cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
President’s Page: Making Imaging Meaningful

![Figure][1] New diagnostic tools and creative treatments have sparked an exciting evolution in medicine. Although this would seem to be a positive change, sometimes we adopt these new tools with not enough thought to ensure quality. Who is responsible for this apparent short-sightedness?
The stability of lamellar phases in water, propylene glycol, and surfactant mixtures

Abstract The stability of the lamellar phases formed with the anionic surfactant sodium 4-(1′-heptylnonyl)benzenesulfonate, the cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, and the nonionic surfactant pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C12E5) is reported as water is gradually replaced with propylene glycol. In all cases, ternary phase diagrams at 25°C show that the lamellar phase disappears as the concentration of propylene glycol increases. The stability of the lamellar phase is a function of the periodic repeat distances and surfactant head group areas as measured by small angle X-ray scattering, and the results are discussed in terms of the inter- and intra-bilayer interactions. Lamellar phases of nonionic surfactant apparently result as a balance between van der Waals attractions and steric repulsions, and become unstable because propylene glycol decreases the value of the Hamaker constant. For ionic surfactants, electrostatic interactions between the lamellae and intra-aggregate interactions are important. Lamellar stability is probably limited by the increase in surfactant head group area.
Synthesis of the enediol isofurans, endogenous oxidation products of arachidonic acid.

Isofurans (IsoF's) are a new class of human arachidonic acid oxidation products. They are produced in vivo by a free radical mechanism, independent of the cyclooxygenase enzymes. These new compound...
Early soft tissue pathosis associated with impacted third molars without pericoronal radiolucency.

Objectives. This study was performed to histologically evaluate soft tissue pathosis in pericoronal tissues of impacted third molars that did not exhibit pathologic pericoronal radiolucency. Study design. One hundred impacted third molars without evidence of abnormal pericoronal radiolucency (follicular space <2.0 mm) were removed for reasons other than participation in this study, and the pericoronal tissues were submitted for histopathologic examination. Specimens were fixed and processed routinely and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin before independent evaluation by each of 2 oral pathologists. A subset of both diseased and healthy tissues underwent additional evaluation for the presence of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for assessment of cellular activity. Results. Of the specimens submitted, 34% showed squamous metaplasia suggestive of cystic change equivalent to that found in dentigerous cysts. Soft tissue pathosis was significantly higher in patients over 21 years of age (P = .001). Five of 8 diseased specimens demonstrated PCNA uptake, whereas none of 10 healthy specimens were PCNA positive. Conclusions. These findings suggest that radiographic appearance may not be a reliable indicator of the absence of disease within a dental follicle. We conclude that the incidence of soft tissue pathologic conditions is higher than generally assumed from radiographic examination alone.(Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000;89:402-6)
Projections of a Wetter Sahel in the Twenty-First Century from Global and Regional Models

AbstractConfident regional-scale climate change predictions for the Sahel are needed to support adaptation planning. State-of-the-art regional climate model (RCM) simulations at 90- and 30-km resolutions are run and analyzed along with output from five coupled atmosphere–ocean GCMs (AOGCMs) from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) to predict how the Sahel summer surface temperature, precipitation, and surface moisture are likely to change at the mid- and late-twenty-first century due to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) emission scenario and evaluate confidence in such projections. Future lateral boundary conditions are derived from CMIP5 AOGCMs.It is shown that the regional climate model can realistically simulate the current summer evolution of the West African monsoon climate including the onset and demise of the Sahel wet season, a necessary but not sufficient condition for confident prediction.RCM and AOGCM pr...
Towards Model-Based Control of Achiral Microswimmers

In this paper, we introduce the three bead achiral microswimmers controlled wirelessly using magnetic fields with the ability to swim in bulk fluid. The achirality of the microswimmer introduces unknown handedness of the microswimmer. Here, we propose to use a combination of rotating and static magnetic fields to eliminate the uncertainty in swimming direction. Our experimental results demonstrated excellent capability of direction control as well as agile movements. From the experimentally collected data, we estimated a control-oriented two-wheeled robot model. Finally, we design feedback control for microswimmers based on the estimated kinematic model. In particular, we show that the feedback control law moves the microswimmer from any initial conditions to a target set of microswimmer’s position and angle.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Enhancing Relationship Satisfaction Among College Student Couples: An Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) Approach

Hold Me Tight: Conversations for Connection (HMT; Johnson, 2008) is a newly developed research-based program to enhance relationship satisfaction. The preliminary study describes the effectiveness of this intervention as it pertains to college student couples. The study included 28 self-selected college participants (14 couples) who were pretested to determine level of relationship distress (DAS), trust between partners (RTS), and symptoms of depression (BDI-II) prior to completing the 8-week education program. Pre- and post-changes were examined for statistical and clinical significance. Results indicated that there was a statistically significant change over time on all measures and that the DAS showed a greater degree of change for the women. The DAS showed significant clinical change for the majority of female and half of male participants. The RTS showed relatively little change that could not be due to random variability. Two of three women and three of four men with mild or worse depression symptom...
T antigen from nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts from an adenovirus type 12 transformed cell line.

