cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stop competing yourself to death: strategic collaboration among rivals

Purpose – Vigorous competition among companies for customers, talent, and capital serves everyone well, for the most part. But competition can be harmful as well, when companies fight over things that hold little value to customers or that offer little potential for differentiation.Design/methodology/approach – The article discusses how thinking and changing the compete/collaborate ratio offers a way out that benefits all players. By joining forces to carry out common and largely undifferentiated functions or processes, companies can avoid redundant expenditures and capitalize on economies of scale and shared expertise. Strategic collaboration can take place at any stage of an industry's value chain. It can take many other forms, consistent with antitrust laws, including the sharing of back‐office functions, factory production, R&D efforts, marketing and distribution, and repair or return facilities.Findings – Even bitter rivals have sometimes joined forces to achieve common goals and solve common problem...
Microchannel plate image intensifier electron dynamics in magnetic field

A model of the electron dynamics inside a microchannel plate (MCP) in the presence of magnetic fields is presented and compared with experimental results. Image shift calculations agree with measurements to within 6% (B = 0.06T), and a model of channel open area against field is provided which closely matches gain rolloff for fields larger than 0.025T.
Perelman and the new rhetoric

Perelman, Chaim. L'Empire rhetorique; rhetorique et argumentation. Collection “Tour Demain,” Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 1977. Perelman, Chaim and Olbrechts‐Tyteca, L. The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation. Trans, by J. Wilkinson and P. Weaver. Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1969. First paperback edition, 1971.
Effects of maleylation on the lipid-binding and immunochemical properties of human plasma high density apolipoprotein-A-II.

Summary Chemical modification by maleylation of the human plasma high density lipoprotein-protein, apoA-II, causes significant changes in its properties. These changes are as follows: 1) a shift from a helical to a more disordered secondary structure; 2) a decreased ability to bind egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles; and 3) a decrease in immunoreactivity as measured by a quantitative radioimmunoassay. Each of these changes was reversed by demaleylation. These results are discussed in relation to a molecular theory of lipid binding by the plasma lipoproteins.
Recognizing peripheral neuropathy. How to read the clues to an underlying cause.

PREVIEWNearly every day, primary care physicians see patients complaining of numbness, pain, weakness, or dizziness. Peripheral neuropathy is often the cause of these and additional symptoms, and systemic disease may be at the root of all the problems. In this article, Dr Morgenlander gives an overview of how to use physical findings, patients' descriptions of their symptoms, and the family and medical history to confirm a diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy and narrow the search for an underlying cause.
Reaction Field Models for the Solvent Influence upon the Fundamental Carbonyl Vibrational Peak of 2-Butanone in Aprotic Media

The solvent-induced shift of the fundamental vibrational mode of the carbonyl group in 2-butanone was measured in 27 solvents using FTIR techniques. Eight model formulations for the reaction field of the solvent in which the dielectric continuum is specified in terms of dielectric constant (e), optical dielectric constant (n2), and effective dielectric constant (ep) were applied to the solvent dependence of the carbonyl band. The critical tests for these models included both their statistical fit and their predicted value for the νgas for the carbonyl band. Most of the f(e) and f(e,n2) functions including the Kirkwood, McRae, and Block−Walker parameters clearly demonstrate that solvent dipolarity−polarizability is the dominant effect upon ν(CO) in 21−23 aprotic solvents. However, a two-term MO perturbation statement in both f(e) and a cross-product function proved to be a better overall model than those using only a single parameter. The poorest fits to the ν(CO) data were encountered with continuum st...
INTRINSIC HIGH‐FREQUENCY OSCILLATIONS AND EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODEL IN THE NEGATIVE DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE REGION OF RESONANT TUNNELING DEVICES

Intrinsic high‐frequency oscillations (≈2.5 THz) in current and corresponding quantum well density, which have been simulated for a fixed bias voltage in the Negative Differential Resistance (NDR) region of the Current‐Voltage (I‐V) characteristics of a Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD), suggest an equivalent nonlinear autonomous circuit model. The intrinsic circuit parameters are calculated directly from the results of the quantum transport numerical simulations. These consist of a resistor in series with a two‐branch parallel circuit, one branch consists of a capacitor and the other branch consists of an inductor in series with a nonlinear resistor. It is however suggested that much more complex external circuit‐induced behavior can occur in real RTD experiments.
SATB1 packages densely looped, transcriptionally active chromatin for coordinated expression of cytokine genes

SATB1 (special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1) organizes cell type-specific nuclear architecture by anchoring specialized DNA sequences and recruiting chromatin remodeling factors to control gene transcription. We studied the role of SATB1 in regulating the coordinated expression of Il5, Il4 and Il13, located in the 200-kb T-helper 2 (T(H)2) cytokine locus on mouse chromosome 11. We show that on T(H)2 cell activation, SATB1 expression is rapidly induced to form a unique transcriptionally active chromatin structure at the cytokine locus. In this structure, chromatin is folded into numerous small loops, all anchored to SATB1 at their base. In addition, histone H3 is acetylated at Lys9 and Lys14, and the T(H)2-specific factors GATA3, STAT6 and c-Maf, the chromatin-remodeling enzyme Brg1 and RNA polymerase II are all bound across the 200-kb region. Before activation, the T(H)2 cytokine locus is already associated with GATA3 and STAT6, showing some looping, but these are insufficient to induce cytokine gene expression. Using RNA interference, we show that on cell activation, SATB1 is required not only for compacting chromatin into dense loops at the 200-kb cytokine locus but also for inducing Il4, Il5, Il13 and c-Maf expression. Thus, SATB1 is a necessary determinant for the hitherto unidentified higher-order, transcriptionally active chromatin structure that forms on T(H)2 cell activation.
2-Haloethanols: mutagenicity and reactivity with DNA.

