cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successive Diffractions by a Concave Grating

By placing one or more pairs of plane mirrors on the Rowland circle of a concave grating, adjusted so as to reflect the light back to the grating one or more times, dispersion and resolving power equivalent to a very high order of the grating may be achieved. The method is particularly advantageous when used with a strongly blazed grating. Actual tests with line and band spectra show a considerable increase over the theoretical resolving power for a single diffraction in the direction of blaze. Spectra diffracted as many as seven times are photographed, and show the ghost strength and freedom from overlapping characteristic of a single diffraction. Under suitable conditions, the astigmatism may be eliminated.
A New Look at Carbon Abundances in Planetary Nebulae. II. BB 1, NGC 650, NGC 1535, NGC 2440, and NGC 7027

This paper is the second in a series that reports on the outcome of a study of carbon abundances in a carefully chosen sample of planetary nebulae representing a large range in progenitor mass and metallicity. We use the Final Archive IUE database containing consistently reduced IUE spectra to measure line strengths of C III] λ1909, along with numerous other UV lines for the planetary nebulae BB 1, NGC 650, NGC 1535, NGC 2440, and NGC 7027. Combining these measurements with optical data from the literature, we determine values for the abundance ratios He/H, O/H, C/O, N/O, and Ne/O for these five objects using a five-level program, but we fine-tune the results with corrections derived from detailed photoionization models constrained by the same set of emission lines. All five objects show enhanced levels of C/O and N/O but depleted O/H with respect to the Sun.
Comparative performance of wavelets and JPEG coders at high quality

In recent work, we have examined the performance of wavelet coders using a perceptually relevant image quality metric, the Picture Quality Scale (PQS). In that study, we considered some of the design options available with respect to choice of wavelet basis, quantizer, and method for error-free encoding of the quantized coefficients, including the EZW methodology. A specific combination of these design options provides the best trade off between performance and PQS quality. Here, we extend this comparison by evaluating the performance of JPEG and the previously chosen optimal wavelet scheme, focusing principally on the high quality range.
The object-sorting test as a differential diagnostic tool.

Summary The Goldstein-Scheerer object-sorting test was administered to 125 subjects over a period of 14 months. The subjects included schizophrenic patients, manic-depressive patients, other psychiatric patients (paranoids and nonparanoids) cannot be differentiated from manic-depressive patients in the manic phase of their illness, although they are easily differentiated from manic-depressives in interphase and normal controls. It seems that this test is not a useful measure as a differential diagnostic tool, but may have some value as an indicator of a general impairment in psychologic functioning.
LIPID PROFILE OF PREMATURE INFANTS UP TO THE AGE OF 3 YEARS

INTRODUCTION: Current literature indicates a high incidence of cardiovascular disease in later life of premature infants with low birth weight. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate serum lipid levels of prematurely born infants up to the age of 3 years. METHODS: From 2001 to 2005, 171 premature newborns were studied in the follow-up clinic. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to gestational age (≤30 and >30 weeks) and birth weight (≤1000 and >1000 g). Serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein were recorded at 12, 24, and 36 months of life. RESULTS: Cholesterol levels were within the reference range in every given period, independent of age. Infants with low birth weight (≤1000 g) had significantly increased cholesterol levels compared with those with higher birth weight (>1000 g) ( P = .013). All groups had significantly higher serum triglyceride levels ( P = .001) during the first year of life in comparison to all other periods. In addition, infants with low birth weight had significantly higher serum triglyceride levels ( P = .015) during the second year of life than infants with higher birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: Premature infants with low birth weight have increased cholesterol and triglyceride levels during the early years of life, which is a finding that might be related to a high incidence of atherogenesis in later life and requires additional investigation. Submitted by Helen Apostolou
Increased bystander mutagenic effect in DNA double-strand break repair-deficient mammalian cells

Purpose : We have shown previously that when monolayer cultures of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are exposed to very low fluences of alpha-particles, HPRT mutations are induced in non-irradiated 'bystander' cells in the population. The present investigation was designed to examine the role of DNA repair in this process. Materials and methods : The DNA double-strand repair-deficient mutant cell line xrs-5 was exposed to mean doses of alpha-particles as low as 0.04 cGy whereby less than 1% of the nuclei were traversed by an alpha track and thus received any radiation exposure. Results : With this very low alpha-particle fluence, most of the cells in the xrs-5 population appeared to be at risk for the induction of mutations, indicating a much larger bystander effect than observed with wild-type CHO cells. Molecular structural analyses showed that xrs-5 mutants primarily involved partial and total gene deletions as opposed to wild-type cells where point mutations predominated in bystander cells. Conclusio...
Effect of pregnenolone sulfate administration on the excretion of steroid hormones in pregnant women

