cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threats to beach resources and park boundaries caused by shoreline migration in an urban estuarine park

An evaluation of coastal processes, shoreline erosion, and shore management options for Conference House Park, New York, USA, reveals the problems associated with lack of congruence between jurisdictional boundaries and boundaries required for maintenance of beaches and shorefront park land. Rates of shoreline change are high despite low wave energies because bay beaches contain small amounts of sand. The park is so narrow in places that the shoreline will soon move out of park boundaries. This condition will eliminate natural beach resources, restrict access, and create political and administrative problems. Management strategies include revetment construction, beach nourishment, and acquisition of additional land. Obtaining the maximum length of shorefront to create a park may be less cost effective in maintaining natural beach resources than obtaining a shorter frontage and more compact shape that allows for shoreline movement. The problems of managing eroding shorelines in urban estuaries are acute because space is lacking, the cost of land is high, and the critical nature of shoreline erosion is disguised by low wave energies and lack of daily beach change.
Quantitative analysis of cerebral images using an elastically deformable atlas: theory and validation

A method of anatomical localization by elastically deforming a three-dimensional atlas to match the anatomic brain image volume of a subject is described. The anatomic atlas is modeled as an elastic object and the matching process is formulated as a minimization of the cost function, cost equals cost(deformation) - cost(similarity). The system uses a multiresolution deformation scheme to accelerate and improve the convergence of the matching process. To validate the system, six deformed versions of an atlas were generated. The atlas was then matched to its deformed versions. The accuracy of the matches was evaluated by determining the correspondence of several cortical and subcortical regions. The system on average matched the centroid of a region to within 1 mm of its true position and fit a region to within 11% of its true volume. The mean overlap between the matched and true regions, defined by the ratio between the volume of their intersection and the volume of their union, was 66% ((sigma) equals 16%). Each match was performed three times and the results in all six cases were reproducible. The results of the preliminary validation of the elastic matching technique are promising and show that the method can account for local shape differences in brain anatomy.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Trap Spacing and Transect Design for Dung Beetle Biodiversity Studies1

Standardized sampling methods are essential for comparing species diversity and abundance patterns across different studies and sites. Although dung beetles are widely used as a focal taxon in biodiversity studies, nothing appears to be known about the effective sampling area of dung-baited traps. Mark-recapture experiments using Canthon acutus showed that at least 50 m between traps should minimize trap interference, and that wind affects trap detectability. Consequently, we propose a standardized dung beetle sampling design.
Sr/Mg ratios of modern marine calcite: Empirical indicators of ocean chemistry and precipitation rate

Holocene biotic and abiotic marine calcite have a similar range of Mg contents (0 to 22 and 4 to 21 mol% MgCO3, respectively), yet biotic calcite has Sr2+ concentrations that are consistently 1250 ppm higher than those of abiotic calcite. As in laboratory experiments, a positive linear relation is observed between DSr and calcite Mg content. This produces two distinct linear trends on a plot of Sr2+ vs. Mg2+ concentrations. Principal axes of variation for both trends have similar slopes, yet distinctly different Sr2+ concentration intercepts. (Biotic: y = 0.024x + 1298, r2 = 0.70; Abiotic: y = 0.027x + 47, r2 = 0.77). The similar slopes of these trends reflect the constancy of MgCa and SrCa ratios of modern seawater. Equations describing the dependence of DSr on calcite Mg content are derived from both trends (Biotic: DSr = 3.16 x 10t-6 (ppm Mg) + 0.169; Abiotic: DSr = 3.52 x 10−6 (ppm Mg) + 0.0062). Characterization of Sr-Mg trends for Holocene materials allows comparison with analogous trends from ancient samples to estimate relative changes in seawater MgCa and SrCa ratios. The relatively high Sr contents of biotic calcite result from rapid precipitation rates associated with shell accretion in marine organisms. Calcites precipitated from seawater in laboratory experiments have Dsr values that are similar to those of biotic marine calcite, suggesting that both precipitate at approximately the same rate. Our estimates of surface area-normalized precipitation rates in planktonic and benthonic foraminifera are comparable to those of seeded, pH-stat experiments. We conclude that the DSr values for biotic and experimental marine calcite are kinetically controlled, whereas the lower precipitation rates of abiotic marine calcite yield DSr values that approximate equilibrium conditions. Experimentally derived equations describing the relation between DSr and calcite precipitation rate indicate that the offset in Sr content between biotic and abiotic calcite is the result of abiotic precipitation rates that are two to five orders of magnitude lower than those of biotic precipitates. However, observations of naturally occurring marine cements suggest that the five-order-of-magnitude offset best represents natural system processes.
An improved covariant treatment of the light mesons

