cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Logic, K4, and Persistence

We characterize the first-order formulas with one free variable that are preserved under bisimulation and persistence or strong persistence over the class of Kripke models with transitive frames and unary persistent predicates.
Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

Spiraculate blastoids have extraordinary internal skeletonized respiratory structures, the hydrospires. However, the detailed pattern of seawater flow within them is unknown, making it difficult to assess their respiratory effectiveness. Using a scaled-up (72x) 3D printed physical model to visualize the flow of water through the most distal (aboral) part of the hydrospire of Pentremites rusticus, we show that flow was consistent with effective respiratory exchange in the hydrospire folds – the flow continued horizontally within the hydrospire folds after passing through the hydrospire pore canals and only developed an adoral component to its velocity once it had entered the hydrospire canals. The observed orderly laminar flow is consistent with the Reynolds numbers we estimate for a living blastoid (Re = 0.0008–0.05). While most functional analyses of spiraculate hydrospires focus on their respiratory function, it is also possible that they played a role in feeding, helping to draw water past the brachioles, which is a hypothesis that is amenable to future testing. Tony L. Huynh. Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-3140 USA. huynhtony@berkeley.edu Dennis Evangelista. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3280 USA. devangel@live.unc.edu Charles R. Marshall*. University of California Museum of Paleontology and Department of Integrative Biology University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720-4780 USA. crmarshall@berkeley.edu *Author for correspondence
Understanding microtubule organizing centers by comparing mutant and wild-type structures with electron tomography.

Publisher Summary Microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) are responsible for the initiation of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules (MTs), and they play essential roles in many critical biological processes. This chapter describes methods for rapid freezing and freeze-substitution of whole Chlamydomonas cells and the use of electron tomography (ET) to study the three-dimensional (3D) organization of the basal body complex in intact cells. Using these methods, this complex in wild-type cells is compared with the one from a mutant strain that carries a basal body assembly defect. This use of ET to compare mutants with wild-type cells permits the identification of defects in specific structural components and increases the understanding of the assembly and function of the basal body complex in Chlamydomonas.In addition, ET has been used to determine the roles of particular tubulin isoforms in the structure and function of basal bodies from Chlamydomonas. The combination of mutant analysis and ET helps to understand the assembly and function of this MTOC. These methods can be applied to a wide range of biological systems to address structure–function relationships in other organisms.
The tourism of Indian California: A neglected legacy

Abstract California's heritage attracts a large portion of the tourism market, and has an even greater potential. Yet, in contrast with the southwest where Indian cultural resources are actively promoted, California's Indian heritage is almost totally neglected. The purpose here is to review historic and current factors limiting California Indian tourism development; to examine roles of California Indians vis-a-vis governmental agencies who present the Indian heritage; and to suggest how domestic tourism models might be revised to better accommodate tourism goals. Tourists, middlemen, and hosts share significant aspects of culture such as history and language in domestic tourism. Their lifestyles and usual environs, however, may contrast as urban versus rural. Recommendations are presented for increased co-directorship of the California Indian heritage and more availability to some tourist types.
Dependent multinomial models made easy: stick breaking with the Pólya-gamma augmentation

Many practical modeling problems involve discrete data that are best represented as draws from multinomial or categorical distributions. For example, nucleotides in a DNA sequence, children's names in a given state and year, and text documents are all commonly modeled with multinomial distributions. In all of these cases, we expect some form of dependency between the draws: the nucleotide at one position in the DNA strand may depend on the preceding nucleotides, children's names are highly correlated from year to year, and topics in text may be correlated and dynamic. These dependencies are not naturally captured by the typical Dirichlet-multinomial formulation. Here, we leverage a logistic stick-breaking representation and recent innovations in Polya-gamma augmentation to reformulate the multinomial distribution in terms of latent variables with jointly Gaussian likelihoods, enabling us to take advantage of a host of Bayesian inference techniques for Gaussian models with minimal overhead.
Applications of Superconductivity to AC Rotating Machines

The development of high-field superconducting wire, suitable for fabrication into windings for electric machines, presents the opportunity for significant improvements in rotating electric machines. Previously copper and iron have been the obvious materials to use. In the evolution of the machines since the turn of the century, the most significant changes have been in the insulations and the coolants. The thermosetting resins have completely replaced the older asphalt impregnated insulations which had in turn replaced varnished insulations. Mica has also been used with thermosetting resins for insulations which must withstand high electric stress. Metallurgical improvements have also improved the performance of the magnetic circuits of the machines.
Thoracoscopic diaphragm plication

