cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel cluster sampling design that couples multiple surveys to support multiple inferential objectives

In the United States the number of health systems that own practices or hospitals have increased in number and complexity leading to interest in assessing the relationship between health organization factors and health outcomes. However, the existence of multiple types of organizations combined with the nesting of some hospitals and practices within health systems and the nesting of some health systems within larger health systems generates numerous analytic objectives and complicates the construction of optimal survey designs. An objective function that explicitly weighs all objectives is theoretically appealing but becomes unwieldy and increasingly ad hoc as the number of objectives increases. To overcome this problem, we develop an alternative approach based on constraining the sampling design to satisfy desired statistical properties. For example, to support evaluations of the comparative importance of factors measured in different surveys on health system performance, a constraint that requires at least one organization of each type (corporate owner, hospital, practice) to be sampled whenever any component of a system is sampled may be enforced. Multiple such constraints define a nonlinear system of equations that "couples" the survey sampling designs whose solution yields the sample inclusion probabilities for each organization in each survey. A Monte Carlo algorithm is developed to solve the simultaneous system of equations to determine the sampling probabilities and extract the samples for each survey. We illustrate the new sampling methodology by developing the constraints and solving the ensuing systems of equations to obtain the sampling design for the National Surveys of United States Health Care Systems, Hospitals and Practices. We illustrate the virtues of "coupled sampling" by comparing the proportion of eligible systems for whom the corporate owner and both a hospital and a practice that are expected to be sampled to that expected under alternative sampling designs. Comparative and descriptive analyses that illustrate features of the sampling design are also presented.
Chemistry Assessments through the Sudden Implementation of Online Instruction

This paper is designed to synopsize the efforts of a team of general chemistry teachers to enact assessments during the abrupt transition to online-only instruction and reflect on what was done successfully and what could be improved. The focus is on the extent remote, online assessments accurately measured student knowledge described within the context of the decisions made for administration of the assessments. To limit the extent of unintended student collaboration, exams were given at a set day and time; question banks were developed so that students received variants of similar questions, and a remote proctoring software was used. Correlations showed consistency between online exams and paper exams, alleviating concerns that widespread cheating may take place. A concern was found with reusing the same exam at a later date for students who missed the original exam despite efforts to keep the online exam secure. The generation of alternative exams for later dates is recommended, potentially supported by creating and curating an online repository of assessment items to utilize.
10.6 A 12b 16GS/s RF-Sampling Capacitive DAC for Multi-Band Soft-Radio Base-Station Applications with On-Chip Transmission-Line Matching Network in 16nm FinFET

Future multi-band software-defined-radio base-stations for digital beamforming and massive MIMO applications depend heavily on the availability of highly linear and compact data converters with good power efficiency, while at the same time offering multi-GHz signal-bandwidth at sampling rates well in excess of 10GS/s. Wideband RF-sampling D/A-converters have traditionally been implemented in current-steering architectures, mostly with extensive calibration infrastructure [1] –[3]. The transistor stack required to achieve the necessary static and dynamic output impedance for the code-steered current sources leads to limited supply voltage scalability, while the capacitive self-loading by the current-source array makes true wideband matching at the RF-output inherently difficult. Capacitive digital-to-analog converters (C-DAC) have been widely used as RF DAC or switched-capacitor power amplifiers. Up to now digital transmitters have used C-DACs with inherent mixing functionality in polar or IQ systems for synthesis of high-power RF signals of moderate bandwidth of up to 160MHz [4] –[6]. This work uses a capacitive DAC as a direct RF-sampling DAC with moderate output power level for direct signal synthesis over a bandwidth from 0.5GHz up to at least 8GHz.
Leveraging machine learning to characterize the role of socio-economic determinants on physical health and well-being among veterans.

