cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dialogue of Creativity: Teaching the Creative Process by Animating Student Work as a Collaborating Creative Agent

Material artifacts play an important role in many learning environments. Such artifacts can include sketches, manipulatives, 3D models, toys and games, or the scrap materials found in makerspaces. ...
Abstract 48: Characterization of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Sequence and Integration and Analysis of Immune Response Genes for Application in Guatemalan Cervical Cancer

Purpose: Cervical cancer is a significant cause of mortality in Guatemala due to inefficient screening and late diagnosis. We are developing new technologies to improve the analysis of HPV-positive cervical tumors in Guatemala. The goal is to enhance understanding of HPV infection, tumor progression, and therapeutics development. Methods: We established a cohort of 700 Guatemalan cervical cancer patients with blood, fresh-frozen tumors, and clinical data. To optimize techniques, we extracted DNA and RNA from 20 cervical cancer cell lines. Long-read whole genome and transcriptome sequencing, and long-range PCR, were performed on cervical cancer DNA. HPV and HLA gene sequences were aligned to reference genomes. Results: Complete HPV sequences were compiled, HPV subtypes determined, and integration sites identified in cell lines with single and multiple integration events. HLA types of the class I genes were determined from the complete gene sequence, mutations detected, and HLA homozygosity. RNA was used for long-read whole transcriptome analysis of HPV and cellular genes. These results establish the use of long-read sequencing technology to characterize both HLA and host genomes. Paired Guatemalan tumor and blood DNA was successfully used for full HLA gene sequencing and mutation analysis. In addition, the complete HPV genome sequence was resolved. Binding of HPV peptides was predicted using the HPV and HLA sequences. These peptides identify the specific HPV epitopes potentially presented on the cell surface. Conclusion: Long-read RNA and DNA sequencing technology allow the determination of the complete HPV sequence, integration, and HLA class I typing and mutation analysis. HLA typing provides essential information on an individual9s immune response. These techniques and analyses are being applied to tumor samples from women in Guatemala to aid in the development of targeted treatments. These methods are portable and could be employed in low- and middle-income countries. Citation Format: Nicole Rossi, Michael Dean. Characterization of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Sequence and Integration and Analysis of Immune Response Genes for Application in Guatemalan Cervical Cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 9th Annual Symposium on Global Cancer Research; Global Cancer Research and Control: Looking Back and Charting a Path Forward; 2021 Mar 10-11. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 48.
The Development of Vulnerable Real Estate in South Florida

Coastal Florida continues to attract large numbers of homebuyers from other parts of the country and from other parts of the world, particularly Latin America. The contemporary Florida landscape is the result of numerous decisions about housing development, zoning and building standards made decades ago. These decisions were made with little regard for long-term environmental sustainability or notions that global climate change would make the coast more vulnerable to flooding. A 2018 survey of south Florida residents by the authors showed that most current residents anticipate little or no impact of sea-level rise on the values of their own homes. Other studies of house price trends have detected a dampening effect of vulnerability to sea-level rise on home sales. We concluded that we needed another perspective on this issue, and therefore conducted a survey of real estate agents.
Kamienny’s criterion and the method of Coleman and Chabauty

This paper gives a new proof of Kamienny’s Criterion using the method of Coleman and Chabauty.
An Approach for Validating Actinide and Fission Product Burnup Credit Criticality Safety Analyses--Criticality (keff) Predictions

One of the most significant remaining challenges associated with expanded implementation of burnup credit in the United States is the validation of depletion and criticality calculations used in the safety evaluation - in particular, the availability and use of applicable measured data to support validation, especially for fission products. Applicants and regulatory reviewers have been constrained by both a scarcity of data and a lack of clear technical basis or approach for use of the data. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff have noted that the rationale for restricting their Interim Staff Guidance on burnup credit (ISG-8) to actinide-only is based largely on the lack of clear, definitive experiments that can be used to estimate the bias and uncertainty for computational analyses associated with using burnup credit. To address the issue of validation, the NRC initiated a project with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory to (1) develop and establish a technically sound validation approach (both depletion and criticality) for commercial spent nuclear fuel (SNF) criticality safety evaluations based on best-available data and methods and (2) apply the approach for representative SNF storage and transport configurations/conditions to demonstrate its usage and applicability, as well as to provide reference bias results. Themore » purpose of this paper is to describe the criticality (k{sub eff}) validation approach, and resulting observations and recommendations. Validation of the isotopic composition (depletion) calculations is addressed in a companion paper at this conference. For criticality validation, the approach is to utilize (1) available laboratory critical experiment (LCE) data from the International Handbook of Evaluated Criticality Safety Benchmark Experiments and the French Haut Taux de Combustion (HTC) program to support validation of the principal actinides and (2) calculated sensitivities, nuclear data uncertainties, and the limited available fission product LCE data to predict and verify individual biases for relevant minor actinides and fission products. This paper (1) provides a detailed description of the approach and its technical bases, (2) describes the application of the approach for representative pressurized water reactor and boiling water reactor safety analysis models to demonstrate its usage and applicability, (3) provides reference bias results based on the prerelease SCALE 6.1 code package and ENDF/B-VII nuclear cross-section data, and (4) provides recommendations for application of the results and methods to other code and data packages.« less
Interview with Doris C. Rusch

