cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compromise of Personal Protective Clothing from Liquid Exposure.

Introduction Following critiques of multiple personal contamination events from entries into the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Spallation Neutron Source Transfer Bay, it was considered that the most likely causes for contamination were personal protective clothing doffing errors or moisture (sweat) allowing contamination to wick through the protective clothing. Radiological protection staff looked more closely, however, at the specific area of the clothing where contamination was highest; under enhanced lighting and photochromic manipulation, there appeared to have been some type of moisture in the area. Recognizing the possibility that moisture may have allowed for migration of contamination through the clothing, further experiments were undertaken to determine under which conditions this transport might have occurred. Objective The objective for this work was to identify the susceptibility of different types of personal protective clothing to various liquids encountered in the workplace. Method Several tests were performed to determine if perspiration had enabled migration of contamination and to identify what other liquids might have affected contamination transport. Two layers of personal protective clothing were subjected to static conditions and dynamic conditions to include active rubbing of the materials while wet. Food dye added to each of the liquids tested enabled visual indications of liquid breakthrough. Additional tests were conducted to see if solid contamination could be transported through the materials along with the liquids. Results All but one type of non-rubberized personal protective clothing in use at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were permanently compromised to some extent by the solvents used for decontamination. Conclusion It was determined that most common cleaning agents immediately and permanently destroyed the hydrophobic nature of several of the tested protective clothing materials, potentially allowing for radioactive contamination to penetrate through the material to the worker. Work around wet surfaces or performing wet decontamination will only be performed in protective clothing known to prevent transport of the wetting agent.
Analysis and Design of an LCL–T Resonant DC–DC Converter for Underwater Power Supply

Constant dc current distribution is preferred over dc voltage distribution in under-sea power distribution networks due to ruggedness over long distance cable impedance and faults. DC--DC converters with constant current input have different design constraints from their constant voltage input counterparts. Considering these constraints, an LCL–T resonant network based isolated dc–dc converter is analyzed in this article to operate as a load independent constant voltage source when supplied with constant dc current at the input. It is shown that use of passive rectification for this converter can limit converter operating load range, which is overcome through use of an active rectifier. A three-angle modulation strategy for a dual-active bridge (DAB) based LCL–T resonant converter is presented to achieve minimum VA rating for tank elements, transformer and the bridges. Detailed analysis and design method are provided for a converter regulating its output voltage at 150 V fed from a 1 A source, operating with 250 kHz switching frequency, over the load range of 50 to 500 W. Experimental results from prototype hardware are presented to show the accuracy of the analysis.
Probing E. coli SSB protein-DNA topology by reversing DNA backbone polarity.

Abstract Escherichia coli single-strand (ss) DNA binding protein (SSB) is an essential protein that binds ssDNA intermediates formed during genome maintenance. SSB homotetramers bind ssDNA in two major modes, differing in occluded site size and cooperativity. The (SSB)35 mode in which ssDNA wraps, on average, around two subunits is favored at low [NaCl] and high SSB/DNA ratios and displays high unlimited, nearest-neighbor cooperativity forming long protein clusters. The (SSB)65 mode, in which ssDNA wraps completely around four subunits of the tetramer, is favored at higher [NaCl] (>200 mM) and displays limited low cooperativity. Crystal structures of E. coli SSB and Plasmodium falciparum SSB show ssDNA bound to the SSB subunits (OB folds) with opposite polarities of the sugar phosphate backbones. To investigate whether SSB subunits show a polarity preference for binding ssDNA, we examined EcSSB and PfSSB binding to a series of (dT)70 constructs in which the backbone polarity was switched in the middle of the DNA by incorporating a reverse-polarity (RP) phosphodiester linkage, either 3′-3′ or 5′-5′. We find only minor effects on the DNA binding properties for these RP constructs, although (dT)70 with a 3′-3′ polarity switch shows decreased affinity for EcSSB in the (SSB)65 mode and lower cooperativity in the (SSB)35 mode. However, (dT)70 in which every phosphodiester linkage is reversed does not form a completely wrapped (SSB)65 mode but, rather, binds EcSSB in the (SSB)35 mode with little cooperativity. In contrast, PfSSB, which binds ssDNA only in an (SSB)65 mode and with opposite backbone polarity and different topology, shows little effect of backbone polarity on its DNA binding properties. We present structural models suggesting that strict backbone polarity can be maintained for ssDNA binding to the individual OB folds if there is a change in ssDNA wrapping topology of the RP ssDNA.
A Mixed Methods Analysis of Student Attitudes in a Graduate Interprofessional Education Population Health Course

