cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Medical expenditures of children in the United States with fetal alcohol syndrome

This paper calculates the medical expenditures for pediatric Medicaid enrollees with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), those with and those without reported intellectual disability (ID). The pediatric portion of the MarketScan® Medicaid Multi-State databases for the years 2003-2005 was used. Children with FAS were identified based on International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification codes. Children without FAS formed the comparison group. Annual mean, median, and 95(th) percentile total expenditures were calculated for those continuously enrolled during 2005. Children with FAS incurred annual mean medical expenditures that were nine times as high as those of children without FAS during 2005 ($16,782 vs. $1,859). ID more commonly was listed as a medical diagnosis among children with FAS than among children in the comparison group (12% vs. 0.5%), and mean expenditures of children with FAS and ID were 2.8 times those of children with FAS but without reported ID. Children with FAS incurred higher medical expenditures compared with children without FAS. A subset of children with FAS who had ID sufficiently serious to be recorded in medical records increased those expenditures still further. Our estimate of mean expenditures for children with FAS was several times higher than previous estimates in the United States.
A Metric for Assessing the Error Tolerance of Tile Sets for Punctured DNA Self-Assemblies

This paper presents a novel metric by which the effectiveness of punctures (as corrective action for error tolerance) can be assessed with respect to tile sets for DNA self- assembly in nano-manufacturing. Initially, the conditions for correct binding of a tile to an existing aggregate are analyzed using a Markovian approach; based on this analysis, it is proved that correct aggregation (as identified with a so-called Ideal Tile Set) is not always met for existing tile sets for nano-manufacturing. Hence, a metric is proposed for assessing tile sets by utilizing punctures. Tile sets are investigated and assessed with respect to features such error (mismatched tile) movement, punctured area and bond types. Subsequently, it is shown that the proposed metric can comprehensively assess the effectiveness of a type of a puncture for a tile set and its capability to attain error tolerance for the desired pattern. Extensive simulation results are provided.
Local Economic Gains from Primary Election Spending

This paper asks how government and private consumption spending affect earnings in service sectors. To do this, we exploit the variation across states and time in the money spent while campaigning for a party’s Presidential primary nomination. We create a novel dataset combining the date each state held its primary from 1976-2008, the date in each election cycle in which only one candidate remained, and quarterly state earnings by sector. Using an instrumental variable strategy, we find that hosting a primary election increases earnings, particularly in the retail and accommodations sectors. These results remain consistent when using data on primary campaign expenditures across states in the 2004 and 2008 elections. JEL codes: D7, P0, H0 ∗The authors acknowledge helpful comments from Amit Gandhi, Ken Goldstein, Andrew Reschovsky, John Karl Scholz, Alan Sorenson, and Chris Taber. All remaining errors are our own. †rlessem@andrew.cmu.edu, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh PA 15213 ‡carly.urban@montana.edu, Department of Agricultural Economics & Economics, Montana State University, P.O. Box 172920 Bozeman, MT 59717
Sources and frequency of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy

Introduction: This study examined sources of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) during pregnancy and misclassifica tion of women as having no SHS exposure if partner smoking was used as the only measure of SHS exposure. We also examined changes in SHS exposure across the three trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: The sample consisted of 245 pregnant women who were in a serious relationship with a partner and 106 for examination of change over time. Women’s smoking status was determined by a combination of self-reports and oral fluid assays. Women’s reports of partner smoking, smoking by other social network members, and frequency of exposure to SHS were obtained. Results: The most common source of SHS exposure during pregnancy was the partner (n = 245). However, reliance on the partner smoking measure alone would have misclassified a sub stantial number of women as having no SHS exposure during pregnancy. The importance of exposure from the general social network was also evident in the finding that among nonsmok ing women with nonsmoking partners, 50% reported some level of SHS exposure in the preceding week. Contrary to expectations, there were no changes in SHS exposure across the three trimesters of pregnancy (n = 106). Conclusions: Results highlight the need for treatment plans to target sources of exposure from other members of women’s social networks in addition to partners. It may be unrealistic to expect women’s cessation efforts to be successful in the face of consistent and continued SHS exposure through pregnancy.
Development of an Index of Subsidized Housing Availability and its Relationship to Housing Insecurity

Housing insecurity is a known threat to child health understanding predictors of housing insecurity can help inform policies to protect the health of young children in low-income households. This study sheds light on the relationship between housing insecurity and availability of housing that is affordable to low-income households.We developed a county-level index of availability of subsidized housing needed to meet the demand of low-income households. Our results estimate that if subsidized units are made available to an additional 5% of the eligible population, the odds of overcrowding decrease by 26% and the odds of families making multiple moves decrease by 31%. Both of these are known predictors of poor child health outcomes. Thus, these results suggest that state and federal investments in expanding the stock of subsidized housing could reduce housing insecurity and thereby also improve the health and well-being of young children, including their families' food security status.
A GLRT for radar detection in the presence of compound-Gaussian clutter and additive white Gaussian noise

