cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evasion of Toll-like receptor 5 by flagellated bacteria.

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) recognizes an evolutionarily conserved site on bacterial flagellin that is required for flagellar filament assembly and motility. The α and e Proteobacteria, including the important human pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, and Bartonella bacilliformis, require flagellar motility to efficiently infect mammalian hosts. In this study, we demonstrate that these bacteria make flagellin molecules that are not recognized by TLR5. We map the site responsible for TLR5 evasion to amino acids 89-96 of the N-terminal D1 domain, which is centrally positioned within the previously defined TLR5 recognition site. Salmonella flagellin is strongly recognized by TLR5, but mutating residues 89-96 to the corresponding H. pylori flaA sequence abolishes TLR5 recognition and also destroys bacterial motility. To preserve bacterial motility, α and e Proteobacteria possess compensatory amino acid changes in other regions of the flagellin molecule, and we engineer a mutant form of Salmonella flagellin that evades TLR5 but retains motility. These results suggest that TLR5 evasion is critical for the survival of this subset of bacteria at mucosal sites in animals and raise the intriguing possibility that flagellin receptors provided the selective force to drive the evolution of these unique subclasses of bacterial flagellins.
Cu-Catalyzed N-Arylation of Oxazolidinones: An Efficient Synthesis of the κ-Opioid Receptor Agonist CJ-15161†

An efficient method for intermolecular N-arylation of oxazolidinones using catalytic copper in the presence of a bidentate ligand is reported. The conditions allow the use of copper and can be used to prepare enantiopure N-aryl β-amino alcohols. A short, scalable synthesis of CJ-15,161 is also reported. The required amines were obtained from the precursor α-amino acids or, more conveniently, from the corresponding 1,2-amino alcohols.
Evaluation of an institution-wide guideline for hyperglycemic emergencies at a tertiary academic medical center.

Background: No previous studies exist examining implementation of an institution-wide guideline and order set for hyperglycemic emergencies (diabetic ketoacidosis [DKA] and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state [HHS]). Objective: Evaluate the impact of an institutional guideline and order set for hyperglycemic emergencies. Methods: This retrospective descriptive study evaluated patients with a diagnosis of DKA or HHS. Two time periods were evaluated: phase 1 (PRE) assessed practice preguideline implementation, and phase 2 (POST) assessed practice postguideline and order set introduction. Results: A total of 172 patients (91 PRE and 81 POST) were included in the analysis. There was no difference in the mean hospital length of stay (LOS) in the PRE versus POST groups (5.2 ± 4 vs 5.9 ± 8.6 days, P = .49). The mean intensive care unit (ICU) LOS was shorter in the POST group (64.8 ± 19 vs 37.1 ± 74.8 hours, P < .01). The POST group had an increase in frequency of assessments for clearance of urinary ketones (18 vs ...
The Therapeutic Action of Play in the Psychodynamic Treatment of Children: A Critical Analysis

This paper critically appraises the therapeutic action of play in psychodynamic child therapy and identifies obstacles to utilizing play therapeutically with children. An examination of the functions of action and verbal means of communication as well as their roles in shaping therapeutic relationships in treating children is provided in light of recent theoretical advances. The significance of engaging children directly through play and for redressing the balance between action and verbalization in child therapy is discussed.
Design Analysis of the Outwater-Murphy Single-Fiber Specimen

A design analysis of the Outwater-Murphy (OM) compression test specimen is presented. The objective is to size the dimensions of the OM specimen for interface fracture toughness testing of glass and carbon fibers in a polymer matrix. A simple fracture mechanics analysis is developed based on mechanics of materials principles assuming linear-elastic behavior of the fiber and matrix. A successful test demands fiber/matrix debonding prior to any other failure mechanisms such as net section yielding, fiber microbuckling and global buckling of the specimen. The analysis of the results indicates that the test should be viable for OM specimens with a small cross section and a small central hole. Tests on E-glass/vinylester specimens were successfully conducted providing a fiber/matrix interface toughness of 38 J/m2, in reasonable agreement with interface toughness data for similar systems determined by other test methods.
Prophylaxis against Aspergillus is not perfect: problems and perils in stem cell transplantation.

Availability of newer, well tolerated anti-Aspergillus drugs at a time of rising prevalence of invasive aspergillosis has sparked enthusiasm for chemoprophylaxis against Aspergillus in allogeneic stem cell recipients. Such a drug-oriented approach however is associated with problems. In the azole class, itraconazole has been shown to be effective, but hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal intolerability have made the drug less attractive. Posaconazole, approved for prophylaxis in allogeneic stem cell recipients with graft versus host disease and in those with acute leukemia, is of promise but has a limitation relating to its oral bioavailability. Preliminary data do not show any survival advantage with voriconazole over fluconazole; also, emergence of resistant organisms, high frequency of drug interactions and liver function abnormalities with voriconazole are drawbacks. Whether serum levels of azoles need to be monitored for optimal outcome remain controversial. Reports of emergence of azole-resistant Asp...
Einstein at the Patent Office: Exile, Salvation, or Tactical Retreat?

