cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In-house CT program development.

"Accomplishing in-house CT maintenance can be a lengthy process," warns the author speaking from his own experience at the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. However, Mr. Brown insists that the payoff can be substantial in terms of significant cost savings and decreased downtime. His step-by-step advice and documentation are structured to help managers interested in investigating this option.
Use of Dithiasuccinoyl-Caged Amines Enables COS/H 2 S Release Lacking Electrophilic Byproducts.

The enzymatic conversion of carbonyl sulfide (COS) to hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) by carbonic anhydrase has been used to develop self-immolating thiocarbamates as COS-based H2 S donors to further elucidate the impact of reactive sulfur species in biology. The high modularity of this approach has provided a library of COS-based H2 S donors that can be activated by specific stimuli. A common limitation, however, is that many such donors result in the formation of an electrophilic quinone methide byproduct during donor activation. As a mild alternative, we demonstrate here that dithiasuccinoyl groups can function as COS/H2 S donor motifs, and that these groups release two equivalents of COS/H2 S and uncage an amine payload under physiologically relevant conditions. Additionally, we demonstrate that COS/H2 S release from this donor motif can be altered by electronic modulation and alkyl substitution. These insights are further supported by DFT investigations, which reveal that aryl and alkyl thiocarbamates release COS with significantly different activation energies.
Improvement of the colloidal stability of phycocyanin in acidified conditions using whey protein-phycocyanin interactions

Abstract Phycocyanin, a natural blue colorant from Spirulina, can form aggregate and precipitate in acidified beverages. In order to solve the aggregation problem of phycocyanin at low pH, we used whey protein to improve the stability of phycocyanin in acidified conditions. Our results showed that whey protein is much more effective compared to pea and egg white proteins in preventing the aggregation of phycocyanin at pH 3.0, in which a minimum 10% of whey protein solution is required to completely prevent the aggregation. In addition, undenatured whey protein is more effective compared to denatured and hydrolyzed forms. We found that α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, BSA, immunoglobulins, and glycomacropeptides may all participate in the encapsulation of the phycocyanin molecule. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and zeta-sizer results also proved that the complete whey protein provides better protection for phycocyanin compared to BSA or whey protein without the glycomacropeptides. The study provides a natural way to stabilize phycocyanin at acidified conditions, making it possible to use phycocyanin as a blue colorant in acidified beverages.
Angular and spatial light modulation by single digital micromirror device for display applications

A single Digital Micromirror Device with a single illumination source projects multiple, independent patterns into corresponding directions across a nearly-doubled angular extent by time multiplexing and by nanosecond illumination pulse synchronization for a binary patterned programmable blazed grating. The resulting “Angular Spatial Light Modulator” (ASLM) system nearly-doubles the etendue of a DMD-type SLM and creates a multiplication factor for the output pixel count and effective pixel density. We demonstrate an extended FOV display, a light-field projector, and a multi-view display which can be implemented into AR/VR systems. We present an implementation update using the DLP7000 DMD, increasing output pixel count by and effective pixel density orders-of-magnitude beyond traditional SLM systems while achieving an extended field-of-view and/or eye-box size due to the increased etendue.
4D-BIM to enhance construction waste reuse and recycle planning: Case studies on concrete and drywall waste streams.

Despite pressing attention on construction waste management (CWM) issues, low rates of construction waste (CW) reuse and recycling (RR its data-richness, visualization, and simulation capabilities provide an opportunity to enhance CW R&R planning at the project level. In this context, this study proposes temporal-based algorithms integrated with 4D-BIM for the planning of concrete and drywall waste R&R throughout construction projects. Two case studies from Central Texas were used for the demonstration of the algorithms, and estimates were validated with ground truth data and literature values from different projects in North America. The overarching objective of the proposed algorithms is to streamline estimation and visual planning of CW for on-site reuse, and off-site recycling - therefore promoting a more proactive and schedule-based CWM plan. In addition, the approach improves team communication around CWM goals of the project. Moreover, through the use of 4D-BIM, on-site waste reuse opportunities are planned in advance, thus, improving resource recovery and minimizing waste disposal in landfills.
Jump-Starting Kidney Research: Fostering Disruptive Innovation to Advance Nephrology.

