cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the adoption rates of manufacturing technology innovations by small US manufacturers: A longitudinal investigation Feb. 2003, pp. 351-366.

This study provides conclusive evidence to support the view that small plants are slower than larger plants to adopt manufacturing innovations. This empirical study based on over 1000 US manufacturing plants engaged in producing discrete products, studies the adoption of manufacturing technologies in small plants relative to large plants between 1993 and 1997. Under the assumption that small manufacturers are disadvantaged, several federal and state programs have been created to assist small manufacturers in acquiring and adopting manufacturing innovations. Through quantification of technology adoption in small manufacturing firms, this study’s findings reveal which manufacturing innovations are in greater need of governmental assistance programs. While small plants are making progress over time in catching up with larger plants in computerized technology use, they are not making similar progress in adopting manufacturing technology innovations in soft technologies. Several propositions for future research and recommendations for public policy are offered. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Development and improvement of the simulation of woody bioenergy crops in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)

Abstract Quantifying Populus growth and the impacts on hydrology and water quality are important should it be widely planted. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) tree growth algorithms and parameters for hybrid poplar in Midwestern US and cottonwood in Southern US were improved. Tree growth representation led to SWAT2012 code changes including a new leaf area parameter (TREED), new leaf area index algorithm, and leaf biomass algorithm. Simulated hybrid poplar LAI and aboveground woody biomass (PBIAS: 34 - 5%, NSE: 0.51–0.99, and R2: 0.72–0.99), and cottonwood aboveground biomass, runoff, sediment, and nitrate-N (PBIAS: 39 - 11%, NSE: 0.86–0.99, and R2: 0.93–0.99) from the modified SWAT were satisfactory. Improved algorithms, and parameter values and potential ranges for Populus were reasonable. Thus, the modified SWAT can be used for Populus biofeedstock production modeling and hydrologic and water quality response to its growth.
A mill power equation for SAG mills

Development of an equation for tumbling charge and balls plus comparison to plant data suggests that the net mill power for cylindrical semiautogenous mills can be calculated from $${m_p} = 10.6{D^{2.5}}L\left( {1 - 1.03J} \right)\left[ {\left( {1 - {\varepsilon _B}} \right)\left( {{\rho _s}/{w_o}} \right)J + 0.6{J_B}\left( {{\rho _b} - {\rho _s}/{w_c}} \right)} \right]\left( {{\phi _c}} \right)\left( {1 - \frac{{0.1}}{{{2^{9 - 10\phi }}c}}} \right)$$ where mp is in kW; D is internal mill diameter (meters), L is internal mill length (meters); J is total fractional charge loading of the mill; JB is the fractional mill filling by balls; eB is the effective porosity of the charge, taken as 0.3; ρsand ρb are true densities of rock and balls (tons per cubic meter), respectively; wc is the weight fraction of rock in water and rock in the mill, taken as 0.8; and ϕc is the fraction of critical speed. Equations are given for corrections for the conical end sections.
Endogeneity and marketing strategy research: an overview

Endogeneity in empirical marketing research is an increasingly discussed topic in academic research. Mentions of endogeneity and related procedures to correct for it have risen 5x across the field’s top journals in the past 20 years, but represent an overall small portion of extant research. Yet there is often substantial difficulty in reconciling issues of endogeneity with many of the substantive questions of interest to marketing strategy for both theoretical and/or practical reasons. This paper provides an overview of main causes of endogeneity, approaches to addressing it, and guidance to marketing strategy researchers to balance these issues as the field continues to move towards more methodological sophistication, potentially at the expense of managerial tractability.
Improving sensor performance by combining entanglement, networks and waveform design

A sensor based on quantum multiphoton entanglement (ME) combined with hyper-entanglement (HE) is described. Measures of effectiveness (MOEs) are derived describing the benefits of forming hybrid states between ME and HE. An open systems approach is taken with both environmental noise and loss factors included. Methods of generating the ME and HE states are described with schematics provided. Networks are introduced yielding additional performance improvements. Waveforms for effective atmospheric propagation are discussed. A new parameterized mode is derived using Lie algebra techniques. The waveform is shown to be a scaled and translated form of the Airy wave. The additional scaling and translation parameters derived from Lie algebra theory show promise for selecting the best performing waveform or linear combination of such waveforms. Alternatively, parameters for single waveforms or linear combinations of parameterized Airy waves can be selected through optimization. An MOE, the Holevo bound, is maximized ultimately yielding the Holevo-Shumacher-Westmoreland capacity. Analysis of the translated and scaled Airy function show that its asymptotic form yields much less loss during atmospheric propagation. It is robust under turbulence and atmospheric inhomogeneities. Additional parameters in the argument of the Airy function that occur as a natural result of the derivation show promise for using the waveform to facilitate imaging around corners. Second quantization is applied resulting in a version of the waveform when only one signal photon is present for entangled or non-entangled systems. Even when only one signal photon is propagating the waveform is shown to have advantages for sensing and imaging.
The effect of consumer heterogeneity on firm profits in conspicuous goods markets

