cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ethical and Legal Problems in Resuscitation Research

Medicine has made great advances in the past decade, and is now opening the frontiers of brain resuscitation. Coinciding with the advances in medicine, society has witnessed great changes. There is an increasing awareness of patients' rights, an increasing desire for self determination, a rejection of the once-accepted paternal role of the physician, and an increasing willingness to challenge physicians in the courts. At the same time, government regulation of biomedical research has been expanding rapidly. The origin of this regulation dates back to the post-World War II Nuremburg trials. In 1974, the National Research Act established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. The evolving concern about human experimentation has led to the current Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) regulations which became effective July 27,1981. All biomedical research supported by federal funds must conform to these legal requirements. One aspect of these regulations is that all research protocols be approved by an institutional review board (IRB) established at the institution where the research is conducted.
Rizatriptan versus usual care in long-term treatment of migraine.

Article abstract-Because of the recurrent nature of migraine, a major concern with pharmacologic therapy is whether it will remain effective, safe, and tolerable over the long term. The development of sumatriptan offered an improvement in migraine therapy, although concerns remain about chest symptoms associated with this class of drugs. In early clinical trials, rizatriptan was shown to have good bioavailability and favorable effects on quality of life. Long-term extension trials ran for up to 12 months and compared rizatriptan with usual care (i.e., medications used for acute therapy). These studies showed that the 10-mg rizatriptan dose was consistently superior to usual care with regard to pain relief and complete pain relief (pain-free). Side effects were generally mild and transient in all treatment groups. Nausea, dizziness, and somnolence were the most commonly reported adverse effects.
ALIX Regulates the Ubiquitin-Independent Lysosomal Sorting of the P2Y1 Purinergic Receptor via a YPX3L Motif

Endocytic sorting and lysosomal degradation are integral to the regulation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) function. Upon ligand binding, classical GPCRs are activated, internalized and recycled or sorted to lysosomes for degradation, a process that requires receptor ubiquitination. However, recent studies have demonstrated that numerous GPCRs are sorted to lysosomes independent of receptor ubiquitination. Here, we describe an ubiquitin-independent lysosomal sorting pathway for the purinergic GPCR P2Y1. After activation, P2Y1 sorts to lysosomes for degradation independent of direct ubiquitination that is mediated by a YPX3L motif within the second intracellular loop that serves as a binding site for the adaptor protein ALIX. Depletion of ALIX or site-directed mutation of the YPX3L motif inhibits P2Y1 sorting into the lumen of multivesicular endosomes/lysosomes and degradation. These findings confirm the function of YPX3L motifs as lysosomal targeting sequences for GPCRs and demonstrate that ALIX mediates the ubiquitin-independent degradation of certain GPCRs.
Olfactory Network Differences in Master Sommeliers: Connectivity Analysis Using Granger Causality and Graph Theoretical Approach

Previous studies investigating the differences in olfactory processing and judgments between trained sommeliers and controls have shown increased activations in brain regions involving higher level cognitive processes in sommeliers. However, there is little information about the influence of expertise on causal connectivity and topological properties of the connectivity networks between these regions. Therefore, the current study focuses on addressing these questions in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of olfactory perception in Master Sommeliers. fMRI data were acquired from Master Sommeliers and control participants during different olfactory and nonolfactory tasks. Mean time series were extracted from 90 different regions of interest (ROIs; based on Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas). The underlying neuronal variables were extracted using blind hemodynamic deconvolution and then input into a dynamic multivariate autoregressive model to obtain connectivity between every pair of ROIs as a function of time. These connectivity values were then statistically compared to obtain paths that were significantly different between the two groups. The obtained connectivity matrices were further studied using graph theoretical methods. In sommeliers, significantly greater connectivity was observed in connections involving the precuneus, caudate, putamen, and several frontal and temporal regions. The controls showed increased connectivity from the left hippocampus to the frontal regions. Furthermore, the sommeliers exhibited significantly higher small-world topology than the controls. These findings are significant, given that learning about neuroplasticity in adulthood in these regions may then have added clinical importance in diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's where early neurodegeneration is isolated to regions important in smell.
Incorporation of pre-therapy 18F-FDG uptake data with CT texture features into a radiomics model for radiation pneumonitis diagnosis

