cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Twin embryos in mares I: from ovulation to fixation

Recent findings on the origin and development of twins from ovulation (Day 0) to fixation (mean: Day 16) are reviewed. Available data show that almost all twins originate from multiple ovulations. Results of recent ultrasound studies indicate that the number of days between double ovulations does not affect the conception rate per ovum or embryo survival during the first 16 days after each ovulation. Embryo reduction is the natural elimination of excess embryos so that only one embryo enters the foetal stage. In two studies, embryo reduction before or on the day of fixation was not considered an important aspect of the natural correction of twins. Diameters and growth rates on Days 11 to 16 were similar between singletons and twins and the presence of two vesicles did not have a direct effect on their diameter other than that attributable to their age. Twin and singleton embryonic vesicles were mobile within the uterine lumen from the first day of detection (Days 9 to 11) to the day of fixation (mean: Day 16). In one study, the embryonic vesicles were in the uterine body for over 50 per cent of the time during Days 9 to 12 and thereafter were most often in the uterine horns. For twins of dissimilar size, the preference for uterine body versus horns appeared to be an independent function of each vesicle based on its age or size. After Day 12, the number of entries from the uterine body into the horns increased and the vesicles began a maximum mobility phase which continued until fixation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Carbamazepine, hepatotoxicity, organic solvents, and paints.

Hepatotoxicity secondary to carbamazepine is a serious condition which can be fatal. However, other concomitant medications or environmental factors may be the offending agents. In this case report, hepatotoxicity secondary to organic solvents and paints is described.
Fundamental Studies of Talc: I, Constitution of TaIcs

Talcs exhibit considerable variation in texture and in chemical analyses. These variations are explored on the basis of phase, field, and atomic structure considerations with the aid of chemical, X-ray, and dserential thermal analyses. It is proposed that this complexity is accounted for primarily on the basis of the existence of solid solutions of the layer or group type.
Semiclassical random electrodynamics: spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift

It is often remarked that an explanation of spontaneous emission and the Lamb shift requires quantization of the electromagnetic field. Here these two quantities are derived in a semiclassical formalism by use of second-order perturbation theory. The purpose of the present paper is not to argue the validity of QED but rather to develop a semiclassical approximation to QED that may nonetheless have certain computational advantages over QED. To this end, the vacuum of QED is simulated with a classical zero-point field (ZPF), and as a consequence the resulting theory is entitled semiclassical random electrodynamics (SRED). In the theory, the atom is coupled to the ZPF and to its own radiation-reaction field through an electric dipole interaction. These two interactions add to produce exponential decay of excited states while they cancel each other to prevent spontaneous excitation of the ground state; the Lamb shift appears in the theory as an ac Stark shift induced by the ZPF. The spontaneous decay rate of an excited-state derived in SRED is equal to the Einstein A coefficient for that state, and the Lamb shift agrees with that of nonrelativistic QED. Moreover, SRED is shown to be useful for the numerical simulation of spontaneous decay.
Barnacle growth rate on artificial substrate in the Salton Sea, California

The Salton Sea is one of the few saline, inland lakes in the world with a population of barnacles, Balanus amphitrite. It is also one of California’s most impaired water bodies due to excessive nutrient loading which leads to phytoplankton blooms and low dissolved oxygen. Currently, B. amphitrite growth is limited due to lack of hard substrate in and around the Sea. We have hypothesized that artificial substrate could support the growth of B. amphitrite and their filter-feeding would lead to improved water quality. Periodic harvesting of the barnacles would result in the permanent removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from the Sea. A 44-day in-situ experiment was carried out in the Salton Sea to assess the rate of barnacle growth and phosphorus and nitrogen sequestration on burlap sheets suspended vertically from a floating line. Burlap panels were collected weekly and the barnacles analyzed for Ca, total-P, inorganic-P, total-N, total-C, CaCO3, and organic matter content. After 44 days of growth, the barnacle mats weighed 7.4 kg m−2 on a dry weight basis, with 80% of the mass as shell material. The nutrient sequestration was 9.4 g P m−2 and 100 g N m−2. Approximately half of the P was inorganic and appears to be coprecipitated with the calcium carbonate shell material. Results indicate that harvesting barnacles grown on artificial substrate in the Salton Sea would not be an effective method for removing N or P from the lake because of the relative proportions of shell material and organic material.
Permutational isomers on a molecular skeleton with neighbor-excluding ligands

Permutational isomers of ligands substituted on a molecular skeleton are studied under a condition on the ligand placement which excludes a second ligand of the same type at a neighboring skeletal site. General theory to treat such a circumstance is developed to identify a correspondence between isomers and suitable double cosets of groups involving permutations of ligands amongst skeletal sites. Then this theory is illustratively applied for a selection of skeletons, including an experimentally realized hexamalono-buckminsterfullerene skeleton, with 12 ligation locations.
Engineering key components in a synthetic eukaryotic signal transduction pathway

