cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of tillage on adult and immature pea leaf weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) densities in pea

The pea leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has been a major pest of pea, Pisum sativum L., in eastern Washington and northern Idaho since its introduction to the region in the early 1970s. Eggs are deposited in the spring on the soil surface and first instars hatch and move to pea root nodules, where larvae feed before they pupate and adults emerge in mid- to late summer. No-tillage practices are known to reduce pea leaf weevil colonization in pea, but the effects of tillage on larval densities and subsequent adult emergence have not been examined. During 2005, 2006, and 2007, we compared densities of colonizing adult and immature pea leaf weevils on pea plots grown using conventional tillage and no-tillage. In 2005 and 2006, emergence of adult pea leaf weevil was monitored in the same plots. Densities of colonizing adult and immature pea leaf weevil were significantly higher in conventional tillage plots. Larvae in conventional tillage were further along in development than larvae in no-tillage plots during June and July. Densities of emerging adult pea leaf weevil were significantly greater from conventional tillage than no-tillage plots. Based on densities of colonizing and subsequent emerging adults, survival of weevils from egg through adult was greater in conventional tillage plots. Soils under no-tillage are cooler, resulting in later emergence of the pea crop and delayed root nodule development, possibly affecting the ability of first-instar pea leaf weevil to locate host plant roots. Our results indicate no-tillage fields are less suitable for pea leaf weevil colonization and survival than conventional tillage fields.
Some conditions affecting the choice to cooperate or compete.

Three experiments investigated conditions affecting the choice to cooperate or compete. Experiment i compared the effects first of an individual activity, then of a competitive task as an alternative to cooperation. For both comparisons, subjects could earn more by cooperating. Choice of competition, but not individual activity, was found to depend on the task choice contingencies. Competition predominated when both subjects could compete if either or both chose competition. Previously competitive pairs cooperated when both subjects could cooperate if either or both chose cooperation. Experiment ii investigated the effects of differences in magnitude of the reinforcers for cooperating or competing. Choice between the two alternatives was manipulated in all pairs by varying reinforcer difference. Competition was chosen over cooperation only within the limits within which competition was potentially profitable. Experiment iii replicated the findings of Experiment ii using triads. Subjects in triads, however, were more likely to withdraw from the experiment. Thus, the data for pairs and triads suggest an orderly relation between reinforcer difference for cooperating or competing and task choice. Motivation of subjects to maximize relative gain by competing can be overridden by moderate reinforcer differences favoring cooperation.
Lack of phenotypic and functional impairment in dendritic cells from chimpanzees chronically infected with hepatitis C virus.

Dendritic cells (DCs), which are potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), are used as adjuvants for the treatment of cancer and infectious diseases in human and nonhuman primates, with documented clinical efficacy. The hepatitis C virus (HCV)-chimpanzee model is the best available model for testing the immunotherapeutic effects of DCs in the setting of a chronic infection, as chimpanzees develop a persistent infection resembling that seen in humans. However, several reports have suggested that DCs derived from chronically infected individuals or nonhuman primates are functionally compromised. As a prelude to clinical studies, we evaluated whether functionally mature DCs could be generated in chimpanzee plasma by good manufacturing practice using CD14 + mononuclear precursors from chronically infected chimpanzees. DCs generated in a medium with HCV-negative plasma and treated with a defined cocktail of cytokines or a CD40 ligand trimer matured fully, as measured by the induction of CD83 expression and the upregulation of costimulatory molecules. Furthermore, the expression of CCR7 was induced, suggesting an acquisition of migration capacity. Mature DCs were capable of stimulating allogeneic T cells, antigen-specific memory CD4 + T cells, and HCV-specific CD8 + -T-cell clones. In all cases, there was no evidence of HCV infection in DCs. Furthermore, these DCs maintained their phenotype and APC function after cryopreservation. Finally, no discernible differences were noted between DCs derived from HCV-infected and uninfected chimpanzees. In summary, precursor cells from HCV-infected chimpanzees are fully capable of differentiating into functional, mature DCs, which can now be reproducibly prepared for investigations of their immunotherapeutic potential in the setting of chronic HCV infection.
Migration of Interbed Multiple Reflections

Summary Interbed multiple reflections contain valuable information about the subsurface reflectivity distribution that can complement information obtained from primary reflections and free-surface multiples. In this report two methods are developed and used to migrate interbed multiples. The first method applies Fermat’s principle to find the specular reflection point along the interbed multiple generating interface; the second method sums all the diractions bouncing o the multiple generating interface. The first method is more computationally ecient, while the second method utilizes the full Fresnel zone along the interbed multiple generating interface. Numerical tests with synthetic VSP data and field data show that interbed multiples can illuminate areas below salt and can image salt boundaries. One challenge is that interbed multiple reflections are usually weak, thus the interbed multiple generating interface needs to be strong, and the reflector to be imaged also must be strong in order to generate noticeable interbed multiple reflections.
Detailed analysis of the star phi Aurigae.

