cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactive Channels and the Challenge of Content Budgeting

Abstract The standard model of content investment and distribution strategy is extended to include online outlets for content that, in the past, has been distributed through traditional media. The model identifies those conditions that do and do not favor online distribution. It shows that, depending on circumstances, it may be optimal for a media product to be available online as long as it is being distributed through traditional media, to make it available online only part of the time it is in traditional channels, or to never release it online. Online distribution is more likely to increase a media product's earnings the higher online revenue is per audience member compared to per audience-member revenue in traditional channels, the larger the contribution of Internet distribution to a media product's total audience, and the larger the contribution online availability makes at any time to subsequent demand for the product. The interactive capabilities of online channels also may be employed to more fu...
Role of the dopamine transporter and the sodium channel in the cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of local anesthetics in rats.

Rationale: Local anesthetics bind to the dopamine transporter (DAT), inhibit dopamine (DA) uptake and have been reported to have cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects. The hypothesis of the present study was that affinity at the DAT and potency as a DA uptake blocker determines potency as a cocaine-like discriminative stimulus among local anesthetics, and maximum DA uptake inhibition determines maximum cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects. Objectives: Cocaine-like discriminative potency was compared to DAT affinity and DA uptake inhibition potency, and maximum cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects were compared to maximum DA uptake inhibition for procaine, chloroprocaine, dimethocaine, tetracaine and lidocaine. Methods: Discriminative stimulus effects were determined in two groups of rats using 10 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg cocaine training doses. DAT affinity and DA uptake inhibition effects were determined in vitro in rat caudate nucleus tissue. Additionally, sodium channel affinity was determined in rat frontal cortex tissue. Results: In the 10 mg/kg group, none of the local anesthetics fully substituted for cocaine and all decreased response rate. Rate decreasing potencies were positively correlated with sodium channel affinities. In the low training dose group, all the local anesthetics except tetracaine substituted fully for cocaine. Discriminative potencies were positively correlated with sodium channel affinities. Maximum DA uptake inhibition did not adequately predict maximum discriminative stimulus effects. Conclusions: Cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects of local anesthetics were more prominent at a low than at a high training dose of cocaine. Sodium channels seem to have a direct influence on discriminative effects at low cocaine doses, whereas they have an indirect influence on discriminative effects at high cocaine doses by decreasing response rates.
Retaliation, Fear, or Rage An Investigation of African American and White Reactions to Racist Hate Crimes

An experimental study was conducted in an effort to establish whether hate crimes produce greater harm than similarly egregious crimes. Hate crimes are considered to be worse primarily because they are believed to be more likely to provoke retaliatory crimes and inflict distinct emotional distress on victims and members of the victim's social group or category. In this study, analogous samples of African American and White males observed two videotaped assaults motivated by racial bias in one case, and by an ambiguous motive in the other. Reactions were obtained following observation and revealed that emotional responses and expressed desire for retaliation were associated with participants' race but did not differ for the two types of assault. The findings are discussed in terms of the utility of current hate crime legislation as well as the implications of the observed racial differences.
PROSTATE CANCER IN AMERICAN INDIANS, NEW MEXICO, 1969 to 1994

AbstractPurpose: Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer death among American Indian men.Materials and Methods: To describe further the occurrence of prostate cancer among American Indian men, we examined population based incidence, treatment, survival and mortality data for American Indians in New Mexico during the 25-year period 1969 to 1994.Results: Although American Indian men have a lower risk of prostate cancer than non-Hispanic white men, the incidence and mortality rates are rising for American Indians, and mortality rates are now equal to those for nonHispanic white men. During the 25-year period age adjusted incidence rates for American Indians increased from 42.2/100,000 (95% confidence interval 27.1 to 57.3) to 64.6/100,000 (95% confidence interval 46.2 to 83.0). The burden of prostate cancer among American Indian men compared with nonHispanic white men was reflected in disproportionately high mortality rates in relation to incidence rates...
How important is Nramp1 in tuberculosis

The assumption that the antimicrobial resistance gene Nramp1 is a major determinant of resistance of mice to infection with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis can now be challenged on the basis of published evidence to the contrary. It is likely that, with tuberculosis, Nramp1-determined defenses are subordinate to other defenses.
A new structure of sputtered tantalum

Abstract Electron microscopy at 100, 200 and 650 kV and X-ray diffraction analyses have been performed on sputtered tantalum films on thermally oxidized, silicon single-crystal substrates. The structure of both r.f. and d.c. sputtered films with no bias is body-centered cubic (b.c.c.) with a lattice parameter of 3.33 A. However, the structure of the negatively biased d.c. sputtered films has been interpreted as a b.c.c. based superlattice structure with slight tetragonal distortion. The experimental values of the lattice parameters are a = b = 10.29 A and c = 9.2 A , with a c a ratio of 0.894. These results will be interpreted in terms of interstitial ordering and biaxial stresses in b.c.c. thin films. This interpretation of ordering of impurities in a b.c.c. lattice can resolve some of the inconsistencies which exist in the literature regarding the structure of sputtered tantalum.
Conservative Protestant Child Discipline: The Case of Parental Yelling

