cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrical transport of mixed (Na+,Ba2+) beta "-alumina.

The extrapolated dc electrical conductivity of single crystals of mixed (${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$,${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$)\ensuremath{\beta}''-alumina has been measured by rf impedance measurements for a range of compositions and over a temperature range of -100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The conductivity exhibits activated behavior, with an unusual dependence of the activation energy on (${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$,${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$) concentration. The activation energy rises rapidly from the pure ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ values to two ``plateaus'' of energy 0.48 and 0.67 eV, respectively. The plateaus cross over from one to the other between 40% and 50% ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ exchange. We suggest that the plateaus represent ``bare''-potential-well minima depths for the ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ ions. The activation energies appropriate to pure ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ or ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ materials are suggested to be smaller because of an off-center position for the ions. This is known to be the case for the pure ${\mathrm{Na}}^{+}$ material from x-ray studies, and is not inconsistent with x-ray studies of the pure ${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ material. The movement from off-center to on-center positions upon addition of minority ions is suggested to be a result of screening of the intermajority-species ionic Coulomb potential by the minority species. Preliminary independent experimental evidence also supports this suggestion.
A Late Cretaceous (Turonian) Ichthyofauna from Lac des Bois,Northwest Territories, Canada, with paleobiogeographic comparisons with Turonian ichthyofaunas of the Western Interior Seaway

A fish fauna from a Turonian sequence of the Great Bear Basin at Lac des Bois is described. The fauna includes examples of Ichthyodectes, cf. Osmeroides, a euteleost, and several aulopiforrn fishes such as Enchodus, Cimolichthys, and a juvenile that cannot be further identified. The fauna of Lac des Bois most closely resembles other Arctic fish assemblages of the Western Interior Seaway based on a UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages) cluster analysis of various North American Turonian localities. There are also slight differences between eastern and western localities along the seaway. The north–south differences of the ichthyofauna can be explained by current patterns distributing the fishes in the seaway, or transgressive events during the Turonian. The east–west differences may be due to changes in water depth from east to west.
Enhanced vagal baroreflex response during 24 h after acute exercise

We evaluated carotid-cardiac baroreflex responses in eight normotensive men (25-41 yr) on two different test days, each separated by at least 1 wk. On one day, baroreflex response was tested before and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h after graded supine cycle exercise to volitional exhaustion. On another day, this 24-h protocol was repeated with no exercise (control). Beat-to-beat R-R intervals were measured during external application of graded pressures to the carotid sinuses from 40 to -65 mmHg; changes of R-R intervals were plotted against carotid pressure (systolic pressure minus neck chamber pressure). The maximum slope of the response relationship increased (P less than 0.05) from preexercise to 12 h (3.7 +/- 0.4 to 7.1 +/- 0.7 ms/mmHg) and remained significantly elevated through 24 h. The range of the R-R response was also increased from 217 +/- 24 to 274 +/- 32 ms (P less than 0.05). No significant differences were observed during the control 24-h period. An acute bout of graded exercise designed to elicit exhaustion increases the sensitivity and range of the carotid-cardiac baroreflex response for 24 h and enhances its capacity to buffer against hypotension by increasing heart rate. These results may represent an underlying mechanism that contributes to blood pressure stability after intense exercise.
Probabilistic analysis of an anonymity system

We use the probabilistic model checker PRISM to analyze the Crowds system for anonymous Web browsing. This case study demonstrates how probabilistic model checking techniques can be used to formally analyze security properties of a peer-to-peer group communication system based on random message routing among members. The behavior of group members and the adversary is modeled as a discrete-time Markov chain, and the desired security properties are expressed as PCTL formulas. The PRISM model checker is used to perform automated analysis of the system and verify anonymity guarantees it provides. Our main result is a demonstration of how certain forms of probabilistic anonymity degrade when group size increases or random routing paths are rebuilt, assuming that the corrupt group members are able to identify and/or correlate multiple routing paths originating from the same sender. Supported in part by DARPA contract N66001-00-C-8015 “Agile Management of Dynamic Collaboration”.
Insufficient evidence for sinus lifts over short implants for dental implant rehabilitation.

Insufficient evidence for sinus lifts over short implants for dental implant rehabilitation
Cognitive factors affecting homeowners' reactions to defensible space in the Oregon Coast Range.

