cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
IR spectroscopic studies on substituted pyridine N-oxide complexes of tin(IV) chloride in acetonitrile

Abstract Complexes of eleven substituted pyridine N-oxide donors with stannic chloride in acetonitrile solution were investigated ultizing IR spectroscopy. Two distinct types of behaviour were noted: (1) Pyridine N-oxide donors containing electron releasing substituents generally form strong complexes with SnCl 4 and exhibit maxima in continuous variation plots at a 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. Little or no free ligand is detected in these solutions until this ratio is exceeded. Ligands exhibiting this behaviour include the 2-methyl-, 3-methyl-, 4-methyl-, 4-methoxy- and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxides. (2) Pyridine N-oxide donors containing electron neutral to electron with-drawing substituents generally form weaker complexes with SnCl 4 aM exhibit maxima in continuous variation plots at a 1:1 ligand-to-metal ratio. Free ligand is evident in these solutions even at ligand-to-metal ratios as low as 1:3. Formation plots for these complexes indicate the possibility that 1: 2 and 1:1 ligand to metal complexes exist in the concentration ranges studied. Ligands exhibiting this behaviour include the 4-chloro-, 4-nitro-, 3 and 4-acetyl-pyridine N-oxides and 2-pyridine methanol N-oxide. The complex of 2,6-1utidine N-oxide with SnCl 4 exhibits behaviour characteristic of the 1:1 complexes even though the substituents are electron releasing. This ligand contains the most sterically crowded N-O group in the series, however, and steric factors are invoked to explain this behavior. These results are rationalized in terms of an equilibrium model which includes the postulated existence of oxygen bridged dimers comprising a dominant species in solutions containing the 1:1 complexes. Some supporting 1 H NMR and polarographic data are also presented and discussed.
Socialization as sensemaking: a semiotic analysis of international graduate students' narratives in the USA

Drawing on the data from interviews with 32 international students, this qualitative study applies Weick's framework of organizational sensemaking to the analysis of international graduate students' socialization in the academic and student communities in a large US university. Methodologically, the analysis relies on a semiotic chain technique to uncover direct and connotative meanings of academic departments and student communities in the respondents' home and host universities, which in the interviews are presented as oppositions between ‘we’ and ‘they’. Examining the ‘we’ versus ‘they’ dichotomies as conflicts between the students' old and new mental scripts, the author finds that international students are more accepting of the academic ethos of their host departments than of the American peer culture. International students' attitude toward diversity is especially ambivalent, because diversity may clash with their home-grown scripts about hierarchies of nationalities, ethnicities, religions and norm...
Stability Analysis of the Planetary System Orbiting υ Andromedae. II. Simulations Using New Lick Observatory Fits

We present results of long-term numerical orbital integrations designed to test the stability of the three-planet system orbiting υ Andromedae and short-term integrations to test whether mutual perturbations among the planets can be used to determine planetary masses. Our initial conditions are based on recent fits to the radial velocity data obtained by the planet search group at Lick Observatory. The new fits result in significantly more stable systems than did the initially announced planetary parameters. Our integrations using the 2000 February parameters show that if the system is nearly planar, then it is stable for at least 100 Myr for mf ≡ 1/sin i ≤ 4. In some stable systems, the eccentricity of the inner planet experiences large oscillations. The relative periastra of the outer two planets' orbits librate about 0° in most of the stable systems; if future observations imply that the periastron longitudes of these planets are very closely aligned at the present epoch, dynamical simulations may provide precise estimates for the masses and orbital inclinations of these two planets.
Clincal Measurement of the Oxides of Nitrogen: Comparison of Four Electrochemical and Chemiluminescence Analyzers. † 1614

Clincal Measurement of the Oxides of Nitrogen: Comparison of Four Electrochemical and Chemiluminescence Analyzers. † 1614
Level of DNA double-Strand break rejoining in chinese hamster xrs-5 cells is dose-dependent: Implications for the mechanism of radiosensitivity

Rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks (dsb) was measured in a dsb repair-deficient mutant of CHO cells, xrs-5, after exposure to various doses of X-rays in the range between 15 and 50 Gy. For the experiments plateau-phase cultures were employed and dsb assayed by a pulsed field gel electrophoresis assay, the asymmetric field inversion gel electrophoresis (AFIGE). The half-times of dsb rejoining were larger in xrs-5 than in parental CHO cells and increased in both cell lines with increasing dose of radiation. The fraction of dsb remaining unrejoined after 240 min incubation at 37 degrees C was also higher in xrs-5 than in CHO cells, but decreased with decreasing dose of radiation. Although a decrease in the fraction of unrepaired dsb with decreasing dose has also been reported for repair-proficient cell lines, the extent of the phenomenon and its dependence on dose are entirely different in xrs-5 cells. We propose that this decrease in the fraction of unrejoined dsb with decreasing dose of radiation derives from the genetic alterations underlying the increased sensitivity to radiation of xrs-5 cells, and should be considered whenever results at the DNA level are correlated to results at the cell level. It is likely that similar responses will also be observed in other radiation-sensitive mutant cell lines deficient in dsb repair. There was no difference in the induction of dsb per Gy and dalton, as measured with AFIGE, between CHO and xrs-5 cells tested either in the exponential or in the plateau phase of growth.
Theorem on Local Action of Lepton Currents