Conservative Protestant child discipline has recently become the subject of considerable social research and public controversy. However, no systematic empirical evidence has been brought to bear on conservative Protestant rates of parental yelling, which we view as a key indicator of an authoritarian style of parenting. We review parenting advice offered by conservative Protestant elites, who articulate child-rearing schemata grounded in both religious and psychological rationales for the discipline of youngsters. Notably, conservative Protestant family specialists advocate corporal punishment while discouraging the parental use of yelling at children. Data drawn from the 1987-88 National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) indicate that conservative Protestant parents of preschoolers and school-age children are significantly less likely to report yelling at their children. Moreover, the estimated effects of denominational affiliation on the parental use of yelling are partly mediated by conservative theological views. We conclude by calling for research that analyzes the effects of the distinctive conservative Protestant approach to discipline on child well-being
TRIIODOTHYRONINE STIMULATES GROWTH OF CULTURED GC CELLS BY ACTION EARLY IN THE Gl PERIOD.

T3 regulates the proliferation rate of GC cells, a rat GH-secreting pituitary tumor cell line, by modulating the duration of the Gl period. In GC cells which were synchronized at the beginning of Gl by mitotic selection, the Gl period was 11.7 ± (se)2.1 h, in agreement with the value we obtained in asynchronous cells by other methods (10.0 + 0.9 h). Gl was significantly prolonged in synchronized GC cells, previously maintained in the absence of T3 for more than 1 cycle time. Gl duration decreased when cells were exposed to T3 only during a discrete 4–6 h interval early in Gl. Thus, T3 appeared to stimulate progression through the Gl period by action early in Gl.
3-D Surface Reconstruction and Evaluation of Wrinkled Fabrics by Stereo Vision:

This paper presents a stereo vision system for reconstructing the three-dimensional (3-D) surface of a wrinkled fabric and for detecting and characterizing wrinkles to evaluate the severity of wrin...
Global Challenges for Clinical Pharmacology in the Developing World

The increasing burden of HIV care threatens to overwhelm health-care providers and systems in the developing world. Clinical pharmacologists, applying the training that they possess in regulatory science, rational prescribing, and teaching therapeutics, could improve the delivery of care in that setting. However, the shortage of clinical pharmacologists and the emigration of health-care providers limit the ability to take advantage of this approach. Possible solutions are outlined in this Commentary. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2009); 85, 6, 579–581 doi:10.1038/clpt.2009.54
Toward a Theory of Human Resource Development Learning Participation

This article fills a theoretical gap by identifying an understudied subject area for human resource development (HRD) theory building, learning participation of HRD interventions in organizations. The topic has critical significance in current HRD practices, such as concerns on e-learning dropout rates and HRD measurement and evaluation. First, a comprehensive literature review and analysis are presented to identify the research gap in general adult education research and management or HRD-related literature in learning participation. A conceptual framework of HRD learning participation is then proposed, from cross-sectional and timeseries perspectives, to describe the pattern, factors, structure, and their interrelationships in HRD learning participation, with a discussion of model constructs. The conceptual framework is then operationalized with mathematical operations to demonstrate how to empirically test the model. Finally, the applicability of the proposed theory and its implications for future HRD research are elaborated.
Complete Genome Sequence of Avian Bornavirus Genotype 1 from a Macaw with Proventricular Dilatation Disease

Avian bornaviruses (ABV) were first detected and described in 2008. They are the etiologic agents of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a frequently fatal neurologic disease of captive parrots. Seven ABV genogroups have been identified worldwide from a variety of sources, and that number may increase as surveillance for novel bornaviruses continues. Here, we report the first complete sequence of a genogroup 1 avian bornavirus (ABV1).
Characterization of Thalamic Neuronal Responses to Urinary Bladder Distention, Including the Effect of Acute Spinal Lesions in the Rat

Abstract Chronic visceral pain has proved to be difficult to treat. This study characterized urinary bladder distention (UBD)–evoked responses of neurons located within the ventrobasal group of the thalamus. Units were also characterized for responses to cutaneous stimuli and colorectal distention (CRD). In addition, the effects of spinal lesions on UBD-evoked responses were examined in a subset of neurons. After a stable response to UBD was established, 3 sequential lesions of the spinal cord at the mid-cervical level were performed, and responses to UBD were determined 1 and 5 minutes later. A majority of the neurons in the ventrobasal group of the thalamus were excited by UBD, demonstrated graded responses to graded distention pressures, and responded to cutaneous stimulation. No correlation between the magnitude of the responses of thalamic neurons to UBD and CRD was found. UBD-evoked thalamic neuronal activity was significantly attenuated after dorsal midline lesions of the spinal cord. The present study is a quantitative description of ventrobasal thalamic neuronal responses to UBD in the rat and provides direct neurophysiologic evidence that nociceptive information from the urinary bladder to the ventrobasal group of the thalamus ascends via a dorsal midline pathway. Perspective The effect of dorsal midline lesions is of profound clinical interest because it points to a potential treatment for urinary bladder pain, such as that which is characteristic of interstitial cystitis. Further research might reveal pharmacologic approaches to modulate this pain pathway and result in novel treatments for interstitial cystitis.
Laparoscopic retrieval of disconnected shunt catheters from the peritoneal cavity as a day-case procedure in children—early feasibility report

