cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Source term estimation using convex optimization

A computationally efficient, grid-based estimation method is presented for multiple source identification from distributed sensor data. Under the assumption that the sources are located on a grid over the region of interest, the solution to the problem of multiple source identification, that is, estimation of the number, locations, and intensities of the sources, is represented by a large sparse vector (whose size is greater than that of the observation vector) and is obtained by solving a convex optimization problem using the lscr1 minimization method. The method can exactly and efficiently recover the true source parameters in the absence of source representation error and measurement noise and can efficiently identify the areas of the true sources with the clusters of grid points in the more realistic scenarios when the source locations do not coincide with the grid points and the sensor data are contaminated by noise.
Space-Time Structure of the Weak Neutral Current

I report here the most recent results of a study of the nature of the weak neutral current. The reactions of interest are the inclusive processes $$ {\nu _{\mu }} + {\rm{ N}} \to {\rm{ }}{\nu _{\mu }} + {\rm{ hadrons}} $$ , and $$ {\overline \nu _{\mu }} + {\rm{ N}} \to {\rm{ }}{\overline \nu _{\mu }} + {\rm{ hadrons}} $$ .
Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihood, and Identities in South Asia

Ecological Nationalisms: Nature, Livelihood, and Identities in South Asia. Gunnel Cederlof and K. Sivaramakrishnan, eds. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006. 399 pp.
Clinical Entities with Both Vascular and Orthopedic Components

Besides predominantly circulatory abnormalities, a number of vascular disorders also demonstrate significant changes in the skin and musculoskeletal structures of the limbs. This chapter deals with typical conditions which manifest such alterations.
Photonic packet and all-optical label switching technologies and techniques

We will review all-optical label swapping architectures, the associated packet coding techniques and label swapping technologies. Research results from a DARPA NGI program at UCSB will be described as well as results from other AOLS research programs.
Dogmatism and Rigidity: A Factor Analysis:

Following earlier theoretical suggestions by Rokeach, this paper investigated the factorial structure of the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale and the Gough-Sanford Rigidity Scale both individually and together to determine if they could be shown to tap empirically different aspects of personality. In addition with the sample of 1074, part sample analyses were done to examine the stability of factor-analytic results. Using orthogonal varimax rotation, a clear separation of Dogmatism and Rigidity was shown, in support of Rokeach's theory; the individual analyses yielded insight into the nature of the two tests' content.
Is Ageism Alive in Date Selection among Men? Age Requests among Gay and Straight Men in Internet Personal Ads:

We examine 2,400 personal ads from male advertisers collected from the Internet, focusing on age preference by race and sexual orientation. We look at whether advertisers display any age preference in personal ads and whether the preference varies by race and sexual orientation. We find that gay men are more likely than straight men to state an age preference. Also, the preference for younger partners intensifies among older advertisers regardless of race and sexual orientation. Youth is still a treasured commodity in date selection for men. However, some men, especially gay men, prefer more mature partners. At least 20 percent of gay Asian men in all three age groups prefer older partners. Further research is recommended to explore this exception among gay Asian men.
Ar ion beam induced recrystallization of amorphous layers in thin Si films

Abstract Ion beam induced epitaxial recrystallization of amorphous layers that were produced by As implantations into 1 μm thick, 〈100〉 Si films was investigated utilizing Ar ion beams of sufficient intensity to rapidly heat the films to about 420°C. Complete recrystallization was observed by Rutherford backscattering at an Ar fluence of only 9 × 10 13 ions/cm 2 , which is more than an order of magnitude less than the fluences of annealing ions required to regrow similar amorphous layers in previous investigations. Also, in contrast to the results of previous work the regrowth front was found to be nonplanar, and there was no extensive buildup of end-of-range damage by the annealing ions. However, there was an apparent buildup of dislocations at the original amorphous/ crystalline interface for Ar fluences greater than that required to just recrystallize the original amorphous layer.
Meteoroid Bumpers: Aluminum

Aluminum bumpers (Type 6061-T6) with thicknesses of 0.1875, 0.125, 0.090, 0.063, and 0.032 inch have been subjected to impact with a 0.57 gram cylindrical steel projectile traveling at 9,400 to 21,700 ft/sec. In addition, the 0.032 inch bumpers were subjected to impact with 0.21 gram cylindrical steel projectiles traveling at 11,800 to 14,700 ft/sec. An aluminum (6061-T6) vehicle hull was used in all experiments. For any given thickness of bumper, the vehicle hull was varied in both thickness and distance of separation from the bumper in order to establish the total weight and thickness of the structure necessary to prevent complete penetration by a given high velocity particle. It appears from the experimental data that spaced plates offer more effective protection from high velocity particles than a single plate of the same material and total mass. Moreover, it appears that thinner bumpers require less total weight in the vehicle to provide the same protection efficiency. This weight advantage provided by the thinner bumpers is reduced as the space between the bumper and plate is decreased.
NiFe-based Ball-limiting-metallurgy (BLM) for microbumps at 50μm pitch in 3D chip stacks

