cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Finding Specificity within a Conserved Interaction Site

Recently developed approaches to generate drugs that regulate hormone-induced gene activation focus on modulating the interaction of nuclear receptors with coactivators. A study by Geistlinger and Guy demonstrates the feasibility of this approach and provides surprising evidence for specificity within the conserved nuclear receptor:coactivator interaction surface.
Annual application and evaluation of the online coupled WRF–CMAQ system over North America under AQMEII phase 2

Abstract We present an application of the online coupled Weather Research and Forecasting–Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF–CMAQ) modeling system to two annual simulations over North America performed under Phase 2 of the Air Quality Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII). Operational evaluation shows that model performance is comparable to earlier annual applications of the uncoupled WRF/CMAQ modeling system Results also indicate that factors such as changes in the underlying emissions inventory and chemical boundary conditions likely exert a larger influence on overall model performance than feedback effects. A comparison of the simulated Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) against observations reveals a tendency toward underprediction in all seasons despite a general overprediction of PM2.5 during wintertime. Summertime sensitivity simulations without feedback effects are used to quantify the average impact of the simulated direct feedback effect on temperature, PBL heights, ozone and PM2.5 concentrations. Model results for 2006 and 2010 are analyzed to compare modeled changes between these years to those seen in observations. The results for summertime average daily maximum 8-h ozone showed that the model tends to underestimate the observed decrease in concentrations. The results for total and speciated PM2.5 vary between seasons, networks and species, but the WRF–CMAQ simulations do capture the substantial decreases in observed PM2.5 concentrations in summer and fall. These 2010–2006 PM2.5 decreases result in simulated increases of summer mean clear-sky shortwave radiation between 5 and 10 W/m2. The WRF–CMAQ configuration without direct feedback effects simulates smaller changes in summertime PM2.5 concentrations, indicating that the direct feedback effect enhances the air quality benefits arising from emission controls and that coupled modeling systems are necessary to quantify such feedback effects.
Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of 7,9-dimethyluric acid: Electrochemical insights

Abstract The oxidation of 7,9-dimethyluric acid by H2O2; catalyzed by type VIII peroxidase (from horseradish peroxidase) has been studied and the results obtained compared to previous studies on the electrochemical oxidation mechanism. At the pH values studied (3–5 and 7–9) the enzymatic oxidation generates intermediate species which are identical to those formed in the peak Ia electrochemical oxidation reaction. At high pH (7–9), where 7,9-dimethyluric acid is a monoanion, the products formed in the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction are 1,3-dimethylallantoin, and 1-hydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-tetraaza-3,7-dioxo-5-ene-bicyclo-(3.3.0)-octane. These are the products formed as a result of the peak Ia plus peak IIa electrooxidation reactions. At lower pH (3–5) the products formed in the peroxidase-catalyzed reaction are 1,3-dimethylallantoin and 1,3-dimethyl-5-hydroxyhydantoin-5-carboxamide. The intermediates and products formed in the enzymatic reaction are exactly the same as are observed in the peak Ia electrochemical oxidation. Accordingly, it has been concluded that the enzymatic and electrochemical processes proceed by very similar, if not identical, chemical reaction pathways.
Towards third generation pixel readout chips

Abstract We present concepts and prototyping results towards a third generation pixel readout chip. We consider the 130 nm feature size FE-I4 chip, in production for the ATLAS IBL upgrade, to be a second generation chip. A third generation chip would have to go significantly further. A possible direction is to make the IC design generic so that different experiments can configure it to meet significantly different requirements, without the need for everybody to develop their own ASIC from the ground up. In terms of target technology, a demonstrator 500-pixel matrix containing analog front ends only (no complex functionality), was designed and fabricated in 65 nm CMOS and irradiated with protons in December 2011 and May 2012.
SOME PROPERTIES OF A HOMOCARNOSINE‐CARNOSINE SYNTHETASE ISOLATED FROM RAT BRAIN

—An enzyme from rat brain catalysing the synthesis of the histidine-containing dipeptides carnosine and homocarnosine (l.-histidine: β-alanine ligase (AMP) [EC 6.3.2.11]) was purified about 30-40-fold from a 100,000 g supernatant. Assays were conducted by measuring the incorporation of L-[14C]histidine into carnosine and homocarnosine isolated by paper electrophoresis from the incubation mixture. The ratios of specific activities for the formation of carnosine and homocarnosine were not significantly different for the various purification steps. This was taken as evidence of one enzyme synthesizing both dipeptides. In studying the properties of this enzyme, a pH optimum of 7.4 was shown for carnosine synthesis. The concentrations of amino acid substrates giving maximal synthesis of both dipeptides were in the physiological range found for rat brain. An apparent requirement for ATP, Mg2+, and DPN was seen for dipeptide synthesis. A substrate dependent, enzymecatalysed 32PPi-ATP exchange reaction was observed, suggesting the formation of an aminoacyl-AMP intermediate. Certain other nucleoside triphosphates could substitute for the ATP; this effect showed a specificity toward the dipeptide being synthesized. The apparent requirement for DPN was quite specific, with a number of related compounds having no effect. The stoichiometry of enzyme-catalysed carnosine synthesis was studied. A one to one relationship between carnosine formed and ATP hydrolysed was demonstrated. However, the ratio between carnosine synthesized and DPN hydrolysed was about 6 to 1, indicating a catalytic role for the DPN. The breakdown of DPN did not occur with enzyme alone but was dependent on the presence of substrate.
Increasing Student-Learning Team Effectiveness with Team Charters.

