cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Water Temperature on Growth, Survival, and Biochemical Composition of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides

The effects of water temperature on growth rate, survival, and biochemical composition of juvenile largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides were evaluated under controlled conditions in tanks for 12 wk. Feed-trained juvenile largemouth (9.1 ± 1.9 g) were stocked into nine 3,610-L polyethylene tanks inside a greenhouse structure at 140 fish/m3 (500 fish/tank). Three treatment temperatures were evaluated (20, 26, and 32 C) with three replicates per treatment. Bass were fed to apparent satiation twice daily using a commercially available floating salmonid diet (45% crude protein and 16% lipid). After 97 d bass grown at 26 and 32 C had significantly higher (P 0.05). There were no significant differences (P >0.05) in survival among treatments which averaged 97%, overall. Bass raised at 32 C had higher (P 0.05) lipid levels in the liver than other treatments. Whole body amino acid concentrations were not significantly impacted (P >0.05) by culture temperature. Largemouth bass raised at 26 C had significantly lower (P 0.05) levels of stearic acid (18:0) and significantly higher (P 0.05) levels of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) than bass raised at 20 or 32 C. Bass raised at 32 C had significantly higher (P 0.05) levels of Linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), total saturates, and dienes than bass raised at 26 or 20 C. These data indicate that growth and feed conversion efficiency are reduced at 20 C. Growth is similar at 26 and 32 C, but feed and dietary protein are more efficiently utilized at 26 C.
The MRE wrapper approach: enabling incremental view maintenance of data warehouses defined on multi-relation information sources

Some of the most recently proposed algorithms for the incremental maintenance of materialized data warehouses (DW), such as SWEEP and PSWEEP, offer several significant advantages over previous solutions, such as high-performance, no potential for infinite waits and reduced remote queries and thus reduced network and information source (IS) loads. However, similar to many other algorithms, they still have the restricting assumption that each IS can be composed of just one single relation. This is unrealistic in practice. In this paper, we hence propose a solution to overcome this restriction. The Multi-Relation Encapsulation (MRE) Wrapper supports multiple relations in ISs in a manner transparent to the rest of the environment. The MRE Wrapper treats one IS composed of multiple relations as if it were a single relation from the DW point of view; thus any existing incremental view maintenance algorithms can now be applied even to such complex ISs without any changes. Hence, our method maintains all advantages offered by existing algorithms in particular SWEEP and PSWEEP, while also achieving the additional desired features of being non-intrusive, efficient, flexible and well-behaved.
Paclitaxel enhances early dendritic cell maturation and function through TLR4 signaling in mice.

Abstract Subclinical doses of Paclitaxel (PTX) given 1 day prior to a HER-2/ neu (neu)-targeted, granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-secreting whole-cell vaccine enhances neu-specific T cell responses and slows neu + tumor growth in tolerized HER-2/ neu ( neu -N) mice. We demonstrate that co-administration of PTX and Cyclophosphamide (CY) synergizes to slow tumor growth, and that in vitro , DC precursors exposed to PTX before LPS maturation results in greater co-stimulatory molecule expression, IL-12 production, and the ability to induce CD8 + T cells with enhanced lytic activity against neu + tumors. PTX treatment also enhances maturation marker expression on CD11c + DCs isolated from vaccine-draining lymph nodes. Ex vivo , these DCs activate CD8 + T cells with greater lytic capability than DC’s from vaccine alone-treated neu -N mice. Finally, PTX treatment results in enhanced antigen-specific, IFN-γ-secreting CD8 + T cells in vivo . Thus, administration of PTX with a tumor vaccine improves T cell priming through enhanced maturation of DC.
Number Theoretic Transform Modular Residue Processors

Finite digital convolution (FDC) appears in the implementation of finite impulse response digital filtering, in auto-aid cross-correlation, polynominal multiplication and the multiplication of very large numbers. While there are several methods to implement FDC, when the lengths of the sequences to be convolved is a highly composite number, the discrete fast Fourier transform (FFT) approach is used. This approach requires generating, storing and truncating a large number of complex exponentials. Recent interest has centered on finding real basis numbers that preserve the properties of the FFT. By working in a finite field of integers with arithmetic modulo an integer M, a large class of new transforms, called number theoretic transforms, can be generated. These transforms are useful in applications where integer arithmetic is already being considered, such as spread-spectrum encoding, digital error-correction and data encryption, or where the data is digitally encoded in a finite number of bits. In this paper, residue arithmetic based number theoretic transforms will be considered.
Ocular Sinuses in Genera of Ostracod Family Trachyleberididae: ABSTRACT