In this work, Pb-free microbumps at 50μm pitch with NiFe-based Ball-limiting-metallurgy (BLM) are fabricated and tested. Detailed microstructural analysis has been performed, which shows a uniform thin layer (~0.2μm) of FeSn2 Intermetallic Compound (IMC) is formed between the Pb-free solder and NiFe BLM after the first reflow. In comparison, the NiCuSn IMC can grow more than 2μm in microbumps with the conventional Ni BLM or solder-caped Cu pillar after the first reflow. An excessive lateral “thermal-undercut” has been discovered in NiFe BLM structures during solder reflows due to good edge wettability of NiFe. A dual-layer BLM structure is proposed and demonstrated to mitigate the “thermal-undercut”. Moreover, addition of NiFe layer on a micro-Cu pillar structures have been demonstrated and characterized.
PET imaging of cellular proliferation

PET cellular proliferation imaging has its roots in a long history of in vitro cellular proliferation studies to characterize cancer and in the understanding of the biology of thymidine incorporation into DNA gained from these studies. PET imaging represents the logical translation of the in vitro work to measure in vivo tumor proliferation. Preclinical studies of [11C]-thymidine and other PET-labeled thymidine analogues set the stage for early clinical studies that provided very promising results. Recent progress in the application of [18F]-FLT, a clinically practical PET thymidine analogue, to patient studies sets the next stage for clinical PET cellular proliferation imaging. Further mechanistic studies of the imaging agents and well-designed clinical trials will be important in moving PET proliferation imaging into what is likely to be a significant role in the care of cancer patients by providing a quantitative measure of tumor response to cytotoxic or cytostatic therapy.
Diameter of non-small cell lung cancer correlates with long-term survival: Implications for T stage

Study objectives: To determine the effect of tumor diameter on the long-term survival of patients with stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) within a large multi-institutional database, and to assess the accuracy of the T-descriptor threshold of 3 cm. Design and patients: A total of 9,191 patients ≥ 20 years old with surgically treated stage I NSCLC ≤ 6 cm registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1992 to 1997 were included. The size of the nodule was grouped into six categories: Measurements and results: A total of 4,904 (53%) men and 4,287 women (mean ± SD age, 66.6 ± 9.4 years) with stage I NSCLC were analyzed. The use of lobectomies and pneumonectomies as surgical treatment instead of limited resections increased with the size of the tumor, from 62% in subcentimeter nodules to 96% in 5- to 6-cm tumors (p Conclusions: The T descriptor should be changed so that T1 is reserved for tumors
Depressive symptoms and sexual experiences among early adolescent girls: interpersonal avoidance as moderator.

Building on the growing body of research that supports the relationship between depressive symptoms and sexual activities in adolescence, we examined how individual differences in interpersonal avoidance and anxiety might moderate this association. Data were collected from 71 early adolescent girls (M age 13.45 years; SD = 0.68; 89% Caucasian) concurrently and 1 year later. Results indicated that greater depressive symptoms predicted a greater frequency of sexual intercourse both concurrently and 1-year later, particularly among more interpersonally avoidant girls. However, greater depressive symptoms predicted a greater frequency of non-intercourse activities 1-year later among less avoidant girls. Implications for understanding how individual differences in interpersonal style may serve as risk or protective factors in dysphoric girls’ sexual experiences are discussed.
The Effects of Advertising Appeal on Perceptions of Product Quality

In Study 1, high and low self-monitors either listened to music on a cassette tape or sampded a cola product after observing either an image- or a quality-oriented advertisement for the product. High self-monitors rated the quality of the products higher than low self-monitors after suing the image-oriented advertisements, and low self-monitors rated the quality of the products higher than high self-monitors after seeing the quality-oriented advertisements. In Study 2, high and low self-monitors -sorted ads that varied in the degree to which they represented image- or quality-based appeals into self-relevant and non-self-relevant categories. The more image oriented the ads were, the more self-relevant high self-monitors perceived the ads to be, and the more quality oriented the ads were, the more self-relevant low self-monitors perceived them to be. In Study 3, 1 week after viewing image-and quality-oriented ads, high and low self-monitors saw additional image and quality ads (some new, some originals) an...
Eigenvector computation for almost unitary Hessenberg matrices and inversion of Szegő-Vandermonde matrices via discrete transmission lines

