cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of thermal cycling on fracture strength and microleakage in teeth restored with a bonded composite resin

Abstract Temperature variations in the clinical range may adversely affect bonded composite resin restorations. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of thermal cycling on fracture strength and microleakage in posterior teeth restored with bonded composite resin. Fourteen matched pairs of maxillary premolars were prepared with an MOD slot of uniform dimensions and restored with a posterior composite resin bonded to enamel and dentin (Scotchbond and P-30). One member of each pair was randomly assigned to an uncycled control group; the other to a test group which was cycled between 5° and 55°C. After cycling the test group, both groups of teeth were stained for microleakage with silver nitrate solution, then fractured by occlusal loading in a universal testing machine. The fracture strength of teeth in the groups was compared by Student's matched pairs t test, and microleakage was compared by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A significant decrease in fracture strength (P=0.02) of the thermal-cycled teeth was seen when compared with the control teeth. Extensive microleakage was found among both control and thermalcycled teeth. The results of this in vitro study suggest that variations in temperature in the clinical range may reduce the fracture strength gained with bonded posterior composite resins. Polymerization shrinkage may produce clinically significant microleakage even before thermal cycling of the teeth.
Terrorism and the fall of imperial Russia

This article examines the role of terrorism in the decline and fall of Imperial Russia. It analyzes the struggle between terrorists and the Tsarist government during three stages: (1) 1861–66, amidst the ‘Great Reforms’ and radicalization of students; (2) 1877–81, a confrontation between populist terrorists and government; and (3) the crisis of 1904–7, which witnessed open battles between terrorists on the one side and police and military on the other. These periods resemble one another in a number of ways. Government efforts to reform were repudiated by radicals as insufficient and grounds for renewed terrorist attacks. The terrorist response was then used by government officials in order to resist or abrogate the reforms earlier thought so necessary. Liberals initially sympathized with the radicals and offered them moral and financial support. But as terrorism became increasingly bloody and the government increasingly repressive, they withdrew from the confrontation. All three periods ended with a perce...
The Effects of Classroom Noise on Children: Evidence for Sex Differences.

To clarify the relationship between classroom noise and children's intellectual performance, 156 first-, third-, and fifth-grade children worked on a matrix task in either a noisy environment (70dbA) or in a quiet environment (40dbA). Children's performance on the intellectual task increased with age. Moreover, in the environment with classroom noise, boys consistently solved more complex matrix problems than did girls.
A computer algorithm for spatio-temporal patterns in interactive neuron populations.

Abstract A computer algorithm has been developed which enables numerical computations to be performed for interactive neuron populations whose spatio-temporal behaviors are represented by a set of certain integro-differential equations. The computation is based on the fact that the eigenfunctions of a symmetric Hilbert-Schmidt operator form a set of complete orthonormal functions in L 2 space. This algorithm differs from the ones which computes the value of the solution at each ( x , t ) point in that it computes the coefficients corresponding to the eigenfunctions. Therefore it is shown that the error in the coefficient of one eigenfunction does not propagate to that of another eigenfunction from one sampling time to the next one. This enables us to analyze the temporal behavior of one spatial frequency which is not affected by that of the other spatial frequencies.
Risk and uncertainty in managing chemical manufacturing supply chains

Abstract A new metric is presented for evaluating supply chain design and planning projects in which there are significant elements of uncertainty and thus risk. The risk premium construct provides the basis for a rational balance between expected value of investment performance and variance. An effective polytope integration method for evaluation of expected values and variances of revenue is adopted which can account for the effects of demand uncertainties on revenue while recognizing the uncertainty in inventory over time. The combination of these elements with conventional deterministic mathematical programming models offers the promise of providing an effective approach to accommodating uncertainties and a rational basis for balancing risk. A small scale example is used to contrast the proposed approach with conventional stochastic programming-based methods. Another example shows the nature of the return and risk for a multiperiod production plan with stochastic effects on inventory. The computational complexities which are introduced by the risk premium construct are reviewed, and some directions for future research discussed.
Lyapunov spectral analysis of a nonequilibrium Ising-like transition.

By simulating a nonequilibrium coupled map lattice that undergoes an Ising-like phase transition, we show that the Lyapunov spectrum and related dynamical quantities, such as the dimension correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$, are insensitive to the onset of long-range ferromagnetic order. In particular, the dimension correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ remains finite and of order 1 lattice spacing while the two-point correlation length diverges to infinity. As a function of lattice coupling constant $g$ and for certain lattice maps, the Lyapunov dimension density and other dynamical order parameters go through a minimum. The occurrence of this minimum as a function of $g$ depends on the number of nearest neighbors of a lattice point but not on the lattice symmetry, on the lattice dimensionality, or on the position of the Ising-like transition. In one-space dimension, the spatial correlation length associated with magnitude fluctuations and the length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}$ are approximately equal, with both varying linearly with the radius of the lattice coupling.
The use of open-cell foam and elastic foam tape as an affordable skin simulator for teaching suture technique.

