cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Passion's Puzzle

The puzzle of the provocation defense, otherwise known as the "heat of passion" defense, is to figure out how, if at all, each of the basic elements of the doctrine can be explained in a coherent and normatively attractive fashion. None of the prevailing theories of provocation succeeds in solving this puzzle. These theories either fail to explain one or more of the basic elements of the doctrine, or else end up committing the state to a decidedly illiberal course of action: punishing citizens not only for what they do (for their actions), but for who they are (for their characters). I offer an alternative theory, called provocation as akrasia, which I suggest can solve the puzzle. According to this theory, the basic elements of the defense work in concert to achieve the normatively attractive goal of sorting actors who kill in defiance of the law (and who should therefore be convicted of murder) from those who kill in a moment of culpable ignorance of law or weakness of will (and who should therefore be convicted of the lesser crime of manslaughter). Insofar as this theory justifies and so defends the basic contours of existing provocation doctrine, it challenges those who view the doctrine, in some or all of its formulations, as a pernicious presence in the criminal law.
Use of the Behavioral Observation of the Newborn Educational Trainer for Teaching Newborn Behavior

Nurses who work with families in the postnatal period teach parents about their newborns and facilitate emotional bonds between parents and infants. This article describes a newborn behavior training that incorporates the Behavioral Observation of the Newborn Educational Trainer (BONET), a learning aid that educates clinicians about newborn behavioral organization, self-regulation skills, and interactive capabilities. Nurses may apply this training to help parents understand and respond to newborn cues.
Ethical Implications of Charging for Missed Sessions

The argument is made that the common practice of charging psychotherapy patients for missed sessions constitutes unethical conduct from which the therapist benefits at the patient's expense. Although various rationales and rationalizations have been put forth to justify the practice, the essential facts are that therapists are being paid for a service not performed and the patient-therapist relationship is often damaged, with the result that the patient's progress is impeded. The practice is therefore alien to the basic goals of psychotherapy, an enterprise that involves human interactions centering on positive bonding and collaborative problem solving. It is suggested that mental health workers' professional associations scrutinize the practice more closely and make stronger recommendations to discourage it.
Ordering properties of GPS routers for multiclass QoS provision

This paper studies the ordering properties of quality of serve (QoS) measures and their rendered values in multi- class QoS provision system when generalized processor sharing (GPS)-based packet scheduling is employed at routers. GPS has been proposed as a building block for providing multiple service classes with differentiated services to applications with diverse QoS requirements. Previous works have concentrated on finding algorithms and implementations that faithfully approximate the fairness properties of GPS with some work done on deriving performance bounds when leaky-bucket traffic shaping is applied at traffic sources.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ecohydrological responses to multifactor global change in a tallgrass prairie: A modeling analysis

[1] Relative impacts of multiple global change factors on ecohydrological processes in terrestrial ecosystems have not been carefully studied. In this study, we used a terrestrial ecosystem (TECO) model to examine effects of three global change factors (i.e., climate warming, elevated CO2, and altered precipitation) individually and in combination on runoff, evaporation, transpiration, rooting zone soil moisture content, water use efficiency (WUE), and rain use efficiency (RUE) in a North American tallgrass prairie. We conducted a total of 200 different scenarios with gradual changes of the three factors for 100 years. Our modeling results show strong responses of runoff, evaporation, transpiration, and rooting zone soil moisture to changes in temperature and precipitation, while effects of CO2 changes were relatively minor. For example, runoff decreased by 50% with a 10°C increase in temperature and increased by 250% with doubled precipitation. Ecosystem‐level RUE increased with CO2, decreased with precipitation, and optimized at 4–6°C of warming. In contrast, plant‐level WUE was highest at doubled CO2, doubled precipitation, and ambient temperature. The different response patterns of RUE and WUE signify that processes at different scales responded uniquely to climate change. Combinations of temperature, CO2, and precipitation anomalies interactively affected response magnitude and/or patterns of ecohydrological processes. Our results suggest that ecohydrological processes were considerably affected by global change factors and then likely regulate other ecosystem processes, such as carbon and nitrogen cycling. In particular, substantial changes in runoff to different climate change scenarios could have policy implications because it is a major component to replenishing freshwater. These modeling results should be tested by and could influence design of field experiments on ecohydrological processes.
Comparing Utilization of Life‐Sustaining Treatments with Patient and Public Preferences

