cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Problems with Hypothetical-Deductive Explanation

Vollmer has written an interesting paper encompassing several issues that need more consideration by all of us in psychology. I especially like his suggestion that our psyche extends into what we say and do, reaching beyond our strictly individual realm of mentation and being reflected within a patterned context. I think that psychologists would profit from considering the logos or patterned context of behavior on the basis of which we human beings frame the rationales (reasons, grounds) for our behavior. Sometimes the context per se takes on a meaning that the person must accommodate even though he or she did not personally initiate such significations. This is especially true in the social realm. In this sense I think it is correct to say that at times we are “being thought” through the contextual influence of others’ cogitations as well as doing our own thinking. There is a logic transcending the person that cannot be overlooked. At least some of what Jung (1953, pp. 149, 155) meant by the collective conscious (persona) and/or unconscious relates to some such contextual meaning formulation.
Symptom-Based Trials of Intravenous rt-PA in Acute Stroke

As thrombolytic therapy developed as a potential intervention for acute ischemic stroke during the 1980s, early clinical investigation depended upon pretreatment cerebral arteriography [5]. The pathologic cerebral anatomy was first defined, and then thrombolytic therapy could be administered selectively to the site of thrombosis via the intra-arterial route [3, 6, 11]. These intra-arterial thrombolytic interventions, carried out with the benefit of computed tomographic (CT) scanning to exclude hemorrhagic stroke, demonstrated the feasibility of cerebral arterial clot lysis. Several thrombolytic agents administered in a variety of doses [3–6, 11–13] were shown to accomplish partial or complete arterial recanalization in the setting of acute cerebral embolism or thrombosis.
Regulations, institutional quality and entrepreneurship

This paper examines the impact of startup regulations and institutional quality on the level of new business activity in a panel of 119 countries between 2001 and 2012. We find robust evidence that new business creation is significantly lower in countries with excessive barriers to entry, a lack of high-quality governmental institutions, or both. Specifically, increasing by one, the number of steps required to start a new business, reduces entrepreneurial activity between 3 and 7%. Furthermore, a one standard deviation increase in the overall average level of institutional quality is associated with a 34% increase in new business activity.
Work–Family Conflict and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: Moderating Role of Regulatory Focus and Mediating Role of Affect

Evidence suggests work–family conflict can lead to numerous negative consequences in the workplace, including behaviors detrimental to the organization and its members, such as counterproductive wo...
Genetic Ancestry Testing

From the large public interest in genealogy to academic research in human genetic diversity, genetic ancestry testing is a developing area that requires attention to interpretation of data and the ethical involvement of people and human populations. This article reviews the important definitions in genetic ancestry testing, ethical considerations in the uses of genetic ancestry testing, large-scale projects (including commercial ventures) that use the technology, and finally the limitations that have to be considered in uses of the tests.
Co-occurrence of Sensory Overresponsivity with Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Childhood and Early Adolescence.

OBJECTIVE Sensory overresponsivity (SOR) is characterized by challenges in integrating and responding to everyday sensory experiences. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by intrusive thoughts, ritualistic behaviors, and sensory phenomena. There is some evidence that individuals with co-occurring symptoms of SOR and OCD experience more severe anxiety than those with symptoms of OCD alone, but most studies employed small numbers of participants (typically with an OCD diagnosis) assessed at a single time point. Our 2-fold objective was to replicate previous research showing an association between OCD symptoms and SOR symptoms concurrently and to extend these analyses longitudinally in a large, birth-register-based sample. METHOD Twins (N = 1613) and their primary caregivers participated in a multimodal, multimethod, longitudinal study. Primary caregivers completed the SOR inventory for their offspring at the age of 8 years, and twins completed the adult sensory profile at the age of 13 years. Parents completed the OCD module of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV when twins were 8 years; twins completed the same module at 13 years. Linear regression models tested for the concurrent and longitudinal associations between SOR and OCD controlling for socioeconomic status. RESULTS Concurrently, participants' likelihood of exhibiting OCD symptoms increased with each symptom of tactile or auditory overresponsivity at 8 years and 13 years (odds ratio = 1.1-2.7). However, SOR measured at age 8 years was unrelated to adolescent OCD symptoms at 13 years and vice versa. CONCLUSION SOR symptoms, although significantly related to concurrent OCD symptoms, do not appear to precede OCD symptoms, suggesting that SOR symptoms may reflect another type of OCD sensory phenomenon rather than a comorbid condition.
The New Highwayman: Enforcement of U.S. Patents on Cannabis Products

Under a long line of authorities going back to The Highwayman’s Case in 1725, the illegality of the use, possession, and distribution of these products probably creates an insurmountable barrier to the enforcement of most patents that claim Cannabis products or their use. This means that, with respect to the Cannabis industry, the U.S. patent system is unlikely to play its customary roles of incentivizing innovation and encouraging investment.
Combat and Trajectories of Physical Health Functioning in U.S. Service Members.

