cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do Mobile Phone Service Consumers in the US Have Media Preference as Their Source of Information on Competing Mobile Phone Service Plans

When communicating product-related information to consumers, companies must often choose among different media types. Understanding how consumers seek media as their source of information when maki...
Simplifications from Simulations: Monte Carlo Methods for Uncertainties

Monte Carlo simulation is a tool of choice for exploring the probabilistic interpretation of ISO Guide-compliant uncertainty budgets. It is particularly appealing to those uncomfortable with the cl...
Chapter 12 Economic approaches to population growth

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a discussion on economic approaches to population growth. This chapter reviews the principal analytical approaches of the past several decades to the study of the relationship between population growth and economic development. Migration and urbanization are treated only insofar as necessary for a coherent treatment of population growth itself. The chapter describes demographic change in developing countries over the past three decades. It also reviews the macroeconomic literature on the consequences of high population growth rates in developing countries, covering both partial and general equilibrium approaches. Economists have proferred two rationales for a public policy to influence private fertility behavior .The first is externalities—that the social costs of children may exceed their private costs. The second rationale is the proposition that the market for contraceptive information, and possibly for certain contraceptive services, is poor, especially in developing countries. This second rationale is important in justifying family planning programs, irrespective of any consensus on the economic consequences of population growth.
Decipher test’s impact on the postoperative management of prostate cancer.

146Background: The Decipher Prostate Cancer Test provides risk stratification for prostate cancer aggressiveness and predicts the probability of metastasis after surgery. We aim to determine the impact on clinical decision-making Decipher risk designation has had at our institution since its implementation. Methods: A prospectively maintained single institution database was analyzed for patients who underwent prostate biopsy and prostatectomy between 2006-2017. Patients with pathologic T3 cancer, Gleason ≥3+4, or positive surgical margins were considered for the study. In cohort 1, patients’ Decipher scores were available prior to postoperative decision-making, in cohort 2 patients’ scores were not available. Postoperative management was then compared between cohorts to determine if presence of Decipher score influenced the rate of adjuvant and salvage radiation administered. The EMR was queried for the words “adjuvant”, “RT”, “salvage”, “SRT”, to record rates of radiation given to each patient. Chi Squar...
The burden of neurothrombectomy call: a multicenter prospective study

Introduction Neurothrombectomy frequency is increasing, and a better understanding of the neurothrombectomy call burden is needed. Methods Neurointerventional physicians at nine participating stroke centers prospectively recorded time requirements for all neurothrombectomy (NT) consultations over 30 consecutive 24 hour call periods. Results Data were collected from a total of 270 days of call. 214 NT consultations were reported (mean 0.79 per day), including 130 'false positive' consultations that ultimately did not lead to thrombectomy (mean 0.48 per day). 84 NT procedures were performed at the nine centers (0.32 per day, or 1 every 3 days). Most (59.8%) consultations occurred between 5pm and 7am. 30% of thrombectomy procedures resulted in delays in scheduled cases; treating physicians had to emergently travel to the hospital for 51.2% of these cases. A median of 27 min was spent on each false positive consultation and 171 min on each thrombectomy. Overall, the median physician time spent on NT responsibilities per 24 hour call period was 69 min (mean 85 min; IQR 16-135 min). Conclusions NT consultations are frequent and often disrupt physician schedules, requiring physicians to commute in from home after hours in the majority of cases. As procedural and consultation volumes increase, it is crucial to understand the significant burden of call on neurointerventional physicians and develop strategies that reduce the potential for burnout. Importantly, this study was performed prior to the completion of the DAWN and DEFUSE3 trials; NT consultations are expected to continue to increase in the future.
Overview of sea anemones

