cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unsuspected bacterial suppurative disease of the airways presenting as chronic cough.

dependent Estrogen-mediated coronary relaxation after acute estrogen withdrawal. Circulation. 1994;90:1964 –1968. 15. Collins P, Rosano GMC, Sarrel PM, et al. 17 -estradiol attenuates acetylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1995;92:24 –30. 16. Rosano GMC, Sarrel PM, Poole-Wilson PA, Collins P. Beneficial effect of oestrogen on exercise-induced myocardial ischaemia in women with coronary artery disease. Lancet. 1993;342:133–136. 17. Moran VH, Leathard HL, Coley J. Cardiovascular functioning during the menstrual cycle. Clin Physiol. 2000;20:496 –504. 18. Cunningham FG, Gant NF, Leveno KJ, et al. The endometrium and decidua. Menstruation and pregnancy. In: Cunningham FG, Gant NF, Leveno KJ, et al., eds. Williams Obstetrics. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:65-83. 19. Kawano H, Motoyama T, Ohgushi M, et al. Menstrual cyclic variation of myocardial ischemia in premenopausal women with variant angina. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:977–981. 20. The North American Menopause Society. Normal physiology. In: Menopause Core Curriculum Study Guide. 2nd ed. Cleveland, Ohio: North American Menopause Society; 2002:15-20. 21. Polderman KH, Stehouwer CD, van Kamp GJ, et al. Modulation of plasma endothelin levels by the menstrual cycle. Metabolism. 2000; 49:648 –650. 22. Webb CM, Ghatei MA, McNeill JG, et al. 17beta-estradiol decreases endothelin-1 levels in the coronary circulation of postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 2000;102:1617– 1622. 23. Wilcox JG, Hatch IE, Gentzschein E, et al. Endothelin levels decrease after oral and nonoral estrogen in postmenopausal women with increased cardiovascular risk factors. Fertil Steril. 1997;67: 273–277. 24. Dubey RK, Jackson EK, Keller PJ, et al. Estradiol metabolites inhibit endothelin synthesis by an estrogen receptor-independent mechanism. Hypertension. 2001;37:640 –644. 25. Rosselli M, Imthurm B, Macas E, et al. Circulating nitrite/nitrate levels increase with follicular development: indirect evidence for estradiol mediated no release. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994; 202:1543–1552. 26. Kharitonov SA, Logan-Sinclair RB, Busset CM, Shinebourne EA. Peak expiratory nitric oxide differences in men and women: relation to the menstrual cycle. Br Heart J. 1994;72:243–245. 27. Lloyd GW, Patel NR, McGing E, et al. Does angina vary with the menstrual cycle in women with premenopausal coronary artery disease? Heart. 2000;84:189 –192.
Influence of Alfalfa Escapes on Estimating Spring Barley Yield

In Wyoming, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) can follow alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in irrigated rotations. To avoid serious wind erosion, this conversion should be done using conservation tillage. However, this can be complicated by alfalfa escapes. The relationship between the level of established alfalfa interference and barley is unknown. Establishment of the season-long impact of alfalfa escapes on barley yield would be important for crop-loss assessment. Forecasting the impact on production would be valuable as a decision making tool. The objective of this study was to estimate yield losses from season-long interference of alfalfa escapes and to forecast impact of alfalfa escapes on spring barley yield. Replicated field studies were conducted under sprinkler irrigation at a site near Torrington, WY. Herbicide treatments were used to provide for barley production across a range of levels of alfalfa interference. Barley yield response was regressed on various measures of alfalfa infestation. Consistency of regression over years for barley yield on end-of-season alfalfa stand or alfalfa yield allowed for simple interpretation of the expected barley yield reduction, as well as calculation of the expected barley yield given a specific level of alfalfa infestation. Use of a growing season visual assessment of alfalfa control did not result in consistency of regression slopes over years. Calculation of an expected barley yield based on models developed using alfalfa stand and alfalfa yield was accomplished. The predictors are -84.747 and -0.5577 for alfalfa plants as m -2 and kg ha -1 alfalfa yield, respectively.
Addendum to fitting polynomials to main effects in multi factor experiments : A note concerning polynomial coefficients when all factors are quantitative

When all factors are quantitative, cell means may be expressed as a polynomial function of products of powers of the associated quantitative classification variables. Existence and uniqueness of this polynomial is established for unbalanced data with unequal spacing for no missing cells. The relationship between the coefficients of this polynomial and the main effects polynomials are derived for main effects which are arbitrary weighted averages of the cell means.
Modulation of Voltage-Gated K+ Channels by the Sodium Channel β1 Subunit

Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and potassium (Kv) channels are key components of neuronal electrical excitability. Here we report that Navβ1, an integral subunit of Nav channels, associates with and modulates the biophysical properties of the Kv1 and Kv7 channels, in an isoform-specific manner, but not those of the Kv3 channels. Distinct domains of Navβ1 modulate specific biophysical properties of different Kv channels. Studies with channel chimeras demonstrate that Navβ1-mediated changes in activation kinetics and voltage-dependence of activation require interaction of Navβ1 with the channel's voltage-sensing domain, while changes in inactivation and deactivation require interaction with the channel's pore domain. A molecular model based on docking studies shows Navβ1 lying in the crevice between the voltage-sensing and pore domains of Kv channels, making significant contacts with the S1 and S5 segments, and the external loop making significant contacts with outer loops of at least two monomers in the channel. Cross-modulation of Nav and Kv channels by Navβ1 may promote diversity and flexibility in the overall control of cellular excitability and signaling.
Paths from mother-child and father-child relationships to externalizing behavior problems in children differing in electrodermal reactivity: a longitudinal study from infancy to age 10.

Electrodermal hyporeactivity (or low skin conductance level, SCL) has been long established as a correlate of and diathesis for antisocial behavior, aggression, disregard for rules of conduct and feelings of others, and generally, externalizing behavior problems in children and adults. Much less is known, however, about how individual differences in children’s SCL and qualities of their early experiences in relationships with parents interact to produce antisocial outcomes. In a community sample of 102 families (51 girls), we examined children’s SCL, assessed in standard laboratory tasks at age 8 (N = 81), as a moderator of the links between parent–child socialization history and children’s externalizing behavior problems at ages 8 and 10, reported by mothers and fathers in well-established instruments and by children in clinical interviews. Mother- and father-child socialization history was assessed in frequent, intensive observations. Parent–child mutually responsive orientation (MRO) was observed from infancy to age 10, parental power assertion was observed from 15 months to age 6 ½, and children reported their attachment security in interviews at age 8 and 10. For children with lower SCL, variations in mothers’ power assertion and father-child MRO were associated with parent-rated externalizing problems. The former interaction was consistent with diathesis-stress, and the latter with differential susceptibility. For children with higher SCL, there were no links between socialization history and externalizing problems.
High-Fidelity Simulation for Transport Team Training and Competency Evaluation

Neonatal transport teams are challenged to provide high-quality, cost-effective care. Staff unpreparedness and improperly applied neonatal skills and interventions can be associated with an immeasurable increase in adverse outcomes, including pain and suffering, morbidity, mortality, and increased cost. Although historically there has been little consistency in neonatal transport team composition, training, or competency evaluation, this article will demonstrate how the utilization of simulation-based training and competency is beneficial in assuring team members receive and maintain the skills needed to recognize and manage adverse events during transport. Transport simulation standards will be proposed, and suggestions for using both low-fidelity and high-fidelity simulation are provided.
Clinical application of 3D topographic device for monitoring scoliosis progression

Methods The study group consisted of twenty children with idiopathic scoliosis (IS), aged 6-18 years, with a range of Cobb angles. The MTS is composed of two wide-angle optical cameras, two electro-magnetic sensors, a light, a software package, a positioning frame, and a desktop computer. The device required four 5-second scan sweeps (three vertical and one horizontal) for each subject. Four measurements were performed by two investigators, alternately. Reliability for the device was measured with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) controlling subject effect in a stratified model. Pearson correlations were calculated as well as mean values and confidence intervals for each metric.
Public Attitudes Toward Fiscal Programs

I. Sample surveys as a tool for measuring attitudes toward fiscal policies, 211. — II. Some survey findings, 213. — III. The congruence and stability of fiscal preferences, 223. — IV. Group differences in attitudes toward fiscal policies, 228.
Profilin, a weak CAP for actin and RAS.

Pascal J. Goldschmidt-Clermont’ and Paul A. Janmeyt *Department of Medicine Cardiology Division The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland 21205 tExperimental Medicine Division Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Many cells such as platelets and fibroblasts change their shape and move in response to extracellular agonists. This is considered to be a crucial step, because it often occurs when cells become committed to the accomplishment of a function, growth, or even transformation. Much has been learned about the membrane events involved in cell signal- ing (Cantley et al., 1991). Concurrently, major discoveries have been made concerning the structure of the cytoskele- ton that controls cell shape and motility (Stossel, 1989; Pollard, 1990). The connection between membrane activ- ity and cytoskeletal structure has remained a mystery. However, specific interactions between proteins of the actin-based skeleton and key molecules of membrane sig- naling pathways have been identified in vitro and now in vivo: the actin-binding protein profilin may contribute to a signaling pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is regulated by RAS, the ubiquitous GTPase that plays a central role in differentiation, growth, and proliferation of diverse cells (Hall, 1990) and by the adenyl cyclase-asso- ciated protein known as CAP (Vojtek et al., 1991). In S. cerevisiae, the only cell in which an effector of RAS has been characterized, RAS activates adenylate cyclase. This effect specifically requires the N-terminal domain of CAP (Gerst et al., 1991; Figure 1). The phenotype of yeast cells that are null for CAP or its C-terminal domain resem- bles that of yeast cells depleted of profilin by gene disrup- tion. They grow slowly, become very large and round, and have budding and nutritional defects. In yeast cells null for
Airway Secretion Management and General Pulmonary Rehabilitation Considerations for Patients with Neuromuscular Ventilatory Failure

