cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the capillary interaction between solid plates forming menisci on the surface of a liquid

A hydrophilic or a hydrophobic long rigid solid plate of finite width, forming a meniscus with a liquid in a uniform gravitational field is considered. The one-dimensional meniscus with prescribed heights of the triple point from the far-field liquid surface is investigated analytically using the Young–Laplace equation. It is found that for a hydrophilic plate, the vertical force necessary to break the meniscus during removal of the plate from the liquid is larger than the force necessary to break the meniscus during submersion of the plate into the liquid. Furthermore, the capillary force on the plate reaches a maximum before the meniscus collapses during removal, but no maximum exists before collapse during submersion. The reverse is true when the plate is hydrophobic. The study is then extended to investigate the interaction force between two plates, each forming a meniscus with the liquid. The elevations of the plates from the far-field liquid surface are prescribed, in contrast to earlier studies where interaction between long cylinders floating under self weight was considered. Here, the menisci are determined exactly using the Young–Laplace equation. It is shown that for prescribed plate elevations, there can be at most two possible pairs of menisci between them. Each pair bifurcates from a meniscus that is determined by the elevations of the plates and the gap between them. Furthermore, as known for solids floating under self-weight, the horizontal component of the interaction force is attractive for similar menisci (e.g. when the two plates are equally displaced in or out of the liquid), and repulsive when they form opposite menisci. It is shown that if the two menisci are of the same type, but not similar (e.g. one plate is pushed more into the liquid than the other), then the force is attractive at long distances, and may be repulsive at shorter distances with a stable equilibrium at a finite distance between the plates, depending on the elevations of the plates. Such interaction can be between two hydrophilic or two hydrophobic plates or between a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic plate.
Optimal measurement strategies for effective suppression of drift errors

Drifting of experimental setups with change in temperature or other environmental conditions is the limiting factor of many, if not all, precision measurements. The measurement error due to a drift is, in some sense, in-between random noise and systematic error. In the general case, the error contribution of a drift cannot be averaged out using a number of measurements identically carried out over a reasonable time. In contrast to systematic errors, drifts are usually not stable enough for a precise calibration. Here a rather general method for effective suppression of the spurious effects caused by slow drifts in a large variety of instruments and experimental setups is described. An analytical derivation of an identity, describing the optimal measurement strategies suitable for suppressing the contribution of a slow drift described with a certain order polynomial function, is presented. A recursion rule as well as a general mathematical proof of the identity is given. The effectiveness of the discussed method is illustrated with an application of the derived optimal scanning strategies to precise surface slope measurements with a surface profiler.
Measurement of ḡL0 polarization in inclusive production at 28.5 GeVc and comparison of ḡL0Λ0 production

Abstract The polarization of ḡL0's produced inclusively by protons on iridium has been measured at 28.5 GeV c . In the transverse momentum region 0.55 ⩽ P ⊥ ⩽ 1.17 Gev c , the average polarization is found to be consistent with zero. A comparison of Λ0 and ḡL0 production is given.
Immunochemical analysis of various foods and food ingredients for detectable gluten content: Implications for wheat-allergic and celiac sprue patients

Abstract Rationale To reduce the risk for wheat-allergic and celiac patients while allowing them the maximum number of food products in their diet, determining the presence of wheat gluten in non-wheat-containing, “wheat-free”, “gluten-free” foods/ingredients is necessary. Methods A commercially-available wheat gluten immunoassay kit (lower detection limit is 10 ppm gluten) was used to test a variety of foods. Food samples tested included various non-wheat foods at high risk for cross-contamination with wheat, foods labeled “wheat-free” or “gluten-free”, and foods or ingredients commonly avoided by celiac and wheat-allergic patients that originate from wheat or related cereals, but which have questionable gluten content. At least two different lot numbers of each product were tested. Results Most products with questionable wheat content registered below 10 ppm gluten. Food products labeled as wheat or gluten “free” showed levels ranging from 10 ppm to 277 ppm. Malt syrup and extracts registered between 1800 ppm to 2000 ppm gluten. Wheat starches had gluten content ranging from 10 ppm to >5000 ppm. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, distilled products can likely be ingested by celiac patients without problem. Gums are expected to be safe as well. Wheat starches contain varying levels of gluten. It is not recommended that celiac patients consume wheat starches. Malt syrup and extracts had appreciable amounts of gluten and should not be considered safe for celiac patients. Caution must be taken when choosing and consuming food products labeled “wheat-free” or “gluten-free”, as some can contain appreciable amounts of gluten
Interdisciplinary Experiences through Child Designed Games

(1982). Interdisciplinary Experiences through Child Designed Games. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance: Vol. 53, No. 7, pp. 50-55.
The compressible turbulent shear layer: an experimental study

