cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The formation of conjugate normal fault systems in folded sandstone by sequential jointing and shearing, Waterpocket monocline, Utah

[1] We report conjugate normal fault development by the formation and subsequent shearing of joints during flexure and associated extension of the Jurassic Wingate and Navajo Sandstones at the core of the Waterpocket monocline, Utah. Geometry and structural components across fault zones were quantified from an incipient stage to a relatively well-developed stage where the zone is 120 m wide and accommodates more than 3.5 m of slip. Shearing of joints leads to the formation of splay fractures near the joints' tip. Subsequently, these splay fractures are sheared and a new generation of splay fractures forms. Multiple generations of splay fractures cause the width of the fault damage zone to expand into the surrounding host rock, producing unusually wide fault damage zones with respect to fault offset. These extensive fault damage zones are stratigraphically confined and develop with low strains at small bed dips during folding. The faults formed by this sequential process develop a characteristic fault architecture distinguished by the type of component structures, their geometric relationships, and their distribution. We conclude that cyclic joint formation, shearing accompanied by splay fracture formation, and repeated shearing produce a geometric pattern similar to a classical conjugate fault system. However, the mechanism identified here has different implications for fault intersection angles, stress inversion, and fault architecture.
Recommendations for the reporting of gastric carcinoma

It has been evident for decades that pathology reports vary between institutions and even within a single institution. Standardization of reporting is the best way to ensure that information necessary for patient management is included in pathology reports. Two societies, the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology (ADASP) and the College of American Pathologists (CAP) have published guidelines for the reporting of common cancers. Although not identical, the basic content of the ADASP and CAP guidelines are similar. The American College of Surgery Commission on Cancer (COC) accredits cancer centers in the United States. The ADASP has updated all of its protocols to comply with COC requirements in the form of 37 uniform checklists. The checklists utilize criteria sited in the American Joint Committee on Cancer 2002 staging manual and are formatted for ease of use. They may be used as templates for uniform reporting and are designed be compatible with voice-activated transcription.
Mechanisms of Gastroprotection

Gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to various irritants, but it usually maintains its integrity owing to several lines of defense, including mucus-alkaline secretion, mucosal hydrophobicity, rich mucosal blood flow, stabilization of tissue lysosomes, maintenance of mucosal sulfhydryls, and rapid proliferation and renewal of mucosal cells. Prostaglandins (PG) inhibit experimental gastric mucosal damage and ulcerations induced by a wide variety of agents, hence PG have been proposed to contribute to the overall protective process by activation of various mucosal defence lines--particularly by prevention of vasocongestion, ischemia, and deep hemorrhagic necrosis. The relation between tissue PG generation and mucosal protection does not appear to be closely related, and probably only minute amounts of PG are required to maintain mucosal integrity. In contrast to PG, other products of arachidonate metabolism, such as TxA2, LTC4 or LTD4, and the related lipid, platelet-activating factor, appear to mediate mucosal damage mainly by the disturbance in mucosal microcirculation and tissue ischemia. Gastroprotection can be achieved by stimulation of mucosal biosynthesis of protective PG or by the inhibition of the release or action of the proulcerogenic arachidonate metabolites. Certain natural substances, such as sulfhydryls, epidermal growth factor, or polyamines, protect the mucosa via a PG-independent mechanism, probably by enhancing the tissue repair processes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Identification of neuronal input to the arcuate nucleus (ARH) activated during lactation: implications in the activation of neuropeptide Y neurons.

Activation of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) neuronal system in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) during lactation in the rat is likely due to the neural impulses arising from the suckling stimulus. However, the afferent neuronal input to the ARH that is activated during lactation and is responsible for activation of NPY neurons is currently unknown. Previously, using cFos as a marker for neuronal activation, we identified several brain areas in the lactating animals that were activated by the suckling stimulus. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine if these activated areas observed in the lactating animals project directly into the ARH. The retrograde tracer, fluorogold (FG), was injected into the ARH on day 4 postpartum. Chronically suckled rats were then deprived of their eight-pup litters on day 9 postpartum, and 48 h later, the pups were returned to the females to reinitiate the suckling stimulus for 90 min to induce cFos expression. The animals were then perfused and the brains were subjected to double-label immunohistochemistry to visualize both FG- and cFos-positive cells. Substantial FG/cFos double-labeled cells were found in forebrain regions, including the medial preoptic area, periventricular preoptic area, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the medial amygdala, and in brainstem regions including the lateral parabrachial nucleus, peripeduncular area and ventrolateral medulla. The results of the present study demonstrate that specific areas in the brain are activated during lactation and send direct projections to the ARH. Thus, these areas are potentially important candidates for mediating the activation of the NPY neuronal system in the ARH during lactation.
The effect of timing and spatial separation on the velocity of auditory apparent motion

