cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biases in biomass estimates: The effect of bin width in size-structured stock assessment methods

Abstract Size-structured assessment models require size data to be binned, but it is unclear how a specified bin width can impact the ability of an assessment to estimate quantities important in management. Biases in estimated mature biomass are demonstrated here when increasing the bin width using a simulation framework based on the Pribilof Islands red king crab (PIRKC) assessment. Several potential sources of bias were explored through simulation. The bias was removed by applying an alternative assessment method which used a finer approximation of the integral representing the probability of a crab molting from one size bin. Trade-offs exist at both sides of the bin width spectrum. Precision and model stability may suffer when bin width is too large; slowed parameter estimation and problems fitting multinomial likelihoods to length frequency data may appear when bin widths are too small. Simulation studies (like the one presented here) are useful for identifying optimal bin width for management related tasks.
Universal Formulas for Treatment Effects from Noncompliance Data

This paper establishes formulas that can be used to bound the actual treatment effect in any experimental study in which treatment assignment is random but subject compliance is imperfect. These formulas provide the tightest bounds on the average treatment effect that can be inferred given the distribution of assignments, treatments, and responses. Our results reveal that even with high rates of noncompliance, experimental data can yield significant and sometimes accurate information on the effect of a treatment on the population.
Invertebrate Locomotor Systems

The sections in this article are: 1 Mechanisms of Locomotion 1.1 Swimming 1.2 Crawling 1.3 Walking, Running, and Rolling 1.4 Jumping 1.5 Flying 1.6 Comparison of Locomotor Dynamics 2 Production of Locomotion: Musculoskeletal Systems 2.1 Filament, Sarcomere, and Muscle Level 3 Energetics of Locomotion 3.1 Aerobic Metabolism 3.2 Anaerobic Metabolism 3.3 Endurance and Metabolism 3.4 Metabolic Cost of Transport 4 Conclusions 4.1 Trends 5 Future Research 5.1 Comparative Muscle Physiology 5.2 Comparative Bioenergetics and Exercise Physiology 5.3 Comparative Biomechanics 5.4 Collaboration 5.5 Direct-Experiments Using Innovative Technology 5.6 Cybercreatures and Experiments: Computer Modeling 6 Appendix: List of Symbols
Granular cell myoblastoma; report of case in newborn.

Abstract 1. 1. The granular cell myoblastoma is a comparatively rare tumor in the newborn; however, all cases reported in the newborn have been in the oral cavity, and 75 per cent of these have been on the maxillary gingiva. 2. 2. The histogenesis and pathogenesis of this tumor are uncertain. 3. 3. It is generally agreed that the granular cell myoblastoma is a benign lesion and local excision will effect a complete cure; however, it tends to recur if incompletely removed.
Centrifuge Testing of a Partially-Confined FC-72 Spray

Abstract : The effects of elevated acceleration fields on spray cooling heat transfer are discussed in this paper. Spray cooling has proven to be one of the most efficient methods of heat removal. This technology is being transitioned into more advanced applications, such as fighter aircraft that must withstand a wide range of variable acceleration-induced body forces. Heat transfer associated with closed-loop spray cooling will be affected by acceleration body forces, the extent of which is not yet known. To test these various effects, an eight-foot-diameter centrifuge table will be outfitted with a spray cooling system to test for the effects associated with elevated gravity.
Extra-immunization as a clinical indicator for fragmentation of care

Objectives. We assessed whether extra-immunization can serve as a clinical indicator for fragmentation of care. Methods. Using public-use files of the 1999–2003 National Immunization Survey, we classified children 19–35 months of age by their vaccination providers for the degree of fragmentation of care as ordered from lowest with one vaccine provider, to increasing fragmentation with multiple providers in one facility type, to multiple providers in more than one facility type. Extra-immunization was defined conservatively based on the year-specific recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for immunizations due before 18 months of age. Of note, 1999–2003 transitioned from oral to inactivated poliovirus vaccines. Results. The rate for extra-immunization was 9.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 9.2, 9.7). Of single vaccines, the rate for polio vaccine was highest (5.7%, 95% CI 5.5, 6.0). Extra-immunization was lowest for the 69% of children with only one vaccination provider (6.4%, 95% CI 6.1, 6.7), was higher in children who had more than one vaccination provider with one vaccination facility type (13.9%, 95% CI 13.2, 14.6), and highest with more than one facility type (24.1%, 95% CI 22.5, 25.6). Logistic regression (including race/ethnicity, language, provider type, survey year, and a parent-held immunization record) confirmed that multiple providers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5 2.30), multiple facility types (AOR54.67), Spanish language (AOR51.29), and race/ethnicity (black AOR51.16, Hispanic AOR51.31) were each associated with extraimmunization. Excluding poliovirus vaccine from the analysis, AORs for multiple providers and multiple facility types increased to 3.64 and 8.95, respectively. Conclusions. Extra-immunization is associated with receiving immunizations from multiple providers and multiple facility types.
Isolation of the Outer Sheath of Leptospira and Its Immunogenic Properties in Hamsters

