cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interplay Between the Cancer Genome and Epigenome

Cancer arises as a consequence of cumulative disruptions to cellular growth control with Darwinian selection for those heritable changes that provide the greatest clonal advantage. These traits can be acquired and stably maintained by either genetic or epigenetic means. Here, we explore the ways in which alterations in the genome and epigenome influence each other and cooperate to promote oncogenic transformation. Disruption of epigenomic control is pervasive in malignancy and can be classified as an enabling characteristic of cancer cells, akin to genome instability and mutation.
Simulation of right atrial myxoma by metastatic leiomyosarcoma.

We have presented the case of a 46-year-old woman who came to us with symptoms of superior vena caval obstruction caused by a metastatic leiomyosarcoma in the right antrium. The necessity of angiocardiography to establish the diagnosis of atrial tumors is stressed, as well as the complications that may ensue. The uterus was thought to be the source of the tumor.
Toward understanding mutual antipathies in childhood and adolescence.

Relationships based on aversion and antipathy may turn out to have major developmental implications, but more refined analysis is needed to support this assertion.
Evaluation of a vibration diagnostic system for the detection of spur gear pitting failures

A vibration diagnostic system was used to detect spur gear surface pitting fatigue in a closed-loop spur gear fatigue test rig. The diagnostic system, comprising a personal computer with an analog-to-digital conversion board, a diagnostic system unit, and software, uses time-synchronous averaging of the vibration signal to produce a vibration image of each tooth on any gear in a transmission. Several parameters were analyzed including gear pair stress wave and raw baseband vibration, kurtosis, peak ratios, and others. The system provides limits for the various parameters and gives a warning when the limits are exceeded. Several spur gear tests were conducted with this system and vibration data analyzed at 5-min. intervals. The results presented herein show that the system is fairly effective at detecting spur gear tooth surface fatigue pitting failures.
Conformal symmetry, unitarity, and the equations of motion for strings in background fields

Abstract We impose the constraint of the unitarity of the S -matrix on the theory of a closed bosonic string propagating in a background of some of its modes. The equations of motion for not only the massless but also for some of the massive modes of the string are thus consistently obtained in a weak field expansion. To a given order in the weak field expansion, they contain contributions to all orders in α′. We also show that conformal invariance guarantees that the S -matrix be unitary.
Obituary Analysis and Describing a Life Lived: The Impact of Race, Gender, Age, and Economic Status:

A Comparison Of The Sampling Distribution Of The 2,262 obituaries from the Sunday edition of The Arkansas Democrat Gazette, for the year 1993, was made with the actual mortality patterns of Arkansa...
A potent GAL4 derivative activates transcription at a distance in vitro

Transcription of a typical eukaryotic gene by RNA polymerase II is activated by proteins bound to sites found near the beginning of the gene as well as to sites, called enhancers, located a great distance from the gene. According to one view, the primary difference between an activator that can work at a large distance and one that cannot is that the former bears a particularly strong activating region; the stronger the activating region, the more readily the activator interacts with its target bound near the transcriptional start site, with the intervening DNA looping out to accommodate the reaction. One alternative view is that the effect of proteins bound to enhancers might require some special aspect of cellular or chromosome structure. Consistent with the first view, an activator bearing an unusually potent activating region can stimulate transcription of a mammalian gene in a HeLa nuclear extract when bound as far as 1.3 kilobase pairs upstream or 320 base pairs downstream of the transcriptional start site.
Reversible behaviour of the ultra-violet irradiated deoxyribonucleic acid and its apurinic acid.

The changes produced by ultraviolet irradiation in thymidylic acid (A), deoxycytidylic acid (B), apurinic acid (C), deoxyribonucleic acld (D), a 1: 1 mixture of A and B, and the reversibility of the changes in C and D, are described. The results indicate the optical density decrease of the mixture (A + B) is approximately one-half the sum of the two irradiated individually. When the two acids, A and B, together exist in polymeric form, as apurinic acid (C), the decrease in optical density is more than three times that of the monomeric mixture. Suggestions were made concerning the causes of the discrepancy. Irradiation and heat and acid reconstitution curves are given for C and D. The increase in optical density in the spontaneous reconstitution of D reached 0.005 as a maximum value on standing for 3 hr. For heat reconstitution, the value reached 0.092. The portion reconstituted was found to be 50%. For apurinic acid, spontaneous reconstitution reached 0.118 in 8 hr, while heat reconstitution reached 0.240, which is 60% reconstitution. In acid or acid and heat reconstitution, the values were somewhat lower and the absorption maximum shifted from 260 to 262 m - in both cases. (B.O.G.)
OMash: enabling secure web mashups via object abstractions