The diaphragm is grasped, and as much of the anterior diaphragm as possible is pulled into a retaining clamp. This maneuver is easier to perform for the right diaphragm than the left diaphragm, owing to the risk of incorporating viscera on the left. Upon initial placement of the clamp, it is evident that all of the diaphragm that would optimally be resected cannot occur in one application. This is precluded by three factors: the dome of the diaphragm, the length of the staple line, and the amount of diaphragm that would optimally be resected. Rather, the clamp is progressively advanced on the redundant diaphragm after each firing of the stapler resection is progressively regrasped after each staple load. A linear endostapling device (Covidien Endo GIATM and 45-mm Purple Reload with Tri-StapleTM) is placed under the clamp, and the diaphragm resection is begun at the most anterior aspect, with the intention to resect as much of the central portion of the diaphragm as possible. The diaphragm is then resected with subsequent staple loads, serially proceeding from anterior and medial on the diaphragm, diagonally in posterior and lateral direction.
Adaptation of iron absorption in men consuming diets with high or low iron bioavailability

BACKGROUND Short-term measurements of iron absorption are substantially influenced by dietary bioavailability of iron, yet bioavailability negligibly affects serum ferritin in longer, controlled trials. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test the hypothesis that in men fed diets with high or low iron bioavailability, iron absorption adapts to homeostatically maintain body iron stores. DESIGN Heme- and nonheme-iron absorption from whole diets were measured in 31 healthy men at 0 and 10 wk while the men consumed weighed, 2-d repeating diets with either high or low iron bioavailability for 12 wk. The diets with high and low iron bioavailability contained, respectively, 14.4 and 15.3 mg nonheme Fe/d and 1.8 and 0.1 mg heme Fe/d and had different contents of meat, ascorbic acid, whole grains, legumes, and tea. RESULTS Adaptation occurred with nonheme- but not with heme-iron absorption. Total iron absorption decreased from 0.96 to 0.69 mg/d (P < 0.05) and increased from 0.12 to 0.17 mg/d (P < 0.05) after 10 wk of the high- and low-bioavailability diets, respectively. This partial adaptation reduced the difference in iron bioavailability between the diets from 8- to 4-fold. Serum ferritin was insensitive to diet but fecal ferritin was substantially lower with the low- than the high-bioavailability diet. Erythrocyte incorporation of absorbed iron was inversely associated with serum ferritin. CONCLUSIONS Iron-replete men partially adapted to dietary iron bioavailability and iron absorption from a high-bioavailability diet was reduced to approximately 0.7 mg Fe/d. Short-term measurements of absorption overestimate differences in iron bioavailability between diets.
Victory without peace: Conquest, insurgency, and war termination

The decisive defeat of an enemy in conventional war—conquest—frequently brings about peace on the victor’s terms; in some cases, however, conquest does not end the violence, but instead marks a transition to guerrilla war. What determines whether conquest results in war termination? While traditional theories of insurgency would predict that peace depends on appealing to the hearts and minds of the defeated population, I argue that conquerors in conventional wars cannot expect to win over the defeated population, and hence that avoiding post-conquest resistance requires quick and often brutal responses to initial opposition to deter potential challengers. I test this argument both statistically and through two sets of short paired case studies.
A faster Arimoto-Blahut algorithm via squeezing

We present a “squeezing” strategy which aims at improving the convergence rate of the classical Arimoto-Blahut algorithm while preserving its simplicity and monotonic convergence properties.
From materials to materiality: connecting practice and theory in hc

As practical resources and analytical precepts, "materials" have become central to the design and study of information technology. By considering how HCI has moved from material to materiality and, by implication, from practice to theory, we will examine different facets of material culture in HCI, drawing from domains just beyond it, such as craft studies, information studies and organizational studies. This workshop thus aims to bring together a range of perspectives on the materials of HCI to enrich our understanding of the design and analysis of interaction.
Immersion ultrasonic brain examination—360° compound scan

Abstract Compound immersion methods of examining the brain make it possible to scan 360° around the head. Reproduced in this article are pictures of six horizontal cross-sections of the head taken by this method, which show skull outlines and images of the midline. Variable gain and regenerating circuits clarify the pictures and the authors suggest that ventricular pulsations could be used to identify the origin of some echoes
Epoxide Ring Opening by α-Sulfonyl Carbanions. Synthesis of γ-Hydroxy Sulfones and Triflones

Abstract γ-Hydroxy sulfones and triflones are obtained in moderate to excellent yields when n-butyl lithium is added to a mixture of sulfone and epoxide in toluene at 65[ddot] C followed by heating from four to twenty hours at 110[ddot] C.
Heart failure: Aldosterone antagonism for HFpEF.

