cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Outdoor Food and Beverage Advertising: A Saturated Environment

Overweight and obesity have been increasing among youth, with the prevalence of overweight among children and teens in the US tripling since 1980 (Ogden & Carroll, 2010). While the prevalence rates have leveled off in recent years (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb, & Flegal, 2010; Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2012), the rates of obesity-related diseases continue to rise (Knip et al., 2008), and health disparities exist in the prevalence of overweight and obesity across racial/ethnic groups, with African American and Hispanic youth at higher risk of being overweight or obese (Ogden et al., 2012). One factor that has been associated with obesity is exposure to food and beverage advertising (Institute of Medicine, 2006). Additionally, racial ethnic minorities have been disproportionately targeted and exposed to this type of advertising (see Chaps. 16, 17, and 18). One form of food and beverage advertising that has received less attention is outdoor advertising. As such, the purpose of this chapter is to review the literature on outdoor food and beverage advertising and provide researchers and community practitioners with a tool to document and describe this type of advertising in their own communities. We will also present pilot data from our study designed to document and describe food and beverage advertising around schools and end with a discussion on policy implications and future directions for research in this area.
Glucose Transporter Type I Deficiency and Other Glucose Flux Disorders

Abstract Most (but not all) patients with glucose transporter (GLUT) type I deficiency (G1D) are haploinsufficient in SLC2A1, the gene that encodes the GLUT isoforms present in red blood cells, endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, and astrocytes. G1D is expected, on biochemical principles, to result in decreased blood to brain (i.e., either plasma to brain or, virtually, red blood cell to brain) and intracerebral glucose flux and, in mice, this is associated with diminished cerebral acetyl-coenzyme A contents. Thus G1D probably stems from depletion (or perhaps from the detrimental consequences of repletion) of energetic precursors centrally situated with respect to cerebral metabolism. However, it is unknown how this impacts other aspects of brain development and even postdevelopment brain function since there are seemingly refractory aspects of the disorder after metabolic treatment. Paradoxically, G1D is not associated with global neural hypoexcitability as a result of diminished glucose influx, but with focal hyperexcitability: Spike–wave epilepsy and paroxysmal dyskinesia constitute the best defined G1D syndromes, but as many as 1% of idiopathic generalized epilepsies are probably caused by G1D. Many patients also exhibit dystonia, ataxia, and dysarthria, either in isolation or in conjunction with other nonmotor manifestations such as intellectual disability and microcephaly. A modified Atkins diet or a ketogenic diet has proved effective in controlling seizures but has had little measurable effect on the associated cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances. As with all neurometabolic disorders, it is important to expand our understanding of disease mechanisms (whether reversible or potentially irreversible) if more effective treatments are to be developed.
Our looming lead problem

On 25 April 2014, Flint Mayor Dayne Walling ceremoniously shut off a valve to the Detroit water supply and opened the flow of the Flint River into local homes and businesses. He marked the occasion by drinking from a glass filled with water from the new source. Eighteen months later, the water supply was switched back to Detroit. What occurred in between—the city9s failure to control infrastructure corrosion, the deterioration of fresh water entering Flint residences, citizen complaints, government denials, elevated lead levels in children, and public outcry—would become the basis for a crisis that rose to national attention in 2015. What the Eyes Don9t See by Mona Hanna-Attisha and The Poisoned City by Anna Clark are the first two books to document in detail this horrible disaster.
Teaching Quantum Computing

There is little information on how best to educate students on quantum computing. There will very soon be an urgent need for pedagogically sound quantum computing instruction. Hundreds of millions of dollars are being invested in quantum computers. To innovate, develop, operate and maintain these, quantum computers takes a workforce that understands what is happening and what the objectives are. In an effort to achieve new capabilities with quantum computing, intense efforts are underway where additional subject matter experts are added to the team to solve a challenge. For example, microwave engineers are added to the quantum computing team, or software engineers, or computer programmers, electrical engineers, computer engineers, and heating and cooling engineers. Where are they getting their quick and intense training to introduce them to the team? On site, presumably. Who is training and teaching them? The hard pressed researchers, never trained in the best way to teach, themselves, now taken away from their priority time to familiarize the newcomers? We are two PhD Computer Science candidates, experiencing the learning of quantum computing for the first time, and we wish to share our experiences and best discoveries to help others shorten their time to understanding. It is our belief that the best educational level to target is at the honors level high school (junior or senior), as this would insure universal understanding by all likely professionals needing to learn quantum computing in an intense foundation course. It also could be used to teach high school students, as their generation will benefit from the capabilities of quantum computing.
Sparse, iterative simulation methods for one-dimensional laminar flames

