cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rare K-decays as crucial tests for unified models with gauged baryon number

Abstract In the grand-unified models based on SU((15) and SU (16) in which the quarks and leptons are un-unified at the intermediate stages, we show that BR (KL → μe) ⩽ 10−14 and BR (K+ → π+μe) ⩽ 10−14 despite the presence of leptoquark gauge bosons. Thus, the observation of these processes in the ongoing or upcoming experiments will rule out the models.
Anosov Lie algebras and algebraic units in number fields

We study nilmanifolds admitting Anosov automorphisms by applying elementary properties of algebraic units in number fields to the associated Anosov Lie algebras. We identify obstructions to the existence of Anosov Lie algebras. The case of 13-dimensional Anosov Lie algebras is worked out as an illustration of the technique. Also, we recapture the following known results: (1) Every 7-dimensional Anosov nilmanifold is toral, and (2) every 8-dimensional Anosov Lie algebra with 3 or 5-dimensional derived algebra contains an abelian factor.
Field enhancement of a 12.5-T magnet using holmium poles

Unlike conventional ferromagnetic materials such as iron and Supermendur, which produce saturation magnetization fields of approximately 2 T, several of the rare-earth elements (holmium, terbium, erbium, gadolinium, and dysprosium) yield saturated fields of nearly 4 T. This property makes these rare-earth metals particularly attractive as flux concentrators for use in superconducting magnets. This report concerns the use of holmium inserts to enhance the peak useful field of the nominally 12.5-T, 5-cm-bore tape magnet manufactured by the Intermagnetics General Corporation (IGC). Nonlinear magnetostatic analysis indicates that this field increases to nearly 16 T with the rare-earth poles inserted within the bore on both sides of the coil's split-plane radial access gap. This paper focuses on computer modeling methods and experimental results.
Anxiety buffer disruption theory: a terror management account of posttraumatic stress disorder

We present anxiety buffer disruption theory (ABDT) and provide a review of current evidence regarding the theory. ABDT is an application of terror management theory to explain diverse reactions to traumatic events and the onset and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It posits that PTSD results from a disruption in one's anxiety-buffering mechanisms, which normally provide protection against anxiety in general and death anxiety in particular. The disruption of these mechanisms leaves the individual defenseless in the face of overwhelming anxiety, which leads to the major symptom clusters of PTSD: re-experiencing, hyper-arousal, and avoidance. According to ABDT, because of the disruption in their anxiety-buffering mechanisms, individuals with PTSD symptoms do not respond to mortality reminders in the defensive ways that psychologically healthier individuals do. We review four sets of studies conducted in four different cultures and with people who have experienced different types of trauma, which reveal this atypical response pattern and lend support to ABDT.
Assessment and Outlook

The author's assignment at this conference is to assess where the authors are in high-energy physics and speculate on where the authors might be going. This frees him from any obligation to summarize all that went on here and allows him to talk just about those topics that interest him the most at this time. He will lets his prejudices show and talks a bit about physics in general, CP violation, neutrinos, accelerators, non-accelerator experiments, and even theory.
America's settling down: How better jobs and falling immigration led to a rise in marriage, 1880–1930

Abstract The early 20th century was a period of rising marriage rate and falling age at marriage. This was due to two factors affecting men. First, men's improving labor market prospects made them more attractive as marriage partners. Second, immigration had a dynamic effect on search costs. In the short-run, it fragmented the marriage market, making it harder to find a partner of one's preferred background. The high search costs led to less marriage and later marriage in the 1890s. In the long-run, as immigration declined, immigrants' descendants integrated with American society. This reduced search costs and increased the marriage rate.
The role of vortex strings in the non-compact lattice Abelian Higgs model

Abstract The non-compact lattice version of the Abelian Higgs model is studied in terms of its topological excitations. The Villain form of the partition function is represented as a sum over world-sheets of gauge-invariant “vortex” strings. The phase transition of the system is then related to the density of these excitations. Through Monte Carlo simulations the density of the vortex sheets is shown to be a good order parameter for the system. The vortex density essentially vanishes in the Higgs phase, and the Coulomb phase consists of a single vortex condensate.
Bleeding patterns and patient acceptability of standard or continuous dosing regimens of a low-dose oral contraceptive: a randomized trial

