cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy set theory and thematic maps: accuracy assessment and area estimation

Traditionally, the classes in thematic maps have been treated as crisp sets, using classical set theory. In this formulation, map classes are assumed to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive. This approach limits the ability of thematic maps to represent the continuum of variation found in most landscapes. Substitution of fuzzy sets allows more flexibility for treatment of map classes in the areas of accuracy assessment and area estimation. Accuracy assessment methods based on fuzzy sets allow consideration of the magnitude of errors and assessment of the frequency of ambiguity in map classes. An example of an accuracy assessment from a vegetation map of the Plumas National Forest illustrates the implementation of these methods. Area estimation based on fuzzy sets and using accuracy assessment data allows estimation of the area of classes as a function of levels of class membership. The fuzzy area estimation methods are an extension of previous methods presented by Card (1982). One interesting result is th...
On the deactivation of supported Pt catalysts during the hydrogenation of cyclopropane

Abstract Cyclopropane was hydrogenated to propane over an η-Al 2 O 3 supported Pt catalyst between 50 and 75 °C, in a single-pellet diffusion reactor. The catalyst was slowly poisoned by a self-poisoning process, involving both cyclopropane and propane as poison precursors. Experiments showed a time delay in the poisoning if the catalyst was pretreated with H 2 for an extended time period, while the initial activity remained unchanged. Furthermore, part of the initial activity remained protected from poisoning, when a sintered catalyst was used, involving larger metal islands on the support.
Suppression of Cavity Formation in Ceramics: Prospects for Superplasticity

Ceramics exhibit macroscopic stress/strain rate relations that should lead to superplastic extension. However, premature fracture is normally encountered, due to the formation and growth of grain-boundary cavities. Thus, cavity nucleation and growth were analyzed in an attempt to identify microstructures and/or strain-rate regimes that would suppress cavity evolution and hence allow superplasticity. Analysis of cavity nucleation indicates that fine-grained materials devoid of grain-boundary amorphous phases and inclusions should sustain substantial deformation rates without nucleating cavities, especially if solid-solution additions that encourage rapid grain-boundary diffusion (while not excessively decreasing surface energy) are identified. The analysis of void growth indicates that high relative surface diffusivities are also desirable, indicating that alloy additions that do not depress (and probably enhance) the relative surface diffusivities must be selected.
Investigation of small-scale unintended releases of hydrogen : momentum-dominated regime

Abstract The implementation of safety codes and standards for hydrogen-based energy systems will require a scientific basis for evaluating credible safety issues and for developing safety codes and standards applicable to the future hydrogen infrastructure. The characterization of unintended releases from hydrogen components has been identified as an area of particular interest to codes and standards development. In the present study, measurements were performed in small-scale hydrogen leaks to characterize the dimensional properties and flow characteristics of the resulting ignitable hydrogen cloud. Specifically, the data will provide a technological basis for determining hazardous length scales associated with the formation of ignitable mixtures due to unintended releases. In contrast to previous studies where large-scale momentum-dominated releases were considered, the present study focuses on smaller-scale releases more characteristic of low-pressure electrolyzers, leaky fittings or O-rings seals where moderate pressure drops and lower flow rates might occur. A turbulent jet flow is selected as representative of releases in which the leak geometry is circular. Laser-based Rayleigh scattering is used to characterize the hydrogen concentration field downstream of the leak. Time-averaged mean and fluctuating hydrogen concentration statistics and the corresponding probability density distributions are presented and the results for a pure hydrogen jet are compared with literature data for other gases such as methane and propane. At the moderate Froude number (Fr = 268) flow condition studied, the global jet features such as H2 centerline decay, jet spreading rate, and the mean and fluctuating H2 concentration distributions are similar to other variable density jets in the momentum-dominated regime and follow similar scaling laws. The database presented should provide a good test for the validation of CFD models being developed to predict unintended hydrogen release scenarios.
Changes in Perimicrovascular Protein Spatial Distribution due to Superfusate

Objective: To determine superfusate-induced changes in the distribution of plasma proteins in the perimicrovascular interstitial matrix. Methods: Rats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and a mesenteric loop was exteriorized. Intravital video microspectrophotometry was performed using wavelengths of 280, 320, and 700 nm. The images were analyzed to give protein and collagen spatial distributions in vascular regions of rat mesenteric tissue. Perimicrovascular protein concentrations were fitted to an exponential decay model ci + cv exp (-x/k), where ci is distal protein concentration, ci + cv is the protein concentration proximal to the vessel, x is the distance from the vessel wall, and k is the decay constant indicating protein gradient slope. Results: Before superfusion with 0.5-ml normal saline, ci = 1.45 ± 0.13 g/dl, ci + cv = 4.56 ± 0.23 g/dl. After the first superfusion, ci decreased (p < 0.01) to 0.53 ± 0.06 g/dl; following a second superfusion, ci decreased to 0.4 ± 0.03 g/dl; an additional final superfusion caused a further decrease to 0.33 ± 0.02 g/dl. ci + cv also decreased significantly during repeated superfusions to 2.92 ± 0.15, 2.35 ± 0.25, and 2.1 ± 0.12 g/dl, respectively. Conclusions: Superfusion produced changes in perivascular and distal interstitial matrix protein distribution. Protein concentration proximal to the microvessel remained higher than distal concentrations. This could be due to increased gel concentrations inhibiting protein mobility.
Prior experience as a moderator of disaster impact on anxiety symptoms in older adults.

