cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Antecedents of Incomplete Contract Choice in Bilateral Trade: An Experimental Investigation

Whether a contract is complete or incomplete is treated as an exogenous factor in much accounting and economics research, even though the level of completeness of the contract is determined by the negotiating parties. This study conducts an experiment to explore the antecedents of contract choice in a trade setting. Results indicate that the choice of a complete versus an incomplete contract depends on the perceived riskiness of the incomplete contract, which is influenced by the perceived bargaining power and fairness preferences (namely, distributive and procedural fairness) of the contracting parties. A supplemental analysis of expected trade outcomes confirms that individuals do not choose between incomplete and complete contracts randomly. In other words, we find evidence that the choice between an incomplete and a complete contract is the result of a strategic decision influenced by the perceived power and fairness preferences of the contracting parties. Finally, consistent with prior research, we find evidence of self-interested views of fairness and that fairness preferences do not affect expected trade outcomes.
Tracking deposition of a 14C-radiolabeled kudzu hairy root-derived isoflavone-rich fraction into bone

Hairy roots were induced in four genotypes from three kudzu species (Pueraria montana var. lobata, P. lobata and P. phaseoloides) in vitro using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to stimulate rapid secondary metabolite synthesis. Hairy roots from P. montana var. lobata (United States Department of Agriculture no. PI 434246) yielded the highest puerarin and total isoflavone content and the greatest new biomass per growth cycle among the genotypes evaluated. Hairy roots from this genotype were selected for radiolabeling using (14)C-sucrose as a carbon source. Isoflavones from radiolabeled kudzu hairy root cultures were extracted with 80% methanol, partitioned by solvent extraction, and then subfractionated by Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration. Radiolabeled isoflavones were isolated in a highly enriched fraction, which contained predominantly puerarin, daidzin and malonyl-daidzin and had an average radioactivity of 8.614 MBq/g (232.8 μCi/g) dry fraction. The (14)C-radiolabeled, isoflavone-rich fraction was orally administered at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight to male Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with a jugular catheter, a subcutaneous ultrafiltrate probe and a brain microdialysate probe. Serum, interstitial fluid, brain microdialysate, urine and feces were collected using a Culex(®) Automated Blood Collection System for 24 h. At the end of this period, rats were sacrificed and major tissues were collected. Analysis by a scintillation counter confirmed that a bolus dose of (14)C-radiolabeled, isoflavone-rich kudzu fraction reached bone tissues, which accumulated 0.011%, 0.09% and 0.003% of the administered dose in femur, tibia and vertebrae, respectively. Femurs extracted with 80% methanol were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry and were found to contain trace quantities of puerarin, daidzein and puerarin glucuronide. This study demonstrates that kudzu isoflavones and metabolites are capable of reaching bone tissues, where they may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis and the promotion of bone health.
Object associations: a simple and practical approach to virtual 3D manipulation

This paper describes a software framework to aid in designing and implementing convenient manipulation behaviors for objects in a 3D virtual environment. A combination of almost realistic-looking pseudo-physical behavior and idealized goal-oriented properties, called object associations, is used to disambiguate the mapping of the 2D cursor motion on the display screen into an appropriate object motion in the 3D virtual world and to determine a valid and desirable final location for the objects to be placed. Objects selected for relocation actively look for nearby objects to associate and align themselves with; an automated implicit grouping mechanism also falls out from this process. Concept, structure, and our implementation of such an object association framework in the context of the Berkeley Soda Hall WALKTHRU environment are presented.
A first-principles based LPV modeling and design for performance management of Internet Web servers

This paper presents a control-theoretic approach to performance management of Internet Web servers to meet Service Level Agreements (SLA). In particular, a CPU frequency management problem is studied to provide response time guarantees with minimal energy cost. A linear uncertain model and a linear-parameter-varying (LPV) system are derived based on first-principles analysis of transient and steady-state queueing dynamics from the allocated CPU resource to request response time. The LPV modeling utilizes the workload arrival and service parameters as scheduling variables, which allows the Web server to meet the response time SLA in the presence of dynamically changing load conditions. Using real Web server workloads, the performance of an LPV-H/sub /spl infin// controller is compared to that of a linear controller designed at the high-percentile load parameters and a G/G/1-queueing based nonlinear optimization. The proposed LPV modeling and control framework can be generalized to incorporate more sophisticated workload models and more complicated server environments. In addition, due to the LPV nature of Web systems with respect to load conditions, the proposed approach can be applied to a variety of resource management problems and used for middleware design.
Spatial geometric arrangements of disulfide‐crosslinked loops in proteins

