cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perseverance and Joy: Advancing the Lives of Children

This chapter presents some of the professional development, growth, and professional life of Barbara Mowder. For more than 40 years, Mowder has been a school psychologist, primarily training professionals to assume careers in school and clinical child psychology, but also writing, doing research, and speaking on issues related to school psychological services. She began her career in the days when school psychology was primarily a K–12 endeavor, and there was no free, appropriate, education offered to all children. She has helped to expand the field to include early childhood and infant psychology, as well as emphasize the importance of working with parents. The arc of her career in some ways follows the arc of school psychology in the sense of contributing to the training of school psychologists, as well as the written literature in the field. She wrote, with others, the first federal training grant to train school psychologists in the needs of young children and, in addition, the first book to include school psychological services in meeting the needs of young children and their families. She founded a professional association as well as a journal devoted to addressing the needs of infants, young children, and their families. Most recently, her professional contributions center on parents, parenting, and parent growth and development. Her Parent Development Theory (PDT), Parent Behavior Importance Questionnaire–Third Edition (PBIQ–3), and Working With Parents Manual (WWPM) will likely benefit parents in the important role they play in children’s development, as well as those professionals who work with parents.
The experiences of inaccessibility and ableism related to physical activity: a photo elicitation study among individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Strong evidence supports the benefits of physical activity (PA) and exercise for adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) and multidisciplinary PA guidelines exist. Previous research indicates that heal...
Los destinos cruzados de la imposibilidad. Perspectivas de género en torno al Museo del Pueblo Español en compañía de Carmen Baroja y Nessi = The Crossed Destinies of Impossibility. Gendered Perspectives on the Museum of the Spanish People in the Company of Carmen Baroja y Nessi

Los museos y archivos de cultura tradicional popular conciernen intensamente a la memoria material de los trabajos reproductivos que sostienen la vida realizados por mujeres, pero tambien a los lazos intelectuales y profesionales que muchas de ellas, con relativa frecuencia, establecieron con el campo de la etnologia y la etnografia y sus instituciones. En el marco de los estudios culturales, este articulo explora estos museos considerados menores, invisibles o irrelevantes para el presente, a menudo almacenados, dispersos y subalternizados, sino desaparecidos. Especificamente, se analiza el caso del malogrado Museo del Pueblo Espanol (1934-1993) y el papel que en el desempenaron distintas mujeres, en especial Carmen Baroja y Nessi (1883-1950). Sus memorias autobiograficas invitan a explorar como una experiencia de modernidad y feminista puede vincularse a una sensibilidad interclasista en torno a la cultura popular tradicional de manera no esencialista o identitaria, sino material y vital. Un enfoque que puede ser inspirador a la hora de pensar alternativas al orden androcentrico del mundo, utiles en el trabajo de imaginar, no solo un museo feminista, sino tambien una nueva sociedad. Abstract Folk museums and the archives of traditional culture are intensely related not only to the material memory of the reproductive and life-sustaining work carried out by women, but to the intellectual and professional links that many women quite often established both with ethnology and ethnography, and their respective institutions. Within the framework of cultural studies, this article addresses these minor and ‘ghost’ museums of folk culture, those either considered irrelevant to the present, or otherwise hidden away, dispersed, subalternized, and, ultimately, disappeared. Specifically, this study focuses on the case of the Museum of The Spanish People (1934-1993) and the women professionals who played a direct role in its curation, with special attention placed on the figure of Carmen Baroja y Nessi (1883-1950). Her autobiographical memoirs invite us to explore the question of how a modern and feminist experience can be linked to an interclassist sensitivity for traditional popular culture that is neither essentialist nor identity-based, but, rather, material and vitalistic: an approach which could inspire us to think of alternatives to the androcentric order of the world, and which remains useful for the work of imagining, not only a feminist museum, but a new society as well.
Physiological And Pathological Roles Of Protein Kinase A In The Heart.

Protein kinase A (PKA) is a central regulator of cardiac performance and morphology. Myocardial PKA activation is induced by a variety of hormones, neurotransmitters and stress signals, most notably catecholamines secreted by the sympathetic nervous system. Catecholamines bind β-adrenergic receptors to stimulate cAMP-dependent PKA activation in cardiomyocytes. Elevated PKA activity enhances Ca2+ cycling and increases cardiac muscle contractility. Dynamic control of PKA is essential for cardiac homeostasis, as dysregulation of PKA signaling is associated with a broad range of heart diseases. Specifically, abnormal PKA activation or inactivation contributes to the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia, hypertrophy, heart failure, as well as diabetic, takotsubo, or anthracycline cardiomyopathies. PKA may also determine sex-dependent differences in contractile function and heart disease predisposition. Here, we describe the recent advances regarding the roles of PKA in cardiac physiology and pathology, highlighting previous study limitations and future research directions. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic strategies and molecular mechanisms associated with cardiac PKA biology. In summary, PKA could serve as a promising drug target for cardioprotection. Depending on disease types and mechanisms, therapeutic intervention may require either inhibition or activation of PKA. Therefore, specific PKA inhibitors or activators may represent valuable drug candidates for the treatment of heart diseases.
Design of compact and broad-bandwidth rectangular patch antenna using cylindrical rods artificial dielectric

