cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Antibiotics

This chapter is an introduction to antibiotics. Topics discussed are definition of antibiotics, characteristics of an ideal antibiotic, history of antibiotics, discovery of the first antibiotics, penicillin, gramicidin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, etc. Background biochemistry information needed for understanding mechanisms of action of antibiotics is presented. This includes brief discussions on enzymes, inhibitors, and thermodynamics of metabolic pathways.
Fast and Secure Magnetic WORM Storage Systems

Computer forensic analysis, intrusion detection and disaster recovery are all dependent on the existence of trustworthy log files. Current storage systems for such log files are generally prone to modification attacks, especially by an intruder who wishes to wipe out the trail he leaves during a successful break-in. In light of recent advances in storage capacity and sharp drop in prices of storage devices, as well as the demand for trustworthy storage systems, it is timely to design and develop fast storage systems that practically have no limit in capacity and admit "secure append-only" operations (namely data can only be appended to a storage device; once appended it can no longer be modified, and can be read out by authorized users only.) This paper reports some preliminary findings in our research into building a secure append-only storage system. It discusses a possible secure append-only storage architecture that could be used to detect and prevent deletion or modification by inside/outside attackers. A specific implementation of the architecture based on block device drivers and magnetic storage firmwares is alsopresented.
Introgression of Clearfield™ rice crop traits into weedy red rice outcrosses

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the impact of introgression of crop alleles into weedy rice populations. Seeds of 89 weedy rice accessions collected from Arkansas fields in 11 counties, with a history of Clearfield™ rice production, were planted in 2011 and sprayed twice with imazethapyr (0.071 kg ai ha−1). Survivors were genotyped using an allele-specific PCR assay to detect the presence of resistance-endowing als mutations, S653N and G654E, in herbicide-resistant (HR) weedy rice that could have originated from Clearfield™ cultivars planted in the state. Hybridization between Clearfield™ rice and weedy rice was verified using four DNA markers RM 215, RM 220, and RM 234 microsatellites, and the and RID12 indel. Two to five HR plants, representing different plant types per accession per replication (698 plants total) were characterized for 16 morphological and biological traits. Seventy-nine percent of accessions were resistant to imazethapyr. The HR weedy rice plants carried the S653N mutation and were confirmed as outcrosses with Clearfield™ rice using DNA markers. Ten weedy rice accessions (nearly 25% of confirmed outcrosses) harbored multiple alleles from rice cultivars, indicating previous hybridization events with multiple cultivars or outcrossing with weedy rice. The majority of HR weedy rice accessions were similar to cultivated rice in height, culm angle, flag leaf length and width, days to flower, seed shattering and dormancy. Kernels of 20% of the parent weedy rice accessions were segregating for white and red bran color. Two of the parent weedy rice accessions with gold hull were homozygous for white bran and produced progenies with 100% white-bran kernels; thus, weedy rice was no longer exclusively red. Therefore, HR weedy rice outcrosses generally had acquired crop-like traits, which make it easier to deplete from the soil seedbank, but also difficult to scout.
Transfer to Adult Court: Enhancing Clinical Forensic Evaluations and Informing Policy

Transfer to adult court is a complex issue that has not yet received sufficient research attention. Transfer raises many salient questions for mental health professionals working within the juvenile justice system such as what risk a youth may pose to the community, how (im)mature the youth’s decision making is, as well as the chief question of whether youth can be reformed. These questions encapsulate the essence of all juvenile justice youth evaluations, but are at a heightened level of importance in transfer cases. Despite meager numbers of research articles on this topic, in the past decade, significant strides have been made toward better understanding the transfer of juveniles to adult court. For instance, Melton et al. (2007) produced an informative chapter to address the issue of transfer to adult court where they focused on amenability to treatment assessments.
Analyses of selected safety endpoints in phase 1 and late-phase clinical trials of anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors: prediction of immune-related toxicities