The classification of patterns of the three-dimensional folding of a covalently crosslinked polypeptide chain can be used to introduce long-range interactions into the theoretical search for the native conformation of a protein. This classification into Spatial Geometric Arrangements of Loops (SGAL) had been proposed earlier (H. Meirovitch and H. A. Scheraga, Macromolecules14, 1250, 1981). It is based on the subdivision of the protein molecule into closed loops, defined by covalent crosslinks (such as disulfide bonds). Various SGAL classes correspond to the presence or absence of mutual penetration of loops, called entanglements or thrustings. A systematic and objective method is developed here to enumerate all theoretically possible SGAL's for a protein, based only on its covalent structure, i.e., the pattern of disulfide bonds or other crosslinks, regardless of whether the three-dimensional structure is known or unknown. This information can be of use in structural predictions of folding patterns. Using a modification of the method, it is also possible to determine the SGAL class to which a protein of known structure belongs. Out of 18 proteins with known three-dimensional structure and containing more than two disulfide bonds, five have a native structure with at least one entanglement or thrusting. Thus, threaded SGAL's represent a significant structural feature of native proteins. All five involve neighboring loops in the sequences. Their presence in a protein can suggest restrictions on the possible ways of folding the protein.
Trauma and girls' delinquency

With US arrest rates for violent crime rising among adolescent girls, there is an increased sense of urgency about the need to better understand girls’ delinquency (Tracy et al. 2009; Wolf and Kempf-Leonard 2009). Recent thinking about girls involved in the juvenile justice system has focused on the role of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as precipitants of delinquency that are particularly salient for girls (e.g., Acoca 1998; Bloom et al. 2002; Chamberlain and Moore 2002; Graziano and Wagner 2011; Kerig 2011, in press). In this chapter, we set out to evaluate the state of the science in regard to the relations between trauma and delinquency. Along the way, we encountered many challenges – definitional, methodological, and conceptual – some expected findings, and some unexpected ones. To organize our review, we set for ourselves the task of addressing three questions: Why might PTSD be implicated specifically in girls’ delinquency; What is the evidence for a differential role of PTSD in girls’ delinquency; and What mechanisms might account for the association between PTSD and delinquency among girls? In keeping with the theme of this volume, we defined delinquency as involvement in the legal system, and thus focused our literature review on those “deep end” (Cauffman 2008) youth found in detention settings and juvenile justice samples.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of V2O5 Nanostructures

In this seminar, I will present our recent work on the growth and electrochemical properties of single crystalline vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanorod and Ni-V2O5·nH2O nanocable arrays. These nanostructures were prepared by solution synthesis and template-based electrodeposition. Processing, morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of these nanostructures will be discussed. These nanostructured electrodes of vanadium pentoxide demonstrate significantly enhanced intercalation capcity and charge/discharge rate compared to the plain film electrodes, due to the high surface area and short diffusion distance offered by nanostructure.
Acoustic-Distortion Products: Separation of Sensory from Neural Dysfunction in Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Human Beings and Rabbits

Because distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) provide a noninvasive measure of outer hair-cell (OHC) activity, they should provide a unique and sensitive indicator of the effects of agents that damage hearing. Using DPOAE methods, the present study was designed to assess the relative contributions of the cochlea's outer hair cells to some common sensorineural diseases, including Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and noise-induced, hereditary, and sudden idiopathic sensorineural hearing loss. Parallel evaluations of DPOAEs were performed under essentially identical conditions in rabbit models of several of the human disorders, including noise-induced hearing loss, endolymphatic hydrops, and cochlear neurectomy. Animal studies were performed to assess the proficiency of DPOAEs to track a developing sensorineural deficit as well as to compare patterns of DPOAE dysfunction between clinical and experimental forms of peripheral hearing loss. Detailed measures of DPOAEs were collected in the stimu...
Response of Overwintered Boll Weevils to Reflected Light, Odor, and Electromagnetic Radiation

Overwintered adult Anthonomus gralldis Boheman were studied to determine how they locate cotton when they leave hibernation sites. Attractant stimuli that might be produced by cotton that were examined were light, odor, or electrostatic field. The numbers of weevils responding to the stimuli indicated that weevils distinguish colors and respond in significantly greater numbers to wave-lengths of light in the blue-green region (500-525 nanometers) than in others. They were not attracted by light in the red region of the spectrum (600-650 nanometers) or by the odor of cotton or cocklebur plants. There was an indication in 1 experiment that the weevils could detect differences between grounded and ungrounded plants.
Appraising Professional Training for Retailing