Because teams are a ubiquitous part of most organizations today, it is common for business educators to use team assignments to help students experientially learn about course concepts and team process. Unfortunately, students frequently experience a number of problems during team assignments. The authors describe the results of their research and efforts to enhance student team effectiveness by providing a team charter assignment and coaching students about its implementation. Descriptions of the team charter assignment, its components, theoretical foundations, effectiveness, and ideas for future developments are provided.
Small area analysis shows differences in utilization.

Adjusted admission rates for respiratory distress (COPD, asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia) varied up to 3.09-fold between the highest and lowest hos pital market areas in 1986 for the state of Ohio. Reasons for the variability can be determined through small area analysis techniques with the help of area physicians. Substantial improvements in the availability, delivery, and cost of respiratory care would reasonably be anticipated as a result of such analysis and feedback.
Insurance status and the care of children in the emergency department.

Objectives To determine whether insurance status is associated with the use of diagnostic testing or intervention in the emergency department (ED) care of children. Study design Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of ED visits using data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1999-2008). Children Results Forty-five percent (95% CI; 44, 47) of visits were characterized as having private insurance compared with 43% with public insurance (95% CI; 42, 44) and 12% without insurance (95% CI; 11, 13). Children with public insurance and no insurance received less testing compared with those with private insurance (adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI; 0.73, 0.84 and adjusted OR 0.78, 95% CI; 0.72, 0.84, respectively). Similar patterns were seen in the use of medications and performance of procedures. Conclusions Non-private insurance status is associated with decreased utilization of diagnostic testing and intervention in children visiting the ED. It is unclear whether these patterns represent appropriate utilization, overutilization in patients with private insurance, or underutilization in patients without private insurance. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether these disparate care patterns impact health outcomes and could have important implications for the allocation of healthcare resources within the ED as well as the primary care setting.
Interpretation of laboratory crucible experiments on UO2 dissolution by liquid zirconium

The available experimental data on dissolution of UO2 crucibles by a molten Zircaloy charge are compare to a two-stage kinetic model. During the initial stage, melt saturation by uranium and oxygen is approached by natural-convection mass transfer. In the following precipitation stage, no further UO2 dissolution occurs but oxygen enters the melt as the crucible is reduced to UO2−x. This stage is controlled by solid-state diffusion of oxygen in the crucible. During this stage, the solid mixed-oxide (U, Zr)O2−x precipitates from the melt. Comparison of the model with data from three sources includes the temporal evolution of the uranium content of the melt and the effect of the oxygen content of the initial Zircaloy charge on the extent of crucible dissolution. Qualitative agreement of the model with the major features of the experimental data is obtained. The disagreement between data sets concerning behavior during the precipitation stage could not be resolved by the model, which did not (and could not) fully agree with all of the conflicting observations.
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Some C7H7- Isomers: Quadricyclanide, Norbornadienide, Cycloheptatrienide, and 1,6-Heptadiynide

The 351 nm photoelectron spectra of several isomers of C7H7-, obtained by deprotonating quadricyclane, norbornadiene, 1,6-heptadiyne, and cycloheptatriene, are reported. Quadricyclane can be deprotonated from either of two distinct sites by amide anion. The electron affinities (EAs) of the two corresponding C7H7• isomers are 0.868(6) and 0.962(6) eV, with one well-resolved vibration observed for each state, at 909(20) and 826(20) cm-1, respectively. Deprotonation of norbornadiene by amide anion leads to formation of one ionic isomer with a binding energy of 1.286(6) eV. Detachment to form an excited state of the neutral is also observed, with a vertical detachment energy (VDE) of 2.8(1) eV. Three vibrational modes are resolved in the ground state region of the spectrum, and one excited state vibration is observed. 1,6-Heptadiyne is deprotonated by hydroxide at two sites, the end carbon (C1) and the third carbon (C3), to produce isomers with binding energies of 3.037(10) and 1.132(6) eV, respectively. One ...
Inhibition of 125I-chemotactic peptide uptake by protease inhibitors

