cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What happens when forests fall

Combining spatial and temporal data is helping researchers to understand how deforestation influences the risk of malaria.
Agreement of optical coherence tomography thickness measurements between Heidelberg Eye Explorer and ImageJ software.

Abstract Objective To investigate the agreement and correlation of manual central foveal thickness (CFT) measurements using the Heidelberg Eye Explorer and ImageJ software. Methods Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images were identified. CFT was measured using the Heidelberg Eye Explorer caliper tool. Two independent graders measured the CFT of the same images using ImageJ software. A Pearson correlation coefficient, intraclass correlation coefficient, Bland–Altman plots, and coefficient of repeatability were used to assess the agreement and correlation between the Heidelberg Eye Explorer and ImageJ measurements. Results One-hundred and twenty-two OCT images from 91 patients were analyzed. Mean CFT as measured using the Heidelberg caliper tool was 264.8 ± 113 µm. Using ImageJ software, graders 1 and 2 obtained mean CFT values of 267 ± 114.3 µm and 270 ± 114.8 µm, respectively. Pearson correlation revealed a strong correlation between the Heidelberg and Image J measurements (r = 0.999, p Conclusion There was strong agreement between the Heidelberg Eye Explorer and ImageJ software for manual CFT measurements. ImageJ may be a reliable tool for thickness measurements when proprietary OCT software is unavailable.
Struggles for Inclusion: Incorporating Same-Sex Practising Men into National HIV Prevention and Surveillance in African Countries, 2000–2020

The global HIV policy environment changed dramatically for same-sex practising men from 2000 to 2020. These changes were especially pronounced in African countries, where research, prevention, and surveillance focused almost exclusively on heterosexual transmission for the previous 20 years. In stark contrast to the beginning of the century, by 2020, nearly all African countries identified same-sex practicing men as key populations in need of targeted HIV prevention and surveillance to control their epidemics. Drawing on a rich collection of archival, qualitative interview, and quantitative data, this chapter illuminates the global policy changes and initiatives that facilitated the recognition of the burden of HIV among same-sex practising men in African contexts, examines whether and when African countries have integrated same-sex practising men into the national HIV responses, and identifies key drivers of both inclusion and resistance to inclusion of same-sex practising men in the national HIV responses of African countries.
Reconceptualizing natural capital and sustainable use of natural capital through Aldo Leopold's land ethic

This article reconceptualizes natural capital. It categorizes natural capital into renewable natural capital and structural natural capital, and argues for exclusion of nonrenewable natural capital (such as coal and oil) from consideration as a natural capital. It presents 10 guiding principles for sustainable use of natural capital. Both tasks of reconceptualizing natural capital and identifying guiding principles for sustainable use of natural capital are inspired by Aldo Leopold’s land ethic.
A comprehensive approach to sexual violence prevention.

Sexual violence is a widespread problem that is associated with negative health outcomes throughout life.1 Recent national data reveal that, among women reporting a history of rape, 40% were first raped before 18 years of age and 38% between 18 and 24 years of age.1 The college years may be a particularly vulnerable time for women, given the increase in partying and alcohol use. One study showed that 20% of undergraduate women were victims of sexual violence since beginning college.2 Nevertheless, sexual violence is a preventable public health problem. In this issue of the Journal, Senn et al.3 report . . .
Chapter 167 – Migration

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the migration in insects. Migration, the major movement behavior of insects, allows them to escape deteriorating habitats, to colonize new areas, or to seek temporary shelter such as overwintering sites. It involves a complex of traits that include development, physiology, morphology, and behavior, and it is a major component of the life histories of many species. These trait complexes or syndromes are adjusted by natural selection in complex ways that increase the fitness and therefore the success of migrants. Most seasonal migrations are on a relatively small scale, with distances traveled only a few hundreds or thousands of meters, but others cover much greater distances. Examples of short-distance migrations to overwintering diapause sites include the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, several species of common seed-feeding hemipterans, including Lygaeus kalmii, a milkweed bug of Europe (in Sweden it often flies to lighthouses to diapause), and several species of lady beetles, Coccinellidae. In some lady beetles, migration extends to several kilometers. In California, Hippodamia convergens, the convergent lady beetle, overwinters at high altitudes in the Sierra Nevada and migrates to agricultural areas in the Central Valley in March. Beginning in June, offsprings of the early spring migrants fly back to intermediate altitudes and form aggregations. There is then a later movement to higher altitudes to overwinter so that the migration to overwintering sites is a two-step process.
Cytokine and chemokine expression in tumors of mice receiving systemic therapy with IL-12.