The purpose of this study is to compare bleeding patterns and acceptability of a contraceptive regimen of combined 20 microg ethinyl estradiol/100 microg levonorgestrel taken with and without a hormone-free interval. Thirty-two women desiring oral contraception were randomized to six 28-day cycles (standard group) or 168 days without a pill-free interval (continuous group). Participants kept a daily bleeding calendar documenting bleeding events (none, spotting or required sanitary protection) and side effects (headache, nausea, breast tenderness, depression, premenstrual syndrome and bloating). Primary outcome was number of bleeding days. Secondary outcomes included bleeding days requiring sanitary protection, amenorrhea, patient acceptability of bleeding patterns, method satisfaction and affective side effects. There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of the two groups. Although total bleeding days were fewer in the continuous group (mean = 25.9 vs. 34.9 days), this result did not reach statistical significance. However, women in the continuous group reported significantly fewer bleeding days that required protection (18.4 vs. 33.8 days, p < 0.01), and were more likely to have amenorrhea. Although both groups reported a high level of satisfaction with bleeding patterns and side effect profiles, women in the continuous group reported significantly fewer days of bloating (0.7 vs. 11.1 days, p = 0.04), and menstrual pain (1.9 vs. 13.3 days, p < 0.01). Continuous use of 20 microg ethinyl estradiol/100 microg levonorgestrel is associated with less bleeding requiring protection, and more amenorrhea than standard administration. Taken with or without a hormone-free interval, this oral contraceptive formulation is highly acceptable with regard to bleeding patterns and side effect profile. The continuous group had fewer light and moderate bleeding days, less bloating and menstrual pain. For patients who are seeking these results, this method may be more desirable.
Effects of α‐Radiolysis on Leaching of a Nuclear Waste Glass

The effects of α-radiolysis on leaching were studied in compositionally identical Pu-doped waste glass samples which were prepared at different α-activities (dose rates) by varying the 239Pu/238Pu isotopic ratio in the Pu dopant. The results of 14-, 28-, and 56-d static leach tests at 40°C, in both deionized water and brine solution, indicate that α-radiolysis at the samplelsolution interface increased Pu and Si release by a factor of ≅3.
Stille Coupling of an Aziridinyl Stannatrane

An aziridinyl stannatrane 8 couples with aryl or alkenyl halides RX under modified Stille conditions to afford substituted aziridines. Efficient coupling at room temperature is possible in the best examples in the presence of ((t)Bu3P)2Pd and CuOP(O)Ph2 (CuDPP).
What QCD Tells Us About Nature -- and Why We Should Listen

I discuss why QCD is our most perfect physical theory. Then I visit a few of its current frontiers. Finally I draw some appropriate conclusions.
Skyrmions in the fractional quantum Hall effect

Abstract It is verified that, at small Zeeman energies, the charged excitations in the vicinity of 1 3 filled Landau level are skyrmions of composite fermions, analogous to the skyrmions of electrons near filling factor unity. These are found to be relevant, however, only at very low magnetic fields.
D1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens-shell, but not the core, are involved in mediating ethanol-seeking behavior of alcohol-preferring (P) rats.

Abstract Clinical and preclinical research suggest that activation of the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is involved in mediating the rewarding actions of drugs of abuse, as well as promoting drug-seeking behavior. Inhibition of DA D 1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) can reduce ethanol (EtOH)-seeking behavior of non-selective rats triggered by environmental context. However, to date, there has been no research on the effects of D 1 receptor agents on EtOH- seeking behavior of high alcohol-preferring (P) rats following prolonged abstinence. The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of microinjecting the D 1 antagonist SCH 23390 or the D 1 agonist A-77636 into the Acb shell or Acb core on spontaneous recovery of EtOH-seeking behavior. After 10 weeks of concurrent access to EtOH and water, P rats underwent seven extinction sessions (EtOH and water withheld), followed by 2 weeks in their home cages without access to EtOH or operant sessions. In the 2nd week of the home cage phase, rats were bilaterally implanted with guide cannula aimed at the Acb shell or Acb core; rats were allowed 7 days to recover before EtOH-seeking was assessed by the Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery (PSR) model. Administration of SCH23390 (1 μg/side) into the Acb shell inhibited responding on the EtOH lever, whereas administration of A-77636 (0.125 μg/side) increased responding on the EtOH lever. Microinfusion of D 1 receptor agents into the Acb core did not alter responding on the EtOH lever. Responses on the water lever were not altered by any of the treatments. The results suggest that activation of D 1 receptors within the Acb shell, but not Acb core, are involved in mediating PSR of EtOH-seeking behavior of P rats.
Impact of the 1985 Space World Administrative Radio Conference on frequency/orbit planning and use

The 1985 World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC-ORB-85) was held to determine which space radio services should be planned and which planning methods should be used. The second session of this Conference (WARC-ORB-88) will meet to develop the required plans. This paper presents the results of WARC-ORB-85, assesses the impact of those decisions, and identifies the intersessional work to be conducted by administrations and the CCIR (Consultative Committee on International Radio). The major decisions of WARC-ORB-85 were: (1) the restriction of additional planning to the fixed satellite service at identified frequencies; and (2) the selection of a planning method consisting of two parts (a) an allotment plan, and (b) improved procedures. The paper also discusses WARC-ORB-85 decisions relative to the Region 2 broadcast satellite service plans at 12 GHz, feederlink planning for Regions 1 and 3 broadcast satellites at 12 GHz, and sound broadcast satellite service.
Total synthesis and structural revision of the marine macrolide neopeltolide.

