cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN CLUSTERS: MODIFIED FAR-INFRARED-RADIO RELATIONS WITHIN VIRGO CLUSTER GALAXIES

We present a study on the effects of the intracluster medium (ICM) on the interstellar medium (ISM) of 10 Virgo Cluster galaxies using Spitzer far-infrared (FIR) and Very Large Array radio continuum imaging. Relying on the FIR-radio correlation within normal galaxies, we use our infrared data to create model radio maps, which we compare to the observed radio images. For six of our sample galaxies, we find regions along their outer edges that are highly deficient in the radio compared with our models. We also detect FIR emission slightly beyond the observed radio disk along these outer edges. We believe these observations are the signatures of ICM ram pressure. For NGC 4522, we find the radio-deficit region to lie just exterior to a region of high radio polarization and flat radio spectral index, although the total 20 cm radio continuum in this region does not appear strongly enhanced. These characteristics seem consistent for other galaxies with radio polarization data in the literature. The strength of the radio deficit is inversely correlated with the time since peak pressure as inferred from stellar population studies and gas-stripping simulations, consistent with the strength of the radio deficit being a good indicator of the strength of the current ram pressure. We also find that galaxies having local radio deficits appear to have enhanced global radio fluxes. Our preferred physical picture is that the observed radio-deficit regions arise from the ICM wind sweeping away cosmic-ray (CR) electrons and the associated magnetic field, thereby creating synchrotron tails as observed for some of our galaxies. We propose that CR particles are also reaccelerated by ICM-driven shocklets behind the observed radio-deficit regions which, in turn, enhances the remaining radio disk brightness. The high radio polarization and lack of precisely coincident enhancement in the total synchrotron power for these regions suggest shearing, and possibly mild compression of the magnetic field, as the ICM wind drags and stretches the leading edge of the ISM.
Water vapor in the Martian atmosphere: A discussion of the Viking data

A summary of calculations describing the Martian atmosphere water vapor content based on data from the Mars Atmospheric Water Detectors carried by the Viking landers is presented. The water column has been observed to vary with season, time of day, and locality. Over 5 yr of continuous data collection has permitted modeling of the Martian year into 24 seasonal periods of planetocentric solar longitude, with gaps in the model due to the presence of dust storms. The vapor content is asymmetric pole-to-pole, but symmetric latitudinally with respect to the equator. Low elevation areas display a higher vapor content, especially with rapid height changes in nearby terrain. Dust storms reduced the total atmospheric vapor, with concentration shifts tending toward the north, from where it is expected renewed balances will be reinstated. Consideration is also given to diurnal variations, and variations due to temperature, composition, and wind velocity.
Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Neutropenic Cancer Patients

Purpose Cancer is associated with thrombosis, but the frequency of thromboembolism in hospitalized cancer patients receiving current chemotherapy regimens is not known. We investigated venous and arterial thromboembolism and associated outcomes in hospitalized cancer patients actively receiving therapy, as identified by neutropenia. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the discharge database of the University HealthSystem Consortium. This included 66,106 adult neutropenic cancer patients with 88,074 hospitalizations between 1995 and 2002 at 115 medical centers in the United States. Results Thromboembolism was reported in 5,272 patients (8%), with 5.4% patients developing venous thromboembolism and 1.5% developing arterial thromboembolism during the first hospitalization. Patients with lymphoma and leukemia accounted for one third of venous and nearly one half of arterial events. Clinical variables most frequently associated with thromboembolism were age ≥ 65 years; primary site of cance...
NEW DEBRIS DISKS AROUND YOUNG, LOW-MASS STARS DISCOVERED WITH THE SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE

We present 24 μm and 70 μm Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) observations of 70 A through M-type dwarfs with estimated ages from 8 Myr to 1.1 Gyr, as part of a Spitzer guaranteed time program, including a re-analysis of some previously published source photometry. Our sample is selected from stars with common youth indicators such as lithium abundance, X-ray activity, chromospheric activity, and rapid rotation. We compare our MIPS observations to empirically derived K_s -[24] colors as a function of the stellar effective temperature to identify 24 μm and 70 μm excesses. We place constraints or upper limits on dust temperatures and fractional infrared luminosities with a simple blackbody dust model. We confirm the previously published 70 μm excesses for HD 92945, HD 112429, and AU Mic, and provide updated flux density measurements for these sources. We present the discovery of 70 μm excesses for five stars: HD 7590, HD 10008, HD 59967, HD 73350, and HD 135599. HD 135599 is also a known Spitzer IRS (InfraRed Spectrograph) excess source, and we confirm the excess at 24 μm. We also present the detection of 24 μm excesses for 10 stars: HD 10008, GJ 3400A, HD 73350, HD 112429, HD 123998, HD 175742, AT Mic, BO Mic, HD 358623 and Gl 907.1. We find that large 70 μm excesses are less common around stars with effective temperatures of less than 5000 K (3.7^(+7.6)_(–1.1)%) than around stars with effective temperatures between 5000 K and 6000 K (21.4^(+9.5)_(–5.7)%), despite the cooler stars having a younger median age in our sample (12 Myr vs. 340 Myr). We find that the previously reported excess for TWA 13A at 70 μm is due to a nearby background galaxy, and the previously reported excess for HD 177724 is due to saturation of the near-infrared photometry used to predict the mid-infrared stellar flux contribution. In the Appendix, we present an updated analysis of dust grain removal timescales due to grain-grain collisions and radiation pressure, Poynting-Robertson (P-R) drag, stellar wind drag, and planet-dust dynamical interaction. We find that drag forces can be important for disk dynamics relative to grain-grain collisions for L_(IR)/L_* < 10^(–4), and that stellar wind drag is more important than P-R drag for K and M dwarfs, and possibly for young (<1 Gyr) G dwarfs as well.
Permutation Statistics and $q$-Fibonacci Numbers