Disruptive innovation in research is rare. Like a tornado, disruption lands abruptly and unexpectedly, injecting new ideas that may leapfrog stalled efforts and raze fixed constructs that impede scientific advances. Contrasting developmental research, which steadily builds and applies existing
Learning same and different relations: cross-species comparisons

Humans excel among species in abstract representation and reasoning. We argue that the ability to learn through analogical comparison, augmented by symbolic systems, underlies our cognitive advantage. The relations same and different are an ideal testbed for these ideas: they are fundamental, essential to abstract combinatorial thought, perceptually available, and studied extensively across species. The evidence suggests that whereas a sense of similarity is widely shared across species, abstract representations of same and different are not. We make three key claims, First, analogical comparison is critical in enabling relational learning among humans. Second, relational symbols support forming and retaining same and different relations in both humans and chimpanzees. Third, despite differences in degree of relational ability, humans and chimpanzees show significant parallels in the development of relational insight.
Sportsmanship Interventions for Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: a Systematic Literature Review

This systematic review summarizes and analyzes the literature on sportsmanship interventions for individuals with autism. Electronic database searches (i.e., PsycNet, ERIC) and ancestral searches were conducted to find relevant articles. Twenty-eight studies were included in this study that used experimental designs that targeted sportsmanship behaviors. The results were summarized across participants, targeted behaviors, settings, interventions, and methodological rigor of the included studies. Although most studies reported positive outcomes on the targeted social-communication behaviors, methodological limitations should be considered when interpreting the results. Limitations of this review and implications for future research are discussed.
What Visual Targets Are Viewed by Users With a Handheld Mobile Magnifier App.

Purpose Mobile video magnifier apps are used by many visually impaired people for seeing details that are beyond their visual capacity. Understanding the common types of visual targets will be importantly informative for low-vision research and assistive technology development. This study addressed this question through analysis of images captured by magnifier app users pursuing their daily activities. Methods An iOS magnifier app, free to the public, was used to capture and upload images to the Azure Computer Vision cloud service for object recognition. Returned object tag results for each image were uploaded to the Umeng analytics server for aggregated tallies. Consolidated data from 24,295 users across 1 month were analyzed. More than 1300 types of object tags found in 152,819 images were grouped into 11 categories. The data collection and analyses were conducted separately for users who toggled on or off iOS vision-accessibility features. Results For accessibility and nonaccessibility user groups, 60% to 70% of objects were nontextual, such as an indoor scene, human, or art. More than 40% of the images contained more than one object category. Accessibility users viewed textual objects more frequently than nonaccessibility users (41.1% vs. 29.8%), but overall, the probability ranking of categories was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusions Nontextual objects make up a major portion of visual needs of magnifier users across a wide range of vision loss. Translational Relevance Low-vision research and vision assistance technology development should address the need for nontextual object viewing.
A Compiled Memory Analysis Tool

The analysis of computer memory is becoming increasingly important in digital forensic investigations. Volatile memory analysis can provide valuable indicators on what to search for on a hard drive, help recover passwords to encrypted hard drives and possibly refute defense claims that criminal activity was the result of a malware infection. Historically, digital forensic investigators have performed live response by executing multiple utilities. However, using a single tool to capture and analyze computer memory is more efficient and has less impact on the system state (potential evidence). This paper describes CMAT, a self-contained tool that extracts forensic information from a memory dump and presents it in a format that is suitable for further analysis. A comparison of the results obtained with utilities that are commonly employed in live response demonstrates that CMAT provides similar information and identifies malware that is missed by the utilities.
Statistics of small-scale ocean wave groups

Statistics of small-scale (short capillary-gravity) ocean wave groups are studied with in situ data and group-induced long wave theory. The analyzed data show a close relationship between mean length of runs, average time duration and significant wave slope of a random wave field. They both tend to decrease as wave slopes increase. Group statistics can be described by group-induced long waves and agree with data well.
Supernova-driven outflows in NGC 7552: a comparison of H α and UV tracers

We investigate the supernova-driven galactic wind of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 7552, using both ground-based optical nebular emission lines and far-ultraviolet absorption lines measured with the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. We detect broad (~300 km/s) blueshifted (-40 km/s) optical emission lines associated with the galaxy's kpc-scale star-forming ring. The broad line kinematics and diagnostic line ratios suggest that the H-alpha emission comes from clouds of high density gas entrained in a turbulent outflow. We compare the H-alpha emission line profile to the UV absorption line profile measured along a coincident sight line and find significant differences. The maximum blueshift of the H-alpha-emitting gas is ~290 km/s, whereas the UV line profile extends to blueshifts upwards of 1000 km/s. The mass outflow rate estimated from the UV is roughly nine times greater than that estimated from H-alpha. We argue that the H-alpha emission traces a cluster-scale outflow of dense, low velocity gas at the base of the large-scale wind. We suggest that UV absorption line measurements are therefore more reliable tracers of warm gas in starburst-driven outflows.
Small-angle scattering of particle assemblies

Small-angle scattering formulae for crystalline assemblies of arbitrary particles are derived from powder diffraction theory using the decoupling approximation. To do so, the pseudo-lattice factor is defined, and methods to overcome the limitations of the decoupling approximation are investigated. Further, approximated equations are suggested for the diffuse scattering from various defects of the first kind due to non-ideal particles, including size polydispersity, orientational disorder and positional fluctuation about their ideal positions. Calculated curves using the formalism developed herein are compared with numerical simulations computed without any approximation. For a finite-sized assembly, the scattering from the whole domain of the assembly must also be included, and this is derived using the correlation function approach.
A Practical Framework for Evaluating Hauling Costs