This paper addresses the detection problem for a signal with constant, but unknown amplitude in disturbance containing compound-Gaussian clutter plus additive white noise. Specifically, a new generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) is presented for the clairvoyant case. Previously developed GLRT expressions addressing the compound-Gaussian clutter problem have considered the 'clutter only' case assuming negligible additive white noise power. Performance evaluation is considered in the context of space-time adaptive processing (STAP) for an airborne radar application. We show improved performance of the new GLRT over previously developed tests.
Stirring trapped atoms into fractional quantum Hall puddles

We theoretically explore the generation of few-body analogs of fractional quantum Hall states. We consider an array of identical few-atom clusters $(n=2,3,4)$, each cluster trapped at the node of an optical lattice. By temporally varying the amplitude and phase of the trapping lasers, one can introduce a rotating deformation at each site. We analyze protocols for coherently transferring ground-state clusters into highly correlated states, producing theoretical fidelities (probability of reaching the target state) in excess of 99%.
Three New Nearctic Fungus Gnat Species (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Abstract Three new Nearctic fungus gnat species were discovered in western Michigan. Adult males and females of Tetragoneura caliga n. sp., adult males of Ectrepesthoneura vacca n. sp., and three adult males of Ectrepesthoneura complexa n. sp. flew to a Malaise trap in an ecotone between swamp and second-growth forest dominated by black ash (Fraxinus nigra Marshall), paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marshall), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrhart). Adult females of E. vacca and E. complexe and juvenile stages of all three species remain unknown.
Phospholipids of Five Pseudomonad Archetypes for Different Toluene Degradation Pathways

Abstract Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/MS) was used to determine intact phospholipid profiles for five reference pseudomonad strains harboring different (aerobic) toluene catabolic pathways: Pseudomonas putida mt-2, Pseudomonas putida F1, Burkholderia cepacia G4, Burkholderia pickettii PKO1, and Pseudomonas mendocina KR1. These five strains contained a predominant pool of phosphatidylethanolamines. Other phospholipids identified include phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, and phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine. There was a clear separation in phospholipid profiles that allows for the differentiation between the Pseudomonas and Burkholderia genera. Factor analysis of the phospholipid profiles showed that B. cepacia G4, P. putida mt-2, and B. pickettii PKO1 were clearly separated, while P. putida F1 and P. mendocina KR1 were clustered as a group. These results suggest that intact phospholipid profiling could be used to evaluate th...
A controlled clinical trial of the efficacy of the hepatitis B vaccine (Heptavax B): a final report

A controlled, randomized, double-blind trial in 1,083 homosexual men from New York confirmed that a highly purified, formalin-inactivated vaccine against hepatitis B prepared from HBsAg positive plasma, is safe immunogenic, and highly efficacious. Over 95% of vaccinated subjects developed antibody against the surface antigen. Vaccine-induced antibody persisted for the entire 24-month follow-up period. The attack rate of all hepatitis B virus infections (excluding conversions of anti-HBc alone) was 3.2% in vaccine recipients compared with 25.6% in placebo recipients (p less than 0.0001). In those who received all three doses of vaccine, of 40 micrograms each, the protective efficacy rate was close to 100%. The vaccine protects against acute hepatitis B, asymptomatic infection, and chronic antigenemia. There is reason to assume that the vaccine is also partially effective when given postexposure.
High-Resolution Analysis of Seismic Air Gun Impulses and Their Reverberant Field as Contributors to an Acoustic Environment

In September and October 2011, a seismic survey took place in Baffin Bay, Western Greenland, in close proximity to a marine protected area (MPA). As part of the mitigation effort, five bottom-mounted marine acoustic recording units (MARUs) collected data that were used for the purpose of measuring temporal and spectral features from each impulsive event, providing a high-resolution record of seismic reverberation persistent after the direct impulse. Results were compared with ambient-noise levels as computed after the seismic survey to evidence that as a consequence of a series of repeating seismic impulses, sustained elevated levels create the potential for masking.
Hippocampal Insulin Resistance Impairs Spatial Learning and Synaptic Plasticity