A theorem is derived concerning the effects and validity of local action of lepton currents in leptonic decays and in elastic and inelastic scattering of neutrinos. The theorem takes into account the lepton mass. The theorem is also applied to the reactions omega + p(n) -- n(p) + l. (T.F.H.)
Mutation and Analysis of Dan, the Founding Member of the Dan Family of Transforming Growth Factor β Antagonists

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first isolated biochemically as activities that could induce ectopic bone formation in rat soft tissues. When the active proteins were purified and sequenced and the genes encoding them were cloned, they were found to be homologous to the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp), a member of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily of secreted signals (25, 36, 39). dpp and the two other Drosophila BMP family members, screw and glass-bottomed boat/60A, play roles in a wide variety of developmental processes, including the establishment of initial dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila ectoderm and development of various imaginal disc-derived structures (8). This family of proteins has undergone dramatic evolutionary expansion: vertebrate genomes contain 20 or more BMPs (23). Loss-of-function mutants in the vertebrate BMPs display a tremendous variety of defects, and BMP overexpression can cause a wide variety of developmental defects (11). Vertebrate genomes also encode many proteins that block signaling by TGF-β family members; these are generally called TGF-β or BMP antagonists. The largest group of these antagonists is the DAN family of proteins (13, 26, 35). There are at least seven DAN family members in the mouse, including DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) itself, mCer1, gremlin, PRDC, and several genes that have only been identified as expressed sequence tags (3, 13, 22). This family is marked by a shared cysteine-rich domain and by a resemblance to the mucins, a family of secreted factors found in mucus (13, 26). It is unclear whether the similarity to mucin is functionally meaningful. DAN family members are believed to act by binding BMPs within the extracellular space (13, 27). Dan was originally cloned as a transcript downregulated in src-transformed rat fibroblasts (24). DAN has been shown to be able to bind BMP-2 in vitro; however, interaction between DAN and any specific TGF-β under physiological conditions remains to be demonstrated (13). Although DAN can bind BMP-2 at high concentrations, the early phenotype of DAN overexpression in the frog embryo is distinct from those of other BMP antagonists, and hence argues against the BMP-2/4 and BMP-7 classes of BMPs as physiological ligands for DAN (13, 32). In order to understand better the in vivo roles of DAN, we designed bioassays for BMP blockade within the Xenopus embryo, examined Dan expression in the mouse, and generated mice that lacked DAN function. In this way, we have shown that DAN may bind GDF-5 in vivo, that Dan mRNA is localized in many developing axon tracts, and that Dan mutant mice have only subtle defects.
Maximum power tracking and pulse-width-modulated shunt for satellite power systems

The feasibility is evaluated of using the continuous maximum power operation to lower the operating temperature and to achieve the highest efficiency for solar cells deployed in space, which are subject to thermally induced efficiency degradations and partial failure of cells due to microextraterrestrial objects’ impinging or mechanical stress during deployment. The solar array is constantly operated at its maximum power point through a maximum power point tracker, delivering power to the load, the battery, and the shunt that is controlled by a pulse-width modulator to facilitate the tracker with variable impedance, so that the conditions for a maximum power transfer can always be satisfied regardless of the variation in the array internal resistance. It is shown that the proposed design can achieve the best efficiency and the lowest operating temperature compared to conventional regulation methods. The design also results in minimized bus voltage ripples and increased voltage regulation capabilities. Nomenclature A = solar array front surface area, m 2 An = normalized solar array area c p = solar array specific heat, J/kg · K D = percentage of sunshine time in one orbit HST = satellite altitude, m m = structured solar array mass, kg ma = solar array specific mass, kg/m 2 mn = normalized specific mass, kg/m 2
Novel Differential Surface Stress Sensor for Detection of DNA Hybridization

A fiber optic coupled interferometric system designed to measure differential surface stress induced by DNA hybridization of (dA)30 single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with complementary (dT)30 ssDNA in aqueous environment. The sensing system is amenable to miniaturize into a single MEMS-chip and performed direct detection of nanomechanical response of conformational change and the corresponding charge transduction during molecular adsorption. The static deflection of functionalized sensing cantilever respect to reference cantilever which passivated from additional target molecules converts into a surface stress change for quantitative analysis. The measured surface stress changes were turned to be 40 to 110 mN/m for the concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 μM of target molecules associated with the dissociation constant (Kd) of 168 nM. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and noncomplementary experiments were also considered for the validity and reliability of the system.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Cross-disciplinary collaboration in entrepreneurship: Engineering and business students really can work together

