cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In vitro digestion, absorption and biological activities of acylated anthocyanins from purple sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas)

Abstract Purple sweet potatoes (PSP) are widely used as color enhancers in food formulations. Investigations on the stability of PSP polyphenolics during simulated digestion and subsequent absorption in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model were accomplished. Measures of bioactive activities were also assessed in vitro. PSP whole polyphenolic extracts as a control (WC) were compared to isolates enriched in anthocyanins (AC) or non-anthocyanin phenolics (NAP). Anthocyanins were also alkali-hydrolyzed to remove acylated moieties. Compounds were subjected to simulated gastro-intestinal digestions where non-hydrolyzed anthocyanins showed higher stability compared to alkali-hydrolyzed. For many alkali-hydrolyzed anthocyanins, the transport through a Caco-2 cell monolayer was reduced. PSP fractions significantly increased the generation of reactive oxygen species in HT-29 cells and was suppressive in the CCD-18Co cells while down-regulated mRNA expression of inflammatory markers. Results indicate the importance of PSP composition and the effects of acyl moieties on anthocyanin stability and functional properties for food colors.
Discourse Indicators of Culture in Online Courses

This study examined the electronic discourse in an online course to investigate if culture exhibited itself in the communication of students. The researcher also sought to find out if a third culture was built in this course and if so, what design features facilitated the emergence of this third culture. A graduate-level online course at a Southwestern university was examined in a case study. Computer-mediated discourse analysis was used as the method. The students were administered an online demographic survey to collect information about their background. The online communication of the students, the instructor, and the assistants were analyzed. A semantic analysis matrix was developed based on the pilot study that was used to investigate the content of the messages posted in the discussion conferences. The results showed that culture did not exhibit itself in the discourse. A third culture, however, was formed by the students. The discourse characteristics of this third culture are producing timely and intelligent comments and equal levels of participation; use of materials from both cultures; constant interaction among participants; creating a side conversation between two different cultures; a common discourse accent; words, expressions, acronyms created in the course; curiosity, sensitivity, openness towards otherness, critical engagement with others; and ability to understand and tolerate different perspectives and cultural phenomena. The design features of the particular online course were discussed. The design features that may have helped create a third culture among students are face-to-face meetings and introductions conference in the course; instructor’s teaching strategies such as creating expectations for participation and her scaffolding and mentoring throughout the course; and features of the course communication platform such as the ability to embellish the thoughts through the use of fonts, colors, and quoting.
Universities as Constitutional Lawmakers (And Other Hidden Actors in Our Constitutional Orders)

In the stories told by opinion makers and many law professors, American constitutional law is concerned with two things — individual rights and the powers of government — and it is settled by the Court which was established by Article III of our national Constitution. But these stories are not entirely accurate. For one thing, much of what we know as constitutional law is settled by institutions other than the Supreme Court and derives from sources other than the written Constitution. Public law is built upon the foundation laid by the common law using materials constructed not only by legislatures but also by institutions of private ordering. Furthermore, the written Constitution does not answer every question. The Framers gave us a Constitution that leaves much of the definition of rights, wrongs, duties, and obligations to private law and state common law.Prominent among private makers of constitutional law are universities, which shape the rights and duties not only of their constituent members but also of many people within their political communities. Here I consider how these actors exercise their considerable power.
Media, Multimedia, and Synchronization Models

Deducing and utilizing relationships, (specifically synchronization relationships) among audio, video, text, and other media objects must necessarily build upon the foundation of a strong understanding of the underlying media. The focus of this chapter is the description of models for media objects and media synchronization data. These models are used in Chapter 3 to describe multiple media correlation and in the remaining chapters to describe the solution and implementation of that model in general and specific applications. This work differs from the existing base of literature on media models by providing for media analysis.
Integration of GaAs 4 kbit memory with 750-gate logic for digital RF memory applications

An integrated memory/logic GaAs chip designed for digital RF memory (DRFM) applications is described. Using the distributed control approach, a 750-gate logic function, including demultiplexing, multiplexing, address generation, and control circuitry, is integrated with 4 kb of on-chip static RAM. A string of these chips is the digital equivalent of a variable-length delay line. This chip, called a programmable delay line element, implements the basic DRFM storage and delay functions. >
Predicting low-probability/high-consequence events

