cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SEARCHING FOR THE SOUL OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITIES: AN EXPLORATION AND ANALYSIS OF CHRISTIAN HIGHER EDUCATION IN ENGLAND

ABSTRACT: Although church-related universities in England gradually became more secular throughout the twentieth century, a group of nine teacher education colleges with church foundations have recently developed into full fledged universities. This article draws upon documentary and site-based research to evaluate the relevance of the Christian identity for these institutions in light of recent scholarship on the subject.
Electron microscopic study on constituent chromofilaments of metabolic chromosomes.

Abstract The isolation of metabolic chromosomes from triton Triturus pyrhogaster erythrocyte nuclei has successfully been performed by ultrasonic vibrations. The metabolic chromosome is composed of at least 32 constituent chromofilaments, which consist of opaque particles 50–120 mμ in diameter and intercalary filaments 10 mμ in width.
Responses of chickens subjected to thyroid hormone depletion–repletion☆

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the relationship between lipid metabolism and the expression of specific genes in chickens fed methimazole to produce hypothyroidism. Male, broiler chickens growing from 14 to 28 days of age were fed diets containing 18% crude protein and either 0 or 1 g methimazole per kg of diet. At 28 days, these two groups were further subdivided into groups receiving 18% crude protein diets containing either 0 or 1 mg triiodothyronine (T(3)) per kg. Birds were sampled at intervals from 0 to 120 h. Measurements taken included in vitro lipogenesis (IVL), malic enzyme (ME), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD-NADP), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) activities and the expression of the genes for ME, fatty acid synthase (FAS), NADP-ICD, AAT and acetyl coenzyme carboxylase (ACC). Gene expression was estimated with real time RT-PCR assays. Expression rates were noted as C(t)'s. Dietary methimazole decreased IVL and ME at 28 days of age. T(3) and supplementation for 1 day restored both IVL and ME. Paradoxically, continuing T(3) replenishment for a longer period decreased IVL without affecting ME activity. Although methimazole decreased ME gene expression, there was only a transitory relationship between enzyme activity and gene expression when plasma T(3) was replenished with exogenous T(3). These data explain the apparent dichotomies in lipid metabolism elicited by changes in the thyroid state of animals. Most metabolic changes in response to feeding T(3) occurred within a short period of time, suggesting that changes in intermediary metabolism preceded morphological changes. Furthermore, the thyroid state of the animal will determine responses to exogenous T(3).
Split-complex representation of the universal hypermultiplet

Split-complex fields usually appear in the context of Euclidean supersymmetry. In this paper, we propose that this can be generalized to the non-Euclidean case and that, in fact, the split-complex representation may be the most natural way to formulate the scalar fields of the five dimensional universal hypermultiplet. We supplement earlier evidence of this by studying a specific class of solutions and explicitly showing that it seems to favor this formulation. We also argue that this is directly related to the symplectic structure of the general hypermultiplet fields arising from nontrivial Calabi-Yau moduli. As part of the argument, we find new explicit instanton and 3-brane solutions coupled to the four scalar fields of the universal hypermultiplet.
Radiolabel incorporation associated with tissue factor production in cultured human fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

Abstract Incorporation of 14C leucine and 3H glucosamine into cellular components increases concomitant with production of tissue factor (thromboplastin) activity in human fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells after subculture. After an initial burst, coagulant activity and incorporation of leucine and glucosamine both decline (within 12 hours). In smooth muscle cells, a minor activity peak was associated with the early burst of synthetic activity. 48 hours after subculture of these cells, tissue factor had increased substantially with lesser but measurable increments of glucosamine and leucine incorporation. The radiolabel content and tissue factor activity of the material released from the cells by trypsin digestion, presumably representing the surface coat, rose and fell in a manner similar to the total cell culture. We conclude that changes of tissue factor levels in the cultured cell may be one aspect of more generalized synthetic events.
Placebo analgesia —a role for endorphins?

Abstract Placebo effects are well known both in clinical medicine and in experimentalpsychology. Treatments that ought to have no effect produce dramatic subjective changes, presumably due to expectation and other psychological factors. Pain is particularly responsive to placebo administration 1,2 . Placebos have been reported to provide significant relief for a variety of conditions usually associated with severe pain, including cancer, labor and postoperative incisional pain 3 . The mystery of pain's susceptibility to placebo has only very recently begun to yield to systematic study. The most important conceptual advance was the discovery of a neural network that selectively inhibits pain 4 and has endogenous opioid peptide (endorphin) links 5 . This discovery raised the attractive hypothesis that placebo analgesia is due to activation of an analgesia system mediated by endorphins. Two recent studies using different approaches have addressed but not resolved the issue of whether endorphins contribute to placebo-induced analgesia 6,7 .
Temporal stability and spatial divergence of mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) from coastal regions of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico

Restriction-site variation in mitochondrial (mt) DNA was assayed among 1675 red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus Linnaeus) sampled from 20 localities along the southeastern coast of the USA (western Atlantic) and the Gulf of Mexico (Gulf). Up to four consecutive year-classes (cohorts) were sampled at most localities. Nucleotide-sequence divergence among 170 mtDNA haplotypes identified ranged (in percentage) from 0.184 to 1.913, with a mean (±SD) of 0.887 ± 0.300. Comparisons of mtDNA haplotype frequencies across year-classes within localities were non-significant, indicating temporal stability of breeding components within localities. Significant heterogeneity in mtDNA haplotype frequencies was found across all localities, between (pooled) samples from the western Atlantic and the Gulf, and among geographically spaced, regional groupings in the Gulf. Genetic divergence between subpopulations of red drum in the western Atlantic and Gulf follows a pattern exhibited in other marine fishes, and probably stems from physical (historical environmental heterogeneity, absence of suitable habitat, and current patterns) and, perhaps, behavioral factors. Genetic differences among red drum in the Gulf appear to be due largely to an isolation-by-distance effect that is attributable to behavioral factors. The latter may include female philopatry to natal bays or estuaries, limited offshore (coastwise) movement of females relative to their natal bay or estuary, or both. Genetic divergence among red drum in the Gulf occurs despite high gene flow (estimated as the number of genetic effective migrants in an island mode). Conservation and management of red drum should be based on the premise that strategies for a given bay or estuary will impact geographically proximal bays or estuaries more than distal ones. Trajectories of correlograms in spatial autocorrelation analysis suggest a geographic neighborhood size, relative to genetic migration of red drum from a bay or estuary, of roughly 500 to 600 km.
Linking limitation to species composition: importance of inter- and intra-specific variation in grazing resistance.

Short-term responses of producers highlight that key nutrients (e.g., N, P)—or combinations of these nutrients—limit primary production in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These discoveries continue to provide highly valuable insights, but it remains important to ask whether nutrients always predominantly limit producers despite wide variation in nutrient supply and herbivory among systems. After all, predictions from simple food chain models (derived here) readily predict that limitation by grazers can exceed that by nutrients, given sufficient enrichment. However, shifts in composition of producers and/or increasing dominance of invulnerable stages of a producer can, in theory, reduce grazer limitation and retain primacy of nutrient limitation along nutrient supply gradients. We observed both mechanisms (inter- and intra-species variation in vulnerability to herbivory) working in a two-part mesocosm experiment. We incubated diverse benthic algal assemblages for several months either in the presence or absence of benthic macro-grazers in mesocosms that spread a broad range of nutrient supply. We then conducted short-term assays of nutrient and grazer limitation on these communities. In the “historically grazed” assemblages, we found shifts from more edible, better competitors to more resistant producers over enrichment gradients (as anticipated by the food web model built with a tradeoff in resistance vs. competitive abilities). However, contrary to our expectations, “historically ungrazed” assemblages became dominated by producers with vulnerable juvenile forms but inedible adult forms (long filaments). Consequently, we observed higher resource limitation rather than grazer limitation over this nutrient supply gradient in both “historically grazed” (expected) and “historically ungrazed” (not initially expected). Thus, via multiple, general mechanisms involving resistance to grazing (changes in species composition or variation in stage-structured vulnerability), producer assemblages should remain more strongly or as strongly limited by nutrients than grazers, even over large enrichment gradients.
Testosterone plasma levels in adult male rats injected neonatally with estradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate

Abstract Peripheral testosterone plasma levels of 240 day old rats, determined by competitive protein binding method, were 504 mμg/100 ml of plasma. In males of the same age, injected at the age of 5 days with 50 or 250 μg of estradiol benzoate, the mean values were 270 mμg and 195 mμg respectively. Neonatal injection of 250 μg of testosterone propionate produced no change in circulating testosterone levels; mean value for this group was 525 mμg.
Isolation and interaction of ON and OFF pathways in human vision: Contrast discrimination at pattern offset

Abstract Pattern contrast discriminations is typically studied with simultaneous onset of the base contrast ( C ) and added contrast ( ΔC ) patterns. I measured contrast discrimination functions at pattern offset. A brief (30 msec) localized, spatially narrow-band D6 test stimulus was ΔC . The onset of ΔC was simultaneous with the offset of a large, 500 msec cosine pattern (the base contast C ). The D6 was either positive or negative contrast, and was masked by either positive or negative contrast, i.e., a light or dark bar of the cosine pattern. Stimuli were 3 cpd. Discrimination of negative ΔC at the offset of positive contrast followed a “dipper” function, as if the OFF pathway were isolated. A dipper function was also obtained for a positive ΔC at the offset of negative contrast (ON pathway isolation). But same-polarity ΔC and C yield a monotonic dscrimination function (“bumper” function) at the offset of C , suggesting inhibitory interaction. These discrimination functions for same-and opposite-polarity ΔC and C are the reverse of functions obtained at pattern onset. Manipulations of temporal asynchrony between patterns and manipulations of pattern polarity are thus functionally equivalent in determining the form of the contrast discrimination function. In a second experiment, I determined ΔC at times before and after the offeset of a high-contrast C and manipulated pattern polarity. The time course of threshold change is different for same vs opposite-polarity test and mask. The results suggest that interaction between ON and OFF pathway is delayed relative to the masking process within a pathway. Interaction between pathways may function to improve temporal resolution by suppressing persistence of neural response in the complementary pathway. The present pattern polarity and temporal asynchrony effects on the contrast discrimination function also decisively falsify the “uncertainty” hypothesis for low-contrast threshold facilitation (the dipper).
A particulate arachidonate lipoxygenase in human blood platelets