This paper presents novel compact and high performance microstrip patch antenna by using artificial dielectric. Cylindrical rods artificial dielectric is embedded in substrate of reference patch antenna, this makes the antenna compact, reflection coefficient improves and enhancement in impedance bandwidth is achieved. Technique of designing the cylindrical rods artificial dielectric in given frequency range is also presented in this paper. Practical swarm optimization technique (PSO) is used to design and optimize the proposed antenna. Finally, RMPA with cylindrical rods embedded substrate is proposed that provides 47.2% compactness, improved return loss and bandwidth. Mathematical analysis of proposed antenna is also done to verify the simulated results of proposed antenna. The effect of rods parameters (height, radius, and distance between rods) on the performance of patch antenna is also analysed.
Evaluation of PROMIS Outcomes for Surgical Treatment of Cubital Tunnel Syndrome With and Without Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

BACKGROUND Assessment of outcomes for cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) surgeries has been difficult due to heterogeneity in outcome reporting. Our objective was to evaluate the outcomes for 2 cohorts treated surgically for isolated CuTS and for combined CuTS and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) using Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). METHODS There were 29 patients in the isolated CuTS cohort and 30 patients in the combined CuTS and CTS cohort. PROMIS Physical Function (PF), Pain Interference (PI), Depression, and Upper Extremity (UE) were completed preoperatively and 1-week, 6-weeks, and 3-months postoperatively. Responsiveness was evaluated by standardized response means (SRM). RESULTS Significant improvements from the 1-week to 6-week postoperative period are shown in the isolated CuTS cohort for PROMIS PF (P = .002), PI (P = .0002), and UE (P = .02), but scores plateau after 6-weeks postoperatively. A similar pattern for the same time points was seen for the combined CuTS and CTS group for PROMIS PF (P = .001), PI (P = .02), and UE (P = .04), with a plateau of scores beyond 6 weeks postoperatively. PROMIS UE was more responsive (SRM range: 0.11-1.03) than the PF (SRM range: 0.02-0.52) and PI (SRM range: 0.11-0.40), which were both mildly responsive for both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS PROMIS lacks the sensitivity to show improvement beyond 6-weeks postoperatively for both isolated CuTS and combined CuTS and CTS. Patients with combined nerve compressions follow similar trajectories in the postoperative period as those with isolated CuTS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
Tibial Tubercle Apophyseal Stage to Determine Skeletal Age in Pediatric Patients Undergoing ACL Reconstruction: A Validation and Reliability Study:

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries demand individualized treatments based on an accurate estimation of the child’s skeletal age. Wrist radiographs, which have traditionally been u...
A Review of Lawyer's Guide to Forensic Medicine Handbook for Court & Chambers

The author has designed this short volume as a rapid reference in forensic medicine based upon an alphabetical listing of the more common terms and topics in forensic pathology and forensic medicine that would appear or be used in criminal and civil litigation. It does not presume to be comprehensive or act as a resource for expert opinion. The volume would be most useful to the neophyte attorney without any background in the forensic science area beginning to prepare for the first medicolegal case. It does present fairly concise definitions with some description of the signs of that entity as well as brief discussion of the various diagnostic tests. Unfortunately, the brevity of these descriptions might have a tendency to lead the novice into erroneous thinking and case preparation. Some of the descriptions do not account for the multiple variations that may be observed in injury or in tests results. Some tests are still included that are rarely used today, for example, testing for diatoms. A secondary value of the volume is the line drawings with explanations that would well serve as the basis of similar or more complicated demonstrative exhibits useful as evidence. The volume still refers to toxic levels than the more preferred and precise terminology of toxic concentrations. The book is designed for British courts and so has limits in interpretive value in courts of other countries. The recommended reading list is also of limited value in that it is taken primarily from British publications.
Phosphatidylinositol glycan formation and utilization by the ciliate Tetrahymena mimbres.

