cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE PROBLEM OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY AND THE RESPONSIBILITY OF PRIMARY CARE PROVIDERS: A REVIEW

Obesity rates are at epidemic levels throughout the world, and this concerning trend has not been exclusive to adults. Throughout the world, the prevalence of childhood obesity has risen to epidemic proportions over the last fifty years. These children are at high risk for multiple comorbidities affecting all organ systems. In addition to the concerning impacts on health, the obesity-related costs and burdens of healthcare on society are staggering. While the problem is becoming increasingly recognized, much is needed to be done to protect America’s youth from growing obesity rates. As proponents of children’s health, it is thus the responsibility of primary care providers to understand, prevent, recognize, and manage childhood obesity. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/lijhls.2017.32.0114 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.
The Dangers and Complexities of SQLite Benchmarking

Benchmarking systems in a repeatable fashion is complex and error-prone. The systems community has repeatedly discussed the complexities of benchmarking and how to properly report benchmarking results. Using the example of SQLite, we examine the current state of benchmarking in industry and academia. We show that changing just one parameter in SQLite can change the performance by 11.8X, and that changing multiple parameters can lead up to a 28X difference in performance. We find that these configuration parameters are often not set or reported in academic research, leading to incomplete and misleading evaluations. Running different off-the-shelf SQLite benchmarking tools such as Mobibench and Androbench in their default configuration shows upto 50% difference in performance. We hope this paper incites discussion in the systems community and among SQLite developers. We hope that our detailed analysis will help application developers to choose optimal SQLite parameters to achieve better performance.
Bill McKibben’s Influence on U.S. Climate Change Discourse: Shifting Field-Level Debates Through Radical Flank Effects:

This article examines the influence of radical flank actors in shifting field-level debates by increasing the legitimacy of preexisting but peripheral issues. Using network text analysis, we apply ...
Proliferation, esterase activity, and propidium iodide exclusion in urologic tumor cells after in vitro exposure to chemotherapeutic agents.

Abstract After exposing urological tumor cells to anticancer agents in vitro, cellular esterase activity and the ability to exclude propidium iodide (PI) were examined as dual indicators of functionality or “viability.” High esterase activity/PI exclusion was observed in assays in which anticancer agents failed to inhibit cellular proliferation, while low esterase activity/PI exclusion was often observed when proliferation had been significantly inhibited. In a number of instances, exposure to anticancer agents did produce significant inhibition of proliferation without lowering viability. In this setting, the recovery of proliferative capacity could be demonstrated with several transitional cell carcinoma cell lines, and this recovery was always associated with high esterase activity/PI exclusion. When the proliferation of primary urological tumor preparations was inhibited by drug exposure, estimates of elevated viability were obtained in 27 per cent of the determinations. Thus, viability estimates may be an indicator of the potential for tumor-cell recovery from exposure to anticancer agents. Moreover, the potential for recovery may explain differences between the results of chemosensitivity testing and actual clinical events by reconciling clinical failures with elevated viabilities indicative of this potential.
Recovery cycle of the evoked heart rate response in sleeping humans.

Paired auditory stimuli, presented during sleep, evoked biphasic heart rate responses of greater than 10-second duration. The magnitude of the response to a second stimulus varies with the time between stimuli. The recovery cycle for human subjects exhibits a subnormal period for both HR peak and trough components at 5-or 6-second interstimulus intervals, and a supernormal period for the HR peak at 9-or 10-second interstimulus intervals. Thus, subnormal and supernormal periods coincide with the peak and trough, respectively, of the biphasic evoked heart rate response.
Notch in Leukemia

Notch is commonly activated in lymphoid malignancies through ligand-independent and ligand-dependent mechanisms. In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL), ligand-independent activation predominates. Negative Regulatory Region (NRR) mutations trigger supraphysiological Notch1 activation by exposing the S2 site to proteolytic cleavage in the absence of ligand. Subsequently, cleavage at the S3 site generates the activated form of Notch, intracellular Notch (ICN). In contrast to T-ALL, in mature lymphoid neoplasms such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the S2 cleavage site is exposed through ligand-receptor interactions. Thus, agents that disrupt ligand-receptor interactions might be useful for treating these malignancies. Notch activation can be enhanced by mutations that delete the C-terminal proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S), and threonine (T) (PEST) domain. These mutations do not activate the Notch pathway per se, but rather impair degradation of ICN. In this chapter, we review the mechanisms of Notch activation and the importance of Notch for the genesis and maintenance of lymphoid malignancies. Unfortunately, targeting the Notch pathway with pan-Notch inhibitors in clinical trials has proven challenging. These clinical trials have encountered dose-limiting on-target toxicities and primary resistance. Strategies to overcome these challenges have emerged from the identification and improved understanding of direct oncogenic Notch target genes. Other strategies have arisen from new insights into the "nuclear context" that selectively directs Notch functions in lymphoid cancers. This nuclear context is created by factors that co-bind ICN at cell-type specific transcriptional regulatory elements. Disrupting the functions of these proteins or inhibiting downstream oncogenic pathways might combat cancer without the intolerable side effects of pan-Notch inhibition.
Energy-Efficient Speaker Identification with Low-Precision Networks