Introduction Previous research has demonstrated that different forms of mental health trajectories can be observed in service members, and that these trajectories are related to combat. However, limited research has examined this phenomenon in relation to physical health. This study aims to determine how combat exposure relates to trajectories of physical health functioning in U.S. service members. Methods This study included 11,950 Millennium Cohort Study participants who had an index deployment between 2001 and 2005. Self-reported physical health functioning was obtained 5 times between 2001 and 2016 (analyzed in 2017), and latent growth mixture modeling was used to identify longitudinal trajectories from these assessments. Differences in the shape and prevalence of physical health functioning trajectories were investigated in relation to participants’ self-reported combat exposure over the index deployment. Results Five physical health functioning trajectories were identified (high-stable, delayed-declining, worsening, improving-worsening, and low-stable). Combat exposure did not influence the shape of trajectories (p=0.12) but did influence trajectory membership. Relative to personnel not exposed to combat, participants reporting combat exposure were more likely to be in the delayed-declining, worsening, and low-stable classes and less likely to be in the high-stable class. However, the high-stable class (i.e., the most optimal class) was the most common trajectory class among not exposed (73.0%) and combat-exposed (64.5%) personnel. Conclusions Combat exposure during military deployment is associated with poorer physical health functioning trajectories spanning more than a decade of follow-up. However, even when exposed to combat, consistently high physical health functioning is the modal response.
Recyclable Adsorbents Based on Ceria Nanostructures on Mesoporous Silica Beads for the Removal and Recovery of Phosphate from Eutrophic Waters

While phosphorus (P) is an essential nonrenewable resource and a key nutrient for agricultural production, its excessive accumulation in the environment can cause overgrowth of water plants and alg...
Factors Affecting Employment After Burn Injury in the United States: A Burn Model System National Database Investigation.

Abstract Objective To investigate the effect of patient and injury characteristics on employment for working-age, adult survivors of burn injury using the multicenter Burn Model System national database. Design Longitudinal survey. Setting Multicenter regional burn centers. Participants Adult burn survivors (N=967) age≥18 years with known employment status prior to injury were included in the analysis at 12 months after injury. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Employment status at 12 months after injury. Results The analyses determined that those employed preinjury had higher odds of being employed (odds ratio [OR]=8.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.9-13.1). White, non-Hispanic individuals were also more likely to be employed (OR=1.49; 95% CI, 1.0-2.1). Older individuals, females, those with longer hospitalizations, amputation during the acute hospitalization, and those with high pain interference at hospital discharge had lower odds of working after injury. Preinjury living situation, preinjury alcohol and drug misuse, number of acute operations and burn size (total body surface area, %) were not significant predictors of employment status at 12 months after burn injury. Conclusion Preinjury employment remains the most significant predictor for postburn employment. Although past reports have focused on predictors for postburn employment, we believe that we need to seek greater understanding of modifiable risk factors for unemployment and examine issues related to work retention, performance, accommodations, and career trajectories for the working-age survivor of burn injury.
Considerations for transferring an operational dynamic ocean management tool between ocean color products

Abstract Satellite remote sensing data are critical for assessing ecosystem state and evaluating long-term trends and shifts in ecosystem components. Many operational tools rely on continuous streams of remote sensing data, and when a satellite sensor reaches the end of its designed lifespan, these tools must be transferred to a more reliable data stream. Transferring between data streams can produce discontinuities in tool products, and it is important to quantify these downstream impacts and understand the mechanisms that cause discontinuity. To illustrate the complexities of tool transfer, we compare five products for ocean chlorophyll-a, which is a proxy for phytoplankton biomass and an important input for tools that monitor marine biophysical processes. The five chlorophyll-a products included three blended products and two single sensor products from MODIS and VIIRS. We explored the downstream impacts of tool transfer using EcoCast: an operational dynamic ocean management tool that combines real-time predictions from target and bycatch species distribution models to produce integrated surfaces of fishing suitability. EcoCast was operationalized using MODIS chlorophyll-a, and we quantify the impacts of transferring to the intended replacement of MODIS, VIIRS, and test if impacts can be minimized by using a blended chlorophyll-a product instead. Differences between chlorophyll products did not linearly propagate through to the species model predictions and the integrated fishing suitability surfaces. Instead, differences in species model predictions were determined by the shape of chlorophyll-a response curves in the species models relative to chlorophyll-a differences between sensors. However, differences in the integrated fishing suitability surfaces were reduced by canceling of differences from individual species model predictions. Differences in the integrated fishing suitability surfaces were not reduced by transferring to a blended product, highlighting the complexity of transferring operational tools between different remote sensing data products. These results contribute to our general understanding of the mechanisms by which transferring between data streams impacts downstream products. To aid decision-making regarding tool transfer, we developed an interactive web application that allows end-users to explore differences in chlorophyll products within times period and regions of interest.
Converting White Christian Congregations to Sites of Anti-racism:

This paper uses the idea of the hidden curriculum to discuss how predominantly White Christian Organizations (PWCOs) teach about race. By introducing multicultural education into PWCOs, they have t...
Identifying functional metabolic shifts in heart failure with the integration of omics data and a cardiomyocyte-specific, genome-scale model

Summary The heart is a metabolic omnivore, known to consume many different carbon substrates in order to maintain function. In diseased states, the heart’s metabolism can shift between different carbon substrates; however, there is some disagreement in the field as to the metabolic shifts seen in end-stage heart failure and whether all heart failure converges to a common metabolic phenotype. Here, we present a new, validated cardiomyocyte-specific GEnome-scale metabolic Network REconstruction (GENRE), iCardio, and use the model to identify common shifts in metabolic functions across heart failure omics datasets. We demonstrate the utility of iCardio in interpreting heart failure gene expression data by identifying Tasks Inferred from Differential Expression (TIDEs) which represent metabolic functions associated with changes in gene expression. We identify decreased NO and Neu5Ac synthesis as common metabolic markers of heart failure across datasets. Further, we highlight the differences in metabolic functions seen across studies, further highlighting the complexity of heart failure. The methods presented for constructing a tissue-specific model and identifying TIDEs can be extended to multiple tissue and diseases of interest.
Systems of Difference Equations with Constant Coefficients

The reader will recall that the second-order difference equation $${{a}_{0}}{{y}_{t}} + {{a}_{1}}{{y}_{{t + 1}}} + {{a}_{2}}{{y}_{{t + 2}}} = g(t + 2),$$ (78) where y t is the scalar dependent variable, the a h i = 0,1,2, are the (constant) coefficients, and g(t) is the real-valued “forcing function,” is soived in two steps. First we consider the homogeneous part $${{a}_{0}}{{y}_{t}} + {{a}_{1}}{{y}_{{t + 1}}} + {{a}_{2}}{{y}_{{t + 2}}} = 0,$$ and find the most general form of its solution, called the general solution to the homogeneous part. Then we find just one solution to the equation in (78), called the particular solution. The sum of the general solution to the homogeneous part and the particular solution is said to be the general solution to the equation. What is meant by the “general solution,” denoted, say, by yf*, is that y* satisfies (78) and that it can be made to satisfy any prespecified set of “initial conditions.” To appreciate this aspect rewrite (78) as $${{y}_{{t + 2}}} = \bar{g}(t + 2) + {{\bar{a}}_{1}}{{y}_{{1 + 1}}} + {{\bar{a}}_{0}}{{y}_{t}},$$ (79) where, assuming a 2 ≠ 0, $$\bar{g}\left( {t + 2} \right) = \frac{1}{{{{a}_{2}}}}g\left( {t + 2} \right),\quad {{\bar{a}}_{1}} = \frac{{{{a}_{1}}}}{{{{a}_{2}}}},\quad {{\bar{a}}_{0}} = \frac{{{{a}_{0}}}}{{{{a}_{2}}}}.$$
Group-specific 16S rRNA hybridization probes to describe natural communities of methanogens

Eight oligonucleotides which are complementary to conserved tracts of 16S rRNA from phylogenetically defined groups of methanogens were designed and characterized for use as hybridization probes for studies in environmental and determinative microbiology. The target-group specificity and temperature of dissociation for each probe were characterized. In general, the probes were very specific for the target methanogens and did not hybridize to the rRNAs of nontarget methanogens. Together, the eight probes circumscribe methanogens now represented in pure culture (with the exception of members of the family Methanothermaceae). Three probes are order specific; two identify members of the order Methanobacteriales, and one is specific for the order Methanococcales. The fourth probe encompasses three families belonging to the order Methanomicrobiales, the third order within the current classification. The fifth probe is specific for the remaining family within this order (Methanosarcinaceae). Three additional probes encompass different genera within the Methanosarcinaceae.
Lyapunov based nonlinear control of TCSC system

This paper presents a nonlinear controller for TCSC system. The controller based on nonlinear model, is derived using Lyapunov technique. Based on the work of [1], we will propose a new controller that has better performances. Stability analysis as well as simulation results will show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
On the Complexity of VLSI-Friendly Neural Networks for Classification Problems

This paper presents some complexity results for the specific case of a VLSI friendly neural network used in classification problems. A VLSI-friendly neural network is a neural network using exclusively integer weights in a narrow interval. The results presented here give updated worst-case lower bounds for the number of weights used by the network. It is shown that the number of weights can be lower bounded by an expression calculated using parameters depending exclusively on the problem (the minimum distance between patterns of opposite classes, the maximum distance between any patterns, the number of patterns and the number of dimensions). The theoretical approach is used to calculate the necessary weight range, a lower bound for the number of bits necessary to solve the problem in the worst case and the necessary number of weights for several problems. Then, a constructive algorithm using limited precision integer weights is used to construct and train neural networks for the same problems. The experimental values obtained are then compared with the theoretical values calculated. The comparison shows that the necessary weight precision can be estimated accurately using the given approach. However, the estimated numbers of weights are in general larger than the values obtained experimentally.
Proactive assistive technology: an empirical study

