cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Positive Quadrant Dependence between Projects on Portfolio Value

Increasingly CIO’s are interested in managing their IT Project Portfolios centrally. This may be done for a variety of reasons, e.g. to manage costs, reduce duplication of effort, reduce the number of silos in the organization, better understand what the firm is doing, or to align their IT investments with their firm’s strategy. In particular, during this time of an economic downturn managers want to use their resources efficiently in response to tightening IT budgets. An important question then becomes how to value these projects. Real Option Analysis (ROA) has become one of the common tools used for valuing projects. However, the assumption of independence between projects often made by researchers may undervalue growth options under a wide variety of assumptions when these projects are positive quadrant dependent (PQD), a form of positive correlation.
Race, Blood, and What the Alligator Knows: A Review of What Blood Won't Tell

When we speak of race we often speak in hermetically-sealed categories: black, white, Native American, Asian, and so forth. Yet, as Ariela Gross demonstrates in her latest book, What Blood Won't Tell, the real excitement is at the margins — that area of law and space occupied by people who do not fit neatly into one category or another. For it is here that the difficult questions are posed — about race, about status, about property, and about citizenship. This Review Essay follows What Blood Won’t Tell to these places, and in the process it explores both how the meaning of race has changed throughout our history and how ordinary people have been active agents in its formulation. The Essay also digs deeper into some areas raised by Gross, and contemplates possible subjects for future inquiries.
Update on the immunological mechanism of action behind phototherapy

Phototherapy is often used to treat inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Much progress has recently been made in understanding the mechanisms underlying the local, cutaneous immune effects induced by phototherapy. Unlike many immunosuppressive drugs used in the management of inflammatory skin disease, phototherapy not only targets effector immune cells but also appears to up-regulate regulatory T cells (Tregs). Additionally, phototherapy reverses epidermal barrier abnormalities common in these diseases, allowing for restoration of cutaneous homeostasis.
Beam cleanup using stimulated Brillouin scattering in multimode fibers

We have observed that stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in some optical fibers makes them act as beam cleanup devices. When an input beam was launched at an angle, or a highly divergent beam launched into the entire numerical aperture (~200 modes) of the fibers, backward SBS was observed coming only from the HE11 mode. SBS is Known to exhibit interesting phenomena1,2 in single mode fibers (V < 2.4).
Modeling the combustion response function with surface and gas phase dynamics

Considerable data exists suggesting that the response functions for many solid propellants tend to have higher values, in some ranges of frequencies, than predicted by the conventional QSHOD theory. It is a familiar idea that such behavior is associated with dynamical processes possessing characteristic times shorter than that of the thermal wave in the condensed phase. The QSHOD theory, and most of its variants, contains only the dynamics of that process, which normally has a characteristic frequency in the range of a few hundred hertz. Two previous works seeking to correct this deficiency (T’ien, 1972; Lazima and Clavin, 1992) have focused their attention on including the dynamics of the thermal wave in the gas phase. Both include effects of diffusion that complicate the analysis although the second achieves some simplification by applying the ideas of ‘activation energy asymptotics’. While their results differ in detail, both works show influences at frequencies higher than those near the broad peak of the response due to the thermal wave. The work reported in this paper has the primary purpose of constructing a simple model of the problem so that the possible dynamics of the thin region adjacent to the interface of the condensed phase may be incorporated and investigated in heuristic fashion, with and without approximations in the gas phase. It is well known from many observations, both with high-speed films and from pictures taken with scanning electron microscopes, that the surface of a burning solid propellant is certainly not smooth and in general contains both liquid and solid particles. For metallized propellants the agglomeration of aluminum drops is an important process affected, for example, by small amounts of impurities or additives. The dynamics of this region may be significant to the response of a burning propellant to external disturbances, but this phenomenon has not been previously been studied. In OUT analysis we include both phenomenological modeling of that surface layer as well as the thermal waves in both the gas and solid phase. Particular attention is given to the selection of the boundary conditions and their effect on the solution of the problem. Assumptions made in the analytical approach are tested against direct numerical integration of the relevant equations. Response functions are shown for realistic ranges of the chief parameters characterizing the dynamics of solid phase and surface layer. The results are also incorporated in the dynamical analysis of a small rocket motor to illustrate the consequences of the combustion dynamics for the stability and nonlinear behavior of unsteady motions in a motor. That is part of the primary objective of the Caltech MURl program, to understand the influences of propellant composition and chemistry on the global dynamical behavior of a solid rocket combustor by connecting the microscopic and macroscopic through the response function.
Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants (myorelaxants) are a group of chemical compounds that act both centrally and peripherally and have the ability to relax skeletal muscle, which reduces muscle contractility by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses, or by decreasing the excitability of the motor end plate, or by other actions. There are two major groups of muscle relaxants: Neuromuscular blockers act peripherally as skeletal muscle relaxants (tubocurarine, atracurium, doxacurium, mivacurium, pancuronium, rocuronium, succinylcholine, vecuronium), which block neuromuscular junction function. They are generally used in anesthesia to prevent spontaneous movement of muscle during surgical intervention and act by blocking the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, thus inhibiting neuron transmission to muscle.
Advance in investigation of zonal disintegration phenomenon

