cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial Houses Built on Common Ground:: Reply to Pinch

Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: What Everyone should know about Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), Chapter 3, 'The Sun in a Test Tube: The Story of Cold Fusion', 57-78 [hereafter CP T.J. Pinch, Confronting Nature: The Sociology of Solar-Neutrino Detection (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1986). 3. We note that Lewis' results were delivered in the context of the Baltimore APS meeting where, in conjunction with Koonin's results and the Petrasso results questioning the neutron measurements, they were presented with devastating effect. McKinney has a minor disagreement with us over whether Lewis's talk was indeed the 'knockdown blow', preferring to put most weight upon the results showing problems with the neutron measurements. But this is not the real quarrel between us. We meant that it was a 'knockdown' in the sense that half the physicists present left the meetings after Lewis' talk; that many commentators (for example, Frank Close) point to the importance of these 'back to back' talks in the demise of cold fusion; and that, furthermore, Koonin's claims of incompetence and delusion on the part of Pons and Fleischmann were widely quoted. 4. This is nicely detailed by Greg Myers, Writing Biology: Texts and the Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990). 5. For more details, see Pinch (1986), op. cit. note 2, 163.
Colorectal neoplasia detection among black and Latino individuals undergoing screening colonoscopy: a prospective cohort study.

Background Most prospective studies of screening colonoscopy (SC) in average-risk, asymptomatic individuals have included few minority individuals. Little is known about the prevalence and distribution of adenomas found at screening colonoscopy among black and Latino individuals. Objective To determine the prevalence and distribution of histologically confirmed adenomas among black and Latino participants enrolled in a prospective SC study. Design Cross-sectional analysis of consecutive patients undergoing SC between 2008 and 2011. Setting Urban academic medical center. Patients Average risk, asymptomatic black and Latino patients aged ≥50 years undergoing SC. Intervention SC. Main Outcome Measurements Adenoma prevalence and distribution by ethnic group. Results A total of 584 patients (270 black, 314 Latino) completed SC. Overall, 26.4% had adenomas, and 20% had proximal adenomas. Advanced adenomas occurred in 11.5% (12.2% black vs 10.8% Latino; P = .21) and proximal advanced adenomas in 7.5% (5.9% black vs 8.9% Latino; P = .17). These rates were at least as high as those of other studies that enrolled mainly white participants. Limitations Lack of comparison group of white patients. Conclusion The prevalence of adenomas, advanced adenomas, and proximal adenomas was high in both black and Latino participants. The high prevalence of clinically significant proximal lesions has implications for the choice of colon cancer screening test and colonoscopic surveillance intervals.
On the importance of nanocrystalline gold for Au/CeO2 water–gas shift catalysts

Abstract The purpose of the research described in this paper was to assess the importance of nanocrystalline gold on the water–gas shift (WGS) activities of Au/CeO 2 catalysts. A series of Au/CeO 2 catalysts with gold loadings up to 8.3 wt% and average gold crystallite sizes ranging from 4 to 7 nm was prepared using the deposition-precipitation method. Gold was leached from one of these materials using a procedure that has been reported to remove nanocrystalline gold. We report two key observations: (1) Reaction rates for catalysts before leaching were significantly higher than those for the catalysts after leaching, and (2) estimated turnover frequencies for the unleached catalysts were higher than those for the leached catalysts. The results emphasize the importance of nanocrystalline gold, at least for the WGS reaction.
A heuristic model for the growth process of modern physical science

The science of science, always an intriguing discipline, flourishes as never before. One might well ask now whether analysis plays a r?le in the life of science itself, whether it can contribute to the work of the creative scientist. I propose that we attack such questions by first constructing a model for science which will reveal the purpose and function of analysis within science. A model might do this much, but more cannot be claimed; for science, like Zeus, is capable of many diverse representations, depending rather on the point that is to be empha sized.
In the Final Analysis, It's the Data That Count

Contrary to Bergner, consensus exists on a definition of psychopathology. It is embodied in DSM-IV, used in this country by more than 500,000 mental health professionals. It is also inaccurate to imply that DSM-III's definition of mental disorder (reproduced in DSM-III-R and DSM-IV) was not extensively debated and ultimately refined by many of DSM-III's drafters. Finally, it is risky to claim that the DSM has not been successful, in view both of its widespread acceptance and the extensive empirical data which now support its enhanced reliability and growing utility. At the same time, as a diagnostic researcher well aware of the DSM's shortcomings, I endorse Bergner's aspiration for a non-syndrome-based nomenclature. Perhaps a classification system based on functional impairment will yield greater utility and validity. But, in the final analysis, since it's the data that count, it's clearly up to Bergner to provide them.
Correlation of proton charge assignments with aromatic-solvent-induced nuclear magnetic resonance shifts for the closo-carborane series C2BnHn+2 (n = 3 to 10)