Aurigae star HD 35620 with respect to epsilon Virginis using model atmosphere and high dispersion spectra
Conundrums in Noun Phrase Coreference Resolution: Making Sense of the State-of-the-Art

We aim to shed light on the state-of-the-art in NP coreference resolution by teasing apart the differences in the MUC and ACE task definitions, the assumptions made in evaluation methodologies, and inherent differences in text corpora. First, we examine three subproblems that play a role in coreference resolution: named entity recognition, anaphoricity determination, and coreference element detection. We measure the impact of each subproblem on coreference resolution and confirm that certain assumptions regarding these subproblems in the evaluation methodology can dramatically simplify the overall task. Second, we measure the performance of a state-of-the-art coreference resolver on several classes of anaphora and use these results to develop a quantitative measure for estimating coreference resolution performance on new data sets.
The Definition of Diversity

Summary This article traces the evolvemenl of Affirmative Action to diversity and addresses the notion of protected classes. Librarians arc encouraged to make equity the goal for increasing racial and ethnic diversity in librarianship.
Kinematics of a robot with continuous roll wrist

Some operational details of the zero reference position method are presented in the context of deriving kinematic equations for a robot with a nonspherical continuous roll wrist. >
Levels and Domains In Personality: An Introduction

This special issue is centered around the problem of levels and domains in personality functioning. What kind of constructs--and at what levels and in what domains--are needed to understand what a person is like? To account for the complexity and scope of human lives, personality psychologists have traditionally put forth lists and taxonomies of factors, features, and variables that must be taken into consideration in formulating an adequate psychological portrait of the whole person. The five-factor model of personality traits has recently been offered as a comprehensive framework; however, critical analyses of the trait concept have revealed the limitations of a trait-based model of personality. Recognizing that the concept of trait is indispensable to a vital psychology of personality, this special issue aims to (a) communicate recent developments and organizational frameworks for understanding the person at multiple levels and in varied domains, and (b) articulate and elaborate units of analysis that, when combined with trait assessments, yield a psychology of personality that is commensurate with the complexity of individual functioning and that offers greater potential for the attainment of the original goals of the discipline.
Biodegradable Nanoparticles Composed Entirely of Safe Materials that Rapidly Penetrate Human Mucus

Mucus is a highly viscoelastic and adhesive substance that protects against infection and injury at nearly all entry points to the body not covered by skin. However, mucus also traps potentially life-saving drugs and nucleic acids delivered via synthetic nanoparticles, including those composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), two FDA-approved polymers commonly used in drug delivery applications.[1] Trapped particles, with diffusivities in mucus several thousand-fold lower than in water, do not efficiently reach the deeper mucus layers that are cleared much more slowly, or the underlying epithelium, and are thus eliminated by mucus clearance mechanisms (on the order of seconds to a few hours depending on anatomical site[2]). For sustained or targeted drug delivery to mucosal surfaces, nanoparticles must quickly penetrate mucus gels, a longstanding challenge in drug delivery.[2c]
Revisiting the 1872 Owens Valley, California, Earthquake

The 26 March 1872 Owens Valley earthquake is among the largest historical earthquakes in California. The felt area and maximum fault displacements have long been regarded as comparable to, if not greater than, those of the great San Andreas fault earthquakes of 1857 and 1906, but mapped surface ruptures of the latter two events were 2–3 times longer than that inferred for the 1872 rupture. The preferred magnitude estimate of the Owens Valley earthquake has thus been 7.4, based largely on the geological evidence. Reinterpreting macroseismic accounts of the Owens Valley earthquake, we infer generally lower intensity values than those estimated in earlier studies. Nonetheless, as recognized in the early twentieth century, the effects of this earthquake were still generally more dramatic at regional distances than the macroseismic effects from the 1906 earthquake, with light damage to masonry buildings at (nearest-fault) distances as large as 400 km. Macroseismic observations thus suggest a magnitude greater than that of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, which appears to be at odds with geological observations. However, while the mapped rupture length of the Owens Valley earthquake is relatively low, the average slip was high. The surface rupture was also complex and extended over multiple fault segments. It was first mapped in detail over a century after the earthquake occurred, and recent evidence suggests it might have been longer than earlier studies indicated. Our preferred magnitude estimate is Mw 7.8–7.9, values that we show are consistent with the geological observations. The results of our study suggest that either the Owens Valley earthquake was larger than the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or that, by virtue of source properties and/or propagation effects, it produced systematically higher ground motions at regional distances. The latter possibility implies that some large earthquakes in California will generate significantly larger ground motions than San Andreas fault events of comparable magnitude.
CoolIT: coordinating facility and it management for efficient datacenters