This study demonstrates the use of an Excel program "Routechaser" to assess the effects of tract location, vehicle operating parameters, operating costs and other physical and economic inputs on the costs of transporting wood products from roadside to mill. The application chosen, a comparison of the effects of trucking costs from four tracts in Oktibbeha County, Mississippi, to eight markets, demonstrates that for forestry, as for any other real estate, value is a function of location. This is especially true if forest management is directed toward lower valued commodity products. Trucking costs were most restrictive on pulpwood, essentially eliminating many markets for several of the tracts. Trucking costs eliminated one market for all quadrants, another market for three, and three markets for one quadrant each.
Diasporic Politics, Transnational Media Circulation, and the Multifocality of Côte d'Ivoire

This article proposes a framework of “multifocality” to think about the role of place within the national political cultures of postcolonies with active migrant and diasporic communities abroad. I build my argument on an ethnographic exploration of political activism among networks of Ivorians living in North America, Europe, and Africa during the last twelve years of civil strife in Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa. Tracing media circulation and political party organizing within and across several continents, I show how the political culture of the Ivorian nation arises, exists, and is negotiated within a number of non-connected places (multiple foci) both within and beyond the official territory of the nation-state. Activists and government officials travel to, live in, and shape sites within a number of nation-state territories in order to be in the middle of Ivorian politics. My analysis underscores the need for more theoretical attention to the specific and often uneven ways in which the political structures of many postcolonies are being re-territorialized through transnational forms of public culture. The recent conflict in Cote d'Ivoire—a conflict centered around questions of national belonging based on people's relationships with the national territory—offers a particularly interesting case study through which to think about relationships between national political communities and nation-state territories. As participants mobilize resources in certain locations while dodging place-based limitations of others, the multifocality of Ivorian political discourse emerges as key to its negotiation.
Abundance, biomass, and macrophyte consumption by rudd in Buffalo Harbor and the Niagara River, and potential herbivory by grass carp

Abstract The invasive rudd and grass carp consume aquatic macrophytes, thereby altering important habitat, creating novel trophic pathways, and adversely affecting indigenous species. We estimated the abundance and biomass of rudd and their consumption of macrophytes in Buffalo Harbor (northeastern Lake Erie) and the upper Niagara River during 2012–2013. We also estimated consumption of macrophytes by hypothetical populations of grass carp equal in biomass to rudd populations. Using mark-recapture methods, we estimated that 2571 (95% CI: 2362–2821) rudd were present in Buffalo Harbor and 142,957 (95% CI: 135,127–151,751) were present in the upper Niagara River. Biomass of rudd was estimated at 1.89 mt (95% CI: 1.73–2.07) in Buffalo Harbor and 100.21 mt (95% CI: 94.72–106.38) in the upper Niagara River. Using observed water temperatures and published consumption rates, we estimated that (1) rudd could have consumed 98 mt of macrophytes in Buffalo Harbor and 5210 mt in the upper Niagara River, and (2) hypothetical populations of grass carp equal in biomass to rudd could consume 96 mt of macrophytes in Buffalo Harbor and 4941 mt in the upper Niagara River. Rudd abundance and biomass are substantial in these two waters, and consumption of aquatic macrophytes by rudd may threaten existing aquatic habitat and restoration projects. Annual standardized surveys of fish and macrophyte assemblages would provide data necessary to monitor rudd populations, detect invasion and reproduction by grass carp, and assess habitat changes resulting from herbivory by these two invasive fishes.
The impacts of obesity on the cardiovascular and renal systems: cascade of events and therapeutic approaches.

There is a neglected epidemic of both obesity and metabolic syndrome in industrialized and unindustrialized countries all over the globe. Both conditions are associated with a high incidence of other serious pathologies, such as cardiovascular and renal diseases. In this article, we review the potential underlying mechanisms by which obesity and metabolic syndrome promote hypertension, including changes in cardiovascular–renal physiology induced by leptin, the sympathetic nervous system, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, insulin resistance, free fatty acids, natriuretic peptides, and proinflammatory cytokines. We also discuss the potential underlying mechanisms by which obesity promotes other cardiovascular and renal conditions, as well as available nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches for treating obesity-induced hypertension. The findings presented herein suggest that adipocytes may be a key regulator of cardiovascular and renal function.
Assessment of Pulsed Gasoline Fuel Sprays by Means of Qualitative and Quantitative Laser‐based Diagnostic Methods

