cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement Error in the Schaefer Production Model

This paper contributes to the existing literature on the Schaefer Production Model by applying a relatively new method for reducing the bias induced by measurement error, known as Simulation Extrapolation (SIMEX). We test this new method on logbook data from the Mid-Atlantic surfclam fishery from 2001-2009. We show that the SIMEX estimator reduces bias in the parameter estimates for the biological parameters and biomass estimates. This contribution is important because fishery managers may only have logbook catch and effort data on a few time periods, which could lead to poor biomass estimates, and potentially leading to a state of overfishing.
Improving the School Context of Early Adolescence through Teacher Attunement to Victimization: Effects on School Belonging.

The present study examined the effects of teacher attunement to victimization on student perceptions of the bullying culture of their schools as a means of fostering a sense of belonging among earl...
Regression of grafted bone marrow in homologous irradiated mouse chimeras.

Lethally irradiated mice receiving injections of bone marrow exhibited only a transitory production of graftderived erythrocytes, the tendency for regression of the grafted marrow apparently varying with the x-ray dose and number of marrow cells infused. Judged on the basis of circulating erythrocytes, the grafted marrow persisted longer and regressions occurred later and less frequently in lethally than in midlethally irradiated recipients of 75 x 10/sup 6/ cells. Regression of grafted 101 marrow was not observed in lethally irradiated mice, though such marrow did regress in midlethally irradiated hybrid recipients. The delayed montality of the irradiated recipients was not consistently correlated with persistence or regression of the grafted marrow. The regression of grafted parental marrow noted under these conditions cannot as yet be conclusively explained, but might have resulted from an immunological rejection of the grafted cells. Genetic mechanisms for such a phenomenon are discussed, along with other mechanisms that might favor the selective growth of autologous hematopoietic cells. (auth)
Zero-Water-Peak Pure-Silica-Core Fiber Compatible with ITU-T G.652 Single-Mode Fiber and its Applicability to Access Networks

In access networks, the passive optical network (PON), a point-to-multipoint TDMA technology, is one of the cost effective solution to support broadband services. Especially, major attention is directed to broadband PON (B-PON) or Gigabit Ethernet PON (GE-PON) which provides the upstream (1310nm) and downstream (1490nm) bidirectional voice/data traffic, simultaneously carrying video broadcast at 1550nm. The integrated service of voice, data and video is also known as “triple play”. Although ITU-T G.652 single-mode fiber (SMF) has been widely employed in these systems so far, the bend insensitive fiber is essential for access networks because of the demands for tight routing and congested installation of the fiber in central office, subscriber equipment and optical cable closure. The low attenuation is also required in order to maintain high carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) throughout the transmission distance.
A CMOS ripple detector for integrated voltage regulator testing

This paper will present an RMS based ripple sensor for testing of fully integrated voltage regulators. A DC signal which is proportional to the input ripple amplitude is generated. Final digital pass/fail signal is obtained with a clocked comparator. The sensor can detect a peak-to-peak ripple voltage of up to 50 millivolts on the 1.2 volts supply rail and has 220 MHz bandwidth. The sensor is designed using IBM 90 nm CMOS technology and its functionality is verified in Cadence Virtuoso simulation environment.
Synthesis of oxetane-3-carboxaldehyde and methyl oxetane-3-carboxylate via homologation of oxetane-3-one

Abstract A 4-pot telescoped procedure to prepare oxetane-3-carboxaldehyde and methyl oxetane-3-carboxylate was developed using readily available starting materials. Classical homologation methods applied to oxetane-3-one proved challenging due to the sensitivity of the oxetane ring toward strongly oxidative, basic and acidic conditions. Subsequently, a mild homologation sequence was developed. The key steps involve a Tsuji hydrogenolysis of an allylic acetate, osmium-free dihydroxylation and oxidative cleavage. Although methyl oxetane-3-carboxylate is marketed by a small number of specialty chemical companies, this work represents the first published preparation of this vital building block.
Catalytic and enantioselective allylic C–H activation with donor–acceptor-substituted carbenoids

In this perspective we give an overview of enantioselective C–H activation at allylic sites by means of rhodium(II)-stabilized donor–acceptor-substituted carbenoids. This methodology has been proven to be both an equivalent to established asymmetric reaction sequences and a new synthetic approach with no established counterpart in organic synthesis.
Mechanical Degradation of High Polymers

A theory for the shear degradation of high polymers is presented. It assumes the molecules to exist in the rubbery or liquid state and does not include the effects of chemical reactions which might occur subsequent to chain rupture. The computation shows that the entanglements along the chains play a major part in the rupture process. Expressions for the rate of chain rupture are obtained in terms of the melt viscosity, shear rate, and molecular weight. Other factors enter also, but the sensitive variables are those listed. The variation of molecular weight distribution with shear degradation is considered. It is pointed out why oxidative scission during shear is not a random process. In general, the theoretical result agrees with the limited experimental data available.
Ultimate Tensile Properties of Elastomers. IV. Dependence of the Failure Envelope, Maximum Extensibility, and Equilibrium Stress Strain Curve on Network Characteristics