The finding process of the zonal disintegration phenomenon was reviewed,and the state-of-the-art of investigations of zonal disintegration phenomenon overviewed.The review shows that our understanding on the stressing and the deformation of the rock mass near the deep level openings has been greatly improved.This phenomenon was investigated with the help of the elasticity and plasticity theories,fracture mechanics and nonlinear science etc.,and many helpful conclusions reached.In situ observations the existence of zonal disintegration phenomenon was observed,laboratory model experiments reproduced the main features of zonal disintegration phenomenon,and numerical modeling qualitatively reproduced zonal disintegration phenomenon.But many problems still exist,including the influence of the mechanical and the structural properties of the rock mass on the temporal evolution process of the zonal disintegration,the relationship between the zonal disintegration and the phenomenon of the sign change of deformation increment after the beginning of the damaging process in rock,the relationship between the zonal disintegration and the rock bursts etc.
Comprehensive Benefit Analysis of Different Planting Patterns of Waterlogging Farmland in Jianghan Plain

To better use the waterlogging farmland, the economic and ecological benefits produced in the watermelon-corn interplanting pattern under the surface waterlogging conditions, paddy field shrimp culture pattern under the general waterlogging conditions and coix monoculture pattern under the severe waterlogging conditions, were compared with the traditional rice monoculture pattern under the same waterlogging conditions respectively, by a two years field study experimental base of Yangtze University from 2012 to 2013. Results showed that the net income was increased to 4.2 times in the watermelon-corn interplanting pattern, 2.8 times in the paddy field shrimp culture pattern and 2.6 times in the coix monoculture pattern compared to the traditional rice monoculture pattern respectively. The cumulative CH4 emission from the watermelon-corn interplanting pattern, paddy field shrimp culture pattern and coix monoculture pattern was lower than the traditional rice monoculture pattern under the same waterlogging conditions. The cumulative CH4 emission from the paddy field shrimp culture pattern under the general waterlogging conditions and coix monoculture pattern under the severe waterlogging conditions was significantly low than the traditional rice monoculture pattern under the same waterlogging conditions respectively(P 0.01 and P 0.05). The use of new planting pattern could produce more economic benefits and reduce CH4 emission compared to the traditional rice monoculture pattern on the basis of waterlogging conditions, with remarkable integrated benefits.
Observation the Effect of Using Fiber Posts and Resin Crowns Direct Restoration of Crown Fracture in Young Permanent Teeth

Objective To observe the 2-yeaar outcome using fiber posts and resin crowns direct restoration of crown fracture anterior teeth in child. Method 45 endodontically treated fractured anterior teeth of 37 child were restored with glass fiber post and resin crown. All cases were scheduled regularity to access the effect of clinical treatments. Result At two years,we haven' t observed root or post fracture and periapical lesion. only 1 case developed debonding,5 cases resin crowns debonding were retreated and resulted in good patient compliance. Conclusion Fiber Posts and resin crowns direct restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth in child maybe a successful and effective transition treatments. It may keep beautiful outlook ,teeth location and decreases the risk of root fracture.
Solutions for loss of information in high-beta-diversity community data

Summary Dissimilarity measures, which gauge compositional resemblance between sample units, tend to lose information with increasing distance along ecological gradients. This undesirable property is especially common in high-beta-diversity community data, yet analysts seldom acknowledge it when relating multivariate attributes (e.g., species composition) to underlying gradients. With 1000 simulated and 14 real community datasets, I systematically varied beta-diversity to evaluate the effects of seven dissimilarity adjustment methods (plus one baseline method) on outcomes from multivariate gradient analyses. Performance was determined by plotting dissimilarities vs environmental distances, by ordination vs environmental distance correlations, and by Procrustean concordance of ordinations with known environmental grid structure. Performance of all methods declined as narrower niches and greater competition asymmetry led to greater beta-diversity. With simulated data, methods based on probabilities of joint occurrences (Beals smoothing, Swan's method) most effectively resolved the loss-of-information problem, followed closely by three step-across methods (Shortest-path, Extended, Geodesic); the CY and Diffusion methods did not outperform unmodified Bray-Curtis dissimilarities. With real community datasets, the Beals, Shortest-path and Extended methods excelled. Electing to adjust dissimilarities is recommended when many pairs of sample units share few species in common, although unmodified dissimilarities may still be appropriate when beta-diversity is low. Dissimilarity adjustments are appropriate not only for species diversity and ecological purposes, but also for other applications where nonlinear relationships among attributes and gradients are expected in zero-rich and highly variable multivariate data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Radar backscattering from dielectric random rough surfaces using 3D numerical simulation of Maxwell's equation

