cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Memory retrieval and suppression: The inhibition of situation models

When people retrieve newly learned facts on a recognition test, they are often increasingly slowed by the number of other newly learned facts that have a concept in common with the probed fact. This is called the fan effect. Assuming that people are using situation models of the learned information, the author considers whether the inhibition of competing representations is one of the processes involved in the fan effect. Evidence was found for negative priming of related but irrelevant situation models, thus supporting the idea that the inhibition of highly related memory traces is used in long-term memory retrieval. As such, this is a form of retrieval-based inhibition.
Copper-containing IUDs are not associated with an increase of malondialdehyde levels in cervical mucus

The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of cervical mucus from 23 healthy adult females was measured using an ion-pairing HPLC method capable of detecting 10 pmol MDA. Ten of the women were wearing copper IUDs, four were wearing plastic IUDs, and nine controls were not wearing an IUD. Cervical mucus was sampled during the follicular, periovulatory, luteal, and menstrual phases. The study was designed to determine if there is a relationship between MDA formation and the use of a copper IUD. A total of 79 samples were analyzed. Only 16 of the samples had sufficient MDA for reliable quantitation with the level ranging from 0.1 nmol/g to 2.32 nmol/g. In 19 of the samples, trace levels (less than 0.06 nmol/g) were detected but could not be reliably quantitated. In the remaining 44 samples, no MDA was detectable. There was no correlation between the presence of copper- or non-copper-containing IUDs and the level of MDA. These results are contrary to a previously published report that used a less specific method for MDA analysis.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation: mechanisms and implications in diabetic retinopathy

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the primary cellular compartment where proteins are synthesized and modified before they can be transported to their destination. Dysfunction of the ER impairs protein homeostasis and leads to the accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins in the ER, or ER stress. While it has long been recognized that ER stress is a major cause of conformational disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, certain types of cancer, and type 2 diabetes, recent evidence suggests that ER stress is also implicated in many chronic inflammatory diseases. These diseases include irritable bowel syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetic complications, and many others. Diabetic retinopathy is a common microvascular complication of diabetes, characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive damage to retinal vascular and neuronal cells, vascular leakage, and abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). In this review, we discuss the role and mechanisms of ER stress in retinal inflammation and vascular damage in diabetic retinopathy.
Biologic augmentation of rotator cuff repair

Abstract Rotator cuff repair is commonly performed to provide pain relief and improve shoulder function in patients with pain and disability related to cuff tears. However, re-tear rates following repair remain remarkably high in certain patient populations. Biologic strategies to reinforce repairs or augment tendon healing, such as extracellular matrices and platelet-rich plasma therapy, are an area of increased interest among orthopedic surgeons to improve these suboptimal healing rates. As more products have become commercially available, much attention has been turned to determining the optimal augmentation technique. However, data supporting the role and efficacy of these products is limited. Thus careful patient selection remains the most essential strategy for optimizing tendon healing potential following rotator cuff repair.
Leukemia Stemness Signatures Step toward the Clinic

A recent Nature Medicine study by Eppert et al. (2011) describes analyses of functionally defined leukemia stem cell populations that provide new insights on the biology of human tumor populations and the potential use of stem cell-associated gene signatures for prognosis.
The pot that called the kettle white: Changing racial identities and U.S. social construction of race

Ethnic and racial identities are deeply enmeshed in broader social processes of change. While ethnicity and race are important factors in consciousness and behavior, they are profoundly affected by the material conditions of life. Conceptually, ethnicity and race are often reified and essentialized, that is, they are attributed qualities that presumably give them independent explanatory power. This study analyzes primary sources to trace how descendants of freed slaves in colonial Virginia emerged as three apparently distinct racial populations. Factors such as national formation, the rise of slavery, and racial typologies all contributed to a restrictive social structure. Yet some individuals and families negotiated aspects of their racial identities through intermarriage, migration, legal processes, and revised genealogies in the search for opportunity. This study attempts to demystify thinking about race and ethnicity by revealing the social forces that influence the form and content of racial and ethn...
Phylogenetic analyses and the distribution of nematophagy support a monophyletic Pleurotaceae within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi

Phylogenetic analyses based on partial se- quences from nuclear 25S rDNA indicate a mono- phyletic Pleurotaceae, consisting of the monophyletic genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia, within the poly- phyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi. The attack and consumption of nematodes (nematophagy) supports the monophyly of this family. Other pleurotoid-len- tinoid fungi that have been studied are not nemato- phagous and, in phylogenetic analyses, occur within the euagaric, polyporoid and russuloid clades. The pleurotoid agarics Lampteromyces, Lentinula, Notho- panus, and Omphalotus form a clade together with Gymnopus dryophilus. A clade that corresponds to the Tricholomataceae includes the pleurotoid agarics Conchomyces, Hypsizygus, Phyllotopsis, and Resupina- tus. Faerberia, Heliocybe, Lentinus, Neolentinus, and Panus are gilled polypores, and all deserve recogni- tion at the generic level. The brown-rotters Heliocybe and Neolentinus form a distinct clade within the poly- pores together with the brown-rotting polypore, Gloeophyllum. The Pleurotaceae belong in the Agar- icales, are not closely related to or synonymous with the Polyporaceae, and should be restricted to the genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia. An isolate of Hohenbuehelia from Alberta, Canada produces adhe- sive knobs typical of Hohenbuehelia and its anamorph Nematoctonus, and also nonadhesive nematotoxic droplets characteristic of Pleurotus. This combination is unique within Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus. Phylo-
Pulse pressure and risk of preeclampsia: a prospective study.

