cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Leucine 135 of Tropomodulin-1 Regulates Its Association with Tropomyosin, Its Cellular Localization, and the Integrity of Sarcomeres

Tropomodulin-1 (Tmod-1) is a well defined actin-capping protein that interacts with tropomyosin (TM) at the pointed end of actin filaments. Previous studies by others have mapped its TM-binding domain to the amino terminus from amino acid 39 to 138. In this study, we have identified several amino acid residues on Tmod-1 that are important for its interaction with TM5 (a nonmuscle TM isoform). Glutathione S-transferase affinity chromatography and immunoprecipitation assays reveal that Tmod sense mutations of either amino acid 134, 135, or 136 causes various degrees of loss of function of Tmod TM-binding ability. The reduction of TM-binding ability was relatively mild (reduced approximately 20-40%) from the G136A Tmod mutant but more substantially (reduced approximately 50-100%) from the I134D, L135E, and L135V Tmod mutants. In addition, mutation at any of these three sites dramatically alters the subcellular location of Tmod-1 when introduced into mammalian cells. Further analysis of these three mutants uncovered a previously unknown nuclear trafficking function of Tmod-1, and residues 134, 135, and 136 are located within a nuclear export signal motif. As a result, mutation on either residue 134 or residue 135 not only will cause a significant reduction of the Tmod-1 ability to bind to TM5 but also lead to predominant nuclear localization of Tmod-1 by crippling its nuclear export mechanism. The failure of the Tmod mutations to fully associate with TM5 when introduced into neonatal rat cardiomyocytes was also associated with an accelerated and severe fragmentation of sarcomeric structures compared with overexpression of wild type Tmod-1. The multiple losses of function of Tmod engendered by these missense mutations are most severe with the single substitution of residue 135.
Wild-type p53 transactivates the KILLER/DR5 gene through an intronic sequence-specific DNA-binding site

KILLER/DR5, a tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) death receptor gene, has been shown to be induced by DNA damaging agents and radiation in a p53-dependent manner. Although TRAIL is a potential therapeutic agent for cancer, the induction mechanism of its receptors is poorly understood. Here we show the identification of three p53 DNA-binding sites in the KILLER/DR5 genomic locus located upstream (BS1; −0.82 Kb) of the ATG site, within Intron 1 (BS2; +0.25 Kb downstream of the ATG) and within Intron 2 (BS3; +1.25 Kb downstream of the ATG). A modified p53-binding and immunoselection protocol using a wild-type p53-expressing adenovirus vector (Ad-p53) was used to identify the binding sites and to show that each binding site can bind specifically to wild-type p53 protein (wt-p53). A reporter assay revealed that only BS2 could enhance luciferase expression driven by a basal promoter. We constructed a reporter plasmid carrying the genomic regulatory region of KILLER/DR5 including the three p53 DNA-binding sites but no additional basal promoter. The genomic fragment showed basal transcriptional activity which was induced by wt-p53 but not by mutant p53, and human papilloma virus E6 inhibited the p53-dependent activation. Mutation of BS2 abrogated not only the binding activity of wt-p53 but also the induction of the KILLER/DR5 genomic promoter-reporter gene, indicating that BS2 is responsible for the p53-dependent transactivation of KILLER/DR5. In p53-wild-type but not -mutant or -null cell lines, doxorubicin treatment stabilized p53 protein, and increased specific binding to BS2 as revealed by EMSA, and upregulated the KILLER/DR5 promoter-luciferase reporter gene. These results suggest that the transactivation of KILLER/DR5 is directly regulated by exogenous or endogenous wt-p53 and establishes KILLER/DR5 as a p53 target gene that can signal apoptotic death.
Employment and Post-Secondary Educational Activities for Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders During the Transition to Adulthood

This report describes the post-high school educational and occupational activities for 66 young adults with autism spectrum disorders who had recently exited the secondary school system. Analyses indicated low rates of employment in the community, with the majority of young adults (56%) spending time in sheltered workshops or day activity centers. Young adults with ASD without an intellectual disability were three times more likely to have no daytime activities compared to adults with ASD who had an intellectual disability. Differences in behavioral functioning were observed by employment/day activity group. Our findings suggest that the current service system may be inadequate to accommodate the needs of youths with ASD who do not have intellectual disabilities during the transition to adulthood.
Can semiempirical quantum mechanics be used to predict the spin state of transition metal complexes? An application of de novo prediction.

