cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrahigh-energy tau neutrino cross sections with GRAND and POEMMA

Next-generation neutrino experiments will push the limits in our understanding of astroparticle physics in the neutrino sector to energies orders of magnitude higher than the current state-of-the-art high-energy neutrino experiment, IceCube. These experiments will use neutrinos to tell us about the most extreme environments in the Universe while simultaneously leveraging these extreme environments as probes of neutrino properties at the highest energies accessible in the foreseeable future: $E\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{9}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$. At these energies neutrinos are readily absorbed in Earth. Assuming an isotropic distribution, by looking at how the flux varies as a function of the angle through Earth, we show that it is possible to extract the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}\text{\ensuremath{-}}N$ cross section with precision at the $\ensuremath{\sim}20%$ level ($1\ensuremath{\sigma}$ assuming Wilks' theorem) given ${N}_{\text{events}}\ensuremath{\sim}100$ events.
Lightweight Thrust Chamber Assemblies using Multi-Alloy Additive Manufacturing and Composite Overwrap

Additive Manufacturing (AM) has brought significant design and fabrication opportunities for complex components with internal features such as liquid rocket engine thrust chambers not previously possible. This technology allows for significant cost savings and schedule reductions in addition to new performance optimization through weight reduction and increased margins. Specific to regeneratively-cooled combustion chambers and nozzles for liquid rocket engines, additive manufacturing offers the ability to form the complex internal coolant channels and the closeout of the channels to contain the high pressure liquid propellants with a single operation. Much of additive manufacturing development has focused on monolithic alloys using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), which do not allow for complete optimization of the structure. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) completed feasibility of an AM bimetallic L-PBF GRCop-84 copper-alloy combustion chamber with an AM electron beam freeform Inconel 625 structural jacket under the Low Cost Upper Stage Propulsion (LCUSP) Project. A follow-on project called Rapid Analysis and Manufacturing Propulsion Technology (RAMPT) is under development to further expand large-scale multi-alloy thrust chambers while maturing composite overwrap technology for significant weight savings opportunities. The RAMPT project has three primary objectives: 1) Advancing blown powder Directed Energy Deposition (DED) to fabricate integral-channel large scale nozzles, 2) Develop composite overwrap technology to reduce weight and provide structural capability for thrust chamber assemblies, and 3) Develop bimetallic and multi-metallic additively manufactured radial and axial joints to optimize material performance. In addition to these primary manufacturing developments, analytical modeling efforts compliment the process development to simulate the AM processes to reduce build failures and distortions. The RAMPT project is also maturing the supply chain for various manufacturing processes described above in addition to L-PBF of GRCop-42. This paper will present an overview of the RAMPT project, the process development and hardware progress to date, material and hot-fire testing results, along with future developments.
Frantz Fanon, poet: pleasure of the text, power of the text

Frantz Fanon’s writing represents a productive embrace of the political and the poetic. His ideas have had such a long afterlife, they live on in us, I submit, precisely because the language of the...
On Problems Dual to Unification: The String-Rewriting Case.

In this paper, we investigate problems which are dual to the unification problem, namely the Fixed Point (FP) problem, Common Term (CT) problem and the Common Equation (CE) problem for string rewriting systems. Our main motivation is computing fixed points in systems, such as loop invariants in programming languages. We show that the fixed point (FP) problem is reducible to the common term problem. Our new results are: (i) the fixed point problem is undecidable for finite convergent string rewriting systems whereas it is decidable in polynomial time for finite, convergent and dwindling string rewriting systems, (ii) the common term problem is undecidable for the class of dwindling string rewriting systems, and (iii) for the class of finite, monadic and convergent systems, the common equation problem is decidable in polynomial time but for the class of dwindling string rewriting systems, common equation problem is undecidable.
Effects of hyperglycemia and mechanical stimulations on differentiation fate of mesenchymal stem cells

Abstract Increased recruitment of new adipocytes from mesenchymal sources, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), serves as one of the major causes of excessive adipose tissue formation found in obesity. Both biochemical and biophysical environments surrounding MSCs play key regulatory roles in directing MSC fate decision and terminal differentiation. Of particular interest in relation to diabetes and metabolic disorders is how high glucose levels in hyperglycemia will influence MSC differentiation. Also, how dynamic mechanical loading milieus will affect MSC fate is pivotal considering the effect of exercise on metabolism. In MSC fate decision, literatures have established a mutual antagonistic relationship between osteogenesis and adipogenesis and reported that MSC lineage commitment toward the two fates may rely on a delicate balance between shared signaling pathways and transcription factors. Here we review the data reported on the individual capabilities of hyperglycemia and mechanical loading to control MSC fate into the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Additionally, we provide a perspective on the future of the research on how the glucose level and mechanical loading cue may affect MSC fate in a coordinated fashion. Determining optimal extracellular conditions for inhibiting MSC adipogenesis, and better understanding the molecular signaling mechanisms by which it can be achieved, may allow for more effective translational strategies to deal with obesity and related metabolic diseases.
What sound sources trigger misophonia? Not just chewing and breathing