Abstract Objective: To find whether pulse pressure, a measure of arterial compliance, is associated early in pregnancy with increased risk of developing preeclampsia. Methods: In a prospective cohort of 576 nulliparas, we examined blood pressures throughout pregnancy and at 6–8 weeks postpartum. Measurements during weeks 7–15, 16–24, and 25–38 of gestation were pooled to find averages for each period. Outcomes assessed were gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. Results: We confirmed 34 (5.9%) cases of preeclampsia, 32 (5.6%) cases of gestational hypertension, and 510 normotensive women. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures and mean arterial pressures were elevated throughout pregnancy in women who developed hypertensive disorders of pregnancy compared with normotensive women. Pulse pressure at 7–15 weeks was significantly higher in women who developed preeclampsia (45 ± 6 mmHg) than in those who developed gestational hypertension (41 ± 7 mmHg, P = .03) and normotensive women (41 ± 8 mmHg, P = .01). Examined in tertiles, increasing pulse pressure was associated with increasing risk of developing preeclampsia (P for trend = .01) but not gestational hypertension (P for trend = .95). After adjustment for potential confounders, a 1-mmHg rise in early pregnancy pulse pressure was associated with a 6% (95% confidence interval: 1, 10) increase in risk for developing preeclampsia but not gestational hypertension (relative risk: 1%; 95% confidence interval: −1, 6). Beyond 15 weeks’ gestation, differences between groups diminished, but women with any hypertensive disorder had higher pulse pressures than women with uncomplicated pregnancies. Conclusion: Elevated pulse pressure, indicating poor arterial compliance, was evident early in pregnancies of women who subsequently developed preeclampsia.
People Living with Cancer

ABSTRACT People Living With Cancer is the American Society of Clinical Oncology's patient-oriented Web site, created to link cancer patients, their caregivers, and consumers to “oncologist-approved” sources of Web-based information.
Liberation and Domination: Their Eyes Were Watching God and the Evolution of Capitalism

The popularity of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God owes much to the poststructuralist flavor of the novel. The primary thrust of recent criticism has accentuated this dimension, seeing bountiful evidence for the novel's deconstructive playfulness in the relationship between Tea Cake and Janie. According to Henry Louis Gates, Jr., "figures of play are the dominant repeated figures in the second half of Their Eyes," and play "is the irresistible love potion that Tea Cake administers to Janie" (Signifying Monkey 194, 195). Such playfulness is, according to this criticism, the mark of the novel's political importance; it "jostle[s] any vision of the omnipotent power of rational thought" (Davie 448). The idea that the political energy of Their Eyes lies in its playfulness marks perhaps the clearest disjunction between today's responses to the novel and the reception it received when first published. It is precisely the novel's playfulness which earned it the scorn of several leading African American intellectuals, including, most significantly, Richard Wright. In his wellknown attack, Wright argues that "the sensory sweep of [Hurston's] novel carries no theme, no message, no thought" (25), that the novel is fundamentally apolitical. For Wright, a novel is political only insofar as it overtly engages racial oppression (which Hurston's, for the most part, does not). It is the contention of contemporary poststructuralist criticism, however, that a novel is politically subversive not merely because of its content, but because of a form which dismantles hierarchies and deconstructs the binary oppositions of rational thought. Sharon Davie, for instance, argues that the playfulness of Their Eyes creates a situation where readers "may begin to accept that the master narrative is one of many, that the Master is a relative, and relative to themselves. This realization in turn can be politically useful if it helps people make the boundaries of the inevitable hierarchical categories they live by more porous" (457). For Davie, the radical politics of Their Eyes today lies at the exact site-deconstructive play
Kinetic dispersion in redox-active dithiocarbamate monolayers.

Dithiocarbamates (dtcs) have been implicated as important gold-binding groups in molecular electronics. Dtcs have two alkane branches connected at a single anchoring point that has a bidentate resonance structure. Forming readily in situ by the combination of secondary amines and CS2, dtcs adsorb quickly onto gold surfaces. Electroactive self-assembled monolayers (eSAMs) were prepared by the coadsorption of ferrocene dialkyldithiocarbamates (Fc dtcs) with diluent dtcs on gold electrodes. Short and long alkane chains were used (11 and 16 methylene groups, respectively), and a polar ester group was incorporated. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) shows that the electrochemistry is quasi-reversible. At high surface coverage, the peak separations and full widths at half-maximum for Fc dtcs deviate from theoretical values and are analogous to that of ferrocene alkane thiols on gold at high surface coverage. Importantly, these features do not change at low Fc dtc surface coverage as observed for ferrocene alkane thiols. F...
Comparison of Intact Arabidopsis thaliana Leaf Transcript Profiles during Treatment with Inhibitors of Mitochondrial Electron Transport and TCA Cycle