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of IL-12-mediated anti-tumor activity have been examined. BALB/c mice bearing established s.c. RENCA or CT26 tumors that were treated daily with IL-12 showed essentially complete tumor regression while tumors in untreated animals grew progressively. Examination of inflammatory gene expression in tumor tissue from treated vs untreated mice revealed the selective expression of IFN-gamma and the IFN-gamma-inducible CXC chemokine IP-10. Immunohistologic analysis demonstrated that tumors from treated mice were heavily infiltrated with CD8+ T cells and Mac-1+ mononuclear cells. Tumor regression in IL-12-treated mice was associated with expression of the lytic effector molecules perforin and granzyme B. These findings support the hypothesis that the anti-tumor function of IL-12 treatment depends upon the induced expression of IFN-gamma by T cells and/or NK cells, the amplification of the immune response mediated by IFN-gamma-induced expression of chemoattractant cytokines, and the IL-12-dependent potentiation of the cytolytic effector function of recruited CD8+ T cells.
vGluT2 is necessary for rostroventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons to drive respiration and parasympathetic activity (1091.4)

Catecholaminergic neurons located in the rostroventrolateral medulla (CA-RVLM) contribute to sympathetic, parasympathetic, and neuroendocrine responses and are activated by hypotension, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, infection, pain, and psychological stress. Most CA-RVLM express vGluT2, and work on slices suggests they release glutamate but the significance of vGluT2 in these neurons in vivo is unestablished. To investigate the role of vGluT2 in CA-RVLM in vivo, we crossed floxed vGluT2 mice with dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DβH) Cre mice, creating mice with vGluT2 selectively deleted from DβH neurons (cKO mice). We then injected a Cre-dependent AAV2 that expresses channelrhodopsin fused to mCherry into the RVLM of cKO or control mice. In both experimental and control groups, photostimulation activated the channelrhodopsin+ CA-RVLM. Photostimulation of CA-RVLM in control mice increased respiratory rate in conscious mice and efferent vagal nerve activity in anesthetized mice, while in cKO mice, photostimulation had no...
Electron-transport system of Vibrio succinogenes: II. Inhibition of electron transport by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide

The effect of the inhibitor 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide on the reduction by formate of fumarate, O2 and cytochromes was studied in extracts of Vibrio succinogenes. The inhibitor causes 90% inhibition of the couple between formate and fumarate but less than 10% inhibition of the formic dehydrogenase or fumarate reductase activity. Spectrophotometric studies showed that 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide causes an appreciable delay in the reduction of both cytochromes b and c by formate. No effect of the inhibitor on the oxidation of reduced cytochrome b by fumarate could be detected. With succinate as substrate, the inhibitor causes a delay in the reduction of cytochrome c but no delay in the reduction of cytochrome b was detected. The effect of other inhibitory agents on the reduction of fumarate by formate and H2 was also studied. Oxygen consumption with formate as substrate is not inhibited by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, but a marked increase in H2O2 formation occurs in the presence of this inhibitor. The formate peroxidase system of this extract is partially inhibited by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide. The implications of these findings with regard to the role of cytochrome b as an electron carrier between the formic dehydrogenase and the fumarate reductase, and the role of the cytochromes in the oxidation of formate by O2 are discussed. It is suggested that the presence of the H2O2-producing formate oxidase system and the formate peroxidase system explains the microaerophilic nature of this organism when grown with O2 as an electron acceptor.
Cellular and molecular characterization of hagfish VLR-based adaptive immune system (VET2P.1043)

Jawless vertebrates have an alternative adaptive immune system in which variable lymphocyte receptors (VLR) are somatically diversified through recombinatorial assembly of leucine-rich repeat cassettes during lymphocyte development. Three VLR loci (VLRA, VLRB, and VLRC) have been defined in lampreys and each is expressed by a distinct lymphocyte population. Lamprey VLRA and VLRC are expressed by T-like lineages of lymphocytes, whereas VLRB is expressed by a B-like lineage of lymphocytes, much like αβ T, γδ T and B cells in jawed vertebrates. Recently we have revised the nomenclature for the hagfish VLRs by defining a third VLR gene. Here, monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were generated against invariant residues of hagfish VLRA, VLRB and VLRC and these were used to identify VLR-bearing lymphocytes and their products. We found that hagfish VLRA, VLRB and VLRC are expressed by three separate lymphocyte populations. Size-exclusion chromatography and western blot analysis indicated that multivalent VLRB proteins are released into the circulation, which suggests that hagfish VLRB+ cells are B-cell like. In contrast, neither VLRA nor VLRC was detectable in the plasma, supporting the hypothesis that these two lymphocyte populations are T-cell like. The demonstration of three lymphocyte populations in both lampreys and hagfish suggests that this tripartite lymphocytic differentiation program already existed in a common ancestor of the two cyclostome lineages around 480 Mya.
Chapter X Multiple criteria decision making: Five basic concepts