This paper analyzes the problem of evaluating elderly people's perception of assistive robots and domotic environments. Specifically, we focus on aspects related to the modalities in which interaction can occur between an elder user and an assistive robotic agent. Our work benefits from the products of project ROBOCARE, namely, a domestic environment in which sensors, intelligent software components and a domestic robot provide a set of cognitive support services for the elder user. This paper analyzes a number of evaluation criteria in detail, specifically related to the robot's aspect, the way in which it communicates with the user, and the perceived usefulness of its support services. Among these criteria, the paper proposes and reports an evaluation of the Proactive interaction modality (where the system takes the initiative) and On-demand interaction (in which the user explicitly requests a service). Users evaluate the On-demand support services in personal safety scenarios as particularly useful, and less so in scenarios which are not critical. The paper also provides a discussion which can be useful for the design of future assistive agents and robotic companions.
High‐pressure optical study of bromine‐doped single‐walled carbon nanotube films

We present a high-pressure optical spectroscopy study on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) doped with bromine using nitrogen as pressure transmitting medium. Bromine-doped SWCNTs (Br-SWCNTs) with different doping levels were prepared by the gas phase method and characterized by optical and Raman spectroscopy. The absorption and Raman spectra clearly reveal the effects of charge doping by bromine. Like for pristine SWCNTs, the absorption bands of Br-SWCNTs show a red shift under pressure. Anomalies in the pressure-induced relative frequency shift indicate structural changes in the nanotubes. The results are compared with those for empty nanotubes.
My body or my mind: The impact of state and trait objectification on women's cognitive resources

Objectification theory posits that as a result of pervasive sexual objectification of the female body in American culture, women are socialized to take an observers' perspective towards the self, resulting in self-objectification. This tendency, combined with an objectifying context, is hypothesized to increase cognitive load, thereby impairing performance. Two experiments tested this hypothesis by investigating the joint impact of trait and state objectification on cognitive load among women. Results of the first experiment showed longer response latencies on a Letter Number Sequencing task, specifically among women high in trait self-objectification (TSO), in a highly objectifying condition. The second experiment replicated results from the first while also exploring possible correlates of the effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coherence of some rings of functions

To say that a commutative ring R with unit is coherent amounts to saying, in case R has no divisors of zero, that the intersection of two finitely generated ideals in R is finitely generated. We prove that the ring H∞ of bounded analytic functions in the unit disc is coherent, while the disc algebra A is not coherent. For any positive measure μ, L∞(μ) is coherent.
On the control and evaluation of uncertain processes

The tools discussed in this paper provide a numerical way to deal with ill-posed problems in the control and evaluation of uncertain processes. Although the idea of modeling fuzzy systems may appear somewhat elusive, it is shown that it is n perfectly tractable mathematical concept. This paper has grown from our conviction that many scientists today are potential users of uncertain models, and thus the concepts of imprecise statistics and uncertain evaluation are very useful in discussing the control and evaluation of uncertain processes, represented by fuzzy differential equations and their solutions.
Stein's method in high dimensional classification and applications

In the context of classification, it is a common phenomenon that high-dimensional data such as micro-array data consist of only a few informative components. If one uses standard statistical modeling and estimation procedures with entire information, it tends to overfit the data due to noise information. Therefore, some regularization conditions are required to select important information. A class of regularization methods is proposed through various shrinkage estimators using Stein's identity. Since hard thresholding does not satisfy the condition of Stein's identity, the proposed methods consider linear classifiers with soft, firm and SCAD thresholdings incorporating Stein's identity and show some asymptotic properties. Simulation studies and applications to three different micro array data sets show that the proposed methods work well. Also the proposed methods are compared with some existing methods.
CD8+ T cell escape mutations in simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 cause fitness defects in vivo, and many revert after transmission.

Virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes select for escape mutations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To assess the effects of these mutations on viral fitness, we introduced escape mutations into 30 epitopes (bound by five major histocompatibility complex class I [MHC-I] molecules) in three different viruses. Two of these MHC-I alleles are associated with elite control. Two of the three viruses demonstrated reduced fitness in vivo, and 27% of the introduced mutations reverted. These findings suggest that T cell epitope diversity may not be such a daunting problem for the development of an HIV vaccine.
Anatomical response and infection of soybean during latent and pathogenic infection by type A and B of Phialophora gregata.

