cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A subregion block iteration to 3-D finite element modeling of subsurface flow

Abstract A subregion block iteration (SBI) technique has been developed in conjunction with finite element approximations of saturated-unsaturated flow equations. The proposed SBI technique is implemented in a three-dimensional finite element saturated-unsaturated flow model. The model is verified with a nonlinear diffusion equation having an analytical solution. It is then applied to a burial trench problem. It is not possible to solve this field problem using the direct elimination finite element method. The SBI technique provides significant improvement over models based on direct band solution methods in both central processing unit (CPU) storage and CPU time.
Depletion of cardiac norepinephrine but not brain catecholamines by MPTP-N-oxide in mice

After a single dose in mice, MPTP-N-oxide caused a dose-dependent depletion of cardiac norepinephrine which was similar although less pronounced than that caused by MPTP itself. After repeated daily doses, MPTP-N-oxide depleted cardiac norepinephrine, but did not deplete norepinephrine in the frontal cortex or dopamine in the striatum of mice. MPTP-N-oxide differed from MPTP, which depleted cardiac norepinephrine, cortical norepinephrine and striatal dopamine after repeated daily doses, but was similar to MPP+, another metabolite of MPTP, which depleted only cardiac norepinephrine. These data suggest that MPTP-N-oxide may contribute to the peripheral catecholamine-depleting effects after MPTP injection.
Conditional disruption of interactions between Gαi2 and regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins protects the heart from ischemic injury.

Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins suppress G protein coupled receptor signaling by catalyzing the hydrolysis of Gα-bound guanine nucleotide triphosphate. Transgenic mice in which RGS-mediated regulation of Gαi2 is lost (RGS insensitive Gαi2 G184S) exhibit beneficial (protection against ischemic injury) and detrimental (enhanced fibrosis) cardiac phenotypes. This mouse model has revealed the physiological significance of RGS/Gαi2 interactions. Previous studies of the Gαi2 G184S mutation used mice that express this mutant protein throughout their lives. Thus, it is unclear whether these phenotypes result from chronic or acute Gαi2 G184S expression. We addressed this issue by developing mice that conditionally express Gαi2 G184S. Mice that conditionally express RGS insensitive Gαi2 G184S were generated using a floxed minigene strategy. Conditional expression of Gαi2 G184S was characterized by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and by enhancement of agonist-induced inhibition of cAMP production in isolated cardiac fibroblasts. The impact of conditional RGS insensitive Gαi2 G184S expression on ischemic injury was assessed by measuring contractile recovery and infarct sizes in isolated hearts subjected to 30 min ischemia and 2 hours reperfusion. We demonstrate tamoxifen-dependent expression of Gαi2 G184S, enhanced inhibition of cAMP production, and cardioprotection from ischemic injury in hearts conditionally expressing Gαi2 G184S. Thus the cardioprotective phenotype previously reported in mice expressing Gαi2 G184S does not require embryonic or chronic Gαi2 G184S expression. Rather, cardioprotection occurs following acute (days rather than months) expression of Gαi2 G184S. These data suggest that RGS proteins might provide new therapeutic targets to protect the heart from ischemic injury. We anticipate that this model will be valuable for understanding the time course (chronic versus acute) and mechanisms of other phenotypic changes that occur following disruption of interactions between Gαi2 and RGS proteins.
A Relation between the Lyotropic Series and Free Energies

MANY physical-chemical properties and reactions of solutions, such as hydration of ions, flocculation of sols, swelling and liquefaction of gels and surface tensions, are influenced by the presence of ions the order of effectiveness of which is often expressed as the lyotropic or Hofmeister series. The order is not invariable and, whilst factors such as hydrogen ion concentration, valency and activity are of much importance1, the series appears still to embody some fundamental property. It is of much interest, therefore, that the order of the anions arranged in the lyotropic series runs closely parallel with the order of the (Gibbsian) standard free energies of formation from their elements (see accompanying table).
Unified Pavement Distress Index for Managing Flexible Pavements

One of the innovative approaches for maintaining and rehabilitating the nation's highways is to develop and implement some form of pavement management system (PMS). This paper documents results of a survey on PMS use in the United States. In addition, a simple method for a PMS based on priority ranking is presented. The model uses the theory of fuzzy sets to process the information obtained from a typical pavement condition survey. An index, called unified pavement distress index (UPDI), is defined and used to measure the pavement distress condition. The new approach is presented in a few key elements: guidelines for rating of six types of distresses, weights among the different types of distresses, fuzzy‐set representations of the linguistic grades and fuzzy mathematics, and the definition of UPDI and its use in a pavement data base. An example is presented to show how the new approach can be employed to analyze data bases generated from a pavement condition survey. While the proposed approach has shown ...
Mahatma Gandhi and the Economics of Non‐Exploitation

The global society, today, is under serious stress. Among other things, this stress follows from a continuous breakdown of the rules of the game whereby one or two super‐powers have been trying to maintain their hegemony in different parts of the world. As a result, expenditure on armaments and means of human destruction has been mounting. It is estimated that the expenditure on the military in 1978 was 412 billion US dollars. Since then it has accelerated much faster. There is now such a large stockpile of destructive atomic weapons that it can destroy industrial civilisation — the creator of this stockpile — in a matter of hours.
Domestic violence against migrant women in South Korea: Addressing the needs of a uniquely situated victim population in domestic violence policy

Domestic violence against migrant women entering South Korea through marriage is an emerging social problem. This article identifies the unique challenges of the migrant victims of domestic violenc...
Detection of endogenous cortisol in equine tears and blood at rest and after simulated stress.

