cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TARGETS' PRACTICES: HOW PEOPLE ALLOCATE THEIR ATTENTION AMONG MULTIPLE STREAMS OF INCOMING INFORMATION

The communication environment within organizations provides multiple opportunities for informational retrieval throughout the day. While previous research has explored media choice from a sender’s perspective, little research has explored the choices receivers or targets make in attending to messages and information streams. This paper explores the process that targets use to evaluate messages by introducing a model of target attention allocation. Built on theories of media choice, uses and gratifications, and social exchange, this model focuses on targets’ need to reduce uncertainty, the interactivity offered by the media available to them, and the social norms guiding their media choices. In doing so, the model provides a means for measuring targets’ willingness to remain focused on a given information stream or, conversely, switch to another information stream.
Improvements in shoot apex regeneration of two fiber crops: cotton and kenaf

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L.) belong to the Malvaceae family, and both are used as sources of fibers. Shoot apices from vigorous seedlings aseptically germinated from 3 different cultivars of both cotton and kenaf were used in this study. The cotton and kenaf shoot apex size was between 2–3 mm containing the meristem, unexpanded leaves, and a small portion of the cotyledon. Shoot apices were placed on 18 different media comparing full and 1/2 strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) plus vitamins, and combinations of 0, 0.1, and 1 mg l-1 of naphthaleneacetic acid and 6-benzyladenine (BA). The shoot apices of both crops developed successfully without intervening callus formation, and no significant differences among cultivars were found. An average of 58% of the cotton shoot apices initiated shoot and rooted in full strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) plus vitamins in 6 weeks. For kenaf, an average of 92% of shoot apices initiated shoot and rooted in full strength Murashige and Skoog plus vitamins and 0.1 mg l-1 BA in 3 weeks. All regenerated plants of both crops were phenotypically normal and set seeds.
Travel photography: A methodological approach

Abstract Drawing on the picture postcard as one form of evidence, this paper offers some guidelines for studying the relationship between photography, ethnicity, and travel. Not only does it examine some of the ways in which photographs represent ethnicity in the context of travel, but it also describes some of the major methodological approaches that can be used in their analysis. Further, it relates photographic communication to a wider ideological discourse, and in so doing, it discusses the interplay between the particularizing features of ethnic appearances and the universalizing tendencies of photographic expression in the world of modern tourism.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation and Development in Caulobacter bacteroides

Abstract The stalked bacterium Caulobacter bacteroides, which displays a series of developmental changes during its life cycle, was shown to contain the methylated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide bases N6-methyladenine and 5-methylcytosine as well as the enzymes required for the synthesis of these bases. A difference in the specific activity of these enzymes was observed between swarmer cells, which are low in activity, and stalked cells, which are high in activity. This difference was not reflected in the methylation patterns in the DNA of the two cell types since C. bacteroides DNA is essentially completely methylated with respect to C. bacteroides methylases.
Preference, Value, Choice, and Welfare: Preferences, Comparative Evaluations, and Reasons

What Are Preferences? When English-speakers talk about preferences, they do not need to use the words “prefer” or “preference.” The waiter or waitress may ask Jack, “Which would you like?” rather than “Which would you prefer?” We often ask about preferences by asking people which alternative they would choose, which they like better, or which they think would be better. There appear to be four main concepts of preference: Enjoyment comparisons . When I say that my dog Itzhak prefers ground beef to dry dog food, or that my mother prefers yellow roses to red ones, I am talking about what gives them more enjoyment. In this sense, an agent such as Jill prefers x to y if and only if Jill enjoys x more than she enjoys y . Let us call this an enjoyment comparison . It may compare either overall enjoyment or enjoyment in some particular regard. Comparative evaluations . When a politician such as Margaret Thatcher expresses a preference for one policy over another, she is not reporting her enjoyment. She is talking about which policy she judges to be superior. In this sense, an agent such as Thatcher prefers x to y if and only if she judges x to be better than y in some regard. Let us call this a comparative evaluation . Comparative evaluations can be partial – implying a ranking with respect to some specific criterion – or total – implying a ranking with respect to every relevant consideration. From an ideological perspective, Thatcher might object to government provision of health care, while from a political perspective, she might favor bolstering the National Health Service. When, as in this case, an agent’s partial evaluations conflict, the agent must adjudicate among the different considerations if he or she is to construct a total ranking. Making a total comparative evaluation is more cognitively demanding than making an enjoyment comparison, and there is more room for mistakes. A total comparative evaluation takes into account every consideration the agent judges to be relevant. Unless there is a blunder in execution, total rankings determine choices. I shall argue that preferences in economics are for the most part, and should be, total comparative evaluations. Favoring . When people say that affirmative action calls for racial preferences, they mean that it favors racial minorities – that is, it gives them a better chance to be hired by firms or admitted by universities. There is no implication that those who implement these preferences like members of these minorities better or judge them to be superior. Favoring does not imply either an enjoyment comparison or a comparative evaluation. Choice ranking . Finally, when a waiter asks Jill whether she would prefer the soup or the salad, he wants to know simply which Jill chooses. In this sense, Jill prefers x to y if and only if when she knows she is faced with a choice between x and y , she chooses x . Call such preferences choice rankings .
Metabolic advantages of higher protein diets and benefits of dairy foods on weight management, glycemic regulation, and bone.