The current security model used by web browsers, the Same Origin Policy (SOP), does not support secure cross-domain communication desired by web mashup developers. The developers have to choose between no trust, where no communication is allowed, and full trust, where third-party content runs with the full privilege of the integrator. Furthermore, the SOP has its own set of security vulnerabilities and pitfalls, including Cross-Site Request Forgery, DNS rebinding and dynamic pharming. To overcome the unfortunate tradeoff between security and functionality forced upon today's mashup developers, we propose OMash, a simple abstraction that treats web pages as objects and allows objects to communicate only via their declared public interfaces. Since OMash does not rely on the SOP for controlling DOM access or cross-domain data exchange, it does not suffer from the SOP's vulnerabilities. We show that OMash satisfies the trust relationships desired by mashup authors and may be configured to be backward compatible with the SOP. We implemented a prototype of OMash using Mozilla Firefox 2.0 and demonstrated several proof-of-concept applications.
INHIBITION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES BY CINNAMIC ACID: POSSIBLE INTERACTION OF THE ACID WITH CYSTEINYL RESIDUES

The effects of cinnamic acid (C 6 H 5 CH=CHCOOH) on L. monocytogenes strain Scott A and listeriolysin O (LLO) activity were studied. In addition, a possible mode of action of the acid was investigated. L. monocytogenes was more susceptible to cinnamic acid than to benzoic acid, and lowering the broth pH increased the inhibition. LLO activity was inhibited in the presence of 0.1% cinnamic or benzoic acid, and western blot analysis showed reduced intensity of listeriolysin bands in the presence of 0.2% of the acids. Addition of cysteine (5 mM) to cinnamic acid in PBS, pH 7.0, caused gradual reduction in UV absorption of the acid during incubation for 12 h . Cinnamic acid (≥0.5%, pH 7.0) inhibited glucose uptake and A TP production in resting cells of L. monocytogenes. Results suggest a role of the cinnamate anion in the antilisterial and anti-LLO activity and potential applications in the food industry.
Inhomogeneous light shift in alkali-metal atoms

The dynamic Stark shift of an inhomogeneously broadened spectral transition has been studied. Our measurements show a shift in the observed $^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ ground-state hyperfine transition which has a nonlinear dependence on light intensity when the conditions for inhomogeneous broadening are met. The nonlinearity is the result of light-intensity gradients in the signal volume, which produce an inhomogeneously broadened asymmetric microwave transition. We show that our measurements are in full agreement with the second-order perturbation-theory treatment of light-induced energy-level shifts, when the effects of inhomogeneities are properly taken into consideration. The effects of inhomogeneous broadening must be carefully considered when extracting oscillator strengths from light-shift data, or when performing high-precision laser spectroscopy.
EXOTIC CROTALARIA SPECIES (FABALES: FABACEAE) AS HOST PLANTS OF THE ORNATE BELLA MOTH, UTETHEISA ORNATRIX (LEPIDOPTERA: EREBIDAE), IN FLORIDA: LABORATORY BIOLOGY

The caterpillars of Utetheisa ornatrix, the ornate bella moth, feed on host plants in the genus Crotalaria (Fabales: Fabaceae), which, in Florida, encompasses 4 native and 10 introduced species. In the laboratory, Utetheisa ornatrix male larvae developed faster and resulted in larger adults, when raised on Crotalaria incana vs. Crotalaria lanceolata (2 species native to Africa). In the wild, this can potentially give a selective advantage to individuals that develop on C. incana. The presence of these and other exotic host plants, some of which are quite common (e.g. C. pallida, C. spectabilis, C. retusa), may be skewing the evolution of U. ornatrix, as well as its phenology and distribution. A constant temperature of 60 °F (15.6 °C) caused U. ornatrix to develop twice as slowly as it did at 72 °F (22.2 °C), but it was sufficiently high for successful development. Sentinel larvae placed in cages in the field during Oct–Dec, when temperatures averaged ≈ 62 °F, developed successfully. Regardless of the rearing conditions and the host plants used in the laboratory, male larvae developed slightly more slowly than female larvae. This translated in their emerging from the pupae later than the females, which is supported by field observations.
The influence of lattice strain on the electrical resistivity of vacancies in simple metals

Abstract The effect of lattice distortion on the resistivity of vacancies in the simple metals Na, K and Al has been calculated within the framework of the weak pseudopotential approximation. The required structure factor S ( q ) of the strained lattice has been calculated to first order in the displacements from undistorted equilibrium positions by means of a method due to Kanzaki which avoids continuum or semi-discrete approximations made in previous work. Effective interatomic force constants fitted to phonon spectra derived from neutron scattering data were used as input in calculating S ( q ), while Ashcroft's pseudopotential was used in evaluating the resistivity. Additional approximations were made in the case of Al, but the important effect of plane wave mixing near zone boundaries was included in the matrix elements for Umklapp scattering. The change in potential due to strain lowers the resistivity by about 30 per cent in all three cases. Our calculated value is in fair agreement with the most reliable experimental estimate for Al. The method illustrated here should be especially useful for realistic calculations of the resistivity of isoelectronic impurities in simple metals.
Coma from alcohol sponging

