cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optically activated switches for low jitter pulsed power applications

Optically activated high voltage switches are commonly used in pulsed power systems for reliable low jitter, multichannel and multiswitch (low inductance) applications. In addition to low jitter switching, optical activation provides a high degree of electrical isolation between the triggering and switching power systems simplifying pulsed power design. The disadvantages of optical triggering for large-gap gas switches are the optical energy, line-of-sight optics, and system maintenance required to obtain reliable operation. This paper describes two technologies which can reduce or eliminate these disadvantages and provide more flexible optically activated switches for pulsed power systems. One approach is to reduce the optical trigger energy requirement for gas gap switches. Shorter optical pulses require less energy to initiate a plasma discharge. An experiment is being assembled to trigger a 50-100 kV gas gap switch with 120 fs wide optical pulses. Lower trigger energy has also been demonstrated by the introduction of metallic aerosols into a gas gap W. Frey (1997). The apparatus will be added to this experiment to reproduce these results and determine the optical energy and power density requirements over a range of wavelengths and pulse widths. The status of this experiment will be discussed. A second approach uses solid state switching in two configurations: (1) as the main switch and (2) as a trigger. High-gain photoconductive semiconductor switches (PCSS) are practical for some direct pulsed power switching applications. We have demonstrated switching up to 220 kV and 8 kA. Higher power optically activated switching can be obtained by combining solid state and gas gap switching technologies. Multimegavolt (MMV) switches can be triggered with fiber-optically triggered, remotely located PCSS. By placing the compact PCSS trigger extremely close to the trigger point, reliable, low-jitter, high power switching is achieved with low energy fiber-optic trigger systems that can easily be controlled and adjusted from a remote control center. Power for the trigger system can be derived from the electrical fields near the trigger, so all electrical cables to the trigger system are eliminated and replaced with 100 micron diameter fibers that trigger and monitor the operation of the system. Results from experiments with PCSS triggered gas gap switches and the design for a PCSS triggered multimegavolt switch will be reported. PCSS switching properties including new picosecond pulse results and fabrication procedures for improved longevity will also be described. A 120 fs wide 780 nm laser pulse was used to radiate THz bandwidth pulses with a GaAs PCSS operating in the linear mode. New approaches for PCSS contact fabrication are being developed and tested to simplify the growth procedure, increase the current per filament capability, and improve device longevity. Progress continues to make PCSS a more useful component for pulsed power applications.
No X-Ray-bright Type II Quasars among the Lyα Emitters

The Lyα emitters found at z = 4.5 and 5.7 by the Large Area Lyman Alpha (LALA) survey have high equivalent widths in the Lyα line. Such lines can be produced by narrow-lined active galactic nuclei or by stellar populations with a very high proportion of young massive stars. To check for type II (i.e., narrow-lined) quasars, we obtained a deep X-ray image of 49 Lyα sources in a single field of the ACIS instrument on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. None of these sources was detected with a 3 σ limiting X-ray luminosity of 2.9 × 1043 ergs s-1. For comparison, the two known high-redshift type II quasars have luminosities of 4 × 1043 ergs s-1 before extinction correction. The sources remain undetected in stacked images of the 49 Lyα sources (with 6.5 Ms effective Chandra on-axis exposure) at 3 σ limits of 4.9 × 1042. The resulting X-ray-to-Lyα ratio is about 4-24 times lower than the ratio for known type II quasars, while the average Lyα luminosity of the LALA sample is between the two type II's. The cumulative X-ray-to-Lyα ratio limit is also below that of 90% of low-redshift Seyfert galaxies.
Lean Manufacturing Principles

Review and explanation of the principles behind lean manufacturing.This includes discussion on the creation of a value stream map and how this tool helps to identify waste in a process.
A study on channel design for 0.1 /spl mu/m buried p-channel MOSFETs

