cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The modifying enzyme Tsr3 establishes the hierarchy of Rio kinase activity in 40S ribosome assembly

Abstract Ribosome assembly is an intricate process, which in eukaryotes is promoted by a large machinery comprised of over 200 assembly factors (AF) that enable the modification, folding, and processing of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and the binding of the 79 ribosomal proteins. While some early assembly steps occur via parallel pathways, the process overall is highly hierarchical, which allows for the integration of maturation steps with quality control processes that ensure only fully and correctly assembled subunits are released into the translating pool. How exactly this hierarchy is established, in particular given that there are many instances of RNA substrate “handover” from one highly related AF to another remains to be determined. Here we have investigated the role of Tsr3, which installs a universally conserved modification in the P-site of the small ribosomal subunit late in assembly. Our data demonstrate that Tsr3 separates the activities of the Rio kinases, Rio2 and Rio1, with whom it shares a binding site. By binding after Rio2 dissociation, Tsr3 prevents rebinding of Rio2, promoting forward assembly. After rRNA modification is complete, Tsr3 dissociates, thereby allowing for recruitment of Rio1. Inactive Tsr3 blocks Rio1, which can be rescued using mutants that bypass the requirement for Rio1 activity. Finally, yeast strains lacking Tsr3 randomize the binding of the two kinases, leading to the release of immature ribosomes into the translating pool. These data demonstrate a role for Tsr3 and its modification activity in establishing a hierarchy for the function of the Rio kinases.
Nanotechnology: Dragging single electrons.

Controlled transfer of single electrons in nanoscale devices allows electric current to be measured in fundamental units of charge and frequency. A new silicon device promises to make these standards more practical.
K(l3) transition form-factors

The rainbow truncation of the quark Dyson-Schwinger equation is combined with the ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation for the meson bound state amplitudes and the dressed quark-W vertex in a manifestly covariant calculation of the K{sub l3} transition form factors and decay width in the impulse approximation. With model gluon parameters previously fixed by the chiral condensate, the pion mass and decay constant, and the kaon mass, our results for the K{sub l3} form factors and the kaon semileptonic decay width are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Who Cares for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Child?

In the article by Levin and colleagues (Cytomegalovirus retinitis in an infant with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatrics.1989;84:683-687), the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in an infant infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with the investigational drug ganciclovir is described. The mother of this child was known to be HIV-antibody positive 9 months prior to conception of this child (presumably by sexual contact). Despite apparent successful treatment of his cytomegalovirus retinitis, this baby died 6 weeks after ganciclovir therapy from a fulminant Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. He had normal immunoglobulin levels but reduced number of helper cells. A number of important questions are raised by this tragic case.
Interconnect mechanical reliability with low /spl kappa/ dielectric as final ILD

The use of low /spl kappa/ materials as the final intralayer dielectric (ILD) layer can impact the integrity of edge seals, blown fuses, and even the interface integrity at lower levels. Furthermore, the influence of the final ILD on lower levels depends on the total number of metal levels in the product. This paper addresses the role of final ILD in both environmental and package reliability, and the use of predictive modeling of mechanical reliability.
Leadership challenges in clinical and information technology services.

Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 123 Modern computer technology is revolutionizing medical instrumentation. Most medical devices today are computerized and networkable, as traditional means of product development and support fast become outdated. Common platforms with multiple applications, remote support, and standard consumer and commercial operating systems are the norm. Medical product development primarily involves transducers, interfaces, and software. Support staff require new skills to maintain computer-based systems. As computers, robotics, genomics, biotechnology, ecommerce, and e-health assume a greater role in health care, who will manage medical technology in this changed world? Will it be the chief information officers (CIO), clinical engineers, physicians, pharmacists, a team effort, or maybe a new breed of leader? And how will the clinical engineering profession evolve as medical technology continues its rapid change? Although the answers aren’t known yet, several experts in the field will analyze these issues and present success stories during June 1 symposium, entitled Perspectives for Successful Leadership in Clinical and Information Technology Services. The symposium, hosted by the American College of Clinical Engineering, will help kick off AAMI’s Annual Conference and Expo, which will take place from June 1-4 at the Minneapolis Convention Center. The daylong symposium will feature perspectives of a CIO, clinical engineer, medical systems manufacturer, information technology security expert, among others. Specific presentations will focus on issues ranging from systems integration and computer security to support strategies for integrated clinical and information technologies and an update on the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). For a schedule, see page 126.
Static time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of freeze-fractured, frozen-hydrated biological membranes.