The growth rate and turbulent structure of the compressible, plane shear layer are investigated experimentally in a novel facility. In this facility, it is possible to flow similar or dissimilar gases of different densities and to select different Mach numbers for each stream. Ten combinations of gases and Mach numbers are studied in which the free-stream Mach numbers range from 0.2 to 4. Schlieren photography of 20-ns exposure time reveals very low spreading rates and large-scale structures. The growth of the turbulent region is defined by means of Pitot-pressure profiles measured at several streamwise locations. A compressibility-effect parameter is defined that correlates and unifies the experimental results. It is the Mach number in a coordinate system convecting with the velocity of the dominant waves and structures of the shear layer, called here the convective Mach number. It happens to have nearly the same value for each stream. In the current experiments, it ranges from 0 to 1.9. The correlations of the growth rate with convective Mach number fall approximately onto one curve when the growth rate is normalized by its incompressible value at the same velocity and density ratios. The normalized growth rate, which is unity for incompressible flow, decreases rapidly with increasing convective Mach number, reaching an asymptotic vaue of about 0.2 for supersonic convective Mach numbers.
THE GENUS MIMOSA (MIMOSACEAE) IN BAHIA, BRAZIL: NEW TAXA AND NOMENCLATURAL ADJUSTMENTS

Preliminary to a second edition of Checklist of the Leguminosae of Bahia by G. P. Lewis (K), 15 new species and seven new varieties of Mimosa are described, and nine new nomenclatural combinations are proposed. The relationship of each new entity is consideredl; 16 are illustrated. Some special terms adapted to the description of Mimosa are defined.
Angiokeratoma Corporis Diffusum in a Patient With No Recognizable Enzyme Abnormalities

Background Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum is a clinical variant of angiokeratoma that is typically associated with an enzyme deficiency in the metabolism of glycoprotein, most notably Fabry disease, resulting in many other systemic manifestations. Observations We report a case of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum that did not have an identifiable enzyme deficiency. A review of the literature revealed few similar cases. Conclusion Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum without recognizable enzyme deficiencies appears to be a distinct clinical entity with a benign course.
The alpha and gamma 1 isoforms of protein phosphatase 1 are highly and specifically concentrated in dendritic spines.

Abstract Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) is a highly conserved enzyme that has been implicated in diverse biological processes in the brain as well as in nonneuronal tissues. The present study used light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to characterize the distribution of two PP1 isoforms, PP1 alpha and PP1 gamma 1, in the rat neostriatum. Both isoforms are heterogeneously distributed in brain with the highest immunoreactivity being found in the neostriatum and hippocampal formation. Further, both isoforms are highly and specifically concentrated in dendritic spines. Weak immunoreactivity is present in dendrites, axons, and some axon terminals. Immunoreactivity for PP1 alpha is also present in the perikaryal cytoplasm and nuclei of most medium- and large-sized neostriatal neurons. The specific localization of PP1 in dendritic spines is consistent with a central role for this enzyme in signal transduction. The data support the concept that, in the course of evolution, spines developed as specialized signal transduction organelles enabling neurons to integrate diverse inputs from multiple afferent nerve terminals.
Leak rates into drainage systems underlying lined retention facilities

Abstract A study was undertaken to evaluate the rate at which liquids leak through flaws in flexible membrane liners (FML). The variables studied included flaw Flow through flaws in FMLs over very permeable subbases were highly dependent on flaw size, shape, and liquid head. Measured flow rates in all cases we
Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution

Abstract. We present a modeling study of the troposphere-to-stratosphere transport (TST) of pollution from major biomass burning regions to the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT/LS). TST occurs predominately through 1) slow ascent in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) to the LS and 2) quasi-horizontal exchange to the lowermost stratosphere (LMS). We show that biomass burning pollution regularly and significantly impacts the composition of the TTL, LS, and LMS. Carbon monoxide (CO) in the LS in our simulation and data from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) shows an annual oscillation in its composition that results from the interaction of an annual oscillation in slow ascent from the TTL to the LS and seasonal variations in sources, including a semi-annual oscillation in CO from biomass burning. The impacts of CO sources that peak when ascent is seasonally low are damped (e.g. Southern Hemisphere biomass burning) and vice-versa for sources that peak when ascent is seasonally high (e.g. extra-tropical fossil fuels). Interannual variation of CO in the UT/LS is caused primarily by year-to-year variations in biomass burning and the locations of deep convection. During our study period, 1994–1998, we find that the highest concentrations of CO in the UT/LS occurred during the strong 1997–1998 El Nino event for two reasons: i. tropical deep convection shifted to the eastern Pacific Ocean, closer to South American and African CO sources, and ii. emissions from Indonesian biomass burning were higher. This extreme event can be seen as an upper bound on the impact of biomass burning pollution on the UT/LS. We estimate that the 1997 Indonesian wildfires increased CO in the entire TTL and tropical LS (>60 mb) by more than 40% and 10%, respectively, for several months. Zonal mean ozone increased and the hydroxyl radical decreased by as much as 20%, increasing the lifetimes and, subsequently TST, of trace gases. Our results indicate that the impact of biomass burning pollution on the UT/LS is likely greatest during an El Nino event due to favorable dynamics and historically higher burning rates.
Glycogen Stored in Skeletal but Not in Cardiac Muscle in Acid α-Glucosidase Mutant (Pompe) Mice Is Highly Resistant to Transgene-Encoded Human Enzyme