The techniques of suturing and local tissue transfer are skills that areacquiredthroughmultipleyearsofsurgicalexperienceandcountless hours in the operating room. Each skill is challenging to acquire and implementbuteventuallyworks itsway into theprocedural repertoire of physicians in fields ranging fromfamilymedicine to plastic surgery.Equally challenging is the task of teachingmedical students and surgical residents these skillswithout compromisingpatient safetyor satisfaction.Dutyhour restrictionsandchanges in billing requirements pose new challenges for the medical student and junior resident seeking experience in the operating room. Thismakes the preparedness of student surgeons prior to their appearance in theoperativeenvironmentparamount. Simulatorsprovide early, safe experience for the beginning surgeon. Traditionally, suturingskills areacquiredbypracticingonananatomic substitute (eg, the pig’s foot), a skin simulator (eg, commercially available synthetic triple-layered material), or an object that has no anatomic semblance at all (eg, tying board). The pig’s foot, whichhasbeenused for decades as the “first ever suture recipient” by generations ofmedical students, has its share of problems from aneducational andpractical standpoint. Pigs’ feet canbemessyand relativelyexpensive (approximately$1.50perpound), and theymay not accurately resemble the true trilayered nature of skin owing to atrophy. Storage and disposal requires refrigeration and sanitary transport. The inability to save used specimens in a safe, nonodiferousmanner isanothercompellingargumentagainst theiruse.Likewise, synthetic skin, which is specifically engineered for the purposeofpracticingsuture technique, canbecumbersometoget from manufacturer to medical student. These single-use kits generally come with surgical instruments, which most training facilities alreadyhave, andarealmostprohibitively expensive,with costs ranging from$30toseveralhundreddollarsperkit. Sutureboards, sometimes consisting of only a “hook-in-cup” and/or 2 opposing latex Video at jamafacialplasticsurgery.com
Global Increase in Quaternary Explosive Volcanism

The worldwide distribution of volcanic ash has been determinmined from 320 deep-sea sections drilled during the Deep Sea Drilling Project. The ash distribution in the deep-sea sections, which span the last 20 million years, indicates that there has been a much higher rate of explosive volcanism from both island arc and hot spot volcanoes during the last 2 million years. This episode, and perhaps another in the Middle Miocene cprrelates with previously reported widespread synchronism in increased volcanicity in certain oceanic islands. Increased Quaternary volcanism coincides approximately with that episode of the Cenozoic marked by major and rapidly fluctuating climatic change.
Preparation of two methyl deoxyfluoro-β-d-galactopyranosides, and their interaction with galactan-specific immunoglobulin A 1539 (fab′)

Abstract Methyl 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β- d -galactopyranoside (2) and methyl 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-β- d -galactopyranoside (7) have been prepared, and the possibility of their binding to (1→6)-β- d -galactopyranan-specific immunoglobulin A J539 (Fab′) has been investigated. Compound 2 does not show binding, whereas 7 does. It appears that the 2-hydroxyl group of methyl β- d -galactopyranoside may take part in hydrogen bonding to the protein.
A New Method for Improving Functional-to-Structural MRI Alignment using Local Pearson Correlation

Abstract Accurate registration of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) T2⁎-weighted volumes to same-subject high-resolution T1-weighted structural volumes is important for Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) FMRI and crucial for applications such as cortical surface-based analyses and pre-surgical planning. Such registration is generally implemented by minimizing a cost functional, which measures the mismatch between two image volumes over the group of proper affine transformations. Widely used cost functionals, such as mutual information (MI) and correlation ratio (CR), appear to yield decent alignments when visually judged by matching outer brain contours. However, close inspection reveals that internal brain structures are often significantly misaligned. Poor registration is most evident in the ventricles and sulcal folds, where CSF is concentrated. This observation motivated our development of an improved modality-specific cost functional which uses a weighted local Pearson coefficient (LPC) to align T2⁎- and T1-weighted images. In the absence of an alignment gold standard, we used three human observers blinded to registration method to provide an independent assessment of the quality of the registration for each cost functional. We found that LPC performed significantly better (p
The origin and evolution of the southern Snake Range Decollement, east central Nevada