Abstract Spherical forms of Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola Hond Utrecht IV were induced with 1 m NaCl. Electron micrographs of these salt-altered cells (SAC) revealed that the outer envelope or sheath had pulled away from the protoplasmic cylinder. Treatment of SAC with 0.02% sodium lauryl sulfate solubilized the sheath and released the protoplasmic cylinder. Further processing of the solubilized sheath yielded a pellet which displayed a membrane structure in electron micrographs. The released protoplasmic cylinder showed loss of intracellular organization and the outer envelope present in normal cells. Immunization of hamsters with whole formalized cells, SAC, or sheath in doses as low as 10 μg/animal protected them from death upon challenge with virulent canicola 27.
Generation of a complete set of additive shape-invariant potentials from an Euler equation.

In supersymmetric quantum mechanics, shape invariance is a sufficient condition for solvability. We show that all conventional additive shape-invariant superpotentials that are independent of $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ can be generated from two partial differential equations. One of these is equivalent to the one-dimensional Euler equation expressing momentum conservation for inviscid fluid flow, and it is closed by the other. We solve these equations, generate the set of all conventional shape-invariant superpotentials, and show that there are no others in this category. We then develop an algorithm for generating all additive shape-invariant superpotentials including those that depend on $\ensuremath{\hbar}$ explicitly.
COMPOSITIONAL-MECHANICAL INSTABILITY OF INTERACTING MIXED LIPID MEMBRANES

We consider lateral phase separations in mixed vesicles that are comprised of neutral and charged lipids and which interact with each other at close distances. Their demixing transition is driven by the electrostatic interaction between the bilayers, and is due to enhanced screening of the in-plane repulsions by counterions shared between the two surfaces. Buckling of the membranes further facilitates the phase separation and lowers the interbilayer energy. We propose this instability as a precursor for vesicle fusion.
Pathogenesis of calciphylaxis: Hans Selye to nuclear factor κ-B

The clinical syndrome of calciphylaxis is characterized by arteriolar medial calcification, thrombotic cutaneous ischemia, necrotic skin ulceration, and a high mortality rate. This review integrates calciphylaxis risk factors with the molecular processes governing osseous and extraosseous mineralization. As the pathogenesis of calciphylaxis is better understood, targeted therapies aimed at disease prevention and reversal will follow.
Cleaving yeast and Escherichia coli genomes at a single site

The 15-megabase pair Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the 4.7-megabase pair Escherichia coli genomes were completely cleaved at a single predetermined site by means of the Achilles' heel cleavage (AC) procedure. The symmetric lac operator (lacOs) was introduced into the circular Escherichia coli genome and into one of the 16 yeast chromosomes. Intact chromosomes from the resulting strains were prepared in agarose microbeads and methylated with Hha I (5'-GCGC) methyltransferase (M.Hha I) in the presence of lac repressor (LacI). All Hae II sites (5'-[sequence: see text]) with the exception of the one in lacOs, which was protected by LacI, were modified and thus no longer recognized by Hae II. After inactivation of M.Hha I and LacI, Hae II was used to completely cleave the chromosomes specifically at the inserted lacOs. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of using the AC approach to efficiently extend the specificity of naturally occurring restriction enzymes and create new tools for the mapping and precise molecular dissection of multimegabase genomes.
Detection and recognition: Concurrent processes in perception

In two experiments, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects performed a simultaneous detection and recognition task. Ten subjects listened to pure tones in noise and reported both whether a target tone had occurred (using a four-category confidence rating scale) and whether the target was one of two (Experiment 1) or four (Experiment 2) tones differing in frequency. The amplitudes of three ERP components were found to be differentially related to detection and recognition performance. The early N100 component varied with processing related only to detection, while the late P300 varied with both detection and recognition, and a later slow positive shift varied only with recognition and not with detection. While the latenciee of both N100 and P300 increased for less confident target detections, there were no differences in the latencies of these ERP components between correctly and incorrectly identiffed targets. Recognition performance was above the level expected by chance even when subjects reported that no target had been presented. The results indicate that brain potential components can be used to disclose temporal features of the processing of a stimulus by the nervous system and support the view that detection and recognition are partially independent, concurrent processes in perception.
Iterative calibration of a shape memory alloy constitutive model from 1D and 2D data using optimization methods