The study of cell membrane lipid and steroid composition and distribution is important for the understanding of membrane dynamics and function. Here we present efforts to chemically image phospholipid distributions on a submicron scale on freeze-fractured and frozen-hydrated liposomes and red blood cells using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Sample preparation by freeze fracturing of membranes is described. Fragments representative of phospholipid headgroups are found to be localized on both liposomes and red blood cells. In addition, the cholesterol molecular ion [M+H] is localized on liposome surfaces. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Marker for High-Risk Groups and a Potential Target for Chemoprevention

Both the incidence of, and the mortality due to, prostate cancer in the USA are higher in African-American men than in Caucasian men. This is particularly true in men less than 60 years of age. Our findings indicate that both the prevalence and the extensiveness of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) are higher in African-American men compared to Caucasians and that this discrepancy starts as early as the third decade of life. In an autopsy series comprising 650 men, extensive high-grade PIN with diffuse involvement of the prostate gland was evident in 25 (7%) of 364 African-American men less than 50 years of age compared to 4 (2%) of 208 Caucasian men in the same age group (p = 0.002). In a series of more than 1,200 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer, extensive high-grade PIN was significantly and consistently higher in the African-American cohort than the Caucasian cohort. The difference was more evident in younger patients and those with smaller, organ-confined tumors. In a subset of 216 men (71 African-Americans and 138 Caucasians) with clinical stage T1C prostate cancer, extensive high-grade PIN was identified in 33% and 12% of the two groups respectively (p = 0.001). Moreover, in patients with organ-confined disease, both Gleason score and the extensiveness of high-grade PIN were significant predictors of biochemical recurrence. Our findings suggest an important role for high-grade PIN in the development of clinically significant, potentially aggressive prostate cancer in African-American men. In this epidemiologically identifiable high-risk group, there is a potential opportunity for chemoprevention strategies in younger men with high-grade PIN.
Crystalline Electric Fields in Spinel‐Type Crystals

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements are reported for the Fe3+ ion in long range “ordered” and “disordered” single crystals of the spinel-type compound lithium aluminate (Li0.5Al2.5O4) which is isomorphous with lithium ferrite (Li0.5Fe2.5O4). In the “disordered” aluminate most of the EPR linewidths were found to be very broad, whereas in the “ordered” aluminate the linewidths were comparatively narrow. The broadness of the linewidths in the “disordered” aluminate prevented quantitative determination of the crystalline electric fields in this state. From comparison of the “ordered” and “disordered” EPR linewidths, it was deduced that large fluctuations in the crystalline electric fields may exist in other “disordered” spinels also. In the “ordered” aluminate, the EPR spectrum was measured for the tetrahedral sites (which have trigonal symmetry), and the values |D| =0.104 cm−1, |a−F| =0.0166 cm−1, and g II = 2.006±0.002 were obtained. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of Li0.5Fe2.5O4 was interpreted on the basis of the crystalline electric field parameters measured in the aluminate.
United States Government Participation in Financing Energy Projects: Financing Opportunities in a Changing Energy Marketplace

The current United States energy “crisis,” involving disruption of the delivery of electricity to California and other western states, demonstrates the urgent need to develop a more diverse supply of energy resources for power and fuel production. On the other hand, increased public awareness of climate-change issues has warranted greater concern that use of these sources may create undesirable levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Balancing these concerns will require a national energy strategy that includes a wide mix of sources and region-specific solutions, including alternative energy and more efficient energy-production technology. This article explores the types of energy projects in which the United States government provides project financing support. It describes how the U.S. Department of Energy is involved with private developers and how it helps finance the development and demonstration of new technologies in fuel and power production.
Quantum yields for OH production in the photodissociation of HNO3 at 248 and 308 nm and H2O2 at 308 and 320 nm

The quantum yields for OH formation from the photolysis of HNO3 were measured to be (0.88 ± 0.09) at 248 and (1.05 ± 0.29) at 308 nm and of H2O2 to be (1.93 ± 0.39) at 308 and (1.96 ± 0.50) at 320 nm. The quoted uncertainties are at the 95% confidence level and include estimated systematic uncertainties. OH radicals were produced using pulsed laser photolysis and monitored using pulsed laser-induced fluorescence. Quantum yields were measured relative to the OH quantum yields from a reference system. The measured quantum yields at 248 nm are in agreement with previous direct determinations. The quantum yield values at 308 and 320 nm are the first direct quantum yield measurements at these wavelengths and confirm the values currently recommended for atmospheric model calculations. Rate coefficients (at 298 K) for the OH + H2O2 and OH + HNO3 + M (in 100 Torr of N2) reactions were measured during this study to be (1.99 ± 0.16) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 and (1.44 ± 0.12) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively.
Progress in Gene Therapy for Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Progress in development of gene therapy for chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited defect in leukocyte oxidase deficiency, is reviewed. The use of retrovirus vectors to transfer oxidase enzyme subunit cDNA sequence into hematopoietic progenitors results in correction of oxidase activity in neutrophils differentiating from transduced progenitors. In CGD mouse knockouts (X-linked gp91phox-deficient CGD and autosomal recessive p47phox-deficient CGD), gene therapy correction of the CGD defect resulted in appearance of oxidase-normal neutrophils in the peripheral blood and increased host resistance to challenge with fungi or bacteria. In a phase I clinical trial of ex vivo gene therapy of p47phox-deficient CGD, prolonged production (2-6 months) of a low number (1:5000) of oxidase-normal neutrophils was achieved. This therapy might prove beneficial in a setting of prolonged infection in CGD patients, in which even transient production of autologous gene-corrected neutrophils might augment host defense.
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)‐Associated Diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma (BCL) with Isolated Skin Involvement Associated with Combined Immunodeficiency and Multiple Opportunistic Infections