Abstract In this paper we use a discrete transmission line model (known to geophysicists as a layered earth model ) to derive several computationally efficient solutions for the following three problems: (i) as is well known, a Hessenberg matrix capturing recurrence relations for Szegő polynomials differs from unitary only by its last column. Hence, the first problem is how to rapidly evaluate the eigenvectors of this almost unitary Hessenberg matrix; (ii) the second problem is to design a fast O( n 2 ) algorithm for inversion of Szegő-Vandermonde matrices (generalizing the well-known Traub algorithm for inversion of the usual Vandermonde matrices); (iii) finally, the third problem is to extend the well-known Horner rule to evaluate a polynomial represented in the basis of Szegő polynomials. As we shall see, all three problems are closely related, and their solutions can be computed by the same family of fast algorithms. Although all the results can be derived algebraically, here we reveal a connection to system theory to deduce these algorithms via elementary operations on signal flow graphs for digital filter structures, including the celebrated Markel-Gray filter, widely used in speech processing, and certain other filter structures. This choice not only clarifies the derivation and suggests a variety of possible computational schemes, but it also makes an interesting connection to many other results related to Szegő polynomials which have already been interpreted via signal flow graphs for (generalized) lattice filter structures, including the formulas of the Gohberg-Semencul type for inversion of Toeplitz-like matrices, Schur-type and Levinson-type algorithms, etc. For example, this connection allows us to show that moment matrices corresponding to what we called Horner-Szegő polynomials, though not Toeplitz, are quasi-Toeplitz, i.e., they have a certain shift-invariance property.
Moral value transfer from regulatory fit: what feels right is right and what feels wrong is wrong.

People experience regulatory fit (E. T. Higgins, 2000) when the strategic manner of their goal pursuit suits their regulatory orientation, and this regulatory fit feels right. Fit violation feels wrong. Four studies tested the proposal that experiences of fit can transfer to moral evaluations. The authors examined transfer of feeling wrong from fit violation by having participants in a promotion or prevention focus recall transgressions of commission or omission (Studies 1 and 2). Both studies found that when the type of transgression was a fit violation, participants expressed more guilt. Studies 3 and 4 examined transfer of feeling right from regulatory fit. Participants evaluated conflict resolutions (Study 3) and public policies (Study 4) as more right when the means pursued had fit. To begin with, if we ask how a person comes to have a sense of guilt, we arrive at an answer which cannot be disputed: a person feels guilty (devout people would say “sinful”) when he has done something which he knows to be “bad.” But then we notice how little this answer tells us. (Freud, 1930/1961a, p. 84) What makes a decision good or bad? The most obvious quality of a good or bad decision is its hedonic value: A good decision is one that has desired outcomes, and a bad decision is one that has undesired outcomes. No principle in psychology has been more central to understanding human motivation than the hedonic principle. The hedonic principle has produced many insights into the
VCSEL based Faraday rotation spectroscopy at 762nm for battery powered trace molecular oxygen detection

Faraday Rotation Spectroscopy (FRS) is a polarization based spectroscopic technique which can provide higher sensitivity concentration measurements of paramagnetic gases and free radicals than direct absorption spectroscopic techniques. We have developed sensor systems which require only 0.2W to perform TDLAS (tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy), and can additionally be quickly duty cycled, enabling operation in wireless sensor networks of laser-based trace gas sensors We adapted our integrated TDLAS electronics to perform FRS in a compact and more sensitive system for quantification of molecular oxygen (O2) using a 762.3nm VCSEL in the A band. Using an AC magnetic field, we demonstrate detector noise dominated performance, achieving 2.1×10-6/Hz1/2 equivalent detectable fractional absorption and a minimum detection limit of 462 ppmv O2 in 1 second in a 15cm path. At longer paths and integration times, such a sensor will enable oxygen measurements at biotic respiration levels (<1ppmv) to measure CO2 - O2 exchange for mapping natural exchange of greenhouse gases. Potential improvement of detection limits by increasing various system performance parameters is described.
Purification and Characterization of the Oxygen-Sensitive 4-Hydroxybutanoate Dehydrogenase from Clostridium kluyveri

Abstract Cell extracts of Clostridium kluyveri grown on ethanol plus succinate contained a NAD(H) dependent 4-hydroxybutanoate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.61) at 66 U/mg. This enzyme was purified 42-fold under anaerobic conditions to homogeneity. Heat treatment, ion exchange chromatography on DEAF:-cellulose, nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl agarose, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 were used in the purification The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 41.6 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 86 kDa by gel filtration which indicates the active form of the enzyme is dimeric, The protein contains two atoms of Cu and one atom of Fe per monomeric unit, The enzyme exhibits maximum activity at pH 6.1 for the reduction of succinic semialdehyde and at pH 9.4 for the oxidization of 4-hydroxybutanoate. The Km values for NADH and succinic semialdehyde were 150 ± 20 μM and 560 ± 80 μM, respectively, In the reverse direction, the Km values were 670 ± 80 μM and 55 ± 16 mM for NAD and 4-hydroxybutanoate, respectively. The enzyme is inactivated by oxygen. The inactivation occurs with a t1/2 = 4.5 min at pH 8.2 and 30°C.
The learning of response patterns in choice situations