This paper outlines collaboration between students and faculty in Engineering and Business with a focus on entrepreneurship. The project began in the spring, 2010 semester with an attempt to team undergraduate engineering students working on a year-long project with MBA students required to write a business plan. In 2011 the business course was changed to an undergraduate level course in business planning. Ideally the two courses would be scheduled at the same time, allowing time for in-class collaboration. The success of this model resulted in one of the projects winning the state level business plan competition. Lessons learned over the past four years are being used to develop a new course structure for both the engineering entrepreneurship and the business planning courses. Engineering and business faculty are working together to design the new curriculum, classroom space has been reserved and the courses have been scheduled to allow maximum interaction. The engineering students will continue to focus on needs identification and solution design and development. The business students will focus on market and industry analysis, financial evaluation and marketing. Class time will be divided between collaborative meeting and discipline specific instruction. Advisory boards for both colleges are fully supporting the collaborations.
Adaptive algorithms for communication through time-dispersive channels

Linear and nonlinear adaptive algorithms for coping with intersymbol interference and additive noise in high speed data transmission over time-dispersive channels are presented. The algorithms perform the signal detection function and simultaneously, either directly or indirectly, estimate the channel for the purpose of identifying the characteristics of the inter-symbol interference. The stability and the convergence properties of the algorithms are treated as well as their performance capabilities.
Trapping Aryl Radicals with Acetylene: Evidence for C2-Accretion as a Mechanism for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Growth1

The formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), fullerenes, soot, and other carbonaceous materials during the combustion or pyrolysis of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons requires, at a minimum, that small molecules and/or reactive intermediates somehow become joined to make larger ones. Most likely, more than one type of intermolecular C-C bond-forming reaction plays a role. The accretion of C{sub 2}-units has long been considered a probable pathway for the stepwise growth of PAH in flames, but evidence also points to the operation of bimolecular processes in which both partners can be relatively large. The experiments reported here address the former paradigm and provide clear support for a specific C{sub 2}-accretion pathway in which the key C-C bond-forming step involves the simple trapping of aryl radicals by acetylene (C{sub 2}H{sub 2}), both of which are abundant species in flames.
Supply chain design and operational planning models for biomass to drop-in fuel production

Abstract Renewable fuel is playing an increasingly important role as a substitute for fossil based energy. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has identified pyrolysis based platforms as promising biofuel production pathways. In this paper, we present a general biofuel supply chain model with a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) methodology to investigate the biofuel supply chain facility location, facility capacity at strategic levels, and biofuel production decisions at operational levels. In the model, we accommodate different biomass supplies and biofuel demands with biofuel supply shortage penalty and storage cost. The model is then applied to corn stover fast pyrolysis pathway with upgrading to hydrocarbon fuel since corn stover is the main feedstock for second generation biofuel production in the US Midwestern states. Numerical results illustrate unit cost for biofuel production, biomass, and biofuel allocation. The case study demonstrates the economic feasibility of producing biofuel from biomass at a commercial scale in Iowa.
Improving Resolution and Understanding Controls on GPR Response in Carbonate Strata: Implications for Attribute Analysis

For more than a decade, environmental, engineering, groundwater, and shallow stratigraphic studies have demonstrated and advanced the usefulness of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in lithified and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits (e.g., see Neal, 2004 and references therein). Despite the advances, important questions still remain on factors that control the actual appearance and characteristics of GPR reflections and diffractions in any given setting.
Pneumonia as a complication of pregnancy

Objective: To identify risk factors for the development of antepartum pneumonia and to describe maternal and perinatal outcome in pregnant women with pneumonia.Methods: The study group consisted of 59 women with antepartum pneumonia. Pneumonia was defined by the presence of lower respiratory tract symptoms, radiographic findings, no other source of infection, and at least two of the following: oral temperature ≥38°C, white blood cell count ≥15,000/ml, auscultatory findings, and/or positive sputum cultures. For comparison, a control group (n = 118) of pregnant women was formed by selecting the first mother who delivered immediately before and after an index study subject.Results: Mothers in the study group were significantly more likely than women in the control group to have either a history of asthma (P = 0.022) or an admission hematocrit ≥30% (P < 0.001). Women with pneumonia were also more likely to receive a tocolytic agent (P < 0.001) and/or beta-methasone to enhance fetal lung maturity (P < 0.001). ...
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND PERIODONTAL STATUS DURING SHORT-TERM VITAMIN B-6 DEPLETION OF YOUNG, NONPREGNANT WOMEN

