cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of Diesel-Ignited Gasoline Dual Fuel Combustion in a Single-Cylinder Research Engine

Diesel-ignited gasoline dual fuel combustion experiments were performed in a single-cylinder research engine (SCRE), outfitted with a common-rail diesel injection system and a stand-alone engine controller. Gasoline was injected in the intake port using a port-fuel injector. The engine was operated at a constant speed of 1500 rev/min, a constant load of 5.2 bar IMEP, and a constant gasoline energy substitution of 80%. Parameters such as diesel injection timing (SOI), diesel injection pressure, and boost pressure were varied to quantify their impact on engine performance and engine-out ISNOx, ISHC, ISCO, and smoke emissions. Advancing SOI from 30 DBTDC to 60 DBTDC reduced ISNOx from 14 g/kWhr to less than 0.1 g/kWhr; further advancement of SOI did not yield significant ISNOx reduction. A fundamental change was observed from heterogeneous combustion at 30 DBTDC to “premixed enough” combustion at 50–80 DBTDC and finally to well-mixed diesel-assisted gasoline HCCI-like combustion at 170 DBTDC. Smoke emissions were less than 0.1 FSN at all SOIs, while ISHC and ISCO were in the range of 8–20 g/kWhr, with the earliest SOIs yielding very high values. Indicated fuel conversion efficiencies were ∼ 40–42.5%. An injection pressure sweep from 200 to 1300 bar at 50 DBTDC SOI and 1.5 bar intake boost showed that very low injection pressures lead to more heterogeneous combustion and higher ISNOx and ISCO emissions, while smoke and ISHC emissions remained unaffected. A boost pressure sweep from 1.1 to 1.8 bar at 50 DBTDC SOI and 500 bar rail pressure showed very rapid combustion for the lowest boost conditions, leading to high pressure rise rates, higher ISNOx emissions, and lower ISCO emissions, while smoke and ISHC emissions remained unaffected by boost pressure variations.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A 28-Year-Old Man With a Mediastinal Mass

(CHEST 2008; 134:648–652) A 28-year-old man presented to the emergency department with chest pain. His medical history was significant only for chronic low-back pain due to a herniated lumbar intervertebral disk for which he was receiving meloxicam. He was a nonsmoker, worked as an aircraft mechanic, and had not recently traveled outside the country. Review of systems, with the exception of acute chest and chronic low-back pain, was negative. Vital signs and physical examination were normal. A CBC count, serum chemistries, urinalysis, ECG, and cardiac enzymes were unremarkable. The chest radiograph was also normal. A CT angiogram of the chest ruled out pulmonary embolism; however, a mediastinal abnormality was detected. The patient was discharged from the emergency department in stable condition, and a dedicated contrast-enhanced chest CT was subsequently performed (Fig 1).
PERK and GCN2 Contribute to eIF2α Phosphorylation and Cell Cycle Arrest after Activation of the Unfolded Protein Response Pathway

Exposure of cells to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to activation of PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha) phosphorylation, repression of cyclin D1 translation, and subsequent cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. However, whether PERK is solely responsible for regulating cyclin D1 accumulation after unfolded protein response pathway (UPR) activation has not been assessed. Herein, we demonstrate that repression of cyclin D1 translation after UPR activation occurs independently of PERK, but it remains dependent on eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Although phosphorylation of eIF2alpha in PERK-/- fibroblasts is attenuated in comparison with wild-type fibroblasts, it is not eliminated. The residual eIF2alpha phosphorylation correlates with the kinetics of cyclin D1 loss, suggesting that another eIF2alpha kinase functions in the absence of PERK. In cells harboring targeted deletion of both PERK and GCN2, cyclin D1 loss is attenuated, suggesting GCN2 functions as the redundant kinase. Consistent with these results, cyclin D1 translation is also stabilized in cells expressing a nonphosphorylatable allele of eIF2alpha; in contrast, repression of global protein translation still occurs in these cells, highlighting a high degree of specificity in transcripts targeted for translation inhibition by phosphorylated eIF2alpha. Our results demonstrate that PERK and GCN2 function to cooperatively regulate eIF2alpha phosphorylation and cyclin D1 translation after UPR activation.
Progress in invasion biology: predicting invaders

Predicting which species are probable invaders has been a long-standing goal of ecologists, but only recently have quantitative methods been used to achieve such a goal. Although restricted to few taxa, these studies reveal clear relationships between the characteristics of releases and the species involved, and the successful establishment and spread of invaders. For example, the probability of bird establishment increases with the number of individuals released and the number of release events. Also, the probability of plant invasiveness increases if the species has a history of invasion and reproduces vegetatively. These promising quantitative approaches should be more widely applied to allow us to predict patterns of invading species more successfully.
Acquired tracheo-esophageal fistula in the pediatric population

