cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stereoisomeric Prodrugs to Improve Corneal Absorption of Prednisolone: Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation

A series of stereoisomeric prodrugs have been designed to examine efficacy in generating higher corneal absorption relative to prednisolone. Prodrugs have been studied and identified with LC/MS/MS and NMR analyses. Prodrugs have been characterized for aqueous solubility, buffer stability, and cytotoxicity. Cellular uptake and permeability studies have been conducted across MDCK-MDR1 cells to determine prodrug affinity towards P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and peptide transporters. Enzyme-mediated degradation of prodrugs has been determined using Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea (SIRC) cell homogenates. Prodrugs exhibited higher aqueous solubility relative to prednisolone. Prodrugs circumvented P-gp-mediated cellular efflux and were recognized by peptide transporters. Prodrugs (DP, DDP) produced with d-isomers (d-valine) were significantly stable against both chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses. The order of degradation rate constants observed in chemical and enzymatic hydrolyses were in the same order, i.e., l-valine-l-valine-prednisolone (LLP) > l-valine-d-valine-prednisolone (LDP) > d-valine-l-valine-prednisolone (DLP) > d-valine-d-valine-prednisolone (DDP). Results obtained from this study clearly suggest that stereoisomeric prodrug approach is an effective strategy to overcome P-gp-mediated efflux and improve transcorneal permeability of prednisolone following topical administration.
Co-operative Comradeships Versus Same-Sex Partnerships: Historicizing Collaboration Among Homosexual Couples in the Sciences

In this chapter I consider a range of methodological challenges that complicate historical analysis of same-sex partnerships in science and then adopt Joan Scott’s concept of “imbrications” of subjective experiences with political discourses to analyze the sexual-science discourse of Edward Carpenter’s homosocial, country menage near Sheffield, Britain at the turn of the twentieth century. Based on my analysis, I suggest Carpenter’s case necessitates an expansion of the category “collaborative couples” beyond a focus on cohabitating, married partners, and I introduce the contemporary term, “co-operative comradeship” as a more historically salient means by which to describe Carpenter’s collaborative industry.
Newtonian dynamics of time-dependent mean field theory

Abstract Force equations describing heavy ion collisions are derived from the continuum limit of time-dependent mean field theory. The equations mimic the actual behavior of finite nucleus TDHF quite well, and might serve as a starting point for a more complete theory.
Carbon‐13 NMR of hydroxyethylcellulose: An accurate method for structural determination

The high-resolution carbon-13 NMR spectrum of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) with about 2.5 moles of ethylene oxide (MS 2.5) average substitution per anhydroglucose ring (AHG) is presented. From models, the CMR chemical shifts for all of the different carbon atoms are assigned. Direct measurement of the relative intensities of the CMR signals for certain carbon atoms in HEC permits rapid and accurate computation of (1) the average chain length of poly(ethylene oxide); (2) the degree of substitution of ethylene oxide, and (3) the average relative degree of substitution of the alcohol groups on the AHG ring.
Combined effects of transition metal (Ni and Rh) substitution and annealing/quenching on the physical properties of CaFe2As2

We performed systematic studies of the combined effects of annealing/quenching temperature $(T{}_{A/Q})$ and $T=\text{Ni}$, Rh substitution $(x)$ on the physical properties of $\mathrm{Ca}({\mathrm{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}T{}_{x}){}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$. We constructed two-dimensional, $T{}_{A/Q}$-$x$ phase diagrams for the low-temperature states for both substitutions to map out the relations between ground states and compared them with that of Co substitution. Ni substitution, which brings one more extra electron per substituted atom and suppresses the $c$-lattice parameter at roughly the same rate as Co substitution, leads to a similar parameter range of antiferromagnetic/orthorhombic phase space in the $T{}_{A/Q}$-$x$ space as that found for Co substitution, but the parameter range for superconductivity has been shrunk (roughly by a factor of 2). This result is similar to what is found when Co- and Ni-substituted ${\mathrm{BaFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ are compared. On the other hand, Rh substitution, which brings the same amount of extra electrons as does Co substitution, but suppresses the $c$-lattice parameter more rapidly, has a different phase diagram. The collapsed tetragonal phase exists much more pervasively, to the exclusion of the normal, paramagnetic, tetragonal phase. The range of antiferromagnetic/orthorhombic phase space is noticeably reduced, and the superconducting region is substantially suppressed, essentially truncated by the collapsed tetragonal phase. In addition, we found that whereas for Co substitution there was no difference between phase diagrams for samples annealed for 1 or 7 days, for Ni and Rh substitutions a second, reversible effect of annealing was revealed by 7-day anneals.
Spontaneous Patchiness in a Host-Parasitoid Integrodifference Model