Abstract The urinary excretion of pregnanediol, estriol, total 17-ketosteroids and Pettenkofer chromogens were studied after the intravenous administration of 100 or 200 mg of pregnenolone sulfate to pregnant women. The maximum excretion values were observed for 17-ketosteroids and Pettenkofer chromogens within 24 hours. Estriol excretion also showed a substantial rise within 72 hours. The excretion pattern of pregnanediol mirrored that of estriol but with minimum initial rise.
Generalized additive mixed models

Following the extension from linear mixed models to additive mixed models, extension from generalized linear mixed models to generalized additive mixed models is made, Algorithms are developed to compute the MLE's of the nonlinear effects and the covariance structures based on the penalized marginal likelihood. Convergence of the algorithms and selection of the smooth param¬eters are discussed.
A computer-aided approach to teaching band structure formation

A computer-aided method for teaching energy band formation in a superlattice which enables direct comparison to energy band formation in crystals through the tight-binding method is presented. The time-independent Schroedinger equation for a heterostructure stack is solved by the transfer matrix method along with the effective mass approximation using a standard Fortran 77 computer code. The code is suitable for use on a personal computer which provides a ready laboratory in which the student can examine the effect of varying the electron wavefunction overlap between adjacent sites. In this way, the student can perform a series of computer experiments which vividly illustrate energy miniband formation in superlattices and by direct analogy energy band formation in crystals. >
Some properties of infectious ribonucleic acid from broad bean mottle virus

Abstract Ribonucleic acid (RNA) preparations, containing no more than 0.37% protein and selectively destroyed by snake venom phosphodiesterase, had specific infectivities up to 28% relative to that of RNA in intact broad bean mottle virus (BBMV). The infectivity of such RNA preparations sedimented in density gradient tubes with 17 S RNA not at the 83 S rate characteristic for the virus. Sedimentation-viscosity measurements showed a molecular weight of about 1 × 10 6 for the isolated infectious RNA. No infectivity could be associated with a 7 S RNA component which was isolated from part of the virus population from old infections. Labeling experiments indicated that the 7 S RNA did not result from the bentonite-phenol extractions, but rather originated inside particles inside the plant; a progressive loss of specific infectivity for both the isolated virus and its RNA resulted. This degradation may offer a general explanation for in vivo specific infectivity decrease, often associated with recovery from disease.
Novel Approach to Early Detection of Doxorubicin Cardiotoxicity by Gadolinium-Enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in an Experimental Model

Background— We sought to determine whether cardiovascular magnetic resonance measures of gadolinium (Gd) signal intensity (SI) within the left ventricular myocardium are associated with future changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after receipt of doxorubicin (DOX). Methods and Results— Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups scheduled to receive weekly intravenous doses of normal saline (n=7), 1.5 mg/kg DOX (n=19), or 2.5 mg/kg DOX (n=14). Magnetic resonance determinations of LVEF and myocardial Gd-SI were performed before and at 2, 4, 7, and 10 weeks after DOX initiation. During treatment, animals were euthanized at different time points so that histopathologic assessments of the left ventricular myocardium could be obtained. Within-group analyses were performed to examine time-dependent relations between Gd-SI and primary events (deterioration in LVEF or an unanticipated death). Six of 19 animals receiving 1.5 mg/kg DOX and 10 of 14 animals receiving 2.5 mg/kg DOX experienced a primary event; no normal saline animals experienced a primary event. In animals with a primary event, histopathologic evidence of myocellular vacuolization occurred ( P =0.04), and the Gd-SI was elevated relative to baseline at the time of the event ( P <0.0001) and during the measurement period before the event ( P =0.0001). In all animals (including normal saline) without an event, measures of Gd-SI did not differ from baseline. Conclusions— After DOX, low serial measures of Gd-SI predict an absence of an LVEF drop or unanticipated death. An increase in Gd-SI after DOX forecasts a subsequent drop in LVEF as well as histopathologic evidence of intracellular vacuolization consistent with DOX cardiotoxicity.
Bilateral renal artery embolism: A diagnostic and therapeutic problem

Abstract A case of bilateral renal artery embolism in a patient occurring after coronary artery bypass operation is reported, describing the diagnostic techniques and therapeutic aspects of management of this unusual disease. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease who have acute renal failure. (J VASC SURG 1987;5:479-82.)
KDM6B epigenetically regulates odontogenic differentiation of dental mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified and isolated from dental tissues, including stem cells from apical papilla, which demonstrated the ability to differentiate into dentin-forming odontoblasts. The histone demethylase KDM6B (also known as JMJD3) was shown to play a key role in promoting osteogenic commitment by removing epigenetic marks H3K27me3 from the promoters of osteogenic genes. Whether KDM6B is involved in odontogenic differentiation of dental MSCs, however, is not known. Here, we explored the role of KDM6B in dental MSC fate determination into the odontogenic lineage. Using shRNA-expressing lentivirus, we performed KDM6B knockdown in dental MSCs and observed that KDM6B depletion leads to a significant reduction in alkaline phosphate (ALP) activity and in formation of mineralized nodules assessed by Alizarin Red staining. Additionally, mRNA expression of odontogenic marker gene SP7 (osterix, OSX), as well as extracellular matrix genes BGLAP (osteoclacin, OCN) and SPP1 (osteopontin, OPN), was suppressed by KDM6B depletion. When KDM6B was overexpressed in KDM6B-knockdown MSCs, odontogenic differentiation was restored, further confirming the facilitating role of KDM6B in odontogenic commitment. Mechanistically, KDM6B was recruited to bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) promoters and the subsequent removal of silencing H3K27me3 marks led to the activation of this odontogenic master transcription gene. Taken together, our results demonstrated the critical role of a histone demethylase in the epigenetic regulation of odontogenic differentiation of dental MSCs. KDM6B may present as a potential therapeutic target in the regeneration of tooth structures and the repair of craniofacial defects.
Separation of fructose, glucose and sucrose in fruit by high performance liquid chromatography using UV detection at 190 nm

