cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complex Litigation: The New Rule 23(G)

Commentary and analysis of the new provision in the class action Rule 23 for the appointment of class counsel. Rule 23 was amended effective December 1, 2003 to add a new provision Rule 23(g) to codify principles relating to the appointment of counsel. Previously, Rule 23 contained no provisions relating to the appointment of counsel, and the court only assessed the adequacy of class counsel under Rule 23(a)(4). This article examines the text of Rule 23(g), the standards for appointment of counsel set forth in the new rule, and emerging judicial decisions construing and applying the new rule, which was intended to codify pre-existing principles relating to the appointment of counsel. Under the new rule, as part of the class certification process, the court also must appoint counsel. The article also examines the ways in which Rule 23(g) departs from pre-existing standards, and the relationship of Rule 23(g) to the Rule 23(a)(4) adequacy requirement. The 2003 Rule 23 amendments also added a new provision, Rule 23(f), providing standards for the award of attorney fees in class actions, which also had been determined by common law principles prior to the codification in subsection (f).
The Domestic Use of Drones: An Ethical Analysis of Surveillance Issues

Drone surveillance can be regarded either as a justifiable, impartial practice serving the interests of all or as an oppressive technique catering to the interests of some at the expense of others. This analysis is an effort to weigh the ethical prospects and problems in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by asking whether surveillance of civilians is ethical. To address this question, classical philosophical and modern behavioral approaches to ethics are used. The inquiry begins with the importance of the issue, followed by its evolution and current status. After describing the method of analysis, the article examines arguments for and against domestic monitoring. The unique utility of drones can accomplish much in the public interest while simultaneously creating moral hazards. The conclusion discusses accountability standards, model legislation provisions, and regulatory criteria for aerial vehicle surveillance.
A Model of College Selection

This article presents a policy-oriented microeconomics model of college selection by undergraduates. The data base is detailed information on 1,008 college students. College choice is explained as ...
Critical assessment of toxicological effects of ingested nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NP) are being increasingly incorporated into foods and food packaging, however, our understanding of the biological interactions of such materials and their potential impact upon human health and disease lag far behind the technology itself. In response to this knowledge gap, many investigations are being directed toward assessment of toxicity induced by food-relevant NP in epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and pathophysiological responses to oral NP administration in vivo. Studies have focused upon various aspects of toxicity including cell death, inhibition of cell proliferation, oxidative stress, and organ injury and dysfunction, as well as other responses. While data generated by these studies have provided useful information, results have been at times inconsistent and in some cases contradictory. Herein we review the properties of food-relevant NP, including GI tract exposure, transport of NP, and immunogenicity. Then we critically review the major findings of a cross-section of studies of GI-related biological interactions of nanoscale silica (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver (Ag), with particular focus upon the variation in results in the context of administered NP dosage, specific assay methods employed, uncertainties in NP physicochemical properties, and other factors that might influence experimental outcomes. We conclude with a series of recommendations for modification of the experimental approach toward greater consistency, and for addressing several important issues that have thus far been understudied.
Accounting for risk in the traditional RFM approach

Purpose – The Purpose of this study is to provide an alternative way to create customer valuation metric while accounting for customer riskiness. Customer relationship management (CRM) emphasizes the importance of measuring customer value. Analytics has paved the way for innovation by providing companies valuable insights into the behavior of customers. Earlier models used to measure customer value do not take into account the types and level of risk posed by customers, such as probability of churn, regularity of purchases, etc. The authors put forth a new and innovative approach to measuring customer value while, at the same time, adjusting for customer riskiness. Design/methodology/approach – Using a non-parametric approach used in the operations research area, the authors create a risk-adjusted regency, frequency, monetary value (RARFM) score for each customer. These scores are used to segment the customers into two groups – customers with high and low RARFM scores. The authors then identify the underl...
The implementation of an early rehabilitation program is associated with reduced length of stay: A multi-ICU study.

IntroductionSurvivors of critical illness face many potential long-term sequelae. Prior studies showed that early rehabilitation in the intensive care unit (ICU) reduces physical impairment and decreases ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS). However, these studies are based on a single ICU or were conducted with a small subset of all ICU patients.We examined the effect of an early rehabilitation program concurrently implemented in multiple ICUs on ICU and hospital LOS.MethodsAn early rehabilitation program was systematically implemented in five ICUs at the sites of two affiliated academic institutions. We retrospectively compared ICU and hospital LOS in the year before (1/2011–12/2011) and after (1/2012–12/2012) implementation.ResultsIn the pre- and post-implementation periods, respectively, there were a total of 3945 and 4200 ICU admissions among the five ICUs. After implementation, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients who received more rehabilitation treatments during their IC...
Arriving from Delphi at O'Hare: Predictive Cognitive Engineering in the O'Hare Modernization Project and Beyond:

This paper describes a cognitive modeling effort for the O'Hare Modernization Project (OMP). Beginning with a statement of the problem, it describes how cognitive modeling was used to measure the mental workload and work time of controllers running various positions at O'Hare International Airport, both under the current airport configurations and a future set of configurations (proposed in the OMP). The O'Hare case is used as an exemplar of the type of data that can be acquired with relatively simple cognitive models
Neurotrauma family interventions.