Abstract Consumers purchase conspicuous goods, such as luxury cars, to satisfy both social and functional needs. Heterogeneity in the emphases that consumers place on these two drivers of utility in conspicuous goods markets creates two broad groups: functionality-oriented and exclusivity-oriented consumer segments. A game-theoretic model reveals how this segmentation affects the equilibrium extent of value enhancements in functionality and exclusivity, prices and profits. We show that firms increase value enhancements in their product when functionality-oriented consumers perceive greater product differentiation. In contrast, firms reduce value enhancements in their product if exclusivity-oriented consumers perceive greater product differentiation. We also show that, in the presence of such heterogeneous consumers, lower perceived product differentiation is consistent with higher profitability. We also find conditions in which firm profits could decrease with a higher proportion of exclusivity-oriented consumers. The proposed model helps explain why conspicuous good manufacturers pursue lower within-category product differentiation (as validated empirically with an application to the automotive industry). These findings also provide prescriptions for firms' product value enhancement decisions—in equilibrium, increase in the size of the functionality-oriented consumer segment leads to reduced value enhancements in functionality and exclusivity.
Lymphotoxin targeted to salivary and lacrimal glands induces tertiary lymphoid organs and cervical lymphadenopathy and reduces tear production

To investigate the role of lymphotoxin (LT) in Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and in mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-lymphoma, we made transgenic mice (Amy1-LTαβ) that targeted LTα and LTβ to the salivary and lacrimal glands. Amy1-LTαβ mice developed atrophic salivary and lacrimal glands that contained tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) and had reduced tear production. Amy1-LTαβ mice developed cervical lymphadenopathy but not MALT-lymphoma. TLO formation in the salivary and lacrimal glands of Amy1-LTαβ was not sufficient to induce autoimmunity as measured by autoantibody titres.
On the Synthesis and Characterization of Polylactic Acid, Polyhydroxyalkanoate, Cellulose Acetate, and Their Engineered Blends by Solvent Casting

In this paper, we report the synthesis of polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), cellulose acetate (CA), and their binary and ternary blends by solvent casting. PLA, PHA, and CA had tensile strengths of ~ 59.4, ~ 17.4 and ~ 23.9 MPa, respectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that binary blends of PLA and PHA are immiscible in each other. During mechanical testing, 50 PHA–50 PLA showed mild enhancement and had a tensile strength of ~ 37.8 MPa as compared to 75 PLA–25 PHA and 25 PLA–75 PHA, which had tensile strengths of ~ 31.2 and ~ 22.9 MPa, respectively. This may be due to the formation of crystallized PHA in PLA matrix, which was further supported by the DSC results and analysis of fractured surface of 50 PHA–50 PLA. The addition of 24, 49, 74, and 89.5 vol.% CA in the PHA matrix improved the tensile strength to ~ 25.8, ~ 25.9, ~ 44.9, and ~ 42.4 MPa, respectively. Based on DSC results, it is hypothesized that the strength enhancement is due to synergistic effect of crystallization of PHA and plasticizing effect of CA additions. The addition of CA in PLA caused severe demixing, and the strength of PLA matrix reduced to ~ 25.8 and ~ 21.4 MPa after the additions of 24 and 49 vol.% CA in PLA matrix, respectively. In ternary blends, the addition of 5 and 19 vol.% CA degraded the strength of PHA–PLA to ~ 22.6 and ~ 21.8 MPa, respectively. However, after the addition of higher concentrations of CA, for example 32, 59, and 79 vol.% CA additions in PHA–PLA matrix, the strength improved to ~ 32.9, ~ 39.3, and ~ 32.1 MPa, respectively. The enhancement in strength can be explained by the increase in amorphous nature of these blends, which was further supported by the DSC results.
In utero exposure to systemic antibiotics vs reference penicillins was not linked to congenital malformations.

Source Citation Damkier P, Bronniche LM, Korch-Frandsen JF, Broe A. In utero exposure to antibiotics and risk of congenital malformations: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221:64...
Reactionary Technopolitics: A Critical Sociohistorical Review

This paper outlines a critical social history of reactionary media, political, and information networks—what I refer to generally as technopolitics—in the United States and their significance to the hostility towards truth and fact that is a central feature of our political present. I begin with a critical review of the unique right-wing media and political ecosystem that emerged from the alliance between neoliberalism and social conservatism in the twentieth-century. In the second section, I focus on digitization, Trump, and the alt-right, and discuss the historical tethers connecting the latter to the cyber-libertarians and white supremacists operating on the early internet. Next, I take stock of the history covered in the paper, and argue that we can see three general sociopolitical tendencies emerging from our current juncture: something like a paleoconservative hardening of the Republican Party’s base; the degeneration of the core alt-right into white supremacist terrorism; and the rise of an “intellectualist” reactionary assemblage epitomized by the Intellectual Dark Web (IDW). I provide a brief analysis of the IDW and discuss its chief political and social significance in the post-Trump, post-alt-right social landscape of what Jodi Dean describes as communicative capitalism.
Noise suppression by stochastic delays in negatively autoregulated gene expression

