cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Random Matrix Models for Dirac Operators at finite Lattice Spacing

We study discretization effects of the Wilson and staggered Dirac operator with Nc > 2 using chiral random matrix theory (chRMT). We obtain analytical results for the joint probability density of Wilson-chRMT in terms of a determinantal expression over complex pairs of eigenvalues, and real eigenvalues corresponding to eigenvectors of positiv e or negative chirality as well as for the eigenvalue densities. The explicit dependence on the latti ce spacing can be readily read off from our results which are compared to numerical simulations of Wilson-chRMT. For the staggered Dirac operator we have studied random matrices modeling the transition from non-degenerate eigenvalues at non-zero lattice spacing to degenerate ones in the continuum limit.
Tractability through exchangeability: a new perspective on efficient probabilistic inference

Exchangeability is a central notion in statistics and probability theory. The assumption that an infinite sequence of data points is exchangeable is at the core of Bayesian statistics. However, finite exchangeability as a statistical property that renders probabilistic inference tractable is less well-understood. We develop a theory of finite exchangeability and its relation to tractable probabilistic inference. The theory is complementary to that of independence and conditional independence. We show that tractable inference in probabilistic models with high treewidth and millions of variables can be explained with the notion of finite (partial) exchangeability. We also show that existing lifted inference algorithms implicitly utilize a combination of conditional independence and partial exchangeability.
Does the Value of Dynamic Assessment in Predicting End-of-First-Grade Mathematics Performance Differ as a Function of English Language Proficiency?

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the added value of dynamic assessment (DA) for predicting individual differences in year-end first-grade calculation (CA) and word-problem (WP) performance as a function of limited English proficiency (LEP) status. Beginning first graders (129 LEP; 163 non-LEP) were assessed on brief and static mathematics tests, static tests of domain-general abilities (vocabulary; reasoning), and DA. The next spring, they were assessed on CA and WP. Regression analyses indicated that the value of the predictor depends on the predicted outcome and LEP status. In predicting CAs, the extended mathematics test and DA uniquely explained variance for LEP children, with stronger predictive value for the extended mathematics test; for non-LEP children, the extended mathematics test was the only significant predictor. However, in predicting WPs, only DA and vocabulary were uniquely predictive for LEP children, with stronger value for DA; for non-LEP children, the extended mathemati...
Household Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa : Why They Matter for Growth, Jobs, and Livelihoods

Despite 40 percent of households relying on household enterprises (non-farm enterprises operated by a single individual or with the help of family members) as an income source, household enterprises are usually ignored in low-income Sub-Saharan-African development strategies. Yet analysis of eight countries shows that although the fast growing economies generated new private non-farm wage jobs at high rates, household enterprises generated most new jobs outside agriculture. Owing to the small size of the non-farm wage job sector, this trend is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. This analysis of enterprises and their owners shows that although it is a heterogeneous sector within countries, there are many similarities across countries, indicating that cross-country learning is possible. For labor force participants who want to use their skills and energy to create a non-farm income source for themselves and their families, household enterprises offer a good opportunity even if they remain small. The paper finds that given household human capital and location, household enterprise earnings have the same marginal effect on consumption as private wage and salary employment. The authors argue that household enterprises should be seen as part of an integrated job and development strategy.
Lilith: a software framework for the rapid development of scalable tools for distributed computing

Lilith is a general purpose tool that provides a highly scalable, easy distribution of user code across a heterogeneous computing platform. By handling the details of code distribution and communication such a framework allows for the rapid development of tools for the use and management of large distributed systems. This speed-up in development not only enables the easy creation of tools as needed but also facilitates the ultimate development of more refined, hard-coded tools as well. Lilith is written in Java, providing platform independence and further facilitating rapid tool development through object reuse and ease of development. We present the user-involved objects in the Lilith Distributed Object System and the Lilith User API. We present an example of tool development, illustrating the user calls, and present results demonstrating Lilith's scalability.
An Investigation of Buyer Search in the Residential Real Estate Market Under Different Market Conditions

The purpose of this research is to examine buyer search under different market conditions. We conduct a survival regression analysis of survey data generated by the National Association of Realtors...
Ross recovery with recurrent and transient processes

Quantitative finance theory involves two related probability measures: a risk-neutral measure and an objective measure. The risk-neutral measure determines the prices of assets and options in a fin...
The observed sensitivity of high clouds to mean surface temperature anomalies in the tropics

