cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Cost of Producing Container-Grown Landscape Plants with the Assistance of Computer Accounting Software

Abstract Procedures and practices for a container nursery record keeping system were developed. The goal of developing this system was to allow for cost allocation to a given group of plants for pricing and planning purposes. To accomplish this, the economic engineering method was employed to develop a model nursery firm where the best proven practices of plant production were utilized. Enterprise budgets were updated and modified to estimate cost of production for container sized #1 woody landscape plants by five plant species. Job-cost accounting procedures were used to allocate annual fixed costs and general overhead expenses. Results revealed that fixed cost per plant represented approximately one-third of total cost per plant for each species and production method. Determination of per-plant costs in trials was important in determining whether the production of a species was profitable. This also aided in establishing selling prices.
A Dynamic Life-course Approach to Genocide

We argue in this article that the study of genocide would benefit from the application and use of theoretical tools that criminologists have long had at their disposal, specifically, conception and...
Report of the ALCTS Electronic Resources Interest Group Meeting. American Library Association Annual Meeting, Chicago, June 2017

George Stachokas developed the concept and questions for this session, a panel discussion regarding the current practice of electronic resources management in large academic libraries. Panelists we...
Multiscale characterization of microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting

Abstract A multiscale investigation of the microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) was performed on the as-SLM and heat-treated (HT) samples at various build locations. The microstructures were characterized by optical microscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction over a wide range of length-scales. The as-SLM samples exhibited unique multi-scale microstructure features, including a few hundred-micrometer melt pools and columnar cube-textured grains, micrometer-sized dendritic and cellular sub-grain structures from chemical segregation and precipitates. Upon heat treatment, recrystallization occurred in the sample, replacing the unique SLM microstructures with homogenized grains, annealing twins, and nano-scale precipitates. Dry sliding wear tests, Vickers hardness tests, and force modulation microscopy in the atomic force microscopy were conducted to characterize the mechanical properties of the SLM parts. It was found that the wear resistance of the as-SLM sample was sensitive to the grain-level structures, exhibiting a relatively large spatial variation (∼11%) at different build locations. In contrast, the Vickers hardness barely changed (
Structure learning in Bayesian networks of a moderate size by efficient sampling

We study the Bayesian model averaging approach to learning Bayesian network structures (DAGs) from data. We develop new algorithms including the first algorithm that is able to efficiently sample DAGs of a moderate size (with up to about 25 variables) according to the exact structure posterior. The DAG samples can then be used to construct estimators for the posterior of any feature. We theoretically prove good properties of our estimators and empirically show that our estimators considerably outperform the estimators from the previous state-of-the-art methods.
An Algorithm to Generate Synthetic 3D Microstructures from 2D Exemplars

The inverse problem of constructing 3D microstructures from 2D data is an area of active research within the materials science community. This paper presents the implementation of a robust, computationally efficient algorithm: the Hierarchical Algorithm for the Reconstruction of Exemplars (HARE), written in Python to reconstruct 3D features in a given microstructure from up to three orthogonal 2D exemplars and using nearest-neighbor matching to reproduce feature qualities, such as shape, size, and distribution. HARE’s feature sampling implements histogram reweighting to avoid both over- and undersampling. A neighborhood voting scheme allows each pixel to provisionally affect its neighbors according to its weight. The algorithm is presently configured for two-phase materials and is being extended to accommodate multiple phases. HARE is a convenient and robust base from which to generate statistically representative synthetic microstructures for use in multi-scale modeling or machine-learning applications to support advanced manufacturing and materials discovery.
Cervical Cytology with Squamous and Glandular Abnormalities

The most common epithelial cell abnormalities in cervical cytology are abnormal squamous cells and glandular cells. According to the third edition of the Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical Cytology (2015), there are four categories in squamous cell abnormalities: atypical squamous cells (ASC), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and squamous cell carcinoma. ASC is further classified into atypical squamous cells – of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and atypical squamous cells – cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H). LSIL encompasses human papillomavirus (HPV) infection/mild dysplasia/cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 1). HSIL encompasses moderate dysplasia (CIN 2), severe dysplasia (CIN 3), and carcinoma in situ (CIS). According to this book, there are also four categories in glandular cell abnormalities: atypical glandular cells, not otherwise specified (NOS) (including atypical endocervical cells, NOS; atypical endometrial cells, NOS; and atypical glandular cells, NOS); atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic (including atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic and atypical glandular cells, favor neoplastic); endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ; and adenocarcinoma (including endocervical, endometrial, extrauterine and NOS).
The Impact of Multi-Terminal DC Grids on AC Line Overload Alleviation: A Model Predictive Approach