An interview with Doris C. Rusch, postdoctoral researcher at the Singapore-MIT GAMBIT Game Lab, conducted by Clara Fernandez-Vara.
New Fertilizers and Fertilizer Practices

Publisher Summary This chapter describes some of the new and improved fertilizer materials and recent developments in fertilizer practices. Several types of phosphate fertilizers, phosphorus–nitrogen fertilizers, and nitrogen fertilizers are discussed in the chapter. The outstanding contributions made in the manufacture of potash fertilizers in recent years have improved the technology for producing a high-analysis muriate of potash. Important developments have also occurred in the manufacture of mixed fertilizers. One of the most significant recent developments in the field of fertilizer use is the recognition of a great potential for increasing the per acre yields of crops by combining adequate fertilization with the close spacing of adapted hybrids. Some other practices include the use of anhydrous ammonia as a fertilizer and the various methods of application such as Furrow–Bottowh or “Plow–Sole” placement of fertilizers and subsurface placement of fertilizers for sod crops. The use of fertilizers as plant defoliants and for weed control has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Another practice that appears to be gaining in popularity is the use of large spreader trucks for the application of bulk fertilizers. Other developments in the field of fertilizer use include the increasingly widespread use of a number of secondary and minor plant nutrient elements, both in mixed fertilizers and as straight materials; the improvement of diagnostic soil and plant tests, including visual deficiency symptoms, tissue tests, leaf injections and paints, and soil analysis; and the evaluation of the residual effects of fertilizer applications.
Tri­benzyl(η5-penta­methyl­cyclo­penta­dienyl)­hafnium(IV)

The title compound, [Hf(C7H7)3(C10H15)], adopts a monomeric three-legged piano-stool structure. One benzyl ligand is disordered between two sites (44:56%) related by a ∼30° rotation about an axis defined by the Hf atom and the ipso-C atom of the benzyl ligand.
Tactile Movement Detection and Discrimination Following Dorsal Column Lesions in Monkeys

Summary. In experiment 1, two Macaca speciosa monkeys were trained to discriminate two forms of tactile stimulation to the legs or feet. Both stimuli were delivered by perpendicular contact of bristles to the skin, but in one case the bristles were stroked across the skin as the brush was removed, and on the other trials the brush was removed as it had been applied, with minimal movement of the bristles over the skin. This test of tactile movement detection revealed only slight, transient impairment following ipsilateral section of the dorsal spinal columns. A more severe deficit was observed after ipsilateral dorsal quadrant lesions, but recovery to a high level of performance was observed. In experiment 2, three monkeys learned to discriminate proximal vs. distal movement of the bristles over the hairy skin of either leg. Dorsal column lesions in these monkeys produced an unusually enduring inability to discriminate direction of tactile stimulus motion. This result is discussed in relation to recent theoretical statements about the importance of dorsal column transmission for perception of passively received tactile stimuli.
ICU management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction. Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has very high morbidity and mortality rates. Optimal intensive care unit (ICU) management requires knowledge of the potential complications that occur in this patient population. Methods. Review of the ICU management of SAH. Level of evidence for specific recommendations is provided. Results. Grading scales utilizing clinical factors and brain imaging studies can help in determining prognosis and are reviewed. Misdiagnosis of SAH is fairly common so the clinical symptoms and signs of SAH are summarized. The ICU management of SAH is discussed beginning with a focus on avoiding aneurysm re-rupture and securing the aneurysm, followed by a review of the neurologic and medical complications that may occur after the aneurysm is secured. Detailed treatment strategies and areas of current and future research are reviewed. Conclusions. The ICU management of the patient with SAH can be particularly challenging and requires an awareness of all potential neurolog...
THE STRUCTURE OF THE COLLODION MEMBRANE AND ITS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOR : IX. WATER UPTAKE AND SWELLING OF COLLODION MEMBRANES IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF ORGANIC ELECTROLYTES AND NON-ELECTROLYTES.