In this paper, we study backscattering from the ocean using 3D numerical simulation of Maxwell's equation (NMM3D). Previously we used NMM3D to compute backscattering and emissivity of rough soil surfaces for active and passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture [1, 2] at L, C, X and Ku bands. The computed results were in excellent agreement with measurement data for co- and cross-polarizations. The results include multiple incident angles and various soil moisture conditions. NMM3D was also combined with distorted Born approximation to vegetated surface to give tabulated backscatter lookup table for soil moisture retrieval globally in NASA SMAP mission. In calculating soil surface scattering, Poggio-Miller-Chan-Harrington-Wu-Tsai (PMCHWT) formulation for dielectric surfaces and Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) basis functions are used to obtain accurate results.
The Upward Redistribution of Income: Are Rents the Story?

This paper examines the extent to which the growth in rents can explain the upward redistribution in income since 1980. It examines and provides preliminary estimates for the growth of rents in fou...
Applying family analyses to electronic health records to facilitate genetic research.

Motivation Pedigree analysis is a longstanding and powerful approach to gain insight into the underlying genetic factors in human health, but identifying, recruiting and genotyping families can be difficult, time consuming and costly. Development of high throughput methods to identify families and foster downstream analyses are necessary. Results This paper describes simple methods that allowed us to identify 173 368 family pedigrees with high probability using basic demographic data available in most electronic health records (EHRs). We further developed and validate a novel statistical method that uses EHR data to identify families more likely to have a major genetic component to their diseases risk. Lastly, we showed that incorporating EHR-linked family data into genetic association testing may provide added power for genetic mapping without additional recruitment or genotyping. The totality of these results suggests that EHR-linked families can enable classical genetic analyses in a high-throughput manner. Availability and implementation Pseudocode is provided as supplementary information. Contact HEBBRING.SCOTT@marshfieldresearch.org. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Status of Web Mapping in North American Higher Education

Most maps are now consumed online, yet colleges and universities struggle to keep their cartography and GIScience curricula up to date with the use of modern web technologies. I present a qualitative interview study aimed at providing insight into current teaching practices, along with challenges that may hamper the uptake of web mapping technologies in the classroom. The study involved interviews with 20 instructors of web mapping courses at colleges and universities in the United States and Canada. Participants were asked about the overall vision for their web mapping courses, the scope of material covered, what specific topics are included, which web technologies they use and why, their preferred teaching pedagogy, and what challenges they have experienced. The results highlighted several strategies that cartography and GIS instructors can use to implement or increase the inclusion of web mapping in their curricula.
Roles of Ca and cAMP on Cl Channel Activity in Cystic Fibrosis Sweat Clear Cells as Studied by Microsuperfusion and Cell Volume Analysis

In an attempt to study regulation of Cl channels in intact sweat secretory coils in cystic fibrosis and controls in the least invasive manner, isolated secretory coils were superfused with various drugs and K-efflux was determined as an indirect measure of Cl movement. Cl channel activity was also determined from the drug-induced cell volume increase in gramicidin (GC)-treated dissociated eccrine clear cells. We observed that while MCh-induced K-efflux from the CF secretory coils was entirely normal, K-efflux in the presence of isoproterenol (ISO), forskolin (FK), or IBMX was absent in CF, suggesting that these agents failed to stimulate Cl movement. Cl channel activity of dissociated CF clear cells, as studied by cell volume analysis, was entirely normal when stimulated by Ca-elevating agents but was defective when stimulated by cAMP-elevating agents. TPA (phorbol ester) does not appear to stimulate Cl channel activity nor does it modify the effect of other agents. The following observations from the present and previous studies are not necessarily consistent with the traditional thesis that the observed Cl movement is due to cAMP: CT-cAMP had no effect on cell swelling or on K-efflux; ISO is more potent in accumulating tissue cAMP than IBMX yet the latter is more potent in stimulating K-efflux; IBMX increases cytoplasmic [Ca] yet is unable to stimulate K-efflux in CF; K-efflux stimulated by cAMP-elevating agents was inhibited by removal of Ca from the bath; and, cell swelling of GC-treated cells in response to cAMP elevating agents was inhibited by removal of Ca. The inability of IBMX to stimulate Cl channels in the face of elevated cytoplasmic [Ca] and cAMP in CF cells deserves further scrutiny.
You and Your Molecules

Your molecular machines are far too small to see. You might think that it would be impossible to affect them yourself, to speed them up or stop them, since they are so tiny and inaccessible. However, we modify the action of our own molecular machines every day. If you take a vitamin each morning, you are tuning up your molecular machines, making sure they are in top form. If your doctor gives you penicillin, you’re actively attacking the molecular machines of the bacteria in an infection. If you are unlucky and get food poisoning, a bacterium has fought back, attacking one of your molecular machines. If you take an aspirin, you are blunting the function of molecular machines in your nerves and brain. With vitamins, poisons, and drugs we deliberately modify the action of specific machines, and by careful use, we can improve their action and thus our own quality of life (Fig. 9.1).
An ex vivo evaluation of an inflatable bone tamp used to reduce fractures within vertebral bodies under load.