A 72-year-old man presented with nausea, vomiting, cough, dyspnea, weight loss and an ulcerated nodule on the right calf of four month's duration. CT revealed multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules. Skin biopsy demonstrated an angiodestructive infiltrate with neutrophils, CD4+ T-lymphocytes, CD20+ large, atypical lymphocytes and histiocytes in the reticular dermis and subcutis. The atypical lymphocytes were positive for EBV by ISH. PCR demonstrated a clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. Lung biopsy showed histoplasmosis without evidence of a lymphoproliferative disorder or EBV infection. Further investigation revealed a low CD8 count, IgM deficiency and candidal esophagitis. Treatment consisted of itraconazole and rituximab. The cutaneous findings in this patient resemble lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LyG), an angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoproliferative disorder involving extra-nodal sites. While LyG can involve multiple organs, it primarily affects the lungs. The infiltrate consists of large, atypical EBV-positive B-cells admixed with reactive T-cells. Although our patient's skin pathology resembles LyG, we favor the broader diagnosis of EBV-associated diffuse large BCL since he had an isolated skin lesion without evidence of lung or other systemic involvement. We will compare the clinical and histologic findings in our patient to cases of LyG from our institution to help classify this entity among other cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders.
Design Space Characterization for Meeting Cost and Carbon Reduction Goals

Summary Smart irrigation controllers (SICs) can save water by adapting watering schedules to climate and soil conditions. The potential benefit of SICs is particularly high in southwestern U.S. states, where the arid climate makes water scarcer and increases watering needs of landscapes. A number of studies have tested the ability of SICs to save water in residential and small commercial settings. Results generally show overall savings, but there is substantial variability, including cases of increased water use. Though there are many controllers on the market, we argue there is a further need for optimization of design and field performance. To inform the technology development process, we develop a design for environment method, which overlays economic and environmental performance parameters under different operating conditions. This method is applied to characterize design goals for controller price and water savings that SICs must meet to yield life cycle carbon dioxide reductions and economic savings in southwestern U.S. states, accounting for regional variability in electricity and water prices and carbon overhead. Results from applying the model to SICs in the Southwest suggest that some areas are significantly easier to design for. One concept to realize improved design in practice is to build out the controller market in a staged set of niches, starting from a more favorable area then moving toward more challenging conditions.
Microstructure of epitaxial potassium niobate thin films prepared by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

The microstructure of (001)p‐oriented (subscript p indicates the choice of a pseudocubic unit cell) potassium niobate (KNbO3) thin films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on (100)p lanthanum aluminate and having a large second‐order nonlinear optical response is examined. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the films to be epitaxial and the film/substrate interface to be abrupt and semicoherent. The strain between the film and substrate due to the 5% lattice constant mismatch is accommodated by formation of an array of misfit dislocations as well as 60° and 120° ferroelectric microdomains. The domains are located in a 20 nm thick region adjacent to the interface. Beyond the multidomain region, the film is free of significant defects.
The U.S.-Mexican Border Environment Cooperation Commission: Collected Perspectives on the First Two Years

Abstract This article assesses the first two years’ activities of the Border Environment Cooperation Commission (BECC), and synthesizes the invited commentary from several BECC observers along both sides of the border. As a framework for assessment, the paper delineates several key elements of BECC's design—namely, its binationality, openness to the public, and the existence of criteria for project certification—that give the institution the potential to promote innovative and sustainable solutions to border environmental degradation. The article then evaluates the commission's effectiveness in implementing these design components, concluding that, although BECC has stumbled occasionally in its first two years, it has made significant progress, demonstrating that it is capable of defining its agenda, implementing rules and procedures, devising certification criteria, and moving ahead to approve proposals.
Urine flow determinations by continuous collection in the crayfish Procambarus calrkii

Abstract 1. 1. An apparatus has been devised for the continuous collection of urine from the crayfish, permitting the collection of urine over 1–2 days. The mean urine flow in Procambarus clarkii, as determined by this method, is 4·27±2·06 per cent body weight/24 hr. 2. 2. There may be considerable variation in the urine flow/day of an individual crayfish when urine is collected and compared for 2 consecutive days. 3. 3. The method utilized eliminates the problem of back pressure on the antennal gland and the excessive handling of the animal as found with other methods.
Block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method at the density functional theory (DFT) level.

