainly during the first 3 to 6 months. Postlarvae feed on films of benthic diatoms, and the purpose of this study was to test six diatom species (Achnanthes brevipes, Amphora salina, Amphiprora paludosa, Cylindrotheca closterium, Navicula incerta, and Nitzschia laevis) as suitable diets for H. kamtschatkana. Diatom diet suitability might rely on several factors, including diatom characteristics as well as the postlarva's ability to ingest the diatoms. The radula is a crucial feeding structure for gastropods and may display morphological plasticity, but this has never been characterized in H. kamtschatkana. We investigated survival, growth, and radula morphology of H. kamtschatkana postlarvae when fed one of six benthic diatom species for 61 days post-settlement. Amphora salina yielded the highest survival, in a statistically homogenous subgroup with N. incerta, A. paludosa, and C. closterium. Achnanthes brevipes yielded exceptionally low survival, on par with a starvation control. Cylindrotheca closterium yielded significantly better growth than all other diets except A. salina. Radula development was similar to that of other abalone species. The shape and size of the radula did not explain success or failure of any of the diatom diets since the radula morphology of H. kamtschatkana was comparable to other abalone that have succeeded when fed these same diets. We found no relationship between diatom diet and radula morphology. We recommend A. salina as a suitable diet for newly settled H. kamtschatkana postlarvae, and that a combination of A. salina and C. closterium be used to supplement feeding on naturally occurring biofilms.
Review of high-throughput computational design of Heusler alloys

Abstract As one large family of intermetallic compounds, Heusler compounds offer a wide playground for novel materials design because of their wide range of compositions and tunable materials properties. In recent years, the high-throughput computational design has emerged as one efficient approach to search for target materials with desired properties thanks to the development of the automatic framework for materials discovery and open-access quantum materials database. In this article, we present a review of the current research progress of the high-throughput computational design of Heusler-based functional materials, including the selection of appropriate materials descriptors and common methods for evaluating materials stability, along with comprehensive lists of the predicated Heusler compounds with various types of target properties. We conclude the review with a discussion of the potential future research directions in the field.
Whispering gallery orbits in Sinai oscillator trap

Abstract Experimental realizations of trapping Bose–Einstein condensate lead to a Hamiltonian system of a classical particle bouncing off a convex scatterer in the field of an attracting potential (Ermann et al., 2016). It is shown by application of KAM theory that under some natural conditions there exists positive measure of quasiperiodic solutions near the scatterer’s boundary.
The Evolving Role of Advanced Endoscopic Techniques in Hepatology

The role of advanced endoscopy in the field of hepatology has evolved rapidly over the last decade. Several novel diagnostic and therapeutic interventions can now be accomplished endoscopically both easily and safely in patients with liver disease; these include endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided liver biopsy, EUS-guided measurement of the portal pressure gradient, EUS-guided therapy for gastric varices, and EUS elastography. This article highlights advances in endoscopic tools and techniques that can be applied in the field of hepatology.
Variceal hemorrhage

Reducing morbidity and mortality from esophageal varices remains a challenge for physicians managing patients with chronic liver disease. For patients who have never bled from varices, prophylactic therapy with nonselective beta-blockers reduces the risk of initial variceal bleeding and bleeding-related death. Thus, patients with newly diagnosed cirrhosis should be considered for endoscopic variceal screening. All patients with Child’s class B and C cirrhosis should be offered endoscopic screening, whereas those with Child’s class A with evidence of portal hypertension (eg, platelet count less than 140,000 per milliliter, portal vein diameter larger than 13 mm, evidence of splenic varices on ultrasound) should be screened. The principal risk factors for variceal bleeding are variceal size, the presence of color changes on the variceal wall (indicative of decreased wall thickness), and degree of liver dysfunction. Patients with moderate or large sized varices and those with varices exhibiting color changes (eg, red wale marks, cherry red spots) should be treated with beta-blockers. Individuals without varices and those with small varices should undergo repeat endoscopy at approximately 2-year intervals. Patients unwilling or unable to take beta-blockers do not need to be screened. For patients with acute variceal bleeding, the combination of pharmacologic therapy plus endoscopic therapy is superior to either therapy alone. Octreotide is the drug most often used as initial therapy in the United States. Terlipressin is the preferred agent; however, it is not available in the United States. Endoscopy is performed as early as possible, and endoscopic injection sclerotherapy or endoscopic variceal band ligation is employed if variceal bleeding is confirmed or suspected. Endoscopic therapy should be repeated until the varices are obliterated completely. The addition of beta-blockers to endoscopic sclerotherapy or ligation may decrease the rate of rebleeding compared with receiving endoscopic treatment alone. Patients with bleeding refractory to combined medical plus endoscopic therapy should be considered for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts or shunt surgery.
Extreme heat at outdoor COVID-19 vaccination sites.

