cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reparations, social reconciliation, and the significance of place: A legal and philosophical examination of indigenous cases in the United States and their global implications

During genocide, populations are frequently displaced from their homelands. In the process of reparations, displacement is often viewed as a problem of shelter, food, and safety. In this framework, land is treated as an economic commodity— any given piece of land is interchangeable with another or for money. This approach is a product of Enlightenment thinking, which emphasizes the rights of the individual over communal rights to land, and conceptualizes land and social identity as strongly separated. This Enlightenment framework of rights, and the accompanying de-emphasis of place, is particularly strong in the United States. Because American legal principles have played a substantial role in the development of human rights laws internationally, there are global implications for how American courts understand land and displacement. By examining Native American claims for land and sovereignty, this essay explores the philosophical and legal understandings of land and culture that are endorsed by American courts. The themes found in American litigation of indigenous land claims are likely to permeate American foreign policy and our involvement in reparations issues internationally. If the American de-emphasis of land continues internationally, effective reparations are unlikely. Homelands are not an interchangeable economic commodity precisely because social identity is not separate from land, but rather rooted firmly in a particular place. When victims of genocide are able to reclaim homelands, there is the possibility of truly
Ethnicization and European identity policies: Window-shopping with risks

The politics of identity is a controversial and ardent topic in contemporary constitutional theory. As this paper is intended to show, East-European minority politics may provide an interesting angle to the study of this sensitive and complicated issue. The dilemma is the following: It is the Murphy-law of prejudice that when it comes to the maltreatment of members of various ethnic groups no serious definitional or recognition-difficulties arise. It is because when it comes to discrimination or ethnic hostility, it is always the daily practice of the majority that will define membership in the discrete and insular minority group. Defining qualification requirements therefore to minority groups seems to pose difficulties only in the context of minority-identity based preferences. This anomaly is however more then of theoretical jurisprudential interest, as in some cases the entire effectiveness of the aimed minority protection schemes may depend thereon. It is fearful that having a post-communist mentality towards state policies with an ethnicized system of preferences, due to the lack of political cultural and public moral restraints, these preferences will simply be seen as services provided by the (alienated, thus for no sympathy or co-operation eligible) state. What seems to be in the centerfold of East European minority politics is thus “ethnocorruption”, that is the utilizing and misusing of remedial measures for private and from the legislator's intentions independent means. In this paper, following a constitutional semantical analysis of the minority identity,the demons of ethnocorrpution will be demonstrated through a comparative assessment of a case study of a Hungarian legislation and its possible progeny.
Can Legislatures Constrain Judicial Interpretation of Statutes

A N aspect of the current battle over deconstruction' is whether resort to legislative intent might help to determine the content of a statutory text that otherwise, in splendid isolation, could be deconstructed by simply positing different interpretive contexts. Thus, a doctrinalist might argue that one can obtain a degree of certainty of meaning of any legal text by referring beyond the text itself to the intention of its author.2 Because no interpreter has direct knowledge of the mind of the author, the author's "intention" seems to constitute another text-a point of reference separate from and in addition to the primary text that is the subject of interpretation. The question is whether we can use this other text-this "evidence" of authorial intent-to pin down the meaning of a statute. Professor Michael Moore is among those who would have liked to use "intention" as a possible way to find determinate meaning in a statute, but after thorough consideration he reluctantly concluded that the meaning of a
Bonded labor and serfdom: a paradox of voluntary choice

Abstract Among the oldest and most pervasive economic institutions are bonded labor and serfdom. While seemingly exploitative, both bonded labor and serfdom are often not imposed on the laborers but voluntarily chosen. It is generally the lack of suitable alternatives which makes workers opt for a life in servitude. This paper shows that the existence of these voluntary forms of servitude itself may restrain the laborers' opportunities so that they are left with no better alternative than bondage. Under these circumstances, government interventions banning servile institutions, by promoting the development of alternative options for the laborers, have the potential to substantially improve the condition of a large class of laborers.
Helpful Hopefulness: The Effect of Future Positive Emotions on Consumption

Although positive affect may enhance self-control, some research suggests that this is not always the case. To clarify this relationship, we investigate the role of temporal focus on the effect of specific positive emotions on self-control dilemmas in snack consumption. In four studies, we demonstrate that participants experiencing a future-focused positive emotion (i.e., hopefulness) consume less unhealthy food and have lower preferences for unhealthy snacks than those in a past- or present-focused emotional state (i.e., pride, happiness). We demonstrate the role of temporal focus through its natural occurrence in emotion-induction essays (study 1), chronic temporal focus (study 2), and manipulation of anticipated versus retrospective emotional states (study 3). A fourth study demonstrates that self-control benefits do not arise from future-focused negative emotions (i.e., fear) as they do from future-focused positive emotions. These results suggest that consumers may benefit from adapting the temporal focus of positive emotions to the future.
What Determines Corporate Transparency