// Ricardo Costa 1 , Rubens B. Costa 1 , Sarah M. Talamantes 2 , Irene Helenoswki 3 , Benedito A. Carneiro 1 , Young Kwang Chae 1 , William J. Gradishar 1 , Razelle Kurzrock 4 and Francis J. Giles 1 1 Division of Hematology Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA 2 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA 3 Northwestern University Department of Preventive Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA 4 Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA Correspondence to: Ricardo Costa, email: ricardo.costa@northwestern.edu Keywords: anti-PD-1 antibodies, toxicity, clinical trial, solid tumors Received: March 29, 2017 Accepted: May 31, 2017 Published: June 29, 2017 ABSTRACT Purpose: Anti-PD1 and PD-L1 antibodies are associated with immune-related adverse effects (irAEs). This analysis aims to assess the discrepancies between frequencies of irAEs observed in phase 1 trials with those seen in late-phase trials and to evolve the field of drug development. Methods: PubMed search was conducted for articles published until December of 2016. Trials needed to have at least one of the study arms consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab or atezolizumab monotherapy. Trials were matched based on compound used and similarity of populations. All toxicities were reported as frequencies and percentages. P -values to assess differences between matches and non-matches of phase 1 and late-phase trials and between early and late-phase trials themselves were obtained via Fisher’s exact test. Odds ratios were obtained via logistic regression. Results: Our search yielded 15 late-phase and 10 matching phase 1 trials; n = 4823 and n = 1650, respectively. The most common AEs seen in phase 1 trials were also observed in late-phase trials except for phase 1 trials (median n = 118) with < 118 patients ( P = 0.048). Rash, pruritus, and diarrhea were the most frequently irAEs reported. Only colitis was more frequent in late-phase studies ( P = 0.045). Conclusion: Toxicities of anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 observed in phase 1 trials and late-phase trials are similar. There is positive correlation between phase 1 trial sample size and concordance of toxicity frequencies seen in late-phase studies. In conclusion, current immunotherapy phase 1 trials are appropriate in assessing safety profile of anti-PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies.
Unacknowledged Rape and Re-Victimization Risk: Examination of Potential Mediators

The majority of college women who experience rape do not conceptualize their experience as a victimization, that is, they are unacknowledged victims. There is some initial evidence that unacknowled...
Comment on Fernando Cardim de Carvalho - Monetary Policy, Monetary Theory and Financial Structure

Professor Cardim de Carvalho has provided a clear and concise survey of the twists and turns in monetary theory and policy since the Keynesian revolution changed the context for monetary policy by introducing a second policy tool, active fiscal policy. As he notes, we have nowcomefullcircleandmonetarypolicyhasonceagainbecomethesole policy, given that fiscal policy has become hostage to the fiscal surplus targets imposed by IMF conditionality. While these changes in the views of practitioners of monetary policy were also accompanied by changes in view of academics formulating monetary theory, as he notes, much of recent theory has had little if any impact on current monetary policy. Rather, it is the experience of policymakers that has dominated. Irrespective of how one classifies the policy adopted by the Volcker FED in the United States in the 1980s, it is clear that it was adopted out of frustration with existing policy, not because of any conversion to monetarism (indeed, Volcker has confirmed this himself, see VOLCKER; GYOHTEN, 1992). By the same token, the decisions of his successor Alan Greenspan to allow much higher growth rates and lower unemployment rates without active monetary tightening during the boom in the last half of the 1990s has less to do with Greenspan’s lack of belief in the Phillips curve (see his remarks on the eventual transmission of lower unemploymentandhigherwagesrequiringmonetarytighteningtoavoidinflation) or the theory of the NAIRU, as with practical experience.
Developing nanotube junctions with arbitrary specifications

Experimentally synthesized carbon nanotube (CNTs) junctions (either single or with 2D/3D CNT network topology) are expected to have random orientation of defect sites (non-hexagonal rings) around the junction. This random and irregular nature of the junction topology and defect characteristics is expected to affect their strength and durability as well as impact the associated mesoscopic and macroscopic properties. On the contrary, theoretical and computational studies often investigate structure-property relationships of pristine and regular junctions of carbon nanostructures. In this study, we developed a computational framework to model a variety of junction structures between CNTs with arbitrary spatial (orientation and degree of overlap) and intrinsic (chirality) specifications. The developed computational model also has the ability to tune the degree of topological defects around the junction via a variety of defect annihilation approaches. Our method makes use of the primal/dual meshing concept, where the development and manipulation of the junction nodes occur using triangular meshes (primal mesh), which is eventually converted to its dual mesh (honeycomb mesh) to render a fully covalently bonded CNT junction. Here each carbon atom has 3 bonded neighbors (mimicking sp2 hybridization). Under a given set of CNT orientation, overlap and chirality specifications, the approach creates a number of CNT junction configurations with varying degrees of energetic stability, offering an opportunity to investigate the effect of topological arrangement of defects around the junction on mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. In addition, it is shown via few examples that the discussed methodology can easily be extended to create multi-junction nanotube clusters, multi-wall nanotube junctions, as well as true 3D random network structures.
CRRL269: a novel designer and renal-enhancing pGC-A peptide activator.