Abstract A chymotrypsin inhibitor, 1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone and two chymotrypsin substrates, L-tyrosine-benzyl ester-p-tosylate and L-phenylalanine-benzyl ester-p-tosylate, irreversibly inhibited the uptake of formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr( 125 I)-Lys by human neutrophils. The carboxylproteinase inhibitor pepstatin A reversibly inhibited the same process and induced chemotaxis of human neutrophils. For pepstatin A, a close correlation was found between inhibition of formyl peptide uptake and chemotaxis demonstrating that the biological activity of pepstatin A was mediated through the formyl peptide chemotactic receptor. The chymotrypsin inhibitors and substrates were one to two logs more potent as inhibitors of chemotaxis than as inhibitors of formyl peptide uptake demonstrating that the mechanism of inhibition of chemotaxis was independent of inhibition of uptake.
Teaching religion in the USA: bridging the gaps

This article argues that, considering the current trends of polarization between adherents of different religions, courses on world religions should no longer focus only on the transmission of knowledge, but include material from human rights studies, inter‐religious dialogue, and peace studies as well. According to the author, due to their specific charters, confessional educational institutions (including institutions of higher education) in particular are well placed to use this interdisciplinary approach, since it changes academic learning about other religions and can lead to profound transformations, connecting the learning process with the core teachings of religions.
Diluted epoxy adhesives II. Relationship of shrinkage during cure to lap shear strengths

The shrinkage of a series of epoxy adhesives diluted with either phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) or 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDE) and cured with either diethylenetriamine (DTA) or diethylaminopropylamine (DPA) was measured and compared with the steel-to-steel lap shear strength obtained with these adhesives. It was found that the adhesives with the highest level of shrinkage also gave the highest strengths. Samples cured initially at room temperature with DPA underwent a significant expansion when postcured at elevated temperatures. The amount of shrinkage was found not to be dependent on sample size.
Bulk magnetization and 1H NMR spectra of magnetically heterogeneous model systems

Abstract Bulk magnetization and 1 H static and magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of two magnetically heterogeneous model systems based on laponite (LAP) layered silicate or polystyrene (PS) with low and high proton concentration, respectively, and ferrimagnetic Fe 2 O 3 nano- or micro-particles have been studied. In LAP+Fe 2 O 3 , a major contribution to the NMR signal broadening is due to the dipolar coupling between the magnetic moments of protons and magnetic particles. In PS+Fe 2 O 3 , due to the higher proton concentration in polystyrene and stronger proton–proton dipolar coupling, an additional broadening is observed, i.e. 1 H MAS NMR spectra of magnetically heterogeneous systems are sensitive to both proton–magnetic particles and proton–proton dipolar couplings. An increase of the volume magnetization by ∼1 emu/cm 3 affects the 1 H NMR signal width in a way that is similar to an increase of the proton concentration by ∼2×10 22 /cm 3 . 1 H MAS NMR spectra, along with bulk magnetization measurements, allow the accurate determination of the hydrogen concentration in magnetically heterogeneous systems.
Clay Mineral Formation in Mud Pots, Yellowstone Park, Wyoming

Kaolinitic, montmorillonitic, illitic, and mixed-layer clay minerals are found in mud springs and mud pots of Yellowstone Park. A sequence of alteration is proposed as Phase I, alteration of bedrock and sediments by hot spring waters to produce three-layer clay minerals (including mixed layer species) and kaolinite-group minerals; Phase II, further alteration to produce a mud composed predominantly of kaolinite and some form of silica.
Controlling the Commons How Public Is Public Space

In this paper, I outline and test a framework for analyzing control and freedom in urban public space. The framework, based on a model of the commons developed by legal scholar Lawrence Lessig, assesses control across three layers: physical, code, and content. I deploy the framework in a case involving a controversial proposal to erect a six-foot-high iron fence around Philadelphia’s iconic Independence National Historical Park. The framework proves a robust conceptual and operational means for analyzing how intended actions impact personal and group freedoms.
Natural History of Saphenous Vein Grafts

Aortocoronary saphenous vein graft is an effective treatment of coronary artery disease and a means of markedly improving long-term prognosis in certain patient subgroups. However, there is a significant failure rate with these conduits. Early failure occurs within the first 1-2 months, most likely from primary thrombosis. Intermediate failure is usually caused by the development of neointimal hyperplasia. Late failure occurs after 3-5 years and results from accelerated atherosclerosis. The impact of saphenous vein graft failure on cardiovascular outcomes is significant, and it is important to implement appropriate therapeutic strategies to prevent or minimize failure rates.
Use of Quality Management Methods in the Transition from Efficacious Prevention Programs to Effective Prevention Services

This paper applies concepts and methods developed in management to translate efficacious prevention programs into effective prevention services. The paper describes Quality Function Deployment (QFD) as a method for structured planning and development that connects the needs and wants of the consumer with the design of the product or service. The paper describes basic tools used in quality management, and discusses how they might be applied to prepare a prevention program for implementation by community agencies. Prevention programs are conceptualized as having multiple consumers (i.e., stakeholders), including the participants who receive the service, the service providers, the organizations that deliver the program, and the researchers who evaluate the programs. As an illustration of one step in the application of QFD to translate efficacious prevention programs into effective prevention services, analysis of the needs and preferences of Family Courts for the implementation of an the New Beginnings Program is presented.
Socialists carry on