Abstract Sparse, iterative simulation methods for one-dimensional laminar flames are proposed. The resulting steady and unsteady flame solvers exploit approximate Jacobians to greatly reduce the computational cost associated with matrix operations. The constant, non-unity Lewis number assumption is introduced to further reduce the computational cost. The solvers are also parallelized to reduce time-to-solution on distributed memory computer systems. Computed laminar flame speeds and species profiles for a range of chemical mechanisms (from 10 to 2878 species) are compared against a well-validated commercial code and are found to be consistent within solver tolerances. The computation times of both the unsteady and steady solutions increase only linearly with the number of species, which is a significant improvement over the quadratic or cubic scaling of existing steady-state flame solvers. For the largest mechanism tested, the steady-state flame solver is two orders of magnitude faster than commonly-used codes. The use of an approximate Jacobian is shown to reduce the rate of convergence for the steady-state solver, but does not significantly affect the domain of convergence. The steady-state solver with approximate Jacobian is thus well suited for computationally efficient laminar flame speed sweeps with large kinetic mechanisms.
Initial Steps in Forming the Electrode-Electrolyte Interface: H2O Adsorption and Complex Formation on the Ag(111) Surface from Combining Quantum Mechanics Calculations and Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.

The interaction of water with metal surfaces is at the heart of electrocatalysis. But there remain enormous uncertainties about the atomistic interactions at the electrode–electrolyte interface (EEI). As the first step toward an understanding of the EEI, we report here the details of the initial steps of H2O adsorption and complex formation on a Ag(111) surface, based on coupling quantum mechanics (QM) and ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) experiments. We find a close and direct comparison between simulation and experiment, validated under various isotherm and isobar conditions. We identify five observable oxygen-containing species whose concentrations depend sensitively on temperature and pressure: chemisorbed O* and OH*, H2O* stabilized by hydrogen bond interactions with OH* or O*, and multilayer H2O*. We identify the species experimentally by their O 1s core-level shift that we calculate with QM along with the structures and free energies as a function of temperature and pressur...
The protective effects of grit on suicidal ideation in individuals with trauma and symptoms of posttraumatic stress

Objective It is important to understand factors that moderate the likelihood of developing suicidal thoughts following traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Method In this cross-sectional study, a moderated atemporal mediation analysis was conducted in a sample of 709 college students (71% female, M age = 19.90 years, 67% Caucasian) to test the associations between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and suicidal ideation, with grit entered as a moderator of all paths in the equation. Results PTSD symptoms mediated the association between trauma and suicidal ideation. Grit moderated the direct pathway from PTSD symptoms to suicidal ideation. Conclusions Grit and other constructs of resiliency may inform strength-focused interventions to remediate the impact of trauma and posttraumatic stress symptoms and potentially reduce suicidal thoughts and risk for suicide.
Data Exclusivity: A Tool to Sustain Market Monopoly

There has been a general downgrading of patent from its touted original has position of being the unique economic tool to promote innovation. The rhetoric of innovation which has long served as a platform to nestle ‘‘patents’’ have been challenged in all countries. For the pharmaceutical industry, the linking of patents — however unfairly — as the woe affecting pricing of life-saving medication in the developing world, the permeation of the pricing question as an election issue in the developed world, issues from secondary patents that potentially blocked further innovation, the low thresholds of biotechnology patents have all resulted in the industry assuming the avatar of defendants of patents globally. It has also resulted in the industry beginning its quest for new tools to help consolidate market exclusivity. This background has caused the pharmaceutical industry to scramble for tools to help sustain or maintain the longevity of their market monopoly. This paper will examine one such tool — data exclusivity — currently touted by the pharmaceutical industry. The focus of the paper will be on how data exclusivity can impact access to medication, specifically in developing countries. In doing so, the paper will discuss what data exclusivity is in Part II followed by an outline in Part III of the historic origins of data exclusivity. A description of Article 39 of the TRIPS agreement and its requirements are outlined in PartIV after which Part V addresses some of the controversial questions relevant to India. The Conclusion highlights the need to be cautious in adding a more TRIPS–plus form of exclusivity.
Detection of Rickettsiae, Borreliae, and Ehrlichiae in Ticks Collected From Walker County, Texas, 2017-2018

Cases of tick-borne diseases, including spotted fever rickettsioses, borreliosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis, in the United States and territories have more than doubled from 2004 to 2016 and account for 77% of all vector-borne disease reports. In an effort to inform control efforts, the presence of tick-borne pathogens and their vectors was assessed in a recreational park in Walker County, Texas. Here we report data from questing ticks collected on three dates from June 2017 to June 2018. The majority of ticks collected were Amblyomma americanum (96.69%) followed by three additional tick species: Dermacentor variabilis (2.59%), Ixodes scapularis (0.52%), and A. maculatum (0.21%). Ticks were pooled and tested for molecular evidence of bacterial and viral pathogens, respectively. All of the 68 pools of A. americanum had molecular evidence of the spotted fever group rickettsia, Rickettsia amblyommatis. Additionally, six (8.82%) of the A. americanum pools contained sequences matching Ehrlichia chaffeensis, the pathogen responsible for human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis, and 11 (16.18%) for E. ewingii. Three of the A. americanum pools demonstrated evidence of Borrelia lonestari. The presence of etiologic agents of known human disease in this study merits the continued surveillance efforts of ticks and their pathogens in areas where they could pose risks to public health.
Reflections on the loss of mentors.