TOPIC: Family responses to neurotrauma PURPOSE: To highlight the role of trauma nurses in providing education and support to families of neurotrauma patients SOURCES: Published literature and clinical experience CONCLUSIONS: Family-centered care can provide many positive outcomes: e.g., reduced stress, decreased anxiety, decreased powerlessness, increased understanding and support. The success of the patient's rehabilitation often depends on the care and involvement of their families. Language: en
Nanotechnology: An Overview and Opportunities for Computational Modeling

Nanotechnology is an enabling technology that is expected to have an impact on electronics, computing, data storage, materials and manufacturing, health and medicine, energy and environment, national security and other sectors. Fundamental to all this is development of nanostructured materials with novel and interesting properties. Examples include carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanowires, nanoparticles, quantum dots, dendrimers, etc. characterization of these nanomaterials and understanding their properties is the next important aspect of research in nanoscience and technology. Beyond these comes application development: devices, sensors, nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS), composites, etc. to name a few. The talk will provide an overview of the above with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and inorganic nanowires as nanomaterial examples.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Grasp Fatigue as a Function of Handle Size and Shape

This study investigated the influence of handle characteristics on fatigue of the gripping muscles while doing a slicing task as in using a knife in cutting meat. Subjects actually cut cylinders of modeling clay as a simulated meat-cutting task. Immediately after completing the cutting task the time to fatigue for the grasp muscles was estimated using the electromyographical technique developed by Petrofsky and Lind (1980). The handles evaluated were all rectangular ones with cross-sectional height to width ratios from 1:1.25 to 1:2. Each ratio was tested in four sizes. No significant differences in time to fatigue were found for the different handles. Time to fatigue was, however, significantly correlated with six anthropometric measures.
The Effects of Long Term VDT Usage on Task Performance

In response to a request from the US Patent and Trademark Office, a simple experiment was conducted to help evaluate the effects of long term exposure to video display terminals (VDTs) on worker performance. This test was conducted with 16 subjects, students at the University of Puerto Rico. The results indicate that performance on a short term memory recall experiment significantly deteriorates (alpha = .05) after slightly more than one hour of continuous viewing. Because of complaints of headaches and eye fatigue, the experiment was discontinued after this period of time.
School building condition, social climate, student attendance and academic achievement: A mediation model

Research investigating student academic achievement points to the contribution of the physical and social context of schools. Previous studies examined either the physical or social environment. The current study examines the social climate and student attendance as mediators of the relation between the physical environment and academic achievement. Secondary data for 236 NYC middle schools were analyzed using structural equation modeling. The model included: 1) building condition assessed by building professionals, 2) social climate measured by the Learning Quality Survey, 3) school level student attendance rate, 4) standardized math and English Language Arts test scores, 5) percent of student body eligible for free and reduced priced meals, and 6) percent of student body identified as minority. Findings indicate that academic achievement is linked to building condition mediated by the social climate and student attendance. The model accounted for 70 percent of the variance in the outcome measures.
Incomplete Futures: A Comparison

The future is indeed uncertain, and the future is not made more certain by incomplete attempts at futurism. Technological change is uncertain; social change even more so. Generally, however, effort...
Integrating Creative, Critical, and Historical Thinking through Close Reading, Document- Based Writing, and Original Political Cartooning

State and national education initiatives prescribe diverse thinking through age-appropriate content area literacy tasks at all grade levels. History education researchers encourage teachers to intentionally integrate content, methods, and assessment in discipline-specific ways. This paper—targeting middle level and secondary students—proposes a fusion between scrutiny of juxtaposed texts, evidentiary writing, and creative expression of newly generated understandings. This model elicits students’ content area literacy through close reading and text-based writing; it evokes students’ criticality through historical thinking and creation. Interested teachers are offered a representative sample of student work.
Genetic Modification Stimulated by the Induction of a Site-Specific Break Distant from the Locus of Correction in Haploid and Diploid Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Generation of a site-specific break at a genomic locus to stimulate homologous recombination (HR) is used in many organisms to efficiently target genes for various types of genetic modification. Additionally, a site-specific chromosomal break can be used to trigger HR at genomic regions distant from the break, thereby largely expanding the region available for introducing desired mutations. In contrast to the former approach, the latter presents an alternative way in which genes can be efficiently modified also when it is not possible or desirable to introduce a break in the vicinity of the targeting locus. This type of in vivo site-directed mutagenesis distant from a break can be accomplished in the yeast model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae because the generation of a double-strand break (DSB) in yeast chromosomal DNA activates HR at long regions upstream and downstream from the break site. Here we provide a protocol for efficiently altering a yeast chromosomal locus following the induction of a DSB several kilobase pairs distant from the site of gene correction. The techniques described can be used in both diploid and haploid yeast strains, and we provide examples of the gene correction assays.
Digital leisure, the internet and popular culture: communities and identities in a digital age, by Karl Spracklen

