cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Object-Oriented Graph Theory

This chapter explores the object-oriented graph theory. A graph consists of a finite set of vertices, some of which are joined by edges. Mathematically, a graph can be considered as a relation between vertices. Two vertices are related if and only if they are joined by an edge. There are three different ways to represent graphs, which require operations translating between them; the whole situation can be embedded in a small hierarchy of classes consisting of an abstract top class graph, under the class Object, followed by three subclasses, one for each way of representing graphs. These three subclasses are where the graphs are actually created. The default method for processing in the class graph is NIM [self, ]. The meaning of this is that these methods must be implemented in the subclasses of graph. If they are not, then a message to that effect is returned. Products are operations on graphs that depend on more than one graph. In Mathematica, functional programs for graph construction can be written depending on several graphs, provided they are accessed through other methods to which they can respond. Two notable products of graphs are Cartesian products and Tensor products. There are thousands of algorithms that use graphs in one way or another; in principle, such algorithms belong in the class graph.
Outcomes of Residential Treatment: A Study of the Adolescent Clients of Girls and Boys Town

Pre-treatment and post-treatment data was collected from adolescent clients of a new residential treatment center at Girls and Boys Town. Youth who received treatment improved significantly on the Child Behavior Checklist and the Children's Global Assessment Scale and were maintaining their treatment gains at follow-up. Ten months following discharge, the majority were stabilized and functioning adequately in school and with their primary caregiver. For these youth, residential treatment succeeded where other interventions failed.
Synthesis of Proteins by Chemical Ligation of Unprotected Peptide Segments: Mirror-Image Enzyme Molecules, D- & L-HIV Protease Analogs

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the synthesis of proteins by chemical ligation of unprotected peptide segments. In a study described in the chapter, protected d - and l -amino acids were obtained. The 99-residue monomer of the HIV-1 protease molecule was prepared by directed ligation of functionalized unprotected segments. These segments were assembled in separate syntheses by a highly optimized machine-assisted SPPS protocol using Boc-chemistry performed on a modified ABI 430A synthesizer. The protocol comprised removal of the Nα-Boc group with undiluted TFA (2-min total) followed by a DMF flow wash to give the TFApeptide-resin salt, and a single 10 min coupling step using HBTU activated Boc-amino acids and in situ neutralization with DIEA in DMF. [αCOSH]HIV-l PR(1–51) peptide was assembled on 4-[α-(Boc-Gly-S)benzyl]phenoxyacetamidomethyl-resin (10), and [Na-BrCH2CO]HIV-l PR(53–99) was prepared by bromoacetylation of [Aba67,95]HIV-l PR(53–99)-OCH2 Pam peptide- resin. All peptides were cleaved and deprotected by high HF treatment.
The Human Brain Traverses a Common Activation-Pattern State Space Across Task and Rest

Much of our lives are spent in unconstrained rest states, yet cognitive brain processes are primarily investigated using task-constrained states. It may be possible to utilize the insights gained from experimental control of task processes as reference points for investigating unconstrained rest. To facilitate comparison of rest and task functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we focused on activation amplitude patterns, commonly used for task but not rest analyses. During rest, we identified spontaneous changes in temporally extended whole-brain activation-pattern states. This revealed a hierarchical organization of rest states. The top consisted of two competing states consistent with previously identified "task-positive" and "task-negative" activation patterns. These states were composed of more specific states that repeated over time and across individuals. Contrasting with the view that rest consists of only task-negative states, task-positive states occurred 40% of the time while individuals "rested," suggesting task-focused activity may occur during rest. Together our results suggest that brain activation dynamics form a general hierarchy across task and rest, with a small number of dominant general states reflecting basic functional modes and a variety of specific states potentially reflecting a wide variety of cognitive processes.
Changes in riparian hydrology and biogeochemistry following storm events at a restored agricultural stream

Quantifying changes in riparian biogeochemistry following rainfall events is critical for watershed management. Following storms, changes in riparian hydrology can lead to high rates of nutrient processing and export and greenhouse gas (GHG) release. We assessed shifts in hydrology and biogeochemistry 24 and 72 hours post-rainfall following storms of three different magnitudes in an agricultural riparian zone influenced by stream restoration in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, USA. Post-storm changes in water table height, soil moisture, groundwater flow, and lateral hydraulic gradient were related to biogeochemical processing. Though near-field nitrate (NO3−) concentrations were elevated (median: 13 mg nitrogen (N) L−1 across storms), substantial riparian NO3− removal occurred (89–96%). High N removal throughout the study occurred concurrently with release of dissolved solutes (e.g., soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP]) and fluxes of gases (carbon dioxide [CO2], nitrous oxide [N2O], and methane [CH4]), based on storm timing, magnitude, and intensity. A high intensity, short duration storm of low magnitude lead to release of CO2 across the riparian zone and low SRP removal. A storm of intermediate duration/magnitude towards the beginning of the summer lead to mobilization of near-field NO3− and release of N2O in the upper riparian zone and SRP in the lower riparian zone. Finally, a larger storm of longer duration lead to pronounced near-stream release of CH4. Therefore, it is important to expand research of biogeochemical response to different types of storm events in restored riparian zones to better balance water quality goals with potential greenhouse gas emissions.
Assessing Flipped Versus Traditional Classrooms: Is Flipping Really Better?:

Using a quasi-experiment, this research looks at grades and student satisfaction over the course of six semesters in a college-level writing class. Three of the classes were taught traditionally, a...
Gender, caste, and feminist praxis in transnational South India

In the past 70 years, certain kinds of Indian dance have been read as classical or aspirational, especially when performed by or associated with Hindu/high-caste people and in cosmopolitan spaces l...
The Role of the School Nurse in Suicide Interventions: An Integrative Review:

Suicide rates among children and adolescents have continued to rise over the past decade indicating the need for school-based suicide prevention programs. School nurses (SNs) are well positioned to...
Valuing Recreational Beaches: A Spatial Hedonic Pricing Approach

Despite several studies that have estimated the economic value of beach proximity on housing values, previous linear hedonic pricing models (HPMs) have yet to explore the spatially heterogeneous be...
Sweat Characteristics of Cramp-Prone and Cramp-Resistant Athletes

Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) are thought to be caused by dehydration and/or electrolyte losses. In this multicenter, cross-sectional study, the authors determined whether sweat rates (SRs), sweat electrolyte concentrations, or sweat electrolyte content differed in athletes with (i.e., crampers) and without (i.e., noncrampers) a history of EAMCs and whether these variables could predict EAMC-prone athletes. Male and female collegiate athletes (N = 350) from 11 sports with (n = 245) and without (n = 105) a self-reported history of EAMCs completed a typical exercise or conditioning session. SRs, calculated from body mass, and posterior forearm sweat were analyzed for sweat sodium concentration ([Na+]sw), sweat potassium concentration ([K+]sw), and sweat chloride concentration ([Cl-]sw). The authors used SRs and sweat electrolyte concentrations to calculate sweat electrolyte content lost. Within each gender, no differences in SRs (204 males, p = .92; 146 females, p = .24); [Na+]sw (191 males, p = .55; 126 females, p = .55); Na+sw content (191 males, p = .59; 126 females, p = .20); [K+]sw (192 males, p = .57; 126 females, p = .87); K+sw content (192 males, p = .49; 126 females, p = .03); [Cl-]sw (192 males, p = .94; 77 females, p = .57); and Cl-sw content (192 males, p = .55; 77 females, p = .34) occurred between crampers and noncrampers. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that sweat electrolyte content and SRs were predictive of EAMC-prone athletes in American football (area under curve = 0.65-0.72, p ≤ .005), but not in any other sport. EAMCs may not be solely caused by fluid or electrolyte losses in most athletes. Fluid and electrolyte replacement may help American footballers. Clinicians should individualize fluid and electrolyte replacement and understand different etiologies for EAMCs.
Two soybean genotypes lacking lipoxygenase-1

The U.S. Department of Agriculture soybean germplasm collection (6,499 accessions) was screened for genotypes with greatly reduced or missing lipoxygenase-1 (L-1) [linoleate: O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.13.11.12] and lipoxygenase-2 and L-3 (L-2 and L-3) activity. The L-1 assay used linoleic acid dispersed in Tween-20 at pH 9.0 as the substrate (acid assay) and the L-2 and L-3 assay used linoleic acid methyl ester dispersed in ethanol at pH 7.0 as the substrate (ester assay). The spectrophotometric assay based on conjugated diene formation at 234 mm was used in the qualitative screening procedure. Two plant introductions (PI), 133226 from Indonesia and PI 408251 from Korea lacked L-1 activity. Oxygen uptake, electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing confirm the lack of detectable L-1 activity in the seed of these two genotypes. Radial diffusion against soybean seed lipoxygenase antiserum showed that the two genotypes are missing a precipitin band that normal soybean genotypes and purified lipoxygenase from soybean seed exhibit. Neither the L-1 variants nor any other accessions tested had greatly reduced activity with the ester assay.
Interpretation and Understanding of Clinical Drug Interactions Between Azoles and Immunosuppressants in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

The aim of this paper is to discuss clinical interactions between the azole antifungals and the commonly used immunosuppressants for the prevention of rejection in solid organ transplant recipients. Drug–drug interactions between azole antifungals and immunosuppressants have largely been reported in healthy subjects or the hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) population. Data is emerging evaluating these interactions in solid organ transplant recipients. Drug–drug interactions between azole antifungals and immunosuppressants occur at or near the same magnitude as in healthy subjects or the HSCT population. Factors affecting these drug–drug interactions include the influence of the interacting agents on CYP enzymes, the doses of the drugs administered, and the route of administration of both the azoles and immunosuppressants. Care and caution should be exercised when managing solid organ transplant patients receiving medications from both classes.
Transpedicular Approach for Ventral Epidural Abscess Evacuation in the Cervical Spine

Objective Spinal epidural abscess may require prompt surgical intervention. Ventral cervical abscesses pose a particular challenge regarding the approach for surgical evacuation. The aim of this article was to describe the technical nuances of a posterior transpedicular cervical approach for evacuation of a ventral epidural abscess. Methods After a standard laminectomy, a foraminotomy was performed to identify the exiting nerve root. Then the medial aspect of the pedicle below the nerve was drilled. This allowed the insertion of a dissector to reach the ventral epidural space and drain the contents in conjunction with suction and irrigation. The posterolateral aspect of the superior endplate of the respective vertebra could be further drilled at this point, allowing access to the disc space with minimal retraction of the exiting nerve root. Results Two patients underwent emergent evacuation of a ventral epidural abscess in the cervical spine using this technique. Radiographic and clinical improvement was evident after evacuation of the abscesses in both cases. Conclusions Access to the ventral epidural space is feasible using a transpedicular approach in the cervical spine for evacuation of an epidural abscess.
VACUUM FLUCTUATION FORCE ON A RIGID CASIMIR CAVITY IN DE SITTER AND SCHWARZSCHILD–DE SITTER SPACE–TIME

We investigate the net force on a rigid Casimir cavity generated by vacuum fluctuations of electromagnetic field in three cases: de Sitter space–time, de Sitter space–time with weak gravitational field and Schwarzschild–de Sitter space–time. In de Sitter space–time the resulting net force follows the square inverse law but unfortunately it is too weak to be measurable due to the large universe radius. By introducing a weak gravitational field into the de Sitter space–time, we find that the net force can now be split into two parts, one is the gravitational force due to the induced effective mass between the two plates and the other one is generated by the metric structure of de Sitter space–time. In order to investigate the vacuum fluctuation force on the rigid cavity under strong gravitational field, we perform a similar analysis in Schwarzschild–de Sitter space–time and results are obtained in three different limits. The most interesting one is when the cavity gets closer to the horizon of a blackhole, square inverse law is recovered and the repulsive force due to negative energy/mass of the cavity now has an observable strength. More importantly the force changes from being repulsive to attractive when the cavity crosses the event horizon, so that the energy/mass of the cavity switches the sign, which suggests the unusual time direction inside the event horizon.
Correlation between birth weight and left ventricular hypertrophy in infants of diabetic mothers

Purpose: Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) are known to have numerous complications during the neonatal period, including varying degrees of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The purpose is to assess a correlation between birth weight and maternal 3rd trimester HbA1c to the degree of LVH. Methods: A retrospective review at a tertiary university single-center for all neonates admitted to the NICU/NBN from 03/01 – 07/17. Inclusion criteria: maternal history of diabetes, echocardiogram (echo). LVH …
Comprehensive determination of transcription start sites derived from all RNA polymerases using ReCappable-seq.

Determination of eukaryotic Transcription Start Sites (TSS) has been based on methods that require the cap structure at the 5-prime end of transcripts derived from Pol-II RNA polymerase. Consequently, these methods do not reveal TSS derived from the other RNA polymerases which also play critical roles in various cell functions. To address this limitation, we developed ReCappable-seq which comprehensively identifies TSS for both Pol-lI and non-Pol-II transcripts at single-nucleotide resolution. The method relies on specific enzymatic exchange of 5-prime m7G caps and 5-prime triphosphates with a selectable tag. When applied to human transcriptomes, ReCappable-seq identifies Pol-II TSS that are in agreement with orthogonal methods such as CAGE. Additionally, ReCappable-seq reveals a rich landscape of TSS associated with Pol-III transcripts which have not previously been amenable to study at genome-wide scale. Novel TSS from non-Pol-II transcription can be located in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. ReCappable-seq interrogates the regulatory landscape of coding and noncoding RNA concurrently and enables the classification of epigenetic profiles associated with Pol-lI and non-Pol-II TSS.
Glycosylation of eukaryotic peptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2)-associated 67-kDa polypeptide (p67) and its possible role in the inhibition of eIF-2 kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of the eIF-2 alpha-subunit.

We have reported previously that a 67-kDa polypeptide (p67) present in reticulocyte lysates protects the alpha-subunit of reticulocyte eukaryotic peptide chain initiation factor 2 (eIF-2) from phosphorylation by an eIF-2 kinase, heme-regulated protein synthesis inhibitor (Datta, B., Chakrabarti, D., Roy, A.L., and Gupta, N. K. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 3324-3328). We now present evidence that this p67 contains multiple O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residues, and these glycosyl residues may be required for p67 activity to protect the eIF-2 alpha-subunit from eIF-2 kinase phosphorylation. Our results are as follows. 1) p67 binds specifically to wheat germ agglutinin, and such binding is completely inhibited in the presence of 0.2 M GlcNAc. 2) The binding of p67 to wheat germ agglutinin leads to complete loss of p67 activity to protect the eIF-2 alpha-subunit from eIF-2 kinase phosphorylation. 3) p67 accepts 10-12 [3H]galactose molecules from UDP-[3H]galactose in the presence of galactosyltransferase. This radioactivity is resistant to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosamine F (+ peptide:N-glycosidase F) treatment but is completely lost when the 3H-labeled p67 is treated with sodium borohydride in mild alkali (beta-elimination reaction). These results suggest that p67 contains terminal GlcNAc moieties O-linked to the protein. 4) Upon hexosaminidase treatment, p67 reaction product migrated as a lower molecular mass (Mr approximately 65 kDa) protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 5) A monoclonal antibody (D1) against p67 has been isolated. D1 apparently recognizes a specific GlcNAc-containing peptide epitope in p67 and does not react with hexosaminidase-treated p67. These results suggest that p67 activity in the cell may also be regulated post-transcriptionally by glycosylation of p67 protein.
Quantitation of the förster energy transfer for two-dimensional systems: II. Protein distribution and aggregation state in biological membranes

Abstract Analytical solutions are presented of the average rate of the Forster energy transfer for several processes affecting intrinsic membrane proteins within a phospholipid bilayer. The physical phenomena considered here are lateral phase separation of the protein, i.e., formation of eutectic mixtures, changes in the aggregation state of the protein and non-random distribution of protein molecules. It is shown that the average rate of energy transfer among protein and phospholipid molecules labelled with donor and acceptor molecules, respectively, allows differentiation between them and also that the average rate of energy transfer can be used to quantitate these phenomena.
Intrinsic Neuronal Rhythms in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei and their Adjustment

The central role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in regulating mammalian circadian rhythms is well established. We study the temporal organization of neuronal properties in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) using a rat hypothalamic brain slice preparation. Electrical properties of single neurons are monitored by extra-cellular and whole-cell patch recording techniques. The ensemble of neurons in the SCN undergoes circadian changes in spontaneous activity, membrane properties and sensitivity to phase adjustment. At any point in this cycle, diversity is observed in individual neurons' electrical properties, including firing rate, firing pattern and response to injected current. Nevertheless, the SCN generate stable, near 24 h oscillations in ensemble neuronal firing rate for at least three days in vitro. The rhythm is sinusoidal, with peak activity, a marker of phase, appearing near midday. In addition to these electrophysiological changes, the SCN undergoes sequential changes in vitro in sensitivities to adjustment. During subjective day, the SCN progresses through periods of sensitivity to cyclic AMP, serotonin, neuropeptide Y, and then to melatonin at dusk. During the subjective night, sensitivities to glutamate, cyclic GMP and then neuropeptide Y are followed by a second period of sensitivity to melatonin at dawn. Because the SCN, when maintained in vitro, is under constant conditions and isolated from afferents, these changes must be generated within the clock in the SCN. The changing sensitivities reflect underlying temporal domains that are characterized by specific sets of biochemical and molecular relationships which occur in an ordered sequence over the circadian cycle.
Strongyloidiasis in patients at a comprehensive cancer center in the United States.

BACKGROUND The frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis infestation and complication in patients with cancer in the United States is unknown. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective analysis of S. stercoralis infection in patients who were undergoing cancer treatment at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX). RESULTS The overall S. stercoralis infection frequency was approximately 1.0 per 10,000 new cancer cases between 1971 and 2003. Twenty-two of 25 patients (88%) were U.S. residents (19 from Texas; 1 each from Mississippi, Tennessee, and Puerto Rico), and the remaining 3 (13%) were from Latin America. Thirteen (52%) had solid-organ malignancies, whereas 12 (48%) had hematologic malignancies (lymphoma or multiple myeloma, n = 8; leukemia, n = 3; aplastic anemia, n = 1). Twelve patients (48%) received systemic corticosteroids, 9 (36%) received antineoplastic therapy, and 2 underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Diarrhea was reported in 13 patients (57%), and eosinophilia was observed in 11 patients (48%); 4 patients (16%) had probable hyperinfection syndrome (in 3 cases of polymicrobial gram-negative bacteremia, 1 patient had Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia, whereas 1 patient presented with K. pneumoniae lung infection alone). Evidence of definite pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome was observed in 2 HSCT recipients (8%). Fourteen (74%) of 19 patients responded to thiabendazole therapy. Two patients with definite pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome developed fatal S. stercoralis hemorrhagic alveolitis despite receiving high-dose thiabendazole plus ivermectin therapy. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, strongyloidiasis was uncommon in patients with cancer and remained localized in individuals with solid-organ malignancies. Definite pulmonary accelerated autoinfections were observed only in HSCT recipients. Therefore, pre-HSCT S. stercoralis screening in individuals from endemic regions of the United States warrants further study. Cancer 2004;100:1531–6. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Parametric excitation in geometrically optimized AlN contour mode resonators

This work reports the first observation of parametric excitation in geometrically optimized Aluminum Nitride (AlN) contour mode resonators (CMRs). The concept of parametric excited AlN CMRs harnesses the fact that the resonant frequencies of extensional mode vibrations along transverse and longitudinal directions can both be determined by resonator dimensions. Therefore, by geometrically optimizing lateral dimensions, dual resonances can be engineered at f 0 and 2f 0 respectively for inputting parametric excitation and outputting fundamental oscillations. In operation, the parametric excitation amplifies an orthogonal oscillation at f 0 by periodically modulating the stiffness constants of AlN piezoelectric thin film via straining the structure. The experimental results have shown quality factor (Q) enhancement from 50 ot 2708 for a parametrically excited resonance. Upon further scaling and optimizations, it is anticipated that this type of devices will lead to the development of GHz low noise frequency sources and nano-electro-mechanical logic.
Chronobiology. Reversal of honeybee behavioural rhythms.

Adult honeybees have sleep-like states1,2 and, like human infants3, bees develop their own endogenous circadian rhythms as they mature4,5. But whereas disruption of our sleep cycles and synchronized internal rhythms may adversely affect our physiology and performance3, we show here that honeybees can revert to certain arrhythmic behaviours when necessary. To our knowledge, this chronobiological plasticity is the first example in any animal of a socially mediated reversal in activity rhythms.
Abstract 1861: S100P is a potential biomarker in distinguishing mucinous from non-mucinous pancreatic cysts and predicting invasive adenocarcinoma

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Introduction. Our previous publications demonstrated that S100P was a highly sensitive biomarker in identifying pancreatic mucinous neoplasms (PMNs) and invasive ductal adenocarcinomas (ADCs) on both cytological and surgical specimens. When working on pancreatic cystic lesions, there are two important undertakings: 1) distinguishing mucinous neoplasms from non-mucinous cysts and 2) predicting the presence of invasive adenocarcinomas. In this study, we investigated the potential utility of S100P for these purposes. Design. Thirty pancreatic cystic fluid samples obtained by EUS-FNA biopsy were retrieved from Geisinger Biospecimen Bank. Diagnosis was based on definitive cytological diagnosis in all cases and additional surgical pathology confirmation in 11 cases. These 30 samples included 7 benign cysts in Group 1, 14 PMNs in Group 2, and 9 ADCs in Group 3. The S100P protein level of each sample was quantitatively measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) (CircuLex S100P ELISA kit, MBL International Corporation) according to the vendor's protocol. Results. The results are summarized in Table 1. Marked elevation of S100P was seen in 6 of 9 ADCs (2129.81 + 1834.34 ng/ml), in contrast to the moderate increase in Group 2 (666.67 + 1439.91 ng/ml) and the minimal increase in Group 1 (22.27 + 18.62 ng/ml). Using 50 ng/ml as a cutoff value to differentiate a PMN/ADC (Group 2 and Group 3) from a benign cyst (Group 1), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for identifying a PMN/ADC were 60.9%, 100%, 100%, and 43.8%, respectively. Conclusion. These preliminary data suggest that S100P is a useful biomarker in identifying invasive adenocarcinomas and in distinguishing mucinous neoplasms from non-mucinous cysts. Caution should be taken since some ADCs may show only mildly increased S100P levels, similar to some PMNs and non-mucinous cysts. Additional study in a large series of cases is needed to substantiate the current findings. View this table: Table 1. Summary of S100P protein level (ng/ml) in 30 pancreatic cysts by ELISA Citation Format: Wenyi Mi, David L. Diehl, Jianhi Shi, Joseph Blansfield, Marie Hunsinger, Wannian Yang, Fan Lin. S100P is a potential biomarker in distinguishing mucinous from non-mucinous pancreatic cysts and predicting invasive adenocarcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1861. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1861
Cyber Arms and Influence

This concept paper takes an in-depth look at the dynamics of cyber weapons and analyzes state preferences toward cybersecurity and arms control through an application of Thomas Schelling’s 1975 work, “A Framework for the Evaluation of Arms Control Proposals.” This robust bargaining framework allows for the analysis of state preferences to acquire or forego cyber-weapons and has yet to be rigorously applied to the study of cyber arms control. The successful bargaining of arms control is based on state preferences which are heavily dependent upon the tradeoffs between the strategic utility of cyber weapons, states’ relative cyber capabilities and vulnerabilities, the feasibility for compliance and verification, and the potential risk of states cheating the terms of an arms control agreement.
Inhibition of Amphotericin B (Fungizone) Toxicity to Cells by Egg Lecithin-Glycocholic Acid Mixed Micelles

Mixed micelles prepared from egg lecithin and the sodium salt of glycocholic acid markedly inhibited amphotericin B toxicity to mammalian cells without significantly affecting the antifungal effects of the drug.
Parity-violating electromagnetic interaction in the vector-meson-dominance model

We discuss how the parity-violating (PV) photon-nucleon ($\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{NN}$) coupling (or, more generally, any PV $\ensuremath{\gamma}B{B}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ vertex) can be calculated consistently in the vector-meson-dominance model. Gauge invariance gives rise to useful constraints among the weak $\mathrm{VNN}$ coupling constants ($V=\ensuremath{\rho},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\varphi}$). Our estimates indicate that effects caused by the PV $\ensuremath{\gamma}\mathrm{NN}$ vertex could be as important as those caused by radiative corrections due to two-boson exchange.
Gut peptides in the control of food intake: 30 years of ideas

The demonstration of the ability of exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) to inhibit food intake began a series of investigations into whether and how gut and brain peptides affected ingestive behavior. In that original demonstration, Gerry Smith and colleagues both established criteria for evaluating roles for gut peptides in food intake and shifted the focus of feeding controls to factors that contribute to limiting meal size. Although new gut peptides with novel mechanisms and durations of action have been identified in the past few years, Smith's criteria and his distinction between direct and indirect controls of meal size continue to provide a framework for understanding how such peptides may contribute to overall feeding control.
The spherical Fourier transform of rapidly decreasing functions. A simple proof of a characterization due to Harish-Chandra, Helgason, Trombi, and Varadarajan

Abstract Harish-Chandra, S. Helgason, P. C. Trombi and V. S. Varadarajan have described the image of the L p Schwartz spaces (0 p ⩽ 2), under the spherical Fourier transform. We give a short proof of their results, based on the Paley-Wiener theorem.
Sintering of ZrO2 in HCl Atmospheres

Pure zirconia fired in HCl shows greatly reduced shrinkage compared to the same material fired in air. One of the main microstructural differences is the much more rapid grain growth in the porous zirconia fired in HCl. The observed grain growth does not follow any simple growth law over the temperature range investigated. The grains grow up to a limiting particle size close to the initial agglomerate size and appear to stop.
Optimal estimator for linear stochastic systems described by functional differential equations

The optimal state estimator for linear systems described by functional differential equations is constructed. The problem is solved by deriving equations for the unbiased estimation error as well as for its covariance. A functional of the estimation error at the terminal time is minimized by an optimal choice of the gain matrices of the estimator. It is accomplished by the application of the matrix maximum principle. The applicability of the optimal estimator is illustrated by an example.
The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978

The long-term environmental effects of the Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act of 1978 address the public health hazards of radioactive wastes and recognize the significance of this issue to public acceptance of nuclear energy. Title I of the Act deals with stabilizing and controlling mill tailings at inactive sites and classifies the sites by priority. It represents a major Federal commitment. Title II changes and strengthens Nuclear Regulatory Commission authority, but it will have little overall impact. It is not possible to assess the Act's effect because there is no way to know if current technology will be adequate for the length of time required. 76 references. (DCK)
The Rottinger approach for total hip arthroplasty: technique and review of the literature

The surgical approach utilized in total hip arthroplasty has been identified as a factor that may affect surgical outcomes. There have been many different approaches and modifications used since the procedure was popularized by Sir John Charnley. The popular approaches today can be grouped by their relationship to the trochanter (anterior or posterior), patient position, leg position for dislocation/femoral preparation, and treatment of the abductors and short external rotators. The Rottinger approach is an anterior approach which utilizes the muscle interval between the tensor fascia lata and abductor musculature. The abductor attachments are preserved and the femur is prepared in extension, adduction, and external rotation. This approach has been shown in literature to be safe with some studies showing improved outcomes both in terms of reduced complications and better function than other standard approaches.
Preschool Children's Acceptance of a Novel Vegetable Following Exposure to Messages in a Storybook

Abstract Objective To investigate whether children's books affect attitudes and behaviors pertaining to an unfamiliar vegetable. Design Nine Head Start classes were randomly assigned to a positive, negative, or control group. Data were collected through individual interviews on a pretest day and two book-reading (posttest) days. Participants 118 children, ages 3 to 5. Interventions Children's book with prominent positive or negative messages about kohlrabi. Main Outcome Measures Children's familiarity with kohlrabi, willingness to taste it, and attitudes toward kohlrabi and vegetables in general. Analysis Chi-square and logistic regression. Results There were significantly more kohlrabi tasters in the positive-message group than in the control group during the second posttest (P Conclusions and Implications Further study is needed to verify these findings and to determine whether the results generalize to other foods and/or other children.
A systems conceptualization of the quality of mother-infant interaction☆

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between variations in the quality of mother-infant interactions and characteristics of the systems environment as measured by infant temperament, maternal personal characteristics, and social support. Thirty-four mothers and their 3- to 6-month-old infants were visited in the home on five occasions. During the first and last visits, the temperament and maternal personal characteristics information was assessed, and during the other visits, observations of mother-infant interaction were carried out and social support information was collected. Based on the observational data, two indices of interaction quality were computed: social responsiveness and social continuation. Results indicated that the social responsiveness index was related to the single and additive effects of infant temperament and social support quality and to the combined effects of infant temperament, maternal personal characteristics, and social support quality. These results were interpreted as supporting a systems conceptualization of early mother-infant interaction quality.
Association between wind speed and the occurrence of sickle cell acute painful episodes: results of a case‐crossover study

The role of the weather as a trigger of sickle cell acute painful episodes has long been debated. To more accurately describe the role of the weather as a trigger of painful events, we conducted a case-crossover study of the association between local weather conditions and the occurrence of painful episodes. From the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease, we identified 813 patients with sickle cell anaemia who had 3570 acute painful episodes. We found an association between wind speed and the onset of pain, specifically wind speed during the 24-h period preceding the onset of pain. Analysing wind speed as a categorical trait, showed a 13% increase (95% confidence interval: 3%, 24%) in odds of pain, when comparing the high wind speed to lower wind speed (P = 0.007). In addition, the association between wind speed and painful episodes was found to be stronger among men, particularly those in the warmer climate regions of the United States. These results are in agreement with another study that found an association between wind speed and hospital visits for pain in the United Kingdom, and lends support to physiological and clinical studies that have suggested that skin cooling is associated with sickle vasoocclusion and perhaps pain.
New histone kinases in nuclei of rat tissues.

THE presence of acid-stable phosphomonoesters, principally as phosphoserine, in histones has been reported by several investigators1–4, and histone kinases which phosphorylate serine in histones I and IV have been studied widely5–7. Many of the histone kinases studied are stimulated by cyclic AMP5,8.
Micromechanically based integrated optic modulators and switches

The integration of micromachined devices into integrated optic systems offers the potential for both miniaturization and improved performance of these systems. In this paper, an electromechanical switch integrated with an optical waveguide is described that is suitable for phase and intensity modulation and thus modulation or switching functions. The electromechanical switch is fabricated using surface micromachining techniques and consists of a multilevel polyimide platform, some regions of which are suspended 2 - 3 micrometers above the waveguide surface and other region 15 micrometers above the waveguide surface. The platform is free to move in the vertical direction. Application of voltage between the platform and substrate brings the platform into intimate contact with the waveguide, thus changing the waveguide transmission characteristics. Extensions of this technique to multiple platforms in series to create multibit digital modulation is easily envisioned.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Use of a new assay technique for quantification of antifungal activity of nystatin incorporated in denture liners.

Abstract Denture-induced stomatitis with concurrent candidal infection is the most commonly encountered intraoral abnormality among individuals who wear dentures. The institutionalized elderly demonstrate increased susceptibility and could benefit from its management with a fungicidal denture liner. As an integral part of the prosthesis, the efficacy of the fungicidal liner would be independent of patient compliance and/or nursing involvement and would provide a predictable therapeutic modality. In this study a “slant agar assay” was developed to evaluate the in vitro antimycotic activity of Visco-gel and Lynal liners impregnated with various concentrations of nystatin over a 14-day period in nonaqueous and aqueous environments. The results were as follows: preparations incorporating higher concentrations of nystatin resulted in greater inhibition of Candida albicans growth; Visco-gel liner-nystatin preparations exhibited a greater fungicidal activity than equivalent Lynal preparations; loss of potency by all of the reline-nystatin preparations consisted of an initial rapid loss between days 0 and 2, followed by a plateau during which the preparations gradually continued to lose inhibitory activity; and 1 million units of nystatin were necessary to maintain an adequate level of antifungal activity in an aqueous environment, where the liners demonstrated decreasing antifungal activity proportional to the duration of exposure to water.
EROTIC STORIES AND PUBLIC DECENCY: NEWSPAPER REPORTING OF DIVORCE PROCEEDINGS IN ENGLAND

The passage of the 1926 Judicial Proceedings (Regulation of Reports) Act prohibited the detailed reporting of divorce cases in newspapers. The voluminous press coverage of divorce cases commanded a large readership, but this very popularity had provoked anxiety about how such stories affected public morality. An overview of the range of opinion about this issue from the passage of the 1857 Divorce Act until the First World War will provide a context for an account of the steps by which the law underwent revision during the 1920s. The analysis will show both how the meaning of the public ridicule of sexual transgression changed over time and the ways in which the logically necessary but inherently unstable relationship between the erotic and public decency provided an impetus for such changes in meaning. The 1926 legislation represented one effort on the part of the state to control and to regulate that relationship. It did so, not so much to protect the individual's privacy from public scrutiny and so extend the scope of the individual's freedom of personal conduct, but in order to preserve the public decorum crucial for the maintenance of hierarchies of class, gender, and age.
Randomized trial of thoracic irradiation plus combination chemotherapy for unresectable adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma of the lung

Sixty-eight evaluable patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma of the lung were treated on a prospective randomized trial comparing thoracic radiation therapy (TRT) plus combination chemotherapy with either cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin and cis-platinum (CAP) or cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (same dosages) and DTIC (CAD), 34 on each arm. Patients treated with TRT plus CAP had a better overall regression rate (59% vs 47%) and a statistically significant superiority in time to disease progression (147 days vs 303 days) and survival (217 days vs 504 days).
Considerations for Hardening MOS Devices and Circuits for Low Radiation Doses

The radiation response of MOS devices has been shown to be dependent on the details of the device processing and of the device design. To produce megaradhard devices process controls have been used and special design considerations have been developed. This paper considers the special problem of hardening IC's for low radiation doses (1-10krad). A worst case calculation of the radiation induced threshold voltage shift shows that it may be possible to guarantee the total dose hardness of MOS IC's for low doses by controlling only the gate oxide and field oxide thickness with no other process controls.
Spark Lag of the Sphere Gap

Measurements of time lag of spark-over of small sphere gaps at 3,820 volts were made with an instrument developed specifically for the purpose. Spark lags were found to fall into 3 distinct domains: 1 of relatively long initiatory lags of random distribution, and 2 of definite formative lags of different orders of magnitude corresponding to 2 different spark-over mechanisms. The controlling conditions which determine into which domain the spark lag will fall are given. The manner in which this lag may obscure the sparking voltage of the gap is pointed out and a remedial specification suggested. The results are applicable to larger sphere gaps and higher voltages.
Chest pain and arthritis.

*Division of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, †Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, ‡Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and §Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Reprint Address: Eric S. Nadel, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
Older Adults’ Comprehension of Probabilistic Risk Expressions in a Vaccine Information Statement: A Teach-Back Approach

The probability of a risk can be expressed in various formats such as percentages, frequencies, or words. People must be able to understand these probabilistic risk expressions to make informed decisions about their health. However, research has shown that people, especially older adults, have difficulty comprehending probabilities (e.g., Gigerenzer, Gaissmaier, Kurz-Milcke, Schwartz, & Woloshin, 2007; Kutner, Greenberg, & Baer, 2005; Lipkus, Samsa, & Rimer, 2001). In this study, the relationship between the probability risk format (frequency, percentage, or words) and how older adults described and understood the probabilistic information was examined using a teach-back approach and a recall test. Four females and one male participated; mean age was 73.2 years (SD=5.2). The results suggest that people do attend to probabilistic risk information and that presenting risk probabilities using words or percentages supports comprehension.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF PNEUMONIC PLEURAL FLUIDS

Pleuritic exudates from patients with lobar pneumonia may be sterile or infected. Sterile fluids, at or about the time of crisis, contain actively acquired antibodies similar to those in the blood serum. Infected fluids do not contain such antibodies, presumably because of the presence in them of large amounts of soluble specific substance. Sterile fluids from patients treated with immune sera have both horse serum and antibodies similar to those injected. Infected fluids from serum-treated cases contain horse serum and such heterologous antibodies as were contained in the therapeutic sera together with homologous soluble specific substance. The concentration of horse serum and antibodies in pneumonic fluids is usually the same or somewhat less than that of the corresponding blood sera.
Combining rapid HIV testing and a brief alcohol intervention in young unhealthy drinkers in the emergency department: a pilot study.

Background: We sought to determine the feasibility and impact of brief alcohol/ sexual risk reduction counseling with rapid HIV testing in the emergency department (ED). Methods: We recruited 18–40 year olds with unhealthy alcohol use, sexual risk behaviors, and negative/unknown HIV status and assessed for differences in their alcohol consumption and sexual risk behaviors at baseline versus 2 months. Results: Participants (n = 85) were 61% male, mean age 26 years old, 59% white, 92% unmarried, 57% college educated, 45% without a regular doctor, and 80% with an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score ≥8. All rapid HIV tests were negative. Among the 70 (82%) with follow-up, alcohol consumption decreased with fewer average weekly drinks (23.6 vs. 9.8, p = .003) and binge drinking episodes (2.0 vs. .9, p = .012). Post-intervention, sexual risk decreased, including increased condom use (23% vs. 46%, p = .007). Women had a greater decrease in alcohol use prior to sex compared with men (p = .021 ...
A Mathematical Model for the Prediction of Speeding with its Validation

Speeding is one of the most prevalent contributing factors in traffic crashes. The prediction of speeding is important to reduce excessive speeds and prevent speeding-related traffic accidents and injuries. Speeding (either intentional or unintentional) is a consequence of inappropriate speed control. This paper extends a previous mathematical model of driver speed control to provide quantitative predictions of intentional and unintentional speeding. These predictions consist of the time at which the driver exceeds the speed limit and the magnitude of speeding. Based on these modeling predictions, this paper develops an intelligent speeding prediction system (ISPS) to prevent the occurrence of speeding. An experimental study using a driving simulator is conducted to evaluate the ISPS. We find no significant difference between modeled predictions and experimental results in terms of the time and magnitude of intentional speeding. In addition, the ISPS can successfully predict the majority of unintentional speeding instances, with only a small portion of unnecessary speeding warnings. Applications of the ISPS to reduce driving speed and prevent the real-time occurrence of speeding and speeding-related traffic accidents are discussed.