The increasing power/load demand is becoming a new concern for the grid operators as it can potentially overload transmission lines. Among advantages of a Multi-terminal DC (MTDC) grid, its high controlability makes it a promising asset for AC line overload alleviation. This paper proposes a Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based strategy, which regularly updates the power setpoints of the MTDC converter stations and AC generators to alleviate AC line overloads. To compute and update the power setpoints, necessary measurements are received by the controller within regular time intervals. The proposed controller ensures that subsequent to any AC line overload, changing the power setpoints of the MTDC converter station does not cause any operation violation in the MTDC grid. Furthermore, it ensures that the AC voltage limits and voltage stability criteria are met to avoid voltage instability. Performance and effectiveness of the proposed controller are evaluated by simulation studies on the 39-bus New England system integrated with a 5-bus MTDC system. Simulation results confirm that the MTDC grid can play a major role in controlling active powers of most of the AC transmission lines.
Commentary: Enabling efficient and full application of prevention strategies for population mental health — reflections on Dodge 2020

Dodge (2020) provides a challenging and compelling formulation for more systematic determination of prevention component selection. The essay reminds us that population impact should be front and center in prevention specifically and public health organization in general. Dodge brings forth numerous issues in the science and the application of knowledge about prevention that warrant more research support and study. These issues include the need to recognize the existence of and increase the number of proven programs, the need for better and more extensive knowledge about impact variation across populations, and more attention to strengths and capabilities as guides for prevention. His essay also reminds us of the nuance and complexities in attempting to compare effect sizes and cost-benefit ratios of universal versus selective efforts. In addition, he provides compelling rationale for formalization of how prevention is organized and implemented in local community efforts. Further, in refocusing on the centrality of population effects in intervention application, Dodge also reminds us of the attendant principles of health equity and social justice in how we implement and judge the benefits of interventions. This essay provides a compelling argument for a strategy to realize the potential of the accumulating evidence of prevention as vital for addressing mental health and development.
Optimal periodic proof test based on cost-effective and reliability criteria

An exploratory study for the optimization of periodic proof tests for fatigue-critical structures is presented. The optimal proof load level and the optimal number of periodic proof tests are determined by minimizing the total expected (statistical average) cost, while the constraint on the allowable level of structural reliability is satisfied. The total expected cost consists of the expected cost of proof tests, the expected cost of structures destroyed by proof tests, and the expected cost of structural failure in service. It is demonstrated by numerical examples that significant cost saving and reliability improvement for fatigue-critical structures can be achieved by the application of the optimal periodic proof test. The present study is relevant to the establishment of optimal maintenance procedures for fatigue-critical structures.
Commonly used chemical drugs liposome formulations

Liposome is a carrier of anticancer drugs to cancer cells which can increase intake of drugs to reduce the dose, enhance the effectiveness and reduce the side effects. These advantages receive extensive attention. Currently a variety of chemotherapy drugs, such as paclitaxel, adriamycin, platinum and vincristine liposome formulations have already produced and applied in clinic. Key words: Antineoplastic agents; Liposomes
High-Linearity V-Band InGaAs/InP Photodiodes Working at 1064 nm

We demonstrate the modified uni-travelling-carrier (MUTC) photodiodes achieving RF power levels of 21.7 dBm to 15 dBm in the frequency range of 39 GHz to 60 GHz, respectively, at 1064 nm wavelength. The photodiodes show good linearity with a third-order intercept point (OIP3) up to 33 dBm at 40 GHz.
Advocacy, Strategy and Tactics Used to Confront Corporate Power: The Nestlé Boycott and International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes.

Douglas A. Johnson began his career as a human rights activist while earning his undergraduate degree in philosophy (1975) at Macalester College in the United States. He lived at Gandhi's ashram in India to study nonviolent organizing (1969 to 1970). He served as the director of the Third World Institute in Minneapolis, MN, USA (1973-1979), which functioned as the international social justice program of the Archdiocese of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Johnson's work included creating and running a political collective; leading development study tours into villages in Guatemala and Honduras; and investigating how transnational companies (e.g., Nestle) were penetrating the developing world. He was the co-founder of the Infant Formula Action Coalition (INFACT), elected national chairperson (1977-1985), and appointed as Executive Director (1978-1984). His role included representing INFACT before national and international organizations, the human milk substitute industry, the US Congress and Executive Branch, and the press. He initiated and coordinated the first international grass-roots consumer boycott (against Nestle) in ten nations. He was also a co-founder of the International Nestle Boycott Committee and the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN). He earned a Master's in Public and Private Management at Yale University (1988). Then he became the first Executive Director of the Center for Victims of Torture, in Minneapolis (1988-2012), the first treatment center for torture victims in the US. Since 2013, he has been teaching human rights theory and practice, and sharing lessons he has learned, as a Lecturer in Public Policy at the Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University (US). (This interview was conducted via Zoom and transcribed verbatim. It has been edited for ease of readability. DJ refers to Doug Johnson and LD refers to Laura Duckett.).
Saponin Modified Clay For Crude Palm Oil Bleaching

