cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Diversification to mitigate expropriation in the tobacco industry

Abstract While it is well established that diversifying acquisitions by large, cash-rich firms destroy shareholder wealth, we document positive abnormal returns to such acquisitions in the tobacco industry. We show that these abnormal returns are associated with proxies for lower expected expropriation costs. Specifically, we show that wealth creation increases in the degree of domestic geographic expansion afforded by the acquisition (increasing tobacco firms’ influence in more political districts) and in the liquidity of tobacco firms’ assets (converting cash to harder-to-expropriate operating assets). We also show that the threat of expropriation constrains payments to shareholders before expropriation becomes certain in 1998.
Expression pattern of zebrafish tcf7 suggests unexplored domains of Wnt/β-catenin activity

Tcf/Lef transcription factors play an important role in mediating canonical Wnt signaling. When bound by beta-catenin, Tcf/Lef proteins either activate or de-repress gene transcription. In zebrafish, four members have been identified: Lef1, Tcf3, Tcf3b, and Tcf4. Here, we report the cloning and expression of the tcf7 gene. Forms of Tcf7 expressed in the embryo contain two highly conserved regions: an N-terminal beta-catenin binding domain and a C-terminal HMG domain. Tcf7 lacks a putative Groucho corepressor binding site, suggesting that, like Lef1, it functions as a transcriptional activator. We isolated three C-terminal splice variants of tcf7 corresponding to human B, C, and D isoforms. tcf7 expression overlaps with lef1 expression maternally, in the tail bud, fin buds, and paraxial mesoderm, and we expect that the two genes function redundantly in those areas. tcf7 is also expressed in nonoverlapping areas such as the prechordal mesoderm, dorsal retina, and median fin fold, suggesting unique functions.
Effect of exclusion: Rates of hysterectomy and comparisons of age at natural menopause

The objectives of this study were to identify factors related to history of hysterectomy; to evaluate whether or not subgroups with different rates of hysterectomy also report significantly different mean ages at natural menopause; and to consider how variation in rates of hysterectomy may affect intrapopulation and cross-population comparisons of median ages at natural menopause. Data were drawn from a community sample in upstate New York. It is demonstrated that hysterectomy rates are not random with respect to variables that are also related to age at natural menopause. For example, women reporting high levels of education reported lower rates of hysterectomy and earlier mean ages at menopause. In addition, median ages at menopause and rates of hysterectomy were examined by correlation and regression analysis across a selection of industrialized countries. Avenues for further study are suggested. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 11:687-693, 1999. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Generation of ultrabright tunable polarization entanglement without spatial, spectral, or temporal constraints

The need for spatial and spectral filtering in the generation of polarization entanglement is eliminated by combining two coherently driven type-II spontaneous parametric down-converters. The resulting ultrabright source emits photon pairs that are polarization entangled over the entire spatial cone and spectrum of emission. We detect a flux of ,12 000 polarization-entangled pairs/s per mW of pump power at 90% quantuminterference visibility, and the source can be temperature tuned for 5 nm around frequency degeneracy. The output state is actively controlled by precisely adjusting the relative phase of the two coherent pumps.
A review of land–sea coupling by groundwater discharge of nitrogen to New England estuaries: Mechanisms and effects

Hydrologists have long been concerned with the interface of groundwater flow into estuaries, but not until the end of the last century did other disciplines realize the major role played by groundwater transport of nutrients to estuaries. Mass balance and stable isotopic data suggest that land-derived NO3, NH4, and dissolved organic N do enter estuaries in amounts likely to affect the function of the receiving ecosystem. Because of increasing human occupancy of the coastal zone, the nutrient loads borne by groundwater have increased in recent decades, in spite of substantial interception of nutrients within the land and aquifer components of watersheds. Groundwater-borne nutrient loads have increased the N content of receiving estuaries, increased phytoplankton and macroalgal production and biomass, decreased the area of seagrasses, and created a cascade of associated ecological changes. This linkage between land use and eutrophication of estuaries occurs in spite of mechanisms, including uptake of land-derived N by riparian vegetation and fringing wetlands, “unloading” by rapid water removal, and direct N inputs to estuaries, that tend to uncouple the effects of land use on receiving estuaries. It can be expected that as human activity on coastal watersheds continues to increase, the role of groundwater-borne nutrients to the receiving estuary will also increase.
Effects of reducing fat content on the proteolytic and rheological properties of Cheddar-like caprine milk cheese