A 30-month-old child who became comatose following sponging with rubbing alcohol was successfully managed with gastric lavage, 10% dextrose in normal saline, and Isolyte in 10% dextrose. All aliphatic alcohols are central nervous system depressants. Reported serum levels have been between 125–200 mg/100 cc and include both fatalities and self-limited comas. In a discussion of the pathophysiology, it is pointed out that high concentrations of isopropyl alcohol and ethanol can result in cardiac arrest or severe hypotension. Liver damage is common. Treatment includes intensive care with intravenous fluids, temperature control, respiratory assistance, transfusion, gastric lavage, and dialysis.
Photoresist process latitude optimization for synchrotron x-ray lithography

Acid catalyzed positive tone APEX photoresist has been examined for exposure using the Helios compact synchrotron x-ray source at the IBM Advanced Lithography Facility (ALF) in East Fishkill, New York. A four factor Taguchi optimization was implemented to test the effects of post exposure bake (PEB) temperature, PEB time, post apply bake (PAB) and develop time. The experiment was split into two tests; one for maximum process latitude and the other for attaining the target critical dimension (CD) of 350 nm. CD line widths were measured in resist using a top down scanning electron microscopy. The experimental analysis of variance indicated that 79% of the CD variation could be attributed to the PEB (temperature + time) and 12% from the PAB temperature/develop time interaction. Both tests converged on the same process conditions for maximum process latitude and target CD. These parameters reduced the thermal dose (PEB) in exchange for higher x-ray exposure. Line width uniformity data across 8' wafers will be shown for 200 nm structures and some additional results down to 125 nm using a 40 micrometers gap. Thermal infrared analysis of PEB hot plate uniformity was shown to be within specification but sensitive to backside wafer contamination. A novel 'net dose' exposure wedge which is built on the x-ray mask provided a record of the combined PEB/x-ray dose and did track with the thermal IR data.
Entomology at the Crossroads

Being President of the Entomological Society of America has its rewards and its penalties. Some of the rewards include the chance to be associated with the leaders of our profession and the pleasure of working with Executive Secretary Murdoch and the members of the Governing Board. Another reward is attending the annual meetings of our five strong branches and the opportunity to feel the pulse of entomology around the country.
Psychology, Idea Technology, and Ideology

Scientific development leads to a technology of ideas–idea technology–no less than it leads to a technology of objects But idea technology can have insidious effects that the technology of objects does not First, ideas can suffuse through a culture before people notice they are there And second, ideas can have profound effects even when they are false–when they are nothing more than ideology These effects can arise because sometimes when people act on the basis of ideology, they inadvertently arrange the very conditions that bring reality into correspondence with the ideology This potential effect of ideology is discussed in connection with the behavioral psychology of Skinner and the claim by Herrnstein and Murray that intelligence is, for all practical purposes, unmodifiable I suggest that, in general, psychologists must be on the lookout for positive feedback loops between theory and practice that contribute to theory confirmation and thus mislead psychologists into interpreting historically and cultur...
In vitro of pH and phosphorylation on neostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase from control and haloperidol-treated rats

Abstract Acute administration of haloperidol to rats causes a marked decrease in the Km of neostriatal tyrosine hydroxylase for the pteridine cofactor, 6MPH4, with no change in Vmax. We report that this effect is dependent on the pH of the assay mixture. It occurs at pH 6.5 but not at pH 6.0, the pH optimum for TH. With phosphorylating conditions at pH 6.5, the haloperidol-induced activation is no longer observed and the kinetics of TH are the same as those from control rats. At pH values of 6.0, 6.3 and 6.5, a significant decrease in Vmax occurs, with increasing pH, while no significant change in Km for the cofactor is observed for TH from control rats. However, when phosphorylating conditions are employed a marked increase in Km for the cofactor is observed while only a slight decrease in Vmax is seen, with increasing pH, for the control enzyme at the three pH values tested.
Analysis Model for Magnetic Energy Harvesters

Energy harvesting offers an important design option for creating sensing and control elements without a requirement for custom wiring or batteries. An exciting possibility creates a “self-powered” sensor node with an integrated energy harvester that can extract power from the magnetic fields around a power line to a load, in the manner of a current transformer. However, this “current transformer” provides not just current sensing, but also power for a sensor package, all without ohmic contact. This paper provides a technique for design optimization for maximizing power harvest, revealing a critical result: For any given core in any particular application, power harvest is maximized when the core is permitted to saturate at an opportune time in the line cycle. Circuits for optimizing this power transfer window and experimental results supporting the analysis are presented in this paper.
Effect of binder on the physical stability and bactericidal property of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanocoatings on food contact surfaces

