cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective elimination of axons extended by developing cortical neurons is dependent on regional locale: experiments utilizing fetal cortical transplants

In adult rats, cortical neurons that extend an exon through the pyramidal tract (a major subcortical efferent projection of the neocortex) are limited to layer V of about the rostral two-thirds of the neocortex. In neonates, however, pyramidal tract neurons are distributed throughout the neocortex, but all of those found in certain areas, such as the posterior occipital region (including primary visual cortex) selectively lose their pyramidal tract axon (Stanfield et al., 1982) yet maintain axon collaterals to other subcortical targets (O'Leary and Stanfield, 1985). To determine if the regional location of a developing pyramidal tract neuron critically influences the maintenance or elimination of the axon collaterals it initially extends, pieces of cortex from embryonic day 17 (E17) rat fetuses (exposed to 3H-thymidine on E15) were transplanted heterotopically into the cortex of newborn (PO) rats; rostral cortex was placed into the posterior occipital region (R\---|-O), or posterior occipital cortex into a rostral cortical locale (O\---|-R). The retrograde tracers Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow (DY) were used to assay for the presence of specific populations of cortical projection neurons within the autoradiographically identified transplants. In terms of the extension and maintenance of pyramidal tract axons, the transplanted neurons behave like the host neurons of the recipient cortical region rather than like those of their site of origin. At P40, following FB injections into the pyramidal decussation on P34, pyramidal tract neurons are labeled within the O\---|-R transplants, but none can be labeled within R\---|-O transplants, although in the same R\---|-O cases transplanted neurons are labeled by an injection of DY in the superior colliculus. However, at P13 pyramidal tract neurons can be identified within the R\---|-O transplants, as well as in the host occipital cortex, following injections made on P9, a period when the distribution of pyramidal tract neurons in normal rats is widespread (Stanfield and O'Leary, 1985b). In a second series of host rats, on P34 FB was injected in the pyramidal decussation of the O\---|-R cases, or in the superior colliculus of the R\---|-O cases, and in both groups DY was injected into the region of contralateral cortex homotopic for the new location of the transplant. On P40, in both the O\---|-R and R\---|-O transplants, many neurons singly labeled with FB or DY are found, but no double dye-labeled cells are seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Design Of A Gradient Index Binocular Objective

The color correction of a gradient index lens was investigated bythe Gradient Index Design Group at the University of Rochester. The object of the analysis was to meet the specifications of an f/3 binocular objective with a 7° field of view consisting of four homogeneous elements. A series of radial gradient singlets, each with a different base glass, was designed to meet these criteria. A study was made of the effects of varying the dispersion of the gradient on the imaging quality of the lens. It was then possible to compute the dispersion that was needed to achromatize the singlet. This calculation was compared with the dispersions in lenses produced by the ion exchange technique and these results will be reported. An extensive tolerance analysis was performed for the various designs. Each coefficient of the index distribution, the surface curvatures, and the thickness were toleranced. Also the tilt and decentration of the gradient within the singlet were toleranced. Methods of tolerancing the dispersion of the gradient were examined and tolerances in terms of relevant parameters were found.
Glucose-based dialysis fluids inhibit innate defense against Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus peritonitis is a serious complication of Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis (CPD) and associated with a higher risk for severe and recurrent infections compared with other bacteria. We have previously shown that complement-mediated effectors essential for optimal opsonophagocytosis of S. aureus are inhibited by high glucose concentrations. Since most commonly used peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluids are glucose-based, we hypothesized that glucose-based PD fluids likely inhibit complement host defenses against S. aureus. Methods Commercially available PD fluids were tested: glucose-based (Dianeal), Dianeal supplemented with amino acids, icodextrin-based (Extraneal) and amino acid-based (Nutrineal). Control PD fluid was generated to simulate Dianeal excluding the glucose. Three commercially available glucose concentrations were tested: Dianeal 1.5% (15gm/1000 ml), Dianeal 2.5% (25 gm/1000 ml) and Dianeal 4.25% (42.5 gm/1000 ml). Complement effectors against S. aureus were analyzed including opsonization with C3-fragments, anaphylatoxin generation, and phagocytosis efficiency. We also evaluated clinical strains, including MRSA strains, and specific complement activation pathways. Results Glucose-based PD fluids inhibited complement opsonization of S. aureus (≥7-fold reduction) and inhibited S. aureus-induced generation of anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a (>10-fold reduction) compared to non-glucose based PD fluids. Dianeal 1.5%, 2.5% and 4.25%, all similarly inhibited C3-mediated opsonization. Glucose-based PD fluids showed a ≥4-fold reduction in opsonization of clinical strains of S.aureus, including MRSA strains. Decreased opsonization of S.aureus in the glucose-based PD fluid compared with non-glucose based fluids correlated with decreased phagocytosis by neutrophils. Conclusion Complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis of S. aureus and anaphylatoxin generation were severely inhibited in glucose-based PD fluids compared with non-glucose-based PD fluids. By inhibiting complement host defenses, glucose-based PD fluids may increase the risk of and severity of S. aureus peritonitis for CPD patients using these fluids.
Cross‐class Coalitions and the Making of the Arab Revolts of 2011