This study used constructs from the theory of planned behavior and protection motivation theory, along with past experience, to predict wildland-interface homeowners' willingness to implement defensible space and their interest in a consultation program aimed at reducing their risk from wildfire. Self-administered surveys (n = 112) from four small Oregon Coast Range communities revealed neutral attitudes about defensible space as a whole. Regression analysis revealed that interest in the consultation program was a function of the perceived effectiveness of defensible space, past experience with fire, and perception of wildfire risk. Willingness to implement defensible space was predicted by the perceived effectiveness of and attitude toward defensible space. However, these two models left much of the variation in behavioral intention unexplained. Results demonstrate the value of integrating different cognitive constructs to predict behavioral intentions. They also highlight potential avenues for communica...
Constitutional Democracy and Social Welfare

I. The constitutional stage, 61. — II. The parliamentary stage, 64. — III. The allocation of decisions between the constitutional and parliamentary stages, 70. — IV. Summary of the theory, 77. — V. Implications for democratic reforms, 79.
Analysis of switching network in PWM DC-DC converters in terms of averaged resistance and conductance

Equivalent circuit modelling of pulse-width modulated (PWM) converters requires averaging the on-state and forward resistances of transistor (M) and diode (D) over one switching period. Their values vary between a finite number (M-ON) and infinity (M-OFF) during the switching instants. Analytically, it becomes impossible to calculate the equivalent average resistance over one switching period. By determining their averaged conductances, a more intuitive model is derived for continuous conduction mode. Using reflective rules, these conductances are transferred to the inductor branch and an equivalent averaged conductance is derived and analysed.
Natural selection for resistance to the allelopathic effects of invasive plants

Summary 1 Exotic plant invasions often cause high mortality in native populations and therefore have the potential to be a powerful selective force. 2 We found that surviving individuals from North American communities that have experienced extensive invasion by Centaurea maculosa have higher tolerances to the Eurasian invader than individuals from communities that did not experience invasion. 3 Some native species grown from the seed of individuals that survived Centaurea invasion were more resistant to the general competitive effects of Centaurea, the root exudates from Centaurea, and to a chemical specific to the root exudates of Centaurea (±)-catechin. 4 Although these results may be confounded by maternal effects, they provide initial evidence that native plant species may evolve to tolerate the effects of an exotic invader, and in particular an invader's novel allelochemistry. 5 Such effects may have long-term implications for plant invasions and the organization of plant communities. Evolved tolerance may ultimately contribute to coexistence among natives and invaders, with our results suggesting that natural plant communities may be more coevolved and less individualistic than currently thought.
Fish Swim, Rocks Sit, and Lungs Breathe: Expert-Novice Understanding of Complex Systems

Understanding complex systems is fundamental to understanding science. The complexity of such systems makes them very difficult to understand because they are composed of multiple interrelated levels that interact in dynamic ways. The goal of this study was to understand how experts and novices differed in their understanding of two complex systems, the human respiratory system and an aquarium ecosystem. In particular, we examined how a representation of complex systems, Structure-Behavior-Function theory (SBF), might account for these differences. SBF is particularly relevant in understanding biological systems because an important domain principle is the relation between form, function, and mechanism. Our results demonstrated that there were minimal differences between the expert and novice groups on structures, but that the locus of the difference was on understanding causal behaviors and functions, the least salient elements of the systems. Mental model analysis provided largely convergent results. We...
Review of prescription medications in home-based older adults with stroke: a pilot study.

Abstract Background Pharmacological intervention for comorbid management and stroke prevention may increase polypharmacy, inappropriately prescribed drugs (IPDs), and potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs) among older adults with a history of stroke. Objective The objective of this study was to determine prevalence and incidence of polypharmacy, IPDs, and PDDIs in a cohort of home-based older adults with self-reported stroke living in New York and Florida. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, we determined the prevalence of PDDIs in 191 older adults with a history of stroke. We quantified the odds of PDDIs using bivariate logistic regression. Using a 3-year retrospective longitudinal design, we determined the relative risk (RR) of PDDIs in 41 new cases (New York) with polypharmacy and IPD. The independent variables were polypharmacy and IPDs, and the dependent variable was PDDIs. Results Subjects from Florida were older, had higher frequencies of some medical conditions, and used more medications, but the prevalence rates of PDDIs showed similar trends for the 2 states: 60% (New York) and 86% (Florida). The 3 strongest predictors of PDDIs in New York were polypharmacy (≥4 drugs) (odds ratio [OR] = 10.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.8-27.8); IPDs (OR = 8.4; 95% CI = 2.7-25.5); and having a heart condition (OR = 6.0; 95% CI = 1.6-22.8). The logistic model yielded one predictor for PDDIs in Florida: polypharmacy (≥4 drugs) (OR = 9.7; 95% CI = 1.4-65.4). The 3-year RR for PDDIs (New York) was 1.8 (95% CI = 1.2-2.8) from polypharmacy and 2.1 (95% CI = 1.3-3.3) from IPDs. Conclusions Although this research is exploratory and used a small convenience sample, the estimates obtained suggest consideration of prospective hypothesis testing using a larger database and a greater number of subjects using more recent medications. Prospective examination of developing drug-drug interactions in this way will enhance the generalizability of these findings. This study shows similarities in the prevalence rates between 2 historical cohorts in 2 states, thereby suggesting plausibility of findings.
Validity of instruments for measuring autonomy and control over nursing practice.