Objectives Misophonia is a highly prevalent yet understudied condition characterized by aversion toward particular environmental sounds. Oral/nasal sounds (e.g., chewing, breathing) have been the focus of research, but variable experiences warrant an objective investigation. Experiment 1 asked whether human-produced oral/nasal sounds were more aversive than human-produced nonoral/nasal sounds and non-human/nature sounds. Experiment 2 additionally asked whether machine-learning algorithms could predict the presence and severity of misophonia. Method Sounds were presented to individuals with misophonia (Exp.1: N = 48, Exp.2: N = 45) and members of the general population (Exp.1: N = 39, Exp.2: N = 61). Aversiveness ratings to each sound were self-reported. Results Sounds from all three source categories-not just oral/nasal sounds-were rated as significantly more aversive to individuals with misophonia than controls. Further, modeling all sources classified misophonia with 89% accuracy and significantly predicted misophonia severity (r = 0.75). Conclusions Misophonia should be conceptualized as more than an aversion to oral/nasal sounds, which has implications for future diagnostics and experimental consistency moving forward.
The Reasonable Investor and Climate-Related Information: Changing Expectations for Financial Disclosures

In recent years, the drumbeat for more expansive climate-related corporate disclosures has grown louder and more consistent within a broader swath of the financial community. This intensifying call argues for considering more climate-related information legally material under existing U.S. securities disclosure law. A key component of materiality as defined in U.S. securities law — who is a “reasonable investor” — is evolving when it comes to climate-related information. This evolution may soon impact what climate-related information courts consider material. Uunderstanding how courts may treat such information under the existing securities law framework is crucial to achieving more expansive disclosures. This Comment attempts to contribute to that conversation by surveying current trends that may influence courts’ analyses of the materiality of climate-related topics.
Specifying and protecting germ cell fate

Germ cells are the special cells in the body that undergo meiosis to generate gametes and subsequently entire new organisms after fertilization, a process that continues generation after generation. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the factors and mechanisms that specify germ cell fate, including the partitioning of maternally supplied 'germ plasm', inheritance of epigenetic memory and expression of transcription factors crucial for primordial germ cell (PGC) development. Even after PGCs are specified, germline fate is labile and thus requires protective mechanisms, such as global transcriptional repression, chromatin state alteration and translation of only germline-appropriate transcripts. Findings from diverse species continue to provide insights into the shared and divergent needs of these special reproductive cells.
Integrating Antiretroviral Strategies for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention: Post- and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Early Treatment

Best practices for integrating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and antiretroviral interventions for prevention and treatment are suggested based on research evidence and existing normative guidance. The goal is to provide high-impact prevention services during periods of substantial risk. Antiretroviral medications are recommended for postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and treatment of HIV infection. We reviewed research evidence and current normative guidelines to identify best practices for integrating these high-impact prevention strategies. More sensitive HIV tests used for screening enable earlier diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection, more appropriate counseling, and help limit drug resistance. A fully suppressive PEP regimen should be initiated based on exposure history or physical findings when sensitive diagnostic testing is delayed or not available and antibody tests are negative. Transitions from PEP to PrEP are often warranted because HIV exposure events may continue to occur. This algorithmic approach to integrating PEP, PrEP, and early treatment decisions may increase the uptake of these interventions by a greater number and diversity of knowledgeable healthcare providers.
Pigs, Cows, Boarders, and …: Brothels, Taverns, and the Household Economy in Nineteenth-Century Montreal

It is a privilege to honour Bettina Bradbury as she is about to retire from York University to pursue other interests and new projects. Bettina has had a significant impact on Quebec and Canadian history, making connections between work, women, the household, and the economy where none at first glance had seemed apparent.1 She is well known for her meticulous study of the household economy during industrialization, integrating the publications of international scholars from the United States, Europe, and Oceania, and arguing that the magnitude of economic change was writ large on women’s work, family roles, and subsistence strategies. Consulting a wide range of historical sources such as parish records, census returns, notarial documents, Royal Commission reports, government records, institutional documents, and historical maps, Bettina treats the household and its members with compassion and details its inner workings to provide insights into and meanings of nineteenth-century working-class experiences. In her celebrated 1984 article, “Pigs, Cows, and Boarders: Non-Wage Forms of Survival among Montreal Families, 1861–91,” Bettina explores how people lived partially by using diverse local resources to keep pigs and cows, take in boarders, grow gardens, and so much more.2 By locating crucial links between the family, the household economy, workplace struggles, and industrialization, she demonstrates a range of strategies that the working class implemented in confronting and resisting capitalist society. In her 1993 award-winning monograph, Working Families: Age, Gender, and Daily Survival in Industrializing Montreal,3 Bettina establishes that women’s non-waged and informal work was vital to the household economy, turning wages into subsistence. Their revenue-generating and revenue-saving activities were crucial to the integrity, standard of living, and overall comfort of
TU‐SAMS‐L100J‐02: Determination of Dose From CT Examinations: Estimating Organ Dose Using Monte Carlo‐Based Methods