We investigate corporate transparency, defined as the availability of firmspecific information to those outside publicly traded firms. We conceptualize corporate transparency within a country as output from a multifaceted system whose components collectively produce, gather, validate, and disseminate information. We factor analyze a range of measures capturing countries’ firmspecific information environments, isolating two distinct factors. The first factor, interpreted as financial transparency, captures the intensity and timeliness of financial disclosures, and their interpretation and dissemination by analysts and the media. The second factor, interpreted as governance transparency, captures the intensity of governance disclosures used by outside investors to hold officers and directors accountable. We investigate whether these factors vary with countries’ legal/judicial regimes and political economies. Our main multivariate result is that the governance transparency factor is primarily related to a country’s legal/judicial regime, whereas the financial transparency factor is primarily related to political economy.
Learning from Our Mistakes: A Criminal Justice Commission to Study Wrongful Convictions

Perhaps the most lasting significance of the DNA exoneration cases is the lessons they can teach about flaws in the criminal justice system. In the United States, however, little systematic inquiry is made into what went wrong following a wrongful conviction. This article examines several models for structuring the inquiry into the flaws in the criminal justice system exposed by the DNA exonerations.
Protecting and Sharing Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge: Holder and user Tools

Abstract The present paper deals with the question how legal protection of biodiversity and traditional knowledge can be accommodated and how the results from the use and exploitation of biodiversity and traditional knowledge can be shared. The aim is to cast the various contributions in this volume in a wider framework, by describing and evaluating current intellectual property (IP) protection systems, intellectual property-similar regimes and protection and sharing initiatives outside intellectual property.
Rethinking Discrimination Law

In the 1970s, federal courts began identifying categories of discrimination, such as disparate impact, disparate treatment and harassment. They then created elaborate, multi-part rubrics tied to each category. Modern employment discrimination law is defined by these frameworks. They serve as gatekeepers that control the substantive discrimination narratives juries hear and also structure the ways that judges and litigants think about discrimination. Legal scholarship is replete with excellent articles challenging specific frameworks courts use to evaluate discrimination claims. This Article does not challenge any particular framework. Instead it challenges whether courts should even use frameworks to conceptualize discrimination in the first place. It argues that just as faulty sorting contributes to stereotyping and societal discrimination, courts are using faulty structures to substantively limit discrimination claims. The Article makes three central contributions. First, it demonstrates how discrimination analysis has been reduced to a rote sorting process. It recognizes and makes explicit the courts’ methodology so that the structure and its effects can be examined. Second, it demonstrates how the frameworks tend to squeeze out claims that are arguably cognizable under the federal discrimination statutes’ broad operative language. The Article’s final contribution is to propose a simpler model for thinking about employment discrimination law. It argues for a return to first principles that requires the courts to specifically define key statutory language.
EMPLOYEE FINANCIAL LITERACY AND RETIREMENT PLAN BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY

This article uses administrative data on all active employees of the Federal Reserve (FR) System to examine participation in and contributions to the Thrift Saving Plan, the System's defined contribution (DC) plan. We link to administrative records a unique employee survey of economic/demographic factors including a set of financial literacy questions. Not surprisingly, FR employees are substantially more financially literate than the population at large. Most importantly, financially savvy employees are also most likely to participate in their DC plan. Sophisticated workers contribute three percentage points more of their earnings to the DC plan than do the less knowledgeable, and they hold more equity in their pension accounts. We examine changes in employee plan behavior 1 year after employees completed a Learning Module about retirement planning, and we compare it to baseline patterns. We find that those employees who completed the Learning Module were more likely to start contributing and less likely to have stopped contributing to the DC plan postsurvey. In sum, employer-provided learning programs are shown to significantly impact employee retirement saving decisions and consistent with a lot of other research, higher levels of financial literacy are found to have a beneficial impact on retirement saving patterns. (JEL J3, H7)
A note on shared transportation for tourists with special reference to the Israeli sherut

In this note, we provide answers to two hitherto unstudied questions in the literature concerning the provision of shared transportation to tourists. First, we ascertain the long run fraction of time that there is no sherut taxi at a designated taxi stand. Second, we determine the long run fraction of tourists who are lost to the sherut taxi providing firm because no taxis are available when arriving tourists want a taxi. Finally, we show that these two long run fractions are equal because the so called PASTA property holds in our model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Undead Laws: The Use of Historically Unenforced Criminal Statutes in Non-Criminal Litigation