To romantics they are Gosse’s ‘blossomed beauties’ and Roughley’s ‘flowers of the reef’, but despite their botanical common name, sea anemones are voracious animals — Dalyell’s ‘fell devourers of whatever they can overpower’. They belong to the Anthozoa, one of four extant classes (Figure 1.1) within the phylum Cnidaria (tentacle-bearing Radiata having intrinsic nema-tocysts [cnidae]: Hyman, 1940), the simplest animals among the Eumetazoa. All classes of Cnidaria are evolutionarily derived from a sessile polyp. The strictly marine Anthozoa (including ‘anemones’, and hard and soft corals) are distinguished from other Cnidaria by their lack of a medusoid stage, being exclusively polypoid in body form. Also, the anthozoan polyp’s coelen-teron (body cavity) is partially divided into chambers by radially arranged mesenteries (not septa) projecting inward from the column wall, and a laterally compressed, tubular actinopharynx extends into the centre of the coelen-teron (Figure 1.2). The Anthozoa are viewed by Werner (1973) as having diverged from the other classes and their tetramerous stem form quite early in the evolution of the Cnidaria. Alternatively, Grasshoff (1984) argues that the Anthozoa are the stem of the Cnidaria, the tetraradial construction of the other classes being a secondary simplification related to the production of medusae.
Influence of carbon monoxide poisoning on the fetal heart monitor tracing: a report of 3 cases.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of carbon monoxide poisoning in the third trimester of pregnancy requires an index of suspicion, and the appearance ofthe fetal heart monitor tracing may help in this regard. CASES: Three cases of third-trimester acute carbon monoxide poisoning occurred. In each pregnancy, the fetal heart monitor tracing on admission was correlated with the maternal carboxyhemoglobin level, and how the pattern changed following the institution of therapy was analyzed. CONCLUSION: In all 3 cases, the initial fetal heart rate pattern demonstrated decreased variability with an elevated baseline and an absence of accelerations and decelerations. Within 45-90 minutes of treatment onset, the baseline fetal heart rate dropped by 20-40 beats per minute, the variability became moderate, and accelerations occurred. Absent accelerations with minimal variability, if caused by uteroplacental insufficiency, are usually preceded by recurrent decelerations. Absent accelerations with minimal variability in the absence of recurrent decelerations may suggest another cause, of which carbon monoxide intoxication can be added to the differential, especially since this disorder often has nonspecific clinical symptoms.
Renal Osteodystrophy: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment

Renal osteodystrophy is a complex disorder expressing at the musculoskeletal level the metabolic abnormalities of renal disease (1). It is universally present in patients with chronic renal disease and continues to be one of the more difficult problems that confront the clinician charged with the responsibility of managing patients with chronic renal failure. A major difficulty in attempting to adopt a rational approach in these patients’ management has been the lack of a complete understanding of the pathogenesis of the deranged skeletal metabolism (2,3). Recently, development of morphometric analysis of bone biopsies, sensitive assays of vitamin D metabolites and parathormone (PTH), specific vitamin D metabolites for experimentation combined with formulation of testable hypotheses, have expanded our understanding of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis in renal osteodystrophy. New therapeutic trends, based on recent pathophysiologic information, can be perceived which have already changed the often dramatic clinical picture seen 10–15 years ago. Treatment of renal osteodystrophy undoubtedly will undergo much refinement within the next five years and its prevention appears as a reachable goal.
Defending Deference: A Response to Professors Epstein and Wells

In this article, Professor Pushaw responds to recent scholarship by Lee Epstein and Christina Wells. Epstein and Wells each wrote 2004 law review articles regarding judicial review in times of international crisis. Although they apply different methodologies, Professors Epstein and Wells agree on two key points. The first is that the Supreme Court tends to sacrifice constitutional rights and liberties during emergencies, particularly war. Epstein supports this conclusion through an empirical analysis of cases over the past sixty years. Wells offers a psychological explanation for this neglect of individual rights: Federal courts blindly defer to the President, even though he engages in “skewed risk assessment” by overestimating threats to national security (e.g., sabotage and espionage) and undervaluing liberty interests (e.g., due process and freedom of expression). The second shared proposition is that the executive should be held more accountable. Professor Epstein suggests that Congress is the only institution that realistically can perform this task. Professor Wells recognizes this potential legislative check, but doubts its efficacy because members of Congress are prone to the same warped risk assessment and political pressure as the executive branch. Hence, she recommends the additional safeguard of federal courts applying a “hard look” review that requires the President to account for his response to perceived security risks by setting forth a reasoned justification for his actions.Professor Pushaw concludes that Epstein’s and Well’s arguments are all perfectly reasonable. Pushaw finds Professor Epstein's arguments in particular to be persuasive. Her rigorous empirical study establishes that the Court usually under-protects constitutional rights and yields to the President during wartime. Moreover, Epstein's observation that Congress is best suited to check executive excesses comports with constitutional theory. In short, Pushaw has no major criticisms of her paper. Professor Pushaw finds Wells’ ideas as more susceptible to challenge, primarily because they are so novel. No one else has identified “skewed risk assessment” as the reason for both the President's often unduly draconian policies during wartime and the typical acquiescence of Congress and the judiciary to such actions. While Wells’ thesis is plausible, Pushaw suggests that another explanation is at least equally tenable: The Constitution creates political and institutional structures that lead to strong executive-branch initiative in military affairs and fairly circumscribed judicial review. Those same constitutional considerations, as well as precedent, cast doubt on the viability of Wells’ “hard look” proposal and suggest that the Court will -- and should -- continue its pattern of reviewing with deference wartime claims that the President has violated individual rights.
To fund or not to fund, that is the question: proposed experiments on the drug-AIDS hypothesis

