cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keynote I Cyber Security Meets Big Knowledge: Towards a Secure HACE Theorem

The collection, storage, access, manipulation, and mining of massive amounts of data have resulted in the design and development of Big Data Management and Analytics (BDMA) Technologies over the past decade. Subsequently the HACE theorem has emerged as a way to characterize big data. As stated in [1], “big data starts with large volume, heterogeneous, autonomous sources with distributed decentralized control, and seeks to explore complex and evolving relationships among data.” Over the years, the HACE theorem has become fundamental to big data characterization as the Newton’s Laws are to Physics. Associated with the HACE theorem is the Big Data Processing Framework consisting of three tiers focusing on data access, data sharing and data mining/analytics. The big data processing framework dealing with heterogeneous, autonomous, complex and evolving data has resulted in Big Knowledge that deals with “fragmented knowledge from heterogeneous, autonomous information sources for complex and evolving relationships, in addition to domain expertise [2].”
Newtonian and Quantum Physics for Babies: A Quirky Gimmick for Adults or Pre-science for Toddlers?

This article examines three board books which present scientific knowledge in a context for babies and toddlers. Although children’s science books have existed for generations explaining basic concepts and animal-habitat identification among other things, these board books are the start of a recent movement which presents sophisticated concepts such as Quantum Physics. But are these quirky books actually for toddlers, or for the parodic amusement of science-minded adults? Based on considerations of the cognitive requirements of science, use of picture books in acquisition of literacy, analysis of visual and linguistic design elements, accuracy of information, and the pre-science and future-looking potential of these books I argue that the ostensible purpose lies in encouraging young audiences toward science as they mature.
Hyperhidrosis of the residual limb: a narrative review of the measurement and treatment of excess perspiration affecting individuals with amputation.

BACKGROUND Hyperhidrosis (HH) is a relatively common disorder involving excessive sweating, typically of the palms or axilla. HH can also frequently occur after limb amputation, where the remaining residual limb excessively perspires, leading to an increased risk of dermatological disorders and functional limitations, such as the inability to comfortably or safely wear a prosthesis. Although many treatments have been proposed to treat HH within the dermatology community, they are not widely known by healthcare providers typically involved in caring for individuals with acquired limb loss. OBJECTIVES To appraise the current state of quantitative and qualitative assessment of HH within the residual limb and examine existing and future treatment strategies for this problem. STUDY DESIGN Narrative Literature Review. METHODS A literature review focused on the assessment and treatment of excessive sweating of residual limbs. RESULTS There is currently no objective or subjective standard to assess or diagnose HH of the residual limb. Conventional therapies for HH do not always translate to the population of individuals with limb loss. Emerging modalities for treating HH show promise toward a permanent resolution of excess perspiration but require additional studies within people with amputation. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to quantify standard values to objectively and subjectively assess and diagnose hyperhidrosis of the residual limb. New and developing treatments for hyperhidrosis require additional studies to assess efficacy and safety in the residual limb.
Automation for Data-Driven Research with the NERSC Superfacility API

The Superfacility API brings automation to the use of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems. Our aim is to enable scientists to reliably automate their interactions with computational resources at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), removing human intervention from the process of transferring, analyzing, and managing data. In this paper, we describe the science use cases that drive the API design, our schema of API endpoints, and implementation details and considerations, including authentication and authorization. We also discuss future plans, working toward our vision of supporting entirely automated experiment-network-HPC workflows.
Some Non-conventional Boundary Conditions (From Marshmallows to Plungers: Who Would Have Guessed)

When performing a modal test, a number of mechanisms are available to approximate the free-free boundary condition. Some test setups may be more difficult to implement than others, but ultimately the effect of the boundary condition on the actual modes of the system are of concern. An expensive setup may not be any better than an equivalent, inexpensive “Rube Goldberg” approach. In lieu of an expensive setup, a low cost, easily deployed configuration may be improvised from common objects not native to the test lab.
The influence of structured interfacial water on the photoluminescence of carboxyester‐terminated oligo‐p‐phenylene ethynylenes

Oligo-p-phenylene ethynylenes have been shown to be useful for their sensing and biocidal capabilities. In this study, we examine the influence of interfacial water on the photophysical properties of a carboxyester-substituted compound in this class through analysis of the aggregation with ionic surfactants, solvent isotope effects, and classical molecular dynamics simulations. The results of this study reveal that the presence of carboxyester groups leads to highly structured interfacial water and results in quenched fluorescence. In addition, the results indicate that hydrogen bonding is essential for aggregate formation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tail wags the dog: possible mechanism for reverse allosteric control of ligand-activated channels

In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, a new article by Kozuska et al. discusses the multiple salt bridges in the intracellular domain of the 5HT3A receptor. These interactions increase the overall rigidity of the receptor, stabilize its low conducting state and affect the ligand cooperativity. The authors suggest that the allosteric effects of these regions on the receptor may be involved in a possible 'reverse' allosteric modulation of 5HT3 receptors.
Synthesis of robust controllers for uncertain discrete systems