Objective To determine whether cortisol is present in equine tears at rest and during simulated stress and compare tear cortisol to serum free and total cortisol. Materials and methods Fourteen healthy adult horses were included. Paired tear total cortisol and serum total and free cortisol concentrations were measured with ELISA, chemiluminescent immunoassay, and ultrafiltration methodology, respectively, in 10 horses at rest once daily for five consecutive days. In an additional four horses, paired tear and serum samples were collected for cortisol measurement before and after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation (cosyntropin, 1 μg/kg IV). Results Cortisol was detectable in equine tears at rest. Following ACTH stimulation, tear cortisol increased significantly from baseline at 60–120 min (P ≤ 0.001). Serum total and free cortisol also increased significantly at 30–180 min after ACTH stimulation (P ≤ 0.001). Both serum and tear cortisol returned to baseline concentrations by 360 min. Changes in tear cortisol were similarly associated with changes in serum total and free cortisol, although high tear cortisol concentrations suggest a portion of tear cortisol may be protein-bound. Discussion Cortisol is present in equine tears and increases in concert with serum cortisol following ACTH stimulation. Further study is needed to determine whether endogenous cortisol in tears contributes to ocular pathology.
PURIFICATION AND STRUCTURAL ANNEALING OF MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AT GRAPHITIZATION TEMPERATURES

In this work, we present a systematic study of the effects of graphitization on the structural perfection of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. High purity nanotubes were produced by a low temperature CVD method and subsequently annealed at temperatures between 1600 and 3000°C. The nanotubes were characterized for chemical purity, interlayer spacing, and defect healing. The graphitization procedure was found to remove residual metal catalyst in the nanotubes and reduce the wall defects as reflected in a reduced interlayer spacing between the graphene shells. Graphitization presents a low-cost, commercially viable method of purifying and ordering multiwall carbon nanotubes.
Su1617 Impact of Fluoroscopy Frame Rate, Image Magnification, Collimation and Height of the Image Intensifier on Radiation Exposure to Patients During ERCP

Univariate Analysis Age O 60 1.9 1.23-2.95 0.004 Sex (Male) 1.56 1.02-2.42 0.042 Sedation (GA) 1.89 1.21-2.96 0.005 Procedure Time 1.04 1.03-1.05 0.001 Indication (Choledocholithiasis) 2.46 1.50-4.01 0.001 Difficult Cannulation 10.16 3.01-34.29 0.001 Guidewires (Two or more) 2.66 1.01-7.05 0.048 Previous Stent in place 0.5 0.33-0.79 0.002 Sphincterotomy 2.52 1.61-3.93 0.001 ERCP Difficulty Grade 3 & 4 1.62 1.03-2.54 0.036 Low volume endoscopist 2.48 1.45-4.21 0.001 Balloon Sweep 1.57 1.01-2.42 0.042 Spy Glass cholangioscopy 3.47 1.34-8.92 0.010 Bile Duct Biopsy 5.85 1.27-26.84 0.023 Stanford Fluoroscopy Complexity Score (O 10) 2.59 1.06-6.30 0.036
Magnetic resonance characterization of pheochromocytomas in the abdomen and pelvis: imaging findings in 18 surgically proven cases.

Purpose:To study the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of adrenal and extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas in the abdomen and pelvis.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 18 cases of pathologically proven cases of pheochromocytomas in the abdomen and pelvis. These patients have undergone magnetic
Failure of spreading depression to produce retrograde amnesia

Bilateral spreading depression, produced in rats immediately after they learned a pattern discrimination (horizontal vs. vertical stripes, food reinforcement), did not lead to retention deficits the following day.
Teaching technical reviews in a one-semester software engineering course

Software technical reviews are essential to the development and maintenance of high quality software. These review processes are complex group activities for which there exist an abundance of basic concepts evolved over years of practical experience. In a typical one-semester software engineering course very little of this information is adequately conveyed to students. Texts supporting this course are also very weak in this area. This paper provides a practical approach for teaching about software technical reviews in a one-semester software engineering course. The contents for two to three lectures on this topic are described as well as suggested exercises and an approach for integrating technical reviews with the usual team project. An extensive annotated bibliography is also provided to assist instructors and students.
Storage Rings for Electrons and Positrons

Storage rings for electrons and positrons provide a powerful tool for investigation of a variety of high energy processes. The development of storage rings has relied heavily on advanced accelerator technology. Many problems such as beam instability have arisen but acceptable solutions to these problems appear to have been found. Presently contemplated storage ring projects include plans for storage rings for energies as high as 5 BeV.
The relationship between preoperative abdominal leak point pressure and surgical outcome following retropubic urethropexy for genuine stress incontinence

