cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secure collaboration in mediator-free environments

The internet and related technologies have made multidomain collaborations a reality. Collaboration enables domains to effectively share resources; however it introduces several security and privacy challenges. Managing security in the absence of a central mediator is even more challenging. In this paper, we propose a distributed secure interoperability framework for mediator-free collaboration environments. We introduce the idea of secure access paths which enables domains to make localized access control decisions without having global view of the collaboration. We also present a path authentication technique for proving path authenticity. Furthermore, we present both a proactive and on-demand path discovery algorithms that enable domains to securely discover paths in the collaboration environment.
Self-Guide Strength and Emotional Vulnerability: Birth Order as a Moderator of Self-Affect Relations

This study tested hypotheses derived from developmental extensions of Higgins's self-discrepancy theory. Discrepancies between one's actual self and ideal-other self (a self-guide consisting of attributes someone would ideally like the individual to possess) cause dejection, whereas discrepancies with the ought-other self (beliefs about attributes someone thinks one ought to ham) cause agitation. Self-guides also differ in strength (the accessibility of, coherence of, and commitment to a self-guide). Consideration of the features of parent-child interaction hypothesized to increase self-guide strength led to the prediction that first-borns would have strong "other"-standpoint self-guides and that their discrepancies would be more highly correlated with emotional distress than those of later-borns. It was also predicted that first-borns would have fewer such self-discrepancies. Both predictions were supported. Many birth-order findings are consistent with these results.
Decreased breast adenocarcinoma cell functions on select polymer nanometer surface features

Biomaterial nanotopographies have been proposed as a means to significantly influence cell functions (including osteoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, immune cells, bacteria, etc.). In this study, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis by breast adenocarcinoma cells on poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) films with various nanotopographies was investigated. Importantly, this study created PLGA films with various nanotopographies but similar surface chemistry in order to focus only on the effect of topography on cancer cell functions. Simple and effective cast-molding and solvent evaporation methods were used to accomplish this. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and water contact angle measurements verified similar surface chemistry but varied topographies for all of the PLGA films prepared in this study. Cell experiment results demonstrated decreased breast carcinoma cell VEGF (a key growth factor secreted for vascularization of tumors) synthesis on the 23 nm surface featured PLGA compared to the nano-smooth substrates for up to 5 days. This result matches lung carcinoma cell VEGF synthesis in prior research. In summary, these results provided useful insights into understanding of the role nanotopography may play in mediating breast adenocarcinoma cell functions for a wide range of applications in regenerative medicine.
The Stability of Ion Projection Lithography Masks

Ion projection lithography (IPL) has demonstrated the ability to replicate high resolution patterns with very short exposure times. Computer modeling of masks used in a hypothetical IPL system Is accomplished to estimate mask distortion during fabrication and exposure. Radiation cooling is shown to play an important role in temperature control. Two different methods of mask temperature control are examined. Results suggest a high degree of pattern stability can be expected from this type of mask.
Standardizing chaos: a neo‐institutional analysis of the INEE Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction

Violent conflict and humanitarian disasters such as floods, famines, or tsunamis, have existed since the start of human history. However, it is only recently that education in these emergency situations has emerged as a visible organizational field. We aim to use a unique theoretical application of sociological neo‐institutionalism to explain the rapid and recent rise of emergency education as a professional field, focusing specifically on the creation of global standards called the INEE Minimum Standards for Education in Emergencies, Chronic Crises and Early Reconstruction. We argue that international standards in emergency education arise due to the institutionalization of education as a human right and rationalization of approaches to solving social problems. A key implication of our argument is that decoupling between formal standards and on‐the‐ground practice is likely to be endemic, lessening the day‐to‐day utility of the standards. However, the creation of international standards and an organizati...
The Effect of Stimulus Variability on Immediate and Delayed Retention

This study was an investigation of the effectiveness of eight types of visual illustrations used to complement oral instruction. It also attempted to evaluate the instructional value of black and white versus colored visual illustrations. For the study 262 twelfth graders were randomly assigned by class to one of nine treatment groups, achievement being evaluated in terms of five criterial tests designed to me asure specific educational objectives. Comparisons among the nine treatment groups yielded significant differences on tests measuring different educational objectives. Results indicated that some types of visuals are more effective than others in facilitating student achievement of specific educational objectives. Analyses also indicated that the addition of color in specific types of illustrations is an important instructional variable.
Persistence of multiple identical parasitoid species in a single-host, spatial simulation