As part of a larger investigation to determine the effect of animal vs. plant proteins on the vitamin B-6 requirement of young women, clinical changes during vitamin B-6 depletion were documented. Eight healthy young women were confined to a metabolic unit and fed a defined formula diet nearly devoid of vitamin B-6 (less than 0.05 mg/d). Serial electroencephalographic (EEG) tracings, peripheral nervous system tests, periodontal evaluations, and biochemical measures of vitamin B-6 status were conducted. Within 12 d on the depletion diet, two of the eight women exhibited abnormal EEG tracings. These changes were readily reversed by repletion of vitamin B-6 at the 0.5-mg/d level. Biochemical measures reflected lowered vitamin B-6 status but were not predictive of the onset of EEG changes. No detectable alterations in oral or periodontal status were found, nor did plaque flora change markedly. This study is the first report of EEG changes occurring in women undergoing vitamin B-6 depletion and the first report to document EEG changes in adults within 12 d on a vitamin B-6-depletion regimen.
Avalanche photodiode gain and impulse response calculation on a public computing platform

Public computing shows promise as an architecture offering tremendous computational power to complex scientific problems. Calculation of the joint probability distribution function for avalanche photodiode gain and impulse response is one such problem. The BOINC architecture is a public computing platform used in this experiment to examine the performance offered by the platform for a specific scientific computation featuring intense computation, task independence, and heavy communication overhead. The large output data of this computation is shown to have a significant impact on the execution of this application resulting in a speedup gain of between 4.5 and 5 times the sequential version. Workload distribution favoring a participant node with rich communication resources in the public computing platform suggests greater performance gains available from the platform if communication resources are increased.
Muhammad Yunus, Grameen Bank and the Nobel Peace Prize: What Political Science Can Contribute to and Learn From the Study of Microcredit

Despite the vast literature on the economic and social affects of micro-financing in poor countries, little attention has been given to its political implications. At a time when the broader development implications of micro-financing are being recognized—thanks, in part, to the Nobel Prize Award to Prof. Yunus and the Grameen Bank—political scientists have an opportunity to contribute to and learn from the study of this financial instrument. This paper traces the existing microcredit—and more broadly the microfinance—literature to delineate the ways in which microcredit can contribute to the political awareness and activism of the poor, i.e., their political empowerment. I argue that the link between microcredit and political empowerment is self-efficacy and social capital, which can be generated from a particular form of microcredit lending where clients apply for loans as a group and share responsibility for repayment. Furthermore, I make the case for why the Central Asia and Caucasus region would provide an appropriate case to analyze the political effects of microfinance. Research in this area will not only fill an obvious gap in the literature, but it will also help microfinance institutions, donor communities and governments to better understand the wider political implications of microfinance and the ways by which to measure them.
Exploring user-provided connectivity - a simple model

The advent of cheap and ubiquitous wireless access has introduced a number of new connectivity paradigms. This paper investigates one of them, user-provided connectivity or UPC. In contrast to traditional infrastructure-based connectivity, e.g., connectivity through the up-front build-out of expensive base-stations, UPC realizes connectivity organically as users join and expand its coverage. The low(er) deployment cost this affords is one of its main attractions. Conversely, the disadvantages of connectivity sharing and a high barrier-to-entry from low initial penetration create strong disincentives to its adoption. The paper's contributions are in formulating and solving a simple model that captures key aspects of UPC adoption, and in articulating guidelines to make it successful. For analytical tractability, the model is arguably simplistic, but the robustness of its findings is demonstrated numerically across a wide range of more general (and more realistic) configurations.
Evaluation of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in normal and preeclamptic women.

Objective B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) is synthesized in cardiac ventricles in response to volume expansion. This study evaluated BNP levels to determine trends during pregnancy, and to assess BNP as a diagnostic tool in preeclampsia. Study design We studied 163 BNP levels in 118 pregnant women, ranging from first trimester to term. An additional 34 patients with preeclampsia were studied and compared to 25 normal control patients at term. Plasma BNP values were determined using a standard assay. Results The median BNP levels during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd trimester, and at term were equivalent (18.4, 17.9, 15.5, and 17.8 pg/mL, respectively, P = .796). The median BNP levels in normal patients, mild preeclamptics, and severe preeclamptics were 17.8, 21.1, and 101 pg/mL, respectively, with the severe group being significantly higher than the mild group (P = .003) and any phase of normal pregnancy (P Conclusion In normal pregnancies, median BNP values are
Laboratory: Its Scope and Philosophy

Some of the problems, methods, and philosophies of teaching laboratory are reviewed. Laboratory furnishes one channel by which knowledge can be acquired, supplements other teaching methods, and is particularly useful where mathematical descriptions are imperfect. In addition, laboratory deals with precision measurement, data recording, development of mechanical aptitude, and learning of specific techniques. Coordination of laboratory with other work usually follows one of two conflicting principles. A laboratory course may be conducted in a rigid manner or in a highly individualistic, flexible way. Each has its advantages. Laboratory provides good practice for report writing. By requiring at least one formal paper per student on laboratory work performed, a more realistic introduction to report writing is secured than in any other course work.
Relationship between Load of Virus in Alveolar Macrophages from Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Persons, Production of Cytokines, and Clinical Status

