cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extensive post-translational modification of active and inactivated forms of endogenous p53

The p53 tumor suppressor protein accumulates to very high concentrations in normal human fibroblasts infected by adenovirus type 5 mutants that cannot direct assembly of the viral E1B 55-kDa protein-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets p53 for degradation. Despite high concentrations of nuclear p53, the p53 transcriptional program is not induced in these infected cells. We exploited this system to examine select post-translational modifications (PTMs) present on a transcriptionally inert population of endogenous human p53, as well as on p53 activated in response to etoposide treatment of normal human fibroblasts. These forms of p53 were purified from whole cell lysates by means of immunoaffinity chromatography and SDS-PAGE, and peptides derived from them were subjected to nano-ultra-high-performance LC-MS and MS/MS analyses on a high-resolution accurate-mass MS platform (data available via ProteomeXchange, PXD000464). We identified an unexpectedly large number of PTMs, comprising phosphorylation of Ser and Thr residues, methylation of Arg residues, and acetylation, ubiquitinylation, and methylation of Lys residues—for example, some 150 previously undescribed modifications of p53 isolated from infected cells. These modifications were distributed across all functional domains of both forms of the endogenous human p53 protein, as well as those of an orthologous population of p53 isolated from COS-1 cells. Despite the differences in activity, including greater in vitro sequence-specific DNA binding activity exhibited by p53 isolated from etoposide-treated cells, few differences were observed in the location, nature, or relative frequencies of PTMs on the two populations of human p53. Indeed, the wealth of PTMs that we have identified is consistent with a far greater degree of complex, combinatorial regulation of p53 by PTM than previously anticipated.
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

Many persons consulting this book may not possess a working knowledge of basic human anatomy and physiology. Chapter 6 provides a basic overview of these important concepts and begins with some general information regarding gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy (histology), and physiology. The remainder of the chapter provides a more in-depth presentation of various body regions and compartments, as well as specific organ systems.
Error recovery for variable length codes

When an error occurs in the encoded bit stream produced by a variable length code, the decoder may lose synchronization. A state model for synchronization recovery is developed, and a method for determining the expected span of source symbols lost is presented. The performance of various codes with respect to error recovery is discussed. Two examples are given where equivalent optimal codes have a marked difference in their error recovery characteristics. Some open problems are indicated.
A Review of: “Nacos, Brigitte L. Mass-Mediated Terrorism. Centre of Excellence Defense Against Terrorism. The Media: The Terrorists' Battlefield.”

(Disclaimer: The views expressed in this article are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States Government.) One of the...
Honoring Exemplary Teaching: The Two-Year College Setting.

Two-year colleges have consistently led the way in developing the teaching mission of higher education; a survey shows how these teaching institutions are responding to the need to honor their teachers.
Changes in Outcomes for Internal Medicine Inpatients after Work-Hour Regulations

Previous studies of the effects of resident work-hour restrictions have had inconsistent findings. Horwitz and colleagues compared 7 clinical outcomes in teaching service patients and nonteaching s...
Distributed beamforming for information transfer in sensor networks

Energy efficient transfer of data from sensors is a fundamental problem in sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed beamforming approach to this problem, with a cluster of sensors emulating a centralized antenna array. While it is well-known that beamforming can provide large performance gains, such gains presuppose not only accurate knowledge of the channel, but also time and phase synchronization at the transmitter. We propose explicit methods for achieving such synchronization in a distributed fashion, and analyze the effects of various sources of coordination error on the attained performance. We find that, as long as the error in range measurements or placement of the sensor nodes is within a fraction of a carrier wavelength, the proposed distributed beamforming strategies achieve most of the gains available from a centralized beamformer.
Laser-recrystallized silicon-on-oxide&#8212;The ideal silicon-on-insulator structure for VLSI?

Recent work in laser recrystallization of deposited polysilicon on a 1 µm thick oxide layer grown on a silicon wafer has enhanced the hope of achieving a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material system that is far superior than that of silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) and is suitable for VLSI application. Surface mobility measured in devices fabricated in the laser-recrystallized SOI material approaches that fabricated in bulk silicon. The bottom silicon and silicon dioxide interface had been shown to be device-worthy. Being a technology based on silicon, low cost and high yield can be expected. This paper summarizes the development of the laser-recrystallized SOI technology to date and what it takes to make this technology commercially viable.
Die Bildung von 2.7‐Anhydro‐β‐D‐gluco‐heptulopyranose durch Einwirkung von Säure auf D‐gluco‐Heptulose und von Alkali auf Phenyl‐α‐D‐gluco‐heptulopyranosid