Long after criminal laws have lost their vigor in the context for which they were drafted, they may rise again elsewhere. The American legal system has yet to develop a coherent policy delineating when or if historically unenforced penal statutes can be invoked in non-penal contexts. This issue is particularly evident in cases where the relevant laws are caught between shifting moral sentiments. Fornication, for example, remains illegal in many states,1 but it is rarely prosecuted. Should one of the participants in this "criminal" act contract a sexually transmitted disease and sue her partner in tort, however, these disused statutes may be invoked under the "clean hands" doctrine to bar recovery.2 There is a growing body of ill-considered, contradictory case law regarding the legitimacy of such non-criminal invocation of profoundly disused criminal laws. The lack of a coherent approach to secondary applications of disused laws warrants fundamental consideration of the issue rather than the piecemeal attention it has received. Academics have grappled extensively with issues stemming from the renewed enforcement of disused criminal laws,3 which I shall call primary applications. At the same time, however, commentators have virtually ignored a potentially larger issue: the permissibility of what I shall call the secondary application4 of these laws in civil, family, and other non-
Forced Technology Transfer and the US–China Trade War: Implications for International Economic Law

Forced technology transfer has emerged from the USâ€“China trade war as a new issue of systemic importance. The USA, the European Union, and Japan have jointly condemned forced technology transfer as a practice undermining the proper function of international trade and called for new WTO rules to discipline the practice. This article examines the issue in the broad context of international economic law. It seeks to address the following questions: What does â€˜forced technology transferâ€™ mean? Where did this practice come from? Why is there insufficient international regulation on the issue? What exactly are the problems inherent in such practice? And what can be done to improve the relevant international regulation?
To Vote or Not to Vote: An Analysis of Peasants' Participation in Chinese Village Elections

Village elections have been a much talked about subject both inside and outside China since the 1980s. Yet there is little agreement on the exact nature of these elections. The following study is an empirical effort to study peasants' participation in Chinese village elections. The key question asked in this study is What subjective factors motivate Chinese peasants to vote or not vote in village elections? The authors' main findings are that those who tended to vote in village elections were people with low levels of internal efficacy and democratic values, high levels of life satisfaction and interest in state and local public affairs, and that anti-corruption sentiment does not seem to play any role in village elections. Peasants with higher levels of internal efficacy and democratic orientation stayed away from village elections due to the institutional constraints on these elections. These findings call into question the competitiveness and democratic nature of Chinese village elections.
Why do bank holding companies purchase bank-owned life insurance?

Bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) is life insurance purchased by bank holding companies (BHCs) for key employees, whose proceeds can be shared by the company and employees’ heirs. We investigate reported benefits of purchasing BOLI to shed light on the dramatic increase in BOLI assets using a sample of 2040 firm-year observations from 2004 to 2013. We document that a BHC owning BOLI enjoys an average annual earnings increase of $12.5 million and an estimated annual tax shield of $3.4 million. This tax shield is nearly twice the size of average total CEO compensation. We provide empirical evidence that BOLI complements other forms of executive compensation. We empirically test potential agency costs associated with using BOLI as compensation but find no evidence of such costs. Further investigation shows that BHCs use BOLI to attract talented executives and benefit shareholders. We conclude that the significant benefits documented in this study provide convincing rationale for the increasing use of BOLI in recent years.
The impact of pressure on performance: Evidence from the PGA TOUR

Abstract Do large rewards lead to psychological pressure causing underperformance? Previous studies have tested this ‘choking’ phenomenon using the world of sports, but such studies often lack an explicit link between performance and reward. This study utilizes a large PGA TOUR dataset to more directly analyze the effect of pressure on individual performance by calculating the potential change in earnings from making or missing a putt on the final hole of a tournament. We find that as the amount of money riding on a shot increases, the likelihood that shot is made is significantly reduced.
Image color transfer to evoke different emotions based on color combinations

In this paper, a color transfer framework to evoke different emotions for images based on color combinations is proposed. The purpose of this color transfer is to change the “look and feel” of images, i.e., evoking different emotions. Colors are confirmed as the most attractive factor in images. In addition, various studies in both art and science areas have concluded that other than single color, color combinations are necessary to evoke specific emotions. Therefore, we propose a novel framework to transfer color of images based on color combinations, using a predefined color emotion model. The contribution of this new framework is threefold. First, users do not need to provide reference images as used in traditional color transfer algorithms. In most situations, users may not have enough esthetic knowledge or path to choose desired reference images. Second, because of the usage of color combinations instead of single color for emotions, a new color transfer algorithm that does not require an image library is proposed. Third, again because of the usage of color combinations, artifacts that are normally seen in traditional frameworks using single color are avoided. We present encouraging results generated from this new framework and its potential in several possible applications including color transfer of photos and paintings.
How Important can the Non-Violation Clause be for the GATT/WTO?

