cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating knowledge in problem solving search procedures

With the help of a model for discrete optimization problems, we show that a large number of heuristic search procedures (for searching state-space graphs, AND/OR graphs, game trees, etc.) of artificial intelligence (AI), and dynamic programming (DP) and branch-and-bound (B&B) procedures of operations research use problem-specific knowledge in a framework based upon context-free grammar. The model reveals the true nature of these procedures, and aids in synthesizing new variations as well as generalizations and parallel implementations of these procedures. The paper concludes by commenting upon how this model may be generalized and made more powerful to encompass a greater variety of problems, and to help synthesize more efficient search procedures.
Periodate-permanganate oxidations for determining location and amount of unsaturation in monounsaturated fatty acids

Periodate-permanganate oxidation of three samples of oleic acid considered to be of high purity has given reproducible but less than theoretical amounts of total dibasic acids. Recovery approximated 92% with about 90.3% of the expected azelaic acid. Recovery of other dibasic acids indicated that about 1.5% of the total unsaturation of these samples of oleic acid was present in positions 8 or 10 in the fatty acid molecule.
Schleiermacher's Hermeneutic and Its Critics

The critics of Schleiermacher's hermeneutic are legion and its defenders few – due, to a great extent, to the popularity of Gadamer's Truth and Method and its attack on Schleiermacher. I believe that the critics of Schleiermacher have not understood him very well and the failure of his hermeneutics to gain very much respect lies, at least partially, to a lack of understanding of what he had to say. Besides, if we look at contemporary scholars who focus on the study of language and how it functions we will find that they often have views very much like those found in Schleiermacher's discussion of hermeneutics.
Darwin, Herschel, and the role of analogy in Darwin’s origin

Abstract In what follows, I consider the role of analogy in the first edition of Darwin’s Origin. I argue that Darwin follows Herschel’s methodology and hence exploits an analogy between artificial and natural selection that allows him generalize selection as a cause of evolutionary change. This argument strategy is not equivalent to an argument from analogy. Reading Darwin’s argument as conforming to Herschel’s two-step methodology of causal analysis followed by generalization allows us to understand the role and placement of Darwin’s discussion of artificial selection in the Origin, without making the mistake of portraying Darwin’s argument for the existence and character of natural selection as an analogical argument.
The dynamic elastic-plastic interface and related topics

Abstract E xperimental data for the response in a bar when a plastic deformation wave impinges upon a junction with an elastic material are presented. This is accomplished by using a composite aluminium specimen made by glueing a short annealed (soft) section to a long hard (elastic) one. The short section is 10 in. long and therefore strain histories at several points are easily observed by means of wire resistance strain gauges. It is found that there are reflections from the elastic-plastic interface which are in qualitative agreement with the predictions of the strain-rate independent theory. However the experimental data do differ from this theory in quantitative ways. This discrepancy is due in part to interactions with the material in the response range where it is strain-rate dependent.
Starting to add worse: Effects of learning to multiply on children's addition

Abstract A major stumbling block in acquiring a new skill can be integrating it with old but related knowledge. Learning multiplication is a case in point, because it involves integrating new relations with previously acquired arithmetic knowledge (in particular, addition). Two studies explored developmental changes in the relations between single-digit addition and multiplication. In the first study, third-graders, fifth-graders, and adults performed simple addition or multiplication in mixed-and blocked-operations formats. Substantial interfering effects from related knowledge were found at all age levels, but were more pronounced for younger subjects. Thus in the early stages of learning multiplication, one consequence of learning a new operation is interference in performance of an earlier, related, but less recently studied skill. Consideration of error patterns supported the view that the problem of integrating operations is a prominent one even in the early stages of mastering multiplication. Patterns of errors were generally consistent across all age groups, and all groups were much more likely to give a correct multiplication response to an addition problem than the reverse. A second, langitudinal study confirmed this finding, showing evidence for impaired performance of addition over time within individual children (second-, third-, and fourth-graders) tested on simple addition and multiplication over a 5-month period. Analysis of reaction times for addition indicated that second- graders in advanced math classes and third-graders in regular math classes tended to slow down over the year in responses to addition problems. Fourth- graders, on the other hand, tended to increase their speed of addition over the course of the year. Multiplication showed a different pattern during this period, with no evidence for slowing among children who were able to perform this task. Disruption of previously learned knowledge in the course of acquiring new skills provides evidence that new knowledge and old knowledge are being integrated. This kind of non-monotonic development may provide an empirical method for determining the functional limits of a domain of knowledge.
Job scheduling with adjusted runtime estimates on production supercomputers

