cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An interactive computer graphics algorithm for fitting model on minimum and non-minimum phase responses

An algorithm is successfully demonstrated for fitting the parametres of a 4th-order lumped parameter model. It is shown that the algorithm copes well with minimum and non-minimum phase responses generated by the above models.Considering the unit gain responses of transfer function:[EQUATION]The algorithm provides the basis for estimating the three parameters, a, b and c of a second-order model required to fit a process response that resembles that of a second-order minimum-phase and non-minimum-phase system.This technique is extended for transfer function identification interactively. Graphical displays Which enables transfer function models to be built up from the basic response modes of the system involved. This not only enables the order of the model to be established but also eliminates the problem of finding suitable initial parameter estimates for high order systems.The interative CAD method is used to fit model (a) to the response of the short distillation column and (b) to the response of long distillation column with terminal hold-ups > 1.0, very satisfactory results are obtained. The short column model and its simple second-order lag structure therefore provide a simple basis for controller design. The proportional controller was then designed for the simple second-order model (fitted to the long column responses) and it was shown that it behaves in a very similar to that of the real process under the same proportional controller gain. Method of modelling and parameter fitting method presented is capable of fitting model on non-minimum phase systems this was tried on one of the particular long column responses which was of non-minimum-phase type, where other methods e.g. multivariable first order lag design methods failed.Interactive CAD method is particularly useful in designing control systems for large industrial plant, where mathematical models available for transient performance predictions are highly complex and nonlinear in nature.
Selective oxidation passing through η3-ozone intermediates: applications to direct propene epoxidation using molecular oxygen oxidant

Computation was used to design a new catalytic route for selective oxidation using molecular oxygen as the oxidant without requiring a coreductant. Formation of η3-ozone intermediates is a key feature. Key steps in the catalytic cycle are: (a) the η3-ozone group adds an O atom to substrate (e.g., propene) to form substrate oxide (e.g., propylene oxide) plus a peroxo or adsorbed O2 group, (b) the peroxo or adsorbed O2 group adds an O atom to the substrate to form substrate oxide plus an oxo group, (c) an oxygen molecule adds to the oxo group to generate an η2-ozone group, and (d) the η2-ozone group rearranges to regenerate the η3-ozone group. Our Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations reveal the first instances of this catalytic cycle for any material. We expect this catalytic cycle could be used to selectively oxidize a variety of substrates. As a commercially important example, we focus on applications to direct propene epoxidation. Existing commercial manufacture of propylene oxide uses propene oxidation with one or more co-reactants and produces co-products/by-products. Direct propene epoxidation (i.e., without co-reactants) is a potentially greener process with economic and environmental benefits due to eliminating or reducing co-product/by-product formation. The grand challenge is to identify catalysts that can efficiently activate an oxygen molecule and sequentially add the resulting O atoms to two propene molecules in a catalytic cycle. We use DFT to identify and study several catalysts. Our computations introduce two new classes of Zr organometallic complexes that have dinitrone and imine-nitrone based bis-bidentate ligands, respectively. For these and bis-diimine ligated Zr complexes, we study the stability of different catalyst forms as a function of oxygen chemical potential and compute complete catalytic cycles with transition states. A new homogeneous Zr catalyst is designed with a computed enthalpy energetic span (i.e., apparent activation energy for the entire catalytic cycle) of ∼28.3 kcal mol−1—the lowest reported for any direct propene epoxidation catalyst to date. We propose an electrochemical cell process for assembling these catalysts and a preliminary chemical process flow diagram for direct propene epoxidation.
Is prehospital blood glucose measurement necessary in suspected cerebrovascular accident patients

The present study was completed to establish an epidemiologic database defining prehospital management of suspected cerebrovascular accidents (CVAs) with attention to blood glucose measurement, in the hope of developing recommendations for further treatment protocols. On review of 9495 paramedic run reports for the 24-month period from January 2001 through December 2002, from a low-volume urban emergency medical services system, 185 persons presented with CVA signs and/or symptoms. Data collected included patient chief complaint, neurologic examination, patient age, vital signs, ambulance field times, patient past medical history, and blood glucose measurement with resulting prehospital interventions, efficacy of interventions, and iatrogenic complications. Five persons (2.70%), all medication-controlled diabetics, were found to be hypoglycemic. After administration of intravenous dextrose 50% by rescue personnel, improvement in neurologic condition was noted in 100% of these cases. No sequelae as a result of such care occurred. No inappropriate use, point estimate ([0]/[5][0.00%-52.20%]), or unmet need, point estimate ([0]/[9495][0.00%-0.04%]), of care was noted. The data presented in this study suggest that given similar emergency medical service system characteristics, hypoglycemic patients presenting with neurologic deficits suggestive of CVAs constitute a rare event, associated with medical histories predictive of problems involving glucose homeostasis. Blood glucose measurement in persons presenting with CVA signs and/or symptoms is only necessary given the presence of history suspicious for hypoglycemia, or rescuer inability to obtain adequate patient information. Routine prehospital blood glucose measurement in patients with suspected CVA appears unnecessary.
Age differences in emotional responses to daily stress: The role of timing, severity, and global perceived stress