Soon after finishing his studies in 1900, Einstein makes a tactical retreat to the Patent Office in Bern where he develops a plan for returning to the academic fold. He is assisted in this by a central figure in the Zurich establishment, Alfred Kleiner, who grooms him for the return. More generally, I argue that Einstein's role in the emergence of theoretical physics as a discipline results from the interaction of two developments, one external and institutional, the other internal and personal. Certain institutional constraints influence Einstein's early academic career by providing a professional opportunity to which he can adjust his career plans. The existence of this professional context for Einstein's early work in physics plays a role in encouraging him to pursue the speculative work in physics that became his distinctive hallmark. The other side of the coin is that Einstein's personal legitimation as professor of theoretical physics in 1909 also confers legitimacy on his speculative research, which in turn infuses the term “theoretical physics” with new meaning. The key factor uniting Einstein's personal development with institutional opportunities is the special relationship that he enjoys with Kleiner, who serves as the focus of interactions between the external and internal developments described in the paper.
Rationality theorems for Hecke operators on GLn

Abstract We define n families of Hecke operators T k n ( p l ) for GLn whose generating series ∑T k n ( p l )u l are rational functions of the form qk(u)−1 where qk is a polynomial of degree ( n k ) , and whose form is that of the kth exterior product. This work can be viewed as a refinement of work of Andrianov (Math. USSR Sb. 12(3) (1970)), in which he defined Hecke operators the sum of whose generating series was a rational function with nontrivial numerator and whose denominator was essentially ∏ k q k . By a careful analysis of the Satake map which defines an isomorphism between a local Hecke algebra and a ring of symmetric polynomials, we define n families of (polynomial) Hecke operators and characterize their generating series as rational functions. We then give an explicit means by which to locally invert the Satake isomorphism, and show how to translate these polynomial operators back to the classical double coset setting. The classical Hecke operators have generating series of exactly the same form as their polynomial counterparts, and hence are of number-theoretic interest. We give explicit examples for GL3 and GL4.
Does the Shoe Fit? Chuang Tzu's Question for the Society

This paper aims at exploring Chuang Tzu's concept of non-doing and its possible application to the field of pastoral theology, which seeks to address issues related to suffering and injustice. It raises questions pertaining normative morality, analyzes social categories, and proposes simplicity as a way of deaing with social issues in our society. Chuang Tzu offers an invitation to explore the depth of emptiness, the beauty of nothingness and its power for transformation.
Seasonal Body Temperature Fluctuations and Energetic Strategies in Free-Ranging Eastern Woodchucks (Marmota monax)

During a 2-year period, radiotelemetry was used to continuously monitor body temperature (Tb) of free-ranging woodchucks (Marmota monax) in southeastern Pennsylvania. Hibernation was preceded by daily Tb fluctuations (‘‘test drops’’) of 2‐4 8C. During hibernation, woodchucks exhibited the characteristic pattern of torpor bouts. Time of arousals occurred randomly, but onset of torpor occurred predominantly between 1800 and 0000 h. Males had shorter hibernation periods (mean of 104.8 days) than did females (121.8 days). Males had shorter torpor bouts, but euthermic bouts were the same length as in females. Males also maintained higher T b during torpor. Overall, the cost of hibernation was greater for males than for females: males spent 38% more energy than did females. The primary energetic expense for both sexes was the periodic maintenance of euthermy throughout hibernation, which accounted for 75.2% of the energy budget for males and 66.8% for females. Compared with the 1999‐2000 hibernation seasons, woodchucks during the 1998‐ 1999 season had longer euthermic bouts, fewer torpor bouts (11.8 compared with 13.1), and spent less time in torpor (68% compared with 75%). These differences conserved more energy during the 1999‐2000 hibernation season and may have been the result of severe drought conditions during summer 1999. After emergence from hibernation, woodchucks generally maintained a constant state of euthermy throughout the active season, with T b fluctuating daily by 1‐2 8C. However, during the summer drought of 1999, daily Tb fluctuated 8‐178C in 5 of 8 woodchucks, presumably to conserve energy and water.
Subpicosecond all-fibre erbium laser

A nonlinear amplifying loop mirror has been turned into a laser by feedback of the output to the input through a fibre-pigtailed optical isolator. After some optimisation, pulses as short as 314 fs were produced. The pump powers are low enough that laser diodes could be used for pumping.
Propionate activates multiple ion transport mechanisms in the HT29-18-C1 human colon cell line