PRAs often require quantification of the probabilities of various low-probability events, such as accident-initiating events and hardware-fault events. A Bayes/empirical Bayes data pooling procedure is presented for use in combining as many as five different types of relevant data. A Poisson model is assumed for the event in question. Empirical Bayes methods are used to determine the population variability curve, while Bayesian methods are used to specialize this curve to the specific event in question.
Animal Models for Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease of the CNS caused by the human polyomavirus JC (JCV). JCV replication occurs only in human cells and investigation of PML has been severely hampered by the lack of an animal model. The common feature of PML is impairment of the immune system. The key to understanding PML is working out the complex mechanisms that underlie viral entry and replication within the CNS and the immunosurveillance that suppresses the virus or allows it to reactivate. Early models involved the simple inoculation of JCV into animals such as monkeys, hamsters, and mice. More recently, mouse models transgenic for the gene encoding the JCV early protein, T-antigen, a protein thought to be involved in the disruption of myelin seen in PML, have been employed. These animal models resulted in tumorigenesis rather than demyelination. Another approach is to use animal polyomaviruses that are closely related to JCV but able to replicate in the animal such as mouse polyomavirus and SV40. More recently, novel models have been developed that involve the engraftment of human cells into the animal. Here, we review progress that has been made to establish an animal model for PML, the advances and limitations of different models and weigh future prospects.
Particle dispersion by random waves in the rotating Boussinesq system

We present a theoretical and numerical study of horizontal particle dispersion due to random waves in the three-dimensional rotating and stratified Boussinesq system, which serves as a simple model to study the dispersion of tracers in the ocean by the internal wave field. Specifically, the effective one-particle diffusivity in the sense of Taylor (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., vol. 20, 1921, p. 196) is computed for a smallamplitude internal gravity wave field modelled as a stationary homogeneous and horizontally isotropic Gaussian random field whose frequency spectrum is bounded away from zero. Dispersion in this system does not arise simply because of a Stokes drift effect, as in the case of surface gravity waves, but in addition it is driven by the nonlinear, second-order corrections to the linear velocity field, which can be computed using the methods of wave–mean interaction theory. A formula for the one-particle diffusivity as a function of the spectrum of the random wave field is presented. It is shown that this diffusivity is much smaller than might be expected from heuristic arguments based on the magnitude of the Stokes drift or the pseudomomentum. This appears to stem from certain incompressibility constraints for the Stokes drift and the second-order velocity field. Finally, the theory is applied to oceanic conditions described by a typical model wave spectrum, the Garrett–Munk spectrum, and also by detailed field observations from the North Atlantic tracer release experiment.
Title of research: Investigation on the chalcogenide negative curvature fibers

(250 words or less) Describe the project you are engaged in. What are the specific objectives and expected significance of this research? Intellectual Merit: How timely is your research, how will it push the frontiers of understanding? Does your research align with the topics presented at the 2015 Summer Topicals? Broader Impacts: What benefits would you gain by attending the Summer Topicals?
High-frequency fully integrated OTA-C filters using a 7.2 GHz bipolar OTA

Using a complementary BJT process with the maximum f(T/sub npn/)=7.2 GHz and f(T/sub pnp/)=4.5 GHz, an OTA with -3 db bandwidth of 7.2 GHz has been designed by proposing some broadbanding and phase-compensation techniques. To demonstrate the application in OTA-C continuous-time filter design, a 225 MHz OTA-C lowpass filter and a 250 MHz OTA-C biquadratic bandpass filter are realized and presented concisely. >
Fractionation of terrestrial neon by hydrodynamic hydrogen escape from ancient steam atmospheres

Atmospheric neon is isotopically heavier than mantle neon. By contrast, nonradiogenic mantle Ar, Kr, and Xe are not known to differ from the atmosphere. These observations are most easily explained by selective neon loss to space; however, neon is much too massive to escape from the modern atmosphere. Steam atmospheres are a likely, if intermittent, feature of the accreting Earth. They occur because, on average, the energy liberated during accretion places Earth above the runaway greenhouse threshold, so that liquid water is not stable at the surface. It is found that steam atmospheres should have lasted some ten to fifty million years. Hydrogen escape would have been vigorous, but abundant heavy constituents would have been retained. There is no lack of plausible candidates; CO2, N2, or CO could all suffice. Neon can escape because it is less massive than any of the likely pollutants. Neon fractionation would have been a natural byproduct. Assuming that the initial Ne-20/Ne-22 ratio was solar, it was found that it would have taken some ten million years to effect the observed neon fractionation in a 30 bar steam atmosphere fouled with 10 bars of CO. Thicker atmospheres would have taken longer; less CO, shorter. This mechanism for fractionating neon has about the right level of efficiency. Because the lighter isotope escapes much more readily, total neon loss is pretty minimal; less than half of the initial neon endowment escapes.
An overview of recent field tests demonstrating the use of CDMA for personal communications networks

Summary form only given. Provides an overview of recent field test results that have been obtained on the performance of a CDMA personal communications network (PCN) designed to share common spectrum with narrowband microwave signals in the 1850-1990 MHz region. That is, the PCN is designed to overlay a frequency band which is currently occupied by signals from microwave users such as utility companies and various state and local agencies. These field tests have included path loss measurements, voice quality tests, and bit error rate measurements. They were taken with a 24 Mchip/sec direct sequence waveform occupying a 48 MHz bandwidth. The underlying information was transmitted via 32 kbit/sec adaptive delta modulation, thus yielding a processing gain of 750. >
Exploring the modeling capacity of two-stage robust optimization: Variants of robust unit commitment model