Abstract Introduction We investigate the contribution of demographic, socio-economic, and geographic characteristics as determinants of physical health and well-being to guide public health policies and preventative behavior interventions (e.g., countering coronavirus). Methods We use machine learning to build predictive models of overall well-being and physical health among veterans as a function of these three sets of characteristics. We link Gallup's U.S. Daily Poll between 2014 and 2017 over a range of demographic and socio-economic characteristics with zipcode characteristics from the Census Bureau to build predictive models of overall and physical well-being. Results Although the predictive models of overall well-being have weak performance, our classification of low levels of physical well-being performed better. Gradient boosting delivered the best results (80.2% precision, 82.4% recall, and 80.4% AUROC) with perceptions of purpose in the workplace and financial anxiety as the most predictive features. Our results suggest that additional measures of socio-economic characteristics are required to better predict physical well-being, particularly among vulnerable groups, like veterans. Conclusion Socio-economic characteristics explain large differences in physical and overall well-being. Effective predictive models that incorporate socio-economic data will provide opportunities to create real-time and personalized feedback to help individuals improve their quality of life.
The Role of Cell Surface Sialic Acids for SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new virus that has higher contagious capacity than any other previous human coronaviruses (HCoV) and causes the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Sialic acids are a group of nine-carbon acidic α-keto sugars, usually located at the end of glycans of cell surface glycoconjugates and serve as attachment sites for previous HCoVs. It is therefore speculated that sialic acids on the host cell surface could serve as co-receptors or attachment factors for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry as well. Recent in-silico modeling, molecular modeling predictions and microscopy studies indicate potential sialic acid-binding by SARS-CoV-2 upon cell entry. In particular, a flat sialic acid-binding domain was proposed at the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the spike protein, which may lead to the initial contact and interaction of the virus on the epithelium followed by higher affinity binding to ACE2 receptor, likely a two-step attachment fashion. However, recent in vitro and ex vivo studies of sialic acids on ACE2 receptor confirmed an opposite role for SARS-CoV-2 binding. In particular, neuraminidase treatment of epithelial cells and ACE2-expressing 293 T cells increased SARS-CoV-2 binding. Further, the ACE2 glycosylation mutants indicate that sialic acids on ACE2 receptor prevent ACE2-spike protein interaction. On the other hand, a most recent study indicates that gangliosides could serve as ligands for receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. This Mini-review discusses what has been predicted and known so far about the role of sialic acid for SARS-CoV-2 infection and future research perspective.
Extra high-Q resonances and extraordinary transparency in finite fragments of dielectric metasurfaces: Prospects for 5G applications

We investigate the effects of fragmenting metasurfaces (MSs), composed of dielectric disks, on their electromagnetic responses and show that the presence of four abrupt boundaries between finite size structures and free space leads to the formation of new resonance modes. In addition to the characteristic for infinite metasurfaces modes with identical dipolar resonances formed in all unit cells, fragmented metasurfaces can exhibit out-of-phase electric and magnetic responses in neighboring “meta-atoms.” While in-phase responses correspond to field patterns representative for even resonance modes, out-of-phase responses produce a variety of patterns typical for odd resonance modes. These modes are formed as the result of partial reflections of surface waves from boundaries between MS fragments and free space, and their respective responses demonstrate extremely high intensities and Q-factors. Enabled by new responses, a significantly localized wave/matter interaction can be used for enhancing the performance of sensors and absorbers of 5G systems. In addition, we report the detection of extraordinary narrow-band transmission at electric and magnetic dipolar resonances in fragmented MSs that can be used to locally enhance mm-wave signals for 5G communications. As a proof of concept, transmission through a 5 × 5 MS fragment has been experimentally confirmed in the X-band of microwave spectrum.
Electrical status epilepticus during sleep: a case report and review of the literature.

ABSTRACT.We present the case of a 5-year-old male who other than being six weeks premature at birth had no significant early medical problems, and had normal physical and cognitive development until preschool. It was then that his teacher noticed the child was having learning difficulties, staring spells, and difficulty expressing himself He had a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) in September of 2008. A routine EEG revealed very frequent epileptiform discharges. He was started on levetiracetam and four months later his EEG showed continuous spike wave discharges during sleep. The spike wave discharges occurred in long runs, lasting a minute or more, without clear ictal evolution. The spike wave discharges were seen in a generalized distribution, maximal bifronto-temporally with some asymmetry (right greater than left). When the patient was subsequently awakened, the EEG dramatically improved and the spike wave discharges almost completely resolved. The spike and wave discharges recurred as t...
Chapter 18 Computational Approaches to Finding and Analyzing cis‐Regulatory Elements

The transcription of almost all developmental genes is driven by tissue- and time-specific regulatory elements. These transcriptional regulatory elements lie in the genomic DNA proximal to the gene, and hence are cis-regulatory (as opposed to trans-regulatory elements like transcription factor genes). Over the past three decades, a number of techniques have been applied to the problem of finding and characterizing these regulatory elements. In this chapter, I discuss some computational approaches that have been particularly useful in identifying developmental cis-regulatory regions, and provide a tutorial on how to apply these approaches to the study of chick development.
Location Indices for Ordinal Polytomous Items Based on Item Response Theory

Polytomous items are typically described by multiple category-related parameters; situations, however, arise in which a single index is needed to describe an item's location along a latent trait continuum. Situations in which a single index would be needed include item selection in computerized adaptive testing or test assembly. Therefore single location indices for ordinal polytomous items are proposed and studied. The proposed location indices (LIs) for polytomous items are mathematically derived based on the item category response functions (ICRFs) and item response function (IRF) for polytomous items. The ICRF approach resulted in three indices: LImean, LItrimmed mean, and LImedian, and the IRF approach resulted in one proposed index, LIIRF. An empirical example of real items is presented to help comprehension of the new location indices. Possible testing applications where the proposed item location indices are useful are discussed.
Sex and the genetic diversity of HIV-1.