Life-sustaining treatment decisions made for unconscious patients in the absence of advance directives are often assumed, first, to be discordant with individuals' prior preferences,1 and second, to result in more treatments at the end of life than patients would have wanted.2–5 Actual data on life-sustaining treatment practices have not been available to challenge or support either of these assumptions. Surrogate decisions about eventual end-of-life care often differ from patients' own stated preferences,6, 7 which is indirect evidence that the first assumption is valid. A more definitive assessment could be obtained by directly measuring the concordance between actual treatment practices and individuals' own advance preferences for care. The few studies in which patients' preferences and their eventual treatments were examined prospectively came to differing conclusions.8, 9 One reported about overtreatment, but not about undertreatment.9 No study has prospectively followed a full range of life-sustaining treatment preferences and eventual treatments. It could also be informative to compare preferences with practices over a range of life-sustaining treatments to estimate the effect that advance directives might have on resource utilization. Treatment preferences of surveyed populations, physicians, nurses, patients and their families and proxies, medical students, and the general public are available.6, 7,10–18 Although data exist on life-sustaining treatments for certain diagnoses and among deceased patients, these are less suited for investigating utilization in common advance directive scenarios. The present study compares preferences selected in a general advance directive survey and actual treatment practices for patients with conditions described in the advance directive scenarios. We documented the life-sustaining treatment practices at an urban teaching hospital where outpatients and members of the general public in the vicinity had been surveyed with an advance directive.13 For each of seven life-sustaining treatments, we asked whether it was provided more than, less than, or the same as surveyed preferences for that treatment in advance directive scenarios. The period of study was just prior to the Patient Self-Determination Act, when care was virtually uninfluenced by advance directives.18 We also followed the surveyed patients prospectively to compare their advance care preferences with the actual treatments they received when in one of the scenarios. The overall aim was to find evidence supporting or refuting the stated common assumptions about advance care planning.
Robustness analysis using the measure of external reliability for multiple outliers

Robustness analysis is a natural merger of reliability and strain and defined as the ability to resist deformations induced by the maximum undetectable errors as determined from internal reliability analysis. Thus far, robustness analysis has been carried out using reliability theory based on the assumption of a single outlier. However, in practice, there might be multiple outliers in a data set. Therefore, measures of reliability for multiple outliers ought to be used. This paper extends robustness analysis so that it can determine the deformation induced by multiple undetected errors through the evaluation of a strain matrix using the proper external reliability measure. In this study, the question of whether a network is robust against deformations induced by two or more undetected outliers is investigated. The results indicate that in the case of multiple outliers, robustness of geodetic networks decreases.
Ribavirin Induces Error-Prone Replication of GB Virus B in Primary Tamarin Hepatocytes

GB virus B (GBV-B) is the closest relative of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and is an attractive surrogate model for HCV antiviral studies. GBV-B induces an acute, resolving hepatitis in tamarins. Utilizing primary cultures of tamarin hepatocytes, we have previously developed a tissue culture system that exhibits high levels of GBV-B replication. In this report, we have extended the utility of this system for testing antiviral compounds. Treatment with human interferon provided only a marginal antiviral effect, while poly(I-C) yielded >3 and 4 log units of reduction of cell-associated and secreted viral RNA, respectively. Interestingly, treatment of GBV-B-infected hepatocytes with ribavirin resulted in an approximately 4-log decrease in viral RNA levels. Guanosine blocked the antiviral effect of ribavirin, suggesting that inhibition of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) and reduction of intracellular GTP levels were essential for the antiviral effect. However, mycophenolic acid, another IMPDH inhibitor, had no antiviral effect. Virions harvested from ribavirin-treated cultures exhibited a dramatically reduced specific infectivity. These data suggest that incorporation of ribavirin triphosphate induces error-prone replication with concomitant reduction in infectivity and that reduction of GTP pools may be required for incorporation of ribavirin triphosphate. In contrast to the in vitro studies, no significant reduction in viremia was observed in vivo following treatment of tamarins with ribavirin during acute infection with GBV-B. These findings are consistent with the observation that ribavirin monotherapy for HCV infection decreases liver disease without a significant reduction in viremia. Our data suggest that nucleoside analogues that induce error-prone replication could be an attractive approach for the treatment of HCV infection if administered at sufficient levels to result in efficient incorporation by the viral polymerase.
Alternate Conceptions of Preservice Elementary Teachers: The Itakura Method.

In this study, we determined the effectiveness of the inquiry-based Itakura method for mediating alternate conceptions of preservice elementary teachers (N = 38) in an integrated mathematics, science, and technology methods course. We investigated alternate conceptions in the expansion of solids due to heating. There was a significant increase in participants’ immediate learning gains after participating in the Itakura method. Retention data was gathered after 1, 2, and 3 months. After 3 months, retention levels dropped slightly, but not significantly. Responses revealed that the majority of the participants did not revert back to alternate conceptions after 3 months.
Mechanisms of neural crest cell migration.