To handle significant variability in loads, renewable energy generation, as well as various contingencies, (two-stage) robust optimization method has been adopted to construct unit commitment models and to ensure reliable solutions. In this paper, we further explore and extend the modeling capacity of two-stage robust optimization and present two new robust unit commitment variants: the expanded robust unit commitment and the risk constrained robust unit commitment model. We derive structural properties, demonstrate the connection to the popular scenario based stochastic unit commitment models, and present a customized column-and-constraint generation method. Numerical experiments on those models are performed using practical data sets, which illustrate their modeling strength, economic outcomes, and the algorithm performance in solving those models.
The Bloody White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became the Last Khan of Mongolia – By James Palmer

One of the Russian Civil War's most intriguing figures was the White leader Baron Roman von Ungern‐Sternberg [1885–1921]. A Baltic German nobleman who unleashed a reign of terror in Siberia and Mon...
OVEREXPRESSION, ISOTOPIC LABELING, AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTEROBACTER CLOACAE NITROREDUCTASE

Bacterial nitroreductases have generated much interest recently due to their central roles in both nitroaromatic bioremediation and nitroaromatic toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity.Enterobacter cloacaenitroreductase (NR) has been subcloned into the pET overexpression system and purified to homogeneity via a four-step procedure resulting in a final yield of 65.7 mg per liter. Overexpression in minimal media containing15NH4Cl as the sole source of nitrogen yielded 37.6 mg per liter of homogenous NR containing >99 atom %15N. A series of melting curves generated under a variety of solvent conditions established the optimal conditions for NR stability as pH 7.5, low ionic strength phosphate buffer. A two-dimensional1H–15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum demonstrates this enzyme to be amenable to study by high-resolution multidimensional NMR in combination with amino-acid-specific isotopic labeling. Optical spectra of the purified enzyme suggest that the noncovalently bound flavin mononucleotide cofactor binds in a hydrophobic environment and is in the neutral and anionic protonation states in the oxidized and two-electron reduced oxidation states, respectively. NR exhibits a novel visible region circular dichroism spectrum which has a small distinct negative band at 366 nm and a large positive ellipticity at 454 nm with a shoulder centered at 480 nm.
Optimization of the experimental conditions and the column design parameters in displacement chromatography

Abstract Optimization of the experimental conditions (sample size, reduced mobile phase velocity and displacer concentration) and the column design parameters (column length and average particle size) was performed for the maximum production rate of either component of a binary mixture. The displacement chromatograms were calculated by means of the equilibrium-dispersive model of chromatography, assuming competitive Langmuir isotherms. Binary mixtures of separation factor 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8 and relative concentrations 3:1 and 1:3 were studied. For the systems studied, no optimum displacer concentration was found, the maximum production rates being achieved at the highest displacer concentration allowed by its solubility. The optimum column characteristics depend strongly on the separation factor and on the mixture composition. The maximum production rates were achieved at a much lower value of the retention factor than usually chosen in displacement chromatography. The optimum value of the retention factor of the less retained component was found to be between 1.2 and 2.0, depending slightly on the mixture composition and more strongly on the separation factor.
Coherent radio emission from cosmic ray air-showers in the turbulent atmosphere

Coherent electromagnetic Cerenkov radiation is produced by cosmic ray air showers passing through the atmosphere. This radiation is detected by radio telescopes. We demonstrate here that the effect of random spatial fluctuations in the refractive index of air, about a mean exceeding unity, causes the airshower to emit not only the spontaneous coherent radio emission described elsewhere by Kahn and Lerche, but also an induced radiation field which can exceed the spontaneous field in certain frequency bands. Further the conditions for emission of the coherent radio Cerenkov radiation are altered by the presence of the refractive index fluctuations. And the Earth's magnetic field gives rise to the dominant term in the far-field radiation, be it spontaneous or induced, since it causes a systematic separation of electrons and positrons in the shower which, for parameters currently acceptable for air showers, is the major factor in determining the far-field radiation pattern. Also we suggest that the coherent 500 Mc/sec radiation seen from occasional showers is probably a reflection of an atmospheric correlation length of order 15 cm at the time the shower passes through the atmosphere.
Processing of confined and naturally entrained leaf litter in a woodland stream ecosystem1

A comparison between stream community processing rates of naturally entrained leaf litter and leaves in packs or 1 mm-mesh bags demonstrated that packs served as a suitable analogue of processing in exposed sites (riffles) whereas bags did not. In riffles, leaves in bags were processed at rates characteristic of litter in depositional zones (pools and alcoves). A length-weight regression method for evaluating the range of microhabitat-related processing rates in stream communities appears suitable. Leaf litter nitrogen levels and increased processing rates by shredders reflected microbial conditioning. Shredders responded to high quality basswood (Tilia americana) leaves by increasing their density rather than growth per individual.
Adaptive-repetitive control of a hard disk drive