Shape memory alloy constitutive models have been shown to accurately predict 1-D and 3-D material response under general thermomechanical loading. As with any constitutive model, however, the degree to which simulation results match experimental data is dependent on the accurate calibration of model parameters. This work presents a general framework for the identi cation of SMA material parameters using numerical optimization methods and experimental results that include both 1-D data (i.e., stress-strain and strain-temperature line plots) as well as 2-D digital image correlation (DIC) strain eld data. The optimization framework is verified using 1-D and 3-D nite-element-based simulated results as pseudo-experimental data. The study shows that the proposed optimization methods can identify SMA parameters in an automated fashion using data taken from multiple types of experiment, identifying parameters that t very closely to the pseudo-experimental data.
Patrons and Clients, Jobs and Machines: A Case Study of the Uses of Patronage *

How are patronage rewards allocated within a political machine? This article studies the distribution of 675 CETA Title I jobs within a New Haven machine. Data suggest that the jobs were used as patronage, but that patronage allocations did not follow conventionally assumed patterns of organization maintenance. Ethnic particularism overshadowed, and in fact redefined, considerations of vote-maximization and recruitment of workers. Questionnaire data suggest that those hired were not highly active politically, either before or after hiring, a finding contrary to normal suppositions about patronage recipients. The seemingly anomalous (and perhaps even counterproductive) patronage allocations become understandable, however, viewed in light of some problems and contradictions inherent in patron-client politics. These involve the inflexibility of job-based incentive systems, qualifications on assumptions of reciprocity, and the “aging” of the organization.
Literature and Revolution

The three-week uprising in Egypt that ended with the removal of Husni Mubarak on February 11 happened to coincide with the section of my spring course syllabus on the Egyptian novel from Najib Mahfuz to Ahmed Alaidy. As was the case for many of my colleagues and their students, the rapid and awe-inspiring events unfolding daily before us pushed purely academic concerns to the margins of class discussion. This tidal wave of revolutionary politics erupting into the classroom forced me to the realization that my larger syllabus was not simply some neutral or systematic survey of half a century's worth of Arabic literature. I began to think about the largely invisible dystopic intellectual and historical paradigms through which modern Arabic literature is often framed, at least in the United States. The nahḍa/naksa narrative, which compelled many of us to read Arab cultural history of the 20th century as a story of brief “awakening” followed by irredeemable decline and corruption, is clearly no longer tenable in the wake of February 11. This same narrative underpinned the highly self-conscious postmodernism that began to emerge in Egypt in the 1990s and that reached its apogee a couple of decades later at the end of the 2000s, a postmodernism that was celebrated (though by no means universally) as the true beginning of literary modernity and the emancipation of the subject from the dead weight of a past ideological age.
Observation of quantum susceptance in superconducting tunnel junctions

We have made the first direct measurement of the quantum susceptance which arises from the reactive part of quasiparticle tunneling in a superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) junction. The resonant frequency of a resonator which contains an SIS junction depends on the do bias due to the bias dependence of the quantum susceptance. The observed 19% shift of the resonant frequency, from 73 GHz to 87 GHz, is in excellent agreement with Werthamer-Tucker theory.
Sulfur cycling in a forested Sphagnum bog in northern Minnesota

The mass balance and internal cycle of sulfur within a small forested,Sphagnum bog in northern Minnesota are presented here based on a 4-year record of hydrologic inputs and outputs (precipitation, throughfall, streamflow, upland runoff) and a 3-year measurement of plant growth and sulfur uptake. Concentrations and accumulation rates of inorganic and organic sulfur species were measured in porewater. The bog is a large sink for sulfur, retaining 37% of the total sulfur input. Because of the relatively large export of organic S (21% of inputs), retention efficiency for total-S (organic S + SO 4 = ; 37%) is less than that for SO 4 = (58%). There is a dynamic cycle of oxidation and reduction within the bog. Annual oxidation and recycling of S is equal to total inputs in the center of the bog. Plants receive 47% of their uptake requirement from atmospheric deposition, 5% from retranslocation from foliage, and the remainder from sulfur remineralized from peat. Mineralization is most intense in the aerobic zone above the water table. Inorganic sulfur species comprise <5% of the total sulfur burden within the peat.
Signal transduction pathways in the induction of 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase gene expression by interferon alpha/beta.

Abstract Treatment of quiescent BALB/c mouse 3T3 cells with murine interferon alpha/beta (IFN-alpha/beta) (1000 units/ml) leads to the appearance at 4 hr of 1.7-kilobase 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2',5'-OAS)mRNA as detected by Northern blot analysis. This mRNA accumulates for at least 18 hr. Two protein kinase C activators, 1,2-dioctanoyl glycerol and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, suppress, whereas the calcium ionophore ionomycin enhances, the IFN-alpha/beta-induced expression of 2',5'-OAS mRNA. The 8-bromo and dibutyryl analogs of cAMP and the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin did not affect the induction of 2',5'-OAS mRNA by IFN-alpha/beta. In the absence of IFN-alpha/beta, the above agents used either singly or in combinations, did not induce 2',5'-OAS mRNA expression nor did platelet-derived growth factor (1-2 units/ml), fibroblast growth factor (6-100 ng/ml), or bovine serum (10-20%). Bovine serum also did not affect 2',5'-OAS mRNA induction by IFN-alpha/beta. The poly(ADP)-ribose synthetase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide suppressed IFN-alpha/beta-induced 2',5'-OAS gene expression. These results suggest that in quiescent BALB/c 3T3 cells (i) the 2',5'-OAS gene is not responsive to the three major signal transduction pathways activated by diacylglycerol, Ca2+, and cAMP; (ii) induction of the 2',5'-OAS gene by IFN-alpha/beta is decreased by activation of the protein kinase C pathway but enhanced by elevation of intracellular [Ca2+].
Time-resolved detection of melanin free radicals quenching reactive oxygen species.