The natriuretic peptides (NPs) B-type NP (BNP) and urodilatin (URO) exert renal protective properties via the particulate guanylyl cyclase A receptor (pGC-A). As a potential renal-enhancing strateg...
Bidirectional and long-lasting control of alcohol-seeking behavior by corticostriatal LTP and LTD

Addiction is proposed to arise from alterations in synaptic strength via mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). However, the causality between these synaptic processes and addictive behaviors is difficult to demonstrate. Here we report that LTP and LTD induction altered operant alcohol self-administration, a motivated drug-seeking behavior. We first induced LTP by pairing presynaptic glutamatergic stimulation with optogenetic postsynaptic depolarization in the dorsomedial striatum, a brain region known to control goal-directed behavior. Blockade of this LTP by NMDA-receptor inhibition unmasked an endocannabinoid-dependent LTD. In vivo application of the LTP-inducing protocol caused a long-lasting increase in alcohol-seeking behavior, while the LTD protocol decreased this behavior. We further identified that optogenetic LTP and LTD induction at cortical inputs onto striatal dopamine D1 receptor-expressing neurons controlled these behavioral changes. Our results demonstrate a causal link between synaptic plasticity and alcohol-seeking behavior and suggest that modulation of this plasticity may inspire a therapeutic strategy for addiction. Addiction-related behaviors are believed to result from drug-evoked synaptic changes, but their causality is unclear. The authors show that bidirectional optogenetic modifications of synaptic strength distinctly alter alcohol-seeking behavior.
Towards realization of quantitative atmospheric and industrial gas sensing using THz wave electronics

The potential of THz wave electronics for miniaturized non-intrusive sensors for atmospheric, environmental, and industrial gases is explored. A THz wave spectrometer is developed using a radio-frequency multiplier source and a Schottky-diode detector. Spectral absorption measurements were made in a gas cell within a frequency range of 220–330 GHz at room temperature and subatmospheric pressures. Measurements are reported for pure acetonitrile (CH3CN), methanol (CH3OH), and ethanol (C2H5OH) vapors at 5 and 10 Torr and for methanol dilute in the air (0.75–3.0 mol%) at a pressure of 500 Torr. An absorbance noise floor of 10−3 was achieved for a single 10 s scan of the 220–330 GHz frequency domain. Measured absorption spectra for methanol/air agree well at collisional-broadened conditions with spectral simulations carried out using literature spectroscopic parameters. In contrast to the previous submillimeter wave research that has focused on spectral absorbance at extremely low pressures (mTorr), where transitions are in the Doppler limit, and the present study illustrates the applicability of THz electronics for gas sensing at pressures approaching those found in atmospheric and industrial environments.
Weighing Clinical Goods Over Clinical Harms: Awakenings (1990)

Awakenings is about a 1969 clinical trial involving the drug L-DOPA (levodopa), based on the nonfiction clinical memoir of the same name (1973) by Oliver Sacks, the principal investigator. Sacks documented his experiences of finding a “miracle drug” for a curious neurological condition, only to discover that the benefits of the drug were short-lived, which led to more questions about beneficence. The drug trial involved a small group of catatonic patients who were statue-like from encephalitis lethargica—the “sleepy sickness” pandemic (1916–1928) that had occurred when Sacks’ patients were in their teens and 20s. When they start on L-DOPA, they “awaken” from their catatonic states to discover they have aged, and that they have missed half their lives. Some of them cope better than others, but ultimately, the drug’s efficacy or therapeutic benefit wears off, eventually causing unacceptable side-effects. Most of the patients need to stop the drug, which returns them to their previous states. The practitioners involved in the drug trial with this group of patients are distraught over the ethical implications of the paradox of a miracle drug that eventually fails.
Will the Job Market for Radiologists Remain Grim?: A Contrarian Perspective-A 2013 Assessment

I doubt many of you have not heard by now that the job market for Radiologists-both newly minted ones and those already in practice-is very tight. Tales of woe abound, told by those finishing their fellowship and now in the hunt. They relate their angst to more junior trainees who in turn pass theirs along to senior and junior medical students. And some of them who have expressed an interest in our specialty are being put off by a fear of being unemployable after 6 years of post-graduate preparation. It is likely they may decide to pursue another specialty for this reason. This past year the number of allopathic American medical school graduates accepted to Radiology residencies declined by 27 % from the previous year. This decline does not take into account those dissuaded from seeking a residency in the first place. Much of the discrepancy between offered positions and filled positions was taken up by foreign medical graduates, which an immediately substantial supply accommodates. But, if present trends continue, it will change the complexion of residencies in terms of homegrown talent. This will deflect us from our present resemblance to Dermatology to which many accomplished students choose and we will become more akin to Pathology in which in many programs American-trained residents are a distinct minority. Of course brains do not stop at the border but even those bright, productive foreign born residents may experience the same dearth of jobs when they finish that our allopathic fellows perceive they will contend with when they finish training.
The Liability Structure of FDIC-Insured Institutions: Changes and Implications

Depository institutions have traditionally looked to deposits to fund their asset growth. But since 1978, the value of bank assets has increased proportionally much more than the value of bank deposits: between 1978 and 2005 the value of assets held in commercial banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) rose by nearly 500 percent, but total deposits held by these same institutions increased by only 393 percent. And between 1978 and 2005, the percentage of U.S. banks that were able to fund at least two-thirds of their total assets with core deposits fell from nearly 91 percent to 59 percent. In addition to core deposits shrinking, banks are facing increased interest costs since bank customers are reacting to higher interest rates and moving their money out of lower-yielding bank accounts and into certificates of deposit and other higher-paying accounts. As a result of these developments, bank liability management demands more attention today than it did just a few years ago.
Boundary Integral Equation Formulations for Scattering of Elastic Waves in Three­ Dimensional Half-Spaces

