cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A structural and primary sequence comparison of the viral RNA‐dependent RNA polymerases

A systematic bioinformatic approach to identifying the evolutionarily conserved regions of proteins has verified the universality of a newly described conserved motif in RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (motif F). In combination with structural comparisons, this approach has defined two regions that may be involved in unwinding double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for transcription. One of these is the N-terminal portion of motif F and the second is a large insertion in motif F present in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of some dsRNA viruses.
Case studies of aerosol size distribution and chemistry during passages of a cold and a warm front

Surface-based measurements of particle size distributions, mass, water content, and the ammonium, sulfate and nitrate ion concentrations of atmospheric aerosols, centered around precipitation events associated with cold and warm frontal passages, are reported. In both cases precipitation scavenges coarse aerosols (diameters > 1.5 μm) considerably more efficiently than it removes fine aerosols (diameters < 1.5 μm). The concentration of the coarse mode recovers to near pre-rain levels 3–4 h after the rain for both cases. The rates of precipitation scavenging on the coarse mode are found to be about 48 and 67% h−1 for the cold and warm front cases, respectively. The corresponding value for the fine mode is about 32% h−1 for the warm front case, which had little wind shift and thus no change of source region, but no estimate is made for the cold front case because of the marked wind shift. An estimate of the water content of the ambient aerosol indicates that, at times, as much as 95% of the aerosol mass may be water. With few exceptions, significant increases in the concentrations of aerosol mass and the above chemical components have been observed at the onset of rain, with the nitrate ion increase being most dramatic. Ammonium sulfate is found almost exclusively in the accumulation mode while the ammonium nitrate content varies between the accumulation mode and the larger particle mode.
Aging in the Israeli kibbutz: some further investigation.

An investigation into education, health, occupation, social activities, and self-image concepts among the aged in five Israeli kibbutzim reveals a tightly knit organization, based on a communal principal, offering all of its members an active and meaningful life. As a result, the aged are not a forgotten segment in this society, but rather a useful and important part of the whole. Cross-cultural data are also used to support these findings.
[From population genetics to population genomics of forest trees: integrated population genomics approach].

Early works by Altukhov and his associates on pine and spruce laid the foundation for Russian population genetic studies on tree species with the use of molecular genetic markers. In recent years, these species have become especially popular as nontraditional eukaryotic models for population and evolutionary genome-wide research. Tree species with large, cross-pollinating native populations, high genetic and phenotypic variation, growing in diverse environments and affected by environmental changes during hundreds of years of their individual development, are an ideal model for studying the molecular genetic basis of adaptation. The great advance in this field is due to the rapid development of population genomics in the last few years. In the broad sense, population genomics is a novel, fast-developing discipline, combining traditional population genetic approaches with the genome-wide level of analysis. Thousands of genes with known function and sometimes known genome-wide localization can be simultaneously studied in many individuals. This opens new prospects for obtaining statistical estimates for a great number of genes and segregating elements. Mating system, gene exchange, reproductive population size, population disequilibrium, interaction among populations, and many other traditional problems of population genetics can be now studied using data on variation in many genes. Moreover, population genome-wide analysis allows one to distinguish factors that affect individual genes, allelles, or nucleotides (such as, for example, natural selection) from factors affecting the entire genome (e.g., demography). This paper presents a brief review of traditional methods of studying genetic variation in forest tree species and introduces a new, integrated population genomics approach. The main stages of the latter are: (1) selection of genes, which are tentatively involved in variation of adaptive traits, by means of a detailed examination of the regulation and the expression of individual genes and genotypes, with subsequent determination of their complete allelic composition by direct nucleotide sequencing; (2) examination of the phenotypic effects of individual alleles by, e.g., association mapping; and (3) determining the frequencies of the selected alleles in natural population for identification of the adaptive variation pattern in the heterogeneous environment. Through decoding the phenotypic effects of individual alleles and identification of adaptive variation patterns at the population level, population genomics in the future will serve as a very helpful, efficient, and economical tool, essential for developing a correct strategy for conserving and increasing forests and other commercially valuable plant and animal species.
Using Diverse Communication Strategies to Re-Engage Relapsed Tobacco Quitline Users in Treatment, New York State, 2014.

