cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speech in mania: Syntactic aspects

Abstract In this study, we observed and linguistically analyzed the verbal behavior of six manic subjects, looking specifically for those linguistic capacities which were intact and for those which were disrupted. From interviews and tape-recordings of manic subjects in both analytic-protocol and discourse situations, we observed a preservation of basic speech capacities, including the ability to comprehend and generate grammatical sentences and to utilize highly complex linguistic transformations. We noted, however, a disruption in the ability to properly utilize ellipsis and semantic (discourse) anaphora such that manic subjects did not maintain a meaningful progression of thought in discourse.
Effects of end-of-month admission on length of stay and quality of care among inpatients with myocardial infarction.

Abstract Purpose We studied whether transfer of care when house staff and faculty switch services affects length of stay or quality of care among hospitalized patients. Subjects and methods We performed a retrospective analysis in 976 consecutive patients admitted with myocardial infarction from 1995 to 1998. Patients who were admitted within 3 days of change in staff were denoted end-of-month patients. Results Of 782 eligible patients, 690 (88%) were admitted midmonth and 92 (12%) at the end of the month. The median length of stay was 7 days for midmonth and 8 days for end-of-month patients ( P = 0.06). End-of-month admission was an independent predictor of length of stay in multivariate models. In addition, a significant difference in length of stay was noted between patients admitted at the beginning and end of the academic year. There were no statistically significant differences in the use of aspirin, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or lipid-lowering agents at discharge between midmonth and end-of-month patients. Mortality and in-hospital adverse events did not differ between the two groups, with the possible exception of a greater incidence of acute renal failure in the end-of-month patients. Conclusion Although admission during the last 3 days of the month is an independent predictor of length of stay, it does not have a large effect on quality of care among patients with myocardial infarction.
Oral Midodrine Is Effective for the Treatment of Hypotension Associated With Carotid Artery Stenting

Hypotension is commonly encountered during carotid artery stenting (CAS), mediated by vagal stimulation and suppression of sympathetic outflow. Some patients require treatment with intravenous vasopressors (dopamine, nor-epinephrine, or phenylephrine). The authors describe the successful use of the oral agent midodrine as an alternative to intravenous vasopressors in the treatment of hypotension related to CAS. Of 55 patients who underwent elective CAS, 19 (35%) experienced significant hypotension, and 15 (27%) required vasopressor therapy. Eleven patients received intravenous dopamine infusion in an intensive care setting, whereas 4 received oral midodrine in a regular telemetry unit. All patients eventually recovered and were discharged without any residual cardiovascular or neurological complications. No major side effects were noted with the use of both dopamine and midodrine. Cost of hospitalization was significantly higher in the dopamine group because of the need for ICU admission.
Neural dynamics of audiovisual speech integration under variable listening conditions: an individual participant analysis

Speech perception engages both auditory and visual modalities. Limitations of traditional accuracy-only approaches in the investigation of audiovisual speech perception have motivated the use of new methodologies. In an audiovisual speech identification task, we utilized capacity (Townsend & Nozawa, 1995), a dynamic measure of efficiency, to quantify audiovisual integration. Capacity was used to compare RT distributions from audiovisual trials to RT distributions from auditory-only and visual-only trials across three listening conditions: clear auditory signal, S/N ratio of -12 dB, and S/N ratio of -18 dB. The purpose was to obtain EEG recordings in conjunction with capacity to investigate how a late ERP co-varies with integration efficiency. Results showed efficient audiovisual integration for low auditory S/N ratios, but inefficient audiovisual integration when the auditory signal was clear. The ERP analyses showed evidence for greater audiovisual amplitude in lower auditory S/N ratios (higher capacity/efficiency) compared to the high S/N ratio (low capacity/inefficient integration). The data are consistent with an interactive framework of integration, where auditory recognition is influenced by speech-reading as a function of signal clarity.
Beyond Reading Level: A Systematic Review of the Suitability of Cancer Education Print and Web-based Materials

Consideration of categories related to reading comprehension—beyond reading level—is imperative to reach low literacy populations effectively. “Suitability” has been proposed as a term to encompass six categories of such factors: content, literacy demand graphics, layout/typography, learning stimulation, and cultural appropriateness. Our purpose was to describe instruments used to evaluate categories of suitability in cancer education materials in published reports and their findings. We searched databases and reference lists for evaluations of print and Web-based cancer education materials to identify and describe measures of these categories. Studies had to evaluate reading level and at least one category of suitability. Eleven studies met our criteria. Seven studies reported inter-rater reliability. Cultural appropriateness was most often assessed; four instruments assessed only surface aspects of cultural appropriateness. Only two of seven instruments used, the suitability assessment of materials (SAM) and the comprehensibility assessment of materials (SAM + CAM), were described as having any evidence of validity. Studies using Simplified Measure of Goobledygook (SMOG) and Fry reported higher average reading level scores than those using Flesh-Kincaid. Most materials failed criteria for reading level and cultural appropriateness. We recommend more emphasis on the categories of suitability for those developing cancer education materials and more study of these categories and reliability and validity testing of instruments.
Towards a more habitable Mars — or — the coming martian spring