This study presents a theory by which to understand how pigeons learn response patterns in simple choice situations. The theory assumes that, in a choice situation, patterns of responses compete for the final common path; that the competition is governed by two variables, the overall reinforcement probability obtained by emitting the patterns,T, and the differences in reinforcement probabilities among the patterns,D; and that the ratioD/T determines the final strength of specific response patterns. To test these predictions, three experiments were run in which pigeons were more likely to receive food when they pecked the momentarily least-preferred of three response keys. On the basis of previous research, it was predicted that the birds would be indifferent among the keys (molar aspect) and would also acquire a response pattern that consisted of pecking each key once during three consecutive trials (molecular aspect). The present theory went further and predicted that the strength of that pattern would increase with the ratioD/T. In the first two experiments,D was manipulated whileT remained constant, and in the third,T was manipulated whileD remained constant. The results agreed with the theory, for the strength of the response pattern increased withD and decreased withT, whereas overall choice proportions were always close to the matching equilibrium.
Luminescence of Helium II Produced by Weak α -Particle Sources

Measurements of the intensity of luminescence produced by weak $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle sources in He II are presented for $0.3lTl4.2$ \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, for different chamber sizes, and with an electric field applied in the region of the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particle source. With zero field the intensity exhibits a complex behavior, remaining approximately constant between ${T}_{\ensuremath{\lambda}}$ and 1.2 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, then dropping to a minimum near 0.6 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and rising again at lower temperatures. The application of an electric field (up to 13 000 V/cm) in the source region reduces the intensity above 0.8 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K but increases it at lower temperatures. The transient behavior of the luminescence upon application of a pulsed field is described and discussed. The qualitative features of the temperature dependence of the luminescence are accounted for in terms of radiation from metastable systems, the diffusion coefficient of which rises exponentially ($\ensuremath{\sim}{e}^{\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}}{\mathrm{kT}}}$) as the temperature drops. Approximate values of the diffusion coefficient are presented. The electric-field-induced amplification of the luminescence below 0.8 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is attributed to metastable interactions with charged vorticity.
Using the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory Scores as Additional Predictors of Student Academic Performance.

This study focuses on the usefulness of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory (LASSI) in predicting student academic performance. It examines whether LASSI scores enhance the accuracy of traditional predictors, namely SAT/ACT scores and high school rank. Findings indicated a slight, but not significant, increase in the predictability of student academic performance when LASSI scores, particularly the subscales of Motivation and Time Management, were considered along with traditional predictors.
Kinetics of CO formation on singular and stepped Ni surfaces

Abstract The interaction of carbon and oxygen on Ni surfaces has been followed through observations of the thermal desorption of CO. Measurements have been made for surfaces of various orientations and for different coverages by sulphur. We have studied the reaction over a wide range of oxygen exposures. The CO desorption spectrum exhibits three principle peaks labelled α, β1 and β2. The low temperature α peak corresponds to molecularly adsorbed CO. The β1 peak is believed to be associated with surface defects and varies in a systematic way with average step density. We believe that it arises from CO formed from preferentially segregated carbon and surface oxygen. It is very sensitive to the coverage of adsorbed S. The high temperature β2 peak is due to the reaction of surface oxygen and carbon diffusing to the surface from the bulk. A diffusion model has been used to quantitatively interpret the β2 peak and yields an activation energy for interstitial carbon diffusion, in good agreement with previous independent experiments. The activation energy for desorption of CO in the β2 peak is independent of S coverage. The sources of the carbon and oxygen contributing to the different CO desorption peaks have been studied using controlled background pressures of 13C18O.
Disparate effects of two herpesviruses immediate-early gene trans-activators on the HIV-1 LTR

The BMLF1 region of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome and the immediate-early (IE) region of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) both encode proteins which can trans-activate heterologous promoter/chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) constructs, including a human immunodeficiency virus type-1 promoter/CAT construct. We demonstrate here that this trans-activation by the EBV BMLF1 gene product, which we have previously shown to be largely post-transcriptional, is reporter gene dependent. In contrast, trans-activation by the HCMV-IE gene product(s), previously shown to be mediated at the RNA level, is seen regardless of whether CAT, human growth hormone, or beta-galactosidase is used as the reporter gene. Mutational analysis revealed no specific cis-acting sequences within the HIV-1 promoter which were required for trans-activation by the HCMV-IE gene product(s).
Elastic π +/- p scattering from 378 to 687 MeV/c

Abstract Differential cross sections for π±p→π±p have been measured at Pπ between 378 and 687 MeV/c at 9 angles in the range −0.8⩽cosθc.m.⩽0.6. Scattered pions and recoil protons were detected in coincidence using scintillation counter hodoscopes. For almost all of the data the statistical and normalization uncertainties are each less than 2%. Our measurements are compared with existing data and the results of recent partial wave analyses.
Ontology and ethics at the intersection of phenomenology and environmental philosophy

The idea inspiring the eco‐phenomenological movement is that phenomenology can help remedy our environmental crisis by uprooting and replacing environmentally‐destructive ethical and metaphysical presuppositions inherited from modern philosophy. Eco‐phenomenology's critiques of subject/object dualism and the fact/value divide are sketched and its positive alternatives examined. Two competing approaches are discerned within the eco‐phenomenological movement: Nietzscheans and Husserlians propose a naturalistic ethical realism in which good and bad are ultimately matters of fact, and values should be grounded in these proto‐ethical facts; Heideggerians and Levinasians articulate a transcendental ethical realism according to which we discover what really matters when we are appropriately open to the environment, but what we thereby discover is a transcendental source of meaning that cannot be reduced to facts, values, or entities of any kind. These two species of ethical realism generate different kinds of et...
Migration, maintenance and recall of memory T cells in peripheral tissues

