cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replication timing properties across the pseudoautosomal region boundary and cytogenetic band boundaries on human distal Xp

The establishment of human chromosomal regions as distinct and characteristic domains has been demonstrated by the reproducible banding patterns observed on metaphase chromosomes as a result of various staining techniques. Although the exact molecular properties responsible for the patterns are not well understood, a general correlation has been established between the time of replication of a particular region of DNA and its banding characteristics. Using a replication timing assay based on fluorescence in situ hybridization patterns, we investigated replication timing properties across chromosomal regions with potentially distinct chromatin properties. Relative replication timing values were determined using cosmid DNA probes around the pseudoautosomal region boundary in Xp22.3 and the cytogenetic band boundary regions surrounding Xp22.2. Although we observed replication timing domains that were generally consistent with cytogenetic banding patterns, we did not find sharp replication timing boundaries at either the pseudoautosomal region boundary or at the cytogenetic band boundaries.
Studies on bursting pacemaker potential activity in molluscan neurons. III. Effects of hormones.

Abstract Vertebrate peptides and hormones have been applied to a number of identified neurosecretory and non-neurosecretory cells in two molluscan preparations. Active peptide hormones included vasopressin and analogues. Active steroid hormones included aldosterone and hydrocortisone. Peptide effects were present at 10 −9 M concentration of peptide, were confined to two neurosecretory cells and consisted of long-lasting changes in the membrane properties of these cells (characterized either by the initiation or potentiation of bursting pacemaker potential activity in these cells). The regulatory changes in membrane properties induced by the peptides were unlike the transient conductance changes produced by conventional neurotransmitters. Steroid effects were observed at 10 −6 M concentration of steroid and consisted of an increase in membrane potential and conductance which was dependent on the species of divalent cation present. The net effect of peptide activation would be to increase the release of neurosecretory material from the cell terminals, while the net effect of the steroids would be to decrease the release of this material. The results obtained with these invertebrate preparations may serve to describe new forms of cellular communication in the nervous system whereby peptides and steroids modulate electrical activity.
Sedimentation field flow fractionation at high force fields

New sedimentation field flow fractionation instrumentation with rotor speeds up to 32,000 rpm (about 100,000 g) permits separations of materials of somewhat less than 106 molecular weight, as well as larger particles. The apparatus has been constructed in an ultracentrifuge with a unique plastic channel rotor assembly. A key feature is that interchangeable plastic sedimentation field flow fractionation channels are mounted within a metal rotor bowl filled with liquid of a specified density. This unique construction allows liquid to surround the plastic rotor assembly, essentially equalizing stresses on the plastic parts at high force fields and permitting low-cost channels to be conveniently constructed. With this design, mechanical stress on the component plastic rotor parts is minimized and specified channel dimensions can be maintained over a wide range of force fields. The new apparatus has been utilized for characterizing a range of materials of biological and industrial interest.
A PCR-Based Genetic Linkage Map of Human Chromosome 16

A high-resolution cytogenetic-based physical map and a genetic linkage map of human chromosome 16 have been developed based on 79 PCR-typable genetic markers and 2 Southern-based RFLP markers. The PCR-based markers were previously-characterized polymorphic (AC){sub n} repeats. Two approaches have led to the characterization of 47 highly informative genetic markers spread along chromosome 16, some of which are closely linked to disease loci. In addition, 22 markers (D16S401-423) previously genetically mapped were also physically mapped. Ten markers characterized by other laboratories were physically mapped and genotyped on the CEPH families. These 32 markers were incorporated into the PCR-based map. Seventy-two markers have heterozygosities >0.50 and 51 of these markers >0.70. By multipoint linkage analysis a framework genetic map and a comprehensive genetic map were constructed. The length of the sex-averaged framework genetic map if 152.1 cM. The average distance and the median distance between markers on this map are 3.2 and 2.7 cM, respectively, and the largest gap is 15.9 cM. These maps were anchored to the high-resolution cytogenetic map (on average 1.5 Mb per interval). Together these integrated genetic and physical maps of human chromosome 16 provide the basis for the localization and ultimately the isolation of disease genesmore » that map to this chromosome. 1 fig., 3 tabs.« less
Tonsillar Squamous Cell Carcinoma Are We Making a Difference

Objective. To analyze outcomes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the tonsil from the years 1998 to 2006. To assess factors that may affect disease-specific survival, such as patien...
Short day lengths augment stress-induced leukocyte trafficking and stress-induced enhancement of skin immune function.