Radiation dose from computed tomography has been an important issue for medical physicists for some time. This issue has increased in significance in the past several years due to advances in multidetector CT, which have resulted in increased utilization in areas such as pediatric CT,cardiacCT and even screening applications. Some of the key issues currently facing the medical physics community are assessing dose to patients from these various exams. One of the key building blocks to these assessments is the estimation of organ dose. The purpose of this presentation is to describe an approach to estimating organ doses to patients using Monte Carlo‐based simulation methods. In this approach, both the scanner and patient are modeled in some detail and a CT exam may be simulated. The detailed modeled of the CTscanner is created by including information such as the source spectra and filtration, its geometry, beam collimation and the path that the source travels around the patient (such as the path during a helical CT exam). The development, testing and validation of these models will be discussed. Patient models generally fall into two categories. The first consists of geometric descriptions of organs (based on cones, cylinders, etc.) such as the MIRD phantom. The second consists of voxelized descriptions of patient anatomy that are created based on actual patient scans. In these, radiosensitive organs are identified in the image data to create a voxelized model of the patient geometry. For both types of models, there are challenges to create models representing patients of different sizes, ages and genders. Once both the scanner and patient are modeled, then different scan protocols can be simulated using a Monte Carlo based software package (such as MCNP or EGS). This involves selecting a scanner model, a patient model and then selecting a set of technical parameters, such as one would do for an actual scan — including body region being examined, etc. The Monte Carlosoftware then simulates the specified scan and tallies absorbed dose in each voxel or geometric unit of the patient model, which then allows the calculation of either mean organ dose or the distribution of dose within an organ. In this presentation, the results of this approach in several applications will be described, including: (a) dose to the fetus in pregnant women of early, middle and late gestational ages, (b) comparing dose to glandular breast tissue from thoracic CT scans both with and without tube current modulation. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the Monte Carlo simulation based approach to estimating radiation dose to radiosensitive organs from CT scans. 2. Understand the current limitations of the Monte Carlo based approach. 3. Describe the results of some current applications of this approach to estimating fetal dose as well as breast dose reduction from tube current modulation.
Hydrogen storage systems using activated carbon

Abstract This paper reviews state-of-the-art technology in the development of secondary stationary and mobile hydrogen storage systems, in particular the use of activated carbons. A new concept called Modification/Metal Assisted Cold Storage (MACS) is described. This includes the improvement in the efficiency of activated carbons in two ways: one is modification of the acidity of activated carbon surfaces and the other is modification by metal impregnation on the activated carbon surface. Evaluation of system's performance and cost of the four major alternatives for hydrogen storage: pressurized cylinder, metal hydride, liquefaction, and storage on activated carbons is presented. The MACS system is demonstrated to be an attractive method for advanced hydrogen energy storage.
The Real and the Unreal: A Reply to Jensen and Vernon.

Abstract Jensen and Vernon (1986) have written a detailed reply to my critique of Jensen's reaction-time research (Longstreth, 1984). Their reply seems little short of a complete annihilation of my article. My critique is said to be full of inaccuracies, half-truths, false reasoning, wrong conclusions, and statistical naivete. But it just isn't so. I now explicate my concerns, and show that, particularly with respect to the major theoretical questions, there is little reason for accepting Jensen's claims.
Synthesis of biologically active 2-benzoyl paclitaxel analogues

Abstract The influence of aromatic substitution at the 2-benzoyl moiety of paclitaxel on biological activity was investigated, following the Topliss Operational Scheme. Twelve paclitaxel derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in a microtubule assembly assay and for cytotoxicity against B16 melanoma cells. Most of the analogues were found to possess biological properties similar to paclitaxel.
Magnetic domains in cobalt and iron borides

Using Kerr and Bitter techniques, magnetic domain patterns have been studied in various cobalt, iron, and cobalt‐iron borides prepared by chill casting, directional solidification, and melt‐spinning. Magnetic symmetries and metallurgical stability of the phases are discussed.
Average-KR schedule benefits generalized motor program learning