Since Gallo’s press conference with HHS Secretary Margaret Heckler in 1984, the HIV-AIDS hypothesis that ‘HIV is the virus that causes AIDS’ has generally been accepted. Some people, notably Peter Duesberg, have pointed to serious difficulties about the scientific basis for this hypothesis, and have proposed another hypothesis, the drug hypothesis, that under certain conditions, involving the quantity and nature of drugs taken over certain periods of time, drug use may be a cause of certain diseases which have been listed by the CDC as AIDS related diseases. I take no position at this time concerning the validity of any of these hypotheses, but I am concerned here with the history of a proposal by Duesberg to perform some experiments to test the drug hypothesis. The bottom line is that the NIH Center for Drug Abuse refused the funding, and the matter was not reported in the scientific press, notably Science, at the time, thus raising two issues: one about the legitimacy of refusing such funding, and the other about the way the scientific community is not informed properly of some events which some scientists regard as important.The documentation I shall provide can also be used to evaluate the verdicts of sci?entific reviewers concerning the funding of a proposal that goes against accepted ideas.
Is Ia antigen expression by thymic epithelial cells constitutive

The thymus plays a special role as a principal site of T cell differentiation and maturation (Cantor and Weissman, 1976). The framework of the thymus is formed principally by thymic epithelial cells (TEC), with which thymocytes are in intimate contact (Rouse and Weissman, 1981). A distinctive feature of TEC is expression of la (class n major histocompatibility complex) antigens, antigens which are generally observed on other epithelia only after stimulation (Barclay and Mason, 1982; Scheynius and Tjerlung, 1984; Cerf-Bensussan et al, 1984). In a few situations this apparently distinctive feature of TEC is not observed. These exceptions may shed light upon the role of TEC la antigen expression in thymocyte differentiation.
Efficacy of Manual Ventilation Techniques During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Dogs

The efficacy of ventilation of dogs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with a tight fitting face mask or mouth-to-nose rescue breathing has not been evaluated. Twenty-four purpose bred research dogs: Dogs were randomized to be ventilated by cuffed orotracheal tube, tight fitting face mask, mouth-to-nose breathing or compressions only during CPR (n = 6 in all groups). Orotracheal tube and face mask ventilation was performed on room air. Chest compressions were performed during the experimental procedure. Arterial blood gases were performed prior to euthanasia (baseline), at 3 min and at 6 min of CPR. PaO2 and PaCO2 were compared for each time point and each group. There was no difference in PaO2 or PaCO2 between groups at baseline. At 6 min all groups had a significantly higher PaCO2 (P ≤ 0.005) and the facemask and compression only groups had a significantly lower PaO2 (P < 0.02) when compared to the orotracheal tube group. There was no difference between the PaO2 of the mouth-to-nose group compared to the orotracheal tube group at 3 or 6 min. Gastric distension, regurgitation, gas leakage around the mouth, and ineffective breaths were all noted in both the face mask and mouth-to-nose group. The results of this study supports that orotracheal intubation is the preferred technique for ventilation during CPR in dogs. When orotracheal intubation is not possible, face mask ventilation or mouth-to-nose ventilation would be reasonable alternatives. When oxygen supplementation is available, face mask ventilation is likely to be superior. Appropriate training for both face mask and mouth-to-nose ventilation techniques is recommended.
Is There Value in Radiology Reads for Pediatric Supracondylar Fractures in the Outpatient Clinic

BACKGROUND Increased health care costs have driven assessment of value of common practices. The Joint Commission mandates the dual interpretation of musculoskeletal radiographs by radiologists and orthopedic surgeons in hospital-based clinic settings. However, the value of this practice has come under question. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether radiologist interpretations change orthopedists' management during follow-up of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. METHODS A retrospective review was performed of pediatric elbow fractures at a single institution from January 2012 to December 2015. Patients with supracondylar humerus fractures and at least one clinic follow-up were included. For each radiograph, the orthopedic surgeon and radiologist interpretations were reviewed and a determination was made as to whether the radiologist interpretation affected management of the patient. In films with disagreement of displacement, Baumann angle and posterior displacement based on Gartland classification with Wilkins and Leitch modifications were measured. Timing of final radiologist and orthopedic interpretations were also assessed. Finally, billing charges of radiologist interpretations were assessed. RESULTS There were 441 pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture patients included in this study. All 441 patients had at least 1 clinic follow-up, 397 patients had at least 2 clinic follow-ups, and 123 patients had at least 3 clinic follow-ups, with a total of 716 elbow radiographs obtained. There were 17 cases (2.4%) where orthopedics and radiologist final interpretations disagreed regarding fracture displacement. In no cases did radiologist interpretations change orthopedic management. Radiographs that orthopedics interpreted as displaced were more likely to be posteriorly displaced (80.0% vs. 0.0%; P=0.002). However there was no difference in Baumann angle (P=0.125). Of the 716 films included, 28 radiologist interpretations were performed the day after the clinic visit (4%). Excluding these cases, there was an average of 57±3 minutes between radiograph acquisition and final interpretation. There were 352 cases where final orthopedic note filing time was documented, and 32% of these notes were finalized prior to the final radiologist interpretations. The total charges of radiologist interpretations was $18,772. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that dual-interpretation of radiographs obtained in the follow-up clinic setting does not add value in management of pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV-case series.
Is Additive Utility Function Always a Sufficient Method in the Project Prioritization Process? Bridge Management Perspective:

