cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The LIN-29 transcription factor is required for proper morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans male tail.

The Caenorhabditis elegans gene lin-29 encodes a zinc-finger transcription factor that is required for hypodermal cell terminal differentiation and proper vulva morphogenesis. Here we demonstrate that lin-29 is also required in males for productive mating. We show that lin-29 males can perform the early mating behaviors including response to hermaphrodite contact and vulva location, but they do not perform the subsequent steps of vulva attachment via spicule insertion and sperm transfer. Consistent with this observation, we found that lin-29 mutant spicules are on average 43% shorter than wild-type spicules while other male mating structures appear unaltered. In lin-29 mutants, spicule development goes awry after the generation of spicule cells, when spicule morphogenesis occurs in wild-type males. We show that LIN-29 accumulates in many cells of the wild-type male tail, including those that form the spicules. We demonstrate, through analysis of genetic mosaics, that the formation of wild-type-length spicules requires lin-29(+) in the AB.p lineage, the lineage that gives rise to the spicules and other male copulatory structures. Our mosaic analysis also reveals a role for lin-29(+) in the P1 lineage, which mainly produces sex muscles, cells of the somatic gonad, and body wall muscles.
A Physical and Mathematical Model for the Atmospheric Sulfidation of Copper by Hydrogen Sulfide

A new model for copper sulfidation by gaseous H 2 S is described. The analysis focuses on the transport of charged lattice defects in a growing Cu 2 S product layer between the ambient gas and the substrate metal. This transport is postulated to occur via both diffusion and electromigration, and chemical reactions at the two phase interfaces serve as sources and sinks for the defect species. The pseudo-steady, one-dimensional governing equations for this system are solved by both analytical and numerical techniques, giving the instantaneous sulfidation rate as a function of the H 2 S concentration and the current sulfide layer thickness. It is shown that the model can reproduce quite well the results of some recent laboratory experiments in a stirred reactor. Furthermore, the analysis suggests that an assumption of electroneutrality in the sulfide, which can drastically simplify the computations, gives rise to very little error under typical conditions.
Complexity management in system-level design

The system-level design problem spans a large design space. Typically, the designer needs to explore possible target architectures, experiment with different tools, and work with a range of constrains and optimization criteria. This design process is quite complex and involves considerable bookkeeping and management, in addition to sophisticated design tools. We believe that managing the design process is an important (although often neglected) part of system-level design. The contribution of this paper is in two parts. First, we present a framework for systematically managing the design process. Secondly, we illustrate how this framework can be used to manage a system-level design environment that consists of a suite of sophisticated hardware and software design tools. We begin by identifying some of the desirable features of system-level design methodology management. A candidate framework that manifests these features is presented. Complex design flows with iterative and conditional behavior can be specified within the framework. The framework also supports automated scheduling of tools in a well-defined design flow. It has been implemented as the DMM domain in Ptolemy. In the second part of the paper, we describe a case study that we have developed within this framework. The case study, called the Design Assistant, is a complete hardware-software codesign environment. It encapsulates various codesign tools for specification, partitioning, and synthesis; their interplay can be managed efficiently by the design methodology management framework.
Stable Isotopic Evidence for Latest Pleistocene and Holocene Climatic Change in North-Central Texas

A paleoclimatic record for a southern Great Plains locality (the Aubrey Clovis site in north-central Texas) has been established using stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Detailed composite stratigraphic sections, constrained by 14 C ages, place the age of these deposits between 14,200 and 1600 yr B.P. Calcium carbonate samples of lacustrine and pedogenic origin were analyzed. Oxygen isotopic compositions of most of these in situ carbonates reflect equilibrium precipitation from local meteoric waters. Oxygen isotope values reflect changes in the composition of meteoric waters tied to changes in the isotopic composition of moisture derived from the Gulf of Mexico. Oxygen isotopic variability at the Aubrey site is coincident with marine isotopic records from the gulf that vary due to changes in Laurentide ice sheet volume and meltwater influx. The stable carbon isotopic record, reflecting changing biomass through time, corroborates humid versus arid interpretations based on sedimentology and rates of alluviation. A middle Holocene arid period was in contrast to moist early and late Holocene climate, affirming interpretations of other workers studying southern Great Plains Holocene climate history.
Performance as Translation: Mīrā in Gujarat