Abstract The estimate of a parallel job’s running time (walltime) is an important attribute used by resource managers and job schedulers in various scenarios, such as backfilling and short-job-first scheduling. This value is provided by the user, however, and has been repeatedly shown to be inaccurate. We studied the workload characteristic based on a large amount of historical data (over 275,000 jobs in two and a half years) from a production leadership-class computer. Based on that study, we proposed a set of walltime adjustment schemes producing more accurate estimates. To ensure the utility of these schemes on production systems, we analyzed their potential impact in scheduling and evaluated the schemes with an event-driven simulator. Our experimental results show that our method can achieve not only better overall estimation accuracy but also improved overall system performance. Specifically, the average estimation accuracy of the tested workload can be improved by up to 35%, and the system performance in terms of average waiting time and weighted average waiting time can be improved by up to 22% and 28%, respectively.
Parametric Studies of the Ejector Process within a Turbine-Based Combined-Cycle Propulsion System

Performance characteristics of the ejector process within a turbine-based combined-cycle (TBCC) propulsion system are investigated using the NPARC Navier-Stokes code. The TBCC concept integrates a turbine engine with a ramjet into a single propulsion system that may efficiently operate from takeoff to high Mach number cruise. At the operating point considered, corresponding to a flight Mach number of 2.0, an ejector serves to mix flow from the ramjet duct with flow from the turbine engine. The combined flow then passes through a diffuser where it is mixed with hydrogen fuel and burned. Three sets of fully turbulent Navier-Stokes calculations are compared with predictions from a cycle code developed specifically for the TBCC propulsion system. A baseline ejector system is investigated first. The Navier-Stokes calculations indicate that the flow leaving the ejector is not completely mixed, which may adversely affect the overall system performance. Two additional sets of calculations are presented; one set that investigated a longer ejector region (to enhance mixing) and a second set which also utilized the longer ejector but replaced the no-slip surfaces of the ejector with slip (inviscid) walls in order to resolve discrepancies with the cycle code. The three sets of Navier-Stokes calculations and the TBCC cycle code predictions are compared to determine the validity of each of the modeling approaches.
Posttraumatic spiritual growth: a phenomenological study of cancer survivors

A small but growing body of research has sought to investigate the specific role of religion and spirituality in posttraumatic growth. Recently, investigations have reported identifying spiritual growth following trauma, specifically that of cancer patients and survivors. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate how having cancer affects the spiritual growth of cancer survivors across a multidimensional conceptualisation of spirituality. The researchers investigated posttraumatic spiritual growth by studying the lived experience of 13 cancer survivors using phenomenological data analysis. Participants reported experiencing spiritual growth across the following domains of spirituality: (a) general spirituality, (b) spiritual development, (c) spiritual social participation, (d) spiritual private practices, (e) spiritual support, (f) spiritual coping, (g) spirituality as motivating forces, (h) spiritual experiences, and (i) spiritual commitment. Growth was not endorsed by participants in the ...
The use of acrylic resins as an aid in the development of patterns for two types of crowns

Abstract The use of the quick-curing acrylics in pattern development allows the major steps to be accomplished directly in the mouth, eliminating the need for casts, articulators, or the registering of a die in a cast. The accuracy of the pattern can be checked in the mouth before it is completed because of the rigidity of the plastic. The pattern can be completed in one appointment if a preliminary coping is not constructed. Then the plastic portion is made directly on the tooth after the impression for the die is taken and the waxing is accomplished when the die is formed.
Increased nuclear factor‐erythroid 2 p45‐related factor 2 activity protects SH‐SY5Y cells against oxidative damage

The ability of cells to control the balance between the generation and quenching of reactive oxygen species is important in combating potentially damaging effects of oxidative stress. One mechanism that cells use to maintain redox homeostasis is the antioxidant response pathway. Antioxidant response elements (AREs) are cis-acting elements located in regulatory regions of antioxidant and phase II detoxification genes. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a member of the Cap 'n' Collar family of transcription factors that binds to the ARE and regulates the transcription of specific ARE-containing genes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, glutamylcysteine synthetase and heme oxygenase. Activation of Nrf2 results in release from its negative repressor, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), and allows Nrf2 to translocate into the nucleus to induce gene expression. In this study, we demonstrate that increasing Nrf2 activity by various methods, including chemical induction, Nrf2 overexpression or Keap1 siRNA knockdown, protects cells against specific types of oxidative damage. Cells were protected against 6-hydroxydopamine- and 3-morpholinosydnonimine-mediated toxicity but not against 1-methyl-1-4-phenylpyridinium toxicity. As oxidative stress is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease, pharmacological agents that selectively target the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway may provide a novel neuroprotective strategy for the treatment of these diseases.
Use of carbon-11 acetate and dynamic positron emission tomography to assess regional myocardial oxygen consumption in patients with acute myocardial infarction receiving thrombolysis or coronary angioplasty☆