Abstract Introduction: Whereas standard urodynamic measurements examine discrete parts of urethral function, abdominal leak point pressure (ALPP) tends to evaluate the combined effects of the different continence mechanisms. The technique involves the measurement of the amount of intraabdominal pressure required to overcome outlet resistance and produce leakage. The present study investigates the association between preoperative ALPP and clinical outcome following antiincontinence surgery. Methods: Forty-one patients with genuine stress incontinence (GSI) scheduled for vaginal patch sling (n = 17) or retropubic needle suspension (n = 24) were studied. All patients underwent standard urodynamic testing, including cough-induced ALPP. Abdominal leak point pressure was defined as the single lowest pressure that produces leakage. Results: Sixteen of 17 patients (94.1%) who underwent vaginal patch sling and 17 of 24 patients (70.8%) who underwent retropubic needle suspension demonstrated complete clinical and urodynamic improvement of GSI at follow-up with a negative standing stress test and a positive maximum urethral closure pressure on cough profilometry. Thus, a total of 33 of 41 patients had a successful surgical outcome (group I), whereas 8 of 41 patients (group II) had an unsuccessful repair. The mean preoperative ALPP in group I and group II was 107 cm H 2 O SD ± 10, and 103 cm H 2 O SD ± 9, respectively. The difference was not statistically significant ( P >0.05). Conclusion: While ALPP measurement may be useful in demarcating the severity of incontinence, it appears that preoperative ALPP does not correlate with surgical outcome.
A Study of Convection Capped by a Stable Layer Using Doppler Radar and Acoustic Echo Sounders

Abstract Simultaneous atmospheric acoustic echo sounding and Doppler radar measurements were used to study some of the characteristics of an unstable boundary layer capped by an inversion. The resultant set of observations shows that the turbulent energy dissipation rate was constant with height up through the inversion layer. Since production from buoyancy and shear were found to be negligible in the upper part of the convective layer, the turbulent energy must be supplied by energy flux convergence. The stress at the top of the momentum layer was estimated to be approximately 2.5 dyn cm−2, assuming the energy flux divergence, term was small above the inversion. In addition, the height where the downward heat flux above the inversion went to zero and the height where the shearing stress went to zero were different. For the case analyzed in this paper, the apparent height at which the heat flux went to zero was 0.6 times the height where the shearing stress became zero.
Square-root state estimation for second-order large space structuresmodels

Two square-root filtering algorithms are developed for large space structures that are modeled by secondorder, continuous-time, finite, dynamic models. The first filter, which assumes a continuous-time measurement system, is a single-stage continuous algorithm that is based on the V-Lambda square-root method for the solution of a generalized Riccati equation. The second measurement system considered is of a discrete-time type, for which the resulting estimator is a hybrid continuous/discrete one. Both estimators are based on the spectral decomposition of the estimation error covariance matrix. Thus, they continuously provide the user with the covariance spectral factors. This distinct feature of the V-Lambda algorithms is valuable in ill-conditioned cases, in which an insight into the estimation process is needed to reveal singularities and to identify state subsets that become nearly dependent. Moreover, using the orthogonality property of the covariance eigenvectors, an orthogonalization step is added to the algorithms to enhance their accuracy in cases where simple, unsophisticated software is to be used. Two different methods for performing the orthogonalization are suggested. A typical filtering example is used to demonstrate the square-root nature of the new filters.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM ENAMELS

The development of a superopaque, acid-resistant titanium enamel is described. Different components of the batch were varied systematically and the properties, such as reflectance, color, flow, gloss, and acid resistance, were determined. Variations in composition, reflectance curves, and spectrophotometer curves are given for all of the enamels investigated. The stability of this type of enamel during firing and smelting was also studied. Spectrophotometric analyses of this type of enamel show a characteristic low reflectance in the short-wave length region of the visible spectrum, differing in this respect from superopaque antimony and zirconia enamels. Additions of as much as 0.5% Fe2O3 and 0.2% V2O5 to the titanium enamel did not cause any appreciable variations in color. Although some differences in the spectrophotometer curves were noted over the field of enamels investigated, the only major change in color occurred when minute amounts of Cr2O3 were present. X-ray diffraction patterns of enamels show that rutile crystals in most cases, or sometimes anatase, are the crystals causing opacity.
Skin responses to fractional photothermolysis.

