cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Errors in the Electrostatically Embedded Many-Body Expansion of the Energy and the Correlation Energy for Zn and Cd Coordination Complexes with Five and Six Ligands and Use of the Analysis to Develop a Generally Successful Fragmentation Strategy

In the present paper, we apply the electrostatically embedded many-body expansion of the correlation energy (EE-MB-CE) to the calculation of zinc–ligand and cadmium–ligand bond dissociation energies, and we analyze the errors due to various fragmentation schemes in a variety of neutral, positively charged, and negatively charged Zn2+ and Cd2+ coordination complexes. As a result of the analysis, we are able to present a new, simple, and unambiguous fragmentation strategy. Following this strategy, we show that both methods perform well for zinc–ligand and cadmium–ligand bond dissociation energies for all systems studied in the paper, including a model of the catalytic site of the zinc-bearing anthrax toxin lethal factor (LF), which has garnered substantial attention as a target for drug development. To draw general conclusions, we consider ten pentacoordinate and hexacoordinate zinc and cadmium containing coordination complexes, each with 10 or 15 different fragmentation schemes. By analyzing errors, we dev...
The Learner-Teacher Relationship

The relationship between learner and teacher is fundamental to medical education, yet there has been limited research on the subject. We explore how analogies to theories from two other fields—evolutionary biology and social theory—may help us understand some of the tensions in this relationship and may offer guidance on how to solve problems between learners and teachers.
Hispanic Community College Students and the Transfer Game: Strikes, Misses, and Grand Slam Experiences

Like baseball, community colleges are an American invention. This article employs a baseball metaphor to analyze and to explain success of Latino students in the Los Angeles Community College District. Specifically, a sample of 5,000 students were participants in the Transfer Game, where progress was measured by passing the courses specified by California's transfer readiness curriculum (IGETC). Transcript analysis was used to ascertain the proportion of Hispanic and non-Hispanic students passing IGETC modules. Among Hispanic students, differences in success patterns were found by ethnicity and gender but not by age or native language. After an average of over 6 semesters, a little less than 1/3 of all the Hispanic community college students had reached any of the transfer-ready bases, as defined by the passing of IGETC modules, and only 8.9% were transfer ready. Despite lower than optimal findings, this research celebrates those students who defied the odds and transferred to a 4-year university. The art...
Workers wanted: Employer recruitment of immigrant labor

Employers play central roles in the social incorporation of immigrant labor but have usually received only scant attention in research literature. From the importation of contract Mexican workers from 1942 to 1964 to the present employment of foreign-born workers in primary and secondary labor markets, employers have played critical functions in recruiting foreign-born labor into the U.S. economy. Directly and indirectly, the U.S. government has supported these functions. The future likely holds a continuation of temporary governmental policies for the recruitment of skilled and unskilled foreign-born labor as well as a continuation of employer attraction to this labor.
Further Analysis of the Entity-Relationship Approach to Database Design

The nondeterministic or deterministic entity-relationship model of a database is formaRy defined as a user's view of that database in terms of a collection of time-varying relations: the regular or weak entity relations, or the regular or weak relationship relations. Both nondeterministic and deterministic entity-relationship models have the same strength to characterize information concerning entities and relationships which exist in our minds. An improved table form of the relations is introduced to provide a clear and concise user's view of databases. The basic concept of the entity-relationship approach to the logical database design is provided, and is used to derive 3NF relations. FinaUly, a method of representing physicaly these relations, which are generated by the use of the entity-relationship approach to the logical database design, is presented. Thus, the entity-relationship approach to the logical and physical database design can also be realized.
Prejudice as Lifeform

Sociological research on racial prejudice has generated consistent and reliable empirical findings on the social determinants of prejudice, but comprehensive theoretical explanations of the social forces that promote prejudice tend to be controversial. Two such theoretical perspectives are examined and then compared for their ability to explain prejudice; namely Durkheim's theory of cognition and the neoevolutionist approach to sociocultural modernization and ontogenetic maturation. An attempt also is made to merge the interactionist and evolutionist arguments for the purpose of developing a comprehensive explanation of prejudice.
Achieving tolerances in an intolerant world: telephoto contact lenses and other unconventional imaging systems

Optical system design is always constrained by achievable fabrication tolerances, and there is a constant balance between design performance and the cost or yield of the fabrication process. However, many of the best designs are achieved by starting from the manufacturing platform, and modifying the basic structure of the system to take maximum advantage of symmetries in the system. We will describe several optical systems whose symmetries have allowed us to bypass some of the more problematic tolerances. The first is a multi-reflection imaging system using concentric aspheric mirrors, diamond turned into a a single optical element, which allowed us to create a 3x magnification Galilean telescope just 1 mm thick, designed to be incorporated into a contact lens as a vision aid. The second system is a multi-scale lens design which explores a different type of symmetry: a bilateral monocentric primary lens, followed by over 200 identical secondary optics, which together form an aggregate 2500 megapixel imager. And the third system is a non-imaging solar concentrator using micro-optic lenslets and micro-reflectors which couple incident sunlight into a slab waveguide, where the problem of aligning the lenslets to the micro-reflectors has been bypassed by using the focal spot from each lenslet to form it's corresponding injection feature.
Cytokine Signaling Exposed