Acquired tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) in the paediatric population is a rare entity, an acquired fistula can be due to tracheotomy tubes and tracheotomy cuffs. Patients with burns are at greater risk from these tracheotomy complications. Acquired TEF can also occur due to a foreign body impaction. Prevention and early diagnosis are important. In patients with possible airway burns, 'safe' intracuff pressures maybe too high. To avoid further damage of the mucosa, the patient should have a small air leak maintained if a cuff is used. Most acquired TEF do not close spontaneously and surgical closure is required. Our paper presents two cases of acquired TEF in the pediatric population and reviews the literature on this subject.
Novel analogs of cyclic-ADP-ribose: 9-Cyclic etheno-ADP-ribose and cyclic etheno-CDP-ribose

Abstract Two novel analogs of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), 9-cyclic etheno-ADP-ribose ( 1 ) and cyclic etheno-CDP-ribose ( 2 ) were synthesized. We have shown for the first time that enzymatic and biomimetic methods may proceed by different reaction pathways. 1,N 6 -Etheno-nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide ( 3 ) was converted into 1 using the biomimetic procedure, whereas ADP-ribosyl cyclase transformed 3 into 4 . The unique fluorescence property and the strong Ca 2+ mobilizing activity of 1 provide investigators with a useful probe for the study of cADPR-binding proteins.
Heat production: Longitudinal versus torsional phacoemulsification.

Purpose To compare the heat production of longitudinal versus torsional phacoemulsification under strict laboratory test conditions. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, and Jules Stein Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods Two Infiniti phacoemulsification handpieces were inserted into silicone test chambers filled with a balanced salt solution and imaged serially using a thermal camera. Incision compression was simulated by suspending 25.3 g weights from the silicone chambers. To simulate occlusion of the phacoemulsification tip, the aspiration line was clamped. Peak temperatures were measured 0, 10, 30, 60, and 120 seconds after the commencement of continuous ultrasound power. The 2 handpieces, operating exclusively in longitudinal or torsional modes, were compared 3 ways: (1) using the same power displayed on the instrument console, (2) using identical stroke lengths, and (3) using the same applied energy, a product of stroke length and frequency. Results For all 3 comparisons, torsional phacoemulsification resulted in lower temperatures at each time point. At the same displayed power setting, the scenario most familiar to cataract surgeons, longitudinal phacoemulsification elevated temperatures up to 41.5°C more than torsional phacoemulsification. Conclusions Torsional phacoemulsification generated less heat than longitudinal phacoemulsification in all 3 comparison tests. Lower operating temperatures indicate lower heat generation within the same volume of fluid, and this may provide additional thermal protection during cataract surgery.
Proteinuria, serum creatinine, and outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with diabetes mellitus

with clinical correlations. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:1479–1485. 6. Popma JJ, Bashore TD. Qualitative and quantitative angiography. In: Topol E, ed. Textbook of Interventional Cardiology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 1994:1052–1068. 7. Mintz GS, Nissen SE, Anderson WD, Bailey SR, Erbel R, Fitzgerald PJ, Pinto FJ, Rosenfield K, Siegel RJ, Tuzcu EM, Yock PG. American College of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on standards for acquisition, measurement and reporting of intravascular ultrasound studies (IVUS). A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;37:1478–1492. 8. Scott DS, Arora UK, Farb A, Virmani R, Weissman NJ. Pathologic validation of a new method to quantify coronary calcific deposits in vivo using intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol 2000;85:37–40. 9. Roberts WC. Fatal coronary disease—is the coronary atherosclerosis focal or diffuse? Med Times 1978;106:30–32. 10. Grundy SM. Coronary plaque as a replacement for age as a risk factor in global risk assessment. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:8E–11E. 11. Blankenhorn DH. Coronary arterial calcification: a review. Am J Med Sci 1961;242:1–10. 12. Frink RJ, Achor RW, Brown AL Jr, Kincaid OW, Brandenburg RO. Significance of calcification of the coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 1970;26:241–247. 13. Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Popma JJ, Kent KM, Satler LF, Bucher TA, Leon MB. Determinates and correlates of target lesion calcium in coronary artery disease: a clinical, angiographic and intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:268–274. 14. Mintz GS, Popma JJ, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler LF, Chuang YC, Ditrano CJ, Leon MB. Patterns of calcification in coronary artery disease: a statistical analysis of intravascular ultrasound and coronary angiography in 1155 lesions. Circulation 1995;91:1959–1965. 15. Arad Y, Spadaro LA, Goodman K, Lledo-Perez A, Sherman S, Lerner G, Guerci AD. Predictive value of electron beam computed tomography of the coronary arteries: 19-month follow-up of 1173 asymptomatic subjects. Circulation 1996;93:1951–1953. 16. Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, Edwards WD, Gregoire J, Fitzpatrick LA, Schwartz RS. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:126–133. 17. Breen JF, Sheedy PF II, Schwartz RS, Stanson AW, Kaufmann RB, Moll PP, Rumberger JA. Coronary artery calcification detected with ultrafast CT as an indication of coronary artery disease. Radiology 1992;185:435–439. 18. Fallavollita JA, Brody AS, Bunnell IL, Kumar K, Canty JM Jr. Fast computer tomography detection of coronary artery calcification in the diagnosis of coronary disease: comparisons with angiography in patients 50 years old. Circulation 1994;89:285–290.
Context guided and personalized activity classification system

