cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indeterminate leaves of Chisocheton (Meliaceae): survey of structure and development

Pinnately compound leaves in the Malesian genus Chisocheton (Meliaceae) have leaf-tip buds that continue to produce new pinnae (leaflets) periodically for many years. Juvenile leaves form a terminal pinna in place of the leaf-tip bud found in adult leaves. The histology of an old leaf-tip bud is similar to the entire leaf primordium in other species of Meliaceae with large pinnate leaves (e.g. Chukrasia and Dysoxylum) which serve as examples of more typical leaves. Pinna initiation from this meristem continues after the first stage of leaf expansion as seen in the relatively constant number of pinna primordia in a large sampling of leaf-tip buds of varying ages. Structure and development are compared in leaves of nine species of Chisocheton, out of a total of approxiamtely 50 species in the genus. Species having small leaves (e.g. C. pentandrus) show more branch-like, indeterminate leaf growth as compared with species with large leaves (e.g. C. macranthus). The structure and development of leaves of Chisocheton are like the similar indeterminate leaves of the American and African genus Guarea. Some authors have used the indeterminate leaves of Chisocheton and Guarea as examples of intermediate organs showing ‘fuzzy morphology’ or ‘partial homology.’ Nevertheless, these unusual organs are considered here as being homologous with leaves of other Meliaceae based on their position, histology and ontogeny. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 139, 207–221.
The distribution of ammonia and its photochemical products on Jupiter

Altitude profiles of ammonia and its photochemical products are generated in the light of measurements of the Jovian temperature structure, eddy transport coefficient, improved chemical scheme, and rate constants. Realistic limits are placed on the concentration of hydrazine which may participate in the recycling of ammonia on Jupiter. The maximum hydrazine-ice production rate is calculated to be about 1.3 mg/sq m per Jovian day. The distribution of nitrogen gas is presented with and without supersaturation of hydrazine. The nitrogen mixing ratio near the ammonia cloud top is estimated to be in the range between 10 to the -9th and 10 to the -11th power. An appreciable latitudinal variation in the ammonia concentration is expected.
Studies on Excystment in the Hypotrichous Ciliate Pleurotricha lanceolata

SUMMARY. Pleurotricha lanceolata was cultured in an aqueous extract of Cerophyl with Tetrahymena sp. as the primary food organism. It was induced to form resting cysts by crowding in the absence of food in a modified Osterhout solution. Cysts formed in this medium remained viable for several months. The morphology of the cysts and of animals undergoing excystment was studied both in the living state and in stained preparations. The excystment process was recorded by camera lucida drawings. These studies revealed no endomictic nuclear reorganization, and no extrusion of nuclear material as had been previously reported. An analysis of certain chemical and physical factors which affect excystment showed the following: the rate of excystment is temperature controlled; increasing the pH of the excystment medium increases the time required for excystment; in low concentrations some aqueous plant extracts are effective excysting agents; dilute solutions of certain plant acid mixtures neutralized with KOH are likewise effective; a number of organic substances, e.g., Bacto-yeast extract and Bacto-peptone, are also effective; and the presence of bacteria retards the rate of excystment.
Empirical line parameters of methane from 1.1 to 2.1 μm

Abstract To provide line parameters for the near-infrared methane spectrum, 35,306 line positions and intensities at room temperature were retrieved between 6180 and 9200 cm−1, along with 4936 lines between 4800 and 5500 cm−1. For this, laboratory absorption spectra were recorded at 0.010–0.022 cm−1 resolution using the McMath-Pierce Fourier Transform Spectrometer located on Kitt Peak in Arizona. Positions were calibrated using CO transitions at 2.3 and 1.6 μm and H2O lines at 1.9 and 1.3 μm. The minimum line intensity included was 3.7×10−26 cm−1/(molecule cm−2), and the combined sum of the intensities in these two intervals was 7.085×10−20 cm−1/(molecule cm−2) at 296 (±4) K. Quantum assignments from the literature were matched for 1% of the features, and a new methane database was compiled for the near-infrared.
The positional specificity of wheat lipoxygenase; the carboxylic group as signal for the recognition of the site of the hydrogen removal *

A lipoxygenase preparation from wheat caryopses converted linoleic acid to 9-hydroperoxy-10,12(E,Z)-octadecadienoic acid and arachidonic acid to 8-hydroperoxy-5,9,11,14(Z,E,Z,Z,)-eicosatetraenoic acid and 5-hdrperoxy-6,8,11,14(E,Z,Z,Z)-eicosatetraenoic in a ratio of about 7:3. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was examined using various fatty acids with a positional isomerism of the double bonds. Modification of the carboxylic group decreased, and reduction to the corresponding alcohol abolished, the rate of dioxygenetion by wheat lipoxygenase. The results presented suggest that in the case of wheat lipoxygenase the site of the hydrogen removal is determined by the distance from the carboxylic group rather' than from the methyl end of the fatty acid chain.
Section 404 permitting in coastal Texas: a longitudinal analysis of the relationship between peak streamflow and wetland alteration.

