cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition metal-catalyzed C-C bond activation of four-membered cyclic ketones.

With the advent of new synthetic methodologies, carbon–carbon bond (C–C) activation strategies have uncovered not only new fundamental reactivity but also the potential for use as a highly efficient synthetic protocol. This chapter specifically discusses the use of four-membered ketone-based starting materials for C–C activation initiated transformations using a variety of transition metals. The two major modes of activation, oxidative addition and β-C elimination, are presented as each pathway shows different mechanistic details and the ability to effect several types of reactions. Applications to the synthesis of complex molecules are presented and perspectives on future applications are considered.
On the Algae: Thoughts about Physiology and Measurements of Efficiency

Though I am honored to be a keynote speaker for this symposium, I am going to duck the responsibility of providing a review. For any thorough review of algal physiology I would not have the temerity and you would not have the patience. Thirty years ago I attempted such a review (1) because one was then needed to define a discipline emerging at the interfaces between microbiology, phycology, and plant physiology. What I can say here most usefully will be directed toward two diverse targets. First, I shall consider the consequences or corollaries of the fact that the algae (at least the microalgae) are microbes. Secondly, I shall consider the ultimate limit of productivity, the maximum efficiency of photosynthetic cell synthesis.
A 0.19mm 2 128mW 0.8-1.2GHz 2-Beam 8-Element Digital Direct to RF Beamforming Transmitter in 40nm CMOS

An order of magnitude improvement in area and power consumption per element is achieved by digital phase shifting combined with bandpass Δ∑ modulation and N-path filtering. The 8-element beamforming transmitter allows accurate steering of multiple independent beams. Key to the efficiency are the pairing of area-efficient bandpass ΔΣ modulation with N-path filtering to suppress quantization noise and careful frequency management to allow efficient digital phase shifting and up-conversion. The 40nm CMOS prototype generates two independent 1.2GHz beams, it consumes 128mW and occupies an active area of only 0.19mm2, consuming only 16mW and 0.02mm2 per element.
New Taxon in Psacalium (Asteraceae: Senecioneae) from Oaxaca, Mexico

A new peltate-leaved taxon of Psacalium, Psacalium putlanum, is described and illustrated from southwestern Oaxaca, Mexico. It appears to be closely related to the widespread P. peltigerum. Additionally, the closely related P. peltigerum var. latilobum Pippen of Guerrero is elevated to specific rank as P. latilobum (Pippen) B.L. Turner. A phototype and drawing of P. putlanum are provided, along with a map showing the distribution of the taxa concerned.
FusionGDB: fusion gene annotation DataBase.

Gene fusion is one of the hallmarks of cancer genome via chromosomal rearrangement initiated by DNA double-strand breakage. To date, many fusion genes (FGs) have been established as important biomarkers and therapeutic targets in multiple cancer types. To better understand the function of FGs in cancer types and to promote the discovery of clinically relevant FGs, we built FusionGDB (Fusion Gene annotation DataBase) available at https://ccsm.uth.edu/FusionGDB. We collected 48 117 FGs across pan-cancer from three representative fusion gene resources: the improved database of chimeric transcripts and RNA-seq data (ChiTaRS 3.1), an integrative resource for cancer-associated transcript fusions (TumorFusions), and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) fusions by Gao et al. For these ∼48K FGs, we performed functional annotations including gene assessment across pan-cancer fusion genes, open reading frame (ORF) assignment, and retention search of 39 protein features based on gene structures of multiple isoforms with different breakpoints. We also provided the fusion transcript and amino acid sequences according to multiple breakpoints and transcript isoforms. Our analyses identified 331, 303 and 667 in-frame FGs with retaining kinase, DNA-binding, and epigenetic factor domains, respectively, as well as 976 FGs lost protein-protein interaction. FusionGDB provides six categories of annotations: FusionGeneSummary, FusionProtFeature, FusionGeneSequence, FusionGenePPI, RelatedDrug and RelatedDisease.
A multiphase simulation study of electrochemical discharge machining of glass

Micromachining of glass has gained importance due to numerous applications of glass in microfluidics, optics, electronics, and biotechnology industry. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) is an emerging nontraditional process which has the potential for micromachining of glass with minimal surface damages. Material removal during the machining of glass by ECDM involves thermal machining by electrical discharges between the tool and the gas film. The energy of these discharges is influenced by the gas film characteristics and affects the machining results. In this study, a combined approach of finite element simulation and experimentation is used to study the ECDM process to understand the impact of gas film characteristics on the overcut in machining. The multiphase simulation setup incorporates a combined electrochemical system of glass and electrolyte. The changes in the gas film characteristics due to the variations in the level of electrolyte and the corresponding changes in the overcut are studied. It was observed that the gas film thickness increased with an increase in the level of electrolyte and the gas film stability showed an opposite trend. This resulted in an increase in the overcut in the machining with the increase in the level of electrolyte. This trend observed in the simulation was validated with experimentation.
Newly recognized Anaplasma sp. in erythrocytes from Gopher Tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus)