Power-consumption in small devices is dominated by off-chip memory accesses, necessitating small models that can fit in on-chip memory. In the task of text-dependent speaker identification, we demonstrate a 16x byte-size reduction for state-of-art small-footprint LCN/CNN/DNN speaker identification models. We achieve this by using ternary quantization that constrains the weights to {-1, 0, 1}. Our model comfortably fits in the 1 MB on-chip BRAM of most off-the-shelf FPGAs, allowing for a power-efficient speaker ID implementation with 100x fewer floating point multiplications, and a 1000x decrease in estimated energy cost. Additionally, we explore the use of depth-wise separable convolutions for speaker identification, and show while significantly reducing multiplications in full-precision networks, they perform poorly when ternarized. We simulate hardware designs for inference on our model, the first hardware design targeted for efficient evaluation of ternary networks and end-to-end neural network-based speaker identification.
117 MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION CAUSES LIVER DISEASE IN THE NONHUMAN PRIMATE.

Obesity in children is now epidemic in the United States. The increasing prevalence of maternal obesity raises the concern that maternal obesity, independent of diabetes, may be contributing to fetal programming of obesity and its comorbidities. The notion that maternal nutrition may lead to stress-like changes in gene expression, steatosis, and gluconeogenesis that underlie programming of adult disease is increasingly gaining acceptance. However, the mechanisms involved in generating such responses are not well characterized. Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that individuals exposed to a high-nutrient supply during fetal life have a high risk of becoming obese children and adults. We have developed a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of high-fat/-calorie diet-induced maternal obesity/diabetes in which age (5-7 years at start) and weight (7-9 kg) matched Japanese macaques were assigned (fall 2002) to either a control diet group (13% of calories from fat) or a high-fat diet group (35.2% of calories from fat). Males were housed with each group and pregnancies were terminated by cesarean section early in the third trimester (gestational day 130). Our data demonstrate that maternal consumption of a high-fat diet results in changes in gene expression in the fetal livers in four categories of genes, including those involved in oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine/signaling, lipid metabolism/transport, and the gluconeogenic pathway. There was a coordinated increase in genes involved in oxidative stress, specifically a family of heat shock proteins (HSP), including HSP90, HSP70, HSP40, and HSP27. We found significant up-regulation of 18 genes involved in the recruitment and activation of neutrophils and macrophages into injured liver as well as genes that are markers of early hepatic fibrosis. These include up-regulation of IL-13 (17-fold), lymphotoxin alpha (47-fold), IL-1β (6-fold), CCL2 (8-fold), and TNF-α (3-fold). We also found a significant up-regulation of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), fructose biphosphatase 1 (FBP1), glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase) and PGC1-α. Increased Oil Red-O staining suggested the presence of fatty liver disease in the livers of fetuses from mothers on a high-fat diet. Direct measure of liver triglycerides confirmed elevated levels of fatty acids. In summary, we hypothesize that diet-induced inflammation can have a permanent impact on metabolic programming of the liver in a way that favors hepatic insulin resistance and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the NHP.
Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Chlorothalonil

The fungicide chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile; CAS 1897-45-6; Fig. 1) was introduced in 1965 by Diamond Shamrock Corp. and was first registered in 1966 for use on turfgrass within the United States. An additional registration was granted 4 years later for use on potatoes, marking it the first approved food crop for application (US EPA 1999). It is formulated as concentrates, powders, and granules, among other registered formulations. Some of the prominent products containing chlorothalonil as the active ingredient include Bravo®, Daconil® and Sweep® (US EPA 1999). These or other chlorothalonil formulations have been applied to crops such as celery, beans, peanuts, and peaches, among others. Within the USA, approximately 34% of the total chlorothalonil applied is used on peanuts, 12% on potatoes and 10% on golf courses (US EPA 1999).
BMS consensus statement for primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women