The robust control problem for linear discrete-time dynamical systems with uncertain parameters is studied. The goal of this paper is to further develop dynamic programming method and Lyapunov's concept for synthesizing the robust controllers. Procedures for designing the robust regulators which provide stability of uncertain discrete plants are given. New results in control and stabilizability are presented. The paper determines necessary and sufficient conditions for stability. Criteria for existence of the quadratic Lyapunov function and robust controllers are treated.
CULTURAL THEORY AND MANAGERIAL VALUES: EXAMINING TRUST AS A MOTIVATION FOR COLLABORATION

Public administration theorists have long argued that values of administrative actors fundamentally shape the quality and nature of the public services they provide. While there has been some work in recent years to measure values in the public sector like Public Service Motivation, we know relatively little about the role that other (more basic) values play in shaping managerial behaviour. To fill this gap, we argue that Cultural Theory (CT), a prominent theory within research on risk and public opinion, provides a general framework for operationalizing and measuring the values of public managers, which (if pursued) allows scholars to directly test important yet untested hypotheses about the relationship between values and managerial decision-making. To explore this proposition, we use data from a recent survey of American Indian education directors in public school districts to examine the relationship between cultural worldviews and managerial motivation to engage actors in collaborative arrangements.
The southeastern continental shelf of the United States as an atmospheric CO2 source and an exporter of inorganic carbon to the ocean

Abstract The US southeastern continental shelf, also known as the South Atlantic Bight (SAB), is a strong source of CO2 to the atmosphere, which is in direct contrast to recent reports regarding other major continental shelves. Both spatial (cross-shelf) and seasonal variations of the CO2 system were pronounced in the SAB. Sea surface pCO2 in winter was undersaturated relative to the atmosphere, while oversaturation of pCO2 dominated the entire shelf water in all other seasons. Annually, the SAB releases CO2 to the atmosphere at an average rate of 30 g C m−2 (2.5 mol C m−2). This system also discharges dissolved inorganic carbon to the open ocean (30 g C m−2 yr−1). Methods of estimating CO2 flux and DIC flux are critically evaluated and compared. A carbon mass balance model in the SAB is presented based on inorganic carbon fluxes from this study and organic carbon fluxes from literature. The carbon budget is much closer to balance by using this carbon flux approach than by direct measurements of primary production and respiration. It is concluded that the SAB is a net heterotrophic system annually. Intensified heating, elevated input of inorganic carbon from coastal salt marshes, microbial respiration of marsh-exported organic carbon and the lack of annual spring blooms all contribute to maintaining the SAB as a strong CO2 source to the atmosphere during the warm seasons. In winter, the primary factor that governs the CO2 sink in the SAB is likely the cooling process. Strong heterotrophy during warm seasons also sustains the SAB to be an exporter of inorganic carbon to the open ocean annually. The SAB shelf functions differently from the East China Sea, the North Atlantic European Shelves, and the Mid-Atlantic Bight as a source or sink of atmospheric CO2. The SAB is classified as a “marsh-dominated” shelf as compared to other shelves in terms of carbon dynamics. Further work to study carbon dynamics in coastal margins is warranted to interpret their roles in the global CO2 budget.
Coadsorption of Zn and S on Mo(110): weakening of the ZnMo bond and Zn-promoted sulfidation of Mo

The coadsorption of Zn and S on Mo(110) has been investigated using TDS, XPS and XAES. Zn atoms supported on clean Mo(110) desorb at 670 (first layer), 510 (second layer) and 480 K (multilayer). The MoZn bond is considerably stronger (∼ 10 kcal/mol) than the ZnZn bond. The strong Mo ↔ Zn interaction leads to shifts of ∼ 0.35 eV toward lower binding energy in the Zn 3d and 2p levels, and in the Zn L3M45M45 Auger transition. At submonolayer coverages (θS + θZn 1 ML) at 300 K produces zinc sulfides and chemisorbed sulfur, without forming molybdenum sulfides. At 600–700 K, zinc promotes the formation of molybdenum sulfides by favoring the migration of sulfur from the surface into the lattice of the Mo substrate. In the ZnxS/MoyS/Mo(110) systems, the zinc sulfides decompose from 750–950 K, whereas the molybdenum sulfides dissociate at much higher temperatures (1200–1350 K).
fruitless gene is required to maintain neuronal identity in evenskipped-expressing neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila.