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of average Knowledge of Results (KR) on generalized motor program learning and parameter learning. Two groups of participants (n = 15 per group) performed 80 acquisition trials of sequential timing tasks. All participants were asked to depress sequentially four keys (2, 4, 8, and 6) on the numeric pad portion of the computer keyboard with the index finger of the right hand. The author presented average feedback on timing errors based on 5-trial blocks and compared this feedback schedule with every-trial feedback. Analysis of the delayed no-feedback retention test indicated a strong advantage for the average KR compared with the every-trial condition in both generalized motor program learning and parameter learning. The current results suggest that the average KR schedule may have positive effects on generalized motor program learning and parameter learning.
Aeroservoelastic wind-tunnel investigations using the active flexible wing model - Status and recent accomplishments

The status of the joint NASA/Rockwell Active Flexible Wing Wind-Tunnel Test Program is described. The objectives are to develop and validate the analysis, design, and test methodologies required to apply multifunction active control technology for improving aircraft performance and stability. Major tasks include designing digital multi-input/multi-output flutter-suppression and rolling-maneuver-load alleviation concepts for a flexible full-span wind-tunnel model, obtaining an experimental data base for the basic model and each control concept and providing comparisons between experimental and analytical results to validate the methodologies. The opportunity is provided to improve real-time simulation techniques and to gain practical experience with digital control law implementation procedures.
The ethics police?: IRBs' views concerning their power.

Background In recent years, tensions between IRBs and principal investigators (PIs) have risen, posing the needs to understand these conflicts, their underlying causes, and possible solutions. Researchers frequently complain about IRBs, but how IRBs perceive and respond to these criticisms is unclear. Methods I conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews of two hours each with 46 chairs, administrators, and members. I contacted the leadership of 60 IRBs around the country (every fourth one in the list of the top 240 institutions by NIH funding) and interviewed IRB leaders from 34 of these institutions (response rate = 55%). Results Interviewees suggest that IRBs and PIs may view the nature and causes of these conflicts very differently and misunderstand each other, exacerbating tensions. Interviewees often recognized that they were seen by PIs as having power, but many IRBs saw themselves as not having it (e.g., because they are “merely following the regulations,” and their process is “open,” impersonal and unbiased, and they are themselves subject to higher administrative agencies), or as having it, but feeling it is small, and/or justified (e.g., because it is based on overriding goals and “the community values,” and IRBs are trying to help PIs). Questions emerge as to whether IRBs do or should have power, and if so, what kind, how much, and when. Several factors may affect these tensions. Conclusions This study, the first to explore how IRBs perceive and understand conflicts and power relationships with PIs, suggests how IRBs and PIs may differ in viewing their respective roles and relationships, exacerbating tensions. These issues have critical implications for IRBs and PIs—to enhance their awareness and understanding of these conflicts (e.g., that IRBs may have discretionary power) and the underlying causes involved, and for increasing attention to research, practice, and policy concerning these areas of IRB functioning and interactions with PIs.
Ion‐ion kink instability in the magnetotail: 1. Linear theory

[1] A number of different ion species are known to exist in the magnetotail. In particular, cold lobe ions and current-carrying hot plasma sheet ions are a permanent feature of the magnetotail and result in various types of instabilities. One such instability is the ion-ion kink mode. Detailed properties of this mode in the magnetotail are investigated in a two series paper using a combination of linear Vlasov theory, three-dimensional (3-D) full particle and hybrid (fluid electron, kinetic ions) simulations. Here we consider the linear properties of the mode in detail. Although the mode shows similarities to a velocity driven instability, its linear mode properties do exhibit dependencies on the kinetic details of the secondary ion population.
Estrogen as a neuroprotectant against MPTP-Induced neurotoxicity in C57/B1 mice

Castrated retired breeder male and female mice were treated or not with a 17β-estradiol pellet. At 10 days postcastration ± estrogen treatment all animals were treated with MPTP. Five days later, concentrations of dopamine were determined from the corpus striatum and olfactory tubercle. Both castrated male and female mice treated with estrogen had significantly greater concentrations of dopamine within the corpus striatum compared with their respective gender controls, which did not receive estrogen. By contrast, no statistically significant differences in olfactory tubercle dopamine concentrations were obtained. Overall concentrations of dopamine within the corpus striatum, but not olfactory tubercle, were substantially greater in female vs. male mice. These data demonstrate that treatment with estrogen prevents reductions in corpus striatal dopamine concentrations in castrated mice treated with MPTP. Intersetingly, this effect of estrogen was observed in both male and female mice. These results suggest that estrogen may serve as a neuroprotectant against an agent that is toxic to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in both male and female animal models of Parkinsonism.
Astronomical imaging with quantum well infrared photodetectors

Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) are attractive for use in astronomy because they offer good sensitivity, are very stable, are easily manufactured in large sizes, and have (comparatively) warm operating temperatures. We describe an astronomical camera based on an 8.5 μm QWIP array which was built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and is operated at the Palomar 5-m telescope. We highlight some science results obtained with this instrument, then discuss the prospects for QWIP arrays in future NASA astronomy missions.
Theoretical analysis of effects of blood substitute affinity and cooperativity on organ oxygen transport