Theorists of social movements and revolutions have given great attention to the factors creating vulnerability for the state – including elite divisions, loss of foreign support, and economic problems. Substantial attention has also been given to factors facilitating the mobilization of protest actors, including framing, prior network ties, social and public media, and political openings. Somewhat less evident has been the role of cross-class coalitions, which play a vital role in affecting both the strength of the state and mobilization, and in shaping the outcomes of protest and revolutionary change. If a protest draws support mainly from just one class or group (peasants, workers, students, urban shopkeepers, professionals), the state can confront that group as a disruptive force, and seek to unify elites from other sectors against that threat. However, if protestors represent many different groups, it is much harder for the state to find allies against them. Moreover, while a state can claim to be preserving society by acting against isolated disruptive elements, it is far more difficult to maintain legitimacy when acting against a broad cross-class coalition. Elites are more likely to desert the state, creating crippling elite divisions, if protestors represent a broad spectrum of society. In addition, a broad cross-class coalition facilitates further mobilization by creating ‘meganetworks’ linking prior, tightly-linked within-group networks to each other. The impact of public media in favor of the protestors is also greater if media representation shows protestors as representative of the whole society, rather than as one particular group seeking partisan advantages for itself. For these reasons, virtually all successful revolutions were forged by cross-class coalitions that bridged the diverse goals and interests of different groups, thus pitting society as a whole against the regime and its loyalist supporters. Conversely, revolts rooted in the needs and organization of one particular class or group – peasant revolts, urban uprisings, student protests, regional rebellions – have usually been effectively repressed by regimes able to draw on other groups for support. The three successful revolutions in the Arab world in 2011, in Tunisia, Egypt, and Libya, all demonstrate the crucial role of cross-class coalitions.
Hepatic modulation of insulin-induced gastric acid secretion and EMG activity in rats

Intravenous infusions of fructose, a hexose that does not cross the blood-brain barrier, suppressed insulin-induced gastric acid secretion and electromyographic (EMG) activity despite continuing hypoglycemia. Hepatic portal vein infusions of 0.15 M fructose inhibited acid output while the same concentration delivered via the jugular vein did not, suggesting a hepatic site of action of the hexose. Only infusions of fructose that began before onset of the insulin-induced gastric responses were effective, whereas glucose infusions, which elevated plasma glucose levels, readily reversed ongoing gastric activity. The suppressive effects of fructose on gastric activity were prevented by prior section of the hepatic branch of the vagus nerve. In contrast, hepatic vagotomy did not prevent suppression of gastric responses by infusions of glucose, a hexose utilized by both brain and liver. These results suggest that receptors in the brain may initiate and terminate insulin-induced gastric acid secretion and motor activity, whereas sensors in the liver may inhibit these responses.
The effect of bretylium and clofilium on dispersion of refractoriness and vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation in the ischemic feline heart.

Bretylium has been shown to have a pronounced antifibrillatory effect. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of bretylium on changes in vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation (VF) and refractoriness which occur during acute myocardial infarction. Right ventricular VF thresholds and effective refractory periods (ERP) at six left ventricular sites were measured before and serially after left anterior descending coronary occlusion in chloralose-anesthetized cats. In eight untreated animals, there was a decrease in VF thresholds of 73% (p < 0.01) immediately after occlusion and dispersion of refractoriness (DR) (maximum difference in ERP between normal and ischemic left ventricular sites) increased from 18 ± 4 to 50 ± 6 msec (p < 0.01). Five of eight animals manifested spontaneous VF within the first minutes of occlusion but none had nonsustained VF. Pretreatment with bretylium (10 to 20 mg/kg intravenously) increased resting ERP from 181 ± 9 to 201 ± 9 msec (p < 0.05) and VF threshold from 32 ± 5 to 85 ± 7 mA (p < 0.001). Bretylium also prevented spontaneous VF in all eight animals and abolished occlusion-related changes in VF and DR. Fourteen animals were similarly studied using clofilium, a bretylium congener which is devoid of sympatholytic effect (no effect on blood pressure response to bilateral carotid artery occlusion). Clofilium increased resting ERP and VF thresholds at both low (0.5 mg/kg intravenously) and high doses (5 mg/kg intravenously). High- but not low-dose clofilium blunted the fall in VF threshold after coronary occlusion. In addition, DR correlated with VF threshold changes at both doses. Neither regimen prevented spontaneous VF but nonsustained VF (lasting 1 to 15 seconds) was consistently observed during testing at subthreshold currents in both bretylium and clofilium-treated animals. Class III drugs appear to prevent VF during coronary occlusion not simply by prolonging baseline refractory periods but by attenuating DR between normal and ischemic zones. This latter measurement may therefore serve as an indirect marker of vulnerability to VF. These effects are partially independent of, but may be enhanced by, a sympatholytic action.
Risk Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology in HIV-Infected Women

