cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting religious ethnocentrism: Evidence for a partial mediation model.

This study extended the current understanding of religious ethnocentrism by testing a theoretically and empirically based model in which personality (i.e., right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation) and religious identity (i.e., Christian orthodoxy, religious group identification) variables were related to religious ethnocentrism, and some of those relations were mediated through religious fundamentalism. Path analysis results based on a sample of 156 college students revealed support for most of the hypothesized relations. More specifically, social dominance orientation and religious fundamentalism had direct positive relations with religious ethnocentrism; Christian orthodoxy and religious group identification had indirect (via religious fundamentalism) positive relations with religious ethnocentrism, and right-wing authoritarianism had both direct and indirect (via religious fundamentalism) positive relations with religious ethnocentrism. Contrary to our hypothesis, the direct positive relation of Christian orthodoxy to religious ethnocentrism was nonsignificant. Implications of the findings and directions for future research on religious ethnocentrism are discussed.
Serotonin transporter genotype impacts amygdala habituation in youth with autism spectrum disorders

Failure of the amygdala to habituate, or decrease response intensity, to repeatedly presented faces may be one mechanism by which individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) develop and maintain social symptoms. However, genetic influences on habituation in ASD have not been examined. We hypothesized that serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR) genotype affects change in amygdala response to repeated sad faces differently in individuals with ASD vs healthy controls. Forty-four youth with ASD and 65 controls aged 8–19 years were genotyped and underwent an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging scan where they identified the gender of emotional faces presented for 250 ms. The first half of the run was compared with the second half to assess habituation. 5-HTTLPR genotype influences amygdala habituation to sad faces differently for individuals with ASD vs controls. The genotype-by-diagnosis-by-run half interaction was driven by individuals with ASD and low expressing genotypes (S/S, S/LG and LG/LG), who trended toward sensitization (increase in amygdala activation) and whose habituation scores significantly differed from individuals with ASD and higher expressing genotypes (LA/LA, S/LA and LA/LG) as well as controls with low expressing genotypes. Our results show that amygdala response to social stimuli in ASD, which may contribute to social symptoms, is genetically influenced.
INDUCED CHANGES IN THE RATES OF URIDINE-3H UPTAKE AND INCORPORATION DURING THE G1 AND S PERIODS OF SYNCHRONIZED CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS

The rates of uridine-5-3H incorporation into RNA and the rates of uridine uptake into the acid-soluble pool during the cell cycle of V79 Chinese hamster cells were examined. Cells cultured on Eagle's minimal essential medium supplemented with fetal calf serum, lactalbumin hydrolysate, glutamine, and trypsin displayed rates of incorporation and uptake which increased only slightly during G1 and accelerated sharply as DNA synthesis commenced. In contrast, cells cultured on minimal essential medium supplemented only with calf serum exhibited rates of incorporation and uptake which increased linearly through both G1 and S. The transition from one pattern to the other can be induced within 24 hr and is completely reversible. The nonlinear pattern exhibited by cells grown on the supplemented fetal calf serum medium can also be overcome with high exogenous uridine concentrations. In the presence of 200 µM uridine, these cells display a linear pattern of increase in rates of uridine incorporation and uptake. It is concluded that at lower uridine concentrations the pattern of increase in the rate of uridine incorporation into RNA during the cell cycle for a given population of cells is dependent upon the rate of uridine entry into the cell, and that this pattern is not rigidly determined but can be modified by culture conditions.
GE's energy rentals business automates its credit assessment process

GE Energy Rentals, a business unit of General Electric Power Systems (GEPS), uses an automated Web-based application to assess customers' credit worthiness. GE's Global Research Center developed the system using quantitative business modeling and decision-support-system design. The system uses a model for credit decisions that captures the thought process expert credit analysts use to assign credit lines to customers. In addition, the system provides users with the analytics and reasons underlying credit decisions. It has enhanced productivity and efficiency by speeding up credit approvals. In addition, by providing a standard platform for credit approvals, it ensures consistency in the process of assessing and approving credit. The system has decreased costs by eliminating a credit-analyst position despite growth in the business and has also saved over 60 percent of the costs per credit decision. We are adapting this approach for other GEPS business units.
Everyday Competence in Later Life: Current Status and Future Directions

This article reviews the literature on the antecedents and outcomes of everyday competence in later life and discusses future directions. It is argued that there is a fairly solid knowledge base with regard to the antecedents and outcomes but not in terms of the components and mechanisms of older adults' everyday competence. Five key issues are identified and discussed in terms of a future research agenda. For each key issue, directions for future research are outlined and a transactional approach is advocated. It is emphasized that older adults should be viewed as proactive individuals who are motivated to minimize the losses and maximize the gains associated with the aging process.
The Benjamini–Hochberg method with infinitely many contrasts in linear models