Introduction Most smoking cessation programs lack strategies to reach relapsed participants and encourage a new quit attempt. We used a multimodal intervention to encourage past quitline registry participants to recycle into services.
Low roundoff noise augmented IIR filters

The scaling factor in a direct form II infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters depends on the system poles but not on its zeros. Adding pole-zero cancellation pairs can change the scaling factor and the associated roundoff noise without affecting the desired transfer function. Under l/sub 2/ scaling, the upper bound of the noise reduction of direct form II IIR filters augmented with K pole-zero cancellation pairs is found to be about 6 K dB. The above noise reduction is applied to parallel form, where each subfilter is augmented with one pole-zero cancellation pair and then realized in direct form II. An illustrative example shows that the roundoff noise of the resulting augmented realization is lower than that of optimal second-order state-space structure for lowpass elliptic filters with moderate passbands. This augmented realization requires about 3N multipliers for an Nth-order IIR filter. Comparison to the 2N multipliers of parallel form and the 4N multipliers of optimal second-order state-space structure shows that the additional computational complexity of this augmented realization is moderate, and is often well justified by the roundoff noise reduction. >
Global rates of convergence of the MLE for multivariate interval censoring.

We establish global rates of convergence of the Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE) of a multivariate distribution function on ${\mathbb{R}}^{d}$ in the case of (one type of) “interval censored” data. The main finding is that the rate of convergence of the MLE in the Hellinger metric is no worse than $n^{-1/3}(\log n)^{\gamma}$ for $\gamma =(5d-4)/6$.
Bezoar: Automated virtual machine-based full-system recovery from control-flow hijacking attacks

System availability is difficult for systems to maintain in the face of Internet worms. Large systems have vulnerabilities, and if a system attempts to continue operation after an attack, it may not behave properly. Traditional mechanisms for detecting attacks disrupt service and current recovery approaches are application-based and cannot guarantee recovery in the face of exploits that corrupt the kernel, involve multiple processes or target multithreaded network services. This paper presents Bezoar, an automated full-system virtual machine-based approach to recover from zero-day control-flow hijacking attacks. Bezoar tracks down the source of network bytes in the system and after an attack, replays the checkpointed run while ignoring inputs from the malicious source. We evaluated our proof-of-concept prototype on six notorious exploits for Linux and Windows. In all cases, it recovered the full system state and resumed execution. Bezoar incurs low overhead to the virtual machine: less than 1% for the recovery and log components and approximately 1.4X for the memory monitor component that tracks down network bytes, for five SPEC INT 2000 benchmarks.
Antimicrobial susceptibilities of canine Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens isolates to commonly utilized antimicrobial drugs.

Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens are anaerobic, Gram-positive bacilli that are common causes of enteritis and enterotoxemias in both domestic animals and humans. Both organisms have been associated with acute and chronic large and small bowel diarrhea, and acute hemorrhagic diarrheal syndrome in the dog. The objective of this study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities of canine C. difficile and C. perfringens isolates in an effort to optimize antimicrobial therapy for dogs with clostridial-associated diarrhea. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of antibiotics recommended for treating C. difficile (metronidazole, vancomycin) and C. perfringens-associated diarrhea in the dog (ampicillin, erythromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, tylosin) were determined for 70 canine fecal C. difficile isolates and 131 C. perfringens isolates. All C. difficile isolates tested had an MIC of or=256 microg/ml for both erythromycin and tylosin. A third C. perfringens isolate had an MIC of 32 microg/ml for metronidazole. Based on the results of this study, ampicillin, erythromycin, metronidazole, and tylosin appear to be effective antibiotics for the treatment of C. perfringens-associated diarrhea, although resistant strains do exist. However, because there is limited information regarding breakpoints for veterinary anaerobes, and because intestinal concentrations are not known, in vitro results should be interpreted with caution.
Venturing outside the monastery

The article presents three ideas about how management scholars can make themselves more relevant in the world of practical affairs. First, those who are associated with business schools should use ...
Third-generation technologies for HF radio networking

Second-generation HF automation (e.g., MIL-STD-188-141A) provided a sufficiently robust, reliable, and interoperable link establishment technology to produce a resurgence of interest in HF radio for long-haul and mobile voice networks beginning in the 1980s. With the addition of a robust data link protocol, the second generation technology was extended to support data applications over HF. By the mid-1990s, however, the growth of HF networking revealed the need for techniques that reduce overhead traffic so that the limited HF spectrum could support larger networks and more data traffic. This paper describes a "third generation" of HF radio automation technology that provides significant advances in modem technology, link establishment, network management, and data throughput. One goal of the third-generation technology development effort for MIL-STD-188-141B was to efficiently support bursty data traffic in peer-to-peer networks with hundreds of stations. The constraints that this imposes on linking, message delivery, and routing table maintenance improve the performance of star-topology and smaller peer-to-peer networks as well.
Distance education: A flexible teaching and learning delivery method