The level of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes (MP) from the blood and pulmonary alveoli from 14 HIV-1-infected subjects during early (asymptomatic) and late (AIDS) stages of disease and the relationship between virus burden in MP and cytokine expression were assessed. Among asymptomatic subjects, HIV-1 was undetectable or low in both blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages (AM). Among subjects with AIDS, there was a significant increase of HIV-1 in AM but not monocytes. The level of HIV-1 in blood lymphocytes was higher than in either monocytes or AM. AM (but not monocytes) expressed increased levels of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cytokine mRNA (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6) during both early and late stages of HIV-1 infection regardless of virus load. AM thus may serve as a reservoir for virus in late stages of disease yet contribute to the immunopathogenesis of lung disease in both early and late stages through increased cytokine expression.
Extramedullary hematopoiesis in renal allograft

Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), defined as the presence of hematopoietic elements outside of the medullary cavity of bone, has been reported in patients with various hematopoietic neoplasms including myelofibrosis. EMH commonly occurs in the liver and spleen (resulting in hepatosplenomegaly) and uncommonly involves the kidney. EMH involving the allograft kidney has not been reported in English literature. Herein, we report the first case of EMH in allograft kidney in a patient with myelofibrosis. The clinical and pathological findings are described. Through comparison of the medullary neoplastic infiltrate with the renal allograft infiltrate, we postulate the neoplastic nature of the infiltrate in the allograft kidney.
Role of sub-surface oxygen in Cu(100) oxidation

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to investigate the role of sub-surface oxygen in Cu(100) oxidation. We find that the presence of sub-surface oxygen atoms causes the top copper layer of the missing-row reconstructed surface to rise by 1.7 A compared to the bare surface. This prediction compares well to an earlier scanning tunneling microscopy measurement of 1.8 A [Lampimaki et al. Journal of Chemical Physics 126 (2007) 034703]. When the missing-row reconstructed surface is exposed to an additional oxygen molecule, surface restructuring that leads to oxide-like structures is only observed when sub-surface oxygen is present. The oxide-like nature of these structures is confirmed through structural, Bader, and electron density of states analyses. These findings, combined with our previous DFT results that predicted low energy barriers for the embedment of oxygen atoms into the sub-surface [Lee and McGaughey, Surface Science 603 (2009) 3404], demonstrate the key role played by sub-surface oxygen in Cu(100) oxidation.
Autocastration and autopenectomy in a patient with transsexualism and schizophrenia

(1989). Autocastration and autopenectomy in a patient with transsexualism and schizophrenia. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 125-130.
The Determinants of Economic Growth in the Transitional Economies of the Former Yugoslavia

Transitioning economies are special occurrences, which often contribute to their significance and need for analysis. The purpose of this study is to assess the determinants of economic growth in the recently independent transitional economies of the former Yugoslavia while using Slovenia as the main comparison country. Slovenia is deemed throughout the literature as the most successful state after transition, which is why it is used as the main comparison state. The countries included in this study are Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, and Montenegro. Kosovo has been excluded due to the instability created by its recent independence and its involvement in the Kosovo War. The time range of this study is from 2000 to 2011 due to the limited availability of data for all the countries since they are recently independent and the data is from the World Bank Database. This study will first establish background knowledge of the Yugoslav region in order to set the stage and explain where economic growth was apparent before independence. Then, literature on the most successful state, Slovenia, will be discussed as well as the relevant information on the statuses of each country prior to the transitioning period. This study adds to the overall literature about the former Yugoslavian countries by examining the components of economic growth to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita growth. After the theory section, the data and methodology sections state the two methodologies used: descriptive statistics and means hypothesis testing to determine what factors are simliar to Slovenia’s means. Results and discussion will conclude the study where Slovenia is ranked highest in terms of future success with Croatia and Serbia following in second and third. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol21/iss1/9
Follow the Leader? Evidence on European and US Tax Competition

This article breaks from the previous empirical literature that estimates Nash tax reaction functions of national governments competing with other national governments assuming that competitors pla...
Nanoscale patterning of self-assembled monolayers using DNA nanostructure templates

We describe a method to pattern arbitrary-shaped silane self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with nm scale resolution using DNA nanostructures as templates. The DNA nanostructures assembled on a silicon substrate act as a soft-mask to negatively pattern SAMs. Mixed SAMs can be prepared by back filling the negative tone patterns with a different silane.
A position-aware linear solid constitutive model for peridynamics