The combination of qualitative measuring techniques such as imaging, with quantitative drop sizing techniques like Laser Diffraction and Phase Doppler Analyzer (PDA), has been applied for assessing the sprays formed by injectors for gasoline direct injection (DI) engines. Both, the sizing instruments as well as the imaging, are offering temporal resolution in order to investigate the important features of pulsed DI sprays. Using a combination of the spatially integrating Laser Diffraction instrument with strobe illuminated dual view 2D-imaging, the overall spray properties have been assessed. Having the 2D information of the global spray shape in two perpendicular directions allows one to immediately correlate the concentration and drop size measurement results of the Laser Diffraction instrument with the global spray appearance. Thus, the changes of the spray pattern can be related with the sizing information as the spray propagates away from the injector. For injector design improvements, however, it is required to achieve a higher spatial resolution and especially to measure closer to the injector exit orifice than the Laser Diffraction allows. By using a Phase Doppler Analyzer, the different phases of the injection event, i.e. opening of the injector, main spray and closing phase of the injector, can be distinguished from each other. However, in sprays, where the spray geometry is changing with time, the PDA can suffer due to its high spatial resolution, yielding results that are difficult to interpret.Assisting the PDA with a simultaneous imaging technique of similar spatial resolution creates a very robust experimental approach. By visualizing the plane perpendicular to the PDA probe volume, i.e. the crossing of the PDA laser beams on the spray image itself, a very precise adjustment of the PDA probe volume with respect to the spray rather than the nozzle can be achieved. This becomes critical when getting to the near orifice area at distances closer than 10mm. The synchronized images also bring additional information to the point measurement provided by the PDA. It becomes easier to choose which particular phase of the spray formation the user wants to characterize. Finally, more confidence in the interpretation of PDA data from locations close to the injector tip is reached.
Standard stratifications of EI categories and Alperin's weight conjecture

Abstract We characterize the finite EI categories whose representations are standardly stratified with respect to the natural preorder on the simple representations. The orbit category of a finite group with respect to any set of subgroups is always such a category. Taking the subgroups to be the p-subgroups of the group, we reformulate Alperin's weight conjecture in terms of the standard and proper costandard representations of the orbit category. We do this using the properties of the Ringel dual construction and a theorem of Dlab, which have elsewhere been described for standardly stratified algebras where there is a partial order on the simple modules. We indicate that these results hold in the generality of an algebra whose simple modules are preordered, rather than partially ordered.
Ecological Principles and Guidelines for Managing the Use of Land

Decision-making levels in the United States and examples of their land-use management powers, both regulatory and nonregulatory (Dale et al, 2000, Reproduced with permission of Ecological Society of America, Redraivn by Travis Witt, 2014).
Raman Scattering Cross Sections

RAMAN scattering of light from molecules has long been interesting as a source of information about molecular structure and as a versatile technique for chemical analyses. The advent of the laser, however, has broadened the usefulness of this method for the quantitative measurement of density (ref. 1, for example) and temperature (ref. 2, for example) and there is now considerable activity in both the basic and applied aspects of this field.
Neutral points on the boundary of the closed magnetosphere

Neutral points on closed magnetosphere boundary from field free plasma incident upon magnetic dipole
Calcium mobilization and protein kinase C activation downstream of protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is negatively regulated by PAR3 in mouse platelets.

Thrombin activates platelets through protease activated receptors (PARs). Mouse platelets express PAR3 and PAR4. PAR3 does not signal in platelets. However, PAR4 is a relatively poor thrombin substrate and requires PAR3 as a cofactor at low thrombin concentrations. In this study we show that PAR3 also regulates PAR4 signaling. In response to thrombin (30–100 nM) or PAR4 activating peptide (AYPGKF), platelets from PAR3−/− mice had increased Gq signaling compared to wild type mice as demonstrated by a 1.6-fold increase in the maximum intracellular calcium (Ca2+) mobilization, an increase in phosphorylation level of protein kinase C (PKC) substrates, and a 2-fold increase of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. Moreover, platelets from heterozygous mice (PAR3+/−) had an intermediate increase in maximum Ca2+ mobilization. Treatment of PAR3−/− mice platelets with P2Y12 antagonist (2MeSAMP) did not affect Ca2+ mobilization from PAR4 in response to thrombin or AYPGKF. The activation of RhoA-GTP downstream G12/13 signaling in response to thrombin was not significantly different between wild type and PAR3−/− mice. Since PAR3 influenced PAR4 signaling independent of agonist, we examined the direct interaction between PAR3 and PAR4 with bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). PAR3 and PAR4 form constitutive homodimers and heterodimers. In summary, our results demonstrate that in addition to enhancing PAR4 activation at low thrombin concentrations, PAR3 negatively regulates PAR4-mediated maximum Ca2+ mobilization and PKC activation in mouse platelets by physical interaction.
Orbital History and Seasonality of Regional Precipitation

