cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Educational Authority and Challenge of Freedom: From Ancient Times to Summerhill

Artykul dotyczy przede wszystkim relacji pomiedzy wladzą a wolnością. Z pedagogicznego punktu widzenia, wolnośc pochodzi od autorytetu, poniewaz bycie wolnym oznacza mozliwośc wyrazania samokontroli w celu wybierania tylko tego, co jest dobre. Instytucja edukacyjna nie jest tyrania, poniewaz wychowawca musi byc spojny i musi dzialac jak uczy. Glownym wyzwaniem dla uczących i edukowanych jest to, aby moc praktykowac cnote a nie tylko do uznawac wartości. W dzisiejszych czasach ludzie są coraz bardziej zaniepokojeni obecnością permisywnych praktyk edukacyjnych. W rzeczywistości problem kreci sie wokol faktu, ze chlopcy i dziewczeta uczą sie, ale nie są w stanie sobą kierowac, uzalezniają sie (narkotyki, alkohol, internet ...) i przejawiają slabośc w podejmowaniu konkretnych decyzji. To nie jest kwestia wiedzy, ale woli; jest to związane z brakiem woli to, by sie o siebie troszczyc. Dlaczego chlopcy i dziewczeta, ktorzy uczeszczają do szkoly, są dobrze poinformowani nie potrafią odrzucic tego, co jest zle, nie tylko z moralnego punktu widzenia, ale takze z punktu widzenia ich zdrowia? Poniewaz nie są nauczeni stawiania granic dla swoich pragnien: problem ten związany jest z brakiem autorytetu, bo autorytet umozliwia nam stawianie czola ograniczeniom. Z tego powodu konieczne jest ponowne przyjrzenie sie autorytetowi w teorii i praktyce edukacyjnej.
A Distinct Form of Deviance or a Variation of Bullying? Examining the Developmental Pathways and Motives of Cyberbullying Compared With Traditional Bullying in South Korea:

Cyberbullying has been subject to a debate about whether it is a subtype of traditional bullying or a distinct deviant behavior from traditional bullying. Applying a longitudinal South Korean youth sample and latent group-based trajectory modeling, the current study examines (a) an overlap of developmental trajectories between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, and (b) effects of predictors on developmental trajectory groups for both cyberbullying and traditional bullying. It is concluded that cyberbullying is close to a variation of bullying rather than a distinct deviant behavior and reported an overlap of developmental trajectories between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, and strong associations between both forms of bullying and peer-related predictors. Policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Genetic recapture identifies long-distance breeding dispersal in Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus)

ABSTRACT Dispersal can strongly influence the demographic and evolutionary trajectory of populations. For many species, little is known about dispersal, despite its importance to conservation. The Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a species of conservation concern that ranges across 11 western U.S. states and 2 Canadian provinces. To investigate dispersal patterns among spring breeding congregations, we examined a 21-locus microsatellite DNA dataset of 3,244 Greater Sage-Grouse sampled from 763 leks throughout Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, USA, across 7 yr. We recaptured ∼2% of individuals, documenting 41 instances of breeding dispersal, with 7 dispersal events of >50 km, including 1 of 194 km. We identified 39 recaptures on the same lek up to 5 yr apart, which supports the long-held paradigm of philopatry in lekking species. We found no difference between the sexes in breeding dispersal distances or in the tendency to disperse vs. remain philopatric. We also documented ...
CCT-based mode coupling chatter avoidance in robotic milling

Abstract Currently, large aerospace structures are machined using large multi-axis CNC machining centers. In comparison, milling with a multiple degree-of-freedom (dof) articulated robotic arm has several advantages due to its lower cost and versatility. The low stiffness of an articulated arm robot, however, gives rise to severe low frequency mode coupling chatter during machining. Previous studies have shown that such chatter can be suppressed by minimizing the angle between the average resultant cutting force direction and the direction of maximum principal stiffness of the robot. This approach limits the range of permissible robot motion, and therefore its flexibility of use. This paper presents a new method for avoiding mode coupling chatter in robotic milling using the Conservative Congruence Transformation (CCT) stiffness model, which does not require changing the tool feed direction or the workpiece orientation. Robotic milling experiments show that mode coupling chatter is significantly reduced when using this approach.
Free Informed Consent and in Vitro Fertilization

In 1978, when Lesley Brown gave birth to the first baby born though IVF, she did not know she would be the first such mother. She thought there were many others. Doctors Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe did not inform her that she was participating in an experiment.1 In 1995, Ricardo Asch, an internationally acclaimed fertility specialist, and some of his colleagues at the University of California, Irvine, were accused of performing research without the consent of patients, prescribing unapproved drugs, and taking eggs and embryos from some patients without the donors’ knowledge.2
Testpilot: A Flexible Framework for User-centric Testing of HPC Clusters