Neural crest cells are remarkable in their extensive and stereotypic patterns of migration. The pathways of neural crest migration have been documented by cell marking techniques, including interspecific neural tube grafts, immunocytochemistry and Dil-labelling. In the trunk, neural crest cells migrate dorsally under the skin or ventrally through the somites, where they move in a segmental fashion through the rostral half of each sclerotome. The segmental migration of neural crest cells appears to be prescribed by the somites, perhaps by an inhibitory cue from the caudal half. Within the rostral sclerotome, neural crest cells fill the available space except for a region around the notochord, suggesting the notochord may inhibit neural crest cells in its vicinity. In the cranial region, antibody perturbation experiments suggest that multiple cell-matrix interactions are required for proper in vivo migration of neural crest cells. Neural crest cells utilize integrin receptors to bind to a number of extracellular matrix molecules. Substrate selective inhibition of neural crest cell attachment in vitro by integrin antibodies and antisense oligonucleotides has demonstrated that they possess at least three integrins, one being an α_1β_1 integrin which functions in the absence of divalent cations. Thus, neural crest cells utilize complex sets of interactions which may differ at different axial levels.
Microelectrospray ionization analysis of noncovalent interactions within the electron transferring flavoprotein.

Abstract Cofactor associations within the electron transferring flavoprotein (ETF) were studied in real time using microelectrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (μESI-MS). Initial analysis of porcine (pETF) and human ETF (hETF) revealed only the holoprotein. When μESI-MS source energies were increased, both pETF and hETF readily lost AMP. Analysis of hETF and pETF in methanol revealed intact α- and β-subunits, and β-subunit with AMP. The pETF also contained β-subunit with FAD and β-subunit with both cofactors. In contrast to crystal structure predictions, AMP dissociates more readily than FAD, and the pETF β-subunit has an intimate association with FAD. This work demonstrates the complementarity of μESI-MS with NMR X-ray and optical spectroscopy in the analysis of noncovalent complexes.
Composite reliability and standard errors of measurement for a seven-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised.

The composite reliability and standard errors of measurement were computed for prorated Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores derived from a seven-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) proposed by Ward (1990). The results indicate that this short form provides IQ scores that are as reliable as the complete WAIS-R. Together with previous findings that this short form has better concurrent validity than other short forms, the present findings justify substituting it for the complete WAIS-R in most clinical and research applications. The advantages of and objections to using short forms of the WAIS-R are discussed
O2 penetration and proton burial depth in proteins: applicability to fold family recognition.

Paramagnetically induced relaxation effects of O2 and the nitroxide 4-hydroxy TEMPO were measured for the amide protons of perdeuterated rubredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and the mesophilic bacterium Clostridium pasteurianum. For both O2 and the impermeant nitroxide, the induced relaxation at the static solvent inaccessible amide sites is dominated by long-range interactions with the paramagnetic species in the bulk aqueous phase. The upper bound of O2 solubility in the internal matrix of the rubredoxins is one-tenth that of the bulk aqueous phase. Furthermore, the difference between the oxygen solubilities inside the two rubredoxins is at most 1% that of bulk water O2 solubility, suggesting that there are only modest differences in this measure of fluidity for the mesophile vs hyperthermophile protein interiors. Calculations based on the assumption of a paramagnet uniformly distributed on the protein exterior yield accurate predictions at nearly all amide sites for the mi...
Asking the Big Questions

Excerpt] This issue of the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly is the first to be published by Sage Publications. As Gary Thompson notes elsewhere in this issue, this change will truly be a great benefit for the Cornell Quarterly and its readers. As excited as we here at the Cornell Quarterly are about this procedural change, I anticipate that it will be the content of this issue that will excite our readers. This issue has allowed researchers and practitioners to ask tough questions on a sensitive topic. The question I have for you, the reader, is, do you allow yourself to be excited by the opportunity to ask tough questions?
Expression of Bcl-2 in human epithelial tumor (HeLa) cells enhances clonogenic survival following exposure to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine or staurosporine, but not following exposure to etoposide or doxorubicin

A reduced capacity for apoptosis induction is considered to play a significant role both in the development of malignancy and in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The Bcl-2 oncoprotein inhibits apoptosis induced by antitumor agents at a point downstream of drug-target interactions. Stable expression of Bcl-2 in the human epithelial tumor (HeLa) cell line results in inhibition of apoptosis following exposure to the topoisomerase II poison, etoposide. However, Bcl-2 is unable to enhance clonogenic survival as a result of alternate pathways to reproductive death induced by the drug. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to further investigate the role of Bcl-2 in human epithelial tumor cell drug resistance using 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine, staurosporine, and doxorubicin, in addition to etoposide. Methods: The ability of Bcl-2 to enhance clonogenic cell survival was studied by colony-forming assays, while delay of cell death induction was assessed by trypan blue viability measurements. The proportion of apoptotic cells was measured by morphological criteria, as well as detection of apoptotic DNA fragmentation using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase assay. Results: Despite profound inhibition to loss of plasma membrane integrity for all agents tested, Bcl-2 was only able to significantly increase clonogenic survival following exposure to 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine and staurosporine, but not following exposure to etoposide or doxorubicin. Furthermore, the time-course of apoptosis induction following exposure of HeLa cells to equitoxic concentrations of staurosporine and etoposide was profoundly different. Conclusions: These results indicate that Bcl-2 enhances clonogenic survival of human epithelial tumor cells in an agent-specific fashion, which may be determined by the initial cytotoxic lesion induced by a particular drug.
Ultrasonic speeds and isentropic compressibilities of each of the mixtures: (n-dodecane + an isomer of hexane) at 298.15 K