Abstract Two schemes are presented in which matter is moved closer to Mars so as to increase the equinoctal precession period of Mars. In such a way the Martian springs, during which Mars is habitable in the long winter model of Sagan (1971) , could be extended and, in fact, prolonged indefinitely. The schemes involve using solar energy to move the satellite Phobos and/or material from the asteroid belt. Difficulties exist with the proposals but they are presented to stimulate discussion.
A low power four transistor Schmitt Trigger for asymmetric double gate fully depleted SOI devices

In this paper, we present a novel low power 4 Transistor Schmitt Trigger (4T-ST) for asymmetric double gate fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (DGFDSOI) devices. The new ST is compared to conventional 6 Transistor Schmitt Trigger (6T-ST) scheme realized with symmetric (SymD) and asymmetric devices (AsymDs). Power dissipation and gate area are reduced by switching from conventional scheme to proposed scheme at iso noise-immunity (isoNT) and comparable delay.
An Easy Cricothyrotomy Approach: The Rapid Four‐step Technique

A simplified 4-step cricothyrotomy technique is described. The procedure can be completed in < 30 seconds without use of suction or additional light source. The only equipment needed is a #20 scalpel, a tracheal hook with a large radius, and a cuffed tracheostomy tube. The 4 steps are: 1) palpation, 2) stab incision, 3) inferior traction, and 4) tube insertion. This streamlined method is simple and quick. Because the operator's body position and hand movements (steps 3 and 4) are similar to those in orotracheal intubation, there is a feeling of familiarity that enhances retention of the procedure. The steps are illustrated and 4 cases using this technique are reported. Since the hands at each step are stabilized on the patient and no special equipment is needed, this technique also may be ideal for the out-of-hospital environment.
Measures vanishing off the symmetric maximal ideals of M(G)

We show that if μ is a measure on the LCA group G whose Gelfand transform vanishes off the set Σ of symmetric maximal ideals, then μ µ M0(G), that is, then the Fourier-Steiltjes transform of μ vanishes at infinity. This result is then used to show μ µ L1(G)½.
Statistical Evidence for Enhanced Learning of Content through Reflective Journal Writing

We present statistical evidence that when students voluntarily write reflective “journal entry” essays on assigned reading, their performance on multiple-choice quizzes on the reading is improved compared to students who do not complete such essays. A Smirnov non-parametric test and a pair-wise comparison analysis were used to establish the validity of the hypotheses.
Atypical gonadal dysgenesis: the role of Yq in determining phenotype and malignancy risk

Two cases of atypical gonadal dysgenesis are described. Phenotypes are attributed to unique karyotypes derived from abnormal zygotic states modified by secondary cell line loss. A model is presented which proposes and defines a regulatory locus of Yq (Y-HT) and comments are made regarding the risk of malignancy in such patients.
Midterm Musings and Issue Issues

This issue marks the midpoint of my editorship of Symbolic Interaction. As I look over the submissions that I have accepted for publication thus far, I am struck by both the relevance for our lives and the variety of perspectives that are embodied by symbolic interaction. As a group, interactionists are often playful in comparison with our more dour colleagues who populate the social sciences; we take seriously the silliness of the human condition; we have not lost our sense of humor or our capacity for compassion. Interactionism cultivates openness and creativity. In the past, I have published collections of manuscripts that were thematic, but I never put out a call for papers on specific themes: manuscripts just “showed up.” Recent examples include an issue on the sociology of the body and gender (32:2) and another collection where art was either the subjective topic and/or the objective purpose of the submissions (32:3). Because a special issue on music was published in 2007, edited by Joe Kotarba and Phillip Vannini, it has been necessary to spread music-related manuscripts across several issues to avoid creating another music-themed issue. The current issue (33:1) also arose organically. The submissions are bound by the common theme of loss. The articles you are about to read substantively proceed from the most intimate of sorrows to global concerns, starting with the most micro of perspectives and methods and flowing through to more macro points that include linkages between time and place. Each author uses an appropriate methodology to target his or her subject. In every article we can apprehend the magnitude of loss and the potential healing power of stories. If not for the ability to adapt, to negotiate, to contest, and to change the definition of the situation, how could we become empowered to cope with loss—loss of loved ones, a relationship, a community, jobs, or our ecosystem? How could we (re)story the past, coexist with an ambiguous present, or revision a future? How could we mobilize resources to reduce suffering or change our course? In each case interactionism is a frame through which to understand how identity helps an individual or collectivity navigate the perils of personal troubles and shared traumas. I have been grateful for the opportunity to serve both our journal and the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction. It has been an honor and a great responsibility for our staff to seek out and publish the best interactionist work available. Conscientious reviewers, a fair and timely review process, and excellent submissions from a
Admission-discharge Patterns of Children in Emergency Treatment Shelters: Implications for Child and Youth Care Practitioners

