cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Randomizing multiple contingency components to decrease disruptive behaviors and increase student engagement in an urban second‐grade classroom

Disruptive behaviors displayed in the classroom interfere with learning by taking time away from academic instruction. This study investigated the effects of randomizing components within an interdependent group contingency for group disruptive behavior and engagement levels of 26 students in a second-grade classroom in an urban Midwestern school. Using a multiple-baseline-across-settings design, baseline levels of group disruptive behavior and engagement were compared to intervention levels across three different class periods. Results suggest that the intervention decreased levels of disruptive behavior and increased levels of student engagement. Benefits of randomizing components within an interdependent group contingency are discussed as well as limitations to this study and suggested areas of future research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epithelio-mesenchymal interactions in primordial gland structures which become responsive to androgenic stimulation.

The morphogenetic tissue interactions between epithelium and mesenchyme of male accessory sexual gland primordia were investigated by standard culture methods. Seminal vesicle (SV), urogenital sinus (UGS), and preputial gland (PP) rudiments were excised from 13- to 19-day old embryonic mice. After tryptic-separation, the epithelium and mesenchyme of these rudiments were recombined into control (homotypic) and experimental (heterotypic) recombinants which were subsequently grown in the anterior chamber of the eye of adult male hosts. In recombinants composed of accessory sexual gland epithelium (SV, UGS, or PP) and urogenital gland mesenchyme (SV or UGS), the histotypic pattern of the recombinants reflected the source of the epithelium. Normal differentiation of SV, UGS, and PP epithelium occurred consistently when these epithelia were associated with SV or UGS mesenchyme. On the other hand, urogenital gland epithelium (SV or UGS) did not develop normally when associated with the integumentally-derived preputial gland mesenchyme. Instead, seminal vesicle epithelium was maintained as a columnar epithelium arranged in a simple tubular structure, while urogenital sinus epithelium formed a keratinized epithelium despite the presence of androgens. These data illustrate (1) the supportive properties common to urogenital mesenchyme, (2) the stability of accessory sexual gland epithelium, and (3) the lack of strict mesenchymal requirements of these epithelia. Furthermore, the data suggest that urogenital and integumental mesenchyme differ significantly in their ability to mediate hormonally-dependent developmental processes.
Laparascopic Sampling of Roots of Known Age from an Expandable-Wall Minirhizotron System

Root system changes in response to experimental treatments may be due to a number of factors, which can be separated only by sampling roots of known age. Minirhizotrons allow for video recording of the growth of individual roots; subsequent removal of the minirhizotron would allow sampling of the roots under observation. A design for a removable minirhizotron with mechanically expandable walls is described in this paper, along with the use of laparascopic tools for sampling roots from removable minirhizotron systems. Laparascopic tools used in conjunction with removable minirhizotrons may be useful in field studies of the effects of root age and experimental treatments on root composition, physiology, and pathology; rhizosphere microbial ecology; rhizosphere mineralogy; and the dynamics of mycorrhizal colonization.
Statistical characteristics of small‐scale spatial and temporal electric field variability in the high‐latitude ionosphere

[1] The statistical characteristics of small-scale spatial and temporal electric field variability in the high-latitude regions of Earth’s ionosphere are investigated using 48 months of data from the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars in both hemispheres. Electric field fluctuations on spatial scales between 45 km and 450 km and on temporal scales between 2 min and 20 min are considered. It is found that both the distribution shapes and scale-size dependencies of the fluctuations are consistent with the expected properties of a turbulent flow. The observed spatial and temporal variability is influenced primarily by the magnitude of the shear or gradient in the background plasma drift and by season and solar cycle, suggesting plasma instabilities and gradients in the conductance as sources of the electric field variability. The relationship between spatial and temporal variability is investigated and it is found that the fluctuations are likely to be a mixture of convecting static and time-varying structures. It is also observed that the small-scale variability has statistical characteristics that are very similar in the two hemispheres. For practical purposes, although a stretched exponential function best matches the data, the distribution of observed electric field fluctuations can be approximated using an exponential function, enabling straightforward generation of nearly realistic random fluctuations. Citation: Cousins, E. D. P., and S. G. Shepherd (2012), Statistical characteristics of small-scale spatial and temporal electric field variability in the high-latitude ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A03317, doi:10.1029/2011JA017383.
Transgenic maize endosperm containing a milk protein has improved amino acid balance