The expanding computational needs of today's businesses and organizations have led to a significant increase in the number and size of datacenter facilities. While technological advances in cooling solutions and server densities are enabling the performance levels required by applications, the energy costs of these computational and heat management solutions may soon outpace the capital expense of purchasing them. To address the associated issues of cost, scalability, and sustainability, prior work has created management solutions that enable efficient operating conditions, including techniques for power aware workload management in the IT space, and at the facility level, new cooling and thermal management methods. This paper articulates the opportunities derived from the ability to coordinate across these two management domains, by describing CoolIT, an ongoing collaborative effort between Computer Science (CERCS) and Mechanical Engineering (CEETHERM) researchers to improve overall datacenter efficiency.
Market Socialist Capitalist Roaders: A Comment on Arnold

Scott Arnold's recent paper, “Marx and Market Socialism,” advances a provocative thesis: market socialists are advocating an economic system that has a strong, internally generated tendency to revert to capitalism. They are, in short, “capitalist roaders” (Arnold, 1987).
An efficient fault-tolerant approach for MPLS network systems

Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) has become an attractive technology for the next generation backbone networks. To provide high quality services, fault tolerance should be taken into account in the design of a backbone network. In an MPLS based backbone network, the fault-tolerant issue concerns how to protect traffic in a carried path (label switched path (LSP)) against node and link failures. This paper presents a new efficient fault-tolerant approach for MPLS. When a node or link failure occurs in a working LSP, the traffic of the faulty LSP (the affected traffic) is distributed to be carried by other failure-free working LSPs. To minimize the affections on the failure-free LSPs, the affected traffic distribution is transferred to the minimum cost flow to be solved. Finally, extensive simulations are performed to quantify the effectiveness of the proposed approach over previous approaches.
Richness of the Nearctic Treehopper Fauna (Hemiptera: Aetalionidae and Membracidae)

The indigenous Nearctic treehopper fauna includes 2 families, 6 subfamilies, 20 tribes, 68–72 genera, and 276–280 described species, of which 1 tribe, 16 genera, and 195 species are endemic. This work provides an alphabetical checklist of the species (with distributions as documented in the literature) as well as discussions and two tables summarizing the taxonomic and regional diversity of this rich, distinctive fauna. The tribes Smiliini and Telamonini (Membracidae: Smiliinae), which include many specialists on oaks (Quercus spp.), are the two most species-rich tribes. Maps of the Nearctic subregions document the species richness of each state and province, 22 of which have between 60 and 118 reported species. The Southwest U.S. has the largest number of genera of the subregions, while both the Southwest and the Central and Eastern U.S. are highly species rich. Arizona stands apart as an area of exceptional endemism with one genus and 25 species known only from within its borders. Among families of auchenorrhynchous Hemiptera, Membracidae rank third in total numbers of Nearctic species. This study highlights the need for: (1) improved taxonomic understanding, especially through comprehensive generic revisions; (2) further collecting to fill gaps in geographic sampling; and (3) the preservation of identifiable voucher material, with full data (including geo-cordinates and, where known, host plant data) to document all published research.
Does Winning Matter in Congress? Connecting Roll Call Success and Electoral Performance in the U.S. House of Representatives

This paper offers a clarification of positive theories of roll call voting in the form of a Mayhewian apologia, drawing on Mayhew’s classic formulation of the electoral connection with a particular focus on its significance for our understanding of position taking, generally, and roll call voting in particular. The contention is that, as a subfield, the way we have tended to think about roll call voting is largely inconsistent with Mayhew’s conception of position taking. At the same time, the paper identifies a largely ignored empirical regularity — that, all else equal, winning more often on roll calls makes incumbents less likely to win reelection.
In the Service of Industrialization: Factory-Based Services in India and Turkey

In the first half of the twentieth century, employers in the Turkish and Indian textile industry built houses to attract and anchor urbanized industrial workers. By the end of the twentieth century, owners of textile factories in new export-oriented areas funded local buses and worker transportation services to recruit village workers and women. Earlier, these same women and rural laborers were identified as unreliable; now, they are being bussed in. Neither international integration nor state policies can explain these shifts; production in both of these periods was internationally integrated, and firm employment practices vary over time rather than along national lines.
Issues, Design and Interpretation of Performance Evaluations: Ensuring the Emperor Has Clothes