ONE OF the basic questions in the entire field of retailing concerns the methods by which prospective store executives can best be trained. Although interest in this question is widespread on the part both of store management executives and retail educators, the many variable factors involved have made any specific answers to the problem most difficult. This article has been prepared to describe one attempt to find an answer to this question: a study carried on at the Simmons College Prince School of Retailing during I947 and 1948 in an effort to obtain an objective appraisal of formal training for retailing as provided by schools of retailing in comparison with the training advantages of regular employment situations. In seeking to ascertain the usefulness of college training in retailing, it was recognized that the relative effectiveness of retail work experience itself must always be taken into consideration. Actually, there is to date no valid evidence to indicate to what extent or in what areas those who have completed a program of formal college training in this field are better prepared for useful business careers than those who receive all of their training in actual job situations. In an educational area such as this in which comparisons are regularly being made between those with training and those who have instead entered full-time employment, it is particularly important that some clear distinction be made as to the areas in which formal training can be most effective.
Protective Factors for Youth Exposed to Violence Role of Developmental Assets in Building Emotional Resilience

There is compelling evidence that many youth exposed to community violence manage to adapt successfully over time. Developmental assets have been deemed salient for positive youth development, though limited longitudinal studies have examined their relevance for high-risk youth. Using the Developmental Assets framework, the authors test whether supportive relationships, high expectations, and opportunities build emotional resilience directly or indirectly via interaction with risk. Further, the authors examine the effect of neighborhood collective efficacy on resilience. The authors use multiwave data from 1,166 youth aged 11–16 years and data about their neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to examine whether baseline protective factors in subjects’ home, peer, and neighborhood environments predicted log odds of emotional resilience at Waves 2 and 3 among youth ETV. Over 7 years, 60–85% were emotionally resi...
The Interaction of Ethanol With the Cognitive Enhancers Tacrine, Physostigmine, and AIT-082

Because tacrine, a cognitive enhancing agent, was being considered for approval for use in Alzheimer's disease, its possible interaction with ethanol, a commonly used substance to which elderly individuals are generally more sensitive than younger individuals, was explored. For purposes of comparison, two other drugs, which have also been shown to improve memory in mice, at doses which had activity in a working memory paradigm, were evaluated for an interaction with ethanol. Ethanol-induced sedation in mice was increased by tacrine and decreased by physostigmine, whereas AIT-082 did not alter sedation. However, tacrine had no effect on body temperature or on ethanol-induced hypothermia. Neither tacrine nor physostigmine had any effect on the rate of ethanol elimination from the blood. As tacrine comes into clinical use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, adverse interactions with ethanol should be explored further.
Biology of Leptothrips mali, a common predator in Virginia apple orchards.

Leptothrips mali (Fitch) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) was studied in the laboratory with the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), as prey. Aspects of its development and biology were determined. Mean number of days required for development of each stage at 23.9°C were: egg, 7.5; first larva, 5.7; second larva, 5.4; prepupa, 1.0; pupa I, 1.5; pupa II, 4.0; total (egg to adult), 25.6. An inverse relationship was found with temperature and development times for the egg, first- and second-stage larvae, pupa II, and total (egg to adult) at 18.3, 23.9, and 29.4°C. The mean preoviposition period (range = 5–7 days) of mated and unmated or field-collected (FC) and laboratory-reared (LR) females did not differ. Mean numbers of eggs per female were: mated LR, 13.0; mated FC, 28.0; unmated LR, 11.7; and unmated FC, 45.1. Mean longevity of unmated females (LR and FC = 50.1 and 54.2 days, respectively) did not differ from that for mated females. L. mali completed development on Golden Delicious apple pollen in 23 days (first larva to adult), which was slower than on diets containing various stages of P. ulmi.
Numerical and Experimental Study of the Effect of Momentum-Flux Ratio on Temperature Uniformity in the Combustor

Gas turbines are used in power production and aerojet propulsion, where the required form of energy is obtained by burning fuel, whether it is propulsion of an aircraft or simply electricity for our homes. Burning of fuels is accompanied by high temperature combustion products that must flow through a gas turbine to generate the power. These products are diluted with lower temperature air to reach the desirable temperature that the turbine blade can withstand. Even after mixing, the temperature of the flow is not very uniform and some hot spots in the flow may cause thermal stresses on the turbine blades. The present paper reports a research project that examined the effect of varying the jet-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio on the temperature uniformity at the exit of a gas turbine combustor through both experimental and computational studies. A combustor simulator was designed to analyze the dilution process and improve mixing such that the first stage turbine blades are subjected to minimal non-uniformities. The experimental results were used to validate the computational model; thereafter, the designs were varied computationally to increase the jet-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio. The results indicate that, with the increase in the jet-to-mainstream momentum flux ratio, there is an improvement in the uniformity of temperature at the combustor exit. One possible reason for this improved temperature uniformity can be attributed to the increased velocity of the dilution jet due to the decreased dilution hole size. Thus, the dilution jets are forced into the mainstream flow, causing better mixing that leads to a flow with more uniform temperature.
Antibiotic usage in our hospital in 2009

