cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of prediction for high-temperature exposures enhances Drosophila place learning.

SUMMARY Animals receive rewards and punishments in different patterns. Sometimes stimuli or behaviors can become predictors of future good or bad events. Through learning, experienced animals can then avoid new but similar bad situations, or actively seek those conditions that give rise to good results. Not all good or bad events, however, can be accurately predicted. Interestingly, unpredicted exposure to presumed rewards or punishments can inhibit or enhance later learning, thus linking the two types of experiences. In Drosophila, place memories can be readily formed; indeed, memory was enhanced by exposing flies to high temperatures that are unpaired from place or behavioral contingencies. Whether it is the exposure to high temperatures per se or the lack of prediction about the exposure that is crucial for memory enhancement is unknown. Through yoking experiments, we show that the uncertainty about exposure to high temperatures positively biases later place memory. However, the unpredicted exposures to high temperature do not alter thermosensitivity. Thus, the uncertainty bias does not alter thermosensory processes. An unidentified system is proposed to buffer the high-temperature reinforcement information to influence place learning when accurate predictions can be identified.
Individuals with Grapheme-Color Associations Exhibit Creativity

Synesthesia occurs when a single stimulus triggers two or more sensations simultaneously in different modalities. Grapheme-color association is a frequently reported type of synesthesia. Two types of grapheme-color associations have been identified: associators and projectors. Associators experience the colors conceptually, while projectors report actually perceiving the colors. Here, we evaluated the frequency of both types of grapheme-color association among a college sample. Our findings indicate that 8% of the sample demonstrated grapheme-color associator tendencies and 3% demonstrated grapheme-color projector tendencies. No participants demonstrated both associator and projector synesthetic tendencies. Additionally, as the relation between creativity and synesthesia has been the subject of interest of many experts in the field, participants' creative abilities were assessed through use of the Alternate Uses Test and self-report. The results support the link between synesthesia and creativity in proje...
Establishing clinical pharmacy services in multiple campuses of an acute-rehabilitation facility

The new directors of pharmacy at the Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation were challenged to demonstrate to organizational leaders the potential benefits of clinical pharmacy services. Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation is one of the nation’s largest rehabilitation hospitals located on three
Results of direct coronary artery surgery in women.

In the past 4 years, among 260 patients receiving coronary bypass grafts for coronary artery disease and stable angina pectoris, there were 34 women (13 per cent). The operative mortality rate for women was 8 per cent (3 of 34), and one late death due to myocardial infarction occurred in spite of a patent coronary bypass graft. The intraoperative infarction rate was 20 per cent (6 per cent in men). Although preoperative cardiac pump and muscle function parameters were better in women than in men (p
Prolonged perfusion in cardiac and respiratory emergencies

Ein neuer Membranoxygenator eroffnet Aussichten einer kurz- oder langdauernden Perfusion von Patienten mit Lungen- oder Herzversagen infolge von Herzinfarkt oder infolge akuter Herzinsuffizienz nach Herzoperationen.
Intrauterine fetal transfusion in the treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis

Fifty-nine fetuses of severely sensitized rhesus-negative women were selected for intrauterine fetal transfusion. This selection was based primarily on the level of amniotic fluid pigment and previous obstetric history; serum antibody titers were found to be of little or no value. Thirty of the 59 fetuses were stillborn; 13 apparently died as a direct result of intrauterine fetal transfusion, although lethal trauma was found in only 3. There were 10 neonatal deaths, most of which were due to hydrops fetalis. Nineteen infants survived, a salvage rate of 32.2 per cent. The influences on fetal survival of amniotic fluid pigment level, the presence of intrauterine hydrops fetalis, gestational age at the time of the initial intrauterine fetal transfusion, and the time and type of delivery are discussed. The salvage of one third of infants whom we believe would have died otherwise seems to both justify and demand intrauterine fetal transfusion.
Translating in Linguistically Diverse Societies: Translation policy in the United Kingdom

This work is the first book-length treatment on translation policy. Nearly everywhere in the world, populations are multilingual and mobile; consequently, language policies developed by the authorities must include choices about the use or non-use of translation. This book recognizes that these choices (or the absence thereof) become policies of their own in terms of translation. It builds upon the work of scholars in the fields of translation studies and language planning and policy in order to develop a new theoretical perspective on translation policy. In essence, the book proposes that translation policy can be understood as the management, practice, and beliefs surrounding the use of translation. The book deals with these issues under European and international law and then explores such management, practice, and beliefs in the UK, as a case study. Ultimately, the reader can find a fuller appreciation of both the importance and complexity of translation policy.
Child welfare involvement and contexts of poverty: The role of parental adversities, social networks, and social services