Uniaxial tensile data from tests at different rates of extension over a wide temperature range are considered for butyl, silicone, Viton B, SBR, and natural rubber vulcanizates (series A) and for six Viton A‐HV vulcanizates (series B) of differing crosslink densities. For series A and for A‐6 in series B, equilibrium stress‐strain data were obtained at large deformations by an indirect method. The ultimate tensile properties of all vulcanizates were previously characterized by a time‐ and temperature‐independent failure envelope. The failure envelope's maximum extension ratio, (λb)max, is shown to be equal to or less than (λ∞)max, the maximum extension ratio (hypothetical) in the absence of rupture and also the maximum extension ratio of network models. Failure and equilibrium data for series A vulcanizates are represented by a specific function of the equilibrium modulus and the maximum extensibility; except for SBR and possibly Viton B, equilibrium and failure data are sensibly identical; thus, (λb)max≅...
Propofol-Based Procedural Sedation with or without Low-Dose Ketamine in Children

Objective Examine comparative dosing, efficacy, and safety of propofol alone or with an initial, subdissociative dose of ketamine approach for deep sedation. Background Propofol is a sedative-hypnotic agent used increasingly in children for deep sedation. As a nonanalgesic agent, use in procedures (e.g., bone marrow biopsies/aspirations, renal biopsies) is debated. Our intensivist procedural sedation team sedates using one of two protocols: propofol-only (P-O) approach or age-adjusted dose of 0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg intravenous ketamine (K + P) prior to propofol. With either approach, an initial induction dose of 1 mg/kg propofol is recommended and then intermittent dosing throughout the procedure to achieve adequate sedation to safely and effectively perform the procedure. Approach: Retrospective evaluation of 754 patients receiving either the P-O or K + P approach to sedation. Results A total of 372 P-O group patients and 382 K + P group. Mean age (7.3 ± 5.5 years for P-O; 7.3 ± 5.4 years for K + P) and weight (30.09 ± 23.18 kg for P-O; 30.14 ± 24.45 kg for K + P) were similar in both groups (p = NS). All patients successfully completed procedures with a 16% combined incidence of hypoxia (SPO2 Conclusion Both sedation approaches proved to be well tolerated and equally effective. Addition of ketamine was associated with reduction in the recovery time, probably explained by the statistically significant decrease in the propofol dose.
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Allylic Fluorides

The enantioselective fluorination of readily available cyclic allylic chlorides with AgF has been accomplished using a Pd(0) catalyst and Trost bisphosphine ligand. The reactions proceed with unprecedented ease of operation for Pd-mediated nucleophilic fluorination, allowing access to highly enantioenriched cyclic allylic fluorides that bear diverse functional groups. Evidence that supports a mechanism in which C−F bond formation occurs by an SN2-type attack of fluoride on a Pd(II)-allyl intermediate is presented.
Enzyme-catalyzed macrocyclization of long unprotected peptides.

A glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalyzed macrocyclization reaction for peptides up to 40 amino acids in length is reported. GST catalyzes the selective SNAr reaction between an N-terminal glutathione (GSH, γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) tag and a C-terminal perfluoroaryl-modified cysteine on the same polypeptide chain. Cyclic peptides ranging from 9 to 24 residues were quantitatively produced within 2 h in aqueous pH = 8 buffer at room temperature. The reaction was highly selective for cyclization at the GSH tag, enabling the combination of GST-catalyzed ligation with native chemical ligation to generate a large 40-residue peptide macrocycle.
Soft propargylic deprotonation: Designed ligand enables au-catalyzed isomerization of alkynes to 1,3-Dienes

By functionalizing the privileged biphenyl-2-ylphosphine with a basic amino group at the rarely explored 3′ position, the derived gold(I) complex possesses orthogonally positioned “push” and “pull” forces, which enable for the first time soft propargylic deprotonation and permit the bridging of a difference of >26 pKa units (in DMSO) between a propargylic hydrogen and a protonated tertiary aniline. The application of this design led to efficient isomerization of alkynes into versatile 1,3-dienes with synthetically useful scope under mild reaction conditions.
Conditions of melt generation beneath the Taupo Volcanic Zone: The influence of heterogeneous mantle inputs on large-volume silicic systems