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic concepts for multiple criteria decision making (MCDM). The binary relations show how the mathematical functional relations are extended to binary relations. The chapter describes some solution concepts of MCDM and presents a class of MCDM methods. Satisficing solutions, compromise solutions, and goal programming are covered in this chapter. Numerical ordering is one of the great human inventions. There is a great interest in representing the preferences in terms of real valued functions or numerical orderings. Not all revealed preferences can be represented by numerical orderings. Domination structures and their related solutions to tackle the problems of representing such revealed preferences and locating good solutions are also presented. As linear functions are the best and simplest functions in mathematical analysis, linear cases always yield special results. The linear cases and the MC and MC 2 simplex method are also described in the chapter.
Human Rights Litigation and the National Interest: Kiobel's Application of the Presumption Against Extra-Territoriality to the Alien Tort Statute

The debate over the extra-territorial application of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS) raised by Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. presumes an underlying tension between a state’s exercise of civil universal jurisdiction and its national interest. Realist-based critiques of the ATS posit that harmful consequences result when the United States provides a civil remedy for human rights abuses that occur in foreign territory, even where the conduct transgresses universally recognized norms. These critiques maintain that ATS litigation undermines U.S. investment in foreign countries; provokes a backlash against the United States in affected countries while also angering U.S. allies; and, more generally, reflects a naive view of international relations that interferes with the executive’s prerogative to make foreign policy.In Kiobel, the Supreme Court appeared to vindicate these concerns in holding that the presumption against extra-territoriality applies to the ATS, thus limiting suits that may be brought under the statute for serious human rights violations that occur in foreign territory. Although the decision to adopt the presumption against extra-territoriality was supported only by a five-Justice majority, the Court was unanimous in concluding that the ATS did not provide for universal jurisdiction and in recognizing that ATS suits could potentially undermine U.S. interests. This Essay explains how concerns about the adverse consequences of human rights litigation underlie Kiobel’s adoption of the presumption against extra-territorial application. It also argues, however, that those concerns are overstated and ignore the way in which ATS litigation can advance U.S. strategic interests. The Essay concludes that even as Kiobel imposes a new territorial nexus requirement, it leaves open the possibility that some consideration may be given in future cases to how ATS suits advance U.S. interests in determining whether the presumption against extra-territoriality is displaced.
A Comprehensive 3D Mathematical Model of the Electroslag Remelting Process

A comprehensive 3D mathematical model was proposed to predict the electromagnetic field, the multiphase flow field, the temperature field, and the pool profile of an industrial electroslag remelting (ESR) system. Especially, the metal droplets formation and falling in the slag pool during the ESR process are taken into account using the volume of fluid method. In addition, the electromagnetic and solidification phenomena are modeled using the magnetic vector potential method and the enthalpy-porosity method, respectively. The predicted results were found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements, regarding the magnetic flux density, the pool profile, the energy consumption, and the melt rate. And the model developed in the present work has been proved to be a powerful tool to provide a useful insight into the multi-physical phenomena in the ESR system. The results show that the Joule heating is mainly distributed in the slag pool due to the lower electrical conductivity of slag, and provides the thermal energy for melting the electrode. The molten metal on the conical electrode surface is washed away by the Lorentz force and the gravity force and gradually accumulates at the electrode tip. When the drop at the electrode tip reaches the critical size, the small droplets form due to the necking effect and depart from the conical electrode tip. In the slag pool, there are two axisymmetric vortexes with downward flows under the conical electrode tip, where the Lorentz force and the falling droplets are dominant, and another two axisymmetric vortexes with downward flows near the mold surface, where the thermal buoyancy is dominant. However, in the metal pool, there are only two vortexes with downward flows at the solidification front, where a high thermal gradient exists. The slag is significantly hotter and more uniform than the metal, because of an abundant of Joule heating and intensive turbulence in the slag pool. The molten metal is directionally solidified in the water cooling copper mold and the pool profile is a shallow U-shape for the industrial scale ESR process with the ingot diameter of 360 mm, when the applied current density and frequency are 8000 A and 50 Hz, respectively.
Decentralized robust control system design for large-scale uncertain systems

A deterministic design approach for decentralized robust controls of a class of large-scale uncertain dynamical systems is proposed. The uncertainty under consideration can be fast time-varying; no a priori statistical information is assumed or utilized. Only the possible bound of this uncertainty is known. Two important types of robust control algorithms are proposed. The local control utilizes the local state of each subsystem as the feedback information. The global control utilizes the local state as well as the states of the neighbouring subsystems as the feedback information. Both types of control algorithms are continuous functions of the state.
PTH-induced actin depolymerization increases mechanosensitive channel activity to enhance mechanically stimulated Ca2+ signaling in osteoblasts

Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton with cytochalasin D enhanced the mechanically induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in osteoblasts in a manner similar to that of PTH. Stabilization of actin with phalloidin prevented the PTH enhanced [Ca2+]i response to shear. Patch-clamp analyses show that the MSCC is directly influenced by alterations in actin integrity. Introduction: PTH significantly enhances the fluid shear-induced increase in [Ca2+]i in osteoblasts, in part, through increased activation of both the mechanosensitive, cation-selective channel (MSCC) and L-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channel (L-VSCC). Both stimuli have been shown to produce dynamic changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In this study, we examined the effects of alterations in actin polymerization on [Ca2+]i and MSCC activity in MC3T3-E1 and UMR-106.01 osteoblasts in response to shear ± PTH pretreatment. Materials and Methods: MC3T3-E1 or UMR-106.01 cells were plated onto type I collagen–coated quartz slides, allowed to proliferate to 60% confluency, and mounted on a modified parallel plate chamber and subjected to 12 dynes/cm2. For patch-clamp studies, cells were plated on collagen-coated glass coverslips, mounted on the patch chamber, and subjected to pipette suction. Modulators of actin cytoskeleton polymerization were added 30 minutes before the experiments, whereas channel inhibitors were added 10 minutes before mechanical stimulation. All drugs were maintained in the flow medium for the duration of the experiment. Results and Conclusions: Depolymerization of actin with 1–5 μM cytochalasin D (cyto D) augmented the peak [Ca2+]i response and increased the number of cells responding to shear, similar to the increased responses induced by pretreatment with 50 nM PTH. Stabilization of actin with phalloidin prevented the PTH enhanced [Ca2+]i response to shear. Inhibition of the MSCC with Gd3+ significantly blocked both the peak Ca2+ response and the number of cells responding to shear in cells pretreated with either PTH or cyto D. Inhibition of the L-VSCC reduced the peak [Ca2+]i response to shear in cells pretreated with PTH, but not with cyto D. Patch-clamp analyses found that addition of PTH or cyto D significantly increased the MSCC open probability in response to mechanical stimulation, whereas phalloidin significantly attenuated the PTH-enhanced MSCC activation. These data indicate that actin reorganization increases MSCC activity in a manner similar to PTH and may be one mechanism through which PTH may reduce the mechanical threshold of osteoblasts.
Electrochemical profile for calcium ions in the stria vascularis: cellular model of calcium transport mechanism.

The d.c. potential and the Ca2+ concentration in the stria vascularis of the chincilla were measured using double-barreled Ca2+-selective microelectrodes with fine tips. The impalement of the microelectrode through the stria vascularis indicated two or three regions showing low Ca2+ concentrations. The first region with a low Ca2+ concentration, presumably corresponding to the basal cell, showed a Ca2+ concentration of 2.5 +/- 1.9 microM. The low Ca2+ region, adjacent to the endolymph, showed 0.31 +/- 0.15 microM and presumably corresponds to the marginal cell. In contrast, the Ca2+ concentrations in the spiral ligament, intrastrial space and endolymph were 1.6 +/- 0.2 mM, 0.75 +/- 0.12 mM, and 17 +/- 7 microM, respectively. Based upon the electrochemical profile for Ca2+ ions, we hypothesize mechanisms of cellular Ca2+ transport where Ca2+ ions from perilymph are accumulated into endolymph via the action of Ca2+-ATPase located in apical membranes of both the basal and marginal cells.
HALF-LIFE OF NICKEL-63

The half-life of Ni/sup 63/ was calculated to be 91.6 plus or minus 3.1 years from specific activity measurements. Liquid scintillation counting techniques were used to measure the disintegration rate. (auth)
Embedded Tense and Universal Grammar

Languages that allows a vacuous past tense morpheme in complement clauses of attitude verbs are referred to as SOT (sequence-of-tense) languages, and languages that do not are referred to as non-SOT languages. This squib observes that quite generally, if in a given language the present tense morpheme obligatorily refers to the utterance time in present-under-past sentences, that language allows a vacuous past. The author shows that in order to account for this correlation, any theory of SOT has to be supplemented with a principle of Universal Grammar that requires every well-formed matrix sentence to be embeddable under a propositional attitude verb. He calls this principle the Embeddability Principle
Big Law and Big Med: The Deprofessionalization of Legal and Medical Services

Abstract Ribstein's account of the perilous times ahead for “Big Law” mentions “deprofessionalization” as one of the major risks for the legal profession. Deprofessionalization involves the substitution of standardized practices and protocols for existing methods of production of professional services. This article examines and compares the extent to which the advances in both techniques will speed deprofessionalization in both medicine and law.
Effective macroscopic transport parameters between parallel plates with constant concentration boundaries

Abstract A macroscopic transport model is developed, following the Taylor shear dispersion analysis procedure, for a 2D laminar shear flow between parallel plates possessing a constant specified concentration. This idealized geometry models flow with contaminant dissolution at pore-scale in a contaminant source zone and flow in a rock fracture with dissolving walls. We upscale a macroscopic transient transport model with effective transport coefficients of mean velocity, macroscopic dispersion, and first-order mass transfer rate. To validate the macroscopic model the mean concentration, covariance, and wall concentration gradient are compared to the results of numerical simulations of the advection–diffusion equation and the Graetz solution. Results indicate that in the presence of local-scale variations and constant concentration boundaries, the upscaled mean velocity and macrodispersion coefficient differ from those of the Taylor–Aris dispersion, and the mass transfer flux described by the first-order mass transfer model is larger than the diffusive mass flux from the constant wall. In addition, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient in the macroscopic model depends only on the plate gap and diffusion coefficient. Therefore, the upscaled first-order mass transfer coefficient is independent of the mean velocity and travel distance, leading to a constant pore-scale Sherwood number of 12. By contrast, the effective Sherwood number determined by the diffusive mass flux is a function of the Peclet number for small Peclet number, and approaches a constant of 10.3 for large Peclet number.
Nonmonotonic Reasoning: Logical Foundations of Commonsense By Gerhard Brewka (Cambridge University Press, 1991)