Continued rapid progress in the development of embedded motion sensing enables wearable devices that provide fundamental advances in the capability to monitor and classify human motion, detect movement disorders, and estimate energy expenditure. With this progress, it is becoming possible to provide, for the first time, evaluation of outcomes of rehabilitation interventions and direct guidance for advancement of subject health, wellness, and safety. The progress in motion classification relies on both the performance of new sensor fusion methods that provide inference, and the energy efficiency of energy-constrained monitoring sensors. As will be described here, both of these objectives require advances in the capability of detecting and classifying the location and environmental context. Context directly enables both enhanced motion classification accuracy and speed through reduction in search space, and reduced energy demand through context-aware optimization of sensor sampling and operation schedules. There have been attempts to introduce context awareness into activity monitoring with limited success, due to the ambiguity in the definition of context, and the lack of a system architecture that enables the adaptation of signal processing and sensor fusion algorithms specific to the task of personalized activity monitoring. In this paper we present a novel end-to-end system that provides context guided personalized activity classification. With a refined concept of context, the system introduces interface models that feature a context classification committee, the concept of context specific activity classification, the ability to manage sensors given context, and the ability to operate in real time through web services. We also present an implementation that demonstrates accurate context classification, accurate activity classification using context specific models with improved accuracy and speed, and extended operating life through sensor energy management.
Machine protection schemes for the SLC

The beam suppression and repetition rate limiting schemes used at the SLC (SLAC Linear Collider) are discussed. System constraints are discussed. Rate limiting is examined, and the impact of rate changes on the machine's data acquisition system is considered. >
BRDF invariant stereo using light transport constancy

Nearly all existing methods for stereo reconstruction assume that scene reflectance is Lambertian, and make use of color constancy as a matching invariant. We introduce a new invariant for stereo reconstruction called light transport constancy, which allows completely arbitrary scene reflectance (BRDFs). This invariant can be used to formulate a rank constraint on multiview stereo matching when the scene is observed in several lighting configurations. In addition, we show that this multiview constraint can be used with as few as two cameras and two lighting configurations. Unlikely previous methods for BRDF invariant stereo, light transport constancy does not require precisely configured or calibrated light sources, nor calibration objects in the scene. Importantly, the new constraint can be used to provide BRDF invariance to any existing stereo method, whenever appropriate lighting variation is available.
International Nongovernmental Organizations: Globalization, Policy Learning, and the Nation-State

Abstract This article discusses the mechanism of “soft law” that facilitates the participation of non-state actors in policy processes traditionally and even exclusively populated by sovereign nation states. I offer a perspective on the impacts of an important set of these of these actors: international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs). By articulating aspects of INGO influence, the article serves as a conceptual map to bridge an emerging question as to whether INGOs are most appropriately placed within or without Westphalia, the traditional worldview paradigm recognizing sovereign nation-states as the primary and legitimate institutions of global policy creation, enactment, and enforcement.
Predicting Commitment to Wed Among Hispanic and Anglo Partners

Ethnic differences in commitment to wed were examined between 46 Hispanics (27 women, 19 men) and 160 Anglos (84 women, 76 men). Although limited by sample sizes, findings indicated that Hispanics and Anglos did not differ, on average, on measures of attitudes toward marriage, perceived family influence, commitment to wed, belongingness, and trust. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that, after controlling for age and income, attitudes toward marriage, perceived family support, and trust predicted commitment to wed for women, whereas only perceived family support emerged as a predictor among men. Finally, although no ethnic differences emerged for men, the degree to which trust, perceived family support, and attitudes toward marriage predicted commitment to wed for women varied by ethnicity.
Third Service, Third Network: The CanWest Global System

Abstract: The growth of the CanWest Global System as a third service in the Canadian Broadcasting System is examined with particular attention to its national infrastructure and non-network status. Through the internalization of international joint ventures and co-productions, CanWest Global might set a trend for Canadian broadcasters in a global, post-network, deregulated environment. Resume: La croissance du Systeme Global CanWest en tant que troisieme service dans le systeme de radiodiffusion canadien est examinee avec une attention particuliere envers son infrastructure nationale et son statut de non-reseau. A travers l'internalisation des Entreprises Internationales Jointes et des co-productions, ca peut etre un modele pour les radiodiffuseurs canadiens dans un environnement mondial, deregule, et post-reseau.
Prevention of psychiatric disorders in early childhood.