Many arc silicic igneous provinces exhibit compositional variability defined by oscillation between dry and wet rhyolites. The origins of this variability are often uncertain due to the poor constraints on the compositions of the mantle-derived inputs to the lower crustal hybridization zones. The Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ) in New Zealand, the most productive of modern silicic igneous provinces, exhibits variability of rhyolite compositions, but small-volume coeval basaltic eruptions also occur, making it an ideal location to study the mantle contributions to these distinctive types of rhyolite. Here we present major and trace element data from 12 magmatic centers that reveal that mafic units from the northern portion of the central TVZ are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) in comparison to the southern TVZ. The results of models quantifying slab-derived contributions to the mantle suggest that the observed heterogeneity in LILE concentrations, and volatile fugacities, can be explained by variable amounts of subduction-derived fluid within the melting region of the basalts. These new data and modeling results provide the first direct evidence that the spatial diversity in the flux of mantle-derived basalts and associated volatile elements into the lower crustal differentiation system of the TVZ are coincident with wet to dry rhyolite compositional variability.
Coordination- and Redox-Noninnocent Behavior of Ambiphilic Ligands Containing Antimony

ConspectusStimulated by applications in catalysis, the chemistry of ambiphilic ligands featuring both donor and acceptor functionalities has experienced substantial growth in the past several years. The unique opportunities in catalysis offered by ambiphilic ligands stem from the ability of their acceptor functionalities to play key roles via metal–ligand cooperation or modulation of the reactivity of the metal center. Ligands featuring group 13 centers, most notably boranes, as their acceptor functionalities have undoubtedly spearheaded these developments, with remarkable results having been achieved in catalytic hydrogenation and hydrosilylation. Motivated by these developments as well as by our fundamental interest in the chemistry of heavy group 15 elements, we became fascinated by the possibility of employing antimony centers as Lewis acids within ambiphilic ligands.The chemistry of antimony-based ligands, most often encountered as trivalent stibines, has historically been considered to mirror that o...
Dynamics of Interacting Fermions in Spin-Dependent Potentials

Recent experiments with dilute trapped Fermi gases observed that weak interactions can drastically modify spin transport dynamics and give rise to robust collective effects including global demagnetization, macroscopic spin waves, spin segregation, and spin self-rephasing. In this Letter, we develop a framework for studying the dynamics of weakly interacting fermionic gases following a spin-dependent change of the trapping potential which illuminates the interplay between spin, motion, Fermi statistics, and interactions. The key idea is the projection of the state of the system onto a set of lattice spin models defined on the single-particle mode space. Collective phenomena, including the global spreading of quantum correlations in real space, arise as a consequence of the long-ranged character of the spin model couplings. This approach achieves good agreement with prior measurements and suggests a number of directions for future experiments.
Christianity and Human Rights: Past Contributions and Future Challenges

This article analyzes the historical sources and forms of human rights in Western legal and Christian traditions, and it identifies key questions about the intersections of Christianity and human rights in modern contexts. The authors identify nine distinctions between different conceptions of rights correlating with at least four types of jural relationships, and they argue that leading historical accounts of human rights attribute “subjective” rights too narrowly to Enlightenment and post-Enlightenment legal thought. Earlier forms of classical Roman law and medieval canon law, and legal norms developed by Protestant reformers of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries shaped Western human rights regimes in historically important ways, anticipating most of the rights formulation of modern liberals. In response to contemporary scholars who criticize human rights paradigms as inadequate or incompatible with Christian faith and practice, the authors argue that rights should remain a part of Christian moral, legal, and political discourse, and that Christians should remain a part of pluralistic public debates about the appropriate scope and substance of human rights protections.
Fifty Years of Empirical Studies of Innovative Activity and Performance

This chapter reviews the empirical literature on the determination of firms’ and industries’ innovative activity and performance, highlighting the questions addressed, the approaches adopted, impediments to progress in the field, and research opportunities. We review the “neo-Schumpeterian” empirical literature that examines the effects of firm size and market concentration upon innovation, focusing on robust findings, questions of interpretation, and the identification of major gaps. We also consider the more modest literature that considers the effect on innovation of firm characteristics other than size. Finally, we review the literature that considers three classes of factors that affect interindustry variation in innovative activity and performance: demand, appropriability, and technological opportunity conditions.
FastProject: a tool for low-dimensional analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq data

A key challenge in the emerging field of single-cell RNA-Seq is to characterize phenotypic diversity between cells and visualize this information in an informative manner. A common technique when dealing with high-dimensional data is to project the data to 2 or 3 dimensions for visualization. However, there are a variety of methods to achieve this result and once projected, it can be difficult to ascribe biological significance to the observed features. Additionally, when analyzing single-cell data, the relationship between cells can be obscured by technical confounders such as variable gene capture rates. To aid in the analysis and interpretation of single-cell RNA-Seq data, we have developed FastProject, a software tool which analyzes a gene expression matrix and produces a dynamic output report in which two-dimensional projections of the data can be explored. Annotated gene sets (referred to as gene ‘signatures’) are incorporated so that features in the projections can be understood in relation to the biological processes they might represent. FastProject provides a novel method of scoring each cell against a gene signature so as to minimize the effect of missed transcripts as well as a method to rank signature-projection pairings so that meaningful associations can be quickly identified. Additionally, FastProject is written with a modular architecture and designed to serve as a platform for incorporating and comparing new projection methods and gene selection algorithms. Here we present FastProject, a software package for two-dimensional visualization of single cell data, which utilizes a plethora of projection methods and provides a way to systematically investigate the biological relevance of these low dimensional representations by incorporating domain knowledge.
How Much Should You Pay for That Box