The Inst. of Medicine and World Health Organization have determined that 0.8 to 0.83 g protein·kg−1·d−1 is the quantity of protein required to establish nitrogen balance in nearly all healthy individuals. However, consuming higher protein diets may be metabolically advantageous, particularly for overweight and obese adults attempting weight loss, and for physically active individuals such as athletes and military personnel. Studies have demonstrated that higher protein diets may spare lean body mass during weight loss, promote weight management, enhance glycemic regulation, and increase intestinal calcium absorption, which may result in long-term improvements in bone health. The extent to which higher protein diets are beneficial is largely attributed to the digestive and absorptive properties, and also to the essential amino acid (EAA) content of the protein. Proteins that are rapidly digested and absorbed likely contribute to the metabolic advantages conferred by consuming higher protein diets. The EAA profiles, as well as the digestive and absorptive properties of dairy proteins, such as whey protein and casein, are particularly advantageous because they facilitate a rapid, robust, and sustained delivery of EAAs to the periphery. This article reviews the scientific literature assessing metabolic advantages associated with higher protein diets on weight management, glycemic regulation, and bone, with emphasis given to studies evaluating the potential benefits associated with dairy.
Treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

Community-acquired pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the USA. Adherence to the 2007 Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society community-acquired pneumonia guidelines has been associated with improved clinical outcomes. However, choice between guideline-recommended treatments is at the discretion of the prescribing clinician. This review is intended to discuss the characteristics of these treatment options including dosing frequency, dose adjustment for renal/hepatic dysfunction, serious/common adverse events, drug interactions, lung penetration, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target and effect of obesity to help guide antimicrobial selection. An increasing portion of patients are receiving expanded empiric coverage for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as recommended by the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America for healthcare-associated pneumonia. However, this expanded coverage may not be achieving the desired improvements in clinical outcomes. We expect this increasingly diverse spectrum of patients with pneumonia to eventually result in the merger of these two guidelines to include all patients with pneumonia.
The Urban Ethnic Community and Collective Action: Politics, Protest, and Civic Engagement by Hmong Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul

This paper replicates and extends Sampson et al.'s (2005) collective efficacy explanation of civic action events to ethnic communities formed through international migration. It examines political, social movement, and civic collective action of Hmong Americans in Minneapolis-St. Paul through a content analysis of events reported in one of the community's ethnic newspapers from 2002 to 2011 (N = 541). Initially a dispersed group of refugees from Laos, by the early 2000s, 25 percent of all Hmong Americans lived in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. Most (68 percent) of their collective action is for civic engagement, not politics or protest. This civic engagement is mostly for socioeconomic improvement (53 percent) but also social solidarity (47 percent). As Sampson et al. found in Chicago, the spatial distribution of Hmong collective action is shaped more by the location of ethnic and public institutions than by ethnic residential concentration. The paper concludes that the analysis of collective action events in ethnic communities should combine social ecology, institutional, and interactional models.
The Self‐Cleaning Oven: A Source of Inside Air Contamination

This exploratory study addressed the question of whether significant amounts of con taminating aerosol pass through the smoke eliminator of the self-cleaning oven in terms of the impact on normal residential air quality. Data were collected by sampling the emissions of three ovens operating through their design self-cleaning cycles after being soiled in accordance with an accepted industry standard. The stain/haze potential of the emissions of two of the three ovens would cause significant increases in the normal level of light-scattering aerosol in a 1360-ft.3 room. One range would have created a haze level found objectionable by previous researchers. Reduction of the soil level by one-half resulted in a lesser reduction in light-scattering aerosol for one range, but a far greater reduction for the other two ranges. The first few self-cleaning cycles may produce extremely large quantities of smoke, due to the burning off of insulation oils and binders.
Differential Impact of Stent versus PTCA on Restenosis in Large (≥3 mm) and Small <3 mm) Vessels in the STent REStenosis Study