In an earlier paper a covariant version of the two-particle Dirac equation-employing a potential which was a function of the (invariant) proper separation-was used to fit the light meson quark-anti-quark bound states. This paper improves upon that work by introducing a better separation of the equation into internal and external coordinates, and a better separation into angular and radial coordinates. The new eigenvalue which arises from the introduction of hyperspherical harmonics is related to the meson energy in a more rigorous manner than before. As a result, the light meson trajectories can be better fit with fewer free parameters. In particular, the potential now has only Coulomb and linear terms, with no constant term, and current masses are used for the quarks rather than constituent masses. The reduction of the equation to Schrodinger form is discussed. It is shown how the non-relativistic reduction of the linear potential can lead to a constant term in the Schrodinger equation potential, as well as an enhancement of the Coulomb term. The resulting non-relativistic potential is similar to potentials used in successful fits of the charmonium spectrum.
Trajectories of Symptom Reduction and Engagement During Treatment for Childhood Behavior Disorders: Differences Across Settings

In this study, we examined trajectories of symptom reduction and family engagement during the modular treatment phase of a clinical trial for early-onset disruptive behavior disorders that was applied either in community settings or a clinic. Participants (N=139) were 6-11 year-old children with diagnoses of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Conduct Disorder (CD). Symptoms of ODD/CD and level of engagement were assessed at every session during the course of treatment. Overall, symptom reduction was characterized by a gradual decline in symptoms over the first 11 sessions followed by a flatter slope beginning with session 12. Clinic participants evidenced a greater decline in symptoms after session 11 compared to participants in community settings. Overall, engagement remained stable during the course of treatment. However, clinic participants had higher levels of engagement throughout treatment compared to participants in the community settings. These setting differences in level of engagement did not account for the differences in trajectories of symptom reduction across the treatment settings.
PHOTOELECTRIC WORK FUNCTIONS OF TRANSITION, RARE-EARTH, AND NOBLE METALS.

Photoelectric work functions of polycrystalline films of Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Ag, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Hf, Pt, and Au are reported.
Pathophysiological correlates in bacterial meningitis

This review summarises briefly several areas of importance in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis. These subjects include: (1) factors that predispose to the development of disease and relevant host defense mechanisms; (2) microbial virulence factors; (3) the route(s) of entry for bacteria into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); (4) the role of pathological changes in the central nervous system; (5) particulate clearance mechanisms operative in the CSF system; and (6) the physiological alteration in normal intracranial homeostatic processes.
Fuzzy goal programming in forestry: an application with special solution problems

Abstract This paper documents a practical application of fuzzy goal programming in forestry which is extremely difficult to solve using standard linear programming codes on mainframe computers. The application considers selection of the sequence of timber harvests applied over time to a forest. The objective of the fuzzy goal program is to maximize the minimum periodic harvest across all periods. This approach generates solutions with nearly even harvest flows, and with significantly higher present net value than the traditional approach with crisp constraints. The solution difficulty results from the mutually exclusive nature of the harvest decision. The problem arises when many of the fuzzy goals (periodic harvests) are identical and minimal in the current tableau. In this situation, no single pivot step can increase the value of the objective function, and termination generally occurs at a suboptimal solution. Solution performance using several different software products on computers produced by two venders (IBM and UNIVAC (now UNISYS))_are discussed. The problem is solved through numeric tolerance modifications using an algorithm that is relatively less sensitive to termination criteria.
Orientation Correlation in 72.5% Strained OFE Copper

Misorientation Correlation Functions, MCFs, for a 72.5 percent cold-rolled OFE copper plate were calculated for groups of local lattice orientation measurements taken from the rolling-normal and rolling-transverse planes of the sample. The MCFs′ dependence upon sample direction, orientation pair selection and the spatial separation of orientation measurements was explored. A preferred misorientation region in Euler space was identified and found to contain misorientations corresponding to coincides of ∑3, ∑33c, ∑37c and ∑43c. MCFs associated with orientations of interest were found to exhibit unique characteristics.
Numerical Investigation of Free‐Surface Flows under the Influence of Magnetic Fields

The effect of a transverse magnetic field on the laminar free surface flow of liquid steel in a generic direct strip casting (DSC) equipment is investigated numerically. The computational approach is based on the OpenFOAM library. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved using the volume of fluid (VOF) method. The computational results are verified against analytical solutions for fully developed film flows exposed to a constant magnetic field. Subsequently, the effect of the magnetic field on the homogenization of flow disturbances in open channel flows is demonstrated. To elucidate this, different forms of disturbances have been considered: First, a spatially varying but stationary inflow velocity profile resembling a blockage-induced flow maldistribution is imposed. In the second case, a temporal and spatial randomized variation of the velocity is imposed. It is shown, that a magnetic field with moderate interaction parameter effectively reduces the amplitude of these disturbances. Without magnetic field, they are transported far downstream with no significant attenuation, which may lead to undesirable variations of the strip thickness after solidification.
Debt, investment and endowment accumulation: the case of not-for-profit hospitals.