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are the major solutes and the major anions in the colonic lumen. We studied the response of suspended HT29-18-C1 cells (an epithelial cell line derived from a human colon carcinoma) to SCFA exposure. Cellular response was evaluated by measurement of cell volume (Coulter counter), intracellular pH [pHi; measured fluorometrically with 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF)], and intracellular Na+, K+, and Cl- content (flame photometry and chloride titrator). Exposure to 130 mM propionate in isosmotic medium causes a rapid decrease in pHi and activates pHi recovery via amiloride-sensitive Na-H exchange. In the presence of propionate, Na-H exchange also causes cell swelling to a peak volume 11% above control cells and causes a 2.8-fold increase in intracellular Na+ content. After peak swelling, a regulatory-volume decrease (RVD) significantly reduced volume and intracellular Na+ returned to baseline. Other SCFAs (acetate, butyrate, and valerate) also elicit ...
Skin Color and Mortality

The relation of skin color and mortality from all causes, coronary heart disease, and all cardiovascular diseases was explored in 787 black men and women of the Charleston Heart Study Cohort. Associations were studied by examining rates of mortality during the period 1960-1990 by tertiles of skin color, as measured by reflectometer. Across the tertiles of reflectance there were no significant differences in mortality rates, except for sex differences. Proportional hazard regression analyses were used to investigate the relation between skin color, as a continuous variable, and time to death. Covariates for regression analyses were age, sex, skin color, the interaction of skin color and sex, education, blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, cigarette smoking, body mass index, and history of diabetes. Across the random sample of black men and women there was no significant relation between skin color and time to death, except for lighter skin color and all-cause mortality (p = 0.03). Our study results provided no evidence of a long-term effect of darker skin color, as measured by skin reflectance of light, on mortality from all types of cardiovascular disease, coronary disease, or all causes.
Orchidectomy and NMDA increase GnRH secretion as measured by push-pull perfusion of rat anterior pituitary

Using push-pull perfusion to measure concentrations of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the extracellular fluid of the anterior pituitary gland of the male rat, we have measured GnRH release at specific times before and after castration and in response to acute administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). After castration (7 days), mean GnRH levels were substantially increased (4.3-fold) compared with intact controls (0.94 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.08 pg/10 min, respectively, P < 0.05) due to an increase in both the frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses. Testosterone partially reduced GnRH release (0.62 +/- 0.10 pg/10 min). NMDA induced a rapid increase in plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) in both intact and castrated rats and increased GnRH concentrations in the perfusion samples (P < 0.05). There was no change in LH release induced by two doses of injected GnRH (5 and 25 ng/100 g body wt) 2 days after castration, but by 6 days after castration the response to both doses was significantly increased. These results demonstrate that GnRH release in the male rat is acutely increased by NMDA and is chronically increased after orchidectomy. Increased pituitary sensitivity to GnRH also contributes to the hypersecretion of LH after castration, particularly at longer times after removal of testosterone negative feedback.
Mobile Classrooms: Using Mobile Devices to Enhance BSW Education

Like the state of technology worldwide, the construct of mobile learning is constantly evolving. Mobile learning and remote teaching are gaining momentum and popularity in higher education, but little research has been done to examine their efficacy. With the use of mobile devices both in and out of the classroom becoming more prevalent, it is essential to examine the effectiveness of their use. This study compared the use of mobile learning and remote teaching (teaching content to students outside traditional face-to-face settings) with that of traditional teaching methods. Using mobile devices and social media, this study examined whether social work curriculum could be taught effectively to students outside static online or classroom environments.
Genome engineering - Matching supply with demand.

Matching supply with demand is an enormous challenge not only for manufacturing companies, but also for biological systems. An excess of pathway activity, for example, can lead to tumorigenesis dur...
Ice Crystallization in Ultrafine Water–Salt Aerosols: Nucleation, Ice-Solution Equilibrium, and Internal Structure

Atmospheric aerosols have a strong influence on Earth’s climate. Elucidating the physical state and internal structure of atmospheric aqueous aerosols is essential to predict their gas and water uptake, and the locus and rate of atmospherically important heterogeneous reactions. Ultrafine aerosols with sizes between 3 and 15 nm have been detected in large numbers in the troposphere and tropopause. Nanoscopic aerosols arising from bubble bursting of natural and artificial seawater have been identified in laboratory and field experiments. The internal structure and phase state of these aerosols, however, cannot yet be determined in experiments. Here we use molecular simulations to investigate the phase behavior and internal structure of liquid, vitrified, and crystallized water–salt ultrafine aerosols with radii from 2.5 to 9.5 nm and with up to 10% moles of ions. We find that both ice crystallization and vitrification of the nanodroplets lead to demixing of pure water from the solutions. Vitrification of a...
Low-noise solar-blind Al x Ga 1−x N-based metal-semiconductor-metal ultraviolet photodetectors

We report the growth, fabrication, and characterization of high performance Schottky metal-semiconductor-metal solar-blind photodetectors fabricated on epitaxial Al0.4Ga0.6N layers grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The devices exhibited low dark current ( 40 V. The gain was corroborated by external quantum efficiency measurements reflecting a quantum efficiency as high as 49% (at=272 nm) at 90 V bias, with a corresponding responsivity R=107 mA/W. A visible-to-UV rejection factor of more than three orders of magnitude was demonstrated. Time-domain and frequency-domain speed measurements show a 3-dB bandwidth of ∼100 MHz. Low-frequency noise measurements have determined a detectivity (D*) as high as 3.3 1010 cm·Hz1/2/W for a 500 Hz bandwidth at 37 V bias.
Development Strategy Study on Rural Communication Market Based on Informatization Status