Background In 2015, a previously unrecognized intracytoplasmic erythrocytic inclusion was discovered in anemic wild-caught adult gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus). Subsequently, molecular diagnostics revealed this inclusion to be a novel Anaplasma sp. Objectives The goal of this study was to morphologically characterize these erythrocytic inclusions by light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Methods Blood samples were taken from two car-injured wild-caught gopher tortoises for the preparation of Wright-Giemsa stained smears and TEM specimens. CBC data were serially performed and morphologically examined during treatment periods. Results Studies revealed a moderate to severe anemia with moderate regeneration as indicated by polychromasia and the presence of immature erythroid precursors. In addition, on light microscopy, one to two variably-sized round basophilic stippled paracentral erythrocytic inclusions were present per cell in both animals and involved 10%-25% of erythrocytes. TEM identified the intraerythrocytic inclusions as discrete membrane-bound cytoplasmic vacuoles (morulae) containing membrane-bound bacterial subunits that were of variable size, shape, and electron density. Serial hematologic data indicated complete remission of the infection in response to a single long-term course of doxycycline. Conclusions The presence of a regenerative anemia in gopher tortoises from Florida revealed a newly recognized bacterial species that has morphologic characteristics similar to members of the genus Anaplasma.
Taming the Digital Bandits: An Analysis of Digital Bank Heists and a System for Detecting Fake Messages in Electronic Funds Transfer.

In recent years, financial crimes and large scale heists involving the banking sector have significantly increased. Banks and Financial Institutions form the economic and commercial backbone of a country. An essential function of banks is the transfer of funds domestically or internationally. Most banks today transfer money by using electronic fund transfer systems such as the Automated Clearing House (ACH) or messaging systems such as SWIFT, FedWire, Ripple, etc. However, vulnerabilities in the use of such systems expose banks to digital heists. For example, the 2016 heist in the central bank of Bangladesh used the SWIFT network to send fake messages. It almost resulted in the theft of nearly $1 billion, which is one-sixth of the total foreign currency reserve of Bangladesh. Similar attacks have happened in many other countries as well. In this paper, we discussed multiple such incidents. From those incidents, we systematically analyze two such events – the Bangladesh Bank heist and the DNS takeover of Brazilian banks – to understand the nature and characteristics of such attacks. Through our analysis, we identify common and critical security flaws in the current banking and messaging infrastructures and develop the desired security properties of an electronic funds transfer system.
Long-Term Care Planning, Preparedness, and Response Among Rural Long-Term Care Providers.

Objective Rural Long-term Care (LTC) providers face unique challenges when planning, preparing for, and responding to disasters. We sought to better understand challenges and identify best practices for LTC in rural areas. Methods Case studies including key informant interviews and site visits were conducted with LTC staff and emergency planning, preparedness, and response partners in three rural communities. Themes were identified across sites using inductive coding. Results Communication across disaster phases continues to be a challenge for LTC providers in rural communities for all disaster types. Communication challenges limit LTC providers' ability to address patient needs during emergencies and limit the resilience of providers and patients to future disasters. Limited coordination among local leadership and LTC providers prevents dissemination of information, resources, and services, and slows response and recovery time. Including LTC providers as stakeholders in planning and exercises may improve communication and coordination. Conclusion More than two decades into efforts to increase preparedness of health care systems to all hazards, rural LTC facilities still face challenges related to communication and coordination. Agencies at the federal, state, and local level should include input from rural LTC stakeholders to address gaps in communication and coordination and increase their disaster resilience.
Safety profile of high molecular weight polymerized hemoglobins.

BACKGROUND Hemoglobin (Hb)-based oxygen (O2 ) carriers (HBOCs) are being developed as alternatives to red blood cells and blood when these products are unavailable. Clinical trials of previous HBOC generations revealed side effects, including hypertension and vasoconstriction, that were not observed in preclinical studies. Large molecular weight (MW) polymerized bovine Hb (PolybHb) represents a new class of HBOC with promising results. We evaluated the safety profile of PolybHb after an exchange transfusion (ET) in guinea pigs (GPs). This study compares changes in indices of cardiac, inflammatory, and organ function after ET with high (R-state) and low (T-state) O2 affinity PolybHb with high MW. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Guinea pigs underwent a 20% ET with PolybHb. To assess the implication of PolybHb ET on the microcirculation, hamsters instrumented with a dorsal window chamber were subjected to a similar volume ET. RESULTS T and R-state PolybHb did not induce significant alterations in cardiac function. T-state PolybHb induced mild vasoconstriction shortly after transfusion, while R-state did not have acute effects on microvascular tone. CONCLUSION Large MW PolybHbs were found to be safe and efficacious in increasing O2 carrying capacity and the O2 affinity of the PolybHb did not affect O2 delivery or extraction by tissues in relevant preclinical models. In conclusion, these results suggest that both T-state and R-state PolybHb are safe and do not impair O2 delivery. The results are encouraging and support further evaluation of high MW PolybHbs and their future feasibility compared to allogenic blood in a trauma model.
Desmosomes polarize mechanical signaling to govern epidermal tissue form and function