Abstract Measurements of ultrasonic speed were carried out for {n-dodecane + each of the five hexanes} at 298.15 K. The results were combined with excess molar volumes reported previously to obtain isentropic compressibilities and isentropic pressure derivatives of the excess molar volume. The latter are in good agreement with estimates from the Flory theory of mixtures.
Perseveration in Aphasia

We developed a battery of tests to evaluate the relationship of perseveration to aphasia, and tested 44 subjects (18 with aphasia, 13 with right hemispheric lesions, 13 normal controls). Several major findings emerged: left hemispheric, posteriorly located, aphasia producing lesions also produced abundant perseverations, both verbal and non-verbal, which were primarily recurrent in type; right hemispheric lesions produced few perseverations, and these were primarily of the continuous type; more than half of the verbal recurrent perseverations of aphasia on a naming task were semantic in nature. We conclude that recurrent perseveration has a special, perhaps integral, link to language disorders of aphasia, particularly fluent aphasia associated with posterior lesions.
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy in Obese and Non-obese Patients: Comparison with Open Surgery

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the perioperative outcomes of open (OPN) and laparoscopic (LPN) partial nephrectomy in obese and non-obese patients. Methods We analyzed records for a cohort of 56 patients (28 obese and 28 non-obese) who underwent OPN, as well as 112 (56 obese and 56 non-obese) who underwent LPN. Results Obese patients undergoing OPN had increased operative time (285.9 ± 69.7 versus 195.2 ± 59.8 minutes), blood loss (484.5 ± 272.1 versus 391.7 ± 308.6 mL), clamp time (44.4 ± 12.8 versus 28.2 ± 10.5 minutes), intraoperative complications (14.3% versus 1.8%), postoperative complications (35.7% versus 17.9%), and hospital stay (6.4 ± 2.8 versus 3.2 ± 2.2 days) than those undergoing LPN. Comparison of obese versus non-obese patients who underwent LPN revealed similar perioperative outcomes, with the exception of a greater blood loss in the obese patient cohort (391.7 ± 308.6 versus 280.9 ± 202.1 mL). Finally, in comparing perioperative data among non-obese patients who underwent OPN versus LPN, those who underwent LPN were found to have improved operative times (248.9 ± 45.0 versus 181.1 ± 62.4 minutes), less blood loss (412.4 ± 274.6 versus 280.9 ± 202.1 mL), fewer intraoperative complications (21.4% versus 1.8%), and shorter length of hospital stay (6.3 ± 2.8 versus 3.2 ± 1.6 days). Conclusions Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy has significantly better perioperative outcomes than open partial nephrectomy in both the obese and non-obese populations.
Rating the Severity of Close-Call Events

Accidents rarely happen; close calls (“near misses”) are much more prevalent. So learning from close-calls is statistically more feasible. This paper describes a new technique for rating, or having a computer help to rate, the relative severity of close-call events. Various potential applications are in transportation close-calls: between aircraft on the ground or in the air, between highway or rail or maritime vehicles or such vehicles and fixed objects; also close-calls in surgery or other medical treatments on patients, or in police or security work. Currently the technique is being developed and validated for specific application to airport runway incursions – where an aircraft or vehicle violates safe separation criteria relative to another aircraft. The technique starts from severity ranges prejudged by subject matter experts and tabled for each of a set of possible near-miss scenarios and range of closest proximities, including the overall best (global minimum) and worst (global maximum) severities...
Controlled oxidation of remote sp3 C—H bonds in artemisinin via P450 catalysts with fine tuned regio and stereoselectivity

The selective oxyfunctionalization of isolated sp3 C–H bonds in complex molecules represents a formidable challenge in organic chemistry. Here, we describe a rational, systematic strategy to expedite the development of P450 oxidation catalysts with refined regio- and stereoselectivity for the hydroxylation of remote, unactivated C–H sites in a complex scaffold. Using artemisinin as model substrate, we demonstrate how a three-tier strategy involving first-sphere active site mutagenesis, high-throughput P450 fingerprinting, and fingerprint-driven P450 reactivity predictions enabled the rapid evolution of three efficient biocatalysts for the selective hydroxylation of a primary and a secondary C–H site (with both S and R stereoselectivity) in a relevant yet previously inaccessible region of this complex natural product. The evolved P450 variants could be applied to provide direct access to the desired hydroxylated derivatives at preparative scales (0.4 g) and in high isolated yields (>90%), thereby enabling ...
Graphene electronics and photonics (Invited)