We consider a mechanistic stochastic model of an autoregulatory genetic circuit with time delays. More specifically, a protein is expressed in random bursts from its corresponding gene. The synthesized protein is initially inactive and becomes active after a time delay. Rather than considering a deterministic delay, a key aspect of this work is to incorporate stochastic time delays, where the delay is an independent and identically distributed random variable. The active protein inhibits its own production creating a negative feedback loop. Our analysis reveals that for an exponentially-distributed time delay, the noise in protein levels decreases to the Poisson limit with increasing mean time delay. Interestingly, for a gamma-distributed time delay contrasting noise behaviors emerge based on the negative feedback strength. At low feedback strengths the protein noise levels monotonically decrease to the Poisson limit with increasing average delay. At intermediate feedback strengths, the noise levels first increase to reach a maximum, and then decrease back to the Poisson limit with increasing average delay. Finally, with strong feedback the protein noise levels monotonically increase with increasing average delay. For each of these scenarios we provide approximate analytical formulas for the protein mean and noise levels, and validate these results by performing exact Monte Carlo simulations. In conclusion, our results uncover a counter-intuitive feature where inclusion of stochastic delays in a negative feedback circuit can play a beneficial role in buffering deleterious fluctuations in the level of a protein.
Effects of the tailored activity program (TAP) on dementia-related symptoms, health events and caregiver wellbeing: a randomized controlled trial.

People living with dementia (PLWD) and caregivers are adversely impacted by lack of meaningful activity leading to worse symptoms and impaired quality-of-life. There is a critical need to develop effective and well-tolerated treatments that mitigate clinical symptoms, engage PLWD and support caregiver wellbeing. We tested whether, compared to attention control, the Tailored Activity Program (TAP) reduced clinical symptoms and health-related events, and improved caregiver wellbeing, and if TAP activities were well-tolerated. We conducted a single-blind randomized controlled trial among 250 dyads recruited from Baltimore-Washington DC (2012–2016) with a dementia diagnosis and clinically significant agitation/aggression. Dyads were randomized to TAP (n = 124) or attention control (n = 126), and interviewed at baseline, 3 (endpoint) and 6-months (follow-up) by interviewers masked to group allocation. TAP assessed PLWD abilities/interests, instructed caregivers in using prescribed activities, and provided dementia education and stress reduction techniques. Attention controls received disease education and home safety tips. Both groups had up to 8 home visits over 3-months. The primary outcome was frequency by severity scores for agitation/aggression subscales of Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician using caregiver ratings. Secondary outcomes included number of instrumental (IADL) and activities of daily living (ADL) needing assistance, caregiver wellbeing, and confidence using activities. Health-related events (PLWD death, hospitalizations, caregiver hospitalization, depression) and perceived study benefits were captured over 6 months. PLWD tolerability of prescribed activities was examined. Of 250 dyads, most caregivers were female (81.2 %, n = 203), non-spouses (54.4 %, n = 136), white (59.2 %, n = 145) or African American (36.7 %, n = 90) with mean age = 65.4 (SD = 12.6). PLWD were mostly female (63.2 %, n = 158) with mean age = 81.4 (SD = 7.9), and mean MMSE = 14.3 (SD = 7.8). At 3-months, compared to controls, TAP conferred no benefit to agitation/aggression (p = 0.43, d = 0.11), but resulted in less IADL (p = 0.02, d=-0.33), and ADL (p = 0.04, d=-0.30) assistance, improved caregiver wellbeing (p = 0.01, d = 0.39), and confidence using activities (p = 0.02, d = 0.32). By 6-months, 15 PLWD in TAP had ≥ 1 health-related event versus 28 PLWD in control, demonstrating 48.8 % improvement in TAP (p = 0.03). TAP caregivers were more likely to perceive study benefits. Prescribed activities were well-tolerated. Although TAP did not benefit agitation/aggression, it impacted important outcomes that matter to families warranting its use in dementia care. Clinicaltrials.gov # NCT01892579 at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; Date of clinical trial registration: 04/07/2013; Date first dyad enrolled: 15/11/2013.
Integrated Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion and Coronary Angiography with PET/CT

The integration of positron emission tomography (PET) and multidetector CT (PET/CT) technology provides a potential opportunity to delineate the anatomic extent and physiologic severity of coronary atherosclerosis and obstructive disease in a single setting. It allows detection and quantification of the burden of the extent of calcified and noncalcified plaques, quantification of vascular reactivity and endothelial health, and identification of flow-limiting coronary stenoses. PET/CT also has the potential to identify high-risk plaques in the coronary and other arterial beds. Together, by revealing the degree and location of anatomic stenoses and their physiologic significance, and the plaque burden and its composition, integrated PET/CT can provide unique information that may improve noninvasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the prediction of cardiovascular risk. In addition, this approach expands the diagnostic capability of nuclear cardiology to include atherosclerosis and may facilitate further study of atherothrombosis progression and its response to therapy, thus allowing assessment of subclinical disease.
Can Ranking Nationalities Explain the Salary Discrepancies in Major League Soccer