As participants in a panel study, 234 older adults were interviewed before, as well as after, serious flooding occurred in southeastern Kentucky. Floods are not uncommon in this area, but these were more widespread than most, and resulted in both previously exposed and newly exposed subsamples of disaster victims. Flood impact was measured at both personal and community levels. With preflood symptoms controlled, there were modest flood effects on both trait anxiety and weather-specific distress in older adults without prior flood experience, but no flood effects in older adults who had been in floods before. Thus, the study provides support for the "inoculation hypothesis" and other conceptualizations that emphasize the advantage of being familiar or experienced with a stressor that is at hand. An implication is that "experienced" victims could be a valuable resource in prevention efforts. Language: en
Reporter gene transactivation by human p53 is inhibited in thioredoxin reductase null yeast by a mechanism associated with thioredoxin oxidation and independent of changes in the redox state of glutathione

Reporter gene transactivation by human p53 is compromised in S. cerevisiae lacking the TRR1 gene encoding thioredoxin reductase. The basis for p53 inhibition was investigated by measuring the redox state of thioredoxin and glutathione in wild-type and Deltatrr1 yeast. The Deltatrr1 mutation affected the redox state of both molecules. About 34% of thioredoxin was in the disulfide form in wild-type yeast and increased to 70% in Deltatrr1 yeast. About 18% of glutathione was in the GSSG form in wild-type yeast and increased to 32% in Deltatrr1 yeast. The Deltatrr1 mutation also resulted in a 2.9-fold increase in total glutathione per mg extract protein. Highcopy expression of the GLR1 gene encoding glutathione reductase in Deltatrr1 yeast restored the GSSG:GSH ratio to wild-type levels, but did not restore p53 activity. Also, p53 activity was shown to be unaffected by a Deltaglr1 mutation, even though the mutation was known to result in glutathione oxidation. In summary, the results show that, although glutathione becomes more oxidized in Deltatrr1 cells, glutathione oxidation is neither sufficient nor necessary for p53 inhibition. The results indicate that p53 activity has a specific requirement for an intact thioredoxin system, rather than a general dependence on the intracellular reducing environment.
The Relation of K-Antigen to Virulence of Escherichia coli

The content of K-antigen was determined for 100 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from the blood of patients with bacteremia, 30 strains isolated from urine cultures, and 30 strains isolated from the feces of patients recently admitted to the hospital. The K-antigen content of urinary isolates of E. coli was significantly greater than that of strains isolated from feces, as noted by other workers. In contrast, the amount of K-antigen of blood culture isolates was not significantly greater than that of fecal isolates and was significantly lower than that of urinary E. coli isolates. No correlation could be detected between the K-antigen content of blood culture isolates and the severity and outcome of the bacteremia.
The logic, intentionality, and phenomenology of emotion

My concern in this paper is with the intentionality of emotions. Desires and cognitions are the traditional paradigm cases of intentional attitudes, and one very direct approach to the question of the intentionality of emotions is to treat it as sui generis—as on a par with the intentionality of desires and cognitions but in no way reducible to it. A more common approach seeks to reduce the intentionality of emotions to the intentionality of familiar intentional attitudes like desires and cognitions. In this paper, I argue for the sui generis approach.
The social and cultural contexts of second language acquisition in young children

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to examine the social behaviour and competence of children, ages 3–6 as they progressed through the stages of second language acquisition in a dual‐immersion program in English and Mandarin. Over 100 2–3 hour classroom observations were made during the school year. Teachers’ evaluations of children’s social competence and behaviour were collected at the beginning and end of the school year. Results suggest that girls had more social adjustment difficulties than boys. However, as language skills increased, adjustment difficulties decreased significantly among all children. RESUME: L’objectif de cette etude est l’analyse des competences et comportements sociaux des enfants de 3–6 ans lors de l’acquisition d’une seconde langue dans un programme d’immersion en Anglais et en Mandarin. Plus de 100 observations de classe de 2–3 heures ont ete effectuees pendant l’annee scolaire. Les evaluations des competences et comportements sociaux des enfants, effectuees par les ense...
Character, distribution, and ecological significance of storm wave-induced scour in Rhode Island Sound, USA