Abstract Research documents a link between poverty and child welfare involvement, but the nature of this relationship is unclear. By providing in-depth accounts of situations leading to child welfare involvement, parents' perspectives can enrich our understanding of how poverty matters for child welfare involvement. Based on in-depth interviews with 40 poor parents previously investigated for child maltreatment, I discuss contexts of poverty that provided pathways to child welfare involvement. Poverty created environments of desperation and disadvantage, combined with reliance on supports that reported parents to child welfare agencies. The vast majority of incidents parents described implicated in their involvement parental adversities related to poverty; embeddedness in disadvantaged networks or volatile personal relationships; and/or involvement in, or need for, social services. These findings suggest a research approach that interrogates this complexity and maltreatment prevention policies that broadly strengthen supports for families and communities.
Soil Taxonomy: An Overview:

The growth of crops depends on many factors, not least the nature of the soil. It is, therefore, important to be able to describe soils in unequivocal terms, much as living organisms are precisely ...
Introduction: Toward a New Critical Paradigm for the Study of Culture and Globalization

The introduction surveys the major arguments relating to the three fields of study this book dialogues with—globalization studies, Latin American studies, and film studies—and offers a critical intervention that demonstrates why putting these fields into conversation is productive and revelatory. The goal is to trace out the details of a new critical paradigm for studying globalization and culture via analysis of Latin American cinema. This new paradigm focuses on the deep ambivalence of working within neoliberalism and against it at the same time. And it argues that neoliberalism renders culture a commodity at the same time that communities fight to reinvest cultural struggles with political potential.
The Changing Paradigms for Breast Cancer Surgery: Performing Fewer and Less-Invasive Operations

Historically, through the conduct of prospective clinical trials, breast cancer surgeons have performed less radical breast and axillary surgeries with no survival decrement to our patients. Currently, other opportunities exist for the treating breast surgeon to do less. Possibilities include active surveillance for ductal carcinoma in situ, ablative therapy for small primary breast cancers, selective omission of a sentinel node biopsy, and selective elimination of breast surgery after neoadjuvant systemic therapy. Breast surgeons must be leaders in the development and testing of effective therapy with the least intervention possible.
Social Sensors Early Detection of Contagious Outbreaks in Social Media

Cascades of information in social media (like Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, etc.) have become well-established precursors to important societal events such as epidemic outbreaks, flux in stock patterns, political revolutions, and civil unrest activity. Early detection of such events is important so that the contagion can either be leveraged for applications like viral marketing and spread of ideas [4] or can be contained so as to quell negative campaigns [2] and minimize the spread of rumors. In this work, we algorithmically design social sensors, a small subset of the entire network, who can effectively foretell cascading behavior and thus detect contagious outbreaks. While several techniques (for example, the friendship paradox [3]) to design sensors exist, most of them exploit the social network topology and do not effectively capture the bursty dynamics of a social network like Twitter, since they ignore two key observations (1) Several viral phenomenal have already cascaded in the network (2) most contagious outbreaks are a combination of network flow and external influence.
Historical Aspects of the Cholinergic Transmission

My long-held personal opinion that the transmission phenomena are more exciting than other physiological and pharmacological events may be subjective and biased, but there cannot be any doubt that the synaptic or junctional phenomena generally, and the cholinergic transmission specifically, constitute most rewarding processes, both intellectually and aesthetically. Nevertheless, I will try to prove this truism.
Soybean Fungicide Phytotoxicity Study, Northwest Research Farm

There has been some concern that the triazole group of fungicides may cause some leaf burn to soybean leaves, when applied under hot, humid conditions. Two triazole fungicides were used in this study. Metconazole was evaluated and it is currently under consideration as a section 18 emergency exemption fungicide. Caramba is the trade name of metconazole used in this experiment. Tebuconazole was also evaluated and it is currently available as a section 18 emergency exemption fungicide in the United States, where it is sold under the trade names of Folicur, Orius, and Uppercut. Materials and Methods The fungicide treatments were a 1X rate of metconazole (9.6 oz/acre), a 2X rate of metconazole (19.2 oz/acre), and a 2X treatment of tebuconazole (8.0 oz/acre). Treatments were applied on July 19, 2005, to soybeans that were in the full bloom (R2) stage. Conditions were ideal for crop injury as the air temperature was over 90F with high relative humidity.
Hyperspectral Applications in Urban Geography

This chapter examines the scale and scope of hyperspectral remote sensing applications and presents a brief case study. As the case study demonstrates, hyperspectral approaches expand the range and accuracy of very fine scale urban studies.
Overview of methodology and endpoints in fathead minnow lifecycle tests assessing pulp and paper mill effluents

Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) lifecycle tests have been used to assess the effects of many North American pulp mill effluents. Fish are exposed under controlled laboratory conditions to final effluent, from the egg stage through hatching, juvenile stage and mature adult stage. Outlined here are methods for the lifecycle test (which takes from 4 to 5 months to complete) with sampling of juvenile fish at 1, 2 and 3 months of age, and sampling of mature adults after breeding. The results of most fathead minnow lifecycle studies have shown that pulp mill effluents cause metabolic and reproductive disruption (enlarged livers, reduced egg production, smaller gonads, decreased sex hormones and reduced secondary sex characteristics). Thus, the fathead minnow lifecycle assay is able to mimic the most commonly observed changes seen in wild fish exposed to pulp mill effluents. Sensitive indicators of reproductive effects in fathead minnows exposed for a lifecycle to pulp mill effluents include secondary sex characteristics, time to first reproduction and number of eggs laid. Egg production is often the most sensitive response to pulp mill effluents. Because of the length and cost of full lifecycle tests, a shortened assay using adult fish was developed as a screen for endocrine-disrupting compounds. This assay, the terminal reproduction test, has been used with success on a few pulp mill effluents. The assay exposes fathead minnow breeding pairs for three weeks to effluent, and compares egg production, sex characteristics and bioindicators of reproductive performance in pre-exposure versus post-exposure fish. For assessment of pulp mill effluents, it appears that the sensitivity of the shortened terminal reproductive fathead minnow assay may be improved by assessing bioindicators of reproductive performance (such as circulating levels of sex hormones, and circulating or hepatic vitellogenin) along with changes in secondary sex characteristics and egg production.
Upper urinary tract anomalies associated with congenital hypospadias: is screening necessary?

AbstractConflicting reports in regard to the incidence of upper urinary tract abnormalities associated with hypospadias have appeared in the urological literature during the last 25 years. We reviewed the charts of 301 patients with hypospadias, 233 of whom had either an excretory urogram or renal ultrasound as routine screening examinations. An abnormality of the upper urinary tract was detected in 4, 2 of whom had an indication for upper tract evaluation owing to additional congenital abnormalities. Only 1 of the remaining 2 patients required intervention for the discovered abnormality, making clinical screening useful in only 0.4 per cent of the group. Severity of hypospadias was unrelated to the incidence of upper urinary tract abnormality. We conclude that routine imaging of the upper urinary tract in patients with hypospadias is of minimal clinical use.
Antimicrobial peptides versus invasive infections.

It has been estimated that there are more microorganisms within and upon the human body than there are human cells. By necessity, every accessible niche must be defended by innate mechanisms to prevent invasive infection, and ideally that precludes the need for robust inflammatory responses. Yet the potential for pathogens to transcend the integument actively or passively and access the bloodstreamemphasizes the need for rapid and potent antimicrobial defense mechanisms within the vascular compartment. Antimicrobial peptides from leukocytes have long been contemplated as being integral to defense against these infections. Recently, platelets are increasingly recognized for their likely multiple roles in antimicrobial host defense. Platelets and leukocytes sharemany structural and functional archetypes. Once activated, both cell types respond in specificways that emphasize key roles for their antimicrobial peptides in host defense efficacy: (a) targeted accumulation at sites of tissue injury or infection; (b) direct interaction with pathogens; and (c) deployment of intracellular (leukocyte phagosomes) or extracellular (platelet secretion) antimicrobial peptides. Antimicrobial peptides from these cells exert rapid, potent, and direct antimicrobial effects against organisms that commonly access the bloodstream. Experimental models in vitro and in vivo show that antimicrobial peptides from these cells significantly contribute to prevent or limit infection. Moreover, certain platelet antimicrobial proteins are multifunctional kinocidins (microbicidal chemokines) that recruit leukocytes to sites of infection, and potentiate the antimicrobial mechanisms of these cells. In turn, pathogens pre-decorated by kinocidins may be more efficiently phagocytosed and killed by leukocytes and their antimicrobial peptide arsenal.Hence,multiple and relevant interactions between platelets and leukocytes have immunologic functions yet to be fully understood. A clearer definition of these interactions, and the antimicrobial peptide effectors contributing to these functions, will significantly advance our understanding of antimicrobial host defense against invasive infection. In addition, this knowledge may accelerate development of novel anti-infective agents and strategies against pathogens that have become refractory to conventional antimicrobials.
Amendment-assisted revegetation of mine tailings: improvement of tailings quality and biomass production.

