cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AINTEGUMENTA Contributes to Organ Polarity and Regulates Growth of Lateral Organs in Combination with YABBY Genes

Lateral organs in flowering plants display polarity along their adaxial-abaxial axis with distinct cell types forming at different positions along this axis. Members of three classes of transcription factors in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; the Class III homeodomain/leucine zipper [HD-ZIP] proteins, KANADI proteins, and YABBY proteins) are expressed in either the adaxial or abaxial domain of organ primordia where they confer these respective identities. Little is known about the factors that act upstream of these polarity-determining genes to regulate their expression. We have investigated the relationship between AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), a gene that promotes initiation and growth of lateral organ primordia, and polarity genes. Although ant single mutants do not display any obvious defects in organ polarity, loss of ANT activity in combination with mutations in one or more YABBY genes results in polarity defects greater than those observed in the yabby mutants alone. Our results suggest that ANT acts in combination with the YABBY gene FILAMENTOUS FLOWER (FIL) to promote organ polarity by up-regulating the expression of the adaxial-specifying HD-ZIP gene PHABULOSA. Furthermore, we show that ANT acts with FIL to up-regulate expression of the floral homeotic gene APETALA3. Our work defines new roles for ANT in the development of lateral organs.
Observational learning in the pigeon: Effects of model’s rate of response and percentage of reinforcement

Seventeen pigeons observed a model peck an illuminated key at either a high or a low rate and obtain a high or low percentage of possible reinforcement. Observers were subsequently placed on an automaintenance schedule. Although there was no difference among groups in the number of trials to the first peck, when the present data were compared with other researchers’ automaintenance-acquisition data, there was some indication that modeling reduced the number of trials to the first peck over nonmodeled birds. However, by the end of 20 sessions, the birds that had observed a model pecking at a high rate and with consistent reinforcement pecked significantly faster than those that had observed the model peck at a slow rate or obtain infrequent reinforcement. The conclusion is that two types of information are transferred via a model: first, a correlation between the stimulus and the reinforcer, and second, the specific or minute attributes of the schedule that may produce reinforcement.
Hydrothermal Splitting of Titanate Fibers to Single-Crystalline TiO2 Nanostructures with Controllable Crystalline Phase, Morphology, Microstructure, and Photocatalytic Activity

A simple and efficient inorganic acid-assisted hydrothermal route has been developed for the synthesis of single-crystalline TiO2nanostructures with use of protonic tetratitanate hydrate fibers as a precursor. A variety of TiO2 nanostructures, including aligned nanorods, nanoporous nanostructures, nanocubes, and diamondshaped nanocrystals, have been prepared with this method. The morphology, crystalline phase, composition, average grain size, band gap, and microstructure of the nanostructures have been determined as a function of the nature and concentration of the inorganic acid (HCl, HNO3 ,o r H2SO4) used for the synthesis. The rutile phase is obtained by using HCl for a concentration range of 0.1-0.4 M and also for 6 M concentration, HNO3 for a concentration range of 0.1-0.2 M and >7 M, and H2SO4 for a narrow concentration range of 0.1-0.9 M. Likewise, the anatase phase is obtained by using both HCl and HNO3 for concentrations of around 0.9 M, and a broader concentration range of 2-7 M with H2SO4. An increase in the band gap of the TiO2 nanostructures from 2.97 to 3.35 eV is observed as the crystalline phase changes from rutile, to a mixture of rutile and anatase, and subsequently to pure anatase. Correspondingly, the photocatalytic activity of the synthesized nanostructured materials is found to be dependent on the crystalline phase, composition, and surface area.
Use of Video Probe Does Not Affect Burrowing Owl Reproductive Parameters or Return Rates

We tested how repeated use of an infrared video probe influenced burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia) reproduction and recruitment. In 2001, we randomly assigned occupied burrows in Washington State, USA, to one of 2 groups: 1) inspected throughout the breeding season with an infrared video probe (n = 38), or 2) never inspected with a probe (n = 41). We did not detect differences between the 2 groups in nesting success, number of fledglings per nest, natal recruitment, or likelihood of adults returning to the same burrow the following year (2002) or to the study area in a subsequent year (2002–2005).
An overview of the US EPA’s multiple pathway exposure methodology

Abstract The US Environmental Protection Agency’s National Center for Environmental Assessment is finalizing its updated approach to assessing the health risks from direct and indirect exposure to combustion emissions. The prior 1990 Indirect Exposure Methodology has been used frequently in the early part of this decade, while the new methodology considers more pathways for agent transfer and exposure. This advanced methodology is not limited to exposure from combustion emissions as the approach lends itself to assessing indirect exposure to other agents in various exposure scenarios. The purpose of this presentation is to alert the user community to the new methodology and discuss its impacts on risk assessment. A brief overview of the exposure pathways, along with the inherent uncertainties of the MPE and the risk characterization, are presented. Other associated documentation is presented and referenced. The paper concludes with a discussion of the planned implementation of the MPE and the Agency program guidance for use with RCRA combustor permitting and risk assessments.
Margin comments in dermatopathology reports on dysplastic nevi influence re-excision rates.