Ryals et al. (Ryals, P.E., Pak, Y., and Thompson, G. A., Jr., (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 15048-15053) have described and partially characterized phosphatidylinositol glycans (PI glycans) present in Tetrahymena mimbres. We now describe the time course of PI glycan labeling from exogenous [3H]myristate, [14C]glucosamine, and [3H]ethanolamine. Over the first 2-12 h following pulse radioisotope addition a sizeable proportion of the radioactivity associated with the protein pellet remaining after cell delipidation existed as PI glycans. These compounds were distributed throughout the cell, with the largest proportion at 12 h being associated with a fraction containing mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. However, by 24 h radioactivity had nearly disappeared from the PI glycans and had become associated with proteins by a process that was almost totally inhibited by cycloheximide or tunicamycin. PI glycans appeared to be incorporated mainly into a protein migrating on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a relatively broad band with an apparent molecular mass of 24-29 kDa. The exact mobility of the protein band within this molecular weight range was dependent upon the growth temperature of the cells. The apparent molecular masses of the principal PI-anchored proteins formed by other closely related Tetrahymena species varied widely, ranging from 22 to 76 kDa. The PI-anchored proteins may belong to a group of surface proteins known as immobilization antigens. Treatment of 24-h-labeled T. mimbres cells with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C in vivo released labeled proteins from the cells. Some labeled proteins were present even in the medium of control, non-phospholipase-treated cells. Tetrahymena PI glycans appear to accumulate in a metabolic pool from which they are gradually removed for attachment to externally oriented PI-anchored proteins. Tetrahymena is a versatile system well suited for studying the regulation of PI-anchored protein biochemistry.
Archives & Records in Armed Conflict: International Law and the Current Debate Over Iraqi Records and Archives

Controversies over the fate of the records and archives of the Iraqi Ba’ath party in the aftermath of the Second Gulf War, and debates over the role of international law in their protection, have become increasingly fierce. Such controversies have included allegations of “pillage” and demands for the “repatriation” of such records – some of which are in U.S. custody and others are on deposit at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University – to the Iraqi National Archives. Meanwhile, in March 2009 the United States became a party to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, which seeks to protect cultural property – defined to include “archives” – in war subject to the demands of imperative military necessity. The current debates mark the intersection of three historically ambiguous concepts: “archives,” “cultural property,” and “military necessity.” This article seeks to clarify the legal status of records and archives in war on the basis that resolving controversies such as those surrounding Ba’ath party records requires a realistic assessment of the limitations of international law. The article concludes that although the nature of records and archives may preclude international legal standards that are both robust and enforceable, international law nevertheless has an important role to play in supporting realistic and feasible measures for their preservation.
Principles and applications of the digital micromirror device in projection displays

Digital light processing (DLP)/sup TM/ based projection displays have come from introduction in an existing industry to undisputed dominance in some market sectors and a serious presence in all sectors in less than five years. At the heart of this line of products is a unique microelectromechanical structure (MEMS), the digital micromirror device (DMD)/sup TM/, developed at Texas Instruments. This presentation concentrates on a functional description of the DMD, including fabrication techniques, control strategy, and electromechanical modeling and performance.
Risk of cardiac disease and observations on lack of potential predictors by clinical history among children presenting for cardiac evaluation of mid-exertional syncope.

Objective This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of cardiac disorders among children with mid-exertional syncope evaluated by a paediatric cardiologist, determine how often a diagnosis was not established, and define potential predictors to differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac causes. Study design We carried out a single-centre, retrospective review of children who presented for cardiac evaluation due to a history of exertional syncope between 1999 and 2012. Inclusion criteria included the following: (1) age ⩽18 years; (2) mid-exertional syncope; (3) electrocardiogram, echocardiogram and an exercise stress test, electrophysiology study, or tilt test, with exception of long QT, which did not require additional testing; and (4) evaluation by a paediatric cardiologist. Mid-exertional syncope was defined as loss of consciousness in the midst of active physical activity. Patients with peri-exertional syncope immediately surrounding but not during active physical exertion were excluded. Results A total of 60 patients met the criteria for mid-exertional syncope; 32 (53%) were diagnosed with cardiac syncope and 28 with non-cardiac syncope. A majority of cardiac patients were diagnosed with an electrical myopathy, the most common being Long QT syndrome. In nearly half of the patients, a diagnosis could not be established or syncope was felt to be vasovagal in nature. Neither the type of exertional activity nor the symptoms or lack of symptoms occurring before, immediately preceding, and after the syncopal event differentiated those with or without a cardiac diagnosis. Conclusions Children with mid-exertional syncope are at risk for cardiac disease and warrant evaluation. Reported symptoms may not differentiate benign causes from life-threatening disease.
Modeling and control of power-split powertrains: Examining the influence of drive-shaft compliance

This paper proposes a new modeling and control design methodology to enable active damping of power-split hybrid-electric powertrains, so as to meet driver torque demands, stabilize desired engine operating points, and improve passenger comfort by suppressing powertrain oscillations. A two-input two-output controller consisting of regulator and estimator subsystems is systematically designed on the basis of a reduced-order powertrain model using LQR/LTR procedures. Stability and desired performance are confirmed by analyzing the influence of this controller on a full-order powertrain model.
Prolonged space flight-induced alterations in the structure and function of human skeletal muscle fibres.

