cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anisotropic dissolution at the CaCO3(101̄4)—water interface

On the basis of the framework of the terrace-ledge-kink model of dissolution, the site-specific dissolution kinetics at the CaCO3(1014)-water interface have been investigated using atomic force microscopy. The experiment was carried out in a solution cell where the “real-time” dissolution kinetics were examined under different flow and temperature conditions. Results show that dissolution proceeds via the creation of pits and the retreat of steps on the surface. In the surface-reaction controlled regime, retreat of steps was found to be anisotropic with two different velocities. From the temperature dependence of the two step velocities, the effective activation energies of dissolution associated with different kink sites were obtained. The study not only provides valuable information on the relationship between the atomic and the site-specific reactivity of the surfaces, but also quantitatively demonstrates the morphological variation of the CaCO3(1014) surface resulting from dissolution.
Regulation of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells by prostaglandin E1: a role for calcium as well as cAMP.

Abstract Prostaglandins (PGs) play a significant role in the regulation of sodium reabsorption by the kidney, in addition to accumulating during inflammation as well as in several solid tumors. Previously, we presented evidence indicating that prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ), a supplement in the serum-free medium for MDCK cells, increases the activity of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK cells, in addition to its growth stimulatory effect [J. Cell. Physiol. 151 (1992) 337]. This report defines the molecular mechanisms, and signaling pathways responsible for the increased Na,K-ATPase activity. Our results indicate that the increased activity of the Na,K-ATPase in MDCK monolayers treated with either PGE 1 or 8Bromocyclic AMP (8Br-cAMP) can be attributed to an increase in the rate of biosynthesis of the Na,K-ATPase, and an increase in the levels of Na,K-ATPase α and β subunit mRNAs. As β subunit mRNA increased to a larger extent than α subunit mRNA, transient transfection studies were conducted using a human β1 promoter/luciferase construct [Nucleic Acids Res. 21 (1993) 2619]. While an 8Br-cAMP stimulation was observed (suggesting the involvement of cAMP), our results also suggest that the observed PGE 1 stimulation could be explained by the involvement of Ca 2+ as well protein kinase C (PKC). Consistent with the involvement of Ca 2+ , TMB-8 (which inhibits Ca 2+ efflux from intracellular stores) inhibited the PGE 1 stimulation. Moreover, PGE 1 was observed to stimulate the translocation of PKC β1 from the soluble to the particulate fraction. The translocation of PKC, the PGE 1 stimulation of transcription, and the PGE 1 -mediated increase in the β subunit mRNA level were all inhibited by the PKC inhibitor Go6989. These results can be explained by the involvement of two classes of cell surface receptors in mediating the PGE 1 stimulation, including the EP1subtype (which activates phospholipase C), as well as the EP2 subtype (which activates adenylate cyclase).
Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans as Extracellular Docking Molecules for Matrilysin (Matrix Metalloproteinase 7)

Many matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are tightly bound to tissues; matrilysin (MMP-7), although the smallest of the MMPs, is one of the most tightly bound. The most likely docking molecules for MMP-7 are heparan sulfate proteoglycans on or around epithelial cells and in the underlying basement membrane. This is established by extraction experiments and confocal microscopy. The enzyme is extracted from homogenates of postpartum rat uterus by heparin/heparan sulfate and by heparinase III treatment. The enzyme is colocalized with heparan sulfate in the apical region of uterine glandular epithelial cells and can be released by heparinase digestion. Heparan sulfate and MMP-7 are expressed at similar stages of the rat estrous cycle. The strength of heparin binding by recombinant rat proMMP-7 was examined by affinity chromatography, affinity coelectrophoresis, and homogeneous enzyme-based binding assay; the K(D) is 5-10 nM. Zymographic measurement of MMP-7 activity is greatly enhanced by heparin. Two putative heparin-binding peptides have been identified near the C- and N-terminal regions of proMMP-7; however, molecular modeling suggests a more extensive binding track or cradle crossing multiple peptide strands. Evidence is also found for the binding of MMP-2, -9, and -13. Binding of MMP-7 and other MMPs to heparan sulfate in the extracellular space could prevent loss of secreted enzyme, provide a reservoir of latent enzyme, and facilitate cellular sensing and regulation of enzyme levels. Binding to the cell surface could position the enzyme for directed proteolytic attack, for activation of or by other MMPs and for regulation of other cell surface proteins. Dislodging MMPs by treatment with compounds such as heparin might be beneficial in attenuating excessive tissue breakdown such as occurs in cancer metastasis, arthritis, and angiogenesis.
Synthesis of some disubstituted cyanoacetamides as potential anticonvulsants.