SUMMARY Benjamini and Hochberg's method for controlling the false discovery rate is applied to the problem of testing infinitely many contrasts in linear models. Exact, easily calculated critical values are derived, defining a new multiple comparisons method for testing contrasts in linear models. The method is adaptive, depending on the data through the F-statistic, like the Waller Duncan Bayesian multiple comparisons method. Comparisons with Scheffes method are given, and the method is extended to the simultaneous confidence intervals of Benjamini and Yekutieli. Testing contrasts of a variety of types is a standard practice in the analysis of variance, leading to the problem of multiple comparisons and multiple tests. This issue is also controversial, with much literature that is not completely reviewed here. Hochberg and Tamhane (1987) is a good general reference for multiple comparisons methods that control the familywise error rate. Benjamini and Hochberg (1995) introduced a method to control the false discovery rate, and an extension of this method to confidence intervals for selected significant parameters is given by Benjamini and Yekutieli (2005). A common modem thread in the literature is the 'small n, large k' case, in which the number of tests k is large and the sample size n is small. We provide an exact characterization of the problem of testing infinitely many contrasts, k = oo, in linear models using the Benjamini Hochberg method, for fixed, possibly small n. The characterization is completely nonparametric, without distributional assumptions concerning the data-generating process; instead we assume that the contrasts tested are a random sample from contrast space. The resulting infinite-contrasts characterization of the Benjamini-Hochberg method is shown, surprisingly, to depend on the data
A Cycle of Outrage: America's Reaction to the Juvenile Delinquent in the 1950s

The youth culture is on everyone's lips today, as pressures build to ban controversial song lyrics, reintroduce school prayer, and prohibit teenagers' access to contraceptives. It's not the first time Americans have been outraged over the "seuction of the innocent." When James Dean and Marlon Brando donned their motorcycle jackets and adopted alienated poses in Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden, and The Wild One, in the 1950's, so did countless numbers of American teenagers. Or so it seemed to their parents. American teenagers were looking and acting like juvenile delinquents. By mid-decade, the nation had reached a pitch of near obsession with the harmful effects of film, radio, comic books, and television on American youth. Experts across the land denounced mass culture as depriving young people of their innocence and weakening their parents' hold on them. By the end of the decade, the obsession had ended, although the actual numbers of juvenile delinquents had apparently risen. A Cycle of Outrage explores the 1950's debate over the media and juvenile delinquency among parents, professionals, and the creators of mass culture themselves. In this groundbreaking study, James Gilbert sees the attempt to blame the media as part of a larger reaction of discomfort echoed in recent debates over censorship. The book examines how the central phenomena of the 1950's--the development of youth culture and the rise of a mass media society--became intertwined and confused and argues that young people ceased to be a threat as they were recognized to be a market. , bout the Author: James Gilbert is a Professor of History at the University of Maryland. He is the author of Another Chance: America After World War II, among other books. A groundbreaking study of the '50s obsession with juvenile deliquency .Sheds new light on the rise of the youth culture and America's response to change ."A marvelous exploration...He deeply illuminates our understanding of the contemporary United States."--William M. Tuttle, Jr. ."Cultural history at its best."--David Nasaw"
Universal linked multiple access source codes

We consider the multiple access source coding (MASC) problem (also known as the Slepian-Wolf problem) for situations where the joint source statistics are unknown a priori. Since neither encoder receives information about the joint source statistics, we allow an asymptotically negligible amount of communication between the encoders. We prove the existence of universal 2-encoder linked MASCs (LMASCs) with rates approaching the Slepian-Wolf bound, demonstrate the tightness of this bound, and calculate the rate of convergence of the proposed universal LMASC. The result generalizes to M>2 encoders. We also consider scenarios where the number of bits passed between the system encoders is allowed to grow linearly in the code dimension; in these scenarios one encoder can act as a conduit for the flow of another encoder's information.
Predicting positive margins in resection of cutaneous melanoma of the head and neck

Objectives/Hypothesis: Head and neck melanoma surgeons must achieve negative margins before performing margin compromising reconstructions such as a local flap closure. This often necessitates staged operations, including further margin resection. Peripheral sampling is often used before definitive resection to help guide the extent of the resection. If melanoma margin status could be predicted based on lesion characteristics, the surgeon could be more confident in performing definitive closure immediately after resection of some lesions or confident in the need to take larger margins in predictably extensive lesions. Study Design: Retrospective review and logistic regression analysis. Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained. Out of 637 patients treated for head and neck melanoma by the Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery in the last 10 years, 409 patients had primary resection with available histopathologic margin status used as the outcome variable. Predictor variables of demographics, lesion size, pathologic subtype, location on face, and depth of invasion were collected. Results: Histopathologic margin status could be predicted by age but not by the other predictor variables. Conclusions: In this large series of head and neck melanomas excised using National Comprehensive Cancer Network–recommended margins, histopathologic margin status could be predicted based on age but not on lesion characteristics. This finding is surprising given the published data showing that melanoma in situ has a higher rate of positive margin compared to subtypes of invasive melanoma. It reinforces the need for delaying reconstruction until margins are clear or performing reconstruction at a time of resection that does not compromise the ability to resect margins further (e.g., skin graft).
Deep Store: an archival storage system architecture

