cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Combined autoradiographic-immunocytochemical analysis of opioid receptors and opioid peptide neuronal systems in brain

Abstract Using adjacent section autoradiography-immunocytochemistry, the distribution of [ 3 H]naloxone binding sites was studied in relation to neuronal systems containing [Leu]enkephalin, dynorphin A, or β-endorphin immunoreactivity in rat brain. Brain sections from formaldehyde-perfused rats show robust specific binding of [ 3 H]naloxone, the pharmacological (μ-like) properties of which appear unaltered. In contrast, specific binding of the δ ligand [ 3 H]D-Ala 2 ,D-Leu 5 -enkephalin was virtually totally eliminated as a result of formaldehyde perfusion. Using adjacent section analysis, we have noted associations between [ 3 H]naloxone binding sites and one, two, or all three opioid systems in different brain regions; however, in some areas, no apparent relationship could be observed. Within regions, the relationship was complex; for example, in caudate-putamen, patches of opioid receptors did not correspond to the distribution of enkephalin immunoreactivity, but there was a correspondence between subcallosal streaks of binding sites and enkephalin. The complexity of the association between [ 3 H]naloxone binding sites and the multiple opioid systems, and previous reports of colocalization of μ and κ receptors in rat brain, are inconsistent with a simple-one-to-one relationship between a given opioid precursor and opioid receptor subtype. Instead, since differential processing of the three precursors gives rise to peptides of varying receptor subtype potencies and selectivities, the multiple peptide-receptor relationships may point to a key role of post-translational processing in determining the physiological consequences of opioid neurotransmission.
Pharyngeal Swallowing: Defining Pharyngeal and Upper Esophageal Sphincter Relationships in Human Neonates

Objective To test the hypothesis that the sensorimotor characteristics of the reflexes evoked on stimulation with air and water infusions differ by studying the effect of pharyngeal stimulation on pharyngeal–upper esophageal sphincter (UES) interactions in healthy neonates. Study design Pharyngo-UES-esophageal manometry was recorded in 10 neonates at 39 ± 4 weeks postmenstrual age. Pharyngeal infusions (n = 155) of air (0.1 to 2.0 mL) and sterile water (0.1 to 0.5 mL) were given. Two types of reflexes were recognized: pharyngeal reflexive swallowing (PRS) and pharyngo-UES-contractile reflex (PUCR). Frequency occurrence, distribution of reflexes, threshold volume, response time, and stimulus–response relationship were evaluated. Results The reflex response rates were 30% for air and 76% for water ( P P P Conclusions PRS is more frequent than PUCR, and the 2 reflexes have distinctive characteristics in air and water stimuli. Both PRS and PUCR have implications for the evaluation of swallowing in infants.
Hydroxamate ligands, surface chemistry, and the mechanism of ligand-promoted dissolution of goethite [α-FeOOH(s)]

The rate of goethite dissolution in the presence of acetohydroxamic acid, chosen to be representative of hydroxamate siderophores, was examined in order to understand the cycling of iron in soils. The surface chemistry is surprisingly complicated, with dissolution at pH 4, the rate of dissolution is dominated by the ligand-induced reaction and we propose a mechanism where the rate-controlling step involves replacement of the oxygens near the detaching Fe(III)-monohydroxamate surface complex with water molecules. The adsorbate stoichiometry is given by reaction of oxime and adjacent carbonyl functional groups on the ligand with paired -OH 2 and -OH functional groups at monoatomic steps on the goethite surface. Potential factors influencing the rate of iron oxide dissolution by the higher molecular weight siderophores that are produced by iron-deficient microbes include hydrophobic bonding and possible chelation to several Fe(III) sites at the mineral surface.
Uptake and metabolism of flavonols during in-vitro germination of Petunia hybrida (L.) pollen

Flavonol-deficient petunia pollen [conditionally male fertile (CMF) pollen] is unable to germinate but application of nanomolar concentrations of flavonol aglycones completely restores function (Mo et al. 1992). In this study a chemically synthesized radioactive flavonol, [4′-O-14C]kaempferide, was used as a model compound to study the metabolism of flavonols during the first few hours of pollen germination. [4′-O-14C] Kaempferide was as efficient at inducing CMF pollen germination as kaempferol and quercetin, the aglycone form of the endogenous flavonols in petunia pollen. Analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of extracts from both in-vitro-germinated pollen and the germination medium showed that more than 95% of the applied radioactivity was recovered as three kaempferide 3-O-glycosides and unmetabolized kaempferide; no flavonol catabolites were detected. Only HPLC fractions that contained the aglycone, or produced it upon acid hydrolysis, could induce CMF pollen germination in vitro. Structurally diverse flavonols could be classified according to how efficiently the aglycone was internalized and glycosylated during pollen germination. The ability of an individual flavonol to restore germination correlated with the total uptake of flavonols but not with the amount of glycoside formed in the pollen. Thus this study reinforces the conclusion that flavonol aglycones are the active compound for inducing pollen germination.
Gut passage and insect grazer selectivity of lotic diatoms