Spin states for technetium complexes are predicted using density functional theory (DFT; BP86/CSDZ* and ROHF/CSDZ*). The ability of semiempirical quantum mechanics (SEQM; extended Huckel, ZINDO/1, and PM3) to reproduce experimental and DFT-predicted spin states is presented.
SU-E-T-262: Planning for Proton Pencil Beam Scanning (PBS): Applications of Gradient Optimization for Field Matching

Purpose: To propose the gradient optimization(GO) approach in planning for matching proton PBS fields and present two commonly used applications in our institution. Methods: GO is employed for PBS field matching in the scenarios that when the size of the target is beyond the field size limit of the beam delivery system or matching is required for beams from different angles to either improve the sparing of important organs or to pass through a short and simple beam path. Overlap is designed between adjacent fields and in the overlapped junction, the dose was optimized such that it gradually decreases in one field and the decrease is compensated by increase from another field. Clinical applications of this approach on craniospinal irradiation(CSI) and whole pelvis treatment were presented. Mathematical model was developed to study the relationships between dose errors, setup errors and junction lengths. Results: Uniform and conformal dose coverage to the entire target volumes was achieved for both applications using GO approach. For CSI, the gradient matching (6.7cm junction) between fields overcame the complexity of planning associated with feathering match lines. A slow dose gradient in the junction area significantly reduced the sensitivity of the treatment to setup errors. For whole pelvis, gradient matching (4cm junction) between posterior fields for superior target and bilateral fields for inferior target provided dose sparing to organs such as bowel, bladder and rectum. For a setup error of 3 mm in longitudinal direction from one field, mathematical model predicted dose errors of 10%, 6% and 4.3% for junction length of 3, 5 and 7cm. Conclusion: This GO approach improves the quality of the PBS treatment plan with matching fields while maintaining the safety of treatment delivery relative to potential misalignments.
Overview of the united states national fusion nuclear technology effort

This paper provides an overview of the United States (US) Government program for Fusion Nuclear Technology (FNT) development, which is funded and managed by the US Department of Energy (DOE). We will first summarize the key features of the FNT program and then review its scope, organization, and objectives. Highlights of accomplishments and status of the FNT program in experiments, facilities, and analytical methods development will be discussed, summarizing the many papers presenting details of the US FNT program at the International Symposium on Fusion Nuclear Technology. We will continue with discussions of planning and strategy, interfaces with other programs, international cooperation and budgets. Some concluding remarks will provide our closing perspective on nuclear technology for fusion.
The acute effect of cortisone treatment on the utilization of glucose by the mouse.

Abstract 1. 1. The specific activity-time curves of blood glucose and respiratory CO 2 were determined in normal and cortisone-treated mice after a single intravenous injection of radioactive glucose. Measurements were made 4–6 hr. after the injection of a large dose of cortisone. The rationale of the study of the early effects of cortisone in contrast to the chronic picture was presented. 2. 2. Within 4–6 hr. after treatment with cortisone, the turnover time of glucose was extended by 50%. The amount of glucose utilized by the treated mice was calculated to be 65% of normal. 3. 3. The reduction in glucose utilization was attributed to a depression in glucose oxidation as well as in the quantity of glucose lost to other metabolic pools.
The osmotic properties of nuclei isolated from amphibian oocytes.

Abstract The nuclei from the oocytes of Triturus viridescens were manually isolated in a variety of salt solutions. The relationship between the volume of the isolated nucleus and the concentration of the isolation medium was determined. The nucleus was found to swell in all concentrations, even in those solutions which were hypertonic to the whole oocyte. The addition of beef serum albumin to the isolation medium prevents the swelling of the isolated nucleus. The results obtained seem to be best explained by the colloidal osmotic pressure of the nucleoplasm. The morphological integrity of the isolated nucleus depends both on the particular salt used and on its concentration in the medium. The medium which was found to be best for germinal vesicles is 0.1–0.2 M K 2 HPO 4 -KH 2 PO 4 at pH of 6.8 containing 3 to 4 per cent beef serum albumin. Sucrose was found to penetrate the nucleus very readily. The presence of salt in the isolation medium caused an unexplained reduction in the rate of sucrose penetration. The nature of nuclear membrane permeability is discussed. The conclusion is drawn that the nuclear membrane is a semi-permeable membrane and thus not passively permeable to proteins.
Pseudoepitheliomatous Hyperplasia vs. Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising from Chronic Osteomyelitis of the Humerus

The differential diagnosis of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, atypical pseudoepitheliomatous, and well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is discussed. A patient is presented who illustrates the occasional difficulty of this diagnostic question.
Memories and Lessons from Adaptive Control [President's Message]

This issue of IEEE Control Systems Magazine includes a feature article about adaptive control. This area of research is one in which I played an active part some time ago. My interest in adaptive control started when I was working on my Ph.D. with Graham Goodwin. I count my experience here as very fortunate in several ways: Graham of course is an outstanding researcher very well known in the adaptive control area and also an excellent supervisor; it was an exciting time in the area as a range of theoretical issues (robustness, analysis of time variations, disturbances) were wide open and sometimes hotly debated, and the research environment at Newcastle University was very exciting and engaging.
Cellular Heparan Sulfate Negatively Modulates Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1) Responsiveness in Epithelial Cells