We present the Deep Store archival storage architecture, a large-scale storage system that stores immutable data efficiently and reliably for long periods of time. Archived data is stored across a cluster of nodes and recorded to hard disk. The design differentiates itself from traditional file systems by eliminating redundancy within and across files, distributing content for scalability, associating rich metadata with content, and using variable levels of replication based on the importance or degree of dependency of each piece of stored data. We evaluate the foundations of our design, including PRESIDIO, a virtual content-addressable storage framework with multiple methods for interfile and intra-file compression that effectively addresses the data-dependent variability of data compression. We measure content and metadata storage efficiency, demonstrate the need for a variable-degree replication model, and provide preliminary results for storage performance.
Alternative Measures of Self-Rated Health for Predicting Mortality Among Older People: Is Past or Future Orientation More Important?

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the prognostic validity of alternative measures of health ratings, including those that tap temporal reflections, on adult mortality. Design and Methods: The study uses a national sample of 1,266 Americans 50–74 years old in 1995, with vital status tracked through 2005, to compare the effect of 3 types of health ratings on mortality: conventional indicator of self-rated health (SRH), age comparison form of SRH, and health ratings that incorporate temporal dimensions. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of mortality associated with alternative health ratings while adjusting for health conditions, lifestyle factors, and status characteristics and resources. Results: Self-rated health was a consistent predictor of mortality, but the respondent’s expected health rating—10 years in the future—was an independent predictor. Future health expectations were more important than past (recalled change) in predicting mortality risk: People with more negative expectations of future health were less likely to survive. Implications: The findings reveal the importance of future time per spective for older people and suggest that it is more useful to query older people about their future health expectations than about how their health has changed.
P02.61. Does yogic breathing (pranayama) improve cardiovascular control

Purpose One proposed mechanism by which meditative practices improve cardiovascular health is via shifting sympathovagal balance. Yet few studies have examined the effects of these practices upon autonomic cardiovascular control. In this context, we hypothesized that yogic breathing differentially impacts heart period (RR-interval) and systolic blood pressure fluctuations compared with paced breathing at 15 breaths/minute.
Critical care air transport team (CCATT) nurses' deployed experience.

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to use descriptive and phenomenological methods with Critical Care Air Transport Team (CCATT) nurses to identify knowledge and skills required to provide care for critically ill patients in a combat environment. Unstructured interviews, focus groups, written narratives, group interviews, participant observation, and review of in-flight documentation of care were used to obtain data from 23 registered nurses who had deployed with CCATT missions. Dimensions that emerged from the data included: clinical and operational competence, personal, physical, and psychosocial readiness, soldier and survival skills, leadership, administrative concerns, group identification and integration, aircraft air and evacuation familiarity, and nurse characteristics. This information should be shared with CCATT trainers and unit personnel to better prepare them for the realities of future deployments. Future research could incorporate these data into a self-assessment scale to evaluate CCA...
Specialized pro-resolving mediators: endogenous regulators of infection and inflammation

Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are enzymatically derived from essential fatty acids and have important roles in orchestrating the resolution of tissue inflammation - that is, catabasis. Host responses to tissue infection elicit acute inflammation in an attempt to control invading pathogens. SPMs are lipid mediators that are part of a larger family of pro-resolving molecules, which includes proteins and gases, that together restrain inflammation and resolve the infection. These immunoresolvents are distinct from immunosuppressive molecules as they not only dampen inflammation but also promote host defence. Here, we focus primarily on SPMs and their roles in lung infection and inflammation to illustrate the potent actions these mediators play in restoring tissue homeostasis after an infection.
Uterine Sarcomas in the Elderly

Uterine tumors other than carcinoma represent a minority of tumors of this anatomic site. They demonstrate significant variety in terms of molecular pathogenesis and options used for their therapy. Tumors vary from those with specific translocations such as endometrial stromal sarcoma to those with aneuploid karyotypes such as leiomyosarcoma and carcinosarcoma (and other mixed Mullerian tumors). The treatment choices for uterine sarcomas and related tumors are further tempered by their development in an older population, limiting the ability to give some systemic therapeutics that can be safely given to younger patients. We review herein several of these diagnoses and their management, with emphasis on systemic approaches used in younger and older patients alike.
Selective Racialization: Middle-Eastern American Identity and the Faustian Pact with Whiteness