Individuals with neuromuscular disease and restrictive pulmonary syndromes can benefit from the use of air stacking of mechanical insufflations, manually assisted coughing, and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation for the clearing of airway secretions that would otherwise put the patient at risk for atelectasis, pneumonia, and acute respiratory failure. Some neuromuscular patients can also use glossopharyngeal breathing to increase air stacking volumes. For many patients, mechanical insufflation-exsufflation, which may be used via an anesthesia mask or an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, may be the only highly effective noninvasive method for clearing airway secretions. Peak cough expiratory flows (PCEF) generated during mechanical exsufflation can equal those that can be generated during the vigorous coughs of physically intact adults and exceed those that can be generated by assisted and unassisted coughing. No untoward effects or complications have been described for neuromuscular patients using this...
Lipid Profiling Reveals Tissue-Specific Differences for Ethanolamide Lipids in Mice Lacking Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase

N-Acylethanolamines (NAE) are fatty acid derivatives, some of which function as endocannabinoids in mammals. NAE metabolism involves common (phosphatidylethanolamines, PEs) and uncommon (N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines, NAPEs) membrane phospholipids. Here we have identified and quantified more than a hundred metabolites in the NAE/endocannabinoid pathway in mouse brain and heart tissues, including many previously unreported molecular species of NAPE. We found that brain tissue of mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH −/−) had elevated PE and NAPE molecular species in addition to elevated NAEs suggesting that FAAH activity participates in the overall regulation of this pathway. This perturbation of the NAE pathway in brain was not observed in heart tissue of FAAH −/− mice indicating that metabolic regulation of the NAE pathway differs in these two organs and the metabolic enzymes that catabolize NAEs are most likely differentially distributed and / or regulated. Targeted lipidomics analysis, like that presented here, will continue to provide important insights into cellular lipid signaling networks.
Endolumph volume changes during osmotic dehydration measured by two marker techniques

The processes underlying endolymph volume regulation during osmotic disturbances were investigated in vivo using ionic volume markers. The markers utilized were tetramethylammonium (TMA+) or hexafluoroarsenate (AsF6−). Both ions were used in concentrations low enough not to be toxic, but readily detectable by ion-selective microelectrodes (typically < 1 mM). Two marker techniques were developed. In one, termed the ‘perfused volume marker’ (PVM) method, the marker was loaded into endolymph throughout the cochlea by perfusion of the perilymphatic space. Concentration changes of the marker were measured with a double-barreled ion-selective microelectrode. These recordings were insensitive to longitudinal movements of endolymph. The second technique, termed the ‘iontophoresed volume marker’ (IVM) method, utilized a localized, iontophoretic injection of marker into endolymph. In this method, marker changes were recorded from two ion-selective electrodes, one placed basal and one placed apical to the injection site. These data were used to compute changes in cross-sectional area and longitudinal movements of endolymph. Changes in endolymph volume were induced by perfusion of the perilymphatic space with hypertonic media. The endolymph potassium increase produced by osmotic dehydration was of similar magnitude and time course to that of a volume marker loaded by the PVM method. Using the IVM method, it was shown that these concentration increases arose by two distinct processes. One component was the area decrease of scala media. A second component was a small apically directed movement of endolymph during dehydration, thereby concentrating the available electrolytes within a smaller volume. This latter component was estimated to contribute approximately one third of the electrolyte increase during dehydration. Both the present and previous studies show that in the undisturbed state, longitudinal endolymph movements are extremely small and cannot make a significant contribution to ionic homeostasis. However, when endolymph volume is disturbed, longitudinal movements contribute to the electrolyte changes and are part of the compensation process. This study provides the first direct evidence supporting the long-standing hypotheses that local, radial homeostasis and longitudinal volume corrections both occur in the mammalian cochlea.
The internal velocity dispersions of three young star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The radial velocities of 11 to 37 stars have been measured in each of three rich young star clusters in the LMC: NGC 1866, NGC 2164, and NGC 2214. A thorough analysis of the observational errors and contamination by field stars is presented along with a new method to assign confidence limits to the velocity dispersions. Limits are set to the central densities, total masses, and mass-to-light ratios of the clusters, and the question of whether they have unbound halos is addressed. From the small velocity dispersion and large radial extent of NGC 1866, it is inferred that the cluster is not yet tidally limited by the LMC.
Palaeomagnetic field intensity variation recorded in a Brunhes epoch deep-sea sediment core