Insulin receptors (IRs) are expressed in discrete neuronal populations in the central nervous system, including the hippocampus. To elucidate the functional role of hippocampal IRs independent of metabolic function, we generated a model of hippocampal-specific insulin resistance using a lentiviral vector expressing an IR antisense sequence (LV-IRAS). LV-IRAS effectively downregulates IR expression in the rat hippocampus without affecting body weight, adiposity, or peripheral glucose homeostasis. Nevertheless, hippocampal neuroplasticity was impaired in LV-IRAS–treated rats. High-frequency stimulation, which evoked robust long-term potentiation (LTP) in brain slices from LV control rats, failed to evoke LTP in LV-IRAS–treated rats. GluN2B subunit levels, as well as the basal level of phosphorylation of GluA1, were reduced in the hippocampus of LV-IRAS rats. Moreover, these deficits in synaptic transmission were associated with impairments in spatial learning. We suggest that alterations in the expression and phosphorylation of glutamate receptor subunits underlie the alterations in LTP and that these changes are responsible for the impairment in hippocampal-dependent learning. Importantly, these learning deficits are strikingly similar to the impairments in complex task performance observed in patients with diabetes, which strengthens the hypothesis that hippocampal insulin resistance is a key mediator of cognitive deficits independent of glycemic control.
Bochner Integrals and Neural Networks

A Bochner integral formula \(f = \mathcal{B}-\int_Y w(y)\Phi(y) d\mu(y)\) is derived that presents a function f in terms of weights w and a parametrized family of functions Φ(y), y in Y . Comparison is made to pointwise formulations, norm inequalities relating pointwise and Bochner integrals are established, G-variation and tensor products are studied, and examples are presented.
Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes in Youth

The antecedents of adult cardiovascular disease begin in childhood. Accompanying the dramatic increase in childhood obesity and decline in physical activity, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in pediatrics is also rising, forecasting earlier macrovascular and microvascular complications. Poor physical fitness is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The presence of T2DM appears to confer a specific exercise defect, as adults with T2DM have reduced VO2max, slower VO2kinetics, and slower heart rate kinetics when compared with age, pubertal stage, weight, and activity-matched controls. As little exercise data exists in youth with T2DM, our group assessed VO2max in adolescents with T2DM, compared with nondiabetic, obese, and lean controls. We found significant impairments in maximal and submaximal exercise, not explainable by weight or activity level alone. VO2max/kg was strongly related to insulin resistance, as well as inflammation, impaired endothelial function, and ectopic lipid deposition. Notably, these defects are already happening in very young patients, with no other comorbidities or reasons for exercise dysfunction. Therefore, since exercise capacity predicts cardiovascular and all cause mortality, it is critical to further assess the mechanisms of exercise dysfunction in T2DM youth, as well as the impact of diabetes treatments in adolescents. On the basis of studies in adults and in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance, exercise interventions appear helpful, but further study in pediatric T2DM is required.
Observing Mismatch Fields from Human Auditory Discrimination of Heavily Damped Frequency Component Adjustments

The aim of this study was to test the brain’s ability to discriminate frequency shifts of heavily damped components of a complex sound. Since the auditory system is tonotopically organized, heavily damped transients should generate more activity than lightly damped partials. The increased activity increases the categorical resolution’. This work attempts to test this by detecting the Mismatch Field’ from human subjects during a defined hearing task.
A Novel Method for Determining the Stiffness of a Composite Structure Resulting from the Manufacturing Process Using a Discrete Mesoscopic Finite Element Model

This paper presents a methodology for extending the use of the beam-shell forming model to predict the structural properties of the composite part. After the forming simulation has been performed, the material definition will be changed such that the beam elements will represent the fiber reinforcements and the shell elements will represent the resin. The methodology behind the entire approach will be demonstrated using a stitched uniaxial glass fabric. The methodology for characterizing the fabric behavior will be discussed. After the part has been formed, it will be infused with resin. The methodology for characterizing the composite behavior will be introduced. The finite element model will be compared with experimental data to validate the methodology.
Changes in cell wall architecture during cell elongation

A model of the plant cell wall of dicotyledons and non-graminaceous monocotyledons contains two principal structural polysaccharide networks: a stretch-resistant load-bearing cellulose/xyloglucan network, and a compression-resistant pectic polysaccharide network. Structural modifications to either polysaccharide network are likely to have profound consequences for cell wall properties, including tensile strength and extensibility. We have described dynamic changes in the pattern of esterification of pectic polysaccharides that correlate with cell growth in both carrot and tobacco suspension cells. During elongation, cellulose microfibrils become oriented transversely with respect to the long axis of the cell
Less is More: Justice Rehnquist, the Freedom of Speech, and Democracy