TiO2 is a promising photocatalyst for use in food processing environment as an antimicrobial coating. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different binding agents on the physical stability and bactericidal property of TiO2 nanocoatings created on stainless steel surfaces. A total of six different coating suspensions were prepared by mixing TiO2 (Aeroxide® P-25) nanoparticles (NPs) with three different types of binders (Shellac (A), polyuretahne (B), and polycrylic (C)) at a 1:4 to 1:16 NP to binder weight ratio. Bactericidal activity of these TiO2 coatings against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (5-strain) was determined at three different UV-A light intensities (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mW/cm2) for 3 h. The type of binder used in the coating had a significant effect on the log reduction of E. coli O157:H7. TiO2 coatings with binder C showed highest reduction (>4 log CFU/cm2) followed by TiO2 coating with binder B and A. Increasing the binder concentration in the formulation from a 1:4 to 1:16 weight ratio decreased the log reduction of E. coli O157:H7. Increasing the UV-A light intensity from 0.25 to 0.75 mW/cm2 increased the log reduction of bacteria for all the TiO2 coatings. The physical stability of the TiO2 coatings was determined using ASTM procedures. TiO2 coatings with binder B showed highest adhesion strength and scratch hardness when compared to coatings with other binders. However, on repeated use experiments (1, 3, 5, and 10 times), TiO2 coatings with binder C were found to be physically more stable and able to retain their original bactericidal property. The results of this study showed promise in developing durable TiO2 coatings with strong photocatalytic bactericidal property on food contact surfaces using appropriate binding agents to help ensure safe food processing environment.
Hidden oscillations in sampled-data control systems

Oscillations between sampling instants in the response of sampled-data control systems impose certain limitations on the z-transform method and other methods available for synthesis of such systems. It is shown that these oscillations appear in the response because of certain forms of the open-loop transfer function G(s). If the impulsive response of these functions is oscillatory then these oscillations occur in the response, and if the sampling period is larger or equal to half the period of these oscillations, the z-transform method fails to indicate their presence. The modified z-transform can be advantageously applied in these cases. This method is straightforward and simple in detecting the presence of these oscillations and indicating their values. Theorems relating to initial and final values of the response in the form of modified z-transform has been presented. Two examples have been discussed in which such oscillations occur and the modified z-transform method has been applied in their analysis.
Responses of human limbic neurons to induced changes in blood gases.

Fine wires were stereotaxically placed in the temporal lobes of psychomotor epileptics for diagnostic purposes. The single and multiple units detected by these chronic electrodes were recorded during olfaction and changes in ventilation. No unit responsive to odorous stimuli was found in the amygdala (n = 116), hippocampus (n = 90), or hippocampal gyrus (n = 173). However, approximately 20% of the units in all 3 structures showed definite changes in firing rate during sniffing from an empty or odorous flask for varying periods of time or during hyperventilation with the nose or mouth plugged. These units did not respond to a variety of control tasks, including passive olfactory and trigeminal stimulation. In all structures, patients, and tasks, the unit response had a latency of 10–15 sec and persisted for about 20 sec after the hyperventilation or sniffing terminated. No relationship was found between the location of responsive units and localized abnormal epileptiform slow waves or EEG spikes. In two patients, the unit responses to hyperventilating a CO2O2 mixture were opposite to the responses obtained when hyperventilating air. These tasks were identical in their sensory and motor components, but produced opposite effects on cerebral vasculature. Therefore, those units responsive to changes in ventilation appear to be directly sensitive to changes in their physiological milieu. Information from previously published studies suggests that the critical stimulus for the unit response is the decrease in cerebral O2 availability caused by hyperventilation. It is further hypothesized that the responsive neurons lie in areas of relatively deficient O2 supply equidistant between adjacent capillaries.
Analyzing Change over Time in Organizations' Publics with a Semantic Network Include List: An Illustration with Facebook

This research highlights a kind of semantic network analysis based on an include list. We analyze the networks only among words on the list as they appear in a series of text corpora word pairs for an organization. The example uses documents about Facebook over a 12-month period, dividing them into 12 time-based files. In each time slice we map networks among key publics and measure the centrality of each from one time period to the next. The network of publics becomes more complex across time. Publics fluctuate in centrality. We describe other kinds of semantic network analysis for business applications using include lists.
Memory enhancement: Supra-additive effect of subcutaneous cholinergic drug combinations in mice

The amnesias characteristic of Alzheimer's disease and other age-related dementias are refractory to conventional pharmacotherapy. a recent treatment strategy is to combine present drugs to improve their memory enhancing effect. We used mice weakly trained on active avoidance in a T-maze to compare the effect of cholinergic drugs, given alone and in two-drug combinations, on retention test performance. All drugs were injected SC immediately after training. Memory retention was tested 1 week later. A dose-response curve was determined for each of four drugs (arecoline, edrophonium, oxotremorine, tacrine) and for each of the six possible two-drug combinations. Each drug and each combination improved retention test performance up to an optimal dose; the improvement decreased with further increases in dose. A striking reduction (66.2%–95.7%) in the optimal dose for enhanced retention was observed with these two-drug combinations.
The Myth of the Myocardial ‘Infarctlet’ During Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization Procedures