In a recent paper, Goyt and Sagan studied distributions of certain set partition statistics over pattern restricted sets of set partitions that were counted by the Fibonacci numbers. Their study produced a class of q-Fibonacci numbers, which they related to q-Fibonacci numbers studied by Carlitz and Cigler. In this paper we will study the distributions of some Mahonian statistics over pattern restricted sets of permutations. We will give bijective proofs connecting some of our q-Fibonacci numbers to those of Carlitz, Cigler, Goyt and Sagan. We encode these permutations as words and use a weight to produce bijective proofs of q-Fibonacci identities. Finally, we study the distribution of some of these statistics on pattern restricted permutations that West showed were counted by even Fibonacci numbers.
Application of Transistor Emitter-Open Turn-Off Scheme to High Voltage Power Inverters

A transistor emitter-open turn-off scheme has been implemented in an experimental operating high voltage power inverter. Not only the transistor turn-off speed is greatly increased by using such a turn-off scheme but also the reverse-biased second breakdown phenomenon is eliminated. Therefore the very same device can be fully utilized for higher voltage and higher frequency applications.
An intramolecular cascade cyclization of 2-aryl indoles: efficient methods for the construction of 2,3-functionalized indolines and 3-indolinones.

Efficient intramolecular N/O-nucleophilic cyclization of 2-aryl indoles has been developed to afford the corresponding 2-aza-3-oxaindolines and 3-indolinones in 80–95% yield. The methods provided convenient access to fused imidazo[1,2-c]oxazolidinone, oxazolidine, or tetrahydro-1,3-oxazine cores under mild conditions.
Synchronization of multi-agent plans

Consider an intelligent agent constructing a plan to be executed by several other agents; correct plan execution will often require that actions bc taken in a specific sequence. Therefore, the planner cannot simply tell each agent what action to perform; explicit mechanisms must exist for maintaining the execution sequence. This paper outlines such mechanisms. A framework for multiple-agent planning is devclopcd, consisting of several parts. First. a formalism is adopted for representing knowledge about other agents’ beliefs and goals, and is extcndcd to allow representation of their capabilities. Communication primitives are defined that allow selective acceptance of goals and facts, and an explicit means of inducing an agent to perform an act is introduced. Finally, the ordering mechanisms (consisting of sequencing operators and a planning heuristic) arc presented, along with a specific example of their use.
MODEL SELECTION CRITERIA USING LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS AND OUT-OF-SAMPLE PERFORMANCE

Model selection is often conducted by ranking models by their out-of-sample forecast error. Such criteria only incorporate information about the expected value, whereas models usually describe the entire probability distribution. Hence, researchers may desire a criteria evaluating the performance of the entire probability distribution. Such a method is proposed and is found to increase the likelihood of selecting the true model relative to conventional model ranking techniques.
Microwave-assisted allylation of acetals with allyltrimethylsilane in the presence of CuBr

We describe the first synthesis of homoallyl ethers from acetals and allyltrimethylsilane using microwave heating and CuBr as a promoter. This method works best for aromatic acetals, giving the corresponding homoallyl ethers in good to quantitative yield.
Measurement of ADHD Outcomes: Implications for the Future

INTRODUCTION Many questions arise when considering the outcomes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and exploring the ways treatment may affect those outcomes. The other papers in this supplement outline issues that affect assessment of specific aspects of ADHD and its outcomes. However, some overarching issues have implications for future research on ADHD outcomes. They relate to: 1) the definition of the condition(s) itself and its manifestations; 2) the natural history of the condition(s) and the morbidity that it causes; 3) the choice of outcomes and their relative importance; 4) the nature of the treatments; 5) the implementation of evaluation research; and 6) research priorities. In the commentary that follows I address each of these briefly.
Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Trade Under NAFTA

NAFTA was the first trade liberalization agreement to explicitly include environmental provisions. Both agricultural trade and U.S. FDI in the Mexican food processing and agricultural sectors have increased since NAFTA’s implementation. Environmental implications include a greater emphasis on the environment in Mexico as well as positive and negative impacts due to changes in scale, structure and technology in those sectors. Increased use of chemicals due to both increased outputs and a shift to g reater horticultural crop produc tion have negative impa cts on the Mexican environment but improved technologies in processing produce favorable effects.
Early Career Experiences of Pediatricians Pursuing or Not Pursuing Fellowship Training