This paper presents a control scheme intended to target both the non-repeatable and repeatable runout disturbances affecting the dynamics of a hard disk drive (HDD). The design can be broken up into three stages. The first stage consists of a LTI feedback controller designed using classical techniques. The second stage consists of a RLS-based adaptively tuned controller. Finally, the last stage incorporates a new controller which integrates repetitive and adaptive elements. The repetitive part of this controller allows us to target specific periodic disturbances visible in the disturbance spectrum. The adaptive part is intended to cancel the inter-notch stochastic disturbances. The key element in this design is the formulation of an appropriate optimization problem, solvable recursively by the use of some of the available adaptive-filtering algorithms. Experimental results obtained from the implementation of this method in a commercial HDD demonstrates the effectiveness of this approach.
Parallel multitask cross validation for Support Vector Machine using GPU

The Support Vector Machine (SVM) is an efficient tool in machine learning with high accuracy performance. However, in order to achieve the highest accuracy performance, n-fold cross validation is commonly used to identify the best hyperparameters for SVM. This becomes a weak point of SVM due to the extremely long training time for various hyperparameters of different kernel functions. In this paper, a novel parallel SVM training implementation is proposed to accelerate the cross validation procedure by running multiple training tasks simultaneously on a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). All of these tasks with different hyperparameters share the same cache memory which stores the kernel matrix of the support vectors. Therefore, this heavily reduces redundant computations of kernel values across different training tasks. Considering that the computations of kernel values are the most time consuming operations in SVM training, the total time cost of the cross validation procedure decreases significantly. The experimental tests indicate that the time cost for the multitask cross validation training is very close to the time cost of the slowest task trained alone. Comparison tests have shown that the proposed method is 10 to 100 times faster compared to the state of the art LIBSVM tool.
RNA editing in hepatitis delta virus genotype III requires a branched double-hairpin RNA structure

RNA editing at the amber/W site plays a central role in the replication scheme of hepatitis delta virus (HDV), allowing the virus to produce two functionally distinct forms of the sole viral protein, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), from the same open reading frame. Editing is carried out by a cellular activity known as ADAR (adenosine deaminase), which acts on RNA substrates that are at least partially double stranded. In HDV genotype I, editing requires a highly conserved base-paired structure that occurs within the context of the unbranched rod structure characteristic of HDV RNA. This base-paired structure is disrupted in the unbranched rod of HDV genotype III, which is the most distantly related of the three known HDV genotypes and is associated with the most severe disease. Here I show that RNA editing in HDV genotype III requires a branched double-hairpin structure that deviates substantially from the unbranched rod structure, involving the rearrangement of nearly 80 bp. The structure includes a UNCG RNA tetraloop, a highly stable structural motif frequently involved in the folding of large RNAs such as rRNA. The double-hairpin structure is required for editing, and hence for virion formation, but not for HDV RNA replication, which requires the unbranched rod structure. HDV genotype III thus relies on a dynamic conformational switch between the two different RNA structures: the unbranched rod characteristic of HDV RNA and a branched double-hairpin structure that is required for RNA editing. The different mechanisms of editing in genotypes I and III underscore their functional differences and may be related to pathogenic differences as well.
Beyond Interpretation: the “Cultural Approach” to Understanding Extra-Formal Change in Religious and Constitutional Law

A challenge common to both religious and constitutional law is the need to respond to changes over time. Both systems typically have formal amendment mechanisms: prophets and Article V of the United States Constitution, for example. But significant changes occur outside these formal mechanisms. This article presents a single framework, which I call the “cultural approach,” that identifies the points at which extra-formal change can occur in both religious and constitutional law. The cultural approach has many promising benefits. It shows how cultures can change while maintaining continuity with the past, and enables identification of changes that otherwise can be difficult to spot. Because different cultures accommodate change in similar ways, the cultural approach suggests that there may be benefits to cross-cultural study. Furthermore, the cultural approach can help members of particular cultures identify culture-specific mechanisms by which changes may be pressed, thereby facilitating use of the full range of institutions in their culture that properly play a role in change. Finally, the cultural approach provokes explicit consideration of the benefits and costs of allowing for change at each of the three stages that the cultural approach identifies.
Planarization for the integration of CMOS and micromirror arrays