The primary goal of this study was to determine the effects of prolonged space flight (∼180 days) on the structure and function of slow and fast fibres in human skeletal muscle. Biopsies were obtained from the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of nine International Space Station crew members ∼45 days pre- and on landing day (R+0) post-flight. The main findings were that prolonged weightlessness produced substantial loss of fibre mass, force and power with the hierarchy of the effects being soleus type I > soleus type II > gastrocnemius type I > gastrocnemius type II. Structurally, the quantitatively most important adaptation was fibre atrophy, which averaged 20% in the soleus type I fibres (98 to 79 μm diameter). Atrophy was the main contributor to the loss of peak force (P0), which for the soleus type I fibre declined 35% from 0.86 to 0.56 mN. The percentage decrease in fibre diameter was correlated with the initial pre-flight fibre size (r= 0.87), inversely with the amount of treadmill running (r= 0.68), and was associated with an increase in thin filament density (r= 0.92). The latter correlated with reduced maximal velocity (V0) (r=−0.51), and is likely to have contributed to the 21 and 18% decline in V0 in the soleus and gastrocnemius type I fibres. Peak power was depressed in all fibre types with the greatest loss (∼55%) in the soleus. An obvious conclusion is that the exercise countermeasures employed were incapable of providing the high intensity needed to adequately protect fibre and muscle mass, and that the crew's ability to perform strenuous exercise might be seriously compromised. Our results highlight the need to study new exercise programmes on the ISS that employ high resistance and contractions over a wide range of motion to mimic the range occurring in Earth's 1 g environment.
Superconducting energy gap of Ba Pb 1 − x Bi x O 3

We report the first infrared measurement of the superconducting energy gap of $\mathrm{Ba}{\mathrm{Pb}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. In our polycrystalline samples with ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\simeq}9.5$ K ($x\ensuremath{\simeq}0.2$) we obtain $2\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}3.2k{T}_{c}$, roughly in agreement with the weak-coupling Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer prediction, $2\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}3.2k{T}_{c}$, and with tunneling measurements of the gap. We do not observe any structure above the gap energy associated with strong coupling.
Design and performance of a wireless sensor network for catchment-scale snow and soil moisture measurements

[1] A wireless sensor network (WSN) was deployed as part of a water balance instrument cluster across a forested 1 km2headwater catchment in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The network, which integrates readings from over 300 sensors, provides spatially representative measurements of snow depth, solar radiation, relative humidity, soil moisture, and matric potential. The ability of this densely instrumented watershed to capture catchment-scale snow depth and soil moisture distributions is investigated through comparison with three comprehensive gridded surveys and 1 day of detailed lidar snow data. Statistical analysis shows that the network effectively characterized catchment-wide distributions of snow depth, while offering a cost-effective, reliable, and energy-efficient means for collecting distributed data in real time. A temporal analysis of snow depth variability reveals that canopy cover is the major explanatory variable of snow depth and that under-canopy measurements persistently show higher variability compared to those in open terrain. An analysis of soil moisture shows lower variability at deeper soil depth and a correlation between mean soil moisture and variability for shallow soils. A three-phase design procedure was used to optimize the WSN deployment. First, as off-the-shelf performance of current WSN platforms for large-scale, long-term deployments cannot be guaranteed, statistics from a prototype deployment were analyzed. Two indicators of network performance, the packet delivery ratio and received signal strength indicator, showed that for our site conditions, a conservative 50 m node-to-node spacing would ensure low-power, reliable, and robust network communications. Second, results from the prototype were used to refine hardware specifications and to guide the layout of the full 57-node wireless network. Of these nodes, 23 were used actively for sensing, while the remaining 34 nodes were used as signal repeaters to ensure proper spatial radio coverage and robust network operations. Further analysis of network statistics is conducted during the third, operational, phase to validate system performance.
Engineering designer nucleases with customized cleavage specificities.

Engineered designer nucleases can be used to efficiently modify genomic sequence in a wide variety of model organisms and cell types. Zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), consisting of an engineered zinc finger array fused to a non-specific cleavage domain, have been extensively used to modify a broad range of endogenous genes. Here we describe protocols for engineering ZFNs targeted to specific gene sequences of interest using the Context-Dependent Assembly (CoDA) method.
An institutional experience with epidural analgesia in children and young adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Summary Background: Allowing spontaneous respiration after cardiac surgery eliminates complications related to mechanical ventilation and optimizes cardiopulmonary interaction. Epidural analgesia has been proposed to promote early extubation after cardiac surgery. Objective: To identify the characteristics of patients with epidural analgesia and safety profiles with respect to the timing of extubation following cardiac surgery. Design and method: A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent cardiac surgery during a 5-year period. Demographic, procedural, and perioperative variables were analyzed to investigate factors that affect the timing of extubation. Results: A total of 750 records were reviewed. The patients’ median age was 12 months, and 52% were infants (<1 year). Seventy-five percent of the patients utilized cardiopulmonary bypass. The study population was classified into three groups according to the timing of extubation: 66% were extubated in the operating room or upon arrival at the PICU (Immediate), 15% were extubated within 24 h (mean, 10.8 h; 95% CI, 9.0–12.6) (Early), and 19% were extubated after 24 h (Delayed). For the Immediate and Early groups, multivariate logistic regression identified young age, increased cross-clamp time, and inotrope score as independent risk factors for the need for mechanical ventilation. Postextubation respiratory acidosis (mean PaCO2, 50 mmHg; 95% CI, 49–51) was well tolerated by all patients. There were no neurologic complications related to the epidural technique. Conclusion: Epidural analgesia in children undergoing cardiac surgery provides stable analgesia without complications in our experience.
Central reticular path to intralaminar and reticular nuclei of thalamus for activating EEG related to consciousness