Abstract Not-for-profit hospitals benefit from special tax rules that allow state authorities to issue tax-exempt bonds on their behalf, which may affect their investment and financing choices. Hospitals may respond by increasing their investment in physical assets; however, they may also engage in tax arbitrage by using the tax-exempt debt while maintaining endowment assets. The paper combines data from tax (information) returns and the annual survey of hospitals by the American Hospital Association for 1993–1996. Overall, the results are consistent with substantial tax planning by not-for-profit hospitals. Of the US$ 55.9 billion in tax-exempt liabilities of hospitals in 1996, as much as US$ 32.6 billion could have been eliminated if hospitals spent their endowments instead of borrowing. Furthermore, controlling for hospital size (in terms of revenues and operating assets), endowment assets are associated with a higher ratio of tax-exempt (or total) debt to operating assets. In contrast, endowment assets are not related to taxable debt suggesting that the effects of the endowment on borrowing are motivated by tax incentives. Investment and endowment accumulation regressions suggest that increases in debt increase both physical investment and endowment accumulation but these effects are concentrated among cash-rich hospitals for which the effects on endowment accumulation effects are larger than the effects on physical investment.
Gradients of Primary and Secondary Infection by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi from Point Sources of Ascospores and Conidia

Spread of mummy berry disease of blueberry, caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, occurs in two discrete monocycles; primary infection by ascospores results in shoot blight, while secondary infection of open flowers by conidia leads to fruit mummification. Gradients of primary and secondary infection from point sources of ascospores and conidia placed in separate plant rows were recorded in each of 2 years at two sites with no history of the disease. Primary infection gradients were longer downwind than upwind, with 95% of blighted shoots occurring within 30 m of the ascospore point source. This observation, along with a positive correlation (r = 0.852, P = 0.0072, n = 8) between the distance over which shoot blight occurred and wind speed parallel to the row, supports the role of wind as a key factor in ascospore dispersal. By contrast, secondary infection gradients were shorter downwind and longer upwind, with 95% of infected fruit occurring within 20 m of the conidial point source. The shorter downwind spread of secondary infection, along with a nonsignificant correlation (r = -0.649, P = 0.0812, n = 8) between the distance over which infected fruit occurred and wind speed, suggests that factors other than wind are important in the transfer of conidia to open flowers; this could include conidial dispersal by bee pollinators, which have been shown previously to forage primarily upwind. Exponential and Pareto cumulative distribution functions were fitted to cumulative counts of blighted shoots and infected fruit to model spread of primary and secondary infection. The Pareto model, which is characterized by a longer tail and predicts more infection farther from the inoculum source, better fits the observed disease gradients in most cases.
Inactivation Kinetics of Listeria innocua in Skim Milk in a Continuous Flow Processing System

Thermal inactivation of Listeria innocua in raw skim milk determined under continuous flow conditions was compared to results from the capillary tube method at 65, 68, and 70°C. A laboratory scale pasteurizer (LSP) was used to generate kinetic data under isothermal, continuous-flow conditions. Inactivation was monitored by sampling at various locations along the hold tubes. D(657°C)-, D(65°C)- and D(70°C)- values for L. innocua M1 were 11.5, 3.5, and 1.6 sec, respectively, when determined by the LSP system and 16.5, 3.9,1.5 sec, respectively, when determined by the capillary tube method. Decimal reduction times for the two methods were predicted to be coincident at 69°C. ZD-values for the capillary tube and LSP systems were significantly different. The data suggest that the mechanism of thermal destruction may be different between batch and continuous flow processes.
A Novel Wave Height Sensor

Abstract A novel transducer for the measurement of water level is described. This transducer consists of a tantalum wire anodized in a weak citric acid solution. The anodization forms a uniform, thin layer of tantalum oxide on the surface of the wire. When partially submerged through an air-water interface, the capacitance of the wire is directly proportional to the water level. This transducer has been applied in oceanographic research buoys to measure gravity and capillary wave height. In this application, the transducer offers greater sensitivity, linearity, and ruggedness than conventional capacitive wave sensors.
The infrared spectrum of GeO

Abstract The high-temperature infrared spectrum of the Δ v = 1 sequence of GeO has been investigated from 882 to 955 cm −1 with a tunable diode laser spectrometer. Transitions from 70 Ge 16 O, 72 Ge 16 O, 73 Ge 16 O, 74 Ge 16 O, and 76 Ge 16 O were measured for vibrational transitions from v = 1−0 to v = 6−5 and fit to a single set of eight Dunham potential coefficients.
Combinatorial formulation of biocatalyst preparations for increased activity in organic solvents: Salt activation of penicillin amidase