Background and Objective Fractional photothermolysis (FP) is a new concept using arrays of microscopic thermal damage patterns to stimulate a therapeutic response. We analyzed epidermal and dermal response to FP with the aim of correlating histological and clinical response. Study Design/Materials and Methods Twelve subjects received a single treatment with a prototype diode laser emitting at a wavelength of 1,500 nm, delivering 5 mJ per microscopic treatment zone (MTZ), and a density of 1,600 MTZs/cm2 on the forearm. Biopsies were procured over a period of 3 months. The biopsies were analyzed by two blinded dermatopathologists using hematoxylin and eosin (Hematoxylin and Eosin Stain), Elastica von Gieson, nitro-blue-tetrazolium-chloride (NBTC) viability, and immunohistochemistry stains. Furthermore, the treatment sites were evaluated in vivo by confocal microscopy. Results and Discussion Twenty-four hours after fractional photothermolysis, the continuity of the epidermal basal cell layer is restored. Complete epidermal regeneration is obtained 7 days after the treatment. Microscopic epidermal necrotic debris (MENDs) are seen as early as 1 day after FP. MENDs contain melanin pigment, and are shed from the epidermis within 7 days. Evidence of increased collagen III production is shown with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining 7 days after FP. IHC for heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70) shows the expression of HSP 1 day after FP, and IHC for alpha smooth muscle actin shows the presence of myofibroblasts 7 days after FP. These findings are concordant with the induction of a wound healing response by FP. There is no evidence of residual dermal fibrosis 3 months after treatment. Conclusion A single treatment with fractional photothermolysis induces a wound healing response in the dermis. A mechanism for the precise removal of epidermal melanin is described, in which MENDs act as a melanin shuttle. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:142–149, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Drug-seeking behavior during methadone maintenance.

Six subjects were given the opportunity to work for saline placebo and hydromorphone (4 mg i.v.) several times weekly before and during a period of maintenance on methadone (100 mg p.o. daily). Measures of pupillary change and reports of “liking” in response to hydromorphone dropped to saline control levels when the daily dose of methadone was approximately 60 mg. Half of the subjects continued to work intermittently for hydromorphone for four weeks while they were receiving 100 mg of methadone daily. These data support the assumption that methadone maintenance reduces the reinforcement value of other opiates and behaviors associated with obtaining them.
Skin cell induction of calcitonin gene-related peptide in embryonic sensory neurons in vitro involves activin.

Abstract Target skin cells induce the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in naive embryonic dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro, but the molecular basis of that induction is not known. Recombinant activin or bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) dramatically increase the number of sensory neurons with CGRP and substance P in vitro (X. 1 ). These experiments were designed to test if activin or BMPs accounted for the CGRP-inductive activity by skin cells. To identify factors from skin that induce CGRP, we developed a bioassay in which embryonic DRG neurons isolated before peripheral target contact in vivo are challenged in vitro with specific factors. Conditioned medium from an embryonic rat skin cell line induced neuronal CGRP expression, and induction was blocked by follistatin, implicating transforming growth factor β family members. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the skin cell line medium contained several activin and bone morphogenetic protein moieties. Antibody specific to activin neutralized most of the CGRP-inductive activity in skin conditioned medium. These data indicate that the CGRP-inductive action of skin cells involves activin and establish activin as a candidate regulator of this sensory neuropeptide phenotype during development.
Expression of surface membrane IgG on pokeweed mitogen-reactive anti-tetanus toxoid antibody-producing cells.

Anti-tetanus toxoid antibody-producing cells, differentially expressing surface membrane IgM, were analyzed for the additional expression of surface membrane IgG. μ+ and μ− cells were rosetted with anti-γ-ox red blood cells and separated by density centrifugation into fractions enriched or depleted or γ+ cells. These B-cell subsets were assayed for the production of IgM and IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody and total IgM and IgG. The results indicated that the majority of anti-tetanus toxoid antibody synthesis in the μ− fraction was by γ+ cells. In the μ+ fraction, however, both IgM and IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody production was detected in the μ+γ− and μ+γ+ fraction. The inclusion of isotype-specific antisera during the first 2 days of culture further established that γ was expressed on the surface of the majority of the precursors for IgG anti-tetanus antibody productionin vitro. Studies performed to determine the culture requirements of μ− and μ+ cells revealed that production of IgG anti-tetanus toxoid antibody by both cell subsets was dependent on T cells and pokeweed mitogen. However, some μ− cells could produce IgG in the presence of T cells alone.
Pulmonary complications after esophagectomy

Abstract Background . Pulmonary complications are common in patients who have undergone esophagectomy. There are no good predictive variables for these complications. In addition, the role that preoperative treatment with chemotherapy and radiation may play in postoperative complications remains unclear. Methods . We performed a retrospective review of all patients who underwent esophagectomy by a single surgeon at our institution over a 6-year period. Data were analyzed for a correlation between patient risk factors and pulmonary complications, including mortality, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. Results . Complete data were available on 61 patients. Nearly all patients had some pulmonary abnormality (eg, pleural effusion), although most of these were clinically insignificant. Pneumonia was the most common clinically important complication, and 19.7% of patients required prolonged ventilatory support. Significant risk factors identified included impaired pulmonary function, especially for patients with forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) less than 65% of predicted, preoperative chemoradiotherapy, and age. Conclusions . Impaired lung function is a significant risk factor for pulmonary complications after esophagectomy. Patients with FEV 1 less than 65% of predicted appear to be at greatest risk. There also seems to be an associated risk of preoperative chemoradiotherapy for pulmonary complications after esophagectomy.
On combining language models: oracle approach