Environmental conditions influence the onset and severity of infection and disease. Stressful conditions during winter may weaken immune function and further compromise survival by means of hypothermia, starvation, or shock. To test the hypothesis that animals may use photoperiod to anticipate the onset of seasonal stressors and adjust immune function, we evaluated glucocorticoids and the distribution of blood leukocytes in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to long day lengths (i.e., summer) or short day (SD) lengths (i.e., winter) at baseline and during acute stress. We also investigated the influence of photoperiod and acute stress on a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in the skin. SDs increased glucocorticoid concentrations and the absolute number of circulating blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, T cells, and natural killer cells at baseline in hamsters. During stressful challenges, it appears beneficial for immune cells to exit the blood and move to primary immune defense areas such as the skin, in preparation for potential injury or infection. Acute (2 h) restraint stress induced trafficking of lymphocytes and monocytes out of the blood. This trafficking occurred more rapidly in SDs compared to long days. Baseline delayed-type hypersensitivity responses were enhanced during SDs; this effect was augmented by acute stress and likely reflected more rapid redistribution of leukocytes out of the blood and into the skin. These results suggest that photoperiod may provide a useful cue by which stressors in the environment may be anticipated to adjust the repertoire of available immune cells and increase survival likelihood.
A recirculator-purifier for spark chamber neon gas

Abstract The main components of this closed-system recirculator-purifier are a circulating pump, a pressure-regulating system, and a purification bed. Gas flow rates of up to 35 ft 3 /h may be obtained while the spark chamber is held at a present pressure plus or minus 0.02″ of water. In normal routine operation the impurity level of the gas can be held to less than 50 ppm.
The role of leukotrienes in allergic rhinitis

Objective To review the role of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) in allergic rhinitis and the scientific rationale for therapy with leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs). Data Sources Relevant basic science and clinical articles were identified by a search of the PubMed database for articles published from 1984 to 2004 using the following keywords: allergic rhinitis ; nose ; immune response ; allergen challenge ; leukotrienes C, D, and E ; cysteinyl leukotriene ; cysteinyl leukotriene receptor ; cytokine ; leukocyte ; montelukast ; zafirlukast ; and pranlukast . Study Selection The authors' expert opinion was used to select studies for inclusion in this review. Results CysLTs are synthesized via 5-lipoxygenase metabolism of arachidonic acid by mast cells and basophils during the early-phase response to antigen and by eosinophils and macrophages during the late phase. The cysLT levels in nasal secretions are elevated after short-term allergen instillation and in allergy season in patients with allergic rhinitis. These lipid mediators act locally and systemically by interacting with receptors, particularly the cysLT 1 receptor, on target cells. Evidence derived from topical application of cysLTs in the nose and from the effects of LTRAs indicates that cysLTs contribute to nasal mucous secretion, congestion, and inflammation. CysLTs promote allergic inflammation by enhancing immune responses and the production, adhesion, migration, and survival of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils. They also increase the generation of an array of other proinflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, which in turn increase the production of and receptors for cysLTs. Clinical trials have demonstrated that LTRAs have significant but modest efficacy as single agents but additive efficacy when used with other classes of agents. Conclusions CysLTs fulfill the criteria for relevant mediators of allergic rhinitis via their diverse effects on immune, inflammatory, and local structural components of disease. By blocking the cysLT 1 receptor responsible for most of these effects, LTRAs represent a useful approach to treatment of this important and prevalent disorder.
Secretoglobins: Lacrimal gland-specific rabbit lipophilin mRNAs

PURPOSE. RNAs encoding secretoglobin subunits, also known as lipophilins, are found in rabbit lacrimal glands. Some secretoglobins in other species are tissue- and/or sex-specific, whereas other secretoglobins are expressed in a variety of tissues of both sexes. In this study the tissue-specific and sexual dimorphic expression patterns of rabbit lacrimal gland lipophilins AL, AL2, BL, CL, and CL2 were determined. METHODS. RNAs from male and female rabbit lacrimal glands were compared in a differential display analysis, and a new rabbit lacrimal gland secretoglobin, lipophilin AL2, was identified. Next, RNAs from male and female rabbit harderian, lacrimal, mandibular, sublingual, and parotid glands and from liver, kidney, pancreas, testis (male), ovary, and mammary gland (female) were isolated, electrophoresed in agarose gels, and transferred to nylon membranes. cDNA probes encoding the lipophilins AL, AL2, BL, and CL/CL2 were hybridized to the RNA in the blots. RESULTS. Rabbit mRNAs encoding the lipophilins AL, AL2, BL, CL, and CL2 were detected only in the lacrimal gland. Lipophilin AL2 mRNA was detected only in male rabbit lacrimal gland. CONCLUSIONS. In the rabbit, several lipophilins were expressed only in the lacrimal gland. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49: 2856‐2862) DOI:10.1167/iovs.07-1496 T he ocular tear film coats the corneal and conjunctival epithelia, providing lubrication and protection for the eye surface. The tear film is an aqueous-mucin gel, covered by a thin lipid layer at the air‐fluid interface. Lacrimal glands secrete the bulk of the fluid phase, consisting primarily of water, ions and a variety of dissolved proteins. Goblet cells in the conjunctival epithelium supply many dispersible mucins, proteins with large carbohydrate moieties, whereas corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells express membrane-bound mucins. Meibomian glands embedded in the eyelid margin secrete tear film lipids. The intraocular harderian glands of nonprimate vertebrates also contribute tear proteins and lipids.
V(D)J recombinatorial repertoire diversification during intraclonal pro-B to B-cell differentiation.