To determine the impact of reference vessel size on restenosis (RES) in the multicenter randomized STent REStenosis Study (STRESS), we compared stent (S) vs PTCA in large (≥3 mm by ImageComm quantitative angiographic edge detection methods) and small (<3 mm) vessels. S ≥ 3mm(kanni)N = 102 PTCA≥3(kanni) mmN = 90 S<3 mm(kanni)N = 102 PTCA <3 mm(kanni)N = 111 Final % stenosis 20 ± 10 34 ± 11† 17 ± 13 36 ± 17† Acute gain (mm) 1.86 ± 0.44 1.39 ± 0.52† 1.58 ± 0.44 1.10 ± 0.40† Late loss (mm) 0.71 ± 0.58 0.38 ± 0.60 0.78 ± 0.55 0.49 ± 0.53** Net gain (mm) 1.11 ± 0.62 0.98 ± 0.65 0.85 ± 0.59 0.63 ± 0.53* RES (>50% stenosis) 25.6 28.9 35.6 52.4* * p < 0.05 ** p < 0.001 † p < 0.0001 compared PTCA with S Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV For large and small vessels, S (compared to PTCA) had greater acute gain due to lower final % stenosis but S also had greater late loss. Nevertheless, net gain was still greater in S pts resulting in lower RES (vs PTCA). Late angiographic responses to S and PTCA were different in large and small vessels; S had similar late loss irrespective of vessel size, whereas PTCA had less late loss in ≥3 mm vessels which partially neutralizes the acute gain benefit of S. Thus, although RES was generally lower in ≥3 mm vessels, there was little difference among S and PTCA pts. In <3 mm vessel, absolute RES was higher and there was a marked difference in RES between S and PTCA. Importantly, late clinical events showed a similar differential response; target lesion revascularization (CABG or repeat PTCA) was similar for S and PTCA in ≥3 mm vessels (15 vs 13%, NS) but in <3 mm vessels was lower in S pts (22 vs 32%, P = 0.1). In conclusion Data from STRESS indicate that S had a greater impact on lowering RES and increasing clinical benefit in smaller <3 mm) vs larger (≥3 mm) vessels. Future designs efforts should be directed towards developing a smaller S which can be safely implanted in smaller coronary vessels.
A micromechanics model of the elastic properties of human dentine

A generalized, self-consistent model of cylindrical inclusions in a homogeneous and isotropic matrix phase was used to study the effects of tubule orientation on the elastic properties of dentine. Closed-form expressions for the five independent elastic constants of dentine were derived in terms of tubule concentration, and the Young's moduli and Poisson ratios of peri- and intertubular dentine. An atomic-force microscope indentation technique determined the Young's moduli of the peri- and intertubular dentine as approx. 30 and 15 GPa, respectively. Over the natural variation in tubule density found in dentine, there was only a slight variation in the axial and transverse shear moduli with position in the tooth, and there was no measurable effect of tubule orientation. It was concluded that tubule orientation has no appreciable effect on the elastic behaviour of normal dentine, and that the elastic properties of healthy dentine can be modelled as an isotropic continuum with a Young's modulus of approx. 16 GPa and a shear modulus of 6.2 GPa.
Correlation between creep behavior in Al-based solid solution alloys and powder metallurgy Al alloys

Abstract The creep characteristics of Al-based solid solution alloys and powder metallurgy (PM) Al alloys are reviewed. Consideration of available information shows that the creep behavior of PM Al alloys is different from that of Al-based solid solution alloys with regard to the stress dependence of creep rate as inferred from the value of the stress exponent, n , and the temperature dependence of creep rate as measured by the value of the activation energy, Q . For example, according to well-documented experimental evidence, the activation energies for creep in Al-based solid solution alloys, whether they behave as class I (alloy class, n =3) or class II (metal class, n =5), are close to that for self-diffusion in Al. By contrast, the apparent activation energies for creep in PM Al alloys are not only much higher than those reported for Al-based solid solution alloys but also variable. It is suggested that the aforementioned differences arise from the presence of a threshold stress for creep in PM Al alloys; that the origin of such a threshold stress is related to the interaction between moving dislocations and oxides particles which are present as a result of processing these alloys by powder metallurgy; and that by incorporating the threshold stress and its temperature dependence in the analysis, the true creep characteristics of PM Al alloys become similar to those of Al-based solid solution alloys. The consistency between this suggestion and experimental trends for two PM Al alloys, PM 6061 Al and PM 2124 Al, is examined.
Buffalo Gourd Root Starch. Part IV. Properties of Hydroxypropyl Derivatives

The root starch of Cucurbita foetidissima, or buffalo gourd, has physicochemical characteristics intermediate to those of cassava and maize. However, unlike other root starches, buffalo gourd starch pastes retain peak viscosity under application of stress. Nutritional and organoleptic evaluation have shown suitability of this starch for food use. Buffalo gourd starch pastes retrograde when subjected to low temperature storage to a degree similar to that of maize. Stabilization of buffalo gourd starch (DS 0.04, 0.05, 0.06) with propylene oxide protects against the retrogradative response. Rheological examination of hydroxypropylated buffalo gourd starch shows depressed initial pasting temperatures, with increased and sustained viscosity throughout the pasting cycle. Buffelkurbis-Wurzelstarke. Teil 4. Eigenschaften von Propylderivaten. Die Wurzelstarke von Cucurbita foetidissima bzw. Buffelkurbis hat physikalisch-chemische Eigenschaften, die etwa zwischen Cassavastarke und Maisstarke liegen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Wurzelstarken behalten die Pasten der Buffelkurbisstarke aber unter Druck ihre hochste Viskositat. Wie die Beurteilung des Nahrwertes und der organoleptischen Eigenschaften gezeigt hat, eignet sich diese Starke fur Nahrungsmittelzwecke. In ahnlichem Mase wie Maisstarkepasten retrogradieren die Pasten von Buffelkurbisstarke, wenn sie bei niedriger Temperatur gelagert werden. Stabilisierung von Buffelkurbisstarke durch Propylenoxid (DS 0,04; 0,05; 0,06) schutzt gegen Retrogradation. Rheologische Untersuchung von hydroxypropylierter Buffelkurbisstarke zeigt eine erniedrigte Anfangsverkleisterungstemperatur mit erhohter und anhaltender Viskositat wahrend der ganzen Verkleisterungsperiode.
Extensive modifications for methionine enhancement in the beta-barrels do not alter the structural stability of the bean seed storage protein phaseolin.