Signal transduction underlies how living organisms detect and respond to stimuli. A goal of synthetic biology is to rewire natural signal transduction systems. Bacteria, yeast, and plants sense environmental aspects through conserved histidine kinase (HK) signal transduction systems. HK protein components are typically comprised of multiple, relatively modular, and conserved domains. Phosphate transfer between these components may exhibit considerable cross talk between the otherwise apparently linear pathways, thereby establishing networks that integrate multiple signals. We show that sequence conservation and cross talk can extend across kingdoms and can be exploited to produce a synthetic plant signal transduction system. In response to HK cross talk, heterologously expressed bacterial response regulators, PhoB and OmpR, translocate to the nucleus on HK activation. Using this discovery, combined with modification of PhoB (PhoB-VP64), we produced a key component of a eukaryotic synthetic signal transduction pathway. In response to exogenous cytokinin, PhoB-VP64 translocates to the nucleus, binds a synthetic PlantPho promoter, and activates gene expression. These results show that conserved-signaling components can be used across kingdoms and adapted to produce synthetic eukaryotic signal transduction pathways.
Design and implementation of a control algorithm for an autonomous lawnmower

This paper presents the design and implementation of a GPS-aided autonomous lawn mower. The lawn mower is an integrated system of sensors, motors, processors, and control software. A key position sensor is a unique custom designed and implemented differential GPS (DGPS) system that utilizes low-cost off-the-shelf stand alone GPS receivers. The DGPS system provides the platform position and orientation information with an update rate of 10 Hz. A set of Hall sensor-based odometer provide additional position and vehicle orientation inputs to the system in between the GPS data updates. The lawn mower chassis was custom designed and implemented by a team of undergraduate students at Miami University. The control software was written in Java and executed on a Systronix Saje microcontroller. Multilayered ND controls were implemented in the control software to keep the lawn mower moving in a pre-planned path with optimum path overlaps. In addition to these components that are necessary for the autonomous operations of the lawn mower, an extended remote monitoring/control program has also been implemented. The remote station communicates with the lawn mower through an 802.11b wireless router. Lawn mower status and process logs were continuously monitored at the base station. Detailed design and implementations of the overall integrated systems were discussed in the paper
Hate Crimes and Disability in America

A hate crime is a criminal offense committed against person or property that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's prejudice. Hate crimes are sometimes termed “bias-motivated crimes....
EVACUATION BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENTS

A telephone survey of 2,595 households on Long Island, NY provides a data base for analyzing potential spatial behaviors in response to an accident at the Shoreham Nuclear Power Station in Suffolk County. These intended behaviors approximated the actual behaviors of Three Mile Island area residents during the general emergency at that plant in 1979. Using evacuations from natural and other technological hazards as a basis for comparison, we conclude that evacuations in response to nuclear power plant accidents are likely to be characterized by an extreme over-response to limited protective action advisories; this phenomenon needs to be considered in behaviorally-based radiological emergency response planning.
Melatonin and a spin-trap compound block radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells.

Effects of in vivo microwave exposure on DNA strand breaks, a form of DNA damage, were investigated in rat brain cells. In previous research, we have found that acute (2 hours) exposure to pulsed (2 microseconds pulses, 500 pps) 2450-MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) (power density 2 mW/cm2, average whole body specific absorption rate 1.2 W/kg) caused an increase in DNA single- and double-strand breaks in brain cells of the rat when assayed 4 hours post exposure using a microgel electrophoresis assay. In the present study, we found that treatment of rats immediately before and after RFR exposure with either melatonin (1 mg/kg/injection, SC) or the spin-trap compound N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) (100 mg/kg/injection, i.p.) blocks this effects of RFR. Since both melatonin and PBN are efficient free radical scavengers it is hypothesized that free radicals are involved in RFR-induced DNA damage in the brain cells of rats. Since cumulated DNA strand breaks in brain cells can lead to neurodegenerative diseases and cancer and an excess of free radicals in cells has been suggested to be the cause of various human diseases, data from this study could have important implications for the health effects of RFR exposure.
Improving code caching performance for Java applications

Java applications rely on just-in-time (JIT) compilers or adaptive compilers to generate and optimize binary code at runtime to boost performance. In conventional Java virtual machines (JVM), however, the binary code is typically written into the data cache, and then is loaded into the instruction cache through the shared L2 cache or memory, which is not efficient. In this paper, we study different efficient code caching strategies to write and read the dynamically generated code faster. Our experimental results indicate that writing code directly into the instruction cache can improve the performance of Java application by up to 42.9%, with 9.6% on average.
Locality-sensitive hashing scheme based on p-stable distributions