Research on age differences in emotional responses to daily stress has produced inconsistent findings. Guided by recent theoretical advances in aging theory (S. T. Charles, 2010, Strength and vulnerability integration: A model of emotional well-being across adulthood, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 136, pp. 1068-1091) that emphasize the importance of context for predicting when and how age is related to affective well-being, the current study examined age differences in emotional responses to everyday stressors. The present study examined how three contextual features (e.g., timing of exposure, stressor severity, global perceived stress [GPS]) moderate age differences in emotional experience in an ecological momentary assessment study of adults (N = 190) aged 18-81 years. Results indicated that older adults' negative affect (NA) was less affected by exposure to recent stressors than younger adults, but that there were no age differences in the effects of stressor exposure 3-6 hr afterward. Higher levels of GPS predicted amplified NA responses to daily stress, and controlling for GPS eliminated age differences in NA responses to stressors. No age differences in NA responses as a function of stressor severity were observed. In contrast, older age was associated with less of a decrease in PA when exposed to recent stressors or with more severe recent stressors. There were no age differences in the effect of previous stressor exposure or severity on PA, or any interactions between momentary or previous stress and GPS on PA. Together, these results support the notion that chronic stress plays a central role in emotional experience in daily life. We discuss the implications of these results for emotion theories of aging.
Numerical studies of the s-wave pseudogap state and related Tc: the “pairing approximation” theory

Abstract We investigate the pseudogap onset temperature T *, the superconducting transition temperature T c and the general nature of the pseudogap phase using a diagrammatic BCS/Bose–Einstein cross-over theory. This scheme is based on the “pairing approximation” of Kadanoff and Martin, further extended by Patton (KMP). Our consideration of the KMP “pairing approximation” is driven by the objective to obtain BCS like behavior in the weak coupling limit. Two coupled equations, corresponding to those for the single particle and pair propagators, must be solved numerically, along with the number equation constraint. The variation of small to large coupling constant g is explored, whereby the system is found to cross-over from BCS to Bose–Einstein behavior. Our numerical calculations proceed in two stages: first, we investigate the “lowest order theory”, which is appropriate at temperatures well above T c . We use this theory to determine where the Fermi liquid state first breaks down. This breakdown, which occurs at T * and is associated with intermediate values of the coupling, corresponds to a splitting of the single peaked (Fermi liquid) electronic spectral function into two peaks well separated by a gap, as might be expected for the pseudogap phase. Indeed, our calculations provide physical insight into the pseudogap state which is characterized by the presence of metastable pairs or “resonances”, which occupy states around the Fermi energy; in this way, they effectively reduce the single partile density of states. The superconducting instability T c is evaluated in the second stage of our calculations. Here, we introduce “mode coupling” effects, in which the long lived pairs are affected by the single particle pseudogap states and vice versa. Our T c equations, which turn out to be rather simple as a result of the KMP scheme, reveal a rich structure as a function of g in which the pseudogap is found to compete with superconductivity. Our results are compared with alternate theories in the literature.
Glycine betaine biosynthesis is induced by salt stress but repressed by auxinic herbicides in Kochia scoparia

Kochia scoparia biotypes that are susceptible or resistant to the auxinic herbicide dicamba were used to characterize expression levels of choline monooxygenase (CMO) and glycine betaine accumulation in response to salt stress and herbicide treatment. A 1180-bp cDNA was isolated using differential display and 3′ RACE with a deduced amino acid sequence that was more than 90% similar to the carboxy terminal 290 residues of CMOs from four related plant species. Salt stress led to a substantial increase in CMO mRNA and enzyme levels in K. scoparia biotypes, and the accumulation of up to 80 μmol g−1 fresh weight glycine betaine. In contrast, dicamba treatment was followed by the rapid attenuation of CMO message and protein levels, with a recovery of expression in the resistant but not the susceptible biotype. CMO mRNA and enzyme levels similarly declined, and recovered in the resistant biotype, after dicamba treatment of plants that were previously salt stressed for 4 days. The opposing effects of these two stresses may represent a regulatory scheme in which competition for the substrate choline leads to a repression of glycine betaine biosynthesis to make sufficient choline available for auxin-mediated growth processes.
Moments of Weakness: The Implicit Context Dependencies of Temptations

The implicit appeal of temptations may vary by the social and self-regulatory contexts in which they are encountered. In each of four studies, participants were subliminally primed with the name of someone associated with either drug use or drug abstinence, after which their own motives toward drug use were assessed. Results indicate that the appeal of this temptation often depended on participants' chronicity of indulgence (Study 1), relationship closeness with the tempter (Study 2), self-regulatory effectiveness (Study 3), and goal disengagement tendencies (Study 4). Although the influence of tempters may be automatic, it is also a dynamic process and these findings suggest that the appeal of temptations varies both situationally and motivationally.
Explaining Gaps in Readiness for College-Level Math: The Role of High School Courses.