Melanin, a ubiquitous, heterogeneous biological polymer composed of many different monomers, contains a population of stationary, intrinsic semiquinone-like radicals. Additional extrinsic semiquino...
Self-Report Measures of Psychopathy, Antisocial Personality, and Criminal Lifestyle: Testing and Validating a Two-Dimensional Model

This article reports results from five studies. Exploratory factor analysis was used to select indicators from the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy scales, and Personality Assessment Inventory—Antisocial Features Scale. The 10 indicators were subjected to confirmatory factor analysis, the results of which show that the two-dimensional model (proactive, reactive) achieves significantly better fit than a general one-factor model and a two-factor social learning model (criminal thinking, antisocial behavior) with 521 medium-security and 116 maximum-security inmates. The construct validity of the two-dimensional model is confirmed in a path analysis pairing (a) proactive scales with positive outcome expectancies for crime and (b) reactive scales with hostile attribution biases. Implications for a unified theory of aggression and criminality are discussed.
Distributive justice in the workplace: Emerging social work interventions

Abstract In the wake of recurrent corporate consolidations, down‐sizings, and restructuring, today's workers face increasing threats of job loss, job insecurity, and lack of employment opportunities. This article examines how American business and the social work profession come to grips with the present workplace upheavals, displacement of workers, and the distributive justice implications to individuals and companies. Emphasis is placed on the historical development of the role of the EAP social workers and its contributions to distributive justice in the workplace. Emerging from this discussion is a comprehensive model that integrates EAPs with organizational development (OD). This EAP/OD model is developed from the belief that a worker with strong self‐esteem and reasonable expectation of continued employment is an indicator of a productive employee and an example of distributive justice in practice.
Understanding Disturbances and Responses in Social-Ecological Systems

Current research in coupled social-ecological systems (SESs) often draws on theories of complex adaptive systems, resilience, and robustness. Many studies analyze the resilience, robustness, or vulnerability of these systems to disturbances and stressors, but do not connect their particular case with a general notion of what counts as a disturbance. This makes theoretical generalization of how outcomes are coproduced by disturbances and SESs difficult. These outcomes, in turn, serve as an entry point to represent SESs as dynamic systems that evolve and change over time. This study proceeds by first building a typology of disturbances to facilitate a better understanding of disturbance-response dyads in an SES. It then introduces a simple framework for analyzing SESs over time. Finally, the article applies this framework to case studies drawing on previous fieldwork.
Evaluation of fractal terrain model for vehicle dynamic simulations

Abstract Fractals are a popular method for modeling terrains that include various scales. This paper investigates the effectiveness of using fractals for generating artificial terrains which can be used for vehicle simulations. The 3-D Weierstrass–Mandelbrot function was used to generate surfaces based on experimentally measured terrains. There is an exponential relationship between the root means squared elevation of the surfaces and the fractal scaling parameter. This relationship was used to determine the required fractal parameters to generate a surface with a desired roughness. A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor coupled with a global positioning system (GPS) and inertial navigation system (INS) was used to measure two off road surfaces. The experimental terrain was then compared to the simulated terrain. Based on the comparison, the fractal model can capture the general roughness of the experimentally measured terrains as determined by the dynamic response of a suspension model. However, the fractal model fails to capture some of the nuances and non-periodic events observed in experimental terrains.
Interfacial properties of lattice models of three-component systems

Abstract A lattice gas model is used to predict the interfacial properties of three-component mixtures consisting of water, an oil and a surfactant. For three-phase equilibria, the tensions of the various interfaces are obtained in mean field approximation as functions of temperature and interaction parameters. The wetting and nonwetting regimes of the middle surfactant-rich phase are located. For intermediate values of the interaction parameters, a wetting transition occurs and is found to be of the first order. These theoretical predictions are in agreement with our recent experimental results for three-component surfactant systems consisting of water, an alkane and the surfactant C 6 E 2 , where C i E j denotes the nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene alcohol C i H 2i+1 (OC 2 H 4 ) j OH.
Electronic structure of the Pt(001) surface with and without an adsorbed gold monolayer