PURPOSE To determine whether the addition of standardized uptake value (SUV) from PET scans to CT lung texture features could improve a radiomics-based model of radiation pneumonitis (RP) diagnosis in patients undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS Anonymized data from 96 esophageal cancer patients (18 RP-positive cases of Grade ≥ 2) were collected including pre-therapy PET/CT scans, pre-/post-therapy diagnostic CT scans and RP status. Twenty texture features (first-order, fractal, Laws' filter and gray-level co-occurrence matrix) were calculated from diagnostic CT scans and compared in anatomically matched regions of the lung. Classifier performance (texture, SUV, or combination) was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). For each texture feature, logistic regression classifiers consisting of the average change in texture feature value and the pre-therapy SUV standard deviation (SUVSD ) were created and compared with the texture feature as a lone classifier using ANOVA with correction for multiple comparisons (P < 0.0025). RESULTS While clinical parameters (mean lung dose, smoking history, tumor location) were not significantly different among patients with and without symptomatic RP, SUV and texture parameters were significantly associated with RP status. AUC for single-texture feature classifiers alone ranged from 0.58 to 0.81 and 0.53 to 0.71 in high-dose (≥ 30 Gy) and low-dose (< 10 Gy) regions of the lungs, respectively. AUC for SUVSD alone was 0.69 (95% confidence interval: 0.54-0.83). Adding SUVSD into a logistic regression model significantly improved model fit for 18, 14 and 11 texture features and increased the mean AUC across features by 0.08, 0.06, and 0.04 in the low-, medium-, and high-dose regions, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Addition of SUVSD to a single-texture feature improves classifier performance on average, but the improvement is smaller in magnitude when SUVSD is added to an already effective classifier using texture alone. These findings demonstrate the potential for more accurate assessment of RP using information from multiple imaging modalities.
Critical kernels, minimal nonsimple sets, and hereditarily simple sets in binary images on n-dimensional polytopal complexes

Abstract An approach of Bertrand and Couprie to designing parallel thinning algorithms for 2D, 3D, and 4D binary images, based on Bertrand's critical kernels, eliminates the need to verify the topological soundness of the developed thinning algorithms. However, for images of dimension greater than 4, the author is not aware of any algorithm that has been shown to find Bertrand's critical kernel with reasonable worst-case efficiency. This chapter proposes new definitions of critical kernel, which we call NETS definitions because they are based on our axiomatically defined concept of a NETS polyhedron. In 2D and 3D images, our alternative critical kernels are exactly the same as Bertrand's critical kernels. But our critical kernels may be proper subsets of Bertrand's critical kernels in images of high dimension. An important difference between our and Bertrand's definitions is that, when a homology-based NETS definition of critical kernel is used, critical kernels of images of arbitrarily high dimension can be found using homology group computation algorithms. For binary images on 2-, 3-, and 4-dimensional Cartesian arrays, Bertrand and Couprie's paper [J Math Imaging Vis, 35:23–35, 2009] greatly clarified the relationships between Bertrand's critical kernels and the older concepts of minimal nonsimple and P-simple sets that play a significant role in earlier work on topological soundness of parallel thinning algorithms. We show in this chapter that the main theorems of that paper can be generalized to binary images on arbitrary pure polytopal complexes of any dimension if we use a NETS definition of critical kernel.
Cell Dose and Immunogenetic Considerations in Cord Blood Transplantation

Umbilical cord blood (CB) is a valuable alternative graft source for patients in need of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) who lack suitable human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related or unrelated donors and has extended allograft access to minority and mixed ancestry patients and those in need of urgent transplant. Compared to bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) grafts from adult donors, CB offers the advantages of rapid availability, lack of risk to donor, less stringent requirements for HLA matching, and potent graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effects. However, CB grafts contain a lower progenitor cell dose resulting in delayed myeloid engraftment, although the use of double-unit CBT (dCBT) has partially circumvented the limited cell dose extending transplant access to larger children and adults. CB grafts also do not transfer immune memory due to the naivety of CB T cells. This results in early infectious complications after CB transplantation (CBT). Over the last 25 years, due to advancements in CB banking, unit selection, conditioning regimens, immunosuppression, and supportive care, the outcomes of CBT have greatly improved. Moreover, disease-free survival (DFS) after CBT is comparable to other types of allografts in both pediatric and adult patients. CB graft characteristics (cell dose, HLA match to recipient, and post-thaw quality) are major determinants of engraftment with some studies also suggesting an effect on survival. In addition, the degree of HLA match has been shown to influence graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), as well as transplant-related mortality (TRM) and relapse risks. Other immunological factors such as direction of HLA mismatch, presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSA), non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) and inherited paternal antigens (IPA), and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) ligand (KIR-L) mismatch between unit and recipient have also been suggested to influence CBT outcomes but remain controversial. Thus, the primary factors that should dictate unit selection are CB cell dose and donor-recipient HLA match.
Complications of Modular Neck-Stems