Distance Education today is one of the most commonly used types of educational delivery method. Almost every major and medium size university around the world has some kind of distance education services, regardless of the subjects taught. In this paper, I intend to discuss instruction such as seminars, lectures and direct classroom instruction which can be shared by distant institutions. Time differences between two distant institutions can be overcome by employing the satellite technology or recording facilities of institutions. Immediate presence of an instructor in the classroom is always sought after. However, the screen where one student can interact with an instructor provides no less opportunity. Distance Education can be enriched by applying some other technologies as cable TV-like structures, direct live connection between institutions, and alike; but time difference in many cases will be there as a problem to be solved. We can even suggest changing working schedules of our employees, namely, instructors who teach distance classes. The suggestions made here depend upon the assumption that language of instruction at these distant education institutions is English.
Effect of matrix on ballistic performance of soft body armor

We analyze three-dimensional (3-D) deformations of soft body armor in the form of a clamped rectangular plate impacted at normal incidence by a projectile. Results have been computed by the finite element method, using the commercial software LSDYNA, for the armor with and without a matrix, and in the former case with either perfect or no bonding between the matrix and the yarn. Also, two impact speeds and two polymers, one stiffer than the other, have been considered. Significant contributions of the work include studying 3-D elastoplastic deformations, and delineating the effect of the matrix on the ballistic performance of the armor. It is found that the matrix reduces the maximum deflection of the armor, increases the size of the deformed area, and enhances the reduction in the kinetic energy of the projectile. However, the size of the deformed area is not a good indicator of the energy absorbed during impact. These results are useful for armor designers since the reduction in the maximum deflection should reduce the intensity of injuries to persons wearing the armor. On the other hand the larger deformed area of the armor can increase the possibility of injuries.
Natural selection versus gene uniqueness.

SMITH1 has compared protein evolution with a popular word game. Just as the object of the game is to pass from one word to another by changing one letter at a time, so in the process of evolution one protein is changed to another by changing only one gene nucleotide at a time. As in the word game each change must result in an English word, so in protein evolution each nucleotide change must result in a viable protein.
Administration of Ethylnitrosourea to Neonate Hamsters Increases Growth and Frequency of SV40-Induced Fibrosarcomas

The in vivo interaction between the chemical carcinogen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and the oncogenic simian virus 40 (SV40) was studied. Inbred newborn Syrian golden hamsters were injected subcutaneously with SV40 (5 x 10(6) plaque-forming units), ENU (0.5% solution, 125 or 25 mg/kg body wt), or equal mixtures of the two. Animals that received SV40 and ENU developed more tumors (100% vs 52%) within a shorter latent period (10 weeks vs 18 weeks) than animals that received SV40 alone. Animals given SV40 and ENU showed increased mortality and increased metastatic tumors (54.2% vs 30.8%) compared with those given SV40 alone. The SV40 and ENU group also exhibited multiple (greater than 10 nodules) pulmonary metastases (33.3% vs 7.7%) and metastases in multiple organs (12.5% vs 0%) compared with animals injected with SV40 alone. No difference in primary tumor size, histology, and SV40 T-antigen content was detected between SV40- and SV40/ENU-induced tumors. Four weeks after SV40 or SV40 plus ENU treatment, animals were challenged intradermally with 2.7 x 10(6) SV40-transformed hamster cells. Five weeks after challenge, 89.5% of the animals treated with SV40 and ENU and 45.4% of animals treated with SV40 developed tumors at the challenge site. Newborn animals given SV40 and ENU developed larger tumors at the challenge site (P less than 0.002) than newborns treated with SV40 alone. Thus, administration of ENU to hamsters during the neonatal stage of development produced a long-lasting systemic effect that enhanced tumor development by transplanted SV40-transformed hamster cells.
Reclassification of Herbaspirillum putei as a later heterotypic synonym of Herbaspirillum huttiense, with the description of H. huttiense subsp. huttiense subsp. nov. and H. huttiense subsp. putei subsp. nov., comb. nov., and description of Herbaspirillum aquaticum sp. nov

Resequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the type strain of Herbaspirillum putei Ding and Yokota 2004 revealed 99.9 % sequence similarity to that of the type strain of Herbaspirillum huttiense (Leifson 1962) Ding and Yokota 2004. This high phylogenetic relatedness of H. putei and H. huttiense was confirmed by the results of DNA-DNA hybridization between H. huttiense DSM 10281(T) and H. putei ATCC BAA-806(T) (reassociation value 96 %). Therefore, it is proposed to reclassify the type strain of H. putei as a strain of H. huttiense. However, the genome of the type strain of H. putei is about 0.9 Mb larger than that of the H. huttiense type strain. This results in a decrease in the reassociation value in the reciprocal DNA-DNA hybridization to 72 %, a level slightly above the threshold for delineating bacterial species. These data and distinctive phenotypic characteristics indicate that the name Herbaspirillum putei is a later heterotypic synonym of Herbaspirillum huttiense and permit the description of two novel subspecies, Herbaspirillum huttiense subsp. huttiense subsp. nov. (type strain ATCC 14670(T) =JCM 21423(T) =DSM 10281(T)) and Herbaspirillum huttiense subsp. putei subsp. nov., comb. nov. (type strain 7-2(T) =JCM 21495(T) =ATCC BAA-806(T)). Three bacterial strains, IEH 4430(T), IEH 4515 and IEH 8757, isolated from water were found to be the closest relatives of these strains. Strain IEH 8757 was classified as a strain of H. huttiense subsp. putei. Studies of genotypic and phenotypic features of strains IEH 4430(T) and IEH 4515 showed that the strains represent a novel species, which is most closely related to H. huttiense and for which the name Herbaspirillum aquaticum sp. nov. is proposed (type strain IEH 4430(T) =DSM 21191(T) =ATCC BAA-1628(T)).
Reduced phosphocholine and hyperpolarized lactate provide magnetic resonance biomarkers of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibition in glioblastoma

The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway is activated in more than88% of glioblastomas (GBM). New drugs targeting this pathway are currently in clinical trials. However, noninvasive assessment of treatment response remains challenging. By using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition was monitored in 3 GBM cell lines (GS-2, GBM8, and GBM6; each with a distinct pathway activating mutation) through the measurement of 2 mechanistically linked MR biomarkers: phosphocholine (PC) and hyperpolarized lactate.(31)P MRS studies showed that treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 induced significant decreases in PC to 34 %± 9% of control in GS-2 cells, 48% ± 5% in GBM8, and 45% ± 4% in GBM6. The mTOR inhibitor everolimus also induced a significant decrease in PC to 62% ± 14%, 57% ± 1%, and 58% ± 1% in GS-2, GBM8, and GBM6 cells, respectively. Using hyperpolarized (13)C MRS, we demonstrated that hyperpolarized lactate levels were significantly decreased following PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition in all 3 cell lines to 51% ± 10%, 62% ± 3%, and 58% ± 2% of control with LY294002 and 72% ± 3%, 61% ± 2%, and 66% ± 3% of control with everolimus in GS-2, GBM8, and GBM6 cells, respectively. These effects were mediated by decreases in the activity and expression of choline kinase α and lactate dehydrogenase, which respectively control PC and lactate production downstream of HIF-1. Treatment with the DNA damaging agent temozolomide did not have an effect on either biomarker in any cell line. This study highlights the potential of PC and hyperpolarized lactate as noninvasive MR biomarkers of response to targeted inhibitors in GBM.
The myeloperoxidase product hypochlorous acid oxidizes HDL in the human artery wall and impairs ABCA1-dependent cholesterol transport

Although oxidatively damaged lipoproteins are implicated in vascular injury, there is little information regarding the role of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidation in atherogenesis. One potential pathway involves hypochlorous acid (HOCl) produced by myeloperoxidase (MPO), a heme protein secreted by phagocytes. We previously showed that 3-chlorotyrosine is a specific product of HOCl. Therefore, to explore the role of oxidized HDL in the pathogenesis of vascular disease, we used MS to quantify 3-chlorotyrosine in HDL isolated from plasma and atherosclerotic tissue. HDL from human aortic atherosclerotic intima had an 8-fold higher level of 3-chlorotyrosine than plasma HDL. Tandem MS analysis identified MPO as a component of lesion HDL, suggesting that the two interact in the artery wall. Moreover, immunohistochemical studies found that specific epitopes derived from HOCl colocalized with apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein of HDL. These observations strongly support the hypothesis that MPO promotes HDL oxidation in the human artery wall. Levels of 3-chlorotyrosine were elevated in HDL isolated from the blood of humans with established coronary artery disease, suggesting that circulating levels of oxidized HDL represent a unique marker for clinically significant atherosclerosis. HDL or lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I exposed to HOCl was less able to remove cholesterol from cultured cells by a pathway requiring the cell membrane transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. The detection of 3-chlorotyrosine in HDL isolated from vascular lesions raises the possibility that MPO, by virtue of its ability to form HOCl, may promote atherogenesis by counteracting the established antiatherogenic effects of HDL and the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 pathway.
Finite-Rate Feedback MIMO Broadcast Channels with a Large Number of Users

We analyze the sum-rate performance of a multi-antenna downlink system carrying more users than transmit antennas, with partial channel knowledge at the transmitter due to finite rate feedback. In order to exploit multiuser diversity, we show that the transmitter must have, in addition to directional information, information regarding the quality of each channel. Such information should reflect both the channel magnitude and the quantization error. Expressions for the SINR distribution and the sum-rate are derived, and tradeoffs between the number of feedback bits, the number of users, and the SNR are observed. In particular, for a target performance, having more users reduces feedback load
Overlap between pdxA and ksgA in the complex pdxA-ksgA-apaG-apaH operon of Escherichia coli K-12.