Objective: To investigate the usage of antibiotic drugs in our hospital in 2009,and evaluate it's appropriateness.Methods: Randomly retrieved records of 557 case that had been hospitalized form January 2009 until December,analyzed the frequency of antibiotic usage and application of combination drug therapy.Results: 6 types and 20 generic names of antibiotics were used in our hospital,70.7% of all patients were given antibiotic treatment,among which,12% used combination therapy.Bacterial culture specimens were taken from 71.3% of patients with drug sensitivity test rate of 23.7%.The most frequently administered antibiotic was cephalosporins,followed by penicillins.Conclusion:Antibiotic are frequently used in our hospital.There is a need to strengthen the appropriate usage of antibiotic usage and standard management.
Pulmonary Artery Pressure–Guided Heart Failure Management Reduces 30-Day Readmissions

Background— This study examines the impact of pulmonary artery pressure–guided heart failure (HF) care on 30-day readmissions in Medicare-eligible patients. Methods and Results— The CardioMicroelectromechanical system (CardioMEMS) Heart Sensor Allows Monitoring of Pressures to Improve Outcomes in New York Heart Association Class III Heart Failure Patients (CHAMPION) Trial included 550 patients implanted with a permanent MEMS-based pressure sensor in the pulmonary artery. Subjects were randomized to a treatment group (uploaded pressures were made available to investigators) or a control group (uploaded pressures were not made available to investigators). This analysis focuses on the 245 Medicare-eligible subjects for whom compliance with daily transmissions was 93% compared with 88% for the overall population. Medications were changed more often in the treatment group using pressure information compared with the control group using symptoms and daily weights alone. During the 515 days follow-up after implant, the overall rate of HF hospitalizations was 49% lower in the treatment group (60 HF hospitalizations, 0.34 events/patient-year) compared with control (117 HF hospitalizations, 0.67 events/patient-year; hazard ratio 0.51, 95% confidence interval 0.37–0.70; P <0.0001). Of the 177 HF hospitalizations, 155 qualified as an index HF hospitalization. All-cause 30-day readmissions were 58% lower in the treatment group (0.07 events/patient-year) compared with 0.18 events/patient-year in the control group (hazard ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval 0.22–0.80; P =0.0080). Conclusions— Pulmonary artery pressure–guided HF management in Medicare-eligible patients led to a 49% reduction in total HF hospitalizations and a 58% reduction in all-cause 30-day readmissions. Clinical Trial Registration— . Unique identifier: [NCT00531661][1]. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00531661&atom=%2Fcirchf%2F9%2F6%2Fe002600.atom
Induced abortion in New York City. A report of six separate studies.

Abstract A report is given of 6 recent abortion studies conducted in New York City. These studies consisted of: (1) the 1968 experience of 115 hospitals with therapeutic abortion and possibilities of expanding the service, (2) an analysis of records of 200 consecutive applicants for abortion from the author's private practice, (3) a review of 2,206 abortions at Sloane Hospital for Women between January 1 1932, and June 30 1970, (4) an analysis of first 53 abortions performed by the author with suction curettage, (5) a study of the desire for abortion among 751 antepartum clinic patients, and (6) a report on the 1965 experience with septic abortion at 13 New York City municipal hospitals.
An evolutionarily conserved mechanism for cAMP elicited axonal regeneration involves direct activation of the dual leucine zipper kinase DLK

Adult mammals typically cannot repair damage to the nerve fibers in their brain or spinal cord. This is because these nerve cells cannot generally grow new nerve fibers. However this inability to regenerate nerve fibers is not set in stone. Instead, it can be unlocked by a second injury in nerves elsewhere in the body, the so-called “peripheral nervous system”. This process relies on an enzyme called DLK, which becomes activated in damaged nerve fibers. But how does DLK ‘sense’ damage to nerve fibers? Injuring the peripheral nervous system causes the levels of a molecule called cAMP to increase in the damaged nerve cells, and the elevated cAMP levels stimulate the nerve fibers to regenerate. However, it was not known if cAMP activates DLK, or if the two act independently of each other. By looking at the regeneration of damaged nerve fibers in fruit fly larvae, Hao et al. now show that the cAMP and DLK signaling pathways are clearly linked. Further experiments with nerve cells from mice and human cells revealed more detail about this link. Together the results showed that another enzyme called PKA activates DLK directly when cAMP levels are high. These findings reveal a unified pathway that is the key to unlocking the regenerative potential of injured nerve fibers, which has been conserved for hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Further work could now ask if the DLK enzyme is involved in the other known roles of cAMP signaling in nerve cells; or if cAMP and PKA activate DLK in other forms of nerve damage, including injuries where nerve fibers normally fail to regenerate.
Traumatic Spondylopelvic Dissociation: A Report of Two Cases of Spondylolisthesis at L5–S1 and Review of Literature:

Study Design Retrospective chart review and review of literature. Objective Few case reports of traumatic L5-S1 displacement have been presented in the literature. Here we present two cases of traumatic spondylolisthesis showing both anterior and posterior displacement, the treatment algorithm, and a review of the literature. Methods The authors conducted a retrospective review of representative patients and a literature review of traumatic spondylolisthesis at the L5-S1 junction. Two representative patients were identified with traumatic spondylolisthesis: one with an anterior dissociation, and the other with a posterior dissociation. Results Radiographic, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging illustrated the bony and soft tissue injury found in each patient, as well as the final stabilization and outcomes. Operative stabilization was necessary, and both patients were treated with open reduction internal fixation. The patient with posterior dissociation had complete recovery without neurologic sequelae. The patient with anterior dissociation had persistent bilateral L5-S1 radiculopathy with intact rectal tone, due to neurologic compression. Conclusions Few cases of traumatic spondylopelvic dissociation that are isolated to the L5-S1 disk space are described in the literature. We examined both an anterior and a posterior dissociation and treated both with L5-S1 posterior spinal fusion. The patient with anterior dissociation had persistent L5-S1 root injury; however, the patient with posterior dissociation had no neurologic deficits. This is the opposite of what is expected based on anatomy. These cases offer insight into the management of anterior and posterior L5-S1 spondylopelvic dissociation.
Visualizing Patterns of Marine Eukaryotic Diversity from Metabarcoding Data Using QIIME

PCR amplification followed by deep sequencing of homologous gene regions is increasingly used to characterize the diversity and taxonomic composition of marine eukaryotic communities. This approach may generate millions of sequences for hundreds of samples simultaneously. Therefore, tools that researchers can use to visualize complex patterns of diversity for these massive datasets are essential. Efforts by microbiologists to understand the Earth and human microbiomes using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene has led to the development of several user-friendly, open-source software packages that can be similarly used to analyze eukaryotic datasets. Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) offers some of the most helpful data visualization tools. Here, we describe functionalities to import OTU tables generated with any molecular marker (e.g., 18S, COI, ITS) and associated metadata into QIIME. We then present a range of analytical tools implemented within QIIME that can be used to obtain insights about patterns of alpha and beta diversity for marine eukaryotes.
Quantifying the heterogeneity of the tectonic stress field using borehole data

The heterogeneity of the tectonic stress field is a fundamental property which influences earthquake dynamics and subsurface engineering. Self-similar scaling of stress heterogeneities is frequently assumed to explain characteristics of earthquakes such as the magnitude-frequency relation. However, observational evidence for such scaling of the stress field heterogeneity is scarce. We analyze the local stress orientations using image logs of two closely spaced boreholes in the Coso Geothermal Field with sub-vertical and deviated trajectories, respectively, each spanning about 2 km in depth. Both the mean and the standard deviation of stress orientation indicators (borehole breakouts, drilling-induced fractures and petal-centerline fractures) determined from each borehole agree to the limit of the resolution of our method although measurements at specific depths may not. We find that the standard deviation in these boreholes strongly depends on the interval length analyzed, generally increasing up to a wellbore log length of about 600 m and constant for longer intervals. We find the same behavior in global data from the World Stress Map. This suggests that the standard deviation of stress indicators characterizes the heterogeneity of the tectonic stress field rather than the quality of the stress measurement. A large standard deviation of a stress measurement might be an expression of strong crustal heterogeneity rather than of an unreliable stress determination. Robust characterization of stress heterogeneity requires logs that sample stress indicators along a representative sample volume of at least 1 km.
Enhancing Indacenodithiophene Acceptor Crystallinity via Substituent Manipulation Increases Organic Solar Cell Efficiency

The post-fullerene indacenodithiophene acceptor ITIC is a highly effective n-type component of high-performance bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells (PSCs) for reasons that are not well-understood. Here, the impact of the ITIC alkyl sub-stituent architecture on PSC active layer film morphology, charge transport, and photovoltaic (PV) performance is investigated with the donor polymers PBDB-T and PBDB-TF. On progressing from n-propyl to n-hexyl to n-nonyl ITIC substituents, PSC power conversion efficiency (PCE) increases from <0.1 % to 9.31% to 10.24%, respectively. BHJ blend morphology, carrier recombina-tion dynamics, and PV performance with both donor polymers as probed by AFM, XRD, GIWAXS, and light intensity dependence correlate with marked differences in ITIC acceptor crystallinity. The DSC cold crystallization temperatures of the n-hexyl and n-nonyl-functionalized acceptors are found to closely track the anneal-ing temperatures for optimum PSC performance. These results identify a promising...
Artists’ Innocent Eye as Extended Proximal Mode of Vision