Abstract High-moisture Cheddar-like cheeses made from caprine milk containing 3.6, 2.0, 1.0, and 0.1–0.5% fat were manufactured and their proteolytic and rheological properties compared after 1, 3, and 6 mo of aging at 4 °C. The full-fat (FF), reduced-fat (RF), low-fat (LF), and non-fat (NF) cheeses contained 48.7, 50.0, 51.5 and 55.2% moisture and 26.3, 19.0, 9.65, and 1.50% fat, respectively. Although the amount of protein in the cheese increased as fat was reduced, the FF, RF, and LF cheeses had 40–44% degradation of beta-casein over the 6 mo of the study while minimal proteolysis (14%) occurred in the NF cheese. The NF cheese exhibited the highest hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, elastic modulus, viscous modulus, and complex viscosity values due to the denser protein matrix. The FF and RF cheeses had similar rheological values. The fat content of high-moisture Cheddar-like goat cheese can be lowered to 19% without affecting its texture.
PROTON FORM FACTOR, MAGNETIC CHARGES, AND DYONIUM.

The relativistic quantum dynamics of two particles having both electric and magnetic charges ($e,g$) is discussed. It is shown that this model with its strong long-range forces is a physical realization underlying the dipole magnetic form factor ${G}_{M}(t)$ of the proton calculated in the relativistic $O(4,2)$ model. The mass spectrum gives a linear trajectory for low values of the principal quantum number $N$, contains ${N}^{2}$ degeneracy and parity doubling. The slope of the trajectory and the slope of the form factor can be related in principle to the masses of the constituents and the effective electric coupling $\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\equiv}\ensuremath{-}({e}_{1}{e}_{2}+{g}_{1}{g}_{2})$.
Optical Simulation of Periodic Surface Texturing on Ultrathin Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells

In this paper, we study the effect of sinusoidal textures on light absorption properties in an ultrathin amorphous silicon (a-Si) solar cell with conductive transparent layer composed of dielectric/metal/dielectric layers by using 2-D optical simulation. We found that the absorption at visible region can be enhanced at an optimized period (P) and height (H) combination, despite the weakening of a cavity resonance at the a-Si layer. The short- circuit current density for the structure with P = 300 nm and H = 180 nm showed a 52% higher value than that of the reference. A random texture was also simulated, and the absorption spectrum of the a-Si layer was reproduced by superposition of those with sinusoidal textures weighted by power spectrum density of the random texture, which implies the superiority of sinusoidal texture over random texture.
An overview of interrupt accounting techniques for multiprocessor real-time systems

The importance of accounting for interrupts in multiprocessor real-time schedulability analsysis is discussed and three interrupt accounting methods, namely quantum-centric, task-centric, and processor-centric accounting, are analyzed and contrasted. Additionally, two special cases, dedicated interrupt handling (i.e., all interrupts are processed by one processor) and timer multiplexing (i.e., all jobs are released by a single hardware timer), are considered and corresponding analysis is derived. All discussed approaches are evaluated in terms of schedulability based on interrupt costs previously measured on a Sun Niagara multicore processor. The results show that there is no single ''best'' accounting technique that is always preferable, but rather that the relative performance of each approach varies significantly based on task set composition, i.e., the number of tasks and the maximum utilization.
Constrained motion control of multisegment continuum robots for transurethral bladder resection and surveillance

Constrained motion control of robotic end-effectors is essential for safe operation in confined spaces such as the urinary bladder. This paper presents the clinical motivation for the development of new control algorithms for robotic-assisted transurethral bladder resection and surveillance using multisegment continuum robots. The anatomy, workspace, and access constraints for this procedure are identified and used as a guideline for the design of the telesurgical system and its control architecture. Constraints are mapped into the configuration space of the robot rather than in task space simplifying the modeling and the enforcement of virtual fixtures. The redundancy resolution is autonomously modified in order to exploit the remaining degrees of freedom using task priority. These methods are validated on a glass model of urinary bladder.
Integration of the Laplace transformed equations of classical elastokinetics

The solution of problems in classical elastodynamics remains, for the most part, an extremely complicated and difficult task. Such problems, in addition to having all of the inherent difficulties of a boundary value problem, are, in general, subject to initial conditions as well. The work done in this area up to the present time has been chiefly in connection with special types of motion or geometric configuration. It appears that efforts to evolve a universal method of attack have not been overly successful. In regard to unified methods of approach, it is recalled that beginning with Betti’s work in 1872 [l], a vast amount of literature appeared in which the boundary value problems of static elasticity were treated by the influence function technique, similar to that used in connection with problems in potential theory. The majority of the work of this type published during the quarter-century prior to 1900 was written by Italians: Betti, Somigliana, Cerutti, Lauricella, Tedone, and others. It seems only natural that in this atmosphere someone might attempt to apply a similar procedure to the solution of problems in elastokinetics. Cerutti [2] did make such a try in 1880, and though his paper contained some inaccuracies, it perhaps served as a stimulus to others. In a rather lengthy exposition published in 1807, Tedone [3] obtained integral representations for the displacement vector in terms of the initial data and boundary displacement and traction. A more recent work by Arzhanikh [4] outlines a method of obtaining the Laplace transform of the displacement, dilatation, and rotation by use of Green’s and Neumann’s functions of potential theory. His technique is open to objection, however, because it does not yield any of the quantities explicitly, but gives an interlaced set of integral equations. Since the Laplace transformation converts the originally hyperbolic set of equations of motion into a set of elliptic equations, it would appear that the set of transformed equations might be more amenable to solution by influence
Impacts of fairness, engineers’ evaluations, and penalty of product failure in multi-equilibria non-cooperative design