In this talk, I will review our study of graphene electronics and photonics. I will begin by discussing the merits of graphene for particular applications in electronics, optoelectronics and plasmonics. Then, I will elaborate on our understanding of their basic device physics and technological challenges, through theory, modeling and experiments.
Antimalarial activity of thiosemicarbazones and purine derived nitriles.

Abstract Malaria is a devastating illness caused by multiple species of the Plasmodium genus. The parasite’s falcipain proteases have been extensively studied as potential drug targets. Here we report the testing of two established cysteine protease inhibitor scaffolds against both chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant parasites. A subset of purine derived nitriles killed the parasite with moderate potency, and these inhibitors do not seem to exert their antiproliferative effects as cysteine protease inhibitors. Compound potency was determined to be similar against both parasite strains, indicating a low probability of cross resistance with chloroquine. These compounds represent a novel antimalarial scaffold, and a potential starting point for the development new inhibitors.
Boundary-value problems associated with source-excited planar-equiangular-spiral antennas

Several boundary-value problems associated with the planar-spiral geometry are considered. A source-excited-sheath problem is formulated exactly, and a formal solution in terms of Hankel's inverse transform is presented. The approximate form of the current density on the sheath structure is obtained. A push-pull-excited 2-arm thin-wire antenna is discussed next. It is found that the approximate current-density solution is closely related to that of the corresponding sheath version. The approximate form of the current density is found to exhibit a slow-wave character along the radial dimension. Some far-field patterns are computed by the vector-potential method. The results of the current densities and the radiation patterns are found to be in favourable agreement with the experimental results. A short discussion on the solution of a multiarm antenna is also given. The approximate current density and the far-field patterns are also computed for a 4-arm antenna. Some general conclusions are presented.
Induction of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 by human chorionic gonadotropin in bovine preovulatory follicles in vivo.

Gonadotropins have recently been shown to induce prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2) in rat preovulatory follicles before ovulation, but hormonal induction of this enzyme has not yet been reported in preovulatory follicles of any other species. To determine whether the selective induction of PGHS-2 by the ovulatory gonadotropin surge is a molecular process that has been conserved in other mammalian species with different reproductive cycles, the regulation of PGHS isoforms was studied in bovine preovulatory follicles isolated 0, 6, 12, 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 h after an ovulatory dose of hCG. Each follicle was dissected into three preparations: the intact follicle wall (i.e. theca interna with attached granulosa cells), theca interna, and isolated granulosa cells. Solubilized cell extracts were obtained from each preparation and analyzed by Western blots, using polyclonal antibodies that selectively recognize PGHS-2 and PGHS-1 isoforms. RNA extracts were prepared and analyzed by Northern blots, using a mouse PGHS-2 complementary DNA. The results indicated that the expression of PGHS-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein, but not that of PGHS-1, was regulated by hCG in bovine preovulatory follicles before ovulation. Levels of PGHS-2 protein (mol wt, 74,000) in the follicle wall were undetectable at 0, 6, and 12 h, but increased dramatically after 18 h to reach maximal levels 24 h post-hCG treatment. Northern blots revealed a similar temporal induction of PGHS-2 mRNA (4.0 kilobases). Analyses of isolated preparations of theca interna and granulosa cells clearly showed that PGHS-2 was expressed exclusively in granulosa cells and not in theca interna. Significant increases in follicular fluid concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F were associated with the induction of follicular PGHS-2 protein and mRNA. Thus, this study establishes that the induction by gonadotropin of PGHS-2 in granulosa cells before ovulation appears to be a conserved mechanism by which the synthesis of prostaglandins necessary for the ovulation process is regulated in different species. However, the striking difference between the time course of PGHS-2 induction previously reported in rat follicles (4 h post-hCG treatment) and that observed in bovine follicles (18 h post-hCG treatment) suggests that the control of PGHS-2 expression could be one of the determinants involved in dictating the species-specific progression (length) of the ovulation process.
Did Household Saving Really Decline in the Reagan Years

This paper challenges the conventional belief that household saving in the U.S. declined during the Reagan Years. The paper proposes a definition of the household financial surplus that is available for use by corporations and the public sector. It shows how existing measures of household saving diverge from this definition, and it proposes alternative estimates of the trend of this household financial surplus in the 1980s. These alternative estimates show no downward trend, and in most years, the available supply of funds has exceeded business and government demands.
On antiplane line force in a two‐phase anisotropic medium