1. Dried collodion membranes are known to swell in water and to the same limited extent also in solutions of strong inorganic electrolytes (Carr and Sollner). The present investigation shows that in solutions of organic electrolytes and non-electrolytes, the swelling of dried collodion membranes is not as uniform, but depends on the nature of the solute. 2. The solutions of typically "hydrophilic" substances, e.g., glycerine, glucose, and citric acid, swell collodion membranes only to the same extent as water and solutions of strong electrolytes. In solutions of typically carbophilic substances (e.g., butyric acid, valeric acid, isobutyl alcohol, valeramide, phenol, and m-nitrophenol) the swelling of the membranes is much stronger than in water, according to the concentration used. For the brand of collodion used the swelling in 0.5 M solution was in some cases as high as 26 per cent of the original volume, as compared to 6 to 7 per cent in water. Therefore, in these solutions the "water-wetted dried" collodion membrane is not rigid, inert, and non-swelling, but behaves as a swelling membrane. 3. The solutes which cause an increased swelling of the membranes are accumulated in the latter, the degree of accumulation being markedly parallel with the degree of their specific swelling action. 4. The anomalously high permeabilities of certain carbophilic organic solutes reported by Michaelis, Collander, and Hober find an explanation in the specific interaction of these substances with collodion. 5. The use of the collodion membrane as a model of the ideal porous membrane is restricted to those instances in which no specific interaction occurs between the solute and the collodion.
The Targeting of the East Los Angeles Brown Berets by a Racial Patriarchal Capitalist State: Merging Intersectionality and Social Movement Research:

The Chicano Movement was flourishing throughout the southwestern part of the USA during the late 1960s. The movement was made up of a myriad of non-student and student activist groups in communities, colleges and universities. Its main goal was the economic, political and educational advancement of the Mexican community. Despite initial developments, by the late 1970s, some factions had declined primarily due to repression and violence from the state, patriarchal domination, and from internal ideological conflicts. This study examines the decline of a faction of the movement formerly known as the East Los Angeles Brown Berets between 1967 and 1973. The study focuses on the state and its intersections with ‘mutually constructing systems’ of oppression — racism, sexism, and class — that contributed to the demise of the Brown Berets.
Modeling Contact Melting at High Speed Sliding

Molten film lubrication in armature-rail interface is an important mechanism in railgun design. In this article, the processes of thermal softening, melting and the subsequent melt lubrication occurring during the high speed sliding of a metal slider on another metal block are studied using analytical and finite element methods (FEM). Subsequently, an unsteady lubrication model is proposed to describe the behavior of molten film at the slider-rail interface.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Pulse pressure sensor based on flexible PZT thick-film composite device

In this paper, a flexible diaphragm pressure sensor has been proposed and developed. The piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thick film was used in this sensor as sensing element due to its good piezoelectric property and mechanical flexibility. This kind of PZT film was fabricated recently using tape-casting method. By this process the film thickness can be controlled in the range from tens to hundreds microns, making the novel flexible PZT diaphragm sensor realizable. A sandwiched composite structure of the sensor was designed and fabricated. The properties of the sensor to measure low frequency fluctuating pressures have been investigated experimentally. An experimental setup was designed and constructed to generate pulsing fluid pressure waves and calibrate the sensitivities of sensor samples. The proposed pressure sensor exhibited highly sensitive response to low and quasi-static pressure loading, as well as good flexibility, which is promising in monitoring human blood pressure and respiration.
Improvement in autophony symptoms after superior canal dehiscence repair.

Objective:Autophony, or the unusually loud or disturbing sound of a patient's own voice, can be a prominent and disabling symptom of superior canal dehiscence (SCD) syndrome. The current study measures autophony symptoms before and after SCD plugging to quantify the benefits of surgery.Study Design:
Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Malignancies: An Overview

A number of cutaneous disorders have been associated with underlying malignancies. This article reviews the clinical and histologic features of paraneoplastic disorders with cutaneous findings, discusses their associations with neoplastic and other related conditions, and recommends appropriate evaluation in this setting. A heightened awareness of these conditions may facilitate the diagnosis of malignancy.
Polylinear Additive Functionals of Superprocesses

Abstract LetXbe a superdiffusion in a domainEof R d. A polylinear additive functional ofXcorresponding to a positive Borel functionρis given by the formula A(B)=∫ B dt 1 , …, dt k ∫ E k ρ(t 1 , z 1 ; …; t k , z k ) X t 1 (dz 1 )…X t k (dz k ). By a passage to the limit, we extend this definition to a certain class of generalized functionsρ. More precisely, we associate an additive functionalAνof (Xt, Pμ) with every measureνsubject to the condition ∫ ν(dt 1 , dz 1 ; …; dt k , dz k ) ν(dt′ 1 , dz′ 1 ; …; dt′ k , dz′ k ) emsp;×q μ (t 1 , z 1 ; …; t k , dz k ; t′ 1 , z′ 1 ; …; t′ k , dz′ k ) for a certain kernelqμ. We prove that, ifν{t : ti=s}=0 fori=1, …, kand for alls, then measureAνhas, a.s., the same property. This result is applicable, in particular, to self-intersection local times ofX.
PATTERNS OF EXPRESSION OF MUSCLE‐SPECIFIC MARKERS OF DIFFERENTIATION IN SATELLITE CELL CULTURES: DETERMINATION BY ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOCULTURE ASSAY AND CONFOCAL IMMUNOFLUORESCENT ASSAY