This study examined risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology in a sample of 102 HIV-positive women. The magnitude of HIV-related PTSD symptoms was associated with a greater number of HIV-related physical symptoms, more extensive history of pre-HIV trauma, less perceived availability of social support, greater degree of perceived stigma, and greater degree of negative life events. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed three individual predictors of PTSD symptomatology: total impact of negative life events, total stigma score, and total number of present symptoms. Stigma emerged as the strongest individual predictor. Social support failed to moderate relationships between PTSD symptomatology and HIV-related physical symptoms and negative life events. These findings may inform helping professionals about risk factors associated with PTSD symptomatology in HIV-positive women.
Relation Between Fat Malabsorption and Transit Abnormalities in Human Carcinoid Diarrhea

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: Fat and complex carbohydrates in the distal bowel activate "brakes" inhibiting upper gut motility. The hypothesis of this study was that rapid transit carcinoid diarrhea in association with steatorrhea results in impairment of gastric emptying. METHODS: Fifteen patients with carcinoid diarrhea without prior gastrointestinal resection or whose small bowel resection was limited to
Synthesis, molecular structure and reactivity of a new dicopper(II) benzimidazole complex with non-identical copper(II) sites

Abstract The dinucleating ligand ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′N′-tetrakis[2-(1-ethylbenzimidazoyl)] (EGTB-Et,1) has been synthesized in good yield by the condensation of 1,2-diaminobenzene with ethylene glycol-bis(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid. This ligand was used to synthesize the dinuclear CuII diacetonitrile complex [Cu2(EGTB-Et)(CH3CN)2](ClO4)4·2CH3CN (2). The X-ray structure shows two distinct square pyramidal CuII centres with each CuII ion bound by two benzimidazole nitrogen atoms, one amine nitrogen atom, an ether oxygen atom and one acetinitrile nitrogen atom. The Cu--Cu separation is 5.809A˚. Spectral titration of2 with sodium acetate or sodium cyanide results in new complexes with terminal acetate or cyano groups. X-band EPR spectra of a powdered sample and an acetonitrile solution of2 show isotropic signals withg = 2.10 and 2.14, respectively. ThegDMs = 2 transition atg ∼ 4.5 expected for magnetically coupled CuII ions is not observed for either the powder or acetonitrile solution samples of2. Based on the EPR spectra, the room-temperature magnetic moment (μeffCu= 2.16BM) and the X-ray structure, no orbital overlap between the magneticdx2-y2 orbital of Cu(2) and the magneticdx2-y2 orbital of Cu(1) occurs requiring the two CuII centres to be uncoupled. Therefore,2 is a dinuclear CuII complex with non-interacting CuII centres in non-identical sites.
Multicomponent mass transfer in turbulent flow

A general treatment of entry region multicomponent mass transfer between a fully developed turbulent flow and a smooth pipe wall has been developed from a basis first derived by Toor. The couled multicomponent equations were reduced to an equivalent binary system by the method of undetermined constants. Numerical solutions for a forced convection, binary diffusion system involving gas-phase, nonequimolal diffusion were applied to a ternary system. These solutions have been found to compare well with these authors entry region mass transfer data on a ternary acetone-methonal-air mixture and with the earlier analogy theories derived for the case of an infinitely long test section. We conclude that there is a significant interaction in some multicomponent systems, enough that the binary theory can not be satisfactorily applied in the design of multicomponent mass transfer systems.
An upper bound on random walks on dihedral groups

Abstract In this paper we look at an upper bound for the rate of convergence to stationarity of two specific random walks on the dihedral group. The first theorem discusses a random walk generated with equal probabilities by one rotation and one flip. We show that roughly p 2 steps are sufficient for the walk to become close to uniformly distributed on all of D 2 p where p ≥ 3 is an integer. Next we take a random walk on the dihedral group generated by a random k -subset of the dihedral group. The later theorem shows that it is sufficient to take roughly p 2 / ( k − 1 ) steps in the typical random walk to become close to uniformly distributed on all of D 2 p . We note that there are at least one rotation and one flip in the k -subset or the random walk generated by this subset has periodicity problems or will not generate all of D 2 p .
Dynamics and selective bond breaking in photodissociation

Abstract We present a systematic study of the photodissociation dynamics of water molecules in the first electronically excited, A, state using electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies. We simulate the dynamics and the spectra quantum mechanically using a time-dependent wave packet propagation technique and find excellent agreement with experiment. Nuclear dynamics on both the ground as well as the excited states are examined and a close connection between the observed spectra and the reaction dynamics is made. Moreover we present new experimental probes of the A, state using the C → A, emission. The isotope effect on the reaction is examined by studying HOD photodissociation. In this molecule two distinct chemical products can be formed: H+OD and D+OH. We find that on the average H+OD is formed about 2.5 times more often. We then present a two-photon scheme by which one can control the branching ratio (H + OD) / (D + OH) to the point of complete selectivity.
The crystal and molecular structure of tetraethylammonium hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)boratotricarbonylmolybdenum(0), [NEt4][Mo(CO)3HB(C5H7N2)3]

Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of tetraethylammonium hydrotris(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)boratotricarbonylmolybdenum(0), [N(C 2 H 5 ) 4 ][Mo(CO) 3 − HB(3,5-Me 2 pz) 3 ] has been determined from intensity data collected using counter methods. The salt crystallizes in space group Pna2 1 with parameters a = 18.038(6), b = 9.956(3), c = 16.881(3) A, V = 3031.4(20) A 3 , Z = 4, d calc = 1.33 g/ml and d obs = 1.33 g/ml. Final convergence yielded a conventional R = 0.042 and a “goodness of fit” of 2.07. The steric pocket formed by the 3-methyl hydrogens of the pyrazolyl moiety is discussed.
Simplified electronic-structure model for hydrogen-bonded systems: Water.

An approximate ab initio electronic dynamics technique has been developed to describe the weak interactions between molecules within hydrogen bonded systems. This technique is developed to concentrate on the intermolecular binding, since in thses sytems the intramolecular interactions are relatively unchanged. These weak intermolecular interactions are described using a linear combination of atomic orbitals formalism, and consideration of the expansion of the overlap S between molecules up to order ${\mathit{S}}^{2}$. The method is especially designed to perform large-scale molecular-dynamics simulations of interacting closed-shell molecules explicitly including the microscopic quantum effects. As an application of the theory, several molecular-dynamical quenched simulations of the ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O dimer and trimer systems have been performed. To demonstrate the method's efficiency, a long 5-ps (25 000 steps) simulation of a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O trimer system was carried out. Comparisons with other first-principles calculations and experimental data show that the theory presented here suitably describes the dimer and trimer systems. The method is transferable to other molecular systems, with its main advantage being its computational simplicity.
In vivo IL-1β-induced modulation of G-protein αO subunit subclass in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus: implications to IL-1β-associated anorexia

The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induces anorexia in rats at doses that yield estimated pathophysiological concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid. IL-1beta also induces anorexia when administered into the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus (VMN), an important brain site for the control of feeding. A variety of guanine nucleotide binding protein (G-protein) coupled receptors (e. g., for neurotransmitters and neuropeptides) participate in the integrative regulation of feeding. Our previous studies reported that the VMN G-protein alphaO common subunit subclass is involved in the control of normal feeding, and that IL-1beta modulates calcium channel currents via a pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive G-protein (GalphaO/Galphai). Here, we examined the profile of GalphaO protein expression in the hypothalamic VMN during IL-1beta-induced anorexia. Intracerebroventricular microinfusion of IL-1beta (0.5 to 8.0 ng/24 h for 72 h) into the third cerebral ventricle dose-dependently induced anorexia (p<0.001) and decreased the VMN GalphaO common protein levels (p<0.001). Heat-inactivated IL-1beta and IL-1beta plus IL-1 receptor antagonist (a competitive inhibitor of IL-1beta action) had no effect on food intake or on VMN GalphaO common protein content. RT-PCR analysis of VMN RNA from IL-1beta-treated rats generated an expression profile for GalphaO common subunit; however, no modulation at the mRNA level was observed. The results suggest that anorexia induced by the central administration of IL-1beta involves modification of G-protein alphaO common subunit profile in the central nervous system.
Analysis of Oxide Film Formed on Type 304 Stainless Steel in 288°C Water Containing Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract The oxide film formed on type 304 stainless steel (SS, UNS S30400) in high-temperature, high-purity water containing oxygen (O2), hydrogen (H2), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was analyzed b...
Changes in gibberellin‐like substances of peach seed during stratification

The germination percentage of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Halford] seeds at 20°C was low ( 40%) when the seeds were maintained at 5°C for longer than 42 days. Four zones of gibberellin-like activity were found in partially purified seed extracts. Gibberellin-like activity remained low in seeds incubated at 5°C for as long as 28 days, but increased significantly in three of these zones after 35 days, and in the fourth zone after 49 days. The increase in gibberellin-like activity was evident prior to the transfer of the seeds to 20°C. Moreover, seeds maintained at 5°C germinated at this temperature after 63 days. For seeds incubated and germinated at 20°C, both the germination percentage and the gibberellin-like activity remained low throughout the experimental period. Application of the growth retardant paclobutrazol to seeds after 28 days of a 49 day total incubation period at 5°C did not substantially reduce seed germination, although the increase in gibberellin-like activity was prevented. Seeds did, however, require a longer time to germinate after transfer to 20°C and were dwarfed in appearance. Application of GA3 to seeds prior to stratification increased the percentage germination of seeds only when they had been incubated at 5°C for at least 35 days. The major changes in gibberellin-like activity are, therefore, associated not so much with the processes which allow germination to take place in peach, but more with those processes which allow normal growth and development of the seedling.
FAILURE OF VASOPRESSIN OR OXYTOCIN TO STIMULATE THYROID FUNCTION IN THE NORMAL MALE