Although many lysosomal disorders are corrected by a small amount of the missing enzyme, it has been generally accepted that 20-30% of normal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) activity, provided by gene or enzyme replacement therapy, would be required to reverse the myopathy and cardiomyopathy in Pompe disease. We have addressed the issue of reversibility of the disease in the Gaa(-/-) mouse model. We have made transgenic lines expressing human GAA in skeletal and cardiac muscle of Gaa(-/-) mice, and we turned the transgene on at different stages of disease progression by using a tetracycline-controllable system. We have demonstrated that levels of 20-30% of normal activity are indeed sufficient to clear glycogen in the heart of young Gaa(-/-) mice, but not in older mice with a considerably higher glycogen load. However, in skeletal muscle-a major organ affected in infantile and in milder, late-onset variants in humans-induction of GAA expression in young Gaa(-/-) mice to levels greatly exceeding wildtype values did not result in full phenotypic correction, and some muscle fibers showed little or no glycogen clearance. The results demonstrate that complete reversal of pathology in skeletal muscle or long-affected heart muscle will require much more enzyme than previously expected or a different approach.
Rotation Crop Evaluation for Management of the Soybean Cyst Nematode in Minnesota

Crop rotation is an effective tactic for soybean cyst nematode (SCN) management. In the North Central region of the USA, corn is almost exclusively used as a nonhost rotation crop with soybean. This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of crops common to or having potential use in the North Central region as rotation crops for managing SCN. Sixteen potential rotation crops and SCN-resistant and susceptible soybeans were grown along with six fallow controls in three commercial field sites near Waseca, Lamberton, and Morris, MN, in 2001, and SCN-susceptible soybean was grown on all plots in 2002. Nematode populations at planting, midseason, and harvest were measured both years; soybean yield was measured in 2002. There was large variability in SCN populations and soybean yields at the three sites. Nevertheless, significant treatment effects were detected at all sites. While all of the rotation crops lowered SCN populations compared with SCN-susceptible soybean, there were only subtle differences among the individual rotation crops and among different groups of the crops. Leguminous nonhosts or poor hosts were best in reducing SCN population density. Corn, the most common rotation crop in Minnesota, was among the least effective in reducing nematode populations. There was an undetectable yield benefit from SCN management, although differences in yield were observed among the rotation crop treatments-probably due to agronomic factors. The data suggest that a single year of rotation of soybean with any of these crops before planting a susceptible soybean may not be sufficient in managing SCN.
NeuroNames: An Ontology for the BrainInfo Portal to Neuroscience on the Web

BrainInfo (http://braininfo.org) is a growing portal to neuroscientific information on the Web. It is indexed by NeuroNames, an ontology designed to compensate for ambiguities in neuroanatomical nomenclature. The 20-year old ontology continues to evolve toward the ideal of recognizing all names of neuroanatomical entities and accommodating all structural concepts about which neuroscientists communicate, including multiple concepts of entities for which neuroanatomists have yet to determine the best or ‘true’ conceptualization. To make the definitions of structural concepts unambiguous and terminologically consistent we created a ‘default vocabulary’ of unique structure names selected from existing terminology. We selected standard names by criteria designed to maximize practicality for use in verbal communication as well as computerized knowledge management. The ontology of NeuroNames accommodates synonyms and homonyms of the standard terms in many languages. It defines complex structures as models composed of primary structures, which are defined in unambiguous operational terms. NeuroNames currently relates more than 16,000 names in eight languages to some 2,500 neuroanatomical concepts. The ontology is maintained in a relational database with three core tables: Names, Concepts and Models. BrainInfo uses NeuroNames to index information by structure, to interpret users’ queries and to clarify terminology on remote web pages. NeuroNames is a resource vocabulary of the NLM’s Unified Medical Language System (UMLS, 2011) and the basis for the brain regions component of NIFSTD (NeuroLex, 2011). The current version has been downloaded to hundreds of laboratories for indexing data and linking to BrainInfo, which attracts some 400 visitors/day, downloading 2,000 pages/day.
Morphological changes after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

