cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calmodulin plays a dominant role in determining neurotransmitter regulation of neuronal adenylate cyclase

Ca2+, through the mediation of calmodulin, stimulates the activity of brain adenylate cyclase. The growing awareness that fluctuating Ca2+ concentrations play a major role in intracellular signalling prompted the present study, which aimed to investigate the implications for neurotransmitter (receptor) regulation of enzymatic activity of this calmodulin regulation. The role of Ca2+/calmodulin in regulating neurotransmitter-mediated inhibition and stimulation was assessed in a number of rat brain areas. Ca2+/calmodulin stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in EGTA-washed plasma preparations from each region studied--from 1.3-fold (in striatum) to 3.4-fold (in cerebral cortex). The fold-stimulation produced by Ca2+/calmodulin was decreased in the presence of GTP, forskolin, or Mn2+. In EGTA-washed membranes, receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase was strictly dependent upon Ca2+/calmodulin stimulation in all regions, except striatum. A requirement for Mg2+ in combination with Ca2+/calmodulin to observe neurotransmitter-mediated inhibition was also observed. In contrast, receptor-mediated stimulation of activity was much greater in the absence of Ca2+/calmodulin. The findings demonstrate that ambient Ca2+ concentrations, in concert with endogenous calmodulin, may play a central role in dictating whether inhibition or stimulation of adenylate cyclase by neurotransmitters may proceed.
Experimental and numerical investigations of mechanisms in fluidic spray control

Abstract A fluidic control method in an axisymmetric spray orifice is investigated experimentally and numerically. In this method, a nominally steady secondary flow is introduced through an annular slot placed near the vena contracta along the orifice wall to control the cavitation, and thus the spray, at pressures up to 550 kPa driving pressure difference. Images of cavitation, measurements of droplet sizes and discharge coefficients, and CFD modeling are combined to explore the flow physics leading to the production of small droplets. Experimental results suggest that the secondary flow is incapable of confining cavitation to the region upstream of the slot, and generally a larger secondary flow rate results in a lower discharge coefficient, and a larger fraction of small droplets. The homogeneous model-based CFD code of Chen and Heister was employed to model the internal flows, which indicated that a high pressure region upstream of the slot, large pressure fluctuations in the orifice, and long cavitation lengths are the favorable conditions for atomization. The CFD simulations, together with experimental measurements, correlate the orifice geometry and flow structures to droplet sizes. Understanding the relationship between flow structures and droplet sizes helps to design orifices in favor of production of small droplets.
Quantitation of beta-amyloid in transgenic mice using whole slide digital imaging and image analysis software

the naturalhistory of small vessel diseases, evaluated in a large cohort of postmortem brains from the Newcastle Institute for Ageing and Health (Newcastle University, UK). This provides a score from 0 to 20 (no to severe vascular burden) and is in good agreement previous neuropathological standards. Nevertheless, the clinical relevance of this score has not yet been evaluated, and this was this study’s aim. Methods: Post mortem AD brains from Lille Neurobank (Lille, France) were scored according this cerebrovascular scale, blinded to clinical and neuroimaging data. Patients had been prospectively followed up with a standardized clinical examination, neuropsychological tests, and structural brain imaging. Correlation with the clinical diagnosis of vascular contribution, age at onset, disease duration, imaging white matter lesions visual scoring scale (Fazekas et al. 1987), vascular risk factors, Mini Mental State Examination score and Dementia Rating Scale score at first visit were analyzed with non-parametric tests. Results: Eleven patients were included. Four of them had a neuropathological cerebrovascular score < 10, all these 4 patients were clinically diagnosed as pure AD. Six of the 7 patients with a score 1⁄4 10 were considered to have no significant cerebrovascular contribution to their dementia. Higher scores were associated with a longer disease duration (p1⁄4 0.05) andtended to be associated with a higher Fazekas score.Conclusions: There is an urgent need to establish a reproducible and standardized quantitative assessment of the cerebrovascular burden in post mortem brains. In this small study, we used an original neuropathological cerebrovascular staging system which seems to be relevant enough to identify the clinical and imaging correlates of the cerebrovascular burden in clinicopathological series. In this limited number of cases, the clinical contribution of cerebrovascular lesions was largely underestimated. Further inclusions are needed to confirm our findings.
Properties of protein constituents of black locust bark

The total protein content of black locust bark increased in December, remained at an elevated level throughout the winter and spring, and decreased in June. Hemagglutinating activity of lectin in the bark did not follow this pattern but increased to a maximum in February and decreased in March. Lectin may be involved in protein storage as others have suggested, but the role of its ability to bind carbohydrates is not evident. A role for lectin as a protective compound could not be assigned because lectin extracts did not inhibit bacterial or fungal growth even though they affected fungal growth characteristics. Chitinase activity, however, was present in black locust inner bark at a concentration which inhibited fungal growth in vitro.
Hydromagnetic waves and discontinuities in the solar wind