Observations of a host-parasitoid interaction in which victims are significantly less motile than their exploiters suggest the possibility of stable spatial pattern in a fairly homogeneous environment. Findings of pattern formation in continuous-time models are not fully able to account for this behavior. Those findings often rely on questionable biological conditions, and more fundamentally, the continuous nature of time in such models does not reflect the reality of the observed interaction. In this paper, we introduce a discrete-time spatial model of the interaction. The final state of our model is often a striking spatial pattern, similar to those observed. We analyze the model, describe its transient behavior, and find the conditions under which these spatial patterns occur, as well as an estimate of maximum possible patch size under those conditions. We also discuss the existence of such conditions in the natural system.
DADAR: A New Situational Awareness Platform for Data Analysis, Detection and Response

We introduce our new DADAR (Data Analysis, Detection, And Response) syndromic surveillance platform.
Model study of soil-moisture influence on precipitation seesaw in the southern United States

A coupled atmosphere–land-surface mesoscale model is used to assess the responses of precipitation to soil-moisture anomalies in two regions: (1) the core region of the North American Monsoon (NAM; 105°–112°W, 24°–36°N); (2) the central–southern United States (CS-US; 85°–95°W, 30°–36°N). Results from a series of numerical experiments integrated from July to September 2000 show that precipitation increases in the NAM region in July with a prescribed wet soil-moisture anomaly; meanwhile, precipitation decreases in the CS-US region. In the following months, when the prescribed wet soil-moisture anomaly in the NAM region was removed, the increase in precipitation in the NAM region becomes weaker and shifts eastward to the CS-US region. By September, an inverse precipitation seesaw in these two regions is built up. Except for local evaporation, the transportation of atmospheric moisture affects the interaction between soil moisture and precipitation, especially in the regions and periods without the prescribed soil-moisture anomaly. The soil-moisture anomaly in the NAM region is only partially responsible for the precipitation seesaw in the southern United States.
The Design of Product Comparison Tables and its Effects on Decision Making

Consumers are constantly presented with new information about new products. The presentation of this information can affect decision making processes by varying the form, organization, and sequence of the information (Kleinmuntz & Schkade, 1993). One organization strategy frequently used in marketing is a product comparison table which allows for side-by-side comparisons to be made. Two decision making heuristics which can occur when using such tables are the “as-if (AI) heuristic,” where all features are treated “as if” they are equal in importance or value, and the other is the “elimination-by-aspect (EBA) heuristic,” where a preferred feature must be present for an alternative to be considered further. One design manipulation that could affect such heuristics when using a table is shading. When applying the Proximity Compatibility Principle (PCP) and theories of visual search, it is easy to see how shading can influence or shape the perceptual acquisition of information and, in turn, affect decision ma...
Formation of a sandy near‐bed transport layer from a fine‐grained bed under oscillatory flow

Bed surface coarsening was found to be an important effect for the formation of ripples and the dynamics of the boundary layer above a predominantly silt-sized sediment bed (median particle size equal to 26 μm; ~20% fine sand, 70% silt, 10% clay) under oscillatory flow (with orbital velocities of 0.32-0.52 m/s) in a laboratory wave duct. Following bed liquefaction, substantial winnowing of the bed surface occurred due to entrainment of finer material into suspension. Bed surface coarsening was quantified with micro-scale visualization using a CCD (charged-coupled device) camera. Under most wave orbital velocities investigated, the coarse surface particles were mobilized as a near- bed transport layer approximately 4 grain-diameters thick. The transport of these coarse sediments ultimately produced suborbital or anorbital ripples on the bed, except for the highest orbital velocities considered where the bed was planar. Micro-scale visualizations were used to construct a maximum (particle) velocity profile extending through the near-bed transport layers using particle-streak velocimetry (PSV). These profiles had a distinctive kink in log linear space at the height of the transport layer, suggesting that the near-bed sediment transport reduced skin friction and contributed to the boundary roughness through extraction of momentum.
Effects of 5-HT receptor antagpnist on seizure susceptibility and locomotor activity in DBA/2 mice☆

Abstract The effect of antagonists of serotonin (5-HT) receptor subtypes and α 2 -adrenoceptors was investigated on audiogenic seizures and locomotor activity in DBA/2 mice. 5HT 1c receptor antagonists (mianserin and cyproheptadine), 5-HT 3 receptor antagonist (zacopride) and 5-HT 4 receptor antagonist (ICS 205–930) increased the latency of audogenic seizures and decreased the severity of convulsions in young (20–27 days old) DBA/2 mice. However, the effect of these antagonists varied in older (30–37 days old) mice. Ketanserin, 5-HT 2 receptor antagonist, was devoid of any activity on audiogenic seizures. Yohimbine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.), an α 2 -adrenoceptor antagonist, increased the severity of audiogenic seizures, and the anti-convulsant effect of 5-HT receptor subtypes antagonists became more pronounced in the presence of yohimbine. 5-HT 3 and 5-HT 4 receptor antagonists produced hypolocomotor activity in young mice whereas 5-HT ic and 5-HT 2 receptor antagonists were devoid of any effect on locomotor activity. Yohimbine did not induce any effect on locomotor activity but the mice exhibited more pronounced hypolocomotor activity following the administration of 5-HT 3 , 5-HT 4 and 5HT ic receptor antagonists in the presence of yohimbine. However, the results varied with these agents in the older mice. These observations implicate a role of 5-HT lc , 5-HT 3 5-HT 4 and α 2 -adrenoceptors in audogenic seizures in young DBA/2 mice, and 5-HT 3 and 5-HT 4 receptors in locomotor activity in these mice. Furthermore, these results also suggests an interaction between 5-HT receptors and α 2 -adrenoreceptors, and differential development patterns of various 5-HT receptor subtypes in the CNS.
Ring Inversion in Cycloheptane and in Cycloheptene Derivatives