Drawing on Charles Lawrence's insights on the power of unconscious racism, this Article examines the social mechanisms that have fueled discrimination against Middle-Eastern Americans and exacerbated their relative invisibility in the body politic and the civil rights movement. The Article begins by examining the continued societal relevance of the concept of whiteness, analyzing the construction of a distinct Middle-Eastern taxonomy, and charting the transformation of Middle-Eastern Americans in the public imagination from friendly foreigners to a veritable enemy race. Dissecting the negotiation of Middle-Eastern racial identity, the Article argues that Middle-Eastern Americans are subject to a two-fold, and frequently unconscious, process that has fostered their relative invisibility and absence from the civil rights dialogue. On one hand, society has selectively racialized individuals of Middle-Eastern descent, thereby unleashing a pernicious stereotyping feedback loop that ossifies negative connotations associated with the group and accentuates the sense of their Otherness. On the other hand, many Middle-Eastern Americans have adopted assimilatory covering measures to downplay their Otherness in the eyes of society. In the process, they have made a Faustian pact with whiteness - both as an unconscious response to and strategic tactic against the forces of racism. Taken as a whole, these forces have simultaneously enabled Middle Easterners to avoid discrimination at an individual level but lessened the ability of the community, as a whole, to systematically fight invidious discrimination and stereotyping in the long term.
El Desequilibrio de Enlace Genético en el Complejo Mayor de Histocompatibilidad (CMH)

Introduccion a la Inmunogenetica Inmunogenetica es el campo de la inmunologia y de la genetica que estudia los genes que controlan la sintesis de los productos celulares que estan involucrados en la respuesta inmune, y en menor grado, de la variabilidad de estas proteinas usando metodos inmunologicos. Aunque se sabe que existen por lo menos 10 sistemas geneticos que interactuan en la produccion de las celulas y/o factores de la respuesta inmunologica, los dos mas importantes y mejor estudiados son: el complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad y los genes de las cadenas pesadas de las inmunoglobulinas. En esta conferencia describiremos, y solo de manera introductoria, el complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad (CMH), tambien llamado HLA. Los productos de los genes del CMH se definen como las glicoproteinas de la membrana celular que son reconocidas por receptores en la membrana de los linfocitos T. Las celulas T constituyen la mayor parte de los linfocitos circulantes; son celulas que reciben su educacion en el timo durante el periodo prenatal y postnatal de tal modo que desarrollan la capacidad de reconocer solamente los antigenos del CMH del propio individuo sin que ello desencadene la activacion celular. Sin embargo, los receptores de las celulas T pueden provocar la activacion cuando un antigeno extrano (viral, bacteriano, quimico, etc.) se combina con una molecula del CMH. Asi se inicia la respuesta inmunologica...
Enlightened advertising: A role for dental marketing in enhancing dental literacy

This commentary discusses the importance of accuracy in toothpaste advertising and explores ways in which ensuring such accuracy could help to address the present need for improved dental literacy among the general public.
Cloze and Closure: The Issue of Definition:

Taylor's use of the word cloze, from the Gestalt concept of closure, to describe the task of replacing words systematically deleted from a prose text is defended. The charge that the Gestalt view of closure was confined to a narrow perceptual sense is countered with citations from the principal Gestalt psychologists supporting a much broader view, one which would have included the cloze situation.
NEW PERSPECTIVES ON THE DUAL PROCESS MODEL (DPM): WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED? WHAT QUESTIONS REMAIN?

In 1999, Stroebe and Schut published their seminal article on the Dual Process Model (DPM), a conceptual model which changed the direction of bereavement research. While earlier models of grief focused primarily on psychological adjustment in the wake of a severed emotional attachment, the DPM model places equal emphasis on practical—even mundane—daily life strains that follow from bereavement, such as learning new household management skills and establishing new relationships. In order to cope effectively, bereaved persons must “oscillate” between loss-oriented (LO) coping and restoration-oriented (RO) coping. The former refers to coping processes that focus directly on the stress of the loss itself, including symptoms of grief, loss, and sadness; the latter includes the processes one uses to cope with the secondary stressors that accompany one’s new status as a bereaved spouse. Oscillation is essential for optimal psychological adjustment; bereaved persons must attend to practical as well as emotional matters, and many may turn to RO activities as respite from negative emotions associated with the lost attachment. In the 10 years since Stroebe and Schut’s (1999) publication, many bereavement researchers have conducted empirical evaluations of specific components of the model. At the 2008 Gerontological Society of America’s annual meeting, a multidisciplinary panel of researchers spanning the fields of psychology, psychiatry, social work, and sociology came together to test, refine, and debate the model. The four papers presented in the symposium are published in this special issue. These papers represent a range of research methods, including
Investigation into the Impact of Wake Effects on the Aeroelastic Response and Performance of Wind Turbines