Purpose: To review the psychometric properties and evaluate the estimates of validity of commonly used instruments to measure autonomy and control over nursing practice. Design: Literature review and evaluation of psychometric properties. Methods: Nursing research reports published in English in peer-reviewed journals between 1990 and 2007 were examined. Psychometric properties and the actual instrument were reviewed to determine validity for measuring autonomy and control over nursing practice. Findings and Conclusions: Instruments used to measure autonomy and control over nursing practice are frequently imprecise or inaccurate for measuring the concept of interest. Valid instruments are available to allow measurement of the concepts of clinical autonomy, work autonomy, and control over nursing practice. Clear definitions and valid measures are helpful when communicating and synthesizing nursing knowledge concerning these concepts. Clinical Relevance: Evaluating the validity of instruments for measuring clinical autonomy, work autonomy, and control over nursing practice can be helpful when organizing and synthesizing the literature related to these concepts, so that strategies to improve professional practice environments becomes more clear.
QPI for prostate cancer diagnosis: quantitative separation of Gleason grades 3 and 4

1 in 7 men receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer in their lifetime. The aggressiveness of the treatment plan adopted by the patient is strongly influenced by Gleason grade. Gleason grade is determined by the pathologist based on the level of glandular formation and complexity seen in the patient’s biopsy. However, studies have shown that the disagreement rate between pathologists on Gleason grades 3 and 4 is high and this affects treatment options. We used quantitative phase imaging to develop an objective method for Gleason grading. Using the glandular solidity, which is the ratio of the area of the gland to a convex hull fit around it, and anisotropy of light scattered from the stroma immediately adjoining the gland, we were able to quantitatively separate Gleason grades 3 and 4 with 81% accuracy in 43 cases marked as difficult by pathologists.
BIOCHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUANTUM EFFICIENCY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY MEMBRANES OF GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

— Photohydrogen production, 200-700 μmol H2 h−1 (mg bacteriochlorophyll a)−1 has been obtained in a system containing unit membrane vesicles (Complex I) from the green photosynthetic bacterium Chiorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum, ascorbate, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine, dithioerythritol, an oxygen scavenging mixture, either methyl viologen (MV) or clostridial ferredoxin (CPS Fd) as electron carrier, and either CPS hydrogenase or platinum asbestos as catalyst. All components are necessary for maximum activity, and spinach Fd cannot be substituted for CPS Fd. Higher rates of photohydrogen production are obtained using MV or CPS Fd with hydrogenase than with MV and Pt asbestos. The highest quantum efficiencies (7–10% at 0.2–0.9 mW absorbed light and over 20% at lower light) were obtained with CPS Fd, hydrogenase and non-saturating 812 nm light. With saturating white light, however, rates of photohydrogen production varied relatively little among the various combinations of electron carrier and catalyst tested. The reaction rate is unaffected by 0.03% Triton X-100, and is insensitive to treatment with antimycin a or m-chloro-carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone. This indicates that neither electron flow through an endogenous cyclic chain, nor maintenance of a proton gradient are involved in this process.
Comparison of vasorelaxants in human basilar arteries and umbilical arteries.

Abstract The vasodilatation produced by adenosine, sodium nitrite, and papaverine was compared on isolated human basilar arteries and umbilical arteries precontracted with 30 mM KCl or submaximal concentrations of serotonin and prostaglandin F 2α . The basilar artery was far more sensitive to the vasodilators than the umbilical vessel. Papaverine, for instance, was 133 times more effective (EC 50 = 3.9 × 10 −6 M) in basilar arteries precontracted with KCl than it was in the umbilical artery (EC 50 = 5.2 × 10 −4 M) and all dilators inhibited by at least 95% basilar arteries precontracted with serotonin or prostaglandin F 2α . In contrast, umbilical arteries precontracted with KCl or prostaglandin F 2α failed to relax significantly to adenosine and sodium nitrite at concentrations that exceeded 10 −3 M, and contractions elicited by serotonin were inhibited by less than 40%. The results support the concept that physiological mechanisms responsible for dilation in most vessels are deficient in the umbilical artery and that the deficiency may be related to the role this atypical vessel plays in closure of the extracorporeal circulation at birth.
Ionic currents in retrogradely labeled trigeminothalamic neurons in slices of rat medulla

Abstract We have recorded the ionic currents of identified trigeminothalamic neurons in medulla slices in vitro. Trigeminothalamic cells were first retrogradely labeled by injecting fluorescent latex microspheres in the thalamus of a 7- to 10-day-old rat. Two days later, thin slices (80–100 μm) were prepared from the lower medulla of the injected rat. Whole cell recordings were performed on the labeled cells located in the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis using the patch clamp technique. The voltage dependent inward sodium, inward calcium and outward potassium currents are qualitatively similar to those obtained from the enzymatically dissociated trigeminothalamic neurons. Successful application of this thin slice method opens the opportunity of studying synaptic circuitry in the trigeminothalamic system.
Pneumothorax in cystic fibrosis.