The ocular sinuses of seven genera of ostracods (Trachyleberididae) were studied through the use of internal molds and thin and polished sections. The three-dimensional aspects of the ocular sinus in the genera Actinocythereis, Henryhowella, Malzella, Orionina, Puriana, and Radimella have not been studied before. Echinocythereis, previously studied, was included for comparison. Morphology of the sinuses varies from the low moundlike form in some specimens of Henryhowella, to the long structure in Actinocythereis. With the exception of Henryhowella, all other genera have ocular sinuses with many features in common. These properties include a stalk-like appearance marked by a distinct constriction someplace along the length of the stalk. Most of the sinus is circular in cross section except the distal portion, which is expanded and irregular in shape, presumably to accommodate the portion of the eye with the lens cell, retinal cells, and rhabdomes. The surface of the distal portion is dominated by a concavity that is the complement of the convexity of the adjoining eyespot. Adjacent to the convexity is an anterior lobe or rim and usually a higher posterior rim Channels with diameters of 2 to 6 µm probably are passageways for axons. Ontogenetic development includes an early, low, cone-shaped sinus with a central concavity. Later juveniles in most taxa have a stalk, as do adults. Despite overall similarities of the ocular sinuses, detailed examination indicates that genera and species can each be distinguished using this feature. Variations in size, shape, proportions, and secondary topography are diagnostic; thus, another character is available for taxonomic purposes. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1425------------
Epstein-Barr virus plasmid model system for analyzing recombination in human cells.

Abstract Homologous recombination stimulated by a double-strand break at a desired target site offers a method to achieve site-specific integration useful for gene therapy and other genetic engineering. To test parameters needed for this strategy, we developed an Epstein–Barr virus shuttle vector model system as a genetic tool. This extrachromosomal plasmid assay system has several advantages over a chromosomal assay. The system detects all classes of recombination events without selection and allows rapid analysis of the frequency and nature of recombination events. We found that a double-strand break at the target site stimulated a large increase in recombination frequency. The resulting recombinants included one-sided insertion events, as well as two-sided or gene conversion events. A circular donor substrate was more effective in recombination than linearized donor DNA.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods for estimating surgery duration

Developing prediction bounds for surgery duration is difficult due to the large number of distinct procedures. The variety of procedures at a multi-speciality surgery suite means that even with several years of historical data a large fraction of surgical cases will have little or no historical data for use in predicting case duration. Bayesian methods can be used to combine historical data with expert judgement to provide estimates to overcome this, but eliciting expert opinion for a probability distribution can be difficult. We combine expert judgement, expert classification of procedures by complexity category and historical data in a Markov Chain Monte Carlo model and test it against one year of actual surgery cases at a multi-speciality surgical suite.
Fighting the Culture War : Traditional Values and the Future of the Republican Party

Cultural issues played a central role in the 1992 presidential campaign, especially at the Republican National Convention. This article explores the potential divisiveness of conservative positions on issues such as abortion and gay rights for the Republican party and suggests that social issues will continue to be source of conflict among competing factions within the party.
Detrital zircon provenance analysis of the Great Valley Group, California: Evolution of an arc-forearc system

The improved resolution of sediment provenance from detrital zircon analysis of Great Valley stratigraphy enables recognition of previously undocumented arc magmatism and the evolution of regional drainage systems within the Cretaceous arc-forearc system related to uplift, magmatism, and structure in the arc. Great Valley detrital zircon age data confirm previous studies that indicate that the locus of the sediment source in the southern Sierra Nevada arc migrated east with the active volcanic front and suggest rapid rates of uplift and unroofing of the southern arc. Sacramento Valley detrital zircon age data indicate a more complex history of drainage in the northern Klamath-Sierran arc than previously documented. Detrital zircon age distributions from the Cache Creek section of the Great Valley Group broaden through time from nearly unimodal age distributions to signatures with multiple age peaks. This transition to more broadly distributed detrital zircon age spectra likely results from a combination of (1) expanding subaerial drainage systems from highly localized to more broadly distributed catchments; (2) changing shelf and submarine-canyon morphology with rising sea level and/or basin subsidence; (3) increased degree of dissection of the Klamath-Sierran arc; and (4) potential drainage capture and redirection within the arc. Sacramento Valley detrital zircon age data also record a pulse of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatism in the northwestern Sierra Nevada arc, an age of Cordilleran magmatism and deformation represented by limited exposure in the modern Sierra Nevada. These results offer significant new insights into the evolution of a well-studied arc-forearc system.
Hemisphericity in aphasic language recovery.

A hemispheric time-sharing paradigm used to assess language lateralization was administered to eight Broca's aphasics and a matched normal control group. All normal speakers revealed the expected r...
Correlation between Clicker Scores and Examination Performance in Dental Biochemistry

An audience response system (clickers) was introduced into a dental biochemistry course in order to increase student interactivity. Student feedback was overwhelmingly positive and a positive correlation between clicker scores and examination performance was found.
Spouse similarity in newlyweds with respect to specific cognitive abilities, socioeconomic status, and education.

