cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Theory of Superexchange

The Dirac-Van Vleck-Serber spin-operator expansion, first applied by Anderson to the Kramers superexchange problem, is extended, simplified, and systematized in order to handle all overlap contributions arising from a number of interacting configurations. The linear cation-anion-cation (e.g., ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$-${\mathrm{O}}^{\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$) four-electron problem is worked out in detail, taking account of all contributions from configurations (A.) ionic, (B) electron transferred to right, (C) electron transferred to left. Group symmetry requirements are invoked; and these, together with a simple approximation equivalent to perturbation theory, are shown to reduce the complicated matrix formulation to a single linear equation. The solution contains terms previously obtained by Anderson, by Anderson and Hasegawa, and by Yamashita, and a number of important extra terms. All superexchange terms are fourth order or higher in the overlap $S$. A rough numerical evaluation with modified Slater wave functions appropriate to MnO-type crystals yields an effective superexchange integral of the required size. Brief consideration is given to configurations in which two electrons are transferred, in particular (D) simultaneous transfer of electrons to right and to left (Slater mechanism). Unless the energy required to form this configuration is surprisingly small, its contribution is probably not so important, although the problem needs to be investigated in detail. Some consideration is also given to the linear cation-anion-anion-cation (e.g., ${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$-${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{Br}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$-${\mathrm{Mn}}^{++}$) problem; the formal solution for the ionic configuration is worked out; and it is shown that superexchange terms first appear in the order ${S}^{4}{T}^{2}$, where $S$ is the anion-cation overlap and $T$ is the anion-anion overlap.
Measurements of laminar mixed convection flow over a horizontal forward-facing step

Measurements and predictions of buoyancy-assisting laminar mixed convection flow over a horizontal, two-dimensional forward-facing step are reported. Laser-Doppler velocimeter (LDV) and cold wire anemometer were used to simultaneously measure the velocity and the temperature distributions, respectively. Flow visualizations were conducted to determine the reattachment lengths for different inlet velocities (u(0) between 0.255 m/s and 0.50 m/s), wall freestream temperature differences (Delta-T between 0 C and 37 C), and step heights (s between 0.79 cm and 1.75 cm). The results reveal that the buoyancy force due to wall heating has a negligible effect on the velocity and temperature distributions and the reattachment lengths, as long as the flow remains stable and two-dimensional. The inlet velocity and the step height, on the other hand, significantly affect the flow and thermal fields. The local heat transfer coefficient is found to increase as the inlet velocity increases and the step height decreases. On the other hand, the length of the recirculation regions upstream and downstream of the step are found to increase as the inlet velocity and the step height increase. Correlation equations are developed to predict the reattachment lengths that appear upstream and downstream of the step. The measured results agree well withmore » numerical predictions. 10 refs.« less
NMR spectra with peaks at the principal values of the chemical shielding tensor

Abstract The NMR chemical shielding in a solid powder sample produces featured, but broad, lineshapes, or powder patterns, because the shielding experienced by a nuclear spin depends on the spatial orientation of its local molecular frame with respect to the external magnetic field. The lineshape, however, is fully determined by the three principal values of the shielding tensor. We present a simple approach that uses sample spinning NMR to extract peaks at the principal-value frequencies from chemical shielding powder patterns. Such techniques may simplify spectra with overlapping powder patterns without the information loss inherent in fast magic angle spinning. Experimental data and numerical simulations are presented for two 31 P model compounds.
Evolution of self-assembled silica-tetrapropylammonium nanoparticles at elevated temperatures.

The time evolution of silica nanoparticles in solutions of tetrapropylammonium (TPA) has been studied using a combination of small-angle scattering, conductivity, and pH measurements to provide the first comprehensive analysis of nanoparticle structural and compositional changes at elevated temperatures. We have found that silica−TPA nanoparticles subjected to hydrothermal treatment (70−90 °C) grow via an Ostwald ripening mechanism with growth rates that depend on both pH and temperature. Small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering confirm that the core−shell structure of the particles, initially present at room temperature, is maintained during heating, but an evolution toward sphericity is evidenced especially at high values of pH. SAXS absolute intensity calculations were utilized to calculate the changes in nanoparticle composition and concentration over time. These changes along with the conductivity and pH measurements and SANS contrast matching studies indicate that, upon heating, TPA be...
Stress Analysis of an Isotropic Plate Containing Three Aligned Circular Holes Under In-Plane Symmetric Loading