This study examined the discharge placements of abused and neglected children in light of the settings from which they were initially admitted to a short-term residential emergency care facility. Admission-discharge patterns for children from three types of settings are reported along with practice implications for direct child and youth care workers.
Answering machine talk

This article examines a data sample of taped answering machine messages in an attempt to describe and discuss their discourse properties and functions. The data are analyzed in terms of their comparability to other types of discourse, both written and spoken. The analysis focuses on the devices utilized by callers to “talk” with an absent interlocutor. Focal questions for analysis are (a) What do people do with their talk when there is no interlocutor present to give them feedback and negotiate meaning and yet they are encouraged to speak as if there were? and (b) What features represent evidence of written language devices within the context of the spoken language which comprises an answering machine message? Answering machine talk appears to be a unique form of discourse employing elements of “performative” spoken language, written language, and special uses of prosodic markers to create “dialogue” with an absent interlocutor.
In situ rheology of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial biofilms

We developed a method to grow Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial biofilms and characterize their rheological properties in situ in a continuously fed bioreactor incorporated into a parallel plate rheometer. The temperature and shear rates of growth modeled bloodstream conditions, a common site of S. epidermidis infection. We measured the linear elastic (G′) and viscous moduli (G′′) of the material using small-amplitude oscillatory rheology and the yield stress using non-linear creep rheology. We found that the elastic and viscous moduli of the S. epidermidis biofilm were 11 ± 3 Pa and 1.9 ± 0.5 Pa at a frequency of 1 Hz (6.283 rad per s) and that the yield stress was approximately 20 Pa. We modeled the linear creep response of the biofilm using a Jeffreys model and found that S. epidermidis has a characteristic relaxation time of approximately 750 seconds and a linear creep viscosity of 3000 Pa s. The effects on the linear viscoelastic moduli of environmental stressors, such as NaCl concentration and extremes of temperature, were also studied. We found a non-monotonic relationship between moduli and NaCl concentrations, with the stiffest material properties found at human physiological concentrations (135 mM). Temperature dependent rheology showed hysteresis in the moduli when heated and cooled between 5 °C and 60 °C. Through these experiments, we demonstrated that biofilms are rheologically complex materials that can be characterized by a combination of low modulus (∼10 Pa), long relaxation time (∼103 seconds), and a finite yield stress (20 Pa). This suggests that biofilms should be viewed as soft viscoelastic solids whose properties are determined in part by local environmental conditions. The in situ growth method introduced here can be adapted to a wide range of biofilm systems and applied over a broad spectrum of rheological and environmental conditions because the technique minimizes the risk of irreversible, non-linear deformation of the microbial specimen before analysis.
The reckoning of certain quartic and octic Gauss sums

In this brief note, we evaluate certain quartic and octic Gauss sums with the use of theorems on fourth and eighth power difference sets. We recall that a subset H of a finite (additive) abelian group G is said to be a difference set of G [5, p. 64] if for some fixed natural number λ, every nonzero element of G can be written as a difference of two elements of H fin exactly λ ways.
Tbx16 cooperates with Wnt11 in assembling the zebrafish organizer

The organizer, the signaling center that specifies vertebrate axial polarity and the nervous system, is a dorsal midline mesodermal domain in the gastrula that will form prechordal plate and anterior notochord. We show that in zebrafish the organizer is not a single domain when it first arises in the nascent mesoderm at the onset of gastrulation. Rather, in the presumptive prechordal plate region, the organizer is subdivided into two side-by-side cellular fields. Within minutes, concurrent medial and anterior cellular movements merge, or 'coalesce', the two fields to form the well-known singular midline field. Coalescence forms a symmetrical domain because the cell movements on the left and right sides initiate simultaneously and occur synchronously. However, in embryos with reduced function of the T-box transcription factor Tbx16 (Spadetail) or its genetic target paraxial protocadherin (Papc), synchrony is lost, coalesence is disrupted, and the midline domain is misshaped. Furthermore, with combined loss of Tbx16 and Wnt11 (Silberblick), coalesence is essentially absent. Possibly as a consequence, both the anterior movement of presumptive prechordal plate and organizer function, as assayed by eye-field separation, are disrupted. Our findings thus reveal that Tbx16, in combination with Wnt11, are critical components not only in morphogenesis but also in initial assembly of the organizer.
A Study of Discourse Anaphora in Scientific Abstracts.

Natural language texts are used extensively in a range of information science tasks. Such use requires increased attention to discourse level linguistic phenomena which have the potential for impact on these tasks. One such device, anaphoric reference, was investigated in a frequently used text type, namely, scientific abstracts. Descriptive data on the extent of use of discourse anaphora in abstracts was gathered and rules for distinguishing anaphoric functioning of terms were compiled and tested. Results show a mean use of 3.67 functioning anaphors per abstract in a random sample of 600 abstracts from two databases. Testing of rules indicates high feasibility of future algorithmic recognition of anaphoric uses of terms. © 1987 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION TEMPERATURES FOR CONCENTRATED POLYSTRYENE/BENZENE SOLUTIONS.