SummaryA baby hamster kidney cell line transformed in vitro by adenovirus type 12 produced high titer T antigen. Using different tumor-bearing hamster sera in the indirect fluorescent antibody technic the resultant staining was either confined to the cytoplasm or was present also in the nucleus. Both the intranuclear T antigen and intracytoplasmic T antigen when isolated behaved similarly on hydroxylapatite columns and on starch block electrophoresis. On hydroxylapatite columns the majority of the recovered CF activity was eluted with 0.2 M salt. On starch block electrophoresis all of the recovered CF activity was present in one peak effecting a 10-fold increase in specific activity by a one-step procedure. Preparations with highest specific activity were obtained from fractions of nuclear preparations separated by starch block electrophoresis.The excellent technical assistance of Mrs. Jessie Doleman, Miss Shirley J. Hagens, Mrs. Beatrice R. O'Keefe and Mrs. Inta Ziedins is gratefully acknowledged.
High-temperature phase equilibria near YBa2Cu3O6+x

Abstract The quaternary phase relations near YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x were investigated using a solid-state ionic technique. Three invariant reactions were discovered. At 850°C, YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x with excess Cu 2 O reacts to form Y 2 BaCuO 5 and BaCu 2 O 2 at 1×10 −3 atm oxygen, while pure YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x decomposes to Y 2 BaCuO 5 , BaCu 2 O 2 , and YBa 3 Cu 2 O 6.5±x at 4×10 −4 atm oxygen. These results show that the phase relations near YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6+x change markedly with oxygen pressure.
Toward the Semantic Deep Web

The semantic deep Web fuses aspects of the semantic Web with the use of ontology-aware browsers to extract information from the deep Web.
Baire Functions, Borel Sets, and Ordinary Function Systems

Ifis a family of real-valued functions defined on a set X, then there is a smallest family, B(qt), of real-valued functions defined on X which contains ~ and which is closed under the process of taking pointwise limits of sequences from B(~). This family is called the Baire system generated by cb. One method of generating B(~) from q5 is by iteration of the operation of pointwise limits of sequences: Let ~0 be ~ and for each ordinal c~ > 0, let q5 be the family of all pointwise limits of sequences from (J~<~ q)~. Then q5~1 -~ ~1+1 = B(qt), where ~o 1 is the first un- countable ordinal. This system was described by Ren6 Baire in this th6se, published in 1899 (2). This paper is meant to be an exposition of some of the main results concerning this process that have been obtained since then. The second section concerns itself with some properties of the classes ~, under the assumption that the family ~ forms a lattice. In the third section, a development of the relationship between the classes q~ and Borel type sets which are inverse image sets of functions in q~ is given. That section concludes with Hausdorff's notion of an ordinary function system. These systems are completely characterized by their inverse image sets and yield appealing coextensive processes of generating the Baire system and of generating a certain Borel system (a-algebra) of sets. The Baire order of a family of functions # is the first ordinal ~ such that ~ ~ ~+1 • The Baire order problem for C(X), the space of real- valued continuous functions on a topological space X, is studied in the fourth section. Two proofs, due to Lebesgue, are given to show that the Baire order of C(0, 1) is oJ 1 . Later in this section it is shown that the Baire order of C(X), with X compact and Te, distinguishes those spaces which contain perfect sets from those which do not (dispersed spaces); the Baire order of the dispersed spaces being 0 or I and the others ~o 1 . In the last section the Baire order of various families of functions 418
Homeostatic mechanisms in dopamine synthesis and release: a mathematical model

Background Dopamine is a catecholamine that is used as a neurotransmitter both in the periphery and in the central nervous system. Dysfunction in various dopaminergic systems is known to be associated with various disorders, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and Tourette's syndrome. Furthermore, microdialysis studies have shown that addictive drugs increase extracellular dopamine and brain imaging has shown a correlation between euphoria and psycho-stimulant-induced increases in extracellular dopamine [1]. These consequences of dopamine dysfunction indicate the importance of maintaining dopamine functionality through homeostatic mechanisms that have been attributed to the delicate balance between synthesis, storage, release, metabolism, and reuptake.
Earliest Occurrence of the Pteranodontidae (Archosauria: Pterosauria) in North America: New Material from the Austin Group of Texas

Remains of a pteranodontid pterosaur are recorded in the basal Austin Group of North Texas. The specimen described here comprises a partial left wing and strongly resembles Pteranodon although diagnostic features of that genus are lacking. With an estimated early Coniacian age, this specimen represents the earliest occurrence of the Pteranodontidae in North America and the second earliest occurrence worldwide, predated only by Ornithostoma from the Cambridge Greensand of England. Pterosaur material recovered from the Eagle Ford and Austin groups of Texas records an early Late Cretaceous change in the composition of North American pterosaur communities between the late Cenomanian and the early Coniacian. This faunal transition appears to be primarily a decrease in morphological disparity rather than a significant reduction in taxonomic diversity. However, the lack of Early Cretaceous Lagerstatten in North America may produce underestimates of true pterosaur richness during this interval, thereby obscuring a subsequent drop in diversity.
Simulation of Mass Transport for Deposition in Via Holes and Trenches