The British Menopause Society Council is committed to provide up to date authoritative reviews to aid health professionals to inform and advise women about key issues in postreproductive health. Co...
Modulation of fluorocarbon surfactant diffusion with diethylene glycol butyl ether for improved foam characteristics and fire suppression

Abstract Analysis of aqueous solutions comprised of a fluorocarbon-betaine surfactant with and without diethylene glycol butyl ether (DGBE) have provided insight into the effect of DGBE on fire suppression and foam quality. Incorporation of DGBE decreased the Sauter mean bubble size and liquid drainage that resulted in faster foam spread, which lead to improved fire suppression performance at slow foam application rates. The DGBE effects were found to be relatively small at fast foam application rates. Dynamic surface tension characterization showed that diffusion of the surfactant was more rapid in the water-DGBE solvent system such that the air-liquid interface could have stabilized faster thus resulting in a smaller bubble size. The faster surfactant diffusion in the presence of DGBE is consistent with the measurements of larger micelle diffusion coefficients and smaller micelle sizes when DGBE is included with the fluorocarbon surfactant. Smaller observed micelle size provides evidence of the incorporation of DGBE into the fluorocarbon surfactant micelle within the palisade layer thus altering the micelle composition and size. Measurements of bubble size, dynamic surface tension and micelle size support altered fluorocarbon surfactant behavior in solution which resulted in the generation of a more stable foam capable of faster foam spread and fire suppression as a result of the presence of DGBE in solution.
Domain Decomposition in Optimal Boundary Control of Hyperbolic Equations with Boundary Damping

This paper is concerned with optimal boundary final-value control of scalar second order linear hyperbolic equations in which the control variable acts through an impedance boundary condition. The dissipative nature of the boundary condition improves the regularity of solutions and allows penalization of final state in the natural energy norm of the system. An iterative domain decomposition algorithm is proposed for the associated optimality system and its convergence is established provided the leading coefficients of the hyperbolic equation are continuously differentiable on the subdomains employed in the decomposition.
The manifold particle filter for state estimation on high-dimensional implicit manifolds

We estimate the state of a noisy robot arm and underactuated hand using an implicit Manifold Particle Filter (MPF) informed by contact sensors. As the robot touches the world, its state space collapses to a contact manifold that we represent implicitly using a signed distance field. This allows us to extend the MPF to higher (six or more) dimensional state spaces. Earlier work, which explicitly represents the contact manifold, was only capable of scaling to three dimensions. Through a series of experiments, we show that the implicit MPF converges faster and is more accurate than a conventional particle filter during periods of persistent contact. We present three methods of drawing samples from an implicit contact manifold, and compare them in experiments.
Sacred Sounds: The Cult of Pan and the Nymphs in the Vari Cave

Religious ritual in ancient Greece regularly incorporated music, so much so that certain instruments or vocal genres frequently became associated with the religious veneration of specific gods. The Attic cult of Pan and the Nymphs should also be included among this group: though little is often known about the specific ritual practices, the literary and visual evidence associated with the cults make repeated reference to music performed on the panpipes—and to auditory and sensory stimuli more generally—as a prominent feature of the worship of these gods. I consider the Vari Cave, sacred to Pan and the Nymphs, together with the surviving marble votive reliefs from that space, to explore the sounds and sensations associated with the veneration of the rural gods. I argue that the sensory experience offered by the cave and the images within it would have enhanced the worshiper9s experience of the ritual and the gods for whom they were performed. In this way, visual and auditory perceptions blurred together to create a powerful experience of the divine.
Taxpayer responses in good times and bad

Abstract I show that the magnitude of taxpayer responsiveness, a key parameter in public finance, varies through time. Using linked administrative data and identifying responses from changes in notches, I document a marked decline in responsiveness during the Great Recession that cannot be explained by increased enforcement. I characterize which employee–employer pairs are best at reporting tax-advantaged incomes. Workers in industries with above-average responsiveness, such as construction, were disproportionately affected by the recession. I show responsiveness also declined for workers who remained matched with the same employers throughout the period.
Immigration in science

The advance of science is dependent upon collaboration, which does not have a visa attached to it. Indeed, over 40% of all American-based Nobel Prize winners are immigrants, and data from the National Science Foundation show that 49% of postdocs and 29% of science and engineering faculty in the US are foreign-born. However, restrictive new immigration policies in the US have left many scientists deeply concerned about their future and many American-based laboratories worried about attracting the best talent. At JEM, we're celebrating immigration by sharing the experiences of immigrant and nonimmigrant scientists on our editorial board. Alexander Rudensky and Jean-Laurent Casanova give their firsthand perspective on immigrating to the US, while Jedd Wolchok, Carl Nathan, David Holtzman, Susan Kaech, Lewis Lanier, and David Tuveson reflect on how immigration has affected their laboratories.
International Development Cooperation into the Decade Ahead