Hemoglobin-based O2carriers (HBOCs), which are developed as an alternative to blood transfusion, provide O2 delivery. At present, there is no model to predict the O2 transport for a red blood cell-...
Initial operation and current status of the fermilab D0 VME-based hardware control and monitor system

Abstract D0 is a large colliding-beam detector at Fermilab. The control system for this detector includes 25 VMEbus-based 68020 computers interconnected using the IEEE-802.5 token-ring local-area network. In operation, the system will monitor about 15000 analogue channels and several thousand digital status bits, interfaced to the 68020 computers by the MIL/STD-1553B multiplexed data bus. In addition, the VME control system uses a memory-mapped multi-VMEbus interconnect to download parameters to more than 100 VME data crates in the experiment. Remote host computers can then read and set memory in the detector crates over the network by accessing memory in the control crates. This is an extremely useful feature during the construction phase, because low-level diagnostics and testing of all the detector electronics can be done over the token-ring network using either IBM-PC compatible computers or the laboratory-wide VAX system. The VME control-system hardware is now being installed in the D0 moveable counting house. Installation is expected to be complete later this year.
The Formative Years of Abraham Wald and His Work in Geometry

In the fall of 1927, a man of 25 called at the Mathematical Institute of the University of Vienna. Since he expressed a predilection for geometry he was referred to me. He introduced himself as Abraham Wald. In fluent German, but with an unmistakable Hungarian accent, Wald explained that he had carried on most of his studies at the elementary and secondary school levels at home, mainly under the direction of his older brother Martin, a capable electrical engineer in Cluj (Kolozsvar, Klausenburg). He had just arrived in Vienna in order to study mathematics at the university. Geometry had interested him ever since he was fourteen. More recently he had been reading Hilbert’s “Grundlagen der Geometrie” (Foundations of Geometry) and he saw possibilities for improving these foundations by omitting some postulates and weakening others. I suggested to Wald that he write up his results {5}1 (one of his proofs was later incorporated into the seventh edition of Hilbert’s book) and at the same time recommended some additional reading.
Ultrastructural analyses of control and enzyme‐treated isolated renal basement membranes

Glomeruli and tubules were isolated from rabbit kidney cortex by mild homogenization and sieving. Mixtures of these renal components were treated with detergents to prepare pellets of morphologically intact and easily distinguishable tubular (TBM) and glomerular basement membranes (GBM). These BMs were prepared for electron microscopy after: (1) no treatment; (2) treatment with buffer alone; or (3) treatment with enzyme (pronase, trypsin, pepsin, collagenase or testicular hyaluronidase). Mixtures of TBMs and GBMs were treated in the same incubation medium to keep constant the enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, and duration of the treatment. Untreated TBMs showed collapsed, highly folded sheets of electron-dense material. In contrast, control GBMs were thinner and strikingly resistant to changes in in vivo histoarchitecture. In all enzymatic treatments except hyaluronidase, TBM was more susceptible to digestion than GBM. In general, the effect of pepsin was greater than trypsin, which was greater than pronase. Collagenase also solubilized TBM but was only slightly effective in attacking GBM. Hyaluronidase-treated BMs were indistinguishable from controls. TBMs and GBMs were both affected least by the enzyme on their epithelial surfaces, which generally remained crisp and sharply demarcated. In contrast, fibrillar materials and BM fragments were released from connective tissue surfaces of TBMs and endothelial-mesangial surfaces of GBMs. Data in the present study indicate that various BMs are morphologically heterogeneous and that a “non-unitary” concept of BM is most appropriate. Moreover, the BM “sidedness” demonstrated following enzymatic digestions strongly suggests that macromolecular complexes within laminae densae may be arranged such a manner that opposing surfaces of the same BM are compositionally disparate.
Sum of the Parts: Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics

Metabolomics is a rapidly growing field of research used in the identification and quantification of the small molecule metabolites within an organism, thereby providing insights into cell metabolism and bioenergetics as well as processes important in clinical medicine, such as disposition of pharmaceutical compounds. It offers comprehensive information about thousands of low-molecular mass compounds (<1500 Da) that represent a wide range of pathways and intermediary metabolism. Because of its vast expansion in the past two decades, mass spectrometry has become an indispensable tool in "omic" analyses. The use of different ionization techniques such as the more traditional electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption, as well as recently popular desorption electrospray ionization, has allowed the analysis of a wide range of biomolecules (e.g., peptides, proteins, lipids, and sugars), and their imaging and analysis in the original sample environment in a workup free fashion. An overview of the current state of the methodology is given, as well as examples of application.
Chromosome numbers and generic relationships in subtribe Stephanomeriinae (Compositae: Ichorieae)