Previously, it was shown that the minimum conditions for the illusion of auditory apparent motion (AAM) depend on stimulus timing but not spatial separation. In the present experiment, the effects of stimulus timing and source separation on the perceived velocity of AAM were examined. Eight listeners estimated the velocity, duration, and distance traveled of AAM, using a no-modulus, magnitude estimation procedure. Four burst durations (25, 50, 100, and 300 msec), 10 stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs; 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 msec) and two separations (10° and 40°) were tested. Perceived velocity estimates were related to the total duration (burst duration + SOA) of the stimulus sequence. The effect of separation on velocity was extremely small but statistically significant. These results are similar to those obtained previously on the minimum conditions for AAM. Duration estimates were related only to total duration, but separation estimates were related to both separation and total duration. These results suggest that velocity is possibly a primary dimension of AAM that is independent of source separation.
Optimization of Pressure Swing Adsorption and Fractionated Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes for CO2 Capture

This work focuses on the optimization of cyclic adsorption processes to improve the performance of CO2 capture from flue gas, consisting of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The adopted processes are the PSA (pressure swing adsorption) process and the FVPSA (fractionated vacuum pressure swing adsorption) process, modified from the FVSA (fractionated vacuum swing adsorption) process developed by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. The system models are currently bench scale and adopt zeolite13X as an adsorbent. The high-temperature PSA is better for high purity of product (CO2), and the high-temperature FVPSA is much better than the normal-temperature PSA processes. The main goal of this study is to improve the purity and recovery of carbon dioxide. The Langmuir isotherm parameters were calculated from experimental data taken at National Energy Technology Laboratory (Siriwardane, R.; NETL, DOE, 2004). Moreover, efficient optimization strategies are essential to compare these processes. To perform optimization work...
Free choice permission as resource-sensitive reasoning.

Free choice permission is a long-standing puzzle in deontic logic and in natural language semantics. It involves what appears to be a conjunctive use of "or": from "You may eat an apple or a pear", we can infer that "You may eat an apple" and that "You may eat a pear" -- though not that "You may eat an apple and a pear". Following Lokhorst (1997), I argue that because permission is a limited resource, a resource-sensitive logic such as Girard's Linear Logic is better suited to modeling permission talk than, say, classical logic. A resource-sensitive approach enables the semantics to track not only that permission has been granted and what sort of permission it is (i.e., permission to eat apples versus permission to eat pears), but also how much permission has been granted, i.e., whether there is enough permission to eat two pieces of fruit or only one. The account here is primarily semantic (as opposed to pragmatic), with no special modes of composition or special pragmatic rules. The paper includes an introduction to Linear Logic. doi:10.3765/sp.3.10 BibTeX info
Identification of a cDNA for SSRP1, an HMG-box protein, by interaction with the c-Myc oncoprotein in a novel bacterial expression screen

We describe a system for screening cDNA expression libraries in Escherichia coli based on protein-protein interactions. The system utilizes fusion proteins containing the DNA binding domain of the lambda phage cl repressor and a heterologous dimerization domain, which is the target of the screen. Such chimeric proteins were functional as transcriptional repressors in E.coli; function was dependent on the presence of the heterologous dimerization domain, and function of the chimeras was disrupted by expression of excess dimerization domain. A screen was designed to identify factors that could interact with the heterologous dimerization domain and thereby inactivate the chimeric repressor. We used this screen to identify factors that could interact with the basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper domains of c-Myc, and isolated the cDNA for a previously characterized HMG domain protein that interacts specifically with c-Myc in this system. This screening method could be used with proteins that have the ability to homo- or heterodimerize.
Demonstration of Bacteroides intermedius in periapical tissue using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy.

The presence of bacteria in periapical lesions of teeth with necrotic pulp has been demonstrated by microbiological sampling of periapical lesions during endodontic surgery. The purpose of this study was to confirm the presence of Bacteroides intermedius in a periapical granuloma using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Histologic sections of a periapical granuloma were incubated with a rabbit antiserum to B. intermedius. After incubation with secondary antibody (fluorescein-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG), an intense fluorescent staining was observed in areas of the tissue sections. Control tissue sections that were incubated without the antibody remained unstained. The results obtained with the indirect immunofluorescence technique supported our cultural findings that microorganisms, e.g. B. intermedius, were present in the tissue of the periapical granuloma.
The fate of neurons and neurilemmal cells in allografts of ganglia in the spinal cord of normal and immunologically tolerant rats