In this issue, Lupardus et al. (2011) provide images, obtained by electron microscopy, of a complete cytokine signaling complex, offering clues into the mechanism by which binding of cytokines to their cognate receptors triggers trans-phosphorylation and activation of Janus kinases.
A method to estimate the effect of deformable image registration uncertainties on daily dose mapping

Purpose: To develop a statistical sampling procedure for spatially-correlated uncertainties in deformable image registration and then use it to demonstrate their effect on daily dose mapping. Methods: Sequential daily CT studies are acquired to map anatomical variations prior to fractionated external beam radiotherapy. The CTs are deformably registered to the planning CT to obtain displacement vector fields (DVFs). The DVFs are used to accumulate the dose delivered each day onto the planning CT. Each DVF has spatially-correlated uncertainties associated with it. Principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to measured DVF error maps to produce decorrelated principal component modes of the errors. The modes are sampled independently and reconstructed to produce synthetic registration error maps. The synthetic error maps are convolved with dose mapped via deformable registration to model the resulting uncertainty in the dose mapping. The results are compared to the dose mapping uncertainty that would result from uncorrelated DVF errors that vary randomly from voxel to voxel. Results: The error sampling method is shown to produce synthetic DVF error maps that are statistically indistinguishable from the observed error maps. Spatially-correlated DVF uncertainties modeled by our procedure produce patterns of dose mapping error that are different from that due to randomly distributed uncertainties. Conclusions: Deformable image registration uncertainties have complex spatial distributions. The authors have developed and tested a method to decorrelate the spatial uncertainties and make statistical samples of highly correlated error maps. The sample error maps can be used to investigate the effect of DVF uncertainties on daily dose mapping via deformable image registration. An initial demonstration of this methodology shows that dose mapping uncertainties can be sensitive to spatial patterns in the DVF uncertainties.
The Chlorotic Leaf Distortion Pathogen, Fusarium lateritium, Cross Protects Sweetpotato against Fusarium Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. batatas1

Abstract The chlorotic leaf distortion pathogen of sweetpotato, Fusarium lateritium, protected susceptible sweetpotato plants against Fusarium wilt caused by F. oxysporum f.sp. batatas. Protection could be effected by simultaneous inoculation with both fungi but required 1.0 × 106 propagules/ml of the protector to protect against similar inoculum density of the wilt pathogen. Although isolates of the protector and pathogen varied in effectiveness and sensitivity, all protector isolates showed some degree of protection. Fusarium lateritium did not cause significant repression of wilt on cotton, pepper, watermelon, or cabbage simultaneously inoculated with compatible formae speciales of F. oxysporum by root-dip inoculations in greenhouse tests. The significance of these findings in relation to screening for resistance to Fusarium wilt in sweetpotato is briefly discussed.
Origins of the deflagration-to-detonation transition in gas-phase combustion

Abstract This paper summarizes a 10-year theoretical and numerical effort to understand the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). To simulate DDT from first principles, it is necessary to resolve the relevant scales ranging from the size of the system to the flame thickness, a range that can cover up to 12 orders of magnitude in real systems. This computational challenge resulted in the development of numerical algorithms for solving coupled partial and ordinary differential equations and a new method for adaptive mesh refinement to deal with multiscale phenomena. Insight into how, when, and where DDT occurs was obtained by analyzing a series of multidimensional numerical simulations of laboratory experiments designed to create a turbulent flame through a series of shock–flame interactions. The simulations showed that these interactions are important for creating the conditions in which DDT can occur. Flames enhance the strength of shocks passing through a turbulent flame brush and generate new shocks. In turn, shock interactions with flames create and drive the turbulence in flames. The turbulent flame itself does not undergo a transition, but it creates conditions in nearby unreacted material that lead to ignition centers, or “hot spots,” which can then produce a detonation through the Zeldovich gradient mechanism involving gradients of reactivity. Obstacles and boundary layers, through their interactions with shocks and flames, help to create environments in which hot spots can develop. Other scenarios producing reactivity gradients that can lead to detonations include flame–flame interactions, turbulent mixing of hot products with reactant gases, and direct shock ignition. Major unresolved questions concern the properties of nonequilibrium, shock-driven turbulence, stochastic properties of ignition events, and the possibility of unconfined DDT.
Idempotent analysis and continuous semilattices

In this survey article we give a brief overview of various aspects of the recently emerging field of idempotent analysis and suggest potential connections with domain theory.
Photometry, Colorimetry and Radiometry: Issues and Applications