The total synthesis and structural revision of the marine natural product neopeltolide is reported. The key bond-forming step involves a Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to install the tetrahydropyran ring and the macrocycle simultaneously. This type of cyclization is the first of its kind and assembles the carbon backbone of the natural product efficiently. The synthesis of the reported structure revealed differences in the data between the natural and synthetic material. After significant investigation, the diastereomeric molecule with the C11 and C13 configurations inverted was synthesized using the initial route. This compound matches the data reported for neopeltolide (1H, 13C, HRMS, IR, NOESY, [α]), thereby establishing the correct overall structure for this potent macrolide natural product, including the relative and absolute stereochemistry.
MHD field line resonances and global modes in three-dimensional magnetic fields

[1] By assuming a general isotropic pressure distribution P = P(ψ, α), where ψ and α are three-dimensional scalar functions labeling the field lines with B = ∇ψ × ∇α, we have derived a set of MHD eigenmode equations for both global MHD modes and field line resonances (FLR). Past MHD theories are restricted to isotropic pressures with P = P(ψ) only. The present formulation also allows the plasma mass density to vary along the field line. The linearized ideal MHD equations are cast into a set of global differential equations from which the field line resonance equations of the shear Alfven waves and slow magnetosonic modes are naturally obtained for general three-dimensional magnetic field geometries with flux surfaces. Several new terms associated with ∂P/∂α are obtained. In the FLR equations a new term is found in the shear Alfven FLR equation due to the geodesic curvature and the pressure gradient in the poloidal flux surface. The coupling between the shear Alfven waves and the magnetosonic waves is through the combined effects of geodesic magnetic field curvature (κs = 2κ · B × ∇ψ/B2) and plasma pressure as previously derived. The properties of the FLR eigenfunctions at the resonance field lines are investigated, and the behavior of the FLR wave solutions near the FLR surface are derived. Numerical solutions of the FLR equations for three-dimensional magnetospheric fields in equilibrium with high plasma pressure will be presented in a future publication.
Central limit theorem for triangular arrays of non-homogeneous Markov chains

In this paper we obtain the central limit theorem for triangular arrays of non-homogeneous Markov chains under a condition imposed to the maximal coefficient of correlation. The proofs are based on martingale techniques and a sharp lower bound estimate for the variance of partial sums. The results complement an important central limit theorem of Dobrushin based on the contraction coefficient.
Morphological Evolution of Ag/Mica Films Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Many vapor-deposited metal-on-insulator films exhibit a morphological progression with increasing thickness consisting of several distinct stages: (1) nucleation of 3-dimensional na-nocrystalline islands; (2) elongation of the islands; (3) film percolation. Here we report a study of this progression during Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD), a technique for film deposition that differs from thermal deposition in that the depositing species arrive in short energetic bursts, leading to instantaneous deposition fluxes orders of magnitude higher than can be achieved in thermal growth. Atomic Force Microscopy reveals that advancement through this same morphological progression occurs at lower thickness in PLD films relative to films grown under comparable conditions by thermal deposition, with PLD films having lower RMS roughness at a given thickness. We also observe that for a constant amount deposited per pulse, films deposited at higher laser pulse frequency are further advanced in morphological state. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations reveal that PLD nucleation behavior differs from that of thermally deposited films, and this can account for the observed differences. Simulations also reveal a scaling of the percolation thickness with pulse frequency that is consistent with experiment.
A SYSTEMATIC RETRIEVAL ANALYSIS OF SECONDARY ECLIPSE SPECTRA. III. DIAGNOSING CHEMICAL DISEQUILIBRIUM IN PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES

Chemical disequilibrium has recently become a relevant topic in the study of the atmospheres of of transiting extrasolar planets, brown dwarfs, and directly imaged exoplanets. We present a new way of assessing whether or not a Jovian-like atmosphere is in chemical disequilibrium from observations of detectable or inferred gases such as H_2 O, CH_4, CO, and H _2. Our hypothesis, based on previous kinetic modeling studies, is that cooler atmospheres will show stronger signs of disequilibrium than hotter atmospheres. We verify this with chemistry-transport models and show that planets with temperatures less than ~ 1200 K are likely to show the strongest signs of disequilibrium due to the vertical quenching of CO, and that our new approach is able to capture this process. We also find that in certain instances a planetary composition may appear in equilibrium when it actually is not due to the degeneracy in the shape of the vertical mixing ratio profiles. We determine the state of disequilibrium in eight exoplanets using the results from secondary eclipse temperature and abundance retrievals. We find that all of the planets in our sample are consistent with thermochemical equilibrium to within 3-sigma. Future observations are needed to further constrain the abundances in order to definitively identify disequilibrium in exoplanet atmospheres.
Detection of Prostate Cancer With a Blood-Based Assay for Early Prostate Cancer Antigen