The First Amendment's Free Speech Clause - "Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech" - occupies much of the field when it comes to our public debates on matters of law, policy, and morality. Today, in the courts of both law and public opinion, arguments about a huge range of human activities - from cutting-edge scientific research and legal-aid work to video games and unauthorized dancing - are constructed using First Amendment premises, precedents, and jargon. Chief Justice Rehnquist, however, has for the most part resisted, or at least regretted, this free-speech takeover during his tenure on the Supreme Court. This chapter examines several of Rehnquist's opinions in free-speech cases involving the not-so-clear line between government speech and spending, on the one hand, and government-facilitated private speech on the other. This examination suggests, it is argued, that that Rehnquist's work does not reflect skepticism or hostility toward the core values protected by the Free Speech Clause, as some have charged, but instead reveals a careful appreciation for the fact that the translation and reduction of so many policy questions to free-speech problems comes at a cost. After all, as the civic, social, and political territory controlled by the Free Speech Clause grows, the amount shrinks that is governed democratically and experimentally by the people and their representatives or that is left under the direction of private persons, groups, and institutions. One implication of the free-speech takeover, Rehnquist seems to be warning us, is that difficult policy and other decisions depend increasingly on judges' evaluation of the abstract weight or worthiness of the government's interests, rather than on deliberation, compromise, and trial-and-error by and among citizens and politically accountable public officials.
On The Quasi-streamfunction Formalism for Waves and Vorticity

The quasi-streamfunction (Psi) formalism proposed by Kim et. al. (J.W. Kim, K.J. Bai, R.C. Ertekin, W.C. Webster, J. Eng. Math. 40, 17 (2001)) provides a natural framework for systematically studying zero-vorticity waves over arbitrary bathymetry. The modified Psi-formalism developed here discards the original constraints of zero-vorticity by allowing for vertical vorticity which is the case of most interest for coastal dynamics. The problem is reformulated in terms of two dynamical equations on the boundary supplemented by one equation that represents a kinematic constraint in the interior of the domain. In this framework, the kinematic constraint can be solved to express Psi in terms of canonically-conjugated variables. The formalism is demonstrated for horizontally homogeneous flows over mild topography, where asymptotic formulations for the Hamiltonian and Lagrangian functions are derived based on the Helmholz-Hodge decomposition. For potential flows, the asymptotic form of the Hamiltonian is identical to previous results. The Lagrangian function is also expressed as an expansion in terms of the surface height and its time derivative and compared with Zakharov's formalism where agreement is found for one-dimensional wave scattering.
On Displacement, or the Dissing of Places

In 1995, the Danish National Tax Court, in the course of denying a deduction, said some uncomplimentary things about the island of Crete. The decision was reversed, both by the Danish courts, and by the European Court of Justice. Perhaps the Danish National Tax Court feels somewhat embarrassed by its public act of displacement. This essay searches for other instances of displacement in judicial opinions, whether by the parties, the lawyers, or, most importantly, by the judges themselves. Plenty of examples are found. Accordingly, if indeed the Danish National Tax Court feels embarrassed, at least it need not feel so alone.
Discovering semantic relations using singular value decomposition based techniques.

Understanding the world we live in requires access to a large amount of background knowledge: the common sense knowledge that most people know and most computer systems don't. The inability to acquire and understand semantic information, especially common sense knowledge, has constrained current artificial intelligence systems. Much progress has been made in manually acquiring this knowledge, both in the form of lexical resources created by trained lexicographers and in those resources created by using information obtained from volunteers on the Internet. Reducing the dimensionality of this knowledge using singular value decomposition (SVD) yields a matrix representation called AnalogySpace, which reveals large-scale patterns in the data, smooths over noise, and predicts new knowledge. Extending this work, I have created a method that uses singular value decomposition to aid in the integration of systems or representations. This technique, called blending, can be harnessed to find and exploit correlations between different resources, enabling common sense reasoning over a broader domain. The power in blending is its ability to combine knowledge sources and to inject broad semantic and common sense knowledge into other data sets and applications. I evaluate the performance of blending in several scenarios and discuss potential applications of blending to many communities.
Characterizing Active Transportation Behavior among College Students Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

Physical inactivity poses concern for health risks among all groups in the United States. Active transportation (AT) (e.g., bicycling) is one way of being physically active and may be helpful in promoting physical activity. This study characterized active transportation behavior among college students using the Theory of Planned Behavior. This study sought to describe predictors, including Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs, of AT behavior among college students at a large Midwest university. Students were recruited through the university registrar's office and e-mailed an electronic survey. Differences among AT users were determined using t-tests, and predictors of AT were identified using regression analysis. Significant differences between AT users for all TPB constructs were observed. Regression analysis using only TPB constructs accounted for 11.58% explained variation in AT use. Other variables added to the model resulted in 44.44% explained variation in AT use. The final model included subjective norms, age, perceived behavioral control, and transportation type and destination. The results of this research are insightful in explaining AT behavior. Perceived norms and the level of control students had regarding their method of transportation were important contributions to AT use. These results may be applied to promoting physical activity in community health.
Use of thermal-shock resistant electric-insulating phosphate ceramics based on corundum for making high-temperature tensosensors