Previous work on soccer wages finds that some European leagues place higher than expected values on players from South America. The same case could be argued for Major League Soccer (MLS), which has previously expressed a desire to impress Hispanic markets through player acquisitions. Contrary to previous work, this paper focuses on the rank of a player’s nationality, rather than assuming all players from one continent represent similar backgrounds. Using data available through the MLS, MLS Player’s Union, and FIFA, linear and quantile regression techniques estimate wage premiums for a player’s nationality rank to uncover possible customer or owner discrimination. Players’ countries are ranked within each continent into either “top countries” or “bottom countries,” then compared across different specifications. Wage premiums ranged from 30% to 130% for the majority of top ranking countries within North America, Europe, and Africa, while certain South American countries earned wage discounts depending on their country’s rank.
Institutional Review Board approval and innovation in urology: current practice and safety issues.

Objective To retrospectively review recent publications describing novel procedures/techniques, and describe the Institutional Review Board (IRB)/ethics approval process and potential ethical dilemmas in their reporting. Materials and Methods We searched PubMed for papers about innovative or novel procedures/techniques between 2011 and August 2012. A query of titles/abstracts in the Journal of Urology, Journal of Endourology, European Urology, BJU International, and Urology identified relevant papers. These results were reviewed for human studies that described an innovative technique, procedure, approach, initial series, and/or used new technology. Results In all, 91 papers met criteria for inclusion; 25 from the Journal of Endourology, 14 from the Journal of Urology, nine from European Urology, 15 from the BJU International and 28 from Urology. IRB/ethics approval was given for an experimental procedure or database in 24% and 22%, respectively. IRB/ethics approval was not mentioned in 52.7% of studies. Conclusions Published IRB/ethics approvals for innovative techniques are heterogeneous including database, retrospective, and prospective approvals. Given the concept that innovations are likely not in the legal or ethical standard of care, strong consideration should be given to obtaining IRB/ethics approval before the actual procedure, instead of approval to merely report database outcomes.
The antecedents of client satisfaction in product design consulting

Product design consulting has been promoted as an open innovation strategy but project outcomes vary widely and the causes of this variation are not well understood. Because client satisfaction is both a holistic, overarching measure of consulting project success and an under-studied one, this paper derives a model explaining it in terms of project performance and value, working relationship quality, and the client’s experience with design consulting and reason for outsourcing the project. The model is tested using quantitative survey data from 97 consulting projects, and explains 73% of the observed variation in client satisfaction. The results confirm predictions from customer satisfaction theory but challenge conventional wisdom about outsourced innovation. Although design consultancies have been widely portrayed as “creativity experts,” clients outsourcing to obtain an original perspective had lower satisfaction than those outsourcing for other reasons. The consultancies were much more effective at rapid innovation, developing familiar products far more quickly than bureaucratic organizations and inexperienced start-ups can.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Development of iterative real-time scheduler to planner feedback

Planning for real-time applications involves decisions not only about what actions to take in what states to progress toward achieving goals (the traditional decision problem faced by AI planning systems), but also about how to realize those actions within hard real-time deadlines given the inherent limitations of an execution platform. Determining how to arrange actions in a sequence such that timely execution is guaranteed within constraints is a manifestation of the scheduling problem. All cases of the scheduling problem in any domain of nontrivial complexity are difficult to solve (NP-Hard). To more efficiently solve the real-time plan scheduling problem, we propose and analyze an iterative feedback/constraint relaxation method in which a scheduler and planner iteratively interact to efficiently develop a well-utilized schedule which includes as many planned actions as possible. This method has been successfully implemented within the Cooperative Intelligent Real-time Control Architecture (CIRCA).
Specificity of priming reaction of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, 2'-OH or 3'-OH

It has not been unambiguously demonstrated whether the priming reaction of human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) cDNA synthesis initiates with either the 2'-OH or 3'-OH group of the 3'-terminal adenosine residue of tRNA(Lys-3). In this report, we synthesized tRNA(Lys-3) of which the 3'-terminal adenosine residue lacks either a 2'-OH or 3'-OH. These tRNA molecules were used for the HIV-1 cDNA-priming reaction in a cell-free system consisting of a 141-base RNA template and purified HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. It was found that under the conditions used, the tRNA containing the 2'-deoxyadenosine was able to initiate the cDNA synthesis, while the tRNA with the 3'-deoxyadenosine was not. The results show that retroviral reverse transcriptase specifically primes cDNA synthesis from the 3'-OH group. This is in contrast to bacterial reverse transcriptase, which initiates cDNA synthesis from the 2'-OH group of an internal guanosine residue of a template RNA.
Assessing the Comparability of Standardized Patient and Physician Evaluations of Clinical Skills