Abstract Despite increased requirements for high school graduation, almost one-third of the nation's college freshmen are unprepared for college-level math. The need for remediation is particularly high among students who are low income, Hispanic, and black. Female students are also less likely than males to be ready for college-level math. This article estimates how much of these gaps are determined by the courses that students take while in high school. Using data on students in Florida public postsecondary institutions, we find that differences among college-going students in the highest math course taken explain 28–35 percent of black, Hispanic, and poverty gaps in readiness and over three-quarters of the Asian advantage. Courses fail to explain gender gaps in readiness. Low-income, black, and Asian students also receive lower returns to math courses, suggesting differential educational quality. This analysis is valuable to policy makers and educators seeking to reduce disparities in college readiness.
Arabidopsis Separase Functions beyond the Removal of Sister Chromatid Cohesion during Meiosis

Separase is a capase family protease that is required for the release of sister chromatid cohesion during meiosis and mitosis. Proteolytic cleavage of the α-kleisin subunit of the cohesin complex at the metaphase-to-anaphase transition is essential for the proper segregation of chromosomes. In addition to its highly conserved role in cleaving the α-kleisin subunit, separase appears to have acquired additional diverse activities in some organisms, including involvement in mitotic and meiotic anaphase spindle assembly and elongation, interphase spindle pole body positioning, and epithelial cell reorganization. Results from the characterization of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) separase (ESP) demonstrated that meiotic expression of ESP RNA interference blocked the proper removal of cohesin from chromosomes and resulted in the presence of a mixture of fragmented chromosomes and intact bivalents. The presence of large numbers of intact bivalents raised the possibility that separase may also have multiple roles in Arabidopsis. In this report, we show that meiotic expression of ESP RNA interference blocks the removal of cohesin during both meiosis I and II, results in alterations in nonhomologous centromere association, disrupts the radial microtubule system after telophase II, and affects the proper establishment of nuclear cytoplasmic domains, resulting in the formation of multinucleate microspores.
Algorithms for the optimal state assignment of asynchronous state machines

This paper presents a method for the optimal state assignment of asynchronous state machines. Unlike state assignment for synchronous state machines, state codes must be chosen carefully to ensure the avoidance of critical races and logic hazards. Two related problems are considered: (i) optimal critical race-free state assignment; and (ii) optimal hazard-free and critical race-free state assignment for normal fundamental mode machines. Analogous to a paradigm successfully used for the optimal state assignment of synchronous machines each problem is formulated as an input encoding problem. Solutions are targeted to sum-of-products implementations. Initial results indicate output logic improvements up to 20% for the hazard-free algorithm, and more modest improvement for the optimal critical race-free algorithm.
An in vitro antimicrobial comparison of miswak extract with commercially available non-alcohol mouthrinses.

: The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of eight commercially available mouthrinses and 50% miswak extract against seven microorganisms. Corsodyl, Alprox, Oral-B advantage, Florosept, Sensodyne, Aquafresh Mint, Betadine and Emoform mouthrinses were used while 50% aqueous extract of miswak (Salvadora persica) was used against Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenis, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The ditch plate method was used to test the antimicrobial activity. Inhibition zones of microorganisms around ditches were measured in millimetres. Range, mean and standard deviations were used for comparison of antimicrobial activity. Mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine was with maximum antibacterial activity, while cetylpyridinium chloride mouthrinses were with moderate and miswak extract was with low antibacterial activity. Further research is needed for the substantivity of these mouthrinses and further in vivo/in vitro studies are needed using Biofilm model to substantiate present findings. Dental professionals must exercise caution and provide guidance in assisting their patients in making informed choices regarding their use of mouthrinses for clinical efficacy.
Psychiatric and Geriatric Nurses Together at the Table: Evaluation of a Combined Conference:

Abstract Older adults who exhibit behavioral symptoms, particularly aggression, are increasingly being admitted from long-term care settings to psychiatric units for evaluation and treatment. Posthospitalization “success” is often limited, suggesting that improved understanding and communication between nurses who work in nursing homes and those who work in hospital inpatient units may be needed. With use of a video about older adults and aggression as a basis for education, discussion, and interaction, geriatric/long-term care and psychiatric nurses participated in a day-long program. The conference was designed to bring the two groups together to focus on common problems and solutions, sharing information, and networking. Quantitative evaluation, including 15 items that rated the relevance, usefulness, and overall quality of the program and teaching approaches, and qualitative evaluation in the form of narrative comments about the program's most and least useful aspects, support the value of the approach. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2002]. 8, 3-8.)
Effect of sustained load combined with cold temperature on flexure of damaged steel beams repaired with CFRP sheets