Abstract The microsomal fraction of human platelets contains a lipoxygenase activity in addition to the thromboxane-synthesizing activity. The enzymatic activity was stimulated by tryptophan, but inhibited by catecholamine, methemoglobin, and hydroquinones.
In situ measurement of thickness dependence of magnetoresistance and magnetic hysteresis loops of ultrathin Co films on a SiO2/Si(111) substrate

Abstract Ultrathin Co films ranging from 1 to 19 monolayers (ML) thick were grown by thermal evaporations on native-oxide-covered Si(1 1 1) surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). The thickness-dependent magnetoresistance (MR) and thickness-dependent magnetic hysteresis loops were measured in situ by a collinear four-point probe and surface magneto-optical Kerr effect (SMOKE) techniques, respectively. The magnetoresistance of the Co films, measured with the applied magnetic field parallel to the film plane and perpendicular to the current direction, was obtained only when the Co film thickness reached ∼7 ML. The MR increased monotonically from ∼0.01% at ∼7 ML to ∼0.11% at ∼19 ML. The onset of measurable magnetic hysteresis loops from the Co film occurred at ∼3 ML, earlier than the onset thickness ∼7 ML for measurable MR. The coercivity H c of the Co film decreased with the film thickness d in the range of 3–19 ML and followed a power law H c ∝ d − n with n =0.33±0.05. The MR change was attributed to scattering from domain walls. The coercivity decrease as a function of thickness was attributed to the decrease of surface domain-wall pinning.
SEXUAL FUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE COMPARED TO WOMEN WITHOUT PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE

ABSTRACTPurpose: We compared sexual function in women with pelvic organ prolapse to that in women without prolapse.Materials and Methods: We collected sexual function data using a standardized, val...
Automatic Handling of Global Variables for Multi-threaded MPI Programs

Conventional implementations of the MPI standard tend to associate one MPI process per processor, which limits their support for modern multi-core platforms. An increasingly popular approach is to combine MPI with threads where MPI "processes" are light-weight threads. Global variables in legacy MPI applications, however, present a challenge because they may be accessed by multiple MPI threads simultaneously. Thus, transforming legacy MPI applications to become thread-safe in such MPI execution environments requires proper handling of global variables. In this paper, we present three approaches to automatically eliminate global variables to ensure thread-safety for an MPI program. These approaches include: (a) a compiler-based refactoring technique, using a Photran-based tool as an example, which automates the source-to-source transformation for programs written in Fortran, (b) a technique based on a global offset table (GOT); and (c) a technique based on thread local storage (TLS). The second and third methods automatically detect global variables and privatize them for each thread at runtime. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and compare their performance using both synthetic benchmarks, such as the NAS Benchmarks, and a real scientific application, the FLASH code.
Hydrologic Modeling with NEXRAD Precipitation in Middle Tennessee

The use of radar-based precipitation is investigated for possible improvement of spatially lumped continuous hydrologic modeling in two subbasins of the Cumberland River basin in Middle Tennessee. ...
The influence of crystalloid type on acid–base and electrolyte status of cats with urethral obstruction

Objective: To compare the effect of a balanced isotonic crystalloid solution with that of 0.9% sodium chloride on the acid–base and electrolyte status of cats with urethral obstruction. Design: Randomized prospective clinical trial. Setting: Academic veterinary emergency room. Animals: Sixty-eight cats with naturally occurring urethral obstruction. Interventions: Cats were randomized to receive either a balanced isotonic crystalloid solution (Normosol-R, n=39) or 0.9% sodium chloride (n=29) for fluid therapy. Baseline venous blood gas and blood electrolyte values were obtained at the time of admission and at intervals during the course of therapy. Measurements and main results: Baseline values were similar between groups. Cats receiving Normosol-R had a significantly higher blood pH at 12 hours, a significantly greater increase in blood pH from baseline at 6 and 12 hours, as well as a significantly higher blood bicarbonate concentration at 12 hours and a significantly greater increase in blood bicarbonate from baseline at 6 and 12 hours. Conversely, the increase in blood chloride from baseline was significantly higher at 2, 6, and 12 hours in cats receiving 0.9% sodium chloride. There were no significant differences in the rate of decline of blood potassium from baseline between groups. Subgroup analysis of hyperkalemic cats (K+>6.0 mmol/L) and acidemic cats (pH<7.3) yielded similar findings. Conclusions: While both crystalloid solutions appear safe and effective for fluid therapy in cats with urethral obstruction, the use of a balanced electrolyte solution may allow more rapid correction of blood acid–base status within the first 12 hours of fluid therapy. The use of a potassium-containing balanced electrolyte solution does not appear to affect the rate of normalization of blood potassium in treated cats with urethral obstruction.
Repair of postinfarction ventricular septal defects