The Arizona monsoon, a major source of precipitation in the Southwest, shares many features with the monsoons of other continents. Computer modeling and fossil data indicate maximum extent of the African and Asian monsoons 9000 years ago. Fossil data indicate increased summer precipitation 9000 years ago, synchronous with the maxima of the African and Asian monsoons and, paradoxically, with the early-Holocene xerothermic of the Pacific Northwest. Climate model runs for 6000, 9000, 11,500, 13,000, and 18,000 years ago indicate increased summer precipitation 9000 years ago and a reciprocal relationship between precipitation in the Northwest and Southwest, but they relegate insolation to a role secondary to the North American ice sheet in regulating climate, and suggest a non-monsoon source for much of the summer precipitation in the Southwest prior to 9000 years ago.
A Revenue Analysis of the Alaska Pink Salmon Fishery

Abstract The Alaska salmon industry is suffering from declining prices due to an increasing supply of salmon worldwide, This has led to a much-needed economic evaluation of the Alaska salmon enhancement program and especially of the hatchery system for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha. An econometric model of world salmon markets was used to evaluate possible future pink salmon enhancement production scenarios, as requested by the Alaska State Legislature and the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Results of this model, based on point estimates, indicate that if pink salmon production for enhancement were decreased, revenues to pink salmon fishers in Alaska would rise, although there would be regional differences. However, a complete elimination of the Alaska salmon enhancement program would decrease revenues.
Metabolic intermediates in liver of rats given large amounts of fructose or dihydroxyacetone.

Abstract The livers of rats given large injections of fructose or dihydroxyacetone were analyzed for glucose, glycogen, and 14 related metabolites. Dihydroxyacetone produced a large increase in glycogen and a modest increase in glucose and glucose-6-P. Fructose produced no increase in glycogen but a large increase in glucose and glucose-6-P. Changes in intermediates suggest in both cases diversion of part of the injected material into the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. Fructose caused a profound drop in ATP, UTP and UDPG. The fall in ATP is attributed to sequestration of phosphate into fructose-1-P, which increased to 18 mmole/kg. The decrease in ATP is believed to lead in turn to the fall in UTP and UDPG and the failure to deposit glycogen.
Hypertrophy of astroglial processes in the dentate gyrus of the senescent rat

Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of the supragranular zone of the dentate gyrus molecular layer has shown that the number and volume fraction of profiles of astroglial processes are significantly increased in senescent rat relative to young adults. These ultrastructural modifications, which are not associated with significant age-related changes in the number of astrocytes or in the width of the molecular layer, may result from a formation of new astroglial processes and/or elongation of existing ones. In either case, the increase in the number and volume fraction of astroglial process profiles is an indicator of age-related astroglial hypertrophy. Hypertrophy of astroglial procecesses, which seems to develop with advanced age as a response to partial deafferentation of neurons, may compensate for a decrease in the dendritic volume fraction, thereby preventing changes in the dimensions of the dentate gyrus molecular layer in senescence.
Properties of 1.0-MeV-Electron-Irradiated Defect Centers in Silicon

The presence of electrically active defects in 1.0-MeV-electron-irradiated silicon was observed using thermally stimulated capacitance measurements. Thermal-emission rates and activation energies of trapped majority carriers, impurity dependences, and annealing behavior of these defects were determined. The introduction of defects by annealing was observed. A total of 14 thermal-activation energies were measured. The oxygen-vacancy pair and the phosphorous-vacancy pair were correlated with thermal-activation energies of 174 and 471 meV through impurity dependences and annealing behavior. Comparison with other published data was made. The charge states were measured and it was found that the defects above midgap are acceptors; those below midgap are donors.
EXPLAINING ROLE CONFLICT AND ROLE AMBIGUITY VIA INDIVIDUAL AND INTERPERSONAL VARIABLES IN DIFFERENT JOB CATEGORIES

The relationships between experienced role conflict and ambiguity and four individual and interpersonal variables were examined within a multivariate framework. The regressions of role conflict and ambiguity on these variables were significant and were generally supported across three job categories in one organizational setting. Differences were noted across the job categories in terms of the regression equation predicting role perceptions. Hence, it appears that the underlying equations regarding the influence of individual and interpersonal variables on role perceptions do vary in different job categories. Task characteristics are offered as plausible reasons for these variations and suggested as variables for inclusion in a model of role conflict and ambiguity.
Chromatin regulation of virus infection

Cellular chromatin forms a dynamic structure that maintains the stability and accessibility of the host DNA genome. Viruses that enter and persist in the nucleus must, therefore, contend with the forces that drive chromatin formation and regulate chromatin structure. In some cases, cellular chromatin inhibits viral gene expression and replication by suppressing DNA accessibility. In other cases, cellular chromatin provides essential structure and organization to the viral genome and is necessary for successful completion of the viral life cycle. Consequently, viruses have acquired numerous mechanisms to manipulate cellular chromatin to ensure viral genome survival and propagation.
Natural killer activity against cultured human neural tumor and fetal brain cells