SUMMARY 1. Grazing experiments were conducted in a small Kentucky stream to determine if epilithic diatom taxa differed in susceptibility to grazing by the larval caddisfly, Neophylax autumnus, and whether ingested taxa varied in digestibility. Live/dead ratios of diatom cells from N. autumnus faecal material were compared with live/dead ratios of cells taken from adjacent epilithic habitats to determine diatom digestibility. Selectivity was studied by comparing relative abundances of diatom taxa on substrata with the relative abundances of these taxa in grazer faecal material. 2. 73% of the diatoms collected from epilithic habitats contained intact chloroplasts and were characterized as live cells. Only 42% of diatoms eliminated in caddisfly faeces were living. The five dominant diatom taxa did not differ in digestibility. Elimination of viable diatoms in grazer faecal material may contribute to diatom drift in streams, and thus supply individuals for downstream recolonization. Failure to document live/dead ratios of diatoms from grazed substrata can lead to overestimation of the digestibility of taxa and misinterpretation of results. 3. Grazers in this investigation were more successful at ingesting large, high-profile diatom taxa (i.e. Cymbella, Meridion and Gomphonema) and less able to remove small, adnate forms (Achnanthes minutissima). Such 'selectivity’may be one mechanism by which A. minutissima maintains dominance in this system.
Respecting Maya Language Revitalization

Abstract This article reexamines the link between ideology, communication, and classroom participation in the context of Yucatec Maya language revitalization. Discrepancies between the teacher's perspective on language and culture and that of her differently positioned students required ongoing negotiation in the classroom. These negotiations illuminate some of the challenges of “intercultural education” and are explored through transcripts, interviews, and participant-observation. I found that students were capable of resisting the prescriptions of standard Maya and localizing language revitalization in terms of their cultural norms for communication. My analysis emphasizes discrepant interpretations of a salient discourse genre, tsikbal (respectful conversation), and its negotiated reconfiguration in revitalization pedagogy. This discussion bears on an issue germane to the linguistic anthropology of education: Why does diversity become an obstacle in some classrooms and a resource in others? In this course participants developed a collective practice through which they effectively negotiated the ideological dimensions of turning talk into text. Linguistic symbols have their standard IPA values except the following: Key: c , “ch”; s , “sh”; ʔ , glottal stop; aa , any vowel with a rising–falling tone; aa, any vowel with a long low tone; [xxx], untranscribable text; ], overlap in conversational turns; xxx , targeted form; ”, Spanish primary stress; MF, Maestra Francisca; DA, Don Alejandro; Lo, Lorena.
African feminist politics of knowledge: tensions, challenges, possibilities

This book with contributions by feminist researchers and activists from Denmark, Ghana, Mozambique, and South Africa provides critical examination of issues and challenges they have encountered liv...
Clinical Profile and Predictors of Complications in Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background Clinical profile and predictors of major adverse events (MAE) associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) have not been characterized. Methods and Results A retrospective review and analysis of clinical data of 182 patients with PPCM. Forty-six patients had ≥1 MAE, including death (13), heart transplantation (11), temporary circulatory support (4), cardiopulmonary arrest (6), fulminant pulmonary edema (17), thromboembolic complications (4), and defibrillator or pacemaker implantation (10). Diagnosis of PPCM was delayed ≥1 week in 48% of patients with MAE that preceded the diagnosis in 50% of these patients. Seven (32%) of the surviving patients who had MAE and did not undergo heart transplantation had residual brain damage. Significant predictors of MAE were: left ventricular ejection fraction ≤25% (HR 4.20, CI 2.04–8.64) and non-Caucasian background(HR 2.16, CI 1.17– 3.97). These predictors in addition to diagnosis delay (HR 5.51, CI 1.21–25.04) were also associated with death or heart transplantation. Conclusions 1. PPCM may be associated with mortality or severe and lasting morbidity. 2. Incidence of MAE is higher in non-Caucasians and in women with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤25%. 3. Diagnosis of PPCM is often delayed and preceded by MAE. 4. Increased awareness of PPCM is required for early diagnosis and aggressive therapy in an attempt to prevent complications.
Developmental features accompanying the imposition and release of apical dominance in pea

Summary The ontogeny of the lateral shoot at the second node of the pea plant ( Pisum sativum L.) was studied to determine whether imposition and release of dominance was correlated with developmental features. The lateral shoot develops rapidly achieving maximal elongation rates 3 to 4 d after planting and then declines to a slow but measurable rate. Mature vascular tissue connecting to the main axis is not present during early growth of the shoot. As elongation slow down a single sieve tube begins to differentiate. A mature vessel is present only after the plants are 9-d-old. As the plant ages vascular development along the main axis outstrips vasculation of the lateral shoot. A single application of 6-benzylaminopurine to or decapitation of 6-d-old plants reverses this growth retardation. Increased elongation and renewed mitotic activity are noted within the first 24 h, and soon thereafter vascular tissues differentiate. These structural features suggest: 1) limited phloic and xylary connection with the main axis cannot support the vigorous growth of the lateral shoot so it becomes dominated, 2) the lateral shoot of pea is a metabolically active and a slow growing structure while apical dominance is maintained and 3) release from dominance involves an increase in the rate of mitosis and cell elongation and the stimulation of differentiation, processes that all are already in progress, albeit slowly, in the suppressed lateral shoot.
Dietary composition and diel feeding patterns of epipelagic siphonophores