We present a novel Locality-Sensitive Hashing scheme for the Approximate Nearest Neighbor Problem under lp norm, based on p-stable distributions.Our scheme improves the running time of the earlier algorithm for the case of the lp norm. It also yields the first known provably efficient approximate NN algorithm for the case p
Pediatric hip dysplasia and evaluation with ultrasound

Developmental dysplasia of the hip is a frequent condition in newborns. Certain risk factors have been associated with this condition, including female sex, a family history, a breech presentation and certain ethnicities; however, most cases of dysplasia occur in girls without any other risk factors. Clinical examination using the Barlow/Ortolani tests in newborns or by the finding of limited abduction in slightly older children may reveal the diagnosis, but childen with an inconclusive examination or with a risk factor should be referred for further screening. Ultrasonography can detect dysplasia that may not be evident on physical exam or plain radiographs. When dysplasia is identified, treatment should be instituted, and in young children dynamic splinting with the Pavlik harness is safe and effective. Early detection and treatment provides the best long-term results.
Information Measures in Statistical Privacy and Data Processing Applications

In statistical privacy, utility refers to two concepts: information preservation, how much statistical information is retained by a sanitizing algorithm, and usability, how (and with how much difficulty) one extracts this information to build statistical models, answer queries, and so forth. Some scenarios incentivize a separation between information preservation and usability, so that the data owner first chooses a sanitizing algorithm to maximize a measure of information preservation, and, afterward, the data consumers process the sanitized output according to their various individual needs [Ghosh et al. 2009; Williams and McSherry 2010].We analyze the information-preserving properties of utility measures with a combination of two new and three existing utility axioms and study how violations of an axiom can be fixed. We show that the average (over possible outputs of the sanitizer) error of Bayesian decision makers forms the unique class of utility measures that satisfy all of the axioms. The axioms are agnostic to Bayesian concepts such as subjective probabilities and hence strengthen support for Bayesian views in privacy research. In particular, this result connects information preservation to aspects of usability—if the information preservation of a sanitizing algorithm should be measured as the average error of a Bayesian decision maker, shouldn’t Bayesian decision theory be a good choice when it comes to using the sanitized outputs for various purposesq We put this idea to the test in the unattributed histogram problem where our decision-theoretic postprocessing algorithm empirically outperforms previously proposed approaches.
The Significance of Postmortem Bacteriological ExaminationWith Special Reference to Streptococci and Enterococci

Various interpretations have in the past been attached to the findings of organisms in the heart blood after death, especially in cases in which the cultures during life have been negative. Some authors have attempted to use the postmortem results in the understanding of the previous disease processes, while others have found them of no significance. This bacteriological investigation was carried out in an attempt to evaluate with the aid of the modern methods how much stress can be laid on such
Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases ScLPMO10B and ScLPMO10C Are Stable in Ionic Liquids As Determined by Molecular Simulations

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are a newly discovered family of enzymes proposed to work synergistically with cellulases and aid in the decomposition of cellulose for the creation of environmentally friendly fuels and chemicals. To our knowledge, evaluation of the stability of LPMOs in ionic liquid (IL) solvents at relevant biomass processing conditions has not been explored. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations of ScLPMO10B and ScLPMO10C in three ILs at 10 and 20 wt% in water and in pure water have been performed. Enzyme stability was predicted to be high on the basis of structural and dynamic analyses we performed. We used the simulations to identify key areas that deviate from the crystal structures as a starting place for surface charge modifications to increase stability in ILs. Results show that, in general, both enzymes have a high degree of stability across the range of IL solutions tested. For each enzyme, two regions were identified that showed notable deviations from the crystal ...
Botulinum Toxin Treatment of Spasticity in Adults and Children

Spasticity is a frequent symptom in stroke, multiple sclerosis, cerebral or spinal trauma, and cerebral palsy that affects and disables a large number of adults and children. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments of spasticity with emphasis on the role of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). The world literature is reviewed on double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trials reporting safety and efficacy of BoNT treatment in adult spasticity and spasticity of children with cerebral palsy. The evidence for efficacy is presented from recommendations of the Assessment and Therapeutics subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. A technical section describes the techniques and recommended doses of BoNTs in spasticity.
Proactive and Reactive Criminal Thinking and Self-Reported Offending A Cross-National Survey of Seventh- Through Ninth-Grade Boys and Girls

The purpose of this study was to assess the cross-national generalizability of the moderately strong relationship between proactive criminal thinking (PCT) and reactive criminal thinking (RCT) and whether RCT correlates better with self-reported offending than PCT across gender and international cluster. Correlations between PCT, RCT, and self-reported offending were calculated and compared in a cross-national sample of 59,992 (29,083 boys, 30,909 girls) seventh through ninth graders. These correlational analyses were conducted on the total sample as well as on six different international clusters. Consistent with predictions, the PCT and RCT correlated highly in all samples (.51-.62) and though the two scales achieved similar correlations with offending, the RCT correlated significantly better with offending after controlling for PCT than PCT correlated with offending after controlling for RCT. These results provide cross-national support for the supposition that RCT is a more important correlate of offending than PCT in early to mid-adolescence.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis.

SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis is an etiologically diverse syndrome. The approach to treatment depends on the cause of the disease. The efficacy of immunosuppressive treatment of chronic autoimmune hepatitis has long been established, and most patients with this disease can be treated successfully with prednisone and azathioprine. Interferon therapy has revolutionized the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. Although the response in chronic hepatitis delta is disappointing, hepatitis C is often controlled, and certain patients with chronic hepatitis B may actually be cured of the disease. Future studies will seek to optimize the therapeutic effects of interferon in these viral diseases. Certainly, studies with other antiviral agents and biologic response modifiers are forthcoming. We have entered a new era in the treatment of chronic liver disease. It is reasonable to hope and expect that progress will continue and that most forms of chronic viral hepatitis will become curable within the next several years.
The Planetary and Geological Context of Life

Life is not known to exist on any other planet except the Earth. Why is life a feature of the Earth and not of neighboring planets? What are the conditions on the Earth that support the evolution of life? One way to achieve a broader understanding of the life-supporting characteristics is to compare the planetary and geological features of the Earth and other planets. Study of planetary landforms offers new insights into the dynamic processes and the physical context of the Earth, which has supported the origin and development of living matter. This comparison has become possible only since the 1960’s and 1970’s, as a result of improvements in the ability to view and measure planetary phenomena via satellite technology and remote sensing. Manned exploration has yielded actual samples of the Moon’s surface, and unmanned interplanetary missions have contributed analytical results from the surface of Mars and detailed information about other planets. By analyzing the similarities and differences between the planets, the dynamic features which have made the Earth an enclave of living matter, as opposed to being another lifeless planet of the Solar System, will become more apparent.
Total antihypertensive therapeutic intensity score and its relationship to blood pressure reduction

Predicting blood pressure (BP) response to antihypertensive therapy is challenging. The therapeutic intensity score (TIS) is a summary measure that accounts for the number of medications and the relative doses a patient received, but its relationship to BP change and its utility as a method to project dosing equivalence has not been reported. We conducted a prospective, single center, randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of Joint National Committee (JNC) 7 compliant treatment with more intensive (<120/80 mm Hg) BP goals on left ventricular structure and function in hypertensive patients with echocardiographically determined subclinical heart disease who were treated over a 12-month period. For this preplanned subanalysis, we sought to compare changes in BP over time with changes in TIS. Antihypertensive therapy was open label. TIS and BP were determined at 3-month intervals with titration of medication doses as needed to achieve targeted BP. Mixed linear models defined antihypertensive medication TIS as an independent variable and change in systolic BP as an outcome measure, while controlling for gender, age, baseline BP, and treatment group. A total of 123 patients (mean age 49.4 ± 8.2 years; 66% female; 95.1% African-American) were enrolled and 88 completed the protocol. For each single point increase in total antihypertensive TIS, a 14.5 (95% confidence interval: 11.5, 17.4) mm Hg decrease in systolic BP was noted (15.5 [95% confidence interval: 13.0, 18.0] mm Hg for those who completed the trial). Total TIS is a viable indicator of the anticipated BP-lowering effect associated with antihypertensive therapy.
Improving measures of work-related physical functioning

Purpose To expand content of the physical function domain of the Work Disability Functional Assessment Battery (WD-FAB), developed for the US Social Security Administration’s (SSA) disability determination process.
Higher-order interactions stabilize dynamics in competitive network models

Ecologists have long sought a way to explain how the remarkable biodiversity observed in nature is maintained. On the one hand, simple models of interacting competitors cannot produce the stable persistence of very large ecological communities. On the other hand, neutral models, in which species do not interact and diversity is maintained by immigration and speciation, yield unrealistically small fluctuations in population abundance, and a strong positive correlation between a species' abundance and its age, contrary to empirical evidence. Models allowing for the robust persistence of large communities of interacting competitors are lacking. Here we show that very diverse communities could persist thanks to the stabilizing role of higher-order interactions, in which the presence of a species influences the interaction between other species. Although higher-order interactions have been studied for decades, their role in shaping ecological communities is still unclear. The inclusion of higher-order interactions in competitive network models stabilizes dynamics, making species coexistence robust to the perturbation of both population abundance and parameter values. We show that higher-order interactions have strong effects in models of closed ecological communities, as well as of open communities in which new species are constantly introduced. In our framework, higher-order interactions are completely defined by pairwise interactions, facilitating empirical parameterization and validation of our models.
Developing chemical sensors to observe the health of the global ocean