BACKGROUND The imperative to increase interprofessional education (IPE) in health professions’ schools has been well-established. While most IPE research has explored the impact of IPE on understanding the perspectives of other professions, this paper contributes to the examination and impact of IPE on one’s own profession. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine graduate students’ attitudes and perceptions of IPE and team collaboration following completion of an interprofessional population health course. METHOD The IPE intervention was a semester-long population health management course wherein students from multiple health professions schools engaged in innovative team collaborations. Embedded measures and course evaluations provided data points for analysis. DISCUSSION The AITCS instrument showed statistically significant improvement overall on most subscales. Qualitative analysis revealed five themes, including recognition of unique perspectives and increased clarity of roles. CONCLUSION Findings support the importance of IPE in improving partnership, cooperation, and coordination among health professionals. Students’ reflections validated quantitative findings and offered optimism about their working relationships with other healthcare professionals.
Public Health Requirements and Authorities in State Statutory Disaster Recovery Law: A Cross-Sectional Legal Assessment.

State statutory laws serve as a vital tool for public health entities to assist communities with recovery from disasters. However, no systematic assessment has examined the content of state law add...
We Believe in Being Honest: Dependency Exemptions for LDS Missionaries

This paper answers the following question: under what circumstances, if any, can American parents take the dependency exemption for their children on missions for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (“the LDS Church”)? A recent survey indicates that 91% of American parents of LDS missionaries take the dependency exemption for their missionary child for at least one taxable year during which their child is a missionary. These parents are most likely automatically taking the exemption without thinking about it. This current norm calls into question whether these types of missionaries actually meet the legal definition of a dependent. Although many, if not most, missionaries may be eligible as dependents for their parents to take the exemption one or more of the two or three years that they are missionaries, it is not automatic and ought to be analyzed for each missionary’s situation for each of the years. This paper gives a roadmap for analysis.
Contributions of Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressures to Cardiovascular Outcomes in the ALLHAT Study.

Abstract Background SBP and DBP have important associations with cardiovascular events, but are seldom considered simultaneously. Objectives This study sought to simultaneously analyze systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) measurements on the associated risk of a primary composite outcome of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), or stroke. Methods This study analyzed ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) data, which randomized adults to chlorthalidone, amlodipine, or lisinopril. The authors evaluated the simultaneous association of repeated SBP and DBP measurements on the primary composite outcome, and each outcome using proportional hazards regression. The authors report hazard ratios using a “heat map” to represent high and low risk according to SBP and DBP combinations. Results During a median follow-up of 4.4 years (interquartile range: 3.6-5.4 years), 33,357 participants experienced 2,636 MIs, 866 CHF events, 936 strokes, and 3,700 deaths; 8,138 patients (24.4%) had at least 1 event. For the composite outcome, all-cause mortality, MI, and CHF, a U-shaped association was observed with SBP and DBP, but the SBP and DBP associated with the lowest hazards differed for each outcome. For example, SBP/DBP of 140-155/70-80 mm Hg was associated with the lowest HR for all-cause mortality, compared with 110-120/85-90 mm Hg for MI and 125-135/70-75 mm Hg for CHF. In contrast, the association of SBP and stroke was linear. Conclusions The risk pattern of SBP and DBP differs by clinical outcomes, and the SBP and DBP associated with the lowest risk. Our results suggest individualization of blood pressure targets may depend in part on the cardiovascular event for which the patient is most at risk.
Impedance renormalization in CMOS-based single-element electronic de-embedding

In this work, an impedance renormalization technique dedicated for single-element de-embedding algorithm is proposed. By performing impedance modulation using CMOS transistors, reflection measurements with both ideal shorts and opens are generated from the measured two-port S-parameters. Such measurements with known terminations are further utilized for finding the solution to the test fixture and the characteristic impedance of the on-chip transmission line. As a single structure is sufficient, considerable savings in silicon area and improved accuracy due to reduced number of probing is achievable. Experimental results up to 65 GHz have validated the proposed single-element approach.
An Empirical Examination of the Relationship between Naked Shorting and Share Prices Around the Announcement of a Firm’s Need for External Capital

This research finds empirical evidence that naked short sales contribute to the ability of investors to manipulatively short down the value of firms in need of external capital. The findings are also consistent with a hypothesis that the announcement effect of a new stock issue is merely a proxy for the value dilution of shorting shares of companies needing to raise new equity.
Reluctant Software Developers - Tactical Software Management Issues for Developing Software Outside the Software Industry

The issue of strategic software development management generally assumes the organization is in the software industry. However, there are cases of non-software vendors who have successfully built from within and even disseminated the results within their industry. These organizations must also grapple with strategic and tactical software management issues. Case studies and comparisons of such organizations may provide information for software organizations as well as unique perspectives on tactical management issues. Two cases, one a private sector company and the other a government agency will be examined to illuminate issues for building from within or insourcing. A government created, public architecture for Open Source Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) systems is examined for potential leveraged development through an SPL approach.
Nonlinear Process Control

