cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor α-mediated NFκB Activation and Leukocyte Adhesion, with Enhanced Endothelial Apoptosis, by G Protein-linked Receptor (TP) Ligands

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha is a critical mediator of inflammation; however, TNFalpha is rarely released alone and the "cross-talk" between different classes of inflammatory mediators is largely unexplored. Thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) is released during I/R injury and exerts its effects via a G protein-linked receptor (TP). In this study, we found that TXA(2) mimetics stimulate leukocyte adhesion molecule (LAM) expression on endothelium via TPbeta. The potential interaction between TXA(2) and TNFalpha in altering endothelial survival and LAM expression was examined. IBOP, a TXA(2) mimetic, attenuated TNFalpha-induced LAM expression in vitro, in a concentration-dependent manner, by preventing TNFalpha-enhanced gene expression, and also reduced TNFalpha-induced leukocyte adhesion to endothelium both in vitro and in vivo. IBOP abrogated TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activation in endothelial cells, as determined by reduced IkappaB phosphorylation and NFkappaB nuclear translocation, by inhibiting the assembly of signaling intermediates with the intracellular domain of TNF receptors 1 and 2 in response to TNFalpha. This inhibition resulted from the Galpha(q)-mediated enhancement of STAT1 activation and was reversed by anti-STAT1 antisense oligonucleotides. TNFalpha-mediated TNFR1-FADD association and caspase 8 activation were not inhibited by IBOP co-stimulation, however, resulting in a 2.6-fold increase in endothelial cell apoptosis. By stimulating the vessel wall and inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, TXA(2), in combination with TNFalpha, may hamper the angiogenic response during inflammation or ischemia, thus reducing revascularization and tissue viability.
Negative differential resistance in carbon atomic wire-carbon nanotube junctions.

Negative differential resistance (NDR) was recently observed in carbon nanotube junctions just before breaking and hypothesized to arise from the formation of monatomic carbon wires in the junction. Motivated by these results, a first-principles scattering-state approach, based on density functional theory, is used to study the transport properties of carbon chains covalently connecting metallic carbon nanotube leads at finite bias. The I−V characteristics of short carbon chains are predicted to exhibit even−odd behavior, and NDR is found for both even and odd chain junctions in our calculations.
Mammals from the Save River, Mozambique, with descriptions of two new bats

During October 1963, 325 specimens of mammals were obtained from the Save River area, Mozambique, mostly near the hunting camp of Zinave, midway between the Indian Ocean and the Southern Rhodesian boundary. Nycteris vinsoni and Scotophilus alvenslebeni are described as new, Triaenops persicus is recorded from southern Africa for the first time, and data are provided concerning 51 other kinds of mammals, most of which are represented by specimens.
A COMPARISON OF OSMOTIC CONCENTRATIONS OF SUPPLYING AND RECEIVING TISSUES AND ITS BEARING ON THE MÜNCH HYPOTHESIS OF THE TRANSLOCATION MECHANISM

Munch (I930) has recently proposed a mechanism which he thinks accounts for the movement of solutes through phloem tissue. In brief, the Munch hypothesis proposes that there is a mass flow of solution from the supplying cells to the receiving cells, that the flow from cell to cell in the phloem passes through the pores of the sieve plates, while for the less specialized supplying or receiving cells the flow is through the more minute plasmodesma. The hypothesis demands that the supplying cells have a higher turgor pressure than the receiving cells. This would mean that, except under rather special conditions, the supplying cells must have a higher osmotic concentration than the receiving cells. There are several points about the hypothesis that are in its favor and make it rather intriguing, but there are also several grave weaknesses involved. No attempt will be made in this paper to summarize these various points, because a rather extensive criticism will be included in a book by the senior author. that is shortly to appear and which deals with many of these and other interesting problems relating to solute translocation in plants. According to the Muinch hypothesis, the supplying cells must have a higher turgor pressure than the receiving cells so that there will be a pressure gradient forcing the solution along the channels leading to the receiving cell. General observations, however, give one the definite impression that receiving tissues are often more turgid than the supplying tissues. For example, the appearance of turgid sprouts developing from increasingly flaccid potato tubers is frequently to be seen, as is also the development of turgid shoots from storage roots, as of carrots, beets and turnips, and from other fleshy storage organs, such as bulbs and corms. The cotyledons of developing seedlings also appear less turgid than the receiving tissues. Quantitative data comparing osmotic concentrations of receiving and supplying tissues are not extensive. The senior author (I920) in experiments incident to translocation studies obtained data indicating an osmotic gradient but with the higher concentrations near the growing tissues which were at the same time the receiving tissues. Fernald (I925) in testing this point presents rather extensive data demonstrating such a reverse gradient leading from
GENDER, MORTALITY, AND CORPOREAL INEQUALITY