No other period of the life cycle has captured as much attention as the first 5 years in regard to personality development. During this period of rapid growth it is difficult to isolate biological events involved in the maturation of the brain from social experiences that help shape the development of personality. The possibility that social experiences can produce permanent changes in the structure and functioning of the brain during such periods has sustained the idea that a «sensitive» period exists in early development (Scott, 1962). This review of early childhood intervention studies will examine whether such concepts are relevant to the prevention of psychiatric problems during infancy or the pre-school years
Emergency departments nurse allocation to face a pandemic influenza outbreak

This study proposes a nurse allocation policy to manage patient overflow during a pandemic influenza outbreak. The objective is to minimize the number of patients waiting in queue to be treated for the virus while maximizing patient flow. The model is built using ARENA simulation software and OptQuest heuristic optimization to propose various combinations for the number of nurses needed for healthcare delivery. Results are compared with a basic setting that closely emulates the resources and components in a Veteran's Hospital. The proposed method significantly reduces the number of patients waiting in queue (between 4 to 37 percent on average) for the simulated zones. ARENA process analyzer was used to evaluate various scenarios for nurse availability. Sensitivity on the results for these changes was tested by increasing the flow of patients through the system.
Sertraline to improve arousal and alertness in severe traumatic brain injury secondary to motor vehicle crashes.

Objective: To establish whether or not the serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline can improve arousal and alertness of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated diffuse axonal injury (DAI). Serotonin is a major inhibitory as well an excitatory neurotransmitter, and serotonergic neurons modulate the activity of brain regions responsible for motor control, arousal, attention, and emotional regulation. Setting: Tertiary care inpatient rehabilitation centre directly attached to a university hospital level-one trauma centre. Design: Prospective placebo-controlled randomized trial utilizing sertraline on admission to acute rehabilitation. Data set
iHeart nano: A sweet cure

Foam cells, a major contributor to atherosclerotic plaques, are formed when macrophages take up modified lipids via scavenger receptors. In search of therapeutic agents capable of targeting scavenger receptors, Lewis et al. wondered if sugar-based nanoparticles (NPs) could be modified to disrupt the uptake of these lipids. Their results show early success in limiting atherogenesis by inhibiting the contribution of scavenger receptors. Lewis et al. identified sugar-based amphilic macromolecules with the greatest potential to bind to scavenger receptors with in silico and in vitro methods. They then attached the macromolecules to nanoparticles that could be injected into Apoe -/- atherosclerosis-prone mice to test the hypothesis in vivo. Confocal microscopy revealed that the NPs successfully accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaque–burdened vessels in the mice and caused a robust 37% reduction in artery occlusion, less lipid accumulation and inflammatory signaling, and down-regulation of scavenger receptor expression. The investigators concluded that scavenger receptor–targeted NPs can shift macrophages to a less inflammatory state and are an effective approach to preventing atherogenesis. This study has limitations, including reliance on animal models, but was strengthened by the use of a series of translational tools to optimize the NPs. D. R. Lewis et al., Sugar-based amphiphilic nanoparticles arrest atherosclerosis in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 10.1073/pnas.1424594112 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.pnas.org/content/112/9/2693.abstract
Improving Public Engagement With Climate Change Five “Best Practice” Insights From Psychological Science

Despite being one of the most important societal challenges of the 21st century, public engagement with climate change currently remains low in the United States. Mounting evidence from across the behavioral sciences has found that most people regard climate change as a nonurgent and psychologically distant risk-spatially, temporally, and socially-which has led to deferred public decision making about mitigation and adaptation responses. In this article, we advance five simple but important "best practice" insights from psychological science that can help governments improve public policymaking about climate change. Particularly, instead of a future, distant, global, nonpersonal, and analytical risk that is often framed as an overt loss for society, we argue that policymakers should (a) emphasize climate change as a present, local, and personal risk; (b) facilitate more affective and experiential engagement; (c) leverage relevant social group norms; (d) frame policy solutions in terms of what can be gained from immediate action; and (e) appeal to intrinsically valued long-term environmental goals and outcomes. With practical examples we illustrate how these key psychological principles can be applied to support societal engagement and climate change policymaking.
Wireless sensors for automated control of total incombustible content (TIC) of dust deposited in underground coal mines