The “non-violation” clause of GATT is Exhibit A for the proposition that international trade agreements are incomplete contracts. The clause was a major focus of the drafters of GATT in 1947, and its relevance was rea¢ rmed with the creation of the WTO. According to the terms-of-trade theory of trade agreements, it underpins the success of the GATT/WTO’s “shallow integration”approach. Yet the observed role of the non-violation complaint is minimal. We develop a model of non-violation claims in trade agreements, demonstrate that it predicts a minimal on-equilibrium-path role for non-violation claims under reasonable parameter restrictions, and show that the non-violation clause may nevertheless play an important o¤-equilibrium-path role in the GATT/WTO.
Sociological and Human Developmental Explanations of Crime: Conflict or Consensus

This paper examines multidisciplinary correlates of delinquency in an attempt to integrate sociological and environmental theories of crime with human developmental and biological explanations of crime. Structural equation models are applied to assess links among biological. psychological, and environmental variables collected prospectively from birth through age 17 on a sample of 800 black children at high risk for learning and behavioral disorders. Results show that for both males and females, aggression and disciplinary problems in school during adolescence are the strongest predictors of repeat offense behavior. Whereas school achievement and family income and stability are also significant predictors of delinquency for males, early physical development is the next strongest predictor for females. Results indicate that some effects on delinquency also vary during different ages. It is suggested that behavioral and learning disorders have both sociological and developmental correlates and that adequate educational resources are necessary to ensure channels of “legitimate opportunities” for high -risk youths.
Determinants of the round-to-round returns to pre-IPO venture capital investments in U.S. biotechnology companies

Abstract I propose that pre-IPO venture-backed biotech companies offer a useful new setting through which to evaluate the relative merits of theories for why firm size and book-to-market explain variation in stock returns. This is because pre-IPO biotech firms have large and rapidly evolving growth options relative to assets-in-place. Such attributes align closely with the key features of the model by Berk et al. [Berk, J.B., Green, R.C., Naik, V., 1999. Optimal investment, growth options, and security returns. Journal of Finance 54 (5), 1553–1607] of the endogenous relations between growth options, optimal investment actions and expected equity returns, where firm size and book-to-market emerge as sufficient statistics for the aggregate risk of a firm's assets-in-place. Using venture capital investments in pre-IPO U.S. biotech companies during 1992–2001, I find that equity returns between financing rounds (‘round-to-round’ returns) are reliably negatively related to firm size and positively related to book-to-market ratios. I interpret these results as being most consistent with the theory of Berk et al., and less consistent with alternative explanations such as financial distress, behaviorally biased investors or data snooping.
Unfunded Public Pension Liabilities and Local Citizen Oversight

SYNOPSIS: We examine whether unfunded public pension liabilities are associated with citizen oversight through legislative and electoral means in local governments. Our focus on municipal pension plans is timely and relevant, given the prevalence of underfunded pension plans and the GASB's recently issued statements on state and local pension reporting. Using a sample of 84 locally administered municipal defined benefit pension plans in 2009, we find evidence that the level of unfunded pension obligations is negatively associated with both provisions allowing direct citizen participation in the legislative process and electoral voter activism in the form of recent recall attempts. Overall, our empirical evidence is consistent with citizen oversight mechanisms playing an important role in the pension funding decisions of municipal governments. JEL Classifications: G34; H55; H72.
Effectiveness measurement: When will we get it right?

Credible demonstration of policy or program impacts depends on understanding the distinction between inputs, outputs, outcomes and indicators. Moreover, in order to be trusted, public reports on a programs' performance need to focus more selectively on identifying the key measures of performance. In the first place, the aim of the article is to provide those involved in the practice of program evaluation with enhanced understanding of the current literature, reports and documentation on estimating impacts and results of government programs and policies. Secondly, it is designed to share definitions and guidelines used to determine economic impacts. Finally, this article includes current best practices involved in measuring incremental impacts, all of which, we contend, enable program evaluation staff providing them with new ways of approaching measurement, effectiveness and accountability in a strategic and comprehensive manner.
Institutional development and economic growth