Fructose, glucose and sucrose were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) on a 5 μm amine column and detected by absorbance at 190 nm. The procedure quantified these sugars in orange juice and in carambola fruit, but preliminary ion exchange column chromatography was necessary before satisfactory h.p.l.c. results could be obtained. The method is sensitive to 1.2 μg of fructose or 9 μg of glucose or sucrose.
Careers-perspective interview

Yes. As referred to above, I was the business manager of a scientific society for a time. I did that to keep in touch with the field, during a time when I was located in an area where I could not get a research/teaching job. That experience showed me that I had skills in administration and in a sense prepared me for my first job at the NIH.
Interpersonal Guilt in College Student Pathological Gamblers

Background: Interpersonal guilt is associated with psychopathology, but its relationship to pathological gambling has not been studied. Objectives: This study examined the relationship between inte...
Incontinence in a Manufacturing Setting: Women's Perceptions and Responses

The true prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) and its impact on the quality of life in working women are not well established. Many women do not report UI to a health care provider because they mistakenly believe UI is a natural part of aging. This situation exists despite the dissemination of a national guideline for UI in adults. The aims of this study were to (1) explore what incontinent women in a manufacturing setting name or identify as the proposed cause of urinary leakage (2) analyze an association between identifying a UI cause and reporting it to a health care provider and (3) determine how many women were aware of the AHCPR Guideline. The results indicate that the majority of incontinent women (62%) have not reported this to a health care provider. Most women attributed urinary leakage to parity and waiting too long to empty the bladder. There was no relationship between identifying a UI cause and reporting it to a health care provider. Only 2 of the women out of 78 had heard of the AHCPR Guideline but the majority of women wanted more information about UI (85%). Mechanisms are suggested for querying women with UI and disseminating the AHCPR Guideline.
Prolegomena to a Dissolution to the Problem of Suffering

Few criticisms of Christianity are so emotionally charged or so inexorable in their logic as the argument against the almightiness and goodness of God based on the fact of human suffering. “Either God cannot abolish evil or he will not; if he cannot, then he is not all-powerful; if he will not, then he is not all-good.” Numerous solutions to this dilemma have been offered by theologians, philosophers and poets which have pointed to the educational value of suffering, the realization of such second-order goods as compassion from the existence of first-order suffering, the promised compensations for earthly suffering in another existence, and so forth. Even the best of these solutions leave great dark areas. Suffering, in fact, is not always ennobling. Must God have created so much and such devastating first-order evils to produce compassion? Can we possibly comprehend what could count as a “compensation” for the brutal, pointless agonies to which human beings are subject? We seem constantly faced with the necessity of saying in extremis that it is, after all, “a mystery.” I happen to agree that it is a mystery, but in Christianity “mystery” means not merely a problem that we cannot see through but something that is revealed. The problem is of such importance that we simply cannot be satisfied with a few rhetorically convincing forays signed off with the reminder that God's will is inscrutable. I agree with Fr. Danielou, “The question is fraught with anguish for too many sorrowful hearts to be lightly put off: we must get to the bottom of it.”
Wittgenstein on the Substance of the World