HPC systems are made of many complex hardware and software components, and interaction between these components can often break, leading to job failures and customer dissatisfaction. Testing focused on individual components is often inadequate to identify broken inter-component interactions, therefore, to detect and avoid these, a holistic testing framework is needed which can test the full functionality and performance of a cluster from a user's perspective. Existing tools for HPC cluster testing are either rigid (i.e. works within the context of a single cluster) or are focused on system components (i.e., OS and middleware). In this paper, we present Testpilot---a flexible, holistic, and user-centric testing framework which can be used by system administrators, support staff, or even by users themselves. Testpilot can be used in various testing scenarios such as application testing, application update, OS update, or for continuous monitoring of cluster health. The authors have found Testpilot to be invaluable for regression testing at their HPC site and it has caught many issues that would have otherwise gone into production unnoticed.
Optimizing the preclinical Alzheimer's cognitive composite with semantic processing: The PACC5

Abstract Introduction Amyloid-related decline in semantic memory was recently shown to be observable in the preclinical period of Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive composites designed to be sensitive to cognitive change in preclinical Alzheimer's disease (e.g., preclinical Alzheimer's cognitive composite [PACC]) and currently used in secondary prevention trials do not currently integrate measures of semantic processing. Our objective was to determine whether a standard semantic measure (i.e., category fluency [CAT] to animals, fruits, and vegetables) adds independent information above and beyond Aβ-related decline captured by the PACC. Methods Clinically normal older adults from the Harvard Aging Brain Study were identified at baseline as Aβ+ (n = 70) or Aβ− (n = 209) using Pittsburgh compound B–positron emission tomography imaging and followed annually with neuropsychological testing for 3.87 ± 1.09 years. The relationships between PACC, CAT, and variations of the PACC including/excluding CAT were examined using linear mixed models controlling for age, sex, and education. We additionally examined decline on CAT by further grouping Aβ+ participants into preclinical stage 1 and stage 2 on the basis of neurodegeneration markers. Results CAT explained unique variance in amyloid-related decline, with Aβ+'s continuing to decline relative to Aβ−'s in CAT even after controlling for overall PACC decline. In addition, removal of CAT from the PACC resulted in a longitudinal Aβ+/− effect size reduction of 20% at 3-year follow-up and 12% at 5-year follow-up. Finally, both stage 1 and stage 2 participants declined on CAT in comparison with stage 0, suggesting CAT declines early within the preclinical trajectory. Conclusion Addition of CAT to the PACC provides unique information about early cognitive decline not currently captured by the episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition components and may therefore improve detection of early Aβ-related cognitive decline.
Busy Doing What? An Effective Time Management Strategy for Writers on the Go.

Nearly all academic faculty are familiar with the expression “publish or perish” used to describe the inherent academic culture where career advancement is predicated on continuously publishing one's work. Controversies exist about whether quantity or quality of publications matters more; nonetheless, scholarly publication contributions in peer-reviewed journals remain a tangible benchmark to assess faculty members' academic development and progression, or “productivity.” In the current academic workplace environment faced with time pressures in navigating day-to-day clinical service and teaching activities and distractors like e-mails, allocating time to complete writing activities can seem like an impossible endeavor. Are our careers destined to perish when focus is lost on activities that do not result in …
Epigenetics and MicroRNAs in Renal Cancer

Epigenetic states are orchestrated by several converging and reinforcing signals, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. Growing evidence indicates that acquired epigenetic abnormalities participate with genetic alterations to cause cancer. In this review we describe recent advances in the field of cancer epigenomics and microRNAs (miRNAs) with special emphasis on renal cancer. We discuss whether epigenetic changes are the cause or consequence of cancer initiation and the use of epigenetic biomarkers and miRNAs for cancer diagnosis or prognosis. Finally we address the potential of epigenetic based anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
Primary Structure of Gallinacin-1, an Antimicrobial β-Defensin from Chicken Leukocytes

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the primary structure of gallinacin-1, an antimicrobial β-defensin from chicken leukocytes. In a study described in the chapter, purified gallinacin-1 was hydrolyzed in vacuo in 5.7 N HCl for 36 to 40 h. Gallinacin-1 was purified by Cl8 RP-HPLC and appeared homogeneous by acid urea gel electrophoresis and tricine SDS-PAGE. Two direct sequence runs on CM-gal-1 provided unambiguous sequence information up to residue 36, which was confirmed by Lys-C mapping. Residue 37 was placed by sequencing the Arg-C digestion fragment that contained residues 31–37. Peak 2 of the Lys-C digestion map, which had intense UV absorption at 280 nm and contained Arg and He but no Tyr, was tentatively assigned as the carboxy-terminal fragment of CM-gal-1. Electrospray-MS measurement yielded average mass values of 4505.0 for underivatized gallinacin-1 and 4858.0 for its carboxymethylated form. The results indicate that the 6 half-cysteine's identified by amino acid analysis of gallinacin-1 were linked in three intramolecular disulfide bonds, like those of both classical, and β-defensins.
Genetic instability and tumor development.