Abstract Intralaminar nuclei include parafascicular, limitans, centrum medianum, central, paracentral and central lateral, all situated along the length of the internal medullary lamina of the dorsal thalamus. The reticular thalamic, tegmentothalamic and tectothalamic tracts end in these nuclei which give rise to fibers that go out to end in the reticular nucleus on the outer surface of the thalamus. The reticular nucleus sends non-specific fibers to all parts of the cerebral cortex. The parafascicular and nucleus limitans send fibers to the reticular nucleus from which fibers go to the occipital cortex. Centrum medianum, near its middle, sends fibers ventrally and out to the ventral part of the reticular nucleus. An intralaminar bundle of fibers comes out of the frontal end of centrum medianum and ends in the central, paracentral, central lateral and submedial nuclei. Large cells in the bundle send fibers ventrally and out to the lower part of the reticular nucleus. Central and paracentral nuclei send fibers in the internal medullary lamina to the central lateral nucleus. From this nucleus fibers pass over the lateral anterior nucleus to reach the dorsal margin of the reticular nucleus. Central, paracentral and submedial nuclei send fibers in the inferior thalamic peduncle to the anterior perforated substance, and also fibers forward to the reticular nucleus and frontal cortex. Some fibers cross in the massa intermedia. Ventral medial and ventral anterior nuclei send fibers into the frontal radiation to the reticular nucleus and visceral areas in the medial frontal, orbital, insular and inferior frontal cortex. Ventral thalamus sends fibers to the hypothalamus, pallida and prerubral nucleus. Reticular nucleus is the last link in the non-specific path to the cortex for EEG rhythms related to general consciousness. The non-specific neural system is distinct from specific sensory and other neural systems that activate the cortex. In the cortex the non-specific fibers from the reticular nucleus contact pyramidal and granule cells whose actions produce the non-specific EEG rhythms.
Severe fatty liver in rats fed a fat-free ethanol diet, and its prevention by small amounts of dietary arachidonate

Rats were fed ethanol and a fat-free diet for 30 days to determine whether dietary fat is needed for the development of fatty liver. The severity of fatty liver was similar to that of rats fed an isocaloric diet with 35% fat. Small amounts (29 mg/day) of dietary arachidonic acid prevented alcoholic fatty liver. Rats fed either the alcohol (AF) or control (CF) fat-free diets developed essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) as measured by the triene/tetraene ratio of liver and plasma lipids. Rats fed arachidonic acid (AA, alcohol and CA, control diets) did not develop EFAD. Although EFAD alone did not cause the development of fatty liver, the combination of dietary ethanol and EFAD did. The ratios of 16∶1/16∶0 and 18∶1/18∶0 in liver lipids indicated that desaturase enzymes were less active and lipogenesis was reduced in rats fed the AA diet compared to those fed the AF diet. In contrast, stimulated lipogenesis appears to have been the cause of fatty liver in rats fed the AF diet.
Effect of carbon monoxide on the cytochrome P-450-mediated metabolism of aniline and p-nitroanisole in the isolated perfused rabbit lung.

Carbon monoxide (CO), an environmental pollutant, inhibits the cytochrome P‐450‐mediated metabolism of xenobiotics in vitro. In recent years, the importance of the lung in the metabolic disposition of certain airborne and systemically administered xenobiotics has been demonstrated. The purpose of this investigation was to establish a threshold for the CO‐induced inhibition of cytochrome P‐450‐mediated activities in the isolated perfused rabbit lung and to determine if these reactions are equally sensitive to this toxicant in this model. Neither the mixed‐function oxidase‐mediated hydroxylation nor the acetylation of aniline was altered by exposure to 7.5% CO/20% O2 for 2.5 h in the isolated perfused rabbit lung. p‐Nitroanisole O‐demethylation by isolated rabbit lungs ventilated with 7.5% CO/20% O2 was significantly decreased (‐37%) in comparison to controls. That these reactions are not similarly influenced by carbon monoxide may indicate that the constitutive isozymes of cytochrome P‐450 in the rabbit lu...
Rejection positivity predicts trial-to-trial reaction times in an auditory selective attention task: a computational analysis of inhibitory control.