Chromosome numbers are reported from over 230 populations representing species in eight genera. First counts are reported for three species ofStephanomeria, five species ofLygodesmia, and one species ofPinaropappus. Base chromosome numbers,x = 6, 7, 8, and 9 are known in the subtribe;x = 9 is found in six of the 12 genera and presumably is the ancestral base number for the subtribe. Two phyletic lines, aMalacothrix line and aStephanomeria line are recognized on morphological grounds. A key to the 12 genera is provided.
Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale

An instrument to measure the stigma perceived by people with HIV was developed based on the literature on stigma and psychosocial aspects of having HIV. Items surviving two rounds of content review were assembled in a booklet and distributed through HIV-related organizations across the United States. Psychometric analysis was performed on 318 questionnaires returned by people with HIV (19% women, 21% African American, 8% Hispanic). Four factors emerged from exploratory factor analysis: personalized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and concern with public attitudes toward people with HIV. Extraction of one higher-order factor provided evidence of a single overall construct. Construct validity also was supported by relationships with related constructs: self-esteem, depression, social support, and social conflict. Coefficient alphas between .90 and .93 for the subscales and .96 for the 40-item instrument provided evidence of internal consistency reliability. The HIV Stigma Scale was reliable and valid with a large, diverse sample of people with HIV.
Ring-enhancing pontine lesion in a young boy

A 10-year-old boy presented with a 1-month history of headache, vomiting and progressive weakness. On neurological examination the patient had left hemiparesis, dysconjugate gaze with nystagmus and right-sided sixth nerve palsy. Review of systems was negative for fevers or prior illness. A T1 contrast-enhanced MRI revealed a ring-enhancing lesion situated in the pons with surrounding vasogenic oedema (figure 1). Owing …
Elevated risks for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and blood disorders in Ashkenazi schizophrenic pedigrees suggest new candidate genes in schizophrenia

Among relatives of Ashkenazi schizophrenic probands the rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis was 3/1,000, compared to expected population rates of approximately 2/100,000. Relative risk of bleeding disorders, including hematologic cancers, was increased more than three-fold compared to controls. Co-occurrence of motor neuron disease and blood dyscrasias, accompanied by psychosis, has long been recognized. A virally-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis has been proposed. However, the familial co-occurrence of these three disease entities raises the possibility that the disease constellation be considered as a manifestation of a common underlying genetic defect. Such expansion of the spectrum of affectation might enhance the power of both candidate gene and linkage studies. Based on these findings, the loci suggested as candidate regions in schizophrenia include a potential hot spot on chromosome 21q21-q22, involving the superoxide dismutase and amyloid precursor protein genes. Alternatively, genes on other chromosomes involved in the expression, transcription, or regulation of these genes, or associated with the illnesses of high frequency in these pedigrees are suggested. Candidates include the choroid plexus transport protein, transthyretin at 18q11.2-q12.1; the t(14;18)(q22;21) characterizing B-cell lymphoma-2, the most common form of hematologic cancer; and the 14q24 locus of early onset Alzheimer`s disease, c-Fos, transforming growth factor beta 3, andmore » heat shock protein A2. Expression of hematologic cancers and the suggested candidate genes are known to involve retinoid pathways, and retinoid disregulation has been proposed as a cause of schizophrenia. 67 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.« less
Acacia constricta (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) and related species from the southwestern U.S. and Mexico.

Vegetative, fruit, and floral characters of more than 200 herbarium specimens of Acacia constricta and closely related species from the Southwestern U.S. and Mexico were scored and analyzed by principal components analysis (PCA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA)
Advances in endoscopic resection of sinonasal neoplasms

Management of sinonasal diseases has undergone significant change with the advent of endoscopic techniques. A wide variety of pathology can now be surgically managed with the use of endoscopes both within and beyond the sinonasal tract. Endoscopic techniques allow for excellent visualization and complete tumor resection with low morbidity. As experience continues to grow, endonasal endoscopic techniques are becoming the surgical procedures of choice for the management of a wide variety of benign neoplasms.
Aerobic Oxidation of Pinacol by Vanadium(V) Dipicolinate Complexes: Evidence for Reduction to Vanadium(III)

The reactivity of vanadium complexes bearing the ligand dipicolinic acid (H2dipic) with alcohols has been explored. Dipic vanadium complexes are able to catalyze the aerobic oxidative C−C bond clea...
Preharvest sources of Salmonella colonization in turkey production