A position-aware linear solid (PALS) peridynamic constitutive model is proposed for isotropic elastic solids. The PALS model addresses problems that arise, in ordinary peridynamic material models such as the linear peridynamic solid (LPS), due to incomplete neighborhoods near the surface of a body. We improved model behavior in the vicinity of free surfaces through the application of two influence functions that correspond, respectively, to the volumetric and deviatoric parts of the deformation. Furthermore, the model is position-aware in that the influence functions vary over the body and reflect the proximity of each material point to free surfaces. Demonstration calculations on simple benchmark problems show a sharp reduction in error relative to the LPS model.
Introduction to International Commercial Arbitration in China

In this article, the author reviews China's law of commercial arbitration, in light of recent amendments to international arbitration rules, designed in part to improve and ensure neutrality and independence. Despite these amendments, there remain significant pitfalls, arising in part from deficiencies in the court system, to which a claimant must turn in the event of non-compliance with an award. The article concludes with some proposals to address these deficiencies.
Adjoint-based Method for Contaminant Source Identification in Complex Distribution Systems Using Realistic Sensor Data

Water distribution systems sensors are becoming increasingly more efficient and effective at discovering water quality changes in water distribution systems. We are attempting to develop an efficient and effective method to determine the source of the water quality change. We use publicly available software (EPANET) coupled with a particle backtracking model (BTX) and a conditioning method to probabilistically locate the contamination source. In prior work, we have shown that this method is effective for both steady-state and transient flow conditions in a simple water distribution system (i.e., containing one reservoir, one pump, and one tank). In this work, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in more complex water distribution systems (i.e. containing multiple tanks, reservoirs, valves, and/or pumps) with more realistic sensor conditions (e.g., “fuzzy sensors”, non-detect results, sampling uncertainty).
Immunological characterization of HeLa cell subpopulations enriched for blood group H or its precursor.

SummaryPurified HeLa cell subpopulations positive or negative for the H blood group antigen were obtained from H-positive/H-negative mixtures using velocity cell separation on an albumin gradient. The identity of H antigen or its anti-pneumococ-cal type XIV reactive precursor was demonstrated on fixed cells by fluorescent labeling experiments. H-negative cells reacted better when treated with rabbit anti-pneu-mococcal type XIV antibodies and fluores-cein-labeled anti-rabbit serum than when tested for H antigen using a triple sandwich method. Reciprocal findings were demonstrated with H-positive cells.The authors wish to thank Doctor Victor Nussen-zweig and Dr. Michael Heidelberger for reviewing this manuscript and for volunteering constructive comments.
Host-Associations and Seasonal Abundance of Immature Ixodes dammini in Southeastern Massachusetts

The bionomics of immature Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman and Corwin were studied in order to better understand the role of these ticks as vectors of Babesia microti (Franga). Immature /. dammini fed on more kinds of mammals than did other indigenous ticks, and often fed on man. More immature I. dammini fed on Peromyscus leucopusc (Rafinesque) than on other available animals, and such infested hosts were most abundant in dense brush. Nymphal I. dammini fed mainly during spring and early summer; larvae generally fed 2–3 mo later. I. dammini were abundant on each island investigated and in one area on Cape Cod, but few immature I. dammini infested mice in a mainland location adjoining the Cape Cod Canal. The broad host range of immature I. dammini , as well as the coincidence of maximum seasonal feeding activity of nymphal I. dammini with seasonal onset of illness of human babesiosis, strongly suggest that nymphal I. dammini transmit B. microti to man.
Water Availability and Reliability in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

AbstractDar es Salaam, Tanzania’s water landscape is unjust, inequitable, and uneven. Water rationing and electricity outages affect water availability alongside an overall shortfall in water supply. Using household surveys and interviews, this paper shows that a majority of respondents lack a consistently reliable source of water. To cope with poor access, households alter their daily routines, consume less water, and identify and use back-up sources of water. It is crucial to understand the problems of water availability in the city in order to make more informed policy decisions and more justly provide water access.
High-fidelity numerical modeling of the Upper Mississippi River under extreme flood condition

Abstract We present data-driven numerical simulations of extreme flooding in a large-scale river coupling coherent-structure resolving hydrodynamics with bed morphodynamics under live-bed conditions. The study area is a ∼ 3.2 km long and ∼ 300 m wide reach of the Upper Mississippi River, near Minneapolis MN, which contains several natural islands and man-made hydraulic structures. We employ the large-eddy simulation (LES) and bed-morphodynamic modules of the Virtual Flow Simulator (VFS-Rivers) model, a recently developed in-house code, to investigate the flow and bed evolution of the river during a 100-year flood event. The coupling of the two modules is carried out via a fluid-structure interaction approach using a nested domain approach to enhance the resolution of bridge scour predictions. We integrate data from airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), sub-aqueous sonar apparatus on-board a boat and in-situ laser scanners to construct a digital elevation model of the river bathymetry and surrounding flood plain, including islands and bridge piers. A field campaign under base-flow condition is also carried out to collect mean flow measurements via Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) to validate the hydrodynamic module of the VFS-Rivers model. Our simulation results for the bed evolution of the river under the 100-year flood reveal complex sediment transport dynamics near the bridge piers consisting of both scour and refilling events due to the continuous passage of sand dunes. We find that the scour depth near the bridge piers can reach to a maximum of ∼ 9 m. The data-driven simulation strategy we present in this work exemplifies a practical simulation-based-engineering-approach to investigate the resilience of infrastructures to extreme flood events in intricate field-scale riverine systems.
Multidimensional phase space methods for mass measurements and decay topology determination