Newlywed spouses (N=215 couples) were tested on 21 tests of specific cognitive abilities and responded to a questionnaire on their educational and socioeconomic (SES) background. A comparison of the present spouse correlations with those of long-standing marriages suggests that spouses resemble each other in abilities from the start and that the degree of resemblance changes little over time. The low spouse correlations for SES of origin (their parents) suggests that education is the chief SES variable by which spouse selection takes place. Spouse resemblance in education and parental SES could explain almost all of the spouse correlations in perceptual speed and spatial ability. However, a small but significant degree of spouse similarity in verbal and reasoning abilities was independent of education and SES.
The law of large numbers for fuzzy numbers with unbounded supports

We study laws of large numbers for mutually T-related fuzzy numbers with unbounded supports where T is an Archimedean t-norm and generalize earlier result of Badard.
Natural History of CNS Relapse in Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: What Have We Learned?

recently reported phase III trial (four-arm randomization) in newly diagnosed patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) and assessment of CNS relapse. I would like to make several comments regarding the report and the need for risk stratification regarding CNS-directed therapy in newly diagnosed patients with aggressive NHL. Five key issues appear relevant with respect to CNS prophylaxis in aggressive NHL. First, is there a consensus that CNS disease (mostly lymphomatous meningitis) is clinically relevant? Approximately 55% of all diffuse large B-cell NHL relapse systemically as contrasted with only 2% to 4% relapse in the CNS. 1-6 Among patients with CNS relapse, half have poorly responding or refractory systemic disease. Therefore, the number of patients with NHL-isolated CNS is comparatively small. Second, is there a consensus regarding identification of high-risk (for CNS relapse/disease) patients with aggressive NHL? A number of studies have suggested low International Prognostic Index, two or more extranodal sites of disease and site specific disease (ie, testes, breast, parameningeal [sinus, orbit], and bone marrow) defined as large-cell involvement not small cleaved cell define a substantial group of patients at risk for CNS disease. 1-6 Notwithstanding this recognition of high-risk features, no study of newly diagnosed aggressive NHL has attempted to stratify patients with respect to CNS risk and CNSdirected therapy. Third, and as mentioned by Bernstein et al, 1 high-risk patients are often found at diagnosis (approximately 25%), if evaluated by CSF flow cytometry, to have contamination of the CSF by lymphoma. 7 This suggests that a subset of patients with aggressive NHL and without neurological symptoms has occult lymphomatous meningitis at diagnosis. Importantly, CSF flow cytometry appears superior to CSF cytology with appropriate caveats regarding laboratory methodology for demonstrating lymphomatous involvement of the CSF. Notwithstanding this subset of patients with occult lymphomatous meningitis, the majority of patients with CNS relapse have negative CSF evaluation at diagnosis. Nevertheless, the study by Hegde et al 7 is compelling for mandatory CSF evaluation in patients defined as at high risk for CNS relapse at time of up-front therapy.
The Phase of the Sum Over Spheres

Abstract The gravitational saddle point integral which arises in recent work of Hawking and Coleman need not be real. We determine the phase to be (−i) d +2 , implying that Coleman's solutions to thecosmological constant problem can work, in its present form, only in dimension d = 2 mod 4. The physical interpretation of this phase is obscure.
Deformation of the Wineglass Welded Tuff and the timing of caldera collapse at Crater Lake, Oregon

Abstract Four types of deformation occur in the Wineglass Welded Tuff on the northeast caldera rim of Crater Lake: (a) vertical tension fractures; (b) ooze-outs of fiamme: (c) squeeze-outs of fiamme; and (d) horizontal pull-apart structures. The three types of plastic deformation (b–d) developed in the lower part of the Wineglass Welded Tuff where degree of welding and density are maximum. Deformation originated from concentric normal faulting and landsliding as the caldera collapsed. The degree of deformation of the Wineglass Welded Tuff increases toward the northeast part of the caldera, where plastic deformation occurred more easily because of a higher emplacement temperature probably due to proximity to the vent. The probable glass transition temperature of the Wineglass Welded Tuff suggests that its emplacement temperature was ⩾750°C where the tuff is densely welded. Calculation of the conductive cooling history of the Wineglass Welded Tuff and the preclimactic Cleetwood (lava) flow under assumptions of a initially isothermal sheet and uniform properties suggests that (a) caldera collapse occurred a maximum of 9 days after emplacement of the Wineglass Welded Tuff, and that (b) the period between effusion of the Cleetwood (lava) flow and onset of the climactic eruption was
Assessment of lateral line function: A potential technique for studies in ototoxicity

In zebrafish neuromast hair cells, the process of programmed cell death ototoxic damage is strikingly similar to that of degenerating hair cells of the mammalian organ of Corti. Therefore, in vivo zebrafish assays involving the lateral line have been developed for drug ototoxicity screening. This is accomplished by examination of canal neuromast morphology in treated larvae using fluorescent dyes. To-date however, physiological confirmation of lateral line dysfunction resulting from such ototoxins has not been reported in the scientific literature – neither for larval nor adult zebrafish. Here we describe a rapid, non-invasive far-field electrophysiological method for assessing lateral line function. We suggest that ototoxic and otoprotective agents identified in larval studies may be assessed using this tool in adult fish. In this way, potential drug candidates can be further screened en route to testing in mammalian models, before potential clinical trials begin.
Using Social Networking Sites To Connect with Chemistry Alumni