Abstract Equine satellite cell clone SE-11 and ovine satellite cell clone I1were evaluated for expression of myosin heavy chain, myogenin, desmin, and muscle-specific actin over a 240 h period in culture. An enzyme-linked immunoculture assay (ELICA) was capable of detecting these proteins at all time points evaluated. A linear relationship was demonstrated between the natural logarithm of the absorbance values (corrected for cell number) from the ELICA and percent fusion in both SE-11 and I1cultures. The r2values for SE-11 cultures were: desmin 0.82, muscle actin 0.81, myogenin 0.78, and myosin 0.70. The r2values for I1cultures were: desmin 0.77, muscle actin 0.72, myogenin 0.70, and myosin 0.61. Our confocal results support the idea that differences exist between species in the differentiation dynamics of satellite cells. Further, these data suggest that the ELICA may be applied to previously conducted experiments, enabling additional data to be obtained with relation to muscle protein expression.
On microprocessor-based computers

Economical microprocessor-based computers have been recently developed by Motorola and Control Logic, Inc. Apparently, in response to the price competition, DEC has introduced the PDP-8/A, incorporating the memory characteristics of the microprocessor-based computers. Relative to older minicomputers, the microprocessor-based systems and the PDP-8/A “miniprocessor” require more time to execute an experimentally useful task. However, their real-time operating characteristics would appear to be sufficient for on-line use in behavioral control and data acquisition. The PDP-8/A’s compatibility with older models of the PDP-8 series enables it to use previously developed software, but, for purposes of software development, the microprocessor systems offer a more powerful architecture and instruction set.
Queuing Network Modeling of Transcription Typing

Transcription typing is one of the basic and common activities in human-machine interaction and 34 transcription typing phenomena have been discovered involving many aspects of human performance including interkey time, typing units and spans, typing errors, concurrent task performance, eye movements, and skill effects. Based on the queuing network theory of human performance [Liu 1996; 1997] and current discoveries in cognitive and neural science, this article extends and applies the Queuing Network-Model Human Processor (QN-MHP [Liu et al. 2006]) to model 32 transcription typing phenomena. The queuing network model of transcription typing offers new insights into the mechanisms of cognition and human-computer interaction. Its value in proactive ergonomics design of user interfaces is illustrated and discussed.
On the time evolution of a born-adiabatic molecular state

Abstract Time-dependent perturbation theory is applied to the problem of a “Born-adiabatic molecule” evolving in time when subject to an external time-dependent perturbation. The treatment uses double perturbation theory within the Dirac variations-of-constants method to correct both for non-adiabaticity and external perturbations. In the case of resonance non-adiabatic corrections can become large while away from resonance the wavefunction can be a time-dependent adiabatic wavefunction.
Jamming I: A volume function for jammed matter

Abstract We introduce a “Hamiltonian”-like function, called the volume function, indispensable to describe the ensemble of jammed matter such as granular materials and emulsions from a geometrical point of view. The volume function represents the available volume of each particle in the jammed systems. At the microscopic level, we show that the volume function is the Voronoi volume associated to each particle and in turn we provide an analytical formula for the Voronoi volume in terms of the contact network, valid for any dimension. We then develop a statistical theory for the probability distribution of the volumes in 3d to calculate an average volume function coarse-grained at a mesoscopic level. The salient result is the discovery of a mesoscopic volume function inversely proportional to the coordination number. Our analysis is the first step toward the calculation of macroscopic observables and equations of state using the statistical mechanics of jammed matter, when supplemented by the condition of mechanical equilibrium of jamming that properly defines jammed matter at the ensemble level.
Production of dialysable and reduced iron by in vitro digestion of chicken muscle protein fractions

Muscle foods enhance the absorption of non-haem iron. We studied the effect of chicken muscle proteins on the production of reduced and dialysable iron following in vitro digestion. At equal protein levels, both soluble and insoluble muscle proteins increased dialysable iron 4–5-fold. Removal of low-molecular-weight components from the soluble fraction caused a 17% drop in dialysable iron. In contrast, egg white had little effect and whey protein was inhibitory. Both soluble and insoluble proteins increased ferrous iron by 8–9-fold and dialysable ferrous iron by 10–13-fold. There was an excellent correlation between dialysable iron and sulphhydryl content for all the proteins tested. The results indicate that soluble and insoluble proteins in chicken muscle are equally effective at producing dialysable and reduced iron because of their similar sulphhydryl content. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The engrailed locus of drosophila: Structural analysis of an embryonic transcript

Abstract cDNA clones originating from the engrailed gene of Drosophila have been isolated from recombinant phage libraries that were made using poly(A) + RNA extracted from early embryos. The DNA sequence of one of these clones includes a homeo box, a 180 bp sequence present in several other Drosophila genes important in formation of body pattern during development. The homeo boxes found in the other Drosophila genes, as well as in cognate sequences from a wide range of segmented animals, including higher vertebrates, are highly conserved. By contrast, the homeo box within the engrailed gene diverges substantially and, unlike the other homeo boxes, is interrupted by an intervening sequence. The engrailed homeo box is located near the 3′ end of a 1700 bp open reading frame. If translated, this sequence would produce a protein of unusual composition. We also show that a neighboring gene has a large region with strong homology to engrailed , and that it also contains a homeo box.
Fluidization characteristics of gas-fluidized beds: Air and glass beads system