DEEP-SEA sediments have been shown to possess a natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) that often can be attributed to the statistical alignment of detrital magnetic grains in the Earth's magnetic field at or shortly after the time of their deposition1,2. In favourable circumstances this remanence can be interpreted as a record of palaeomagnetic field behaviour3,4. In the study reported here we have attempted to describe relative variations in palaeomagnetic field intensity on a time scale of 104–105 yr, during the past 700,000 yr, using the palaeomagnetic record of deep-sea sediment piston core RC10-167 (33°2′N, 150°23′E), which has an exceptionally thick section of sediment deposited during the Brunhes normal polarity epoch5 (Fig. 1). After subtracting the stratigraphic contribution of several distinct volcanic ash layers interspersed with the otherwise uniform pelagic sediment6, we calculate an average deposition rate of 2.1cm kyr−1 between the adjusted level (1,470cm) of the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary (t=700,000 yr) and the top of the core, assumed t=0 yr. A 2-cm thick sample, representing about 1,000 yr of deposition, was taken at an average interval of 3.3 cm (representing about 1,600 yr). This sampling placed a theoretical limit of 3,000–4,000 yr on the period of a resolvable sinusoidal variation.
Coherent NMR Stark spectroscopy.

Abstract We demonstrate phase-coherent Stark effects from a radiofrequency E field at twice the NMR frequency (2ω0) of 69Ga in GaAs. The 2ω0 phase (ϕE) selects component responses from the nuclear quadrupole Hamiltonian ( H Q ) . This is possible by synchronizing few-μs 2ω0 pulses with an NMR line-narrowing sequence, which averages the Stark interaction to dominate spectra on a background with 103× enhanced resolution. Spectra vs ϕE reveal relative sizes of tensorial factors in H Q . Comparative modeling and numerical simulations evaluate spectral features unexplained by average Hamiltonian theory, and suggest improvements for quantitative calibration of individual response components. Application of this approach to bulk samples is of value to define Stark responses that may later be used to interrogate the internal electrostatics of structured samples.
Four cardiac hormones cause cell death of melanoma cells and inhibit their DNA synthesis.

ABSTRACT Background There will be an estimated 59,940 new cases of melanoma and 8,110 deaths from melanoma in the United States in 2007. There has been no improvement in survival with melanomas in the last 22 years, with current treatment indicating that new treatment(s) of melanoma are drastically needed. Four cardiac hormones ie, atrial natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide, and kaliuretic peptide, have significant anticancer effects in adenocarcinomas. Methods Dose-response curves evaluated the effects of these cardiovascular hormones on cell death and DNA synthesis in several melanoma cell lines in culture for 96 hours. Receptors to mediate these peptide hormones effects were examined in the melanoma cells with Western blots. Their intracellular mediator-analog 8-bromo-cyclic GMP was used to determine if it could mimic their effects on decreasing melanoma cell number and DNA synthesis. Results The four cardiac hormones caused cell death in up to 71% ( P P μ M concentrations. 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP mimicked their effects, decreasing the number of melanoma cells up to 67% and their DNA synthesis by 58% (both at P Conclusions These results indicate that 4 cardiac hormones have potent beneficial effects by increasing cell death in up to 71% of melanoma cells within 24 hours mediated in part by a 73% decrease in their DNA synthesis.
A Brief Mindfulness Exercise Reduces Cardiovascular Reactivity During a Laboratory Stressor Paradigm

Mindfulness meditation is increasingly used in health interventions and may reduce stress and blood pressure. We aimed to investigate the effectiveness of brief mindfulness meditation in reducing cardiovascular reactivity and recovery during a laboratory stressor. We randomly assigned 62 meditation-naive participants to a mindfulness meditation group or a matched non-mindful listening exercise control group. There were no differences between groups in blood pressure, demographic, or mood variables at baseline. Mindfulness participants showed lower systolic blood pressure following the mindfulness exercise and decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity during a speeded math stressor. Specifically, as the stressor progressed, blood pressure in the mindfulness group began to decrease, whereas in the control group, it continued to increase. There were no group differences during recovery. Overall, brief mindfulness meditation reduced cardiovascular reactivity to stress and may be an effective intervention for reducing stress-related blood pressure reactivity.
Character and OTU stability in five taxonomic groups