Accumulating evidence to defend decisions based on scores from evaluations is an ongoing process. The purpose of this investigation was to gather additional data to support the validity of inferences made from scores on the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates' Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA®). This was accomplished by contrasting CSA candidate scores, and pass/fail decisions, with those obtained from the American Board of Internal Medicine's Mini-CEX (Clinical Evaluation Exercise). Data gathering performance based on the number of unweighted history taking and physical examination checklist items adequately predicted the global ratings provided by physician observers. CSA ratings of doctor-patient communication skills correlated with mini-CEX ratings of like constructs, indicating that physician observers, using mini-CEX rating scales, are able to make realistic assessments of interpersonal skills. These results provide evidence of the convergent validity of CSA scores.
A stochastic equilibrium model of internet pricing

Abstract Perhaps the greatest technological innovation of the next several decades will be universal access and utilization of the Internet. Already congestion is becoming a serious impediment to efficient utilization. We introduce a stochastic equilibrium concept for a general mathematical model of the Internet, and demonstrate that the efficient social welfare maximizing stochastic allocation of Internet traffic can be supported by optimal congestion prices. We further demonstrate that approximately optimal prices can be readily computed and implemented in a decentralized system by constructing a large computer simulation model. We also address the alternative of building excess capacity to avoid congestion.
The Nuclear Magnetic Moment of 79197Au

The hyperfine structure of the 6s and 7s levels of Au I have been measured. The values of the nuclear magnetic moments calculated from the structure of these two levels using the Goudsmit-Fermi-Segre formula agree Since the Fermi-Segre factor is very large (1.424) for the 6s level and small (1.038) for the 7s level, this affords a good check on the validity of the method introduced by Crawford and Schawlow for the evaluation of this factor. When the corrections for the finite size of the nucleus are included, the spectroscopic value of the nuclear magnetic moment of 197Au is +0.136 n m
Due Process Challenges to Eyewitness Identification Based on Pre-Trial Photographic Arrays

Studies have shown that jurors tend to trust eyewitness testimony and evidentiary rules permit juries to convict solely on the basis of an eyewitness’ identification. Eyewitness testimony has been shown to be unreliable, however, and nearly fifty percent of those wrongly convicted were convicted based on eyewitness identification. This articles outlines the application of current procedural safeguards to protect an accused who has been the subject of a pretrial identification based on a photo array. It also explores the "fit" between the predictors of reliability, as demonstrated by empirical studies, and the rulings on reliability made by the courts.
A Feedback Scheme for Improving Dynamic Response of Neuro-Controllers

A neural network controller designed solely to realize maximum acceptable steady state error may have unsatisfactory transient response such as excessive overshoot and large rise time. Conversely, a controller designed to realize very good transient response may have unacceptable steady state characteristic. In this paper we investigate the effectiveness of adding velocity reference feedback for simultaneously improving the transient and steady state response of a neural network controller. Using the direct control scheme on the nonlinear dynamics of an underwater vehicle, we show that specific improvements in overshoot, rise time and settling time could be achieved with this method. The control scheme and results are discussed in detail.
Ibuprofen controlled-release formulation: A clinical trial in dental impaction pain

This double-blind study compared a controlled-release formulation of ibuprofen 600 mg with three doses of regular ibuprofen 200 mg and three doses of codeine 30 mg. Patients who had dental impaction surgery received the controlled-release ibuprofen, codeine, or regular ibuprofen when postoperative pain reached moderate to severe intensity. At 4 and 8 hours after dose 1, patients who had initially received the controlled-release ibuprofen received a placebo, and those taking ibuprofen and codeine received their second and third doses of those drugs. All doses of study medication or placebo appeared identical for each treatment. Subjects made evaluations hourly for 12 hours in a diary. The controlled-release ibuprofen had a comparable onset to ibuprofen, a higher peak effect, and was significantly more effective than ibuprofen at hour 4; the controlled-release ibuprofen was significantly more effective than codeine for all hourly observations through hour 9. Ibuprofen was significantly better than codeine only through hour 3. The controlled-release ibuprofen had the lowest incidence of side effects and codeine the highest. The single dose of the controlled-release ibuprofen formulation appeared as efficacious as three regular doses of ibuprofen 200 mg over a 12-hour period.
Does Neurofeedback Help Reduce Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neurofeedback is an alternative treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but its efficacy is unknown. This narrative review examines rigorous studies conducted utilizing neurofeedback as a treatment for ADHD. Methods: Studies were located by searching the Web of Science and PsycINFO databases with the keywords ADHD or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder AND neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback or electroencephalogram biofeedback. Located studies were chosen for initial review if they met the following criteria: (a) randomized controlled trial or quasi-experiment, (b) ADHD diagnosis based on DSM criteria, (c) published at any time prior to March 2010, (d) English language, and (e) published in a peer-reviewed journal. Participants included children, adolescents, and adults diagnosed with ADHD. Results: Twelve articles reporting 9 different studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. All 9 studies produced results that indicated signifi...
Health inequalities and the welfare state: perspectives from social epidemiology