The aim of this study was to report our experience with laparoscopic retrieval of disconnected shunt catheters in children. Demographic data, indications for shunt insertion, time to disconnection, symptomatology, time to retrieval, operative details, length of stay and complications were recorded retrospectively. Laparoscopy was performed using two 5-mm ports and 10–12-mmHg CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Seven children (five boys, two girls) had laparoscopic retrieval of disconnected ventriculoperitoneal (VP; n = 6) and lumboperitoneal (n = 1) shunt catheters between 2006 and 2008. Median age was 8 (5–15) years. The indications for shunt insertion were hydrocephalus (n = 4), traumatic subdural haematoma (n = 1), pinealoblastoma (n = 1) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (n = 1). Median interval from insertion to disconnection was 3 (range 1–10) years. Presenting symptoms were headache (n = 3) and neck swelling (n = 1). Three children were asymptomatic. Median referral-to-procedure time was 69 (range 2–224) days. One child underwent emergency removal of disconnected shunt with laparoscopic-assisted VP shunt insertion under the same anaesthetic. One child had a laparotomy as the catheter tip had penetrated the sigmoid mesocolon close to the bowel and could not be safely removed laparoscopically. Of the remaining five children, four had the procedure performed as day cases. There was no intra- or post-operative morbidity or subsequent shunt infections. Peritoneally migrated shunt catheters have a risk of viscus injury, particularly bowel perforation. In our experience, laparoscopic retrieval of migrated shunt catheters was safe both as an emergency procedure and electively, when it was performed as a day-case basis in selected patients with excellent outcome.
Aqueous ferryl(IV) ion: kinetics of oxygen atom transfer to substrates and oxo exchange with solvent water.

The aqueous iron(IV) ion, FeIVaqO2+, generated from O3 and Feaq2+, reacts rapidly with various oxygen atom acceptors (sulfoxides, a water-soluble triarylphosphine, and a thiolatocobalt complex). In each case, FeIVaqO2+ is reduced to Feaq2+, and the substrate is oxidized to a product expected for oxygen atom transfer. Competition methods were used to determine the kinetics of these reactions, some of which have rate constants in excess of 107 M-1 s-1. Oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has k = 1.26 × 105 M-1 s-1 and shows no deuterium kinetic isotope effect, k(DMSO-d6) = 1.23 × 105 M-1 s-1. The FeIVaqO2+/sulfoxide reaction is the product-forming step in a very efficient Feaq2+-catalyzed oxidation of sulfoxides by ozone. This catalytic cycle, combined with labeling experiments in H218O, was used to determine the rate constant for the oxo-group exchange between FeIVaqO2+ and solvent water under acidic conditions, kexch = 1.4 × 103 s-1.
Algorithm for Surface/Ground-Water Allocation under Appropriation Doctrine

A stream-aquifer simulation model was developed to evaluate different conjunctive use management strategies in the South Platte River in Colorado. A component of this model simulates the allocation of surface and ground water for agricultural use. The water law based on the doctrine of prior appropriation provides the basic framework for water allocation in the study area. The physical sequence in which the river diversions are located along the river is different from the sequence in which the water has to be allocated according to the priority of rights. An algorithm is designed to allocate the river flows computed by the physical simulation component of the model to the appropriators according to the water rights and other imposed criteria as specified by the conjunctive management scheme under study. The algorithm is demonstrated on a management problem involving the evaluation of a streamflow augmentation scheme in the study reach.
Axioms for a theory of semantic equivalence