This paper presents a method for the calculation of the stresses around three non-intersecting identical circular holes in a row, in a thin and infinite isotropic plate subjected to in-plane longitudinal, transverse or biaxial tension at infinity. The calculation of the stresses around any of the three holes is obtained in terms of the stresses that would exist around and at the center of the contour of a third would-be hole in the plate, initially, containing two holes. The results from the present method are compared to finite element as well as to published results in the literature. It is seen that the method yields satisfactory results at key points around the contour of the holes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Computer vision techniques for rotorcraft low-altitude flight

A description is given of research that applies techniques from computer vision to automation of rotorcraft navigation, especially when flying low to avoid detection by an enemy. The effort emphasizes the development of a methodology for detecting the ranges to obstacles in the region of interest based on the maximum utilization of passive sensors. The range map derived from the obstacle detection approach can be used as obstacle data for the obstacle avoidance in an automatic guidance system and as advisory display to the pilot. The lack of suitable flight imagery data, however, presents a problem in the verification of concepts for obstacle detection. This problem is being addressed by the development of an adequate, flight database and by preprocessing of currently available flight imagery. Some comments are made on future work and how research in this area relates to the guidance of other autonomous vehicles. >
Projectile mass dependence for the interaction of copper with 14N, 16O, and 22Ne at ~540 MeV total projectile kinetic energy.

Using thick-target, thick-catcher recoil range techniques, target residues from the interaction of copper with 40 MeV/nucleon [sup 14]N, 35 MeV/nucleon [sup 16]O, and 25 MeV/nucleon [sup 22]Ne have been studied. Isobaric and mass yield distributions as well as longitudinal momentum transfer information have been determined from measured cross section, average forward range, and forward-to-backward ratios. Comparisons with previously reported reactions involving copper and lighter ions have been made. Comparisons of the data with the interaction-evaporation model Boltzmann-Vehling-Uhlenbeck-PACE are presented.
THE SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER OF RAT LIVER PEROXISOMES III. The Size Distribution of Peroxisomes and the Incorporation of New Catalase

Rat liver peroxisomes have been separated according to size by zonal sedimentation. A method is described for calculating the size of the particles from their final position in the gradient. Peroxisomes seem biochemically homogeneous throughout their size distribution. 3 hr after injection of tritiated leucine, the specific radioactivity of catalase is the same in peroxisomes of different sizes, and it remains so for up to 1 wk after administration of the precursor. This observation rules out the possibility that peroxisomes have an extended period of independent growth. If individual particles maintain an independent existence, they must be formed very rapidly. The other possible explanation is that peroxisomes exchange material within the liver cell.
Population Models: Stability in One Dimension1

Some of the simplest models of population growth are one dimensional nonlinear difference equations. While such models can display wild behavior including chaos, the standard biological models have the interesting property that they display global stability if they display local stability. Various researchers have sought a simple explanation for this agreement of local and global stability. Here, we show that enveloping by a linear fractional function is sufficient for global stability. We also show that for seven standard biological models local stability implies enveloping and hence global stability. We derive two methods to demonstrate enveloping and show that these methods can easily be applied to the seven example models. Although enveloping by a linear fractional is a sufficient for global stability, we show by example that such enveloping is not necessary. We extend our results by showing that enveloping implies global stability even when f(x) is a discontinuous multi-function which might be a more reasonable description of real bilogical data. We show that our techniques can be applied to situations which are not population models. Finally, we give examples of population models which have local stability but not global stability.
Efficient finite-state analysis for large security protocols

The authors describe two state reduction techniques for finite-state models of security protocols. The techniques exploit certain protocol properties that they have identified as characteristic of security protocols. They prove the soundness of the techniques by demonstrating that any violation of protocol invariants is preserved in the reduced state graph. In addition, they describe an optimization method for evaluating parameterized rule conditions, which are common in models of security protocols. All three techniques have been implemented in the Mur/spl phi/ verifier.
Numerical and experimental method for the analysis of radiation from two wire power lines in networking cables

The frequency response of thin metallic wires that are found in networking cables is an important parameter required for the EMC/EMI evaluation of associated devices. One of the popular numerical methods used for such studies is the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. In the FDTD technique, the contour-path thin wire model, based on Faraday's law, is widely used to simulate the effect of thin wires. This technique and its variants use perfect electric conductor (PEC) approximation for the wires and are not suitable to calculate the frequency response of thin power supply wires inside cables. This is due to the fact that the PEC approximation would result in an inaccurate estimation of the frequency response of such wires in the calculation of EMI. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of the surface impedance boundary condition (SIBC) along with the classical contour-path thin wire approximation in the FDTD method in order to provide improved reflection and transmission coefficients of thin wires that could be used for enhanced EMI prediction.
Reliability of Bidimensional Acculturation Scores