Nonmonotonic reasoning forms one of the main components of the logical approach to Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Representation. Relatively large portions of the leading AI journals and conferences are devoted to various issues in nonmonotonic reasoning.
Diffuse solar radiation on a horizontal surface for a clear sky

Abstract A model of the diffuse or sky radiation as a function of measurable optical properties of the earth's atmosphere is presented. The radiant energy incident upon a horizontal plane at the earth's surface is expressed in an approximate closed-form. The dependence of the sky radiation upon climate type, air mass, and surface reflectivity is given and comparisons with existing empirical correlations show that the model accurately predicts these characteristics.
The Problem of Unemployment in the United States: A Survey of 60 Years of National and State Policy Initiatives:

In the context of four types of unemployment, 23 federally initiated programs spanning six decades are critically surveyed in terms of their effectiveness at reducing unemployment. In addition, this article examines the ongoing policy debates raised by the myriad of programs and the linkage of recent research on the nature of unemployment to policy issues. Since the responsibility for formulating employment policies has significantly shifted from national to state and local government over the last decade, the evolution of state policy in this area is also surveyed and contrasted with its historical national counterpart.
The ontogeny of leptin mRNA expression in growing broilers and its relationship to metabolic body weight.

Abstract The polypeptide hormone leptin is produced by both adipose tissue and the liver and has been shown to induce satiety in chickens. In this study we have investigated the developmental regulation of leptin mRNA expression in growing broiler chickens. Leptin expression generally increases in all tissues from 1–12 weeks of age. In the subcutaneous fat depot there is an apparent pattern of increased leptin mRNA expression occurring at 2, 6, and 10 weeks post-hatch. This pattern was not evident in the other tissues surveyed and may relate to the cycle of loading and unloading of adipocytes with lipid. No consistent gender differences in leptin expression patterns were detected in the tissues surveyed, as is often observed in mammals. Positive correlations between metabolic body weight and adipose leptin expression levels were observed. Leptin expression by the liver was highly correlated with metabolic body weight from 1–6 weeks of age, and uncorrelated from 6–12 weeks of age. This pattern of increasing liver leptin expression with increasing body weight during the early rapid growth phase of the bird may be due to limited fat storage during this period, which is followed by rapid body fat accumulation from 6–12 weeks. The characterization and tissue specific distribution of leptin mRNA expression in the growing broiler indicate similar patterns of leptin production to that of growing mammals. Leptin may be involved in lipid flux through the adipocyte as well as the shift in lipid metabolism to increased storage during pre-puberty.
Cognitive self-instruction for the control of impulsive classroom behavior: Ensuring the treatment package

The practical utility of cognitive self-instruction training in facilitating the work habits and academic performance of impulsive first-graders was assessed in the context of the regular classroom. The training paradigm was modified and environmental conditions were arranged to facilitate the transfer of the cognitive self-instruction strategy to the classroom. Following training, there were no significant increases in on-task behavior or in academic performance within the context of a group design . On the basis of this and other studies, a drastic revision of the cognitive self-instruction paradigm seems indicated. Not only must training become broader based, but models must be developed that take into account the requisite cognitive processes for task completion as well as the cognitive abilities of the youngsters to whom training is addressed. In general, the incorporation of information from the developmental and cognitive process literature would appear to facilitate the development of more effective training models.
Geometric optimization algorithims for robot kinematic design

This article addresses the problem of designing a robotic mechanism such that its end-effector frame comes closest to reaching a set of desired goal frames. We formulate this as an optimization problem, in which the kinematic parameters are selected to minimize the total distance between the end-effector frame and each goal frame. The objective function is defined in terms of a class of distance metrics on the rigid body motions that are invariant with respect to choice of fixed reference frame. A main contribution of this article is an explicit expression for the gradient of this objective function with respect to the kinematic parameters. With this analytic gradient, efficient optimization algorithms can now be developed for the design of general spatial mechanisms. Our design methodology is illustrated with an example involving the base positioning of two cooperating robots. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Estimation of defect parameters in quasi-isotropic composite materials using infrared thermography