Rapid pseudorotation [I] causes interconversion of substituent groups between "above" and "below" positions in cycloheptanes even at -150o[2] unless restrictions are imposed by bulky groups ^(12b.31). An especially interesting example of cycloheptane conformational preferences and rates of cycloheptane-ring inversion is provided by 4,5-transdibromo-1,1-difluorocycloheptane (m.p. = 52-54 oC). This substance was prepared from 4-cycloheptenone via several steps.
Recent development in flexible displays

The next generation flat panel displays are driven to meet the need of future mobile lifestyle, and to answer the higher order call for “Greener” panel, i.e. displays that are energy efficient, and environmentally friendly. Accordingly, the development work in ITRI encompasses energy saving applications and mobile devices. For energy saving applications, roll-to-roll coatable, bistable cholesteric liquid crystal display (Ch-LCD) is chosen as the platform deliverable, oriented to simultaneously promote development of corresponding material, equipment, panel, and system technologies, For mobile devices, we are inspired to deliver a rollable AMOLED, where the development activities are mainly on the integration of flexible substrate, backplane, emissive layer, passivation and encapsulation technologies, Meanwhile, effort to explore new opportunities continues, and international collaboration is leveraged to accelerate R&D progress
A Novel Method for Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Using Percutaneous Implantation of a Newly Designed Endovascular Device

Background Percutaneous implantation of a stent to bridge abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) may provide an alternative to surgical reconstruction in patients with this serious disorder. We developed a self-expandable, stainless steel, woven mesh endovascular device with a delivery catheter and studied its efficacy in a canine model of AAA. Methods and Results Infrarenal AAAs were created surgically in eight adult dogs using autologous tissue. Two types of endovascular stents were used in this study: a plain or uncovered stent, about 14 mm in diameter in the unconstrained configuration, and a covered stent, coated by porous polyurethane, about 16 mm in diameter. All stents were successfully placed on the first attempt. Aortograms revealed a mean aneurysm diameter of 1.86±0.47 cm, an average of 70% larger than the reference aortic lumen before stent placement. After stent placement, aortograms showed that the aneurysmal cavity disappeared completely in three dogs treated with a covered stent and that the aort...
A hydraulic barrier design teaching module based on HELP 3.04 and HELP model for Windows v2.05

Abstract Educational use of environmental software offers opportunities and challenges to both software developers and educators. Desirable attributes for educational environmental software have recently been discussed in Jennings (1997) . Jennings (1997) and Jennings and Kuhlman (1997) went on to illustrate many of these attributes using the groundwater bioremediation code BIO1D and the air pollution transport code GAUSSIAN MODELS 1.1. This paper continues the exploration of educational applications of environmental software by examining both a public domain and proprietary code built around EPA's Hydrologic Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP) analysis package. The first, HELP 3.04, is a revised version of HELP intended to be more user-interactive than its predecessors. The second, HMfW v2.05, makes use of proprietary user interfaces to provide superior problem definition and result visualization in a pseudo-CAD working environment. Examples generated with both codes are presented to explore the nature of modern user interfaces, and to examine how desirable features might differ between student and professional users. Example simulations are also presented to illustrate how these codes can be used in ways that transcend their original intent to teach about hydraulic barrier design and performance.
Temporal analysis of fluctuations in cerebral hemodynamics revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy

We have non-invasively studied the motor cortex hemodynamics in human subjects under rest and motor stimulation conditions using a multichannel near-IR tissue spectrometer. We obtained optical maps of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentration changes in terms of amplitudes of folding average, power spectrum and coherence at the stimulation repetition frequency, and the phase synchronization index. Under periodic motor stimulation conditions, we observed coherence and phase synchronization of the local hemodynamic changes with stimulation.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Flattening of the distal femoral epiphyses in the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome

A new finding in the trichorhinophalangeal syndrome, flattening of the distal femoral epiphyses, is described in seven patients. Measurement of the ratio of the height of the distal femoral epiphysis versus both the width of the distal femoral metaphysis and the width of the distal femoral epiphysis and comparison to normal standards confirmed the subjectively observed flattening of the distal femoral epiphysis in these patients, further suggesting that the disease is a generalized process rather than a local disorder.
Quality of life and self-care management strategies of PLWAs with chronic diarrhea.