Plant mitochondria signal to the nucleus leading to altered transcription of nuclear genes by a process called mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR). MRR is implicated in metabolic homeostasis and responses to stress conditions. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are a MRR signaling component, but whether all MRR requires ROS is not established. Inhibition of the cytochrome respiratory pathway by antimycin A (AA) or the TCA cycle by monofluoroacetate (MFA), each of which initiates MRR, can increase ROS production in some plant cells. We found that for AA and MFA applied to leaves of soil-grown Arabidopsis thaliana plants, ROS production increased with AA, but not with MFA, allowing comparison of transcript profiles under different ROS conditions during MRR. Variation in transcript accumulation over time for eight nuclear encoded mitochondrial protein genes suggested operation of both common and distinct signaling pathways between the two treatments. Consequences of mitochondrial perturbations for the whole transcriptome were examined by microarray analyses. Expression of 1316 and 606 genes was altered by AA and MFA, respectively. A subset of genes was similarly affected by both treatments, including genes encoding photosynthesis-related proteins. MFA treatment resulted in more down-regulation. Functional gene category (MapMan) and cluster analyses showed that genes with expression levels affected by perturbation from AA or MFA inhibition were most similarly affected by biotic stresses such as pathogens. Overall, the data provide further evidence for the presence of mtROS-independent MRR signaling, and support the proposed involvement of MRR and mitochondrial function in plant responses to biotic stress.
Indications for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is one of the most commonly performed endoscopic procedures for the evaluation and treatment of various conditions of the biliary and pancreatic ductal systems. It remains one of the most complex and higher risk procedures performed in endoscopy. This introductory chapter will cover basic procedural considerations, pertinent clinical indications and contraindications, potential complications, and special situations requiring ERCP.
Expression changes in mRNAs and mitochondrial damage in lens epithelial cells with selenite

An overdose of sodium selenite induces cataracts in young rats. The mid-stage events producing the cataract include calpain-induced hydrolysis and precipitation of lens proteins. Apoptosis in lens epithelial cells has been suggested as an initial event in selenite cataracts. Expression levels of two genes associated with apoptosis were altered in lens epithelial cells from selenite-injected rats. The purpose of the present experiment was to perform a more comprehensive search for changes in expression of mRNAs in lens epithelial cells in order to more fully delineate the early events in selenite-induced cataracts. Lens epithelial cells were harvested at 1 and 2 days after a single subcutaneous injection of sodium selenite (30 μmol/kg body weight) into 12-day-old rats. Gene expression was analyzed using a commercial DNA array (Rat Genome U34A GeneChip array, Affymetrix). Of approximately 8000 genes assayed by hybridization, 13 genes were decreased and 27 genes were increased in the rat lens epithelial cells after injection of selenite. Some of the up-regulated genes included apoptosis-related genes, and a majority of the down-regulated genes were mitochondrial genes. Previously observed changes in expression of EGR-1 mRNA were also confirmed. Changes in the expression patterns of mRNAs were also confirmed by RT-PCR. To determine the mechanism for damage of lens epithelial cells (alpha TN4 cell) by culture in selenite, leakage of cytochrome c from mitochondria was measured. Selenite caused significant leakage of cytochrome c into the cytosol of alpha TN4 cells. Our data suggested that the loss of integrity of lens epithelial cells by selenite might be caused by preferential down-regulation of mitochondrial RNAs, release of cytochrome c, and impaired mitochondrial function. Up-regulation of mRNAs involved in maintenance of DNA, regulation of metabolism, and induction of apoptosis may also play roles.
The contribution of therapeutic instruction to covert sensitization

Abstract R ecent controlled studies demonstrate that aversion therapies can be effective treatments for certain behaviour disorders such as alcoholism (Ashem and Donner, 1968) and sexual deviation (Feldman and MacCulloch, 1971). However, the mechanism of action in the various forms of aversion therapy has not been determined. As one form of aversion therapy, covert sensitization employs descriptions of noxious scenes as aversive stimuli. An earlier study (Barlow, Leitenberg and Agras, 1969) suggested that pairing descriptions of noxious scenes with scenes of the undesired behavior was the critical procedure in covert sensitization. There, a single case design was used with two sexual deviates. Sexually arousing scenes were paired with descriptions of nausea and vomiting during the first phase, while in a second phase the same sexually arousing scenes were presented alone, and finally, pairing was reinstated. Put another way, these phases represent acquisition, extinction and re-acquisition respectively. During the pairing of scenes in the first phase, deviant arousal declined, rose again when the pairing of scenes was removed, and dropped in the final phase when pairing was reinstated. This appeared to demonstrate the effectiveness of pairing in the procedure. It is possible, however, that therapeutic instructions and the resulting expectancy of improvement present in both covert sensitization phases, were responsible for the effectiveness of the treatment, since the patient may have viewed the middle extinction phase as non- therapeutic. To test this notion, the procedure of the first experiment was changed somewhat. Four homosexual Ss were told that the acquisition procedure (covert sensitization) with pairing would temporarily worsen their sexual deviation and that the extinction procedure (no pairing) was therapeutic. The experiment began with the no pairing procedure with therapeutic instructions to create the desired expectancies at the outset and to test for an initial placebo effect. In addition, an objective measure of sexual arousal, penile circumference change, was recorded. If pairing is the necessary and sufficient procedure in covert sensitization, then deviant sexual arousal should decrease during covert sensitization despite instructions to the contrary and, conversely, no improvement should occur during the no pairing, placebo phase.
Preoperative serum YKL-40 is a marker for detection and prognosis of endometrial cancer.