There is a special category of mentor: the person who supports you as much as they support your career. They offer a unique relationship that is rich and powerful. Researchers have tried to better understand this relationship and the other varieties of mentoring relationships. But there is a significant gap in that research: we don’t talk about the experience of the sudden loss of a mentor. Sometimes mentoring relationships end—especially if the mentoring was in support of specific goals, learning objectives, or when the relationship simply no longer fits the needs of the mentor or the mentee. But sometimes disease, tragic accidents, or other powers beyond our control intervene; suddenly, relationships with important mentors are simply gone. How do we navigate these losses? In this piece, I reflect on the most powerful mentorship relationships, on the loss thereof, and on the challenges of mourning lost mentors. It celebrates mentors who invest in others, who put we ahead of me. This elegy is for Dr. Joanna Bates and Dr. Meridith Marks—two women who embodied the highest qualities of mentorship.
Analytical and Experimental Study of a Naturally Aspirated Indirect Injection 4-Stroke Spark Ignition Engine

One of the objectives of this study is to elaborate an engine cycle simulation program in FORTRAN language to analyze the influence of operating parameters on the performance (theeffective power, torque and specific fuel consumption) of a four-stroke gasoline engine (Ford ZSG 416 gasoline engine) for different engine operating parameters. The GT-Powerengine simulation software was used to compare the results obtained with the developed computer program and to improve it. In this program, a single-zone thermodynamicmodel was considered, which describes each phase of the engine cycle. In order to validate the developed program, a comparison of the experimental results with those obtainedusing GT-Power software was carried out. The other objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of a number of significant engine parameters such as compression ratio, cylinder wall temperature, cylinder diameter, stroke-bore ratio and ignition angle on the performance of the chosen engine. Examining the experimental results and those obtained with the developed program, it was observed that the power difference was in the order of ± 3%, the torque difference was ± 6%, while the BSFC difference was about ± 10%. It has been noted that the most significant parameters in improving the performance of the gasoline engine are the compression ratio, the fuel/air ratio, the engine geometry and the ignition begin. The variation of these parameters was not arbitrary, the knock criteria, in other words, the achievement of normal combustion were taken into account.
When adolescent offline risks behaviors go online

Abstract Technology has evolved and will continue to evolve in both ways we will anticipate or not. The internet and mobile technology have provided new ways in which adolescents participate in and disseminate their participation in risky behaviors. Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, and Tumbler have created online platforms for displaying high-risk behaviors and receiving attention for the behaviors. The attention the adolescent received can increase their willingness to participate in other risky behaviors and continue to seek fame (and in some instances money). The current chapter provides an overview of theories of adolescent risk behavior, recent online/social media display of high-risk behaviors, and ways in which practitioners can intervene to support the youth that minimizes the need to engage in these behaviors. While the chapter provides examples of recent social media challenges, new challenges will develop over time. We argue that what will remain constant is our understanding of why they engage in these high-risk activities and what contributes to their willingness to display these online.
An evaluation of co-use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin on cardiac outcomes: A pharmacoepidemiological study to inform use during the COVID19 pandemic.

Abstract Background Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (chloroquine) plus azithromycin is considered as therapy for COVID-19. With benefit evaluations underway, safety concerns due to potential additive effects on QTc prolongation should be addressed. Objective We compared risk of cardiac adverse events between combinations of chloroquine and azithromycin and chloroquine and amoxicillin. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Medicare Supplemental Databases, 2005–2018. We included autoimmune disease patients aged ≥18 years initiating azithromycin or amoxicillin for ≥5 days during chloroquine treatment. Patients had continuous insurance coverage ≥6 months before combination use until 5 days thereafter or inpatient death. Two outcomes were sudden cardiac arrest/ventricular arrhythmias (SCA/VA) and cardiac symptoms. We followed patients for up to 5 days to estimate hazard ratios (HR). Covariates were adjusted using stabilized inverse probability treatment weighting. Results We identified two SVC/VA events among >145,000 combination users. The adjusted incidence of cardiac symptoms among azithromycin and amoxicillin users was 276 vs 254 per 10,000 person-years with an adjusted HR of 1.10 (95%CI, 0.62–1.95). Conclusion Combination use of chloroquine and azithromycin at routine doses did not show pronounced increases in arrhythmias in this real-world population, though small sample size and outcome rates limit conclusions.
Preschool Children’s Knowledge of Letter Patterns in Print

According to a statistical-learning view of literacy development, children begin to learn about the visual characteristics of writing from an early age. We used a delayed copying task to examine U....
Focal anisoplanatism influence on dynamically ranged Rayleigh beacon measurements