Common beans are widely utilized as a food source, yet are low in the essential amino acid methionine. As an initial step to overcome this defect the methionine content of the primary bean seed storage protein phaseolin was increased by replacing 20 evolutionarily variant hydrophobic residues with methionine and inserting short, methionine-rich sequences into turn and loop regions of the protein structure. Methionine enhancement ranged from 5 to 30 residues. AnEscherichia coli expression system was developed to characterize the structural stability of the mutant proteins. Proteins of expected sizes were obtained for all constructs except for negative controls, which were rapidly degraded inE. coli. Thermal denaturation of the purified proteins demonstrated that both wild-type and mutant phaseolin proteins denatured reversibly at approximately 61°C. In addition, urea denaturation experiments of the wild-type and a mutant protein (with 30 additional methionines) confirmed that the structural stability of the proteins was very similar. Remarkably, these results indicate that the phaseolin protein tolerates extensive modifications, including 20 substitutions and two loop inserts for methionine enhancement in theβ-barrel and loop structures, with extremely small effects on protein stability.
Biochemical and 31P-NMR spectroscopic evaluation of immobilized perfused rat Sertoli cells

Cell immobilization and perfusion are used for physiologic studies of Sertoli cells with phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and biochemical methods. In this study the 31 P NMR spectra of Sertoli cells isolated from 18-to 21-day-old rats and immobilized in agarose threads continuously perfused with oxygenated Dulbecco's modifed Eagle medium were obtained at 81 MHz on an NMR system. Cytosolic Ca 2+ , intracellular Mg 2+ , lactate and pyruvate, and oxygen consumption were measured with standard biochemical methods. Perfused Sertoli cells maintain a stable intracellular adenosine triphosphate concentration for more than 10 hours. Sertoli cells placed in cold storage overnight and then subjected to perfusion partially regenerate cellular adenosine triphosphate levels. Sertoli cells consume an average of 4.8 ± 0.4 nmol O 2 /min/10 6 cells and maintain average ambient lactate and pyruvate levels of 7.1 ± 0.8 mg/dl and 0.65 ± 0.05 mg/dl, respectively, with a lactate/pyruvate ratio in the range 8 to 12. The basal Ca i 2+ of Sertoli cells is 98 ± 0.7 nmol/L (n = 58), which declines to a level less than 10 nmol/L when the Sertoli cells are perfused with a calcium-free medium. Perfusion of Sertoli cells with a sodium-free medium, with 10 -6 mol/L carbonyl cyanide P-trifluoromethoxy-thenylhydrozone, or with Ca 2+ ionophore A23187 at a concentration of 10 -6 mol/L increases the Ca i 2+ to a level of 426 ± 107 nmol/L, 274 ± 29 nmol/L, or 282 ± 57 nmol/L, respectively. A bioreactor for physiologic studies of Sertoli cells in real time with NMR spectroscopy has been developed. These data demonstrate that isolated, immobilized, and perfused Sertoli cells are stable for prolonged periods. In addition, these data suggest that Sertoli cells possess a functional Na + -Ca 2+ antiporter and that they sequester extracellular Ca 2+ in one or more intracellular compartments.
The Storm We Call Dollars: Determining Value and Belief in El Salvador and the United States

On August 26, 1996, Intipucai seemed poised to accelerate its metamorphosis from a remote town of about 7,000 people in southeast El Salvador into a more modern cosmopolis. That day, Banco Agricola Comercial, the largest bank in El Salvador, opened a branch office adjacent to the corner of 2a Calle Poniente and 1 a Avenida Norte near the town square.' For a municipality like Intipucai to have the direct services of a major commercial bank was unprecedented in the history of El Salvador, the smallest and most densely populated country in Central America. Many residents and the Agricola officials were proud of the bank's arrival, for it suggested that within Intipucai both the subjective values of financial capitalism and money as its dominant form of value circulated in ample fashion. Referring to all that contributed to these new habits of interaction, the owner of a store across the street from the bank cautiously appraised this moment and smiled: "With Agricola we are no longer a pueblo [small town]. We are a ciudad [city]. No, we are a villa [large town]-something inbetween."
Development and implementation of a miniaturized high-throughput time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer assay to identify small molecule inhibitors of polo-like kinase 1.