Regional and local stratigraphic, metamorphic, and structural constraints permit reconstruction of the southern Snake Range extensional deformational system in east central Nevada. The dominant structure of the range, the southern Snake Range decollement (SSRD), operated during Oligocene and Miocene extensional deformation to exhume a footwall of multiply deformed metasedimentary and plutonic rocks. Intrusion of three plutons (∼160 Ma, 79.1 ± 0.5 Ma, and 36 ± 1 Ma, respectively) and development of two cleavages preceded the onset of extensional deformation. Plastic deformation of lower plate metasedimentary rocks accompanied the early phases of regional extension and produced bedding-parallel grain shape foliations and WNW trending stretching lineations. These fabrics parallel the SSRD even in low-strain domains, suggesting that a significant component of pure shear strain probably accompanied noncoaxial deformation associated with motion on the SSRD, consistent with other lines of evidence. Meanwhile, hanging wall rocks were greatly extended by at least two generations of tilt block-style normal faults soling into the SSRD, with the earlier faults antithetic to the SSRD and the later faults dipping in the same direction as the SSRD. A retrodeformed regional cross-section sequence illustrates plausible alternative schemes for reconstructing the southern Snake Range extensional system. In one scheme, the SSRD forms as a crustal scale stretching shear zone separating an upper plate that extends on steeply inclined normal faults from a lower plate that stretches by penetrative flow. In the other, lower plate deformation incorporates a component of coaxial stretching, but the SSRD also functions as a conventional shear zone accommodating through-going displacement between opposing plates. In either case, as tectonic unroofing proceeds, differential isostatic unloading induces the SSRD to rotate to steeper dips as it migrates into the frictional sliding regime, thus enabling it to remain active as a brittle normal fault until it finally rotates to its present shallow inclination. In either scenario, cross-section constraints suggest that total extension accommodated by the SSRD was probably between 8 km and 24 km.
Predicting DUI Recidivism: Personality, Attitudinal, and Behavioral Risk Factors

Aims: To predict DUI recidivism using personality, attitudinal, and behavioral factors. Design: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of survey data. Covariance structure modeling was used to identify unique predictors of driving after drinking (DAD), alcohol consumption, and high-risk driving. Participants: Two hundred and eighty individuals with multiple DUI convictions, predominately male and Hispanic. Participants were surveyed in the Rio Hondo Courthouse, Los Angeles County, California. Measurements: The survey included measures of past year frequency of DAD, socially desirable response bias, sensation seeking, trait hostility, high-risk driving style, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol consumption. Findings: DAD was positively related with frequency of drinking and with positive alcohol expectancies. It was negatively associated with socially desirable response bias. Measures of high-risk driving and the personality variables were highly negatively associated with socially desirable response bias. Conclusions: Individuals who believe that they are affected positively by alcohol intoxication are not responding to the standard penalties for DUI and persist in driving after drinking. These beliefs may serve as an important point of intervention for programs designed to reduce drunk driving. The current research also suggests that self-report measures of DAD, as well as many hypothesized risk factors, are highly correlated with socially desirable response biases. Failure to control for such biases may be a significant threat to the validity of research in this field.
Performance Assessment Techniques for Teacher Career Ladder Advancement

To retain competent teachers in the profession, a broad-based task force in Wisconsin recommended a career ladder program. The authors describe the rungs of the career ladder, the require ments for advancement, and the performance assessment team that is an important component of the plan.
Whom Do You Trust? Information Seeking During the U.K. Foot and Mouth Crisis

The 2001 U.K. foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak constituted the biggest crisis ever to affect the U.K. farming system. The crisis unfolded as a series of information and communication problems—primarily from government to farmers—with consequences for action in a time of crisis. This study explores how trust affected farmers’ information seeking and use during the FMD crisis. It attempts to answer questions such as what sources of information people trust in a crisis and which information providers people trust in a crisis. These are critical questions as, by acting upon trusted information, farmers could shape and influence the nature of the crisis.
Applications of polarization camera technology

Significant developments in polarization camera technology have led to a number of practical outdoor and underwater image understanding applications for polarization vision. With these cameras, humans now have a comprehensive sensory view of a whole new visual domain, which may be as much of an extension to conventional vision as color vision is to intensity vision. >
Neutron irradiation damage in MgO, Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 ceramics☆

The consequences of point defect aggregation in single-crystal and polycrystalline Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 and polycrystalline MgO, irradiated to fast-neutron (>0.1 MeV) doses ⩽2–3 × 1026nm−2, have now been investigated over a range of temperatures using macroscopic density measurements of swelling and transmission electron microscopy of defect aggregates. Al2O3 irradiated between 925 and 1100 K exhibits 2–4 vol% swelling, dense dislocation networks and aligned voids, while single-crystal MgAl2O4 spinel irradiated under similar conditions, does not swell and forms only isolated interstitial dislocation loops which do not unfault. Planar arrays of voids form either side of grain boundaries in polycrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel, however. MgO irradiated at 430 K swells 2.8% and contains a high density of small elongated loops and exhibits a tendency towards dislocation network formation despite the low irradiation temperature. Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 irradiated at 430 K exhibits dense arrays of small loops. The nature and origin of the observed aggregate defect structures are described and correlated with swelling behaviour and with previous studies which are reviewed.
Stable, baroclinic eddies on Jupiter and Saturn: A laboratory analog and some observational tests