Abstract The aromatic-solvent-induced PMR shifts (ASIS effect), observed for a series of closo -carboranes C 2 B n H n+2 ( n = 3 to 10), are correlated to PRDDO (an approximate molecular orbital method)-derived hydrogen charges, Q. Linear correlations between Δτ (ASIS) and Q (PRDDO) markedly improve when nearest-neighbor cage hydrogen effects are considered. From these relationships a procedure is developed to obtain the hydrogen charges from Δτ (ASIS) only.
The importance of identity in understanding political institutions

The study of identity in politics usually focuses on how being a woman, being a person of color, being upper class or gay impacts the behaviors, interests, and relative power and status of individu...
Statistical SBD Modeling and Characterization and Its Impact on SRAM Cells

In this paper, we present a physics-based SPICE model for statistical soft breakdown (SBD) in ultrathin oxide. Statistical SBD induces an increase in gate leakage current (IG_BD) based on the time to breakdown (tBD) and the location of the percolation path in the channel. The proposed model has been validated with experimental data, and fed into circuit simulators to predict the degradation of device/circuit performance. Using the model, we analyzed the impact of the increased IG_BD due to the first SBD on cell stability and performance in SRAM cells. We observed that IG_BD variation due to SBD increases READ and WRITE failure probability, resulting in reduced lifetime.
COMBINED GAMMA-RAY AND NEUTRON DETECTOR FOR MEASURING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AIRLESS PLANETARY BODIES.

Galactic cosmic rays (GCR) constantly impinge all planetary bodies and produce characteristic gamma-ray lines and leakage neutrons as reaction products. Together with gamma-ray lines produced by radioactive decay, these nuclear emissions provide a powerful tool for remotely measuring the chemical composition of planetary surfaces having little or no atmospheres. While lunar gamma-ray spectroscopy was first demonstrated with Apollo Gamma-Ray measurements, the full value of combined gamma-ray and neutron spectroscopy was shown for the first time with the Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray (LP-GRS) and Neutron Spectrometers (LP-NS). Any new planetary mission will likely have the requirement that instrument mass and power be kept to a minimum. To satisfy such requirements, we have been designing a GR/NS instrument which combines all the functionality of the LP-GRS and LP-NS for a fraction of the mass and power. Specifically, our design uses a BGO scintillator crystal to measure gamma-rays from 0.5 - 10 MeV. A borated plastic scintillator and a lithium glass scintillator are used to separately measure thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons as well as serve as an anticoincidence shield for the BGO. All three scintillators are packaged together in a compact phoswich design. Modifications to this design could include a CdZnTe gamma-ray detector for enhanced energy resolution at low energies (0.5 - 3 MeV). While care needs to be taken to ensure that an adequate count rate and background suppression is achieved for specific mission designs, previous mission successes demonstrate that a combined GR/NS provides essential information about planetary surfaces.
Anaphylactoid Response Induced by a Single Injection of the Bursa of Fabricius

Abstract SURGICAL removal of the bursa of Fabricius (BF), a lympho-epithelial organ of birds, or chemical suppression of the bursa during embryonic development will markedly reduce or eliminate the bird’s ability to produce circulating antibody, Glick (1964). The bursa of Fabricius may be directly or indirectly involved in antibody production, Glick (1960), Isakovic et al. (1963), and Mueller et al. (1962). We have injected cell suspensions or homogenates of BF into bursaless chicks in an attempt to restore the antibody producing system of the chicken. Some of the chicks inoculated with the BF suspension or homogenate died within several minutes after inoculation. The symptoms produced by the inoculation were severe panting, coughing, tracheal rattling, defecation, drowsiness, feather fluffing, and squawking. These symptoms are similar to the anaphylactic response of chickens to bovine serum albumin, Makinodan et al. (1952). Additional experiments were undertaken to determine the reason for the fatal and anaphylactoid…
Stochastic triangular reactions

Abstract The cyclic system of first-order, reversible stochastic reactions between three chemical species has been analyzed. Exact expressions for the probability of occurrence of all possible extents of reaction are given. It is shown how the results may be applied to processes other than chemical reactions. In particular, the results are applied to an example from biology.
Pain after hip arthroplasty managed by Brennan Healing Science.

A case is presented illustrating the potential effect of Brennan Healing Science on pain following hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis. A 54-year-old woman experienced anterior groin pain, numbness at the bottom of her foot, and occasional grinding at her hip 22 years after right total hip arthroplasty secondary to avascular necrosis. X-ray films showed signs of osteolysis behind the acetabular cup and asymmetric decreased polyethylene thickness of the acetabular prosthetic. Her orthopedic surgeon advised the patient to follow up every 6–9 months to avoid catastrophic failure of the implant, with plans for surgical revision to be scheduled at the next appointment. The patient sought alternative treatment to avoid an invasive procedure. On presentation, the patient had difficulty walking up the stairs into the treatment room due to pain which she rated a 9/10. She found it painful to rotate, flex, extend her hip, or to sit. Hands-on healing techniques based on the Brennan Healing Science method were initiated, starting at the feet, balancing the energy, and working the way up the joints. Once the work at the hip was completed, the hands-on techniques continued up the centerline of the body and the healing was brought to a close. On completion of a 60-minute healing, the patient was able to stand freely and rated her pain as a 4/10. Flexion, extension, and rotation at the hip were no longer distressing. She was able to walk up and down stairs without distress and denied instability, bursitis, or trochanteric or iliopsoas pain or swelling. Repeat X-rays showed decrease in bone spurs and no hardware problem, and her orthopedic surgeon recommended follow-up after 2 years. It is suggested that Brennan Healing Science techniques could play an effective and cost-efficient role in the treatment of pain following hip arthroplasty.
PCNA is efficiently loaded on the DNA recombination intermediate to modulate polymerase δ, η, and ζ activities