Wind turbines are currently a rapidly expanding form of renewable energy. However, there are numerous technological challenges that must be overcome before wind energy provides a significant amount of power in the United States. One of the primary challenges in wind turbine design and analysis is accurately accounting for the wake. This study represents a step towards including wake effects in wind turbine design and analysis codes. A free wake model is developed using a time-marching vortex line method, and subsequently coupled with FAST, an open source wind turbine aeroelastic code. The resulting model is verified and validated against existing results. Subsequently, comparisons are made in power predictions and aeroelastic responses between the developed free wake model and typical wind turbine aerodynamic modeling approaches such as Blade Element Momentum theory and dynamic inflow. Results indicate that the free wake model has an impact on the power, blade loads, and blade deflections.
Correction for absorption distortion of dual-tracer fluorescence imaging of receptor binding potential

This study develops a correction for absorption-based distortions in ratiometric assessments of fluorescent markers that are sampled at different wavelengths.
Deferred Oviposition in Aedes Aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Bethesda, Maryland Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) usually produces a “batch” of eggs after each meal of vertebrate blood. The individual eggs of a batch develop at the same time and are all deposited normally within the succeeding few days on the surface of water or on water-moistened materials. Viability of the deposited eggs usually approaches 100 percent. Under conditions which appear suitable for oviposition, fully formed eggs occasionally remain in the ovaries. Also, but infrequently, deposited eggs are defective in that they fail to attain normal size and pigmentation and/or are broken. In one of our earlier experiments the last surviving female, on the 126th day after her emergence and immediately before her death, deposited the remainder of her eggs which consisted of 25 fragmented chorions and 23 whole chorions. The latter were normal in length but shrunken, and many were split.
Exploring wellbeing and agency among urban youth through photovoice

Abstract This study elicited adolescent perspectives of wellbeing and agency using photovoice, a method that employs co-creation of meaning and knowledge around pictorial images. Participants (n = 12) were Baltimore City high school students in the 9th–11th grades, and diverse in terms of gender and race. Participants used cameras to photograph images that expressed wellbeing and agency. They then discussed, in focus groups, how their pictures reflected those constructs and their relationship to decision-making and academic success. Students highlighted different facets of individual and community wellbeing, as well as where and how wellbeing is fostered in their family, school, and neighborhood environments. Respondents differentiated between good and bad agency. They noted the power of agency as the power to change things, and the obligation that such power carries for themselves and the adults around them. Woven through both domains was respondents' future orientation; many of their observations were derived from the perceived impact on their own and others' academic and life trajectories. This research contributes to the wellbeing and agency research literature by adding the perspectives of urban adolescent youth. Findings also inform the development of more participatory community school-based interventions to foster wellbeing and agency among adolescents.
Geometrically-conformal EM horizons and PML media

Based on recent mathematical analysis of cylindrical and spherical convex geometries, we argue for the efficacy of an electromagnetic (EM) horizon in facilitating the definition of material blueprints corresponding to more general (doubly-curved) geometrically-conformal convex reflectionless EM wave absorbers (i.e., Perfectly Matched Layer [PML] media). As the EM horizon, which surrounds the PML absorber core, precludes interaction between the embedded absorber and externally-incident radiation, energy conservation would not be violated. We conclude that primitively causal, passive, and convex-conformal PMLs of general doubly-curved geometry cannot be prescribed at the blueprint level to possess non-trivial absorption capability.
Infinitary Model Finding in Support of Scientific Discovery.

Introduction Model finding technology is highly useful in nearly every stage of logico-mathematical discovery. In the initial formalization of domain knowledge, model finders may be employed to ensure that formulae intended to capture some real domain knowledge are not contradictory; in conjecture generation and verification, the presence or absence of certain models can indicate whether or not the conjecture is actually a logical consequence of its premises. The task of a model finder is straightforward: given a set of formulae in a logical system, the finder seeks a single interpretation which satisfies every formula. In other words, for every function symbol, relation symbol, and constant symbol present in the logical system, the desired result is a mapping of those otherwise semantically meaningless symbols to real functions, real relations, and real constants ranging over one or more non-empty sets (or domains). For example, consider the following two axioms in a standard first-order logic:
Conformational studies of peptides spanning the helical sequence in the molten globule α-lactalbumin