Abstract Objective. YKL-40 is a secreted glycoprotein of the chitinase family that has been previously described as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for a number of cancers, including epithelial ovarian cancer. In this study, we examined the frequency of serum elevation as well as the diagnostic and prognostic significance of this serum marker in endometrial cancer. Materials and methods. Preoperative serum levels of YKL-40 and CA125 were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for all endometrial cancer patient samples (34) available in the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Gynecology Service Tissue Bank between the years 1987 and 2002, and compared to a cohort of normal individuals. A YKL-40 value of 61 ng/mL has previously been determined to represent the upper limit of normal. YKL-40 values were correlated with clinical characteristics, including patient age, tumor grade, histology, clinical stage, and clinical outcome (progression-free survival [PFS] and overall survival [OS]). Results. YKL-40 was elevated (>61 ng/mL) in 26 (76%) of 34 endometrial cancer patients compared with elevations of CA125 in 21 (62%) of 34 patients ( P =0.09). Twenty-eight (82%) of all 34 patients had elevations of either CA125 or YKL-40 or both; 16 (89%) of 18 advanced-stage endometrial cancer patients had elevation of at least one of these two markers. Median preoperative YKL-40 value was 137 ng/mL (range, 22–1738 ng/mL) for endometrial cancer patients compared with 28 ng/mL (range, 15–72 ng/mL) for normal healthy subjects ( P 80 ng/mL) was correlated with poor clinical outcome in univariate analysis, but was not demonstrated in multivariate analysis. At 5 years' follow-up, the PFS rate was 80% for patients with YKL-40 80 ng/mL ( P =0.004). The 5-year OS rate for patients with YKL-40 80 ng/mL ( P =0.047). Conclusion. Preoperative serum YKL-40 is frequently elevated and may represent a novel marker for the detection of endometrial cancer and the identification of high-risk subsets of patients with worse clinical outcome. Further investigation of this promising endometrial cancer marker in larger studies is warranted.
Application of differential sensitivity analysis to nonlinear mixed boundary value problems—II. Computational results and convergence studies

Abstract The well-known consecutive reaction system A → B → C is chosen for a digital computer study of the optimization of a recycle reactor. The associated nonlinear mixed boundary value problem is solved by a weighted gradient-cum-Newton—Raphson iteration which uses differential sensitivity measures developed in Part I. The effectiveness of the method is borne out by a comparative numerical study of the quasilinearization scheme applied to the same problem. The global convergence properties of the algorithm are established by means of a convergence theorem, which also proves that the rate of approach to the optimum is superlinear. Das wohlbekannte Folgereaktionssystem A → B → C wurde gewahlt fur eine Digital Computer Studie der Optimisierung eines Rucklaufreaktors. Das damit verbundene Problem des nichtlinearen gemischten Grenzwertes wird mittels bewerterem Gradienten und Newton— Raphsonscher Iteration unter Verwendung der im 1. Teil entwickelten Differentialsensitivitatsanalyse gelost. Eine vergleichende numerische Studie des Quasilinearisierungsschemas, auf das gleiche Problem angewendet, bewies die Wirksamkeit der Methode. Die globalen Konvergenziegenschaften des Algorithmus werden mit Hilfe eines Konvergenztheorems festgestellt, das ebenfalls beweist, dass die Annaherungsrate an das Optimum superlinear ist.
Evidence for the local synthesis of a transmitter enzyme (glutamic acid decar☐ylase) in crayfish peripheral nerve

Summary The activities of three enzymes of neurotransmitter metabolism (choline acetyltransferase, CAT; acetylcholinesterase, AChE; and glutamic acid decar☐ylase, GAD) were studied in normal, transected, and organ cultured crayfish nerves. CAT (to a lesser extent AChE) was dramatically decreased in activity when the nerve was cut proximal to the nerve cell bodies. GAD activity was unaffected by such procedures. In organ cultured nerve, where both motor and sensory axons degenerated, the CAT and AChE activities were virtually absent, whereas GAD activity remained close to normal levels. Inhibition of protein synthesis in cultured nerve caused the GAD activity to decrease rapidly. In view of these data, and well documented fact that motor axons survive axotomy whereas sensory axons do not, a hypothesis that GAD is synthesized in the peripheral nerve is presented.
Tumour necrosis factor receptor gene therapy affects cellular immune responses in collagen induced arthritis in mice

