cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The cost-effectiveness of mammographic screening strategies.

Objective. —To compare and analyze the cost-effectiveness of different mammographic screening strategies. Design. —A computer simulation model was developed to compare mammographic screening with observation without screening. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as marginal cost per year of life saved (MCYLS) and was calculated for the following mammographic screening strategies: (1) annual for ages 40 to 79 years; (2) annual for ages 50 to 79 years; (3) biennial for ages 50 to 79 years; (4) annual for ages 40 to 49 years with biennial for ages 50 to 79 years; (5) annual for ages 40 to 64 years with biennial for ages 65 to 79 years; (6) biennial for ages 40 to 49 years with annual for ages 50 to 79 years; and (7) annual for high-risk and biennial for normal-risk women aged 40 to 49 years with annual for ages 50 to 79 years. Data Sources. —The probability and cost of all outcomes were established from previously published data or community experience. Results. —The most cost-effective screening strategy is biennial mammography for women aged 50 to 79 years, with an MCYLS of $16 000. Adding annual mammography for women aged 40 to 49 years increases the MCYLS to $20 200, but is more cost-effective than other tested protocols that included women in their 40s; annual mammography for ages 40 to 49 years with biennial for ages 50 to 79 years is also more cost-effective than annual mammography for ages 50 to 79 years. Conclusion. —Screening programs that include women in their 40s can be as cost-effective as some that exclude such women. Choice of a screening strategy depends on financial resources and desired effectiveness. ( JAMA . 1995;274:881-884)
Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Report of Three Cases and Review of the Literature

The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute tolerance to definitive external-beam radiation therapy (RT; EBRT) in patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and HIV and to review the published literature for this population. Three patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and HIV were treated with definitive RT. Medical records were reviewed for prostate cancer and HIV characteristics, RT details, and acute toxicity. A review of the published literature was performed for epidemiology, management, and outcome of these patients. All 3 patients had excellent acute tolerance to definitive EBRT and, with short follow-up, all had decreasing prostate-specific antigen levels. The published literature regarding patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and HIV is scarce but suggests that men with HIV might be at higher risk of developing prostate cancer. External-beam radiation therapy, brachytherapy, and surgery have all been used in the management of these patients. All 3 patients with prostate adenocarcinoma and HIV had an excellent acute tolerance to EBRT. Prostate cancer is expected to become an increasingly important health problem for men infected with HIV as their life expectancy lengthens.
Maspin augments proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.

Proteasome inhibitors are known to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. On the other hand, maspin, a non-inhibitory serine protease inhibitor, is shown to sensitize cancer cells to therapeutic agents that induce apoptosis. We examined the consequence of maspin expression in prostate cancer cells targeted for treatment with various proteasome inhibitors. We observed that proteasome inhibitors induced apoptosis more effectively in maspin transfected human prostate cancer DU145 cells than in control cells. Interestingly, increased apoptosis in these cells was associated with a significant induction of maspin expression. MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, induced endogenous and ectopic [cytomegalovirus promoter (CMV)-driven] maspin expression, and maspin siRNA attenuated MG-132-induced apoptosis. Proteasome inhibitor-induced maspin expression was inhibited by actinomycin D (Act D) and cyclohexamide (CHX), and by the inhibitors of p38MAPK, but not ERK1/2 or NF-κB. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) and promoter-reporter activity analyses suggested that p38MAPK activated transcription factor AP-1 is responsible for proteasome inhibitor-induced maspin expression. Taken together, these observations demonstrate that proteasome inhibitors induce maspin expression by activating p38MAPK pathway, and that maspin thus expressed, in turn, augments proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that gene therapy involving ectopic maspin expression may dramatically improve the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer. J. Cell. Physiol. 212: 298–306, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Precambrian evolution of the climate system

Abstract Climate is an important environmental parameter of the early Earth, likely to have affected the origin and evolution of life, the composition and mineralogy of sedimentary rocks, and stable isotope ratios in sedimentary minerals. There is little observational evidence constraining Precambrian climates. Most of our knowledge is at present theoretical. Factors that must have affected the climate include reduced solar luminosity, enhanced rotation rate of the Earth, an area of land that probably increased with time, and biological evolution, particularly as it affected the composition of the atmosphere and the greenhouse effect. Cloud cover is a major uncertainty about the early Earth. Carbon dioxide and its greenhouse effect are the factors that have been most extensively studied. This paper presents a new examination of the biogeochemical cycles of carbon as they may have changed between an Archean Earth deficient in land, sedimentary rocks, and biological activity, and a Proterozoic Earth much like the modern Earth, but lacking terrestrial life and carbonate-secreting plankton. Results of a numerical simulation of this transition show how increasing biological activity could have drawn down atmospheric carbon dioxide by extracting sedimentary organic carbon from the system. Increasing area of continents could further have drawn down carbon dioxide by encouraging the accumulation of carbonate sediments. An attempt to develop a numerical simulation of the carbon cycles of the Precambrian raises questions about sources and sinks of marine carbon and alkalinity on a world without continents. More information is needed about sea-floor weathering processes.
Atomic arrangements and fast electron energy losses in sputtered thin films of vitreous SeAs alloys with O24 As