A large format individually addressable Micro-Mirror-Array (MMA) has been developed at NASA, GSFC for possible application in the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST). The 100micron X100micron aluminum micro-mirrors are built on top of CMOS driven address and driver circuit for individual addressing. The high voltage CMOS fabrication process produces about 2.8microns surface roughness on the silicon wafer. The wafer surface is planarized before integration of the MMA. Three different planarization materials were evaluated; polyimide, spin-on glass and BCB. BCB showed the best results for our application. A single layer of BCB coating reduced the surface topology from 2.8micron to less than 1,700Angstroms and two layers of BCB coating reduced the surface topology to about 600Angstroms. Since the MMA has to operate at 30K for the NGST application, a wafer coated with cured BCB was dunk tested in liquid nitrogen at 77K and no cracks were found after thermal cycling. For specific application in NGST, the optical reflectance of BCB was measured at 40K over 1-5micron wavelength range and the results showed that BCB could absorb 30-40 percent of infrared light over this range. Details of coating, curing and etching properties of BCB are discussed along with its low temperature optical properties.
Promoting student-centered learning with POGIL

POGIL (Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning) is a type of learning based on the principle that students learn more when they construct their own understanding. Rather than teaching by telling, POGIL instructors provide activities that guide students to discover concepts on their own. Students work in groups, encouraging them to discuss their findings with their peers. Not only do students learn the material better, but the very process of discovery teaches them to be better problem solvers. This special session will provide SIGCSE attendees the opportunity to experience a POGIL activity for themselves. The presenters will share guided inquiry activities tested in our classrooms. We will discuss ways that POGIL may be used to transform computer science classes at all levels, from high school to graduate-level classes, from small schools to large universities.
Regulation of Cell‐Cycle Progression and Cell Death in Breast Cancer

Abstract: Tumorigenesis is often characterized by a combination of aberrant proliferation and the inappropriate suppression of apoptosis. In breast cancer, a variety of growth factors and hormones, as well as attachment to extracellular matrix, can regulate both cell growth and cell death via apoptosis, suggesting that the two processes may be closely linked. A better understanding of the mechanism by which those factors regulate the cell cycle and the apoptotic pathways could therefore be very useful in designing novel therapies for breast cancer.
S&P 500 Index Inclusions and Analysts’ Forecast Optimism

The authors examine analyst behavior surrounding the announcements of SP in the sample of newly added companies studied in this article, analyst earnings forecasts are found to be overoptimistic. The results also show a significant decrease in analyst forecast accuracy and higher inter-analyst forecast dispersion. These findings are important for investors who use analysts’ earnings forecasts to make investment decisions about companies that are newly added into the S&P 500. Investors should be cautious about making investment decisions based on analysts’ earnings forecasts as the forecasts tend to be upward biased (optimistic) and less accurate. The authors conclude that the credibility of analysts’ earnings forecasts for S&P 500–added firms may be altered.
Phatic rituals of the liberal democratic polity: Hearing voices in the hearings of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples

The truth and reconciliation commissions of Latin America and Africa are paradigms of transitional justice, often regarded as part of the process of transitioning from authoritarian to democratic rule. But truth commissions are also common in first-world settler states, which raises the question of what “transition” such commissions effectuate in Canada, Australia, and the United States. This paper examines the efforts of Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples to resolve a controversy over a government relocation of Inuit families in the 1950s for which the relocatees were demanding compensation. Concurrent with historical controversies in the Canadian courts concerning Aboriginal rights and title, the historical controversy over the relocation raised questions about the Canadian state's ability to “hear the voices” of First Nations people, who objected that their accounts of the past had been disregarded by government-contracted historians and courts alike. I argue that the Royal Commission's efforts to hear the voices of Inuit relocatees, showcased in nationally televised hearings, was a phatic ritual in which communicative contact between marginalized citizens and the state was ritually established. The ritual was presented as a remedy for failures to achieve phatic communion among citizens and state—a condition of communicative contact held up as essential to the realization of liberal democratic ideals. The work of the Royal Commission and other truth commissions highlights the growing prominence of communication, particularly liberal communicative events construed as “open,” “equal,” and “free,” as a concern of both theory and practice in liberal democratic polities.
Percolation phenomena in polymer/carbon composites

Etude systematique de la percolation dans les proprietes electriques et dielectriques de polyester, PVC, polycarbonate renfermant du noir de carbone
Chemotherapy Influences the Pseudocapsule Composition in Soft Tissue Sarcomas

Background Soft tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors. Standard treatment for soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity is surgical excision and adjuvant therapy; however, the role of neoadjuvant chemotherapy is controversial.
Is accurate recording of the ECG surface Laplacian feasible

Experimental and model studies were performed to measure the electrocardiographic surface Laplacian using a rectangular finite difference approximation. The experimental approach used ten normal subjects with two sites on the torso. Electrode spacing was 2 cm. The surface Laplacian is theoretically independent of rotation of the electrode array. The data showed considerable variation with rotation. Model studies employed a realistic 23-dipole source. A spherical volume conductor showed invariance with rotation, as anticipated theoretically. A realistic torso, however, showed variation with rotation, although not as severe as that measured. A separate experimental study considered the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the surface Laplacian. The average SNR was 3.3 and 2.5 at the two sites. These results raise serious questions about the practical ability to measure the surface Laplacian on the torso.
California: A Picture of Diverse Language Groups and ESL Programs