session of devotional singing (bhajan) was coming to end with a morning hymn (prabhatiyu) attributed to the Gujarati poet-saint Narasinha Mehta and the nth cup of cay in the living room of Professor Nathalal Gohil of Keshod, Gujarat. Sitting in a corner, I was taking notes for my dissertation. For the entire night, those gathered in the room had listened to and sometimes joined bhajan singer Karsandas Meswania and his group in singing the refrains of devotional songs popular in Gujarat. The songs came from the traditions of several poet-saints of medieval India?Narasinha, DasI Jlvan, and Morar Saheb of Gujarat, as well as Kabir, Mira, Tulsidas, and Raidas of the Hindi-speaking regions of North India. Among these, the ones attributed to the non-Gujarati poets were in a mix of Hindi and Gujarati in different proportions. While the authorship of most bhajans sung that night could be questioned, what was clear from the linguistic mix in the ones attributed to non-Gujarati poets was that they had traveled here from somewhere else, likely with itinerant bhajan singers. The striking linguistic variations in the songs had not seemed to bother those gathered; nor had it seemed to bother them that these bhajans, in fact, may not belong in a strictly historical sense to the poets whose names?bhanita?appeared in the signature lines. What had mattered to them was that the songs had the power to
Strength of Subordinates’ Upward Influence Tactics and Gender Congruency Effects1

An empirical investigation with 117 superior-subordinate dyads examines the moderating effects of subordinate gender on the relationships between the strength of upward influence tactics and three outcome variables: performance ratings, psychosocial mentoring functions, and career-related mentoring functions. The results support predictions that men who employ stronger upward influence tactics obtain higher performance ratings and more career-related mentoring functions, and women who employ weaker upward influence tactics obtain more psychosocial mentoring functions. Implications of the findings for theory, research, and practice are discussed.
Alteration of cartilage glycosaminoglycan protein acceptor by somatomedin and cortisol.

Summary: The effect of somatomedin and cortisol on embryonic chick cartilage in vitro indicates that somatomedin stimulates 35SO4 uptake while cortisol decreases it with no effect on glycosaminoglycan turnover. Xylosyltransferase activity is increased in crude fractions of somatomedin-treated cartilage but decreased in cortisol-treated cartilage. By using a Smith-degraded proteoglycan as an exogenous acceptor, xylosyltransferase activities from both treatments were equivalent, suggesting that the enzyme was not rate limiting. The results of xylosyltransferase assays conducted by mixing enzyme and endogenous acceptor from control, cortisol-treated, and somatomedin-treated cartilage, suggest both effects to be at the level of the acceptor protein. Speculation: Glucocorticoids and somatomedin may influence growth in children by regulating the synthesis of the glycosaminoglycan acceptor protein. Present studies suggest that both these hormones alter the synthesis of this protein. Somatomedin increases glycosaminoglycan acceptor protein concentration while cortisol decreases glycosaminoglycan acceptor protein, suggesting that the synthesis of this protein may be an important control mechanism in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis and subsequent growth. The assumption that the effect is a specific one and that the glucocorticoids and somatomedin act at the same site is speculative at the present time, but provides an attractive hypothesis.
Temporal dynamics of a subtropical urban forest in San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2001-2010

Abstract Several studies report urban tree growth and mortality rates as well as species composition, structural dynamics, and other characteristics of urban forests in mostly temperate, inland urban areas. Temporal dynamics of urban forests in subtropical and tropical forest regions are, until now, little explored and represent a new and important direction for study and management of these ecosystems. This study used permanent plots and statistical models incorporating tree and plot-level covariates to analyze mortality, in-growth, diameter growth, and species composition, as well the socioeconomic and urban morphology factors driving change in San Juan, Puerto Rico's subtropical coastal island urban forests over a nine year period. A total of 87 plots contained 482 trees in 2001 and 749 trees in 2010. Between 2001 and 2010 average tree densities increased, and average annual mortality rates were nearly 30%. Mortality was lower for larger, open-grown, non-leguminous trees and in higher income neighborhoods, but higher for street trees and larger population areas. The most widespread tree was invasive Spathodea campanulata , but overall, average mortality was higher for invasive than non-invasive tree species. In-growth of invasive species increased with human population, while higher tree densities corresponded with increased in-growth of native species. Overall mean diameter growth rate was 0.98 cm/yr, but remnant forest patch growth rates were 0.35 cm/yr. Higher diameter growth rates were associated with larger human populations, amounts of duff/mulch cover, and open-grown conditions. This study adds new insights to broaden our understanding of these emergent ecosystems in the Caribbean region.
How to Measure Your Bank's Personality: Some Insights from Canada

If meaningful market plans are to be made and strategies developed to implement them, international banks mut have a comprehensive knowledge of customers' attitudes, perceptions of the various services they offer, and the image which customers have of them. Following preliminary data gathering, sampling and a pilot study, data were gathered by means of personal interviews with a sample of 240 Royal Bank of Canada customers and 24 branch managers and/or employees during November 1982 in the town of Halifax. The research supports the hypothesis that the Royal Bank's overall advertising policy in Halifax properly reflects the attributes which are important to the community's bank market. It also supports the hypothesis that the corporate identity of the bank is consistent with the community's image of the bank. The hypothesis that the bank's perception of the ideal bank is the same as that of the market is not accepted.
RELATIVE STATUS OF EMPLOYEES AND STYLES OF HANDLING INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY WITH KOREAN MANAGERS