Abstract Godel-type semantic completeness theorems are established for a formal theory of semantic equivalence based on L.A. Zadeh's concept of a linguistic variable. The linguistics that is employed allows for the expression of propositions such as “it is not the case that ‘young’ is semantically equivalent with ‘not old’”, or, in symbols (young(x) ≅ ∼old(x)). The result is a two-leveled semantics which, at the lower level, is a multivalent interpretation of fuzzy assertions (e.g., ∼old(x)) in terms of fuzzy subsets of a given universe and, at the upper level, is a two-valued (classical) interpretation based on the fact that two closed fuzzy assertions either do or do not have the same truth value. The main proof is of the Henkin variety, employing adaptations of the algebraic methods found in Rasiowa [9] and Rasiowa and Sikorski [10].
Lincoln Laboratory high-speed solid-state imager technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory (MIT LL) has been developing both continuous and burst solid-state focal-plane-array technology for a variety of high-speed imaging applications. For continuous imaging, a 128 × 128-pixel charge coupled device (CCD) has been fabricated with multiple output ports for operating rates greater than 10,000 frames per second with readout noise of less than 10 e- rms. An electronic shutter has been integrated into the pixels of the back-illuminated (BI) CCD imagers that give snapshot exposure times of less than 10 ns. For burst imaging, a 5 cm × 5 cm, 512 × 512-element, multi-frame CCD imager that collects four sequential image frames at megahertz rates has been developed for the Los Alamos National Laboratory Dual Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility. To operate at fast frame rates with high sensitivity, the imager uses the same electronic shutter technology as the continuously framing 128 × 128 CCD imager. The design concept and test results are described for the burst-frame-rate imager. Also discussed is an evolving solid-state imager technology that has interesting characteristics for creating large-format x-ray detectors with ultra-short exposure times (100 to 300 ps). The detector will consist of CMOS readouts for high speed sampling (tens of picoseconds transistor switching times) that are bump bonded to deep-depletion silicon photodiodes. A 64 × 64-pixel CMOS test chip has been designed, fabricated and characterized to investigate the feasibility of making large-format detectors with short, simultaneous exposure times.
The “I” in climate: The role of individual responsibility in systematic processing of climate change information

Abstract Past research suggests that how we perceive risk can be related to how we attribute responsibility for risk-related issues, such as climate change; however, a gap in research lies in exploring possible connections between attribution of responsibility, risk perception, and information processing. Using the Risk Information Seeking and Processing model, this study fills this gap by examining how RISP-based variables are related to information processing and whether attribution of responsibility for mitigating climate change influences communication behaviors that are often predicted by elevated risk perceptions. Undergraduates at two large research universities (N = 572) were randomly assigned to read one of two newspaper articles that emphasized either individual responsibility (by highlighting personal actions) or societal responsibility (by highlighting government policy) for climate change mitigation. Results indicate that subjects in the individual responsibility condition were significantly more likely to process the message in a systematic manner; however, attribution of responsibility did not interact with risk perception to influence systematic processing. Moreover, attitudes toward climate change information and negative affect mediated the relationship between other key variables and systematic processing. These and other findings suggest that strategic communication about climate change may benefit from emphasizing individual responsibility to attract more attention from diverse audiences and to promote deeper thinking about the issue. Additional theoretical implications are presented.
Family presence during pediatric resuscitation: An integrative review for evidence-based practice

Many pediatric health care institutions lack guidelines to address the presence of family members during resuscitation activities. This integrative literature review was used to establish an evidence-based approach that would compliment our institution's philosophy of "family centered care." The evidence supports a partnering with the families: Hospital staff ask families whether they want to be present during life-saving interventions by health care professions. Families want to make the choice, and when they are present during resuscitation efforts, there is less litigation, anxiety, and second-guessing regarding the efforts and competence of the staff providing that care. No literature was found to support beliefs that family member presence is harmful to the family or the institution. A practice policy is provided that respects family choice and presence during life-saving measures in pediatric care facilities.
67. Combined beta-adrenergic-receptor (AR) agonist and alpha-AR antagonist treatment reduced joint damage in adjuvant-induced arthritis without affecting disease-induced sympathetic denervation of the ankle

Combined treatment with terbutaline, a beta-AR agonist, and phentolamine, a alpha-AR antagonist, (SH1293) after disease onset reduced disease severity in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) (Lubahn et al., 2004). Here, we investigated the effects of SH1293 on sympathetic innervation and bone integrity in the ankle joint. On day (D) 0, male Lewis rats were immunized with complete Freund’s adjuvant to induce AA. From D12 (disease onset) through D21 or D28, rats were intraperitoneally treated twice-daily with vehicle or SH1293 (1200 mg terbutaline and 125 mg phentolamine/day in 250 ml). Ankle joints were evaluated for lymphocyte infiltration, bone area and volume, osteoclast number, cartilage and pannus area using routine histology, and sympathetic innervation using immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase. SH1293 preserved cartilage area, and bone volume (D21 and D28) and reduced pannus formation and synovial lymphocyte infiltration compared with controls. Bone area and osteoclast counts revealed high and low responders to SH1293. High-responders had increased bone area and lower osteoclast numbers. AA reduced sympathetic nerve density, an effect transiently attenuated by SH1293. No significant correlations were observed between variables for joint destruction and between nerve density and these variables with SH1293 treatment. Collectively, these findings are consistent with reports in RA patients, and support sympathetic regulation in disease-mediated joint destruction that can be targeted with adrenergic receptor drugs for therapeutic benefits in autoimmune arthritis.
Effects of puromycin on DNA chain elongation in mammalian cells

Abstract In HeLa cells and in Chinese hamster ovary cells inhibition of protein synthesis by puromycin causes an immediate reduction in the average rates of DNA chain elongation within replicons.
Interaction of jet noise with a nearby panel assembly