This paper presents ongoing research towards a low-cost/low-power wirelessly enabled distributed sensing system that can be placed throughout underground coal mines to potentially measure the total incombustible content (TIC) of the deposited dust. Underground coal mining operations produce finely divided coal dust, called float dust, which deposits throughout the mine. This combustible material can be feedstock for coal dust explosions. In the U.S., Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) standard 23789 dictates that a TIC of 80% or above has to be maintained in coal mine return airways. However, current best practices for collection TIC measurements involve manual sampling and laboratory procedures. In this work, we describe work towards developing a new wireless sensor network (WSN) consisting of low-cost/low-power sensor modules that use a variety of optical and microfabricated sensors to continuously monitor the TIC of the accumulated dust. The information is then transmitted off-board through a reliable ad-hoc wireless network. Called Sensors for Automated Control of Coal Dust (SACCD), this system can potentially, for example, be used to automate the control of rock-dusting equipment to maintain TIC at acceptable levels.
Social work purpose: status by choice or coercion?

Carol H. Meyer, DSW, is Professor, School of Social Work, Columbia Uni versity, New York, New York. This ar ticle was adapted from a plenary paper presented at the Annual Program Meeting, Council on Social Work Edu cation, Los Angeles, California, March 12, 1980. LIMITATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK Before deciding on the present to overthrow American society, for title of this article—"Social Work Purthey seem to be woven into its fabric, pose: Status by Choice or The terrible social conditions that Coercion?"—the author considered have plagued this and all other cen several other titles. Most had to do with turies also continue—poverty, unem polarizing questions, such as "Social ployment, poor housing, lack of health Work Purpose: Real or Illusionary?" security, and so on. Although in dif "Necessary or Negotiable?" "Status ferent eras these conditions shift in Quo or Status Quo Ante?" One turned quality and quantity, the attention paid out to have been used already: "Cause to them also shifts in seriousness and or Function?" History repeats itself, urgency. Social work can have only a even as social change edges forward, marginal effect upon these conditions, Could Porter R. Lee, almost fifty years although it has demonstrated some later, talk about cause and function and ability to design and carry out still be giving a relevant speech; could ameliorative services to ease their im Abraham Flexner, sixty-five years pact. It would seem that the root causes later, have the same chilling effect by of the economic and social situation in asking if social work is a profession?1 America today, much like fifty years Are these questions fitting challenges in ago, cannot be altered by professional the 1980s, or have the social and prosocial work methods, skills, or tech fessional changes of this century made niques. Lee and Flexner irrelevant? Can the A commitment to certain values can profession at last put these questions to not easily be translated into social rest and take comfort in social work's change. Wishing things to be better will purposes and identity? not make them so. But the "isms" and the social conditions are the context in
Counting Beans

Our current body politic is looking for a more robust voting mechanism that is secured by technology rather than by the competence and integrity of bean counters.
Montelukast medicines of today and tomorrow: from molecular pharmaceutics to technological formulations

Montelukast sodium is a leukotriene antagonist of growing interest as an alternative therapy for asthma across different age groups due to its bronchoprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties. Currently, montelukast is commercialized only in oral solid dosage forms, which are the favorite of adult patients but may pose challenges in administration to children of young age or patients suffering from dysphagia. This review presents a comprehensive revision of scientific reports and patents on emerging strategies for the delivery of montelukast. A common ground to these reports is the pursue of an enhanced montelukast performance, by increasing its bioavailability and physico-chemical stability. A wide variety of strategies can be found, from the formation of supramolecular adducts with cyclodextrins to encapsulation in nanoparticles and liposomes. The new dosage forms for montelukast are designed for non-enteric absorption, some for absorption in the oral cavity and another two being for local action in the nasal mucosa or in the pulmonary epithelium. The review describes the emerging delivery strategies to circumvent the current limitations to the use of montelukast that are expected to ultimately lead to the development of more patient-compliant dosage forms.
Immune Response of the Human Respiratory Tract. II. Cell-mediated Immunity in the Lower Respiratory Tract to Tuberculin and Mumps and Influenza Viruses

Normal volunteers were tested for cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and influenza and mumps viruses by use of circulating lymphocytes and cells obtained by bronchoalveolar (BA) lavage. CMI was assayed by the test for inhibition of macrophage migration. Both circulating and BA cells from volunteers with positive delayed skin tests gave significant inhibition in the presence of M. tuberculosis antigens, but those from individuals with negative skin tests did not. As with M. tuberculosis, CMI was demonstrable from both circulating and BA cells from individuals with positive skin tests for mumps, but not in those with negative skin tests. CMI to influenza virus was tested before and after immunization, either by aerosol or sc. CMI in the lower respiratory tract was best stimulated by aerosol immunization. Subcutaneous immunization stimulated primarily circulating CMI. The role of antibodies on secretory surfaces has been a subject of considerable recent investigative interest [1-5]. While secretory antibodies of the IgA class have been shown to be important in the protection of mucosal surfaces against certain infectious agents [6-8], relatively little information is available concerning the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in such areas. While recent studies have investigated CMI to several bacteria and
Understanding the 510(k) Refuse to Accept Policy