Modularity in total hip arthroplasty (THA) allows surgeons to optimize implant reconstruction to patient anatomy intraoperatively. Dual-modular femoral neck-stem or “dual-taper” THA implants possess interchangeable necks, providing additional modularity at the neck-stem interface. Modular taper designs have the potential to allow precise reconstruction of center of rotation of the hip by facilitating adjustments in limb length, femoral neck version, and hip offset in order to optimize hip biomechanical parameters. Recently, there is increasing concern regarding this stem design as a result of the growing numbers of clinical failures due to fretting and corrosion at neck-stem taper junction, in a process that has been described as mechanically assisted crevice corrosion (MACC). Implant, surgical, and patient factors have been identified as likely contributing factors responsible for taper corrosion in dual-modular neck-stem THA. There should be a low threshold to conduct a systematic clinical evaluation of patients with dual-modular neck-stem THAs as early recognition and diagnosis will ensure prompt and appropriate treatment. As painful dual-modular neck-stem THAs have various intrinsic and extrinsic causes, patients should be evaluated utilizing systematic risk stratification algorithms. Although specialized test such as metal ion analysis and cross-sectional imaging modalities such as MARS MRI and ultrasound should be used to optimize clinical decision making, over-reliance on any single investigative tool in the clinical decision-making process should be avoided. Further research is required to gain understanding of implant, surgical, and patient risk factors associated with taper corrosion in dual-modular neck-stem THA.
La Gestión Urbana Ambiental En América Latina, 1970 - 2017

While Urban Environmental Management has received increasing worldwide attention in the last 50 years, much of the international attention to this growing field has focused, as is the case with most scientific fields, on the English language literature. Nevertheless, much professional work of interest has been taking place in Latin America, where the problems of the urban environment have been identified early and considered major difficulties in the development of this heavily urbanised region. Consequently, the purpose of the research that this article summarises is to address the Spanish and Portuguese language literature written in Latin America on Latin America itself to identify the trends in the field that have emerged, and are continuing to emerge, there and, eventually, to determine what lessons they offer to other regions.
Near-infrared spectroscopy detects age-related differences in skeletal muscle oxidative function: promising implications for geroscience.

Abstract Age is the greatest risk factor for chronic disease and is associated with a marked decline in functional capacity and quality of life. A key factor contributing to loss of function in older adults is the decline in skeletal muscle function. While the exact mechanism(s) remains incompletely understood, age‐related mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to play a major role. To explore this question further, we studied 15 independently living seniors (age: 72 ± 5 years; m/f: 4/11; BMI: 27.6 ± 5.9) and 17 young volunteers (age: 25 ± 4 years; m/f: 8/9; BMI: 24.0 ± 3.3). Skeletal muscle oxidative function was measured in forearm muscle from the recovery kinetics of muscle oxygen consumption using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Muscle oxygen consumption was calculated as the slope of change in hemoglobin saturation during a series of rapid, supra‐systolic arterial cuff occlusions following a brief bout of exercise. Aging was associated with a significant prolongation of the time constant of oxidative recovery following exercise (51.8 ± 5.4 sec vs. 37.1 ± 2.1 sec, P = 0.04, old vs. young, respectively). This finding suggests an overall reduction in mitochondrial function with age in nonlocomotor skeletal muscle. That these data were obtained using NIRS holds great promise in gerontology for quantitative assessment of skeletal muscle oxidative function at the bed side or clinic.
On the Use of Semantic-Based AIG to Automatically Generate Programming Exercises

In introductory programming courses, proficiency is typically achieved through substantial practice in the form of relatively small assignments and quizzes. Unfortunately, creating programming assignments and quizzes is both, time-consuming and error-prone. We use Automatic Item Generation (AIG) in order to address the problem of creating numerous programming exercises that can be used for assignments or quizzes in introductory programming courses. AIG is based on the use of test-item templates with embedded variables and formulas which are resolved by a computer program with actual values to generate test-items. Thus, hundreds or even thousands of test-items can be generated with a single test-item template. We present a semantic-based AIG that uses linked open data (LOD) and automatically generates contextual programming exercises. The approach was incorporated into an existing self-assessment and practice tool for students learning computer programming. The tool has been used in different introductory programming courses to generate a set of practice exercises different for each student, but with the same difficulty and quality.
The Disabling Ontology of Ableism

What are the impediments to a capability approach to education for individuals with disabilities? Ashley Taylor’s essay explores this query by asking essentially three questions: (1) Does a capability approach minimize how disability is viewed by society? (2) Do theorists of the capability approach need a more reality-based approach to inclusive education that takes into account how society views disability? And (3), how exactly are “valuable functionings,” central to the capability approach, defined normatively and procedurally? Taylor follows these three questions with the contention that “a [capability approach]-informed framework of educational justice ... [needs] to balance educational justice with the aim of normalizing disability with a sensitivity to the existing conditions of disability exclusion.” The questions Taylor presents are important, raising not only normative and procedural issues, but also ontological questions about the meaning of disability and ableism. After embarking on a sympathetic critique of Taylor’s argument, I will make clear what ontological questions need to be asked in order to evaluate any theory of justice aimed at the inclusion of students with disability.
Best Practices for Reducing Unplanned Acute Care for Patients With Cancer.