Abstract. We explore the problem of persistence of multiple obligate parasitoids on a single host in a discrete time, spatially explicit system. In general, the parasitoids experienced extinction until one species remained well before the 50 000-generation time limit, but the rate varied according to the parameters of the system. Smaller arenas had a greater chance of extinction. Artificially increasing interspecific competition produced rapid extinction, while decreasing competition increased persistence to the maximum time limit of the simulation. Increasing the parasitoid search efficiency or decreasing dispersal of the parasitoids relative to the host produced less longevity as did increasing host reproduction, while increasing the rate of “patch extinction” reduced the variation among the times to extinction, but did not change the time to the first extinction. Finally, increasing noise in the search parameter first reduced longevity, but then it rapidly increased near the point where the noise reached an amplitude similar to the parameter itself, where coexistence of the four parasitoids was achieved.
Predictors of evolution acceptance in a museum population

Studies of the U.S. general public have demonstrated that acceptance of evolution is a function of both religion and education. To test if this is true of natural history museum patrons as well, we conducted a survey of visitors to the Milwaukee Public Museum. We hypothesized that education and religion represented separate pathways in the acceptance of evolution. Measures included the MATE scale of evolution acceptance, as well as questions about religious denomination, frequency of religious service attendance, educational attainment and knowledge of evolutionary terms. The survey was administered to visitors of the Milwaukee Public Museum during the summer of 2013. A total of 203 museum goers completed the entire survey. We analyzed the data using chi square, analysis of variance, and general linear models. We found that, on average, museum patrons scored high on acceptance of evolution. Religious denomination or frequency of church attendance was not related to educational attainment. In bivariate analyses, Christian affiliation was associated with lower acceptance of evolution, with nondenominational Christians showing the lowest level of acceptance. Educational attainment, but not religious denomination was related to knowledge of evolutionary terms. In a multivariate model, knowledge of evolutionary terms was predicted by education and religious denomination. In a similar model, acceptance of evolution was predicted by education, religious denomination, frequency of church attendance and knowledge of evolutionary terms. Our results are consistent with previous findings in U.S. samples demonstrating that religious denomination, religiosity and education are predictors of evolutionary acceptance among adults. In addition, they confirm our hypothesis that religion and education represent largely distinct pathways in the acceptance of evolution. The major impact of religious denomination is on the acceptance, not knowledge of evolution. These results focus attention on understanding what processes allow religious fundamentalists to block the conversion of knowledge about evolution into evolutionary acceptance.
Life-span perspective of personality in dementia

Purpose: To propose an alternative view of personality change in dementia by presenting existing evidence for the continuity of personality. Significance: As the population continues to age, dementing illnesses will account for a greater proportion of morbidity and mortality; the care of these people will have a significant effect on the health care system. Organizing Framework: Life-span perspective of personality continuity. Scope, Method: Review of current literature on personality in dementia using Medline, 1980–1994; CINAHL, 1990–1994; and Psych Lit, 1980–1994. Findings: Although there are systematic shifts in personality with dementia, individuals tend to maintain their unique pattern of premorbid personality traits. Conclusions: The personalities of dementia patients seem to reflect adaptive patterns that served them in the past. Implications: Use of a life-span perspective can enhance individualized care for demented patients and advance theory development.
Markets, Standards, Teaching, and Teacher Education

Market-based approaches to teacher education are growing internationally. There are concomitant moves to create uniformity and a system of more centralized authority over what counts as important teacher skills and knowledge. These kinds of reforms are overtly meant to help. Each is closely connected to the larger arena of education, where momentous ideological transformations are underway. The possible hidden effects of these efforts can be understood only if we look both inside teacher education programs and to the larger social field of power on which they operate. The author argues that the conscious originating motives for both market-oriented and uniform standards approaches to improve the quality of teacher education may not guarantee the effects of such policies in the real world of real schools. Such reforms may have quite dangerous consequences unless we situate our efforts within an honest analysis of what is happening in education in general right now.
Depression in long-term care.

Objectives To review the diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders in long-term care settings. Methods A review of the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of depression in long-term care. Results Up to 35% of residents in long-term care facilities may experience either major depression or clinically significant depressive symptoms. These symptoms are often not recognized for at least 2 reasons: depression is not the focus of physicians and nursing personnel and depression is frequently comorbid with other problems that are common in long-term care, such as cognitive impairment, medical illness, and functional impairment. Nevertheless, depression, once diagnosed, can be treated effectively in the nursing home setting. The foundation of treatment is pharmacotherapy, yet other therapeutic approaches, such as exercise and psychological therapies may be of value. Conclusion Depression, although often unrecognized in long-term care, is a treatable condition and deserves the attention of the entire medical and nursing staff.
I-123 Ioflupane dopamine transporter imaging: Interesting case studies including technical and quality assurance pitfalls