Beim Kochen von d-gluco-Heptulose mit n/2 H2SO4 entstehen in ungefahr 2- proz. Ausbeute 2.7-Anhydro-β-d-gluco-heptulopyranose und vermutlich Di-α-d-gluco-heptulopyranose-2.1′: 2′.1-dianhydrid, das auch mit kalter konz. Saure aus d-gluco-Heptulose erhalten werden konnte. Durch Kondensation von α-d-gluco-Heptulose- hexaacetat mit Phenol in Gegenwart von p-Tolulosulforsaure oder Zinkchlorid entstand Phenyl-α-D-gluco-heptulopyranosid-pentaacetat. Entacetylierung und nachfolgender Abbau des Phenyl-α-D-gluco-heptulopyranosids mit heisem, wasrigem Alkali ergab ie oben 2.7-Anhydro-β-d-gluco-heptulopyranose.
Adaptive algorithms for phase field models of some interface problems

We present our on-going works with current and former colleagues at Penn State (L.Q. Chen, W.M. Feng, S. Hu, Z.K. Liu, P. Yu, X. Wang and J. Zhang) on the numerical algorithms for the phase field simulations of some interface problems, ranging from microstructure evolution in multicomponent alloy to multicomponent lipid vesicles. We discuss recent development of highly adaptive computational algorithms for large scale phase field simulations. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bi-Sb energetics in sulfosalts and sulfides

Experimental brackets (300-450 degrees C) on Sb-Bi partitioning between stibnite-bismuthinites (Sb,Bi) 2 S 3 and sulfosalts in the AgSbS 2 -AgBiS 2 binary subsystem (alpha -Ag(Sb,Bi)S 2 , beta -Ag 5 (Sb,Bi) I 4 (Sb,Bi) II S 10 ) and extant constraints are used to define mixing properties and standard state Gibbs energies of Sb-Bi exchange reactions. They are also used to construct a phase diagram for Ag(Sb,Bi)S 2 sulfosalts. We infer that the non-ideality associated with Sb-Bi mixing is largest in minerals of the beta -Ag 5 (Sb,Bi) I 4 (Sb,Bi) II S 10 series, and is sufficient to produce miscibility gaps between an ordered intermediate species Ag 5 (Sb) I 4 (Bi) II S 10 and Sb- and Bi-end-members at T 2 is nearly equal 70% that in the Ag 5 (Sb,Bi) I 4 (Sb,Bi) II S 10 series (W BS (sub Bi-Sb) nearly equal 12.0 kJ/gfw; W (super alpha ) (sub Bi-Sb) nearly equal 6.0 kJ/gfw). It is insufficient to produce exsolution at temperatures of ore deposition (T>T c nearly equal 88 degrees C), but most likely is responsible for a preponderance in molar Sb/Bi ratios towards end-member compositions. Finally, positive Gibbs energies of the Sb-Bi exchange reactions 1/2Bi 2 S 3 + AgSbS 2 = AgBiS 2 + 1/2Sb 2 S 3 (Delta G (super BS-alpha ) (sub Bi-Sb) nearly equal 2.70 kJ/gfw) and 1/2Bi 2 S 3 + 1/5Ag 5 Sb 5 S 10 = 1/5Ag 5 Bi 5 S 10 + 1/2Sb 2 S 3 (Delta G (super 0BS-beta ) (sub Bi-Sb) nearly equal 4.89 kJ/gfw) indicate that Bi is more compatible in stibnite-bismuthinite sulfides than in Ag(Sb,Bi)S 2 sulfosalts.
Relationships Between Written Spelling, Motor Functioning and Sequencing Skills

The research was carried out on a representative sample of normal third-grade school children to investigate whether or not there were any meaningful relationships between spelling ability, motor functioning, balance, handedness, visuo-spatial ability (independent of motor activity), and various auditory and vocal (articulemic) skills.The results reported in this paper and the subsequent discussion refer mainly to the relationship between spelling, psycholinguistic skills and motor functioning. The latter term is used here in its widest meaning in that it includes balance, vocal activity, writing and to some extent handedness. Obviously, kinesthetic sensory feedback is essential to muscular action and therefore it, too, is implicated.
Conflicting cues in a dynamic search task are reflected in children's eye movements and search errors.

Three-year-olds were given a search task with conflicting cues about the target’s location. A ball rolled behind a transparent screen and stopped behind one of four opaque doors mounted into the screen. A wall that protruded above one door provided a visible cue of blockage in the ball’s path, while the transparent screen allowed visual tracking of the ball’s progress to its last disappearance. On some trials these cues agreed and on others they conflicted. One group saw the ball appear to pass through the wall, violating its solidity, and another group saw the ball stop early, behind a door before the visual wall. Children’s eye movements were recorded with an Applied Science Laboratories eye tracker during these real object events. On congruent trials, children tended to track the ball to the visible barrier and select that door. During conflict trials, children’s eye movements and reaching errors reflected the type of conflict they experienced. Our data support Scholl and Leslie’s (1999) hypotheses that spatio-temporal and contact mechanical knowledge are based on two separate, distinct mechanisms.
Induction of apoptosis involving multiple pathways is a primary response to cyclin A1‐deficiency in male meiosis