Abstract The atomic radial distribution functions of thin films of SeAs alloys containing 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 As (atomic pct) have been determined by means of high energy electron diffraction. The optical and dielectric constants of these films have also been determined over the spectral range of 3 to 100 eV by measurement of the fast electron energy loss function, −Im ϵ −1 (Ω) . The radial distribution function of amorphous Se has a first correlation maximum at 2.34 A and a second peak at 3.72 A. As the percentage of As is increased the positions of the peaks increase linearly, and for 24As76Se the maxima occur at 2.38 A and 3.75 A. The areas of the first peak indicate that Se atoms have two nearest neighbors and As three. Microcrystalline models based on crystalline Se and As2Se3 were found to be unsuitable as a description of these materials. The optical and dielectric constants were determined by Kramers-Kronig analysis of the loss profile corrected for convulution effects and higher order plasmons. The number of effective valence electrons contributing to the optical excitations to 100 eV exceeded the average number of valence electrons per atom. This was explained in terms of oscillator strength coupling of the valence and 3d bands and direct core-electron transitions. The variation of the dielectric and optical constants with energy implied that the valence band in these glasses is split into two sub-energy sections.
Effects of polyacrylic acid on the room-temperature phosphorescence of selected compounds

Abstract Polyacrylic acid solutions of 4-phenylphenol, p -aminobenzoic acid, 1,2-benzocarbazole, and 5,6-benzoquinoline were spotted on filter paper and the results obtained by room-temperature phosphorescence were compared with similar samples spotted on filter paper without polyacrylic acid. Improvements in sensitivity ranged from 26 times to 1.1 times and limits of detection from 100 times to 1.1 times for the samples on filter paper with polyacrylic acid. The relative standard deviations for the samples with polyacrylic acid added were also improved.
Keynote talk 4: Automated understanding of video object events in a distributed smart camera network

Summary form only given. You may think that your requirements engineering process is fairly limited and currently not too complex to manage. Or you may be right in the middle of a storm of requirements where it is impossible to manage even the most important ones comprehensively. If you are in the former situation, it may be dangerous to relax as many successful software-intensive products have a tendency to grow very rapidly in size and complexity, and sooner than you might think you may be hit by a massive flood of feature requests and too few resources to prevent the flood from drowning your development organization, which in turn put your future innovation capability and competitiveness at risk.
Seasonal and spatial variability of the size‐resolved chemical composition of particulate matter (PM10) in the Los Angeles Basin

[1] For a period of almost 3 years, sampling of size-fractionated ambient particulate matter with diameter below 10 μm (PM10) was performed at urban source sites (Downey and University of Southern California) and inland receptor sites (Claremont and Riverside) in the Los Angeles Basin as part of the Southern California Particle Center and Supersite. Results for size-resolved PM10 mass, inorganic ions (sulfate and nitrate), metals, elemental carbon, and organic carbon were obtained. Three collocated micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs) were deployed to collect 24-hour samples roughly once a week. Ultrafine particle concentrations (particle diameter dp < 0.1 μm) were found to be the highest at the source sites resulting from fresh vehicular emissions. Mass concentrations in the accumulation mode (0.1 < dp < 2.5 μm) were lower in winter than in summer, especially at the receptor sites. PM concentrations in the coarse mode (2.5 < dp < 10 μm) were lower in winter and were composed mostly of nitrate and crustal elements (iron, calcium, potassium, silicon, and aluminum). Consistent relative levels of these elements indicate a common source of soil and/or road dust. In the accumulation mode, nitrate and organic carbon were predominant with higher nitrate levels found at the receptor sites. The ultrafine mode PM consisted of mostly organic carbon, with higher wintertime levels at the source sites due to increased organic vapor condensation from vehicles at lower temperatures. Conversely, higher ultrafine organic carbon levels at the receptor areas are due to secondary organic aerosol formation by photochemical reactions as well as increased advection of polluted air masses from upwind.
Gastric emptying and secretion in monkeys during unavoidable shock

Gastric fluid and acid secretory rates as well as concurrent fractional emptying rates were determined in monkeys subjected to repeated sessions of unavoidable shock. None of these variables changed from control levels during the first session but, by the last session, acid output was significantly reduced.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome Presenting With Recurrent Acute Renal Failure

Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome is a recently recognized clinical syndrome characterized by chronic cannabis use, profound vomiting and compulsive bathing among other features. Despite the degree of vomiting associated with this disorder, renal impairment and electrolyte disturbances are not commonly reported findings. We report the case of a 36-year-old male with a history of chronic daily cannabis use, who presented to our hospital with acute renal impairment five times in 4 years, with nearly identical clinical picture in each presentation. His symptom complex in each admission consisted of severe nausea and vomiting, compulsive hot showers, and resolution of symptoms within days of abstaining from cannabis. His clinical course included significantly abnormal basic metabolic panels at the time of each admission, with return to normal baseline values 96 hours following hydration in every case. The other consistent findings on admission were hypochloremic, hyponatremic dehydration with mixed metabolic alkalosis and high anion gap metabolic acidosis. He also had proteinuria and microscopic hematuria.This case highlights a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of the disorder. The consistency of the findings suggests a pattern that is associated with this disorder. It is unclear whether the course of renal involvement is benign in the long term. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jmc939w
Mitigating the impact of node mobility on ad hoc clustering

This paper explores the impact of node mobility on distributed and mobility adaptive clustering (DMAC), a typical clustering protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. In particular, in this paper we evaluate the cost of maintaining the DMAC clustering structures when the nodes move according to three different mobility models, namely, the random way point model, the Brownian motion and the Manhattan mobility model. Via ns2-based simulations, we have observed that the mobility models have different impact on protocol performance. The general trend, however, appears to be the same for networks of increasing size. The second contribution of this paper concerns investigating ways of mitigating the impact of mobility on the clustering structure and hence over the overall network performance. We consider a generalization of DMAC (GDMAC) where rules are established to decrease the number of cluster updates. Via simulation we have observed that GDMAC is effective in reducing the clustering overhead imposed by mobility, and the corresponding maintenance cost. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonergodicity in electron capture dissociation investigated using hydrated ion nanocalorimetry.

Hydrated divalent magnesium and calcium clusters are used as nanocalorimeters to measure the internal energy deposited into size-selected clusters upon capture of a thermally generated electron. The infrared radiation emitted from the cell and vacuum chamber surfaces as well as from the heated cathode results in some activation of these clusters, but this activation is minimal. No measurable excitation due to inelastic collisions occurs with the low-energy electrons used under these conditions. Two different dissociation pathways are observed for the divalent clusters that capture an electron: loss of water molecules (Pathway I) and loss of an H atom and water molecules (Pathway II). For Ca(H2O)n2+, Pathway I occurs exclusively for n ≥ 30 whereas Pathway II occurs exclusively for n ≤ 22 with a sharp transition in the branching ratio for these two processes that occurs for n ≈ 24. The number of water molecules lost by both pathways increases with increasing cluster size reaching a broad maximum between n = 23 and 32, and then decreases for larger clusters. From the number of water molecules that are lost from the reduced cluster, the average and maximum possible internal energy is determined to be ∼ and 5.2 eV, respectively, for Ca(H2O)302+. This value is approximately the same as the calculated ionization energies of M(H2O)n+, M = Mg and Ca, for large n indicating that the vast majority of the recombination energy is partitioned into internal modes of the ion and that the dissociation of these ions is statistical. For smaller clusters, estimates of the dissociation energies for the loss of H and of water molecules are obtained from theory. For Mg(H2O)n2+, n = 4−6, the average internal energy deposition is estimated to be 4.2−4.6 eV. The maximum possible energy deposited into the n = 5 cluster is <7.1 eV, which is significantly less than the calculated recombination energy for this cluster. There does not appear to be a significant trend in the internal energy deposition with cluster size whereas the recombination energy is calculated to increase significantly for clusters with fewer than 10 water molecules. These, and other results, indicate that the dissociation of these smaller clusters is nonergodic.
Teratology of the beetle Tenebrio molitor I. Gross morphology of certain abnormality types

Abstract Gross teratological forms of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, are recorded. The principal teratologies observed involved abnormalities in wings and elytra, legs, antennae, segments, and other structures. Of special interest is an abnormality (pupal-winged adult) in which the adult insect retains the wings and elytra of the pupal stage. It is intended to study this particular teratology in depth. Comparisons of the abnormalities found in the colony studied are made with similar abnormalities found by other investigators in Tenebrio and in other insects. Beetles suffering major teratological changes were definitely shorter lived than were normal or slightly deformed specimens. At least three external factors contribute to the reduced longevity: dehydration, loss of coordination, and cannibalism. Wing, elytral, and some leg abnormalities occurring spontaneously in our colony could be produced in adults by exposing pupae and late larvae to ultraviolet irradiation.
The ferredoxin reductase gene is regulated by the p53 family and sensitizes cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.

The ferredoxin reductase gene is regulated by the p53 family and sensitizes cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis
Community Leadership and Community Theory: A Practical Synthesis.

Recent considerations of the notion of community leadership have been based on a view that emphasizes relationships and interaction rather than leader behavior. This perspective looks at leadership as an emergent property arising from specific kinds of relationships among community actors. A commensurate view of community is the interactional perspective or "field theory." Synthesizing these two perspectives provides strong support for significant modifications to community leadership education and development approaches. Community leadership education based on leadership principles derived from studies in formal organizations can be misleading.
A randomized controlled trial of birth simulation for medical students.

Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a high-fidelity birth simulator (Noelle; Gaumard Scientific, Coral Gables, FL) compared with a lower-cost, low-tech, birth simulator (MamaNatalie; Laerdal Medical, Stavanger, Norway) in teaching medical students how to perform a spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD). Study Design Prior to the obstetrics-gynecology clerkship, students were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The MamaNatalie group (MG) completed 45 minutes of SVD simulation using an obstetrical abdominal-pelvic model worn by an obstetrics-gynecology faculty member. The Noelle group (NG) completed 45 minutes of SVD simulation using a high-fidelity, computer-controlled mannequin facilitated by an obstetrics-gynecology faculty member. The primary outcome was student performance during his or her first SVD as rated by supervising preceptors. Surveys were also completed by students on confidence in performing steps of a SVD (secondary outcome). Results One hundred ten medical students (95% of those eligible) participated in this research study. The final postclerkship survey was completed by 93 students (85% follow-up rate). There were no significant differences in performance of SVD steps between MG and NG students as rated by preceptors. The SVD step with the least involvement by students was controlling the head (20.5% in MG, 23.3% in NG performed step with hands-off supervision). Delivery of the placenta was the SVD step with the most involvement (65.9% in MG, 52.3% in NG performed step with hands-off supervision). Baseline presimulation confidence levels were similar between MG and NG. On the immediate postsimulation survey of confidence, MG students were significantly more confident in their ability to deliver the abdomen and legs and perform fundal massage with hands-off supervision ( P P Conclusion MamaNatalie is as effective as Noelle in training medical students how to perform a SVD and may be a useful, lower-cost alternative in teaching labor and delivery skills to novice learners. Because birth simulation interventions involve both a simulation model and facilitator, research is required to further determine the effect of human interaction on learning outcomes.
The role of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in the growth inhibitory actions of androgens in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), an antiproliferative and proapoptotic protein, has been shown to be upregulated by growth inhibitory concentrations of androgens in LNCaP human prostate cancer (PCa) cells, but the mechanism of regulation and the role of IGFBP-3 in the modulation of PCa cell proliferation are unknown. In this study, we have examined the effects of a range of concentrations of the synthetic androgen R1881 on IGFBP-3 expression and cell growth in LNCaP cells. We have also investigated the role of androgen-stimulated IGFBP-3 in androgen-induced growth inhibition. We show that low doses of R1881 stimulate LNCaP cell proliferation, but do not induce IGFBP-3 expression, whereas high doses of R1881 that inhibit cell growth, significantly increase expression of IGFBP-3. Importantly, we demonstrate that the combination of calcitriol and androgens not only synergistically upregulates IGFBP-3 expression but also inhibits cell growth better than either hormone alone. siRNA knockdown of IGFBP-3 expression partially reverses the growth inhibition by calcitriol and by androgens. Furthermore, we find that the growth inhibitory dose of R1881 leads to increases in the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs), p21 and p27 as well as to G1 arrest. These changes can be blocked or partially reversed by IGFBP-3 siRNA, indicating that the induction of CDKIs is downstream of IGFBP-3. Our data suggest, for the first time, that IGFBP-3 is involved in the antiproliferative action of high doses of androgens partly through p21 and p27 pathways and that IGFBP-3 may contribute significantly to androgen-induced changes in LNCaP cell growth.
Effect of growth hormone administration to hypophysectomized rats on muscle lipid metabolism

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether increased oxidation of intracellular muscle lipids could explain the impaired carbohydrate metabolism of that tissue following growth hormone (GH) administration. Pieces of diaphragm from either hypophysectomized (hypox) rats injected for 10 days with saline or 1 mg bovine GH or animals of similar weight with intact pituitary glands were studied. In hypox rats, GH administration increased both weight gain and plasma glucose concentrations at sacrifice and impaired glucose uptake by diaphragms in vitro. Tissue triglyceride (TG) content was markedly decreased in hypox muscle compared to diaphragms removed from animals with intact pituitary glands. GH administration lowered TG levels even further. Initial phospholipid (PL) content was similar in all groups and fell significantly during the second hour of incubation only in hypox muscle. GH administration had no effect on PL changes. The differences in TG- and PL-specific activities strongly suggested that most of the C 14 O 2 produced in the second hour of incubation was derived from TG. Approximately 25% of diaphragm TG was oxidized to CO 2 in all three groups of animals. Changes in lipid-specific activities during the second hour indicated that in tissue from hypox animals, TG-fatty acids were converted to PL-fatty acids, whereas no such exchange occurred in muscle from intact rats. In conclusion: (1) enhanced oxidation of intracellular muscle lipids does not explain the effect of GH on carbohydrate metabolism; (2) diaphragm TG content is markedly decreased in hypox animals and is not secondary to GH deficiency; (3) diaphragms incubated in vitro will utilize PL for energy only if TG levels are low; and (4) as PI content falls, some TG-fatty acids are shifted into PL, possibly in an attempt to maintain the important “structural-functional elements” of muscle.
Treatment of metastatic tumors of the choroid with proton beam irradiation.