Rayleigh beacons used to sense the strength of the turbulence along an optical path are subject to undesirable effects on a measurement due to focal anisoplanatism. It is commonly referred to as the cone effect and manifests from unsampled turbulence at the edges of the pupil. The evaluation of focal anisoplanatism is fairly well understood for traditional Rayleigh beacon systems. However, for a dynamically ranged Rayleigh beacon system that utilizes beacon measurements from many varied finite ranges to build a tomographic profile of the turbulence strength, the understanding of focal anisoplanatism becomes all the more important and has not been thoroughly investigated. Focal anisoplanatism effects on a dynamically ranged Rayleigh beacon measurement system are presented to quantify the resultant influence on the accuracy of the beacon system’s ability to produce tomographic turbulence strength profile estimations.
An Analysis of Essential Pediatric Surgical Cases Encountered During a Decade of Large-Scale Military Humanitarian Aid Missions.

Introduction Disease Control Priorities, 3rd Edition (DCP3) is an evidence-based, published resource that outlines essential procedures recommended for developing health care systems. These systems must consider various populations and the incidence of certain surgical conditions that require treatment. In relation to pediatric patients, the prevalence of certain surgical conditions encountered remains unclear in several low- and middle-income countries. Over the past 15 years, the USNS Mercy, one of the U.S. Navy's large hospital ships, has led the Pacific Partnership missions, which provide large-scale humanitarian aid throughout Southeast Asia. The data collected during these missions provide an opportunity to analyze the scope of pediatric operations performed in resource-limited countries. This analysis may assist in future planning for specific needs during military humanitarian missions. Materials and methods Surgical case data were prospectively collected during the six Pacific Partnership missions from 2006 to 2018. Demographic data were analyzed for all patients ≤8 years of age who underwent an operation. These data were retrospectively reviewed and all case logs were categorized by mission year, procedure-type, and host nation. Operations were classified based on 44 essential operations delineated in DCP3. Primary outcome was incidence of DCP3 essential operations. Secondary outcomes were perioperative complications. Standard statistical methods were performed for descriptive analysis. Results A total of 3,209 major and minor operations were performed during 24 port visits in nine countries. Pediatric cases represented 1,117 (38%) of these procedures. Pediatric surgeons performed 291 (26%) of these cases. Based on DCP3 criteria, 789 pediatric operations (71%) were considered essential procedures. The most common DCP3-aligned procedures were cleft lip repair (432, 57%), hernia repair (207, 27%), and hydrocelectomy (60, 8%). Operative volume for pediatric surgery was highest during the 2008 mission (522 cases), when two pediatric surgeons were deployed, and lowest during the 2018 mission (five cases), when the mission focus was on education rather than surgical procedures and lack of pediatric cases referred by the host nation. Overall complication rate for pediatric cases was 1%. Conclusions This study represents the largest known analysis of military humanitarian assistance. Pediatric operations represented over one-third of the surgical volume during Pacific Partnership missions from 2006 to 2018. The majority of cases were DCP3-aligned and associated with a low complication rate. Future humanitarian aid missions and host nations should allocate appropriate medical and educational resources to treat DCP3 pediatric surgical diseases in low- and middle-income countries to support long-term capacity building while maintaining optimal surgical outcomes.
Why Do Some Advertisements Get Shared More than Others?: Quantifying Facial Expressions To Gain New Insights

Why do some advertisements get shared more than others? Using scalable automated facial coding algorithms, the authors quantified the facial expressions of thousands of individuals in response to hundreds of video advertisements. Results suggest that not all emotions increase sharing and that the relationship between emotion and transmission is more complex than mere valence alone. Facial actions linked to positive emotions, (e.g., smiles) were associated with increased sharing. Although some actions associated with negative emotion (e.g., lip depressor associated with sadness) were linked to decreased sharing, others (e.g., nose wrinkles) associated with disgust were linked to increased sharing.
Anisotropic 3D elastic full-wavefield inversion to directly estimate elastic properties and its role in interpretation

Abstract Elastic properties from seismic data are important to determine subsurface hydrocarbon presence and have become increasingly important for detailed reservoir characterization that aids to ...
THE STUDENT EVALUATION OF TEACHING: LET’S BE HONEST – WHO IS TELLING THE TRUTH?