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Choosing career paths can be difficult decisions for residents contemplating fellowship training. This study compares the experiences of early career pediatricians who did and did not pursue fellowships. METHODS: We analyzed national, weighted data from pediatricians 8 to 10 years after residency ( n = 842). Work environment, work–life balance, and satisfaction were compared for pediatricians who had pursued fellowship training (fellowship trained) and those who did not pursue fellowship training (generalist trained). Logistic and linear regression examined the independent effects of fellowship training while controlling for demographic differences. RESULTS: A total of 39% of the pediatricians (328/842) pursued fellowship training. The fellowship-trained group was less likely than the generalist-trained group to spend time in direct patient care and more likely to report learning opportunities in their work environment. This group was also more likely to report an income of ≥$150 000, although no difference was found when only full-time pediatricians were examined. Generalist-trained pediatricians were more likely to work CONCLUSIONS: Although residents need to consider important life and career differences when contemplating fellowship training and general care, pediatricians in both groups can achieve overall life and career satisfaction.
Blur identification from vector quantizer encoder distortion

Blur identification is a crucial first step in many image restoration techniques. An approach for identifying image blur using vector quantizer encoder distortion is proposed. The blur in an image is identified by choosing from a finite set of candidate blur functions. The method requires a set of training images produced by each of the blur candidates. Each of these sets is used to train a vector quantizer codebook. Given an image degraded by unknown blur, it is first encoded with each of these codebooks. The blur in the image is then estimated by choosing from among the candidates, the one corresponding to the codebook that provides the lowest encoder distortion. Simulations are performed at various bit rates and with different levels of noise. Results show that the method performs well even at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as low as 10 dB.
Optimization of Gated Liver FDG PET with Non-Uniform Respiration

The objective of this research is to optimize and characterize the respiratory gated reconstruction protocol in liver FDG PET scans with non-uniform respiration using Monte-Carlo simulations. Assuming externally-tracked motion information and NCAT respiratory motion model, we compare the standard time gating and optimized amplitude gating methods. Two spherically shaped liver lesions with FWHM of 1 cm and 2 cm are used to evaluate the accuracy of each method in determining the size and the position of the lesions with GE Discovery LS scanner.
Qualitative Disclosure and Changes in Sell‐Side Financial Analysts' Information Environment

We examine a routine and timely disclosure, earnings press releases, to determine the extent to which several novel qualitative elements of such disclosures are associated with changes in sell-side financial analysts' information environment. Using a comprehensive set of GARCH-based (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) proxies, we examine how disclosure readability's components, across-document textual similarity, and within-document lexical diversity alter analysts' information environment. We find that readability in the form of shorter sentences, textual similarity, and lexical diversity are strongly related to decreases in analysts' uncertainty. Further, shorter sentences and lexical diversity improve both public and private information precision, whereas similarity affects solely analysts' private information precision. While the GARCH-based proxies allow us to alleviate concerns regarding potentially spurious inferences (Sheng and Thevenot 2012), we note as a caveat that such an estimation restricts our inferences to large, stable, and heavily followed firms. These findings should be of interest to analysts who may wish to explore the latent information contained within the qualitative elements of disclosure, regulators who direct the form and content of disclosure, and academics who study the use (and possible misuse) of various forms of information and its presentation.
Dynamic resource control for continuous media traffic over ATM networks

Traffic control for continuous media traffic is an inherently difficult problem due to the time-sensitive nature of the traffic and its unpredictable burstiness. We present a scheme which controls traffic by dynamically allocating/de-allocating resources among competing virtual channels (VCs) based upon their real-time requirements. This scheme incorporates a form of rate-control, real-time burst-level scheduling and link-link flow control. We show analytically potential performance improvements of our rate-control scheme and present a scheme for buffer dimensioning. We also present simulation results of our schemes and discuss the tradeoffs inherent in maintaining high network utilization and statistically guaranteeing many users' quality of service.
On a conjecture of Kac-Wakimoto

We prove a conjecture about mininmal index of certain representations of Coset Algebraic Conformal Field Theories under general conditions as formulated previously by us. As a by-product, the Kac-Wakimoto Conjecture (KWC) which is related to the asympotics of the coset characters is true under the same conditions. The same idea in the proof also proves a recent conjecture related to subfactors from conformal inclusions.
Punitive Damages in Arbitration: Contracting out of Governments Role in Punishment and Federal Preemption of State Law

A contractualist approach to the question of whether arbitrators may award punitive damages. Addresses choice-of-law clauses and constitutional issues.
Subsystem code constructions