The prioritization of maintenance activities in bridges has great importance in bridge asset management systems as they are mentioned in MAP-21. One of the most commonly used prioritization methodo...
Spontaneous emission mediated by energy transfer to a plasmonic antenna

We develop a theory of cooperative emission mediated by cooperative energy transfer (CET) from an ensemble of quantum emitters (QE) to plasmonic antenna at a rate equal to the sum of individual QE-plasmon energy transfer rates. If the antenna radiation efficiency is sufficiently high, the transferred energy is radiated away at approximately the same cooperative rate that scales with the ensemble size. We derive explicit expressions, in terms of local fields, for cooperative Purcell factor and enhancement factor for power spectrum valid for plasmonic structures of any shape with characteristic size smaller than the radiation wavelength. The radiated power spectrum retains the plasmon resonance lineshape with overall amplitude scaling with the ensemble size. If QEs are located in a region with nearly constant plasmon local density of states (LDOS), e.g., inside a plasmonic nanocavity, we demonstrate that the CET rate scales linearly with the number of excited QEs, consistent with the experiment, and can be tuned in a wide range by varying the excitation power. For QEs distributed in an extended region saturating the plasmon mode volume, we show that the cooperative Purcell factor has universal form independent of the system size. The CET mechanism incorporates the plasmon LDOS enhancement as well, giving rise to possibilities of controlling the emission rate beyond field enhancement limits.
Cytologic identification of fungal arthritis in a Labrador Retriever with disseminated Talaromyces helicus infection

An 8-year-old, neutered male Labrador Retriever presented with acute forelimb lameness. Clinical signs progressed over one week. On physical examination, right cubital joint effusion and bilateral axillary lymphadenomegaly were noted, and severe internal lymphadenomegaly was observed ultrasonographically. Granulomatous lymphadenitis with intralesional fungi was noted cytologically, and the dog was ultimately diagnosed with disseminated Talaromyces helicus infection via PCR of a pure isolate. Extensive medical therapy was pursued, and months later, an arthrocentesis was performed due to continued lameness and severe cubital joint effusion. The synovial fluid contained increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. Frequent fungal hyphae were found both intracellularly and extracellularly. These basophilic organisms were 2-4 µm in width with internal eosinophilic granules, roughly parallel walls, and occasional to frequent septa. Round to oval yeast-like forms with thin, clear halos were also occasionally identified. Due to the severity of clinical signs, the right thoracic limb was amputated. Histologic examination of the cubital joint revealed marked granulomatous synovitis, fasciitis, panniculitis, and osteomyelitis, all with intralesional fungi. Talaromyces helicus is a very rare cause of disease, reported only in one other dog. Granulomatous lymphadenitis appears to be a feature of this disease, but this report is the first to describe a significant synovial component.
The Influence Machine: A Commentary on Hähnel and Martensen (2019)

This commentary discusses and contextualizes Hahnel and Martensen's analysis of Edison's recordings and correspondence, situating their study within some of the work done on the diffusion of innovations, and some other work on the history of recording. Their findings–that the mechanical limitations of recording possibly contributed to Edison's distaste for vocal vibrato–is mirrored in much of the work on early instrumental recordings, but whereas the effect for instrumental recordings was an increased vibrato, the solution for vocal recordings was the opposite.
Forensic archaeology and anthropology sensitization in post-conflict Uganda.

The renowned work of Clyde Snow and the development of the Equipo Argentino de Anthropologia Forense (EAAF) team has inspired the use of forensic anthropological and archaeological skills in human rights interventions around the world. Whether for medico-legal intervention and acquisition of evidence or humanitarian repatriation and identification of human remains, forensic expertise has garnered attention in the global arena. Arguably fulfilling evidentiary and psychosocial needs, there has been growing interest in this post-conflict redress. However, as part of the critique of these interventions, scholars and practitioners have pointed out - primarily in medico-legal investigations - a lack of sensitization of local communities regarding forensic work, increasing the potential for re-traumatization, unrealistic expectations, or an unintentional increase in political tensions. Research regarding forensic intervention and human remains have permeated social sciences, peace and conflict studies, and science and technology studies, revealing both intentional and unintentional impacts of forensic sciences after mass violence. In an effort to mitigate negative impacts of medico-legal or humanitarian interventions, the research described here sought to sensitize communities in Uganda about forensic methods. Findings from this study suggest that sensitization is necessary and desired, and that a multi-step approach can assist in managing expectations.
Training Globally Minded Pediatricians to Improve Child Health