Air quality model performance evaluation has been moving toward a more refined and statistically based status, beginning with the 1980 AMS/EPA Woods Hole Workshop of Dispersion Model Performance (Fox, 1981). The goal is to obtain a reasonably objective and well-defined evaluation. The general approach has been to address this goal solely through the use of statistics. As a result, a wealth of statistics is often presented for any one evaluation (Smith, 1984; Wackter and Londergan, 1984; Rao and Visalli, 1981). However, upon closer examination of the statistical results, it appears that a paucity of understanding has been achieved. This is seen as a severe problem for air quality model evaluations because adequate understanding of a model’s performance is crucial.
The Effect of War Chests on Challenger Entry in U.S. House Elections

chest deters potential challengers from entering a congressional race. I discuss theoretical arguments for and against deterrence. I find that previous analyses of war chests have omitted important variables, and thus, their conclusions are suspect. Using data from the 1984-1998 U.S. House elections, I employ a bivariate probit model with sample selection to test whether large war chests deter highor low-quality challengers from entering a race. Once previously omitted variables are included, I find that war chests do not deter challengers. C onventional wisdom states that an incumbent with a large war chest will deter challengers. Since the surest way to get reelected is to run without opposition, incumbents may carry a large war chest to prevent other candidates from running. And if incumbents cannot prevent all opponents from entering the race, incumbents may use war chests to try to deter strong opponents from running. Although there are many forces over which incumbents have little control (e.g., national partisan tides), incumbents can control how much cash they have at the beginning of the subsequent election cycle by not spending some of their money in the current election. Because a war chest is often seen as one of the unfair methods by which an incumbent remains entrenched in power, some campaign finance reforms have proposed that incumbents not be allowed to carry over any unspent money from one election to the next. For example, "through an initiative Missouri voters passed a 'spend-down' provision. It required candidates to return to contributors or to turn over to the state all but a little money left unspent from their campaigns. Its aim was to prevent candidates from amassing war chests in one election for use in another" (Corrado et al. 1997, 353; see also Donovan 1993). I examine here whether an incumbent can use a war chest to affect his or her odds of winning. Specifically, can a war chest be used to deter a high (or low) quality challenger from entering? I find, contrary to previous analyses, that war chests do not deter challengers.
Flexible antenna integrated with an epitaxial lift-off solar cell array for flapping-wing robots

We describe the integration of a flexible UHF antenna with an epitaxial lift-off thin-film III-V solar cell array used for power generation and wireless communication in a flapping-wing robotic platform. The antenna is configured to utilize the cells and their interconnections as a part of the radiating element, leading to compact multifunctional antenna/solar cell array surface. The high junction capacitance of individual solar cells allows RF current conduction through the cells without an associated power penalty. Metallic interconnects in the solar cell array carry both the DC power as well as forming part of the UHF antenna. To suppress RF current leakage into the DC circuit used for conducting the solar cell current, a RF choke is inserted between the antenna and the solar cells in the DC path. The performance characteristics of the integrated antenna and solar cell array verify the predicted performance of the antenna for reliable communication. Further, mounting the thin film solar cell array on a 25 μm thick Kapton sheet is shown to be a robust power source when positioned on the flexible wings of flapping robotic platforms. Details about design procedure and performance of the proposed integrated antenna are discussed.
Immunologic Aspects of Experimental Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection

human lung infected with this agent [1-4]. Other similarities observed between experimental M. pneumoniae infection and the natural disease in man are slow evolution of the pneumonia, prolonged carriage of organisms, and observations that antibiotics fail to eradicate the organism and only suppress the development of pneumonia [5-7]. Studies of the immune response to M. pneumoniae in man and in rabbits [8, 9] have revealed a sequential appearance of immunoglobulins (Ig) in convalescent sera which appears to relate to the differences noted among the various serologic tests for antibodies to this agent [10, 11]. The immunologic aspects of experimental M. pneumoniae infection have not been studied in detail, although it has been shown that the hamster develops immunity and can be utilized for potency testing of M. pneumoniae vaccines [12, 13]. Since definition of the immunologic parameters of M. pneumoniae infection in the hamster was essential to further
Retroactive inhibition of preexperimentally established associations

In a pretest, A-B associations of 40 male undergraduates were obtained to A words with primaries of high or low frequency in Palermo and Jenkins’ norms. Ten trials with paragraphs containing A-C or D-C associations followed. In a posttest with A words alone, more C words and changes from pretest associations occurred after acquisition of A-C than of D-C associations. Experimentally established associations produced RI of preexperimentally established associations. Strength of primary made no difference.
Potassium citrate feeding protects against nephron loss in severe sodium chloride hypertension in rats.