The character and OTU stability of classifications based on UPGMA clustering and maximum parsimony (MP) trees were compared for 5 datasets (families of angiosperms, families of orthopteroid insects, species of the fish genusIctalurus, genera of the salamander family Salamandridae, and genera of the frog family Myobatrachidae). Stability was investigated by taking different sized random subsamples of OTUs or characters, computing UPGMA clusters and an MP tree, and then comparing the resulting trees with those based on the entire dataset. Agreement was measured by two consensus indices, that of Colless, computed from strict consensus trees, and Stinebrickner's 0.5-consensus index. Tests of character stability generally showed a monotone decrease in agreement with the standard as smaller sets of characters are considered. The relative success of the two methods depended upon the dataset. Tests of OTU stability showed a monotone decrease in agreement for UPGMA as smaller sets of OTUs are considered. But for MP, agreement decreased and then increased again on the same scale. The apparent superiority of UPGMA relative to MP with respect to OTU stability depended upon the dataset. Considerations other than stability, such as computer efficiency or accuracy, will also determine the method of choice for classifications.
The presentation of image in Charles H. Percy's whistle‐stop tour of 1966

The Whistle‐Stop Campaign of Charles Percy appeared to have a significant effect upon the outcome of his senatorial race with Paul Douglas. This study explores the development and execution of the whistle‐stop campaign and assesses its probable effect on the election.
Structural basis and distal effects of Gag substrate coevolution in drug resistance to HIV-1 protease.

Drug resistance mutations in response to HIV-1 protease inhibitors are selected not only in the drug target but elsewhere in the viral genome, especially at the protease cleavage sites in the precursor protein Gag. To understand the molecular basis of this protease–substrate coevolution, we solved the crystal structures of drug resistant I50V/A71V HIV-1 protease with p1-p6 substrates bearing coevolved mutations. Analyses of the protease–substrate interactions reveal that compensatory coevolved mutations in the substrate do not restore interactions lost due to protease mutations, but instead establish other interactions that are not restricted to the site of mutation. Mutation of a substrate residue has distal effects on other residues’ interactions as well, including through the induction of a conformational change in the protease. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that restoration of active site dynamics is an additional constraint in the selection of coevolved mutations. Hence, protease–substrate coevolution permits mutational, structural, and dynamic changes via molecular mechanisms that involve distal effects contributing to drug resistance.
Posttraumatic growth and PTSD symptomatology among colorectal cancer survivors: a 3-month longitudinal examination of cognitive processing.

Introduction The experience of cancer can be understood as a psychosocial transition, producing both positive and negative outcomes. Cognitive processing may facilitate psychological adjustment.
Case report: Ectopia cordis and the radiographic changes of new surgical repair technique

Preliminary repair of the midline thoracic defect in a newborn with ectopia cordis entailed the use of a prosthetic silo and fluid-filled tissue expanders placed under the lateral chest wall. On post-operative radiographs these expanders simulated the appearance of massive subcutaneous oedema of the chest wall.
The Role of Situational Factors and Display Cues on Collision Detection and Avoidance Using a Terrain Enhanced Primary Flight Display

The present research examines situation factors and display cues that contribute to the effectiveness of using a terrain enhanced primary flight display (TE-PFD) for detecting and avoiding potential Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents. Specifically, the relative importance of the terrain distance, altitude, and presence of an artificial horizon line were investigated. One of the crucial features of the TE-PFD is the inclusion of an artificial horizon line in addition to the natural horizon line provided by the terrain. The present research compared collision detection and avoidance decisions using a TE-PFD both with and without an artificial horizon line. Performance was assessed using the signal detection theory (SDT) parameters of sensitivity and response bias as well as the more traditional analysis of RT. Results indicated that removal of the artificial horizon line not only reduced the perceptual ease in detecting collisions but also altered the decision criterion used to make a collision...
Defining the heart and cardiovascular O-GlcNAcome: a review of approaches and methods.

The modification of nuclear, cytoplasmic, and mitochondrial proteins by monosaccharides of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) was first reported in 1984.1,2 Recent proteomic screens suggest that >1000 proteins in the cell are modified by O-GlcNAc3–10 and that these O-GlcNAc–modified proteins fall into many functional groups, including transcription factors and polymerases, cytoskeletal proteins, kinases and phosphatases, metabolic enzymes, ribosomal proteins, proteasomal proteins, and viral proteins.3–10 Not surprisingly, deletion of the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, is lethal in mice at E4.5 and in isolated embryonic fibroblasts.11,12 O-GlcNAc is thought to regulate protein function in a manner analogous to protein phosphorylation,13 and like protein phosphorylation, levels of the O-GlcNAc protein modification, or O-GlcNAcylation, respond to numerous signals, including cellular damage, such as that caused by ischemia-reperfusion injury.13,14 Importantly, for a subset of proteins, O-GlcNAc and phosphorylation appear to be reciprocal, because the site of O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation is the same or, alternatively, the sites are proximal to each other.13 Supporting a model in which proteins are dynamically cycled between O-GlcNAcylated and phosphorylated states, the O-GlcNAc transferase is found in a complex with protein phosphatases.13,15 Unlike protein phosphorylation, the addition and removal of O-GlcNAc is catalyzed by just 2 enzymes, the O-GlcNAcase (removes O-GlcNAc) and the O-GlcNAc transferase (adds O-GlcNAc).13 The high-energy sugar donor used by OGT is UDP-GlcNAc. A fraction (2–5% in adipocytes) of glucose imported into the cell is converted to UDP-GlcNAc through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway; as such, O-GlcNAc is thought to be an effector of glucose, as well as glutamine and glucosamine (Figure 1).13 These observations, and other studies, have led to the idea that elevated levels of O-GlcNAc are involved in mediating some of …
Foucault’s Theory Of Governance And The Deterrence Of Internet Fraud