In order to meet the protein nutrition needs of the world population, greater reliance on plant protein sources will become necessary. The amino acid balance of most plant protein sources does not match the nutritional requirements of monogastric animals, limiting their nutritional value. In cereals, the essential amino acid lysine is deficient. Maize is a major component of human and animal diets worldwide and especially where sources of plant protein are in critical need such as sub-Saharan Africa. To improve the amino acid balance of maize, we developed transgenic maize lines that produce the milk protein a-lactalbumin in the endosperm. Lines in which the transgene was inherited as a single dominant genetic locus were identified. Sibling kernels with or without the transgene were compared to determine the effect of the trans- gene on kernel traits in lines selected for their high content of a-lactalbumin. Total protein content in endosperm from transgene positive kernels was not significantly different from total protein content in endosperm from transgene negative kernels in three out of four comparisons, whereas the lysine content of the lines examined was 29-47% greater in endosperm from transgene positive kernels. The content of some other amino acids was changed to a lesser extent. Taken together, these changes resulted in the transgenic endosperms having an improved ami- no acid balance relative to non-transgenic endo- sperms produced on the same ear. Kernel appearance, weight, density and zein content did not exhibit substantial differences in kernels expressing the transgene when compared to non-expressing siblings. Assessment of the anti- genicity and impacts on animal health will be required in order to determine the overall value of this technology.
Approaching the familiar: On the ability of mere exposure to direct approach and avoidance behavior

The mere-exposure literature has shown that familiar objects are preferred to novel objects. However, no work has definitively shown that mere exposure can direct and facilitate approach movements. In Experiment 1, participants were shown stimuli and were later re-exposed to them along with novel stimuli. Participants were directed to make an approach or avoidant motion to each and response times were recorded. As predicted, participants were quicker to approach and slower to avoid familiar relative to novel stimuli. In Experiment 2, participants were shown mere-exposed and novel symbols and were asked to “push” or “pull” a joystick in response to each, based on their intuition. Extending Experiment 1’s findings, participants freely selected an approach response more frequently for familiar compared to novel stimuli. Moreover, in this same experiment, familiar stimuli were judged as more likeable than were novel stimuli, and participants’ liking for familiar stimuli correlated with the frequency with which they were approached. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Passenger distractions among adolescent drivers

PROBLEM: Adolescents who drive with peers are known to have a higher risk of crashes. While passengers may distract drivers, little is known about the circumstances of these distractions among teen drivers. METHOD: This study used survey data on driving among 2,144 California high school seniors to examine distractions caused by passengers. RESULTS: Overall, 38.4% of youths who drove reported having been distracted by a passenger. Distractions were more commonly reported among girls and students attending moderate- to high-income schools. Talking or yelling was the most commonly reported type of distraction. About 7.5% of distractions reported were deliberate, such as hitting or tickling the driver or attempting to use the vehicle's controls. Driving after alcohol use and having had a crash as a driver were both significant predictors of reporting passenger-related distraction. CONCLUSION: Adolescents often experience distractions related to passengers, and in some cases these distractions are intentional. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: These results provide information about teenage drivers who are distracted by passenger behaviors. In some cases, passengers attempted to use vehicle controls; however, it seems unlikely that this behavior is common enough to warrant redesign of controls to make them less accessible to passengers. Keywords: Driver distraction Language: en
ERK1/2 Regulate Exocytosis through Direct Phosphorylation of the Exocyst Component Exo70

The exocyst is a multiprotein complex essential for exocytosis and plasma membrane remodeling. The assembly of the exocyst complex mediates the tethering of post-Golgi secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to fusion. Elucidating the mechanisms regulating exocyst assembly is important for the understanding of exocytosis. Here we show that the exocyst component Exo70 is a direct substrate of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). ERK1/2 phosphorylation enhances the binding of Exo70 to other exocyst components and promotes the assembly of the exocyst complex in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling. We further demonstrate that ERK1/2 regulates exocytosis, because blocking ERK1/2 signaling by a chemical inhibitor or the expression of an Exo70 mutant defective in ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibited exocytosis. In tumor cells, blocking Exo70 phosphorylation inhibits matrix metalloproteinase secretion and invadopodia formation. ERK1/2 phosphorylation of Exo70 may thus coordinate exocytosis with other cellular events in response to growth factor signaling.
Effect of Oligocene volcanism on sedimentation in the Trans-Pecos volcanic field of Texas

The nature and history of volcanic activity in the Trans-Pecos volcanic field of Texas controlled depositional timing, environmental distribution, and lithologic character of associated sediments. Tuffaceous and epiclastic sedimentary rocks of the Tascotal and Fresno Formations and the Perdiz Conglomerate are part of the intermediate-source facies of the field. Rhyolitic and trachytic activity in major calderas produced abundant pyroclastic debris that has been reworked into sandy alluvial fans adjacent to the caldera complexes, whereas post-volcanic alluvial-fan sediments are tuffaceous or epiclastic conglomerates. The intermediate-source facies consists of four components: active apron, inactive (or epiclastic) apron, eolian sand sheet, and valley facies. The arrangement and timing of development of these facies depend upon the eruptive history of the volcanic centers. The Tascotal, Fresno, and Perdiz contain five depositional units. (1) The Chinati apron unit recorded rhyolitic and trachytic activity in the Chinati Caldera during the 105–106 yr after its collapse. (2) The southern apron unit formed around the San Carlos–Sierra Rica eruptive center in Mexico before eruption of the San Carlos Ignimbrite. (3) The conglomerate and limestone unit formed as epiclastic fans around the Solitario uplift and as braided-stream and lake deposits between aprons and the Solitario. (4) The eolian unit of the Tascotal formed as drainage off the Chinati eruptive center adjusted from carrying fine pyroclasts to coarser epiclasts. (5) The Perdiz Conglomerate and equivalent epiclast-rich, conglomeratic parts of the Tascotal and Fresno are a bajada-like accumulation of fluvial epiclastic conglomerate from non-volcanic sources and the Chinati eruptive center after its activity ceased. Framework mineral composition is a function of grain size; very fine and fine tuffaceous sandstones consist mostly of reworked glass shards, and rocks that have textures coarser than medium sand are mostly epiclastic VRF's. Active apron rocks formed by deposition from sheet-floods and poorly defined channels in a bajada-like accumulation that resembles sandy distal alluvial-fan deposits because the volcanos provided so much sand-sized debris, but little clay.
MONTE CARLO-BASED FOOD IRRADIATION SIMULATOR