The meiotic arrest in male mice null for the cyclin A1 gene (Ccna1) was associated with apoptosis of spermatocytes. To determine whether the apoptosis in spermatocytes was triggered in response to the arrest at G2/M phase, as opposed to being a secondary response to overall disruption of spermatogenesis, we examined testes during the first wave of spermatogenesis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining. We observed enhanced apoptosis coinciding with the arrest point in postnatal day 22 tubules, with no overt degeneration. Along with activation of caspase-3, an increase in the levels and change of subcellular localization of Bax protein was observed in cyclin A1–deficient spermatocytes, which coincided with the detection of apoptosis. As p53 is implicated in the activation of Bax-mediated cell death, we generated mice lacking both cyclin A1 and p53. Although the absence of p53 did not rescue the meiotic arrest, there was a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells in the double-mutant testes. This finding suggested that p53 may be involved in the process by which the arrested germ cells are removed from the seminiferous tubules but that other pathways function as well to ensure removal of the arrested spermatocytes. Developmental Dynamics 234:114–123, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
slimb coordinates wg and dpp expression in the dorsal-ventral and anterior- posterior axes during limb development

In the Drosophila leg disc, wingless (wg) and decapentaplegic (dpp) are expressed in a ventral-anterior and dorsal-anterior stripe of cells, respectively. This pattern of expression is essential for proper limb development. While the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway regulates dpp and wg expression in the anterior-posterior (A/P) axis, mechanisms specifying their expression in the dorsal-ventral (D/V) axis are not well understood. We present evidence that slimb mutant clones in the disc deregulate wg and dpp expression in the D/V axis. This suggests for the first time that their expression in the D/V axis is actively regulated during imaginal disc development. Furthermore, slimb is unique in that it also deregulates wg and dpp in the A/P axis. The misexpression phenotypes of slimb- clones indicate that the regulation of wg and dpp expression is coordinated in both axes, and that slimb plays an essential role in integrating A/P and D/V signals for proper patterning during development. Our genetic analysis further reveals that slimb intersects the A/P pathway upstream of smoothened (smo).
An Eighth Amendment Analysis of Statutes Allowing or Mandating Transfer of Juvenile Offenders to Adult Criminal Court in Light of the Supreme Court's Recent Jurisprudence Recognizing Developmental Neuroscience

In analyzing the constitutionality of statutes allowing the State to charge a juvenile offender as an adult without a hearing, courts have consistently rejected Constitutional challenges using a due process analysis. Over the last decade, Supreme Court cases banning the juvenile death penalty, banning juvenile life without parole for non-homicides and banning mandatory juvenile life without parole for cases including homicide were decided using an Eighth Amendment analysis. This article argues that, given the Supreme Court’s recognition of developmental neuroscience, juvenile transfer statutes should be reevaluated using an Eighth Amendment analysis. All procedures pursuant to which juveniles are transferred to adult court should be subject to Eighth Amendment scrutiny.
3D Geometries: Enabling Optimization Toward the Inherent Limits of Thin-Film Photovoltaics

Three dimensionally patterned photovoltaic (3D PV) geometries are the subject of modeling and experimental study because theory indicates such devices could outperform traditional one-dimensional planar devices. The proposed functional improvements possible through the 3D geometry broadly arise from (1) decoupling of conflicting criteria for performance optimization, (2) elimination or relaxation of criteria for performance optimization, and (3) enhancement of performance through material or device properties that are not observed with bulk materials. Examples of 3D PV research focused on assessing and/or improving the performance of inorganic thin-film PV devices through each of these three approaches are detailed in this chapter.
Economic Growth and Recovery in the United States, 1919-1941

This paper has two main sections and an appendix. The first provides an overview of what lay behind record productivity growth in the US economy between 1929 and 1941. The second considers the role of rigidities and other negative supply conditions in worsening the downturn and slowing recovery. While I argue consistently that the overarching explanation of the Great Depression will and should continue to emphasize a collapse and slow revival of the growth of aggregate demand, I spend relatively little time on what drives this, since the literature deals extensively with this elsewhere. The paper instead concentrates on the aggregate supply side - both the broad array of positive shocks that I argue propelled potential and, eventually, actual output forward, and the negative conditions which, in interaction with aggregate demand, may have increased the size of the output gap and prolonged its persistence. An appendix offers detail discussion and updated calculations of productivity growth rates for the critical period 1929 through 1941.
Paralimbic biomarkers in taxometric analyses of psychopathy: does changing the indicators change the conclusion?

Although psychopathy has consistently been shown to distribute as a dimension, all prior studies have examined behavioral indicators that may be phenotypically distant from core biological correlates of the syndrome. The current studies attempted to determine whether biomarkers from a high-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of selected limbic and paralimbic structures identified the latent structure of psychopathy as continuous. Participants were 254 adult male medium/maximum security inmates (Study 1) and 191 adolescent male maximum security inmates (Study 2) who volunteered to undergo research MRI scans. Indicators of gray matter concentration (GMC) in the adult sample and of gray matter volume (GMV) in the adolescent sample were subjected to taxometric analysis using three non-redundant taxometric procedures: mean above minus below a cut (MAMBAC), maximum covariance (MAXCOV), and latent-mode factor analysis (L-Mode). Evidence of continuous latent structure was found across samples (adults, adolescents), measures (GMV, GMC, Psychopathy Checklist-Revised [PCL-R], Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version [PCL: YV]) and procedures (MAMBAC, MAXCOV, L-Mode). Continuous latent structure was also noted when biomarker (GMV, GMC) and behavioral (PCL) indicators were included in the same analysis. The current results support the view that psychopathy is a quantitative construct on which people differ in degree (“more of” or “less of”) rather than a qualitative construct that assigns people to distinct categories (“either or”). Continued development of the psychopathy construct may depend on our ability to identify, understand, and make effective use of its apparent continuous latent structure.
Peroxynitrite causes endothelial cell monolayer barrier dysfunction