Abstract This paper discusses an experimental program to examine the residual behavior of notch-damaged steel beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets subjected to typical long-term load configurations in cold regions. Test parameters include two levels of sustained load (40% and 60% of the ultimate capacity of a short-term strengthened beam: 40%Fu and 60%Fu, respectively) and cold temperature as low as −30 °C. A total of thirteen strengthened beams (W4 × 13) in addition to one unstrengthened control are monotonically tested in three-point bending after being exposed to the long-term load for 7000 h. Experimental results show that the sustained loads significantly influence the load-carrying capacity of the beams due to the presence of creep damage near the crack-tip field above the notch. Cold temperature also affects the capacity and flexural stiffness of the beams. A crack-bridging effect by the bonded CFRP is noted near the crack mouth of the strengthened beams; however, such an effect decreases when the long-term load is applied. CFRP-debonding consistently governs the failure of the strengthened beams, irrespective of the degree of temperature exposure. Local CFRP rupture (fiber disintegration) is observed near the notch location of the beams subjected to 60%Fu due to the combination of stress concentrations and creep damage of the fibers. Interfacial stresses along the CFRP–steel interface are controlled by the sustained loads. Cold temperature results in reduced interfacial slip of the CFRP, while the temperature effect appears to be insignificant on the magnitude of bond stress. Stress redistribution along the CFRP–steel interface is noticed because of the long-term load.
Myeloperoxidase-Dependent Oxidative Metabolism of Nitric Oxide in the Cystic Fibrosis Airway

Background Decreased expired nitric oxide (eNO) is commonly observed in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is usually explained by dysregulation of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms in respiratory tract epithelium. Later stages of this disease are accompanied by intense airway infiltration of phagocytes with high NOS activity, abundant levels of the hemoprotein myeloperoxidase (MPO) and significant production of significant reactive oxygen species.
Assessing overweight, obesity, diet, and physical activity in college students

The authors surveyed 738 college students aged 18 to 27 years to assess overweight, obesity, dietary habits, and physical activity. They used BMI (body mass index) > or = 25 kg/m2 or BMI > or = 85th percentile and BMI > or = 30 kg/m2 or BMI > or = 95th percentile to estimate overweight and obesity in those aged or = 20 years, they used BMI > or = 25 kg/m2 and > or = 30 kg/m2. They found overweight rates of 21.6% using BMI directly and 16.2% using BMI percentile and obesity rates of 4.9% using BMI directly and 4.2% using BMI percentile. More than 69% of the participants reported < 5 servings of fruits and vegetables per day and more than 67% reported < 20 g of fiber per day; participants reported physical activity on fewer than 3 d/wk. Most college students are not meeting dietary and physical activity guidelines, suggesting the need for prevention interventions and increased understanding of overweight in college students.
Experimental demonstration of spectral non-reciprocity and unidirectionality in volumetric and printed magnetic photonic crystals

We present experimental confirmation of spectral non-reciprocity and unidirectional propagation in magnetic photonic crystals. The unique dispersion properties of such periodic anisotropic/magnetic media were also emulated on simpler printed structures. We outline two designs that exhibit non-reciprocal dispersion diagrams (i.e. ω(K) ≠ ω (-K)) in volumetric and printed magnetic photonic crystals. Due to spectral non-reciprocity, unidirectional propagation properties were experimentally observed. These designs can also be tuned such that a stationary inflection point is achieved within the first propagation band, where ω'= ω"= ω"'=0 (where ω'=∂ω/∂K). This special mode is referred to as the “frozen mode” (i.e. zero group velocity). Correspondingly, a significantly longer group delay is observed in experiments. These measurements constitute the first experimental demonstration of the unique properties of the subject magnetic photonic crystals.
Constraining landscape history and glacial erosivity using paired cosmogenic nuclides in Upernavik, northwest Greenland

High-latitude landscape evolution processes have the potential to preserve old, relict surfaces through burial by cold-based, nonerosive glacial ice. To investigate landscape history and age in the high Arctic, we analyzed in situ cosmogenic Be(sup 10) and Al (sup 26) in 33 rocks from Upernavik, northwest Greenland. We sampled adjacent bedrock-boulder pairs along a 100 km transect at elevations up to 1000 m above sea level. Bedrock samples gave significantly older apparent exposure ages than corresponding boulder samples, and minimum limiting ages increased with elevation. Two-isotope calculations Al(sup26)/B(sup 10) on 20 of the 33 samples yielded minimum limiting exposure durations up to 112 k.y., minimum limiting burial durations up to 900 k.y., and minimum limiting total histories up to 990 k.y. The prevalence of BE(sup 10) and Al(sup 26) inherited from previous periods of exposure, especially in bedrock samples at high elevation, indicates that these areas record long and complex surface exposure histories, including significant periods of burial with little subglacial erosion. The long total histories suggest that these high elevation surfaces were largely preserved beneath cold-based, nonerosive ice or snowfields for at least the latter half of the Quaternary. Because of high concentrations of inherited nuclides, only the six youngest boulder samples appear to record the timing of ice retreat. These six samples suggest deglaciation of the Upernavik coast at 11.3 +/- 0.5 ka (average +/- 1 standard deviation). There is no difference in deglaciation age along the 100 km sample transect, indicating that the ice-marginal position retreated rapidly at rates of approx.120 m yr(sup−1).
Histologic interpretation of cutaneous biopsies from dogs with dermatologic disorders.

