cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Libertad de expresión y el mito de Internet como una experiencia no intermediada

Normal 0 21 false false false ES-CL X-NONE X-NONE En los ultimos anos, un creciente numero de academicos han manifestado su preocupacion sobre decisiones tomadas por los intermediarios en Internet -incluyendo a los proveedores de acceso a Internet, motores de busqueda, sitios de redes sociales y telefonos inteligentes- que estan inhibiendo la libertad de expresion y han solicitado restricciones a su capacidad de priorizar o excluir contenidos. Estas alertas hacen caso omiso del hecho de que cuando se trata de comunicacion de masas, la intermediacion ayuda a los usuarios finales a protegerse de contenidos no deseados y les permite discernir entre una avalancha de contenido si deseado que se hace cada dia mas grande. La intermediacion tambien ayuda a resolver una serie de problemas economicos clasicos asociados a Internet. En resumen, la intermediacion de contenido de medios de masas es inevitable y a menudo beneficiosa. Estas solicitudes de restringir la intermediacion tambien han pasado por alto la larga tradicion reflejada en jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema de Estados Unidos sobre la Primera Enmienda respecto a otras formas de comunicacion electronica, que reconoce el ejercicio de la discrecion editorial del intermediario como promocion de los valores de la libertad de expresion. El debate tambien hace caso omiso de la historia desfavorable/dudosa de los esfuerzos del pasado para regular el alcance de la discrecion editorial de los intermediarios electronicos, que se caracterizaron por su incapacidad de desarrollar estandares coherentes, provocando un efecto paralizante en el discurso polemico y la manipulacion de las normas con fines politicos. /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabla normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
The impact of changing conditions on international resort returns: a case study in a developing country.

Abstract The economic and internal rates of return are frequently used to assess the acceptability of investments in tourist resorts for developing countries. If the cost of debt, the debt-equity mix or the number of tourists change, then the projected rates of return will change. Here, projected cash flows from a typical case study are presented and the rates of return are calculated under several different assumptions. Given the uncertainty attached to cash flow forecasts, the sensitivity of the anticipated rates of return to changes in the underlying assumptions is as important as the projected rates themselves in making investment decisions.
Optimization of a Dihydropyrrolopyrazole Series of Transforming Growth Factor-β Type I Receptor Kinase Domain Inhibitors: Discovery of an Orally Bioavailable Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Type I Inhibitor as Antitumor Agent

In our continuing effort to expand the SAR of the quinoline domain of dihydropyrrolopyrazole series, we have discovered compound 15d, which demonstrated the antitumor efficacy with oral bioavailability. This effort also demonstrated that the PK/PD in vivo target inhibition paradigm is an effective approach to assess potential for antitumor efficacy. The dihydropyrrolopyrazole inhibitor 15d (LY2109761) is representative of a novel series of antitumor agents.
Research and political realities: What the next twenty years hold for behaviorists in the alcohol field

Abstract Contemporary political realities are addressed in terms of implications for future research in behavioral approaches to alcohol problems. Increased funding trends for addiction research and recommendations for establishing a National Institute on Addiction are reviewed. Evaluation of treatment effectiveness will become the criterion for future program funding rather than treatment philosophy or traditional beliefs about alcoholism. Cost-effective considerations will promote the need for early intervention and minimal intervention programs. Turning to the topic of controlled drinking, controversy over the use of this term (or related terms such as “responsible drinking”) is discussed. It is recommended that we replace these terms with the more acceptable label of moderation training . Use of moderation training as a secondary prevention approach with high-risk drinkers is outlined, along with criteria for selecting treatment goals of moderation or abstinence.
An Improvised Eye-Pointing Communication System for Temporary Use.

The construction and use of an improvised eye-pointing communication device is described. It is suggested for temporary, ad hoc use to establish and enhance initial communication with an appropriat...
Evaluation of recurrent gastric malignancy with [F-18]-FDG positron emission tomography.

Abstract AIM: We retrospectively assessed the use of [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) in the evaluation of recurrent disease in patients with history of gastric malignancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients were referred for FDG PET for evaluation of recurrent gastric cancer. Prior treatments included total (n=4) or partial gastrectomy (n=14) followed by chemotherapy alone (n=7) or combined chemoradiation therapy (n=2). The interval between the most recent treatment and PET ranged from 3 months to 2 years. Correlative diagnostic data were available in 16 patients and were all obtained within 3 months of the PET study. Validation was by clinical or imaging follow-up (2–45 months) in 16 patients and histology in two patients. RESULTS: PET was concordant with computed tomography (CT) in 12 patients (5 TP, 6 TN, 1 FN). In one patient with negative imaging studies, an incidental finding of left obstructive uropathy was determined to be due to metastatic ureteral stricture. Discordant imaging findings were present in four patients (22% of total). PET-detected diffuse metastatic lesions in three of these patients with rising serum tumour markers while other imaging studies were negative. Additional chemotherapy was initiated in these three patients (17% of total) based on PET localization of disease. PET and a gastric anastomosis biopsy were negative in another patient with positive CT. The remaining two patients without correlative imaging studies died shortly after positive PET studies with presumed recurrent cancer. CONCLUSION: FDG PET may be useful in the evaluation of recurrent gastric cancer, and can localize the disease when CT is non-diagnostic. Imaging evaluation with PET may also impact on the clinical management of patients with recurrent gastric cancer.
Ceramic Waveguide Microwave Integrated Circuits