A series of computer simulations using variants of a formal model of attention (Melara & Algom, 2003) probed the role of rejection positivity (RP), a slow-wave electroencephalographic (EEG) component, in the inhibitory control of distraction. Behavioral and EEG data were recorded as participants performed auditory selective attention tasks. Simulations that modulated processes of distractor inhibition accounted well for reaction-time (RT) performance, whereas those that modulated target excitation did not. A model that incorporated RP from actual EEG recordings in estimating distractor inhibition was superior in predicting changes in RT as a function of distractor salience across conditions. A model that additionally incorporated momentary fluctuations in EEG as the source of trial-to-trial variation in performance precisely predicted individual RTs within each condition. The results lend support to the linking proposition that RP controls the speed of responding to targets through the inhibitory control of distractors.
Knowing the Stability of Model Rockets: A Study of Learning in Interest-Based Practices

This article adds to sociocultural theories of learning by investigating knowing and learning in the hobby of model rocketry. Hobbies are paradigmatic of interest-based, long-term pursuits and studying the tailored practices the rocketeers craft for themselves sheds further light on the relationship between the nature of practices and the learning processes that emerge in their enactment. My window into this issue is the core problem of determining the stability of model rockets, across phases of design, construction, and flying. Using ethnographic and experimental data, I catalog the various individual and collective ways of knowing rocket stability and articulate the manners in which they operate to foster and sustain the highly tailored pursuits characteristic of interest-based practices.
An explanation-based, visual debugger for one-way constraints

This paper describes a domain-specific debugger for one-way constraint solvers. The debugger makes use of several new techniques. First, the debugger displays only a portion of the dataflow graph, called a constraint slice, that is directly related to an incorrect variable. This technique helps the debugger scale to a system containing thousands of constraints. Second, the debugger presents a visual representation of the solver's data structures and uses color encodings to highlight changes to the data structures. Finally, the debugger allows the user to point to a variable that has an unexpected value and ask the debugger to suggest reasons for the unexpected value. The debugger makes use of information gathered during the constraint satisfaction process to generate plausible suggestions. Informal testing has shown that the explanatory capability and the color coding of the constraint solver's data structures are particularly useful in locating bugs in constraint code.
Race of the Homeowner and Appreciation of Single-family Homes in the United States

In this article we use data from the annual housing surveys to compare the real appreciation of black- and white-owned single-family homes in the U.S. in the 1974 to 1983 period. The empirical results show that single-family home appreciation depends primarily on income and population growth in the local real estate market and that race of the homeowner is not important to the appreciation process.
Edge critical exponent for the three-dimensional Ising model by Monte Carlo simulations

We present the first Monte Carlo estimate of the edge critical exponent ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{2}$ for the three-dimensional nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic Ising model at the ordinary edge transition. The finite-size dependence of the spin-spin correlation function is used to obtain the edge-bulk exponent ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{0}$,2=1.704\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1, and this gives ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{2}$/${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{b}$=-1.185\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1. This last value is in agreement with the \ensuremath{\epsilon}-expansion estimate of -29/24=-1.208. . . .
Identification of interface residues in protease-inhibitor and antigen-antibody complexes: a support vector machine approach

In this paper, we describe a machine learning approach for sequence-based prediction of protein-protein interaction sites. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was trained to predict whether or not a surface residue is an interface residue (i.e., is located in the protein-protein interaction surface), based on the identity of the target residue and its ten sequence neighbors. Separate classifiers were trained on proteins from two categories of complexes, antibody-antigen and protease-inhibitor. The effectiveness of each classifier was evaluated using leave-one-out (jack-knife) cross-validation. Interface and non-interface residues were classified with relatively high sensitivity (82.3% and 78.5%) and specificity (81.0% and 77.6%) for proteins in the antigen-antibody and protease-inhibitor complexes, respectively. The correlation between predicted and actual labels was 0.430 and 0.462, indicating that the method performs substantially better than chance (zero correlation). Combined with recently developed methods for identification of surface residues from sequence information, this offers a promising approach to predict residues involved in protein-protein interactions from sequence information alone.
When to consider retiring an athlete after sports-related concussion.