1. Potassium citrate did not significantly increase plasma flow to the renal papilla in normotensive Dahl R rats on either low or high NaCl diets. Similarly, potassium citrate did not significantly increase papillary plasma flow in mildly hypertensive Dahl S rats on low NaCl diets. Thus potassium citrate feeding did not ordinarily alter papillary plasma flow. 2. When S rats were fed on a high (4%) NaCl diet for 24 weeks, they became severely hypertensive and developed nephrosclerosis with nephron loss. This accounted for the significant reduction in papillary plasma flow in S rats on 4% high NaCl diet with no potassium supplementation. 3. When S rats on high NaCl diet were given a supplement of KC1, they still developed severe hypertension and almost the same fall in papillary plasma flow, suggesting a similar degree of nephron loss from nephrosclerosis. 4. However, when S rats on high NaCl diet were given a supplement of potassium citrate, they still developed the same severe hypertension but, in contrast, they did not have a decrease in papillary plasma flow. This actually increased to 7% higher than in comparable S rats eating the low NaCl diet. Moreover, S rats receiving potassium citrate supplements in their high NaCl diet had a papillary plasma flow which was 34% higher than that of S rats receiving no potassium supplement in the high NaCl diet (P < 0.005) and was 19% higher than that of S rats receiving KC1 supplements in the high NaCl diet (P < 0.04). This occurred even though the rats receiving potassium citrate were severely hypertensive. 5. Thus potassium citrate feeding protected
Dilute Aqueous Dispersions of ZrO2 and Al2O3

Colloidal interactions in a heteroparticulate mixture of zirconia and alumina in water were studied for use in a transformation toughened alumina composite. The microelectrophoresis technique was used to measure the mobility of three zirconia powders and an alumina powder. The electro-phoretic mobility and particle size data were used to calculate total potential energy curves. The maximum height of the total potential energy barrier was used to predict the stability of a zirconia/alumina mixture. Theoretical predictions were compared to experimental results obtained from sedimentation and rheology measurements carried out as a function of pH of the dispersion. For a 5 v/o aqueous zirconia/alumina system stable dispersions were made at pH 3 and pH 5.
Fundus changes in branch retinal vein occlusion.

The clinical entity of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) has been known since 18961, and is a common retinal vascular occlusive disorder. Yet, a Medline literature search revealed little comprehensive scientific data on all the fundus changes and their natural history, from any study with large cohort of eyes with BRVO. There are review articles, dealing either with BRVO alone2–4 or as a part of all types of retinal vein occlusion5,6; these primarily give the well-known general description of the fundus lesions in BRVO, without giving any detailed scientific data about all the fundus lesions and their evolution. Moreover, our studies7–9 have shown that BRVO actually consists of two distinct clinical entities: major BRVO and macular BRVO. There was no information about all the fundus changes separately in the two types of BRVO in the literature except in one study10 which gives information about serous macular detachment and macular edema only. In views of that, we investigated various fundus changes as well as their natural history separately for major and macular BRVO.
AN IMPERIAL SYLLABUS

Ten Books That Shaped the British Empire, edited by distinguished historians Antoinette Burton and Isabel Hofmeyr, brings together ten essays on individual books with a substantial methodological introduction. Covering the full geographical expanse of the Empire, the volume seeks to unify book and imperial history through careful accounts of the circulation, recycling, and uptake of each of the books under consideration. The upshot is an invaluable overall work with important individual contributions. At the same time, the project's methodology and mode of presentation raise questions for the writing of history, particularly at the nexus of the histories of empire and of the book, that are reiterated but never queried within the volume itself. Specifically, in its focus on the moment of the circulation of texts, Ten Books That Shaped the British Empire reflects a general condition in the human sciences: a resistance to narrative, to causality, and to critique, which this essay attempts to describe and briefly explain.
Recrystallization fabrics of sheared quartz veins with a strong pre-existing crystallographic preferred orientation from a seismogenic shear zone