After the resolution of an immune response, antigen-specific memory T cells persist at many sites in the body. The antigen-specific memory T-cell pool includes memory T cells that preferentially reside in peripheral tissues, such as the skin, gut and lungs, where they provide a first line of defence against secondary pathogen infection. Determining how peripheral memory T cells are regulated is essential for our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and for vaccine development. In this Review, we discuss recent insights into the generation, control and recall of peripheral T-cell memory responses.
Repaired tetralogy of Fallot with coexisting unrepaired partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection is associated with diminished right ventricular ejection fraction and more severe right ventricular dilation

Background There is an established association between tetralogy of Fallot and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections. This association is important because surgically repaired tetralogy patients have increased risk of right heart failure. We hypothesize that partial anomalous venous connections increase right ventricular volumes and worsen right ventricular failure.
A fine structural analysis of the ventral nerve cord and associated sheath of Lumbricus terrestris L.

This study is a fine structural analysis of the earthworm nervous system and its sheath. The bulk of the findings consists of the addition of fine structural detail to the extant descriptions of the general organization of this system. These findings were of particular interest, (1) that the nervous system possesses one basic type of supportive glial cell, (2) that the zonula occludens was not found anywhere in the structures studied here, and (3) that the sheath of the ventral giant axon is not myelin but consists of a thick covering of many tiny axons and synaptic terminals.
Prostaglandins of J Series Control Heme Oxygenase Expression

Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (cyPGs) are a subfamily of prostaglandins that are characterized by the cyclopentenone ring in their structure. They exert their effect after active transportation into the cell, probably by interacting with cellular target proteins or DNA sequences. The cyPGs have anti-inflammatory activities, especially important during the resolution of inflammation, anticancer, and cytoprotective properties. Here, we show that the cyPGs, especially the 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) PGJ(2), can specifically induce heme oxygenase 1 in mouse primary neuronal cells. Heme oxygenase is the enzyme responsible for the degradation of heme into biliverdin, ferrous iron, and carbon monoxide. This enzyme conveys protection to oxidative cellular injury by degrading the pro-inflammatory heme; producing biliverdin and bilirubin, potent antioxidants; producing carbon monoxide, a neurotransmitter that also has anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory properties; and assisting in keeping iron cellular homeostasis. CyPGs appear to possess a promising future in designing therapeutics for many neurologic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, vascular-related dementia, multiple sclerosis, ischemic conditions, and many others in which inflammation is a part of the pathophysiology.
New Frontiers in Depression

What we know about depression and where current knowledge might lead us have changed significantly in recent years. This presentation will focus upon nonbipolar depressive disorders. First, I will present a brief condensation of some of what is known about depression. Next I will examine frontiers in depression and offer some questions and hypotheses concerning what we may find in exploring these new frontiers.
Identification of a protein in sera of normal humans that inhibits fibroblast chemotactic and random migration in vitro

Normal human serum contains a 230,000 M, protein that inhibits fibroblast chemotactic and random migration. This serum inhibitor of fibroblast migration (SIFM) is a heat-table, trypsin-sensitive protein with a pl of 4.8 that reversibly inhibits the random and chemotactic migration of fibroblasts in vitro. Although SIFM effectively inhibits the chemotaxis of fibroblasts to interstitial collagens, fibronectin, lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor for fibroblasts, and serum-derived chemotactic factor, it does not alter the chemotactic migration of human peripheral blood neutrophils or monocytes, and does not act as a cytotoxin to human dermal fibroblasts. The SIFM appears to act through a cell-directed mechanism to alter the fibroblast's ability to migrate. Serum inhibitor of fibroblast migration may function in vivo to modulate migration under physiologic and pathologic conditions.
The Triple Point of Water

(1) A common error in text-books on physical chemistry is pointed out. It is hoped that the correct value for the triple point temperature, +.0098 degrees C, will be given in new books and in succeeding editions of the books surveyed above. (2) Inconsistencies in the vapor pressure values for ice and for liquid water near 0 degrees C are pointed out. (3) The equilibrium vapor pressures for ice and liquid water under two different sets of equilibrium conditions are compared with the triple point pressure.
First principles calculations, crystal chemistry and properties of ferroelectric perovskites

Using data obtained by ab initio calculations on a variety of ferroelectric (FE) perovskite solid solutions, we show that dependence of local structure of these complex materials on composition can be naturally understood in terms of crystal chemical concepts. Large supercell density functional theory calculations allow accurate description of interatomic interactions which can be directly linked to the technologically important macroscopic properties of the material through structure-property correlations. The obtained relationships between atomic characteristics and bulk solid-state behavior provide guidance for synthesis of next-generation ferroelectric materials.
Reversed Cyclic Performance of Shear Walls with Wood Panels Attached to Cold-Formed Steel with Pins

