cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variability of root traits in spring wheat germplasm.

Root traits influence the amount of water and nutrient absorption, and are important for maintaining crop yield under drought conditions. The objectives of this research were to characterize variability of root traits among spring wheat genotypes and determine whether root traits are related to shoot traits (plant height, tiller number per plant, shoot dry weight, and coleoptile length), regions of origin, and market classes. Plants were grown in 150-cm columns for 61 days in a greenhouse under optimal growth conditions. Rooting depth, root dry weight, root: shoot ratio, and shoot traits were determined for 297 genotypes of the germplasm, Cultivated Wheat Collection (CWC). The remaining root traits such as total root length and surface area were measured for a subset of 30 genotypes selected based on rooting depth. Significant genetic variability was observed for root traits among spring wheat genotypes in CWC germplasm or its subset. Genotypes Sonora and Currawa were ranked high, and genotype Vandal was ranked low for most root traits. A positive relationship (R2≥0.35) was found between root and shoot dry weights within the CWC germplasm and between total root surface area and tiller number; total root surface area and shoot dry weight; and total root length and coleoptile length within the subset. No correlations were found between plant height and most root traits within the CWC germplasm or its subset. Region of origin had significant impact on rooting depth in the CWC germplasm. Wheat genotypes collected from Australia, Mediterranean, and west Asia had greater rooting depth than those from south Asia, Latin America, Mexico, and Canada. Soft wheat had greater rooting depth than hard wheat in the CWC germplasm. The genetic variability identified in this research for root traits can be exploited to improve drought tolerance and/or resource capture in wheat.
Intercellular Ca2+ waves induce temporally and spatially distinct intracellular Ca2+ oscillations in glia

Mechanically induced intercellular Ca(2+) waves propagated for approximately 300 microm in primary glial cultures. Following the wave propagation, 34% of the cells displayed Ca(2+) oscillations in a zone 60-120 microm from the stimulated cell. The initiation, frequency, and duration of these Ca(2+) oscillations were dependent on the cells' distance from the wave origin but were not dependent on the cell type nor on the magnitude of the Ca(2+) wave. When an individual cell propagated two sequential intercellular Ca(2+) waves originating from different sites, the characteristics of the Ca(2+) oscillations initiated by each wave were determined by the distance of the cell from the origin of each wave. Each Ca(2+) oscillation commonly occurred as an intracellular Ca(2+) wave that was initiated from a specific site within the cell. The position of the initiation site and the direction of the intracellular Ca(2+) wave were independent of the orientation of the initial intercellular Ca(2+) wave. Because initiation and frequency of Ca(2+) oscillations are dependent on the intracellular inositol trisphosphate concentration ([IP(3)](i)), we propose that the zone of cells displaying Ca(2+) oscillations is determined by an intercellular gradient of [IP(3)](i), established by the diffusion of IP(3) through gap junctions during the propagation of the intercellular Ca(2+) wave. Exposure to acetylcholine, a muscarinic agonist that initiates IP(3) production, shifted the zone of oscillating cells about 45 microm farther away from the origin of the mechanically induced wave. These findings indicate that a glial syncytium can resolve information provided by a local Ca(2+) wave into a distinct spatial and temporal pattern of Ca(2+) oscillations.
Magnetic resonance imaging—monitored acute blood-brain barrier changes in experimental traumatic brain injury

✓ The authors posit that cellular edema is the major contributor to brain swelling in diffuse head injury and that the contribution of vasogenic edema may be overemphasized. The objective of this study was to determine the early time course of blood-brain barrier (BBB) changes in diffuse closed head injury and to what extent barrier permeability is affected by the secondary insults of hypoxia and hypotension. The BBB disruption was quantified and visualized using T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging following intravenous administration of the MR contrast agent gadolinium—diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid. To avoid the effect of blood volume changes, the maximum signal intensity (SI) enhancement was used to calculate the difference in BBB disruption. A new impact-acceleration model was used to induce closed head injury. Forty-five adult Sprague—Dawley rats were separated into four groups: Group I, sham operated (four animals), Group II, hypoxia and hypotension (four animals), Group III, trauma onl...
A CHRISTIAN SEMINARY'S SUPPORT FORRELIGION‐SCIENCE DISCUSSION

. A Christian seminary supports the study of religion andscience, in order to relate its faith to people living in scientificallyoriented cultures. It invites the scientific and university com-munities to join in developing a model for dialogue that may be abasis for more ecumenical efforts at relating religion and science, so as to ease tensions between religious communities. The workpioneered by the Center for Advanced Study in Religion andScience and by Zygon is giving rise to new enterprises, including thecoming establishment of a Center for the Study of Faith andScience at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago.
The generalized product partition of unity for the meshless methods