This paper investigates the channel design for buried p-channel MOSFETs with an effective channel length of 0.1 /spl mu/m via simulations using the two-dimensional device simulator PISCES IIB. A new three-layer design is considered with the objective of obtaining low junction capacitance while maintaining high current drive and suppressing punchthrough. The channel design consists of a p-type layer under the gate oxide, an n-type anti-punchthrough layer below the p-type layer followed the substrate with a doping concentration of 1e17/cm/sup 3/. By optimizing the doping structure, an attempt is made to investigate fundamental limits of the buried channel design. In concurrence with published results, it is shown that there is a maximum allowable thickness for the first layer, while the thickness of the anti-punchthrough layer has a minimum value in order to effectively suppress punchthrough. The above constraints enable devices with good subthreshold characteristics (subthreshold swing <90 mV/Dec) as well as high transconductance which is a matter of concern for ultra-thin buried layers. While simulation results show that it is possible to fabricate buried p-channel MOSFETs with n-type polysilicon gate electrodes in the 0.1 /spl mu/m regime, it is also evident that advanced doping and low temperature fabrication technologies are needed that provide control over doped layers of ultra-thin dimensions.
Using concept maps as a tool for cross-language relevance determination

Concept maps, introduced by Novak, aid learners’ understanding. I hypothesize that concept maps also can function as a summary of large documents, e.g., electronic theses and dissertations (ETDs). I have built a system that automatically generates concept maps from English-language ETDs in the computing field. The system also will provide Spanish translations of these concept maps for native Spanish speakers. Using machine translation techniques, my approach leads to concept maps that could allow researchers to discover pertinent dissertations in languages they cannot read, helping them to decide if they want a potentially relevant dissertation translated. I am using a state-of-the-art natural language processing system, called Relex, to extract noun phrases and noun-verb-noun relations from ETDs, and then produce concept maps automatically. I also have incorporated information from the table of contents of ETDs to create novel styles of concept maps. I have conducted five user studies, to evaluate user perceptions about these different map styles. I am using several methods to translate node and link text in concept maps from English to Spanish. Nodes labeled with single words from a given technical area can be translated using wordlists, but phrases in specific technical fields can be difficult to translate. Thus I have amassed a collection of about 580 Spanish-language ETDs from Scirus and two Mexican universities and I am using this corpus to mine phrase translations that I could not find otherwise. The usefulness of the automatically-generated and translated concept maps has been assessed in an experiment at Universidad de las Americas (UDLA) in Puebla, Mexico. This experiment demonstrated that concept maps can augment abstracts (translated using a standard machine translation package) in helping Spanish speaking users find ETDs of interest.* *This research work was funded in part by NSF through grants DUE-0121679 and IIS-0080748, a grant from IMLS, and the RDEC/ACE project.
The Silent Resurrection of Plessy: The Supreme Court’s Acquiescence in the Resegregation of America’s Schools

This article argues that the modern Supreme Court is engaging in Plessy-like reasoning to permit segregation. The article argues that the Supreme Court relies on three rationales, all consistent with Plessy, that have resulted in the erosion of school integration: 1) segregation reflects private preferences, 2) we should defer to local governments, and 3) separate schools can result in equal quality of education for all children. The article provides an overview of the case law demonstrating this pro-Plessy bent of the Court and insists that the Court return to the reasoning of Brown to better ensure high quality education for all children.
Segmenting Volunteers Using Values, Self-Esteem, Empathy, and Facilitation as Determinant Variables

ABSTRACT This study added to our understanding of regular ongoing volunteering in organizations by segmenting volunteer subgroups using values, self-esteem, empathy, and facilitation. A questionnaire was developed and a mail survey was used to collect data. The survey produced 1,058 completed questionnaires. Respondents were volunteers from over 37 different organizations in two different cities. A series of multiple regression analyses were performed on the data to test the hypotheses. Eighteen different values, empathy, self-esteem, and facilitation were regressed on a series of dummy variables, representing different volunteer groups. Of the eleven multiple regressions that were performed, one produced no significant findings. Interestingly, in several regression equations, variables that were hypothesized to differentiate groups of volunteers were insignificant while other variables were found to be significant predictors of membership in a volunteer group. It was concluded that the variables used dem...
The non-indian therapist working with american indian clients: Transference-countertransference implications

Abstract The lack of success non-Indian therapists have had in working with American Indian clients has perpetuated a repetitive cycle of poor mental health services with this population. Although we cannot change the historic distrust that exists, we can begin to understand cultural differences and how they can impact treatment to obtain positive results. Acknowledgment of these differences can promote trust, a core ingredient that must be established between the client and therapist. This paper offers guidelines to assist the non-Indian therapist in working with the American Indian client.
Asymptotic methods for flames with detailed chemistry