Bleaching of crude palm oil (MGS) is a mandatory step for producing edible palm oil. Bleaching agent, known as bleaching earth, is used as the decolorization agent. Bleaching earth acts as adsorbent to adsorb carotenoid and other organic content in MGS. Bentonite is the common decolorization agent used in the bleaching process. Activation of bentonite is needed prior to enhanced the adsorptive ability. In this study, the bentonite was fabricated by using saponin surfactant to enlarge the surface area, and thus, improving the adsorption capacity of bentonite. The activation of bentonite was conducted by impregnating the bentonite particles with saponin solution at various mass ratio; specifically, bentonite to saponin ratios of 100: 1, 200: 1, 300: 1, 400: 1, and 500: 1 were applied. The impregnation, or activation, temperature of 40 and 50˚C was chosen. The succeed of the saponin impregnation was characterized using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The alteration of bentonite cation exchange capacity (CEC) value before and after impregnation was evaluated. The bleaching performance of the saponin modified bentonite was assessed by determining the amount of carotenoid compound removed. Furthermore, the change in free-fatty acid value of MGS (after bleaching) was also assessed. The bleaching process was carried out by mixing the bentonite into MGS at a temperature of 90˚C for 10 minutes. The bleaching process result shows that the rarasaponin modified bentonite able to adsorp 310 mg of carotenoid per g of the adsorbent.
Between Authority and Authenticity: English Use in Spanish-Language Commercials in the United States

The use of English in foreign-language advertising abroad has been explored in depth, as has the role English plays in globalization. However, there remains a paucity of research concerning English use in foreign-language advertising within English-speaking countries. This analysis of Miami-based Spanish commercials explores the roles that identity and citizenship play in profit-motivated code-switching, in addition to questioning the oft-held assumption that English use carries a singular social meaning regardless of context. Beginning with a look at previous advertising studies, namely those of Ingrid Piller and Tej Bhatia, this study examines how English language use within the United States both contrasts and coincides with its use in German and Indian advertising. Next, Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of a linguistic marketplace is introduced to analyze class relations as they relate to code-switching. The study then draws from Mikhail Bakhtin to explain how advertising employs heteroglossia and double-voicing to sell products and propagate existing ideologies of language value and class dominance. This is accomplished primarily by means of profit-motivated code-switching between English and Spanish phonologies, which lend either authority or authenticity to products. Lastly, a discussion of Bonnie Urciuoli and Robin Lakoff aids in understanding the concepts of the public and the private spheres as they relate to linguistic hegemony and marketing tactics.
Responses of the “Hypoxic Resistant” R15 Neuron of Aplysia to Reduced Extracellular Oxygen Tensions

The abdominal ganglion of Aplysia is a unique electrophysiological preparation for studying the effect of various intracellularly injected or extracellularly suffused agents. (16, 18, 22, 23, 24) Much work has been done on (i) the role of cAMP inhibitors and promoters of synaptic activity, effects which can be labeled as “long-lasting” and extend from milliseconds to minutes; (7, 15) (ii) the study of neurotransmittpr specificity by iontophoretic application of putative neurotransmitters onto the ganglion; (17, 25) and (iii) the interruption of the characteristic electrophysiological burst pattern of these cells by administration of compounds which influence routes of cellular metabolism. (4) During intracellular recording of these neurons’ membrane potentials, the chatosensitivity of their electrical responses has been analyzed by equilibrating the suffusate with CO2, N2, or O2. (1, 2). Furthermore, evaluations of gaseous equilibration on nerve cell metabolism and activity have been achieved through measurements of the membrane potential and intracellular PO2 using spectrophotanetirc techniques. (3) It is known that the addition of citrate, ATP, and D-fructose 1, 6-di phosphate, compounds which interfere with the phosphofructokinase step in glycolysis, alters the cyclic patterns of bursting in pacemaker neurons of this ganglion. (4).
MEMS Using SOI Substrate