Variation and cost in oncology care represent a large and growing burden for the US health care system, and acute hospital care is one of the single largest drivers. Reduction of unplanned acute care is a major priority for clinical transformation in oncology; proposed changes to Medicare reimbursement for patients with cancer who suffer unplanned admissions while receiving chemotherapy heighten the need. We conducted a review of best practices to reduce unplanned acute care for patients with cancer. We searched PubMed for articles published between 2000 and 2017 and reviewed guidelines published by professional organizations. We identified five strategies to reduce unplanned acute care for patients with cancer: (1) identify patients at high risk for unplanned acute care; (2) enhance access and care coordination; (3) standardize clinical pathways for symptom management; (4) develop new loci for urgent cancer care; and (5) use early palliative care. We assessed each strategy on the basis of specific outcom...
Stereotactic software for the GE 8800 CT scanner.

AbstractA computer software program (Seapit) was developed for precise determination of intracranial targets identified by stereotactic computed tomography (CT). This program was added to the software of a GE 8800 CT scanner to perform the following operations: millimetre precise calculation and display of the rectilinear coordinates of a target identified on axial CT images; preplotting of phantom target trajectories on the CT images or electronic radiographs; calculation of probe angles required to achieve various trajectories; display of a coordinate scale on each CT image to allow direct target determination without mathematical calculations; calculation of the intercommissural plane for functional neurosurgery. In a series of 100 patients undergoing stereotactic surgery, the Seapit program proved to be a superior and accurate method of target coordinate calculation. Preview display on the CT images of ‘phantom’ probes significantly enhanced the safety of stereotactic intervention.
Interdiction of sphingolipid metabolism to improve standard cancer therapies.

Non-surgical therapies for human malignancies must negotiate complex cell signaling pathways to impede cancer cell growth, ideally promoting death of cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue. For most of the past half century, medical approaches for treating cancer have relied primarily on cytotoxic chemotherapeutics that interfere with DNA replication and cell division, susceptibilities of rapidly dividing cancer cells. As a consequence, these therapies exert considerable cell stress, promoting the generation of ceramide through de novo synthesis and recycling of complex glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin into apoptotic ceramide. Radiotherapy of cancer exerts similar geno- and cytotoxic cell stresses, and generation of ceramide following ionizing radiation therapy is a well-described feature of radiation-induced cell death. Emerging evidence now describes sphingolipids as mediators of death in response to newer targeted therapies, cementing ceramide generation as a common mechanism of cell death in response to cancer therapy. Many studies have now shown that dysregulation of ceramide accumulation—whether by reduced generation or accelerated metabolism—is a common mechanism of resistance to standard cancer therapies. The aims of this chapter will be to discuss described mechanisms of cancer resistance to therapy related to dysregulation of sphingolipid metabolism and to explore clinical and preclinical approaches to interdict sphingolipid metabolism to improve outcomes of standard cancer therapies.
Human Sex Chromosomes

The human male has two sex chromosomes, one X and one Y. The Y chromosome is in the same size range as the two smallest pairs (the G group) of autosomes. However, the following features enable one to distinguish the Y, even with ordinary staining techniques, from the G chromosomes: the short arm does not have satellites, a constriction is sometimes visible in the middle of the long arm, the chromatids of the long arm stick together, and the distal end of the long arm often looks fuzzy. During the mitotic cycle, the Y replicates later than do the G chromosomes.
Influence of Formulation and Rate on Rice Tolerance to Early-Season Applications of Acetochlor

Acetochlor (WSSA Group 15) is a very-long-chain fatty acid–inhibiting herbicide used to control grass weed species in row crops and could potentially be effective when used in a rice herbicide program. A field study was conducted in 2016 and 2017 at four locations to determine the effects of acetochlor formulation and rate on rice tolerance. Overall, rice was more tolerant to the microencapsulated (ME) formulation of acetochlor than to the emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation, likely because of the potential for immediate absorption of acetochlor from the EC formulation following rainfall. Differences in rainfall among experimental sites and years caused variation in acetochlor activation and influenced crop injury. In all environments, PRE applications of either formulation resulted in the greatest injury at 2 WAT (61%), while injury following delayed PRE (DPRE) or early POST (EPOST) applications averaged 30% and 16%, respectively. When ME acetochlor was applied EPOST, rough rice yield was 97% of nontreated rice or 9,020 kg ha−1, indicating that applications should be delayed until this stage to minimize crop damage and maximize yield.
Semi-Supervised Deep Learning Approach for Transportation Mode Identification Using GPS Trajectory Data