In his major works, Michel Foucault explored ways in which humans have been made subjects throughout history—by virtue of direct governmental control and by virtue of a more subtle power: the construction of individual identity through a design of permissible behaviors and thoughts. Foucault also explored in his works a model of governance premised on a hypothesis of networked relations of people, communication, and capacities for change. This article argues that Foucault’s model of governance can be used to discover and develop strategies for deterring Internet fraud through the network of relations and capacities within the Internet community.
APOE genotype predicts depression in women with Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective study.

The association between the epsilon-4 type allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE e4) and depression was investigated in 323 AD patients. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence (n=61) or absence (n=262) of depression as assessed by the DSM-based Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Both subgroups were demographically comparable with regard to age, education, gender, and severity of cognitive impairment. Analysis of the frequency of APOE e4 alleles between the groups revealed a significantly higher prevalence rate of the APOE e4 genotype in the depressed group (72% of depressed AD patients carried at least one copy of the e4 allele) compared to the non-depressed AD patients (58%). This effect was primarily accounted for by women. Specifically, an interaction was revealed wherein women who possessed the APOE e4 allele were almost 4 times more likely to be depressed in comparison to those who did not carry the allele, and APOE e4 status did not predict depression among men in our sample. These results are consistent with recent suggestions that the APOE e4 genotype may be over-represented among women with AD and depression and highlight a need for additional research investigating the links between APOE genotype, mood, and gender.
One sequence plus one mutation equals two folds

In this issue of PNAS, Alexander et al. (1) report an observation that will be a topic of heated discussion among biochemists for a long time to come. A single amino acid substitution can, in the right context, completely change the fold of a protein. And the structural change produced by this one mutation cannot be dismissed as a semantic issue over what constitutes a different fold. As shown in Fig. 1, one conformation consists of a three-helix bundle, whereas the alternate form has a four-strand β-sheet with a single α-helix. Eighty-five percent of residues change their secondary structure, with only eight residues in the central α-helix plus one or two turn residues retaining the same conformation in both forms. When I first heard this result in a public seminar, my mind literally began to reel, leaving me dizzy and slightly nauseated as all hope of understanding how sequence encodes structure seemed to suddenly vanish.
Wall structure and wall loosening. A look backwards and forwards

The plant cell wall is a strong fibrillar network that gives each cell its stable shape. To enlarge, cells selectively loosen this network, enabling it to yield to the expansive forces generated by cell turgor pressure. Twenty-five years ago, cell wall loosening was mostly explored within the
Reversibility of reinforcement between eating and running by schedule changes: A comparison of hypotheses and models

Rats increased eating that produced access to a running-wheel or increased running that produced access to food, depending on which response was potentially deprived, relative to baseline, by the scheduled ratio of responding. Under both schedules, instrumental responding significantly exceeded appropriate baselines of the noncontingent effects of the schedule. The results contradicted the hypothesis that reinforcement is produced by an overall or momentary probability differential between two responses; instead, they supported the condition of response deprivation as a key determinant of reinforcement. Of several recent quantitative models that predict reversibility of reinforcement by schedule changes, only the predictions of the relative response-deprivation model did not differ significantly from the data of either schedule.
Identification and Analysis of the Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Specific β-Ketothiolase and Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A Reductase Genes in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803

Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 possesses a polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-specific β-ketothiolase encoded by phaASyn and an acetoacetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) reductase encoded by phaBSyn. A similarity search of the entire Synechocystis genome sequence identified a cluster of two putative open reading frames (ORFs) for these genes, slr1993 and slr1994. Sequence analysis showed that the ORFs encode proteins having 409 and 240 amino acids, respectively. The two ORFs are colinear and most probably coexpressed, as revealed by sequence analysis of the promoter regions. Heterologous transformation of Escherichia coli with the two genes and the PHA synthase of Synechocystis resulted in accumulation of PHAs that accounted for up to 12.3% of the cell dry weight under high-glucose growth conditions. Targeted disruption of the above gene cluster in Synechocystis eliminated the accumulation of PHAs. ORFs slr1993 and slr1994 thus encode the PHA-specific β-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA reductase of Synechocystis and, together with the recently characterized PHA synthase genes in this organism (S. Hein, H. Tran, and A. Steinbuchel, Arch. Microbiol. 170:162–170, 1998), form the first complete PHA biosynthesis pathway known in cyanobacteria. Sequence alignment of all known short-chain-length PHA-specific acetoacetyl-CoA reductases also suggests an extended signature sequence, VTGXXXGIG, for this group of proteins. Phylogenetic analysis further places the origin of phaASyn and phaBSyn in the γ subdivision of the division Proteobacteria.
Urinary 3 alpha,17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide is a measure of androgenic status in Eld's deer stags (Cervus eldi thamin).