At NASA, the focus for smaller, less costly missions has given impetus for the development of microspacecraft. MicroElectroMechanical System (MEMS) technology advances in the area of sensor, propulsion systems, and instruments, make the notion of a specialized microspacecraft feasible in the immediate future. Similar to the micro-electronics revolution,the emerging MEMS technology offers the integration of recent advances in micromachining and nanofabrication techniques with microelectronics in a mass-producible format,is viewed as the next step in device and instrument miniaturization. MEMS technology offers the potential of enabling or enhancing NASA missions in a variety of ways. This new technology allows the miniaturization of components and systems, where the primary benefit is a reduction in size, mass and power. MEMS technology also provides new capabilities and enhanced performance, where the most significant impact is in performance, regardless of system size. Finally,with the availability of mass-produced, miniature MEMS instrumentation comes the opportunity to rethink our fundamental measurement paradigms. It is now possible to expand our horizons from a single instrument perspective to one involving multi-node distributed systems. In the distributed systems and missions, a new system in which the functionality is enabled through a multiplicity of elements. Further in the future, the integration of electronics, photonics, and micromechanical functionalities into "instruments-on-a-chip" will provide the ultimate size, cost, function, and performance advantage. In this presentation, I will discuss recent development, requirement, and applications of various MEMS technologies and devices for space applications.
Money and Economic Growth

The models we have seen previously are concerned with basically three markets. First, there is a commodity market in which the level of consumption (and hence of saving) depends on the aggregate supply of goods. The supply of goods is determined by a production function relating output to two factors of production, capital and labor. It is assumed that at each instant there is full employment equilibrium represented by the equality of saving and investment. The second market is the capital market. The supply of existing capital is increased by the amount of net investment at any instant. Under the assumption of perfect competition and profit maximization, the marginal product of capital is equal to the real rent on capital. Finally, we have the labor market. The supply of labor grows at an exogenously given constant rate. If there is technical progress, then labor is measured in efficiency units. The demand for labor is determined by setting the marginal product of labor equal to the real wage, another competitive profit maximizing condition. Since wages are also flexible, full employment of labor is assured. We have seen that stable balanced growth is generally possible in an economy operating under the above conditions.
Enzymatic Breakage and Joining of Deoxyribonucleic Acid: VIII. HYBRIDS OF RIBO- AND DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE HOMOPOLYMERS AS SUBSTRATES FOR POLYNUCLEOTIDE LIGASE OF BACTERIOPHAGE T4

Abstract Polynucleotide ligase of bacteriophage T4, in contrast to the DNA ligase of Escherichia coli, catalyzes the joining of oligomers of deoxyribonucleotides hydrogen-bonded to complementary strands of either polydeoxyribonucleotides or polyribonucleotides. Hybrid molecules in which oligomers of ribonucleotides are hydrogen-bonded to complementary strands of polydeoxyribonucleotides can also serve as substrates for the T4 enzyme. The rate of joining of oligomers in hybrid molecules of this type is only 1 to 2% of that observed when both strands are polydeoxyribonucleotides. No activity has been detected when both strands are polyribonucleotides. The products of these reactions have been characterized by sedimentation and end group analysis; in all cases joining occurs through phosphodiester bond formation. The activities toward hybrid molecules and toward DNA containing single strand breaks appear to be identical as indicated by: (a) identical ratio of the activities during a 1000-fold purification, (b) similar reaction requirements, and (c) identical thermosensitivity of both activities purified from cells infected with a mutant bacteriophage containing a temperature-sensitive ligase. It had been shown previously that the introduction of an rII mutation into phage T4 could suppress an amber mutation in the ligase gene. In these studies it is shown that the double mutant, T4rIIamH39X, carrying an amber mutation in the ligase gene, does not have detectable levels of T4 ligase in the nonpermissive host. Similarly, T4rIItsA80, carrying a temperature-sensitive mutation in the ligase gene, can grow at the nonpermissive temperature, despite retaining its temperature-sensitive ligase.
Fact-based problem identification precedes problem solving

Problem Solving has long been advocated as a skill necessary for developing and writing programs. Few problem-solving skills are included in introductory textbooks and when they are included, they usually assume a certain level of capability on the part of the student to understand the problem. Students have a difficult time handling problems presented in a narrative fashion; story problems. This work presents a method that begins the problem solving task by first analyzing the story with the intent of identifying the problem buried in the narrative format. This method separates facts necessary for the problem from the facts included to make the story interesting and believable. Evaluating these facts enables the student to identify the problem before commencing with problem solving.
Dansylarginine N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide: A potent and selective fluorescent inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase

Interactions between dansylarginine N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide (DAPA) and the cholinesterases were examined by the techniques of enzyme kinetics and fluorescence spectroscopy. When tested with partially purified enzyme preparations, DAPA was a potent inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase (IC50 = 2 x 10(-7) M) but not of acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 4 x 10(-4) M). For a detailed study of the effects of DAPA on butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), the enzyme was purified to homogeneity from horse serum, with the aid of affinity chromatography on N-methyl acridinium. The kinetics of the inhibition of purified BuChE by DAPA were complex, having both competitive and non-competitive features, and it was not possible to estimate Ki unambiguously. Spectroscopic measurements showed that the fluorescence of the dansyl moiety was strongly affected by the binding to BuChE. With excitation at 330 nm, total fluorescence emission from bound DAPA (at 450 nm and above) was 21-fold greater than from free DAPA. In a titration experiment, this enhancement of fluorescence intensity was used to calculate that each monomer of BuChE has two apparently independent DAPA-binding sites with a Kd of 4.5 x 10(-7) M. Further measurements showed that the fluorescence emission of bound DAPA was markedly blue-shifted (to 502 nm from 570 nm in free solution) and that the fluorescence lifetime of this form was greatly prolonged (to 24 nsec from 2.7 nsec). These observations indicate that the high affinity binding sites on BuChE lock DAPA in a highly non-polar environment.
The new normal? Addressing gun violence in America