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began implementing the new Refuse to Accept (RTA) Policy for Premarket Notification (510(k)) on January 1, 2013. This policy, which is outlined in the guidance document titled “Refuse to Accept Policy for 510(k)s,”[1][1] is intended to ensure 510(k)
The Effects of Exchange Transfusion on the Pharmacokinetics of Phenobarbital

A 26-month-old child was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit for treatment of apparent fulminant hepatitis. While hospitalized, he underwent eight exchange transfusions to decrease ammonia concentrations. The patient received intravenous phenobarbital (Pb) for the treatment of cerebral edema. To determine the effects of exchange transfusion on Pb clearance, serum Pb concentrations were obtained before, after, and between exchanges. Preexchange and postexchange serum Pb concentrations were obtained on three separate exchanges. Pb concentrations also were examined between two exchange transfusions. The amount of Pb actually removed during one exchange transfusion was determined by analyzing serum obtained from the discarded blood resulting from the procedure. All Pb concentrations were analyzed by the Emit system. Results indicate that Pb was cleared at a mean rate of 433 ml/h during the exchange periods examined, with a mean overall elimination constant of 0.20 h−1. The Pb actually removed by the...
HIV-specific treatment.

This article describes trials of various modalities for the treatment of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus: attachment agents, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, glycosylation inhibitors, protease inhibitors, interferons, immunomodulators, miscellaneous agents, and vaccines.
Experimental Demonstration of Directive Si3N4 Optical Leaky Wave Antennas With Semiconductor Perturbations

Directive optical leaky wave antennas (OLWAs) fabricated in CMOS-compatible semiconductor planar waveguide technology have the potential to provide high directivity with electrical tunability promising for modulation and switching capabilities. We experimentally demonstrate directive radiation from a silicon nitride (Si3N 4) waveguide-based OLWA. The OLWA design comprises a crystalline silicon (Si) nanowire array buried inside a Si 3N4 waveguide. Each Si nanowire has a width of 260 nm and a height of 150 nm. The OLWA is designed to exhibit a directive radiation pattern at telecom wavelengths. The measured radiation pattern at the wavelength 1550 nm has its maximum emission intensity at the angle of 85.1° relative to the waveguide axis and a half-power beam width of approximately 5.0°, which are consistent with our theoretical predictions. The results indicate that the TM mode is more radiative than the TE mode in our fabricated devices. Also, the radiation pattern of the measured OLWA shows dependence on wavelength, which is typical of leaky wave antennas. The device is promising in chip-to-space optical interconnect applications.
Selfie Search: Image Retrieval and Face Recognition in iOS: [Invited Paper]

This paper describes the design and development of an iOS app for selfie search, which combines face detection and recognition capabilities with content-based image retrieval techniques. The app works offline, since all processing takes place entirely on the device. It was implemented in Objective-C and it leverages functionality from Apple's Core Image API for image processing tasks and CouchbaseLite for the database layer. For face recognition, the app employs local binary patterns -- encoded as spatially enhanced histograms, with weight maps that indicate preferred areas within the cropped image containing the face. The source code is available on GitHub.
The non-receptor tyrosine kinase TNK2/ACK1 is a novel therapeutic target in triple negative breast cancer

// Xinyan Wu 1, 2, * , Muhammad Saddiq Zahari 1, 2, * , Santosh Renuse 1, 2, 5 , Dhanashree S. Kelkar 1, 2 , Mustafa A. Barbhuiya 2 , Pamela L. Rojas 1, 2 , Vered Stearns 3 , Edward Gabrielson 3, 4 , Pavani Malla 6 , Saraswati Sukumar 3 , Nupam P. Mahajan 6, 7 , Akhilesh Pandey 1, 2, 3, 4 1 Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A 2 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A 3 Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A 4 Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21205, U.S.A 5 Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066, India 6 Department of Drug Discovery, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A 7 Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, U.S.A * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Xinyan Wu, email: xinyan@jhmi.edu Nupam P. Mahajan, email: Nupam.mahajan@moffitt.org Akhilesh Pandey, email: pandey@jhmi.edu Keywords: TNK2, triple negative breast cancer, tyrosine kinase, phosphorylation Received: March 11, 2016 Accepted: October 10, 2016 Published: November 25, 2016 ABSTRACT Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide. About 15-20% of all breast cancers do not express estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor or HER2 receptor and hence are collectively classified as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). These tumors are often relatively aggressive when compared to other types of breast cancer, and this issue is compounded by the lack of effective targeted therapy. In our previous phosphoproteomic profiling effort, we identified the non-receptor tyrosine kinase TNK2 as activated in a majority of aggressive TNBC cell lines. In the current study, we show that high expression of TNK2 in breast cancer cell lines correlates with high proliferation, invasion and colony forming ability. We demonstrate that knockdown of TNK2 expression can substantially suppress the invasiveness and proliferation advantage of TNBC cells in vitro and tumor formation in xenograft mouse models. Moreover, inhibition of TNK2 with small molecule inhibitor ( R )-9bMS significantly compromised TNBC proliferation. Finally, we find that high levels of TNK2 expression in high-grade basal-like breast cancers correlates significantly with poorer patient outcome. Taken together, our study suggests that TNK2 is a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of TNBC.
Smart Health and Well-Being