Multibeam bathymetry, collected during NOAA hydrographic surveys in 2008 and 2009, is coupled with USGS data from sampling and photographic stations to map the seabed morphology and composition of Rhode Island Sound along the US Atlantic coast, and to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitats. Patchworks of scour depressions cover large areas on seaward-facing slopes and bathymetric highs in the sound. These depressions average 0.5–0.8 m deep and occur in water depths reaching as much as 42 m. They have relatively steep well-defined sides and coarser-grained floors, and vary strongly in shape, size, and configuration. Some individual scour depressions have apparently expanded to combine with adjacent depressions, forming larger eroded areas that commonly contain outliers of the original seafloor sediments. Where cobbles and scattered boulders are present on the depression floors, the muddy Holocene sands have been completely removed and the winnowed relict Pleistocene deposits exposed. Low tidal-current velocities and the lack of obstacle marks suggest that bidirectional tidal currents alone are not capable of forming these features. These depressions are formed and maintained under high-energy shelf conditions owing to repetitive cyclic loading imposed by high-amplitude, long-period, storm-driven waves that reduce the effective shear strength of the sediment, cause resuspension, and expose the suspended sediments to erosion by wind-driven and tidal currents. Because epifauna dominate on gravel floors of the depressions and infauna are prevalent in the finer-grained Holocene deposits, it is concluded that the resultant close juxtaposition of silty sand-, sand-, and gravel-dependent communities promotes regional faunal complexity. These findings expand on earlier interpretations, documenting how storm wave-induced scour produces sorted bedforms that control much of the benthic geologic and biologic diversity in Rhode Island Sound.
Optical thickness in Σ-Σ molecular bands

The single line resonance results of Malinowski(1) and others are extended to include overlapping neighboring lines. This result is combined with the molecular line strengths and energy levels of a permitted Σ-Σ transition to calculate both relative and absolute optical depths of individual lines, multiplets, and vibrational bands within a Σ-Σ molecular band system. An average optical depth is also calculated for the entire band system. The results will apply to self absorption in laboratory and auroral emissions within appropriate ranges of temperature, pressure, optical depth, and molecular constants.
Inorganic pyrophosphatase of rat liver mitochondria. Correlation of latency with catalytic properties and intramitochondrial location.

Stimulation of Mg2+-dependent inorganic pyrophosphatase activity several fold by disruption of mitochondrial membranes does not appreciably alter the catalytic properties of the enzyme. Stimulation is due to increased accessibility of substrate to the enzyme, which is not solublized on activation. The enzyme is attached to the inside of the inner membrane, and under physiological conditions probably hydrolyzes only intramitochondrially-produced PPi.
Development of an Unstructured Navier-Stokes Solver for Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Aerothermodynamics

Numerical simulations of a spacecraft at reentry conditions are presented. The fluid at such conditions is modeled as a reacting gas in thermal and chemical nonequilibrium. The reacting gas is modeled using a standard finite rate chemistry model for air. A twotemperature model is used to account for the thermal nonequilibrium eects. The finitevolume method is used to solve the set of dierential equations on unstructured meshes. Numerical fluxes between the cells are discretized using a modified Steger-Warming Flux Vector Splitting (FVS) which has low dissipation and is appropriate to calculate boundary layers. The scheme switches back to the original Steger-Warming FVS near shock waves. A point implicit method is used to perform the time march. The numerical results for heat transfer are compared to available experimental data. The influence of the method used to switch between schemes on the results is assessed.
Reconstitution of Membrane Transport Powered by a Novel Dimeric Kinesin Motor of the Unc104/Kif1a Family Purified from Dictyostelium

Motor-powered movement along microtubule tracks is important for membrane organization and trafficking. However, the molecular basis for membrane transport is poorly understood, in part because of the difficulty in reconstituting this process from purified components. Using video microscopic observation of organelle transport in vitro as an assay, we have purified two polypeptides (245 and 170 kD) from Dictyostelium extracts that independently reconstitute plus-end–directed membrane movement at in vivo velocities. Both polypeptides were found to be kinesin motors, and the 245-kD protein (DdUnc104) is a close relative of Caenorhabditis elegans Unc104 and mouse KIF1A, neuron-specific motors that deliver synaptic vesicle precursors to nerve terminals. A knockout of the DdUnc104 gene produces a pronounced defect in organelle transport in vivo and in the reconstituted assay. Interestingly, DdUnc104 functions as a dimeric motor, in contrast to other members of this kinesin subfamily, which are monomeric.
Carrier compensation for servomechanisms