In the opening pages of the Tractatus, 1 Wittgenstein presents a striking metaphysics—or metaphysical picture—that seeks to convey a conception of the world as ‘the totality of facts’. In the course of these remarks there occurs an argument—or at least the appearance of an argument—for the enigmatic thesis that ‘the world has substance’: 2.0211 If the world had no substance, then whether a proposition had sense would depend on whether another proposition was true. 2.0212 It would then be impossible to draw up a picture of the world (true or false). This brief argument has presented an abiding challenge to Wittgenstein’s interpreters. One of its many mysteries concerns its invocation of the notion of substance. Because ‘objects form the substance of the world’ (2.021), the argument must be intended to establish the existence of Tractarian objects. But since that is so, why doesn’t Wittgenstein argue directly for objects? Why does he introduce the concept of substance at all? This question forms the point of departure for the present essay. The answer, I shall claim, is that in portraying objects as comprising ‘the substance of the world’ Wittgenstein means to be exploiting the reader’s presumed familiarity with the philosophical tradition. Specifically, he is alluding to Kant’s conception of substance as that which persists through all existence changes. The allusion, I take it, is intended to convey some (partial and provisional) understanding of the notion of a Tractarian ‘object’. The reader who picks up on it will be able to follow Wittgenstein along as he traces the metaphysical picture he intends, later in the book, to undermine. I shall argue that proceeding on the assumption of a Kantian allusion sheds much light both on the argument for substance itself and on Wittgenstein’s socalled ‘ontological remarks’ at the beginning of the Tractatus. It will emerge that in contending for substance Wittgenstein is arguing not merely for the existence of simple things, but for things that exist necessarily. Moreover, certain (relatively coarse-grained) instabilities and tensions that commentators have discerned in Wittgenstein’s talk of ‘objects’ and ‘configurations’ will be shown to be resoluble so long as the Kantian background is kept firmly in mind. In what follows, I will be defending an interpretation according to which Tractarian substance is the modal analogue of Kant’s (temporal) notion. Having made this case, I will offer my own interpretation and evaluation of the argument
The Nominating Committee Process: A Qualitative Examination of Board Independence and Formalization

The nominating committee (NC) of the board identifies and nominates individuals for board service, thus establishing the board's composition. Despite this important role, relatively little is known about the NC process, including NC members' actions and thought processes. Based on interviews of 20 U.S. public company NC members, including 16 chairs, we focus on two primary questions: (1) what is the extent of influence that the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) has over committee processes, and (2) to what extent are committee processes formalized (i.e., framed and acted upon in a mechanistic way)? We find that there is continuing recognition of CEO influence in the director nomination process, the level of which varies widely by company. Also, there is considerable variability in the formalization of the director nomination process (e.g., some NCs use search firms and a matrix/grid approach to assessing director skill sets across the board, while others do not). Finally, we find that many interviewees have professional or personal ties to the CEO and that nearly all of the NCs focus on �chemistry� and comfort in the director nomination process, where the often-stated goal is to enhance the board's ability to function effectively and to reduce risk in the director nomination process. The overall message of the interviews perhaps is best captured by one interviewee, who described a �strange little dance.� Throughout the interviews, we find evidence that the NC must �dance� through a complex decision landscape.
By Any Other Name: When Will Preschoolers Produce Several Labels for a Referent?.

Two experiments investigated why preschool children sometimes produce multiple words for a referent (i.e. polynomy), but other times seem to allow only one word. In Experiment 1, 40 three- and four-yearolds completed a modification of Dea! k & Maratsos’ (1998) naming task. Although social demands to produce multiple words were reduced, children produced, on average, more than two words per object. Number of words produced was predicted by receptive vocabulary. Lexical insight (i.e. knowing that a word refers to function or appearance) and metalexical beliefs (i.e. that a hypothetical referent has one label, or more than one) were not preconditions of polynomy. Polynomy was independent of bias to map novel words to unfamiliar referents. In Experiment 2, 40 three- and four-year-olds learned new words for nameable objects. Children showed a correction eect, yet produced more than two words per object. Children do not have a generalized one-word-per-object bias, even during word learning. Other explanations (e.g. contextual restriction of lexical access) are discussed.
Life Cycle and Host Specificity of Eimeria larimerensis Vetterling, 1964, from the Uinta Ground Squirrel Spermophilus armatus1

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria larimerensis was found in 5 species of ground squirrels and the white-tailed prairie dog. The hosts included Spermophilus armatus from Utah and Montana, S. variegatus from Utah, S. tridecemlineatus from Wyoming, S. lateralis from Utah, S. beecheyi from California and Cynomys leucurus from Wyoming. Oocysts were not present in fecal samples of S. richardconi from Montana, S. lateralis from California or S. columbianus from Washington. This coccidium could not be experimentally transmitted to S. richardsoni; however, patent infections were established in S. armatus, S. lateralis, and S. variegatus. No infections were found after inoculation of least chipmunks (Eutamius minimus), Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), or laboratory rats even tho excystation occurred in these animals. Resistance to infection did not develop during repeated experimental infections of S. armatus, S. lateralis, or S. variegatus. No outward signs of coccidiosis were seen in any of the experimentally infected animals. In experimentally infected S. armatus, the prepatent period was 5 days, and the patent period lasted 3–7 (mean 6.5) days. The endogenous stages were located in the epithelial cells of the jejunum and ileum. Mature 1st-generation schizonts, 1st seen 2.5 days after inoculation, contained 16–32 merozoites. Mature 2nd generation schizonts were present 3.5 days after inoculation and contained 22–46 merozoites of a larger size than those of the 1st generation. Gametocytes were 1st seen 3.5 days after inoculation and developing oocysts were present 4 days after inoculation. Macrogametes contained eosinophilic granules which coalesced to form the oocyst wall. Formation of the macrogametes took place around cytoplasmic masses within the microgametocytes.
A VHDL Model of a IEEE1451.2 Smart Sensor: Characterization and Applications