In a group of normal adult males the administration of 0.2–0.4 I.U. per Kg. of vasopressin (5 subjects) or 0.4 I.U. per Kg. of oxytocin (5 subjects) intravenously four days after an oral tracer dose of radioiodine caused no significant increase in the plasma level of the radioactive protein-bound iodine nor decrease in the thyroidal radioiodine content. In 3 additional men, the parameters used were significantly altered by 10 I.U. of thyrotropin given intramuscularly. Therefore, under the conditions studied, neither vasopression nor oxytocin stimulate the human thyroid, either directly or by way of thyrotropin release.
Exact field calculations for asymmetrical finite-pole-tip ring heads

An exact solution is given for the fields of an infinitely permeable asymmetrical finite-pole-tip ring head. The solution is obtained by conformal mapping and is expressed in terms of elliptic integrals and elementary functions. Using the method of undetermined coefficients, it is shown how to decompose the Schwarz-Christoffel integral into elementary functions and elliptic integrals. For each given pole geometry, the constants appearing in the Schwarz-Christoffel formula are calculated once. Then the fields at various points in the poles domain are calculated using Newton's method and the formulas for the decomposition of the Schwarz-Christoffel integral. >
ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS: THE RELIABILITY APPROACH TO INTERNAL CONTROL EVALUATION

Recent developments have increased the value to management of objective methodologies for the evaluation of accounting internal control systems (AICS). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act requires management to assure the accuracy of these systems. The process of evaluation of AICS by both management and external auditors is judgmental in nature. The few attempts at modeling AICS have not been implemented by firms due to the lack of realism, difficulty of modeling behavioral systems, lack of cost effectiveness, and lack of understanding by practitioners. For these reasons, the role of the decision scientist has been limited. The research reported here attempts to demonstrate feasibility of a reliability model. A typical accounting system for raw material purchases is modeled via a simulation routine. The effects of internal control weaknesses on ending dollar balances is determined by performing sensitivity analysis. After summarizing these effects, the reliability model is formulated for the same control system, and the analysis is repeated and the results compared with those obtained in a simulation model.
Potential of visual cortex to develop an array of functional units unique to somatosensory cortex

The identification of specialized areas in the mammalian neocortex, such as the primary visual or somatosensory cortex, is based on distinctions in architectural and functional features. The extent to which certain features that distinguish neocortical areas in rats are prespecified or emerge as a result of epigenetic interactions was investigated. Late embryonic visual cortex transplanted to neonatal somatosensory cortex was later assayed for "barrels," anatomically identified functional units unique to somatosensory cortex, and for boundaries of glycoconjugated molecules associated with barrels. Barrels and boundaries form in transplanted visual cortex and are organized in an array that resembles the pattern in the normal barrelfield. These findings show that different regions of the developing neocortex have similar potentials to differentiate features that distinguish neocortical areas and contribute to their unique functional organizations.
Electrocardiographic observation of 493 residents living at high altitude (10,150 feet).

Abstract Clinical cardiovascular evaluations were performed on 508 school children living at 10,150 feet in Leadville, Colo. The electrocardiograms of 493 of these children were analyzed and the findings were compared with electrocardiographic observations on similar residents at various altitudes. Thirty per cent of the subjects had electrocardiographic findings suggestive of right ventricular enlargement. The average mean ÂQRS of the entire group was more rightward that that of children of similar age living at 5,280 feet and at sea level, and less rightward than that of teenage children living at 14,900 feet. Electrocardiographic variability is an important part of the clinical evaluation of the healthy teenage subject living at high altitude.
Nuclear transparency to intermediate-energy nucleons from ( e , e ’ p ) reactions

A simple relation between the nucleon-nucleon scattering cross sections in vacuum and in nuclear matter is proposed. It consistently takes into account the velocity dependence of the nuclear mean field and Pauli blocking, and is shown to be fairly accurate. It is used to study the mean free path of nucleons in nuclear matter and the imaginary part of the optical potential. It is also used with the local density approximation and the correlated Glauber approximation to calculate the transparency of nuclei as measured by (e,e'p) reactions. The Pauli blocking, velocity dependence of the nuclear mean field, and the ground-state correlations increase the transparency, and all the three effects are necessary to explain the observed transparencies of $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{27}\mathrm{Al}$, $^{58}\mathrm{Ni}$, and $^{181}\mathrm{Ta}$ for recoiling 180 MeV protons.
Dyspnea in Obese Healthy Men