Article de synthese sur les nouvelles methodes asymptotiques utilisees pour la description de structures et de comportements de flammes de premelange et de diffusion
A performance analysis for trellis coded hybrid-ARQ protocols

A method is described for modifying trellis coded modulation systems for use in type-1 hybrid automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols. The difference in the metrics between the surviving and the nonsurviving paths throughout the trellis can be used to determine the desirability of retransmission requests. Bounds on the reliability and throughput performance of the resulting error control scheme are analytically derived for both additive white Gaussian noise channels and multipath fading channels. Simple examples are included to illustrate the achievable gain compared to ordinary forward-error-correcting trellis codes. >
Abstract T P46: Absence of a Very Low Cerebral Blood Volume (VLCBV) Lesion Identifies Patients Who Are Unlikely to Have Hemorrhagic Transformation After Delayed Endovascular Reperfusion

Objective: Ischemic stroke patients with areas of VLCBV on baseline imaging are at increased risk for hemorrhagic transformation following iv tPA induced reperfusion. The underlying hypothesis is that regions of low CBV are highly susceptible to reperfusion injury. We examined the DEFUSE 2 study data, and tested whether the presence of VLCBV assessed with an automated software tool predicts the risk of hemorrhagic transformation in patients treated with endovascular therapy up to 12 hours. Methods: Patients who reperfused following endovascular therapy and who had technically adequate PWI and DWI data were included. Presence of parenchymal hematoma (PH 1 or 2) was assessed blinded to clinical data by a neuroradiologist at the core lab. RAPID, a fully automated image processing program, was used for coregistration of the DWI and PWI images, removal of large vessels, processing of CBV maps, and calculation of relative CBV (rCBV) defined as a ratio of the original and the mirrored CBV maps. We first determin...
Sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene of Chlamydia pneumoniae.

Abstract Compared with the major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) of the other chlamydial species, the Chlamydia pneumoniae MOMP appears to be less antigenically complex, and as determined by immunoblot analysis, it does not appear to be the immunodominant antigen recognized during infection. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the C. pneumoniae MOMP gene (ompA) revealed that it consisted of a 1,167-base open reading frame with an inferred 39,344-dalton mature protein of 366 amino acids plus a 23-amino-acid leader sequence. A ribosomal-binding site was located in the 5' upstream region, and two stop codons followed by an 11-base dyad forming a stable stem-loop structure were identified. This sequence shares 68 and 71% DNA sequence homology to the Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 and Chlamydia psittaci ovine abortion agent MOMP genes, respectively. Interspecies alignment identified regions, corresponding to the variable domains, which share little sequence similarity with the other chlamydial MOMPs. All seven cysteines conserved in the C. trachomatis and C. psittaci MOMPs, which are involved in the formation of disulfide cross-linkages, are found in the C. pneumoniae MOMP.
The Effects of Ethanol Consumption on Vasculogenesis Potential in Nonhuman Primates

Background: Vasculogenesis is essential to the preservation and repair of damaged or diseased vessels. Alcohol is the most commonly abused drug among young adults, but its effects on vessel growth and repair are unknown. The basis of vascular repair is endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) recruitment to assist in the formation of new vascular network (vasculogenesis). Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure the effects of ethanol consumption on the production, mobilization and vasculogenesis potential EPCs in nonhuman primates. Methods: Four to five year-old (young adult) male rhesus monkeys consumed monkey chow and water (Control, n = 7), or chow and water + ethanol (Alcohol, 2.45 g/d, n = 7) for 12 months. Peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) samples were collected for fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis of cell surface antigens (CD45, CD31, CD44, CD133, VEGF-R2 – or KDR); and for capillary formation on Matrigel-coated plates. Results: There were greater numbers of nonhematopoeitic stromal cells (CD45−) and putative mesenchymal progenitor cells (CD45−/CD44+) in the PB and BM of Alcohol versus Control monkeys (p < 0.05). Additionally, there were greater numbers of EPCs (CD45−/CD133+/KDR+) in the BM and PB of Alcohol versus Control monkeys (p < 0.05). However, the EPCs of Alcohol monkeys were less likely to form capillaries on matrigel-coated plates than Control monkeys (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Ethanol consumption in monkeys markedly increased the production and mobilization of EPCs, but decreased their ability to form capillaries. The pathophysiologic consequences of such effects are unclear, but may represent an ethanol-induced chronic stress on the BM, resulting in EPC.
Evidence for the Existence of Mass-Exchange Binary Be Stars from Periodic Spectral Variations