The results of Monte Carlo computer simulations of near‐surface mass transport of the gas‐phase species within three dimensional structures, such as via holes and trenches on the wafer surface, in the context of low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) are presented. Issues treated include: (i) step coverage of deposited films, (ii) the relative importance of surface mobility vs. re‐emission of adsorbed reaction precursors at the surface in achieving conformal coverage in a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, and (iii) the effective pressure of byproduct within via holes during selective CVD of tungsten. Unlike previous efforts which neglect re‐emission in favor of surface diffusion, or assume Knudsen diffusion for mass transport in vias and trenches, our approach allows simultaneous consideration of direct and re‐emitted transport. Surface diffusion is found to be unnecessary in explaining commonly observed step coverage of deposited films, whether with uniform coverage or with re‐entrant angle. In contrast, near surface precursor transport by re‐emission, as characterized by reaction probability or sticking coefficients less than 1, plays an important role in controlling step coverage in these processes. An increase in the sticking coefficient is the origin of the degradation of step coverage.
Comparison of severe life stress in depressed mothers and non-mothers: do children matter?

Given the high rates of maladjustment among children of depressed mothers, parenting is likely to cause significant life stress in this population, potentially worsening the course of mothers’ depression. The present study is a comparison of severe life stress in 38 mothers and 62 non-mothers receiving treatment for recurrent major depression. Life stress was assessed using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule [Brown and Harris, 1978a]. We hypothesized that mothers would evidence a greater number of severe life events and marked difficulties both in the year prior to the onset of their depressive index episode and in the time period following the onset of their current depressive episode. Prior to depression onset, mothers reported a significantly greater number of entrapping difficulties, but not marked difficulties, severe events, entrapping events, or humiliating events. However, following the onset of depression, mothers experienced a significantly greater number of severe events, entrapping events, marked difficulties, and entrapping difficulties, but not humiliating events. Mothers’ elevated levels of stress were attributable to child-related stress, predominantly related to children’s psychological and behavioral problems. Our findings suggest that comprehensive treatment for mothers with major depression needs to address their parenting style and any psychological problems experienced by their children. Depression and Anxiety 13:109‐117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Resist process characterization and optimization for ArF lithography

This study presents the results of the characterization and optimization of the coat process of a positive-tone, chemically amplified (CA) photoresist at a 193 nm wavelength, Which is employed for printing sub-100 nm and beyond CDs. A comprehensive approach utilized a statistical design of experiments method, comprised of thirty-four processing variables, to screen the main factors in a typical coat program. A fractional factorial experiment subsequently examined the interaction effects with respect to the resist film thickness and uniformity responses, in addition to residual analysis diagnostics, Which revealed curvature in the data. Using the response surface methodology (RSM) optimization technique, the responses were modeled in design-space by means of a nonlinear stepwise-regression approach. The most significant parameters with corresponding high-order interactions affecting resist thickness and uniformity variations were identified and optimized. With a 95-percent confidence level, the nonlinear statistical-regression model predicted the resist thickness more accurately than it predicted the uniformity at best-recommended process factor settings, matching film-thickness target values while minimizing variations. Additionally, particulate defects were analyzed for confirmation runs with advanced, sophisticated particle-detection metrology equipment. The inability of the model to predict uniformity accurately may be the result of intrinsic experimental error, which has a greater effect on the variation of the resist thickness than it does on the mean value. Such variations contribute to CD variations that impact yield and costs in advanced IC fabrication. An improvement in the noise level will undoubtedly improve the predictability of the resist-coat process uniformity.
Marine viruses and their biogeochemical and ecological effects

Viruses are the most common biological agents in the sea, typically numbering ten billion per litre. They probably infect all organisms, can undergo rapid decay and replenishment, and influence many biogeochemical and ecological processes, including nutrient cycling, system respiration, particle size-distributions and sinking rates, bacterial and algal biodiversity and species distributions, algal bloom control, dimethyl sulphide formation and genetic transfer. Newly developed fluorescence and molecular techniques leave the field poised to make significant advances towards evaluating and quantifying such effects.
Oral Activity of Ether Lipid Ester Prodrugs of Cidofovir against Experimental Human Cytomegalovirus Infection