Summary Iodo-, bromo- and chloroethanol are mutagenic for Salmonella typhimuriurn . The mutations induced are of the base-substitution type. These haloethanols also preferentially inhibit the growth of DNA polymerase-deficient Escherichia coli . The order of the reactivities of the substances in these systems is bromoethanol > iodoethanol > chloroethanol. These alcohols react with and modify isolated DNA.
Revival structure of Stark wave packets

The revival structure of Stark wave packets is considered. These wave packets have energies depending on two quantum numbers and are characterized by two sets of classical periods and revival times. The additional time scales result in revival structures different from those of free Rydberg wave packets. We show that Stark wave packets can exhibit fractional revivals. We also show that these wave packets exhibit particular features unique to the Stark effect. For instance, the wave functions can be separated into distinct sums over even and odd values of the principal quantum number. These even and odd superpositions interfere in different ways, resulting in unexpected periodicities in the interferograms of Stark wave packets.
Laser-welded endoscopic endoluminal repair of iatrogenic esophageal perforation: an animal model.

Objective To test the feasibility of laser tissue welding (LTW) in creating an endoscopic transluminal repair of esophageal perforation. Study Design Animal model. Subjects and Methods A diode laser was used to create an endoluminal rabbit esophageal perforation repair. Burst pressures were compared with open incision, external suture, and external laser–augmented suture closure. Comparisons were performed five times and analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance and a post hoc Dunn method. Results The burst threshold of the endoluminal weld (54.78 ± 5.84 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that of the open incision (6.5 ± 1.94 mm Hg) and not significantly different than that of the external suture (37.18 ± 1.97 mm Hg) or the laser-augmented suture group (71.60 ± 7.58 mm Hg). Conclusion Laser welding is a feasible method of creating endoluminal repairs with burst strengths comparable with external suture repair, which may allow a subset of patients to avoid traditional open approaches. This is the first reported animal model of LTW for endoscopic closure of iatrogenic esophageal perforation.
Weighted node degree centrality for hypergraphs

Many real-world social interactions involve multiple people, for e.g., authors collaborating on a paper, email exchanges made in a company and task-oriented teams in workforce. Simple graph representation of these activities destroys the group structure present in them. Hypergraphs have recently emerged as a better tool for modeling group interactions. However, methods in social hypernetwork analysis haven't kept pace. In this work, we extend the concept of node degree centrality to hypergraphs. We validate our proposed measures using alternate measures of influence available to us using two datasets namely, the DBLP dataset of scientific collaborations and the group network in a popular Chinese multi-player online game called CR3. We discuss several schemes for assigning weights to hyperedges and compare them empirically. Finally, we define separate weak and strong tie node degree centralities which improves performance of our models. Weak tie degree centrality is found to be a better predictor of influence in hypergraphs than strong tie degree centrality.
Statistical modeling of the point spread function for imaging through turbulence

We use a rigorous Markov approximation-based propagation model to calculate statistical properties of the instantaneous turbulent point spread function (PSF) for weak and strong turbulence conditions. Long-exposure PSF is well-known, and is currently widely used for estimates of optical system performance and simulation of the image distortions caused by turbulence. We discuss some peculiarities of the long-exposure PSF that are related to specifics of propagation in turbulence, which are often overlooked in the literature. Models for the short-exposure PSF have been used since the mid-1960s, and were the subject of some recent publications. We review a recently published model, and present sample calculations of the short-exposure PSF. Based on the available results of the optical propagation theory, we calculate variances of power fluctuations in the instantaneous PSF and the Strehl ratio, and covariance of the total power and the Strehl ratio. Analysis of the calculation results shows that for the most practical situations, the random Strehl ratio is a product of two uncorrelated, random variables-power and axial directivity. This information enables modeling of the instantaneous PSF with random width and height.
A description of the maternal addiction program of the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center

Abstract The MAP of the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center/Highland PArk Pavilion is a comperehensive inpatient and outpatient chemical dependency rehabilitation program that serves mostly lower socioeconomic, African-American perinatal substances-abusing women. The multidisciplinary treatment team incorporates a broad spectrum of group and individual therapeutic modalities, including 12-step, psychoeducational, and RP components. Within MAP programs, significant attention is given to issues and experiences that are unique to this population and that must be addressed if rehabilitation is to be successful. These topics include, but are not limited to, physical, emotional and sexual abuse, empowerment, family and parenting concerns, and HIV prevention and coping skills for HIV-seropositive women.
Structures of cobalt(II)-exchanged zeolite X