The innocent eye, or seeing ‘what the eye sees’ is a meaningful expression many artists use to capture their experience in observational drawing and painting. However, a literal interpretation of the innocent eye does not comport with a science of vison focused on object perception. Nor is a two-step model involving a ‘bottom-up strategy’ a plausible account of the notion. Consistent with an emerging body of neuroscientific and psychophysical evidence for the pivotal role of attention in conscious vision, artists’ innocent eye is best construed as an extended proximal mode of vision involving focused attention on pictorial relationships in an identified object or scene. The innocent eye is open to creative expansion, made possible by a competency developed most likely in the early through middle childhood that underpins the visuocognitive skills for flexible deployment of attention, flexible representation, mental imagery and visual memory. The potential challenge from the rare cases of savant-talented artists, who seem to be able to access retinal images directly, is discussed and considered inconclusive. The proposed theoretical framework raises new questions for empirical investigations on the nature and development of the artists’ perceptual expertise, and has implications for science-based pedagogical approaches to drawing, painting, and creativity.
What Is Hormesis

Adaptation is a fundamental biological concept at the core of evolutionary biology and the process of natural selection. It is also a central feature within the lives of individuals challenged by daily stresses. The adaptation concept has been the object of considerable investigation at multiple levels of organization from the molecular to the ecosystem. This chapter explores how the concept of adaptation is expressed within the framework of the dose–response relationship and its biological and biomedical implications. It is the contention of this chapter that the hormetic dose response is a manifestation of the adaptive response, a relationship that becomes evident when robust study designs with appropriate numbers of doses, proper dose spacing and a temporal framework are employed. However, hormesis is much more than the manifestation of the adaptive response in the clothing of a dose–response relationship. Hormesis will be shown to be the most reliable and generalizable quantitative index of biological plasticity, constraining the magnitude of dose–response relationship as seen in the pharmacological concept of the ceiling effect and resulting from the downstream integration of activation signals from multiple pathways. This mechanistic framework not only accounts for the quantitative features of the hormetic dose response, but achieves this in a manner that can integrate effects from the multiple agents, thereby effectively addressing single and multiple chemical exposure paradigms. While this chapter defines hormesis as a dose response phenomenon which is characterized with a low dose stimulation and a high dose inhibition (Fig. 1) it will be shown to be a fundamental biological concept with extremely broad implications.
Nonstarch polysaccharide enzymes—general aspects

Abstract Many studies have shown that nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP)-enzymes increase digestive enzyme activities, enhance digestion and absorption capacities, improve intestinal flora, and promote growth of animals. The increased use of plant ingredients and their coproducts, combined with application of NSP-enzymes technology, modern feed processing, and feed quality evaluation technologies may provide the animals with additional energy, protein, and minerals resulting in cost-effective, predictable growth performance, and environmentally friendly and more sustainable animal production systems. Therefore, NSP-enzymes do have a future in improving nutrient utilization of plant ingredients and their coproducts based diets for humans and animals. Nevertheless, acceptability of the NSP-enzymatic technique used by industries requires a major transition to meet the global demand of nutritive products. Even though few studies have been reported on the NSP-enzymatic approach, these techniques will prove NSP-enzymes’ beneficial effects and proper use for their best possible functionality in human and animal nutrition. Direct-fed cellulases as monocomponent additives are generally not very successful in improving monogastric animals’ performance, but in combination with other β-glucanases they are said to have positive effects on the zootechnical parameters of both species as well as in ruminants. Future challenges for the modern food and feed biotechnologist are on the one hand to study and use NSP-enzymes blends with proper kinetic activities to understand and correlate the activity and stability of enzymes in human and animal nutrition. On the other hand, the evaluation of laccases in combination with NSP-enzymes in the valorization of nonedible plant biomass should be intensified.
CENTRAL EFFECTS OF β-ENDORPHIN ON INTESTINAL TRANSIT

Intestinal transit was measured in rats as rate of flow of intraduodenally instilled radiochromium. Human β-endorphin caused inhibition of transit when administered intracerebro-ventricularly, but not when administered IP. Maximum effects occurred with a dosage of 50μg ICV. ICV naltrexone (5 or 10μg) caused a 25-fold shift to the right in the dose response curve for ICV β-endorphin.
Selecting Indicators, Creating and Testing the Data Forms