Growth and anatomical responses of plants during latent and pathogenic infection by fungal pathogens are not well understood. The interactions between soybean (Glycine max) and two types of the pathogen Phialophora gregata were investigated to determine how plants respond during latent and pathogenic infection. Stems of soybean cultivars with different or no genes for resistance to infection by P. gregata were inoculated with wildtype or GFP and RFP-labeled strains of types A or B of P. gregata. Plants were sectioned during latent and pathogenic infection, examined with transmitted light or fluorescent microscopy, and quantitative differences in vessels and qualitative differences in infection were assessed using captured images. During latent infection, the number of vessels was similar in resistant and susceptible plants infected with type A or B compared to the control, and fungal infection was rarely observed in vessels. During pathogenic infection, the resistant cultivars had 20 to 25% more vessels than the uninfected plants, and fungal hyphae were readily observed in the vessels. Furthermore, during the pathogenic phase in a resistant cultivar, P.gregata type A-GFP was limited to outside of the primary xylem, while P.gregata type B-RFP was observed in the primary xylem. The opposite occurred with the susceptible cultivar, where PgA-GFP was observed in the primary xylem and PgB-RFP was limited to the interfascicular region. In summary, soybean cultivars with resistance to BSR produced more vessels and can restrict or exclude P. gregata from the vascular system compared to susceptible cultivars. Structural resistance mechanisms potentially compensate for loss of vessel function and disrupted water movement.
Toward Practical Gas Sensing with Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide: A New Signal Processing Method To Circumvent Run-to-Run and Device-to-Device Variations

Graphene is worth evaluating for chemical sensing and biosensing due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. We first report on the fabrication and characterization of gas sensors using a back-gated field-effect transistor platform with chemically reduced graphene oxide (R-GO) as the conducting channel. These sensors exhibited a 360% increase in response when exposed to 100 ppm NO2 in air, compared with thermally reduced graphene oxide sensors we reported earlier. We then present a new method of signal processing/data interpretation that addresses (i) sensing devices with long recovery periods (such as required for sensing gases with these R-GO sensors) as well as (ii) device-to-device variations. A theoretical analysis is used to illuminate the importance of using the new signal processing method when the sensing device suffers from slow recovery and non-negligible contact resistance. We suggest that the work reported here (including the sensor signal processing method and the inherent simpl...
Role of neutralizing antibodies in controlling simian foamy virus transmission and infection.

BACKGROUND: Human infections with simian foamy viruses (SFVs) have been reported after occupational and nonoccupational exposure to infected animals and their tissues, blood, and body fluids, although there is no evidence for human-to-human transmission. We previously demonstrated SFV transmission in monkeys by blood transfusion with whole blood from one donor animal that had a low neutralizing antibody (NAb) endpoint titer, whereas blood transfusion from a second donor monkey that had a high NAb titer failed to transmit virus. These results suggested a role for NAbs in SFV transmission and establishment of infection. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Whole blood and antibody-reduced blood were transfused into SFV-negative rhesus macaques. SFV infection in recipient animals was monitored by detection of virus sequences using polymerase chain reaction assays with nucleotide sequence confirmation, by analysis for antibody development in Western blots, and by virus isolation in coculture assays. NAb titer was evaluated by endpoint dilution assays. RESULTS: SFV transmission by whole blood transfusion from a donor monkey with high NAb endpoint titer failed to establish infection in SFV-negative monkeys, whereas virus transmission was successful with transfer of antibody-reduced blood cells. CONCLUSIONS: Passive transfer of high-titer NAbs blocked SFV cell–associated transmission, indicating that NAbs may play a role in virus transmission to individuals exposed to SFV-infected blood and tissues.
Distributing a Chemical Process Optimization Application Over a Gigabit Network

We evaluate the impact of a gigabit network on the implementation of a distributed chemical process optimization application. The optimization problem is formulated as a stochastic Linear Assignment Problem and was solved using the Thinking Machines CM-2 (SIMD) and the Cray C-90 (vector) computers at PSC, and the Intel iWarp (MIMD) system at CMU, connected by the Gigabit Nectar testbed. We report our experience distributing the application across this heterogeneous set of systems and present measurements that show how the communication requirements of the application depend on the structure of the application. We use detailed traces to build an application performance model that can be used to estimate the elapsed time of the application for different computer system and network combinations. Our results show that the application benefits from the high-speed network, and that the need for high network throughput is increasing as computer systems get faster. We also observed that supporting high burst rates is critical, although structuring the application so that communication is overlapped with computation relaxes the bandwidth requirements.
Analytical quantification of the subslab volatile organic vapor concentration from a non-uniform source