Prey consumption patterns are described for 24 species of epipelagic siphonophores studied during 1977–1980 in the Gulf of California, off Southern California, in the Sargasso Sea, and in Friday Harbor, Washington. Of the species, 7 were studied by day and at night, 15 were studied only by day, and 2 were studied only at night. Each of the 3 suborders of siphonophores had a characteristic diet. Siphonophores in the suborder Cystonectae, which had large gastrozooids, fed primarily on fish larvae. Species in the suborder Physonectae, which generally had few, large gastrozooids, consumed some small copepods, but consumed mainly large copepods and a variety of large, noncopepod prey. Species in the suborder Calycophorae, which generally had many small gastrozooids, fed mainly on small copepods, and also on other small prey organisms. The maximum size of prey tended to be correlated with gastrozooid length for all the siphonophores studied. For a given siphonophore species, the number of ingested prey was greatest at localities where prey organisms were most abundant in the surrounding seawater. For siphonophore species collected both day and night, there was a tendency for more prey to be consumed at night. Behavioral observations in the laboratory indicated that of 7 siphonophore species tested, 2 fed only in the light, and another fed only in the dark.
Peaceful Revolution: Constitutional Change and American Culture from Progressivism to the New Deal

Preface 1. The Founders' Constitution and Republican Culture 2. Modern Constitutionalism and Progressive Reform 3. The Selling of War Socialism 4. Constitutional Conservatism in a Decade of Normalcy 5. Symbols of Authority in a Collapsing Economy 6. Imagining a New Constitutional Order 7. Inauguration Day, 1933 Afterword Notes Index
Study of Etiologic Relationship of Arterial Atherosclerosis to Corporal Veno-Occlusive Dysfunction in the Rabbit

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to explore the possible etiologic relationship of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis to corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction.Materials and Methods: In the New Zealand White rabbit, the competence of the corporal veno-occlusive mechanism was examined at various intervals after exposure to control diet, high cholesterol diet, or aortoiliac atherosclerosis.Results: Initially, all animals showed normal erectile function and corporal veno-occlusion. After 8 weeks and 16 weeks, the control animals preserved normal erection and corporal veno-occlusion, while most of the hypercholesterolemic and atherosclerotic animals developed corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction. The incidence of corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction in the hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic animals increased with time.Conclusions: This study suggests that a close relationship exists between prolonged atherosclerotic occlusion of major penile arteries and the development of corporal veno-occlu...
Conceptual and methodological issues in the assessment of shame and guilt.

Although shame and guilt are prominently cited in theories of moral behavior and psychopathology, surprisingly little research has considered these emotions. A key factor hindering research in this area has been a need for psychometrically sound measures of shame and guilt. Fortunately, a number of new measures have been developed in recent years. In this article, I describe the current status of the assessment of these long-neglected emotions, highlighting both conceptual and methodological issues that arise in the measurement of shame and guilt. I begin with a discussion of several definitions of and distinctions between shame and guilt, summarizing the degree to which these alternative conceptualizations have been empirically supported. This background is important when evaluating the relative strengths and weaknesses of a given measurement strategy (e.g. the degree to which a strategy is grounded in a sound conceptual framework). I then describe specific measures of shame and guilt, including dispositional measures (i.e. assessing individual differences in proneness to shame and proneness to guilt across situations) and state measures (i.e. assessing feelings of shame and guilt in the moment), offering my observations on their respective strengths and weaknesses and some suggestions for future measurement development.
On developing system dynamics model for business process simulation

Business operations can be formally described in business process models that capture activities, information, and flow embedded in business operation. System dynamics modeling is a set of conceptual tools that enable business process designers to build computer simulations of complex business process behaviors. System dynamics models provide accurate description of system behavior along the time dimension. It gives a convenient tool to conduct what if analysis though dynamics points of view. However, to develop system dynamics models requires keen understanding of the "physics" of the target business operations, business organizations, and financial structures and so on. This paper is aimed to provide heuristics and guidelines of developing system dynamics models based on given business process models along with associated reference contexts. An example, from supply chain management domain, of using business process models to derive system dynamics models will be given in the paper.
Dynamics governs switching among patterns of coordination in biological movement

Abstract In new experiments on coordinated human movement we demonstrate that the process of intentionally switching from one pattern of coordination to another is governed by the dynamics of the patterns themselves. In particular, the stability of the patterns as established in earlier experiments on instabilities of these coordination patterns, determines the nature of the transient switching process. Measures such as the length of the transient (or switching time) and its distribution closely match theoretical predictions.
Gas Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Determination of Hemoglobin Adducts of 1,3-Dinitrobenzene and 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene in Shrew Cryptotis Parva