This special issue of the Journal of Modern Optics contains papers submitted in response to a call for papers on the theme “Photometry, Colorimetry and Radiometry: Issues and Applications”. This is...
The high-pressure liquid chromatographic separation of copper(II) and nickel(II) schiff base chelates on microparticulate silica

Abstract The separation of neutral copper and nickel chelates of two representative Schiff base ligands, N,N'-ethylenebis(acetylacetoneimine) and N,N'-ethylene-bis(salicylaldimine) is reported on a column of 10-μm diameter silica. Both pairs of chelates are well resolved with good peak shape and efficiencies when the mobile phase is 4 : 1 methylene chloride—acetonitrile. The u.v. detector response at 254 nm is linear over approximately three orders of magnitude of quantity of chelate injected; the detection limits are in the low nanogram range. Qualitative and quantitative elution of undegraded chelates was demonstrated by u.v. spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy.
The effect of β-aminopropionitrile on elastin gene expression in smooth muscle cell cultures

Abstract When β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is added to neonatal rat aortic smooth muscle cell cultures there is a decrease in insoluble elastin accumulation with a concomitant increase in tropoelastin and tropoelastin fragments in the culture medium. The experiments described here examine the biological significance of this fragmentation. BAPN, as well as purified tropoelastin fragments isolated from spent medium of cells grown in the presence of BAPN, were added to cultures. A decrease in elastin mRNA was observed in cultures grown in the presence of BAPN and also in those cultures to which the purified tropoelastin moieties were added. These studies indicate that the inhibition of lysyl oxidase by BAPN prevents elastin crosslinking which results in an increase in tropoelastin moieties, thus leading to a down regulation of the steady state levels of elastin mRNA.
Evaluating the Impact of Immigration Policies on Health Status Among Undocumented Immigrants: A Systematic Review

Over the past two decades, new anti-immigration policies and laws have emerged to address the migration of undocumented immigrants. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to assess and understand how these immigration policies and laws may affect both access to health services and health outcomes among undocumented immigrants. Eight databases were used to conduct this review, which returned 325 papers that were assessed for validity based on specified inclusion criteria. Forty critically appraised articles were selected for analysis; thirty articles related to access to health services, and ten related to health outcomes. The articles showed a direct relationship between anti-immigration policies and their effects on access to health services. In addition, as a result of these policies, undocumented immigrants were impacted by mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Action items were presented, including the promotion of cultural diversity training and the development of innovative strategies to support safety-net health care facilities serving vulnerable populations.
Comments on the MgO — CaO system

Abstract The two previously published analyses of the MgO — CaO system are reexamined. Heats of fusion for MgO as different as 57.7 and 77.0 kJ mol −1 appear to give satisfactory calculated phase diagrams. The value 74 ± 15 kJ mol −1 is a good value for the heat of fusion for MgO. There are small differences in the quality of the fit to experimental data, insufficient to rule out either value for the heat of fusion. To get heats of fusion from a phase diagram better than ± 15 kJ mol −1 one needs a good model for the expected liquid phase behavior to compare with activity coefficients from the least squares fits. Accepting a model for the positive deviations from ideality in the MgO — CaO liquids (MgO interactions dependent upon X 2 or X 3 , three regularly decreasing Redlich-Kister coefficients) reduces the uncertainty limits, giving 74 ± 6 kJ mol −1 for the heat of fusion for MgO. The published value of 59 ± 6 kJ mol −1 for CaO is supported in this work.
The microsortation of high loadings of post-consumer mixed polyolefins using liquid carbon dioxide in a slightly agitated, batch apparatus

Abstract The microsortation of clean, dry, mixed, shredded, post-consumer polyolefins can be accomplished using near-critical carbon dioxide as a float-sink medium. At high loadings of plastics, however, buoyant forces alone are not sufficient to break up the aggregates of interlocking shredded plastic particles. Therefore a close-clearance impeller must be used to agitate the mixed plastics during the batch separation. This slight agitation permits these irregularly shaped chips to either float or sink without being hindered by surrounding chips. The separation apparatus operates most efficiently when the plastics are charged to a level that corresponds to the top of the highest blade of a large-diameter multiple-pitched blade impeller that rotates at 15 rpm. A post-consumer flake mixture of 85% HDPE/15% PP can be sorted into HDPE and PP streams of 99+% purity at loadings up to 56 volume per cent. In the absence of an impeller, high purity separations can be achieved at loadings of only two volume per cent. This dramatic increase in the loading reduces the estimated processing cost of mixed polyolefins to $ 0.03–0.05/lb, enhancing the economic feasibility of this high pressure, CO 2 -based microsortation process.
Humean Critics: Real or Ideal?