Mining activities have left a legacy of metals containing tailings impoundments. After mine closure, reclamation of mine wastes can be achieved by restoration of a vegetation cover. This study inve...
Preferential excitation of a single nanomagnet using magnetoelastic coupling

We report preferential excitation and detection of the precessional spin dynamics of individual nanomagnets via magnetoelastic (MEL) resonance excitation. Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are generated via the ultrafast optical excitation of a nonmagnetic grating (Al bars) with lithographically defined acoustic eigenmodes. We show that the precessional spin dynamics in two identical, elliptical nanomagnets with orthogonal orientations can be selectively excited by the SAWs via control of the applied magnetic field. Furthermore, we observe that both the amplitude and damping of the magnetoelastically induced precession depend on the relative orientation of the SAW with respect to the nanomagnets. Using magnetomechanical simulations, we show that the acoustic excitation is most efficient when the spatial distributions of the natural and SAW-driven magnetic resonances overlap. These findings reveal a direct connection between the geometry and MEL excitation efficiency and have implications for the rational design of nanoscale magnetomechanical devices.
Impact of cell cycle control and cellular proliferation of miR-192 via targeting dihydrofolate reductase and E2F-3 pathway

5055 MicroRNAs are a class of non-coding small RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by interacting with 3’-UTRs of their target mRNAs. Mounting experimental evidence indicates that microRNAs play important roles in human cancers acting either as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes depending on their targets. Previous studies from our group have identified certain miRNAs maybe regulated by p53 tumor suppressor gene. To further elucidate the molecular and cellular impact of one of the candidate miRNAs, miR-192, in this study, the expression of miR-192 was over-expressed by transient transfection in HCT-116 (wt-p53) and HCT-116 (null-p53) colon cancer cell lines. We have identified that one of the miR-192 target gene is dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). The DHFR 3’-UTR region of DHFR contains a putative miR-192 binding site using TargetScan analysis. The expression of DHFR was significantly decreased by miR-192 using Western immunoblot analysis. Further analysis indicates that such suppression was due to translation arrest rather than mRNA degradation. The proliferation of cells transfected with miR-192 was nearly completely decreased at 100 nM in HCT-116 (wt-p53) cells while the control miR has no effect. Inhibition of proliferation in HCT-116 (null-p53) cells by miR-192 was less than HCT-116 (wt-p53) cells at the same concentration. HCT-116 (wt-p53) cells transfected with miR-192 was arrested at G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The mechanism of this arrest was at least in part, due to the reduction of E2F-3 expression. The cell cycle check point control genes p53 and p21 were highly over-expressed in cells that over-expressing miR-192. The endogeneous miR-192 expression was induced in HCT-116 (wt-p53) cells treated with methotraxate (MTX) with the increased expression of p53. miR-192 maybe another miRNA candidate that was involved in the p53 tumor suppressor network with significant impact on cell cycle control and cell proliferation.
Sudden Cardiac Death: A Pediatrician's Role.

1. Benjamin H. Hammond, MD* 2. Kenneth G. Zahka, MD* 3. Peter F. Aziz, MD* 1. *Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Children’s, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH * Abbreviations: ACC: : American College of Cardiology AED: : automated external defibrillator ARVC: : arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy CPVT: : catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ECG: : electrocardiogram HCM: : hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ICD: : implantable cardioverter-defibrillator LQTS: : long QT syndrome LVNC: : left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy LVOT: : left ventricular outflow tract RV: : right ventricle SADS: : sudden arrhythmic death syndrome SCA: : sudden cardiac arrest SCD: : sudden cardiac death TdP: : torsade de pointes VA: : ventricular arrhythmia VT: : ventricular tachycardia 1. There is a broad differential diagnosis to be considered in cases of sudden cardiac arrest, sudden cardiac death. 2. Timely diagnosis can circumvent progression to cardiac arrest in at-risk individuals. 3. All children should be screened and testing should be reserved for those with increased risk. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Assess risk of sudden cardiac arrest/sudden cardiac death (SCA/SCD) with a screening history and physical examination. 2. Identify the mechanisms of distinct etiologies of SCA/SCD. 3. Recognize findings consistent with risk of SCA/SCD on a 12-lead electrocardiogram. 4. Address the concerns and questions of individuals and families after SCA/SCD. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) or sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) may occur in populations known to be at high risk or in individuals previously unrecognized to harbor underlying disease. This review focuses on the pediatrician’s role in identifying the latter group. SCA is a “severe malfunction or cessation of the electrical and mechanical activity of the heart, resulting in almost instantaneous loss of consciousness and collapse” that precedes SCD. (1) SCD is defined as rapid, unexpected death from cardiac causes that occurs within 1 hour of symptoms. (2) SCD that is known to be secondary to a primary arrhythmia is termed sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) . SCA is a common cause of death in adults, with the annual incidence estimated to be approximately 100 per 100,000, with variation seen with age, sex, and race. (3) These deaths are predominantly associated with coronary artery disease. In individuals younger than 18 years, SCA is much less common, with an estimated annual incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of 8.3 per 100,000 person-years. (4 …
Patients Assess an eConsult Model’s Acceptability at 5 US Academic Medical Centers