Understanding score reliability is a necessary step in examining the validity of acculturation instruments. Thus, the authors evaluate the aggregate reliability of three multigroup, bidimensional acculturation instruments: General Ethnicity Questionnaire— Abridged, Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale, and Vancouver Index of Acculturation. Reliability generalization techniques are used to analyze 51 internal consistency estimates and 6 sample characteristics for these instruments. Overall, reliability estimates for all three instruments appear to be robust. However, the ranges of reliability estimates across diverse samples vary greatly, which has implications for the interpretation of substantive outcomes and acculturation instrument selection. In addition, variability in reliability estimates is associated with scale length, gender, and ethnic composition of sample. Implications for acculturation research and measurement are discussed.
The impedance of a galvanic cell with two plane-parallel electrodes at a short distance

Summary A comparison is made, for frequency and electrode-separation dependence of total cell impedance and “interface” impedance, between electrolyte situations with and without a supporting indifferent electrolyte. When no indifferent electrolyte is present, a binary electrolyte situation, two boundary conditions are considered: that of ideally polarized electrodes (complete blocking), and that where charges of one sign are blocked at the electrodes and those of opposite sign are able to pass freely in and out of the electrodes. Further, electroneutrality is not assumed. The usual solution when an indifferent electrolyte is present assumes the presence of reactions of charges of both signs at the electrodes and electroneutrality everywhere. All electrode reactions are taken to be infinitely fast and no specific adsorption is present. Further, no applied static overpotential is assumed, so the results apply most closely at the equilibrium potential. Comparison of the results for the various cases indicates both important similarities and differences. It is shown that when there is no indifferent electrolyte, particular care must be taken in analyzing the total impedance to obtain an appropriate “interface” impedance. Finally, equivalent circuits pertinent for the various situations are considered in detail, and an important equality between structurally different circuits is pointed out.
Agriculture, nutrition, and health in global development: typology and metrics for integrated interventions and research

Despite rhetoric arguing that enhanced agriculture leads to improved nutrition and health, there is scant empirical evidence about potential synergies across sectors or about the mix of actions that best supports all three sectors. The geographic scale and socioeconomic nature of these interventions require integration of previously separate research methods. This paper proposes a typology of interventions and a metric of integration among them to help researchers build on each other's results, facilitating integration in methods to inform the design of multisector interventions. The typology recognizes the importance of regional effect modifiers that are not themselves subject to randomized assignment, and trade-offs in how policies and programs are implemented, evaluated, and scaled. Using this typology could facilitate methodological pluralism, helping researchers in one field use knowledge generated elsewhere, each using the most appropriate method for their situation.
Using Parents and Teachers to Monitor Progress among Children with ASD: A Review of Intervention Research.

Despite growing knowledge of the effectiveness of various interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), it is never clear whether a particular intervention will be effective for a specific child with ASD. Careful monitoring of an individual child’s progress is necessary to know whether an intervention is effective. In this review, we examined intervention research studies focused on children with ASD in Grades K–12 that involve parents, teachers, and other school staff as data collectors. We describe the strategies that have been used in the 40 identified research studies to monitor progress in the areas of behavior and social communication. The results highlight monitoring strategies that may be helpful for parents and teachers to apply, and the discussion provides related suggestions to guide future research and practice.
Pilot Trial of Selecting Molecularly Guided Therapy for Patients with Non–V600 BRAF-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma: Experience of the SU2C/MRA Melanoma Dream Team

Targeted therapies and immunotherapies have led to significant improvements in the treatment of advanced cancers, including metastatic melanoma. However, new strategies are desperately needed to overcome therapeutic resistance to these agents, as well as to identify effective treatment approaches for cancer patients that fall outside major targetable mutational subtypes (e.g., non-V600 BRAF melanoma). One such strategy is to extend the paradigm of individually tailored, molecularly targeted therapy into a broader spectrum of melanoma patients, particularly those bearing tumors without commonly recognized therapeutic targets, as well as having failed or were ineligible for immunotherapy. In this nontreatment pilot study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies were utilized, including whole genome and whole transcriptome sequencing, to identify molecular aberrations in patients with non-V600 BRAF metastatic melanoma. This information was then rationally matched to an appropriate clinical treatment from a defined pharmacopeia. Five patients with advanced non-V600 BRAF metastatic melanoma were enrolled. We demonstrated successful performance of the following during a clinically relevant time period: patient tumor biopsy, quality DNA/RNA extraction, DNA/RNA-based sequencing for gene expression analysis, analysis utilizing a series of data integration methodologies, report generation, and tumor board review with formulated treatment plan. Streamlining measures were conducted based on the experiences of enrolling, collecting specimens, and analyzing the molecular signatures of patients. We demonstrated the feasibility of using NGS to identify molecular aberrations and generate an individualized treatment plan in this patient population. A randomized treatment study utilizing lessons learned from the conduct of this pilot study is currently underway.
Promoter architecture dictates cell-to-cell variability in gene expression