It might be assumed that welfare states that have done so much to reduce inequality of opportunity have also reduced inequality of health outcomes. While great advances have been seen in reducing the rates of many diseases in welfare states, disparities in health have not been eliminated. Is it the case that lowering risks overall will leave disparities that cannot be remediated, and that such efforts are at the point of diminishing returns? The evidence suggests that this is not true. Instead the lens of social epidemiology can be used to identify groups that are at unequal risk and to suggest strategies for reducing health inequalities through upstream, midstream, and downstream interventions. The evidence suggests that these interventions be targeted at low socioeconomic position, place-based limitations in opportunities and resources, stages of the life course and the accumulation of disadvantage across the life course, and the underlying health-related factors that are associated with the marginalization and exclusion of certain groups. In their commitment to the values of equity and social justice, welfare states have unique opportunities to demonstrate the extent to which health inequalities can be eliminated.
Tetraspanin CD81 Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Modulating the Functions of T Regulatory and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells

Tumor cells counteract innate and adaptive antitumor immune responses by recruiting regulatory T cells (Treg) and innate myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), which facilitate immune escape and metastatic dissemination. Here we report a role in these recruitment processes for CD81, a member of the tetraspanin family of proteins that have been implicated previously in cancer progression. We found that genetic deficiency in CD81 reduced tumor growth and metastasis in two genetic mouse backgrounds and multiple tumor models. Mechanistic investigations revealed that CD81 was not required for normal development of Treg and MDSC but was essential for immunosuppressive functions. Notably, adoptive transfer of wild-type Treg into CD81-deficient mice was sufficient to promote tumor growth and metastasis. Our findings suggested that CD81 modulates adaptive and innate immune responses, warranting further investigation of CD81 in immunomodulation in cancer and its progression.
A GAME THEORETIC/NETWORK EQUILIBRIUM SOLUTION APPROACH FOR THE RAILROAD FREIGHT CAR MANAGEMENT PROBLEM

Abstract The paper presents the development and solution procedures of a mathematical model of the management of a fleet of cars shared by autonomous profit maximizing managers faced with time-varying demands requiring shared service responsibility. Motivation for the model development arises from the freight car management problem, in which many railroads independently manage an interchangeable fleet of cars that serve customers with time-dependent origin-destination patterns; this often requires the cooperative service of more than one railroad. The problem is formulated as an N -person, noncooperative game played on a temporal-spatial network. An iterative sequential procedure is developed for which car management decisions for each railroad over a specified time horizon are based on the previously calculated optimized decisions of car management decisions for all other railroads. Several realistic test case problems are reported that exhibit rapid convergence to an equilibrium solution. It is proposed that this modeling procedure be used as a basis for evaluating (and possibly generating optimal) interrailroad agreements for the exchange of empty freight cars.
An Interprofessional Learning Opportunity Affecting Student Attitudes towards Health Care

Background Interprofessional education is an emerging trend in health professional education. This study tested the effects of a new educational intervention with first-year health professional students on their perceptions of interprofessional education, understanding the roles of various health professions, and attitudes toward future interprofessional practice.
Different binding sites for methanol dehydrogenation and deoxygenation on stoichiometric and defective TiO2(110) surfaces

Abstract Methanol adsorption on stoichiometric and defective TiO2(1 1 0) surfaces was studied by means of TPRS and XPS. Anion vacancy defects were created by electron bombardment in order to minimize the structural damage inflicted to the surface. Methanol adsorbed dissociatively on the TiO2(1 1 0) surfaces at room temperature, forming methoxide and hydroxide groups. On the stoichiometric surface most methoxide groups recombined at low temperature (320 K) to form methanol, while a small fraction (∼15%) converted to formaldehyde and methanol at high temperature (630 K). On the electron-irradiated (defective) surfaces, a significant fraction of methoxy groups (28–36%) reacted to form methane above 450 K. The activation energy for methane desorption decreased with increasing number of anion vacancy defects. Methane formation from methoxy is favored in the presence of defects because the oxygen released is returned to the surface, healing the anion vacancy defects. Two different binding sites for the methoxy species (Ti4+ cations and anion vacancy defects) are proposed to be responsible for the different reaction products. Oxygen post-dosed after methanol onto the defective surfaces results in the formation of methanol and formaldehyde at high temperature, as on the stoichiometric surface.
Modern-Day Scurvy: A Case Following Gastric Bypass

Abstract This case study describes a patient who had a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and presented to bariatric surgery clinic with bleeding gums, ataxia, fatigue, and numbness and tingling of extremities 11 months after his bypass. A nutrition assessment revealed increased nausea and vomiting, sporadic vitamin and mineral intake, and severely decreased oral intake. This patient was found to have several nutrient deficiencies, including vitamin C, and he eventually required a gastrostomy tube to supplement his limited oral intake.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin-containing axons in the hypothalamus of the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus

The wild white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, is commonly used for photoperiod studies utilizing physiological, behavioral, and other biological measures indicative of hypothalamic functions. Indoleamines, like melatonin and serotonin, are implicated in regulating these hypothalamic functions. Although neurochemical analyses of hypothalamic serotonin and its receptors have been reported for this species, the relevant neuroanatomy of the serotonin system within mouse hypothalamus has not been studied. A sensitive immunohistochemical method was used to detect serotonin within axons of coronal sections of formaldehyde fixed forebrain from P. leucopus. Large, medium and small diameter serotonin axons were evaluated in most regions, or nuclei, of the hypothalamus rostral to the mammillary region. A fourth type of serotonin axon was observed to have morphology characteristic of terminal arbors. The density of serotonin axons ranged from no staining to very high density similar to other species for which reports exist, i.e., rat, cat, and monkey. The ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus had distinctively lesser density of serotonin axons in this mouse than other species. Evidence of terminal arborization in hypothalamic nuclei and regions was evident. Neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral functions of the hypothalamus are suggested to be regulated by input from serotonin terminals in this wild species of mouse, in correlation with receptor localization as reported by others.
Chronic ethanol consumption in rats produces residual increases in anxiety 4 months after withdrawal.

Abstract The present study investigated the long-term effects of ethanol consumption in rats. Subjects were maintained on either an ethanol (alcohol) (2.7–6.7%, v/v) or an isocaloric liquid control diet for 26 consecutive days ( M = 13.7 g/kg/day). Testing for working memory was conducted in a Morris water maze (2 trials/day for 8 days) and commenced after either a short (19 days) or long (120 days) abstinence period. This was followed by assessment of 72 h retention of passive avoidance. Animals were killed either 41 (short abstinence) or 152 days (long abstinence) post-ethanol and their brains stained with cresyl violet. Assessments of dorsal-ventral and medial-lateral cortical vertices were measured in sections derived from eight coronal planes extending +4.20 to −4.16 mm from Bregma. Results indicated that subjects in the ethanol/long abstinence group exhibited increased state anxiety due to their propensity to be thigmotaxtic (i.e., wall-hugging) in the water maze. Unfortunately, such a swim pattern precluded assessment of working memory in our subjects. No evidence of ethanol-induced memory decrements were observed on retention of passive avoidance. There was some evidence that animals in the ethanol/long abstinent group suffered cortical thinning and slight compression of the CA1 layer within the hippocampus, although age might have contributed to the former effect. It was concluded that chronic ethanol consumption increases anxiety even after an extended period of withdrawal and may conspire with age to affect cortical integrity.
Catalytic decomposition of alcohols over size-selected Pt nanoparticles supported on ZrO2: A study of activity, selectivity, and stability

Abstract This article discusses the performance of ZrO 2 -supported size-selected Pt nanoparticles for the decomposition of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and 2-butanol. The potential of each alcohol for the production of H 2 and other relevant products in the presence of a catalyst is studied in a packed-bed mass flow reactor operating at atmospheric pressure. All the alcohols studied show some decomposition activity below 200 °C which increased with increasing temperature. In all cases, high selectivity towards H 2 formation is observed. With the exception of methanol, all alcohol conversion reactions lead to catalyst deactivation at high temperatures ( T > 250 °C for 2-propanol and 2-butanol, T > 325 °C for ethanol) due to carbon poisoning. However, long-term catalyst deactivation can be avoided by optimizing reaction conditions such as operating temperature.
Structural Optimization Research of Composite Aircraft Based on Different Wing Stiffness Constraints

Wing stiffness, mainly including bending stiffness and torsion stiffness, is very important in aircraft structure design. In order to research the relation between wing stiffness and optimization results, this paper makes optimization analysis to a composite T-tail configuration and a composite flying wing configuration based on different wing stiffness constraints, and some valuable conclusions are achieved.
The journalist as citizen activist: The ethical limits of free speech

In recent years some journalists have become aggressive and outspoken in challenging corporate policies that restrict a reporter's off‐duty political activities, particularly when they are unrelated to the reporter's primary job assignment. This dispute is beginning to spawn litigation that constitutes a direct assault on the journalistic canon of objectivity and the media's right to establish their own ethical benchmarks. This article explores the legal implications of conflict of interest codes and concludes that the public's interest in news media—unencumbered as to their standards of editorial integrity—should trump the individual free speech rights of journalists.
The minimal support discrete divergence free basis functions for a mini-element

Abstract In this paper, a discrete divergence free basis is constructed for a low order mini-element. When such basis is used to discretize the Navier-Stokes equations, the pressure can be eliminated from the determination of the velocity field.
Enhancing Checkpoint Performance with Staging IO and SSD