Digital Leisure, the Internet and Popular Culture: Communities and Identities in a Digital Age is comprehensive examination of the use and the users of the internet in the context of leisure studie...
Technical note: The use of an accelerometer for measuring step activity and lying behaviors in dairy calves

Calf behaviors such as step activity, lying bouts, and lying time may be an indicator of calf health and welfare. To reduce time-consuming visual observations, the use of behavioral monitoring systems have been developed to capture these data. Previous studies have validated lying behaviors using an accelerometer (HPG; HOBO Pendant G data logger, Onset Computer Corp., Bourne, MA) in calves. However, the HPG does not measure step activity. The objectives of this study were to (1) validate step activity, lying bouts, and lying time of AfiTag II (AT2; AfiTag II, Afimilk Ltd., Kibbutz Afikim, Israel) to observations from video, and (2) to compare the behavioral data from AT2 to the HPG. Calves (n=5) were group housed with an automatic calf feeder. Video cameras were installed at both sides of the pen, and observations were analyzed for 7h/calf. The AT2 and the HPG were both attached to the lateral side of the right rear leg of 5 calves, and data were recorded for 10 d. The full 10-d data set was used to examine correlations for lying bouts and lying time between AT2 and the HPG. The HPG was set at a 60-s sampling interval and the output was analyzed both unfiltered as well as utilizing a 1-min event filter to remove potentially erroneous readings. The AT2 recorded step activity, lying bouts, and lying time, and summarized these behaviors in 15-min periods. The AT2 recorded lying time in 3-min intervals, which were then automatically summarized in 15-min periods. The correlations of step activity, lying bouts, and lying time between video recordings and AT2 were 0.99. For the second objective, correlations between AT2 and the HPG were 0.99 for lying time and 0.93 for lying bouts. The 1-min event filter resulted in a 0.03 improvement in correlations for lying bouts between the HPG and AT2. The high correlation between video recordings and AT2 suggest that this device can be used to measure step activity, lying time, and lying bouts in unweaned dairy calves housed in groups.
Impact of Radiation Therapy on Aggressive Care and Quality of Life Near Death.

Abstract Context Radiation therapy (RT) is used with palliative intent in patients with advanced stage cancer. Prior studies, primarily in patients with poor performance status (PS), suggest that RT is associated with aggressive medical care, which may impact patients' quality of life near death (QoD) adversely. Objective This study examines associations between RT use and patients' receipt of aggressive care and QoD based on patients' PS. Methods This is a multi-institutional, prospective cohort study of patients with end-stage cancers ( N = 312) who were identified as terminally ill at study enrollment. RT use ( n = 24; 7.7%) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS were assessed at study entry (median = 3.8 months before death). Aggressive care near death was operationalized as use of mechanical ventilation and/or resuscitation in the last week of life. QoD was determined using validated caregiver ratings of patients' physical and mental distress in their final week. Results RT use was associated with higher QoD (8/8, 100.0%, vs. 58/114, 50.9%; P = 0.006) among patients with good PS (ECOG = 1), more aggressive care near death (3/9, 33.3%, vs. 6/107, 5.6%; P = 0.020) among patients with moderate PS (ECOG = 2), and lower QoD (1/7, 14.3%, vs. 28/51, 54.9%; P = 0.046) among patients with poor PS (ECOG = 3). Conclusions Targeted use of RT in end-of-life cancer care may benefit patients with good PS, but its use may adversely affect patients with poorer PS. Decisions about RT use in this setting should consider likely end-of-life outcomes based on patients' current PS.
Safety Considerations in Immobilizing Pediatric Clients for Radiographic Procedures

Abstract Infants and children require special attention when receiving care in the radiology department. Manual restraint techniques and commercial immobilizer devices may be used to keep the pediatric client motionless during the radiograph. Decreasing client motion helps improve image quality, thus decreasing the need for repeat x-rays. Minimizing the radiation dose is particularly important for the pediatric client. This article presents safe and effective care measures and management for pediatric immobilization techniques in the radiology department.
Regulatory Analysis Procedures and Political Influence on Bureaucratic Policymaking