New sensors are required to be small, cheap, and smart. This paper deals with intelligent sensors embedded in a single chip: a VHDL model of an IEEE1451.2 Smart Sensor is proposed to obtain a portable STIM block suitable for customizable compact solutions and allowing low-cost, large-scale production. In order to evaluate performances of the proposed model, working prototypes have been built and some tests have been carried out in a real case (chemical detection sensors). The proposed VHDL model has been compared with traditional, software-based, microcontroller solutions showing that a timing performance improvement greater than 50% can be obtained. Finally, to exemplify effectiveness of a portable VHDL model, a single-chip sensor with USB interface and integrated IEEE1451 structures has been realized and experimentally characterized
A Method for the Design of Pattern Recognition Logic

The general problem of pattern recognition is regarded as a problem wherein the recognition device is presented with a plane array of black-or-white elements and must decide to which general class (pattern) this array belongs. A method for reducing the necessary amount of logic is presented. It is basically a method for reducing Boolean equations in many variables which contain large numbers of redundant or ``don't care'' terms. The reduced logic is in the form of Boolean functions of the black-or-white elements. Some experimental results, in which this logic was mechanized with diodes, are discussed.
Spatially resolved analysis of carbon-based plasmas in an ICP system

Summary form only given, as follows. Summary form only given. We present experimental results on the spatially resolved analysis of carbon-based plasmas for the growth of multiwall carbon nanotubes. First, we compare the 3-D spatially resolved intensity of a pure argon plasma discharge to that of a typical carbon-hydrogen-argon plasma used for nanostructure growth. We then present an analysis of the species present in the carbon-based plasma, identified by a wavelength scan of the plasma from 300-900 nm, to begin to develop an understanding of the possible plasma and growth chemistries. Next, we present 3-D spatially resolved optical intensity profiles versus pressure for the C-C moiety, as this carbon unit is thought to be significant for nanotube growth. The spatial emission of carbon was observed by looking at the 516.5 nm band head of the C2 Swan band. Finally, we present an analysis of the hydrogen rotational temperature versus pressure and temperature versus power. Our measurements indicated gas temperature conditions of about 440-540 K (167-267 /spl deg/C).
From bad to worse: Relationship commitment and vulnerability to partner imperfections

Having a satisfying romantic relationship is not always feasible, particularly as one discovers less-than-perfect partner characteristics. It is suggested that less committed couple members are more vulnerable to negative partner characteristics than are highly committed couple members. Forty-one dating couples individually indicated their commitment level, were randomly assigned to receive positive- or negative-false feedback about the partner’s personality, and indicated their postmanipulation satisfaction and uncertainty levels. Negative partner feedback affected the satisfaction of less committed but not highly committed individuals. Feeling uncertain about the relationship mediated less committed couple members’ increased vulnerability to negative partner information. The association between uncertainty and commitment was curvilinear and stronger under conditions of relationship threat. Self-esteem did not predict responses to threat.
Leakage power reduction using stress-enhanced layouts

In recent years, process-induced mechanical stress has emerged as a useful manufacturing technique that enhances carrier transport and increases drive currents. This improvement in current has helped to compensate the decline of device scaling factors in parameters such as tox, Vth, and Vdd. In this work, we propose stress as a means to achieve optimal power-performance trade-off by combining stress-based, performance-enhanced standard cell assignment with dual-Vth, assignment. We study how stress-induced performance enhancements are affected by layout properties and improve standard cell layouts so that performance gains are maximized. We then develop a circuit-level, block-based, stress-enhanced optimization algorithm that includes all layout-dependent sources of mechanical stress. By combining the two performance enhancement techniques (stress-based and dual-Vth) for a set of benchmark circuits, we find that our stress-aware optimization, decreases leakage by ~24% on average, for iso-delay, when compared to dual-Vth assignment. Similarly, for iso-leakage, our optimization algorithm reduces delay on average by 5%. In both cases, the proposed method only incurs a small area penalty (< 0.5%).
Mathematical Programming for Data Mining: Formulations and Challenges

This article is intended to serve as an overview of a rapidly emerging research and applications area. In addition to providing a general overview, motivating the importance of data mining problems within the area of knowledge discovery in databases, our aim is to list some of the pressing research challenges, and outline opportunities for contributions by the optimization research communities. Towards these goals, we include formulations of the basic categories of data mining methods as optimization problems. We also provide examples of successful mathematical programming approaches to some data mining problems.
A statistical approach to finding overlooked genetic associations