The partition of unity is an essential ingredient for meshless methods named by GFEM, PUFEM (partition of unity FEM), XFEM (extended FEM), RKPM (reproducing kernel particle method), RPPM (reproducing polynomial particle method), the method of hp clouds in the literature. There are two popular choices for partition of unity: a piecewise linear FEM mesh and the Shepard-type partition of unity. However, the partition of unity (PU) by a FEM mesh leads to the singular (or nearly singular) matrices and non-smooth approximation functions. The Shepard-type partition of unity requires lengthy computing time and its implementation is difficult. In order to alleviate these difficulties, Oh et al. introduced the smooth piecewise polynomial PU functions with flat-top, that lead to small matrix condition numbers, and almost everywhere partition of unity, that can handle essential boundary conditions. Nevertheless, we could not have the smooth closed form PU functions with flat-top for general polygonal patches (2D) and general polyhedral patches (3D). In this paper, we introduce one of the most simple and efficient partition of unity, called the (generalized) product partition of unity. The product PU functions constructed by this method are the closed form smooth piecewise polynomials with flat-top and could handle background meshes (general polygonal patches as well as general polyhedral patches) arising in practical applications of meshless methods.
Mystery case: idiopathic bilateral stenosis of the foramina of Monro.

A 42-year-old man presented with chronic, continuous, bifrontal pressure headaches, slightly worse in the morning, forgetfulness, and confusion. There was no history of prior CNS hemorrhage or infection. The neurologic examination was unremarkable. No papilledema was present. Neuroimaging
Marital Support During Pregnancy

To describe and compare women's and men's experiences of partner support during pregnancy, a questionnaire that included the Support Behavior Inventory was given to 313 expectant couples in the latter half of pregnancy. Study findings revealed no difference between men and women in the mean partner support satisfaction score. A significant difference occurred in the variability of expectant mothers' and fathers' partner support scores. The specific support behaviors that elicited the greatest satisfaction and dissatisfaction in men and women are described.
Continuous pH stat assay technique for glutamine and asparagine synthetase enzyme systems, involving ATP conversion to ADP + Pi and AMP + PPi, respectively

Abstract Glutamine synthetase and asparagine synthetase systems with reactions involving lysis of ATP to ADP and P i or AMP and PP i are usually assayed by discontinuous sampling and analysis or by coupled enzymic systems. Experimental results confirm theoretical predictions that such reactions may be continuously and directly monitored by pH stat devices. Sample volumes of 0.5–1.0 ml and buret volumes of 0.05–0.25 ml, with ATP levels near 1 m m can be used routinely. The number of enzyme reactions involving ATP to which this technique can be applied is quite large.
Dissolution profiles and specifications for dihydroergotoxine sublingual tablets using a new in vitro method

A dissolution method (paddle method) for determining the dissolution rate profile for 0.5- and 1.0-mg dihydroergotoxine methanesulfonate sublingual tablets was developed. A fluorometric method was used for measuring drug concentration in the dissolution medium, distilled water. It was essential to filter the dissolution sample to avoid interference from undissolved excipients. When different kinds of filters were used with the dissolution samples and standards, different degrees of apparent drug binding to the filter occurred. The dissolution rate profiles for several different products were compared to the innovator's product. The in vitro method and data obtained were used to propose dissolution specifications for these sublingual products.
N-lines and M-brands in cardiac muscle.

Es gelingt der elektronenoptische Nachweis, dass auch beim Herzmuskel des Saugers (Affen) die M-Bande aus 5 distinkten Linien besteht und bei Hypoxamie im Bereich der I-Linie eine dunkle Zwischenbande (N-Linie), die auf Ablagerungen von Ca-Salzen zuruckzufuhren ist, erscheint.
Cumulative impacts of river engineering, Mississippi and Lower Missouri rivers

The goal of this study was to construct a large, data-rich model to test hydrological responses to engineering modifications on over 3200 km of the Mississippi and Lower Missouri Rivers. We compiled model explanatory variables from a geospatial database quantifying construction of all bridges, wing dikes, bendway weirs, levees, artificial meander cutoffs, channel constriction and navigational dams over the past 100-150 years. Response variables were derived from 68 rated and un-rated hydrologic stations in the study area, with responses analysed across a range of discharges from within-channel flows up to moderate floods. Correlation analysis, multiple linear regression and stepwise regression analyses document strong and consistent responses to construction history, both in individual reach-scale models and systemwide. Meander cutoffs are associated with degradation and acceleration of flow that has reduced stages across the full discharge range. Navigational dams on the Upper Mississippi River increased low-flow stages and flood levels to a lesser extent, with little or no post-dam change. One of the strongest signals was the hydrologic response to wing-dike construction, which resulted in large back-water increases in stage upstream of wing dikes and mixed effects downstream, including the overlapping effects of incision and velocity losses. Levees were associated with local flow concentration, overbank storage loss and floodplain conveyance loss depending on reach-scale conditions. The results presented here (1) quantify incremental and cumulative hydrologic responses to a range of engineering activities and (2) provide an empirical tool for verifying and assessing hydraulic and other models of river-system change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human breath measurements in a clean-air chamber to determine half-lives for volatile organic compounds