In this paper, we discuss the Be stars which show recurrent shell structure and/or cyclic variations in the profiles of their emission lines with periods near 100d and, thus, are good candidates for interacting binaries undergoing mass-exchange. The periodic spectral variations observed in the B1e star HR 2142 are reviewed and brought up to date in the light of recent observations. HR 2142 is then compared with other periodic binary Be stars (AX Mon, 17 Lep, HD 218393, HD 173219, and Φ Per) in order to point out the wide variance in observed spectra which interacting binaries can display.
Informatics tools for the development of action-oriented triggers for outpatient adverse drug events.

Background: Trigger tools are an important development in the identification and redu ction of adverse drug events (ADEs). Most previously published triggers are simple, consisting of one or two conditions. Simple logic may lead to alerts for conditions not caused by a drug or already treated by the provider . Methods: We created a knowledge encoding tool to develop outpatient ADE triggers to more specifically identify harm caused by a drug and which require further clinical intervention. The tool presented the user with data on similar triggers from the literature and a series of fields to f acilitate the creation of algorithms based on epidemiological principles. Results: Using this tool, we created 23 triggers that addressed 55 high -harm outpatient drugs and ADEs. Conclusion: Informatics tools can facilitate the design of clinically rich tri ggers. More investigation is needed to determine whether the performance characteristics of clinically rich triggers are better than those of simple triggers. Background Adverse drug event detection continues to be an important objective of patient safety research. Improvements in the ability to accurately identify adverse drug events (ADEs) include computerized triggers or algorithms that use electronic patient data to identify patterns consistent with a possible ADE 1
Harmonic free rectification with unity power factor for multi-megawatt applications

A harmonic free regulated AC-to-DC power conversion using the sequential discharge rectification (SDR) topology, was first presented during the 14/sup th/ Power Modulator Symposium in June 1996. This topology has been modified to include a small high-frequency output transformer to permit DC generation over a large voltage range. The topology lends itself to operate directly off a 4160 V, 11 kV or 13.8 kV AC distribution line and draw a harmonic free input at unity power factor, complying with the IEEE 519-1992 and IEC 555-2 guidelines without the utilization of additional VAr capacitor or harmonic filters. The technology is based on the property of resonance circuit thereby permitting the use of soft switching and self-commutating low di/dt solid state devices. The switching characteristics permit the utilization of less expensive thyristors available in higher voltage, higher current and higher power ratios with lower conduction losses. This design is being proposed for a regulated 95 kV, 2 MW average klystron power supply.
Symbolic Powers, Serre Conditions and Cohen-Macaulay Rees Algebras

LetR be a Cohen-Macaulay ring andI an unmixed ideal of heightg which is generically a complete intersection and satisfiesI(n)=In for alln≥1. Under what conditions will the Rees algebra be Cohen-Macaulay or have good depth? A series of partial answers to this question is given, relating the Serre condition (Sr) of the associated graded ring to the depth of the Rees algebra. A useful device in arguments of this nature is the canonical module of the Rees algebra. By making use of the technique of the fundamental divisor, it is shown that the canonical module has the expected form: ωR[It]≅(t(1−t)g−2).
Fracture and Fatigue in a Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

The fracture and fatigue properties of the Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (at.%) bulk metallic glass alloy have been examined. The plane-strain fracture toughness of the fully amorphous alloy was found to exceed 50 MPa√m, although results were sensitive to strain rate, showed significant variability and were influenced by the presence of residual stresses following processing. Fracture surfaces exhibited a characteristic vein morphology, consistent with micromechanical models for meniscus instabilities. Local melting was evident, consistent with the emission of light during rupture and very high local temperatures (>1000 K) measured during fracture. Upon partial or complete crystallization, the alloy was severely embrittled, with toughnesses dropping to ∼1 MPa√m and the hardness increasing by ∼10%. Under cyclic loading, crack-propagation behavior in the amorphous structure was similar to that observed in polycrystalline metals; the crack-advance mechanism was associated with alternating crack-tip blunting and resharpening, as evidenced by presence of fatigue striations. Conversely, the (unnotched) stress-life (S/N) properties were markedly different. Crack initiation and subsequent growth occurred quite readily due to the lack of microstructural barriers that would normally provide local crack-arrest points. This resulted in a very low fatigue limit of∼4% the ultimate tensile strength.
Thyrotoxicosis After a Massive Levothyroxine Ingestion in a 3-year-old Patient