Cell-surface proteoglycans have been shown to modulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta responsiveness in epithelial cells and other cell types. However, the proteoglycan (heparan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate) involved in modulation of TGF-beta responsiveness and the mechanism by which it modulates TGF-beta responsiveness remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that TGF-beta1 induces transcriptional activation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and growth inhibition more potently in CHO cell mutants deficient in heparan sulfate (CHO-677 cells) than in wild-type CHO-K1 cells. 125I-TGF-beta1 affinity labeling analysis of cell-surface TGF-beta receptors reveals that CHO-K1 and CHO-677 cells exhibit low ( 1) ratios of 125I-TGF-beta1 binding to TbetaR-II and TbetaR-I, respectively. Receptor-bound 125I-TGF-beta1 undergoes nystatin-inhibitable rapid degradation in CHO-K1 cells but not in CHO-677 cells. In Mv1Lu cells (which, like CHO-K1 cells, exhibit nystatin-inhibitable rapid degradation of receptor-bound 125I-TGF-beta1), treatment with heparitinase or a heparan sulfate biosynthesis inhibitor results in a change from a low ( 1) ratio of 125I-TGF-beta1 binding to TbetaR-II and TbetaR-I and enhanced TGF-beta1-induced transcriptional activation of PAI-1. Sucrose density gradient analysis indicates that a significant fraction of TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II is localized in caveolae/lipid-raft fractions in CHO-K1 and Mv1Lu cells whereas the majority of the TGF-beta receptors are localized in non-lipid-raft fractions in CHO-677 cells. These results suggest that heparan sulfate negatively modulates TGF-beta1 responsiveness by decreasing the ratio of TGF-beta1 binding to TbetaR-II and TbetaR-I, facilitating caveolae/lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis and rapid degradation of TGF-beta1, thus diminishing non-lipid-raft-mediated endocytosis and signaling of TGF-beta1 in these epithelial cells.
Bronchoscopic palliation of primary lung cancer: Single or multimodality therapy?

An obstructing primary lung cancer is a challenging disease frequently requiring endobronchial interventional therapy. A variety of interventional modalities, including Nd:YAG laser, stenting, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and endoluminal brachytherapy, are utilized to relieve airway obstruction and bleeding. The aim of this study is to compare the effect on patient survival of bronchoscopic palliation for lung cancer utilizing one interventional modality compared to the use of combination of modalities to relieve the airway problem. We reviewed our longitudinal experience with interventional bronchoscopy in 75 patients who underwent 176 procedures for the management of endobronchial lung cancer between 1994 and 2002. Indication for intervention was hemoptysis in 24 patients (32%) and airway obstruction in the remaining. Six patients died within 30 days from the first intervention and were excluded. Forty of the surviving 69 patients (58%) were treated with a single interventional modality (group A). In 29 patients (42%) a multimodality endoscopic treatment was utilized (group B). Single-modality treatment in group A included Nd-YAG laser in 60%, stent in 17%, brachytherapy in 20%, and PDT in 3%. A variety of combinations of the aforementioned modalities were used in group B to enhance airway patency. Patient data were compared with the Student’s t-test and chi-square test. Survival analysis and the log rank test were used to compare difference in survival between the two groups. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. There were 46 males and 23 females, with a mean age of 67 years. The tumor was located in the trachea 9%, in the carina in 7%, and primary bronchial in 84%. Two patients had complications due to stent malposition. There was no significant difference between the two groups in relation to age, gender, tumor location, histology, and type of previous cancer therapy. There was a significant improvement in survival for the multimodality group (p = 0.04). The 1- and 3-year cumulative survival rate for groups A and B was 51.3% versus 50% and 2.3% versus 22%, respectively. Improvement in survival can be seen with diligent airway surveillance after interventional bronchoscopy and liberal use of a variety of endobronchial treatment modalities for airway obstruction or bleeding. Physicians involved in the management of this difficult problem should be versed in the use of all available treatment modalities to enhance therapeutic outcome.
Bilious vomiting after gastric surgery: A symptom of sliding esophageal hiatus hernia

Nine patients with bilious vomiting following gastric surgery for peptic ulcer were found to have sliding esophageal hiatus hernias; surgical repair of the hernia in each patient resulted in immediate relief of symptoms. Significant gastroesophageal reflux had been demonstrated in each of the 5 patients in whom preoperative cinefluorography had been performed. As a result of this retrospective analysis, it has been concluded that undiscovered sliding esophageal hiatus hernia is the cause of bilious vomiting in some of the patients heretofore thought to have the afferent-loop syndrome. It is recommended therefore that hiatus hernia be sought, and repaired if feasible, in all patients who are undergoing gastric surgery for peptic ulcer. As injury to the phrenoesophageal ligament at the time of abdominal vagotomy may lessen the competency of the lower esophageal sphincter and predispose to the development of an iatrogenic hiatus hernia, proper steps should be taken at the time of vagotomy to repair any significant operative defects. It is recommended further that cinefluorography be performed in all patients who return for follow-up examinations with symptoms characteristic of the afferent-loop syndrome.
Qualitative discrepancies between trunk muscle activity and dynamic postural requirements at the initiation of reaching movements performed while sitting