An onsite experimental study was conducted in order to observe conflict management styles of 90 middle‐level managers from a large Korean furniture manufacturing company. By using accomplices, conflict conditions were introduced in a controlled setting which simulated the features of a work environment. The experiment manipulated the relative status among the subjects and observed the influence of this treatment on the subjects' choices among different conflict management styles. Both structured observations and self‐report questionnaires converged to show that conflict management styles differed significantly when the managers interacted with superiors, peers, or subordinates: the managers were mainly avoiding with superiors, compromising with peers, and competing with subordinates. The current research suggests that the relative status among the parties in conflict determines the choice of conflict management styles.
Regulation of mammalian physiology, development, and disease by the sphingosine 1-phosphate and lysophosphatidic acid receptors.

The moniker lysophospholipid incorporates two broad families of membrane-derived lipids: the glycerophospholipids and the sphingolipids1. Primary representatives of these two arms are lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), the majority of whose activities are mediated via multiple G-protein-coupled receptors with a high degree of specificity for either LPA or S1P 2,3. Unlike S1P, which is a single molecular species (2S-amino-1-(dihydrogen phosphate)-4E-octadecene-1,3R-diol), LPA (1-O-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is actually a diverse group of molecules consisting of either a saturated (e.g. 16:0; 18:0) or unsaturated (e.g. 16:1; 18:1; 18:2; 20:4) fatty acid chain esterified at the sn-1 or sn-2 position of a glycerol backbone 4,5. This can also be modified to alkyl or alkenyl at the sn-1 position 6. Other bioactive members of the LP family include the LPA analogues cyclic phosphatidic acid (cPA), sphigosylphosphotidylcholine (SPC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), and lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) 1,5,7. Numerous emerging reports indicate roles in mammalian biology for other, less well-characterized LP members, as well 8. In the past decade, our understanding of LP biology has expanded exponentially, fueled by the identification of LP receptors, generation and analysis of LPA and S1P-receptor knockout mice, and small molecule compounds functioning as receptor-specific agonists or antagonists 3,9,10. Specific receptors for LPA and S1P were cloned and characterized beginning only about 15 years ago. The description of the first LPAR was reported in 1996, and the orphan receptor EDG-1, which was cloned as an immediate-early gene from endothelial cells, was identified as the first S1P receptor in 1998 11-13. Since then, four more S1P receptors and at least five more LPA receptors have been identified 3. The two families have been best characterized in specific organ systems; namely, LPARs in the nervous system and cancer, and S1PR in vascular biology and immunology. That is not to say that their contributions in other fields are minor, only that they are incompletely understood.
Secondary stroke prevention strategies for the oldest patients: possibilities and challenges.

Older adults are not only at higher risk of experiencing stroke, but also have multiple co-morbidities that make treatment for secondary stroke prevention challenging. Very few clinical trials specifically related to secondary stroke prevention treatment efficacy have focused on the oldest-old (≥85 years) and, therefore, evidence-based recommendations for treatment specific to this population are not available. Some of the special considerations for stroke prevention treatments in older patients include careful titration of blood-pressure-lowering drugs to avoid hypotension, the risk of haemorrhagic stroke with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and weighing the risk of recurrent ischaemia versus bleeding in patients taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy. The risk of peri-procedural complications appears to be high with both carotid angioplasty and stenting and carotid endarterectomy in older patients with carotid stenosis. Other common issues in older patients include adverse drug events, recognizing the risk of dementia, depression and osteoporosis and deciding when to discontinue secondary stroke prevention. In this review, we provide the practitioner with the evidence related to specific approaches to secondary stroke prevention in older patients, and identify the knowledge gaps that currently limit our ability to appropriately treat this vulnerable population.
Risk of hip fracture associated with untreated and treated chronic hepatitis B virus infection.

Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is associated with reduced bone mineral density, but its association with fractures is unknown. Our objectives were to determine whether untreated or treated CHB-infected persons are at increased risk for hip fracture compared to uninfected persons. Methods We conducted a cohort study among 18,796 untreated CHB-infected, 7777 treated CHB-infected, and 979,751 randomly sampled uninfected persons within the U.S. Medicaid populations of California, Florida, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania (1999–2007). CHB infection was defined by two CHB diagnoses recorded >6months apart and was classified as treated if a diagnosis was recorded and antiviral therapy was dispensed. After propensity score matching of CHB-infected and uninfected persons, Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident hip fracture in: (1) untreated CHB-infected vs. uninfected, and (2) treated CHB-infected vs. uninfected patients. Results Untreated CHB-infected patients of black race had a higher rate of hip fracture than uninfected black persons (HR, 2.55 [95% CI, 1.42–4.58]). Compared to uninfected persons, relative hazards of hip fracture were increased for untreated white (HR, 1.26 [95% CI, 0.98–1.62]) and Hispanic (HR, 1.36 [95% CI, 0.77–2.40]) CHB-infected patients, and treated black (HR, 3.09 [95% CI, 0.59–16.22]) and white (HR, 1.90 [95% CI, 0.81–4.47]) CHB-infected patients, but these associations were not statistically significant. Conclusions Among U.S. Medicaid enrollees, untreated CHB-infected patients of black race had a higher risk of hip fracture than uninfected black persons.
Scanning electrochemical microscopy studies of electron transfer through monolayers containing conjugated species at the liquid-liquid interface

