cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing theories of financial decision making

We describe the observable content of some of the most widely used models of decision under uncertainty: models of translation invariant preferences. In particular, we characterize the models of variational, maxmin, constant absolute risk aversion, and constant relative risk aversion utilities. In each case we present a revealed preference axiom that is satisfied by a dataset if and only if the dataset is consistent with the corresponding utility representation. We test our axioms using data from an experiment on financial decisions.
Effects of Methylphenidate on Attention in ADHD

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 60 children aged 8-12 years with ADHD treated with two doses of methylphenidate (MPH), 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, and placebo, a linear improvement was obtained at both doses in alertness and focused and sustained attention.
Raman spectroscopy of substrate-induced compression and substrate doping in thermally cycled graphene

By thermally cycling single layer graphene in air, we observe irreversible upshifts of the Raman $G$ and 2$D$ bands of 24 and 23 cm${}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. These upshifts are attributed to an in-plane compression of the graphene induced by the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients between the graphene and the underlying Si/SiO${}_{2}$ substrate, as well as doping effects from the trapped surface charge in the underlying substrate. Since the $G$ and the 2$D$ band frequencies have different responses to doping, we can separate the effects of compression and doping associated with thermal cycling. By performing thermal cycling in an argon gas environment and by comparing suspended and on-substrate regions of the graphene, we can separate the effects of gas doping and those of doping from the underlying substrate. Variations in the ratio of the 2$D$-to-$G$ band Raman intensities provide an independent measure of the doping in graphene that occurs during thermal cycling. During subsequent thermal cycles, both the $G$ and the 2$D$ bands downshift linearly with increasing temperature and then upshift reversibly to their original frequencies after cooling. This indicates that no further compression or doping is induced after the first thermal cycle. The observation of ripple formation in suspended graphene after thermal cycling confirms the induction of in-plane compression. The amplitude and wavelength of these ripples remain unchanged after subsequent thermal cycling, corroborating that no further compression is induced after the first thermal cycle.
Survey of Missed Reports of Notifiable Infectious Diseases among Residents of Longgang District of Shenzhen City in 2008

[Objective]To understand the missed reports of notifiable infectious diseases in Longgang residents of Shenzhen,so as to calculate actual incidence of the population.[Methods]Based on the cluster random sampling principle,residents from 1 of every 2 families in 3 sub-districts were selected to be investigated for the missed reports.[Results]A total of 2355 residents from 626 families in 8 communities were investigated.32 cases of notifiable infectious diseases were found,11 of them were missed.The missed report rate of infectious diseases was 34.38%,the missed diagnosis rate of infectious diseases was 21.88%.The difference of missed report rates between Category B and C infectious diseases was not significant(P0.05).The corrected incidence rate was 1.93 times of the actual incidence rate.[Conclusion]The missed report status of notifiable infectious diseases is serious in Longgang residents of Shenzhen.The report and management of infectious diseases should be further strengthened.
Profiling immunologic risk for acute rejection in liver transplantation: Recipient age is an important risk factor.

Abstract Background Careful management of induction and maintenance of immunosuppression is paramount to prevent acute rejection in liver transplantation. A methodical analysis of risk factors for acute cellular rejection may provide a more comprehensive method to profile the immunologic risk of candidates. Methods Using registry data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), we identified 42,508 adult recipients who underwent orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) between 2002 and 2013. We excluded recipients with a blank entry for treated rejection. We analyzed this all inclusive cohort in addition to a subset of 27,493 patients with just tacrolimus immunosuppression. Multivariate logistic regression was used on both cohorts and identified independent risk factors for treated acute rejection at one year. Results Recipient age (reference group was 40 to 60 years) was a dominant risk factor for rejection in both cohorts and had a dose response relationship. The strongest risk factors in the inclusive cohort were: age 18–25 (OR 2.20), age 26–29 (OR 2.03), and primary biliary cholangitis (OR 1.55). The most protective factors were age 70 and older (OR 0.68), and age 65–69 (OR 0.70). The rates of rejection had a similar pattern. Conclusions Although prior studies have suggested age as a risk factor for rejection in liver transplantation, this is the first study of national-level data to demonstrate a robust dose dependent relationship between age and risk for rejection at one year. Clinicians should place significant weight on recipient age when they assess their recipients for the immunologic risk of rejection.
Reinforcement of ethylene‐acrylic elastomer with a dispersion of grafted PA6 droplets