Results of all-electron self-consistent semirelativistic local-density-functional linearized-augmented-plane-wave (LAPW) investigations of the clean and Au-covered Pt(001) surface are presented. The charge density within the fourfold hollow sites at the surface was found to be very similar on both surfaces, as expected. The work function of the Au/Pt surface was reduced by 0.43 eV compared to the clean Pt surface. The interface atom 4f/sub 7.2/ core-state level on the Au/Pt surface is shifted by 0.3 eV to reduced binding energy. On the clean Pt surface, the density of states (DOS) on the surface atomic layer shows a large peak at about -1.0 eV due to surface states. This peak persists at -1.0 eV after Au coverage on the Au/Pt surface and is due to a band of interface states localized on the interface Pt atomic layer. Significantly, however, there are no states on the Au/Pt surface which are localized both on the Au and interface-Pt layers. Furthermore, the d-band DOS on the adsorbed Au layer is fully occupied. These results are used to discuss the experimentally observed enhanced reactivity of the Au/Pt surface and lead to the conclusion that the morphology of the experimentally observed surface may be quite different from thatmore » previously thought and modeled here.« less
Buying and Believing: Sri Lankan Advertising and Consumers in a Transnational World

Advertising is a central part of the global system of commerce and culture. Every day it exposes consumers around the world to practices associated with the West, urban life, prosperity, and modernity. One consequence of this exposure is that it frees people's imaginations from time and place, and imposes a new and foreign reality. In this book Steven Kemper looks at a parallel trend, arguing that advertising firms in Nairobi, Caracas, and Colombo also domesticate the imagination, insinuating images into people's minds of the traditional as well as the modern, the local as much as the global. Drawing upon fieldwork conducted over thirty years, Kemper examines the Sri Lankan advertising industry to show how executives draw on their skills as folk ethnographers to "Sri Lankanize" commodities and practices to make them locally desirable, essentially producing new forms of Sri Lankan culture. Addressing many of the most pressing agendas of contemporary anthropology, "Buying and Becoming" breaks new ground in studies of culture and globalization.
Associations between Schistosomiasis and the Use of Human Waste as an Agricultural Fertilizer in China

Author(s): Carlton, Elizabeth J; Liu, Yang; Zhong, Bo; Hubbard, Alan; Spear, Robert C | Abstract: BackgroundHuman waste is used as an agricultural fertilizer in China and elsewhere. Because the eggs of many helminth species can survive in environmental media, reuse of untreated or partially treated human waste, commonly called night soil, may promote transmission of human helminthiases.Methodology/principal findingsWe conducted an open cohort study in 36 villages to evaluate the association between night soil use and schistosomiasis in a region of China where schistosomiasis has reemerged and persisted despite control activities. We tested 2,005 residents for Schistosoma japonicum infection in 2007 and 1,365 residents in 2010 and interviewed heads of household about agricultural practices each study year. We used an intervention attributable ratio framework to estimate the association between night soil use and S. japonicum infection. Night soil use was reported by half of households (56% in 2007 and 46% in 2010). Village night soil use was strongly associated with human S. japonicum infection in 2007. We estimate cessation of night soil use would lead to a 49% reduction in infection prevalence in 2007 (95% CI: 12%, 71%). However, no association between night soil and schistosomiasis was observed in 2010. These inconsistent findings may be due to unmeasured confounding or temporal shifts in the importance of different sources of S. japonicum eggs on the margins of disease elimination.Conclusions/significanceThe use of untreated or partially treated human waste as an agricultural fertilizer may be a barrier to permanent reductions in human helminthiases. This practice warrants further attention by the public health community.
SVG-Based Web Publishing

With the increasing applications of the Web in e-commerce, advertising, and publication, new technologies are needed to improve Web graphics technology due to the current limitation of technology. The SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) technology is a new revolutionary solution to overcome the existing problems in the current web technology. It provides precise and high-resolution web graphics using plain text format commands. It sets a new standard for web graphic format to allow us to present complicated graphics with rich test fonts and colors, high printing quality, and dynamic layout capabilities. This paper provides a tutorial overview about SVG technology and its essential features, capability, and advantages. The reports a comparison studies between SVG and other web graphics technologies.
Evaluating Dominance Styles in Assamese and Rhesus Macaques