Abstract A carrier servo system is a servo system which employs carrier-frequency techniques for data transmission. The provision of compensation to improve the stability and the performance of such a system presents several unique problems. Theoretically, the compensation transfer characteristic should have an amplitude response which is symmetrical about the carrier frequency and a phase response which is skew-symmetrical about the carrier frequency, both considered relative to an arithmetical frequency scale. Transfer characteristics normally obtained from physically realizable structures possess the required symmetry if considered on a logarithmic frequency scale; therefore, they introduce distortion into the system. Accuracy of physically realizable transfer characteristics is limited by tolerances required on components of the compensation device and by the dependence of many of the devices on the absolute stability of the carrier frequency. Carrier-compensation transfer characteristics may be realized through the use of passive electrical networks, electrical or electromechanical demodulation, compensation, and remodulation systems, feedback devices, and other means. Two main types of passive electrical networks have been employed, namely, those involving resistances, inductances, and capacitances, and those involving only resistances and capacitances. The former type of networks is the most general but is limited by the non-linearities introduced by non-ideal inductances. Parallel-T and bridge-T networks of the latter type of networks have found wide usage in carrier lead compensation. Electrical demodulation, compensation, and remodulation systems consist of the application of readily available electronic and non-carrier compensation techniques; however, electromechanical systems for obtaining similar results have been developed for carrier servo systems. The electrical systems do make available for carrier compensation a wide variety of compensation transfer characteristics, whereas electromechanical systems are more limited. Feedback devices are useful for obtaining time derivatives of the output. At least one method for minimizing the effect of carrier-frequency instability has been developed. Passive electrical networks present perhaps the best method of obtaining carrier-compensation transfer characteristics; however, characteristics other than simple lead are normally difficult to obtain, and the use of non-carrier compensation techniques appears advisable. Carrier servo systems do have inherent advantages as compared with non-carrier systems and consequently require less compensation for acceptable response. Great advancement may be expected in the field of carrier compensation during the coming years.
A genetic variant of p53 restricts the mucous secretory phenotype by regulating SPDEF and Bcl-2 expression

Despite implications for carcinogenesis and other chronic diseases, basic mechanisms of p53 and its variants in suppressing Bcl-2 levels are poorly understood. Bcl-2 sustains mucous cell metaplasia, whereas p53(-/-) mice display chronically increased mucous cells. Here we show that p53 decreases bcl-2 mRNA half-life by interacting with the 5' untranslated region (UTR). The p53-bcl-2 mRNA interaction is modified by the substitution of proline by arginine within the p53 proline-rich domain (PRD). Accordingly, more mucous cells are present in primary human airway cultures with p53(Arg) compared with p53(Pro). Also, the p53(Arg) compared with p53(Pro) displays higher affinity to and activates the promoter region of SAM-pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor (SPDEF), a driver of mucous differentiation. On two genetic backgrounds, mice with targeted replacement of prolines in p53 PRD show enhanced expression of SPDEF and Bcl-2 and mucous cell metaplasia. Together, these studies define the PRD of p53 as a determinant for chronic mucous hypersecretion.
A novel domain decomposition method for the time domain finite element simulation of electromagnetic problems

In this paper, a novel dual-field time-domain finite-element domain-decomposition method is proposed for the efficient simulation of electromagnetic phenomena. The method divides the computation domain into several non-overlapping subdomains and computes of both the electric and magnetic fields in each subdomain by solving second-order vector wave equations. A leapfrog-like scheme is employed in the time marching to update the electric and magnetic fields alternatingly. All the subdomain problems can be solved independently and the communications between adjacent subdomains are minimum. Thus the method is highly suitable for parallel computations. The proposed domain decomposition method is most useful in the numerical simulation of large-scale electromagnetic problems, such as large finite arrays. Numerical stability and accuracy of the method are studied and two radiation examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
Gender, Representative Bureaucracy, and Law Enforcement: The Case of Sexual Assault

Using the theory of representative bureaucracy, this paper investigates the relationship between women police officers and sexual assault reports and arrests. The theoretical contribution is to establish a case in which representation is likely to occur, even without a conscious effort on the part of the bureaucrat involved but simply because of the shared experiences of the bureaucrat and the client. Based on a pooled time series of 60 urban areas over an eight-year time frame, this study finds that the percentage of women police officers is positively associated with the number of reports of sexual assault and with the number of arrests for sexual assault.
Pancreatic protease-activated receptors: friend and foe

PAR2 activation may protect the acinar cell by enhancing secretion, but may still leave you in pain Two regulatory elements of the exocrine pancreas, one new and one old, may interact to regulate previously undescribed physiological and pathological responses of the pancreas. The new targets are protease-activated receptors (PARs); the old elements are the serine proteases trypsin and tryptase, which are the most potent agonists of these G-protein-coupled receptors.1 The PAR family of G-protein-coupled receptors exhibits a distinct activation mechanism. Limited cleavage of the extracellular domain of PARs by serine proteases uncovers a peptide on the N-terminus that interacts with another extracellular region to activate the receptor. PAR isoforms exhibit a distinct tissue distribution and are selectively activated by specific classes of proteases. For example, the PAR2 isoform that is found in the pancreas on epithelial cells and nerves is selectively activated by trypsin and tryptase. While the role of the PAR2 in health and disease is currently being elucidated, recent studies have suggested that it might participate in pancreatic responses. Previous findings by Nguyen et al 2 could be relevant to the effects of pancreatic PAR2 under physiological and pathological conditions. They showed that activation of the pancreatic ductal cell PAR2 by trypsin results in activation of electrolyte secretion. The enhanced chloride secretion was mediated by PAR2-dependent increases in cellular calcium. This study suggests that if activated trypsin was released from the pancreatic acinar cells (which might occur even with physiological stimulation), it could stimulate fluid and electrolyte secretion from small duct cells and help clear activated enzymes from the pancreatic duct. It could also function as a back-up mechanism should the major mechanism of ductal secretion, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, fail. This study found that PAR2 was localised to the basolateral membrane, and trypsin generated by …
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF TOMATO PASTES IN STEADY AND DYNAMIC SHEAR