Abstract BACKGROUND Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) dilates constricted arteries at the circle of Willis to reverse cerebral ischemia caused by cerebral vasospasm. Although 90% of the patients show angiographic improvement after PTA, only 70% show clinical improvement. Why some patients do not improve after PTA is unknown. We report on a 48-year-old woman who failed to improve after PTA and died from aneurysm rerupture. Pathologic studies were performed to determine why PTA failed to reverse the symptoms of cerebral ischemia. METHODS The arteries of the brain were studied by light microscopy using Gomori’s trichrome stain. The arteries were also studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The arteries that were dilated with PTA showed compression of the connective tissue, stretching of the internal elastic lamina, and a combination of compression and stretching of the smooth muscle. The small arteries and arterioles that had been treated with an infusion of intra-arterial papaverine were constricted with a thickened intimal layer. CONCLUSION The persistence of cerebral vasospasm in small and perforating arteries may contribute to the failure of cerebral ischemia to reverse after PTA.
Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a and insulin resistance in a child

Background. A 5-year-old white girl with a history of hypothyroidism in infancy presented to the endocrinology clinic of a tertiary hospital. Her physical examination noted a stocky physique, broad chest, short neck and short digits. Two years later, skin examination revealed subcutaneous nodules and acanthosis nigricans.Investigations. Measurement of levels of serum phosphate, parathyroid hormone, ionized calcium and insulin; measurement of peak growth hormone by the arginine-levodopa stimulation test; calculation of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; assessment of bone age; DNA analysis of the GNAS gene.Diagnosis. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a in a patient with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy, characterized by hypocalcemia, hypothyroidism, growth-hormone deficiency and insulin resistance.Management. The child continued to take levothyroxine 25 microg once daily, and at 5 years of age she was started on 40 mg/kg elemental calcium as calcium carbonate daily, and calcitriol (active vitamin D) 0.25 microg twice daily. Lifestyle modifications were also recommended for weight control. At 6 years and 4 months of age, treatment with growth hormone was initiated at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg weekly.
Nurse relationships and work group disruption

As nursing administrators and managers respond to healthcare reform pressures with downsizing, rightsizing, and work group reorganization, they need to pay attention to and support the nursing work group relationships. A study of 908 registered nurses (RNs) in a variety of nursing work environments in four hospitals indicates that interpersonal relationships are an important part of job satisfaction, that there is a relationship between some types of work group disruption and RN satisfaction with interpersonal relationships, and that there is a relationship between work group disruption and RN perceptions of patient safety/quality of care.
Don’t Count on Taurek: Vindicating the Case for the Numbers Counting

Suppose you can save only one of two groups of people from harm, with one person in one group, and five persons in the other group. Are you obligated to save the greater number? While common sense seems to say ‘yes’, the numbers skeptic says ‘no’. Numbers Skepticism has been partly motivated by the anti-consequentialist thought that the goods, harms and well-being of individual people do not aggregate in any morally significant way. However, even many non-consequentialists think that Numbers Skepticism goes too far in rejecting the claim that you ought to save the greater number. Besides the prima facie implausibility of Numbers Skepticism, Michael Otsuka has developed an intriguing argument against this position. Otsuka argues that Numbers Skepticism, in conjunction with an independently plausible moral principle, leads to inconsistent choices regarding what ought to be done in certain circumstances. This inconsistency in turn provides us with a good reason to reject Numbers Skepticism. Kirsten Meyer offers a notable challenge to Otsuka’s argument. I argue that Meyer’s challenge can be met, and then offer my own reasons for rejecting Otsuka’s argument. In light of these criticisms, I then develop an improved, yet structurally similar argument to Otsuka’s argument. I argue for the slightly different conclusion that the view proposed by John Taurek that ‘the numbers don’t count’ leads to inconsistent choices, which in turn provides us with a good reason to reject Taurek’s position.
Better-ear glimpsing in hearing-impaired listeners

When competing speech sounds are spatially separated, listeners can make use of the ear with the better target-to-masker ratio. Recent studies showed that listeners with normal hearing are able to efficiently make use of this “better-ear,” even when it alternates between left and right ears at different times in different frequency bands, which may contribute to the ability to listen in spatialized speech mixtures. In the present study, better-ear glimpsing in listeners with bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment, who perform poorly in spatialized speech mixtures, was investigated. The results suggest that this deficit is not related to better-ear glimpsing.
Affect, Social Pressure and Prosocial Motivation: Field Experimental Evidence of the Mobilizing Effects of Pride, Shame and Publicizing Voting Behavior