The block-localized wavefunction (BLW) approach is an ab initio valence bond (VB) method incorporating the efficiency of molecular orbital (MO) theory. It can generate the wavefunction for a resonance structure or diabatic state self-consistently by partitioning the overall electrons and primitive orbitals into several subgroups and expanding each block-localized molecular orbital in only one subspace. Although block-localized molecular orbitals in the same subspace are constrained to be orthogonal (a feature of MO theory), orbitals between different subspaces are generally nonorthogonal (a feature of VB theory). The BLW method is particularly useful in the quantification of the electron delocalization (resonance) effect within a molecule and the charge-transfer effect between molecules. In this paper, we extend the BLW method to the density functional theory (DFT) level and implement the BLW-DFT method to the quantum mechanical software GAMESS. Test applications to the π conjugation in the planar allyl r...
EFFECTS OF PARATHYROID EXTRACT, CALCIFEROL, HYTAKEROL AND DIHYDROTACHYSTEROL UPON THYROID SECRETION RATE IN NORMAL FEMALE RATS.

SummaryThe influence of a parathyroid hormone extract, calciferol and its related compounds on thyroxine secretion rate (TSR) of normal female mature rats was studied with the aid of 131I. Administration of 30 USP U of parathyroid extract/100 g BW/day for a period of 13 days induced a significant 21% increase in TSR associated with a slight increase in body weight. The TSR was increased 48%, 55%, and 103% respectively and accompanied by a dramatic loss of body weight when 200 /μg calciferol/100 g BW, 125 μg Hytakerol/100 g BW or 100 μg crystalline dihydrotachysterol/100 g BW were given daily for the same period.
The synthesis and characterization of methyl 2-germaacetate and ethyl 2-germaacetate

Abstract The methyl and ethyl esters of 2-germaacetic acid (GeH3CO2H) have been prepared, and their thermal decompositions and acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolyses have been studied.
Thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to future changes in regional precipitation variance: focus on the Southeastern United States

The frequency and severity of extreme events are tightly associated with the variance of precipitation. As climate warms, the acceleration in hydrological cycle is likely to enhance the variance of precipitation across the globe. However, due to the lack of an effective analysis method, the mechanisms responsible for the changes of precipitation variance are poorly understood, especially on regional scales. Our study fills this gap by formulating a variance partition algorithm, which explicitly quantifies the contributions of atmospheric thermodynamics (specific humidity) and dynamics (wind) to the changes in regional-scale precipitation variance. Taking Southeastern (SE) United States (US) summer precipitation as an example, the algorithm is applied to the simulations of current and future climate by phase 5 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) models. The analysis suggests that compared to observations, most CMIP5 models (~60 %) tend to underestimate the summer precipitation variance over the SE US during the 1950–1999, primarily due to the errors in the modeled dynamic processes (i.e. large-scale circulation). Among the 18 CMIP5 models analyzed in this study, six of them reasonably simulate SE US summer precipitation variance in the twentieth century and the underlying physical processes; these models are thus applied for mechanistic study of future changes in SE US summer precipitation variance. In the future, the six models collectively project an intensification of SE US summer precipitation variance, resulting from the combined effects of atmospheric thermodynamics and dynamics. Between them, the latter plays a more important role. Specifically, thermodynamics results in more frequent and intensified wet summers, but does not contribute to the projected increase in the frequency and intensity of dry summers. In contrast, atmospheric dynamics explains the projected enhancement in both wet and dry summers, indicating its importance in understanding future climate change over the SE US. The results suggest that the intensified SE US summer precipitation variance is not a purely thermodynamic response to greenhouse gases forcing, and cannot be explained without the contribution of atmospheric dynamics. Our analysis provides important insights to understand the mechanisms of SE US summer precipitation variance change. The algorithm formulated in this study can be easily applied to other regions and seasons to systematically explore the mechanisms responsible for the changes in precipitation extremes in a warming climate.
MRI of frozen tissue demonstrates a phase shift

While temperature mapping is desired during cryosurgery for prostate cancer treatment, an effective approach for this purpose is still needed. We have demonstrated a phase shift with temperature in our in vivo canine experiments and ex vivo tissue sample experiments within the frozen tissue. The phase shift is much larger (~0.7 °/°C with an echo time of 0.1 ms at 0.5 T) in magnitude than that predicted by conventional proton resonant frequency shift (0.008 °/°C). It shows little dependence on the echo times used and thus is not due to a frequency change, although frequency-dependent phase shift has been observed near the frozen tissue. This phase shift varies monotonically with temperature within the frozen tissue and therefore may be potentially used as a novel temperature mapping approach in cryoablation applications.
Lack of Black Opps: Kobe Bryant and the Difficult Path of Redemption:

A fundamental contradiction anchors contemporary sport: for many, it exemplifies racial transcendence; yet racism continues to shape play, persona, and possibilities. For Black athletes, in particu...
Psychosocial ramifications of childhood malignancy for the child and family

The changes that occur in a child's life following the diagnosis of cancer extend to other members of the family and, through time, far beyond the biologic cure of the disease. The responses of the family to this stress and the ways in which they cope with it will depend partially on their own resources and partially on the severity of the disease and its treatment. This paper describes the factors that influence the family's adaptation to illness and presents a case example that illustrates criteria useful in assessing the need for psychologic consultation in childhood cancer patients and their families. Also presented are guidelines for the physician in his/her continuing observation and follow-up of these patients and families.
The stochastic queue center problem

This paper considers the Stochastic Queue Center problem, which seeks to locate a single facility with a center-type objective in an M/G/1 queue operating environment. The objective function that we consider is to minimize a positive weighted linear function of the square of the average response time and the variance of the response time to a call. The Stochastic Queue Center problem is discussed on both a discrete and a network location topology. When potential facility locations are restricted to a finite set of discrete points, an efficient algorithm is developed to solve for the optimal facility location parametrically in the arrival rate. By exploiting convexity properties of the objective function, we develop an efficient finite-step algorithm to find the Stochastic Queue Center on a network. The major conclusion of this work is that incorporating the variance term in the objective function has a major impact on the choice of the optimal location. We illustrate the results with an example drawn from a potential application of the model for locating an emergency transport center serving different municipalities in Camden County, NJ.
A high electromechanical coupling coefficient SH0 Lamb wave lithium niobate micromechanical resonator and a method for fabrication

Abstract We present a high coupling coefficient, k eff 2 , micromechanical resonator based on the propagation of SH0 Lamb waves in thin, suspended plates of single crystal X-cut lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ). The thin plates are fabricated using ion implantation of He to create a damaged layer of LiNbO 3 below the wafer surface. This damaged layer is selectively wet etched in a hydrofluoric (HF) acid based chemistry to form thin, suspended plates of LiNbO 3 without the wafer bonding, layer fracturing and chemical mechanical polishing in previously reported LiNbO 3 microfabrication approaches. The highest coupling coefficient is found for resonators with acoustic propagation rotated 170° from the y -axis, where a fundamental mode SH0 Lamb wave resonator with a plate width of 20 μm and a corresponding resonant frequency of 101 MHz achieves a k eff 2 of 12.4%, a quality factor of 1300 and a resonator figure of merit ( M ) of 185. The k eff 2 and M are among the highest reported for micromechanical resonators.
Sources of Error in the Coding of Questionnaire Data

Errors made in the coding of a set of 1,209 relatively structured questionnaires were examined in an effort to discover characteristics of the data set and of the coding instructions which contributed to the occurrence of error. Items included in the questionnaire were ordered with respect to the complexity of the coding task involved. The number of errors per decision was found to vary directly with the level of complexity of the task. Closer examination of the types of decisions involved, including the computation of proportion agreement with criterion codes and validity coefficients, revealed sources of error within different levels of complexity. The use of non-mutually exclusive sets of coding categories was found to introduce error into the coding process, and it is suggested that this error is not reflected in resultant measures of reliability and validity. Decisions made in a series applying the same set of categories to a number of similar responses within an item were found to effect lower valid...
Gamma-ray spectroscopy of 66Zn and 67Zn and the role of the g92 orbital

Abstract Measurements of γ-ray yield functions, γ-γ coincidence spectra and y-ray angular distributions following the 64Ni(α, n) and (α, 2n) reactions have been made. Beam energies of 17 to 25 MeV were used. Among the new levels observed, with their proposed spin-parity assignments, are: in 66Zn, 3708 keV, (5)+; 3896 keV, 5−; 4812 keV, (7−); 5110 keV, (8−); 6417 keV; (10−); 7516 keV, (12+); and in 67Zn, 2937 keV, 13 2 + ; 3491 keV, 17 2 or 19 2 ; 3492 keV, ( 13 2 (si+)); 4221 keV, ( 19 2 −); 4631 keV, ( 21 2 + ); 4685 keV, ( 21 2 −). Comparison between the ground-state sequence, 0+ to 6+, in 66Zn and the first 9 2 + to 21 2 + levels in 67Zn strongly suggests that the latter be described as a g 9 1 neutron orbital weakly coupled to the 66Zn core. Other sequences of high-spin 66Zn states are proposed to be formed from two-quasiparticle states containing the g 9 2 excitation, coupled to the same ground-state sequence.
Freedom, Foucault, and the subject of America