Study objectives To determine whether obese, apparently healthy individuals experience dyspnea at rest and, if so, whether their pulmonary function test (PFT) profile and maximal respiratory pressures are different from obese, healthy subjects without dyspnea. Design Prospective, open. Setting Pulmonary function test laboratory, Veterans Administration Medical Center. Patients Twenty-three obese male subjects (each with a body mass index [BMI] of > 28 kg/m 2 ) with an FEV 1 level and an FEV 1 /FVC ratio ≥ 80% of predicted and no coexisting conditions. Fifteen complained of dyspnea, where eight denied having it, at rest. Measurements and results Standard PFT parameters and maximum static inspiratory (PImax) and expiratory (PEmax) mouth pressures were determined. Subjects with dyspnea had similar age and height but larger body weight (113.9 ± 5.0 vs 97.4 ± 2.6 kg, p = 0.03) and BMI (37.4 ± 1.6 vs 31.8 ± 0.7 kg/m 2 , p = 0.02) than subjects without dyspnea, and a greater number of them were current or previous smokers. Forced expiratory flow at 75% vital capacity (54.9 ± 6 vs 75.5 ± 7% predicted, p = 0.05), maximum voluntary ventilation (MW; 90.2 ± 3.8 vs 107.8 ± 9.3% predicted, p = 0.05), and PEmax (77 ± 2 vs 97.8% predicted, p = 0.007) were significantly reduced in the group of subjects with dyspnea. Large airway function (FVC, FEV 1 , and FEV 1 /FVC ratio), lung volumes, and gas exchange parameters were similar between the two groups. Conclusions Some obese, but otherwise healthy, individuals experience dyspnea at rest. Reduced PEmax and MW combined with greater body mass and peripheral airway disease are most likely responsible for the sensation of dyspnea in these individuals.
Review of porous silicon preparation and its application for lithium-ion battery anodes

Silicon is of great interest for use as the anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity. However, certain properties of silicon, such as a large volume expansion during the lithiation process and the low diffusion rate of lithium in silicon, result in fast capacity degradation in limited charge/discharge cycles, especially at high current rate. Therefore, the use of silicon in real battery applications is limited. The idea of using porous silicon, to a large extent, addresses the above-mentioned issues simultaneously. In this review, we discuss the merits of using porous silicon for anodes through both theoretical and experimental study. Recent progress in the preparation of porous silicon through the template-assisted approach and the non-template approach have been highlighted. The battery performance in terms of capacity and cyclability of each structure is evaluated.
A Tetrapyrrole Macrocycle Displaying a Multielectron Redox Chemistry and Tunable Absorbance Profile

Porphyrins are attractive chromophores for incorporation into light harvesting devices. Some of the most efficient porphyrin derivatives in this regard are synthetically complex platforms with specially tailored electronic properties. This work details the unique geometric and electronic structure of the phlorin framework. X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy demonstrate that unlike typical tetrapyrrole macrocycles, the phlorin is not aromatic. These unusual electronics are manifest in distinct photophysical and redox properties, as the phlorin displays a rich multielectron redox chemistry. The phlorin also displays an intriguing supramolecular chemistry and can reversibly bind up to 2 equiv of fluoride in cooperative fashion. Accordingly, this synthetically accessible sensitizer displays a rich multielectron redox chemistry, excellent spectral coverage, and an intriguing anion binding chemistry that distinguishes this system from more commonly studied porphyrinoids.
Monitoring response to aminobisphosphonate therapy in canine osteosarcoma using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (dexa)

Introduction: Palliative therapy is essential to improve the quality of life of dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA), when definitive therapy is not considered a valid option. Bisphosphonates, a novel class of antiosteoclastic drugs, are widely used in humans for several painful osteolytic conditions. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is recognized as a reliable tool to measure bone mineral density (BMD), and to monitor treatment response to bisphosphonates in humans. A prospective evaluation of pamidronate, an injectable aminobisphosphonate, is ongoing in dogs with appendicular OSA. The potential value of DEXA for objective evaluation of BMD variations with palliative therapies is concurrently being assessed. Materials and Methods: Dogs with naturally occurring appendicular OSA treated with pamidronate constitute the patient population. A DEXA scan (QDR-4500 W, Hologic, Bedford, MA) is performed on day 0 (baseline) and on every treatment day with pamidronate thereafter (every 28 days). For each dog, a whole body scan is performed, followed by a scan of the tumor, and contralateral normal bone. Three regions of interest are subsequently analyzed for BMD changes in tumor and normal bone. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test and paired t-tests, with significance being set at p < 0.05. Results: Nineteen dogs have been enrolled to date. Seven responders and 6 non-responders have suitable data for analysis. A significant difference is observed (p = 0.04) between tumor BMD variations of responders and non-responders at day 28 (mean variations +18.0% and −4.6% respectively). The changes at day 28 are significant only in the responders (p = 0.038 vs p = 0.05 in non-responders). When BMD of tumor and normal bone at day 84 is compared to day 0 in six responders, only tumor had a significant increase (p = 0.017 vs p = 0.279, respectively). Conclusions: Objective measurements of response to therapy are essential in pain palliation studies. Increased tumor bone BMD, as obtained by DEXA analysis, may correlate with subjective clinical improvement in pamidronate-treated dogs with appendicular OSA.
Infants' sensitivity to statistical distributions of motion direction and speed.