Cured elastomers are commonly dispersed in thermoplastics, but the reverse morphology has received little attention. The present work examines dispersions of 0.5–2 μm PA6 droplets in ethylene-acrylic elastomer (AEM), created by melt blending. After cooling, the blends are compounded with amine curative and crosslinked. Uncrosslinked blends exhibit high bound rubber levels compared to N990 carbon black filled AEM, but similar viscosity at equal filler volume fraction. Crosslinking the blends produces strong, heat resistant vulcanizates with minimal Payne effect and good compression set resistance. These properties result from extensive AEM-PA6 grafting, absence of filler-filler contacts, and beneficial modification of the oxidation profile under diffusion limited conditions. The data show rubber-filler grafting strongly influences filler reinforcing ability, but does not directly influence the Payne effect. Relative to unfilled AEM, silica and carbon black fillers accelerate oxidative degradation in proportion to their reinforcing ability, whereas PA6 has a stabilizing effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43995.
Policy debate pedagogy: a complementary strategy for civic and political engagement through service-learning

ABSTRACTNational offices and organizations, such as the U.S. Department of Education and the Association of American Colleges & Universities, have called for higher education curriculum that better prepares students for lifelong civic engagement. Many institutions respond to this appeal by creating more service-learning opportunities for students. However, service-learning alone does not promote the political learning needed for students to have effective engagement. This essay explores the potential of policy debate to complement service-learning as a means of civic education. Policy debate improves civic education by furthering information literacy and critical reasoning skills beyond the classrooms.
Evaluation of Postharvest Washing on Removal of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Spinach Leaves

There is increasing use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as pesticides for fruits and vegetables due to the particles’ unique antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. However, residual AgNPs in harvested produce may transfer through the food chain and pose a potential risk to public health. The objective of this study is to determine whether postharvest washing can effectively remove AgNPs that had accumulated on fresh produce. Ten microliters of commercially available 40 nm citrate coated AgNPs (0.4 mg/L) was dropped to a (1 × 1 cm2) spot on spinach leaves, followed by washing with deionized water (DI water), Tsunami 100 (80 mg/L), or Clorox bleach (200 mg/L). Then, the AgNP removal efficiency of the three treatments was evaluated by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). ICP-MS results showed that deionized water removed statistically insignificant amounts of total Ag...
Kinetics of Human VWF Cleavage by Human ADAMTS13: Comparison of Recombinant and Plasma-Derived VWF

A recombinant human CHO-expressed von Willebrand factor (rVWF) which consists of ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) multimers resembles the VWF that is stored in Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells. Once secreted into plasma, UHMW multimers are rapidly cleaved by ADAMTS13 and therefore are usually missing in VWF purified from plasma. We analyzed in vitro whether the cleavage of rVWF by ADAMTS13 is similar to the cleavage of plasma VWF by ADAMTS13, using a standard assay that depends on denaturing conditions (1.5 M urea) to expose the ADAMTS13 cleavage site of VWF. We explored the kinetics of ADAMTS13-mediated proteolysis of rVWF over time by exposing 1 VWF:Ag IU/ml of rVWF to various concentrations of recombinant and plasma-derived purified ADAMTS13, ranging from 4 mU/ml to 1 U/ml (corresponding to 0.4 to 100% of the normal human plasma concentration), and to ADAMTS13 present in normal human plasma and VWF-deficient plasma. The multimeric structure and function of VWF were analyzed by multiple assays to compare VWF before, during, and after proteolytic cleavage. In addition, the degradation kinetics of recombinant VWF were compared with those of a plasma-derived VWF product. Recombinant VWF was cleaved rapidly and with the same efficiency using recombinant or plasma-derived ADAMTS13. With 0.5 U/ml pADAMTS13 or rADAMTS13, VWF:RCo activity was below the detection limit of 0.17 IU/ml after 15 s. UHMW multimers disappeared within seconds at physiological concentrations of 0.5–1.0 U/ml ADAMTS13 (50–100% of the normal plasma concentration). Furthermore, UHMW were cleaved within 30 minutes with much lower concentrations of 10–30 mU/ml ADAMTS13 (1–3% of normal plasma concentration). The typical satellite bands appeared very early in an ADAMTS13 dose-dependent manner. Although plasma-derived VWF differs substantially from rVWF in its multimeric structure, the decrease in activity was similar for the recombinant and plasma-derived VWF. Specific cleavage of rVWF (3 IU VWF:Ag/ml) by rADAMTS13 (5 U/ml) was also demonstrated without urea under shear stress in the presence of platelets, detected by a monoclonal antibody (N10) that recognizes VWF only when cleaved by ADAMTS13. The combined data show that ADAMTS13 is able to readily cleave human rVWF even at low concentrations and that the UHMW multimeric fraction of human rVWF is removed within minutes by ADAMTS13 in vitro.
Pulp Capping Materials Alter the Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Composite Resins in Dental Pulp Culture