The genetic variability of HIV-1 is an important aspect of its pathogenesis, even though studies in men have demonstrated that the viral population is usually homogeneous during the first months of infection. Now, a large study comparing men and women shows that even before an antibody response is detectable, the viral population differs between the sexes ( 71–75 ).
Molecular species analysis of 1,2-diglycerides stimulated by α-thrombin in cultured fibroblasts

Abstract Diglycerides derived from the phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphoinositides are implicated as important mediators of agonist-induced responses, including the stimulation of cell division. alpha-Thrombin-stimulated proliferation of fibroblasts is associated with a sustained increase in cellular diglycerides, while the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides is transient (Wright, T. M., Rangan, L. A., Shin, H. S., and Raben, D. M. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9374-9380). A rigorous assessment of this apparent discrepancy requires an analysis of the molecular species of the lipids involved. In this report, we have analyzed the molecular species of 1,2-diglycerides present in quiescent and alpha-thrombin-stimulated IIC9 Chinese hamster embryo fibroblasts. The molecular species profiles of the stimulated diglycerides were compared to the profiles of molecular species contained in cellular phospholipids. We demonstrate that 1) stimulation of IIC9 cells by alpha-thrombin results in an increase in the levels of diglyceride molecular species already present in control, quiescent cultures, without the addition of new species or the complete loss of existing species; 2) the diglycerides present in control cultures as well as in cultures stimulated with alpha-thrombin are all ester-linked; and 3) while the phosphoinositides contribute a significant proportion of the diglycerides generated 15 s following alpha-thrombin addition, phosphatidylcholine contributes most of the diglycerides generated after 5 min and 1 h.
POLITICAL LIBERALISM, BASIC LIBERTIES, AND LEGAL PATERNALISM

This essay argues that neutral paternalism (NP) is problematic for antiperfectionist liberal theories. Section 2 raises textual evidence that Rawlsian liberalism does not oppose and may even support NP. In section 3, I cast doubt on whether NP should have a place in political liberalism by defending a partially comprehensive conception of the good I call "moral capacity at each moment," or MCEM, that is inconsistent with NP. I then explain why MCEM is a reasonable conception on Rawls's account of reasonableness. In section 4, I handle concerns that showing NP fails the test of Rawlsian public justification is a nonstarter since NP does not threaten any of our basic liberties. I sketch an argument that, if this is so, the burden is on political liberalism to defend its particular account of basic liberties, since MCEM is reasonable on Rawlsian grounds. More precisely, MCEM is a conception that challenges the way Rawls characterizes basic liberties; that is, his list of basic liberties should be more inclusive by political liberalism's own structural commitments, including Rawls's "liberal principle of legitimacy." On this revised account, political liberalism can mount a strong opposition to hard legal paternalism.
Response of Log-phase Cells of Escherichia coli to Medium Limited in Both Sulfate and Phosphate

In a study of the effects of a double nutritional deficiency, washed suspensions of log-phase cells of Escherichia coli increased in both turbidity and plate counts when incubated at 35 to 37 C in a medium deficient in sulfate and phosphate and buffered with tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. The population approximately doubled within 6 to 9 hr, whereas the turbidity increased only 28 to 33% in the same period. Ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and protein levels were followed, and changes were observed with time and deficiency state. Long-term experiments illustrated that a resulting population in a medium deficient in both sulfate and phosphate survived for 4 to 5 days, a longer period than that characteristic of the single deficiencies. Moreover, in media deficient in sulfate, E. coli possessed two completely distinct behavior patterns depending on the nature of the buffer used. In addition, a variation of one nutrient with a marked deficiency of the other suggested the existence of a controlling mechanism in E. coli which regulated the processes of cell division and survival, depending on the combination of conditions.
A utility theory-based approach to reducing raw material usage in non-adjustable artifacts, tasks, and environments

In order to accommodate the desired percentage of the target users of a product, decisions must be made to ensure that the design satisfies performance requirements such as user safety, comfort, and ease of use. The marketing concept of "utility theory" is one approach to quantifying the effects of design decisions. It is leveraged in this study to develop a design evaluation approach that considers: a) factors that may be either design-related (design specifications) or user-related (relevant body dimensions) and b) the raw material investment in the design. Based on data collected during a usage behavior study involving doorways of numerous sizes, a conditional logit model was developed to predict the utility of a doorway as a function of its size and the user's stature and shoul- der breadth. Next, an eco-design parameter was incorporated into the model as a penalty based on raw material usage. This approach was found to be useful in studying frequently encountered tradeoffs in decisions that could potentially increase product sustainability but could also reduce the utility of the product to the user.
Mouse, but not Human STING, Binds and Signals in Response to the Vascular Disrupting Agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-Acetic Acid

Vascular disrupting agents such as 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA) represent a novel approach for cancer treatment. DMXAA has potent antitumor activity in mice and, despite significant preclinical promise, failed human clinical trials. The antitumor activity of DMXAA has been linked to its ability to induce type I IFNs in macrophages, although the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. In this study, we identify stimulator of IFN gene (STING) as a direct receptor for DMXAA leading to TANK-binding kinase 1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 signaling. Remarkably, the ability to sense DMXAA was restricted to murine STING. Human STING failed to bind to or signal in response to DMXAA. Human STING also failed to signal in response to cyclic dinucleotides, conserved bacterial second messengers known to bind and activate murine STING signaling. Collectively, these findings detail an unexpected species-specific role for STING as a receptor for an anticancer drug and uncover important insights that may explain the failure of DMXAA in clinical trials for human cancer.
The power method for tensor eigenproblems and limiting directions of Newton iterates