Homogeneous nucleation temperatures for polystyrene/benzene solutions up to 60 wt% polymer have been measured. For polymer molecular weights from 17,500 to 100,000, homogeneous nucleation temperatures increase with increasing concentration from 226°C for pure benzene to 260°C for 60 wt% polymer. The experimental results have been compared to the predictions of homogeneous nucleation theory. It is concluded that for these solutions polymers affect the nucleation process principally through their effect on surface tension and solvent vapor pressure. For polystyrene solutions of molecular weight 600,000 or greater, a significant reduction in nucleation temperature was found. This phenomena appears to be caused by phase-separated domains in these high molecular weight solutions.
Scientific data services: a high-performance I/O system with array semantics

As high-performance computing approaches exascale, the existing I/O system design is having trouble keeping pace in both performance and scalability. We propose to address this challenge by adopting database principles and techniques in parallel I/O systems. First, we propose to adopt an array data model because many scientific applications represent their data in arrays. This strategy follows a cardinal principle from database research, which separates the logical view from the physical layout of data. This high-level data model gives the underlying implementation more freedom to optimize the physical layout and to choose the most effective way of accessing the data. For example, knowing that a set of write operations is working on a single multi-dimensional array makes it possible to keep the subarrays in a log structure during the write operations and reassemble them later into another physical layout as resources permit. While maintaining the high-level view, the storage system could compress the user data to reduce the physical storage requirement, collocate data records that are frequently used together, or replicate data to increase availability and fault-tolerance. Additionally, the system could generate secondary data structures such as database indexes and summary statistics. We expect the proposed Scientific Data Services approach to create a "live" storage system that dynamically adjusts to user demands and evolves with the massively parallel storage hardware.
Good Stories: Using Metaphors to Teach Philosophy☆

Abstract Courses that introduce students to philosophy, especially to freshmen, can be a challenge to teach. One of the problems is that while philosophical ideas are often quite abstract, beginning students are often concrete thinkers. One way to overcome this obstacle without making the course less challenging, is to introduce abstract ideas— such as those found in metaphysics, epistemology and philosophy of mind—through the use of metaphors and other literary devices that compare each abstract philosophical concept to something more concrete. For example, reality is discussed as air, fire, shadows; knowledge as dreams, blank slates, and information processing; minds as chariots, bundles and computers; God as an artist, a perfect human and belief as a wager; and the meaning of life as a rock, a middle path and a leap of faith. There was a total of thirty various philosophical metaphors used in this course. After the metaphorical description of the concept, and only after this, does the instructor offer a more literal explanation of the text. With their knowledge of the concrete story as a foundation, students seem to grasp more readily the underlying abstract concept when it is described literally. Assessment of this approach was through instructor observation, student self-reports and the creation of their own metaphors. Overall it appears that the use of metaphorical thinking first promoted better learning in this beginning philosophy course.
A new role for scientists in the Biological Weapons Convention.

Moves are afoot that could make individual scientists, not just governments, accountable under international and national bioweapon legislation.
Introduction to Complementary, Alternative, and Traditional Therapies

The use of complementary, alternative, and traditional therapies is increasing in the United States, and patients and their families are bringing these practices into the acute care setting. Acute and critical care nurses are in a unique and trusted position to advocate for their patients and to promote safe incorporation of complementary, alternative, and traditional therapies into the plan of care.
Gradual or pulsed evolution: when should punctuational explanations be preferred?

Abstract The problem of gradual versus punctuated change within phyletic lineages can be understood in terms of the homogeneity of evolutionary dynamics. Hypotheses of punctuated change imply that the rules governing evolutionary change shift over time such that the normal dynamics of stasis are temporarily suspended, permitting a period of net evolutionary change. Such explanations are members of a larger class of models in which evolutionary dynamics are in some way heterogeneous over time. In this paper, I develop a likelihood-based statistical framework to evaluate the support for this kind of evolutionary model. This approach divides evolutionary sequences into nonoverlapping segments, each of which is fit to a separate evolutionary model. Models with heterogeneous dynamics are generally more complex—they require more parameters to specify— than uniform evolutionary models such as random walks and stasis. The Akaike Information Criterion can be used to judge whether the greater complexity of punctuat...
Palladium catalyzed cross- and homo-coupling reactions of 4-Halo-1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophanes with various organometallic reagents

Abstract An investigation of palladium catalyzed Kumada type reactions between various Grignard reagents and mono-substituted octafluoroparacyclophane derivatives revealed that by varying the reaction temperature, and mode of addition of the Grignard reagent, it was possible to influence whether the major product was the cross-coupled, or the homo-coupled (reductive dimer) paracyclophane product. This provides an improved methodology to prepare aryl substituted paracyclophanes, and additionally an alternative route to the unusual and rare di-cyclophane skeleton. Analogous reactions with alkyl lithium reagents were also explored, resulting in the generation of some previously unreported octafluoroparacyclophane products.
Comparative effects of nitroprusside and nitroglycerin; actions on phasic and tonic components of arterial smooth muscle contraction.