* Abbreviation: GH — : global health Incredible advances in international travel and information technology have resulted in the shrinking of our planet. Correspondingly, the health of children in all countries is increasingly influenced by how the world deals with infectious diseases, environmental threats, armed conflict, forced migration, and poverty. Sustainable solutions to child health problems in the United States are interlinked with efforts to strengthen health care and social stability in other countries. As pediatricians, we should seek to understand the global patterns of diseases, find solutions to the inequities between and within national health systems, and practice cultural humility. In response to these changes, most US residency programs offer international field experiences, and the number offering global health (GH) tracks continues to grow.1 Several studies describe a significant surge in GH training over the last 3 decades with surveys of pediatric residency program directors and recently graduated pediatric residents. In this month’s issue of Pediatrics , Chan et al2 shift the GH spotlight beyond the training period and report … Address correspondence to Suzinne Pak-Gorstein, MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, 6016 First Ave NW, Seattle, WA 98107. E-mail: spakgor{at}uw.edu
Pediatric Gender Identity: Consultation on Matters of Identity, Transgender Concerns, and Disorders/Differences of Sex Development

Gender identity refers to a person’s concept related to their sense of themselves as a boy, girl, or other nonbinary identities. There is a paradigm shift occurring in today’s society in which an increasing number of youth are identifying as transgender, gender nonconforming, or intersex. Psychologists consulting in medical clinics or inpatient settings are likely to encounter youth who experience gender identity in a variety of ways. Youth who are gender nonconforming are at higher biomedical and psychosocial risk; these risks can be exacerbated by negative experiences in the health-care setting. This chapter provides an overview of foundational knowledge needed to understand gender identity (distinct from related concepts) and gender dysphoria. Two populations in which gender identity plays a primary role are highlighted, namely, transgender/gender nonconforming youth and people affected by a disorder/difference of sex development. For both of these populations, current research on psychosocial functioning is reviewed. The role of the psychologist in working with these populations is described, with particular emphasis on potential treatment targets and possible intervention strategies within the consultation setting.
Establishing correct kinetochore-microtubule attachments in mitosis and meiosis

Faithful chromosome segregation in mitosis and meiosis requires that chromosomes properly attach to spindle microtubules. Initial kinetochore-microtubule attachments are often incorrect and rely on error correction mechanisms to release improper attachments, allowing the formation of new attachments. Aurora B kinase and, in mammalian germ cells, Aurora C kinase function as the enzymatic component of the Chromosomal Passenger Complex (CPC), which localizes to the inner centromere/kinetochore and phosphorylates kinetochore proteins for microtubule release during error correction. In this review, we discuss recent findings of the molecular pathways that regulate the chromosomal localization of Aurora B and C kinases in human cell lines, mice, fission yeast, and budding yeast. We also discuss differences in the importance of localization pathways between mitosis and meiosis.
Patterns of Behavior and Medical Comorbidities in Down syndrome

Children and young adults with Down syndrome can demonstrate increased behavior problems compared to their typically developing peers through childhood and adolescence. This study aims to: (1) iden...
Safety of Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Abstract Introduction Patients with obesity and established coronary artery disease (CAD) may benefit from surgical weight loss; however, its safety is unknown in this population. Objective To assess the association between CAD and the incidence of 30-day postoperative mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. Settings Multicenter cohort study. Methods We used the 2017 MBSAQIP database to study patients undergoing bariatric surgery from accredited centers in the United States and Canada between Jan 1, 2017 and Dec 31, 2017. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine whether established CAD, was independently associated with 30-day mortality and MACE, a composite endpoint that included myocardial infarction and/or cardiac arrest. Results We reviewed data from 167,819 patients from 832 centers. There were 4,172 patients with diagnosed CAD, and 163,647 without it. At 30 days follow up, the end points of mortality, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, and MACE occurred in 172 (0.10%), 82 (0.05%), and 57 (0.03%), and 135 (0.08%) patients, respectively. The end points occurred more significantly in patients with CAD compared to patients without CAD; 22 (0.53%) vs. 150 (0.09%) for mortality, 13 (0.31%) vs. 69 (0.04%) for cardiac arrest, 17 (0.41%) vs. 40 (0.02%) for myocardial infarction, and 28 (0.67%) vs. 107 (0.07%) for MACE (p Conclusion Postoperative mortality and MACE following bariatric surgery are higher in patients with CAD compared to those without; however, the absolute incidence is low (
“Hard-won joy”: Equity through collaboration

Schools, community organizations, and major cultural entities can address educational inequities by engaging parents and children in arts processes, projects, and performances. Three cases featurin...
Habitat characterization and species distribution model of the only large-lake population of the endangered Silver Chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland 1844).