Postinfarction ventricular septal defects complicate approximately 1% to 2% of cases of acute myocardial infarction and account for about 5% of early deaths after myocardial infarction. By differentiating the surgical treatment of these acquired lesions from the surgical approaches used to repair congenital ventricular septal defects and realizing the significance of differing anatomic locations of postinfarction ventricular septal defects, techniques have been developed that have improved salvage of patients suffering this catastrophic complication of myocardial infarction. The principles underlying these surgical techniques include (1) expeditious establishment of total cardiopulmonary bypass with moderate hypothermia and meticulous attention to myocardial protection; (2) transinfarct approach to ventricular septal defect with the site of ventriculotomy determined by the location of the transmural infarction; (3) thorough trimming of the left ventricular margins of the infarct back to viable muscle to prevent delayed rupture of the closure; (4) conservative trimming of the right ventricular muscle as required for complete visualization of the margins of the defect; (5) inspection of the left ventricular papillary muscles and concomitant replacement of the mitral valve only if there is frank papillary muscular rupture; (6) closure of the septal defect without tension, which in most instances will require the use of prosthetic material; (7) closure of the infarctectomy without tension with generous use of prosthetic material as indicated, and epicardial placement of the patch to the free wall to avoid strain on the friable endocardial tissue; and (8) buttressing of the suture lines with pledgets or strips of Teflon felt or similar material to prevent sutures from cutting through friable muscle.
Cometabolism of chlorinated solvents by nitrifying bacteria: Kinetics, substrate interactions, toxicity effects, and bacterial response

Pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, Nitrosomonas europaea, were exposed to trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE), chloroform (CF), 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCA), or carbon tetrachloride (CT), in the presence of ammonia, in a quasi-steady-state bioreactor. Estimates of enzyme kinetics constants, solvent inactivation constants, and culture recovery constants were obtained by simultaneously fitting three model curves to experimental data using nonlinear optimization techniques and an enzyme kinetics model, referred to as the inhibition, inactivation, and recovery (IIR) model, that accounts for inhibition of ammonia oxidation by the solvent, enzyme inactivation by solvent product toxicity, and respondent synthesis of new enzyme (recovery). Results showed relative enzyme affinities for ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) of 1,1-DCE ≈ TCE > CT > NH3 > CF > 1,2-DCA. Relative maximum specific substrate transformation rates were NH3 > 1,2-DCA > CF > TCE ≈ 1,1-DCE > CT (=0). The TCE, CF, and 1,1-DCE inactivated the cells, with 1,1-DCE being about three times more potent than TCE or CF. Under the conditions of these experiments, inactivating injuries caused by TCE and 1,1-DCE appeared limited primarily to the AMO enzyme, but injuries caused by CF appeared to be more generalized. The CT was not oxidized by N. europaea while 1,2-DCA was oxidized quite readily and showed no inactivation effects. Recovery capabilities were demonstrated with all solvents except CF. A method for estimating protein yield, the relationship between the transformation capacity model and the IIR model, and a condition necessary for sustainable cometabolic treatment of inactivating substrates are presented. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 54: 520–534, 1997.
Engineering the synthetic potential of β-lactam synthetase and the importance of catalytic loop dynamics

The 2-azetidinone ring of the Class A and D β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid (1) is synthesized by the ATP-utilizing enzyme β-lactam synthetase (βLS). A hydroxyethyl group attached to C-6 of 1 in the (S) configuration markedly enhances the efficacy of this compound against Class C β-lactamases. Guided by a series of X-ray structures of βLS, we have engineered this enzyme to act upon a methylated substrate analogue to give selectively the (3S)-methyl β-lactam core, which, upon closure of the second ring of the bicyclic system of 1, would lead to the (6S)-methylated clavulanic acid derivative.
A software package to improve image quality and isolation of objects of interest for quantitative stereology studies of rat hepatocarcinogenesis

In the studies of quantitative stereology of rat hepatocarcinogenesis, we have used image analysis technology (automatic particle analysis) to obtain data such as liver tissue area, size and location of altered hepatic focal lesions (AHF), and nuclei counts. These data are then used for three-dimensional estimation of AHF occurrence and nuclear labeling index analysis. These are important parameters for quantitative studies of carcinogenesis, for screening and classifying carcinogens, and for risk estimation. To take such measurements, structures or cells of interest should be separated from the other components based on the difference of color and density. Common background problems seen on the captured sample image such as uneven light illumination or color shading can cause severe problems in the measurement. Two application programs (BK_Correction and Pixel_Separator) have been developed to solve these problems. With BK_Correction, common background problems such as incorrect color temperature setting, color shading, and uneven light illumination background, can be corrected. With Pixel_Separator different types of objects can be separated from each other in relation to their color, such as seen with different colors in immunohistochemically stained slides. The resultant images of such objects separated from other components are then ready for particle analysis. Objects that have the same darkness but different colors can be accurately differentiated in a grayscale image analysis system after application of these programs.
On complex angular momentum in many-channel potential-scattering problems, II