Reaching movements are associated with widespread, nonfocal muscle activity. That activity is often assumed to play a postural role. We tested this assumption for the trunk muscles at the initiation of reaching movements with the following question. Does initial trunk muscle activity play a dynamic postural role by resisting the segmental interactive effects of the arm movement on the trunk? Seated subjects performed bilateral reaching movements while target direction was systematically varied. Muscle activity was recorded from flexors and extensors of the trunk and shoulder. Trunk muscle activity was compared with trunk torques calculated from simulations of reaching movements in which the trunk was modeled to stay still. Recorded trunk muscle activity was in qualitative agreement with torque predictions for only some target directions, suggesting that the target directions to counteract postural disturbances at the initiation of reaching movements.
Maximum eccentricity as a union-intersection test statistic in multivariate analysis

Union-intersection is a heuristic method of test construction developed by S. N. Roy. Among the well-known applications of this principle is the test for independence between two sets of variates which leads directly to the concept of canonical correlation. Another multivariate application of considerable importance is the test of internal independence. In this article we consider the structure of a correlation matrix and derive a union-intersection test statistic for internal independence. This statistic will be shown to be a function of the maximum eccentricity of the p-dimensional correlation ellipsoid x′R−1x = 1. The statistic will be applied to problems in factor analysis and categorical scaling.
Prosopo-affective agnosia and computerized tomography findings in patients with cerebral disorders.

Thirty-nine male patients (median age 61, range 19-92) from a neurologic ward were examined by a test for prosopo-affective agnosia (PAA), i.e., impairment in the recognition of facial affect (emotions) with no impairment in the recognition of facial features (PA, prosopo-agnosia). The scores for patients without hemispheric damage were close to those of normal subjects; the scores for patients with right and left hemispheric disease were lower; and the worst performers were patients with diffuse bilateral disease. The relative independence of PAA from PA was re-affirmed. The neurologic findings on 21 patients were confirmed by computerized tomography (CT). On the PAA test, patients with negative CT results had scores close to those of normal subjects; patients with right or left hemispheric disease had lower scores; and the worst performers were patients with diffuse cortical atrophy. All patients who scored 87.5 percent or lower showed positive results with the CT scan, indicating that the PAA test may have some value in predicting positive CT findings. A significant deterioration in the ability to recognize facial affect was evident in the group of 15 patients aged 65 or older.
Microstructure of Rapidly Solidified Al-Si Exhibiting Enhanced Superconducting Properties

Tsuei and Johnson previously reported significantly enhanced superconducting transition temperatures for rapidly solidified Al-Si alloys. Here we report a microstructural study of melt spun Al 80 Si 20 ribbons to determine the mechanism responsible for this enhancement. Results of this investigation revealed three distinct microstructures from the top surface to the more rapidly cooled bottom surface (which was in contact with the melt-spinning wheel). Near the top, the microstructure is of hypoeutectic morphology even though this is a hypereutectic alloy. The predominant microstructure is cellular. A 1 to 3 Wm thick layer at the bottom of the ribbon was found to be responsible for the largest enhancement. This layer is composed of fine-grained supersaturated fcc Al containing densely distributed dc Si precipitates. Microdiffraction analysis revealed a cube/cube orientation relationship between the precipitates and the matrix. These results provide insight into the possible mechanism for the enhancement.
Evaluation of Coefficient Method for Seismic Assessment of Existing Buildings Built on Soft Soil Sites

This paper presents the results of an ongoing investigation aimed at evaluating the Coefficient Method (CM) for the seismic assessment of existing buildings built on soft soil conditions. In the first part of this investigation, error statistics of target roof displacement demand predicted by the CM with respect to peak inelastic roof displacement demand of two frame models representative of exterior steel momentresisting frames when subjected to 18 earthquake ground motion recorded on soft soil sites found in the San Francisco Bay Area were obtained. In the second part of this study, a statistical study of the ratio of peak inelastic displacement demand to peak elastic displacement demand (i.e. coefficient �� 1) of elastoplastic single-degree-offreedom systems when subjected to 118 soft-soil records is reported. Error statistics of coefficient �� 1 were also obtained from the statistical results. A functional form that takes into account the frequency content of the ground motion is proposed to estimate coefficient �� 1 when evaluating existing buildings built on soft soil sites.
The resident as surgeon: An analysis of ACS-NSQIP ☆