The elastic field of an antiplane line force in a two-phase anisotropic medium is analysed. Explicit solutions are obtained. The results are used to evaluate the elastic field of a screw dislocation. Es wird das elastische Feld einer Linienkraft in einem zweiphasigen anisotropen Medium analysiert. Explizite Losungen werden erhalten. Die Ergebnisse werden benutzt, um das elastische Feld einer Schraubenversetzung zu berechnen.
Geographic variation in feeding preference of a generalist herbivore: the importance of seaweed chemical defenses

The ecological impacts of generalist herbivores depend on feeding preferences, which can vary across and within herbivore species. Among mesoherbivores, geographic variation in host use can occur because host plants have a more restricted geographic distribution than does the herbivore, or there is local evolution in host preference, or both. We tested the role of local evolution using the marine amphipod Ampithoe longimana by rearing multiple amphipod populations from three regions (subtropical Florida, warm-temperate North Carolina and cold-temperate New England) and assaying their feeding preferences toward ten seaweeds that occur in some but not all regions. Six of the ten seaweeds produce anti-herbivore secondary metabolites, and we detected geographic variation in feeding preference toward five (Dictyota menstrualis, Dictyota ciliolata, Fucus distichus, Chondrus crispus and Padina gymnospora, but not Caulerpa sertularioides). Amphipod populations that co-occur with a chemically-rich seaweed tended to have stronger feeding preferences for that seaweed, relative to populations that do not co-occur with the seaweed. A direct test indicated that geographic variation in feeding preference toward one seaweed (D. ciliolata) is mediated by feeding tolerance for lipophilic secondary metabolites. Among the four seaweeds that produce no known secondary metabolites (Acanthophora, Ectocarpus, Gracilaria and Hincksia/Feldmannia spp.), we detected no geographic variation in feeding preference. Thus, populations are more likely to evolve greater feeding preferences for local hosts when those hosts produce secondary metabolites. Microevolution of feeding behaviors of generalist marine consumers likely depends on the availability and identity of local hosts and the strength of their chemical defenses.
Play Therapy: A Review.

This article discusses the current issues in play therapy and its implications for play therapists. A brief history of play therapy is provided along with the current play therapy approaches and techniques. This article also touches on current issues or problems that play therapists may face, such as interpreting children's play, implementing effective techniques, limit setting and how to deal with cultural issues, as well as using play therapy with children from special populations (e.g. children with disabilities and post‐traumatic stress disorder).
An in vitro Investigation of the Effects of Glass Inserts on the Effective Composite Resin Polymerization Shrinkage

We placed an MOD preparation in each of 12 permanent molars, then restored each tooth with a posterior composite resin by means of six different application techniques (I-polymerization as one complete unit; II-polymerization as one complete unit with glass inserts; IIIpolymerization in gingivo-occlusal increments; IV-polymerization in gingivo-occlusal increments with glass inserts; V-polymerization in bucco-lingual increments; and VI-polymerization in a gingival increment with glass inserts, then bucco-lingual increments). A precision strain gauge was attached to the buccal surface of each tooth and balanced at zero. After each increment was polymerized, the strain appearing on the strain gauge indicator was recorded. Each tooth was restored by use of all techniques; two teeth started with each technique. Results demonstrated the average microstrain units to be 127-1, 102-11, 105-III, 86-IV, 72-V, and 66-VI.A randomized block design was the format used for data evaluation. Scheffe's Test indicated that c...
Spectral transform for the sub-Laplacian on the Heisenberg group

We continue our analysis of nilpotent groups related to quantum mechanical systems whose Hamiltonians have polynomial interactions. For the spinless particle in a constant external magnetic field, the associated nilpotent group is the Heisenberg group. We solve the heat equation for the Heisenberg group by diagonalizing the sub-Laplacian. The unitary map to the Hilbert space in which the sub-Laplacian is a multiplication operator with positive spectrum is given. The spectral multiplicity is shown to be related to the irreducible representations of SU(2). A Lax pair, generated from the Heisenberg sub-Laplacian, is used to find operators unitarily equivalent to the sub-Laplacian, but not arising from the SL(2,R) automorphisms of the Heisenberg group.
Risk-sensitive foraging: choice behaviour of honeybees in response to variability in volume of reward