Polo-like kinase (Plk) 1 is a key enzyme involved in regulating the mammalian cell cycle that is also a validated anticancer drug target. Nonetheless, there are relatively few readily available potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of Plk1. To increase the availability of pharmacologically valuable Plk1 inhibitors, we describe herein the development, variability assessment, validation, and implementation of a 384-well automated, miniaturized high-throughput time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer screening assay designed to identify Plk1 kinase inhibitors. Using a small molecule library of pharmaceutically active compounds to gauge high-throughput assay robustness and reproducibility, we found nine general kinase inhibitors, including H-89, which was selected as the minimum control. We then interrogated a 97,101 compound library from the National Institutes of Health repository for small molecule inhibitors of Plk1 kinase activity. The initial primary hit rate in a single 10 μM concentration f...
Transformer audible-noise control

INFORMATION on the design of sound barriers has been obtained by model tests. A new method of noise control called “sound cancellation” is being investigated.
Equilibrium constants for the formation of complexes between divalent metal ions and chelating agents containing nitrogen and sulfur donors

Abstract Formation constants for the Hg2+ complexes of 5 potentially octadentate chelating agents have been determined utilizing a mercury electrode. The ligands, which were reported in an earlier paper, are [(H2NC2H4S)2CH]2, (H2NC2H4S)2CHCH2CH(SC2H4NH2)2, [(H2NC2H4S)2CHCH2]2, (H2NC2H4S)2CH(CH2)3−CH(SC2H4NH2)2 and C6H4[CH(SC2H4NH2)2]2. They each have been observed to form complexes with mercuric ion in the diprotonated form, (LH22+). In addition, from pH titrations, the order of decreasing stability for complexes of these ligands with various divalent metal ions was observed to be Hg2+ > Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Zn2+ > Cd2+ > Co2+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+. Numerous problems were encountered when measurement of the formation constants with these other metal ions was attempted and only estimates of the stability constants are presented here.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL RECONNECTION INVOLVING MAGNETIC FLUX ROPES

Two and three magnetic flux ropes are created and studied in a well-diagnosed laboratory experiment. The twisted helical bundles of field lines rotate and collide with each other over time. In the two rope case, reverse current layers indicative of reconnection are observed. Using a high spatial and temporal resolution three-dimensional volume data set in both cases, quasi-separatrix layers (QSLs) are identified in the magnetic field. Originally developed in the context of solar magnetic reconnection, QSLs are thought to be preferred sites for reconnection. This is verified in these studies. In the case of three flux ropes there are multiple QSLs, which come and go in time. The divergence of the field lines within the QSLs and the field line motion is presented. In all cases, it is observed that the reconnection is patchy in space and bursty in time. Although it occurs at localized positions it is the result of the nonlocal behavior of the flux ropes.
In-situ Rock Probing Using The Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC)

In-situ sampling and analysis are important capabilities to allow meeting the major objectives of future NASA's planetary exploration missions. The development of an ultrasonic device that can serve as a probe, sampler and sensors platform for in-situ analysis is currently underway at JPL. The device is based on the novel Ultrasonic/Sonic Driller/Corer (USDC) technology, which was co-developed by the Non-Destructive Evaluation and Advanced Actuator laboratory (NDEAA, http://ndeaa.jpl.nasa.gov/), JPL, and Cybersonics. This sampling technology requires low axial force, thereby overcoming one of the major limitations of planetary sampling in low gravity using conventional drills. This device allows the design of an effective tool that is compact, low mass and uses low power. To assure effective use of power for drilling/coring rocks in-situ probing is needed to allow selecting rocks with the highest probability of containing information (biological markers, water, etc.). While the major function of the USDC is sampling, drilling and coring, it also has great potential to serve as a probing device. The USDC imparts elastic waves into the sampled medium offering a sounding method for geophysical analysis similar to the techniques used by the oil industry. Also, the characteristic of the piezoelectric actuator, which drives the USDC, is affected by the medium to which it is coupled. Using a variety of device configurations, a series of experiments were conducted to measure the elastic wave velocity, scattering, impedance and the shift in resonance frequency. Various rocks are being tested to determine their characteristics. Preliminary results are encouraging. Currently, investigation is conducted to find methods of minimizing the effect of surface roughness, geometry and sample dimensions on the data.
Modeling of creep of aligned short-fiber reinforced ceramic composites

Abstract A model is developed to predict the steady-state creep behavior of aligned short-fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites. The approach is based on an advanced shear-lag model. The analysis incorporates some unique characteristics of ceramic matrix composites, such as the fiber/matrix interface sliding effect, shear and axial loads carried by the matrix, and the fact that both the fibers and matrix creep at elevated temperatures. Several parameters, such as fiber volume fraction, fiber aspect ratio and the sliding factor at the interface, are varied to determine their effect on creep behavior. Finally, the results from the model are shown with experimental data of an SiC/Al2O3 composite, although this is not meant as a direct comparison because of the uncertainty of the material properties and geometric parameters, and the fact that the experimental results are based on random fiber orientation, whereas the analysis assumes aligned fibers.
Ion channel proteins in mouse and human vestibular tissue.