Ten human neural tumor lines and three established from normal human brain were analyzed for sensitivities to natural killer (NK) cytolysis. Compared to MOLT-4, fetal brain cells were sensitive, but those from adult brain and eight of ten neural tumor cell lines demonstrated marked NK resistance. The frequencies of target-binding cells (TBC) and single-cell lysis of glioma cells bound within tumor cell conjugates demonstrated that the resistance of two lines was explained either by a decrease in the frequencies of TBC or reduced ability of bound NK cells to lyse the tumor cell conjugates. A third resistant line demonstrated decreases in both TBC and tumor cell conjugate lysis. Two glioma lines with less NK resistance had greater frequencies of TBC or conjugate lysis than the resistant lines. Thus, NK resistance can result from decreased recognition of targets, diminished NK lysis of bound targets, or a combination of both.
Vocal and Physiological Changes in Response to the Physical Attractiveness of Conversational Partners

We examined how individuals may change their voices when speaking to attractive versus unattractive individuals, and if it were possible for others to perceive these vocal changes. In addition, we examined if any concurrent physiological effects occurred when speaking with individuals who varied in physical attractiveness. We found that both sexes used a lower-pitched voice and showed a higher level of physiological arousal when speaking to the more attractive, opposite-sex target. Furthermore, independent raters evaluated the voice samples directed toward the attractive target (versus the unattractive target) as sounding more pleasant when the two voice samples from the same person presented had a reasonably perceptually noticeable difference in pitch. These findings may have implications for the role voice plays in mate selection and attraction.
In Situ TEM Electromechanical Testing of Nanowires and Nanotubes

The emergence of one-dimensional nanostructures as fundamental constituents of advanced materials and next-generation electronic and electromechanical devices has increased the need for their atomic-scale characterization. Given its spatial and temporal resolution, coupled with analytical capabilities, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been the technique of choice in performing atomic structure and defect characterization. A number of approaches have been recently developed to combine these capabilities with in-situ mechanical deformation and electrical characterization in the emerging field of in-situ TEM electromechanical testing. This has enabled researchers to establish unambiguous synthesis-structure-property relations for one-dimensional nanostructures. In this article, the development and latest advances of several in-situ TEM techniques to carry out mechanical and electromechanical testing of nanowires and nanotubes are reviewed. Through discussion of specific examples, it is shown how the merging of several microsystems and TEM has led to significant insights into the behavior of nanowires and nanotubes, underscoring the significant role in-situ techniques play in the development of novel nanoscale systems and materials.
Rituximab for remission induction and maintenance in refractory granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's): Ten‐year experience at a single center

Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of repeated and prolonged B cell depletion with rituximab (RTX) for the maintenance of long-term remission in patients with chronic relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's) (GPA). Methods We conducted a single-center observational study of all patients with chronic relapsing GPA treated with at least 2 courses of RTX between January 1, 2000 and May 31, 2010. Participants in the Rituximab in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis (RAVE) trial were excluded from this analysis. Data were abstracted from electronic medical records. Results Fifty-three patients with refractory GPA (median age 46 years [interquartile range (IQR) 30–61 years]; 53% women) received at least 2 courses of RTX to treat GPA relapses or to maintain remission. All but 1 patient had antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) against proteinase 3 (PR3). These patients received a median of 4 courses of RTX (IQR 3–5); all had depletion of B cells, and the median time to return of B cells was 8.5 months (IQR 6–11 months). All observed relapses occurred after reconstitution of B cells and were accompanied or preceded by an increase in ANCA levels, except for the 1 ANCA-negative patient. Infusion-related adverse events occurred in 16 patients. During the period of B cell depletion, 30 infections requiring antimicrobial therapy were recorded. Conclusion RTX appeared to be effective and safe for the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with chronic relapsing GPA. Repeated depletion of B lymphocytes seems to be associated with a low risk of infections. Preemptive re-treatment decisions can be individualized based on serial B lymphocyte and PR3 ANCA monitoring. The use of RTX for the maintenance of long-term remission merits further formal investigation.
A method for developing student intuition in nonlinear optimization

To address the challenge of developing students' mathematical intuition in our nonlinear optimization course, we crafted a novel methodology that integrates guided classroom discussions, graphical explorations using a custom procedure written to support unique MAPLE graphics, and an instructor led outside-the-classroom exercise that provides a common referential experience against which students can communicate their understanding of nonlinear search techniques that form the core of our course content. Rather than attempting to fabricate our perception of what should be a shared experience for our students, we created an actual terrain walk exercise to fill this need. Our students use this experience as a reference point for explaining their insights, critiquing suggested improvements or modifications in basic local search algorithms, and for illuminating the costs and benefits of adopting various search strategies in light of underlying problem characteristics.
The Effects of Forced Molt Treatment on Blood Biochemicals in Hens