Purpose of review Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a complex genetic disease affecting many organs, although 85% of the mortality is a result of lung disease. The natural history of the lung disease consists of early and persistent infection, an exaggerated inflammatory response, structural airway changes (i.e. bronchiectasis), and progressive airways obstruction, ultimately resulting in respiratory failure. As airways disease worsens, there is an increased likelihood of respiratory complications, such as pneumothorax, that may be serious. This review describes our current understanding of the pathogenesis of pneumothorax in CF and its treatment. Recent findings The CF Foundation Pulmonary Therapies Committee recently published their recommendations for the treatment of hemoptysis and pneumothorax. As insufficient data exist from which a systematic review of the literature could be used to develop guidelines, the recommendations were derived from a formalized expert panel consensus process. Summary We now have recommendations on specific care of the patient with CF who has a pneumothorax.
Protein identification by in-gel digestion, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry: peptide analysis by complementary ionization techniques.

A biologically active protein fraction was isolated from rabbit intestine, purified by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. A predominant band of approximately 110–130 kDa was excised and digested in-gel with trypsin. The resulting peptides were extracted then separated by microbore reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mass spectrometric data from one HPLC fraction obtained by two different ionization techniques proved to be complementary. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization (MALDI) showed nine peptide masses, which by post source decay analysis and database searching were attributed to two proteins. Nanoflow electrospray analysis performed on a hybrid tandem mass spectrometer of quadrupole—quadrupole—orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (QqTOF) geometry detected six additional peptide components. On the basis of the additional peptides and superior quality collision-induced dissociation spectra typical of this instrument type, two further proteins were identified. The resolution afforded by the QqTOF instrument permitted charge state determination for the fragment ions while preserving the high detection sensitivity that was essential in obtaining the composition of this mixture of proteins.
Solution conformation study of substance P methyl ester and [Nle10]-neurokinin A (4-10) by NMR spectroscopy.

High-resolution proton spectra at 500 MHz of two tachykinin peptides, substance P methyl ester (SPOMe) and [Nle10]-neurokinin A (4–10), have been obtained in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and for SPOMe, also in 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethanol (TFE)/water mixtures. Complete chemical shift assignments for these peptides were made based on two-dimensional (2D) nmr techniques, correlated spectroscopy and total COSY. J coupling measurement and nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) were then used to determine the conformation of these peptides in the various solvents. Based on the J coupling, NOE correlations, and temperature coefficients of the NH resonances, it is concluded that these two peptides exist in DMSO at room temperature as a mixture of conformers that are primarily extended. For SPOMe in TFE/water with high TFE content, however, helical structures are found to be present, and they become quite clear at temperatures between 270 and 280 K. The variation of the 13C chemical shifts of the Cα (the secondary shift) with TFE contents corroborates this conclusion. The NOE and Cα shifts show that the main helical region for SPOMe lies between 4P and 9G. The C-terminus segment LMNH2 is found to be quite flexible, which appears to be quite common for neurokinin-1 selective peptides. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reverse micelles template assisted fabrication of ZnO hollow nanospheres and hexagonal microtubes by a novel fast microemulsion-based hydrothermal method

ZnO hollow micro/nanostructures were fabricated by a novel fast hydrothermal method based on the microemulsion. The aqueous reverse micelles were used as templates and different amount of Zn2+ colloid was compelled to hydrolyze on its surface. Scanning electron microscopy indicates that the products grown in the solution with colloid volume concentration of 12.3 and 0.5 v.% are hollow nanospheres and hexagonal microtubes, respectively. It is believed that this difference should attribute to the initial shape of hydrolysate and the core/shell state of water/surfactant during hydrothermal treatment.
The “Offending” Breast of Janet Jackson: Public Discourse Surrounding the Jackson/Timberlake Performance at Super Bowl XXXVIII

This article examines national newspapers' framing of the Jackson/Timberlake halftime performance during Super Bowl XXXVIII. I argue that Jackson was often represented in national newspapers as the primary or sole instigator of the event and as a scheming seductress who manipulated Timberlake for her own economic gain. This framing not only constructed Jackson as a contemporary Jezebel but also deflected attention away from Timberlake and, conversely, reaffirmed his white male privilege.
Multicomponent Lyme vaccine : Three is not a crowd

Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and it is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Disseminated spirochetes can persist in various tissues and can result in a variety of different disease manifestations. Vaccination trials testing various lipoprotein candidates have yielded mixed results despite the generation of robust antibody titers. Data presented in this report demonstrate that a combination vaccine composed of DbpA, BBK32 and OspC is more effective than single or double component formulations and that the ratio of each component dramatically impacts vaccine efficacy when tested in protection experiments against Borrelia following needle inoculation.
Primary synovial sarcoma of the kidney