Prostate-specific antigen lacks specificity for prostate cancer, so the identification and characterization of a unique bloodbased marker for the disease would provide for a more accurate diagnosis, reducing both unnecessary biopsies and patient uncertainty. We previously identified a novel biomarker for prostate cancer, early prostate cancer antigen (EPCA). EPCA antibodies positively stained the negative biopsies of men who, as much as 5 years later, were diagnosed with prostate cancer. The goal of this study was to determine whether EPCA antibodies could be used in a clinically applicable plasma-based immunoassay to specifically detect prostate cancer. Using an EPCA-based ELISA, the protein was measured in the plasma of 46 individuals, including prostate cancer patients, healthy individuals, other cancer patients, spinal cord injury victims, and patients with prostatitis. With a predetermined cutoff value of 1.7 absorbance at 450 nm, only the prostate cancer population, as a whole, expressed plasma-EPCA levels above the cutoff. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference in EPCA levels between the prostate cancer population and each of the other groups, specifically the healthy donors (P < 0.0001), bladder cancer patients (P = 0.03), and spinal cord injury patients (P = 0.001). Sensitivity of the EPCA assay for prostate cancer patients was 92% whereas the overall specificity was 94%. Specificity for the healthy donors was 100%. Although larger trials are required, this initial study shows the potential of EPCA to serve as a highly specific blood-based marker for prostate cancer. EPCA, when coupled with prostate-specific antigen, may help reduce the number of both unnecessary biopsies and undetected prostate tumors. (Cancer Res 2005; 65(10): 4097-100)
Neurologic paraneoplastic syndromes

Paraneoplastic disorders can affect any part of the central or peripheral nervous system. Although relatively uncommon, these disorders are a significant cause of severe neurologic disability among cancer patients. Many paraneoplastic disorders are believed to be caused by an autoimmune response directed against shared neural tumor antigens. This article summarizes the clinical features, possible autoimmune pathophysiology, and management issues for patients with paraneoplastic disorders.
Using Knowledge-Based Neural Networks to Improve Algorithms: Refining the Chou–Fasman Algorithm for Protein Folding

This article describes a connectionist method for refining algorithms represented as generalized finite-state automata. The method translates the rule-like knowledge in an automaton into a corresponding artificial neural network, and then refines the reformulated automaton by applying backpropagation to a set of examples. This technique for translating an automaton into a network extends the KBANN algorithm, a system that translates a set of prepositional rules into a corresponding neural network. The extended system, FSKBANN, allows one to refine the large class of algorithms that can be represented as state-based processes. As a test, FSKBANN is used to improve the Chou–Fasman algorithm, a method for predicting how globular proteins fold. Empirical evidence shows that the multistrategy approach of FSKBANN leads to a statistically-significantly, more accurate solution than both the original Chou–Fasman algorithm and a neural network trained using the standard approach. Extensive statistics report the types of errors made by the Chou–Fasman algorithm, the standard neural network, and the FSKBANN network.
Introduction to Computational Biology: Maps, Sequences and Genomes

Preface Introduction Molecular Biology Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science Some Molecular Biology DNA and Proteins The Central Dogma The Genetic Code Transfer RNA and Protein Sequences Genes Are Not Simple Biological Chemistry Restriction Maps Introduction Graphs Interval Graphs Measuring Fragment Sizes Multiple Maps Double Digest Problem Classifying Multiple Solutions Algorithms for DDP Algorithms and Complexity DDP is N P-Complete Approaches to DDP Simulated Annealing: TSP and DDP Mapping with Real Data Cloning and Clone Libraries A Finite Number of Random Clones Libraries by Complete Digestion Libraries by Partial Digestion Genomes per Microgram Physical Genome Maps: Oceans, Islands, and Anchors Mapping by Fingerprinting Mapping by Anchoring An Overview of Clone Overlap Putting It Together Sequence Assembly Shotgun Sequencing Sequencing by Hybridization Shotgun Sequencing Revisited Databases and Rapid Sequence Analysis DNA and Protein Sequence Databases A Tree Representation of a Sequence Hashing a Sequence Repeats in a Sequence Sequence Comparison by Hashing Sequence Comparison with at most l Mismatches Sequence Comparison by Statistical Content Dynamic Programming Alignment of Two Sequences The Number of Alignments Shortest and Longest Paths in a Network Global Distance Alignment Global Similarity Alignment Fitting One Sequence into Another Local Alignment and Clumps Linear Space Algorithms Tracebacks Inversions Map Alignment Parametric Sequence Comparisons Multiple Sequence Alignment The Cystic Fibrosis Gene Dynamic Programming in r-Dimensions Weighted-Average Sequences Profile Analysis Alignment by Hidden Markov Models Consensus Word Analysis Probability and Statistics for Sequence Alignment Global Alignment Local Alignment Extreme Value Distributions The Chein-Stein Method Poisson Approximation and Long Matches Sequence Alignment with Scores Probability and Statistics for Sequence Patterns A Central Limit Theorem Nonoverlapping Pattern Counts Poisson Approximation Site Distributions RNA Secondary Structure Combinatorics Minimum Free-energy Structures Consensus folding Trees and Sequences Trees Distance Parsimony Maximum Likelihood Trees Sources and Perspectives Molecular Biology Physical Maps and Clone Libraries Sequence Assembly Sequence Comparisons Probability and Statistics RNA Secondary Structure Trees and Sequences References Problem Solutions and Hints Mathematical Notation Algorithm Index Author Index Subject Index
Techniques for aerodynamic and turbulence measurements in turbomachinery rotors