Variability in gene expression among genetically identical cells has emerged as a central preoccupation in the study of gene regulation; however, a divide exists between the predictions of molecular models of prokaryotic transcriptional regulation and genome-wide experimental studies suggesting that this variability is indifferent to the underlying regulatory architecture. We constructed a set of promoters in Escherichia coli in which promoter strength, transcription factor binding strength, and transcription factor copy numbers are systematically varied, and used messenger RNA (mRNA) fluorescence in situ hybridization to observe how these changes affected variability in gene expression. Our parameter-free models predicted the observed variability; hence, the molecular details of transcription dictate variability in mRNA expression, and transcriptional noise is specifically tunable and thus represents an evolutionarily accessible phenotypic parameter.
Application of an Intraparticle Diffusion Model to Describe the Release of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons from Field Soils

The fate and transport of chemicals of concern released from field soils must be known to protect human and ecological receptors. A mechanistic approach to modeling chemical release from soil is advantageous to implement effective remediation strategies at an impacted site. The focus of this research was to gain an understanding of the processes causing slow release of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from field soils collected at sites with historical releases. A mechanistically based intraparticle diffusion model was applied to experimentally measured hydrocarbon release data and particle size distributions obtained from three field soils. For these field soils, the intraparticle diffusion model was able to describe the measured chemical release data. Fitted effective diffusion coefficients ( Deff ) of the intraparticle diffusion model correlated to expected results. Trends were found to exist between the Deff and both the molecular weight (MW) and the octanol–water partition coefficient ( Kow ) of the ...
Species richness and abundance patterns of microarthropods on cryptobiotic crusts in a piñon-juniper habitat: a call for greater knowledge

Abstract Cryptobiotic crusts are threatened in arid systems, where they make up as much as 70% of soil cover. Crusts may provide important resources to soil biota. We inventoried microarthropods and small macroarthropods in mossy crusts at two pinon-juniper sites in New Mexico over 1 year. Collections revealed 28 arthropod genera, which we compared to microfauna of Chihuahuan Desert (47 genera, 19% similarity) and shortgrass prairie (88 genera, 11% similarity), and four pinon-juniper locations (4–18 genera, 10–20% similarity). Richness and abundance increased significantly following winter precipitation. This fauna may be active when other arthropods are not, impacting nutrient cycling and productivity.
Supplier management and dyadic performance: the moderating role of information technology and supplier dispersion

The strategic coordination and management of suppliers is seen as a source of competitive advantage for firms which work within an extended enterprise. Since extended enterprises have become more of a norm, Supplier Management (SM) is extremely important to attain as well as sustain competitiveness. Though research on this topic abound, none has comprehensively studied its impact on performance. The current research effort addresses this issue by empirically testing the relationship between SM and dyadic performance. Using hierarchical regression analysis, hypothesised relationships are tested based on a sample of over 200 USA firms. Results show that SM has a significant impact on supplier as well as buyer performance. Moreover, Information Technology (IT) and Supplier Dispersion (SD) are found to moderate the link between SM and dyadic performance.
Pathology is alleviated by doxycycline in a laminin-α2-null model of congenital muscular dystrophy

Objective Congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A (MDC1A) is an autosomal recessive disease that is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the laminin-α2 gene and results in motor nerve and skeletal muscle dysfunction. In a previous study, we used genetic modifications to show that inappropriate induction of apoptosis was a significant contributor to pathogenesis in a laminin-α2-deficient mouse model of MDC1A. To identify a possible pharmacological therapy for laminin-α2-deficency, this study was designed to determine if treatment with minocycline or doxycycline, which are tetracycline derivatives reported to have anti-apoptotic effects in mammals, would significantly increase lifespan and improve neuromuscular function in laminin-α2-deficient mice.
DEFENSIVE BLOOD SQUIRTING IN PHRYNOSOMA DITMARSI AND A HIGH RATE OF HUMAN-INDUCED BLOOD SQUIRTING IN PHRYNOSOMA ASIO