1,3-Dinitrobenzene (DNB) and 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) are used primarily in explosive compositions and munitions and have been detected as environmental contaminants of surface waters as well as...
Message passing for Linux clusters with gigabit Ethernet mesh connections

Multiple copper-based commodity gigabit Ethernet (GigE) interconnects (adapters) on a single host can lead to Linux clusters with mesh/torus connections without using expensive switches and high speed network interconnects (NICs). However traditional message passing systems based on TCP for GigE cannot perform well for this type of clusters because of the overhead of TCP for multiple GigE links. In this paper, we present two os-bypass message passing systems that are based on a modified M-VIA (an implementation of VIA specification) for two production GigE mesh clusters: one is constructed as a 4x8x8 (256 nodes) torus and has been in production use for a year; the other is constructed as a 6/spl times/8/spl times/8 (384 nodes) torus and was deployed recently. One of the message passing systems targets to a specific application domain and is called QMP and the other is an implementation of MPI specification 1.1. The GigE mesh clusters using these two message passing systems achieve about 18.5 /spl mu/s half-way round trip latency and 400MB/s total bandwidth, which compare reasonably well to systems using specialized high speed adapters in a switched architecture at much lower costs.
Antihypertensive efficacy of angiotensin receptor blockers as monotherapy as evaluated by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring: a meta-analysis

Aims Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are available in different dosages and it is common clinical practice to uptitrate if blood pressure goal is not achieved with the initial dose. Data on the incremental antihypertensive efficacy with uptitration are scarce. It is also unclear if antihypertensive efficacy of losartan is comparable with other ARBs. Methods and results We systematically reviewed PubMed/EMBASE/Cochrane databases for all randomized clinical trials until December 2012 reporting 24 h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) for most commonly available ARBs in patients with hypertension. Reduction in ABP with ARBs was evaluated at 25% of the maximum (max) dose, 50% of the max dose, and at the max dose. Comparison was made between 24 h BP-lowering effect of losartan 50 and 100 mg and other ARBs at 50% max dose and the max dose, respectively. Sixty-two studies enrolling 15 289 patients (mean age 56 years; 60% men) with a mean duration of 10 weeks were included in the analysis. Overall, the dose–response curve with ARBs was shallow with decrease of 10.3/6.7 (systolic/diastolic), 11.7/7.6, and 13.0/8.3 mmHg with 25% max dose, 50% max dose, and with the max dose of ARBs, respectively. Losartan in the dose of 50 mg lowered ABP less well than other ARBs at 50% max dose by 2.5 mmHg systolic ( P < 0.0001) and 1.8 mmHg diastolic ( P = 0.0003). Losartan 100 mg lowered ABP less well than other ARBs at max dose by 3.9 mm Hg systolic ( P = 0.0002) and 2.2 mmHg diastolic ( P = 0.002). Conclusion In this comprehensive analysis of the antihypertensive efficacy of ARBs by 24 h ABP, we observed a shallow dose–response curve, and uptitration marginally enhanced the antihypertensive efficacy. Blood pressure reduction with losartan at starting dose and at max dose was consistently inferior to the other ARBs.
Coupling of graphene and surface plasmons

We analyze the plasmon spectrum of a graphene sheet in the vicinity of a thick plasmalike substrate, finding linear dispersion in some parameter ranges.
Ethanol Enhances Neutrophil Membrane Tether Growth and Slows Rolling on P-Selectin but Reduces Capture from Flow and Firm Arrest on IL-1-Treated Endothelium

The effects of ethanol at physiological concentrations on neutrophil membrane tether pulling, adhesion lifetime, rolling, and firm arrest behavior were studied in parallel-plate flow chamber assays with adherent 1-microm-diameter P-selectin-coated beads, P-selectin-coated surfaces, or IL-1-stimulated human endothelium. Ethanol (0.3% by volume) had no effect on P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), L-selectin, or CD11b levels but caused PSGL-1 redistribution. Also, ethanol prevented fMLP-induced CD11b up-regulation. During neutrophil collisions with P-selectin-coated beads at venous wall shear rates of 25-100 s(-1), ethanol increased membrane tether length and membrane growth rate by 2- to 3-fold but reduced the adhesion efficiency (detectable bonding per total collisions) by 2- to 3-fold, compared with untreated neutrophils. Without ethanol treatment, adhesion efficiency and adhesion lifetime declined as wall shear rate was increased, whereas ethanol caused the adhesion lifetime over all events to increase from 0.1 s to 0.5 s as wall shear rate was increased, an example of pharmacologically induced hydrodynamic thresholding. Consistent with this increased membrane fluidity and reduced capture, ethanol reduced rolling velocity by 37% and rolling flux by 55% on P-selectin surfaces at 100 s(-1), compared with untreated neutrophils. On IL-1-stimulated endothelium, rolling velocity was unchanged by ethanol treatment, but the fraction of cells converting to firm arrest was reduced from 35% to 24% with ethanol. Overall, ethanol caused competing biophysical and biochemical effects that: 1) reduced capture due to PSGL-1 redistribution, 2) reduced rolling velocity due to increased membrane tether growth, and 3) reduced conversion to firm arrest.
The Family-Go-Round: Family Complexity and Father Involvement from a Father’s Perspective