Primary renal synovial sarcomas (SS) are rare tumors of the kidney. Faria first described primary renal synovial sarcoma in 1999. Twenty-one cases of primary renal synovial sarcoma have been reported to date. Primary renal synovial sarcomas can exist in either a monophasic or a biphasic pattern. The monophasic variant of primary renal synovial sarcoma is more common and tends to have a better prognosis than the biphasic variant. We present the case of a 61 year-old woman with a monophasic variant of primary renal synovial sarcoma.
The bilateral monopoly model: Approaching certainty under the split-the-difference mechanism

This paper describes a bilateral monopoly model in which two players trading an object submit bids from which a bargaining mechanism determines the transfer price and the probability of trade. The buyer knows only her own benefit from the trade and the probability distribution of the seller's cost. The paper first examines the equilibria of the model under certainty. It is shown that, if restricted to mixed strategies over finite sets, the equilibrium correspondence is lower hemi-continuous at continuity and upper hemi-continuous if restricted to pure strategies and finite prior distributions.
Inventing Mapping: Creating Cultural Forms to Solve Collective Problems

In this article I detail the conceptual trajectory of a classroom of 2nd- and 3rd-grade students as they reinvent topographical lines to represent height in a map within the constraints of an overhead perspective. In my analysis I pay special attention to the role of social interaction—and in particular the role of the teacher—in the process of knowledge production. First, I demonstrate how the invention of representational forms by individuals occur as part of a larger social process of creating cultural conventions and negotiating a taken-as-shared understanding of these new tools. Second, I show how gesture, as a part of the larger semiotic ecology for meaning making around representations, contributes to creation of understanding. Third, I make some preliminary proposals regarding the process of transforming personal inventions into cultural conventions. The analyses are intended to contribute to our field's growing understanding of young children's activity when inventing representations (i.e., metar...
Manufacturer versus trading company export behavior: The US processed fruit industries

Government export promotion programs are ultimately intended to increase exports of US products over the long run; however, empirical testing to determine the most efficient way to attain this goal is limited. Regression results from a time-series of five processed fruit industries indicate that direct exporters -- processors who themselves handle exports -- are far more likely to maintain export levels over time than trading companies. Generic promotion expenditures are found to increase only indirect exports, and indirect exports have a very limited effect on future direct exports. These results indicate that efficient export enhancement policy should encourage direct exporting by food processors. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
BAYESIAN ESTIMATION OF ITEM RESPONSE CURVES

Item response curves for a set of binary responses are studied from a Bayesian viewpoint of estimating the item parameters. For the two-parameter logistic model with normally distributed ability, restricted bivariate beta priors are used to illustrate the computation of the posterior mode via the EM algorithm. The procedure is illustrated by data from a mathematics test.
Conceptions of Psychosis in Four East African Societies

PSYCHIATRICALLY relevant research has become increasingly transcultural in scope, yet despite a growing multi-disciplinary research effort, many areas of the world remain unstudied and much of the work that has been reported is notably deficient in quality. Nowhere is this dceficit in basic data more apparent than in Africa. Thanks primarily to the work of British social anthropologists, secondarily to the French, Germans, Belgians and others, and recently to the Americans, African social systems have been described and analyzed with a comprehensiveness and skill not exceeded in any other area of the globe. Yet, psychological and psychiatric research in Africa has scarcely begun. As LeVine (1961:48) in his survey of African research has commented: "There has probably been less research on socialization process, the psychodynamics of cultural behavior, the application of projective techniques, personality and culture change, and culture and mental disorder in Africa than in any major continental area of the world." There is still no comprehensive review of the literature on mental disorder in Africa, although there are a few major writings which taken together provide a reasonably satisfactory introduction to the field. LeVine (1961) does include some sound comments on the state of research in mental health in his
Thrombolysis with a snake venom protease in a rat model of venous thrombosis.

Abstract A fibrin(ogen)olytic protease isolated from the venom of Crotalus atrox (the western diamondback rattlesnake) was tested for thrombolytic activity. The protease, called atroxase, solubilized fibrin when tested on fibrin plates and hydrolyzed fibrinogen rendering it incoagulable with a specific fibrinogenolytic activity of 42 mg fibrinogen/min/mg protein. Atroxase was unable to activate plasminogen. In vivo , fibrinolytic activity was tested on artificial thrombi induced in the posterior vena cava of Sprague-Dawley rats. Thrombolysis was then characterized by angiographic techniques over a period of three hours. Intravenous administation of the protease, at a dosage of 6.0 mg/kg, resulted in thrombolysis within one hour followed by recanalization of the originally occluded vein within two hours. Fibrinogenolytic activity resulted in a 60% decrease in the rat's plasma fibrinogen level. Histological examination of kidney, liver, heart and lung tissue showed no necrosis nor hemorrhage. These results are the first step in evaluating the thrombolytic potential of anticoagulant proteases within C. atrox venom using laboratory animals.
The Adequacy of Retrospective Judgments to Establish Instructional Validity