The initial B-cell repertoire is generated by combinatorial immunoglobulin V(D)J gene segment rearrangements that occur in a preferential sequence. Because cellular proliferation occurs during the course of these rearrangement events, it has been proposed that intraclonal diversification occurs during this phase of B-cell development. An opportunity to examine this hypothesis directly was provided by the identification of a human acute lymphoblastic leukemic cell line that undergoes spontaneous differentiation from pro-B cell to the pre-B and B-cell stages with concomitant changes in the gene expression profile that normally occur during B-cell differentiation. After confirming the clonality of the progressively differentiating cells, an analysis of immunoglobulin genes and transcripts indicated that pro-B cell members marked by the same DJ rearrangement generated daughter B cells with multiple VH and VL gene segment rearrangements. These findings validate the principle of intraclonal V(D)J diversification during B-cell generation and define a manipulable model of human B-cell differentiation.
Bidirectional reflectance distribution of a 2D thin-film photonic crystal patterned using an atomic-force microscope

Bidirectional reflectance distribution has been measured from an atomic-force-microscope (AFM)-patterned surface for the first time. The AFM was used to generate a two-dimensional square array of sub-wavelength surface features from a single material at a scale large enough to permit optical characterization. A diamond nano-indentation AFM probe was used to produce a 325-μm by 200-μm array of indentations in a 120-nm-thick polystyrene film deposited on silicon. Indentation spacing of 400 nm produced well-defined surface features with a maximum height of 140 nm. The full size array was achieved by tiling together single arrays, limited in size by the AFM scanner range, through the use of the AFM's translation stage. An SMS Complete Angle Scatter Instrument (CASI) was used to measure in-plane bidirectional reflectance at incident angles ranging from 0 to 80 degrees. Because of the small array size, the CASI beam was focused to approximately 140 μm and recalibrated using a 10-μm AFM calibration standard. Two wavelengths were investigated, 633 and 544 nm, at both s and p incident polarizations. Negative-first-order diffraction peaks were observed that were consistent with feature spacing. An anomalous scatter peak, believed to be associated with guidedmode resonance of the structure, was also observed. This is the first demonstration of an AFM-patterned polymer surface to behave as a 2D photonic crystal. The ability to construct and image arrays of optically active nano-features has potential DoD applications in laser eye protection and anti-reflection coatings for high power laser optics.
Uses of topiramate in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Alcohol dependence is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA and throughout the world. Over the last 10 years there has been an intense interest in developing pharmacotherapies that address the neurochemistry of alcohol dependence. Using a novel pharmacological approach to treating alcohol dependence, topiramate (Topamax®, Ortho–McNeil Pharmaceutical) has recently been shown to improve the drinking outcomes of alcohol-dependent individuals. This drug profile highlights the scientific concepts and clinical evidence in the development of topiramate for treating alcohol dependence.
Does secretin add value in pediatric magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

Secretin—a hormone that stimulates pancreatic exocrine secretion—is described to improve visualization of the pancreatic duct by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). In our pediatric practice, however, we have not observed substantial benefit with the use of secretin. To determine whether secretin dilates and improves visualization of the pancreatic duct in pediatric MRCP. Retrospective evaluation of secretin-enhanced MRCPs performed over a 15-month period. One reviewer measured the pancreatic duct pre- and post-secretin and two reviewers, blinded to the administration of secretin, assessed image quality and subjective duct visibility. Similar assessments of the biliary tree served as internal controls. We reviewed 20 MRCPs in 17 children. Following secretin administration, there was a small (0.3 mm) but statistically significant increase in pancreatic duct diameter (P = 0.002) and small (<0.2 mm) but significant increase in intrahepatic bile duct diameter (P = 0.0104). On subjective review, there was no significant difference in image quality or duct visibility based on the administration of secretin. Secretin induces dilatation of the pancreatic duct but the value of that effect in pediatric MRCP is suspect given the small change in duct diameter and the lack of improvement in image quality and duct visibility.
Structure and Function of the Phenazine Biosynthesis Protein PhzF from Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79‡

Phenazines, including pyocyanin and iodonin, are biologically active compounds that are believed to confer producing organisms with a competitive growth advantage, and also are thought to be virulence factors in certain diseases including cystic fibrosis. The basic, tricyclic phenazine ring system is synthesized in a series of poorly characterized steps by enzymes encoded in a seven-gene cistron in Pseudomonas and other organisms. Despite the biological importance of these compounds, and our understanding of their mode of action, the biochemistry and mechanisms of phenazine biosynthesis are not well resolved. Here we report the 1.8 A crystal structure of PhzF, a key enzyme in phenazine biosynthesis, solved by molecular replacement. PhzF is structurally similar to the lysine biosynthetic enzyme diaminopimelate epimerase, sharing an unusual fold consisting of two nearly identical domains with the active site located in an occluded cleft between the domains. Unlike diaminopimelate epimerase, PhzF is a dimer ...
Ultrastructure and pathogenesis of human urinary calculi.