On the basis of the results of a study of the temperature dependence of the resistance of insulation and the tensometric sensitivity of sensors, and an evaluation of the adhesion and thermal-shock resistance of ceramic material KPN-3, it can be expected that the use of this material for making high-temperature tensosensors will increase the application limits (as regards the properties of the bond) to a temperature of about 800°C.
Beam-Metal Surface Interactions Using an Excimer Laser

In view of material technological developments, studies have been made of the interactive processes involved in irradiation of metals with an excimer laser. These studies involved single-pulse irradiation of Al, Ni, Ti, and Zn at various powers up to about 5 MW. Systematic studies at widely differing, yet reproducible, power densities were facilitated using numerically controlled beam focusing. By changing the incident intensity, different plasma pressures were produced during surface melting. These created various types of unstable ripple patterns which emanated radially from the center of beam incidence and were enhanced by immersion in liquid nitrogen. The results showed only minor differences between substrates possessing different physical properties and the influence of crystallographic orientation was also found to be minimal. An elliptical disturbance zone was produced on the substrates when the beam was defocused and this is attributed to astigmatic effects associated with a lens system incorporating spherical refracting surfaces.
The Probability of Paternity

Much has been written on how to calculate the probability of paternity when testing fails to exclude the alleged father from being the true father of a child, and it is clear from what has been written that the concept of “probability” is often not well understood. I have therefore decided to focus my talk specifically on this problem. I shall review the principles and assumptions underlying the “calculation” of the probability of paternity, which are the same whether DNA or non-DNA markers are used, and give you my opinion of how, without scientific fraud, this information should be transmitted in court.
Novel Scalable Nano-and Micro-High-Aspect Ratio Structure (HARS) Biocomposites Generated under Physiological Conditions

We report novel synthesis for composites under physiological conditions, resulting in high-aspect ratio structures (HARS). These HARS contain copper and cystine. They are extremely stable in dry or liquid form, and have very low agglomeration. Diameters of the HARS range up from 20 nm, and length scales from nanometers to micrometers. Copper in the HARS imparts potential biological applications as copper has antimicrobial and anti-cancer effects. These HARS are degradable once interacting with cells, indicating potential new avenues for drug delivery.
Association of climate change and time distribution of intestinal infectious diseases in Dalian,China

Objective To explore how meteorological factors impact on incidence of intestinal infectious diseases and to assist making prevention and control measure about intestinal infectious diseases.Methods We chose bacillary dysentery as object of study,and then the relationship between meteorological factors and the incidence data of bacillary dysentery was analyzed by correlation analysis and multiple stepwise regression,incidence peak day and peak period of bacillary dysentery was calculated by circular distribution.Results From 1981 to 2010,the increase in highest temperature of Dalian was 0.80℃,the decrease in sunshine hours and highest wind speed was 23.98 and 5.23m/s respectively.Multiple stepwise regression showed that sunshine hours,the highest temperature,maximum wind speed and average atmospheric pressure determined the incidence rate of bacillary dysentery,and the regression coefficient was 0.785,8.726,10.633 and 7.479 respectively.The calculation result of circular distribution showed that the incidence peak day move forward during 30 years expect from 2001 to 2005 and the incidence peak period of bacillary dysentery was lengthening 36 days.Conclusions There is a relationship between intestinal infectious diseases and meteorological factors and meteorological factors impact on the time distribution characteristics of intestinal infectious diseases in Dalian,namely the incidence peak day move forward and the incidence peak period of bacillary dysentery is lengthening along with elevated temperature,sunshine hours reduction and wind speed drop.So the date of opening the intestinal screening clinics should adjusted according to meteorological characteristics.
Is spontaneous closure of a patent arterial duct common

As closing a patent arterial duct is relatively simple, safe, and successful, most children with a patent arterial duct have it closed soon after diagnosis. The larger ducts are closed to prevent congestive heart failure, pulmonary vascular disease, or aneurysmal dilatation of the ductus, and smaller ducts are closed to prevent infective endocarditis. Consequently, there is no opportunity to determine whether spontaneous closure or diminution in size of the patent arterial duct is common. If the duct does become smaller, flow through it may be so low that no murmur is produced - the silent ductus. The frequency and best management of the silent patent arterial duct are unknown, and we do not know whether these tiny ducts are the last stage before spontaneous closure.
Modulation of propagation from an ectopic focus by electrical load and by extracellular potassium