The need for nonlinear process control systems introduction to nonlinear systems topics in nonlinear system theory identification techniques for nonlinear systems feedback linearization techniques nonlinear model control strategies design of nonlinear state observers artificial neural networks.
Power save mechanisms for multi-hop wireless networks

In this paper, we discuss power save mechanisms that allow hosts to go to sleep to conserve energy. When sleeping hosts need to receive packets from other hosts, these hosts must somehow wake up the sleeping hosts. The paper discusses a busy-tone mechanism for this purpose, and an approach to improve the mechanism by using multiple busy tones. We generalize this protocol to develop the notion of multi-level power save mechanisms, and present some examples to illustrate this notion.
Interactive electronic technical manual: research study

This study reviews the implementation and cost of implementation of sample F-15E job guide data in Standard Generalized Mark-Up language (SGML) format into five different interactive electronic technical manual (IETM) presentation systems. IETMs improve aircraft maintenance efficiency by allowing maintenance personnel to more easily locate needed information. Two of the presentation systems are classified as class (3), one is classified as a class (3)+ and two are classified as class (4) IETMs. This report provides detailed information on the compliance of each presentation with applicable military specifications and the effort and cost associated with implementing the sample data into each of the presentation systems. Specific conclusions are drawn concerning the various IETM systems. This study was performed by the Mercer Engineering Research Center (MERC) under contract to the United States Air Force, Warner Robins Air Logistics Center (WR-ALC).
Modeling of steady-state and transient thermal performance of a Li-ion cell with an axial fluidic channel for cooling

Summary Thermal management of Li-ion cells is an important technological problem for energy conversion and storage. Effective dissipation of heat generated during the operation of a Li-ion cell is critical to ensure safety and performance. In this paper, thermal performance of a cylindrical Li-ion cell with an axial channel for coolant flow is analyzed. Analytical expressions are derived for steady-state and transient temperature fields in the cell. The analytical models are in excellent agreement with finite-element simulation results. The dependence of the temperature field on various geometrical and thermal characteristics of the cell is analyzed. It is shown that coolant flow through even a very small diameter axial channel results in significant thermal benefit. The trade-off between thermal benefit and reduction in cell volume, and hence capacity due to the axial channel, is analyzed. The effect of axial cooling on geometrical design of the cell, and transient thermal performance during a discharge process, is also analyzed. Results presented in this paper are expected to aid in the development of effective cooling techniques for Li-ion cells based on axial cooling. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory Gets Real, and the Case for a Normative Ethic: Rostow, Modernization Theory, and the Alliance for Progress

This paper looks at the complex relationship that exists between ideology, international relations theories, and the world of practice. It focuses on the role of theoretical concepts in forming foreign policy, asks whether theoreticians and theories act as agents in the political arena, and if so, what the consequences of this agency are. The paper attempts to show that theoretical concepts have a political role to play in the field of foreign affairs, and that to some degree they shape the reality that they try to study. As such, they blur the dichotomist distinction between subject and object, and should not be considered outside observers, which is a necessary precondition to objectivity. This agency and lack of objectivity, I claim, endow theoreticians with moral responsibility, and obligate the founding of research on morality. In order to demonstrate my claims I focus on U.S. foreign policy toward Latin America under the Kennedy administration, the influence of Walt W. Rostow regarding that policy, and what can be termed the rise and fall of modernization theory.
AN AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE UPTAKE OF S35-SULFATE DURING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LIMB BUD CARTILAGE.

Abstract The differentiation of limb bud cartilage in vivo was investigated using the uptake of radioactive sulfate as a sensitive indicator of chondroitin sulfate synthesis. Uptake of radioactive sulfate was observed at all stages. The localization of radioactive sulfate uptake in the cartilage-forming areas was brought about by an increasing uptake in the chondrogenic area and a decreasing uptake in the myogenic area, the process starting during late stage 22 and reaching completion by stage 26. A third area of sulfate uptake was observed at the distal end of the limb bud. This area did not appear when the apical ectodermal ridge had been removed. Some of the implications of these observations have been discussed.
Epithelium-Free Bladder Wall Graft: Epithelial Ingrowth and Regeneration—Clinical Implications for Partial Cystectomy