Infection with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can cause serious complications in bone-marrow and solid-organ transplant recipients, and current therapies are not optimal. We evaluated 2 orally active ether lipid ester analogues of cidofovir (CDV)--hexadecyloxypropyl-CDV (HDP-CDV) and octadecyloxyethyl-CVD (ODE-CDV)--in severe combined immunodeficient mice in which either human fetal retinal tissue or human fetal thymus and liver tissue had been implanted and was later infected with HCMV. Our results indicate that orally administered treatment with either HDP-CDV or ODE-CDV is 4-8-fold more active, on a molar basis, than is intraperitoneally administered CDV. These data suggest that HDP-CDV and ODE-CDV should be further evaluated as potential antiviral agents for treatment of HCMV infection.
Dietary Rosemary Suppresses 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Binding to Rat Mammary Cell DNA

Commercially available ground rosemary powder was examined for its ability to modify the in vivo binding of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) metabolites to mammary cell DNA in 55-d-old rats fed diets containing varying quantities and types of lipids. Supplementing a casein-based diet containing 20% corn oil with 1 % rosemary for 2 wk reduced by 76% the occurrence of DMBA-induced DNA adducts occurring 24 h after treatment with 50 mg DMBA/kg body weight. A comparable reduction in DNA adducts (66%) occurred when 0.5% rosemary was added to a diet containing 20% corn oil, and the quantity of DMBA given was reduced to 25 mg/kg body weight. The reduction in the occurrence of adducts occurring 24 h after DMBA treatment caused by 0.5% dietary rosemary was greater (P < 0.05) when added to a diet containing 20% corn oil than when added to a diet containing 5% corn oil and 15% coconut oil. Rosemary, 1% but not 0.5%, reduced DMBA-induced DNA adducts when the diet contained 5% corn oil. These studies demonstrate that rosemary is effective in reducing the binding of DMBA metabolites to rat mammary cell DNA. Furthermore, the present studies demonstrate that the benefits of rosemary are dependent on the source and concentration of dietary lipids.
Molecular mechanisms of pancreatic dysfunction induced by protein malnutrition.

Background & Aims Dietary protein deficiency results in diminished capacity of the pancreas to secrete enzymes needed for macronutrient digestion. Previous work has suggested that modulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway by the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) plays an important role in normal digestive enzyme synthesis after feeding. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of mTOR in protein deficiency-induced pancreatic dysfunction. Methods Wild-type and CCK-null mice were fed protein-deficient chow for 4 days and then allowed to recover on control chow in the presence or absence of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Results The size and secretory capacity of the pancreas rapidly decreased after feeding protein-deficient chow. Refeeding protein-replete chow reversed these changes in both wild-type and CCK-null mice. Changes in the size of the pancreas were paralleled by changes in the content and secretion of digestive enzymes, as well as the phosphorylation of downstream targets of mTOR. Administration of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin decreased regrowth of the pancreas but did not affect digestive enzyme content or secretory capacity. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that dietary protein modulates pancreatic growth, but not digestive enzyme synthesis, via CCK-independent activation of the mTOR pathway.
GridPML: a process modeling language and history capture system for grid service composition

This paper presents a process modeling language known as the GridPML for the composition of grid services. The GridPML is an XML-based language that supports basic control flow constructs adopted from Web service composition languages with features for invoking grid services. The GridPML defines an approach to grid service lifecycle management that creates service instances as needed at run time. The GridPML also supports the use of process parameters, complex type variable assignment from different grid services, and collection type indexing. A process execution history containing the execution context is created and maintained by the GridPML execution engine, forming the basis of future research for analyzing the semantic correctness of concurrent process execution. In addition to presenting the design and implementation of the GridPML language, this paper also outlines future directions for exception handling and recovery features for the GridPML language and execution environment
Broadband penetration and participatory politics: South Korea case

This paper examines the potential impact of the Internet on the political process in a young democracy. Roh Moo-hyun's dramatic victory on December 19, 2002 represents a major watershed in modern day South Korean politics. The Internet enabled this upset victory. The Internet made available alternative sources of political information unfiltered by the conservative and often biased mass media. Citizens distributed worldwide could express their support for Roh Moo-hyun in the public forums on his official site and many other news and discussion sites. Rohsamo, a group of people who support Roh Moo-hyun, became the focal organizing structure around which the efforts of individual supporters were coordinated. In this paper, we draw on primary and secondary data sources and relate broadband penetration to political participation. We suggest that Roh's election would not have been possible had it not been for the nationwide broadband infrastructure and low costs for household high-speed Internet access. South Korea's broadband penetration rate is four times higher than the United States, 60 times higher than the United Kingdom and twice that of Canada. As the world's leader in broadband penetration and Internet usage, the South Korean case illustrates the potential impact of widespread Internet access on the democratization process in developing countries.
Comparison of intramuscular meperidine and promethazine with and without chlorpromazine: a randomized, prospective, double-blind trial.