An ecological survey was conducted from March, 1995 to February 1996 to determine sources of Salmonella colonization in two flocks of turkeys reared consecutively in a newly constructed facility. Sampling was conducted prior to placement of poults, at Day 0, and again at 2, 10, 14, and 18 wk. Samples were collected at comparable times for the second flock except that final sampling occurred at 22 wk instead of 18 wk. Poult box liners, birds, new litter, drinkers, and air were sampled. Feed was collected from each shipment upon arrival at the facility. Feeders, drinkers, and used litter were monitored to evaluate horizontal transmission. Conventional methods for isolation and serological screening were used to analyze samples for the presence or absence of Salmonella. Prior to placement of the first flock, litter, drinkers, and air samples were negative for the presence of Salmonella, whereas drinkers were positive prior to placement of the second flock. Following placement of poults, 51.1, 63.8, and 22.8% of all litter, drinker, and air samples, respectively, were positive. Salmonella was isolated from 13.6% of poult box liners, 25.0% of yolk sac samples, and 53.8% of ceca, excluding Day 0. Salmonella was isolated from 14.8% of feed shipments and 39.1% of feeder contents. Frequency of Salmonella detection was higher P < 0.05) in Flock 1 than Flock 2 for cecal and air samples. Salmonella colonization of turkey flocks and the spread of Salmonella within the environment was extensive once initial contamination of the production house occurred. Drinkers, feeders, litter, and air were critical sources of horizontal transmission within each pen as well as between pens.
Further work on multicomponent liquid phase adsorption in fixed beds

The problem of multicomponent liquid phase adsorption in fixed beds was studied further. In contrast to the earlier work (Hsieh et al., 1977), the method developed in this work is more efficient and also has a greater scope of applicability as it incorporates the use of the IAS (Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory) method for the estimation of multicomponent adsorption equilibrium data. It was shown that the use of the more complex IAS method for the prediction of the isotherm data does not present insurmountable obstacles as once feared (DiGiano, 1978) but provides much better prediction of carbon adsorption. An extension of the method to batch adsorption was shown to be straightforward and presented no special difficulty.
Use of stable48Ca in the clinical measurement of intestinal calcium absorption

Measurements of intestinal-calcium-absorption efficiency are fundamental for understanding calcium homeostasis in health and disease. Stable calcium isotopes are attractive tracers for such measurements, to avoid excessive radiation exposure to the subject and permit serial studies at short intervals. To realize this, we found it necessary to improve the sensitivity and precision of existing thermal neutron activation analyses for48Ca. This report describes the details, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of the improved method, and gives the results of studies in which intravenous48Ca was used in conjunction with oral47Ca to measure intestinal-calcium-absorption efficiency in patients.
Expression profiling and identification of novel genes involved in myogenic differentiation

Skeletal muscle differentiation is a complex, highly coordinated process that relies on precise temporal gene expression patterns. To better understand this cascade of transcriptional events, we used expression profiling to analyze gene expression in a 12-day time course of differentiating C2C12 myoblasts. Cluster analysis specific for time-ordered microarray experiments classified 2895 genes and ESTs with variable expression levels between proliferating and differentiating cells into 22 clusters with distinct expression patterns during myogenesis. Expression patterns for several known and novel genes were independently confirmed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR and/or Western blotting and immunofluorescence. MyoD and MEF family members exhibited unique expression kinetics that were highly coordinated with cell-cycle withdrawal regulators. Among genes with peak expression levels during cell cycle withdrawal were Vcam1, Itgb3, Itga5, Vcl, as well as Ptger4, a gene not previously associated with the process of myogenesis. One interesting uncharacterized transcript that is highly induced during myogenesis encodes several immunoglobulin repeats with sequence similarity to titin, a large sarcomeric protein. These data sets identify many additional uncharacterized transcripts that may play important functions in muscle cell proliferation and differentiation and provide a baseline for comparison with C2C12 cells expressing various mutant genes involved in myopathic disorders.
Theoretical He I line intensities in gaseous nebulae: NGC 1976, 6572 and IC 4997

Smits has recently calculated theoretical He I intensities for a large number of lines for conditions appropriate to gaseous nebulae. These are likely to remain the definitive calculations for some time to come. A comparison of these line ratios with observed values in three nebulae reveals some discrepancies. We show that these discrepancies are reduced when collisional effects from the metastable 23S level are included, and that it is not necessary to invoke an unknown depopulation mechanism for the He I 23S level.
Change in erythropoietin pharmacokinetics in patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Background/Aims Erythropoietin (EPO) is used to stimulate erythropoiesis. The objective of the present study was to determine if erythropoietin's (EPO) pharmacokinetics (PK) is influenced by the status of the bone marrow. Methods The contribution of the bone marrow to in vivo erythropoietin (EPO) elimination was evaluated in 11 human subjects (ages 4 to 62 years) undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Sequential PK studies were determined under four conditions: 1) pre-transplantation, 2) post-ablation/pre-transplant, 3) early post-transplant engraftment, and 4) late post-transplant/sustained engraftment. EPO PK studies were performed following low dose i.v. bolus injection of recombinant human EPO (r-HuEPO) (80±38U/kg). Results Compared to the pre-transplantation period, EPO PK demonstrated progressive decreases in the clearance (Cl) and elimination half-life (t1/2), but no significant change in the volume of distribution the post-ablation/pre-transplant period. The Cl was reduced by 37% whereas t1/2 increased following ablation by 55%. Both PK parameters returned to baseline values last post-HSCT. Conclusions EPO's elimination kinetics correlate with changes in the bone marrow cellularity in transplant patients. These data may be important in establishing the proper timinig of r-HuEPO dosing impact post-HSCT. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P16–P16; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.11.064
Congenital Cardiac Disease in the Newborn Infant: Past, Present, and Future