Citizens generally try to cooperate with social norms, especially when norm compliance is monitored and publicly disclosed. A recent field experimental study demonstrates that civic appeals that tap into social pressure motivate electoral participation appreciably (Gerber et al., Am Polit Sci Rev 102:33–48, 2008). Building on this work, I use field experimental techniques to examine further the socio-psychological mechanisms that underpin this effect. I report the results of three field experiments conducted in the November 2007 elections designed to test whether voters are more effectively mobilized by appeals that engender feelings of pride (for reinforcing or perpetuating social and cultural values or norms) or shame (for violating social and cultural values or norms). Voters in Monticello, Iowa and Holland, Michigan were randomly assigned to receive a mailing that indicated the names of all verified voters in the November 2007 election would be published in the local newspaper (pride treatment). In Ely, Iowa voters were randomly assigned to receive a mailing that indicated the names of all verified nonvoters would be published in the local newspaper (shame treatment). The experimental findings suggest shame may be more effective than pride on average, but this may depend on who the recipients are. Pride motivates compliance with voting norms only amongst high-propensity voters, while shame mobilizes both high- and low-propensity voters.
A Good Dissenter Speaking Well: William Enfield’s Educational and Elocutionary Philosophies in Religious Context

Eighteenth-century British dissenting minister and rector of Warrington Academy William Enfield, author of the enormously successful elocutionary manual, The Speaker, although often ignored entirely or dismissed as trite and uninteresting in many histories of rhetoric, in fact wrote his elocutionary manual as part of a comprehensive educational system grounded in moral theology and faculty psychology. This article places Enfield’s elocutionary work within religious and pedagogical context through analysis of his writings on religion and education and his pamphlets debating Joseph Priestley over the nature of dissent.
Transformations of Einstein Spaces.

In a paper which is to be published elsewhere are obtained all Einstein manifolds whose line elements are determined by a quadratic differential form of the type ds^2 = f(xyzt)(dx^2 + dy^2 + dz^2) + g(xyzt)dt^2 (1) where f is really a function of t. Of the ten apparently distinct solutions of the cosmological equations for an element of this type one represents a hypersphere,(1) two are characterized by the fact-that f and g involve an essentially complex argument and in the remaining seven, f is in each case related to a Weierstrass p-function. This suggests that only three of the ten solutions are distinct and that the relations between the various solutions of each group are to be found by transformation of coordinates. It is the purpose of this note to develop a theorem which will establish these relations.
Metamers in the haptic perception of heaviness and moveableness.

It is hypothesized that heaviness perception for a freely wielded nonvisible object can be mapped to a point in a three-dimensional heaviness space. The three dimensions are mass, the volume of the inertia ellipsoid, and the symmetry of the inertia ellipsoid. Within this space, particular combinations yield heaviness metamers (objects of different mass that feel equally heavy), whereas other combinations yield analogues to the size-weight illusion (objects of the same mass that feel unequally heavy). Evidence for the two types of combinations was provided by experiments in which participants wielded occluded hand-held objects and estimated the heaviness of the objects relative to a standard. Further experiments with similar procedures showed that metamers of heaviness were metamers of moveableness but not metamers of length. A promising conjecture is that the haptic perceptual system maps the combination of an object’s inertia for translation and inertia for rotation to a perception of the object’s maneuverability.
Mechanism of suckling-rat hypercholesteremia. II. Cholesterol biosynthesis and cholic acid turnover studies.

Cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate-2-14C by the livers of suckling rats, which is known to be relatively slow, was increased 2–3-fold within 24 hours after severing the bile duct. Cholesterol synthesis by sham-operated litter mates showed no change under similar treatment. Mevalonate biosynthesis from acetate-2-14C in vitro by recombined liver microsomal supernatant (105,000×g) fractions from suckling rats also was only 10% of that of comparable recombined fractions from normal controls (young adult rats which were consuming colony diet). Activity was not improved by combining either the microsomal or supernatant fraction from suckling rat livers with the complementary fraction from normal adult livers. On the other hand, activity was restored to 100% when microsomes from livers of duct-served suckling rats were combined with the supernatant fraction from normal controls. Likewise, recombined liver fractions prepared from adult rats fed synthetic diets exhibited low activity for mevalonate biosynthesis. Activity was restored by bile duct cannulation, but inhibited when cholic acid was infused into the cannulated animal. Therefore, surgical procedures which interrupt the enterohepatic recirculation of bile components lead to a restoration of cholesterol biosynthesis and, at least in the adult animal where cannulation studies are practicable, this effect can be reversed readily by bile acid infusion.
Characterization of a plutonium beryllium source for use in neutron damage studies

Standard lead loaded Hypalon gloves deteriorate at an accelerated pace in the glovebox environments of Los Alamos National Laboratory. In an effort to minimize glovebox breaches, a project was undertaken to characterize polymer damage due to various environments. For one such study, experimental techniques were used to facilitate the use of a neutron source in damage studies involving glovebox gloves. In order to identify the radiation field experienced by the polymer samples, a characterization of the neutron source in the experimental setup was needed. The plutoniumberyllium source used was chosen to mimic an average neutron flux in a typical LANL glovebox. However, it was surmised that a more exact experimental flux should be found rather then using merely numerical analysis. Subsequent to ascertaining the impending neutron flux, polyurethane gloves show superior properties when compared against standard leaded Hypalon gloves; however, polyurethane is shown to degrade faster following neutron irradiation.
Identification of Extremely Reactive γ-Ketoaldehydes (Isolevuglandins) as Products of the Isoprostane Pathway and Characterization of Their Lysyl Protein Adducts