The fruitless (fru) gene acts sex-nonspecifically in the development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS) and has sex as well as sex-nonspecific functions in the development of the adult CNS. In the embryo, sex-nonspecific fru mRNAs and proteins are widely expressed during neurogenesis and present in both neurons and glia. To assess whether the fru gene played any role in fate determination of neuronal precursors and neurons, we examined the development of Eve-positive (Eve+) GMCs and neurons in fru mutants. In fru mutant embryos in which most or all fru transcripts were eliminated, the normal complement of Eve+ neurons was present initially, but some neurons were unable to maintain their Eve-expression. Concomitantly, a subset of Eve+ neurons also showed inappropriate expression of the glial marker, reversed polarity. In addition, neurons that normally do not express Eve became Eve+ in these fru mutants. These defects were rescued in fru mutant embryos expressing specific fru transgenes under the control of the sca-GAL4 and elav-GAL4 drivers. These phenotypic analyses and rescue experiments provide evidence that one of the sex-nonspecific functions of the fru gene is the maintenance of neuronal identity rather than establishment of a neuron's initial fate. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 55: 115–133, 2003
Solid-State Excipient Compatibility Testing

The choice of the best excipients for the formulation of remedies is of vital importance in ensuring the stability and efﬁcacy of the resulting preparations (1). As formulation scientists, it is imperative that the products we develop have acceptable chemical and physical stability during the period of their distribution and storage. It is not uncommon that an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) will be stable as bulk drug but unstable when blended with the excipients required for formulation of dosage forms. Understanding the reactivity of the API in the solid state when mixed with excipients is critical to commercial formulation development. Because the gathering of real-time stability and compatibility data is impractical in the early stages of development, we must rely on stress testing and accelerated stability methods for predicting ambient condition interactions and rates of degradation. Often such studies will require innovative approaches to minimize the amount of compound used and to maximize the detection of small quantities of degradation products. This chapter will focus on summarizing approaches to designing, measuring, and interpreting solid-state excipient compatibility data.
Portal and peripheral cortisol levels in obese humans.

Aims/hypothesis Excess total body and visceral fat has been associated with insulin resistance, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Excess glucocorticoids produce both central obesity and diabetes. However, systemic glucocorticoid levels are normal in typical Type 2 diabetes and persons with idiopathic obesity. Glucocorticoids can be produced locally through the enzyme 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β HSD-1). Transgenic mice with selective overexpression in adipose tissue of 11β HSD-1 to levels seen in humans develop visceral obesity, hyperlipidaemia and insulin-resistant diabetes associated with a 2.7-fold increase in corticosterone levels in portal compared to peripheral circulation. To examine whether the liver is exposed to higher levels of glucocorticoids, which may undergo metabolic degradation prior to measurement in the systemic circulation, we assessed concentrations of cortisol in the portal and peripheral circulation in morbidly obese humans.
A new geographical record of Polycera hedgpethi Er. Marcus, 1964 (Nudibranchia: Polyceridae) and evidence of its established presence in the Mediterranean Sea, with a review of its geographical distribution

Abstract This article reports the first record of the Nudibranch Polycera hedgpethi in the Lagoon of Venice (Italy), as well as its established presence in the Mediterranean Sea after its first record in 1986 in lake Fusaro (Naples). In less than 50 years P. hedgpethi has spread throughout the world's temperate and subtropical waters, preferring protected coastal environments and other semi-enclosed coastal water bodies such as ports, harbours and lagoons. Shipping is the most likely vector. The species distribution shows a temperate–subtropical range, at about 7–45° of latitude both North and South. Polycera hedgpethi was collected during a survey in 2009 and its presence confirmed for the following two years. All individuals collected were found attached to the bryozoan Bugula neritina, to which it is linked trophically, suggesting a determined pattern of distribution. The present finding is the northernmost record for the species.
Effects of the Amphibian Chytrid Fungus and Four Insecticides on Pacific Treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla)

Abstract Chemical contamination may influence host-pathogen interactions, which has implications for amphibian population declines. We examined the effects of four insecticides alone or as a mixture on development and metamorphosis of Pacific Treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla) in the presence or absence of the amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]). Bd exposure had a negative impact on tadpole activity, survival to metamorphosis, time to metamorphosis, and time of tail absorption (with a marginally negative effect on mass at metamorphosis); however, no individuals tested positive for Bd at metamorphosis. The presence of sublethal concentrations of insecticides alone or in a mixture did not impact Pacific Treefrog activity as tadpoles, survival to metamorphosis, or time and size to metamorphosis. Insecticide exposure did not influence the effect of Bd exposure. Our study did not support our prediction that effects of Bd would be greater in the presence of expected environmental concentr...
Uneven two-sided power distributions with applications in econometric models

In this paper we propose and analyze a bounded density function with a jump discontinuity at a threshold. Its properties are presented and a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure for the threshold location and jump size is developed. The distribution seems be appropriate in the context of financial engineering, production analysis, standard auction models and the equilibrium job search problem. An example of the MLE procedure is given utilizing an i.i.d. sample of standardized log differences of bi-monthly US Certificate Deposit interest rates for the period from 1966 - 2002. The corresponding time series was constructed using an Auto-Regressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (ARCH) model.
Oxygen poisoning of the termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and protection by carbon dioxide