Objective Direct pulp capping involves covering exposed pulp to preserve its viability. Calcium hydroxide materials have traditionally been the most commonly used pulp capping compounds; however, they can be toxic, and their success rate in pulp capping is variable. Recently, the compound mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) has gained wide use for pulp capping. One advantage of MTA is its low toxicity. However, the effects of MTA and calcium hydroxide compounds on the toxicities of other dental materials have not been tested. The aim of this study is to determine whether different pulp capping materials can alter the toxicity of composite restoration materials. Methods We used cultured human dental pulp cells to test the toxicities of the calcium hydroxide pulp capping material Dycal and MTA. We then tested the abilities of these compounds to alter the toxicity of the composite materials Durafill and Flow Line and to induce oxidative stress. Results As expected, Dycal demonstrated toxicity, while MTA did not. However, when cells were exposed to subtoxic amounts of Dycal or MTA, then exposed to Durafill or Flow Line, changes in the composite materials induced toxicity. Treatment with Dycal had no effect on the toxicity of Durafill, but significantly attenuated the toxicity of Flow Line; meanwhile, MTA significantly enhanced the toxicity of Durafill but had no effect on the toxicity of Flow Line. Early changes in oxidative stress were correlated with later changes in cell death. Statistical calculations were performed using one-way ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni t-test. P-values <0.05 were considered to indicate significant differences. Conclusion The results suggest that when choosing a pulp capping material, one factor that should be considered is the impact of that compound on the toxicity of the composite material used for restoration.
Short-Term Administration of Serelaxin Produces Predominantly Vascular Benefits in the Angiotensin II/L-NAME Chronic Heart Failure Model

In patients hospitalized with acute heart failure, temporary serelaxin infusion reduced 6-month mortality through unknown mechanisms. This study therefore explored the cardiovascular effects of temporary serelaxin administration in mice subjected to the angiotensin II (AngII)/L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) heart failure model, both during serelaxin infusion and 19 days post-serelaxin infusion. Serelaxin administration did not alter AngII/L-NAME-induced cardiac hypertrophy, geometry, or dysfunction. However, serelaxin-treated mice had reduced perivascular left ventricular fibrosis and preserved left ventricular capillary density at both time points. Furthermore, resistance vessels from serelaxin-treated mice displayed decreased potassium chloride-induced constriction and reduced aortic fibrosis. These findings suggest that serelaxin improves outcomes in patients through vascular-protective effects.
Inferring rooted species trees from unrooted gene trees using approximate Bayesian computation

Methods for inferring species trees from gene trees motivated by incomplete lineage sorting typically use either rooted gene trees to infer a rooted species tree, or use unrooted gene trees to infer an unrooted species tree, which is then typically rooted using one or more outgroups. Theoretically, however, it has been known since 2011 that it is possible to consistently infer the root of the species tree directly from unrooted gene trees without assuming an outgroup. Here, we use approximate Bayesian computation to infer the root of the species tree from unrooted gene trees assuming the multispecies coalescent model. It is hoped that this approach will be useful in cases where an appropriate outgroup is difficult to find and gene trees do not follow a molecular clock. We use approximate Bayesian computation to infer the root of the species tree from unrooted gene trees. This approach could also be useful when there is prior information that makes a small number of root locations plausible in an unrooted species tree.
Modeling the Neurovascular Unit In Vitro and In Silico

Abstract Chemical interactions with the developing neurovascular unit (NVU) and the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may perturb embryonic development and are therefore an important yet understudied aspect of developmental neurotoxicology. Various in vitro and in silico models established for assessing human BBB function have not been assessed for their potential utility in predictive developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Ideally, such in vitro models would derive from diverse human cell types comprising the NVU. Perfusable organoids and microphysiological systems that recapitulate functional vascularization have the potential to enable real-time data acquisition of molecular, biochemical, and cellular responses during chemical exposure. By coupling these platforms with computational (in silico) models that integrate variables of a complex system, predictive signatures of BBB disruption may be assimilated from high-throughput and high-content data streams. An integration of technologies to create a “virtual embryo” has clear and present application to modeling neuronal organization during normal and induced abnormal development. This chapter focuses on in vitro and in silico models of BBB development for predictive DNT.
Non-equilibrium microsecond pulsed spark discharge in liquid as a source of pressure waves

Abstract The present study investigated the ability of non-equilibrium microsecond pulsed spark discharge in liquid to generate pressure waves and the application of these waves as a source of small-scale compression. The spark pressure wave generator utilized the pressure waves produced by high energy pulsed spark discharge in water to produce usable pressure output in the form of a piston. Pin-to-pin spark generated inside of distilled water was observed in experiments to determine the spark temperature, pressure wave speed and pressure, water displacement, and piston output pressure and frequency. Pressure of 1.87 atm was produced by the piston from a pressure wave pressure of 6.15 × 10 5 atm generated by the 5500 K temperature spark. These results indicate that spark in water can be used as a source of small-scale compression.
Building interprofessional team effectiveness in a nurse-led rural health center