Subsystem codes are the most versatile class of quantum error-correcting codes known to date that combine the best features of all known passive and active error-control schemes. The subsystem code is a subspace of the quantum state space that is decomposed into a tensor product of two vector spaces: the subsystem and the co-subsystem. A generic method to derive subsystem codes from existing subsystem codes is given that allows one to trade the dimensions of subsystem and co-subsystem while maintaining or improving the minimum distance. As a consequence, it is shown that all pure MDS subsystem codes are derived from MDS stabilizer codes. The existence of numerous families of MDS subsystem codes is established. Propagation rules are derived that allow one to obtain longer and shorter subsystem codes from given subsystem codes. Furthermore, propagation rules are derived that allow one to construct a new subsystem code by combining two given subsystem codes.
VOLATILITY SPILLOVERS BETWEEN FOREIGN EXCHANGE, COMMODITY AND FREIGHT FUTURES PRICES: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEDGING STRATEGIES

In many studies the assumption is made that traders only encounter one type of price risk. In reality, however, traders are exposed to multiple price risks, and often have several relevant derivative instruments available with which to hedge price uncertainty. In this study, commodity, foreign exchange, and freight futures contracts are analyzed for their effectiveness in reducing price uncertainty for international grain traders. A theoretical model is developed for a representative European importer to depict a realistic trading problem encountered by an international grain trading corporation exposed to more than one type of price risk. The traditional method of estimating hedge ratios by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) is compared to the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) and the multivariate GARCH (MGARCH) methodology, which takes into account time-varying variances and covariances between the cash and futures markets. Explicit modeling of the time-variation in futures hedge ratios via the MGARCH methodology, using all derivatives and taking into account dependencies between markets results in a significant reduction in price risk for grain traders. The results also confirm that the unique, but underutilized, freight futures market is a potentially useful mechanism for reducing price uncertainty for international grain traders. The research undertaken in this study provides valuable information about reducing price uncertainty for international grain traders and gives a better understanding of the linkages between closely related markets.
Rigidity in Solids

We address the question of whether solids may be distinguished from fluids by their response to shear stress.
Comparison of fine structures of electron cyclotron harmonic emissions in aurora

Recent discoveries of higher harmonic cyclotron emissions in aurora occurring under daylight conditions motivated the modification of radio receivers at South Pole Station, Antarctica, to measure fine structure of such emissions during two consecutive austral summers, 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. The experiment recorded 347 emission events over 376 days of observation. The seasonal distribution of these events reveals that successively higher harmonics require higher solar zenith angles for occurrence, as expected if they are generated at the matching condition fuh = Nfce, which for higher N requires higher electron densities which are associated with higher solar zenith angles. This result implies that generation of higher harmonics from lower harmonics via wave-wave processes explains only a minority of events. Detailed examination of 21 cases in which two harmonics occur simultaneously shows that in almost all events the higher harmonic comes from higher altitudes, and only for a small fraction of events is it plausible that the frequencies of the fine structures of the emissions are correlated and in exact integer ratio. This observation puts an upper bound of 15–20% on the fraction of emissions which can be explained by wave-wave interactions involving Z mode waves at fce and, combined with consideration of source altitudes, puts an upper bound of 75% on the fraction explained by coalescence of Z mode waves at 2fce. Taken together, these results suggest that the dominant mechanism for the higher harmonics is independent generation at the matching points fuh = Nfce and that the wave-wave interaction mechanisms explain a relatively small fraction of events.
Cryptographic sealing for information secrecy and authentication

A new protection mechanism is described that provides general primitives for protection and authentication. The mechanism is based on the idea of sealing an object with a key. Sealed objects are self-authenticating, and in the absence of an appropriate set of keys, only provide information about the size of their contents. New keys can be freely created at any time, and keys can also be derived from existing keys with operators that include Key-And and Key-Or. This flexibility allows the protection mechanism to implement common protection mechanisms such as capabilities, access control lists, and information flow control. The mechanism is enforced with a synthesis of conventional cryptography, public-key cryptography, and a threshold scheme.
Fluorinated allenes and alkynes

Abstract Perfluoroalkyl copper and perfluoroalkylene dicopper reagents couple with propargyl bromide to give the perfluoroallenes and perfluorodiallenes with 100% regioselectivity, but gave perfluoroallene/perfluoroalkyne mixtures or pure perfluomalkynes with trialkylsilyl propargyl bromides.
Urbanization, development, and under-five mortality differentials by place of residence in São Paulo, Brazil, 1970-1991