Purpose: Most patients who need a bioengineered bladder wall have bladder cancer. A graft made with autologous urothelium would not be safe. To investigate the feasibility of providing bioengineered tissue for patients with partial cystectomy we evaluated the host and graft response after transplanting an epithelium-free graft.Materials and Methods: De-epithelialized bladder wall grafts from male rats were transplanted on syngeneic female rat bladders after partial cystectomy. Urothelial morphology, vessel density, inflammation, stromal thickness and uroplakin expression were evaluated 1, 3, 6 and 9 months after surgery. Cell gender was distinguished by fluorescent in situ hybridization using unique X and Y chromosome probes.Results: There was no significant graft contraction at any time. Male graft urothelial morphology and uroplakin expression were similar to those of controls at all time points. The donor bladder had decreased vessel density at early time points while the host had increased vascularity...
Spin content of the proton in the skyrme model

We present the Skyrme model predictions for the quark contribution to the proton spin. We introduce an effective operator that corresponds to uγμγ5u+dγμγ5d+sγμγ5s, and calculate its matrix element in the proton state. Numerical results depend on what version of the Skyrme model is chosen, but can be summarized in the form Δu+Δd+Δs = 0.2±0.1.
Subject code Q80-203

A humanoid robot has been captured by human beings. The robot waits for a long time to collect his. He uses his remaining energy to escape from the laboratory.
Dispersal of Tomicus Piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) From Operational and Simulated Mill Yards

The pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), is an exotic pest that is regulated by federal quarantines in the United States and Canada. Mark-release-recapture experiments were performed with infested logs coated with fluorescent powder to determine if overwintering beetles in logs would leave a mill yard if infested logs were transported to sawmills in uninfested areas. Overwintering T. piniperda adults were marked with powder as they emerged in spring. Dispersal studies were conducted in four simulated mill yards and five operational sawmills to determine whether T. piniperda would colonize only the log pile in which they overwintered, fly to nearby log piles, or disperse beyond the mill yard. Each simulated mill yard was composed of 36 uninfested red pine logs, Pinus resinosa Ait. (Pinaceae), and 12 -pinene-baited funnel traps set up to 100 m from a central release pile of six uninfested red pine and nine infested logs of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. At the five operational sawmills, baited funnel traps were set up to 400 m outside of each mill yard. Overall, 482 T. piniperda galleries were found on the experimental logs recovered from the four simulated mill yards combined. Tomicus piniperda adults dispersed and attacked the most distant logs at 100 m from the release point in the simulated mill yards. Likewise, adults were captured in baited funnel traps at distances up to 230 m in simulated mill yards and 250 m around operational sawmills. Although numbers of recaptured T. piniperda were generally low, in all cases some adults dispersed outside the mill yards despite the presence of abundant suitable breeding material. Therefore, logs containing overwintering adults pose a risk of spreading T. piniperda if not processed prior to initiation of spring flight.
Fear of Black Strangers

We examine the effect of the race of strangers encountered in public on the fear evoked by such encounters. We use the factorial survey approach to separate the effect of the race of persons encountered from age and gender of the persons encountered and the contexts in which the encounters take place. We find that whites are more fearful of encounters with blacks than those with whites. For whites, the fear of encounters with blacks is invariant across other characteristics of the persons encountered, the settings in which the encounters take place, and characteristics of survey respondents. We find that blacks are more fearful of encounters with blacks only in some circumstances. In others, blacks are more fearful of white strangers.
A pressurized cylindrical shell with a fixed end which contains an axial part-through or through crack

In this paper a cylindrical shell having a very stiff end plate or a flange is considered. It is assumed that near the end the cylinder contains an axial flaw which may be modeled as a part-through surface crack or a through crack. The primary objective is to study the effect of the end constraining on the stress intensity factor which is the main fracture mechanics parameter. The applied loads acting on the cylinder are assumed to be axisymmetric. Thus the crack problem under consideration is symmetric with respect to the plane of the crack and consequently only the mode I stress intensity factors are nonzero. With this limitation, the general perturbation problem for a cylinder with a built-in end containing an axial crack is considered. Reissner's shell theory is used to formulate the problem. The part-through crack problem is treated by using a line-spring model. In the case of a crack tip terminating at the fixed end it is shown that the integral equation of the shell problem has the same generalized Cauchy kernel as the corresponding plane stress elasticity problem. Even though the problem is formulated for a general surface crack profile and arbitrary crack surface tractions, the numerical results are obtained only for a semi-elliptic part-through axial crack located at the inside or outside surface of the cylinder and for internal pressure acting on the cylinder. The stress intensity factors are calculated and presented for a relatively wide range of dimensionless length parameters of the problem.
Heat capacity, Cp, of fluids from transient hot wire measurements