Well-known theories suggest that administrative procedures may be used as mechanisms of political control of the bureaucracy. This study investigates whether three common regulatory analysis procedures—cost-benefit analysis, risk assessment, and economic impact analysis—lead to greater influence by political officials on bureaucratic policymaking. Multivariate analyses of data from a unique survey of state administrators indicate that regulatory analysis requirements are associated with decreases in the perceived influence of elected political officials on the content of administrative rules. This association is particularly evident in cases where proposed rules are subjected to a cost–benefit test. These findings contradict prominent theories of administrative procedures, but are consistent with recent research on the political power of administrative agencies.
Applications of New Absolute Measurements of X-rays and γ-rays

Technology described in the previous lecture has resulted in a number of secondary standards in the gamma-ray region together with convenient accurate procedures for remeasurement of X-ray lines. Emphasis in this lecture is on use of the gamma reference lines to normalize exotic atom spectra and systematic studies of normal X-ray spectra in relation to relativistic self consistent field calculations [1].
Magnetic Recording Materials: Present and Future

For more than 40 years, magnetic recording has been the dominant technology for electronic data storage. During this time, the areal storage density on disks has risen to >108 bits/cm2. On tapes the corresponding figure is 0.2 × 108 bits/cm2. Thus each bit uses about a 1.0 μm2 area. These bits are written and read at data rates that require head-disk relative speeds of tens of meters per second and head-tape relative speeds of several meters per second. All this is accomplished at head-disk spacings of ≈0.2 μm and with contact recording for tapes.It is truly a wonder that the systems work as well as they do. In fact, for many features in magnetic recording systems it isn't certain why they work as well as they do. However, the demand for storage capacity is estimated to be increasing at about 40% per year. So it is natural to ask whether magnetic recording can maintain its present dominant position in the foreseeable future. The answer is — “Very likely, yes” — but this prediction is based on the assumption that a number of formidable fascinating problems will be solved in order to increase the areal bit density.The five articles in this special issue present the state-of-the-art in those key areas of magnetic recording that involve materials science, and they define the problems involved in increasing storage density. James U. Lemke discusses the background and outlook for magnetic recording.
Performance of beryllium targets with full-scale capsules in low-fill 6.72-mm hohlraums on the National Ignition Facility

When used with 1.06-mm beryllium (Be) capsules on the National Ignition Facility, gold hohlraums with the inner diameter of 5.75 mm and helium gas fill density of 1.6 mg/cm3 exhibit significant drive degradation due to laser energy backscatter (of order 14%–17%) and “missing” X-ray drive energy (about 32% during the main pulse). Also, hard to simulate cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) must be used to control the implosion symmetry. Larger, 6.72-mm hohlraums with fill densities ≤0.6 mg/cm3 generally offer improved drive efficiency, reduced hot-electron preheat, and better control of the implosion symmetry without CBET. Recently, we carried out an exploratory campaign to evaluate performance of 1.06-mm Be capsules in such hohlraums and determine optimal hohlraum parameters. Specifically, we performed a hohlraum fill-density scan with a three-shock, 9.5-ns laser pulse and found that an appropriate axial laser repointing and azimuthal outer-quad splitting resulted in significantly improved hohlraum energetics...
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Monochlorosilanes And Grignard Reagents.

Using a palladium catalyst supported by DrewPhos, the alkylation of monochlorosilanes with primary and secondary alkylmagnesium halides is now possible. Arylation with sterically demanding aromatic magnesium halides is also enabled. This transformation overcomes the high bond strength of the Si–Cl bond (113 kcal/mol) and is a rare example of a transition-metal catalyzed process involving its activation. Because of the availability of both chlorosilanes and organomagnesium halide reagents, this method allows for the preparation of a wide range of alkyl and aryl silanes.
Speeding up children reunification in disaster scenarios via serverless computing

Children constitute a vulnerable population and special considerations are necessary in order to provide proper care for them during disasters. After disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, the rapid identification and protection of separated children and their reunification with legal guardians is necessary to minimize secondary injuries (i.e., physical and sexual abuse, neglect and abduction). At Camp Gruber, an Oklahoma shelter for Louisianan's displaced by Hurricane Katrina, 70% of the children were with their legal guardian after 2 weeks while the last child was reunified after 6 months.In this project, we are using serverless computing to scale and minimize database querie response time as well as to speed up machine learning tasks for rapid reunifying time, in support of a federated set of first-responders. In particular, we are using a Flask-based web system that leverages Apache OpenWhisk to run both (face and text) profile recognition software at the back-end.
For (The) Real: You Mean Rate ’em or Rape ’em?

Building on the textually (Dolven), temporally (Salamon) and topographically (Webster) illuminated analyses of Vanessa Place’s Rape Jokes, this piece articulates the “rationally” contrarian ethics ...
Consideration of Problem-Based Learning in Athletic Training Education.