Background and objective Electrical activity in hair cells and neurons of the inner ear is necessary for the transduction and modulation of stimuli that impinge on the cochlea and vestibular endorgans of the inner ear. The underlying basis of this activity is pore-forming proteins in the membrane of excitable cells that allow the influx and efflux of various ions, including Na+, Ca2+, and K+, among others. These channels are critical to both electrical activity as well as the development of excitable cells because they may initiate long-term signals that are important in the maintenance and survival of these cells. We investigated the expression of several Shaker potassium ion channel proteins and an accessory β subunit in the vestibular endorgans of mouse and human. Methods Vestibular tissue consisting of cristae ampullares was harvested from adult and neonatal mice as well as from human subjects undergoing vestibular surgery. Western blot analysis and immunoprecipitation were used to identify the presence or absence, in mouse, of α subunits Kv1.2, Kv1.4, and Kv1.5 and of β subunit Kvβ1.1 in mouse. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to identify interactions between α and β subunits. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize Kv1.2 in mouse and human tissues. Results The presence of Kvα1.2 and Kvβ1.1 was confirmed in adult mouse crista ampullaris by Western blotting. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that Kv1.2 and Kvβ1.1 interact in these tissues. Immunostaining localized Kv1.2 to regions within and extraneous to the sensory epithelium of mouse and human cristae ampullares. In comparison, Kv1.4 and Kv1.5 were not found in the crista ampullaris. Conclusions We describe the presence, location, and interaction of various potassium ion channel α subunits and a β subunit. These data are initial descriptions of potassium ion channels in the mammalian vestibular system and begin to provide an understanding of the protein subunits that form ion channels of the mammalian inner ear. In addition, our data show that there are interactions that occur that may regulate the biophysical properties of these channels, thereby contributing to the diversity of channel function. This knowledge is critical to understanding the genes that encode these channels and finding cures for pathologies of hearing and balance. Significance We detail initial characteristics of potassium ion channel proteins including α subunits Kv1.2, Kv1.4, and Kv1.5 and β subunit Kvβ1.1 in mammalian vestibular tissue. This knowledge is critical to understanding the processing of vestibular stimuli and the regulation of endolymphatic function. Mutations of ion channels can cause neurological pathologies including auditory and vestibular disorders in humans.
Water chemistry dynamics as affected by rainstorms in a high‐elevation stream, South Island, New Zealand

Abstract The effects of rainstorms on water chemistry in a headwater stream in the Craigieburn Range were examined. Baseline chemical characteristics were determined from grab samples collected at two sites of differing elevation and catchment cover type, from 18 September 1990 to 16 May 1991. During this same period, samples were also collected before, during, and alter several rainstorms. Generally speaking, baseflow ion concentrations were quite low in the stream although significant differences in some chemical characteristics were noted between sample sites, most likely related to downstream changes in catchment characteristics. Water chemistry was affected by storm flow, with all ions monitored being diluted during periods of increased stream flow. Plots of element concentrations versus stream flow during storms produced clockwise‐negative trajectories, suggesting nutrient‐poor soils and refractory forms of elements present in the catchment basin.
The accumulation of cerebroside sulfates by fibroblasts in culture from patients with late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy

Abstract Late infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a hereditable lipid storage disease characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A and an accumulation of cerebroside sulfates (sulfatides) in certain tissues. Fibroblasts derived from skin biopsies of patients with MLD do not accumulate the pathognomonic metachromatically staining material observed in tissue sections, although they are grossly deficient in arylsulfatase A. It has been observed that fibroblasts from two patients with MLD did become metachromatic with cresyl violet and toluidine blue O when cultured in the presence of sulfatide, whereas control and heterozygous cells remained ametachromatic. Uptake studies with 35 S-labeled sulfatides revealed that all cell strains tested incorporated the radioactive material but that only the MLD cells accumulated sufficient amounts to develop metachromasia. Analysis of the growth media established that control cells hydrolyzed the ingested sulfatide and excreted inorganic sulfate into the medium, while the MLD cells failed to produce any detectable degradation products. Induced inclusions in MLD fibroblasts may serve as a model for the study of this genetic disease in vitro .
Florid histiocytic hemophagocytosis following therapy with long acting G-CSF (pegfilgrastim)

We describe a case of histiocytic hemophagocytosis and increase in blasts in the bone marrow after administration of long acting G-CSF (pegfilgrastim) in a 71-year-old man with underlying myelodysplasia. Pegfilgrastim was discontinued, with resolution of the hemophagocytosis and marked decrease in blasts from 30 to 5%. We postulate that pegfilgrastim provided a continuous stimulation of the monocyte/macrophage system, resulting in histiocytic hemophagocytosis. We recommend caution in defining indications for the use of long acting preparations of G-CSF.
Highly reduced organometallics 52. Synthesis and chemistry of tricarbonylnitrosylmanganate(2−), [Mn(CO)3(NO)]2− ☆

Treatment of Mn(CO)3(NO)(PPh3) in THF at 20°C with excess sodium amalgam, followed by treatment with cryptand 2.2.2, or with two equiv. of potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride afforded high isolated yields (≥80%) of air sensitive yellow solids identified as [Na(crypt.2.2.2)]2[Mn(CO)3(NO)] and K2[Mn(CO)3(NO)], respectively. These products contain the only known mixed carbonylnitrosylmetallate dianion, isoelectronic with [Fe(CO)4]2− and [Mn(CO)4]3−. Reactions of [Mn(CO)3(NO)]2− with Ph3SnCl, Mn(CO)4(NO) and Fe(CO)5, followed by metathesis, provided the new derivatives [Et4N][Mn(CO)3(NO)(SnPh3)], [PPN]2[Mn2(CO)6(NO)2], and [PPN]2[MnFe(CO)7(NO)]. On the basis of IR spectral data the latter two have been formulated to contain non-bridged structures analogous to that previously established for the isoelectronic salt [PPN]2[Fe2(CO)8].
Control of energy metabolism in platelets. The effects of thrombin and cyanide on glycolysis.