Some recent successes connecting with and tracking chemistry alumni using the social networking sites Facebook and LinkedIn are described. This communication provides tips on how to develop digital alumni networking sites, offers ideas on content, and reports on their effectiveness and will be of interest to any chemistry faculty member who is interested in increasing their department's ability to connect with and track alumni.
Refractive Flow and Treatment Systems: Conceptual, Analytical, and Numerical Modeling

Refractive flow and treatment (RFT) systems are designed for passive or low-maintenance in situ ground water remediation for rock or soil of low to moderate permeability. An RFT system captures and refracts contaminated ground water and conveys it to an in situ permeable treatment zone without the need for pumping. Flow to the treatment zone is through one or more high-permeability collection cells, and flow from the treatment zone back into the adjacent native media is through one or more high-permeability dispersal cells. Conceptual, analytical, and numerical modeling demonstrates the potential for RFT systems to be successful. Analytical modeling shows that the most important factor for this success is that RFT system components be engineered to have comparatively high hydraulic conductivities. A numerical model, capable of representing site-specific conditions, is required for actual RFT system design.
Phase transitions in pure and Cr-doped V2O3

The (CrxV1_x)203system undergoes two metal-insulator transitions as a function of temperature. In this report, we present elastic and inelastic neutron scattering data on these two transitions for samples with 0%, 1.5%, 3% and 6% Cr concentration and discuss the apparent suppression of magnetism by the intermediate metallic phase in this system.
The pathologic and immunologic effects of inhaled acrolein in rats

Abstract Four groups of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats each were exposed by inhalation to target concentrations of 0, 0.1, 1,0, and 3.0 ppm of acrolein 6 h/day, 5 frsol | days / week for 3 weeks. Subsequent changes in local pulmonary immunity were determined by examining the number of antibody plaque-forming cells in the lung-associated lymph nodes following intratracheal immunization with sheep red blood cells. Separate groups of rats were evaluated for blastogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin-P and Salmonella typhimurium antigen using spleen- and lung-associated lymph node cells. In vivo resistance was evaluated utilizing acrolein-exposed rats subsequently challenged with intravenous Listeria monocytogenes . Local pulmonary antibody responsiveness was not affected by acrolein exposure. Lymphocyte blastogenesis and resistance to Listeria challenge were not altered. Body weights and spleen weights were decreased in the 3 ppm-exposed group only. Microscopic examination of the nasal turbinates revealed acrolein-induced exfoliation, erosion, and necrosis of the respiratory epithelium as well as squamous metaplasia, however, lung histology was not affected. Thus at environmental concentrations, acrolein toxicity appeared to be confined to local nasal pathologic changes with no alterations in lung histology or immune function.
Enhanced distribution system fault location

Accurate fault location in distribution network of power system is an essential technology, yet less studied compared to transmission systems, that enables utility companies in maintaining service reliability to reduce SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index). This study develops novel methods for feeder fault location with current/voltage sensors sparsely deployed in the network. The voltages and currents measured in the substation and sensors are utilized in this study. Depending on the available sensor locations relative to fault, such as both upstream/downstream or upstream only, and the lateral conditions, the algorithm searches every possible path and calculates the fault distance and fault resistance. Eight scenarios are identified for all possible situations. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments are performed to verify the proposed methods. High fault location accuracy has been achieved in various network and fault conditions.
X-ray spectral studies in beam-foil spectra

Abstract X-ray spectra from both foil and solid targets are being studied. The X-rays are analyzed with either a bent crystal spectrometer using crystals of mica or lead stearate, or a solid state Si(Li) detector. The spectrometer contains a Bendix channeltron or a gas-filled proportional counter. The resolution of the crystal spectrometers is between 2 and 10 eV. Beams of argon have been sent through carbon foils of various thicknesses. In addition, beams of Ar + , O + , O 2 + , Ne + , H + , H 2 + and H 3 + have been sent into thick targets of Cu, O, B, N, Li, F, C, Si, Al and Mg. The spectra from solid targets included broad peaks for incident heavy ions. The characteristics of those peaks depend on the target for a given incident beam. While these peaks have been observed primarily with the Si(Li) detector, high resolution studies are now in progress with the crystal spectrometers.
Variation in germination of Clostridium difficile clinical isolates correlates to disease severity.