This article compares Nash equilibrium and fairness equilibrium of a non-cooperative design problem in which multiple equilibria exist. Nash equilibrium is widely used to study design decisions in non-cooperative design; however, when multiple equilibria exist, behavioral research has found that actual human decisions are not always consistent with Nash equilibrium. Fairness equilibrium has been proposed as a modification to Nash equilibrium by incorporating assessments of fairness in utility functions and has successfully explained why decisions that are not Nash equilibrium may occur. This article studies how engineers’ decisions and design outcomes in fairness equilibrium differ from those in Nash equilibrium. This article illustrates how fairness equilibrium changes with fairness, engineers’ evaluations, and penalty of product failure.
Generating facial expressions for speech

This article reports results from o program thot produces high-quolity onimotion of fociol expressions ond head movements OS outomoticolly OS possible in conjunction with meaning-based speech synthesis, including spoken intonation. The gool of the research is OS much to test and define our theories of the formal semantics for such gestures, OS to produce convincing onimotion. Towards this end, we hove produced o high-level progromming longuoge for three-dimensional (3-D) onimotion of fociol expressions. We have been concerned primorily with expressions conveying information correlated with the intonotion of the voice: This includes the differences of timing, pitch, and emphosis that ore reloted to such semantic distinctions of discourse OS “focus,” “topic,” and “comment, ” “theme” ond “rheme,” or “given” ond “new” informotion. We ore also interested in the relotion of affect or emotion to fociol expression. Until now, systems hove not embodied such rule-governed tronslotion from spoken utterance meaning to fociol expressions. Our system embodies rules that describe and coordinate these relations: intonotion/informofion, intonofion/offect, ond fociol expressions/affect. A meoning representation includes discourse information: What is controstive/background informotion in the given context, ond whot is the “topic” or “theme” of the discourse? The system mops the meaning representotion into how accents ond their placement ore chosen, how they ore conveyed over fociol expression, ond how speech ond fociol expressions ore coordinated. This determines a sequence of functional groups: lip shapes, conversational signals, punctuators, regulators, and monipulotors. Our algorithms then impose synchrony, create coorticulotion effects, and determine offectuol signals, eye ond heod movements. The lowest level representation is the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), which makes the generation system portable to other fociol models. We would like to thank Steve Platt for his facial model and for very useful comments. We would like to thank Soetjianto and Khairol Yussof who have improved the facial model. We are also very grateful to Jean Griffin, Francisco Azuola, and Mike Edwards who developed part of the animation software. All the work related to the voice synthesizer, speech, and intonation was done by Scott Prevost. We are very grateful to him. Finally, we would like to thank all the members of the graphics laboratory, especially Cary Phillips and Jianmin Zhao, for their helpful comments.
Real-time, in situ DNA hybridization detection with attomolar sensitivity without amplification using (pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3)0.65-(PbTiO3)0.35 piezoelectric plate sensors.

Abstract In this paper we have investigated real-time, in situ DNA hybridization detection using piezoelectric plate sensors (PEPSs) consisting of a highly piezoelectric lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) layer 8 μm in thickness thinly coated with Cr/Au electrodes and electrically insulated with 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) encapsulation. With probe complementary DNA (cDNA) immobilized on the PEPS surface and by monitoring the first longitudinal extension mode (LEM) resonance frequency shift of the PEPS we detected hybridization of the target DNA (tDNA) to the probe cDNA on the PEPS surface in real time at concentration 1.6×10–18 M with a signal to noise ratio of 8 without isolation and amplification at room temperature in 30 min in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution. The detection was validated in situ by two different methods: (1) the detection of fluorescently labeled microspheres coated with reporter cDNA complementary to the tDNA but different from the probe cDNA; (2) fluorescent visualization.
Qdot nanocrystal conjugates conjugated to bombesin or ANG II label the cognate G protein-coupled receptor in living cells.