Summary— The ultrastructure of human urinary calculi was studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The hydroxyapatite constituent of the stones was often present in the form of spherical aggregates of the minute apatite crystallites (1 to 10 μ in diameter). In most cases, the spherical apatite deposits consisted of concentric lamellae of crystallites. The spherical apatite deposits, described in detail for the first time in urolithiasis, were similar to those found in a variety of calcified tissues including nephrocalcinosis and malakoplakia.
Contact Transmission of Psoroptic Mange from Bighorn to Stone Sheep

Psoroptes sp. mites and tan crusty lesions were detected in the ears of a captive Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei) in April 1996, after contact with infected captive Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis). Psoroptes spp. have not been detected in free-ranging ungulates in Canada or Alaska (USA). This is the first report of Psoroptes sp. in Stone sheep, indicating their susceptibility to infection.
New Concept of Microtubule Dynamics and Microtubule Motor Movement and New Model of Chromosome Movement in Mitosis

In this study, microtubules are regarded as polymers with positive free surface energy. The dynamics of such polymers is complex, consisting of equilibrium, non-equilibrium, and one-dimensional processes. This view of microtubules enables us to propose a new model of microtubule dynamics bothin vitroandin vivo, and to draw a new conclusion on the role of GTP hydrolysis and calcium cations in microtubule polymerization. The study also offers a new model of chromosome movement in mitosis and a new model of the movement of motor proteins along microtubules. In the conclusion the similarity and difference between microtubules and microfilaments is examined. We conclude that microfilaments, like microtubules, represent polymers with positive free surface energy and that the movement of myosins along microfilaments can be realized in the same manner as the movement of motor proteins along microtubules.
A generalization of the sampling theorem

The sampling theorem for bandlimited functions allows one to reconstruct exactly a function containing no frequencies higher than W cps, given the values of the function at equispaced sampling points ( R + 1)/ W sec apart. This theorem is generalized to allow reconstruction, given the values of the function and its first R derivatives at equispaced sampling points, ( R + 1)/2 W sec apart. For large R , the R -derivative expansion approaches a Taylor's series weighted by a Gaussian density about each sample point.
Some aspects of the monetary economics of Richard Cantillon

Abstract This article examines several key aspects of the monetary economics in Richard Cantillon's Essai sur la Nature du Commerce en General (1755 viewed from a modern monetarist perspective with special focus on monetary dynamics. After establishing the quantity theory framework of Cantillon's analysis, the article reviews the following aspects of his work: his theory of monetary disequilibrium; his analysis of the open economy; his treatment of the interest rate; his treatment of expectations and information; and his analysis of monetary induced business fluctuations and the use of monetary policy.
A KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR BEGINNING SPECIAL EDUCATION TEACHERS

ABSTRACT A job analysis was conducted to define the content domain in which newly licensed (certified) special education teachers must be knowledgeable to perform their jobs in a competent manner. The results of the job analysis will be used to develop test specifications for the Subject Assessment in Special Education of the Praxis Series: Professional Assessments for Beginning Teachers. A draft domain of knowledge statements was developed by Educational Testing Service staff with input from subject matter experts. The draft domain was reviewed by a panel of 11 subject matter experts and an advisory committee of 9 special education experts. An inventory with 189 knowledge statements in 11 categories was then subjected to verification through a national survey of 612 special education teachers, 306 college faculty, and 102 administrators. Participants rated the statements in terms of their importance for newly licensed special education teachers. Only 8 statements received lower than the 2.50 importance rating cutoff. The 181 statements that were verified as important can be used as the basis for the development of test specifications. Six appendixes provide supplemental information, including the survey and a lengthy table of importance ratings. Six tables illustrate study findings. (Contains 16 references.) (SLD)
Familial motor neuron disease, non-Chamorro type: report of kinship.

Neurologic studies of three generations of a kinship revealed various manifestations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 7 affected members. The comparatively benign expression of the disease throughout this kinship militated against a firm or even correct diagnosis prior to completion of electrodiagnostic and histologic studies. Investigation of this unique pedigree, added to prior reports, lead the authors to conclude that when motor neuron disease is familial the disease may tend to run a relatively benign course. Hence, collective assessment of involved relatives is important in arriving at a prognosis for individual members.
Aldol Condensations Using Bio-oil Model Compounds: The Role of Acid–Base Bi-functionality