A model of the interaction of the noise from a spreading subsonic jet with a panel-stringer assembly is studied numerically in two dimensions. The radiation resulting from this flow/acoustic/structure coupling is computed and analyzed in both the time and frequency domains. The jet is initially excited by a pulse-like source inserted into the flowfield. The pulse triggers instabilities associated with the inviscid instability of the jet mean flow shear layer. These instabilities in turn generate sound which provides the primary loading for the panels. The resulting structural vibration and radiation depends strongly on panel placement relative to the jet/nozzle configuration. Results are obtained for the panel responses as well as the transmitted and incident pressure. The effect of the panels is to act as a narrow filter, converting the relatively broadband forcing, heavily influenced by jet instabilities, into radiation concentrated in narrow spectral bands.
Sinks in Newton´s means

The iterates of the dynamical system defined by Newton's means for n≥2 complex variables converge rapidly to a point of equal coordinates when the convex hull of starting points does not contain 0.
Nitrovasodilator Effects on Intraocular Pressure and Outflow Facility in Monkeys

The nitrovasodilators nitroglycerin (NTG) and hydralazine (HZN) were investigated for their effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) and outflow facility in the cynomolgus monkey eye in vivo. Fifty microliters of 0.1% HZN were administered topically in masked, randomized, crossover, placebo controlled trials, and by intracameral perfusion. Both NTG and HZN decreased IOP (mean IOP decrease with NTG 4.40 +/- 2.11 (S.E.M.) (+/- 4.7, S.D.) mmHg, P < 0.01, n = 5, with HZN 3.15 +/- 0.85 (S.E.M.) (+/- 2.3, S.D.) mmHg, P = 0.01, n = 7). Outflow facility increased by 92% (P < 0.05) after intracameral bolus injection of 10(-3) mol l-1 NTG, but not at lower doses. Intracameral HZN caused a significant increase in facility of outflow of 28% (P < 0.05) when perfused at a constant concentration of 10(-5) mol l-1, but not at certain other concentrations. These results demonstrate the capacity for topically applied NTG and HZN to reduce IOP in the living primate eye. They further suggest that, at certain drug doses, but not others, the IOP reduction may be mediated, in part, by an action on the outflow apparatus.
Identification of Friction Factors for Chamfered and Honed Tools Through Slip-Line Field Analysis

Analysis of tool-chip friction for tools with edge design in metal cutting helps to understand the complex material behavior around the cutting edge of the tool. The results of this analysis can be used to identify optimum tool edge design to achieve the most desirable machining performance. In this study, slip-line field analysis approach is used to investigate the average friction factor at the tool-chip interface and the dead metal zone phenomenon in orthogonal cutting for chamfered and honed tools. In an experimental set-up, an orthogonal cutting test of AISI 4340 steel is performed. Measured forces are utilized in identifying the friction factors at the tool-interface for both chamfered and honed tools for varying feed rates. Comparison of predicted and measured forces indicates good agreements. The results of this study can be utilized in designing friction at tool-chip interface for Finite Element simulations of machining with edge design tools. This study can also be extended to waterfall hone tools to identify the most optimum cutting edge geometry.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
The human lactase persistence-associated SNP -13910*T enables in vivo functional persistence of lactase promoter-reporter transgene expression.

Lactase is the intestinal enzyme responsible for digestion of the milk sugar lactose. Lactase gene expression declines dramatically upon weaning in mammals and during early childhood in humans (lactase nonpersistence). In various ethnic groups, however, lactase persists in high levels throughout adulthood (lactase persistence). Genetic association studies have identified that lactase persistence in northern Europeans is strongly associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) located 14 kb upstream of the lactase gene: −13910*C/T. To determine whether the −13910*T SNP can function in vivo to mediate lactase persistence, we generated transgenic mice harboring human DNA fragments with the −13910*T SNP or the ancestral −13910*C SNP cloned upstream of a 2-kb rat lactase gene promoter in a luciferase reporter construct. We previously reported that the 2-kb rat lactase promoter directs a post-weaning decline of luciferase transgene expression similar to that of the endogenous lactase gene. In the present study, the post-weaning decline directed by the rat lactase promoter is impeded by addition of the −13910*T SNP human DNA fragment, but not by addition of the −13910*C ancestral SNP fragment. Persistence of transgene expression associated with the −13910*T SNP represents the first in vivo data in support of a functional role for the −13910*T SNP in mediating the human lactase persistence phenotype.
Combination chemotherapy with mitomycin-C, cisplatin, and vinblastine in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer.