Carbon-11 (C-11) acetate has been introduced for the noninvasive measurements of myocardial oxygen consumption. This study was designed to assess regional C-11 acetate clearance in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thirty-one patients were studied within 8 days of acute myocardial infarction. C-11 acetate washout-rate constants were significantly lower in the infarct territory than in the remote myocardium (p < 0.008). The scintigraphic measurements correlated with heart rate-blood pressure product in the remote as well as infarct areas (0.52 and 0.48, respectively). There was no significant correlation to left ventricular ejection fraction. C-11 washout rates were significantly affected by beta-receptor therapy as assessed by multiple regression analysis. Thus, C-11 acetate kinetics allow noninvasive characterization of regional myocardial oxygen demand, which may be useful in assessing the extent of myocardial injury and myocardial oxygen demand of remote myocardium.
Morphine Modulates NFκB Activation in Macrophages

Chronic use of morphine affects the immune system and predisposes an individual to opportunistic infections. Macrophages play an important role in conferring a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms by which morphine affects the functioning of macrophages would have significant therapeutic benefit in treatment against infections such as HIV and AIDS related syndromes. Two of the major cytokines secreted by activated macrophages are Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). Our studies show that morphine differentially modulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced expression of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Nanomolar concentrations of morphine synergize with LPS and augment the secretion of both IL-6 and TNF-alpha. However, at micromolar concentrations morphine inhibits LPS induced synthesis of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Expression of both these cytokine genes is dependent on the activation of a transcription factor, NF kappa B. Interestingly, morphine treatment also modulated the activation of NF kappa B by LPS. Pretreatment with a low dose of morphine (nanomolar) resulted in an increase in NF kappa B activation. In contrast pretreatment with a high dose of morphine (micromolar) led to a significant decrease in NF kappa B activation. Furthermore unlike the augmentation which was naloxone reversible, the inhibition of NF kappa B by morphine was not reversed by naloxone, suggesting the involvement of a nonclassical opioid receptor.
Courteous cache sharing: being nice to others in capacity management

This paper proposes a cache management scheme for mul-tiprogrammed, multithreaded applications, with the objective of obtaining maximum performance for both individual applications and the multithreaded workload mix. In this scheme, each individual application's performance is improved by increasing the priority of its slowest thread, while the overall system performance is improved by ensuring that each individual application's performance benefit does not come at the cost of a significant degradation to other application's threads that are sharing the same cache. Averaged over six workloads, our shared cache management scheme improves the performance of the combination of applications by 18%. These improvements across applications in each mix are also fair, as indicated by average fair speedup improvements of 10% across the threads of each application (averaged over all the workloads).
A Model That Acquires Integrability and O(2n) Invariance at a Critical Coupling

Abstract We discuss a 1 + 1 dimensional field theory which is not integrable classically but becomes so when a coupling β 2 (which can be scaled out of the action and plays the role of temperature in the euclidean path integral for the quantum theory) equals 4 π . Also at this critical coupling the symmetry group changes from the (discrete) Weyl group of O(2 N ) to O(2 N ) itself. The group acts not on the N real scalar fields in the lagrangian but on the solitons which carry the O(2 N ) charges topologically. The analogy to a similar phenomenon, conjectured to exist on 3 + 1 dimensional gauge theories with monopoles, is pursued. The relevance to preon physics and unification is discussed.
Ratios of Total Suspended Solids to Suspended Sediment Concentrations by Particle Size

Wet-sieving sand-sized particles from a whole storm-water sample before splitting the sample into laboratory-prepared containers can reduce bias and improve the precision of suspended-sediment concentrations (SSC). Wet-sieving, however, may alter concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) because the analytical method used to determine TSS may not have included the sediment retained on the sieves. Measuring TSS is still commonly used by environmental managers as a regulatory metric for solids in storm water. For this reason, a new method of correlating concentrations of TSS and SSC by particle size was used to develop a series of correction factors for SSC as a means to estimate TSS. In general, differences between TSS and SSC increased with greater particle size and higher sand content. Median correction factors to SSC ranged from 0.29 for particles larger than 500 µm to 0.85 for particles measuring from 32 to 63 µm. Great variability was observed in each fraction—a result of varying amounts of organ...
Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductance Calculations for Non-Metallic Crystalline Nanowires Based on Elastic Dispersion Relations

We evaluate the real dispersion relations of circular non-metallic crystalline nanowires based on elasticity equations and stress-free boundary condition. Based on the dispersion relations, the nanowire heat capacity (specific heat) and ballistic conductance are calculated as functions of temperature. Distinct dimensional dependence can be clearly seen as temperature varies. Transitional point between one-dimensional (1-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) behaviors is identified. Similar to previously reported studies on the nanotube systems, at very low temperatures and/or for very thin nanowires the specific heat capacity varies as T1/2 due to the dominance of the flexural modes.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Microbubbles in ultrasound-triggered drug and gene delivery