Abstract Nitroprusside shares many of the pharmacological actions of nitroglycerin. We investigated the characteristics of the relaxant action of these two vasodilators on vascular smooth muscle. Both drugs completely reduced, in a dose-related fashion, the maximal tension developed in rabbit aortic strips isometrically contracted with angiotensin-II or a submaximal epinephrine contraction (70% of maximal). The ED 50 values for the two drugs were similar, but their dose-response curves were not parallel. For aortic strips maximally contracted with epinephrine, only 70% relaxation was achieved with single maximal effective doses of nitroprusside or nitroglycerin, and the ED 50 was increased 25- and 630-fold respectively. Complete relaxation could not be induced by combined effects of single doses of the two drugs although cumulative exposure to nitroprusside, but not to nitroglycerin, caused complete relaxation. Pretreatment of aortic strips with nitroprusside or nitroglycerin decreased their reactivity to epinephrine (decrease of potency and intrinsic activity) and completely blocked angiotensin contractions. Contraction velocity analysis revealed that nitroprusside and nitroglycerin reduced the tonic contribution to total epinephrine contraction by 64 and 47% respectively; the phasic contribution was reduced by approximately 50% by either vasodilator. Angiotensin-induced contraction was reduced also by nitroprusside and nitroglycerin. It is postulated that the limitation of both phasic and tonic modalities of contraction by nitroprusside and nitroglycerin is due to a membranal action of the vasodilators to promote not only less uptake but also a loss of Ca 2+ which could explain the attenuation of phasic (angiotensin) contraction and in addition the decrease observed for the tonic component of epinephrine-induced contraction.
80 Stimulation of Active Intestinal Transport by Actinomycin D

Top of pageAbstract It is well known that actinomycin D, an inhibitor of DNA directed RNA synthesis, alters enzyme activity. Because of similarities in the kinetics of enzymatic reactions and of active intestinal transport, the effect of actinomycin D on the latter was investigated. Observations were made of the active transport of amino acids (L-leucine and cycloleucine), sugar (3-0-methyl-D-glucose) and inorganic sulfate in the small intestine of the rat utilizing the everted gut sac technique of WILSON and WISEMAN. Transport by intestinal segments obtained from actinomycin D treated animals (single injection of 66 μg/100 gms subcut.) was compared with transport by intestinal segments obtained from matched controls. Studies were carried out at time intervals ranging from 1 to 48 h following injection. No significant effect of actinomycin D on transport was noted before 24h. However, active transport of each of the substances studied was markedly increased (2 to 4 fold increase in concentration gradients) in the animals who received actinomycin D 36 to 48 hours previously. Although commonly used to inhibit enzyme activity, actinomycin D has been shown to induce several enzymes in rat liver 24 to 48 hours after the administration of a single dose (ROSEN: Science 146–661 [1964]). This delayed effect is similar to that observed in our study of intestinal transport and suggests a possible relationship between the two. The mechanism by which actinomycin D stimulates intestinal transport is unknown although it possibly acts by inhibiting a substance that normally limits the rate of transport. (SPR)
Negation and dialect variation in French

(1974). Negation and dialect variation in French. Paper in Linguistics: Vol. 7, No. 3-4, pp. 403-435.
Neurophysiologic Assessment of Urinary Dysfunction in Children With Thoracic Syringomyelia

Isolated syringomyelia of the thoracic portion of the spinal cord is relatively uncommon. In children, signs and symptoms may involve only the urinary system. Five children who presented for evaluation of urinary tract dysfunction were found to have syringomyelia of the thoracic cord not associated with any other central nervous system abnormality on radiographic imaging. Each child underwent a complete neurologic examination and a complete electrophysiologic/urodynamic evaluation. One patient underwent surgical drainage of the syrinx due to progression of neurologic deficit, with slight improvement; three patients were treated pharmacologically to control the urinary dysfunction. (J Child Neurol 1995;10:451-454).
Trimethylamine-N-Oxide, a Metabolite Associated with Atherosclerosis, Exhibits Complex Genetic and Dietary Regulation

Circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) levels are strongly associated with atherosclerosis. We now examine genetic, dietary, and hormonal factors regulating TMAO levels. We demonstrate that two flavin mono-oxygenase family members, FMO1 and FMO3, oxidize trimethylamine (TMA), derived from gut flora metabolism of choline, to TMAO. Further, we show that FMO3 exhibits 10-fold higher specific activity than FMO1. FMO3 overexpression in mice significantly increases plasma TMAO levels while silencing FMO3 decreases TMAO levels. In both humans and mice, hepatic FMO3 expression is reduced in males compared to females. In mice, this reduction in FMO3 expression is due primarily to downregulation by androgens. FMO3 expression is induced by dietary bile acids by a mechanism that involves the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a bile acid-activated nuclear receptor. Analysis of natural genetic variation among inbred strains of mice indicates that FMO3 and TMAO are significantly correlated, and TMAO levels explain 11% of the variation in atherosclerosis.
Economic transition and new patterns of parent‐adult child coresidence in Urban China