No therapy has been proven to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Owing to the deleterious cardiovascular effects of aldosterone, mineralocorticoid antagonists hold promise to treat this disorder. The Aldo-DHF trial provides valuable insights into the effects of these agents in HFpEF.
Bayesian Estimation of Positively Selected Sites

In protein-coding DNA sequences, historical patterns of selection can be inferred from amino acid substitution patterns. High relative rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes (ω=d N /d S ) are a clear indicator of positive, or directional, selection, and several recently developed methods attempt to distinguish these sites from those under neutral or purifying selection. One method uses an empirical Bayesian framework that accounts for varying selective pressures across sites while conditioning on the parameters of the model of DNA evolution and on the phylogenetic history. We describe a method that identifies sites under diversifying selection using a fully Bayesian framework. Similar to earlier work, the method presented here allows the rate of nonsynonymous to synonymous changes to vary among sites. The significant difference in using a fully Bayesian approach lies in our ability to account for uncertainty in parameters including the tree topology, branch lengths, and the codon model of DNA substitution. We demonstrate the utility of the fully Bayesian approach by applying our method to a data set of the vertebrate β-globin gene. Compared to a previous analysis of this data set, the hierarchical model found most of the same sites to be in the positive selection class, but with a few striking exceptions.
Improvement for alignment process of automotive assembly plant using simulation and design of experiments

This paper develops and discusses a discrete event simulation model for alignment process of automotive assembly plant. It also includes optimisation, design of experiments and meta-modelling studies. This simulation assists to understand the current process performance and capacity, key processes or procedures impacting throughput and production efficiency. The model modified to reflect changes aimed at optimising the process performance and layout, to increase efficiency, improve throughput and reduce cost.
Enthalpy-entropy compensation is not a general feature of weak association.

Relationships between the enthalpy and entropy changes resulting from perturbations of a system have been discussed in the literature for some time. Both positive correlations (compensation) and negative correlations (anti-compensation) between ΔH and ΔS have been observed in various experimental contexts, including chemical reaction, physical association, solvation, and protein folding. Many examples have been demonstrated to be statistical artifacts, but some are genuine signatures of the perturbations in molecular characteristics. In particular, recent literature claims that compensation is a general feature of bimolecular associations arising from weak intermolecular interactions. We employ a statistical mechanical framework to predict the magnitude and direction of enthalpy−entropy correlation in bimolecular association. The theory links the macroscale thermodynamic correlation to the relationship between the intermolecular potential parameters. Using a harmonic approximation to the Lennard-Jones mod...
Granuloma annulare: An immunohistochemical study

The monocyte/histiocytic response in granuloma annulare has not been extensively studied. We studied the immunohistochemical staining pattern in granuloma annulare by using a panel of markers for "histiocytic" cells including Ham 56, KP1, factor XIIIa, Mac 387, vimentin, and lysozyme. The infiltrate failed to stain with the histiocytic markers, except with antibodies against vimentin and lysozyme. Commonly used histiocytic markers for infectious, immunogenic, and foreign body granulomas fail to stain the infiltrate in granuloma annulare. We hypothesize that a locally derived, immunologically distinct population of histiocytes produces the reaction pattern of granuloma annulare.
Carbon dioxide exchange rates in wheat canopies. Part I. Influence of canopy geometry on trends in leaf area index, light interception and instantaneous exchange rates

Abstract This field study investigated the influence of different canopy structures on seasonal trends in leaf area index (LAI), light interception, and instantaneous net carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) exchange rates (NCE) in wheat. Winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Newton) was planted at the Evapotranspiration Research Site (Unit 2) located 14 km south of Manhattan, KS (39°09′N, 96°37′W) in north-south and east-west row orientations with 0.18-, 0.35-, 0.53-, and 0.71-m row spacings during the 1982–1983 and 1983–1984 growing seasons. Seeding rates were 67, 34, 22, and 17 kg ha −1 for the 0.18-, 0.35-, 0.53-, and 0.71-m row spacings, respectively. These treatments modified the wheat canopy structure for a comparative study. For both years, the soil type was a Muir silt loam (fine-silty, Mesic, Pachic Haplustoll). All plots were fertilized with 109 kg N ha −1 incorporated prior to planting. Interplant competition reduced the size, tiller number, and above-ground green phytomass for individual plants planted in narrow-spaced rows. However, the total number of plants, tillers, and green phytomass per ground area were greatest in the narrow-spaced rows. Altering canopy structure significantly influenced the seasonal trends in LAI, with larger values occurring in canopies planted in narrow-spaced rows. NCE rates were consistently higher in wheat canopies grown in the narrow-spaced rows (i.e. greater LAI) and decreased with increasing row width (i.e. smaller LAI). LAI was an adequate indicator of potential NCE rates during the vegetative and reproductive stages of growth. However the maximum NCE rates remained at seasonal high levels during the senescent phase when the LAI dropped below the canopy light saturation threshold (i.e. LAI of 2.5–3.5) suggesting that stem and heads play a vital role in NCE rate during senescence. NCE were consistently greater in the north-south oriented canopies when compared to the east-west ones, particularly at high zenith angles during clear days. However, row orientation did not significantly influence seasonal phytomass production. Narrow-spaced rows obtained canopy closure early in the spring which significantly increases light interception efficiency and NCE rates resulting in higher phytomass production.
Testing a Model of Participant Retention in Longitudinal Substance Abuse Research.