Identification of travelers’ transportation modes is a fundamental step for various problems that arise in the domain of transportation such as travel demand analysis, transport planning, and traffic management. In this paper, we aim to identify travelers’ transportation modes purely based on their GPS trajectories. First, a segmentation process is developed to partition a user's trip into GPS segments with only one transportation mode. A majority of studies have proposed mode inference models based on hand-crafted features, which might be vulnerable to traffic and environmental conditions. Furthermore, the classification task in almost all models have been performed in a supervised fashion while a large amount of unlabeled GPS trajectories has remained unused. Accordingly, we propose a deep SE mi-Supervised C onvolutional A utoencoder ( SECA ) architecture that can not only automatically extract relevant features from GPS segments but also exploit useful information in unlabeled data. The SECA integrates a convolutional-deconvolutional autoencoder and a convolutional neural network into a unified framework to concurrently perform supervised and unsupervised learning. The two components are simultaneously trained using both labeled and unlabeled GPS segments, which have already been converted into an efficient representation for the convolutional operation. An optimum schedule for varying the balancing parameters between reconstruction and classification errors are also implemented. The performance of the proposed SECA model, trip segmentation, the method for converting a raw trajectory into a new representation, the hyperparameter schedule, and the model configuration are evaluated by comparing to several baselines and alternatives for various amounts of labeled and unlabeled data. Our experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed model over the state-of-the-art semi-supervised and supervised methods with respect to metrics such as accuracy and F-measure.
The effects of inpatient music therapy on self-reported symptoms at an academic cancer center: a preliminary report

Music therapy has shown benefits for reducing distress in individuals with cancer. We explore the effects of music therapy on self-reported symptoms of patients receiving inpatient care at a comprehensive cancer center. Music therapy was available as part of an inpatient integrative oncology consultation service; we examined interventions and symptoms for consecutive patients treated by a board-certified music therapist from September 2016 to May 2017. Patients completed the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS, 10 symptoms, scale 0–10, 10 most severe) before and after the intervention. Data was summarized by descriptive statistics. Changes in ESAS symptom and subscale scores (physical distress (PHS), psychological distress (PSS), and global distress (GDS)) were evaluated by Wilcoxon signed rank test. Data were evaluable for 96 of 100 consecutive initial, unique patient encounters; 55% were women, average age 50, and majority with hematologic malignancies (47%). Reasons for music therapy referral included anxiety/stress (67%), adjustment disorder/coping (28%), and mood elevation/depression (17%). The highest (worst) symptoms at baseline were sleep disturbance (5.7) and well-being (5.5). We observed statistically and clinically significant improvement (means) for anxiety (− 2.3 ± 1.5), drowsiness (− 2.1 ± 2.2), depression (− 2.1 ± 1.9), nausea (− 2.0 ± 2.4), fatigue (− 1.9 ± 1.5), pain (− 1.8 ± 1.4), shortness of breath (− 1.4 ± 2.2), appetite (− 1.1 ± 1.7), and for all ESAS subscales (all ps < 0.02). The highest clinical response rates were observed for anxiety (92%), depression (91%), and pain (89%). A single, in-person, tailored music therapy intervention as part of an integrative oncology inpatient consultation service contributed to the significant improvement in global, physical, and psychosocial distress. A randomized controlled trial is justified.
Survival outcome of cancer patients with pericardial effusions.

9573 Background: Pericardial effusion is a common finding in cancer patients and can be related to the tumor infiltration of the pericardial space or can be secondary to cancer therapy (chemotherap...
Teaching a Standalone Optics and Lasers Course Using Project-Based Learning

Contribution: A hybrid approach involving reduced lecture content with project-based learning (PBL) was introduced to a standalone course in optics at an engineering school not specialized in this area, with promising results. Background: At most schools, optics is an elective “niche” area involving a single senior course. This presents challenges, since the topic has breadth and depth, leaving little time for application projects. Yet, seniors want future applicability. After many years, the instructor questioned his “broad-brush” approach involving many topics with limited application, especially given the role of optics and photonics in technology leadership. A literature search uncovered recent use of project-based methods for optics in K–12 and community colleges but little use in U.S. universities, suggesting an opportunity. Intended Outcomes: The authors intended that achievement and valuation by students would be greater with authentic projects and less content. Application Design: Therefore, an approach that concentrated content and project work on light’s dualistic nature in a mathematically rigorous manner was taken. With reduced content, class time was available for PBL, whereby the problem motivated the content. For light’s wave nature, five lecture weeks were followed by a project simulating the propagation of light. For the particle nature, a circuit design project to implement analog electronic circuits during class occurred after five lecture weeks. Findings: Student interviews and instructor perspectives on impacts of learning, career preparation, graduate school interest, and in-class engagement uncovered encouraging results. A direct assessment showed significantly higher homework scores with the course changes.
How to View Entrainment When Mapping Complex Atrial Tachycardias