Abstract The early death of premoult fifth instar workers of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) exposed to high oxygen tensions under pressure is due to oxygen and not pressure per se. Exposure for 1 2 hr to 40% oxygen mixed with nitrogen at 3·5 atm pressure produces early death, but carbon dioxide appears to exert a protective effect, since 70% or more oxygen is required to kill when mixed with this gas. The consequence of exposure to these concentrations of oxygen assumes its final form at the onset of ecdysis, when the premoult animals become paralyzed, incapable of moulting, and die within 2 days. The intestinal protozoa of the fifth instar worker are killed at a concentration of 30% oxygen when mixed with carbon dioxide and 60% oxygen when mixed with nitrogen at this pressure, so they are probably not involved in the poisoning of the termite. Adult secondary reproductives and soldiers are unaffected by oxygen at 3·5 atm of pressure, as are second instar larvae.
Comorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans

Abstract BACKGROUND & AIMS: It has been speculated that gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) represents a risk factor for the occurrence of extraesophageal complications. The aim of this study was to compare the comorbid occurrence of sinus, laryngeal, and pulmonary diseases in case subjects with and control subjects without reflux esophagitis. METHODS: The case population consisted of all patients with erosive esophagitis (International Classification of Diseases code 530.1) or esophageal stricture (ICD code 530.3) who were discharged from hospitals of the Department of Veteran Affairs between 1981 and 1994. In multivariate logistic regressions, the occurrence of sinus, pharyngeal, laryngeal, or pulmonary disease was compared between cases with and an equal number of controls without esophagitis or stricture. RESULTS: A total of 101,366 case subjects was analyzed. Erosive esophagitis and esophageal stricture were associated with sinusitis (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.51-1.70), pharyngitis (1.48; 1.15-1.89), aphonia (1.81; 1.18-2.80), laryngitis (2.01; 1.53-2.63), laryngeal stenosis (2.02; 1.12-3.65), chronic bronchitis (1.28; 1.22-1.34), asthma (1.51; 1.43-1.59), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1.22; 1.16-1.27), pulmonary fibrosis (1.36; 1.25-1.48), bronchiectasis (1.26; 1.09-1.47), pulmonary collapse (1.31; 1.23-1.40), and pneumonia (1.15; 1.12-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with reflux esophagitis are at an increased risk of harboring a large variety of sinus, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and pulmonary diseases. (Gastroenterology 1997 Sep;113(3):755-60)
Expression of Novel Secreted Isoforms of Human Immunoglobulin E Proteins

Four human IgE isoforms produced by alternative splicing of the epsilon primary transcript were expressed as chimeric mouse/human anti 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl antibodies in the murine myeloma cell line Sp2/0. The four isoforms include the classic secreted form and three novel isoforms with altered carboxyl termini. All of these isoforms lack the transmembrane region encoded by the M1/M1′ exon and are therefore predicted to be secreted proteins. When expressed in Sp2/0 cells, three of the IgE isoforms are assembled into complete molecules of two Ig heavy chains and two Ig light chains, whereas the fourth isoform is predominately assembled into half-molecules of one Ig heavy chain and one Ig light chain. All four isoforms are secreted with similar kinetics. In contrast, when the isoform containing the Ce4 domain joined directly to the M2′ exon (IgE grande) is expressed in the J558L cell line, it is degraded intracellularly, suggesting a cell line-dependent regulation of secretion. These data show that these novel isoforms of human IgE, predicted to occur from in vivo and in vitro mRNA analysis, can be produced and secreted by mammalian cells. The different forms of IgE may have physiologically relevant but distinct roles in human IgE-mediated immune inflammation. The availability of purified recombinant human IgE isoforms makes it possible to analyze the functional differences among them.
Shuttlebox avoidance in rhesus monkeys: Effects on plasma cortisol and β-endorphin

Abstract Groups of monkeys either extensively pretrained to avoid shocks in a shuttlebox or with minimal prior experience were compared for plasma cortisol and β-endorphin levels immediately following: (1) an exposure to the box with no shock, (2) the box providing repeated inescapable shocks or (3) a re-exposure to the box, again with no shock presentation. Mere exposure to the unfamiliar box elevated plasma cortisol just as much as exposure + shock did when inexperienced monkeys were tested. However, animals with a history of previously successful shock avoidance showed smaller elevations when exposed to the box alone, than they did when inescapable shock was received. Plasma β-endorphin levels following shuttlebox exposure showed only a sporadic pattern of elevations in either inexperienced or pretrained monkeys. However, levels of β-endorphin as determined under control conditions in the home cage were lower in pretrained animals, as were plasma levels of cortisol. The results indicate that behavioral factors may effect plasma cortisol and β-endorphin following both acute and chronic shuttlebox experience.
No-tillage and soil-profile carbon sequestration : An on-farm assessment