Despite the fact that children die every day from gun violence, school shootings upset us in ways that are difficult to comprehend. In our minds, schools serve as safe havens for children. When that image is shattered, the unpredictability and randomness of such heinous acts leave us wondering if anywhere is safe anymore. This issue of the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry includes a set of commentaries that seek to help us better understand responses to gun violence, challenge some of the typical policy responses to such events, and seek to offer constructive strategies for preventing gun violence. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
Rehabilitation Charges Associated With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Background:Pre- and postoperative rehabilitation are important to the management of patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, but little attention has been given to the costs. ...
Attitude of doctors towards mentally ill in Hyderabad, India: Results of a prospective survey

Background: Wide prevalence of mental illness has been documented in South India; however, the magnitude of stigma is unclear. Aims: The aim was to investigate the magnitude of stigma prevalent among medical professionals in Hyderabad, India. Materials and Methods: A prospective survey of seven common psychiatric disorders for eight specified perceptions was conducted. Responses of 226 out of 250 (90%) doctors were analyzed. Results: Significant overall negative perception (P Conclusions: This study revealed negative attitude of doctors toward mentally ill and highlighted the gender difference in perceptions.
Aggregate subjective ratings of airborne sound insulation

This paper reports the results of a survey of sound insulation between homes in multi-family dwellings. The survey included interviews of 600 subjects and airborne sound insulation measurements of their 300 party walls. The subjects lived in both row housing and multi-floor apartment buildings in three different Canadian cities. The questionnaire first asked about general issues concerning the subjects building followed by more specific questions rating the sound insulation and the audibility of various noises. Sound transmission loss measurements were made in 1/3-octave bands from 100 to 4000 Hz. In addition to the standard ISO and ASTM single number ratings, 20 other single number sound isolation measures were calculated.
ELECTROCHEMICAL AND THERMAL SIMULATION OF A SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL

Abstract The lack of accurate modeling of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC's) and their systems has resulted in limitations in identifying key operating parameters and allowing for system configuration. The purpose of this study is to address each level of modeling needed to identify key parameters as well as integrating each level of modeling. The first level deals with the single cell and its electrochemical and thermal issues. The second level deals with the bundling of cells to form an SOFC stack while the third level incorporates the stack results into an overall thermal system.
Features of laser vibration measurements in automative engineering

The daily practice of vibration experiments in automotive engineering is characterized by non-harmonic motion, non- constant frequencies, many-body interactions and parts of construction with internal damping. Examples of all these features are given. They are discussed and the conclusions are listed.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Synchronous nocturnal activity and gregarious roosting in the neotropical skipper butterfly Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

Gregarious roosting behaviour and nocturnal activity is virtually unknown within the family Hesperiidae. Observations on Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Bailey) from Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, are presented which demonstrate that, during the dry season, individuals roost gregariously in cave-like situations during the day and are nocturnally active. Circadian behaviour is highly synchronized with regard to timing of departures and arrivals at the roosting site, and appears to be regulated by light levels. Individuals on the roost are in reproductive diapause and show marked roost-site fidelity and longevity. The break-up of roosts appears to be mediated by the onset of the first rains of the season. These observations are compared and discussed in relation to gregarious roosting in other Lepidoptera. Two possible life history strategies to explain roosting in C. fritzgaertneri, with appropriate experiments, are suggested for future studies.
Direct disclosure by radiologists of imaging findings to patients: a survey of radiologists and medical staff members.

A previous survey revealed that patients prefer to hear the results of imaging examinations from radiologists at the time of the procedure rather than be informed later by the referring physician. This study was performed to learn, by means of questionnaires, the attitudes of members of medical staff and of radiologists.Questionnaires were sent to members of the medical staff at my institution and to private and academic radiologists throughout the country. Respondents were presented with this statement: "If an adult patient who knows why a radiologic examination is being performed and what is being sought asks to know the results from the radiologist, the radiologist should answer truthfully (and immediately contact the referring physician with the results and the fact that the patient has been informed)." Five alternatives were presented: 1 = strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = neutral, 4 = disagree, and 5 = strongly disagree. Results were tabulated by department in the first instance and by state and charac...
SINE-GORDON FIELD THEORY FOR THE KOSTERLITZ-THOULESS TRANSITIONS ON FLUCTUATING MEMBRANES

In the preceding paper [J. M. Park and T. C. Lubensky, Phys. Rev. E 53, xxx (1995)] we derived Coulomb-gas and sine-Gordon Hamiltonians to describe the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition on a fluctuating surface. These Hamiltonians contain couplings to a Gaussian curvature that are not found in a rigid flat surface. In this paper, we derive renormalization-group recursion relations for the sine-Gordon model using field-theoretic techniques developed to study flat-space problems. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Defining Standards and Policies for Promoting Physical Activity in Afterschool Programs.