The aldol condensation of acetaldehyde, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone, which represent model bio-oil compounds, in the condensed phase, was performed using a bi-functional aluminophosphate catalyst. It was found that increasing the number and strength of the basic sites while decreasing acid sites on the catalyst caused a reduction in yield of the condensation products. In contrast, the addition of organic acids such as acetic acid at low concentrations to the catalyst-containing reaction mixture was found to increase activity. The presence of both acid and base sites was found to be necessary and their relative number was important for both the activity and selectivity of the condensation reaction. A mechanism explaining the observed phenomena was proposed.
Grilled Meat Consumption and PhIP-DNA Adducts in Prostate Carcinogenesis

2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is the major heterocyclic amine generated from cooking meats at high temperatures, and dietary exposures have been shown to induce prostate cancer in rats. PhIP derives its carcinogenic potential through the formation of PhIP-DNA adducts. The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-reported consumption and preparation doneness of grilled meats were associated with PhIP-DNA adduct levels in prostate epithelial cells. The study population consisted of 268 African-American and Caucasian men who underwent radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. PhIP-DNA adducts in tumor and adjacent nontumor cells were measured using immunohistochemical methods, and dietary meat intake information was based on food frequency questionnaires. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models. After adjusting for age at prostatectomy and race, grilled meat consumption (P = 0.002) was significantly associated with higher adduct levels in tumor cells, but this association seemed to be primarily due to consumption of grilled red meats (P = 0.001) as opposed to grilled white meat consumption (P = 0.15). Among the specific food items, grilled hamburger consumption had the most significant association with adduct level in tumor cells (P = 0.002). Similar trends in positive associations with grilled meat consumption and adduct levels were observed in nontumor cells, but none of these associations reached statistical significance. Our results suggest that dietary interventions targeted at lower consumption of grilled red meats may reduce prostate cancer risk via the PhIP prostate carcinogenic pathway.
Enhancing competitiveness through effective adoption and utilisation of advanced manufacturing technology: implications and lessons learned

In an increasingly technology-based competitive global business environment, the operational and competitive strategic potentials of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) and related systems cannot be overlooked. This article presents the results of an investigation of AMT implementation practices at 82 discrete-parts durable goods manufacturing plants in the USA. Several propositions that were derived from the AMT literature are tested. The results of this investigation indicate that plants that are desirous of adopting integrated technologies should be prepared to exert considerable effort on the activities in the pre-planning and justification stages of the implementation process. These and other findings that will be particularly useful to firms in the pre-planning stages of technology adoption are outlined and discussed. Research implications of this study are also presented and discussed.
The amygdala of the box turtle, Terrapene c. carolina†

The amygdala of the box turtle lies beneath the posterior hypopallial ridge. Three nuclear groups may be distinguished in it: (1) the anterior amygdaloid area, (2) the basolateral group and (3) the corticomedial group. The anterior amygdaloid area shows no subdivisions; its location ventral and ventromedial to the caudal part of the small-celled portion of the piriform area is evident. The basolateral group is subdivided into lateral and basal amygdaloid nuclei. The interconnections of this group through the anterior commissure with the comparable area in the opposite amygdala and with the corticomedial group indicate that it is functionally a vicarious cortex. The corticomedial group is divisible into medial and cortical amygdaloid nuclei. The medial nucleus is poorly defined. The cortical nucleus is bounded by the medial amygdaloid nucleus on the medial side and the ventral border of the piriform cortex laterally, and is comparable to the cortical amygdaloid nucleus of higher vertebrates. The lateral olfactory tract arises from mitral cells of the olfactory bulb and accessory olfactory bulb and neurons of the anterior olfactory nucleus. The lateral part of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the lateral and the intermediate parts of the tuberculum olfactorium and the small-celled part of the piriform cortex contribute to and receive fibers from the lateral olfactory tract. The lateral olfactory tract sends fibers to the anterior amygdaloid area and the corticomedial group. The lateral corticohabenular tract has an anterior and a posterior division. The anterior division arises from cells of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract and the lateroventral portion of the piriform cortex. It is joined by those fascicles arising in the corticomedial group and designated as the amygdalohabenular tract. This tract crosses in the habenular commissure and retraces its course to enter the corticomedial amygdaloid nuclear group on the side opposite its origin. The basolateral group is interconnected through the anterior commissure. The stria terminalis contains three components which interconnect the corticomedial amygdaloid nuclear group with the septum, the preoptic area and the hypothalamus. The supracommissural and the intracommissural components relate the cortical and the medial nuclei to the septum, the preoptic area and the hypothalamus of the same side. The infracommissural component interconnects the cortical and the medial amygdaloid nuclei with the septum, the preoptic area and the hypothalamus of the same and the opposite side. The dorsal and the ventral olfactory projection tracts arise from the corticomedial amygdaloid nuclear group. They terminate in the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus.
Early life menstrual characteristics and pregnancy experiences among women with and without major depression: the Harvard study of moods and cycles.