This paper will discuss in very general terms, with relatively few data, the issue of genetic instability and what role it may play in the process of tumor progression. It will include both comments on tumor progression in general and on instability from a cytogenetic approach.
Synthesis of Phthalans Via Copper-Catalyzed Enantioselective Cyclization/Carboetherification of 2-Vinylbenzyl Alcohols

Enantiomerically enriched phthalans were synthesized efficiently via an enantioselective copper-catalyzed alkene carboetherification reaction. In this reaction, 2-vinylbenzyl alcohols enantioselectively cyclize then couple with vinylarenes. The utility of the method was demonstrated by the enantioselective synthesis of (R)-fluspidine, a σ1 receptor ligand.
CNN Inference: Dynamic and Predictive Quantization

Deep Learning techniques like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are the de-facto method for image classification with broad usage spanning across automotive, industrial, medicine, robotics etc. Efficient implementation of CNN inference on embedded device requires a quantization method, which minimizes the accuracy loss, ability to generalize across deployment scenarios as well as real-time processing. Existing literature doesn’t address all these three requirements simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a novel quantization algorithm to overcome above mentioned challenges. The proposed solution dynamically selects the scale for quantizing activations and uses Kalman filter to predict quantization scale to reduce accuracy loss. The proposed solution exploits the range statistics from previous inference processes to estimate quantization scale, enabling real-time solution. The proposed solution is implemented on TI’s TDA family of embedded automotive processors. The proposed solution is running real time semantic segmentation on TDA2x processor within 0.1% accuracy loss compared floating point algorithm. The solution performs well across multiple deployment scenarios (e.g. rain, snow, night etc) demonstrating generalization capability of the solution.
Shape and rheology of droplets with viscous surface moduli

We develop perturbation theories to describe the flow dynamics of a droplet with a thin layer of insoluble surfactant whose mechanics are described by interfacial viscosity, i.e. a Boussinesq–Scriven constitutive law. The theories quantify droplet deformation in the limit of small capillary number, large viscosity ratio, or large shear Boussinesq number, to a sufficient level of approximation where one can extract information about nonlinear rheology and droplet breakup. In the first part of this manuscript, we quantify the Taylor deformation parameter and inclination angle in shear and extensional flows, developing expressions that resolve discrepancies between current analytical theories and boundary element simulations. Interestingly, the theories we develop appear to accurately describe the inclination angle of a clean droplet over a wider range of viscosity ratios and capillary numbers than previous works. In the second part of the manuscript, we calculate how interfacial viscosity alters the extra stress of a dilute suspension of droplets, in particular the shear stress, normal stress differences, shear thinning and extensional thickening. The normal stresses are intimately related to the lateral migration of droplets in wall-bound shear flow, and we explore the influence of interfacial viscosity on this phenomenon. We conclude by discussing how one can use these theories to describe droplet breakup, and how one can incorporate additional effects into the perturbation theories such as viscoelastic membranes and/or Marangoni flows.
Afrikaans, Language of Oppression to Language of Freedom: ‘Dit is ons erns’

Issues of language have been very controversial for much of South Africa’s recorded history. This chapter begins with an overview of the historic and contemporary linguistic demography of South Africa, and then explores some of the linguistic aspects of the complexities of the South African situation, focusing on the case of Afrikaans but also examining the role and place of the indigenous Bantu languages in South African history. The history of Afrikaans will be examined as an example of how a language initially deemed to be simply a ‘kitchen language’ could reach the highest levels of social, economic, political, literary and educational power, and how it could then lose at least some of the status that its speakers had been able to achieve.
Understanding social impact of data on local communities

The purpose of this paper is to understand the social impact of data on communities from cases of community data utilization.,This study took an interpretive qualitative approach and conducted a semi-structured phone interview with 45 participants from data intermediaries and local community organizations.,The results demonstrate both direct and indirect impacts of data on local levels, including resolving local problems from data-driven decisions, realizing unknown problems or correcting misrepresented problems, changing community data practices, strengthening community identity and enhancing the community’s data skills.,The research shows that communities’ data utilization supported community-led actions and initiatives from the bottom-up perspective, which demonstrates the need for supporting communities’ data work.,Minimizing inequality in data utilization should be resolved so that all communities can benefit from the power of data.,By demonstrating evidence of data being critical to encouraging communities’ data utilization, this study fills the gap in existing research, which lacks a clear explanation for how the potential of data can be realized at the local level.
Measurable Cardinals and the Cardinality of Lindelöf Spaces