Isoprostanes are prostaglandin-like compounds produced by non-enzymatic peroxidation of arachidonic acid. The cyclooxygenase-derived endoperoxide, prostaglandin H2, can undergo rearrangement to highly reactive γ-ketoaldehyde secoprostanoids (levuglandin E2 and D2). We explored whether isoprostane endoperoxide intermediates also rearrange to levuglandin-like compounds (isolevuglandins). Formation of a series of isolevuglandins during oxidation of arachidonic acid in vitro was established utilizing a number of mass spectrometric analyses. However, these compounds could not be detected in free form in protein-containing biological systems, which we hypothesized was due to extremely rapid adduction to amines. This was supported by the finding that >60% of levuglandin E2 adducted to albumin within 20 s, whereas ∼50% of 4-hydroxynonenal still remained unadducted after 1 h. By utilizing electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, we established that these compounds form oxidized pyrrole adducts (lactams and hydroxylactams) with lysine. Formation of isolevuglandin-lysine adducts on apolipoprotein B was readily detected during oxidation of low density lipoprotein following enzymatic digestion of the protein to single amino acids. These studies identify a novel series of extremely reactive products of the isoprostane pathway that rapidly form covalent adducts with lysine residues on proteins. This provides the basis to explore the formation of isolevuglandins in vivo to investigate the potential biological ramifications of their formation in settings of oxidant injury.
Relativistic few-body problem. II. Three-body equations and three-body forces

Examination of the sum of all ladder and crossed ladder exchanges between three particles leads to a set of relativistic three-body equations of the Faddeev type in which two of the three particles are restricted to their mass shell. The choice of which two particles are on shell at a given instant is uniquely determined by the requirement that they be spectators either before or after the interaction. It is shown that these equations satisfy the cluster property, and the two-body amplitudes which drive the equations are known in principle. Three-body unitarity is proved. Three-body forces which arise from the underlying dynamics are discussed, classified, and estimated numerically for a spinless example. It is found that the three-body forces tend to cancel to some extent, are sensitive to the details of the dynamics, and that contributions to such forces, primarily of relativistic origin, can be important.NUCLEAR STRUCTURE Relativistic Faddeev equations from ladder and crossed ladder exchanges. Unitarity, cluster property, and three-body forces.
The stress process among dementia spouse caregivers: Are caregivers at risk for negative health behavior change?

This study examines the relationship between the demands of providing care to a spouse with dementia and caregiver health behaviors, specifically exercise, sleep patterns, weight maintenance, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model predicting health behavior change from personal and environmental characteristics, perceived stress, social support, and depressive symptoms in a sample of 233 spouse caregivers of dementia patients and to examine gender differences in these relationships. Results support the hypothesis that caregiving negatively influences health behaviors. Among both women and men, health behavior change is directly influenced by depressive symptoms and objective burden. In addition, depressive symptoms mediate the effects of self-efficacy and objective burden on health behavior change. These results support the notion that health behavior change may represent one mechanism by which caregiving stress leads to adverse health outcomes.
A tale of two tibias: a review of treatment options for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia.

Purpose Two common treatment options for congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) are intramedullary fixation following resection/shortening of the pseudarthrosis site and reconstruction with an Ilizarov external fixator following resection. We present in detail a narrative of two cases with similar degrees of tibial dysplasia associated with NF-1 treated using these different methods and followed to completion.
Electrical impedance tomography of carbon nanotube composite materials

The field of nanotechnology is rapidly maturing into a fertile and interdisciplinary research area from which new sensor and actuator technologies can be conceived. The tools and processes derived from the nanotechnology field have offered engineers the opportunity to design materials in which sensing transduction mechanisms can be intentionally encoded. For example, single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded within polyelectrolyte thin films have been proposed for strain and pH sensing. While the electromechanical and electrochemical response of carbon nanotube composites can be experimentally characterized, there still lacks a fundamental understanding of how the conductivity of carbon nanotube composites is spatially distributed and how it depends on external stimuli. In this study, electrical impedance tomography is proposed for spatial characterization of the conductivity of carbon nanotube composite thin films. The method proves promising for both assessment of as-fabricated thin film quality as well as for two-dimensional sensing of thin film response to mechanical strain and exposure to pH environments.
Effect of weight manipulation on bone loss due to ovariectomy and the protective effects of estrogen in the rat