This study uses national data from the 1996 Life History and Social Change in Contemporary China survey (N = 3087) to gauge the effect of the economic transition on parent-adult child coresidence in urban China. Previous studies find that thanks to state actions traditional patterns in coresidence persisted in post-Mao urban China. This study still finds high levels of coresidence. Chinas aging population coupled with an underdeveloped social security system means that the traditional role of family will remain strong. It also uncovers three new patterns however best explained as caused by changes in the economic realm. First the coresidence pattern changes over parents life course shifting from child-centered to parent-centered as parents age. Second class differentials begin to emerge most notably seen in the unique patterns of the entrepreneurial class. Last gender differentials remain significant but the tilt toward sons has strengthened. (authors)
Differences in microsite, plant form, and low-temperature photoinhibition in alpine plants.

Low temperatures and high sunlight, factors that are characteristic of high elevations, may lead to the low-temperature photoinhibition of photosynthesis (LTP). Exposure and photosynthetic response...
Sex Variations in Free Fatty Acids and Ketones during Fasting: Evidence for a Role of Glucagon

Women differ markedly from men in their metabolic response to caloric deprivation. To determine if these differences could be attributed solely to changes in insulin concentration, a group of 8 women was matched with a group of 7 men so that the mean fall in serum insulin during a 72-h fast did not differ between the groups. Glucose levels fell to a greater degree in the women than in the men. The serum concentrations of free fatty acids and ketone bodies rose more rapidly in the women and closely paralleled the earlier rise in glucagon concentrations. Over the first 36 h of fasting the change in free fatty acids was positively correlated to the change in glucagon and negatively correlated to the change in insulin. For the second 36 h of fasting, only changes in glucagon correlated with changes in free fatty acids. These correlations were true for both sexes and support the hypothesis that glucagon plays a physiologically significant role the regulation of lipolysis during starvation.
Indications and complications of intravenous devices for chemotherapy.

Vascular access devices (VADs) are frequently used in patients with cancer. Vascular access devices can be divided into external catheters and subcutaneous venous access ports. Each type of device has its advantages and disadvantages, but the indications and optimal use of specific VADs remain to be
VUV/XUV measurements of impurity emission in plasmas with liquid lithium surfaces on LTX

The VUV/XUV spectrum has been measured on the Lithium Tokamak eXperiment (LTX) using a transmission grating imaging spectrometer (TGIS) coupled to a direct-detection x-ray charge-coupled device camera. TGIS data show significant changes in the ratios between the lithium and oxygen impurity line emission during discharges with varying lithium wall conditions. Lithium coatings that have been passivated by lengthy exposure to significant levels of impurities contribute to a large O/Li ratio measured during LTX plasma discharges. Furthermore, previous results have indicated that a passivated lithium film on the plasma facing components will function as a stronger impurity source when in the form of a hot liquid layer compared to a solid lithium layer. However, recent TGIS measurements of plasma discharges in LTX with hot stainless steel boundary shells and a fresh liquid lithium coating show lower O/Li impurity line ratios when compared to discharges with a solid lithium film on cool shells. These new measurements help elucidate the somewhat contradictory results of the effects of solid and liquid lithium on plasma confinement observed in previous experiments.
Interactions between helper T-cell epitopes of hepatitis C virus.

Abstract The premise of this work is that within a given hepatitis C virus (HCV) protein there exists an array of Th1 and Th2 epitopes, each of which can provide synergistic (positive or negative) effects upon other epitopes by intramolecular, cytokine-mediated immunoregulation of helper T-cell responses. To address this question, we constructed minigene plasmids pHCVTh1, pHCVTh1X3 and pHCVThR, and HCV NS3 full-length plasmid pHCVNS3. 293T cells were transfected with these plasmids and cell lysates from the transfected cells were used to stimulate PBMC from a patient with chronic HCV infection. IL-2 and IFN-γ in the supernatant of the cultured PBMC were tested and proliferation of the PBMC was measured. The results demonstrate that interactions exist among helper T-cell epitopes; the synergistic effects of suppressive Th2 epitopes upon Th1 epitopes will inhibit the responses induced by Th1 epitopes, which may contribute to chronic infection by HCV; synergistic effects among Th1 epitopes induce higher levels of IFN-γ, which may suggest a new strategy for HCV vaccine development. Further, stimulation of an HCV NS3 specific clone with cell lysates from 293T cells transfected with different constructs shows that the HCV NS3 clone could respond to all suggesting that the epitope-specific suppression may be due to an imbalance of Type 1 and Type 2 cytokines or regulatory T-cells.
Internal structure of home ranges of black bears and analyses of home-range overlap