With the current worldwide move from plan to market, questions about governance and culture have come to the forefront of debates on development.64 It is natural to think that the “habits of the heart” embodied in one’s own institutions are worth emulating by others, particularly if these habits and institutions have been conjoined with the material success sought by others. As such the West has been promoting its political and economic institutions and values—democracy, the market, protecting human rights, egalitarianism—as the route to prosperity in the rest of the world. But while accepting the instrumental value of the market as a necessary economic institution to deliver prosperity, many in the rest of the world (particularly in East Asia) are resisting any attempt to have Western “habits of the heart” thrust on them. Instead, in a neat reversal of Max Weber’s famous thesis, they are claiming that it is uniquely Asian values (and the institutions they embody, such as etatist polities, and extended families) that are responsible for the East Asian economic miracles.65 Who is right, and can we say anything useful about the institutions that promote economic growth? That is the central question I seek to answer, but inter alia I also discuss the four issues the organizers of this seminar have suggested: incorporation of institutional development in economic growth theory, influence of political factors on economic growth, institutional development and income distribution, and policy implications.
Ordinary People and the Rationalization of Wrongdoing

In March 2019, over fifty people were criminally charged with participating in a scheme to gain fraudulent student admissions to various U.S. universities. How did these individuals end up engaging in plainly nefarious felony criminal offenses? Some of the perpetrators were likely fully aware of both the criminal and unethical nature of their behavior. But others seem to have convinced themselves that their behavior was acceptable because this is how the “system” works. In his book "The Law of Good People," Yuval Feldman argues that people’s limited awareness of the unethical nature of their behavior requires redesigning legal rules to anticipate this aspect of human psychology. Feldman’s bottom line is that because people are often unaware of the moral meaning of their behavior, law must focus on identifying and regulating that behavior before the fact, rather than punishing it afterwards. This review explores an important category of wrongdoing for which the traditional regulatory approach of threats of punishment ex-post might in many cases be suboptimal: corruption. This category provides examples of settings where actors are difficult to deter within standard enforcement frameworks because their motivations are complex. Building on my earlier work on expressive law and social norms, I develop an alternative conception of compliance achieved by supplementing threatened sanctions with leveraging the expressive power of law to decrease the likelihood that people will deceive themselves about the social and ethical meaning of their behavior. Theories of expressive law posit that law can influence behavior through means that go beyond the legal sanctions threatened for violation. I will specifically focus on informational expressive law: the idea that the state can deploy law to provide information, which can in turn change individual beliefs and social norms, which in turn can shape behavior. By leveraging the informational function of expressive law, the state can identify situations in which individuals are likely to fail to fully appreciate the meaning of their behavior. Identifying and sorting “good people,” I argue, is less important than identifying situations and structures that are amenable to legal interventions that leverage social norms.
Fair Use v. Fair Access

In this paper, I make four points. 1. The copyright act defines use rights, not access rights. That overstates slightly - especially with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the statute - but the core of copyright law addresses how works can be used assuming that legal access has been obtained. Other law addresses the circumstances under which works can be accessed. 2. Nothing in copyright itself suggests that use rights should trump access rights; indeed, our core access principles suggest just the opposite. We frequently speak of a fair use "right." I am doubtful about that on its own terms but even if we find something there, a fair use right isn't an access right. Fair use doesn't equal fair access. 3. The scope of rights given to an initial author will effect the timing and scope of investment she will make in creating a work. For many works, those investments can be made in discrete lumps. As a society, we want investments to be made incrementally rather than as one large lump as doing so allows us to get feedback from the market on the value of a work. We don't want to throw good money after bad, and if we learn that, say, the English version of a work is a failure, we don't want to bother translating it into Mandarin. Plus we will delay the time that works reach the market if we create an incentive to do large, lumpy investments rather than a sequence of investments coupled with market feedback. Authors start with one monopoly: their unique access to the work that they have created. If we do not give authors control over these follow-on works, authors will overinvest upfront in the works, since that is the only way that the can gain a return on their initial monopoly over access to the work. In that situation, we are better off to hand the author a statutory monopoly over the follow-on work rather than see the author invest real resources in creating a property right over that work. 4. Fair use is a form of rights bundling. If we decide that, say, format-shifting is fair use or is otherwise a permitted use - you sell me a music CD and I have a use right to make a personal copy on a cassette or my iPod - we are making a decision about the rights that we are bundling together. The nature of bundles is that everyone gets stuck buying the same set of rights. These bundles can be inefficiently large. Consumers would often be better off if instead we allowed rights to be unbundled, so that consumers could buy just those rights that they wanted rather than being forced to take unwanted rights. Doing that requires a narrow conception of fair use.
Information Technology and Firm Innovations: A Review and Extension Explicating the Role of Networks, Capabilities, and Commercialization of Innovation