A series of 17 cyanoacetamides was synthesized for pharmacologic evaluation. Several synthetic methods were studied: C -alkylation, acylation of amines by ester, and acylation of amines by amides. The C -alkylation of cyanoacetamides was investigated in several solvent systems using various bases, and the results are reported. This method was adopted for the alkylation of the cyanoacetamides in a pressure-reaction vessel and utilized formamide and/or dimethylsulfoxide as solvent with potassium hydroxide as the basic reagent. Several of the compounds were obtained by the pyrolytic acylation of amine by amide.
The international disequilibrium system

SUMMARY Most of the important generalizations of international trade theory that owe their origin to the classical school are long-run and static in nature, implicitly assuming that disequilibrium is a transitory state and that passage between equilibria is untroubled. Yet past experience seems to indicate that external disequilibria can remain for extended periods of time, and that the modern system is a disequilibrium system. The nature of the international disequilibrium system has sometimes been attributed, erroneously, to the Keynesian foreign-trade-multiplier theorem that an increase in exports will induce an increase in imports which is smaller than the initial increase in exports, and this has been the origin of the belief that “HUME'S law” is invalid in the case of saving and unemployment. However, HUME'S law is valid even in this case if gold flows are allowed to have their natural effect on the internal money supply and hence on interest rates, investment and incomes. HUME'S law is therefore valid in the case of Keynesian unemployment, although the price-specie-flow mechanism is replaced by an income-specie-flow process. The true nature of the international disequilibrium system derives from the fact that central banks do not allow externally-induced gold flows to affect the internal supply of money since that would conflict with the new primary goal of monetary policy; full employmentwithout inflation. The new function of monetary policy leaves a policy vacuum with respect to the balance of payments, except insofar as ad hoc policies are designed to suit special circumstances. Gold flows are therefore automatically neutralized by open market operations in some countries, while in other countries monetary policy in effect cancels or reinforces the monetary effect of gold flows in the pursuit of internal stability. At critical times, when foreign exchange reserves become dangerously low and subject to speculation, or when they become burdensomely high, action by the authorities must be introduced even if this is at the expense of internal stability. Even in these cases, however, the system need not become an equilibrium system since the objective might be to recoup reserves or allow them to run down.
Cognitive Development Includes Global and Domain-Specific Processes.

Global accounts of cognitive development, best illustrated by Piaget’s theory, dominated the field until the 1970s and 1980s, when they were gradually superseded by domain-specific accounts. In this article I present evidence suggesting that both global and domain-specific processes make important contributions to cognitive development, and I describe models illustrating how global and domain-specific processes might be linked. Many of the foundational issues in child-development research were traditionally framed in “either-or” terms. Development was thought to reflect the impact of either nature or nurture; developmental change was said to be either continuous or discontinuous; and children were said to be either active explorers of their environment or passive recipients of the experiences associated with those environments. However, by the end of the 20th century, each of these issues had been recast: no longer considered in terms of one position over another, they were discussed in terms of frameworks that included both influences (e.g., nature and nurture interactively influence development). Within the field of cognitive development, a similar tension has existed traditionally. Classic developmental theories tended to depict cognitive development in terms of transitions between stable, pervasive stages. Piaget’s theory is illustrative: the four stages in his theory are stable in the sense that they characterize cognition over long periods of time. They are pervasive in describing cognition as it is manifest on a wide variety of tasks. Concrete operations, for example, was thought to span years and characterize children’s performance on a wide range of cognitive tasks.
Mechanistic plasticity of DNA topoisomerase IB: phosphate electrostatics dictate the need for a catalytic arginine.

Summary Four conserved amino acids of type IB topoisomerases (Arg130, Lys167, Arg223, and His265 in vaccinia topoisomerase) catalyze the attack by tyrosine on the scissile phosphodiester to form a DNA-(3′-phosphotyrosyl)-enzyme intermediate. The mechanism entails general acid catalysis (by Lys167 and Arg130) and transition-state stabilization (via contact of His265 with the pro- S p oxygen). Here we query the function of Arg223, which accelerates transesterification by a factor of 10 5 . The requirement for Arg223 is alleviated by a neutral S p methylphosphonate (MeP) linkage at the cleavage site. Arg223 is not required for the 30,000-fold activation of the latent endonuclease activity of topoisomerase by the S p MeP. The rate of autohydrolysis by the DNA-(3′-MeP)-topoisomerase intermediate approaches 10% of the rate of religation to a 5′-OH DNA strand. These findings underscore the importance of transition-state electrostatics in determining the composition of the active site and dictating the balance between strand transferase and hydrolase functions.
Urea cycle regulation: I. Coupling of ornithine metabolism to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation

Ornithine metabolism is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. The pathway involving ornithine: alpha-ketoglutarate transaminase (OKT), glutamic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (GSDH), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) with cycling of alpha-ketoglutarate-glutamate at the OKT reaction appears to be involved. Ornithine may be utilized by this pathway to sustain ATP levels during mitochondrial energy-deficiency states with resultant decreased urea-cycle flux and increased ammonia production. This pathophysiologic mechanism suggests that hyperammonemia is a consequence of an energy-deficiency state. Therapy directed toward alleviating the energy-deficiency state may be more beneficial than efforts to reduce ammonia levels.
Recent Advances in Centrifugal Contactor Design