It is inspirational to read the description from George Ralph Mines, >100 years ago, of his accidental observation of a “reciprocating rhythm” in the hearts of 3 electric rays and 1 frog ([1][1]). With timed electrical stimulus delivery, knowledge of myocardial physiology, and impeccable logic,
Age, period and cohort effects in firearm homicide and suicide in the USA, 1983–2017

Background Rates of firearm homicide and suicide have varied over time. These variations are due to a number of factors including temporal trends, age, birth year and gender. We sought to conduct an age–period–cohort analysis to understand the intersection of these factors with firearm homicide and suicide. Methods We used data on firearm homicide and suicide for the years 1983–2017 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System for this analysis. We restricted our analysis on firearm homicide to persons aged 10–44 years and our analysis on firearm suicide to persons aged 50–84 years, as these age groups are most at risk of each outcome. We calculated annual incidence rates for both outcomes per 100 000 population, overall and by gender. Results Across all age groups, rates of firearm homicide increased dramatically in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The peak age for firearm homicide varied across cohorts, although it was generally between ages 15 and 29 years. Rates of firearm homicide were substantially higher among men than women, regardless of age, period or cohort. Firearm suicide rates varied significantly by gender. Among men, older cohorts had higher firearm suicide rates, although the rate of firearm suicide increased with age across all cohorts. Among women, firearm suicide rates were also highest among older cohorts; however, firearm suicide rates decreased or remained relatively constant with age. Conclusion There are important differences in rates of firearm homicide and suicide with respect to gender, age, period and cohort.
High-Resolution Mid-Infrared Imaging of Radio Ultracompact H II Regions

We present data from mid-infrared Keck Telescope imaging of 18 radio-selected ultracompact H II region candidates at diffraction-limited resolution. The goal of these observations is to determine the sizes, luminosities, and morphologies of the mid-infrared-emitting dust surrounding the stellar sources. All 18 sources were imaged at 11.7 and 17.65 μm, and 10 of them were also imaged at 24.5 μm. All the sources were resolved. We have generated dust temperature and optical depth maps and combined them with radial velocity measurements and radio data (1.4 and 5 GHz) to constrain the properties of these star-forming regions. Half of our objects are excited by B-type stars, and all our objects have derived types that are later than an O6 star. We find a significant correlation between infrared and radio flux densities and a weaker one between infrared diameters and the central source ionizing photon rates. This latter correlation suggests that the more compact sources result from later spectral types rather than young age. Our new data may suggest a revision to the infrared color selection criteria of ultracompact H II regions at resolutions 1''. These 18 sources are part of a sample of 687 sources dominated by ultracompact H II regions selected by matching radio and infrared maps of the first Galactic quadrant by Giveon and coworkers. The new mid-infrared images constitute a significant improvement in resolving substructure at these wavelengths. If applied to all of this sample, our analysis will improve our understanding of embedded star formation in the Galaxy.
Chronic Pain in Young Athletes: The Impact of Athletic Identity on Pain-related Distress and Functioning.

BACKGROUND It is common for youth to engage in sport and unfortunately also common for chronic pain to emerge in childhood. The convergence of chronic pain and sports participation in youth has not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to examine the association between athletic identity (AI) and pain-related distress and functioning in youth with chronic pain. PARTICIPANTS Our cohort consisted of 305 youth ages 8 to 21, 83.6% of whom reported being currently engaged or previously involved in sport. Correlation and regression analyses were completed to evaluate the relationship between AI and pain-related distress and functioning in our cohort of chronic pain patients. RESULTS Children currently involved in sport had higher total AI and social AI, lower fear of pain, and lower functional disability. Greater negative affectivity-AI had the strongest relationship with pain-related distress, including pain catastrophizing, fear and avoidance of pain, and anxiety. Stronger social AI was associated with lower levels of depression and pain-related avoidance of activities. Functional disability was not significantly associated with AI, but was lowest in individuals currently involved in sport. CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence that focusing on continued sports engagement in the context of chronic pain is associated with less pain-related distress and functional limitations when compared with those who discontinue sports involvement, thus may serve as a buffer in the context of chronic pain. The association of AI with pain-related distress suggests that there is emotional significance in the degree to which youth identify as an athlete. This may be beneficial to clinically assess in youth with chronic pain.
Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms

With an aging population, the widespread use of cross-sectional imaging, as well as better resolution afforded by technical improvements in all imaging modalities, the detection of pancreatic cystic lesions has become quite common. Differentiation between the types of cystic lesions is critical since the malignant potential of these types of lesions varies. Serous cystic neoplasms are usually benign with no need for surveillance, whereas others like mucinous papillary neoplasms and intraductal mucinous papillary neoplasms are considered premalignant lesions requiring either surveillance or surgery. In this chapter we will discuss the general MR imaging findings of different pancreatic cystic neoplasms, along with the utility and limitations of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) in assessing cystic lesions of the pancreas. In general, DWI may not be particularly helpful by itself in distinguishing between different cystic lesions and therefore MRI features encountered on other sequences obtained as part of a pancreatic protocol MRI will be emphasized as well. These features in conjunction with clinical and demographic data often allow for the correct diagnosis to be attained by magnetic resonance imaging.
Norming the Muses: Establishing the Psychometric Properties of the Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale:

The Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS; Kaufman, J. C. (2012). Counting the muses: Development of the Kaufman domains of creativity scale (K-DOCS). Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, an...
Balloon dilation and rapid maxillary expansion: a novel combination treatment for congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis in an infant.