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is required for DNA homologous recombination (HR), but its exact role is unclear. Here, we investigated the loading of PCNA onto a synthetic D-loop (DL) intermediate of HR and the functional interactions of PCNA with Rad51 recombinase and DNA polymerase (Pol) δ, Pol η, and Pol ζ. PCNA was loaded onto the synthetic DL as efficiently as it was loaded onto a primed DNA substrate. Efficient PCNA loading requires Replication Protein A, which is associated with the displaced ssDNA loop and provides a binding site for the clamp-loader Replication Factor C. Loaded PCNA greatly stimulates DNA synthesis by Pol δ within the DL but does not affect primer recognition by Pol δ. This suggests that the essential role of PCNA in HR is not recruitment of Pol δ to the DL but stimulation of Pol δ to displace a DNA strand during DL extension. Both Pol η and Pol ζ extended the DL more efficiently than Pol δ in the absence of PCNA, but little or no stimulation was observed in the presence of PCNA. Finally, Rad51 inhibited both the loading of PCNA onto the DL and the extension of the DL by Pol δ and Pol η. However, preloaded PCNA on the DL counteracts the Rad51-mediated inhibition of the DL extension. This suggests that the inhibition of postinvasion DNA synthesis by Rad51 occurs mostly at the step of PCNA loading.
A Note on Line-Baer subspace Partitions of PG(3;4)

We consider the partitioning of PG (3,4) into two types of objects, lines and Baer sub-3-spaces. Any such mixed partition gives rise to a spread of PG(7,2) (and hence a projective plane of order 16) via a construction technique given in [6]. The author has used the software package Magma to determine all such mixed partitions up to equivalence. It turns out that all of the translation planes of order 16 arise from one of the mixed partitions.
Dynamic model of a cylindrical ionic polymer-metal composite actuator

In this paper, a finite element based modeling approach is presented to model the dynamics of cylindrical shaped ionic polymer actuator. In this approach, the actuator is divided into finite number of elements with a local coordinate system attached to it. This coordinate system undergoes a rigid body motion together with the associated element. A large deflection beam model is used for the deflection of each element. This approach has the advantage of modeling large deformations using fewer elements and can lead to the finite dimensional dynamic model needed for controlling the tip position in both in-and out-of-plane directions.
Evolution free-boundary problem for a stationary system of the theory of elasticity

We consider an evolution free-boundary problem for a stationary linear system of the theory of elasticity encountered in the investigation of solid thin films in microelectronic devices. Its solvability is proved on an arbitrary time interval under the condition that the initial data are sufficiently close to the stationary solution.
Knee alignment does not predict incident osteoarthritis: The Framingham osteoarthritis study

Objective To examine the relationship of knee malalignment to the occurrence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) among subjects without radiographic OA at baseline to determine whether malalignment is a risk factor for incident disease or simply a marker of increasing disease severity. Methods We selected 110 incident tibiofemoral (TF) OA case knees (76 subjects) and 356 random control knees (178 subjects) from among participants in the Framingham Osteoarthritis Study. Case knees did not have OA at baseline (1992–1994 examination) but had developed OA (Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2) at followup (2002–2005 examination) (mean of 8.75 years between examinations). Control knees did not have OA at baseline. Standardized digital radiographs of the fully extended knee with weight-bearing were read using a standard protocol and eFilm viewing software. We measured the anatomic axis, the condylar angle, the tibial plateau angle, and the condylar tibial plateau angle. The interobserver intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) ranged from 0.93 to 0.96 and the intraobserver ICC from 0.94 to 0.97. In a knee-specific analysis, we examined the relationship of each alignment measurement to the risk of TF OA using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). We used the same approach to assess the association between each alignment measurement and the risk of medial TF OA. Results Subjects in the case population were older and had a higher BMI than the controls. The alignment values were normally distributed and were not different between the cases and the controls. After adjustment for age, sex and BMI, there was no significant increase in incident OA in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile category for any of the alignment measures (P for trend for anatomic axis and condylar tibial plateau angle was 0.83 and 0.80, respectively). Similar results were also observed for medial compartment OA. Conclusion We found that baseline knee alignment is not associated with either incident radiographic TF OA or medial TF OA. These results suggest that malalignment is not a risk factor for OA, but rather is a marker of disease severity and/or its progression.
Unified time–scale–frequency analysis for machine defect signature extraction: Theoretical framework