Complexity and noise in expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) studies make it difficult to distinguish potential regulatory relationships among the many interactions. The predominant method of identifying eQTLs finds associations that are significant at a genome-wide level. The vast number of statistical tests carried out on these data make false negatives very likely. Corrections for multiple testing error render genome-wide eQTL techniques unable to detect modest regulatory effects. We propose an alternative method to identify eQTLs that builds on traditional approaches. In contrast to genome-wide techniques, our method determines the significance of an association between an expression trait and a locus with respect to the set of all associations to the expression trait. The use of this specific information facilitates identification of expression traits that have an expression profile that is characterized by a single exceptional association to a locus. Our approach identifies expression traits that have exceptional associations regardless of the genome-wide significance of those associations. This property facilitates the identification of possible false negatives for genome-wide significance. Further, our approach has the property of prioritizing expression traits that are affected by few strong associations. Expression traits identified by this method may warrant additional study because their expression level may be affected by targeting genes near a single locus. We demonstrate our method by identifying eQTL hotspots in Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). We demonstrate the prioritization of traits with few strong genetic effects through Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of Yeast. Our results are strongly consistent with results gathered using genome-wide methods and identify additional hotspots and eQTLs. New eQTLs and hotspots found with this method may represent regions of the genome or biological processes that are controlled through few relatively strong genetic interactions. These points of interest warrant experimental investigation.
AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF TITTLE'S CONTROL BALANCE THEORY*

Classic statements of control theory propose that individuals who are controlled or bonded will be more likely to be deterred from deviance, while those who are not controlled or bonded will be more likely to turn to deviance. In a recent restatement of control theory, Tittle (1995) offers an alternative viewpoint. Though he agrees that a lack of control (a control deficit) can lead to repressive forms of deviance (predation, defiance, and submission), Tittle also asserts that overcontrol (a control surplus) may lead to autonomous types of deviance (exploitation, plunder, and decadence). Terming it control balance theory, Tittle argues that the amount of control to which one is subject relative to the amount of control one can exercise (i.e., the control ratio) affects not only the probability that one will engage in a deviant act, but also the specific form or type of deviance. In this article, we focus on one of the key hypotheses of control balance theory: an individual's control balance ratio predicts deviant behavior. We examine this hypothesis using two vignettes designed to investigate the repressive acts of predation and defiance. Segmented, nonlinear regression results yield mixed evidence in that both control surpluses and control deficits significantly predict predation and defiance. The theoretical implications of our results for control balance theory are discussed.
Single-molecule detection of DNA via sequence-specific links between F1-ATPase motors and gold nanorod sensors.

We report the construction of a novel biosensing nanodevice to detect single, sequence-specific target DNA molecules. Nanodevice assembly occurs through the association of an immobilized F1-ATPase molecular motor and a functionalized gold nanorodvia a single 3′,5′-dibiotinylated DNA molecule. Target-dependent 3′,5′-dibiotinylated DNA bridges form by combining ligation and exonucleation reactions (LXR), with a specificity capable of selecting against a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Using dark field microscopy to detect gold nanorods, quantitation of assembled nanodevices is sufficient to distinguish the presence of as few as 1800 DNA bridges from nonspecifically bound nanorods. The rotary mechanism of F1-ATPase can drive gold nanorod rotation when the nanorod is attached via the DNA bridge. Therefore, rotation discriminates fully assembled devices from nonspecifically bound nanorods, resulting in a sensitivity limit of one zeptomole (600 molecules).
An Association of Hardness of Water with Incidence of Fatty Liver Syndrome in Laying Hens

Twenty-one samples of water were collected from commercial egg production farms in Georgial with or without a history of fatty liver syndrome. These samples plus a sample of water from the University of Georgia Poultry Farm were analyzed for various mineral elements by atomic absorption, direct reading emission spectroscopy and by neutron activation. Water samples from farms with a history of fatty liver syndrome had signficantly more calcium, magnesium, strontium, sodium, iron and barium than water samples from farms reporting no significant problem with fatty liver syndrome. Levels of manganese, boron, copper zinic and aluminum were not significantly different. Although the results do not prove that water quality is the cause of the disease, they do demonstrate an association of hardness of water with fatty liver syndrome that should be further investigated.
Seedless electrodeposition of Cu on unmodified tungsten