Clinical and histologic data were correlated on skin biopsies from 238 dogs with various cutaneous disorders. Biopsies from normal dogs were used to establish normal histologic anatomy.Seborrhea was characterized by acanthosis, mild hyperkeratosis or parakeratosis, and mild mixed inflammatory cell infiltration. Dogs with allergic dermatitis had similar epidermal changes; however, dermal edema and pronounced mast cell infiltration distinguished this group. Biopsies from dogs with pyoderma revealed intense purulent inflammation of either the epidermis or hair follicles. Lesions of demodectic acariasis were most similar to those in the pyoderma group; specific diagnosis was based upon the presence of mites in follicles.Cutaneous lesions of hypothyroidism were classified into two categories—classical and seborrheic. The more common classical form was characterized by atrophic telogen phase hair follicles and marked hyperkeratosis of the external root sheath. Inflammation was absent. In the seborrheic form, te...
Training lay health educators to conduct a church-based weight-loss program for African American women.

PURPOSECommunity-based lay health educators have been utilized in a range of settings and with a variety of health issues. However, little has been published about the specifics of training lay hea...
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF A PULSED PLASMA THRUSTER

A numerical simulation of a pulsed plasma thruster was made using the MACH2 computer code. The code contains a radiation driven ablation model that uses two empirical parameters whose values were selected based on mass flow and energy loss data reported for a particular pulsed plasma thruster. When the simulation, using these parameters, is used to predict other experimentally measured quantities the results are, for the most part, good. The prediction of the impulse bit was within one per cent of the data. The predictions for plume temperature and velocity agree well with the experiment. Of all the properties that were compared, electron number density was the most poorly predicted. This is primarily a result of using an equilibrium assumption in the simulation that fails to account for the delay in electron recombination in the plume.
Models of estuaries

An estuary is the meeting place of hydrology and oceanography and, from the nature of the problems met in studying the hydraulic phenomena associated with estuaries, it is difficult to decide in which field such studies properly belong. However, in defining the scope of the work of the Section of Hydrology, it appears that estuaries are included and an account of progress made in studying the estuary of the Columbia River may be of interest to hydrologists. Estuaries are distinguished from harbors and bays by the fact that river-flow and the accompanying transport of sediment as well as tidal action have an important influence on the configuration of the bed and banks. They usually have the form of gradual enlargements of the river-channel into a tidal basin partially filled with river-deposits. The runoff may not be important in itself, but the capacity of the river for storing water during each tidal cycle is not negligible. This definition may not be satisfactory from the geological standpoint, but it does describe the type of model under consideration.
Invasion of Chinese Tallow (Sapium sebiferum) in the Lake Jackson area, Northern Florida

Chinese tallow (Sapium sebiferum) is an invasive tree in the southeastern United States that has been a management concern in Florida. We used observational and experimental approaches to explore factors influencing Chinese tallow invasion around the perimeter of Lake Jackson, Leon County, Florida. Twenty-one transect sites were randomly chosen, 12 with, and 9 without Chinese tallow. We used abundances of co-occurring species and abiotic environmental data to study factors associated with Chinese tallow abundance among and within transects. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that soil moisture availability and other soil characteristics correlated with Chinese tallow invasion, but that Chinese tallow was not associated with other species distributions. A seeding experiment demonstrated that higher elevations with lower soil moisture have higher germination and seedling survival. This experiment predicts specific elevations around the lake that are most vulnerable to Chinese tallow invasion. Presence or absence of Chinese tallow among transects was not a significant predictor of germination success, suggesting that not all sites suitable for invasion have been invaded. In addition, controlled burning decreased germination probability and may therefore be useful for invasion control.
An Analysis of Thermal Expansion and Melting in Alkali Halides

An analysis of thermal expansion and melting is presented which predicts, to within a reasonable accuracy expected from the approximations of the theory, the melting temperature (T M ) and the thermal expansion up to and including the discontinuity at T M . Based on first-principles equation of state calculations for alkali halides, the lattice constant is shown to have a (T c — T)1/2 behavior in the high temperature limit. This implies that the thermal expansion coefficient diverges as T → T c and hence the isothermal bulk modulus goes to zero at T c. A least squares analysis of published thermal expansion data for NaCl using this analytic form suggests that T M ≤ T c ⪝ 1.1 T M , but more accurate data is needed to fix T c within this range.
Aberrant Wound Healing in an Epidermal Interleukin-4 Transgenic Mouse Model of Atopic Dermatitis