The epidermis is a stratified epithelium in which structural and functional features are polarized across multiple cell layers. This type of polarity is essential for establishing the epidermal barrier, but how it is created and sustained is poorly understood. Previous work identified a role for the classical cadherin/filamentous-actin network in establishment of epidermal polarity. However, little is known about potential roles of the most prominent epidermal intercellular junction, the desmosome, in establishing epidermal polarity, in spite of the fact that desmosome constituents are patterned across the apical to basal cell layers. Here, we show that desmosomes and their associated intermediate filaments (IF) are key regulators of mechanical polarization in epidermis, whereby basal and suprabasal cells experience different forces that drive layer-specific functions. Uncoupling desmosomes and IF or specific targeting of apical desmosomes through depletion of the superficial desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 1, impedes basal stratification in an in vitro competition assay and suprabasal tight junction barrier functions in 3D reconstructed epidermis. Surprisingly, disengaging desmosomes from IF also accelerated the expression of differentiation markers, through precocious activation of the mechanosensitive transcriptional regulator serum response factor (SRF) and downstream activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family member ErbB2 by Src family kinase (SFK) mediated phosphorylation. This Dsg1-SFK-ErbB2 axis also helps maintain tight junctions and barrier function later in differentiation. Together, these data demonstrate that the desmosome-IF network is a critical contributor to the cytoskeletal-adhesive machinery that supports the polarized function of the epidermis.
BoPopriation: How self-promotion and corporate commodification can undermine the body positivity (BoPo) movement on Instagram

Proponents of the body positivity (BoPo) movement prominently use social media to promote body appreciation and normalize marginalized bodies. However, companies and social media users have increas...
SensiTray: An Integrated Measuring Device for Monitoring Children's Mealtime Dietary Intake

Childhood nutrition establishes consumption norms that affect an individual's health over the course of their lives. However, early nutrition interventions to establish such norms are uncommon owing to the various inefficiencies associated with current methods of measuring childhood nutrition. Here, we present an IoT measuring device, called the SensiTray, which accurately tracks mealtime intake in a child-friendly and cost-effective fashion. Principal technologies underlying the SensiTray (including mass-sensing technologies, microcontrollers) are identified and analyzed, along with other design choices. Operation of the SensiTray is explained with special attention given to SensiTray software peripherals and algorithms. Preliminary testing consisted of static and dynamic simulations (i.e. food weights constant and changing), with the SensiTray demonstrating a high degree of accuracy in both formats. Future development of the SensiTray may focus on design iteration, additional testing, and experimentation with various mealtime data visualizations to precipitate positive dietary changes.
The effects of social isolation on well-being and life satisfaction during pandemic

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic placed many locations under ‘stay at home” orders and adults simultaneously underwent a form of social isolation that is unprecedented in the modern world. Perceived social isolation can have a significant effect on health and well-being. Further, one can live with others and still experience perceived social isolation. However, there is limited research on psychological well-being during a pandemic. In addition, much of the research is limited to older adult samples. This study examined the effects of perceived social isolation in adults across the age span. Specifically, this study documented the prevalence of social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the various factors that contribute to individuals of all ages feeling more or less isolated while they are required to maintain physical distancing for an extended period of time. Survey data was collected from 309 adults who ranged in age from 18 to 84. The measure consisted of a 42 item survey from the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale, Measures of Social Isolation (Zavaleta et al., 2017), and items specifically about the pandemic and demographics. Items included both Likert scale items and open-ended questions. A “snowball” data collection process was used to build the sample. While the entire sample reported at least some perceived social isolation, young adults reported the highest levels of isolation, χ2(2) = 27.36, p < 0.001. Perceived social isolation was associated with poor life satisfaction across all domains, as well as work-related stress, and lower trust of institutions. Higher levels of substance use as a coping strategy was also related to higher perceived social isolation. Respondents reporting higher levels of subjective personal risk for COVID-19 also reported higher perceived social isolation. The experience of perceived social isolation has significant negative consequences related to psychological well-being.
Not Only Domain Randomization: Universal Policy with Embedding System Identification.