For many Western intellectuals and political activists, the year 1989 symbolically marked socialism's end as an historical project. But the intellectual interpretation of events in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe stems from a larger development dating back to the 1970s: the argument that we are in a new historical epoch, the postmodern world. While many people celebrate life in the age of new information, the global economy, and consumer capitalism, others despair about various aspects of this postmodern world, yet see no alternatives. Yet the latter, upon further investigation, may find much to celebrate.
Phyllochron Differences in Wheat, Barley, and Forage Grasses

The phyllochron is a measure of rate of development of plant leaves. Knowledge of the phyllochron for crop species is useful in formulating simulation models and for tracking plant development to determine when to apply management practices that depend on crop development stage. Our objectives were to determine the phyllochron and genetic effects among cultivars of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and among and within species of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fischer ex Link) Schultes], western wheatgrass [Elymus smithii (Rybd.) Gould], intermediate wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski:Syn:A. intermedium (Host) Beauv.], and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Phyllochrons for all cultivars of hard red spring wheat, durum wheat, and spring barley averaged 76.9,79.6, and 77.2 growing degree days (GDD) per leaf, respectively. The range in phyllochron among cultivars of hard red spring wheat, durum wheat, and spring barley was 11.2, 5.1, and 9.8 GDD, respectively. Among forage grasses, the phyllochron was 90, 99, 119, and 139 GDD for reed canarygrass, crested wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, and western wheatgrass, respectively. Phyllochron differences among clones within crested wheatgrass cultivar Summit was 21 GDD and within cultivar Nordan was 17 GDD. Specific genetic factors influencing the phyllochron of the species studied were not identified. However, variation among cultivars within species and variation among clones within heterogeneous cultivars suggest that genetic expression should be considered in evaluating the phyllochron for each species. USDA-ARS, Northern Plains Area, is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and all agency services are available without discrimination.
Ab Initio Analysis of Silicon Nano-Clusters

Several silicon nanoclusters (Sin, with n in the range 1–96) electronic and charge states are calculated using sophisticated compound methods, such as G1–G4, CBS, and W1, as well as using a flavor of density functional theory with a variety of basis sets. Results are compared with very precise experimental data when available. The B3PW91 hybrid functional yields results of comparable quality with all compound procedures, especially for bond energies, which systematically improve as the size of the basis set is increased. For the very small clusters, we used basis sets containing up to 131 basis functions per Si, which included up to two sets of h-functions. All ionization potentials, electron affinities, and dissociation energies are in good agreement with the experimental results. We perform calculations of the biggest clusters, up to Si96, using B3PW91/6-31G(d). We calculate second derivatives and thus the vibrational spectra for all clusters, and we generate harmonic force fields for molecular dynamics...
Platelet Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor is a Potential Mediator of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury.

Objective: The occurrence of non-hemolytic transfusion reactions is highest with platelet and plasma administration. Some of these reactions are characterized by endothelial leak, especially transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI). Elevated concentrations of inflammatory mediators secreted by contaminating leukocytes during blood product storage may contribute to such reactions, but platelet-secreted mediators may also contribute. We hypothesized that platelet storage leads to accumulation of the endothelial permeability mediator vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and that intravascular administration of exogenous VEGF leads to extensive binding to its lung receptors. Methods: Single donor, leukocyte-reduced apheresis platelet units were sampled over 5 days of storage. VEGF protein content of the centrifuged supernatant was determined by ELISA, and the potential contribution of VEGF from contaminating leukocytes was quantified. Isolated-perfused rat lungs were used to study the uptake of radiolabeled VEGF administered intravascularly, and the effect of unlabeled VEGF on lung leak. Results: There was a time-dependent release of VEGF into the plasma fraction of the platelet concentrates (62 ± 9 pg/ml on day one, 149 ± 23 pg/ml on day 5; mean ± SEM, p<0.01, n=8) and a contribution by contaminating leukocytes was excluded. Exogenous 125I-VEGF bound avidly and specifically to the lung vasculature, and unlabeled VEGF in the lung perfusate caused vascular leak. Conclusion: Rising concentrations of VEGF occur during storage of single donor platelet concentrates due to platelet secretion or disintegration, but not due to leukocyte contamination. Exogenous VEGF at these concentrations rapidly binds to its receptors in the lung vessels. At higher VEGF concentrations, VEGF causes vascular leak in uninjured lungs. These data provide further evidence that VEGF may contribute to the increased lung permeability seen in TRALI associated with platelet products.
Vascular effects of estrogen and vitamin E therapies in postmenopausal women.