Some claimed cost, safety, efficiency, and effectiveness advantages of aircraft simulators for training are equivocal. Effectiveness of simulator training depends mostly upon the training procedure...
A novel enantioselective cyclization of a chiral epoxide to a benzofuran system

Abstract A convenient method has been established for the stereoselective construction of a dihydrobenzofuran ring system found in several bioactive natural products. The final step of the synthesis involves the concerted and efficient intramolecular displacement of mesylate 12 to give 2′R,3′R-dihydrobenzofuran a bicyclic analog of 1 . This route was based on a proposed biosynthetic pathway patterned on related rotenoids.
COMPARING MODES OF SOFT-TISSUE RELEASE: IS A MULTIPLE NEEDLE PUNCTURING TECHNIQUE AS SAFE AND EFFECTIVE AS TRANSECTION?

Introduction Instability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) represents, in excess of, 7% of reasons for implant failure. This mode of failure is correlated with soft-tissue imbalance, and has continued to be problematic despite advances in implant technology. Thus, understanding the options available to execute safe and effective soft-tissue release is critical to mitigating future complications due to instability. This study aimed to use intraoperative sensors to evaluate a multiple needle puncturing technique (MNPT), in comparison with traditional transection-based release, to determine its biomechanical and clinical efficacy. Methods Seventy-five consecutive, cruciate-retaining TKAs were performed, as part of an 8-site multicenter study. All procedures were performed with the use of an intraoperative sensor to ensure quantitative balance, as per previously reported literature. Of the 75-patient cohort, 50 patients were balanced with the MNPT; 20 patients were balanced with traditional transection. All patients were followed out to 1-year, and administered KSS, WOMAC, and satisfaction. Alignment and ROM was captured for all patients, pre-operatively and at the 1-year follow-up interval. Results All patient joints could be released to a balanced joint state, regardless of technique used. There was no significant difference between the two groups (MNPT vs. transection), pre-operatively, with respect to range of motion or alignment (114° MNPT; 114° transection). At 1-year, post-operatively, there was no significant difference in WOMAC score, KSS scores, satisfaction, or ROM (Respectively: 13.1 MNPT vs. 14.6 transection; 174.9 MNPT vs.176.5 transection; 31.7 “Very Satisfied” MNPT vs. 32.2 “Very Satisfied” transection; 124° MNPT vs. 125° transection). No adverse outcomes related to balancing technique have been reported. Discussion Instability contributes to the current 2.7 billion dollar TKA revision burden in the United States. Understanding the efficacy of different techniques in soft-tissue balancing may help to mitigate unfavorable complications. In this study, it was found that the MNPT is just as safe and effective at achieving soft-tissue balance as transectional release techniques, and showed no deviation from the achievement of optimal post-operative outcomes at 1-year. This technique, when used with intraoperative sensors to quantify joint balance, may thereby offer a more controlled way to release soft-tissue, incrementally, to achieve precise balance.
Ultra-low NO2 detection by gamma WO3 synthesized by Reactive Spray Deposition Technology

Abstract A porous tungsten oxide (WO3) NO2 sensor was developed by a one-step flame based process called Reactive Spray Deposition Technology (RSDT). This nano-crystalline WO3 film was deposited directly on gold interdigitated electrodes. The sensing characteristics of this NO2 sensor was measured at the parts per million (ppm) level, (0.17–5 ppm in air) at 300 °C. The sensors showed a relatively fast response time (∼7s) and recovery time (∼5 min), respectively. The stability of the sensor was evaluated for 300 h in 0.5 ppm NO2 at 300 °C in (2000 response-recovery cycles). The sensor was stable up to 6 days (∼150 h) of continuous operation and degraded between 150–300 h. The morphology and surface properties of the WO3 film were investigated with XRD, Raman spectroscopy, BET, SEM, TEM, and HRTEM.
The EARP Complex and Its Interactor EIPR-1 Are Required for Cargo Sorting to Dense-Core Vesicles

The dense-core vesicle is a secretory organelle that mediates the regulated release of peptide hormones, growth factors, and biogenic amines. Dense-core vesicles originate from the trans-Golgi of neurons and neuroendocrine cells, but it is unclear how this specialized organelle is formed and acquires its specific cargos. To identify proteins that act in dense-core vesicle biogenesis, we performed a forward genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans for mutants defective in dense-core vesicle function. We previously reported the identification of two conserved proteins that interact with the small GTPase RAB-2 to control normal dense-core vesicle cargo-sorting. Here we identify several additional conserved factors important for dense-core vesicle cargo sorting: the WD40 domain protein EIPR-1 and the endosome-associated recycling protein (EARP) complex. By assaying behavior and the trafficking of dense-core vesicle cargos, we show that mutants that lack EIPR-1 or EARP have defects in dense-core vesicle cargo-sorting similar to those of mutants in the RAB-2 pathway. Genetic epistasis data indicate that RAB-2, EIPR-1 and EARP function in a common pathway. In addition, using a proteomic approach in rat insulinoma cells, we show that EIPR-1 physically interacts with the EARP complex. Our data suggest that EIPR-1 is a new interactor of the EARP complex and that dense-core vesicle cargo sorting depends on the EARP-dependent trafficking of cargo through an endosomal sorting compartment.
A/B Testing of Auctions