Study objectives: To compare the effectiveness of intramuscular meperidine (2 mg/kg) and promethazine (1 mg/kg) with chlorpromazine (MPC) or without chlorpromazine (MP) (1 mg/kg) for sedation of children undergoing emergency department procedures. Design: Randomized, double-blind trial. Setting: A community and university hospital ED. Type of participants: Eighty-seven hemodynamically and neurologically stable children less than 16 years old. Interventions: IM sedation followed by intended procedure. Measurements and main results: Children receiving either combination were not significantly different with regard to age, sex, weight, chronic illness, and indications. Procedures included laceration repair (46), fracture reduction (25), and others (16). Mean onset of action was similar (16 ± 12 minutes), whereas the duration of action was significantly longer after MPC (63 ± 57 minutes [mean ± SD] compared with MP 29 ± 36 minutes; P t -test). Paradoxical hyperactivity occurred only after MP (three of 43 cases; P = NS, Fisher's exact test), whereas transient oxygen desaturation occurred only after MPC (one of 44 cases; P = NS). No other serious complications were observed. Three observers rated the effectiveness of sedation and analgesia on separate 10.2-cm visual-analog scales. Overall, MPC received significantly better ratings (7.4 ± 2.1 cm) than MP (5.7 ± 3.0 cm; P U test). Parents believed sedation worked well in 90% of cases. Their children had bad memories of the procedure in only 9% of cases. Conclusion: Elimination of chlorpromazine from the IM combination of meperidine and promethazine for pediatric sedation during ED procedures results in a significant reduction in efficacy.
Nest characteristics of the Clapper Rail in coastal Georgia

The nesting habitat of the Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris) is not well studied in the southeastern United States. We documented Clapper Rail nest characteristics and surrounding habitats near Brunswick on the Georgia coast. Of 159 nests found, only 29 were active. Although some nests may have been abandoned or never used, many could have been depredated. Nests were constructed farther away from tidal influences than in those populations studied in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Clapper Rails also tended to nest near tidal pools as frequently as tidal creeks, contrasting with other Atlantic coast studies. The greater tidal amplitude of Brunswick as compared to the mid-Atlantic coast may explain this finding. Tidal-creek nests were found farther away from, and were associated with taller vegetation near the banks of, a water source than tidal-pool nests. While nest placement differed based on habitat characteristics in this study, nest-structure morphometrics were similar between tidal-creek and tidal-pool habitats and were consistent with those found in other regions of the country. SINOPSIS. Caracteristicas de los nidos de Rallus longirostris en la costa de Georgia El habitat de anidamiento de Rallus longirostris no ha sido bien estudiado en el sureste de los Estados Unidos. Documentamos las caracteisticas del habitat de anidamiento y de los alrededores de esta especie en Brunswich, Georgia. De 159 nidos encontrados solo 29 estaban activos. Aunque algunos de estos nidos muy bien pudieron ser abandonados o nunca utilizados, muchos de estos pudieron haber sido depredados. Los nidos fueron constuidos mas lejos del efecto de las mareas que los estudiados en la region media del Atlantico. Las aves tendieron a anidar cerca de charcas formadas por las mareas y de arroyos tambien formados por esta, lo que contrasta con los estudios hechos en el Atlantico. La mayor amplitud de las mareas en Bruanswick muy bien pudieran ser la causa de las diferencias. Los nidos en arroyos formados por las mareas se encontraron mas lejos y estuvieron asociados con vegetacion de mayor altura que quellos encontrados en las charcas de mareas. Aunque la localizacion del nido vaio ´ con el habitat, la morfometria estructural del nido resultosimilar en ambos habitats y con otros encontrados en otras regiones del pais.
Corneal nerves maintain the immune privilege of the cornea

Summary The aim of the current study is to investigate if neuronal dysfunction leads to the loss of corneal immune privilege. After trigeminal axotomy, corneal cytokines were measured by multiplex bead assay. Corneal hem- (HG) and lymph-angiogenesis (LG), as well as immune cell infiltration and phenotype were assessed by immunohistochemistry staining. Trigeminal axotomy was performed in recipient mice one week prior to corneal transplantation and allospecific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was used to compare results between groups. Axotomy resulted in significant increase of CD45+ cells and up-regulation of MHC-2. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in the cornea were significantly increased. The area of corneal HG and LG were significantly increased by 6.3 fold and 5.7 fold respectively. Axotomy before corneal transplantation resulted in rejection of all grafts, and donor-specific DTH response in these mice was positive at 2 weeks, as compared to transplanted mice without prior axotomy.Neurogenic immune homeostasis is a critical process, whereby the peripheral nervous system directly maintains corneal immune privilege.
Access to Care for Chagas Disease in the United States: A Health Systems Analysis

There are 300,000 estimated cases of Chagas disease in the United States but limited data on access to care. This study analyzed trends in access to care for Chagas disease in the United States and assessed the national and state barriers to access. Data on cases in blood donors and drug releases were obtained from the AABB (formerly American Association of Blood Banks) and U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), respectively. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 key informants at the national level and in five states where treatment had been released. Interview responses were analyzed according to the health systems dimensions of regulation, financing, payment, organization, and persuasion. Data indicate that 1,908 cases were identified in the blood donation system from 2007 to 2013 and that CDC released 422 courses of benznidazole or nifurtimox during this period. The barriers to access at the national level include limited diagnostic and institutionalized referral and care processes, lack of financing for patient-care activities, and limited awareness and training among providers. This study demonstrates that access to treatment of Chagas disease in the United States is limited. The lack of licensing is only one of several barriers to access, highlighting the need for a health systems perspective when scaling up access to these essential medicines.
Distribution and metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine during tularaemia in the rat (Short Communication)