Development of a theory of hydromagnetic waves and discontinuities which is appropriate for the solar wind. The experimental evidence for the various waves, discontinuities, and some of the instabilities which are predicted by this theory is reviewed. Nearly all of the discontinuities given by the theory are shown to exist in the solar wind. These include tangential discontinuities, forward and reverse fast and slow shocks, perpendicular shocks, and Alfven shocks. Parallel shocks and contact discontinuities have not been found. A number of special cases are considered which show the basic physical properties of hydromagnetic waves in an anisotropic, multifluid, collisionless plasma. A treatment of discontinuities is presented which most resembles those of Chao (1970) and Hudson (1970). On the basis of the experimental results reviewed it is concluded that hydromagnetic theory is applicable to the solar wind.
Molecular weight of polymers from electrical resistivity of solutions

An investigation has been carried out to further establish the usefulness of electrical resistivity techniques for the study of polymerization kinetics, and to determine the extent of molecular weight dependence of electrical resistivity. The resistivity increment, (p − p0)/p0, which may be regarded as the fractional increase in resistivity of a system due to the presence of polymer, was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of polymer in solution. Based on the assumption that conductance in polymeric systems occurs by migration of ionic impurities, the resistivity increment was shown to be identical to the specific local viscosity. A marked dependence of (p − p0)/p0 upon molecular weight was found. The relationships observed provide expressions for determination of molecular weight from resistivity data in the systems: polystyrene-styrene, polystyrene-cyclohexane, and poly(methyl methacrylate)-benzene. Furthermore, these relationships indicate the existence of a “critical packing volume” for the polymer chains in solution. This effect permits a determination of the unperturbed end-to-end chain dimension of the polymer (polystyrene) which agrees reasonably well with the published value.
Purification and properties of a single strand-specific endonuclease from mouse cell mitochondria

Abstract A nuclease was purified from mitochondria of the mouse plasmacytoma cell line, MCP-11 which acts on single-stranded DNA endonucleolytically and appears to have no activity upon native DNA. It degrades unordered RNA somewhat more effectively than it does DNA. The enzyme activity and the major detectable polypeptide migrate to a position corresponding to an Mr of 37,400 on denaturing polyacrylamide gels; in its native form the activity has an S value of 4.7, which corresponds to a molecular weight of roughly 73,000. The single-strand DNase activity has a pH optimum near 7.5, requires a divalent cation and is inhibited by EDTA, phosphate, KCl and NaCl. The enzyme is remarkably similar to fungal mitochondrial enzymes whose absence in various mutants correlates with defective DNA repair and recombination. It reacts weakly with antibody to a form of such an enzyme from Neurospora crassa.
Biochemical studies of transneuronal degeneration: The effects of enucleation on the biochemical maturation of the chick optic tectum

Abstract The chick visual system is a useful model to study the biochemical consequences of transsynaptic degeneration. Following enucleation on the day of hatching, the deafferented chick optic tectum at days 12–16 fails to demonstrate the increased protein, glycoprotein and ganglioside content of normal optic tectum. Morphologic and biochemical studies suggest that the number of neurons and glia are not decreased in the deafferented optic tectum. However their surface membrane and intracellular constituents are decreased. Although enucleation produces a marked reduction in total ganglioside and fucosyl glycopeptide constituents, it does not alter the normal developmental changes in the profile of specific gangliosides or in the molecular weight of fucosyl glycopeptides. Within the limits of sensitivity of techniques employed, the effects of transneuronal degeneration on gangliosides and fucosyl glycopeptides appear to be primarily quantitative rather than qualitative. Once synapses are formed presynaptic terminals from the retina may have less effect on the types of gangliosides and the molecular weights of fucosyl glycopeptides than on the amounts of these constituents.
The LY-6 locus: a multigene family encoding phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane proteins concerned with T-cell activation.

In this review we will attempt to summarize what is known about the structure and function of the Ly-6 locus and its gene products
Unintended births among adult immigrant and U.S.-born Mexican women in the Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) survey.

Abstract Background Unintended births are especially frequent among minority women. Predictors of unintended births among adult Mexican women living in the United States are poorly characterized. Methods Data are from vital statistics and the 2005 Los Angeles Mommy and Baby (LAMB) survey, a population-based study of women delivering a live birth in Los Angeles County, California (n = 1,214). Multivariable logistic regression assessed the relation of unintended birth with acculturation variables adjusting for background and psychosocial characteristics. Multinomial models assessed these relations for women with an unintended birth who did and did not use contraception. Findings Forty-one percent of women reported an unintended birth. Being a long-term immigrant and U.S.-born were positively associated with unintended birth compared with shorter term immigrants, but the adjusted relation was significant only for U.S.-born women (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.19–3.39). Women reporting an unintended birth were younger, unmarried, and higher parity. If using contraception, the odds of unintended birth were increased for cohabiting women, those with high education, and those with greater stress during pregnancy. When not using contraception and reporting an unintended birth, women also have no usual place for health care, have depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and are dissatisfied with partner support. Conclusions Women's background and psychosocial characteristics were central to explaining unintended birth among immigrant women but less so for U.S.-born Mexican mothers. Interventions to improve birth intentions should not only target effective contraception, but also important social determinants.
The Private Regulation of Global Corporate Conduct: Achievements and Limitations