Background: Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) is an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) amenable to immunotherapy directed against tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα). Objective: To evaluate whether local TNF receptor (TNF-R) gene therapy in DBA/1 mice exerts an influence beyond anti-inflammatory effects. Two measures of CIA pathogenesis were investigated—namely, immunity to collagen II (CII) 245–270 peptide (the major immunodominant epitope within bovine CII) and the preferential activation of T cell Vs8.2 variable region receptors in arthritic DBA/1 mice. Methods: DBA/1 mice received single periarticular injections of media or retroviral vectors containing LacZ or human TNF-R into affected arthritic paws at disease onset. Disease severity was monitored, immune responses towards the immunodominant bovine CII 245–270 and subdominant CII 334–360 peptide epitopes were assessed by ELISA, and T cell Vs usage was analysed by real time polymerase chain reaction for the LacZ transduced, TNF-R, and viral-free media treated control animals. The therapeutic influence of TNF-R gene transduction was compared with other groups at different times after treatment. Results: Reduced disease severity was seen 15–35 days after treatment, with a concomitant increase in immunity towards the subdominant CII 334–360 peptide epitope rather than the immunodominant CII 245–270 peptide in TNF-R treated animals. Early in the disease, TNF-R treated animals demonstrated a reduction of bias towards the otherwise predominant Vs8.2 T cell subset. Conclusions: TNF-R gene therapy influences cellular immunity in CIA, leading to overall disease amelioration, thus suggesting that TNF inhibition may have therapeutic potential beyond the control of inflammation in RA.
An improved method for two-dimensional heteronuclear relayed-coherence-transfer NMR spectroscopy

Recently, a variety of schemes for obtaining 2D heteronuclear RELAY spectra have been proposed (I-6). These methods can be quite powerful for structure determination and spectral assignment. However, a recent analysis (7) has shown that in many cases the sensitivity of heteronuclear relayed-magnetization-transfer spectroscopy is considerably lower than for heteronuclear chemical-shift correlation (8-10). Especially in compounds with saturated aliphatic ring systems, such as steroids and alkaloids, the sensitivity of the heteronuclear RELAY experiment is often very low. Moreover, in all heteronuclear RELAY experiments proposed so far the ‘H-‘H multiplet components of the (‘H-13C) RELAY multiplet are in antiphase relative to one another (analogous to the antiphase nature of multiplet components in a COSY spectrum (II)) and the ‘H-13C RELAY multiplet is 90” out of phase relative to nonrelayed signal in the 2D spectrum. No pure-absorption 2D spectra can therefore be recorded with the existing RELAY experiments. We propose a new pulse scheme for heteronuclear RELAY spectroscopy that partly overcomes the problems mentioned above. In the new scheme, net magnetization transfer among protons is achieved via homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn-type cross-polarization. This type of homonuclear magnetization transfer was first discovered (12) as an artifact in homonuclear transverse NOE spectroscopy (13) and is closely related to the magnetization-transfer mechanism in the TOCSY experiment (14). We have recently demonstrated that this type of homonuclear cross-polarization is very powerful for the assignment of complex proton spectra (15). The possibility of obtaining net magnetization transfer in coupled ‘H spin systems makes this approach very suitable for heteronuclear RELAY spectroscopy. The pulse scheme of the new method is sketched in Fig. 1. An alternating spinlock field along the fx axis of the proton rotating frame provides the crucial mechanism for homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn-type cross-polarization. Consider first, for reasons of simplicity, a rf field of nominal strength, v = yH2/27r, that is continuously aligned along the x axis of the proton. rotating frame. Two protons, A and B, with offset frequencies AA and AB, experience effective rf field strengths, VA and VB . Provided that v s AA, AB, VA and VB are to a good approximation given by
On the isometric composition operators on the Bloch space in Cn

Abstract Let φ be a holomorphic self-map of a bounded homogeneous domain D in C n . In this work, we show that the composition operator C φ : f ↦ f ○ φ is bounded on the Bloch space B of the domain and provide estimates on its operator norm. We also give a sufficient condition for φ to induce an isometry on B . This condition allows us to construct non-trivial examples of isometric composition operators in the case when D has the unit disk as a factor. We then obtain some necessary conditions for C φ to be an isometry on B when D is a Cartan classical domain. Finally, we give the complete description of the spectrum of the isometric composition operators in the case of the unit disk and for a wide class of symbols on the polydisk.
A METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF STRESS IN BRITTLE ROCK

Abstract A numerical method for the determination of the stresses associated with the fracture processes of a brittle rock material is proposed. It is shown that the various zones of fracture around an underground opening can be predicted and a stability analysis of the rock structure can be performed, while taking the complete physical behavior of the rock material into account. The method is based upon the finite-element analysis and a process of successive approximations. An example of application for a norite rock mass containing a circular opening, under the conditions of plane strain and a uniaxial stress field, is given for illustration.
Contrasting fractionation patterns for sequential magmas from two calc-alkaline volcanoes in Central America