As early as the passage of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act the U.S. government has sought to protect the nation’s water resources through regulatory tools. While there has been a large amount of research on wetlands and wetland mitigation, very little is known about the impact of Section 404 permitting on water quantity. This research examines the impact of Section 404 permit types on peak annual streamflow in Coastal Texas from 1996 to 2003. Results of cross-sectional time-series regression analyses indicate that all four permit types have positive and significant effects on peak streamflow. These effects also vary by permit type, with Individual permits having the highest per-permit impact on peak annual flow.
Mutation of pescadillo disrupts oligodendrocyte formation in zebrafish.

BACKGROUND In vertebrates, the myelin sheath is essential for efficient propagation of action potentials along the axon shaft. Oligodendrocytes are the cells of the central nervous system that create myelin sheaths. During embryogenesis, ventral neural tube precursors give rise to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, which divide and migrate throughout the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate mechanisms that regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell formation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS By conducting a mutagenesis screen in transgenic zebrafish, we identified a mutation, designated vu166, by an apparent reduction in the number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the dorsal spinal cord. We subsequently determined that vu166 is an allele of pescadillo, a gene known to play a role in ribosome biogenesis and cell proliferation. We found that pescadillo function is required for both the proper number of oligodendrocyte progenitors to form, by regulating cell cycle progression, and for normal levels of myelin gene expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our data provide evidence that neural precursors require pes function to progress through the cell cycle and produce oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and for oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Pancakes, puzzles, and polynomials: cracking the Cracker Barrel

The Cracker Barrel peg game is a simple, one-player game commonly found on tables at pancake restaurants. In this paper, we consider the computational complexity of the Cracker Barrel problem. We show that a variation of a generalization of the problem is NP-complete.
Diagnosis and staging of pancreatic tumors

o T v UMORS ARISING FROM the pancreas account for only 2% of all cancers, but they epresent the fourth most common cause of cancerelated death. Approximately, 30,700 new cases of ancreatic cancer will be diagnosed in the United tates this year.1 Imaging techniques, crucial to the iagnosis and staging of these tumors, are reiewed in this article. Patients with pancreatic cancer can present with bdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice. Initial valuation is typically done with ultrasound to etermine if there is obstruction in the intrahepatic r the extrahepatic portion of the biliary tree and, if he latter, whether it is intrapancreatic or suprapanreatic.2 Further evaluation can be obtained with omputed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance maging (MRI), endoscopic retrograde cholangioancreatography (ERCP), endoscopic ultrasound, r positron emission tomography (PET).
Religious and Secular Voluntary Participation by Immigrants in Canada: How Trust and Social Networks Affect Decision to Participate

Participation in voluntary associations is an important part of an immigrant’s integration into a host country. This study examines factors that predispose an immigrant’s voluntary involvement in religious and secular organizations compared to non-immigrants (“natives”) in Canada, and how immigrants differ from natives in their voluntary participation. The study results indicate that informal social networks, religious attendance, and level of education positively correlate with the propensity of both immigrants and natives to participate and volunteer in religious and secular organizations. Immigrants who have diverse bridging social networks, speak French and/or English at home, and either attend school or are retired are more likely to participate and volunteer for secular organizations. Further, social trust matters to native Canadians in their decision to engage in religious and secular organizations but not to immigrants. Pride and a sense of belonging, marital status, and the number of children increase the likelihood of secular voluntary participation of natives but not of immigrants. These findings extend the current understanding of immigrant integration and have important implications for volunteer recruitment.
Peak Practices: Englishwomen's “Heroic” Adventures in the Nineteenth-Century American West

Many Englishwomen explored the mountainous regions of the American West in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s, hiking and taking excursions into popular tourist destinations such as the Rocky Mountains and Yosemite Valley. This paper examines the writings of seven women who toured these regions and published accounts of their journeys. These elite international travelers produced a complex array of gendered subjectivities in their writings. They represented themselves as actively “conquering” mountain peaks as well as passively waiting for the men to do it, as fearing danger and fatigue but also ridiculing the incompetency of local male guides, and as “resisting” adventure, yet expressing female empowerment and abandonment in it. The paper problematizes “feminine” codes of behavior, first-wave feminism, and convergence of these within nineteenth-century British imperialism and narratives of adventure, to show how conventional as well as more transgressive discourses of Victorian womanhood worked with imperialist...
Mechanism of the Ni(0)-catalyzed vinylcyclopropane-cyclopentene rearrangement.