In this paper, I examine differentials in under-five mortality for the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, between urban and rural areas and by location within urban areas over a 21-year period between 1970 and 1991. I also investigate economic inequalities in under-five mortality for urban areas. During the period 1970-1991, much of the infant and child mortality transition unfolded in Sao Paulo. I investigate whether these improvements in mortality were accompanied by narrowing differentials by place of residence and declining economic inequalities in mortality. I draw on microdata from Brazilian censuses conducted in 1970, 1980, and 1991.
Cerebral Blood Pressure Rise During Blast Exposure in a Rat Model of Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has been called the signature wound of war in the past decade. The mechanisms of such injuries are not yet completely understood. One of the proposed hypotheses is the transfer of pressure wave from large torso blood vessels to the cerebrovasculature as a major contributing factor to bTBI. The aim of this study was to investigate this hypothesis by measuring cerebral blood pressure rise during blast exposure and comparing two scenarios of head-only or chest-only exposures to the blast wave. The results showed that the cerebral blood pressure rise was significantly higher in chest-only exposure, and caused infiltration of blood-borne macrophages into the brain. It is concluded that a significantly high pressure wave transfers from torso to cerebrovasculature during exposure of the chest to a blast wave. This wave may lead to blood-brain barrier disruption and consequently trigger secondary neuronal damage.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Source Coding for Quasiarithmetic Penalties

Whereas Huffman coding finds a prefix code minimizing mean codeword length for a given finite-item probability distribution, quasiarithmetic or quasilinear coding problems have the goal of minimizing a generalized mean of the form rho-1(Sigmaipirho(li )), where li denotes the length of the ith codeword, p i denotes the corresponding probability, and rho is a monotonically increasing cost function. Such problems, proposed by Campbell, have a number of diverse applications. Several cost functions are shown here to yield quasiarithmetic problems with simple redundancy bounds in terms of a generalized entropy. A related property, also shown here, involves the existence of optimal codes: For "well-behaved" cost functions, optimal codes always exist for (possibly infinite-alphabet) sources having finite generalized entropy. An algorithm is introduced for finding binary codes optimal for convex cost functions. This algorithm, which can be extended to other minimization utilities, can be performed using quadratic time and linear space. This reduces the computational complexity of a problem involving minimum delay in a queue, allows combinations of previously considered problems to be optimized, and greatly expands the set of problems solvable in quadratic time and linear space
Distributed token management in Calypso file system

This paper presents the design and implementation of a distributed token manager for a cluster-optimized, distributed Unix file system. In this file system, tokens provide cache consistency and support for single-system Unix semantics. The paper describes the token types used, token arbitration protocol, deadlock-free implementation, fault-tolerance, and recovery. The key contributions of the work reported here are: (1) An efficient protocol for token arbitration, which minimizes bottlenecks and hence enhances scalability; (2) A practical approach to handling deadlocks, race conditions, and recovery issues, which complicate token manager design and implementation. >
Transmembrane domain IV of the Gallus gallus VT2 vasotocin receptor is essential for forming a heterodimer with the corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor.

Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor CRHR and the VT2 arginine vasotocin receptor VT2R are vital links in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that enable a biological response to stressful stimuli in avian species. CRHR and VT2R are both G-protein coupled receptors GPCRs, and have been shown by us to form a heterodimer via fluorescent resonance energy transfer FRET analysis in the presence of their respective ligands, corticotrophin re- leasing hormone CRH and arginine vasotocin AVT. The dimeriza- tion interface of the heterodimer is unknown, but computational analyses predict transmembrane domains TMs as likely sites of the interaction. We constructed chimerical VT2Rs, tagged at the C-terminal ends with either cyan fluorescent protein CFP or yellow fluorescent protein YFP, by replacing the fourth transmembrane re- gion TM4 of VT2R with TM4 of the 2-adrenergic receptor 2AR. The VT2R/2AR chimeras were expressed in HeLa cells and proper trafficking is confirmed by observing cell membrane localization us- ing confocal microscopy. VT2R/2AR-YFP chimera functionality was confirmed with a Fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester Fura-2AM assay. FRET analysis was then performed on VT2/2AR-chimera/CRHR pairs, and the calculated distance was observed to be 10 nm apart, indicating that heterodimerization was partly disrupted by mutating TM4 of the VT2R. Therefore, TM4 may form one region of the possible dimeriza- tion interfaces between the VT2R and CRHR. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical
Fast Approximation Algorithms for Knapsack Problems

Fully polynomial approximation schemes for knapsack problems are presented. These algorithms are based on ideas of Ibarra and Kim, with modifications which yield better time and space bounds, and also tend to improve the practicality of the procedures. Among the principal improvements are the introduction of a more efficient method of scaling and the use of a median-finding routine to eliminate sorting. The 0-1 knapsack problem, for n items and accuracy e > 0, is solved in n log1/e + 1/e4 time and On + 1/e3 space. The time bound is reduced to On + 1/e3 for the “unbounded” knapsack problem. For the “subset-sum” problem, On + 1/e3 time and On + 1/e2 space, or On + 1/e2log1/e time and space, are achieved. The “multiple choice” problem, with m equivalence classes, is solved in On log n + mn/e time and On + m2/e space.
Dental Informatics: An Emerging Biomedical Informatics Discipline:

Biomedical informatics is a maturing discipline. During the last forty years, it has developed into a research discipline of significant scale and scope. One of its subdisciplines, dental informatics, is beginning to emerge as its own entity. While there is a growing cadre of trained dental informaticians, dental faculty and administrators in general are not very familiar with dental informatics as an area of scientific inquiry. Many confuse informatics with information technology (IT), are unaware of its scientific methods and principles, and cannot relate dental informatics to biomedical informatics as a whole. This article delineates informatics from information technology and explains the types of scientific questions that dental and other informaticians typically explore. Scientific investigation in informatics centers primarily on model formulation, system development, system implementation, and the study of effects. Informatics draws its scientific methods mainly from information science, computer ...
Finite knot surgeries and Heegaard Floer homology

It is well known that any 3‐manifold can be obtained by Dehn surgery on a link, but not which ones can be obtained from a knot or which knots can produce them. We investigate these two questions for elliptic Seifert fibered spaces (other than lens spaces) using the Heegaard Floer correction terms or d ‐invariants associated to a 3‐manifold Y and its torsion Spin c structures. For 1.Y/ finite andjH1.Y/j 4, we classify the manifolds which are knot surgery and the knot surgeries which give them; forjH1.Y/j 32, we classify the manifolds which are surgery and place restrictions on the surgeries which may give them. 57M25; 57R65
Partitioning using second-order information and stochastic-gain functions

A probability-based partitioning algorithm, PROP, was introduced in [8] that achieved large improvements over traditional "deterministic" iterative-improvement techniques like Fidducia-Mattheyses (FM) and Krishnamurthy's look-ahead (LA) algorithm. While PROP's gain function has a greater futuristic component than PM or LA, it incorporates spatially local information-only information on the removal probabilities of adjacent nets of a cell is used in its gain computation. This prevents a higher-level view of nonlocal structures. Also, giving uniform weights to all nets, results in an inability to differentiate between the futuristic benefit of removing one net from another. This paper investigates for the first time the issues of using nonlocal structural information in gain functions and variable net weights based on the futuristic (stochastic) benefit of moving them from the cutset. The result is a more sophisticated partitioner DEEP-PROP that performs better for circuits with large complexities by incorporating more nonlocal (second order) structural information than PROP. The second-order information is incorporated into cell gains as well as variable net weights-the latter helps to focus future cell moves in the "right" cluster around the currently moved cell and, thus, better utilizes the information that led to its selection as the best move. A lower complexity version, variable weight PROP (VAR-PROP), that also uses dynamically assigned variable net weights, but based on first-order information, has also been developed. Both versions yield significant improvements over PROP on the ACM/SIGDA benchmark suite. DEEP-PROP yields mincut improvements of as much as 39% and an average of 20% for large circuits (10-K to 25-K cells) and an average of 14% over all circuits. DEEP PROP is about a factor of 2.8 times slower than PROP, which is very fast. VAR-PROP, which has a much lower computational complexity than DEEP-PROP, yields for large circuits, maximum and average mincut improvements over PROP of 27% and 18%, respectively, and an average of 12.6% improvement over all circuits. It is only about 14% slower than PROP, For the only very large circuit golem3 in the suite (>100 K cells), the improvements produced by DEEP-PROP and VAR-PROP over PROP are 15.6% and 11.5%, respectively. We also compare DEEP-PROP to FM, PROP and hMetis for a subset of the newer 1SPD98 benchmark circuits, and demonstrate significant improvements over FM and PROP, and comparable mincuts (within 2%) to hMetis, one of the best multilevel partitioners.
The Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager Observation of the 1809 keV Line from Galactic 26Al

Observations of the central radian of the Galaxy by the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) have yielded a high-resolution measurement of the 1809 keV line from 26Al, detected at 11 σ significance in 9 months of data. The RHESSI result for the width of the cosmic line is 2.03 keV FWHM. The best-fit line width of 5.4 keV FWHM reported by Naya et al. using the Gamma-Ray Imaging Spectrometer balloon instrument is rejected with high confidence.
Reactions of 1-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-1-phenoxyalkane and (Benzotriazol-1-yl)ethoxyphenylmethane Anions with Nitroarenes: a New Approach to Alkyl and Aryl p-Nitroaryl Ketones

p-Nitroaryl alkyl ketones and p-nitroaryl aryl ketones are prepared regioselectively by reactions of non-functionalized nitroarenes and benzotriazole stabilized carbanions.
Trees and Matchings from Point Processes

A factor graph of a point process is a graph whose vertices are the points of the process, and which is constructed from the process in a deterministic isometry-invariant way. We prove that the d -dimensional Poisson process has a one-ended tree as a factor graph. This implies that the Poisson points can be given an ordering isomorphic to the usual ordering of the integers in a deterministic isometry-invariant way. For d greater than or equal to 4 our result answers a question posed by Ferrari, Landim and Thorisson [7]. We prove also that any isometry-invariant ergodic point process of finite intensity in Euclidean or hyperbolic space has a perfect matching as a factor graph provided all the inter-point distances are distinct.
m-Level rook placements