This paper attempts a rational reconstruction of the Humean notion of an ideal critic. Claiming that the traits of practice and comparison can only arise through the gradual accumulation of experience, I argue that Humean critics are real, not ideal. After discussing the nature of perfection and the relation of delicacy to the other Human traits, I propose two supplements to Hume's list: imaginative fluency and emotional responsiveness. I close by examining a trio of challenges to my view and supporting a mitigated aesthetic nonrealism.
Heavy and light chain sequences of four monoclonal antibodies that bind galactosylgloboside (GalGb4)

We recently described IgM monoclonal antibodies directed against the glycospingolipid galactosylgloboside (GalGb4; Marcus, M. D. et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 1988.262: 620). We now present the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the heavy and light chains of these antibodies. The antibodies were generated in a single fusion, their heavy as well as their light chains are almost identical, and they appear to be clonally related. The light chains were encoded by J kappa 5 and a V kappa gene belonging to the Ox1 family, but they are only 93% homologous to the most closely related germ-line gene, and they are probably encoded by a germ-line gene that has not yet been identified. The heavy chains were all encoded by VH441 and JH2, and have identical N segments. The VH441 germ-line gene encodes a potential glycosylation site at Asn58 in the complementarity-determining region 2. This site, which has been retained in all VH441-encoded monoclonal antibodies sequenced previously, was mutated out by a single base change in all four anti-GalGb4 antibodies.
Yeast DNA recombination and repair proteins Rad1 and Rad10 constitute a complex in vivo mediated by localized hydrophobic domains

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad1 and Rad10 proteins are required for damage-specific incision during nucleotide excision repair and also for certain mitotic recombination events between repeated sequences. Previously we have demonstrated that Rad1 and Rad10 form a specific complex in vitro. Using the 'two-hybrid' genetic assay system we now report that Rad1 and Rad10 proteins are subunits of a specific complex in the cell nucleus. The Rad10-binding domain of Rad1 protein maps to a localized region between amino acids 809-997. The Rad1-binding domain of Rad10 protein maps between amino acids 90-210. These domains are evolutionarily conserved and are hydrophobic in character. Although significant homology exists between Rad10 and the human-DNA-repair protein Ercc1 in this region, we were unable to detect any interaction between Ercc1 and Rad1 proteins. We conclude that Rad1 and Rad10 operate in DNA repair and mitotic recombination as a constitutive complex.
BatteryExtender: an adaptive user-guided tool for power management of mobile devices

The battery life of mobile devices is one of their most important resources. Much of the literature focuses on accurately profiling the power consumption of device components or enabling application developers to develop energy-efficient applications through fine-grained power profiling. However, there is a lack of tools to enable users to extend battery life on demand. What can users do if they need their device to last for a specific duration in order to perform a specific task? To this extent, we developed BatteryExtender, a user-guided power management tool that enables the reconfiguration of the device's resources based on the workload requirement, similar to the principle of creating virtual machines in the cloud. It predicts the battery life savings based on the new configuration, in addition to predicting the impact of running applications on the battery life. Through our experimental analysis, BatteryExtender decreased the energy consumption between 10.03% and 20.21%, and in rare cases by up to 72.83%. The accuracy rate ranged between 92.37% and 99.72%.
Constitutive modeling of the rate, temperature, and hydration dependent deformation response of Nafion to monotonic and cyclic loading

Abstract The elastic–plastic behavior of the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) Nafion is characterized via monotonic and cyclic uniaxial tension testing as a function of strain rate, temperature, and hydration. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that, under dry (30%RH) conditions, the material begins to transition from the glassy to the rubbery state at 75 ° C, with a glass transition of 105 ° C. DMA reveals the fully hydrated state to be significantly more compliant than the dry state, with a glass transition beginning at 40 ° C. Large strain monotonic tensile tests find the rate-dependent stress–strain behavior to be highly dependent on temperature and hydration. The dry state transitions from an elastic–plastic behavior at 25 ° C to an increasingly more compliant behavior and lower yield stress as temperature is increased through the glass transition, until exhibiting a rubbery-like behavior at 100 ° C. At 25 ° C, the stress–strain behavior remains elastic-plastic for all hydrated states with the stiffness and yield stress decreasing with increasing hydration. Increasing hydration at all temperatures acts to decrease the initial elastic stiffness and yield stress. Unloading from different strains reveals the elastic-plastic nature of the behavior even for the elevated temperature and hydrated states. Cyclic loading-unloading-reloading excursions to different strains show significant nonlinear recovery at all strains past yield with a highly nonlinear reloading behavior which rejoins the initial loading path. A micromechanically motivated constitutive model consisting of an intermolecular resistance in parallel with an elastic network resistance is shown to be capable of capturing the rate, temperature, and hydration dependence of the monotonic stress-strain behavior. The intermolecular resistance captures the local intermolecular barriers to initial elastic deformation and also captures the thermally activated nature of yield; these intermolecular barriers are modeled to decrease with increasing temperature and hydration, in particular mimicking the reduction in these barriers as the material approaches and enters the glass transition regime, successfully capturing the strong temperature and hydration dependence of the stress-strain behavior. The highly nonlinear post-yield unloading and reloading suggest the development of a back stress during inelastic deformation which aids reverse plastic flow during unloading. Inclusion of a back stress which saturates after reaching a critical level provides an ability to capture the highly nonlinear cyclic loading stress response. Hence, the proposed model provides the capability to describe the complex evolution of stress and strain that occurs in PEM membranes due to the constrained hygrothermal cyclic swelling/deswelling characteristic of membranes in operating fuel cells.
College Education and the Midcentury GI Bills