A combination of physical organic experiments and quantum chemical calculations were used to construct a detailed mechanistic model for the Ni(0)-N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed vinylcyclopropane−cyclopentene rearrangement that involves a mutistep oxidative addition/haptotropic shift/reductive elimination pathway. No evidence for the intermediacy of radicals or zwitterions was found. The roles of substituents on the vinylcyclopropane substrate and variations in the ligands on Ni were evaluated. It is postulated that bulky carbene ligands facilitate formation of the active catalyst species.
On the interpretation of peak metamorphic temperatures in light of garnet diffusion during cooling

Abstract Finite difference models of Fe-Mg diffusion in garnet undergoing cooling from metamorphic peak conditions are used to infer the significance of temperatures calculated using garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry. For rocks cooled from high grades where the garnet was initially homogeneous, the calculated temperature (Tcalc) using garnet core and matrix biotite depends on the size of the garnet, the ratio of garnet to biotite in the rock (Vgarnet/Vbiotite) and the cooling rate. For garnets with radii of 1 mm and Vgarnet/Vbiotite<1, Tcalc is 633, 700 and 777°C for cooling rates of 1, 10 and 100°C/Ma. For Vgarnet/Vbiotite= 1 and 4 and a cooling rate of 10° C/Ma, Tcalc is approximately 660 and 610° C, respectively. Smaller and larger garnets have lower and higher Tcalc, respectively. These results suggest that peak metamorphic temperatures may be reliably attained from rocks crystallized at conditions below Tcalc of the garnet core, provided that Vgarnet/Vbiotite is sufficiently small (<0.1) and that the composition of the biotite at the metamorphic peak has not been altered during cooling. Numerical experiments on amphibolite facies garnets with nominal peak temperatures of 550–600° C generate a ‘well’in Fe/(Fe + Mg) near the rim during cooling. Maximum calculated temperatures for the assemblage garnet + chlorite + biotite + muscovite + plagioclase + quartz using the Fe/(Fe + Mg) at the bottom of the ‘well’with matrix biotite range from 23–43° C to 5–12° C below the peak metamorphic temperature for cooling rates of 1 and 100° C/Ma, respectively. Maximum calculated temperatures for the assemblage garnet + staurolite + biotite + muscovite + plagioclase + quartz are approximately 70° C below the peak metamorphic temperature and are not strongly dependent on cooling rate. The results of this study indicate that it may be very difficult to calculate peak metamorphic temperatures using garnet-biotite Fe-Mg exchange thermometry on amphibolite facies rocks (Tmax > 550° C) because the rim composition of the garnet, which is required to calculate the peak temperature, is that most easily destroyed by diffusion.
Second harmonic generation imaging microscopy of cellular structure and function

Second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging microscopy is an important emerging technique for biological research, with many advantages over existing one- or two-photon fluorescence techniques. A non-linear phenomenon employing mode-locked Ti:sapphire or fiber-based lasers, SHG results in intrinsic optical sectioning without the need for a confocal aperture. Furthermore, as a second-order process SHG is confined to loci lacking a center of symmetry. Many important structural proteins such as collagen and cellulose show intrinsic SHG, thus providing access to sub-resolution information on symmetry. However, we are particularly interested here in "resonance-enhanced" SHG from styryl dyes. In general SHG is a combination of a true second-order process and a third-order process dependent on a static electric field, such that SHG from membrane-bound dyes depends on a cell's trans-membrane potential. With simultaneous patch-clamping and non-linear imaging of cells, we have found that SHG is a sensitive probe of trans-membrane potential with sensitivities that are up to four times better than those obtained under optimal conditions using one-photon fluorescence imaging. With the sensitivity of SHG to local electric fields from other sources such as the membrane dipole potential as well as the quadratic dependence of SHG on concentration, we have found that SHG imaging of styryl dyes is also a powerful technique for the investigation of lipid phases and rafts and for the visualization of the dynamics of membrane-vesicle fusion following fertilization of an ovum.
The increase in vivo by electric currents of the 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate uptake and cyclic AMP content of the bone of the cat mandible

Abstract Technetium-99-methylene diphosphonate (99mTc-MDP) bone images were obtained from live cats whose mandibles had been stimulated non-invasively and unilaterally with electric current (12 ± 2μA) for 1 week. The images were obtained using a gamma camera interfaced to a digital computer for quantitative comparison of the mandible. Radionuclide uptake by the stimulated sides increased by 59 ± 26 per cent when compared with the contralateral control sites. Immunohistochemical staining of mandibular sections for adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) showed that periosteal osteoblasts opposite the electrodes were intensely stained. Thus 99mTc-MDP scintigraphy is a sensitive non-invasive technique for determining in vivo enhanced bone remodelling activity. The immunohistochemistry indicates that the stimulation of bone cells was limited to surfaces adjacent to both cathode and anode.
Monitoring global change with phenology: The case of the spring green wave