Abstract Background: Other than premenstrual dysphoria, few studies have examined the extent to which basic characteristics of the menstrual cycle and the occurrence of other reproductive landmarks impact on the risk of major depression. Methods: From a population-based sample of 4161 premenopausal women 36–45 years of age, we identified 332 women who met DSM criteria for past or current major depression and a sample of 644 women with no such history. In person interviews included a detailed assessment of menstrual cycle characteristics from age at menarche through study enrollment as well as other reproductive landmarks. Results: Risk of depression increased significantly with decreasing age at menarche (P
2-(4'-CHLOROPHENYL)-1,4-BENZOQUINONE INCREASES THE FREQUENCY OF MICRONUCLEI AND SHORTENS TELOMERES.

Abstract The toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been attributed widely to receptor-mediated effects, buttressed by the popularity of the toxic equivalency factor. We propose that a crucial toxic mechanism of lower chlorinated PCBs is their enzymatic biotransformation to electrophiles, including quinoid metabolites, that bind intracellular sulfhydryl groups, such as those found in microtubulin and enzymes like telomerase. To test this hypothesis, we have examined micronuclei induction, cell cycle, and telomere shortening in cells in culture. Our findings show a large increase in micronuclei frequency and cell cycle perturbation in V79 cells, and a marked decrease in telomere length in HaCaT cells exposed to 2-(4′-chlorophenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone (PCB3pQ).
Data Analysis in the Shot Noise Limit Part III: An Adaptive Method for Data Smoothing

Digital filter smoothing methods for shot-noise-limited data are addressed in this study. The preferred method is based on a Gaussian filter in which the width of the Gaussian filter function is varied depending on the estimate of the second derivative of the raw data. This filter is developed from the standpoint of maximum likelihood parameter estimation of the probability density function which describes shot-noise-limited data. The smoothing filter is tested and compared with the conventional sequential regression filter. This adaptive Gaussian smoothing filter works better than both the sequential regression and the adaptive Gaussian filter derived for normal noise. For data containing both high- and low-frequency components, the limiting step in the adaptive filter is an estimation of the smoothing interval. Methods for determining an optimum smoothing interval are discussed. With the optimized smoothing interval, the adaptive Gaussian filter works well for data sets with a wide range of varying frequency components. In particular, synthetic data typical of atomic emission spectra are used to test this smoothing filter.
Thresholds leading to shift: Spanish/English codeswitching and convergence in Georgia, U.S.A

In the speech of members of a Georgia (U.S.A.) community of immigrants from Latin America, as their bilingual sentences of Spanish/English reach a certain threshold of English content, Spanish morphosyntactic patterns begin to converge toward those of English. Data from naturally-occurring conversations by 56 children and adults of both sexes are analyzed within Myers-Scotton’s (1993 [1997], 2002) Matrix Language Frame model. Eight language types were identified, including monolingual Spanish and English turns, codeswitched turns, and turns showing convergence (morpheme strings from one language with some grammatical structure from the other). An instance of each language type per turn was counted as a token of that language type. Each sentence of a multisentence turn was counted as a separate token. Tokens of each type were counted per informant. A rank ordering of the data by percentage of monolingual Spanish allows observation of how certain thresholds signal changes in the types of language mixing. Analysis reveals that percentages of monolingual and codeswitched utterances pattern in relation to percentages of utterances showing convergence, indicating that informants’ Spanish does not begin to converge toward English until fewer than 70% of their utterances are monolingual Spanish. The data thus show that both codeswitching and convergence are mechanisms of language shift and change from dominance in one language to another. Social factors are also shown to be associated with the linguistic patterns.
A U-shaped model for the development of intuition by level of expertise

Abstract Based on a review of the literature, this paper proposes a non-linear U-shaped model of intuition development influenced by an individual's level of expertise within a given subject area. Two qualitatively different types of intuition are described: immature intuition and mature intuition, each differentiated by the level of expertise of the individual in a specific subject area. Immature intuition is most available when an individual is a novice in a given knowledge domain, where his/her analytical knowledge of the subject does not interfere with the ability to make novel insights. Mature intuition is more rare and is most available when an individual is more of an expert in the subject area with well-developed relevant knowledge structures. Issues regarding the viability of this preliminary model are discussed.
Intracranial squamous cell carcinoma causing Horner's syndrome in a cow.

is rapidly increasing. A thorough knowledge of specific diseases, pathologic conditions, and predisposing factors is necessary for effective care of these animals. Further research into this and other conditions unique to llamas is necessary to determine the significance and impact of these conditions on the North American llama population. The high frequency of 1 tumor type, especially in a species with apparent low recorded tumor incidence, may indicate a significant predisposition of this genus for gastric squamous cell carcinoma. Acknowledgements. We thank Drs. Ann M. Dickson and Aubrey N. Baird for providing some of the case material. This is publication no. 2533, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
Vibrational spectra of bismuth silicate glasses and hydrogen-induced reduction effects