The midcentury GI bills were the largest direct scholarship program for higher education in American history. I use a comparison group created by the sharp cutoff date of the Korean War GI bill to evaluate the effects of the Korean War GI bill on postsecondary educational attainment and access to college by the disadvantaged. I then bound the likely effects of the World War II GI bill based on elasticities estimated for the Korean War GI bill and new estimates using older veterans as a comparison group for younger ones. I find that the combination of the Korean War and WWII GI bills probably increased total postsecondary attainment among all men born between 1921 and 1933 by about 15 to 20 percent, with smaller effects for surrounding cohorts. The impacts of both programs on college attainment were apparently concentrated among veterans from families in the upper half of the distribution of socioeconomic status.
Albuminuria and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Independently Associate with Acute Kidney Injury

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasingly common and a significant contributor to excess death in hospitalized patients. CKD is an established risk factor for AKI; however, the independent graded association of urine albumin excretion with AKI is unknown. We analyzed a prospective cohort of 11,200 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study for the association between baseline urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio and estimated GFR (eGFR) with hospitalizations or death with AKI. The incidence of AKI events was 4.0 per 1000 person-years of follow-up. Using participants with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratios <10 mg/g as a reference, the relative hazards of AKI, adjusted for age, gender, race, cardiovascular risk factors, and categories of eGFR were 1.9 (95% CI, 1.4 to 2.6), 2.2 (95% CI, 1.6 to 3.0), and 4.8 (95% CI, 3.2 to 7.2) for urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio groups of 11 to 29 mg/g, 30 to 299 mg/g, and ≥300 mg/g, respectively. Similarly, the overall adjusted relative hazard of AKI increased with decreasing eGFR. Patterns persisted within subgroups of age, race, and gender. In summary, albuminuria and eGFR have strong, independent associations with incident AKI.
From survivor to entrepreneur: gendered dimensions of microenterprise development in Peru.

The author examines the gendered experience of economic restructuring within the microenterprise sector of Peru and the ways in which this is related to the creation and reproduction of ideologies and identities of gender within Peruvian society and the international development community. She suggests that the prevailing conceptualization of poor urban women as `survivors/victims within national society social science discourse and development praxis reveals a gender bias that is operationalized in the widespread exclusion of women from mainstream programs of microenterprise development. In arguing for a reconceptualization of poor urban women as `survivors/producers and/or `survivors/entrepreneurs in a way that highlights the empowering dimensions of this identity the diverse productive and reproductive activities that constitute womens daily experiences are seen as a self-directed act of resistance to the disenfranchising impact of structural adjustment. From an analysis of the impact of five microenterprise development programs on the lives of participating women it is concluded that gender-focused programs of microenterprise assistance open a new space for poor urban women to create and negotiate alternative more empowering identities. (authors)
A preliminary exploration of time management strategies used by physicians in the United States

Objectives: To investigate time management strategies used by experienced physicians, how they are acquired, and to what extent they are supported by tacit knowledge. Methods: Five physicians, each with more than ten years of clinical experience, participated. Data were collected during three medical office observations and two in-depth interviews with each physician. The purpose of observations was to monitor events that had time management implications. The interviews consisted of 1) a stimulated recall procedure during which physicians were asked questions aimed at capturing, retrospectively, contents of working memory at a particular moment during an observed event with time management implications 2) questions that encouraged physicians to talk about the time issues they face in practice, what time management strategies they use, and how they developed these strategies. Results: Physicians implemented many strategies that helped them manage time efficiently. These strategies were
A New Asymmetric SRAM Cell to Reduce Soft Errors and Leakage Power in FPGA

Soft errors in semiconductor memories occur due to charged particle strikes at the cell nodes. In this paper, we present a new asymmetric memory cell to increase the soft error tolerance of SRAM. At the same time, this cell can be used at the reduced supply voltage to decrease the leakage power without significantly increasing the soft error rate of SRAM. A major use of this cell is in the configuration memory of FPGA. The cell is designed using a 70nm process technology and verified using Spice simulations. Soft error tolerance results are presented and compared with standard SRAM cell and an existing increased soft error tolerance cell. Simulation results show that our cell has lowest soft error rate at the various supply voltages
Occludin S408 phosphorylation regulates tight junction protein interactions and barrier function.