Researchers have suggested that several types of agonistic and affiliative behavior covary as a set of species-specific traits, and have used the term dominance style to describe the covariation. We compared measures of dominance style between a group of Assamese macaques (Macaca assamensis) and a group of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta), though kinship information was unknown. Assamese and rhesus female-female dyads each showed a low proportion of counter aggression and a low conciliatory tendency, suggesting that they have despotic social relationships. They also showed a despotic pattern on several other types of agonistic and affiliative behavior, such as approach outcomes and grooming distributions, which is consistent with the covariation of dominance style traits. Assamese male-male dyads showed relatively high levels of reconciliation and counter aggression versus other macaque males portrayed in the literature, suggesting that Assamese males have a tolerant dominance style. Insofar as macaque dominance style depends on the behavior of females, we suggest that Assamese macaques, like rhesus macaques, have despotic social relationships, which contrasts with evidence of a strong correlation between phylogeny and dominance style in macaques. Further, our results indicate that strong male bonding and tolerant dominance relationships among males are independent of female dominance style. Lastly, some measures of agonistic behavior, such as rate of aggression or proportion of bites, are likely altered in competitive environments and thus are not useful indicators of dominance style.
Determination of johnson-cook parameters for cast aluminum alloys

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the Johnson–Cook parameters for three different cast aluminum alloys, namely, A356, A357, and F357. Room temperature compression experiments were performed under varying rates of loading ranging from 10−3 s−1 to 5000 s−1. High temperature compression (235 °C and 435 °C) experiments were performed at an average strain rate of 5000 s−1. A split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus was utilized in conjunction with an induction coil heating system for applying dynamic loading at elevated temperatures. In addition, experiments were performed under high strain rate tensile loading using tensile SHPB apparatus, and the fractured specimens were examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the failure modes in these alloys. High-speed photography was used to capture the chronological progression of the deformation under dynamic tensile loading. The results indicated that all the three cast aluminum alloys were sensitive to strain rate and temperature. A356 exhibited the least value of flow stress under both static and dynamic loading conditions, and the highest elongation before break under dynamic tensile loading. The SEM images of the fractured specimens under dynamic tensile loading showed characteristics of transcrystalline ductile fracture in these cast aluminum alloys.
Speaking of the Future: Contentious Narration During the Cuban Missile Crisis

People tell stories about not only the past, but also the future, particularly when contemplating difficult decisions. When such stories are constructed aloud, in conversation, the potential for disagreement is pervasive because no one can claim to have witnessed the future and thus no one can claim the sole right to narrate it. Consequently, storytelling procedures need to be broadened to accommodate a diversity of opinions about causes and consequences. This article argues that those procedures are based on an expanded notion of narrative relevance, and illustrates their operation in the deliberations of the Executive Committee of the National Security Council during the Cuban missile crisis. These storytelling procedures provided scaffolding for the deliberations about possible U.S. responses after the discovery of Soviet missiles; they delimited the “moving front” for skirmishes around possible scenarios and outcomes; and they were partly constitutive of the discursive grounds for Kennedy’s decisions.
Flexible Design and Operation of a Smart Charging Microgrid

Abstract : The reliability theory of repairable systems is vastly different from that of non-repairable systems. The authors have recently proposed a decision-based framework to design and maintain repairable systems for optimal performance and reliability using a set of metrics such as minimum failure free period, number of failures in planning horizon (lifecycle), and cost. The optimal solution includes the initial design, the system maintenance throughout the planning horizon, and the protocol to operate the system. In this work, we extend this idea by incorporating flexibility and demonstrate our approach using a smart charging electric microgrid architecture. The flexibility is realized by allowing the architecture to change with time. Our approach learns the working characteristics of the microgrid. We use actual load and supply data over a short time to quantify the load and supply random processes and also establish the correlation between them. The quantified processes are then used to generate load and supply realizations over the long planning horizon. We show how this can reduce the computational effort when simulating microgrids for the entire planning horizon without impeding on their design under various operating scenarios considering uncertainty.
Occupation-specific earnings attainment of Asian Indians and whites in the United States: gender and nativity differentials across class strata

Using census data drawn from the 5 percent 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample, this study examines the extent to which Asian Indian men and women in the United States have gained earnings parity with their nonHispanic white counterparts. Occupation-specific earnings for Asian Indians and nonHispanic whites are modeled as a function of individual human capital variables (e.g., education, work experience, English language proficiency, marital status, health status, naturalization status, and length of immigration) as well as community-level characteristics such as minority labor market concentration, industrial structure, and areal wage rate of the labor market. The results of the multivariate regression analyses reveal that both native- and foreign-born Asian Indians have not reached earnings parity with majority whites. They are at a substantial earnings disadvantage relative to their nonHispanic white counterparts of equivalent human capital and structural background. Furthermore, the comparatively disadvantaged earnings position of Asian Indians, which suggests possible labor market discrimination against them, is not uniform across the various occupational/class positions. The extent of economic discrimination directed against Asian Indian men seems to be more pronounced in the lower class strata (clerical/sales and blue-collar categories) than in the professional and managerial class. No evidence of discrimination is found against Asian Indian women employed in the upper and lower white collar occupations, although those beloging to the working/blue-collar class seem to experience some degree of economic discrimination based on their Asian Indian ethnicity.
Follow-back study of oldest workers with emergency department-treated injuries