A common method in the practice of large scale auction design, e.g., in auctions placing advertisements on online media and Internet search engines, is A/B testing. In A/B testing, the auction house is running an incumbent mechanism A, and would like to determine if a novel mechanism B obtains higher revenue. This is done by splitting the traffic so that most of it goes to A and some of it, e.g., five to ten percent, goes to B. An issue with this approach is that if the bidders are unaware of which mechanism their bid will be considered in, the bid equilibrium is neither for A nor B but for a mechanism C that is a convex combination of A and B. A miscalculation sometimes performed in practice is to consider and compare average revenue from A (resp. B) from the times when A (resp. B) is run. This miscalculation is equivalent to simulating A on the bids in C and can often give the opposite conclusion; e.g., if A and B are one- and two-unit highest-bids-win winner-pays-bid auctions, respectively, then B will always appear in this miscalculation to have higher revenue. For a fixed set of bids, a winner-pays-bid mechanism's revenue is monotone in its allocation probabilities. Of course, in equilibrium, increased allocation probabilities can cause reduced revenue as bidders may lower their bids. We present an A/B testing method that applies generally to the position auction model popularized by the Varian [2007] and Edelman et al. [2007] analyses of auctions for sponsored search and now a fundamental model for the study of auction theory; e.g., see Hartline [2013]. A position auction is defined by a decreasing sequence of weights, bidders are assigned to positions in decreasing order of bids, and payments are charged. Typical payment rules are "generalized first price" and "generalized second price"; the former requires bidders to pay their weighted bid, whereas the latter requires bidders to pay the weighted bid of the next highest bidder.
Management of the low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion Pap smear in a cross-sectional, observational cohort.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the practice of delaying colposcopy until repeat cytology demonstrates persistent low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed on patients diagnosed with LSIL in a high-risk urban population. Primary outcomes were defined as regression, persistence, progression and lost to follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 624 patients received an initial cytologic diagnosis of LSIL. Of these, 260 (42%) were lost to follow-up despite multiple contact attempts. Of the 364 patients available for full analysis, 168 (26%) regressed to negative cytology, 93 (15%) had persistent LSIL/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1, and 103 (17%) progressed to high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (HSIL)/CIN 2/3. Higher rates of LSIL regression were observed in teenagers (≤ 20) compared to women aged 21-30 or > 30 (51 % vs. 43% vs. 45%), although this was not statistically signif icant (p = 0.29). CONCLUSION: Delaying colposcopy to repeat cytology resulted in a significant loss to follow-up in a population at high risk for poor compliance. In women with LSIL over 20 years of age, immediate colposcopy is recommended when optimal patient compliance cannot be ensured. Only 25% of patients avoided eventual colposcopy by regression to normal cytology.
Synaptic Rectification Controls Nonlinear Spatial Integration of Natural Visual Inputs.

A central goal in the study of any sensory system is to predict neural responses to complex inputs, especially those encountered during natural stimulation. Nowhere is the transformation from stimulus to response better understood than the vertebrate retina. Nevertheless, descriptions of retinal computation are largely based on stimulation using artificial visual stimuli, and it is unclear how these descriptions map onto the encoding of natural stimuli. We demonstrate that nonlinear spatial integration, a common feature of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) processing, shapes neural responses to natural visual stimuli in primate Off parasol RGCs, whereas On parasol RGCs exhibit surprisingly linear spatial integration. Despite this asymmetry, both cell types show strong nonlinear integration when presented with artificial stimuli. We show that nonlinear integration of natural stimuli is a consequence of rectified excitatory synaptic input and that accounting for nonlinear spatial integration substantially improves models that predict RGC responses to natural images.
The Neoliberal Turn in Environmental Regulation

Regulation has taken a neoliberal turn, using market-based mechanisms to achieve social benefits, especially in the context of environmental protection, and promoting information dissemination, labeling, and advertising to influence consumer preferences. Although this turn to neoliberal environmental regulation is well under way, there have been few attempts to manage this new reality. Instead, most commentators simply applaud or criticize the turn. If relying on neoliberal environmental reform (i.e., facing this reality regardless of one’s view of this turn), regulation and checks on these reforms are required. This Article argues that in light of the shift from traditional to neoliberal “substantive” environmental regulation, “procedural” checks are required through regulation and legislation to improve the quality of the market-based and informational neoliberal approaches, including oversight via regulation that ensures accuracy in valuation of natural resources, increases and improves the quality of the information provided by consumers, and requires greater accountability and accuracy from institutions making green claims to consumers.
The Effect of Top-management Team Heterogeneity on Performance in Institutions of Higher Education