The transmission line to be described uses a plated ceramic as the waveguide or coaxial medium and represents a practical circuit integration technique for frequenciess from C-band through at least K/sub A/-band. Preliminary investigations indicate that fabrication techniques are commensurate with high level integration and low cost.
Why use screen captures?: an experience report

Why do users want or need screen captures in documents? Is there a different need for screen captures if the document is accessed by the user as an online pdf or as online help? Are there ways to improve the user experience with high quality screen captures? Is there a benefit to using screen captures? Are there things to avoid when using screen captures? This paper addresses these questions and provides some examples of the use of screen captures.
A complex adaptive system using statistical learning theory as an inline preprocess for clinical survival analysis

Abstract New advances in medicine have led to a disparity between the existing information about patients and the ability of clinicians to utilize it. Lack of training and incompatibility with clinical techniques has made the use of the complex adaptive systems approach difficult. To avoid this, we used statistical learning theory as an inline preprocess between existing data collection methods and clinical analysis of data. Clinicians would be able to use this system without any changes to their techniques, while improving accuracy. We used data from CT scans of patients with metastatic carcinoma to predict prognosis. Specifically, we used the standard for evaluating response to treatment, RECIST, and new qualitative and quantitative features. An Evolutionary Programming trained Support Vector Machine (EP-SVM), was used to preprocess the data for two traditional survival analysis techniques: Cox Proportional Hazard Models and Kaplan Meier curves. This was compared to Logistic Regression (LR) and using cutoff points. Analyses were also done to compare different inputs and different radiologists. The EP-SVM outperformed both LR and the cutoff method significantly and allowed us to both intelligently combine data from multiple sources and identify the most predictive features without necessitating changes in clinical methods.
Two combinatorial identities derived from the recurrence relation

Standard techniques for proving and generally invoke either the binomial theorem or a combinatorial argument that counts subsets of an n‐element set. The above identities can, however, be proved using induction and the recurrence relation on which Pascal's triangle is based. This method is both interesting and useful for discrete mathematics students.
Implementing residue chippers on harvesting operations in the southeastern US for biomass recovery

Implementing small residue chippers on conventional feller-buncher, skidder, and knuckleboom loader logging operations was studied in 2006 and 2007. A thinning operation fed the chipper using the same loader that handled roundwood sorting and loading, while a clearcut operation used a separate loader with the chipper. Both operations used set-out trailers to improve transportation efficiency. Production was evaluated for 65 weeks on the thinning operation and 42 weeks on the clearcut operation. Costs for producing and delivering the biomass material were estimated using an after-tax cash-flow method. The thinning operation produced an average of 32 metric tonnes (35 American tons) of biomass per day (SD: 20 tonnes and 22 tons, respectively), at an estimated cost of $18.38 per tonne delivered ($16.71/ton). The clearcut operation averaged 50 tonnes (55 tons) of biomass per day (SD: 19 tonnes and 21 tons), at a cost of $17.81/tonne ($16.19/ton). The biomass produced contained about 75% wood, with the remaini...
Extraction of salient features for mobile robot navigation via teleoperation

This paper presents a method to extract salient features from sensory-motor sequences for mobile robot navigation via teleoperation. Salient feature extraction consists of three steps: teleoperation, offline association, and evaluation. First, the mobile robot is teleoperated in an environment along a path several times. All sensory data and motor drive commands are recorded. During an offline association step, these sensory-motor sequences are partitioned into episodes according to changes in motor commands. Salient features are then extracted by using two statistical criteria: consistency and correlation with the motor commands within the episode boundaries. Finally, these features are used to drive the robot in the learned environment. Some experiment results are also presented.
The Political Economy of American Populism from Jackson to the New Deal