Screws are the only fasteners approved in the 2006 International Building Code for attaching wood structural sheathing to cold-formed steel framing for shear walls. Steel pins also provide an effective and efficient means of attaching wood structural sheathing. However, the proprietary nature of steel pins, coupled with the need to demonstrate equivalent performance to code-approved elements, necessarily requires manufacturers to consider some form of reversed cyclic testing to justify shear wall values for seismic design. This paper presents the results of an experimental program that evaluated the performance of wood panel sheathed cold-formed steel frame shear walls in which the wood panels were attached using one type of pneumatically driven steel pins. For the assemblies tested and the specific pin type used, several useful performance characteristics and characteristic values were identified to facilitate overall performance comparisons with other types of shear wall configurations. It is shown that the average ratio of the peak strength to the derived allowable strength exceeded 2.8, the average maximum usable displacement exceeded 3.5% of the wall height, the average ratio of the peak strength displacement to the allowable strength displacement exceeded 9.3, and the average maximum usable displacement was 35% greater than the peak strength displacement.
Chemistry of Cyclopropyl-p-Benzoquinone: A Specific Organogenesis Inhibitor in Plants

The activity of several classes of antitumor antibiotics (e.g., the mitomycins, anthracyclines, and enediynes) is based on unmasking a specific functionality after reduction of a quinone nucleus. Here we explore the chemistry of a cyclopropane when it is attached to the quinone nucleus. The investigation has led to the generation of a new class of specific inhibitors of redox-controlled development, the simplest of which is cyclopropyl-p-benzoquinone (CPBQ). We report on the unique reaction pathways open to various substituted cyclopropanes, each bearing a quinone as one substituent on the ring, and discuss their potential biological relevance to the mechanism of the in vito inhibition. 19 refs., 1 fig.
Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease and Severe Iron Overload

A 34-year-old female with sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin SS disease) and severe iron overload presented to our institution with the subacute presentation of recurrent pain crisis, fever of unknown origin, pancytopenia, and weight loss. A CT scan demonstrated both lung and liver nodules concerning for granulomatous disease. Subsequent biopsies of the liver and bone marrow confirmed the presence of noncaseating granulomas and blood cultures isolated Mycobacterium avium complex MAC. Disseminated MAC is considered an opportunistic infection typically diagnosed in the immunocompromised and rarely in immunocompetent patients. An appreciable number of mycobacterial infection cases have been reported in sickle cell disease patients without immune dysfunction. It has been reported that iron overload is known to increase the risk for mycobacterial infection in vitro and in vivo studies. While iron overload is primarily known to cause end organ dysfunction, the clinical relationship with sickle cell disease and disseminated MAC infection has not been reported. Clinical iron overload is a common condition diagnosed in the sub-Saharan African population. High dietary iron, genetic defects in iron trafficking, as well as hemoglobinopathy are believed to be the etiologies for iron overload in this region. Patients with iron overload in this region were 17-fold more likely to die from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Both experimental and clinical evidence suggest a possible link to iron overload and mycobacterial infections; however larger observational studies are necessary to determine true causality.
Glomerular macrophage proliferation in experimental immune complex nephritis.

Abstract In immune complex nephritis, glomerular hypercellularity is known to result from the proliferation of intrinsic cells and from the infiltration of mononuclear cells, primarily macrophages. An immunohistochemical double-labeling procedure was used to determine whether macrophages were among the cells which may undergo mitosis within the glomerular tuft. The monoclonal antibody ED1 served as a macrophage marker; cells in the S-phase of mitosis were recognized by uptake of bromodeoxyuridine. Glomerular proliferation was studied in chronic serum sickness of LEW rats, an animal model of immune complex nephritis for which the relationship between immunopathology and pathophysiology has been well described. In normal glomeruli, resident mesangial macrophages accounted for an unexpectedly large proportion (≥one-third) of the total mitotic activity. In immune complex glomerulonephritis, the rate of glomerular macrophage proliferation increased rapidly just at the onset of proteinuria and remained high throughout the remaining course of disease. Glomerular macrophages from rats with proliferative nephritis also divided more vigorously than normal in short term culture in vitro, while persistently expressing abnormal surface marker phenotypes. The proliferation of mesangial macrophages appears to be a prominent feature of the normal process of glomerular cell renewal. In hypercellular glomeruli, vigorous local proliferation could greatly amplify the potential of macrophages to cause damage.
Combined Effect of Tibiofemoral Alignment and Meniscectomy on the Contact Stresses at the Knee: A FEA Investigation