The electrodeposition of Cu onto barrier surfaces is of considerable importance in the development of Cu interconnect processes for deep submicrometer devices. Current processing usually involves electrodeposition from a sulfate bath onto a Cu seed layer, which is first deposited by plasma vapor deposition ~PVD! or metallorganic chemical vapor deposition ~MOCVD!. Conformal, uniform seed layer deposition becomes increasing problematic as device dimensions continue to shrink; 1 electrodeposition in the absence of a seed layer is desirable. Surface science studies carried out in ultrahigh vacuum ~UHV!, however, indicate that the ability of Cu adlayers to wet ~grow conformally on! a Ta or W barrier surface is severely degraded by the presence of even monolayer coverages of oxygen. 2-4 The electrodeposition of Cu onto reactive metal surfaces in aqueous environments therefore presents obvious difficulties. Under acidic conditions ~pH ;1 or lower!, and cathodic potentials, W metal is predicted 5 to be thermodynamically stable relative to its oxides. Exploratory studies of Cu electrodeposition on W in the absence of a Cu seed layer were therefore carried out under these conditions. Experimental Studies were carried out in a flat three-electrode cell fitted with a Luggin capillary and a platinum-rhodium counter electrode. All potentials reported here are referenced to Ag/AgCl. The cell was configured so that the area of the electrode accessible by the electrolyte was 1c m 2 . The solutions used for these studies consisted of 0.05 M CuSO4 in H2SO4 at pH 1.0. Solutions were purged with N2 for .1.5 h prior to each experiment. Polycrystalline W foils ~.99.95% pure! were used as working electrodes. Foils were rinsed in acetone, ethanol, and distilled water prior to use. Electrochemical measurements were carried out using a commercially available potentiostat ~EG&G 263A! and software. Scanning electron microscopy ~SEM! data were acquired using a JEOL 300S model with an energy dispersive analysis by X-ray ~EDAX! attachment for elemental analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ~XPS! data were acquired with a hemispherical analyzer operated in constant pass energy mode ~50 eV! and unmonochromatized Mg Ka radiation.
Geographic Variations in Cost of Living: Associations With Family and Child Well-Being

The effects of geographic variations in cost of living and family income on children’s academic achievement and social competence in first grade (mean age = 86.9 months) were examined, mediated through material hardship, parental investments, family stress, and school resources. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (N = 17,565), higher cost of living was associated with lower academic achievement. For poor children only, higher cost of living was also detrimental to parental investments and school resources. Parental investments and school resources were more strongly associated with achievement for lower income than higher income children. Results suggest that cost of living intersects with income in meaningful ways for family and child well-being and should be accounted for in the poverty measure. Cost of living varies dramatically across the United States. For example, 1 month’s rent for a modest two-bedroom apartment averages $1,357 in Boston and $551 in Frontier County, Nebraska (Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2010). Consider how a family of four with an income of $35,000 living in Boston might experience different constraints on spending compared to a similar family living in Frontier County. How much would each family have left over after paying rent and bills, with which to purchase children’s books or extracurricular activities? What psychological toll would meeting necessary household expenses have on the parents in each family? Although the literature on income and child outcomes is quite comprehensive (for a review, see McLoyd, 1998), little research has explored the influence of geographic variations in cost of living on child outcomes. The current study uses data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Cohort (ECLS–K) data set to examine the effects of geographic variations in cost of living and family income on elementary school children’s academic and social outcomes. Furthermore, this study examines family and school pathways that might explain the effects of cost of living and income on child outcomes.
Basic concepts in transplant immunology

Subsequently,spontaneousliverallograftacceptancewasalsoobservedintransplants done in several allogeneic rat strain combina-tions and most allogeneic mouse strain combinations.Moreover, other experimental studies in rodents demon-strated that allogeneic liver transplantation providesimmune“protection”againstsubsequentcardiac,kidney,pancreas, islet, and skin grafts from the same donor.
A 45nm 0.5V 8T column-interleaved SRAM with on-chip reference selection loop for sense-amplifier

8T bit-cells hold great promise for overcoming device variability in deeply scaled SRAMs and enabling aggressive voltage scaling for ultra-low-power. This paper presents an array architecture and circuits with minimal area overhead to allow column-interleaving while eliminating the half-select problem. This enables sense-amplifier sharing and soft-error immunity. A reference selection loop is designed and implemented in the column circuitry. By choosing one of the two reference voltages for each sense-amplifier in a pseudo-differential scheme, selection loop effectively reduces input offset. 8T test array fabricated in 45nm CMOS achieves functionality from 1.1V to below 0.5V. Test chip operates at 450MHz at 1.1V and 5.8MHz at 0.5V while consuming 12.9mW and 46μW respectively.
Single-molecule imaging brings Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments into focus

The Rad51 protein is essential for DNA repair by homologous recombination. After DNA damage, Rad51 localizes to nuclear foci that represent sites of DNA repair in vivo. In vitro, Rad51 self-assembles on single- or double-stranded DNA to form a nucleoprotein filament. Recently, the merging of innovative single-molecule techniques with ensemble methods has provided unique insights into the dynamic nature of this filament and its cellular function. The assembly and disassembly of Rad51 nucleoprotein filaments is seen to be regulated by recombination accessory proteins. In this regard, the BRC repeats of the BRCA2 protein were shown to modulate the DNA binding selectivity of Rad51. Furthermore, single-molecule studies explained the need for a DNA translocase, Rad54 protein, in the disassembly of Rad51 double-stranded DNA filaments.
Reproducing kernel element method Part II: Globally conforming Im/Cn hierarchies