Abstract The expired breath of four non-occupationally exposed subjects was monitored following exposure at near-normal environmental concentrations using a specially developed pulmonary clearance technique. The four were exposed to polluted air on a heavily trafficked freeway or at a local dry-cleaning establishment, then spent the next 10 h in a clean-air environmental chamber. Breath and chamber-air samples were collected at regular intervals throughout the 10-h period and analyzed for the presence of selected target compounds. The breath levels of two of the compounds were elevated and decreased slowly with time once the subjects began to breathe clean air. Nonlinear least-squares fitting of the decay-uptake curves permitted the calculation of biological half-lives. Several of the target compounds occurred, however, at very low levels, and the resultant experimental scatter limited the value of these measurements. Higher initial exposures to most of the target compounds would have improved the reliability of the estimates.
Developmental trajectories and correlates of sensory processing in young boys with fragile X syndrome.

Background and Purpose: No longitudinal study on sensory processing in children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) exists. This study examined developmental trajectories and correlates of sensory processing from infancy through preschool years in 13 boys with FXS.Method: Participants were assessed using observational and parent-report measures 2–6 times between 9 and 54 months of age.Results: Over time, an increasing proportion of boys displayed sensory processing that differed significantly from test norms. Observational measures were more sensitive than parent-reports early in infancy. Age and developmental quotient significantly predicted levels of hyporesponsiveness; there was a trend for hyperresponsiveness to increase with age. Baseline physiological and biological measures were not predictive.Conclusions: Sensory processing problems are observable early and grow increasingly problematic from infancy through the preschool ages. Early identification and intervention may attenuate long-term difficulties fo...
Curved shell elements for heat conduction with p-approximation in the shell thickness direction

Abstract A finite element formulation is presented for the curved shell elements for heat conduction where the element temperature approximation in the shell thickness direction can be of an arbitrary polynomial order p . This is accomplished by introducing additional nodal variables in the element approximation corresponding to the complete Lagrange interpolating polynomials in the shell thickness direction. This family of elements has the important hierarchical property, i.e. the element properties corresponding to an approximation order p are a subset of the element properties corresponding to an approximation order p + 1. The formulation also enforces continuity or smoothness of temperature across the inter-element boundaries, i.e. C 0 continuity is guaranteed. The curved shell geometry is constructed using the co-ordinates of the nodes lying on the middle surface of the shell and the nodal point normals to the middle surface. The element temperature field is defined in terms of hierarchical element approximation functions, nodal temperatures and the derivatives of the nodal temperatures in the element thickness direction corresponding to the complete Lagrange interpolating polynomials. The weak formulation (or the quadratic functional) of the three-dimensional Fourier heat conduction equation is constructed in the Cartesian co-ordinate space. The element properties of the curved shell elements are then derived using the weak formulation (or the quadratic functional) and the hierarchical element approximation. The element matrices and the equivalent heat vectors (resulting from distributed heat flux, convective boundaries and internal heat generation) are all of hierarchical nature. The element formulation permits any desired order of temperature distribution through the shell thickness. A number of numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the superiority, efficiency and accuracy of the present formulation and the results are also compared with the analytical solutions. For the first three examples, the h -approximation results are also presented for comparison purposes.
Interband optical spectra of magnetoexcitons in semiconductor nanorings : Electron-hole spatial correlation

An analytic model [R. A. R\"omer and M. E. Raikh, Phys. Rev. B 62, 7045 (2000); K. Moulopoulos and M. Constantinou, Phys. Rev. B 70, 235327 (2004)] for magnetoexcitons in nanoscale semiconductor rings is extended to calculate directly the linear optical properties. The spectroscopic properties exhibit pronounced ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}=hc∕e$ excitonic Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in the threading magnetic flux $\ensuremath{\Phi}$ when the ring radius $R$ is less than the effective exciton Bohr radius ${a}_{0}$. The electron-hole spatial correlation induced by an optical field as a function of nanoring radius and threading magnetic flux is studied.
The early diagnosis of legionnaires' disease in a Legionella pneumophila aerosol-infected guinea pig model; comparison of a method developed for detecting Legionella pneumophila antigens in urine and the demonstration of circulating antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Summary The appearance of Legionella pneumophila antigen in the urine of guinea-pigs with experimental airborne legionnaires' disease was investigated and compared with that of emerging antibody by use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Models with high dose (acute) and low dose (chronic) infection were studied. Antigen was detected after 40 h in the high dose group but animals died (at 3 days) before an antibody response could be elicited. In the low dose group, antigen was detected 4 days after infection, well before serum antibody was detected (7–10 days). Small, but significant, amounts of antigen were detected up to 17 days after infection in surviving animals. Although detection of L. pneumophila antigen in urine has been proposed before, and achieved on an ad hoc basis, the technique is not in routine, general use. This is due mainly to difficulties of evaluation in relation to other methods of early diagnosis in the human situation where infectious dose, time of infection, host uniformity and availability of samples present difficulties. The use, in this study, of a highly relevant aerosol-infected guinea-pig model of legionnaires' disease has avoided these uncertainties and hopefully proved the value of this technique for general routine use. The antigen detection test was shown to be rapid, sensitive and reliable, and allowed diagnosis of legionnaires' disease earlier than was possible by demonstrating antibody. In addition, the detection of antigen in urine is a convenient and non-invasive procedure.
Clinical and Genetic Dissection of Anger Expression and CREB1 Polymorphisms in Major Depressive Disorder