Wound healing in a pre-existing Th2-dominated skin milieu was assessed by using an epidermal specific interleukin-4 (IL-4) transgenic (Tg) mouse model, which develops a pruritic inflammatory skin condition resembling human atopic dermatitis. Our results demonstrated that IL-4 Tg mice had delayed wound closure and re-epithelialization even though these mice exhibited higher degrees of epithelial cell proliferation. Wounds in IL-4 Tg mice also showed a marked enhancement in expression of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, elevated infiltration of inflammatory cells including neutrophils, macrophages, CD3+ lymphocytes, and epidermal dendritic T lymphocytes. In addition, these mice exhibited a significantly higher level of angiogenesis as compared to wild type mice. Furthermore, wounds in IL-4 Tg mice presented with larger amounts of granulation tissue, but had less expression and deposition of collagen. Taken together, an inflamed skin condition induced by IL-4 has a pronounced negative influence on the healing process. Understanding more about the pathogenesis of wound healing in a Th2- dominated environment may help investigators explore new potential therapeutic strategies.
A 4π beta spectrometer

A 4 pi scintillation spectrometer suitable for measuring beta spectra is described. It consists of a thin liquid source sandwiched between two plastic scintillators. A technique has been devised for making thin uniform source layers. Fermi plots for /sup 85/S and /sup 131/I and the spectrum of the 163-kev internal conversion electrons from /sup 114/m In are shown to demonstrate the performance capabilities. (auth)
AB0261 Profile of an under-studied rheumatoid arthritis (RA) population: characteristics of patients with moderately active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate use

Background RA progression is difficult to predict and rheumatologists need to rely on a combination of subjective and objective measurements to assess RA disease activity and severity, as reliance on one measurement is not recommended due to variability.[1] The majority of findings from treatment trials have been derived from patients with predominately severe RA; less is known about patients with moderately active disease, who represent a larger group that may benefit from early effective treatment. Objectives To help understand and characterize the moderate RA patient, demographic and baseline disease characteristics of subjects participating in the PRESERVE trial are presented. Methods Enrolled subjects with DAS28 >3.2 and ≤5.1 despite stable doses of oral methotrexate (MTX) received open-label etanercept (ETN) 50 mg QW plus MTX for 36 weeks. Descriptive summary statistics for demographics and clinical disease characteristics are provided for subjects who received ≥1 dose of treatment (N=834); radiographic characteristics are provided for subjects who received ≥1 dose of treatment and had both a baseline and a post-baseline radiographic assessment (N=709). Results At baseline, most subjects were female (83%), Caucasian (74%), RF+ (73%), and aCCP+ (78%); mean age was 48.4 y (SD 11.9; median 50.0; min/max 18.0/70.0), with a mean MTX dose of 16.5 mg (SD 2.7; median 15.0; min/max 2.5/25.0) and disease duration, 6.9 y (SD 7.0; median 4.5; min/max 0.1/45.1). Overall 18% of subjects had a normal HAQ score (≤0.5) and 45% had paid employment. A majority used NSAIDs (74%) or corticosteroids (59%) within 1 month of screening; a minority used DMARDs (27% after excluding MTX use) within 6 months of screening. Conclusions The baseline characteristics of subjects who participated in the PRESERVE trial displayed wide variability in disease measures, highlighting the heterogeneity in clinical presentation, structural damage and burden of disease that can be found in moderate RA patients who are not well controlled on MTX alone and may benefit from effective intervention. These results from PRESERVE suggest the moderate RA population is distinct from other more extensively studied RA populations (eg, early severe and established severe disease) and warrants further investigation. References Wolfe F, et al. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:3873–9. Disclosure of Interest A. Koenig Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc., Employee of: Pfizer Inc., A. Szumski Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc., Employee of: Pfizer Inc., S. Kotak Employee of: Pfizer Inc., M. Stewart Shareholder of: Pfizer Inc., Employee of: Pfizer Inc.
Decoupling the Geometric Parameters of Shape-Controlled Pd Nanocatalysts

The structural features of metal nanoparticles such as crystallite size and shape are important to catalytic activity and selectivity. Thus, correlating the performance of metal nanocatalysts to these structural features is important to understanding and designing better catalysts. In this paper, the size and shape effects of Pd nanocrystals are examined as they are applied as semihydrogenation catalysts. Seed-mediated growth methods were used to achieve samples composed of different-sized {100}-terminated Pd nanocubes and {111}-terminated Pd nanoctahedra, which served as model systems to evaluate the role of surface structure to activity and selectivity. The size of the nanocrystals was easily tuned by controlling the amount of metal deposited per seed. The selection of capping agent provided a means of manipulating the final shape of the nanocrystals. The catalysis results from this study will facilitate the decoupling of the size and shape contributions to the geometric parameters of Pd nanocatalysts.
Parallel optimization of a reactive force field for polycondensation of alkoxysilanes.