Nitric oxide (·NO) attenuates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated barrier dysfunction in cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) (Gupta MP, Ober MD, Patterson C, Al-Hassani M, Nata...
Mathematical Modeling of Breast Cancer Treatment

Mathematical models to treat breast cancer both in situ, in which the cancer does not spread to other locations, and ones which have metastasized to a different location, have been developed and discussed in this article. The models consist of nonlinear-coupled ordinary differential equations for in situ cancer and partial differential equations for metastatic cancers. This model has been labeled as the Attacker–Defender model and was solved numerically using a predictor–corrector method. The results have been validated and the findings are very promising.
Framework of smart management system based on real-time GIS for gateway energy metering

The intuitionistic graphic function of GIS(Geography Information System) is adopted to display the relevant information of the operating management system for Jiangsu gateway energy metering.The smart management system based on real-time GIS is studied in design principle,system framework and functions.It acquires the data from the original Jiangsu energy metering management system via unified interfaces,analyzes and combines them with the geographic information to display the relevant operating states of gateway energy metering in more intuitionistic way,which provides friendly human-machine interfaces and convenient operational means to enhance the gateway management efficiency.
Topological lasing in resonant photonic structures

We exploit topological edge states in resonant photonic crystals to attain strongly localized resonances and demonstrate lasing in these modes upon optical excitation. The use of virtually lossless topologically isolated edge states may lead to a class of thresholdless lasers operating without inversion. One needs, however, to understand whether topological states may be coupled to external radiation and act as active cavities. We study a two-level topological insulator and show that self-induced transparency pulses can directly excite edge states. We simulate laser emission by a suitably designed topological cavity and show that it can emit tunable radiation. For a configuration of sites following the off-diagonal Aubry-Andr\'e-Harper model, we solve the Maxwell-Bloch equations in the time domain and provide a first-principles confirmation of topological lasers. Our results open the road to a class of light emitters with topological protection for applications ranging from low-cost energetically effective integrated laser sources, also including silicon photonics, to strong-coupling devices for studying ultrafast quantum processes with engineered vacuum.
A United Effort for Crystal Growth, Neutron Scattering, and X-ray Scattering Studies of Novel Correlated Electron Materials

The research accomplishments during the award involved experimental studies of correlated electron systems and quantum magnetism. The techniques of crystal growth, neutron scattering, x-ray scattering, and thermodynamic & transport measurements were employed, and graduate students and postdoctoral research associates were trained in these techniques.
An internal electron reservoir enhances catalytic CO2 reduction by a semisynthetic enzyme

The development of an artificial metalloenzyme for CO2 reduction is described. The small-molecule catalyst [NiII(cyclam)]2+ has been incorporated within azurin. Selectivity for CO generation over H+ reduction is enhanced within the protein environment, while the azurin active site metal impacts the electrochemical overpotential and photocatalytic activity. The enhanced catalysis observed for copper azurin suggests an important role for intramolecular electron transfer, analogous to native CO2 reducing enzymes.
Discharge Destination after Head and Neck Surgery: Predictors of Discharge to Postacute Care.

ObjectiveIn recent decades, there has been a reduction in the length of postoperative hospital stay, with a corresponding increase in discharge to postacute care. Discharge to postacute care facilities represents a meaningful patient-centered outcome; however, little has been published about this outcome after head and neck surgery.Study DesignRetrospective review of national database.SettingAmerican College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2011 to 2013.Subjects and MethodsWe compared the rate of discharge to home versus postacute care facilities in patients admitted after head and neck surgery and used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of discharge to postacute care.ResultsThe overall rate of discharge to postacute care facilities after head and neck surgery (n = 15,890) was 15.7% after major surgery (including laryngectomy, composite resection, and free tissue transfer), 4.4% after moderate surgery (including regional tissue transfer, oropharyngeal or...
Making Technology Work: Managing Nuclear Waste