Abstract Background Interprofessional team care is a model that demonstrates positive effects on the triple aim of improving quality of care, improving health and reducing costs. Nurse-led practices are well suited for these models. Archer Family Health Care (AFHC) is a nurse-led practice that utilizes interprofessional team care. Purpose To describe interprofessional team training at AFHC and evaluate effects of training on perceived team functioning. Methods The AFHC team participated in TeamSTEPPS® guided trainings throughout the three year grant period. All staff and providers were included in the team trainings. Training consisted of participation in team retreats, training modules and focus group discussions on team functionality, goal setting and workflow analysis and revision. Standardized assessment of the team competencies was completed five times over three years using the TeamSTEPPS® Team Perceptions Questionnaire (T-TPQ), the Collaborative Practice Assessment Tool (CPAT), and the Team Competencies (TC) questionnaire. Results identified perceived strengths and weaknesses of interprofessional team and served to guide team training activities. Discussion Improvements occurred over time for several measures, including teamwork, team performance, communication, and decision-making. Conclusion Standardized evaluation of team competencies is a useful tool to enhance perceived functioning of a nurse-led interprofessional team. Results support the need for ongoing interprofessional team evaluation and training.
Balancing Work and Family: Perspectives of Parents of Children with Developmental Disabilities:

In an exploratory qualitative research study on balancing work and family responsibilities, four focus groups were convened to obtain the perspectives of working parents of children with developmen...
Geriatrics 5Ms for Primary Care Workshop.

Introduction The Geriatrics 5Ms provide a novel framework for caring for older adults that directly maps to the current Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencie...
Viral complementation of immunodeficiency confers protection against enteric pathogens via interferon-λ

Commensal microbes profoundly impact host immunity to enteric viral infections1. We have shown that the bacterial microbiota and host antiviral cytokine interferon-λ (IFN-λ) determine the persistence of murine norovirus in the gut2,3. However, the effects of the virome in modulating enteric infections remain unexplored. Here, we report that murine astrovirus can complement primary immunodeficiency to protect against murine norovirus and rotavirus infections. Protection against infection was horizontally transferable between immunocompromised mouse strains by co-housing and fecal transplantation. Furthermore, protection against enteric pathogens corresponded with the presence of a specific strain of murine astrovirus in the gut, and this complementation of immunodeficiency required IFN-λ signalling in gut epithelial cells. Our study demonstrates that elements of the virome can protect against enteric pathogens in an immunodeficient host.
Readiness Of Medical Providers In The Military Health System: Overview Of Operational And Policy Considerations.

US military forces have diverse missions, including combat, response to natural disasters, humanitarian assistance, training, and diplomacy. The military’s medical forces, composed of clinical prov...
Temporal Patterns of Emergence and Spatial Distribution of Sulcal Pits During Fetal Life

Sulcal pits are thought to represent the first cortical folds of primary sulci during neurodevelopment. The uniform spatial distribution of sulcal pits across individuals is hypothesized to be predetermined by a human-specific protomap which is related to functional localization under genetic controls in early fetal life. Thus, it is important to characterize temporal and spatial patterns of sulcal pits in the fetal brain that would provide additional information of functional development of the human brain and crucial insights into abnormal cortical maturation. In this paper, we investigated temporal patterns of emergence and spatial distribution of sulcal pits using 48 typically developing fetal brains in the second half of gestation. We found that the position and spatial variance of sulcal pits in the fetal brain are similar to those in the adult brain, and they are also temporally uniform against dynamic brain growth during fetal life. Furthermore, timing of pit emergence shows a regionally diverse pattern that may be associated with the subdivisions of the protomap. Our findings suggest that sulcal pits in the fetal brain are useful anatomical landmarks containing detailed information of functional localization in early cortical development and maintaining their spatial distribution throughout the human lifetime.
Data Infrastructure for Connected Vehicle Applications

Ann Arbor Connected Vehicle Test Environment (AACVTE) is the world’s largest operational, real-world deployment of connected vehicles (CVs) and connected infrastructure, with over 2,500 vehicles an...
A Phenomenological Study of East Asian International Students’ Experience of Counseling