Background Dermatopathology reports influence clinical management, but it is not clear to what extent comments on margin involvement of histopathologically dysplastic nevi (HDN) influence decisions about re-excision or complete excision. Objective We sought to determine if standardized margin comments (MCs) on HDN influence re-excision rates. Methods By reviewing medical records, we compared re-excision rates of HDN reported with (May 2011 to December 2012) and without (January 2007 to December 2010) standardized MCs, and surveyed clinicians to assess perceptions of the impact of MCs on their management of HDN. Results Of 584 HDN, 302 had MCs and 282 did not. Re-excision was recommended or performed at a significantly higher rate for patients in the group without MCs (51.8%, 146 of 282) than in the MC group (39.4%, 119 of 302); P = .003 regardless of margin status. This difference was observed among HDN diagnosed as mildly and moderately dysplastic but not for severely dysplastic nevi. In all, 40% (16 of 40) of clinicians responded that they are more likely to biopsy pigmented lesions with a clinical margin of normal-appearing skin than they were before MCs were routinely included in dermatopathology reports. Limitations This was a retrospective study. Conclusions Re-excision rates were significantly lower in patients who had HDN reported with standardized MCs. MCs may help reduce re-excision rates, with associated reduction in health care use, cost, and morbidity.
Thermodynamics of the PuIr2 intermetallic compound

Abstract The sublimation behavior and thermodynamic properties of the PuIr 2 intermetallic compound were determined in this study. Vapor pressures were measured by the Knudsen effusion technique using target collection and mass spectrometry. Sublimation to form elemental Pu(g) predominates for the phases and temperature ranges selected. The enthalpy and entropy of sublimation at 1929 K were 537.1 ± 5.9 kJ mol −1 and 98.4 ± 2.9 J K −1 mol −1 respectively. Third-law analyses using estimated free-energy functions yielded enthalpies of sublimation and formation at 298 K of 547.1 and −195.2 kJ mol −1 respectively. Thermodynamic properties determined in this study were correlated with values obtained from theoretical predictions and from previous studies of analogous intermetallics.
A CONSOLIDATED THEORETICAL VIEW OF STIMULUS-LIST ORGANIZATION EFFECTS IN FREE RECALL

This paper presents a theoretically oriented view of much of the evidence about the effects of different ways of arranging conceptually categorized materials for presentation. Most basically, the e...
Diel vertical migrations of zooplankton in a shallow, fishless pond: a possible avoidance-response cascade induced by notonectids

SUMMARY 1. Day (noon) and night (midnight) vertical distributions of zooplankton and phytoplankton in the water column (1.5 m) of a Vermont pond were determined on two consecutive days from 470 mL water samples taken at three depths (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 m) at three sites. There was little variation across depths in temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and phytoplankton. All individuals of each zooplankton species (a small copepod, Tropocyclops extensus and six rotifers) were counted. 2. A three-way ANOVA on the zooplankton data showed no effect of date or time of day on the abundance of any species. Significant diel shifts in vertical distribution (depth · time-of-day interactions) were found for T. extensus (nauplii, as well as copepodites and adults) and Polyarthra remata, but not for Hexarthra mira, Keratella cochlearis, Anuraeopsis fissa, Ascomorpha ovalis and Plationus patulus. Tropocyclops extensus showed a pronounced, typical diel vertical migration, avoiding the surface and occurring most abundantly near the bottom during the day. Polyarthra remata showed an equally pronounced, reverse diel vertical migration, avoiding the bottom and being most abundant near the surface during the day. 3. The diurnal descent of Tropocyclops is interpreted as an avoidance response to Buenoa macrotibialis, a notonectid which feeds on this copepod at the surface during the day but not at night. The diurnal ascent of Polyarthra is thought to be an avoidance response to Tropocyclops, which strongly suppresses this rotifer in field enclosures and laboratory vessels. Thus, these out-of-phase migrations may be coupled and represent a behavioural cascade initiated by Buenoa. 4. At night, Tropocyclops and Polyarthra both were uniformly distributed across depths. This is believed to reflect the absence of appreciable depth-related variation in temperature, algal food resources (biovolume of cryptomonads and chrysophyte flagellates) and predation risk at this time. 5. The five rotifer species that did not exhibit diel vertical migrations may be less susceptible to Tropocyclops predation than Polyarthra.
Recovery and relapse in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: a 7.5-year follow-up study.