The article assesses the achievements and limitations of the private regulation of global corporate conduct. Private regulation occurs through voluntary, private, nonstate industry and cross-industry codes that address labor practices, environmental performance, and human rights policies. The author argues that while private regulation has resulted in some substantive improvements in corporate behavior, it cannot be regarded as a substitute for the more effective exercise of state authority at both the national and international levels. Ultimately, private regulation must be integrated with and reinforced by more effective state-based and enforced regulatory policies at both the national and international levels.
Participation in the academic associate program: effect on medical school admission rate.

OBJECTIVES Several emergency medicine programs are using premedical students as research assistants for clinical research in the emergency department (ED). These programs have been shown to enhance faculty research productivity, but the effects of these programs on the students' goals have not been assessed. The authors evaluated the effect of the Academic Associate Program (AAP) on medical school acceptance rates. METHODS From 1997 to 2002, premedical students who attended informational sessions about the AAP completed a 28-item survey including demographic information, educational experiences, career goals, grade point average (GPA), and prior research participation. Premedical students who had a career goal of becoming a physician were included in the study if they matriculated into medical school or changed their career plans by the fall of 2003. Medical school acceptance was determined by contacting students or their parents via telephone and e-mail. Students enrolled in the AAP were compared with Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data to determine whether they were more or less likely to be accepted into medical school. RESULTS During the study period, 198 students enrolled in the AAP had attained a final disposition with respect to medical school matriculation. Students were a mean age of 22.4 +/- 3.0 years, 55% female, and 43% nonwhite. Most students (91%) were junior year or later with respect to educational level. Prior research experience included being an author on an abstract (25%), being an author on a manuscript (17%), and presenting research at a scientific meeting (14%). The mean GPA ( +/- standard deviation) for Academic Associates was 3.38 ( +/- 0.31). Medical school acceptance rates were 79% for students in the AAP (95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 73.1 to 84.5). This is higher than expected based on AAMC published data with a 49% (95% CI = 48.5 to 49.5) acceptance rate for students with a mean GPA of 3.46. CONCLUSIONS Compared with AAMC data, students in the AAP have a higher medical school acceptance rate despite a slightly lower GPA. This finding suggests that participation in the program enhances a student's likelihood of matriculating in medical school.
Validity of VO2max equations for aerobically trained males and females

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to cross-validate existing VO 2max prediction equations on samples of aerobically trained males and females. Methods: A total of 142 aerobically trained males (mean SD; 39.0 ± 11.1 yr, N = 93) and females (39.7 ± 10.1 yr, N = 49) performed a maximal incremental test to determine actual VO 2max on a cycle ergometer. The predicted VO 2max values from 18 equations (nine for each gender) were compared with actual VO 2max by examining the constant error (CE), standard error of estimate (SEE), correlation coefficient (r), and total error (TE). Results: The results of this investigation indicated that all of the equations resulted in significant (P < 0.006) CE values ranging from -216 to 1415 mL.min -1 for the males and 132 to 1037 mL.min -1 for the females. In addition the SEE, r, and TE values ranged from 266 to 609 mL.min -1 , 0.36 to 0.88, and 317 to 1535 mL.min -1 , respectively. Furthermore, the lowest TE values for the males and females represented 10% and 12% of the mean actual VO 2max values, respectively. Conclusions: The results of the analysis indicated that the two equations using age, body weight, and the power output achieved at VO 2 as predictor variables had the lowest SEE (7.7-9.8% of actual VO 2max ) and TE (10-12% of actual VO 2max ) values and are recommended for estimating VO 2max in aerobically trained males and females. The magnitude of the TE values (≥ 20% of actual VO 2max ) associated with the remaining 16 equations, however, were too large to be of practical value for estimating VO 2max .
The analysis of sampled-data systems

THERE is an important class of feedback control systems known as sampled-data systems or sampling servomechanisms in which the data at one or more points consist of trains of pulses or sequences of numbers. Such systems may have a variety of forms, a common example of which is shown in Figure 1. In the case illustrated, the sampling is performed on the control error by a so-called sampler which is indicated as a mechanical switch which closes momentarily every T seconds. The data at the output of such a switch consist of a train of equally spaced pulses of short duration whose envelope is the control error function. In some practical systems, the separation between successive pulses is controlled by some characteristic of the input signal and consequently is not constant. Such systems will not be considered in this paper.
Cyclic nucleotides in murine brain: the temporal relationship of changes induced in adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate following maximal electroshock or decapitation.

–Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) levels increase about 5-fold in the cerebral cortex and 2-fold in the cerebellum following electroconvulsive shock (ECS). The peak levels of cyclic AMP occur at 45 s after ECS in the cerebral cortex, and at 15 s in the cerebellum. In the cerebral cortex, ECS produces twice the cyclic AMP accumulation as does decapitation in a comparable time period; however, the relative effect of a number of neurotropic agents on the cyclic AMP accumulation is essentially the same, whether stimulated by decapitation or by ECS. In the cerebellum, the levels of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) also increase following ECS. The cyclic GMP levels are greatest at 60 s after ECS during the postictal depression. An association between elevated cerebellar cyclic GMP and depression seems unlikely, since CNS depressants either lowered or had no effect on cyclic GMP levels. From these results, cyclic nucleotide profiles following treatments such as ECS or decapitation may be useful in elucidating the molecular events involved in seizures, brain injury and ischemia.
Psathyrella rostellata in the Czech Republic and Slovakia

Psathyrella rostellata Orstadius (Psathyrellaceae, Agaricales), which has been known only from Northern Europe so far, is reported from six localities in the Czech Republic and from one locality in Slovakia. Description, pictures and illustrations of micromorphological characters based on Czech and Slovak specimens are provided. Ecology, distribution and comparison with similar species — Psathyrella spintrigeroides, Psathyrella artemisiae and others are discussed.
Assembling filamentous phage occlude pIV channels

Filamentous phage f1 is exported from its Escherichia coli host without killing the bacterial cell. Phage-encoded protein pIV, which is required for phage assembly and secretion, forms large highly conductive channels in the outer membrane of E. coli. It has been proposed that the phage are extruded across the bacterial outer membrane through pIV channels. To test this prediction, we developed an in vivo assay by using a mutant pIV that functions in phage export but whose channel opens in the absence of phage extrusion. In E. coli lacking its native maltooligosacharride transporter LamB, this pIV variant allowed oligosaccharide transport across the outer membrane. This entry of oligosaccharide was decreased by phage production and still further decreased by production of phage that cannot be released from the cell surface. Thus, exiting phage block the pIV-dependent entry of oligosaccharide, suggesting that phage occupy the lumen of pIV channels. This study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, for viral exit through a large aqueous channel.
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modulates Phenotype and Effector Functions of Porcine CD8+ Lymphocytes

In vivo vaccination and challenge studies have demonstrated that CD8(+) lymphocytes are essential for the development of cell-mediated protection against intracellular pathogens and neoplastic cells. Depletion of peripheral blood CD8(+) cells interferes with clearance of viruses and intracellular fungi, induction of delayed type hypersensitivity responses and antitumoral activity. In contrast to humans or mice, porcine peripheral CD8(+) lymphocytes are characterized by a heterogeneous expression pattern (i.e., CD8alphabeta and CD8alphaalpha) that facilitates the study of distinctive traits among minor CD8(+) cell subsets. A factorial (2 x 2) arrangement within a split-plot design, with 16 blocks of two littermate pigs as the experimental units for immunization treatment (i.e., unvaccinated or vaccinated with a proteinase-digested Brachyspira hyodysenteriae bacterin) and pig within block as the experimental unit for dietary treatment (soybean oil or conjugated linoleic acid) were used to investigate the phenotypic and functional regulation of CD8(+) cells by dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Dietary CLA supplementation induced in vivo expansion of porcine CD8(+) cells involving T-cell receptor (TCR)gammadeltaCD8alphaalpha T lymphocytes, CD3(-)CD16(+)CD8alphaalpha (a porcine natural killer cell subset), TCRalphabetaCD8alphabeta T lymphocytes and enhanced specific CD8(+)-mediated effector functions (e.g., granzyme activity). Expansion of peripheral blood TCRalphabetaCD8alphabeta cells was positively correlated (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) with increased percentages of CD8alphabeta(+) thymocytes. Functionally, CLA enhanced the cytotoxic potential of peripheral blood lymphocytes and proliferation of TCRgammadeltaCD8alphaalpha cells. Collectively, these results indicate that dietary CLA enhances cellular immunity by modulating phenotype and effector functions of CD8(+) cells involved in both adaptive and innate immunity.
Transcending imaginations through football participation and narratives of the other: Haitian national identity in the Dominican Republic

Reflexive narratives aim to produce new knowledge regarding some social or cultural phenomena. This paper explores the Haitian national identity from the perspective of a volunteer tourist and football participant. Although football first arrived to the Dominican Republic prior to World War II, the game's influence increased as Haitians moved across the national border that divides the island of Hispaniola. For Haitians, football distracts participants from feared social inequalities, while the field gives them presence, belonging, and a sense of being in place. Many Haitians reference football as their connection with home – and this connection unites the community. This work engages with notions of staging and performing identity to identify and acknowledge themes relative to being the other and out of place.
XML-to-SQL Query Translation Literature: The State of the Art and Open Problems