Masood Ahmed, President of the Center for Global Development, Washington, DC, explores the Future of Think Tanks and Policy Advice in the United States.
Partial Index Tracking enhanced Mean-Variance Portfolio

Estimation constitutes a major challenge in the implementation of mean-variance portfolios. To overcome this, we propose a partial index-tracking strategy that aims to mitigate estimation error ex-ante. Theoretically, we minimize the mean-square error of the proposed strategy by shrinking the portfolio variance to its tracking error. Using an empirical design with over 50 years of data, our paper makes two important observations. First, we show that our proposed approach is consistent with both linear and non-linear shrinkage strategies in terms of robustness. Second, the proposed decision rule leads to a lower out-of-sample tracking error. Our findings, overall, stress the appeal of partial-index tracking not only in terms of shrinkage (robustness), but also in terms of relative performance.
Corporate Long-Termism: Looking Toward an (Un)Certain Future

Do investors benefit when managers have long-term perspective? The dominant narrative suggests that they do. In this paper, we exploit the language characteristics of annual reports and offer a nuanced answer. We find that future-focused language is associated with relatively lower corporate risk, greater investment in tangible assets, more innovation, lower cost of capital, wider lender base, and higher firm value when accompanied by lower uncertainty. These associations either disappear or reverse, when uncertain tone is high, indicating that corporate long-termism is value enhancing only when accompanied by low uncertainty.
General Analgesia — Anesthesia

Parturients in whom psychologic analgesia or systemic analgesia or regional analgesia cannot be used can be managed with general analgesia — anesthesia. During the early part of the first stage of labor, they are managed with sedatives and narcotics in the manner described in Chapter 4. When these drugs no longer are effective, inhalation analgesia is initiated. In some patients, analgesia is adequate for the actual delivery but if it is not, then general anesthesia is used. This can be achieved either by increasing the concentration of the inhalation anesthetic sufficiently to produce unconsciousness and light “surgical” levels of anesthesia or by using balanced anesthesia. Because there is a marked difference between the effects of analgesia and those of anesthesia on the mother, fetus, and forces of labor, they need to be considered separately.
Tricuspid atresia with prolonged survival: A report of two cases with a review of the world literature

Abstract Two cases of tricuspid atresia with prolonged survival (33 and 57 years) have been described. Case 1 illustrated two unusual pathologic features: pulmonary valvular stenosis without associated subvalvular obstruction in the presence of transposition of the great vessels and a cleft mitral valve in the absence of an atrioventricular communis defect. Of the 21 patients with tricuspid atresia and prolonged survival reported in the world literature (including the present 2 cases), all may be placed in Type i-b, i-c , or ii-b (Keith, Rowe and Vlad). These types offer adequate but usually not excessive pulmonary blood flow. The few patients who survive naturally to adult life probably have adequate pulmonary perfusion and will not benefit from palliative surgery unless there is evidence of a progressive reduction in pulmonary blood flow.
Ideal: A Software Tool to Evaluate Interface Usability

This paper reports on the design, prototype implementation, and formative evaluation of a software tool—IDEAL (Interface Design Environment and Analysis Lattice). IDEAL integrates usability engineering techniques and behavioral task representations with a graphical hierarchy of user tasks to support formative evaluation of an evolving user interface. Representative users of IDEAL—interface designers and evaluators—participated in two phases of formative evaluation of IDEAL. Empirical evaluation showed IDEAL to be useful as an automated tool for managing the interrelated tasks of user interface development, including interaction design, usability specification, creation of benchmark tasks, and formative evaluation, that are currently performed manually.
On an identity of Ramanujan

An identity stated and utilized by Ramanujan in his now classic study of certain arithmetical functions is proved.
Phase constitution and thermal expansion of YBa2Cu3O7- delta single crystals.