The management and disposal of radioactive waste from the nuclear fuel cycle is one of the most intractable problems facing the nuclear power industry around the world. Today, more than forty years after the first nuclear power plant entered service, no country has yet succeeded in disposing of high-level nuclear waste – the longest-lived, most highly radioactive, and most technologically challenging of the waste streams generated by the nuclear industry. Most countries have stated their intention to dispose of the waste in repositories constructed in rock formations hundreds of meters below the earth's surface. But no country has actually put a geological repository for high-level waste into service, and all have encountered difficulties with their programs. The problems are partly technological and partly political, and it is impossible to draw a sharp line between them. The basic policy questions in the field of high-level nuclear waste – What is to be done? Who should decide? Who should pay? Who will implement the solution? – are questions encountered in many other fields of technology. In this case, however, their resolution is made more difficult by several factors, including the very hazardous nature of the waste itself, the extremely long time for which it must be contained, and the special fear that it evokes among many people as a result of these characteristics and the disturbing presence of nuclear radiation.
Chapter 60 - 1983 Reproductive Skew

Reproductive skew is the variation in reproduction among society members. According to skew theory, this variance can be explained by how social dominance interacts with the options that subordinates have for leaving the group or resisting the dominant members of the group.
Enlivening Rule of Law Through Law and Order

This brief comment on Nick Cheesman’s Opposing the Rule of Law highlights the roles of first, documentary records; second, ethnographic engagements and methodologies; and third, the analytic traction gained by illuminating the concept of rule of law through juxtaposing rule of law with the asymmetrically opposed concept of law and order.
On language typology, semiotic modeling, and some peculiarities of contemporary standard Russian

Boris Andreevic Uspenskij, whom we honor with this special issue of our journal, is currently not only the ranking Russist of the Soviet Union and, for that matter, the world, but he is also, along with Ju. M. Lotman, Vjac. Vs. Ivanov, and V. N. Toporov, among the most brilliant, prolific, and versatile representatives of what has become known as the Moscow-Tartu school of semiotics.1 It should be recalled here, moreover, that it was Uspenskij who, early on in his career, developed a new, ingenious approach to language typology. He did so, presumably, under the influence of the linguistic doctrine of the Copenhagen school of glossematics and, notably, its leading theoretician, Louis Hjelmslev (with whom Uspenskij had an opportunity to study during a research assignment in the Danish capital). This novel approach to typology is based on the concept of a metalinguistic model, or etalon language (jazyk-etalon), to be devised for the purpose of determining the specific, primarily morphosyntactic, criteria for establishing various language types. By the same token, such an abstract, "ideal" linguistic structure may serve as a standard against which individual natural languages can be gauged in terms of the extent and kind of deviation from the theoretical prototype underlying all member languages of a given typological class. In sketching this approach, Uspenskij thus developed a powerful tool for the typological classification of languages and for assessing the degree of their typological relationship or structural affinity. This innovative method has had a significant impact on subsequent work undertaken in the field of typology by a number of linguists, myself included.2 It would seem fitting, therefore, that the brief, preliminary remarks offered here as a tribute to Boris Andreevic on the occasion of his turning a mere fifty quite surprisingly in view of the quality, range, and sheer bulk of his output to date address some questions pertaining to the problem of modeling systems in semiotics, primary as well as secondary, and to some peculiarities of Contemporary Standard Russian (CSR, from here on) viewed from a semiotic-typological angle.
Charles Dickens, trachoma, and blindness in pre-Victorian England.

Abstract In the early 1820s, a Yorkshire boarding school was devastated by an outbreak of blinding ophthalmia. The cause of the epidemic was—in all likelihood—trachoma, then known as Egyptian ophthalmia. The headmaster of the Yorkshire school, William Shaw, was sued for gross negligence by 2 families whose sons went blind during the outbreak. The epidemic and trial would play a role in creating one of the literature's most notorious fictional characters. Eighteen years after the trial, Charles Dickens modeled the vile schoolmaster Wackford Squeers in Nicholas Nickleby after Shaw, whose reputation and career would later be ruined by his thinly disguised portrayal in the novel. The original boarding school epidemic took place while London's first eye hospital was moving to Lower Moorfields, an institution that 17 years earlier was established primarily to cope with Egyptian ophthalmia. We explore trachoma's wide-ranging impact on pre-Victorian England, from inspiring an enduring literary villain to the creation of a renowned eye hospital.
Helicons in uniform fields. II. Poynting vector and angular momenta

The orbital and spin angular momenta of helicon modes have been determined quantitatively from laboratory experiments. The current density is obtained unambiguously from three dimensional magnetic field measurements. The only approximation made is to obtain the electric field from Hall Ohm's law which is usually the case for low frequency whistler modes. This allows the evaluation of the Poynting vector from which the angular momentum is obtained. Comparing two helicon modes (m = 0 and m = 1), one can separate the contribution of angular momentum of a rotating and non-rotating wave field. The orbital angular momentum is important to assess the wave-particle interaction by the transverse Doppler shift of rotating waves which has not been considered so far.
Using the Seychelles child development study to cluster multiple outcomes into domains to improve estimation of the overall effect of mercury on neurodevelopment