The drug combination of mitomycin-C, cis-platin, and vinblastine was administered to 30 patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. All patients had a performance status of 50% or greater, had evaluable disease, and had not received previous chemotherapy. The overall response rate was 37% with responses seen in 7 of 18 (39%) squamous cell and 3 of 11 (27%) patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Mean survival was greater by 2 months in those patients with an objective response to chemotherapy (8.1 vs 5.5). Drug-associated gastrointestinal toxicity was the most common side effect observed. This three-drug combination appears to be an active regimen in the treatment of non-small-cell broncho-genie carcinoma; however, altered dosage schedules should be examined in order to decrease drug-related toxicity.
A new model of fuzzy reasoning

Abstract A new model of fuzzy reasoning is proposed. A comparison of inference results using the new model and the linguistic synthesis approach is given.
Lizards on ice: Comparative thermal tolerances of the world's southernmost gecko

Abstract (1) We measured thermal tolerances (critical thermal minimum, C T min and panting threshold, T pant ) for four populations of Homonota darwinii spanning most of the latitudinal range of the species. (2) C T min differed across populations, but not latitudinally as predicted, likely because latitude was not as good a proxy for operative temperatures ( T e ). (3) Some populations had subzero C T min indicating supercooling or freeze tolerance—the first time either phenomenon has been reported for a gecko. (4) T pant did not differ significantly among populations. (5) The thermal tolerance breadth appears to be correlated with thermal variability in the environment. (6) Annual T e data indicate gecko retreats play a crucial role in surviving extreme surface temperatures ( 50 °C).
Coping With Lake Kivu, East Africa: Workshop on Tropical Rift Lake Systems: Integrated Volcanogenic, Tectonic, Biogeochemical, and Geohazard Assessment of Lake Kivu; Gisenyi, Rwanda, 13–15 January 2010

Situated in the volcanic highlands of the East African Rift Valley's western branch, Lake Kivu contains one of the most unusual and fascinating aquatic ecosystems on the planet. Bottom waters in the 480-meter-deep lake are warmer and saltier than its surface waters. The concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide and methane are so high in the deep water that catastrophic overturn, an abrupt upwelling of deep water and gas driven by the buoyancy of expanding gas bubbles as they rise from the depths, could well happen in the coming century. Were this to occur, human fatalities would likely number in the hundreds of thousands—a disaster similar to what occurred when Lake Nyos (Cameroon) in 1986 emitted a large amount of carbon dioxide, causing hundreds of local residents to suffocate—but with orders-of-magnitude more gas release.
On the feasibility of arbitrage-based option pricing when stochastic bond price processes are involved

Abstract There are many options which are based on interest rate sensitive assets. For example, debt options and currency options are best priced when a stochastic bond price process is included. However, not all stochastic bond price processes are feasible for use in pricing options by standard arbitrage techniques. This work draws on the results of Harrison and Kreps (J. Econ. Theory 20 (1979), 381–408) and relates them to pricing in the presence of stochastic bond price processes. Examples of feasible and infeasible bond price processes are given.
Screening issues for radiologists.

Screening is the application of a test to detect a potential disease in an individual who has no known signs or symptoms of that disease, with its purpose being to prevent or delay the development of advanced disease through early detection and treatment of preclinical disease. When considering a screening program, there are several elements to think about: the natural history of the disease of concern, characteristics of the screening test to be applied, how the screening test potentially influences the natural history of disease, and how the effectiveness of a screening program is evaluated.
Supported transition metal compounds: I. A new method for the preparation of alumina-supported iridium and osmium carbonyls☆

Abstract An extraction technique for the preparation of alumina-supported iridium and osmium carbonyls from Ir4(CO)12 and Os3(CO)12 is reported. It is concluded that the metal carbonyl species produced are highly dispersed and of small particle size (less than 50 A diameter) in contrast to the large crystallites of iridium and osmium carbonyls obtained by either the dry grinding or wet impregnation techniques. Partial decarbonylation of the metal carbonyl species can be effected by varying the conditions of the preparation and by heating the samples in air, the species [Ir(CO)2]+ and [Os(CO)n]2+, n = 2,3, have been identified from their infrared spectra. Strong interactions between the metal carbonyl species and the alumina support are present.
Reactions of partially and totally halogenated diphenylacetylenes with π-cyclopentadienyldicarbonyl-cobalt and -rhodium

Abstract When (π-C5H5)Co(CO)2 (I) is caused to react with bis(pentafluorophenyl)acetylene, the major product is the cyclopentadienone complex (π- C5H5)Co[C5(C6F5)4O). A reaction between pentafluorophenylphenylacetylene and complex I produces a variety of products, including the cyclobutadiene complex (π-C5H5)Co[C4(C6H5)2(C6F5)2], the trimerized product C6(C6H5)3(C6F5)3, all three isomers of (π-C5H5)Co[C5(C6H5)2(C6F5)2O], and several complexes of possible polynuclear nature. A reaction of pentachlorophenylphenylacetylene with complex I produces two cyclopentadienone- cobalt complexes exhibiting loss of one and two chlorine atoms, respectively. Likewise, a reaction between this acetylene and (π-C5H5)Rh(CO)2 (II) gives a rhodium-complexed cyclopentadienone exhibiting loss of two chlorine atoms as the major product, although the trimerized product C6(C6H5)3(C6Cl5)3 and a trinuclear complex were also obtained. The reaction between II and bis(pentachlorophenyl)acetylene produced a trinuclear rhodium complex in low yield.
"I'm Catalan but I'm Not a Fanatic": Shifting Tides in Catalan Public Opinion.