Recently, the database research literature has seen an explosion of publications with the goal of using an RDBMS to store and/or query XML data. The problems addressed and solved in this area are diverse. This diversity renders it difficult to know how the various results presented fit together, and even makes it hard to know what open problems remain. As a first step to rectifying this situation, we present a classification of the problem space and discuss how almost 40 papers fit into this classification. As a result of this study, we find that some basic questions are still open. In particular, for the XML publishing of relational data and for “schema-based” shredding of XML documents into relations, there is no published algorithm for translating even simple path expression queries (with the axis) into SQL when the XML schema is recursive.
Psychiatric and Physical Morbidity Effects of Dementia Caregiving: Prevalence, Correlates, and Causes

The dementia caregiving literature is reviewed with the goals of (a) assessing the prevalence and magnitude of psychiatric and physical morbidity effects among caregivers, (b) identifying individual and contextual correlates of reported health effects and their underlying causes, and (c) examining the policy relevance of observed findings. Virtually all studies report elevated levels of depressive symptomatology among caregivers, and those using diagnostic interviews report high rates of clinical depression and anxiety. The evidence is more equivocal and generally weaker for the association between caregiving and physical morbidity, such as self-rated health, number of illnesses, symptomatology, health care utilization, preventive health behaviors, and cardiovascular functioning. Across studies, psychiatric morbidity in caregivers was linked to patient problem behaviors, income, self-rated health, perceived stress, and life satisfaction. Physical morbidity was associated with patient problem behaviors and cognitive impairment, and with caregiver depression, anxiety, and perceived social support. Possible causes of reported effects and policy implications are discussed.
Simulation of cooperating robot manipulators on a mobile platform

The dynamic equations of motion are presented for two or more cooperating manipulators on a freely moving mobile platform. The system of cooperating robot manipulators forms a closed kinematic chain where the force of interaction must be included in the formulation of robot and platform dynamics. The formulation includes the full dynamic interactions from arms to platform and arm tip to arm tip, and the possible translation and rotation of the platform. The equations of motion are shown to be identical in structure to the fixed-platform cooperative manipulator dynamics. The structure of the closed-chain dynamics, allows the use of any solution for the open topological tree of base and manipulator links. The number of degrees of freedom (DOF) of the system is sufficiently large to make recursive dynamic calculation methods potentially more efficient than closed-form solutions. A complete simulation with two 6-DOF manipulators of a free-floating platform is presented along a with a multiple-arm controller to position the common load. >
Real-Time Detection of Tar in Carbonates Using LWD Triple Combo, NMR and Formation Tester in Highly-Deviated Wells

Detection of tar, which is defined in this paper as the heavy oil phase that does not flow using standard production technologies, is critical for reservoir characterization, reserve calculations and well placement. Hydrocarbons that can not be produced must be classified as resources rather than reserves, and the distribution of tar must be accurately known for the proper placement water injectors and producers in heavy oil reservoirs. Tar must be detected as early as possible during the drilling of a well, in order to allow for the timely execution of necessary changes to the drilling program and to prevent costly remedial action, such as sidetracking. Early detection requires the deployment of LWD technologies for real-time or near real-time interpretation of the data. Lack of invasion observed in resistivity logs or borehole enlargement from the caliper log can be correlated to the presence of tar, the ideal tool string for tar detection includes triple-combo, NMR and the formation tester. The associated workflow utilizes a combination of tar indicators obtained from triplecombo and NMR logs. Once detected, mobility readings from the formation tester are then used to verify the presence of tar. The first tar indicator deployed is the well-known missing-porosity. A portion of the NMR signal in tar decays too fast to be detected by the logging tool, resulting in a deficit in NMR porosity when compared to total porosity obtained from conventional logs. The second and equally effective tar indicator is called the excess-bound-fluid, defined as the difference of bound fluid porosity from the NMR log and the bulk volume of water computed using conventional logs. Real-time LWD T2 spectra, a recent development with significant future potential, can additionally be used to enhance the interpretation in resolving fluid-property related ambiguities, when available. Real-time tar characterization demands high accuracy from the porosity logs. In the clean carbonate formations typical of the Middle East, this requirement translates into the use of an 18-second wait-time to ensure complete polarization in the NMR log. The use of such a long wait-time impacts the ROP and vertical resolution of the NMR measurement, necessitating the availability of certain features in the hardware used. This paper discusses the petrophysical framework for a best-practice real-time tar detection workflow using LWD measurements. Results from the implementation of the methodology in two different carbonate fields in Saudi Arabia demonstrate that with proper technologies and robust interpretation algorithms in place, real-time tar identification can be done efficiently and accurately.
Equity Implications of Vehicle Emissions Taxes