Abstract Neurons and neurilemmal cells (i.e., satellite cells and Schwann cells) in allografts (i.e., grafts between genetically different members of the same species) of ganglia are rejected after transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye or into muscle of normal rats, but not when transplanted into immunologically tolerant animals. These results demonstrate that nervous tissue allografts are immunogenic and that they are not afforded any protection against rejection even when transplanted into a putative immunologically privileged graft site (i.e., a graft site where an allograft may survive indefinitely without recourse to immunosuppression) such as the eye. Because the central nervous system is regarded as a privileged transplantation site, the fate of isografts (i.e., grafts between genetically identical members of the same species) and allografts transplanted to this location has been determined. The allografts were incompatible with respect to both major and minor, or only to minor, transplantation antigens. The grafts were transplanted into the cervical spinal cord of normal and immunologically tolerant rats and their survival after 65 days was appraised histologically. It was found that, whereas neurons and neurilemmal cells survived in all ganglia isografts and in all allografts to tolerant hosts, allograft survival in normal recipients depended on the magnitude of the histoincompatibility. When both major and minor incompatibilities prevailed, all neurons were rejected in allografts except for two which had a few neurons remaining. Neurilemmal cells in all these ganglia were markedly reduced. No obvious rejection of neurological cells occurred in allografts when only minor antigenic differences existed. It is concluded that the immunological rejection of neurological cells in allografts can occur in the spinal cord of normal rats when major antigenic differences exist but that this rejection is either delayed or absent in situations where the graft is incompatible only with regard to minor antigens. Moreover, all rejections can be prevented by rendering the hosts immunologically tolerant.
Temporal resolution of autophosphorylation for normal and oncogenic forms of EGFR and differential effects of gefitinib.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). EGFR overexpression or mutation in many different forms of cancers has highlighted its role as an important therapeutic target. Gefitinib, the first small molecule inhibitor of EGFR kinase function to be approved for the treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by the FDA, demonstrates clinical activity primarily in patients with tumors that harbor somatic kinase domain mutations in EGFR. Here, we compare wild-type EGFR autophosphorylation kinetics to the L834R (also called L858R) EGFR form, one of the most common mutations in lung cancer patients. Using rapid chemical quench, time-resolved electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and Western blot analyses, we examined the order of autophosphorylation in wild-type (WT) and L834R EGFR and the effect of gefitinib (Iressa) on the phosphorylation of individual tyrosines. These studies establish that there is a temporal order of autophosphorylation ...
The configuration polytope of ℓ-line configurations in Steiner triple systems

It has been shown that the number of occurrences of any l-line configuration in a Steiner triple system can be written as a linear combination of the numbers of full m-line configurations for 1 ≤ m ≤ l; full means that every point has degree at least two. More precisely, the coefficients of the linear combination are ratios of polynomials in v, the order of the Steiner triple system. Moreover, the counts of full configurations, together with v, form a linear basis for all of the configuration counts when l ≤ 7. By relaxing the linear integer equalities to fractional inequalities, a configuration polytope is defined that captures all feasible assignments of counts to the full configurations. An effective procedure for determining this polytope is developed and applied when l = 6. Using this, minimum and maximum counts of each configuration are examined, and consequences for the simultaneous avoidance of sets of configurations explored.
The Structure and Dynamics of the Stratospheric Northern Annular Mode in CMIP5 Simulations

AbstractThe structure and dynamics of stratospheric northern annular mode (SNAM) events in CMIP5 simulations are studied, emphasizing (i) stratosphere–troposphere coupling and (ii) disparities between high-top (HT) and low-top (LT) models. Compared to HT models, LT models generally underrepresent SNAM amplitude in stratosphere, consistent with weaker polar vortex variability, as demonstrated by Charlton-Perez et al. Interestingly, however, this difference does not carry over to the associated zonal-mean SNAM signature in troposphere, which closely resembles observations in both HT and LT models. Nonetheless, a regional analysis illustrates that both HT and LT models exhibit anomalously weak and eastward shifted (compared to observations) storm track and sea level pressure anomaly patterns in association with SNAM events.Dynamical analyses of stratosphere–troposphere coupling are performed to further examine the distinction between HT and LT models. Variability in stratospheric planetary wave activity is r...
Memory's fragile power

Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past. By Daniel L. Schacter. BasicBooks: 1996. Pp. 398. $27.
An improved method for the determination of galactosaminitol, glucosaminitol, glucosamine, and galactosamine on an amino acid analyzer

Abstract Existing methods for the separation and quantitation of galactosaminitol, glucosaminitol, glucosamine, and galactosamine with an amino acid analyzer have been improved substantially by (1) addition of 15% ( v v ) 1-propanol to the citrate-borate buffer, (2) utilization of a two-buffer system, (3) doubling the length of the ninhydrin reaction coil, and (4) inclusion of an internal standard, e-amino-n-eaproic acid, in each sample. These modifications decrease the time for the separation of these compounds to 110 min and increase the sensitivity for hexosaminitols to 3–4 nmol, and that for hexosamines, to 2 nmol.
Disability Awareness Training with a Group of Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