Abstract Good gas-solids contacting and solids mixing are essential features, both for efficient coal combustion and desulfurization of coal in a fluidized-bed combustor. It will therefore be very useful if suitable procedures could be developed to characterize the quality of fluidization in gas-solid systems. Three different procedures are discussed in this article with reference to air and glass beads of four different average sizes: 1. (i) in one scheme, the bed voidage is measured at minimum fluidization and the variation of this quantity with Reynolds number at minimum fluidization is correlated with the powder classification scheme of Saxena and Ganzha and hence with the corresponding fluidization characteristics. A major effort is directed at substantiation and confirmation of this characterization scheme, which relates the fluidization behavior to the Reynolds number at incipient fluidization. 2. (ii) The local heat-transfer coefficient of a probe element immersed in the bed is also measured as a function of the superficial fluidizing velocity and the nature of variation is taken as representing the quality of bed fluidization. 3. (iii) A technique is developed to measure the time-history of the temperature fluctuation of a probe element and to relate this parameter to the bed-fluidization characteristics. Additional experimental data with other solids will be generated in the future to develop these proposed three schemes further for the characterization of bed-fluidization behavior.
Evolution of fast and slow shock interactions in the inner heliosphere

We use a one-dimensional, time-dependent adaptive grid MHD code to study the interaction between fast and slow shocks in the solar wind. Our results show that: (1) a forward slow shock (FSS) can be destroyed by a forward fast shock (FFS) that overtakes it from behind; (2) two propagating FSSs can merge into a stronger FSS; (3) a strong FSS can survive by following a strong forward fast shock; and (4) the strength of a FSS is decreased by following an FFS. These simulation results reproduce an important feature of the Helios observations (Richter, 1987) where transient fast shocks were more frequently followed within a few hours by slow shock ype discontinuities rather than by fast reverse shocks.
Zwietering's maximum-mixedness reactor and the continuously stirred tank reactor

Abstract It is shown by means of examples that the concentration in a steady state Zwietering maximum-mixedness reactor, even with an exponential residence time density and certain limit conditions at infinite future life, does not have to be uniform as in a CSTR. Some points on Shinnar paradoxes are clarified by examining a minimal definition of a CSTR and relating it to Zwietering reactors.
A dynamic programming approach to adaptive control processes

In many multi-stage decision processes we face the problem of dealing with random variables whoe distributions are initially imperfectly known, but which become known with increasing accuracy as the process continues. In this paper we shall show how Dynamic Programming may be used to treat a class of such problems, which are currently called adaptive processes. After discussing the general theory, we shall illustrate the techniques by a specific example. For this example we derive simple computational algorithms, which are typical of those obtained for the whole class of problems under consideration.
Ovarian responses of seasonally anestrous ewes administered progesterone, PMS, HCG and(or) GnRH

Abstract One hundred and sixty ewes were assigned to sixteen groups in a 2 × 2 × 4 factoral design and were treated during the anestrous season. The main effects were progesterone pretreatment (non-implanted and implanted for 14 days), PMS pretreatment (no pretreatment and pretreatment with 500 IU at the time of progesterone implant removal) and treatments (none, GnRH in saline, GnRH in gelatin capsules and HCG). GnRH in saline (250 μg) and HCG (500 IU) were administered intramuscularly and GnRH in gelatin capsules (250 μg) was administered subcutaneously 24 hours after the time of progesterone implant removal. Ewes were classified into one of four progesterone response categories: cyclic, transient, prolonged and no response. An injection of GnRH in saline induced a prolonged progesterone response in only one ewe (13%) which was similar to the response in the untreated ewes (0%). More ewes administered GnRH in gelatin capsules (56%) and more ewes administered HCG (89%) had a prolonged progesterone response than GnRH (in saline) treated or untreated ewes. A higher percentage of ewes that were pretreated with PMS and treated with GnRH in saline (78%) had a prolonged progesterone response than ewes treated with either PMS (22%) alone or with GnRH (in saline; 13%) alone.
Amino acid chemoreception by the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala

Abstract 1. 1. Dugesia dorotocephala shows a positive chemotaxis to the amino acids lysine and glutamine with a threshold concentration of about 5 × 10−6 M. 2. 2. This response is not elicited by the structurally similar amino acids aspartic acid, asparagine, α-ketoglutaric acid, δ-hydroxylysine or glutamic acid; the first three named elicit negative responses. 3. 3. Several other amino acids gave positive responses only when presented in much higher concentrations, while another group possessed no discernible stimulatory properties.
An Investigation on the Analytical Potential of Polymerized Liposomes Bound to Lanthanide Ions for Protein Analysis