The centuries-old practice of recording plant and animal events that take place at specific times each year (phenology) should play an important role in monitoring mid-latitude global changes. At least three problems related to the detection of biosphere changes could be investigated using this information. Firstly, the technique can be generalized from the local to global scale. Secondly, an integrated approach could be developed to represent biome diversity effectively. Lastly, physical mechanisms responsible for the events can be deduced in order to incorporate the phenological information into global-scale models, and detect changes in related environmental factors. With these goals in mind, regional phenological data collection networks were initiated in eastern North America during the early 1960s, using cloned lilacs and several species of honeysuckle. This paper reviews research projects which address the problems outlined above, using first leaf data (associated with spring green-up or “green wave” in mid-latitudes) gathered from these networks. The results of such studies in North America have demonstrated the potential of phenology as an efficient monitor of global change throughout mid-latitude regions. Future research efforts will concentrate on the development of a coordinated strategy to link phenological information from satellites, indicator plants (such as the lilac), and representative species from each biome.
A Biopsychosocial Model of Normative and Problematic Pediatric Feeding

A comprehensive model is presented that (a) highlights factors that have been implicated in the development and maintenance of feeding problems in both normal and clinical populations; and (b) provides a framework for the prevention, management, and treatment of feeding problems across the range of physically healthy children to children with acute and chronic illnesses. Relevant literatures and feeding models were synthesized to present a comprehensive unified biopsychosocial model that may aid in the prediction and synthesis of information about feeding and eating in both normal and clinical populations and provide a framework for interdisciplinary research and intervention.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Violence, Elections, and Party Politics

At a White House banquet held in his honor in March 1954, Winston Churchill observed that it was better to “jaw-jaw” than “war-war.” In the Cold War atmosphere of the time (Stalin had died the prev...
Investigating self-cooling effects of ventilated attics under different roof and ambient temperatures in summer

An unsteady computational fluid dynamics model is employed to simulate summer-time buoyancy-driven turbulent ventilation in gable-roof attics of residential buildings. The energy performance of vented attics is assessed by comparing their performance to sealed attics with the same geometry and insulation configurations. The simulated boundary conditions of the roof-top temperature ranging between 295.15 K and 345.15 K, coupled with an ambient temperature ranging between 295.15 K and 315.15 K, resemble the summer attic conditions with effects of solar irradiance on the roofs. Simulation results indicate that both the vented and sealed attics are dominated by thermal stratification. The cooling load of the sealed attic is predicted to be about 3 times greater than that of the vented attic for a roof-top temperature of 345.15 K and an ambient temperature of 305.15 K. Both the cooling load and ventilating air flow rate of the vented attic are sensitive to the ambient temperature variation.
Separation of aromatic hydrocarbons by gas chromatography

Summary Various compounds were tested as stationary phases for the separation of xylene isomers by gas chromatography. Both 1,8-diaminonaphthalene and m -phenylene-diamine were found to give good separations. A number of other compounds were found which gave some separation. All of the compounds known which give good separations of the m - and p -xylenes, such as phenanthrene, 7:8-benzoquinoline, 1,8-diaminonaphthalene, and m -phenylenediamine, appear to function by preferential repulsion of the p -xylene. This repulsion is attributed to an interaction between he π-electrons of the stationary phase and those of the p -xylene.
Identification of infectious virions which are vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes of murine type C virus.

Abstract Infectious virus, bearing the genome of a type C virus, Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (MSV), and coat protein (or proteins) of the rhabodovirus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), has been identified in harvests of cells exogenously infected with and producing MSV and VSV. This new pseudotype virus has focus-forming activity, and transformed foci, induced by it, contain a rescuable, functionally intact, MSV genome.
Gene silencing in adipose tissue macrophages regulates whole-body metabolism in obese mice

Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and infiltration by macrophages is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obese humans, offering a potential target for therapeutics. However, whether AT macrophages (ATMs) directly contribute to systemic glucose intolerance has not been determined. The reason is the lack of methods to ablate inflammatory genes expressed in macrophages specifically localized within AT depots, leaving macrophages in other tissues unaffected. Here we report that i.p. administration of siRNA encapsulated by glucan shells in obese mice selectively silences genes in epididymal ATMs, whereas macrophages within lung, spleen, kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, subcutaneous (SubQ) adipose, and liver are not targeted. Such administration of GeRPs to silence the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α or osteopontin in epididymal ATMs of obese mice caused significant improvement in glucose tolerance. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cytokines produced by ATMs can exacerbate whole-body glucose intolerance.
Stimulation of Na+,K+-ATPase of isolated smooth muscle membranes by the Ca2+ channel inhibitors, nimodipine and nitrendipine