Abstract We tested risk sensitivity towards variability in volume of reward with harnessed honeybees, Apis mellifera , in a proboscis-extension conditioning paradigm. We conditioned each subject to turn its head and extend its proboscis towards one of two presented odours; one odour was associated with a constant reward volume and the other with a variable reward volume that was either low or high, with probabilities P =0.75 and (1− P )=0.25, respectively. The volumes of rewards were varied among three experimental conditions. In conditions I and II, the variable reward option included a low reward of zero (i.e. reinforcement was withheld in the low reward value); in condition I, the mean of the variable and of the constant reward options were the same, and in condition II, the variable reward option had a higher mean reward than the constant reward option. The behaviour of subjects did not differ between treatments and the majority of individuals were risk averse. In condition III, the variable reward option did not include a zero reward and the mean reward did not differ between options. Very few of the individuals assigned to condition III developed a preference for either reward option. Thus, honeybees are risk sensitive to variability in volume of reward in some conditions and the degree of risk sensitivity depends on characteristics of the reward distributions. The most salient characteristic may be a relative measure of variability, such as the value of the coefficient of variation of reward. The experimental paradigm that we developed is a powerful tool for studying the mechanism of risk sensitivity in bees, as well as other aspects of learning, decision making, perception and memory.
Individual differences and expatriate assignment effectiveness: The case of U.S.-based Korean expatriates

Abstract The paper examines the relationships among individual differences, cross-cultural adjustment, and expatriate assignment effectiveness, using a field survey of U.S.-based Korean expatriates. Overall, the findings are consistent with the literature and support previous findings. However, a unique and interesting pattern was found, revealing that how well the expatriates adjusted to the assignment was not related to their premature return intention. This finding is attributed to Korean society's tight cultural norms, expectancy for positive career outcomes when completing such assignments, and desire to provide diverse educational opportunities and life experiences for their children and family when staying in the preferred assignment destination. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
The halal paradox: negotiating identity, religious values, and genetically engineered food in Turkey

The halal food markets, catering to the dietary concerns of Muslims, have grown worldwide. Literature has discussed growing halal markets, particularly meat, and competing forms of certification to address quality and other concerns of Muslim consumers. Yet, discussions about genetically engineered (GE) food in the Muslim world are comparatively new. The GE debates also do not address diversity of opinions in the Islamic world about the halal status of GE food despite efforts to reach a consensus. This paper integrates debates on GE food and halal certification. It focuses on three major issues: The factors that affect the growth of halal markets, different interpretations of GE food in the Islamic world, and the reasons for lack of consensus on the halal status of GE food through a case study of Turkey. It argues that fragmented halal markets, in which diverse actors from the state to the industry have different interests, and the complexity of GE food make it difficult to reach a consensus on the halal status of GE food. Divergence on the halal status of GE food presents further challenges for Muslim consumers who desire to access healthy and religiously proper food in global agri-food systems.
Mind the Gap: Framing of Women’s Success and Representation in STEM Affects Women’s Math Performance under Threat

Interventions designed to combat the negative effects of stereotype threat have primarily taken an individual-based approach. The current study sought to expand upon these strategies by taking a group-based approach to reduce stereotype threat effects. Specifically, we investigated whether the success and numerical representation of women in STEM positively impacts women’s math performance and affective reactions. We hypothesized that 1) women under threat (control) would perform worse than men; 2) there would be a larger performance difference for women than men when exposed to the success and balanced representation of women in STEM compared to the control condition; 3) there would be a larger performance difference for women than men between the balanced condition and the unbalanced condition where women are portrayed as successful, but not equally represented in STEM. For this study, male (n = 56) and female (n = 66) U.S. undergraduates from a large southern California state university read information about women’s success and representation in STEM (or no information), completed a math exam under stereotype threat conditions, and then expressed their threat-based concerns. Results revealed that women performed worse than men in the control condition. Women in the balanced condition performed better than women in the control and unbalanced conditions. Men’s performance was unaffected by the balance or imbalance of women in STEM. Women’s affective reactions largely mirrored the performance results. This study provides compelling evidence for using a group-based approach highlighting women’s advances in STEM to alleviate stereotype threat.
Kin recognition and sibling association among wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles

1. Wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles, hatched from egg masses collected in the field, were reared either with siblings only or in mixed groups of eight sibships. Sibships were marked with vital stains, released in a laboratory test pool, and their spatial distributions recorded over a 4-day period. 2. An analysis of nearest-neighbor distances suggests that tadpoles preferentially associated with familiar siblings over both familiar and unfamiliar non-siblings. Kinship preferences of R. sylvatica tadpoles, unlike those of other anurans that have been tested, thus appear largely unaffected by prior social experience. 3. Tadpoles reared in mixed sibship groups preferentially associated with the siblings with which they were reared over unfamiliar siblings exposed to a different set of sibships. In contrast, tadpoles did not discriminate either between siblings reared in different baskets within the same mixed group tank, or between siblings housed in different singlesibship containers. 4. Because R. sylvatica egg masses are usually deposited in communal clumps, an ability to recognize relatives not dependent on post-embryonic experience may have been selected. The possible adaptive significance of kin association among wood frog tadpoles is unknown; their schools probably do not represent kin groups, but larval distributions in natural ponds might reflect sibling association tendencies. 5. Kin recognition “labels” of non-sibling R. sylvatica tadpoles reared together, like those of R. cascadae tadpoles similarly reared, may converge as a result of social interactions. R. sylvatica tadpoles, unlike R. cascadae tadpoles, retain an ability to discriminate between familiar siblings and familiar non-siblings; hence label transference may be incomplete.
Early detection of NSCLC with scFv selected against IgM autoantibody.