Abstract 1. 1. The effects of thrombin on platelet glycolysis were studied by measuring levels of glycolytic intermediates. Comparisons were made with the effects of inhibition of respiration by cyanide. 2. 2. Glycogen phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase were identified as major regulatory enzymes with both cyanide and thrombin. 3. 3. Activation of both enzymes occurred at the same time with cyanide. With thrombin, activation of phosphorylase was observed sooner (2.5 sec after addition of thrombin) than activation of phosphofructokinase (10 sec after addition of thrombin). 4. 4. The results are interpreted as indicating that thrombin activates phosphofructokinase allosterically by changing the energy charge of the adenine nucleotide pool as a result of increased utilization of ATP, while activation of phosphorylase is by conversion of phosphorylase b to a, probably by a Ca2+-activated phosphorylase kinase.
A Theoretical Analysis of System Quality

Specification of the rationale for developing a system quality measure entails considerable analysis and a careful evaluation of certain fundamental and often cherished reliability measures, e.g., mean time between failures or mean uptime. From such an analysis has come the following conclusions. In order to adequately assess the effects upon system performance of differing kinds and amounts of redundancy and to predict more accurately system availability, any nonclassical measure should quantify both length and quality of performance. A measure has been developed that meets such requirements, is distribution free, and can be evaluated in terms of system history. Two evaluational models with their peculiar difficulties are discussed.
Evaluating source code summarization techniques: Replication and expansion

During software evolution a developer must investigate source code to locate then understand the entities that must be modified to complete a change task. To help developers in this task, Haiduc et al. proposed text summarization based approaches to the automatic generation of class and method summaries, and via a study of four developers, they evaluated source code summaries generated using their techniques. In this paper we propose a new topic modeling based approach to source code summarization, and via a study of 14 developers, we evaluate source code summaries generated using the proposed technique. Our study partially replicates the original study by Haiduc et al. in that it uses the objects, the instruments, and a subset of the summaries from the original study, but it also expands the original study in that it includes more subjects and new summaries. The results of our study both support the findings of the original and provide new insights into the processes and criteria that developers use to evaluate source code summaries. Based on our results, we suggest future directions for research on source code summarization.
Distributed, automatic file descriptor tuning in P2P file-sharing systems

Peers in peer-to-peer file-sharing systems cannot effectively share their files if they are poorly described. Terms one user employs to describe an instance of a file may not be those that are commonly associated with the file, making this instance difficult to locate. To alleviate this problem, a server can ask its peers for help in improving the description of files they have in common. We consider the design of a fully distributed, automatic system for the exchange of descriptive metadata. Experimental results show that the proposed techniques are effective in improving search accuracy with reasonable cost.
Unsteady RANS simulation of the ship forward speed diffraction problem

Abstract The forward speed diffraction problem for a surface ship is analyzed numerically, using a RANS approach with a single-phase level set method to compute the free surface and a blended k–e/k–ω model for the turbulent viscosity. Simulations were run for a DTMB 5512 model under head incident waves at two speeds and two wavelengths with the same wave amplitude (a = 0.006L, with L the ship length). The medium speed case (Fr = 0.28) with long wavelength incident waves (λ = 1.5L) behaves linearly and has been extensively compared against available experimental data for resistance and heave forces and pitching moment, unsteady free surface elevations, and unsteady velocity fields at the nominal wake plane (x/L = 0.935). Quantitative verification and validation was performed for this case by running three grids and three time steps with refinement ratio of 2 and the flow field analyzed in detail. The behavior of the boundary layer is analyzed to explain the origin of large first harmonic amplitudes on the axial velocity observed both experimentally and numerically. The high speed case (Fr = 0.41) with short wavelength incident waves (λ = 0.5L) exhibits non-linear behavior on the forces and moment with a strong second harmonic component and an unsteady breaking bow wave. The second harmonic has been reproduced by the CFD computations and the breaking wave predicted. Analysis of the flow indicates that the breaking wave could be responsible for the non-linear behavior on the forces and moment.
Behavioral Effects of Acclimatization To Restraint Protocol Used for Awake Animal Imaging

Functional MRI in awake rats involves acclimatization to restraint to minimize motion. We designed a study to examine the effects of an acclimatization protocol (5 days of restraint, 60 min per day) on the emission of 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations and performance in a forced swim test (FST). Our results showed that USV calls are reduced significantly by days 3, 4 and 5 of acclimatization. Although the rats showed less climbing activity (and more immobility) in FST on day 5 compared to the 1st day of restraint acclimatization, the difference was not detected once the animals were given a 2-week hiatus. Overall, we showed that animals adapt to the restraint over a five-day period; however, restraint may introduce confounding behavioral outcomes that may hinder the interpretation of results derived from awake rat imaging. The present data warrants further testing of the effects of MRI restraint on behavior.
An Analysis of Address and Branch Patterns with PatternFinder