Abstract Adults combine different local motions to form a global percept of motion. This study explores the origins of this process by testing how perturbations of local motion influence infants’ sensitivity to global motion. Infants at 6-, 12-, and 18-weeks of age viewed random dots moving with a gaussian distribution of dot directions defined by a mean of 0° (rightward) or 180° (leftward) and a standard deviation (SD) of 0, 34, or 68°. A well-practiced observer used infants’ optokinetic responses to judge the direction of stimulus motion. Infants were studied both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Direction discrimination was relatively high at all ages when the SD was 0°. When the SD was 34 or 68°, performance declined with age. Adult performance was nearly perfect at these SDs. A similar developmental pattern was found with distributions of dot speed. The decline in infant performance is consistent with the development of both neural tuning and receptive field size. The subsequent improvement by adulthood suggests the development of additional processes such as long-range interactions.
Subjective time estimates of work tasks by office workers

Job information supplied by workers has many valuable uses in industry. While the reliability of self-reports is well established in the literature, few validity studies have been reported. This study used an observational coding system to provide criterion data for assessing the accuracy of three kinds of worker self-report: activity identification, activity rank ordering, and activity time estimation. Work activities for 36 office workers were coded by observers and compared with worker estimates obtained from a card-sorting task and a written questionnaire. Accuracy of the self-report activity data decreased as more quantitative information was requested: workers were best at identifying the tasks which they had performed, they were less able to judge the relative amounts of time spent in those activities, and they were least able to say how much time they had spent in any one activity. We conclude that in the analysis of work, self-report techniques provide greater quantification only at the expense of accuracy.
Numerical Modeling of Perched Water Under Yucca Mountain, Nevada

The presence of perched water near the potential high-level nuclear waste repository area at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, has important implications for waste isolation. Perched water occurs because of sharp contrasts in rock properties, in particular between the strongly fractured repository host rock (the Topopah Spring welded tuff) and the immediately underlying vitrophyric (glassy) subunit, in which fractures are sealed by clays that were formed by alteration of the volcanic glass. The vitrophyre acts as a vertical barrier to unsaturated flow throughout much of the potential repository area. Geochemical analyses (Yang et al. 1996) indicate that perched water is relatively young, perhaps younger than 10,000 years. Given the low permeability of the rock matrix, fractures and perhaps fault zones must play a crucial role in unsaturated flow. The geologic setting of the major perched water bodies under Yucca Mountain suggests that faults commonly form barriers to lateral flow at the level of the repository horizon, but may also form important pathways for vertical infiltration from the repository horizon down to the water table. Using the numerical code UNSAT2, two factors believed to influence the perched water system at Yucca Mountain, climate and fault-zone permeability, are explored. The two-dimensional model predicts that the volume of water held within the perched water system may greatly increase under wetter climatic conditions, and that perched water bodies may drain to the water table along fault zones. Modeling results also show fault flow to be significantly attenuated in the Paintbrush Tuff non-welded hydrogeologic unit.
Atomic Transition Probabilities in Ti I

We report the measurement of 92 branching fractions and atomic transition probabilities in Ti I. High-current, hollow cathode spectra recorded using the Fourier transform spectrometer at the National Solar Observatory are used to determine the branching fractions. An absolute scale is established using recently reported radiative lifetimes from time-resolved laser induced fluorescence measurements. These 92 lines are connected to high-lying, even parity levels in neutral Ti. Most of our transition probabilities are accurate to better than ±10%.
Renal splenic heterotopia, a rare mimic of renal neoplasia: Case report of imaging and fine‐needle aspiration biopsy

Renal splenic heterotopia, a very rare benign occurrence of splenic tissue within the renal capsule, mimics organizing capsular hemorrhage, adenomyolipoma and renal cortical adenoma or carcinoma. It is found incidentally as a result of imaging assymptomatic kidneys for other reasons or may cause signs and symptoms due to mass effect and hypersplenism. When occurring in patients who had had splenectomy it has been classified as splenosis. When found in patients with intact spleens it is called splenorenal fusion and considered to be a developmental heterotopia. Renal splenic heterotopia can be diagnosed by 99mTc-sulfur colloid scan and confirmed with fine needle aspiration biopsy cell block preparations. Unnecessary nephrectomy can be avoided if splenic heterotopia is included in the differential diagnosis of renal lesions, particularly in splenectomized patients.
Perceptual-motor skills, ability to conserve, and school readiness.