Estimation of defect size and depth in composite structures is a relevant problem as the aerospace and wind energy industries are increasingly using composites. The determination of defect depth and size is important in order to perform repairs and assess the integrity of the structure. The problem has been previously studied using simple 1D heat conduction models. Unfortunately, 1D heat conduction based models are generally inadequate in predicting heat flow around defects, especially in composites. In this study, a novel heat conduction model is proposed to model heat flow around defects accounting for 3D heat conduction in quasi-isotropic anisotropic materials. The proposed approach is used to quantitatively determine the defect depth and size. The validity of the model is established using experiments performed on a quasi-isotropic CFRP specimen with rectangular flat-bottom defects present at different depths.
Some implications of modern technology: Revisited

Abstract Although first published in 1941 Herbert Marcus’ “Some Implications of Modern Technology” (published in Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences) suggested that the modern machine age with its’ efficiency fetish has substituted for commodity fetish at the hands of an authoritarian state. A typical Marxist ideology of the old left during that period of time. However, many of the implications located in postmodern technology Marcus failed to see as a volunteristic behavior, mainly due to the time span between the modern and postmodern age. Predominate among these effects is the loss of individuality. Today the impact of the computer age leads to standardization of thought, social conformity, and should be seen as a volunteristic social by-product of the nature of advanced technology, and not the tool of an authoritarian state.
Acute arterial occlusions of extremities

N 0 one can discuss the sudden arteria1 occiusions of the extremities without referring to the fundamenta1 monograph of Einar Key pubhshed in 19x9.’ A more recent exceIIent coIIective review has been given by Herman Pear-se, Jr. in 1933, who brought the number of reported cases of periphera1 emboIism up to 2g6.2 These coIIective statistics are of great importance as the individua1 surgeon has hardIy ever seen or reported more than a few cases, not exceeding 15 in one series. There are severa reasons for the infrequency with which the individual meets this serious compIication. In the first pIace, emboIism into arteries of the extremities is not as frequent as compared with emboIism in other organs. Thus BuI13 found in 6140 autopsies 30 I emboIi in 189 patients (Table I). From his carefuI work it appears that embolism into peripheral arteries is one of the Ieast frequent, emboIism into Iungs, kidney, spIeen and brain heading the list.
Using Case Studies to Define Nursing Informatics Interoperability

Interoperable Health Information Technologies (HIT) can connect to, exchange, and use patient data in ways that will improve clinical, safety, efficiency, cost, and population health outcomes (Depa...
Digital-to-analog (D/A) converters with nonuniformly sampled signals

In this paper, we investigate the problem of the D/A converter with nonuniformly sampled input data. The input digital data were obtained by sampling the intended analog waveform at nonuniform time intervals, and we look into the question: "Given that the timing offset of each data sample is known, would it be beneficial, in terms of the output signal-to-noise ratio, to use this offset to adjust the playback timing of the D/A converter?" We examine two different timing strategies. The first approach simply plays out the signal at a uniform rate, while the second one uses the known timing offset to adjust the D/A converter playback timing accordingly. The closed-form expressions of the spectrum of the D/A converter output signals are derived. From these expressions, we find that the spectrum structure, for the case where the timing offsets are compensated, is the infinite sum of the weighted shift to the baseband spectrum. For the uniform playout approach, the spectrum structure is much more complicated where each shifted spectrum is modified by a different weighting function of the frequency. Although the spectrum structure may be conceptually simpler for the case where the timing offsets are compensated, it is by no means clear that either method is better than the other in terms of the output waveform quality. We then apply the results to analyze the direct digital synthesis output sine waves. The signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, for both cases is derived in simple closed form. It is found that for the case where the timing offsets are compensated, the SNR can be greatly enhanced by appropriate selection of operation parameters.
Hemoglobin I mutation encoded at both alpha-globin loci on the same chromosome: concerted evolution in the human genome

Genetic analysis of an individual expressing an unexpectedly high level of hemoglobin I, an alpha-globin structural mutant, reveals that the mutation is present at both the alpha 1- and the alpha 2-globin gene loci. Kindred analysis confirms that the two affected genes are located in cis. The most likely explanation for this finding is that a recent conversion event occurred within the human alpha-globin gene cluster.
Accountability in the Classroom: How Teachers Evaluate

Are teachers prepared to assess the effectiveness of their classroom instruction? The author explains what she learned from a survey of junior and senior high school teachers to determine their current practices and concludes by urging schools to provide inservice programs in the area of measurement skills.
Elastographic versus x-ray CT imaging of radio frequency ablation coagulations: an in vitro study.

Techniques to imageelasticity parameters (i.e., elastography) have recently become of great interest to researchers. In this paper we use conventional ultrasoundelastography and x-rayCT to imageradio frequency(RF)ablation sites of excised canine liver enclosed in gelatin. Thermal coagulations of different sizes were produced by applying the RF procedure for various times and end point temperatures. Dimensions, areas and volumes computed from CT and elastography were compared with those on whole mount pathology specimens. Ultrasoundelastography exhibited high contrast for the thermal coagulations and performed better than CT. The correlation between pathology and elastography for this sample set of 40 thermal coagulations (r=0.94 for volume estimation, r=0.87 for area estimation) is better than the correlation between pathology and CT (r=0.89 for volume estimation, r=0.82 for area estimation).
Introduction: the influence and legacy of Barbara Grier.