This paper provides a framework comprising of research agenda explicating the relations between IT Capability and Firm Innovation. Firm innovation is conceptualized as a combination of three constructs: networks, capabilities (absorptive capacity), and commercialization of innovations (CI). These three constructs have received a very lukewarm response from the IS research community. Inclusion of these three constructs, and examining how IT- capability affects the relationships between these constructs, is essential to examining the role of IT in innovation at the firm-level. Five research agendas are identified.
Tribal Disruption and Federalism

The very presence of Indian nations within the borders of the United States and its territories has always been, from the Founding, disruptive. Indian nations are disruptive, but as I will argue, they are disruptive in the best possible manner. This paper will describe several ongoing tribal-state disputes throughout the nation, acknowledging that the tribal claims are disruptive, but that tribal disruption is not inherently harmful.
Preferential Attachment, Homophily, and the Structure of International Networks, 1816–2003:

This study examines the extent to which network formation processes in international relations parallel models that characterize the formation processes of physical, biological, and social networks...
Arranged or love marriage? That is the question

Although arranged and love marriages have been around for a long time there seems to be no comparative analyses in the economics literature of the relative merits of one or the other kind of marriage. As such, the purpose of this note is to conduct a theoretical inquiry into the desirability of arranged versus love marriages. A simple model of decision making in a dynamic and stochastic setting is analysed and it is shown that the decision to have an arranged or a love marriage depends on a comparison of the expected amount of time it takes the agent's well-wishers to find a spouse with the expected total time it takes this agent to find a spouse by himself or herself.
Aligning AI With Shared Human Values

We show how to assess a language model's knowledge of basic concepts of morality. We introduce the ETHICS dataset, a new benchmark that spans concepts in justice, well-being, duties, virtues, and commonsense morality. Models predict widespread moral judgments about diverse text scenarios. This requires connecting physical and social world knowledge to value judgements, a capability that may enable us to steer chatbot outputs or eventually regularize open-ended reinforcement learning agents. With the ETHICS dataset, we find that current language models have a promising but incomplete ability to predict basic human ethical judgements. Our work shows that progress can be made on machine ethics today, and it provides a steppingstone toward AI that is aligned with human values.
Minimally invasive hysterectomy for endometriosis: Surgical outcomes based on surgeon specialty:

Introduction:To evaluate differences in surgical outcomes of minimally invasive hysterectomy performed for endometriosis between general gynecologists and gynecologic oncologists.Methods:Utilizing ...
orfipy: a fast and flexible tool for extracting ORFs.

SUMMARY Searching for open reading frames is a routine task and a critical step prior to annotating protein coding regions in newly sequenced genomes or de novo transcriptome assemblies. With the tremendous increase in genomic and transcriptomic data, faster tools are needed to handle large input datasets. These tools should be versatile enough to fine-tune search criteria and allow efficient downstream analysis. Here we present a new python based tool, orfipy, which allows the user to flexibly search for open reading frames in genomic and transcriptomic sequences. The search is rapid and is fully customizable, with a choice of FASTA and BED output formats. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION orfipy is implemented in python and is compatible with python v3.6 and higher. Source code: https://github.com/urmi-21/orfipy. Installation: from the source, or via PyPi (https://pypi.org/project/orfipy) or bioconda (https://anaconda.org/bioconda/orfipy). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at https://github.com/urmi-21/orfipy and Bioinformatics online.
NECo: A node embedding algorithm for multiplex heterogeneous networks

Complex diseases such as hypertension, cancer, and diabetes cause nearly 70% of the deaths in the U.S. and involve multiple genes and their interactions with environmental factors. Therefore, identification of genetic factors to understand and decrease the morbidity and mortality from complex diseases is an important and challenging task. With the generation of an unprecedented amount of multi-omics datasets, network-based methods have become popular to represent the multilayered complex molecular interactions. Particularly node embeddings, the low-dimensional representations of nodes in a network are utilized for gene function prediction. Integrated network analysis of multi-omics data alleviates the issues related to missing data and lack of context-specific datasets. Most of the node embedding methods, however, are unable to integrate multiple types of datasets from genes and phenotypes. To address this limitation, we developed a node embedding algorithm called Node Embeddings of Complex networks (NECo) that can utilize multilayered heterogeneous networks of genes and phenotypes. We evaluated the performance of NECo using genotypic and phenotypic datasets from rat (Rattus norvegicus) disease models to classify hypertension disease-related genes. Our method significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art node embedding methods, with AUC of 94.97% compared 85.98% in the second-best performer, and predicted genes not previously implicated in hypertension.
Investors' Attention to Corporate Governance

Using unique data on investor views of EDGAR company filings, we document that many investors devote significant effort towards governance research. However, investors’ monitoring is focused disproportionately on large firms and firms with meetings outside the busy spring proxy season. Using an instrumental variables approach that isolates the drop of governance attention during the busy proxy season, we show that governance research is related to investors’ monitoring of firms, through both voice and exit. Moreover, governance research disciplines management into reduced investments and increased payouts. The concentration of attention results in joint monitoring of a relatively small subset of firms.
Expansion and Accelerated Evolution of 9-Exon Odorant Receptors in Polistes Paper Wasps.