Although the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the tight junction protein occludin is heavily phosphorylated, the functional impact of most individual sites is undefined. Here, we show that inhibition of CK2-mediated occludin S408 phosphorylation elevates transepithelial resistance by reducing paracellular cation flux. This regulation requires occludin, claudin-1, claudin-2, and ZO-1. S408 dephosphorylation reduces occludin exchange, but increases exchange of ZO-1, claudin-1, and claudin-2, thereby causing the mobile fractions of these proteins to converge. Claudin-4 exchange is not affected. ZO-1 domains that mediate interactions with occludin and claudins are required for increases in claudin-2 exchange, suggesting assembly of a phosphorylation-sensitive protein complex. Consistent with this, binding of claudin-1 and claudin-2, but not claudin-4, to S408A occludin tail is increased relative to S408D. Finally, CK2 inhibition reversed IL-13–induced, claudin-2–dependent barrier loss. Thus, occludin S408 dephosphorylation regulates paracellular permeability by remodeling tight junction protein dynamic behavior and intermolecular interactions between occludin, ZO-1, and select claudins, and may have therapeutic potential in inflammation-associated barrier dysfunction.
Cooperative production and accelerated development: A review of potential and constraints

Producer cooperatives or, more generally, firms with extensive worker participation are only marginal to most economies. There is, nevertheless, considerable interest in the potential for greater productivity of such firms, and in their distributional implications. A number of examples suggest that, under the right conditions, cooperatives can make a useful contribution to regional development. This paper discusses three such cases: (i) the Mondragon Group in Spain and the Dairy and Sugar Cooperatives of Gujerat and Maharashtra, India. It considers the case for interventions along cooperative lines to assist in the rationalization of industries. Tentative conclusions are: (i) cooperative or participatory production appears to be easier to organize and sustain in less overwhelming, hierarchical societies; (ii) not all productive activities benefit equally from cooperative organization; (iii) industrial producer cooperatives are probably most suited to regions of limited labor mobility; (iv) cooperatives probably require quite broad-based participatory processes, which requires an incentive structure that links rewards to performance; (v) public role should be limited; and (vi) widespread employee shareholding is useful.
Nutritional Characteristics of Amniotic Fluid

After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Explain the role of amniotic fluid in fetal nutrition and neonatal health. 2. Define the most important macro- and micronutrients in amniotic fluid. 3. Describe the important growth factors contained in amniotic fluid. 4. 4Discuss the current and future directions for research in amniotic fluid-related fetal nutrition and neonatal health. Amniotic fluid (AF) is an accepted physical barrier against fetal trauma and a defense against fetal infection. The importance of AF in fetal nutrition also is an acknowledged fact. Fetal malnutrition related to abnormalities of AF and its consequences on neonatal health, however, are not fully appreciated. This review examines the nutritional characteristics of AF. In 1975, fetal swallowing was shown to be the primary method of clearing proteins from AF. ( 1) Using near-term Rhesus monkeys and 35S-labeled proteins injected into AF, 10% to 15% of nitrogen accretion in late pregnancy was shown to be related to fetal swallowing. A decade later, Mulvihill and colleagues ( 2) reported experiments that ligated the esophagi of fetal rabbits to prevent swallowing of AF. These researchers subsequently infused different nutritive solutions into the fetal stomach and compared growth and organ weights. Swallowing of AF enhanced fetal gastrointestinal development, and in late gestation, accounted for 10% to 14% of the nutritional requirements of the normal fetus. In sheep, esophageal ligation causes abnormal enterocyte differentiation and decreases fetal intestinal growth, conditions that are mitigated by re-establishing fetal swallowing. ( 3) Ultrasonography recently defined gastric emptying cycles in human fetuses throughout pregnancy, and near-term, the delay in gastric emptying may be related to satiation. ( 4) The effect of AF on fetal intestinal and somatic growth in humans is more circumstantial (Table 1). In 1994, Surana and Puri ( 5) studied jejunal versus ileal atresia and discovered …
A New Structural Constraint and its Application in Wide Baseline Matching

We introduce a new structural constraint that can be used for matching points in image pairs taken from a wide baseline. No assumption is made about the geometry of the 3D points or of surfaces in the scene, nor about the location or orientation of the cameras. This structural constraint can be used to reduce the search space when matching a number of feature points in two images, eliminating the risk of selecting a matching that is provably wrong because unrealizable.
Supervised learning with spiking neural networks

We derive a supervised learning algorithm for a spiking neural network which encodes information in the timing of spike trains. This algorithm is similar to the classical error backpropagation algorithm for sigmoidal neural network but the learning parameter is adaptively changed. The algorithm is applied to a complex nonlinear classification problem and the results show that the spiking neural network is capable of performing nonlinearly separable classification tasks. Several issues concerning the spiking neural network are discussed.
Structure-Function Studies of Agonists and Antagonists for Gastrointestinal Peptide Receptors on Pancreatic Acinar Cells