Students with learning disabilities have been found to lack self-awareness about their disability, likely contributing to several challenges they experience, such as social skill deficits. At the same time, there is limited research investigating interventions to effectively increase disability self-awareness among this population. The current investigation is a mixed-methods study examining the effectiveness of an 11-week skills-based group focused on disability awareness training among a group of 12 high school students with learning disabilities. The students completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires and participated in qualitative interviews designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results demonstrated that the students found the group to be beneficial to increasing their awareness about their own disability. Implications are discussed regarding how to implement future disability awareness group interventions to promote self-awareness about disability.
Caregiving in the close relationships of cardiac patients: Exchange, power, and attributional perspectives on caregiver resentment

Individuals with a cardiac condition and their spousal caregivers were recruited from cardiac rehabilitation centers and interviewed separately. Based on exchange theory, it was expected that greater caregiver resentment would be associated with feeling underbenefited in the relationship and with an orientation to relationships that did not focus on the needs of the partner (communal), but did focus on “tit-for-tat” reciprocity (exchange). It was also expected that those caregivers who were more likely to get their needs satisfied in the relationship before the cardiac incident would be more resentful at giving care. Finally, based on attributional theory, it was predicted that caregivers who thought that their spouses were not taking responsibility for improving their health would be more resentful. As predicted, more resentful caregivers were those who felt underbenefited, were more exchange oriented, and judged that their partners were not working toward improving their health. In addition, only those with a low communal orientation toward their spouse showed a relationship between feeling underbenefited and resentment. The needs centrality prediction was not supported. The findings illustrate the utility of applying theories developed in the close relationship area to the understanding of caregiving with chronically ill populations.
Yields of two-nucleon-out residual products from stopped π - reactions

Yields of two-nucleon-out products from stopped ..pi../sup -/ reactions in /sup 26/Mg, /sup 74/Ge, /sup 97/Mo, /sup 114/Cd, /sup 142/Ce, and /sup 174/Yb have been measured by activation techniques. These products result predominantly from pion absorption at the nuclear surface when the absorbing pair of nucleons escapes the nucleus leaving behind very little excitation energy (< or approx. =8 MeV). The ratios of the yields of the nn-out to the np-out products following stopped ..pi../sup -/ absorption increase monotonically from 6.8 for /sup 26/Mg to 18.2 for /sup 174/Yb. The data have been fitted using a pion absorption model that uses separate density distributions for neutrons and protons, and a three to five percent greater root-mean-square radius for neutrons is indicated.
Genetic Characterization and Cloning of Mothers against Dpp, a Gene Required for Decapentaplegic Function in Drosophila Melanogaster

The decapentaplegic (dpp) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a growth factor that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily and that plays a central role in multiple cell-cell signaling events throughout development. Through genetic screens we are seeking to identify other functions that act upstream, downstream or in concert with dpp to mediate its signaling role. We report here the genetic characterization and cloning of Mothers against dpp (Mad), a gene identified in two such screens. Mad loss-of-function mutations interact with dpp alleles to enhance embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning defects, as well as adult appendage defects, suggesting a role for Mad in mediating some aspect of dpp function. In support of this, homozygous Mad mutant animals exhibit defects in midgut morphogenesis, imaginal disk development and embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning that are very reminiscent of dpp mutant phenotypes. We cloned the Mad region and identified the Mad transcription unit through germline transformation rescue. We sequenced a Mad cDNA and identified three Mad point mutations that alter the coding information. The predicted MAD polypeptide lacks known protein motifs, but has strong sequence similarity to three polypeptides predicted from genomic sequence from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Hence, MAD is a member of a novel, highly conserved protein family.
Characteristics of federally licensed firearms retailers and retail establishments in the United States: initial findings from the firearms licensee survey.