Tomato pastes (26–30 °Brix) at 40C were highly shear thinning fluids (n = 0.28) with large magnitudes of Casson yield stresses (78–212 Pa). Dynamic shear data revealed weak gel-like behavior of the pastes: magnitudes of G′ were higher than those of G″, and both increased with oscillatory frequencies. The Cox-Merz rule was not applicable to the steady and dynamic shear data on the pastes, but the two types of data conformed with the use of shift factor on frequency. Solids and liquid fractions in the pastes were satisfactory for correlating the dynamic properties, consistency index, and Casson yield stress.
Solution‐Processed TiO2 Nanoparticles as the Window Layer for CuIn(S,Se)2 Devices

As a wide-bandgap semiconductor, titanium dioxide (TiO2) with a porous structure has proven useful in dye-sensitized solar cells, but its application in low-cost, high-efficiency inorganic photovoltaic devices based on materials such as Cu(InGa)Se2 or Cu2ZnSnS4 is limited. Here, a thin film made from solution-processed TiO2 nanocrystals is demonstrated as an alternative to intrinsic zinc oxide (i-ZnO) as the window layer of CuInSxSe1−x solar cells. The as-synthesized, well-dispersed, 6 nm TiO2 nanocrystals are assembled into thin films with controllable thicknesses of 40, 80, and 160 nm. The TiO2 nanocrystal films with thicknesses of 40 and 80 nm exhibit conversion efficiencies (6.2% and 6.33%, respectively) that are comparable to that of a layer of the typical sputtered i-ZnO (6.42%). The conversion efficiency of the devices with a TiO2 thickness of 160 nm decreases to 2.2%, owing to the large series resistance. A 9-hour reaction time leads to aggregated nanoparticles with a much-lower efficiency (2%) than that of the well-dispersed TiO2 nanoparticles prepared using a 15-hour reaction time. Under optimized conditions, the champion TiO2 nanocrystal-film-based device shows even higher efficiency (9.2%) than a control device employing a typical i-ZnO film (8.6%).
The effects of fibrates on lipid metabolism and inflammation in type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is associated with a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors that together promote macrovascular and microvascular disease. An atherogenic dyslipidaemia, characterised by an increase in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, a decrease in plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increased prevalence of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles (although LDL-C levels are normal or only modestly elevated), as well as chronic inflammation, play key roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes-related complications. As peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a agonists, the fibrates exert an integrated action to favour normalisation of lipid metabolism, cholesterol homeostasis and reverse cholesterol transport, inflammation and haemostasis, suggesting potential efficacy in preventing vascular complications of diabetes. By synergistic therapeutic targeting of abnormalities in lipid metabolism and inflammation, fenofi-brate can promote anti-atherogenic effects at th...
Population Genomics of the Arabidopsis thaliana Flowering Time Gene Network

The time to flowering is a key component of the life-history strategy of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that varies quantitatively among genotypes. A significant problem for evolutionary and ecological genetics is to understand how natural selection may operate on this ecologically significant trait. Here, we conduct a population genomic study of resequencing data from 52 genes in the flowering time network. McDonald-Kreitman tests of neutrality suggested a strong excess of amino acid polymorphism when pooling across loci. This excess of replacement polymorphism across the flowering time network and a skewed derived frequency spectrum toward rare alleles for both replacement and noncoding polymorphisms relative to synonymous changes is consistent with a large class of deleterious polymorphisms segregating in these genes. Assuming selective neutrality of synonymous changes, we estimate that approximately 30% of amino acid polymorphisms are deleterious. Evidence of adaptive substitution is less prominent in our analysis. The photoperiod regulatory gene, CO, and a gibberellic acid transcription factor, AtMYB33, show evidence of adaptive fixation of amino acid mutations. A test for extended haplotypes revealed no examples of flowering time alleles with haplotypes comparable in length to those associated with the null fri col allele reported previously. This suggests that the FRI gene likely has a uniquely intense or recent history of selection among the flowering time genes considered here. Although there is some evidence for adaptive evolution in these life-history genes, it appears that slightly deleterious polymorphisms are a major component of natural molecular variation in the flowering time network of A. thaliana.
A note on the observable bark coloration of quaking aspen ( Populus tremuloides )