We present a promising approach to protein sensing based on Eu3+ ions incorporated into polymerized liposomes. The sensitization of Eu3+ is accomplished with 5-aminosalicylic acid, which provides energy transfer for a stable reference signal and a wide wavelength excitation range free from protein interference. The lipophilic character of polymerized liposomes provides the appropriate platform for protein interaction with the lanthanide ion. Quantitative analysis is based on the linear relationship between the luminescence signal of Eu3+ and protein concentration. Because no spectral shift of the lanthanide luminescence is observed upon protein interaction, qualitative analysis is based on the luminescence lifetime of polymerized liposomes. This parameter, which changes significantly upon protein−liposome interaction, follows a well-behaved single-exponential decay that might be useful for protein identification.
CHEMISTRY OF FLUOROCARBON ELASTOMERS

Abstract Fluorocarbon elastomers represent a broad class of high performance elastomers which combine excellent thermal, oxidative and fluid resistance with very good tensile and compression-set resistance properties. These polymers are characterized by having carbon-carbon bonds in the backbone and a considerable amount of fluorine (50–73 wt%). They are made by using different combinations of some of the same fluoroolefin monomers. The commercially important types are classified into three categories: 1. (a) Random copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with perfluorooelfins such as hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers. Cure site monomers may also be incorporated. 2. (b) Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene (in about equal molar amounts) which have mostly an alternating structure. Cure site monomers may also be incorporated. 3. (c) Copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene with perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers. Cure sites are imperative for curing these highly inert materials. Curing chemistry suitable for each composition has been developed. The polymer structure is very important in determining the physical properties of an elastomer. However, the crosslinking chemistry used in curing determines to a great extent the properties of the final rubber part. Because of their excellent properties these polymers are being increasingly used in applications where no other material is suitable. In spite of their higher costs, fluoroelastomer uses are expected to keep growing in volume at an estimated rate of 10% per year. Most of the current research effort is aimed towards improving the processability of the polymers and the properties of the resulting rubber parts. It is expected that new polymeric compositions and new curing chemistry will appear in the future.
Older Americans Employment and Retirement

This paper reviews the recent changes in labor force participation and withdrawal in the United States and examines some of possible reasons for the changes. Nowadays, many older Americans are extending their work lives and delaying retirement. This longer work life is accompanied by the emergence of new patterns of retirement, such as gradual retirement, phrased retirement, and un-retirement. Generally, highly-educated, male workers and divorced urban women tend to continue working past traditional retirement age. Significant social, demographic, and economic changes have contributed to the trend toward continued labor force participation and later retirement. Greater life expectancy and improved health status enable older workers to extend their working lives. Some older Americans choose to work longer due to policy changes such as the elimination of mandatory retirement, work incentives provided in the Social Security, the shift to defined-contribution pension plans, and the erosion of retiree health insurance along with economic recessions. Finally, the paper discusses the potential health benefits linked with extended working lives and the challenges faced by older workers, especially those with socioeconomic disadvantages.
Nonstandard Eulerian-Lagrangian methods for multi-dimensional reactive transport problems

We propose new Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical methods that efficiently handle the numerically difficult convection-dominated transport problems with nonlinear reactions. The nonstandard techniques are based on a nonlocal treatment of nonlinear reaction terms and more sophisticated discretizations of time derivatives. We define the numerical solution of the convection-reaction part of the transport equation using an "exact" time-stepping scheme. Standard finite differences are used for solving the remaining dispersion part. This approach leads to significant, qualitative improvements in the behavior of the numerical solutions. The relative importance of convection, and biological and chemical reactions are directly incorporated into the corresponding numerical schemes.
Can Self-Control Explain Avoiding Free Money? Evidence from Interest-Free Student Loans

Abstract This paper uses insights from behavioral economics to explain a particularly surprising borrowing phenomenon: one in six undergraduate students offered interest-free loans turns them down. Models of impulse control predict that students may optimally reject subsidized loans to avoid excessive consumption during school. Using the National Postsecondary Student Aid Study, we investigate students' take-up decisions and identify a group of students for whom the loans create an especially tempting liquidity increase. Students who would receive the loan in cash are significantly more likely to turn it down, suggesting that consumers choose to limit their liquidity in economically meaningful situations.
Kinetic constraints for the thiolysis of 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz) and related dithiole-3-thiones in aqueous solution.

This report summarizes an investigation of the reactions of biological and other thiols with the cancer chemopreventive oltipraz and other dithiolethiones. Analysis of the kinetics of reaction of 4-methyl-5-(pyrazin-2-yl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (oltipraz) 1 with monothiols and dithiols in the range of 0.75−20 mM in aqueous 15% ethanol, at pH 7.5 (0.1 M Tris buffer) and at 37 °C has been undertaken. A plot of kobsd against [thiol] shows that reactions of mono- and dithiols are first order in thiol concentration. The dependence on pH of these reactions shows that the active species is the thiolate anion. Specific second-order rate constants, k2 (M-1 s-1) for reaction of the thiolate anions with oltipraz have been determined to be cysteine, 0.040 ± 0.001; 2-mercaptoethanol, 2.0 ± 0.02; glutathione, 0.099 ± 0.001; mercaptoacetic acid anion, 4.0 ± 0.01; dithiothreitol, 1.33 ± 0.02; 1,3-propanedithiol, 10 ± 0.5; 1-mercaptopropane-3-ol, 6.5 ± 0.1; 1-mercaptopropane-2,3-diol, 1.26 ± 0.05. A plot of pKa against log...
Crosslinking CD3 with CD2 using sepharose-immobilized antibodies enhances T lymphocyte proliferation.