BACKGROUND Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare condition that may occur alone or as part of a multi-formative syndrome. Management remains difficult. There is no specific treatment protocol. Traditional surgery would be anachronistic; a non-invasive or minimally invasive therapeutic option is required. However, the rarity of the disease and the infantile context render randomised clinical trials difficult. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a one-month-old Caucasian boy with CNPAS. He presented to the Emergency Department of the Bambino Gesu Pediatric Hospital with nasal obstruction, noisy breathing, feeding difficulties, and suspected sleep apnoea. During hospitalisation, he underwent overnight pulse oximetry, airway endoscopy, and maxillofacial computed tomography (CT); the final diagnosis was CNPAS with moderate obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. We successfully treated the patient using an innovative strategy that involved collaboration between ear-nose-and-throat surgeons and orthodontists. CONCLUSIONS A combination of minimally invasive balloon surgery and placement of a palatal device may successfully treat CNPAS; it may also treat other types of nasal bone stenosis. Future studies may allow the development of practice consensus treatment strategies.
Driving Out of Coma: Treatment of Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis with Bortezomib (5437)

Objective: We report a severe case of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis who failed standard treatments with immunosuppressive and B-cell depleting agents; however, responded well to Bortezomib, a plasma-cell depleting proteasome inhibitor. Background: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is one of the autoimmune encephalitis syndromes, which usually presents with prodromal viral-like symptoms, and subsequent psychiatric symptoms, seizures, dyskinesias, cognitive dysfunction, and autonomic instability that may be life threatening. Immunosuppressive therapies are effective in most cases; however, they should be individualized based on the clinical response and anti-NMDA antibody titers. Design/Methods: N/A Results: A 43-year-old gentleman developed behavioral changes, psychiatric symptoms and seizures requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation in April 2016. Neurological exam was notable for a comatose state and orofacial dyskinesia. CSF showed WBC: 143 with 99% lymphocytes as well as protein: 72, anti-NMDA antibody titer: 1:320. Brain and spine MRI were unremarkable, malignancy work up was negative. For two years, he underwent 5-day course of Dexamethasone, four sessions of plasma exchange, 5-day course of IVIG, four cycles of Cyclophosphamide and five infusions of Rituximab with no clinical improvement. In late 2017, repeat anti-NMDA CSF and serum titers were 1:80 and 1:640 respectively. He was treated with 5 cycles of Bortezomib after which his mental status dramatically improved, he was weaned off mechanical ventilation and gastrostomy tube. Maintenance treatment with monthly Rituximab was continued. Patient was able to independently drive to the UCI neuro-oncology clinic for his most recent visit. Conclusions: Despite aggressive immunotherapies, severe cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis may leave patients with life threatening autonomic dysfunction and seizures requiring prolonged ICU stays. Bortezomib, a plasma-cell depleting proteasome inhibitor, has shown promising results in cases of severe anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis and should be considered for select patients. Disclosure: Dr. Hosseini has nothing to disclose. Dr. Milani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kong has nothing to disclose.
POULTRY FARMERS’ RESPONSE TO AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the response of poultry farmers to agricultural insurance. The study was carried out in Delta North Agricultural Zone of Delta State, Nigeria. A sample size of 120 poultry farmers was used for the study. Trained field assistants in addition to the researcher collected the data. Descriptive statistics such as mean scores, frequency and percentage were used to summarize data, while t-test was used to determined differences in perception of constraints to agricultural insurance between participating and non-participating poultry farmers. Results of the study reveal that only 37% of the respondents insured their poultry farms. This indicates a low participation in agricultural insurance by the farmers. The study also found a generally favorable attitude of the farmers towards agricultural insurance. The poultry farmers agreed that agricultural insurance is beneficial and is needed to cushion the effects of losses and damages. Constraints to poultry farmers’ participation in agricultural insurance identified by this study include: fears that claims may not be paid; inadequate knowledge on the benefits of agricultural insurance; late payment of compensation, high premium rate and compensation paid does not cover losses. The low participation of poultry farmers in agricultural insurance despite their favorable attitude could be blamed on these constraints. In order to enhance poultry farmers’ participation in agricultural insurance, this study recommends that the government should make agricultural insurance more affordable to poultry farmers by subsidizing the cost of taking an agricultural insurance cover. Insurance companies should endeavor to keep religiously to contractual arrangements so as to allay the fears of farmers that claims may not be paid. Also, a special loan scheme for poultry farmers should be established by government to enable the farmers cope with the financial requirements involved in taking an agricultural insurance cover.
Allyship as activism: advancing social change in global sport through transformational allyship