PURPOSE Electronic consultation (eConsult), involving asynchronous primary care clinician-to-specialist consultation, is being adopted at a growing number of health systems. Most evaluations of eConsult programs have assessed clinical and financial impacts and clinician acceptability. Less attention has been focused on patients’ opinions. We set out to understand patient perspectives and preferences for hypothetical eConsult use at 5 US academic medical centers in the process of adopting an eConsult model. METHODS We invited adult primary care patients to participate in focus groups. Participants were introduced to the eConsult model, considered its potential benefits and drawbacks, judged the acceptability of a hypothetical copay, and expressed their preferences for future involvement in eConsult decision making and communication. Thematic analysis was used for data interpretation. RESULTS One focus group was conducted at each of the 5 sites with a total of 52 participants. Focus groups responded positively to the idea of eConsult, with quicker access to specialty care and convenience identified as key benefits. Approval was particularly high among those with a trusted primary care clinician. Preference for involvement in eConsult decision making and communication varied and enthusiasm about eConsult waned when a hypothetical copay was introduced. Concerns included potential misuse of eConsult and exclusion of the patient’s illness narrative in the eConsult exchange. CONCLUSIONS Primary care patients expressed strong support for eConsult, particularly when used by a trusted primary care clinician, in addition to voicing several concerns. Patient involvement in eConsult outreach and education efforts could help to enhance the model’s effectiveness and acceptability.
Dahlia Porter's Science, Form, and the Problem of Induction in British Romanticism

Dahlia Porter's Science, Form, and the Problem of Induction in British Romanticism is a book about how Romantics dealt with issues of too much knowledge, too much information, and too many books. T...
Multidisciplinary Sprint Program Achieved Specialty-Specific EHR Optimization in 20 Clinics.

Objective The objective of the study was to highlight and analyze the outcomes of software configuration requests received from Sprint, a comprehensive, clinic-centered electronic health record (EHR) optimization program. Methods A retrospective review of 1,254 Sprint workbook requests identified (1) the responsible EHR team, (2) the clinical efficiency gained from the request, and (3) the EHR intervention conducted. Results Requests were received from 407 clinicians and 538 staff over 31 weeks of Sprint. Sixty-nine percent of the requests were completed during the Sprint. Of all requests, 25% required net new build, 73% required technical investigation and/or solutions, and 2% of the requests were escalated to the vendor. The clinical specialty groups requested a higher percentage of items that earned them clinical review (16 vs. 10%) and documentation (29 vs. 23%) efficiencies compared with their primary care colleagues who requested slightly more order modifications (22 vs. 20%). Clinical efficiencies most commonly associated with workbook requests included documentation (28%), ordering (20%), in basket (17%), and clinical review (15%). Sprint user requests evaluated by ambulatory, hardware, security, and training teams comprised 80% of reported items. Discussion Sprint requests were categorized as clean-up, break-fix, workflow investigation, or new build. On-site collaboration with clinical care teams permitted consensus-building, drove vetting, and iteration of EHR build, and led to goal-driven, usable workflows and EHR products. Conclusion This program evaluation demonstrates the process by which optimization can occur and the products that result when we adhere to optimization principles in health care organizations.
Effects of multiple simultaneous faults on characteristic fault detection features of a heat pump in cooling mode

Abstract Faults in air-cooled vapor compression air-conditioning systems are known to reduce performance, including efficiency, capacity, and lifespan. Their effects have been studied, and fault detection and diagnostic (FDD) methods have been developed as tools for field technicians to install or repair systems, or for monitoring to alert operators to the fault’s presence. Most of this work has focused on faults that occur singly. It is likely that in some systems, multiple faults occur simultaneously, but it is uncertain what effects this may have on diagnostics. This paper describes a laboratory study of a split system air source heat pump in which combinations of two, three, and four simultaneous faults occur. The study includes all combinations of: improper evaporator airflow; overcharge or undercharge of refrigerant; liquid line restrictions; and non-condensable gas in the refrigerant, each at multiple fault intensities. Fault features – those characteristics that can be determined from measurements, for use in diagnostics – are analyzed, and the key fault features are presented. A robust existing method for determining refrigerant charge, the virtual refrigerant charge sensor (VRC) is tested using the multiple fault data, in order to understand how its performance is impacted by the combined faults. The VRC performs well, typically able to correctly determine whether a system is undercharged or overcharged, but the magnitude estimates are impacted. The results suggest that simple subcooling-based methods of charging a system are likely to provide unsatisfactory results when other faults are present.
Immunotherapy and Immunopotentiation