Nonoptical techniques currently used to measure flows in turbomachine rotors are reviewed, with particular reference to the measurement of the three-dimensional mean velocity, turbulence intensity, Reynolds stresses, static and stagnation pressures, and blade surface measurements. The high level of sophistication of rotor flow measurement techniques is demonstrated. Rotating probe measurements are well suited for low- and moderate-speed turbomachinery, while stationary quick-response probes (hot-wire and pressure probes) are applicable both in low- and high-speed turbomachines. Hot-wire probes, blade pressure transducers, and telemetry systems will provide the urgently needed basic information on steady and unsteady flow through a blade passage, including blade boundary layer, shock configuration, leakage and secondary flows.
Measure Factors, Tension, and Correlations of Fluid Membranes

We study two geometrical factors needed for the correct construction of statistical ensembles of surfaces. Such ensembles appear in the study of fluid bilayer membranes, though our results are more generally applicable. The naive functional measure over height fluctuations must be corrected by these factors in order to give correct, self-consistent formulas for the free energy and correlation functions of the height. While one of these corrections-the Faddeev-Popov determinant-has been studied extensively, our derivation proceeds from very simple geometrical ideas, which we hope removes some of its mystery. The other factor is similar to the Liouville correction in string theory. Since our formulas differ from those of previous authors, we include some explicit calculations of the effective frame tension and two-point function to show that our version indeed secures coordinate-invariance and consistency to lowest nontrivial order in a temperature expansion
User orientation in networking

The virtues and drawbacks of computer networks are well known. A number of significant networks are already in existence, and their effects and potential in the area of resource sharing are unquestionably important. Confirmation of this fact is indicated not only by the relevant literature on the whole, but also by various NSF-sponsored research efforts and special NSF initiatives.
Collaborative multimedia content caching algorithms for mobile ad-hoc networks

In this paper, we address the problem of collaborative video caching in mobile ad-hoc networks. We consider network portraying static video server with wired interface to gateway node that is equipped with wireless interfaces, other nodes are requiring access to the video streams that is stored at video server. In order to reduce the average access latency as well as enhance the video accessibility, efficient video caching placement and replacement strategies are crucial at some of the distributed intermediate nodes across the network. Virtual backbone caching nodes will be elected by executing caching placement algorithm after running the routing protocol phase. The simulation results indicate that the proposed collaborative aggregate cache mechanism can significantly improve the video QoS in terms of packet loss and average packet delay.
New Be-intercalated hexagonal boron layer structure of BeB2

Using a genetic algorithm method and first-principle calculations, we performed searches for low-energy crystal structures of BeB2. We found a new family of structures, where the B atoms form hexagonal layers intercalated by Be atoms. The lowest-energy structure has a formation energy of −99.47 meV per atom with 4 formula units in the unit cell, which is much more stable than the models proposed before. The formation energies of structures in the new structure family can be well described by an Ising-like model with “anti-ferromagnetic” coupling between the displacements of Be atoms from the mid-plane between two B layers. We also performed phonon calculations as well as electronic band structure calculations to verify the stability and investigate the electronic properties of the newly found structure.
Pyrolysis of perfluoro(dimethylaminoacetic) acid alkali salts

Abstract Thermal decomposition of perfluoro(dimethylaminoacetic) acid alkali salts was carried out at 220–310°C. A potassium salt gave CF 3 NCF 2 as the principal product in moderate yield, together with CF 3 NCFCF 3 and (CF 3 ) 2 NCFCF 2 . Sodium and lithium salts gave (CF 3 ) 2 NCFCFN(CF 3 ) 2 and (CF 3 ) 2 NCF 2 C(O)X (X=F, OH) as the main products.
On equivalence and canonical forms in the LF type theory

Decidability of definitional equality and conversion of terms into canonical form play a central role in the meta-theory of a type-theoretic logical framework. Most studies of definitional equality are based on a confluent, strongly normalizing notion of reduction. Coquand has considered a different approach, directly proving the correctness of a practical equivalance algorithm based on the shape of terms. Neither approach appears to scale well to richer languages with, for example, unit types or subtyping, and neither provides a notion of canonical form suitable for proving adequacy of encodings.In this article, we present a new, type-directed equivalence algorithm for the LF type theory that overcomes the weaknesses of previous approaches. The algorithm is practical, scales to richer languages, and yields a new notion of canonical form sufficient for adequate encodings of logical systems. The algorithm is proved complete by a Kripke-style logical relations argument similar to that suggested by Coquand. Crucially, both the algorithm itself and the logical relations rely only on the shapes of types, ignoring dependencies on terms.
On the informational size of message spaces

Abstract In a recent paper, Mount and Reiter established that, in a certain sense, the competitive mechanism is an “informationally most efficient” procedure for allocating resources. This result, of course, depends upon the way in which we characterize the notion of informational efficiency. Several alternative characterizations, and the relationships among them, are given here, and it is shown under which characterizations the above result is true, and under which it is false. It is shown that there is an intuitively appealing “best” characterization for which it is true.
A synthesis of racemic deliquinone