Goldman, Joichi, and White proved a beautiful theorem showing that the falling factorial generating function for the rook numbers of a Ferrers board factors over the integers. Briggs and Remmel studied an analogue of rook placements where rows are replaced by sets of m rows called levels. They proved a version of the factorization theorem in that setting, but only for certain Ferrers boards. We generalize this result to any Ferrers board as well as giving a p,q-analogue. We also consider a dual situation involving weighted file placements which permit more than one rook in the same row. In both settings, we discuss properties of the resulting equivalence classes such as the number of elements in a class. In addition, we prove analogues of a theorem of Foata and Schutzenberger giving a distinguished representative in each class as well as make connections with the q,t-Catalan numbers. We end with some open questions raised by this work.
Plasma cholinesterase activity in children with infective endocarditis

Objectives: Although pre-existing heart disease in children is the most frequent predisposing factor for infective endocarditis (IE), we report 6 children of IE with no apparent preexisting cardiac disease. Patients and Methods: Our study included six patients with acquired infection from central catheter; the microbial pathogens were Streptococcus viridans (n=3) and Staphyloccocus aureus (n=3). The diagnosis of IE was based on positive blood culture (2 positive cultures of blood samples drawn >12 hours), evidence of endocardial involvement (positive ECHO), measuring raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma cholinesterase (PChE) activity. We measured PChE activity (µmol min -1 ml -1 ) in children with IE (group A, n=6) and in IE-free children (group B, n=10). For determination of PChE activity vein blood samples were collected and stored at -20°C until analyzed. PChE activity was determined by the spectrophotometric method of Ellman using butyryltiocholine as the substract (Sigma Chemical Co., St.Luis, Mo, USA). Statistical analysis was made by Student’s t-test. Results: In group A of examined children with IE we measured decreased PChE activity (1.89 ± 0.24) relation to patients of control group B (3.97 ± 0.20). Conclusion: Our study indicates that PChE activity can also be an important parameter for the diagnosis of IE.
Inferring monetary policy objectives with a partially observed state

Accounting for the uncertainty inherent in real-time perceptions of the state of the economy is believed to be critical for the analysis of historical monetary policy. We investigate this claim through the lens of a small-scale new-Keynesian model with optimal discretionary policy and partial information about the state. The model is estimated using maximum likelihood on US data over the Volcker-Greenspan-Bernanke regime. A comparison of our estimates to those from a version of the model with complete information reveals that under partial information: (i) the Federal Reserve demonstrates a significant concern for stabilizing fluctuations in the output gap, and (ii) the discrepancy between optimal and observed policy behavior is smaller.
Photoactivated tungsten hexacarbonyl-catalyzed conversion of alkynols to glycals.

The photoactivated W(CO)6/DABCO/THF system has been used for the formal endo-cyclization of alkynes to pyran rings. We found that the regioselectivity of ring closure depends on the relative configuration of the 3,5-dihydroxy-1-alkynes, as well as, more decisively, on the type of O-protective group. Oxygen substitution at the propargylic carbon slows the rate of alkyne insertion and allows for dihydrofuran formation through exo-cyclization. In contrast, the use of bulky silyl ethers or carbon substituents leads to dihydropyrans through endo-cyclization. Substrates bearing leaving groups such as esters, phenols, or thiophenols at the propargylic site eliminate and thus represent a limitation to the cycloisomerization methodology. Propargyl vinyl ethers will rearrange to give dienals instead of glycals. 1,2-Wittig rearrangement products of dihydropyrans are readily prepared and converted to complex bicyclic building blocks for organic synthesis.
Agri-Environmental Instruments for an Integrated Rural Policy: An Economic Analysis

The new Rural Development Regulation of the EU reflects the shift of attention within rural areas from agricultural production towards rural development and embraces both farmers and non-farm residents. While agricultural production is required to comply with environmental standards, rural areas also have to fulfil the growing demand for landscape, outdoor recreation and wildlife conservation. This paper develops a model of a rural area where farmers and non-farm residents live together. A central government uses a combination of two-policy instruments - direct compensation payments and public services - aimed at encouraging farmers to adopt environmentally beneficial practices and at the same time to increase the provision of countryside amenities and the sustained vitality of the rural area. The optimal mix of the policy instruments is evaluated under various governmental objectives. The analysis suggests that a combination of direct payments to farmers with the supply of local public services is a promising tool for rural policy development initiatives in the EU.
Modeling infrared temperature measurements : Comparison of experimental results with simulations

Infrared cameras have been used to monitor the thermal response of tissue to pulsed and continuous wave laser irradiation. A computer model has been developed previously to predict radiometric temperature estimations and demonstrate potential discrepancies between surface and radiometric temperatures. To quantitatively verify the modeling, experiments were performed in which gelatin phantoms (∼98% water) were irradiated with low-radiant-exposure (e.g. subablative) CO 2 laser pulses. Radiometric temperatures were estimated using a 3-5 μm band-limited thermal camera and compared to computer model predictions of the measured temperatures. By fitting model calculations to measured data, theoretical surface temperatures were determined as a function of time and the onset of nonlinear changes in the thermal response of tissue identified.
The Relationship Between Flow Transients and Bronchial Lability in Cystic Fibrosis

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), in contrast to asthmatic subjects, often show a larger increase than decrease (bronchial lability) in peak flows following exercise. Children with CF also often have large supramaximal expiratory flow transients, produced by rapid expulsion of air from conducting airways that are being dynamically compressed. We studied the relationship between bronchial lability and flow transients to explain the peculiar form of bronchial lability found in certain CF patients. At baseline, six of seven CF patients had flow transients, suggestive of decreased resting tone of the conducting airways. Following exercise, there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.76, P
Platelet and red blood cell indices in Harris platelet syndrome.