With the development of techniques to prepare dispersed pancreatic acini that respond to secretagogues, it became possible to investigate the cellular basis of action of the various peptides that stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion. Various peptides differed in efficacy, potency, and configuration of their dose-response curves for stimulating enzyme secretion (Fig. 1). Pancreatic acini have receptors for different secretagogues, and with the development of techniques to prepare biologically active radiolabeled ligands for each group of structurally similar peptides, the existence of multiple classes of receptors was demonstrated directly (Fig. 2). Figure 2 summarizes the seven different classes of receptors that mediate the action of various secretagogues on pancreatic acini. Also summarized in Fig. 2 is the biochemical basis of action of each of these different receptors.
Synthesis of N‐[3‐OXO‐(4,5‐3H2)‐hexanoyl] homoserine lactone: Biologically active tritium‐labelled vibrio fischeri autinducer

N-(3-oxo-4-hexenoyl) homoserine lactone was synthesized and then reduced with Wilkinson's catalyst in the presence of tritium gas to form N-[3-oxo-(4,5-3H2)-hexanoyl] homoserine locatone (45–55 Ci/mmol). The labelled compound was indistinguishable from the autoinducer for Vibrio fischeri luciferase [N-(3-oxohexanoyl) homosernine lactone] by high-performance liquid chromatography and it was biologically active.
High‐resolution capillary isoelectric focusing of proteins using highly hydrophilic‐substituted cellulose‐coated capillaries

Highly hydrophilic group-substituted celluloses were immobilized on the fused silica capillary inner wall for capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) of proteins. The resultant capillaries were evaluated under typical CIEF conditions, and the results were compared with those obtained by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)- and linear polyacrylamide (LPA)-coated capillaries. A minimal resolved pI difference of 0.013 was obtained with a carrier ampholyte (pH 3-10) for hydroxyethyl cellulose- and hydroxypropyl cellulose-coated capillaries, while 0.019 was obtained on PVA- and LPA coated capillaries. Changing substituted groups from hydroxyl to hydroxylmethyl decreased the CIEF resolution from {approx}2.5 to {approx}1.0 for tested proteins at mobilization speed of {approx}0.9 cm min-1. Little loss in CIEF resolution was observed when increasing capillary length from 30 to 150 cm, however, flat peaks were observed when increasing column diameter up to >100 um. The present work indicates that mobilization speed ofl1 cm min-1 should be used to achieve high CIEF resolution.
Aspectual coercion and the typology of change of state predicates

The point of departure of this paper is the consideration of how words with the meanings of property concept states (states that are lexicalized as adjectives in languages that have that lexical category, cf. Dixon 1982), e.g. ‘red’, are related to words denoting their corresponding change of state, e.g. ‘redden’. It is shown that while many languages relate words with these meanings to one another via some morpholexical process, this is not so in the Polynesian language Tongan. A detailed case study shows that in this language there are no non-causative change of state lexemes based on property concepts. Rather, these meanings are derived pragmatically from verbs denoting the corresponding state via aspectual coercion (Moens & Steedman 1988, Jackendoff 1997, de Swart 1998, Zucchi 1998, Michaelis 2004). This finding is shown to have consequences for the understanding of the typology of change of state predicates (Koontz-Garboden 2005, 2006, Koontz-Garboden & Levin 2005) and for theories of event structure: (a) the typological space is broader than previously thought and (b) theories of event structure need to be reconsidered in order to account for the postlexical derivation of meaning.
Leaving Gateway Metropolitan Areas in the United States: Immigrants and the Housing Market:

Immigration is no longer a phenomenon that is simply affecting gateway metropolitan areas in the United States. This analysis demonstrates that large numbers of immigrants are moving to other metro...
Active control to flexible manipulators

Active control law for flexible structures using nonlinear conventional motor with gear actuators has been a problem without an accepted solution with experimental evidence until now. This is due to the existence of a dead zone in torque caused by the nonlinear frictions inside the actuator. The torques needed to attenuate the vibrations, although calculated by the control law, are consumed by the frictions and do not arrive until the flexible structure. This work proposes a control strategy with friction compensation using neural networks to solve this problem. Experimental results obtained with a flexible manipulator attested to the excellent performance of the proposed control law.
Adaptation by direct phase-shift adjustment in narrow-band adaptive antenna systems

Voltage-controlled phase shifters are used as the adjustable elements in an adaptive phased-array antenna system for spatial filtering of narrow-band inputs. A gradient-search adaptation algorithm for adjusting phase angle is developed and applied to an adaptive antenna system which can be adapted either to enhance signals or reject interference. The transient behavior of this system during adaptation is analyzed in terms of steepest ascent/descent on a multidimensional trigonometric performance surface approximated in two regions by quadratic surfaces.
Effects of Unsymmetrical Stability Derivative Characteristics on Re-entry Vehicle Transient Angular Motion