Study Design. Ex vivo biomechanical study using osteoporotic cadaveric vertebral bodies. Objective. To determine if fracture reduction could be achieved by the inflatable bone tamp (tamp) in vertebral bodies under simulated physiologic loads. Summary of Background Data. Previous ex vivo biomechanical studies showed that kyphoplasty restored vertebral body height with vertebral body endplates under stress-free conditions. Methods. Simulated compression fractures were experimentally created in 18 osteoporotic vertebral bodies alternatingly assigned to one of two treatment (tamp inflation) groups: low axial load (111 N) or high axial load (222 N). Each vertebral body was then placed between two platens in a special radiolucent loading fixture and subjected to the preassigned load to simulate in vivo physiologic loading. The tamps were inflated and post-reduction heights were measured fluoroscopically. The effect of applied load and condition on vertebral body height was checked for significance (P < 0.05). Results. Comparing the experimental conditions (initial, postcompression, postinflation), there were no significant vertebral body height differences between the load groups (low load vs. high load). However, vertebral body height differences between conditions within each load group were all significant. For the low-load and high-load groups, mean postinflation heights (24.4 and 24.4 mm) were significantly greater than mean postcompression heights (21.6 and 22.5 mm) but significantly less than initial vertebral body heights (26.6 and 26.3 mm), respectively. Initial heights were fully restored in 22% (two of nine) of vertebral bodies in both groups. Conclusion. The inflatable bone tamp restored some of the height lost to compression fractures in vertebral bodies under simulated physiologic loads.
Earthquake-risk salience and housing prices: Evidence from California

Abstract I investigate the hypothesis that earthquake-risk salience increases in a housing market in response to the news of out-of-the-market earthquakes, which subsequently leads to an increase in price differential between low-risk and high-risk areas within the market. Using data on 20 years of worldwide earthquake occurrences and California housing prices, I find that both home value index and median listing price decrease by approximately 6% and 3% respectively in California zip codes with high seismic hazard (relative to those with low seismic hazard) after high-casualty earthquakes occur outside of California. Additionally, I show that (a) the higher an earthquake’s death toll, the larger the increase in the price differential; (b) an earthquake in Europe has a significantly larger impact on California’s price differential than a similarly deadly earthquake in another region; and (c) the effects are transient and dissipate one month after the earthquake occurs. The results are robust to various specifications and multiple robustness checks.
Inverse Norm Conflict Resolution

In previous work we provided a "norm conflict resolution" algorithm allowing agents in stochastic domains (represented by Markov Decision Processes) to "maximally satisfy" a set of moral or social norms, where such norms are represented by statements in linear temporal logic (LTL). This required the agent designer to provide weights specifying the relative importance of each norm. In this paper, we propose an "inverse norm conflict resolution'' algorithm for learning these weights from demonstration. This approach minimizes a cost function based on the relative entropy between a policy encoding the observed behavior and a policy representing optimal norm-following behavior. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm in a simple GridWorld domain.
Teaching NeuroImages: Multifocal cerebral infarcts as a presentation of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome

A 56-year-old immunocompetent woman presented with severe headaches and encephalopathy. Brain MRI showed numerous punctate infarcts throughout the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres (figure). White blood cell count was 185,000, of which 97% were eosinophils. Infectious and neoplastic evaluations, including CSF and bone marrow analysis, were unremarkable. The course was complicated by eosinophilic pneumonia, myocardial infarction, and deep venous thrombosis. Endocardial fibrosis was absent. Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES) was diagnosed. IHES is a leukoproliferative disorder causing multiorgan damage. Diagnosis requires marked peripheral eosinophilia and exclusion of infection, hematologic malignancy, and vasculitis. Infarcts in IHES occur due to microvascular occlusion in watershed regions.1,2
Entrepreneurial action, creativity, & judgment in the age of artificial intelligence

Abstract The rapid advancement of computationally complex systems of artificial intelligence (AI), is the fruit of a decades-long effort to endow machines with cognitive capabilities that equal or even exceed those possessed by human actors. As the growing sophistication of AI algorithms revolutionizes entrepreneurial action in uncertain environments, these advancements raise an important set of questions for future theory-building in entrepreneurial action, creativity, and decision-making research. In this paper, we take up these critical questions by exploring how advancing AI systems provide novel solutions for resolving the fundamental challenges of modal uncertainty in entrepreneurial decision environments. And in doing so, AI algorithms create new possibilities for future forms of entrepreneurial action. We conclude the paper with a robust discussion of future research at the intersection of AI and entrepreneurship.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SERUM AND URINE SUGARS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY.