The endangered Silver Chub (Macrhybopsis storeriana, Kirtland 1844) is native to North America and primarily riverine, with the only known large-lake population in Lake Erie. Once a major component of the Lake Erie fish community, it declined and became nearly extirpated in the mid-1900s. Recent collections in western Lake Erie suggest that Silver Chub may be able to recover, but their habitat and distribution are poorly known. A recent work showed an extensive area of western Lake Erie with the potential to support large numbers of Silver Chub, but was based on a geographically limited dataset. We developed a neural network-based species distribution model for the Silver Chub in western Lake Erie, improved by new synoptic data and using habitat variables resistant to anthropogenic activities. The Potential model predictions were compared with a model that included anthropogenic-sensitive variables. The Potential model used 10 habitat variables and performed well, explaining > 99% of data variation and had generally low error rates. Predictions indicated that a large area of the waters approximately 2-9 m deep contained Appropriate habitat and the highest abundances should be supported by habitat in a wide arc through the western end of the basin. The model indicated that Appropriate Silver Chub habitat was associated with relatively deep water, near coastal wetlands, where effective fetch is less than average. Disturbance model predictions were similar, but predicted poorer Silver Chub habitat in more areas than that predicted by the Potential model. Our Potential model reveals Appropriate habitat conditions for Silver Chub and its spatial distribution, indicating that extensive areas of western Lake Erie could support Silver Chub. Comparisons with Disturbance model predictions demonstrate that Potential model predictions may be used in conjunction with analyses of degrading conditions in the system to better conserve and manage for this endangered species.
Discourses of professional identities and linguistic capital formation of international STEM faculty

Abstract This article investigates the discourses of professional identities and linguistic capital formation communicated by international scholars in the STEM disciplines in the US university context. In so doing, the study examines interviews of 17 such individuals and identifies two key discursive processes: the formation of a marketable self and the enactment of the legitimacy of World Englishes. The first discursive process is used by the professionals to position themselves as novice scholars needing to build necessary linguistic capital for employment and communication in the instructional setting. The second version of their discursive positioning, which was formed later in their career, demonstrates a competent self that legitimizes their existing linguistic capital and the ownership of non-Inner Circle Englishes for academic communication. As the participants position their identities vis-a-vis their profession, they claim transformation of the self in defining their linguistic capital and competence across time and space. The findings overall show that the (re-)formation and conversion of international STEM scholars’ linguistic capital are variously shaped by relations of power influenced by the linguistic market and their respective disciplinary communities.
How the Coronavirus Inspired Teaching the Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Many public health courses include content on behavior change theories, including the Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DoI). In DoI, innovations are adopted based on 5 characteristics: the innovation's relative advantage of what came before, its compatibility with a person or group's culture, the complexity of the innovation, whether the innovation can be tried before fully adopted, and whether or not the effects of adopting this innovation can be observed in others. This paper describes the application of the public health response to COVID-19 in the US as a dynamic example with which to teach DoI theory in the context of an undergraduate program planning and evaluation class. Because students were forced into an online environment when essential businesses closed in an effort to ‘flatten’ the coronavirus curve, we describe the unique way the outbreak could be used in an organic online discussion in which students could use their own current experiences to extrapolate to the DoI constructs. While not done as a formal "lesson plan", we describe the students' engagement, provide commentary of their application of DoI to the COVID-19 response, and suggest how more formal exercises could be incorporated into undergraduate public health curriculum.
A Microcosm Study of Lindane and Naphthalene for Model Validation

Lindane and naphthalene were used in a series of flow-through microcosms to validate predictions of two environmental fate models--the exposure analysis modeling system (EXAMS) and simplified lake and stream analysis (SLSA). The microcosms' physical transport characteristics were carefully measured and used as input parameters to the models, along with laboratory data on lindane and naphthalene rate constants and coefficients. The results show that both models accurately predict the chemicals' concentrations in the water compartment. Observed concentrations in the sediments were two to three orders of magnitude lower than the models' predictions, even though the overall mass balance accounted for about 90% of the chemicals' input. Lack of agreement between observed and predicted sediment concentrations may be attributed to the variability of the sediment partition coefficient values, the slow rate of sediment loading, vertical stratification of the chemicals in the sediment, and microbial degradation of the chemicals in the sediment.
Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer by Natural Transformation in Native and Introduced Species of Bacteria in Marine and Synthetic Sediments