The pathophysiology of concussion may lead to a variety of both short- and long-term effects, which may lead to a decision to retire from contact sports. These effects follow a recognizable progression and may cause an athlete to opt out of play at any point along this progression. To elucidate the effect of concussion or mild traumatic brain injury and weigh in on a decision to retire, the treating physician needs to take into account the history, neurologic examination, brain imaging, and neuropsychological testing. In addition, myriad social factors surrounding play must be taken into consideration. Language: en
Situated Pedagogy and the Situationist International: Countering a Pedagogy of Placelessness

Among the avant-garde organizations in Europe during the middle of the twentieth century, a few of them combined in 1957 to form the Situationist International (SI). This article locates relevant aspects of their theory in the increasingly visible constellation of Critical Geography and educational scholarship, both in the foundations of education and curriculum theory. After a brief introduction to the SI, a situated pedaogy is presented in past and present educational literature and is complemented with various theoretical constructs of the SI. These considerations are presented to address and, perhaps, remedy a pedagogy of placelessness that appears to be prevalent in public schools today. A situated pedagogy connects the curriculum to the everyday lives of students and is interested in identity and self-formation, but also social-formation and the relationships between the two, and asks students to pay attention to their environment, and listening to what places have to tell us. It also asks students ...
Quantum Mechanics and Radioactive Disintegration

Application of quantum mechanics to a simple model of the nucleus gives the phenomenon of radioactive disintegration. The statistical nature of the quantum mechanics gives directly disintegration as a chance phenomenon without any special hypothesis. §1 contains a presentation of those features of quantum mechanics which are here used and gives a simple calculation of the disintegration constant. §2 discusses the qualitative application of the model to the nucleus. §3 presents quantitative calculations amounting to a theoretical interpretation of the Geiger-Nuttall relation between the rate of disintegration and the energy of the emitted α-particle. In getting this relation one arrives at the rather remarkable conclusion that the law of force between emitted a-particle and the rest of the nucleus is substantially the same in all the atoms even where the decay rates stand in the ratio 1022. §4 calls attention to the natural way in which the paradoxical results of Rutherford and Chadwick on the scattering of fast a-particles by uranium receive explanation with the model here used. §5 discusses certain limitations inherent in the methods employed.
Comment on the motion of a spin-1/2 particle in the field of a magnetic monopole

We give an algebraic formulation of the theory of Kazama, Yang, and Goldhaber and discuss the significance of the singular case of lowest angular momentum.
Beyond perfusion with ultrafast computed tomography

Ultrafast computed tomography (CT) has been available for the clinician for nearly 10 years. Although cost, as well as availability of competing technologies, have limited its application, several investigative groups have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring regional myocardial blood flow by this method. Ultrafast CT provides accurate measurements when myocardial blood flow is normal or reduced. However, when flow is increased (e.g., by pharmacologic vasodilacion), the technique underestimates flow. (This can apparently be corrected by using a complex curve-fitting technique.) Direct injection of contrast medium into the aorta distinguishes differences in endocardial and epicardial blood flow. Although imaging of myocardial perfusion has proven clinical value, there is a need for new noninvasive approaches for detecting silent coronary atherosclerosis before coronary events occur. Here it is possible to make use of the close association between coronary atherosclerosis and coronary intimai calcium, recognized over 35 years ago. Even though the amount of coronary calcium is a function of age, individuals with coronary artery disease usually have greater amounts, and the greater the number of coronary vessels with calcium, the greater the likelihood of obstructive coronary disease. Ultrafast CT has proven value for visualizing coronary calcium. No contrast medium is required and radiation exposure is approximately 425 mrads.
eArchivarius: accessing collections of electronic mail

We present eArchivarius an interactive system for accessing collections of electronic mail. The system combines search, clustering visualization, and time-based visualization of email messages and people who send or received the messages.
Men in day care: You've come a long way, buddy!

Male day care teachers have more to offer young children than their masculine presence. It is suggested that pleas for a male role model are misdirected, and that men in day care have valuable contributions to make by modeling and reinforcing not only positive “masculine” traits but also positive “feminine” traits. Emphasis, therefore, is placed upon the balance the male caregiver can provide for a humanized environment for young children. Suggestions are given on ways to establish androgynous environment for current and future caregivers.
Changes in interpersonal descriptions accompanying the operant conditioning of verbal frequency in groups

Four person groups carried on two successive 40-min discussions. During the second discussion, the S with the lowest verbal output in the first discussion was rewarded, and the other three Ss punished for speech. After both discussions, Ss ranked one another on several aspects of their interpersonal behavior. Results indicated: (a) Reward increased verbal output significantly over that of the control groups, while punishment did not significantly decrease it; and (b) after the second discussion, both self-rankings and the rankings of the other group members of the rewarded Ss were significantly higher than corresponding judgments in the control groups on leadership, participation, and self-confidence, while quality of ideas was judged as significantly increased by others only. A tendency toward greater responsiveness to both reward and punishment by female Ss was also noted.
Distribution of glucagon-like peptide-1 immunoreactivity in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) plays a role in modulating neuroendocrine and autonomic function. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) contains aggregations of GLP-1 fibers and expresses GLP-1 receptors, making it a likely site of action for GLP-1 signaling. The current study was designed to establish domains of GLP-1 action, focusing on axosomatic appositions on different neuroendocrine and autonomic cell populations in the PVN. The data indicate abundant GLP-1-immunoreactive terminal appositions on corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the medial parvocellular PVN. GLP-1 positive boutons can also be observed in apposition to oxytocinergic neurons and on retrogradely labeled pre-autonomic neurons projecting to the region of the nucleus of the solitary tract. In contrast, there were very few vasopressinergic neurons with GLP-1 appositions. Overall, the data indicate that the central GLP-1 system preferentially targets neurons in hypophysiotrophic zones of the PVN, consistent with excitatory actions of GLP-1 on adrenocorticotropin release. GLP-1 is also in position to influence oxytocin secretion and control outflow to brainstem cardiovascular relays.
How responsive are banks to monetary policy