Typically, instructional validity is assessed by asking expert judges whether the population of test takers have had the opportunity to learn the content of individual items. The wide variation in content of teacher certification tests makes it necessary for expert judges to assess the instructional validity of items that are learned prior to entry into a teacher education program or content covering different areas in education. Thus, the assessment required of expert judges can be best characterized as retrospective. In this paper, we examine the validity of these judgments in an evaluation of the NTE Core Battery. The instructional validity ratings are examined in relation to actual test performance, as well as the panelists' ratings of item difficulty and relevance.
Angular dependence of ac losses in stacked Bi2Sr2Ca2Cu3O10/Ag tapes

The angular dependence of the losses in ac applied fields were measured using stacked Bi(2223)/Ag tapes having the angles with the direction of applied fields of 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90°. The measured values of the losses were compared with the calculated values. The calculations were performed assuming that the losses were a sum of those for the currents circulating in the plane of and across the tapes. At high fields, a good agreement between the measured and the calculated losses were observed while at the low fields, the calculated did not account for the variation.
Comparison of pneumatic retinopexy and scleral buckling in the management of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Abstract PURPOSE: To compare pneumatic retinopexy and scleral buckling for repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with respect to visual outcome, single-procedure reattachment rate, and development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. METHODS: A consecutive series of eyes initially treated with pneumatic retinopexy (n = 56) between March 1986 and February 1996 were compared with a selected group of eyes treated with scleral buckling (n = 86) with similar location and distribution of retinal breaks and absence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. A regression model was developed to adjust for underlying differences between treatment groups, resulting in a cohort of 50 eyes in each group for final comparison. A minimum follow-up of 6 months was obtained. RESULTS: Single-procedure reattachment rate was significantly higher for scleral buckle eyes (42 of 50 eyes, 84%) than for pneumatic retinopexy eyes (31 of 50 eyes, 62%; P ≤ .01). Correspondingly, reoperation rate was significantly higher for pneumatic retinopexy eyes (19 of 50 eyes, 38%) than for scleral buckle eyes (7 of 50 eyes, 14%; P ≤ .01). Multiple regression analysis evaluating perioperative factors demonstrated that the use of pneumatic retinopexy was the sole factor predictive of retinal detachment after a single procedure (relative odds=2.20, P = .02). Final reattachment rate, after reoperations, was 98% (49 of 50 eyes) in each group. Except for nonphakic eyes, final visual outcome and rate of postoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy development did not differ significantly between the two procedures. CONCLUSIONS: In phakic eyes, pneumatic retinopexy was associated with a significantly higher reoperation rate than scleral buckling, but resulted in equivalent final visual outcome and reattachment rate after reoperations. If used, it must be incorporated into a strategy in which patient and physician are prepared for a greater chance of reoperation compared to initial management with scleral buckling.
Survival of brook trout in a bog-derived acidity gradient

The acidity in Bear Meadows Bog water (pH 3.7-4.7) is not due to carbonic acid or to any other volatile acid. The approximate pK of the unknown bog water acid(s) is 6.0-6.5. Fish do not occur in Bear Meadows Bog or in Sinking Creek over a 4.8-km section below the bog where water pH is too low for their survival. The lowest pH in which brook trout and white suckers were caught in Sinking Creek was 4.25 at area 5 (5.25 km below the bog) after a period of unusually heavy rainfall. At a different time brook trout alone were caught at area 4, 5.2 km below the bog, when the pH was 4.75. The lowest recorded pH at this site was 4.0. Survival times of hatchery brook trout placed in boxes in Sinking Creek were directly related to pH. Individual differences in tolerance
Rapid paper chromatographic fractionation of complex mixtures of water-soluble substances.

Abstract Three alcohol-pyridine-water-acetic acid solvent systems have proved useful for preliminary fractionation of crude biological extracts by paper chromatography in 2 h or less. High solute concentrations and the presence of salts are usually tolerated but proteins may interfere. The primary system contains isopropanol; this is replaced by isobutanol if RF values of substances to be isolated are too high for optimal resolution, and by methanol if RF values are too low. RF data for many organic and inorganic compounds in the three systems are tabulated. Unknown substances are recovered from the chromatograms in partially purified form for further characterization by other chromatographic solvents or paper ionophoresis.
Binding of influenza viruses to sialic acids: reassortant viruses with A/NWS/33 hemagglutinin bind to α2,8-linked sialic acid