Abstract We obtain from the consistency of the existence of a measurable cardinal the consistency of “small” upper bounds on the cardinality of a large class of Lindelof spaces whose singletons are G δ sets.
Criminology Theory (Part 2 of 2): Application Review

This chapter presents the criminology concepts that include how to visually present the fraud opportunity, how governments have addressed the broader product fraud problem, and then a review of lessons learned from other types of crimes that are related to food fraud. These all apply to not only catching bad guys but for preventing food fraud from occurring in the first place. The first criminology chapter presented the key terms, concepts, and theories. This third part builds upon that knowledge and presents applications such as how practitioners actually address the problem and also how governments or agencies assess the problem or aligns to coordinate responses.
THE IMPACT OF MUSIC AND MEMORYSM ON RESIDENT MOOD, BEHAVIORS, AND USE OF MEDICATIONS IN NURSING HOMES

The numbers of Americans with dementia are projected to increase by 44.8% by 2025. Many of these patients are cared for in nursing homes (NH), 70% of NH residents with dementia have been reported to have significant behavioral or psychiatric symptoms (BPSD) that are often challenging to manage. Historically, the first lines of treatment for BPSD has been antipsychotic medications; however, serious adverse effects have been associated with these drugs. Our main aim was to study the effects of Music and MemorySM (MM how MM resident use of MM organization level information. We also downloaded NH 5-Star quality rating quarterly. A total of 265 NH and 4,109 residents participated in the study. We found the odds of antipsychotic use declined by 11%, antianxiety medications by 17%, and antidepressants by 9% per quarter. The odds of residents exhibiting aggressive behaviors declined by 20% per quarter, depressive symptoms by 16% and residents reporting pain by 17%. Our findings indicate that M&M provides substantial benefit to NH residents, particularly in reduction of psychoactive medications and improving mood and behaviors.
Perioperative Management of Delirium in Geriatric Patients

We review the current literature on predictors, pathophysiology, and prevention of delirium in surgical patients. The focus is on the role of the anesthesiologist in the prevention and management of delirium in the perioperative setting. Recent literature has examined how surgery and anesthetic management can affect the incidence of delirium. Anesthesiologists play a critical role in identifying those at risk of developing delirium and adjusting their anesthetic management and perioperative course to minimize this risk. Delirium research is evolving rapidly. Current evidence suggests that environmental interventions, pre-operative optimization, and choice of anesthetic plan, such as the use of regional anesthesia and specific medications, can reduce the incidence of delirium in surgical patients.
Summary and Future Applications of Precision Medicine in Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine

Advances in our understanding of disease pathogenesis coupled with the availability of well-curated cohorts and high-throughput methods have facilitated the search for omics-based and imaging biomarkers. Initial discoveries of molecular underpinnings of disease endotypes have led to the development of novel biomarker candidates and drug targets, establishing an approach that is becoming widely adopted in pulmonary, critical care, and sleep medicine. As the development of specific precision medicine strategies continues, their widespread implementation will require inclusion of diverse individuals in research and clinical studies, consideration of cost-effectiveness of novel interventions, and education of healthcare providers.
Daily associations between social media use and memory failures: the mediating role of negative affect

Daily social media use has been previously linked to worse everyday memory functioning in adulthood; however, the underlying mechanisms that drive these associations are unclear. One pathway in whi...
Horrors of Society

The foundation of the Hollywood horror film industry has always been constructed with metaphors of what haunts American society. By utilizing what society fears in daily life and representing it with ghosts or monsters, Hollywood was able to make movies scarier than they appeared to be on the surface. In the 1970s and 1980s, children’s television programming began to take the place of reading or playing as the number of shows and channel rose. Parents began to fear that television programming would take over their children’s lives. Moving through the decades and into the 2010s this fear only grew as cellphones, tablets, and laptops became the obsession of American youth. The Hollywood film industry capitalized on these fears in movies such as Poltergeist (1982) and Poltergeist (2015). These two films worked to represent current issues in society while also predicting what America would become if these issues were not properly dealt with. 1980s America did not resolve the issue of television and technology invading homes; thus, the problem grew as Americans relied more heavily on technological advances. Looking through the lens of Poltergeist (1982) and Poltergeist (2015) reveals the fears of past decades, how those fears have developed in 2010s American culture, and where these representations of cultural fears will lead us next.
The Decline of Salivary Adenocarcinoma Not Otherwise Specified as a Tumor Entity: Reclassification Using Contemporary Immunohistochemical Profiling and Diagnostic Criteria