The modern era of tumor immunotherapy started with William B. Coley, a surgeon at Memorial Hospital in New York at the end of the last century. As stated in Chapter 27, Coley had successfully treated sarcomas using live bacteria. The treatment produced a marked febrile course resulting in some spectacular results, but unfortunately the results were inconsistent and unpredictable. He next turned to using vaccines prepared from killed bacteria and again had some success, but the therapy proved to be nonspecific. Interest waxed and waned, but advances in molecular biology and understanding of the mechanism of drugs and multiple lesions on the cell has currently resulted in a revival of interest in this field.
The Plastic Bending of an Eccentrically Loaded Column

for the buckling load of an initially straight, simply supported, elastic column compressed by central axial end loads. A similar s tudy of plastic columns was deferred for more than a century. After some exploratory work by Considere and Engesser, von Karman 6 derived an expression for an "effective" or "reduced" modulus which would replace Young's modulus in Eq. (1.1), thus extending the validity of this formula beyond the elastic range. A convenient summary of this theory has been given by Timoshenko. The classical approach to stability problems, employed universally by the authors cited above, consists of determining whether a column can pass from the straight to a bent equilibrium configuration when subjected to a prescribed axial load. The smallest axial load for which such a transition is possible is the "buckling load" given by the Euler von Karman formula. Eventually, careful experiments revealed significant discrepancies between observed values of the buckling loads and those predicted on the basis of the classical theory. To explain this phenomenon, Shanley 9
Thermoelastic fracture solutions using distributions of singular influence functions—I: Determining crack stress fields from dislocation distributions

Abstract A numerical technique has been developed for the determination of stress fields assoicated with a variety of two-dimensional fracturing problems. The procedure allows the analysis of cracks intersecting the free surface of a half-space, of branched or blunted cracks, and of infinitely long arrays of periodically-spaced cracks. The technique employs an efficient surface integral method, using the well-known mathematical equivalence of cracks and distributions of edge dislocations. New conditions are developed for closing the set of equations governing cracks intersecting a free surface, based on a consideration of the stresses at the point of intersection.
Synergistic activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter by the viral Tat protein and cellular transcription factor Sp1.

Abstract We have previously shown that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein can activate a synthetic promoter containing consensus-binding sites for the cellular transcription factor Sp1. In this report, we show that a GAL-Tat fusion protein targeted via GAL4 DNA-binding sites can also trans activate an HIV-1 LTR promoter independently of the trans-activation response region. To show that the trans activation of the promoter by Tat directly involves the Sp1 protein, we have targeted a GAL-Sp1 fusion protein to the long terminal repeat promoter via upstream GAL4-binding sites. In the presence of Tat and GAL-Sp1, the promoter is synergistically trans activated at the transcriptional level, indicating that Tat and Sp1 functionally interact to trans activate the HIV-1 promoter. The Sp1 synergism is relatively specific, since another chimeric transcriptional activator, GAL-VP16, does not appear to be significantly synergistic with Tat.
Study of Nox Emission Characteristics of a 1025t/h Coal-Fired Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler

Measurements of emission are carried out in a 1025t/h CFB boiler. The effect of some factors including coal properties, bed temperature, unit load, excess air on the emission of NOx are investigated. The measurement results show that the N concentration in the coal is dominant parameter to predict the NOx emission from a large-scale CFB boiler. NOx emission from the 1025t/h CFB boiler increases with cyclone temperature and upper pressure drop due to post combustion and external cycle.
A Welcome Attack on American Values : How the Doctrines of Robert Owen Attracted American Society

In November 1824, Robert Owen came to the United States with the intention of putting his beliefs about society into practice. He had done so once before in the “new system of society” that he had created at New Lanark (the site of a textile factory he owned), in which he singled out individualism, competition and selfishness as the sources of social evil. The prescribed cure was an improvement of their environment and circumstances, which Owen believed to be the true determiners of a person’s character. The experiment was considered a great success, and served as an international model. This perception of man’s character as being determined by his cultural surroundings was shared by many Americans of the time, as evidenced by the popularity of various reform movements. With the intention of recreating a society like the one he had engineered at New Lanark, Owen purchased the Indiana village of Harmonie from the religious sect (the Rappites) that inhabited it, rechristened it New Harmony, and issued an open invitation to all people to join his communitarian experiment. The excitement that ensued around the country was almost palpable as Owen embarked on a massive promotional tour for his venture: he met privately with former presidents, he recruited new members in Philadelphia, and he lectured in front of numerous statesmen, proclaiming the glories of his “new system of society.” This article is available in Constructing the Past: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/constructing/vol8/iss1/9 A Welcome Attack on American Values 87 A Welcome Attack on American Values: How the Doctrines of Robert Owen Attracted American Society
Regional Research on the Inca

The past two decades have witnessed an increase in the amount of regional research on the Inca state of Andean South America. This work has revolutionized our view of the Inca empire and has provided a comparative database for understanding the nature of imperial expansion in premodern empires. This paper places this work in historical context. It then describes the way in which a regional approach has complemented other research to give us a fuller picture of Inca imperial strategies. The Inca state used a variety of strategies to incorporate its provinces into a viable political entity. Regional archaeological approaches provide the best means of defining those strategies, giving us a more nuanced view of premodern states such as the Inca.
Optimum detection of myocardial infarctions with an intracavitary probe