The transport of volatile organic vapors from subsurface to building involves complex processes. Since the release of the draft subsurface vapor intrusion guidance by the U.S. EPA in 2002, great progress has been made in understanding these processes in various field and modeling studies. In these studies, the importance of analyzing and predicting the subslab volatile organic vapor concentration was noted. To quantitatively predict subslab vapor concentration is, however, complicated, especially for sites located over non-uniform vapor sources. This manuscript provides a method to estimate the vapor concentration beneath the subslab using a closed-form analytical solution that can approximate full three-dimensional modeling results, but does not require the use of advanced numerical simulation. This method allows prediction of the subslab vapor concentration profile beneath the slab for various source configurations, given inputs of building slab dimension and source depth. The interaction of the influences of non-uniform source and the slab capping effect on the subslab vapor concentration is addressed.
Reproductive Toxicity of Boric Acid in Swiss (CD-1) Mice: Assessment Using the Continuous Breeding Protocol

Abstract The potential reproductive toxicity of boric acid (BORA) in CD-1 mice (Swiss) was evaluated using the Reproductive Assessment by Continuous Breeding (RACB) Protocol. BORA was administered in the feed for 27 weeks to male and female Swiss (CD-1) mice at concentrations of 0, 1000, 4500, or 9000 ppm. Estimated doses, based on feed consumption and body weight, averaged 152, 636, and 1262 mg/kg body wt during Week 1 for males for 1000, 4500, and 9000 ppm, respectively. During 14 weeks of cohabitation, fertility of F0 mice was partially reduced at 4500 ppm and totally eliminated at 9000 ppm. No litters, dead or alive, were produced by 9000 ppm cohabited pairs. Among the litters born at 4500 ppm, live litter size and body weight were significantly reduced. A crossover mating trial of control and 4500 ppm groups confirmed the male as the affected sex, with fertility rates and the mating index significantly lower in the 4500 male × 0 ppm female group. At necropsy, after 27 weeks of BORA exposure, dose-related changes were present in F0 males for reduced body and reproductive organ weights, increased incidence of abnormal sperm, decreased sperm concentration and motility, and seminiferous tubule degeneration. In the 4500 ppm females, dietary BORA for 27 weeks caused significantly decreased weights of kidney/adrenals and livers; kidney/adrenal weight was also reduced in 4500 ppm males. The last litters of the control and 1000 ppm females, born in the 14-week breeding phase, were reared to 74 days of age and then mated in nonsibling pairs within treatment groups. These F1 mice had normal fertility, but the adjusted mean body weight of F2 pups was decreased. These data establish the reproductive toxicity of BORA in CD-1 mice and demonstrate that the male is the most sensitive sex.
Epidermoid Tumors Involving the Fourth Ventricle

The case histories of three patients with epidermoid tumors of the 4th ventricle treated by surgical excision are presented. All three cases exhibited a prolonged latent period from the onset of symptoms to the final diagnosis. Despite the strategic location and enormous size of all three tumors, only one of the patients had significant hydrocephalus. The radiographic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of epidermoid tumors are discussed.
Safety of alternative antiviral agents for neonatal herpes simplex virus encephalitis and disseminated infection.

OBJECTIVE: To review the evidence describing the safety of ganciclovir and foscarnet in neonates in order to guide treatment for central nervous system or disseminated herpes simplex infections in cases of acyclovir shortage or resistance. METHODS: PubMed, Ovid Medline, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts were searched using the thesaurus and text-word terms “ganciclovir” and “foscarnet,” with birth to 1 month age limits. Thirty-two eligible publications describing safety in neonates were identified. RESULTS: In 340 neonates treated for cytomegalovirus (CMV), life-threatening neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count 0.2 mg/dL occurred in <1% of neonates. Hepatic transaminase increases or unspecified changes in liver function tests were reported in 6.2% of ...
Molecular modeling studies on the proposed NaCl-induced dimerization of Chromatium vinosum high-potential iron protein

Abstract Previous work (Dunham, W.R., Hagen, W.R., Fee, J. A., Sands, R.H., Dunbar, J.B., Humblet, C. (1991) An investigation of Chromatium vinosum high-potential iron-sulfur protein by EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopy; evidence for a freezing-induced dimerization in NaCl solutions, Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1079, 253–262) suggested that under specific solution conditions and slow freezing times, samples of oxidized Chromatium vinosum (Cv) high-potential, iron-sulfur protein (HiPIP) form dimeric structures that exhibit characteristic spin-spin interaction in the EPR spectrum. In that study, it was also shown that two HiPIP molecules could approach each other along their Fe1-S4 axes to a distance of ∼ 13–14 A , as required by an analysis of the spin-spin physics. This is made possible because of a flattened surface on one side of the molecule within which S4 may, depending on side-chain motions, interact with solvent (Carter, C.W., Jr., Kraut, J., Freer, S.T., Alden, R.A., Sieker, L.C., Adman, E.T., Jensen, L.H. (1972) A comparison of Fe4S4 clusters in high potential iron protein and in ferredoxin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 3527-3529). Here we describe a computer generated, hypothetical model of this proposed dimeric structure which suggests an energetically favorable interaction between two Cv HiPIP molecules and could account for the experimental observations. Two Cv HiPIP molecules brought together along their Fe1-S4 axes and maintained at a center-to-center distance of 14 A can be rotated with respect to each other so as to create complementary interactions between two glutamine residues, two phenylalanine residues, and two leucine residues, and an energetically unfavorable interaction between two arginine residues. Energy minimization calculations using the program XPLOR indicate that this arrangement may provide an overall energetically favorable interaction between the two HiPIP molecules that is strengthened by site-specific binding of Na and Cl ions.
Thoracic cross-over pathways of the rat vagal trunks.