The effectiveness of signal processing plays a critical role in machine condition monitoring and health diagnosis, especially under the presence of noise contamination. This paper presents a new approach to unifying techniques in the time, scale, and frequency domains. Specifically, spectral post-processing is performed on the data set extracted by wavelet transforms to enhance the effectiveness of defect feature extraction. The theoretical framework for such a generalized signal transformation platform is introduced, and boundary conditions for implementing the new technique are discussed. Comparison with enveloping technique based on band-pass filtering and wavelet transform has shown that the new technique is more effective in identifying structural defects in bearings, and computationally more efficient, thus providing a good alternative to envelope analysis for defect signature extraction in machine condition monitoring.
History and Pharmacology of PCP and PCP-Related Analogs

(1980). History and Pharmacology of PCP and PCP-Related Analogs. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 12, PCP: Problems and Prevention. Selected Proceedings of the National PCP Conference 1979+K2, pp. 223-227.
Dexamethasone induces apoptosis of multiple myeloma cells in a JNK/SAP kinase independent mechanism

The stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), also known as c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs), are activated in response to diverse stimuli including DNA damage, heat shock, interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and Fas. Although all these inducers cause apoptosis, whether SAPK/JNK activation is required for apoptosis is controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that ionizing radiation (IR) and dexamethasone (Dex) induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) derived cell lines, as well as in patient cells. IR-induced apoptosis is associated with activation of SAPK/JNK and p38 kinase, in contrast to Dex-induced apoptosis, which is not associated with activation of stress kinases. Moreover, Dex-induced apoptosis is associated with a significant decrease in the activities of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and p70S6K, whereas IR-treatment does not alter the activity of these kinases. Both IR and Dex induce poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, a signature event of apoptosis. Finally, interleukin-6 (IL-6) inhibits Dex-induced apoptosis, downregulation of MAP and p70S6K growth kinases and PARP cleavage; in contrast, IL-6 does not inhibit IR-induced apoptosis, activation of SAPK/JNK, and PARP cleavage. Taken together, our findings suggest that SAPK/JNK activation is not required for apoptosis in MM cells, and that there are at least two distinct apoptotic signaling pathways: (i) SAPK/JNK-associated, which is induced by IR and unaffected by IL-6; and (ii) SAPK/JNK-independent, which is induced by Dex, associated with downregulation of MAPK and p70S6K and inhibited by IL-6.
Small Unilateral Foveal Hemorrhages in Young Adults

We studied nine cases of single, small, intraretinal foveal hemorrhages in one eye each of nine young adults during the last five years. The patients ranged in age from 18 to 47 years and were otherwise healthy. Four patients gave a history of strenuous exercise, most often weight lifting. The visual acuities ranged from 6/6 (20/20) to 6/60 (20/200) and most patients complained of a small central or paracentral scotoma. Fluorescein angiography did not show any retinal or choroidal vascular abnormalities and recovery of visual acuity was excellent in all patients available for follow-up examination during a period of two weeks to six months.
Synthesis of NH-, 2H-4,5-Dihydrobenz[g]inazoles and Related Compounds from 1-Tetralone Carbomethoxyhydrazones and Aromatic Esters

The carbomethoxhydrazones of 1-tetralone, 6-methoxy-1-tetralone, and 5,7-dimethyl-1-tetralone were converted to dilithiated intermediates with excess lithium diisopropylamide and condensed with aromatic esters to give C-acylated intermediates that were not usually isolated but cyclized directly with acid to afford the N-carbomethoxydihydrobenzindazoles. These compounds could be separately saponified followed by decarboxylation to the targeted NH-dihydrobenzindazoles. Single-crystal X-ray analysis for several compounds indicated that a single tautomer was present, with the NH-hydrogen atom bonded exclusively to the N-2 of the products. Theoretical calculations indicated this product to be the more stable of the two tautomers.
Large-eddy simulations of surface roughness parameter sensitivity to canopy-structure characteristics

Abstract. Surface roughness parameters, namely the roughness length and displacement height, are an integral input used to model surface fluxes. However, most models assume these parameters to be a fixed property of plant functional type and disregard the governing structural heterogeneity and dynamics. In this study, we use large-eddy simulations to explore, in silico, the effects of canopy-structure characteristics on surface roughness parameters. We performed a virtual experiment to test the sensitivity of resolved surface roughness to four axes of canopy structure: (1) leaf area index, (2) the vertical profile of leaf density, (3) canopy height, and (4) canopy gap fraction. We found roughness parameters to be highly variable, but uncovered positive relationships between displacement height and maximum canopy height, aerodynamic canopy height and maximum canopy height and leaf area index, and eddy-penetration depth and gap fraction. We also found negative relationships between aerodynamic canopy height and gap fraction, as well as between eddy-penetration depth and maximum canopy height and leaf area index. We generalized our model results into a virtual "biometric" parameterization that relates roughness length and displacement height to canopy height, leaf area index, and gap fraction. Using a decade of wind and canopy-structure observations in a site in Michigan, we tested the effectiveness of our model-driven biometric parameterization approach in predicting the friction velocity over heterogeneous and disturbed canopies. We compared the accuracy of these predictions with the friction-velocity predictions obtained from the common simple approximation related to canopy height, the values calculated with large-eddy simulations of the explicit canopy structure as measured by airborne and ground-based lidar, two other parameterization approaches that utilize varying canopy-structure inputs, and the annual and decadal means of the surface roughness parameters at the site from meteorological observations. We found that the classical representation of constant roughness parameters (in space and time) as a fraction of canopy height performed relatively well. Nonetheless, of the approaches we tested, most of the empirical approaches that incorporate seasonal and interannual variation of roughness length and displacement height as a function of the dynamics of canopy structure produced more precise and less biased estimates for friction velocity than models with temporally invariable parameters.
Loss of self in coming out: Special risks for african american gays and lesbians