Abstract We report that pdxA, which is required for de novo biosynthesis of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and pyridoxal phosphate, belongs to an unusual, multifunctional operon. The pdxA gene was cloned in the same 3.5-kilobase BamHI-EcoRI restriction fragment that contains ksgA, which encodes the 16S rRNA modification enzyme m6(2)A methyltransferase, and apaH, which encodes diadenosine tetraphosphatase (ApppA hydrolase). Previously, Blanchin-Roland et al. showed that ksgA and apaH form a complex operon (Mol. Gen. Genet. 205:515-522, 1986). The pdxA gene was located on recombinant plasmids by subcloning, complementation, and insertion mutagenesis, and chromosomal insertions at five positions upstream from ksgA inactivated pdxA function. DNA sequence analysis and minicell translation experiments demonstrated that pdxA encoded a 35.1-kilodalton polypeptide and that the stop codon of pdxA overlapped the start codon of ksgA by 2 nucleotides. The translational start codon of pdxA was tentatively assigned based on polypeptide size and on the presence of a unique sequence that was also found near the translational start of PdxB. This conserved sequence may play a role in translational control of certain pyridoxine biosynthetic genes. RNase T2 mapping of chromosomal transcripts confirmed that pdxA and ksgA were members of the same complex operon, yet about half of ksgA transcripts arose in vivo under some culture conditions from an internal promoter mapped near the end of pdxA. Transcript analysis further suggested that pdxA is not the first gene in the operon. These structural features support the idea that pyridoxine-biosynthetic genes are members of complex operons, perhaps to interweave coenzyme biosynthesis genetically with other metabolic processes. The results are also considered in terms of ksgA expression.
Is Ethnicity an Independent Predictor of Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy

ABSTRACTPurpose: Prostate cancer incidence and mortality are higher in black than in white American men. We determined whether ethnicity is an independent predictor of disease recurrence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We studied 1,468 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy at the University of California, San Francisco or as part of the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urological Research Endeavor database, a longitudinal disease registry of patients with prostate cancer. Preoperative characteristics, including age, race, prostate specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, clinical T stage, biopsy Gleason score and percent positive prostate biopsies at diagnosis were determined in each patient. Disease recurrence was defined as PSA 0.2 ng./ml. or greater on 2 consecutive occasions after radical prostatectomy or second cancer treatment at least 6 months after surgery. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to determine independent predictors of time to disease recur...
Greedy Segmented Channel Router

An efficient solution to the generalized detailed routing problem in segmented channels for row-based FPGAs is presented. A generalized detailed routing allows routing of each connection using an arbitrary number of tracks, i.e., doglegs are allowed. This approach is different from the normally followed method where each connection is routed on a single straight track. We present a router that performs generalized segmented channel routing using a greedy approach to route channels. The router also renders itself to limited tolerance against faults in the routing architecture.
Laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy using laparosonic coagulating shears

With marked innovations in endosurgical instrumentation, operative laparoscopy to include lymphadenectomy has become feasible and has a valuable role in the management of gynecologic malignancy. We used laparosonic coagulating shears (LCS) for laparoscopic paraaortic lymphadenectomy in two women with cervical carcinoma. Operating times for the laparoscopic portion were 55 and 65 minutes and blood loss was 20 and 30 ml, respectively. No surgical complications were encountered. Lymphatic tissues were evaluated histologically and no thermal artifacts were identified. The major advantage of the ultrasonically activated scalpel of the LCS is the ability to cut and coagulate tissues simultaneously without electrical current. The LCS may afford the surgeon a greater margin of safety than unipolar electrocoagulation scissors by eliminating potential thermal and electrical injury to vital structures. Ultrasonic-activated technology deserves extended clinical investigation in laparoscopic lymphadenectomy to substantiate our preliminary findings, as well as to explore its potential in gynecologic oncology.
Three dimensional monolayer graphene foam for ultra-sensitive pH sensing

In this work, we present liquid gated three-dimensional graphene transistor for pH sensing. The sensor is made of three-dimensional network of graphene coated with hafnium oxide (HfO 2 ) operating as a pH-sensitive liquid gated field effect transistor with super-nerstian sensitivity. We attribute high sensitivity in this device to the coating of HfO 2 which provides increased interaction with hydrogen ions in the solution and on the three dimensional foam-like structure of the graphene transistor which provides very high surface-to-volume ratio.
The Applicability of Social Judgment Theory to Advertising