One of the most controversial issues in interventional cardiology today is whether small MIs, diagnosed by enzymatic abnormalities coincident with percutaneous coronary interventional procedures, are clinically relevant.1 2 3 4 5 Among interventional cardiologists, the commonly used term “infarctlet” implies a small and insignificant event. However, the importance of these myocardial infarctlets after coronary revascularization procedures is both understudied and underappreciated, despite the well-established prognostic importance of even small enzymatic infarctions in the setting of unstable angina6 or after acute MI.7 The controversy is related in part to the difficulty associated with the diagnosis of nonfatal MI in trials involving myocardial revascularization. This problem was a major issue in the evaluation of coronary artery bypass surgery and was never satisfactorily resolved.8 In the setting of bypass surgery, elevation of CK and CK-MB is routine, and other noninvasive tests designed to detect myocardial injury are also commonly positive. Because a definition for an abnormal extent of necrosis with bypass surgery could not be established or adapted via consensus, the commonly used definition of postbypass infarction is the presence of new Q waves on the postoperative ECG. Unfortunately, this definition misclassifies patients with non–Q-wave infarction as not experiencing myocardial damage, and patients with new, major conduction disturbances (eg, left bundle branch block) may not be accurately diagnosed. A similar problem is evident in the evaluation of percutaneous procedures, and defining postangioplasty infarction exclusively by the presence of Q waves on ECG does not seem appropriate for these percutaneous procedures, in which the absence of any necrosis is a principal goal. This controversial issue was the topic of a recent expert conference that was convened to discuss this problem and attempt to develop a consensus; recommendations from this conference are forthcoming. The purpose of the current article is to …
Analytical SN solutions in heterogeneous slabs using symbolic algebra computer programs

A modern symbolic algebra computer program, MAPLE, is used to compute solutions to the well-known analytical discrete ordinates, or SN, solutions in one-dimensional, slab geometry. Symbolic algebra programs compute the solutions with arbitrary precision and are free of spatial discretization error so they can be used to investigate new discretizations for one-dimensional slab, geometry SN methods. Pointwise scalar flux solutions are computed for several sample calculations of interest. Sample MAPLE command scripts are provided to illustrate how easily the theory can be translated into a working solution and serve as a complete tool capable of computing analytical SN solutions for mono-energetic, one-dimensional transport problems.
Late patch test reaction to acrylates in a dental worker

A dental technician developed eyelid and hand dermatitis. She had been previously patch-tested elsewhere with a sample of an acrylic material from a nail salon that reportedly was positive only after 1 month. Repeat testing with ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate gave no reaction at 48 or 96 hours, but became positive 5 weeks later. This very late reaction is probably a true allergic manifestation and not a case of active sensitization.
STAREX: the JPL-STAR computer resident executive

STAREX, the resident executive for the JPL-STAR computer is presented. The JPL-STAR computer is a faulttolerant computer which includes hardware self-repair capability. All programs which run on the computer require special considerations for proper operation in the faulttolerant hardware environment. System programs use a single variable to indicate the rollback status of the active routine. User programs periodically invoke system routines to save the program state and establish rollback points. When a fault occurs, hardware self-repair occurs first, followed by software recovery to resume computation in a proper state. A brief description of the JPL-STAR computer is given, followed by an overview and then implementation details of STAREX. Finally, the fault-tolerance considerations in the design of STAREX are discussed.
Monitoring the Environmental Impact of TiO $_{\bf 2}$ Nanoparticles Using a Plant-Based Sensor Network

The increased manufacturing of nanoparticles for use in cosmetics, foods, and clothing necessitates the need for an effective system to monitor and evaluate the potential environmental impact of these nanoparticles. The goal of this research was to develop a plant-based sensor network for characterizing, monitoring, and understanding the environmental impact of TiO2 nanoparticles. The network consisted of potted Arabidopsis thaliana with a surrounding water supply, which was monitored by cameras attached to a laptop computer running a machine learning algorithm. Using the proposed plant sensor network, we were able to examine the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles in two systems: algae and terrestrial plants. Increased terrestrial plant growth was observed upon introduction of the nanoparticles, whereas algal growth decreased significantly. The proposed system can be further automated for high-throughput screening of nanoparticle toxicity in the environment at multiple trophic levels. The proposed plant-based sensor network could be used for more accurate characterization of the environmental impact of nanomaterials.
PURIFICATION, CLONING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE 16S RNA M5C967 METHYLTRANSFERASE FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