The classification of salivary gland carcinomas has become increasingly specific over the last decade with the definition of new tumor types, documentation of novel molecular and immunohistochemical findings, and development of more refined diagnostic criteria. In this setting, it is unclear how many salivary tumors still cannot be easily categorized-and whether such tumors represent undifferentiated malignancies or include additional definable entities. Relying largely on current classification schemes and contemporary immunohistochemical panels, we reassessed salivary tumors previously diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (ACA NOS) from 2 large academic medical centers. Fifty-seven ACA NOS (72%) could be reclassified as more specific entities including 31 salivary duct carcinomas (39%), 7 polymorphous adenocarcinomas (9%), 5 epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas (6%), 4 myoepithelial carcinomas (5%), 4 secretory carcinomas (5%), 1 acinic cell carcinoma (1%), 1 basal cell adenocarcinoma (1%), 1 intraductal carcinoma (1%), and 1 clear cell carcinoma (1%) as well as 2 metastatic squamous cell carcinomas (3%). Of reclassified cases, 21 (37%) represented variant histologies within these categories. ACA NOS comprised 11% of salivary malignancies before reclassification, but only 4% after reclassification. The remaining 22 ACA NOS demonstrated heterogeneous features, with an association between histologic grade and clinical outcome. In effect, ACA NOS is becoming a bygone entity as modern classification schemes and ancillary techniques now permit more specific typing of a majority of these tumors, potentially facilitating more specific prognostication and treatment. Additional distinctive entities such as mucinous adenocarcinoma may still be definable within the ACA NOS category.
Helical growth during the phototropic response, avoidance response, and in stiff mutants of Phycomyces blakesleeanus.

The sporangiophores of Phycomyces blakesleeanus have been used as a model system to study sensory transduction, helical growth, and to establish global biophysical equations for expansive growth of walled cells. More recently, local statistical biophysical models of the cell wall are being constructed to better understand the molecular underpinnings of helical growth and its behavior during the many growth responses of the sporangiophores to sensory stimuli. Previous experimental and theoretical findings guide the development of these local models. Future development requires an investigation of explicit and implicit assumptions made in the prior research. Here, experiments are conducted to test three assumptions made in prior research, that (a) elongation rate, (b) rotation rate, and (c) helical growth steepness, R, of the sporangiophore remain constant during the phototropic response (bending toward unilateral light) and the avoidance response (bending away from solid barriers). The experimental results reveal that all three assumptions are incorrect for the phototropic response and probably incorrect for the avoidance response but the results are less conclusive. Generally, the experimental results indicate that the elongation and rotation rates increase during these responses, as does R, indicating that the helical growth steepness become flatter. The implications of these findings on prior research, the “fibril reorientation and slippage” hypothesis, global biophysical equations, and local statistical biophysical models are discussed.
The Impact of Training on Teamwork and Simulated Debriefings on Real-Life Cardiopulmonary Arrest Events:

BackgroundPrior to the study, debriefings post-real-life cardiopulmonary arrest at the associated hospital were conducted only 3% of the time. However, debriefings post-cardiopulmonary arrests are ...
TilGAN : GAN for Facilitating Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Pathology Image Synthesis With Improved Image Classification

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) act as immune cells against cancer tissues. The manual assessment of TILs is usually erroneous, tedious, costly and subject to inter- and intraobserver variability. Machine learning approaches can solve these issues, but they require a large amount of labeled data for model training, which is expensive and not readily available. In this study, we present an efficient generative adversarial network, TilGAN , to generate high-quality synthetic pathology images followed by classification of TIL and non-TIL regions. Our proposed architecture is constructed with a generator network and a discriminator network. The novelty exists in the TilGAN architecture, loss functions, and evaluation techniques. Our TilGAN -generated images achieved a higher Inception score than the real images (2.90 vs. 2.32, respectively). They also achieved a lower kernel Inception distance (1.44) and a lower Frechet Inception distance (0.312). It also passed the Turing test performed by experienced pathologists and clinicians. We further extended our evaluation studies and used almost one million synthetic data, generated by TilGAN , to train a classification model. Our proposed classification model achieved a 97.83% accuracy, a 97.37% F1-score, and a 97% area under the curve. Our extensive experiments and superior outcomes show the efficiency and effectiveness of our proposed TilGAN architecture. This architecture can also be used for other types of images for image synthesis.
Switching up sides: Using choice architecture to alter children's menus in restaurants