[1] Cloud feedback represents the source of largest diversity in projections of future warming. Observational constraints on both the sign and magnitude of the feedback are limited, since it is unclear how the natural variability that can be observed is related to secular climate change, and analyses have rarely been focused on testable physical theories for how clouds should respond to climate change. In this study we use observations from a suite of satellite instruments to assess the sensitivity of tropical high clouds to interannual tropical mean surface temperature anomalies. We relate cloud changes to a physical governing mechanism that is sensitive to the vertical structure of warming. Specifically, we demonstrate that the mean and interannual variability in both the altitude and fractional coverage of tropical high clouds as measured by CloudSat, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder, and the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project are well diagnosed by upper tropospheric convergence computed from the mass and energy budget of the clear-sky atmosphere. Observed high clouds rise approximately isothermally in accordance with theory and exhibit an overall reduction in coverage when the tropics warms, similar to their behavior in global warming simulations. Such cloud changes cause absorbed solar radiation to increase more than does outgoing longwave radiation, resulting in a positive but statistically insignificant net high cloud feedback in response to El Nino–Southern Oscillation. The results suggest that the convergence metric based on simple mass and energy budget constraints may be a powerful tool for understanding observed and modeled high cloud behavior and for evaluating the realism of modeled high cloud changes in response to a variety of forcings.
Surface brightness and intrinsic luminosity of ellipticals

We show that the surface brightness profiles of elliptical galaxies can be parametrized using a linear superposition of two or three components, each of which is described by functions developed in Dhar & Williams as the 2D projections of a 3D Einasto density profile. For a sample of 23 ellipticals in and around the Virgo Cluster with total absolute V magnitude −24 3σ. Our models indicate that (i) the central component is more concentrated than the outer component; and (ii) the central component of massive shallow-cusp (‘core’) galaxies is much more luminous, extended and concentrated than that of steep-cusp (‘cuspy’) galaxies, with their near exponential central profiles indicating disc-like systems, whose existence must be verified spectroscopically. Galaxy structure can thus be modelled extremely well with a central mass excess for all galaxies. This is not necessarily contrary to the notion of a mass deficit in ‘core’ galaxies, since mass ejection due to core scouring by a supermassive black hole (SMBH) binary could have affected the shape of the central components. However, we show that the existence, amount, radial extent and sign of such deficits disagree substantially in the literature, both for a given galaxy and on an average over a sample. We discuss possible implications and suggest that SMBH binaries are unlikely to be the sole mechanism for producing the large ‘cores’ of massive galaxies. Using results from the SAURON survey, we deduce that under certain conditions of symmetry, inclination angles and degree of triaxiality, the intrinsic (3D) density of light can be well described with a multicomponent Einasto model for both steep- and shallow-cusp galaxies. This indicates a universality in the functional form describing the 3D density distribution of light in galaxies and dark matter in Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) N-body haloes. Finally, planetary nebulae and strong-lensing observations, and the Einasto index n of ΛCDM dark matter haloes, indicate that our result – the outer component of the surface brightness profiles of massive galaxies has 5 ≲ n ≲ 8 – could imply (i) a common feature of collisionless systems; and (ii) that galaxies with such n for their outer component are dark matter dominated.
Functional Bias and Spatial Organization of Genes in Mutational Hot and Cold Regions in the Human Genome

The neutral mutation rate is known to vary widely along human chromosomes, leading to mutational hot and cold regions. We provide evidence that categories of functionally related genes reside preferentially in mutationally hot or cold regions, the size of which we have measured. Genes in hot regions are biased toward extracellular communication (surface receptors, cell adhesion, immune response, etc.), while those in cold regions are biased toward essential cellular processes (gene regulation, RNA processing, protein modification, etc.). From a selective perspective, this organization of genes could minimize the mutational load on genes that need to be conserved and allow fast evolution for genes that must frequently adapt. We also analyze the effect of gene duplication and chromosomal recombination, which contribute significantly to these biases for certain categories of hot genes. Overall, our results show that genes are located nonrandomly with respect to hot and cold regions, offering the possibility that selection acts at the level of gene location in the human genome.
Short-term storage and long-term storage in recall

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses short-term storage (STS) and long-term storage (LTS). In the case of free recall, a major reason for assuming the flow and the separate storage mechanisms lies in a very prominent and reliable characteristic of free recall, the serial position function. It is found that when the probability of recall of an item is plotted as a function of the position of the item in presentation, a bimodal curve is obtained. Subjects are most likely to recall the end items, next most likely the beginning items, and are least likely to recall the middle items of the list. It is found that as the beginning and end of the serial position curve respond differently to a range of experimental variables, the positions are considered to represent output from different storage mechanisms. A major part of the end peak is considered to consist of output from STS. The early sections of the curve are considered to consist solely of output from LTS. There are two main methods of separating the output from STS and LTS. The interaction method consists of imposing variables on the free-recall task and observing differential effects on the serial position curve.
Learning Physics in Context: A study of student learning about electricity and magnetism

This paper re‐centres the discussion of student learning in physics to focus on context. In order to do so, a theoretically motivated understanding of context is developed. Given a well‐defined notion of context, data from a novel university class in electricity and magnetism are analysed to demonstrate the central and inextricable role of context in student learning. This work sits within a broader effort to create and analyse environments that support student learning in the sciences.
Impact of e-book technology: Ownership and market asymmetries in digital transformation