RESUMEN"Soy catalan, pero no tengo manias ": Cambios en las actitudes publicas catalanasEl catalan, idioma minoritario en Espana, goza de gran prestigio entre la poblacion catalana. Durante muchos anos, los ciudadanos de Cataluna se identificaron claramente como "catalanes" en encuestas sobre su identidad etnolinguistica. En 1993, en medio de una polemica sobre el uso del catalan en las escuelas y un conflicto politico a nivel federal, la situacion cambio radicalmente. Los encuestados preferian identificarse como "catalan y [otra cosa]." La idea de ser solamente catalan se hizo mucho menos popular en pocos anos. En la epoca actual, presentarse como catalan, o catalana, sin calificativos, podria interpretarse como algo hostil o fanatico. Este texto trata de explicar como ciertos cambios geopoliticos en Europa, ademas de la "guerra fria" de la prensa madrilena contra la politica linguistica del gobierno catalan, causaron tal evolucion en la opinion publica catalana. A pesar de cierta "de-Catalanizacion" de la identidad catalana, la lengua catalana podria seguir avanzando como lengua vehicular. Mientras haya presion personal, economica y administrativa en favor del catalan, la gente aprendera esta lengua. De esta manera, mientras que muchos se identificaran como catalanes "pero sin manias," el catalan seguira progresando.RESUMO"Mi estas kataluno, sed ne fanatikulo":Sangiganta tajdo en la kataluna publika opinioLa kataluna lingvo, kvankam minoritata en Hispanio, havas altan prestigon en Katalunio. Dum multaj jaroj logantoj de Katalunio emis rekte identigi sin kun la etikedo "kataluna" se ili respondis al lingvaj enketoj. En 1993 tiu situacio estis ŝangita. En tiu periodo furoris malaproba kampanjo kontraŭ la politiko de la kataluna registaro. Hispanlingvaj presitaj kaj elektronikaj komunikiloj daŭre atakis la katalunan lingvan kaj edukadan politikon. Reage al tio kaj al aliaj okazajoj, parolantoj kaj de la hispana kaj de la kataluna preferis identigi sin kiel "katalunoj kaj [io alia]" aŭ "katalunoj sed ne fanatikuloj". La etikedo "nur kataluna" (tre satita kelkajn jarojn antaŭe) por multaj farigis identigo malsatata aŭ eĉ ekstremisma. Tiu ci artikolo klopodas klarigi, kiel konfliktoj en Eŭropo, la tutlanda kaj la kataluna balotpolitiko, nova politiko de edukado, kaj la "malvarma milito" pesitaj kontrau la kataluna registaro kune kreis tiun sangon de la publika opinio. Malgraŭ la malemo etikedi sin "kataluno" (sen pliaj klarigoj), la kataluna eble ja plu progresos kiel lingvo de Katalunio. Politika, ekonomia kaj socia premo plu subtenas la progreson de Katalunio. Do povus esti, ke la homoj sentos sin "malpli katalunaj", sed lingve agos "pli katalune".
Intracoronary ultrasound predictors of adverse outcomes after coronary artery interventions.

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between qualitative and quantitative lesion characteristics as assessed by intracoronary ultrasound imaging and adverse outcomes after coronary artery interventions. Background. Restenosis and other adverse outcomes after coronary artery interventions may be difficult to predict from clinical or angiographic data. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging provides additional data that could prove useful. Methods. Immediately after successful coronary artery interventions (angiographic residual stenosis ≤50%), 69 patients underwent intracoronary ultrasound imaging. Images were assessed qualitatively for plaque composition and topography and for dissection. Quantitative data included measurement of minimal lumen diameter, lumen area, plaque area and percent area stenosis at the treatment and adjacent reference sites. Adverse outcome was defined as death, coronary bypass surgery, myocardial infarction or angiographic restenosis. Results. Of the 69 patients, 1 died, 3 had bypass surgery and 1 had a myocardial infarction before planned 6-month repeat catheterization. Two patients were lost to follow-up study. Of the remaining 62 patients, 56 (90%) agreed to follow-up catheterization and 25 (45%) of the 56 had restenosis. Thus, 30 patients had an adverse outcome and 37 had no adverse event. The incidence of dissection detected by ultrasound imaging after an intervention was significantly greater in patients with than in those without a subsequent adverse event (63% vs. 35%, p < 0.05). The severity of dissection also appeared to be related to outcome (p < 0.05). Other qualitative and quantitative variables were not significantly different between the two patient groups. Conclusions. Dissection, as assessed by intracoronary ultrasound imaging after a coronary artery intervention, can identify patients at increased risk of subsequent adverse events. Additional studies are warranted to explore whether such imaging may allow modification of interventional procedures to improve outcome.
Studies on Suctorian Protozoa: The Mechanism of Prey Adherence*