Ultrasound contrast agents, in the form of gas-filled microbubbles, are becoming popular in perfusion monitoring; they are employed as molecular imaging agents. Microbubbles are manufactured from biocompatible materials, they can be injected intravenously, and some are approved for clinical use. Microbubbles can be destroyed by ultrasound irradiation. This destruction phenomenon can be applied to targeted drug delivery and enhancement of drug action. The ultrasonic field can be focused at the target tissues and organs; thus, selectivity of the treatment can be improved, reducing undesirable side effects. Microbubbles enhance ultrasound energy deposition in the tissues and serve as cavitation nuclei, increasing intracellular drug delivery. DNA delivery and successful tissue transfection are observed in the areas of the body where ultrasound is applied after intravascular administration of microbubbles and plasmid DNA. Accelerated blood clot dissolution in the areas of insonation by cooperative action of thrombolytic agents and microbubbles is demonstrated in several clinical trials.
PROMOTER OF THE CANINE TRACHEOBRONCHIAL MUCIN GENE

The mucin gene is up-regulated in diseases such as cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma. To understand the mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation of mucin gene expression we have characterized the region of the mucin gene up-stream of the transcriptional start site and analysed thecis-acting elements required for mucin promoter activity. We isolated clones from a dog genomic library containing the promoter region for the tracheobronchial mucin gene (TBM). The authenticity of the promoter was tested by nucleotide sequencing, primer extension analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and reporter gene expression analysis. The canineTBM promoter is different from housekeeping gene promoters (as it is not rich in GC content and contains TATA- and CAAT-like sequences) and different from that of regulatory genes (because it contains many TATA- and CAAT-like sequences and multiple transcriptional initiation sites). Reporter gene analysis using canineTBM promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fusion plasmids established the regions responsible for promoter activity and verified the positions of the major mucin transcriptional initiation sites. Reporter gene analysis also established that a region of the canineTBM promoter and first exon containing all of the transcriptional initiation sites is more active in mucin expressing cells (e.g. CT1 cells-immortalized canine tracheal epithelial cells, human CFT1 cells-immortalized tracheal epithelial cells from a CF subject, or HBE1 cells-immortalized tracheal epithelial cells from non-CF subject) than in mucin non-expressing cells (COS7, 3T3), suggesting cell specificity. The promoter region contained cAMP response element (CRE) sequences, and theTBM gene transcription was enhanced when cAMP analogs were added to transfected cells. EMSA indicated the presence of at least two DNA binding proteins in CT1 cells. This is the first report describing the characterization of aTBM gene promoter. The information obtained in the present studies will be valuable in understanding mucin gene regulation in normal and pathological conditions.
BOUNDS ON THE MOBILITY OF ELECTRONS IN WEAKLY IONIZED PLASMAS

We obtain exact upper and lower bounds on the steady-state drift velocity, and kinetic energy of electrons, driven by an external field in a weakly ionized plasma (swarm approximation). The scattering is assumed to be elastic with a simplified velocity dependence of the collision cross sections. When the field is large the bounds are close to each other and to the results obtained from the conventional approximation of the Boltzmann equation in which one keeps only the first two terms of a Legendre expansion. The bounds prove rigorously that it is possible to increase the electron mobility by the addition of suitably chosen scatterers to the system as predicted by the Druyvesteyn approximation and found in experiments. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Social Dominance in Female Monkeys: Dopamine Receptor Function and Cocaine Reinforcement

Background Brain imaging and behavioral studies suggest an inverse relationship between dopamine (DA) D2/D3 receptors and vulnerability to cocaine abuse, although most research has used males. For example, male monkeys that become dominant in a social group have significant elevations in D2/D3 receptor availability and are less vulnerable to cocaine reinforcement. Methods DA D2/D3 receptor availability was assessed in female cynomolgus monkeys ( n = 16) with positron emission tomography (PET) while they were individually housed, 3 months after stable social hierarchies had formed, and again when individually housed. In addition, PET was used to examine changes in dopamine transporter (DAT) availability after social hierarchy formation. After imaging studies were complete, monkeys received implantation with indwelling intravenous catheters and self-administered cocaine (.001–.1 mg/kg/injection) under a fixed-ratio 30 schedule of reinforcement. Acquisition of cocaine reinforcement occurred when response rates were significantly higher than when saline was self-administered. Results Neither DAT nor D2/D3 receptor availability in the caudate nucleus and putamen was predictive of social rank, but both significantly changed after formation of social hierarchies. DA D2/D3 receptor availability significantly increased in females that became dominant, whereas DAT availability decreased in subordinate females. Dominant female monkeys acquired cocaine reinforcement at significantly lower doses than subordinate monkeys. Conclusions The relationship between D2/D3 receptor availability and vulnerability to cocaine reinforcement seems, on the basis of these findings, opposite in females and males. These data indicate that the social environment profoundly affects the DA system but does so in ways that have different functional consequences for females than for males.
Reactions of gaseous pollutants with solids: V. Infrared study of the sorption of NO on CaO