Abstract Indicators, called metrics by some RAM authors, are variables that RAMs use to predict wetland or stream functions, services, and/or condition (health). RAM sponsors must decide on which functions, services, or conditions their tool will assess, and which indicators it will use to assess each. Some indicators can be drawn from RAMs developed previously while others may be suggested by new scientific findings or novel analyses of spatial data layers. This chapter describes two ways to approach indicator selection: top-down (e.g., conceptual models) and bottom-up. It also describes things to consider when formulating and beta-testing questions on the RAM's field data forms.
Lengua precaria: La poesía mexicana en crisis epistémica

espanolEste ensayo estudia la manera en que poetas categorizados bajo la rubrica institucional de «escritor joven» confrontan en su obra los fenomenos de la crisis epistemica de la literatura causada por la perdida del privilegio cultural de lo literario y la emergencia de tecnologias post-librescas. Tras una discusion de la escena de escritura de poesia en Mexico hoy en dia, el texto se aproxima a debates en torno al genero de parte de autores como Luis Felipe Fabre y Julian Herbert, para concluir discutiendo la forma en que autores como Alejandro Tarrab e Inti Garcia Santamaria construyen poeticas desde las problematicas discutidas. EnglishThis essay studies the way in which poets categorized under the institutional rubric of «young writer» confront in their work the phenomena of the epistemic crisis of literature caused by the loss of cultural privilege of the literary and the emergence of post-book technologies. After a discussion of the poetry writing scene in Mexico today, the text approaches debates about the genre on the part of authors such as Luis Felipe Fabre and Julian Herbert, to conclude by discussing the way in which authors such as Alejandro Tarrab and Inti Garcia Santamaria build poetics from the issues discussed.
The role of comprehensive surgical staging in patients with endometrial cancer.

BackgroundThe cornerstone of the management of patients with endometrial cancer is hysterectomy. Since 1988, the role of lymphadenectomy for patients with endometrial cancer has been debated. Patie...
Structures of the Neisseria meningitides methionine‐binding protein MetQ in substrate‐free form and bound to L‐ and D‐methionine isomers

The bacterial periplasmic methionine-binding protein MetQ is involved in the import of methionine by the cognate MetNI methionine ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter. The MetNIQ system is one of the few members of the ABC importer family that has been structurally characterized in multiple conformational states. Critical missing elements in the structural analysis of MetNIQ are the structure of the substrate-free form of MetQ, and detailing how MetQ binds multiple methionine derivatives, including both l- and d-methionine isomers. In this study, we report the structures of the Neisseria meningitides MetQ in substrate-free form and in complexes with l-methionine and with d-methionine, along with the associated binding constants determined by isothermal titration calorimetry. Structures of the substrate-free (N238A) and substrate-bound N. meningitides MetQ are related by a "Venus-fly trap" hinge-type movement of the two domains accompanying methionine binding and dissociation. l- and d-methionine bind to the same site on MetQ, and this study emphasizes the important role of asparagine 238 in ligand binding and affinity. A thermodynamic analysis demonstrates that ligand-free MetQ associates with the ATP-bound form of MetNI ∼40 times more tightly than does liganded MetQ, consistent with the necessity of dissociating methionine from MetQ for transport to occur.
The Feasibility of Embedding Based Automatic Evaluation for Single Document Summarization

ROUGE is widely used to automatically evaluate summarization systems. However, ROUGE measures semantic overlap between a system summary and a human reference on word-string level, much at odds with the contemporary treatment of semantic meaning. Here we present a suite of experiments on using distributed representations for evaluating summarizers, both in reference-based and in reference-free setting. Our experimental results show that the max value over each dimension of the summary ELMo word embeddings is a good representation that results in high correlation with human ratings. Averaging the cosine similarity of all encoders we tested yields high correlation with manual scores in reference-free setting. The distributed representations outperform ROUGE in recent corpora for abstractive news summarization but are less good on test data used in past evaluations.
Weak Solution of the Navier–Stokes Inequality with a Blow-Up on a Cantor Set

In this chapter, we construct Scheffer’s counterexample (Theorem 1.8), that is, a weak solution of the Navier–Stokes inequality that blows up on a Cantor set \(S\times \{ T_0 \}\) with \(d_H (S)\ge \xi \) for any preassigned \(\xi \in (0,1)\).
Making Chronic Pain Visible: Risks, Mechanisms, Consequences