Abstract In this article you will hear four distinct voices of classroom teachers who teach and learn in the large Central Valley of California. Our stories are grounded in our unique personal perspective. “The stories reflect practice in classrooms which is grounded in theory. The theory is to be discovered in the practice. The stories reflect how beliefs become behaviors in the classroom, and how we can reflect on our beliefs by critically examining our behaviors” (Wink, 1996, p. 67, in press). Each story will be followed by the teacher's reflections which are fundamental in developing the multicultural perspectives required in today's multilingual classroom (Krucer, Silva, & Delgado-Larocco, 1995). As you read, keep in mind that these stories could also be told from the perspective of the student, or the perspective of the community. We encourage the readers to explore the varying perspectives as they relate to these four examples of bilingual education. The purpose of this article is to paint a pictur...
New Method Evaluates Coupling Agents Bonding Polymer to Tooth Mineral

Polymerized test specimens consist of a Bis-GMA matrix and a filler of synthetic hydroxyapatite previously coated with the coupling agent under investigation. As the concentration of filler increases for a given coupling agent, the specimen's tensile strength decreases. The more effective the coupling agent, the less pronounced is the decrease. Application of the method is proposed for classifying coupling agents as well as providing a means for assessing the weakening effects of environmental exposure.
PULMONARY EMBOLISM : AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY.

Emboli made of paraffin and the animal's own blood were sent into the venous circulation of dogs. Death did not occur until the pulmonary circulation was practically occluded. The results were the same whether the blood pressure of the animal was normal or depressed by ether or disease and whether the procedure was carried out under ether or local anesthesia.
Design and Cost Analysis of Rapid Aquifer Restoration Systems Using Flow Simulation and Quadratic Programming

Detailed two-dimensional flow simulation of a complex ground-water system is combined with quadratic and linear programming to evaluate design alternatives for rapid aquifer restoration. The design model ensures that a contaminant plume is removed and treated within four years at the least possible cost. Rapid restoration is accomplished by maintaining specified velocities around the plume perimeter toward a group of pumping wells located near the plume center. Ground-water velocities are adjusted to include the effects of solute retardation due to sorption. As a simplification, the model does not account for hydrodynamic dispersion. Results show how treatment and pumping costs depend dynamically on the type of treatment process, the capacity of pumping and injection wells, and the number of wells. The design for an inexpensive treatment process minimizes pumping costs, while an expensive process results in the minimization of treatment costs. Substantial reductions in pumping costs occur with increases in injection capacity or in the number of wells. Treatment costs are reduced by expansions in pumping capacity or injection capacity. The analysis identifies maximum pumping and injection capacities. Maintenance of the high ground-water velocities required by rapid restoration strategies is difficult and expensive. In order to meet the four-year target date, about ten times the initial volume of contaminated water must be pumped and treated. Rapid restoration forces large pumping volumes and high costs.
Intra-abdominal Fat Predicts Survival in Pancreatic Cancer

Body mass index (BMI) has proven unreliable in predicting survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer. While measures of intra-abdominal fat correlate with medical and postoperative complications of obesity, the impact of intra-abdominal fat on pancreatic cancer survival is uncertain. We hypothesized that the quantity of intra-abdominal fat would predict survival following resection of pancreatic cancer. Preoperative CT imaging was used to measure intra-abdominal fat. Cox regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of survival. Sixty-one patients from 2000–2009 underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy for exocrine pancreatic adenocarcinoma. After adjusting for age and perineural invasion status, preoperative BMI did not predict overall survival (p < 0.827). Unlike BMI, quartile of intra-abdominal fat predicted survival. Relative to patients with the least intra-abdominal fat (lowest quartile), those with more intra-abdominal fat demonstrated worse overall survival, but in a non-linear fashion. Individuals in the second quartile showed a fourfold increase in likelihood of death (HR 4.018, 95% CI 1.099–14.687, p < 0.035) relative to the lowest quartile. Patients in the third (HR 2.124, 95% CI 0.278–16.222, p < 0.468) and fourth quartile (HR 1.354, 95% CI 0.296–6.190, p < 0.696) also showed greater risk of death. Measuring intra-abdominal fat identifies a subset of patients with worse prognosis in pancreatic cancer.
Effect of Exercise on the Pulmonary Blood Volume in Patients with Acquired Heart Disease

The effect of supine exercise on the pulmonary blood volume was studied in 14 patients with valvular heart disease and in one patient with cardiomyopathy. Statistically significant increases occurred in the pulmonary blood volume (88.6 ± S.E. 20.9 ml./M.2) and in the central blood volume (121.9 ± S.E. 29.2 ml./M.2), whereas left atrial to brachial arterial volume remained unchanged. These results support the concept that, with exercise, increases in central blood volume reflect increases in pulmonary blood volume in patients with acquired heart disease. The increase in pulmonary blood volume and in pulmonary distending pressure suggests a passive expansion of the pulmonary vascular bed with exercise.
Non-splitting of prime divisors