We present an x-ray diffraction study of $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\delta}}$ single crystals. High-resolution scans reveal two orthorhombic phases with different lattice constants but a common orientation indicating a phase separation into phases with $\ensuremath{\delta}\ensuremath{\approx}0.0 \mathrm{and} 0.3$. Thermal expansions of the unit-cell parameters of both phases measured between 10 and 300 K were fit using a quasiharmonic approximation giving a best-fit Debye temperature of 370\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 K. The measured orthorhombicities were found to change smoothly through the superconducting transition temperature without any anomaly.
Position Dependence of 2-Aminopurine Spectra in Adenosine Pentadeoxynucleotides

The fluorescent probe/base, 2-aminopurine (2AP), has been incorporated into DNA pentamers that otherwise contain only adenine, the base that has been shown to stack strongly with itself and with the adenine mimic, 2AP. The probe base has been placed in each of the five positions in single strands. Optical spectral shifts, energy-transfer efficiencies, and their respective temperature dependencies behave simply as a function of 2AP position: those quantities approximately double when 2AP is placed between two adenines, compared to 2AP at either end of the chain. Transfer efficiencies of 80% (at 5°C) are measured for APAAA and AAPAA, 68% for AAAPA, while PAAAA and AAAAP efficiencies are 52% and 46%, respectively (P = 2AP). The spectroscopic parameters are therefore reliable measures of local DNA conformation that can be interpreted in a straightforward manner in terms of interbase electronic interactions. Interactions of 2AP with nonadenine bases have previously been shown to mostly be much weaker.
Nuclear Data Sheets for 181Pt

Nuclear structure data pertaining to 181Pt have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. This evaluation of 181Pt supersedes the previous publication (R. B. Firestone, Nuclear Data Sheets 62, 101 (1991) (literature cutoff date October 1990)), and includes literature available by 2 July 1999. New references since last publication: 1998RoZY, 1995Au04, 1993Me13, 1992Sa03 (supersedes 1990SaZU).
Enrichment of the Finite Element Method With the Reproducing Kernel Particle Method

Based on the reproducing kernel particle method on enrichment procedure is introduced to enhance the effectiveness of the finite element method. The basic concepts for the reproducing kernel particle method are briefly reviewed. By adopting the well-known completeness requirements, a generalized form of the reproducing kernel particle method is developed. Through a combination of these two methods their unique advantages can be utilized. An alternative approach, the multiple field method is also introduced.
Detection of degradation of magnetic resonance (MR) images: Comparison of an automated MR image-quality analysis system with trained human observers

Rationale and Objectives. The perceived need for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging quality control (QC) is occasionally minimized on the assumption that significant errors will be detected by the users. To evaluate the validity of this assumption, we compared the sensitivity of a test object and automated image analysis system for MR imaging QC with the sensitivity of trained human observers by evaluating images that were intentionally degraded. Methods. Parameters for imaging the test object and normal human volunteers were set to values that decreased the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), caused distortion, and increased the slice thickness and separation. Results. The human observers were able to detect a 6–13% reduction in the SNR and distortions of more than 15% in human images. They were unable to identify 40% increases in the slice thickness. Automated analysis of test object images was able to detect all image degradations at the minimum levels applied. Conclusion. The poor sensitivity of the human observers indicated that degradation, especially spatial measurements, could be significantly in error before being detected through visual analysis of clinical images. These errors would be detected by automated analysis of the test object used. Further investigation is needed to better define the accuracy with which quantitative image-quality analysis predicts the effects of degraded image quality on the ability of human observers to detect subtle abnormalities in clinical images.
Update strategies for kriging models used in variable fidelity optimization

Many optimization methods for simulation-based design rely on the sequential use of metamodels to reduce the associated computational burden. In particular, kriging models are frequently used in variable fidelity optimization. Nevertheless, such methods may become computationally inefficient when solving problems with large numbers of design variables and/or sampled data points due to the expensive process of optimizing the kriging model parameters in each iteration. One solution to this problem would be to replace the kriging models with traditional Taylor series response surface models. Kriging models, however, were shown to provide good approximations of computer simulations that incorporate larger amounts of data, resulting in better global accuracy. In this paper, a metamodel update management scheme (MUMS) is proposed to reduce the cost of using kriging models sequentially by updating the kriging model parameters only when they produce a poor approximation. The scheme uses the trust region ratio (TR-MUMS), which is a ratio that compares the approximation to the true model. Two demonstration problems are used to evaluate the proposed method: an internal combustion engine sizing problem and a control-augmented structural design problem. The results indicate that the TR-MUMS approach is very effective; on the demonstration problems, it reduced the number of likelihood evaluations by three orders of magnitude compared to using a global optimizer to find the kriging parameters in every iteration. It was also found that in trust region-based method, the kriging model parameters need not be updated using a global optimizer—local methods perform just as well in terms of providing a good approximation without affecting the overall convergence rate, which, in turn, results in a faster execution time.
Scaffolding Visitors' Learning through Labels

In museum literature, labels have been found to increase visitor learning and contribute to greater cognitive gains. In this study, we seek to understand how various labels support the visitors' learning experience, and specifically in regards to conceptual and cognitive learning. We investigated the increasing use of three types of labels (visual digital augmentations, text-based questions, and text-based instructions) by four groups of middle school students. Our analyses indicated that when labels were used, students experienced significant increases in both conceptual and cognitive understanding. Furthermore, in the group that received all three types of labels, students displayed more problem-solving behaviors and made more associations with their prior knowledge. This suggests that supplementing an exhibit with several types of labels may lead to increased visitor engagement and learning.
The Lichtman classification for Kienböck's disease: an assessment of reliability.