Three boundary integral equation (BIE) formulations are presented for the investigation of time-harmonic elastic-wave scattering by fully imbedded, arbitrarily shaped obstacles in three-dimensional half-spaces. Each formulation utilizes either half-space or full-space, tensor Green’s functions and is explicitly in terms of either scattered or total displacements and tractions. Numerical results are given for scattering of Rayleigh and shear waves by a spherical cavity.
Understanding Software Architecture

The last 15 years have seen a tremendous rise in the prominence of a software engineering subdiscipline known as software architecture. Technical Architect and Chief Architect are job titles that now abound in the software industry. There’s an International Association of Software Architects, and even a certain well-known wealthiest geek on earth used to have “architect” in his job title in his prime. It can’t be a bad gig, then?
CLOSED-COMPLETENESS IN SPACES WITH A QUASI-GδDIAGONAL

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses closed-completeness in spaces with a quasi-G δ diagonal. A quasi- G δ -diagonal for a space X is a sequence (G n ) n eN of collections of open subsets of X. A space X is closed-complete in case every ultrafilter of closed sets in X with the countable intersection property has nonempty intersection; and X is compact in case every uncountable subset of X has a limit point in X.
Transgenic Vegetables and Fruits for Control of Insects and Insect-Vectored Pathogens

Fruits and vegetables are major components of a healthy diet, but are subject to severe pest pressure. Approximately 30% of all insecticides applied worldwide are used to control insects affecting vegetables and fruits. Transgenic, or more commonly referred to as genetically modified (GM), vegetables and fruits offer unique opportunities for controlling insects and the pathogens they transmit. Aphid transmitted viruses have been particularly difficult to manage by tactics aimed at reducing aphid populations and in many cases there has not been virus resistant plant germplasm. Farmers in the USA have benefited from having GM virus resistant squash and papaya available to them as tools in their overall IPM programs. In the USA, Bt sweet corn has proven effective for control of Lepidoptera and continues to be accepted in the fresh market. However, the best opportunities for GM vegetables and fruits are in developing countries where 83% of the world’s population lives, the majority of vegetables and fruits are produced and pest problems are most acute.
Cookbook confidential: global appetites, culinary fantasies, and Thai food

Thai cookbooks offer a productive lens for examining the inequalities at work in contemporary processes of cultural commodification. In the past, these ethnic cookbooks often imagined their non-Tha...
Attachment to God: Differentiating the Contributions of Fathers and Mothers Using the Experiences in Parental Relationships Scale:

Research on attachment to God has suggested that relationships with primary caregivers are reenacted in the type of attachment relationship experienced with God. However, this research is limited b...
Intelligent photonic memory towards real-time decision making (Conference Presentation)

If electro-optic conversion of current photonic NNs could be postponed until the very end of the network, then the execution time is simply the photon time-of-flight delay. Here we discuss a first design and performance of an all-optical perceptron and feed-forward NN. Key is the dual-purpose foundry-approved heterogeneous integration of phase-change-materials resulting in a) volatile nonlinear activation function (threshold) realized with ps-short optical pulses resulting in a non-equilibrium variation of the materials permittivity, and b) thermo-optically writing a non-volatile optical multi-cell (5-bit) memory for the NN weights after being (offline) trained. Once trained, the weights only required a rare update, thus saving power. Performance wise, such an integrated all-optical NN is capable of < fJ/MAC using experimental demonstrated pump-probe [Waldecker et al, Nat. Mat. 2015] with a delay per perceptron being ~ps [Miscuglio et al. Opt.Mat.Exp. 2018] has a high cascadability.
Sequence matters: patterns in task-based clinical reasoning

Background The cognitive pathways that lead to an accurate diagnosis and efficient management plan can touch on various clinical reasoning tasks (1). These tasks can be employed at any point during the clinical reasoning process and though the four distinct categories of framing, diagnosis, management, and reflection provide some insight into how these tasks map onto clinical reasoning, much is still unknown about the task-based clinical reasoning process. For example, when and how are these tasks typically used? And more importantly, do these clinical reasoning task processes evolve when patient encounters become complex and/or challenging (i.e. with contextual factors)? Methods We examine these questions through the lens of situated cognition, context specificity, and cognitive load theory. Sixty think-aloud transcripts from 30 physicians who participated in two separate cases - one with a contextual factor and one without - were coded for 26 clinical reasoning tasks (1). These tasks were organized temporally, i.e. when they emerged in their think-aloud process. Frequencies of each of the 26 tasks were aggregated, categorized, and visualized in order to analyze task category sequences. Results We found that (a) as expected, clinical tasks follow a general sequence, (b) contextual factors can distort this emerging sequence, and (c) the presence of contextual factors prompts more experienced physicians to clinically reason similar to that of less experienced physicians. Conclusions These findings add to the existing literature on context specificity in clinical reasoning and can be used to strengthen teaching and assessment of clinical reasoning.
The Significance of Taking Antiretroviral Medications for African-Born People Living with HIV and Residing in Minnesota.