I provide evidence that the response of commercial banks’ loans to monetary policy shocks in the US has changed. In particular, using bank data from the period 1959 to 2007, I show that the effect of monetary policy shocks on banks’ credit has significantly decreased over time. My results contrast significantly with previous finding in the literature (Bernanke and Blinder, 1992). As potential explanations to the lower effect of monetary shocks, I describe some of the changes in bank regulation that triggered bank consolidation and changes in the bank-size distribution, as well as changes in the banks’ portfolio towards an increasing share of real estate loans.
Principles in the Management of Assisted Ventilation

The five objectives of mechanical ventilation are: (1) to restore arterial and systemic pH to normal; (2) to reduce the work of breathing; (3) to increase oxygen transfer; (4) to restore alveolar ventilation, and (5) to improve broncbopulmonary hygiene. The principles in the management involve proper selection of equipment, patient-machine interface, prevention and control of complications, support of other body systems, and weaning from ventilation. Among the possible complications are expiratory obstruction; pressure necrosis and aspiration of food or pharyngeal secretions; contamination from gram-negative bacteria; cardiac arrhythmia and gastric distention and ileus.
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulates inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression in the portal hypertensive gastric mucosa of the rat

Increased expression of both nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been implicated in the hyperdynamic circulation of portal hypertension. Since overexpression of these proteins would affect gastric mucosal defenses, which are impaired in portal hypertension, we examined the expression and interrelationships of TNF-alpha and NOS in the gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats. Following staged portal vein ligation, gastric strips from portal hypertensive rats were incubated in organ culture medium with or without TNF-alpha antibody. The expression of TNF-alpha and NOS mRNAs was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at baseline and after 1, 2, and 6 hours of incubation. RT-PCR demonstrated a threefold increase in inducible NOS mRNA and a 50% increase in TNF-alpha mRNA expression at baseline in portal hypertensive animals as compared to sham-operated animals. In tissue incubated with TNF-alpha neutralizing antibody, inducible NOS mRNA expression was significantly decreased by 40%, 70%, and 80% after 1, 2, and 6 hours, respectively. Since increased TNF-alpha and NOS production could potentially impair gastric mucosal defenses, our findings suggest a major role for these proteins in the development of portal hypertensive gastropathy.
The demand for information technology capital: an empirical analysis

Abstract Information technology (IT) capital currently represents seven percent of total capital stock in the U.S. and accounts for a rapidly growing share of capital expenditures, making it one of the most important innovations of recent times. Given the significant role of IT as a factor off production in every sector of the economy, it is important to analyze these growth trends. The adoption and subsequent diffusion of IT is naturally driven by the nature of the underlying demand. This paper studies the demand for IT capital for the period 1970–1987 at both the aggregate economy level and the industry sector level. In particular, the effects of innovation diffusion, price trends and sector output on the demand for computing are examined through an empirical analysis of data on IT investment at these levels. The relationships between the aggregate and the industry demand functions as well as inter-industry difference are investigated. The results provide: i) A theoretical understanding of the nature of demand for IT capital; ii) measurement of the level and growth of computerization in the economy; and iii) predictive ability.
Effects of continuous light on the retina of a fish, Notemigonus crysoleucas.

Notemigonus crysoleucas organisms were exposed to light at 1,250 and 850 lux in regimes of 12L:12D and 24L:0D. Each layer of cells in the retina was evaluated employing light microscopy and measurements for quantitative analysis were recorded from the retinas of over 150 fish. These values were compared for dorsal and ventral portions of the retina, for the two intensities, and for the two regimes. Fish maintained under the 24L:0D light regime exhibited significant light damage to the retina, characterized by reduction of outer segments of photoreceptors, reduction in the density of nuclear layers, and disintegration of ganglion cells. The dorsal portion of the retina experienced significantly greater deterioration than the ventral portion. Fish which had been subjected to 96 hours of continuous light displayed no ability to repair damage after 96 hours under 12L:12D.
Application of the isothermal flux evaporation method

Abstract While normal crystal growth by the flux method relies on cooling through a several hundred degree range, attention is drawn to the fact that the same effect can be achieved by evaporation of the flux. The special advantages of such a method for growing variable valence oxides and solid solutions is discussed. In 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and VO 2 have been grown.