Abstract Microstructural investigations were carried out on quartz veins in schist, protomylonite, and mylonite samples from an ancient seismogenic strike-slip shear zone (Sandhill Corner shear zone, Norumbega fault system, Maine, USA). We interpret complexities in the microstructural record to show that: (1) pre-existing crystallographic preferred orientations (CPO) in the host rock may persist in the new CPO patterns of the shear zone and (2) the inner and outer parts of the shear zone followed diverging paths of fabric development. The host rocks bounding the shear zone contain asymmetrically-folded quartz veins with a strong CPO. These veins are increasingly deformed and recrystallized with proximity to the shear zone core. Matrix-accommodated rotation and recrystallization may position an inherited c-axis maximum in an orientation coincident with rhomb or basal slip. This inherited CPO likely persists in the shear zone fabric as a higher concentration of poles in one hemisphere of the c-axis pole figure, leading to asymmetric crossed girdle or paired maxima c-axis patterns about the foliation plane. Three observed quartz grain types indicate a general trend of localization with decreasing temperature: (1) large (> 100 μm), low aspect ratio (
Diagnostic Criteria and Delay in Diagnosis of Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy has an early onset but a long delay until diagnosis. The delay is a mean of 8–15 years, with individual cases of > 60 years, although there is a trend over time toward a shorter diagnostic delay. The lack of symptom recognition, often resulting in misdiagnosis prior to reaching the narcolepsy diagnosis, is primarily the reason for the delay. The diagnostic criteria are largely based on objective testing in a patient with sleepiness. However, sleepiness is common in the general population, and if narcolepsy is not suspected, patients may not be referred for diagnostic testing. The current objective test for narcolepsy involves an overnight polysomnographic study followed by a daytime multiple sleep latency test. Alternatively, a positive test involves measuring csf hypocretin which when low or absent indicates narcolepsy; however, the test is not widely available. The main indication of narcolepsy is the presence of the diagnostic clinical features which include not only sleepiness but also cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Frequent vivid and unusual dreams as well as episodes of automatic behavior are additional features that can help in the diagnosis. To close the diagnostic gap requires expanding awareness of narcolepsy and increasing awareness of the typical clinical features.
Efficacy and tolerability of antidepressant therapy in the old-old

As the number of elderly increases worldwide, there will be a concurrent increase in the absolute number of people over 70 years of age who suffer from major depressive disorders. There is a paucity of research in this old-old population, although each of the following drugs has been studied in at least one clinical drug trial: amitriptyline, bupropion, dothiepin, fluoxetine, mianserin, nortriptyline, paroxetine, and sertraline. The results to date, though limited, suggest similar efficacy and greater tolerability of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors compared with tricyclic antidepressants in the elderly.
Collaborative Course Development: A New Model for Improved Student Outcomes

This research proposes and tests the concept of collaborative course development (CCD)—a pedagogy in which students are actively involved in course design, empowered to make decisions about class structure, and free to make choices in assignments. Over a period of three academic terms, researchers taught experimental course sections utilizing CCD methods (i.e., employing various pedagogical techniques including syllabus building, “flex-tures,” free-choice assignments, and exam writing), as well as control sections utilizing traditionally structured classroom techniques (i.e., professor-developed syllabi, structured lectures, forced-choice assignments, and professor-written exams). Results indicate that CCD classes yield significantly higher levels of student engagement, perceived learning, satisfaction, and ratings of professors. These main effects are consistent between and within professors. Interestingly, the positive effects associated with CCD teaching techniques are also consistent for students with high and low levels of two control variables (the preference for consistency and the separateness-connectedness self-schema).
Role of the Private Sector

This chapter emphasizes the role of the private sector in the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems in sub-Saharan Africa. The private sector is loosely defined and includes companies owned by locals, companies owned by foreigners, and subsidiaries of multinational corporations. The private sector can provide financial support to universities and to business incubators. It can also collaborate with universities on joint research programs that could lead to the development of new products or services. The private sector can also support startups by providing financial resources or becoming suppliers or clients.
Demystifying Tissue Factor.

Tissue factor (TF) is an integral membrane protein, which is the key initiator of blood coagulation in vivo . Due to the limited availability of natural TF, recombinant proteins of various lengths and origins have been extensively used in research and clinical laboratories worldwide. Experimental results acquired with recombinant TF proteins are frequently used for the understanding of the coagulation processes occurring in vivo , although there is a lack of data confirming the structural and functional identity of natural TF proteins from various sources and recombinant ones. In the current study, human TF from cultured monocytes and purified from placenta were compared with three different species of recombinant TF: 1–218 (extracellular domain only), 1–242 (lacking cytoplasmic domain) and 1–263 (full-length). Anti-TF mAbs gave 93–98% inhibition of TF activity for all TF species tested, in both natural and relipidated preparations. It was established that purified placental TF has a higher affinity for factor VIIa (K d 0.13 nM) than recombinant counterparts 1–242 and 1–263 (K d 0.50–0.80 nM). Similarly, placental TF is more efficient in factor X activation by the extrinsic Xase than recombinant TF 1–242 (the second order rate constants are 3.0x10 7 and 0.7x10 7 M −1 s −1 , respectively). We explored the use of these TF species as well as monocyte TF (purified/relipidated and present on LPS-stimulated monocytes) for the initiation of thrombin generation in two in vitro models of blood coagulation. At equimolar concentrations (5 pM; determined by immunoassay), when evaluated in synthetic plasma reconstituted with 2x10 8 /ml platelets, recombinant TF 1-263 provided an initiation phase of ~4 min. Placental TF and relipidated monocyte TF had similar profiles of thrombin generation with an initiation phase of ~3 min. In contrast, 0.5 pM TF on LPS-stimulated monocytes gave an initiation phase of ~1 min. Even at 0.05 pM concentration, monocyte TF was as active as any relipidated protein at 5.0 pM. A similar pattern of relative TF activity was observed in whole blood and plasma PT clotting assays. TF on stimulated monocytes gave the highest activity, exceeding that of any relipidated protein by 100–200-fold. Recombinant TF 1–242 was more active than recombinant TF 1–263 and placental TF in the PT assay but less active in synthetic plasma and whole blood. The lowest overall activity was observed for relipidated monocyte TF. Our data suggest that TF proteins from different sources are different with respect to their functional properties.
Market Betas in Multi-factor Models