The Monte Carlo electron-transport simulation (MCNP-5) and computer axial tomography (CT) scan technology were used to predict the dose distribution in an irregular-shaped food product, an apple-phantom composed of paraffin wax, chloroform and methyl yellow. The Monte Carlo code used was successfully tested against the experimental data, resulting in less than 5% discrepancy between the simulation and measured data. The geometry and composition CT data of a real apple (Red Delicious) was then used to simulate the dose distribution in an apple irradiated by 1- and 5-MeV photon-beams. For the 5-MeV photon simulations, a lesser amount of energy was deposited closer to the surface (at the right-side surface) of the apple. It also shows a more uniform distribution in the forward direction. For a 1-MeV simulation, a higher energy was distributed at the right half of the apple, and there was no warming-up region as shown in the 5-MeV simulation.
Laser metrology in the micro-arcsecond metrology testbed

The Space Interferometer Mission (SIM), scheduled for launch in 2009, is a space-born visible light stellar interferometer capable of micro-arcsecond-level astrometry. The Micro-Arcsecond Metrology testbed (MAM) is the ground-based testbed that incorporates all the functionalities of SIM minus the telescope, for mission-enabling technology development and verification. MAM employs a laser heterodyne metrology system using the Sub-Aperture Vertex-to-Vertex (SAVV) concept. In this paper, we describe the development and modification of the SAVV metrology launchers and the metrology instrument electronics, precision alignments and pointing control, locating cyclic error sources in the MAM testbed and methods to mitigate the cyclic errors, as well as the performance under the MAM performance metrics.
Electrochemical synthesis of ultrathin film composite membranes

Abstract We describe in this paper a new method for forming ultrathin film composite membranes; such membranes might be useful for gas (or other) separations or as separators in electrochemical cells. In general, ultrathin film composite membranes consist of an ultrathin (less than ca. 2.0 μm) polymer skin coated onto the surface of a microporous support membrane. The support membrane provides the requisite mechanical strength but, because of its porosity, does not significantly retard the flux of permeate through the composite. The desired separation occurs in the ultrathin polymer skin; because this skin is thin, flux through the composite can be high. Ultrathin film composites can, in principle, provide high flux, good selectivity, and good mechanical strength. This combination of properties would be nearly impossible to obtain with a homogeneous membrane. The method described here entails electrochemically-initiated polymerization of the ultrathin polymer skin at the surface of a microporous alumina support membrane. The films synthesized and investigated here were composed of a crosslinked styrenic polymer. We have investigated the mechanism of the film formation process and the effects of various experimental parameters on the thickness of the polymer film obtained. We also present results of gas-transport studies on these new composite membranes. These studies show that defect-free composite membranes can be obtained via this new electropolymerization method.
Numerical Solution to Vinti’s Problem

A practical, calculable solution to Vinti’s problem is offered. Vinti’s problem describes the motion of a satellite orbiting an oblate planet, including the point mass and oblateness J2 terms and differing from the actual geopotential only at the higher harmonics. Vinti’s original solution is extended to cover motion over a rotating Earth. An eccentric-anomaly-like transform removes the singularities in the elliptic integrals, rendering them accessible to numerical calculation. The prediction problem requires the simultaneous solution of two “Kepler’s equations.” Reduction to canonical action angle variables can also be accomplished via numerical techniques. This new realization of Vinti’s solution is free of series expansions that limit accuracy and uses only simple well-understood numerical techniques. Possible use of Vinti’s solution for further efforts is discussed.
Survival of aSalmonella typhimuriumPoultry Isolate in the Presence of Propionic Acid under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions

Propionic acid is commonly found as a fermentation product in the gastrointestinal tracts of food animals and has also been used to limit the microbial contaminants in animal feeds. Because propionic acid is known to have antibacterial activity, the propionic acid encountered by foodborne pathogens during their life cycles may play an important role in inhibiting the survival of the pathogens. The survival patterns ofSalmonella typhimuriumpoultry isolate were determined both in aerobic and anaerobic tryptic soy broth (TSB; pH 5.0 or 7.0) containing various concentrations of propionic acid (0–200 mM). The levels of recovered cells were consistently greater at pH 7.0 compared to those at pH 5.0. For the first 4 days, the levels were significantly decreased by incubation under anaerobic conditions as compared to aerobic condition at pH 7.0 (P 0.05), suggesting that the cells in the outgrowth cultures did not harbour mutation(s) conferring increased resistance to propionic acid. In addition, the level of recovered cells of isogenicrpoS mutant strain ofS. typhimuriumwas not significantly different from that of the wild type strain in the same assay conditions (P<0.05). The results of this study show that the bactericidal activity of propionic acid onS. typhimuriumcan be affected by environmental conditions such as acidic pH levels and anaerobiosis in food materials and gastrointestinal tracts. However,S. typhimuriumis also able to multiply in the presence of sublethal concentrations of propionic acid at neutral pH during prolonged incubation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Continuous Noninvasive Monitoring of Left Ventricular Function During Exercise by Thoracic Impedance Cardiography Automated Derivation of Systolic Time Intervals

Systolic time intervals (STI) obtained during exercise are useful as a method of estimating global left ventricular function. The conventional method, however, which requires a carotid pulse tracing as well as a phonocardiogram of high quality, is technically difficult under conditions of exercise. We have validated a new method of obtaining STI which employs the first derivative of thoracic electrical impedance (DZ/DT). The DZ/DT was recorded using surface electrodes and a microcomputer for automated signal processing. The new method was studied in 20 male normal subjects (aged 18 to 53 years) at rest and during increasing levels of upright exercise. Heart rate ranged from 61 to 173 beats/min. Results obtained simultaneously by both techniques showed no significant difference. Thus impedance cardiography allows continuous monitoring of STI during exercise and may prove to be a valuable addition to multistage stress testing.
Pleiadene Dimerization and Its Application to the Construction of Novel Carbon Networks

The synthesis of the anti- and syn-pleiadene dimers 2 has been carried out in solution and in the solid state from (6b-10b-dihydrobenzo(j)cyclobut(a)acenaph- thylene) (3). The structures of the anti- and syn-2 dimers were determined by X-ray crystallography and by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. An exhaustive thermal analysis of the two dimers has been carried out, establishing that the equilibrium for their interconversion occurs via pleiadene as an intermediate species. Vinyl-6b-10b-dihydrobenzo(j)cyclobut(a)acenaphthylene (5) has been synthesized and used as a pre-monomer for the preparation of poly(pleiadene) dimer through either thermal or photochemical polymerization.
Effect of various ACTH preparations and of metyrapone on the secretion of growth hormone in normal subjects and in hypopituitary patients.

ABSTRACT To evaluate the possible effect of ACTH upon circulating growth hormone levels, various forms of ACTH and metyrapone have been administered to 7 groups of 8 or more normal adults as well as to 37 children including 27 hypopituitary patients. In normal adults, significant increases in plasma corticoids occurred after all ACTH preparations were administered while growth hormone concentrations were significantly elevated after 100 and 25 U of synthetic ACTH iv and after 100 U porcine ACTH iv, but not after 100 U synthetic ACTH im or bovine ACTH iv. In contrast, the children, whether normal or hypopituitary, showed no growth hormone increase following administration of any of the ACTH preparations mentioned above. Neither oral (750 mg) nor iv (7.5 mg/kg/hr) metyrapone administration was followed by growth hormone release in adult subjects with increased compound S concentrations indicative of endogenous ACTH release. The lack of GH rise after endogenous ACTH release produced by metyrapone would indic...
Aggregation, Coarsening, and Phase Transformation in ZnS Nanoparticles Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations at 300 K in vacuum were used to study nanoparticle motion and structural changes during aggregation and coarsening of 3 nm sphalerite (ZnS) particles and atomic diffusion during the subsequent phase transformation. Interaction forces between atoms in different nanoparticles can induce translational and rotational movements of the nanoparticles, driving them to find appropriate locations and orientations for aggregation. Following aggregation, the coarsened particle adopts a near-amorphous structure that transforms rapidly to wurtzite. Atomic diffusion is faster on the surface than in the bulk. Transient episodes of very fast atomic diffusion occur locally on the surface. Diffusion plays significant roles in nanoparticle structural change, aggregation, coarsening, and surface nucleation.
Adolescent Pregnancy and Childbearing in Relation to Infant Adoption in the United States

ABSTRACT Approximately 80% of teen pregnancies in the United States are unintended at conception and about 75% of teen births are nonmarital. Given their unintended pregnancy and nonmarital parenting situations, a large proportion of adolescent parents might be expected to place infants for adoption. This paper summarizes trends and recent declines in adolescent pregnancy, abortion, and adoption relin-quishment. Research findings regarding adolescent pregnancy resolution decision-making also are reviewed. Contextual factors are discussed, such as personal attitudes and socialization about abortion, parenting, and adoption, and the influence of significant others (parents and partners), that increase or decrease the likelihood of teen parents choosing adoption. Historical trends and contemporary patterns indicate that the relinquishment of infants for adoption probably will remain at very low levels in the near future.
RANTES Expression and Contribution to Monocyte Chemotaxis in Arthritis