Abstract Laboratory experiments (and corresponding numerical simulations) on free thermal convection in a rotating fluid, subject to horizontal differential heating and cooling, are examined in the light of recent observations of the longest-lived eddies on Jupiter and Saturn (including Jupiter's Great Red Spot and White Ovals). Both laboratory and atmospheric systems are shown to be capable of satisfying scaling requirements for mutual dynamical similarity, within the uncertainties of the Jovian observations. By employing a suitable distribution of heat sources and sinks in the laboratory, a pattern of zonally averaged flow analogous to a laterally sheared belt or zone on Jupiter can be obtained at upper levels. Baroclinic eddies may develop in such a flow, whose properties are remarkably similar in structure and appearance to the long-lived features on the major planets. Difficulties in determining from global energy budget studies the essential processes maintaining and dissipating stable eddies are discussed with reference to the laboratory and atmospheric systems. Such difficulties do not arise when considering the potential vorticity budget for the flow. Inviscid, unforced “free mode” (i.e., nonadvecting) solution to a suitable potential vorticity equation are first-order components of most recent models of the Jovian eddies (including the baroclinic eddy analog described herein). Small departures from such a “free mode” in a realistic flow arise as a result of the dynamically crucial processes maintaining and dissipating it, with baroclinic eddies in the laboratory corresponding largely to a residual balance between thermal forcing (via internal heating) and viscous dissipation. On Jupiter, diabatically forced and transient eddy-driven flows are shown to differ primarily in the implied role of transient eddies in transporting potential vorticity q across closed geostrophic streamlines in the time mean. The feasibility of using observations of naturally occurring chemical tracers to infer aspects of the transport of q on Jupiter are discussed with a view to testing models of the long-lived eddies using data from the Galileo mission.
Reconstitution of the glucose transporter from rat skeletal muscle

Abstract As a step in the purification and characterization of the glucose transporter from rat skeletal muscle, we have reconstituted glucose transport activity in liposomes. Plasma membranes were prepared from skeletal muscle which display D-glucose reversible binding of cytochalasin B (10 pmol sites/mg protein; KD = 0.3 μM). Older rats gave a slightly lower specific activity and much lower yield of sites per g muscle than young rats. Glucose transport activity was reconstituted into liposomes by the freeze-thaw procedure using either plasma membranes directly or cholate-extracted membrane proteins; the latter gave a 50% higher specific activity. The reconstituted transport activity was stereospecific, saturable, and inhibited by cytochalasin B, phloretin, and mercuric chloride. The optimum cholate concentration for extraction and reconstitution of transport activity was about 1.5%, and the highest specific activity of reconstituted transport was seen only at low ratios of protein to lipid in the reconstitution. Chromatography on agarose lentil lectin and agarose ethanethiol doubled both the specific activity of reconstituted transport and the fraction of glucose uptake which was stereospecific. In all of these respects the results were similar to our results with the bovine heart transporter (T. J. Wheeler and M. A. Hauck, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 818 , 171−182 (1985)). Our findings suggest that further purification procedures developed for the heart transporter may be applicable to the skeletal muscle transporter as well.
Reaching for Success: A Close-Up of Mexican Immigrant Parents in the USA Who Foster Literacy Success for Their Kindergarten Children.

The purpose of this study was to examine the home environment of immigrant Mexican kindergarteners of low socio-economic status in the USA who display high levels of emergent literacy when compared to their peers. To examine the home environments, the study focused on the literacy beliefs and practices of four families. Findings highlight the role of parental active support and corresponding literacy practices at home, as promoters of positive effects of bilingualism and consequently literacy learning. In addition, the school’s use of Spanish facilitated the dynamic of the families’ belief in active support of their children’s literacy learning and subsequent literacy practices.
Interferon regulatory factor 3 alters glioma inflammatory and invasive properties