Over the past few decades, historians engaged in the study of American Populism have advanced a number of conflicting interpretations of the last great protest movement of the nineteenth century. Among the most influential representations of Populism have been the following: Populists as reactionary and vaguely anti-Semitic predecessors of American fascism, as agrarian romantics nostalgically clinging to the Jeffersonian ideal of the independent yeoman, as modern reformers embracing an American version of social democracy, as agrarian republicans aiming to build a cooperative commonwealth on the basis of mutuality, and as true radicals offering the final challenge to the rise of corporate capitalism in America. Although no final agreement on the true nature of Populism has been achieved, despite the impressive scholarly output that has made the study of Populism into a minor cottage industry among historians, there has been a powerful trend toward a renewed appreciation of the radical character of Populist protest. In challenging the dominance of the two major parties and in advocating a comprehensive program of economic and social reform, American Populists are widely regarded as reflecting a ground swell of opposition to corporate America. With the demise of Populism after the disastrous election of 1896, the hopes for building a radically different America faded.
What Are the Different Types of Principals across the United States? A Latent Class Analysis of Principal Perception of Leadership.

Purpose: Effective styles of principal leadership can help address multiple issues in struggling schools, such as low student achievement and high rates of teacher attrition. Although the literature has nominated certain “idealized” leadership styles as being more or less effective, such as transformational, instructional, and shared instructional leadership, we have little evidence about how principals may or may not choose to practice these styles across U.S. schools. Research Design: Latent class analysis was used to identify different types of principals across the United States. We analyzed the 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey as it presents a unique opportunity to study the different types of U.S. principals since it contains leadership measures not found in other national surveys. A final sample of 7,650 public schools and principals was included in the analysis. Findings: Instead of idealized leadership styles signifying variations in practice, the differences between types of principals were defined by the degree of principal and teacher leadership. Further, the school and principal
Neural network classifier to threshold images from 3D microcomputed tomography

Summary form only given. The authors discuss the use of a neural network to perform context-dependent thresholding of gray-scale three-dimensional images of trabecular and cortical bone as measured in vitro by high-resolution X-ray computed tomography. A classifier is constructed on the basis of a simple model of the blurring necessarily associated with the tomographic measurement. >
Designing Interactive Sonification for Live Aquarium Exhibits

In response to the need for more accessible and engaging informal learning environments (ILEs), researchers have studied sonification for use in interpretation of live aquarium exhibits. The present work attempts to introduce more interactivity to the project’s existing sonification work, which is expected to lead to more accessible and interactive learning opportunities for visitors, including children and people with vision impairment. In this interactive sonification environment, visitors can actively experience an exhibit by using tangible objects to mimic the movement of animals. Sonifications corresponding to their movement can be paired with real-time animal-based sonifications produced by the existing system to generate a musical fugue. In the current paper, we describe the system configurations, experiment results for optimal sonification parameters and interaction levels, and implications in terms of embodied interaction and interactive learning.
Food for Thought An Investigation of Food and Drug Administration Reporting Practices, 1995-1999

Criminologists and criminal justice researchers have neglected the behavior of regulatory agencies. Furthering the goal of focusing on the behavior of regulatory agencies, this article analyzes the reporting practices of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on its activities as found in two publications produced by that agency: FDA Enforcement Report, its official data report, and FDA Consumer, a public information magazine. Results suggest that the FDA uses these mediums to construct different images of its activities. The authors examine reasons why the FDA engages in image management and the differences across different FDA publications. The authors also introduce the idea of public health justice to identify the social control concerns of agencies ostensibly charged with protecting the public‟s health.
A Systematic Investigation of the Structure and Superconducting Properties of Nb3Ge Prepared in a UHV System

Nb3Ge films were prepared by coevaporation of Nb and Ge from two sources under well defined and controlled conditions. We have studied the formation of the A15 phase by varying the processing parameters-composition, deposition temperature and impurity background- systematically. Samples with Tc onsets of 21.5 K and a clean A15 x-ray spectrum could be obtained in a clean environment at a composition of 23.8 at % Ge. Oxygen as impurity gas enhances Tc slightly in samples off composition. Hydrogen as impurity gas does not affect the formation of the A15 phase and Tc at all. We present data on the structure (lattice parameters, phases present, mean grain size) and the superconducting properties. The main features of our experimental results are explained qualitatively by a model which is based on the significance of antisite defects in A15 superconductors.
Hemodynamic studies in early ischemic stroke: serial transcranial Doppler and magnetic resonance angiography evaluation.