Men who have children with several partners are often assumed to be “deadbeats” who eschew their responsibilities to their children. Using data from the nationally representative National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort (NLSY-97), we show that most men in complex families intensively parent the children of one mother while being less involved, or not involved at all, with children by others. Repeated qualitative interviews with 110 low-income noncustodial fathers reveal that men in complex families often engage with and provide, at least to some degree, for all of the biological and stepchildren who live in one mother’s household. These activities often exceed those extended to biological children living elsewhere. Interviews also show that by devoting most or all of their resources to the children of just one mother, men in complex families feel successful as fathers even if they are not intensively involved with their other biological children.
Does the brain actively maintain itself

All living systems have special mechanisms for combatting entropy; however, the brain has dimensions of organized complexity beyong those manifest in the anatomical structure and physiology of the rest of the body. Reasons are given in support of the notion that the brain therefore must have a special, intrinsic "homeostatic" system for its information bearing structures, and, further, that slow electroencephalographic activity has properties which might make it useful for such an order-maintaining function. Recovery from brain damage is hypothesized to be a byproduct of this process, which may involve a cruder sort of information processing than occurs with such functions as perception and learning. Synchronized EEG activity may be adequate to handle this sort of information processing. Speculations are offered about possible mechanics, on the neuronal level, of slow wave participation in plasticity; for example, one such suggestion is based on findings that electrical fields can influence cellular orientation. The methodology of discovering the distribution within the brain of the hypothetical maintenance system is discussed briefly.
Measurement of Sliver Drafting Forces

A staple draftometer is described using a "Hall Effect" wattmeter as the transducer for measuring dynamic forces in staple slivers during drafting. The procedure for calibration and use of the instrument is also given. A novel feature of the apparatus is the use of a decade resistance box to calibrate the desired full-scale force range. Drafting force was a hyperbolic function of draft ratio (beyond 1.5× draft), and the relationship between the two variables can be expressed in terms of a constant as shown by the following equation:(Drafting Force) X (Draft Ratio) = KThus the drafting force curve in terms of draft ratios can be defined by a single numher.An increase in crimp frequency (0-15 crimps per inch range) gave an exponential increase in sliver drafting force. Addition of luhricants such as Ucon® or silicone oils to clean T-54 Dacron® polyester fiber slivers produced a significant reduction in drafting force, most of which occurred during the addition of the first 0.1% lubricant. The absolute draft...
Analysis of surface EMG-force relation of the first dorsal interosseous muscle

The electromyogram (EMG)-force relation was investigated using 2-dimensional surface electrode arrays. The surface EMG and isometric contraction forces were recorded from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscles in 4 human subjects when they generated different levels of isometric contraction in three radial directions: abduction, flexion, and a linear combination of abduction and flexion. The surface EMG-force relation, fitted by a straight line, was constructed for each tested task direction. We found that the FDI muscle did not activate uniformly across the different directions of isometric contraction, resulting in variations in slope of the surface EMG-force relation. Furthermore, this variation was also sensitive to different channels of the surface electrode array on the muscle.
Origin and Comparative Anatomy of the Pectoral Limb

(The Classic Article is ©1950 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and is reprinted with permission from DePalma AF. Origin and comparative anatomy of the pectoral limb. In: DePalma AF. Surgery of the Shoulder. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1950:1–14.)
Computation of Compressible Flows using a Two-equation Turbulence Model on Unstructured Grids

This paper presents a numerical method for solving compressible turbulent flows using a k - l turbulence model on unstructured meshes. The flow equations and turbulence equations are solved in a loosely coupled manner. The flow equations are advanced in time using a multi-stage Runge-Kutta time stepping scheme, while the turbulence equations are advanced using a multi-stage point-implicit scheme. The positivity of turbulence variables is achieved using a simple change of dependent variables. The developed method is used to compute a variety of turbulent flow problems. The results obtained are in good agreement with theoretical and experimental data, indicating that the present method provides a viable and robust algorithm for computing turbulent flows on unstructured meshes.
Annex cache: a cache assist to implement selective caching ☆