Longitudinal substance abuse research has often been compromised by high rates of attrition, thought to be the result of the lifestyle that often accompanies addiction. Several studies have used strategies including collection of locator information at the baseline assessment, verification of the information, and interim contacts prior to completing the follow-up to minimize attrition, however it is unclear whether these strategies are equally effective for participants struggling with varying levels of housing stability, support for sobriety, and substance abuse severity. The current study extends research supporting the effectiveness of follow-up strategies with a focus on locator form completion and continual verification contacts. Results indicated that each additional piece of locator form information and verification contact significantly and independently increased the odds for completing a follow-up interview, and that these effects were not moderated by participant characteristics. Practical and ...
Healing of microcracks in quartz: Implications for fluid flow

Microcracks in quartz {approximately} 100{mu}m in length and < {approximately}10 {mu}m in width heal in 4 h at 600 C and water pressure of 200 MPa (fluid pressure (P{sub f}) = confining pressure (P{sub c})). Healing is thermally activated; the activation energy is estimated to be between 80 and 35 kJ/mol, depending on the model assumed. Rates also show dependence on fluid pressure, chemistry, and crack dimensions. Faster healing rates are observed in smaller cracks. Thus, when new cracks are not being produced in rocks at elevated temperatures and pressures, fractures will have a vast range of lifetimes: macrofractures transport most of the fluid volume and seal relatively slowly, whereas microcracks allow pervasive penetration of fluid into the rock mass but heal quickly.
The Problem of Temporality in the Work of Georg Simmel

While Georg Simmel's work is predominantly recognized as contributing to the formal analysis of social interaction and temporality is an issue not conceived of as a feature of his work, formal anal...
Control of Laryngeal Muscle Activity in Preterm Infants

ABSTRACT: Control of upper airway muscles, such as those in the larynx, appears important for optimizing airflow patterns during normal respiration. Electromyograms (EMGs) of the laryngeal (LAR) area and diaphragm (DIA) were recorded with esophageal and skin electrodes, respectively, in 12 unsedated sleeping preterm infants during changes in chemical and mechanical feedback. Onset of phasic inspiratory LAR EMG preceded both DIA EMG and inspiratory airflow by 70 ±; 60 and 180 ±; 80 ms, respectively. Inhalation of 4% C02 increased both peak LAR and DIA EMGs but did not alter their temporal relationships. End expiratory occlusion prolonged both LAR (600 ±; 120 to 930 ±; 290 ms, p < 0.05) and DIA EMGs (690 ±; 180 to 940 ±; 270 ms, p < 0.005) as well as mechanical inspiratory time. Early braking of expiratory flow was accompanied by persistence of DIA EMG into the expiratory phase, while termination of mid- to late expiratory braking was associated with onset of the LAR EMG of the subsequent inspiration. We conclude that respiratory activity of the LAR EMG is altered by both chemical and mechanoreceptor stimulation. Furthermore, simultaneous recording of LAR and DIA EMGs suggests that upper airway and chest wall muscles have different effects on expiratory flow patterns in human infants.
Restricted Three Body Problem in Semiconductor Heterostructure

The three-body restricted problem for X− and X+ trions when a spatially separated exciton and electron or hole are located in the parallel quantum wells (QW) is reduced to the 2D three body problem for the exciton and the projection of the electron or hole on the plane of the excitonic QW. In the limit of a large spatial separation of the QWs the eigenfunctions and energy spectrum for X− and X+ trions are obtained analytically. The 2D Wigner crystallization of the trions in the coupled QWs is discussed.
The Political Psychology of `Peace through Democratization'

Many scholars and policy-makers have pinned their hopes on the expectation that in the post-Cold War world peace will be preserved if the diffusion of democracy continues. This hope is grounded on ...
Comparing the LUSH code and current design methods for calculating structural loads in large pools

Abstract Large pools have been proposed as additional storage capacity for spent nuclear fuel elements. In evaluating structural loads on the walls of modularized and unmodularized pools, the author compares current design methods of analysis with the LUSH code. The design methods predicted structural loads greater than those predicted with LUSH by as much as a factor of three. Both above-ground and embedded pool installations were studied, as well as several different modularized configurations.
An unusual case of donor‐derived myelodysplastic syndrome following double‐unit umbilical cord blood transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Umbilical cord-blood transplantation is considered an effective treatment strategy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) when a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched donor is unavailable. The use of a second unit helps ensure engraftment in larger adults and those with comorbidities, even though only one unit engrafts in most patients. Herein, we present the clinical and laboratory characteristics of a patient who developed donor-derived myelodysplastic syndrome (ddMDS) after double umbilical cord-blood transplantation (dUCB HSCT). To our knowledge, no cases of ddMDS have been described in a patient with a history of ALL in molecular remission after receiving a dUCB HSCT. Current molecular techniques, including analysis of short tandem repeats (STR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allowed us to firmly establish donor origin.
A new dynamic model for drilling and reaming processes