The bark of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), a clonal hardwood that is dominant in many Rocky Mountain forests, varies from white to orange to green among both ramets and populations. The proximate causes of this color variation remain controversial. We collected 72 samples of aspen bark from 11 locations in Boulder County, Colorado, and used microscopy, dissection, and thin layer chromatography to assess the structural and biochemical basis for the color gradient. Our study shows that the cork cells closest to the cork cambium of the aspen were consistently orange and conglutinated. Outward from this layer, the cork cells transitioned from orange to white; they aged and simultaneously lost cohesion. Green bark was visible due to thinnest cork layers, which revealed subcortical chlorenchyma tissue, the only bark tissue in which photosynthetic pigments were detected. Tests for photosynthetic pigmentation in the cork were negative. Comparison to standards indicated that b-carotene is not the pigment responsible for the orange hue of the cambium. We conclude that the powdery substance found on the tree surface is composed of bark cells, and their color variation seen on the aspen bark is attributed to the cell's pigment content and thickness, although the molecule responsible for cork cell coloration remains unidentified.
Low-Rank Tensors for Scoring Dependency Structures

Accurate scoring of syntactic structures such as head-modifier arcs in dependency parsing typically requires rich, highdimensional feature representations. A small subset of such features is often selected manually. This is problematic when features lack clear linguistic meaning as in embeddings or when the information is blended across features. In this paper, we use tensors to map high-dimensional feature vectors into low dimensional representations. We explicitly maintain the parameters as a low-rank tensor to obtain low dimensional representations of words in their syntactic roles, and to leverage modularity in the tensor for easy training with online algorithms. Our parser consistently outperforms the Turbo and MST parsers across 14 different languages. We also obtain the best published UAS results on 5 languages. 1
Unemployment in 2009 and its Implications for the U.S. Economy

The current recession’s impact on unemployment has been more pernicious than even the usual indicators show. The underemployment rate – which also counts part-time workers whose hours have been cut or would like to be working full-time – is almost certainly at its highest level since the Great Depression. The proportion of workers who have been jobless for over 15 weeks is the highest since the 1930s. And over 7.25 million jobs have been lost since the recession’s inception in December 2007. However, we maintain we are not merely experiencing a deep recession. Rather, we believe the current financial crisis can properly be viewed as a systemic banking crisis due to its sharp credit contraction, preceded by a housing price bubble and credit expansion. The unemployment rate is likely to peak at 11.5 percent if today’s crisis turns out to be similar to past credit crunches. A vicious cycle with a feedback loop may continue to develop. Rising unemployment rates lead to heightened foreclosures, causing economic activity to slow and further exacerbating unemployment. And the economic slowdown – coupled with the diminishing impacts of the stimulus program and the potential effects on the economy of withdrawal of the country’s large monetary and fiscal stimuli – may increase the risk of a double-dip recession.
Effect of CO2 on the Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cell

Alkaline solutions can undergo the conversion of hydroxide (OH-) to carbonate (CO3=) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the presence of carbon dioxide (CO2). This presents a challenge to the Alkaline Membrane Fuel Cell (AMFC), where CO2 may be introduced via an atmospheric air oxidant and as a reaction product of alcohol fuels. CO2 has several implications on the AMFC, including the exchange of OH- counterions in the anion exchange (AE) membrane and ionomer for the larger, less mobile (bi)carbonates. The (bi)carbonates may be purged during operation; however, their presence can decrease the ionic conductivity and effect the thermodynamics and electrochemical kinetics. These processes make component and cell characterization difficult and subjective to the environmental and operational history of the materials and cells. The interactions of CO2 with the AE membrane are needed and examined in this work.
Stigma-Based Solidarity Understanding the Psychological Foundations of Conflict and Coalition Among Members of Different Stigmatized Groups

With growing diversity and increased media attention to inequality, it is likely that stigmatized-group members will have increased political influence on social issues affecting other stigmatized groups. When might members of different stigmatized groups see commonality in their experiences or disadvantaged status, and when might another stigmatized group be treated solely as an out-group? This article provides an overview of new and important lines of research examining how perceived discrimination may shape intergroup relations among members of different stigmatized groups. Specifically, perceived discrimination is highlighted as a potentially common experience for members of different stigmatized groups that at times elicits coalitional attitudes, but is often solely experienced as a threat to social identity and thus elicits intergroup derogation. The dimensions on which individuals are stigmatized, aspects of their discrimination experiences, and contextual factors are important for predicting wheth...
Neuropathology of Glutaric Acidemia Type 1