BACKGROUND: National guidelines exist that define ‘‘quality’’ afterschool programs (3-6 PM, ASP). No widely adopted national standards/policies exist, however, for ASP providers for the promotion of physical activity (PA). To address this gap, state-level ASP organizations have developed or adopted standards/policies related to PA. The extent to which standards and policies are uniform and disseminated is unclear. The purpose of this study was to review state-level ASP documentation to identify standards/policies for promoting PA within the ASP setting. METHODS: A systematic review of state-level ASP organizations’ standards/policies was conducted to identify documentation that included language explicitly defining or related to the promotion of physical activity within ASP. State-level ASP organizations were identified from registries available from national ASP organizations. Documentation was retrieved from online sources and reviewed using a standardized content analysis protocol. RESULTS: Quality ASP definitions were retrieved from 47 states. Of these, 14 incorporated language related to the promotion of PA. This included the provision of adequate outdoor space for attendees to be active, provision of frequent PA opportunities, and promoting physical development. A total of 5 states had standards/policies that explicitly identified the amount of time for attendees to be physically active during ASP attendance, while 3 states outlined standards/policies regarding core competencies for ASP providers to promote PA. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, standards/polices related to promoting PA within ASP were largely absent. Those that do exist, however, can provide a foundation for future empirical tests. The testing of these standards/policies will assist in the development of national guidelines to promote PA within the ASP setting.
Homogeneity of Gridded Precipitation Datasets for the Colorado River Basin

Abstract Inhomogeneity in gridded meteorological data may arise from the inclusion of inhomogeneous station data or from aspects of the gridding procedure itself. However, the homogeneity of gridded datasets is rarely questioned, even though an analysis of trends or variability that uses inhomogeneous data could be misleading or even erroneous. Three gridded precipitation datasets that have been used in studies of the Upper Colorado River basin were tested for homogeneity in this study: that of Maurer et al., that of Beyene and Lettenmaier, and the Parameter–Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) dataset of Daly et al. Four absolute homogeneity tests were applied to annual precipitation amounts on a grid cell and on a hydrologic subregion spatial scale for the periods 1950–99 and 1916–2006. The analysis detects breakpoints in 1977 and 1978 at many locations in all three datasets that may be due to an anomalously rapid shift in the Pacific decadal oscillation. One dataset showed breakpoi...
Rapid crystallization of L-arginine acetate on engineered surfaces using metal-assisted and microwave-accelerated evaporative crystallization

We report the application of our newly described crystallization technique, which employs silver island films (SIFs) and microwave heating, to rapid crystallization of L-arginine acetate (LAA). Using our technique, LAA crystals (∼ 1.2 mm in length) were grown from a 20 μl solution in 1 min on surface functionalized SIFs. In control experiments (glass slides and at room temperature) the growth of LAA crystals (0.1–0.3 mm) took ∼ 55 min.
Extension of the Renormalized Coupled-Cluster Methods Exploiting Left Eigenstates of the Similarity-Transformed Hamiltonian to Open-Shell Systems: A Benchmark Study†

The recently formulated completely renormalized coupled-cluster method with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples, exploiting the biorthogonal form of the method of moments of coupled-cluster equations (Piecuch, P.; Wloch, M. J. Chem. Phys. 2005, 123, 224105; Piecuch, P.; Wloch, M.; Gour, J. R.; Kinal, A. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2006, 418, 467), termed CR-CC(2,3), is extended to open-shell systems. Test calculations for bond breaking in the OH radical and the ion and singlet−triplet gaps in the CH2, HHeH, and (HFH)- biradical systems indicate that the CR-CC(2,3) approach employing the restricted open-shell Hartree−Fock (ROHF) reference is significantly more accurate than the widely used CCSD(T) method and other noniterative triples coupled-cluster approximations without making the calculations substantially more expensive. A few molecular examples, including the activation energies of the C2H4 + H → C2H5 forward and reverse reactions and the triplet states of the CH2 and H2Si2O2 biradicals, are used to sho...
Epicuticular hydrocarbons of Drosophila pseudoobscura (Diptera; Drosophilidae): identification of unusual alkadiene and alkatriene positional isomers