The book industry is undergoing a digital transformation enabled by the Internet and e-book technology, which offers a novel channel for delivering books to consumers who mostly purchase paper books from physical or online bookstores. With a game theory model that introduces the concepts of paper book market asymmetry and e-book market asymmetry, we examine how the entry of an e-book seller affects strategic interaction in the book markets and impacts sellers and consumers. We show that market asymmetries, ownership of the e-book seller, and consumers' preferences for e-books are important determinants of prices, market shares and total book readership. We find that prices in the book market may increase after the e-book entry. Total readership may decrease after e-book entry, if the e-book seller is owned by one of the paper book sellers. The lowest total readership occurs when the online paper book seller owns the e-book seller.
Numerical Simulation of Cylindrical Laminated Shells Under Impulsive Lateral Pressure

The finite element approach used to investigate the behavior of cylindrical laminated shells when acted upon by sudden dynamic loads is described. When solving the dynamic buckling problem, two major time-integration techniques are used, namely, the implicit integration operator in its Newmark method implementation and the explicit central difference scheme. Their performance and efficiency are compared, and the conclusion is made that, unlike some other types of dynamic problems for dynamic shell stability, the explicit finite element approach shows good accuracy of results combined with an excellent computational efficiency. Therefore, this approach is applied in the present investigation. The loading acting upon the shell structure consists of lateral suddenly applied fluid pressure, which remains normal to the shell surface as the shell deforms. Two different dynamic buckling criteria are used and combined with the finite element method in the proposed solution procedure. A new approach for assessing shell stability by using the variation of the volume enclosed by the shell is proposed. A demonstration example is presented. The performance of the present approach is compared with previously published results.
Emission of biogenic hydrogen sulfide

Until recently sulfur has been assumed to occur in the atmosphere principally in three forms: H 2 S, SO 2 and sulfates. The principal processes by which H 2 S is believed to be generated on a global scale are (1) nonspecific reduction of organic sulfur and (2) from sulfate reduction by anaerobic bacteria. Unfortunately, these assumptions have not been verified by analyses of the volatile sulfur compounds emitted by the micro-organisms that are supposed to be responsible for sulfur gas exchange in natural systems. To the contrary, gas chromatographic analyses using a flame photometric detector specific for sulfur at 394 nm indicates that dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyldisulfide (DMDS) are the major compounds in the gaseous emissions from bacteria and fresh water green and blue-green algae isolated from different soil types and eutrophic as well as naturally clean waters. Analysis of the sulfur gases in a wide variety of sea water samples and those released by red, green and brown seaweeds indicate that organic sulfur emissions dominate over H 2 S. The data suggest the hypothesis that the micro-biota in the various natural systems like soil, leaf litter, lakes, ponds, rivers, and the oceans produce predominantly organic sulfides and that the reported observation of H 2 S emission from water-logged soils and anaerobic muds is related to their low pH. Presumably the biogenic production of gaseous sulfur compounds constitutes a major input in the sulfur cycle. Unfortunately, the source of strength and spatial distribution of these sources are unknown. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1974.tb01974.x
Modulation of cytokine gene expression and secretion during the periparturient period in dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

Johne’s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is estimated to infect more than 22% of US dairy herds. Periods of immunosuppression may contribute to the transition from the subclinical to the clinical stage of infection. Understanding the effects of stressors such as parturition on the escalation of disease may provide information that will help to manage JD. The objective of this study was to characterize cytokine gene expression and secretion in periparturient dairy cows naturally infected with MAP. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of healthy noninfected, and subclinically and clinically infected dairy cows for 3 weeks pre-calving to 4 weeks post-calving. Real-time PCR was performed to evaluate the expression of the following cytokine genes by peripheral blood mononuclear cells: IFN-g, TNF-a, IL-12p35, IL-10, TGF-b, and IL-4. To assess the effects of parturient immunosuppression on cytokine gene expression, RT-PCR data were analyzed by using 2 � ddCt values calibrated to dCt value at +1 day relative to calving for each animal. Overall, cytokine gene expression was not influenced by infection status of the cows in this study. However, significant effects in cytokine gene expression were noted across sampling days within the periparturient period. Expression of IFN-g by NS and ConA-stimulated PBMCs declined at calving compared with prepartum values in both control and infected cows. Similarly, a decline in expression of IL-4 and IL-10 was observed for cells isolated from subclinically infected cows after stimulation with ConA. ConA-stimulated PBMCs isolated from infected cows secreted higher concentrations of IFN-g compared with the controls. A significant decline in IFN-g secretion was noted for MPSstimulated cells for clinical cows from � 21 days to +1 day. Stimulating cells with MPS resulted in greater secretion of IL-10 by infected cows during the postpartum period. A trend was also observed for higher TGF-b secretion by NS PBMCs isolated from clinical cows in the postpartum period. Cells isolated from clinically infected cows and stimulated with MPS secreted higher levels of nitric oxide throughout the periparturient period when compared to control or subclinically infected cows. These data suggest that parturition is a very dynamic time period for host immunity, with potential for altered immunity to hinder the ability of dairy cows to thwart infectious diseases. # 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FUSE Spectroscopy of the White Dwarf in U Geminorum