A combinatorial experimental technique was used to identify salts and salt mixtures capable of activating penicillin amidase in organic solvents for the transesterification of phenoxyacetate methyl ester with 1-propanol. Penicillin amidase was lyophilized in the presence of various chloride and acetate salts within 96-deep-well plates and catalytic rates measured to determine lead candidates for highly salt-activated preparations. The kinetics of the most active formulations were then further evaluated. These studies revealed that a formulation consisting of 98% (w/w) of a 1:1 KAc:CsCl salt mixture, 1% (w/w) enzyme, and 1% (w/w) potassium phosphate buffer was approximately 35,000-fold more active than the salt-free formulation in hexane, as reflected in values of V(max)/K(m). This extraordinary activation could be extended to more polar solvents, including tert-amyl alcohol, and to formulations with lower total salt contents. A correlation was found between the kosmotropic/chaotropic behavior of the salts (as measured by the Jones-Dole B coefficients) and the observed activation. Strongly chaotropic cations combined with strongly kosmotropic anions yielded the greatest activation, and this is likely due to the influence of the ions on protein-water and protein-salt interactions.
Animal diet in Texas seagrass meadows: δ13C evidence for the importance of benthic plants

Abstract Over 340 animals from Texas estuarine seagrass meadows and the nearshore Gulf of Mexico were analysed for their stable carbon isotope ratios (δ 13 C values). Fish and shrimp collected in seagrass beds were significantly enriched in 13 C by an average of 3.3 to 5.1‰ relative to comparable animals collected offshore. For one polychaete worm species, Diopatra cuprea , specimens collected in seagrass meadows were as much as 8.3‰ enriched in 13 C relative to specimens collected in areas where phytoplankton were the major primary producers. The differences found in δ 13 C values are attributed to differences in diet. The data support the notion that in Texas bays, seagrasses and other benthic plants are significant sources of nutrition for juvenile shrimp and fish which inhabit these areas.
Spectral signatures of hydrated proton vibrations in water clusters.

The ease with which the pH of water is measured obscures the fact that there is presently no clear molecular description for the hydrated proton. The mid-infrared spectrum of bulk aqueous acid, for example, is too diffuse to establish the roles of the putative Eigen (H 3 O + ) and Zundel (H 5 O 2 + ) ion cores. To expose the local environment of the excess charge, we report how the vibrational spectrum of protonated water clusters evolves in the size range from 2 to 11 water molecules. Signature bands indicating embedded Eigen or Zundel limiting forms are observed in all of the spectra with the exception of the three- and five-membered clusters. These unique species display bands appearing at intermediate energies, reflecting asymmetric solvation of the core ion. Taken together, the data reveal the pronounced spectral impact of subtle changes in the hydration environment.
Upper limit of the torque of the solar wind on the Earth

An upper limit is presented for the torque exerted on the earth by the solar wind. It is found that the maximum possible torque is 3 or 4 orders of magnitude too small to be responsible for the slowing of the earth's rotation, contrary to Coleman's (1971) suggestion.
Polarization bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF)

ABSTRACT This paper presents a novel measurement technique using a Mueller matrixiniaging polarimeter to measure the near-angle polarization BRDF of reflectivesamples. A measurement is made on a diamond turned aluminum mirror with anrms roughness of 11.4nm, and the results are interpreted.Keywords: scattering, polarimetry, Mueller matrices, BRDFThe angular dependence of light scattering from smooth surfaces providessignificant information about the nature of the surface, such as material propertiesand micro-roughness of the surface, particularly when all polarization states of theincident and scattered light are considered. If a Stokes vectorS is used torepresent the incident and scattered polarization states, then the transformationmatrix, a 4x4 Mueller matrix M , is a characteristic of the surface, and itsdetermination is a major part of the complete description of the surface.[1][2]Several methods for measuring Mueller matrices associated with scattered lighthave been developed,[3][4][5] and used to measure scatter from quartzfibers,[6][7] fused silica flbers,[5] and non-spherical particles [4].This paper presents a measurement technique, using a Mueller matriximaging polarimeter,[8] for measuring the Mueller matrix scattering function, orpolarization BRDF, of reflective surfaces. The near-angle Mueller matrixscattering function of a diamond turned aluminum mirror is measured. This paperdoes not relate the measurements to surface characteristics of the diamond turnedmirror. Instead, the Mueller matrix scattering function is interpreted to extractthe information regarding the polarization properties of the scattered light. Sincedifferent scattering mechanisms are expected to exhibit different forms ofpolarization behavior, it is expected that this polarization BRDF technique mayprovide a powerful tool for separating and characterizing scattering sources.The Mueller matrix describes the effect of an optical element on thepolarization state of incident light,
Tillage, Cropping Sequence, and Nitrogen Fertilization Influence Dryland Soil Nitrogen