Extreme heat is an increasing climate risk due to climate change and the urban heat island (UHI) effect and can jeopardize points of dispensing (PODs) for COVID-19 vaccination distribution and broader public health emergency preparedness (PHEP) response operations. These PODs were often located on large parking lot sites with high heat severity and did not take heat mitigation or management strategies into account for unacclimated workers and volunteers. To investigate the personal heat exposure of workers, volunteers, and clients at three PODs in Tucson, Arizona, we collected ambient air temperatures, wet bulb globe temperatures (WBGT), surface temperatures, and thermal images. We also made qualitative observations and compared data against daily meteorological records. Ambient air temperatures at all three PODs exceeded the meteorological recorded high. WBGT on average were 8°F (4.4 °C) higher in full sun locations than shaded locations such as tents. Evaporative cooling decreased ambient air temperatures by 2°F (1.2 °C) when placed one per tent, but decreased ambient air temperatures by 7°F (3.9 °C) when placed en masse in a larger tent. Vehicle surface temperatures exceeded recommended safe limits of 140°F (60 °C) at all three sites, with a maximum temperature recorded at 170.9°F (77.2 °C). Public health professionals should consider heat resilience, including heat mitigation and management measures, in POD and PHEP response operations to reduce exposure. This includes considering the UHI effect in the siting of PODs, applying heat mitigation strategies in the design of PODs such as the adaptive use of solar panels for shading, and improving heat safety guidance for workers and volunteers.
Decision of Learning Status Based on Modeling of the Information Measurement of Social Behavioral Tasks in Rhesus Monkeys

We are interested in identifying the learning status of the social behavioral tasks in the rhesus monkey. In addition, we define the characteristic of stimulus with a numerical quantification. We allow monkeys to interact with individuals of different social status, while we monitor the viewer monkey's behavior by tracking its scan paths. With these observations, we can understand the learning status of this animal via looking behavior analysis on the stimulus. First, the viewer monkey shows different looking patterns among six different classes. Therefore, we can generate different data descriptors of these classes and observe the classification performance of the machine learning algorithm. Second, we design the ground truth model based on the characteristic of each stimulus. We define the distribution of information from the ratio of the face, body, and background area in the stimulus. Lastly, we link them to figure out whether the viewer monkey learned enough about the information in the stimulus.
Die Rolle der Discounter im deutschen LEH

Discounter sind seit rund vier Jahrzehnten ein fester Bestandteil des Konsumguterhandels in Deutschland. Obwohl es auch in anderen europaischen Landern und in den USA traditionell discountierende Handelsformen gibt, sind die deutschen Discounter mit ihrer begrenzten Sortimentsstruktur, ihrer Vielzahl an Eigenmarken und ihrer inzwischen flachendeckenden Prasenz ein weltweit einzigartiger Handelstypus und daruber hinaus ein „Exportschlager“ in zahlreichen anderen Landern.
Clinical Trials of Mitotic Kinesin Inhibitors

Abnormal mitotic activity underlies the pathology of a number of human diseases, most notably cancer, and has motivated the search for more specific and less toxic inhibitors of the mitotic process. In this chapter, I review the clinical experience with one group of inhibitors that target mitotic kinesins. I will discuss the results of phase I and II trials with these drugs and place the results of these trials in a context to explain how they can be utilized in future human studies.
Trace Element Transport in Putting Green Root Mixes Amended by Coal Combustion Products (CCP)