Small myocardial infarctions (MI) may be life threatening, but cannot be easily detected using standard, body surface electrocardiography. This model study explores the use of an intracavitary probe to detect small MI's. The likelihood ratio is used for detection because it is optimum for most optimality criteria. A new quasi-static electromagnetic model of MI is presented which preserves the essential geometric features, while according relatively fast numerical solutions. A tabulation of simulated results shows that an intracavitary probe can detect infarcts as small as 400 mm/sup 2/ in 1 mV of noise with a detectability index of 0.495. (The detectability index is a measure of detection performance between 0.0 and 0.5, where 0.5 indicates perfect detection.) Simulations are presented for a variety of noise sources, infarction sizes, and probe designs. >
Three-year continuation of reversible contraception

Objective The objective of this analysis was to estimate the 3-year continuation rates of long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods and to compare these rates to non-LARC methods. Study Design The Contraceptive CHOICE Project (CHOICE) was a prospective cohort study that followed 9256 participants with telephone surveys at 3 and 6 months, then every 6 months for 2–3 years. We estimated 3-year continuation rates of baseline methods that were chosen at enrollment. The LARC methods include the 52-mg levonorgestrel intrauterine device; the copper intrauterine device, and the subdermal implant). These were then compared to rates to non-LARC hormonal methods (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patch, and vaginal ring). Eligibility criteria for this analysis included participants who started their baseline chosen method by the 3-month survey. Participants who discontinued their method to attempt conception were censored. We used a Cox proportional hazard model to adjust for confounding and to estimate the hazard ratio for risk of discontinuation. Results Our analytic sample consisted of 4708 CHOICE participants who met inclusion criteria. Three-year continuation rates were 69.8% for users of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device, 69.7% for copper intrauterine device users, and 56.2% for implant users. At 3 years, continuation was 67.2% among LARC users and 31.0% among non-LARC users ( P Conclusion Three-year continuation of the 2 intrauterine devices approached 70%. Continuation of LARC methods was significantly higher than non-LARC methods.
845 MOLECULAR BASIS OF GROWTH HORMONE (GH) GENE DELETIONS

A rare type of familial isolated GH deficiency (type 1A) is caused by homozygosity for deletion of the structural gene for GH (GH-N). This gene is normally located on the 5' end of the 40-kb GH gene cluster (5'-GH(N)-CS(L)-CS(A)-GH(V)-CS(B)-3'). Six of eight such deletions we have studied differed in either their size (6.7 versus 7.6-kb) or in their pattern of restriction fragments which contain the non-deleted components of the cluster. Since these differences suggested GH-N deletions had occurred multiple different times we analyzed the DNA sequence of a novel fragment produced by a deletion to determine the mechanism of the deletion. The DNA studied was from a subject with a 7.6-kb deletion in which the BAM HI derived 8.3-kb genomic fragment normally containing the CS-L gene was replaced by a unique 9.3-kb fragment. We inferred this unique fragment resulted from fusion of sequences which normally flank the GH-N gene. The complete DNA sequence of the 9.3-kb fragment was determined and the point of transition from sequences normally 5' to GH-N to those normally 3' was detected. The junction of these flanking sequences occurred within the 29-bp sequence TCAGCAGAAGTGGAATTCAGGAGTGAATC. Perfect repeats of these 29 bases lie 497-bp 5' and 7082-bp 3' to the GH-N cap site. Since the 7.6-kb genornic deletions would result from unequal crossing-over between these two homologous copies these repeats may comprise hotspots for recurrence of such deletions.
The Affordable Care Act and implications for young adult health

In the USA, young adults are most likely to be uninsured and least likely to report a usual source of medical care than any age group. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) recognizes the critical need for expanded insurance coverage for this age group, and multiple provisions of the ACA address insurance coverage and health care utilization in young adults. This paper presents a brief overview of the challenges of maintaining health insurance coverage and accessing health care in young adults, provisions of the ACA relevant to young adults, and early impact of the ACA on young adult health insurance status and health care access and utilization. We offer policy suggestions for behavioral health providers to address continued challenges related to health care for young adults.
Clinical and Epidemiological Significance of Left Ventricular Mass Assessed in Children and Adolescents

The ability to measure left ventricular mass (LVM) by echocardiography has led to an important understanding of the contribution of inappropriate LVM to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. In particular, the identification by Levy et al,1 in the Framingham Study, of increased LVM as a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality independent of conventional risk factors, including obesity and hypertension, initiated many studies by independent investigators to better understand the clinical significance of this finding. Because children and adolescents grow rapidly and their blood pressure increases with age, pediatric studies have been important in understanding the evolution of LVM in generally healthy individuals. Cross-sectional studies have shown that the major determinants of left ventricular growth are body size and sex, with a smaller contribution made by blood pressure.2 3 Allometric relationships between somatic and cardiac growth have been established, and although these coefficients vary slightly from study to study, they consistently explain a significant percentage of mass variation.2 3 The importance of somatic growth as the major determinant of left ventricular growth has been established by repeat measurements of mass over a 5-year interval in the Bogalusa Heart Study …
Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Ethanol on Plasma Glucose, Lactic Acid and Pyruvic Acid Concentrations in Miniature Swine '

Fructose, infused intravenously with ethanol, alleviated ethanol-induced hypoglycemia in adult miniature swine at all concentrations tested. Increases in plasma lactic acid and pyruvic acid concentrations also were found.
The future of CpG immunotherapy in cancer.