Although research has identified factors associated with U.S.-based Asian international students’ psychological help-seeking attitudes, there is scant research addressing how those who have sought counseling services perceived their counseling experiences. Therefore, this is the first known qualitative study to examine the experiences of East Asian international students who had sought mental health counseling in the United States. Using an interpretative phenomenological approach, the authors examined East Asian international students’ perceptions of (a) factors that facilitated or inhibited their decision to seek counseling; (b) their positive and negative experiences in counseling, and (c) the role of culture in their decision to seek counseling as well as in their overall experience of counseling. Five Chinese and four Korean international students who had sought counseling services at U.S. universities were interviewed. Six themes emerged: (1) Perceived Influence of Social Networks on the Decision to Seek Counseling, (2) Perceived Stigma, (3) Expectations of a Medical Model of Counseling, (4) Perceived Cultural Incompetence of Counselors, (5) Positive Experience of Counseling, and (6) Expectations of the Counselor’s Background. The findings provide an account of East Asian international students’ experiences of counseling that align with the extant literature on counseling in some respects but also diverge in others, thus contributing to a more complex and less stereotypical view of East Asian international students’ counseling needs.
Connecting Courses, Curriculum, and Community, in Chicago

I am deeply honored to receive the 2019 Barbara A. Holland Scholar-Administrator Award as I believe strongly in interconnecting the elements of an urban institution: students, faculty, and community members, and integrating these within the classroom, curriculum, disciplinary structures, and administrative best practices. What is more, I suggest that such an integrative approach should be fundamental to our scholarly practice, as teaching, research and community engagement inform and reinforce each other. Our institutions give us opportunities to draw upon considerable resources that can be used to aid disadvantaged communities and, as professionals in the academy, we are well-positioned to pursue pedagogy that can make a difference in our society.
Improving Interracial Professional Relationships in Physical Education.

(1975). Improving Interracial Professional Relationships in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 46, No. 7, pp. 22-23.
Biomimetic nano drug delivery carriers for treating cardiovascular diseases.

Key Points • Why do we need biomimicry? Which challenges does it aim to overcome? • Systemic delivery of free drugs has limitations. These limitations include rapid systemic clearance, inadequate levels of drug in the target tissue, poor solubility of some drugs, and increased off target toxicity. • Much effort has been invested into the development of different synthetic drug carriers. However, biomimetic carrier systems, inspired by the way different cells in our body behave, hold great therapeutic potential in addressing these challenges. • Several types of cells that interact with the vascular system, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes, have inspired the design of new biomimetic carriers. • Inspired by native cells' biological functions, biomimetic nano-carrier platforms possess favorable properties such as: longer circulation times, mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) evasion, and favorable interactions with target cells.
Transcranial focused ultrasound modulates cortical and thalamic motor activity in awake sheep.

Transcranial application of pulsed low-intensity focused ultrasound (FUS) modulates the excitability of region-specific brain areas, and anesthetic confounders on brain activity warrant the evaluation of the technique in awake animals. We examined the neuromodulatory effects of FUS in unanesthetized sheep by developing a custom-fit headgear capable of reproducibly placing an acoustic focus on the unilateral motor cortex (M1) and corresponding thalamic area. The efferent responses to sonication, based on the acoustic parameters previously identified in anesthetized sheep, were measured using electromyography (EMG) from both hind limbs across three experimental conditions: on-target sonication, off-target sonication, and without sonication. Excitatory sonication yielded greater amplitude of EMG signals obtained from the hind limb contralateral to sonication than that from the ipsilateral limb. Spurious appearance of motion-related EMG signals limited the amount of analyzed data (~ 10% selection of acquired data) during excitatory sonication, and the averaged EMG response rates elicited by the M1 and thalamic stimulations were 7.5 ± 1.4% and 6.7 ± 1.5%, respectively. Suppressive sonication, while sheep walked on the treadmill, temporarily reduced the EMG amplitude from the limb contralateral to sonication. No significant change was found in the EMG amplitudes during the off-target sonication. Behavioral observation throughout the study and histological analysis showed no sign of brain tissue damage caused by the acoustic stimulation. Marginal response rates observed during excitatory sonication call for technical refinement to reduce motion artifacts during EMG acquisitions as well as acoustic aberration correction schemes to improve spatial accuracy of sonication. Yet, our results indicate that low-intensity FUS modulated the excitability of regional brain tissues reversibly and safely in awake sheep, supporting its potential in theragnostic applications.
Accelerated Stress Testing of Commercial a-Si:H Solar Cells (*)

Four types of commercial, in situ fabricated, single junction and one type of tandem junction a-Si:H sub-modules were subjected to 140 C testing, both in the dark and under illuminated conditions. A short term effect was noted which dramatically improved cells with low Voc on one type of single junction construction. All cells eventually showed long term irreversible degradation, but the time to 50% power reduction varied by more than two orders of magnitude depending on cell construction. No basic difference could be detected between degradation under illuminated or non-illuminated conditions or when cells were either open or short circuited. The tandem cell showed marked superiority to the single junction cells. Physical examination of degraded cells indicated movement of contact material into the amorphous silicon film.
Symposium on Teaching of Materials: New Type of Course on Engineering Materials