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death throughout the developed world, yet the symptoms that patients experience as a result of coronary disease are often not specific. Determining who are the minority of patients with myocardial ischemia necessitating revascularization is a major activity of many medical centers. This task has traditionally fallen to coronary angiography, which is an expensive and invasive approach to identifying coronary artery lesions necessitating treatment through revascularization with stents or bypass grafts. Recently, computational fluid dynamic methods have been developed for cardiac CT that have been shown to effectively exclude patients from an invasive test when they do not have significant coronary artery disease. This manuscript reviews the technique of CTFFR and discusses some of the challenges of widespread clinical implementation through value chain analysis.
Pressure-Activated Thermal Transport via Oxide Shell Rupture in Liquid Metal Capsule Beds

Liquid metal (LM)-based thermal interface materials (TIMs) have the potential to dissipate high heat loads in modern electronics and often consist of LM microcapsules embedded in a polymer matrix. ...
On the potential of ionic liquids to recover metals from the Martian regolith: Computational insights into interfacial interactions

Abstract Ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as suitable media for the extraction of metals and other elements from the Martian regolith. The complex mineralogy of the Martian regolith and the innumerable possible combinations of cation/anion pairs in available ILs pose challenges to the selection of most effective ILs to extract desired regolith elements. In this work, we utilized molecular dynamics simulations to fundamentally investigate the interactions between three major element oxides in the composition of the Martian regolith simulants, represented as alumina, hematite, and silica, and one basic and one acidic IL, i.e., 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][Ac]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([emim][HSO4]), respectively. We used potential of mean force (PMF) calculations to generate the free energy profiles of the cations and anions of both ILs on the oxide surfaces. Additionally, we generated their number density profiles on these surfaces to examine the structural features, including ion layering, at the IL-oxide interfaces. Our results indicate that both ILs have less favorable interactions with the silica surface and, hence, are less stable on it than on the metal oxide surfaces. Between the two ILs, [emim][Ac] shows more favorable energetics than [emim][HSO4] with the hematite surface. However, clear distinction cannot be made between the two ILs regarding their interactions with the alumina surface. Our calculated net interfacial energies of the IL-oxide systems further confirm our findings. The current work provides a general methodology to perform an initial screening of different ILs with respect to their potentials to selectively extract metals and other elements from the Martian regolith.
Abstract 229: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Compliance of Clinical Nurses Using Feedback Technology from the Zoll R Series Defibrillator

Use of technology driven devices aimed at providing audio-visual feedback during CPR have been developed, however research is limited to their usefulness effecting chest compression quality of clin...
COMMENTS ON "ON THE SPEED OF GRAVITY AND THE JUPITER/QUASAR MEASUREMENT" BY S. SAMUEL

A recent review article by S. Samuel "On the Speed of Gravity and the Jupiter/Quasar Measurement" published as Int. J. Mod. Phys. D13, 1753 (2004), provides the reader with a misleading "theory" of the relativistic time delay in the general theory of relativity. Furthermore, it misquotes original publications by Kopeikin and Fomalont and Kopeikin related to the measurement of the speed of gravity by VLBI. We summarize the general relativistic principles of the Lorentz-invariant theory of the propagation of light in a time-dependent gravitational field, derive a Lorentz-invariant expression for the relativistic time delay, and finally explain why Samuel's "theory" is conceptually incorrect and confuses the speed of gravity with the speed of light.
Training Residents in Virtual Advance Care Planning: A New Twist in Telehealth.

Abstract Context Advance care planning (ACP) conversations represent an important physician skill, a need further highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Most resident ACP training occurs in inpatient, settings, often featuring goals of care (GOC) conversations during a crisis. Outpatient clinics are valuable but underutilized settings to provide skills training for residents, yet little research has been done in these spaces. Objective We sought to 1) create an ACP curriculum harnessing the principles of a community of practice in a virtual format, and 2) obtain residents’ perspectives regarding their skills and confidence in having early GOC conversations in the outpatient setting. Methods We interviewed 48 internal medicine residents using questionnaires, reflective narratives, and transcripts of debriefing conversations. We created a virtual curriculum during the ambulatory week which included didactics, virtual role plays, ACP phone conversations with five patients, and group debriefings. Quantitative data were analyzed for changes in resident confidence. Qualitative data were coded using thematic analysis, guided by instructor field notes. Results Residents reported decreased confidence in navigating advance directive conversations following training [Z=2.24, P=0.03, r = 0.33]. Resident reflections indicated that they felt more practiced at inpatient late GOC conversation skills, and that these skills were not fully transferable to the outpatient early GOC setting. Residents also endorsed the ambulatory environment as the best space for ACP conversations. Conclusion This study illustrates the feasibility of a virtual format for ACP curriculum. The virtual community of practice created space for a metacognitive unmasking of prior resident unconscious incompetence. Also, inpatient, crisis-oriented late GOC conversation skills may translate poorly to the outpatient setting requiring early and ongoing GOC skills. Residents need more training to navigate ACP conversations in ambulatory environments.