Abstract Advances are being made in the design of the Argonne centrifugal contactor for solvent extraction. These contactors are being built, tested, and used to implement the TRUEX process for the cleanup of nuclear waste liquids. These advances include 1) using off-the-shelf, face-mounted motors; 2) modifying the contactor so that relatively volatile solvents can be used; 3) adding a high-level liquid detector that can be used to alert the plant operator of process upsets; 4) providing secondary feed ports; 5) optimizing support frame design; 6) devising a linear design with external interstage lines so that stages can be allocated as needed for extraction, scrub, strip, and solvent cleanup operations; and 7) developing features that facilitate contactor operation in remote facilities.
SU-EE-A3-05: Robustness of Two 4D Radiotherapy Approaches with Respect to Temporal Irregularity in Organ Motion

Purpose: Respiratory motion of cancer patients during radiotherapy often lacks spatial and temporal regularity. Delays between motion monitoring and radiation adjustment in motion tracking treatment can cause large deviations between the delivered and the intended dosimetry. We demonstrate the advantage of a motion‐pattern‐based 4D approach we developed previously with regard to organ motion temporal variation for lungcancerradiotherapy.Method and Materials: A 4D CT image set of a lungcancer patient and a moving phantom were studied using 4D treatment planning in the in‐house TPS PLUNC, with and without the 4D optimization that is based on large‐deformation diffeomorphic registration and index‐dose gradient optimization algorithms. 4D dosimetry refers to the cumulative dose received by anatomical structures in patients with deformable organ motion. The 4D optimization generates static IMRT plans that can be delivered via compensators. The 4D IMRTtreatment is compared with non‐IMRT motion tracking treatment, with and without tracking delay, for robustness against temporal motion pattern irregularity. The same beam setup, field margin, and dosimetric goal were used by all the plans in the comparison. Results: The perfect motion tracking technique gave the best CTV 4D DVH. The 4D IMRT performed better than the motion tracking treatment with systematic delays of 0.5 second or larger (motion cycle is 4 seconds). The 4D IMRT yielded better sparing of lung tissue and heart than all the non‐IMRT motion tracking treatments. Results on EUD are also presented. Conclusion: The motion‐pattern‐based 4D IMRT has the advantages of treatment delivery simplicity and robustness with respect to organ motion temporal irregularity. Compared to non‐IMRT motion tracking, it gives better 4D dosimetry for the moving tumor,lung, and heart in treatments of small‐size and large‐motion lungtumors having irregular temporal motion pattern. Conflict of interest: Research is partially supported by Siemens.
Microtubules are needed for dispersal of alpha-myosin heavy chain mRNA in rat neonatal cardiac myocytes

In some cell types, microtubules are used for transport of mRNA through the cytoplasm to the translation site. The number of microtubules increases during growth of cardiac myocytes, suggesting a functional role exists. Here, we test the need for microtubules to transport alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MyHC) mRNA through the cytoplasm of neonatal cardiac myocytes. The alpha-MyHC mRNA concentration was assessed by non-radioactive in situ hybridization. The relative mRNA distributions were expressed as slopes (m=OD/micrometer), since optical density declined linearly from the nucleus to the cell periphery. Spontaneously-contracting myocytes displayed a gradual decrease in alpha-MyHC mRNA away from the nucleus (m=-1.27+/-0.12 OD/micrometer). To test whether microtubules were necessary for alpha-MyHC mRNA dispersal, contraction was first arrested with the Ca2+-channel blocker verapamil (10 micrometer) for 18 h, which aggregated the mRNA perinuclearly. Contractile activity was then resumed by washing out verapamil and using isoproterenol (10 micrometer) in the presence or absence of a microtubule depolymerizing drug, colchicine (3 micrometer). Within 6 h, the alpha-MyHC mRNA distribution in myocytes with microtubules returned to normal values (m=-1.11+/-0.14 OD/micrometer), while cells lacking microtubules maintained a perinuclear mRNA distribution (m-1.50+/-0.16 OD/micrometer; P<0.05 from control). Despite this perinuclear pattern of mRNA distribution, the myocytes still produced new myofibrils. These data indicate that microtubules are necessary for dispersal of alpha-MyHC mRNA outward from the nucleus. Furthermore, myofibrillogenesis may occur independently of mRNA localization and microtubule organization.
Search for weak random anisotropy effects in the critical region of Pd80Co20

Following a suggestion by I. A. Campbell, we have conducted Mossbauer source experiments on disordered alloys of57CoPd80Co20 in search for evidence of random anisotropy (RA) effects on critical behavior. The result, β=0.38(3) in the reduced temperature range 10−2<1−T/Tc<0.2, though not strictly asymptotic, is consistent with the d=3 Heisenberg model, with no evidence for RA. In this paper we argue that among transition metal ferromagnetic alloys there are no better candidates for RA effects than our chosen system.
Biomolecular Network Simulator: software for stochastic simulation of cellular biological processes