Context: Athletic training educators are faced with the tasks of assessing learning styles, preparing and delivering content, and assessing student learning. Within content delivery, some educators...
Understanding deep neural networks performance for radar-based human motion recognition

Deep neural networks have recently emerged as a promising tool for radar-based human motion recognition. Their nonlinear structure makes them successful in classifying large-scale datasets. However, due to their complexity, it is difficult to interpret the classification results and identify pixels with the biggest impact on the classification score. In this paper, we investigate recently proposed linear-wise relevance propagation (LRP) method which finds relevant pixels within the image. Based on this method, it is possible to recognize pixels which contain evidence for or against the prediction made by a classifier. Experimental results demonstrate that the LRP method can be successfully applied to detect regions within the radar images responsible for distinguishing human motions.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors for New Treatments in Schizophrenia

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) represent exciting targets for the development of novel therapeutic agents for schizophrenia. Recent studies indicate that selective activation of specific mGluR subtypes may provide potential benefits for not only the positive symptoms, but also the negative symptoms and cognitive impairments observed in individuals with schizophrenia. Although optimization of traditional orthosteric agonists may still offer a feasible approach for the activation of mGluRs, important progress has been made in the discovery of novel subtype-selective allosteric ligands, including positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) of mGluR2 and mGluR5. These allosteric mGluR ligands have improved properties for clinical development and have served as key preclinical tools for a more in-depth understanding of the potential roles of these different mGluR subtypes for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Sarcoidosis in Aging Skin

Sarcoidosis is an idiopathic multisystem granulomatous inflammatory disease which commonly presents with manifestations in the lungs, skin, eyes and lymph nodes, although various organs may be affected. Cutaneous involvement is seen in approximately one-third of patients with systemic illness [1], and isolated skin disease occurs in roughly one-fourth of all patients [2]. The hallmarks of sarcoidosis include an accumulation of mononuclear phagocytes and infiltration of affected tissues by noncaseating granulomas (NCGs). Several eponyms have been used to characterize skin involvement in the disease, such as “Boeck’s sarcoidosis,” “Darier–Roussy sarcoidosis,” “lupus pernio of Besnier,” “Heerfordt’s disease,” and “Lofgren’s syndrome,” as well as more visually descriptive terms including papular, macular, annular, psoriasiform, verrucous, hypomelanotic, ichthyosiform, lymphedematous, and so forth. Labeled one of the “great imitators,” cutaneous sarcoidosis may exhibit a myriad of different morphologic lesions and pose a challenge to accurate diagnosis. This chapter will discuss the background of cutaneous sarcoidosis with an emphasis on elderly patients, as well as the principal morphologic forms of skin lesions in relation to differential diagnostic considerations. A brief summary on treatment options will also be presented.
Survey of University Acting Majors regarding the Most Useful Elements of Singing Training

A three-semester singing course devised for university acting majors had a three-fold focus: (1) performing songs, (2) basic music theory/sight reading, and (3) basic vocal pedagogy (anatomy, techn...
Effects of Phase Lags on Thermoelastic Damping in Micro-Beam Resonators

The aim of the present paper is to study the thermoelastic damping of a micro-beam resonator in the context of the generalized thermoelasticity theory with three-phase-lag (TPL). The thermoelastic ...
Game Theoretic Strategies for an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Network Host Under DDoS Attack

Game theory involves the mathematical modeling of the strategic interaction between rational entities. One such example is the interaction between a hacker and the defense mechanisms of its target. There have been different kinds of attacks on an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV or drone) Network (UAVNet) or a Flying ad hoc network (FANET) in the recent past. The rational solution to such problems is identifying the strategies that can be chosen by the attacker, and selecting a defensive response that is most apt and intelligent while considering all the choices that a target’s defensive mechanisms can make. This paper is an attempt to identify a game like situation, when a single UAV is under a DDoS attack, while a genuine UAVNet is trying to communicate with it. Two different cases of this common attack are simulated, namely, UDP flooding, and ICMP (Ping) flooding. In both cases, the intensity of these attacks is gauged with different choices made by the attacker and the target alike. Finally, the decisions that are conducive to the attacker and the victim are identified.
Plane wave irradiation of a layered system: resonance-based control over thermal runaway

The authors are grateful for the support from the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Award FA9550-18-1-0528.
Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure reduces parvalbumin expressing GABAergic interneurons in the dorsal hippocampus of adult male and female rat offspring