Surgical removal of meniscal tissue alters the kinematics and load distribution of the knee and decreases the contact area causing greater magnitude of compressive stress and shear stress. These changes may result in damage to the knee cartilage and lead to subsequent osteoarthritis (OA) (1). Allen et al. (2) found a significant increase in knee OA after meniscectomy with pre-existing abnormal frontal plane tibiofemoral alignment. Tibiofemoral alignment affects the varus/valgus moment during ambulation and during single-leg stance, Fig. 1A. The varus moment, or adduction moment, is the primary factor in the distribution of the force to the medial compartment of the knee joint during normal gait (4). Previous finite element analysis (FEA) studies investigating partial and total meniscectomies applied only axial loads and do not take into account the varus moment that occurs during single-leg support (4, 5). The present 3-D FEA investigation utilizes subject specific loading conditions (including the varus knee moment) to study the combined effect of tibiofemoral knee alignment and partial and total meniscectomies on the stresses at the knee cartilage.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Parental Attitudes Towards Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination of Boys: Quantitative and Qualitative Results to Guide Development of Effective HPV Vaccine Interventions

healthy kidneysdthrough education, mentorship and community outreach within diverse communities (www.mikeprogram.org, 2013). Goals of the program include increased health self-efficacy, kidney knowledge, and improved healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as nutrition and exercise for youth at risk for diabetes and CKD, as these factors are important in programs for positive adolescent health outcomes (Collins et al., 2002). Methods: The sample included 59 youth (50.8% males) who completed MIKE Program 2 to 3 years prior during freshman year in high school. Youth were predominantly of African American and Latino descent and 20% had mothers with less than a high school education. Average BMI was 24.66 (sd 1⁄4 .52) and ranged from 16.5 to 44.6. Results: The majority of youth rated MIKE program as somewhat to very effective (83%) and rated their mentors similarly (86.5%). Perceived effectiveness was significantly correlated with program outcomes. Higher ratings of MIKE Program effectiveness was significantly correlated with well-being (r 1⁄4 .32, p 1⁄4 .01; WHO-5 Well-being Index) and greater outreach (r 1⁄4 .32, p 1⁄4 .01). Youth who rated their mentors more highly had marginally significant higher levels of kidney knowledge (r 1⁄4 .25, p 1⁄4 .06), and reported drinking more water (r 1⁄4 .35, p 1⁄4 .01) as well as a marginal effect for greater exercise (r 1⁄4 .22, p 1⁄4 .09) when retrospecting about their time in the program. Health self-efficacy (SRAHP Scale; Harrison, Beebe, & Park, 2001), which had shown change from preto post-testing in the freshman year, did not differ among participants at follow-up. Further, BMI was unrelated to program or mentor effectiveness. When comparing this sample to national statistics from the 2011 CDC Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Study (CDC, 2011), this group appeared to be trending toward healthier behaviors as a lower proportion of the youth reported not eating breakfast at least once a week (8.5% versus 13.8%) and not getting 60 minutes of physical activity at least once a week (5.1% versus 13.1%) as compared to high school students nationally. Eating breakfast was the only variable significantly related to decreased BMI (r 1⁄4 -.38, p 1⁄4 .01; n 1⁄4 51). Conclusions: These results suggest youthwho participated inMIKE Program found it to be effective overall. Those who highly rated the program andmentors experiencedmore positive well-being several years later, retainedgreaterknowledge, andmademore initial health changes. Longitudinal follow-up data from MIKE Program participants indicates areas of success in improvingwell-being and healthy behaviors among at risk youth and underscores the importance of mentoring (Dubois & Silverthorn, 2005) in adolescent health promotion. While these are important preliminary findings, further work is needed to track individual outcomes prior to and after MIKE Program at consistent longitudinal intervals. Sources of Support: Citations embedded.
In vitro galactosylation of rhodopsin and opsin: kinetics, properties and characterization.

At best, only trace amounts of galactose have been detected as constituents of rhodopsin as analysed by several laboratories. Nevertheless, the enzymatic galactosylation of rhodopsin proceeds, readily in vitro, a process which can be catalysed by galactosyltransferases from several sources. Little information is available, however, concerning the properties of the in vitro reaction. We have examined characteristics of the latter process with the hope of shedding light on the capacity of the retina to carry out this reaction. Kinetic properties of the galactosyltransferases of bovine and embryonic chick retinas, bovine milk and rat liver-Golgi were examined using rhodopsin, opsin, N-acetylglucosamine and ovalbumin as exogenous acceptors. All of these studies demonstrated the very limited activity of the galactosyltransferases of the retina as compared to the milk and rat liver systems. The subcellular distribution of the galactosyltransferases of bovine retina was examined. The influence of compounds that might modulate the reaction was also examined. α-Lactalbumin, a modifier of the galactosyltransferase in milk, acted as a competitive inhibitor of the galactosylation of opsin. Analogs of vitamin A, shown to inhibit galactosyltransferases in other systems, did not have this effect on the galactosylation of opsin. Similarly, mixing experiments could not demonstrate the presence of endogenous material that inhibited the reaction in the retina. The conformation of the visual pigment was shown to influence the reaction. After bleaching by visible light, opsin was preferred overrhodopsin as an acceptor of galactose by the galactosyltransferases of bovine and embryonic chick retinas and by rat liver. This distinction was only minimally demonstrated by the milk enzyme. The galactosylation of ovalbumin was unaffected by conditions of light or dark by any of the enzymes. While the mole ratio of galactose to rhodopsin after catalysis by the milk enzyme was about 1.6, this ratio was only about 0.01 after reaction with the enzyme from bovine retina. The linkage of galactose in enzymatically galactosylated rhodopsin and opsin was β (1→4).
Metabolism of oxidized linoleic acid: Distribution of activity for the enzymatic oxidation of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid to 13-oxooctadecadinoic acid in rat tissues