The student evaluation of teaching is a common practice in the business schools of most colleges and universities. Currently, over 99% of business schools use student evaluations to measure teachin...
Correlated Flows, Portfolio Overlap and Mutual Fund Liquidity Management

We contend that confluence of portfolio overlap and correlated liquidity shocks within mutual fund styles can exacerbate fund exposure to flow-driven liquidity risk. We show that funds mitigate such liquidity risk by reducing portfolio overlap with peer funds when their flows become more correlated (Overlap Management). Overlap Management is a highly persistent fund attribute and less costly compared to other liquidity management tools. It contributes to fund performance by avoiding correlated trades and thus alleviates the negative feedback effect of outflows on future performance. The effect of Overlap Management on performance is economically significant and is independent of that of portfolio uniqueness or alternative liquidity management tools. Using several different approaches, we show that our findings cannot be explained by potential endogeneity between flow correlation and portfolio overlap.
The shrinking stock market

Abstract The total number of publicly traded firms in the United States has fallen by half since the late 1990s. As a result, the size of the market is roughly the same as it was in 1991 despite the overall economy tripling in size since that time. This study examines this trend showing the long-term shrinking stock market trend is associated with higher levels of cash dividend payouts by firms, slower rates of profit and revenue growth, and less firm-level risk, all of which point to an average firm that is later in its lifecycle. The loss of firms has a more substantial impact on revenue and profit growth rates for the marginal firm in the market than the addition of new firms does. These results have important implications for the broader economy and support studies which find that smaller firms are being purchased by larger firms rather than going public.
Acoustic Signature: a therapeutic ultrasound guidance technique with submillimeter accuracy

Accurate targeting is paramount for transcranial ultrasound procedures. Here we describe a new method for targeting transcranial ultrasound dubbed acoustic signature which uses acoustic feedback from a target's unique reflection patterns to guide the transducer to a previously defined orientation. We characterize the uniqueness and convergence of acoustic signatures on a macaque head phantom. We demonstrate submillimeter targeting accuracy using acoustic signature feedback with two transcranial ultrasound mechanical systems. This method provides an accurate and repeatable method for therapeutic transducer array placement.
Where Local Kings Rule: Long-Term Impacts of Precolonial Institutions and Geography on Access to Public Infrastructure Services in Nigeria

Though previous works have discussed the benefits of precolonial ethnic state centralization for development in Africa, the findings, of a positive relationship between centralization and development and the mechanisms provided, of local accountability of ethnic state leaders, do not explain the heterogeneity in outcomes, reflected in the unequal distribution of access to public services among formerly centralized states today. Here, I find that centralization has had a negative effect on access to federally administrated, high state control goods when cooperation failed between ethnic state and autocratic federal government leaders in the kind of cooperative federalist regimes that defined much of colonial and postcolonial Africa. I focus on the case of Nigeria, and specifically, I find a significant negative effect of centralization on access to high federal state control goods for centralized states whose leaders failed to cooperate with the autocratic military regime, and whose jurisdictions were subsequently subject to a punishment regime, typified by underinvestment in public services, with lasting impacts till today. I also posit that the long-term effects of this punishment can be seen in the relatively lower reported trust in institutions of federal authority over traditional institutions today from respondents from these previously punished, centralized precolonial states. The results are robust to a number of controls and instrumenting for centralization with an ecological diversity index. JEL classification: O10, O13, O43, N27, P48
The Fat and Far … the Lean and Near

Except for the modest proposals that I gave at the end of Chapter 7, I have dealt so far with the question, what happened? I must now ask, what can we do about it? In support of research? In education? And in consummation of a technological change beyond the power of the private sector to achieve?
SU‐E‐E‐02: An Excel‐Based Study Tool for ABR‐Style Exams

Purpose: As the landscape of learning and testing shifts toward a computer-based environment, a replacement for paper-based methods of studying is desirable. Using Microsoft Excel, a study tool was developed that allows the user to populate multiple-choice questions and then generate an interactive quiz session to answer them. Methods: The code for the tool was written using Microsoft Excel Visual Basic for Applications with the intent that this tool could be implemented by any institution with Excel. The base tool is a template with a setup macro, which builds out the structure based on user’s input. Once the framework is built, the user can input sets of multiple-choice questions, answer choices, and even add figures. The tool can be run in random-question or sequential-question mode for single or multiple courses of study. The interactive session allows the user to select answer choices and immediate feedback is provided. Once the user is finished studying, the tool records the day’s progress by reporting progress statistics useful for trending. Results: Six doctoral students at UTHSCSA have used this tool for the past two months to study for their qualifying exam, which is similar in format and content to the American Board of Radiologymore » (ABR) Therapeutic Part II exam. The students collaborated to create a repository of questions, met weekly to go over these questions, and then used the tool to prepare for their exam. Conclusion: The study tool has provided an effective and efficient way for students to collaborate and be held accountable for exam preparation. The ease of use and familiarity of Excel are important factors for the tool’s use. There are software packages to create similar question banks, but this study tool has no additional cost for those that already have Excel. The study tool will be made openly available.« less
Amino Acid Composition and Effect of pH on the Kinetic Parameters of Renal Dipeptidase