ABSTRACTEmpirical studies aiming to test theories connecting management to organizational performance in public administration have generally focused on a single executive at the apex of the organization. Yet organizations are increasingly governed by top-management teams (TMTs) composed of two or more individuals. In these team settings, managers have varying levels and types of previous experience, education, and socialization, and these backgrounds and skill sets can lead managers to hold different values that affect decision-making processes and, consequently, organizational performance. Whether higher levels of heterogeneity are linked to variation in outcomes, however, is debated and has rarely been examined in the context of large public bureaucracies. Using data on university presidents and provosts in U.S. higher education, this study finds that heterogeneity in top-management teams does affect performance indicators for some, but not all, goals of access, affordability, and quality.
Derangements in finite classical groups for actions related to extension field and imprimitive subgroups and the solution of the Boston–Shalev conjecture

This is the fourth paper in a series. We prove a conjecture made independently by Boston et al and Shalev. The conjecture asserts that there is an absolute positive constant delta such that if G is a finite simple group acting transitively on a set of size n > 1, then the proportion of derangements in G is greater than delta. We show that with possibly finitely many exceptions, one can take delta = .016. Indeed, we prove much stronger results showing that for many actions, the proportion of derangements goes to 1 as n increases and prove similar results for families of permutation representations.
Formation and properties of astrophysical carbonaceous dust

Abstract The classical theory of grain nucleation suffers from both theoretical and predictive deficiencies. We strive to alleviate these deficiencies in our understanding of dust formation and growth by utilizing an atomistic model of nucleation. Carbon cluster geometries are determined with a set of global minimization algorithms. Using density functional theory, the binding energies of carbon clusters from n=2 to n=99 are then calculated. These energies are used to calculate the critical size and nucleation rate of carbon clusters. We find that the critical cluster size is largely determined by the changes in geometry of the clusters. Clusters with size n=27 and n=8, roughly corresponding to the transition from ring-to-fullerene geometry and chain-to-ring geometry respectively, are the critical sizes across the range of temperature and saturation where nucleation is significant. In contrast to the classical theory, nucleation is enhanced at low-temperatures, and suppressed at high temperatures. These results will be applied to a modified chemical evolution code using results from supernova simulations.
A VP22-Null HSV-1 Is Impaired in Inhibiting CD1d-Mediated Antigen Presentation

Abstract CD1d-restricted T (natural killer T [NKT]) cells are important for controlling a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. One of the mechanisms of immune evasion by HSV is to downregulate CD1d-mediated activation of NKT cells. VP22 is an HSV-1-encoded protein responsible for reorganizing the host cell's cytoskeletal network and viral spreading. We have previously shown that modification of the cytoskeleton can alter CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. In this study, we found that an HSV-1 lacking VP22 (ΔUL49) was impaired in its ability to inhibit CD1d-mediated antigen presentation compared with the wild-type (WT) virus; this was reversed by a repair virus (UL49R) in CD1d-expressing cells. We further demonstrated that CD1d recycling was inhibited by infection with WT and UL49R, but not the ΔUL49 virus. Ectopic expression of VP22 in CD1d-expressing cells complemented the VP22-deficient virus in inhibiting antigen presentation. Moreover, inhibiting viral protein synthesis rescued VP22-dependent inhibi...
Higher education policies and overeducation in Turkey

ABSTRACTIn the past two decades Turkey has experienced a rapid increase in higher education student enrollment. This sharp increase in access to higher education has satisfied a strong social demand for university education but it has led to a growing surplus of university graduates who cannot find adequate jobs. As a result Turkey has entered an overeducation phase with high rates of unemployment and underemployment for university graduates. The higher education policies of the AKP government since 2002 have played an important role in this rapid increase in student enrollment and the resulting overeducation phase.
Adaptivity gaps for stochastic probing: submodular and XOS functions

Suppose we are given a submodular function f over a set of elements, and we want to maximize its value subject to certain constraints. Good approximation algorithms are known for such problems under both monotone and non-monotone submodular functions. We consider these problems in a stochastic setting, where elements are not all active and we only get value from active elements. Each element e is active independently with some known probability pe, but we don't know the element's status a priori: we find it out only when we probe the element e. Moreover, the sequence of elements we probe must satisfy a given prefix-closed constraint, e.g., matroid, orienteering, deadline, precedence, or any downward-closed constraint.In this paper we study the gap between adaptive and non-adaptive strategies for f being a submodular or a fractionally subadditive (XOS) function. If this gap is small, we can focus on finding good non-adaptive strategies instead, which are easier to find as well as to represent. We show that the adaptivity gap is a constant for monotone and non-monotone submodular functions, and logarithmic for XOS functions of small width. These bounds are nearly tight. Our techniques show new ways of arguing about the optimal adaptive decision tree for stochastic optimization problems.
Optimal Storage Capacity Allocation in Grain Merchandizing