Most children with exploratory levothyroxine ingestions remain asymptomatic or suffer only minor effects, and most patients can be managed in the home or with supportive care in the hospital. We present a case of a 3-year-old girl who was found after a witnessed massive ingestion of levothyroxine. The patient was initially seen in an emergency department and discharged in stable condition, only to return 4 days after ingestion with thyrotoxicosis, hypertension, tachycardia, 24 hours of persistent vomiting, and clinical and laboratory evidence of dehydration. On the day of hospital admission, her thyroid-stimulating hormone was 0.018 µIU/mL (reference range, 0.6-4.5 µIU/mL); free T4 (tetraiodothyronine) was greater than 6.0 ng/dL (reference range, 0.7-2.1 ng/dL); and T3 (triiodothyronine) total was 494 ng/dL (reference range, 100-200 ng/dL). During a 3-day hospital admission, she was managed with supportive care, including intravenous fluid rehydration and antiemetics, and was ultimately discharged in good condition. The patient was followed up until 2 months after ingestion and remained asymptomatic. Although most exploratory levothyroxine ingestions suffer little to no clinical effects, serious symptoms can occur. Because serious symptoms can occur in a delayed fashion, it is important for clinicians to give proper anticipatory guidance regarding home symptom monitoring, follow-up, and reasons to return to the emergency department when patients present for medical evaluation.
Oculomotor studies of cerebellar function in autism

Abstract Histopathological, neuroimaging and genetic findings indicate cerebellar abnormalities in autism, but the extent of neurophysiological dysfunction associated with those findings has not been systematically examined. Suppression of intrusive saccades (square wave jerks) and the ability to sustain eccentric gaze, two phenomena requiring intact cerebellar function, were examined in 52 high-functioning individuals with autism and 52 age- and IQ-matched healthy subjects during visual fixation of static central and peripheral targets. Rates of intrusive saccades were not increased in autism during visual fixation, and foveopetal ocular drift was also not increased when subjects held an eccentric gaze. The absence of gross disturbances of visual fixation associated with cerebellar disease in individuals with autism, such as increased square wave jerk rates and foveopetal drift when holding eccentric gaze, indicates that the functional integrity of cerebellar–brainstem networks devoted to oculomotor control is preserved in autism despite reported anatomic variations. However, increased amplitude of intrusive saccades and reduced latency of target refixation after intrusive saccades were observed in individuals with autism, especially when subjects maintained fixation of remembered target locations without sensory guidance. The atypical metrics of intrusive saccades that were observed may be attributable to faulty functional connectivity in cortico-cerebellar networks.
Origin of the Mormon Mesa Caliche, Clark County, Nevada

On the basis of field and laboratory data described herein, it is concluded that the Mormon Mesa caliche has formed primarily as the result of pedogenetic processes, probably under slowly aggrading, aeolian conditions. The reasons for postulating aggrading aeolian conditions are (1) the absence of A and B soil horizons, (2) the absence of laminated petrocalcic horizons, (3) the lack of quartz grain dissolution and brecciation, (4) the relatively high content of clay and silt in the calcrete (caprock) horizon, (5) the presence of aeolian sand drifts on the present mesa surface, and (6) the presence of fresh red sand in laminated CaCO 3 joint fillings. Also, the aeolian hypothesis may explain the fact that the calcrete horizon of the caliche contains a much greater amount of secondary CaCO 3 than can be accommodated in the original void space of the parent material; and, in addition, the hypothesis avoids the vexing problem, associated with degradational hypotheses, of explaining how water penetrates through the calcrete to form the underlying transition zone of friable caliche. The data further indicates that perhaps at least 25 percent of the secondary CaCO 3 in the caliche was derived from dissolved Ca ++ and HCO 3 − in rainwater, with the remainder probably furnished by aeolian carbonate dust. It is estimated that development of the caliche probably required at least 400,000 yrs and possibly as long as 2,500,000 yrs.
Planetary- and synoptic-scale characteristics of explosive wintertime cyclogenesis over the western North Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The planetary- and synoptic-scale environment for explosive wintertime cyclogenesis over the western North Atlantic Ocean is documented using a series of 6-day composites based on a 12-season sample of 42 cyclones. This research extends earlier studies in that it focuses on planetary-scale flow features and their relationship to synoptic-scale upper-tropospheric precursors to surface cyclogenesis. Notable features of the explosive cyclone composite include (i) a negative 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly over the North Pacific, indicating strengthening and a southward shift of the Pacific jet stream (relative to a 25-yr climatology); (ii) a quasi-stationary troposphere-deep ridge over western North America; (iii) two predecessor upper troughs that cross the east coast of North America approximately 72 and 36 h prior to the onset of surface deepening; (iv) a cyclogenetic mobile upper trough that becomes organized in northwesterly flow over central North America 24–36 h prior to surface deepening...
Connecting physical properties of spin-casting solvents with morphology, nanoscale charge transport, and device performance of poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester bulk heterojunction solar cells