Background Data on the characteristics and outcomes of patients operated on by surgical residents are limited. Methods Using ACS-NSQIP (2005–2008), characteristics and outcomes of patients who underwent cholecystectomy, appendectomy, or inguinal hernia repair by a resident (R) without an attending scrubbed in the operating room, a scrubbed attending with resident (AR), or an attending without resident (A) were pooled and compared. Data analyses involved χ2, ANOVA, and multivariate regression. Results The R group performed <1% of ACS-NSQIP cases; the 10 most common procedures represented 69.1% of cases. There were 912 cases of cholecystectomy, appendectomy, or inguinal hernia repair performed by R. Compared with A/AR patients, R patients were more likely to have inpatient (42.6%, 48.9% versus 64.8%), emergent (28.6%, 30.8% versus 35.5%) , and open procedures (27.0%, 29.4% versus 28.9%) (all P < 0.001). In unadjusted analyses, R patients had higher complication rates (4.8% versus 4.4%, 3.4%, P < 0.001) and longer operating time (64.4min versus 62.2min, 44.7min, P < 0.001) than AR/A patients respectively. After risk adjustment, a resident operating without an attending scrubbed in the operating room was not independently associated with increased complications risk (odds ratio 1.2, 95% CI: 0.8–1.8, P = 0.2). Compared with A/AR patients, there was a 1-min difference in adjusted operating time for patients who underwent surgery by R (P < 0.001). Conclusions In ACS-NSQIP, a resident rarely performs surgery without an attending scrubbed in the operating room; surgical attendings appear to exercise good judgment in determining the appropriate extent of resident supervision in the operating room without compromising patient outcomes.
Bertrand Meyer Receives 2010 Mills Award

Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich software engineering professor Bertrand Meyer, developer of the Design by Contract method of producing reliable software systems, has been named winner of the 2010 IEEE Computer Society Harlan D. Mills Award.
Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis Is Regulated by the Redox State of a Heme-Binding Translational Activator

Abstract Aim: Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the last enzyme of the respiratory chain, catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water and therefore is essential for cell function and viability. COX is a multimeric complex, whose biogenesis is extensively regulated. One type of control targets cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (Cox1), a key COX enzymatic core subunit translated on mitochondrial ribosomes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cox1 synthesis and COX assembly are coordinated through a negative feedback regulatory loop. This coordination is mediated by Mss51, a heme-sensing COX1 mRNA-specific processing factor and translational activator that is also a Cox1 chaperone. In this study, we investigated whether Mss51 hemylation and Mss51-mediated Cox1 synthesis are both modulated by the reduction–oxidation (redox) environment. Results: We report that Cox1 synthesis is attenuated under oxidative stress conditions and have identified one of the underlying mechanisms. We show that in vitro and in vivo exp...
Role of CaM kinase II and ERK activation in thrombin-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction

We have previously shown that thrombin-induced endothelial cell barrier dysfunction involves cytoskeletal rearrangement and contraction, and we have elucidated the important role of endothelial cel...
Invasion and predation in aquatic ecosystems

This article reviews biological invasions in which predation (or its absence) plays a major role in the success of the invader. Examples are described in which the invader out-competes native species for the same food, and cases in which the in- vader consumes valued native species. In many instances, better predator avoidance by the invasive species or the absence of predators in the new habitat contributes to the success of the invaders; in other cases native or introduced predators appear to be able to keep the invasive species in check. A relatively new management approach in the US is the idea of adding another trophic level - to have humans act as the predators and consume the invasive species. This approach is being utilized in Florida and throughout the Caribbean against the lionfish, but could be extended to other fishes, as well as to various invasive crustaceans and mollusks. This idea is controversial, and current regulations prohibiting the possession of individuals of the invasive species (e.g., mitten crabs or snakefish) would preclude the development of a fishery for them (Current Zoology 57 (5): 613-624, 2011).
The Effects of Various Information Resources on Learning From a Hypertext Bilingual Lexicon

AbstractIn a series of experiments, we investigated the effects on achievement of adding various types of information to a hypertext dictionary. Earlier experiments looked at orienting and mnemonic visuals. To reinforce previous findings and to gain more information about learning from a hypertext/hypermedia dictionary, we added sound to our software and studied 76 subjects. These data were combined with data from 80 subjects who participated in a previous study, to give a final N of 156. It was our hypothesis that the encoding of two sources of information (graphic and phonic) should allow better retrieval of vocabulary because of the greater number of access routes. In general, the audio channel is an available but unused medium of communication, and its value should be explored. Results indicated that previous findings were reliable but that simple audio resources had no significant effect (p ≤ 0.4) on retention of vocabulary. We discuss results and offer explanations as to why audio had no effect.
Functional differences of three ligaments of the transverse tarsal joint in Hominoids

Differences among the Hominoidea in the morphology and placement of three major ligaments of the transverse tarsal joint are examined. Humans alone possess the posterior portion of the long plantar ligament. In Homo , this ligament acts as a truss preventing dorsi-flexion of the transverse tarsal joint under load. A second ligament, the plantar cuboideo-navicular ligament is variable in the Hominoidea. Of the specimens used in this study it was absent in a female gorilla and a female orang. This ligament is an important component of the medial arch in Homo , preventing medio-lateral spreading of the cuboideo-navicular joint. The bifurcated ligament also contributes to the stability of the medial arch in Homo . This ligament was also variable in the pongids examined. In the chimpanzee and gorilla specimens the calcaneo-navicular band was reduced, while in the orang specimen the calcanco-cuboid band was reduced.
Molybdenum mineralization in an active geothermal system, Valles caldera, New Mexico