Congenital heart defects are the most common of all congenital malformations, with a review of the literature reporting the incidence at 6 to 8 per 1000 live births. The Centers for Disease Control reports cyanotic heart defects occurred in 56.9 per 100,000 live births in the United States in 2005, with higher rates noted when maternal age exceeded 40 years. The incidence of congenital heart disease in premature infants is 12.5 per 1000 live births, excluding isolated patent ductus arteriosus and atrial septal defect. Despite advances in detection and treatment, congenital heart disease accounts for 3% of all infant deaths and 46% of death from congenital malformations. This article discusses the embryology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, incidence, classifications, and management of congenital heart diseases.
A stable transcription complex directs mouse ribosomal RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase I

Ribosomal RNA is synthesized from template molecules that are activated by a stable association with essential transcription factors. This activated template assembles prior to the onset of transcription as a preinitiation complex and factors remain firmly attached during active elongation as well. Sequential addition of differently marked rRNA genes to an S-100 mouse cell extract shows that the DNA binding factors of the stable complex are present in limiting quantities. They associate rapidly with template molecules and the resultant transcription complex remains intact over prolonged periods of incubation in the presence of competitor DNA. The resistance of the stable complex to the usual inhibitory effect of high DNA concentration suggests that more than one DNA binding factor recognizes the rDNA promoter region and is needed to direct faithful transcription. Finally, although the stable complex is specific for the rRNA initiation region, added vector sequences can neutralize nonspecific DNA binding components that are also present in the cell extract. This lowers the requirement for rDNA template and demonstrates that each activated rRNA gene can direct at least 10 rounds of elongation and reinitiation.
The proteolysis of membrane-associated protein kinase C as a possible component of the signalling pathway leading to c-myc induction in B lymphocytes.

Abstract Occupancy of surface immunoglobulin (sIg) receptor for antigen expressed on resting B cells initiates increased turnover of membrane-associated phosphotidylinositol (PI), which ultimately leads to the enhanced expression of c- myc mRNA. The mechanism which links these initial membrane biochemical changes to subsequent alterations in c- myc transcription is unclear. The present study examines the possible involvement of PKC and its calpain-generated proteolytic fragment, proteion kinase M (PKM), in conveying the membrane-associated signal to the nucleus. Utilizing an in vitro phosphorylation assay, we have shown that a calcium-dependent protesase, similar to calpain, in involed in the downregulation of membrane-associated PKC induced by anti-immunoglobulin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin stimulation of resting B cells. In addition, we have confirmed previous studies showing the PMA and ionomycin are both required for optimal expression of c- myc mRNA. The enhanced expression of c- myc mRNA is sensitive to inhibitors of PKC, such as H-7 and sangavimycin, providing evidence for a prominent role of PKC and/or PKM in the receptor-mediated up-regulation of c- myc message expression. Finally, a calpain inhibitor interferes with the transmission of the membrane-associated signal which induces the increase expression of c- myc mRNA. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the calpain-mediated proteolysis of membrane-associated PKC is involved in the sIg-mediated signal transduction pathway.
Realistic versus Schematic Interactive Visualizations for Learning Surveying Practices: A Comparative Study

Many benefits have been claimed for visualizations, a general assumption being that learning is facilitated. However, several researchers argue that little is known about the cognitive value of graphical representations, be they schematic visualizations, such as diagrams or more realistic, such as virtual reality. The study reported in the paper investigated whether the type of visualization (schematic versus realistic) has an effect on undergraduate students' learning of surveying practices (specifically, 'chaining'). The study compared two interactive virtual learning environments, one containing realistic visualizations of terrains and instruments, and one containing schematic graphical representations. Results of an experiment with 62 students show that there were not significant differences in learning between students who were exposed and interacted with the realistic visualizations versus those who interacted with the schematic ones.
The asymmetric light curves of the GSC 2764 1417 (And), GSC 3355 0394 (Per) and GSC 2537 0520 (Psc)

Solar-type variability is enhanced in short period close binaries with increased dynamo driven activity. This activity is studied in our analysis of recent light curves taken of the newly discovered eclipsing binaries GSC 2764 1417 (And), GSC 3355 0394 (Per) and GSC 2537 0775 (CVn).