Epicuticular hydrocarbons of Drosophila pseudoobscura were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methyl-branched alkanes and alkadienes were the predominant hydrocarbons, with lesser amounts of monoenes (14%) and trienes (9%) also present. Alkanes (49%) were mostly odd carbon number 2-methylalkanes (C25–C31). Alkadienes (27%) were odd carbon number components (C25–C33), with the (Z,Z)-5,9-isomer predominating. Monounsaturated hydrocarbons were a mixture of 5-, 7-, 9-, 11-, 13-, 14- and 15-isomers containing 25–33 carbon atoms. The major alkatriene components contained 29–31 carbon atoms and were either 5,19,17- or 5,9,19-isomers. Sodium[1-14C]acetate was incorporated into each class of hydrocarbon and into each of the major alkadienes.
Structure of repeated-root constacyclic codes of length 3ps and their duals

Abstract Let p ≠ 3 be any prime. A classification of constacyclic codes of length 3 p s over the finite field F p m is provided. Based on this, the structures in terms of polynomial generators of all such constacyclic codes and their duals are established. Among other results, we show that self-dual cyclic codes of length 3 p s exist only when p = 2 , and in such case, those self-dual codes are listed.
Polarisation phenomena manifested by Pb-Sb alloys at low current densities

Abstract A continuous anodic corrosion process occurs in 0.1 M NaCl at the surface of Pb-Sb alloys [11% Sb (alloy II) and 49.3% Sb (alloy III)] at low current densities. This is associated at an appropriate current density, or in presence of considerable amounts of Sb (alloy III), with the deposition of PbCl 2 . In 3 M NaCl, a corrosion layer is deposited only at a higher current density (300 μA/cm 2 ), followed, in the case of alloy III, by the deposition of PbO within the pores; the specific resistance of the PbCl 2 film calculated from the potential-time curve amounts to 2.9·10 6 Ω cm. Pb-Sb alloys [8% Sb (alloy I) and 49.3% Sb (alloy III)], pre-cathodised until hydrogen evolution, are readily passivated in 0.05 M borax. Arrests corresponding to different corrosion products including lead borate, Sb 2 O 3 , PbO and PbO 2 have been distinguished, the amount of the latter increasing with increase in antimony content. Similar results are obtained in 0.05 M Na 2 CO 3 ; the first corrosion product seems to be PbCO 3 . Self-decay and cathodic discharge experiments support these findings.
On convex optimization with linear constraints

In this paper, we propose an interior-point method for minimizing a convex function subject to linear constraints. Our method employs ideas from a previously studied method due to Fan and Nekooie in a different context. Under certain assumptions, we show that the proposed method has a fast rate of convergence. A numerical example is included to illustrate the method.
Impart studies on extruded food foams

A Charpy-type impact test has been performed on a number of foams produced by the extrusion cooking process. The energy to break falls with increasing notch size for values of the notch length greater than the pore size. The critical strain energy release rate has been calculated from linear elastic fracture mechanics for rectangular cross-section foams. This approach has also been applied to foams of circular cross-section using calibration factors obtained from a comparison of rectangular and circular cross-section foamed plastics.
High-Dose Cytarabine for High Blast Counts

Excerpt To the editor: The use of leukapheresis in patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia and extreme leukocytosis has been shown to quickly decrease blast counts and improve symptoms in patient...
Time course of symptom resolution in patients with community-acquired pneumonia☆

The majority of patients with community-acquired pneumonia are at low risk for short-term mortality or serious morbidity and are increasingly managed in the outpatient setting. Efforts to improve the quality of care for these patients will need to measure patient outcomes such as disease-specific symptom resolution. The aims of this study were to (1) develop a self-administered daily version of a symptom questionnaire for patients with pneumonia, (2) measure the reliability of this instrument, and (3) provide estimates for recovery rates based on symptom resolution in a cohort of low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. This study was conducted as part of a prospective study of a new emergency department protocol for pneumonia at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Eligible study subjects included all adult patients with pneumonia presenting to the emergency department with a predicted low risk of short-term mortality. The main outcome measures were based on a new five item symptom questionnaire which rates the severity of cough, fatigue, dyspnea, myalgia, and fever. The questionnaires were self-administered on days 0-7, 14, 21 and 28 from the time of diagnosis of pneumonia. The symptom questions were also administered during patient interviews on days 0, 7, 14 and 28 in order to assess the questionnaire's reliability. Of the 166 eligible patients, 134 (81%) consented to participate in this study. The mean intra-class reliability coefficient of the symptom questionnaire was 0.75. The median times to resolution of individual symptoms ranged from 3 days for fever to 14 days for cough and fatigue. Thirty-five percent of patients had at least one symptom still present at the end of the 28-day study period. We found that a daily self-report questionnaire is a reliable measure of symptom resolution for patients with pneumonia. Full resolution of symptoms takes more than 28 days for a significant proportion of patients with pneumonia.
Parent bereavement stress and preventive intervention following the violent deaths of adolescent or young adult children