Abstract The procedure for the purification of renal dipeptidase from particulate kidney cortex fractions has been modified to eliminate a time-consuming washing process and a chromatographic step which frequently led to loss in activity. The over-all purification resulted in the isolation of 5.8 mg of purified peptidase from 1.5 kg of kidney cortex and produced an enzyme approximately 500 times more active than source material. Physical and chemical properties such as sedimentation characteristics, electrophoretic behavior, and zinc content were compared with those reported for earlier peptidase preparations. The amino acid composition of the enzyme based on a molecular weight of 47,200 indicates a protein that contains approximately 414 amino acid residues. A study of the effect of pH upon the kinetic parameters of renal dipeptidase indicates that the NH2-terminal amino group of the peptide substrate dissociates a proton during the catalytic process. Furthermore, it is suggested that a dissociation of pK 8.5 which takes place from the enzyme-substrate complex results from the loss of a proton from a water molecule coordinated to zinc at the active center of the enzyme.
What If All the Kids Are White? Louise Derman-Sparks and Patricia Ramsey

This new publication by Derman-Sparks and Ramsey is grounded in the posing of an enduring and intriguing question for all educators, namely, “What if all the kids are white.” In other words, if a c...
Power optimization of combinational circuits by input transformations

We present a novel approach for power minimization of CMOS combinational circuits based on transforming power-expensive inputs to functionally equivalent power-optimal inputs. We assume that the environment information is available in the form of either word-level statistics or a long representative input sequence. From the environment information, we derive power-effective input transformations that will save power for any input stream that satisfies the environment properties. We synthesize a transform module that is appended at the primary inputs of the module. The proposed approach can be applied at the system-level by propagating environment information to the primary outputs of the system and then deriving transform circuits for each module. As an example of realworld application, we present results for DCT module in a JPEG compression chip with different input environments (e.g.. face recognition dataset, weather forecasting). Experimental results are highly encouraging.
Silver(I) Phosphate

[7784-09-0] Ag3O4P (MW 418.58) InChI = 1S/3Ag.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3*+1;/p-3 InChIKey = FJOLTQXXWSRAIX-UHFFFAOYSA-K (basic halophilic salt capable of accelerating the rate of palladium-catalyzed Heck reactions,1, 2 exhibiting large effects on enantio- or diastereoselectivity, and suppressing product alkene isomerization3, 4) Physical Data: mp 849 °C; d 6.37 g cm−3. Solubility: slightly sol H2O, acetic acid; freely sol nitric acid; ammonia. Form Supplied in: yellow, odorless powder. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: protect from light.
Loose Constitutivity and Armchair Philosophy

Standard philosophical methodology which proceeds by appeal to intuitions accessible "from the armchair" has come under criticism on the basis of empirical work indicating unanticipated variability of such intuitions. Loose constitutivity---the idea that intuitions are partly, but not strictly, constitutive of the concepts that appear in them---offers an interesting line of response to this empirical challenge. On a loose constitutivist view, it is unlikely that our intuitions are incorrect across the board, since they partly fix the facts in question. But we argue that this ratification of intuitions is at best rough and generic, and can only do the required methodological work if it operates in conjunction with some sort of further criteria of theory selection. We consider two that we find in the literature: naturalness (Brian Weatherson, borrowing from Lewis) and charity (Henry Jackman, borrowing from Davidson). At the end of the day, neither provides the armchair philosopher complete shelter from extra-armchair inquiry.
Conformal SCMR system with Multiple Resonators

Wireless power transfer via Multiple Resonators in Conformal Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonance (CSCMR) method is presented and studied in this paper. Instead of using a single loop for resonator (as done in traditional SCMR), an optimal design with multiple-loops is introduced. The proposed design achieves lower operating frequency (30% lower than the frequency of same size standard CSCMR), extended wireless power transfer (WPT) range (20% additional range) and higher WPT efficiency.
Gendered Justice: Attributional Differences Between Males and Females in the Juvenile Courts

Research on gender and presentencing investigative reports documents that significant differences regarding male and female offenders exist both in terms of criminal history and type of current offense and in the types of problems experienced by offenders and their motivations for engaging in criminal behaviors. Drawing from attribution theory to understand how probation officers make assessments on the culpability of youth on probation, this study addresses whether differences in probation officers' descriptions of male and female offenders exist that cannot be explained by the seriousness of the crime or the criminal history of the offender. Results indicate areas of significant quantitative and qualitative differences by gender. Although the findings demonstrate that issues of sexuality, drug use, and family conflict continue to represent significant differential pathways for female offenders, it appears that probation officers are beginning to acknowledge the impact of these factors in explaining delinquent behaviors. Language: en
Effect of body temperature during exercise on skeletal muscle cytochrome c oxidase content

This study determined the role of body temperature during exercise on cytochrome-c oxidase (CytOx) activity, a marker of mitochondrial content, and mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (mtHSP70), wh...
The effects of implementation problems on certificate of need decisions in Illinois