We developed a software package called Biomolecular Network Simulator (BNS) to model and simulate complex biomolecular reaction networks. The software uses the Gillespie stochastic simulation algorithm for generating Monte Carlo trajectories that describe the evolution of a system of biochemical reactions. This software uses a combination of MATLAB and C-coded functions and is parallelized with the MatlabMPI library to run on multiprocessor architectures.Simulations on HPC can be run either in the interactive or in the batch mode. The graphical user interface of BNS allows users to easily set parameters for the model and simulations. Furthermore, BNS contains a comprehensive set of tools for post-simulation analysis of the results.
“How Can We Help Technical Writing Students?” Reading Centers Ask

For the purpose of continually improving an English teacher training program, an attempt was made to research the expected competencies of reading instructors in relation to technical report writers. Interviews were conducted with those involved in the teaching of technical report writing. The interviews reflected very little familiarity with reading instruction at the college level. The results were coupled with current research findings on training and duties of college reading instructors. This suggested a possible strategy for improving services to technical report writing students.
Continuous Multivariate Distributions, Volume 1: Models and Applications

(2001). Continuous Multivariate Distributions, Volume 1: Models and Applications. Journal of the American Statistical Association: Vol. 96, No. 454, pp. 782-783.
Simvastatin Treatment Enhances NMDAR-Mediated Synaptic Transmission by Upregulating the Surface Distribution of the GluN2B Subunit

The ramifications of statins on plasma cholesterol and coronary heart disease have been well documented. However, there is increasing evidence that inhibition of the mevalonate pathway may provide independent neuroprotective and procognitive pleiotropic effects, most likely via inhibition of isoprenoids, mainly farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). FPP and GGPP are the major donors of prenyl groups for protein prenylation. Modulation of isoprenoid availability impacts a slew of cellular processes including synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Our previous work has demonstrated that simvastatin (SV) administration improves hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, rescuing memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Treatment of hippocampal slices with SV enhances long-term potentiation (LTP), and this effect is dependent on the activation of Akt (protein kinase B). Further studies showed that SV-induced enhancement of hippocampal LTP is driven by depletion of FPP and inhibition of farnesylation. In the present study, we report the functional consequences of exposure to SV at cellular/synaptic and molecular levels. While application of SV has no effect on intrinsic membrane properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons, including hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide channel-mediated sag potentials, the afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and excitability, SV application potentiates the N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR)-mediated contribution to synaptic transmission. In mouse hippocampal slices and human neuronal cells, SV treatment increases the surface distribution of the GluN2B subunit of the NMDAR without affecting cellular cholesterol content. We conclude that SV-induced enhancement of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus is likely mediated by augmentation of synaptic NMDAR components that are largely responsible for driving synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region.
Metallic Copper Nanoparticle Synthesis in AOT Reverse Micelles in Compressed Propane and Supercritical Ethane Solutions

In this articles, we present the formation of nanosized metallic copper particles synthesized in sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles in compressed propane and supercritical fluid (SCF) ethane solutions. Specifically, copper particles (<20 nm) were produced by the reduction of copper ions from copper bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate, Cu(AOT)2, incorporated within AOT reverse micelles dispersed in compressed propane and SCF ethane solvent along with small amounts of isooctane cosolvent. The effects of the compressed solvents on the particle characteristics and particle growth rate are discussed and comparisons are made with growth rates in normal liquid solvents. The metallic nanoparticles were characterized using both in situ UV−vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The UV−vis spectrum of these nanosized copper particles is sensitive to particle size, and hence time-resolved spectral measurements were used to monitor the particle growth process. The particle grow...
FLASH PHOTOLYSIS OF N‐ACETYL‐L‐TRYPTOPHANAMIDE: ANALYSIS OF TRANSIENTS EMPLOYING VIDICON TUBE DETECTION*

— An improved method for recording transient absorption spectra obtained by flash photolysis is described. The detection system, comprising a vidicon tube coupled to a multichannel analyzer, is shown to permit the rapid acquisition of accurate and precise spectra spanning any 360 nm interval within the 200 to 1100 nm wavelength range. The successful dissection of the complex spectrum obtained when N-acetyl-L-tryptophanamide is flashed under nitrogen-saturated conditions is utilized to highlight the capabilities of the detection system. This analysis suggests that the observed radicals must originate, in part, from an oxygen sensitive long-lived precursor which is not the triplet state.
The Role of Patient Interventions in Ambulatory Quality Assurance Programs

This paper highlights several studies conducted by a quality assurance research program in a health maintenance organization which provide tangible support for the need to integrate patient interventions with quality assurance activities. A model for quality assurance is described which proposes to include identification of the role of patient behavior in affecting health outcomes, and to develop intervention mechanisms directed towards patients. The experiences from this investigation suggest the need to add patient interventions to the traditional quality assurance efforts of affecting system and provider behaviors. Four of the ten projects conducted are described to illustrate these issues. Topics reviewed are maternity care, hypertension, management of breast disease, and pap smears for high-risk women. These recommendations are particularly appropriate for health maintenance organizations since both quality assurance and health education programs are mandated in the 1973 HMO Act. However, these findi...
Publishing and learning writing for publication in English: Perspectives of NNES PhD students in science