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the course and outcome of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) at a median of 90 months of follow-up in a large cohort of women with eating disorders. Method A prospective, naturalistic, longitudinal design was used to map the course of AN and BN in 246 women. Follow-up data are represented in terms of full and partial recovery, predictors of time to recovery, and rates and predictors of relapse. Results The full recovery rate of women with BN was significantly higher than that of women with AN, with 74% of those with BN and 33% of those with AN achieving full recovery by a median of 90 months of follow-up. Intake diagnosis of AN was the strongest predictor of worse outcome. No predictors of recovery emerged among bulimic subjects. Eighty-three percent of women with AN and 99% of those with BN achieved partial recovery. Approximately one third of both women with AN and women with BN relapse after full recovery. No predictors of relapse emerged. Conclusions The findings suggest that the course of AN is characterized by high rates of partial recovery and low rates of full recovery, while the course of BN is characterized by higher rates of both partial and full recovery.
Neuroprotective effects of sodium orthovanadate after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.

Abstract Sodium orthovanadate (SOV), a competitive inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases, is neuroprotective in adult animals following an ischemic event. The present study evaluated whether SOV might be protective in a rat pup hypoxic-ischemic (HI) model. Seven-day-old rat pups had the right carotid artery permanently ligated followed by 140 min of hypoxia (8% oxygen). SOV 1.15, 2.3, 4.6, 9.2 or 18.4 mg/kg and vehicle were administered by i.p. injection at 5 min after reoxygenation. Brain damage was evaluated by weight loss of the right hemisphere at 22 days after hypoxia and by gross and microscopic morphology. SOV lowered blood glucose at doses of 1.15, 2.3 and 4.6 mg/kg and induced toxic effects at 9.2 mg/kg. The doses of 2.3 and 4.6 mg/kg of SOV significantly reduced brain weight loss ( p p p
Issues of Cultural Meaningfulness in Emotional Development.

All 3 articles addressed in this commentary reflect a Western cultural model in their investigation of emotional development. Each used Western cultural scripts in how data were collected and then applied further culture-based scripts in attributing meaningfulness to what was elicited. The commentary also examines several other related concerns: (a) the search for universals versus a focus on cultural specificity, (b) the effect of the unit of analysis when comparing emotional development across cultures, (c) whose perspective is used when proclaiming some phenomenon as universal, and (d) the nature of change in emotional development when taking culture into account. A more productive approach in researchers' attempts to understand emotional development across different societies may be one that consults with and genuinely attempts to integrate an intercultural viewpoint in the design and interpretation of research.
Hydrophobic and oil‐resistant coatings based on advanced green polyurethane dispersions

In recent years, there have been significant interests among scientists around the world to design smart coatings that combine the standard desirable mechanical and chemical resistance properties with additional functionalities such as oil and water repellency, hydrophobicity, self-cleaning and gas barrier properties. In the present research work, advanced aqueous polyurethane dispersion (PUD) systems have been designed and developed using three different types of polyols as soft-segments. These polyols differ in their chemical structure, functionality, polarity, and interfacial properties. The effects of soy-based polyol, hydroxy-terminated perfluoropolyether, and hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane—on various mechanical properties of their uncross-linked and cross-linked films, and more specifically on their hydrophobicity and oil-resistance (oleophobicity) have been studied. Hydrophobicity of these coatings has been characterized by their Dynamic Contact Angle measurements and their oleophobicity by n-octane absorption method. The investigations showed that presence of fluorine and siloxane structures significantly improve the hydrophobicity and oil resistance of these coatings and it is possible to optimize these properties using suitable composition of PUDs. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 3874–3884, 2013
A Rac1 Effector Site Controlling Mitogenesis through Superoxide Production

Abstract The Rac GTP-binding protein controls signal transduction pathways that are critical for mitogenesis and oncogenesis (1, 2). The biochemical nature of these signaling pathways is presently unknown. Here we report that a region in Rac1 (residues 124–135), previously defined as the insert region (3), is essential for its mitogenic activity. Deletion of this region does not interfere with the ability of Rac1 to induce cytoskeletal changes or to activate the Jun kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade but abrogates Rac1-induced stimulation of DNA synthesis and Rac1-mediated superoxide production in quiescent fibroblasts. Treatment of cells with agents that abolish superoxide generation inhibits specifically the mitogenic effect of Rac1. Our results identify an effector site in Rac1 that is necessary for mitogenic signaling and implicate superoxide generation as a candidate effector pathway of Rac1-dependent cell growth.
Review : Utilization of dimethyl sulfoxide for treating anthracycline extravasation:

Objective. To review the literature available on the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to treat anthracy cline extravasation.Data Sources. English-language literature was gathered using Medline, EMBASE International Phar maceutical Abstracts, CINAHL, and references from bibliographies.Study Selection. Studies selected for review included controlled animal studies and any available human studies, including case reports and case series. All studies must have used DMSO in the treatment of an anthracycline extravasation.Data Extraction. Data extracted from animal studies included the animal model used; method of doxorubicin and DMSO administration; ulcer out come ; and statistical significance. Individual case re ports and case series were abstracted for the anti neoplastic agent extravasated; associated symptoms; DMSO administration; concurrent therapies; and short- and long-term results (symptoms, functional damage).Data Synthesis. One of six animal studies indi cated a significant difference in peak lesion ...
Putting Young Old Ideas into Action: The relevance of Growing Up in Cities to Local Agenda 21