The rates of electron transfer (ET) between two redox species through a monolayer of saturated dipalmytoyl phosphocholine and polyconjugated 2(3-(diphenylhexatrienyl)propanoyl)-1-hexadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine phospholipids adsorbed at the interface of two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) were measured by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Comparison of the ET rates shows that addition of phospholipids with conjugated hydrocarbon chains increases the ET rate by at least a factor of 2 compared to films with only saturated hydrocarbon chains. This difference was sufficiently high to obtain information about distribution of lipid molecules in monolayers formed by mixing two lipids. Lateral scanning of an ultramicroelectrode tip across the lipid monolayer comprised of two different phospholipids showed that each lipid forms microsize domains. The rate of ET across a monolayer of lipid adsorbed at the ITIES was also probed as a function of temperature. A sharp decrease in ET rate with tempe...
Comparison of the target transformation factor analysis of coal composition data with X-ray diffraction analysis

Abstract The ability of target transformation factor analysis (t.t.f.a.) to identify and resolve quantitatively the sources of mineral matter inclusion in whole coal samples is described. In order to ascertain the accuracy of these results, the t.t.f.a. values are compared to the relative concentrations of mineral matter phases as determined by x-ray diffraction analysis. Excellent agreement is obtained between the two sets of results.
Assessing the analytic validity of molecular testing for Huntington disease using data from an external proficiency testing survey

Documenting high analytic validity of the molecular diagnostic test for Huntington disease is important because of counseling implications. This dominantly inherited adult onset disorder (prevalence of three or more per 100,000) is characterized by chorea, ataxia, and personality changes. The molecular basis is excessive CAG repeats in the HTT gene. External proficiency testing survey results for Huntington disease were extracted (2003–2010). Analytic interpretations and CAG repeat lengths were compared with published performance criteria. Between 2008 and 2010, 33 US participating laboratories reported clinical test interpretations. Analytic validity was high (sensitivity: 99.5%, 95% confidence interval: 97.1–99.9%; specificity: 99.2%, 95% confidence interval: 97.1–99.9%). Repeat length errors occurred in 2.6% (95% confidence interval: 1.8–3.8%) of 1,060 allelic challenges, with most being minor or from a single participant. Past performance (2003–2007) was similar. The 23 international participants had more total repeat length errors (17.5%, 95% confidence interval: 14.6–20.7%). Further analyses indicated that assessment criteria can be relaxed without jeopardizing analytic validity. Analytic validity is high for Huntington disease testing among US laboratories. International survey participants had lower analytic validity and a higher proportion of poorly performing laboratories. The reasons for this are unclear. Genet Med 2012:14(1):69–75
Transcriptional control of effector and memory CD8 + T cell differentiation

During an infection, T cells can differentiate into multiple types of effector and memory T cells, which help to mediate pathogen clearance and provide long-term protective immunity. These cells can vary in their phenotype, function and location, and in their long-term fate in terms of their ability to populate the memory T cell pool. Over the past decade, the signalling pathways and transcriptional programmes that regulate the formation of heterogeneous populations of effector and memory CD8+ T cells have started to be characterized, and this Review discusses the major advances in these areas.
Cognitive abilities and information system usability

Abstract Two experiments were undertaken to determine how cognitive abilities of users of information systems and specific design features that might be implemented in information technology combine to create system usability. In one case, an interaction was found between logical reasoning and order of presentation of references. The cognitive ability was found to combine with system characteristics in a non-uniform manner. The existence of this interaction between user characteristics and system features is interpreted as an opportunity for incorporating user-selectable options in an information retrieval system. In the other case, there was no interaction between perceptual speed and the way index terms were presented in browsable displays. This suggests that user characteristics and system features combined uniformly to create system usability. This uniformity is interpreted as indicating that information system designers have a relatively simple choice between forms of browsable display.
Analyzing social processes: Life tables and proportional hazards models

A number of techniques useful in describing and modeling social processes are detailed. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of changes in categorical variables as they occur in continuous time. The procedures considered are mainly non-parametric, although parametric alternatives do exist when the appropriate distributional assumptions are met. Specifically, life tables and proportional hazards models are discussed and illustrated through an analysis of first live birth intervals for a sample of white American women. The generality of proportional hazards models is outlined by considering extensions of the basic model to include competing risks, time-dependent covariates, and repeatable events.
Recovery of DNA segments from agarose gels