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common, highly malignant primary tumor of the brain with poor prognosis. Even with the improved therapy regimen including temozolomide, the average survival rate is less than 2 years. Additional approaches to therapy targeting multiple aspects of glioma progression are in need. In the present work, we have tested the possibility that upregulation of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) can inhibit glioma invasiveness, proliferation and production of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors in cultures of malignant glioma cell lines (U271, U87 and SNB-19). IRF3 is an essential transcription factor involved in TLR3/4-mediated signaling and generation of type I interferons. Although IRF3 has been suggested as a potential tumor suppressor gene, its role in glioma remains uninvestigated. In this study, we find that human glioma immune activation is potently elicited by a cytokine combination, IL-1/IFNγ (or poly IC), but not by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), similar to primary human astrocytes. GBM biopsy specimens show little detectable IRF3 immunoreactivity, and in vitro adenovirus-mediated IRF3 gene transfer in glioma cells modulates IL-1/IFNγ-induced cytokine and chemokine genes, resulting in upregulation of IFNβ and IP-10 (IRF3-stimulated genes) and downregulation of proinflammatory and angiogenic genes including IL-8, TNFα and VEGF (IRF3-represssed genes). Cytokines (IL-1β and TNFα) also induce the expression of miR-155 and miR-155*, the microRNAs crucial in immunity and inflammation-induced oncogenesis and this is dose-dependently suppressed by IRF3. Importantly, IRF3 also inhibits glioma proliferation, migration and invasion. Together, these data suggest that IRF3 can suppress glioma progression. Agents that promote IRF3 activation and expression (such as IRF3 gene transfer) could be explored as potential future therapy.
Correlation between ancillary community services with adolescent substance use disorders treatment outcome.

ABSTRACT Objective: This study explores whether participation in ancillary out-of-program services predicts outcomes of adolescents treated for substance use disorders. Method: Eighty-eight consenting adolescents, 13–18 years of age recruited at an outpatient program, filled the Teen Treatment Services Review (T-TSR) during eight weekly sessions, and at 3-and 9-Month Post-Treatment. Outcome variables included urinalysis and three subscales of the Teen-Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI) During Treatment (DT) and at follow-ups. The predictor variable was the number of reported Out-of-Program Service Contact Days (OD). Results: While DT OD did not correlate with DT urinalysis, high DT OD days showed a trend toward predicting negative3-month (3-M) urinalysis. By contrast, high 3-M OD days predicted positive 3-M urinalyses as well as high use on all three T-ASI subscales. Out-of-Program services between 3- and 9-M post-treatment were not correlated with 9-M objective or subjective outcomes. Conclusion: The more ...
Christopher I. Lehrich, ed., On Teaching Religion: Essays by Jonathan Z. Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

Religion continues to play an important role in our contemporary world. In global affairs and politics, religion plays a major part in issues dealing with violence, peace, justice, and reconciliation. Such a significant phenomenon requires the right methodology for understanding its various dimensions, processes, and structures. The study of religion truly has an enduring dimension. The study of religion is intellectually stimulating because it provides a clue to the mystery of the other. It is one of the disciplines that ponders the boundary questions of life and death and of love and violence that constitute an integral part of the human condition. The work of Jonathan Z. Smith provides pioneering insights into the academic study of religion. His seminal thoughts and reflections on religious pluralism, religious studies, teaching, and transcendence provide a sound theoretical framework for dealing with these issues. This book is divided into thirteen chapters with a concluding essay by Christopher I. Le...
Siblings in foster care: A relational path to resilience for emancipated foster youth

article i nfo Sibling relationships are a powerful influence on child development, one that takes on particular significance in contexts of familial disruption or adversity. Thisstudy examined the effect of sibling co-placements during foster care on subsequent educational competence, occupational competence, housing quality, relational adjustment, and civic engagement in a sample of 170 recently emancipated foster youth (66.5% female; Mage = 19.63). Analyses evaluated direct relations between the proportion of time spent with a sibling in foster placement and young adult adjustment outcomes, as well as indirect effects from sibling co-placement to later competence through youth's coherence displayed in a narrative of experiences in foster care. The coherence of life narratives develops in the context of primary relationships, including those with siblings, through co-constructed meaning making and emotional discourse, particularly regarding difficult life events. Emancipated foster youth's verbal narratives about their experiences in foster care were evaluated for narrative coherence based on the organiza- tion, complexity, and balance of youth's narratives. Analyses documented significant indirect effects of sibling co-placement on young adult competence through narrative coherence. Moreover, moderation analyses indicated that these effects were particularly robust among males. Findings are discussed with respect to relational mechanisms underlying resilience, and the potential for sibling co-placement to provide a relational context for risk and resilience among emancipated foster youth.
Exciton and Charge-Transfer Interactions in Nonconjugated Merocyanine Dye Dimers: Novel Solvatochromic Behavior for Tethered Bichromophores and Excimers

A series of merocyanine dye dimers tethered at different sites with spacers ranging from 0 to 5 methylene groups and the corresponding monomer have been synthesized. The formation, structure, and excited-state properties of the consequent merocyanine dye “aggregates” in solutions and in rigid glass have been studied by UV/visible absorption spectra, steady-state fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The dimers with 0 and 1 methylene spacers must exist in more-or-less extended conformations; consequently, they show a very weak and distance-dependent “J”-type exciton coupling, evident in both absorption and fluorescence spectra. For the dimers with 2, 3, and 5 methylene spacers, absorption spectra in nonpolar solvents are consistent with a largely extended configuration and little or no evident exciton coupling. However, for more polar solvents, a blue-shifted absorption spectrum is observed, suggesting a folded configuration resulting in an “H” dimer. For the latter dimers, fluorescence spe...
Deformation of the core-mantle boundary induced by spherical-shell, compressible convection