Abstract A ten-step synthesis of deliquinone is described. A key step in the synthesis is a persulfate-mediated radical addition to a quinone.
Stereoselective synthesis of C-[2-S-(p-tolyl)-2-thio-β-d-galactopyranosyl] compounds using the reaction of TolSCl adducts of d-galactal with C-nucleophiles

Pyranosyl chlorides prepared in situ from tri-O-benzyl-D-galactal and TolSCl react with silyl enol ethers, allyltrimethylsilane, and vinyl ethers to give a mixture of beta-C-galacto and alpha-C-talopyranosides in a ratio of 19:1.
Magnetic Brightening of Carbon Nanotube Photoluminescence through Symmetry Breaking

We report that symmetry breaking by a magnetic field can drastically increase the photoluminescence quantum yield of single-walled carbon nanotubes, by as much as a factor of 6, at low temperatures. To explain this we have developed a theoretical model based on field-dependent exciton band structure and the interplay of Coulomb interactions and the Aharonov-Bohm effect. This conclusively explains our data as the first experimental observation of dark excitons 5-10 meV below the bright excitons.
Sonic pressure vessel sensor

A sensor method and apparatus are described for measuring the pressure of a gas within a sealed commercial pressure vessel mounted into an assembly. A sonic transducer is used to apply an oscillating force to the surface of a vessel. The frequency of the sonic wave is swept through a range which caused resonant vibrations of the gas in the vessel. A receiving transducer measures the amplitude of the resultant vibration at the vessel surface and reveals the resonant frequency of the gas at peaks in the amplitude of the sweep. The resonant frequency obtained depends upon the composition of the gas, its pressure and temperature and the shape of the confining vessels. These relationships can be predetermined empirically so that the pressure inside the vessel can be calculated when the composition of the gas, its temperature and shape of the confining vessel are known. The output of the receiver is fed into a computer which is programmed to calculate the pressure based upon these predetermined relationships which are stored in the computer.
Deformation of String Topology into Homotopy Skein Modules

Relations between the string topology of Chas and Sullivan and the homotopy skein modules of Hoste and Przytycki are studied. This provides new insight into the structure of homotopy skein modules and their meaning in the framework of quantum topology. Our results can be considered as weak extensions to all orientable 3–manifolds of classical results by Turaev and Goldman concerning intersection and skein theory on oriented surfaces.
PDL/Ada: a design language based on Ada

This paper discusses (1) some general concepts of design languages, (2) the development of the specific design language denoted as PDL/Ada, (3) the specific features of PDL/Ada, and (4) some problems encountered and techniques used in defining PDL/Ada. An appendix shows two examples. Because of space constraints, each of these items can only be touched on briefly. This paper assumes that the reader has a basic familiarity with the Ada language (herein after referred to as Ada), but detailed knowledge is not required. The prime technical focus of the work has been to replace an existing design language and notation which supports a specific design methodology with a design language based on Ada without impacting the methodology. There was a clearcut decision to use Ada to obtain the dual benefits of having a design language which was a subset of a programming language while still retaining just the concepts needed for a design (rather than a programming) language.
P(i-PrNCH2CH2)3N: Efficient Catalyst for Synthesizing β-Hydroxyesters and α,β-Unsaturated Esters using α-Trimethylsilylethylacetate (TMSEA)

We present an efficient synthesis of beta-hydroxyesters and alpha,beta-unsaturated esters via activation of the silicon-carbon bond of alpha-trimethylsilylethylacetate using catalytic amounts of the commercially available P(i-PrNCH(2)CH(2))(3)N 1a. Selectivity for either of these two products can be achieved simply by altering the catalyst loading and reaction temperature to afford addition or stereoselective condensation. This method is mild and tolerates a wide array of functional groups.
On the contribution of stellar winds to the composition of cosmic rays: Exotic Ne and Fe from Wolf-Rayet stars

Abstract Wolf-Rayet stars can significantly contribute to the galactic cosmic-ray source by synthesizing anomalous material and then dispersing it into the interstellar medium by means of their stellar winds. In this note the cases of 26 Al and the heavy isotopes of Fe are discussed.
A suborbital payload for soft X-ray spectroscopy of extended sources

We present a suborbital rocket payload capable of performing soft X-ray spectroscopy on extended sources. The payload can reach resolutions of ∼100 (λ/ Δλ) over sources as large as 3.25° in diameter in the 17–107 A bandpass. This permits analysis of the overall energy balance of nearby supernova remnants and the detailed nature of the diffuse soft X-ray background. The main components of the instrument are: wire grid collimators, off-plane grating arrays and gaseous electron multiplier detectors. This payload is adaptable to longer duration orbital rockets given its comparatively simple pointing and telemetry requirements and an abundance of potential science targets.
Cryostat and Electronic Development Associated with Multi-Detector Spectrometer Systems

To overcome the problems of fabricating a practical cryostat that contains a large number of semiconductor detectors and the electronics associated with a high resolution spectrometer system has required a number of significant technological developments. These problems and our corresponding solutions are presented.
Formal [4+3] Epoxide Cascade Reaction via a Complementary Ambiphilic Pairing Strategy