Abstract A continuation of the S matrix, for many-channel potential-scattering problems with arbitrary spin, away from physical values of the angular momentum is defined. It is shown that the scattering amplitude can be expressed as a sum over physical J values of a summand which is meromorphic in the entire finite J plane.
Microbiologic activity in laser resurfacing plume and debris

Background and Objective: With the increasing use of laser resurfacing, concerns have arisen about the biological hazards associated with the procedure. This study analyzed the potential bacterial and viral exposure to operating room personnel as a result of the laser smoke plume in CO2 laser resurfacing. Study Design/Materials and Methods: Thirteen consecutive patients underwent CO2 laser resurfacing. A HEPA filter in the smoke evacuator was used to collect specimens of the laser plume smoke for cultures. The study was controlled by a second filter exposed to room air. Results The 13 patients each had one bacterial, one viral, and one control culture (total, 39 specimens). In the control group, none of the 13 specimens had any growth. No viral growth has been found to date. Of 13 bacterial cultures, 5 resulted in growth of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Of these five positive specimens, one also had growth of Corynebacterium and one had growth of Neisseria. Conclusion The potential exists for operating personnel to be exposed to viable bacteria during laser resurfacing. Lasers Surg. Med. 23:172–174, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma: a diagnostic conundrum-- presentation of four new cases.

BACKGROUND The clinical appearance of amelanotic lentigo maligna melanoma (ALMM) is quite confusing and usually is not diagnosed prior to histopathologic examination. METHODS We have studied four new patients with ALMM whose correct diagnosis was not obtained from any one clinical finding. We arrived at the final diagnosis in an unexpected way, having had biopsied the lesions for diagnoses other than malignant melanoma. RESULTS ALMM presents as a nonspecific skin lesion with no single indicative characteristic. A search of the literature confirmed our difficulty in making the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS To diagnose ALMM, one has to be cognizant of this condition and has to consider a constellation of findings that are unusual with melanocytic lesions. Questionable lesions must be biopsied for definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Cancer 1996;77:2052-7.
Growth response of short-season soybean to variations in row spacing and density.

Abstract Growth analysis techniques were utilized in this study to better understand the physiological basis of increased seed yield in short-season soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) as row widths are narrowed and plant densities are increased. Evans, a maturity group 0 soybean was planted 22 May 1980 in 25-, 50- and 75-cm wide rows at plant densities of 25, 80 and 135 seeds per m2 in a factorial design into a fine sandy loam soil (Typic Udifluvents). Seed yield was increased 31% and 16% by decreasing the row width from 75 to 25 cm and 50 to 25 cm, respectively. Seed yield increased 27% by increasing the plant density from the 25 to 80 seeds per m2 density with no further increase from the 135 seeds per m2 density. There were no interactions between row width and plant density for seed yield or any other variables analyzed. Harvest indices and lodging were similar among row widths, but narrow rows on the average accumulated more dry matter (DM), had greater leaf area indices (LAI's) and greater net assimilation rates (NAR's) than wider rows which contributed to the greater relative growth rates (RGR's) and crop growth rates (CGR's) in narrow rows. Narrow rows also had greater pod numbers per plant and thus greater seed yields than wider rows. Harvest indices decreased and lodging increased in medium and high densities, but these densities accumulated significantly more DM and had greater LAI's than low densities. Thus CGR's increased and more pods were produced per unit area resulting in the greater seed yield compared to the low density. These results suggest that in narrowing row width a nearly optimum canopy display of leaves is achieved resulting in greater seed yields than in wide rows.
Emission-Line Spectroscopy of H II Regions in Irregular and Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxies

We present reddenings and abundances of 189 H II regions measured from 203 emission-line spectra in a sample of 65 irregular (Im), blue compact dwarf (BCD), and Sm galaxies. In most of these spectra we measure [O III] λ5007, Hβ, [N II] λ6584, and [S II] λλ6717, 6731; in 24 spectra we measure [O II] λ3727; and in five we measure [O III] λ4363. The internal reddenings of the galaxies are used to determine whether redder irregular galaxies are also dustier than bluer irregulars. We find that the range in optical broadband colors among Im galaxies is most likely dominated by differences in the contributions of the massive star population or the effects of abundances, while the range in colors of BCDs does show evidence consistent with a contribution from dustiness. We use the abundances to confirm that our sample of BCD galaxies, selected to be comparable to Im systems in other global properties, are also comparable in abundances and, hence, evolutionary status. Finally, we explore relationships between abundances and other global galactic properties and find few convincing correlations. However, bluer galaxies tend to be more metal-poor. There is a slight trend of higher relative gas content with lower abundances among the BCD sample, but not in the Im sample. The difference could be due to a difference in gas distributions and the fraction of total gas that is actively participating in the chemical evolution of the galaxy. In addition, our BCD, but not our Im, sample of galaxies are consistent by themselves with the galactic luminosity-metallicity relationship determined by others, but the Im sample is consistent with the general trend seen over a large baseline when combined with spiral galaxies. However, the scatter is large.
Clarifying the Intersection Between Alpha-Crystallin B Function and Oligomerization by Altering Aggregation Conditions