Background—Estrogen and vitamin E therapies have been suggested to reduce cardiovascular risk, but comparison of the vascular effects of these therapies to determine mechanisms of potential benefit has not been performed in postmenopausal women. Methods and Results—In a double-blind, 3-period crossover study, we randomly assigned 28 healthy postmenopausal women to conjugated equine estrogens (CE) 0.625 mg/d, vitamin E 800 IU/d, and their combination, with measurements made before and after each 6-week treatment period. The ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol and lipoprotein(a) decreased on therapies including CE but increased on vitamin E alone (P<0.001 and P=0.002, respectively, by ANOVA). Brachial artery flow–mediated dilation improved on all therapies (all P<0.001 versus pretreatment values) and to a similar degree (P=0.267 by ANOVA). No therapy improved the dilator response to nitroglycerin. CE lowered serum levels of cell adhesion molecules E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 (all P<0.05 versus pretreatment v...
The miRNA-drug resistance connection: a new era of personalized medicine using noncoding RNA begins.

The human genome project, designed to sequence every base pair of the human genome and one of the most ambitious scientific undertakings attempted by mankind, is declared complete [102]. Although completion of sequencing the human genome is a landmark in human history, this does not represent an ending, but rather a new beginning. With an unprecedented knowledge of the more than 3 billion DNA base pair sequences in the whole human genome, we can now focus on identifying and characterizing novel diagnostic and prognostic markers to better treat patients and to make the elusive dream of personalized medicine a reality.
Experimental observations of early-age drying of Portland cement paste under low-pressure conditions

Plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete surfaces directly affects the long-term durability of structures. It can be attributed to the rapid rate of surface moisture evaporation while the microstructure is undergoing the early phases of hydration. A test method for characterizing evaporation parameters and simulating the sequential formation of shrinkage cracks in two-dimensional cement paste samples under low-pressure condition was developed. Effects of sample size, w/c ratio, initial curing and fiber content on weight loss and evaporation rates were investigated. Results indicate that drying occurs in two stages: a constant drying rate period (stage I) and a falling drying rate period (stage II). Vapor diffusion in stage I and unsaturated flow within porous medium in stage II determine the rate of evaporation. Results of diffusivity analysis shows that moisture diffusivity in stage I is higher than its value in stage II by more than one order of magnitude. Crack surface morphology using image analysis on plain and fiber reinforced cement pastes shows significant effect of fiber on controlling plastic shrinkage cracks.
Neutralización de rasgos contrastivos en el español del suroeste peninsular

This paper focuses on the phonetic implementation of /s/ and /r/ preceding nasal -n in the variety of Spanish spoken in the western Andalusian province of Seville (henceforth WAS). In a large number of Spanish dialects /s/ and /r/ in coda position are aspirated or deleted, suffering a weakening process usually known in the field of Linguistics as «lenition». This phenomenon has been very well documented in the literature ―especially concerning the phonological erosion and loss of final /s/― as it represents the morphological marker of plurality in nouns and second person singular in verbs. Since both the sibilant and the vibrant phonemes undergo lenition word-internally and word-finally, a key question to be posited would be whether /s/ and /r/ in an environment preceding -n could be phonetically neutralized, resulting in cases of mergers as in the examples bosna y borna, whose underlying representations /bosna/&/borna/ would surface as (boh·na). My experiment examines the hypothesis of a complete neutralization of contrastive supralaringeal features of /s/ and /r/ in offset position preceding onset /n/. In this analysis, I present evidence from two controlled studies, one acoustic and the other perceptive, that, on the one hand, /s/ and /r/ are not aspirated preceding /n/ in WAS, but instead they suffer phonetic zero without leaving any phonological cues, and are replaced by the regressive germination of the nasal segment; and on the other hand, that to the Sevillian speaker's acoustic perception, minimal pairs as lerna/lesna represent cases of homophone words.
Gödel's Path from the Incompleteness Theorems (1931) To Phenomenology (1961)

In a lecture manuscript written around 1961 (Godel *1961/?), Godel describes a philosophical path from the incompleteness theorems to Husserl's phenomenology. It is known that Godel began to study Husserl's work in 1959 and that he continued to do so for many years. During the 1960s, for example, he recommended the sixth investigation of Husserl's Logical Investigations to several logicians for its treatment of categorial intuition (Wang 1997, p. 164). While Godel may not have been satisfied with what he was able to obtain from philosophy and Husserl's phenomenology, he nonetheless continued to recommend Husserl's work to logicians as late as the 1970s. In this paper I present and discuss the kinds of arguments that led Godel to the work of Husserl. Among other things, this should help to shed additional light on Godel's philosophical and scientific ideas and to show to what extent these ideas can be viewed as part of a unified philosophical outlook. Some of the arguments that led Godel to Husserl's work are only hinted at in Godel's 1961 paper, but they are developed in much more detail in Godel's earlier philosophical papers (see especially 1934, *193?, 1944, 1947, *1951, *1953/59). In particular, I focus on arguments concerning Hilbert's program and an early version of Carnap's program. §1. Some ideas from phenomenology. Since Husserl's work is not generally known to mathematical logicians, it may be helpful to mention briefly a few details about his background.
Effect of pregnancy and stage of pregnancy on asthma severity: a systematic review