Domain randomization (DR) cannot provide optimal policies for adapting the learning agent to the dynamics of the environment, although it can generalize sub-optimal policies to work in a transferred domain. In this paper, we present Universal Policy with Embedding System Identification (UPESI) as an implicit system identification (SI) approach with universal policies (UPs), as a learning-based control method to execute optimal actions adaptively in environments with various dynamic properties. Previous approaches of SI for adaptive policies either conduct explicit SI, which is testified to be an ill-posed problem, or suffer from low efficiency without leveraging the simulation oracle. We propose to conduct SI in the embedding space of system dynamics by leveraging a learned forward dynamics model, and use Bayesian optimization for the SI process given transition data in a new environment. The identified embeddings are applied as additional input to the UP to enable its dynamics adaptability. Experiments demonstrate the advantageous performances of our proposed UP with embedding SI over standard DR and conventional SI approaches on both low-dimensional and high-dimensional simulation tasks.
Some viruses need to phase-separate to replicate.

Replication of rotavirus, an important cause of gastroenteritis in children, proceeds in large, easily discernible cytoplasmic structures, called viroplasms or viral factories, but mechanisms underlying their formation and function in infected cells have remained mysterious. In this issue, Geiger et al (2021) used a combination of in silico, in vitro, and cell-based approaches to define how two essential rotavirus nonstructural proteins, NSP2 and NSP5, form liquid-liquid phase-separated condensates as the structural foundation of rotavirus factories.
Study of influence of birth weight on risk of chronic diseases and blood uric acid in adulthood

Objective: To understand the influence of birth weight on the risk of chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, and the relationship between birth weight and serum uric acid in adulthood. Methods: According to the Chinese Adult Chronic Disease and Nutrition Surveillance Program, a total of 1 131 residents aged 18 years and above were enrolled from Hexi, Nankai, Hongqiao, Wuqing, Jinnan, Baodi and Jizhou districts of Tianjin. The data of birth weight and blood pressure of the residents were collected, and fasting venous blood samples were collected from them to detect uric acid, blood glucose and blood lipids levels. The distribution of birth weight of the surveyed population was described, and the relationship between birth weight and chronic diseases, such as hypertension and diabetes, and the blood uric acid level in adulthood were analyzed. Results: The average birth weight of the surveyed population in Tianjin was 3.37 kg, which was higher in males than in females. No matter overweight/obesity, hypertension or diabetes, the prevalence rate of normal birth weight was the lowest in adulthood. After univariate logistic regression analysis and adjusting for age, sex, smoking and drinking status, it was found that compared with normal birth weight, low birth weight had a stronger correlation with diabetes (OR=2.91,95%CI:1.46-5.76) and dyslipidemia (OR=1.79,95%CI:1.01-3.19) in adulthood. Macrosomia was strongly associated with overweight/obesity in adulthood (OR=1.47, 95%CI:1.08-2.01). There was no significant difference in serum uric acid level among the residents with different birth weights. Conclusions: The low birth weight of the surveyed population in Tianjin was closely related to the risk of diabetes and dyslipidemia in adulthood, and the macrosomia was closely related to the risk of overweight/obesity in adulthood.
A Review of Death Investigation and Examination Medicolegal Guidelines and Checklists

The notebook, edited by the Executive Director and the Chairman of the Forensic Sciences Foundation, consists of a ten-part series of guidelines and checklists concerning a variety of medicolegal procedures. The contributors are forensic science experts in their respective fields. These fields include scene investigation, postmortem examination, toxicology, odontology, physical anthropology, and jurisdictional problems. There is also a selected bibliography covering some of the major forensic science areas.
Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers derived from polyacrylonitrile for use as anode material in sodium-ion batteries

Abstract Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (N-CNFs) derived from polyacrylonitrile were successfully synthesized by a combination of electrospinning and thermal treatment processes. The as-prepared N-CNFs were used as anode material for sodium-ion batteries due to their unique fabric and weakly-ordered turbostratic structure as well as large spacing between graphene layers. Results show that N-CNFs carbonized at 800 °C delivered a high reversible capacity of 293 mAh g −1 at a current density of 50 mA g −1 in the first cycle. Even though the first-cycle Coulombic efficiency was 64%, it increased to nearly 100% only after a few initial cycles. Additionally, these N-CNFs showed excellent cycling and high-rate performance, and maintained a capacity of up to 150 mAh g −1 even at an extremely high current density of 1000 mA g −1 for over 200 cycles. It is, therefore, demonstrated that N-CNFs prepared under appropriate conditions are promising anode material candidate for sodium-ion batteries.
Tandem mass spectrometric identification of spinach Photosystem II light-harvesting components.