Robotic networks of platforms carrying physical, chemical, and biological sensors that can monitor basic metabolic processes are required to observe ocean health. The sensors must operate for the 5 to 10 year period between research vessel visits with no direct human intervention and little or no chance for sensor recalibration. The sensors and the platforms that carry them must operate from the surface to depths of several kilometers. Here I describe work done by marine scientists to develop integrated networks of chemical sensors with these properties. Much of the focus will be on chemical sensors that can operate for years at a time without laboratory recalibration.
Comparison of the effectiveness of hands-on versus online education in child passenger safety

Background Community paediatricians’ knowledge of appropriate child safety seat (CSS) use in vehicles may be inadequate. We compared the effectiveness of hands-on and online education in improving and retaining child passenger safety (CPS) knowledge and skills among paediatric trainees. Methods Paediatric trainees were randomised to receive hands-on skills training versus a 1-hour online module in CPS. CSS knowledge and installation skills were assessed using a validated 10-item/point questionnaire and an assessment tool respectively at baseline and after 6 months. Preintervention and postintervention knowledge improvement and CSS installation skills between groups were assessed using paired t-tests and effect size ( d ). Results Forty-eight students agreed to participate and were randomised. Thirty-nine completed training (hands-on: 23 and online: 15). At entry, no significant differences in learners’ demographics and prior CPS education existed. Baseline CPS knowledge scores did not differ significantly between groups (p=0.26). Postintervention, both groups demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge scores (hands-on=3.1 (95% CI 2.4 to 3.7), p Baseline CSS installation skill scores did not significantly differ between groups for forward-facing seats (p=0.16) and rear-facing seats (p=0.51). At follow-up, mean CSS installation skill scores significantly increased for the hands-on group (forward-facing seat: 0.8 (95% CI 0.16 to 1.44), p Conclusions Among paediatric trainees, hands-on and online CPS education are both effective in improving long-term CPS knowledge. Long-term installation skills for forward-facing and rear-facing CSS persist for hands-on education but are inconclusive for online education.
LTB 4 and BLT1 in inflammatory arthritis

Inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells into the joints. Biological agents targeting TNF-α and IL-6 dramatically improve RA. However, some RA patients do not respond to current treatments and these broadly active upstream biological agents increase the risk of severe infection. Therefore, there remains a need for other effective and safe treatments for RA. Many studies have implicated that blockade of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and its high affinity receptor BLT1 dramatically suppress arthritis in animal models. In addition, levels of LTB4 in serum, synovial fluid and synovial tissue are increased in RA patients compared to healthy donors or osteoarthritis patients. These data suggest that LTB4 and BLT1 likely contribute to the pathogenesis of human RA. However, several clinical trials inhibiting BLT1 in RA were not successful. Our recent data revealed that LTB4 is a key mediator in a complement, lipid, cytokine and chemokine cascade that first initiates and then sustains neutrophilic inflammation in inflammatory arthritis. These new mechanistic studies suggest novel ways to target the LTB4-BLT1 pathway for the treatment of RA and other inflammatory diseases.
Pharmacotherapy of Apnea by Cannabimimetic Enhancement, the PACE Clinical Trial: Effects of Dronabinol in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Study objectives There remains an important and unmet need for fully effective and acceptable treatments in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). At present, there are no approved drug treatments. Dronabinol has shown promise for OSA pharmacotherapy in a small dose-escalation pilot study. Here, we present initial findings of the Phase II PACE (Pharmacotherapy of Apnea by Cannabimimetic Enhancement) trial, a fully blinded parallel groups, placebo-controlled randomized trial of dronabinol in people with moderate or severe OSA. Methods By random assignment, 73 adults with moderate or severe OSA received either placebo (N = 25), 2.5 mg dronabinol (N = 21), or 10 mg dronabinol (N = 27) daily, 1 hour before bedtime for up to 6 weeks. Results At baseline, overall apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was 25.9 ± 11.3, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score was 11.45 ± 3.8, maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) mean latency was 19.2 ± 11.8 minutes, body mass index was 33.4 ± 5.4 kg/m2, and age was 53.6 ± 9.0 years. The number and severity of adverse events, and treatment adherence (0.3 ± 0.6 missed doses/week) were equivalent among all treatment groups. Participants receiving 10 mg/day of dronabinol expressed the highest overall satisfaction with treatment (p = .04). In comparison to placebo, dronabinol dose-dependently reduced AHI by 10.7 ± 4.4 (p = .02) and 12.9 ± 4.3 (p = .003) events/hour at doses of 2.5 and 10 mg/day, respectively. Dronabinol at 10 mg/day reduced ESS score by -3.8 ± 0.8 points from baseline (p Conclusions These findings support the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in people with OSA. In comparison to placebo, dronabinol was associated with lower AHI, improved self-reported sleepiness, and greater overall treatment satisfaction. Larger scale clinical trials will be necessary to clarify the best potential approach(es) to cannabinoid therapy in OSA.
Reaction Dynamics of Ground State and Electronically Excited Barium Atoms