Progress of ‘free’ CpG DNA oligonucleotides containing unmethylated deoxycytidylyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotides are commonly referred to as CpGs. The unmethylated CG sequence is characteristic of bacterial DNA. CpGs stimulate mammalian immune cells through recognition by Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 [1]. Unlike many other TLRs, TLR9 is not found on the surface of cells, but is initially localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and is then found colocalized with CpGs in lysosomes following stimulation. TLR9 stimulation by CpGs initiates the production of cytokines and can lead to both the destruction of nearby antigens and the induction of memory T cells against those antigens. This cascade has been exploited to use CpGs as potent immunostimulatory agents for both innate and specific immunity. In particular, CpGs stabilized with phosphorothioate backbones have demonstrated excellent activity in experimental models against allergies, viral infections and cancer. This editorial will focus on the use of CpGs in cancer immunotherapy.
Effect of apomorphine infusion on plasma homovanillic acid in normal subjects

Previous experiments suggest that pharmacological perturbations of the brain dopaminergic system may be reflected by concentrations of plasma homovanillic acid. This study examined the ability of apomorphine infusion to reduce plasma homovanillic acid concentrations in normal subjects. The data suggests that apomorphine does not reduce plasma homovanillic acid concentration.
Control of time-periodic systems

The problem of active control of linear, time-periodic systems is discussed and several useful pole placement techniques are found. The techniques available for solving a linear, time-periodic system (a Floquet problem) are summarized. The problem of determining the state feedback necessary to alter one characteristic root is solved completely. When conjugate roots are to be moved, a useful relation is found linking the old and new roots in the case of scalar control, and in the case of vector control, we present a pole-placement algorithm. Finally, we offer some discussion on the remaining problems of time-periodic control.
Activation of p53 enhances apoptosis and insulin resistance in a rat model of alcoholic liver disease

Background & Aims Chronic ethanol consumption in the Long–Evans (LE) rat has been associated with hepatic p53 activation, and inhibition of the insulin/PI3K/AKT signal transduction cascade due to increased expression of PTEN. We hypothesize that p53 activation and altered insulin signaling may influence the susceptibility of rats to ethanol-induced liver damage. Furthermore, p53 not only activates programmed cell death pathways and suppresses hepatocellular survival signals, but also promotes gluconeogenesis to increase systemic insulin resistance due to a novel metabolic function. Methods Fischer (F), Sprague–Dawley (SD) and LE rats were fed ethanol-containing or control liquid diet for 8weeks. Histopathological and biochemical changes were assessed. Results Here, we demonstrate that chronic ethanol feeding in rats promotes p53 activation, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress, PUMA, and PTEN expression, which contribute to hepatocellular death and diminished insulin signaling in the liver. Such changes are pronounced in the LE, less prominent in SD, and virtually absent in the F rat strain. More importantly, there is activation of Tp53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) in the ethanol-fed LE rat. This event generates low hepatic fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P 2 ) levels, reduced lactate/pyruvate ratio and may contribute to increased basal glucose turnover and high residual hepatic glucose production during euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Conclusions p53 activation correlates with the susceptibility to ethanol-induced liver damage in different rat strains. p53 not only orchestrates apoptosis and suppresses cell survival, but by activating TIGAR and decreasing hepatic Fru-2,6-P 2 levels it promotes insulin resistance and therefore, contributes to the metabolic abnormalities associated with hepatic steatosis.
Masculine gender role stress. Scale development and component factors in the appraisal of stressful situations.

It is proposed that masculine gender role socialization affects whether men appraise specific situations as stressful. Behavioral research on stress and coping has remained relatively blind to the possibility of significant gender role differences in appraising events as stressful. Therefore, a new scale was developed to measure masculine gender role stress (MGRS). Data were presented to substantiate hypotheses that MGRS scores (1) significantly distinguish men from women, (2) are unrelated to global measures of sex-typed masculinity, and (3) are significantly associated with at least two measures of self-reported stress (i.e., anger and anxiety). Stressful situations represented on the MGRS scale include cognitive, behavioral, and environmental events associated with the male gender role. Factor analysis demonstrates that these concerns cluster in five particular domains reflecting physical inadequacy, emotional inexpressiveness, subordination to women, intellectual inferiority, and performance failures ...