Grain storage is an important problem for both farmers and grain merchants; however, it is especially central to the success of the grain merchandizing companies because the time, price, and quantity of both the commodity purchases as well as sales determine the company’s profitability over a specific time. Since commodity storage is a finite resource, merchandizers have to dynamically allocate its capacity among competing commodities in face of uncertainty, considering opportunity cost at all times. Important decision making steps can be described as follows: which grain, how much of it, and at what price one should buy in order to sell it profitably in the future while at the same time lining up the capacity for the next commodity’s quantity with a given price. Studies focus on on-site storage for farmers, and many research and extension programs investigate the optimal timing of sales (Musser, 1996; Lai et al., 2003; Kadjo, 2013). However, no studies analyze the storage allocation problem for a grain merchandizing line of business, with such attributes as handling more than one grain and operating under price volatility, various harvesting cycles, and a limited storage capacity. This study incorporates price distributions based on historical data to solve the optimal grain storage problem for a grain merchandizer. An optimal partial selling rule is derived in the model allowing optimal allocation to spread sales out over the storage period.
“Relational Realism: the Evolution of Ontology to Praxiology in the Philosophy of Nature”

With the advent of quantum theory, the philosophical distinction between “what appears to be” and “what is reasoned to be” has once again, after several centuries of easy dismissal by classical mec...
A 4D Light-Field Dataset and CNN Architectures for Material Recognition

We introduce a new light-field dataset of materials, and take advantage of the recent success of deep learning to perform material recognition on the 4D light-field. Our dataset contains 12 material categories, each with 100 images taken with a Lytro Illum, from which we extract about 30,000 patches in total. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mid-size dataset for light-field images. Our main goal is to investigate whether the additional information in a light-field (such as multiple sub-aperture views and view-dependent reflectance effects) can aid material recognition. Since recognition networks have not been trained on 4D images before, we propose and compare several novel CNN architectures to train on light-field images. In our experiments, the best performing CNN architecture achieves a 7 % boost compared with 2D image classification (\(70\,\%\rightarrow 77\,\%\)). These results constitute important baselines that can spur further research in the use of CNNs for light-field applications. Upon publication, our dataset also enables other novel applications of light-fields, including object detection, image segmentation and view interpolation.
Agency theory: background and epistemology

Purpose By revisiting the agency theory literature, this paper aims to both incrementally advance historical viewpoints and reveal four prominent influences on agency theory: Weber and Simon, The Great Depression, Cooperation and the Chicago School. This is critical given that understanding the history behind the authors’ major theoretical lenses is fundamental to using these theories to explain various phenomena. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a plethora of archival sources and following the influence-mapping approach used by other management history scholars, this manuscript synthesizes historical accounts and archival information to provide a clearer picture of the major historical influences in the formation of agency theory. Findings We shed light on four areas related to management history that helped propel agency theory. Whereas past scholarship has not recognised them as influencers, we find and show how the industrial revolution, unionization, the stock exchange and other management approaches all played a role in the development of agency theory’s core tenants. Originality/value We extend upon the influential people and events that shaped agency theory, thus providing a fuller understanding of the theory’s usefulness. Moreover, we fill in gaps enabling scholars to better understand the context in which the core tenants of agency theory were developed.
Novel Double Clamp Methodology to Reduce Shielded Cable Radiated Emissions Initiated by Electronic Device Switching

A new “double clamp methodology” (DCM) is proposed that can suppress a cable's peak radiated emission in a band centered around noise frequency $(f_{{\rm{noise\,pk}}})$ that is generated by common-mode (CM) electrical noise current flowing in any product containing pulsed switching devices connected to a shielded cable. DCM is a cable grounding technique that clamps or terminates a shielded cable in two places. The first shield clamp at the switching device output uses traditional well-known cable termination techniques, e.g., 360° low inductance shield connection to ground. A second shield clamp can be placed at a predetermined cable length from the first, where the cable resonant frequency is known to have ultralow CM impedance at noise frequency $f_{{\rm{noise\,pk}}}$ . The cable loop between shield clamp terminations sets up a resonant low impedance at $f_{{\rm{noise\,pk}}}$ that diverts CM current to the ground plane inside the product, so CM current entering a shielded cable is reduced as well as radiated electric field emissions. Analytical and measurement techniques are provided to determine the correct cable clamp length. Experimental test results confirm DCM effectively controls CM noise current and resulting peak radiated emissions by 12 dB⋅µV/m (∼4×), without external suppression components added.
Issuer Operating Performance and IPO Price Formation