Abstract Exhaustive Co 2+ -exchange of single crystals of zeolite X (Na 92 Si 100 Al 92 O 384 ) was attempted from aqueous solution at 23°C (crystal 1), 50°C (crystal 2), and 80°C (crystal 3). After partial dehydration at 23°C and ca. 10 −3 Torr for 3 days, their structures were determined by X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Fd 3 at 23°C [ a =24.920(7), 24.950(9), and 24.905(5) A, respectively]. They were refined to the final error indexes R 1 =0.083, 0.125, and 0.131 with 549, 444, and 367 reflections, respectively, for which F o >4 σ ( F o ). The number of Co 2+ , Na + , H 3 O + , and OH − ions in the three crystal structures, respectively, are about 38, 24, 0, 8; 38, 11, 18, 13 and 46, 8, 0, 8 per unit cell. Thus, in no case were all Na + ions replaced by Co 2+ , in all cases, overexchange due to uptake of OH − occurred, and in one case, H 3 O + and OH − ions coexisted within the crystal structure: in no case did simple ion-exchange occur. In crystal 1, eight Co 2+ ions per unit cell are at site I′, 20 at site II, and the remaining 10 at site III′; three Na + ions are at site I, 16 at site I′, and the remaining five at site II. Each of eight OH − ions bridges between two site-I′ Na + ions and a site-I′ Co 2+ . In crystal 2, 10 Co 2+ ions are at site I′, 15 at site II, and the remaining 13 at site III′; two Na + ions are at site I and nine are at site II; 10 H 3 O + ions are at site I′ and eight are at site II′. In five of the eight sodalite cages, two site-I′ H 3 O + ions and two site-I′ Co 2+ ions bind to a water molecule on a twofold axis to give a (H 3 O + ) 2 H 2 O(Co 2+ ) 2 cluster; the remaining three sodalite cages each contain only H 3 O + ions. In crystal 3, Co 2+ ions occupy sites I′, II and III′ (16, 20 and 10 per unit cell, respectively), and eight Na + ions are found at site I. The I′ sites are occupied by only 16 Co 2+ ios to avoid electrostatic repulsion with these eight Na + ions. Half of these Co 2+ ions each coordinate additionally to a OH − ion. In all three crystals, Co 2+ ions prefer site II.
The 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonist M100907 Produces Antiparkinsonian Effects and Decreases Striatal Glutamate

5-HT plays a regulatory role in voluntary movements of the basal ganglia and have a major impact on disorders of the basal ganglia such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Clinical studies have suggested that 5-HT2 receptor antagonists may be useful in the treatment of the motor symptoms of PD. We hypothesized that 5-HT2A receptor antagonists may restore motor function by regulating glutamatergic activity in the striatum. Mice treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exhibited decreased performance on the beam-walking apparatus. Peripheral administration of the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907 improved performance of MPTP-treated mice on the beam-walking apparatus. In vivo microdialysis revealed an increase in striatal extracellular glutamate in MPTP-treated mice and local perfusion of M100907 into the dorsal striatum significantly decreased extracellular glutamate levels in saline and MPTP-treated mice. Our studies suggest that blockade of 5-HT2A receptors may represent a novel therapeutic target for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
How Does Folic Acid Cure Heart Attacks

Folic acid (from Latin folium, meaning leaf; pteroylglutamic acid) is a B vitamin that facilitates the transfer of 1-carbon units in numerous biosynthetic reactions for 2 classes of important cellular functions: biological methylation and the contribution of formyl units to the synthesis of nucleotides (Figure). The interest in folic acid for the treatment of cardiovascular disease stems from its critical role in converting homocysteine to methionine.1 Hyperhomocysteinemia was found to be associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies, and dietary folate fortification lowers plasma homocysteine levels.1–3 Although recent trials have failed to demonstrate a benefit of lowering homocysteine for cardiovascular disease,4,5 it is not time to close the book on folic acid and cardiovascular health. Folic acid has been found to improve endothelial function independent of its homocysteine-lowering effect in several clinical studies.6–8 A dramatic cardioprotective effect of folic acid reported by Moens and colleagues9 in this issue of Circulation could potentially bring folic acid to the center stage in the management of ischemic heart disease. Figure. The role of folic acid in 1-carbon metabolism and its potential mechanisms for cardiac protection. The active metabolites of folic acid, 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate (THF) and 5-methyl THF serve as formyl donor and methyl donors for purine synthesis and methylation reactions, respectively. Besides converting homocysteine to methionine, 5-methyl THF improves vascular endothelial function by enhancing nitric oxide bioavailability and protects against oxidative injury. MTHFR indicates methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase; BH4, tetrahydrobiopterin; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; B6, vitamin B6; and B12, vitamin B12. Article p 1810 In this study, Moens et al9 treated rats with a very high dose of folic acid for 1 week (10 mg/d, roughly 400 times over the high recommended clinical dose …
Microarray analysis of activated mixed glial (microglia) and monocyte-derived macrophage gene expression☆