Abstract In this part of the work, a minimal degrees of freedom, arbitrary smooth, globally compatible, Im/Cn interpolation hierarchy is constructed in the framework of reproducing kernel element method (RKEM) for arbitrary multiple dimensional domains. This is the first interpolation hierarchical structure that has been constructed with both minimal degrees of freedom and higher order smoothness or continuity over multi-dimensional domain. The proposed hierarchical structure possesses the generalized Kronecker property, i.e. ∂ α Ψ (β) I / ∂ x α (x J )=δ IJ δ αβ , |α|,|β|⩽m. This contribution is the latest breakthrough of an outstanding problem––construction of a minimal degrees of freedom, globally conforming, Im/Cn finite element interpolation fields on an arbitrary mesh or subdivision of multiple dimension. The newly constructed globally conforming interpolant is a hybrid of a set of C∞ global partition polynomials with a highly smooth (Cn) compactly supported meshfree partition of unity. Examples of compatible RKEM hierarchical interpolations are illustrated, and they are used in a Galerkin procedure to solve differential equations.
Territorial Fidelity of Male Guanacos in the Patagonia of Southern Chile

We investigated site fidelity of territorial male guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. The study took place over a 10-year period, with intensive work in the final years, 1997‐1999. Guanacos have a social system of resource-defense polygyny with fluid movement of females between male territories. After the annual winter migration, males establish and maintain their territories from mid-spring until late autumn. Territorial males are classified as solo or family-group territorial males. We collected data on type, location, size, and usage of territories for tagged, known-age males. We compared male territorial fidelity between mating (8 December‐11 January) and nonmating periods within the 6-month territorial season each year (1 October‐15 March) and between multiple years. Males used the same area within the 1997 and 1998 territorial seasons (n ¼ 47). Most males (73%; n ¼ 60) also returned to the same territory location from year to year. Males (27%) that shifted territorial locations showed no clear patterns in changes between solo territorial males and family-group territorial males. High predictability of male territory sites within a given year and between years has short- and long-term benefits for management and conservation efforts.
Open Access in Law Teaching: A New Approach to Legal Education

The "open access" movement seeks to change our approach to the distribution of scholarship in the fields of science, medicine, the social sciences, and law. This Essay argues for the application of these principles to legal education itself. Open access would mean greater flexibility, interaction, and innovation in the creation of course materials. It would lead to new teaching methods and new forms of feedback between student and professor. Open access centers on particular legal subject areas could facilitate national and international collaboration. Ultimately, the open access law school would ameliorate the growing standardization and commodification of legal education by drawing on global pools of information while at the same time providing more localized feedback to individual students.
Evidence of impaired vasodilation during exercise in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (1156.3)

Exercise intolerance is a hallmark characteristic of heart failure (HF), which may be related to impaired exercise-induced vasodilation in the exercising muscle vasculature. While reductions in exercising limb blood flow have been observed in patients with systolic HF no studies, to date, have evaluated vasodilation in HF patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) during exercise. Thus, in six HFpEF patients (68±8 yrs) and six age- and sex-matched controls (69±9 yrs), arterial pressure (Finapres) and leg blood flow (LBF; ultrasound Doppler) were assessed during knee-extension exercise at 0, 5, 10, and 15 W. Resting arterial pressure (HFpEF: 98±2 mmHg; controls: 105±16 mmHg) and LBF (HFpEF: 276±57 mL/min; controls: 299±59 mL/min) were similar between groups. Across work rates, arterial pressure was similar between groups, yet LBF was 30-40% lower in HFpEF compared to controls (1,256±219 vs. 1,791±151, 1,420±206 vs. 2,102±179, 1,666±91 vs. 2,459±417, and 1,745±206 vs. 2,874±206 mL/min, HFpEF vs. cont...
Chromosomes and taxonomy of the ground squirrel subgenus Ictidomys.

Chromosomes were analyzed from the marrow of three species of ground squirrels of the genus Spermophilus , subgenus Ictidomys . Samples of 8 Spermophilus mexicanus parvidens , 10 S. tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus and 1 S. tridecemlineatus pallidas have a diploid number of 34 and karyotypes that are generally similar but distinctive at the species level. In contrast, samples of 6 S. spilosoma marginatus and 6 S. spilosoma canescens have a diploid number of 32 and a karyotype that differs more from that of the other two species than from each other. Karyotype differences were found within S. spilosoma and are thought to represent subspecific variation. Taxonomic conclusions based on chromosomal characters agree closely with those based on characters of gross morphology and indicate that all three species are correctly classified as members of the same subgenus. In addition, S. mexicanus and S. tridecemlineatus appear most closely related, while S. spilosoma is considered divergent because of its karotype, baculum and pelage.
A World Free of Polio — The Final Steps

Because oral polio vaccine has been associated with cases of paralysis, it is essential to discontinue its use after polio eradication has been certified. The first step is a shift from a trivalent OPV to a bivalent one, which requires a multipronged global strategy.
PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES PROSTHETIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS

Propionibacterium species is an uncommon cause of prosthetic valve endocarditis. 53 year old man with PMH of bicuspid aortic valve and ascending aortic aneurysm s/p St. Jude mechanical aortic valve and aortic graft replacement presented to our institution with 2.5 month history of fevers and night