The applicability of using the social judgment theory concepts of discrepancy and lattitudes of acceptance and rejection for designing advertising messages was investigated. Serious questions about its usefulness were discovered.
The Editorial Leadership of Academic Psychiatry

Academic Psychiatry seeks to advance knowledge and the practice of education, leadership, administration, and ethics in psychiatry, as well as scholarship on professional development and wellness. With recent growth at the journal, including an increasing number of manuscript submissions and a move to an international publishing platform through Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, the editorial leadership of the journal has expanded significantly to enhance the journal’s service to authors and readers. The editorial leaders aim to promote a broad range of interests expressed by the journal’s audience, while upholding the highest standards of academic publication. Editors also contribute to an enhanced representation of the four sponsoring organizations of the journal: The American Association of Chairs of Departments of Psychiatry, the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training, the Assoc ia t ion for Academic Psychia t ry, and the Association of Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry. We introduce here the members of the Academic Psychiatry editorial team, who graciously give their time, knowledge, and skills to the continuing enrichment of the journal. Laura Weiss Roberts Editor-in-Chief
The Americans with Disabilities Act as Risk Regulation

Much disability based discrimination occurs because of fears that hiring or serving people with disabilities will pose a safety risk. Disability rights laws such as the ADA strictly regulate such risk-motivated discrimination. Many disability rights advocates and academic defenders of the ADA laud such laws as applying a "scientific" approach to risk rather than the "irrational" approach generally adopted by the public at large. That position is doubly strange: It stands in remarkable tension with disability rights advocates' general suspicion of "experts," and applies a technocratic approach to risk regulation-an approach that usually has politically conservative implications-to achieve the distinctly nonconservative goal of promoting the full integration of people with disabilities into our nation's economic and civic life. In this essay, Professor Bagenstos uses the problem of risk-motivated disability discrimination as a lens through which to examine the politics of risk regulation scholarship. He argues that the easy association of technocratic approaches with political conservatism-and of democratic approaches with political liberalism or progressivism-ignores the complex ways in which technocratic and democratic institutions may serve or disserve particular political interests.
School Psychologists as Professionals

The article discusses the occupational status of school psychologists, and the implications of that status. The question as to whether school psychologists are professionals is quickly dealt with. ...
New Perspectives on Drug Education/Prevention

In 2014, Oregon, Alaska, and the District of Columbia joined Colorado and Washington as voters approved initiatives to legally regulate and tax marijuana for adults. Other states, including California, are likely to follow in 2016. While none of these new laws allow sales to minors, there is widespread concern about the potential impact of these reforms on teenagers. Many worry that legalization will "send the wrong message," and increase access and availability, leading to an escalation in teenage use. This new social, political and cultural context presents a new challenge, as marijuana gradually becomes a normal part of the adult world, akin to alcohol. The movement toward legalization provides an opportunity to re-think our approach to teen drug education/prevention. This is the moment to examine current approaches, and devise innovative, pragmatic strategies for dealing with teens and marijuana (and other drug use). As we examine the issue of drug education/prevention in the context of legalization, we detail efforts that have been tried, and what is realistically possible to accomplish, with the health and safety of teenagers our highest priority. A reality-based approach advocates honest, science-based information; encourages moderation, if experimentation persists; promotes an understanding of the legal consequences and social context of drug use; emphasizes safety through personal responsibility and knowledge; and encourages the delay of experimentation with all intoxicating substances until adulthood.
Conceptualizing humanistic management as an alternative to managing in a post crisis world

The various crises require a different paradigm for business theory and practice. For this special issue contributors were asked to conceptualize such an alternative paradigm and propose and discuss heretofore unnamed phenomena. We present six contributions from renowned experts in the field that argue for a shift in perspective of management and organizational research and practice to allow us to conceptualize a life-conducive economic system.
Chemotherapy for Bone Sarcoma in Adults

The largest studies of chemotherapy for bone sarcomas are in the pediatric population. Although increasing age is often found to be an adverse prognostic factor in these clinical trials, few studies are aimed at assessing regimens specifically in the adult population. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma have peak incidences in the pediatric and young adult population but also occur in adults. Chondrosarcoma and giant cell tumor of bone are generally found in adults. In this review, we describe the current status of our knowledge about treating adults with cancers of bone origin. We also describe our experience treating patients in the adult Sarcoma Medical Oncology group at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.
338 PROSTATE CANCER IN THE ELDERLY FREQUENCY OF ADVANCED DISEASE AT PRESENTATION AND DISEASE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY

increased log odds of functional erections after treatment (all p <0.05, AUC 0.83, 95% CI 0.78–0.88). The log odds of functional erections increased approximately linearly with increasing pretreatment sexual HRQOL score. The ability to attain functional erections suitable for intercourse at 2 years was reported among 107 of 247 men (43%, 95% CI 37–50) who opted for brachytherapy as primary treatment. In univariable analyses younger age, college graduate status, fewer comorbid conditions and better pretreatment sexual HRQOL score were associated with greater probability of functional erections 2 years after treatment (all p <0.05). In multivariable analysis better pretreatment sexual HRQOL score, younger age, black race/ethnicity and lower body mass index were associated with increased log odds of better erectile function (all p <0.05, AUC 0.89, 95% CI 0.85–0.94). The log odds of erectile function 2 years after treatment increased approximately linearly with increasing pretreatment sexual HRQOL score and decreased approximately linearly with increasing age. The common theme in this study and the subsequent reports is that age, premorbid erectile function and a nerve sparing procedure all seem to be associated with better erectile function following radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy.
THE GENUS FISCHERULA (TUBERALES)

In southwest Washington State in 1969, I collected a large number of specimens of an undescribed truffle unique in having a well-developed stipe-columella. By virtue of this character, it appeared to represent a new genus; however, none of the specimens had mature spores. Two years later, mature specimens of the same fungus were discovered in western Oregon. The stipe-columella varied from a simple basal pad to a large core surrounded by gleba and extending more than a centimeter beyond the glebal base. Despite this feature, novel to the Tuberales, the mature spores strikingly resembled those of Fischerula macrospora Matt., known only from central Italy (Mattirolo, 1928, 1934, 1935). Detailed comparison of additional anatomical features of the Italian and northwest American specimens clearly indicated a generic relationship despite the stipe-columella of the latter. Fischerula has been placed close to Tuber because of its ornamented spores and asci embedded in tramal veins (venae internae) which are separated by clearly differentiated, hypha-stuffed veins that emerge through the peridium (venae externae) (Fisher, 1938). However, the mucilagenous spore ornamentation and the broad, often isodiametric cells of the peridium of Fischerula are unlike those of Tuber. Rather, they closely resemble those typical of the genus Hydnotrya. Anatomical features in the following descriptions are from mounts in 5% KOH unless otherwise specified. Colors of the new American species were based on Ridgway (1912), but the terminology was converted to that of the ISCC-NBS near-synonyms (Kelly and Judd, 1965). Specimens examined are deposited in the mycological herbaria of Botanisches Institut, Univ. Bern, Switzerland (BERN), Istituto
(E)-4-[7-(2,3-Di-hydro-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-2,1,3-benzo-thia-diazol-4-yl]-2-[(neo-pentyl-imino)-meth-yl]phenol.

In the title mol­ecule, C24H23N3O3S2, the benzo­thia­diazole ring system is essentially planar, with an r.m.s. deviation of 0.020 (8) A. The thio­phene and hy­droxy-substitiuted rings form dihedral angles of 23.43 (9) and 35.45 (9)°, respectively, with the benzo­thia­diazole ring system. An intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond is observed. In the crystal, weak C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.880 (3) A] link mol­ecules into chains along [100]. In addition, there are short S⋯S contacts [3.532 (3) A] which link these chains, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (010).
Conducting a Charge Description Master Audit: Getting the Most Value from an Internal Review

Periodic audits of the charge description master are a key piece of an organization's compliance program. But they can do more than verify compliance--they can help improve the business.
Nuclei segmentation of fluorescence microscopy images based on midpoint analysis and marked point process

Microscope image analysis is challenging because of non-uniform brightness, decreasing image contrast with tissue depth, poor edge details and irregular and unknown structures. In this paper, we present a nuclei segmentation and counting method using midpoint analysis, shape-based function optimization and a MPP simulation with a spatial birth-death process. Preliminary results demonstrate efficacy of the proposed method.
Controversies in the management of oropharynx cancer

Squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx account for approximately 25% of all head and neck squamous cell malignancies. Most patients present with locally advanced tumors and require a multimodality approach to treatment, with input from qualified surgeons and radiation and medical oncologists. For organ preservation, concurrent chemoradiotherapy is usually preferred over surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy. Controversies regarding management of particular populations of locally advanced oropharyngeal tumors exist, including whether to include induction chemotherapy before chemoradiation, the use of biologic agents as radiation sensitizers, and how best to manage the neck after definitive treatment. Additionally, infection with human papilloma virus (HPV), particularly HPV-16, is now an established risk factor for head and neck cancer. Most cases involve the oropharynx, and prognosis seems to be much better than for patients with non-HPV- and tobacco-related tumors. Given the distinct differences between these HPV and non-HPV-related cancers, controversy also exists regarding the management of these patient populations, with the concern that HPV-related malignancies may be overtreated. Unfortunately, these and other questions concerning the management of locally advanced oropharyngeal cancers are outstanding. Hence, it is critical that eligible patients are screened for and encouraged to participate in clinical trials.
The impacts of banner format and animation speed on banner effectiveness