Abstract Since macrophage activation can now be studied at a global level using modern microarray and proteomic analyses, discovery of novel macrophage activation genes is inevitable and important for understanding HIV-associated dementia (HAD). We isolated two different types of primary human macrophages: microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from brain tissue and whole blood, respectively. The microarray analysis of differentially regulated macrophage activation genes reported here supports our previous assertions that the mixed glia (MIX) cultured in starvation conditions (DMEM alone) are a non-activated, or “quiescent”, tissue culture model for studying macrophage activation in the brain. Transcript levels from these quiescent cultures provided a background level of gene expression and allowed for the identification of upregulated macrophage activation genes in the MIX brain cultures upon treatment with an array of soluble activation factors: serum components, cytokines, and growth factors. We found that 914 genes in the MIX cultures and 734 genes in the MDM cultures had a greater than twofold increase in expression. We discovered 180 genes with expression that was increased more than twofold in both culture types. Microarray-specific statistical analyses were performed to complement fold change analysis: significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) and Partek Pro. In the MIX cultures, we detected over a 100-fold increase in IL-1β and TIMP1 transcription; Caspase 9, S100A8 and 9, MMP12, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1), MRC-1, and IL-6 were also upregulated. Activation of starved MDM cultures resulted in fewer upregulated genes compared to MIX cultures. Genes upregulated in both MIX and MDM included CCL2 (MCP1), CCL7, CXCL5, TNFSF14, kinases, and phosphatases. These microarray data may provide leads for identifying previously unknown neurotoxins, disease biomarkers, and pathways responsible for the neuronal apoptosis observed in HAD and for the eventual identification of therapeutic targets and treatments.
The contribution of endogenous oxygen to the respiration of photosynthesizing Chlorella cells.

Abstract Respiratory oxygen uptake can be estimated in the presence of photosynthetic oxygen production by measuring the disappearance of isotopically labeled oxygen gas. However, the calculations are complicated by the fact that there is a preferential utilization of the unlabeled endogenous oxygen which results from the juxtaposition of the sites of oxygen production and oxygen consumption. A method of evaluating the contribution of endogenous oxygen is described. This method, in effect, measures the competition between exogenous and endogenous oxygen by measuring the influence of different exogenous oxygen concentrations on the competition. Information obtained in this manner indicates that the preferential utilization of photosynthetic oxygen within cells as small as those of Chlorella is probably incosequential. In Chlorella the rate of respiration during photosynthesis, estimated by this revised procedure, does not differ markedly from the rate of respiration of the same cells in the dark. It is recognized that the model system of diffusion barriers, on which the calculations are based, is not wholly valid and the probable magnitude of the error resulting from the oversimplification of the model is considered.
Modeling, Ray Tracing, and Block Nonlinear Travel-time Inversion in 3D

We describe an integrated forward and inverse three-dimensional modeling system that can deal with complex geological structures. The system has been designed to handle large-scale problems by using a distributed approach. It uses seismic ray tracing for forward simulation, time-to-depth mapping, and nonlinear travel-time inversion. A novel decomposition method is our tool to attack large-scale problems in a parallel approach. The system is fully implemented and we demonstrate its performance with synthetic examples.
Charge-induced (1×3) reconstruction of Au(110) : mechanistic insights from potentiodynamic scanning tunneling microscopy in alkali iodide electrolytes

Abstract The nature of the local atomic level and nanoscale structural changes associated with the charge-induced (1 × 3) reconstruction on Au(110) in alkali iodide electrolytes is explored by means of potentiodynamic scanning tunneling microscopy, i.e., with STM images obtained during electrode potential excursions where the surface transformations are triggered on a suitable (seconds) timescale. In potassium iodide electrolyte, the usual “three-missing-row” (1 × 3) structure is seen to be generated by single gold atomic row segments shifting both across and along the (110) direction. In cesium iodide, however, at least two spatially as well as potentiodynamically resolvable steps were observed, involving the intermediate local formation of “one-missing-row” (1 × 3) domains by removal of one-third of the top-layer gold rows onto nearby terrace regions. Domains having (1 × 2) symmetry were also discerned. A subsequent transformation into the final “three-missing-row” (1 × 3) structure is achieved by aggregation of the displaced monatomic row segments. The mechanistic value of following atomic level reconstruction processes by such coupled electrochemical-STM tactics is highlighted by these findings.
A novel connexin 26 compound heterozygous mutation results in deafness.