Quantum dots (Qdot Nanocrystal Conjugates; Quantum Dot, Hayward, CA) exhibit high fluorescence and low photobleaching compared with organic dyes, properties that should enhance their detection at l...
The Statistical theory of quantum dots

A quantum dot is a sub-micron-scale conducting device containing up to several thousand electrons. Transport through a quantum dot at low temperatures is a quantum-coherent process. This review focuses on dots in which the electron's dynamics are chaotic or diffusive, giving rise to statistical properties that reflect the interplay between one-body chaos, quantum interference, and electron-electron interactions. The conductance through such dots displays mesoscopic fluctuations as a function of gate voltage, magnetic field, and shape deformation. The techniques used to describe these fluctuations include semiclassical methods, random-matrix theory, and the supersymmetric nonlinear \ensuremath{\sigma} model. In open dots, the approximation of noninteracting quasiparticles is justified, and electron-electron interactions contribute indirectly through their effect on the dephasing time at finite temperature. In almost-closed dots, where conductance occurs by tunneling, the charge on the dot is quantized, and electron-electron interactions play an important role. Transport is dominated by Coulomb blockade, leading to peaks in the conductance that at low temperatures provide information on the dot's ground-state properties. Several statistical signatures of electron-electron interactions have been identified, most notably in the dot's addition spectrum. The dot's spin, determined partly by exchange interactions, can also influence the fluctuation properties of the conductance. Other mesoscopic phenomena in quantum dots that are affected by the charging energy include the fluctuations of the cotunneling conductance and mesoscopic Coulomb blockade.
Child Abuse Reporting by School Counselors.

A sample of school counselors (N = 263) in one Midwestern state completed questionnaires to share their child abuse reporting behaviors, influences with regard to making a decision to report, and perceived barriers to the reporting process. Participants indicated reporting the majority of suspected cases, and elementary school counselors reported more cases than did high school counselors. Implications and recommendations are presented.
Computer ethics: The role of personal, informal, and formal codes

Ethical decisions related to computer technology and computer use are subject to three primary influences: (1) the individual's own personal code (2) any informal code of ethical behavior that exists in the work place, and (3) exposure to formal codes of ethics. The relative importance of these codes, as well as factors influencing these codes, was explored in a nationwide survey of information system (IS) professionals. The implications of the findings are important to educators and employers in the development of acceptable ethical standards.
Aneurysmal bone cyst: Clinicopathologic features and treatment of ten cases involving the hand

Ten cases of aneurysmal bone cyst in the hand were identified among 208 such lesions in our institutional files. The patients (six women and four men) had a mean age of 27.3 years. Two patients had open physes. Seven lesions were in the metacarpals. Radiographic examination showed that in all cases the lesion was both expansile and completely lucent. There were no recurrences in the three patients treated by complete excision and bone grafting. Curettage and bone grafting in seven cases was associated with four recurrences. Three of these four local recurrences were treated successfully with curettage procedures. Treatment of aneurysmal bone cysts of the small bones of the hand requires either thorough exteriorization, curettage, and bone grafting or excision and bone grafting.
Maternal Predictors of Rejecting Parenting and Early Adolescent Antisocial Behavior

The present study examined relations among maternal psychological resources, rejecting parenting, and early adolescent antisocial behavior in a sample of 231 low-income mothers and their sons with longitudinal assessments from age 18 months to 12 years. The maternal resources examined were age at first birth, aggressive personality, and empathy. Each of the maternal resources predicted rejecting parenting during early childhood in structural equation models that controlled for toddler difficult temperament, and rejecting parenting in early childhood predicted antisocial behavior in early adolescence. Rejecting parenting accounted for the indirect effect of each of the maternal resources on antisocial behavior, but a direct effect was also supported between maternal aggressive personality and youth antisocial behavior. Results highlight the importance of these relatively understudied maternal resources and have implications for prevention and intervention programs that focus on parenting during early childhood.
Gradient pre-shaped fuzzy C-means algorithm (GradPFCM) for transparent membership function generation

Linguistic terms are widely used in fuzzy modeling. The generation of membership functions for the linguistic terms is usually done by fuzzy C-means algorithm (FCM). However, most of FCM-based membership function generation algorithms consider little on the transparency or the understandability of the resulting membership functions. This paper proposes a gradient pre-shaped fuzzy C-means (GradPFCM) algorithm to generate better transparent membership functions. GradPFCM will preserve the predefined transparent shapes of membership functions during the process of the gradient descent based optimization of the clustering algorithm. Numeric experiments based on data collected in a civil project demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the proposed new algorithm.
Analysis of alkali ultrasonication pretreatment in bioethanol production from cotton gin trash using FT-IR spectroscopy and principal component analysis