A first course in engineering materials dealing with mechanical behavior of engineering materials from a macroscopic point of view is described. Reasons are given for selecting this type of course rather than a "solid state physics" type of treatment as a first course in materials. The material that can be covered in the type of treatment proposed is described and illustrations of current engineering developments that have emphasized the importance of the subject matter selected are presented.
Towards a Systematic Analysis of Challenges and Issues in Secure Mobile Cloud Forensics

Though mobile cloud computing has become popular to mitigate the problem of low computing and storage resources of mobile devices, this has also brought new security challenges especially in the case of digital forensics. In this paper, we systematically analyze the mobile cloud forensics problem and explore the challenges and issues of this new branch of digital forensics. We also identify the requirements and propose a model to support reliable forensic investigations in the mobile cloud.
Managing farmed closed depressional areas using blind inlets to minimize phosphorus and nitrogen losses

Closed depressions are sites within a landscape from glacial origin in which runoff water tends to collect because there is no natural outlet. When farmed, this water is often drained via a tile riser, a vertical tube that connects the bottom of the low point of a closed depression with the subsurface tile drainage network. Two field-sized closed depressions (ca. 4 ha) and two small catchments (ca. 300 ha) were used to test the hypothesis that water quality could be improved by replacing tile risers with blind inlets, ca. 18 m2 holes filled to 1 m depth so that a high infiltration capacity was attained. At the field scale discharge, sediment and nutrient loads were lower when drained with the blind inlet compared to the tile riser. Late Spring 2010 was much wetter than normal, and increased nutrient loading was observed in both small catchments compared with previous years. In 2010, discharge and total P loading from Catchment AME (control catchment drained with tile risers) increased 417% and 737%, respectively, compared to the mean for the six previous years, whereas in Catchment BME (treatment catchment drained with blind inlets), there was only a 64% and 92% increase, respectively. Results from this study indicate that replacing tile risers with blind inlets to drain closed depressions may be one method to effectively reduce nutrient and sediment loading to Lake Erie and other sensitive water bodies that lie in landscapes formed by Wisconsin, Weichselian or Devensian glaciation.
Tail Asymptotic of Sum and Product of Random Variables with Applications in the Theory of Extremes of Conditionally Gaussian Processes

We consider two independent random variables with the given tail asymptotic (e.g. power or exponential). We find tail asymptotic for their sum and product. This is done by some cumbersome but purely technical computations and requires the use of the Laplace method for asymptotic of integrals. We also recall the results for asymptotic of a self-similar locally stationary centered Gaussian process plus a deterministic drift; and we find the asymptotic for the same probability after multiplying the drift by a random variable, which is independent of this process. Keywords: tail asymptotic, Laplace method, self-similar processes, Gaussian processes, locally stationary processes.
Talent and Expertise under Universal Health Insurance: The Case of Cosmetic Surgery in Japan

The Japanese national health insurance provides universal coverage. Necessarily, this entails a subsidy that dramatically raises the demand for medical services. In the face of the increased demand, the government suppresses costs by suppressing prices. By combining extensive biographical (including income) data on all 449 Tokyo cosmetic surgeons and a random sample of 499 other Tokyo physicians, I explore the effect of this price suppression on the allocation of talent and the development of expertise. Crucially, the national health insurance does not cover services - like elective cosmetic surgery - deemed medically superfluous. Facing price caps in the covered sector but competitive prices in these superfluous sectors, the most talented doctors should tend to shift into the superfluous sectors and there to invest heavily in their expertise. I find evidence consistent with this: cosmetic surgeons earn higher incomes than other doctors; are more likely to have attended a national (generally more selective) medical school; are more likely to have served on the faculty of a medical school; and are more likely to be board-certified. I speculate on the broader implications this phenomenon poses for the allocation of talent in medicine.
On maximization of the integral of a bell‐shaped function over a symmetric set

Given a target T in Euclidean n-space Rn and a point bomb whose point of impact in Rn is governed by a probability distribution about the aim point a, what choice of a maximizes the probability of a hit va(T)? Of course, only in special cases is an exact solution of this problem obtainable. This paper treats targets T which are symmetric about the origin o and demonstrates conditions on the extent of T and the impact density f, a density with respect to Lebesgue measure, sufficient for va(T) to be monotone in the distance from a to o and maximized at a = o. The results are applied to various tactical situations.
Delegated Portfolios and Scope Characteristics