Abstract A Fourier transform spectrometer was used to record spectra of the surface layer formed on CaO by sorbed NO, and during the conversion and destruction of the layer by degassing and treatments with oxygen. NO was taken up at pressures in the low micro-Torr range, most of the surface layer being relatively firmly bound. Numerous infrared bands were observed, pointing to the existence of at least a dozen distinct surface species. Tentative band assignments suggest the formation of NO−, NO2−>, NO3−), NO+, and monodentate and bidentate nitrato complexes. At least six other species are unidentified, so that the mechanisms cannot be considered. The extreme complexity of the system and the numerous surface species found with CaO lead to the speculation that on other adsorbents, on which quite few NOx species have been found, there may also exist numerous NOx species.
Septoplasty: Thoughts and Considerations

Purpose Septoplasty has been around for thousands of years. It is considered an extremely valuable procedure to address multiple issues and patient complaints. The purpose of this manuscript is to detail exact surgical procedure, as well as different variations available to the practitioner. Terminology and nomenclature used in this procedure will also be highlighted. Methods Various types of septoplasty including access and incision variations were discussed and evaluated in this manuscript. Benefits of each method as well as specific surgical approach were described. Results Each specific method of performing a septoplasty has its own benefits and advantages. Irrespective of the method, septoplasty is a valuable procedure in nasal surgery. Conclusion Septoplasty is an extremely useful surgical procedure. There are multiple different methods of performing this operation.
Antibacterial Activity of Bovine Blood Neutrophils and Their Cationic Proteins

Six cationic protein bands were identified in extracts of both normal bovine blood neutrophils and their granules subjected to polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Band 1, the most cationic protein, was as positively charged as crystalline egg white lysozyme, and band 2 was as positively charged as ribonuclease. Antibacterial activity of various leukocyte fractions and cationic proteins was determined in vitro for Enterobacter aerogenes strain 2412-2. Antibacterial activity of various preparations was proportional to amount of test material present and varied inversely with number of bacteria in the test system. Comparative evaluations revealed that the neutrophil granule fraction had greater antibacterial activity than the whole cell homogenate or individual cationic proteins. Among cationic proteins, band 1 had the highest antibacterial activity, band 2 had the lowest, and band 3 had intermediate antibacterial activity. Cationic protein bands 4, 5, and 6 exhibited growth stimulatory rather than a growth inhibitory activity.
Effects of feeding Leptaden to dairy cows.

Abstract Three trials with Brown Swis and aged Holstein cows were conducted with Leptaden (extracts of plants— Leptadenia reticulata and Breynia patens ) added to a standard ration. The cows were in late, early, and middle stages of lactation in Trials 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Following three weeks pretreatment, cows in the Leptaden group were administered 10 Leptaden tablets (268 mg/tablet) twice daily in the first trial and 15 tablets twice daily in the second and third trials for 21 days. This period was succeeded by a three week post-treatment period. Leptaden feeding did not produce any significant effect on average feed intake. Both control and experimental groups lost body weight during the trials, but there was no significant differences in weight change between the groups. Leptaden-fed cows did not increase in milk production or change in the content of fat or total solids in their milk compared to the controls. Heart rates, respiratory rates, and rectal temperatures of all cows were within normal ranges in all periods. The serum protein-bound iodine and blood glucose indicated that Leptaden did not impair thyroid activities of the cows. No significant differences were noted in other health related data between the Leptaden-fed and control cows.
Capillary puddle vibrations linked to casting-defect formation in planar-flow melt spinning

Planar-flow melt spinning (PFMS) is a single-stage rapid manufacturing/solidification technique for producing thin metal sheets or ribbons. Molten metal is forced through a nozzle onto the substrate where it freezes and is spun as ribbon product. A puddle of molten metal held by surface tension (capillarity) forms between the nozzle and substrate. An important measure of product quality is the uniformity of thickness along and across the ribbon. At small length scales, local thickness changes or surface defects are present that are undesirable. This work examines the cross wave, a well-defined periodic surface defect, seen when casting aluminum-silicon alloys. The presence of the defect is related to processing conditions and puddle dynamics. Motions of the puddle menisci are captured using high-speed video and analyzed for frequency content. A high frequency vibration of both menisci corresponds to the observed frequency of the surface defect. A scaling analysis reveals these motions to be capillary in nature and comparisons are made with two model problems of vibrating capillary liquids.
The Significance of Current Trends in School and College Health Programs.