A variety of ciliates representing most of the major cliate groups were found to adhere to the ends of the tentacles of Podophrya collini. Reduction of ion concentration in the medium, low temperature, and treatment of the food ciliates or the suctorians with agents presumably interfering with choline-acetylcholine balances in the suctorian or ciliate depressed the capture efficiency. Addition of sulfhydryl containing com pounds to the feeding situation and treatments which reduced the swimming vigor of the ciliates gave enhanced capture efficiency. Although killed but unlysed ciliates would not adhere to the tentacle ends, agar particles containing ciliate breis or a mixture of salts plus experimentally determined organic compounds would adhere.
The undeserving rich: "moral values" and the white working class

White working-class citizens who vote for the Republican Party have been fodder for much political discussion and speculation recently, and a debate has arisen about the role that "moral values" played in the political decision making of this segment of voters. In this article, we defend a version of the moral values claim. We show that although the Republicans' policies are unpopular, they are bundled with an overarching moral framework that is extremely resonant to this set of voters, and we use in-depth interviews to uncover this framework. A key feature of this framework, on which in the 2004 presidential election George W. Bush scored high and John Kerry scored low, is the appropriate attitude to wealth, which serves as an indicator for a candidate's general moral philosophy and as a heuristic about whether the candidate will govern with working-class voters' interests in mind. National Election Studies data support the argument that this was a key influence on the voting decision in 2004, even controlling for voters' partisan identification.
Improved ICU risk prediction modelling using a multivariable fractional polynomial approach

Mortality risk prediction models are used worldwide as a means of benchmarking ICU quality. Most models use logistic regression, with a cardinal assumption being linearity in the relationship between continuous predictors (for example, blood pressure) and the log odds of outcome (death). However, such linear relationships rarely exist in clinical practice. Several new statistical methods are available that allow nonlinear modelling for continuous predictors. We have applied one such method, multivariable fractional polynomials (MFP), to a paediatric ICU risk score (PIM2), to investigate whether this would improve the performance of PIM2.
Enrichment of human embryonic stem cell derived motor neuron cultures using arabinofuranosyl cytidine

ABSTRACT Aim: Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived motor neurons (MNs) can model neurodegenerative diseases, in other words, for the development of cell-based drug screening assays. However, efficient MN generation is challenging and high level of contamination of undifferentiated cells remains a significant problem when culturing hESC-derived MNs. We describe a protocol for the removal of undifferentiated cells using the DNA synthesis inhibitor arabinofuranosyl cytidine (Ara-C). Materials & methods: hESC-MNs were treated with Ara-C after the last step of differentiation. FACS analysis and fluorescence microscopy were used to identify and quantify MNs. Results: HB9/ChAT-positive live mature MNs were enriched 3.9-times in Ara-C-treated cultures when compared with untreated cells. The Ara-C-treated MNs are electrophysiologically functional and discharge action potentials. Conclusion: Ara-C selection of MNs can be combined with stem cell differentiation protocols to enrich MNs in culture.
A Cognitive Theory of Style

The aim of this research is to set up a theory about style in architectural design from a cognitive point of view. It has been observed that the constant application of certain factors in a design process constitutes the formation of a style. Those factors include design constraints, search methods, goals, and the sequential order of applying them. Because of the constant application of these factors, constant cognitive phenomena appear and, consequently, produce constant forms by which a style is manifested. Thus, a style results from the operations of these factors and the interactions among them. The contents of the factors determine the expression of a style, which can be imitated and changed over time, whereas the quantities of the factors determine the degree of a style. Therefore, this theory provides explanations about the cause, the degree, the change, and the imitation of a style in design.
Control of massive hemorrhage from rectal varices with sclerotherapy

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Effects of Supplemental Dietary Phytase and 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol on the Performance Characteristics of Commercial Layers Inoculated Before or at the Onset of Lay with the F-Strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum

The effects of dietary supplementation with phytase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the performance characteristics of commercial layers that were inoculated prelay (12 wk of age) or at the onset of lay (22 wk of age) with F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum were assessed. Experimental layer diets, which included a basal control diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.025% phytase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, were fed from 20 through 58 wk of age. Weekly and total egg production were determined from 22 through 58 wk, and egg weight and various internal egg and eggshell quality characteristics were examined at 34, 50, and 58 wk of age. F-strain M. gallisepticum inoculation decreased egg production at the beginning of lay (wk 22 and 23) but increased post-peak lay at wk 45. However, there were no treatment effects of any kind on total egg production, egg weight, or any of the internal egg and eggshell characteristics examined during lay. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with phytase and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol did not affect layer performance or interact with the effects of F-strain M. gallisepticum inoculation; however, F-strain M. gallisepticum inoculation resulted in a shift in egg production from wk 22 to 45 without having an overall effect on total egg production.