Independent origins of sociality in bees and ants are associated with independent expansions of particular odorant receptor (OR) gene subfamilies. In ants, one clade within the OR gene family, the 9-exon subfamily, has dramatically expanded. These receptors detect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), key social signaling molecules in insects. It is unclear to what extent 9-exon OR subfamily expansion is associated with the independent evolution of sociality across Hymenoptera, warranting studies of taxa with independently derived social behavior. Here, we describe OR gene family evolution in the northern paper wasp, Polistes fuscatus, and compare it to four additional paper wasp species spanning ∼40 million years of evolutionary divergence. We find 200 putatively functional OR genes in P. fuscatus, matching predictions from neuroanatomy, and more than half of these are in the 9-exon subfamily. Most OR gene expansions are tandemly arrayed at orthologous loci in Polistes genomes, and microsynteny analysis shows species-specific gain and loss of 9-exon ORs within tandem arrays. There is evidence of episodic positive diversifying selection shaping ORs in expanded subfamilies. Values of omega (dN/dS) are higher among 9-exon ORs compared to other OR subfamilies. Within the Polistes OR gene tree, branches in the 9-exon OR clade experience relaxed negative (relaxed purifying) selection relative to other branches in the tree. Patterns of OR evolution within Polistes are consistent with 9-exon OR function in CHC perception by combinatorial coding, with both natural selection and neutral drift contributing to interspecies differences in gene copy number and sequence.
Multimodal Word Sense Disambiguation in Creative Practice

Language is ambiguous; many terms and expressions can convey the same idea. This is especially true in creative practice, where ideas and design intents are highly subjective. We present a dataset—Ambiguous Descriptions of Art Images (ADARI)—of contemporary workpieces, which aims to provide a foundational resource for subjective image description and multimodal word disambiguation in the context of creative practice. The dataset contains a total of 240k images labeled with 260k descriptive sentences. It is additionally organized into sub-domains of architecture, art, design, fashion, furniture, product design and technology. In subjective image description, labels do not necessarily correspond to well-defined entities i.e. cars, quantitative attributes such as the color red, or actions like playing. For example, the ambiguous label dynamic is a qualitative attribute of an extensive amount of objects and thus, the data’s variance is high. To understand this complexity, we analyze the ambiguity and relevance of text with respect to images using the state-of-the-art pre-trained BERT model for sentence classification. We provide a baseline for multi-label classification tasks and demonstrate the potential of multimodal approaches for understanding ambiguity in design intentions. We hope that ADARI dataset and baselines constitute a first step towards subjective label classification.
Communicating over the Torn-Paper Channel

We consider the problem of communicating over a channel that randomly “tears” the message block into small pieces of different sizes and shuffles them. For the binary torn-paper channel with block length n and pieces of length Geometric(p n ), we characterize the capacity as $C = e^{-\alpha}$ , where $\alpha=\lim_{n\rightarrow\infty}p_{n}\log n$ , Our results show that the case of Geometric (P n )-length fragments and the case of deterministic length-( $1/p_{n}$ ) fragments are qualitatively different and, surprisingly, the capacity of the former is larger. Intuitively, this is due to the fact that, in the random fragments case, large fragments are sometimes observed, which boosts the capacity.
Feasibility-free axiomatization of the core and its non-empty extension

Abstract The paper illustrates a new methodology for deriving the feasibility constraints of the core and the aspiration core, a non-empty core-extension, from other axioms. The two solution concepts differ only in the implicit rules that govern coalition formation. Our characterizations derive those different rules from familiar axioms.
Disruptions in effort-based decision-making following acute optogenetic stimulation of ventral tegmental area dopamine cells

The dopamine system has been implicated in decision-making particularly when associated with effortful behavior. We examined acute optogenetic stimulation of dopamine cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) as mice engaged in an effort-based decision-making task. Tyrosine hydroxylase-Cre mice were injected with Cre-dependent ChR2 or eYFP control virus in the VTA. While eYFP control mice showed effortful discounting, stimulation of dopamine cells in ChR2 mice disrupted effort-based decision-making by reducing choice toward the lever associated with a preferred outcome and greater effort. Surprisingly, disruptions in effortful discounting were observed in subsequent test sessions conducted in the absence of optogenetic stimulation, however during these sessions ChR2 mice displayed enhanced high choice responding across trial blocks. These findings suggest increases in VTA dopamine cell activity can disrupt effort-based decision-making in distinct ways dependent on the timing of optogenetic stimulation.
Endothelial Reprogramming by Disturbed Flow Revealed by Single-Cell RNA and Chromatin Accessibility Study