Because the development of economic and communication is unbalanced in rural areas,and the development modes of rural communications market are not the same,operators need to take different strategies.This paper analyzed the present situation of the communication services in rural areas,according to the index system,classified the rural communications market of 31 provinces and cities in China.According to the present situation and feature,the paper gave some developing policies for the telecom operators.All the policies will give references for mobile telecom operators and rural areas' informatization.
Demonstration of Implicit Coupling of TRACE/PARCS Using Simplified One-Dimensional Problems

Historically, large physics problems have been divided into smaller problems based on the individual physics, typically referred to as operator splitting. The analysis of a nuclear reactor for desi...
Multiobjective guided priors improve the accuracy of near-infrared spectral tomography for breast imaging

An image reconstruction regularization approach for magnetic resonance imaging-guided near-infrared spectral tomography has been developed to improve quantification of total hemoglobin (HbT) and water. By combining prior information from dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) and diffusion weighted (DW) MR images, the absolute bias errors of HbT and water in the tumor were reduced by 22% and 18%, 21% and 6%, and 10% and 11%, compared to that in the no-prior, DCE- or DW-guided reconstructed images in three-dimensional simulations, respectively. In addition, the apparent contrast values of HbT and water were increased in patient image reconstruction from 1.4 and 1.4 (DCE) or 1.8 and 1.4 (DW) to 4.6 and 1.6.
Protocols for a transparent, internet, distributed operating system

The value of network transparency increases with the size and complexity of the network. However, due to performance considerations, network transparency is difficult to achieve in an internet environment. Specialized protocols were developed for the IPLocus distributed operating system so that transparency is feasible over an internet. These protocols are examined and compared to traditional internet protocols. >
Translational control of auditory imprinting and structural plasticity by eIF2α

Shortly after hatching, a chick recognizes the sight and sound of its mother and follows her around. This requires a type of learning called imprinting, which only occurs during a short period of time in young life known as the “critical period”. This process has been reported in a variety of birds and other animals where long-term memory formed during a critical period guides vital behaviors. In order to form imprinted memories, neurons must produce new proteins. However, it is not clear how new experiences trigger the production of these proteins during imprinting. Unraveling such mechanisms may help us to develop drugs that can recover plasticity in the adult brain, which could help individuals with brain injuries relearn skills after critical periods are closed. It is possible to imprint newly hatched chicks to arbitrary sounds and visual stimuli by placing the chicks in running wheels and exposing them to repeated noises and videos. Later on, the chicks respond to these stimuli by running towards the screen, mimicking how they would naturally follow their mother. This system allows researchers to measure imprinting in a carefully controlled laboratory setting. A protein called elF2α plays a major role in regulating the production of new proteins and has been shown to be required for the formation of long-term memories in adult rodents. Batista et al. found that elF2α is required to imprint newly hatched chicks to sound. During the critical period, this factor mediates an increase in “memory-spines”, which are small bumps on neurons that are thought to be involved in memory storage. On the other hand, elF2α was not required to imprint newly hatched chicks to visual stimuli, suggesting that there are different pathways involved in regulating imprinting to different senses. Batista et al. also demonstrate that using drugs to increase the activity of eIF2α in older chicks could allow these chicks to be imprinted to new sounds. The next steps following on from this work are to identify proteins that eIF2α regulates to form memories, and to find out why eIF2α is only required to imprint sounds. Future research will investigate the mechanisms that control visual imprinting and how it differs from imprinting to sounds.
Robust phase retrieval with sparsity under nonnegativity constraints

High-resolution phase retrieval is challenging due to the low signal-to-noise ratio of measurements. This work utilizes variable splitting and alternating minimization to simultaneously enforce a 1-norm data fit penalty, an analysis-form sparse regularizer, and nonnegativity or real-valued image constraints to resolve an image from squared-magnitude measurements. The reconstruction algorithm incorporates real-valued and nonnegativity constraints via enforcing Hermitian symmetry on Fourier transform coefficients and projecting the reconstructed image onto the nonnegative orthant. The proposed method preserves image quality more robustly than unconstrained analysis-form sparse phase retrieval on the Shepp-Logan phantom, for a range of noise levels and outlier measurements.
Olaratumab for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Olaratumab, a human monoclonal antibody against platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR- α), is the first drug that in combination with doxorubicin for the treatment of patients with advanced/metastatic soft tissue sarcoma (STS) that has showed an improved overall survival compared to doxorubicin alone. These initial results are exciting and have the potential to change the landscape of treatment for patients with STS.Areas covered: This article reviews the development of olaratumab for oncology use by reviewing articles in PubMed for ‘platelet derived growth factor’ and ‘receptor’ and ‘soft tissue sarcoma’. We provide an overview of the published studies to date for olaratumab and specifically the use in soft tissue sarcoma.Expert commentary: Olaratumab is a well-tolerated drug that, when combined with doxorubicin, has shown an improved overall survival compared to doxorubicin alone and the phase III confirmatory study is eagerly awaited.
Task Related Cerebral Blood Flow Changes of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Arterial Spin Labeling Study.