Abstract This paper presents a new computer simulation model for drilling and reaming processes. The model is made of four parts: the force model for the cutting lips, the force model for the chisel edge, the dynamic model for the machine tool (including the cutter) and the regenerative correlation between the force and machine tool vibration. The models for the forces and the machine tool are similar to the existing models. The key to the model is the regeneration correlation between the cutting forces and the machine tool vibration. It uses a new 3D chip formation model to describe the interaction between the cutter and the workpiece. The model can predict the dynamic forces and chatter limit. It also reveals several interesting phenomena, such as how the feed and the point angle of the drill affect the chatter limit. The model is implemented using C++ language with an interface to I-DEAS™ CAE software system. The simulation results are validated experimentally by both drilling and reaming under various cutting conditions. The experiment results show that the simulation is accurate with average error about 10%. A number of research issues are also proposed for the future work.
The Friendly Cultural Stranger as Self‐Critical Reflexive Narrator

A partir des nuances rhetoriques dans la litterature sur les relations amicales avec un etranger culturel et a partir de son experience dans une ecole elementaire d'Atlanta en Georgie, l'A. montre comment il a resolu les tensions qui existent entre la disposition amicale personnelle de l'anthropologue et la multitude des roles qu'il experimente lors de sa recherche sur le terrain. L'etranger culturel amical est un conteur auto-critique
A New Control Strategy to Improve the Ground Source Heat Pump’s Efficiency With a Recycled Product

Despite numerous efforts to impose control measures on the heat pump side of Ground Source Heat Pump (GSHP) systems, there has been little thought into the potential of control on the ground characteristics. This is perhaps because of a predisposition to believe that ground related works usually are associated with extra capital investment that makes any modification less favorable than making changes to the heat pump unit. An effective control strategy with a non-homogeneous soil profile for the ground side of horizontal GSHPs was investigated in this research. The model incorporates the effects of a variety of surface energy fluxes to provide an accurate estimate of the ground thermal regime. The developed model was utilized successfully in conjunction with the MATLAB Genetic Algorithm (GA) toolbox to obtain the optimized operational parameters for a GSHP in a cold climate condition (Buffalo, NY). A properly sized and engineered non-homogeneous soil profile demonstrated the potential to boost the capacity of GSHP systems to a significant level. The potential benefits of a recycled product of tire industry, Tire Derived Aggregate (TDA), as an insulation blanket was assessed via the optimization algorithm. TDA was demonstrated to be effective in heating mode in a cold climate environment by increasing the energy extraction rates from the ground by about 15% annual. The annual percentage increase in energy dissipation rate to the ground, in cooling season, with TDA blanket was 7.6%. The results are suggestive of the beneficial application of a layered system to increase the performance of GSHPs. A shift in design perspective toward consideration of more control strategies for the ground pipe side of GSHPs is suggested based on the model results.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
New monoclonal antibodies for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

The anti-CD20 rituximab represents the first widely available antibody for the treatment of cancer based on significant singleagent activity in indolent lymphoma [1]. In diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the incorporation of rituximab with standard chemotherapy improves survival [2]. However, while it is clear that the use of rituximab has had a significant impact in improving outcomes in B-cell lymphoma, primary and secondary resistance remains an issue. Given the proof of principle for antibody-based lymphoma therapy with rituximab, a number of groups have pursued the development of monoclonals which either target CD20 in a potentially enhanced fashion or are directed against novel targets. Many of these efforts have demonstrated early promise; however, the challenges of developing new treatments in this era remain substantial.
Reactions of anti-human brain serum with human lymphocyte subpopulations

The reaction of serum from rabbits immunized with human brain (RHB) with human lymphocytes has been measured by cytotoxicity, membrane immunofluorescence, and inhibition of lymphocyte function (mitogen-induced blastogenesis and lymphotoxin production). RHB kills most of the T-cells in the blood, but no reaction with B-cells or monocytes was detected. The remaining cells are reduced in their ability to respond to mitogen by lymphotoxin production and/or secretion. Treated PBL respond normally to PHA and PWM by incorporation of [ 3 H]TdR, but the response to Con A is inhibited. The effect on lymphotoxin release is not dependent on cell death, as it occurs in the absence of added complement. RHB inhibits spontaneous E rosette formation by T-cells; again the effect does not depend on cell death but it requires approximately 10% normal serum—fresh or heated! The synergistic effect of normal and immune serum is apparently due to steric or charge effects of binding of some complement component(s), since normal serum depleted by incubation with antigen-antibody complexes supports rosette inhibition by rabbit anti-human brain serum very poorly, and purified Clq partially restores the inhibition. All of the measured properties of RHB are induced by immunization and can be produced by treating cells and washing away the serum components which do not adhere. We conclude that there is a small subpopulation of human lymphocytes, probably T-cells, which lacks the brain antigen and responds by DNA synthesis but not lymphotoxin to PHA and PWM stimulation. The majority of T-cells, including those responsive to Con A, bear an antigen(s) cross-reactive with brain; this antigen is not identical to the receptor for sheep red blood cells.
Paper chromatographic separation and colorimetric estimation of the glycosides of Digitalis ferruginea seeds.