Agenda 21, the Habitat Agenda and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child have brought new relevance to Growing Up in Cities, a project of participatory action-research for urban children and youth. The origins of the project in the 1970s under the leadership of the urban planner Kevin Lynch are described, along with a brief history of the project's revival. The results of the project's recent implementation in eight countries are summarised with an emphasis on children's perspectives on environmental quality, as well as lessons learned regarding how children can be most effectively integrated into LA21 processes.
Early serum interleukin-8 evaluation may prove useful in localizing abnormally implanted human gestations after in vitro fertilization.

Objective To determine whether early measurement of the serum cytokines interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), IL-6, and IL-8 along with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and progesterone (P 4 ) can differentiate an ectopic from an intrauterine gestation. Design Retrospective analysis. Setting University-based fertility center. Patient(s) 75 women who underwent treatment with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and subsequently had an ectopic gestation (n = 15), spontaneous abortion (SAB) (n = 30), or term delivery (TD) (n = 30). Intervention(s) Serum samples were obtained 14 (day 28) and 21 (day 35) days after oocyte retrieval. Main Outcome Measure(s) Serum concentrations of IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, P 4 , and hCG. Result(s) Median hCG readings on day 28 and day 35 were statistically significantly lower in the ectopic gestation group than in those with spontaneous abortion or term delivery. On day 28, median IL-8 levels were lower in the ectopic gestation group when compared with all intrauterine gestations combined. No statistically significant differences in IL-2R or IL-6 levels were noted between groups. Despite P 4 supplementation, median day-35 P 4 levels were lower in ectopic gestation than in the spontaneous abortion and term delivery cycles. Conclusion(s) In the setting of a rise or plateau in hCG levels, low day-28 IL-8 and day-35 P 4 levels suggested an extrauterine implantation. This assay combination may facilitate earlier diagnosis of an ectopic gestation when pregnancy location is unclear.
An Experiential Market Research Analysis: A Partnership between Teaching and Library Faculty

The purpose of this article is to describe collaboration between entrepreneurship faculty and business librarians to improve the quality of market research conducted by the students in an Introduction to Entrepreneurship course. This article describes: the course objectives; the stumbling blocks experienced by students, faculty, and librarians; the business/library partnership solution; and the benefits for all stakeholders that have emerged from this partnership.
Aberrations of steppers using phase-shifting point diffraction interferometry

There exists no method to study aberrations of stepper system with in-situ interferometry. Such a method would help a lithographer understand a system's limitations. We propose using phase shifting point diffraction interferometry to do this. The paper discusses a prototype experiment done on a 436 nm optic.
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY HAZARD REDUCTION THROUGH PERFORMANCE FEEDBACK

A "feedback package" system, designed to prevent occupational accidents and to fit directly into the normal operations of an industrial organization, was analyzed. Eighteen hazardous conditions in six production departments were assessed during seven observation sessions over a 12-week period, plus four follow-up observations over 4 months. The "feedback package" was presented in multiple baseline fashion, across subjects (department supervisors). It consisted of presenting the supervisor with copies of observational data, accompanied by a note which congratulated good practices and suggested ways for improving safety conditions, along with occasional comments from a senior executive. The results indicated that during the feedback phase, hazard rates were lower and less variable than during the baseline phase. Baseline data were highly variable with peaks ranging from 20 to 55 hazards per department. Following intervention, hazard frequencies dropped by 60%, averaged across departments, with decreases ranging from 29% to 88%. During treatment, data stabilized, with the highest frequency reaching 33. A modified feedback system was implemented by the organization following termination of the study, validating the assumption that such a system would tend to maintain.
Fluorimetric investigation of reactions between ozone and excited state aromatic compounds on silica gel

A new fluorimetric method has been developed to study the kinetics involved in the ozonation of aromatic compounds. The experimental design utilizes an oxygen-free ozone-nitrogen gas stream during dark- and photo-ozonolysis measurements. Specifically, the decomposition of three aromatic compounds (naphthalene, α-aminonaphthalene, and α-bromonaphthalene) adsorbed on silica gel particles has been investigated. The rates of dark-ozonolysis, photo-ozonolysis, and photo-oxygenation of these compounds were measured separately. This is the first documented direct measurement of photoinduced ozonolysis of an aromatic compound. Unlike previous studies, the measurements of the dark-ozonolysis and photo-ozonolysis are free from the influence of oxygen. The photo-ozonolysis was found to be several orders of magnitude faster than its corresponding photo-oxygenation reaction. The applications of this on-line fluorescence monitoring system may provide valuable kinetic and mechanistic information on the photoinduced degradation of aromatic compounds in the atmospheric environment as well as in wastewater treatment.
Local Dendrodendritic Inhibition Regulates Fast Synaptic Transmission in Visual Thalamus