Light-harvesting proteins harness light energy for photosynthesis. Sequences of the Photosystem II (PS II) light harvesting proteins, Lhcb1–6, have been deduced from many plants. However, limited information is available for spinach Lhcb sequences, although a spinach PS II preparation (BBY) is commonly used as a model for plant photosynthetic oxygen evolution [DA Berthold, GT Babcock and CF Yocum (1981) FEBS Lett 134: 231–234]. In this work, we describe the use of tryptic digestion, liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and database searching to identify light-harvesting proteins in the spinach BBY preparation. Using this approach, partial amino acid sequences were assigned to the PS II-associated light-harvesting proteins, Lhcb1–6. The identified stretches of sequence are predicted to contain intra-membranous chlorophyll ligands, extra-membranous loop regions, and lutein-binding sites. In addition, we find that at least two distinct Lhcb4 (CP29) polypeptides and two distinct Lhcb1 polypeptides are present in the BBY preparation. One of these Lhcb4 polypeptides has a subsequence that has not been reported for Lhcb4 in any other organism. This work demonstrates the utility of tandem mass spectrometry in the characterization of photosynthetic membrane proteins.
Four codons in the cat-86 leader define a chloramphenicol-sensitive ribosome stall sequence

Genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase in gram-positive bacteria are induced by chloramphenicol. Induction reflects an ability of the drug to stall a ribosome at a specific site in cat leader mRNA. Ribosome stalling at this site alters downstream RNA secondary structure, thereby unmasking the ribosome-binding site for the cat coding sequence. Here, we show that ribosome stalling in the cat-86 leader is a function of leader codons 2 through 5 and that stalling requires these codons to be presented in the correct reading frame. Codons 2 through 5 specify Val-Lys-Thr-Asp. Insertion of a second copy of the stall sequence 5' to the authentic stall sequence diminished cat-86 induction fivefold. Thus, the stall sequence can function in ribosome stalling when the stall sequence is displaced from the downstream RNA secondary structure. We suggest that the stall sequence may function in cat induction at two levels. First, the tetrapeptide specified by the stall sequence likely plays an active role in the induction strategy, on the basis of previously reported genetic suppression studies (W. W. Mulbry, N. P. Ambulos, Jr., and P.S. Lovett, J. Bacteriol. 171:5322-5324, 1989). Second, we show that embedded within the stall sequence of cat leaders is a region which is complementary to a sequence internal in 16S rRNA of Bacillus subtilis. This complementarity may guide a ribosome to the proper position on leader mRNA or potentiate the stalling event, or both. The region of complementarity is absent from Escherichia coli 16S rRNA, and cat genes induce poorly, or not at all, in E. coli.
Modeling and simulation of GaAs MESFETs

A two-dimensional numerical simulator is introduced to study the performance of GaAs MESFETs. The system of equations to be solved includes Poisson's and the continuity equations. The incomplete Choleski decomposition conjugate gradient method and the incomplete LU decomposition biconjugate gradient square method are selected to solve the linear systems resulting from the discretization of the equations. The two-dimensional distribution of the electrical potential and the electron concentration inside the device are presented. A new mobility model that accounts for surface effects is presented. The model alleviates a problem encountered in some existing simulators, namely the overestimation of the drain current at low drain source voltages. The Gummel method is selected for use in the numerical simulation. The predictions of the simulator are compared to experimental data. >
Effects of Elevated Temperature on the Viscoplastic Modeling of Graphite/Polymeric Composites

To support the development of new materials for the design of next generation supersonic transports, a research program is underway at NASA to assess the long term durability of advanced polymer matrix composites (PMC's). One of main objectives of the program was to explore the effects of elevated temperature (23 to 200 C) on the constitutive model's material parameters. To achieve this goal, test data on the observed nonlinear, stress-strain behavior of IM7/5260 and IM7/8320 composites under tension and compression loading were collected and correlated against temperature. These tests, conducted under isothermal conditions using variable strain rates, included such phenomena as stress relaxation and short term creep. The second major goal was the verification of the model by comparison of analytical predictions and test results for off axis and angle ply laminates. Correlation between test and predicted behavior was performed for specimens of both material systems over a range of temperatures. Results indicated that the model provided reasonable predictions of material behavior in load or strain controlled tests. Periods of loading, unloading, stress relaxation, and creep were accounted for.
The interaction of enzymes and hormones.

The majority of living forms depend for their functioning upon two classes of biocatalysts, the enzymes and the hormones. These biocatalysts permit the diverse chemical reactions of the organism to proceed at 38°C with a specificity and at rates frequently unattainable in vitro at elevated temperatures with similar reactants. The physiologic importance of enzymes and hormones is evident not only under normal circumstances, but is reflected clinically in the diverse descriptions of errors of metabolism, due to lack or deficiency of one or more enzymes, and the numerous hypo- and hyperfunctioning states resulting from imbalance of hormonal supply. Inasmuch as both enzymes and hormones function, with rare exception, to accelerate the rates of processes in cells, investigators have sought possible interrelationships and interactions of enzymes and hormones, particularly as a basis for the mechanism of hormonal action. It has seemed logical to hypothesize that hormones, while not essential for reactions to proceed but nevertheless affecting the rates of reactions, may function by altering either the concentration or activity of the prime cellular catalysts, the enzymes. This proposed influence of hormones on enzymic activity might be a primary, direct effect achieved by the hormone participating as an integral part of an enzyme system, or an indirect influence based upon the hormone altering the concentration of available enzyme and/or substrate utilized by a particular enzyme. It is the purpose of this presentation to describe a relatively few, but better defined, examples of the more direct relationships of enzymes and hormones. Five examples of enzyme-hormone interaction will be presented, based on the criterion that an effect of the hormone has been demonstrated on addition of the hormone in vitro to a purifled, or partially purified, enzyme system.
N-Trifluoromethanesulfonyl-N′-phenacylhydrazine