Tularaemia in rats causes a doubling of the serum phenylalanine/tyrosine ratio and a more than twofold increase in muscle phenylalanine which cannot be accounted for by decreased hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase (EC 1.14.16.1) activity, but appear to result from a generalized movement of amino acids from muscle to liver during infection.
There Will Be Blood! But it Depends.

The extent that law enforcement may act to obtain evidence without a warrant is controlled by specific exceptions to the Fourth Amendment. Over the years the Supreme Court has both broadened and narrowed the scope of these exceptions. However, each time the Court makes such sweeping decisions, the Court provides little to no direction to the individuals affected most by the decision, law enforcement. In Missouri v. McNeely, the Supreme Court held that though blood-alcohol levels dissipate after drinking ceases, this dissipation does not create exigent circumstances that would justify an officer to order a warrantless blood draw. Although the Court in McNeely reasoned that an exigent circumstance must be proven with “special facts,” the Court failed to provide law enforcement with the guidance needed to effectively address this issue on a case-by-case basis and uphold public policy. This paper provides a historical development of the basic concepts and rules related to searches and exigent circumstances. Additionally, it provides a detailed review of the 2013 United States Supreme Court case, Missouri v. McNeely, specifically, the facts, opinions of the lower courts, the majority opinion, and all concurring and dissenting opinions. Finally, this paper highlights the issues that the Court’s totality-of-the-circumstances analysis will create for law enforcement professionals because of its lack of clarity and specificity.
Fred Thayer and Ideas

(2007). Fred Thayer and Ideas. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 455-456.
Determination of the Rate Constants for the NH2(X(2)B1) + NH2(X(2)B1) and NH2(X(2)B1) + H Recombination Reactions in N2 as a Function of Temperature and Pressure.

The recombination rate constants for the reactions NH2 + NH2 → N2H4 (reaction k1b) and NH2 + H → NH3 (reaction k2b) with N2 as a third-body have been measured as a function of temperature and press...
Dimensional decoupling at continuous quantum critical Mott transitions

For continuous Mott metal-insulator transitions in layered two-dimensional systems, we demonstrate the phenomenon of dimensional decoupling: the system behaves as a three-dimensional metal in the Fermi-liquid side but as a stack of decoupled two-dimensional layers in the Mott insulator. We show that the dimensional decoupling happens at the Mott quantum critical point itself. We derive the temperature dependence of the interlayer electric conductivity in various crossover regimes near such a continuous Mott transition, and discuss experimental implications.
“La Responsabilidad del Estado Argentino por Hechos Internacionalmente Ilícitos, la Codificación A/Res/56/83, los Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión y el Centro Internacional de Arreglo de Diferencias Relativas a Inversiones”

During the ‘90s and in the context of broad economic and political reforms aimed at opening markets, promoting foreign investment, and the attack of the troublesome endemic inflation Argentine Governments held numerous bilateral treaties of investment (TBI). According to the TBI, it is possible to get the international responsibility of the host State of the investment by the dictates of an arbitral award in the framework of the institutional of the ICSID or by the dictates of an award by an “ad hoc” arbitration. Breach by the signatory of a TBI of any of its provisions can lead to that State responsibility for breach of its international obligations.
Effects of lasalocid and monensin on nutrient digestion, metabolism and rumen characteristics of sheep.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate metabolism and rumen fermentation responses of lambs fed either monensin or lasalocid (33 mg/kg level) in an alfalfa-corn diet. Experiment 1 was a lamb metabolism trial where rumen samples were taken at the end of each excreta collection period. In Exp. 2, ruminally cannulated sheep were used and cotton thread cellulose and soybean nitrogen (N) disappearance were measured by the in situ dacron bag technique. Rumen turnover rates and volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia pool sizes were determined. In Exp. 1, dry matter and fiber (neutral detergent fiber, NDF; acid detergent fiber, ADF and hemicellulose) digestibilities were not influenced by treatment. Absorbed N was increased (P less than .05) with lasalocid, but not with monensin. No direct or adaptive rumen effects on in situ cellulose or N disappearance were noted in Exp. 2 for either additive. In Exp. 1, at 6 h postfeeding, both additives increased (P less than .05) propionate concentration and lowered (P less than .05) the acetate: propionate (A:P) ratio, while only monensin decreased (P less than .05) rumen ammonia levels. However, no differences in ammonia or VFA concentrations were noted at 2 and 4 h postfeeding. In Exp. 2, where pool size was considered, monensin-fed sheep had lower (P less than .05) total quantities of rumen ammonia at 8 and 12 h postfeeding. Both additives decreased A:P ratios at 6 and 12 h. Lasalocid increased (P less than .05) acetate, propionate and total VFA pool size at 12 h.
Soft-tissue reconstruction of the foot and ankle