Alpha-Crystallin-B (aXB) is a small heat shock protein found mainly in the lens of the eye. There it serves two purposes: acting as a chaperone to prevent the misfolding of the other protein and contributing to the high protein concentrations required to focus light. When aXB chaperone function fails cataract formation begins. Understanding the dependence of the mechanism of aXB chaperone function on its oligomerization state will aid in the delay or prevention of cataracts. Oligomerization of alpha-crystallinB is pH dependent. We present a mechanism for the chaperone function of aXB using insulin as a model system in which it is possible to induce aggregation, The relationship between oligomerization and chaperone function is tested by measuring the dependence of the onset of light scattering insulin aggregates on the oligomerization state of the aXB Different oligomerization states can be induced by pre-incubating aXB at a range of pHs. Attenuated chaperone function is observed for aXB pre-incubated at elevated pH even when the assay itself takes place at pH 7. These results are consistent with a model in which aXB is kinetically trapped into higher oligomer states at high pH and unable to return quickly to its functional equilibrium state upon dilution to neutral pH. We will also test the generality of this model by extending our studies to Gamma-Crystallin. Finally, we will measure the contribution of the C-terminal strand to chaperone function and oligomerization using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Observation of pH dependent dynamics of the C-terminal strand will help to distinguish between stand-exchanged and dynamic states of the C terminus, allowing its contribution to oligomerization and chaperone function to be probed.
Zeros of Hypergeometric Functions

For certain ranges of parameters, it is shown that the hypergeometric function F(a, b; b+1; z) has no zeros in a specified half-plane. It is also shown that the zeros of the hypergeometric polynomials $$F(-n,\ kn\ + \ell\ + 1;\ kn\ + \ell\ + 2;\ z)$$ cluster on one loop of a specified lemniscate. Other results then follow from quadratic relations.
The ion selectivity and concentration dependence of cation coupled active sodium transport in squid giant axons

Abstract Cleaned giant axons from the squid were mounted in a cell permatting the microinjection of 24Na and the internal recording of resting and action potentials. The rate constants for 24Na loss from 24Na injected axons were determined in K+-, Rb+-, and Cs+-free sea water and also in sea water containing one or more of these cations at various concentrations. The rate of loss of 24Na was always less in the absence of all three of these cations than in the presence of any one of them. The effectiveness of the cations at an external concentration of 10 mM in increasing the sodium efflux decreased in the order K+ > Rb+ > Cs+. Rubidium ions were, on the average, only about 20% less effective than potassium ions while cesium ions were some 4–5 times less effective. In addition, the presence of 10 mM Cs in sea water with 10 mM K did not interfere with the usual effect of 10 mM K on 24Na efflux. At a concentration of 50 mM, Cs+ ions had an increased potassium-like effect in promoting sodium extrusion. The relative selectivities of the transport mechanism were K: Rb: Cs = 1 : 0.84 : 0.22. Potassium influx was measured in the presence and absence of cyanide to determine the magnitude of active inward potassium transport. Cyanide was also employed to determine the magnitude of active sodium outward transport. A comparison of the magnitudes of these fluxes, together with the reductions in sodium efflux taking place when K+ ions were removed from the bathing solution, leads to the conclusion that about 2 Na+ ions are actively extruded for each K+ ion actively taken up. When the internal sodium concentration was varied between 17 and 219 mmole/kg axoplasm the rate constant for 24Na loss appeared to be rather independent of [Na]i.
Neurosecretion in the Ophiuroid Ophiopholis aculeata

Neurocrine activity has been demonstrated for the first time in the Ophiuroidea and for only the second time in the phylum Echinodermata. Three types of neurosecretory cells have been shown, by means of histological staining techniques, to occur in the principal motor ganglia. The secretory products are carried away from the cell bodies by axon transport but cannot be traced to special terminal reservoirs. It is possible that the neurosecretory products diffuse into adjacent coelomic spaces for further transport. It is suggested that in the echinoderms neurocrine secretions may be associated with control functions which in other phyla are regulated by. endocrine products.
Illusory Personal Control as a Determinant of Bet Size and Type in Casino Craps Games1