(R = Ph) [41804-90-4] C8H7F3N2O3S (MW 268.24) InChI = 1S/C8H7F3N2O3S/c9-8(10,11)17(15,16)13-12-7(14)6-4-2-1-3-5-6/h1-5,13H,(H,12,14) InChIKey = UVVZSNRFIRXEDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R = t-BuO) [56572-25-9] C6H11F3N2O4S (MW 264.26) InChI = 1S/C6H11F3N2O4S/c1-5(2,3)15-4(12)10-11-16(13,14)6(7,8)9/h11H,1-3H3,(H,10,12) InChIKey = MPQHFBCCPHDSBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (conversion of alkyl halides to hydrazones of aldehydes and ketones)1 Alternate Name: N-triflyl-N′-phenacylhydrazine. Physical Data: R = Ph, mp 156–158 °C. R = t-BuO, mp 92–94 °C. Solubility: insol H2O; sol common organic solvents. Preparative Methods: triflation of the commercial acylhydrazines with Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride and Triethylamine in CH2Cl2. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: both are stable solids with no known toxicity, but the t-butyl derivative may decompose on long standing at rt and decomposes on mild heating.
RECTANGULAR PRESTRESSED BEAMS IN TORSION AND BENDING

An interaction criterion for prestressed concrete beams under torsion and bending is presented. Test results for 42 rectangular specimens include properties of beams, their ultimate strength, crack patterns, and torque-twist and bending-deflection curves. Substantial reduction in torsional stiffness due to torsional cracks was observed; however, the effect on bending stiffness is relatively small. Beams with stirrups and longitudinal steel have ample rotation capacity at failure. Having established three modes of failure by experimental observations for varying bending to torque ratios, a generalized skew bending theory is developed to evaluate cracking and ultimate torques. Although 150 tests by various investigators including the writers have been evaluated to check the validity of the theory, only 90 tests are given in this paper. A comparison of these values with the test results is found to be satisfactory. For prestressed beams supplemented with longitudinal steel of a minimum amount of about 1%, the nondimensional interaction curve can be conservatively taken as a square.
A cluster-based backbone infrastructure for broadcasting in MANETs

Broadcasting is a fundamental service in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Two categories of algorithms, based on source-independent and source-dependent connected dominating sets (CDSs), are proposed in literature to reduce the broadcast redundancy. In this paper, a cluster-based backbone infrastructure is proposed for broadcasting in MANETs. The backbone of the network takes advantage of the cluster structure and only requires clusterheads and some selected gateways to forward the broadcast packet. The static backbone (cluster-based source-independent CDS) consists of fixed clusterheads and selected source-independent gateways. Each clusterhead individually selects its gateways to connect all the clusterheads in its coverage set. The dynamic backbone (clusterbased source-dependent CDS) consists of fixed clusterheads and dynamically selected gateways. It is constructed step by step as the broadcast packet traverses the network. Each clusterhead selects some gateways to forward the packet when it sends the packet to all the clusterheads in its coverage set. Both the static and dynamic backbone structures have a constant approximation ratio to the minimum CDS. Simulations are conducted to compare both the static and dynamic backbones with another cluster-based source-independent CDS algorithm proposed recently.
Leveraging Intellect in a Small Business: Designing an Infrastructure to Support Today's Knowledge Worker

The intensity of competition and pace with which knowledge becomes obsolete are heralding an era where leadership, structure and control systems must increasingly focus on management of knowledge and skills. Such an environment requires management to systematically design an infrastructure that is tailored to the needs of an increasingly mobile knowledge worker and supports organizational learning in areas of strategic concern. Small businesses face a unique challenge in this environment as they often do not have the time or a sufficient ''mass " of employees to sustain sophisticated recruiting, development or performance management programs. In the following article, the authors argue the real world imperative of crafting an infrastructure that supports organizational learning from the very inception of a business, and provide some manageable approaches to this task for any small business.
Giant calcite‐cemented concretions, Dakota Formation, central Kansas, USA