Drawing on Michel Foucault's theories of power, this study examines issues of American individuality, ethics and freedom. Through detailed critical readings of a wide range of important American texts, the author identifies an "aesthetics of liberty", an ethical tradition that presents the creation of self as an exercise of personal freedom and civic responsibility. She argues that this tradition of ethics has been and continues to be the chief means by which Americans challenge dominant modes of disciplinary power. Subsequent chapters on works by Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, James Agee, Walker Evans, Maxine Hong Kingston and June Jordan demonstrate that an ethical aesthetics of liberty has, over the last two centuries, been the discourse of intellectuals who have continued Jefferson's resistance to dominant notions of freedom, self-hood, beauty, and ethical conduct for Americans.
Nonlinear streaming due to the oscillatory stretching of a sheet in a viscous fluid

An elastic sheet is stretched back and forth in a viscous fluid. The problem is governed by a nondimensional parameterS which represents the relative magnitude of frequency to stretching rate. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by matched asymptotic expansions for largeS. Due to nonlinearity there exists boundary layers ofO(S −1/2). The unsteady oscillatory flow contains both basic and higher harmonic oscillations. The induced steady streamlines show a saddle like flow which is different from that of acoustic streaming.
Toward Reconstructing Poverty Knowledge: Addressing Food Insecurity through Grassroots Research Design and Implementation

Some researchers are advocating an alternative approach to poverty research, one that recognizes people's lived experiences as major contributions to a comprehensive understanding of poverty and sustainable community solutions. This article describes a community-based participatory research project whose primary objective was to address local food insecurity in a northwestern community in the United States. Grassroots research design strategies informed by a steering committee of people with limited income and research findings are presented. Implications from the study for shifting the discourse on poverty knowledge are discussed.
A linguistic investigation of mediators between religious commitment and health behaviors in older adolescents.

Social scientists are beginning to take an interest in the role that religiosity plays in the development of health behaviors throughout adolescence. Although there is mounting evidence of a relationship between these constructs, how and why such relationships exist is not well understood. In this exploratory study of 28 racially diverse university students, we examined whether the relationship between religious commitment and health behaviors could be detected through written language. The results indicated that religious commitment and various indices of healthy lifestyle practices were strongly correlated, that healthy lifestyle practices were related to use of causal words (representing cognitive attempts at understanding causes and effects) and first person plural words (representing social connectedness). The results were consistent with a model in which participants' use of causal words partially or fully mediated the relations between religious commitment and healthy lifestyle practices. Implicati...
A General Evaluation Framework for Topical Crawlers

Topical crawlers are becoming important tools to support applications such as specialized Web portals, online searching, and competitive intelligence. As the Web mining field matures, the disparate crawling strategies proposed in the literature will have to be evaluated and compared on common tasks through well-defined performance measures. This paper presents a general framework to evaluate topical crawlers. We identify a class of tasks that model crawling applications of different nature and difficulty. We then introduce a set of performance measures for fair comparative evaluations of crawlers along several dimensions including generalized notions of precision, recall, and efficiency that are appropriate and practical for the Web. The framework relies on independent relevance judgements compiled by human editors and available from public directories. Two sources of evidence are proposed to assess crawled pages, capturing different relevance criteria. Finally we introduce a set of topic characterizations to analyze the variability in crawling effectiveness across topics. The proposed evaluation framework synthesizes a number of methodologies in the topical crawlers literature and many lessons learned from several studies conducted by our group. The general framework is described in detail and then illustrated in practice by a case study that evaluates four public crawling algorithms. We found that the proposed framework is effective at evaluating, comparing, differentiating and interpreting the performance of the four crawlers. For example, we found the IS crawler to be most sensitive to the popularity of topics.
Dyadic Green's functions for a coaxial line

The eigenfunction expansions of the dyadic Green's functions for a coaxial line have been derived based on the method of \bar\bar{G}_{m} , whereby the irrotational vector wave function \bar{L} is not needed. A dyadic boundary condition for the discontinuity of the tangential component of \bar\bar{G}_{m} has been used to facilitate the derivation of the expression for the electric dyadic Green's function.
A novel method for oral delivery of drug compounds to the neonatal SMNΔ7 mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating motor neuron disease that is one of the leading genetic causes of infant mortality. Currently, there is no cure for SMA. Mouse models that genetically and phenotypically resemble SMA have been generated and have the potential to be used for the discovery of novel therapeutics. Oral administration is a commonly used mode of drug delivery in humans as well as in rodents. Unfortunately, there is no method of drug delivery that can accurately and reliably deliver drug compounds orally to neonatal mice. In this report, we describe a novel method to orally administer compounds to neonatal SMA mice. Oral delivery to neonatal mice, usually starting at postnatal day 4 (PND04), is both rapid and safe to the pup. Oral delivery of two different commonly used vehicle formulations, distilled water and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, does not affect the survival of SMA mice. After oral delivery for 3 days, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine could be detected in the kidneys, brains and spinal cords of treated non-SMA as well as SMA neonatal pups. In conclusion, we have developed a method by which drugs can be safely and reliably administered orally to neural targets of neonatal mice. This approach offers a simple and rapid means by which potential therapeutics for SMA can be identified.
Buckling and vibration of laminated composite plates using various plate theories