Abstract A study was conducted to determine the effects of an environmentally induced force molt treatment on concentrations and daily variations of selected serum biochemicals during early molt. Laying hens were placed into two environmental control chambers. In one chamber, control (Con) laying hens were maintained on long photoperiods of 19 hr of light daily to maintain egg production. In the other chamber, early molt (EM) hens were exposed to short photoperiods of 6 hr of light daily to decrease egg production. After 2 weeks in the chambers, feed was withdrawn from EM hens for 2 days to initiate molt. Three days after feed was restored, hens from both groups were blood sampled every 2 hr for 2 days for selected serum biochemical analyses. Serum concentrations of calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), and albumin (Alb) were depressed in EM hens. Serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (Alk P), lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glucose (Glu), cholesterol (Chol), and globulin (Glob) were elevated in EM hens. Daily temporal rhythms of Ca, Glu, total protein (TP), and Alb were found in both hen groups. These temporal changes were independent of force molt treatment. Serum GOT was positively correlated with nuclei free liver corticosteroids (LCS) and negatively associated with plasma corticosterone in Con hens. Serum GOT was positively correlated with nuclei free LCS in EM hens.
CHANGES IN SOIL FUNCTIONS FOLLOWING INVASIONS OF EXOTIC UNDERSTORY PLANTS IN DECIDUOUS FORESTS

Eastern deciduous forests have been invaded by two exotic species that often dominate the understory vegetation. Berberis thunbergii, a woody shrub, forms dense thickets, while Microstegium vimineum, a C4 grass, forms continuous lawns; the two species often co-occur. We hypothesized that a variety of characteristics of the exotic species may cause soil-based ecosystem processes to change following invasion, and that such changes could establish positive feedback processes that enhance the spread of the exotic. We examined changes in soil pH, nitrogen cycling, and litter dynamics in stands infested with both species in three locations in northern New Jersey (USA). Soils directly beneath each of the two exotics had higher pH values and higher nitrification rates and often had higher net N mineralization rates than did soils beneath adjacent patches of the most common native understory shrub, Vaccinium pallidum. These differences could be replicated in the greenhouse by growing the exotics in previously unin...
The association between body composition and cystatin C in South Asians: results from the MASALA study.

Summary While South Asians have high rates of obesity and kidney disease, little is known about the effect of regional body composition on kidney function. We investigated the association between body composition measures and cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR cysC ) in 150 immigrant South Asians. The inverse association between overall adiposity and eGFR cysC was attenuated by C-reactive protein (CRP), while the association of ectopic fat was completely attenuated by metabolic covariates and CRP. In immigrant South Asians, the associations between overall adiposity and ectopic fat with decreased kidney function are largely explained by metabolic alterations and inflammation.
Global and local collaborators: a study of scientific collaboration

Abstract Increased co-authorship in schistosomiasis has been shown to be associated with research funding. The small core of grantees is highly prolific. Furthermore, strong evidence points to the existence of two types of co-authors, namely, the globals who appear to co-author with individuals outside their own group, and the locals who are limited in their formal collaboration. The globals constitute a small group of highly productive scientists, whereas there is a large pool of lower-rank locals. The data supports the theory that scientific collaboration serves as a means to advance research, as well as a mechanism to increase the visibility and authorship of the highly productive.
Practical speed meter designs for quantum nondemolition gravitational-wave interferometers

In the quest to develop viable designs for third-generation optical interferometric gravitational-wave detectors (e.g., LIGO-III and EURO), one strategy is to monitor the relative momentum or speed of the test-mass mirrors, rather than monitoring their relative position. A previous paper analyzed a straightforward but impractical design for a speed-meter interferometer that accomplishes this. This paper describes some practical variants of speed-meter interferometers. Like the original interferometric speed meter, these designs in principle can beat the gravitational-wave standard quantum limit (SQL) by an arbitrarily large amount, over an arbitrarily wide range of frequencies. These variants essentially consist of a Michelson interferometer plus an extra ``sloshing'' cavity that sends the signal back into the interferometer with opposite phase shift, thereby cancelling the position information and leaving a net phase shift proportional to the relative velocity. In practice, the sensitivity of these variants will be limited by the maximum light power W-circ circulating in the arm cavities that the mirrors can support and by the leakage of vacuum into the optical train at dissipation points. In the absence of dissipation and with squeezed vacuum (power squeeze factor e(-2R)similar or equal to0.1) inserted into the output port so as to keep the circulating power down, the SQL can be beat by h/h(SQL)similar torootW(circ)(SQL)e(-2R)/W-circ at all frequencies below some chosen f(opt)similar or equal to100 Hz. Here W(circ)(SQL)similar or equal to800 kW(f(opt)/100 Hz)(3) is the power required to reach the SQL in the absence of squeezing. (However, as the power increases in this expression, the speed meter becomes more narrow band; additional power and reoptimization of some parameters are required to maintain the wide band. See Sec. III B.) Estimates are given of the amount by which vacuum leakage at dissipation points will debilitate this sensitivity (see Fig. 12); these losses are 10% or less over most of the frequency range of interest (fgreater than or similar to10 Hz). The sensitivity can be improved, particularly at high freqencies, by using frequency-dependent homodyne detection, which unfortunately requires two 4-km-long filter cavities (see Fig. 4).
HPV Prevalence among Women from Appalachia: Results from the CARE Project