In this paper, we address the problem of combining several language models (LMs). We find that simple interpolation methods, like log-linear and linear interpolation, improve the performance but fall short of the performance of an oracle. The oracle knows the reference word string and selects the word string with the best performance (typically, word or semantic error rate) from a list of word strings, where each word string has been obtained by using a different LM. Actually, the oracle acts like a dynamic combiner with hard decisions using the reference. We provide experimental results that clearly show the need for a dynamic language model combination to improve the performance further. We suggest a method that mimics the behavior of the oracle using a neural network or a decision tree. The method amounts to tagging LMs with confidence measures and picking the best hypothesis corresponding to the LM with the best confidence.
Regions of DNA involved in the stringent control of plasmid-encoded rRNA in vivo

We have examined the transcription of two plasmid-encoded, stable RNAs; a shortened 16S ribosomal RNA and the spacer transfer RNA2Glu from the Escherichia coli rrnB operon. Plasmid deletions were constructed in vitro, in order to examine the DNA regions required for stringent control of rRNA expression in vivo during amino acid starvation. We find that rRNA synthesized from plasmids does exhibit a relA-dependent, stringent response. The DNA sequences required for this regulation do not extend beyond 20 bases downstream of the P1 transcription initiation site. Deletion of P2, the second of the two tandem rRNA promoters, does not weaken the stringent control of transcripts from P1. These results demonstrate that pause sites for RNA polymerase identified in vitro do not play a significant role in the stringent control of rRNA synthesis in vivo and imply that stringent regulation takes place at the level of initiation, rather than elongation, of transcription. Surprisingly, we find that the presence of extra intact rrnB operons (carried by a multicopy plasmid) reduces the magnitude of the stringent response.
On maximal t-linearly independent sets

Abstract Consider a finite t + r − 1 dimensional projective space PG(t + r − 1, s) over a Galois field GF(s) of order s = ϱh, where ϱ and h are positive integers and ϱ is the prime characteristic of the field. A collection of k points in PG (t + r − 1, s) constitutes an L(t, k)-set if no t of them are linearly dependent. An L(t, k)-set is maximal if there exists no other L(t, k′)-set with k′ > k. The largest k for which an L(t, k)-set exists is denoted by Mt(t + r, s). K. A. Bush [3] established that Mt(t, s) = t + 1 for t ⩾ s. The purpose of this paper is to generalize this result and study Mt(t + r, s) for t, r, and s in certain relationships.
Digital ischemia after carpal tunnel injection: a case report.

Abstract Payne JM, Brault JS. Digital ischemia after carpal tunnel injection: a case report. A 51-year-old woman described paresthesias in her right thumb, index, and middle fingers consistent with carpal tunnel syndrome. Using a sterile technique, a 25-G, 1¼-in needle was introduced ulnar to the palmaris longus tendon, and a mixture of 1.5mL of 40mg/mL of triamcinolone acetonide and 1.5mL of 1% lidocaine was injected. After the injection, the patient's hand exhibited signs of ischemia including coolness and discoloration. Rewarming of the hand with paraffin was performed immediately, and normative color returned. At follow-up visits, the patient described burning in the hand, and blotchiness of the digits was noted. A magnetic resonance imaging angiogram of the right wrist showed a single deep palmar arch. Electromyography and nerve conduction study weeks after the injection showed bilateral median neuropathies, moderately severe on the right and mild on the left. She underwent an open carpal tunnel release 6 weeks postinjection. The patient did well and returned to her job without restrictions. The exact etiology of the hand ischemia is unclear but may be related to vasospasm as has been described in the spine-injection literature. Regardless of the etiology, this case shows an uncommon adverse event in a commonly performed procedure and raises questions for further review.
Computers and Curriculum Integration in Teacher Education

Abstract The authors recount efforts to integrate technology into preservice training. An underlying assumption is that prospective teachers need to be computer literate. Computers often enhance cooperative learning projects, integrated curriculum, and thematic teaching methods. Initially general and specific objectives are specified, students' prior experiences are assessed, and resources are surveyed. Next, model lessons and activities are incorporated into specific courses. A demonstration lesson in which social studies and mathematics are integrated in a lesson using the Oregon Trail is described. The unexpected benefits of this technology integration are that faculty develop more cooperative and creative activities, and the computer-based simulations with students often serve as diagnostic tools. Plans for expanding efforts to incorporate more multi-media and INTERNET projects are also discussed.
β-Ionone reactions with ozone and OH radical: Rate constants and gas-phase products

Abstract The bimolecular rate constants, kOH +β-ionone (118±30)×10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and k O 3 + β ‐ ionone , (0.19±0.05)×10−16 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, were measured using the relative rate technique for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and ozone (O3) with 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-buten-2-one (β-ionone) at 297±3 K and 1 atm total pressure. To more clearly define part of β-ionone's indoor environment degradation mechanism, the products of the β-ionone+OH and β-ionone+O3 reactions were also investigated. The identified β-ionone+OH reaction products were: glyoxal (ethanedial, HC(=O)C(=O)H), and methylglyoxal (2-oxopropanal, CH3C(=O)C(=O)H) and the identified β-ionone+O3 reaction product was 2-oxopropanal. The derivatizing agents O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) were used to propose 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-ene-1-carbaldehyde as the other major β-ionone+OH and β-ionone+O3 reaction product. The elucidation of this other reaction product was facilitated by mass spectrometry of the derivatized reaction products coupled with plausible β-ionone+OH and β-ionone+O3 reaction mechanisms based on previously published volatile organic compound+OH and volatile organic compound+O3 gas-phase reaction mechanisms. The additional gas-phase products observed from the β-ionone+OH reaction are proposed to be the result of cyclization through a radical intermediate.
GENDER DIFFERENCES AS A FACTOR IN TEACHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS: A COMMENT