This paper considers the equity implications of vehicle emissions taxes by examining the incidence of a tax on local pollutants. It uses emissions data from the California Air Resources Board and household vehicle and income data from the US Consumer Expenditure Survey. It incorporates household price responsiveness that differs across income groups into a consumer surplus measure of tax burden. Since poor vehicle owners spend more on miles as a proportion of their income and drive vehicles that pollute more per mile than those owned by the wealthy, the incidence of tax on vehicle emissions falls relatively heavily on them. This burden, however, is mitigated to some extent by low vehicle ownership rates and high price responsiveness in the lower half of the income distribution. A uniform tax on miles that does not distinguish between dirty and clean vehicles is less regressive than the emissions tax.
Histone gene expression during sea urchin spermatogenesis: an in situ hybridization study

The expression of testis-specific and adult somatic histone genes in sea urchin testis was investigated by in situ hybridization. The testis-specific histone genes (Sp H2B-1 of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus and Sp H2B-2 of Lytechinus pictus) were expressed exclusively in a subset of male germ line cells. These cells are morphologically identical to replicating cells pulse-labelled with 3H-thymidine. Genes coding for histones expressed in adult somatic and late embryo cells (H2A-beta for S. purpuratus and H3-1 for L. pictus) were expressed in the same germ line cells, as well as in the supportive cells (nutritive phagocytes) of the gonad. All histone mRNAs detected in the male germ lineage declined precipitously by the early spermatid stage, before cytoplasmic reduction. The data suggest that both testis-specific and adult somatic histone genes are expressed in proliferating male germ line cells. Testis-specific gene expression is restricted to spermatogonia and premeiotic spermatids, but somatic histone expression is not. The decline of histone mRNA in nondividing spermatids is not merely a consequence of cytoplasmic shedding, but probably reflects mRNA turnover.
Crucibles of black empowerment: Chicago's neighborhood politics from the New Deal to Harold Washington

While, today, Atlanta is often viewed as the capital of Black America, and Harlem the capital for the early twentieth century, a strong case can be made for Chicago as the real center of African-Am...
A Reexamination of the Costs of Firm Commitment and Best Efforts IPOs

Ritter [14] documents that best efforts IPOs are, on average, more costly to issue than firm commitment IPOs. This paper explains the phenomenon. Two component costs of going public are analyzed: underpricing and underwriter compensation. The model, based on a disagreement about firm value between underwriters and issuers, shows that underpricing is higher for firms using best efforts contracts as these firms, on average, are more speculative. Underwriter compensation is hypothesized to be higher for firms using best efforts contracts because of the high costs of market making for these firms in the aftermarket and the high distribution costs associated with the high risk of a failed offer. Empirical tests strongly support the propositions.
Peer-Mediated Intervention Studies on Academic Achievement for Students with EBD A Review

Research has shown that peer-mediated interventions produce positive academic outcomes for a wide range of students. The authors of this review examined the effectiveness of peer-mediated interventions on the academic functioning of students with emotional and behavior disorders (EBD). Fourteen studies using cross-age, same-age, classwide peer tutoring, or cooperative learning met the criteria set forth for this review. Findings from these studies indicate peer-mediated interventions were successful across academic subject areas and grade levels. However, the participants and settings used within these studies did not accurately reflect the current EBD population's ethnic or gender composition or actual classroom placement. Finally, despite the recent growth in the number of students identified with EBD, the number of research studies investigating academic interventions has declined.
Observed Differences in Social Behaviors Exhibited in Peer Interactions Between Youth With Spina Bifida and Their Peers: Neuropsychological Correlates

Objective To identify differences in social behaviors in observed peer interactions between children with spina bifida (SB) and peers, and to examine neuropsychological correlates of these differences. Method At otal of 100 youth (aged 8–15 years) with SB and peers participated in video-recorded interaction tasks, which were coded for interaction style, affect, and collaboration. Children with SB also completed a neuropsychological test battery. Results Children with SB demonstrated less adaptive social behaviors in peer interactions, particularly within the interaction style domain. Observational items found to be different between children with SB and their peers were best predicted by social language and attention abilities. Conclusions Children with SB exhibit a less adaptive interaction style and lower levels of social dominance but are comparable with typically developing peers on other social behaviors. The observed group differences may have a neuropsychological basis.
Reproductive tradeoffs and yolk steroids in female leopard geckos, Eublepharis macularius

Life history theory predicts tradeoffs among reproductive traits, but the physiological mechanisms underlying such tradeoffs remain unclear. Here we examine reproductive tradeoffs and their association with yolk steroids in an oviparous lizard. Female leopard geckos lay two eggs in a clutch, produce multiple clutches in a breeding season, and reproduce for several years. We detected a significant tradeoff between egg size and the number of clutches laid by females during their first two breeding seasons. Total reproductive effort was strongly condition-dependent in the first season, but much less so in the second season. Although these and other tradeoffs were unmistakable, they were not associated with levels of androstenedione, oestradiol, or testosterone in egg yolk. Female condition and egg size, however, were inversely related to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in egg yolk. Finally, steroid levels in egg yolk were not directly related to steroid levels in the maternal circulation when follicles were developing, indicating that steroid transfer to eggs is regulated. These findings suggest that maternal allocation of DHT could mitigate tradeoffs that lead to poor offspring quality (i.e. poor female condition) and small offspring size (i.e. small egg size).
Basolateral membrane H/OH/HCO3 transport in the rat cortical thick ascending limb. Evidence for an electrogenic Na/HCO3 cotransporter in parallel with a Na/H antiporter.