Efficient instruction and data caches are extremely important for achieving good performance from modern high performance processors. Conventional cache architectures exploit locality, but do so rather blindly. By forcing all references through a single structure, the cache’s effectiveness on many references is reduced. This paper presents a selective caching scheme for improving cache performance, implemented using a cache assist namely the annex cache. Except for filling a main cache at cold start, all entries come to the cache via the annex cache. A block from the annex cache gets swapped with a main cache block only if it has been referenced twice after the conflicting main cache block was referenced. Essentially, low usage items are not allowed to create conflict misses in the main cache. Items referenced only rarely will be excluded from the main cache, eliminating several conflict misses and swaps. The basic premise is that an item deserves to be in the main cache only if it can prove its right to exist in the main cache by demonstrating locality. The annex cache has some of the features of a victim cache (N.P. Jouppi, Improving direct-mapped cache performance by the addition of a small fully associative cache and buffers, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture, 1990, pp. 364‐373) but the processor can access annex cache entries directly, i.e. annex cache entries can bypass the main cache. Thus it combines the features of victim caches and cache exclusion schemes. Extensive simulation studies for annex and victim caches using a variety of SPEC programs are presented in this paper. Annex caches were observed to be significantly better than conventional caches, better than victim caches in certain cases, and comparable to victim caches in other cases. q 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Scheduling for Reliable Execution in Autonomic Systems

Scheduling the execution of multiple concurrent tasks on shared resources such as CPUs and network links is essential to ensuring the reliable operation of many autonomic systems. Well known techniques such as rate-monotonic scheduling can offer rigorous timing and preemption guarantees, but only under assumptions (i.e., a fixed set of tasks with well-known execution times and invocation rates) that do not hold in many autonomic systems. New hierarchical scheduling techniques are better suited to enforce the more flexible execution constraints and enforcement mechanisms that are required for autonomic systems, but a rigorous foundation for verifying and enforcing concurrency and timing guarantees is still needed for these approaches. The primary contributions of this paper are: (1) a scheduling policy design technique that can use different decision models across a wide range of systems models, and an example of how a specific (Markov Decision Process) decision model can be applied to a basic multi-threaded system model; (2) novel model checking techniques that can evaluate the behavior of the system model when it is placed under the control of the resulting scheduling policy; and (3) an evaluation of those scheduling policy design and model checking techniques for a simple but representative example of the kinds of execution scenarios that can arise in autonomic systems.
GLOBALIZATION, MARKET SYMBOLISM, AND COPING

Current understandings about coping have been shaped by a neo-liberal economic philosophy. This article examines the symbolic side of this outlook and considers the ways in which market imagery reinforces coping as a model of global integration. This philosophy, however, has been documented to threaten well-being. Moreover, within various philosophical fields, the assumptions that guide market imagery have lost credibility. This shift in thinking is examined and calls for a rethinking of market-based coping.
Cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide

Abstract Cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO 2 ) was studied in a batch reactor at 50 °C and 207 bar with either triallyl pentaerythritol ether or tetraallyl pentaerythritol ether as the cross-linker and with 2,2′-azobis(2,4-dimethyl-valeronitrile) as the free radical initiator. All polymers were white, dry, fine powders. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the morphology of the polymer particles was not affected by cross-linking. As the cross-linker concentration was increased, the polymer glass transition temperature first decreased, then increased. Water-soluble and water-insoluble polymers were synthesized by adjusting the cross-linker concentration. Viscosity measurements showed that the polymer thickening effect strongly depended on the degree of cross-linking. Finally, cross-linking polymerization of acrylic acid in scCO 2 was carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The use of cross-linker decreased the monomer conversion in this system.
A surface acoustic wave biosensor for interrogation of single tumour cells in microcavities

In this study, biological cells are sensed and characterized with surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices utilising microcavities. After tumour cells in media are transported to and trapped in microcavities, the proposed platform uses SAW interaction between the substrate and the cells to extract their mechanical stiffness based on the ultrasound velocity. Finite element method (FEM) analysis and experimental results show that output phase information is an indicator of the stiffness modulus of the trapped cells. Small populations of various types of cells such as MCF7, MDA-MB-231, SKBR3, and JJ012 were characterized and characteristic moduli were estimated for each cell population. Results show that high frequency stiffness modulus is a possible biomarker for aggressiveness of the tumour and that microcavity coupled SAW devices are a good candidate for non-invasive interrogation of single cells.
CPAP and Bi-level PAP Therapy: New and Established Roles

Over the past few decades, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for obstructive sleep apnea has evolved into more and more sophisticated modes of therapy for various forms of sleep-disordered breathing. While the principles of splinting the airway and delivering assisted ventilation underpin the basics of this therapy, the introduction of newer technologies and miniaturization are revolutionizing the former conventions of the field. The purpose of this review is to improve our understanding of various forms of PAP therapy by providing the rationale for such modalities, gaining a basic working knowledge of device technology, and critically assessing the clinical research evidence while identifying barriers to implementation. Dissemination of such information is vital in order to prevent knowledge gaps in healthcare providers and systems.
Die Geometrie linearer Programme

Die Menge der Punkte (x1, x2), die der Ungleichung $${x_1} + {x_2} \ge 2$$ (1) genugen, besteht aus einem Gebiet im zweidimensionalen Raum auf einer Seite der Geraden (siehe Abb. 7-1-I a) $${x_1} + {x_2} \ge 2.$$ (2) Das ist ein Beispiel eines konvexen Gebietes oder, anders ausgedruckt, einer konvexen Punktmenge. Das durch den Winkel zwischen zwei Geraden (Abb. 7-1-I b) definierte Gebiet ist ebenfalls eine konvexe Menge.
Full duplex MIMO radios