Firearms have widely supported legitimate purposes but are also frequently used in violent crimes. Owners and senior executives of federally licensed firearms dealers and pawnbrokers are a potentially valuable source of information on retail commerce in firearms, links between legal and illegal commerce, and policies designed to prevent the firearms they sell from being used in crimes. To our knowledge, there has been no prior effort to gather such information. In 2011, we conducted the Firearms Licensee Survey on a probability sample of 1,601 licensed dealers and pawnbrokers in the United States believed to sell 50 or more firearms per year. This article presents details of the design and execution of the survey and describes the characteristics of the respondents and their business establishments. The survey was conducted by mail, using methods developed by Dillman and others. Our response rate was 36.9 % (591 respondents), similar to that for other establishment surveys using similar methods. Respondents had a median age of 54; 89 % were male, 97.6 % were White, and 98.1 % were non-Hispanic. Those who held licenses under their own names had been licensed for a median of 18 years. A large majority of 96.3 % agreed that “private ownership of guns is essential for a free society”; just over half (54.9 %) believed that “it is too easy for criminals to get guns in this country.” A match between the job and a personal interest in the shooting sports was the highest-ranking reason for working as a firearms retailer; the highest-ranking concerns were that “there are too many ‘gun control’ regulations” and that “the government might confiscate my guns.” Most respondents (64.3 %) were gun dealers, with significant variation by region. Residential dealers accounted for 25.6 % of all dealers in the Midwest. Median annual sales volume was 200 firearms for both dealers and pawnbrokers. Dealers appeared more likely than pawnbrokers to specialize; they were more likely to rank in the highest or lowest quartile on sales of handguns, inexpensive handguns, and tactical rifles. Sales of inexpensive handguns and sales to women were more common among pawnbrokers. Internet sales were reported by 28.3 % of respondents and sales at gun shows by 14.3 %. A median of 1 % of sales were denied after purchasers failed background checks; firearm trace requests equaled <1 % of annual sales. Trace frequency was directly associated with the percentage of firearm sales involving handguns, inexpensive handguns, and sales to women. Frequency of denied sales was strongly and directly associated with frequency of trace requests (p < 0.0001). These results are based on self-report but are consistent with those from studies using objective data.
Caspases and programmed cell death in the hypersensitive response of plants to pathogens

Abstract The hypersensitive response (HR) is induced by certain plant pathogens and involves programmed cell death (PCD) to restrict the spread of pathogens from the infection site [1]. Concurrent with the induction of cell death, the host activates a defense response [2]. The cell death associated with the HR in several plant–pathogen systems has morphological similarities to animal apoptosis [3,4], which suggests that cell death mechanisms in plants and animals may share common components that lead to similar cellular events. Caspases are conserved cysteine proteases that regulate animal PCD [5]; caspase activity or an involvement of caspases in cell death has yet to be reported in plants. In this work, we investigated the participation of caspases in HR cell death. Caspase-specific peptide inhibitors, Ac-YVAD-CMK [6] and Ac-DEVD-CHO [7], could abolish bacteria-induced plant PCD but did not significantly affect the induction of other aspects of HR, such as the expression of defense genes. This result confirmed our previous model that cell death can be uncoupled from defense gene activation during HR [8]. Caspase-like proteolytic activity was detected in tobacco tissues that were developing HR following infection with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Our results provide evidence for the presence of caspase-like plant protease(s) that participate in HR cell death.
Long-term follow-up after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was not performed based on intravascular ultrasound findings: importance of lumen dimensions.

Background—Angiography is limited in determining the anatomic severity of coronary artery stenoses. Clinical decision-making in patients with symptoms and intermediate lesions remains challenging. Methods and Results—The current analysis included 300 patients (357 intermediate native artery lesions) in whom intervention was deferred based on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) findings. Standard clinical, angiographic, and IVUS parameters were collected. Patients were followed for >1 year. Events occurred in 24 patients (8%). They included 2 cardiac deaths, 4 myocardial infarctions, and 18 target-lesion revascularizations (TLR; 12 percutaneous transluminal coronary angiographies and 6 coronary artery bypass grafts; only 3 TLRs occurred within 6 months after the IVUS study). All significant univariate clinical, angiographic, and IVUS parameters (P<0.05) were tested in multivariate models. These included diabetes mellitus, IVUS lesion lumen area, maximum lumen diameter, minimum lumen diameter, plaque area, plaq...
Black-hole thermodynamics and the Euclidean Einstein action

Using the approach to black-hole thermodynamics initiated by Gibbons and Hawking, in terms of the Euclidean Einstein action, I show that the canonical ensemble with elements of radius r and temperature T(r) for hot gravity with black holes is well defined. This follows from the double valuedness of solutions of the Euclidean Einstein equation with canonical boundary conditions. One of the solutions is a locally stable hole. Its partition function is well defined and implies the entropy S=4\ensuremath{\pi}${M}^{2}$ as well as a generalized version of black-hole thermodynamics that reduces to the usual form if ${\mathrm{rM}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. The density of states of the locally stable hole is real and nonpathological. The free energy of this hole can be negative, while that of the other (unstable) solution is always positive. Consequently, the direct nucleation of black holes from hot flat space, as proposed by Gross, Perry, and Yaffe, can be given a thermodynamically consistent description. The scaling laws for hot gravity are obtained and applied to phase transitions between hot flat space and locally stable holes. The free energy of the unstable solution forms the effective potential barrier between these phases. The ground state of the canonical ensemble is always locally stable in the semiclassical approximation. If N is the effective number of massless fields of helicity zero in hot flat space, then when either r\ensuremath{\lesssim}${N}^{1/2}$ or T\ensuremath{\gtrsim}${N}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$, hot flat space is the most probable ground state. Independently of N, if rT${l(27)}^{1/2}$(8\ensuremath{\pi}${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ there can be no real black hole in the canonical ensemble.
Gigabit per second data transfer at 60GHz in high gain grid antennas