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by recruitment of leukocytes from the vasculature into inflamed synovial tissue (ST) and synovial fluid (SF), which depends, in part, upon the continued maintenance of chemotactic stimuli. RANTES is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes including monocytes and CD45RO + memory T lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to determine the production, the source, and the function of antigenic RANTES in arthritis. We detected antigenic RANTES in SFs from RA and OA patients (100 ± 22.7 and 72 ± 30.7 pg/ml, respectively). CM from RA ST fibroblasts stimulated with interleukin-1β or tumor necrosis factor-α contained significantly more antigenic RANTES than unstimulated CM (452 ± 181.6 and 581 ± 200.2 pg/ml, respectively, versus 12 ± 4.4 pg/ml, P P
Observations On Behavioral Ecology of the Fiddler Crab, Uca Pugilator (Bosc)

Observations with a spotting scope were conducted on a natural population of Uca pugilator in Massachusetts, during the summer of 1963, over a 10 day period. Resident crabs in the study area were marked to determine the extent of movement within the population. Females were found to be less transient and attain greater density in the population than males. Generally, however, the population appeared relatively stable and unchanging throughout the period of observation. Additional information is presented with regard to hole specificity, distance between burrows, plugging the burrow, and nocturnal activity. Results of these findings suggest that an internal biological clock acts to synchronize these activities with tidal rhythmicity. Finally, these observations confirm that female Uca pugilator exhibits elaborate and highly developed displacement behavior, consisting of displacement feeding; males did not display the phenomenon. Displacement feeding is characterized by rapid movement of the chela to the mouth, much in the same manner as normal feeding. It is different, however, in that no food particles are present and the activity is always restricted to situations of confrontation. Between two females only one, never both, commence to show displacement feeding.
The Vector Vortex Coronagraph: sensitivity to central obscuration, low-order aberrations, chromaticism, and polarization

The Vector Vortex Coronagraph is a phase-based coronagraph, one of the most efficient in terms of inner working angle, throughput, discovery space, contrast, and simplicity. Using liquid-crystal polymer technology, this new coronagraph has recently been the subject of lab demonstrations in the near-infrared, visible and was also used on sky at the Palomar observatory in the H and K bands (1.65 and 2.2 μm, respectively) to image the brown dwarf companion to HR 7672, and the three extra-solar planets around HR 8799. However, despite these recent successes, the Vector Vortex Coronagraph is, as are most coronagraphs, sensitive to the central obscuration and secondary support structures, low-order aberrations (tip-tilt, focus, etc), bandwidth (chromaticism), and polarization when image-plane wavefront sensing is performed. Here, we consider in detail these sensitivities as a function of the topological charge of the vortex and design features inherent to the manufacturing technology, and show that in practice all of them can be mitigated to meet specific needs.
Submicron optical waveguides and microring resonators fabricated by selective oxidation of tantalum

Submicron tantalum pentoxide ridge and channel optical waveguides and microring resonators are demonstrated on silicon substrates by selective oxidation of the refractory metal, tantalum. The novel method eliminates the surface roughness problem normally introduced during dry etching of waveguide sidewalls and also simplifies fabrication of directional couplers. It is shown that the measured propagation loss is independent of the waveguide structure and thereby limited by the material loss of tantalum pentoxide in waveguides core regions. The achieved microring resonators have cross-sectional dimensions of ~600 nm × ~500 nm, diameters as small as 80 µm with a quality, Q, factor of 4.5 × 104, and a finesse of 120.
Metabolism of C14 -Dieldrin by Dieldrin-Resistant Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Mosquitoes

Metabolism of C14-dieldrin by dieldrin-resistant female adult C. p. quinquefasciatus Say has been investigated. Dieldrin is readily absorbed and is metabolized. Using paper chromatographic techniques to resolve dieldrin and metabolite, it has been found that the metabolite is excreted without storage in the body. The metabolite is more polar than dieldrin and was found to have an Rf value close to that of aldrin glycol.
Phase diagram of the two-dimensional Lennard-Jones system; Evidence for first-order transitions

Abstract There has recently been extensive interest in the nature of the melting/freezing transition for a two-dimensional system of molecules interacting with Lennard-Jones 6:12 potentials, which is a prototype for physisorbed systems. We have therefore made a detailed study of the thermodynamics of the phase diagram for this system. We first made calculations using liquid-state perturbation theory for the fluid state and a self-consistent cell theory for the solid state to determine thermodynamic functions; these results led to ordinary first-order phase transitions between solid/fluid and liquid/gas phases, in agreement with the constant-pressure Monte Carlo results of Abraham. We refined the calculations by using constant-pressure and constant-density Monte Carlo results to improve the accuracy of the calculated free energies, and we determined the two-phase equilibria by making direct Monte Carlo calculations for two-phase systems. The results are internally consistent and lead to a phase diagram qualitatively similar to the three-dimensional Lennard-Jones system.
Light Intensity and Housing for Pigeons