ABSTRACTPurpose: One hallmark of chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is task related worsening of fatigue. Global brain hypoperfusion, abnormal regional activation, and altered functional connectivit...
Localization and quantification of trace-gas fugitive emissions using a portable optical spectrometer

We present a portable optical spectrometer for fugitive emissions monitoring of methane (CH4). The sensor operation is based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), using a 5 cm open path design, and targets the 2ν3 R(4) CH4 transition at 6057.1 cm-1 (1651 nm) to avoid cross-talk with common interfering atmospheric constituents. Sensitivity analysis indicates a normalized precision of 2.0 ppmv·Hz-1/2, corresponding to a noise-equivalent absorbance (NEA) of 4.4×10-6 Hz-1/2 and minimum detectible absorption (MDA) coefficient of αmin = 8.8×10-7 cm-1·Hz-1/2. Our TDLAS sensor is deployed at the Methane Emissions Technology Evaluation Center (METEC) at Colorado State University (CSU) for initial demonstration of single-sensor based source localization and quantification of CH4 fugitive emissions. The TDLAS sensor is concurrently deployed with a customized chemi-resistive metal-oxide (MOX) sensor for accuracy benchmarking, demonstrating good visual correlation of the concentration time-series. Initial angle-ofarrival (AOA) results will be shown, and development towards source magnitude estimation will be described.
Substitution or Facilitation: Service-Delivery NGOs and Political Engagement in the Peruvian Amazon:

Whether nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) undermine or build democratic linkages between citizens and governments in developing contexts is a long-standing debate. This research explores the div...
Drugs Acting on the Gut: Prokinetics, Antispasmodics, Laxatives

Disorders of gastrointestinal motility result from abnormal contractions of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. This may result in diarrhea and bloating or constipation with or without accompanying abdominal pain. Drugs that act on the gastrointestinal tract may be categorized into three groups: (1) agents that enhance smooth muscle contractions, referred to as prokinetic agents; (2) agents that inhibit contractions, which may be agents that retard normal peristalsis referred to as antimotility agents (opiates and opiate receptor agonists), or agents that reduce abnormally elevated gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone, referred to as antispasmodics (anticholinergics, direct smooth muscle relaxers, and calcium channel blockers); and (3) agents that act to promote evacuation of stool, referred to as laxatives. This chapter will discuss prokinetics, antimotility agents, and antispasmodics, as well as laxatives commonly used in clinical practice.
A Decentralized Control With Unique Equilibrium Point for Cascaded-Type Microgrid

The existing reactive power polarity dependent decentralized control for cascaded-type microgrid has the problem of multiple equilibrium points. As a result, some undesired operating states may occur. To address this problem, we propose a new decentralized power sharing control scheme. The uniqueness of an equilibrium point and its small signal stability are proved.
Metabolism and disposition of arsenic species from oral dosing with sodium arsenite in neonatal CD-1 mice. IV. Toxicokinetics following gavage administration and lactational transfer.

Abstract Arsenic is a ubiquitous contaminant, with typical human dietary intake below 1 μg/kg bw/d and extreme drinking water exposures up to ∼50 μg/kg bw/d. The formation and binding of trivalent metabolites are central to arsenic toxicity and strong human evidence suggests special concern for early life exposures in the etiology of adult diseases, especially cancer. This study measured the metabolism and disposition of arsenite in neonatal mice to understand the role of maturation in metabolic activation and detoxification of arsenic. Many age-related differences were observed after gavage administration of arsenite, with consistent evidence in blood and tissues for higher exposures to trivalent arsenic species in neonatal mice related to the immaturity of metabolic and/or excretory functions. The evidence for greater tissue binding of arsenic species in young mice is consistent with enhanced susceptibility to toxicity based on metabolic and toxicokinetic differences alone. Lactational transfer from arsenite-dosed dams to suckling mice was minimal, based on no dosing-related changes in the levels of arsenic species in pup blood or milk collected from the dams. Animal models evaluating whole-life exposure to inorganic arsenic must use direct dosing in early neonatal life to predict accurately potential toxicity from early life exposures in children.
Flow-through electrodes

Summary Diagnostic criteria allowing the determination of the electrode-kinetic equation for electrode reactions using flow-through systems have been derived. They are listed in Table 1 together with the conditions under which the measurements should be carried out.
Implicit bias and social schema: a transactive memory approach