To determine the primary excretory by-products of testosterone (T), 85 microCi [3H]T was administered i.v. to two adult Eld's deer stags. Blood (10 ml) was collected by jugular venipuncture at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240, and 480 min after isotope infusion, and all urine and feces were collected for 96 h after injection. Seventy percent of labeled circulating steroid was conjugated by 30 min postinfusion. The majority (80.4 +/- 3.2%) of T metabolites were excreted into urine, and 95.0 +/- 0.9% of these were conjugated, 95.8 +/- 0.2% being hydrolyzable with glucuronidase. Seven urinary androgen metabolites, including androstanediol (5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha-17 beta-diol and 5 beta-androstan-3 alpha-17 beta-diol), were identified in glucoronidase-hydrolyzed, ether-extracted Eld's deer urine pools after gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A double-antibody 125I RIA for 5 alpha-androstanediol-3 alpha, 17 beta-diol,17-glucuronide (3 alpha-diol-G) was validated for unprocessed urine. Longitudinal assessments of urine samples collected from 13 stages for 3 yr revealed biological concordance between fluctuations in urinary 3 alpha-diol-G and serum T, as well as seasonal changes in secondary sexual characteristics. Overall correlation between "same-day" matched serum T and urinary 3 alpha-diol-G was 0.58, (n = 6; p < 0.001). Thus, monitoring urinary 3 alpha-diol-G provides a noninvasive, alternative method for characterizing male endocrine interrelationships in an endangered ungulate species.
Seismic Evaluation of Low-Rise Reinforced Masonry Buildings with Flexible Diaphragms: I. Seismic and Quasi-Static Testing

Abstract This and a companion paper compare the results from shaking-table testing, quasi-static testing, and analytical predictions, to provide a coherent description of the seismic response of low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms. Two half-scale, low-rise reinforced masonry buildings with flexible roof diaphragms are subjected to earthquake ground motions on the Tri-axial Earthquake and Shock Simulator at the United States Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center. Following the shaking-table tests, diaphragms and top four courses of attached masonry walls are salvaged from the half-scale structures and tested quasi-statically in their own plane. In contrast to what is usually assumed in design, the half-scale specimens do not behave as systems with a single degree of freedom associated with the in-plane response of the shear walls, but rather a system with a dominant degree of freedom associated with the in-plane response ...
Mercury: A fast and energy-efficient multi-level cell based Phase Change Memory system

Phase Change Memory (PCM) is one of the most promising technologies among emerging non-volatile memories. PCM stores data in crystalline and amorphous phases of the GST material using large differences in their electrical resistivity. Although it is possible to design a high capacity memory system by storing multiple bits at intermediate levels between the highest and lowest resistance states of PCM, it is difficult to obtain the tight distribution required for accurate reading of the data. Moreover, the required programming latency and energy for a Multiple Level PCM (MLC-PCM) cell is not trivial and can act as a major hurdle in adopting multilevel PCM in a high-density memory architecture design. Furthermore, the effect of process variation (PV) on PCM cell exacerbates the variability in necessary programming current and hence the target resistance spread, leading to the demand for high-latency, multi-iteration-based programming-and-verify write schemes for MLC-PCM. PV-aware control of programming current, programming using staircase down current pulses and programming using increasing reset current pulses are some of the traditional techniques used to achieve optimum programming energy, write latency and accuracy, but they usually target on optimizing only one aspect of the design. In this paper, we address the high-write latency and process variation issues of MLC-PCM by introducing Mercury: A fast and energy efficient multi-level cell based phase change memory architecture. Mercury adapts the programming scheme of a multi-level PCM cell by taking into consideration the initial state of the cell, the target resistance to be programmed and the effect of process variation on the programming current profile of the cell. The proposed techniques act at circuit as well as microarchitecture levels. Simulation results show that Mercury achieves 10% saving in programming latency and 25% saving in programming energy for the PCM memory system compared to that of the traditional methods.
The regional distribution of histamine in brain of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Abstract The concentration of histamine and spermidine in fifteen different regions of rhesus monkey ( Macaco mulatta ) brain were studied using the O -phthaldialdehyde fluorometric method. The highest levels for histamine were found in the hypothalamus. Spermidine was found in all the regions studied and, unlike histamine, lacked significant regional localization within the central nervous system.
[Comment on “There is No Magnestophere nor is there a plasmasphere!”] There is no magnetosphere