Abstract Many Phrynosoma species exhibit blood-squirting behavior, shooting a stream of blood from the ocular area, but not all species are known to exhibit this behavior. I tested blood-squirting responses to Canis familiaris in P. ditmarsi and P. solare, and recorded incidences of this behavior in other Phrynosoma species (P. asio, P. braconnieri, P. cornutum, P. orbiculare, and P. taurus). Phrynosoma ditmarsi squirted blood in 2 of 3 trials with the dog, but no P. ditmarsi showed any sign of blood squirting while handled in the field (n = 17). No P. solare squirted blood while handled (n = 7), but 1 specimen did squirt blood during a predator trial. Phrynosoma asio and P. cornutum both squirted blood more frequently when handled and other species did not squirt blood. This study corroborates previous observations that the behavior is context specific and can be elicited by tactile stimulation. This is the first published account of the blood squirting behavior in P. ditmarsi.
Oat cell carcinoma of the esophagus

An oat cell carcinoma occurring in the esophagus of a 59-year-old man is described. A review of another 22 cases of such a tumor from the English literature is made. These tumors may have three histologic patterns: pure oat cell carcinoma, oat cell carcinoma with squamous cell carcinoma, and oat cell carcinoma with adenocarcinoma. They appear to arise from enterochromaffin cells; the neoplastic cells show argyrophilia and neurosecretory-type granules on electron microscopy. Resection has been the principal mode of therapy. Overall survival for these patients is about 6 months, with most patients dying of extensive metastatic disease.
Consistency Checking for LSC Specifications

Live sequence charts (LSCs) have been proposed as an inter-object scenario-based specification and visual programming language. In this paper, we introduce a high level computational semantics of LSCs, in the form of a PLAY-tree, to show how a running LSC affects the system behaviors in response to a set of external events. Given a nonempty regular language of external events,the consistency of an LSC specification is defined as whether there exists a corresponding PLAY-tree with all success branches; in case of inconsistency, failure traces can be obtained through failure branches of the PLAY-tree. We also present an algorithm using a memoized depth-first search strategy and an implementation framework in logic programming for consistency checking of LSCs.
Reaction Mechanism for Ammonia Activation in the Selective Ammoxidation of Propene on Bismuth Molybdates

In this paper, we report quantum mechanical studies (using the B3LYP flavor of density functional theory) for various pathways of ammonia activation on bismuth molybdates, a process required for ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile. Using a Mo3O9 cluster to model the bulk surface, we examined the activation of ammonia by both fully oxidized (MoIV) and reduced (MoIV) molybdenum sites. Our results show that ammonia activation does not take place on the fully oxidized Mo(VI) sites. Here the net barriers for the first hydrogen transfer (ΔE‡ = 44.6 kcal/mol, ΔG‡673K = 44.2 kcal/mol) and the second hydrogen transfer (ΔE‡ = 54.5 kcal/mol, ΔG‡673K = 51.7 kcal/mol) are prohibitively high for the reaction temperature of 400 °C. Instead, our calculations show that the reduced Mo(IV) surface sites are far more suitable for this process. Here, the calculated barrier for the first hydrogen transfer from a Mo(IV)–NH3 to an adjacent Mo(VI)═O is 18.2 kcal/mol (ΔG‡673K = 15.4 kcal/mol). For the second hydrogen transfer...
Cues for Metamorphosis of Brachyuran Crabs: An Overview

The early life cycle of brachyuran crabs has a planktonic dispersal stage consisting of a variable number of zoeal larvae followed by the molt to the megalopa stage. Megalopae undergo horizontal transport to the settlement site where they settle out of the water column and metamorphose to the first crab (juvenile) stage. This review provides an overview of recent laboratory studies of cues that shorten or lengthen the time to metamorphosis (TTM) of the megalopa stage. Megalopae cannot delay metamorphosis indefinitely and have a temporal threshold beyond which metamorphosis occurs without habitat cues. The TTM can be shortened about 15–25% upon exposure to acceleration cues, which include chemical cues and odors from adult substrate, aquatic vegetation, biofilms, conspecifics, estuarine water, humic acids, related crab species, and potential prey. Cues shown to delay metamorphosis include ammonium, hypoxia, predator odor and extreme temperature and salinity conditions. There is no evidence that structural mimics of natural substrate affect TTM.
Cynthia Cooper and Worldcom (a)

In late May of 2002, Cynthia Cooper, the 38-year-old vice president of Internal Audit for WorldCom, the second-largest telecommunications company in the United States (behind AT&T), faced an extremely difficult decision. She and several colleagues had stumbled upon some financial-reporting irregularities within WorldCom and were under pressure from the company's CFO and audit firm, Arthur Andersen, to hold off on reporting these irregularities. Realizing that many things, including the fate of the company, were at stake, Cooper had to decide how to proceed. Although her decision, its effect on WorldCom and the reputation of corporate ethics in the United States, and Cooper's later (shared) anointment as Time magazine's "Person of the Year" are well-known, this case details Cooper's decision-making process as well as the steps leading up to WorldCom's implosion in the summer of 2002.
Extract of Chinaberry Leaf as a Feeding Deterrent and Growth Retardant for Larvae of the Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm

Leaves of the china berry tree yielded a substance extractable with chloroform that deterred feeding. Retarded development, and caused mortality in the larval stage of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). When it was incorporated into a meridic diet or applied to corn seedlings grown in the greenhouse. The effects were easily measured 6 days after 1st-instar larvae were subjected to the treatment and they became more pronounced later.
Molecular Mechanism of the Synaptotagmin-SNARE Complex that is Essential for Synchronous Synaptic Neurotransmitter Release

Synaptotagmin-1 and neuronal SNARE proteins have key roles in evoked synchronous neurotransmitter release. However, it is still unknown how they cooperate to trigger synaptic vesicle fusion at the molecular level. We determined atomic-resolution crystal structures of calcium- and magnesium-bound complexes between synaptotagmin-1 and the neuronal SNARE complex. One of these structures was determined to atomic resolution with diffraction data from an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL), leading to accurate rotamer assignments for many side chains, including those at the interfaces between molecules. This is one of the first new crystal structures determined using XFEL diffraction data. Moreover, in contrast to the tens of thousands to millions of crystals typically used in XFEL-based crystallography experiments, we obtained a reasonably complete data set from a few hundred images captured from 72 of the 148 crystals exposed to the XFEL beam. The electron density maps obtained from the XFEL diffraction data were notably superior to those of synchrotron data sets. The structures reveal several interfaces, including a large, specific, calcium independent and conserved interface. Tests of this interface by mutagenesis suggest that it is essential for calcium triggered neurotransmitter release in mouse hippocampal neuronal synapses and for calcium triggered vesicle fusion in a reconstituted single vesicle fusion system. We propose that this interface forms before calcium triggering and moves en bloc as calcium influx promotes the interactions between synaptotagmin-1 and the plasma membrane. The simultaneous membrane interactions of the calcium binding loops, of the polybasic region, and of membrane-proximal region of the SNARE complex would deform the plasma membrane. This morphological change of the plasma membrane juxtaposes the membranes closer than the critical distance (0.9 nm) to promote stalk formation, and subsequently leads to fusion pore opening.
Study on the the effect of carbon/nitrogen radio on the short-cut nitrification in a sequencing batch reactor(SBR)

Carbon/nitrogen ratio is one of the primary influencing factors in the system of shor-tcut nitrification.In order to select a suitable m(C)∶m(N),in the stable operation of SBR,with the simulated wastewater as treatment object,the response effect and the stable operation of short-cut nitrification were investigated by changing the m(C)∶m(N).The results indicated that in a stable system,the effect of different m(C)∶m(N) is not obvious on the ammonia nitrogen removal.The system can get a good ammonia nitrogen removal under the condition of m(C)∶m(N) 8.The accumulation of nitrite nitrogen reached 97.80% and the wastage of TN reached 42.51%.The stability of the system will be broken when it operates under the high m(C)∶m(N) for a long time,and it will also effect the sludge character and the sedimentation of the system.
Arsenic Hydride Generation in Urine-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

[Objective]To establish the microwave digestion hydride generation-a method for arsenic detection in urine by atomic fluorescence spectrometry.[Methods]The method of digestion by confined microwave digestion system was adopted to conduct digestion and dual channel atomic fluorescence photometer was employed for determination.[Results] The calibration curve for arsenic ranged from 0~100 μg/L.Detection limit was 0.36 μg/L and the recoveries of standard addition was 88.3%～98.7%.[Conclusion]This method is applicable to determination of arsenic in urine for its simple,rapid,sensitive and of reliable results.
Publication of presented abstracts at annual scientific meetings: A measure of quality?

One measure of the quality of research presented at the annual scientific meeting is publication of the data presented in a peer review journal. This allows for a more rigorous review of design, methodology and conclusions. To determine the rate of subsequent publication, MEDLARS searches were performed on the 269 presented abstracts at the 1984 and 1986 meetings of the American Association of Poison Control Centers, The American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, The American Board of Medical Toxicology and the Canadian Association of Poison Control Centers. Of the 296 presented abstracts, 134 (49.8%) were published. There was no difference in the eventual publication rate between the 1984 and 1986 meeting. There were 38 non-reviewed symposia publications and 96 peer-reviewed articles. Publications of 35.7% of presented abstracts in peer review journals compares poorly with the percentage of peer-reviewed publication from other scientific meetings. If publication in a peer-review journal is important, steps should be taken to improve the percentage of presented abstracts that are accepted by peer-review journals.
Disrupting the Carceral State through Education Journey Mapping.