We previously developed a technique (R. Kumar, R. Wilders, R. W. Joyner, H. J. Jongsma, E. E. Verheijck, D. A. Golod, A. C. G. van Ginneken, and W. N. Goolsby. Circulation 94: 833-841, 1996) for study of a mathematical model cell with spontaneous activity, viz. a "real-time" simulation of a rabbit sinoatrial node cell (SAN model cell; R. Wilders, H. J. Jongsma, and A. C. van Ginneken. Biophys. J. 60: 1202-1216, 1991) simultaneously being electrically coupled via our "coupling clamp" [H. Sugiura and R. W. Joyner. Am. J. Physiol. 263 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 32): H1591-H1604, 1992] circuit to a real, isolated ventricular myocyte. We now apply this technique to investigate effects of coupling conductance (Gc), cell size, and the modulation of membrane potential by elevated extracellular potassium concentration on the ability of an ectopic focus, represented by the SAN model cell, to successfully drive a ventricular cell. Values of Gc and the relative sizes of the two cells define three possible outcomes: 1) spontaneous pacing of the SAN model cell but not driving of the ventricular cell, 2) cessation of spontaneous pacing, or 3) pacing of the SAN model cell and driving of the ventricular cell. Below a critical size of the SAN model cell only the first two of these outcomes is possible. Above this critical size there is a range of Gc that allows successful operation of the system as an ectopic focus. Elevation of extracellular potassium concentration from 4 to 8 mM increases both the lower bound and upper bound of Gc for this range. Elevation of extracellular potassium concentration, as commonly observed in myocardial ischemia, may have effects on either inhibiting or releasing from inhibition an ectopic focus.
DNS-sly: Avoiding censorship through network complexity

We design DNS-sly, a counter-censorship system which enables a covert channel between a DNS client and server. To achieve covertness and deniability in the upstream direction, DNS-sly applies user personalization, adapting to individual behaviors. In the downstream direction, it utilizes CDN-related DNS responses to embed data, while retaining statistical covertness. We show DNS-sly achieves downstream throughput of up to 600 Bytes of raw hidden data per click on a regular Web page, making it a practical system in the context of a covert Web proxy service. We implement DNS-sly and evaluate it in a known censorship environment, demonstrating its real-world usability.
Theatre for Young Audiences

In this chapter, I address considerations specific to Theatre for Young Audiences (TYA). This includes considerations for the structure and facilitation within TYA including location, specific strategies, and additional research on what others have been doing. Additionally, as many of the strategies for TYA can also be utilized with adults, I remind readers that while the strategies and considerations were created with TYA in mind, they are quite easily adapted for use with adults.
Islamic Politics and the Neutral State: A Friendly Amendment to Rawls?

It may be helpful to begin with a brief explanation of two aspects of my title. First, by "Islamic politics," I refer simply to the Islamic dimension in the politics of various communities of Muslims, whether these constitute a so-called majority or a minority of the population. All politics is of course specific and contextual to the time and place, socioeconomic conditions, and so forth of a particular population. The term "Islamic politics" refers to how Islamic values and concepts are deployed in the political discourses, negotiations, and strategies of local or national Muslim communities in their particular contexts. I do not believe that there is a distinctively "Islamic politics" that is peculiar to Muslims and shared by all of them, historically and across the world today. In my view, the Islamic politics of Muslims in India today may have more to do with the "Hindu politics" of their neighbors than with Islamic politics in Senegal. It is in relation to this conception of Islamic politics that I discuss the need for a religiously neutral state in this chapter.
Identity and Sovereignty in Asian Art Cinema: Digital Diaspora Films of South Korea and Malaysia

The visual construction of time and space, and narrative storytelling within that time-space—the major characteristics of film as a representational form—have been in rigorous use and reuse in cinematic discourses of popular and art films in many parts of Asia. However, neither of the filmic modes in relation to sovereignty and marginality of the populations has been adequately analyzed in the Asian context. The effort of contextualizing two national/transnational art practices from and within the Asian cinemas and their portrayal of their Asian “Other” is an attempt in this direction. This paper seeks to connect independent digital film cultures of South Korea and Malaysia within larger frames of nationhood, state, and citizenship, by comparing Korean diaspora cinema with that of Malaysia. The central concern here is to find the relationship between the idea of sovereignty and cinematic expressions as imagined by/among the South Korean and Malaysian art cinema filmmakers. How can the digital diaspora films imagine and construct partial sovereignty for the marginalized groups such as Asian migrants in South Korea and Malaysia? I tackle this question by situating national and transnational formations in today’s global world.
Too much stuff: Motivators of overconsumption

The purpose of this research is to determine what motivates consumers to make purchases of clothing, and what factors influence their decision to continue to participate in the overconsumption of clothing. Research questions of interest include: Why do women buy clothing? What retailers encourage these consumption patterns? Are women overconsuming intentionally?
Visual Distractors Disrupt Audiovisual Integration Regardless of Stimulus Complexity.