Abstract A method for the quantitative determination of serum and urinary sugars by gas-liquid chromatography of their trimethylsilyl ethers is described. The method is fast, sensitive and like the glucose oxidase method emphasizes the absolute values since non-sugar reducing substances can be distinguished. Sugars other than glucose may be determined conveniently, e.g., galactose, mannitol, fructose, inositol, pentoses, etc. An example of a mannitol clearance test is presented illustrating the ease of analysis. Agreement between gas chromatography and a glucose oxidase method for 15 random serum samples was satisfactory. Average recovery of added glucose for 10 samples was 97.1%.
Front-line daratumumab in newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis patients.

e20569Background: Light chain amyloidosis (AL) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by organ dysfunction, morbidity, and early mortality. Treatment focuses on suppressing monoclonal light chain...
Material and psychological financial hardship related to employment disruption among female adolescent and young adult cancer survivors.

Background The importance of addressing adverse financial effects of cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) is paramount as survival improves. In the current study, the authors examined whether cancer-related employment disruption was associated with financial hardship among female AYA cancer survivors in North Carolina and California. Methods AYA cancer survivors identified through the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry and the Kaiser Permanente Northern/Southern California tumor registries responded to an online survey. Disrupted employment was defined as reducing hours, taking temporary leave, or stopping work completely because of cancer. Financial hardship was defined as material conditions or psychological distress related to cancer. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to characterize the invited sample and survey respondents. Marginal structural binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence differences (PDs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results Among 1328 women employed at the time of their diagnosis, women were a median age of 34 years at the time of diagnosis and 7 years from diagnosis at the time of the survey and approximately 32% experienced employment disruption. A substantial percentage reported financial hardship related to material conditions (27%) or psychological distress (50%). In adjusted analyses, women with disrupted employment had a 17% higher burden of material conditions (95% CI, 10%-23%) and an 8% higher burden of psychological distress (95% CI, 1%-16%) compared with those without disruption. Conclusions Financial hardship related to employment disruption among female AYA cancer survivors can be substantial. Interventions to promote job maintenance and transition back to the workforce after treatment, as well as improved workplace accommodations and benefits, present an opportunity to improve cancer survivorship.
Forged in the Floods: Transnational Networks in the Habsburg Monarchy.

Riparian communities in the Habsburg monarchy experienced perennial flooding with tragedy often eliciting heroics and generosity. What made these empathetic responses even more admirable was their juxtaposition with the antipathy that nationalist groups expressed in the political realm in the monarchy's final decades. Studying government and public responses to flooding in the nineteenth century demonstrates the critical link between empire and environment which forged transnational communities through floods of adversity, charity and cooperation. As this paper is part of a special issue, Water History in the time of COVID-19, it has undergone modified peer review.
JA:2021-23. Ideal Tracking and Analytics: Incorporating Modern Toolsets to Enhance Analysis of User Acquisition and Behavior on AgInjuryNews.org

Purpose: Enhanced monitoring of user acquisition and online use patterns throughout the AgInjuryNews.org data repository is imperative toward understanding overall website usage, trends, and behavi...
Mobile Depression Screening with Time Series of Text Logs and Call Logs

Passively detecting depression is important to achieve universal screening. As text and call logs have been overlooked as potential passive screening modalities, we construct time series from these text and call logs using the number of communications, number of contacts, and average length of communications. We calculate these values for every 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours. We leverage a time series feature extraction library to extract features for machine learning models. Our results show that outgoing texts are more predictive of depression than incoming texts but incoming calls are more predictive of depression than outgoing calls. Specifically, we are able to achieve an F1 score of 0.72 with average text length and an F1 score of 0.65 with call duration. This detailed exploration into the ability of text and call logs to screen for depression will help guide future research in this domain.
Henry Clerval Scolding Victor Frankenstein: An autoethnographic poem about graduate students and their daemons

This article explores the “daemons” that many university students face by exploring Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in a creative way. Using a poetic method called “erasure,” the author of this article cut fragmented descriptions of Victor Frankenstein, and stitched them together to craft a poem about the need for self-care in the university setting. The poem includes a preface to provide some theoretical context and background information on Frankenstein.
Screening Examinations for Carcinoma of the Prostate

Carcinoma of the prostate (CAP) was the cause of 24 000 deaths in the United States in 1983 (Catalona and Scott 1986). According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 30 000 men will die of this disease in 1990, which makes it second only to carcinoma of the lung as a cause of cancer-related death in American men (American Cancer Society 1990). It has also been predicted that approximately 99 000 new cases of CAP will be diagnosed during this period.
3. Photoemission Spectroscopy of Valence States