Abstract U.S. children's frequent consumption of restaurant foods has been associated with low vegetable consumption. Use of choice architecture in restaurants has been shown to increase children's orders of healthy sides, but what children consume when healthy sides are included is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether altering the choice architecture of children's meals by restructuring the menu, using optimal defaults and vice-virtue bundles, would impact ordering of side dishes and consumption of a vegetable side dish during a restaurant meal. Families with a child between 4-8y attended three dinners at a university-based restaurant. Children's meals included choice of entree (macaroni-and-cheese or chicken tenders) and default side: all carrots (150 g; Menu-1), small fries (50 g)/large carrots (100 g; Menu-2), and small carrots (50 g)/large fries (100 g; Menu-3). Participants could opt-out of the default side for: only fries (Menu-1) or only fries or carrots (Menus-2/3). All foods were pre- and post-weighed to determine consumption. Descriptive statistics examined children's ordering behavior. Repeated measures ANOVA examined differences in consumption of study foods. A paired samples t-test examined differences in french fry consumption (Menus-2/3). Forty-eight children (6.2 ± 1.3 years; 25 male) participated. Most children remained with the default side (Meal-1: 90%; Meal-2: 88%; Meal-3: 85%). Significant differences were seen in children's consumption of french fries (t = −2.57, p = .014) where children ate more during meal 3 compared to meal 2. There were no significant differences in carrot consumption. Use of optimal defaults led to increased orders of healthy sides and steady consumption across the meal conditions. However, use of an optimal, vice-virtue bundle led to a decrease in consumption of french fries. Further investigation of optimal default use on children's menus is warranted.
Thermal impacts on nondestructive analysis measurements of uranium hexafluoride

A series of nondestructive assay measurements were performed before, during, and after localized heating of an industrial standard 12B cylinder of uranium hexafluoride to replicate dose variations previously observed on commercial 30B cylinders. While cylinders represent a closed system, enrichment measurements may be impacted by altered uranium and daughter product distributions due to sublimation. A series of measurements were performed to examine localized heating impacts on dose rates, ratios of uranium and daughter product distributions, and measured 235U enrichment as calculated by two different approaches. The less complex enrichment meter approaches were found to be more robust and less prone to deviation than isotope ratio approaches such as FRAM, but the impact can be minimized by using observable dose changes to avoid impacted areas.
Hormonal Regulation of Cellular Metabolism

Several classes of animal hormones are known, all of which exert control over intracellular metabolism. Steroid hormones, for example, are thought to penetrate the plasma membrane, bind to cytoplasmic receptors, and travel to the nucleus where the hormone receptor complex influences gene expression. By contrast, prostaglandins, catecholamines, and peptide hormones probably exert their regulatory effects at the level of the plasma membrane. Specific hormone receptor proteins have been postulated to account for the action of the latter compounds on the activities of membrane-associated enzyme systems that catalyze solute transport and the synthesis of cyclic nucleotides. Prostaglandins are water-insoluble compounds, which probably intercalate into the phopholipid matrix of the membrane before binding to a hydrophobic receptor site within the membrane. Some evidence exists to suggest that prostaglandin receptors (which have not been isolated or characterized biochemically) may mediate the action of other hormones and thus function as transducer elements in the membrane. Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine) are simple derivatives of the amino acid, tyrosine, and can penetrate most biologic membranes via specific transport systems.
Coming Full Circle: The Journey from Separate but Equal to Separate and Unequal Schools

In this article Professor Garda explains how the separate but equal doctrine rejected in Brown became the guiding principle in modern education reform. He tracks the evolution of education reform from integration to finance reform to the standards based accountability and freedom of choice reforms embraced in the No Child Left Behind Act to explain why racially separate schools are no longer considered inherently unequal. The desegregation movement's failure to remedy the de facto school segregation resulting from private residential choice dovetailed with school finance reform to make separate schools socially acceptable, so long as the schools were equitably funded and the racial isolation was not state sanctioned. The political and legal blunting of school finance equity claims then coincided with the rise of educational adequacy claims, standards based accountability and school choice further encouraging racial separation by promising meaningful equality through educational outcome parity and the liberty inherent in school choice. Professor Garda explains why these reforms resulted in extreme racial and socioeconomic isolation of poor and minority students in the worst schools today and why integration is not considered the solution despite its tested benefits. By aligning the evolution of past reforms with the current state of education and society's refusal to pursue racial and socioeconomic integration, he why the schools of our future will remain separate and unequal.
The Isolation of an Antimycin-resistant Mutant of Torulopsis utilis

Abstract An antimycin-resistant mutant of Torulopsis utilis has been isolated following acriflavine treatment. NADH oxidase, succinicoxidase, and cytochrome c reductase activities in respiratory particles prepared from the mutant, in comparison with particles prepared from the wild type, were relatively insensitive to antimycin; 30 to 35 times as much antibiotic was required for 50% inhibition of succinic oxidase activity. The mutant was also relatively insensitive to inhibition by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. An excellent correspondence was found between the amount of antimycin required to inhibit succinic oxidase activity maximally and the amount which will bind to respiratory particles from the wild type. Eighty per cent less antimycin binding per mg of protein was observed in particles obtained from the mutant. A comparison of the rates of various electron transport activities in preparations from wild type and mutant did not reveal any large differences in specific activities.
Are Stocks Riskier than Bonds