Langer's (1974, 1975) theory regarding the conditions under which subjects performing a chance task will suffer from an illusion of control over the outcome has specified 6 conditions proposed to enhance the illusion ofcontrol in chance tasks. A number of studies have applied her theory and predictions to gambling, a real-world arena of chance tasks where participants have been observed to act as if the outcomes are controllable by the use of various “logical” (acting on the “gambler's fallacy”) and superstitious strategies (e. g., blowing on dice). Thus far, however, these studies have not been conducted in naturalistic gaming environments and have yielded mixed results regarding the operation of the illusion of control. The present research offers the first study of the operation of the illusion of control in such a real-world context. In order to examine the effects of active vs. passive task participation (a variable hypothesized by Langer to affect the illusion of control), patrons of Reno casinos were observed placing craps bets on their own and another yoked patron's dice rolls. It was hypothesized that subjects would (a) place higher bets and (b) place more “difficult” bets (e. g., where only one specific number, as opposed to any of several numbers, may win) on their own rolls (when they would experience the illusion of control over the outcome) than on other patrons' roles (when they would not experience such an illusion). That is, players were expected to generally adopt riskier betting strategies when throwing the dice. Results supported the hypotheses.
Usual Adult Body Mass Index Is Not Predictive of Ovarian Cancer Survival

Although obesity has been proposed as both a risk factor and prognostic factor for hormonally mediated cancers such as endometrial and breast, it is less clear whether this also applies to ovarian cancer ([1][1]). In addition, some authors have suggested that obese patients may receive potentially
Effect of Intrauterine and Intramuscular Administration of Recombinant Bovine Interferon α1 on Luteal Lifespan in Cattle

Abstract Intrauterine and intramuscular administration of interferon was tested for effectiveness in extending luteal lifespan in cattle. Intrauterine infusion of 1mg of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha I 1, twice daily, to lactating dairy cows from d 14 to 21 after estrus extended interestrous interval (30.4±1.91 d versus 24.8±.58 d) and functional lifespan of the corpus luteum (28.4±2.01 d versus 23.6±.75 d). In another experiment, twice daily intramuscular injection of 20mg interferon to Simmental heifers from d 15 to 19 extended interestrous intervals (24.6±1.36 d versus 20.6±.49 d) and functional lifespan of the corpus luteum (23.2±.37 d versus 20.2±.73 d). In a third experiment, pubertal dairy heifers received twice daily intramuscular injections of 0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/injection of interferon from d 14 to 21 after estrus. The three interferon-treated groups had longer interestrous intervals and functional luteal lifespans than the control group. Interestrous intervals were 22.0±.68, 24.0±1.14, 24.6±1.17, and 25.4±.97 d, respectively. The present data strengthen the theory that an interferon-alpha-like molecule can regulate luteal function in cattle. Such a regulatory compound might prove useful in schemes to reduce embryonic mortality caused by aberrant secretion of embryonic interferon.
African American Children: A Culturally Sensitive Model for Group Practice.

This article describes a time‐limited group model based on culturally sensitive practice for African American children ages 8‐12. This group model: (1) discusses the role of the social work professional in providing culturally sensitive treatment; (2) introduces this specific model for practice in the short‐term treatment setting; and (3) provides specific intervention suggestions for implementation of children's group therapy in a culturally sensitive milieu.
Quantifying the Directional Connectivity of Rock Constituents and its Impact on Electrical Resistivity of Organic-Rich Mudrocks

Quantifying the hydrocarbon transport mechanism in organic-rich mudrocks is still a challenge. Scientific consensus holds that directional connectivity of organic matter within organic-rich mudrocks significantly affects production in such unconventional reservoirs. Furthermore, directional connectivity of matrix constituents has a significant impact on the physical properties of organic-rich mudrocks such as electrical resistivity. The latter causes a significant uncertainty in assessment of petrophysical properties such as hydrocarbon saturation. A quantitative approach is, however, required to improve formation evaluation of organic-rich mudrocks. This paper first introduces a method to quantify directional connectivity of the matrix constituents. Electrical resistivity of three-dimensional pore-scale rock images is then numerically estimated using the finite difference method. The results of numerical simulations for synthetic organic-rich mudrocks with different levels of directional connectivity of kerogen network confirmed that (a) the presence of conductive mature kerogen can significantly impact the electrical resistivity of the rock in different directions and the corresponding estimates of fluid saturations and (b) the directional connectivity of the kerogen network has a measurable impact on the electrical resistivity of the rock. The synthetic examples, including pyrite, confirm that pyrite’s presence and its directional connectivity affects the electrical resistivity of the rock even in low concentrations. Neglecting the presence of conductive kerogen and pyrite can result in up to a 17.9 and 23 % overestimate in water saturation, respectively. The results show up to 31 and 37 % variation in electrical resistivity caused by variation in directional connectivity (i.e., ranging from dispersed to layered distribution) of kerogen and pyrite networks, respectively. Furthermore, a measurable difference was observed in effective electrical resistivity of organic-rich mudrocks between the horizontal and vertical directions. Finally, the results confirm the importance of taking into account anisotropy and directional connectivity of conductive rock components for enhanced assessment of hydrocarbon saturation in organic-rich mudrocks.
A Psychophysiological Intervention for Marital Discord