Giant spheroidal concretions (cannonball concretions; some nearly 6 m in diameter) in fluvial channel-fill sandstones at two localities of the Dakota Sandstone formed by import of cement constituents at a burial depth of <1 km. During cannonball concretion growth a self-organizational process restricted concretions to a relatively few but widely spaced, and locally, evenly spaced, sites. Other forms of calcite cements at these localities are cement patches in the form of intergrown grape-size concretions (grapestone), and, locally, pervasive cement. An early episode of invasion by thermogenically generated H2S, which reacted with iron oxides on detrital grains, generated scattered pyrite crystals and decimetre-scale spheroidal pyrite concretions. Intergranular volumes (IGV) in the concretions range from 36% to 27%. The absence of a trend in IGV and of carbon and oxygen-isotope ratios from cannonball centres to margins indicates that these concretions did not cement progressively outwards from the centre. Rather, the modern spheres represent the spatial extent of nucleation sites that were not otherwise organized within that volume. Carbon and oxygen-isotope values for concretion calcites plot along a swath between depleted values of δ18C of −36‰ and δ18O of −13‰ and enriched values of −4‰ and −6‰, respectively. Four groups of calcites are evident on the basis of trace-element content and suggest that the calcite precipitated across a range of oxidation conditions that do not correlate strongly with the isotopic compositions. Although fluvial overbank sandstones have some pedogenic calcite, the channel sandstones have at most a trace of pedogenic calcite and carbonate rock fragments, so that the bulk of cement components were imported to the sandstones. Carbon and calcium sources for calcite cement include marine limestone, carbonate shells, and anhydrite in addition to HCO derived from oxidized methane, most likely derived from beds underlying or laterally in communication with Dakota sandstones. HCO in ascending formation waters, released during compaction, mixed with meteoric water whose temperature and composition varied with time, to generate the 7‰ range in δ18Ocalcite values measured.
Neurotoxins of and bay of fundy scallops

Abstract Neurotoxins isolated and characterized from cultured G. excavata cells and from scallops are described and their relative abundance in both sources is compared.
Combining Data from Polymerase Chain Reaction DNA Typing Experiments: Applications to Sperm Typing Data

Abstract The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a procedure by which the DNA in a single cell can be made to replicate many times in a test tube. By amplifying the DNA from individual sperm cells and typing the results, estimates of male recombination fractions can be made, which are valuable for creating genetic maps and locating regions of unusually intense crossover activity on the human genome. Because PCR typing results are subject to random error, stochastic models must be constructed to obtain accurate results. In practice, to obtain enough information to accurately estimate small recombination fractions, it is necessary to combine data from several PCR experiments. Stochastic models in common use assume that PCR error rates are constant across experiments. We show by analysis of a dataset that PCR error rates can vary considerably from experiment to experiment, and that models that fail to take this heterogeneity into account can produce biased estimators. We present two new estimators and show wi...
Delayed stoma failure in adult communicating hydrocephalus after initial successful treatment by endoscopic third ventriculostomy: case report.

Objective To describe 2 cases of delayed endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) failure in 2 adult patients initially successfully treated for normal pressure hydrocephalus by ETV. The cause of ETV failure was stoma closure, and this was documented in both instances by direct endoscopic inspection. Clinical presentation In the first case, a 67-year-old woman presented with progressive gait disturbance, incontinence, and memory problems. Brain magnetic resonance imaging exhibited ventricular dilation, including the fourth ventricle, disproportionate to cortical atrophy. In the second case, a 55-year-old man presented with progressive gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, memory problems, and headaches. Brain magnetic resonance imaging exhibited communicating hydrocephalus. Intervention The first patient underwent an ETV with subsequent improvement in all symptom areas. Three years and 2 months later, she experienced a return of original symptoms and ventricular dilation on brain computed tomography, compared with previous postoperative scans. Direct endoscopic inspection of the third ventricular floor revealed stoma closure secondary to fibrotic scar. The patient subsequently underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement that resulted in symptom improvement. The patient in the second case underwent an ETV that resulted in marked symptom improvement in all areas. Four years and 3 months later, he experienced a return of gait difficulties and headaches. Direct endoscopic inspection showed a lack of cerebrospinal fluid pulsations through the third ventricular stoma and dense arachnoid adhesions around the basilar artery. A repeat ETV was unsuccessful. Subsequent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement resulted in symptom improvement. Conclusion ETV may provide an effective treatment for patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus, a form of communicating hydrocephalus. Stoma closure can be a mechanism of delayed ETV failure in normal pressure hydrocephalus, consistent with reports of ETV failure in pediatric obstructive hydrocephalus.
Efficient Implementation and Performance Enhancement of the Time-Varying Phase Trellis in CPM

A CPM modulator can be decomposed into a recursive encoder followed by a memoryless mapper. For modulation indices of the form h = K/P with an odd K, the encoder generates a time-varying phase trellis with 2PML?1 states. For symmetric and analytically tractable premodulation filters, like GMSK, this time-varying trellis can be implemented efficiently in VLSI, allowing for very low storage requirements and high data rates at the output of the digital circuit. This paper demonstrates the modification of the transfer function matrix of such a time-varying trellis in order to precode the data bits, eliminate double errors and/or allow for an encoder state-independent trellis termination. In addition, a PML?1 state MAP decoder is proven to be optimum for this time-varying trellis. Employing a time-varying CPM trellis at the transmitter thus allows for simplified modulator structures with no increase in the receiver complexity.
A multigenic program mediating breast cancer metastasis to bone.