This special issue of the Journal of Lesbian Studies focuses on the life and legacy of the lesbian publisher, editor, and author Barbara Grier. Through Grier's “Lesbiana” column in Daughters of Bilitis's magazine The Ladder three editions of The Lesbian in Literature (1967, 1975, 1985), to her role as publisher of the Naiad Press from 1973–2003, Grier introduced hundreds of new lesbian books to readers and kept several lesbian classics on the literary horizon. The articles in this issue focus on Grier's biography, history, and impact through archival analysis, interviews, and content analysis. This introduction contextualizes and outlines the articles in this special issue.
Cell-surface and virion-envelope antigens shared by radiation leukemia virus (RadLV) and other murine c-type viruses.

The present studies demonstrate that rats recognize a tumor-specific transplantation antigen (s) shared by tumors induced by Radiation Leukemia Virus (RadLV), Gross Leukemia Virus (GLV), Moloney Leukemia Virus (MLV) or Moloney Sarcoma Virus (M-MSV), which is different from the type-specific transplantation antigen (s) detected by mice. Direct cytotoxic tests and absorption experiments with specific antisera confirm and extend previous studies indicating that rats also form antibodies to a cell-surface cross-reacting antigenic determinant present in tumors induced by these viruses. Results ofcytotoxic tests with a monospecific guinea-pig antiserum for the intraspecies group-specific (gs-1) antigen of murine leukemia viruses, suggest that this antigen is present at the cell surface of tumors induced by RadLV, GLV, or MLV, and hence that it may be responsible for the cross-reactions observed between these tumors in the present study. The data indicate that the rat typing system also recognizes a type-specific MLV antigen (s) and support the idea that some MLV-induced leukemias may be superinfected and antigenically converted by GLV. Virus neutralization studies show that rats form antibodies to virion-envelope antigens shared by RadLV, GLV and MSV.
Binding selectivity profiles for ligands of multiple receptor types: Focus on opioid receptors

Abstract The aim of radioreceptor assays for multiple types of binding sites is to study and characterize one without interference from another i.e., to ‘isolate' (operationally) a single type of site. Although Scatchard analysis and data fitting by computer can be useful at the outset in establishing parameters of the primary (highest-affinity, preferred) sites, they are of limited value for secondary (lower-affinity, nonpreferred) sites. What is required is the exclusive labeling of each type of site in order to obtain binding constants for an array of competing ligands, and thus to characterize the ligands quantitatively and to establish the unique identities of the binding sites. A binding site is described by a unique Binding Site Signature the quantitative rank order of affinities of a large set of competing ligands. The selectivity of a ligand is described quantitatively by a Binding Selectivity Profile ( BSP ), the set of decimal logarithms of the binding constants at each site . Avram Goldstein illustrates the method of depicting BSP for ligands that are selective for μ, enkephalin (δ), and dynorphin (κ) opioid binding sites .
Becoming an Atheist in America: Constructing Identity and Meaning from the Rejection of Theism

This study explores the identity formation process of self-avowed atheists in the context of American culture. Drawing on data collected from participant observation and 40 individual in-depth interviews with atheists in Colorado, four stages of atheist identity development are presented: the starting point/the ubiquity of theism, questioning theism, rejecting theism, and "coming out" atheist. I argue that an atheist identity is an achieved identity, and one that is constructed in social interaction. Focusing on the interactional processes and narrative accounts of participants, I discuss the process of rejecting the culturally normative belief in God, and the adoption instead, of an identity for which the "theist culture" at large offers no validation. This research illustrates how identification with atheism in America becomes an important aspect of self for those who adopt this label. Further, it makes a qualitative contribution to our incipient understanding of the subjective experience and identities of actual atheists, as well as the dynamics of irreligion and unbelief in America--an area of inquiry within the sociology of religion that is in need of further development.
Role of molecular oxygen in lignin peroxidase reactions.