Most previous empirical analyses of gender inequality have focused on modern economic indicators such as income. The advancement of theory on gender stratification requires detailed analysis of indicators with greater endurance and prevalence in world-historical terms. Sex mortality differentials are presented as cross-cultural indicators of corporeal gender inequality, defined as differential access to basic bodily resources for life and health. Indeed, mortality differentials represent a more fundamental form of gender inequality, in that women first must be alive before they may be denied access to other resources such as equal pay. Analysis of United Nations and World Bank data on developed and developing countries evidence the importance of ecological, economic, and familial explanations in determining corporeal gender inequality. Women's familial roles are found to be more important for gender inequalities in death at younger ages, and women's economic roles are more important for death at older age...
Compact Ejector Thrust Augmentation

Ejectors offer interesting means for resolving problems arising from the additional power requirements of V/STOL aircraft. They are capable not only of turning and augmenting the cruise engine's thrust vector, but their efflux can also serve to control circulation lift. The feasibility of ejector propulsion-lift concepts requires the simultaneous attainment of two conflicting objectives: high performance and compactness. Performance is degraded by losses occurring in the inlet, the primary nozzle, and the duct-diffuser of the ejector. Analytic results identified practical loss trade-offs that led to the design of the ejector's components. Static experiments with independently varied duct and diffuser lengths showed, surprisingly, that skewed flows can be diffused effectively. Augmentation ratios in excess of 1.85 were measured with a duct-diffuser 28 in. long. Increasing the length to 50 in. caused augmentation ratios to exceed 2.0.
Circulating tumor cells in hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study of detection, enumeration, and next-generation sequencing in cases and controls

Circulating biomarkers are urgently needed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aims of this study were to determine the feasibility of detecting and isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in HCC patients using enrichment for epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) expression, to examine their prognostic value, and to explore CTC-based DNA sequencing in metastatic HCC patients compared to a control cohort with non-malignant liver diseases (NMLD).
Resistance of neuronal nitric oxide synthase-deficient mice to cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization

In brain, nitric oxide (NO) is considered as a retrograde messenger involved in synaptic plasticity. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether mice lacking the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene are protected from cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization. Mice were administered, IP. either saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg) for 5 days. Sensitization was determined as an increase in cocaine-induced locomotor activity on day 5 compared with day 1 and an amplified response of cocaine-experienced mice to a challenge cocaine injection given after a 10-day drug free period (e.g., on day 15). To investigate the development of a context-dependent locomotion (conditioning), the responses of cocaine- and saline-experienced mice to a saline injection were determined on day 17. Male homozygote nNOS(-/-) mice were sensitive to the acute effect of cocaine (15 mg/kg) on day 1; however, they developed neither a sensitized response to cocaine (on day 5 and 15) nor a conditioned locomotion. Female homozygote nNOS(-/-) mice neither were responsive to 15 mg/kg cocaine on day 1,5 and 15, nor did they develop a conditioned locomotion. In contrast, the same cocaine regimen delivered to male and female heterozygote nNOS(+/-) mice, and wild type mice (B6 J/sv129, C57BL/6 and sv129) resulted in sensitization to cocaine-induced locomotor activity and context-dependent locomotion. Investigation of [3H]cocaine disposition in the striatum and frontal cortex of the mice revealed neither gender nor strain differences in the drug disposition. Also, no major difference in striatal dopaminergic markers between homozygote nNOS(-/-) and wild type mice was observed. The most significant distinction, however, was the finding that nNOS(-/-) mice are completely deficient in striatal nNOS binding sites. Taken together, our results suggest that the resistance of homozygote nNOS(-/-) mice to cocaine-induced behavioral sensitization is primarily due to the deletion of the nNOS gene. Considering the role of NO in synaptic plasticity, it is conceivable that reduced brain NOS activity blunts the processes that underlie the development of sensitization to cocaine.
Phylogeny of the Zoroasteridae (Zorocallina; Forcipulatida): evolutionary events in deep-sea Asteroidea displaying Palaeozoic features

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, MRC 163, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA Received March 2006; accepted for publication August 2006The Zoroasteridae comprise a small but widespread family of asteroids distributed throughout the deep sea.Although poorly understood, they are often collected in the hundreds, suggesting that they occupy important eco-logical roles. A phylogenetic analysis including 24 terminal taxa and 70 morphological characters was performed,resulting in a single most-parsimonious tree. The tree separated zoroasterids with open, reticulate skeletons (e.g.Myxoderma) as more basal than those with more heavily armored, imbricate skeletons (e.g. Zoroaster), which weremore derived. In addition to agreement with established genera, a new genus is supported by the phylogeny as thesister taxon to Myxoderma. The cladistic analysis was performed in conjunction with a revisionary survey of zoro-asterid species, resulting in taxonomic changes to species in nearly every genus. Bathymetric and physiographicshifts were observed between the reticulate and imbricate zoroasterid clades. Zoroasterids possess a single marginalplate series, which occurs in basal sister-group neoasteroids (crown-group asteroids). Phylogenetic results suggestthat the morphololgical resemblance between zoroasterids and Palaeozoic taxa, such as Calliasterella, is convergentbut a paraphyletic Zoroasteride cannot be rejected and remains consistent with basal crown-group afﬁnities.Although the phylogenetic position of the Eocene Zoroaster aff. fulgens was not strongly supported, its presencewithin a derived cluster of Zoroaster spp. suggests a relatively recent (i.e. Cenozoic) diversiﬁcation into the deep sea.Taxonomic revisions, and geographical and bathymetric range extensions are also included. © 2007 The LinneanSociety of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 150, 177–210.
Emulsion Cloud-Chamber Study of a High Energy Interaction in the Cosmic Radiation