Single-mode, mean-field equations, for spherical-shell convection are derived, with variable viscosity and compressibility included. Core-mantle boundary (CMB) topography produced by whole mantle convection is computed for various rheologies and different thermal boundary conditions at CMB. Results for long-wavelength undulations show the extreme sensitivity of these signatures to rheological and equation of state parameters. In order to obtain excess ellipticity of about 1 km, the activation energy and volume in the lower mantle should be low, and the temperatures at CMB should be around 4500 K, in accord with recent experimental findings.
Prediction of electrolyte viscosity for aqueous and non-aqueous systems : Results from a molecular model based on ion solvation and a chemical physics framework

Electrolyte viscosity is a macroscopic property, although its foundation lies on molecular-scale interactions between solvent and ionic species. A comprehensive understanding of viscosity behavior with respect to solvent composition, salt concentration and temperature is only possible with correct interpretations of molecular interactions and related quantities. This work introduces a new methodology for predicting electrolyte viscosity under a wide range of conditions, based on molecular, physical, and chemical properties. The general formalism is universal for aqueous and non-aqueous systems alike. Although the immediate application of the resultant model is candidate electrolytes for lithium ion batteries, other applications abound in the areas of industrial fluids, biological systems, and other electrochemical systems whose performance characteristics are tied to viscosity. Viscosity predictions are compared to experimental data for a number of electrolytes, demonstrating exceptional accuracy of predictions over wide temperature ranges and broad ranges of salt concentration.
Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with trisomy 8 and a related clone with trisomy 8 and t(15;17)

We describe a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia who showed trisomy 8 in 100% of his bone marrow metaphases. Of interest was the finding that 20% of the Giemsa-banded metaphases also showed t(15;17)(q22;q21), with breakpoints indistinguishable from those seen in cases of acute progranulocytic leukemia (APL). The patient showed no morphologic or clinical evidence of APL, and he died after 6 months, with no evidence that the disease had progressed to acute leukemia. Although cytogenetically the breakpoints appeared to be the same as those in APL, we suspect that this patient's translocation may have differed at the molecular level from the t(15;17) commonly seen in APL.
Stereo 3D representations in postmodern marketing research

In marketing and consumer research, the application of subjective personal introspection, or SPI, to the understanding of one’s own consumption experiences benefits from the representation of such self‐reflective insights in the most vivid and compelling manner possible. Toward the latter end, stereographic three‐dimensional images may deepen the marketing or consumer researcher’s ability to communicate with managers and other readers in a suitably forceful, engaging, and transparent way. Thus, three‐dimensional photographs in the form of stereo pairs may provide corroborative evidence for the interpretations suggested by SPI or other research approaches. In this, literally, stereo 3D displays enhance the vividness, clarity, realism, and depth of communication between marketing researchers and their audience. But beyond that, figuratively, three‐dimensional stereography also serves as a metaphor to capture the essence of operating on the edge, of attaining profound insights, or of pursuing creativity in the postmodern world of consumption‐oriented hyperreality.
Incorporating procedural context into a model of case-based legal reasoning

In this paper we analyze the procedural considerations that affect the use of legal casesas precedents and propose a model of procedural knowledge that can be combined with substantive legal reasoning models to produce a more robust theory of case-based legal reasoning in common law jurisdictions. Our model addresses one component of procedural knowledge the distinction between questions of fact and questions of law. We categorize 32 different procedural scenarios into 10 basic types of legal results. We then propose rules for determining the precedential value of these result types. Finally we suggest a method for incorporating procedural distinctions into case-based reasoning systems.
Effects of dorsomedial thalamic lesions on spatial discrimination reversal in the rat.