A recent article by Prawat and Jarvis (1980) reported a lack of support for the hypothesis that teachers' perceptions of students are sex-biased. However, a closer inspection shows the interpretati...
Insulin action during variable hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic infusions in hyperandrogenic anovulatory patients and healthy women

Abstract Objective: To determine whether 3-month GnRH analogue (GnRH-a) administration to hyperandrogenic anovulatory patients and healthy women affects glucose utilization or endogenous glucose production (EGP) in the postabsorptive state and during variable hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic infusions. Design: Prospective, nonrandomized study. Setting: Academic research environment. Patient(s): Twelve hyperandrogenic anovulatory patients and 11 healthy women matched by body mass index and waist to hip circumference ratio. Intervention(s): Variable hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic infusions replicated physiological increases in circulating glucose and insulin levels before and after 3-month GnRH-a administration. Main outcome measure(s): Glucose utilization and EGP. Result(s): In the postabsorptive state, plasma glucose and insulin levels, glucose utilization, and EGP were similar in hyperandrogenic patients and healthy women. During variable hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic infusions, glucose use increased and EGP decreased to similar degrees in both groups of women. Three-month GnRH-a administration to hyperandrogenic patients and healthy women did not affect plasma glucose and insulin levels, glucose utilization and EGP in the postabsorptive state, or glucose utilization and EGP during variable hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic infusions. Conclusion(s): Glucose use and EGP in the postabsorptive state and during variable hyperglycemic–hyperinsulinemic infusions are similar in hyperandrogenic anovulatory patients and healthy women of similar body fat distribution and are unaffected by 3-month GnRH-a administration.
Heat capacities of linear macromolecules

The heat capacity of liquid selenium was measured from 500 K to 700 K. Three commercial dynamic differential calorimeters were used for the evaluation (du Pont, Mettler, Perkin-Elmer). Comparison with limited literature data by adiabatic calorimetry shows that all three instruments give data of better than ± 3 % accuracy. Differences among the instruments are thus mainly in the convenience of sample handling and calibration. The heat capacity measured shows a decreasing trend with increasing temperature, opposite to synthetic linear macromolecules.
Regulation of oxylipin synthesis.

Two very common groups of oxylipins formed in plants involve the conversion of fatty acid hydroperoxides, such as hydroperoxy-octadecatrienoic acid, into further metabolites by allene oxide synthase and hydroperoxide lyase. Both of these oxylipin branch pathways appear to be ubiquitous or nearly so in plants, but the relative activities of these two branches vary among plant species. In most plants examined, including Arabidopsis product formation from either of these pathways is minimal until elicited by wounding or some other means, upon which products from both pathways, such as jasmonic acid and C 6 aldehydes and alcohols, can increase by orders of magnitude. In some plant species such as Artemisia and Jasminum spp. oxylipin product formation is heavily skewed towards allene oxide synthase products. Others such as watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ) produce 10-fold higher amounts or more of hydroperoxide lyase than allene oxide synthase products. Arabidopsis and tobacco are intermediate between these extremes. Artemisia and Jasminum are also unusual in that they do not require wounding or other types of induction for high oxylipin product formation. Release of non-esterified fatty acids appears to be correlated with oxylipin formation, but phospholipase A 2 appears not to be involved with oxylipin production, at least in the case of Artemisia leaves.
Nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea as a result of pseudotumor cerebri

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that pseudotumor cerebri, also known as benign intracranial hypertension, can be an overlooked cause of spontaneous, nontraumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. Study design and methods This study presents a literature review and 2 case reports. The medical records of 2 patients who had nontraumatic CSF rhinorrhea were reviewed. Results The patients were diagnosed as having spontaneous, nontraumatic CSF rhinorrhea, believed to have been caused by pseudotumor cerebri, and were surgically treated. The patients are obese, middle-aged women. Conclusions Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea is most often the result of trauma, but it may also occur spontaneously because of nontraumatic causes in some patients. Pseudotumor cerebri can be an overlooked cause of spontaneous, nontraumatic CSF rhinorrhea. A patient with signs and symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri should be evaluated and treated, if the condition is present, to prevent complications that include irreversible visual loss and CSF rhinorrhea.
Cytomegalovirus Appendicitis in a Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Case Report and Review of the Literature

• We report a case of chronic abdominal pain with subsequent development of acute right lower quadrant tenderness in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Ultrasonography and computed tomography revealed an enlarged appendix. On subsequent laparotomy, the patient was found to have appendicitis due to cytomegalovirus. Six additional cases of this infection were identified in a review of the literature. The course of cytomegalovirus appendicitis in these patients was prolonged and atypical compared with noncompromised patients with acute appendicitis. Because perforation may occur, surgery is advocated when this diagnosis is suspected in the patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. (Arch Surg.1993;128:467-468)
Computational Modeling of Tumor Response to Vascular-Targeting Therapies—Part I: Validation