Digitoxin, gitoxin, digoxin, digilanide A, digilanide B, digilanide C, obtained from Digitalis ferruginea, were successfully separated by paper chromatographic techniques and estimated colorimetrically with alkaline 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid.
Management of the complications of radical prostatectomy

Over the past several years, the morbidity associated with radical prostatectomy has improved due to advances in surgical technique, better understanding of male pelvic anatomy, and improved perioperative care. Despite these advances, patients are still at risk for several complications both intraoperatively and in the postoperative course. These risks include significant blood loss, rectal injury, ureteral injury, thromboembolic events, urinary incontinence, impotence, and a perioperative death rate of less than 1%. These risks should be reviewed and discussed before treating the patient with prostate cancer.
Systematic screening for RNA with skipped exons - splicing mutations of the ferrochelatase gene

Abstract A systematic method was designed to screen a large population of patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) for aberrant ferrochelatase RNA with skipped exons. The method utilizes the new junction sequence created by exon skipping as the probe to detect such RNA species. In 7 of 17 EPP families, an aberrant ferrochelatase RNA with one exon missing was observed. Two previously unreported splicing mutations were also identified in 2 EPP families. One was a G ⪢ T transversion at the + 1 position of the acceptor site of intron 8, causing exon 9 to be skipped during RNA splicing. Both the patient and her father were found to be heterozygous for this mutation. In another family, an A ⪢ G transition at the + 3 position of the donor site of intron 10 was identified, associated with exon 10 skipping during RNA splicing. Both the patient and her father were heterozygous for this mutation.
Priority of nature versus finances in land management attitudes of rural exurban landowners

Exurban development at the urban fringe or in rural areas concerns those involved with resource management, landscape planning, public policy, and community development. Our research objective is to investigate individual characteristics and attitudes that relate to exurban land management attitudes. Survey data from exurban landowners in rural Wyoming are analyzed using multinomial logit regression. Specifically, we investigate factors that are related to the probability of a respondent's choice regarding whether (i) priority should be given to protecting natural resources on their land even if it creates negative economic impacts for them, (ii) natural resources and their finances should be given equal priority, or (iii) their finances should be given priority even if it creates negative impacts to natural resources on their land when making land management decisions. Our results indicate educational messages aimed at reducing negative impacts from exurbanites’ land management decisions should emphasize how individual decisions impact nature and overall sense of “place” for the local area. Moreover, such educational messages should also highlight transboundary effects and potential costs imposed on neighbors. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of exurban management policies would be enhanced by raising costs to landowners via fines or development fees rather than offering subsidies. This approach would have stronger impact due to exurban landowners’ financial concerns, and it may improve benefit–cost ratios associated with agency implementation of a policy as compared to offering subsidies.
A Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-dependent Signaling Pathway in the Activation of Platelet Integrin αIIbβ3

We have recently shown that the platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) is activated by von Willebrand factor (vWF) binding to its platelet receptor, glycoprotein Ib-IX (GPIb-IX), via the protein kinase G (PKG) signaling pathway. Here we show that GPIb-IX-mediated activation of integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3) is inhibited by dominant negative mutants of Raf-1 and MEK1 in a reconstituted integrin activation model in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and that the integrin-dependent platelet aggregation induced by either vWF or low dose thrombin is inhibited by MEK inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. Thus, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is important in GPIb-IX-dependent activation of platelet integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3). Furthermore, vWF binding to GPIb-IX induces phosphorylation of Thr-202/Tyr-204 of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). GPIb-IX-induced ERK2 phosphorylation is inhibited by PKG inhibitors and enhanced by overexpression of recombinant PKG. PKG activators also induce ERK phosphorylation, indicating that activation of MAPK pathway is downstream from PKG. Thus, our data delineate a novel integrin activation pathway in which ligand binding to GPIb-IX activates PKG that stimulates MAPK pathway, leading to integrin activation.
THE RECOGNITION POTENTIAL AND CONSCIOUS AWARENESS