Abstract After electrophoresis, DNA can be efficiently recovered by solubilization of agarose gels with NaClO 4 , followed by retention of DNA on glass fiber filters. After removal of the NaClO 4 by ethanol, the DNA can be extracted with a low salt buffer.
Evaluation of electrocatalysts for water electrolysis in alkaline solutions

Summary Cyclic voltammetry was used to test various metallic elements, compounds, and alloys as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reaction under conditions typically encountered in commercial water electrolysis. The better electrocatalysts are readily identified and comparisons with other types of studies agree favorably. The periodic trends observed for the hydrogen evolution reaction on transition metals correlate well with trends observed in modern values for the electronic work functions. The experimental results suggest that electronic properties are a major factor affecting catalysis and that these properties can be favorably modified by combining the proper elements.
Modulation of Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release by Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist LY354740 in Non-Human Primates Studied with Positron Emission Tomography

Modulation of Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release by Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Agonist LY354740 in Non-Human Primates Studied with Positron Emission Tomography
A high-fat diet prevents and reverses the development of activity-based anorexia in rats.

Objective: Activity-based anorexia is an animal model of anorexia nervosa in which limited access to standard lab chow combined with voluntary wheel running leads to hypophagia and severe weight loss. This study tested whether activity-based anorexia could be prevented or reversed with palatable foods. Method: Male rats were divided into sedentary or ad libitum-running groups and maintained on 1 h daily access to standard chow plus one of the following: sugar, saccharin, vegetable fat (shortening), or sweet high-fat chow. Results: Access to the sweet high-fat chow both reversed and prevented the weight loss typical of activity-based anorexia. Vegetable fat attenuated body weight loss, but to a lesser degree than the sweet high-fat diet. The addition of saccharin or sucrose solutions to the standard lab-chow diet had no effect. Conclusion: The results suggest that certain palatable diets may affect the development of, and recovery from, activity-based anorexia. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Low-temperature heat capacity studies on DyFe3, DyCo3, DyNi3, and LaNi3

Abstract Low-temperature heat capacity measurements were made on DyFe 3 , DyCo 3 , DyNi 3 , and LaNi 3 over the temperature range 1.4–15°K. Two anomalies, observed at 1.8 and 9.3°K, are ascribed to the presence of an oxide and a hydride. Another anomaly exists at 3.2°K, which may be due to hydroxide. The observed electronic specific heat coefficients are interpreted in terms of the band structure of these materials.
Ab initio and DFT calculations for the structure and vibrational spectra of cyclopentene and its isotopomers

Abstract Ab initio calculations using the MP2/cc-pVTZ basis set do an excellent job of predicting the inversion barrier (247 vs. 232 cm−1) and dihedral angle (26°) of cyclopentene. DFT calculations also do an excellent job of predicting the vibrational frequencies of the d0, d1, d4, and d8 isotopomers. They have also allowed the reassignments of several of the vibrational frequencies.
HiPPO: An Object-Oriented Framework for General-Purpose Design Optimization

In this article, we present an object-oriented (OO) optimization framework (OF) incorporated with a generic optimizer interface (GOI) to bridge the gap between different optimization problems and existing optimizers. The OF is a general-purpose system integrating different methods of design of experiments, metamodeling, and multi-objective optimization. By using symbolically defined optimization functions, the OF eliminates the need for user programming and can solve the same problem with any optimizer in the OF. The OF is designed with a graphical user interface (GUI), and utilizes the multi-threading mechanism to overcome the interface-locking problem common to GUI applications. Both the OF and GOI are designed with the OO concept to achieve high maintainability and extensibility. This OF has been successfully used in various optimization applications.
Some methods for teaching functions first using Java

Many CS1 curricula introduce Java topics without giving a strong rationale of why they are needed at that exact point. For example, most all Java texts introduce the keywords public and private long before the students write or see any program involving more than a single class; those keywords can have no demonstrable effect on their program. Such an approach subtly but firmly sends the message "programming is not about problem-solving, but rather about putting certain keywords in the right place."We present a nonstandard arrangement of CS1 topics, guided by the following strategies: (a) simplify the mental model initially needed to understand Java syntax, (b) leverage parallels between programming and high school algebra and (c) demonstrate any new language construct via a program which could not be (easily) written without it. The resulting ordering helps students appreciate why they are learning language constructs, which in turn helps them distinguish syntax from programming principles.
Qualitative research sample design and sample size: Resolving and unresolved issues and inferential imperatives

► Resolved, resolving and unresolved issues for qualitative sample design. ► Successful models for qualitative sampling for NIH quality research. ► Inferential issues: differences in qualitative quantitative sampling paradigms. ► Epistemology of qualitative sample size considerations.
Text messaging: one step forward for phone companies, one leap backward for adolescence