Abstract Mechanisms involved in basolateral H/OH/HCO3 transport in the in vitro microperfused rat cortical thick ascending limb were examined by the microfluorometric determination of cell pH using (2',7')-bis-(carboxyethyl)-(5,6)-carboxyfluorescein. The mean cell pH in this segment perfused with 147 mM sodium and 25 mM HCO3 at pH 7.4 was 7.13 +/- 0.02 (n = 30). Lowering bath HCO3 from 25 to 5 mM (constant PCO2 of 40 mmHg) acidified the cells by 0.31 +/- 0.02 pH units at a rate of 0.56 +/- 0.08 pH units/min. Removal of bath sodium acidified the cells by 0.28 +/- 0.03 pH units at a rate of 0.33 +/- 0.04 pH units/min. The cell acidification was stilbene inhibitable and independent of chloride. There was no effect of bath sodium removal on cell pH in the absence of CO2/HCO3. Depolarization of the basolateral membrane (step increase in bath potassium) independent of the presence of chloride. Cell acidification induced by bath sodium removal persisted when the basolateral membrane was voltage clamped by high potassium/valinomycin. Although these results are consistent with a Na/(HCO3)n greater than 1 cotransporter, a Na/H antiporter was also suggested: 1 mM bath amiloride inhibited the cell pH defense against an acid load (rapid ammonia washout), both in the presence and absence of CO2/HCO3, and inhibited the cell acidification induced by bath sodium reduction from 50 to 0 mM. In conclusion, an electrogenic Na/(HCO3)n greater than 1 cotransporter in parallel with a Na/H antiporter exist on the basolateral membrane of the rat cortical thick ascending limb.
SUPERIOR GLENOID IMPINGEMENT

Superior glenoid impingement, a recently recognized mechanism of injury, puts five structures at risk: (1) the rotator cuff, (2) the superior labrum, (3) the greater tuberosity, (4) the superior glenoid, and (5) the inferior glenohumeral ligament. The clinical picture depends on which structures are injured and is still poorly described; however, the natural history is comprehensive for overhead athletes.
Packet combining considerations for random-access networks

If the channel is particularly poor, a radio may be unable to decode any individual packet reception. Packet combining utilizes retransmission diversity to improve the probability that a message can be decoded. In cases where the transmitter is known to the receiver (e.g., communication using a dedicated time slot), the receiver can request that the transmitter resend the message. However, in random access networks, a receiver may hear packets from many transmitters. If a received message is not decodable, the receiver may not know the identity of the transmitter and thus be unable to request a retransmission directly. The lack of a positive acknowledgment may cause the transmitter to eventually repeat the message, but without any explicit control signaling between the two radios, the receiver may be unaware that the new attempt can be combined with one of its previous receptions. In this paper, techniques to identify which received packets should be combined are considered. The packet matching techniques are limited to those utilizing information contained only in the individual receptions and so are suitable for random-access networks.
Confidence Intervals for Microbial Density Using Serial Dilutions with MPN Estimates

Une variation de la methode Woodward est recommendee pour deriver une intervalle de confiance au niveau 1 - α pour la densite microbienne utilisant des dilutions en series avec des estimations MPNs, le nombre le plus probable. Les resultats de l'examen de la dilution en series sont arranges en accord avec leurs MPNs. La limite inferieure d'un resultat y est la densite pour laquelle y et tous les autres resultats, dont les ordres sont plus hauts, ont une probabilite totale α/2. Une limite superieure est trouvee par une procede analogue. Une variation augmente la plus petite des limites inferieures et diminue la plus grande des limites superieures. Pour comparar, une methode qui est optimal au sens de la rejection de l'hypothese-nul est decrite. Cette methode arrange les resultats en fonction de la densite microbienne en question, en utilisant des premieres derivees proportionelle de probabilites. Nous faisons des comparaisons entre ces deux methodes et les methodes couramment utilisees. Nous montrons que la methode recommendee est la plus desiree de certains points de vue, malgres qu'elle resulte a des intervalles de confiance qui sont un peu plus large que celles de la methode de De Man qui a paru en 1983.
Macroscopic quantum tunneling in one-dimensional superconducting wires.