Background: Cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates are high among women from Appalachia, yet data do not exist on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence among these women. We examined the prevalence of genital HPV among Appalachian women and identified correlates of HPV detection. Methods: We report data from a case-control study conducted between January 2006 and December 2008 as part of the Community Awareness, Resources, and Education (CARE) Project. We examined HPV prevalence among 1116 women (278 women with abnormal Pap tests at study entry [cases], 838 women with normal Pap tests [controls]) from Appalachian Ohio. Analyses used multivariable logistic regression to identify correlates of HPV detection. Results: The prevalence of HPV was 43.1% for any HPV type, 33.5% for high-risk HPV types, 23.4% for low-risk HPV types, and 12.5% for vaccine-preventable HPV types. Detection of any HPV type was more common among women who were ages 18–26 (OR=2.09, 95% CI: 1.26–3.50), current smokers (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.26–2.73), had at least five male sexual partners during their lifetime (OR=2.28, 95% CI: 1.56–3.33), or had multiple male sexual partners during the last year (OR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.25–3.14). Similar correlates were identified for detection of a high-risk HPV type. Conclusions: HPV was prevalent among Appalachian women, with many women having a high-risk HPV type detected. Results may help explain the high cervical cancer rates observed among Appalachian women and can help inform future cervical cancer prevention efforts in this geographic region.
Assaying Sterile Concentrated Milk for Native Proteolytic Enzymes

Summary Deproteinized filtrates of hemoglobin that have been acted upon by a protease have an optical density peak at 400 mμ due to hemin-containing split products. This technique was used to assay milk in borate buffer, pH 8.6, for native proteolytic enzymes. Proteolysis in raw milk was evident by increases in the optical density of filtrates after adding heated enzyme-free hemoglobin and incubating. Preheating at 94C for 4sec greatly retarded enzyme activity in milk and in its concentrate. Concentrated milk sterilized at 150C, its autoclaved control, and autoclaved hemoglobin revealed the same linear optical density curves at 280 and 400 mμ, indicating no measurable proteolytic activity during storage for 30 days. Optical densities of filtrates from three concentrated milks were essentially the same at 400 mμ after storage for 14 days; whereas, at 280 mμ they were significantly different due to nonenzymatic proteolysis. Incubating sterile concentrated milk at 65 and 80C for 63 hr increased nonprotein N which was heat-induced, but the milk was unaffected at 20 to 65C for 37 hr. Native milk proteases were of no significance in the gelation of concentrated milk sterilized by the high-temperature short-time method.
The Heart of Coaching.

This article challenges coaches to address the more personal, human elements of coaching—the HEART of coaching. While there is much research on numerous aspects of coaching, this article provides ideas that make a lasting impact on the hearts of athletes. Using HEART as an acronym, five elements of effective coaching are presented: Humility, Encouragement, Authenticity, Relationships, and Toughness.
Pre-operative risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with vasoplegia in recipients of orthotopic heart transplantation in the contemporary era.

Background Patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) can develop vasoplegia, which is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Herein we examine the pre-operative risk in OHT recipients at our institution. Methods We reviewed peri-operative data from 311 consecutive adult patients who underwent OHT between January 2003 and June 2008. Vasoplegia was defined as persistent low systemic vascular resistance, despite multiple intravenous pressor drugs at high dose, between 6 and 48 hours after surgery. Results In our cohort of 311 patients, 35 (11%) patients developed vasoplegia syndrome; these patients were more likely to be UNOS Status 1A, with a higher body surface area (1.8 ± 0.25 vs 1.63 ± 0.36, p = 0.0007), greater history of thyroid disease (38.2% vs 18.5%, p = 0.0075) and a higher rate of previous cardiothoracic surgery (79% vs 48%, p = 0.0006). Pre-operatively, they were more frequently treated with aspirin (73% vs 48%, p = 0.005) and mechanical assist devices (ventricular assist devices [VADs]: 45% vs 17%, p p p = 0.0005). Bypass time (118 ± 37 vs 142 ± 39 minutes, p = 0.0002) and donor heart ischemic time (191 ± 46 vs 219 ± 51 minutes, p = 0.002) were longer, with higher mortality (3.2% vs 17.1%, p = 0.0003) and morbidity in the first 30 days after transplant. In the multivariate analysis, history of thyroid disease (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% CI 1.0 to 7.0, p = 0.04) and VAD prior to transplant (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.07 to 7.4, p = 0.03) were independent risk factors for development of vasoplegia syndrome. Conclusions High body mass index, long cardiopulmonary bypass time, prior cardiothoracic surgery, mechanical support, use of aspirin, and thyroid disease are risk factors associated with development of vasoplegia syndrome.