SUMMARY Successful reconstruction of the severely injured foot and ankle remains a challenge for the surgeon. Frequently, bone and joint injuries to this area with overlying soft-tissue injuries or losses require the coordinate management by orthopedic and reconstructive specialists. Healthy, well-functioning feet are necessary to perform daily activities. Because of the dense packaging of the specialized interdependent structures of the feet, injuries to this area commonly cause significant (composite) wounds that, if not properly managed, can lead to progressive deformity and disability. Basic principles of wound management, especially those pertaining to open fracture management—wound evaluation, debridement, fracture reduction and fixation, preservation of viable tissues, prevention of infection, early soft-tissue reconstruction, and early bony reconstruction—are applicable in the management of foot and ankle wounds. The unique anatomy of the foot complicates reconstruction by limiting the availability of local tissues. Further reconstructive difficulties arise from the functional demands placed on feet and from the distal relationship of the feet to the rest of the body. Successful reconstruc tion of the foot is predicated on an intimate knowledge of the unique anatomy of the region, of the functional demands required of the feet, and of reconstructive methods. The simplest appropriate technique for the injured foot that is likely to produce the best outcome should be selected. Reconstructive options from the most simple to the complex include primary closure, healing by secondary intention, grafting, flaps (local and distant), and amputation. As typified by the authors’ experience, reconstruction of the soft tissues of the foot and ankle frequently’ requires more complex methods. Seventy percent of our patients have required free-tissue transfer reconstructions, and an additional 5% have undergone other flap reconstructions.
Hyperoctahedral decomposition of Hochschild homology

Abstract Nous etudions des operateurs du groupe hyperoctahedral sur l'homologie de Hochschild. Plus precisement, nous etudions les familles d'operateurs de la categorie hyperoctahedrale qui commutent avec les operateurs de bord de Hochschild b n = ∑ i = 0 n (−1) i d i ou di: [n] → [n-1] est l'application de face dans cette categorie. Cette etude est intimement reliee aux projections dans les espaces de puissances symetriques et hyperoctahedrales d'algebres de Lie libres. Nous discuterons aussi de l'homologie de Harrison dans un tel contexte et de certains autres problemes connexes.
Queueing Theory Applications in Manufacturing Systems

The manufacturing process involves various operational steps in converting raw materials (used in a generic sense) into finished products. In order to make the process efficient and cost effective, analytical tools such as queueing theory have been used extensively with the advancement of technology. They play an important role in the performance analysis, design, and planning and control of manufacturing processes (see Govil and Fu (1999)). The objective of this chapter is not to review all important contributions that queueing theory has made to manufacturing. Here we provide a few glimpses of such contributions and give three illustrative examples.
Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Ventricle in Murine Models.

BACKGROUND Non-invasive high-resolution echocardiography to evaluate cardiovascular function of small animals is increasingly being used due to availability of genetically engineered murine models. Even though guidelines and standard values for humans were revised by the American Society of Echocardiography, evaluations on murine models are not performed according to any standard protocols. These limitations are preventing translation of preclinical evaluations to clinical meaningful conclusions. We have assessed the right heart of two commonly used murine models according to standard clinical guidelines, and provided the practical guide and sample values for cardiac assessments. METHODS Right heart echocardiography evaluations of CD1 and C57BL/6 mice were performed under 1-3% isoflurane anesthesia using Vevo® 2100 Imaging System with a high-frequency (18-38 MHz) probe (VisualSonics MS400). We have provided a practical guide on how to image and assess the right heart of a mouse which is frequently used to evaluate development of right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS Our results show significant differences between CD1 and C57BL/6 mice. Right ventricle structural assessment showed significantly larger (p < 0.05) size, and pulmonary artery diameter in CD1 mice (n = 11) compared to C57BL/6 mice (n = 15). Right heart systolic and diastolic functions were similar for both strains. CONCLUSION Our practical guide on how to image and assess the right heart of murine models provides the first comprehensive values which can be used for preclinical research studies using echocardiography. Additionally, our results indicate that there is a high variability between mouse species and experimental models should be carefully selected for cardiac evaluations.
Non-nutritive, thermotactile cues induce odor preference in infant mice (Mus musculus).