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the modern photoemission techniques to emphasize the large number of powerful and sophisticated techniques that have been introduced during the development of photoemission spectroscopy and to point out that new techniques are still being invented and developed. Many major developments in photoemission can be related to the advances in instrumentation and in theory. It discusses that the widespread use of synchrotron radiation has had a profound impact on photoemission research. The chapter also explains that the physical and chemical properties can be investigated by different techniques: energy distribution curve (EDC) technique, core-level partial yield spectroscopy, photon tunability of synchrotron radiation, and band mapping technique. The development of computational schemes for the electronic properties of great efficiency and reliability is a very active area of research. This shows the promise of continuing the close collaboration between theory and experiment that has been one of the major factors of the success of photoemission spectroscopy. It is likely that the present theoretical advances will meet the demanding requirements of the present and future photoemission experiments.
Dispatch management in a logistic firm.

Operational Management is used on the lowest level of management. It deals with planning, organizing the tasks, their control and removing defects. But specialized transportation firms use so called dispatch management for the truck fleet. This term used in contemporary firms should imply not only above mentioned activities, but it emphasizes also more demanding activities. Each dispatcher has to ensure new orders for assigned trucks, appoint places for loading, unloading, select the best route, parking sites etc. with respect to the lowest costs and legal regulations in international transportation. The paper is oriented on the company CSAD Jihotrans, a.s., which operates 120 trucks in most of European states.
Libertarianism and Originalism in The Classical Liberal Constitution

Richard Epstein’s The Classical Liberal Constitution is an impressive synthesis of between libertarian political theory and constitutional interpretation.Part I of this brief essay summarizes Epstein’s important contribution to constitutional scholarship, particularly his sophisticated effort to integrate originalism and libertarianism. In Part II, I consider a possible tension in his theory: Epstein’s desire to leave room for government regulation that cures market failures could potentially be used to justify a wide range of nonlibertarian forms of government intervention that might undermine the very constitutional rights that he seeks to protect.Part III suggests that the tension in Epstein’s theory can be partially mitigated by greater reliance on originalism with fewer policy-driven exceptions for market failures. Given real-world judges and political actors, this might result in greater economic efficiency as well as stronger protection for individual freedom than Epstein’s approach. In the process of considering these issues, I focus on judicial interpretation of the Bill of Rights. It may be helpful to look at the original meaning not just in 1791, when the Bill of Rights was first enacted, but also in 1868, when, as a result of the Fourteenth Amendment it became incorporated against state governments. The case of the Public Use Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which Epstein and I have both written about extensively, exemplifies each of these points.
Optical and Infrared Reflectance Spectrum of Kuiper Belt Object 1996 TL66

We have obtained optical (0.4-0.8 μm) and near-infrared (1.0-2.5 μm) reflectance spectra of the Kuiper Belt object 1996 TL66. The spectra show no evidence for absorption features and are neutral across the full wavelength range. The spectrum of TL66 is thus similar to that of the Centaur Chiron but different from that of the Centaur Pholus. It also bears no resemblance to the spectrum of the Kuiper Belt object 1993 SC reported by Brown et al. (1997).
Teaching in Response

I propose making careful, conscious, and concerted use of the image and language of response (1) as a tool for understanding, and potentially enhancing, the practice of teaching; and (2) as a lamplight for illuminating the coincident nature of teaching as moral endeavor and intelligent action. The use of response-related language in regard to education — respond, responsive, responsibility — is not novel; it has appeared with regularity in educational literature for more than a decade. Here, I sharpen the focus a bit, offering response and its cognate ideas as a central, organizing device for deliberation and action in teaching in this time and place. In doing so, I suggest that the image of response is more accurately descriptive of teachers’ deliberation-into-action generally than are other available images. I also maintain that the good teacher is one who recognizes the “interpret-respond” structure of action in teaching and who optimizes the possibilities inherent in that structure.
Wie „demokratisch“ ist die transnationale Demokratie? Paradigmatische Überlegungen zur Form der Demokratie in der Weltgesellschaft