Abstract It is currently believed that effective intervention programs can reduce the negative consequences of stressful life events. The purpose of this paper is to describe a three-step process used to develop a theory-based preventive intervention for parents whose 12- to 28-year-old children had died 2 to 7 months previously by accident, homicide, or suicide. Assumptive world, family life cycle, victimization, and social support theories form the basis for “matching” parent bereavement stress with selected intervention strategies.
A knowledge system for integrated product design

This paper discusses the architecture and implementation issues for a knowledge system to assist in product design. The goals of the concurrent Design Advisor (CODA) are to enhance the quality of designs by 25 percent and the efficiency by a factor of 10. The improvement springs from the integration of diverse knowledge bases, ranging from customer needs to product evaluation, and from process configuration to production control. One source of efficiency is the automation of many routine tasks, thereby increasing user productivity. Another source is the increase in the quality of initial designs, which obviates the need for numerous iterations in the design process due to poor manufacturability. CODA is based on the general architecture of the Creativity Support System, an expert system for assisting users in specific domains requiring creative solutions. The bilevel structure of the system consists of a domain-independent module containing general tools and techniques for creative problem-solving, and a domain-dependent module incorporating knowledge specific to particular fields of application. The utility of this approach is illustrated in the realm of concurrent product design by demonstrating a CODA within the general architecture of the system.
A theorem on the minimization of a condensing multifunction and fixed points

Abstract Let G be a subset of a locally convex separated topological vector space E with int(G) ≠ O, cl(G) convex and quasi-complete. Let f: cl(G) → E be a continuous condensing multifunction with compact and convex values and with a bounded range. It is shown that for each w ϵ int(G), there exists a u = u(w) ϵ ∂(cl(G)) such that p(f(u) − u) = inf{p(x − y): x ϵ f(u), y ϵ cl(G)}, where p is the Minkowski's functional of the set (cl(G) − w). Several fixed point results are obtained as a consequence of this result.
Review: probiotics are effective in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea.

Source Citation D’Souza AL, Rajkumar C, Cooke J, Bulpitt CJ. Probiotics in prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhoea: meta-analysis. BMJ. 2002 Jun 8;324:1361-4. 12052801
Sensory-specific Satiety: Comparison of Taste and Texture Effects

The respective contributions of taste (saltiness and sweetness) and texture (the hardness dimension) to sensory-specific satiety (SSS) were compared. Sixteen male and 16 female, young, normal-weight adults rated the pleasantness of taste, pleasantness of texture and desire to eat on visual analog scales for eight test foods, were then given one of the foods to eat ad libitum for lunch, and re-rated the same parameters for the eight foods 2 and 20 min after the end of the meal. The experimental sets of eight test foods and four lunch foods were balanced for taste quality (salty vs. sweet) and texture quality (hard vs. soft). Lunch foods were the hard and soft versions of a salty food (ham and cheese sandwich on baguette vs. white bread) or of a sweet food (apples vs. applesauce). Sensory-specific satiety was observed for both saltiness and sweetness (e.g. pleasantness of the taste of, and desire to eat sweet test foods decreased significantly after eating a sweet lunch food and similarly for salty foods), and to a lesser extent for texture (e.g. pleasantness of the texture of, and desire to eat hard test foods decreased after eating a hard lunch food and similarly for one of the soft foods). The authors conclude texture-specific satiety may be a significant component of satiety.
Evidence for a P12 final state in Σ+ → n + π+ decay

The orbital angular momentum of polarized Σ+ decay is determined by measuring the polarization of the neutron using n–p scattering as an analyzer in a HBC. On the basis of 83 n–p scatters the results of the experiment favor a P12 state for the π+n system.
The Coupling of Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions as the Main Contributor to the Apparent Field-Lab Rate Discrepancy

Here, we revisit the hypothesis proposed by Zhu, Blum, and Veblen at WRI-11 for explaining the apparent discrepancy between field and lab rates. Substantial laboratory experimental data and numerical modeling experiments now support this hypothesis, and they show that the coupling between various dissolution and precipitation reactions leads to a quasi-steady state, at which dissolution reactions proceed at rates orders of magnitude slower than the far-from-equilibrium rates. The specific steady state in a system is determined by the relative rate constants, surface areas, and by the r – ΔGr relationships for the dissolution and precipitation reactions. Evaluation of reaction kinetics must not consider a single overall reaction as an isolated event, but as a part of a reaction network.