Observations of U Gem with FUSE confirm that the WD is heated by the outburst and cools during quiescence. At the end of an outburst, the best uniform-temperature WD model fits to the data indicate a temperature of 41,000-47,000 K, while in midquiescence, the temperature is 28,000-31,000 K, depending on the gravity assumed for the WD. Photospheric abundance patterns at the end of the outburst and in midquiescence show evidence of CNO processing. Improved fits to the spectra can be obtained assuming there is a hotter, heated portion of the WD, presumably an accretion belt, with a temperature of 60,000-70,000 K occupying 14%-32% of the surface immediately after outburst. However, other relatively simple models for the second component fit the data just as well, and there is no obvious signature that supports the hypothesis that the second component arises from a separate region of the WD surface. Hence, other physical explanations still must be considered to explain the time evolution of the spectrum of U Gem in quiescence. Strong orbital-phase-dependent absorption, most likely due to gas above the disk, was observed during the midquiescence spectrum. This material, which can be modeled in terms of gas with a temperature of 10,000-11,000 K and a density of 1013 cm-3, has a column density of ~2 × 1021 cm-2 at orbital phase 0.6-0.85 and is probably the same material that has been observed to cause dips in the light curve at X-ray wavelengths in the past. The discrepancy described by Naylor et al. between the radius of the WD derived, on the one hand, by the UV spectral analysis and the distance to U Gem and, on the other hand, by the orbital elements and the gravitational redshift, remains a serious problem.
FINITE APPROXIMATIONS TO QUANTUM PHYSICS: QUANTUM POINTS AND THEIR BUNDLES

Abstract There exists a physically well-motivated method for approximating manifolds by certain topological spaces with a finite or a countable set of points. These spaces, which are partially ordered sets (posets), have the power to effectively reproduce important topological features of continuum physics like winding numbers and fractional statistics, and that too often with just a few points. In this work we develop the essential tools for doing quantum physics on posets. The poset approach to covering space quantization soliton physics, gauge theories and the Dirac equation are discussed with emphasis on physically important topological aspects. These ideas are illustrated by simple examples like the covering space quantization of a particle on a circle, and the sine-Gordon solitons.
Application of a bounding surface model to Boston blue clay

Abstract A formulation for an elastic-plastic Bounding Surface model for soils is presented. The model is calibrated and the predicted and measured response compared for laboratory stress paths and a boundary value problem. The predictions are reasonable, providing confidence in the model formulation, numeric implementation and numeric solution techniques. Possible improvements to the model are discussed.
Finding Wheels Of Vehicles In Stereo Images

In model-based recognition of vehicles, wheels can play a key role. Certainly, they are the most prominent features of a vehicle. However, finding wheels in an image is a difficult task. Generally, a wheel appears as an ellipse in an image. An obvious way of finding ellipses is to use the Hough transform. The difficulty is that the search space is 5-dimensional. This curse of dimensionality is with us no matter what method we use to search for the ellipses. We use a stereo pair of images to reduce the search space. The idea is to determine from the stereo images the 3-D orientation of the plane containing the wheels, and then apply an appropriate transformation on either of the two stereo images such that in the new image the wheels will be circular. The search space is then only 3-dimensional. In this paper we describe this approach in detail and show some experimental results.
Bistable molecular conductors with a field-switchable dipole group

A class of bistable ``stator-rotor'' molecules is proposed, where a stationary bridge (stator) connects the two electrodes and facilitates electron transport between them. The rotor part, which has a large dipole moment, is attached to an atom of the stator via a single sigma bond. Hydrogen bonds formed between the rotor and stator make the symmetric orientation of the dipole unstable. The rotor has two potential minima with equal energy for rotation about the sigma bond. The dipole orientation, which determines the conduction state of the molecule, can be switched by an external electric field that changes the relative energy of the two potential minima. Both orientations of the rotor correspond to asymmetric current-voltage characteristics that are the reverse of each other, so they are distinguishable electrically. Such bistable stator-rotor molecules could potentially be used as parts of molecular electronic devices.
Erratic behavior in economic models