A new technique is described for studying high energy interactions utilizing photographic emulsions as detectors. A detailed study has been made with this technique of one very high energy mixed shower. Evidence is obtained for the multicore structure of the soft component at depths of several radiation lengths in this mixed shower, along with the existence of a finite lifetime for the decay of the neutral $\ensuremath{\pi}$-meson into two photons of the order of 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}14}$ sec.
Some exact solutions of Einstein field equations

We obtain exact exterior solutions of a rotating infinite cylinder. In addition to two different solutions obtained before, a new solution is found which is finite on the axis. It seems that these three solutions exhaust the possibilities.
A hexapod walks over irregular terrain using a controller adapted from an insect's nervous system

Insects have long been a source of inspiration for the design and implementation of legged robots. Their extraordinary mobility, agility, and adaptability are features sought after when developing competent, useful mobile walkers. Externally witnessed behaviors have been successfully implemented in walking robots for decades with great success. More recent years of biological study have solved some of the mysteries surrounding the actual neurobiological methods for mobilizing these legged wonders. This paper describes the first implementation of these neurobiological mechanisms in a physical hexapod robot that is capable of generating adaptive stepping actions with the same underlying control method as an insect.
Fractionally-spaced frequency domain linear crosstalk cancellation with spectral alignment techniques for coherent superchannel optical systems

A computationally efficient frequency domain implementation of a fractionally-spaced equalizer with inter-channel spectral alignment is proposed for inter-channel-crosstalk cancellation. The algorithm is an essential component of crosstalk cancellation and reduces the complexity without sacrificing performance.
The influence of hydrodynamic regime on infaunal assemblages inhabiting carbonate sediments on central Pacific seamounts

Abstract We investigated the following hypotheses for deep seamounts in the central Pacific Ocean: (1) infaunal and microbial abundances are elevated in regions of current intensification, (2) infaunal lifestyles reflect variation in hydrodynamic conditions and (3) bioturbation is more intense in high-energy regimes. Our studies were carried out at three sites: the northwest perimeter of the Horizon Guyot sediment cap (1840 m), which is characterized by strong bottom currents and rippled foraminiferan sands, and the central summits of Horizon Guyot (1480 m) and Magellan Rise (3150 m), whose sediments are unrippled and finer grained. Contrary to our first hypothesis, the high-energy, Horizon perimeter sediments exhibited lower biological activity than the summit sites, as reflected in lower organic nitrogen (0.011% vs. 0.015–0.017%), higher C/N ratios (19 vs 11), lower bacterial counts (1.21 vs 2.03−2.15 × 108ml−1) and lower macrofaunal abundances (255 vs 388–829 m−2). Sediment organic carbon values (0.14–0.19%) and meiofaunal abundances (2866–5150 m−2) did not differ significantly among the three sites. Infaunal life habits varied among sites but sediment mixing did not. Macrofauna were found deeper in rippled perimeter sediments than in the cap sediments. Sessility and surface-feeding modes dominated among polychaetes at the higher-energy Horizon perimeter, while motility and subsurface feeding were common in the quieter, finer-grained regimes. Significant sediment mixing takes place on 100-year time scales a all three sites, probably a result of large, infaunal bioturbators at the cap sites and physical sediment instability at the perimeter site. Excess 210Pb exhibited moderately high inventories (38–59 dpm cm−2) and deep penetration (15 cm). Estimated mixing coefficients (Db) ranged from 0.6 to 3.0 cm2y−1 at the three sites. Our findings indicate that hydrodynamic differences can lead to greater variation in sediment and faunal characteristics on a single seamount than are found in similar regimes on different seamounts. Comparison of the Horizon Guyot and Magellan Rise data to comparable data from eastern Pacific seamounts, reveals lower organic carbon content, microbial abundance, macrofaunal densities, and subsurface deposit feeder representation, in central than eastern Pacific seamount sediments.
Endocrine Complications of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Endocrine syndromes in human immunodeficiency virus infection, although not as common as infectious, renal, or neurologic manifestations, are now more frequently recognized. These include unique thyroid function abnormalities, adrenal insufficiency, electrolyte abnormalities, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, and multiple endocrine side effects of medications used to treat complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. ( Arch Intern Med . 1991;151:1441-1444)
Comparison of the device physics principles of planar and radial p-n junction nanorod solar cells