Theorien transnationaler Demokratie sind haufig von der Diagnose geleitet, dass die internationalen politischen Institutionen1 und Regimes, wenn uberhaupt, dann nur in eingeschranktem Mase demokratischen Anspruchen gerecht werden und dieses Defizit ein wesentlicher Grund fur das mangelhafte Funktionieren dieser Einrichtungen oder zumindest ein Hindernis fur ihre Akzeptanz und Legitimitat ist.2 Diese Diagnose wird von anderen normativen Bestimmungen supranationaler Strukturen und globalen Handelns in zwei Weisen kritisiert: Einerseits ziehen Theorien globaler Gerechtigkeit in Zweifel, dass das normative Defizit internationaler Institutionen und Regimes wesentlich in deren fehlender Demokratie liegt, und stellen dieser These moralische Gerechtigkeitsanspruche und -prinzipien (etwa auf vergleichbare Lebensverhaltnisse, die Abwesenheit von Armut und Unsicherheit etc.) entgegen, die von den internationalen Akteuren realisiert werden sollten.3 Andererseits gibt es aber auch politische Theorien, die selbst wesentlich demokratietheoretisch argumentieren — also, wenigstens der Intention nach, nicht mit anderen normativen Standards als die Demokratietheorie operieren —, daraus jedoch gerade die Verzichtbarkeit expliziter demokratischer Verfahren und Partizipationsrechte zumindest in den Strukturen und Institutionen jenseits der Einzelstaaten ableiten. Betrachtet man die erste Auseinandersetzung innerhalb der normativen Theorien globaler Ordnung, also diejenige zwischen Theorien transnationaler Demokratie und globaler Gerechtigkeit, so ist festzuhalten, dass bei allem Dissens uber das Vorrangverhaltnis von Demokratie und Gerechtigkeit dennoch Einigkeit darin besteht, dass die Existenz globaler demokratischer Verhaltnisse auf jeden Fall wunschenswert ist, so deren Realisierung denn faktisch und ohne negative Konsequenzen fur die Behebung dringlicher Notstande bzw. fur eine gerechte Verteilung von Rechten und Gutern moglich ist.4
Syntactic Theory in the High Middle Ages: Modistic Models of Sentence Structure

In this study Michael Covington considers the origins and development of the theories of sentence structure formulated by the Modistae, a group of grammarians and logicians who flourished in Paris between about 1270 and 1310. Some of the concepts of the medieval theoretical framework, notably government and dependency, have survived to the present day, and Dr Covington introduces insights from modern grammatical theories where appropriate. Nevertheless his principal aim is not to compare medieval and modern theories, or to provide a comprehensive historical study. Rather, recognising that 'it is the difference as much as the similarity that makes the Modistae interesting', Dr Covington offers an original critical exegesis of these influential theories.
Spin-momentum coupled Bose-Einstein condensates with lattice band pseudospins

The quantum emulation of spin-momentum coupling, a crucial ingredient for the emergence of topological phases, is currently drawing considerable interest. In previous quantum gas experiments, typically two atomic hyperfine states were chosen as pseudospins. Here, we report the observation of a spin-momentum coupling achieved by loading a Bose-Einstein condensate into periodically driven optical lattices. The s and p bands of a static lattice, which act as pseudospins, are coupled through an additional moving lattice that induces a momentum-dependent coupling between the two pseudospins, resulting in s-p hybrid Floquet-Bloch bands. We investigate the band structures by measuring the quasimomentum of the Bose-Einstein condensate for different velocities and strengths of the moving lattice, and compare our measurements to theoretical predictions. The realization of spin-momentum coupling with lattice bands as pseudospins paves the way for engineering novel quantum matter using hybrid orbital bands.
Wearable computers: Merging information space with the workspace

Products of the future will be technologically more sophisticated, highly customized, produced in small batches, and brought to market quickly. These products will require an approach which integrates the application, the artifact, the CAD environment, and the physical prototyping. The EDRC is developing a comprehensive program to integrate these four activities. >
Photoaffinity antigens for human γδ T cells

Vγ2Vδ2 T cells comprise the major subset of peripheral blood γδ T cells in humans and expand during infections by recognizing small nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphates. These molecules include ( E )-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl-pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a microbial isoprenoid intermediate, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate, an endogenous isoprenoid intermediate. Recognition of these nonpeptide Ags is mediated by the Vγ2Vδ2 T cell Ag receptor. Several findings suggest that prenyl pyrophosphates are presented by an Ag-presenting molecule: contact between T cells and APC is required, the Ags do not bind the Vγ2Vδ2 TCR directly, and Ag recognition is abrogated by TCR mutations in CDRs distant from the putative Ag recognition site. Identification of the putative Ag-presenting molecule, however, has been hindered by the inability to achieve stable association of nonpeptide prenyl pyrophosphate Ags with the presenting molecule. In this study, we show that photoaffinity analogues of HMBPP, meta / para -benzophenone-(methylene)-prenyl pyrophosphates ( m / p -BZ-(C)-C 5 -OPP), can crosslink to the surface of tumor cell lines and be presented as Ags to γδ T cells. Mutant tumor cell lines lacking MHC class I, MHC class II, β 2 -microglobulin, and CD1, as well as tumor cell lines from a variety of tissues and individuals, will all crosslink to and present m -BZ-C 5 -OPP. Finally, pulsing of BZ-(C)-C 5 -OPP is inhibited by isopentenyl pyrophosphate and an inactive analog, suggesting that they bind to the same molecule. Taken together, these results suggest that nonpeptide Ags are presented by a novel-Ag-presenting molecule that is widely distributed and nonpolymorphic, but not classical MHC class I, MHC class II, or CD1.
Epithelial cornified envelope precursors are in the hair follicle and nail