Abstract Two sequences of alternating units of lavas and pyroclastic rocks from two volcanoes in Central America were sampled and analysed. The rocks from Izalco, the smaller, more mafic cone, show a continuous increase in SiO 2 , K 2 O, Zr and La, and a decrease in CaO, MgO, Co and Cr with time. These trends are shown to be consistent with progressive crystal fractionation. Atitlan, a larger and more silicic volcano, displays a discontinuous trend in which geochemical reversals are thought to reflect the development of a series of small bodies of zoned magma. The lavas of each zoned section show decreases in SiO 2 , K 2 O, Hf and Ba, and increases in CaO, MgO, Co and V from the bottom of the section to its top. The different trends at Izalco and Atitlan are believed to reflect the restrictions cone height places on the effects of crystal fractionation. As cone height increases, the intervals between eruptions progressively lengthen, allowing more time for crystal fractionation to proceed. The two volcanoes may represent an early and a later stage in the general evolutionary development of large composite cones. Despite the remarkable regularity of the alternating flows and pyroclastic eruptions, no systematic chemical variations were recognized between the two types of lava.
BENDAVIA (MTP-131), A NOVEL MITOCHONDRIA-TARGETING PEPTIDE, NORMALIZES EXPRESSION OF CARDIOLIPIN REMODELING GENES AND PROTEINS IN LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIUM OF DOGS WITH ADVANCED HEART FAILURE

Cardiolipin (CL) is a phospholipid localized to the inner mitochondrial (MITO) membrane, is essential for oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS) and is synthesized by CL synthase 1 (CLS1) and remodeled by Tafazzin1 (TAZ1), monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase- (MLCLAT1) and acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin
Distributed Tertiary Control of DC Microgrid Clusters

A distributed control method is proposed to handle power sharing among a cluster of dc microgrids. The hierarchical control structure of microgrids includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. While the load sharing among the sources within a dc microgrid is managed through primary and secondary controllers, a tertiary control level is required to provide the higher level load sharing among microgrids within a cluster. Power transfer between microgrids enables maximum utilization of renewable sources and suppresses stress and aging of the components, which improves its reliability and availability, reduces the maintenance costs, and expands the overall lifespan of the network. The proposed control mechanism uses a cooperative approach to adjust voltage set points for individual microgrids and, accordingly, navigate the power flow among them. Loading mismatch among neighbor microgrids is used in an updating policy to adjust voltage set point and mitigate such mismatches. While the voltage adjustment policy handles the load sharing among the microgrids within each cluster, at a lower level, each microgrid carries a communication network that is in contact with the secondary control system. It is this lower level network that propagates voltage set points across all sources within a microgrid. Load sharing and set point propagation are analytically studied for the higher and lower level controllers, respectively. Experimental studies on two cluster setups demonstrate excellent controller performance and validate its resiliency against converter failures and communication losses.
Raman spectroscopy of Japanese artists' materials: The Tale of Genji by Tosa Mitsunobu

Micro-samples from the earliest complete copy of the Japanese masterpiece The Tale of Genji were analyzed by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy to determine the materials used. The album was commissioned in 1509 and consists of 54 illustrations by Tosa Mitsunobu with matching calligraphic pages painted by six different court calligraphers. The pages were originally pasted onto a folding screen but were remounted in an album in the 17th century and a frontispiece and finispiece illustration painted by Tosa Mitsuoki. The illustration for chapter 52 is a replacement of unknown date. The following materials were identified in the illustrations: azurite, indigo, malachite, atacamite, botallackite, chrysocolla, gamboge, vermilion, lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), red ochre/haematite, calcite and basic lead carbonate (lead white). A smaller range was used on the calligraphic pages: vermilion, lead(II,IV) oxide (red lead), indigo, gamboge, yellow ochre and calcite. Most of the materials identified are part of the traditional Japanese palette, and a wide range of tones was created by mixing pigments from this relatively restricted set. The hydrated copper chlorides, atacamite and botallackite, may be alteration products of original malachite. The chrysocolla, a natural amorphous copper silicate, was probably incorporated accidentally with the malachite, as the two can occur together in nature. Chrysocolla occurs with malachite only on the replacement illustration for chapter 52, which lacks copper chlorides. The lead carbonate and red lead are both discolored in many areas. Lead sulfate was identified in some altered areas of red lead and probably represents a secondary alteration product. The primary alteration product of both lead pigments is assumed to be lead(II) sulfide, as silver in the manuscript has altered to silver sulfide. The alternative alteration product, lead(IV) oxide, is considered less likely. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on closet-indexing

Abstract Actively managed equity mutual funds with returns that are highly correlated with popular stock market indices like the S&P 500 often are accused of “closet-indexing”. We ask whether a trading strategy that shorts these funds and buys “true” index funds makes money for investors. Using a sample of high-R2 growth-and-income funds from the CRSP survivor bias free mutual fund file, we document that the Sharpe ratio of this trading strategy and the market Sharpe ratio are statistically indistinguishable in the 1991–2000 sample period. The result is consistent with the view that widespread closet-indexing does not exist in the mutual fund industry.
Polarographic Method of Analysis for Pharmaceuticals