Background Anger and irritability are prominent in a subset of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Phosphorylation of the transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) has been associated with aggression or reward/aversion in rodents, and markers near CREB1 have been linked to MDD. Therefore, we examined the association between CREB1 polymorphisms and anger expression in MDD. Methods A clinical sample of 94 Caucasian outpatients with MDD (42 male, 52 female) completed the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. We examined six tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning CREB1 and flanking regions for association with a summary measure of frequency and intensity of anger expression. We also introduced a novel statistical method to dissect the independent effect of individual SNPs and haplotypes. Results For the sample as a whole, one of six SNPs tested was significantly associated with anger expression (empirical p = .003). Among the male subsample, this association was particularly marked (empirical p = 8 × 10 −5 ). A global haplotype test of the six SNPs was likewise significant ( p = 3.7 × 10 −6 ). No single SNP or haplotype accounted for all of the association observed. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest a strong, gender-specific association between variation at the CREB1 locus and anger expression in MDD.
Urea and ammonia excretion by solitary ascidians

Abstract The ascidians Ciona intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767), Styela plicata (Lesueur, 1823), S. clava Herdman, 1881, S. partita (Stimpson, 1852), and S. montereyensis (Dall, 1872) all excrete NH 3 as one product of nitrogen catabolism. Urea is not excreted by Ciona , but accounts for 40–50% of the soluble nitrogen excretion of Styela plicata, S. clava , and S. partita . Because S. montereyensis did not open and function well under our laboratory conditions, information is lacking for this species. Arginase activity was detected in homogenates of S. plicata, S. clava , and S. partita , implying the possession of a functional ornithine cycle. Urease activity was lacking; therefore, ammonia is not from the degradation of urea. None of these ascidians sequester uric acid, xanthine, or hypoxanthine. Weight-specific oxygen consumption was determined simultaneously with nitrogen excretion; O:N ratios of 13–20 were found, demonstrating that protein forms a major portion of the diet of these ascidians. An hypothesis relating urea production to habitat is presented.
Restoration of the superficial facial musculature in nimravids

The size, shape and position of the mouth and sensory features such as the nose, eyes and ears in the nimravid barbourofelins are reconstructed. The earliest barbourofelin studied, Sansanosmilus, is the most similar to both pantherine and nonpantherine felids in sensory structure morphology. Through time, the species of the barbourofelin lineage diverge from felids with regard to facial features. Evolutionary trends include expansion of the nasal region, a more lateral orientation of the eyes and lowered position for the ears. Increased width and shortening of the muzzle accommodates the large oral opening required by the large gape of Barbourofelis, culminating in B. fricki with eyes oriented laterally enough to reduce stereoscopic vision. The ear position in this species is also significantly lower than in the earlier barbourofelins or felids. This may reflect an anatomic compromise between sensory structure position and changes in relative size, shape and position of other skull features. These changes correlate with increased canine tooth length and increased gape, exemplified byBarbourofelis fricki . Cranial soft tissue structures are restored through scars of attachment on the fossil bones, and the proportions of these features to one another determined. New observations provide criteria for reconstructing soft tissue anatomy in extinct animals.
Sedimentological control on saturation distribution in Arctic gas-hydrate-bearing sands