Given that banner ad investment is huge and keeps increasing, the effectiveness of banners is important for advertising practitioners and is worth attention from academics. Banner properties (e.g. format and animation) may influence the overall effectiveness of banners. However, research on how banner formats (e.g. location and orientation) affect banner effectiveness is still in its early stage and studies on how animation influences banner effectiveness have also found controversial results. By conducting an experiment using eye-tracking technology, this study investigated the impacts of banner properties, especially animation speed and format, on users' attention, recall, and attitudes towards banners. In terms of attention, both the main effects and the interaction effect were significant and the patterns varied across time. However, no significant effects were found on recall and attitudes. We examined the effects of banner format and animation speed on attention, recall, and attitude.Attention was measured by the number of contacts and the average duration of contacts.The effects on attention varied over time.No significant effects on recall or attitude were found.
Localization of islet cell tumors.

SUMMARY In summary, although similar imaging techniques are used for the localization of insulin and gastrin secreting islet cell tumors, the success rates are very different. Fortunately, the best results are obtained in the tumor for which effective medical treatment is less available, namely insulinomas, which can be found and successfully resected in over 90 per cent of patients. Both portal venous sampling and experienced intraoperative ultrasound are critical for successful surgery of small insulin-secreting tumors. Facilities without these resources should not explore patients when the conventional imaging studies are negative. Gastrinomas, on the other hand, will elude detection by even the most experienced surgeons in over 20 per cent of patients with sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome in spite of positive portal venous sampling and intra-arterial secretin studies. The very small size of these tumors and their occurrence in more difficult to explore extrapancreatic sites provides the basis for this difference. However, patients with negative imaging studies and negative surgical explorations have an excellent prognosis on long-term follow-up when gastric acid hypersecretion is controlled. An annual computed tomographic scan is recommended since the appearance of a tumor would mandate surgical resection because of the significant incidence of malignancy in larger tumors. However, progression to imageable tumors has been unusual in our experience with this group of patients. There remains a small group of patients with highly malignant, rapidly metastasizing, gastrin-secreting islet cell carcinomas for whom localization is simple but of little relevance. However, locally invasive gastrinomas may often be resectable and provide prolonged remission and even cure. 22 Aggressive surgery, supported by detailed cross-sectional and angiographic localization, has a role in this small group of patients.
Ultrasound-Guided Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks

Continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) catheters, also known as “perineural” catheters, extend the potential duration of anesthesia and analgesia provided by peripheral nerve block techniques. In the ambulatory setting, the use of CPNB has been shown to increase the quality of pain control experienced by patients at home and to reduce the incidence of side effects produced by conventional opioid analgesics [1–3]. For hospitalized patients, CPNB techniques have similarly demonstrated postoperative analgesia efficacy following major surgery [4–7], facilitating early rehabilitation [4, 8], and shortening the time to achieve hospital discharge criteria in arthroplasty patients [6, 7, 9]. In select patients, joint replacement with only overnight hospitalization and outpatient management of perineural infusions is feasible [10–12] and offers potential economic benefits [13].
Internet Advertising Firms

In this chapter, we analyze a problem faced by an Internet advertising firm (Chitika) that operates in the Boston area. Chitika contracts with publishers to place relevant ads over a specified period on publisher websites. Ad revenue accrues to the firm and the publisher only if a visitor clicks on an ad (i.e., we are considering the CPC model). This might imply that all visitors to the publisher’s website be shown ads. However, this is not the case if the publisher imposes a click-through-rate constraint on the ad-firm. This performance constraint captures the publisher’s desire to limit ad clutter on the website and holds the ad-firm responsible for the publisher’s opportunity cost of showing an ad that does not result in a click. We present a predictive model of a visitor clicking on a given ad. Using this prediction of the probability of a click, we present a decision model that uses a threshold to decide whether or not to show an ad to the visitor. The decision model’s objective is to maximize the advertising firm’s revenue subject to a click-through-rate constraint. We present and contrast two competing solutions: (1) a static solution, and (2) a rolling-horizon solution that re-solves the problem at certain points in the planning horizon. The static solution is shown to be optimal when accurate information on the input parameters to the problem is known. However, when the parameters to the model can only be estimated with some error, the rolling-horizon solution can perform better than the static solution. When using the rolling-horizon solution, it becomes important to choose the appropriate re-solving frequency.