Background: Cotton gin trash (CGT) is a lignocellulosic residue that can be used in the production of cellulosic ethanol. In a previous research, the sequential use of ultrasonication, liquid hot water, and ligninolytic enzymes was selected as pretreatment for the production of ethanol from CGT. However, an increment in the ethanol production is necessary. To accomplish that, this research evaluated the effect of pretreating CGT using alkaline ultrasonication before a liquid hot water and ligninolytic enzymes pretreatments for ethanol production. Three NaOH concentrations (5%, 10%, and 15%) were employed for the alkaline ultrasonication. Additionally, this work is one of the first applications of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum and principal component analysis (PCA) as fast methodology to identify the differences in the biomass after different types of pretreatments. Results: The three concentrations employed for the alkaline ultrasonication pretreatment produced ethanol yields and cellulose conversions higher than the experiment without NaOH. Furthermore, 15% NaOH concentration achieved twofold increment yield versus the treatment without NaOH. The FT-IR spectrum confirmed modifications in the CGT structure in the different pretreatments. PCA was helpful to determine differences between the pretreated and un-pretreated biomass and to evaluate how the CGT structure changed after each treatment. Conclusions: The combination of alkali ultrasonication hydrolysis, liquid hot water, and ligninolytic enzymes using 15% of NaOH improved 35% the ethanol yield compared with the original treatment. Additionally, we demonstrated the use of PCA to identify the modifications in the biomass structure after different types of pretreatments and conditions.
Transport through crosslinked poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) hydrogel membranes

The transport of urea and other biologically interesting solutes in aqueous solution across poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p-HEMA) hydrogel membranes has been studied. The results show that p-HEMA membranes have a high permeability to urea due to a strong interaction between the polymer and urea, and, in addition, they are consistent with a pore flow model in which solute transport takes place through water-filled regions essentially unaffected by the surrounding polymer matrix. The results indicate that such p-HEMA membranes might be suitable for hemodialysis applications.
Minority Faculty Development Programs and Underrepresented Minority Faculty Representation at US Medical Schools.

RESULTS Across all schools, the percentage of underrepresented minority faculty increased from 6.8% (95% CI, 6.7%-7.0%) in 2000 to 8.0% (95% CI, 7.8%-8.2%) in 2010. Of 124 eligible schools, 36 (29%) were identified with a minority faculty development program in 2010. Minority faculty development programs were heterogeneous in composition, number of components, and duration. Schools with minority faculty development programs had a similar increase in percentage of underrepresented minority faculty as schools without minority faculty development programs (6.5%-7.4% vs 7.0%-8.3%; odds ratio [OR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.72-1.13]). After adjustment for faculty and school characteristics, minority faculty development programs were not associated with greater representation of minority faculty (adjusted OR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.81-1.22]), recruitment (adjusted OR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.83-1.15]), or promotion (adjusted OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.91-1.30]). In subgroup analyses, schools with programs of greater intensity (present for5 years and with more components) were associated with greater increases in underrepresented minority representation than schools with minority faculty development programs of less intensity.
Operation tables for scheduling in the presence of incomplete bypassing

Register bypassing is a powerful and widely used feature in modern processors to eliminate certain data hazards. Although complete bypassing is ideal for performance, bypassing has significant impact on cycle time, area, and power consumption of the processor. Due to the strict constraints on performance, cost and power consumption in embedded processors, architects need to evaluate and implement incomplete register bypassing mechanisms. However traditional data hazard detection and/or avoidance techniques used in retargetable schedulers break down in the presence of incomplete bypassing. In this paper, we present the concept of Operation Tables, which can be used to detect data hazards, even in the presence of incomplete bypassing. Furthermore our technique integrates the detection of both data, as well as resource hazards, and can be easily employed in a compiler to generate better schedules. Our experimental results on the popular Intel XScale embedded processor platform show that even with a simple intra-basic block scheduling technique, we achieve upto 20% performance improvement over fully optimized GCC generated code on embedded applications from the MiBench suite.
The implementation of forecasting models

The use of forecasting models can help managers make better decisions, a fact that motivates this study. Findings from research on the implementation of operations research/management science are generalized to include forecasting models. The similarity between forecasting and other models allows conclusions to be drawn about managing forecasting model implementation: these include better management support, closer links to management performance, improved user–preparer relationships, more goal congruence, minimized perception of change and an appropriate configuration of the forecasting system to user needs, style, resources and environment.
Mathematics and Science Teachers' Preparation for National Board of Professional Teaching Standards Certification