Eight rats with lesions of the dorsomedial thalamus and 10 rats with sham operations were compared on acquisition and subsequent reversals of a spatial discrimination. The rats with thalamic damage showed greater perseveration to the incorrect choices (p<0.002) and made fewer reversals (p<0.05) and more errors (p<0.02) during the 100 reversal trials following initial acquisition than did the sham-operated animals. The two groups did not differ on the original acquisition.
Die Reaktion von Polybutadien mit Isocyanat

Die Reaktion von Phenylisocyanat mit Polybutadienen verschiedenen 1,4-trans-Gehaltes wurde bei 130°C in Xylollosung in Abwesenheit und in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff untersucht. Es wurden die Grenzviskositatszahlen gemessen, der Stickstoffgehalt und die Ultrarotspektren der Polymerprodukte bestimmt. Es ergibt sich, das eine Reaktion im wesentlichen nur in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff stattfindet und das ein oxydativer Abbau des Polybutadiens und die Entstehung von sauerstoffhaltigen Gruppen mit aktivem Wasserstoff Voraussetzung fur eine Reaktion mit Isocyanat darstellt. Das Ausmas der Reaktion ist vom Abbaugrad und dieser wieder vom 1,4-trans-Gehalt bestimmt.
Double Chooz Calibration

Abstract The current best limit on the neutrino mixing angle θ 13 ( sin 2 ( 2 θ 13 ) ≲ 0.15 @ 90 % C . L . ) was established by Chooz experiment. The Double Chooz experiment is being prepared and is aiming to surpass the limit by almost an order of magnitude. Extensive calibration program is necessary to achieve the claimed sensitivity. Dedicated embedded and deployable calibration systems developed for Double Chooz are described.
WE‐D‐204B‐04: Distribution of Lung Tissue Motion during Free Breathing

Purpose: To characterize and quantify free breathing lungtissue motion diction. Method and Materials: 50 patient data sets were acquired using a 4DCT protocol consisting of 25 cine scans at abutting couch positions on a 16 slice scanner. The tidal volume of each scan was measured by simultaneously acquiring spirometry and an abdominal pneumatic bellows. Because of the natural variation in breathing patterns, we elected to develop the concept of a representative breath. The representative breath was defined by first dividing the breathing traces into individual breaths, from exhalation to exhalation. A linear breathing drift model was assumed and the drift removed for each breath. Breaths that exceeded one standard deviation in period and amplitude were removed from the analysis. A representative breath was defined as the average time from peak inhalation to a normalized tidal volume. Airflow was determined using a sliding polynomial fit to the representative breath profile. The trajectories were computed using an existing 5D lungtissuetrajectory model:X = X o+αngr+βf where α and β were previously determined. In order to characterize the motion patterns, the elongation of the trajectories were examined throughout the subject's lungs. Elongation was defined here by generating a bounding box with one side parallel to the α vector and the box lying in the plane defined by the α and β vectors. Results: The representative breath process provided an excellent method for defining an average breath that had continuous tidal volume and airflow characteristics when the breath was continuously repeated. The elongation varied smoothly throughout the lungs. Left lung elongation was 0.10±0.05 and right lung elongation was 0.09±0.04 in a central coronal lung slice. Conclusion: As expected, motion elongations were relatively small indicating for many tumor sites, hysteresis motion could be ignored. This work supported in part by NIHR01CA116712 and NIHR01CA96679.
Construction and Serological Characterization of a Recombinant Human Single Chain T-Cell Receptor

A single chain T cell receptor (scTcr) was constructed from the complete V alpha and V beta regions of Jurkat T-cell receptor alpha/beta chain genes using molecular cloning techniques. The recombinant scTcr reacted with a panel of rabbit antisera generated against synthetic 16-mer peptides duplicating the amino acid sequence of Jurkat V alpha and beta chains but not with antisera directed against peptides from the constant domain. Autoantibodies present in sera from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients bound the scTcr in ELISA assays. The recombinant scTcr described here should prove to be a useful reagent with which to study T-cell receptor activity in serological and functional assays.
Molecular interpretation for S02 dissolution kinetics of pyrolusite, manganite and hematite

Abstract The U.S. Bureau of Mines has performed aqueous SO2 leaching studies for β-MnO2, γ-MnOOH, and α-Fe2O3 under surface-chemistry-limited conditions, revealing substantially greater dissolution and S2O62− formation rates for β-MnO2 than for γ-MnOOH. Rate differences can be explained by an inner-sphere electron transfer mechanism at manganese oxides surfaces, featuring (a) chemisorption of S02 at different mineral surface sites to form SO32− and S02 precursor complexes, (b) metal reduction to form.SO3− or.SO2+ radicals, and (c).SO3− dimerization to S2O62− or oxidation to SO42−, depending on the rate of.SO3− formation at the mineral surface. Assuming electron transfer to be rate-limiting, molecular modeling and frontier molecular orbital theory explain faster' S03 formation at β-MnO2 Mn4+ centers than γ-MnOOH Mn3+ ones. S02 reductive dissolution is not favorable for α-Fe2O3 which has no vacant Fe3+ eg* 3d orbitals to receive electrons.
Optimal Allocation of Work in Assembly Systems