No-tillage (NT) farming is superior to intensive tillage for conserving soil and water, yet its potential for sequestering soil organic carbon (SOC) in all environments as well as its impacts on soil profile SOC distribution are not well understood. Thus, we assessed the impacts of long-term NT-based cropping systems on SOC sequestration for the whole soil profile (0-60-cm soil depth) across 11 Major Land Resource Areas (MLRAs: 121, 122, and 125 in Kentucky; 99, 124, 139A in Ohio; and 139B, 139C, 140, 147, and 148 in Pennsylvania) in the eastern United States. Soil was sampled in paired NT and plow tillage (PT) based cropping systems and an adjacent woodlot (WL). No-tillage farming impacts on SOC and N were soil specific. The SOC and N concentrations in NT soils were greater than those in PT soils in 5 out of 11 MLRAs (121, 122, 124, 139A, and 148), but only within the 0- to 10-cm depth. Below 10 cm, NT soils had lower SOC than PT soils in MLRA 124. The total SOC with NT for the whole soil profile (0-60 cm) did not differ from that with PT (P > 0.10) in accord with several previous studies. In fact, total soil profile SOC in PT soils was 50% higher in MLRA 125, 21% in MLRA 99, and 41% in MLRA 124 compared with that in NT soils. Overall, this study shows that NT farming increases SOC concentrations in the upper layers of some soils, but it does not store SOC more than PT soils for the whole soil profile.
Divergent actions of protein kinase modulator in regulating mammalian cyclic GMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases.

Abstract Protein kinase modulator can either augment or depress phosphorylation of substrate proteins catalyzed by cyclic GMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases prepared from mammalian and arthropod tissues. Alteration by the modulator of the phosphorylating activity of the protein kinases is considered to be due to modification of protein substrate specificity subsequent to interaction of the modulator with the catalytic subunits of the enzymes. It is likely that the physiologic role of the modulator is to monitor the opposing effects of cyclic GMP and cyclic AMP by regulating the activity of respective protein kinases. Thus the modulator may function as a biologic “fine tuner” providing an additional mechanism by which the signals imparted to cells by physiologic stimuli can be correctly expressed.
Darwin's Duchenne: eye constriction during infant joy and distress.

Darwin proposed that smiles with eye constriction (Duchenne smiles) index strong positive emotion in infants, while cry-faces with eye constriction index strong negative emotion. Research has supported Darwin’s proposal with respect to smiling, but there has been little parallel research on cry-faces (open-mouth expressions with lateral lip stretching). To investigate the possibility that eye constriction indexes the affective intensity of positive and negative emotions, we first conducted the Face-to-Face/Still-Face (FFSF) procedure at 6 months. In the FFSF, three minutes of naturalistic infant-parent play interaction (which elicits more smiles than cry-faces) are followed by two minutes in which the parent holds an unresponsive still-face (which elicits more cry-faces than smiles). Consistent with Darwin’s proposal, eye constriction was associated with stronger smiling and with stronger cry-faces. In addition, the proportion of smiles with eye constriction was higher during the positive-emotion eliciting play episode than during the still-face. In parallel, the proportion of cry-faces with eye constriction was higher during the negative-emotion eliciting still-face than during play. These results are consonant with the hypothesis that eye constriction indexes the affective intensity of both positive and negative facial configurations. A preponderance of eye constriction during cry-faces was observed in a second elicitor of intense negative emotion, vaccination injections, at both 6 and 12 months of age. The results support the existence of a Duchenne distress expression that parallels the more well-known Duchenne smile. This suggests that eye constriction–the Duchenne marker–has a systematic association with early facial expressions of intense negative and positive emotion.
Viscous damping approximation of laminated anisotropic composite plates using the finite element method

Abstract The main source of mechanical damping in laminated composite materials arises from the inelastic nature of the matrix and the relative slipping at the fiber/matrix interfaces. Damping in laminated composite materials is usually a function of many parameters including the volume fraction of the fibers, fiber diameter and fiber orientation relative to the axis of loading. Also the magnitude and frequency of the applied load and many environmental factors should be mentioned. Since the complex phenomenon of damping is difficult to incorporate into the structural dynamic analysis of laminated plates, a viscous damping approximation is employed here. Experimental data on specific damping capacity (SDC) of unidirectional composite beams is used to define an average modal loss factor associated with each mode of vibration of a laminated plate. These loss factors are then employed with a finite element analysis and a multidimensional definition of critical damping to form a Rayleigh damping matrix [ C ] as a linear combination of the stiffness and mass matrices. Realistic examples illustrate the importance of several parameters in the vibration of laminated composite plates with damping. Such an analysis can be useful in the development of new composite materials where high damping is one of the primary objectives.
Does Advanced Community/Public Health Nursing Practice Have a Future?