Both naturally occurring marine sediments and artificial sediments were used as supports for natural transformation of marine bacteria. While transformation of Pseudomonas stutzeri ZoBell suspended in artificial seawater was not detected when recipient cells and rifampin resistance DNA were loaded onto sterile sediment columns, transformation could be detected at frequencies 4 to 20 times that of spontaneous resistance when recipient cells and rifampin resistance DNA were loaded onto sterile sediment columns. Treatment of these columns with DNase I reduced transformation frequencies to levels comparable to those of spontaneous-resistance frequencies. Sediments with higher organic contents supported higher frequencies of transformation than did those with lower amounts of organic matter. Transformation was also detected when recipient cells and DNA were loaded on columns prepared from nonsterile sediments, although the frequencies of transformation were lower than when sterile sediments were used. Finally, nonsterilized sediments that were not supplemented with laboratory strains did not support detectable levels of transformation in sediment columns, but when these same sediments were transferred to filters and placed on complex media, transformation was detected at a frequency three times that for spontaneous resistance. This transformation frequency was partially reduced to levels near that for spontaneous resistance by the addition of DNase I to sediment filters. These results indicate that marine sediments facilitate the uptake and expression of exogenous DNA by transformable marine bacteria and that sediments are a more likely niche for natural transformation than the water column in the marine environment.
Purification and properties of rabbit erythrocyte phosphofructokinase.

Abstract A simple procedure for purification of phosphofructokinase from rabbit erythrocytes was developed. The purified enzyme yields a single band on acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A schlieren pattern obtained from ultracentrifugation of the enzyme shows an asymmetrical peak and the major component has a sedimentation coefficient of 80 S. The results of sucrose density gradient centrifugation of fresh hemolysate show that the erythrocyte phosphofructokinase has a molecular weight of about 500,000. The molecular weight of dissociated enzyme in guanidine was determined to be approximately 53,000. Amino acid composition and a tryptic peptide map of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase are considerably different from those of skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase. Immunological reactivity of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase with antibody against muscle enzyme is less than that of muscle phosphofructokinase. Kinetic studies reveal that erythrocyte phosphofructokinase is inhibited by 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and that this inhibition is released by inorganic phosphate but not by AMP or ADP. Possible physiological significance of these observations is discussed.
Inhibition of Allergen-Induced Airway Remodeling in Smad 3-Deficient Mice

Intracellular signaling pathways that converge on Smad 3 are used by both TGF-beta and activin A, key cytokines implicated in the process of fibrogenesis. To determine the role of Smad 3 in allergen-induced airway remodeling, Smad 3-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice were sensitized to OVA and challenged by repetitive administration of OVA for 1 mo. Increased levels of activin A and increased numbers of peribronchial TGF-beta1(+) cells were detected in WT and Smad 3-deficient mice following repetitive OVA challenge. Smad 3-deficient mice challenged with OVA had significantly less peribronchial fibrosis (total lung collagen content and trichrome staining), reduced thickness of the peribronchial smooth muscle layer, and reduced epithelial mucus production compared with WT mice. As TGF-beta and Smad 3 signaling are hypothesized to mediate differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in vivo, we determined the number of peribronchial myofibroblasts (Col-1(+) and alpha-smooth muscle actin(+)) as assessed by double-label immunofluorescence microscopy. Although the number of peribronchial myofibroblasts increased significantly in WT mice following OVA challenge, there was a significant reduction in the number of peribronchial myofibroblasts in OVA-challenged Smad 3-deficient mice. There was no difference in levels of eosinophilic airway inflammation or airway responsiveness in Smad 3-deficient compared with WT mice. These results suggest that Smad 3 signaling is required for allergen-induced airway remodeling, as well as allergen-induced accumulation of myofibroblasts in the airway. However, Smad 3 signaling does not contribute significantly to airway responsiveness.
Pericardial leaflet extension for aortic valve repair: Techniques and late results.

A modified technique to repair aortic valve is described. The technique consists of tailored extension of the old valve leaflets with gluteraldehyde treated autologous pericardium. The technique has excellent intermediate results and is an alternative to valve replacement in pediatric patients.
Assessment and Planning for Psychosocial and Vocational Rehabilitation

The rehabilitation of persons with severe and persistent mental disorders that falls under the rubric of psychosocial rehabilitation has historically involved the worlds of mental health, vocational rehabilitation, and community programs. Although these entities had distinct functions in the past, it has become apparent that their efficacy hinges on a collaborative process based upon a biopsychosocial model.
The origins of two-state spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations of neostriatal spiny neurons