A device physics model has been developed for radial p-n junction nanorod solar cells, in which densely packed nanorods, each having a p-n junction in the radial direction, are oriented with the rod axis parallel to the incident light direction. High-aspect-ratio (length/diameter) nanorods allow the use of a sufficient thickness of material to obtain good optical absorption while simultaneously providing short collection lengths for excited carriers in a direction normal to the light absorption. The short collection lengths facilitate the efficient collection of photogenerated carriers in materials with low minority-carrier diffusion lengths. The modeling indicates that the design of the radial p-n junction nanorod device should provide large improvements in efficiency relative to a conventional planar geometry p-n junction solar cell, provided that two conditions are satisfied: (1) In a planar solar cell made from the same absorber material, the diffusion length of minority carriers must be too low to allow for extraction of most of the light-generated carriers in the absorber thickness needed to obtain full light absorption. (2) The rate of carrier recombination in the depletion region must not be too large (for silicon this means that the carrier lifetimes in the depletion region must be longer than ~10 ns). If only condition (1) is satisfied, the modeling indicates that the radial cell design will offer only modest improvements in efficiency relative to a conventional planar cell design. Application to Si and GaAs nanorod solar cells is also discussed in detail.
Chronic alcohol exposure renders epithelial cells vulnerable to bacterial infection.

Despite two centuries of reports linking alcohol consumption with enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infections and in particular gut-derived bacteria, there have been no studies or model systems to assess the impact of long-term alcohol exposure on the ability of the epithelial barrier to withstand bacterial infection. It is well established that acute alcohol exposure leads to reduction in tight and adherens junctions, which in turn leads to increases in epithelial cellular permeability to bacterial products, leading to endotoxemia and a variety of deleterious effects in both rodents and human. We hypothesized that reduced fortification at junctional structures should also reduce the epithelial barrier’s capacity to maintain its integrity in the face of bacterial challenge thus rendering epithelial cells more vulnerable to infection. In this study, we established a cell-culture based model system for long-term alcohol exposure to assess the impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the ability of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells to withstand infection when facing pathogenic bacteria under the intact or wounded conditions. We report that daily treatment with 0.2% ethanol for two months rendered Caco-2 cells far more susceptible to wound damage and cytotoxicity caused by most but not all bacterial pathogens tested in our studies. Consistent with acute alcohol exposure, long-term ethanol exposure also adversely impacted tight junction structures, but in contrast, it did not affect the adherens junction. Finally, alcohol-treated cells partially regained their ability to withstand infection when ethanol treatment was ceased for two weeks, indicating that alcohol’s deleterious effects on cells may be reversible.
All-near-infrared multiphoton microscopy interrogates intact tissues at deeper imaging depths than conventional single- and two-photon near-infrared excitation microscopes

The era of molecular medicine has ushered in the development of microscopic methods that can report molecular processes in thick tissues with high spatial resolution. A commonality in deep-tissue microscopy is the use of near-infrared (NIR) lasers with single- or multiphoton excitations. However, the relationship between different NIR excitation microscopic techniques and the imaging depths in tissue has not been established. We compared such depth limits for three NIR excitation techniques: NIR single-photon confocal microscopy (NIR SPCM), NIR multiphoton excitation with visible detection (NIR/VIS MPM), and all-NIR multiphoton excitation with NIR detection (NIR/NIR MPM). Homologous cyanine dyes provided the fluorescence. Intact kidneys were harvested after administration of kidney-clearing cyanine dyes in mice. NIR SPCM and NIR/VIS MPM achieved similar maximum imaging depth of ∼100 μm. The NIR/NIR MPM enabled greater than fivefold imaging depth (>500 μm) using the harvested kidneys. Although the NIR/NIR MPM used 1550-nm excitation where water absorption is relatively high, cell viability and histology studies demonstrate that the laser did not induce photothermal damage at the low laser powers used for the kidney imaging. This study provides guidance on the imaging depth capabilities of NIR excitation-based microscopic techniques and reveals the potential to multiplex information using these platforms.
Navigating the Intersection of Library Bibliographic Data and Linked Music Information Sources: A Study of the Identification of Useful Metadata Elements for Interlinking

The Metadata Vocabulary Junction project is a research endeavor that aims to help libraries and archives enhance their data through the use of Linked Data (LD). This article reports on one of the subprojects of this research, which focused on how libraries can augment access to information sources via relevant linked datasets through their RDF vocabularies (in other words, the schemas those datasets have used). One of the key tasks of the project was to find linkable elements from library bibliographic data that would allow library data to be linked with those available music information sources. The research team mapped the fields, subfields, and relator codes of the MARC format to the classes and properties of the Music Ontology, a vocabulary that has come to serve as the basis for many other application profiles for music information sources. Relevant elements in MARC records were identified and tested using a representative sample of MARC records that encompasses various genres of music. The team also...
Repeated rapid shear-responsiveness of peptide hydrogels with tunable shear modulus.