It is very difficult to study the independent contributions of the afferent and efferent pathways of the subdiaphragmatic vagus to physiology and behavior. Total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy can confound the interpretation of experimental results because it destroys both afferent and efferent vagal fibers. One approach to address this problem involves producing a total ablation of afferent (or efferent) vagal fibers while retaining half of the efferent (or afferent) vagal fibers by making a unilateral rhizotomy plus contralateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. However, the completeness of this afferent (or efferent) lesion is based on the assumption that there are no cross-over pathways within the thoracic cavity between the vagal trunks of the rat. To directly test for the presence of vagal cross-over pathways in the rat, we recorded the compound action potentials from the ventral and dorsal trunks of the subdiaphragmatic vagus following electrical stimulation of the left or right cervical vagi. C-fiber cross-over pathways comprised an average of 9% of the total nerve responses (range was 0 to 29%, n = 20). Direct application of the anesthetic bupivacaine to the vagus completely blocked the recorded signals. The vagal cross-over pathways were also demonstrated using capsaicin as a stimulus. These results indicate the presence of thoracic cross-over pathways between vagal trunks in the rat and demonstrate that for most animals it is not possible to produce a “complete” ablation of afferent (or efferent) components of the subdiaphragmatic vagus using unilateral rhizotomy combined with contralateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy.
Tubesheet Design in U-Tube Exchangers Including the Effect of Tube Rotational Restraint

A clamped, circular plate under uniform pressure simulating a U-tube heat exchanger tubesheet is studied to ascertain the effect of tube rotational restraint on the tubesheet design. This effect is not normally considered in tubesheet design; however, it is shown here that for low-pressure units, the inclusion of tube rotational stiffness can lead to a measurable strengthening effect.
A Study of the Acquisition of the Skill of Creative Writing

(1978). A Study of the Acquisition of the Skill of Creative Writing. English in Education: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 46-48.
Animal endogenous triglycerides: III. Swine, rat and chicken liver: Comparison with adipose tissue

The endogenous triglycerides of swine, rat and chicken livers were fractionated by silver ion thin layer chromatography and the resulting fractions were analyzed for their fatty acid composition and distribution. Whereas the endogenous triglycerides of swine adipose tissue differ markedly from those of rat and chicken adipose tissue in the location of the major fatty acids, the liver triglycerides of the three species are quite similar. They also resemble rat and chicken adipose triglycerides.
Evolution of the vocal control system in the avian brain

Abstract Vocal behavior is critical for reproductive isolation in birds. Songbirds, parrots, and hummingbirds learn to produce species-specific vocalizations. In songbirds and parrots, vocal behavior is regulated by a network of forebrain nuclei. Comparative studies suggest that these elaborated forebrain vocal control systems evolved independently. It seems that the hormone-sensitive song system observed in modern songbirds arose early in the phylogenetic lineage leading to this large group of species. The evolution of forebrain nuclei that project to the vocal production organ and receive input from the auditory system enabled vocal learning with reference to acoustic models. Vocal learning, in turn, may have led to rapid and extensive speciation among songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds.
Microsomal preparations of normal bovine iris-ciliary body generate prostacyclin-like but not thromboxane-A2-like activity

Abstract Indomethacin-treated bovine iris-ciliary body microsomes (IBIM) have been studied for their ability to convert PG endoperoxides into either thromboxance-A2 (TxA2)-like or prostacyclin (PGI2)-like activity. The biological activity of the ocular tissue microsomes were compared with either indomethacin-treated human platelet microsomes (for TxA2-like activity) or rabbit aorta microsomes (for PGI2-like activity) under appropriate incubation conditions. No evidence could be found for the formation of TxA2-like activity from PG endoperoxides by the IBIM. In contrasts, when the IBIM were incubated with PGH2 for 1 min at 22°C without cofactors, PGI2-like activity was produced, causing profound relaxation of the isolated dog coronary artery preparation without contracting the rabbit aorta and inhibiting arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation. Equivalent quantities of boiled IBIM failed to aleter the biological activity of PGH2 under identical conditions. Tranylcypromine (500 μg/ml) completely abolished the appearance of PGI2-like activity. Furthermore, the PGI2-like activity found was stable for 10 min at 22°C at pH 8.5 but completely lost under similar conditions at pH 5.5. It is concluded than microsomal preparations of normal bovine iris-ciliary body can synthesize PGI2-like activity in substantial amounts but not TxA2-like activity.
Evidence for unzipping reactions in the laser ablation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)