Inhibition from thalamic interneurons plays a critical role in modulating information transfer between thalamus and neocortex. Interestingly, these neurons yield inhibition via two distinct outputs: presynaptic dendrites that innervate thalamocortical relay neurons and axonal outputs. Since the dendrites of thalamic interneurons are the primary targets of incoming synaptic information, it has been hypothesized that local synaptic input could produce highly focused dendritic output. To gain additional insight into the computational power of these presynaptic dendrites, we have combined two-photon laser scanning microscopy, glutamate uncaging, and whole-cell electrophysiological recordings to locally activate dendritic terminals and study their inhibitory contribution to rat thalamocortical relay neurons. Our findings demonstrate that local dendritic release from thalamic interneurons is controlled locally by AMPA/NMDA receptor-mediated recruitment of L-type calcium channels. Moreover, by mapping these connections with single dendrite resolution we not only found that presynaptic dendrites preferentially target proximal regions, but such actions differ significantly across branches. Furthermore, local stimulation of interneuron dendrites did not result in global excitation, supporting the notion that these interneurons can operate as multiplexors, containing numerous independently operating input-output devices.
MODELLING THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND

This report paper examines current domestic water demand elasticity, with weather variables, as an aid to assessing the potential impact of climate change on domestic water demand. An empirical model of the relationship between summer domestic water demand and concurrent weather under current climatic and socio-economic conditions is developed and then applied to weather data which have been produced for 2020AD climate scenarios. The model is based on data for the Essex area supplied by Essex and Suffolk Water. The results suggest an increase in summer seven-day average domestic-water demand of 3.3 l/hd. d (range 1.37–5.72 l/hd. d), in addition to an increase in the frequency of large demand events. The analysis forms the basis of a wider exposition, examining future domestic water demand under varying climate-change scenarios.
Soil carbon fluxes and balances and soil properties of organically amended no-till corn production systems

Abstract The addition of organic amendments is essential for sustainable soil fertility management and crop production, but can also increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, understanding the impacts of organic soil amendments on gaseous emissions is pertinent to minimizing agricultural impacts on the net emissions of GHGs. A long-term field experiment was conducted to assess the impacts of continuous application of organic amendments (i.e. compost and farmyard manure) and cover crop [mixture of rye ( Secale cereal ), red fescue ( Festuca rubra ), and blue grass ( Poa pratensis L.)] on selected soil properties, apparent carbon (C) budget (calculated from the difference of sum of all sources of C inputs and outputs), gaseous flux (i.e. carbon dioxide, CO 2, and methane, CH 4 ), and relationship with weather parameters under no-till (NT) corn ( Zea mays L.) cultivation in an Alfisol of central Ohio, USA. Soil properties and gaseous fluxes were measured continuously for 2 years. Ten years of continuous application of soil amendments increased soil pH and electrical conductivity, enhanced soil C pool, and decreased bulk density especially in 0–5 cm depth than that with cover crop and control plots. Two years average, cattle manure, compost, fallow, and cover crop emitted 14.1, 10.2, 7.5, and 7.2 Mg CO 2 –C ha − 1 yr − 1 , respectively. Methane emission was 10.7 kg CH 4 –C ha − 1 yr − 1 from cattle manure and 4.0 kg CH 4 –C ha − 1 yr − 1 from compost. However, fallow consumed 3.3 and cover crop 5.0 kg CH 4 –C ha − 1 yr − 1 . These data suggest that long-term application of compost in NT corn decreased emissions of CO 2 by 38% and of CH 4 by 167% compared to application of manuring. In general, soil temperature, air temperature, and precipitation were positively correlated with CO 2 emissions. Estimation of C budget indicated that amended soil under NT is a C-sink while a non-amended system is a C-source. The application of composted soil amendments in NT corn enhances soil quality and reduces net GHG emissions.
Role of Interfacial Carbon layer in the Thermal Diffusivity/Conductivity of Silicon Carbide Fiber-Reinforced Reaction-Bonded Silicon Nitride Matrix Composites

Experiments were carried out on samples of reaction-bonded silicon nitride uniaxially reinforced by SiC monofilaments with and without a 3-micron-thick carbon-rich coating. It is found that a combination of a carbon coatings on the fibers and an interfacial gap due to the thermal expansion mismatch in the composite can significantly (by a factor of 2) lower the effective thermal diffusivity in the direction transverse to the fiber. At atmospheric pressure, gaseous conduction across the interfacial gap makes a significant contribution to the heat transfer across the interface, indicated by significantly lower values of the effective thermal diffusivity under vacuum than in nitrogen or helium at atmospheric pressure.
Study of the Malformed Fetus and Infant