This paper reports on the results of a survey of mathematics and science candidates for National Board for Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) certification. The goal of the survey was to investigate the efficacy of collaboration and group support in preparation for NBPTS. The results of the survey describe the nature of supported preparation, and the data of the survey are combined with final NBPTS scores to investigate relationships between preparation practices and outcomes. The results show that the subsamples in the areas of Early Adolescent Mathematics, Adolescent and Young Adult Mathematics, Early Adolescent Science, and Adolescent and Young Adult Science were similar in composition, and the respondents in each subsample produced very similar responses concerning their collaborative preparation experiences. Although this study shows that collaborative preparation resulted in higher scores and higher passing rates for most respondents, the nature of the effects across subsamples varied. The data clearly indicate that collaborative preparation is highly valued for motivational and instrumental support; however, less value is placed on practices that are reflective and content focused. The homogeneous nature of preparation revealed in the data and the likelihood that candidates are at different levels of readiness for the rigorous NBPTS assessment process are discussed, as is the need for more attention to candidates who prepare without the support of an organized group.
Potential role of macrophages as immunoregulators of pregnancy

The role of the maternal immune system during pregnancy has focused mainly on the aspect of immune tolerance to the invading trophoblast and, therefore, fetus. While this is a critical aspect of reproductive immunology, it is also important to consider the function of the maternal immune system in the promotion of implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Apoptosis or cell death is not the final stage in tissue development. The quick and effective removal of apoptotic cells by tissue macrophages represents a vital process preventing "leak" of self-antigens and promoting the production of proliferative/survival factors. One of the key requirements of apoptotic cell clearance is the resolution of inflammatory conditions, which, as in the case of pregnancy, may have lethal consequences. This review will focus on decidual macrophages and their role on apoptosis and cell clearance during pregnancy.
Remorse and Demeanor in the Courtroom: Cognitive Science and the Evaluation of Contrition

Although there is a rich legal literature on whether remorse should play a role in the criminal justice system, there is far less discussion of how remorse can be evaluated in the legal context — if indeed it can. There is ample evidence that perceptions of remorse play a powerful role in criminal cases. Whether a defendant is regarded as appropriately remorseful is often a determinative factor in criminal sentencing, including capital sentencing. And in capital cases, in which the defendant rarely testifies, the evaluation of remorse may be based entirely on the facial expression and body language of a defendant sitting silently in the courtroom. Yet the most basic questions about the evaluation of remorse have received little attention: what is it precisely that is being evaluated, and how adept are decision makers at evaluating it? What criteria are being applied and with what level of consistency and fairness? There is evidence that the evaluation of remorse is particularly difficult across cultural, ethnic or racial lines, or where juvenile or mentally impaired defendants are being judged. But this troubling evidence leads to several larger questions. Is remorse (or the lack of remorse) something that can ever be accurately evaluated in a courtroom? If remorse is not susceptible to courtroom evaluation, is it feasible to bar decision-makers from considering it? And if evaluation of remorse is a permanent feature of the criminal justice system, what can be done to improve upon an evaluative process that is demonstrably riddled with error and bias?The article considers these questions in light of findings in three flourishing areas of cognitive science: the field of interpretation of facial expressions and “micro” expressions (expressions difficult for the untrained eye to recognize), the study of the dynamics of empathy and empathic accuracy, and the study of implicit bias.
Behavioral, endocrine, and immunological correlates of immigration by an aggressive male into a natural primate group.

A very aggressive young adult male entered one of three long-term study groups of yellow baboons, Papio cynocephalus, approximately 3 weeks after an immobilization project began. The immigrant male's rate of agonistic encounters was appreciably higher than average, and these interactions disproportionately involved adult females as targets. Basal cortisol concentrations were higher and total lymphocyte counts lower for individuals immobilized during the immigration situation than for other individuals; these effects were greater for females than for males. Among animals whose endocrine data were obtained during the immigration period, some were specific targets of the immigrant male's aggression and others were not. Lymphocyte counts were significantly lower for those individuals who were victims of the male's aggression than for noninvolved individuals; a nonsignificant tendency toward higher basal cortisol concentrations for victims was observed as well. The immigrant male himself had a high basal cortisol concentration, a low lymphocyte count, and a testosterone concentration that was triple the average for adult males and almost double the second highest value in the population.
Osteoporosis in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Treatment

Bone histology, bone mineral content, and calcium absorption were evaluated in 10 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and osteopenia, before and after 1 yr of treatment with oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. Before treatment, quantitative histomorphometric analysis of full-thickness iliac crest bone biopsy specimens with double-tetracycline labeling demonstrated that 9 of 10 patients had osteoporosis. None had osteomalacia. Fasting intestinal calcium absorption correlated well with trabecular bone volume (r = 0.85). Bone mineral content measured by 125I-photon absorption was low in 6 of 10 patients, and it correlated poorly with iliac crest trabecular bone volume. After 1 yr of treatment with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, bone mineral content fell in all 8 patients who were restudied. Iliac crest trabecular bone volume increased in 3 patients, 2 of whom had the greatest pretreatment impairment in calcium absorption, but fell in 5. Bone fractures continued to occur in 3 of 5 patients who were alive after 1 yr and developed for the first time in a sixth patient. We conclude that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is ineffective in reversing the bone thinning in the majority of primary biliary cirrhosis patients, but it may be helpful in a few selected patients.
Oysters for Hodge, or, Ordering Society, Writing Biography and Feeding the Cat