In this paper, we demonstrate that the performance of actively-managed equity portfolios varies cross sectionally with several portfolio scope characteristics. In particular, we show that performance (as measured by Jensen's alpha) increases when a larger fraction of the portfolio is concentrated within the top ten asset holdings and when the portfolio is focused on a small number of sectors as measured by the Herfindahl Index of sector investment concentration. In addition, we find that performance increases with the number of securities held in the portfolio when the number of securities is small but that performance decreases once the number of securities held in the portfolio becomes large. We further demonstrate that these cross sectional results are robust to controlling for other portfolio and fund characteristics such as size, fees, turnover, and investment style. One possible interpretation of our findings is that portfolios that the management team finds more difficult to oversee and manage result in lower performance.
Why Is the Effective Fed Funds Rate Below the Theoretical Floor

Starting on December 18, 2008 the Federal Reserve began paying 25 basis points (bps) on the reserves of depository institutions. Theory argues that the rate paid on reserves establishes a floor for the federal funds market. Nonetheless, the effective federal funds rate has stayed well below this theoretical floor value, on occasion by as much as 18 bps. This suggests the possibility of an arbitrage opportunity. This paper offers an explanation of this ongoing puzzle by explaining the limits to arbitrage and arguing that the anomaly persists, in part, due to costs associated with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) assessment on the liabilities of depository institutions and capital charges. The size of the difference is also found to increase with the Federal Reserve’s quantitative easing programs.
Research Methods for Genetic Studies

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of fundamental methods for genotype-phenotype association studies and relevant issues in interpretation of genetic epidemiology studies to clinicians. An overview of genetic association studies is provided, which is the current state-of-the-art for clinical and translational genetics. Discussion of future directions in this field is also included.
The case for microgrids in electrifying Sub-Saharan Africa

Microgrids are gaining momentum in the modern power world. This is largely due to their proximity to loads, their relatively high renewable energy penetration and their minimal complexity. Microgrids with high renewable energy content suit well developing countries and Sub-Saharan African countries in particular. Because these countries consist of primarily distributed and mostly remote rural communities whose energy needs are relatively low, grid extension becomes quite a costly option. Luckily, Sub-Saharan Africa is endowed with lots of untapped renewable energy potentials, and only by fully tapping them can it achieve sustainable socio-economic development through increased rural electrification. In this paper, energy potentials of the Sub-Saharan region as well as various challenges that impede rural electrification efforts in this part of the continent are presented first. Then, feasible solutions are suggested for this poverty stricken region in general and, finally, Rwanda is particularly considered as a focus case. Electrification solutions for Rwamiko village in Rwanda are simulated using HOMER and a micro grid made up by PV, batteries and a micro-hydro plant proved to be a more viable solution than grid extension to the village. These results can serve as a reference for future rural electrification projects in Rwanda and Sub-Saharan Africa in general.
Analysis of Protein S‐Nitrosylation

S-nitrosylation is the binding of an NO group to a cysteine or other thiol. Like phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation is a precisely targeted and rapidly reversible post-translational modification that serves as an on/off switch for protein function during cell signaling. However, unlike phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation of proteins occurs nonenzymatically and is mediated, at least in part, by redox-regulated chemical reactions in cells. Alterations in pH, pO(2), cellular reductants, transition metals, and UV light lead to the loss and/or gain of S-NO bonds. Due to the redox-sensitive nature of the modification, analysis of protein S-nitrosylation is technically difficult, since the S-NO bond is easily disrupted during sample preparation. In addition, the level of S-nitrosylated proteins in cells approaches the limit of detection of currently available technology. Despite these technical challenges, several useful methods have been developed recently to measure protein S-nitrosylation in biological samples, and these are described in this unit.
Autobiographical Memory Functions Served by Multiple Event Types

Summary: Autobiographical memories are thought to serve three basic functions: self-definition, social connection, and directing future behavior. Previous research suggests that the function a memory comes to serve may differ by the type of event recalled (e.g., single unique events vs. repeated or recurring events). In two studies, we compared memories for different event types on function served. Results from Study 1 suggest that narratives of single events serve more of a self and directive function compared with recurring events, whereas recurring events serve more of a social function. Extended events, however, were high on all three functions. Study 2 specifically examined single and recurring events. Results replicated and extended Study 1 using both narrative coding and questionnaire measures. Implications of the examination of multiple event types and functional approaches to autobiographical memory for understanding links between experiences and psychological outcomes are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. As early as 1932, Fredrick Bartlett (1932) criticized the strategy of focusing memory research on simple, often meaningless, materials in restricted contexts. Nonetheless, this strategy persisted until Neisser’s (1982) and Baddeley’s (1988) works on the form and function of memory in natural contexts called attention to more complex and personally meaningful materials. This led to a substantial body of research on the accuracy and structure of autobiographical memory. Recent theoretical and empirical work on the ecological functions of autobiographical memory suggests that memories of personally significant events from our lives serve three basic functions—self-definition, fostering social connection, and directing future behavior (e.g., Bluck, Alea, Habermas, & Rubin, 2005; Hyman & Faries, 1992; Pasupathi, Lucas,& Coombs, 2002;Pillemer, 2001, 2003). Todate, work on the self, social, and directive functions of autobiographical memory has focused primarily on demonstrating that people generally use their memory in these ways, typically assessed only by questionnaire (see Pillemer, 2009, for a discussion of this issue). However, it is unclear if, and how, these kinds of functional roles are expressed and used in relation to different types of specific autobiographical memories, or how these functions may be expressed in narrative recall as well as selfreport questionnaires. Thus, the major goal of this research was to examine the functions served by specific autobiographical memories using multiple measures (i.e., narrative coding and questionnaires) and multiple types of event categories (e.g., unique vs. repeated events).
Comparison of MYCOPLASMELISA with complement fixation test for measurement of antibodies toMycoplasma pneumoniae