Abstract We report here the first thermal diffusivity measurements that cover a wide range of thermodynamic states including the dilute gas, the dense gas, the compressed liquid, and conditions close to the critical point. The heat capacity is obtained from simultaneous measurements of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity in a transient hot wire instrument, while the density is obtained from an equation of state. Values for the heat capacity, C p , of argon were obtained at two temperatures, 172 and 275 K, with pressures up to 70 MPa. For these temperatures the densities range from that of the dilute gas to 2.2 times critical density while the heat capacity varies by a factor of seven from the dilute gas value.
Intelligence Testing, Cognition, and Instruction

Abstract This paper examines the implications of recent theory and research in cognitive psychology for the understanding and assessment of intelligence. Three major themes are developed. The first has to do with how changes in the social and educational climate for testing can influence the conception of intellectual competence and the technology of testing. The second theme concerns the ways that cognitive psychology, with its emphases on memory, problem-solving, and knowledge acquisition, has begun to provide a new framework for viewing differences in intellectual functioning. Finally, it is argued that study of the kinds of performances required for success in school suggests ways in which intelligence testing can be made more responsive to current social and educational needs.
Advanced Radiative Models and Retrieval Algorithms for Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data

A super fast and accurate radiative transfer model and an optimal estimation retrieval algorithm have been developed specifically for hyperspectral sensors. Using all spectral channels, the algorithm retrieves cloud, atmospheric, and surface properties under both clear and cloudy sky conditions.
Treatment protocol for fractures of the atrophic mandible.

Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the outcomes after treatment of fractures through the atrophic mandible using open reduction, internal fixation, and immediate bone grafting. Patients and Methods All patients treated surgically for fractures through an atrophic ( Results A total of 32 patients (19 males, 13 females; age range, 43 to 92 years) met the inclusion criteria. Of the 32 cases, 26 were bilateral fractures, and most occurred through the region of the body of the mandible. Most patients had significant medical comorbidities. Most of the fractures were treated through an extraoral approach with a rigid internal fixation technique. Immediate bone grafts were used in 23 of the 32 patients. No intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. All patients healed uneventfully. In 4 patients, plates had to be removed for various reasons after fracture healing was complete. Conclusions The use of a seemingly more aggressive approach for managing fractures through the atrophic mandible produced healing in all patients and, in the end, may be more “conservative” than a less aggressive approach. Despite the advanced age and medical comorbidities of most of the patients, all patients tolerated the surgery and did well postoperatively.
Investigation of Real-Time Microstructure Evolution in Steep Thermal Gradients Using in-Situ Spatially Resolved X-ray Diffraction: A Case Study for Ti Fusion Welds

A recently developed spatially resolved X-ray diffraction (SRXRD) technique utilizing intense synchrotron radiation has been refined to yield phase and microstructural information down to 200 {micro}m in spatial extent in materials subjected to steep thermal gradients during processing. This SRXRD technique has been applied to map completely the phases and their solid-state transformation in the so-called heat-affected zone (HAZ) in titanium fusion welds in situ during the welding process. Detailed profile analysis of the SRXRD patterns revealed four principal microstructural regions at temperature in the vicinity of the HAZ surrounding the liquid weld pool: (i) a completely transformed {beta}-Ti zone 2--3 mm adjacent to the liquid weld pool; (ii) a mixed {alpha} + {beta}-it region surrounding the pure {beta}-Ti zone, (iii) a back-transformed {alpha}-Ti zone on the backside of the HAZ where pure {beta}-Ti once existed at temperature well above the {alpha} {r_arrow} {beta} transformation isotherm, and (iv) a more diffused region outside the HAZ where annealing and recrystallization of the {alpha}-it base metal occur. The high-temperature microstructures so derived corroborate well the expected transformation kinetics in pure titanium, and the observed phase transformation boundaries are in good agreement with those predicted from the transformation isotherms calculated from a simplifiedmore » heat-flow model. Based on a detailed assessment of the SRXRD setup employed, improved experimentations such as a smaller beam spot emitted from third generation synchrotron sources, better mechanical stability (tighter scattering geometry), and use of an area detector would enable more quantitative structural information for future phase dynamics studies exemplified by this work.« less
Quality of cancer follow-up care: a focus on Latina breast cancer survivors.