Macroscopic quantum tunneling in a one-dimensional superconductor is discussed using the microscopic model near the critical temperature. By means of a functional integral approach, we derive the total decay rate as the sum of the thermal activation and quantum mechanical tunneling rate. The theory is tested experimentally by measuring the resistance of a superconducting wire. It is found that the theory for the tunneling rate is consistent with experimental results and that it is adequate for temperatures at which the thermal activation theory fails. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
An evaluation of time redundant DFT processing of stochastic signals with time varying spectra

This paper addresses the problem of applying an implementation of the DFT to obtain a periodogram estimate of the power spectral density of a stochastic signal which has a time varying power spectral density. For the situation when a sample function of a stationary process is observed over a period such that the time-measurement resolution bandwidth product is greater than unity, processing redundancy can be used to enhance the quality of the resulting spectral measurements. Of particular interest in this presentation is an evaluation of estimate quality associated with time redundant implementations of the DFT when harmonic content of the observation changes in a well-defined way during the processing interval. Simulation results are given to show that the estimate variance can be predicted on the basis of the effective degrees-of-freedom associated with the observation. Results are related to previous work with stationary signals.
Reconsidering Transculturation and Power

The topic of "Asians in the Americas" suggests two immediate challenges: how best to study culture change, and how to compare such change within or between populations. How are such comparisons best handled? Does the study of Asians in the Americas fall readily within the domain of traditional Latin American/Area Studies? Or should Asians in the Americas be studied as an integral part of Asian American Studies? Are "diaspora studies" the most appropriate framework for analysis, given that this approach prioritizes transnational and multinational linkages between populations overseas and their countries of origin-linkages that deeply impact the direction and rate of culture change for Asians overseas? I propose that since all of the above approaches have limitations, there are yet other alternatives that we should identify and explore.
The Pulmonary Veins: Speedy Recoveries and Early Discharges

Atrial fibrillation (AF) often recurs immediately after electrical cardioversion. [Figure 1][1] shows a rhythm strip recorded during an attempt at electrical cardioversion in a patient with persistent AF. A 200-J biphasic external shock restores sinus rhythm, but is followed by frequent atrial
Fundraisers and Facebook: How Local Officials Leverage Social Networks During Campaigns

This paper examines how local elected officials engage and leverage their social networks during the campaigning period, paying particular attention to the demographic characteristics of race, gender, and age. Using nearly three dozen interviews of officials representing six boards, I explore the variation in formality of the campaigns, in terms of management, fundraising, and efforts made to reach out to the community. I consider the administrative, monetary, and logistical involvement of officials’ personal networks with a particular focus on the overlap between local officials’ personal, professional, and political lives. For officials who have been elected more than once, I consider how the use of networks has changed and how the actual networks have evolved over time. I find that demographic factors play a critical role in the formation of alliances with other candidates, as well as the overall approach to developing and running a campaign.
Reforming Medicaid through Contracting: The Nexus of Implementation and Organizational Culture

This article investigates the administrative experience resulting from the intersection of two popular public management trends: social service reform and contracting out. In this case, the reform involved the state of Kansas contracting with nonprofit agencies to provide Medicaid case management services. Implementation of the reforms entailed substantial changes in the roles and scope of administrative activities for the agencies involved and significant challenges to the administrative cultures of each. As a result, the nonprofit agencies now play a more central role in state policy deliberations and encounter higher levels of interagency political conflict than they did prior to their contracting role. While some of the rationales for the policy reform have been realized, others have been more elusive, including cost savings and the single-point-of-entry organizing principle of the reform. Implementation challenges due to turf issues, tensions over external monitoring, and differences in administrative cultures have contributed to a lack of policy subgroup cohesiveness, which could facilitate intragovernmental and intergovernmental relationships. This article examines the interaction of implementation dynamics and organizational culture in the context of a popular American public policy trend: privatization and contracting. Privatization and contracting have soared in popularity in the last decade and are now finding acceptance in heretofore unimagined arenas, such as prisons and welfare reform.' In the social welfare policy arena, privatization and contracting frequently are manifested in agreements with nonprofits. (Nathan [1997] refers to this phenomenon as nonprofitization.) Research on the subject indicates that contracting presents nonprofits with substantial challenges as they implement new 107/Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory An earlier version of this article was presented at the fourth national Public Management Conference, University of Georgia, Athens, October 1997. The authors are grateful to Denise Casamento and Kara Lindaman for research assistance and to the many state and nonprofit officials who agreed to be interviewed for this study. 'It is important to note that there are inherent differences between privatization and contracting. Privatization implies a more complete transfer of ownership and service delivery from the public to the private sector. Contracting involves government administrative responsibility, with service delivery and/or management provided under a formal agreement with nongovernmental agencies. In our case, the word privatization is used by Kansas elected officials to describe the reform that serves as the focus of our study. In reality, however, the reform entails a new contractual arrangement for service