A quasi-steady analytical theory is developed to investigate the effects that unsymmetrical stability derivative characteristics can have on the transient angular motion behavior of slender rolling re-rentry vehicles. The theoretical results indicate that the presence of unsymmetrical stability derivatives can alter the motion patterns, frequency, and damping sufficiently to invalidate the use of previous analytical models developed for vehicles with symmetrical stability derivative characteristics. Between the resonances small asymmetries in the static moment slope coefficients are shown to cause a static instability which results in an exponential growth of the transient angle of attack. The analytically derived expressions and the analytically predicted trends are verified by numerical analyses.
Modulation of fibroblast functions by interleukin 1: increased steady-state accumulation of type I procollagen messenger RNAs and stimulation of other functions but not chemotaxis by human recombinant interleukin 1 alpha and beta.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is synthesized by and released from macrophages in response to a variety of stimuli and appears to play an essential role in virtually all inflammatory conditions. In tissues of mesenchymal origin (e.g., cartilage, muscle, bone, and soft connective tissue) IL-1 induces changes characteristic of both destructive as well as reparative phenomena. Previous studies with natural IL-1 of varying degrees of purity have suggested that it is capable of modulating a number of biological activities of fibroblasts. We have compared the effects of purified human recombinant (hr) IL-1 alpha and beta on several fibroblast functions. The parameters studied include cell proliferation, chemotaxis, and production of collagen, collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP), and prostaglandin (PG) E2. We observed that hrIL-1s stimulate the synthesis and accumulation of type I procollagen chains. Intracellular degradation of collagen is not altered by the hrIL-1s. Both IL-1s were observed to increase the steady-state levels of pro alpha 1(I) and pro alpha 2(I) mRNAs, indicating that they exert control of type I procollagen gene expression at the pretranslational level. We found that both hrIL-1 alpha and beta stimulate synthesis of TIMP, collagenase, PGE2, and growth of fibroblasts in vitro but are not chemotactic for fibroblasts. Although hrIl-1 alpha and beta both are able to stimulate production of PGE2 by fibroblasts, inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by indomethacin has no measurable effect on the ability of the IL-1s to stimulate cell growth or production of collagen and collagenase. Each of the IL-1s stimulated proliferation and collagen production by fibroblasts to a similar degree, however hrIL-1 beta was found to be less potent than hrIL-1 alpha in stimulating PGE2 production. These observations support the notion that IL-1 alpha and beta may both modulate the degradation of collagen at sites of tissue injury by virtue of their ability to stimulate collagenase and PGE2 production by fibroblasts. Furthermore, IL-1 alpha and beta might also direct reparative functions of fibroblasts by stimulating their proliferation and synthesis of collagen and TIMP.
MicroRNAs and their role in the generation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) by cannabidiol in vivo

The major non-psychotropic cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) induces G-CSF, CXCL1 and massive accumulation of functional CD11b + Gr-1 + MDSC in the peritonea of naive mice. Role of miRNA in the regulation of MDSC function is unclear. Microarray analysis for 609 mouse miRNA using total RNA from purified cells revealed unique profile and 59 differentially expressed (>2 fold) miRNA in CBD-MDSC as compared to BM CD11b + Gr-1 + cells from control mice. MicroRNA signature of CBD-MDSC closely resembled with that of tumor-MDSC purified from EL4-bearing mice. CBD-MDSC showed significantly lower levels of miR-706 and miR-455 compared to BM controls as validated by qPCR. Target prediction using MicroCosm algorithm suggested that miR-706 and miR-455 bind to 3’ UTR of Stat1 and Stat6 mRNA respectively, which in turn have been shown to positively regulate arginase 1 (ARG1) crucial for MDSC immunosuppressive function. CBD-MDSC showed higher relative expression of Stat1 and Stat6 mRNA transcripts in qPCR as well as higher Stat1/ pStat1, Stat6 and ARG1 protein levels when compared to BM controls. Further, CBD-MDSC transfected with miR-706 mimic had decreased Stat1/ pStat1 and ARG1 protein levels whereas miR-455 mimic did not alter Stat6/ pStat6 or ARG1. In summary, induction of MDSC from BM precursors in response to CBD in vivo is associated with significant changes in global miRNA expression and miR-706 plays a role in the regulation of ARG1 and hence the functional MDSC phenotype by targeting Stat1.
Unintended Consequences of the Nixon Welfare Plan

■ This paper examines the work and training provisions of the Nixon welfare plan (HR 14174), which will require able-bodied welfare recipients to enter job-training programs or to work if they are to receive welfare benefits. The author points out that, given the present state of the economy and the lack of jobs, these provisions may increase unemployment rates and adversely affect wage levels for unprotected workers, furthermore, forcing welfare clients into job-training programs with no payoff will produce frustration and anger that may lead to riots. ■
A Static Instability Detecting Scheme for Distance Protection

Traditional static instability detecting for line protection depends on artificial setting the specific value.And when the power swing center is outside the line,the swing may not be detected.If faults occur again under such circumstances,the distance protection will wrongly act and needs swing block.A novel static instability detecting criterion based on the characteristic of Ucos φ and its change rate is presented.The criterion is independent of setting and immune from the swing center location.Simulation results demonstrate that the protection at both sides of the line can detect static instability fast and reliably with the criterion proposed,so that mal-operation of the line protection may be prevented by adopting effective measures.