Societal trends and predicted needs of the health care system indicate that there will be increasing demands for health care professionals who can effectively manage the health needs of populations and communities. Nurses who have master's degrees in community/public health nursing have the educational background to provide this expertise. Although the Association of Community Health Nursing Educators and many nursing leaders maintain that these nurses are advanced practice nurses, most leading nursing organizations and state nurse practice acts do not include population and community health management skills in their definitions of advanced practice nursing. These exclusions have produced a serious status problem for master's programs in community/public health nursing. This article examines issues affecting the current and future status of master's-level community/public health nursing. Solutions are suggested for ensuring the viability of this specialty area.
Scalability and Performance Evaluation of Semantic Web Databases

The existing evaluation methodologies of semantic web databases are limited because they measure performance of the databases only in terms of time and do not cover resource utilization for their data manipulation operations. To cope with deficiencies of the existing methodologies, we have proposed a new scalability and performance evaluation methodology to perform comparative analysis of the databases and defined metrics for their query cost estimation. The proposed methodology comprises test cases for data access methods and query optimization techniques to analyze performance of the databases. The methodology was applied to the existing semantic web databases using the Barton library dataset. We highlighted the key strengths and weaknesses of the databases and discovered their scalability behavior. The evaluation results show that the proposed methodology depicts scalability behavior and performance analysis of each database better than the existing evaluation methodologies.
PHLPP1 gene deletion protects the brain from ischemic injury

A recently discovered protein phosphatase PHLPP (PH domain Leucine-rich repeat Protein Phosphatase) has been shown to dephosphorylate Akt on its hydrophobic motif (Ser473) thereby decreasing Akt kinase activity. We generated PHLPP1 knockout (KO) mice and used them to explore the ability of enhanced in vivo Akt signaling to protect the brain against ischemic insult. Brains from KO mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 hours showed significantly greater increases in Akt activity and less neurovascular damage after reperfusion than wild-type (WT) mice. Remarkably, infarct volume in the PHLPP1 KO was significantly reduced compared with WT (12.7±2.7% versus 22.9±3.1%) and this was prevented by Akt inhibition. Astrocytes from KO mice and neurons in which PHLPP1 was downregulated showed enhanced Akt activation and diminished cell death in response to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Thus, deletion of PHLPP1 can enhance Akt activation in neurons and astrocytes, and can significantly increase cell survival and diminish infarct size after MCAO. Inhibition of PHLPP could be a therapeutic approach to minimize damage after focal ischemia.
The Intel Fortran-80 compiler for the 8080 and 8085 microprocessors

Fortran-80 is the name of Intel's dialect of Fortran as well as the compiler which implements it for the 8080 and 8085 microprocessors.The Fortran-80 language is a superset of the new ANS Fortran 77 Subset language, incorporates many of the features of the full Fortran-77 language, and includes a few features not in Fortran-77 which are convenient for microprocessor applications programming. The latter includes hexadecimal integer constants and format specifiers, simple bit manipulation on integer variables, and INTEGER and LOGICAL variables of three different lengths. This paper comments on the relationship among microprocessors, the new ANS Fortran-77 Subset, and Fortran-80.
Existence, actuality and necessity: Newton on space and time

In his learned work The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678), the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth (1617–1688) criticizes Pierre Gassendi’s view that space is neither a substance nor an affection of substance. Cudworth notes that Frenchman allows space to be an ‘incorporeal thing.’ Nevertheless, he rightly observes that for Gassendi it neither follows ‘of necessity from thence, that it is an incorporeal substance or affection thereof; nor yet that it is an accident existing alone by itself, without a substance; because this space is really neither accident, nor substance, but a certain middle nature or essence betwixt both’. Cudworth speaks for a majority of thinkers in the seventeenth century when he argues that whatsoever exists ‘or hath any kind of entity, doth either subsist by itself, or else in an attribute, affection, or mode of something, that doth subsist by itself’.1 These contrasting opinions divide the thought not only of Cudowrth and Gassendi but also of Henry More and Isaac Newton. Like Gassendi, Newton holds that space (and also time) is strictly neither a substance nor an affection of substance. Henry More, on the other hand, agrees with the opinion that Cudworth defends, which is that all existents are in either the category of corporeal or incorporeal substance or else dependent attributes and modes. For these reasons alone it is worth investigating the possibiitty that Newton was indebted to Gassendi. In addition, the question of More’s influence on Newton’s thought will be re-examined.
Performance and energy limits of a processor-integrated FFT accelerator