Over the past two decades, Clostridium difficile infections have been increasing in both number and severity throughout the world. As with other spore forming bacteria, germination is a vital step in the life cycle of this pathogen. Studies have examined differences in sporulation and toxin production among a number of C. difficile clinical isolates; however, few have examined differences in germination and the relationship between this phenotype and disease severity. Here, over 100 C. difficile isolates from the University of Michigan Health System were examined for overall germination in response to various combinations of known germinants (taurocholate) and co-germinants (glycine and histidine). Significant variation was observed among isolates under all conditions tested. Isolates representing ribotype 014-020, which was the most frequently isolated ribotype at our hospital, exhibited increased germination in the presence of taurocholate and glycine when compared to isolates representing other ribotypes. Interestingly, isolates that caused severe disease exhibited significantly lower germination in response to minimal germination conditions (taurocholate only), indicating increased control over germination in these isolates. These data provide a broad picture of C. difficile isolate germination and indicate a role for precise control of germination in disease severity.
Low-Temperature Transient Glass-Phase Processing of Monoclinic SrAl2Si2O8

The use of transient glass-phase processing to lower the glass-melting temperature and subsequent heat-treatment temperature of stoichiometric SrAl2Si2O8 to produce the stable monoclinic form has been described. Two nonstoichiometric, low-melting, alumina-deficient, strontium aluminosilicate compositions were melted, quenched, and milled into glass powders. B2O3 was dissolved into one of the glass compositions to control the crystallization behavior. The glass powders were then wet-mixed with enough alpha-Al2O3 powder so that the overall composition was that of stoichiometric SrAl2Si2O8 (B2O3 neglected). The four compositions were dry-pressed into pellets and sintered in three processes. Glass-alumina pellets with dissolved B2O3 were densified via viscous-phase sintering at 1100°C, followed by complete dissolution of the alumina and crystallization to ~100% monoclinic SrAl2Si2O8. Pellets without dissolved B2O3 required considerably higher temperatures to form ~100% monoclinic SrAl2Si2O8 in a modified process.
A supernumerary chromosome with an accumulation mechanism in the lecanoid genetic system

The supernumerary chromosomes of a mealy bug,Pseudococcus obscurus Essig are heterochromatic but show a variable heteropycnosis. In the female, they are weakly heteropyonotic in most tissues, but in a few tissues the individual supernumeraries form striking chromocenters. At oogenesis, they remain unassociated and divide equationally during the first division; during the second, they pair and disjoin. Pairing is usually accomplished by twos so that an unpaired supernumerary is found whenever an odd number, or only one, is present; the unpaired entity is twice as likely to go to the second polar body as to the egg. The normal spermatogenesis in the mealy bugs is a highly modified meiosis in which the paternal heterochromatic set is eliminated from the genetic continuum; during this sequence the supernumeraries are fully heterochromatic up until late prophase I. They then undergo a sharp change in pycnosis and become negatively heteropycnotic. In the second meiotic division they usually segregate with the maternal euchromatic set. Their behavior during spermatogenesis thus becomes an “accumulation mechanism” since an unreduced number, or nearly that, is transmitted by the males. The variable behavior of the supernumeraries affords further insight into the problem of heterochromatization in the mealy bugs. The supernumeraries may have originated from fragments followed by subsequent duplications. The accumulation mechanism may have been an important factor in their establishment. In genetic systems in which the supernumeraries have an accumulation mechanism, an elimination mechanism might evolve to stabilize the number of supernumeraries. Such elimination mechanisms are known for other genetic systems but have not yet been developed in this mealy bug.
Automated measurement of urinary creatinine by multichannel kinetic spectrophotometry.

Abstract Urinary creatinine analysis is required for clinical diagnosis, especially for evaluation of renal function. Creatinine adjustment is also widely used to estimate 24-h excretion from spot samples. Few convenient validated approaches are available for in-house creatinine measurement for small- to medium-scale studies. Here we apply the Jaffe reaction to creatinine determination with zone fluidic multichannel kinetic spectrophotometry. Diluted urine sample and reagent, alkaline picric acid, were mixed by a computer-programmed dispenser and rapidly delivered to a four-channel detection cell. The absorbance change was monitored by a flow-through light-emitting diode–photodiode-based detector. Validation results against high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC–UV)/mass spectrometry (MS) are presented. Responses for 10-fold diluted samples were linear within clinically relevant ranges (0–250 mg/L after dilution). The system can analyze 70 samples per hour with a limit of detection of 0.76 mg/L. The relative standard deviation was 1.29% at 100 mg/L creatinine (n = 225). Correlation with the HPLC (UV quantitation/MS confirmation) system was excellent (linear, r2 = 0.9906). The developed system allows rapid, simple, cost-effective, and robust creatinine analysis and is suitable for the analysis of large numbers of urine samples.
Strengthening your rheumatology practice in concert with health care reform.