Elucidation of the mechanism of globular protein folding is a major issue in structural biology, and recent progress in the experimental studies on protein folding has improved understanding of transient structural intermediates along the folding pathway. Recent excellent techniques have shown the presence of the intermediate at an early stage of folding, which has the native-like secondary structure in the same regions as those in the native molecule and the destroyed specific tertiary structure. Also, these intermediates have been shown to be identical with the molten globule (MG) state observed for some proteins such as -lactalbumin ( -LA) as a compact equilibrium unfolding intermediate. Therefore studies on the MG state of -LA are important for understanding protein folding [I]. The native αLA is composed of fourα-helices (A,B,C,and D) and aβ-sheet. Recently it has been shown that in the MG state a native-like backbone topology is partially retained (at least the native Band C -helices), and a nonnative hydrophobic core is formed in a region located between the Band Chelices in the native state. Therefore, to get further information on stabilization of the MG state, the conformational properties of the peptides that encompass the helices and the hydrophobic core region of -LA should be investigated in detail. We synthesized four peptides, B 14(22-33, C 17(84100), C24(84-107), and H7( 101-107), which correspond to the Band C-helices, the C-helix combined with the hydrophobic core, and only the core region, respectively, in bovine LA [2]. Also, to study the folding mechanism of -LA in vivo, interactions of these peptides with a molecular chaperone, GroEL, were studied. The chaperone accelerates in vivo protein folding and inhibits misfolding. It binds to the MG proteins, but the binding mechanism is not yet clear.
Marketing Strategies in Apple Industry - An Empirical Study in Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & kashmir

Apple (Malus pumila) is commercially the most important temperate fruit and is fourth among the most widely produced fruits in the world after banana, orange and grape. Apple is widely grown in the temperate regions of the world, and in the year 2007-08, the world apple production was estimated at 6.35 crore tonnes. China ranks first in the matter of apple production, accounting for nearly 36 per cent of global production followed by United states - 6.65 per cent, Turkey - 4.25 per cent, Poland - 4.13 per cent, Iran - 4.01 per cent, France - 3.64 per cent and, Italy - 3.31 per cent. The average share of Indian apple production based on 2007-08 data was 2.50 per cent and ranked 10th among the apple producing countries of the world. At present, India has achieved a production potential of 17.39 lakh tonnes annually. During the period 1973-74 to 2007-08, apple production in India recorded a growth of 2.42 per cent per annum. Presently, apple occupies 4.8 per cent of area under total fruits and contributes to 3.5 per cent towards total fruit production in India. In India, the production of apple is mainly confined to Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Sikkim. However, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir are the most important states, together accounting for 81 per cent of the total area and 92.63 per cent of the production in the country. In Himachal Pradesh, almost 92000 hectares of land is under apple production. 80 per cent of the people in the state are directly or indirectly associated with this business. The apple in Himachal Pradesh alone accounts for more than 46.50 percent of area and 73.77 percent of production of all fruits grown in the state. In Jammu & Kashmir, the area under fruit cultivation has increased significantly - from 45,900 hectare to 1,11,814 hectares during period 2007-08. Apple occupied 44.10 percent of area and 90 percent of production of total fruits in the state. Kashmir is major apple-producing region of the country. It is the mainstay of the local economy with lakhs of rural people eking out their livelihood from this industry.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) for Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a double-stranded DNA virus that has been studied for use in the treatment of malignant gliomas. Various HSV-1 recombinants have been used to target malignant gliomas by direct intratumoral or peritumoral delivery, and most recently convection-enhanced delivery (CED). The basic biology of HSV-1 is reviewed for understanding the two main categories of HSV-1 constructs used, either replication-defective or conditionally replicative (oncolytic) viruses. The potential for HSV-1 as a gene therapy vector is discussed and the human clinical trials that have been conducted utilizing HSV-1 are reviewed. Current limitations of HSV-mediated therapy of gliomas, new perspectives on further targeting of HSV-1 against malignant gliomas, and combination therapies will be highlighted.
Emotional Behavior Problems, Parent Emotion Socialization, and Gender as Determinants of Teacher–Child Closeness

ABSTRACTResearch Findings: Drawing from a diverse community sample of 89 children, ages 4–6, their primary caregivers and teachers, this study examined the interplay of child emotional behavior problems, parent emotion socialization practices, and gender in predicting teacher-child closeness. Teachers reported on perceptions of closeness with children. Parents and teachers reported on children’s emotional behavior problems, as indexed by overanxious behavior, overt, and relational aggression. Regression models revealed that higher relational aggression related to closer teacher-child relationships for all children of parents who employed minimization as an emotion socialization practice. Similarly, higher overt aggression related to closer teacher-child relationships for girls who experienced parent minimization. An analogous pattern of results emerged, such that lower parent emotional support buffered girls against the negative effects of higher relational aggression on teacher-child closeness, whereas h...
Informal Housing in the United States.