To what extent should we focus on implicit bias in order to eradicate persistent social injustice? Structural prioritizers argue that we should focus less on individual minds than on unjust social structures, while equal prioritizers think that both are equally important. This article introduces the framework of transactive memory into the debate to defend the equal priority view. The transactive memory framework helps us see how structure can emerge from individual interactions as an irreducibly social product. If this is right, then debiasing interventions are structural interventions. One upshot is that the utility of the individual versus structural distinction is not apparent for the purposes of intervention.
Attitudes of native and nonnative speakers of English toward various regional and social U.S. English accents

v CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Standard Language Ideology 2 Purpose 5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Standard American English 9 Standard Language Ideology 13 Attitudes of Native Speakers Toward Nonstandard U.S. English Accents 18 Nonnative Speakers' Judgments of U.S. English Accents 24 Attitude Formation by Nonnative Speakers 26 CHAPTER 3: METHODS AND MATERIALS 31 Recording of the Stimuli 31 Development of the Tape for Accent Study 34 Raters 35 Procedure 38 Data Analysis 40 CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42 Rating of Speech Samples 42 Discussion 57 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 66 Applications 66 Recommendations 69 APPENDIX A: READING PASSAGES FOR SPEAKERS 71 APPENDIX B; BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION QUESTIONNAIRE FOR 73 RATERS APPENDIX C: RATING INSTRUMENT 75 APPENDIX D: SAMPLING FREQUENCY DISTRUBITIONS OF THE DATA 77
Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis after kidney transplantation from HCV-viremic donors to HCV-negative recipients: A unique complication in the DAA era.

Fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis (FCH) posttransplantation can lead to graft failure and death. In the era of direct acting antiviral therapy (DAA), several studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of transplanting hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive allografts into HCV-negative recipients. In this case series, we present two cases of HCV-negative recipients who underwent kidney transplantation from viremic donors and developed FCH. Both patients presented after transplant with abnormal liver function tests and HCV viral loads of greater than 100 000 000 IU/mL. FCH was diagnosed by histology and/or clinical data. Both patients were started on DAA therapy within 24 hours of admission with improvement in LFTs. One patient has undetectable HCV 12 weeks after completing treatment and the other patient has undetectable HCV after completing DAA treatment. The introduction of DAAs has changed the landscape of solid organ transplantation with the potential to expand the donor pool and increase access to organs. While HCV viremic organs have tremendous potential to increase access to a scarce resource, FCH is a potentially fatal complication and therefore clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for this unique complication.
Molecular spin frustration in mixed-chelate Fe5 and Fe6 oxo clusters with high ground state spin values

Abstract The synthesis, structures, and magnetic properties are reported of three new polynuclear FeIII complexes containing the anions of picolinic acid (picH) and triethanolamine (teaH3) as chelates. The complexes [Fe6O2(OH)2(O2CR)4(pic)4(teaH)2] (R = Me (1), Ph (2)) and [Fe5O2(O2CBut)4(pic)3(teaH)2] (3) were obtained from the reaction of [Fe3O(O2CR)6(H2O)3](NO3) (R = Me, Ph, But) with picH and teaH3 in a 1:2:1 ratio in MeCN. The core of 1 and 2 consists of an [Fe4(µ3-O)2]8+ ‘planar-butterfly’ unit to which is attached an Fe atom on either side by bridging O atoms. The core of 3 consists of an [Fe5(µ3-O)2]11+ unit comprising two near-perpendicular vertex-sharing [Fe3(µ3-O)]7+ triangular units. Variable-temperature (T) and -field (H) solid-state dc and ac magnetization (M) studies in the 5.0–300 K temperature range revealed that 1 and 2 have an S = 5 ground state spin whereas 3 has an S = 5/2 ground state. Jij exchange couplings were calculated by DFT and a magnetostructural correlation (MSC) for polynuclear FeIII/O complexes. This allowed rationalization of the observed ground states from the analysis of the spin frustration effects operative, and provided good input values for fits of the experimental χMT vs T data to obtain the Jij values.
Immunometabolism of infections

Physiological studies of infection biology revealed decades ago that there is an intimate relationship between the immune system and the host metabolic system. These interactions begin soon after pathogen detection and continue to evolve over the course of the infection. A relatively recent resurgence in interest in the interface between immunity and metabolism gave rise to the field of ‘immunometabolism’, a term that was coined in 2011. Immunometabolic studies have mainly focused on the cellular level and on non-infectious diseases such as metabolic syndrome, with surprisingly few studies involving infections. In 2019, several studies started to elucidate the relationship between metabolism and the immune response to infectious diseases on both the cellular and the organismal levels. Moreover, 2019 saw the re-emergence of invertebrate animal models to study immunometabolism and infection. Several studies in 2019 have provided exciting insights into the relationship between the immune response to infection and the host metabolic system.
Programmable Radio Environments with Large Arrays of Inexpensive Antennas