Polarographic methods for the determination of acetazolamide, chlorothiazide, and nitrofurantoin, and their application to pharmaceutical dosage forms, are described. These methods are satisfactory for the assay of pharmaceutical preparations official in U.S.P. XVI. The polarographic methods have the desired accuracy and precision for routine control procedures.
Epistemic Objects and Embedded Paradigms

The purpose of this work is to develop a systematic understanding of how knowledge is created and becomes embedded in research Networks of Practice. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted acro...
Moxalactam in Pleural Fluids

Excerpt To the editor: Pharmacologic data on moxalactam levels in pleural fluids are limited. We had an opportunity to evaluate levels in noninfected hospitalized patients. Six seriously ill patien...
Convergence of a Halpern-type iteration algorithm for a class of pseudo-contractive mappings

Abstract Let E be a real reflexive Banach space with uniformly Gâteaux differentiable norm. Let K be a nonempty bounded closed and convex subset of E . Let T : K → K be a strictly pseudo-contractive map and let L > 0 denote its Lipschitz constant. Assume F ( T ) ≔ { x ∈ K : T x = x } ≠ 0 and let z ∈ F ( T ) . Fix δ ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) and let δ ∗ be such that δ ∗ ≔ δ L ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) . Define S n x ≔ ( 1 − δ n ) x + δ n T x ∀ x ∈ K , where δ n ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) and lim δ n = 0 . Let { α n } be a real sequence in ( 0 , 1 ) which satisfies the following conditions: C1 : lim α n = 0 ; C2 : ∑ α n = ∞ . For arbitrary x 0 , u ∈ K , define a sequence { x n } ∈ K by x n + 1 = α n u + ( 1 − α n ) S n x n . Then, { x n } converges strongly to a fixed point of T .
Adenoma Detection Rate and the Quality of Colonoscopy: The Sword has Two Edges

With the increasing demand for colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, there has been an increasing emphasis on the quality of colonoscopy. Few publications have considered the full implications of pushing the adenoma detection rate as a prime quality indicator. In this article, some of the potential problems with this course are discussed and an alternative approach is suggested. Although defining and measuring quality in colonoscopy is important, further work needs to be done to arrive at a practical, clinically meaningful way of quality assessment.
Dynamic Basis for One-Dimensional DNA Scanning by the Mismatch Repair Complex Msh2-Msh6

The ability of proteins to locate specific sites or structures among a vast excess of nonspecific DNA is a fundamental theme in biology. Yet the basic principles that govern these mechanisms remain poorly understood. For example, mismatch repair proteins must scan millions of base pairs to find rare biosynthetic errors, and they then must probe the surrounding region to identify the strand discrimination signals necessary to distinguish the parental and daughter strands. To determine how these proteins might function we used single-molecule optical microscopy to answer the following question: how does the mismatch repair complex Msh2-Msh6 interrogate undamaged DNA? Here we show that Msh2-Msh6 slides along DNA via one-dimensional diffusion. These findings indicate that interactions between Msh2-Msh6 and DNA are dominated by lateral movement of the protein along the helical axis and have implications for how MutS family members travel along DNA at different stages of the repair reaction.
Bounds on the mass and moment of inertia of non-rotating neutron stars

Abstract This article reviews the problem of placing bounds on the mass and moment of inertia of non-rotating neutron stars assuming that the properties of the constituent matter are known below a fiducial density ϱ 0 while restricted only by minimal general assumptions above this density. We chiefly consider bounds on perfect fluid stars in Einstein's general relativity for which the energy density, ϱ, is positive and for which the matter is microscopically stable ( p ⩾ 0, d p /dϱ ⩾ 0). The effect of the additional restriction (ditpdg)suiffrsol121 1015 0823 V on the bounds on the mass is also discussed as well as work indicating the effects of rotation, non-perfect fluid matter, and other theories of gravity.
Conditions that may determine blood vessel phenotype in tissues grafted to brain

The hypothesis, that a blood vessel's phenotype is determined by the tissue it vascularizes and not by the vessel's source, does not hold for tissue beyond a certain period of development. In mature skeletal muscle grafted to choroid plexus of adult and 2-week-old rats, some vessels were choroidal or fenestrated (FV) rather than, according to the hypothesis, continuous (CV), like those of muscle. In E14 fetal muscle placed on the choroid plexus, ∼80% of the grafts' capillaries were CV, like those of muscle. Most choroidal FV that entered the grafts were apparently changed to CV. By E16, about 70% of the graft vessels remained as FV rather than being converted. Thus, FV were changed to CV by a hypothetical conversion factor made, apparently, by E14 grafts but not by E16 grafts. In grafts from [3H]thymidine-labeled donors, an appreciable number of CV in E14 grafts were identified as intrinsic to the muscle. When hosts were labeled to verify the origin of FV in their nonlabeled donor grafts, only a few FV, to date, were tagged. The FV must have come from host choroid plexus, the only available source of graft FV. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) might convert CV into FV, yet VEGF and the mRNA for its receptor were present in choroid plexus but not in the grafts. Therefore, VEGF is not a conversion factor. The purported factor that changes FV to CV may be expressed in E14 muscle grafts but diminishes by fetal age E16 and beyond.
Slowing of intestinal transit by fat depends on an ondansetron – sensitive, efferent serotonergic pathway