This paper presents the design and implementation of the first in-band full duplex WiFi-PHY based MIMO radios that practically achieve the theoretical doubling of throughput. Our design solves two fundamental challenges associated with MIMO full duplex: complexity and performance. Our design achieves full duplex with a cancellation design whose complexity scales almost linearly with the number of antennas, this complexity is close to the optimal possible. Further we also design novel digital estimation and cancellation algorithms that eliminate almost all interference and achieves the same performance as a single antenna full duplex SISO system, which is again the best possible performance. We prototype our design by building our own analog circuit boards and integrating them with a WiFi-PHY compatible standard WARP software radio implementation. We show experimentally that our design works robustly in noisy indoor environments, and provides close to the expected theoretical doubling of throughput in practice.
Implications of Deep-Water Seismometer Array Measurements for Scholte Wave Propagation

A field exercise was conducted in March 1990 to make measurements of Scholte wave propagation characteristics in a deep ocean environment. Signals from a series of bottom explosive shots were recorded on an array of ocean bottom seismometers. Clear Scholte phases were observed on the vertical seismometers to ranges of 1.25 km, but were attenuated to noise levels by 2 km range. Collocated hydrophones did not detect the Scholte wavetrain even at the closest ranges. The ratio of pressure (µPa) to vertical ground velocity (nm/s) was 68 dB in time windows dominated by body waves, but only 20 dB in windows dominated by the Scholte wave. Group velocities were low (30-100 m/s) and showed considerable variability despite the expected uniformity of the seafloor in this abyssal environment.
Ulcerated tophaceous gout

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis characterised by hyperuricemia, which, if poorly controlled, can lead to the development of tophi. We report the case of a 60-year-old Caucasian man with poorly controlled polyarticular tophaceous gout with multiple comorbidities (including renal failure) who presented with tophaceous ulcers of the upper extremity. These ulcers caused extreme pain, requiring chronic opiate medications, and were associated with decreased sensation and reduced ability to move the extremity. His hospital course was complicated by acute kidney injury, haemolytic anaemia and Clostridium difficile infection. He required 1 month of antibiotics and intensive wound care for his ulcers. This case highlights the diagnosis, natural history and management of an unusual complication of hyperuricemia.
What Do Millennials Want in the Perfect Workplace Environment

Twenty-two variables were identified and selected by millennial students as the most important factors contributing to the millennial employeeâ€™s ideal workplace environment. These students were attending a small, southern university School of Business in the United States. On a 5-point Ranking Scale, fifty-two college students responded to a student-designed survey ranking the importance of twenty-two workplace environment variables. It was determined that motivation by â€œbeing involved in the companyâ€™s decisionsâ€ and â€œworking with positive-like-minded peopleâ€ were the two most important factors. These were followed by â€œhaving modern equipmentâ€ and â€œliking the company I work forâ€. The most significant factors impacting job position selection are â€œgreat working conditions including good equipment, good work environment and low stressâ€.
Outcomes After Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Generator Replacement for Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death

Background— The effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) for primary prevention of sudden death in patients with an ejection fraction (EF) ≤35% and clinical heart failure is well established. However, outcomes after replacement of the ICD generator in patients with recovery of EF to >35% and no previous therapies are not well characterized. Methods and Results— Between 2001 and 2011, generator replacement was performed at 2 tertiary medical centers in 253 patients (mean age, 68.3±12.7 years; 82% men) who had previously undergone ICD placement for primary prevention but subsequently never received appropriate ICD therapy. EF had recovered to >35% in 72 of 253 (28%) patients at generator replacement. During median (quartiles) follow-up of 3.3 (1.8–5.3) years after generator replacement, 68 of 253 (27%) experienced appropriate ICD therapy. Patients with EF ≤35% were more likely to experience ICD therapy compared with those with EF >35% (12% versus 5% per year; hazard ratio, 3.57; P =0.001). On multivariable analysis, low EF predicted appropriate ICD therapy after generator replacement (hazard ratio, 1.96 [1.35–2.87] per 10% decrement; P =0.001). Death occurred in 25% of patients 5 years after generator replacement. Mortality was similar in patients with EF ≤35% and >35% (7% versus 5% per year; hazard ratio, 1.10; P =0.68). Atrial fibrillation (3.24 [1.63–6.43]; P <0.001) and higher blood urea nitrogen (1.28 [1.14–1.45] per increase of 10 mg/dL; P <0.001) were associated with mortality. Conclusions— Although approximately one fourth of patients with a primary prevention ICD and no previous therapy have EF >35% at the time of generator replacement, these patients continue to be at significant risk for appropriate ICD therapy (5% per year). These data may inform decisions on ICD replacement.
ACCUMULATION CONSTANTS OF ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEMS WITH BLOCH TARGET DOMAINS

Given a random sequence of holomorphic maps f1;f2;f3;::: from the unit disk ¢ to a subdomain X, we consider the compositions
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: The Prevention of Complications