Eight black bears ( Ursus americanus ) outfitted with motion-sensitive transmitter collars were radiotracked from May through December 1984 in the Pisgah Bear Sanctuary in the mountains of western North Carolina. Activities and movement patterns within areas of overlap among neighboring bears were analyzed to determine whether neighbors exhibited spatial or temporal avoidance. The distributions of locations within home ranges were clumped but bears did not use specific areas for specific activities. Home ranges overlapped extensively, and even core areas (areas of high-intensity use) overlapped. Neighboring bears often used areas of overlap for the same activities and at the same time. The clumped or patchy use of areas within home ranges requires analyses that emphasize internal structure of home ranges and not merely outlines or total-area measures.
Prognostic value of the Duke Treadmill Score in diabetic patients

Background The Duke Treadmill Score (DTS) is an established clinical tool for risk stratification of coronary artery disease. We sought to assess the prognostic value of the DTS in diabetics compared with nondiabetics in this study. Methods We studied 100 diabetics and 202 age- and sex-matched nondiabetic controls without known coronary artery disease risk stratified by DTS and followed for a median duration of 6.6 years. The association between DTS and primary, secondary outcomes, composite events, and rate of coronary angiography was tested. Results Survival free from cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, or early and late revascularization was 89%, 54%, and 13%, respectively, in the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk categories of diabetic group (P Conclusions The DTS predicted survival free from MACE and composite events equally well in patients with and without diabetes.
Vapor Growth and Characterization of Cr-Doped ZnSe Crystals

Cr-doped ZnSe single crystals were grown by self-seeded physical vapor transport technique under both vertical (stabilized) and horizontal configurations. The source materials were mixtures of ZnSe and CrSe. The growth temperatures were in the range of 1140 to 1150C and the furnace translation rates were 1.9 to 2.2 mm/day. The surface morphology of the as-grown crystals was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The different features on the as-grown surface of the vertically and horizontally grown crystals suggests that different growth mechanisms were involved for the two growth configurations. The [Cr] doping levels were determined to be in the range of 1.8 to 8.3 x 10(exp 19)/cubic centimeter from optical absorption measurements. The crystalline quality of the grown crystals were examined by high resolution triple crystal X-ray diffraction (HRTXD) analysis.
Sarcolemmal-bound calcium and contractility in the mammalian myocardium

Abstract Using the perfused rabbit interventricular septum we have studied the kinetics of changes in contractility when the calcium concentration of the perfusate is either raised or lowered. We find that the rate of decline of d T d t in low calcium is first-order ( t 1 2 ∼45 s ) and independent of initial perfusate calcium levels. The redevelopment of d T d t when the calcium level is raised is 3 to 5 times faster. Lanthanum inhibits contraction with a t 1 2 of about 6 s. Analysis of these kinetics in the light of morphological considerations leads us to conclude that there are specific sarcolemmal calcium receptors which are rapidly accessible ( t 1 2 ∼6 s ) to the perfusate and which control the kinetics of changes in contractility. Based on this model we propose that the contractile state of the septum is proportional to the fraction of these receptors which are occupied. Although one type of receptor appears to dominate, the presence of a second receptor is indicated and we are able to estimate the association binding constant of each.
God's Hiddenness, Absence, and Doubt: The Theology of the Cross as Theological Direction for Youth Ministry

This article asserts that the core of ministry is the ability to contemplate and articulate the “where” of God (to be able to express where we concretely encounter God). It argues that too often we have simply asserted that God is everywhere leading us to over-state the revealed, nearness, and rationality of God’s nature, keeping us from having anything specific or rich to say about God’s very activity. We have often fallen into this trap of abstractions because we have not seen the adolescent’s very ontological state as existing between possibility and nothingness, instead viewing adolescence fundamentally and finally as a developmental period of growth, advancement, and preparation. Therefore, this paper will turn to the theologia crucis as a way of conceptualizing “where” God can be found, and how this very conceptualization attends to the adolescent’s ontological state between possibility and nothingness. The paper will conclude by providing some thoughts on how this impacts the practice of the youth worker.
Laminar convection to rotating cones and disks in non-newtonian power-law fluids

Abstract The mass transfer has been obtained for laminar flow about rotating cones and disks in non-Newtonian power-law fluids. An exact result based on a two term representation of the velocity field is presented. A comparison with previous analyses based on a one term velocity profile defines the range of validity of the earlier results.
PLhenomenological model of grain-boundary trapping states in polycrystalline silicon under optical illumination

Abstract We have developed a new phenomenological model of grain boundary (GB) recombination, carrier transport and electrostatics under assumptions of Gaussian energy distributions of GB interface states, and unequal capture cross-sections of these GB states for electrons and holes in polycrystalline materials. Calculations have been performed of the recombination current density and the recombination velocity at grain boundaries in polycrystalline silicon for four different energy distributions. The results indicated that the recombination velocity at the grain boundary strongly depends on the location of the trap energy level. The assumption of GB interface states with a discrete (δ-function) distribution has been found to be inappropriate.
Resistance of steels of railroad wheels to corrosion-fatigue fracture

We have investigated the characteristics of cyclic crack resistance of medium- and high-strength wheel steels and their ability to form a protective film on a newly formed surface in distilled water and 3.5% NaCl aqueous solution. We have established that the negative influence of these corrosive environments on the cyclic crack resistance of both steels is insignificant and manifests itself most of all at the beginning of the medium-amplitude region of the cyclic crack resistance (fatigue-crack growth rate) diagrams, which is more noticeable for medium-strength steel.
Experimental morphology of the feeding mechanism in salamanders.