Environmental exposure effects on human development can be small and difficult to detect due to the nature of observational data. In the Seychelles Child Development Study, researchers examined the effect of prenatal methylmercury exposure using a battery of tests measuring aspects of child development [23, 25]. We build a multiple outcomes model similar to that of the previous analyses (see [23, 25]); however, our multiple outcomes model makes no assumptions of relationships between the testing outcomes. Instead, the nesting of outcomes into domains is a clustering problem we address with a Dirichlet process mixture model implemented through a Bayesian MCMC approach [16]. This model provides inference for the methylmercury exposure effect as well as greater insight into the similarities and differences across the outcomes.
Operating efficiency of heavy vehicles

A concept for assessing the efficiency of heavy vehicles is presented. The primary variables which define efficiency are: safety related dynamic performance measures, highway infrastructure damaging potential from heavy vehicle operations and trucking productivity. The six–axle tractor semitrailer truck with close–spaced tridem axle on the semitrailer is found to be the most efficient of the common heavy trucks in Canada. Generally, configurations with close–spaced tridem axle units exhibit good stability and control properties and high operational performance qualities. A truck configuration with adequate dynamic properties does not necessarily imply similar level of operational performance. Dynamic performance attributes do not appear to be a major consideration when truck operators select equipment. Major factors include, equipment versatility in commodity handling, perceived productivity advantage and loading restrictions.
Analog Computer Methods in Studies of the Kinetic Behavior of Labeled Substances

In several of the preceding papers given at this symposium, the use of radioactive tracers to determine transfer rates has been discussed. In very simple systems the mathematical aspects of the relationship between the observable behavior of the tracer and the kinetics of the system are sufficiently simple to permit the required calculations to be achieved on paper (1). With more complicated systems, however, the mathematics becomes too unwieldy for practical applications, and when this is the case, we turn to machines for assistance.
The Isolation and Purification of Thyroid Peroxidase

Abstract A procedure for the extraction and isolation of the peroxidase in pig thyroid glands has been described. The enzyme has been purified by gel filtration and diethylaminoethyl chromatography, and its spectral properties suggest that the enzyme is a typical hemoprotein peroxidase, while gel filtration experiments have shown it to have a molecular weight of 104,000. The specific activity of the preparation was significantly higher than that of other reported preparations. The purified peroxidase can oxidize 48.9 µmoles of guaiacol per min per mg of protein, or 7.35 µmoles of iodide ion per min per mg of protein. The rate constant, k1, between the enzyme and hydrogen peroxide was found to be 1.1 x 107 m-1 sec-1 at pH 7.4. The rate constant, kd, between Complex II and the hydrogen donor had a value of 1.1 x 105 m-1 sec-1 for guaiacol at pH 7.4, and 1.3 x 105 m-1 sec-1 for KI at pH 7.0. The temperature optimum for the enzyme has been found at 37–40°. The enzyme can iodinate tyrosine and thyroglobulin.
Activation of B Cell Subsets by T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens

The capacity of the trinitrophenyl haptenic group coupled to a series of chemically dissimilar carriers to cross-stimulate putative T-dependent and T-independent B-cell subpopulations was determined by using an in vitro limiting dilution technique to generate primary IgM responses. TNP-Ficoll and TNP-dextran, two T-indepen-dent antigens with little or no polyclonal mitogenicity, stimulate the same population of anti-TNP precursors, which is distinct from the precursor population activated by TNP-LPS, a T-independent polyclonal mitogen, or by TNP-HRBC, a T-dependent antigen. TNP-LPS and TNP-HRBC activate the same precursor population, indicating that LPS can substitute for the T cell signal in T-dependent B-cell responses, whereas nonmitogenic T-independent antigens cannot. However, the cumulative evidence from this and other laboratories suggests that LPS and T-dependent antigens activate B cells by different mechanisms. TNP conjugates of Ficoll and dextran, which are relatively poor inducers of polyclonal B cell activation, induced larger anti-TNP clones than did TNP-LPS, a strong polyclonal mitogen. Macrophages are required for the anti-TNP-Ficoll/anti-TNP-dextran response, whereas, a similar requirement has not been shown for the anti-TNP-LPS response. Thus, macrophages may function as polyclonal B cell activators in T-independent responses. Experiments in which TNP was coupled directly onto the macrophage surface support this hypothesis.
A Chip Off the Old Block or a New Direction for Payment Card Security? Chips, Pins, and the Law and Economics of Payment Card Fraud

The issue of consumer payments and data security has reached a high level of public and regulatory interest as a result of a number of recent high-profile data breaches that compromised consumer payment cards. In addition, the ecosystem of consumer payment security has changed dramatically in recent years as a result of the introduction and rapid spread of contactless payment technologies. In response to growing concerns about payment fraud, payment card networks in the United States have moved toward the rapid replacement of traditional magnetic-stripe payment card technology to new EMV (Europay, Mastercard, and Visa) computer chip–based technology. Notably, however, US card issuers and networks have chosen not to adopt the personal identification number (PIN) method of customer verification that has been standard in the United Kingdom and much of Europe for the past decade or so but instead have chosen signature verification as the preferred method. This article conducts an economic analysis of the regulation of consumer payment cards and payment card fraud. We examine the marginal benefits and costs from heightened levels of payment card security. We examine the dynamic evolution of payment card anti-fraud technology over time and suggest that there is little evidence of market failure in the provision of payment security by card networks and issuers and little reason to believe that mandating one exclusive, decades-old, static verification technology (namely, chip and PIN) would be likely to improve overall consumer welfare and economic efficiency today. We conclude that rather than blindly adopting the particular verification technology that Europe put into place many years ago, US regulators should be alert to the evolving and contemporary nature of consumer payments and the fluid nature of threats to data privacy and thus should not freeze or hamper the adaptability of the payment system.
Enhancing mechanical properties of an injectable two-solution acrylic bone cement using a difunctional crosslinker.