Research on informal housing tends to focus overwhelmingly on less developed countries, downplaying or ignoring entirely the presence of informality in United States housing markets. In actuality, a longstanding and widespread tradition of informal housing exists in the United States but is typically disregarded by scholars. In this article we draw on three definitions of informality-as non-compliant, non-enforced, or deregulated economic activity-to characterize examples of informality in US housing markets, focusing in particular on five institutions that govern housing market activity in this country: property rights law, property transfer law, land-use and zoning, subdivision regulations, and building codes. The cases presented here challenge the notion that informality is absent from US housing markets and highlight the unique nature of informal housing, US style-namely, that informal housing in the US is geographically uneven, largely hidden and typically interwoven within formal markets. We conclude with a discussion of how research on informal housing in the US can inform research in the global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Familien der Orthomyxoviren (Influenza) und der Coronaviren

Der Name Myxovirus soll darauf hinweisen, das diese Viren eine bestimmte Afdnitat zu Mucinen besitzen. Er wurde ursprunglich fur die zuerst entdeckten Mitglieder dieser Gruppe, die Influenza-Viren, vorgeschlagen, die jetzt als Orthomyxoviridae bezeichnet werden. Diese Viren sind pleomorph und enthalten RNS in einem helicalen Nucleocapsid, das von einer Atherempfindlichen Hulle umgeben ist. Andere Viren — wie Mumps-, Masern-, RS- und Parainfluenza-Viren — gleichen ihnen in einigen Eigenschaften; in anderen wesentuchen Eigenschaften unterscheiden sie sich jedoch deudich von den Orthomyxoviren und wurden aus diesem Grund in einer eigenen Familie, Paramyxoviridae, zusammengefast. Der Durchmesser der inneren Ribonucleoprotein(RNP)-Helix betragt bei den Orthomyxoviridae 9 nm, bei den Paramyxoviridae dagegen 18 nm (s. Kapitel 35).
The Three Portals: A Cross-Cultural Theory and Model for Social Work Practice

The Three Portals cross-cultural theory and model for social work practice was created, researched and synthesized by the author and spawned from her original published doctoral dissertation on ancient Basque spiritualism ([Author], 2009). Her doctoral research was a heuristic qualitative research study, situated within an ethnic paradigm (Stanfield, 1994; Moustakas, 1990: Colorado, 1988). The original study explored the author's own personal journey, related literature (translated from French sources), cultural shapes, symbols, stories and dialogues to describe the experience of Basque spiritualism. The author has extracted the universal elements from her research with the Basques to formulate an integrated cross-cultural theory and assessment and intervention model for social work practice. After a four-year research process writing her doctoral dissertation, the author applied this model for seven years in a variety of health and human services and social work practice settings to assess clients from the lens of a cross-cultural perspective. The author continued her research through a cultural immersion process in the Basque Country of southwestern France for two more years, resulting in a total of thirteen years of research.
The Value of Restrictive Covenants in the Changing Bond Market Dynamics Before and After the Financial Crisis

Abstract We examine the pricing of restrictive covenants on bond issues before and after the financial crisis. The existing literature in this area uses data from the pre-crisis period. While the results of our analysis using pre-crisis data are entirely consistent with existing literature, there are dramatic differences in the value of restrictive covenants between the two periods. Further, the differences between the coefficients on the control variables document and elucidate the very different bond market dynamics before and after the crisis. Before the financial crisis, we find a statistically significant cost reduction of around 50 basis points for the inclusion of negative pledges and restrictions on sale-and-leaseback activity. In the post-financial crisis period, however, the benefit of these types of covenants evaporates, becoming statistically insignificant. The benefits, for investment grade firms, of restrictions on investment activities survives the financial crisis; the price effect in the pre-crisis period is a statistically significant 60 to 72 basis point (depending on model) reduction in yields, while in the post-crisis period it is a statistically significant 51 to 55 basis point reduction in yields. For non-investment grade firms, we find in the pre-crisis period that the price effect of restrictions on payouts and additional debt are insignificant. After the financial crisis, however, these restrictions lead to a statistically significant 141 to 150 basis point reduction in yields.
Nanotechnology for lower grade waste heat recovery

Currently about 60% of the total US energy consumption is lost as waste heat. Significant efforts have been made to improve energy efficiency and develop heat recovery technologies. However, the effective recovery of lower grade (< 400°C) waste heat from mobile or stationary sources remains challenging. In this paper, the state of the art technologies for converting low temperature gradients directly in electric energy are reviewed and outstanding problems in the field are identified. Of the numerous emerging technologies, thermoelectrics, spin Seebeck, pyroelectrics, and electrochemical cells are selected as some of the most promising candidates for discussion.
Imaging in Diabetes