Abstract A mechanistic model is proposed to predict/explain hydrate saturation distribution in “converted free gas” hydrate reservoirs in sub-permafrost formations in the Arctic. This 1-D model assumes that a gas column accumulates and subsequently is converted to hydrate. The processes considered are the volume change during hydrate formation and consequent fluid phase transport within the column, the descent of the base of gas hydrate stability zone through the column, and sedimentological variations with depth. Crucially, the latter enable disconnection of the gas column during hydrate formation, which leads to substantial variation in hydrate saturation distribution. One form of variation observed in Arctic hydrate reservoirs is that zones of very low hydrate saturations are interspersed abruptly between zones of large hydrate saturations. The model was applied to data from Mount Elbert well, a gas hydrate stratigraphic test well drilled in the Milne Point area of the Alaska North Slope. The model is consistent with observations from the well log and interpretations of seismic anomalies in the area. The model also predicts that a considerable amount of fluid (of order one pore volume of gaseous and/or aqueous phases) must migrate within or into the gas column during hydrate formation. This paper offers the first explanatory model of its kind that addresses “converted free gas reservoirs” from a new angle: the effect of volume change during hydrate formation combined with capillary entry pressure variation versus depth.
Movement of γ/ε interfaces and coalescence of ε martensite variants under the tensile stress in an Fe-24 wt Pct Mn alloy

This study was pursued to investigate the movement of γ/e interfaces and the coalescence of e martensite variants in an Fe-Mn binary system. An Fe-24 wt pct Mn tensile specimen was deformed with increasing tensile strain at room temperature. The microstructural changes at a fixed area of the tensile specimen were continuously observed using an optical microscope. Some of the γ/e interfaces moved forward due to γ → e transformation, and the others moved backward due to its reverse transformation during the tensile deformation, depending on the orientation relationship between the tensile direction and each e variant. The coalescence of e martensite variants primarily occurs by the following three factors: (1) the reverse transformation of e variants under an applied stress having a different direction from that of the e variants’ shape change, (2) the nucleation and growth of new e variants under an applied stress having the same direction as that of the e variants’ shape change, and (3) the continuous growth of pre-existing e variants under an applied stress having the same direction as that of the e variants’ shape change.
A comparative analysis of geophysical fields for multi-sensor applications

Geologic investigations based on the measurement of a single geophysical field usually result in an ambiguous interpretation, whereas combining measurements of multiple geophysical fields (multi-sensor approach) leads to more reliable earth system models. A fundamental problem in the multi-sensor approach is that the response of each geophysical field to the earth's subsurface is different, which may result in discordant observations. We suggest that a common approach to geophysical fields and their applications (geophysical methods) would contribute to establishing efficient multi-sensor systems. In this study, we compare the conventional geophysical methods from both theoretical and practical aspects using their common terminologies, which reveal their basic analogies and differences. In particular, we compare shallow applications of geophysical methods as the multi-sensor approach is vitally useful for such problems. We finally discuss a practical tool for side-by-side comparison of detection reliabilities of different geophysical methods. This technique can set conditional or unconditional requirements on methods depending on a particular subsurface problem. Examples of the detection reliability from gravity gradiometry, magnetometry, and ground penetrating radar (GPR) are presented.
Consumers and Competition in Health Care: The Case of Denturism

Denturism is the making and fitting of dentures directly for the public by nondentists. It is an example of potential competitive entry in a health services market and, like other such examples, its economic benefits must be weighed against any threat to the public health and safety. This article examines evidence relating to the economic benefits to consumers of legalizing denturism. Conservative estimates are presented of the economic benefits to consumers that would accrue under alternative institutional arrangements. Under several such arrangements it was found that the value of benefits is of the same order of magnitude as total government expenditures on dental services.
A generalized estimating equations approach for resting-state functional MRI group analysis

An Alzheimer's fMRI study has motivated us to evaluate inter-regional correlations between groups. The overall objective is to assess inter-regional correlations at a resting-state with no stimulus or task. We propose using a generalized estimating equation (GEE) transition model and a GEE marginal model to model the within-subject correlation for each region. Residuals calculated from the GEE models are used to correlate brain regions and assess between group differences. The standard pooling approach of group averages of the Fisher-z transformation assuming temporal independence is a typical approach used to compare group correlations. The GEE approaches and standard Fisher-z pooling approach are demonstrated with an Alzheimer's disease (AD) connectivity study in a population of AD subjects and healthy control subjects. We also compare these methods using simulation studies and show that the transition model may have better statistical properties.
Reclaiming Marx’s ‘Capital’: A Refutation of the Myth of Inconsistency, Andrew Kliman, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2007.

Andrew Kliman’s Reclaiming Marx’s ‘Capital’ sets out to refute the ‘myth’ that Marx’s original presentation of the theory of the value is internally inconsistent. A century ago, Bortkiewicz purported to demonstrate that Marx’s mistake was his failure to adopt simultaneous valuation. Thereafter, twentieth-century Marxian economics worked out a ‘corrected’ version of Marx’s original theory, culminating in Steedman’s 1977 Marx after Sraffa. Conclusions Marx himself deemed central were dropped, prominently including the law of the tendential fall in the rate of profit. But simultaneous valuation is absolutely incompatible with Marx’s first and fundamental premise, the determination of value by labour-time. On the other hand, if Marx’s major theoretical conclusions do consistently follow from his premises, including the transformation of values into prices of production, then the quantitative dimension of his value-theory is internally consistent after all and stands in no need of correction on this score. Advocating a temporal, single-system interpretation, Kliman shows how ‘two simple modifications’ eliminate ‘all of the alleged inconsistencies in the quantitative dimension of Marx’s value theory’: valuation is temporal, and values and prices are determined interdependently. Kliman’s refutation is sound, but his claim to know Marx’s intentions, in E.D. Hirsch’s sense, is questionable.
When do spatial and visual working memory interact