Management practices can reduce N losses through N leaching and N 2 O emissions (a greenhouse gas) by increasing soil N storage. The effects of tillage, cropping sequence, and N fertilization rate were studied on N contents in dryland crop biomass, surface residue, and soil at the 0- to 120-cm depth, and estimated N balance from 2006 to 2011 in eastern Montana. Treatments were no-till continuous malt barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.) (NTCB), no-till malt barley-pea (Pisum sativum L.) (NTB-P), no-till malt barley-fallow (NTB-F), and conventional till malt barley-fallow (CTB-F), each with 0 to 120 kg N ha -1 . Biomass and surface residue N increased with increased N rate and were greater in NTB-P or NTCB than CTB-F and NTB-F in all years, except in 2006 and 2011. Soil total nitrogen (STN) at 0 to 60 cm decreased from 2006 to 2011 at 254 kg N ha -1 yr -1 , regardless of treatments. At most depths, soil NH 4 -N content varied, but NO 3 -N content was greater in CTB-F than other cropping sequences. Estimated N balance was greater in NTB-P with 40 kg N ha -1 than other treatments. No-till continuous cropping increased biomass and surface residue N, but conventional till crop-fallow increased soil available N. Because of increased soil N storage and reduced N requirement to malt barley, NTB-P with 40 kg N ha -1 may reduce N loss due to leaching, volatilization, and denitrification compared to other treatments.
Brain catecholamine metabolites and behavior in morphine withdrawal

Abstract Morphine withdrawal behavior, brain and plasma catecholamine metabolites, and brain β-noradrenergic receptor binding were examined after acute treatment with naloxone in rats treated morphine pellets or a sham pelleting procedure. Increases in brain 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethyleneglycol (MHPG), a norepinephrine metabolite, occurred in parallel with rated withdrawal behavior. Withdrawal behavior correlated significantly with brain, and, more modestly, with plasma levels of MHPG but did not correlate with β-receptor binding or HVA. The effectiveness of debrisoquin sulfate was variable, but the reductions in withdrawal signs and cerebral cortex MHPG were strongly correlated. These data support a direct relationship between presynaptic noradrenergic hyperactivity and opiate withdrawal behavior.
Regularization and renormalization of four-fermion theories

We regularize local four-fermion interactions in four dimensions by considering them as the limit of nonlocal, nonpolynomial, fermion interactions. Terms that vanish formally in this limit contribute, however, to the renormalization of induced bosonic excitations. In this way we can establish the formal equivalence between the four-fermion and the boson-plus-fermion generating functionals.
Supporting Heterogeneity in Cyber-Physical Systems Architectures

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are heterogeneous, because they tightly couple computation, communication, and control along with physical dynamics, which are traditionally considered separately. Without a comprehensive modeling formalism, model-based development of CPS involves using a multitude of models in a variety of formalisms that capture various aspects of the system design, such as software design, networking design, physical models, and protocol design. Without a rigorous unifying framework, system integration and integration of the analysis results for various models remains ad hoc. In this paper, we propose a multi-view architecture framework that treats models as views of the underlying system structure and uses structural and semantic mappings to ensure consistency and enable system-level verification in a hierarchical and compositional manner. Throughout the paper, the theoretical concepts are illustrated using two examples: a quadrotor and an automotive intersection collision avoidance system.
Drag Reduction on Blunt-Based Vehicles Using Forebody Surface Roughness

Results of wind-tunnel tests that demonstrate a novel drag reduction technique for blunt-based vehicles are presented. For these tests, the forebody roughness of a blunt-based model was modified using micromachined surface overlays. As forebody roughness increases, the boundary layer at the model aft thickens and reduces the shearing effect of external flow on the separated flow behind the base region, resulting in reduced base drag. For vehicle configurations with large base drag, existing data predict that a small increment in forebody friction drag will result in a relatively large decrease in base drag. If the added increment in forebody skin drag is optimized with respect to base drag, reducing the total drag of the configuration is possible. The wind-tunnel tests results conclusively demonstrate the existence of a forebody drag-base drag optimal point. The data demonstrate that the base drag coefficient corresponding to the drag minimum lies between 0.225 and 0.275, referenced to the base area. Most important, the data show a drag reduction of approximately 15% when the drag optimum is reached.
Tacrolimus vs. cyclosporine eyedrops in severe cyclosporine-resistant vernal keratoconjunctivitis: A randomized, comparative, double-blind, crossover study