Abstract The two general classes of chemical reactions observed for ground state and electronically excited Ba atoms are illustrated. As in the case of monovalent alkali atoms, reactions of Ba with NO 2 , O 3 , and ClO 2 are initiated by long-range electron transfer. However, the ensuing dynamics are considerably richer than for alkali atoms due to the need for second electron transfer for formation of the dominant ground state products. Measurements of angular and velocity distributions of the products under well defined single collision conditions provide insight into this process. Reactions of Ba with water and its methyl derivatives, on the other hand, can only result from close collisions since long-range electron transfer is not thermodynamically possible. Several competing channels were observed. Reactions of ground state Ba ( 1 S) with H 2 O led primarily to formation of BaO + H 2 . Upon electronic excitation of the incident Ba atom to the 1 D state, a large increase in reaction cross section was observed; however, the chemical product was primarily BaOH + H. Reaction of ground state and electronically excited Ba with CH 3 OH led to dominant formation of BaOCH 3 + H, and CH 3 OCH 3 was found to be unreactive. This behavior suggests that the radical channels occur by H-atom migration.
The Operation of Labor Markets

Labor markets are characterized by a number of complexities that are absent in simple markets. Because of job search, unemployment arises which may or may not be efficient. Supply and demand behavior are no longer represented by simple curves but instead depend both on the expected wage prevailing in the market for individual workers and on the level of unemployment or likelihood of getting a job. Also, there is not a single market; instead there are many overlapping markets, so that one worker’s prospects depend on the behavior of participants in the related markets. This chapter examines the qualitative conclusions concerning the operation of labor markets that arise from the theoretical and empirical results of this monograph. In particular, the analysis undertaken here suggests that labor markets operate very differently for higher grade workers versus lower grade workers. These differences are described in the next three sections.
Dynamic Estimation Tests of Decaying Isotropic Turbulence

A large-eddy simulation based upon adding estimated, dynamically based backscatter terms to the Smagorinsky subgrid model is shown to be feasible. The model is based upon estimating the subgrid velocity from the high wavenumber aliasing residue of the resolved scale nonlinear terms and the interaction of this estimated velocity with the resolved scales. The objective is to model an intense event in a 2563 direct numerical simulation of decaying flow in a periodic box with random initial conditions before turbulence has developed. Rather than the second order dissipation or enstrophy, higher order norms of the velocity derivative field, the skewness, flatness and peak vorticity, are used to identify the intermittent event. Comparisons with a 2563 DNS truncated to 323 show that the Smagorinsky model does not capture this event, while the estimation model combined with the Smagorinsky model does. Enstrophy and dissipation around the intense event are also more realistic.
Delayed presentation of complete arterial transection treated with interposition graft: A case report

Abstract Introduction Traumatic arterial injuries have a high degree of morbidity if left untreated. Frequently, arterial injuries are found soon after injury due to either subjective complaints or objective findings. Opportunity for delayed repair of vascular injury is a rare event as irreversible ischemia occurs at such early time points. Case report We report a case of delayed presentation of complete arterial transection of the brachial artery due to penetrating trauma, but without classical hard signs of vascular injury. Trajectory, symptoms, and pulse exam prompted further evaluation. Successful reverse saphenous vein interposition grafting of the transected artery returned normal blood flow to the affected extremity with preserved function. Conclusion This case of delayed presentation of arterial transection is significant as delayed identification of arterial injury is rare. Furthermore, it demonstrates the need for clinicians to have a high index of suspicion in patients with traumatic limb injuries who present in a subacute or delayed fashion with increasing pain and worsening of initial physical exam findings.
Probabilistic Reliability Assessment of a Component in the Presence of Internal Defects

Structural strength may degrade during the service life of an aircraft due to undetected material defects or accidental damages. Additively manufactured or welded structures are particularly susceptible to fatigue cracking due to stress concentration at the surface and internal material defects. Despite significant benefits provided by the laser-based manufacturing techniques, there is still a lack of understanding how these parts fail under cyclic loading. This study aims to investigate the effect of internal material defects on the high cycle fatigue (HCF) behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V. It is shown that internal fish-eye fatigue fracture is a dominant failure mode if a subsequent surface treatment technique is applied. A probabilistic lifetime assessment framework for predicting the joint durability and its scatter in the HCF regime is developed. A good agreement between the modelling results and experiments is demonstrated.
Comprehensive characterization of ZnO thin films for surface acoustic wave applications