Abstract Purpose: The correct identification of Lichtman stage 3A and 3B Kienbock's disease is crucial for treatment purposes. The present study evaluates the reliability of the Lichtman classification, with specific attention to differentiating stage 3A and 3B. Methods: Four reviewers evaluated wrist radiographs from 39 patients with Kienbock's disease. Radiographs were graded according to the traditional Lichtman classification, a modification of the Lichtman classification using a radioscaphoid angle of 60° to subdivide stage 3, and 8 other radiographic measures. Results: The interobserver reliability of the Lichtman classification was substantial (κ coefficient 0.63), but Stage 3A was less reliably identified (κ 0.38). The new modification of the Lichtman classification increased both the overall (κ 0.81) and the stage 3A (κ 0.75) interobserver reliability. Conclusion: The use of the radioscaphoid angle increases the interobserver reliability of the Lichtman classification. This should allow a better understanding of the clinically important distinction between stage 3A and 3B disease. (J Hand Surg 2003;28A:74-80. Copyright © 2003 by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand.)
The Search for Identity When Clinicians Become Clients

It is widely accepted that those who provide psychotherapy for others benefit from experience in the client role; most clinicians do, in fact, seek their own therapy, as a sizable body of research indicates. Yet these studies address only one side of the phenomenon: the impact of personal therapy, usually early in their careers, on clinicians’ subsequent practice. Little is known about what happens when seasoned clinicians move in the other direction––from the “therapist chair” into, or back into, the “client chair.” These are a special group of clients, reacting to therapy in ways that other groups do not. As this qualitative study of 30 clinical social workers who have returned to the “patient chair” indicates, there is a unique struggle for identity and control. The paper explores the impact of that struggle on the therapeutic dyad and therapeutic frame, and concludes with implications and suggestions for further research.
Simultaneous determination of thioridazine and its S-oxidized and N-demethylated metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography on radially compressed silica

Abstract A method for simultaneously quantifying thioridazine, northioridazine, thioridazine-2-sulfoxide, thioridazine-2-sulfone and thioridazine-5-oxide in serum and plasma is described. Following solvent extraction these compounds were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on radially compressed silica gel and detected by UV absorbance at 254 nm. Chromatography time is less than 7 min. The relative retention of these compounds as a function of the methanol and methylamine content of the mobile phase is discussed. Practical limits of detection, based upon an assayed plasma or serum volume of 1 ml, were 20 ng/ml for thioridazine-5-oxide and 10 ng/ml for the other compounds. The coefficient of variation for all compounds was less than 13%. The method is compared with more conventional high-performance liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methodology.
Effect of Existing Structure and FRP Uncertainties on the Reliability of FRP-Based Repair

Externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) has been successfully implemented to repair existing RC structures. Previous studies on the development of a reliability-based design method for externally bonded FRP have considered the additional uncertainties introduced by the FRP, but have relied on descriptions of the existing concrete and reinforcing steel representative of new construction. These descriptions are unlikely to be appropriate for an in-service structure in need of repair. This paper investigates the effects of different levels of uncertainty in existing RC structures and FRP materials on the reliability of repairs designed with ACI 440.2R-08 recommendations. Repairs to restore flexural strength for each beam in an inventory of rectangular and t-shaped beams were designed. The reliability index of these repair designs was evaluated to identify the most influential variables on the reliability of the FRP repairs. When the effects of the existing structure were compared with those of the FRP material, uncertainties related to the existing structure had a much greater impact on the reliability of repair designs. The most significant uncertainties were related to the area of the remaining reinforcing steel and the existing concrete strength.
Neural network modeling of torque estimation and d-q transformation for induction machine

This paper presents a neural network approach in modeling of torque estimation and Parks d-q transformation for an open-loop induction machine. The nonlinear approximation capability of neural networks makes it possible to map the Parks d-q transformation and torque estimation in an induction motor, which would otherwise require extensive complex calculations. The neural network simulation results will be compared to those of directly DSP calculated transformation and estimation. The results show improved performance with the neural network approach. We conclude that machine systems transformations and estimations can take advantage of the neural network technology for improved performance and cost reduction in the long run.
TOWARD A THEORY OF CULTURAL‐GENETIC CITY CLASSIFICATION1