AbstractThe School-to-Prison Pipeline is an alarming trend of funneling children of color out of schools and into incarceration. Yet the focus on the Pipeline neglects the ways society is imbued with a commitment to criminalizing unwanted bodies. In this empirical article I foreground a spatial analysis, making connections to the socio-spatial dialectic, exploring the nature of the Pipeline within a carceral state, and establishing who is vulnerable to state violence. Next I frame the work through Disability Critical Race Theory and the methodological tool of Education Journey Mapping, investigating both the social and spatial processes through the dimensions of mapping. Finally I document findings, making visible the socio-spatial education trajectories of incarcerated young women of color. The purpose of this article then, is to explore the social and spatial mechanisms that funneled girls of color with disabilities into the carceral state, and ways the girls resisted the state violence.
Indeterminacy of Identity of Objects: An Exercise in Metaphysical Aesthetics

This essay and the next are meant to form two parts of a study of the indeterminacy of identity of object and sets. This essay is concerned with indeterminacy of identity of objects; the next focuses on sets.2 The purpose of these essays is to explore the idea that the world might be indeterminate, indeed, so indeterminate that even identity may be indeterminate. That is, that certain questions of identity have no answer, not because of an inadequacy in the language in which they are framed, but because of genuine indeterminacy in the world. According to Professor Quine, we thus choose empirical adequacy over simplicity of theory. But the theory is not all that complex after all, and it is certainly not complex when compared with the bivalent alternatives. The picture we propose is neither fuzzy nor (literally) plurivalent; we also find it lovely; thus our subtitle.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability

We present results from large-eddy simulations (LES) of three-dimensional Richtmyer-Meshkov (RM) instability in a rectangular tube with reshock off the tube endwall. A hybrid numerical method is used that is shock capturing but which reverts to a centered scheme with low numerical viscosity in regions of smooth flow. The subgrid-scale (SGS) model is the stretched-vortex (SV) model [1]. The shock strength, tube geometry, gas composition, initial conditions and initial interface disturbance were tailored to the experimental conditions of Vetter & Sturtevant [2] with shock Mach number M_s = 1.5, density ratio r = 5, and constituent gases air and SF_6. Use of the SV SGS model allows continuation of radial velocity spectra in the center-plane of the mixing layer, to subgrid scales, including the effect of anisotropy and self-consistent calculation of the viscous cutoff scale.
Expanding Proteoform Identifications in Top-Down Proteomic Analyses by Constructing Proteoform Families.

In top-down proteomics, intact proteins are analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and proteoforms, which are defined forms of a protein with specific sequences of amino acids and localized post-translational modifications, are identified using precursor mass and fragmentation data. Many proteoforms that are detected in the precursor scan (MS1) are not selected for fragmentation by the instrument and therefore remain unidentified in typical top-down proteomic workflows. Our laboratory has developed the open source software program Proteoform Suite to analyze MS1-only intact proteoform data. Here, we have adapted it to provide identifications of proteoform masses in precursor MS1 spectra of top-down data, supplementing the top-down identifications obtained using the MS2 fragmentation data. Proteoform Suite performs mass calibration using high-scoring top-down identifications and identifies additional proteoforms using calibrated, accurate intact masses. Proteoform families, the set of proteoforms from a give...
Evidence-Based Non-Pharmacological Therapies for Fibromyalgia.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is the second most common rheumatologic pain disorder after osteoarthritis with a multisystem presentation. While the treatment of FM in a clinical setting incorporates both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic modalities, the present investigation reviews evolving literature on cognitive behavioral and complementary medical therapies. The recent medical literature on FM was reviewed between 2012 and 2017 via MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, and evidence-based treatment guidelines. Cognitive behavioral therapy continues to play a significant role in the non-medical therapy of FM. It is especially helpful in high catastrophizing patients as evidenced by recent studies that note changes in the brain on functional magnetic resonance imaging. Mindfulness meditation can be helpful in improving pain symptoms and pain perception. No particular diet is found to have a meaningful impact in FM; however, various diets including low fermentable oligo- di –monosaccharides and polyols diet, gluten free, and hypocaloric may be helpful in ameliorating gastrointestinal distress in select patient populations. Current literature does not support the routine use of acupuncture for improving pain or quality of life in FM; however, given its benign side effect profile, it should not be discouraged. Goals for symptom management and pain control should be set early, and patient engagement remains critical in the management of this complex pain presentation. While low quality evidence exists for most non-pharmacologic treatment modalities for FM, CBT and mindfulness meditation show promise for future investigation.
Feasibility of medication monitoring sensors in high risk asthmatic children.