Analytical and finite-element solutions of the classical, first-order, and third-order laminate theories are developed to study the buckling and free-vibration behavior of cross-ply rectangular composite laminates under various boundary conditions
Effects of estrogen on luteinizing hormone releasing hormone in a hypothalamic synaptosomal fraction from the ovariectomized rat.

Previous investigations have shown that hypothalamic luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) is localized within a subcellular fraction equivalent or similar to the synaptosome or nerve ending particle. In the present study, the ovariectomized adult rat was employed to investigate the effects of estrogen on the distribution of LHRH among various subcellular fractions of the hypothalamus. In addition, the liberation of LHRH from a synaptosomal fraction by repeated freeze-thaw cycles was examined before and after in vivo estrogen treatment. Following a single injection of 5 μg of estradiol benzoate (EB), the LHRH concentration of the synaptosomal fraction rose as much as 100% in 27 h. Increasing the dose of EB to 50 μg shortened the latency of the rise and prolonged its duration, but did not alter its magnitude compared to the lower dose. Furthermore, the LHRH in that synaptosomal fraction was significantly more resistant to solubilization by repetitive freezing and thawing than the LHRH in a synaptoso...
A robust smart sensor for smart substations

A low-cost, self-powered, current and temperature smart wireless sensor that can be used in conjunction with several types of utility assets including bus-bars, transformers, disconnect switches, cables, and conductors promises high value for utilities as they move towards a smarter grid. Such sensors will increase asset utilization and reliability, and help utilities in making proactive decisions via an increased amount of information. This paper extends the concept of universal, low-cost, smart, wireless sensors that can be flexibly used with many assets. Challenges related to optimal design for the energy harvester of the sensor, operation of the sensor under fault conditions, and protection of the sensor from lighting strikes, faults, and EMI/corona noise have been addressed. Based on extensive simulation and experimental study, novel designs for an optimal harvester, a versatile protection circuit, and a robust enclosure for the sensor have been proposed. Furthermore, a conceptual network architecture that uses such sensors in a distributed manner to create a smarter substation has been economically justified.
Resolution of extensive left ventricular dyskinesis 3 months after acute myocardial infarction

Chez une malade hospitalisee pour un infarctus myocardique anteroseptal aigu, une dyskinesie d'une partie importante du segment antero-apical du ventricule gauche a ete demontree par la ventriculographie radio-isotopique. A l'examen de controle 3 mois plus tard la malade presentait une fonction ventriculaire gauche hyperdynamique et une resolution complete de la zone de dyskinesie ventriculaire gauche
Random-Matrix Theory and Universal Statistics for Disordered Quantum Conductors

An Ansatz is proposed for the joint probability distribution of the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix in the quantum transport problem, based on symmetry arguments and a "maximum entropy" hypothesis. The local statistical behavior of the distribution is predicted to be that of the well-known random-matrix ensembles of Wigner and Dyson; and this result is confirmed by independent numerical calculations. For metals this behavior leads to size- and disorder-independent conductance fluctuations, and this approach suggests an alternative framework for the scaling theory of localization.
Optimal criminal procedure: Fairness and deterrence

The economic model of crime that has emerged in recent decades concerns itself largely with deterrence (Becker, 1968; Stigler, 1970). In its most basic form, the model first establishes that increases in the expected punishment for crime deter some criminal acts at the margin, and then asks how resources should be allocated to enforcement in order to minimize the social costs of crime, including enforcement costs. Refinements of the model have gone on to explore such questions as, what is the optimal form of punishment, a fine or imprisonment (Polinsky and Shavell, 1984)? And what is the optimal trade-off between the probability and the magnitude of punishment (Shavell, 1987)? While deterrence of crime is surely an important social concern, fairness in the treatment of accused offenders is equally important. Indeed, this concern is clearly reflected in the structure of the criminal justice system in the U.S. by the numerous safeguards, many constitutional, that have arisen to protect the rights of defendants, as well as the popularly held belief that punishments of convicted offenders should "fit the crime" (Adelstein, 1979; and Wittman, 1974). Yet, consideration of fairness has been largely absent from economic models of crime, despite the fact that economic analysis has much to say about it. In particular, since unfairness arises in the criminal process mainly as a result of imperfect and costly information, economic analysis can be utilized to characterize the optimal trade-off between the various aspects of fairness. For instance, an important question of fairness relates to the incidence of errors by the criminal process--namely, conviction of truly innocent defendants (type I errors), and acquittal of truly guilty defendants (type II errors). Presumably, both impose some costs on society, therefore how should resources be allocated to minimize these costs? The model in this paper answers this question. Specifically, section II develops a model of the criminal justice system based on fairness which focuses solely on the treatment of offenders after a crime has been committed. The "fairness model" thus adopts an ex post view of the criminal. In contrast, the standard "deterrence model" views the criminal from an ex ante perspective--that is, what is the best means of deterring his or her crimes (if at all)? It thus relies on a behavioral model of the rational criminal 's choice to commit a crime. A simple version of such a model is developed in section III. Section IV then grafts the deterrence model onto the fairness model. The impor-
A note on optimal allocation and an ordering of the family of beta prior distributions