Despite a lack of governmental legislation, health care reform in the United States will continue secondary to market (insurer) forces. Various motives underlie the forces driving this reform, with patient care issues (sadly) being absent from the top of most lists. One can strengthen a rheumatology practice in concert with these reforms through various means. Continuous quality improvement, expanding your patient base, improving efficiency, decreasing overhead, increasing knowledge of your worth, and expanding your roles are key points discussed in this article. Rheumatologists have the tools needed to be successful and to make important contributions in the present health care era.Musculoskeletal diseases will continue to increase in prevalence, and the need for ongoing care, education, and research will expand. Rheumatologists can not only strengthen their practice but are also well positioned to be leaders in delivering costeffective, quality care to patients with musculoskeletal diseases in the United States and other countries.
Fatigue crack growth and life predictions under variable amplitude loading for a cast and wrought aluminum alloy

Abstract Variable amplitude fatigue crack growth in the cast aluminum alloy, D357, is compared with the wrought aluminum alloy, 2024. Variable amplitude loading is applied in the form of single tensile overloads, repeated tensile overloads, and simulated flight spectra loading. Fatigue crack growth life predictions are made with the FASTRAN modified strip-yield model for both materials under each of the loading conditions and compared with experimental results. The effect of the FASTRAN constraint parameter on life predictions for each alloy is examined using three different approaches. D357 exhibited better variable amplitude fatigue crack growth resistance compared to 2024 under most of the loading conditions. FASTRAN predictions for both materials were quite good, with most predictions falling within a factor of ±2 of the experimental results.
Preschoolers' counting: Principles before skill

Abstract Three- to 5-year-old children participated in one of 4 counting experiments. On the assumption that performance demands can mask the young child's implicit knowledge of the counting principles, 3 separate experiments assessed a child's ability to detect errors in a puppet's application of the one-one, stable-order and cardinal count principles. In a fourth experiment children counted in different conditions designed to vary performance demands. Since children in the errror-detection experiments did not have to do the counting, we predicted excellent performance even on set sizes beyond the range a young child counts accurately. That they did well on these experiments supports the view that errors in counting—at least for set sizes up to 20—reflect performance demands and not the absence of implicit knowledge of the counting principles. In the final experiment, where children did the counting themselves, set size did affect their success. So did some variations in conditions, the most difficult of which was the one where children had to count 3-dimensional objects which were under a plexiglass cover. We expected that this condition would interfere with the child's tendency to point and touch objects in order to keep separate items which have been counted from those which have not been counted.
Novel Preparation of 1,3-Propanediyl Bis[2-Hydroxy-5-(2-Propynyloxy)Benzoate]: A One-Step Nucleophilic Synthesis of Symmetric 1,3-Diglycerides

Abstract The title compound 1 was prepared by treatment of epibromohydrin with carboxylic acid 2 in the presence of a tertiary amine; the reaction is a new nucleophilic synthesis of symmetric 1,3-diglycerides.
Is the Ceiling Truly Glass or Something More Variable

Women advance more rapidly in the appointive executive and judicial branches than in the elected legislative branch at both national and state levels. Demand side and supply side factors explain much of this. In particular, greater male variability restricts the opportunity for gender equity.
Sediment-derived fluids in subduction zones: Isotopic evidence from veins in blueschist and eclogite of the Franciscan Complex, California

Isotopic analyses of minerals from veins that cut high-grade blueschist and eclogite blocks in the central belt of the Franciscan Complex provide constraints on the chronology of metamorphic events and on the origin and movement of fluids within the subduction zone. A Rb-Sr age of 153 {plus minus}1 Ma obtained for minerals from veins and open cavities that formed contemporaneously with retrograde blueschist facies metamorphism is a minimum age for the prograde metamorphism. The veining precedes the last episode of sedimentary-matrix melange formation by a minimum 15 to 20 Ma, during which time the blocks must have been stored within the subduction complex at low temperatures and without undergoing penetrative deformation. Initial Nd-isotope compositions ({epsilon}{sub Nd}) of the vein minerals range from +10.8 to {minus}2.4, indicating that some fluids were derived predominantly from dehydration of subducted mid-ocean ridge basalt, but that other fluids had a component derived from subducted sediment. The provenance of the subducted sediment was within old continental crust, thus associating the Franciscan paleo-subduction complex with a continental craton by the time of vein formation.
Depression and Self-Concept: Personality Traits or Coping Styles in Reaction to School Retention of Hispanic Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether depression and self-concept could be construed as personality characteristics and/or coping styles in reaction to school retention or being held back a grade. The participants in this study were 156 urban Hispanic adolescents, ages 12–18, and of these, 51 or 33% had been retained in school. Students who had been retained reported a lower self-concept score, higher GPA, and higher rates of depression, and they were more likely to be male than students who had not been retained. The findings of this study indicated that self-concept was a personality characteristic that, due to its malleability, is also a coping style in regards to retention with this Hispanic adolescent population.
The Lkb1 metabolic sensor maintains haematopoietic stem cell survival

Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can convert between growth states that have marked differences in bioenergetic needs. Although often quiescent in adults, these cells become proliferative upon physiological demand. Balancing HSC energetics in response to nutrient availability and growth state is poorly understood, yet essential for the dynamism of the haematopoietic system. Here we show that the Lkb1 tumour suppressor is critical for the maintenance of energy homeostasis in haematopoietic cells. Lkb1 inactivation in adult mice causes loss of HSC quiescence followed by rapid depletion of all haematopoietic subpopulations. Lkb1-deficient bone marrow cells exhibit mitochondrial defects, alterations in lipid and nucleotide metabolism, and depletion of cellular ATP. The haematopoietic effects are largely independent of Lkb1 regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. Instead, these data define a central role for Lkb1 in restricting HSC entry into cell cycle and in broadly maintaining energy homeostasis in haematopoietic cells through a novel metabolic checkpoint.
Dissolved oxygen model for regional lake analysis