Although pregnancy is purported to affect maternal asthma, the literature has not been reviewed systematically. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine, among pregnant women with asthma, whether pregnancy and stage of pregnancy influence maternal asthma severity. Six electronic databases were searched in January 2003 for prospective studies of currently asthmatic, pregnant women who were enrolled before the third trimester and assessed with objective measures of asthma severity or validated severity scales. Three studies reported 54 pregnant women with asthma who met the inclusion criteria. The most valid study indicated that bronchial hyperresponsiveness to methacholine improved between preconception and pregnancy in 69% of the women, although it deteriorated in 31% of the women. Further, this improvement peaked in the second trimester, reverted after delivery, and was greatest among those women who were most hyperresponsive initially. Lung function also showed a trend towards improvement during pregnancy that was not significant. Large, well-conducted population-based studies that explore different aspects of asthma severity are needed to substantiate these preliminary results.
Do Histologic Criteria Predict Biologic Behavior of Giant Cell Lesions

Purpose To determine whether the clinical behavior of giant cell lesions (GCLs) or their anatomic location can be differentiated by histologic criteria alone. Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective study of patients with GCLs treated at Massachusetts General Hospital between 1993 and 2008. Predictor variables were histologic parameters: number of giant cells (GCs) per high-power field, number of nuclei per GC, GC size, stromal cellularity, stromal type, presence of hemorrhage and reactive osteoid, and blinded pathologists' prediction of location and behavior. Outcome variables were clinical behavior (aggressive or nonaggressive) and GCL location, that is, maxillofacial (MF) or axial/appendicular (AA). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed with statistical significance set at P ≤ .05. Results The sample included 88 subjects: 41 MF GCLs (35 aggressive) and 47 AA GCLs (28 aggressive). Aggressive AA lesions had more GCs per high-power field, larger mean GC size, and increased stromal cellularity, and they more frequently had a mononuclear stroma when compared with aggressive MF lesions ( P P = .03). Using histologic criteria only, blinded pathologists predicted clinical behavior in only 45% of cases (κ = 0.19, P = .09). They predicted a lesion's location in 82% of cases with fair agreement (κ = 0.44, P Conclusions Results of this study indicate that histologic differences between aggressive and nonaggressive GCLs are insufficient for pathologists to differentiate them consistently regardless of location.
A Summary and Interpretation of Ultra-High-Frequency Wave-Propagation Data Collected by the Late Ross A. Hull

Until his death in 1938, Ross A. Hull, late editor of QST, the official publication of the American Radio Relay League, had been studying the propagation of 60-megacycle waves between Blue Hill, near Boston, Massachusetts, and his home on Seldon Hill, near Hartford, Connecticut. He was aided in obtaining facilities for this work by the Blue Hill Observatory of Harvard University. An analysis of portions of the data recorded by Hull indicates that, with certain extensions and minor variations, his theories were leading toward the now apparently correct solution of the ultra-high-frequency propagation problems. It was indicated that propagation far beyond the horizon was produced by refraction or reflection in the tropospheric strata. Calculations of radius of ray curvature have been made from data provided by the United States Weather Bureau, from stations near the propagation terminals points. It is indicated that radii of curvature less than the radius of the earth are coincident with conditions favorable to the propagation of strong signals over this path extending far beyond the horizon. A simple equation is given for calculating the radius of ray curvature. It is concluded that more accurate meteorological data with finer structure characteristics should make possible more precise calculation of propagation conditions. It also appears that certain meteorological conditions may be assumed when various propagation conditions are encountered.
Interconnects in the third dimension: design challenges for 3D ICs

Despite generation upon generation of scaling, computer chips have until now remained essentially 2-dimensional. Improvements in on-chip wire delay and in the maximum number of I/O per chip have not been able to keep up with transistor performance growth; it has become steadily harder to hide the discrepancy. 3D chip technologies come in a number of flavors, but are expected to enable the extension of CMOS performance. Designing in three dimensions, however, forces the industry to look at formerly-two- dimensional integration issues quite differently, and requires the re-fitting of multiple existing EDA capabilities.
Overcoming the Network Bottleneck in Mobile Computing

System designers have traditionally treated the network as an inexhaustible resource, focusing their efforts on optimizing CPU and storage usage. For instance, the popular NFS file system [8] supports diskless operation, thereby avoiding use of local secondary storage at the expense of increased network usage. But in mobile computing, it is the network, rather than CPU or storage, that will be the scarce resource. The time has come when we must treat the network as a first-class resource, expending the CPU and storage resources necessary to use it intelligently. In this paper we argue that prescient caching and smart scheduling are key techniques/or overcoming the network bottleneck. We use the Coda file system [9] as a case study to substantiate our position.
Measurement of in vivo microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity in white subjects.