While characterizing the effects of estrogen on an ovariectomized (OVX) rat model of bone loss, we examined several weight-matching regimens [e.g., ad libitum (feed bins continually full), weight matched (rate of weight gain for OVX and Sham-OVX groups was equalized), and weight restricted (weight gain rates for all groups were equalized to that of estrogen-treated OVX rats)] for possible effects. Bone loss following ovariectomy is primarily the result of an increase in bone resorption and is extremely sensitive to the effects of estrogens. Thus, in all of our analyses, treatment with 17 beta-estradiol served as a positive control for the prevention of bone loss. Each weight-matching study had three groups: control (Sham-OVX), OVX, and OVX + 17 beta-estradiol (0.1 mg/kg/day), and lasted for either 2, 4, or 6 weeks. Throughout the study, each Sprague Dawley rat was weighed every other day, and following sacrifice, a femur was removed for bone mineral density (BMD) analysis at the distal metaphysis by single photon absorptiometry. Following 2 weeks of dietary modifications, no significant differences were detected in BMD among the ad lib or weight matched groups. However, an estradiol-preventable reduction in BMD in restricted OVX rats was detected at 2 weeks postovariectomy. Additionally, OVX rats in all three dietary regimens displayed an estrogen-preventable reduction in proximal femur BMD at 4 and 6 weeks postovariectomy. These results indicate that a 4-week rat ovariectomized model of bone loss, under conditions of ad libitum feeding, shows great potential for pharmacologic manipulation.
Synergy of Two Reference Genomes for the Grass Family

If one considers the Gordon Conference in Plant Genetics in 1997 as the origin of the international effort to sequence the rice ( Oryza sativa ) genome and the publication of the data in 2005 as the completion of production and analysis, it took about 8 years and 14 major laboratories from nine
Closed-end fund premia and returns Implications for financial market equilibrium

Abstract This paper examines the relation between closed-end fund premia and returns. Additional evidence is provided on Thompson's (1978) finding that fund premia are negatively correlated with future returns. Funds with 20% discounts have expected twelve-month returns that are 6% greater than nondiscounted funds. This correlation is attributed to premium mean-reversion, not to anticipated future portfolio performance. Economically motivated explanations do not account for this effect.
Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: Joint practice guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors

Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia. It occurs worldwide and affects all ethnic groups. The incidence of Alzheimer disease is increasing due, in part, to increased life expectancy and the aging baby boomer generation. The average lifetime risk of developing Alzheimer disease is 10-12%. This risk at least doubles with the presence of a first-degree relative with the disorder. Despite its limited utility, patients express concern over their risk and, in some instances, request testing. Furthermore, research has demonstrated that testing individuals for apolipoprotein E can be valuable and safe in certain contexts. However, because of the complicated genetic nature of the disorder, few clinicians are prepared to address the genetic risks of Alzheimer disease with their patients. Given the increased awareness in family history thanks to family history campaigns, the increasing incidence of Alzheimer disease, and the availability of direct to consumer testing, patient requests for information is increasing. This practice guideline provides clinicians with a framework for assessing their patients' genetic risk for Alzheimer disease, identifying which individuals may benefit from genetic testing, and providing the key elements of genetic counseling for AD.
Multiphoton ionization rates for atomic hydrogen: Linear and circular polarization compared

Previously reported calculations of the photoionization rate for atomic hydrogen interacting with a linearly polarized laser beam have been repeated using an improved computer algorithm. Good agreement now exists between our calculated rates and those predicted by three other groups (M. Pindzola (private communication); K. Kulander (private communication); S. Chu and J. Cooper, Phys. Rev. A 32, 2769 (1985)). Our results are, however, in apparent disagreement with reported measurements of these rates (T. Nichols and G. Kyrala, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 35, 1156 (1990)). Calculations are also reported of the photoionization rates for atomic hydrogen interacting with a circularly polarized laser beam. Results for linear and circular polarizations are compared with each other, as well as with the predictions of several analytic formulas (L. Keldysh, Sov. Phys--JETP 20, 1307 (1965); H. Reiss, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 4, 726 (1987)).
Competition between SOM Clusters to Model User Authentication System in Computer Networks

Traditional authentication systems employed on Internet are facing an acute problem of intrusions. In this context we propose a neural architecture for user authentication through keystroke dynamics. Proposed architecture consists of a set of self organizing maps where each user has a distinct map. Each map consists of n neurons in the input layer where n is the length of a keystroke pattern; however to determine the number of neurons in the output layer, a strategy is proposed. For authenticating claimed user, probable user(s) for a given pattern and the degree of similarity between the map of the claimed user and a given pattern are determined. Finally, a decision on the authenticity is made using threshold criteria. Evaluation results show the best false accept rate of 0.88% when false reject rate was 3.55% with authentication accuracy of 97.83%. An application scenario of the method in a computer network environment is also presented.
Measuring Clinical Benefit: Use of Patient-Reported Outcomes (PRO) in Primary Brain Tumor Clinical Trials