Abstract Raman (10–1200 cm −1 ) and infrared reflectance (100–2000 cm −1 ) spectra are reported for bismuth silicate glasses of the formula x Bi 2 O 3 · (10− x )SiO 2 with x = 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4. The basic vibrational characteristics and the possible glass structure are discussed. The results provide evidence that bismuth oxide behaves as the network former while silicon oxide is present as isolated SiO 4 tetrahedra. Hydrogen treatment was performed at 300°C on a bismuth silicate glass with x = 5. The intensity of most Raman bands decreased with increasing exposure time. The infrared spectrum after reduction showed vibrational bands at 1124 and 1220 cm −1 which are characteristic of SiOSi stretching vibrational modes in a fused-silica network. The spectral changes observed indicate the formation of bismuth metallic colloids as well as the formation of the bridged SiOSi structure in the glass surface layer during reduction.
Environmental and growth regulator effects on heterophylly and growth of Proserpinaca intermedia (Haloragaceae)

Abstract Effects of five growth regulators GA 3 , AMO-1618, ABA, IAA and kinetin on growth and leaf development of aerial forms of Proserpinaca intermedia Mack. were investigated. Plants were cultured in different photoperiods (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 h light) and at different temperatures (15 and 27°C) for 35 days. Untreated plants maintained in photoperiods of 14 h and greater at 27°C grew erect, produced lanceolate-serrate leaves and flowered. Plants subjected to shorter photoperiods grew prostrate, developed small dissected leaves and remained vegetative. Leaf form and growth habit were modified by low temperature. Plants cultured at 15°C grew prostrate and developed dissected leaves regardless of photoperiod. ABA, IAA or kinetin treatments had no effect on growth or leaf form. GA 3 application to plants cultured under short days induced a growth habit and leaf form similar to that observed in plants cultured under long days. Low temperature induced prostrate growth and resulting dissected leaf formation was counteracted by GA 3 application. Plants which were made gibberellin deficient following application of AMO-1618 produced dissected leaves under long days (14 h). It is concluded that the morphological changes observed in Proserpinaca are caused by changes in endogenous hormonal levels. Their action is initiated by photoperiod through phytochrome and is modulated by temperature.
Use of calcium-channel blocking drugs in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Verapamil exerts a wide spectrum of hemodynamic effects in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC), and its administration offers an important alternative to beta-receptor blocker therapy in such patients. The intravenous administration of verapamil to 62 patients in the catheterization laboratory decreased systolic blood pressure from 118 +/- 17 to 102 +/- 17 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). It had no significant effect on heart rate, mean pulmonary artery wedge pressure, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure or cardiac output; however, LV outflow gradient in the basal state decreased from 62 +/- 34 to 29 +/- 34 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). These findings demonstrate a decrease in LV outflow tract obstruction. Radionuclide angiography indicated the major action responsible for the reduction in obstruction appears to be an improvement in LV diastolic function. Short-term nifedipine administration to patients with HC produced no significant effect on LV outflow tract gradients and early diastolic filling. Short-term double-blind studies showed that verapamil improved exercise time by 26 +/- 35% (p less than 0.005) compared with placebo, whereas propranolol improved it by 21 +/- 35% (p less than 0.025). In a separate study, verapamil improved exercise duration by 38 +/- 58% (p = 0.02) compared with placebo, whereas nifedipine improved it by 20 +/- 47% (difference is not significant). Verapamil resulted in a more beneficial subjective symptomatic response than propranolol or nifedipine when compared with placebo. Long-term verapamil therapy was instituted in 227 patients; 133 of these patients have continued taking the medication for an average of 25 +/- 13 months because their quality of life improved compared with what they experienced with their former therapy (usually beta blocker). Improved exercise capacity of 40% has been maintained in 32 patients for 2 years. A decrease in ventricular septal thickness of 1.5 +/- 2.6 mm was also found in 32 patients studied after 39 +/- 8 months of verapamil therapy. Nine patients died during follow-up study, but it is unclear whether the drug increased survival or, conversely, whether any of the deaths could be attributed to verapamil administration. Significant adverse electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects were seen in 59 instances. The electrophysiologic events, atrioventricular block and sinus arrest, were definitely verapamil-related, but it is uncertain how many of the hemodynamic problems of hypotension and pulmonary congestion were drug-related.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Vascular risk reduction during anterior surgical approach sacroiliac joint plating.