SUMMARY We study the angular orientations of convergent iterates generated by Newton's method in multiple space dimensions. We show that the Newton iteration can be interpreted as a fixed-point algorithm for solving a tensor eigenproblem. We give an extensive computational analysis of this tensor eigenproblem in two dimensions. In a large fraction of cases, the tensor eigenproblem has a discrete number of solutions to which the Newton directions converge quickly, but there is also a large fraction of cases in which the behavior is more complicated. We contrast the angular orientations of iterates generated by Newton's method with the corresponding directions of the continuous Newton algorithm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical Considerations in the Design of Preclinical Safety Assessments for Biopharmaceuticals

The primary goals of preclinical safety evaluation articulated in ICH S6 are to identify an initial safe dose and subsequent dose escalation schemes in humans. It also involves the identification of potential target organs for toxicity and for the study of whether such toxicity is reversible, and to identify safety parameters for clinical monitoring. These goals are generally accepted across all product classes. Keywords: preclinical safety evaluation; toxicology studies; biopharmaceuticals; dose selection
An automated system for kinetic multiple-point determinations exemplified by serum lactic dehydrogenase determination.

A fully automated procedure is presented for kinetic determinations and for use of the AutoAnalyzer in their study; serum lactic dehydrogenase has been used to illustrate such an application. The LDH-catalyzed oxidation of L-lactate by NAD in separate, unequal time-delay coils is determined by measuring the natural fluorescence of reduced coenzyme. The normal range for LDH activity by this method was 63-169 U/liter at 37°C.
Effects of the dwarfing gene (dw) on egg weight, chick weight, and chick weight: egg weight ratio in a commercial broiler strain.

Abstract The effects of the dwarfing gene (dw) on egg weight, chick weight, and chick weight: egg weight ratio were studied. Egg weights prior to setting and subsequent chick weights were determined on 1842 chicks from standard-sized broiler breeder dams and 1694 chicks from closely related dwarf dams. Egg weight means were 67.3 and 63.0 g for standard and dwarf dams, respectively. Chick weights expressed as percentage of egg weight were 68.4 and 67.3% for standard and dwarf dam chicks, respectively. Both egg weight and chick weight : egg weight ratio differences were highly significant (P
Tantalum-Mediated Substitution at Germanium: A Germolyl-to-Germole Transformation Leading to η4-C4Me4GeMeCl Complexes

The germole reagent C4Me4GeMeSiMe3 (1), synthesized via reaction of K[C4Me4GeSiMe3] with MeI, reacted with TaCl5 to give [(η4-C4Me4GeMeCl)TaCl3(Et2O)x]2 (2; x = 0.5−1.0) with loss of Me3SiCl. Complex 2 reacted with various two-electron donors to give stable adducts (η4-C4Me4GeMeCl)TaCl3L (3, L = PPh3; 4, L = CNXyl; Xyl = 2,6-dimethylphenyl) and (η4-C4Me4GeMeCl)TaCl3L2 (5, L = CNXyl; 6, L = pyridine). The X-ray structure of (η4-C4Me4GeMeCl)TaCl3(CNXyl)2 (5) confirmed η4-coordination of the germole unit and the exo orientation of the Ge−Cl bond. Complex 2 also reacted with CpTl to give air-stable Cp(η4-C4Me4GeMeCl)TaCl2 (7), which was also characterized by X-ray crystallography. Attempts to generate η5-germolyl tantalum complexes are described.
Western black soldiers since The Buffalo Soldiers: a review of the literature

As recently freed black Americans moved westward in the decades after the Civil War, they sought employment opportunities and escape from an oppressive racial environment. Some men became United St...
Internal electronic structure and fine structure of multiexcitons in semiconductor quantum dots

We perform a detailed theoretical study of the characteristic internal electronic structure of various multiexcitons $({N}_{h},{N}_{e})$, where ${N}_{h}$ is number of holes and ${N}_{e}$ is the number of electrons in the self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). For each of the leading $({N}_{h},{N}_{e})$ excitonic complexes we start from the single-particle configuration (e.g., a specific occupation pattern of $S$ and $P$ electron and hole levels by a few carriers) and then show the many-particle multiplet levels for the initial state of emission $({N}_{h},{N}_{e})$ and the final state of emission $({N}_{h}\ensuremath{-}1,\text{ }{N}_{e}\ensuremath{-}1)$. We denote which states are dark and which are bright; the order and multiplicity, the leading single-particle character of each multiplet state, and the fine-structure splittings. These are of general utility. We also show explicit numerical values for distances between various transitions for four specific QDs. Here the presented information is important and potentially useful for a few reasons: (i) the information serves as a guide for spectroscopic interpretation; (ii) the information reveals non-Aufbau cases, where the dot does not have Aufbau occupation of carriers' levels; (iii) the information shows which transitions are sensitive to random-alloy fluctuations (if the dot is alloyed) and importance of this effect. We show that because of such alloy information, distances between peaks cannot be used to gauge structural information.
SOUND TRANSMISSION AND SPATIAL COHERENCE IN SELECTED SHALLOW-WATER AREAS: MEASUREMENTS AND THEORY