Mathematical modeling techniques have been widely employed to understand how cancer grows, and, more recently, such approaches have been used to understand how cancer can be controlled. In this manuscript, a previously validated hybrid cellular automaton model of tumor growth in a vascularized environment is used to study the antitumor activity of several vascular-targeting compounds of known efficacy. In particular, this model is used to test the antitumor activity of a clinically used angiogenesis inhibitor (both in isolation, and with a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic) and a vascular disrupting agent currently undergoing clinical trial testing. I demonstrate that the mathematical model can make predictions in agreement with preclinical/clinical data and can also be used to gain more insight into these treatment protocols. The results presented herein suggest that vascular-targeting agents, as currently administered, cannot lead to cancer eradication, although a highly efficacious agent may lead to long-term cancer control.
Disaggregate stochastic trends in industrial production

Abstract Several industries appear cointegrated at a highly disaggregated level, but the cointegration is not sufficient to reduce the system to a single common trend. Instead the results indicate that ten common trends are present in the industrial production aggregate.
‘‘My Ever Dear’’ Social Work’s ‘‘Lesbian’’ Foremothers—A Call for Scholarship

Same-sex intimate relationships were central to the lives of many of social work’s early women leaders. Recognizing these relationships is important to address the erasure of sexuality in the profession’s historical record and to give sexual minority social workers access to their history. This article explores conceptual issues in lesbian historical scholarship, describes the same-sex relationships of four remarkable social workers—Jane Addams, Mary Richmond, Jessie Taft, and Virginia Robinson—and calls for further research in this area.
Incommensurate correlations in quantum spin models.

Frustrated quantum antiferromagnets in two dimensions are studied by analyzing, using a 1/N expansion, the phase properties of associated (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear continuum models. The spin system on square lattice with isotropic couplings that include up to the third-nearest neighbors is considered. Periodic, commensurate, or incommensurate correlations are found to be stable. The relevance in some phase regions of effective (1+1)-dimensional nonlinear models is discussed.
Dual cohesive energy densities of perfluorosulphonic acid (Nafion) membrane

Abstract The cohesive energy density of Nafion has been determined experimentally from swelling measurements using the method of Britow and Watson. The results show that there are two distinct swelling envelopes corresponding to dual cohesive energy densities: one is ascribed to the organic part of the membrane, whereas the other is tentatively attributed to the ion clusters in the material. In addition, the cohesive energy density of Nafion, calculated from both Small's and Hayes' methods, are in agreement with experimental results.
Intestinal permeation enhancers

This review addresses the field of improving oral bioavailability through the use of excipients that increase intestinal membrane permeability. The critical issues to consider in evaluating these approaches are 1) the extent of bioavailability enhancement achieved, 2) the influence of formulation and physiological variables, 3) toxicity associated with permeation enhancement, and 4) the mechanism of permeation enhancement. The categories of permeation enhancers discussed are surfactants, fatty acids, medium chain glycerides, steroidal detergents, acyl carnitine and alkanoylcholines, N-acetylated alpha-amino acids and N-acetylated non-alpha-amino acids, and chitosans and other mucoadhesive polymers. Some of these approaches have been developed to the stage of initial clinical trials. Several seem to have potential to improve oral bioavailabilities of poorly absorbed compounds without causing significant intestinal damage. In addition, the possible use of excipients that inhibit secretory transport is reviewed.
Effects of changes in strain rate and test temperature on Mg85Ca5Cu10 metallic glass ribbons

Abstract The mechanical and structural properties of Mg 85 Ca 5 Cu 10 metallic glass ribbons are investigated via DSC, XRD, microhardness, nanoindentation, tensile tests, and bend tests. It is found that the mechanical behavior of the material is dependent on temperature and strain rate as predicted by a deformation map. The viscosity and fracture surface features reveal that as viscosity in the glass increases, fracture surface features decrease in size.
Indo study of trimethylaluminum reactions with ethylene and acetylene

Abstract INDO calculations were used to study the reaction mechanisms of ethylene and acetylene with trimethylaluminum. We find an intermediate π complex which converts to products over a very low energy barrier. This reaction mechanism resembles that originally proposed by Cossee for Ziegler—Natta catalyst systems.
Genome mining in Streptomyces coelicolor : Molecular cloning and characterization of a new sesquiterpene synthase