Abstract Recognizing and publicly acknowledging one's own homosexuality can be seriously traumatizing experiences. However, unlike people experiencing other types of life-altering stress experiences, gays and lesbians all too often find, themselves reviled by and marginalized from the very people and resources they need to productively cope with this life challenge. This article examines three types of self-loss associated with “coming out,” losses that are particularly powerful among African Americans. It concludes with a discussion of the social resources needed to mitigate or prevent these unnecessary and preventable losses.
The brain-specific activator p35 allows Cdk5 to escape inhibition by p27Kip1 in neurons

Cell cycle withdrawal in postmitotic cells involves cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitors that repress cell cycle Cdk activity. During mouse neurogenesis, cortical postmitotic neurons are shown here to accumulate high levels of the p27 Cdk inhibitor compared with their progenitor neuroblasts. Elevated p27 levels in staged embryo brain extracts correlate with p27 binding to Cdk2, and Cdk inactivation. Yet, Cdk5, which is associated with the noncyclin activator p35 in neurons, remains active in the presence of high p27 levels. Both in vitro and in vivo, p27 and related inhibitors can recognize a cyclin D-Cdk5 complex but not a p35-Cdk5 complex. The results indicate that the choice of activator determines the susceptibility of Cdk5 to p27 and related Cdk inhibitors, and thus its ability to act in postmitotic cells.
A Preliminary Investigation of Why Few Special Educators Are Nationally Board Certified

In 2006, special education teachers made up 12% of the educational workforce but only 7% of National Board Certified teachers. In contrast, general education teachers made up 88% of the educational workforce and 93% of National Board Certified teachers. This study surveyed a sample of special education teachers who successfully completed certification as Exceptional Needs Specialists through the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards. This investigation focused on the Portfolio section of the National Board Certification process to determine if specific questions were difficult for special education teachers to understand and thus prevented them from performing satisfactorily. The sample included teachers from Wyoming, a state that has recently begun to focus on the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards process, and teachers from North Carolina, one of the first states to promote the process. The data suggested that the wording of three of the questions in the first entry of the por...
Local Impacts of Unconventional Gas Development within Pennsylvania’s Marcellus Shale Region: Gauging Boomtown Development through the Perspectives of Educational Administrators

Using survey and interview data gathered from educators and educational administrators, we investigate school and community impacts of unconventional gas extraction within Pennsylvania's Marcellus Shale region. Respondents in areas with high levels of drilling are significantly more likely to perceive the effects of local economic gains, but also report increased inequality, heightened vulnerability of disadvantaged community members, and pronounced strains on local infrastructure. As community stakeholders in positions of local leadership, school leaders in areas experiencing Marcellus Shale natural gas extraction often face multiple decision-making dilemmas. These dilemmas occur in the context of incomplete information and rapid, unpredictable community change involving the emergence of both new opportunities and new insecurities.
Effective Use of Heparin-Bonded Circuits and Lower Anticoagulation for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting in Jehovah's Witnesses

Despite many advances in blood conservation techniques, a significant proportion of patients undergoing primary coronary revascularization still require homologous transfusions. Based on a large clinical experience with high-risk patients during coronary artery bypass, a comprehensive strategy to diminish perioperative blood loss was developed by integrating many individual components. An integral component in this strategy is the use of lower heparinization (activated clotting time [ACT] > 280 sec) in conjunction with "tip-to-tip" heparin-bonded cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuits (HBC). This technique was prospectively applied to a group of Jehovah's Witnesses (JW) patients who refuse blood transfusion on religious grounds (n = 9). Outcome was compared to a matched group of patients treated with full heparinization (ACT > 480 sec) used with conventional, nonheparin-bonded CPB circuits (NHBC) performed within the same academic year (n = 455). There were no complications in JW patients who had a significantly lower mediastinal and pleural tube output in the first 24 hours (323 67 mL vs 984 616 mL, p < 0.01). In comparison to JW patients who received no transfusions, 68.1% of patients treated with NHBC were transfused (p 0.0001). In summary, HBC in conjunction with lower anticoagulation was effectively and safely applied to JW patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. This technique should be considered for broader clinical use.
Positive Energy Relativistic Equations for Arbitrary Spin