1266 Learning Objectives 1. Review the use of DaT imaging of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. 2. Understand appropriate patient preparation, pertinent history, acquisition and processing parameters for I-123 Ioflupane DaT scans. 3. Learn the differential diagnosis of normal and abnormal DaT SPECT scans through the review of interesting case studies. 4. To identify imaging interpretative pitfalls through case examples. I-123 Ioflupane dopamine transporter (DaT) functional imaging was FDA approved in the United States in 2011 for the evaluation of DaT concentrations in the presynaptic striatal dopaminergic neurons in patients with clinically uncertain Parkinsonian syndromes. Accurate DaT SPECT scan interpretation requires a thorough understanding of appropriate patient history, including possible interfering medications as well as proper study technical acquisition and workstation processing parameters of the studies. This educational exhibit will discuss the current use of DaT SPECT imaging and review common study indications as well as technical and quality pitfalls. We will present interesting case studies of patients presenting with movement disorders and review the differential diagnosis of normal and abnormal DaT SPECT scans.
A numerical study of the temporal eigenvalue spectrum of the Blasius boundary layer

A numerical study is made of the temporal eigenvalue spectrum of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for the Blasius boundary layer. Unlike channel flows, there is no mathematical proof that this flow has an infinite spectrum of discrete eigenvalues. The Orr-Sommerfeld equation is integrated numerically, and the eigenvalues located by tracing out the contour lines in the complex wave velocity plane on which the real and imaginary parts of the secular determinant are zero. The spectrum of plane Poiseuille flow is used as a guide to study the spectrum of an artificial two-wall flow which consists of two Blasius boundary layers. As the upper boundary of this flow moves to infinity, it is found that the portion of the spectrum with an infinite number of eigenvalues moves towards phase velocity equal to unity and the spacing between eigenvalues goes to zero. The original few eigenvalues found are the only discrete eigenvalues that exist for Blasius flow.
Size Contrast and Assimilation Explained by the Statistics of Natural Scene Geometry

The term "size contrast and assimilation" refers to a large class of geometrical illusions in which the apparent sizes of identical visual targets in various contexts are different. Here we have examined whether these intriguing discrepancies between physical and perceived size can be explained by a visual process in which percepts are determined by the probability distribution of the possible real-world sources of retinal stimuli. To test this idea, we acquired a range image database of natural scenes that specified the location of every image point in 3-D space. By sampling the possible physical sources of various size contrast or assimilation stimuli in the database, we determined the probability distributions of the size of the target in the images generated by these sources. For each of the various stimuli tested, these probability distributions of target size in different contexts accurately predicted the perceptual effects reported in psychophysical studies. We conclude that size contrast and assimilation effects are a further manifestation of a fundamentally probabilistic process of visual perception.
Distribution of blood viscosity values and biochemical correlates in healthy adults.

Increases in the viscosity of blood and plasma predict clinical manifestations of atherothrombotic vascular disease. The clinical utility of viscosity measurements in cardiovascular risk factor analysis requires reference values established from a healthy disease-free population. A cohort of 126 (71 men, 55 women) healthy nonsmoking adults had fasting blood analysis after a 12-14-h fast. Viscosity measurements were made on samples of whole blood, plasma, and serum at 37 degrees C with a coaxial cylinder microviscometer. The mean blood viscosity at shear rates of 100, 50, and 1 s-1 were 3.26 +/- 0.43, 4.37 +/- 0.60, and 5.46 +/- 0.84 mPa.s, respectively. Men had significantly higher blood viscosity values than women at each shear rate. The differences in blood viscosity did not remain significant after blood viscosity values were normalized to a hematocrit of 45%, except at 100 s-1. For the entire group, normalized blood viscosity values at each measured rate correlated inversely with HDL cholesterol and positively with fibrinogen. The mean plasma viscosity was 1.39 +/- 0.08 mPa.s and the mean serum viscosity was 1.27 +/- 0.06 mPa.s. Plasma viscosity correlated with fibrinogen (r = 0.51, P < 0.0001), total serum protein (r = 0.33, P < 0.0001), and triglyceride concentrations (r = 0.33, P < 0.0015). Serum viscosity correlated with total serum protein (r = 0.50, P < 0.0001) and LDL cholesterol (r = 0.24, P = 0.0065). This study provides reference values for the viscosity of blood, plasma, and serum that may assist in evaluating hemorheological profiles.
Toxicology of ultrafine particles: in vivo studies