THIS STUDY WAS made to determine the significance of current trends in the evolution of the school and college health program. The term "trend" has varied connotations; it means many things to many people, but its exact meaning is not identified by the majority of its users. From an analysis of the definitions found in dictionaries and other reference publications, the following statement was formulated for this study:
No food for thought: moderating effects of delay discounting and future time perspective on the relation between income and food insecurity

Background: Low income is related to food insecurity, and research has suggested that a scarcity of resources associated with low income can shift attention to the present, thereby discounting the future. Objective: We tested whether attending to the present and discounting the future may moderate the influence of income on food insecurity. Design: Delay discounting and measures of future time perspective (Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Consideration of Future Consequences Scale, time period of financial planning, and subjective probability of living to age 75 y) were studied as moderators of the relation between income and food insecurity in a diverse sample of 975 adults, 31.8% of whom experienced some degree of food insecurity. Results: Income, financial planning, subjective probability of living to age 75 y, and delay discounting predicted food insecurity as well as individuals who were high in food insecurity. Three-way interactions showed that delay discounting interacted with financial planning and income to predict food insecurity (P = 0.003). At lower levels of income, food insecurity was lowest for subjects who had good financial planning skills and did not discount the future, whereas having good financial skills and discounting the future had minimal influence on food insecurity. The same 3-way interaction was observed when high food insecurity was predicted (P = 0.008). Conclusion: Because of the role of scarce resources on narrowing attention and reducing prospective thinking, research should address whether modifying future orientation may reduce food insecurity even in the face of diminishing financial resources. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02099812. Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.079772.
Performance of Handicapped Students in a Competency Testing Program

An issue surrounding Minimum Competency Testing (MCT) is the participation of handicapped students. Using data from the North Carolina Competency Test, samples of handicapped and nonhandicapped pupils were compared on the following: initial MCT performance, participation in remediation, improvements in subsequent MCT, and eligibility for receiving high school diplomas. It was determined that nonhandicapped pupils generally fared better than the handicapped on all measures. However, sharp differences were found across categories of exceptionality, with results for learning-disabled and physically impaired students approaching those of the nonhandicapped sample. Findings for educable mentally retarded (EMR) pupils showed weak initial performances, high rates of school withdrawal after a MCT failure, and repeated MCT failure among those who remained in school. It is concluded that EMR students should, at a minimum, be provided with intensive remediation to achieve MCT mastery. Under the best of circumstances...
Modeling and Design of Ultrawideband Low Noise Amplifiers with Generalized Impedance Matching Networks

In this paper, we present a complete modeling methodology for fully integrated inductively degenerated cascode ultrawideband low noise amplifiers (LNA) with generalized filter-based impedance matching networks. Our accurate analytical models capture the impact of device and passive component parasitics and transistor short channel effects to closely match circuit simulation results. Utilizing our method, we are able to accurately generate an ultrawideband LNA in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band using third and fifth order Chebyshev filters as input matching networks. Both of the designs achieve a power gain greater than 9dB, input and output impedance matching less than -9dB, and a noise figure from less than 3.4dB when using a TSMC 0.18mum mixed-signal/RF model. The performance parameters for the third order filter configuration exceed the results reported from previous ultrawideband designs.
Killer Corn and Capitalist Pigs: Forensic Noir and Television Portrayals of Modern Agricultural Technology

Forensic noir, a subgenre of the popular television crime drama, presents science as the definitive solution for solving crimes. At the same time, forensic noir programs portray technology used for economic gain—such as that used in modern “industrial agriculture”—as detrimental to the human condition. These warring interpretations of science present an intriguing critique of capitalism from within the capitalist structure of commercial entertainment. In this qualitative study, episodes of two programs, CSI: Miami and Bones, were content-analyzed for characteristics of the forensic-noir category as well as for elements illustrating the dual nature of their anticapitalist critique of science, technology, and modern agriculture. In these episodes, the crimes committed were directly related to intensive production agriculture and the owners and operators of those production facilities vilified for disregarding the human and environmental impacts of their businesses in their quest for profit. The visual imagery depicted agricultural facilities as “crime scenes” and treated agricultural products as evidence. The forensic dramas painted a largely negative portrait of modern production agriculture as exploitative and profit-driven—criticisms often lobbed at television as a medium for cultural production.
Direct Observation of Polymer Sheathing in Carbon Nanotube-Polycarbonate Composites

A series of observations of polymer sheathing in multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)−polycarbonate composites are presented. This sheathing was observed in images of the composite fracture surface and is consistent with diameter distributions of the as-received and embedded MWCNTs. A novel nanomanipulation experiment, where the sheathing balls up when contacted by an AFM tip, confirms this phenomenon. This sheathing layer is direct evidence of substantial MWCNT−polymer interaction and will influence the mechanical properties of MWCNT-polymer composites.
Enhanced Magnetism in Highly Ordered Magnetite Nanoparticle‐Filled Nanohole Arrays