We have optimized a reactive force field (ReaxFF) in order to model the gelation of alkoxysilanes in bulk precursor solutions. The force field parameter set was refined using a parallelized local search algorithm. Using this approach, each processor is assigned a small list of parameters. At the end of every iteration, all parameters are updated simultaneously after being independently evaluated. In comparison to the serial evaluation of parameters, this results in faster parametrization of ReaxFF, as well as helps to prevent entrapment in local minima. The resulting model is found to reproduce hydrolysis and condensation reaction energies well. By applying the model to the condensation of silicic acid monomers at several temperatures, the activation energy of silane condensation is determined. The expected behavior, a gradual depletion of hydrolyzed silicon and growth of condensed silica clusters is observed over timescales of a few nanoseconds. The new model is also verified by modeling the early stages...
Abstract 3562: Genome-wide analysis of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding sites reveals vitamin D role modulating autophagy and metabolism in luminal-like breast cancer cells.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC The active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), regulates gene expression through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Even though 1,25D3 is still best known as a regulator of bodily calcium homeostasis, 1,25D3 has a plethora of physiological actions which include immune and nervous system modulation, cellular proliferation and differentiation. Epidemiological and model studies have revealed the cancer-protective properties of 1,25D3 in colon, prostate and notably in breast. We are actively investigating the anti-proliferative properties of 1,25D3 in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines. We found that 1,25D3 induces autophagy in several luminal-like breast cancer cell models, but not in basal-like or mesenchymal-like models. We performed VDR and signaling partner RXR whole-genome ChIP-seq analysis to uncover all of the direct 1,25D3 target genes involved in regulation of metabolism and autophagy. Our studies suggest that energy regulation as an important aspect of 1,25D3 anti-proliferative properties in luminal-like breast cancer cells. Citation Format: Luz E. Tavera, Thomas Westerling, Myles Brown. Genome-wide analysis of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding sites reveals vitamin D role modulating autophagy and metabolism in luminal-like breast cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3562. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3562
Targeting of ribonucleotide reductase with 2'-Disulfide analogs of adenosine. Electronic versus steric effects in radical deoxygenation of fluorine-containing nucleosides

OF THE THESIS TARGETING OF RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE WITH 2'-DISULFIDE ANALOGS OF ADENOSINE. ELECTRONIC VERSUS STERIC EFFECTS IN RADICAL DEOXYGENATION OF FLUORINE-CONTAINING NUCLEOSIDES
Structural Dislocations in Anthracite

Anthracite is composed primarily of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that exist as curved layers of graphenic sheets of various sizes. The bright field high-resolution transmission electron microsc...
Internal Trunk-Loading Sequence Responses to Lifting Motions

Many models have attempted to describe the forces which are experienced by the spine during work. However, most of these previous efforts have ignored the effects of trunk motion upon the spine loading process. This study observes the internal trunk loading key-event-times which occur when the trunk is moving at different angular velocities. These key-event times are statistically evaluated and used to form networks of event-time sequences which occur under the various velocity conditions. The significance of these sequences to spine loading is discussed.
ECOTYPIC VARIATION IN THE NON-BREEDING SEASON IN MIGRATORY POPULATIONS: A STUDY OF TARSAL LENGTH IN SOME FRINGILLIDAE.

It is not surprising to find in highly resident organisms different ecotypes living in different environments. The reduced gene flow resulting from such spatially stable populations permits adaptation to local optima, so that sub-populations in different habitats can have partially independent evolutionary pathways. Differences in these pathways, which result from different selective pressures in the habitats of residence, generate ecotypic variation in the species (Van Valen, 1965). In species that are highly migratory however, which leave the area of breeding altogether and in a non-breeding season reside in an altogether new set of habitats, ecotypic variation seems more unlikely. The same differences in selective pressures exist as before, but the populations from the different habitats mix in the breeding season, so that mating can become nearly random. Models such as that proposed by Levene (1953) are appropriate to these situations and the effect of selection to different local optima in the non-breeding season is less clear. If, as might be supposed, most adaptation in a migratory species took place on the breeding grounds, and if breeding populations were relatively stable and self reproducing, the effects of such migration might not be important. This is evidently not the case for many seed-eating birds. Most of the sparrows eat insects in the breeding season, and seeds in the winter. But the bills of these birds are more or less heavy and conical, evidently more closely adapted to the winter seed food than to the breeding season insect food. There is also evidence (Fretwell, 1968, 1969) that some of these fringillid populations are actually limited in abundance largely by winter food, again implying that competition and adaption in the non-breeding season is important in the evolution of the species. From the evidence that winter adaption is important in migratory populations of sparrows, and because of the importance of ecotypic variation to the theory of the origin of species, I decided to look for ecotypic variation in some populations of fringillids wintering in North Carolina. I chose to work on tarsal length in these birds, as this measurement is of a bone and is easily taken in the field.
Development of French Agricultural Cooperatives and Its Implications for China

The developed French agricultural cooperatives played a determining role for France to become one of the most important producers and exporters in both Europe and in the world. This paper firstly introduced the development history and current situation of French agricultural cooperatives, and then analyzed their main types and characteristics, as well as the role of the French government policy in the development of agricultural cooperatives. Finally, the authors put forward some policy implications for the development of agricultural cooperatives in China.
164 LUNG PARENCHYMAL DEVELOPMENT IS IMPROVED IN PRETERM LAMBS MANAGED BY NASAL CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE FOR 21 DAYS.