An impairment or hereditary defect in microsomal epoxide hydrolase is considered a possible risk factor for drug and chemical toxicity. However, nothing is known about variability of in vivo epoxide hydrolase activity in humans. Our objectives were to develop and test a simple pharmacokinetic approach for measuring microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity in a population. After administration of carbamazepine-10,11 -epoxide (100 mg), oral clearance showed a nearly linear relationship to the log (transdihydrodiol/epoxide) urine ratio in the 24- to 36-hour interval (log metabolic ratio). Intrasubject variability was assessed by administering the epoxide twice to 13 subjects (1- to 4-month interval); the log metabolic ratio did not change significantly (mean difference, 11%; paired t test, p= 0.79). In 110 healthy white adults, the log metabolic ratio ranged from 1.28 to 2.05 (mean ± SD, 1.68 ± 0.155). Outliers indicating enzyme-deficient phenotypes were not observed, and the frequency distribution was unimodal normal. The log metabolic ratio detected pronounced inhibition of epoxide hydrolase by val-promide (six subjects; median ratio, 0.91) and induction by phenobarbital/phenytoin (six subjects; median ratio, 2.42). We conclude that distribution of microsomal epoxide hydrolase activity in a study group can be measured pharmacokinetically by use of carbamazepine epoxide. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 53, 306–315; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.26
Patterns in immunohistochemical usage in extended core prostate biopsies: comparisons among genitourinary pathologists and nongenitourinary pathologists

Context.—Immunohistochemical (IHC) stains have known utility in prostate biopsies and are widely used to augment routine staining in difficult cases. Patterns in IHC utilization and differences based on pathologist training and experience is understudied in the peer-reviewed literature. Objectives.—To compare the rates of IHC usage between specialized (genitourinary; [GU]) and nonspecialized (non-GU) pathologists in extended core prostate biopsies (ECPBs) and the effects of diagnosis; and in cancer cases Gleason grade, disease extent, and perineural invasion on the rate. Design.—Consecutive ECPBs from 2009–2011 were identified and billing data were used to determine the number of biopsies and IHC stains per case. Diagnoses were mapped and in cancer cases, Gleason grade, extent of disease, and perineural invasion were recorded. Pathologists were classified as GU or non-GU on the basis of training and experience. Results.—A total of 618 ECPBs were included in the study. Genitourinary pathologists ordered si...
Moonlighting Husbands or Working Wives An Economic Analysis

In households where the husband is the primary income earner, family income may be augmented either by the husband taking a second job (moonlighting) or by the wife obtaining a first job. In this article, binary logit estimating techniques are employed to investigate empirically the types of factors affecting this decision. The data used in the empirical analysis are Wave X (1977) of the University of Michigan's Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The authors find that the relative labor market opportunities of the husband and the wife, the value of the alternative uses of the wife's time, and the attitudes of both the husband and the wife toward the wife's market work all play a significant and predictable role as determinants of moonlighting. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Parsing with Discontinuous Constituents

By generalizing the notion of location of a constituent to allow discontinuous loctaions, one can describe the discontinuous constituents of non-configurational languages. These discontinuous constituents can be described by a variant of definite clause grammars, and these grammars can be used in conjunction with a proof procedure to create a parser for non-configurational languages.
Are the communists dying out in Russia

Many predicted that the strength of the Communist Party in Russia would wane as the elderly pensioners who disproportionately supported the party died off. Contrary to this prediction, the findings of our analysis indicate that voters who reached retirement age during the past decade were even more supportive of the communists than the cohort of pensioners who preceded them. We believe this occurred because it was workers approaching retirement, not pensioners per se, who were disproportionately injured by the transition to a more market-oriented economy. Like pensioners they lost savings, but in many cases they also lost their jobs. They also had little opportunity to learn the new skills that the Russian economy increasingly calls for. There is as yet no indication that the communists have begun to die out.
Neurotensin and Dopamine Interactions

Interactions between the classical monoamine neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) and the peptide neurotransmitter neurotensin (NT) in the central nervous system (CNS) have now been investigated for over two decades. Interest in this topic has been sustained, primarily because of the potential clinical relevance of these interactions to schizophrenia and drug abuse. In the past five years, important new discoveries in the NT field have markedly expanded our previous database. Additional NT receptors have been cloned, and novel and refined techniques have contributed to a more detailed description of the anatomy of the CNS NT system. Additionally, lipophilic NT receptor antagonists, active in the CNS after peripheral administration, have rendered more facile the investigation of the physiologic importance of endogenous NT at electrophysiologic, neurochemical, and behavioral levels. In the present review, the discussion of NT/DA interactions will progress from a discussion of the anatomical interactions between these two systems, to electrophysiologic and neurochemical interactions, and finally to behavioral implications-always with focus toward the potential clinical relevance of the data. The discussion of interactions between NT and DA systems will be limited to those occurring within the CNS. Moreover, because the DA projections from the midbrain to the striatum account for the bulk of the DA innervation in the CNS, we will focus on NT/DA interactions within these brain regions. Last, because of the extensive literature on NT/DA interactions available in the rat, our discussion will be based primarily on studies using this species.
Everyone's a Loser: Parasitism of Late Instar Whiteflies by Encarsia inaron has Negative Consequences for Both Parasitoid and Host