Nail and certain layers of the hair follicle form cornified envelopes (CEs) that morphologically resemble those in epidermis. We have been studying two unique precursors of the CE in human epidermis, pancornulin and sciellin. Antibodies to these proteins stained the more central cells of the outer root sheath of the ostium and isthmus of the follicle where CEs are found. Staining was also observed with these antibodies in the inner root sheath, where CEs were thought not to be present. Using immunoelectron microscopy, the staining by the sciellin antibody was at the cell periphery, but this technique did not work with the antibody to pancornulin. The antibody to pancornulin reacted to the nail fold and proximal matrix, whereas the one to sciellin reacted with the nail fold, matrix, and bed. Similar reactions were observed to monkey, sheep, and cow nail. These results suggest that envelope precursor may have an additional function in the hair follicle as well as contributing to the CE in hair and nail.
Bias Voltage Dependence of Tunneling Anisotropic Magnetoresistance in Magnetic Tunnel Junctions with MgO and Al 2 O 3 Tunnel Barriers

Tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) is observed in tunnel junctions with transition metal electrodes as the moments are rotated from in-plane to out-of-plane in sufficiently large magnetic fields that the moments are nearly parallel to one another. A complex angular dependence of the tunneling resistance is found with twofold and fourfold components that vary strongly with bias voltage. Distinctly different TAMR behaviors are obtained for devices formed with highly textured crystalline MgO(001) and amorphous Al2O3 tunnel barriers. A tight-binding model shows that a fourfold angular dependence can be explained by the presence of an interface resonant state that affects the transmission of the contributing tunneling states through a spin-orbit interaction.
Community Pediatrics: Can It Be Taught? Can It Be Practiced?

The report of the American Academy of Pediatrics' Committee on Community Health in the June 1999 issue of Pediatrics (pages 1304–1306) provides a definition of Community Pediatrics that is much needed. Community Pediatrics is more than practice in the community. Its focus is on all children, not merely those who appear in one's practice. It also recognizes that health is the result of more than medical care and that partnerships with public health and other professions that serve children, cultural sensitivity, and advocacy for broader services are required to achieve optimal health for all. Some will argue that it is enough for a pediatrician to provide excellent care to those children who come to their practice, and I agree that such a goal is itself demanding. But there is a contagious aspect to many of the social and behavioral problems—injuries, chemical dependency, sexual diseases and unplanned pregnancies, and school failure—that is not dissimilar to the contagious aspect of infectious disease …
Religious or scientific explanations: a typology

Abstract The relationship between religion and science is generally considered to be either antithetical, dominating separate spheres, or complementary. This paper explores the ways in which the religion/science relationship is reflected in people’s mind. Our proposed typology of positions suggests that people can be generally categorized as “religious salient,” “scientific salient,” “contextual salient,” or “anomic salient.” A religious orientation scale and a scientific orientation scale have been composed to test the proposed typology. Based on the results of self-identifications by respondents with these categories as well as the observed scores by respondents on the two scales, we conclude that the suggested typology is supported by empirical evidence. However, more tests of this typology using different samples and scales are necessary before these four types can be further defined and refined.
Role of Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase in Regulation of Raffinose Transport in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae strains lacking the enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) show markedly reduced ability to grow on raffinose and stachyose as sole carbon sources. Import of these sugars occurs through the previously characterized raffinose ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport system, encoded by the raf operon, that lacks the necessary ATP-binding protein. In this study, we identified the raffinose ATP-binding protein RafK and showed that it was directly involved in raffinose and stachyose import. RafK carries a C-terminal regulatory domain present in a subset of ATP-binding proteins that has been involved in both direct regulation of transporter activity (inducer exclusion) and transcription of transporter genes. Pneumococci lacking RafK showed a 50- to 80-fold reduction in expression of the raf operon genes aga (alpha-galactosidase) and rafEFG (raffinose substrate binding and permease genes), and both glucose and sucrose inhibited raffinose uptake through inducer exclusion. Like RafK, the presence of DLDH also activated the expression of raf operon genes, as DLDH-negative pneumococci showed a significantly decreased expression of aga and rafEFG, but DLDH did not regulate rafK or the putative regulatory genes rafR and rafS. DLDH also bound directly to RafK both in vitro and in vivo, indicating the possibility that DLDH regulates raffinose transport by a direct interaction with the regulatory domain of the transporter. Finally, although not as attenuated as DLDH-negative bacteria, pneumococci lacking RafK were significantly outcompeted by wild-type bacteria in colonization experiments of murine lung and nasopharynx, indicating a role for raffinose and stachyose transport in vivo.