The increasing popularity of text messaging has made this mode of communication the preferred interaction portal for teens. Virtually every teenager has a cell phone with an unlimited text messaging plan. Text messaging easily facilitates communication between individuals without much interruption into daily life. After administering a survey to ten early adolescents and ten late adolescents, the effects of this technology are manifested across many developmental characteristics. Communication, responsibility, and relationships all seem to be negatively influenced by the use of text messaging. This pattern is seen in both early and late adolescent groups. Developmentally, different characteristic features categorize early and late adolescence, yet it seems the use of text messaging is propelling early adolescence forward by removing the consequences of awkward face-to-face interactions. This early onset of late adolescence results in having very young teens, 12 and 13 year olds, showing increased interest in romantic relationships and sexual exploration. The anxiety and uneasiness felt by early teens about speaking with others has led to deficits in the ability to communicate in social settings, which could prove troublesome later. This study looks at only a few developmental issues associated with text messaging use among teens. It would be relevant and appropriate to study other ways that text messaging affects our youth in addition to exploring the more long-term effects of using this technology.
Channel assignments for improved gain in baseband array feed compensation systems

The performance of a real-time digital combining system for use with array feeds has been considered in previous articles. The purpose of the combining operation is to recover signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) losses due to antenna deformations and atmospheric effects. Previously, arbitrary signal powers and noise variances were assumed, but no attempt was made to match the receiver channels to the available signal powers. Here it is shown that for any signal power and noise variance distribution, a "best" channel assignment exists that maximizes the combined SNR in the limit of vanishingly small combining losses. This limit can be approached in practice by observing sufficiently many samples. Specific signal power and noise variance distributions are considered, and it is shown that even relatively "noisy" channels can be used effectively to recover SNR losses resulting from signals diverted out of a "high-quality" channel by antenna deformations. >
Tonic immobility in chickens: Is a stimulus that signals shock more aversive than the receipt of shock?

Three experiments were conducted on the effect of shock and aversive conditioning on tonic immobility. In the first study, increasing the intensity of preinduction shock was shown to produce reliable increases in the duration of immobility. Using classical conditioning procedures in the second experiment, a significant effect of UCS intensity was obtained. In the third experiment, brief confrontation with a conditioned fear stimulus was found more effective than shock for enhancing immobility duration. The data were discussed in terms of the fear hypothesis of animal hypnosis and as supporting a more general notion that the anticipation of shock may be more aversive than the receipt of shock.
Experimental allergic orchitis in mice. VI. Recombinations within the H-2S/H-2D interval define the map position of the H-2-associated locus controlling disease susceptibility

Susceptibility to autoimmune orchitis is associated with an immune response (Ir) gene (now designated Orch-1) which was preliminarily shown to reside at or near the H-2D subregion of the major histocompatibility complex in the mouse (H-2). In this study, the role of H-2 in controlling both disease susceptibility and the phenotypic expression of infertility associated with autoimmune orchitis has been significantly extended. Of nine C57BL/10SnJ and three BALB/cAnN H-2 congenic strains, only those mice possessing the H-2d, H-2p haplotypes exhibited autoimmune orchitis accompanied by infertility. All other congenic strains, including those expressing the H-2 haplotypes v, q, b, s, r, f, and k were of the low responder phenotype. In addition, disease susceptibility was found to be inherited as a dominant trait in H-2 congenic F1 hybrid mice. In order to map the precise location of the Orch-1 locus within H-2, 32 intra-H-2 recombinant congenic strains possessing defined crossovers in various locations throughout the H-2 region were studied. The results of the analysis indicate that Orch-1 maps within the interval between the H-2S and H-2D regions. Our results also indicate that class II genes, i.e., A and E region-encoded genes, have little discernable effect in controlling disease susceptibility and resistance despite the fact that testicular lesions can be adoptively transferred with Ia-restricted CD4+ effector T cells. A comparison of the Orch-1 alleles with the genotypes of two additional markers which map within the H-2S/H-2D interval suggests the following gene order: H-2S--TNP-Ficoll--Orch-1--Tnfa--H-2D.
Control of functional electrical stimulation in the presence of electromechanical and communication delays

In this paper, we show the feasibility of remotely controlling the elbow extension through functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the triceps muscle. Particularly, we present the experimental results obtained with the new automatic control method, designed to achieve position tracking between a user and the remote manipulator device. The major advantage of the controller is its ability to compensate for the electromechanical delay (EMD) during an FES and the communication delay (CD) due to a remote actuation. Another advantage of the developed FES controller is that only the error state and delay knowledge are required to elicit desired muscle contractions, i.e., the control implementation does not depend on model knowledge of highly nonlinear and time-varying muscle dynamics. The experimental results show its superior performance in comparison to the proportional integral derivative (PID) controller. The control performance of the PID controller and the new controller were tested for different values of a composite delay (EMD + CD).
Virtual team interaction styles

The virtual team is an increasingly common strategic work unit of many organizations. The virtual team, via various computer-based media (e.g. email, groupware) and noncomputer-based media (e.g. telephone), can interact and collaborate though separated by distance and time. One approach to their study is determining whether factors that drive conventional team performance also exist in the virtual environment. Interaction style has been shown to have a great effect on conventional teams' ability to achieve solution quality and solution acceptance on collaborative decision tasks (Hirokawa, 1985; Watson & Michaelsen 1988; Hirokawa & Gouran, 1989; Cooke & Szumal, 1994). Group interaction styles affect communication and thus team performance by facilitating or hindering the exchange of information among group members. These styles reflect an aggregation of behavioral traits of individual team members, rooted in their individual personalities. The interaction style of conventional teams can be reliably assessed, and from that assessment, performance on collaborative decision tasks can be predicted. This study investigated whether or not virtual teams who collaborate via computer-mediated communication also exhibit similar interaction styles, and whether the styles have the same effects on their decision performance and process outcomes as they do with conventional teams. Members of 42 virtual teams completed an intellective decision first individually and then collaboratively. Post-task measures captured individual and team performance data (e.g. solution quality) as well as process perceptions (individual acceptance of the team solution). An additional post-task tool was able to accurately capture the teams' interaction style. Results show that the interaction styles of virtual teams affect both performance and process outcomes in ways that are directionally consistent with those exhibited by conventional face-to-face teams. Implications include recommending the methodology for virtual team management, and suggestions for future research are offered.
Realizing white phosphorescent 100 lm/W OLED efficacy

OLED display manufacturers are interested in white organic light emitting devices (WOLED TM s) because these devices, together with color filters, eliminate the need for high resolution shadow masks. Additionally, WOLEDs are well suited for general-purpose illumination, since their power efficacies are approaching fluorescent lamps. A new structure was developed that had the following characteristics that were measured using a spot meter: at 100 cd/m 2 normal luminance, EQE = 20%, power efficacy is 34 lm/W, operating voltage = 3.6 V, CIE = (0.44, 0.44) and CRI = 75.
Abstract 3712: Gap junction enhancer potentiates cytotoxic effect of cisplatin

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cisplatin is one of the most widely used anti-cancer drugs due to its highly effective apoptosis induction and DNA damage function. However, increasing reports of side effects and drug resistances indicate the limitation of cisplatin in cancer therapeutics. Recent studies showed that inhibition of gap junctions is one of the reasons that diminishes the cytotoxic efficiency and contributes to drug resistance. Therefore, identification of molecules that counteracts gap junctional inhibition without decreasing the anticancer effect of cisplatin in combinational treatment is essential to reverse resistance and potentiate drug efficacy. This study investigates the effects of combinational treatment of cisplatin and substituted quinoline PQ1, a gap junction enhancer, in T47D breast cancer cells. Cell viability was studied by both trypan blue method and morphology change. Ki67 was used as a marker to examine cell proliferation. Gap junction activity was examined by scrap load/dye transfer (SL/DT) and the expressions of connexins, the components of gap junction. Expressions of apoptotic factors, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2, were measured by western blot analysis. Our results showed that compared with single cisplatin treatment, combinational treatment of PQ1 and cisplatin increased gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) as well as expressions of connexins (Cx26, Cx32 and Cx43), and subsequently decreased cell viability. Ki67 was greatly decreased by combinational treatment indicating the inhibition of proliferation. Expressions of pro-apoptotic factors, caspase-3, caspases-8, caspase-9, and bax, were activated or increased by pretreating T47D cells with PQ1; whereas, the pro-survival factor, bcl-2, was decreased by the pretreatment. Our studies imply that PQ1 has the potential to be used in the combinational treatment to counteract the drug resistance and potentiate the efficacy of cisplatin in breast cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3712. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3712
Evaluation of network services

A major problem involved in network services is that of deciding upon criteria and timing for moving between one network and another. A particular case is that dealing with timesharing service facilities. The approach here is to isolate some of the elements of costs and benefits and then propose a stochastic process model for use in decision making. Implementation is also discussed.
Thermal unwinding of simian virus 40 transcription complex DNA.

Abstract Two long-standing questions in the control of eukaryotic gene expression have been how the structure of transcribing chromatin compares with that of nontranscribing chromatin and how chromatin structure differs among various eukaryotic organisms. We have addressed aspects of these two questions by characterizing the rotational flexibility of the DNA of the simian virus 40 (SV40) transcription complex. When transcription complex samples are incubated with topoisomerase at 0 degrees C or 37 degrees C, the DNA of the 37 degrees C sample is unwound by 1.8 turns relative to that of the 0 degrees C sample. This amount of unwinding is similar to that observed for bulk, untranscribed SV40 minichromosome DNA, indicating that the chromatin structure of a transcribed gene resembles that of a nontranscribed gene in the degree of constraint that it imposes on its DNA. However, this amount of unwinding differs substantially from the value observed for yeast plasmid chromatin DNA, suggesting that yeast chromatin differs significantly from mammalian chromatin in this fundamental property.
RNA splicing ligase activity in the archaeon Haloferax volcanii