Conventional wireless network designs to date target endpoint designs that view the channel as a given. Examples include rate and power control at the transmitter, sophisticated receiver decoder designs, and high-performance forward error correction for the data itself. We instead explore whether it is possible to reconfigure the environment itself to facilitate wireless communication. In this work, we instrument the environment with a large array of inexpensive antenna (LAIA) elements, and design algorithms to configure LAIA elements in real time. Our system achieves a high level of programmability through rapid adjustments of an on-board phase shifter in each LAIA element. We design a channel decomposition algorithm to quickly estimate the wireless channel due to the environment alone, which leads us to a process to align the phases of the LAIA elements. We implement and deploy a 36-element LAIA array in a real indoor home environment. Experiments in this setting show that, by reconfiguring the wireless environment, we can achieve a 24% TCP throughput improvement on average and a median improvement of 51.4% in Shannon capacity over baseline single-antenna links.
Converting briquettes of orange and banana peels into carbonaceous materials for activated sustainable carbon and fuel sources

Orange and banana peels were dried, chopped, and briquetted under pressures of 2, 3, and 5 tons/cm2, and then carbonized at 600 °C for 60 min to investigate some of their physical and thermal properties for use as sustainable carbon and fuel sources. The effects of compaction/briquetting loads on density, durability, and ignition temperature were analyzed for both non-carbonized and carbonized orange and banana peel briquettes. The acceptable compaction load was found to be 2 and 5 tons/cm2 for orange and banana peel briquettes, respectively. The acceptable manufacturing condition in order to have less weight reduction in the drop test in terms of durability for solving handling and transportation problems was 2 tons/cm2 for both orange and banana peel briquettes. Ignition temperature tests showed that orange peel briquettes produced under 3 tons/cm2 and banana peel briquettes produced under 5 tons/cm2 had acceptable ignition temperatures. In the case of carbonized briquettes, the acceptable compaction load for orange and banana peel briquettes was 5 and 2 tons/cm2, respectively. Based on the analysis of compression strength tests, residual strengths were 2.15, 2.18, and 2.30 MPa for orange peel briquettes and 1.74, 2.03, and 2.45 MPa for banana peel briquettes under 2, 3, and 5 tons/cm2, respectively. By increasing the compaction load, residual strengths were increased for both orange and banana peels; however, beyond 5 tons/cm2, the quality of the briquettes deteriorated.
Increased Right Heart Failure (RHF) in High BMI LVAD Recipients

Purpose In the era of increased left ventricular support device (LVAD) implantation, limited data is available on outcomes in the obese population, with most available data describing elevated BMI with a cutoff of >30 kg/m2. Forest et al examined the ISHLT Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (IMACS) registry and found no impact in 2-year mortality in those with higher BMIs, but an increase in all adverse events describing BMI > 40 kg/m2 group. We seek to provide our experience with this population. Methods We retrospectively reviewed outcomes in over 580 LVAD implantations performed at St. Vincent, Indianapolis IN between 2008-19. Baseline demographics of BMI subgroups (BMI 40 kg/m2) and outcomes were collected. Endpoints including survival, stroke, infection, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and right heart failure (RHF) were analyzed by BMI strata, with a specific focus on BMI > 40 kg/m2. RHF was defined with Interagency for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) definitions. Results Over 8% of LVAD patients had a BMI > 40 kg/m2 in our population. No differences were found in survival, stroke, infection, GI bleeding or hemolysis. Figure 1 displays time to right heart failure in BMI subgroups (1= BMI 40 kg/m2). As seen in figure 1, those with a BMI of > 40 kg/m2 were at significantly increased risk of RHF. Conclusion An increased incidence of RHF after LVAD without a concurrent increase in mortality is seen in our patients with a BMI > 40 kg/m2. Strategies for peri-operative and long-term management should take this finding into consideration. Further investigation on a larger, multi-center scale is warranted.
A Bioregional Bridge Across the Urban-Rural Divide

The bioregional movement began in the United States in the 1970s and had matured into a robust social theory by the 1990’s. In 2003, the author’s book, LifePlace: Bioregional Theory and Practice, was published, which bridged both practical and academic realms, defining a bioregion as “a unique region definable by natural (rather than political) boundaries with a geographic, climatic, hydrological, and ecological character capable of supporting unique human and nonhuman living communities.” Numerous examples of bioregional organizations and actions have taken root within the United States in the past several decades. However, as information technology, global economics, and inequality have influenced modern society in the United States and elsewhere, a significant and growing cultural and political split has occurred between rural and urban constituents, placing considerable stress on the processes of bioregional planning and practice. In spite of this, bioregional approaches themselves remain the best, and perhaps the only, means of bridging the urban-rural divide.
Reconciling Heart with Head in Forensic Psychiatry

“What do you do?” is a question that has become as identity-defining for me as “What is your name?” And, just like with my name, I have one response for professional settings and another for social settings. The professional one had been static: I name my specialty. The “dinner party
The Political Economy of Governance Quality