In his Forum article in Eos, A.C. Fraser-Smith advocates that we no longer use the word "magnetosphere" to describe the space occupied by the earth's magnetic field. He argues that since the magnetosphere is not spherical in the geometric sense, we should be emabarrasssed to use this word when communicating with graduate students.
Impossibility of Determining the Unknown Quantum Wavefunction of a Single System: Quantum Non-Demolition Measurements, Measurements without Entanglement and Adiabatic Measurements

We establish that the information which can be obtained in the measurement of a single system about the unknown quantum wavefunction of the system is limited to estimates of the expectation values of the measured observables, with the estimate errors satisfying the uncertainty principle. Only the fully apriori known wavefunction could be determined exactly. We consider specifically measurement schemes which may induce minimal change in the measured system, such as quantum non-demolition measurements, measurements without entanglement and adiabatic measurements.
The Impact of Corruption on Firm Tax Compliance in Transition Economies: Whom Do You Trust?

Tax compliance is an important issue for gov- ernments and the public alike. To meet public needs and fund public mandates, firms around the world are expected to comply with tax laws. Factors that are related to orga- nizational (firm) tax compliance have not been sufficiently examined in the literature. Owing to the increasing global influence of transition economies, factors associated with firm tax compliance in transition economies are particu- larly of interest. Based on a sample of over 5,000 firms from 22 former Soviet Bloc transition economies, we find that higher levels of corruption and higher levels of par- ticularized trust (reliance on friends and family) are asso- ciated with lower levels of tax compliance. Interestingly, we also find that the negative relationship between cor- ruption and tax compliance is weakened in situations of higher generalized trust (trust in strangers). Overall, our study's results suggest that institutional factors play an important role and are related to firm tax compliance behavior in transition economies.
Sunburn, sun exposure, and sun sensitivity in the Study of Nevi in Children

Purpose To examine the joint effect of sun exposure and sunburn on nevus counts (on the natural logarithm scale; log nevi) and the role of sun sensitivity.
Caring for Grandparents With Alzheimer’s Disease: Help From the “Forgotten” Generation

This study examined adolescent grandchildren’s contributions to caregiving for grandparents with Alzheimer’s disease. It was predicted that grandchildren would provide more care when parents experienced greater burden, and when adolescents had higher quality relationships with parents and grandparents. It was also hypothesized that these factors would predict higher levels of social commitment and more positive attitudes toward the provision of long-term care. Twenty-nine adolescents and their parents participated in the telephone interview study. Adolescents rated the amount of care they provided to grandparents, relationship quality with grandparents and parents, social responsibility, and attitudes toward the provision of long-term care. Parents reported levels of caregiver burden. Results indicated that grandchildren provided more help when parents provided more care and when grandchildren had greater affection for grandparents. Adolescent grandchildren exhibited lower levels of social responsibility ...
What makes a difference to patients

To make a difference to patients who increasingly suffer multiple chronic conditions, in a healthcare system that is capable of providing excellent care but is often ineffective and at cross-purposes in its application, means being prepared to take a different approach not only to the delivery of patient care, but to the education of physicians and other healthcare professionals. The model we must now practice and teach is one that emphasizes collaboration and prevention, quality and efficiency. Changes in practice recommended by the 2001 US Institute of Medicine report are being implemented system-wide, following the enactment of the US Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This paper discusses the evolving needs of patients with chronic psychiatric illness, and the psychiatrist's role in a rapidly changing healthcare landscape as a care provider, an interdisciplinary role model, and educator. In an aging population in which multi-morbidity is the norm, episodic, crisis-driven care is prohibitively expensive and does not serve patients well. Yet we still teach that model of care. The medications we prescribe for psychiatric illness, particularly antipsychotics, can cause and/or aggravate some of the commonest chronic medical illnesses; psychiatric educators must address the management of these complications. The management of chronic psychiatric illness in multi-morbid patients demands that we practice and teach a 'whole patient' approach to care, preferably delivered as part of a patient-centred team. The Affordable Care Act has mandated and created opportunities for new models designed to facilitate this, and a paradigm shift is needed in medical education. Clinicians must become adept at identifying underlying and contributing factors and collaborating with the patient, other providers, and the patient's family and significant others. Psychiatric formulation and patient care rely on these principles; we must now teach their application to other specialties, disciplines and professions.
Drug-induced torsades de pointes in an underserved urban population. Methadone: is there therapeutic equipoise?

Background Although it has been well established that methadone use can result in prolonged QTc/torsades de pointes (TdP) and has been labeled as one of the main drugs that cause TdP, it is still prescribed indiscriminately, and several cases of methadone-associated TdP have been seen in our community.