Abstract Publication in international journals has become a prerequisite to PhD graduation. This study thus provides a framework for understanding the learning of writing skills and publishing practices of nonnative English-speaking PhD students by investigating their perceptions of publishing and learning to write for publication. Findings show that these students regard themselves as disadvantaged due to their limited proficiency in English. However, many of them are not motivated to remedy the situation due to (1) their opinion that English plays only a secondary role in scientific research, (2) their lack of confidence in the writing curricula, and (3) their perspectives on the imbalanced power relations between them and their advisers. This framework offers an important insight: The nonnative English-speaking PhD students' disinclination to learn to write for publication is influenced by many factors other than perceived language incompetence. To empower and motivate prospective NNES scholars, the study offers several suggestions to journal gatekeepers, EAP professionals, and academic advisers.
Crotylboron-Based Synthesis of the Polypropionate Units of Chaxamycins A/D, Salinisporamycin, and Rifamycin S

Syntheses of the C(15)-C(27) fragments of chaxamycins A/D, rifamycin S, and the C(12)-C(24) fragment of salinisporamycin have been accomplished in 10 steps from commercially available starting materials. Three crotylboron reagents were utilized to construct the seven contiguous stereocenters in these fragments with excellent stereoselectivity.
Exiting from uncharted territory: Hepatitis C virus assembles in mouse cell lines

BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has a high propensity to establish persistence; better understanding of this process requires the development of a fully permissive and immunocompetent small animal model. Mouse cells can be engineered to express the human orthologs of the entry molecules CD81 and occludin to allow entry of HCV. However, RNA replication is poor in mouse cells, and it is not clear whether they support assembly and release of infectious HCV particles. We used a trans-complementation-based system to demonstrate HCV assembly competence of mouse liver cell lines.
Stabilized extrinsic fiber optic Fabry-Perot sensor for surface acoustic wave detection

Stabilized Extrinsic Fiber Optic Fabry-Perot Sensor for SurfaceAcoustic Wave DetectionTuan A. Tran, William V. Miller III, Kent A. Murphy, Ashish M. Vengsarkarand Richard 0. Claus, Senior Member IEEEABSTRACTA surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor based on an extrinsic Fabry-Perot mterferometer is described. A single-mode fiber,used as the input/output fiber, and a multimode fiber, used solely as a reflector, form an air-gap that acts as a low-finesseFabry-Perot cavity. The Fresnel reference reflection from the glass/air interface at the front of the air-gap interferes with thesensing reflection from the air/glass interface at the far end of the air-gap. Strains in the silica tube housing the two fiberschange the air-gap length, thereby altering the phase difference between the reference and sensing reflections. A theoreticalanalysis of the interaction between the strain induced by elastic stress wave fields and the fiber sensor is presented. A dualoptical wavelength stabilization technique is used to minimize signal drifts. Signal to noise ratios on the order of 39 dB areobtained with a sensitivity of 4° I
Isolation of biliverdin from amniotic fluid.

Abstract A procedure for the isolation of biliverdin in amniotic fluid is described. Identification of the isolated pigment is made by comparing standards using spectrophotometry and thin-layer chromatography.
Magic for a People Trained in Pragmatism: Kenneth Burke, Mein Kampf, and the Early 9/11 Oratory of George W. Bush

In 1939 Kenneth Burke's book review of Mein Kampf, in isolating how the “crude magic” of Nazism worked, called for rhetorical critics to enter the social and political scene of the day by resisting strongman rule wherever it appeared: “[A] people trained in pragmatism should want to inspect this magic” (Philosophy 192). George W. Bush, who also had “crude magic,” used the Hitlerian rhetoric of a common enemy and a geographic center in order to realign post 9/11 attitudes sufficient to identify the non-Western other as a common enemy, to convert New York's fallen Twin Towers into a new and noneconomic symbol of US government, and to transform himself from a lazy cowboy into a medicine-man.
Response of cartilage sodium to changes in extracellular fluid.

SummaryInduction of hyponatremia by intraperitoneal injection of a sodium-free solution resulted in an appreciable fall (13%) in sodium content of rabbit costal cartilage. Induction of hypernatremia by intravenous injection of a sodium-rich solution caused an 11% increase in cartilage sodium content. These changes cannot be accounted for solely in the chloride space of cartilage. About one-half of the change must be ascribed to alterations in that portion of the cartilage sodium which is outside of the chloride space. The observed changes are larger than we have been able to produce in bone.
Graphical modeling and computer animation of tensile deformation in polymer liquid crystals (PLCs)

We create polymer liquid crystals (PLCs) on a computer and subject them to constant-force tensile deformations. Molecular dynamics simulation procedure is used and graphical models and animations of crack formation and propagation as a function of time are generated. Special attention is given to realistic rigid LC island geometry and the island spatial distribution in the material. Internal fracture processes can now be easily studied. As a result of the numerous animations recorded, clear patterns in PLC crack initiation and propagation emerge. With the help of the animations, the structure of PLCs may be understood without having to resort to costly laboratory experimentation.
Analysis of protein association by partitioning in aqueous two-phase polymer systems: applications to the tetramer-dimer dissociation of hemoglobin.