The idea that conscious awareness of a recognizable image is necessary for it to evoke the recognition potential (RP) was tested by asking bilingual subjects to selectively attend to superimposed English and Chinese word images. The subjects detected most of the words in the attended language, but were largely oblivious of words in the non-attended language. Attended word images evoked the RP. Non-attended words did not. RP latency was less for Chinese than for English words. This provided a basis for inferring which language a subject was trying to read when valid English and Chinese words were both present. A subject was looking for Chinese if the latency was short and for English if it was long. The results showed that selective attention had a powerful effect on the RP. They supported the idea that conscious awareness is necessary for evoking it, though they did not rule out the theoretical possibility that some method not yet tested could be found that would block conscious awareness without blocking the RP. The sensitivity of the RP to what a subject is trying to see and its low variance seem to provide advantages for studying visual perception. It provides a short latency indicator of image processing that merits further investigation. Use of it may lead to a better understanding of visual perceptual processes.
Influence of Nucleation Seeding on the Hydration Mechanisms of Tricalcium Silicate and Cement

The fundamental chemical hydration process of portland cement and its main mineral component, tricalcium silicate, was studied by investigating the effects of various additives. A relatively small amount (1−4 wt %) of well-dispersed calcium silicate hydrate (C−S−H), a pure form of the main hydration product, significantly increases both the early hydration rate and the total amount of hydration during the early nucleation and growth period (the first ∼24 h), as measured by calorimetry. This is attributed to a seeding effect whereby the C−S−H additive provides new nucleation sites within the pore space away from the particle surfaces. This mechanism is verified by a digital simulation of the hydration process that reproduces key features of the hydration kinetics. The results provide strong evidence that the hydration process is autocatalytic such that the C−S−H gel product stimulates its own formation. The seeding effect of C−S−H also provides a new explanation of the hydration-accelerating effects of var...
A treatment of symmetry in MO calculations

Abstract A method of using molecular symmetry in MO calculations is described. The method consists of determining the point group of the molecule, and establishing equivalence tables for atoms equivalent under various applicable symmetry operations. Ways of setting up symmetry orbitals are outlined. The determination of the symmetry species of molecular orbitals, of configurations and states of molecules are described.
Evaluation of techniques for fabricating very fine grained YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta /+Ag composites

The authors have compared several blending techniques to make Ag+YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7- delta / (Y123) composites. A chemical precipitation route seems to give the best dispersion of the Ag but appears to cause some decomposition of the finer-grained fraction of the Y123. The lower intergranular porosity in these composites reduces the O/sub 2/ uptake in the samples, necessitating longer oxygen anneals. Long oxygen anneals for the composites can be avoided by first sintering the Y123 with an oxygen anneal and then blending in the Ag.
COMT genotype affects prefrontal white matter pathways in children and adolescents.

Diffusion tensor imaging is widely used to evaluate the development of white matter. Information about how alterations in major neurotransmitter systems, such as the dopamine (DA) system, influence this development in healthy children, however, is lacking. Catechol-O-metyltransferase (COMT) is the major enzyme responsible for DA degradation in prefrontal brain structures, for which there is a corresponding genetic polymorphism (val158met) that confers either a more or less efficient version of this enzyme. The result of this common genetic variation is that children may have more or less available synaptic DA in prefrontal brain regions. In the present study we examined the relation between diffusion properties of frontal white matter structures and the COMT val158met polymorphism in 40 children ages 9–15. We found that the val allele was associated with significantly elevated fractional anisotropy values and reduced axial and radial diffusivities. These results indicate that the development of white matter in healthy children is related to COMT genotype and that alterations in white matter may be related to the differential availability of prefrontal DA. This investigation paves the way for further studies of how common functional variants in the genome might influence the development of brain white matter.
Hospital transfers of nursing home residents with advanced dementia.

Objectives To describe diagnoses and factors associated with hospital transfer in nursing home (NH) residents with advanced dementia. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Twenty-two Boston, Massachusetts-area NHs. Participants Three hundred twenty-three NH residents with advanced dementia. Measurements Data were collected quarterly for up to 18 months. Data regarding transfers were collected with regard to hospitalization or emergency department (ED) visit, diagnosis, and duration of inpatient admission. Information on the occurrence of any acute medical event (pneumonia, febrile episode, or other acute illness) in the prior 90 days was obtained quarterly. Logistic regression conducted at the level of the acute medical event identified characteristics associated with hospital transfer. Results The entire cohort experienced 74 hospitalizations and 60 ED visits. Suspected infections were the most common reason for hospitalization (44, 59%), most frequently attributable to a respiratory source (30, 41%). Feeding tube-related complications accounted for 47% of ED visits. In adjusted analysis conducted on acute medical events, younger resident age, event type (pneumonia or other event vs febrile episode), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and the lack of a do-not-hospitalize (DNH) order (adjusted odds ratio = 5.22, 95% confidence interval = 2.31-11.79) were associated with hospital transfer. Conclusion The majority of hospitalizations of NH residents with advanced dementia were due to infections and thus were potentially avoidable, because infections are often treatable in the NH. Feeding tube-related complications accounted for almost half of all ED visits, representing a common but underrecognized burden of this intervention. Advance care planning in the form of a DNH order was the only identified modifiable factor associated with avoiding hospitalization.
Pneumatosis intestinalis. Appearance on MR examination.