This paper presents a comprehensive characterization of a very smooth, c-axis oriented, highly piezoelectric and electrically resistive 2.5 µm-thick ZnO thin film deposited by a radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering system on SiO2/Si substrate. Thin film properties such as surface roughness, crystallography, stoichiometry, and electrical resistivity are measured. Two-port surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with bidirectional interdigital transducer (IDT) periods of 16 µm, 20 µm and 24 µm are fabricated on top of the ZnO thin film. A detailed finite element analysis (FEA) of the thin film is elaborated by varying ZnO thickness and IDT configuration. FEA results shows that acoustic wave velocities and resonance frequencies of the SAW devices are decreasing together with increasing ZnO thickness. Frequency response of the fabricated SAW devices are measured with a vector network analyzer (VNA) and compared to FEA results. First two wave modes, namely the Rayleigh and Sezawa waves, of the fabricated SAW devices on the ZnO thin films are interrogated. Resonance frequencies of the SAW devices with wavelengths of 16 µm, 20 µm, and 24 µm are measured as 204.8 MHz, 176.3 MHz, and 155.3 MHz for the Rayleigh mode, 335.9 MHz, 275.3 MHz, and 235.1 MHz for the Sezawa mode, respectively. In addition, omnidirectional wave propagation of ZnO thin film is shown with 45° rotated IDTs. Overall, experimental results are in good agreement with simulation results, demonstrating ZnO thin film fabrication is successfully carried out, and FEA is an appropriate method for modeling SAW devices on thin films.
Impact of a pharmacist-led intervention on post-splenectomy vaccination adherence among trauma patients:

BackgroundPatients who undergo splenectomy are at increased risk of infection caused by encapsulated bacteria. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a series of vaccinations f...
Clinical Perspective on Opioids in the Context of Suicide Risk

Psychiatrists are on the front lines of two simultaneous public health crises: the increasing rates of suicide and opioid-related deaths. In this review, the authors discuss ways in which these two classes of preventable deaths may be linked, with an emphasis on identifying and preventing both outcomes through increased understanding of their shared risk factors. As clinicians, it is crucial to maintain awareness of the ways in which opioid use may contribute to depression and suicidality, as well as how mood disorders may complicate opioid use. In light of this interplay, interventions which target risk factors for both suicide and overdose are key. Interventions include early treatment of substance dependence and depression, as well as harm reduction measures, such as provision of naloxone, medication-assisted treatments for dependency, and multidisciplinary approaches to chronic pain that do not rely solely on escalating opioid doses. It is also important to address social determinants of health, which may increase risk for both accidental and intentional overdose. The roads to overdose and suicide overlap considerably and cannot be considered separately.
Ceramide in apoptosis and oxidative stress in allergic inflammation and asthma.

Background Nothing is known about the mechanisms by which increased ceramide levels in the lung contribute to allergic responses and asthma severity. Objective We sought to investigate the functional role of ceramide in mouse models of allergic airway disease that recapitulate the cardinal clinical features of human allergic asthma. Methods Allergic airway disease was induced in mice by repeated intranasal administration of house dust mite or the fungal allergen Alternaria alternata. Processes that can be regulated by ceramide and are important for severity of allergic asthma were correlated with ceramide levels measured by mass spectrometry. Results Both allergens induced massive pulmonary apoptosis and also significantly increased reactive oxygen species in the lung. Prevention of increases in lung ceramide levels mitigated allergen-induced apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil infiltration. In contrast, dietary supplementation of the antioxidant α-tocopherol decreased reactive oxygen species but had no significant effects on elevation of ceramide level or apoptosis, indicating that the increases in lung ceramide levels in allergen-challenged mice are not mediated by oxidative stress. Moreover, specific ceramide species were altered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with severe asthma compared with in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from individuals without asthma. Conclusion Our data suggest that elevation of ceramide level after allergen challenge contributes to the apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, and neutrophilic infiltrate that characterize the severe asthmatic phenotype. Ceramide might be the trigger of formation of Creola bodies found in the sputum of patients with severe asthma and could be a biomarker to optimize diagnosis and to monitor and improve clinical outcomes in this disease.
Incidence of Ultrathin Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty Corneal Graft Rejection following Steroid Discontinuation.