Abstract A new simple and rapid method for the determination of protein-protein association constants is described. By maximizing experimental conditions in which size becomes the controlling variable, analysis of the effect of protein concentration on the partitioning behavior of proteins in aqueous two-phase polymer systems permits an accurate estimate of protein association constants. When employed to investigate the tetramer-dimer dissociation of human oxy- and methemoglobin in the presence and absence of high salt concentration, values for the dissociation constant are obtained that are consistent with those obtained by other methods.
A Study of the Interaction between Load and Coupling during Lifting

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has increased the applicability of its lifting equation to a wider range of jobs by relaxing some of the simplifying assumptions of the original equation. Specifically, NIOSH has added an asymmetry factor and a coupling factor in the revised lifting equation. Two of the remaining simplifications, however, are that (1) interactions between terms are not considered and (2) the biomechanical analysis still utilizes a static modelling approach in its calculations. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the interaction between coupling and load magnitude under dynamic lifting conditions. Subjects lifted a box under various combinations of coupling and load. The dependent variables in this study were the peak external moment about the lumbosacral joint (as calculated by a dynamic biomechanical model) and the peak vertical ground reaction forces. The results show that at low levels of load there was little difference in peak torque...
A Mechanism for the Leaching of Calcium from Foliage

Young bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) containing root-absorbed 45Ca and 86Rb were leached to determine the pathway and mechanism of cation loss by leaching. Calcium is leached from the exchangeable calcium fraction within the plant by a process of ion exchange and diffusion involving exchange sites both within the leaf and on the leaf surface. Leaching of cations is primarily a passive process, although some metabolites may be deposited upon leaf surfaces by active processes. The exchange and diffusion explanation is compatible with current theories of ion uptake and translocation and explains the results of numerous experiments on leaching reported in the literature.
Silanol - A novel class of antimicrobial agent

Electronic Journal of Biotechnology ISSN: 0717-3458 Vol.9 No.2, Issue of April 15, 2006 © 2006 by Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso -- Chile Received July 18, 2005 / Accepted September 12, 2005
Adaptive channel estimation for OFDM systems in time-varying non-stationary wireless channels

This paper addresses adaptive channel estimation for time-varying mobile wireless channels with nonstationary statistics. We presents a reduced complexity adaptive channel estimator based on a set membership filtering approach known as the Optimal Bounding Ellipsoid (OBE) algorithm. To exploit time and frequency domain correlation properties of the channel in an efficient low-complexity way, we allow only a certain number of most significant channel impulse response taps to pass through time-domain adaptive filters while nulling the remaining taps. We obtain further complexity reduction by means of selective updating of the adaptive filters. Our proposed method overcomes the existing methodspsila drawbacks namely slow convergence, high sensitivity to channel statistics mismatch, and very high complexity. Comparisons with the existing methods (Robust MMSE estimator, adaptive NLMS and RLS estimators) corroborate advantages of our method in non-stationary time-varying wireless channels.
Piece-wise parabolic interpolation for direct digital frequency synthesis

In this paper, a compact architecture and implementation for direct digital frequency synthesis (DDFS) is presented. It uses a smaller lookup table for sinusoidal functions compared to existing architectures. The computation of the sinusoidal values is performed by a parabolic interpolation structure, thus only interpolation coefficients need to be stored in the read-only memory (ROM). The ROM size is consistently less than 1 Kbit for SFDR values up to 85 dBc.
WHERE IS THE WOMAN IN THIS TEXT? FRANCES POWER COBBE'S VOICES IN BROKEN LIGHTS

IN 1864 FRANCES POWER COBBE jumped into the still-churning waters of Essays and Reviews (1860) and Colenso's Pentateuch (1862) with a book that put the case against an infallible Revelation even more frankly than these men had liked or dared. Broken Lights, her main contribution to the mid-Victorian Bible wars, went through at least eight editions and, next to her Duties of Women (1881), was the “most successful” of her books (Life 2: 370). Identifying “Frances Power Cobbe” on the title page as the “Author of an ‘Essay on Intuitive Morals,’ ‘The Pursuits of Women,’ etc.,“ the material object in a stranger's hands left no doubt that here was a work by a woman who had written on likely female subjects. Yet the table of contents, which lays out a schema of Churchmen's positions on the Bible questions of the hour, yields no clue that a feminist advocate wrote this book. Even in perusing its discussions of high theological matters, most readers would not have suspected, as I will argue, that the analyses of these men's positions are colored by Cobbe's distinctive “woman's perspective” (Caine 147), and that public and personal gender issues are being negotiated through its modes of discourse and argument.
Simultaneous Prediction of New Morbidity, Mortality, and Survival Without New Morbidity From Pediatric Intensive Care: A New Paradigm for Outcomes Assessment.

Objectives:Assessments of care including quality assessments adjusted for physiological status should include the development of new morbidities as well as mortalities. We hypothesized that morbidity, like mortality, is associated with physiological dysfunction and could be predicted simultaneously
Invited review: cytokine regulation of fever: studies using gene knockout mice.