Abstract Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) negatively impacts hippocampal development and impairs hippocampal-sensitive learning and memory. However, hippocampal neural adaptations in response to moderate PAE are not completely understood. To explore the effects of moderate PAE on GABAergic interneuron expression, this study used a rat model of moderate PAE to examine the effects of PAE on parvalbumin (PARV)-positive cells in fields CA1, CA3 and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the dorsal hippocampus (dHC). Long-Evans dams were given daily access to 5 % (vol/vol) ethanol or saccharine (SAC) control solutions throughout the course of gestation. Offspring were divided into four separate groups: PAE (n = 7) or SAC (n = 7) males, or PAE (n = 8) or SAC (n = 8) females. All rats were aged to adulthood and, following testing in the Morris water task, their brains were analyzed for the expression of the GABAergic neuronal marker PARV. We report a main effect of PAE on GABAergic expression, with significant reductions in PARV-positive cells in area CA3 for males and the DG for females. There was also a trend for a reduction in PARV expressing neurons in fields CA1 and CA3 in females. The results are discussed in relation to hippocampal GABAergic interneuron function, PAE and behavior.
An Archetype for Outsiders in Technology Commercialization

This chapter presents an archetype of confrontations that highlights the distinctive perspective of an outsider. In this archetype insider refers to an established leading firm in a specific market, while outsiders are startups or historical nonparticipants in the insider’s market. The chapter interprets events as a conflict between the outsider’s novel point of view and the insider’s established point of view. To support this interpretation, the chapter examines numerous illustrations involving prominent firms, such as Microsoft, IBM, Britannica, Intel, Apple, Dell, and others, and events related to the determination of technological leadership in a market. The chapter stresses the factors that ease entry, such as perceptions of sclerotic behavior from an insider, and the origins of the outsider that lead to surprises. The chapter also examines the factors that lead insiders to imitate outsiders by quickly changing their plans (or not) and by quickly altering their investment priorities (or not). The discussion stresses the mechanisms that slow down response and potentially reduce the seeming advantages of incumbency.
Ultrasonic attenuation in superconducting lead.

The ultrasonic attenuation of lead is measured at various crystallographic orientations in magnetic fields and in zero field, at 2 to 20 deg K, in order to determine the superconducting energy gap. (T.F.H.)
“All lives matter”: How districts co-opt equity language and maintain the status quo

The term “equity” is widely used by educational policy makers to describe myriad programs and practices aimed at closing the supposed racial achievement gap. Research about the way equity has been used in these policies typically explores how policy actors with low will and capacity frame and implement their reforms. Few studies, however, explore equity-oriented reforms initiated and supported by policy makers who claim to fervently support educational equity. The purpose of this critical policy analysis was to examine how the rhetoric used by equity-supportive policy actors may have reinforced neoliberal ideas and inadvertently maintained white innocence and color-blind racism. Examining the Community Schools policy in New York City schools, this study found that some equity initiatives are circumscribed by their focus on “ all lives”, which can unwittingly reinforce the status quo in schools.
Vaccination Is the Only Acceptable Path to Herd Immunity

Population-level herd immunity is critical for long-term control of SARS-CoV-2. However, proposals to reach the herd immunity threshold through naturally acquired infection, rather than vaccination, have complicated public health efforts and popularized policies that will lead to widespread transmission and mortality. Vaccination is the only viable path to herd immunity.
A Robust Compact Water Sampler For Underwater Robotic Vehicles

Here we present the design of a custom water sampling system for use on the underwater robot Icefin. The goals of this instrument are to collect discrete water samples in a compact form factor, operate in extreme underwater environments including high pressure and low temperature settings, and maintain a simple low-cost design. To achieve these objectives the system integrates a fluidic manifold, several compact solenoid pumps and valves, electronic controls, and an oil filled housing. A first-generation version of the water sampler was successfully tested on the underwater robot Icefin during ocean deployments in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. A second-generation version of the system with a 3D printed manifold and improved capabilities has since been developed and undergone preliminary lab tests.
Holography, Supergravity, and the Weak Gravity Conjecture

This dissertation represents work on three different subjects relating to quantum gravity and the AdS/CFT correspondence. First, we review a holographic computation of the one-loop corrections to the Weyl anomaly on Ricci flat backgrounds in six dimensions. This allows us to determine the correction to one linear combination of the anomaly coefficients. Then, we will show that these corrections may be obtained from the six-dimensional superconformal index. The second section covers consistent truncations on the Lunin-Maldacena background. We show how to restore minimal supersymmetry to this background by determining the reduction ansatz which includes the graviton and a gauge field of 5d $\mathcal{N} = 2$ supergravity. We also discuss our previously unpublished attempt to construct a truncation which includes a scalar field corresponding to the $\beta$-deformation parameter of the dual field theory. We show that if such a solution exists, it must differ drastically from the LM background. Finally, we discuss higher-derivative corrections to black hole solutions and the weak gravity conjecture in a few settings. First we compute higher-derivative corrections to the extremality bounds for black holes which are charged under an arbitrary number of $U(1)$ gauge fields, and determine the constraints implied by the WGC. Next we consider the higher-derivative corrections to thermodynamic quantities for charged black holes in Anti-de Sitter space. We confirm and clarify a previously noted relationship between the shift to the extremality bound and the shift to the Wald entropy. We also show that if the shift in the Wald entropy is assumed to be positive, then the coefficient of the $R_{\mu \nu \rho \sigma} R^{\mu \nu \rho \sigma}$ term in the effective Lagrangian must be positive as well.
Factors Associated with ELISA S/P Ratio Scores for Paratuberculosis in an Angus-Brahman Multibreed Herd of Beef Cattle