Advances in medicine and clinical care are increasingly tied to computing technologies. This special issue explores emerging trends in smart health and the benefits they bring to individual patients and society as a whole.
Long-term analysis of the asynchronicity between temperature and precipitation maxima in the United States Great Plains

Agriculture is a critical industry to the economy of the Great Plains (GP) region of North America and sensitive to change in weather and climate. Thus, improved knowledge of meteorological and climatological conditions during the growing season and associated variability across spatial and temporal scales is important. A distinct climate feature in the GP is the asynchronicity (AS) between the timing of temperature and precipitation maxima. This study investigated a long-term observational data set to quantify the AS and to address the impacts of climate variability and change. Global Historical Climate Network Daily (GHCN-Daily) data were utilized for this study; 352 GHCN-Daily stations were identified based on specific criteria and the dates of the precipitation and temperature maxima for each year were identified at daily and weekly intervals. An asynchronous difference index (ADI) was computed by determining the difference between these dates averaged over each decade. Analysis of daily and weekly ADI revealed two physically distinct regimes of ADI (positive and negative), with comparable shifts in the timing of both the maximum of precipitation and temperature over all six states within the GP examined when comparing the two different regimes. Time series analysis of decadal average ADI yielded moderate shifts (∼5 to 10 days from linear regression analysis) in ADI in several states with increased variability occurring over much of the study region.
Addressing Religion in Counseling With Racially Marginalized Adolescents

Many adolescents adhere to religious traditions. When faced with adversity, religion can be a source of meaning, comfort, and support. Adolescents in racially marginalized groups are at high risk o...
Signaling cost analysis for handoff decision algorithms in femtocell networks

Femtocells are deployed to provide good indoor coverage and to offload data traffic from macrocell networks. Unnecessary handoffs (HOs), ping-pong effects, and cell utilization are important performance metrics for evaluating the quality of connections and data offloading in femtocell networks. Though significant research has been conducted on HO decision algorithms to reduce unnecessary HOs and ping-pong effects, only a few of these studies consider unnecessary HOs and cell utilization together. Moreover, all of the existing HO decision algorithms add extra signaling overhead to the HO procedure. Therefore, it is important to analyze the HO signaling cost of existing HO decision algorithms. In this paper, we propose an analytical model to study the HO signaling cost of different HOs in open-access femtocell networks. In addition, we propose HO decision algorithms that can reduce unnecessary HOs without increasing HO signaling costs and sacrificing cell utilization. Simulation results show significant performance improvement as compared to the existing HO decision algorithms. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical model that can be applied to all existing HOs available in open-access femtocell networks.
Architectural modeling and analysis for safety engineering

Architecture description languages such as AADL allow systems engineers to specify the structure of system architectures and perform several analyses over them, including schedulability, resource analysis, and information flow. In addition, they permit system-level requirements to be specified and analyzed early in the development process of airborne and ground-based systems. These tools can also be used to perform safety analysis based on the system architecture and initial functional decomposition.
Interaction of silicene with amino acid analogues—from physical to chemical adsorption in gas and solvated phases

Silicene is an emerging 2D material, and an understanding of its interaction with amino acids, the basic building blocks of protein, is of fundamental importance. In this paper, we investigate the nature of adsorption of amino-acid analogues on silicene employing density functional theory and an implicit solvation model. Amino acid analogues are defined as CH3–R molecules, where R is the functional group of the amino acid side chain. The calculated results find three distinct groups within the amino-acid analogues considered: (i) group I, which includes MeCH3 and MeSH, interacts with silicene via the van der Waals dispersive terms leading to physisorbed configurations; (ii) group II strongly interacts with silicene forming Si–O/N chemical bonds in the chemisorbed configurations; and (iii) group III, which consists of the phenyl group, interacts with silicene via π–π interactions leading to physisorbed configurations. The results show that the lateral chains of the amino acids intrinsically determine the interactions between protein and silicene at the interface under the given physiological conditions.
Acute Responses to Diuretic Therapy in Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborns: Results from the Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program Cohort Study.