Background and Purpose— After acute stroke, it is often standard practice to obtain magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to seek evidence of a plausible stroke mechanism. However, hemodynamic patterns after acute ischemic stroke are variable and dynamic. We evaluated information obtained by serial transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) examinations within the first week after acute ischemic stroke and compared it with that obtained from a single MRA study. Methods— Forty-seven patients (aged 61±7 years) with acute ischemic hemispheric stroke were examined. TCD was performed within 24 hours, from 24 to 48 hours, and 4 to 8 days after ictus. Norms for TCD examination were determined in an age-matched control group that included 41 subjects without cerebrovascular disease (aged 57±10 years). Results— In 17 stroke patients, the results of initial TCD examination were normal, although TCD follow-up showed gradual deterioration of middle cerebral artery (MCA) for 1 patient with normal MRA. In 12 patients, i...
Use of Length Heterogeneity PCR and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Profiles To Characterize Microbial Communities in Soil

In length heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR) a fluorescently labeled primer is used to determine the relative amounts of amplified sequences originating from different microorganisms. Labeled fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and detected by laser-induced fluorescence with an automated gene sequencer. We used LH-PCR to evaluate the composition of the soil microbial community. Four soils, which differed in terms of soil type and/or crop management practice, were studied. Previous data for microbial biomass, nitrogen and carbon contents, and nitrogen mineralization rates suggested that the microbial characteristics of these soils were different. One site received two different treatments: no-till and conventional till perennial ryegrass. The other sites were no-till continuous grass plots at separate locations with different soil types. Community composition was characterized by assessing the natural length heterogeneity in eubacterial sequences amplified from the 5′ domain of the 16S rRNA gene and by determining fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. We found that LH-PCR results were reproducible. Both methods distinguished the three sites. The most abundant bacterial community members, based on cloned LH-PCR products, were members of the β subclass of the class Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteriodes group, and the high-G+C-content gram-positive bacterial group. Strong correlations were found between LH-PCR results and FAME results. We found that the LH-PCR method is an efficient, reliable, and highly reproducible method that should be a useful tool in future assessments of microbial community composition.
Organizing UNIX directories as lattices

UNIX supports tree-structured directories. However, an alternative lattice-structure can be built within the UNIX conventions, using symbolic-links, shell functionality, and the semantics of the ls command. An extension of the ".." convention distinguishes between parent-directories.
The Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis: Molecular Weight Distribution of Primary Products and Reaction Mechanism

An evaluation of literature data concerning the production of hydrocarbons and alcohols by the Fischer-Tropsch procedure indicates that the molecular weight distribution of the primary products can be described by the Schulz-Flory equation (“normal” or “most probable” distribution). It follows that the highest attainable selectivity for a given molecular weight range can be calculated. A reaction mechanism is suggested.
Regulation of the p53 transcriptional response by structurally diverse core promoters

p53 target promoters are structurally diverse and display pronounced differences in RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) occupancy even in unstressed cells, with higher levels observed on cell cycle arrest genes (p21) compared with apoptotic genes (Fas/APO1). This occupancy correlates well with their ability to undergo rapid or delayed stress induction. To understand the basis for such distinct temporal assembly of transcription complexes, we examined the role of core promoter structures in this process. We find that the p21 core promoter directs rapid, TATA box-dependent assembly of RNAP II preinitiation complexes (PICs), but permits few rounds of RNAP II reinitiation. In contrast, PIC formation at the Fas/APO1 core promoter is very inefficient but supports multiple rounds of transcription. We define a downstream element within the Fas/APO1 core promoter that is essential for its activation, and identify nuclear transcription factor Y (NF-Y) as its binding partner. NF-Y acts as a bifunctional transcription factor that regulates basal expression of Fas/APO1 in vivo. Thus, two critical parameters of the stress-induced p53 transcriptional response are the kinetics of gene induction and duration of expression through frequent reinitiation. These features are intrinsic, DNA-encoded properties of diverse core promoters that may be fundamental to anticipatory programming of p53 response genes upon stress.
A New Multiple Proof Loads Approach For Estimating Correlations

By employing reliability based design to structures, engineers can make efficient use of building materials. One important input to the design is the correlation between two or more strength properties such as bending and tensile strength. However, with wood products, there is the added complication that it is difficult to create good pairs of specimens. When specimens are tested to failure in one strength mode the specimen is destroyed. Somehow, information on both strength properties must be obtained from a single specimen. Our approach is to load each specimen to a specified load in strength mode one and then load survivors to failure in strength mode 2.
THE EFFECT OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE-NITROUS OXIDE ANAESTHESIA ON ACID-BASE BALANCE IN MAN

SUMMARY Thirty-five patients undergoing major operations under trichloroethylene and nitrous oxide anaesthesia with muscle relaxants and with augumented respiration in a Magill System (Mapleson A) or non-rebreathing system were monitored with regard to acid-base balance and ventilation. A trend to acidosis occurred with the Mapleson A system, particularly in those in the prone position. A mild respiratory alkalosis occurred when the non-rebreathing system was used. Acid-base balance reverted to the pre-operative state early in the recovery period and blood pressure, pulse and cardiac rhythm remained relatively stable throughout. This study indicates that trichloroethylene can be a suitable anaesthetic for major surgery provided that the criteria enumerated in this report are fulfilled.
The Benefits of Dollarization When Stabilization Policy Lacks Credibility and Financial Markets Are Imperfect