Purpose/Aims: To determine the incidence of corneal graft rejection in patients with approximately 1 year of steroid therapy following uDSEK. A shortened course of corticosteroids may be beneficial...
eService-Learning: A Decade of Research in Undergraduate Online Service–learning

With an increasing number of courses taught asynchronously online, it is important to explore how to implement high-impact practices in this modality. Service-learning – a high impact practice – is...
Mapping agricultural assemblages in ancient Oaxaca from the domestication of maize to the collapse of Monte Albán

This article examines the religious and political significance of human involvements with maize in ancient Oaxaca using an approach that merges assemblage theory with Peircean semiotics. The articl...
Hydrological and meteorological data from research catchments at the Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, USA

The Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF) in northern Minnesota, USA, with hydrological research and monitoring of peatland catchments in a low-topographic relief landscape, contrasts with the mountainous terrain that typifies most research catchments. Six research catchments were instrumented and hydrological and meteorological monitoring was initiated during 1960. Paired-catchment studies, which started during 1969, have been used to assess land management and environmental change effects on forests, water availability, and biogeochemistry. Over the decades, the research and collaborations have proliferated to include new monitoring and ecosystem experiments. We provide an overview of available datasets and access information for hydrological and meteorological data. Data on streamflow, water table elevation, precipitation, snow, ground frost, air temperature, soil moisture, upland runoff, and water chemistry are discoverable with associated metadata and are archived through several Web-based, community repositories. The research programme is ongoing and we anticipate updates on an annual or more frequent basis. Additionally, we aim to release other physical, chemical, and isotopic measurements associated with long-term catchment monitoring and studies at the MEF.
12 “Pliny Country” Revisited: Connectivity and Regionalism in Roman Italy

Pliny's letters stand largely alone in the high empire, but they are not the only sources that can reconstruct the personal networks created by individuals through various forms of interaction, like marriage, business, patronage, or amicitia . This chapter examines one category of these sources, inscriptions on stone or bronze, that (1) provides a fairly large sample size, (2) is fairly well represented across Roman Italy, and (3) provides some evidence of the kinds of regional connections that can be seen in Pliny's letters. Throughout his letters, Pliny shows flashes of a sense of belonging to the regions that his network encompasses. "Pliny country" was a regional network, but it was one conceptually constructed out of municipia and one that replicates the regional networks illustrated by local vestiarii , duoviri , and seviri claiming ties and offices in other municipia . Keywords: Italian inscriptions; municipia ; Pliny's letters; regional connections; Roman Italy
Appropriate in vivo follow-up assays to an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test positive investigational drug candidate (active pharmaceutical ingredient), drug-related metabolite, or drug-related impurity.

Abstract Kirkland et al. [Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 847 (2019) 403035, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.03.008 ; Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 839 (2019): 21–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrgentox.2019.01.007 ] made recommendations on the use of the in vivo comet and transgenic rodent (TGR) gene mutation assays to screen for in vivo mutagenicity. Although it is not directly stated in either of these publications, we are concerned that the reports could potentially be used to support assertions that it is equally acceptable to follow up a positive bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) finding for an investigational drug with either the in vivo TGR mutation assay or an in vivo comet assay. For regulatory genotoxicity assessment, the in vivo follow-up for an in vitro bacterial mutation-positive drug, drug-related metabolite, or impurity should be based upon evaluating a similar endpoint (i.e., mutagenicity) as the intent is to determine if the findings of in vitro gene mutation correlate with findings of in vivo gene mutation (i.e., biologically relevant to the in vitro results). Thus, the most scientifically appropriate in vivo assays would be the TGR mutation assay or, in some circumstances, the in vivo Pig-a assay. An in vivo rodent comet assay or combination of the in vivo micronucleus and in vivo rodent comet assays would generally not be an appropriate follow-up test.
Interaction between smoking history and gene expression levels impacts survival of breast cancer patients

In contrast to studies focused on cigarette smoking and risk of breast cancer occurrence, this study explored the influence of smoking on breast cancer recurrence and progression. The goal was to evaluate the interaction between smoking history and gene expression levels on recurrence and overall survival of breast cancer patients. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were fitted for 48 cigarette smokers, 50 non-smokers, and the total population separately to determine which gene expressions and gene expression/cigarette usage interaction terms were significant in predicting overall and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients. Using methods similar to Andres et al. (BMC Cancer 13:326, 2013a; Horm Cancer 4:208-221, 2013b), multivariable analyses revealed CENPN, CETN1, CYP1A1, IRF2, LECT2, and NCOA1 to be important predictors for both breast carcinoma recurrence and mortality among smokers. Additionally, COMT was important for recurrence, and NAT1 and RIPK1 were important for mortality. In contrast, only IRF2, CETN1, and CYP1A1 were significant for disease recurrence and mortality among non-smokers, with NAT2 additionally significant for survival. Analysis of interaction between smoking status and gene expression values using the combined samples revealed significant interactions between smoking status and CYP1A1, LECT2, and CETN1. Signatures consisting of 7-8 genes were highly predictive for breast cancer recurrence and overall survival among smokers, with median C-index values of 0.8 and 0.73 for overall survival and recurrence, respectively. In contrast, median C-index values for non-smokers was only 0.59. Hence, significant interactions between gene expression and smoking status can play a key role in predicting breast cancer patient outcomes.