Oxidation products of linoleic acid, including hydroperoxy- and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids have been shown to possess biological activities in a number of different systems. In this work we describe an enzymatic activity which catalyzes the conversion of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid to a 2,4-dienone product, 13-oxooctadecadienoic acid. The enzyme activity is widely distributed, with the highest activity in the colon and the liver. The distribution of activity among various tissues is distinct from other dehydrogenases known to use oxygenated unsaturated fatty acids as substrates. This enzyme may play a key role in the metabolism of 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid in epithelial tissues.
Electrochemical oxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isopropylphenol

Abstract The anodic oxidation of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isopropylphenol, Ia, as well as the 4-ethyl (Ib) and 4-methyl (Ic) derivatives, has been studied in acetonitrile using carbon electrodes. Depending upon solution conditions and electrode potential, products derived from intermediate phenoxy radicals or phenoxonium ions are found. Oxidation of the phenoxides, IIa–c, leads to phenoxy radicals. Disproportionation of phenoxy radicals to form quinone methides is important for all three phenols, and in the case of IIa the quinone methide so formed, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isopropylidene-2,5-cyclohexadienone, is susceptible to tautomerization followed by oxidation to a bis-quinone methide. The phenoxy radicals formed by oxidation of IIb are known to take part in a reversible dimerization to form a para-quinol ether and this reaction affects the cyclic voltammetry in a particularly interesting manner. Oxidation of Ia (or oxidation of its phenoxy radical) gives principally 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone, a product formally derived from a phenoxonium ion intermediate. 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)phenol can also be formed on oxidation of Ia. The electrochemical behavior of these phenols is discussed in relation to chemical and electrochemical data of other phenols.
Detailed Envisat Land Images now available

New detailed land cover images derived from the European Space Agency satellite Envisat are now being made available on the ESA's GlobCoverWeb site (http://ionia.terradue.com/index.asp). The images are 10 times sharper than any previous global satellite map. Bimonthly composites for May–June 2005 and March–April 2006 are already accessible, and additional composites will be made available on 19 June as the first part of a global land cover map of Eurasia. The composites, which are derived from Envisat's Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS),will support international efforts in modeling the extent and impacts of climate change, studying ecosystems, and plotting land-use trends.
Chemopreventive activity of selenocysteine prodrugs against tobacco-derived nitrosamine (NNK) induced lung tumors in the A/J mouse.

Prodrugs of L-selenocysteine have potential utility in cancer chemoprevention. This study reports the efficacy of three selenazolidine-4(R)-carboxylic acids, (2-unsubstituted, 2-oxo, and 2-methyl derivatives; SCA, OSCA, and MSCA, respectively) against tobacco-related lung tumorigenesis in a mouse model. Seven days after initiation of an AIN-76A diet supplemented with sodium selenite (5 ppm Se), L-selenomethionine (3.75 ppm Se), Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine (3 ppm Se), L-selenocystine (15 ppm Se), SCA (15 ppm Se), OSCA (15 ppm Se), or MSCA (15 ppm Se), mice received 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK; 10 μmol, i.p.). After an additional 16 weeks on the diets, two compounds, OSCA and selenocystine, significantly reduced lung adenoma multiplicity from 7.2 tumors per mouse in the NNK group to 4.5 and 4.6 tumors per mouse, respectively. Neither selenium concentration nor glutathione peroxidase activity in either RBCs or liver served as surrogate indicators of tumor reduction. Hepatic selenium levels were significantly elevated by all selenium-containing compounds except Se-methyl-L-selenocysteine and SCA; RBC selenium levels by all except sodium selenite and MSCA. With the exception of L-selenomethionine, RBC glutathione peroxidase activity was increased along with the elevated selenium levels. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was elevated by all Se-compounds except SCA. The two compounds showing significant tumor reduction (OSCA and selenocystine) were the only two compounds that showed ubiquity of changes, elevating both selenium levels and GPx activity in both liver and RBC. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:396-405, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20105
Chemiluminescence detection in capillary electrophoresis

The gluing technique was further used in a GC-MS system to connect the fused silica capillary column from the gas chromatograph to the empty tubing acting as a transfer line to the mass spectrometer ion source In such arrangements the low pressure in this part of the column normally leads to severe problems (increase in the background noise of the mass spectrometer and a reduction in the lifetime of the ion source filament) as a result of entry of air into the ion source through the leaking press-fit connection Such problems were eliminated by use of the gluing technique Air leakage was reduced to the levels normally observed when the capillary column is introduced directly into the ion source No background bleed from the epoxy glue could be detected by either flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry.