cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence imaging of blood-brain barrier disruption.

Abstract Pathological alterations of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) can be topographically heterogeneous. The goal of this study was to develop a method to assess rapidly the magnitude and spatial distribution of permeability changes. Rats were perfused via the common carotid arteries with Ringer's solution containing sodium fluorescein (NF) and Evans Blue albumin (EB). Global NF uptake was determined by fluorimetry and EB uptake was determined by absorbance spectroscopy. NF uptake was linear in control animals and at a rate comparable to sucrose, whereas uptake of EB was negligible. Infusion of 1.6 M mannitol immediately prior to perfusion significantly increased uptake of NF while EB uptake was unchanged. BBB disruption was confirmed by confocal microscopy of fresh-frozen sections. In control animals, NF and EB staining were limited to the edges of slices and to the circumventricular organs. In mannitol-treated animals, heavy NF staining was observed throughout the brain, and EB staining was localized around some microvessels. In animals given a ∼500 μl air embolus prior to perfusion, a discrete area of NF and EB staining could be observed near the ventral midline, while the rest of the brain remained unaltered. We find that brain perfusion with NF/EB enables a rapid, reliable, and highly sensitive assessment of global BBB permeability and microscopic visualization of discrete BBB disruptions.
EPA-1123 – Types of Adherence to Psychosocial Treatment: Strategies to Predict, Measure and Intervene

Introduction Non-adherence to psychosocial and behavioral treatment is a significant public health problem that presents a barrier to recovery and effective treatment. An estimated 20-70% of individuals who initiate psychosocial mental health services discontinue treatment prior to the clinicians’ recommendation. Empirically supported, evidence-based stand alone or adjunctive psychosocial interventions treat an increasingly wide range of mental health conditions; however, a core underlying assumption of most, if not all, interventions is that clients will fully and actively engage in the treatment protocol. While the influence of medication adherence has been more fully investigated, psychosocial treatment adherence has received less scientific attention. Objectives Study aims include: (1) conceptualize and categorize psychosocial treatment adherence, (2) examine predictors that influence adherence to psychosocial treatments, (3) identify treatment response patterns that relate to adherence, (4) summarize measures of adherence, and (5) describe existing interventions to enhance psychosocial treatment adherence. Methods Peer-reviewed publications on psychosocial and behavioral treatment adherence were searched using Medline and PsycINFO electronic databases between 1980 and 2013. Results/Conclusions It is crucial that clinicians and researchers systematically consider the role of adherence in their intervention protocols, including: (1) identifying and assessing barriers that may place clients at higher risk for non-adherence; (2) measuring multiple forms of adherence in their work; (3) addressing identified barriers with their clients; (4) considering factors within their practice or approach that can be modified to reduce barriers to adherence; and (5) adding adjunctive adherence strategies or interventions to prospectively promote psychosocial treatment adherence.
Study of ΛΛ correlations and search for H-dibaryon with STAR detector at RHIC

Abstract The production of large number of multi-strange hyperons per central nucleus–nucleus collision at RHIC allows us to study hyperon–hyperon interactions through measurement of two particle correlation and search for exotic particles like H -dibaryons. In this article, we discuss analysis details for the measurement of ΛΛ correlation in Au + Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV . Fits to different potential models are discussed and the extracted scattering length and effective range are also presented. Finally, we report the progress in searching for the H -dibaryon, a six quark state Jaffe (1977) [1] , using its weak decay Λpπ from Au + Au collisions at s N N = 200 GeV .
Effect of Geometry on the Reflectivity Spectrum of Radiometer Calibration Targets

The reflectivity spectrum of radiometer calibration targets with alternate geometries is studied in this letter. We have presented normal incidence plane-wave reflectivity of conical array and truncated square pyramid array in the frequency range [6,200] GHz. Irrespective of whether the pyramid cross-section is circular or square, a base-to-height ratio of 1:4 or better is required to achieve reflectivity of -50 dB or lower for frequencies higher than the first Floquet harmonic cutoff frequency. It was found that the variations in the reflectivity at high frequencies are less pronounced for conical arrays compared to square pyramids. This could make conical structures more useful for broadband calibration purposes. In the case of truncated square pyramids, a reduction in tip sharpness affects the reflectivity at high frequencies substantially. It was found that the use of MF117 or MF124 as coating material instead of MF112 can reduce the reflectivity by ~ 15 dB. The study concludes with the use of the unscented transformation to overcome time consuming Monte Carlo simulations in order to quantify the effect of material property uncertainties in computational electromagnetic simulations.
Men of thought, men of action: the Great War, masculinity, and the modernization of the French rabbinate

This paper explores the evolution of the training and function of the French rabbinate in the interwar period. The First World War thrust Jewish clerics out from obscure institutional positions to the very forefront of national activity as ‘soldiers’ for their community and for the nation. The war experience furnished the French rabbinate with a set of new vehicles for representing a novel model of Jewish integration. Martial and paternal masculinities were both patriotically French and ‘modern’ in their embrace of secular social service and community.
The racemization rate of selenomethionine and methionine in yeast at 100°C and neutral pH

Abstract The rate of racemization of selenomethinine in yeast at 100°C and pH 7.4 was determined using gas chromatography to separate the trifluoroacetyl- l -prolyl- d,l -selenomethionine methyl esters. The racemization half-life (i.e., the time required to attain a d/l ratio of 0.33) of selenomethionine was found to be similar to that of methionine and have a value of 19–20 days.
A Helium Inductively Coupled Plasma: Background Spectra Emitted in the Red and Near-Infrared Spectral Regions

The atomic emission spectrum of a He ICP, generated in a low-gas-flow torch, was recorded for the wavelength range of 630 to 950 nm. In general, the background spectrum of the He ICP is much simpler than that of an Ar ICP. In contrast to the Ar ICP, prominent lines of Br, C, CI, I, and S in the He ICP are free from spectral interferences.
Red ball: iPads in performance

Now you see it. Now you don't. This red ball is real, mimed, and rendered. In this performance these versatile performers use magic, mime, movement and iPads to play with a simple, red ball and a few heads. The performers from PUSH Physical Theatre and the graphics created by Marla Schweppe combined to create Red Ball.
Alloying, chemisorption and hydrogen embrittlement of steel

Abstract The chemisorption activity of iron was related to the embrittlement character of hydrogen. Theoretical and experimental considerations indicate that substitutional (and interstitial) impurities are unlikely to modify the heat of adsorption to any significant degree. This implies that the reduction in surface free energy induced via the adsorption of hydrogen is essentially the same in iron and its alloys. A Griffith analysis then suggests that alloying will be ineffective in ameliorating this aspect of hydrogen embrittlement. This is contrasted with the indigenous influence of alloying (which may itself change the surface free energy or modify the dominant fracture mode). The modification of the dominant fracture mode, in concert with the essentially unchanged embrittling effect of hydrogen, may strongly influence the net severity of the embrittlement problem.
POD/DEIM reduced-order strategies for efficient four dimensional variational data assimilation

This work studies reduced order modeling (ROM) approaches to speed up the solution of variational data assimilation problems with large scale nonlinear dynamical models. It is shown that a key requirement for a successful reduced order solution is that reduced order Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions accurately represent their full order counterparts. In particular, accurate reduced order approximations are needed for the forward and adjoint dynamical models, as well as for the reduced gradient. New strategies to construct reduced order based are developed for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) ROM data assimilation using both Galerkin and Petrov-Galerkin projections. For the first time POD, tensorial POD, and discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) are employed to develop reduced data assimilation systems for a geophysical flow model, namely, the two dimensional shallow water equations. Numerical experiments confirm the theoretical framework for Galerkin projection. In the case of Petrov-Galerkin projection, stabilization strategies must be considered for the reduced order models. The new reduced order shallow water data assimilation system provides analyses similar to those produced by the full resolution data assimilation system in one tenth of the computational time.
HTS navigator: freely accessible cheminformatics software for analyzing high-throughput screening data.

Summary: We report on the development of the high-throughput screening (HTS) Navigator software to analyze and visualize the results of HTS of chemical libraries. The HTS Navigator processes output files from different plate readers' formats, computes the overall HTS matrix, automatically detects hits and has different types of baseline navigation and correction features. The software incorporates advanced cheminformatics capabilities such as chemical structure storage and visualization, fast similarity search and chemical neighborhood analysis for retrieved hits. The software is freely available for academic laboratories. Availability and implementation: http://fourches.web.unc.edu/ Contact: ude.cnu.liame@sehcruof Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Agent-based distributed manufacturing process planning and scheduling: a state-of-the-art survey

Manufacturing process planning is the process of selecting and sequencing manufacturing processes such that they achieve one or more goals and satisfy a set of domain constraints. Manufacturing scheduling is the process of selecting a process plan and assigning manufacturing resources for specific time periods to the set of manufacturing processes in the plan. It is, in fact, an optimization process by which limited manufacturing resources are allocated over time among parallel and sequential activities. Manufacturing process planning and scheduling are usually considered to be two separate and distinct phases. Traditional optimization approaches to these problems do not consider the constraints of both domains simultaneously and result in suboptimal solutions. Without considering real-time machine workloads and shop floor dynamics, process plans may become suboptimal or even invalid at the time of execution. Therefore, there is a need for the integration of manufacturing process-planning and scheduling systems for generating more realistic and effective plans. After describing the complexity of the manufacturing process-planning and scheduling problems, this paper reviews the research literature on manufacturing process planning, scheduling as well as their integration, particularly on agent-based approaches to these difficult problems. Major issues in these research areas are discussed, and research opportunities and challenges are identified
Nuclease sensitive element binding protein 1 gene disruption results in early embryonic lethality.