The microvascular complications of retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy are less prevalent, and not as severe, in NIDDM as compared with IDDM for unknown reasons. Macrovascular disease is the greatest challenge in the management of NIDDM because it is the cause of death in 50% to 60% of this patient population. Control of the hyperglycemia is the most important because the prevention of complications is more effective than the treatment of them. Blood glucose control through diet, exercise, and medication is the key to reducing the previously identified complications. Lifestyle modifications of diet and exercise are the most effective treatment to reduce hyperglycemia. It is important to emphasize during the asymptomatic period the serious consequences of the complications and to set goals using the glycosylated hemoglobin. If these goals are not met, treatment should be intensified by more frequent visits or referral for the team approach. The time for intervention is before the complications are present, not after they occur. It is certainly reasonable to reduce as many risk factors as possible that adversely affect the complications of NIDDM. Hypertension can affect the course of coronary artery disease, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy and should be treated. The avoidance of tobacco is a must for the prevention of vascular disease and is associated with painful neuropathy. Dyslipidemia is seen frequently in NIDDM and should be assessed by fasting lipid panel and treated to lower the LDL cholesterol below 130 mg/dL. Reduction of individual risk factors is the most effective approach to this complex clinical syndrome until such time as a better understanding of the pathophysiology provides a more specific and effective intervention.
Insight, not (random) numbers: an embedded perspective

Hamming said that the purpose of computing was "insight, not numbers." Yet benchmarking embedded systems is today a numbers game. In this talk, I will dissect Hamming's famous quote and provide some reasons to hope we can making benchmarking of embedded systems into a science. In particular, I will discuss how to model and measure quantities so that one can gain confidence in the results. I will use the industry standard EEMBC benchmark set as an example. Along the way, I will (I hope) give some insight into what the EEMBC benchmarks are trying to test.
Use of the retrograde approach for preserving the distal bifurcation after antegrade crossing of a right coronary artery chronic total occlusion

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of a chronic total occlusion (CTO) can be challenging when a bifurcation is present at the distal cap. We describe a case of combined use of the antegrade and retrograde approach for preserving a distal cap bifurcation during CTO PCI.
Examination for heat-labile, heat-stable, and Shiga-like toxins and for the eaeA gene in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from dogs dying with diarrhea: 122 cases (1992-1996).

OBJECTIVE To examine Escherichia coli isolates obtained from dogs dying with diarrhea for heat-labile, heat-stable, and Shiga-like toxins and for the eaeA gene, which is associated with attaching and effacing lesions. DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 122 dogs. PROCEDURE E coli isolates were tested by means of dot-blot hybridization of DNA extracts of cultured bacteria. Medical records of dogs from which E coli isolates with virulence genes had been isolated were examined, and histologic findings and evidence of intercurrent bacterial and viral infections were recorded. RESULTS None of the E coli isolates obtained from these dogs produced heat-labile, heat-stable, or Shiga-like toxins; however, E coli isolates from 44 of 122 dogs were found to have the eaeA gene. Histologically, multifocal bacterial adherence to the epithelium and epithelial necrosis and detachment were seen in colonic specimens from 20 of 44 (45%) dogs. Escherichia coli was the sole pathogen identified in 15 of 44 (34%) dogs. Intercurrent pathogens, including canine parvovirus (n = 19), Clostridium perfringens (8), rotavirus (5), hookworms (3), coccidia (3), and Salmonella agona (1), were identified in the remaining 29 (66%) dogs. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Attaching and effacing E coli can be a primary or secondary pathogen in dogs with diarrhea. Antibiotic treatment is indicated in dogs with diarrhea because of the possibility that it is primarily bacterial in origin and because, even if it is primarily viral in origin, there may be secondary bacterial infection.
Living and Working in Chicago in 1919

In 1919, four million workers launched the greatest strike wave in American history. Boston policemen, New England telephone operators, textile workers up and down the East Coast, most of the workingmen and women in Seattle, 450,000 coal miners, and 365,000 steelworkers nationwide led an offensive in which more than one in five American workers eventually participated. Their goals were both material and ideological. Fearing retrenchment by management after World War I, workers fought to defend their wartime wages and hours but even more basically to protect their jobs. And inspired by America's war effort in Europe, they sought to bring the campaign for democracy back home, to their own shop floors and election wards. Chicago, with its history of labor militance and its location at the crossroads of transportation and communication, became a center of the strike movement, with more strikes than any other city besides New York. Here, too, some of the most important strikes took place, particularly in the mass production industries – steel, meatpacking, readymade clothing, and agricultural equipment – that had made Chicago the second largest industrial area in the nation.
Increased Nutritional Requirements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Result of Incubation at 38°C.∗

SummaryData were presented revealing that the paucity of growth of certain strains of yeast at 38°C is somehow related to a reduced ability to carry out the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid. Results were discussed in the light of the accepted pathway of pantothenate biosynthesis. Since the organisms are genetically endowed with the enzymic make up to synthesize pantothenate, this provides another example of the fact that environment plays an important role in genetic expression.