We study the relation between issuer operating performance and initial public offering (IPO) price formation from the initial price range to the offer price to the closing price on the first trading day. For a post-bubble sample of 2001–2013 IPOs, we find that pre-IPO net income and, in particular, operating cash flow are strongly, positively associated with the revision from the mid-point of the initial price range to the offer price and that the “partial adjustment phenomenon” concentrates among issuers with the strongest operating performance. As for why publicly observable information helps predict changes in valuation from when the initial price range is set to when the offer price is set, our findings suggest that strong-performing issuers, especially those offering small slices of ownership, have lower bargaining incentives and are susceptible to the underwriter(s) low-balling the price range. Overall, our results suggest an important role for accounting information in understanding the pricing of book-built IPOs and are consistent with the presence of agency problems between issuers and underwriters.
PERI-PROSTHETIC FRACTURES: EARLY AND LATE

Periprosthetic fractures present several unique challenges including gaining fixation around implants, poor bone quality and deciding on an appropriate treatment strategy. Early With the popularity of cementless stems in primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) we have seen a concomitant rise in the prevalence of intra-operative and early post-operative fractures of the femur. While initial press-fit fixation is a requirement for osseointegration to occur, there is a fine balance between optimising initial stability and overloading the strength of the proximal femur. Hence, the risk of intra-operative fractures is intimately related to the design of the femoral component utilized (metaphyseal engaging, wedge shaped designs having the highest risk) and the strength of the bone that it is inserted into (elderly females being at highest risk). These fractures typically are associated with a loose femoral component and require revision to a stem that gains primary fixation distally. We have found a high risk of complications and problems when treating these fractures in the early post-operative period with a high risk of infection, heterotopic ossification and the requirement for subsequent surgery. Late The Vancouver Classification is based on the location of the fracture, the fixation of the implant and the quality of the surrounding host bone. The most common pitfall in treatment is mistaking a B2 fracture (stem loose) for a B1 (stem stable); treatment of a loose implant with ORIF alone will necessarily fail.
Isotopic overprinting of nitrification on denitrification as a ubiquitous and unifying feature of environmental nitrogen cycling

Natural abundance nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) provide an important tool for evaluating sources and transformations of natural and contaminant nitrate (NO3-) in the environment. Nevertheless, conventional interpretations of NO3- isotope distributions appear at odds with patterns emerging from studies of nitrifying and denitrifying bacterial cultures. To resolve this conundrum, we present results from a numerical model of NO3- isotope dynamics, demonstrating that deviations in δ18ONO3 vs. δ15NNO3 from a trajectory of 1 expected for denitrification are explained by isotopic over-printing from coincident NO3- production by nitrification and/or anammox. The analysis highlights two driving parameters: (i) the δ18O of ambient water and (ii) the relative flux of NO3- production under net denitrifying conditions, whether catalyzed aerobically or anaerobically. In agreement with existing analyses, dual isotopic trajectories >1, characteristic of marine denitrifying systems, arise predominantly under elevated rates of NO2- reoxidation relative to NO3- reduction (>50%) and in association with the elevated δ18O of seawater. This result specifically implicates aerobic nitrification as the dominant NO3- producing term in marine denitrifying systems, as stoichiometric constraints indicate anammox-based NO3- production cannot account for trajectories >1. In contrast, trajectories <1 comprise the majority of model solutions, with those representative of aquifer conditions requiring lower NO2- reoxidation fluxes (<15%) and the influence of the lower δ18O of freshwater. Accordingly, we suggest that widely observed δ18ONO3 vs. δ15NNO3 trends in freshwater systems (<1) must result from concurrent NO3- production by anammox in anoxic aquifers, a process that has been largely overlooked.
Managing sunset & closure of a semiconductor technology parallel to aggressive new process ramp

In the current dynamic and volatile environment of semiconductor manufacturing, factories are attempting to retool and aggressively ramp-up new technologies while ramping down existing processes. An Intel factory recently transitioned from producing 180 nm logic devices to producing 90 nm flash products. During this transition period the factory gradually discontinued its logic volume while ramping-up flash. In this paper, we will review the overall set of assumptions that were made towards the logic process ramp down and recommendations for future sunset procedures. Since some of the assumptions were materialized and some assumptions did not match reality, an extensive lessons-learned process was conducted for future technology changes.
GREEN-PSO: Conserving Function Evaluations in Particle Swarm Optimization

In the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, the expense of evaluating the objective function can make it difficult, or impossible, to use this approach effectively; reducing the number of necessary function evaluations would make it possible to apply the PSO algorithm more widely. Many function approximation techniques have been developed that address this issue, but an alternative to function approximation is function conservation. We describe GREEN-PSO (GR-PSO), an algorithm that, given a fixed number of function evaluations, conserves those function evaluations by probabilistically choosing a subset of particles smaller than the entire swarm on each iteration and allowing only those particles to perform function evaluations. The “surplus” of function evaluations thus created allows a greater number of particles and/or iterations. In spite of the loss of information resulting from this more parsimonious use of function evaluations, GR-PSO performs as well as, or better than, the standard PSO algorithm on a set of six benchmark functions, both in terms of the rate of error reduction and the quality of the final solution.