Objective To describe the clinical outcomes of patients treated by proton beam irradiation for choroidal metastatic tumors. Design Noncomparative case series. Participants A retrospective chart review was performed on a series of 63 patients (76 eyes) with choroidal metastases treated with proton beam therapy between December 1989 and September 2000. Methods Patients were treated with 2 fractions of 14 cobalt gray equivalents (CGEs) (CGE = proton Gy × relative biological effectiveness 1.1), each using a nonoperative "light-field" technique. Ophthalmologic follow-up was available for 46 patients (55 eyes), with a mean follow-up time of 10 months. The medical record or the Social Security Death Index was used to obtain survival status, which was available in 94% of cases. Main outcome measures Tumor regression, recurrence, treatment-associated complications, and visual acuity were evaluated by ophthalmologic examination and ultrasonography. Eye retention and length of survival also were assessed. Results At the time of ocular diagnosis, 49 patients reported a history of a primary cancer. Median survival time after ocular diagnosis was 16 months through May 2003. Most choroidal metastases were dome shaped (62%) and located at the posterior pole (95%). Mean tumor height was approximately 3.5 mm, and serous retinal detachment was seen in 63% of cases. Eighty-four percent of treated tumors regressed completely within 5 months of treatment, and none of these recurred. Retinal detachment resolved in 82% of patients within 3.8 months after treatment, and visual acuity was preserved or improved in 47% of the patients. Complications occurred in 56% of cases and included madarosis, keratitis, dry eye syndrome, cataract, neovascular glaucoma, chorioretinal atrophy, radiation papillopathy, and radiation maculopathy. None of the treated eyes required enucleation. Conclusions Proton beam irradiation is a useful therapeutic approach for choroidal metastases; it allows retention of the globe, achieves a high probability of local tumor control, and helps to avoid pain and visual loss. Although complications occur in most cases, many of these are minor and are not associated with a change in function. This modality is accurate and efficient, because it only entails 2 treatment fractions and does not require surgery for tumor localization.
Fault diagnosis for nonlinear systems using a bank of neural estimators

A model-based method to detect faults in nonlinear systems is proposed. Fault diagnosis is accomplished by means of a bank of estimators, which provide estimates of parameters that describe actuator, plant, and sensor faults. These estimators perform according to a receding-horizon strategy and are designed using models of the failures. The problem of designing such estimators for general nonlinear systems is solved by searching for optimal estimation functions. These functions are approximated by feedforward neural networks and the problem is reduced to find the optimal neural weights. The learning can be split into two phases. In the first one, any possible "a priori" knowledge on the statistics of the random variables is used to initialize the neural estimation functions off line. In the second one, the optimization (or training) continues on line. Both off and on line learning rely on stochastic approximation. The performances obtained in the estimation of the fault parameters by the proposed neural estimators and by the extended Kalman filters are compared by means of simulations with an application to underwater robotics.
Inverse methods and kinetic models of hydrocarbon generation: I. Theoretical considerations

Several different proposed models of thermocatalytic cracking of kerogen to hydrocarbons are exhibited. The specific models are then combined into a single generic, encompassing framework. For laboratory pyrolysis measurements of kerogen degradation and of thermal generation of hydrocarbons, inverse methods are used to show how to determine the relevant distributions of kinetic parameters consistent with the measured data.
The Architecture of Happiness

What makes a house beautiful? Is it serious to spend your time thinking about home decoration? Why do people disagree about taste? And can buildings make us happy? In "The Architecture of Happiness", Alain de Botton tackles a relationship central to our lives. Our buildings - and the objects we fill them with - affect us more profoundly than we might think. To take architecture seriously is to accept that we are, for better and for worse, different people in different places. De Botton suggests that it is architecture's task to render vivid to us who we might ideally be. Turning the spotlight from the humble terraced house to some of the world's most renowned buildings, de Botton considers how our private homes and public edifices - from those of Christopher Wren to those of Le Corbusier and Norman Foster - influence how we feel, as well as how we could learn to build in ways that would increase our chances of happiness. "The Architecture of Happiness" amounts to a beguiling tour through the philosophy and psychology of architecture.
The evolution of tourist arts