Abstract An intellectually attractive but potentially frustrating feature of economic theory is that even seemingly simple models can lead to mathematically complex behavior. Paradoxes abound, dynamical motion which intuitively should be ‘simple’ can be highly erratic, and small changes in assumptions can cause radically different conclusions. On first glance, this complexity is surprising. After all, much of economics is based on concepts, such as aggregation and optimization, that appear to introduce stability and predictability to the resulting model. Yet, this need not be so. An argument is given to explain why such behavior can occur.
AN ALL-SKY CATALOG OF BRIGHT M DWARFS

We present an all-sky catalog of M dwarf stars with apparent infrared magnitude J 40 mas yr{sup -1}, supplemented on the bright end with the Tycho-2 catalog. Completeness tests which account for kinematic (proper motion) bias suggest that our catalog represents {approx}75% of the estimated {approx}11, 900 M dwarfs with J < 10 expected to populate the entire sky. Our catalog is, however, significantly more complete for the northern sky ({approx}90%) than it is for the south ({approx}60%). Stars are identified as cool, red M dwarfs from a combination of optical and infrared color cuts, and are distinguished from background M giants and highly reddened stars using either existing parallax measurements or, if such measurements are lacking, using their location in an optical-to-infrared reduced proper motion diagram. These bright M dwarfs are all prime targets for exoplanet surveys using the Doppler radial velocity or transit methods; the combination of low-mass and bright apparent magnitude should make possible the detection of Earth-size planets on short-period orbits using currently available techniques. Parallax measurements, when available, and photometric distance estimates are provided for allmore » stars, and these place most systems within 60 pc of the Sun. Spectral type estimated from V - J color shows that most of the stars range from K7 to M4, with only a few late M dwarfs, all within 20 pc. Proximity to the Sun also makes these stars good targets for high-resolution exoplanet imaging searches, especially if younger objects can be identified on the basis of X-ray or UV excess. For that purpose, we include X-ray flux from ROSAT and FUV/NUV ultraviolet magnitudes from GALEX for all stars for which a counterpart can be identified in those catalogs. Additional photometric data include optical magnitudes from Digitized Sky Survey plates and infrared magnitudes from the Two Micron All Sky Survey.« less
The Structure of Social Capital: An Austrian Perspective on its Nature and Development

Abstract As the literature on social capital has emerged over the past two decades, both advocates and critics of the concept have grappled with the question ‘what is the nature of “social capital?”’. By viewing this question through the lens of Austrian capital theory (particularly under Lachmann's influence) we can understand social capital as being structural in nature, made up of heterogeneous and often complementary elements. This way of thinking about social capital opens the door for understanding the role of the ‘social entrepreneur’ as discovering new combinations within the social capital structure. By carving out a role for the change agent, we see social capital development as a process of social learning that extends the cognitive reach of individuals beyond what they can know directly. An Austrian approach to social capital advances the theoretical debate by linking the literature on network analysis (in which the focus is on individualistic accumulation of social capital) and broader questi...
The High Cost of the International Aging Prisoner Crisis: Well-Being as the Common Denominator for Action

The aging prisoner crisis continues to gain international attention as the high human, social, and economic costs of warehousing older adults with complex physical, mental health, and social care needs in prison continues to rise. According to the United Nations, older adults and the serious and terminally ill are considered special needs populations subject to special international health and social practice and policy considerations. We argue that older adults in prison have unique individual and social developmental needs that result from life course exposure to cumulative risk factors compounded by prison conditions that accelerate their aging. We position these factors in a social context model of human development and well-being and present a review of international human rights guidelines that pertain to promoting health and well-being to those aging in custody. The study concludes with promising practices and recommendations of their potential to reduce the high direct and indirect economic costs associated with mass confinement of older adults, many of whom need specialized long-term care that global correctional systems are inadequately equipped to provide.
Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics

Photorefractive crystals are great for image processing, beam amplification, and phase conjugation. I will describe these and a number of other new applications of photorefractive crystals. I will also show how light beams in these crystals are like politicians: if given the chance they will always choose the path that maximizes their own gain.
Enzymatic alterations in single type IIB skeletal muscle fibers with inactivity and exercise in 12- and 30-month-old rats.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of aging, inactivity and weight-bearing exercise on fast-twitch single Type IIB skeletal muscle fibers from the superficial region of the lateral head of the gastrocnemius (Type IIB fibers). Specifically, this study compared the biochemical properties of Type IIB fibers after 7 days of hindlimb unweighting (HU), 7 days of HU with intermittent weight-bearing (HU-Ex), and cage control (C) from adult and aged Fischer 344 Brown Norway F1 Hybrid rats (12- and 30-month old). Biochemical measurements included total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and β-hydroxy-acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase activities (BHAD), expressed in nmoles/μg/hr dry weight. Fiber-typing for myosin heavy chain isoform was determined by SDS-PAGE. With age, LDH activity in Type IIB fibers decreased from 52.0±3.4 nmoles/μg/hr (12-month old) to 39.5±2.9 nmoles/μg/hr (30-month old). Following HU, LDH activity of single Type IIB fibers increased by 22% (52.0±3.4 to 66.4±3.2 nmoles/μg/hr) in the 12-month-old animals, whereas no difference was observed with HU in the Type IIB fibers of the 30-month-old animals. Following HU-Ex, LDH activity of Type IIB fibers in the 12-month-old animals was not significantly different from that of Type IIB fibers from HU animals, whereas a significant increase was observed (38.1±2.9 to 51.8±3.1 nmoles/μg/hr) in Type IIB fibers of 30-month-old animals, for HU and HU-Ex, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed an interaction between age and condition, indicating that Type IIB fibers from adult and aged animals have a different biochemical response to inactivity. The enzyme activities for BHAD were not different between the experimental conditions. The results demonstrate that the total LDH enzyme activities of the Type IIB fibers decrease with age, suggesting an age-related shift in the biochemical profile. Further, single skeletal muscle fiber adaptation is age-dependent.
Capital account liberalization and foreign direct investment