The ileal brake is a neural reflex that slows proximal small bowel transit when fat enters the distal small bowel. In rats, ondansetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3)-receptor antagonist, abolishes the ileal brake. However, the location of this serotonergic pathway is unknown. Of the known enteric sites responsive to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), only the myenteric neurone is equipped with 5-HT3 receptors and is located on the efferent limb of reflex response. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that slowing of intestinal transit by fat may depend on an ondansetron-sensitive serotonergic pathway located on the efferent limb of this reflex response. In a fistulated dog model that compartmentalized the afferent from the efferent limb of the ileal brake response, ondansetron was delivered luminally into the distal (afferent) or proximal (efferent) half of the small bowel to localize the serotonergic pathway. It was found that activating the ileal brake slowed down the proximal intestinal transit to 30% of control values. The ileal brake was abolished when ondansetron was delivered into the proximal but not the distal small bowel. Our data supports the hypothesis that the 5-HT receptors participating in the ileal brake are on the efferent limb of this neural reflex, possibly on myenteric neurones.
Successful treatment of autoimmune neutropenia with recombinant human granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (R-metHuG-CSF)

Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is characterized by antibody mediated peripheral destruction of neutrophils. Since there is no effective treatment, antibiotics have to be used frequently for recurrent infections. Five selected patients with serologically proven AIN were treated with r-metHuG-CSF at 5-8 micrograms/kg body weight (300-480 micrograms) daily; the dose and frequency of r-metHuG-CSF was reduced after neutrophil counts above 1.0 x 10(9)/l were obtained. R-metHuG-CSF is effective in AIN and causes a sustained rise in ANC which can be maintained on a low dose administered twice or thrice weekly.
Electro-Mechanical Impedance Method for Crack Detection in Thin Plates

This paper describes the utilization of Electro-Mechanical (E/M) impedance method for structural health monitoring of thin plates. The method allows the direct identification of structural dynamics by obtaining its E/M impedance or admittance signatures. The analytical model for two-dimensions structure was developed and verified with experiments. Good matching of experimental results and calculated spectra was obtained for axial and flexural components. The ability of the method to identify the presence of damage was investigated by performing an experiment where the damage in the form of crack was simulated with An EDM slit placed at various distances from the sensor. It was found that the crack presence dramatically modifies the E/M impedance spectrum and this modification decreases as the distance between the sensor and the crack increases. Several overall-statistics damage metrics, which may be used for on-line structural heath monitoring, were investigated. Among these candidate damage metrics, the α-th power of the correlation coefficient deviation, CCD α , 3 < α < 7, used in the high frequency band 300-450 kHz, was found to be most successful. Careful selection of the high frequency band and proper choice of the appropriate damage metric were found to be essential for successful damage detection and structural health monitoring.
“United” We Stand: Responses to the September 11 Attacks in Black and White

The September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States presented a threat to all citizens that seemed unrelated to racial status or internal struggles for power or privilege. This article describes the way in which white and black Americans of military age responded to the 9/11 breach of national security. Our data suggest that their responses were connected to their sense of patriotism and American identity, which, along with this tragedy, was interpreted through a racialized framework. Given that people can interpret the same event in different ways, our findings suggest that without appreciating and validating varied interpretations shaped by multiple racial paradigms, racial tensions may persist, even during times when racial concord would be anticipated.
Eliciting play : a comparative study (Octodon, Octodontomys, Pediolagus, Phoca, Choeropsis, Ailuropoda)

The social play behavior of six mammalian species (Rodentia, Pinnipedia, Artiodactyla, Carnivora) is described and compared. Locomotor and Rotational Movements, e.g., jumping, running, and headshaking, occurred in all species and predominated in the rodent play. These movements are similar in form to anti-predator and “protective” responses and result in an immediate but temporary cessation of sensory stimulation from conspecifics. Investigation of body odors was the most important stimulus eliciting Locomotor-Rotational Movements in the rodents. In the larger mammals, body odor sniffing was enhanced during play, but specialized signals from other sensory modalities elicited and maintained play interactions. The possible functions of a heightened exchange of olfactory information during juvenile social development are discussed.
Technology trends and industry innovation

The current state of technology and its prevalence in all societies has created an era of amazing innovation and opportunity across the world. Specifically, three key transformational trends are coming together in a way that will significantly change our perspective of computing and how technology can be integrated into our lives. These trends are 1) the low-cost availability of near limitless resources, 2) ubiquitous availability of networks, devices, and I/O mechanisms, and 3) Natural "human" interfaces and experiences. This transformative combination will enable innovators to develop highly advanced solutions with very little investment, and will change the landscape of business and industry in ways that have never been predicted - much sooner than expected. This discussion will look into how these trends are progressing and how they are impacting key industries today.