A case control design was used to examine quality of life and self-care management strategies in persons living with AIDS (PLWAs) with chronic diarrhea. PLWAs without chronic diarrhea (n = 20) as compared to those with chronic diarrhea (n = 20) reported significantly higher general health perceptions (p = .028). In contrast, comparisons on symptom status scores revealed that PLWAs without chronic diarrhea reported greater fatigue (p = .05), greater psychological distress (p = .005), and greater gastrointestinal discomfort (p = .01). Although the intensity of chronic diarrhea was reported as moderate to severe by 85% of the sample, no single category of self-care management strategies was used by more than 65% of respondents. The number of categories of self-care management activities was significantly correlated with general health perceptions. The study findings support the need to test nursing interventions aimed at improving symptom management in chronic diarrhea and facilitating self-care behaviors including those focused on increasing adherence to prescribed therapeutic regimens.
A general service oriented approach for managing virtual machines allocation

Virtualization is an essential enabling technology for building and controlling computing frameworks that can dynamically adapt available physical resources to transient tasks such as the temporary creation of a virtual computing center tailored to the needs of a virtual organization. In this paper we will report on our strategy for the creation of virtual computer clusters based on standard Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) and hosts virtualization technologies. We will describe our infrastructure designed for dynamical allocation of resources to applications via a general control plane based on workflows of coordinated web services. The control plane is based on logically independent services that are responsible for physical resource management and virtual nodes deployment. The control plane is also responsible for operations on virtual clusters such as their creation, startup and control.
Dopamine receptors in the central thermoregulatory mechanism of the cat.

Abstract Dopamine produced dose-related decreases in rectal temperature when administered in doses of 100–600 μg into the cerebral ventricles of unanaesthetized cats. The alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking agent phentolamine antagonized hypothermic responses to dopamine and to intraventricular norepinephrine. Haloperidol, on the other hand, reduced responses to dopamine, but not those to norepinephrine. This indicates that dopamine acts on a specific dopamine receptor to lower temperature. To determine whether dopamine acts through release of endogenous norepinephrine or on noradrenergic neurones, 6-hydroxydopamine was administered intraventricularly. Responses to dopamine were reduced, but not prevented, by doses of 6-hydroxydopamine which completely abolish hypothermic responses to tyramine, an indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine. Responses to norepinephrine were not altered by 6-hydroxydopamine. These data indicate that intraventricular dopamine lowers temperature by direct interaction with central dopamine receptors. The major component of the hypothermic response to dopamine does not involve noradrenergic links which are sensitive to intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine.
Toxicity of Antiviral Nucleoside Analogs and the Human Mitochondrial DNA Polymerase

Abstract To examine the role of the mitochondrial polymerase (Pol γ) in clinically observed toxicity of nucleoside analogs used to treat AIDS, we examined the kinetics of incorporation catalyzed by Pol γ for each Food and Drug Administration-approved analog plus 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-d-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil (FIAU), β-L-(−)-2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (−)3TC, and (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA). We used recombinant exonuclease-deficient (E200A), reconstituted human Pol γ holoenzyme in single turnover kinetic studies to measureK d (K m) andk pol (k cat) to estimate the specificity constant (k cat/K m) for each nucleoside analog triphosphate. The specificity constants vary more than 500,000-fold for the series ddC > ddA (ddI) > 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (d4T) ≫ (+)3TC ≫ (−)3TC > PMPA > azidothymidine (AZT) ≫ Carbovir (CBV). Abacavir (prodrug of CBV) and PMPA are two new drugs that are expected to be least toxic. Notably, the higher toxicities of d4T, ddC, and ddA arose from their 13–36-fold tighter binding relative to the normal dNTP even though their rates of incorporation were comparable with PMPA and AZT. We also examined the rate of exonuclease removal of each analog after incorporation. The rates varied from 0.06 to 0.0004 s−1 for the series FIAU > (+)3TC ∼ (−)3TC > CBV > AZT > PMPA ∼ d4T ≫ ddA (ddI) ≫ ddC. Removal of ddC was too slow to measure (<0.00002 s−1). The high toxicity of dideoxy compounds, ddC and ddI (metabolized to ddA), may be a combination of high rates of incorporation and ineffective exonuclease removal. Conversely, the more effective excision of (−)3TC, CBV, and AZT may contribute to lower toxicity. FIAU is readily extended by the next correct base pair (0.13 s−1) faster than it is removed (0.06 s−1) and, therefore, is stably incorporated and highly mutagenic. We define a toxicity index for chain terminators to account for relative rates of incorporation versus removal. These results provide a method to rapidly screen new analogs for potential toxicity.
MRI-guided noninvasive ultrasound surgery.

In this study, the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) to detect tissue necrosis induced by focussed ultrasound beams was investigated. It was shown that lesions produced in dog’s thigh musclein vivo were clearly visible in T2‐weighted images and that the lesion dimensions measured from the images correlated with the postmortem measurements of the visible tissue damage. It was also shown that the sonications can be done in the magnet and that the lesions are visible immediately after the sonications with increasing imagecontrast as a function of time. These results showed that MRI can be used to direct and monitor on‐line noninvasive ultrasound surgery. This may have a major impact in future patient treatments.
Characterization of intertypic recombinants of the Epstein-Barr virus from the body-cavity-based lymphomas cell lines BC-1 and BC-2.