The subarcualis rectus I muscle (SAR) in the feeding mechanism of four tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) was removed early in ontogeny and these individuals were allowed to complete metamorphosis. This procedure resulted in postmetamorphic tiger salamanders which differed from control individuals in the size (and thus force generating capacity) of the SAR muscle. The experimental manipulation of muscle ontogeny allowed a test of previous hypotheses of SAR function in postmetamorphic individuals. Multivariate analysis of variance for kinematic variables measured from high-speed video records of feeding revealed that experimentally modified tiger salamanders did not protract the hyobranchial apparatus or project the tongue from the mouth during feeding. Removal of the SAR muscle resulted in significantly reduced hyobranchial elevation in the buccal cavity and reduced maximum tongue projection distance.
Laparoscopic Repair of Enterocele

The repair of an enterocele has classically been via a transvaginal or open abdominal route. With the availability of minimally invasive procedures, we applied established laparoscopic techniques to enterocele repair. Three women with a history of hysterectomy had a symptomatic enterocele as well as a cystocele or rectocele. Each underwent a transperitoneal laparoscopic enterocele repair prior to a transvaginal rectocele or cystocele repair or laparoscopic colposuspension. Using three trocars and transvaginal digital manipulation, the enterocele was reduced and repaired utilizing a modified Moschocowitz technique. The cul-de-sac was obliterated by approximating the posterior vaginal fascia to the anterior wall of the rectum with a running suture. There was no operative morbidity. The average length of stay was 3.3 days. All patients were asymptomatic with no enterocele recurrence identified during a mean follow-up of 10.5 (range 7-15) months. Laparoscopic enterocele repair is a feasible surgical procedure with minimal morbidity. A larger series with longer follow-up is necessary before the efficacy and proper indications for this minimally invasive procedure are determined.
Simulation of strong-motion displacements using surface-wave modal superposition

Synthetic seisomograms constructed by addition of surface-wave modes in a layered half-space are compared to Cagniard-de Hoop calculations of Heaton and Helmberger (1977, 1978) and to ground displacement recordings near El Centro, California to examine the applicability of modal superposition as a means of simulating ground motion of possible engineering interest. Modal solutions of flat earth problems are desirable because of the modest cost involved and the versatility of the method in simulating extended sources and anelastic damping. P-SV and SH motions can be computed with almost equal ease. The comparisons show that in sedimentary structures surface waves can dominate ground displacement motion at epicentral distances of only a few source depths. Superposition of the higher modes often approximates quite well impulsive arrivals with analogies to refracted and reflected rays. Ground displacement recordings of El Centro from the 1968 Borrego Mountain earthquake are modeled using a multi-layered geological structure and a source model based on independent studies. The gross character of the records appears to be insensitive to the details of the source. Both point sources and propagating sources with horizontal dimensions larger than half the epicentral distance give'reasonable fits to the observed transverse motion. This insensitivity appears to be due to a complex interaction between rupture propagation and the surface-wave dispersion. By using the integrated El Centro accelerogram, which may have more reliable amplitude information than the Carder displacement record used in other studies, the moment is estimated to be 12 x 102s dyne-cm. This is similar to values found from studies of teleseismic data.
Self-Assembly of Millimeter-Scale Components Using Integrated Micromagnets

This paper demonstrates and characterizes magnetically-directed self-assembly of 1 mm times 1 mm times 500 mum silicon components into an ordered array on a planar substrate. Each silicon component includes an embedded, microfabricated magnet on one surface that bonds to a corresponding magnetic receptor site (another embedded magnet) on the substrate. Two different magnet sizes are explored, corresponding to 25% and 75% of the bonding surface area. Using a shaker apparatus for mixing in a dry environment, studies are conducted to determine the assembly rates and yields. For the smaller magnets, a 4 times 4 array of components is shown to assemble onto a substrate with 97.5% yield in 10 s. The larger magnets indicate a 98.7% yield in 7 s.
Improved THz imaging with a virtual-source based synthetic aperture focusing technique and coherence weighting

We combine a virtual-source based synthetic aperture focusing technique with coherence weighting to overcome the limited depth-of-focus of high numerical aperture THz optics. Images show depth-independent spatial resolution and a 14 dB improvement in SNR.