At least two separate enzymes, an endonuclease and a ligase, appear to be involved in tRNA splicing in halophilic archaea. We have identified and partially characterized a splicing ligase activity in cell extracts of Haloferax volcanii that can ligate deproteinized exon products generated in a separate endonuclease reaction. As in vitro transcribed partial intron-deleted derivative of H. volcanii elongator tRNA(Met) is used as substrate for the endonuclease. The ligase can also join the two exons that are independently eluted from the gels. This ligase activity is observed at a range (50 mM to 2.8 M) of monovalent cations in the assays, but is abolished when the enzyme preparations are depleted of the monovalent cations. In contrast, H. volcanii splicing endonuclease has been reported to require divalent cations and is inhibited by monovalent cations. Our endonuclease assays confirm these reports, and also show that the endonuclease is not permanently inactivated even in high monovalent cation containing extracts. The ligase activity in the extracts does not appear to require any divalent cation or exogenously added source of energy or phosphate.
Constancy and purity

L'A. distingue deux sens de la notion d'integrite, l'authenticite et la constance. Il distingue egalement constance et purete en discutant un texte de Kierkegaard sur la purete du coeur, et la distinction aristotelicienne des biens internes et externes.
Solar heating and internal heat flow on Jupiter

Models of convection in Jupiter's interior are studied to test the hypothesis that internal heat balances the absorbed sunlight at each latitude. Such a balance requires that the ratio of total emitted heat to absorbed sunlight be above a critical value 4/π ≈ 1.27. The necessary horizontal heat transport then takes place in the interior instead of in the atmosphere. Regions of stable stratification can arise in the interior owing to the effects of solar heating and rotation. In such regions, upward heat transfer takes place on sloping surfaces, as in the Earth's atmosphere, provided there are horizontal temperature gradients. Potential temperature gradients are found to be small, and the time constant for the pattern to reach equilibrium is found to be short compared to the age of the solar system. It is suggested that Jupiter and Saturn owe their axisymmetric appearance to internal heat flow, which eliminates differential heating in the atmosphere that would otherwise drive meridional motions.
Chronic toxicity of ethylene glycol in the rat.

Abstract Groups of 16 male and 16 female Sprague-Dawley rats were maintained on diets containing ethylene glycol at concentrations of 0·1–4% of the diet for 2 yr. Increased mortality appeared in male animals receiving 1 and 4% of the glycol in the diet but the mortality data for females were difficult to interpret. Calcification of the kidneys and oxalate-containing calculi were observed in males on the 0·5, 1 and 4% diets. Females receiving diets containing 1 and 4% of the glycol showed calcification but oxalate-containing calculi were detectable only in the females on the 4% diet. One female rat in the group receiving 0·1% ethylene glycol developed a large magnesium phosphate stone which contained no demonstrable amount of oxalate. There was an increased water consumption and appearance of protein in the urine of males receiving the 1 and 4% diets and females on the 4% diet.
A beneficial role for IL-1β in Alzheimer disease?

While the term neuroinflammation often conjures up images of cellular damage, mounting evidence suggests that certain proinflammatory molecules, such as the cytokine IL-1 beta, may have beneficial and protective effects. In a report in this issue of the JCI, Shaftel and coworkers have generated an elegant mouse model in which local hippocampal overexpression of IL-1 beta in an Alzheimer disease (AD) transgenic mouse model resulted not in the expected exacerbation of the amyloid beta plaque deposition common to AD, but instead in plaque amelioration (see the related article beginning on page 1595). Thus, manipulation of the immune system may be a potential therapeutic approach to protect against AD, although further studies are needed to understand all of the downstream effects of this manipulation.
Co(II) halide complexes with 2-amino-3-methylpyridinium and 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium: synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties

Reaction of CoX2 · nH2O with either 2-amino-3-methylpyridine (3-MAP) or 2-amino-5-methylpyridine (5-MAP) in aqueous acid gave complexes, (3-MAPH)2CoX4 or (5-MAPH)2CoX4 (H2O) n [n = 0,1; X = Cl, Br; 3-MAPH = 2-amino-3-methylpyridinium, 5-MAPH = 2-amino-5-methylpyridinium]. The 3-MAPH salts are formed in the triclinic crystal system while the 5-MAPH salts are formed in the monoclinic crystal system. Three of these compounds exhibit weak antiferromagnetic interactions along with varying degrees of single-ion anisotropy, however, 1 shows easy-plane anisotropy and exhibits a mixture of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions.
Discrimination in a Disaster Agency’s Security Culture

The prevalence of security concerns in emergency management offers the unfortunate possibility that administrative processes may tap deep fears and engage in discriminatory practices without suffic...