Because the uniform (0,1) distribution is flat our intuition often leads us to consider it as the least informative in the family of beta distributions as a prior for the parameter P. This thinking derives from what is often called Bayes' Postulate. A simple concept, also based on intuition, is introduced which leads to a simple way of determining which of two beta priors gives "more information" in the context of estimating the difference between two proportions. For the new concept, the amount of prior information on a parameter depends not only on the dispersion of the prior distribution, but also on the expected dispersion of the sample distribution. One consequence of this new concept is that the uniform (0,1) distribution is shown to give more prior information in some cases than some other distributions in the family of beta (α, β) priors. Another is that for a given sample size n , we are able to define a linear ordering on this family of probability distributions. With the linear ordering for a g...
Breast disease: the radiologist's expanding role.

Abstract The role of the diagnostic radiologist in breast cancer has expanded during the eight-decade history of breast imaging. The radiologist's role now encompasses both breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. This article traces the expansion of the radiologist's role through the history of mammography. The current roles of the radiologist in breast cancer diagnosis are discussed, including screening mammography in the asymptomatic patient, problem-solving breast imaging, breast ultrasound, and galactography. The radiologist's roles in breast cancer treatment that are discussed include preoperative needle localization, percutaneous breast biopsy, and evaluation of the postoperative breast.
Tectonic erosion at trenches

Abstract Tectonic erosion of inner trench slopes of some arc systems has been suggested as a viable process. The discontinuity and truncation of structures along the coastline from Mexico to Chile demands a process by which continental crust is removed, but marine geologic and geophysical evidence indicates that accretion rather than erosion is presently occurring in those trenches. A more plausible process is the rifting of continental margins along the trend of the arc systems as an effect of oblique sucduction. This process can be observed in the Baja California region. Tectonic erosion in oceanic trenches, as the Tonga trench, is precluded by the steady growth of the inner slope area. Geologic and geophysical data from these regions implies the accretion of oceanic basement.
Nematic-smectic transitions in mixtures - a liquid crystal tricritical point

Abstract It is pointed out that a tricritical point analogous to that in He 3 -He 4 mixtures should occur in mixtures of liquid crystals with first and second order nematic-smectic transitions.
Security Risk Management at a Fortune 500 Firm: A Case Study

AbstractInformation security is a naturally intrusive topic that has not been researched to its full extent in IS. Taking note of a previous information security study that failed and lessons learned from it, we successfully carry out a study of our own with some modifications. The purpose of the study was to successfully identify critical success factors for an effective security risk management program at a Fortune 500 firm. In this paper we detail the modified critical success factor method that was used, which we hope will prove beneficial for academic researchers. The study has practical implications in regard to being able to provide a method that corporations may find suitable when a sensitive subject is being investigated.
Symmetry in a spin-1 biquadratic Ising model

Abstract We consider the spin-1 Ising system -βH=2K Σ δSiSj + h1 ΣiSi − h2 ΣiSi2 and show that the free energy obeys the symmetry relation βƒ(h'1, h'2; K) = βƒ(h1, h2; K) − (h1+h2) where 2h' 1 = -h1+h2, 2h'2 = -3h1−h2.
Local and Long Distance Transmission and Storage of Electrocardiograms and other Low Frequency Signals

A procedure using frequency modulation is described for transmission of electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms over available local and long distance telephone facilities.
Monoclonal Autoantibodies that React with Hormones also React with Cells Not Containing Those Hormones

Two immunoglobulin M monoclonal autoantibodies, PI-6 and AP-2, were found by immunofluorescence, hormone absorption, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to react with insulin and GH, respectively. The same antibodies were also found to react with a variety of organs that do not contain those hormones. Absorption of PI-6 with insulin, but not with GH, and absorpton of AP-2 with GH, but not with insulin, eliminated the capacity of these antibodies to react with all organs tested. It is concluded that these monoclonal antibodies are broadly reactive and recognize epitopes on more than one protein. (Endocrinology 116: 761-764,1985)