Accelerators have long been used to improve the performance and energy efficiency of embedded signal processing systems relying on Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). We explore the benefits of processor-integrated FFT accelerators, characterizing their performance and energy efficiency for current and future memory architectures. First, we consider designs that deeply integrate an FFT accelerator into a simple 5-stage RISC pipeline and evaluate the performance and energy efficiency for a 32 nm process. Our results indicate that a 64-point processor-integrated FFT accelerator alone can increase performance for a 4K/32k-point 1D-FFT by 7/4-fold respectively. In term of energy efficiency, our 64-point FFT accelerator increases it at least 4-fold. Second, since memory performance is a critical constraint, we evaluate system configuration with 3D-stacked DRAM systems. Our results indicate that energy efficiency bottlenecks can be alleviated, as the 3D-stacked memory reduces energy by nearly 14-fold. When combined with our FFT accelerator, overall energy efficiency for 4k and 32k-point FFTs increases 86-fold and 70-fold respectively. Prospectively, with addition of a data layout transformation engine, cycle count and energy for the data transpose phase can be reduced 10x. Such a step would increase the accelerator benefit at least 10-fold in energy for DDR3 and more than 100-fold in 3D-stacked memory system.
Filtered-dynamic-inversion control for unknown minimum-phase systems with unknown-and-unmeasured disturbances

This article presents a filtered-dynamic-inversion controller for multi-input multi-output linear minimum-phase systems. The controller requires limited model information, specifically, knowledge of the relative degree and the first nonzero Markov parameter. Furthermore, the controller is effective for stabilisation, command following and rejection of unknown-and-unmeasured disturbances. This article analyses the stability and closed-loop performance (i.e. command following error) of filtered dynamic inversion, which is a single-parameter high-parameter-stabilising controller. We show that for sufficiently large parameter the closed-loop is asymptotically stable, and the average power of the performance signal is arbitrarily small.
Isolation and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Directed Against Bovine αs2-Casein

Abstract A monoclonal antibody 62-1A of isotype IgM, directed against bovine α s2 -casein, was isolated and characterized. Monoclonal antibody 62-1A recognized bovine α s2 -11P- and α s2 -9P-caseins by indirect solid phase radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis. Crossreactivity toward native genetic variants (A, B, and C) of α s1 -casein was similar but lower (˜60 to 70%) than that for α s2 -11P-casein). Little or no crossreactivity was observed for other bovine milk or serum proteins. Antibody affinity for α s2 -11P-casein was 1.3 × 10 9 / M . As little as 25ng/ml (.5 ng/well) of α s2 -11P-casein was detected by solid phase radioimmunoassay.
Laryngeal penetration during deglutition in normal subjects of various ages.

This study examined the frequency of penetration of liquid, paste, and masticated materials into the airway during videofluoroscopic studies of normal swallow in 98 normal subjects who were from 20 to 94 years of age. The purposes of the study were to define frequency and level of penetration using the penetration-aspiration scale as a result of age, bolus volume, viscosity, and gender, and to describe the body’s sensorimotor response to the penetration based on audible coughs or throat clearing on the audio channel of each videotaped fluoroscopic study. Frequencies of penetration were defined in relation to bolus volume, age, gender, and bolus viscosity from swallows of 1, 3, 5, and 10 ml and cup-drinking of thin liquids; 3 ml of pudding; ¼ of a Lorna Doone cookie; and a bite of an apple. Results showed that penetrations were significantly more frequent after age 50 and thick viscosities penetrated only in subjects age 50 and over. For persons under 50, 7.4% of swallows exhibited penetration, while for people age 50 and over, 16.8% of swallows showed penetration. Significantly more penetration occurred on larger liquid boluses. There was no relationship between gender and frequency of penetration. None of the subjects that penetrated showed a sensorimotor response to the penetration, which may relate to the relatively shallow depth of the penetration.
Depression in hospitalized older patients with congestive heart failure

The objectives of this study were to examine the prevalence of depression in hospitalized, medically ill, older patients with and without congestive heart failure (CHF), and examine correlates, course, predictors of outcome, and treatment of depression in patients with CHF. A consecutive sample of 542 patients age 60 or over admitted to inpatient services of Duke University Medical Center were systematically screened by a psychiatrist for depression using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule; 342 depressed cases and nondepressed controls were identified. Of these, 107 had a primary or secondary diagnosis of CHF. Among patients with CHF, major depression was identified in 36.5%, a rate that was significantly higher than for patients without CHF (25.5%); the difference was largely explained by low rates of major depression in cardiac patients without CHF (17.0%) who had less severe physical illness. Minor depression was also present in 21.5% of CHF patients, but was not more prevalent than in patients without CHF (17.0%). Compared with nondepressed CHF patients, those with depression were more likely to have comorbid psychiatric disorder, severe medical illness, and severe functional impairment. Depressed patients used more outpatient and inpatients medical services, although this was largely due to the severity of their health problems. Patients often remained depressed for a prolonged period, and over 40% failed to remit during the year following discharge. Factors predicting slower remission included nonhealth-related, stressful life events and low social support; physical health factors at baseline had little effect. The majority of depressed CHF patients did not receive treatment for their depression with either antidepressants or psychotherapy, and did not see mental health specialists any more frequently than did the nondepressed. These findings are of concern and have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of depression in older patients with heart failure.
A curvy, stretchy future for electronics