The terpene synthase encoded by the SCO5222 (SC7E4.19) gene of Streptomyces coelicolor was cloned by PCR and expressed in Escherichia coli as an N-terminal-His6-tag protein. Incubation of the recombinant protein, SCO5222p, with farnesyl diphosphate (1, FPP) in the presence of Mg(II) gave a new sesquiterpene, (+)-epi-isozizaene (2), whose structure and stereochemistry were determined by a combination of 1H, 13C, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY NMR. The steady-state kinetic parameters were kcat 0.049 ± 0.001 s-1 and a Km (FPP) of 147 ± 14 nM. Individual incubations of recombinant epi-isozizaene synthase with [1,1-2H2]FPP (1a), (1R)-[1-2H]-FPP (1b), and (1S)-[1-2H]-FPP (1c) and NMR analysis of the resulting deuterated epi-isozizaenes supported an isomerization−cyclization−rearrangement mechanism involving the intermediacy of (3R)-nerolidyl diphosphate (3).
TAXIR-A biologically oriented information retrieval system as an aid to plant introduction

TAXIR, an information retrieval system designed for taxonomic data, can be effectively applied to the management of information accumulated by Plant Introduction about accessions of a major crop,Phaseolus vulgaris.
Modeling and observation of the radar polarization signature of forested areas

To understand radar measurements of forested areas, the authors have developed a model of L-band (25-cm) microwave scattering from a forest. The forest floor is layer of nearly vertical dielectric cylinders representing tree trunks Above this layer is a second layer consisting of randomly oriented cylinders which represent branches. The authors identify several scattering mechanisms and calculate the corresponding Stokes matrices, which combine to give the total Stokes matrix and resulting polarization signature. It is found that this simple model permits accurate prediction of the polarization of the scattered waves and that additional mechanisms, including the effects of leaves and twigs, are not required for the 25-cm observation of the forests studied. The authors present measurements of the polarization signature acquired over a forested area and show comparisons with model calculations. >
Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for lung cancer: What does the future hold?

While radiation therapy has long been one of the pillars of therapy for potentially curable stages of lung cancer, outcomes have largely remained disappointing overall. The best outcomes in lung cancer have been achieved with surgery and only in early stage disease, because in early stages complete tumor ablation by surgery is possible in most patients who can tolerate the appropriate resection (lobectomy). Even so, many patients with anatomically resectable early lung cancer are not treated with surgery: in the United States, up to over one third of such patients do not have surgery for reasons including older age and multiple comorbidities (1). Conventional radiation therapy, while modestly effective, does not approach surgical cure rates because it has not been possible or practical to achieve ablative radiation dose intensities tolerably using such techniques (2).
Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Copper-Cobalt Alloys

Differential reflectometry is utilized to investigate the electronic structure of α-phase copper–cobalt alloys. It is found that copper–cobalt is a virtual bound state alloy, similar to copper–nickel and copper–gold. Die elektronische Struktur von α–Kupfer–Kobalt-Legierungen wird mit Hilfe der Differenzreflektometrie untersucht. Es zeigt sich, das Kupfer–Kobalt, genauso wie Kupfer–Nickel und Kupfer–Gold eine „virtual bound state”-Legierung ist.
Modified murine intracranial aneurysm model: aneurysm formation and rupture by elastase and hypertension

Introduction Cerebral aneurysms occur in up to 5% of the population. There are several murine models of aneurysms; however, all have limitations and none reproducibly model aneurysm rupture. To fulfill this need, we modified two current rodent aneurysm models to create a murine model which reproducibly produces intracranial aneurysms and rupture. Methods The left common carotid arteries and the right renal arteries were ligated in C57BL/6 female mice with a hypertensive diet. One week later, small burr holes were created with a stereotactic frame using the following stereotactic measurements: 1.2 mm rostral and 0.7 mm lateral to the right of the bregma. A 26 G needle was gradually advanced via the burr hole until contact with the skull base, upon which the needle was pulled back 0.3 mm. Five, 10 and 20 μL of 10 U/mL elastase solution and 10 μL of 1 U/mL elastase solution were stereotactically injected into the basal cisterns. Angiotensin II was then continually infused at a dose of 1000 ng/kg/min via an osmotic pump placed subcutaneously. In the control mice, 20 μL bromophenol blue solution was injected. Three weeks later, or earlier if mice expired prior to 3 weeks, the circle of Willis was inspected by microscopy for aneurysm formation and/or signs of rupture. Histological analyses were then performed to evaluate elastic lamina destruction, inflammatory cell and macrophage infiltration, absence of intimal endothelial cells and thickening of the smooth muscle layer within the aneurysm wall. To compare with human aneurysms, human aneurysm specimens (n=35; 34 unruptured and 1 ruptured) and normal control superficial temporal arteries (STAs) (n=9) were examined. Results All mice given 5, 10 and 20 μL of 10 U/mL elastase solution developed intracranial aneurysms within the circle of Willis; 40%, 60% and 50% of mice had ruptured aneurysms, respectively. In mice given 10 μL of 1.0 U/mL elastase solution, 90% developed intracranial aneurysms and 20% had ruptured aneurysms. Aneurysms were confirmed by examining the destruction of the elastic lamina. Aneurysms consistently demonstrated CD45 positive inflammatory cell and F4/80 positive macrophage infiltration within the aneurysm wall which was not present in the circle of Willis of normal sham-operated mice. These results were similar to those in human aneurysms and STA control arteries. Conclusions We modified two current rodent aneurysm models to create a murine model that produces consistent aneurysms and rupture and can be used for studying cerebral aneurysm formation, rupture and treatment.