Abstract Nimodipine (0.015 to 1.5 μM) increased Na + , K + -ATPase activity by 70–120% in isolated smooth muscle membranes. At 0.015 μM, nitrendipine, but not nifedipine, verapamil or diltiazem, also activated this enzyme. Nimodipine stimulated this Na + , K + ATPase three times more than nitrendipine at 15 nM. Marked stimulation of Na + ,K + -ATPase by nimopidine was seen in membranes from rat and guinea pig aorta and rat vas deferens, but not in membranes from guinea pig heart or brain. Although it is not known whether these results are applicable to intact cells, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that vasodilation produced by nimodipine and nitrendipine may be due not only to inhibition of Ca 2+ entry but also to the stimulation of the Na − pump.
Legacy, location, and labor: Accounting for racial differences in postbellum cotton production

Abstract Many postbellum southern farms specialized in cotton, but black-operated farms planted much larger shares of cotton than white-operated farms. This paper tests various explanations for the pattern of specialization using 1879 farm-specific data. We find that the cross-sectional racial variation in cotton share is largely explained by location and on-farm labor supply conditions, consequences of the legacy of slavery, rather than debt constraints.
The role of growth hormone-releasing factor and somatostatin on somatic growth in rats.

The role of GH-releasing factor (GRF) in regulating somatic growth was studied in rats by passively immunizing animals with antisera raised against rat GRF. GRF antiserum (GRF-ab) treatment significantly inhibited the normal increase in body weight observed in both young male and female rats. Similar studies conducted in neonatal rats (days 1–23 of age) also demonstrated that GRF is critical in regulating neonatal growth. The biological half-life of the GRF-ab was determined to be between 2.5 and 3.5 days in these animals. The effects of GRF-ab and somatostatin antiserum (SRIF-ab) treatment on serum GH concentrations were also studied in neonatal rats. Between 1 and 20 days of age, GRF-ab treatment significantly decreased serum GH concentrations compared to those in control animals. From days 1–10 of age, SRIF-ab treatment had no effect on GH concentrations, whereas on days 15 and 20 of age, SRIF-ab treatment significantly increased GH concentrations. The results demonstrate that hypothalamic GRF is criti...
Magnetic properties of the intermetallic compound PrAg

Abstract The field and temperature dependences of the magnetization of PrAg are found to be those of an antiferromagnet whose Neel point is ∼11°K and which undergoes a spin-flop transition at a critical field of ∼5 kOe, as confirmed by high-field neutron diffraction measurements. Preliminary comparisons are made with properties calculated from crystal-field theory.
Unstable angina pectoris: A randomized study of patients treated medically and surgically

Abstract Fifty patients with the clinical syndrome of unstable angina pectoris were evaluated. Twenty-seven were randomized into medical or surgical treatment groups and subsequently followed up. The results of the study reveal that: (1) there is approximately a 16 percent incidence rate of significant left main coronary artery disease in patients with this entity at our institution; (2) 10 percent of patients do not have angiographically significant coronary artery disease; (3) pain relief is better in the surgically treated patients, but the 1 1 2 year survival rate is not significantly different between the groups; (4) 50 percent of the medically treated patients again had the syndrome of unstable angina pectoris in the initial few months of the follow-up period; (5) the operative and late postoperative mortality rate in patients presenting with unstable angina pectoris and left main coronary artery disease in this small group of patients was 43 percent; and (6) four of six patients with this syndrome whose condition was deemed inoperable and who were not randomized died within the subsequent few months.
Note on “Maximizing Insurance Buyers' Utility”

In an article entitled “Maximizing Insurance Buyers' Utility” Management Science, February 1968, Morris Hamburg and William Matlack obtained results which suggested that-under certain rather stringent assumptions about an individual's utility function, the probability distribution of the possible losses he is exposed to, and the mechanism that determines the cost of insurance---not only is it advantageous for him to buy insurance, but the more insurance he buys i.e., the higher he sets his liability limit the more advantageous it becomes. On the surface it might appear that this intuitively appealing1 result should be true under less stringent conditions regarding the individual's utility function, and possibly that it might be true for concave utility in general. The purpose of this note is to show that not only is it not true in general for concave utility, it is not even true necessarily for the case considered by Hamburg and Matlack if the individual's total asset position, and the utility he assigns to total assets, is taken into consideration.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HEAVY RESIDUA BY APPLICATION OF A MODIFIED D 2007 AND ASPHALTENE SEPARATION: EFFECT OF SOLVENTS ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF FRACTIONS DERIVED FROM HONDO 850°F RESIDOOM