In their biographies of Samuel Johnson, Hester Lynch Piozzi and James Boswell both recount with concern Johnson's willing violation of hierarchies of race, class and gender in personally buying oysters to feed his cat Hodge, so that, Piozzi reports, ‘Francis the Black's delicacy might not be hurt, at seeing himself employed for the convenience of a quadruped’. Piozzi also uses the story of Hodge's oysters to justify her own labours as Johnson's nurse and confidante, while Boswell's Life depicts Hodge, Johnson's privileged intimate, as a rival to the man most anxious to claim that title for himself.
Comments on "Influence of Interfacial Compliance on Thermomechanical Stresses in Multilayered Microelectronic Packaging

An approach previously developed by Suhir in 1986 for calculating the interfacial compliance of a long-narrow strip is a general, explicit method, but Basaran and Wen claimed that there had been an error in the derivation. Using an additional approximation, they obtained a different form of longitudinal interfacial compliance. However, that approximation is not appropriate. Disregarding it, we can see that their result is the same as Suhir's result. However, a minor inconsistence in Suhir's derivation is still found. The applicability and modification of Suhir's model are discussed.
Indivisible Parts and Extended Objects: Some Philosophical Episodes from Topology's Prehistory

L'A. retrace la prehistoire de la topologie depuis la problematisation philosophique de la nature et de la substance chez Zenon et Aristote, jusqu'au statut des solides etendus dans la physique moderne, en etudiant le debat opposant les partisans de l'indivisibilisme aux partisans de l'anti-indivisibilisme, tels que Brentano et Whitehead
Light-weight adaptive task offloading from smartphones to nearby computational resources

Applications on smartphones are extremely popular as users can download and install them very easily from a service provider's application repository. Most of the applications are thoroughly tested and verified on a target smartphone platform; however, some applications could be very computationally intensive and overload the smartphone's resource capability. In this paper, we describe a method to predict the total processing time when offloading part of an application from smartphones to nearby servers. In our method, if an application developercan (1) define a basic model of the problem (e. g., f(x)=ax+b) and (2) implement an algorithm to update the model (e. g., least squares method), the application quickly adjusts the parameters of the model and minimizes the difference between predicted and measured performance adaptively. This accurate prediction helps dynamically determine whether or not it is worth offloading tasks and the expected performance improvement. Since this model's simplicity greatly reduces the time required for profiling the performance of the application at run-time, it enables users to start using an application without pre-computing a performance profile. Our experiments show that our update parameter protocol for the performance prediction functions works sufficiently well for a face detection problem. The protocol requires on average 7.8 trials to update prediction parameters, and the prediction error stays less than 10% for the rest of the trials. By offloading the face detection task to a nearby server for an image of 1.2Mbytes, the performance improved from 19 seconds to 4 seconds. This research opens up the possibility of new applications in real-time smartphone data processing by harnessing nearby computational resources.
GCM and observational diagnoses of the seasonal and interannual variations of the Pacific storm track during the cool season

Abstract Previous work has found that the Pacific storm track intensity during the cool season is negatively correlated with the upper-tropospheric jet strength. In the seasonal march, such a variation manifests itself as the midwinter suppression of the storm track intensity, while in interannual variations the storm track intensity during midwinter is found to be weaker during years in which the Pacific jet is particularly strong. In this paper, GCM simulations and observational data have been analyzed to shed light on the physical mechanisms responsible for such variations. By examining the eddy energy budget and eddy structure, two different mechanisms have been found to contribute to the reduction in storm track activity associated with increases in jet intensity and baroclinicity in midwinter. For the seasonal variations, it was found that the major difference between fall and midwinter lies in the changing role of diabatic heating. During fall and spring, diabatic heating acts to generate eddy pote...
Development of Genetically Modified Grains

Products developed through biotechnology (genetically modified organisms) are designed to address the agricultural issues or needs of the growers. The challenge lies first in identifying a gene or set of genes that can convey the desired trait once transferred to the host's genome. Successful incorporation of the transferred gene into the plant's genome and inheritance by the progeny is the next challenge. Careful examination of the gene's performance and impact on the plant's performance and composition is just part of the assessment process that is undertaken on the path to market. These products represent the most highly studied foods and feed that are consumed. The safety assessment ensures that no product is commercialized unless it is safe for humans, animals, and the environment.
Remembering Welsh White

This paper is an adaptation from a eulogy for Welsh White, an esteemed Criminal Procedure professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Law.
Financial Crisis and Public Policy