Objective To determine if daily respiratory status improved more in extremely low gestational age (GA) premature infants after diuretic exposure compared with those not exposed in modern neonatal intensive care units. Study design The Prematurity and Respiratory Outcomes Program (PROP) was a multicenter observational cohort study of 835 extremely premature infants, GAs of 230/7-286/7 weeks, enrolled in the first week of life from 13 US tertiary neonatal intensive care units. We analyzed the PROP study daily medication and respiratory support records of infants ≤34 weeks postmenstrual age. We determined whether there was a temporal association between the administration of diuretics and an acute change in respiratory status in premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit, using an ordered categorical ranking of respiratory status. Results Infants in the diuretic exposed group of PROP were of lower mean GA and lower mean birth weight (P 1) for each day after the initial day of diuretic exposure. Conclusions Our analysis did not support the ability of diuretics to substantially improve the extremely premature infant's respiratory status. Further study of both safety and efficacy of diuretics in this setting are warranted. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov : NCT01435187.
Computational Study of Thermal Transport in Nanowire-Graphene Thin Films

Metal nanowires-doped polycrystalline graphene is recently shown to be very promising as transparent conducting material for many applications including solar cells, touchscreens, and light-emitting diodes. However, the thermal reliability of these thin-film materials can be a concern and is not well understood yet. In this study, we develop and utilize a coupled electrothermal model to examine self-heating in the nanowire-polygraphene thin-film hybrid material. We study the effects of various key material/topological parameters such as nanowire density and alignment, and interfacial thermal resistances at nanowire junctions, and nanowire-graphene interfaces on the temperature distribution of both nanowire network and polygraphene. The analysis provides useful insights about the size, location, and number of hotspots in the nanowires and polygraphene. The peak and average temperature variation in the thin-film material are explored and analyzed for varied nanowire density and percentage of high-resistance grain boundaries, and, in this respect, we observe that the variation of both peak and average temperature of the nanowire network deviates from the classical behavior expected from an electrical conductor, and rather it follows the trend according to the copercolating charge transport within the nanowire-polygraphene hybrid material. We find that the temperature profile of nanowires follows the Weibull distribution for various current values in the network for both below and above percolation threshold of nanowire networks. We systematically study the effect of nanowire orientation on the temperature profile in the material, and find that aligned nanowires along the main transport direction is likely to experience higher temperature rise due to the enhanced current. The developed framework can help us to provide design guidelines to mitigate the bottlenecks and accelerate the advent of these types of hybrid materials as transparent conducting electrodes.
Effects of a Game-Centered Health Promotion Program on Fall Risk, Health Knowledge, and Quality of Life in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

Quality of life (QOL) is an important aspect of overall well-being in older adults and can be improved with increased physical activity. One in four older adults experiences a fall each year, making it necessary to focus public health interventions towards decreasing fall risk and improving QOL in older adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the health promotion program, Bingocize®, on QOL and fall risk in community-dwelling older adults (n = 36; mean age 73.63 ± 6.97). Participants were clustered and randomly assigned to (a) experimental (n = 19; participating in Bingocize® program, or (b) control (n = 17; only played normal bingo). Each group completed a 12-week intervention that consisted of two 45-60 minute sessions per week. There were no significant interactions for any of the variables, with the exception of positive affect (PA) (F (1,34) = 5.66, p = 0.02, η p 2 = 0.15 , power = 0.64) and handgrip strength (F (1,34) = 8.31, p = 0.007, η p 2 = 0.196 , power = 0.80). There was also a significant main effect for time for health knowledge. Participating in the Bingocize® health promotion program can produce a meaningful and detectable change in handgrip strength and PA in community-dwelling older adults.
Growing Together: A Qualitative Investigation of Community Connection Through the Transformation of a Religious Space

Throughout the United States, attendance at religious services is on the decline, fewer Americans identify as “very religious”, and the lack of community gathering spaces can make meaningful connection between community members difficult. The current qualitative study examined a welcoming and inclusive urban religious institution in Portland, Oregon that has created for-rent gathering spaces for individuals from the community. The primary goal of the current study was to examine the challenges and opportunities of opening the church to the community. Using a community based participatory research (CBPR) approach, the researchers collaborated with a steering committee comprised of members of the church, community, and the non-profit organization. Six focus groups were conducted (3 church groups, n = 19; 3 community groups, n = 12). The results suggest that churches and communities can respond to the changing landscape of our times by providing opportunities and physical spaces for collaboration and connection.