Electronics of the future will be soft and rubbery. Devices based on this new technology will be stretchable, twistable, and deformable into curvilinear shapes, thereby enabling applications that would be impossible to achieve by using the hard, rigid electronics of today. Examples range from ultrathin, conformable health-monitoring tapes that seamlessly mount on the skin, “electronic skin,” to advanced imaging devices that use hemispherical detector layouts, “electronic eyeball cameras.” In these and other systems, mechanical design will be as important as circuit design. Vella et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS introduce simple schemes to measure the mechanical properties of structures for stretchable electronics and they describe powerful analytical approaches that capture the underlying physics.
Battery-free radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors for food quality and safety

Market demands for new sensors for food quality and safety stimulate the development of new sensing technologies that can provide an unobtrusive sensor form, battery-free operation, and minimal sensor cost. Intelligent labeling of food products to indicate and report their freshness and other conditions is one important possible application of such new sensors. This study applied passive (battery-free) radio frequency identification (RFID) sensors for the highly sensitive and selective detection of food freshness and bacterial growth. In these sensors, the electric field generated in the RFID sensor antenna extends from the plane of the RFID sensor and is affected by the ambient environment, providing the opportunity for sensing. This environment may be in the form of a food sample within the electric field of the sensing region or a sensing film deposited onto the sensor antenna. Examples of applications include monitoring of milk freshness, fish freshness, and bacterial growth in a solution. Unlike othe...
Pyrrolidine-2,3-dione, 1-allylpyrrolidine-2,3-dione and 1-ethoxypyrrolidine-2,3-dione

Authentic pyrrolidine-2,3-dione has been prepared by two different routes. It is shown that the material previously reported is actually a hydrolysis product, 4-amino-2-oxobutyric acid. 1-Allyl- and 1-ethoxypyrroli-dine-2,3-dione have been prepared as N-protected pyrrolidine-2,3-diones potentially useful in synthesis.
Defective Clearance of Adenovirus in IRF-1–/– Mice Associated with Defects in NK and T Cells but not Macrophages

A replication-defective adenovirus-LacZ recombinant virus (AdLacZ) was injected intravenously into IRF-1–/– mice and wild-type mice to characterize the contribution of IRF-1 to the immune-mediated clearance of Ad vector. Compared with wild-type mice, IRF-1–/– mice expressed higher levels of the LacZ gene product in the liver. After infusion of the AdLacZ, the expression of IRF-1 mRNA was upregulated in the liver of wild-type mice, but not in IRF-1–/– mice. Both spleen and liver mononuclear cells from IRF-1–/– mice initially exhibited a markedly lower number of NK, NK-T and CD8 T cells. At day 7 after the administration of AdLacZ, there was a significantly increased population of NK, NK-T and CD8 T cells in both spleen and liver, and also CD11b+ cells in liver of IRF-1–/– mice, compared with the increased in wild-type mice. As IRF-1 is an important signal for production of IFN-γ by CD8 T and NK cells as well as production of IL-12 by CD11b+ cells, we determined whether there were lower levels of these cytokines in IRF-1–/– mice after Ad challenge. Surprisingly, there were lower levels of IL-12, but higher levels of IFN-γ and IL-18 in IRF-1–/– compared with wild-type mice at day 7 after administration with AdLacZ. These results indicate that delayed clearance of Ad is associated with partial correction of defects of the NK, NK-T and CD8 T cells and increased production of IFN-γ and IL-18 in IRF-1–/– mice.
The effect of putative diuretic factors on in vivo urine production in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti.

Abstract Changes in total urine production were measured in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, following injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), Culex salinarius diuresin, culekinin depolarizing peptides (CDP-I, II and III) or the A. aegypti leucokinin peptides (ALP-I, II and III). All stimulated total urine production in a dose dependent manner. 5-HT was the least potent in urine production experiments with ED50 values nearly 100-fold higher than other diuretic agonists. Doses greater than 2×10−4 μmoles inhibited urine production, suggesting either the occurrence of receptor down regulation, more than one type of 5-HT receptor, or increases in hindgut resorption of urine. The ALPs had relatively low ED50 values compared to the CDPs suggesting that the endogenous peptides may have higher receptor binding affinities. Injection of mosquitoes with polyclonal antisera raised against either ALP-I or C. salinarius diuresin significantly reduced the response to injections of the respective peptides. The evidence presented above suggests that mosquito leucokinins and the C. salinarius diuresin function in the neuroendocrine regulation of urine production in the mosquito.