A significant issue in the field of metamaterials is the demonstration of their usefulness in actual communication systems. This paper uses the known grid structure [1-3] as a highly directive superstrate, suspended over a patch antenna, to transfer high data rate signals. The design frequency is at 60 GHz, where worldwide there is several GHz of available unlicensed bandwidth. We measure the system gain of the antenna, and demonstrate its operation with a multi-gigabit per second signal. The grid antenna has been described as having a near zero index of refraction, however, the grid can also be viewed as an antenna aperture. Fundamental limits on the antenna directivity dictate that the maximum directivity which can be achieved for this structure would be limited by the overall size of the grid, i.e., if the physical area of the aperture is A, then Dmax = 4 piA/lambda2. Therefore, in order to increase the directivity even more, the grid size needs to be increased. In our simulations, an 11 x 11 grid showed the most gain, having over 17 dBi. This structure is shown in Fig. 1. Beyond this size, the patch can no longer efficiently illuminate the grid. If the grid size needs to be increased further in order to increase the gain, one might ask why we simply do not just use an array of patches. The answer lies in the high loss of the substrate at millimeter-wave frequencies. A microstrip array of patch antennas would employ some type of feed network, which becomes very lossy with increasing array size. As a result, large patch arrays are generally not desirable at millimeter-wave frequencies.
Ward Staff Problems with Abortions

The performance of abortions at the mother's request creates special psychological problems for the physicians and nurses involved. Young, unmarried nurses seem to identify excessively with these mothers, further extending the problem. This paper details the ward staff difficulties which abortion produces. Suggestions are made for interventions which should minimize the problems.
Simplified bond model of spectroscopic SHG and RAS of oxidized and reconstructed vicinal Si(001)

A direct experimental comparison of reflectance-anisotropy spectra (RAS) and spectroscopic second harmonic generation (SHG) of both native-oxidized and clean, reconstructed vicinal Si(001) surfaces is presented. SHG rotational anisotropy over the 2-photon energy range 2.75 < hνSH < 3.44 eV is analyzed using a simplified bond hyperpolarizability model, yielding empirically fitted complex hyperpolarizability spectra β (2ω ) of step-edge, terrace- and back-bonds. Linear bond polarizabilities α (2ω ) were then derived from β (2ω ) using a simple oscillator model. Measured RAS was successfully reproduced with these α (2ω ) for all surfaces studied. The results demonstrate a simple empirical approach for accessing the common microscopic origin of RAS and SHG. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Overlay and field-by-field leveling in wafer steppers using an advanced metrology system

Steppers suitable for resolutions down to 0.35 micrometers are now available for the development and production of 64 mb DRAMs. At these small feature sizes, the depth of focus approaches one micron and the machine to machine overlay requirements are decreased to below 150 nm. This paper reports on the design and characterization of focus, alignment, and stage metrology in a wafer stepper which can meet the aggressive feature size demands. The characteristics of a new broad band field-by-field leveling sensor system with an enhanced process tolerance compared to conventional systems is described. Furthermore, this leveling system has been combined with a multi-axis interferometer system to support a high throughput global alignment strategy with field-by-field leveling. Wafer stepper performance results are presented including depth of focus improvements and global alignment overlay with and without field-by-field leveling. The dependency of focus on wafer structure- and resist thickness-variation is also shown. The total metrology system makes possible a two point global alignment overlay performance below 30 nm, a focus repeatability of 25 nm, and a tilt repeatability of 2 (mu) rad.
Behavior Modification Educational Implications

Behavior control or, if you will, modification, has held a place in clinical literature for many years under diflerent names. It has been, and probably always will be, controversial to a degree. We invite our readers to comment on their experiences and to give 0pinions.—A.C.E.
High resolution through-the-wall radar imaging using extended target model

Through-the-wall radar imaging attempts to image complex scenes within enclosed structures. While most of the high-resolution imaging techniques assume point targets, indoor imaging requires dealing with single or multiple walls which are extended targets in nature and violate the point-target assumption. In order to provide high quality imaging, we need to consider point targets and extended targets separately. In this paper, we model extended targets and apply signal subspace methods for target localization. By combining two separate images, one with point target model and the other with extended target model, both types of targets can be identifiable. Imaging results are shown with both synthesized and experimental data.
Six-degree-of-freedom haptic display using localized contact computations