The neuropathological findings in 5 children and 1 adult (8 months-40 years of age) with glutaric acidemia type 1 (GA-1), all N American aboriginals with the same homozygous mutation, were studied at the Manitoba Institute of Child Health, Winnipeg, and University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
Lipopolysaccharide induces cell shrinkage in rabbit ventricular cardiac myocytes

The effects of 10 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell volume were examined in rabbit left ventricular myocytes. The myocytes were isolated with depyrogenated digestive enzymes (< 0.7 ng/ml of...
A Behavioral Approach to Wage Administration: Work Flow and Structural Design

The article presents information about the challenges associated with building behavioral knowledge into a theory of wage administration. A discussion is presented about two hypothesis of wages adm...
Islanding detection and over voltage mitigation using controllable loads

Abstract An islanding condition occurs when a distributed generation (DG) unit continues to energize a part of the grid while said part has been isolated from the main electrical utility. In this event, if the power of the DG exceeds the load, a transient over voltage (TOV) will occur. The adverse effects of TOVs and islanding require that sub-circuits within a power grid not only allow the detection of islanding and TOVs, but also mitigate the over voltages while having the ability to disconnect DG from the grid, if necessary. This paper proposes a solution based on wireless sensor networks and controllable loads. The controllable loads are utilized as fast-acting elements for the mitigation of TOVs.
Effective comparison between ropivacaine and bupivacaine in lumbar anesthesia for cesarean section

Objective: The analgesia effects,side reaction and the influence on motor nerves were compared between same concentration and same volume of Ropivacaine and Bupivacaine in lumbar anesthesia for caesarean section.Methods: 60 cases of patients(ASA 1～2) scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomly into two groups: R group(n=30) and B group (n=30) were given Ropivacaine and Bupivacaine respectively.In all patients spinal space L3-4 or L2-3 was punctured.Group R was given 0.5% heavy specific gravity Ropivacaine 2.0ml,and 0.5% heavy specific gravity Bupivacaine 2.0ml for Group B.The effects of block,side reaction and motor nerve block were observed 15 minutes later.The data were statisticed by t teat.Conclusion: Spinal administration of 0.5% heavy specific gravity Ropivacaine 2.0ml is not consummate block compared with Bupivacain in the same density and same volume.
Effect of trace metals on placental metabolism.

The effect of the trace metals, cadmium, lead, and zinc, upon succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activities of mitochondria isolated from human term placentas was determined. Placentas were obtained from both toxemic and nontoxemic patients. All enzyme assays were spectrophotometric and the resultant activities expressed as a ratio to the mitochondrial protein content. The results indicate differences in enzyme activities associated with toxemia and due to the added metals.
Association Between Inferior Vena Cava Filter Insertion in Trauma Patients and In-Hospital and Overall Mortality

Importance Trauma patients admitted to the hospital are at increased risk of bleeding and thrombosis. The use of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in this population has been increasing, despite a lack of high-quality evidence to demonstrate their efficacy. Objective To determine if IVC filter insertion in trauma patients affects overall mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used stratified 3:1 propensity matching to select a control population similar to patients who underwent IVC filter insertion at Boston Medical Center (a level I trauma center at Boston University School of Medicine) between August 1, 2003, and December 31, 2012. Among patients with an IVC filter and matched controls, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and Injury Severity Score were entered into a multivariable logistic regression model to calculate a propensity score. Matching was stratified by the date of injury. Main Outcomes and Measures Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare hospital mortality across both groups, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, Injury Severity Score, and brain injury severity using the head and neck Abbreviated Injury Score. To determine any significant difference in mortality, patient characteristics and mortality data from the National Death Index were analyzed in all patients and in those who survived 24, 48, and 72 hours after injury, as well as at hospital discharge. Results Among 451 trauma patients with an IVC filter and 1343 matched controls without an IVC filter, the mean (SD) age was 47.4 (21.5) years. The median Injury Severity Score overall was 24 (range, 1-75). Based on a mean follow-up of 3.8 years (range, 0-9.4 years), there was no significant difference in overall mortality or cause of mortality in patients with vs without an IVC filter who survived more than 24 hours from the time of injury, independent of the presence or absence of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism at the time of IVC filter placement. Additional analyses at shorter intervals of 6 months and 1 year after discharge also showed no significant difference between the 2 groups of patients. Eight percent (38 of 451) of the IVC filters were removed at Boston Medical Center during the follow-up period. Conclusions and Relevance The research herein demonstrates no significant difference in survival in trauma patients with vs without placement of an IVC filter, whether in the presence or absence of venous thrombosis. The use of IVC filters in this population should be reexamined because filter removal rates are low and there is increased risk of morbidity in patients with filters that remain in place.
Examining Construct Congruence for Psychometric Tests: A Note on an Extension to Binary Items and Nesting Effects