This paper develops a dynamic theory of the social and political foundations of governance quality. In the model, groups of citizens have different expected needs for a public service, and citizens choose whether to demand service when the need arises. Politicians representing these groups can determine policy benefits and delegate to bureaucrats the ability to invest in long-run service quality. The main feature of the theory is its foundation for citizen–government interactions, which draws from well-known queueing models of organizational service provision. The model provides a framework for characterizing the effectiveness and durability of government programs. A main implication is that politicized bureaucracies improve program survivability and increase the frequency of investment, while insulated bureaucracies increase the intensity of investment; overall service quality trades off between these two factors. Other results examine the implications of cross-group inequality, electoral conditions, and decentralization.
Traumatic brain injury and the misuse of alcohol, opioids, and cannabis

Traumatic brain injury (TBI), most often classified as concussion, is caused by biomechanical forces to the brain resulting in short- or long-term impairment in brain function. TBI resulting from military combat, sports, violence, falls, and vehicular accidents is a major cause of long-term physical, cognitive, and psychiatric dysfunction. Psychiatric disorders associated with TBI include depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder, all having significant implications for post-TBI recovery and rehabilitation. This chapter reviews the current preclinical and clinical literature describing the bidirectional relationship between TBI and misuse of three commonly abused drugs: alcohol, opioids, and cannabis. We highlight the influence of each of these drugs on the incidence of TBI, as well as trends in their use after TBI. Furthermore, we discuss factors that may underlie post-injury substance use. Understanding the complex relationship between TBI and substance misuse will enhance the clinical treatment of individuals suffering from these two highly comorbid conditions.
The Boston Marathon Bombings: A Case Study in Visual Framing Ethics

On April 15, 2013, two bombs were ignited near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, killing three people and injuring hundreds. The news “frames” used to depict the Boston Marathon bombings have...
Perinatal phthalate exposure increases developmental apoptosis in the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Abstract Phthalates are a class of endocrine disruptors found in a variety of consumer goods, and offspring can be exposed to these compounds during gestation and lactation. Our laboratory has found that perinatal exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates resulted in a decrease in cognitive flexibility and in neuron number in the adult rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Here, we examine effects of phthalate treatment on prenatal cellular proliferation and perinatal apoptosis in the mPFC. To examine the phthalate effects on cellular proliferation, dams consumed 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg of the phthalate mixture daily from embryonic day 2 (E2) through the day of birth (P0), and on E16 and E17, they were injected with BrdU. The mPFC of offspring was analyzed on P5 and showed a decrease in labelled cells in the phthalate exposed groups. To examine whether changes in BrdU density observed on P5 were due to altered cell survival, cell death was measured on E18, P0, and P5 using a TUNEL assay in a separate cohort of prenatally exposed offspring. There was an increase in TUNEL labelled cells at E18 in the phthalate exposed groups. In the final experiment, dams consumed the phthalate mixture from E2 through P10, at which time mPFC tissue was stained with TUNEL. Phthalate treated subjects showed a higher density of apoptotic cells at P10. These results indicate both pre- and postnatal phthalate exposure increases apoptosis in the male and female rat mPFC. While the impact of phthalates on proliferation cannot be ruled out, these data do not allow for definitive conclusions.
Toward the Pharmacological Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor Biosynthesis

Beta-nerve growth factor (NGF), the most well-characterized neuronal trophic factor, appears to have a physiological role in the central nervous system (CNS). This has been suggested by a variety of evidence, including the discovery of NGF mRNA and NGF receptor mRNA molecules in various brain areas (Buck et al., 1987; Large et al., 1986; Whittemore et al., 1987). Furthermore, it has been shown that NGF has trophic influence on cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain (Fisher et al., 1987; Hefty, 1986; Kromer, 1987; Williams et al., 1986). These findings have suggested the use of NGF as a specific treatment regimen to slow or reverse the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. However, due to its inability to cross the blood brain barrier, NGF cannot be easily used as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of CNS disorders, therefore, other strategies have been proposed. One alternative is the implantation in the brain of genetically modified cells that produce NGF (Rosemberg et al., 1988). However, significant questions still remain concerning the potential applications of grafted cells to brain pathophysiology. Problems include the potential limited survival time as well as a possible host-immune response to the implant. Another alternative is a more physiological approach, such as enhancing the production of endogenous NGF by pharmacological manipulations. Therefore, informations on the mechanism of NGF biosynthesis regulation are needed.
Parallelization Techniques for Spatial-Temporal Occupancy Maps from Multiple Video Streams

We describe and analyze several techniques to parallelize a novel algorithm that fuses intensity data from multiple video cameras to create a spatial-temporal occupancy map. Instead of tracking objects, the algorithm operates by recognizing free space. The brevity of operations in the algorithm allows a dense spatial occupancy map to be temporally computed at real-time video rates. Since each input image pixel is processed independently, we demonstrate parallel implementations that achieve nearly ideal speedup on a four processor shared memory architecture. Potential applications include surveillance, robotics, virtual reality, and manufacturing environments.