Abstract The research of John Gottman and co-workers has demonstrated a correlation between the degree of physiological arousal of couples, especially husbands, during marital conflict and the eventual end of the marriage. He proposed that this phenomenon has its basis in gender differences: males require a longer time to recover from the arousal, resulting in husbands emotionally withdrawing from the relationship due to the aversiveness of the arousal. The wife eventually also withdraws; thus, the seeds of divorce are sown. The present article proposes a psychophysiological intervention, relaxation therapy with biofeedback assistance, for marital discord, based on Gottman's theory. This intervention involves the use of various relaxation techniques, and may also involve a descnsitization hierarchy. An example hierarchy is presented. It is also proposed that Gottman's model and the proposed intervention may be applicable to non-heterosexual couples.
Spiral Waves in Spatially Discrete λ-ω Systems

The existence of stable spiral wave solutions in a spatially discrete λ-ω system is proven. The waves are shown to exist only if the coupling parameter d is sufficiently small. There is a critical value dc such that if d>dc, the spiral wave solution ceases to exists. This is in agreement with the behavior of such waves in spatially continuous λ-ω systems on finite domains.
Multiple Ion Substitution in the Perovskite Lattice

An experimental study has been made of the possibilities and limitations of ionic substitution in the perovskite lattice. Especial attention has been paid to those cases in which more than one type of ion occupies any or all the cation and anion positions. A fairly large number of new oxide phases typified by such compositions as KLaTi2O6, Sr2CrTaO6, Ba3NiNb2O9, and BaK-TiNbO6 have been synthesized and shown to have the perovskite structure. Anion substitution successfully yields compounds with this structure only when it is complete; no mixed-anion perovskites have been encountered. Few perovskites with anions other than O2-or F-have been found. The importance of valence differences in limiting the extent of ionic replacement appears to have been clearly demonstrated.
Ten-year experience of more than 35,000 orofacial clefts in Africa.

Surgical correction of orofacial clefts greatly mitigates negative outcomes. However, access to reconstructive surgery is limited in developing countries. The present study reviews epidemiological data from a single charitable organization, Smile Train, with a database of surgical cases from 33 African countries from 2001–2011. Demographic and clinical patient data were collected from questionnaires completed by the participating surgeons. These data were recorded in Excel, analyzed using SPSS and compared with previously reported data. Questionnaires were completed for 36,384 patients by 389 African surgeons. The distribution of clefts was: 34.44% clefts of the lip (CL), 58.87% clefts of the lip and palate (CLP), and 6.69% clefts of the palate only (CP). The male to female ratio was 1.46:1, and the unilateral: bilateral ratio 2.93:1, with left-sided predominance 1.69:1. Associated anomalies were found in 4.18% of patients. The most frequent surgeries included primary lip/nose repairs, unilateral (68.36%) and bilateral (11.84%). There was seasonal variation in the frequency of oral cleft births with the highest in January and lowest by December. The average age at surgery was 9.34 years and increased in countries with lower gross domestic products. The average hospital stay was 4.5 days. The reported complication rate was 1.92%. With the exception of cleft palates, results follow trends of worldwide epidemiologic reports of 25% CL, 50% CLP, and 25% CP, 2:1 unilateral:bilateral and left:right ratios, and male predominance. Fewer than expected patients, especially females, presented with isolated cleft palates, suggesting that limitations in economic resources and cultural aesthetics of the obvious lip deformity may outweigh functional concerns and access to treatment for females. A fewer than expected associated anomalies suggests either true ethnic variation, or that more severely-affected patients are not presenting for treatment. The epidemiology of orofacial clefting in Africa has been difficult to assess due to the diversity of the continent and the considerable variation among study designs. The large sample size of the data collected provides a basis for further study of the epidemiology of orofacial clefting in Africa.
Examining the grading practices of teachers

Abstract Despite the recommendations of some measurement specialists, teachers do not always assign grades based on achievement only. The primary purpose of this study is to clarify the meaning of grades, and to examine some of the factors teachers consider when assigning final grades with a focus on borderline cases. The sample consisted of 516 American public school teachers, selected via stratified random sample in a major metropolitan school district in the Southeast. A 53-item survey using Guttman’s mapping sentences, previously piloted in a separate school district, was created and distributed. Teachers were provided with scenarios that described student ability, achievement, behavior, and effort and the teacher was asked to assign both a numerical and letter grade. A four-way between-subjects ANOVA was conducted with the student characteristics ability, achievement, behavior, and effort as independent variables and final grade as the dependent variable. Findings demonstrate that teachers abided by the official grading policy of the participating school district assigning grades based primarily on achievement under most circumstances, however, in some borderline cases teachers report considering non-achievement factors. Implications for pre-service and in-service professional development are discussed.