This study examined how spatial working memory and visual (object) working memory interact, focusing on two related questions: First, can these systems function independently from one another? Second, under what conditions do they operate together? In a dual-task paradigm, participants attempted to remember locations in a spatial working memory task and colored objects in a visual working memory task. Memory for the locations and objects was subject to independent working memory storage limits, which indicates that spatial and visual working memory can function independently from one another. However, additional experiments revealed that spatial working memory and visual working memory interact in three memory contexts: when retaining (1) shapes, (2) integrated color-shape objects, and (3) colored objects at specific locations. These results suggest that spatial working memory is needed to bind colors and shapes into integrated object representations in visual working memory. Further, this study reveals a set of conditions in which spatial and visual working memory can be isolated from one another.
Prediction of the maximum acceptable weight of symmetrical and asymmetrical lift using direct estimation method

The objective of this research was to study the effectiveness and accuracy of using the direct estimation method to determine a worker's lifting capacity or MAWOL of symmetrical and asymmetrical lifting tasks. Sixteen lifting tasks involving four different lifting angles and lifting frequencies were studied. The influence of these independent variables on MA WOL was analysed. In the first session of the study, ten male subjects performed sixteen lifting tasks to predict the MA WOL for each task condition using the psychophysical method. In the second session of the study, the MAWOL for sixteen task conditions were estimated using the direct estimation method. The results of this study indicate that direct estimation is an accurate method to establish MAWOL quickly for a series of lifting tasks. Analysis of the MAWOLs determined by two different methods indicated no significant difference between these two values. However, a significant difference was found between the direct estimated MAWOL and the psycho...
Repair of oxidative damage in nuclear DNA sequences with different transcriptional activities.

Abstract This study was designed to investigate the repair of oxidative damage in nuclear DNA sequences with different transcriptional activities. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were treated with the oxygen radical generator hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase (Hyp/XO). Damage and repair were evaluated in 14-kb restriction fragments containing either the DHFR gene, a 3′-non-transcribed flanking region, or the c- fos gene using a quantitative Southern blot technique. Damage to the sugar–phosphate backbone and abasic sites were detected by measuring their lability in alkali conditions. Lesions in DNA bases were identified using the bacterial repair enzyme endonuclease III, which predominantly recognizes damage to thymines and cytosines, and formamidopyrimidine–DNA glycosylase, which recognizes 8-oxoguanine and purines with fractured imidazole rings. The results showed that similar amounts of all types of oxidative damage were produced in both the transcribed and non-transcribed sequences following a 1-h exposure to the radical generator. Repair in all sequences was rapid, with ≈60% removal of lesions observed by 1 h. Therefore, within these sequences, the repair of oxidative lesions is much faster than that of other types of damage, such as those induced by alkylating toxins and UV irradiation, and the repair is not affected appreciably by transcriptional status.
Chain-Growth Synthesis of Polyfluorenes with Low Polydispersities, Block Copolymers of Fluorene, and End-Capped Polyfluorenes: Toward New Optoelectronic Materials

Here we present the kinetics on the polymerization of poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) using the Grignard metathesis method (GRIM). By adjusting the reaction conditions, we observed a chain-growth mechanism evidenced by the relatively high molecular weight polymer produced early in the reaction. Well-defined fluorene polymers with average molecular weights of about 10 kDa and with PDI values <1.2 have been produced. We have also found that under certain conditions end-capping of the polymer chain can be obtained. Using these conditions, we have also been able to synthesize two new block copolymers, poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-b-poly(3-hexylthiophene) (PF8-b-P3HT) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene)-b-poly(1,4-dioctyloxyphenylene) (PF8-b-PPP), that have been produced through chain extension by monomer addition.
Graph‐theoretical analysis of structure‐property and structure‐activity correlations

An exposition of a potentially useful graph-theoretical method for comparing structures is given. The concept of rigorous comparison of sequences, introduced into mathematics by Muirhead and generalized by Karamata, is applied to contributing terms in bond-additive schemes. Such an approach illuminates the origin for occasional deviations in the trends for structure-property and structure-activity correlations. The method is illustrated on the trends of boiling points and heats of vaporizations in hexane and heptane isomers and the corresponding trends for molecular connectivity indices of the molecules considered. The outlined concept of comparability of structures not only clarifies a posteriori occasional discrepancies in correlations but may also a priori suggest circumstances when one cannot expect simple bond additivity. With the help of the comparability tests the empirical curve-fitting procedures no longer need be based on guessing, intuition, and analogy, since necessity for additional parameters in such schemes can be assessed in advance. 8 tables.
“You Need But Go To Rome”: Teresa of Avila and The Text/Image Power Play