The intricate relationship between multisensory integration and attention has been extensively researched in the multisensory field; however, the necessity of attention for the binding of multisensory stimuli remains contested. In the current study, we investigated whether diverting attention from well-known multisensory tasks would disrupt integration and whether the complexity of the stimulus and task modulated this interaction. A secondary objective of this study was to investigate individual differences in the interaction of attention and multisensory integration. Participants completed a simple audiovisual speeded detection task and McGurk task under various perceptual load conditions: no load (multisensory task while visual distractors present), low load (multisensory task while detecting the presence of a yellow letter in the visual distractors), and high load (multisensory task while detecting the presence of a number in the visual distractors). Consistent with prior studies, we found that increased perceptual load led to decreased reports of the McGurk illusion, thus confirming the necessity of attention for the integration of speech stimuli. Although increased perceptual load led to longer response times for all stimuli in the speeded detection task, participants responded faster on multisensory trials than unisensory trials. However, the increase in multisensory response times violated the race model for no and low perceptual load conditions only. Additionally, a geometric measure of Miller’s inequality showed a decrease in multisensory integration for the speeded detection task with increasing perceptual load. Surprisingly, we found diverging changes in multisensory integration with increasing load for participants who did not show integration for the no load condition: no changes in integration for the McGurk task with increasing load but increases in integration for the detection task. The results of this study indicate that attention plays a crucial role in multisensory integration for both highly complex and simple multisensory tasks and that attention may interact differently with multisensory processing in individuals who do not strongly integrate multisensory information.
Do Race and Ethnicity Matter? An Examination of Racial/Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Procedural Justice and Recidivism Among Problem-Solving Court Clients:

Over the years, a distinct body of research has emerged that examines procedural justice in problem-solving courts. However, there is virtually no research to date on racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of procedural justice among problem-solving court clients. The present study seeks to understand the complexities of judicial procedural justice and race/ethnicity within problem-solving courts. Using a convenience sample of 132 clients from two problem-solving courts in a southern state, this study addresses a void in the literature by examining the influence of race/ethnicity on perceptions of procedural justice as well as the impact of race/ethnicity and procedural justice on clients’ likelihood of recidivism. Results suggest that Black problem-solving court clients’ have significantly lower perceptions of procedural justice, while also having a lower likelihood of recidivism. Perceptions of procedural justice did not influence recidivism outcomes. Policy implications and recommendations for fu...
Write head field design for correcting transition curvature in heat assisted magnetic recording

In this paper, we present a method for correcting transition curvature in heat assisted magnetic recording. By appropriately varying the recording head field across the track width, straight transitions free of curvature can be created even with a circular thermal profile. Micromagnetic modeling study has been performed to show the consequent signal-to-noise ratio enhancement and corresponding area density gain. Effect of less-than-optimum head field has been analyzed.
Applying Disciplinary Literacy in Elementary Geography

Elementary teachers are deeply engaged in developing literacy skills with their students throughout the school day. Reading, writing, listening, and speaking are given purpose when they are woven i...
Is nitrogen the next carbon

Just as carbon fueled the Industrial Revolution, nitrogen has fueled an Agricultural Revolution. The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and the cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops both expanded exponentially during the last century, with most of the increase occurring after 1960. As a result, the current flux of reactive, or fixed, nitrogen compounds to the biosphere due to human activities is roughly equivalent to the total flux of fixed nitrogen from all natural sources, both on land masses and in the world's oceans. Natural fluxes of fixed nitrogen are subject to very large uncertainties, but anthropogenic production of reactive nitrogen has increased almost five-fold in the last half-century, and this rapid increase in anthropogenic fixed nitrogen has removed any uncertainty on the relative importance of anthropogenic fluxes to the natural budget. The increased use of nitrogen has been critical for increased crop yields and protein production needed to keep pace with the growing world population. However, similar to carbon, the release of fixed nitrogen into the natural environment is linked to adverse consequences at local, regional, and global scales. Anthropogenic contributions of fixed nitrogen continue to grow relative to the natural budget, with uncertain consequences.
Incidence, Clinicopathological Risk Factors, Management and Outcomes of Nonmuscle Invasive Recurrence after Complete Response to Trimodality Therapy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Purpose: We describe the incidence, clinicopathological risk factors, management and outcomes of recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after a complete response to trimodality therapy of muscle invasive bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 342 patients with cT2-4aN0M0 muscle invasive bladder cancer and a complete response after trimodality therapy from 1986 to 2013. Using competing risks analyses we examined the association between baseline clinicopathological variables and nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer outcomes. Kaplan-Meier and the generalized Fleming-Harrington test were used to compare disease specific and overall survival.Results: At a median followup of 9 years nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer recurred in 85 patients (25%) who had had a complete response. On Kaplan-Meier analysis baseline carcinoma in situ was associated with recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (p = 0.02). However, on multivariate analysis carcinoma in situ and other bas...
Damping constant measurement and inverse giant magnetoresistance in spintronic devices with Fe4N