The methyltransferase that forms m5C967 in Escherichia coli small subunit ribosomal RNA has been purified, cloned, and characterized. The gene was identified from the N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme. The gene is a fusion of two open reading frames, fmu and fmv, previously believed to be distinct due to a DNA sequencing error. The gene, here named rsmB, encodes a 429-amino acid protein that has a number of homologues in prokaryotes, Archaea, and eukaryotes. C-Terminal sequencing of the overexpressed and affinity-purified protein by mass spectrometry methods verified the sequence expected for the gene product. The recombinant protein exhibited the same specificity as the previously described native enzyme; that is, it formed only m5C and only at position 967. C1407, which is also m5C in natural 16S RNA, was not methylated. In vitro, the enzyme only recognized free 16S RNA. 30S ribosomal subunits were not a substrate. There was no requirement for added magnesium, suggesting that extensive secondar...
Discordance between effects of anti-ischemic therapy on ambulatory ischemia, exercise performance and anginal symptoms in patients with stable angina pectoris

Abstract Objectives . We sought to define the extent to which the therapeutic efficacy of three single-drug regimens on ambulatory ischemia paralleled efficacy on other clinical manifestations of ischemia, specifically exercise test performance and anginal symptoms. Background . Some studies have shown that the presence and severity of ambulatory ischemia are predictive of anginal symptoms and exercise test performance, whereas other studies have not. Less is known about effects of antianginal treatment and whether response to therapy for one clinical manifestation reflects therapeutic responses for other clinical manifestations. Methods . We studied 50 patients in the Angina and Silent Ischemia Study who had documented coronary disease, an exercise test positive for ischemia, the presence of ambulatory and asymptomatic ischemia on ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) Holter monitoring and stable anginal symptoms. Patients received maximally tolerated dose of sustained release propranolol (mean 293 mg/day), sustained release diltiazem (mean 350 mg/day), nifedipine (mean 79 mg/day) and placebo, each for 2-week periods in a double-blind, crossover fashion. Patients' responses to treatment were assessed by 48-h ambulatory ECG monitoring, exercise test (standard Bruce protocol) and diaries of angina. Levels of efficacy for each agent and for each clinical measure were compared using Spearman correlation analysis. Results . With placebo there was no correlation among the frequency of ischemic episodes by ambulatory ECG monitoring, exercise time to 1.0-mm ST segment depression or frequency of anginal episodes. Furthermore, for a given patient the efficacy of each active medication in reducing ambulatory ischemia was not correlated with response in anginal symptoms or exercise test performance (r = -0.21 to 0.24, p = NS). Within each of these clinical measures, efficacy of one drug was more strongly correlated with efficacy of another drug (r = 0.64 to 0.81 for ambulatory ischemia, 0.48 to 0.56 for exercise test performance and 0.16 to 0.54 for anginal symptoms). Conclusions . Different measures of ischemia, specifically ambulatory ischemia assessed by ambulatory ECG monitoring, exercise performance on exercise test and anginal symptoms, are independent. Efficacy for each clinical end point must be assessed separately when considering response to drug treatment.
AXENIC CULTURES OF ACETABULARIA (CHLOROPHYTA): A DECONTAMINATION PROTOCOL WITH POTENTIAL APPLICATION TO OTHER ALGAE1

We developed an easy, reliable decontamination protocol for caps of Acetabularia acetabulum (L.) Silva; with minimal labor hundreds of caps can be decontaminated. In addition, cysts isolated from these caps do not exhibit dormancy and can be used immediately to establish large populations of axenic cell cultures. This method consists of three successive incubations: 1) proteinase K/sodium dodecyl sulfate/1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)-methylamino]propane for 1 h, 2) mild silver protein for 5 min, and 3) an antibiotic solution (neomycin, chloramphenicol, nystatin, ampicillin, streptomycin)for 3 days. This protocol eliminates bacterial, algal, fungal, and yeast contaminants. It is useful for decontaminating caps from lab cultures and caps collected from the wild and may also be effective in decontaminating the reproductive structures of other algae. Cyst dormancy was reduced from 15 weeks to less than 1 week, which represents a 40% reduction of the life cycle of A. acetabulum. We routinely obtained 90-100% gamete release from cysts 3-14 days after they were made axenic. The component of our culturing methods that allows gamete release without a “dormant” period is unknown.
Teaching Video NeuroImages: Orthostatic tremor The helicopter sign

A 63-year-old man presented with 4 years of orthostatic tremor while standing, resolving after sitting or leaning against a wall. There was marked subjective unsteadiness, but no falls. Surface EMG in arms and legs demonstrated a 14- to 16-Hz synchronous tremor in antagonist muscles (video on the Neurology Web site at www.neurology.org.).
A mobile interactive robot for gathering structured social video