Ultrafine particles (less than 100 nm in diameter) are encountered in ambient air and at the workplace. Normal background levels in the urban atmosphere for ultrafine particles are in the range 1–4 × 10 4 cm −3 ; however, their mass concentration is normally not greater than 2 μg m −3 . At the workplace, ultrafine particles occur regularly in metal fumes and polymer fumes, both of which can induce acute inflammatory responses in the lung upon inhalation. Although ultrafine particles occurring at the workplace are not representative, and, therefore, are not relevant for urban atmospheric particles, their use in toxicological studies can give valuable information on principles of the toxicity of ultrafine particles. Studies in rats using ultrafine polymer fumes of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (count median diameter ca . 18 nm) showed that (i) they induced very high pulmonary toxicity and lethality in rats after 15 min of inhalation at 50 μg m −3 ; (ii) ageing of PTFE fumes resulted in agglomeration to larger particles and loss of toxicity; (iii) repeated pre–exposure for very short periods protected against the toxic and lethal effects of a subsequent 15 min exposure; (iv) rapid translocation of PTFE particles occurred to epithelial, interstitial and endothelial sites. Since one characteristic of urban ultrafine particles is their carbonaceous nature, exposure of rats to laboratory–generated ultrafine carbonaceous (elemental, and organic, carbon) particles was carried out at a concentration of ca . 100 μg m −3 for 6 h. Modulating factors of responses were prior low–dose inhalation of endotoxin in order to mimic early respiratory tract infections, old age (22–month old rats versus 10–week old rats) and ozone co–exposure. Analysis of results showed that (i) ultrafine carbon particles can induce slight inflammatory responses; (ii) LPS priming and ozone co–exposure increase the responses to ultrafine carbon; (iii) the aged lung is at increased risk for ultrafine particle–induced oxidative stress. Other studies with ultrafine and fine TiO 2 showed that the same mass dose of ultrafine particles has a significantly greater inflammatory potential than fine particles. The increased surface area of ultrafine particles is apparently a most important determinant for their greater biological activity. In addition, the propensity of ultrafine particles to translocate may result in systemic distribution to extrapulmonary tissues.
Insulin sensitivity affects propensity to obesity in an ethnic-specific manner: results from two controlled weight loss intervention studies

Risk for obesity differs with ethnicity/race and is associated with insulin sensitivity (SI), insulin responsiveness, and dietary glycemic load (GL). The objective of this study was to test the hypotheses that, 1) obesity-prone, normal weight, African-American (AA) women would be more insulin sensitive than BMI-matched, never overweight AA women; 2) increased adiposity over time would be associated with greater baseline SI and higher dietary GL in AA but not European-American (EA) women; and 3) increased adiposity over time would be predicted by SI in women with high but not low acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg). Two controlled weight loss interventions were conducted involving overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2) premenopausal AA and EA women. The first included matching with normal-weight (BMI <25.0 kg/m2) controls following weight loss, and then comparing SI. The second included a 1-year follow-up of weight-reduced participants to identify predictors of change in %body fat. Main outcome measure in the first study was insulin sensitivity (SI) as assessed with intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT), and in the second study was change in %fat, as assessed with DXA, over one year. AIRg was assessed during IVGTT, and free-living diet was determined by food record. In the first study, formerly overweight AA women were 43% more insulin sensitive than BMI-matched never overweight AA (P < 0.05). In the second study, SI was positively associated with change in %fat over 1 year only in AA women (P < 0.05) and women with high AIRg (P < 0.05). In addition, AA who were insulin sensitive and who consumed a higher GL diet tended to gain greater %fat (P = 0.086 for diet x SI interaction). In both studies, AA women had higher AIRg (P < 0.001) than EA women. Formerly overweight (obesity-prone) AA women were more insulin sensitive than never overweight AA women, a quality that may predispose to adiposity, particularly when combined with a high GL diet. This ethnicity/race-specific effect may be due to high insulin responsiveness among AA.
Improved Weight-Bearing Symmetry for Transfemoral Amputees During Standing Up and Sitting Down With a Powered Knee-Ankle Prosthesis

Abstract Objective To test a new user-modulated control strategy that enables improved control of a powered knee-ankle prosthesis during sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit movements. Design Within-subject comparison study. Setting Gait laboratory. Participants Unilateral transfemoral amputees (N=7; 4 men, 3 women) capable of community ambulation. Interventions Subjects performed 10 repetitions of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit with a powered knee-ankle prosthesis and with their prescribed passive prosthesis in a randomized order. With the powered prosthesis, knee and ankle power generation were controlled as a function of weight transferred onto the prosthesis. Main Outcome Measures Vertical ground reaction force limb asymmetry and durations of movement were compared statistically (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, α=.05). Results For sit-to-stand, peak vertical ground reaction forces were significantly less asymmetric using the powered prosthesis (mean, 19.3%±11.8%) than the prescribed prosthesis (57.9%±13.5%; P =.018), where positive asymmetry values represented greater force through the intact limb. For stand-to-sit, peak vertical ground reaction forces were also significantly less asymmetric using the powered prosthesis (28.06%±11.6%) than the prescribed prosthesis (48.2%±16%; P =.028). Duration of movement was not significantly different between devices (sit-to-stand: P =.18; stand-to-sit: P =.063). Conclusions Allowing transfemoral amputees more control over the timing and rate of knee and ankle power generation enabled users to stand up and sit down with their weight distributed more equally between their lower limbs. Increased weight bearing on the prosthetic limb may make such activities of daily living easier for transfemoral amputees.
Comparison of UMLS terminologies to identify risk of heart disease using clinical notes