Primary brain tumors and their treatment are associated with a significant impact on function and quality of life (QOL). Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are measures that allow report of the impact directly from the patient. Instruments to measure both QOL and symptom burden have been developed for use in the primary brain tumor patient population. Use of these instruments coupled with tumor response assessment and other objective measures will allow for evaluation of the net clinical benefit for the patient.
Histochemical changes during growth of C3H ascites tumor BP8 in C57 B1 mice. Effects of enhancing antiserum

Changes in cytoplasmic organelles of the mouse ascites sarcoma BP8 (C3H tumor) were studied histochemically during enhanced growth in C57 B1 mice. Increased amounts of oxidative enzymes (succinic dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) and decreased amounts of lysosomal acid phosphatase were demonstrated regularly in tumor cells growing in the “enhanced” C57 B1 mice. The findings are consistent with an antibody-mediated damage to the oxidative cellular processes during enhanced growth of the BP8 tumor.
Silver nanoparticle array structures that produce giant enhancements in electromagnetic fields

Abstract We describe special silver nanoparticle array structures that lead to exceptionally large electromagnetic field enhancements (| E | 2 > 10 7 ) at specific locations in the structure, thus providing a purely electromagnetic mechanism for producing single molecule surface enhanced Raman scattering (SMSERS) enhancements >10 13 that are as large or larger than has been found in experiments. The arrays combine particle plasmon excitation with long range photonic interactions, leading to a combination of the two field enhancement mechanisms that not only gives large SMSERS, but also narrow peaks in extinction.
Excited state energy of (3MLCT)Ru(bpy=2+3 by time-resolved thermal lens and photoacoustic methods in aqueous solutions

Abstract The time-resolved thermal lens and the pulsed photoacoustic techniques have been used to determine the thermally averaged charge transfer excited state energy of Ru(bpy)2+3 in ambient aqueous solutions. The averaged excited state energy of (3MLCT) Ru (bpy)2+3 was found to be (16.8±0.2 × 103 cm−1 by the photoacoustic method and (17.0±0.6) × 103 cm−1 by the thermal lens method. These measurements indicate that the difference between the effective molar volumes of the ground and charge transfer excited states is very small.
Rapid detection and identification of counterfeit of adulterated products of synthetic phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitors with an atmospheric solids analysis probe

The market success of the three approved synthetic phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction has led to an explosion in counterfeit versions of these drugs. In parallel a large market has developed for herbal products claimed to be natural alternatives to these synthetic drugs. The herbal products are heavily advertised on the internet and are freely available to purchase without prescription. Furthermore, adulteration of these supposed natural medicines is a very common and serious phenomenon. Recent reports have shown that the adulteration has extended to the analogues of the three approved synthetic PDE-5 inhibitors. An Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe (ASAP) was used for the direct analysis of the counterfeit pharmaceuticals and herbal products. Using the ASAP combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) it was possible to detect fraudulent counterfeit tablets. The physical appearance of the pills resembled the pills from the original manufacturer but contained the wrong active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Detecting adulteration for five herbal supplements marketed as natural alternatives to PDE-5 inhibitors was also possible using the ASAP. Three types of adulteration were found in the five samples: adulteration with tadalafil or sildenafil, mixed adulteration (tadalafil and sildenafil), and adulteration with analogues of these drugs.
The Student Success Coach.

A new Health Sciences undergraduate major created a need for innovative support services on a recently established campus.
His Eye Is on the Sparrow: A Counselor of Color's Perception of Facilitating Groups with Predominantly White Members

The author uses her personal experience as a co-facilitator of color of groups consisting of predominantly White members to discuss the literature on the group dynamics of multicultural counseling and to identify unique and common issues for diverse counselors facilitating White and culturally different race groups. Included in the discussions of group dynamics, but often not addressed in counseling groups, are the attitudes and perceptions expressed by both clinicians and group members concerning their experiences of racism, prejudice, and oppression.
The deposition of unattached radon progeny in a tracheobronchial cast as measured with iodine vapor

ABSTRACT The deposition of the unattached radon progeny in hollow cast models of the human tracheobronchial region was studied using iodine vapor. The experiments were conducted in a replicate cast whose inner surface was coated with NaOH impregnated charcoal powder. This coating can trap iodine molecules by converting iodine into iodide and iodate, so that the iodine gas molecules behave like particles and stick to the surface upon contact. The iodine vapor is selected as a surrogate of radon progeny because the effective diffusion coefficient of iodine vapor, 0.08 cm2 s−1, is close to the diffusivities of unattached radon progeny (0.03–0.07 cm2 s−1). Deposition experiments have been conducted under constant and cyclic inspiratory flow between 5 and 30 LPM. It was found that the deposition of iodine vapor under constant flow can be described by diffusion in laminar flow. The cyclic inspiratory flow pattern does not significantly change the total deposition in the tracheobronchial cast. This observation, ...