Collider events with multi-stage cascade decays fill out the kinematically allowed region in phase space with a density that is enhanced at the boundary. The boundary encodes all available information as regards the spectrum and is well populated even with moderate signal statistics due to this enhancement. In previous work, the improvement in the precision of mass measurements for cascade decays with three visible and one invisible particles was demonstrated when the full boundary information is used instead of endpoints of one-dimensional projections. We extend these results to cascade decays with four visible and one invisible particles. We also comment on how the topology of the cascade decay can be determined from the differential distribution of events in these scenarios.
Gypsum veins in Triassic Moenkopi mudrocks of southern Utah: Analogs to calcium sulfate veins on Mars

Well-exposed gypsum veins in the Triassic Moenkopi formation in southern Utah, USA, are similar to veins at Endeavour and Gale Craters on Mars. Both Moenkopi and Mars veins are hydrated calcium sulfate, have fibrous textures, and crosscut other diagenetic features. Moenkopi veins are stratigraphically localized with strontium and sulfur isotope ratios similar to primary Moenkopi sulfate beds and are thus interpreted to be sourced from within the unit. Endeavour veins seem to be distributed by lithology and may have a local source. Gale veins cut across multiple lithologies and appear to be sourced from another stratigraphic interval. Evaluation of vein network geometries indicates that horizontal Moenkopi veins are longer and thicker than vertical veins. Moenkopi veins are also generally oriented with the modern stress field, so are interpreted to have formed in the latest stages of exhumation. Endeavour veins appear to be generally vertical and oriented parallel to the margins of Cape York and are interpreted to have formed in response to topographic collapse of the crater rim. Gale horizontal veins appear to be slightly more continuous than vertical veins and may have formed during exhumation. Abrupt changes in orientation, complex crosscutting relationships, and fibrous (antitaxial) texture in Moenkopi and Mars veins suggest emplacement via hydraulic fracture at low temperatures. Moenkopi and Mars veins are interpreted as late-stage diagenetic features that have experienced little alteration since emplacement. Moenkopi veins are useful terrestrial analogs for Mars veins because vein geometry, texture, and chemistry record information about crustal deformation and vein emplacement.
Electrokinetic Membrane Processes

All membrane processes have the common objectives of fractionation, concentration, and/or purification. The driving forces may be concentration or pressure gradients, as, for example, in dialysis, reverse osmosis, or ultrafiltration. In the present paper we wish to discuss a family of interrelated processes wherein the same objectives are achieved through electrical driving forces. Most important among these is electrodialysis using ion permselective membranes, but we shall omit it from our considerations, its applications being widely known and studied (1). Instead, we shall focus on processes applicable primarily to: Large scale electrophoretic fractionation and concentration. Non-clogging electrofiltration of particulate suspensions. Electroosmotic concentration and desalting of macromolecular systems. Electroadsorption at the membranes in absence of the electroosmotic effect.
The California Seafloor and Coastal Mapping Program – Providing science and geospatial data for California's State Waters

Abstract The California Seafloor and Coastal Mapping Program (CSCMP) is a collaborative effort to develop comprehensive bathymetric, geologic, and habitat maps and data for California's State Waters. CSCMP began in 2007 when the California Ocean Protection Council (OPC) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) allocated funding for high-resolution bathymetric mapping, largely to support the California Marine Life Protection Act and to update nautical charts. Collaboration and support from the U.S. Geological Survey and other partners has led to development and dissemination of one of the world's largest seafloor-mapping datasets. CSCMP provides essential science and data for ocean and coastal management, stimulates and enables research, and raises public education and awareness of coastal and ocean issues. Specific applications include: • Delineation and designation of marine protected areas • Characterization and modeling of benthic habitats and ecosystems • Updating nautical charts • Earthquake hazard assessments • Tsunami hazard assessments • Planning offshore infrastructure • Providing baselines for monitoring change • Input to models of sediment transport, coastal erosion, and coastal flooding • Regional sediment management • Understanding coastal aquifers • Providing geospatial data for emergency response
A flexible multi-core functional cache simulator (FM-SIM)