Introduction Receiving quality cancer follow-up care influences survivorship outcomes. Among Latinas, breast cancer is the number one cause of cancer death; yet Latinas do not receive adequate follow-up care. This study examined quality of cancer follow-up care among Latina breast cancer survivors (BCS) and whether it differs by participant language and healthcare system variables (provider specialty, and medical setting).
The age of AB Doradus

We have derived a new age estimate for the nearby young star AB Dor and have investigated the resulting implications for testing theoretical evolutionary models with the data reported by Close and coworkers for the low-mass companion AB Dor C. Using color-magnitude diagrams, we find that the AB Dor moving group is roughly coeval with the Pleiades (τ = 100-125 Myr) and is clearly older than IC 2391 (τ = 35-50 Myr). In fact, based on a comparison of the kinematics of AB Dor and the Pleiades, we suggest that the stars identified by Zuckerman and coworkers as members of a moving group with AB Dor are remnants of the large-scale star-formation event that formed the Pleiades. Using the age of τ = 50 Myr adopted by Close, the luminosity predicted by the models of Chabrier and Baraffe for AB Dor C is larger than the value reported by Close but is still within the quoted uncertainties. Meanwhile, the agreement is good when our age estimate for AB Dor C is adopted. Thus, we find no evidence in the data presented by Close for AB Dor C to suggest that previous studies using the models of Chabrier and Baraffe and bolometric luminosity as the mass indicator have significantly underestimated the masses of young low-mass stars and brown dwarfs.
Molecular mechanisms of 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists in prevention of emesis

Nausea and vomiting are major side effects of chemotherapy and one key reason for non-compliance with cancer treatment. The introduction of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the 1990s was a major advance in the prevention of acute emesis, and highlighted the critical role of serotonin in the emetic response. The next major advance in the treatment of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) occurred in 2003 with the introduction of aprepitant, a tachykinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist. Aprepitant not only reduced acute emesis but also helped in the reduction of delayed emesis. Also in 2003, palonosetron, a second generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonist became available. Unlike the first generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, palonosetron demonstrated efficacy in preventing both acute and delayed emesis. This review focuses on the mechanism of action of 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor antagonists in acute and delayed CINV prevention. We discuss first, the medicinal chemistry that led to the discovery of these antagonists to underline their common structural features. Second, we discuss their performance in the clinic and what it tells us about the emetic response. Finally, we present recent mechanistic studies that help provide a rationale for efficacy differences between palonosetron and other 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the clinic. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that palonosetron can inhibit substance P-mediated responses, presumably through its unique interactions with the 5-HT3 receptor. The crossroads of acute and delayed emesis seem to include interactions among the 5-HT3 and NK1 receptor signaling pathways and inhibitions of these interactions could lead to improved treatment of CINV.
Abnormal anterior cingulate cortical activity during emotional n-back task performance distinguishes bipolar from unipolar depressed females.

BACKGROUND: Depression in the context of bipolar disorder (BDd) is often misdiagnosed as unipolar disorder depression (UDd) leading to poor clinical outcomes for many bipolar sufferers. We examined neural circuitry supporting emotion regulation in females with either BDd or UDd as a first stage toward identifying biomarkers that may differentiate BDd from UDd. METHOD: Fifty-seven females aged 18-45 years participated in this study: 23 with UDd, 18 with bipolar disorder type I depression (BDId) and 16 healthy females. During 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the participants performed an emotional face n-back (EFNBACK) task, that is an n-back task with high (2-back) and low (0-back) memory load conditions flanked by two positive, negative or neutral face distracters. This paradigm examines executive control with emotional distracters-emotion regulation. RESULTS: High memory load with neutral face distracters elicited greater bilateral and left dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex (dAMCC) activity in UDd than in healthy and BDId females respectively, and greater bilateral putamen activity in both depressed groups versus healthy females. High memory load with happy face distracters elicited greater left putamen activity in UDd than in healthy females. Psychotropic medication was associated with greater putamen activity to these contrasts in UDd females. CONCLUSIONS: During high memory load with neutral face distracters, elevated dAMCC activity in UDd suggests abnormal recruitment of attentional control circuitry to maintain task performance, whereas elevated putamen activity unrelated to psychotropic medication in BDId females may suggest an attentional bias toward ambiguous neutral face distracters. Differential patterns of functional abnormalities in neural circuitry supporting attentional control during emotion regulation, especially in the dAMCC, is a promising neuroimaging measure to distinguish UDd from BDId in females.
Architectures and routing schemes for optical network-on-chips

As indicated in the latest version of ITRS roadmap, optical wiring is a viable interconnect technology for future SoC/SiC/SiP designs that can provide broad band data transfer rates unmatchable by the existing metal/low-k dielectric interconnects. In this paper, we present an interconnection architecture, referred as the wavelength routed optical network (WRON), suitable to build on-chip optical micro-networks. The routing scheme for WRON, using any two of the three routing parameters (the source node address, the destination node address, and the routing wavelength), is generalized in this paper. With WRON as the primitive platform, we further propose a new recursive architecture, the recursive wavelength routed optical network (RCWRON), and it serves as the basis of a redundant architecture, the redundant wavelength routed optical network (RDWRON). The routing schemes for RCWRON and RDWRON are also detailed in this paper.
Update on chondrosarcomas