Summary.-To determine the relationship of perceptual-motor skills and ability to conserve to school readiness, 94 Ss in kindergarten and first grade were administered the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey, the Metropolitan Readiness Test, and six Piaget tasks to measure logical thinking. Scores on the Purdue scale and Piaget tasks were not correlated; however, both sets of scores were moderately correlated with school readiness as measured by the Metropolitan test. Perceptual-motor development has been recognized by educators and psychologists as a vital element in the development of the individual (10). Frostig, et al. (4) indicated that visual-perceptual skills are developmental in nature and appear to mature most rapidly in children between the ages of 4 and 7 yr. Other workers (2, 7, 8) agree. Goins (5) and *Tr1ggs(l2) have found that visual skills are important in beginning reading and thus for success in school. Kephart has developed a theory of perceptual-motor development that parallels Piaget's theory with respect to sensory-motor changes (13). To ensure further cognitive development, children must develop motor patterns from which useful perceptual patterns may be transferred, i.e., perceptual-motor match (9). It has been further recognized chat the ability of children to use logical thinking is vital in the success of children in early schooling (1, 3, 11). Thus previous research has suggested that there is a relationship among perceptual-motor skills, logical thinking, and school readiness. The described process would be an orderly, developmental one for a child first developing basic perceptual-motor skills. Once these skills have been developed, the child begins to show the ability to conserve (logical thinking). Both of these skills appear to be requisites for school readiness. However, the literature has failed to delineate fully the relationships among these factors. The relationship between perceptual-motor skills and conservation tasks has not been explored: Might the skills be developed concurrently? Are both necessary for school readiness? May components of these skills be developed later? The present study was designed to determine the relationship between perceptual-motor tasks, conservation skills, and readiness for school. More specifically this study was designed to study the relationship between scores made by kindergarten and first grade children on the Purdue Perceptual-motor Survey, their ability to conserve as measured by six basic Piaget conservation tasks, and their readiness for school as measured by scores on the Metropolitan Readiness Test.
CB-16MALIGNANT GLIOMA WITH PRIMITIVE NEUROECTODERMAL COMPONENTS: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF FIVE CASES

The classification of primary brain tumors poses many challenges. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary adult primary brain tumor, is composed of cells of astrocytic origin exclusively and is characterized by infiltration of the brain parenchyma which makes surgical cure impossible. Though local radiation and chemotherapy are routinely employed to treat these aggressive tumors, they invariably progress with survival on the order of two years or less. Supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (sPNET) are histologically similar to medulloblastoma, composed of poorly differentiated neuroepithelial cells, and are typically found in children. Their response to chemotherapy is variable, but often better than GBM but poorer than medulloblastoma and CSF dissemination is common. Rarely, tumors with features of both malignant glioma and PNET occur which may arise from expansion of stem cell populations located within GBM. These mixed tumors pose not only a diagnostic challenge, but also a therapeutic challenge as GBM is typically treated with alkylating agents, such as Temozolomide, while PNETs are known to respond to platinum-based chemotherapy. We report a series of 5 patients with this rare mixed tumor. All patients underwent craniotomy and their clinical courses varied. CSF dissemination was seen in one patient. Their histologic features, radiographic presentation, and response to chemotherapy and to the Novocure-Tumor-Treating Fields is discussed.
Preparation of poly(phenylene vinylene) from cycloalkylene sulfonium salt monomers and polymers

Two new types of p-xylene bis-sulfonium chloride monomers were prepared from cycloalkylene sulfides. The polymerization characteristics of these monomers to form poly(p-xylene sulfonium chlorides), and the thermal elimination reactions of their polymers to poly(p-phenylene vinylene), were compared with those of two monomers prepared from dialkyl sulfides. The cycloalkylene sulfonium chloride monomer polymerized to higher yields and to higher molecular weight polymers, which showed more efficient elimination reactions.
Congenital scoliosis: etiology and associations.

Study design Literature review. Objective To provide a current overview of congenital scoliosis and associated conditions. Summary of background data The etiology of congenital scoliosis is unknown. A variety of factors have been implicated in the development of vertebral abnormalities. These factors provide clues to the origin of congenital scoliosis. Methods A search of PubMed, using the keywords congenital scoliosis, etiology, and genetics was performed. Results Environmental factors, genetics, vitamin deficiency, chemicals, and drugs, singly or in combination, have all been implicated in the development of vertebral abnormalities. Whatever the cause, the physiologic injury occurs early in the embryologic period, well before the development of cartilage and bone. The resulting defects can lead to full or partial fusion or lack of development of the vertebrae, which, in turn, can cause a curvature that, may be progressive during the growth of the child. Conclusion The origin of congenital scoliosis may be environmental, genetic, or a combination of factors. Research on these various factors continues. Early identification and management of concomitant defects can improve the patient's quality of life.
Abundance and Distribution of Macroinvertebrates in Relation to Macrophyte Communities in a Prairie Marsh, Swan Lake, Minnesota

ABSTRACT We compared the macroinvertebrate communities among vegetation types in Swan Lake, a large prairie marsh in south-central Minnesota. Activity traps and sweep nets were used to sample macroinvertebrates during the summer months of 1992 and 1993. Twenty-four sites on the lake were sampled along six established transects. Each site was located in one of four different habitats, including three major macrophyte communities: Typha angustifolia, Scirpus acutus, Potamogeton spp., and an open water site having little or no vegetation. The diversity, relative abundance, and biomass of the invertebrates collected from each vegetation type were compared to assess which type of vegetation supported the greatest numbers and most diverse invertebrate fauna. A total of 16 orders, 46 families and 93 genera were identified. Results suggest that the open water sites produced the largest number of organisms, whereas the Typha sites produced the greatest total biomass of invertebrates. Nine orders showed significant...
Real Adaboost for content identification

This paper proposes a machine learning method based on Real Adaboost that jointly optimizes the content ID codes and the decoding metric. Significant performance gains over prior art are demonstrated for audio fingerprinting.