Thanks to the development of antiretroviral (ART) medications, HIV is now a chronic and manageable disease. This study aimed to (1) capture the experiences of African-born persons living with HIV and taking antiretroviral treatment, and (2) explore the impact of social and cultural factors on their decisions to follow the prescribed treatment. For this study, a qualitative approach was used. The participants were recruited via fliers, then screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria. Recruitment of the participants continued until data saturation occurred. The interview guide was developed based on the extensive literature and recommendations from the clinical team. In-person narrative interviews were conducted with 14 participants—African-born persons living with HIV and residing in Minnesota. Thematic Analysis revealed three emergent themes: “To exist I have to take the medicine”; barriers and facilitators in taking ART medications; and the power of spirituality and prayers. The findings of this study paint a picture of African-born persons living with HIV, and their experiences with ART medications. This study not only presents the participants’ medication experiences and their significance, but also tells their stories of how God and prayers play a significant role in helping them to get through the difficult moments of their lives.
Disseminated M. bovis Infection and Vertebral Osteomyelitis following Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer

The use of BCG in immunotherapy for bladder cancer has been in practice for over 40 years. However, uncommon, serious complications can occur with the therapy. Here, we present a case of vertebral osteomyelitis secondary to dissemination of BCG following immunotherapy, an exceedingly rare presentation of an already rare complication.
Anesthesia for the Patient with Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder, which has an estimated prevalence of 1–2 per 1,000,000 people. FOP is a progressive disorder affecting the patient’s musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, causing the transformation of connective tissue into bone through a process termed heterotopic ossification. Only the diaphragm, extra-ocular muscles, tongue, and cardiac muscle are spared from this pathologic process, which currently has no cure. Consequently, when presenting for surgery, the affected patient should be treated as a difficult airway, and extra precautions should be taken during airway management. Awake nasotracheal intubation with fibreoptic bronchoscopy is considered by experts to be the standard of care when the patient with FOP requires a general anesthetic. Surgical procedures can precipitate new bone growth and heterotopic ossification, known as flare ups, and perioperative steroid administration is critical for the prevention of flare ups. With appropriate precautions and a multidisciplinary effort, the patient with FOP can have a successful perioperative experience. It is not uncommon for the surgical patient with FOP to have a same day discharge following surgery.
Sclerosing Polycystic Adenoma: a Case Report and Review of Literature

Sclerosing polycystic adenoma (SPA) is an uncommon entity with fewer than 100 reported cases in the literature. Predominately affecting the major salivary glands, SPA typically presents as a painless, slow-growing mass in a middle-aged woman. The lesion’s histopathologic features are reminiscent of fibrocystic changes of the breast, but recent genetic studies provide evidence for a neoplastic process. We present a case of a sclerosing polycystic adenoma in a 69-year-old female with no significant medical history who was found to have a left parotid mass. This led to a fine needle aspiration (FNA) which was non-diagnostic. Superficial parotidectomy yielded a well-circumscribed unencapsulated mass with histologic and immunohistochemical features consistent with the diagnosis of SPA. We present this case to further characterize SPA, adding to the body of literature regarding the tumor’s presentation and histopathologic and immunohistochemical features.
Comparison of obstetrician-gynecologists and family physicians regarding weight-related attitudes, communication, and bias.

Abstract Objectives To assess physician perceptions regarding weight-related communication, quality of care, and bias in obstetrics-gynecology (OBGYN) and family physician (FP) practices. Methods A cross-sectional survey study based on a convenient sampling of OBGYN and FP was conducted. Physicians completed a 40-question survey assessing perceived obesity management and weight bias in caring for female patients with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2. Results Reponses from 51 physicians (25 OBGYN and 26 FP) were received. There was no difference between specialties in satisfaction with care or level of confidence in treating patients with obesity. However, OBGYNs reported more negative perceptions of patients with obesity (mean score 19.2 ± 3.3 vs. 15.0 ± 4.0, p Conclusions OBGYN physicians reported significantly higher levels of weight bias than FP physicians, indicating a need for improved education in OBGYN training. Clinical trial registration N/A.
COMUNIDADES DE PARÁSITOS DE PATAGONOTOTHEN TESSELLATA (RICHARDSON, 1845) (PISCES: NOTOTHENIIDAE) DE CHILE AUSTRAL: ¿QUÉ TAN DETERMINANTE ES EL SEXO DEL HOSPEDERO?