Purpose of reviewThis paper reviews recent molecular, biologic, developmental therapeutic, and clinical findings in conventional and variant chondrosarcomas.Recent findingsThe prognosis of chondrosarcomas traditionally correlates with histologic grade and adequacy of surgery. Newer markers of cell d
Reaction dynamics: concluding remarks

The 157th Faraday Discussion represented a historic turning point in the development of the field of reaction dynamics because it concerned itself with how reactions occur in gases, in liquid, and at interfaces. Never before has the attempt been made to unify the various approaches to reaction dynamics in one Faraday Discussion meeting and to discover what language was common and what was special to these previously distinct subdisciplines. This Discussion also marked a maturation of the field of reaction dynamics in that so much emphasis was placed on what the combination of theory and experiment could tell us about the detailed course of chemical transformations.
The corona theorem on the complement of certain square cantor sets

Let K be a square Cantor set, i.e., the Cartesian product K = E × E of two linear Cantor sets. Let δ n denote the proportion of the intervals removed in the nth stage of the construction of E. It is shown that if $$ \delta _n = o(\frac{1} {{\log \log n}}) $$ , then the corona theorem holds on the domain Ω = ℂ* \ K.
Selectfluor as a nucleofuge in the reactions of azabicyclo[n.2.1]alkane β-halocarbamic acid esters (n = 2,3)

The ability of Selectfluor to act as a nucleofuge for hydrolysis of β-anti-halides was investigated with N-alkoxycarbonyl derivatives of 6-anti-Y-7-anti-X-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes and 4-anti-Y-8-anti-X-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. The azabicycles contained X = I or Br groups in the methano bridge and Y = F, Br, Cl, or OH substituents in the larger bridge. The relative reactivities of the halides were a function of the azabicycle, the halide, and its bridge and the addition of Selectfluor or HgF2 as a nucleofuge. All halide displacements occurred with retention of stereochemistry. Selectfluor with sodium bromide or sodium chloride, but not sodium iodide, competitively oxidized some haloalcohols to haloketones. A significant 15.6 Hz F···HO NMR coupling was observed with 4-anti-fluoro-8-anti-hydroxy-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane.
Building an E-Business Strategy

Abstract E-business is heralding what is being called “the new economy.” To help managers negotiate this new business landscape, this article proposes a strategic breakout methodology for transforming organizations into E-businesses. This four-stage methodology makes use of SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis, and each of the four stages has its own activities, tasks, and outputs. By giving executives a tool that is familiar (SWOT) and yet targeted to this fast-changing environment, companies can quickly react to changes in their own environments.
Thinking About Puzzles in the Study of International War

One of the axioms of political analysis is that office-holders desire to continue to hold office and behave accordingly. A key implication of this view is that if the policies chosen by leaders are selected because leaders believe the policies will enhance their position, then the wars we see in history do not represent a random sample of all possible conflicts, but rather are a biased sample of wars that were selected by the leader of the initiator state because he or she had the expectation of a favorable outcome that would enhance their position. This leads to selection effects in the occurrence of conflict. The theoretical and empirical implications of selection effects are explored in seeking a better understanding of two prominent puzzles in the study of international conflict: (1) the non-expansion of war and (2) the question of democratic war participation.
Micro-Machined Temperature Sensor Arrays for Studying Micro-Scale Features in Film Boiling

In this study we report the design, fabrication and testing of a surface micro-machined array of temperature sensors for studying micro-scale features in film boiling. The fabrication steps involved deposition by metal evaporation and “lift-off” process. The thermocouple junction sizes were less than 50μm wide and 100-250nm thick. Wire bonding techniques were explored for packaging. An apparatus for boiling experiments was constructed to test the micro-machined temperature sensors. The apparatus consists of a viewing chamber containing a metal block (copper block covered with a steel jacket) in which cartridge heaters and thermocouples are embedded. A silicon wafer with the surface micro-machined thermocouple arrays was clamped on top of this metal block. Surface temperatures were measured, during boiling experiments with PF-5060 as the working liquid, using the surface micro-machined thermocouple. Since the micro-machined thermocouples have very low characteristic time constant, temperature measurements can be performed with better accuracy, spatial resolution and temporal precision, than standard thermocouples.© 2005 ASME
Physically violent husbands of the 1890s and their resources

This article applies Goode's Resource Theory of wife beating to Lane County, Oregon from 1891 to 1900. The sample population consists of 56 women who appeared in divorce suits and claimed that their husbands had physically abused them. The study's findings largely support Resource Theory, although biases in the sample population make it more suggestive than conclusive. Wife beaters of the 1890s tended to be relatively low in economic and social resources, particularly when compared to their wives. The violent husbands' resources appear particularly slight when their psychological resources are considered. The article closes by suggesting that Resource Theory is not necessarily at odds with feminist interpretations of wife battering. Social scientists who assert that husbands' physical violence is more likely when their dominance is pronounced rather than fragile need to define more carefully and detect the actual level of power and resources that particular husbands enjoy.
A computer aid for risk and other policy analysis