Humans sustain a reproductive loss of approximately two of every three fertilizations; prenatally, much of this death is associated with malformations that are mainly due to chromosome abnormalities. Up to half of all pre- and postimplantation ova in man may have chromosome defects that are more than 98% lethal. The earlier the stage of development at the time of the spontaneous abortion the greater is the number of malformations and chromosome defects; nearly 80% of embryos that reach a 2-week stage of development have a chromosome defect, as do more than 60% of those developing to 12 weeks, approximately 6% of stillborn infants, and 0.6% of all live-born infants. Even nonchromosomally caused single congenital defects have a high prenatal death rate. Besides chromosome defects, multifactorial traits and single gene (mendelian) mutations are the next most common class of congenital defects. Prior fetal wastage with or without prematurity of previous live-born infants increases the risk of subsequent fetal loss; the greater the number of preceding spontaneous abortions the smaller is the chance of a subsequent live-born child. One fourth of all stillborn fetuses have one or more than one malformation or a syndrome, in many cases associated with a substantial risk of recurrence. After "certain diseases of early infancy" (mostly prematurity and hyaline membrane disease) congenital malformations remain the most important cause of infant mortality (60% of which occurs by the seventh day of life). It is important for pediatricians to take much greater cognizance of the amount of genetic disease involved in fetal wastage and infant death, to collaborate more effectively with obstetricians, pathologists, anatomists, and geneticists in determining diagnosis and risk of recurrence, and to counsel more accurately those who have lost a fetus or infant. Such fetuses and infants deserve the same meticulous examination, evaluation, and documentation as an older malformed child being brought in for diagnostic, prognostic, and genetic counseling. A fetal loss may cause as much sorrow as an infant death; this grief must be addressed explicitly but gently and sympathetically before any other considerations are put before the parents as they decide on whether or not to create a new life.
Extensive multifocal myocardial infarcts from cloth emboli after replacement of mitral and aortic valves with cloth-covered, caged-ball prostheses.

Abstract The early Starr-Edwards prosthetic heart valve models (series 1000, 1200 and 1260) contained no cloth on the inner aspects of the ring or on the struts. In an attempt to reduce the frequency of thrombus on the prostheses, a cloth covering was later added to cover the inside portion of the ring and the struts. Almost simultaneously, a stellite poppet was substituted for the silicone rubber poppet in many prostheses. Although these modifications did reduce the frequency of embolic events, a new problem was introduced, namely cloth wear. Cloth wear led in some patients to dysfunction of prostheses, hemolytic anemia and systemic emboli. 1−7 As the cloth on these prosthetic valves wore, cloth occasionally embolized to 1 or more systemic organs. Such resulting organ infarcts were usually not visible on gross inspection. We recently studied a patient at necropsy who had multiple ventricular scars from cloth emboli from caged-ball prostheses. Such myocardial scars from this etiology have not been described previously.
Health significance of pigmented bacteria in drinking water

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative health risks of pigmented bacteria found in drinking water samples. These pigmented bacteria include opportunistic pathogens such as Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Mycobacterium, Erwinia, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Micrococcus. Flavobacterium meningosepticum is the most clinically important of the flavobacteria but causes Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen causing >10% of nosocomial infections. Human feeding tests show that oral doses of 10 6 to 10 8 CFU results in colonisation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but do not produce any morbidity in healthy volunteers. Corynebacteria rarely cause disease except for toxigenic C. diphtheriae which is non-pigmented on R2A agar. The most important member of Nocardia is N. asteroides which is an opportunistic pathogen for certain immunocompromised population segments. National surveys show that only 9.2–19.2% of mycobacterial clinical isolates are pigmented with M. kansasii being the most frequent (4–10%). This bacterium is associated with disease but would not be detected as part of the HPC bacteria using a 7d incubation period. Pigmented strains of Erwinia, Enterobacter, Serratia , and Micrococcus can cause disease but they are relatively unimportant compared to other pathogenic bacteria as shown in ranking studies.
Epidermal growth factor receptors and adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid tissues

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are growth factors for some thyroid cells in cultures. We have previously found more EGF receptors in neoplastic human thyroid tissues than in normal thyroid tissues. We have also found a higher TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase (AC) activity in neoplastic human thyroid tissues than in normal thyroid tissues. To clarify the relationship between the effect of EGF and TSH on thyroid tissue, we measured the binding of EGF and TSH and the basal, TSH-stimulated and forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in 49 normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic human thyroid tissues (5 normal, 2 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 5 Graves' disease, 14 multinodular goiters, 9 follicular adenomas, 5 follicular carcinomas, 8 papillary carcinomas, and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma). Specific binding of EGF and TSH were measured by radioreceptor assays using competitive inhibition of radio-labeled ligand by unlabeled ligand. Basal, maximally (300 mU/ml) TSH-stimulated, and maximally (100 mM) forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were also measured in the same membrane particulate fractions from the thyroid tissues. We found: neoplastic thyroid tissues bind more labeled EGF than nonneoplastic thyroid tissues; follicular adenomas and carcinomas have higher EGF binding than other thyroid tissues; a weak but significant correlation between specific EGF binding and specific TSH binding, and between specific EGF binding and TSH-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of the thyroid membrane preparations. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that TSH stimulates an increase in thyroid EGF receptors by increasing intracellular cAMP.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Run-time methods for parallelizing partially parallel loops