There has been a lack of appreciation of the complexities of implementing certificate of need (CON) programs and, further, the effects of those implementation problems on the program's effectiveness. This study describes implementation problems and presents some evidence of their impact on approval rates in one state. Start-up phase problems included non-reviewable projects, exempted projects and pre-emptive actions by the hospitals to avoid the regulations. It is estimated that these problems raised the program's approval rate by 12 percent and resulted in approximately +310 million of capital costs and an unknown increase in operating costs. Two problems of continuing implementation are identified. The first concerns the availability and specification of the standards and criteria for project review. The second problem is the lack of significant compliance mechanisms. The Reagan administration has made massive cuts in support for health planning and CON programs. The rationale for these cuts is based on the belief that CON has not been effective in reducing the escalation of hospital costs. This article indicates some of the reasons for its impotence.
103. A Screen for Host Cellular Proteins That Interact with Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Proteins Reveals Proteins Involved in AAV8 Transduction

Vectors from adeno-associated virus (AAV) appear very promising for use in some gene therapy applications, due to their relative safety and sustained gene expression. Different serotypes of AAV have been isolated, each having different properties. For example, it has been shown that AAV-8 uncoats more readily than AAV-2 in the nuclei of hepatocytes in mouse liver, possibly explaining the more robust transduction efficiencies of AAV-8 (Thomas et al., Journal of Virology, 2004, 78 (6) p. 3110-3224). Our goal is to better understand the mechanisms behind AAV-8 transduction by identifying cellular proteins that interact with the capsid, and that are necessary for optimal transduction. Towards this end, we used a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify cellular proteins that interact with different domains of the AAV-8 capsid. Using a portion of the AAV capsid protein VP3 as bait against a mouse liver cDNA library, we recovered around 700 clones. Analysis of the sequence of these clones revealed that over 100 genes had multiple hits, indicating that the interactions might be genuine. These included genes encoding many different types of proteins that may be involved in viral binding, entry and trafficking. In particular, some clones contained portions of cathepsins B and L, lysosomal proteases shown to be important in the uncoating of reovirus and the Ebola virus. These clones did interact with the corresponding portion of the AAV-2 capsid, but not AAV-5, when using the same two-hybrid system. Infection of murine fibroblast NIH-3T3 cells by AAV-2 and AAV-8 was severely inhibited by treating the cells with the cathepsin B inhibitor Ca-074Me. In addition, capsid proteins from assembled AAV-2 and AAV-8, but not AAV-5, were cleaved specifically when incubated with purified cathepsin B protein, which was consistent with our two-hybrid data. Cathe sin B seems to be involved in the uncoating of both AAV-2 and 8. This data confirms that some of the roteins isolated in the screen are indeed involved in AAV transduction, and further analysis of the other genes recovered in our screen may hel reveal other cellular roteins im ortant for AAV8-mediated gene transfer.
Tracer impurity diffusion in single-crystal rutile (TiO2−x)

Abstract By means of the radioactive-tracer sectioning technique, the tracer diffusion of the impurity ions, 46 Sc, 51 Cr, 54 Mn, 59 Fe, 60 Co, 63 Ni and 95 Zr, in rutile single crystals was measured as functions of crystal orientation, temperature, oxygen partial pressure and Al impurity content. The diffusion coefficients are very sensitive to the electric charge of the impurity ions. Divalent impurities (e.g., Co and Ni) diffuse extremely rapidly in TiO 2 , compared to cation self-diffusion, and exhibit an extreme anisotropy in diffusion behavior, divalent-impurity diffusion parallel to the c -axis is much larger than it is perpendicular to the c -axis. Trivalent impurity ions (Sc and Cr) and tetravalent impurity ions (Zr) diffuse similar to cation self-diffusion, both as functions of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. The divalent impurity ions Co and Ni apparently diffuse as interstitial ions along open channels parallel to the c -axis. The results suggest that Sc, Cr and Zr ions diffuse by an interstitialcy mechanism involving the simultaneous and cooperative migration of tetravalent interstitial titanium ions and the tracer-impurity ions. Iron ions diffuse both as divalent and as trivalent ions. The impurity diffusion as functions of oxygen partial pressure and Al-impurity content are consistent with calculations of point-defect concentrations in rutile.
Digitization of electrocardiograms by desktop optical scanner

Abstract The fidelity of a semiautomated technique for converting paper electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings to digital form by optical scanning was examined. Sample tracings from one nonmechanical and three mechanical ECG writers (recorders) were used. The optically scanned signals were compared with the digitized version (402 Hz, 12-bit precision) of the original analog signals using time- and frequency-domain correlation coefficients and root mean square error. A total of 261 QRS complexes and 207 RR intervals were examined in 21 leads acquired from 8 patients. When data were low-pass filtered at 25 Hz, the correlation coefficients for the 261 QRS complexes were 0.997 ± 0.005 (mean ± SD) for the time domain data, 0.992 ± 0.010 for the complex frequency domain (amplitude and phase) data, and 0.998 ± 0.002 for the power spectrum. The corresponding correlations for the 207 RR intervals were 0.993 ± 0.008, 0.992 ± 0.008, and 0.993 ± 0.009. The RMS errors, normalized for signal amplitude, were 2.62 ± 1.28 (percent ± SD) for QRS complexes and 1.82 ± 0.87 for RR intervals. The correlations for the mechanical ECG recorder tracings were the same or better than those of the nonmechanical recorder, and the RMS errors were generally smaller. When data were low-pass filtered at 105 Hz, the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.984 to 0.996 for the QRS complexes and 0.982 to 0.988 for RR intervals. Root mean square errors were 4.54 ± 2.03 and 2.38 ± 1.14, respectively. For purposes of arrhythmia analysis by QRS classification, digitization of ECG signals by optical scanning appears equivalent to acquisition via standard analog-to-digital conversion.
Calcium, manganese and hepatic gluconeogenesis