ABSTRACT Hondo 850 °F residuum was separated into saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene fractions by a modified D 2007 and asphaltene separation. Two different asphaltene precipitation solvents were used — isooctane and heptane — and differences in selected physical and chemical properties of the derived fractions were compared. The principal difference in the use of the two solvents was weight recovery after the separation. Isooctane yielded good recovery, while heptane exhibited poor recovery. Isooctane precipitated substantially more asphaltenes, as predicted from the solubility parameters of the two solvents. The metals concentrations in the fractions were comparable for each solvent — no metals in the saturate and aromatic fractions, approximately 300 and 1500 ppm Ni + V in the resin and asphaltene fractions respectively. The relative distribution was also similar for both solvents, with the highest percentage coming from the asphaltenes.
Increases in Levels of Epoxyeicosatrienoic and Dihydroxyeicosatrienoic Acids (EETs and DHETs) in Liver and Heart In Vivo by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and in Hepatic EET:DHET Ratios by Cotreatment with TCDD and the Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor AUDA

The environmental toxin and carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, dioxin) binds and activates the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), inducing CYP1 family cytochrome P450 enzymes. CYP1A2 and its avian ortholog CYP1A5 are highly active arachidonic acid epoxygenases. Epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and selected monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs). EETs can be further metabolized by epoxide hydrolases to dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). As P450–arachidonic acid metabolites affect vasoregulation, responses to ischemia, inflammation, and metabolic disorders, identification of their production in vivo is needed to understand their contribution to biologic effects of TCDD and other AHR activators. Here we report use of an acetonitrile-based extraction procedure that markedly increased the yield of arachidonic acid products by lipidomic analysis over a standard solid-phase extraction protocol. We show that TCDD increased all four EETs (5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-), their corresponding DHETs, and 18- and 20-HETE in liver in vivo and increased 5,6-EET, the four DHETs, and 18-HETE in heart, in a chick embryo model. As the chick embryo heart lacks arachidonic acid–metabolizing activity, the latter findings suggest that arachidonic acid metabolites may travel from their site of production to a distal organ, i.e., heart. To determine if the TCDD–arachidonic acid–metabolite profile could be altered pharmacologically, chick embryos were treated with TCDD and the soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA). Cotreatment with AUDA increased hepatic EET-to-DHET ratios, indicating that the in vivo profile of P450–arachidonic acid metabolites can be modified for potential therapeutic intervention.
Addressing Literacy Effective Methods for Reading Instruction

As speech—language pathologists work more directly and in concert with educators to address reading problems in school-age children with language-based learning disabilities (LLD), knowledge of cur...
Endocyclic Enamine Synthesis: N‐Methyl‐2‐Phenyl‐Δ2‐Tetrahydropyridine

Endocyclic enamine synthesis: N-methyl-2-phenyl-Δ2-tetrahydropyridine intermediate: N-(α-Methylbenzylidene)methylamine intermediate: N-Methyl-2-phenyl-Δ2-tetrahydropyridine Keywords: alkylation, C-alkylation; annulation, heterocyclic-[6]; cyclization, condensation; enamine or imine formation; 1-bromo-3-chloropropane; diisopropylamine; lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), preparation of; tetrahydrofuran; titanium tetrachloride, solution in hexane
Simultaneous ranking, selection and multiple comparisons for simulation

We present three experiment design and analysis procedures that simultaneously provide indifference-zone selection and multiple-comparison inference for choosing the best among k systems. One procedure is appropriate when the systems are simulated independently; the other two are appropriate in conjunction with common random numbers. All are easy to apply. We illustrate all three procedures with a numerical example.
Selecting informative genes from microarray dataset by incorporating gene ontology

Selecting informative genes from microarray experiments is one of the most important data analysis steps for deciphering biological information imbedded in such experiments. However, due to the characteristics of microarray technology and the underlying biology, namely large number of genes and limited number of samples, the statistical soundness of gene selection algorithm becomes questionable. One major problem is the high false discover rate. Microarray experiment is only one facet of current knowledge of the biological system under study. In this paper, we propose to alleviate this high false discover rate problem by integrating domain knowledge into the gene selection process. Gene ontology represents a controlled biological vocabulary and a repository of computable biological knowledge. It is shown in the literature that gene ontology-based similarities between genes carry significant information of the functional relationships. Integration of such domain knowledge into gene selection algorithms enables us to remove noisy genes intelligently. We propose an add-on algorithm applied to any single gene-based discriminative scores integrating domain knowledge from gene ontology annotation. Preliminary experiments are performed on publicly available colon cancer dataset to demonstrate the utility of the integration of domain knowledge for the purpose of gene selection. Our experiments show interesting results.
A reduction theorem for the unitary dual of U ( p , q )

This paper investigates the unitary dual of the groups U(p, q), in particular the spherical case.
Nanowire Transistor Performance Limits and Applications