Ever since Gianlorenzo Bernini created his famous Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, there has been a tendency, particularly among scholars who work in fields other than Hispanic literature, to view Teresa o...
Pressure effect on vapor-deposited amorphous materials

Abstract Pressure-induced densification and crystallization of vapor-deposited amorphous Se, As, Ge and GeTe were investigated. In general, the density of the amorphous material increases monotonically with pressure and crystallization occurs after a certain pressure level is reached. For each amorphous material there appears to exist an upper density limit beyond which crystallization occurs. The pressure effect on individual substances is correlated to their short-range order and basic structural character.
The determinants of exit in an open economy

In this paper the determinants of exit are investigated for the manufacturing sector of the United States economy, which has been subjected to growing international influences. The analysis uses United States cross-sectional data. The results of the exit equation suggest that low profitability, declining industry growth, and displacement of incumbents by entrants foster exit. International influences are also seen to have an impact on U.S. manufacturing exit. Specifically, imports into an industry have a small effect on exit and protection has little influence in stemming exit.
Silicon nitride micromesh bolometer arrays for SPIRE

We are developing arrays of bolometers based on silicon nitride micromesh absorbers for the Spectral & Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) on the Far Infra-Red and Submillimeter Space Telescope (FIRST). The bolometers are coupled to a close-packed array of 1 f(lambda) feedhorns which views the primary mirror through a cooled aperture stop. Feedhorn-coupled bolometers minimize the detector area and throughput and have good optical efficiency. A 1 f(lambda) feedhorn array provides, higher mapping speed than a 2 f(lambda) feedhorn array and reduces the number of jitters required to produce a fully sampled map, but at the cost of more detectors. Individual silicon nitride micromesh bolometers are already able to meet the performance requirements of SPIRE. In parallel we are developing transition-edge detectors read out by SQUID current amplifier. The relatively large cooling power available at 300 mK enables the array to be coupled to a cold SQUID multiplexer, creating a monolithic fully multiplexed array and making large format arrays possible for SPIRE.
All-polymer photovoltaic devices of poly(3-(4-n-octyl)-phenylthiophene) from Grignard Metathesis (GRIM) polymerization.

The synthesis of poly[3-(4-n-octyl)-phenylthiophene] (POPT) from Grignard Metathesis (GRIM) is reported. GRIM POPT is found to have favorable electronic, optical, and processing properties for organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Space-charge limited current and field effect transistor measurements for POPT yielded hole mobilities of 1 × 10−4 cm2/(V s) and 0.05 cm2/(V s), respectively. Spincasting GRIM POPT from chlorobenzene yields a thin film with a 1.8 eV band gap, and PC61BM:POPT bulk heterojection devices provide a peak performance of 3.1%. Additionally, an efficiency of 2.0% is achieved in an all-polymer, bilayer OPV using poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-(1-cyanovinylene)phenylene] (CNPPV) as an acceptor. This state-of-the-art all-polymer device is analyzed in comparison to the analogous poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/CNPPV device. Counter to expectations based on more favorable energy level alignment, greater active layer light absorption, and similar hole mobility, P3HT/CNPPV devices perform less ...
Abstract 2371: Heterogeneity of resistance mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma patients with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Drug resistance is a major obstacle in overcoming cancer. Understanding the origin, extent and heterogeneity of resistance mechanisms within a patient is crucial to guide treatment and developing drugs/combinations to circumvent resistance. To this end, we studied autopsy samples collected from four EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma patients who developed resistance to EGFR inhibitors. We used whole-exome sequencing to characterize genomic profiles of multiple metastasis tumors within each patient. To address the challenge of non-uniform variant detection power at sequenced genetic loci across multiple samples, we developed a computational framework that tackles variant detection from pooled tumor followed by a genotyping module. After the identification of somatic alterations, we determined the extent of heterogeneity of resistance mechanisms between multiple tumor samples. Our results revealed that multiple metastasis samples in a single patient can potentially use one common resistance mechanism. For example, one patient harbored a resistant EGFR T790M mutation in all 11 metastasis samples with a correlated allele frequency to the original L858R mutation. However, in some other cases, we found heterogeneous resistance mechanisms coexisting in multiple metastasis samples with various allele frequencies. For instance, one patient harbored both the resistance EGFR T790M mutation and an activating PIK3CA E542K mutation that appear with a range of allelic frequencies in multiple metastatic samples. Furthermore, branched evolutionary patterns of tumors were constructed using a phylogenetic approach, which inform resistance in the context of tumor evolution. Our findings are consistent with the model that cells harboring a variety of resistance mechanisms coexist in each metastasis tumor, and those subclones with higher selective advantage outgrow the others. Citation Format: Xinmeng Jasmine Mu, Eli Van Allen, Nikhil Wagle, Curtis Chong, Mohit Butaney, Deborah Farlow, Gad Getz, Pasi A. Janne, Levi A. Garraway. Heterogeneity of resistance mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma patients with acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2371. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2371
Nicotinic environment affects the differentiation and functional maturation of monocytes derived dendritic cells (DCs)