Shallow, sub-ore-grade molybdenite mineralization has been discovered in the active, high-temperature geothermal system penetrated by Continental Scientific Drilling Program corehole VC-2A at Sulfur Springs, in the western ring-fracture zone of the Valles caldera, New Mexico. This mineralization is hosted by fractured, quartz-sericitized, intracaldera ash-flow tuffs younger than 1.12 Ma. The molybdenite is an unusual, poorly crystalline variety that occurs in vuggy veinlets and breccia cements also containing quartz, sericite (illite), pyrite, and fluorite, as well as local sphalerite, rhodochrosite, and chalcopyrite. Fluid-inclusion data suggest that this assemblage was deposited from very dilute solutions at temperatures near 200/sup 0/C. Geochemical modeling indicates that under restricted pH and fO/sub 2/ conditions at 200/sup 0/C, the molybdenite and associated phases would be in equilibrium with hydrothermal fluids now circulating in the deep subsurface. The shallow molybdenite zone intersected in VC-2A may be the near-surface expression of deep, Climax-type stockwork molybdenum mineralization.
Optical pumping of dipolar order in a coupled nuclear spin system

A possible mechanism for the direct generation of dipolar order in a coupled nuclear spin system by optical pumping is investigated theoretically. This work is motivated by recent optically pumped nuclear magnetic resonance experiments on single-crystal indium phosphide wafers, which have revealed that optical pumping can generate a state of nuclear spin dipolar order in a system of coupled spins without the application of radiofrequency fields or pulse sequences. The theory proceeds by evaluating the steady-state populations of the eigenstates of a coupled nuclear spin system when simultaneous nuclear and electron spin transitions are driven by fluctuating hyperfine couplings of the nuclei to an electron with a non-equilibrium spin polarization. In the case of two coupled spin-1/2 nuclei, substantial dipolar order results when the hyperfine couplings are of the dipolar, but not the Fermi contact, type.
The cost of radio network broadcast for different models of unreliable links

We study upper and lower bounds for the global and local broadcast problems in the dual graph model combined with different strength adversaries. The dual graph model is a generalization of the standard graph-based radio network model that includes unreliable links controlled by an adversary. It is motivated by the ubiquity of unreliable links in real wireless networks. Existing results in this model [11, 12, 3, 8] assume an offline adaptive adversary - the strongest type of adversary considered in standard randomized analysis. In this paper, we study the two other standard types of adversaries: online adaptive and oblivious. Our goal is to find a model that captures the unpredictable behavior of real networks while still allowing for efficient broadcast solutions.For the online adaptive dual graph model, we prove a lower bound that shows the existence of constant-diameter graphs in which both types of broadcast require Ω(n/ log n) rounds, for network size n. This result is within log-factors of the (near) tight upper bound for the offline adaptive setting. For the oblivious dual graph model, we describe a global broadcast algorithm that solves the problem in O(Dlog n + log2n) rounds for network diameter D, but prove a lower bound of Ω(√n= log n) rounds for local broadcast in this same setting. Finally, under the assumption of geographic constraints on the network graph, we describe a local broadcast algorithm that requires only O(log2n logΔ) rounds in the oblivious model, for maximum degree Δ. In addition to the theoretical interest of these results, we argue that the oblivious model (with geographic constraints) captures enough behavior of real networks to render our efficient algorithms useful for real deployments.
A hierarchical proxy architecture for Internet-scale event services

The rapid growth of the World Wide Web has made it possible to build collaborative applications on an unprecedented scale. However, the request-reply interaction model of HTTP limits the range of applications that can be built. In this paper, we consider a complementary communication model-asynchronous event notification from servers to clients. Our focus is the design of an Internet-scale mechanism for event dissemination. Such a mechanism must scale to large numbers of participants and event types, as well as providing failure detection and handling. We explore the design space of event dissemination architectures and present a design of a hierarchical proxy architecture for event dissemination. Compared with previous approaches, our design reduces proxy states and provides failure detection and recovery mechanisms.
The pressure to cause complete contact between elastic—plastic sinusoidal surfaces:

This work examines the average pressure required to cause complete contact between sinusoidal shaped surfaces deforming elastically and plastically. Complete contact is defined as when there are no gaps remaining between the surfaces. The material of the surface is modelled as being elastic—perfectly plastic. This work confirms the results of a recent finite-element ana-lysis using a new semi-analytical model. The results suggest that the pressure required to cause complete contact between surfaces can be much higher than the yield strength or hardness of the surface (in some cases 15 times the yield strength or more). This is because it appears that as the surfaces near complete contact, they begin to act again like an elastic contact. The critical amplitude of a sinusoidal surface below which it will deform entirely in the elastic regime from initial to complete contact is also derived.
Dissociable Coordinate Frames of Unilateral Spatial Neglect: “Viewer-Centered” Neglect☆☆☆