Abstract Tourist arts with ethnic content are at the nexus of changing tourism, ethnicity and art in the modern world. This paper explores the range of varieties of tourist arts, the dynamics of change between various types of artifacts, and the interaction between tourist arts and notions of ethnic self-perception. The analogy between language and art is pursued to illuminate the nature of the various communication codes embodied in tourist and ethnic arts. The paper concludes by stressing that tourist arts are not an end-point, but one possibility within the fluid relationships between material symbols, outsiders' demand, and the defense and reformulation of ethnicity. It also concludes that the evolution of ethnic awareness, combined with increased education and travel opportunities, is bringing a uniformity of attitudes towards tourism, material heritage, and museums among the middle classes of all nations. Thus minority ethnic symbols have become the manipulated “totems” of touristic identity.
Fractal image coding by an approximation of the collage error

In fractal image compression an image is coded as a set of contractive transformations, and is guaranteed to generate an approximation to the original image when iteratively applied to any initial image. In this paper we present a method for mapping similar regions within an image by an approximation of the collage error; that is, range blocks can be approximated by a linear combination of domain blocks.
The molecular epidemiology of pain: a new discipline for drug discovery

Recent candidate gene studies have identified and replicated the first associations between several common polymorphisms and pain severity in humans. Moreover, human studies in twins suggest high heritability for responses to experimental pain stimuli. Human genome-wide association studies of pain phenotypes might identify novel analgesic targets, help to prioritize research among current targets, and increase the likelihood of success for analgesic candidates emerging from animal studies. However, clinical research in pain has largely focused on small neurophysiology-based studies, so expansion of epidemiological understanding will be essential to the success of genetic or proteomic dissection of complex pain disorders. This Perspective outlines how methods of molecular epidemiology, proved effective in the study of other diseases, can enhance the returns from human genomic studies and expedite the development of new drugs to prevent or treat pain.
Supersymmetric KP hierarchy: Free field construction

We construct a supersymmetric extension of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy based on the superconformal field theory of a pair of conjugate superfields (such as the superconformal ghost of the superstring).
A survey of American experience with vitamin B12 therapy of neuroblastoma

Summary A survey was undertaken to evaluate the experience of American investigators in childhood cancer chemotherapy with vitamin B 12 in the treatment of neuroblastoma. The results indicate that no increase in the remission rate was observed either when this agent was used alone or in conjunction with x-ray or other chemotherapeutic agents in patients with advanced disease.
Recurvature dynamics of a typhoon

In this paper we present some recent work on typhoon prediction with a high resolution global model. The emphasis of this paper is on typhoon recurvature. Here we include examples of successful typhoon recurvature track forecasts made from a very high resolution global spectral model. The main objective of this study however is to go beyond the forecasts, i.e. to interrogate the history tapes and to diagnose residue-free budgets of the divergence and vorticity. The premise of this paper is that the recurvature of the typhoons depends on both the usual advection of vorticity by the layer mean winds and the advection of divergence in the outflow layers of the storm.
Cytoplasmic microtubules in mammalian erythropoietic cells.

Electron microscopic examination of rabbit erythroblasts revealed the presence of microtubules, 210–270 A in diameter, composing a marginal band in the cell periphery. This band was composed of 6–8 microtubules arranged more or less parallel to one another. Transverse sections indicated that 16–18 tubules may comprise the band. The latter appeared to be poorly formed or absent in reticulocytes and erythrocytes. Microtubules were also found in the deeper regions of the cytoplasm as well as composing th emitotic spindle of dividing erythroblasts. With the exception of the procentriole and the asters and chromosomes of dividing cells, microtubules were not continuous with other organelles. The function of the marginal band is interpreted as imparting elasticity and resiliency to the cell, a cytoskeleton responsible for maintenance of cell form. “Coated” micropinocytotic vesicles in erythroblasts, hepatocytes, and reticulo-endothelial cells are also described. Most of the “coated” vesicles in erythropoietic cells did not contain ferritin. It is suggested that, in the “coated” vesicles, ferritin may be in a highly dilute form or, alternatively, that its relative absence may indicate that iron is obtained predominantly through the plasma transferrin system rather than through incorporation of iron in the form of ferritin.
Evidence that the granular and fibrillar components of nucleoli contain 28 and 6S RNA, respectively.

Abstract Electron microscopic studies of nucleoli were correlated with sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis of nucleolar RNA in samples obtained from livers of control rats, rats treated with thioacetamide, rats treated with actinomycin D and rats treated with both compounds. By planimetric analysis the fibrillar elements comprised approximately 20 per cent of the nucleolar area in the controls; the percentages of the total nucleolar area containing fibrillar elements were markedly increased after administration of actinomycin D and markedly decreased after administration of thioacetamide. Corresponding changes were found in 6S RNA following administration of actinomycin D and thioacetamide. When both compounds were administered simultaneously, coalescence of the fibrillar elements was observed and the resulting spherules were apparently extruded from the nucleolus, leaving nucleoli largely composed of granular elements. In these nucleoli, the 6S RNA was almost absent. These data provide evidence that 6S RNA is present in the fibrillar element of the nucleolus and that the 28S RNA is present in granular elements.
Generation of ricinoleic acid from castor oil using the lipase from ground oat (Avena sativa L.) seeds as a catalyst