Abstract Four light intensities were used in completely enclosed pigeon houses for 14 hours per 24 hours. Open front pens with only natural light were also used. There were four pens per treatment and five pairs of young, breeding age, White Carneaux per pen for 420 days. Results per treatment, 16, 30, 44 and 61 lumens per sq. m. and open pens, were respectively as follows for each objective: squabs raised—252, 220, 288, 203, and 212 with no significant differences except for the 44 lumen treatment which was higher than all others except 16; body wt./squab in g.—522, 526, 522, 508, and 531 at four weeks of age with no significant differences; feed per squab in kg.—4.7, 5.3, 4.5, 5.5, and 5.1 with only a significant difference between treatments 44 and 61 lumens; percent hatchability—89.7, 82.1, 89.6, 78.0, and 82.9 with no significant differences; percent squabs raised—93.7, 88.7, 97.9, 91.0, and 89.5 with no significant differences. The average number of squabs raised per treatment for all enclosed artificially lighted pens was 241 compared to 212 for the open pens with only natural light.
Correction of bihemispherical reflectance measurements for noncosine response of 2π steradian optics: A methodology and its application to antarctic surfaces

Abstract Bihemispherical reflectance of the earth's surfaces is an important parameter in climatology because of its role in the energy exchange between atmosphere and biosphere. Experimental values of bihemispherical reflectance can be obtained by exitance and irradiance measurements performed with 2π steradian radiometers provided that the noncosine response of optics, which could strongly affect the retrieved bihemispherical reflectance as a function of the sun zenith, is accounted for in data analysis. By modeling exitance and irradiance measurable by a 2π steradian radiometer, accounting for the angular transmission function of optics and sky radiance nonisotropy, theoretical factors have been computed to correct the bihemispherical reflectance obtained from exitance and irradiance measurements. Simulation of measurements related to different Antarctic field conditions shows the low sensitivity of the computed correcting factors to the atmospheric optical thickness at sun zenith less than 75°. This fact suggests the use of climatological data in computations, avoiding additional in situ measurements, which could reduce the operational use of the correction methodology. Multispectral measurements taken in Victoria Land, with a radiometer working in the same bands as the Landsat MultiSpectral Scanner (MSS), have been elaborated following the proposed correction scheme. Bihemispherical reflectance of fresh snow, which could have an unreliable value higher than 1.0 at high sun zenith angles when computed with exitance and irradiance taken by noncosine collector optics, has shown good agreement with published data.
Planning for Marijuana: The Cannabis Conundrum

Problem, research strategy, and findings: Twenty-three states and Washington, DC, have legalized medical marijuana, raising difficult land use questions for planners regarding allowable locations, buffering from sensitive uses, and distribution of facilities. We know little about how local jurisdictions regulate medical marijuana dispensary (MMD) location and operation and how equitably different regulatory models distribute these facilities. We begin with an overview of MMD impacts related to crime, property values, and quality of life. We then review emerging local regulation of MMDs with a particular emphasis on land use controls, and find that most authorities regulate MMD location like they do other locally unwanted land uses (LULUs) such as sex-oriented businesses and liquor stores. Given a history of siting LULUs in less-affluent neighborhoods and communities of color, we conduct a case study of Denver and show that four common regulatory models concentrate land that permits MMDs in socioeconomical...
Leading-Edge Vortex Structure of Nonslender Delta Wings at Low Reynolds Number

The velocity field near the apex region of moderately swept delta wings was measured in a water tunnel, using a version of stereoscopic digital particle imaging velocimetry. Flow visualization was also used to verify these results. In contrast to most recent studies, low angles of attack were emphasized, with most data in the range of 5–20 deg. Delta wings of 50- and 65-deg leading-edge sweep and 30-deg windward-side bevels were tested at Reynolds numbers of 6x10^3 –1.5x10^4. At these low Reynolds numbers, secondary leading-edge vortices were weak, giving way to essentially stagnant flow outboard of the primary leading-edge vortices at the higher angles of attack. Otherwise, velocity data for the 65-deg wing were consistent with well-known observations for slender delta wings. The 50-deg wing exhibited unexpectedly strong primary leading-edge vortices at low angles of attack, with a generally conical velocity field. Upstream progression of vortex breakdown with increasing angle of attack exhibited extensive regions of streamwise undulation. Leading-edge shear-layer rollup was observed in crossflow planes well downstream of the breakdown region, but with an increased occurrence of paired vortical structures of opposite sign inside the shear layer itself.
Diagnosis of Mood Disorders

This article provides an overview of mood disorders according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) criteria and other relevant information. Differential diagnosis is facilitated through discussion of differences and similarities among mental disorders, age and gender-related patterns of mood disorders, and useful diagnostic tools.
Grammatical Characteristics of Children's Conversational Utterances That Contain Disfluency Clusters