A new approach to develop highly ordered magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle-patterned nanohole arrays with desirable magnetic properties for a variety of technological applications is presented. In this work, the sub-100 nm nanohole arrays are successfully fabricated from a pre-ceramic polymer mold using spin-on nanoprinting (SNAP). These nanoholes a then filled with monodispersed, spherical Fe3O4 nanoparticles of about 10 nm diameter using a novel magnetic drag and drop procedure. The nanohole arrays filled with magnetic nanoparticles a imaged using magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Magnetometry and MFM measurements reveal room temperature ferromagnetism in the Fe3O4-filled nanohole arrays, while the as-synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. As revealed by MFM measurements, the enhanced magnetism in the Fe3O4-filled nanohole arrays originates mainly from the enhanced magnetic dipole interactions of Fe3 O4 nanoparticles within the nanoholes and between adjacent nanoholes. Nanoparticle filled nanohole arrays can be highly beneficial in magnetic data storage and other applications such as microwave devices and biosensor arrays that require tunable and anisotropic magnetic properties.
Comparison of older and newer generations of ActiGraph accelerometers with the normal filter and the low frequency extension

Background Many studies used the older ActiGraph (7164) for physical activity measurement, but this model has been replaced with newer ones (e.g., GT3X+). The assumption that new generation models are more accurate has been questioned, especially for measuring lower intensity levels. The low-frequency extension (LFE) increases the low-intensity sensitivity of newer models, but its comparability with older models is unknown. This study compared step counts and physical activity collected with the 7164 and GT3X + using the Normal Filter and the LFE (GT3X+N and GT3X+LFE, respectively).
Nasal continuous positive airway pressure affects pre- and postprandial intestinal blood flow velocity in preterm infants

To measure the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on intestinal blood flow velocity responses to enteral feedings and left ventricular output (LVO). Eighteen infants completed the study (birth weight 1793±350 g, gestational age 32.1±1.1 weeks). On the day infants were weaned from CPAP to room air, pre- and postprandial (0, 30, 60 and 90 min after feeding) mean velocity (MV), peak systolic velocity (PSV) and end diastolic velocity (EDV) were measured for one feeding given when receiving CPAP (‘on CPAP’), and for one feeding given after CPAP had been discontinued (‘off CPAP’). Preprandial LVO was measured before and after CPAP discontinuation. MV and PSV were significantly lower when infants were on CPAP (P<0.05). Maximum postprandial MV, PSV and EDV occurred at 30 min when on CPAP and at 60 min when off CPAP. Preprandial LVO was similar when infants were on and off CPAP. CPAP administration affects pre- and postprandial intestinal blood flow velocity, which may impact tolerance to enteral feedings.
A phase I multi-institutional study of systemic sorafenib in conjunction with regional melphalan for in-transit melanoma of the extremity

Background Isolated limb infusion with melphalan (ILI-M) corrected for ideal body weight (IBW) is a well-tolerated treatment for patients with in-transit extremity melanoma with an approximate 29 % complete response (CR) rate. Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, has been shown to augment tumor response to chemotherapy in preclinical studies.
Bifunctional pathways in catalysis by solid acids and bases

Abstract Chemical reactions catalyzed by solid acids and bases often require that reactants, intermediates, or activated complexes interact with several surface functions. Concerted and sequential bifunctional pathways also occur in homogeneous and enzyme catalysis. Hydrogenation and dehydration reactions require acid-base site pairs of intermediate strength, because such sites can form, stabilize, and discard adsorbed intermediates during a catalytic turnover. Deuterium exchange and H-H dissociation reactions also occur on acid-base pairs present in single-component or binary oxides and in supported oxide clusters. Hydrogenation of aromatic acids, dehydration of alkanols and methanolamine, condensation of alcohols, and deuterium exchange provide specific examples of bifunctional acid-base catalysis. Dehydration and dehydrogenation reactions of alkanols, widely used as probes of acid or base sites, probe instead the density and chemical properties of acid-base site pairs. Concerted bifunctional pathways require that sites co-exist within molecular distances. On surfaces, the inappropriate location of these sites can prevent concerted interactions, but rapid transfer of intermediates via surface or gas phase diffusion leads to kinetic coupling between distant sites and to sequential bifunctional pathways. These bifunctional sequences overcome proximity requirements by equilibration of adsorbed species throughout surface regions containing several types of sites. Diffusion of alkenes in the gas phase couples dehydrogenation and acid sites during n-alkane isomerization on bifunctional tungsten carbides modified by chemisorbed oxygen. These bifunctional surfaces form Bronsted acid sites by surface migration of H adatoms from WC to WOx sites. Acid (or base) sites and H2 dissociation sites on surfaces interact via surface diffusion of H adatoms. This leads to bifunctional alkane and alkanol reactions via kinetic coupling of C-H or O-H bond activation and hydrogen adsorption-desorption steps. Propane dehydrogenation on H-ZSM5 modified by exchanged cations, n-heptane isomerization on ZrO2 doped with WOx and Pt, and alcohol condensation on Cu-promoted Mg5CeOx oxides illustrate the role of kinetic coupling mediated by migration of hydrogen adatoms. In each example, metal clusters or isolated cations increase the rate of acid or base catalysis by providing a ‘porthole’ for hydrogen adsorption and desorption.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Lung Development