Under the APT framework and the assumption that the market portfolio is well-diversified, if not mean-variance efficient, the common factors in raw-returns are the market return plus the common factors in the space of excess-returns over the market return. This explains why the market betas fail to explain the cross-section of expected returns in multi-factor models. Market betas cannot price assets because either they are under-identified or become unitary. However, the market portfolio is still useful for asset pricing because the empirical relevance of a multi-factor model can be tested by using excess-returns over the market return.
Surface 12-Lead Electrocardiographic Findings and Plasma Markers of Thrombin Activity and Generation in Patients with Myocardial Ischemia at Rest.

Background: Myocardial ischemia at rest is typically associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, atherommous plaque rupture, and intracoronary thrombosis. In areas of advanced disease and vascular injury, the extent of thrombus is influenced largely by a delicate balance of procoagulant factors, favoring thrombus initiation, growth, and development, and anticoagulant factors, attempting to limit potentially flow-limiting coronary thrombosis. Thrombin, a 308 amino acid serine pretense, is considered the most patent procoagulant factor in the setting of acute vessel wall injury, playing an essential role in the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, accelerating the prothrombinase complex, activating platelets, and stabilizing fibrin polymers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between electrocardiographic abnormalities and markers of thrombin activity and generation among patients with unstable angina and non-Q.wave myocardial infarction. Mehtods and Results: In a study of 36 patients (59.1+/- 11.0 years) with myocardial ischemia at rest participating in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia (TIMI) IIIB trial, thrombin activity in plasma, as determined by fibrinopeptide A (FPA), prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F 1.2), and thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (TAT) concentrations, were found to be increased significantly when compared with healthy volunteers (p < 0.004). Thrombin generation was also increased modestly compared with age-matched patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective cardiac catheterization. Given that,he surface 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is frequently abnormal in patients with ischemic chest pain at rest and represents a readily available, first-line diagnostic test for assessing disease activity and treatment response, we investigated whether ECG abnormalities and thrombin activity/generation in plasma were correlated. Twenty-six patients (72%) had ECG changes compatible with myocardial ischemia at the time of study entry, including 18 (50%) with newly inverted T waves (or pseudonormalization), 14 (39%) with reversible ST-segment depression, and 4 (11%) with transient (<30 minutes) ST-segment elevation. Within the predefined ECG groups there were no differences in plasma thrombin activity between patients with and those without confirmed abnormalities. Similarly, there were no differences in either plasma thrombin activity or generation between the predefined ECG groups. Conclusion: Although ECG abnormalities supporting the presence of myocardial ischemia occur commonly in patients with chest pain at rest, they do not correlate closely with markers of thrombin activity and generation in plasma. The diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of these diagnostic tools, considered either alone or together, require further investigation.
E-Mailed Conference Synopses as a Tool for Resident and Faculty Development.

Objective This study aims to investigate the utility and success of daily conference synopses emails (“Daily Dispatches”) sent to surgical attending physicians, fellows, and residents to foster resident and faculty development. Design Emails were distributed by the surgical residency program director (PD), summarizing each day of a surgical conference. Two prospective electronic surveys were administered to surgical residents, fellows, and attending surgeons to evaluate the value of this Daily Dispatch method. Setting Institutional; Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Department of Surgery, Washington, DC. Participants Email synopses were sent to surgical attendings, fellows and residents. Pilot survey was distributed to 60 participants, main survey sent to 74 participants. Results The response rate for the pilot survey was 41.6% (25/60). When asked about the mode of delivery, 96% of respondents wanted to maintain the email medium when compared to a lecture, paper handout, or the use of social media. The response rate for the main survey was 31.1% (23/74). Almost all (91%) respondents reported reading the emails. Within this group, 70% “agreed” or “strongly agreed” that the emails were useful. Furthermore, 90% reported learning “at least one new thing” and 80% confirmed these “emails provide meaningful content they would not otherwise obtain”. Conclusion Individualized daily synopsis emails highlighting relevant content provided meaningful information from conferences to non-attendees. The emails were well received and useful. Daily Dispatches meet an important need in dissemination of information traditionally gathered only by the rate-limiting step of conference attendance.
The significance and application of vascular niche in the development and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells

Deriving hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from human pluripotent stem cells is one of major goals in stem cell and hematological research. To induce HSCs from human pluripotent stem cells, many attempts to mimic embryonic development through stepwise exposure to morphogens. HSCs arise from dorsal aorta of embryos then migrate and settle in the bone marrow. Development and maintenance of HSCs are controlled by the microenvironmental cues around the blood vessels (called vascular niche) through morphogens and cytokines. Vascular niche serves as a common mechanism from embryo development to life-long maintenance of HSCs. In this chapter, I discuss that how vascular niche regulates development and maintenance of HSCs and exemplify the role of vascular niche to exquisitely induce HSCs from human pluripotent stem cells.
Lasers and Lights for Onychomycosis

In the armamentarium of available treatment strategies for onychomycosis, lasers are a relatively new approach for this difficult-to-treat disorder. Although initial studies evaluating lasers for onychomycosis appeared nearly 30 years ago with the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser (Apfelberg et al., J Am Podiatry Assoc 74(10):509–513, 1984), clinical use has not gained popularity until recent years. Currently, several laser modalities are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the temporary increase of clear nail growth in patients with onychomycosis (Ledon et al., Laser Med Sci 29:823–829, 2014). These include the 532, 630–680, 1,064 and 1,320 nm Neodynium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers, as well as the 870/930 nm combination and 980 nm diode lasers. This chapter will provide a succinct approach to treatment of oncyhomycosis with lasers or light therapy, as well as short background on each of the laser modalities being studied for this indication.
Mathematical Problems in Classical and Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics

Blood flow per se is a very complicated subject. Thus, it is not surprising that the mathematics involved in the study of its properties can be, often, extremely complex and challenging.
Multi-objective Architectural Floorplanning for 3D IC

In this chapter, we study the multi-objective micro-architectural floorplanning algorithm for high performance processors implemented in IC. Our floorplanner takes a micro-architectural netlist and determines the dimension as well as the placement of the functional modules into single or multiple device layers while simultaneously achieving high performance and thermal reliability. The traditional design objectives such as area and wirelength are also considered. Our 3D floorplanning algorithm considers the following 3D-specific issues: vertical overlap optimization and bonding-aware layer partitioning. Our hybrid floorplanning approach combines Linear Programming and Simulated Annealing, which is shown to be very effective in obtaining high-quality solutions in short runtime under the multi-objective goals. We provide comprehensive experimental results on making tradeoffs among performance, thermal, area, and wirelength for 3D ICs.
Perspectives from a Psychiatrist in an Office of Advising Resources

In this chapter, Dr. Raymond seeks to assist administrators, faculty, and student support services colleagues in identifying and understanding many of the academic and personal challenges faced by medical students during their training by sharing her experiences and observations from 14 years as director of the Office of Advising Resources (OAR) at Harvard Medical School (HMS). She describes the staffing, function, and experience of the OAR; the importance of early screening and intervention; the special developmental challenges of medical students (e.g., reshaping the role in the family, dealing with major medical, mental health issues for the first time, managing the emotional impact of care, forming a professional identity); their most common presenting problems (e.g., attention, sleep, self-sabotage) and the differential diagnosis (e.g., attention deficit disorder, verbal and nonverbal learning disorders, depression); and some common issues that arise with medication management. Dr. Raymond shares a number of interesting observations which should influence remediation in medical education practice, including that anxiety, depression, and perfectionism may be secondary to treatable attention deficit or learning disorders. She also describes the characteristics of “successful compensators”—resilient students who struggle, seek help, and ultimately, by all accounts, do well.
No spatial learning impairment following exposure to inescapable shock

Uncontrollable stressors produce changes both in hippocampal physiology and in cognitive performance. It has been suggested that some of the cognitive effects of uncontrollable shock may be mediated by disturbances in hippocampal processes. We evaluated the prediction that inescapable shock should produce a learning deficit in a task known to be particularly sensitive to disruption in hippocampal function-the Morris water-maze spatial-learning task. Exposure to a single session of inescapable shock of the type typically employed in learned helplessness experiments produced no apparent effect on performance regardless of whether shock was given 30 min or 6 h prior to water-maze training or whether animals were tested at retention intervals of 0, 1, 4, or 24 h following training. Similarly, no effect of inescapable shock was observed when shock treatment and water-maze training were distributed over three daily sessions. These results are inconsistent with the hypothesis that the effects of inescapable shock on cognitive performance result from disturbances in hippocampal function.