Objective Mutations of the gap junction beta 2 (GJB2) gene coding for the protein connexin 26 account for up to 50% of nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSHL), with specific mutations associated with distinct ethnic groups. A biracial family with nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance was examined for connexin 26 (Cx26) mutations. Study Design Prospective observational study. Methods A family consisting of a Caucasian mother and a Chinese father with two of six children affected by NSHL was examined for Cx26 mutations. Peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA was used to amplify by polymerase chain reaction the Cx26 coding region, followed by mutation detection enhancement gel screening and complete sequencing. Phenotypic characterization using audiometric testing was completed for all children and both parents. Results The two affected children were found to be compound heterozygotes for Cx26 mutations, displaying a previously unreported combination of 35delG and 235delC. The parents were each unaffected heterozygotes consistent with their ethnic heritage, specifically, the Caucasian mother a 35delG heterozygote and the Chinese father a 235delC heterozygote. Conclusions Connexin 26 mutations account for a significant proportion of NSHL worldwide, with specific mutations linked to distinct ethnic groups. Genetic analysis of a biracial family with NSHL revealed a novel 35delG/235delC compound heterozygous state in phenotypically affected children. These results highlight the usefulness of Cx26 mutation screening for genetic counseling and suggest that the 235delC mutation is present in China as it is in Japan and Korea.
Serum CA125 predicts extrauterine disease and survival in uterine carcinosarcoma

Abstract Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical utility of CA125 measurement in patients with uterine carcinosarcoma (CS). Methods. Ninety-five consecutive patients treated for CS at a single institution were identified. All 54 patients who underwent preoperative CA125 measurement were included in the study. Data were abstracted from the medical records. Tests of association between preoperative CA125 and previously identified clinicopathologic prognostic factors were performed using Fisher's exact test and Pearson chi-square test. To evaluate the relationship of CA125 elevation and survival, a Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis, incorporating all of the prognostic factors identified by univariate analysis. Results. Preoperative CA125 was significantly associated with the presence of extrauterine disease ( P P P =0.005). Using univariate survival analysis, stage (HR=1.808, P =0.004), postoperative CA125 level (HR=9.855, P P =0.029) were significantly associated with survival. In the multivariate model, only postoperative CA125 level remained significantly associated with poor survival (HR=5.725, P =0.009). Conclusion. Preoperative CA125 elevation is a marker of extrauterine disease and deep myometrial invasion in patients with uterine CS. Postoperative CA125 elevation is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival. These findings indicate that CA125 may be a clinically useful serum marker in the management of patients with CS.
Gestational Exposure to Methylmercury and Selenium: Effects on a Spatial Discrimination Reversal in Adulthood

Selenium, a nutrient, and methylmercury, a developmental neurotoxicant, are both found in fish. There are reports that selenium sometimes ameliorates methylmercury's neurotoxicity, but little is known about the durability of this protection after low-level gestational exposure. Developmental methylmercury exposure disrupts behavioral plasticity, and these effects extend well into adulthood and aging. The present experiment was designed to examine interactions between developmental low-level methylmercury and nutritionally relevant dietary selenium on discrimination reversals in adulthood. Female rats were exposed, in utero, to 0, 0.5, or 5 ppm mercury as methylmercury via drinking water, approximating mercury exposures of 0, 40, and 400 microg/kg/day. They also received both prenatal and postnatal exposure to a diet containing selenium from casein only (0.06 ppm) or 0.6 ppm selenium, creating a 2 (chronic Se)x3 (gestational MeHg) full factorial design, with six to eight rats per cell. Behavior was evaluated with a spatial discrimination procedure using two levers and sucrose reinforcers. All groups acquired the original discrimination similarly. Rats exposed to low selenium (0.06 ppm), regardless of MeHg exposure, required more sessions to complete the first reversal and made more omissions during this reversal than high selenium (0.6 ppm) animals, but the two diet groups did not differ on subsequent reversals. Rats exposed to MeHg, regardless of selenium exposure, made more errors than controls on the first and third reversals, which was away from the original discrimination. MeHg-exposed animals also had shorter choice latencies than controls during the first session of a reversal. Low selenium increased the number of omissions during a reversal, whereas high MeHg exposure produced perseverative responding (errors) on the lever that was reinforced during the original discrimination. However, there was no interaction between selenium and MeHg exposure.
Evolution of radiotherapeutic techniques

Abstract Adenocarcinoma is the most common kind of tumor involving the uterine corpus, occurring in a frequency of 90% or better and found predominantly in postmenopausal women. Because of vaginal bleeding, diagnosis is made early and control rates are good. Regional lymph node metastases are found to occur in about 20% of all operable patients and more frequently in those with advanced lesions near the cervix. Surgery alone fails not only because of metastases but also because of persistence in the vaginal vault and in the periurethral region. From a theoretical and practical viewpoint, preoperative irradiation is a valuable and important role in the treatment of carcinoma of the endometrium. Treatment calls for a technique that will effectively irradiate the uterine tissue, the vaginal vault, and the immediate extrauterine tissues in which postsurgical persistence is known to appear. From the standpoint of survival, both preoperative external therapy and preoperative radium therapy are effective with equivalent survival figures. The incidence in our experience of vaginal recurrence in those patients who were irradiated preoperatively with external beam therapy techniques would indicate the need for supplemental radium within the vaginal vault.
Changes in saccadic eye movements produced by cerebellar cortical lesions