With the ever-growing size of computer clusters and applications, system failures are becoming inevitable. Checkpointing, a strategy to ensure fault tolerance, has become imperative in such an environment. However existing mechanism of checkpoint writing to parallel systems doesn't perform well with increasing job size. Solid State Disk(SSD) is attracting more and more attention due to its technical merits such as good random access performance, low power consumption and shock resistance. However, how to apply SSDs into a parallel storage system to improve checkpoint writing still remains an open question. In this paper we propose a new strategy to enhance checkpoint writing performance by aggregating checkpoint writing at client side, and utilizing staging IO on data servers. We also explore the potentials to substitute traditional hard disks with SSDs on data server to achieve better write bandwidth. Our strategy achieves up to 6.3 times higher write bandwidth than a popular parallel file system PVFS2 with 8 client nodes and 4 data servers. In experiments with real applications using 64 application processes and 4 data servers, our strategy can accelerate checkpoint writing by up to 9.9 times compared to PVFS2.
Impact of plasticizers and tackifiers on the crystallization of isotactic poly(1-butene)

Abstract Crystallization of a semi-crystalline polyolefin in the presence of low molecular weight modifiers was quantified by differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The polyolefin was a commercial grade of isotactic poly(1-butene) (iPB). Two modifiers were used: an oligomeric plasticizer, designated HOAO, which decreased the glass transition temperature ( T g ) of the system, and an oligomeric tackifier, designated HOCP, which increased T g . Binary iPB/modifier blends containing 10% or 20% by weight of HOAO or HOCP were examined to determine how their addition affects T g , while ternary iPB/HOAO/HOCP blends containing 10% or 20% by weight of total modifier were examined to determine the effects of dilution by using a ratio of HOAO to HOCP that matched the T g of iPB. The addition of modifier decreased the nucleation rate, spherulitic crystal growth rate, and final crystallinity of each blend. However, only the nucleation rate showed a dependence on the type of modifier, with nucleation retarded more by HOCP than by HOAO. A Hoffman–Weeks analysis of the melting point as a function of crystallization temperature confirmed that the driving force for nucleation was reduced, and that the effect was larger for HOCP. An Avrami analysis of the bulk crystallization kinetics was consistent with these observations, as the Avrami exponents were in the range of 3–4.
Adrenal gland size as an index of adrenocortical secretion rate in the California ground squirrel.

The question, Is adrenal gland weight a useful index of adrenocortical secretion rate?, is answered by correlation analysis of gland weights and secretion rates in California ground squirrels. The weights and rates had a highly significant correlation coefficient of 0.75 in a combined sample of 12 females and 17 males. For the sexes separately the coefficients were significant at 0.55 and 0.56 respectively. Neither the correlation nor the regression coefficients showed any significant sex differences. A graph is presented showing sample sizs of adrenal weights required to distinguish mean differences in secretion rates at given confidence levels. It is concluded that gland weight is a useful index of secretion rate under steady state or slowly changing conditions. Apparent contradictions to this conclusion in the literature are resolved in discussion.
Nitrate leaching under furrow irrigation as affected by crop sequence and tillage

The potential for NO 3 -N leaching after alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in irrigated crop production depends on cropping sequence and tillage practices. A 2-yr field experiment in south-central Idaho compared the NO 3 -N leached following alfalfa of a conventional tillage bean-bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) rotation with a silage corn (Zea mays L.)-winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation in a conventional tillage or no-till system. Nitrate leaching was determined by: (i) sampling the soil solution below the root zone (1.2 and 1.5 m) using ceramic-tipped samplers and calculating the N movement from the water balance, and (ii) measuring the change in soil NO 3 -N at 1.35 to 4.5 m from soil samples taken in the fall and spring to 4.5 m. During the second growing season, average soil solution NO 3 -N concentrations (below the root zone) were 28, 4, and 10 mg L -1 for the bean-bean, corn-wheat no-till, and corn-wheat tilled treatments, respectively. The soil NO 3 -N in 1.35 to 3.3 m at the end of the study was 80 kg N ha -1 higher for the bean-bean treatment than for the corn-wheat treatments. The NO 3 -N that moved below 1.35 m during the 2 yr was 53 kg ha -1 higher for the bean-bean than for the corn-wheat treatments. The soil NO 3 -N in the 1.35 to 3.3 m depth after 2 yr was 21 kg ha -1 higher for the corn-wheat under conventional tillage than under the no-till system
The community mental health center and the schools: A model for collaboration through demonstration

This demonstration classroom, staffed jointly by the public schools and a community mental health center, offers direct therapeutic and academic service to 10 emotionally disordered adolescents. But even more important, it offers opportunities for observation, participation, and training to teachers of the community. A rotation is provided to practice teachers and to experienced teachers through phases of observation, data collection, monitoring, and instructing. The foci of the program are accurate observation, use of contingencies, the method of approximations, and discrimination-training. The impact of the program is upon thousands of pupils, through the increased ability of trained teachers to effectively maximize the school experience in their own classrooms.