ABSTRACT Despite strong evolutionary pressure for an ovipositing parasitoid to use only hosts with high suitability, there are examples of parasitoid attacks that fail. Here we document one such instance, in which a parasitoid does not discriminate against an inappropriate host life stage, resulting in negative consequences for both the parasitoid and host. The solitary koinobiont parasitoid Encarsia inaron (Walker) was originally imported to North America to control the ash whitefly, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday), but readily parasitizes and completes development in other whitefly hosts, including Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman). For both B. tabaci and T. abutiloneus, when younger host instars were parasitized, parasitism was successful and adult wasps emerged. In fourth instar hosts, however, adult parasitoids rarely emerged; rather, adult whiteflies were produced. Dissections over time showed that the wasp larvae continued to develop within these adult whiteflies, b...
Information Leakage as a Model for Quality of Anonymity Networks

Measures for anonymity in systems must be on one hand simple and concise, and on the other hand reflect the realities of real systems. Such systems are heterogeneous, as are the ways they are used, the deployed anonymity measures, and finally the possible attack methods. Implementation quality and topologies of the anonymity measures must be considered as well. We therefore propose a new measure for the anonymity degree, that takes into account these various. We model the effectiveness of single mixes or of mix networks in terms of information leakage, and we measure it in terms of covert channel capacity. The relationship between the anonymity degree and information leakage is described, and an example is shown.
Targeted Killing? Terrorists, Insurgents, and Pirates

Argues that terrorists should be generally analogized to pirates and governed by criminal law, and only exceptionally should terrorists be seen as insurgents participating in armed conflict and subject to the law of war. Critiques the relevant Israeli Supreme Court decision. Argues that the war on terror metaphor has failed, costing hundreds of thousands of lives and trillions of dollars.
Short-Range Dispersal of Mass-Reared Diachasmimorpha longicaudata and D. tryoni (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Parasitoids of Tephritid Fruit Flies

Cohorts of two species of mass-reared opiine braconid parasitoids Diachsmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) and D. tryoni (Cameron) were released at two study sites (a mature guava orchard and a large grass field) to study their height of dispersal in the vertical plane and their direction of dispersal in the horizontal plane. A higher percentage of released parasitoids of both sexes and both species was recaptured in the orchard than was recaptured in the grass field. Highest recovery in the orchard canopy for both species coincided with the fruit abscission period. Movement in the vertical plane followed an approximately normal distribution in the grass field, with a mean recapture height of 133.3 cm (±1.9). In the orchard, vertical distribution was negatively skewed with a mean recapture height of 153.9 cm (±1.1). In the orchard, the median height of dispersal of females of both species rose to >200 cm during the period of fruit abscission in the canopy and fell to <100 cm after most of the fruit had fallen. In the horizontal plane, the mean direction of dispersal in both vegetation types was toward the southwest, presumably in response to prevailing northeasterly trade winds. The relevance of the results to augmentative biological control of tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii is discussed.
An Investigation of Soil-Structure Interaction Effects Observed at the MIT Green Building

The soil-foundation impedance function of the MIT Green Building is identified from its response signals recorded during an earthquake. Estimation of foundation impedance functions from seismic res...
TREE DERIVED SURVIVAL RISK GROUPS IN DIFFERENTIATING RISK FOR GLIOMA PATIENTS

BACKGROUND: We recently developed partDSA, a multivariate method that, similarly to CART, utilizes loss functions to select and partition predictor variables to build a tree-like regression model for a given outcome. However, unlike CART, partDSA permits both 'and' and 'or' conjunctions of predictors, elucidating interactions between variables as well as their independent contributions. partDSA thus permits tremendous flexibility in the construction of predictive models and has been shown to supersede CART in both prediction accuracy and stability. METHODS: With right-censored outcomes, partDSA currently builds estimators via either the Inverse Probability Censoring Weighted (IPCW) or Brier Score weighting schemes; see Lostritto, Strawderman and Molinaro (2012), where it is shown in numerous simulations that both proposed adaptations for partDSA perform as well, and often considerably better, than two competing tree-based methods. RESULTS: We show the power of the partDSA algorithm in deriving survival risk groups for glioma patient based on genomic markers. CONCLUSIONS: As the resulting models take the form of a decision tree, partDSA provides an ideal foundation for developing a clinician-friendly tool for accurate risk prediction and stratification. SECONDARY CATEGORY: Epidemiology & Cancer Control.