Detailed analyses of reading and nonlexical tasks by three patients with unilateral spatial neglect (USN) secondary to stroke indicate that the USN in each of these patients affects the left side (contralateral to brain damage) of the viewer, with respect to the viewer's head, mid-sagittal plane of the body, or line of sight. In one case, the neglect was further specified as concerning the left side of the viewer's line of sight (the left half of her residual visual field). Thus, the frame of reference of USN in these three cases appears to have viewer-centered (in at least one case, specifically retinotopic) coordinates. The performance of these patients is contrasted to that of other patients in the literature whose USN appears to have a frame of reference with stimulus-centered or object-centered coordinates. These results are interpreted within a model of visual processing (adapted from Marr, 1980 and others) with at least three coordinate frames. It is argued that USN can affect one or more of these coordinate frames independently.
Vocal Individuality of Great Gray Owls in the Sierra Nevada

The cryptic plumage and nocturnal nature of the great gray owl (Strix nebulosa) make it difficult to study in its densely forested habitat. We investigated whether the vocalizations of individual great gray owls could be distinguished and used as a tool for population survey and monitoring. We recorded 312 territorial calls produced by 14 male and 11 female great gray owls between March and July 2006 and 2007 in the Sierra Nevada range of California, USA. We recorded 19 owls on multiple occasions within a season and 8 owls between seasons. We extracted 17 frequency and 15 temporal variables from the sonograms of each call. Discriminant analysis selected 9 variables and classified 92.8% of calls to the correct individual within a season; 71.4% of calls were classified to the correct individual between seasons. Our results indicate that territorial calls could be used to monitor individual great gray owls for both short- and long-term studies. Vocal individuality could be useful as a noninvasive method to improve census estimates and yield information on site fidelity, turnover rates, seasonal movements, and behavioral traits of great gray owls.
Monitoring of the Aircraft Cabin Environment via a Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless sensor networks consist of physically distributed autonomous sensor nodes that cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. The key benefit of wireless sensor networks is that they are capable of generating a more complete view of the sensed environment by acquiring larger quantities of correlated data than independent sensor monitors. This makes them ideally suited for applications where a complex environment with many interdependent factors must be monitored. The aircraft cabin is one such example of a highly dynamic environment which necessitates the use of an advanced sensing system. Thus, in order to gain a better understanding of the aircraft cabin environment, a wireless sensor network was designed and prototyped. The network is comprised of a variable number of nodes, and each node is capable of adapting to monitor a wide variety of environmental parameters. The system, as described in previous publications, has now entered the testing phase. The current configuration includes twelve nodes sensing temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and barometric pressure. This paper discusses the results from a series of tests conducted with the prototype hardware/software in a mockup of the 767 cabin environment. Tests involved the use of humidifiers, heaters, and carbon dioxide to simulate changes in the cabin environment.
Decreased sepsis related to indwelling venous access devices coincident with implementation of universal leukoreduction of blood transfusions

BACKGROUND: Randomized trials and animal models demonstrate that leukoreduction of transfusions can reduce the risk of post-operative infections. We performed a retrospective study of sepsis related to indwelling venous access devices (line related infections) before and after the July 2000 implementation of universal leukoreduction. METHODS: Line related infection data were collected from hospital infection control records for an 18-month period before and after July 2000. Transfusion histories were obtained from transfusion service records. RESULTS: Line related infections decreased in number from 150 to 98 (−35%) in transfused patients after implementation of universal leukoreduction, whereas line related infections increased from 41 to 45 (+10%) in nontransfused patients (p = 0.04). This corresponded to a decrease from 5.3 to 3.3 infections/10,000 patient days in transfused patients (p = 0.002). The infection rate remained stable in nontransfused patients at 1.5 infections/10,000 patient days both pre- and postimplementation of universal leukoreduction. Quantitatively similar decreases (33–45%) were seen in transfused surgical, medical and pediatric patients. CONCLUSIONs: A substantial and statistically significant decrease in line related infections occurred coincident with implementation of universal leukore-duction. These improved outcomes were observed in transfused but not nontransfused patients, across all clinical services, suggesting a causal relationship with universal leukoreduction.
Scale effects in endogenous growth theory: an error of aggregation not specification

Modern Schumpeterian growth theory focuses on the product line as the main locus of innovation and exploits endogenous product proliferation to sterilize the scale effect. The empirical core of this theory consists of two claims: (i) growth depends on average employment (i.e., employment per product line); (ii) average employment is scale invariant. We show that data on employment, R&D personnel, and the number of establishments in the US for the period 1964-2001 provide strong support for these claims. While employment and the total number of R&D work- ers increase with no apparent matching change in the long-run trend of productivity growth, employment and R&D employment per establishment exhibit no long-run trend. We also document that the number of establishments, employment and pop- ulation exhibit a positive trend, while the ratio employment/establishment does not. Finally, we provide results of time series tests consistent with the predictions of these models.
Use of porcine renal capsule matrix as a full-thickness dermal wound-healing material in rats.