Abstract We have characterized the neutral and charged species emitted by pulsed-laser irradiation of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in vacuum at 248 nm in fluence regimes appropriate for the pulsed-laser deposition of PTFE thin films. The time-of-flight behavior of the major neutral species is consistent with thermal emission at temperatures where PTFE is known to decompose thermally. The laser fluence dependence of the intensity of the most intense neutral component (the C 2 F 4 monomer) is analyzed in terms of a thermally activated decomposition process. Under isothermal conditions, thermal decomposition is believed to be rate limited by radical formation, with an activation energy of a few eV. In contrast, the fluence dependence of the monomer intensity indicates an activation energy of about 0.9 eV — appropriate to an unzipping reaction rate limited by radical transport along the polymer chain.
Scattering of acoustic waves by a superfluid vortex

The scattering of plane acoustic waves by a vortex in a two-dimensional superfluid is examined for small Mach number M. The solution is developed from a systematic expansion of the governing equations in three separate regions: an inner vortical region which scales as the healing length, an interaction region governed by irrotational hydrodynamics and an outer wave region. The solutions in the different regions are matched together. The leading-order scattered field occurs at O(M2δ) in the wave region, where δ is the small non-dimensional amplitude of the incoming acoustic wave. The far-field behaviour of the wave-region solution shows that a different form of the expansion is required in the forward scatter direction: this corresponds to the expression previously derived for the acoustic Magnus force.
A mechanics-based approach to cyclic oxidation

The failure process of cyclic oxidation, which involves both the formation and spallation of oxides, has been treated using a mechanics approach, in which oxidation is described via a parabolic growth law, while spallation is treated in terms of a power law derived from a fracture mechanics analysis. The spallation model is formulated on the basis that shear cracks are induced by thermal stresses during the cooldown period of a thermal cycle. Some of the shear cracks develop wing tip cleavage cracks, whose propagation and linkage with other shear cracks lead to the formation of oxide fragments that separate from the oxidizing surface during cooldown. Using a mass balance, quantitative relations are obtained between the process driving force, which is the thermal stress, and the response parameters such as the weight of oxide spalled, weight gain, and weight loss of the oxide-forming element. Applications of the proposed model for predicting the cyclic oxidation behavior of metal substrates and coating materials are demonstrated by comparing model calculations against experimental data as well as against other models in the literature.
A Note on “Trickling Down”

I. Introduction, 171.—II. The poverty curve, 171.—III. Empirical results of the poverty curve approach, 173.—IV. A more direct approach, 174. —V. Further extensions, 177.
From Mechanical Force to RhoA Activation

Throughout their lives, all cells constantly experience and respond to various mechanical forces. These frequently originate externally but can also arise internally as a result of the contractile actin cytoskeleton. Mechanical forces trigger multiple signaling pathways. Several converge and result in the activation of the GTPase RhoA. In this review, we focus on the pathways by which mechanical force leads to RhoA regulation, especially when force is transmitted via cell adhesion molecules that mediate either cell–matrix or cell–cell interactions. We discuss both the upstream signaling events that lead to activation of RhoA and the downstream consequences of this pathway. These include not only cytoskeletal reorganization and, in a positive feedback loop, increased myosin-generated contraction but also profound effects on gene expression and differentiation.
A note on scheduling flowshops with flexible stage ordering

Abstract We develop an asymptotically optimal heuristic for the m -stage flowshop problem with flexible stage ordering. Our algorithm supplies a job permutation which has the same worst case absolute bound for all possible m ! orderings of the m stages. The development of our algorithm is motivated by the observation that it is sometimes beneficial to reverse the processing order in multi-stage manufacturing processes. Our algorithm facilitates the development of a job sequence a priori before the processing order is determined.
Differential effects of industrial and worker resources on women's wages

Abstract A developing body of literature within the sociological examination of income equality has established the significance of industrial and worker resources in the determination of wages. However, there is little available information regarding the uniformity of their effects across different types of workers. This paper attempts to specify the ways in which various resources affect the wage rates of several categories of women workers. The major thesis is that resources produce differential payoffs depending on the location of the worker on various dimensions of stratification. Wage determination among women is hypothesized to vary by age, race, and occupational group. Hypotheses concerning the relative effects of worker and industrial resources on two age groups of black and white women in blue-collar and white-collar occupations are tested. Data from the National Longitudinal Studies of the Labor Market Experiences of Women are used to test models of wage determination among these different groups of women workers. In general, our results suggest that stratification is an important mechanism linking resources to wages and should be incorporated into the resource perspective of labor outcomes.