ABSTRACT With the exception of urban morphology, the overall cultural influence upon cities has received inadequate attention in the field of urban geography. Yet every culture influences all aspects of its cities in a way different from all other cultures. This in turn results in modified types of cities which can be grouped according to culturalgenetic, rather than functional or economic criteria. In spite of only sporadic empirical observations in this subject, a theory of the cultural-genetic classification of cities is initiated. Future research will determine whether or not evidence in support of this theory can be produced.
A Novel Technique for Wound Protector Deployment and Efficient Specimen Extraction Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Challenges of specimen extraction during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and other resectional laparoscopic procedures can often be proven to be time consuming and frustrating, and the risk of wound infection and port site tumor implantation increases. In this paper, we discuss our experience with an efficient approach to specimen extraction utilizing a novel technique for deployment of a very small self-expanding wound protector through a 12- or 15-mm port. We also report our observations with regard to the learning curve of this technique and the influence of BMI to retractor insertion times and specimen extraction times during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.
Bacterial transcytosis across conjunctival M cells.

Purpose Antigen-sampling M cells have been identified in conjunctival tissue overlying lymphoid follicles in rabbits and guinea pigs. Conjunctival M cells in the guinea pig display alpha(2-3) sialic acid on their surfaces, as evinced by selective labeling by Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin (MAL)-I. Haemophilus influenzae strains OM12, which expresses the HMW1 adhesin for alpha(2-3) sialic acid, and Rd KW20, which lacks HMW1, were used to test the hypothesis that conjunctival M cells translocate large microbes. Methods Fluorescein-labeled bacteria were instilled into the conjunctival sac for up to 130 minutes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy were used to visualize bacterial distribution. Results M cells, but not nonfollicular epithelial cells in the palpebral region, selectively bound and translocated bacteria. By 66 minutes, 423 +/- 165 bacteria/mm(2) of follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) surface were found in three-dimensional reconstructions extending 15.4 mum below the surface. By 127 minutes, the number of bacteria increased to 579 +/- 44/mm(2) of FAE surface and they had moved 50% deeper into the follicle. Coadministration with MAL-I reduced OM12 transport by 61%. Similarly, Rd KW20 uptake was 71% less at 63 minutes and 58% less at 121 minutes, indicating that OM12 uptake is at least partially mediated by binding to alpha(2-3) sialic acid. Conclusions Conjunctival M cells are a port of entry for large microbes and may play a role in initiation of mucosal immune responses against commensal or transient ocular bacterial species and may allow the entry of pathogens.
Thermal and optical analysis of switchable window glazings

Abstract Glazing materials with variable optical properties (switchable glazings) offer the ultimate in control over the light and energy entering a building. Products of this kind are in their initial stages of development, and guidelines that relate window energy performance to glazing material properties are needed. Though the use of computer program for calculating window thermal and optical performance parameters, we evaluated (1) the relative performances of three switchable glazings prototypes with differing solar transmittance spectra; (2) the differences between glazings that switch from transmitting to reflecting and those that switch from transmitting to absorbing; and (3) the effects of positioning the switchable glazing in a window. We focused on design conditions for cooling-dominated buildings, since switchable glazings are expected to reduce cooling and lighting loads. We conclude that the differences in thermal performance between absorbing and reflecting switchable glazinhgs can be eliminated through proper placement of the glazing in a window system and through the use of other spectrally selective glazings.
Water in Single-Walled Aluminosilicate Nanotubes: Diffusion and Adsorption Properties

Single-walled aluminosilicate nanotubes are attractive materials for construction of nanofluidic devices. They have a well-defined structure, a hydrophilic interior with periodic wide and narrow regions, precisely tunable length and diameter, and a functionalizable interior for tuning mass transport and adsorption properties. We report a computational and experimental investigation that highlights the unique adsorption and diffusive water transport properties of these nanotubes. Axial self-diffusivities of water molecules (at loadings ranging from near-infinite dilution to near-saturation) are calculated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, whereas adsorption properties are computed with grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations and are also compared to experimental data. The transport diffusivities are evaluated through the Darken approximation. Water transport in these nanotubes at room temperature was observed to occur via Fickian diffusion. The self-diffusivity decreases with an increase in wa...
Establishment of a Chinese hamster ovary cell line that expresses grp78 antisense transcripts and suppresses A23187 induction of both GRP78 and GRP94.