We examine the impact of capital account policies on FDI inflows. Using an annual panel dataset of 83 developing and developed countries for 1984-2000, we find that capital account openness is positively but only very moderately associated with the amount of FDI inflows after controlling for other macroeconomic and institutional measures. To a large extent, other country characteristics seem to determine FDI inflows instead of capital account policies. We also find that capital controls are easily circumvented in corrupt and politically unstable regimes. We conclude that liberalizing the capital account is not sufficient to generate increases in inflows unless it is accompanied by a lower level of corruption or a decrease in political risk.
A tribute to Alain Colmerauer

As an invited contributor to this Festschrift honoring Alain Colmerauer, I feel compelled to give not only an account of his main research contributions, but also of my perspective on the motivations behind them. I hope that this will provide the reader with a glimpse of how a focused, tenacious, rigorous, and inventive mind like Alain's picks research problems and proceeds to solve them. The history of Prolog, the language that remains one of Alain's major accomplishments, is well documented. His paper on the ‘Birth of Prolog,’ co-authored with Philippe Roussel (Colmerauer & Roussel, 1970), is a highly recommended account of the circumstances that led to the development of Prolog. Bob Kowalski (1988) presents his views of the early history of Prolog from the automatic theorem proving perspective. Finally, my own paper on the topic (Cohen, 1988) contains material complementing Alain's and Bob's narratives. Instead of recasting already-available historical material, I have opted to present here a more personal account of Alain's contributions, acknowledging in advance the individual bias inherent in such an accounting of long-past events.
Ion Charge States in the Fast Solar Wind: New Data Analysis and Theoretical Refinements

We present a further investigation into the increased ionization observed in element charge states in the fast solar wind compared to its coronal hole source regions. Once ions begin to be perpendicularly heated by ion cyclotron waves and execute large gyro-orbits, density gradients in the flow can excite lower hybrid waves that then damp by heating electrons in the parallel direction. We give further analysis of charge-state data from polar coronal holes at solar minimum and maximum, and also from equatorial coronal holes. We also further consider the damping of lower hybrid waves by ions and the effect of non-Maxwellian electron distribution functions on the degree of increased ionization, both of which appear to be negligible for the solar wind case considered here. We also suggest that the density gradients required to heat electrons sufficiently to further ionize the solar wind can plausibly result from the turbulent cascade of MHD waves.
Structures and properties of zinc(II) complexes of NN-bis[(2-hydroxy-5-X-phenyl)phenylmethylene]-4-azaheptane-1,7-diamine (X = chloro or methyl): comparison of d10, d9, and d8 analogues

The zinc (II) complexes of the quinquedentate ligands derived from the Schiff-base condensation of 3,3′-iminobis (propylamine) with 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone (cbp) and 2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzophenone (mbp) have been synthesized and their crystal structures determined. [Zn(cbp)]· H2O Is crystallographically isomorphous with [Cu(mbp)] and the co-ordination environment of the zinc is a distorted trigonal bipyramid. The water molecule is disordered; it is remote from the metal atom and appears to produce no significant distortion of the complex. The striking differences between the related nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) complexes must be ascribed mainly to the dn configuration of the metals. The metal environment in related nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II) complexes lies between trigonal bipyramidal and distorted square pyramidal, and progresses increasingly towards bipyramidal through the series Cu, Ni, Zn.Crystals of the zinc(II) complex with mbp were obtained as a hydrate [Zn(mbp)]·H2O with the water molecule probably hydrogen-bonded to a ligand atom, but with no apparent distortion due to the water molecule. The metal environment again approximates a trigonal bipyramid.The crystal structures were determined from full-matrix least-squares refinement of counter data ([Zn(cbp)]·H2O: space group P, Z= 2, a= 10.099(1), b= 12.500(2), c= 13.261(4)A, α= 74.57(3), β= 68.06(1), γ= 86.07(2)°, R= 0.036, 2 612 reflections; [Zn(mbp)] H2O : space group P21/c, Z= 4, a= 16.30(1), b= 10.178(4), c= 18.996(9)A, β= 71.79(9)°, α=γ= 90, R= 0.048, 2 669 reflections).
Bankruptcy as a Control Device in Economies in Transition