Semiconductor nanowires represent unique materials for exploring phenomena at the nanoscale. Developments in nanowire growth have led to the demonstration of a wide range of nanowire materials with precise control of composition, morphology, and electrical properties, and it is believed that this excellent control together with small channel size could yield device performance exceeding that obtained using top-down techniques. Here, we review advances in chemically synthesized semiconductor nanowires as nanoelectronic devices. We first introduce basic nanowire field-effect transistor structures and review results obtained from both p- and n-channel homogeneous composition nanowires. Second, we describe nanowire heterostructures, show that by using nanowire heterostructures, several limiting factors in homogeneous nanowire devices can be mitigated, and demonstrate that nanowire transistor performance can reach the ballistic limit and exceed state-of-the-art planar devices. Third, we discuss basic methods for organization of nanowires necessary for fabricating arrays of device and circuits. Fourth, we introduce the concept of crossbar nanowire circuits, discuss results for both transistor and nonvolatile switch devices, and describe unique approaches for multiplexing/demultiplexing enabled by synthetically coded nanowire. Fifth, we discuss the unique application of thin-film nanowire transistor arrays on low-cost substrates and illustrate this with results for relatively high-frequency ring oscillators and completely transparent device arrays. Finally, we describe 3-D heterogeneous integration that is uniquely enabled by multifunctional nanowires within a bottom-up approach.
Execution generated test cases: how to make systems code crash itself

This paper presents a technique that uses code to automatically generate its own test cases at run time by using a combination of symbolic and concrete (i.e regular) execution The input values to a program (or software component) provide the standard interface of any testing framework with the program it is testing and generating input values that will explore all the “interesting” behavior in the tested program remains an important open problem in software testing research. Our approach works by turning the problem on its head: we lazily generate from within the program itself the input values to the program (and values derived from input values) as needed. We applied the technique to real code and found numerous corner case errors ranging from simple memory overflows and infinite loops to subtle issues in the interpretation of language standards.
Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis: Past, Present, and Future

The presence of fetal cells in the maternal circulation was first noted by Georg Schmorl when he documented the presence of multinucleated syncytial giant cells of placental origin in the lung tissue of women who had died from complications of eclampsia. In the intervening century, advances in cellular and molecular biology further elucidated both the physiology and pathophysiology of communication within the fetomaternal unit. This concept is at the foundation of the rapidly expanding field of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. However, the clinical utility of this phenomenon had been limited until the presence of cell-free fetal DNA circulating in the maternal plasma was reported in 1997 and fetal messenger RNA was demonstrated to circulate in the maternal plasma in 2000. These circulating nucleic acids are found free-floating in the maternal plasma, unencumbered by a surrounding fetal cell. The analysis of these 3 fetal markers (fetal cells, cell-free fetal DNA, and fetal messenger RNA) for diagnostic and screening purposes is now being developed. The scope of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis is not limited to only the diagnosis of fetal genetic traits and aneuploidies. Recently, researchers have focused their investigations on the role of cell-free fetal DNA and fetal messenger RNA in preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm labor. These biomarkers, the result of inherent placental dysfunction or the byproducts of placental trophoblastic apoptosis, may allow for improvements in the diagnosis and management of high-risk pregnancies.
The Effect Of Familiarity On The Comprehensibility Of Nonnative Speech

This study reports on data collected to investigate the effect of various types of familiarity on native speaker comprehension of nonnative speaker speech. We discuss the effects of familiarity with topic, familiarity with nonnative speech in general, familiarity with a nonnative accent in particular, and familiarity with a particular nonnative. Our results indicate that while the most important of these variables is familiarity with topic, the other variables all have a facilitating effect on comprehension. We discuss these findings as they relate to more general notions of comprehensibility. We also say of some people that they are transparent to us. It is, however, important as regards this observation that one human being can be a complete enigma to another. We learn this when we come into a strange country with entirely strange traditions; and, what is more, even given a mastery of the country's language. We do not understand the people. If a lion could talk, we could not understand him. —Ludwig Wittgenstein
Electron dynamics in one-dimensional double layers

By numerical simulations, the dynamical behaviour of the electrons in one-dimensional double layers is studied. The simulation results show that at least one third of the electrons emitted at the low-potential boundary of the simulation system are reflected back before passing through the double layers. Such reflexion is due to (i) quasi-linear or nonlinear scattering by plasma oscillations and (ii) ambipolar potentials observed around the potential front of the localized double layer. The whole temporal evolution of the localized double layers are also presented. In particular, we attempt to explain the steepening and collapsing of the localized double layers in terms of the formula for the double-layer thickness.
Two-level dynamic stochastic optimal power flow control for power systems with intermittent renewable generation