We have examined the specificity of binding of A/NWS/33 hemagglutinin (HA), exploring the effects of fucosylation, changing the Gal-GlcNAc linkage between the second and third sugars, and binding affinity for alpha2,8-linked sialic acid. The HA of A/NWS/33(HA)-Tokyo/67(NA) (NWS-Tok, H1N2) virus binds to 3'-linked sialyllactose with 10-fold higher affinity than 3' sialyllactosamine and 3-fold higher affinity than 6' sialyllactosamine. The P227H mutation in A/NWS/33(P227H)(HA)-A/Memphis/31/98(NA) (NWS-Mem/98, H1N2) results in sevenfold lower affinity for 3' sialyllactose, but binding to 6' sialyllactosamine is unchanged. The apparent switch from 3' to 6' specificity is solely due to a loss of Siaalpha2,3 binding. Fucosylation of the third sugar and changing the linkage between second and third sugars had little effect on binding by NWS-Tok, but marked effects on A/NWS/33(P227H)(HA)-tern/Australia/G70c/75(NA) (NWS-G70c, H1N9) and NWS-Mem/98. NWS-Tok, NWS-G70c, and NWS-Mem/98 bind to alpha2,8-bisialic acid with high affinity. NWS-Mem/98 can also bind to alpha2,8-trisialic acid, but with lower affinity. Together, these data show that alpha2,8-linked sialic acid, fucosylation of the third sugar, and linkage between the second and third sugars could play important roles in allowing efficient virus binding to its host cell. The finding that influenza viruses have the potential to bind to alpha2,8-linked sialic acid is a new influenza virus-receptor interaction pathway.
Erythropoietin derived by chemical synthesis.

Erythropoietin is a signaling glycoprotein that controls the fundamental process of erythropoiesis, orchestrating the production and maintenance of red blood cells. As administrated clinically, erythropoietin has a polypeptide backbone with complex dishomogeneity in its carbohydrate domains. Here we describe the total synthesis of homogeneous erythropoietin with consensus carbohydrate domains incorporated at all of the native glycosylation sites. The oligosaccharide sectors were built by total synthesis and attached stereospecifically to peptidyl fragments of the wild-type primary sequence, themselves obtained by solid-phase peptide synthesis. The glycopeptidyl constructs were joined by chemical ligation, followed by metal-free dethiylation, and subsequently folded. This homogeneous erythropoietin glycosylated at the three wild-type aspartates with N-linked high-mannose sialic acid–containing oligosaccharides and O-linked glycophorin exhibits Procrit-level in vivo activity in mice.
Silicon, aluminum, and oxalic acid interactions in two California forest soils

Abstract The release of solid‐phase soil aluminum (Al) from two soils was studied under acidic conditions and also in the presence of monosilicic acid. The soils support mixed‐conifer forests in the mid‐elevation Western Sierra Nevada in northern California, but differ in their state of development and mineralogy as shown by Al, iron (Fe), and silicon (Si) concentrations. The pyrophosphate‐extractable Al (Alp) pool, which was a main source of released Al, decreased after a two‐month leaching with nitric (HNO3) or oxalic (HO2C‐CO2H) acids. Addition of monosilicic acid (SiO2.XH2O) to the acid extractants resulted in a further decrease of Al. Solution monosilicic acid was removed from solution by sorption on Fe oxides/hydroxides in the soil with the higher dithionite‐extractable Fe pool. In the less developed soil with lower pedogenic Fe, the formation of short‐range‐ordered aluminosilicates, even in the presence of a strong Al chelator, was responsible for the removal of a portion of the monosilicic acid fr...
National Survey of Sensory Features in Children with ASD: Factor Structure of the Sensory Experience Questionnaire (3.0)

This national online survey study characterized sensory features in 1,307 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ages 2–12 years using the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire Version 3.0 (SEQ-3.0). Using the SEQ-3.0, a confirmatory factor analytic model with four substantive factors of hypothesized sensory response patterns (i.e., hyporesponsiveness; hyperresponsiveness; sensory interests, repetitions and seeking behaviors; enhanced perception), five method factors of sensory modalities (i.e., auditory, visual, tactile, gustatory/olfactory, vestibular/proprioceptive), and one of social context were tested with good model fit. Child and family characteristics associated with the sensory response patterns were explored. The effect of sensory response patterns on autism severity was tested, controlling for key child and family characteristics. The SEQ-3.0 demonstrates an empirically valid factor structure specific to ASD that considers sensory response patterns, modalities, and social context.
Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar heat capacities of aqueous solutions of isomeric butanols at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar heat capacities C p , φ and apparent molar volumes V φ were determined for aqueous solutions of 1-butanol, 2-butanol (both R and S isomers), isobutanol (2-methyl-1-propanol), and t -butanol (2-methyl-2-propanol) at temperatures from 278.15 K to 393.15 K and at the pressure 0.35 MPa. The molalities investigated ranged from 0.02 mol · kg − 1 to 0.5 mol · kg − 1 . We used a vibrating-tube densimeter (DMA 512P, Anton Paar, Austria) to determine the densities and volumetric properties. Heat capacities were obtained using a twin fixed-cell, power-compensation, differential-output, temperature-scanning calorimeter (NanoDSC 6100, Calorimetry Sciences Corporation, Provo, UT, U.S.A.). The results were fit by regression to equations that describe the surfaces ( V φ , T , m ) and ( C p , φ , T , m ). Infinite dilution partial molar volumes V 2 o and heat capacities C p ,2 o were obtained over the range of temperatures by extrapolation of these surfaces to m = 0.
A stretch‐activated anion channel in tobacco protoplasts