Inherited thrombocytopenias, including inherited giant platelet disorders (IGPD) or macro thrombocytopenias are relatively rare, but their prevalence is likely underestimated from complexities of diagnosis and a spectrum of subclinical phenotypes. Harris platelet syndrome (HPS) is the most common IGPD reported from the Indian subcontinent. Of note there are an increased number of hemoglobinopathies reported from the geographic location. We analysed red blood cell and platelet indices of blood donors with HPS from the north eastern part of India and compared them with blood indices of blood donors of south India. We found a statistically significant lower platelet count in blood donors with HPS (median, range) 132 (71–267) vs. 252 (160–478) as compared to donors from south India (P < 0.001). Mean platelet volume (MPV) was higher in donors with HPS 13.1, (range 12–21.9 fl) as compared to donors from south India 7.35 (range 6–9.2 fl) (P < 0.001). This study showed that blood donors with HPS had a low median ...
Quantum search algorithms

We review some of quantum algorithms for search problems: Grover's search algorithm, its generalization to amplitude amplification, the applications of amplitude amplification to various problems and the recent quantum algorithms based on quantum walks.
An embedded boundary method for viscous, conducting compressible flow

The evolution of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) chamber involves a repetition of short, intense depositions of energy (from target ignition) into a reaction chamber, followed by the turbulent relaxation of that energy through shock waves and thermal conduction to the vessel walls. We present an algorithm for 2D simulations of the fluid inside an IFE chamber between fueling repetitions. Our finite-volume discretization for the Navier-Stokes equations incorporates a Cartesian grid treatment for irregularly-shaped domain boundaries. The discrete conservative update is based on a time-explicit Godunov method for advection, and a two-stage Runge-Kutta update for diffusion accommodating state-dependent transport properties. Conservation is enforced on cut cells along the embedded boundary interface using a local redistribution scheme so that the explicit time step for the combined approach is governed by the mesh spacing in the uniform grid. The test problems demonstrate second-order convergence of the algorithm on smooth solution profiles, and the robust treatment of discontinuous initial data in an IFE-relevant vessel geometry.
An Entropic Proof of Chang's Inequality

Chang's lemma is a useful tool in additive combinatorics and the analysis of Boolean functions. Here we give an elementary proof using entropy. We obtain a tight constant and give a slight improvement in the case where the variables are highly biased.
A MOSFET power supply clamp with feedback enhanced triggering for ESD protection in advanced CMOS technologies

A novel power supply protection clamp is presented which incorporates feedback techniques to improve ESD and normal operational mode behavior. The design uses a short duration RC trigger, which enables the clamp to tolerate very fast power supply ramp rates and exhibit reduced area and leakage. The design is built in a 90 nm CMOS technology with fully salicided source/drain regions.
Road-traffic noise: annoyance, risk perception, and noise sensitivity in the Finnish adult population.

Exposure to road-traffic noise commonly engenders annoyance, the extent of which is determined by factors not fully understood. Our aim was to estimate the prevalence and determinants of road-traffic noise annoyance and noise sensitivity in the Finnish adult population, while comparing the perceptions of road-traffic noise to exhausts as environmental health problems. Using a questionnaire that yielded responses from 1112 randomly selected adult Finnish respondents, we estimated road-traffic noise- and exhausts-related perceived exposures, health-risk perceptions, and self-reported annoyance on five-point scales, while noise sensitivity estimates were based on four questions. Determinants of noise annoyance and sensitivity were investigated using multivariate binary logistic regression and linear regression models, respectively. High or extreme noise annoyance was reported by 17% of respondents. Noise sensitivity scores approximated a Gaussian distribution. Road-traffic noise and exhausts were, respectively, considered high or extreme population-health risks by 22% and 27% of respondents. Knowledge of health risks from traffic noise, OR: 2.04 (1.09–3.82) and noise sensitivity, OR: 1.07 (1.00–1.14) were positively associated with annoyance. Knowledge of health risks (p < 0.045) and positive environmental attitudes (p < 000) were associated with higher noise sensitivity. Age and sex were associated with annoyance and sensitivity only in bivariate models. A considerable proportion of Finnish adults are highly annoyed by road-traffic noise, and perceive it to be a significant health risk, almost comparable to traffic exhausts. There is no distinct noise-sensitive population subgroup. Knowledge of health risks of road-traffic noise, and attitudinal variables are associated with noise annoyance and sensitivity.