The lipase found in oat seeds acts upon castor oil in organic solvent, yielding approximately 90% ricinoleic acid. Initial velocity is a poor predictor of the time required for complete lipolysis except at low oil concentrations. Equations were developed to estimate kinetic parameters necessary to accurately predict the degree of lipolysis.
Coulometric titration of copper(II) with electro-generated chromium(II)

Abstract The current efficiency for the electrogeneration of chromium(II) for use as a coulometric titrant was studied for several supporting electrolytes. With a mercury cathode and a 0.1 M chromic sulfate-0.1 M potassium chloride medium, 0.8 to 2.8 mg of copper (II) in 110 ml of solution can be titrated using potentiometric end-point detection.
Defense Mechanisms in Severe Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa

ABSTRACT Objective To compare ego defense mechanisms in adolescents with anorexia nervosa and other major psychiatric disorders, to defenses in healthy adolescents. Method Thirty-seven patients with anorexia nervosa, 30 with major depressive disorder, 20 with obsessive-compulsive disorder, 53 with borderline personality disorder, 60 with schizophrenia, and 81 healthy controls were assessed with Pfeffer's Ego Defense Scale. Results Regression, denial, projection, repression, introjection, and total defenses were common to all psychiatric patients and distinguished them from normal adolescents. In addition to these defenses, anorectic patients also used intellectualization more frequently than normal adolescents and psychiatric patients. They used sublimation more than other psychiatric patients. Patients with disorders, apart from obsessive-compulsive disorder, that are considered to be often comorbid with anorexia did not have different defenses than schizophrenic patients. Conclusions Anorectic adolescents overutilize relatively more mature defenses than do psychiatrically ill adolescents, and they overutilize immature defenses compared with normal adolescents. This combination of mature and immature defenses may be related to the uniquely heterogeneous ego functioning seen in anorectic patients, and it may provide insight into the nature of the psychopathology of anorexia nervosa. It also could have important psychotherapeutic and prognostic value.
Mucopolysaccharides and sodium metabolism.

This paper deals with the possible relationship between a native, negatively charged polyelectrolyte, chondroitin sulfate, and sodium metabolism. The physical chemical property of decreased activity of the cations Na, K and Ca in chondroitin sulfate is described. The data of experiments indicating an alteration in the mucoprotein metabolism of the cartilage of the rabbit's ear in response to the depletion of salt are presented.
Time Course for Effects of Hypoglycemia on Insulin Gene Transcription In Vivo

The purpose of these studies was to determine the time course for onset of effects of hypoglycemia on insulin gene transcription in vivo. Using insulin infusions, we found that insulin-induced hypoglycemia decreased levels of precursors for insulin mRNA, reflecting changes in new mRNA synthesis, to new steady-state values within 100 min. These changes were followed by declines in processed insulin mRNA. An alternate infusion technique was developed to lower plasma glucose levels from a constant level of 120–130 to 50–60 mg/dl in
An Organizational View of Pervasive Computing

In their research, the authors find that organizations increasingly collect sensitive electronic information. Currently, they do not have a unified way of defining or implementing privacy or security access control policies for such information. This makes it difficult for the organizations to put in place proper management and control of sensitive information or to verify that required or intended regulations for the use of information are met by the organization. Examinations of privacy policy implementations within organizations have not changed the picture much in the past 20 years. Although there has been considerable attention to the development and posting of privacy policies, these policies are generally vague and lack connections to technology that might implement them. Closing the gap between the high-level policies to which organizations strive to adhere and the low-level actions carried out within their IT systems is an important topic for research and development.
On the Uniqueness of Inverse Eigenvalue Problems

Summary The inverse eigenvalue problem consisting of the differential equation dZn) - (pl u@- yn- 1) + . . . + ( - 1)” p, u = AU together with suitable boundary conditions is examined. It is shown that n + 1 spectra associated with n + 1 distinct sets of boundary conditions are required in order to reconstruct the unknown coefficients pl, ...,p,. The sixth order case is analogous to the eigenvalue problem for the spheroidal modes of vibrations of earth which have been used to infer the density, the bulk modulus and shear modulus. In the last decade, various studies have been made in which the frequencies of the normal modes of oscillations are used to infer the internal structure of the Earth under the assumption of spherical symmetry (e.g. Landisman, Sato & Nafe 1965; Backus & Gilbert 1967). In particular, techniques have been developed in which an Earth model consisting of a density p(r), a bulk modulus ti(r) and a shear modulus p(r) are corrected in such a way that a large number of the frequencies of spheroidal modes ,S, and of torsional modes lT, associated with the final iterate coincide with the measured values of these natural oscillations. An excellent survey of these techniques is given by Wiggins (1972). It is remarkable that so much progress was accomplished on the geophysical aspects of the inverse problem if one considers the rather limited extent of our understanding of the mathematical aspects of inverse eigenvalue problems. Indeed, there are very few papers in the mathematical literature which are devoted to the questions of uniqueness (or equivalently of what constitutes a well-posed inverse eigenvalue problem), of stability (or dependence of the solution on the eigenvalues) and of constructive procedures which do not rely upon existing Earth models. So far, these questions have solely been considered for the classical Sturm-Liouville problem, namely
The Relationship between Neurocognitive Function and Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