Display Omitted Our submission was the best rule-based system at the 2014 i2b2 challenge.Combining UMLS concepts and regular expressions is effective.Terminology-restricted version of our system evaluates a specific terminology.Performance comparison conclude that the Consumer Health Vocabulary was most useful. The second track of the 2014 i2b2 challenge asked participants to automatically identify risk factors for heart disease among diabetic patients using natural language processing techniques for clinical notes. This paper describes a rule-based system developed using a combination of regular expressions, concepts from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), and freely-available resources from the community. With a performance (F1=90.7) that is significantly higher than the median (F1=87.20) and close to the top performing system (F1=92.8), it was the best rule-based system of all the submissions in the challenge. We also used this system to evaluate the utility of different terminologies in the UMLS towards the challenge task. Of the 155 terminologies in the UMLS, 129 (76.78%) have no representation in the corpus. The Consumer Health Vocabulary had very good coverage of relevant concepts and was the most useful terminology for the challenge task. While segmenting notes into sections and lists has a significant impact on the performance, identifying negations and experiencer of the medical event results in negligible gain.
Fermion mass generation without a condensate

We study a lattice field theory model containing two flavors of massless staggered fermions with an onsite four-fermion interaction. The symmetry of the model forbids non-zero fermion bilinear order parameters that can generate a fermion mass. At weak couplings, we expect a massless fermion phase. At strong couplings, we can argue for the existence of massive fermions without the formation of any fermion bilinear condensate. Using Monte Carlo calculations in three space-time dimensions, we find evidence for a direct second order phase transition between the two phases.
Clathrin binding by the adaptor Ent5 promotes late stages of clathrin coat maturation

Clathrin is a ubiquitous protein that mediates membrane traffic at many locations. To function, clathrin requires clathrin adaptors that link it to transmembrane protein cargo. In addition to this cargo selection function, many adaptors also play mechanistic roles in the formation of the transport carrier. However, the full spectrum of these mechanistic roles is poorly understood. Here we report that Ent5, an endosomal clathrin adaptor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, regulates the behavior of clathrin coats after the recruitment of clathrin. We show that loss of Ent5 disrupts clathrin-dependent traffic and prolongs the lifespan of endosomal structures that contain clathrin and other adaptors, suggesting a defect in coat maturation at a late stage. We find that the direct binding of Ent5 with clathrin is required for its role in coat behavior and cargo traffic. Surprisingly, the interaction of Ent5 with other adaptors is dispensable for coat behavior but not cargo traffic. These findings support a model in which Ent5 clathrin binding performs a mechanistic role in coat maturation, whereas Ent5 adaptor binding promotes cargo incorporation.
The Role of Anxiety and Working Memory in Gender Differences in Mathematics.

This research examined a potential mechanism underlying gender differences in math performance by testing a mediation model in which women’s higher anxiety taxes their working memory resources, leading to underperformance on a mathematics test. Participants for the 2 studies were college students (N = 87, N = 118) who completed an anxiety measure, 2 working memory tasks (verbal and visuospatial), and a challenging math test including both geometry and algebra items. Findings showed a significant gender difference in math performance, anxiety, and visuospatial working memory. Further, there was a mediating chain from gender to the worry component of anxiety to visuospatial working memory to math performance. The results suggest that women’s heightened worry may have utilized their visuospatial working memory resources, and the resulting gender differences in working memory were associated with gender differences on a math test. The present research contributes to our understanding of affective and cognitive factors underlying gender differences in mathematics. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for interventions aimed at reducing anxiety and improving working memory skills
Nanopores in hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanocrystals observed by electron tomography

We report the first characterization of the internal structural features within rhombohedral nanocrystals of hematite (α-Fe2O3), specifically nanoscale pores (nanopores) within these crystals observed by high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography. Three-dimensional observations of the internal structure of hematite nanocrystals suggest that the nanopores are formed due to a large reduction in solid volume during the transformation of a poorly crystalline precursor [aggregates of ferrihydrite: Fe8.2O8.5(OH)7.4·3H2O], which results in the formation of pores between grain boundaries. This formation mechanism is different from those previously reported, such as hollow cores originating from screw dislocations. We also discuss dissolution experiments of the hematite nanocrystals in ascorbic acid solution, in which we demonstrated that the nanopores are reactive sites for dissolution and enlarged by preferential etching. Our findings are of fundamental importance to understanding how certain crystal morphologies, internal structures, defects, and reactive sites occur in nanocrystals formed from a poorly crystalline precursor.
Rapid upregulation of endothelial P-selectin expression via reactive oxygen species generation

Endothelial cell ICAM-1 upregulation in response to TNF-α is mediated in part by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the endothelial membrane-associated NADPH oxidase and occurs maximally af...
The Influence of Fever on the Development of Experimental Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis

L'hyperthermie, lorsqu'elle est presente au moment de l'inoculation bacterienne (dans ce cas inoculation intracisternale de pneumocoque) empeche la replication des bacteries qui indiquerait une infection active. La proliferation des bacteries dans le LCl correlait tres bien avec la temperature corporelle centrale. Plus la temperature etait basse plus la proliferation bacterienne etait rapide
ARISTOTLE ON THE POLITICS OF MARRIAGE: ‘MARITAL RULE’ IN THE POLITICS*

In the Politics, Aristotle maintains, contrary to his predecessors, that there is a distinctive mode of authority that husbands should exercise over their wives. He even coins a word for it: γαμιϰή, ‘the marital art’ or ‘marital rule’ (Pol. 1.3, 1253b8–10; 1.12, 1259a37–9). Marital rule is supposed to differ from the authority that fathers have over their children and from the kind of rule that citizens exercise over one another. Yet it is not clear whether there is any conceptual space between political and paternal rule for marital rule to occupy. Where fathers rule and children are ruled, citizens take turns ruling and being ruled. Husbands, however, either share their rule with their wives, or they do not. If they do not, then marital rule seems indistinct from paternal rule; if they do, then it seems indistinct from political rule. To add to the confusion, Aristotle says that husbands properly rule their wives politically, but without alternating in positions of ruling and being ruled. On its face, this idea seems flatly contradictory. Political rule just is shared, reciprocal rule, and so if the husband rules permanently and his wife is merely ruled, then his rule cannot be political. So Aristotle's own description of marital rule appears inconsistent, and in any case it is difficult to see how marital rule could have the distinctive character that he insists it does.
The Roots of a Quaternion

(1942). The Roots of a Quaternion. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 386-388.
Minimizing Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: A Virtuous Organization Approach

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to examine how organizational justice, formalization, and organizational commitment can minimize role conflict and role ambiguity among long-term-care staff. A total of 1,732 staff members from a set of 10 health and rehabilitation centers were surveyed and 511 usable questionnaires were received. The findings indicated that procedural justice, formalization, and organizational commitment are likely to minimize both role conflict and role ambiguity. Distributive justice was found to have a negative significant relationship with role conflict but not with role ambiguity. The virtuous organization approach is used to explain the results.
Zinc- and bicarbonate-dependent ZIP8 transporter mediates selenite uptake.

// Joseph R. McDermott 1 , Xiangrong Geng 1 , Lan Jiang 1 , Marina Galvez-Peralta 2 , Fei Chen 3 , Daniel W. Nebert 2 , Zijuan Liu 1 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA 2 Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA Correspondence to: Daniel W. Nebert, email: dan.nebert@uc.edu Zijuan Liu, email: liu2345@oakland.edu Keywords: selenite, zinc, micronutrient, ZIP8, membrane-bound transporter Received: December 26, 2015 Accepted: April 11, 2016 Published: May 6, 2016 ABSTRACT Selenite (HSeO 3 − ) is a monovalent anion of the essential trace element and micronutrient selenium (Se). In therapeutic concentrations, HSeO 3 − has been studied for treating certain cancers, serious inflammatory disorders, and septic shock. Little is known, however, about HSeO 3 − uptake into mammalian cells; until now, no mammalian HSeO 3 − uptake transporter has been identified. The ubiquitous mammalian ZIP8 divalent cation transporter (encoded by the SLC39A8 gene) is bicarbonate-dependent, moving endogenous substrates (Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ , Fe 2+ or Co 2+ ) and nonessential metals such as Cd 2+ into the cell. Herein we studied HSeO 3 − uptake in: human and mouse cell cultures, shRNA-knockdown experiments, Xenopus oocytes, wild-type mice and two transgenic mouse lines having genetically altered ZIP8 expression, and mouse erythrocytes ex vivo . In mammalian cell culture, excess Zn 2+ levels and/or ZIP8 over-expression can be associated with diminished viability in selenite-treated cells. Intraperitoneal HSeO 3 − causes the largest ZIP8-dependent increases in intracellular Se content in liver, followed by kidney, heart, lung and spleen. In every model system studied, HSeO 3 − uptake is tightly associated with ZIP8 protein levels and sufficient Zn 2+ and HCO 3 − concentrations, suggesting that the ZIP8-mediated electroneutral complex transported contains three ions: Zn 2+ /(HCO 3 − )(HSeO 3 − ). Transporters having three different ions in their transport complex are not without precedent. Although there might be other HSeO 3 − influx transporters as yet undiscovered, data herein suggest that mammalian ZIP8 plays a major role in HSeO 3 − uptake.
Study on Removing Annotations from Thematic Map