GRP78, a 78,000 dalton protein residing in the endoplasmic reticulum, is postulated to play important roles in protein folding and cell survival during calcium and other physiologcial stress. Here we describe the construction of an eukaryotic expression vector for the constitutive expression of grp78 antisense RNA and the creation of a CHO cell line, 78WO, which expresses high levels of the grp78 antisense RNA through amplification of the stably transfected antisense vector. We observed that whereas 78WO maintains a basal levelof GRP78 similar to that of control cells, GRP78 is no longer inducible by A23187. The 78WO cells have undergone a compensatory increase in grp78 transcription such that the effects of antisense are cancelled out at the protein level under nonstressed conditions. In these same cells, GRP94, a 94,000 dalton ER protein, is also rendered noninducible by A23187. This provides the first evidence that the regulation of two ER proteins might be coupled such that the failure to induce GRP78 results in the down-regulation of GRP94. The 78WO cell line grows with a doubling time of about 26 hr and exhibits decreased tolerance to A23187, suggesting the GRPs contribute to cell viability under calcium stress. The establishment of this cell line, which can be stably maintained, will provide a useful tool for testing whether the induction of the GRPs is important for protein folding or transport and whether their enhanced synthesis is the cause or consequence of a variety of physiological adaptations. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pavlovian vs. operant factors in nonspecific transfer of training in the pigeon

In Experiment 1, three groups were given 20 sessions of true discrimination (TD), single- stimulus (SS), or pseudodiscrimination (PD) training with line angles and with equal-density variable-interval (VI) and variable-time (VT) reinforcement schedules, instead of the usual VI and extinction (EXT). Subsequent transfer to a wavelength VI-EXT discrimination revealed enhanced performance by TD and retarded performance by PD groups. In Experiment 2, in an autoshaping-like paradigm, six groups were given TD, SS, or PD training with line angles using fixed-interval (FI) and fixed-time (FT) reinforcement schedules during trials. Despite almost identical responding to the two stimuli, the TD groups performed best on either of two subsequent wavelength discriminations. These results suggest that neither Pavlovian contingencies nor differential responding during training is required in order to produce the TD enhancement effect.
An overview of EPA's hospital waste incinerator field inspection and source evaluation manual

Abstract The Hospital Waste Incinerator (HWI) inspection manual prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is to serve as a guideline to assist EPA, State, and local air agency personnel in the safe inspection of HWIs, which are subject to Federal, State, and/or local air pollution control regulations. Hospital waste incineration in the EPA inspection manual refers to the combustion of all waste produced by hospital or hospital type (e.g., commercial) facilities. The manual addresses an inspector's legal authority, applicable regulations under the Clean Air Act, inspector responsibilities and liabilities, and general inspection procedures including safety. There are chapters that deal with visible emission observations, types of hospital incinerator systems, air pollution controls, baseline inspection procedures, characterization of waste, evaluation of combustion equipment, inspection of air pollution controls, and special inspection considerations.
Zidovudine in Asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Controlled Trial in Persons with Fewer Than 500 CD4-Positive Cells per Cubic Millimeter

Zidovudine (AZT) is a potent inhibitor of the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and it has been shown to improve survival in advanced HIV disease. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial in adults with asymptomatic HIV infection who had CD4+ cell counts of fewer than 500 per cubic millimeter on entry into the study. The subjects (92 percent male) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: placebo (428 subjects); zidovudine, 500 mg per day (453); or zidovudine, 1500 mg per day (457). After a mean follow-up of 55 weeks (range, 19 to 107), 33 of the subjects assigned to placebo had the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), as compared with 11 of those assigned to receive 500 mg of zidovudine (P = 0.002; relative risk, 2.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 5.6) and 14 of those assigned to receive 1500 mg of zidovudine (P = 0.05; relative risk, 1.9; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 3.5). In the three treatment groups, the rates of progression (per 100 person-years) to either AIDS or advanced AIDS-related complex were 7.6, 3.6, and 4.3, respectively. As compared with those assigned to placebo, the subjects in the zidovudine groups had significant increases in the number of CD4+ cells and significant declines in p24 antigen levels. In the 1500-mg zidovudine group, severe hematologic toxicity (anemia or neutropenia) was more frequent than in the other groups (P less than 0.0001). In the 500-mg zidovudine group, nausea was the only toxicity that was significantly more frequent (in 3.3 percent) than in the placebo group (P = 0.001). We conclude that zidovudine is safe and effective in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection and fewer than 500 CD4+ cells per cubic millimeter. Additional study will be required to determine whether such treatment will ultimately improve survival for persons infected with HIV.