Golf course putting green (PG) construction methods rely on homogenous mixtures of coarse and medium-sized sands as primary components of the root mix. In some locations, cost of quartz sand delivery is prohibitive. Coal combustion products (CCP) have been used to amend soil in agricultural, horti-cultural, and land reclamation endeavors. A greenhouse study evaluated the hydraulic properties of PG root mixes constructed with sand-sized bottom ash (BA) and silt-sized fly ash (FA) as substitutes for mineral sand and soil components. Columns (5 cm ID × 42 cm) were packed with one of three CCP-containing root mixes or a non-amended, control root mix; all of soil textural class commonly used in putting greens. Pore volumes of leachate were collected 0, 11, 24, and 100 days after [turfgrass] sodding (DAS), and analyzed for elemental content. Compactive forces were applied to root mix surfaces throughout the 6, 12, or 18 month experimental periods, following which hydraulic parameters and particle size distribution (PSD) were measured. Root mixes and compaction treatments interactively affected Ks. The control PG mix generally demon-strated the greatest saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), regardless of compaction treatment. Root mixes containing FA and sand (SFA) exhibited severe reductions in Ks. Similarly, the PSD of the surface 7 cm of the CCP-root mixes became more finely-textured with cumulative compaction events. This soil textural alteration was likely responsible for impaired entry and flow of water in the CCP-amended root mixes, yet conductivity rates observed after 18 months in all but the sand-FA (SFA) root mixes mix fell within accepted ranges. Trace element concentrations in root mix leachate varied with CCP inclusion rate and cumulative pore volumes, and were highly correlated to the presence of fly ash (FA). Bottom ash may be better suited for putting green root mixes amendment than FA, yet further research is necessary to determine optimal rates of inclusion.
Sterol-independent regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase by mevalonate in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Magnitude and specificity.

In this paper, we assess the relative degree of regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme of isoprenoid biosynthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, by sterol and nonsterol products of mevalonate by utilizing cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells blocked in sterol synthesis. We also examine the two other enzymes of mevalonate biosynthesis, acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase and HMG-CoA synthase, for regulation by mevalonate supplements. These studies indicate that in proliferating fibroblasts, treatment with mevalonic acid can produce a suppression of HMG-CoA reductase activity similar to magnitude to that caused by oxygenated sterols. In contrast, HMG-CoA synthase and acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase are only weakly regulated by mevalonate when compared with 25-hydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, neither HMG-CoA synthase nor acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase exhibits the multivalent control response by sterol and mevalonate supplements in the absence of endogenous mevalonate synthesis which is characteristic of nonsterol regulation of HMG-CoA reductase. These observations suggest that nonsterol regulation of HMG-CoA reductase is specific to that enzyme in contrast to the pleiotropic regulation of enzymes of sterol biosynthesis observed with oxygenated sterols. In Chinese hamster ovary cells supplemented with mevalonate at concentrations that are inhibitory to reductase activity, at least 80% of the inhibition appears to be mediated by nonsterol products of mevalonate. In addition, feedback regulation of HMG-CoA reductase by endogenously synthesized nonsterol isoprenoids in the absence of exogenous sterol or mevalonate supplements also produces a 70% inhibition of the enzyme activity.
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS OF ATIS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE COMPONENTS OF IVHS

This paper describes a recently completed survey conducted to determine the transportation community's perspective on Advanced Traveler information System (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) system development objectives and performance requirements. The paper describes the research methods, some general findings regarding development objectives, and a general discussion and examples of performance requirements.
Biology of Eating Behavior in Obesity

Understanding normal and dysfunctional energy regulation and body weight regulation requires neural evaluation of the signals involved in the control of food intake within a meal, as well as signals related to the availability of stored fuels. Work from our laboratory has focused on peripheral and central nervous system studies of behavior and physiology designed to improve our understanding of the role of gut-brain communication in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis. Gastrointestinal administration of nutrients reduces subsequent meal size, suggesting a potent role for peripheral nutrient sensing in the negative feedback control of ingestion. Vagal afferent nerves supply gastrointestinal sites stimulated during food intake, and these nerves are responsive to mechanical and nutrient chemical properties of ingested food. In addition, the presence of nutrients in these gastrointestinal sites stimulates the release of peptides that affect energy intake. These gut peptides also modulate the activity of peripheral gastrointestinal sensory nerves in ways that may contribute to their effects on food intake. In the central nervous system, adiposity hormones and their downstream mediators have been shown to work at both hindbrain and forebrain sites to affect food intake and metabolism. Importantly, recent data has shown that adiposity hormones acting in the brain increase the behavioral and neural potency of feeding inhibitory gastrointestinal stimuli. These data support the suggestion that insensitivity to adiposity hormones in obesity may be characterized by alterations in their ability to modulate the neural processing of food signals important in determining how much food is consumed during a meal.
Examining two different schedules of financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant women.

Objective To examine whether an efficacious voucher-based incentives intervention for decreasing smoking during pregnancy and increasing fetal growth could be improved without increasing costs. The strategy was to redistribute the usual incentives so that higher values were available early in the quit attempt.