A pair of mutually attractive but self-repulsive decapeptides, with alternating charged/neutral amino acid sequence patterns, was found to co-assemble into a viscoelastic material upon mixing at a ...
Supersoft supersymmetry is super-safe

We show that supersymmetric models with a large Dirac gluino mass can evade much of the jets plus missing energy searches at the LHC. Dirac gaugino masses arise from ``supersoft'' operators that lead to finite one-loop suppressed contributions to the scalar masses. A little hierarchy between the Dirac gluino mass 5--10 times heavier than the squark masses is automatic and technically natural, in stark contrast to supersymmetric models with Majorana gaugino masses. At the LHC, colored sparticle production is suppressed not only by the absence of gluino pair (or associated) production, but also because several of the largest squark pair production channels are suppressed or absent. We recast the null results from the present jets plus missing energy searches at the LHC for supersymmetry onto a supersoft supersymmetric simplified model. Assuming a massless lightest supersymmetric particle, we find the strongest bounds are as follows: 748 GeV from a $2j+{\mathrm{E\ensuremath{\llap{\not\;}}}}_{T}$ search at ATLAS ($4.7\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$) and 684 GeV from a combined jets plus missing energy search using ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{T}$ at CMS ($1.1\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$). In the absence of a future observation, we estimate the bounds on the squark masses to improve only modestly with increased luminosity. We also briefly consider the further weakening in the bounds as the lightest supersymmetric particle mass is increased.
Modulation of adaptive immunity with Toll-like receptors

The discovery of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and their role in sensing infections represents one of the most seminal advances in immunology in recent years. It is now clear that TLRs play a fundamental role in innate recognition of microbes, and stimulate and tune the quality of the adaptive immune response. However, major knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of how TLRs regulate the development and persistence of T- and B-cell memory. Here, we review our current understanding of how TLR-signaling shapes the adaptive immune response, and highlight unanswered questions, the solution of which will be imperative in the rational exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design and immune therapy.
PFT-α inhibits antibody-induced activation of p53 and pro-apoptotic signaling in 1-LN prostate cancer cells

Antibodies against the COOH-terminal domain of cell surface GRP78 induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines via activation of p53 signaling. We now have studied the effects of PFT-alpha, an inhibitor of p53-mediated apoptotic pathways, on anti-GRP78 antibody-induced activation of p53 and pro-apoptotic signaling in 1-LN prostate cancer cells. Pretreatment of 1-LN cancer cells with this agent significantly inhibited antibody or doxorubicin-induced upregulation of p53. Concomitantly, PFT-alpha treatment prevented down regulation of ERK1/2 activation by either antibody or doxorubicin. Likewise, PFT-alpha prevented increases in the pro-apoptotic proteins BAD, BAK, BAX, PUMA, and NOXA as well as activation of caspases-3, -7, and -9. We conclude that antibody-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells is mediated predominantly by p53 using the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis.
A Comparison of the Noise Characteristics of Projection Reconstruction and Two-Dimensional Fourier Transformations in NMR Imaging

Human images of excellent quality have been obtained with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), using two different techniques: projection reconstruction (PR) and two-dimensional Fourier transformations (2DFT). It has been shown in CT that the reconstruction algorithms will multiply the noise in the projections and change the noise spectrum. A comparison of the noise of the two techniques is presented under the constraint of equal imaging conditions using both computer simulations and data obtained with the UCSF human imager. The computer simulations show that the two techniques produce approximately equal signal to noise values when S/N ~ 15. Below that value small differences are observed. For both simulations and actual data, the 2DFT shows a uniform spatial frequency response while the PR method shows a roll-off at low spatial frequencies. The 2DFT method is shown to be more resistant to artifact formation.
Simultaneous Presentation of Stories and Visual Displays Which Vary in Coherence.

Abstract Two experiments investigated the effect of visual display coherence and simultaneous presentation of visual displays and stories on detailed recognition memory for the presented information. In Experiment 1, 54 subjects were exposed to a visual display and/or a story; the displays varied in coherence. In Experiment 2, the least unified visual displays were modified to be more comparable to the other display types. In both experiments, subjects showed the best memory for visual display detail when the display was least coherent. Story Only subjects showed better story memory than did Visual Display + Story subjects when the accompanying display was less coherent. Visual Display + Story subjects showed the best story memory and the best visual display/story matching performance when the display was most coherent. The results suggest that unification has a detrimental effect on memory for detail and a trade-off of processing resources occurs when visual task demands are high.
Product and Service Innovation: Ideas for Future Cross‐Disciplinary Research*

Excerpt] The second annual Product and Service Innovation Conference was held in February 2005 in Park City, Utah. The conference brought together over 40 distinguished and upcoming scholars from 30 flagship universities all over the United States. The purpose of the conference is to unite leading scholars in the fields of operations management and marketing and to promote an open dialog among different academic fields on the subject of product and service innovation. The conference provides a venue where participants have ample opportunities to learn about advances in innovation research, to leverage each other’s work, and to discuss future research directions. The conference is designed to support cross-disciplinary research and to bridge the divide between marketing and operations approaches to studying innovation. Marketing and operations ‘‘are two components of one of the first economic paradigms that a management student encounters—the point of tangency between the production–possibility frontier and consumer preference curves. Unfortunately, the relationship between these two functions has often been uncomfortable if not adversarial’’ (Karmarkar, 1996, p. 125), thus creating an interdisciplinary divide and limiting the research opportunities in this area. The underlying reasons for the existence of this divide between operations and marketing were explored during a panel discussion that wrapped up this year’s conference. The main culprits identified for the lack of cross disciplinary research include the lack of acceptance of paradigm breaking or shifting research, the shortage of publication outlets, and the negative stigma associated with cross-disciplinary research by the research community. Although cross-disciplinary research is vital to studying innovation, many challenges prevent the advancement of this type of research. The purpose of this article is to summarize the challenges faced today by cross-disciplinary scholars and also to address the future research priorities in this area. The present article is organized as follows. First, the current issues in cross-disciplinary research are discussed, as well as ways to overcome some of the obstacles that deter the field’s development. Next, cross-disciplinary research priorities are presented as identified by previous literature and conference panel discussions, as well as the ranking of these priorities resulting from the present survey study. Finally, the implications of the findings on the future of cross-disciplinary research are discussed.
VEGFR2+PDGFRβ+ circulating precursor cells participate in capillary restoration after hyperoxia acute lung injury (HALI)

The in vivo morphology and phenotype of circulating cells that spontaneously contribute to new vessel formation in adults remain unclear. Here, we use high-resolution imaging and flow cytometry to characterize the morphology and phenotype of a distinct population of circulating mononuclear cells contributing to spontaneous new vessel formation after hyperoxia acute lung injury (HALI). We identify a subpopulation of myeloid (CD11b/Mac1+) haematopoietic cells co-expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ). Moreover, we show that these CD11b+VEGFR2+PDGFRβ+ circulating precursor cells (CPCs) contribute structurally to the luminal surface of capillaries re-forming 2 weeks post-HALI. This indicates that these myeloid CPCs may function, at least transiently, as putative vascular precursors, and has important implications for capillary growth and repair in injury and in pathologies of the lung and other organs.
The role of interpolation in PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.

Background Frequent premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) can cause cardiomyopathy. The mechanism is not known and may be multifactorial. Objective This study assessed the role of PVC interpolation in PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods In 51 consecutive patients (14 women, age 49 ± 15 years, ejection fraction (EF) 0.49 ± 0.14) with frequent PVCs, 24-hour Holter recordings were performed. The amount of interpolation was determined and correlated with the presence of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy. In addition, parameters measured during an electrophysiology study were correlated with the Holter findings. Results Fourteen of the 21 patients (67%) with cardiomyopathy had interpolated PVCs, compared with only 6 of 30 patients (20%) without PVC-induced cardiomyopathy (P Conclusion The presence of interpolated PVCs was predictive of the presence of PVC cardiomyopathy. Interpolation may play an important role in the generation of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy.
IS THERE A PRINCIPAL‐AGENT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FUTURE EMPLOYERS AND CONGRESSMEN? AN EXAMINATION OF THE HOUSE VOTE ON FLAG BURNING

To date, Congressional ideology has been considered to be the portion of a roll call vote that could not be explained by self‐interested behavior. This paper suggests that the scope of what is considered self‐interested behavior must be expanded. We find evidence that Congressmen may be the agent in a principal agent relationship, not only to voters and PACs as commonly thought, but also to industries that may offer Congressmen employment when they leave the House.
The earnings-price anomaly

Abstract This review explores systematic explanations for the anomalous evidence in the relation between accounting earnings and stock prices. The anomaly is that estimated future abnormal returns are predicted by public information about future earnings, contained in (1) current earnings and (2) current financial statement ratios. The current-earnings anomaly appears due to either market inefficiency or substantial costs of investors acquiring and processing information, the choice depending on one's priors concerning these costs and one's definition of market ‘efficiency’. The financial-statement-information anomaly appears due to accounting ratios proxying for stocks' expected returns. Anomaly seems likely to be a permanent state.
Rainbow smelt ( Osmerus mordax ) as predators on young bloaters ( Coregonus hoyi ) in Lake Michigan