The knowledge of the parasites community in marine fish is extensive. However, there is scarce information about their parasites in several fish species, such as the case of Patagonotothen tessellate (Richardson, 1845), which is a fish widely distributed and abundant on the Patagonia. The aim of this study was to determinate the community composition of parasites in P. tessellata and to establish the role of the host sex in the composition of parasites through population and community descriptors of parasites. In January 2018, 118 specimens of P. tessellata were collected from two nearby locations, Prat bay and Remota bay, Puerto Natales, Austral Chile. From the fish sample, 13 parasite species were recovered, mostly from the Phyla Nematoda and Acanthocephala. As a result, the nematode Pseudodelphis sp. followed by the acanthocephalan Hypoechinorhynchus magellanicus (Szidat, 1950) were those with the highest prevalence (78,8% y 53,4% respectively) and abundance (7,18 ± 17,95 y 7,30 ± 15,21 respectively). Male and female hosts had similar body sizes and positive correlation between weight-length, also, no significant differences were observed in the composition and parasite load. Besides, there is no connection between the fish sex and its parasitic composition, because there were no significant differences in the prevalence or in the average abundance of the parasite species between the sexes of the host. These results indicate that males and females of P. tessellata share the same habitats and have the same diet, therefore, the fishes are exposed to the same parasitic species and in the same environmental conditions.
Impact of Hypoxic Exercise Recovery on Skeletal Muscle Glycogen and Gene Expression.

Slivka, Dustin, Charles Dumke, Walter Hailes, and Brent Ruby. Impact of hypoxic exercise recovery on skeletal muscle glycogen and gene expression. High Alt Med Biol 00:000–000, 2021. Background: Th...
Changes in the Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) Among Obese Older Adults After a 12-Month Exercise and Diet Intervention

Objectives The Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) was developed to estimate adipose tissue dysfunction as well as visceral fat distribution. In an ancillary analysis of the CROSSROADS Study (clinicaltrials.gov #{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00955903","term_id":"NCT00955903"}}NCT00955903), this study investigated the effects of exercise with and without intentional energy restriction on VAI changes among older adults with obesity.
George Kaufman: Both Hands In; Scholar’s Work with Academia and Financial Industry Benefitted Both

This paper examines the career of economist Prof. George Kaufman, whose work combined and benefited both academia and the financial industry, helping both better understand the problems of financia...
Performance Analysis of Synchronizer and Measurement of Metastability

There are so many applications which require more than one clock for their application. The transmitter works on one clock frequency and the receiver may work on another frequency. Due to this difference in frequencies between the transmitter and receiver causes the slower data transfer operation depending upon the transmitter frequency and sometimes there may be data loss. So in order to synchronize the data between them there is a need of synchronizer. The synchronizer plays an important role for proper communication between the transmitter and receiver. Another aspect of communication is reliability of data transfer and this can be determined and directly controlled by synchronizer. Hence the analysis of synchronizer plays vital role in an effective communication. The input to the synchronizer is asynchronous in nature so sometimes the synchronizer fails to synchronize the communication and this is called as metastability. Metastability states are common in digital circuits, and synchronizers are must to protect their fatal effects. Originally, they were required when reading an asynchronous input (namely, not synchronized with the clock so it might change exactly when sampled). Now, with multiple clock domains on the same chip, synchronizers are required when on-chip data crosses the clock domain boundaries.. This can be achieved by the parameters of synchronizer. The proposed architecture shows the analysis of the reliable data transfer and metastability.
Making Service-Learning Partnerships Work: Listening and Responding to Community Partners

This study explored community partners’ perspectives regarding the motivations and barriers to engaging in service-learning partnerships. Three focus groups (N = 19) were held with representatives from diverse nonprofit organizations recruited from a university-based center for community service learning. Desire for expanded organizational capacity emerged as the strongest motivator, although enjoyment of mentoring students and the ability to acquire new knowledge also motivated individuals above and beyond the needs of their organizations. Faculty engagement presented the greatest barrier, which poses questions about the power dynamics of service learning and the extent to which faculty respect the community in these relationships.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Individualism and Collectivism

Individualism-collectivism (IC) is an important dimension that underlies a variety of cultural differences in cognition, emotion, and motivation. Several models have been proposed to conceptualize this construct, and each of them will be briefly reviewed. Keywords: Geert Hofstede; individualism
Probabilistic guarantees on message delays over wide-area networks using in-situ instruments

Messages transported over wide-area networks are subject to various delays at the intermediate nodes and hosts. In addition to bandwidth limits, the delays have an apparent "random" component due to the complicated dynamics of the network traffic. We consider that the messages sent over the network are subjected to three types of delays: (a) propagation delays along the links, (b) delays due to bandwidth availability on the links, and (c) "other delays" at the intermediate nodes which are randomly distributed according to unknown distributions. We propose an overlay network of in-situ instruments on such a network to collect delay measurements, and to compute and implement paths for message transport. We propose an algorithm to compute a path whose message delay is close to the optimal expected delay with a high probability, based entirely on measurements. We then present a multiple path method for achieving low end-to-end delays, which is implemented over the Internet using user-level daemons. These daemons realize multiple paths among themselves without explicit support from the underlying network routers, and achieve higher aggregated bandwidths compared to the usual transport methods.
The Developmental Origins of Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression: Negative Interpersonal Context Leads to Personal Vulnerability