Dollarization entails two potentially large benefits for emerging economies. First, it may eliminate price and wealth distortions induced by the lack of credibility of stabilization policies. Second, it may improve the efficiency of financial markets by weakening informational or institutional frictions driving credit constraints. Quantitative analysis of a dynamic, stochastic equilibrium model calibrated to Mexican data shows that the mean welfare gains of eliminating policy uncertainty are staggering, ranging between 6.4 and 9 percent of trend consumption. The mean welfare gain of weakening credit constraints is 4.6 percent. Liability dollarization and sharp fluctuations in relative prices play a key role in these results.
How can we identify vulnerable mothers who do not reach the cut off 12 points in EPDS

The aim was to investigate the correspondence between 352 mother's self-reports about postpartum distress in a questionnaire including an item about distress 18 months after birth and their earlier scores within, on average, 2.5 months of childbirth from a screening with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Mothers who did not reach the EPDS score of 12 points, but reported that they had been sad/depressed after childbirth, were similar in socio-demographic variables to mothers with no outcomes in sadness/depression issues. In items related to negative parenting and perceptions of the child, they presented the same picture as those with high EPDS scores who also reported having been depressed. These results suggest that EPDS does not identify all vulnerable mothers. Complementary methods for detecting mothers at risk of stress and depression need to be developed.
Analysis of dual-microring-resonator cross-connect switches and modulators

Modeling and simulation results on new, resonant, waveguided 2 x 2 switches and 1 x 1 modulators are presented here. The devices employ two coupled microrings: one fixed and one floating. The fixed ring is coupled to bus waveguides that are crossed or are locally parallel. Electrooptic and thermooptic switching at lambda = 1.55 mum are investigated. A novel peaks-and-valley spectral response allows low-power switching with low crosstalk and low insertion loss. Complete switching is attained when the complex index of both rings is perturbed by Deltan ~ 4 x 10-4. The modulator's optical output power is a linear function of Deltan over three to five decades of Deltan.
Are RAN- and phonological awareness-deficits additive in children with reading disabilities?

The double-deficit hypothesis (Wolf, M. and Bowers, P.G. (1999) The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 415-438) proposes that deficits in phonological processing and rapid automatized naming (RAN) are separable sources of reading dysfunction. Further, the double-deficit hypothesis predicts that the presence of deficits in both phonological processing and RAN have an additive negative influence on reading performance above and beyond that of a single deficit. The purpose of this study was to examine the additive nature of phonological awareness (PA)- and RAN-deficits on written language skill in children with reading disabilities (RD). Concurrent relationships between PA, RAN, and written language skills were examined in 476 children with RD, ranging in age from 8 to 18 years of age. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that PA and RAN skill have an additive effect on a majority of the reading and spelling measures. When participants were classified into three deficit subtypes based on the double-deficit model (i.e. phonological-, rate-, and double-deficit), comparisons across the subtypes confirmed that individuals with double-deficits performed below the single-deficit groups on both subtyping variables (RAN and PA) and all measures of written language. When the double- and single-deficit groups were matched on the subtyping variable (i.e. double- and rate-deficit groups matched on RAN and double- and phonological-deficit groups matched on PA) differences between the double- and rate-deficit groups remained in non-word reading, whereas differences between the double- and phonological-deficit groups remained in timed word recognition and reading comprehension. These results support an additive model in which RAN-deficits primarily affect tasks that require speeded/fluent response, and PA-deficits primarily affect tasks that emphasize phonological processing skill. Results are also presented that illustrate several statistical problems associated with the formation of deficit groups by dichotomizing the RAN and PA variables.
Gnathostoma procyonis From South Georgia and North Florida Raccoons

From 2004 to 2006, 511 raccoons collected by the United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services as part of a study to evaluate the effects of mesomammalian predator removal on bobwhite-quail reproduction, were examined for the presence of Gnathostoma procyonis, a nematode that parasitizes the stomach of its definitive host, the raccoon. One hundred forty-one raccoons (27.6%) contained G. procyonis, with males being equally infected (27.5%) as females (27.8%). Mean intensity did not differ significantly between sexes (males—mean = 2.88, range 1–17; females—mean = 2.78, range 1–10) or between collection sites. A significant seasonal prevalence of G. procyonis was noted with a peak in March (43.3%, n = 120) and a minimum in September (5.4%, n = 37). Both collection sites exhibited significant seasonal decreases in G. procyonis, but were not significantly different from each other. There was no cumulative seasonal pattern in mean intensity of G. procyonis, and no seasonal pattern at either collecti...
Raxibacumab augments hemodynamic support and improves outcomes during shock with B. anthracis edema toxin alone or together with lethal toxin in canines