Fe4N is one of the attractive materials for spintronic devices due to its large spin asymmetric conductance and negative spin polarization at the Fermi level. We have successfully deposited Fe4N thin film with (001) out-of-plane orientation using a DC facing-target-sputtering system. A Fe(001)/Ag(001) composite buffer layer is selected to improve the (001) orientation of the Fe4N thin film. The N2 partial pressure during sputtering is optimized to promote the formation of Fe4N phase. Moreover, we have measured the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) of the (001) oriented Fe4N thin film using coplanar waveguides and microwave excitation. The resonant fields are tested under different microwave excitation frequencies, and the experimental results match well with the Kittel formula. The Gilbert damping constant of Fe4N is determined to be α = 0.021±0.02. We have also fabricated and characterized the current-perpendicular-to-plane (CPP) giant magnetoresistance (GMR) device with Fe4N/Ag/Fe sandwich. Inverse giant ma...
Executive Functions and Dietary Behaviors in School-Aged Children

Background: Studies that have evaluated executive functions and dietary behaviors in school-aged children have found that deficits in executive functions are correlated with greater intake of high-caloric-low-nutritional foods and snacks and lower consumption of fruits and vegetables. However, since these studies analyzed executive functioning as a unidimensional outcome variable, the correlations between dietary behaviors and specific domains of executive functioning were not evaluated. The objective of the present study was to assess the associations between dietary behaviors and three domains of executive functioning (i.e., inhibition, working memory, planning/initiation skills) in a sample of school-aged children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, one-hundred-two, 8th grade students from a public middle school in the United States (mean age = 13.91; SD = 0.51; 62.7% female) completed a demographic questionnaire, a self-report measure of executive functioning (Behavior rating inventory of executive function-BRIEF), and self-report measures of dietary behaviors (adolescent food habits checklist, diet subscale of the summary of diabetes self-care activities questionnaire). Their parents completed the parent version of the BRIEF. Pearson correlations and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted. Results: After controlling demographic factors (e.g., gender, race/ethnicity, parent education), self-reported planning/initiation skills were associated with healthier eating habits (unstandardized estimate = -0.16; P < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings underscore the need for research evaluating the efficacy of techniques like implementation intentions that target planning/initiation skills in order to increase the consumption of healthy foods in school-aged children.
Narrative subscription in public policy discourse

Affect and identity are often recognized as important considerations in critical policy studies. But because these notions lack materiality, it is not observably obvious how they function in policy...
Nothing Almost Sees Miracles! Self and No-Self in Depth Psychology and Mystical Theology

This chapter explores what might seem to be a problem between depth psychological and mystical theological perspectives. A common psychological complaint is that one feels to be without value, that life is meaningless and empty, that the self is inadequate and without hope, in short, that one suffers a sense of nothingness. Yet a great many of the world’s mystical theologies hold out for a spiritual goal of becoming precisely nothing. Mystical spirituality in such religious traditions is spoken of in rhetoric that suggests that a seeker should not aspire to achieve a self-sense, selfhood or identity, but that one precisely ought to lose these in favor of a sense of no-self. Are the psychological and the mystical “nothingnesses” different? Is this a semantic accident, a slippage of language where one word signifies different states? Or are there really different “nothings”? It will be the argument in this chapter that the nothingness of psychology and mysticism in fact is indicating the same “no-self.”
An Ounce of Prevention: Identifying Cues to (In)Action for Maternal Vaccine Refusal:

Recent increases in childhood vaccine exemption rates are a source of concern within the public health community. Drawing from the health belief model and in-depth interviews with 50 mothers (n = 5...
Protein evolution speed depends on its stability and abundance and on chaperone concentrations

Proteins evolve at different rates. What drives the speed of protein sequence changes? Two main factors are a protein's folding stability and aggregation propensity. By combining the hydrophobic-polar (HP) model with the Zwanzig-Szabo-Bagchi rate theory, we find that: (i) Adaptation is strongly accelerated by selection pressure, explaining the broad variation from days to thousands of years over which organisms adapt to new environments. (ii) The proteins that adapt fastest are those that are not very stably folded, because their fitness landscapes are steepest. And because heating destabilizes folded proteins, we predict that cells should adapt faster when put into warmer rather than cooler environments. (iii) Increasing protein abundance slows down evolution (the substitution rate of the sequence) because a typical protein is not perfectly fit, so increasing its number of copies reduces the cell's fitness. (iv) However, chaperones can mitigate this abundance effect and accelerate evolution (also called evolutionary capacitance) by effectively enhancing protein stability. This model explains key observations about protein evolution rates.