In vivo intracellular recordings of spontaneous activity of neostriatal spiny cells revealed two-state behavior, i.e., characteristic shifts of membrane potential between two preferred levels. The more polarized level, called the Down state, varied among neurons from -61 to -94 mV. The more depolarized level, called the Up state, varied among neurons form -71 to -40 mV. For any one neuron, the membrane potential in the Up and Down states was constant over the period of observation (from 15 min to 4 hr), and the cells spent little time in transition between states. The level of membrane potential noise was higher in the Up state than in the Down state. Spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations were not abolished by experimental alteration of the membrane potential, but the time spent in each state was altered when intracellular current was used to vary the baseline membrane potential. Neither the sodium nor the calcium action potential that could be evoked by depolarization of spiny neurons was required for the occurrence of spontaneous shifts of membrane potential. Blockade of these action potentials using intracellular injection of QX314 and D890, respectively, altered neither the incidence of the membrane potential shifts nor the preferred membrane potential in either state. In contrast, antagonism of voltage-dependent potassium channels with intracellular cesium altered membrane potential shifts. In the presence of QX314 and D890, intracellular injection of cesium caused little or no change in the Down state and a large depolarizing shift in the Up state (to about -20 mV). Under these circumstances, the neuron responded to current in a nearly linear manner, and membrane conductance was found to be increased in the Up state, attributable to a membrane conductance with the same reversal potential as that of the synaptic potential evoked by cortical stimulation. These results indicate that the event underlying the Up state is a maintained barrage of synaptic excitation, but that the membrane potential achieved during the Up state in neostriatal spiny neurons is determined by dendritic potassium channels that clamp the membrane potential at a level determined by their voltage sensitivity. Neostriatal spiny neurons ordinarily receive enormously powerful excitation, which would drive the cells to saturation, and probably destroy them, if it were not for these potassium currents.
Perspective on Adeno-Associated Virus Capsid Modification for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Gene Therapy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a X-linked, progressive childhood myopathy caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, one of the largest genes in the genome. It is characterized by skeletal and cardiac muscle degeneration and dysfunction leading to cardiac and/or respiratory failure. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a highly promising gene therapy vector. AAV gene therapy has resulted in unprecedented clinical success for treating several inherited diseases. However, AAV gene therapy for DMD remains a significant challenge. Hurdles for AAV-mediated DMD gene therapy include the difficulty to package the full-length dystrophin coding sequence in an AAV vector, the necessity for whole-body gene delivery, the immune response to dystrophin and AAV capsid, and the species-specific barriers to translate from animal models to human patients. Capsid engineering aims at improving viral vector properties by rational design and/or forced evolution. In this review, we discuss how to use the state-of-the-art AAV capsid engineering technologies to overcome hurdles in AAV-based DMD gene therapy.
Characterization of particle concentration in indentation-deformed metal-ceramic composites

Previous studies have shown that the indentation technique is prone to overestimate the overall strength of heterogeneous materials containing hard particles in a ductile matrix. The localized increase in particle concentration under the indentation has been proposed as a possible cause. In this study, a direct characterization is undertaken using an aluminum/silicon carbide metal matrix composite. Quantitative metallography on the post-indented material is carried out to measure the particle volume fraction. A distinct increase in particle concentration induced by the indentation is found. The spatial distribution of particle concentration is also examined in detail. The residual compressive stress field remained in the material after unloading, as illustrated by the finite element analysis, is shown to correlate with the experimental measurement of the particle concentration.
Quantum theory of multiwave mixing. VII. Connection to quantum Langevin theory.

We transform our quantum theory of multiwave mixing, which is based on a reduced density operator, to the corresponding nondegenerate quantum-noise Langevin equations. We derive the diffusion coefficients from the drift coefficients using the generalized Einstein relation and illustrate the resulting quantum Langevin theory of multiwave mixing by specializing to the Reid and Walls degenerate theory of squeezed states of light.
Residential water heater damage and fires following the Loma Prieta and Big Bear Lake Earthquakes

Abstract To obtain data on the extent of earthquake damage to residential water heaters, and the effectiveness of prevailing water heater restraint methods, we surveyed 299 randomly‐selected people who lived in the City of Santa Cruz, California, at the time of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. We also reviewed the rate of water‐heater linked fires in the Big Bear Lake area following the 1992 Big Bear Earthquake. In Santa Cruz, 13% of the respondents' water heaters suffered damage from the earthquake, most commonly water leaks costing under $50 to repair. Two percent of the water heaters suffered gas leaks. No water heater related fires were reported in our sample or in the City of Santa Cruz following the earthquake. Repair costs for solar water heater systems averaged over $600 per damaged system. The sample revealed no quantifiable reduction in earthquake damage associated with reported prior water heater strapping with plumbers tape. In the Big Bear Lake area, 11 out of 13 structural fires were attribu...
Optimizing thermal and radiation effects for bacterial inactivation

The temperatures required for dry-heat spacecraft sterilization have been known to degrade heat-sensitive components. Thermoradiation, the simultaneous application of dry heat and gamma radiation, can provide the same degree of microbial inactivation as dry heat alone while substantially reducing component degradation. This is made possible by the synergistic effects produced when relatively low levels of these agents (e.g., 90 to 350 krads and 60° to 105°C) are applied simultaneously, thus permitting the use of lower temperatures and a reduced duration of heat exposure. The effects of temperature, radiation dose rate, and relative humidity on microbial inactivation during thermoradiation exposure have been established.