Survival of patients with lung cancer could be significantly prolonged should the disease be diagnosed early. Growing evidence indicates that the immune response in the form of autoantibodies to developing cancer is present before clinical presentation. We used a phage-displayed antibody library to select for recombinant scFvs that specifically bind to lung cancer-associated IgM autoantibodies. We selected for scFv recombinant antibodies reactive with circulating IgM autoantibodies found in the serum of patients with early stage lung adenocarcinoma but not matched controls. Discriminatory performance of 6 selected scFvs was validated in an independent set of serum from stage 1 adenocarcinoma and matching control groups using two independent novel methods developed for this application. The panel of 6 selected scFvs predicted cancer based on seroreactivity value with sensitivity of 0.8 and specificity of 0.87. Receiver Operative Characteristic curve (ROC) for combined 6 scFv has an AUC of 0.88 (95%CI, 0.76–1.0) as determined by fluorometric microvolume assay technology (FMAT) The ROC curve generated using a homogeneous bridging Mesa Scale Discovery (MSD) assay had an AUC of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.59–0.85). The panel of all 6 antibodies demonstrated better discriminative power than any single scFv alone. The scFv panel also demonstrated the association between a high score - based on seroreactivity - with poor survival. Selected scFvs were able to recognize lung cancer associated IgM autoantibodies in patient serum as early as 21 months before the clinical presentation of disease. The panel of antibodies discovered represents a potential unique non-invasive molecular tool to detect an immune response specific to lung adenocarcinoma at an early stage of disease.
Remote sensing of aerosol properties during CARES

One month of MFRSR data collected at two sites in the central California (USA) region during the CARES campaign are processed and the MFRSR-derived AODs at 500 nm wavelength are compared with available AODs provided by AERONET measurements. We find that the MFRSR and AERONET AODs are small (~0.05) and comparable. A reasonable quantitative agreement between column aerosol size distributions (up to 2 μm) from the MFRSR and AERONET retrievals is illustrated as well. Analysis of the retrieved (MFRSR and AERONET) and in situ measured aerosol size distributions suggests that the contribution of the coarse mode to aerosol optical properties is substantial for several days. The results of a radiative closure experiment performed for the two sites and one-month period show a favorable agreement between the calculated and measured broadband downwelling irradiances (bias does not exceed about 3 Wm -2 ), and thus imply that the MFRSR-derived aerosol optical properties are reasonable.
Status of fiber-reinforced plastic reinforcement development and cement based research needs

Abstract This article examines the state of development of fiber-based reinforcement for concrete members in the United States. The term fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) is used to identify this type of primary reinforcement used for prestressed and nonprestressed concrete members. The article focuses on the current state of development and the research needed to characterize and assure the performance of FRP reinforcement in concrete structures. The current development includes a basic understanding of glass FRP reinforcement and a lesser understanding of alternative fiber types and prestressing applications. Research needs include strength, ductility, compatibility with cement, bond, and thermal characteristics of the FRP reinforcements. Of these research areas, the compatibility of FRP reinforcement with cement based materials is one of the most critical areas for further development.
Randall's plaque and renal injury

To the Editor: In an excellent review of their recent work, authors indicate that renal epithelial cells associated with the interstitial plaques 'invariably appear normal, as does the cellular interstitium'.1 However, illustrations in their various publications show a number of structural abnormalities. Interstitium is enlarged with abundant collagen. Basement membrane is thickened and at places multilamellate. Dispersed in the basement membrane are crystals that often encircle the renal tubules, which appear necrotic.
Large area III–V infrared focal planes

Abstract Jet Propulsion Laboratory is actively developing the III–V based infrared detector and focal plane arrays (FPAs) for remote sensing and imaging applications. Currently, we are working on Superlattice detectors, multi-band quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), and quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIPs) technologies suitable for high pixel-pixel uniformity and high pixel operability large area imaging arrays. In this paper, we will discuss the demonstration of long-wavelength 1 K × 1 K QDIP FPA, 1 K × 1K QWIP FPA, the first demonstration of the megapixel-simultaneously-readable and pixel-co-registered dual-band QWIP FPA, and demonstration of the first mid-wave and long-wave 1K × 1K superlattice FPA. In addition, we will discuss the advantages of III–V material system in the context of large format infrared FPAs.