Abstract A deterministic, one-dimensional, unsteady dissolved oxygen (D.O.) model has been formulated to simulate summer D.O. conditions (stratification) in a wide raange of lakes of the north central United States and to study potential impacts of global climate change. The simulation includes contributions by photosynthesis, plant respiration, reaeration, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and sedimentary oxygen demand (SOD) as source and sink terms. The one-dimensional vertical oxygen transport equation is solved in conjunction with the heat transport equation in daily time steps beginning 1 March and ending 31 October. Lake morphometry, trophic status and daily weather parameters have to be specified as input, and daily profiles of water temperature and dissolved oxygen are obtained as output. The model finds the onset of summer-stratification from initially isothermal and constant D.O. conditions. Trophic status is related to Secchi depth, phytoplankton ( chlorophyll-a) concentrations, BOD and SOD. Field data from seven lakes (11 years) have been used to calibrate and validate the D.O. model. The simulations for dimictic lakes with strong stratification are better than for weakly stratified polymictic lakes, i.e. the model works better for deep lakes than for shallow lakes. The average standard errors for calibration and validation are 1.4 and 1.9 mg D.O.1−1, respectively. The temperature simulations, especially the mixed-layer depth, affect the D.O. simulation results. A sensitivity analysis to model coefficients was also conducted. The model is most sensitive to sedimentary oxygen demand (SOD). Twenty seven classes of lakes (3 depths × 3 areas × 3 trophic states) in the north central U.S. were analyzed with the model. Simulated mean daily dissolved oxygen concentrations in the epilimnion are near saturation, those in the hypolimnion vary considerably depending particularly on length of time since the onset of stratification and the sedimentary oxygen demand.
Free Convection at Supercritical Pressures in Cryo-Fluid Helium-I

In the course of He II-He I phase transition studies, one phase of the investigations has been concerned with free convection in He I with the aim of simulating the heat transfer in rotating superconducting windings. A geometry similar to C-frame loops has been used in studies of free convection between the lambds-curve and the transposed critical curve at pressures between 0.3 and 1.5 MPa. Related model calculations have been carried out for cellular convection. A comparison of the data obtained shows reasonable agreement with the model results.
Monitored anesthesia care with a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine during cardiac catheterization.

No specific regimen has been universally accepted as ideal for sedation during cardiac catheterization in infants and children. We evaluated a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine for sedation during cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease. The study design included a retrospective analysis of data sheets and hospital records. The protocol for sedation was standardized and data collected prospectively for an ongoing quality assurance project. Heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were recorded every 1 minute for the first 5 minutes and then at 5-minute intervals. The efficacy of sedation was judged by the need for supplemental ketamine doses. The study cohort included 16 infants and children undergoing either diagnostic or therapeutic cardiac catheterization. Sedation was initiated with a bolus dose of ketamine (2 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (1 microg/kg) administered over 3 minutes followed by a continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine (2 microg/kg per hour for the initial 30 minutes followed by 1 microg/kg per hour for the duration of the case). Supplemental analgesia/sedation was provided by ketamine (1 mg/kg) as needed. The baseline heart rate was 103 +/- 21 beats/minute. After the bolus dose of ketamine and dexmedetomidine, the heart rate increased by 7 +/- 5 beats/minute. The greatest increase was 15 beats/minute. The low heart rate after the bolus dose of ketamine/dexmedetomidine or during the subsequent dexmedetomidine infusion was 91 +/- 20 beats/minute (P or =45 mm Hg in seven patients. No patient responded to local infiltration of the groin and placement of the arterial and venous cannulae. Three patients required a supplemental dose of ketamine (1 mg/kg) during the procedure. In two of these patients, this was required before changing the cannulae. Our preliminary data suggest that a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine provides effective sedation for cardiac catheterization in infants and children without significant effects on cardiovascular or ventilatory function.
Nitric oxide synthase expression in single hippocampal neurons

The presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in CA1 pyramidal cells of the rat hippocampus was demonstrated by single-cell PCR. NOS-specific primers were used to amplify mRNA isolated from single hippocampal neurons. The sequence of the major amplification-product obtained was identical to that of the constitutively expressed brain-isoform of NOS. These results confirm immunocytochemical data that NOS is present in CA1, and, therefore, nitric oxide could function as a retrograde messenger in long-term potentiation.
Age of illness onset and schizophrenic symptomatology during an inpatient washout period