BackgroundBiomechanical analyses suggest that the loss of neuromuscular control is associated with noncontact anterior cruciate ligament sprains; however, previous research has not explored the link between neurocognitive function and unintentional knee injuries.PurposeTo determine if athletes who suffer a noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury demonstrate decreased baseline neurocognitive performance when compared with matched controls.Study DesignCase control study; Level of evidence, 3.MethodsThe baseline scores from a computerized neurocognitive test battery (ImPACT) were analyzed to compare verbal memory, visual memory, processing speed, and reaction time. Eighty intercollegiate athletes who, subsequent to testing, experienced noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, were matched with 80 controls based on height, weight, age, gender, sport, position, and years of experience at the collegiate level.ResultsStatistical differences were found between the noncontact anterior cruciate ligament...
Geographic Information Systems and Spatial Agent-Based Model Simulations for Sustainable Development

In recent years the interdisciplinary field of Computational Social Science has developed theory and methodologies for building spatial Agent-Based Social Simulation (ABSS) models of human societies that are situated in ecosystems with land cover and climate. This article explains the needs and demand for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in these types of agent-based models, with an emphasis on models applied to Eastern Africa and Inner Asia and relevance for understanding and analyzing development issues. The models are implemented with the MASON (Multi-Agent Simulator Of Networks and Neighborhoods) system, an open-source simulation environment in the Java language and suitable for developing ABSS models with GIS for representing spatial features.
DIFFERENTIAL LOCALIZATION OF MYOSIN AND MYOSIN PHOSPHATASE SUBUNITS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND MIGRATING FIBROBLASTS

Myosin II light chains (MLC20) are phosphorylated by a Ca2+/calmodulin-activated kinase and dephosphorylated by a phosphatase that has been purified as a trimer containing the delta isoform of type 1 catalytic subunit (PP1C delta), a myosin-binding 130-kDa subunit (M130) and a 20-kDa subunit. The distribution of M130 and PP1C as well as myosin II was examined in smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts by immunofluorescence microscopy and immunoblotting after differential extraction. Myosin and M130 colocalized with actin stress fibers in permeabilized cells. However, in nonpermeabilized cells the staining for myosin and M130 was different, with myosin mostly at the periphery of the cell and the M130 appearing diffusely throughout the cytoplasm. Accordingly, most M130 was recovered in a soluble fraction during permeabilization of cells, but the conditions used affected the solubility of both M130 and myosin. The PP1C alpha isoform colocalized with M130 and also was in the nucleus, whereas the PP1C delta isoform was localized prominently in the nucleus and in focal adhesions. In migrating cells, M130 concentrated in the tailing edge and was depleted from the leading half of the cell, where double staining showed myosin II was present. Because the tailing edge of migrating cells is known to contain phosphorylated myosin, inhibition of myosin LC20 phosphatase, probably by phosphorylation of the M130 subunit, may be required for cell migration.
An alternative echocardiographic method to estimate mean pulmonary artery pressure: diagnostic and clinical implications.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluated an alternative echocardiographic method to calculate mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP). Methods One hundred two patients were studied with simultaneous right-heart catheterization (RHC) and echocardiography. MPAP was calculated by adding the right ventricular–right atrial mean systolic gradient to right atrial pressure. Results The mean difference between MPAP calculated using this method and RHC-derived MPAP was −1.6 mm Hg, less than that of traditional systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP; −6.4 mm Hg) and MPAP estimated using the pulmonary regurgitation method (−13.9 mm Hg). The median absolute percentage difference of the MPAP calculations relative to RHC was significantly less with this method than with the pulmonary regurgitation method (18% vs 71%; P P = .30). Conclusion MPAP calculated using the proposed method is as accurate as SPAP calculation and less variable than previous methods, thus allowing widespread clinical use.
The effect of multiple S-delta periods on responding on a fixed-interval schedule: 3. Effect of changes in pattern of interruptions, parameters and stimuli.

Abstract Pigeons responding under fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement were interrupted by SΔ periods during the course of the intervals. Whether intervals were interrupted by 1, 2, or 5 SΔ periods, the general scalloped pattern of FI responding persisted. Parameter values up to 27¾ hr for the FI and 2¾ hr for the individual SΔ interruptions were studied. The results further weaken the hypothesis that the FI pattern of responding depends crucially on control of responding by continuously chained mediating behavior.