Abstract Introduction Open reduction and internal fixation of sacroiliac (SI) joint is often performed through an anterior approach. However, there were no studies to our knowledge which described the “at risk area” for injury to the nutrient artery as it relates to open reduction and internal fixation of the SI joint. The purpose of this study was to determine the “at risk area” for the nutrient artery during anterior surgical approaches to the SI joint and to define the safe location of the plate for SI joint fixation. Materials and methods Six right and five left hemipelvises (three male and three female cadavers) were dissected with a mean age of 72 years (range, 51–90 years). Three bony landmarks including the pelvic brim, anterior SI joint line, and the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) were identified to quantify the measurements. Three different measurements were taken: from the nutrient foramen to the anterior SI joint line; from the nutrient foramen to the nearest point on the pelvic brim; from the nutrient foramen to ASIS using a flexible ruler with a 1 mm base. Results The nutrient artery courses across the SI joint to enter into the nutrient foramen. Whilst exposing the internal surface of the SI joint, the nutrient foramen was identified at a mean distance of 88.1 mm medial to ASIS, 20.1 mm above the pelvic brim, and 20.1 mm lateral to SI joint. The variability of the location of the nutrient foramen was identified and was located from 80 mm to 95 mm medial to the ASIS, 12 mm to 25 mm lateral to the SI joint, and 16 mm to 30 mm above the pelvic brim. Conclusion Familiarity of the vasculature of the internal pelvis is of utmost importance for the surgeon when considering operative fixation of the anterior SI joint. We were able to identify the relation of the nutrient artery to the anatomic landmarks of the internal pelvis and to define the “at risk area” for the nutrient artery. We believe increased understanding of the anatomy of the nutrient artery will aid in the avoidance of vascular complications during internal fixation of the anterior SI joint.
Can a Descending Rain Curtain in a Supercell Instigate Tornadogenesis Barotropically

Abstract This paper investigates whether the descending rain curtain associated with the hook echo of a supercell can instigate a tornado through a purely barotropic mechanism. A simple numerical model of a mesocyclone is constructed in order to rule out other tornadogenesis mechanisms in the simulations. The flow is axisymmetric and Boussinesq with constant eddy viscosity in a neutrally stratified environment. The domain is closed to avoid artificial decoupling of a vortex from the storm-scale circulation. In the principal simulation, the initial condition is a balanced, slowly decaying, Beltrami flow describing an updraft that is rotating cyclonically at midlevels around a low pressure center surrounded by a concentric downdraft that revolves cyclonically but has anticyclonic vorticity. The boundary conditions are no slip on the tangential wind and free slip on the radial or vertical wind to accommodate this initial condition and to allow strong interaction of a vortex with the ground. Precipitation is ...
Vitamin D and lower urinary tract symptoms among US men: results from the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Objective To evaluate the association of vitamin D levels and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) among US men. Material and Methods Data were analyzed for 2387 men (≥20 years) who participated in the 2005-2006 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional survey of the US noninstitutionalized population. LUTS included nocturia, incomplete emptying, hesitancy, and urinary incontinence (UI). Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was categorized as ≥30 ng/mL (normal), 20-30 ng/mL (insufficiency), and Results A majority (89%, n = 1241) had vitamin D levels Conclusion Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are highly prevalent among adult men in the US, and vitamin D deficiency is associated with moderate-severe UI and the presence of at least 1 LUTS.
A high voltage electron microscopy study of hydrogen-induced damage in a low alloy, medium carbon steel

Abstract A low alloy, medium carbon steel was heat treated to form different microstructures and cathodically hydrogen charged at room temperature in the absence of external stress. The hydrogen-induced microstructural damage was studied using high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). Direct HVEM studies of three very different microstructures showed that the introduction of hydrogen results in the formation of dislocations, dislocation cells, small-angle subgrain boundaries and microbubbles in heavily charged fully spheroidized air-cooled-and-annealed (AA) and partially spheroidized (LS) samples. The hydrogen-induced dislocations are frequently tangled or piled up at grain boundaries and carbide particles. Hydrogen-induced subgrain boundaries are believed to be formed by a dynamic recovery process. Unlike AA or LS samples, the microstructure of quenched-and-annealed samples is not significantly affected by the charging treatment except for the formation of hydrogen-induced microbubbles. These hydrogen-induced microbubbles are observed to nucleate preferentially at internal interfaces such as grain boundaries and carbideferrite interphase boundaries. Locally high dislocation densities are usually observed to be generated around the microbubbles, indicating large localized strains accompanying bubble nucleation and growth. In the highly hydrogen-charged LS microstructure, the microbubbles are observed to nucleate predominantly at the already spheroidized carbide particles and at the tips of the partially spheroidized carbide lamellae. The more coherent carbide lamellar broad faces are apparently ineffective bubble nucleation sites.
The impact of behavior-specific and behavior-nonspecific reinforcement on child compliance to mother directives.

Theories of child socialization differ with regard to the influence they attribute to behavior-specific reinforcement contingencies versus behavior-nonspecific reinforcement contingencies (i.e. social responsiveness). The present research investigated, at a within-individual level, the relationship between both types of reinforcement and child compliance with maternal directives. Behavior-specific reinforcement was defined as the history of reinforcement obtained by children for prior episodes of compliance and noncompliance to mother directives. Behavior-nonspecific reinforcement was defined as the history of reinforcement obtained by children for prosocial and aversive behaviors unrelated to mother directives. It was hypothesized that both reinforcement processes would be related to child responses to subsequent mother directives. The findings support these hypotheses. The discussion addresses caretaker social responsiveness as an intervention target of behavioral family therapy.