Selected characteristics of disfluent conversational utterances with and without disfluency clusters were examined in 14 children who stutter (CWS) and 14 children who do not stutter (CWNS). For CWS, utterances with disfluency clusters contained significantly more syllables and clausal constituents than disfluent utterances without clusters, which, in turn, contained significantly more syllables, clauses, and clausal constituents than fluent utterances. For both groups of children, disfluency clusters coincided significantly more often with utterance or clause onset than they did with grammatical constituents located elsewhere within an utterance. CWNS produced a significantly greater percentage of disfluency clusters that contained grammatical revision than did CWS. No significant between-group differences were observed in terms of the number of syllables, clauses, or clausal constituents within cluster-inclusive utterances. Findings are taken to suggest that disfluency clusters are typically produced wi...
Properties of Some Wide-Band Phase-Splitting Networks

Passive networks that produce polyphase output from single-phase input over wide frequency bands have great practical utility, yet published analysis of their action is incomplete. After reviewing properties of simple branch circuits useful in such networks, an expression is derived for phase difference produced between branches as a function of frequency. This expression is given a remarkably simple form, from which over-all operating properties are evident by inspection, permitting direct circuit design from required performance. General performance and design curves are presented.
A technique for precision multi-channel evoked response averaging

Abstract Instrumentation for multi-channel evoked response averaging has been described which permits simultaneous analysis of 4 EEG channels with a bandwidth of 25 kc/sec. Random walk computations are performed at each of 1024 points per response channel and the resulting average values displayed on a multi-trace CRO. Certain advantages of this system have been described and an estimate of current construction costs given.
Deconstructing Dualisms: The Both/And Conceptual Orientation and its Variant Linguistic Form

This article outlines the both/and conceptual orientation described by feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins and discusses the ways in which this orientation subverts and denies prevalent cultural dualisms. Three distinct characteristics of the both/and conceptual orientation are outlined: the preservation of distinctness between its aspects, the relative equivalence of weight granted to each, and the absence of tension between those aspects. A simpler linguistic variant is also introduced that does not necessarily entail these three important characteristics. Through examination of interview data, different uses and features of the both/and conceptual orientation are explored. Suggestions are made for the ways in which understanding this conceptual orientation can make visible sophisticated ways of reasoning that might otherwise be ignored or misinterpreted.
Complex versus differentiable classification of algebraic surfaces

Abstract We announce some results concerning the diffeomorphism classification of algebraic surfaces. A coefficient of Donaldson's invariants for a simply connected elliptic surface is calculated. This calculation implies a finiteness result for the moduli space of all complex structures on a fixed diffeomorphism class which has an algebraic surface as representative, as well as restrictions on the possible self-diffeomorphisms of certain algebraic surfaces.
CdznTe substrate producibility and its impact on IRFPA yield

The need for cost effective production of HgCdTe infrared detectors and focal plane assemblies has led to increased attention to the availability of high quality large-area CdZnTe substrates. Reasonable yield of large-area substrates (≥4 cm×6 cm format) is necessary for fabrication of focal plane assemblies (FPAs) now in production, and for future infrared (IR) detectors which are growing in size and complexity. Raytheon’s infrared materials producibility (IRMP) program has addressed this issue, after identifying critical drivers of FPA yield coming from substrates, and targeted certain improvements in substrate process steps for highest impact on large-area substrate yield. Three specific areas of improvements in the substrate process were addressed: (1) compounding of a large 6 kg charge of CdTe; (2) vertical Bridgman growth of 92 mm diameter CdZnTe boules in both quartz and pyrolytic boron nitride (PBN) crucibles; and (3) optimized Cd overpressure control during growth and cool-down of the boule. It was shown that the Cd overpressure and the cooling schedule had the strongest effects on defect populations. The resulting improvements include a 33% increase in wafer yield per unit starting weight, an estimated 50% reduction in substrate cost per cm2, better morphology of epitaxial HgCdTe layers, and improved yield of satisfactory IR detectors. The criteria for selecting substrates have also improved as a result of this work. In addition, photovoltaic detectors were fabricated on wafers from a variety of sources, and tested. Results compare favorably with those on baseline (earlier process) substrates.
Factors that influence confidence: Untangling the influences of gender, achievement, and hands-on activities

Many studies have shown the importance of student self-efficacy in engineering retention. This work intends to contribute to the engineering education literature by exploring which student learning experiences are most likely to increase student confidence in engineering skills and if there are differences in these relationships among students of different gender, and achievement level, as measured by high school GPA and ACT Math scores. The study takes place at Louisiana Tech University through the Living WITH the Lab (LWTL) first-year engineering curriculum that serves over 500 students each year. Results indicate that frequency of hands-on activities is important for males and females in building confidence in their engineering skills. For females, however, the relationship is more complex.
Epileptiform abnormalities during sleep in Rett syndrome.