Abstract In the isolated perfused rat liver, administration of either glucagon or 3′,5′-AMP is followed by an efflux of Ca 2+ and enhanced glucose formation from lactate or pyruvate. The release of Ca 2+ precedes the increase in glucose production. The Ca 2+ is released from a pool which also accumulates Mn 2+ and Sr 2+ . Addition of either iodoacetate or 2,4-dinitrophenol leads to an increase in total Ca 2+ uptake by the liver, as measured with 45 Ca 2+ , but a decreased accumulation of 45 Ca 2+ into the cyclic nucleotide-sensitive pool. Changes in the concentration of Ca 2+ in the perfusate had little effect upon gluconeogenesis, but the addition of Mn 2+ stimulated gluconeogenesis without altering 3′,5′-AMP concentration. Perfusion of the liver with 1· 10 −4 M tetracaine did not greatly alter the basal rate of glucose formation or O 2 consumption, but did inhibit either 3′,5′-AMP or glucagon-induced gluconegenesis or glycogenolysis, and nucleotide-induced increase in Ca 2+ efflux. Tetracaine did not block the glucagon-induced increase in 3′,5′, AMP.
Regional Deposition of Inhaled Monodisperse Coarse and Fine Aerosol Particles in Small Laboratory Animals

The regional deposition of inhaled monodisperse insoluble particles of about 1, 3, 5, and 10 micrometers in activity median aerodynamic diameter was measured in four small rodent species including CF1 mice, golden Syrian hamsters, Fischer 344 rats and Hartley guinea pigs and in New Zealand rabbits. Near monodisperse aerosols of about 0.05 micrometers activity median diffusive diameter were also studied. The five species are commonly utilized in inhalation toxicology research. Monodisperse aerosols of fused aluminosilicate particles labeled with radioactive /sup 169/Yb were generated utilizing a modified vibrating liquid stream generator, reduced to Boltzmann charge equilibrium with a /sup 85/Kr discharge device, concentrated with a centripeter stage, fused in a 1200C quartz tube furnace, and delivered to a specially designed nose-only exposure system suitable for use with coarse particles as large as 10 micrometers. Twenty unanaesthetized animals (eight rabbits) were exposed simultaneously for up to 45 minutes to each aerosol particle size.
Late radiation injury to muscle and peripheral nerves

Late radiation injury to muscles and peripheral nerves is infrequently observed. However, the success of radiation oncology has led to longer patient survival, providing a greater opportunity for late effects to develop, increase in severity and, possibly, impact the quality of life of the patient. In addition, when radiation therapy is combined with surgery and/or chemotherapy, the risk of late complications is likely to increase. It is clear that the incidence of complications involving muscles and nerves increases with time following radiation. The influence of volume has yet to be determined; however, an increased volume is likely to increase the risk of injury to muscles and nerves. Experimental and clinical studies have indicated that the alpha/beta ratio for muscle is approximately 4 Gy and, possibly, 2 Gy for peripheral nerve, indicating the great influence of fractionation on response of these tissues. This is of concern for intraoperative radiation therapy, and for high dose rate brachytherapy. This review of clinical and experimental data discusses the response of muscle and nerves late after radiation therapy. A grading system has been proposed and endpoints suggested.
Nitric oxide modulates synaptic glutamate release during anoxia

Abstract The ability of nitric oxide to enhance vesicular glutamate release during anoxia was examined in the present study. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampal slices perfused in media containing tetrodotoxin. These cells exhibit spontaneous inward currents previously identified as glutamatergic miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). The frequency of these mEPSCs increases during exposure to anoxia. The anoxia-induced increase in frequency is reduced when experiments are performed in the presence of the competitive nitric oxide (NO)-synthase inhibitors N G -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester and N G -nitro- l -arginine, as well as reduced hemoglobin. Arginine reversed the suppression by the NO-synthase inhibitors. The N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists 3-(2-carboxypiperazine-4-yl)propyl-l-phosphonic acid and MK-801 also suppressed the anoxia-induced increase in mEPSC frequency. These data indicate that NMDA receptor-activated NO production may enhance vesicular synaptic glutamate release, which would in turn contribute to excitotoxicity during hypometabolic states.