This article extends the procedure outlined in the article by Raykov, Marcoulides, and Tong for testing congruence of latent constructs to the setting of binary items and clustering effects. In this widely used setting in contemporary educational and psychological research, the method can be used to examine if two or more homogeneous multicomponent instruments with distinct components measure the same construct. The approach is useful in scale construction and development research as well as in construct validation investigations. The discussed method is illustrated with data from a scholastic aptitude assessment study.
Eloquent Energies: Mamet, Shepard

There is no dearth of doom-sayers for American drama. In the 1960s action-performance (analogous to action-painting) displaced dramaturgy in the avant-garde. In the 1970s a Theatre of Images gleamed more brightly than theatre of words. In the 1980s, however, two major American playwrights created major dramas, so doom must be delayed.
Autonomous acoustic trigger for distributed underwater visual monitoring systems

The ability to obtain reliable, long-term visual data in marine habitats has the potential to transform biological surveys of marine species. However, the underwater environment poses several challenges to visual monitoring: turbidity and light attenuation impede the range of optical sensors, biofouling clouds lenses and underwater housings, and marine species typically range over a large area, far outside of the range of a single camera sensor. Due to these factors, a continuously-recording or time-lapse visual sensor will not be gathering useful data the majority of the time, wasting battery life and filling limited onboard storage with useless images. These limitations make visual monitoring difficult in marine environments, but visual data is invaluable to biologists studying the behaviors and interactions of a species. This paper describes an acoustic-based, autonomous triggering approach to counter the current limitations of underwater visual sensing, and motivates the need for a distributed sensor network for underwater visual monitoring.
Protocolo diagnóstico de la descompensación aguda de la insuficiencia cardíaca

Resumen Introduccion La insuficiencia cardiaca aguda es un sindrome compuesto por signos y sintomas de congestion y bajo gasto que aparecen o empeoran rapidamente. Requiere diagnostico y tratamiento urgente. Puede aparecer como un primer episodio o como descompensacion aguda de la patologia cronica. Evaluacion del paciente Es importante identificar los posibles factores precipitantes que tambien requieren tratamiento urgente. Existen varias clasificaciones de la insuficiencia cardiaca aguda, pero la mas util es la basada en la presentacion clinica del paciente, ya que ademas de aportar informacion pronostica permite orientar el tratamiento inicial. Asi se clasifica segun haya o no clinica congestiva (humedo/seco) o de hipoperfusion (frio/caliente). Pruebas complementarias El diagnostico no siempre es facil y se debe confirmar mediante distintas pruebas complementarias: ECG, radiografia de torax, ecocardiograma y analisis bioquimicos que incluyan medicion de peptidos natriureticos.
Data fusion and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for first responders

The commercial unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) market is dominated by vehicles designed specifically for photography or surveillance. While relatively affordable and readily available, these UAVs have limited effectiveness in the field of emergency response due to limited sensing capabilities. These existing vehicles can be improved through sensor integration to make them applicable to emergency response. In this article, we demonstrate one example of altering an existing commercial-off-the-shelf UAV to assess disasters involving radiation by combining radiation detection, vision, and a global positioning system (GPS). The challenges associated with using low cost commercial UAVs in disaster assessment, including data transmission range, endurance, payload, and control range are also discussed.
High perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients with malignant nonfunctional adrenal tumors.

Abstract Background Both functional (hormone hypersecreting) and nonfunctional (nonhypersecreting) adrenal tumors can have benign or malignant pathology. This study compares perioperative in-hospital outcomes after adrenalectomy in patients with benign versus malignant nonfunctional primary adrenal tumors. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2006-2011) to identify patients who underwent unilateral open or laparoscopic adrenalectomy for nonfunctional primary adrenal tumors. Patients were subdivided by benign and malignant final pathology. Demographics, comorbidities, and perioperative complications were compared between groups using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Results Of 23,297 patients, 89.7% (n = 20,897) had benign tumors, whereas 10.3% (n = 2400) had malignant tumors. Those with malignant tumors had higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores and were more likely to undergo adrenalectomy at high volume centers. For both laparoscopic and open approach, patients with malignant nonfunctional tumors had higher rates of intraoperative complications including vascular and splenic injury (P Conclusions Patients with malignant nonfunctional primary adrenal tumors have higher perioperative morbidity and mortality compared to patients with benign nonfunctional adrenal tumors. Such patients should be medically optimized before adrenalectomy, and surgeons must remain vigilant in preventing perioperative complications.
Professional Cities: Accredited Agencies, Government Structure, and Rational Choice

Accreditation, long used to signal quality among hospitals and universities, has been available to police, fire, and public works departments since the late 1980s. For public service departments, accreditation is a voluntary process that demands significant organizational resources without a guaranteed outcome. Why would city officials devote scarce resources to such an endeavor? Two explanations are examined. First, accreditation may be a rational response to a history of trouble or the potential for future crisis. Second, municipalities may use accreditation to build a reputation for professional administration of public services. The authors use Poisson regression to test these explanations on a new data set of midsize cities.