Lethal and edema toxin contribute to shock and lethality with Bacillus anthracis. We showed previously in a 96-h sedated canine model that raxibacumab, a monoclonal antibody against protective antigen, augmented hemodynamic support (HS) and improved survival with lethal toxin challenge. Here we study raxibacumab further. Using this model, we have now studied raxibacumab with 24 h edema toxin challenges (Study 1), and lethal and edema toxin challenges together (Study 2). Using our canine model, we have now studied raxibacumab with 24h edema toxin challenges (Study-1), and lethal and edema toxin challenges together (Study-2). In Study 1, compared to no treatment, HS (titrated fluid and norepinephrine) increased mean arterial blood pressure (MAP, p ≤ 0.05) but not survival [0 of 10 (0/10) animals survived in each group] or median survival time [43.8 h (range 16.8 to 80.3) vs. 45.2 h (21.0 to 57.1)]. Compared to HS, HS with raxibacumab treatment at or 6 h after the beginning of edema toxin increased MAP and survival rate (6/7 and 7/8, respectively) and time [96.0 h (39.5 to 96.0) and 96.0 h (89.5 to 96.0), respectively]; (p ≤ 0.05). HS with raxibacumab at 12 h increased MAP (p ≤ 0.05) but not survival [1/5; 55.3 h (12.6 to 96.0)]. In Study-2, survival rate and time increased with HS and raxibacumab at 0 h (4/4) or 6 h after (3/3) beginning lethal and edema toxin compared to HS [0/5; 71.5 h (65 to 93)] (p = 0.01 averaged over raxibacumab groups). Raxibacumab augments HS and improves survival during shock with lethal and edema toxin.
Engendering communication policy: key issues in the international women-and-media arena and obstacles to forging and enforcing policy

The first part of this article draws on empirical material from a recent series of global gender and communication policy reports which highlight the dearth of gender-equal media policy, and the sluggishness with which any existing policy is forged and/or enforced in most of the world. Consultations held by the London-based World Association for Christian Communication provided a significant volume of feedback during 1997-9, allowing for a comparison of regional material. This material emphasizes the particular difficulty of transposing western feminist agendas into other global contexts, as this article illustrates. The second part proposes that regional and national agenda differences between media activists and practitioners have complicated policy-making processes and, in some cases, stalled them entirely. In the rare events where policy of some sort is existent, factors such as media profitability have acted as obstacles to the enforcement of existing guidelines or codes of practice. The final sectio...
Alterations in extracellular GABA in the ventral hypothalamus of rats in response to acute glucoprivation

gamma-Aminobutyric acidergic (GABA) mechanisms in the ventral hypothalamus may be involved in counterregulatory responses to glucoprivic episodes. Microdialysis probes (1 mm) were placed into the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) or lateral hypothalamus (LHA) of male Sprague-Dawley rats 3.5 h before 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) administration (200 mg/kg i.v.). Probes were perfused (2 ml/min) with Ringer solution, and samples were collected every 10 min from 30 min before to 60 min after 2-DG. By 30 min after 2-DG, GABA concentration in VMH dialysate increased in a bimodal fashion to 204 +/- 36% (P < 0.01) of baseline, and GABA concentration in LHA dialysate decreased to 77 +/- 4% (P < 0.01) of baseline. The changes in dialysate GABA concentrations occurred concurrently with the animals eating and returned to baseline by 60 min. When animals were denied access to food after 2-DG, the decrease in LHA GABA was not apparent and VMH GABA remained approximately 15% above baseline at the end of the sample period. The results of the present study provide evidence that GABAergic systems in the ventral hypothalamus are responsive to alterations in glucose status.
Fine Particles: Science and Technology

Some readers may wonder about the reasons for having two issues focus on fine particles. Hopefully, this introduction and the articles to follow will offer the necessary justification.It is fully expected by everybody, professional or laie, that the properties of matter will change if its chemical composition is altered. It is less frequently recognized that many characteristics of materials can be dramatically affected by varying dimensions, yet countless examples in everyday life clearly demonstrate such phenomena. Consider water in droplet form. Driving in rain creates little problem, providing the car has working windshield wipers. In contrast fog, which consists of droplets of much smaller size, represents one of the major hazards in transportation. Obviously, the optical properties of the same matter have greatly altered with diminution. In another example, it is well known that finely dispersed carbon is an excellent adsorbent, a property used in gas masks and in many industries as a purifying agent. Large-sized lumps of such carbon would be useless in these applications.The effect of particle size on properties of materials can be readily understood from a simple consideration. The total energy of any System, (Etot), consists of two contributions, the internai energy, Ei, and the surface energy, Ei.
FLORIDA COASTAL DATA NETWORK