Experiments from several shallow-water areas are summarized. Coherent sound transmission results, particularly wavenumber spectra, are compared to range-dependent calculations that use oceanographic and geophysical characteristics from measurements and archives as bounded inputs to the propagation codes. In general excellent agreement was obtained between the measured and calculated results for both narrowband and broadband transmissions between 50 Hz and 1 kHz to ranges of 40 km. A relative signal gain (RSG) method for the estimation of horizontal coherence length was applied to measured RSG results and yielded coherence lengths on the order of 30λ at 400 Hz at distances of 40 km. Perturbation theory was applied to the shallow-water waveguide under the condition of adiabatic normal modes and expressions were derived for the phase structure function that was simplified by the use of Gaussian correlation functions. These analytical results, along with estimates of the variances of the environmental variables permitted the estimation of the coherence function and the RSG. The calculated coherence function and RSG were found to be consistent with measured RSG and replica correlation results. The fluctuations in the oceanic water volume were found to be the dominant factor in the loss of coherence.
Relationship between age and the cardiovascular response to meals.

In 82 healthy normotensive and hypertensive subjects aged 19–79, blood pressure and heart rate were measured for 1 hour before and 2 hours after a meal. Mean blood pressure decreased from 147/93 to 139/83 mmHg supine and from 148/101 to 142/94 mmHg standing (all p<.001). Older subjects had higher premeal blood pressures. There were significant correlations between age and the reductions in supine systolic and diastolic blood pressures and standing systolic blood pressure, i. e., older patients had greater reductions. However, after statistical correction for premeal blood pressure, there was no longer any significant relationship between age and the cardiovascular response to meals. The greater blood pressure reduction after meals in older patients may be due to decreased baroreflex sensitivity in association with higher arterial pressures. The changes in blood pressure due to meals may confound the diagnosis of hypertension and interfere with the interpretation of the response to antihypertensive treatment.
A fatal case of diffuse enteritis after colectomy for ulcerative colitis: a case report and review of the literature.

A Fatal Case of Diffuse Enteritis After Colectomy for Ulcerative Colitis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
A Decision Support System for Reliable Software Development

Reliability has become a major concern for large-scale software developers. This concern has resulted in the development of a large number of models intended to describe the failure process of software. The use of these models during development has been restricted to the later stages of integration testing. A decision support system is described here which allows for the use of existing software reliability models throughout development. The system uses information from the developer in the form of constraints on the probability distributions which describe the uncertainty associated with the parameters of the various models. Model management is data driven to allow for maximum flexibility in probability assessments which can be provided by either the user or the system.
Spontaneous Chronic Colitis in TCRα-Mutant Mice; an Experimental Model of Human Ulcerative Colitis

Mice with targeted disruption of the T cell receptor α gene (TCRα-/-) spontaneously develop chronic colitis. Colonic inflammation begins at 6–8 weeks of age and chronic colitis is established in about 60% of mice by 16–20 weeks of age. The disease is also associated with autoantibodies (anti-tropomyosin antibodies, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) and an oligoclonal immune response to luminal bacterial antigens. Although T cells, but not B cells or autoantibodies, are essential for the development of colitis, B cells and/or autoantibodies may have a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of this colitis because the colitis is more severe in B cell deficient TCRα-/- mice. Cytokines, specifically IL-4 and IL-1, also play an important role in the development of colitis in TCRα-/- mice. Enteric bacteria located in the large intestine are an important factor in the pathogenesis of this colitis because germ-free TCRα-/- mice do not develop colitis and appendectomy at an early age delays the onset of this co...
Knight shifts of 31P in the paramagnetic state of the UP-US solid solutions☆

Abstract Knight shifts of 31P were measured in the paramagnetic state of UP-US solid solutions. For all compositions K = K o · αδ M , |K o | a K, and α = 4.0 ± 0.5 (cgs) . In the uniform conduction-electron polarization model Jsf = −(2.4 ± 0.4) eV is obtained.
Organometallic chemistry of the transition metals XXIII. Some indenyl and fluorenyl derivatives of manganese carbonyl

Abstract Reaction between sodium fluorenide and Mn(CO) 5 Br in tetrahydrofuran solution gives yellow-orange crystalline h 5 -fluorenyltricarbonylmanganese, C 13 H 9 Mn(CO) 3 , the first unequivocal example of an h 5 -fluorenyl derivative. The corresponding h 5 -indenyl derivative, yellow-orange C 9 H 7 Mn(CO) 3 , was prepared from sodium indenide and Mn(CO) 5 Br. Photochemical reactions of C 13 H 9 Mn(CO) 3 with triphenylphosphine and of C 9 H 7 Mn(CO) 3 with the triphenyl derivatives (C 6 H 5 ) 3 E (E = P, As, or Sb) gave the monosubstituted derivatives C 13 H 9 Mn(CO) 2 P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 and C 9 H 7 Mn(CO) 2 E(CoHs)3 (E = P, As, or Sb), respectively. The infrared and proton NMR spectra of the new compounds are discussed.
A case for ribavirin to treat chronic hepatitis E.