In this study of complete, or integrally closed, ideals in a two-dimensional regular local ring ( R, m ), Zariski established a one-to-one correspondence between prime divisors of R , i.e. rank 1 discrete valuations v birationally dominating R with residue field of transcendence degree 1 over R /m, and m-primary simple complete ideals I v in R ; cf. [ 17 ] and [ 18 ]. In this correspondence, the blow-up of such an ideal has unique exceptional prime and the localization at this prime is the valuation ring of a prime divisor of R . In this paper, we will study such ideals in a more general setting, so we begin by recalling some definitions and background results.
Detection of atrial septal defect by contrast‐enhanced ultrafast computed tomography

A 53-year-old man with previous surgically corrected pulmonic valve stenosis was evaluated for central cyanosis. A right-to-left shunt at the atrial level was diagnosed by contrast-enhanced ultrafast computed tomography. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the CT findings and provided quantitation of the shunt.
Public Awareness and Concern with Air Pollution in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area

The public attitudes survey involving St. Louis City, St. Louis County, and Madison and St. Clair Counties, Illinois, was completed and published in the fall of 1964. A total of 1002 respondents gave needed information for the development of an acceptable abatement program. Substantial proportions from the study area expressed the view that they have had some negative reaction to the quality of the air. These respondents indicated that air pollution meant, primarily, odor and smoke with residents of some localities indicating other significant elements. The interviewed persons felt that factories and businesses were the prime causal agents in the existence of air pollution. Over 90 percent of all respondents felt that some governmental agency should do something about air pollution in the St. Louis area, with some bi-state metropolitan agency being the principal choice. The residents also expressed a willingness to pay minimal tax support for such a program. Indications as to the significance of air pollu...
The evaluation of imperforate anus utilizing percutaneous injection of water-soluble iodide contrast material.

The utilization of percutaneous injection of water-soluble iodide contrast media in evaluation of the position of the atretic rectal pouch in cases of imperforate anus is presented. This method demonstrates the exact site of atresia and often the origin of rectal fistulae. This method presents a more exact demonstration of an anatomic defect preparatory to surgery.
Measurement of Pt electrode surface area of automotive ZrO2 oxygen sensors

Abstract Platinum loading and metal dispersion have been measured in the outer, sensing electrodes of four commercial heated exhaust-gas oxygen (HEGO) sensors which have previously been thoroughly characterized. The Pt dispersion is determined by methanation of adsorbed CO with H2 with the quantification of the CH4 formed in the process by a flame ionization detector. The outer electrodes differ by a factor of four in Pt loading. The lowest loading is noted on the sensor that is inert in the oxidation of small saturated hydrocarbon molecules under the evaluation conditions of the previous characterization. In all sensors the dispersion of the Pt is very low, with only 1–3 atoms in 103 directly accessible to the gas phase. This technique is applicable to other gas sensors that similarly contain noble metal additives with a very low surface area.
A longitudinal study of attitudes of students and parents coincident with court-ordered school desegregation

Attitudinal data were collected for a sample of 492 parents and public school children before implementation of a metropolitan desegregation plan and for 2 years after implementation. The variables measured included racial attitudes, feelings out desegregation, and school-related attitudes. There were small but significant changes on 7 of the 11 measures, with most of the changes occurring during the first year. There were race and grade-level differences on some of the variables before desegregation, but race and grade level were generally not related to changes over time.
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular risk

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which exist in at least two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin and older agents in this class are nonselective inhibitors of both COX-1 and COX-2. Newer agents termed "coxibs" are selective inhibitors of COX-2. Among the NSAID, only aspirin has been proven to significantly reduce cardiovascular risk, primarily through inhibition of COX-1-mediated platelet aggregation. It has been suggested that other nonselective agents, especially naproxen, may provide some lesser degree of cardioprotection, but conclusive evidence is lacking. Conversely, there are concerns that the COX-2 inhibitors may increase cardiovascular risk. However, mechanisms for this potentially adverse cardiovascular effect are unknown, and it is becoming increasingly clear that our understanding of the role of COX-2 in cardiovascular function is incomplete. Some studies have demonstrated a potentially beneficial effect of COX-2 on cardiovascular function that could be negated by COX-2 inhibition, while other studies have reported improved endothelial function with COX-2 inhibitors. Additionally, the impact of combined therapy with aspirin and other COX inhibitors is not yet clear. This article will review the studies that have examined these issues.
Long‐term adaptation in cat auditory‐nerve fiber responses