Differentiation of tissue monocytes into DCs is a critical phase in the development of a competent immune system. We show that in a nicotinic environment, while human monocytes differentiate into DCs (henceforth called nicDCs) with a typical morphology, they display unique phenotype and cytokine profile that adversely affect their function. Despite an increased capacity for receptor-dependent antigen uptake, nicDCs do not express CD1a and fail to fully up-regulate MHCs, molecules essential for their antigen-presenting function. Additionally, in response to bacterial antigen LPS, maturing nicDCs hardly express the chemotactic cytokine receptor 7 required for their entry into lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, in parallel with their differential expression of costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 and lack of IL-12, nicDCs display profoundly reduced Th1 promoting capacity. These findings thus indicate that nicotine impedes the development of cell-mediated immunity by skewing DC differentiation. These effects of nicotinic environment on DC differentiation may contribute to the increased risks of respiratory tract infection and various cancers in smokers.
Comparative studies on superprecipitation in different types of skeletal muscle fibers.

Abstract Superprecipitation and ATPase activity of natural actomyosin from fasttwitch-oxidative-glycolytic, fast-twitch-glycolytic, and slow-twitch-oxidative fibers of guinea pig skeletal muscle were measured at various Mg concentrations. Natural actomyosin from fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic and fast-twitch-glycolytic fibers showed similar patterns of superprecipitation and ATPase activity, whereas that from slow-twitch-oxidative fibers differed greatly from natural actomyosin of fast-twitch fibers. The experiments show that actin-myosin interaction is different between fast-twitch and slow-twitch fibers.
Examining Condom Use through the Decade—A Reaction to Torabi et al.

(2006). Examining Condom Use through the Decade—A Reaction to Torabi et al. American Journal of Health Education: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 122-123.
Upper extremity applications of functional neuromuscular stimulation.

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been used for increasing muscle strength, decreasing spasticity, and controlling movement of limbs for many years. Most of this work, however, has been done in a research setting. Over the past decade, FES has moved slowly from the laboratory to the clinical world through feasibility studies in groups of patients with spinal cord injuries and strokes. Electrical stimulation has been shown to decrease spastic tone both during and after the stimulation, allowing for better limb positioning, decrease in contracture formation, and in some cases, improvement of voluntary movement. Electrical stimulation as a motor prosthesis is now being provided to small groups of spinal cord-injured patients (primarily C4, C5 and C6 levels) to assist with hand positioning and to produce hand grasp. In these settings, patients have attained greater independence in activities of daily living and in work-related tasks. Distribution of this technology to multiple centers is continuing ...
Atmospheric Water Distribution in a Midlatitude Cyclone Observed by the Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer

Patterns in the horizontal distribution of integrated water vapor, integrated liquid water and rainfall rate derived from the Seasat Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) during a September 10-12, 1978 North Pacific cyclone are studied. These patterns are compared with surface analyses, ship reports, radiosonde data, and GOES-West infrared satellite imagery. The SMMR data give a unique view of the large mesoscale structure of a midlatitude cyclone. The water vapor distribution is found to have characteristic patterns related to the location of the surface fronts throughout the development of the cyclone. An example is given to illustrate that SMMR data could significantly improve frontal analysis over data-sparse oceanic regions. The distribution of integrated liquid water agrees qualitatively well with corresponding cloud patterns in satellite imagery and appears to provide a means to distinguish where liquid water clouds exist under a cirrus shield. Ship reports of rainfall intensity agree qualitatively very well with SMMR-derived rainrates. Areas of mesoscale rainfall, on the order of 50 km x 50 km or greater are detected using SMMR derived rainrates.
Vapor—liquid equilibria of 2-propanol + water + N,N-dimethyl formamide

Abstract The dehydration of 2-propanol using N,N-dimethyl formamide as an extractrive distillation agent has been investigated by measuring the isothermal vapor—liquid equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures of 2-propanol, water and N,N-dimethyl formamide at 353.15 K. Our binary data are correlated with five activity coefficient models. The predictions of the multicomponent forms of these models using only binary data and the UNIFAC model are then compared with our ternary data. The Margules and Wilson models with two parameters for each binary pair were found to give the best agreement with the experimental ternary data. Our results show that N,N-dimethyl formamide can be used for the dehydration of 2-propanol.