Daily controller therapy is a mainstay of asthma treatment (1), however adherence to asthma medications is problematic (2). Traditional methods of measuring adherence do not provide day-to-day obje...
Direct 400 Vdc to 1 Vdc power conversion with input series output parallel connection for data center power supplies

Data centers consume an ever-increasing amount of electricity because of the rapid growth of cloud computing and digital information storage. A high voltage point of load (HV POL) converter is proposed to convert the 400-VDC distribution voltage to 1-VDC within a single stage to increase the power conversion efficiency. A six-phase input series output parallel (ISOP) connected structure is implemented for the HV POL. The symmetrical controlled half bridge current doubler is selected as the converter topology in the ISOP structure. The full load efficiency is improved by 4% points compared with state of the art products. A voltage compensator has been designed in order to meet the strict dynamic voltage regulation requirement. A laboratory prototype has been built, and experimental results have been provided to verify the proposed HV POL with a single power conversion stage can meet the dynamic voltage regulation requirement for an on-board power supply with higher efficiency compared to the conventional architecture.
Perspective and Direction for Future Studies on Lipid Mediators

Neural membranes are composed of phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, and proteins. The distribution of lipids in two leaflets of lipid bilayer is asymmetric (Ikeda et al., 2006; Yamaji-Hasegawa and Tsujimoto, 2006). Asymmetric distribution of lipids is needed for structural integrity necessary for protein function. Sphingolipids and cholesterol interact with each other via hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic forces, and van der Waal interactions (Simons and Ikonen, 1997).
PON1 Genotypes and Coronary Heart Disease

Paraoxonase type 1 (PON1) have emerged as predictor of coronary heart disease (CHD). To date it is not known if PON1 is a causal determinant of atherosclerosis. In mouse models and in vitro it has been shown that PON1 is functionally involved in atherosclerosis, as it inhibits both LDL-oxidation and atherosclerosis progression. In humans, it turned out to be more difficult to find evidence for causality, because epidemiological studies on PON1 levels and/or activity are sensitive methodological bias and confounding variables and do not distinguish between cause or consequence. PON1 genotype is fixed at conception and therefore not subject to most forms of bias, not affected by confounding variables and not a consequence of CHD. Therefore, a relationship between PON1 genotype and CHD would support causal involvement of PON1 in CHD.
Gait Initiation of New Walkers and the Adult’s Role in Regulating Directionality of the Child’s Body Motion

This study examines how adults apply forces to regulate new walkers’ body sway directions while assisting them in standing and initiating their first steps. Eight healthy, typically developing young children who could stand independently and walk a few steps with an adult’s support participated in this study and were included for data analyses. Adults wore instrumented force gloves and placed their hands on their child’s hips to assist them in standing, then released glove contact with their child to allow their child to initiate walking. Using the glove force profiles, three phases (Stabilization, Relaxation, and Initiation) of adults’ support were determined. Results showed that adults gradually reduced their assistance in both the antero-posterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions, before releasing their hands. They also influenced the directionality of their child’s center of mass (CoM) so that it was in the AP rather than ML direction. Furthermore, the behavior of the child’s CoM in the ML direct...
Exploring genetic interaction manifolds constructed from rich phenotypes

Abstract Synergistic interactions between gene functions drive cellular complexity. However, the combinatorial explosion of possible genetic interactions (GIs) has necessitated the use of scalar interaction readouts (e.g. growth) that conflate diverse outcomes. Here we present an analytical framework for interpreting manifolds constructed from high-dimensional interaction phenotypes. We applied this framework to rich phenotypes obtained by Perturb-seq (single-cell RNA-seq pooled CRISPR screens) profiling of strong GIs mined from a growth-based, gain-of-function GI map. Exploration of this manifold enabled ordering of regulatory pathways, principled classification of GIs (e.g. identifying true suppressors), and mechanistic elucidation of synthetic lethal interactions, including an unexpected synergy between CBL and CNN1 driving erythroid differentiation. Finally, we apply recommender system machine learning to predict interactions, facilitating exploration of vastly larger GI manifolds. One Sentence Summary Principles and mechanisms of genetic interactions are revealed by rich phenotyping using single-cell RNA sequencing.
Preparing Rural Special Educators To Collaborate with Exceptional Families.

Recruitment and retention of special education teachers for rural schools remain critical issues. The quality of teacher preparation is frequently recognized as a key factor and university preparat...