It is difficult to automatically and accurately extract vector data from thematic map because of annotations.Therefore,a modal of removing annotations from thematic map named Background Painting is discussed in this paper.Firstly,the color difference equation LCH is applied to the thematic map to identify annotations.When the maximum thresholds of ΔL(lightness difference) and ΔC(chroma difference) and ΔH(hue difference) are defined,the pixels of thematic map fall into two groups:background pixels and annotation pixels.As a result,the thematic map can be considered as a binary image.Then,a method similar to the algorithm of dilation is used to remove annotations.Because mainly used for binary image,the algorithm of dilation is developed in this paper.The annotation pixel value is replaced by its nearest background value but not a single value.Finally,the model for removing annotations from thematic map is developed based on ArcObjects and integrated with ArcGIS.The study shows that the model can be applied to remove annotations from thematic map effectively,so that the vector data can be obtained automatically and accurately from thematic maps by using ArcScan of ArcGIS.
Perspectives on the intrinsic rate of population growth

Summary The intrinsic rate of population increase (rmax) is a fundamental metric in ecology and evolution of immediate practical application in conservation and wildlife management. I examine the interpretation of rmax by revisiting the theory behind the density-independent and density-dependent paradigms. The criticism that density-independent approaches underestimate rmax per se, often expressed in the field of fisheries, is shown to be theoretically unfounded. The difficulty in estimating rmax is due to lack of knowledge on the depletion level of the population rather than theory. I reviewed a method commonly used to estimate extinction risk of marine and terrestrial populations and show that it has been used incorrectly. I also examined five other methods to calculate rmax, the Euler–Lotka equation, and four other methods derived from it. I used the same data inputs for a suite of 65 shark populations with a broad range of life histories as an example to show that the incorrectly used extinction risk method overestimates rmax. I compared the rmax values for sharks obtained with the incorrectly applied extinction risk method to published values for other vertebrate taxa to further show that this method generates implausible values for this group of predators. I advocate focusing on obtaining estimates of all required vital rates simultaneously when possible while taking into consideration the exploitation history of the population under study as a pragmatic way to provide plausible estimates of rmax. The Euler–Lotka equation and its derivations are recommended for different degrees of data availability, particularly for slow- and medium-growing populations, to provide sensible advice for conservation and management of living vertebrates in situations where a series of credible abundance estimates are not available as is often the case in marine systems. Methods that combine allometry and demography should also be further explored.
Tissue Regeneration: A Silk Road.

Silk proteins are natural biopolymers that have extensive structural possibilities for chemical and mechanical modifications to facilitate novel properties, functions, and applications in the biomedical field. The versatile processability of silk fibroins (SF) into different forms such as gels, films, foams, membranes, scaffolds, and nanofibers makes it appealing in a variety of applications that require mechanically superior, biocompatible, biodegradable, and functionalizable biomaterials. There is no doubt that nature is the world’s best biological engineer, with simple, exquisite but powerful designs that have inspired novel technologies. By understanding the surface interaction of silk materials with living cells, unique characteristics can be implemented through structural modifications, such as controllable wettability, high-strength adhesiveness, and reflectivity properties, suggesting its potential suitability for surgical, optical, and other biomedical applications. All of the interesting features of SF, such as tunable biodegradation, anti-bacterial properties, and mechanical properties combined with potential self-healing modifications, make it ideal for future tissue engineering applications. In this review, we first demonstrate the current understanding of the structures and mechanical properties of SF and the various functionalizations of SF matrices through chemical and physical manipulations. Then the diverse applications of SF architectures and scaffolds for different regenerative medicine will be discussed in detail, including their current applications in bone, eye, nerve, skin, tendon, ligament, and cartilage regeneration.
Critical Exponents Below Tc Via Skeleton Graphs (Ising-Like Case)

We will discuss a method of calculating critical exponents in d = 4 – ɛ dimensions below the critical point. Although for T < Tc it is easy to obtain the 0(ɛ) corrections to the Gaussian model by several different approaches1, 2 and very laborious to generate exponents to 0(ɛ2) by any method, we will discuss here only the former case for a one-component classical field (“Ising-like”), our wish being to illustrate how one can use the method of “skeleton graphs” (or in the language of field theory, “fully-renormalized perturbation theory”) to generate critical exponents as a power series in ɛ in the presence of a broken symmetry. We will also show in a transparent way precisely which assumptions lead to Widom’s scaling form of the equation of state and to certain scaling laws for exponents for T < Tc.
Effectiveness of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) for reducing fires on oil palm concessions in Indonesia from 2012 to 2015