Examination of the stomach contents of rainbow smelt caught in bottom trawls in Lake Michigan during mid October, 1982, revealed that of 267 rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) with food in their stomachs, 56% (150) had eaten young-of-the-year fish. Nearly 15% of the prey fish consumed were bloaters (Coregonus hoyi), 21 % were alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), and the rest could not be positively identified but were probably bloaters and alewives. Although smelt predation did not appear to have affected bloater abundance, continued increases in smelt abundance and declines in alewife populations could lead to increased predator pressure on bloater stocks, which are in the process of rebuilding.
High-field, nonlinear electron transport in lightly doped Schottky-barrier diodes

Abstract The high-field transport of electrons in an n -type Schottky barrier diode is analyzed in relation to the existing synthesis of drift-diffusion (DD) and thermionic emission (TE) theories. Energy relaxation is shown to play a significant role in allowing the DDTE theory to encompass as wide an applicability as it does in spite of its underlying assumptions. The transport equations for energy and momentum balance are solved for the electrostatic potential distribution of a Schottky diode while including quasi-ballistic effects of the inertia of the energy and momentum fluxes. Relaxation of both momentum and energy is included through scattering with ionized impurities, acoustic phonons and optical phonons. The model is applied to a silicon Schottky barrier and the results related to the existing theories.
Radiation Annihilation of F-Aggregate Centers in KCl

The radiation annihilation of $F$-aggregate centers has been measured in KCl as a function of trace impurity and of temperature. The data have been found to support the idea that $F$-aggregate-center destruction occurs when a radiation-produced interstitial is trapped by an aggregate center. Comparison of the results with the $F$-center-production behavior of the same material has permitted the following conclusions about $F$-center production to be drawn: (i) The impurity dependence of $F$-center production at 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is due to a secondary process involving motion of interstitials. (ii) The large rise with temperature of the $F$-center-production efficiency between 120 and 240\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is a reflection of the temperature dependence of the primary defect-production mechanism and may be related to a change of the relative probabilities of Frenkel-pair separation and recombination during the production process. Analysis of the experimental results has also yielded values for the energy necessary to produce a Frenkel pair at various temperatures. Above 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K this energy is so low [less than 100 eV/(defect pair)] that it is possible to rule out defect-production mechanisms that require multiple ionization.
Effect of estrogen and 1α,25(OH)2- vitamin D3 on the activity and growth of human primary osteoblast-like cells in vitro

Abstract Objective: To evaluate effects of 17β-E 2 and 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 on human osteoblast-like (hOB) cells. Design: Controlled, experimental study. Setting: University hospital. Patient(s): hOB cell cultures were prepared from the upper femur of postmenopausal patients undergoing bipolar endoprosthesis arthroplasty for a fractured femoral neck. Intervention(s): hOB cells were subcultured with either 17β-E 2 or 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 , or both. Main Outcome Measure(s): Cell proliferation and activity of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and interleukin-6. Result(s): 17β-E 2 significantly reduced interleukin-6 and osteocalcin to 34% and 60% of control value but induced alkaline phosphatase and cell proliferation to 183% and 150% of control value. 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 significantly decreased cell proliferation to 88% of that of control group, but 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 plus 17β-E 2 showed no difference from the control group. Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were significantly increased by 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 alone or combined with 17β-E 2 , to 169% and 198% and to 144% and 144% of control value, respectively. 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 , with or without 17β-E 2 , decreased interleukin-6 levels to 27% and 38% of control group, respectively. Conclusion(s): 17β-E 2 and 1α,25(OH) 2 -vitamin D 3 have effects on osteoblasts. The prevention of osteoporosis by estrogen may be related not only to direct effects on osteoblastic activity and proliferation but also to indirect effects on osteoclasts by the decrease of interleukin-6 secretion.
INFLUENCE OF HEREDITY ON LARVAL AND SPAT GROWTH IN Crassostrea virginica

Growth rate was measured on wild Long Island Sound stock Crassostrea virginica larvae and spat and used to calculate heritability estimates. The heritability estimates for larval growth rate ranged from 0.40 to 0.55. Heritability estimates for spat growth rate measured at 6 weeks post-setting averaged 0.50. An analysis of relationship between larval and spat growth rates is presented in this paper.
A theory for attitude and behavior applied to an election survey

A mathematical theory is presented for attitude as it affects decisions and behavior of individual persons, systems at the organism level. Attitude is formulated in terms of rational and emotional thought and a biological responsiveness. Behavior is formulated from attitude using probability rules and a critical attitude, which is based on standard attitudes. The application of the theory is illustrated using a US Presidential election survey. The analysis suggests voter behavior can be modeled with a cusp catastrophe equation based on influence derived from utility and importance derived from emotions.
Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. II. Dementia, depression and schizophrenia.