Abstract We examine in this paper the design of a liquidation, or bankruptcy, policy in a partially centralized economy characterized by imperfect information. We employ a two-period model to analyze the effects of an optimal liquidation rule on the efficiency of resource allocation and choice of managerial effort when managers have private information about effort and firm productivity. First-period investment is used by the regulator to discipline the manager and to extract information. The tradeoff between disciplinary effect and information extraction might be best solved by implementing inefficient liquidation policies. Inefficiencies in liquidation policies can occur even if the regulator believes that he is facing a given type of firm with probability close to one. J. Comp. Econom., June 1995, 20 (3), pp. 265-301. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-7601.
Targeting Low-Energy Transfers to Low Lunar Orbit

Abstract A targeting scheme is presented to build 21-day launch periods for low-energy trajectories from any specified Earth parking orbit to any specified low lunar orbit, using up to two mid-course maneuvers. A total of 288 launch periods are constructed for transfers to a variety of different targeted low lunar orbits, arriving at different times during the month. Each orbital insertion occurs at an altitude of 100 km above the lunar surface and each orbit sampled in this paper is polar; the longitude of ascending node and the argument of periapse vary for each sampled orbit. An analysis is presented to characterize the total transfer Δ V required to build a launch period, as well as the total transfer Δ V required to transfer from any given Earth parking orbit inclination to each sampled lunar orbit.
Topological charge Membranes in 2D and 4D Gauge Theory

Local topological charge structure in the 2D CP ( N − 1 ) sigma models is studied using the overlap Dirac operator. Long-range coherence of topological charge along locally 1D regions in 2D space-time is observed. We discuss the connection between these results and the recent discovery of coherent 3D sheets of topological charge in 4D QCD. In both cases, coherent regions of topological charge form along surfaces of approximmate codimension 1.
Paleoenvironment of Late Mississippian fenestrate bryozoans, eastern United States

Fenestrate bryozoans in Chesterian rocks of the eastern United States are common to abundant in diverse carbonate platform lithologies but are not common in clastic deposits. Fenestella and Archimedes are the most abundant and widespread. Fenestella apparently tolerated a range of water agitation and lived on shoal margins as well as in more protected areas. Archimedes required quiet bottoms and was locally extremely abundant immediately leeward of shoals. Polypora and Septopora were less common than, but had a similar distribution to, Fenestella except that they apparently did not live on shoals. Lyroporella inhabited zones of pronounced current activity and fine quartz sand influx. Penniretepora and Ptylopora were least often encountered, restricted to fine-grained sediments deposited in protected regions.
The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnosing Optic Nerve Hypoplasia

Purpose To establish objective lower limits of normal optic nerve (ON) size in children based on high-resolution orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Design Case-control study of patients with ON hypoplasia vs normal controls. Methods A neuroradiologist made 4 measurements of each ON at 2 locations (5 mm posterior to the optic disc and just posterior to the optic canal) in patients with ON hypoplasia and controls aged 0–17 years from an academic eye center and children's hospital. Primary analyses were performed using mixed linear models. Results Measurements were made in 26 cases of clinically confirmed ON hypoplasia and 31 controls (median age: ON hypoplasia, 1 year; controls, 5.5 years). Nine of 26 cases (35%) and 19 of 31 controls (61%) underwent high-resolution T2-weighted imaging of the orbits. Mean ON diameter was 1.36 mm (95% CI: 1.19–1.54; P P Conclusions Age was independently associated with normal ON size by MRI and should be taken into consideration when evaluating ON hypoplasia, based on MRI criteria. We have provided a formula to assist clinicians in objectively determining if ON hypoplasia is present.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Silanolates: A Paradigm Shift in Silicon‐Based Cross‐Coupling Reactions

This paper chronicles the conceptual development, proof of principle experiments, and recent advances in the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of the conjugate bases of organosilanols. The discovery that led to the design and refinement of this process represents a classical illustration of how mechanistic studies can provide a fertile ground for the invention of new reactions. On the basis of a working hypothesis (which ultimately proved to be incorrect) and the desire to effect silicon-based cross-coupling without the agency of fluoride activation, a mild and practical palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkenyl-, aryl-, and heteroaryl silanolates has been developed. The mechanistic underpinnings, methodological extensions, and the successful applications of this technology to the synthesis of complex molecules are described.
Parks and Park Funding in Los Angeles: An Equity-Mapping Analysis