Fire is a common tool for land conversion and management associated with oil palm production. Fires can cause biodiversity and carbon losses, emit pollutants that deteriorate air quality and harm human health, and damage property. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) prohibits the use of fire on certified concessions. However, efforts to suppress fires are more difficult during El Nino conditions and on peatlands. In this paper, we address the following questions for oil palm concessions developed prior to 2012 in Sumatra and Kalimantan, the leading producers of oil palm both within Indonesia and globally: (1) for the period 2012–2015, did RSPO-certified concessions have a lower density of fire detections, fire ignitions, or 'escaped' fires compared with those concessions that are not certified? and (2) did this pattern change with increasing likelihood of fires in concessions located on peatland and in dry years? These questions are particularly critical in fuel-rich peatlands, of which approximately 46% of the area was designated as oil palm concession as of 2010. We conducted propensity scoring to balance covariate distributions between certified and non-certified concessions, and we compare the density of fires in certified and non-certified concessions using Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer Active Fire Detections from 2012–2015 clustered into unique fire events. We find that fire activity is significantly lower on RSPO certified concessions than non-RSPO certified concessions when the likelihood of fire is low (i.e., on non-peatlands in wetter years), but not when the likelihood of fire is high (i.e., on non-peatlands in dry years or on peatlands). Our results provide evidence that RSPO has the potential to reduce fires, though it is currently only effective when fire likelihood is relatively low. These results imply that, in order for this mechanism to reduce fire, additional strategies will be needed to control fires in oil palm plantations in dry years and on peatlands.
Constant voltage electromigration testing

Constant voltage electromigration was investigated as a method for assessing reliability in narrow Cu conductors. It is demonstrated theoretically that constant voltage (CV) testing can offer advantages over constant current (CC) testing for material that may vary significantly in geometry (thickness or line width) from sample to sample. Using known misprocessed material, this anticipated result was confirmed. Experiments with material that was properly produced showed that the advantages of CV over CC were minimal, but the values of the median time to failure and the lognormal standard deviation of the CC and CV stressed material agreed quite well. A potential difference in the failure distribution was observed, but needs to be confirmed.
Topological false discovery rates for brain mapping based on signal height

Correcting the effect of multiple testing is important in statistical parametric mapping. If the threshold is too liberal, then spurious claims may flood in; if it is too conservative, then true hints may be overlooked. It is highly desirable to combine random field theory and the false discovery rate (FDR) to achieve more powerful detection under gauged topological errors. However, the current FDR method based on peak height does not fully meet this expectation, and sometimes is more conservative than the traditional family-wise error rate method, for unexplained reasons. In this paper, we introduce a new topological FDR method based on signal height. As analyzed in theory and validated with extensive experiments, it controls error rates much more accurately than the peak FDR method does, and substantially gains detection power. In addition, we discover reasons behind the peak FDR method's under-performance, and formulate equations to predict the two methods' behavior.
Myelopathy in Cobb Syndrome

Cobb syndrome is a rare non-inherited clinical entity characterized by the combination of vascular cutaneous nerves and an angioma in the spinal canal at the same metamere. Cobb described it, in 1895, as a metameric angiomatosis with segmental involvement of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, vertebral column, dura, and spinal cord, i.e. a cutaneomeningospinal angiamatosis.
Functional Tibial Rotation: A Biomechanical Analysis

Introduction: Proper rotational alignment of the tibial component is a critical factor in the outcome of total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and misalignment has been implicated as a major contributing factor to several mechanisms of TKA failure. In this study we examine the relationship between bony and soft tissue tibial landmarks against the knee motion axis (plane that best approximates tibiofemoral motion through range of motion). Methods: The kinematic motions of 16 fresh-frozen lower limb specimens were analyzed in simulated lunging and squatting. All the tendons of the quadriceps and hamstrings were independently loaded to simulate a lunging or squatting maneuver. All specimens underwent CT scan and the 3D position of the knee was virtually reconstructed. Ten anatomic axes were identified using both the intact tibia and the resected tibial surface. Two axes were normal vectors to either the medial-lateral plateau center or the posterior tibial surface. Seven axes were defined between the tibial tubercle (the most prominent point, center of the tubercle, or medial third of the tubercle) and soft tissue landmarks of the tibia (the medial insertion of the patellar tendon, the center of the PCL and ACL, and the tibial spines). The last axis was the Knee Motion Axis (KMA), which was defined as the longitudinal axis of the femur from 30 to 90 degrees of flexion. Results: The closest approximation of the KMA was provided by the axis from the PCL to Medial Tibial Spine Axis, which was internally rotated 1.9 ± 7.6 degrees (Table – 1). The closest axis to the KMA in external rotation was the axis from the tibial plateau center to the medial third of the tibial tubercle, which was externally rotated 2.8 ± 4.3 degrees. The most precisely located constant axis was from the center of the tibia to the center of the tibial tubercle, which was externally rotated by 14.9 ± 3.7 degrees. Conclusions: The line connecting the center of the PCL and the mid-point between the medial and lateral tibial spines was the closest to the functional tibial rotation. Though no individual landmark exactly correlated with the KMA in all knees, we found that the average anteroposterior motion of the femur with the tibia from 30 to 90 degrees of the femur could be consistently described by these landmarks, and that the addition of soft-tissue landmarks to prior bony topography can provide reliable indications to the location of the KMA.