Stretch-activated ion channels have been described in animal cells, where they might serve as mechanoreceptors, baroreceptors or osmoreceptors, as well as in yeast and bacteria, where osmoregulatory functions have been suggested. Here we report a large conductance, stretch-activated, anion-selective channel in protoplasts of a higher plant, tobacco, and discuss its possible role in osmoregulation.
Feeding patterns and population structure of an invasive cyprinid, the rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae), in Buffalo Harbor (Lake Erie) and the upper Niagara River

Feeding patterns and population structure of the non-native rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus) were examined to understand their ecology in Buffalo Harbor and the Niagara River. We hypothesized that (1) the diet of rudds would be omnivorous, but contain greater proportions of macrophytes in summer months, (2) feeding intensity would increase with water temperature, and (3) condition and growth would be similar to other populations. We collected rudds with a variety of gears in 2009 to test these hypotheses, and used data from 2007 to 2010 seining surveys to determine if the relative abundance of young-of-the-year rudd differed among sites with different flow conditions. Rudds were mostly herbivorous; they consumed aquatic macrophytes in summer and supplemented their diet with algae and fish in spring and fall. Feeding intensity was positively correlated with water temperature, but significantly reduced during spawning. Rudd condition and growth were greater than estimates from other populations, suggesting increases in abundance and range expansion are possible. Furthermore, reproduction was successful at lotic sites but very poor at sites without measureable flow, contrary to the paradigm of optimal rudd habitat. Research is needed to understand how herbivory by abundant rudd populations affects native aquatic communities.
Hair as a biopsy material: trace element data on one man over two decades.

Background: Hair mineral analyses are being performed frequently both with and without medical advice. Reasons for analysis often are ill defined. Objective: To assess variability of trace element data both within a series of samples from an individual and among mean values published from other research laboratories. Design: Many samples of hair were collected carefully from a healthy man over a comparatively long period of time and were processed and analyzed under standard conditions. Extensive published data from other research laboratories also were reviewed and compared. Results: Coefficients of variation for trace elements in hair of the donor ranged from 17 to 74% for the essential elements copper, selenium and zinc and from 53 to 121% for the potential intoxicants aluminum, cadmium and lead. The ratio of high mean to low mean for values published by others on hair samples from healthy people ranged from two for selenium and zinc to 18 for aluminum. Conclusions: Hair analysis should be based on a diagnostic hypothesis such as cadmium intoxication or copper deficiency rather than on the ease of analysis or attempts to explain vague symptoms because within-person variability is large and interlaboratory agreement on normal values is poor.
Delivery of Gadolinium-Labeled Nanoparticles to the Sentinel Lymph Node: Comparison of the Sentinel Node Visualization and Estimations of Intra-Nodal Gadolinium Concentration by the Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Sentinel node imaging is commonly performed prior to surgery for breast cancer and melanoma. While current methods are based on radio-lymphoscintigraphy, MR lymphangiography (MRL) offers the benefits of better spatial resolution without ionizing radiation. However, the optimal nanoparticle for imaging the sentinel nodes remains unclear. Gadolinium-labeled (Gd) contrast agents ranging in diameter from 100). These concentrations are sufficient to contemplate the use of Gd-neutron capture therapy of regional lymph nodes. Thus, when injected interstitially, the PAMAM-G6 Gd dendrimer not only provides excellent opacification of sentinel lymph nodes, but also provides the potential for targeted therapy of sentinel lymph nodes.
Pediatric TPN: Efficacy and Toxicity of a New Fat Emulsion

Fat emulsions are particularly valuable in pediatric total parenteral nutrition (TPN) because they provide an isotonic solution rich in calories. Little is known about the ideal composition of fatty acid emulsions, however, and very few formulations are commercially available. A new fat emulsion using a safflower oil base has recently been approved. We have used this new emulsion to provide a significant percentage of the nonprotein caloric requirements (24 to 42%) in 4 patients requiring TPN. These patients ranged in age from 1 to 15 years and received no enteral nutrition during the 3-week course of the study. Nutritional improvement without major toxic effects was documented in each patient.
Shape diffusion in the shell model

The diffusion coefficient for quadrupolar shape changes is derived in a model based on the mixing of static Hartree-Fock configurations by the residual interaction. The model correctly predicts the width of single-particle configurations. We find a diffusion rate depending on temperature as {ital T}{sup 3}, consistent with at least one other theoretical estimate. However, our diffusion rate is an order of magnitude lower than two values extracted from data.