An equity-mapping analysis of access to park space enjoyed by children and youth in Los Angeles (LA), and by residents according to their race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status finds that low-income and concentrated poverty areas as well as neighborhoods dominated by Latinos, African Americans, and Asian-Pacific Islanders, have dramatically lower levels of access to park resources than White-dominated areas of the city. Further, a mapping of park-bond funding allocations by location reveals that funding patterns often exacerbate rather than ameliorate existing inequalities in park and open-space resource distributions. Given the lack of large parcels for park acquisition, these results indicate that creative strategies for providing open space—such as utilizing vacant lots, alleys, underutilized school sites, public or utility-owned property, unnecessarily wide streets, and abandoned riverbeds—will be required in the city's older neighborhoods to redress existing inequities in access to parks.
The outsourcing of R&D through acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry †

Abstract We examine the performance of 160 pharmaceutical acquisitions from 1994 to 2001 and find evidence that on average acquirers realize significant positive returns. These returns are positively correlated with prior acquirer access to information about the research and development activities at target firms and a superior negotiating position. A unique Desperation Index is employed to determine the current status of a firm's internal productivity. We find that firms experiencing declines in internal productivity or which are more desperate are more likely to engage in an outsourcing-type acquisition in an effort to replenish their research pipelines.
On the determination of ejecta structure and explosion asymmetry from the x-ray knots of cassiopeia a

We present a detailed analysis of Chandra X-ray spectra from individual ejecta knots in the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. The spectra are fitted to give the electron temperature T(sub e), and (single) ionization age n(sub e)t. These quantities are compared with the predictions of self similar hydrodynamic models incorporating time dependent ionization and radiation losses, and Coulomb electron-ion equilibration behind the reverse shock, for a variety of different ejecta density profiles described by a uniform density core and a power law envelope. We find that the ejecta close to the 'jet' region in the NE, but not actually in the jet itself, have a systematically shallower outer envelope than ejecta elsewhere in the remnant, and we interpret this as being due to more energy of the initial explosion being directed in this polar direction as opposed to equatorially. The degree of asymmetry we infer is at the low end of that generally modelled in asymmetric core-collapse simulations, and may be used to rule out highly asymmetric explosion models.
Regioselectivity in addition of atomic fluorine to alkenes

Abstract Irradiation of N 2 F 4 (NF 2 ) with propene and with 1,1-difluoroethene in the gas phase atroom temperature leads to the addition of F and NF 2 across the double bond. The ratioof terminal to internal addition of F to propene was found to be 1.4:1 after correctingfor the decomposition of vibrationally excited intermediates. In the case of 1,1-difluoroethene,the corrected ratio of F addition is 5:1 with addition at the methylene sitepredominating. The difference in selectivity of F addition to propene and to 1,1-difluoroethenecorrelates with spin density difference in the π-π* triplet state of the alkeneand with the difference in the HOMO coefficients of the substrate alkene, i.e. the patternof selectivity is that predicted by the State Correlation Diagram model of Shaik andCanadell.
Determination of the pattern of neutrino masses at a neutrino factory

Abstract We study the precision with which the sign of δm322 can be determined at a neutrino factory, as a function of stored muon energies and baselines. This is done by simultaneously fitting the channels νμ→νμ , ν e → ν μ from μ− decays and the channels ν μ → ν μ , νe→νμ from μ+ decays. For a 20 GeV muon storage ring we investigate as a function of the baseline length and the magnitude of δm322, the minimum value of the parameter sin22θ13 for which the sign of δm322 can be determined to at least 3 standard deviations. We find that for baselines longer than ∼3000 km, the sign of δm232 can be determined for sin22θ13 down to the 10−3 level with 1020 decays of 20 GeV muons.
Decoupled Farm Payments and the Role of Base Acreage and Yield Updating Under Uncertainty

We analyze the coupling effect of expectations about base acreage and yield updating in future farm policy on production decisions in the presence of price, yield, and policy uncertainty for a risk-averse farmer producing a single crop. The farmer receives market revenue and government payments. Using stochastic dynamic programming, optimum decisions under present value calculations positively link current acreage and fertilizer decisions to future government payments through expected updates of base acreage and yield in the future regime. Moving from a zero probability of updating to a probability of one increases optimum acreage and yield by 6.25% and 0.134%, respectively. Copyright 2010, Oxford University Press.
Low-income housing development and crime

Abstract This paper examines the effect of rental housing development subsidized by the federal government’s Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program on local crime. Under the LIHTC program, certain high-poverty census tracts receive Qualified Census Tract (QCT) status, which affects the size of the tax credits developers receive for building low-income housing. Changes in federal rules determining QCT status generate quasi-experimental variation in the location of LIHTC projects. Exploiting this variation, we find that low-income housing development in the poorest neighborhoods brings with it significant reductions in violent crime that are measurable at the county level. There are no detectable effects on property crime.