Background Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic sight-threatening ocular disease. Topical cyclosporine A (Cyc) has been widely administered as a steroid-sparing drug, although in about 7–10% of cases, it has been ineffective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 0.1% topical tacrolimus (Tcr) in patients with severe VKC who failed to respond to 1% Cyc eyedrops. Methods Consecutive patients with severe, Cyc-resistant VKC were enrolled in a double-blind, comparative, crossover (DBCO) trial; all patients were treated with 1% Cyc in one eye and 0.1% Tcr in the other eye for 3 wk. After a washout period of 7 days, patients were instructed to cross over the medications for three additional weeks. Objective ocular score, subjective score, and quality-of-life questionnaires (QoLQ) were collected during the trial. Blood samples were drawn to assess several safety parameters. Results Thirty patients have been enrolled (mean age 9.05 ± 2.12 yr). In each of the two phases of the DBCO trial, a significant improvement in objective and subjective scores was observed in the eyes treated with 0.1% Tcr (p < 0.001). Likewise, the quality of life significantly improved despite only half the eyes being successfully treated. Serum creatinine and blood parameters were constantly within the normal range, and both blood Cyc and Tcr concentrations remained below the lowest detectable levels. Conclusions Topical Tcr is very effective and safe in the short term for patients suffering from severe VKC resistant to topical Cyc.
Measurement and calibration of peptide group hydrogen-deuterium exchange by ultraviolet spectrophotometry

Abstract An exceedingly simple and convenient method is described for measuring the hydrogen-deuterium exchange behavior of peptide bond-containing molecules by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The exchange reaction is initiated by diluting a sample from H 2 O into D 2 O, or the reverse, and can be followed by an easily observable optical density change in the region of peptide absorbance. The method, unlike infrared and magnetic resonance approaches, requires only small amounts of material and, unlike the tritium-Sephadex method, is not restricted to the study of large molecules. Calibrations are provided for exchange rate as a function of pD and temperature and for the change in absorbance per mole peptide group. With this information, the exchange curve to be expected for any peptide group exposed to solvent can be predicted. Comparison with the measured data can then identify peptide-group hydrogen bonding and can also give a measure of the stability of the hydrogen-bonded structure.
Specific heat of pristine and brominated graphite fibers, composites and HOPG

Differential scanning calorimetry was used to obtain specific heat values of pristine and brominated P-100 graphite fibers and brominated P-100/epoxy composite as well as pristine and brominated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) for comparison. Based on the experimental results obtained, specific heat values are calculated for several different temperatures, with a standard deviation estimated at 1.4 percent of the average values. The data presented here are useful in designing heat transfer devices (such as airplane de-icing heaters) from bromine fibers.
Hazard Associations of Warning Header Components

There has been relatively little warnings research directed at systematically examining the component features comprising existing warning signs as specified in standards (ANSI Z535) and guidelines (e.g., FMC, 1985; Westinghouse, 1981). This research examines several elemental features found in real-world warning signs to determine their individual as well as their combined effects on people's hazard perceptions. Various colors, signal words, shapes and configurations—both individually and in combination — comprising existing warning headers as well as newly developed constituents were evaluated in a series of rating and ranking tasks. The results confirmed several existing published recommendations (e.g., the color red is perceived to connote more hazard than other solid colors), but also showed instances where people's perceptions differed from those assumed in design standards and guidelines. Some newly-developed header configurations (e.g., having a skull icon to the right of the signal world) show pr...
The effect of mannose 6-phosphate on the turnover of the proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of human fibroblasts.

Abstract Human fibroblasts (SL66) were cultured in medium containing 35SO42− to label the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The cells were then detached from the culture dish to leave radioactively-labeled components of the extracellular matrix, hereafter termed 35S-labeled substrate-attached material. When unlabeled SL66 fibroblasts were plated onto this 35S-labeled substrate-attached material, the cells mediated two distinct events: (a) release of radioactivity from the substrate-attached material into the medium; (b) degradation of certain glycosaminoglycans into radioactive components of very low molecular weight including free radioactive sulfate. In the presence of mannose 6-phosphate, however, the degradation of the substrate-attached material by SL66 cells was partially inhibited. Analyses of this effect in terms of the dose-response curve, saccharide specificity, ammonium chloride sensitivity, and the requirement for cells suggest that both an intracellular compartment and the mannose 6-phosphate receptor that binds lysosomal enzymes at the cell surface may play important roles in the turnover and degradation of certain proteoglycans in substrate-attached material.
Negative pion-nucleus elastic scattering at 30 and 50 MeV

We present measured angular distributions for ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$-elastic scattering at 30 and 50 MeV from selected targets with $A=12 \mathrm{to} 208$. These angular distributions were analyzed using a phenomenological optical potential of first-order form. The mass dependence of the potential strength parameters displays the isospin dependence expected from the free $\ensuremath{\pi}N$ interaction.NUCLEAR REACTIONS Elastic scattering of 30 and 50 MeV ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}$ from $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$, $^{90}\mathrm{Zr}$, $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$. Angular distributions: $25\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}l{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{\mathrm{LAB}}l160\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$. Optical model analysis of cross-section data.
Magnetic properties of the Sm1−xCexMn2Ge2 system