Dirac has recently given a relativistic wave equation for particles with mass m and spin zero, but which allows only positive energy solutions. Here, using the general classification of finite component relativistically invariant wave equations given by O'Raifeartaigh and Neiderer, we are able to generalize Dirac's result for spin zero to arbitrary spin j.
Operationalizing Learning Portfolios A Good Idea in Search of a Method

Reform in assessment is a dominant theme appearing in the professional literature today. Yet, most of this writing is conceptual, with few studies actually investigating viable assessment methods and procedures. This study describes the results from an alternative assessment in reading. Four groups of students (from special education, Chapter I, low achieving regular education, and regular education) in an entire fourth-grade class completed a silent reading-written retell in the fall and again in the spring. While many educators are advocating change in our assessment practices, the results highlight the many unanswered questions that need to be addressed in implementing such changes. Issues of format, administration, and scoring all need to be resolved. Although the findings are generally consistent with expected results (i.e., special education students may perform the lowest, students improve over time), the amount of variation among students is also quite great.
Modification of hippocampal circuitry by adult neurogenesis

The adult hippocampus is one of the primary neural structures involved in memory formation. In addition to synapse-specific modifications thought to encode information at the subcellular level, changes in the intrahippocampal neuro-populational activity and dynamics at the circuit-level may contribute substantively to the functional capacity of this region. Within the hippocampus, the dentate gyrus has the potential to make a preferential contribution to neural circuit modification owing to the continuous addition of new granule cell population. The integration of newborn neurons into pre-existing circuitry is hypothesized to deliver a unique processing capacity, as opposed to merely replacing dying granule cells. Recent studies have begun to assess the impact of hippocampal neurogenesis by examining the extent to which adult-born neurons participate in hippocampal networks, including when newborn neurons become engaged in ongoing network activity and how they modulate circuit dynamics via their unique intrinsic physiological properties. Understanding the contributions of adult neurogenesis to hippocampal function will provide new insight into the fundamental aspects of brain plasticity, which can be used to guide therapeutic interventions to replace neural populations damaged by disease or injury.
High-J states in 17C

Abstract I examine positive-parity states of 17C with J ⩾ 7 / 2 , with emphasis on an earlier shell-model calculation and a recent calculation of a different sort. I find that experimental evidence strongly favors the shell-model results.
PERIPHERAL TARGET-SPECIFIC INFLUENCES ON EMBRYONIC NEURITE GROWTH VIGOR AND PATTERNS

We examined axon-target interactions in cocultures of embryonic rat trigeminal, dorsal root, nodose, superior cervical ganglia or retina with a variety of native or foreign peripheral targets such as the whisker pad, forepaw, and heart explants. Axon growth into these peripheral target tissues was analyzed by the use of lipophilic tracer DiI. Embryonic day 15 dorsal root and trigeminal axons grew into isochronic normal and foreign cutaneous targets. Both axon populations avoided the same age heart tissue, but grew profusely into younger (embryonic day 13) or older (postnatal) heart explants. In contrast, embryonic day 15 superior cervical or nodose ganglion axons grew heavily into the same age heart and forepaw explants and to a lesser extent into the whisker pad explants. Embryonic day 15 retinal axons grew into all three peripheral targets used in this study. Primary sensory and sympathetic axons, but not retinal axons, formed target-specific patterns in the whisker pad and forepaw explants. DiI-labeling and immunostaining of primary sensory neurons in coculture revealed that these neurons retain their bipolar characteristics, and express class-specific markers such as parvalbumin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and TrkA receptors. In the whisker pad explants, axons positive for all three markers were seen to form patterns around the follicles. Our results indicate that developing peripheral targets can attract and support axon growth from a variety of sources. Whereas neurotrophins play a major role in attracting and supporting survival of subpopulations of sensory neurons, other substrate-bound or locally released molecules must regulate sensory neurite growth into specific peripheral and central targets.
Bone Mass and Gastrointestinal Disease

Several gastrointestinal and liver diseases impair the absorption of calcium, phosphate, and/or vitamin D, and are associated with an increased incidence of bone disease. Changes in bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiomety (DXA) have been best studied in the malabsorptive disorder, celiac disease. Celiac disease is an inflammatory condition of the small intestine triggered by ingesting gluten present in wheat, rye, or barley. Chronic inflammation leads to intestinal atrophy and nutrient malabsorption. The disease affects the proximal small bowel; the site where calcium is best absorbed. About 70% of adults with celiac disease have abnormally low BMD values. Treatment with a gluten-free diet increases BMD, but not to normal values. As celiac disease may not be detected until adult life, the failure to reach normal BMD on a gluten-free diet can be explained, at least in part, by the failure to reach peak bone mass. All individuals with malabsorptive disorders should be screened for secondary bone disease. The development of easier and less expensive methods to assess BMD will facilitate screening those at risk for bone disease.
The structure of valuation rings