Two-solution bone cements modified with ethylene glycol-dimethacrylate (EG-DMA) as a crosslinker have been developed as an attempt to further improve the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement. The result of this study shows that EG-DMA can increase the mechanical properties and fractional monomer conversion while preserving the thermal characteristics. The strength and bending modulus increase with EG-DMA concentrations at 5-10 vol % EG-DMA. Substituting the EG-DMA content past 10 vol % decreases the bending properties due to the effects of reduced monomer concentrations. Strengthened EG-DMA samples demonstrated an increase in ductility with noticeably different fracture surface morphologies than the control samples, indicated by microtroughs and ridge formation caused by excessive plastic strain. This work provides insight into the effect of substituting a crosslinker for MMA monomer in an injectable two-solution system and lays out the ideal concentrations of EG-DMA for superior mechanical or fractional monomer conversion properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 783-790, 2019.
Failure to Rescue in Postoperative Patients With Colon Cancer: Time to Rethink Where You Get Surgery.

Abstract Background Failure to rescue (FTR) is an important measure of quality of care. The aim of this study was to assess FTR in patients with colon cancer (CC) who underwent surgical resection. We hypothesized that patient managed in urban centers had lower FTR. Methods We performed a 1-y (2011) retrospective analysis of the National Inpatient Sample database and identified all patients with CC who underwent surgical management. Patients were stratified based on the location of treatment: urban versus rural. Outcome measure was FTR, which was defined as death after major complications. Regression analysis was performed to evaluate the independent predictors of FTR. Results A total of 49,789 patients with CC who underwent surgery were analyzed. The mean age was 71 ± 20.2 y and 59% were males. About 21.5% patients developed in-hospital complications. The overall rates of complications, mortality, and FTR were 21.5%, 3.0%, and 33.8% respectively. Patient managed in rural centers had higher FTR compared with urban centers (39.5% versus 30.1%, P = 0.01). On regression analysis after controlling for age, gender, type of procedure, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and insurance status, management in rural center was independently associated with FTR (odds ratio: 1.9 [1.4-3.7]). On subanalysis of urban centers, management in teaching urban hospital was independently associated with higher FTR (odds ratio: 1.4 [1.2-3.8]). Conclusions Disparities exist among centers managing patients with CC undergoing surgical intervention. Rural centers have higher FTR compared with similar cohort of patients managed in urban centers. Teaching urban hospital performed worse than nonteaching urban centers. Understanding the reason for these differences may help standardize care across centers and help improve patient outcomes.
Comparing Real-Time Self-Tracking and Device-Recorded Exercise Data in Subjects with Type 1 Diabetes.

Background Insulin therapy, medical nutrition therapy, and physical activity are required for the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). There is a lack of studies in real-life environments that characterize patient-reported data from logs, activity trackers, and medical devices (e.g., glucose sensors) in the context of exercise. Objective The objective of this study was to compare data from continuous glucose monitor (CGM), wristband heart rate monitor (WHRM), and self-tracking with a smartphone application (app), iDECIDE, with regards to exercise behaviors and rate of change in glucose levels. Methods Participants with T1D on insulin pump therapy tracked exercise for 1 month with the smartphone app while WHRM and CGM recorded data in real time. Exercise behaviors tracked with the app were compared against WHRM. The rate of change in glucose levels, as recorded by CGM, resulting from exercise was compared between exercise events documented with the app and recorded by the WHRM. Results Twelve participants generated 277 exercise events. Tracking with the app aligned well with WHRM with respect to frequency, 3.0 (2.1) and 2.5 (1.8) days per week, respectively (p = 0.60). Duration had very high agreement, the mean duration from the app was 65.6 (55.2) and 64.8 (54.9) minutes from WHRM (p = 0.45). Intensity had a low concordance between the data sources (Cohen's kappa = 0.2). The mean rate of change of glucose during exercise was –0.27 mg/(dL*min) and was not significantly different between data sources or intensity (p = 0.21). Conclusion We collated and analyzed data from three heterogeneous sources from free-living participants. Patients' perceived intensity of exercise can serve as a surrogate for exercise tracked by a WHRM when considering the glycemic impact of exercise on self-care regimens.
Radiometric analysis of serum and tissue proteins.