We investigate how to allocate work in stochastic assembly systems so as to maximize throughput. We use Markov models for systems with exponential processing times and simulation-based methods for other probability distributions. We find that assembly systems should be unbalanced in the direction of assigning less work to assembly and more to component stations. We also find that greater parallelism offers greater opportunity for improvement.
Piezoelectric and dielectric properties of PZT–cement–aluminum nano-composites

Abstract Three-phase piezoelectric composites that were comprised of PZT, nano-sized aluminum (18 nm) and Portland cement were prepared via a normal mixing and spreading method. The volume fraction of Al was held constant at 0.02, while the volume fraction of PZT was varied from 0.10 to 0.70. The dielectric constant, tan (δ), and piezoelectric coefficient were experimentally investigated as a function of PZT volume fraction were found to possess higher dielectric constants, than their two-phase counterparts (PZT and Portland cement). A comprehensive age study of the piezoelectric and dielectric properties is presented, where significant reductions in material performance occurred within 2 days of sample preparation, and to a lesser degree after 400 days for piezoelectric properties. Properties of the composites are believed to be influenced by the oxidation of aluminum by the alkaline constituents in the cement matrix, distribution of fillers within the cement matrix and air voids.
Thermo-viscoplastic residual stresses in metal matrix composites

Abstract A three-dimensional thermo-viscoplastic ideal method is presented to determine the interfacial and cellular stresses which arise during and from manufacturing of an ideal periodic continuous unidirectional graphite/aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC) lamina. The particular manufacturing process examined is a liquid-infiltrated cast MMC with temperature excursions from the matrix melting temperature of 933 K to room temperature. The final stress state of the aluminum matrix is found to be in the vicinity of its room temperature yield strength and essentially independent of fiber volume fraction. The interface has compressive normal tractions with an insignificant shear traction component present for fiber volume fractions less than 0·70, while for higher volume fractions, approximately one-half the interface experiences tensile normal tractions. Increased fiber volume fraction lowers fiber axial stresses and decreases the uniformity of the interfacial tractions. The magnitude of the residual stress state can be reduced from the value obtained from a constant cooling rate history by using an alternative cooling profile which has a rapid initial cooling rate of ∼0·75 K/s until 400 K, and a subsequent slower cooling rate of ∼0·2 K/min .
Principles for Constructing Good Clicker Questions: Going beyond Rote Learning and Stimulating Active Engagement with Course Content

Clickers are also referred to as classroom response systems. They are small-handheld electronic devices that resemble a television remote control, used by students to respond to questions posed by ...
Microscopic theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect

Abstract This is a review of the composite fermion theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE). This theory provides a microscopic description of the low energy states of the strongly correlated electrons in the FQHE regime in terms of weakly interacting composite fermions, where a composite fermion is an electron bound to an even number of vortices. In the simplest cases, the FQHE can be construed as a manifestation of the integer quantum Hall effect of the composite fermions. Based on these ideas, simple Jastrow-Slater trial wavefunctions are written for the incompressible FQHE states as well as their low energy excitations. Extensive numerical work has been performed to confirm their validity. In particular, these have essentially 100% overlap with the true Coulomb states for few particle systems. Various consequences of the theory are in excellent agreement with experiments. Notably, it provides a unified framework for the fractional and integer quantum Hall effects, consistent with the experi...
Comparison of hypotheses on the relationships of sarcopterygians

Seven contrasting hypotheses of relationships of sarcopterygian groups are compared. The sister-group relationship of tetrapods to different fossil and Recent sarcopterygians is presented in the various hypotheses. Three possible sister-group relationships of tetrapods (to the Recent sarcopterygians, the Dipnoi, and Actinistia) are found among the seven hypotheses. The analyses presented here support all three possibilities to different degrees. Analysis of the complete data set drawn from studies that supported all seven hypotheses indicates that fossil taxa are more closely related to tetrapods than are Recent taxa. The Panderichthyida is the sister group of tetrapods, and both groups, together with Osteolepiformes, form the Choanata (the only osteichthyans with a true choana and one external nasal opening)
Petrophysics of magnetic dipole fields in an anisotropic earth

Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) resistivity log data are often acquired in highly deviated or horizontal holes. The loop sensors are located on the drill collar and are approximated as magnetic dipoles. The conductivity of the earth in the vertical direction /spl sigma//sub v/ and horizontal direction /spl sigma//sub h/ are almost always different. When an MWD resistivity tool enters a new bed, the response is compared with the precomputed logs to aid in the determination of the location of the drill bit. The MWD tool response, however, is sensitive to resistivity anisotropy. An alternative method is used to derive analytical expressions for the Sommerfeld-type integrals. Numerical results give typical MWD tool response as a function of the inclination angle /spl theta/ the tool makes with respect to the axes of anisotropy and also as a function of the anisotropy index /spl kappa/=(/spl sigma//sub h///spl sigma//sub v/)/sup 1/2/.