Background In the premature infant, volume trauma contributes to the pathogenesis of chronic lung disease, which is characterized by an arrest of alveolar secondary septation. Similarly, conventional mechanical ventilation (CV) in the preterm lamb inhibits secondary septation. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is being used more frequently because the incidence of chronic lung disease is lower than with CV, and a recent study in preterm baboons demonstrated improved septation. We have used nCPAP to manage preterm lambs for up to 3 days, which is associated with better gas exchange and lung secondary septation than CV. Whether those benefits persist in preterm lambs managed for 21 days has not been determined. Objective We hypothesized that management of preterm lambs for 21 days, using nCPAP, will be associated with improved gas exchange and alveolar secondary septation compared to CV. Methods Preterm lambs were delivered at 132 days of gestation. All lambs were treated with antenatal steroids and postnatal surfactant. The lambs were managed with nCPAP ( n = 4) or CV ( n = 3) for 21 days. An oscillatory circuit (Bird; Percussionaire) was used to deliver CPAP to the nose. Target PaO 2 was 60-70 mm Hg; target PaCO 2 was 50-60 mm Hg. Ventilator and gas exchange parameters were assessed and lung tissue was analyzed morphologically. Results For the target PaO 2 (60-70 mm Hg), the fractional inspired O 2 was significantly less in the nCPAP lambs (30 ± 8 mm Hg; mean ± SD) vs the CV lambs (54 ± 14 mm Hg) at weeks 1, 2, and 3 of life. For the target PaCO 2 (50-60 mm Hg), peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, and mean airway pressure also were significantly less in the nCPAP lambs (19 ± 5, 5 ± 3, 4 ± 2, cmH 2 O, respectively) vs the CV lambs (26 ± 8, 9 ± 3, 6 ± 2, cmH 2 O) at weeks 1, 2, and 3 of life. Alveolar secondary septation was significantly greater in the nCPAP lambs (volume density 22 ± 4%) vs CV (5 ± 3%). Conclusion Management of preterm lambs for 21 days, using nCPAP, resulted in improved gas exchange and alveolar secondary septation. Supported by CHRC, HL62875, HL56401, T35 HL07744.
Phenomenology of Law

Law is what is done. More precisely, law is what it is possible to do. A law is what one does: in these circumstances, these are the things to do. All of what it is possible for me to do is who I am. I am constituted by law, by laws. But those laws vary in their centrality to who I am. That I have two legs is more central to who I am than that I can play chess; that I can play chess is more central to who I am than that I know the meaning of ‘thalassemia.’ I would still be who I am if I was legless or never learned how to play chess or never learned the meaning of ‘thalassemia.’ The unity of who I am is not affected by laws; it is guaranteed by law. Laws are how I try to represent law, but their attempts inevitably fall short.
Women Helping Women: The Evaluation of an All Female Methadone Maintenance Program in Detroit

In recent years, there has been increased concern about the female addict. This concern has been fed by a limited amount of research about the female addict which overwhelmingly indicates women do not fare as well as men in the treatment process. A number of factors have been proposed to account for the poor prognosis for women in treatment. Among the factors cited most frequently are those which suggest that women are less likely to be employed (Eldred and Washington, 1975; Ryan, 1976), less likely to be living with their families (Eldred and Washington, 1975; Maglin, 1974), and more likely to be discouraged from pursuing treatment as a result of a steady income from prostitution (Maglin, 1974; Suffet and Brotman, 1976), or as a result of child care responsibilities (Eldred and Washington, 1975). Clearly, most of these factors place the major responsibilities for failure in treatment upon the woman client--her particular set of personal characteristics or life events.
THE APPLICATION OF MIXED METHODS TO SUBSURFACE SIMULATION

We consider the application of mixed finite element and finite difference methods to groundwater flow and transport problems. We are concerned with accurate approximation and efficient implementation, especially when the porous medium may have geometric irregularities, heterogeneities, and either a tensor hydraulic conductivity or a tensor dispersion. For single-phase flow, we develop an expanded mixed finite element method defined on a logically rectangular, curvilinear grid. Special quadrature rules are introduced to transform the method into a simple cell-centered finite difference method. The approximation is locally conservative and highly accurate. We also show that the highly nonlinear two-phase flow problem is well approximated by mixed methods. The main difficulty is that the true solution is typically lacking in regularity.