As the world is racing to find a cure to save lives and economies amidst a global pandemic, COVID-19 has inadvertently caused a shift of focus towards the inequities and injustices plaguing society economically, politically, and socially. In response, athletes, coaches, managers, and other change agents with institutional power in sport organisations across the globe have begun to utilise their platforms to champion social justice generally, and racial justice in particular, in solidarity. Historically, in concert with trends in neoliberal and neocolonial hegemonic societies, sport has reproduced various oppressive ideologies, discourses, and systems grounded in racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, homophobia, xenophobia and related systemically oppressive forces. Given the visibility of sport in the global marketplace, racialized groups have used sport as a site of resistance and activism for social justice. Since the athlete activist has re-emerged as an important change agent in the public consciousness, an increasing number of supporters holding privileged identities, within and beyond sport, have backed social justice movements through their allyship. However, scholarship has focussed largely on the allyship of athletes. Perhaps more problematically, the ambiguity of allyship has resulted in instances of decentring the core targets or victims of oppressive systems, who are best positioned to lead social movements. In an effort to cultivate a deeper understanding of allyship and how allies can optimise social movements, the purpose of this conceptual paper is to call for more intentional, critically reflexive, and culturally conscious allyship that is reflective of a transformation of allyship from reactive advocacy to proactive activism for long-term substantive gains. The authors posit that transformational allyship is allyship as activism on both individual and institutional levels. Allyship as activism should consist of intentionality to centre the core targets and victims of oppression, critical reflexivity of the relationship between ally and core activist, the presence of a clear opposition, a challenge or disruption to hegemonic systems, and a connection to a broader social movement. Implications for coaches, administrators, sport managers, and athletes are discussed. © 2021 European Association for Sociology of Sport.
Reproductive Behavior of Female Sea Otters and Their Pups

Female sea otters become sexually mature at 2–4 years of age. Birth may occur throughout the year with a normal litter size of one. The reproductive cycle (period of gestation and dependency) is ~12 months, so female sea otters are normally either pregnant or caring for a pup. After birth, the female provides the pup with high-fat milk from two mammary glands on the lower abdomen. Female sea otters are income breeders and must feed daily to maintain milk production, although small fat reserves, which develop during gestation, may reduce the need to forage during the initial 3 weeks post partum. Maternal behavior, which is influenced by hormones and sensory cues, manifests as vigilance against abiotic or biotic threats to neonates, allogrooming (pup grooming provided by the female), and nursing. Sea otters often give birth on the surface of the water, so there is an immediate threat to the pup from drowning, hypothermia, and predation. Pups are altricial and dependent on the female for care (nursing and grooming) and protection, although maternal behavior changes in synchrony with the pup’s physical and behavioral development. Neonates sleep and nurse most of the day, but new behaviors, such as transiting (i.e., surface swimming), self-grooming, foraging, and interacting, develop over the first 3 months of life. In response, the female exhibits reduced vigilance and enhanced foraging to support the growing pup’s nutritional needs with both milk and prey. At some point, this energetic demand may exceed the female’s foraging ability and cause a decrease in body condition, which could lead to pup abandonment or early weaning in severe cases. This behavior enables the female to survive and raise future offspring and enhance fitness. As a result, pup survival will vary geographically and annually in synchrony with favorable conditions. After females wean or abandon their pups, mating occurs within a few days to weeks, and the cycle repeats.
The useful plants of Tambopata, Peru: II. Additional hypothesis testing in quantitative ethnobotany

We present results of applying a simple technique to statistically test several hypotheses in ethnobotany, using plant use data from non-indigenous people in southeast Peru. Hypotheses tested concern: (1) the power of eight different variables as predictors of a plant’s use value; (2) comparisons of ethnobotanical knowledge among informants; and (3) the relationship between informant age and knowledge of plant uses. Each class of hypothesis is evaluated with respect to all uses, and classes (1) and (3) are evaluated for each of the following subsidiary use categories: construction, edible, commerce, medicine, and technology. We found that the family to which a plant belongs explains a large part of the variance in species’ use values. Each of the other factors analyzed (growth-form, density, frequency, mean and maximum diameter, mean and maximum growth rate) is also significantly predictive of use values. Age significantly predicts informant knowledge of(l) all uses, and (2) of medicinal uses. Plant medicinal lore is particularly vulnerable to acculturation.