Rationale: Current understanding of the molecular regulation of lung development is limited and derives mostly from animal studies.Objectives: To define global patterns of gene expression during human lung development.Methods: Genome-wide expression profiling was used to measure the developing lung transcriptome in RNA samples derived from 38 normal human lung tissues at 53 to 154 days post conception. Principal component analysis was used to characterize global expression variation and to identify genes and bioontologic attributes contributing to these variations. Individual gene expression patterns were verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis.Measurements and Main Results: Gene expression analysis identified attributes not previously associated with lung development, such as chemokine-immunologic processes. Lung characteristics attributes (e.g., surfactant function) were observed at an earlier-than-anticipated age. We defined a 3,223 gene developing lung charact...
Ctree: a compact tree for indexing XML data

In this paper, we propose a novel compact tree (Ctree) for XML indexing, which provides not only concise path summaries at the group level but also detailed child-parent links at the element level. Group level mapping allows efficient pruning of a large search space while element level mapping provides fast access to the parent of an element. Due to the tree nature of XML data and queries, such fast child-to-parent access is essential for efficient XML query processing. Using group-based element reference, Ctree enables the clustering of inverted lists according to groups, which provides efficient join between inverted lists and structural index group extents. Our experiments reveal that Ctree is efficient for processing both single-path and branching queries with various value predicates.
User devices cooperating to support resource aggregation

MOPED (MObile grouPEd Device) is a network model that treats a user's set of personal devices as a single, virtual device. The nodes of the MOPED dynamically aggregate available communication resources to provide the user with the best possible network service. We demonstrate MOPED's resource management capability with a short series of experiments that show how the MOPED paradigm enables effective group mobility.
Suppressors of α(1,3)fucosylation identified by expression cloning in the LEC11B gain-of-function CHO mutant

Factors that regulate alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferase activity are important to identify because FUT genes are up-regulated during inflammation, cancer progression, and tumor metastasis. FUT gene activation increases the expression of cell surface oncofetal antigens such as Lewis X, sialyl-Le X and VIM-2. The LEC11B gain-of-function glycosylation mutant displays these antigens and binds E-selectin because it expresses the Fut6B gene that is shown here to lie immediately downstream of the Fut6A gene. A retroviral strategy for expression cloning factors that suppress alpha(1,3)fucosylation in LEC11B cells was developed, and several cDNAs that reverted the LEC11B glycosylation phenotype were isolated. cDNAs that arose most frequently and independently encoded SLC35C2, a putative GDP-fucose transporter (also termed CGI-15 or Ovcov1); Cd63, a tetraspanin membrane protein; and Hdac5, a histone deacetylase. When transfected into LEC11B cells the SLC35C2 cDNA reduced Le X expression with no concomitant suppression of Fut6B gene transcripts. Transfection of the Cd63 cDNA induced low levels of ricin resistance and also did not suppress Fut6B gene transcripts in LEC11B. However, the Hdac5 cDNA induced ricin resistance, reduced fucosylated antigen expression, and essentially eliminated Fut6B gene transcripts. The Hdac5 cDNA isolated by expression cloning encoded the C-terminal region of hamster Hdac5. Overexpression of this partial Hdac5 cDNA or a full-length Hdac5 cDNA, suppressed Fut6B gene transcripts specifically. Thus the expression cloning strategy identified Hdac5 as a trans-acting repressor of the Chinese hamster ovary Fut6B gene and Cd63 and SLC35C2 as novel factors that suppress alpha(1,3)fucosylation by mechanisms unrelated to effects on Fut gene expression.
The Student Aspirations Survey: Assessing Student Effort and Goals:

Recent theory and research on intellectual achievement suggest that a seldom-examined factor, student aspirations, plays an integral role in students' educational accomplishments. The staff of the National Center for Student Aspirations developed the Student Aspirations Survey to aid educators in their efforts to address aspiration issues at the secondary level. After extensive piloting, a 98-item instrument with 13 scales was administered to students from four New England high schools representing both rural and suburban areas. Results provide evidence of sufficient internal consistency for group administration, but confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the factor structure can be improved.