Current processors employ aggressive prediction mechanisms to improve performance and reduce power. It is increasingly important to understand and quantify a program's dynamic behavior to effectively design next-generation prediction mechanisms. In this paper, we develop algorithms and mechanisms inspired by DNA discovery tools to analyze and quantify program dynamic behavior in terms of regularities and patterns. We describe our PatternFinder tool and analyze its results to summarize most important branch and data address pattern behaviors for a set of program traces and SPEC CPU 2006 benchmarks. M aking the common case fast is a design principle that has been used in microprocessor design for decades. This principle applies when determining how to spend resources, since the performance impact on making some occurrence faster is higher if the occurrence is frequent. Although quantifying frequent behavior in an application's dynamic execution behavior is trivial in cases such as observing the frequency of each type of instruction, it is very challenging to summarize dynamic data reference behavior (1). As a finding overlapping or approximate patterns. In this paper, inspired by DNA discovery tools (5, 6), we adopt and revise the methods motivated by suffix trees (5) in order to develop comprehensive pattern discovery tools targeted for computer architecture. Suffix trees have several advantages over SEQUITUR in designing such a tool, which we discuss in Section 3. In this paper, we present a novel pattern analysis tool, the PatternFinder, which is designed to discover and quantify patterns, and the results produced by the tool that quantify data address and branch patterns in dynamic program behavior. PatternFinder is an offline analysis tool that can summarize input sequences using patterns, quantify spatial and temporal regularities in input sequences and enumerate hot patterns based on specified scoring criteria (e.g., coverage). It allows user customizable search with a number of input parameters. PatternFinder can be used to gain insights into hardware and software optimization opportunities as well as perform pattern-centric
Interactions among soot, thermal radiation, and NOx emissions in oxygen-enriched turbulent nonpremixed flames: A computational fluid dynamics modeling study

Abstract Many combustion applications benefit from the use of oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen as oxidizer. Oxygen enrichment increases the flame temperature, promotes soot formation and oxidation, and can decrease pollutant emissions compared with hydrocarbon–air systems. Adequate and simultaneous accounting for soot, radiation, and pollutant emissions poses challenges in modeling of oxygen-enriched turbulent flames. Here a comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed by integrating state-of-the-art models for detailed chemistry, soot formation and oxidation, and thermal radiation into a three-dimensional unstructured CFD code. Detailed hydrocarbon oxidation, soot, and NO x chemistry are represented using a mechanism that contains 122 chemical species and 677 elementary reactions. The soot model includes a detailed description of soot formation and oxidation, and employs the method of moments to describe the evolution of the soot particle size distribution. Two radiation models are implemented, one that accounts for nongray-gas properties and one that does not; both radiation models include self-absorption effects and treat soot radiation as gray. The model is applied to an oxygen-enriched, propane-fueled, turbulent, nonpremixed jet flame. Results show that soot and spectrally radiating gas-phase species are distributed separately in the flame, and this segregation of radiating media strongly affects the radiant heat flux, flame structure, flame temperature, and NO x emissions. Soot radiation decreases flame temperature and NO x emission substantially, especially in the flame-tip region. The effects of nongray-gas-phase radiation are important even in the presence of strong gray soot radiation and must be included to capture the correct distribution of radiative heat flux. Nongray-gas effects are stronger downstream than upstream and, therefore, are particularly important for the burnout of soot. Both soot radiation and nongray-gas radiation are required for accurate predictions of soot and NO x formation within and upstream of the flame zone.
Modeling van der Waals Interactions in Zeolites with Periodic DFT: Physisorption of n-Alkanes in ZSM-22

Structure and physisorption energy of alkanes in ZSM-22 are investigated using periodic density functional theory employing the new BEEF-vdW functional. Good agreement with experimental data is obtained, illustrating successful modeling of the van der Waals forces responsible for the adsorption. All calculations were performed on a single level of theory, and the method therefore provides an attractive possibility for an accurate theoretical description of the confinement effects observed in zeolite catalysis.
Characterization of smoking and pancreatitis-induced mouse models of pancreatic cancer

s / Pancreatology 13 (2013) e1–e94 e28 develop advanced PanIN lesions that progress to PDAC with high frequency. By array analysis of PDAC arising in Rb/K mice we determined that these tumors express high levels of Agr2 mRNA and high levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b). Paradoxically, TGF-b1 decreased AGR2 mRNA and protein levels in TGF-b1-responsive COLO-357 and PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Moreover, TGF-b1 decreased AGR2 luciferase/promoter activity in these cell lines, and mutation of two Smad binding elements in the AGR2 promoter was sufficient to abrogate TGFb1’s actions. By contrast, TGF-b1 did not alter AGR2 expression in BxPC3 cells, which are null for Smad4. Taken together, these data suggest that in vivo, RB loss enhances Agr2 through loss of repression from perturbations in TGF-b signaling, thus contributing to accelerated PDAC progression.