Abstract A valuation ν of a ring R has a unique extension νc to a valuation of its quotient ring Q = Qc(R), called the quotient valuation of ν. The relationship between the valuation ring Rν of localization of Rν at the valuation prime ideal Pν whenever, e.g. Rν 9 Pν ⊆ R∗ where R ∗ is the set or regular elements of R. This happens, in particular, when the quotient valuation ring is a local ring, for example, whenever R is a domain. We also study the question: which valuations of Q=Qc(R) induce valuations in R? A sufficient conditions is the existence of a denominator set S of R in Q such that w(s) = 0 Λsϵ S, where w is a valuation of Q, and Q=RS−1={rs−1|rϵR, sϵS}. Then S is a denominator set of 0w-values (i.e., zero w-values). In this case, the valuation ring of w is Qw=RwS−1 where w is the induced valuation. Again, a sufficient condition is that Qw is local, in which case Qw is the local ring of R w at P w . These topics are taken up in §1. The remainder of the paper is devoted to proofs of theorems merely stated in [1], or had proofs only sketched there.
An actuated platform FEA model used for precision pointing control

A large, segmented space telescope requires high precision and accuracy in its mirror shape to obtain clear images. The Structures, Propulsion, and Control Engineering (SPACE) telescope testbed at the NASA sponsored University Research Center must maintain a pointing control accuracy of 2 arc seconds. A Peripheral Pointing Architecture (PPA) has been designed to demonstrate the testbed pointing accuracy. A finite element model of the PPA is developed. Normal mode analysis is performed to establish the PPA's natural frequencies, mode shapes, mass and stiffness matrices. Utilizing H-infinity controllers developed for figure maintenance, the pointing control of the testbed structure is achieved.
Phylogeny, Life History Evolution and Biogeography of the Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae

Rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae form a monophyletic lineage that include the hemiparasitic genera Euphrasia, Melampyrum, Tozzia, Bartsia, Nothobartsia, Odontites (s.l.), Rhinanthus, Rhynchocorys, Parentucellia, Hedbergia and holoparasitic Lathraea. In this study, we aimed to reconstruct the phylogeny, evolution of life-history traits (life cycle and seed size) and explain the extant biogeographical patterns in this group. For phylogenetic reconstruction, we used molecular data obtained by sequencing the nuclear ITS region and the chloroplast trnT-trnL intergenic spacer and matK + trnK regions. The genus Melampyrum was found to occupy the sister position to the rest of the group. The other genera were assembled in the sister Rhinanthus-Rhynchocorys-Lathraea and Bartsia-Euphrasia-Odontites subclades. The reconstruction of life-cycle evolution yielded ambiguous results suggesting nonetheless a substantially higher likelihood of perenniality compared to annuality in most ancestor lineages. Seed size varied across two orders of magnitude (average weight per seed: 0.02–7.22 mg) and tended to decrease in the Bartsia-Euphrasia-Odontites subclade compared to the rest of the group. Seed-size evolution was correlated with life-history evolution in the group if the generally small-seeded Bartsia-Euphrasia-Odontites subclade is excluded. We formulated hypotheses relating the extant biogeographical affinities of individual genera to the geological history of the Euro-Caucasian diversity center of the group. Notable dispersal events in Euphrasia and Bartsia were hypothesized to be allowed or at least facilitated by a specific combination of the life-history traits.
The effect of ablation technology on surgical outcomes after the Cox-maze procedure: A propensity analysis

Objectives Since its introduction in 1987, the Cox-maze procedure has been the gold standard for the surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. At our institution, this procedure has evolved from the cut-and-sew technique (Cox-maze III procedure) to one using bipolar radiofrequency energy and cryoablation as ablative sources to replace most incisions (Cox-maze IV procedure). This study compared surgical outcomes of patients undergoing the Cox-maze III procedure versus those of patients undergoing the Cox-maze IV procedure by using propensity analysis. Methods From April 1992 through July 2005, 242 patients underwent the Cox-maze procedure for atrial fibrillation. Of these, 154 patients had the Cox-maze III procedure, and 88 had the Cox-maze IV procedure. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify covariates among 7 baseline patient variables. Using the significant regression coefficients, each patient's propensity score was calculated, allowing selectively matched subgroups of 58 patients each. Operative outcomes were analyzed for differences. Late follow-up was available for 112 (97%) patients. Freedom from atrial fibrillation recurrence and survival was calculated at 1 year by using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results The Cox-maze III procedure had significantly longer crossclamp times. There was no significant difference in intensive care unit and hospital stay, 30-day mortality, permanent pacemaker placement, early atrial tachyarrhythmias, late stroke, and survival. Freedom from atrial fibrillation recurrence was greater than 90% in both groups at 1 year. Conclusions The use of bipolar radiofrequency ablation has simplified the Cox-maze procedure, making it applicable to virtually all patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing concomitant cardiac surgery. The Cox-maze IV procedure produces similar surgical outcomes to the Cox-maze III procedure at 1 year of follow-up.
El Niño Impacts on Seasonal U.S. Atmospheric Circulation, Temperature, and Precipitation Anomalies: The OLR-Event Perspective*