This Policy Analysis explains the antecedents of the current global financial crisis and critically examines the reasoning behind the U.S. Treasury and Federal Reserve's actions to prop up the financial sector. It argues that recovery from the financial crisis is likely to be slow with or without the government's bailout actions.An oil price spike and a wealth shock in housing initiated the financial crisis. Declines in stock values are intensifying that shock, threatening to deepen the current recession as U.S. consumers and investors cut their expenditures. An offsetting wealth injection from additional risk-bearing investors could initiate a quicker recovery. Thus, supporters of government intervention justify the bailout's debt-financed fund injections - in essence, they want to compel future taxpayers to join the group of today's riskbearing investors.However, the bailout is poorly designed and its implementation appears panicky - marked by a knee-jerk trial-and-error process that may have heightened market uncertainty. Worse, current interventions in market processes and institutions could become permanent, to the probable detriment of the nation's long-term economic prospects. With or without the bailout, the ongoing recession is likely to be deep and long.From a philosophical perspective, any bailout action provides a host of bad incentives. Moreover, we should be mindful that future generations already face massive debt burdens from entitlement programs. Increasing those burdens by expanding the bailout program or enacting a massive fiscal stimulus will hasten the long-anticipated crisis in entitlement programs. Thus, the ongoing economic crisis could usher in permanently higher taxes, greater government involvement in the private sector, and a prolonged period of slower economic growth.
Thermal and Thermoperiodic Effects on Larval and Pupal Development and Survival in Tufted Apple Bud Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Effects of constant temperatures and thermoperiods on larval and pupal development and survival were investigated in the tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker). Development and survival were either the same, decreased, or increased under thermoperiods as compared to mean temperatures depending upon the temperature regime tested. Development and survival at 12-h fluctuating temperatures between 20 and 33°C were the same as mean constant temperatures of 24 and 27°C. Fluctuating temperatures with thermophases >33°C decreased development time and survival as compared to thermophases ≤33°C. Cool fluctuating temperatures increased development rate and survival relative to mean constant low temperatures of 13 and 18°C and they also permitted development and survival to occur at thermal levels below the lower development threshold as calculated by constant temperatures.
Epithelial cells in urine sediments

The examination of large numbers of transitional cells in stained cytologic urine preparations failed to identify a specific cell type of renal tubular rather than transitional cell origin. The stained preparations allow a clear distinction of leukocytes from transitional epithelial cells but separation of the more degenerated epithelial cell forms from histiocytes is difficult. Epithelial cells seen in urine sediments examined as part of a routine urinalysis should be accepted as being of renal origin only when they are clearly part of casts.
Biology of Osmia in Trap Nests in Wisconsin (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Trap nests consisting of borings in wood blocks or sumac stems were used to study the biology of species of Osmia in Wisconsin. The borings were ¼ or 5/16-in. diameter and about 6 in. long. Six species of Osmia were found in the trap nests during the period 1952–62: lignaria Say, coerulescens (L.), albiventris Cresson, proximo Cresson, pumila Cresson, and tersula Cockerell. Partitions and plugs in nests of O. lignaria were made of clay, and triturated plant material was used in the nests of the other species. All species had 1-generation-per-year life cycles. Cells were made in nests and provisioned with pollen during June and July. A single egg was laid in each cell. The larvae grew rapidly and spun a silken cocoon of tough consistency prior to pupation. Adults normally were produced in August. These fully formed adults remained in cocoons during the winter and emerged the next spring. The sexes of O. lignaria were reared in a nearly equal ratio, but in the other species more females than males were reared. A few of the Osmia nests were parasitized by Leucospis affinis Say and Sapyga martini Smith.
FORMIC ACID CORROSION FOR THE DEMONSTRATION OF PULMONARY ELASTIC TISSUE.

By a revised technique, human pulmonary elastic tissue can be isolated in a form suitable for examination under the stereoscopic microscope. Fresh human lungs from autopsy are fixed by intrabronchial infusion with 10% formalin for 24 hr. Slabs 1.5 cm thick are cut and the formalin removed in running water. One such slab is embedded under intermittent vacuum in an aqueous mixture containing 15% gelatin, 10% glycerol, and 1% phenol; then allowed to gel. Frozen sections 2 mm thick are cut on a large-section MSE sledge microtome. Squares 3 × 3 cm from such a section are corroded for 4-5 days in 88% formic acid at 45 C, washed once with distilled water, and mounted in glychrogel containing 6% gelatin. The elastic tissue network of the lung will have been freed from surrounding elements. The preparation should be stored in a refrigerator. Blocks for thin sections and large thick un-corroded sections can be prepared from the same lung as part of an over-all procedure.