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) can infect and transform human B-lymphocytes and has been associated with numerous human malignancies. Two distinct types of EBV have been described, EBV-1 and EBV-2. Whereas type 1 is known to be most widespread throughout the healthy adult population, type 2 EBV has been shown to be significantly present in certain T-cell immunocompromised patients. Some evidence also suggests that such immune impairment promotes coinfection with multiple strains of EBV and fosters the development of intertypic recombinant viruses. In this work, we have analyzed two established body-cavity-based lymphoma or primary effusion lymphoma cell lines, BC-1 and BC-2, for the presence of intertypic EBV recombinants. Using PCR primers to amplify across several markers in the genome, we have typed the BC-1 and BC-2 EBV at these loci. Immunoblot analysis of the EBNA1 protein expressed by these cell lines also suggests a change in EBV typing at this locus in these genomes. Additionally, we have analyzed the expression patterns of the latent EBNA proteins from these viruses and performed Southern blot analysis of the BamHI- and EcoRI-digested genomes to detect variations occurring from type I and II genomes. On the basis of these data, we suggest that the genomes of EBV in BC-1 and BC-2 are intertypic recombinants of type 1 and type 2 EBV genomes. This work corroborates other reports that intertypic EBV recombinants occur in the immunocompromised population. It is likely that intertypic recombination is a mechanism by which novel variants of EBV emerge having selective advantages over a strictly type 1 or type 2 strain.
From the Margins to the Center The Future of Annotation

This article describes the importance of annotation to reading and writing practices and reviews new technologies that complicate the ways annotation can be used to support and enhance traditional ...
Effect of variable hydraulic conductivity on transcapillary fluid exchange: Application to the microcirculation of rat intestinal muscle

Abstract A theoretical model has been developed to study the influence of variable hydraulic wall conductivity of single capillaries on transmural fluid exchange. A systematic study has been carried out to examine the factors which determine the direction of transcapillary fluid flow; i.e., filtration or absorption. One important result of this study is that, in addition to capillary pressure and plasma protein concentration, the shape of the axial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of the capillary wall can affect the direction of transmural fluid movement. The experimental data for the axial distribution of the hydraulic conductivity of single capillaries in the rat intestinal muscle of R. W. Gore, W. Schoknecht, and H. G. Bohlen ( In “Microcirculation,” J. Grayson and W. Zingg, eds., Vol. 1, pp. 331–332, Plenum, New York) were employed in the present model in order to predict axial and radial fluid flow. The comparison of the results with experimental data for capillary pressure and transmural flux at four axial positions showed excellent agreement. The results of the present model support the experimental finding of Gore et al. that the capillary bed in the rat intestinal muscle is absorptive.
Effect of Water on the Equation of State of Nominally Anhydrous Minerals

It is possible that the majority of Earth’s H2O budget is present as hydroxyl (OH) structurally incorporated into the major nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) of the mantle (e.g., Martin and Donnay 1972). Ringwood (1966) thought as much as five times the surface H2O-mass could be present in the mantle, amounting to ~0.2 wt% H2O if distributed throughout the entire mantle (Harris and Middlemost 1969). We know now the (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 polymorphs of the upper mantle and transition zone can incorporate up to several weight percent of water in their structures (e.g., Smyth 1987; Inoue et al. 1995; Kohlstedt et al. 1996; Bolfan-Casanvoa et al. 2000; Mosenfelder et al. 2006). The possibility of a deep-Earth water cycle leads naturally to the question, is “water” in the mantle, whether regional or globally distributed, detectible seismically? In order to address this question, it is necessary to know, quantitatively, the effects of water (or more precisely structurally bound hydroxyl) on the elastic moduli of mantle minerals. Also required are pressure and temperature derivatives of the elastic moduli for more direct comparison with seismological observation. This chapter will review what is known about the elastic properties of “hydroxylated” NAMs from experimental studies. From a crystal chemical perspective, hydrated NAMs are defect structures because hydrogen is usually incorporated through charge balance by cation vacancies. Therefore, small variations in water content can have a dramatic effect on thermoelastic parameters, more so than any other major geochemical substitution such as iron or aluminum. For example, at one atmosphere the addition of ~1 wt% H2O into ringwoodite has a similar effect on the shear modulus as raising the temperature by 800–1000 °C (Wang et al. 2003a; Jacobsen et al. 2004). However, due to elevated pressure …
VLF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS OBSERVED WITH THE JAVELIN 8.45 SOUNDING ROCKET

VLF electric and magnetic fields observed with Javelin sounding rocket flown to 763 km, noting electromagnetic noise characteristics
Characterization of network vibrational modes by means of dynamic structure factors from neutron scattering