Fever is defined as a regulated rise in body temperature. The regulation of this phenomenon is accomplished by the actions of two types of endogenous cytokines, some functioning as pyrogens and oth...
Atomic Processes in Helium-Krypton and Helium-Xenon Mixtures

The momentum transfer collision frequency of thermal electrons with neutrals in a decaying plasma established in helium-krypton and helium-xenon mixtures of known proportions was measured by microwave interferometer at gas temperatures of \ensuremath{\sim}200 to 600\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The energy dependences of the momentum transfer cross sections of electrons with krypton and xenon atoms deduced from these measurements are best represented by ${Q}_{m}(u)=6.56\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}\ensuremath{-}2.79\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{u}^{\frac{1}{2}}+3.14\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}u$ and $1.91\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}\ensuremath{-}8.30\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}{u}^{\frac{1}{2}}+9.40\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}u$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, respectively. Here $u$ is the electron energy in electron volts. Mobilities of ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{+}$ in helium and their respective parent gas have also been determined, from the characteristic time constants of the electron density decay measured in the afterglow in the mixtures at low pressures, to be $\ensuremath{\mu}({\mathrm{Kr}}^{+} \mathrm{in}\mathrm{He})=20.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V-sec, $\ensuremath{\mu}({\mathrm{Kr}}^{+} \mathrm{in}\mathrm{Kr})=1.01\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06$, $\ensuremath{\mu}({\mathrm{Xe}}^{+} \mathrm{in}\mathrm{He})=18\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1$, and $\ensuremath{\mu}({\mathrm{Xe}}^{+} \mathrm{in}\mathrm{Xe})=0.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03$ at \ensuremath{\sim}300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. A study of the pressure dependence of the characteristic time constants of the electron density decay at fixed ratios of krypton to helium and xenon to helium concentrations yields the three-body conversion frequency of atomic krypton and xenon ions to their respective molecular ions.
An experimental knee joint effusion does not affect plasma catecholamine concentration in humans

Knee joint effusion causes quadriceps inhibition and is accompanied by increased soleus muscle excitability. In order to reverse the neurological alterations that occur to the musculature following effusion, we need to understand the extent of neural involvement. Ten healthy adults were tested on two occasions; during one session, subjects had their knees injected with saline and in the other admission, they did not. Soleus Hmax, Mmax, plasma epinephrine, and norepinephrine concentrations were obtained at five intervals. Results showed that Hmax increased following the effusion, while norepinephrine and epinephrine levels were not altered. We suggest that the soleus facilitation seen following knee effusion results from stimulation of joint mechanoreceptors and removal of descending spinal and supraspinal inhibition and is not the result of a sympathetic response.
Reorganization in Chapter 11

Using a sample of 224 Chapter 11 filings reported from 1985-1994, we relate operating and financial characteristics to the decision to reorganize in Chapter 11 and to measures of success following reorganization. We find that reorganization success is related to firm profitability measured as of the year-end just prior to Chapter 11 filing and to firm and industry profitability measured as of the year-end just prior to bankruptcy resolution. In addition, reductions in liability ratio while in Chapter 11 are associated with reorganization success. These results suggest that valuable information about the ability of firms to successfully restructure is revealed during Chapter 11. We find that the decision to reorganize rather than sell firms is related to the amount of restructuring done while in Chapter 11, but is unrelated to either pre-filing or pre-resolution operating profitability. The fact that decision makers, on average, do not appear to utilize valuable information about operating profitability in determining whether firms are reorganized or sold is consistent with Chapter 11 being biased towards the continuation of firms as independent entities.
Correlations between Holocene flood tidal delta and barrier island inlet fill sequences: Back Sound‐Shackleford Banks, North Carolina

Large, well-developed flood tidal deltas on a barrier island coastline generally indicate a wave-dominated, microtidal sedimentary regime. Vibracores in a lagoon behind the barrier island Shackleford Banks, North Carolina contain an upward fining sequence of coarse-medium, very shelly sand, medium-fine laminated sand, fine-very fine cross-laminated sand and marsh mud. This sequence is interpreted as being a flood tidal delta deposit based on analogy with modern flood tidal delta sediments and represents lagoonal deposition in response to a migrating or closing inlet. The sand facies defined in lagoonal vibracores is found to be continuous beneath a lagoonal marsh and correlative with inlet sections identified in Shackleford Banks drill holes. The correlation of flood tidal delta deposits with inlet sequences in this microtidal environment indicates a close relationship between barrier and backbarrier inlet controlled sedimentation.
A PHYSICIAN GROUP'S MOVEMENT TOWARD ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS: A CASE STUDY USING THE TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL FOR ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 authorized the distribution of $34 billion through Medicare and Medicaid as adoption incentives to qualified providers to implement and use certified Electronic Health Records (EHR). In the case study presented here, which followed the transtheoretical model (TTM), employees of a multispecialty physician group were asked about their movement to EHR. The employees were part of a multispecialty physician group with 17 different offices and 73 providers in the greater south central Pennsylvania area. Sixteen employees from the physician group participated in a one-on-one interview. Interview questions were designed to identify actions that define successful EHR implementation, readiness to take actions toward successful EHR implementation, pros and cons of EHR implementation, and classification of change processes being utilized to move the multispecialty group toward successful EHR implementation. Interview data provided preliminary evidence of the applicability of the TTM to studies of EHR implementation.
Physiologic Strain during Treadmill Electrocardiography in the Medical Evaluation of Candidates for Hazardous Materials Duty, with and without Added Heat Stress