The articles in this special issue address empirically potential developmental origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression. The findings from these studies converge on the theme that the nature of the interpersonal context within which individuals develop is central to the emergence of cognitive vulnerability versus invulnerability to depression.
Outcome of Septic Shock in Older Adults After Implementation of the Sepsis “Bundle”

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect on 28-day mortality of implementation of a sepsis “bundle” protocol for the treatment of older adults with septic shock. DESIGN: Observational prospective study with a historical control group. SETTING: Tertiary care center. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty-seven consecutive patients recruited between May 2004 and February 2007 matched to a historic group identified between March 2001 and April 2004. INTERVENTIONS: Implementation of a sepsis protocol for the management of septic shock. RESULTS: Subjects who were treated according to the sepsis “bundle” had an absolute risk reduction in 28-day mortality of 16% (95% confidence interval (CI)=−31% to −2%). The treatment group received a larger volume of fluid in the first 6 hours of presentation (3,960 ± 1,990 vs 2,490 ± 1,020 mL; P<.001) and lower doses of vasopressors (maximum dosage of norepinephrine 0.51 μg/kg per min (range 0.12–1.7) vs 0.98 μg/kg per min (range 0.15–3.1) P=.009). A high prevalence of adrenal insufficiency (86%) was identified in the study population. There were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups in the surviving patients with respect to duration of mechanical ventilation (median 8.5 vs 12.0, respectively; P=.07) or intensive care unit length of stay (median 12 days vs 15 days; P=.08). According to Cox regression analysis, implementation of the sepsis bundle protocol was independently associated with better 28-day survival (hazard ratio=0.54, 95% CI=0.33–0.86; P=.01). CONCLUSION: Older patients with septic shock had a better 28-day survival rate when treated with a comprehensive sepsis “bundle” protocol.
Efficient Gabor Filter Using Vedic Mathematic for High Speed Convolution in Skin Cancer Detection

Normal moles are mostly small brown in color that are spots or growths on the skin that is by birth or emerge in the first few decades of life in almost everyone. Skin cancer most often appears as moles. Seldom people are aware about the skin cancer. If detected at early stages then it can be cured. We propose an improved design of Gabon filter which is combined with Vedic algorithm (Urdhva Triyagbhyam) to give faster convolution result. The exertion has proved the efficiency of Urdhva Triyagbhyam which is the Vedic method of multiplication that enables parallel generation of intermediary products that eliminates unwanted multiplication steps with zeros and scaled to higher bit. In this paper we employ the filter design appropriate for detecting the early stages of skin cancer using textural properties of skin.
Comparison of Neutron and Heavy-Ion Damage in a Single-Phase Austenite

Damage microstructures are compared at a dose of 10 dpa in a high-purity Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloy after irradiation in EBR-II and after nickel ion bombardment at temperatures encompassing the peak swelling. The damage features are qualitatively similar, but there are less cavities in the ion bombarded specimens. Incorporation of helium during the ion bombardments improves but does not eliminate this discrepancy. The level of peak swelling is 1/3 that for the neutron irradiations. The upward shift in peak swelling temperature with four orders of magnitude increase in damage rate is 75 K when helium is absent during ion bombardment, and 125 K when helium is coimplanted. These effects are consistent with theoretical predictions. It is concluded that ion bombardments can match a required level of neutron swelling when the appropriate, empirical temperature shift and dose equivalency are applied, but such translations may not adequately reproduce the quantitative microstructural aspects.
An Infinite-Dimensional Variational Inequality Formulation and Existence Result for Dynamic User Equilibrium with Elastic Demands

This paper is concerned with dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) with elastic travel demand (E-DUE). We present and prove a variational inequality (VI) formulation of E-DUE using measure-theoretic argument. Moreover, existence of the E-DUE is formally established with a version of Brouwer's fixed point theorem in a properly defined Hilbert space. The existence proof requires the effective delay operator to be continuous, a regularity condition also needed to ensure the existence of DUE with fixed demand (Han et al., 2013c). Our proof does not invoke the a priori upper bound of the departure rates (path flows).
A homogeneous, liposome-based signal amplification for assays involving enzymes.