More than 30 years ago, hepatitis E virus (HEV) was shown to be the primary cause of hepatitis acquired enterically but not attributable to hepatitis A virus.1 Classified in the family Hepeviridae, HEV is an RNA virus with at least four distinct genotypes that infect humans.2 Genotypes 3 and 4 also infect animals such as swine and deer and can be acquired by ingestion of undercooked meat.3 HEV infections occur worldwide but are more common in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. HEV infection is usually self-limited, with viral RNA detectable in blood just before and for 1 to 3 weeks . . .
Electromechanical models of the outer hair cell composite membrane.

The outer hair cell (OHC) is an extremely specialized cell and its proper functioning is essential for normal mammalian hearing. This article reviews recent developments in theoretical modeling that have increased our knowledge of the operation of this fascinating cell. The earliest models aimed at capturing experimental observations on voltage-induced cellular length changes and capacitance were based on isotropic elasticity and a two-state Boltzmann function. Recent advances in modeling based on the thermodynamics of orthotropic electroelastic materials better capture the cell’s voltage-dependent stiffness, capacitance, interaction with its environment and ability to generate force at high frequencies. While complete models are crucial, simpler continuum models can be derived that retain fidelity over small changes in transmembrane voltage and strains occurring in vivo. By its function in the cochlea, the OHC behaves like a piezoelectric-like actuator, and the main cellular features can be described by piezoelectric models. However, a finer characterization of the cell’s composite wall requires understanding the local mechanical and electrical fields. One of the key questions is the relative contribution of the in-plane and bending modes of electromechanical strains and forces (moments). The latter mode is associated with the flexoelectric effect in curved membranes. New data, including a novel experiment with tethers pulled from the cell membrane, can help in estimating the role of different modes of electromechanical coupling. Despite considerable progress, many problems still confound modelers. Thus, this article will conclude with a discussion of unanswered questions and highlight directions for future research.
Unusual Spermiogensis in the Ectoproct, Conopeum commensale

An unusual type of spermiogenesis is described from the ectoproct Conopeum commensale. The sperm cell and its flagellum appear to develop in a coiled position within the spermatid membrane. After the thick-bodied sperm is freed from the membrane, it uncoils. This form of spermiogenesis has not been recorded among ectoprocts or other animals.
Out-of-plane vibrations in T(nπ*) → S0 of benzaldehyde

Abstract The phosphorescence spectra of benzaldehyde and benzaldehyde-d1 in a benzene polycrystalline matrix at 4.2 °K reveal tha a non-totally symmetric vibration associated with the out-of-plane aldehyde hydrogen wag is active. This observation establishes the importance of out-of-plane vibronic coupling in T(nπ*) → S0. The importance of the out-of-plane vibration is attributed to vibronic coupling between T(nπ*) and T(ππ*). The proximity of the latter state to S(nπ*) leads to unusually effective spin-orbit coupling with that state.
Outside the Closed World: On Using Machine Learning for Network Intrusion Detection

In network intrusion detection research, one popular strategy for finding attacks is monitoring a network's activity for anomalies: deviations from profiles of normality previously learned from benign traffic, typically identified using tools borrowed from the machine learning community. However, despite extensive academic research one finds a striking gap in terms of actual deployments of such systems: compared with other intrusion detection approaches, machine learning is rarely employed in operational "real world" settings. We examine the differences between the network intrusion detection problem and other areas where machine learning regularly finds much more success. Our main claim is that the task of finding attacks is fundamentally different from these other applications, making it significantly harder for the intrusion detection community to employ machine learning effectively. We support this claim by identifying challenges particular to network intrusion detection, and provide a set of guidelines meant to strengthen future research on anomaly detection.
HIV: Clinical manifestations

HIV infection in the United States appeared early in the 1980s, when previously healthy homosexual men manifested opportunistic infections attributable to apparent underlying immunodeficiency. After these initial isolated reports, there appeared many other groups of patients at risk for development of this devastating disease. From these meager beginnings, the problem has escalated exponentially. HIV infection can affect every system in the human body. Since the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, however, the prevalence of opportunistic infections and HIV-AIDS clinical manifestations has declined dramatically. In addition to antiretroviral therapy, management of HIV-infected persons requires knowledge of the extent of system involvement, as well as highly active antiretroviral therapy-related adverse effects, so as to recognize complications and initiate appropriate intervention. In the following review we will attempt to comprehensively summarize the clinical manifestations of HIV infection for both pediatric and adult populations.
Diastereoselective Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of allylic alcohols