Objective: To compare the utility of porcine renal capsule matrix (RCM) with porcine small intestinal mucosa (SIS) in a rat full-thickness skin wound model. Method: Groups of rats had surgically-created wounds filled with either SIS or RCM. On each rat a contralateral wound was left unfilled (RCM-U or SIS-U). Wound diameter was measured 3, 7, 12, 17, 26 and 30 days after creation. Wound sites sampled 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after wound creation were numerically graded for degree of histologic change and for collagen content, based on intensity of trichrome staining. Results: Wounds in all groups rapidly contracted to less than 50% of the original diameter within 12 days. There were no differences in wound diameter between RCM- and SIS-treated wounds at any time point, but these wounds had significantly greater (p<0.001) diameters than their unfilled counterparts on days 7, 12 and 17. There were no differences in histologic scores or trichrome-staining scores between RCM- and SIS-treated wounds and th...
Interpreting Statistical Significance and Meaningfulness in Adapted Physical Activity Research

The unqualified use of statistical significance tests for interpreting the results of empirical research has been called into question by researchers in a number of behavioral disciplines. This paper reviews what statistical significance tells us and what it does not, with particular attention paid to criticisms of using the results of these tests as the sole basis for evaluating the overall significance of research findings. In addition, implications for adapted physical activity research are discussed. Based on the recent literature of other disciplines, several recommendations for evaluating and reporting research findings are made. They include calculating and reporting effect sizes, selecting an alpha level larger than the conventional .05 level, placing greater emphasis on replication of results, evaluating results in a sample size context, and employing simple research designs. Adapted physical activity researchers are encouraged to use specific modifiers when describing findings as significant.
Phosphoinositide 5-Phosphatase Fig4p Is Required for both Acute Rise and Subsequent Fall in Stress-Induced Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-Bisphosphate Levels

Phosphoinositide lipids regulate complex events via the recruitment of proteins to a specialized region of the membrane at a specific time. Precise control of both the synthesis and turnover of phosphoinositide lipids is integral to membrane trafficking, signal transduction, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Little is known about the acute regulation of the levels of these signaling lipids. When Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells are treated with hyperosmotic medium the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate (PI3,5P2) increase 20-fold. Here we show that this 20-fold increase is rapid and occurs within 5 min. Surprisingly, these elevated levels are transient. Fifteen minutes following hyperosmotic shock they decrease at a rapid rate, even though the cells remain in hyperosmotic medium. In parallel with the rapid increase in the levels of PI3,5P2, vacuole volume decreases rapidly. Furthermore, concomitant with a return to basal levels of PI3,5P2 vacuole volume is restored. We show that Fig4p, consistent with its proposed role as a PI3,5P2 5-phosphatase, is required in vivo for this rapid return to basal levels of PI3,5P2. Surprisingly, we find that Fig4p is also required for the hyperosmotic shock-induced increase in PI3,5P2 levels. These findings demonstrate that following hyperosmotic shock, large, transient changes occur in the levels of PI3,5P2 and further suggest that Fig4p is important in regulating both the acute rise and subsequent fall in PI3,5P2 levels. Regulation of the levels of phosphoinositide lipids is central to understanding the spatial and temporal control of diverse membrane-related events. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, four phosphoinositides have been identified, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), PI4P, phosphatidylinositol 3,5biphosphate (PI3,5P2), and PI4,5P2. The most recently identified phosphoinositide is PI3,5P2 (7, 22, 34) and this phospholipid is also found in plants and mammals. In S. cerevisiae, the sole means of generating PI3,5P2 is
The Communication of Naïve Theories of the Social World in Parent-Child Conversation.

Three studies examined the communication of naive theories of social groups in conversations between parents and their 4-year-old children (N = 48). Parent–child dyads read and discussed a storybook in which they either explained why past social interactions had occurred (Study 1) or evaluated whether future social interactions should occur (Studies 2 and 3). In all 3 studies, the content of parents’ and children's explanations reflected an intuitive theory of social groups as markers of intrinsic obligations, whereby individuals are obligated to avoid harm to and direct positive actions toward their in-group members. Furthermore, Studies 2 and 3 suggested that when discussing the normative obligations that guide behavior, parents covertly reinforce their children's developing beliefs about social categories. Implications for the development of social cognition are discussed.
Testing models of the redundant-signals effect: a warning concerning the combination-rule regression analysis.

The redundant-signals effect is the observed RT advantage for trials presenting two or more targets, as compared with trials with only one target Two general classes of parallel-processing model have been proposed to explain this effect race models (e.g., Raab, 1962) and coactivation models (e.g., Miller, 1982). Various distributional analyses have been used in work aimed at discriminating between these two model classes. The present study reexamined one of these tests—the combination-rule regression analysis based on variable-criterion theory (Grice, Canham, & Boroughs, 1984)—by applying it to the data from two sets of simulated experiments. One set of simulations assumed coactivation; the other set assumed an independent race on redundant-target trials. Nearly identical combination-rule values were observed in the two sets of simulations. This finding shows that the combination rule of variable-criterion theory does not discriminate between models capable of explaining the redundant-signals effect The implications of this finding are briefly discussed