Mouse pups (Mus musculus) placed on the midline of a mesh floor suspended over an empty area bounded by 2 odor fields, 1 containing homecage bedding and the other clean bedding, preferentially selected the homecage area when tested on postnatal day (PD) 5, 10, or 12. PD5 pups given a choice of homecage bedding versus age-matched bedding from another litter showed no discrimination, whereas PD10/12 pups preferred own home odors. To test whether such home orientation can be shaped by experience, pups were placed for 2 hrs on PDs 8 and 9 with either a lactating dam, a nonlactating foster dam or a warm tube bearing 1 of 2 novel odors. Other pups were similarly exposed to scented gauze to test whether mere exposure (familiarization) to an odor could induce a preference. Pups naive to both test odors and those familiar with 1 odor showed no preference for either odor on PD10. Pups placed with a lactating dam spent significantly more time over the conditioned odor. Moreover, pups placed with the nonlactating dams or the warm tube also preferred the conditioned odor, indicating that the preference can be attributed association with non-nutritive, thermotactile cues. (PsycINFO Database Record
DOM composition and transformation in boreal forest soils: The effects of temperature and organic‐horizon decomposition state

The boreal region stores large amounts of organic carbon (C) in organic-soil horizons, which are vulnerable to destabilization via warming and disturbance. Decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM) contributes to the production and turnover of dissolved organic matter (DOM). While temperature is a primary control on rates of SOM and DOM cycling, little is known about temperature effects on DOM composition in soil leachate. Here, we conducted a 30-day incubation to examine the effects of temperature (20 vs. 5 °C) and SOM decomposition state (moss vs. fibric vs. amorphous horizons) on DOM composition in organic soils of interior Alaska. We characterized DOM using bulk dissolved organic C (DOC) concentration, chemical fractionation, optical properties, and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. We observed an increase in DOC concentration and DOM aromaticity in the 20 °C treatment compared to the 5 °C treatment. Leachate from fibric horizons had higher DOC concentration than shallow moss or deep amorphous horizons. We also observed chemical shifts in DOM leachate over time, including increases in hydrophobic organic acids, polyphenols, and condensed aromatics, and decreases in low-molecular weight hydrophilic compounds and aliphatics. We compared ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and optical data, and observed strong correlations between polyphenols, condensed aromatics, SUVA254, and humic-like fluorescence intensities. These findings suggest that bio-labile DOM was preferentially mineralized, and the magnitude of this transformation was determined by kinetics (i.e. temperature) and substrate quality (i.e. soil horizon). With future warming, our findings indicate that organic soils may release higher concentrations of aromatic DOM to aquatic ecosystems.
Pathways to Neurodegeneration: The Effects of HIV and Aging on Resting State fcMRI (S38.001)

OBJECTIVE: Resting-state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) may provide insight into the neurophysiology of HIV and aging. BACKGROUND: HIV+ patients are now living longer as a consequence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, many HIV+ individuals continue to have cognitive impairment despite these medications. Older HIV+ patients may be at increased risk for developing neurodegenerative disorders. DESIGN/METHODS: This study used resting state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fcMRI) to non-invasively investigate the neurobiology of five functionally defined brain networks in 52 HIV+ (44% on HAART) and 52 HIV- controls. Network composite scores were computed for five networks: default-mode network (DMN), control network (CON), salience network (SAL), dorsal attention network (DAN) and sensorimotor network (SMN). Independent changes in rs-fcMRI due to HIV and aging were assessed by ANCOVA. RESULTS: A reduction in rs-fcMRI correlations was seen within the DMN (p=.003), CON (p=.006), and SAL (p=.03) networks while the DAN and SMN remained relatively spared. Compensatory increases in correlations were not seen within any networks. Neither markers of HIV (HIV viral load or CD4+ cell count) nor degree of cognitive impairment associated with HIV correlated with rs-fcMRI measures. Aging led to a decrease in correlations within the DMN (p=.03) and SAL (p=.006) networks for both HIV+ and HIV- subjects, however no interaction was present between HIV and aging. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HIV and aging cause similar decreases in rs-fcMRI. HIV could serve as a model for accelerated neurodegeneration within brain network connections. Further longitudinal studies of older HIV+ patients are needed. Supported by: National Institutes of Health [grant numbers NINR R01NR012907 to B.M.A., NINR R01NR012657 to B.M.A., NIMH K23MH081786 to B.M.A., NINDS P30 NS048056 to A.Z.S.]. Disclosure: Dr. Thomas has nothing to disclose. Dr. Brier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Vaida has nothing to disclose. Dr. Snyder has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ances has received personal compensation from Lily Pharmaceutical for serving on a scientific advisory board that was evaluating an Pfizer antidementia drug.
Investigation into the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for cellular functional immunophenotyping

We present here work towards the development of a lab-on-a-chip device used in the quantification of secreted cytokines from a small population of captured immune cells. This is accomplished by integrating microfluidic technology with interdigitated microelectrodes, which are used to quantify proteins using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Presented in detail is the effect of several parameters on the performance of the electrochemical biosensors, and a brief discussion of the microfluidic technology integrated with these biosensors in order to create a platform for cellular immunophenotyping. The developed sensor had a dynamic range from 0.1 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL, and the detection sensitivities at various frequencies are noted. It was also found that a redox probe concentration of 2mM is optimum for EIS measurements.