Abstract Homogeneous lignin peroxidase (diarylpropane oxygenase) oxidized veratryl alcohol to veratryl aldehyde under anaerobic conditions in the presence of either H2O2, m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), or p-nitroperoxybenzoic acid (pNPBA). Lignin peroxidase also oxidized the 1-(3′,4′-diethoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydroxy-(4″-methoxyphenyl)-propane I under anaerobic conditions in the presence of mCPBA to yield 3,4-diethoxybenzaldehyde III and 1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydroxyethane IV. In contrast to what occurs under aerobic conditions, under anaerobic conditions no 2-hydroxy-1-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxoethane V was obtained. During the diarylpropane I cleavage under anaerobic conditions, 18O from H218O was incorporated into the α-position of the phenylglycol IV. Lignin peroxidase also hydroxylated 1-(4′-ethoxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)propane II at the α-position to yield 1-(4′-ethoxy-3′-methoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropane VI under anaerobic conditions in the presence of mCPBA. During the phenylpropane II hydroxylation under anaerobic conditions, 18O from H218O was incorporated into the α-position of VI. These results are rationalized according to a mechanism involving an initial one-electron oxidation of the diarylpropane I by the lignin peroxidase compound I to form a benzene π cation radical which undergoes α,β cleavage to produce a benzaldehyde and a C6C2 benzylic radical. The latter is then attacked by O2 to form a hydroperoxy radical which may decompose through a tetroxide to form the phenylglycol IV and phenylketol V. Under anaerobic conditions the C6C2 benzylic radical is probably oxidized to a carbonium ion which would be subsequently attacked by H2O to yield the phenylglycol V.
Conjugate lateral eye movements of “repressors” and “sensitizers” under threat and non‐threat conditions

Investigated the relationship between repression-sensitization and conjugate lateral eye movement (CLEM) tendencies under ego-threat and control conditions. Fifty-one right-handed college males were separated into repressors, sensitizers, or a middle group and were interviewed under a condition intended to produce ego-threat or a neutral condition. Bland and mildly intimate questions were asked of all Ss. Contrary to expectation, repression-sensitization and threat condition were unrelated to eye movement direction. A significant increase in left eye movement was found in response to mildly intimate questions, compared to neutral questions. Results are discussed with reference to earlier research on CLEM and to the cerebral hemispheric dominance theory of the effect.
Transcriptome profiling of cytokinin and auxin regulation in tomato root

Tomato is a model and economically important crop plant with little information available about gene expression in roots. Currently, there have only been a few studies that examine hormonal responses in tomato roots and none at a genome-wide level. This study examined the transcriptome atlas of tomato root regions (root tip, lateral roots, and whole roots) and the transcriptional regulation of each root region in response to the plant hormones cytokinin and auxin using Illumina RNA sequencing. More than 165 million 1×54 base pair reads were mapped onto the Solanum lycopersicum reference genome and differential expression patterns in each root region in response to each hormone were assessed. Many novel cytokinin- and auxin-induced and -repressed genes were identified as significantly differentially expressed and the expression levels of several were confirmed by qPCR. A number of these regulated genes represent tomato orthologues of cytokinin- or auxin-regulated genes identified in other species, including CKXs, type-A RRs, Aux/IAAs, and ARFs. Additionally, the data confirm some of the hormone regulation studies for recently examined genes in tomato such as SlIAAs and SlGH3s. Moreover, genes expressed abundantly in each root region were identified which provide a spatial distribution of many classes of genes, including plant defence, secondary metabolite production, and general metabolism across the root. Overall this study presents the first global expression patterns of hormone-regulated transcripts in tomato roots, which will be functionally relevant for future studies directed towards tomato root growth and development.
Lessons from the Early History of the Federal Reserve

We meet in Germany a little more than one year after the start of a new monetary institution, modeled in part as a federal system like the Federal Reserve with policy operations like those of the Bundesbank. For the past five years, one of my main occupations has been the early history of the Federal Reserve. I have looked in detail at its voluminous records of its formative years. My talk today is a brief summary of some things I have learned.
The role of the olfactory tubercle in the effects of cocaine, morphine and brain-stimulation reward

Using the quantitative 2-[14C]deoxyglucose autoradiographic method, local rates of glucose utilization were measured in rats after the administration of morphine or cocaine in the presence or absence of rewarding brain stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle. In animals that did not receive brain stimulation, cocaine significantly increased glucose utilization in the olfactory tubercle, medial prefrontal cortex and substantia nigra pars reticulata, whereas morphine significantly increased glucose metabolism in the olfactory tubercle only. Stimulation itself increased metabolic rates in a number of sites, such as the olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area and others. However, in self-stimulating animals both morphine and cocaine caused further increases in activity in the olfactory tubercle. Since the olfactory tubercle was the only structure to cause a significant increase in metabolic rate following each treatment, the results implicate this limbic structure in the rewarding effects of morphine, cocaine and brain-stimulation reward.
A unified approach to exploratory factor analysis with missing data, nonnormal data, and in the presence of outliers

Factor analysis is regularly used for analyzing survey data. Missing data, data with outliers and consequently nonnormal data are very common for data obtained through questionnaires. Based on covariance matrix estimates for such nonstandard samples, a unified approach for factor analysis is developed. By generalizing the approach of maximum likelihood under constraints, statistical properties of the estimates for factor loadings and error variances are obtained. A rescaled Bartlett-corrected statistic is proposed for evaluating the number of factors. Equivariance and invariance of parameter estimates and their standard errors for canonical, varimax, and normalized varimax rotations are discussed. Numerical results illustrate the sensitivity of classical methods and advantages of the proposed procedures.