Abstract Spontaneous horizontal saccades of monkeys were changed by unilateral lesions of the cerebellar cortex. When parts of the vermis and adjacent paravermis including Larsell's lobules VI and VII were ablated, the eyes moved most often from the midposition into the contralateral hemifield of movement, and there were few saccades into the ipsilateral hemifield. In four out of six animals with one-sided mermian and paravermian lesions, saccades to the contralateral side were larger than to the ispilateral side after operation. In these monkeys the eyes tended to move from the midline to the opposite side in single saccades and return toward or past the midline in a series of smaller movements. Amplitude/velocity relationships of saccadic movements, slow pursuit movements, and optokinetic nystagmus were not much affected by the cerebellar cortical lesions. These data support the hypothesis that neural organizations in the cortex of the vermis and paravermis participate in producing gaze shifts or positions of fixation to the ipsilateral side.
Measurement of Instantaneous Frequency with a Microwave Interferometer

A microwave interferometer for the measurement of instantaneous frequency is described. It consists of a transmission line circuit used as a frequency modulation discriminator, and an indicator consisting of a microwave detector, video amplifier, and oscilloscope. The discriminator transforms the frequency variation during rf pulses, or that of continuous waves, to an amplitude variation at the input of the indicator. The characteristics of the discriminator are investigated theoretically and conditions are discussed for adjustment of the discriminator in order to minimize linear and nonlinear distortions. Since amplitude deviations of the input wave will simulate frequency variations, a technique which greatly reduces this effect is presented. Analysis and experiments indicate that this method provides a practical technique for measuring the frequency and its stability during a radar pulse.
Nursing frequency, gonadal function, and birth spacing among !Kung hunter-gatherers.

Mothers among !Kung hunter-gatherers nurse briefly and frequently, with brief intervals between nursing bouts (mean +/- standard error, 13.19 +/- 1.28 minutes). The low levels of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in the serum of the mother are correlated with infant's age and with interbout interval, but not with total nursing time. Maternal gonadal function is apparently suppressed by a timing-dependent, prolactin-mediated effect of breast stimulation. Interbout interval may be a key variable in lactation infertility. If so, it solves the puzzle of !Kung birth spacing.
Analysis of the impact of impeller geometry on the turbulent statistics inside a fan-stirred, cylindrical flame speed vessel using PIV

Turbulence statistics of three impellers with different geometric features were measured using particle image velocimetry inside a Plexiglas model (~1:1 scale) of a cylindrical flame speed vessel (30.5 cm ID × 35.6 cm L). With four impellers arranged in a central-symmetric configuration, turbulence intensities between 1.2 and 1.7 m/s with negligible mean flow (0.1u′) were attained at the lowest fan speeds. Acceptable ranges for homogeneity and isotropy ratios of the velocity fields were set within a narrow bandwidth near unity (0.9–1.1). Homogeneity ratios were unaffected by changes to the impeller geometry, and the prototype with the higher number of blades caused the flow to become anisotropic. The integral length scale of the flow fields varied between 27 and 20 mm, which correlates well with those typically observed inside a gas turbine combustor. The mechanism to independently vary the intensity level and the integral length scale was established, where turbulence intensity level was dependent on the rotational speed of the fan, and the integral length scale decreased with increasing blade pitch angle.
Lower hybrid heating in the Alcator A tokamak

The results and interpretation of the modest-power (~90 kW) lower-hybrid-heating experiment on Alcator A are presented. The expected results from linear waveguide-plasma coupling theory are outlined, and the possible effects of parametric instabilities, scattering from density fluctuations, and imperfect energetic ion confinement are addressed. It is found experimentally that good coupling and the absence of RF breakdown are achieved with a double waveguide array at available RF power densities PRF ≤ 4.5 kW.cm·−2, the waveguide vacuum windows being outside the toroidal field magnets; a waveguide array having vacuum windows near the waveguide mouth so that the ω = ωce layer can be pressurized shows no breakdown at PRP > 8 kW/cm2 when a single waveguide is energized. Energetic ion production and a factor-of-50 increase in the fusion neutron rate are observed to take place at well defined values of central plasma density; below these densities electron heating occurs. The ion tail production is found to be independent of the relative phase of the double waveguide array employed. This ion heating occurs at a lower density than theoretically expected; together with the electron heating this indicates waves having n|| ~5 being absorbed near the plasma centre. Probes at the plasma edge observe a frequency-down-shifted and broadened RF pump signal that is strongly attenuated as the plasma density increases through the neutron production band. These anomalous heating results and probe signals can be explained by a parametric decay of the pump wave into higher n|| lower hybrid waves near the plasma edge. An alternate qualitative explanation would be the poloidal scattering of the lower hybrid waves at the plasma periphery due to density fluctuations; the n|| of the scattered lower hybrid waves would then increase as they propagated inward because of magnetic shear. The neutron rate decay times imply that the RF creates ion tails having a substantial fraction of their energy above 50 keV. The neutron decay times and rates strongly depend on plasma current and indicate the expected influence of ion confinement on RF heating efficiencies. Finally, the RF heating efficiencies are assessed.
Demonstration of a diode pumped continuous wave Potassium laser