Abstract Magnetic properties of polycrystalline Sm 1− x Ce x Mn 2 Ge 2 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) compounds have been studied by magnetic susceptibility measurements. A magnetic phase diagram has been constructed. The SmMn 2 Ge 2 sample shows re-entrant ferromagnetism with a ferromagnetic (FM) transition at T 1 = 341 K, a FM to antiferromagnetic (AF) transition at T 2 = 144 K, an AF to FM transition at T 3 = 105 K, and then a Sm-ordering-related FM transition at T Sm ≈ 20 K. As x increases, (i) T 1 and T 2 decrease, (ii) T 3 increases initially and then decreases beyond x = 0.011, and (iii) T Sm remains unchanged up to x = 0.1 and then decreases rapidly. The AF phase is destroyed at x = 0.011. The AF region width ΔT AF (= T 2 − T 3 ) varies with R MnMn a at a rate about ten times as fast as that in Sm 1− x Gd x Mn 2 Ge 2 . Our results suggest that T 3 can be affected by both the intralayer MnMn distance and the spin disorder in the rare-earth layers.
Localizable operators and the construction of localized frames

We introduce the notion of localizable operators with respect to frames and prove the boundedness of such operators on families of Banach spaces. This generalizes previous results for specific operators, such as pseudo-differential operators on modulation spaces. We also use this notion to provide sufficient conditions for the construction of frames which have the localization property.
Effect of ions and other compatible solutes on enzyme activity, and its implication for biocatalysis using ionic liquids

The effect of ions on enzyme activity and stability usually follows the Hofmeister series (or the kosmotropicity order): kosmotropic anions and chaotropic cations stabilize enzymes while chaotropic anions and kosmotropic cations destabilize them. The effect of ionic liquids (ILs) on the enzyme activity/stability/enantioselectivity is complicated especially when there is no or little water presence in the IL media. However, when aqueous solutions of hydrophilic ILs are employed as reaction media, the enzyme seems to follow the Hofmeister series since ILs dissociate into individual ions in water.
Curcumin and colorectal cancer: Add spice to your life

It is a mystery why colon cancer incidence in the United States is among the highest (530 cases per million) when compared with other countries, such as India (30 cases per million). However, it has been proposed that lifestyle may account for 90% to 95% of all cancers. Curcumin, derived from the spice turmeric (curry powder), is a major component of Indian lifestyle. This agent has been shown to suppress survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of colon cancer cells through the regulation of various cell signaling pathways and biomarkers, such as nuclear factor-κB, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, early growth response-1, β-catenin, mitogen-activated protein kinases, cyclin D1, epidermal growth factor receptor, N-acetyltransferase, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase, GADD153, p53, B-cell lymphoma 2, basal cell lymphoma-extra large, and ceramide. Animal studies showed that curcumin can protect against various carcinogens mediating colon cancer. Curcumin can also sensitize tumors to chemotherapy and radiation. Clinical trials suggest that curcumin has activity against familial adenomatous polyposis, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and colon cancer. This review discusses the preventive and therapeutic potential of curcumin against colorectal cancer and thus provides “reasoning for seasoning.”
Towards a collaborative geosocial analysis workbench

Social media contributions are manifestations of humans acting as sensors, participating in activities, reacting to events, and reporting issues that are considered important. Harvesting this information offers a unique opportunity to monitor the human landscape, and gain unparalleled situational awareness, especially as it relates to sociocultural dynamics. However, this requires the emergence of a novel GeoSocial analysis paradigm. Towards this goal, in this paper we present a framework for collaborative GeoSocial analysis, which is designed around data harvesting from social media feeds (starting with twitter and flickr) and the concept of a collaborative GeoSocial Analysis Workbench (G-SAW). We present key concepts of this framework, and early test implementation results in order to demonstrate the potential of the G-SAW framework for enhanced situational awareness.
Replication: The persistent locomotion of immature rats

In both cross-sectional and longitudinal experiments, 15-day-old domesticated rats were shown to locomote persistently in a maze. Thirty-day olds displayed a within-trial decrement in activity typical of adult patterns of ambulation. These data are consistent with the conclusion that 15-day olds may be behaviorally similar to adults with hippocampal lesions.
Influence of Diagnostic Classification on Outcomes and Charges in Geriatric Assessment and Rehabilitation