Driven responses of cat auditory‐nerve fibers to long‐duration characteristic‐frequency (CF) tones could decrease substantially over time periods ranging from seconds to minutes. In extreme cases, the discharge rate could fall below the pre‐stimulation spontaneous rate (SR). Reductions in response were characterized by two processes, each of which followed a decaying exponential function. Long‐term adaptation affects the discharge rate in the first several seconds following stimulus onset. The average amount in high‐SR fibers was 42.5% for tones at 20–40 dB SL, and the mean time constant was 3.64 s. Long‐term adaptation increased significantly with sensation level (SL, or level above threshold), decreased with SR, and was not significantly correlated with CF or fiber response threshold. Time constants did not depend on CF, SR, or SL. Very‐long‐term adaptation refers to further, smaller reductions in the discharge rate that accumulate over a period of minutes. Fiber responses formed two groups. The larger ...
Phosphate removal from sea water by adsorption on volcanogenic ferric oxides

Abstract Chemical data presented in this paper indicate a good correlation between P 2 O 5 and Fe 2 O 3 in some iron-rich volcanogenic sediments from the East Pacific Rise. In addition, adsorption experiments and chemical analyses of deuterically altered and unaltered samples of submarine basalts strongly suggest that this association is due to the reaction of phosphate in sea water with poorly crystallized hydrous ferric oxides. East Pacific Rise sediments adsorb far greater amounts of phosphate from sea water than either carbonate or non-carbonate sediments from other areas of the ocean. From geochemical flux calculations it is concluded that an appreciable proportion of dissolved phosphate delivered to the oceans by rivers is removed by ridge crest volcanogenic iron oxides either as absorbed surface coatings or as discrete, but highly disordered, ferric phosphate phases. This process should be taken into consideration when considering oceanic phosphate budgets, both in the present and past oceans.
Frequency of point and areal mean rainfall rates

Use of special recording raingages enabled recording of one-minute rainfall amounts from a 50-gage network on a 100-sq mi area in central Illinois during the 1952–53 thunderstorm seasons. One-minute amounts from 19 storms during this period have been used to study the frequency of rainfall rates in shower-type storms under warm season conditions, on both a point-rainfall and areal-mean-rainfall basis. Within the 100-sq mi area, smaller areas of 10, 25, and 50 sq mi were used to obtain an indication of the effect of changing area on the distribution of areal mean rates. The expected tendency for the mean rate to decrease with increasing area was found. For example, the median rate for all 19 storms combined ranged from 1.45 inches per hour for point rainfall to 0.96 inch per hour for the 25-sq mi area to 0.66 inch per hour for the 100-sq mi basin. The degree to which averaging suppresses details of high rates, as well as the general effects of the averaging process on the distribution curve, was also studied by comparing the distribution of point rates when the rates were based on 1-, 5-, 10-, 15- and 30-minute averages. Results showed the maximum observed rate ranging from 13.80 inches per hour for one-minute to 2.45 inches per hour when based on a 30-minute average. Similarly, when all 19 storms were combined, the median rate ranged from 1.45 inches per hour for one-minute averages to 0.56 inch per hour for 30-minute averages.
Arsenic Transformation Predisposes Human Skin Keratinocytes To UV-induced DNA Damage Yet Enhances Their Survival Apparently by Diminishing Oxidant Response

Inorganic arsenic and UV, both human skin carcinogens, may act together as skin co-carcinogens. We find human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) are malignantly transformed by low-level arsenite (100nM, 30weeks; termed As-TM cells) and with transformation concurrently undergo full adaptation to arsenic toxicity involving reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress response to high arsenite concentrations. Oxidative DNA damage (ODD) is a possible mechanism in arsenic carcinogenesis and a hallmark of UV-induced skin cancer. In the current work, inorganic arsenite exposure (100nM) did not induce ODD during the 30weeks required for malignant transformation. Although acute UV-treatment (UVA, 25J/cm(2)) increased ODD in passage-matched control cells, once transformed by arsenic to As-TM cells, acute UV actually further increased ODD (>50%). Despite enhanced ODD, As-TM cells were resistant to UV-induced apoptosis. The response of apoptotic factors and oxidative stress genes was strongly mitigated in As-TM cells after UV exposure including increased Bcl2/Bax ratio and reduced Caspase-3, Nrf2, and Keap1 expression. Several Nrf2-related genes (HO-1, GCLs, SOD) showed diminished responses in As-TM cells after UV exposure consistent with reduced oxidant stress response. UV-exposed As-TM cells showed increased expression of cyclin D1 (proliferation gene) and decreased p16 (tumor suppressor). UV exposure enhanced the malignant phenotype of As-TM cells. Thus, the co-carcinogenicity between UV and arsenic in skin cancer might involve adaptation to chronic arsenic exposure generally mitigating the oxidative stress response, allowing apoptotic by-pass after UV and enhanced cell survival even in the face of increased UV-induced oxidative stress and increased ODD.