Abstract T lymphocyte proliferation can be triggered through interactions with either CD3:Ti, the target of antigen-specific activation, or CD2, the target of an antigen-independent activation pathway. Sepharose-immobilized antibody reactive with CD3 was used to aggregate the T cell receptor complex resulting in T lymphocyte activation. When CD3 was simultaneously crosslinked with CD2 using Sepharose beads coupled to antibodies directed at both determinants, T cell proliferation was markedly enhanced (stimulation index = 8- to 11-fold). A smaller enhancement was induced when CD3 was crosslinked with several other functionally relevant T cell surface molecules. The relative mitogenic potency of the accessory molecules tested was CD2 > CD4 > CD8 > 2H4. Little or no increased proliferation resulted from crosslinking CD3 with class I or class II major histocompatibility antigens. The added proliferation induced by CD3: CD2 crosslinking did not occur in the presence of soluble antibodies directed against CD2. Human thymocytes, the majority of which express both CD3 and CD2, were similarly activated by Sepharose-immobilized antibodies. Our results suggest that specific interactions between T cell surface molecules may play a role in the regulation of lymphocyte activation.
Geophysical investigations of a landslide near San Jose, California

Abstract Geophysical investigation completed during 1965–1967 indicate that the Alum Rock landslide in eastern San Jose, Calif., has contrasts in physical properties; small anomalies were recognized by utilizing probability theory. The study was instituted in order to develop a method of rapidly delin-eating landslide boundaries so that a community such as San Jose, Calif. - with many landslides in the vicinity - might more rationally plan building codes. Seismic traverses were completed across the landslide in order to measure: (1) the depth to an horizon more stable for building; (2) seismic velocities for use in estimating excavation costs at the site. Time-distance graphs, constructed from experimental data obtained in the vicinity of the slide, show a two-layer case. Velocity changes indicated by the graph were correlated with changes in lithology; surface velocity measurements were used for the correlation. The slide varies in thickness from 10 to 36 ft. at the locations surveyed. Measured seismic velocities in the first layer varied from 770 to 2260 ft./sec for longitudinal waves and from 700 to 900 ft./sec for transverse waves. The low velocities indicate portions of the slide that might be readily excavated, exposing a more stable location for building sites. Small gravity and electrical anomalies were identified by occupying each station along profiles across the slide several different times, and thus enhancing the probability of the small differences being real. Two gravimetric profiles disclosed Bouguer gravity anomalies of 0.2 and 0.4 mGal. An electrical-resistivity survey showed the slide to be a resistivity low compared to a neighboring serpentinite with measured resistivities of about 19 Ωm, a pronounced resistivity high marks one boundary of the slide.
ALTERNATIVES TO RESILIENCE FOR MEASURING THE RESPONSES OF ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS TO PERTURBATIONS

Resilience is a component of ecological stability; it is assessed as the rate at which perturbations to a stable ecological system decay. The most frequently used estimate of resilience is based on the eigenvalues of the system at its equilibrium. In most cases, this estimate describes the rate of recovery only asymptotically, as time goes to infinity. However, in the short term, perturbations can grow significantly before they decay, and eigenvalues provide no information about this transient behavior. We present several new measures of transient response that complement resilience as a description of the response to perturbation. These indices measure the extent and duration of transient growth in models with asymptotically stable equilibria. They are the reactivity (the maximum possible growth rate immediately following the perturbation), the maximum amplification (the largest proportional deviation that can be produced by any perturbation), and the time at which this amplification occurs. We demonstrate the calculation of these indices using previously published linear compartment models (two models for phosphorus cycling through a lake ecosystem and one for the flow of elements through a tropical rain forest) and a standard nonlinear predator-prey model. Each of these models exhibits transient growth of perturbations, despite asymptotic stability. Measures of relative stability that ignore transient growth will often give a misleading picture of the response to a perturbation.
The elusive atomic register

We present a construction of a single-writer, multiple-reader atomic register from single-writer, single-reader atomic registers. The complexity of our construction is asymptotically optimal; O(M2 + MN) shared single-writer, single-reader safe bits are required to construct a single-writer, M-reader, N-bit atomic register.
Cohesive properties of fullerene-filled nanotube ropes

Abstract Recently, C 60 fullerene molecules have been observed inside carbon nanotubes. Here, we calculate the cohesive properties of fullerene-filled ropes of (10,10) nanotubes. The calculation is based on the Lennard–Jones 6–12 potential for interactions between carbon atoms on the surfaces of interacting molecules. The results are compared to the cohesive properties of unfilled ropes. It is found that filling ropes of (10,10) nanotubes with C 60 fullerene molecules increases the cohesive energy by 15%, the bulk modulus by 10%, while the intertube spacing does not change. The possibility of C 60 molecules in adjacent tubes being ordered is also investigated.
Some results on a Winsorized correlation coefficient