Objective: To determine if diagnostic classification is associated with different outcomes from treatment on a geriatric assessment unit (GAU) compared with usual care for elderly patients with acute illnesses. Study Design: Reanalysis after post-hoc diagnostic classification of a randomized clinical trial with one year follow up. Setting: Community hospital with rehabilitation facility. Subjects: A total of 155 subjects, mean age 78 years and 78% female, of whom 58 subjects had a rehabilitation classification of their diagnoses and 97 had a medical or surgical classification. Outcome Measures: Mortality, nursing home use, activities of daily living, and charges for subsequent medical services. Results: Mortality was decreased in persons with a rehabilitation classification who had received the GAU intervention. The GAU increased point-prevalence residence in the community for persons with a rehabilitation classification. For persons with a medical-surgical classification, the GAU intervention was associated with decreased cumulative use of nursing homes. However, GAU intervention was also associated with trends for increased charges in both diagnostic classification groups, even when adjusted for differential survival. Conclusion: Greater benefit from the GAU intervention on mortality and maintenance of residence in the community was observed in a group with a rehabilitation classification when compared with a group with a medical-surgical classification. These improved outcomes in the rehabilitation group were not accompanied by decreased charges for later medical services that could compensate for initial rehabilitation charges. J Am Geriatr Soc 42:11–15, 1994
Assessment of reproductive function in mutant restricted ovulator carrier roosters

Two splice variant forms of the chicken very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) have recently been shown to exist in both male and female chicken gonads. The longer form, containing an O-linked sugar domain, is produced in the somatic cells of the testes and ovaries, whereas the shorter form, which lacks this domain, is expressed in the male and female germ cells. The latter is essential for female reproduction, because a naturally occurring point mutation in the gene encoding the short form of the VLDLR causes its functional absence, resulting in atherosclerosis and a general failure to lay eggs. Thus, the term restricted ovulator (RO) was originally coined to describe females with the mutant gene. In contrast, the roles of the VLDLR gene products in male reproduction have yet to be defined, because only heterozygous RO roosters, which have a mutant allele of the VLDLR gene (short form) on one of their two Z (sex) chromosomes, can be obtained. However, the question of whether two normal alleles of the VLDLR gene are needed for optimal male reproductive performance can be addressed. Here, the reproductive abilities of heterozygous RO roosters were compared to their wild-type siblings. The RO roosters were found to be phenotypically normal, suggesting that only one normal allele for the VLDLR gene is needed for optimal male reproductive performance. Alternately, it is also possible that the one normal allele compensated for the presence of the mutant one in terms of VLDLR gene product production (i.e., a dosage compensation).
Pressure Calcination of VPO Catalyst

Calcination and activation are critical steps in the transformation of vanadyl hydrogen phosphate hemihydrate (VPO precursorVOHPO4·0.5H2O) to vanadyl pyrophosphate (VPO catalyst(VO)2P2O7). Whereas many published kinetics studies for butane oxidation over VPO demonstrate the relationship between catalytic activity and reaction conditions, the relationship between calcination conditions and activity has only received superficial attention in the open literature. This study delineates the operating boundaries in which to optimize catalytic performance. The control variables included temperature, pressure, time, and gas-phase composition (principally, oxygen and water vapor partial pressures), and their effects on surface area, oxidation state, and catalytic activity were measured. The experimental plan included several hundred calcination experiments. The commercial-design operating conditions were chosen as the base-case conditions: temperatures from 330 to 460 °C, pressures up to 6 atm, and oxygen and wat...
Mononuclear and Dinuclear Cobalt Complexes and its Dioxygen Adduct with a New 24-membered Hexaaza Macrocyclic Ligand

Abstract Dinucleating 24-membered hexaazadiphenol macrocyclic ligand 3,6,9,17,20,23-hexaaza-29,30-dihydroxy-13,27-dimethyl-tricyclo[23,3,1,111,15] triaconta-1(29), 11,13,15(30),25,27-hexaene (L or BDBPH), is prepared by the NaBH4 reduction of the Schiff base obtained from [2+2] template condensation of 2,6-diformyl-p-cresol with diethylenetriamine. The ligand maintains dinuclear integrity for cobalt (II) while facilitating the formation of bridging phenolate dicobalt cores. Potentiometric equilibrium studies indicate that a variety of protonated, mononuclear and dinuclear cobalt (II) complexes form from p[H] 2 through 11 in aqueous solution. The protonation constants of this ligand and stability constants of the 1:1, 1:2 ligand: cobalt(II) complexes were determined in KCl supporting electrolyte (μ = 0.100 M) at 25°C. The mechanism for the formation of dinuclear dioxygen cobalt(II) complexes is also described. The stability constants of mononuclear and dinuclear cobalt complexes were determined under nitro...
Doctors in limbo: the United States ‘DNR’ debate

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is unlike any other medical intervention in its emotional impact. Its original use in reversible conditions has been replaced by its expected use in irreversible ones. The history of this transformation and its psychological concommitants are reviewed. New York State is unusual in having a ‘DNR’ law where resuscitation is the default position unless actively refused by patient or surrogate. The paradoxical genesis of this law, and its complex effect on a tertiary care hospital are described. Attention is focused on the emotional stresses on medical staff, and the extensive teaching program mounted by the institution's ethics committee to enable a positive adaptation. The difficulties inherent in surrogate decision-making are also reviewed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.