Abstract A sensitive radiometric method for the assay of proteins in serum and tissues is described. The use of 64 Cu minimized the interferences presented in the previous biuret methods. The sensitivity is increased and the linear range of determination of protein concentration is extended. Serum and liver protein were analyzed for actual applications. The radioisotopic assay has been applied to Moni-Trol I for comparison.
My Fish Is Smarter Than Your Fish: Inquiry-Approach Methods to Examine Learning in Zebrafish Exposed to Environmental Chemicals

Using live vertebrate animals to demonstrate learning and memory is typically not done in high school biology classes. We designed an apparatus and protocol by which students observe learning in fish. Students generate questions and discover answers (e.g., does age, sex, species, or chemical exposure impact learning and memory outcomes)?
Defect Passivation by Fullerene Derivative in Perovskite Solar Cells with Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide as Electron Transporting Layer

ZnO is a potential replacement for TiO2 as an electron transport layer (ETL) used in low-temperature processed hybrid perovskite solar cells. However, poor thermal stability of perovskites on ZnO a...
Chevron and Federal Criminal Law

The decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984), launched a new approach to statutory interpretation in the post-New Deal administrative state based on the dubious presumption that, where it leaves ambiguity in a statute, Congress intended to delegate law-interpreting power to the federal agency charged with administering that act. That rule has come under attack on a variety of fronts, not the least of which is that it jettisons one of the oldest propositions in American legal history — that it is the duty of the courts to construe a law. Whatever the outcome of the challenges to the Chevron deference rule, it makes no sense to apply that rule to the Justice Department’s interpretation of a criminal law or to an agency’s non-scientific, non-technical, policy-laden judgment regarding what conduct should be made a crime.
Dissecting Antigen-Specific T-Cell Immunity in Human Cancer and Acquired Resistance to Immunotherapy

Abstract T lymphocytes are at the very center of the rapidly expanding universe of cancer immunotherapy. We now know that each T cell clonotype can in fact contain a stem cell-like system, which is capable of self-renewal and differentiation. We have described the identification of human T memory stem cells (TSCM). TSCM maintain robust replicative capacity and are multipotent in their ability to give rise to cytolytic effector and memory progeny. Stem-cell-like T cells are epigenetically distinct. From their poised epigenetic and metabolic states, TSCM efficiently can give rise to cells with a multiplicity of identities required for successful immune responses, and collectively provide protection against infections and cancer. We have visualized the chromatin states of TSCM on a whole genome level. We have found that the transcription factor Bach2 is a repressor of T cell receptor-driven programs. These findings go a long way in identifying a molecular mechanism that enables T cells to maintain their stem cell-like state. We have direct evidence that sufficient T cell activation can overwhelm the repressive influence of Bach2 through the action of the Akt kinase. Akt mediates the core events of T cell differentiation and it is possible to selectively block the Akt pathway with an allosteric inhibitor enabling the creation of long-lived, less-differentiated T cells that are much more effective therapeutically in a mouse model of established tumor. These findings form the basis for a novel immunometabolomic approach to improve cell-intrinsic features of therapeutic T cells in the clinic. Finally, we will describe how even the most effective T cells can be thwarted by mechanisms in place in the tumor microenvironment. Our recent and unpublished findings involve two elements from the periodic table - potassium and oxygen - that can be immunosuppressive under certain physiologic conditions. We have also described an internal T cell checkpoint mechanism called Cish. We furthermore seek to find ways of overcoming the powerful physiology that can enable tumors to grow and kill their hosts. These efforts can produce T cells that are capable of increased anti-tumor efficacy. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Adapting sleep hygiene for community interventions: a qualitative investigation of sleep hygiene behaviors among racially/ethnically diverse, low-income adults.

Abstract Background Despite the high prevalence of inadequate sleep in racially/ethnically diverse, low-income adults, there is scant research targeting sleep health interventions among underserved populations. Sleep hygiene (SH) recommendations may help promote sleep health for the general population; however, they likely require tailoring to optimize uptake and effectiveness in the “real world” given socio–contextual factors. As an initial step to developing contextually appropriate and effective community-based SH interventions, we conducted qualitative research to understand SH behaviors, beliefs, and barriers in a low-income, ethnically diverse sample of adults. Methods We recruited 24 racially/ethnically diverse adults from an affordable housing community who self-reported sleeping ≤6 hours on average. Participants were invited to either an individual interview (n = 5) or a focus group (n = 3). A deductive, thematic-analysis approach was employed. Data collection and interpretation were informed by the Socio-Contextual Model of Behavior Change. Results There was evidence of high acceptability of SH and interest in improving sleep health. Barriers to implementing SH were multifaceted, including individual (knowledge, motivation, habits, medical issues, stress, trauma), interpersonal (caregiving), organizational (job strain), and environmental (noise) factors. Conclusions Future strategies for adapting behavioral SH interventions should target knowledge, skill development, and behavioral change domains, such as motivation, social support, and self-efficacy. In addition, adapting SH beyond the clinical context for a high-need community population requires attention to multilevel sociocontextual factors that contribute to sleep health, particularly chronic stress, prior trauma, and adverse sleeping environments. Development of novel trauma-informed SH interventions may promote effective and safe implementation.