Diabetes refers to a group of metabolic disorders where insulin insensitivity and/or a lack of insulin production results in elevated blood glucose levels. These broadly include type 1 diabetes (previously known as “juvenile-onset” diabetes), type 2 diabetes (previously “adult onset”), and additional less prevalent variants (e.g., monogenic diabetes). Unregulated blood glucose levels have a negative impact on multiple organ systems and consequently pose a risk for stroke, heart disease, kidney failure, blindness, high blood pressure, and other chronic conditions that impair the quality of life. Currently, there are over 400 million cases of diabetes worldwide and the rate continues to rise [1]. Patients with diabetes must rely on medications and lifestyle changes to maintain glucose homeostasis. Aside from the morbidity, the financial burden of the disease constitutes approximately 10% of all healthcare costs in developed countries [2]. No cure currently exists and present strategies to prevent disease complications place a significant strain on healthcare systems. Therefore, it is important to understand the disease pathophysiology for the medical community and patients. The ability to image and follow disease progression would play a crucial role in understanding disease etiology and allow accurate monitoring during clinical trials for potential clinical translation of treatments. Ultimately, improved treatments, transplants, and understanding of basic and clinical pathophysiology of the disease may lead to a permanent cure.
Examining the Link Between the Human Microbiome and Antisocial Behavior: Why Criminologist Should Care About Biochemistry, Too

Objective: The expansion of technology enables closer examination of human biological functioning which has exponentially increased knowledge about how the human organism interacts with surrounding...
A genomic assessment of population structure and gene flow in an aquatic salamander identifies the roles of spatial scale, barriers, and river architecture

Population structure and gene flow of species in lotic environments can be constrained by river network architecture, species life history and heterogeneous local barriers. Identifying the factors that influence population structure and gene flow, especially in species limited to movement within a river network, is vital for understanding the evolutionary and demographic history of a species. We explored population structure and gene flow for a fully aquatic salamander, the common mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus), in Kentucky (USA) using genomic data. We examined population structure using both parametric and nonparametric methods, and we tested for a history of lineage divergence among identified genetic clusters. We quantified the partitioning of genetic variation at different hierarchical levels, and we tested for signatures of isolation by distance. Additionally, we used coalescent‐based model selection to identify a best‐fit model of gene flow between our three sampled basins. We found the greatest support for population structure between the Kentucky River basin and the combined Licking and Kinniconick basins, with further subdivision within both the Kentucky and Licking River basins. However, we found no evidence for a history of lineage divergence among these structured units. The movement of N. maculosus is constrained by the lotic network architecture, which likely drives the evolution of this hierarchical population structure, with increasing differentiation between sites nested in river basins, and even greater differentiation between basins. However, we also found evidence for population structure not explained by river architecture, with an isolated population embedded within the Kentucky River basin. This study demonstrates the heterogeneity in population structure that can evolve in aquatic species occupying lotic systems and illustrates the potential for genomic data to disentangle these complex patterns.
Workers' compensation and the working poor: Occupational health experience among low wage workers in federally qualified health centers.

BACKGROUND The working poor are at highest risk of work-related injuries and have limited access to occupational health care. OBJECTIVES To explore community health centers (CHCs) as a venue for accessing at risk workers; and to examine the experience, knowledge, and perceptions of workers' compensation (WC) among the working poor. METHODS Key informant interviews were conducted among patients in waiting rooms of rural and urban CHCs. RESULT Fifty-one interviews of minority workers across sectors identified 23 prior work-related injuries and mixed experiences with the WC system. Barriers to reporting and ways to overcome these barriers were elucidated. CONCLUSIONS Patients in CHCs work in jobs that put them at risk for work-related injuries. CHCs are a good site for accessing at-risk workers. Improving occupational healthcare and appropriate billing of WC insurance should be explored, as should best practices for employers to communicate WC laws to low wage workers.
Iomazenil SPECT (BZP-Receptor)

123 I-Iomazenil (IMZ) [1] is a specific radioligand for the central benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor that may be useful as an indicator of cortical neuron loss after focal cerebral ischemia using SPECT [2, 3]. The reduction of BZ receptor density in reperfused cortex that remained structurally intact is likely to be the result of injury to only a limited number of neurons (i.e., incomplete brain infarction) [3]. The study of permanent or transient ischemia (lasting 3–6 h) in baboons by Sette et al. [4], who used 18 F-flumazenil as a BZ receptor ligand and PET, has a more direct relevance to the study of the incomplete brain infarction in reperfused cortex using IMZ-SPECT. They observed a decrease of BZ receptor binding not only in the infracted area but also, albeit to a lesser degree, in the CT-intact opercular cortex overlying the hypodense area. Selective neuronal necrosis with sparing of glia and microvessels is seen after transient occlusion of the MCA in macaque monkey and rats [5, 6]. The extent of ischemic neuronal damage depends on both the magnitude and duration of cerebral ischemia. In the study by Garcia et al. [7], up to 60 min of MCA occlusion followed by 7 days of survival in rats resulted in neuronal necrosis that involved isolated groups of cortical neurons (i.e., incomplete brain infarction), while no cases of cortical infarction were found. A close correlation existed between the number of necrotic neurons and the severity of the neurological deficits.