This paper presents a first demonstration of a diode pumped Potassium laser. Two narrowband laser diode arrays with a linewidth about 10 GHz operating at 766.7 nm were used to pump Potassium vapor buffered by Helium gas at 600 torr. A stable laser cavity with longitudinal pumping and orthogonal polarizations of the pump and laser beams was used in this experiment. A slope efficiency about 25% was obtained.
Attributional and Symbolic Predictors of Abortion Attitudes1

Attributional and symbolic politics approaches were used to develop a model relating symbolic predispositions, perceptions of responsibility for unwanted pregnancy, affects, and attitudes toward abortion. In Study 1, a taxonomy of 12 distinct causes of unwanted pregnancy was identified. College-student subjects in Study 2 rated these causes on importance, controllability, blame, pity, anger, and judgments in favor of abortion. A regression analysis revealed that abortion approval in this student sample is negatively related to conservatism, religiosity, and blame. In Study 3, a more extensive path mode) is offered indicating that abortion approval in a nonstudent sample is linked negatively to religiosity and moral traditionalism, and positively to sympathy. Results of the study demonstrate the utility of applying social psychological theory to abortion attitudes.
Semi-parametric additive constrained regression

The additive isotonic least-squares regression model has been fit using a sequential pooled adjacent violators algorithm, estimating each isotonic component in turn, and looping until convergence. However, the individual components are not, in general, estimable. The sum of the components, i.e. the expected value of the response, has a unique estimate, which can be found using a single cone projection. Estimators for the individual components are then easily obtained, which are unique if the conditions for estimability hold. Parametrically modelled covariates are easily included in the cone projection specification. The cone structure also provides information about the degrees of freedom of the fit, which can be used in inference methods, variable selection, and estimation of the model variance. Simulations show that these methods can compare favourably to standard parametric methods, even when the parametric assumptions are correct. The estimation and inference methods can be extended to other constrain...
‘Methodological Anarchy’: Arguing about War—and Getting It Right. Brian Orend, The Morality of War

Just war theory, or the just war tradition (JWT), is notoriously inchoate, so much so that the eminent Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant disparagingly accused the entire tradition – citing Gr...
Electroantennogram responses of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to a spectrum of alcohol and aldehyde plant volatiles

Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, laboratory-reared, male and female oriental fruit flies, Dacus dorsalis, in response to a range of between C1 and C12 carbon chain-length saturated and unaturated aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, most all of which are known host-plant volatiles. Only two of the 35 compounds tested elicited significantly larger EAGs from female than male antennae. For the two functional-group series tested, aldehydes elicited responses greater than or equal to the responses to the alcohols. In general, the unsaturated alcohols did not elicit responses significantly different from the saturated alcohols. However, the unsaturated aldehydes, (E)-2-hexenal and 10-undecenal, elicited larger amplitude EAGs than their saturated analogs. EAGs were significantly greater for a particular carbon chain-length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols peaking at C6 and aldehydes peaking at C7. The (E)-2- monoenic alcohols peaked at C6, while the (E)-3-alcohols plateaued between C5 and C8. The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by the saturated and unsaturated C6 alcohols and aldehydes which are constituents of the “general green-leaf volatile complex” that emanates from most plants. The potential adapative benefit of selective sensitivity to green-leaf volatiles is discussed in regards to foraging behaviors of oriental fruit flies. RESUME Electroantennogrammes des reponses de Dacus dorsalis a une gamme d'alcools et d'aldehydes de substances volatiles de vegetaux Des electroantennogrammes (EAG) ont enregistre les reponses, en elevages de femelles et males vierges de Dacus dorsalis, a une gamme de chaines de carbones de C1 a C12 satures et non-satures d'alcools aliphatiques et d'aldehydes, dont beaucoup sont connus comme substances volatiles des vegetaux. Seulement 2 des 35 composes examines ont provoque des EAG significativement plus importants chez les femelles que chez les males. Pour les series des deux groupes fonctionnels examines, les aldehydes ont provoque des reponses superieures ou egales aux alcools. En general, les reponses aux alcools non-satures n'etaient pas significativement differentes des reponses aux alcools satures. Cependant, les aldehydes non-satures, (E)-2-hexenal et 10-undecenal, ont induit des EAG de plus grande ampleur que leurs analogues satures. Les EAG etaient significativement les plus importants pour une chaine de longueur particuliere, la reponse aux alcools primaires culminant en C6 et les aldehydes en C7. Les alcools monoeniques (E)-2- culminaient en C6, tandis que les alcools (E)-3- etaient etales entre C5 et C8. Les EAG les plus importants ont ete obtenus pour tous les composes examines avec les alcools et aldehydes en C6 qui appartiennent a “l'odeur verte complexe” emise par beaucoup de plantes. Le benefice adaptatif potentiel de la sensibilite selective a “l'odeur verte” des feuilles est examinee en fonction du comportement de prospection de D. dorsalis.
Enhanced expansion of the thymic CD8+ cell subset as a potential mechanism for the generation of enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity by thymocytes from low-dose melphalan-treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers.