Disturbed flow (d-flow) induces atherosclerosis by regulating gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs). For further mechanistic understanding, we carried out a single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and scATACseq study using endothelial-enriched single-cells from the left- and right carotid artery exposed to d-flow (LCA) and stable-flow (s-flow in RCA) using the mouse partial carotid ligation (PCL) model. We found 8 EC clusters along with immune cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Analyses of marker genes, pathways, and pseudo-time revealed that ECs are highly heterogeneous and plastic. D-flow induced a dramatic transition of ECs from atheroprotective phenotypes to pro-inflammatory, mesenchymal (EndMT), hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial stem/progenitor cells, and an unexpected immune cell-like (EndICLT) phenotypes. While confirming KLF4/KLF2 as s-flow-sensitive transcription factor binding site, we also found those sensitive to d-flow (RELA, AP1, STAT1, and TEAD1). D-flow reprograms ECs from atheroprotective to pro-atherogenic phenotypes including EndMT and potentially EndICLT.
Institutionalizing Legal Innovation: The (Re)Emergence of the Law Lab

As the terrain for legal education shifts, law schools are looking across disciplines for new approaches to legal education, with a number of law schools recently establishing “law labs.” This article examines this new law lab movement, with a particular focus on the subset of legal innovation labs. Law labs were originally proposed as part of the legal realist-era law clinic movement, and there are many parallels between law labs and traditional clinics. For example, both law labs and clinics borrow terminology and specific methodologies from the sciences, particularly medicine, and both arise in reaction to the entrenched case method or podium classroom methodology in legal education. However, law labs and clinics are also distinct. For example, the term “lab” has a specific cultural significance at a time when law schools are experiencing widespread criticism and critique, and lab processes includes methodologies that are new to law. The article concludes with a focus on several legal innovation labs, identifying the unique methodologies that these law labs seek to introduce – and institutionalize – in the law school setting.
Subspace Embeddings under Nonlinear Transformations

We consider low-distortion embeddings for subspaces under \emph{entrywise nonlinear transformations}. In particular we seek embeddings that preserve the norm of all vectors in a space $S = \{y: y = f(x)\text{ for }x \in Z\}$, where $Z$ is a $k$-dimensional subspace of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and $f(x)$ is a nonlinear activation function applied entrywise to $x$. When $f$ is the identity, and so $S$ is just a $k$-dimensional subspace, it is known that, with high probability, a random embedding into $O(k/\epsilon^2)$ dimensions preserves the norm of all $y \in S$ up to $(1\pm \epsilon)$ relative error. Such embeddings are known as \emph{subspace embeddings}, and have found widespread use in compressed sensing and approximation algorithms. We give the first low-distortion embeddings for a wide class of nonlinear functions $f$. In particular, we give additive $\epsilon$ error embeddings into $O(\frac{k\log (n/\epsilon)}{\epsilon^2})$ dimensions for a class of nonlinearities that includes the popular Sigmoid SoftPlus, and Gaussian functions. We strengthen this result to give relative error embeddings under some further restrictions, which are satisfied e.g., by the Tanh, SoftSign, Exponential Linear Unit, and many other `soft' step functions and rectifying units. Understanding embeddings for subspaces under nonlinear transformations is a key step towards extending random sketching and compressing sensing techniques for linear problems to nonlinear ones. We discuss example applications of our results to improved bounds for compressed sensing via generative neural networks.
Detecting test fraud using Bayes factors

According to Wollack and Schoenig (Cheating, in: Frey BB (ed) The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation, Sage, Thousand Oaks, pp 260–265, 2018), score differencing is one of six types of statistical methods used to detect test fraud. In this paper, we suggest the use of Bayes factors (e.g., Kass and Raftery in J Am Stat Assoc 90:773–795, 1995) for score differencing. A simulation study shows that the suggested approach performs slightly better than an existing frequentist approach. We demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested approach using a real data set that involves actual test fraud.
A Model for Random Braiding in Graph Configuration Spaces

We define and study a model of winding for non-colliding particles in finite trees. We prove that the asymptotic behavior of this statistic satisfies a central limiting theorem, analogous to similar results on winding of bounded particles in the plane. We also propose certain natural open questions and conjectures, whose confirmation would provide new insights on configuration spaces of trees.