This paper presents a flexible multi-core functional cache memory simulator to design and evaluate memory hierarchies for modern general-purpose or embedded processors. The proposed simulator needs to work with Pin, which is an open-source dynamic instrumentation tool provided by Intel. The Pin intercepts the execution of instructions and generates a sequence code (traces) to feed into the simulator for any selected benchmark programs, such as SPEC2006, SPLASH2, or PARSEC. We have a plan to release this simulator as an open-source (like Pin) to support research and/or academic community for their purpose. In addition, we expect more functions can be updated on top of this simulator to share by the research community.
Graft Incompatibility Related to Cambial Peroxidase Isozymes in Chinese Chestnut

Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) seedlings were ring-grafted with bark rings from seedlings of the same species whose cambial peroxidase isozyme banding pattern was similar to or different from that of the stock. When the isozyme phenotype of the donor matched that of the stock plant, a complete encircling cambium was formed and vascular xylem continuity was restored through the zone of grafted tissue. However, when the isozyme phenotype of the donor differed from that of the stock, vascular continuity was not restored. In some cases, the cambial cells of the donor plant died after producing a few new cells. When the donor cambium continued to function as a meristem, only parenchymatous cells were produced. Peroxidases are the only enzymes known that mediate the polymerization of cinnamic alcohols into lignin and the bonding of lignin to carbohydrates of the primary cell wall. These findings substantiate the hypothesis that plants differing in major peroxidases would not be graft compatible.
Marriage, Love, or Consensual Sex? Feminist Engagements with Biblical Rape Texts in Light of Title IX

In this chapter, Susanne Scholz reviews some definitive works by feminist biblical scholars working with biblical rape texts; specifically, she uses the Title IX federal law (which prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education programme or activity) as the focus of this discussion. Scholz explores whether the Title IX debates around US campus rape ought to have an impact on how feminist biblical scholars interpret biblical rape texts. After reviewing the impact that Title IX has had on the way many US colleges and universities respond to campus rape, Scholz surveys feminist theories of sexual violence since the 1970s. She then evaluates the contributions of feminist exegesis on biblical rape texts since the 1980s. Within this body of work, she identifies certain scholars who have relied on decontextualized, empiricist-scientific, and historical-linguistic approaches to biblical exegesis, which, she suggests, has produced “rape-prone” interpretations. This leads her to ask the question: would an alternative, more contextualized hermeneutical approach, which critiqued rape-supportive language and advocated for rape victim-survivors, be of value within contemporary Title IX debates on campus rape? Scholz is conscious of the fact that federal laws alone cannot eliminate the epidemic of sexual violence on campus and in wider society. At the same time, she identifies serious limitations to current feminist exegesis of biblical rape texts due to their reliance on a “cop-out” hermeneutics. This, she suggests, must be challenged if feminist biblical interpretation is to have a meaningful impact on the contemporary crisis of campus rape.
Whales, Dolphins and Humans: Challenges in Interspecies Ethics

The discoveries of marine mammal scientists over the last 50 years have made it clear that whales and dolphins demonstrate advanced intellectual and emotional traits once believed to be unique to humans. Sadly, discussions of cetacean captivity are regularly marked by unsophisticated approaches to ethics. Senior scientists regularly fail to demonstrate even the most rudimentary skills of ethical analysis. As a result, most discussions of cetacean captivity in the marine mammal community are intellectually +weak—marked by the combination of formal and informal logical fallacies and a flawed understanding of such key concepts as “consciousness,” “personal identity,” “self-awareness,” “moral standing,” “moral rights,” “personhood,” and “flourishing.” Not surprisingly, similar weaknesses are evident in the arguments offered by representatives of businesses that profit from cetacean captivity. A fundamental problem regarding cetacean captivity, then, is blindness to the ethical significance of scientific facts already known. This essay argues that a proper understanding of the problem of cetacean captivity lies in an interdisciplinary and multi-faceted approach that combines both scientific and philosophical methodologies.
The Effect of Lubricants on the Extrusion Characteristics of Poly Vinyl Chloride

Poly vinyl chloride (PVC) has been one of the most widely used materials in the plastics industry for the last three decades. Consumption in the U. S. alone exceeded five billion pounds in 1980 and is expected to continue to grow. The extent of its usage results from the wide range of properties attainable with PVC, its low cost, and the relatively low energy requirements for its production. The achievement of a broad range of properties based on a common material arises from the almost limitless number of compounds which can be formulated from PVC through the use of a wide variety of additives.
Scientific Statistics, Teaching, Learning and the Computer

An important issue in the 1930’s was whether statistics was to be treated as a branch of Science or of Mathematics. To my mind unfortunately, the latter view has been adopted in the United States and in many other countries. Statistics has for some time been categorized as one of the Mathematical Sciences and this view has dominated university teaching, research, the awarding of advanced degrees, promotion, tenure of faculty and the distribution of grants by funding agencies. All this has, I believe, greatly limited the value and distorted the development of our subject. A “worst case” scenario of some of its consequences is illustrated in the flow diagram in Figure 1.