We recorded all-night electroencephalograms (EEGs)/polysomnograms on 2 consecutive nights from 4 children (ages 4-11 years) with Rett syndrome. The first 10 sec of each 60 sec epoch were analyzed with counts of left and right hemisphere spikes and correlated with sleep stage. Spike counts were lowest during wakefulness. Spikes were most frequent over parasagittal regions during all sleep stages and varied from 0.28 +/- 0.03 to 40.4 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- S.E.M.) spikes/hemisphere/min. Spike counts were 51-109% higher during NREM sleep than during REM sleep. In 3 of 4 subjects, spikes were most frequent during light NREM sleep. Spikes increased in frequency during the second half of the night. We conclude that in Rett syndrome, epileptiform activity is maximally expressed in stage 1-2 NREM sleep and during the early morning hours. Sleep EEG features may be useful in the diagnosis of Rett syndrome.
Chemical doping of large-area stacked graphene films for use as transparent, conducting electrodes.

Graphene is considered a leading candidate to replace conventional transparent conducting electrodes because of its high transparency and exceptional transport properties. The effect of chemical p-type doping on graphene stacks was studied in order to reduce the sheet resistance of graphene films to values approaching those of conventional transparent conducting oxides. In this report, we show that large-area, stacked graphene films are effectively p-doped with nitric acid. The doping decreases the sheet resistance by a factor of 3, yielding films comprising eight stacked layers with a sheet resistance of 90 Ω/◻ at a transmittance of 80%. The films were doped either after all of the layers were stacked (last-layer-doped) or after each layer was added (interlayer-doped). A theoretical model that accurately describes the stacked graphene film system as a resistor network was developed. The model defines a characteristic transfer length where all the channels in the graphene films actively contribute to elec...
Thoracoscopic Aortopexy for the Treatment of Pediatric Tracheomalacia: A Right-Sided Approach

Tracheomalacia (TM) refers to a softening of the cartilaginous tracheal rings. The weakened cartilage allows a narrowing in the anteroposterior tracheal diameter. Its incidence is estimated to be 1 in 1445 infants. Both congenital and acquired forms have been identified. Congenital TM is most commonly associated with tracheoesophageal fistula/ esophageal atresia in children. 1 The effected tracheal rings have been found to contain a shortened segment of cartilage with a compensatory lengthening of the membranous portion. 2 This is thought to be caused by abnormal embryonic separation of the trachea from the esophagus, leaving the trachea with too much tissue. 1 Primary TM has also been associated with immature cartilage in premature infants, primarycartilagedisorderssuchaspolychondritisandchondromalacia, and several syndromes including the mucopolysaccharidoses and Down syndrome. The acquired or secondary forms of TM are more common than the primary forms and result from prolonged endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. Secondary TM can also be the result of external compression from surrounding cardiovascular anomalies, skeletal disorders such as scoliosis, and space-occupying tumors or cysts. 3 The weakened trachea is subsequently susceptible to collapse with increased intrathoracic pressure, as in expiration, coughing, and crying. It is also vulnerable to external pressures created by food boluses, dilations proximal to esophageal strictures following tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia repair, and regurgitation due to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Patients present with noisy breathing, barking or“TOF”(tracheo-oesphagealfistula)cough,recurrentrespiratoryinfections,feedingdifficulties,andapneicspells. 1 Mild
Aggregate model for heterogeneous thermostatically controlled loads with demand response

Due to the potentially large number of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) - demand response, distributed generation, distributed storage - that are expected to be deployed, it is impractical to use detailed models of these resources when integrated with the transmission system. Being able to accurately estimate the transients caused by demand response is especially important to analyze the stability of the system under different demand response strategies, where dynamics on time scales of seconds to minutes are important. On the other hand, a less complex model is more amenable to study stability of a large power system, and to design feedback control strategies for the population of devices to provide ancillary services. The main contribution of this paper is to develop an aggregated model for a heterogeneous population of Thermostatic Controlled Loads (TCLs) to accurately capture their collective behavior under demand response. The aggregated model efficiently includes statistical information of the population, systematically deals with heterogeneity, and accounts for a second-order effect necessary to accurately capture the transient dynamics in the collective response. The developed aggregated model is validated against simulations of thousands of detailed building models using GridLAB-D (an open source distribution simulation software) under both steady state and severe dynamic conditions.
Photons and Gravitons in S-Matrix Theory: Derivation of Charge Conservation and Equality of Gravitational and Inertial Mass

We give a purely S-matrix-theoretic proof of the conservation of charge (defined by the strength of soft photon interactions) and the equality of gravitational and inertial mass. Our only assumptions are the Lorentz invariance and pole structure of the S matrix, and the zero mass and spins 1 and 2 of the photon and graviton. We also prove that Lorentz invariance alone requires the S matrix for emission of a massless particle of arbitrary integer spin to satisfy a “mass-shell gauge invariance” condition, and we explain why there are no macroscopic fields corresponding to particles of spin 3 or higher.