The aging of the U.S. workforce highlights the need to address issues affecting older workers specifically. Telephone surveys were conducted with injured workers identified through a surveillance system based in a sample of emergency departments in the United States. The 176 interviewed cases correspond to a national estimate of 8.263 (s.e. = 1,258) injuries to workers aged 63 years and older during May 15-September 30, 1993. Five percent reported limitations in the types or amount of work they could perform prior to the injury. Ninety-four percent reported familiarity with the task resulting in injury. Fifty-one percent returned to work without missing any workdays, however, 69% required return visits to a health care provider. Thirty-four percent reported receiving training in injury prevention. Twenty percent of the injured workers were self-employed and 43% worked for small businesses. Data from this study provide insight into routinely collected statistics and have implications for future research and intervention efforts. Am. J. Ind. Med. 31:609–618, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Stability and Control of Relative Equilibria of Three-Spacecraft Magnetically Tethered Systems

In this paper we derive the reduced dynamical equations of motion for a planar threespacecraft magnetic formation. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the relative equilibria for the system. We then show that three spinning configurations satisfy these conditions. Each on of these equilibria describe a family of relative equilibria. Due to the complexity of the resulting equations, we also study the stability and controllability for a given choice of system parameters about one of the found equilibria. For the chosen system parameters, it is shown that the system is unstable yet controllable given a set of control inputs (magnetic dipole moments and control external torques). Finally, we derive linearization-based control laws to stabilize the system about the chosen equilibrium and for the chosen system parameters. This work sets the stage for a future general stability, controllability and control study of three-spacecraft magnetically tethered systems.
Behavior of nitrogen implanted into Zr at high fluence

Abstract In order to evaluate the depth profiles of ions implanted at high fluence, the behavior of nitrogen implanted into Zr samples was studied in detail by nuclear reaction analysis using the 15 N(p, αγ) 12 C reaction at E p = 429 keV. Zr samples were implanted with 15 N ions of 50 keV to a total fluence of 10×10 17 ions/cm 2 at room temperature and 500°C. It was found that the nitrogen concentration exceeded 50% on both sides of the mean projected range ( R p ) for a fluence of 7×10 17 ions/cm 2 . The layers of over-stoichiometry were removed by subsequent ion implantation and then a trapezoidal profile was obtained for a fluence of 10×10 71 ions/cm 2 . Moreover, 14 N and 15 N implantations were superimposed on Zr samples in order to measure the atomic migration of pre-implanted 15 N caused by the subsequent 14 N implantation. It was found that nitrogen atoms near R p moved to both sides of R p by the collision cascade and the peak of the depth profile of 15 N split into two peaks with increasing 14 N ion fluence. These experimental results on the depth profile were compared with the theoretical results obtained by Monte Carlo simulation of the dynamic SASAMAL code, in which excess atoms over stoichiometry are assumed to diffuse depending on the degree of the radiation damage. Good agreement with theoretical results was obtained.
Synthetic eye images for pupil dilation mitigation

It is known that the probability of a false non-match increases with difference in pupil size between the enrolled eye image and the probe eye image. To address this issue, recent research showed that enrolling multiple images for an eye, with the images selected to have different dilation values, improves performance. However, it may not always be practical to acquire iris images for a range of different dilation values at enrollment time. Therefore, we consider a process of taking a single real image and synthetically dilating or constricting the pupil to a range of different dilation values. With this approach, multiple enrollment samples can be generated from one original real image. Our results show that there is a marked improvement in recognition accuracy by enrolling a set of synthetic eye images to cover a range of dilation values.
Effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on the herbaceous layer of a central Appalachian hardwood forest

2 circular sub-plots in each sample plot, for a total of 140 1-m 2 sub-plots. Sampling was carried out in mid-July of 1991 and repeated at approximately the same time in 1992. In 1994, these same plots were sampled each month from May to October. Seasonal patterns of herb layer dynamics were assessed for the complete 1994 data set, whereas inter-annual variability was based on plot data from 1991, 1992, and the July sample of 1994. There were no significant differences between watersheds for any sample year for any of the other herb layer characteristics measured, including herb layer cover, species richness, evenness, and diversity. Cover on WS4 decreased significantly from 1991 to 1992, followed by no change to 1994. By contrast, herb layer cover did not vary significantly across years on WS3. Cover of the herbaceous layer of both watersheds increased from early in the growing season to the middle of the growing season, decreasing thereafter, with no significant differences between WS3 and WS4 for any of the monthly cover means in 1994. Similar seasonal patterns found for herb layer cover—and lack of significant differences between watersheds—were also evident for species diversity and richness. By contrast, there was little seasonal change in herb layer species evenness, which was nearly identical between watersheds for all months except October. Seasonal patterns for individual species/species groups were closely similar between watersheds, especially for Viola rotundifolia and Viola spp. Species richness and species diversity were linearly related to herb layer cover for both WS3 and WS4, suggesting that spatial and temporal increases in cover were more related to recruitment of herb layer species than to growth of existing species. Results of this study indicate that there have been negligible responses of the herb layer to 6 yr of N additions to WS3.
Q-Learning: From Computer Network Security to Software Security