In this paper we give a new run–time technique for finding an optimal parallel execution schedule for a partially parallel loop, i.e., a loop whose parallelization requires synchronization to ensure that the iterations are executed in the correct order. Given the original loop, the compiler generates inspector code that performs run–time preprocessing of the loop’s access pattern, and scheduler code that schedules (and executes) the loop iterations. The inspector is fully parallel, uses no synchronization, and can be applied to any loop. In addition, it can implement at run–time the two most effective transformations for increasing the amount of parallelism in a loop: array privatization and reduction parallelization (element–wise). We also describe a new scheme for constructing an optimal parallel execution schedule for the iterations of the loop.
Secondary lymph node involvement from primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma of the leg : Sentinel lymph nodectomy as a new strategy for staging circumscribed cutaneous lymphomas

BACKGROUND Primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma of the leg (LBCLL) is a recently defined type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It forms a separate category in the new classification of primary cutaneous lymphomas elaborated by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. It is associated with a less favorable prognosis than the most frequently occurring types of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. METHODS The authors present four patients with the typical clinicopathologic constellation of LBCLL. Three of them died during the years 1993–1996. The authors reviewed their courses. The fourth patient was staged by sentinel lymph nodectomy (SLNE), i.e., the selective surgical removal and histologic examination of the first draining lymph node associated with the cutaneous tumor. RESULTS The courses of the three previous patients were characterized by secondary involvement of regional lymph nodes followed by systemic dissemination of the lymphoma in a third step. Although the conventional staging of the fourth patient had been negative for any extracutaneous lymphoma manifestation, the SLNE revealed initial regional lymph node involvement, which had decisive implications for the choice of therapy. CONCLUSIONS SLNE may gain a prominent role in the staging of circumscribed cutaneous lymphomas, in addition to its already established position in melanoma management. Further positive effects of SLNE are 1) better distinction of primary cutaneous lymphomas with secondary lymph node involvement from primary lymph node lymphomas with skin manifestation, and 2) better insight into the biology of different primary cutaneous lymphoma types. Cancer 1999;85:199–207. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Coronary artery disease regression. Convincing evidence for the benefit of aggressive lipoprotein management.

BACKGROUNDNumerous reports suggest that coronary artery disease can regress with lipoprotein manipulation. Many of these reports lack control groups and contain relatively small numbers.METHODS AND RESULTSTen randomized controlled clinical trials using coronary arteriography to assess the effect of lipoprotein manipulation on the rate of progression and regression of atherosclerosis have been either published or reported as an abstract at a national meeting. These studies were critically reviewed for individual differences and combined clinically applicable lessons. These trials involved a total of 2095 subjects and have consistently reported reduction in the percentage of patients arteriographically defined as progressing (mean, 23.6%) and an increase in the percentage regressing (mean, 20.0%) compared with control groups. Compared with large clinical trials using clinical end points, lipoprotein change was greater, achieving on average a 28% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 11% reductio...
V. Potential bioactivation pathways for the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)

The metabolism of the selective nigrostriatal toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been studied in rat brain mitochondrial incubation mixtures. The 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium species MPP+ has been characterized by chemical ionization mass spectral and 1H NMR analysis. Evidence also was obtained for the formation of an intermediate product which, with the aid of deuterium incorporation studies, was tentatively identified as the α-carbon oxidation product, the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2,3=dihydropyridinium species MPDP+. Comparison of the diode array UV spectrum of this metabolite with that of the synthetic perchlorate salt of MPDP+ confirmed this assignment. The oxidation of MPTP to MPDP+ but not of MPDP+ to MPP+ is completely inhibited by 10−7 M pargyline. MPDP+, on the otherhand, is unstable and rapidly undergoes disproportionation to MPTP and MPP+. Based on these results, we speculate that the neurotoxicity of MPTP is mediated by its intraneuronal oxidation to MPDP+, a reaction which appears to be catalyzed by MAO. The interactions of MPDP+ and/or MPP+ with dopamine, a readily oxidizable compound present in high concentration in the nigrostriatum, to form neurotoxic species may account for the selective toxic properties of the parent drug.
Gray Zones at the Emotion/Cognition Interface: A Commentary

Abstract Two thing are obvious from the subjective experience of emotional states: (1) emotions have a power of their own in directing and disrupting behavioural options, thinking processes, and bodily states, all the more so if one is immature; (2) our thoughts and appraisals of events can instigate or inhibit feelings to a substantial extent, all the more so as we age and get more experienced. These common introspective observations suggest that there are reciprocal influences between emotions and cognitive processes, the strength of which change as a function of developmental stages. Alternatively, these observations, especially the latter, could suggest that emotions and cognitive processes are orthogonal reflections of the same brain systems. In the preceding article, Gray advocates the siren-song attractions of the latter view-a delusional view, at least for psychobiologists, I would argue. In this commentary (invited by the editor of this special issue of Cognition and Emotion), I will reaffirm the...
Polarity Inducing Latent Semantic Analysis