The application of wave and tide data to coastal engineering problems has been demonstrated frequently by university and government research organizations. However, problems faced by practicing coastal engineers are often solved without recourse to such data, since it is frequently not available for the required location. The high cost and low reliability of long term wave measurement is the primary factor limiting the wider application of analysis techniques requiring wave energy and wave direction parameters. In order to improve this situation several organizations, notably the Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), Peacock (1974), and the California Department of Navigation and Ocean Development, Seymour (1976), have employed advanced electronics and computer techniques to reduce the cost of wave measurement. The Florida Coastal Data Network (CDN) is a similar effort which due to the special problems of Florida wave climate has employed advanced instrumentation not only to reduce cost, but to provide additional capability. Like other tropical and sub-tropical regions, Florida's coastal environment is characterized by relatively infrequent but severe tropical storms. In many coastal engineering applications, the specification of the hurricane-associated storm surge and storm waves will be the major design criteria. The Florida CDN was created in order to provide field measurements of waves and tides year-around as well as during hurricanes. A measurement program of this nature must respond to both the immediate needs of practicing engineers as well as to research needs. Since it is unrealistic to hope for measurements of hurricane conditions at every location, the long term goal of research is to produce better models of storm waves and surge. Field measurements are required to assist in the formulation and validation of models. In the near term, actual measurements of both normal and severe waves and tides are the most reliable design input for the shallow and intermediate water depths.
Use of a multi-compartment dynamic single enzyme phantom for studies of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance agents

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due to fundamental constraints imposed by the hyperpolarized state, exotic imaging and reconstruction techniques are commonly used. A practical system for characterization of dynamic, multi-spectral imaging methods is critically needed. Such a system must reproducibly recapitulate the relevant chemical dynamics of normal and pathological tissues. The most widely utilized substrate to date is hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate for assessment of cancer metabolism. We describe an enzyme-based phantom system that mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The reaction is initiated by injection of the hyperpolarized agent into multiple chambers within the phantom, each of which contains varying concentrations of reagents that control the reaction rate. Multiple compartments are necessary to ensure that imaging sequences faithfully capture the spatial and metabolic heterogeneity of tissue. This system will aid the development and validation of advanced imaging strategies by providing chemical dynamics that are not available from conventional phantoms, as well as control and reproducibility that is not possible in vivo.
Coupled CFD-DEM simulation of hydrodynamic bridging at constrictions

This paper presents a coupled CFD-DEM approach to simulate the flow of particulate suspensions in the intermediate concentration regime where solid volume concentration is 1% < ϕ < 50%. In particular, hydrodynamic multi-particle bridging during flow through a single constriction in a rectangular channel is studied. It is shown that for neutrally buoyant, monodispersed particulate suspensions, the probability of jamming increases with the particle concentration. There also exists a critical particle concentration (ϕ*) for spontaneous bridging, which depends on the ratio of pore size to particle size, the flow velocity, the particle-fluid density contrast, and the flow geometry leading to the constriction. The ϕ* has a strong dependence on the outlet-to-particle relative size (Ro). For 1.5 ≤ Ro ≤ 2.5, a direct transition from a flowing state to a jammed state was observed. For Ro ≥ 3, the flowing state typically transitioned to a dense state characterized by the accumulation of particles near the constriction before jamming. Increasing the inlet-to-particle relative size (Rip) lowers ϕ* by increasing the number of particles arriving at the constriction simultaneously. The effect of changing Rip is more pronounced at high Ro when the probability of bridging is lower. A high fluid velocity increases particle interactions near the constriction and accelerates the onset of bridging. However, no distinct effect of velocity on ϕ* was observed in this study. A higher particle-to-fluid density ratio (ρp/ρf) increases the probability of bridging and leads to a lower ϕ* in a given constriction geometry. The effect saturates at higher ρp/ρfwhen gravitational forces completely dominate over viscous drag forces. ϕ* is also found to decrease with increasing angle of constriction convergence (θ) for θ < 30°, but increases beyond that at θ=60∘θ=60∘.
Benazepril was effective and safe for advanced chronic kidney disease without diabetes.

Source Citation Hou FF, Zhang X, Zhang GH, et al. Efficacy and safety of benazepril for advanced chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:131-40. 16407508
Measuring the temperature of high-luminous exitance surfaces with infrared thermography in LED applications