We present a six-degree-of-freedom haptic rendering algorithm using localized contact computations. It takes advantage of high motion coherence due to fast force update and spatial locality near the contact regions. We first decompose the surface of each polyhedron into convex pieces and construct bounding volume hierarchies for fast proximity queries. Once the objects are intersecting, the penetration depth (PD) is estimated in the contact neighborhood between each pair of decomposed convex pieces, using a new incremental method based on local optimization. Given the computed PD values, multiple contacts near a local region are clustered together to further speed up contact force determination. We have implemented these algorithms and applied them to complex contact scenarios consisting of multiple contacts.
Personalized and Generalized Comparisons: Causes and Consequences of Variations in the Focus of Social Comparisons

When people compare with another person they can focus on how they compare either with just that target (a personalized comparison) or with others more generally (a generalized comparison). Four studies (two event-contingent diary studies, one study of comparisons during a triathlon, and one controlled experiment) showed that personalized comparisons were more likely when the target’s attribute was distinctive or there was an interaction or a close or emotional relationship with the target. Perhaps because these conditions that increase interest in the target as a distinct individual were less common during the triathlon than in everyday life, personalized comparisons were relatively uncommon during the triathlon but relatively common in everyday life. Across studies, generalized comparisons magnified the impact of upward comparisons on overall feelings (but not on interpersonal feelings about the self-target relationship), presumably because generalizing broadens the implications of comparisons, whereas ...
A close look at the China Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings

This paper takes a close look at the China national standard GB50189-2005, Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings, which was enforced on July 1, 2005. The paper first reviews the standard, then compares the standard with ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 to identify discrepancies in code coverage and stringency, and recommends some energy conservation measures that can be evaluated in the design of public buildings to achieve energy savings beyond the standard. The paper also highlights several important features of 90.1-2004 that may be considered as additions to the GB50189-2005 standard during the next revision. At the end the paper summarizes the latest developments in building energy standards and rating systems in China and the US.
Strained High Percentage (60%) Boron Doped Silicon-Germanium Alloys - Strain, Dopant Substitionality, Carrier Concentration, Resistivity, and Microstructure Development

Future generations of silicon based integrated circuit technology require carrier concentrations in excess of the equilibrium dopant concentrations. Implantation is not the dopant method of choice anymore, since the structures get smaller and thinner with each technology node, additional three-dimensional structures being introduced with FinFET as one option for the 22 nm node [1]. Implantation into thin semiconductor structures will amorphize them and relax eventual strain in them. In-situ doping during the epitaxial growth is an alternate way to deposit dopants where you need them in concentrations desired and avoid the problems associated with implantation. In this work we study the incorporation of boron into fully strained high percentage (60%) boron doped Silicon-Germanium (SiGe). We will discuss the epitaxial growth, dopant incorporation, and strain compensation due to the dopant atoms, defect generation in highly strained doped SiGe layers as well as dopant activation, free carrier concentration and mobilities. We will look at band structure effects due to high doping in strained SiGe layers. The studied SiGe films were epitaxially deposited at low temperature to achieve high doping levels and avoid thermally induced relaxation. At those low deposition temperatures we observed high dopant incorporation with perfect crystal quality. A thickness range of 20 to 27 nm was chosen to retain a fully strained layer while allowing sufficient material for physical and electrical analyses. Doping levels reach from 3•1019cm-3 to 1.5•1021cm-3 and higher. At the higher doping levels three-dimensional growth is observed, which leads to pronounced relaxation (Figure 1). From highly n-doped silicon it is known, that not all substitutional incorporated phosphorus is electrically active, since it forms donor dimers [2]. These dimers electrically deactivate the phosphorus, but still contribute to the lattice contraction. We also observe a high lattice contraction, measured here as strain compensation, from the added boron atoms. The existence of similar boron acceptor dimers is imaginable, which would lead to less electrical active dopants than the total substitutional incorporated dopant. Hall measurements on boron doped 60% SiGe showed that the carrier density is significantly higher than the boron doping concentration determined by SIMS. Mobilities are very low with 30 cm2/V sec as example for the 1x1020 cm-3 boron doped sample. We will explain these effects and draw conclusions for the band structure and density of states in doped 60% SiGe. This work was performed by the Research Alliance Teams at various IBM Research and Development Facilities.
Free-form surface reconstruction from multiple images

It is widely appreciated that 3D structures may be computed from multiple 2D images of the same scene given point correspondences between images. Of greater interest, however, is the generation of surfaces that give a compact representation of the geometric model. Assuming we are dealing with smooth surfaces, we show that B-spline is a good choice for this purpose and we describe how to construct it by approximating the 3D data points. The crucial step is the parameterization of the 3D points in a 2D domain. By studying the geometric constraints of multiple views, we show that the original images can be used for parameterization. The implications of the B-spline surfaces for improving the quality of texture mapping is discussed.
St. Paul as a public relations practitioner: a metatheoretical speculation on messianic communication and symmetry