Nuclease sensitive element binding protein 1 (NSEP1) is a member of the EFIA/NSEP1/YB-1 family of DNA-bindingproteinswhosemembersshareacoldshockdomain;ithasalsobeentermedDNA-bindingproteinBandY boxbindingprotein-1becauseofitsrecognitionoftranscriptionalregulatoryelements.Inaddition,NSEP1functionsinthe translationalregulationofrenin,ferritin,andinterleukin2transcripts,andourlaboratoryhasreportedthatitplaysarolein the biosynthesis of selenium-containing proteins. To test the functional importance of NSEP1 in murine embryonic development,wehaveutilizedacloneofEScellsinwhichtheNSEP1genehadbeendisruptedbyintegrationofaplasmid gene-trappingvectorintotheseventhexon.InjectionofthesecellsintoC57BL/6blastocystsresultedin11highpercentage chimericmice;crossestowildtypeC57BL/6micegenerated82F1agoutimice,indicatinggermlinetransmissionoftheES cell clone, but genotyping showed no evidence of the disrupted allele in any of these agouti offspring even though spermatozoafromfouroffivetestedmicecontainedthetargetedallele.Embryosharvestedaftertimedmatingsofchimeric malemicedemonstratedonlythewildtypeallelein27embryostestedatE7.5,E12.5,andE18.5.Theseresultssuggestthat gene targeting of NSEP1 induces a lethal phenotype in early embryos, due to either haploinsufficiency of NSEP1 or formation of a dominant negative form of the protein. In either case, these data indicate the functional importance of the NSEP1 gene in murine early embryonic development. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 140-145, 2006. ! 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The State Police Movement in the South

Assumption by the state of active responsibility for its long dormant powers in the police field has been one of the outstanding developments of recent years in American police administration. The formation of police agencies under state auspices has resulted in great variations in type, although a trend can be noted toward the creation of police forces possessing general police powers.! The present status of the state police movement is strikingly illustrated by the existence of police agencies with statewide law enforcement powers in forty-six states, of which nineteen are state police and twenty-seven are highway police.2 South Dakota has a number of officers assigned to the Attorney-General's office, leaving Wisconsin as the only state possessing neither a state nor a highway police. The rapidity with which the movement has spread is seen from the fact that as late as 1933 only thirty-five states possessed police agencies. Although the first state police was created in Texas at an early time,' the state police movement tbok its modern form in 1905 in Pennsylvania. In turn, other states in the East, including New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Rhode Island, and West Virginia, created forces following in general the Pennsylvania pattern. Michigan and Oregon also established police forces, but, in the main, state police were confined to the East until a
Effects of tobacco on cytokine expression from human endothelial cells.

Objective To investigate the effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) exposure on cytokine expression from human endothelial cells in order to identify one possible mechanism that smoking plays in the pathogenesis of both periodontal disease (PDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods Human endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to different concentrations of nicotine and CSC to examine the effects that they have on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Non-toxic levels were then used to examine cytokine expression using cytokine protein arrays. Results Exposure to nicotine caused significant down-regulation in the expression of IL-10 (P = 0.046), growth-regulated oncogene (GRO)α (P = 0.036), MCP-1 (P = 0.046), and GMCSF (P = 0.004) compared with the control untreated HUVECs. Exposure to CSC caused significant down-regulation in the expression of GRO (P = 0.04), GROα (P = 0.01), IL-6 (P = 0.03), and MCP-1 (P = 0.04) compared with the control untreated HUVECs. Conclusions Exposure of HUVECs to nicotine or CSC affects the levels of cytokine expression including reduction in anti-inflammatory and chemoattractant cytokines. This may subsequently affect the host defensive mechanisms of the tissues. The action of toxic chemicals in tobacco smoke on endothelial cells is a potential pathogenic mechanism that may in part explain the association between tobacco, PDD, and CVD.
Secure network coding for wireless mesh networks: Threats, challenges, and directions

In recent years, network coding has emerged as a new communication paradigm that can significantly improve the efficiency of network protocols by requiring intermediate nodes to mix packets before forwarding them. Recently, several real-world systems have been proposed to leverage network coding in wireless networks. Although the theoretical foundations of network coding are well understood, a real-world system needs to solve a plethora of practical aspects before network coding can meet its promised potential. These practical design choices expose network coding systems to a wide range of attacks. We identify two general frameworks (inter-flow and intra-flow) that encompass several network coding-based systems proposed in wireless networks. Our systematic analysis of the components of these frameworks reveals vulnerabilities to a wide range of attacks, which may severely degrade system performance. Then, we identify security goals and design challenges in achieving security for network coding systems. Adequate understanding of both the threats and challenges is essential to effectively design secure practical network coding systems. Our paper should be viewed as a cautionary note pointing out the frailty of current network coding-based wireless systems and a general guideline in the effort of achieving security for network coding systems.
Adaptive-gain complementary filter of inertial and magnetic data for orientation estimation

Accurate estimation of orientation based on data from small low-cost strapdown inertial and magnetic sensors is often inaccurate during highly dynamic motion or when trying to track movements that include two or more periods characterized by significantly different frequencies. This paper presents a complementary filtering algorithm for estimating orientation based on inertial/magnetic sensor measurements. The algorithm takes advantage of the complementary nature of the information offered by high-frequency angular rate sensor data and low-frequency accelerometers and magnetometers. The filtering algorithm utilizes a single gain that can be adaptively adjusted to achieve satisfactory performance while tracking two or more different types of motion. An additional feature of our approach involves the simple estimation of the gyro bias during periods exhibiting low dynamics and its subsequent use to correct the instantaneous gyro measurements. Simulation and experimental results are presented that demonstrate the performance of the algorithm during slow or nearly static movements, as well as, those which are highly dynamic. Experimental results indicate that the algorithm is able to track pitch and roll during dynamic motion with an RMS error of less than two degrees. This is believed to be superior to current proprietary commercial algorithms.
Coupled convection and tidal dissipation in Europa’s ice shell using non-Newtonian grain-size-sensitive (GSS) creep rheology

Abstract We present self-consistent, fully coupled two-dimensional (2D) numerical models of thermal evolution and tidal heating to investigate how convection interacts with tidal dissipation under the influence of non-Newtonian grain-size-sensitive creep rheology (plausibly resulting from grain boundary sliding) in Europa’s ice shell. To determine the thermal evolution, we solved the convection equations (using finite-element code ConMan) with the tidal dissipation as a heat source. For a given heterogeneous temperature field at a given time, we determined the tidal dissipation rate throughout the ice shell by solving for the tidal stresses and strains subject to Maxwell viscoelastic rheology (using finite-element code Tekton). In this way, the convection and tidal heating are fully coupled and evolve together. Our simulations show that the tidal dissipation rate can have a strong impact on the onset of thermal convection in Europa’s ice shell under non-Newtonian GSS rheology. By varying the ice grain size (1–10 mm), ice-shell thickness (20–120 km), and tidal-strain amplitude (0–4 × 10−5), we study the interrelationship of convection and conduction regimes in Europa’s ice shell. Under non-Newtonian grain-size-sensitive creep rheology and ice grain size larger than 1 mm, no thermal convection can initiate in Europa’s ice shell (for thicknesses
Managing technology within transitory organizational structures

This paper examines nonlinear adaptation to change in the high-technology environment of the computer industry. These environments are defined and the efficacy of different organizational adaptations is assessed with respect to these environments. Results from our analyses show that there is a direct and causal relationship between the employment of nonlinear organizational archetypes and organizational effectiveness within high-technology industries.
The Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI): A new tool for space weather

Later this year, the U.S.Air Force will launch the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI). SMEI is an instrument that will detect and measure coronal mass ejections (CMEs) which can cause large geomagnetic storms, a major component of space weather. CMEs are very large structures containing plasma and magnetic fields that are expelled from the Sun into the heliosphere at speeds of several hundred to over 1000 km s−1. CMEs often drive interplanetary shock waves which, upon arrival at Earth, can cause geomagnetic disturbances. There is currently no reliable way to accurately predict arrival of these disturbances at Earth or to study them in the inner heliosphere. SMEI is designed to fill this gap by detecting and tracking CMEs in interplanetary space before they reach Earth. SMEI data will be complementary to many other satellite missions and national programs, such as the current National Space Weather and International Solar Terrestrial Programs.
Pex12 Interacts with Pex5 and Pex10 and Acts Downstream of Receptor Docking in Peroxisomal Matrix Protein Import

Peroxisomal matrix protein import requires PEX12, an integral peroxisomal membrane protein with a zinc ring domain at its carboxy terminus. Mutations in human PEX12 result in Zellweger syndrome, a lethal neurological disorder, and implicate the zinc ring domain in PEX12 function. Using two-hybrid studies, blot overlay assays, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments, we observed that the zinc-binding domain of PEX12 binds both PEX5, the PTS1 receptor, and PEX10, another integral peroxisomal membrane protein required for peroxisomal matrix protein import. Furthermore, we identified a patient with a missense mutation in the PEX12 zinc-binding domain, S320F, and observed that this mutation reduces the binding of PEX12 to PEX5 and PEX10. Overexpression of either PEX5 or PEX10 can suppress this PEX12 mutation, providing genetic evidence that these interactions are biologically relevant. PEX5 is a predominantly cytoplasmic protein and previous PEX5-binding proteins have been implicated in docking PEX5 to the peroxisome surface. However, we find that loss of PEX12 or PEX10 does not reduce the association of PEX5 with peroxisomes, demonstrating that these peroxins are not required for receptor docking. These and other results lead us to propose that PEX12 and PEX10 play direct roles in peroxisomal matrix protein import downstream of the receptor docking event.
Geopolitical fantasies, national strategies and ordinary Russians in the post‐communist Era

New geopolitical writings that have developed in the post‐Soviet period are predicated on different ideological and historical perspectives and against the formal statements of Russia's place in the world from President Vladimir Putin and enshrined in the document ‘Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation’. Four geopolitical schools can be identified, ranging from the fantastic notions of extreme Eurasianism to the reformers’ goal of tying Russia firmly to the West. Formal statements concentrate on Russia's regional prominence in Eurasia and on close integration into the world economic and political systems. However, ordinary Russians display little interest in these geopolitical writings or in the foreign policy actions of the Russian state, except in special cases where the Russian military are actively involved on Russian territory or the ‘near abroad’. In this regard, Russian public opinion has increasingly become like that of the Western democracies, generally disinterested in foreign ...
Triphasic Theory for Swelling Properties of Hydrated Charged Soft Biological Tissues

Many hydrated soft tissues, such as articular cartilage, meniscus and intervertebral disc, change their dimensions, volume and weight when the ion concentration in the external bathing solution is changed (Parsons and Black 1979; Maroudas 1975, 1979; Maroudas and Bannon 1981; Myers et al 1984; Mow and Schoonbeck 1984; Eisenberg and Grodzinsky 1985, 1987). For example, for an unloaded specimen of cartilage soaked in NaCl solutions at constant temperature, the tissue dimensions decrease nonlinearly in an exponential manner with increasing NaCl concentration; this decrease approaches an asymptote at a high concentration, e.g., 2.5M NaCl (Mow and Schoonbeck 1984). Therefore, at the physiological state of 0.15M NaCl, cartilage is in a swollen state, with a swelling pressure resisted by the elastic stress developed in the collagen-proteoglycan solid matrix. This is often referred to as the collagen pre-stress or elastic stress in the solid matrix (Maroudas 1975, 1976, 1979; Maroudas and Bannon 1981; Grodzinsky et al 1981). For a normal cartilage bathed in 0.15M NaCl solution, the swelling pressure has been measured to be around 0.17 MPa (Maroudas 1975,1979; Maroudas and Bannon 1981).
Enzootic Babesia microti in Maine

Human babesiosis in the northeastern United States caused by Babesia microti (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) is mainly reported from coastal New England sites, where deer ticks (Ixodes dammini) are common. However, the piroplasm has been detected in microtine rodents elsewhere in association with I. angustus or other nidicolous ticks, suggesting that the agent is widely distributed but zoonotically significant only where a human-biting “bridge” vector is present. To determine whether this piroplasm may be enzootic in areas where I. dammini is absent, we surveyed small mammals collected from 2 sites in Maine, where I. angustus or I. muris is common but I. dammini is not. Of 43 chipmunks, voles, deer mice, and shrews examined, 3 (6.9, 95% confidence interval 0 to 14.5) were parasitemic, as determined by blood smear or polymerase chain reaction targeting a piroplasm-specific portion of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced amplification products demonstrates the presence of 2 forms o...
Process-level virtualization for runtime adaptation of embedded software

Modern processor architectures call for software that is highly tuned to an unpredictable operating environment. Process-level virtualization systems allow existing software to adapt to the operating environment, including resource contention and other dynamic events, by modifying the application instructions at runtime. While these systems are becoming widespread in the general-purpose computing communities, various challenges have prevented widespread adoption on resource-constrained devices, with memory and performance overheads being at the forefront. In this paper, we discuss the advantages and opportunities of runtime adaptation of embedded software. We also describe some of the existing dynamic binary modification tools that can be used to perform runtime adaptation, and discuss the challenges of balancing memory overheads and performance when developing these tools for embedded platforms.
Optimizing diabetes treatment using an amylin analogue.

Diabetes treatment has traditionally focused on correcting insulin deficiency using exogenous insulin and oral agents to enhance insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. The ...
"Beacons of hope" in decentralized coordination: learning from on-the-ground medical twitterers during the 2010 Haiti earthquake

We examine the public, social media communications of 110 emergency medical response teams and organizations in the immediate aftermath of the January 12, 2010 Haiti earthquake. We found the teams through an inductive analysis of Twitter communications acquired over the three-week emergency period from 89,114 Twitterers. We then analyzed the teams' Twitter streams, as well as all digital media they generated and pointed to in their streams - blog posts, photographs, videos, status updates and field reports - to understand the medical coordination challenges they faced from pre-deployment readiness to on-the-ground action. Here we identify opportunities for improving coordination in a decentralized and distributed environment where staffing, disease trajectories, and other circumstances rapidly change. We extrapolate from these findings to theorize about how "beaconing" behavior is a sign of latent potential for coordination upon which mechanisms of coordination can capitalize.
Taxonomic review of the Neotropical genus Moriosomus Motschulsky (Insecta: Coleoptera, Carabidae, Morionini) with notes on the way of life of the species

Moriosomus Motschulsky 1855 is a Neotropical genus containing three species in the carabid beetle tribe Morionini. Moriosomus adults are found under tree bark and in rotting logs in rainforests; larvae are unknown. This revision of Moriosomus includes diagnoses, descriptions, illustrations, and distributional data for all three known species, including Moriosomus motschulskyi Erwin & Moore, new species ( “ PERU, HUaN[UCO], Divisoria,” Cordillera Azul, 1600m, 08° 54’ 0 S, 075° 40’ 0 W). We provide an identification key to the species based on adult external structure. We clarify the the date of the description of the genus Moriosomus , which is 1855, rather than 1864 as it is often incorrectly cited in the literature. In addition, we define the tribe Morionini and provide a key for identification of the two genera resident in the Western Hemisphere.
Purine and Pyrimidine Antimetabolites in Cancer Chemotherapy

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the purine and pyrimidine antimetabolites in cancer chemotherapy. Most of the chemical agents which prevent cancer growth do so by affecting nucleotide or nucleic acid metabolism. This is both a conclusion of empirical screening and a vindication of the search for such agents for purely theoretical reasons. Uncontrolled growth is a hereditary property of the neoplastic cell, and this heritable nature of cancer is one reason for considering interference with nucleic acid metabolism. A second reason is that cancer cells are concerned more with cell division and growth rather than with specialized function, and hence require a metabolism especially oriented toward nucleic acid synthesis and associated reactions. These considerations alone justify the interest in the application of chemotherapeutic agents to nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolism, and in particular to the use of antimetabolites.
Reverse Epidemiology of Blood Pressure in Peritoneal Dialysis Associated with Dynamic Deterioration of Left Ventricular Function

BackgroundReverse epidemiology of blood pressure (BP) in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is manifested as higher mortality at lower blood pressure. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is partially ...
p21cip-1/waf-1 Deficiency Causes Deformed Nuclear Architecture, Centriole Overduplication, Polyploidy, and Relaxed Microtubule Damage Checkpoints in Human Hematopoietic Cells

A recent hypothesis suggests that tumor-specific killing by radiation and chemotherapy agents is due to defects or loss of cell cycle checkpoints. An important component of some checkpoints is p53-dependent induction of p21(cip-1/waf-1). Both p53 and p21 have been shown to be required for microtubule damage checkpoints in mitosis and in G1 phase of the cell cycle and they thus help to maintain genetic stability. We present here evidence that p21(cip-1/waf-1) deficiency relaxes the G1 phase microtubule checkpoint that is activated by microtubule damage induced with nocodazole. Reduced p21(cip-1/waf-1) expression also results in gross nuclear abnormalities and centriole overduplication. p53 has already been implicated in centrosome regulation. Our findings further suggest that the p53/p21 axis is involved in a checkpoint pathway that links the centriole/centrosome cycle and microtubule organization to the DNA replication cycle and thus helps to maintain genomic integrity. The inability to efficiently upregulate p21(cip-1/waf-1) in p21(cip-1/waf-1) antisense-expressing cells in response to microtubule damage could uncouple the centrosome cycle from the DNA cycle and lead to nuclear abnormalicies and polyploidy. A centrosome duplication checkpoint could be a new target for novel chemotherapy strategies.
Autophagy in COPD

Autophagy is an important cellular homeostatic process, where cell self-degrades long-lived proteins and damaged sub cellular organelles and proteins with the help of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells. In the past decade, remarkable advances have been made in describing autophagy as clinically relevant target to the treatment of pulmonary diseases. In this review I attempt to provide an overview of autophagy signaling pathway and also summarize the recent studies that suggest direct relevancy and function of autophagy pathway in the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, further resolution of autophagic proteins and mechanisms is warranted in specifically designing autophagy-based therapeutic targets in COPD. Introduction Autophagy in COPD Mammalian macroautophagy (hereafter referred as autophagy) is evolutionary conserved degradative pathway that involves the fusion of double membrane autophagosomes and lysosomes for the turnover of free amino acids and fatty acids [1,2]. In addition to this, two other forms of autophagy mechanisms have been described. One type involves the invagination of lysosomal membrane to engulf cytosolic components into intralysosomal vesicles termed as microautophagy [3]. In chaperone-mediated autophagy, proteins with a particular consensus motif (KFERQ) are selectively delivered across the lysosomal membrane for degradation [4]. Autophagy can be upregulated in response to multiple forms of physiological stress including starvation [5], growth factor deprivation [6], reactive oxygen species [7], hypoxia [8], hyperoxia [9,10], endoplasmic reticulum stress [11], DNA damage [12], protein aggregates [13] or pathogens [14]. Therefore, autophagy can be predominantly viewed as a cellular response pathway to a variety of stress stimuli rather than a VRI Cell Signaling, Volume 1, Issue 2, October 2013 nutrient deprivation response pathway. Chronic or acute exposure of the aforementioned stimuli can result in dysregulated or deranged autophagy pathway with the development of several pathological conditions. In this regard stimulant cigarette smoke upon chronic exposure has recently demonstrated an increased expression of autophagy markers in the development of COPD [15,16]. A better understanding for the role of autophagy pathway in COPD will help support in the design of the therapies for the cure of COPD. eISSN 2330-0302 I S S N 2 3 3 0 0 3 0 2 ( O n l i i n e ) ; C O D E N : V R I C A O , V R I C e l l S i g n a l i n g , V e d i c Mini Review DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14259/cs.v1i2.68 Article Info: Received: September 25th, 2013; Accepted: October 1st, 2013
Taxonomic Entomology in the U. S. Department of Agriculture

Taxonomic entomologists of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and those of the Smithsonian Institution's U. S. National Museum (Museum) have worked together so closely and effectively for so many years that they are widely, albeit erroneously, considered to be one organization: Entomology at the National Museum. A recent issue of the BULLETIN OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA (December 1963) carried a review of the current personnel and the collections of the Museum's Department of Entomology (formerly Division of Insects). The present paper is in part a companion article, with a review of the taxonomic unit of USDA's Insect Identification and Parasite Introduction Research Branch. It has also seemed appropriate to review the long history and contributions of USDA in taxonomic entomology, with particular reference to the organization in Washington. Inevitably, much of the historical account must include some history of entomology in the National Museum, especially for the many years in which USDA and Museum entomology were so closely interwoven that they were actually joined in the person of an individual who was at once Chief Entomologist for USDA and Curator of Insects for the Museum. From that beginning, cooperation between USDA and Museum has been closely knit and has been directed toward the common objective of developing the national collection of insects for study and reference.
Naloxone Blocks Learned Helplessness in the Slug (Limax Maximus)

Slugs exposed to inescapable light-heat stress show a deficit in a subsequent escape task (1) . Whitehouse, Walker, Margules, and Bersh (2 ) reported chat naloxone blocked the escape deficit in rats previously exposed to inescapable shock. In the present study field-collected slugs with equivalent activity levels were randomly assigned to either a naloxone-treatment group (n = 10) or a saline-control group ( n = 10) . The pretesting and posttesting apparatus were the same as that used and described by Brown, et al. ( I ) , but there were two procedural differences. First, slugs in the naloxone group and slugs in the saline group were yoked to the pretest escape times of the escapable lightbeat slugs in the Brown, et a[. (1 ) experiment. And second, on Days 8 and 9 , slugs in their respective groups received a single injection of naloxone or saline (1.0 mg/kg) in the buccal muscle 10 min. before they were run in the posttest apparatus. The experimenter running the posttest was blind as to which injection the slugs received. The slugs receiving naloxone had reliably shorter escape latencies ( M = 17.53, SD = 6.56) than the sahne controls (M = 23.76, SD = 5.29; t,, = 3.31, p < .01). The role of the endorphins in the learned helplessness phenomenon is not understood.
Abstract 2224: Targeted PI3K/mTOR inhibition impairs tumor cell motility and bone metastatic outgrowth via modulation of p27

The pleiotropic oncogenic effects of PI3K/mTOR have stimulated development of catalytic PI3K and mTOR inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Present data provide a novel rationale for the use of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors to oppose tumor motility, invasion and metastasis. Cytoplasmic mislocalization of p27 is implicated as a key downstream driver of PI3K/mTOR-dependent tumor cell motility in vitro and bone metastatic outgrowth in vivo. Here, we report that PI3K/mTOR-kinase inhibition with PF-04691502 impairs breast cancer metastasis to bone, in part via effects on p27. Low-dose PF-04691502 impaired motility and invasion of highly PI3K/mTOR activated, bone-metastatic MDA-MB-1833 cells in vitro without affecting apoptosis or proliferation. Moreover, drug pre-treatment impaired bone metastasis in vivo. PF-04691502 decreased cytoplasmic p27pT157 and p27pT198, and p27T157D/T198D overexpression conferred resistance to inhibition of motility by PF-04691502. p27 knockdown in MDA-MB-1833 relieved RhoA-ROCK inhibition, decreased cell motility/invasion in vitro, and bone metastasis in vivo. p27 knockdown also reversed EMT phenotypic markers in MDA-MB-1833, as did PI3K/mTOR inhibition, demonstrating that p27 may be critical for maintenance of the EMT cellular program. Indeed, loss of cytoplasmic p27 reversed expression of an EMT gene profile supporting the notion that p27 acts as a key mediator of metastasis downstream of PI3K/mTOR. Cytoplasmic p27 in human cancers may prove to be a useful predictive marker to assess both PI3K/mTOR activation and the potential efficacy of catalytic PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2224. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2224
Physics-Based Control Oriented Mean Value Model for Diesel Combustion Process With EGR Sensitivity

A Physics-based mean value model that predicts engine combustion, heat transfer, gas exchange, and friction loss has been developed. The model is developed starting from the thermodynamic principles of an ideal gas standard limited pressure cycle concept. The idealized assumptions that are typically used in a limited pressure cycle concept are relieved to enhance the fidelity of the model by introducing variables that account for the in-cylinder heat transfer and the combustion characteristics that change under varying EGR rate as well as the engine speed and load while minimal number of empirical correlations are used to ensure the compactness and flexibility of the physics-based mean value model. The model is calibrated and validated with the simulation results from a detailed GT-Power® engine model previously calibrated with experimental results from a Ford 6.7 liter Diesel engine. The comparison shows good agreement between the results from the mean value model and the GT-Power® model. The mean value model developed in this study is a flexible simulation tool that provides excellent computational efficiency without sacrificing critical physical details of the Diesel combustion process required by the control design development.© 2011 ASME
Arthroscopic Management of Hip Chondral Defects: A Systematic Review of the Literature.

Purpose To critically evaluate the evidence for arthroscopic management of chondral defects in the hip through a systematic literature review. Methods A systematic literature review was performed to identify all articles addressing the arthroscopic management of chondral defects about the hip. Case reports, open techniques, and those associated with osteonecrosis were excluded. Articles were assessed for sample size, location, severity, and size of chondral defects, and the surgical technique. Associated injuries, follow-up duration (months), and functional outcomes were recorded. Study cohorts were defined by a surgical technique (debridement v microfracture v autologous chondrocyte transplantation [ACT]). Statistical analysis was performed with a χ 2 test and analysis of variance with post hoc pairwise analysis for categorical and continuous data, respectively, with significance defined as P Results The literature search identified 269 articles, of which 12 clinical studies met inclusion criteria for this analysis. After pooling the data, there were 579 (64.7%) debridements, 279 (31.2%) microfracture, and 37 (4.1%) ACT performed. Patients were followed for an average of 27.1 months (range: 5 to 72 months). All lesions treated with either a microfracture or ACT were high grade (Outerbridge 3 to 4). However, lesion size was significantly larger in ACT-treated patients compared with those who underwent microfracture (357.3 ± 96.0 mm 2 v 149.5 ± 20.7 mm 2 ; P = .020). All cohorts showed significant improvement in functional outcomes after hip arthroscopy ( P Conclusions This systematic review showed that arthroscopic debridement, microfracture, and ACT are associated with equivalent improvement in clinical outcomes in patients with high-grade chondral defects in the hip in the short- and midterm follow-up. In addition, although there were no differences in patient characteristics and demographics based on the surgical technique, we confirmed the hypothesis that lesion size varied significantly between arthroscopic techniques, and that the decision to use one technique over another may be determined by the size of the defect. Therefore, lesion size is likely to influence the development of hip- and technique-specific indications, and may also represent a useful metric for success of surgical intervention. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level III and IV studies.
Evaluation on supplementary immunization activities of measles attenuated live vaccine in Hainan in 2010

Objective To evaluate the effect of supplementary immunization activity(SIA)of measles vaccine in Hainan province. Methods The data of inoculation rate of SIA,and the data from measles surveillance system and AEFI surveillance system were collected and synthetically analyzed. Results 772850 targeted children 6 months to 8 years old were vaccinated in the SIA of measles vaccine,and the reported inoculation rate was 96.93%,of which the local children was 97.05%,and the migrant children was 96.19%,there was statistical difference between two groups(χ2=253.557,P0.05). The reported inoculation rate of each age group of MV SIA was95%,and the evaluated inoculation rate was 97.7%,there was no statistical difference between inoculation rates of two cities surveyed(χ2=0.812,P0.05).The Incidence rates of measles from 2010 to 2012 were 0.5/1 000 000,0.47/1 00 000,0.33/1 000 000 respectively. Conclusions The SIA of MV of Hainan province in 2010 increased the inoculation rate of children aged from 6 months to 8 years,and ensured the MV antibody levels of aged children,and formed effective immune barrier in crowd,in general,the MV SIA consolidated the present achievement of elimination of measles in advance in Hainan. For realizing the goal of Measles elimination in 2012,it is necessary to improve and maintain high inoculation rate and timely coverage rate of routine immunization,and carry out timely vaccination for the floating population simultaneously.
Comparable outcomes of the consistent use versus switched use of anti- tumor necrosis factor agents in postoperative recurrent Crohn's disease following ileocolonic resection.

There are no published data or guidelines on whether the same anti-tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) agents used preoperatively or different anti-TNF agents are preferable to treat postoperative recurrence. Our aim was to compare the efficacy of the consistent vs. switched anti-TNF approaches in patients with recurrent Crohn’s disease (CD) after their inception ileocolonic resection (ICR). Patients with CD receiving anti-TNF agents before the inception ICR who were treated for clinical recurrence with the same or different anti-TNF agents after surgical resection were included in the study. The outcome of the study was the need for the subsequent resection of ileocolonic anastomosis (ICA) as calculated with survival curves. Eighty-five patients were included in the study. The mean age of the whole cohort at the inception ICR was 35.1 ± 13.5 years. The whole cohort consisted 42 (49.4 %) in the consistent group and 43 (50.6 %) in the switched group. No significant differences were observed in demographic and clinical variables between the two groups. During the median follow-up of 1.5 (interquartile range, 0.8–3.1) years, seven (16.7 %) patients in the consistent group and eight (18.6 %) in the switched group required the repeat resection of ICA. Similar results were found in terms of the subsequent resection of ICA-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.36, 95 % confidence interval 0.49–3.76, P = 0.54) between the consistent and switched groups. The adherence to the same anti-TNF agent appeared to be as effective as the switching approach to different anti-TNF agent in treating postoperative recurrent CD after the inception ICR.