AbstractThis study shows that, since 1979 when outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) observations became reliably available, most of the useful U.S. seasonal weather impact of El Nino events is associated with the few events identified by the behavior of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over the eastern equatorial Pacific (“OLR–El Nino events”). These events produce composite seasonal regional weather anomalies that are 95% statistically significant and robust (associated with almost all events). Results also show that there are very few statistically significant seasonal weather anomalies, even at the 80% level, associated with the non-OLR–El Nino events. A major enhancement of statistical seasonal forecasting skill over the contiguous United States appears possible by incorporating these results. It is essential to respect that not all events commonly labeled as El Nino events lead to statistically useful U.S. seasonal forecast skill.
Implementing Caries Risk Assessment and Clinical Interventions

This article suggests a practical methodology to implement the scientific information presented in the earlier articles into clinical practice. The Caries Balance/Imbalance Model and a practical caries risk assessment procedure for patients aged 6 years through adult illustrate evidence-based treatment options. Neither the forms nor the clinical protocols are meant to imply that there is currently only one correct way that this can be achieved; they are used in this article only as examples.
Studies of caste differentiation inMyrmica rubra L.

1o The influence of temperature, food and queens on the two alternative modes of development that are available to female larvae in the early third instar has been investigated. 2o A two degree step in temperature, from 22° C to 24° C, causes an 8-fold increase in the numbers metamorphosing into workers; 23°C is a critical temperature for this reaction. The optimum temperature for survival from the egg stage is 22° C. 3o Variations in the food supply both qualitative and quantitative, even severe starvation, did not influence the type of development; but protein shortage prevented worker-biassed larvae passing beyond the switch, though queen-biassed ones were able to go on to secondary diapause. 4o Queens caused a 4-fold increase in the number metamorphosing into workers. 5o The significance of these facts in relation to colony growth and maturation is discussed.
Globalized Andes? Livelihoods, Landscapes and Development

Contemporary globalization in the Andes challenges the sustainability and quality of rural livelihoods. However, it is also the case that rural people have often addressed these destructive dimensi...
Security in an object-oriented database

Much of the research in security for object-oriented databases follows the traditional lines of discretionary access control, mandatory access control, and multilevel secure database systems. In this position paper, our premise is that security and integrity can be implemented in the object-oriented database model. We propose extensions to the basic data model to incorporate security and integrity. Our secrecy/integrity mechanism is based on the idea that objects are partitioned into protected groups. An object in a protected group is restricted in the messages it can accept and send.
Properties of Subtle Cardinals

Subtle cardinals were first introduced in a paper by Jensen and Kunen [JK]. They show that if κ is subtle then ◇ κ holds. Subtle cardinals also play an important role in [B1], where Baumgartner proposed that certain large cardinal properties should be considered as properties of their associated normal ideals. He shows that in the case of ineffables, the ideals are particularly useful, as can be seen by the following theorem, κ is ineffable if and only if κ is subtle and Π ½-indescribable and the subtle and Π ½-indescribable ideals cohere, i.e. they generate a proper, normal ideal (which in fact turns out to be the ineffable ideal). In this paper we examine properties of subtle cardinals and consider methods of forcing that destroy the property of subtlety while maintaining other properties. The following is a list of results. 1) We relativize the following two facts about subtle cardinals: i) if κ is n -subtle then { α κ : α is not n -subtle} is n -subtle, and ii) if κ is ( n + 1)-subtle then { α κ : α is n -subtle} is in the ( n + 1)-subtle filter to subsets of κ : i′) if A is an n -subtle subset of κ then { α ϵ A : A ∩ α is not n -subtle} is n -subtle, and ii′) if A is an ( n + 1)-subtle subset of κ then { α ϵ A : A ∩ α is n -subtle} is ( n + 1)-subtle. 2) We show that although a stationary limit of subtles is subtle, a subtle limit of subtles is not necessarily 2-subtle. 3) In §3 we use the technique of forcing to turn a subtle cardinal into a κ -Mahlo cardinal that is no longer subtle. 4) In §4 we extend the results of §3 by showing how to turn an ( n + 1)-subtle cardinal into an n -subtle cardinal that is no longer ( n + 1)-subtle.
The Optimum Formula for the Gain of a Flow Graph or a Simple Derivation of Coates' Formula

Starting from the definition of a determinant and using a few of its elementary properties, this paper gives an independent derivation of the optimum formula for the gain of a flow graph. Thus, a simpler path is shown to Coates' important result. This paper is self-contained, so that no previous knowledge of flow graphs is required. For motivation, the reader is referred to some well kmown papers and books.
To Put It Straight: DARE Is Not a Dictionary of Slang or Americanisms

It is often helpful to describe something by first stating what it is not. Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) is not a dictionary of Americanisms, nor is it a dictionary of slang; DARE differs from those reference tools in features and purpose.