Abstract In recent years, a considerable number of public relations research projects have used as their foundation symmetry theory, now considered all but axiomatic. This metatheoretical essay challenges symmetry’s historical assumptions. The essay’s vehicle is a close analysis of St. Paul, the contemporary of Jesus, as one of history’s first practitioners of public relations. Among the problematic historical assumptions of symmetry theory are (1) the conventional identification of P.T. Barnum, the 19th-century circus promoter, as the originator of public relations; and (2) a progressivist historiography which excludes 19th century of history and posits a flawed distinction between “asymmetrical” and “symmetrical” practices.
Effects of an Embedded Phonological Awareness Intervention During Repeated Book Reading on Preschool Children With Language Delays

Efficacy of an explicit phonological awareness intervention embedded within repeated shared book reading with preschool children from low-income backgrounds with language delays was investigated. A multiple-baseline design across behaviors assessed the effects of phonological awareness training on rhyme and letter-sound knowledge with 13 preschool children with language delays from high-poverty communities. Rhyme intervention improved children's rhyme production and rhyme identification. Initial sound intervention enhanced children's alliteration and initial sound fluency skills. These effects were replicated within and across all 13 participants. Classroom teachers perceived meaningful changes in rhyme and letter-sound production. Interventionists and teachers reported high satisfaction with the procedures. Embedding an explicit phonological awareness intervention into repeated storybook reading resulted in improved emergent literacy skills for children at high risk for reading disorders.
Crossover, Degendering, or…? A Multidimensional Approach to Life-Span Gender Development

Inspired by Sandra Bem and subsequent theorists, we examine gender as a multidimensional construct that differs across adulthood to test claims made by two different theories of life-span gender development—that men and women cross over and become more like the other gender with age, and that aging involves degendering or viewing gender as a less central aspect of the self. Self-report survey data from a U.S. sample of men and women recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (25–89 years, M age = 47.38, SD = 14.05) were used to investigate the extent to which stereotypically masculine traits; stereotypically feminine traits; androgyny; gender identification (i.e., identifying with one’s gender group and viewing this as a positive part of the self); and gender typicality (i.e., viewing oneself as a typical member of one’s gender group) differ between younger (i.e., under age 40), middle-aged (i.e., ages 40–59), and older men and women (i.e., age 60 and older) and by marital status. Results indicate that gender differences in stereotypically masculine and feminine personality traits exist, and that marital status moderates age and gender differences in traits. Among older men, those who are married are more likely to endorse stereotypically masculine traits, but also have higher androgyny scores than unmarried men. With age, both men and women perceive themselves as more typical examples of their gender group. Results are discussed as providing limited support for crossover theory, but not degendering.
Maile-Ann Company: A Matrix Approach To Reciprocated Support Department Cost Allocations

The reciprocal method for allocating support department costs has been shown to be better than the direct and step-down methods. In addition, a matrix approach for the reciprocal method has been presented often in academic journals. Yet, the instructional use of spreadsheet matrix functions for reciprocal cost allocations has been limited as many authors continue to present two-department simultaneous equations solved by algebraic substitutions. The Maile-Ann Company presents an intuitive matrix approach to allocating reciprocated costs of many support departments. The case converts commonly used algebraic expressions of support department reciprocated costs into an equivalent matrix relationship. Spreadsheet matrix functions compute each support department’s reciprocated costs and allocate them to user departments.
Purine (N)-Methanocarba Nucleoside Derivatives Lacking an Exocyclic Amine as Selective A3 Adenosine Receptor Agonists

Purine (N)-methanocarba-5′-N-alkyluronamidoriboside A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonists lacking an exocyclic amine resulted from an unexpected reaction during a Sonogashira coupling and subsequent aminolysis. Because the initial C6-Me and C6-styryl derivatives had unexpectedly high A3AR affinity, other rigid nucleoside analogues lacking an exocyclic amine were prepared. Of these, the C6-Me-(2-phenylethynyl) and C2-(5-chlorothienylethynyl) analogues were particularly potent, with human A3AR Ki values of 6 and 42 nM, respectively. Additionally, the C2-(5-chlorothienyl)-6-H analogue was potent and selective at A3AR (MRS7220, Ki 60 nM) and also completely reversed mouse sciatic nerve mechanoallodynia (in vivo, 3 μmol/kg, po). The lack of a C6 H-bond donor while maintaining A3AR affinity and efficacy could be rationalized by homology modeling and docking of these hypermodified nucleosides. The modeling suggests that a suitable combination of stabilizing features can partially compensate for the lack of an ex...