Recently, light-emitting diode (LED) lighting systems have become popular due to their increased system performance. LED lighting system performance is affected by heat; therefore, it is important to know the temperature of a target surface or bulk medium in the LED system. In-situ temperature measurements of a surface or bulk medium using intrusive methods cause measurement errors. Typically, thermocouples are used in these applications to measure the temperatures of the various components in an LED system. This practice leads to significant errors, specifically when measuring surfaces with high-luminous exitance. In the experimental study presented in this paper, an infrared camera was used as an alternative to temperature probes in measuring LED surfaces with high-luminous exitance. Infrared thermography is a promising method because it does not respond to the visible radiation spectrum in the range of 0.38 to 0.78 micrometers. Usually, infrared thermography equipment is designed to operate either in the 3 to 5 micrometer or the 7 to 14 micrometer wavelength bands. To characterize the LED primary lens, the surface emissivity of the LED phosphor surface, the temperature dependence of the surface emissivity, the temperature of the target surface compared to the surrounding temperature, the field of view of the target, and the aim angle to the target surface need to be investigated, because these factors could contribute towards experimental errors. In this study, the effects of the above-stated parameters on the accuracy of the measured surface temperature were analyzed and reported.
Point defects in Cd1-xZnxTe1-ySey crystals grown by using Bridgman growth and traveling heater method(Conference Presentation)

Point defects and their concentrations play an important role in limiting the electrical and spectral properties of crystals. It is observed that the crystal-growth process causes the generation of different types of point defects, and these defects create non-uniformities that can be detrimental to device performance. In this research Cd1-xZnxTe1-ySey (CZTS) crystals grown by Bridgman and Travelling heater methods are studied for their point defects. The focus is on the types of defects, their concentrations and the variations with the selected growth method. In addition the effects of growth-related medium and deep energy traps and their corresponding densities are related to the resistivity, life-time of charge carriers and -product for electrons.
Cell Cycle Remodeling and Zygotic Gene Activation at the Midblastula Transition.

Following fertilization, vertebrate embryos delay large-scale activation of the zygotic genome from several hours in fish and amphibians to several days in mammals. Externally developing embryos also undergo synchronous and extraordinarily rapid cell divisions that are accelerated by promiscuous licensing of DNA replication origins, absence of gap phases and cell cycle checkpoints, and preloading of the egg with maternal RNAs and proteins needed to drive early development. After a species-specific number of cell divisions, the cell cycle slows and becomes asynchronous, gap phases appear, checkpoint functions are acquired, and large-scale zygotic gene activation begins. These events, along with clearance of maternal RNAs and proteins, define the maternal to zygotic transition and are coordinated at a developmental milestone termed the midblastula transition (MBT). Despite the relative quiescence of the zygotic genome in vertebrate embryos, genes required for clearance of maternal RNAs and for the initial steps in mesoderm induction are robustly transcribed before MBT. The coordination and timing of the MBT depends on a mechanism that senses the ratio of nuclear to cytoplasmic content as well as mechanisms that are independent of the nuclear–cytoplasm ratio. Changes in chromatin architecture anticipate zygotic gene activation, and maternal transcription factors identified as regulators of pluripotency play critical roles in kick-starting the transition from the proliferative, pluripotent state of the early embryo to the more lineage-committed phase of development after the MBT. This chapter describes the regulation of the cell cycle and the activation of zygotic gene expression before and after the MBT in vertebrate embryos.
Viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) models for cracking problems in asphalt mixtures

AbstractThe viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD) theory has been gaining wide acceptance throughout the world as a promising method for characterisation of fatigue cracking susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. This method is also being explored by different countries (e.g. Brazil) to be a part of pavement design and to be used as a component of performance-related specifications. While the VECD is a novel methodology, over the past 20 years, different versions of the formulations have been developed by various researchers. This paper includes history and the basic principles the most common VECD methodologies used today. A thorough review of the formulations as well as the main assumptions of different VECD models is given. In addition, a step-by-step guidance on calibration of VECD model and potential problems related to VECD modelling are presented. Finally, uniaxial tension-compression fatigue test results of six different mixtures (with varying binder PGs, recycled asphalt pavement contents and aggrega...
Carbon-bearing silicate melt at deep mantle conditions

Knowledge about the incorporation and role of carbon in silicate magmas is crucial for our understanding of the deep mantle processes. CO2 bearing silicate melting and its relevance in the upper mantle regime have been extensively explored. Here we report first-principles molecular dynamics simulations of MgSiO3 melt containing carbon in three distinct oxidation states - CO2, CO, and C at conditions relevant for the whole mantle. Our results show that at low pressures up to 15 GPa, the carbon dioxide speciation is dominated by molecular form and carbonate ions. At higher pressures, the dominant species are silicon-polyhedral bound carbonates, tetrahedral coordination, and polymerized di-carbonates. Our results also indicate that CO2 component remains soluble in the melt at high pressures and the solution is nearly ideal. However, the elemental carbon and CO components show clustering of carbon atoms in the melt at high pressures, hinting towards possible exsolution of carbon from silicate melt at reduced oxygen contents. Although carbon lowers the melt density, the effect is modest at high pressures. Hence, it is likely that silicate melt above and below the mantle transition zone, and atop the core-mantle boundary could efficiently sequester significant amounts of carbon without being gravitationally unstable.