added heat stress as part of medical evaluation for hazardous materials (hazmat) work requiring protective ensembles which block evaporative and convective heat transfer. Also, to extend comparison of PSI versus published values from hazmat simulations. Methods: Candidates for hazmat duty (N=203) underwent maximal, symptom-limited Bruce protocol treadmill electrocardiography (standard Bruce test wearing gym clothes, SBT) during which changes in tympanic temperature (TT) and heart rate (HR) enabled calculation of PSI. A subgroup of candidates (N=39) later performed a second Bruce test, wearing novel, inexpensive apparel chosen to impede dissipation of metabolic heat (Hot Bruce test, HBT). Thermal discomfort was gauged using the Young index (4, neutral; 8, maximal discomfort). Results: SBT duration was 12.2 ± 2.6 SD minutes and the rise in TT and PSI averaged 0.5 ± 0.4EC and 5.9 ± 1.1, respectively. The rate of rise of TT was 0.038EC per min. of treadmill exertion. In the subgroup of 39 candidates, HBT duration was 13.7 ± 3.3 min. (p>0.05). TT rose more after HBT than SBT: 1.3 ± 0.7EC vs. 0.5 ± 0.4EC (p<0.001). The rate of rise of TT during HBT was 0.10EC per min. and was associated with greater physiological strain (PSI=7.4 vs. 6.2, p<0.001). The Young index was 6.2 ± 0.8 for SBT vs. 7.3 ± 0.6 (p<0.001) for HBT. Maximal heart rate was 181 bpm during both SBT and HBT. Conclusions: 1. The rate of rise of TT–0.038EC per min. of SBT treadmill exertion -- is similar to that of two smaller studies, but less than the only other published report. 2. PSI during HBT exceeded that from SBT and was similar to PSI observed during hazmat simulations, suggesting that HBT, which also induced heavy sweating and thermal discomfort, may be more appropriate than SBT in the medical evaluation of hazmat candidates.
Beverage Marketing as a Public Health Policy Target

An introduction is presented in which the author discusses various reports within the journal on topics including beverage marketing and public health policies in places such as India, as well as a link between obesity and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
Le mythe de l’hybridité à la frontière: Une approche critique du récit du nord du Mexique

"Je vais donc analyser le profil de ces frontaliers qui ne deviennent jamais autres, ni grace a la proximite des Etats-Unis, ni grace a leur residence dans ce pays. Ils ne reussissent pas renegocier leur identite au regard des deux paradigmes de notre modernite—la reconnaissance des Etats-Unis, la vie aux Etats-Unis—alors prives de pertinence: ces frontaliers parcourent une frontiere en ruines, produit manifeste 171 de cette modernite, elle-meme en ruines....comment se reinvente, jusqu’a se transformer en mythe, le recit du nord du Mexique en meme temps que se reinvente un concept avorte de nation? Ces questions sont elles-memes indissociables d’une recusation de la notion d’hybridite, souvent attachee a l’espace de la frontiere et aux migrants mexicains."
Civil Rights and the Right to Work

This is a book review of Sophia Lee, The Workplace Constitution: From the New Deal to the New Right. The book is a lively, well-written exploration of two movements, the civil rights movement and the right to work movement, that tried to constitutionalize the rights of workers in response to the New Deal's provision of monopoly power to labor unions. Lee also discusses some surprising commonalities and even synergies between the two movements.This review considers the book in the broader context of labor history. Unlike much labor history, it is mercifully free of jargon and of ideological cant. The very fact that Lee treats the civil rights movement and the right-to-work movement as parallel and at times symbiotic "workplace constitution" movements itself demonstrates a welcome broadmindedness about what is significant in labor and constitutional history.
Rationalism and Revisionism in International Law

In their book, The Limits of International Law, Professors Jack Goldsmith and Eric Posner use rational choice theory in an effort to understand how international law works in practice. This theory, they argue, invariably leads to the conclusions that most of customary law is the product of coincidence, that much of multilateral treaty law will fail, and that reliance on legal rules is frequently counterproductive. Provocative though these claims may be, the book fails to offer a robust explanation for the growth and variety of international legal commitments at play in today's world. The introduction of rational choice theory is itself largely unremarkable; the methodology has already found its way into international law scholarship over the past decade. More troubling, the conclusions that the book reaches do not follow from the rationalist theory that it presents; rather, we argue, the conclusions emerge from deeply held normative concerns about the role of international law in the U.S. constitutional system - in a word, from revisionism. In this review, we identify the revisionist commitments that color Professors Goldsmith and Posner's analysis of international law and propose a series of questions that rationalist legal scholars should answer as they move to develop deeper and more sophisticated rationalist theories of international law.