Dam and calf genetic and environmental factors were evaluated for their association with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) s/p ratio scores for paratuberculosis in a multibreed beef cattle population.
Overconfidence and US stock market returns

Abstract The paper aims to explore the role of overconfidence of US individuals of the personal versus the public risk against Covid-19 on excess stock returns, over the period May 2020-September 2020. Kernel canonical correlation suggests that this sentiment gap exerts a positive effect on excess returns, with high-income individuals displaying a stronger impact.
Measurement of the Premeability of Tri-Axially Anisotrophic Soil

Effect on piezometer measurements of anisotropy in horizontal plane is analyzed; anisotropy does not significantly affect numerical value of shape factor of piezometer cavity; it may consequently be ignored in computation of soil permeability for type of measurements considered.
Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Coplanar Frames

Statically indeterminate coplanar frames have reactions and internal stresses that cannot be determined only by applying the three basic equations of static equilibrium. In general, indeterminacy exists when there are more unknown reaction or stress components applied to a frame or member than the number of independent equations of static equilibrium that can be written. For example, the reactions from the supports of a two-hinged arch are statically indeterminate because the supports can develop a total of four independent reaction components (a horizontal and a vertical force at each hinge), but only three independent equations of static equilibrium can be written. In this case there is one redundant reaction component, or one degree of indeterminacy.
Concepts in Behavioral Genetics and Their Application to Developmental and Learning Disorders

Publisher Summary The basic approach of human behavioral genetics needs to be described at the outset. It is essentially mathematical, with its basis in quantitative genetic theory originating from work with plants and animals. While there is some variation in experimental approach, human behavioral geneticists are essentially interested in partitioning phenotypic variance into its genetic and non-genetic components. There are many learning disorder like development reading disorder (DRD or dyslexia), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism. DRD is an unexplained inability to acquire normal reading skills. ADHD is inattentiveness, impulsivity, over activity. Autism is deficits in verbal and nonverbal skills, and imaginative activities; impairments in social interactions; and restricted repertoire of activities and interests. ADHD also has a high familiality, and studies suggest elevated recurrence risks when there is already a first-degree relative with the diagnosis. The heritability and recurrence rate data for autism, ADHD, and DRD can be used by the clinician to help with diagnostic, risk assessment, and early identification, as well as prognostic concerns. It is clear that the environment makes a contribution to the liability or expression of these disorders.
Rethinking Tax Expenditures and Fiscal Language

Tax expenditure analysis is like a hardy plant with shallow roots that spreads widely, resisting the occasional effort to extirpate it, and yet has little if any effect on the soils in which it sprouts. At least sixteen countries release tax expenditure data pertaining to various taxes. However, public acceptance of tax expenditure analysis has been compromised by concern that it requires undue consensus as to the proper "reference tax base," or else that it implies regarding all money as the government's. A more valid concern is that its treatment of certain tax rules as "really" spending mistakenly presupposes that the distinction between "taxes" and "spending" is economically meaningful to begin with. The prevalence of objections, including mistaken ones, to tax expenditure analysis is in part attributable to Stanley Surrey's over-reaching when he initially proposed it with respect to the United States income tax. A measure that he presented as merely a neutral budgetary tool was widely and accurately recognized as also a tool for promoting his particular policy aims with regard to tax reform and progressivity. Fiscal language inevitably has a dual character, as a weapon of political combat in addition to a tool of purportedly objective description, and proponents on both sides of fiscal language debates rarely sort out the two functions very scrupulously. While also exploring fiscal language issues more generally, the article attempts to put tax expenditure analysis on a more fundamental basis, by relating it to Richard Musgrave's famous distinction between the allocation and distribution branches of government. Tax expenditures are most usefully defined as provisions in the tax rules that seem to reflect the operations of the allocation branch rather than the distribution branch. It is important to distinguish, however (as tax expenditure analysis heretofore has not) between (1) tax rules that seem clearly allocative rather than distributional, such as weapons appropriations that are accomplished through tax credits, (2) tax rules whose distributional merits are reasonably debatable, such as medical deductions, and (3) tax rules that seem to reflect the administrative needs of the distribution branch rather than the direct aims of distribution policy. In addition, it is reasonable, as the Treasury Department proposed in 2003, to estimate negative as well as positive tax expenditures (i.e., penalties as well as subsidies), and to prepare estimates from a consumption tax as well as an income tax perspective.
Optimal choice for appointment scheduling window under patient no-show behavior