Existing vector space models typically map synonyms and antonyms to similar word vectors, and thus fail to represent antonymy. We introduce a new vector space representation where antonyms lie on opposite sides of a sphere: in the word vector space, synonyms have cosine similarities close to one, while antonyms are close to minus one. We derive this representation with the aid of a thesaurus and latent semantic analysis (LSA). Each entry in the thesaurus -- a word sense along with its synonyms and antonyms -- is treated as a "document," and the resulting document collection is subjected to LSA. The key contribution of this work is to show how to assign signs to the entries in the co-occurrence matrix on which LSA operates, so as to induce a subspace with the desired property. We evaluate this procedure with the Graduate Record Examination questions of (Mohammed et al., 2008) and find that the method improves on the results of that study. Further improvements result from refining the subspace representation with discriminative training, and augmenting the training data with general newspaper text. Altogether, we improve on the best previous results by 11 points absolute in F measure.
Neural Correlates of Rule-Based and Information-Integration Visual Category Learning

An emerging theory of the neurobiology of category learning postulates that there are separate neural systems supporting the learning of categories based on verbalizeable rules (RB) or through implicit informationintegration(II).Themedialtemporallobe(MTL)isthought to play a crucial role in successful RB categorization, whereas the posterior regions of the caudate are hypothesized to support II categorization. Functional neuroimaging was used to assess activity in these systems during category-learning tasks with category structures designed to afford either RB or II learning. Successful RB categorization was associated with relatively increased activity in the anterior MTL. Successful II categorization was associated with increased activity in the caudate body. The dissociation observed with neuroimaging is consistent with the roles of these systems in memory and dissociations reported in patient populations. Convergent evidence from these approaches consistently reinforces the idea of multiple neural systems supporting category learning.
Lasers without internal heat generation

A new approach to the design of optically pumped solid-state lasers is proposed which permits lasing without detrimental heating of the laser medium. Very high average power lasers should be possible by balancing the radiated and absorbed power density at each point within the laser medium.
A federal research strategy for improving military health in future deployments

The federal government has a commitment to care for the health of the men and women who put themselves in harm's way to protect the vital interests of the Nation. As we have learned from the Gulf War and other conflicts, the federal government must be able to rapidly respond to the health concerns of service members, veterans, and their family members. In response to this need the National Science and Technology Council has developed a comprehensive strategic plan that encompasses deployment health, records, research, and risk communications. The research component of the broader plan identifies several areas of research capability and capacity that need to be enhanced within the federal research sector in order to provide the type of rapid response that will be called for in the future. The goals, objectives, and strategies articulated by the plan focus heavily on epidemiological research (exposure and outcomes) and risk factor research (e.g. the health consequences of low level exposures of chemical warfare agents) that needs to be undertaken or enhanced.
Cultural landscape and ecology 11: regions, retrospects, revivals

This is the second report in a series of three. The first reported on recent publications that combine a focus on cultural landscape(s) and ecological dynamics and dimensions (Mathewson, 1998). It also included a survey of coverage of cultural landscapes and ecology in Progress in Human Geography (1977– ) since its inception, and also referred to items in its predecessor, the annual review Progress in Geography (1969–76). To be sure, both categories have appeared in reports with varying rubrics over the past 30 years, but not as the titular nor main focus of them. Moreover, cultural landscape and ecology were rarely viewed in combination, and rarer still as a unity. This seems somewhat curious given that the nexus of relations, variously referred to as nature–society, human–environment, man–land and so on, constitutes one of the three or four consistent and fundamental divisions or arenas of geographic learning and labor (Agnew et al., 1996; Rediscovering Geography Committee, 1997). And within this sector, by any reasonable account, the concepts of cultural landscape and ecology are central (Turner, 1997). Whatever the past editorial rationales for this elision, a forum has now been provided. It comes at a critical time. General interest in human impacts on the global environment – past, present and future – has probably never been greater. Of course, geographers do not have exclusive proprietary claims to this immense topic, nor should they. Incre a s i n g l y, the practitioners are as apt to be enviro n m e n t a l historians, historical ecologists, landscape archaeologists and kindred specialist-synthesizers (to use Turner’s, 1989, term) as geographers. At lesser scales and finer resolutions, particularly wherein the study of cultural landscape and ecology meet and merge, a case for geographic liens (on certain neighbors’ interventions) based on provenance and development would be legitimate. In the meantime, geographers might be flattered by the mimicry, but also alert to opportunities to make it clear that Progress in Human Geography 23,2 (1999) pp. 267–281