The MYCOPLASMELISA test kit was compared with the complement fixation test for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antibody in single sera and evaluation of acute- and convalescent-phase serum pairs for significant rises in antibody titers. Agreement between the two assays was 96.6% (85 of 88) for antibody detection and 93.9% (92 of 98) for evaluation of paired sera. Sensitivity and specificity of MYCOPLASMELISA, relative to complement fixation, for the serodiagnosis of recent M. pneumoniae infection was 92.2% (59 of 64) and 95% (19 of 20), respectively.
Distance Education Librarians in the United States: A Study of Job Announcements

Abstract This study analyzes the position announcements published in American Libraries between 1970 and 2010 for the purpose of documenting trends and changes in distance education librarianship in the United States. Findings include the first announced library distance education related job, total number of positions, titles, academic ranking, salary, educational background, roles/duties, and minimum qualifications. The study concluded technology skills, information science skills, and communication skills are fundamental occupational skills for distance education librarians. Only time will tell if job titles with words like “distance education” or “off-campus” will disappear the same way “extended services” or “external services” have in the field of distance education librarianship. The salient point is that, no matter how they are described or titled in job postings, librarians with the particular skill set of distance education librarians – diverse, with a focus on technology – will likely find a place in libraries of the future.
A Comment on "Economic Inefficiency: A Failure of Economists.".

This comment argues that the Staten-Umbeck critique of welfare economics, published earlier in this journal, is useful in that it challenges economists to carefully specify the assumptions of welfare analysis, but its primary point is only that welfare analysis is not methodologically positive.
A PROCESS MODEL OF CAUSAL REASONING IN COMPREHENSION

During the past fifteen years cognitive and educational psychologists have spent a great deal of time and energy trying to discover the psychological processes involved in understanding a text (see e.g., van Dijk & Kintsch, 1983; Just & Carpenter, 1987; Spiro, Bruce, & Brewer, 1980). Interest in this problem has been motivated in part by its theoretical richness and in part by its practical significance. There can be no doubt that an accurate, detailed theory of comprehension would both enrich our understanding of the mind and have a profound impact on educational practice.
Learning to Work in Partially Distributed Teams: An Analysis of Emergent Communication Structures and Technology Appropriation

A partially distributed team is a virtual team, in which two or more co-located subteams use communication technology to collaborate across distance. Due to factors such as globalization and mergers, an increasing number of IT projects are conducted in partially distributed teams (PDTs). However, students lack experience in how to work effectively in such situations. This field study involved more than 500 students from seven U.S. and seven international universities, working together in PDTs. Through the lens of the Fit-Appropriation Model, quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted regarding three emergent communication structures (hub-and-spoke, moderate network, and high-network) Findings indicate significant differences in terms of communication technology usage and self-reported learning outcomes. The communication structures differed along two appropriation dimensions -- inclusivity and adaptiveness -- which mediated learning outcomes.
Depressing effects of caffeine at crayfish neuromuscular synapses I. Dosage response and Ca++ gradient effects.

The response of crayfish synaptic terminals to drugs began to be studied to characterize the terminal’s physiological characteristics. Caffeine, the first drug to be studied, was selected to enhance synaptic transmission because of its ability to increase calcium release from internal stores. 1. The largest excitor neuron to the superficial flexor muscle system of Procambarus clarkii was stimulated at 10 Hz while recording junction potentials from several lateral muscle fibers. 2. Caffeine unexpectedly decreased synaptic transmission in this system in a dosage-dependent manner. The depressing effect of caffeine was observed at 5 mM caffeine and junction potentials disappeared completely at 50 mM. Washing the preparation in fresh control Ringers did not restore the amplitudes of the junction potentials. 3. Changes in extracellular calcium concentrations delayed or depressed the caffeine effect depending on the calcium gradient across the membrane or the caffeine dosage. The data suggest that calcium is involved in caffeine’s response in this system in a way yet to be determined.