Observing that patients with longer appointment delays tend to have higher no-show rates, many providers place a limit on how far into the future that an appointment can be scheduled. This article studies how the choice of appointment scheduling window affects a provider's operational efficiency. We use a single server queue to model the registered appointments in a provider's work schedule, and the capacity of the queue serves as a proxy of the size of the appointment window. The provider chooses a common appointment window for all patients to maximize her long-run average net reward, which depends on the rewards collected from patients served and the “penalty” paid for those who cannot be scheduled. Using a stylized M/M/1/K queueing model, we provide an analytical characterization for the optimal appointment queue capacity K, and study how it should be adjusted in response to changes in other model parameters. In particular, we find that simply increasing appointment window could be counterproductive when patients become more likely to show up. Patient sensitivity to incremental delays, rather than the magnitudes of no-show probabilities, plays a more important role in determining the optimal appointment window. Via extensive numerical experiments, we confirm that our analytical results obtained under the M/M/1/K model continue to hold in more realistic settings. Our numerical study also reveals substantial efficiency gains resulted from adopting an optimal appointment scheduling window when the provider has no other operational levers available to deal with patient no-shows. However, when the provider can adjust panel size and overbooking level, limiting the appointment window serves more as a substitute strategy, rather than a complement.
"Digital fandom," by Paul Booth

Review of Paul Booth, Digital fandom: New media studies. New York: Peter Lang, 2010, paperback, $38.95 (231p) ISBN 978-1-4331-1070-2.
A multivariate analysis of biophysical parameters of tallgrass prairie among land management practices and years

Six treatments of eastern Kansas tallgrass prairie – native prairie, hayed, mowed, grazed, burned and untreated – were studied to examine the biophysical effects of land management practices on grasslands. On each treatment, measurements of plant biomass, leaf area index, plant cover, leaf moisture and soil moisture were collected. In addition, measurements were taken of the Normalized Difference VegetationIndex (NDVI), which is derived from spectral reflectance measurements. Measurements were taken in mid-June, mid-July and late summer of 1990 and 1991. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine whether there were differences in the set of variables among treatments and years. Follow-up tests included univariate t-tests to determine whichvariables were contributing to any significant difference. Results showed a significant difference (p < 0.0005) among treatments in the composite of parameters during each of the months sampled. In most treatment types, there was asignificant difference between years within each month. The univariate tests showed, however, that only some variables, primarily soil moisture, were contributing to this difference. We conclude that biomass and % plant cover show the best potential to serve as long-term indicators of grassland condition as they generally were sensitive to effects ofdifferent land management practices but not to yearlychange in weather conditions. NDVI was insensitive to precipitation differences between years in July for most treatments, but was not in the native prairie. Choice of sampling time is important for these parameters to serve effectively as indicators.
Clinical experience utilizing a novel fluoroscopic technique for wire-guided nasojejunal tube placement in the dog: 26 cases (2006-2010)

Objective – To describe the clinical use of a novel, minimally invasive fluoroscopic technique for the wire-guided placement of nasojejunal tubes (NJT) in dogs. Design – Retrospective study (September 22, 2006–October 2, 2010). Setting – University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – Twenty-six consecutive dogs with intolerance of, or contraindications to gastric feeding that underwent attempted fluoroscopic NJT placement. No dogs were excluded from analysis. Interventions – All dogs underwent attempted fluoroscopic NJT placement using a novel fluoroscopic wire-guided technique. Measurements and Main Results – Patient data were collected in concert with information about the NJT placement procedure as well as the maintenance and utilization of the tube. The primary diagnosis in dogs undergoing NJT placement was pancreatitis in 60%. The ability to achieve transpyloric passage of the tube was 92.3% (24/26) and the ability to achieve jejunal access was 78.2%. In the second half of the study period, the ability to achieve jejunal access was significantly higher than in the first half of the study period suggesting that technical proficiency improves over time. Mean duration of the procedure was 35.3±20 minutes. Significant oral migration was a complication of NJT placement in some dogs. The median duration of feeding was 3.3 days (range 0.3–10.5). Conclusions – Fluoroscopic wire-guided NJT placement is a viable method for sustained postpyloric feeding in dogs. Success in acquiring jejunal access improves with experience. The NJT may be utilized as a strategy to provide enteral nutritional support to the population of dogs with contraindications to, or intolerance of gastric feeding.