A formal [4+3] epoxide cascade protocol utilizing ambiphilic sulfonamides and a variety of epoxides (masked ambiphiles) has been developed for the generation of benzothiaoxazepine-1,1′-dioxides and oxathiazepine-1,1′-dioxides. This protocol combines an epoxide ring-opening with either an SNAr or oxa-Michael cyclization pathway.
A directed chiral synthesis of amino acids from boronic esters

Abstract Conversion of (s)-pinanediol (1S)-1-haloalkylboronates to (1R)-1-azido boronates, homologation with (dichloromethyl)lithium to 1-chloro-2-azido boronates, oxidation with sodium chlorite to the α-azido acids, and catalytic hydrogenation yielded L-amino acids, 92-96% enantiomeric excess.
PROST: a parabolic reconstruction of surface tension for the volume-of-fluid method

Volume-of-fluid (VOF) methods are popular for the direct numerical simulation of time-dependent viscous incompressible flow of multiple liquids. As in any numerical method, however, it has its weaknesses, namely, for flows in which the capillary force is the dominant physical mechanism. The lack of convergence with spatial refinement, or convergence to a solution that is slightly different from the exact solution, has been documented in the literature. A well-known limiting case for this is the existence of spurious currents for the simulation of a spherical drop with zero initial velocity. These currents are present in all previous versions of VOF algorithms. In this paper, we develop an accurate representation of the body force due to surface tension, which effectively eliminates spurious currents. We call this algorithm PROST: parabolic reconstruction of surface tension. There are several components to this procedure, including the new body force algorithm, improvements in the projection method for the Navier-Stokes solver, and a higher order interface advection scheme. The curvature to the interface is calculated from an optimal fit for a quadratic approximation to the interface over groups of cells.
Stock options and capital structure

We show that value-maximizing CEOs compensated with stock options prefer debt to equity. Our pecking order result does not depend on managerial risk aversion, managerial firm-specific human capital, or asymmetric information. Moreover, our result holds at least weakly regardless of the distribution of firm cash flows and strictly as long as the support of the cash flow distribution is big enough to bring all features of the stock option contract into play with positive probability
SYNTHESIS OF PSEUDOSUGARS FROM MICROBIAL METABOLITES

Abstract The short syntheses of three pseudosugars, pseudo-β-D-altropyranose, pseudo-α-L-mannopyranose and pseudo-β-D-glucopyranose starting from homochiral microbial metabolites obtained from complimentary sources are described.
Pathogenesis, Natural History, and Treatment of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms

Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are a major public health issue. These lesions have become increasingly recognized in recent years with the advent of advanced cerebral imaging techniques. Epidemiological evidence from multiple sources suggests that most intracranial aneurysms do not rupture. Therefore, it is desirable to identify which UIAs are at greatest risk of rupture when considering which to repair. It is important to compare size-, site-, and group-specific natural history rates with size-, site-, and age-specific morbidity and mortality associated with UIA repair because increased natural history risk often is associated with increased risk of aneurysm repair. Patient age is crucial in decision making because of its major effect on operative morbidity and mortality; however, it does not substantially affect natural history. The effect of age is most notable in patients about 50 years of age and older for open surgery and about 70 years of age and older for endovascular procedures. In gene...
Encapsulated Surface Barrier Particle Detectors Some Methods and Techniques

Techniques are described with which inexperienced workers have been able to produce detectors with almost 100% yield. Results are presented of measurements made at 78°K and at 300°K.
Holograms of branes in the bulk and acceleration terms in SYM effective action

If the AdS/CFT correspondence is valid in the Coulomb branch, the potential between waves on a pair of test branes in the bulk should be reproduced by the relevant Yang-Mills theory effective action on the boundary. Earlier work has provided evidence for this in the case of constant gauge field brane waves. In this paper we provide concrete evidence for an earlier proposal that the effects of exchange of supergravity modes with nonzero momentum in the brane directions are encoded in certain terms involving derivatives of the field strength in the gauge theory effective action. We explicitly calculate the force quadratic in the field strengths coming from the exchange of nonzero momentum two form fields between two 3-branes in AdS5 × S5 to lowest nontrivial order in the momentum. We show that this is exactly the same as that between the branes living in flat space. The result is in agreement with the gauge theory effective action and consistent with the non-renormalization property of this term. We comment on the relationship of other ``acceleration'' terms in the SYM effective action with quantities in supergravity.
Time dependence in relativistic collisionless shocks: Theory of the variable "wisps" in the Crab Nebula