Abstract The “chelation-controlled” Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of allylic glycolate esters is described in which the stereocontrol of the prochiral sp 2 sites is achieved by the allylic oxygen substitutent.
Solid-target technology at the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility

Abstract The capabilities of the IUCF solid-target laboratory have evolved to provide nuclear targets in a thickness range of approximately 5-μg/cm 2 to 200-mg/cm 2 areal density. Adaptations of laboratory equipment and techniques used to obtain specific targets will be discussed. Extensive use is made of procedures developed to prepare pressed-powder pellets of materials in thicknesses perhaps not accessible with other methods. Carbon microribbons for the IUCF Cooler are among the targets made by vacuum evaporation. Isotopically enriched lead and tin are rolled to thicknesses of 4 and 2 mg/cm 2 , respectively by using an outer pack of stainless steel and an inner one of the same element (unenriched).
Digoxin use and digoxin toxicity in the post-DIG trial era.

Abstract Background The advent of medical therapies for congestive heart failure that have proven survival benefits, specifically angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, β-adrenergic antagonists, and the aldosterone antagonists, have called into question the use of digoxin for patients with normal sinus rhythm, left ventricular dysfunction, and symptomatic heart failure. This issue appears to have been heightened after the publication of the results of the Digitalis Investigation Group (DIG) Trial in 1997 that did not demonstrate a statistically significant impact of digoxin on mortality. Methods and Results We used data from a large heart failure registry to examine digoxin use at the time of hospital admission for heart failure, a surveillance system for recording toxic drug exposures to describe patterns in digoxin toxicity and industry estimates for the use of digoxin antibody. Digoxin use has decreased significantly from 31.4% in late 2001 to 23.5% in late 2004 (P Conclusion Digoxin use is decreasing but there has not been a similar decline in cases of toxicity. Further analyses are required to delineate the reasons underlying these trends and the appropriateness of prescribing practices for both digoxin and its antidote.
Activation of the heat shock transcription factor by hypoxia in normal and tumor cell lines in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract Cells exposed to hypoxia increase their synthesis of a specific set of proteins called oxygen regulated proteins. Recently, three of these proteins have been identified as hemoxygenase, Glucose Regulated Protein 78 kilodaltons and Glucose Regulated Protein 94 kilodaltons. In contrast, reoxygenation from hypoxic conditions increases the synthesis of the heat shock proteins. Although the molecular signals required for regulation of both sets of proteins by hypoxia and reoxygenation are still under investigation, it is known that their expression is regulated at the transcriptional level. This finding suggests that these stresses work either singularly or together to control the activation of nuclear transcription factors which bind distinct regulatory sequences in the promoter region of these genes. One possible nuclear transcription factor which could act as a transcriptional regulator for both hypoxia and reoxygenation gene transcription is the heat shock transcription factor. In this report, we focused on the kinetics of HSF activation by hypoxia in normal and tumor cell lines of murine and human origins. In cell culture, both the normal diploid cell line AG1522 and the tumor cell line JSQ-3 possess the same kinetics of HSF activation (binding to the heat shock element) by hypoxia, with maximal induction at or after 3 hr. We have also shown that the activation of HSF occurs in the SCCV1I tumor in vivo without clamping, but not in SCCVII cells grown in monolayers. When SCCVII tumors are dissociated and allowed to reoxygenate in cell culture, HSF binding decreased in 5 hr, and was undetectable after 18 hr. Furthermore, one human tumor biopsy tested for the presence of hypoxia by both the PO 2 histograph (Eppendorf, Germany) and HSF binding showed good agreement for both techniques. These results suggest that HSF binding may be a useful marker for monitoring the tumor hypoxia.
Isotopic exchange reactions of the metal carbonyls

Abstract We have measured the rates of exchange of various metal carbonyls and their derivatives with isotopically labelled carbon monoxide in benzene solution at 25°. The carbonyls studied and half-timesfor typical experiments are Mn2(CO)10, > 10 years (dark); Fe(CO)5, >4 years (dark); Fe3(CO)12, 150 hr; Fe(NO)2(CO)2, 400 hr; Co2(CO)8,
The α,α-Difluorinated Phosphonate L-pSer-Analogue: An Accessible Chemical Tool for Studying Kinase- Dependent Signal Transduction

This overview focuses on the (α,α-difluoromethylene)phosphonate mimic of phosphoserine (pCF 2 Ser) and its application to the study of kinase-mediated signal transduction—pathways of great interest to drug development. The most versatile modes of access to these chemical biological tools are discussed, organized by method of PCF 2 -C bond formation. The pCF 2 -Ser mimic may be site-specifically incorporated into peptides (SPPS) and proteins (expressed protein ligation). This isopolar, dianionic pSer mimic results in a "constitutive phosphorylation" phenotype and is seen to support native protein-protein interactions that depend on serine phosphorylation. Signal transduction pathways studied with this chemical biological approach include the regulation of p53 tumor suppressor protein activity and of melatonin production. Given these successes, the future is bright for the use of such "teflon phospho-amino acid mimics" to map kinase-based signaling pathways.
The Psychological Risks of Vietnam for U.S. Veterans: A Revisit with New Data and Methods