Exploiting the fact that phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) liposome can be stabilized by a membrane lipid or protein, and that destruction of this stabilizer leads to rapid lysis of the liposome, we have designed a liposome-based signal enhancement mechanism for assays that involve enzyme as the final read-out step. Stable liposomes with entrapped glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were prepared with unsaturated PE stabilized with 5 mol percent of ganglioside GM1. Addition of beta-galactosidase caused rapid (3-5 min) lysis of liposomes, revealing the latent G6PDH activity, owing to the enzymatic degalactosylation of GM1. We have used Microgenic's CEDIA assay for digoxin as an example. The magnitude of signal was 25 mA/min per microgram of digoxin per liter for the unamplified assay and 1000 mA/min per microgram of digoxin per liter for the liposome-enhanced assay--i.e., a 40-fold amplification. This simple, rapid, and homogeneous signal-amplification mechanism is likely to be useful in many enzyme-dependent assays, such as ELISA, CEDIA, gene-probe assays, and immunoliposome assays.
Receptor binding dependent structural changes in human choriogonadotropin: photochemical inter-subunit crosslinking.

Activation of surface receptors is thought to occur in multiple transient steps with conformational adjustments of hormones and receptors beginning from the initial hormone-receptor contact. In this study, we have established a sensitive photochemical crosslinking method to detect structural change of hCG upon receptor binding. hCG consists of an α subunit and a β subunit. Free α subunit was derivatized with photosensitive reagents and reassociated with unmodified β subunit. Reassociated hCG αβ dimer was capable of high affinity receptor binding and activation. The reagents attached to the α subunit were capable of crosslinking the α subunit to the β subunit. However, the extent of inter-subunit cross-linking in solution was two—three fold greater than inter-subunit crosslinking after hCG bound to the receptor. This difference indicates a novel structural change at the subunit interface in response to hCG binding to the receptor. Although highly unlikely, other microenvironmental factors might have interfered with the crosslinking efficiency without impacting the structure of hCG. This study lays the ground work to precisely define the location and nature of the change. Such information will be crucial for the understanding of the molecular mechanism of the hormone-receptor interaction and receptor activation.
Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate enhance memory retention in mice.

Abstract Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DHEAS), major naturally occuring precursors of both androgenic and estrogenic steroids, were shown in the present study to have convincing memory enhancing effects in mice. Post-training intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of DHEA in dimethylsulfoxide (2 μl) prevented the amnesia for footshock active avoidance training (FAAT) caused by the same volume of dimethylsulfoxide alone. DHEAS significantly enhanced retention of FAAT in weekly trained mice whether injected i.c.v. or s.c. immediately post-training or given in the drinking water for a 2-week period. In the latter instance DHEAS was shown to facilitate retention of FAAT without enhancing acquisition. The maximally effective doses were: i.c.v., 162 ng/mouse; s.c., 700 μg/mouse; and oral, 1.45 mg/mouse/day. DHEAS administered i.c.v. occluded the amnestic effects of anisomycin (inhibitor of protein synthesis) and scopolamine (muscarinic cholinergic antagonist). There was a time-dependence of facilitatory effects of post-training i.c.v. administration of DHEAS on retention of FAAT, significant enhancement of retention being observed when it was given either immediately (within 2 min) or at 30 and 60 min after training, but not at 90 or 120 min. DHEAS given i.c.v. also improved retention for step-down passive avoidance. In all instances, those-dependent inverted U curves were obtained in a manner typical for memory enhancing substances. At a practical level, these experiments open new possibilities for the development of substances that may help in alleviating amnestic disorders in man.
"It's like playing with your destiny": Bosnian immigrants' views of advance directives and end-of-life decision-making.

Patient autonomy is a primary value in US health care. It is assumed that patients want to be fully and directly informed about serious health conditions and want to engage in advance planning about medical care at the end-of-life. Written advance directives and proxy decision-makers are vehicles to promote autonomy when patients are no longer able to represent their wishes. Cross-cultural studies have raised questions about the universal acceptance of these health care values among all ethnicities. In the current investigation, Bosnian immigrants were interviewed about their views of physician–patient communication, advance directives, and locus of decision-making in serious illness. Many of the respondents indicated that they did not want to be directly informed of a serious illness. There was an expressed preference for physician- or family-based health care decisions. Advance directives and formally appointed proxies were typically seen as unnecessary and inconsistent with many respondents’ personal values. The findings suggest that the value of individual autonomy and control over the health care decisions may not be applicable to cultures with a collectivist orientation.
Modeling of supersolidus liquid phase sintering: II. Densification

Analogous to the viscous-flow principle in rheology, a densification model is developed for super-solidus liquid phase sintering (SLPS). The presence of a threshold value of the liquid film along the grain boundary and its influence on the onset of densification is analyzed. The liquid film thickness is affected by the grain size and liquid volume fraction. Both change with temperature during constant heating, thereby influencing the densification process due to particle rearrangementvia grain frag-mentation. Two cases of densification, one using a constant heating rate and the other under iso-thermal conditions, are discussed. The present model is in good conceptual agreement with the viscous flow-induced densification mechanism and provides a sound basis for a quantitative study of shrinkage behavior in SLPS.