Abstract Vibrational modes observed in the density of states of glasses may be characterized by consideration of the dynamic structure factor S(Q,E). The Q dependence of this function depends on the character of the modes with energy E through the phase factor and through correlations in the displacement vectors projected along Q of neighboring atoms. This fact is illustrated by recent results on chalcogenide glasses.
Dietary Supplements: Altered Coagulation and Effects on Bruising

Background. Patient use of dietary supplements that alter coagulation or have an effect on bruising is becoming increasingly common. Objective. To identify and describe dietary supplements that alter coagulation or are reported to alter bruising during and after surgical procedures. Methods. The MEDLINE, Cochrane Collaboration, and International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements databases were searched for articles using the search words “bruising,”“bleeding,”“coagulation,”“hemostasis,”“herbal medicine,”“alternative medicine,” and “dietary supplement.” Additional sources were obtained from manual searches of recent journal articles. Results. In vivo and in vitro evidence supports the notion that many dietary supplements alter coagulation. Limited evidence is available to support anecdotal claims of diminished postoperative bruising after the use of dietary supplements. Conclusion. Surgeons should be aware that many of their patients are taking dietary supplements that may alter coagulation. Because most patients will not readily volunteer this information, specific steps should be taken to obtain it prior to more extensive surgical procedures. SCOTT M. DINEHART, MD, AND LANCE HENRY, MD, HAVE INDICATED NO SIGNIFICANT INTEREST WITH COMMERCIAL SUPPORTERS.
Diphtheria toxin:receptor interaction: association, dissociation, and effect of pH.

Diphtheria toxin (DT) binds to a specific heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) precursor that is expressed in DT-sensitive cells. DT binds to the cell-surface HB-EGF precursor with an apparent dissociation constant (KD) of approximately 1 x 10(-8) - 10(-9) M at 4 degreesC, a temperature at which toxin binds but is not internalized. The interaction of DT with the cell-surface receptor, however, may be influenced by other cell-surface components. We used a biosensor method to measure the binding of DT to immobilized recombinant human HB-EGF (hHB-EGF) at 25 degreesC with no other cellular components present. We observed that at pH 7.4, using this in vitro two component system, DT binds to hHB-EGF with an apparent KD of 2.7 x 10(-8) M. We also observed that the dissociation of DT from hHB-EGF at pH values that approach those of the endosome occurs at a faster rate as the pH is decreased. These results suggest that the low pH of the endosome is sufficient to allow DT to dissociate from the HB-EGF precursor, prior to the translocation of the enzymatically active fragment of DT into the cytosol.
IL-17 and Th17 cells in tuberculosis

Tuberculosis is primarily a disease of the lung. Constant expression of cellular immunity in this organ is required to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, but this can also result in chronic inflammation and pathologic consequences. During primary tuberculosis both IFN-γ and IL-17 are induced: both are potent inflammatory cytokines capable of inducing expression of chemokines that promote cell recruitment and granuloma organization throughout infection. During the chronic phase, a balance between Th1 and Th17 responses needs to be achieved to control bacterial growth and limit immunopathology, as a shift of the response towards excessive IL-17 production may sustain extensive neutrophil recruitment and tissue damage. Thus, regulation of Th1 and Th17 responses during tuberculosis is essential to promote anti-mycobacterial immunity and prevent extensive immunopathological consequences.
Comment on “Infants’ Perseverative Search Errors Are Induced by Pragmatic Misinterpretation”

Topal et al. (Reports, 26 September 2008, p. 1831) proposed that infants' perseverative search errors can be explained by ostensive cues from the experimenter. We use the dynamic field theory to test the proposal that infants encode locations more weakly when social cues are present. Quantitative simulations show that this account explains infants' performance without recourse to the theory of natural pedagogy.
An investigation of self-broadening in methane using a single-frequency 3⋯39μ laser

Abstract The self-broadened width of a methane line at 2947·88 cm -1 has been determined to be 0·15 ± 0·2 cm -1 /atm by the use of a helium-neon laser. The strength of this line was measured to be 2·4 ± 0·3 atm -1 cm -2 . By using the thermal expansion of the laser cavity, the measurement could be carried out at two frequencies.
Animal behaviour: Rank crime and punishment

In paper wasps, facial markings are cheap ‘status badges’ that would seem to be susceptible to cheating. But wasps punish those whose markings lie. Social competition is, it appears, a strong selective force.
The Effect of SAS Materials and Modeling in Transferring Impact Loads to the Brain

While subarachnoid space (SAS) trabeculae play an important role in damping and reducing the relative movement of the brain with respect to the skull, thereby reducing traumatic brain injuries, their mechanical properties and modeling are not well established in the literature. A few studies, e.g., Zhang et al. (2002) and Xin Jin et al. (2008) have reported a wide range the elastic modulus of the trabeculae up to three orders of magnitudes. The histology of the trabeculae reveals a collagen based structure. Thus, a few investigators have estimated the mechanical properties of trabeculae based on collagen’s properties. The objective of this study is to determine the stress/strain changes in the brain as a function of the mechanical properties and modeling methodology of the trabeculae, when the loading and the boundary conditions of the model are kept the same. This study was performed through several modeling steps. A wide range of the mechanical properties of the trabeculae was employed and the transductions of blunt impact loads from the skull to the brain were determined. The mechanical properties of the SAS trabeculae were determined based on the validation of the models with experimental results of Sabet et al. (2009). The result indicated that when we use softer material properties for the trabeculae the meningeal layers absorb and damp the impact load. It is also concluded that the material properties of the trabeculae can be simulated by only tension element since the trabeculae buckles with minimal compressive load. Finally, an optimum material property of SAS was proposed.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Experimental hypergammaglobulinemia in mink.