Documentaries are typically captured in a very structured way, using teams to film and interview people. We developed an autonomous method for capturing structured cinema verite style documentaries through an interactive robotic camera, which was used as a mobile physical agent to facilitate interaction and story gathering within a ubiquitous media framework. We sent this robot out to autonomously gather human narrative about its environment. The robot had a specific story capture goal and leveraged humans to attain that goal. The robot collected a 1st person view of stories unfolding in real life, and as it engaged with its subjects via a preset dialog, these media clips were intrinsically structured. We evaluated this agent by way of determining "complete" vs. "incomplete" interactions. "Complete" interactions were those that generated viable and interesting videos, which could be edited together into a larger narrative. It was found that 30% of the interactions captured were "complete" interactions. Our results suggested that changes in the system would only produce incrementally more "complete" interactions, as external factors like natural bias or busyness of the user come into play. The types of users who encountered the robot were fairly polar; either they wanted to interact or did not - very few partial interactions went on for more than 1 minute. Users who partially interacted with the robot were found to treat it rougher than those who completed the full interaction. It was also determined that this type of limited-interaction system is best suited for short-term encounters. At the end of the study, a short cinema verite documentary showcasing the people and activity in our building was easily produced from the structured videos that were captured, indicating the utility of this approach.
Promoting Human Rights in the Administration of Justice in Southern Sudan. Mandate and Accountability Dilemmas in the Fiel Work of a DPKO Human Rights Officer

The UNMIS Human Rights Section is called to promote respect for international human rights standards as part of a peacekeeping operation in a post-conflict society. As such, it is exposed to conflicting but equally legitimate demands from different stakeholders. To illustrate some of the dilemmas arising in practice from the tensions between these demands, the paper looks at three case studies taken from the work of the UNMIS Human Rights Section in Southern Sudan. They concern the tension between customary law and the protection of women's rights, the right to counsel in capital cases, and justice for atrocities committed during the civil war. The paper argues that, also because of the inherent fundamental contradictions in what a field presence such as the UNMIS Human Rights Section seeks to achieve, attempts to promote meaningful accountability of the field operation for the results obtained encounter significant limitations.
Residues of environmental pollutants and necropsy data for Eastern United States ospreys, 1964–1973

Thirty-three ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) that were found dead or moribund in the Eastern United States between 1964 and 1973 were necropsied. The brains and carcasses of 26 of these birds were analyzed for organochlorines. The livers of 18 and the kidneys of 7 were analyzed for selected metals. Most adults were recovered in April and May and most immatures were recovered in August through October. The adult sex ratio was highly unbalanced in favor of females. Major causes of mortality were impact injuries, emaciation, shooting, and respiratory infections. Of special interest were two birds with malignant tumors and one with steatitis. Many birds had undergone marked weight losses resulting in mobilization and redistribution of organochlorine residues. Organochlorines were detected in the birds at the following percentages: DDE 100%, PCB 96%, DDD 92%, dieldrin 88%, chlordanes (including nonachlors) 82%, DDT 65%, and heptachlor expoxide 38%. Organochlorine levels tended to be higher in adults than in immatures. One adult from South Carolina had a potentially dangerous level of dieldrin in its brain, which might have contributed to its death. Immature ospreys from Maryland had extremely elevated levels of copper in their livers compared with immatures from other areas and all adults. One immature from Maryland had an elevated level of arsenic in its liver, which might have contributed to its death. One adult from Florida that had died of impact injuries had potentially dangerous levels of mercury in both liver and kidney and slightly elevated levels of cadmium in these tissues. Additional birds appeared to have been exposed to contamination of the environment by arsenic and mercury. The levels of chromium, zinc, and lead in livers appeared normal.
Phospholipids Containing Photoactivable Groups in Studies of Biological Membranes

Photoactivable carbene precursors, aryl diazirines and trifluorodiazopropionates, were incorporated synthetically into the omega-positions of fatty acids, which were used to synthesize phospholipids. Extensive intermolecular C--H insertion reactions were demonstrated by photolysis of liposomes prepared from the above phospholipids. Structural analysis of the cross-linked products showed that the predominant sites of cross-linking were in the expected positions within the bilayer. Studies on the topography of a number of membrane proteins using the above phospholipids were initiated. Cross-linking of the photoactivable phospholipids to membrane-embedded proteins, glycophorin A, cytochrome b5, and gramicidin A, was demonstrated.
Ion cyclotron harmonics in auroral radar echoes: Real effect or analysis artifact?

Certain analyses of Canadian radar studies of auroral electrojet echoes have apparently shown spectra with multiple ion cyclotron harmonic peaks. On the basis of these, it has been argued that ion cyclotron effects must be important for all echo types seen by VHF radars, not just type 3. We reject this conclusion for two reasons: (1) at the altitude of auroral backscatter (∼ 100–120 km) the ion-neutral collision frequency is much higher than the gyro frequency—ions are essentially unmagnetized; (2) we show that the “high resolution” signal processing algorithm employed does not distinguish between echoes with and without harmonic structure. With a simulation, we show that the algorithm itself can impose apparent quasi harmonic structure onto the spectrum of random noise.
New Method To Minimize High-Temperature Corrosion Resulting from Alkali Sulfate and Chloride Deposition in Combustion Systems. II. Molybdenum Salts