The use of appropriately designed computer aids for policy could improve the standards of risk analysis and other quantitative policy analysis in several important ways. They could make it easier to treat uncertainties more thoroughly and systematically than is now typical. To do this, they should provide a broad variety of techniques for representing uncertain quantities as ranges of alternative values or as probability distributions, for propagating uncertainties through a model, for analyzing and comparing the impacts of different sources of uncertainty, and for displaying results in various numerical and graphic formats. A nonprocedural modeling language allowing interactive editing of input values and model structure could encourage exploration and progressive refinement of models, and comparison of alternative formulations. The integration of model documentation and explanatory text within the computer representation could encourage maintenance of consistency between different versions of the mathematical structure and their descriptions. It could also allow interactive scrutiny of the model assumptions and sensitivities by outside reviewers. We describe a particular system, Demos, designed to provide these facilities and test their usefulness. The use of Demos is illustrated by an analysis of the risks and optimal control level for a hypothetical air pollutant, with uncertainty about themore » population exposure, health effects, and control costs. This example demonstrates progressive refinement of a model, and various kinds of parametric and probabilistic uncertainty analysis. Demos is now being used by a growing number of risk analysts, students, and policy researchers in a wide variety of tasks.« less
Threshold Shift, Hair Cell Loss, and Hair Bundle Stiffness Following Exposure to 120 and 125 dB Pure Tones in the Neonatal Chick

One-day old chicks were exposed to one of two pure tone stimuli (0.9 kHz at 120 or 125 dB SPL) for 48 h. Three major results arose from a variety of tests that assessed the structural and functional consequences of the exposure on the peripheral auditory system at either 0 days or 12 to 15 days recovery. First, brainstem response data showed that the 120 and 125 dB groups had maximum evoked potential threshold shifts of 57 and 71 dB immediately after removal from the sound. Fifteen days post-exposure, the thresholds in the 120 dB group returned to near-normal levels, while in the 125 dB group, recovery was within 19 dB of control thresholds. Second, scanning electron microscopic measurements of hair cell density within the lesion showed that at 0 days recovery, the 120 and 125 dB groups had a 30% and 59% short hair cell loss, respectively, but by 15 days no differences could be identified between the exposed and control animals, regardless of exposure level. Finally, at 0 days of recovery, micromechanical...
Letter to the Editor---Literature to Turkey

Large strides in engineering and science have been one of the products of the modernization program started in Turkey by Attaturk. Taking advantage of scientific advancement in other countries, and of their own rapidly developing universities, the Turks have produced a rapidly growing number of high quality engineers and scientists.
Breast arterial calcifications as an indicator of systemic vascular disease.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between mammographically detected arterial calcifications and systemic vascular disease. Material and Methods: The medical records of 77 women who had either breast arterial calcifications or underwent surgery for carotid stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, or femoropopliteal bypass (study groups A and B) were evaluated and compared with 33 women without breast arterial calcifications (group C). Patients in both arms of the study underwent additional vascular tests or mammography. Results: Currently available data indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the presence of arterial calcifications on the mammogram and atheromatosis of the carotid or femoral arteries. Conclusion: Screening mammograms might be useful in the detection of women at risk for systemic vascular disease.
Protection of T cells from activation‐induced cell death by Fas+ B cells

Naive CD4+ T cells proliferate strongly in response to stimulation by superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). However, when these same cells revert to a resting phenotype and are subjected to restimulation with either SEB or anti-CD3, the majority of these SEB-responsive cells undergo Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated activation-induced cell death (AICD). We investigated the impact of Fas expression on T cell AICD by utilizing B cell stimulators that lacked functional FasL and either expressed or did not express the Fas receptor. Our results indicate that B cells play an important role in modulating the level of T cell AICD via the Fas/FasL pathway. Activated B cells expressing high levels of Fas receptor can redirect the FasL expressed by T cells primed to undergo AICD away from the T cells and prevent the induction of AICD in these cells. Furthermore, B cells stimulated through both the CD40 receptor and membrane IgM appear to mediate a stronger protective effect on T cells by virtue of their resistance to FasL-mediated cytolysis. These observations suggest a mechanism by which normal B cell and T cell responses to foreign antigen are maintained, while responses to self antigen are not.
Improving mailed questionnaire design

The authors identify situations in which mailed questionnaires are most appropriate. Population variables, characteristics of questionnaires, and social desireability variables are examined in depth.