Abstract We describe the magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of pneumatosis intestinalis in two patients. Pneumatosis is suggested by the finding of circumferential collections of air adherent or within the bowel wall. This air is more apparent on gradient-echo images due to “blooming” associated with magnetic field inhomogeneities at air-tissue interfaces. While MR is not routinely indicated as a diagnostic tool for the detection of pneumatosis, the radiologist should nevertheless be familiar with its appearance on MR examination.
Surface studies by nonlinear optics

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) has been widely employed as a surface probe. Applications of the technique to adsorption, desorption, surface diffusion, molecular orientation and surface chemistry of adsorbed molecules are described as examples. Surface SHG and sum frequency generation (SFG) for surface spectroscopic studies are also described.
Adaptive ALE finite elements with particular reference to external work rate on frictional interface

Abstract Simulation methods for material forming processes based on arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) finite elements and adaptive mesh deployment techniques are developed. Special emphasis is on the ALE formulation with respect to the external virtual work rate on the friction interface. An extension of the solution algorithm from the explicit scheme to Newton iteration is also given. Successful strategies for the use of ALE finite element models in nonlinear problems are explored. The implementation of ALE finite element modeling to rolling material forming processes with friction and the fusion of ALE methods with adaptive finite elements is explored. Applications to metal rolling problems are then given.
Effects of supplementing moderate- to low-quality grass hay with maize and (or) rumen-undegradable protein on growth of wethers

Abstract Crossbred wethers (N = 80, 4 months of age, average live weight of 25 ± 0.2 kg) were used to determine effects of supplementing grass hay with ground maize (M; 0.7% body weight), a mixture of feedstuffs high in rumen undegradable protein (R; 0.2% body weight) or maize plus rumen undegradable protein (MR) on growing (70 days) and subsequent finishing (98 days; 85% concentrate diet) performance and body composition. During the growing phase, wethers consumed bermudagrass (BER) or bromegrass (BRO) hay ad libitum, and 0.35% body weight of soybean meal. Empty body fat (4.28, 5.91, 5.20, 6.64, 4.18, 5.17, 4.96 and 6.20 kg; SE 0.357) and protein (4.45, 5.02, 5.05, 5.32, 4.57, 4.84, 4.93 and 5.21 kg; SE 0.074) for BER-control, BER-M, BER-R, BER-MR, BRO-control, BRO-M, BRO-R and BRO-MR, respectively, increased (P
[3H]-adenine nucleotide and [3H]-noradrenaline release evoked by electrical field stimulation, perivascular nerve stimulation and nicotine from the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum

Abstract 1. The release of [3H]-noradrenaline and adenine nucleotide evoked by electrical field stimulation (20-60 V, 30 Hz), perivascular nerve stimulation (20-80 V, 60 Hz) and nicotine (10, 100 μM) was studied in the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum under various conditions. 2. Electrical stimulation at high intensity (60 V) caused the release of [3H]-adenine nucleotide; however, the inhibitory action of electrical stimulation was proportional to [3H]-noradrenaline release. 3. The intensity of the inhibitory effect of stimulation of the perivascular nerves was directly related to [3H]-noradrenaline release and not associated with the release of [3H]-nucleotide. 4. Cold storage for more than 8 days, cooling (19° C) or tetrodotoxin treatment (1 μg/ml) abolished the inhibitory responses to electrical stimulation and to nicotine. After these treatments, nicotine and electrical stimulation elicited only contractions; the release of [3H]-noradrenaline, but not that of [3H]-adenine nucleotide, was inhibited. 5. The dissociation of the inhibitory effects of electrical stimulation and nicotine from [3H]-nucleotide release does not support the hypothesis that ATP or a related nucleotide is the humoral transmitter of the non-adrenergic inhibition in the taenia of the guinea-pig caecum.
Absorption spectra of thiophene between 225 and 246 nm at elevated temperatures

The u.v. absorption spectra of thiophene (C4H4S) between 225 and 246 nm were recorded at elevated temperatures. The absolute absorption cross sections for major features in this wavelength interval are reported for the temperatures 296, 323, 373, 423, 473, 573, 673 and 773 K. Vibrational structure was lost as the temperature approached 773 K. The thermal behavior of the spectra is compared to the expected thermal behavior based on previous band assignments.