The use of fuels other than natural gas in gas turbine generators still is fraught with blade corrosion problems that result from the formation of sodium sulfate or potassium sulfate, in the presence of chlorine. The present work illustrates that the addition of molybdenum salts to synthetic fuels (synfuels) modifies this deposition process and benign protective coatings of alkali polymolybdates are produced instead. This study is a follow-up to research published earlier in this journal that showed closely similar behavior with tungsten salt additives. In the case of molybdenum, a new preferential ranking of product formation on the surface is established that is closely related to the thermodynamic stabilities, namely, Na2Mo2O7 > Na2SO4 > Na2MoO4 > NaCl and K2Mo4O13 > K2Mo3O10 > K2Mo2O7 > K2SO4 > K2MoO4 > KCl. This chemistry exists under fuel-lean conditions and is otherwise not sensitive to the fuel, combustion conditions, surface temperature, or material. The required additive trace levels of molybden...
Which type of soil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer scheme is needed for general circulation models: A proposal for a higher-order scheme

Abstract Recent investigations on various aspects of land–atmosphere interactions at the microscale and the mesoscale are summarized, for the purpose of reflecting on the type of Soil–Vegetation–Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) schemes, needed for General Circulation Models (GCMs). It appears that, among all land–surface characteristics considered in advanced SVAT schemes, only stomatal conductance, soil–surface wetness, leaf area index, surface roughness, and albedo play a major role inthe redistribution of energy at the ground surface. However, the relationship between these characteristics and the surface heat and momentum fluxes is strongly nonlinear. Furthermore, landscape discontinuities resulting from spatial heterogeneity of these characteristics, can induce atmospheric mesoscale circulations, which have a strong impact on the structure of the planetary boundary layer, clouds, and precipitation. These findings imply that appropriate SVAT schemes for GCMs need to provide higher statistical moments and characteristic length scales of the spatial distribution of the above mentioned five land–surface characteristics. The conceptual features and equations of a higher–order SVAT scheme are described here. This new SVAT scheme will probably not be able to mimic diurnal variations of land–surface fluxes at a precise location, but is expected to provide appropriate surface forcings, which trigger nonlinear atmospheric responses (including clouds and precipitation) at the microscale and the mesoscale. Furthermore, this new SVAT scheme is designed to directly use remotely–sensed parameters, which are not converted into pseudo plant and soil characteristics. Thus, this scheme is particularly convenient for data assimilation.
DISPERSANT USE vs WATER QUALITY

ABSTRACT As environmentalists, we must constantly be aware of, and recognize the potential pollution problems that might result from an oil spill cleanup approach or system. Based on biodegradability and ultimate oxygen demand data developed by the Edison Water Quality Laboratory as well as others, it would appear that more than knowledge of toxicity and emulsion efficiency should guide our decisions regarding the use of chemical dispersants for oil spill cleanup.
Investigation of parametric spectral estimation techniques for elasticity imaging

Abstract Several autoregressive (AR) and autoregressive moving average (ARMA) parametric spectral estimators were evaluated for use in tissue strain estimation. Using both 1-D simulations and in vitro phantom experiments, the performance of these parametric spectral strain estimators were compared against both a nonparametric discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spectral strain estimator and a coherent elastographic technique. Parametric spectral estimator model orders were selected based on a modified strain filter approach. This technique illustrated the trade-offs between different signal-processing parameters and a strain estimator performance measure, namely the area under the strain filter (using applied strain dynamic range of 0.1 to 50%). The Yule-Walker AR spectral strain estimator outperformed all other parametric methods evaluated, but failed to outperform the DFT-based approach. Furthermore, both these spectral strain-estimation techniques exhibit an elastographic signal-to-noise ratio (SNRe) and strain estimation dynamic range not achievable using conventional elastography without global stretching. (E-mail: flemming.forsberg@jefferson.edu )
On the direct numerical simulation of two-phase flows

Abstract This paper presents the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of various incompressible and compressible single and two-phase flows. It is shown that very detailed information on the flow structure can be obtained using a suitable adaptive grid 3D solver. In addition, it is demonstrated how to use these detailed numerical “data” to obtain interfacial closure models for use in two-fluid, computational multiphase fluid dynamic (CMFD) formulations. These advanced generation 3D CMFD models can, in-turn, be used for nuclear reactor design and analysis.
Field playback of male display attracts females in lek breeding sage grouse

Recent correlational studies of lekking sage grouse suggest that male vocal display attracts females. To test this hypothesis further, the natural displays of a territorial male were supplemented with the tape-recorded display of another, reproductively-successful, individual. Significantly, more females approached the speaker's location on days when the recording was played, and also on non-playback days immediately following a playback, than on other non-playback days (Fig. 1). Analysis of male displays indicated that females were responding to the playback itself rather than to changes in male behavior. The “after-response” following a playback suggests that some females present during a playback remembered its location and approached on a subsequent lek visit. The results provide necessary support for the epigamic function of vocal display, and suggest ways in which female responses to male display may influence lek structure.