We have previously shown that thymocytes from low-dose melphalan (l-phenylalanine mustard)-treated MOPC-315-tumor-bearing mice (melphalan TuB) are able to generate an enhanced level of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity, as compared to thymocytes from untreated MOPC-315-tumor-bearing mice or thymocytes from untreated or low-dose melphalan-treated normal mice, upon in vitro stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells in the presence of a low concentration of recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Here we show that the generation of enhanced anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity by melphalan TuB thymocytes depends on the ability of the thymocytes to proliferate. In addition, the ability of melphalan TuB thymocytes to generate an enhanced level of anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity correlated with their ability to proliferate more readily than thymocytes from untreated tumor-bearing mice and thymocytes from untreated or melphalan-treated normal mice in response to stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells plus a low concentration of rIL-2. Moreover, although fresh melphalan TuB thymocytes do not contain a higher percentage of phenotypically mature cells (i.e., CD4−/CD8+ or CD4+/CD8−) than do thymocytes from normal mice or untreated tumor-bearing mice, after a 5-day culture with both MOPC-315 tumor cells and a low concentration of rIL-2, cultures of thymocytes from melphalan TuB contained a much higher percentage of CD4−/CD8+ (but not CD4+/CD8−) cells than did cultures of thymocytes from the other two sources. Since CD4−/CD8+ cells were previously shown to be responsible for the exertion of antitumor cytotoxicity by thymocytes stimulated with MOPC-315 in vitro, our results indicate that the enhanced antitumor cytotoxicity exerted by melphalan TuB thymocytes following in vitro stimulation with MOPC-315 tumor cells in the presence of a low concentration of rIL-2 is due, at least in part, to an expansion of the pool of CD4−/CD8+ effector cells.
TU‐C‐141‐10: A Three‐Dimensional Thermoplastic Prostate Phantom for Evaluation of Deformable Image Registration

Purpose: Proof‐of‐concept of a three‐dimensional (3D) pelvic phantom for evaluation of deformable image registration algorithms. Methods: The phantom represents a cylindrical section of the human pelvic anatomy, modeled after human CT scan data, and is intended for use as an insert in a Modus QUASAR phantom. Polyurethane plastic was used to represent both fat and muscle sections with additives used to achieve appropriate Hounsfield units (HU) for the fat regions. The phantom consists of two halves, manufactured using silicon molds, which are placed together when the phantom is deformed. Keying on the inner surfaces was used to ensure proper alignment of the two halves. A grid of non‐radiopaque markers was printed on the surface of each half‐cylinder. We created two identical phantom sets, then deformed one. Optical imaging was used to characterize marker position pre‐and post‐deformation to calculate the 2D deformation. These can then be superimposed on laser scan profiles of the surface to measure the deformation in the third dimension. Identical markers were printed on both phantom halves to evaluate the effectiveness of the keys. Results: We achieved deformations up to 1.6 mm. The keys remained intact through the deformation process. The mean distance to agreement between the markers on the two halves of the phantoms was 0.28 mm. The deformation field centered around the keys suggests that the keys were effective in keeping the phantom together. Conclusion: We have demonstrated feasibility of a three‐dimensional deformable phantom for evaluation of DIR algorithms. Future tests will be performed to further characterize and optimize performance of the keys. Development of this 3D phantom will enable improved assessment of DIR algorithm accuracy, providing quality assurance and optimization of DIR algorithm usage in the clinical setting. This work was supported in part by a UC Proof of Concept Program Commercialization Gap Grant.
Treatment of chronically FIV-infected cats with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid.

Abstract Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a naturally-occurring, large animal model of lentiviral-induced immunodeficiency syndrome, and has been used as a model of HIV pathogenesis and therapeutic interventions. HIV reservoirs in the form of latent virus remain the primary roadblock to viral eradication and cure, and FIV has been previously established an animal model of lentiviral latency. The goal of this study was to determine whether administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) to aviremic, chronically FIV-infected cats would induce latent viral reactivation in vivo . A proof-of-concept experiment in a Transwell co-culture system demonstrated the ability of SAHA to reactivate latent virus which was replication competent and able to infect naive cells. Oral SAHA (250 mg/m 2 ) was administered with food to four asymptomatic, experimentally FIV-infected cats and one uninfected control cat, and a limited pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis was performed. A statistically significant increase in cell-associated FIV RNA was detected in the cat with the greatest serum SAHA exposure, and cell-free viral RNA was detected at one time point in the three cats that achieved the highest levels of SAHA in serum. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in viral DNA burden at 2 h post drug administration in the same three cats. Though the sample size is small and the drug response was modest, this study provides evidence that in vivo treatment of FIV-infected cats with the HDACi SAHA can induce viral transcriptional reactivation, which may be dependent upon the concentration of SAHA achieved in blood. Importantly, alternative putative antilatency therapy drugs, and multimodal drug combinations, could be studied in this in vivo system. The FIV/cat model provides a unique opportunity to test novel therapeutic interventions aimed at eradicating latent virus in vivo .