We describe results from time-dependent numerical modeling of the collisionless reverse shock terminating the pulsar wind in the Crab Nebula. We treat the upstream relativistic wind as composed of ions and electron-positron plasma embedded in a toroidal magnetic field, flowing radially outward from the pulsar in a sector around the rotational equator. The relativistic cyclotron instability of the ion gyrational orbit downstream of the leading shock in the electron-positron pairs launches outward-propagating magnetosonic waves. Because of the fresh supply of ions crossing the shock, this time-dependent process achieves a limit cycle, in which the waves are launched with periodicity on the order of the ion Larmor time. Compressions in the magnetic field and pair density associated with these waves, as well as their propagation speed, semiquantitatively reproduce the behavior of the wisp and ring features described in recent observations obtained using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. By selecting the parameters of the ion orbits to fit the spatial separation of the wisps, we predict the period of time variability of the wisps that is consistent with the data. When coupled with a mechanism for nonthermal acceleration of the pairs, the compressions in the magnetic field and plasma density associated with the optical wisp structure naturally account for the location of X-ray features in the Crab. We also discuss the origin of the high-energy ions and their acceleration in the equatorial current sheet of the pulsar wind.
Antisymmetric RMF current drive in FRCs

A major concern for Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF) current drive of an FRC is that a transverse magnetic field tends to open the field lines, thus compromising confinement. In recent FRC current drive experiments it was found that thermal confinement is much improved when an antisymmetric RMF is applied, rather than the usual symmetric RMF. A field line tracking analysis showed that with a combination of partial penetration and antisymmetric RMF, the field lines remain closed for larger ratios of Bω/Be than was previously thought. In this paper the analysis is extended to more fully understand the boundaries of when and where the field lines are expected to remain closed when antisymmetric RMF current drive is applied to an FRC.
Some Exact Results for the Many-Body Problem in one Dimension with Repulsive Delta-Function Interaction

The repulsive $\ensuremath{\delta}$ interaction problem in one dimension for $N$ particles is reduced, through the use of Bethe's hypothesis, to an eigenvalue problem of matrices of the same sizes as the irreducible representations $R$ of the permutation group ${S}_{N}$. For some $R'\mathrm{s}$ this eigenvalue problem itself is solved by a second use of Bethe's hypothesis, in a generalized form. In particular, the ground-state problem of spin-\textonehalf{} fermions is reduced to a generalized Fredholm equation.
General Microhardness Indentation Theory for Multilayer Contacts

A refined method for interpreting the Vickers composite microhardness measurement for multilayer materials having layers of arbitrary plating thickness is first presented. The position of an effective substrate is found using the concept of the plastic boundary, and the depth-wise deformation of each layer is considered in a double-iterative procedure which converges fast. This computational method is then extended from pyramidal indenters to conical and spherical indenters (e.g., Meyer's). For its confirmation, experimental investigations are carried out for two configurations of Cu/Ni/Au sandwiches, using different diameter spherical indenters and spherical tipped cones, through and well above the microhardness load range. The general rules for composite action are established.
New curves from branes

We consider configurations of Neveu-Schwarz fivebranes, Dirichlet fourbranes and an orientifold sixplane in type IIA string theory. Upon lifting the configuration to M-theory and proposing a description of how to include the effects of the orientifold sixplane we derive the curves describing the Coulomb branch of N = 2 gauge theories with orthogonal and symplectic gauge groups, product gauge groups of the form ⊗i SU(ki) ⋇ SO(N) and ⊗i SU(ki) ⋇ Sp (N). We also propose new curves describing theories with unitary gauge groups and matter in the symmetric or antisymmetric representation.
Sensitivity analysis and multidisciplinary optimization for aircraft design - Recent advances and results

Optimization by decomposition, complex system sensitivity analysis, and a rapid growth of disciplinary sensitivity analysis are some of the recent developments that hold promise of a quantum jump in the support engineers receive from computers in the quantitative aspects of design. Review of the salient points of these techniques is given and illustrated by examples from aircraft design as a process that combines the best of human intellect and computer power to manipulate data.
Extended Gaussian images

This is a primer on extended Gaussian images. Extended Gaussian images are useful for representing the shapes of surfaces. They can be computed easily from: 1. needle maps obtained using photometric stereo; or 2. depth maps generated by ranging devices or binocular stereo. Importantly, they can also be determined simply from geometric models of the objects. Extended Gaussian images can be of use in at least two of the tasks facing a machine vision system: 1. recognition, and 2. determining the attitude in space of an object. Here, the extended Gaussian image is defined and some of its properties discussed. An elaboration for nonconvex objects is presented and several examples are shown.
NHPP software reliability and cost models with testing coverage

Abstract This paper proposes a software reliability model that incorporates testing coverage information. Testing coverage is very important for both software developers and customers of software products. For developers, testing coverage information helps them to evaluate how much effort has been spent and how much more is needed. For customers, this information estimates the confidence of using the software product. Although research has been conducted and software reliability models have been developed, some practical issues have not been addressed. Testing coverage is one of these issues. The model is developed based on a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) and can be used to estimate and predict the reliability of software products quantitatively. We examine the goodness-of-fit of this proposed model and present the results using several sets of software testing data. Comparisons of this model and other existing NHPP models are made. We find that the new model can provide a significant improved goodness-of-fit and estimation power. A software cost model incorporating testing coverage is also developed. Besides some traditional cost items such as testing cost and error removal cost, risk cost due to potential faults in the uncovered code is also included associated with the number of demands from customers. Optimal release policies that minimize the expected total cost subject to the reliability requirement are developed.