The authors examine the relationship between the age of illness onset and the ability to tolerate a medication-free period in a sample of acutely ill schizophrenic patients. Patients were admitted to an inpatient research unit for the treatment of acute and recurrent psychiatric symptoms. Prior medications were discontinued upon admission to the unit for purposes of clinical research and behavioral assessment uncontaminated by medication side effects. The age of illness onset was significantly and positively correlated with the duration of hospital washout. Furthermore, age of illness onset was significantly correlated with the BPRS total score and the BPRS hostility/suspiciousness factor measured at the end of washout. Our results suggest that early onset schizophrenics deteriorate more rapidly in an acute episode than do their later age of onset counterparts.
Differentiation of Two Classes of Acidophiles in the Anterior Pituitary of the Female Rabbit and Cat

A differential stain for the anterior pituitary of mammals, based directly on Heidenhain's ‘azan’ modification of Mallory's connective tissue stain has been devised. Tissue is fixed for 24 hours in a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in physiological saline (90 parts) and formalin (10 parts) and washed directly in 70% alcohol for 48 hours. Sections are treated on the slide with a 3% solution of potassium bichromate for 12 hours. Two classes of acidophiles are demonstrated: one which stains selectively with azocarmine; and the ordinary acidophile which stains with orange G. The special acidophile has been demonstrated in the female rabbit and cat but has not been found in the mouse or rat.
The painful neuroma: The regenerating axon versus the epineural sheath

Abstract The basic concepts of nerve capping for the prevention of painful neuroma production were discussed. The need for an organized fibrous connective tissue sheath encasing the transected nerve end to prevent painful neuroma formation was stressed. A modification of the silastic tubing capping technique using a Silastic elastomer (No. 382, Dow Corning Chemical Corp., Midland, Michigan) in ponies was presented and discussed. This method has the decided advantage of needing only 0.5 cm of nerve stump to carry out the capping procedure.
Traditions and innovations in Jazz

(1994). Traditions and innovations in Jazz. Popular Music and Society: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 61-78.
Investigation of Early Tailoring Reactions in the Oxytetracycline Biosynthetic Pathway

Tetracyclines are aromatic polyketides biosynthesized by bacterial type II polyketide synthases. The amidated tetracycline backbone is biosynthesized by the minimal polyketide synthases and an amidotransferase homologue OxyD. Biosynthesis of the key intermediate 6-methylpretetramid requires two early tailoring steps, which are cyclization of the linearly fused tetracyclic scaffold and regioselective C-methylation of the aglycon. Using a heterologous host (CH999)/vector pair, we identified the minimum set of enzymes from the oxytetracycline biosynthetic pathway that is required to afford 6-methylpretetramid in vivo. Only two cyclases (OxyK and OxyN) are necessary to completely cyclize and aromatize the amidated tetracyclic aglycon. Formation of the last ring via C-1/C-18 aldol condensation does not require a dedicated fourth-ring cyclase, in contrast to the biosynthetic mechanism of other tetracyclic aromatic polyketides, such as daunorubicin and tetracenomycin. Acetyl-derived polyketides do not undergo spontaneous fourth-ring cyclization and form only anthracene carboxylic acids as demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro. OxyF was identified to be the C-6 C-methyltransferase that regioselectively methylates pretetramid to yield 6-methylpretetramid. Reconstitution of 6-methylpretetramid in a heterologous host sets the stage for a more systematic investigation of additional tetracycline downstream tailoring enzymes and is a key step toward the engineered biosynthesis of tetracycline analogs.
Select-a-Kibitzer: A Computer Tool that Gives Meaningful Feedback on Student Compositions

Select-a-Kibitzer is a computerized tool that gives feedback to students on their compositions in a unique way. The feedback is based on composition research which describes the process of writing as one of simultaneously solving multiple, possibly conflicting, constraints. In Select-a-Kibitzer, each constraint is personified by a different character. A student enters a composition into the tool and then asks for feedback. A variety of natural language processing techniques are used to analyze the text. Then, each of the characters gives feedback on the text from its particular point of view. Select-a-Kibitzer differs greatly from standard “style checker” mechanisms that focus on surface features of the text. By using Latent Semantic Analysis, Select-a-Kibitzer can address a wide range of meaning-oriented composition issues, including coherence, purpose, topic, and overall quality. This paper describes the composition research that forms the basis of the projec t, and the interaction and implementation of...
Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the transcription factor YY2

YY1 is a ubiquitous zinc finger transcription factor that binds to and regulates promoters and enhancers of many cellular and viral genes. Here we report the isolation of a human cDNA encoding a DNA sequence-specific binding protein with significant homology to the transcription factor YY1. A sequence analysis of this novel protein, YY2, revealed an overall 65% identity in the DNA sequence and a 56% identity in protein sequence compared with human YY1. The most pronounced similarity between YY1 and YY2 exists within the zinc finger regions of the two proteins, and consistent with this observation, YY2 can bind to and regulate some promoters known to be controlled by YY1. Similar to YY1, YY2 contains both transcriptional activation and repression functions. The finding of a protein with structure and function similar to YY1 provides a new opportunity to explore additional mechanisms by which YY1-responsive genes can be regulated and suggests that gene regulation by YY1 is far more complicated than previously assumed.