Reinforcement learning techniques become more popular in computer network security. The same reinforcement learning techniques developed for network security can be applied to software security as well. This research summarizes a work in progress attempt to incorporate Q-learning algorithm in software security. The Q-learning method is embedded as part of the software itself to provide a security mechanism that has ability to learn by itself to develop a temporary repair mechanism. The results of the experiment express that given the right parameters and the right setting the Q-learning approach rapidly learns to block all malicious actions. Data analysis on the Q-values produced by the software can provide security diagnostic as well. A larger scale experiment is expected to be seen in the future work.
The Role of Implicit Theories in Mental Health Symptoms, Emotion Regulation, and Hypothetical Treatment Choices in College Students

Beliefs about how much people can change their attributes—implicit theories—influence affective and cognitive responses to performance and subsequent motivation. Those who believe their attributes are fixed view setbacks as threatening and avoid challenging situations. In contrast, those who believe these attributes are malleable embrace challenges as opportunities to grow. Although implicit theories would seem to have important mental health implications, the research linking them with clinical applications is limited. To address this gap, we assessed how implicit theories of anxiety, emotion, intelligence, and personality related to various symptoms of anxiety and depression, emotion-regulation strategies, and hypothetical treatment choices (e.g., medication versus therapy) in two undergraduate samples. Across both samples, individuals who believed their attributes could change reported fewer mental health symptoms, greater use of cognitive reappraisal, and were more likely to choose individual therapy over medication. These findings suggest that implicit theories may play an important role in the nature and treatment of mental health problems.
Why Content-Area Literacy Messages Do Not Speak to Mathematics Teachers: A Critical Content Analysis∗

Much has been written to convince content-area teachers to include literacy instruction as part of their regular content instruction. The purpose of this study was to determine how the messages available in the literature are framed and how they might be viewed by content-area teachers, especially mathematics teachers. The analysis revealed that messages available to content-area teachers about literacy neglect, deemphasize, or misrepresent mathematics and/or mathematics education. These findings may help explain why content-area teachers, particularly mathematics teachers, resist ideas related to content-area literacy instruction
PECTINOPHORA SCUTIGERA (HOLDAWAY) (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE): MONITORING POPULATIONS AND DISRUPTING SEXUAL COMMUNICATION WITH Z, Z- AND Z, E- 7, 11–16: AC IN THE FIELD

Sex attractants were tested for monitoring of populations and disruption of sexual communication of the pinkspotted bollworm, Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway), in cotton at Biloela, Queensland. A 9:1 mixture of Z, Z- to Z, E–7, 11-hexadecadien-1-ol acetate (7, 11–16: Ac) captured significantly more male moths than the Z, Z- isomer only (1 mg baits in Delta traps). Treatment of 0.1 ha field plots with Z, E- 7, 11–16: Ac significantly altered response of males to mixtures of Z, Z- and Z, E- 7, 11–16: Ac from 9:1 to 1:1 and 1:3 mixtures. Treatment with Z, Z- 7, 11–16: Ac did not alter male preference for the 9:1 mixture. Both the 9:1 mixture of Z, Z- to Z, E- 7, 11–16: Ac and Z, Z- 7, 11–16: Ac caused 95–100% disruption of trap catch (traps baited with 1 mg of the 9:1 mixture) in 0.1 ha field plots treated at a rate of 7.2 g AI/ha.
The concept of character, character problems, and group therapy

periods. I would like to trace some of the highlights in the evolution of the concept of character and the discussion of character problems. With this in mind we can look at some aspects of group therapy, particularly its efl’ectiveness in penetrating the ego-syntonic facade of character problems. and the creation of a milieu in some ways similar to adolescence in which characterological changes may take place, and thus see why group therapy IS a powerful tool in dealing with character problems, and can in many cases do that which Freud was so pessimistic about achieving in the therapy of such diticulties. Freud’s investigations began with patients who presented with hysterical symptoms which he thought resulted from the not completely satisfltctorh repression of the memory of disagreeable or unacceptable experiences. These patients came to him because they were experiencing varying degress of discomfort. A patient sought help to be rid of distinctly unpleasant ego-alien symptoms. His goals and those of the therapist were the same and the patient. at least ostensibly, was not ambivalent about the task which they were undertaking together. However, it soon became apparent that there were many instances in which treatment did not progress smoothly. Freud attempted for some time to make the patient understand the unconscious meaning of his symptoms by direct interpretation of the derivatives of the unconscious. Reich,5 however, describes Freud’s gradual but growing disillusion with this approach. Success in direct