Hypergammaglobulinemia in mink was produced by the injection of crude tissue suspensions from mink with spontaneous Aleutian disease. The initiating factor was found to be resistant to 0.3 per cent formalin for 2 weeks but not 40 weeks at 5°C. Foreign antigens as well as formalinized normal mink tissue from homologous and heterologous genotypes did not cause a detectable change in the serum protein values. Mink homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene were found to be significantly more susceptible to the experimental disease. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms as well as similarities between the mink disease and certain immunologic and connective tissue diseases of man are discussed.
Tool Support for Proof Engineering

Modern integrated development environments (IDEs) provide programmers with a variety of sophisticated tools for program visualization and manipulation. These tools assist the programmer in understanding legacy code and making coordinated changes across large parts of a program. Similar tools incorporated into an integrated proof environment (IPE) would assist proof developers in understanding and manipulating the increasingly larger proofs that are being developed. In this paper we propose some tools and techniques developed for software engineering that we believe would be equally applicable in proof engineering.
A self-consistency approach to multinomial logit model with random effects

The computation in the multinomial logit mixed effects model is costly especially when the response variable has a large number of categories, since it involves high-dimensional integration and maximization. Tsodikov and Chefo (2008) developed a stable MLE approach to problems with independent observations, based on generalized self-consistency and quasi-EM algorithm developed in Tsodikov (2003). In this paper, we apply the idea to clustered multinomial response to simplify the maximization step. The method transforms the complex multinomial likelihood to Poisson-type likelihood and hence allows for the estimates to be obtained iteratively solving a set of independent low-dimensional problems. The methodology is applied to real data and studied by simulations. While maximization is simplified, numerical integration remains the dominant challenge to computational efficiency.
Variable sex ratio among colonies of ants

Small colonies of ants often produce mostly male alates, while large colonies produce mostly female alates. I present a simple model consistent with this pattern in which males that compete for mates are related (Local Mate Competition). The model explains the observed trend even when relatedness among competing males is low, so that there is only a negligible effect on the predicted sex allocation ratio in the population. The reverse trend is expected when there is competition among related females for a limited resource, such as nest sites (Local Resource Competition); small broods are predicted to be mostly female and large broods are predicted to be mostly male.
Recurrence of mitral regurgitation after partial versus complete mitral valve ring annuloplasty for functional mitral regurgitation.

Objectives Both partial and complete annuloplasty rings are used for mitral valve repair for patients with functional mitral regurgitation (FMR). We sought to determine if recurrence of mitral regurgitation (MR) is affected by the type of ring used. Methods Five hundred forty-eight patients diagnosed with FMR underwent mitral valve repair with ring annuloplasty between 1998 and 2008 in our institution. Medical records were reviewed retrospectively for clinical and echocardiographic data to determine the presence of recurrent MR (defined as moderate or severe). Results Among 479 patients for whom postoperative echocardiographic data were available, recurrent MR occurred less frequently in the complete versus partial ring group (20 of 209 [10%] vs 56 of 270 [21%] patients; P = .001), despite lower preoperative ejection fractions in the complete ring group (median, 35%; interquartile range, 25%-45% vs median, 40%; interquartile range, 30%-55%; P P = .001). Risk-matched propensity analysis of 102 patients per group (area under the curve, 0.824; 95% confidence interval, 0.788-0.861; P P = .049), and a trend toward greater freedom by Kaplan-Meier analysis (110 vs 104 months; P = .068). Conclusions The use of complete mitral annuloplasty rings provides improved freedom from recurrent MR in patients with FMR.
Instigation to aggression as a function of degree of defeat and the capacity for massive retaliation.

Summary Forty-eight subjects, half of whom were assigned to a condition of massive retaliation (MR) and half of whom were not (NMR), competed against a presumed opponent The loser on each trial received a shock of intensity level selected by the winner at the beginning of a trial and, simultaneously, feedback on the opponent's shock setting The winner received only feedback on the opponent's shock setting Defeat and feedback of aggressive intent (opponent's shock setting) were varied independently In the MR condition, an extreme level of shock could be selected Although its use was avoided, its psychological presence influenced perception of the opponent, aggressive behavior, and physiological arousal Consistent with previous findings, primary frustration was found to be a relatively inconsequential instigator to aggression compared to learned social attitudes
Who is suitable for percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy

Percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy has been shown to be an alternative to surgical therapy in some patients with symptomatic mitral stenosis [l-6]. Like any new therapy, most early series have included patients that were not good surgical candidates, who had other severe medical problems aside from mitral stenosis or who had mitral stenosis associated with severe rheumatic deformation of the mitral valve and associated subvalvular fibrosis [7,8]. Despite these drawbacks, percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy produced significant increases in cardiac output, decreases in mitral valve gradient, and increases in mitral valve area [4,5] (Fig. 1). Success, however, is not uniform with good results being obtained in only 65% of one series [4]. Despite this, patients with good results had impressive improvement in clinical status after percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy (Fig. 1). In an effort to identify which patients are the best candidates for percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy, multiple regression analysis of demographic factors and echocardiographic data were performed. In univariate analysis, the following factors were found to correlate directly with good results; young age, normal sinus rhythm, New York Heart Association class I or II, valve area immediately pre-percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy, valve area immediately post-percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy, good valve mobility, minimal valve thickening, minimal valve calcification, lack of subvalvular disease. In a multivariate regression analysis, however, the major factors which predicted a good result were morphological features of the mitral valve pre-percutaneous balloon mitral valvotomy; mitral valves that were mobile, relatively thin and flexible, were not calcified, and did not have subvalvular fibrosis [9,10].
In vivo metabolism of Δ, 17α-methyltestosterone in man

Summary Δ 1 ,6β-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone was isolated from the urine of a patient after administration of Δ 1 ,17α-methyltestosterone. Another metabolite, in which ring A appears not to have been metabolized, was isolated but not as yet finally identified.
Atomic Scale Mixing for Inertial Confinement Fusion Associated Hydro Instabilities

Abstract Hydro instabilities have been identified as a potential cause of performance degradation in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments. We study instabilities associated with a single Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) interface in a circular geometry, idealized from an ICF geometry. In an ICF application, atomic level mix, as an input to nuclear burn, is an important, but difficult to compute, variable. We find numerical convergence for this important quantity, in a purely hydro study, with only a mild dependence on the Reynolds number of the flow, in the high Reynolds number limit. We also find that mixing properties show a strong sensitivity to turbulent transport parameters; this sensitivity translates into an algorithmic dependence and a nonuniqueness of solutions for nominally converged solutions. It is thus a complication to any verification and validation program. To resolve the nonuniqueness of the solution, we propose a validation program with an extrapolation component, linking turbulent transport quantities in experimental regimes to mildly perturbed turbulent transport values in ICF Reynolds number regimes. In view of the observed solution nonuniqueness, the validation program and its justification from the results presented here, has a fundamental significance.
Cellulose derivatives derived from pulp and paper mill sludge

Abstract Cellulose derivatives were produced from the cellulose fraction of pulp and paper mill sludge. The raw primary sludge was reacted under conventional cellulose derivatization conditions and the modified cellulose was isolated, in most cases, by dissolution in a suitable solvent. The cellulose derivatives produced were cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, and methylcellulose. These compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
An Appalachian Coda: The Core Values of Business

This article briefly characterizes the core values of business as manifestations of natural processes. They include the values of economizing, power-aggrandizing, ecologizing, technologizing, and X-factor, with each separate value cluster a response to identifiable forces of nature. The inconsistencies and contradictions between these various value systems are reconciled by resorting to two kinds of normative phenomena: the rationality and creativity found within the techno-symbolic value cluster, and a global culture of ethics.
Scaling laws for heat generation and temperature oscillations in EDLCs under galvanostatic cycling

This study provides a framework for developing design rules and thermal management strategies for electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs). First, it presents a scaling analysis of a physical model previously derived from first principles for coupled electrodiffusion and thermal transport in electric double layer capacitors. The model rigorously accounts for irreversible (Joule heating) and reversible heat generation rates arising from electric double layer formation in binary and symmetric electrolytes. Scaling simplified the problem from twelve independent design parameters to seven meaningful dimensionless similarity parameters governing the spatiotemporal evolution of the electric potential, ion concentrations, heat generation rates, and temperature in the electrolyte. Then, similarity behavior was observed and scaling laws were developed for the total irreversible and reversible heat generated during a charging step and for the maximum temperature oscillations in EDLCs under galvanostatic cycling of planar electrodes using detailed numerical simulations.
Energy and the Long Swing

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in Kondratiev 's concept of "long waves," an interest which has not been restricted to Marxist analysts. The idea that the entire history of capitalism has been characterized by 50 or 60year cycles of expansion and contraction appears to have a modest amount of evidentiary underpinning, although the causes of this behavior are still uncertain and hotly debated. In this essay, Matthew Edel reviews several existing theories of the long swing and situates the oil "shortages" of the seventies as contributary but not determining influences in the current downswing. Many analysts agree that recovery from a Kondratiev downswing involves the condensation of capital around hitherto unexploited technologies or industries. Edel argues that new energy technologies are prime candidates for such a role, and goes on to compare a variety of energy alternatives with respect to their technical suitability. He then concludes with an examination of the longer term social and po...