Patients with dementia, schizophrenia and depression were tested with analogous auditory and visual event-related potential (ERP) paradigms designed to elicit a large P3. The patient groups were compared to age normative predictions derived from a large control sample for a number of ERP and behavioral variables. The results were similar for the auditory and visual paradigms. P3 latency was prolonged two or more S.D.s beyond that predicted by age for less than one-half of the demented patients. This latency prolongation was significant for the group as a whole but would result in too many false negatives if used diagnostically for individuals. Furthermore, increased P3 latency was not specific, as the schizophrenic patients also had later P3s. The amplitude of P3 was reduced in the demented patients, but it was also smaller in other patient groups. The only variable which distinguished the demented patients from both controls and from the other patients was the single trial P3 latency/RT correlation. The demented patients, as a group, had significantly lower P3 latency/RT correlations, but this effect also was not sensitive enough to be diagnostic for individuals. The data from these two paradigms suggest that the P3 amplitude and latency abnormalities observed reflect a common, rather than a diagnostically specific deficit. This study is in contrast to some others which report much more sensitivity and specificity in the use of P3 latency in the diagnosis of dementia. Differences in task demands, patient samples and ERP analysis techniques might explain some of the discrepancy.
Evidence for the presence of a second mammogenic (lobule-alveolar) factor in the anterior pituitary.

LEWIS AND TURNER (I) have reviewed the evidence for the noiveffectiveness of ovarian hormones in stimulating mammary gland hyperplasia in the hypophysectomized animal. The results of a number of such experiments, reported since 1935, have been uniformly negative. It has been shown that the mammary gland can be developed in hypophysectomizied animals with injections of anterior pituitary from pregnant animals or from animals given preliminary treatment with estrone (I-6). Guinea pigs, rabbits, rats and mice have been employed in such studies. Many experiments had shown that estrogen will grow the mammary ducts in most species, whereas a combination of estrogen and progestin is required to cause complete lobulealveolar proliferation (see Turner, 7, for review). When it was established, in this laboratory, that the ovarian hormones act on the AP causing development there of a mammary growth factor (I, 2), it seemed probable that the mammogenic growth complex consisted
A New acid-base indicator

Abstract The Fe(III)-1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid complex absorption characteristics are pH dependent. An intensive study has shown that these characteristics are reversible and reproducible. This system is, therefore, well-suited for use as a pH indicator. It serves for double indicator titrations (acid → base; base → acid) and as a universal wide-range indicator.
Rescue of the aggregation prone Itk Pleckstrin Homology domain by two mutations derived from the related kinases, Btk and Tec

IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is a Tec family non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor. Itk contains an amino-terminal Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain that binds phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, recruiting Itk to the plasma membrane upon T-cell receptor activation. In addition to phosphoinositide binding, accumulating data suggest that the Itk PH domain likely mediates additional interactions outside of the phosphoinositide ligand binding pocket. The structural basis for additional PH domain functions remains elusive because of the poor recombinant expression and in vitro solution behavior of the Itk PH domain. Here, we determine that the lone α-helix in the Itk PH domain is responsible for the poor solution properties and that mutation of just two residues in the Itk α-helix to the corresponding amino acids in Btk or Tec dramatically improves the soluble recombinant expression and solution behavior of the Itk PH domain. We present this double mutant as a valuable tool to characterize the structure and function of the Itk PH domain. It is also interesting to note that the precise sites of mutation identified in this study appear as somatic mutations associated with cancerous tissue. Collectively, the findings suggest that the two helical residues in the Itk PH domain may serve an important and unique structural role in wild-type Itk that differentiates this tyrosine kinase from its related family members.
Tasks, Tools and the Boundaries of the Discursive

Abandoning the container account of memory needs supplementing by the task/tool metaphor. That memories are ‘true’ recollections requires a social constructionist intrepretation, attention to the roles of formal records and the dramaturgy of displays. Technology and tradition are both, in the end, narrative forms.
Rapid measurement of free amino acids in serum and CSF using high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract A simple, rapid method for measuring individual amino acids in physiological fluids using high-performance liquid chromatography [HPLC]/fluorescence detection has been characterized. Solutions containing free amino acids are first derivatized with orthophthalaldehyde, and then chromatographed on C18 reversed-phase columns. Sixteen amino acids are readily separated and quantitated, with a run time of about 60 min, and a sensitivity of at least 10 pmoles. Applying this technique to solutions of amino acid standards, and methanol supernatants of a large pool of blood, we find within-assay and between-assay coefficients of variation generally to be as good as those obtained using a standard amino acid analyzer. Serum amino acid measurements have also been obtained under a number of experimental conditions in rats, and yielded values comparable to those obtained using the amino acid analyzer. Samples of cerebrospinal fluid have also been analyzed via this new procedure. This technique offers numerous advantages over the oftentimes laborious, expensive, and time-consuming procedures required by conventional amino acid analyzers, and thus should find widespread application.
Ovoid optic posterior chamber intraocular lens: The first one hundred cases

A new posterior chamber intraocular lens with an ovoid optic is described. The horizontal diameter is 5 mm and the vertical 6 mm, permitting insertion through an incision fractionally greater than 5 mm. The results of the first 100 cases are presented; 97% of patients attained a visual acuity of 20/40 or better.