In 1988, the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (NVVRS) of a representative sample of 1200 veterans estimated that 30.9% had developed posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during their lifetimes and that 15.2% were currently suffering from PTSD. The study also found a strong dose-response relationship: As retrospective reports of combat exposure increased, PTSD occurrence increased. Skeptics have argued that these results are inflated by recall bias and other flaws. We used military records to construct a new exposure measure and to cross-check exposure reports in diagnoses of 260 NVVRS veterans. We found little evidence of falsification, an even stronger dose-response relationship, and psychological costs that were lower than previously estimated but still substantial. According to our fully adjusted PTSD rates, 18.7% of the veterans had developed war-related PTSD during their lifetimes and 9.1% were currently suffering from PTSD 11 to 12 years after the war; current PTSD was typically associated with moderate impairment.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Effects on Establishment of Giant Miscanthus

Research efforts have recently been increasing to evaluate giant miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus L.) as a bioenergy feedstock and to develop recommendations for efficient management practices. The objectives of this study were to evaluate effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization on the yield and nutrient removal of giant miscanthus and the change in soil nutrient concentration during establishment of giant miscanthus in the Piedmont and Mountain Regions of North Carolina. Research sites were established at Mills River and Oxford, NC, in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Yield and tissue nutrient content were determined after senescence. Giant miscanthus produced biomass dry yields of up to 24 Mg ha−1 during the third growing season. Fertilization with 45 kg N ha−1 increased yield by 46 % in 2010 at Oxford, but did not affect yield at Oxford in 2009 or at Mills River from 2008 to 2010. Fertilization with 147 kg P ha−1 increased yield by 32 % in 2008 at Mills River, but did not affect yield in 2009 or 2010 at either site. Mehlich-3 P concentration in the upper 20 cm of soil decreased after initial P applications, with no changes in the 0 P control plots detected during this study. Giant miscanthus successfully established at Mills River and Oxford, NC with minimal N and P fertilizer inputs on soils with low initial P concentration.
Electrocatalysis and determination of hydrazine compounds at glassy carbon electrodes coated with mixed‐valent ruthenium(III, II) cyanide films

Chemically modified electrodes, which were constructed by anodizing glassy carbon electrodes in a RuCl3/K4Ru(CN)6 solution, are shown to catalyze the electrooxidation of hydrazine compounds in acidic and neutral media. The mixed-valent ruthenium cyanide film offers improved stability and a broader operational pH range compared to previously described phthalocyanine-catalytic surfaces. The catalytic response of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, and dimethylhydrazine is evaluated with respect to the film preparation conditions, solution pH, potential scan rate, concentration dependence, and other variables. Highly stable and sensitive flow injection measurements [with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.4% (n = 30) and a detection limit of 0.13 ng] are described. A composite film prepared by the codeposition of polyaniline offers additional advantages.
The effect of superoxide dismutase on paraquat mortality in mice and rats.

Abstract The pulmonary damage of paraquat dichloride (PQCl 2 ) is believed to be mediated in part by superoxide anion. The effect of parenterally administered superoxide dismutase (SOD) on PQCl 2 toxicity was studied in two species. Mortality did not decrease in mice given SOD at 10 or 35 mg/kg of intermittent parenteral injections after 25 mg/kg iv PQCl 2 (45 to 65%) compared to controls (55%). Similarly, rats given SOD intermittently after po PQCl 2 showed no significant reduction in mortality (50% versus 65%) or in time to death. Adolescent rats administered parenteral PQCl 2 followed by intermittent parenteral SOD had the same death rates as rats receiving only the PQCl 2 . Since SOD has a short half-life, the effects of 5-day continuous iv infusion of high and low doses of SOD on rats given increasing doses of parenteral PQCl 2 were studied. No protective effect of SOD was noted under any of these conditions. No measurable level of exogenous SOD was found in rat lung after 2 days of continuous infusion. The previously reported protective effects of SOD on PQCl 2 toxicity in rats could not be confirmed.
Cerebrovascular reactivity and vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: A pilot study

The authors performed serial transcranial Doppler (TCD) and carbon dioxide reactivity (CO2R) testing in 20 aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients to determine whether impaired cerebrovascular reactivity was associated with symptomatic vasospasm. Symptomatic vasospasm occurred in 9 of 14 patients with abnormal CO2R and in none of 6 patients with preserved reactivity (p = 0.011). Abnormal CO2R preceded the onset of vasospasm in 7 of 9 patients. Abnormal standard TCD testing was not associated with vasospasm.