Recent investigations indicate that psychometric measures often have distributions with very heavy tails, and that outliers are quite common. It has long been known that in terms of both power and Type I errors, even slight departures from normality can have serious consequences, and it is fairly evident that there are problems when using conventional measures of effect size, as is briefly illustrated in this paper. Similar problems arise when dealing with the usual correlation coefficient. Robust correlation coefficients have already been proposed that reflect the linear relationship between two random variables, but many have the unfortunate property of not always being equal to 0 under independence. One exception is the Winsorized correlation. The primary goal in this paper is to suggest a simple method for testing the hypothesis that the Winsorized correlation is equal to zero. A minor goal is to describe a formal definition of the Winsorized correlation coefficient in terms of Winsorized expected values.
CONTINUOUS MECHANICAL LOADING ALTERS PROPERTIES OF MECHANOSENSITIVE CHANNELS IN G292 OSTEOBLASTIC CELLS

G292 osteoblastic cells were cultured in dishes made with a flexible base of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and stretched ( approximately 1% strain level) continuously for 48 hours. Patch-clamp recording techniques were then used to monitor single channel currents of mechanosensitive ion channels in these cells. To stimulate mechanosensitive channels, we applied suction to the membrane, expressed as -cm Hg, directly through the patch pipette. GigaOhm seals were obtained on a total of 33 osteoblasts that contained a high-conductance ( approximately 180 pS) mechanosensitive channel, all in the cell attached configuration. Of these, 18 were obtained from cells that had been stretched for either 1 (n = 6), 24 (n = 4), or 48 (n = 8) hours, and 15 were obtained in control (nonstretched) cells at either 1 (n = 2), 24 (n = 5), or 48 (n = 8) hours. For unstrained cells, applied pressures ranging from -1 to -5 cm Hg increased the probability of channel opening (Popen) from 0.05 +/- 0. 01 (mean + SEM) to 0.12 +/- 0.07. By contrast, for the same values of applied pressure in stretched cells, Popen ranged from 0.06 +/- 0. 01 to 0.49 +/- 0.15. Our results suggest that intrinsic properties of mechanosensitive ion channels in the G292 osteoblastic cell may be modulated by continuous mechanical loading of the cell itself.
Statistical Analysis of Molecular Genetic Data

Recent advances in molecular biology have made it possible for geneticists to collect data at the DNA sequence level, and so make observations on genes directly, instead of on characters affected by genes. This new nature of genetic data is posing new problems of statistical analyses, as is shown in this paper. After an explanation of the methodology of recombinant DNA studies, separate consideration is given to the statistical analyses of restriction-map and complete-sequence data. The initial observations from restriction-enzyme studies are of the number and sizes of the fragments produced by digesting a DNA region with the enzymes, and it is necessary to infer the location of the breakage points. Model-based analyses are then necessary to infer characteristics of the DNA sequence from the frequency of these break points. An important application of such restriction maps is the detection of human disease genes, with the most notable success to date being the chromosomal allocation of the gene for Huntington's chorea. Complete sequence data present conflicting problems of scale. The amount of information collected per individual is so large that analyses must always be done on a computer, but the number of individuals studied in a population is too low to allow the magnitudes of between- and within-population variation to be assessed. Statistical problems also include the detection and testing of sequence patterns and the comparison of sequences. Any analyses are going to have to incorporate the observed high levels of association between adjacent sequence members. While national data bases now contain about three million sequence elements, very little is known about the error rate in the generation or recording of these sequences.
In vivo target recognition with high-resolution imaging: significance for drug development

In vivo target identification is basic for understanding mechanisms of drug action. Target identification requires cellular resolution. Extrapolation from blood bioavailability, low-resolution scans, radioassays, or in vitro tests regularly produce false-negatives and false-positives. Common ADME procedures disrealize organ complexities. While low-specificity high-capacity sites of deposition are easily recognized, high-specificity low-capacity receptor sites remain hidden. Serious limitations of target recognition are revealed in comparative studies with three methods: high-resolution microscopic autoradiography, radioassay, and whole-body autoradiography. With radioassays and whole-body autoradiography, many targets are simply undetectable. For example, high-resolution microscopic target information for vitamin D, gained 20-30 years ago, was widely ignored. The narrow calcium focus for this multi-target and multi-function hormone was perpetuated until recently through deficient results from conventional assays together with related expert bias. Thus, follow-up has been delayed on discoveries from the use of unconventional histopharmacology methods, pointing at important actions and therapies beyond systemic calcium regulation. High-resolution 'in vivo' target identification with associated functional characterization is useful not only for understanding mechanisms of action, but also for providing leads for innovative and successful drug development and prediction.