High penetration of intermittent renewable energy imposes new challenges to the operation and control of power systems. Power system security needs to be ensured dynamically as the system operating condition continuously changes. The dynamic stochastic optimal power flow (DSOPF) control algorithm using the Adaptive Critic Designs (ACDs) has shown promising dynamic power flow control capability and has been demonstrated in a small system. To further investigate the potential of the DSOPF control algorithm for large power systems, a 70-bus test power system with different generation resources, including large wind plants, is developed. A two-level DSOPF control scheme is proposed in this paper to scale up the DSOPF algorithm for this 70-bus system. The lower-level area DSOPF controllers control their own area power network. The top-level global DSOPF controller coordinates the area controllers by adjusting the inter-area tie-line flows. This two-level architecture distributes the control and computation burden to multiple area DSOPF controllers, and reduces the training difficulty for implementing the DSOPF control for a large power network. Simulation studies on the 70-bus power system with large wind variation are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-level DSOPF control scheme.
Papilloedema secondary to otitic hydrocephalus

Otitic hydrocephalus was described by Sir Charles P Symonds upon his observation of intracranial hypertension occurring after otitis media with no clinical or serological evidence of meningeal inflammation.1 In 1936, Ersner and Meyers proposed its pathophysiology to be the obliteration of the lateral cerebral sinus.2 The introduction of antibiotics in the modern era has made the disease and its sequelae a rare phenomenon.3 A case of otitic hydrocephalus in a child, resulting in papilloedema with visual loss, is described. A 5 year old female presented with pansinusitis, bilateral mastoiditis, and thrombosis of the right lateral sinus demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and venography (fig 1A). Medical history was insignificant. Cerebral …
Letting negative polarity alone for let alone

One of the core questions in the literature on polarity sensitivity is what Ladusaw (1996: 326) calls the Status Question: ‘[W]hat is the theoretical status of a structure containing an unlicensed polarity item?’ The traditional answer has been that, when a polarity item does not cooccur with an appropriate licensor, as with the classic negative polarity item any in (1b), the result is ungrammaticality — the sentence is either syntactically or semantically ill-formed. (For now, I use the asterisk as a general mark of unacceptability; a larger dossier of judgment marks will be introduced in §5.)
Full multinuclear resonance analysis of 4-amino-1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane.

The complete assignment of 19F, 1H and 13C NMR spectra for a monosubstituted octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane derivative is described for the first time. The unambiguous assignments were achieved through the combination of 19F1H HOESY, 1H COSY and 19F COSY techniques and then further confirmed employing a complementary approach using a Karplus-dependent 3JCF interaction. Interesting aspects of the coupling patterns for various JHH, JHF, JCF and JFF interactions are also discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are higher order radiation boundary conditions more accurate

Radiation boundary conditions are used to terminate the computational region in a differential-equation-based calculation of electromagnetic fields. Rigorous mathematical results describe the order of accuracy of several of these approximations as the boundary is moved towards infinity (for a fixed region containing the scatterer and/or sources). Practical interest centers on their use as close as possible to the scatterer and/for sources. Although increasing the order of the boundary conditions can generally be proven to increase accuracy when applied near infinity, some examples are given illustrating that the opposite may be true close in. Thus, one cannot always simply go to higher order boundary conditions to obtain accurate results. >
Depletion of Cd4+ T Cells Causes Reactivation of Murine Persistent Tuberculosis despite Continued Expression of Interferon γ and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2

Tuberculosis is a major cause of death in much of the world. Current estimates are that one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most infected persons control the infection but in many cases may not eliminate the organism. Reactivation of this clinically latent infection is responsible for a large proportion of active tuberculosis cases. A major risk factor for reactivation of latent tuberculosis is HIV infection, suggesting a role for the CD4+ T cell subset in maintaining the latent persistent infection. In this study, we tested the requirement for CD4+ T cells in preventing reactivation in a murine model of latent tuberculosis. Antibody-mediated depletion of CD4+ T cells resulted in rapid reactivation of a persistent infection, with dramatically increased bacterial numbers in the organs, increased pathology in the lungs, and decreased survival. Although CD4+ T cells are believed to be a major source of interferon (IFN)-γ, expression of the gene for IFN-γ in the lungs of CD4+ T cell–depleted mice was similar to that in control mice. In addition, inducible nitric oxide synthase production and activity was unimpaired after CD4+ T cell depletion, indicating that macrophage activation was present even during CD4+ T cell deficiency. These data indicate that CD4+ T cells are necessary to prevent reactivation but may have roles in addition to IFN-γ production and macrophage activation in controlling a persistent tuberculous infection.
Spectral purity of acoustic resonator oscillators

The spectral purity of state-of-the-art oscillators that use acoustic resonators in the frequency range of 5 to 500 MHz is surveyed, with the primary emphasis placed on oscillators that use bulk acoustic wave and surface acoustic wave devices on single crystal quartz. The phase noise characteristics of low-noise oscillators are analyzed in the context of Leeson's model of feedback oscillator phase noise, and particular attention is given to flicker frequency noise levels and white phase noise floors. Procedures and methods for reducing phase noise levels are discussed along with an analysis of reported attempts to obtain improved spectral purity. >