Many economics principles textbooks mention that stocks and bonds are substitutes, and some textbook authors state that stocks are riskier than bonds. Most people seem to believe this idea. Whenever the stock market is volatile, money flows from the stock market into the safe haven of the bond market. This notion, however, is not accurate and might lead people to make incorrect investment decisions. In this paper, we examine how economics textbooks treat this question and if their treatment is accurate. We find that the notion that stocks are riskier than bonds is inaccurate. The textbooks that provide students with this notion might lead them to make faulty investment decisions. We also provide a case where this inaccurate notion could lead to an irrational behavior of investors in financial markets.
Maximal Entropy in Fluid and Plasma Turbulence: A Review

Three recent applications of maximal entropy procedures to models of turbulence in plasmas are described. They are (1) the calculation of “most probable” states in guiding-center plasmas and vortex fluids, (2) the calculation of “most probable” magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium profiles, and (3) the prediction of absolute equilibrium Gibbs ensemble spectra for Navier-Stokes fluids. Further conjectures on the role of entropies in turbulence theories are offered.
Serial Drain Amylase Can Accurately Detect Anastomotic Leak After Esophagectomy and May Facilitate Early Discharge

Background Anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy are a significant cause of postoperative morbidity and death. Barium esophagram and esophagogastroduodenoscopy are commonly used to survey for leaks; however, each has inherent risks and limitations. We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of daily drain amylase levels in detecting anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 146 consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy with cervical and intrathoracic anastomosis using gastric conduit. We collected daily drain amylase levels and obtained postoperative barium esophagrams routinely. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the ability of drain amylase to detect anastomotic leaks and to determine the sensitivity and specificity at various cutoff values. Results There were no in-hospital or outpatient deaths within 30 days of operation in this consecutive series of patients. A leak occurred in 22 of 146 esophagectomy patients (15%) that required postoperative intervention. An additional 13 patients (9%) had a leak requiring only alteration of diet or antibiotics. The sensitivity and specificity for barium esophagram was 36.9% and 95%, respectively. For drain amylase obtained on postoperative day 4, a cutoff of 38 IU/L yielded a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 52.0%, and a cutoff of 250 IU/L yielded a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 95.9% in detecting leaks eventually requiring intervention. Conclusions Drain amylase levels recorded on day 4 after esophagectomy are more accurate for the detection of esophageal anastomotic leak than barium esophagram. Drain amylase levels represent a noninvasive test that may facilitate safe, early discharge after esophagectomy.
Purification and chemical characterization of the heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli.

Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) produced by a human strain of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (286C 2 ) was purified to homogeneity from pH extracts of fermentor-grown cells by ultrafiltration, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 fractionation, hydrophobic chromatography on norleucine-Sepharose 4B, hydroxylapatite chromatography, and Bio-Gel P-150 filtration. Purified LT preparations exhibited biological activity comparable to that of cholera toxin in four bioassays specific for the two enterotoxins (Y-1 adrenal tumor cells, Chinese hamster ovary cells, pigeon erythrocyte lysates, and skin permeability test). The overall yield of LT protein was 20%, which represented a 500-fold purification over pH extracts. A native molecular weight of 73,000 was determined by gel electrophoresis. The toxin dissociated upon treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate, pH 7.0, into two components with molecular weights of 44,000 and 30,000. Purified LT preparations were remarkably stable over a wide range of storage conditions, temperatures, and pH9s. The biological activity was increased by incubation with trypsin and completely destroyed by pronase and proteinase K, whereas deoxyribonuclease I, ribonuclease, and phospholipase D had no effect. The amino acid composition of purified LT was quite different from that of cholera toxin. Neither carbohydrate nor lipopolysaccharide was present in purified preparations. The purification scheme appeared applicable to LT produced by other human and porcine enterotoxigenic strains, but reflected the amount of LT produced by each strain. These data show that LT and cholera toxin share many common chemical and physical properties, but must be purified by different techniques. Images
Congenital heart anomaly in newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a single-center experience.