Summary We investigated the molecular basis for osteolytic bone metastasis by selecting human breast cancer cell line subpopula- tions with elevated metastatic activity and functionally validating genes that are overexpressed in these cells. These genes act cooperatively to cause osteolytic metastasis, and most of them encode secreted and cell surface proteins. Two of these genes, interleukin-11 and CTGF, encode osteolytic and angiogenic factors whose expression is further increased by the prometastatic cytokine TGF. Overexpression of this bone metastasis gene set is superimposed on a poor-prognosis gene expression signature already present in the parental breast cancer population, suggesting that metastasis requires a set of functions beyond those underlying the emergence of the primary tumor.
Modeling of Elastic Waves in Dynamically Loaded NiAl Bicrystals

Two methods have been used to simulate 2D elastic wave scattering in nickel aluminide (NiAl) bicrystals to study effects of grain boundaries and material anisotropy on elastic wave propagation. Scattering angles and amplitude ratios of the reflected and refracted waves produced at the grain boundary were calculated via slowness curves for both grains, which were plotted in the plane of incidence containing the grain boundary normal. From these curves, scattering angles were measured graphically and amplitude ratios were calculated based on the continuity of tractions and displacements at the boundary. To support these calculations, finite element simulations were performed with ABAQUS/EXPLICIT to obtain time- and space-dependent stresses. The results of each method correlated well with each other for four bicrystals. It was found that for bicrystals where the transmitted quasi-longitudinal (TQL) wave amplitude decreased across the boundary, diminished stresses were found in the finite element models for the same bicrystal. Conversely, where an increase in amplitude of the TQL wave was found, the finite element simulations showed that stress under the boundary increased. In general, the amplitude of the TQL wave was found to have a strong connection to the ratio of incident and TQL sound speeds. However, other directions in each grain are believed to contribute strongly to the overall scattering process since the pairs of bicrystals in this investigation had somewhat similar sound speeds. These findings correlated well with free surface cracking observed in a previous paper (Loomis, E., Peralta, P., Swift, D., and McClellan, K., 2005, Mater. Sci. Eng., Ser A., 404(1-2), pp. 291-300), where cracks nucleated and propagated due to the focusing of scattered waves at the boundary. Specifically, in bicrystals oriented for shielding, the grain boundary was protected forcing cracks to grow outside of the shielded region.
A fourth type of neuroglial cell in the adult central nervous system.

Labeling central nervous tissue from mature animals with antibodies to NG2 chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan reveals the existence of large numbers of NG2 positive cells, at least some of which are oligodendroglial progenitors. It is generally agreed that these cells differ from the classically defined neuroglia, since they are antigenetically different from astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, or microglial cells. Although the NG2 positive cells have been well characterized in light microscopic preparations, examination of the labeled cells by electron microscopy have not led to general agreement about their morphological features. The basic reason for this is that it is difficult to obtain good preservation of the fine structure of NG2 labeled neurons. Since these NG2 positive cells are abundant in the central nervous system, it was decided to examine routinely prepared tissue from the brains of mature monkeys and rats by electron microscopy to determine if there is a neuroglial cell type whose presence has been overlooked. It soon became evident that there is a fourth type of neuroglial cell. These cells have pale, irregular shaped nuclei with a thin rim of heterochromatin beneath the nuclear envelope, and they have pale cytoplasm. Superficially they resemble astrocytes, which is the probable reason why the presence of this fourth type of neuroglial cell has been largely overlooked. However, the fourth type of neuroglial cell, here referred to as a s neuroglial cell, has no intermediate filaments in its cytoplasm, the mitochondria are thinner than those of astrocytes, centrioles are frequently encountered in their cytoplasm, and when they are adjacent to capillaries they are always separated from the basal membrane by an astrocytic processes.
Hart's Rule of Recognition and the United States

. This essay explores the implications of H.L.A. Hart's rule of recognition for identifying ultimate standards of law in the United States. The effort reveals that these standards are much more complex than is commonly supposed. Not all of the federal constitution is part of the “ultimate” rule of recognition, and much else must be included in that rule. The analysis uncovers many possibilities for how ultimate standards relate to derivative standards that are omitted or barely hinted at in Hart's account. Some of these possibilities pose genuine difficulty for Hart's basic theory and help illuminate the relation of conventional and normative elements in an adequate account of law, a subject addressed in the final section of the essay.