Objective To evaluate the impact of the presence of a congenital heart anomaly (CHA) and its potential contribution to morbidity and mortality in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, prenatal and postnatal data of all newborns diagnosed with CDH between January 2004 and December 2012 in a single center were reviewed. Cases were classified into two groups: those with ‘isolated’ CDH and those with both CDH and CHA. Patients with CHA were further subclassified into those with a major or minor CHA based on the Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery-1 (RACHS-1), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons–European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery (STS-EACTS) scoring systems. Patients with associated non-cardiac anomalies, including ‘syndromic cases’, were excluded from the analysis. Primary and secondary outcomes were survival up to 1 year of age and a need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), respectively. Results Of the 180 infants with CDH, 41 were excluded because of the presence of non-cardiac associated anomalies, 118 had isolated CDH and 21 had CDH with CHA (16 with minor and five with major CHA). Receiver–operating characteristics curve analysis demonstrated that the best cut-off for survival was when the score for CHA was ≤ 2 for both RACHS-1 (area under the curve (AUC), 0.74 (P = 0.04); sensitivity, 80.0%; specificity, 87.5%) and STS-EACTS (AUC, 0.83 (P = 0.03); sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 87.5%). Survival rate at 1 year was significantly lower in those with CHD and a major CHA (40.0%; P = 0.04) than in those with isolated CDH (77.1%) and those with CDH and a minor CHA (81.3%). We found no significant differences among the groups with regard to the need for ECMO. Conclusions In general, a milder form of CHA does not appear to have a negative impact on the survival of infants with CDH. However, mortality appears to be significantly higher in infants with CDH and a major form of CHA. The scoring systems appear to be useful as predictors for classifying the effects of CHA in this population of patients. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Development of an educational electro-mechanical model of the middle ear

In the United States, 1 in 5 people (20%, or 48.1 M), 12 years or older, have hearing loss in one or both ears,1, 2 and approximately 3 out of 1000 children are born with some degree hearing loss.1, 3Educating the public on potential causes of hearing loss is often overlooked but imperative; like the remedial task of listening to headphones at a high volume. This in part is due to lack of interactive educational tools to demonstrate sound sensation/perception and apparatuses of the natural safety mechanisms against high intensity sounds. This study aids to encourage particularly a younger generation by increasing public health awareness with the design of a standalone, interactive, and educational electro-mechanical model that exhibits middle ear motion. The model includes: (i) anatomical 3-bone configuration (malleus, incus, and stapes), (ii) cochlea fluid environment, (iii) electrical stimulation of auditory nerve fibers, and (iv) an informational display regarding the natural safety mechanism, sound co...
Stratigraphy and Hydrocarbon Potential of Minnelusa Group, Western North Dakota: ABSTRACT

The Minnelusa Group is defined to include rock units in North Dakota lying above the truncated formations of the Big Snowy and Madison Groups (Mississippian), and below the Opeche Formation (Permian), End_Page 544------------------------------ or younger rocks where the Opeche Formation has been removed by pre-Jurassic erosion. Subdivision of the Minnelusa Group into marker-defined units has permitted lithofacies studies that illustrate some of the numerous local and regional stratigraphic variations which provide potential stratigraphic traps for the accumulation of hydrocarbons. An attempt has been made to delineate significant trends exhibiting potential reservoir lithology. Erosional truncation is an important factor and in many places may control possible entrapment within the upper part of the studied interval, because this erosion locally enhances reservoir quality of some units but also may decrease the probability of hydrocarbon accumulation in some areas. Because of the varied and complex depositional and post-dep sitional history of the Minnelusa Group, this interval remains one with high potential for discovery of additional petroleum reserves in North Dakota. End_of_Article - Last_Page 545------------
New horizons in ambulatory electroencephalography

Discusses improving the quality of life for epilepsy patients with a lower-cost, convenient alternative to in-hospital epilepsy monitoring. Since its inception 30 years ago, ambulatory EEG (AEEG) has continued to evolve-from 4-channel tape recorders to 32-channel digital recorders with sophisticated automatic spike and seizure detection algorithms. AEEG remains an important tool in epilepsy evaluation. In the near future, smaller, faster, and more sophisticated AEEGs will be developed. Seizure detection/anticipation systems will allow the wearer to be forewarned of a seizure so that appropriate safety measures can be taken. With further refinement in our understanding of nonlinear dynamic analysis to define the pre-ictal state, AEEG will be coupled with an accurate seizure anticipation device in a closed-loop system, providing a time window during which therapeutic intervention can occur, to prevent a seizure. The therapeutic intervention will most likely involve vagus nerve or deep brain stimulation. An alternative is that the patient may learn to recognize early symptoms of the pre-ictal state and use behavioral biofeedback interventions to avoid a clinical seizure. In order to achieve convenient ambulatory recording and seizure detection that could realistically improve the lives of patients with refractory epilepsy, the process of miniaturization of such a device to a convenient size must be accomplished. One of the aspects of epilepsy that patients find most frustrating, and that most limits activities, is the vulnerability to sudden unexpected incapacitation due to the occurrence of a seizure. With miniaturization of AEEG and seizure anticipation technology, and advancements in our ability to identify the transition from pre-ictal to ictal state, there is realistic hope that patients with refractory epilepsy may gain control over their seizures and enjoy significantly improved quality of life.