The correlation between the physical properties of spin-casting solvents, film morphology, nanoscale charge transport, and device performance was studied in poly(3-hexylthiophene):phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) blends, spin cast with two halogenated aromatic solvents: chlorobenzene (CB) and ortho-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB). 1,2-DCB-based blends exhibited fine phase separation of ∼10 to 15 nm length scale with ordered self-assembly of P3HT whereas blends spin cast from CB showed coarse phase separation with large isolated clusters of ∼25 to 100 nm of donor- and acceptor-rich regions. Higher solubility of both P3HT and PCBM in 1,2-DCB and a slower drying rate of 1,2-DCB (because of higher boiling point) facilitated self-organization and ordering of P3HT and promoted finer phase separation. Higher local hole mobility in 1,2-DCB-based blend was attributed to efficient hole transport through the ordered network of P3HT chains. Moreover, higher local illuminated current (dark + photocurrent) in 1,2-DCB-based blend suggested efficient diffusion and dissociation of excitons due to finer phase separation. As a consequence, 1,2-DCB-based devices exhibited higher short circuit current density (Jsc), external quantum efficiency and power conversion efficiency in contrast to the CB-based device. It was also observed that the device performance was not limited by light absorption and exciton generation; rather morphology dependent processes subsequent to exciton generation, primarily charge transport to the electrodes, limited device performance.
Kinetic analysis of the L-ornithine transcarbamoylase from Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola that is resistant to the transition state analogue (R)-N delta-(N'-sulfodiaminophosphinyl)-L-ornithine.

(R)-Nδ-(N‘-Sulfodiaminophosphinyl)-l-ornithine (PSorn) is the active component of a phytotoxin, called phaseolotoxin, produced by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola. PSorn acts as a potent transition state (TS) inhibitor of ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTCase, E.C. 2.1.3.3) that binds to the OTCase from Escherichia coli (ARGI) with a dissociation constant of 1.6 pM. While inhibition of OTCase can lead to arginine auxotrophy, P. savastanoi pv. phaseolicola is able to synthesize toxin while growing on minimal medium. This is achieved by the expression during toxin production of a second gene encoding OTCase activity that is not inhibited by PSorn (ROTCase). ROTCase is orthologous to other OTCases, but it has substitutions to key conserved amino acids, particularly to those around the carbamoyl phosphate (CP) binding site and in the ornithine binding “SMG” loop. This suggests that the topology of the CP binding site and the closure of the SMG loop may be different in ROTCase. Steady-state kinetics indic...
Isomorphism Groups of Automata

This paper persues a discussion of certain algebraic properties of automata and their relationship to the structure (i.e., properties of the next state function) of automata. The device which is used for this study is the association of a group with each automaton. We introduce functions on automata and study the group of an automaton, a representation for the group elements and the direct product of automata. Finally, for a certain class of automata a necessary and sufficient condition, in terms of the group of the automaton, is given for insuring that an automaton can be represented as a direct product.
Effects of the 1997 Balanced Budget Act on Venipuncture Beneficiaries

This study assesses the effects on patients and their caregivers of denying venipuncture as a home health services qualifier. Primary data were developed from medical records and 6-month recall interviews of disqualified recipients and their caregivers in Tennessee, a state without community-based long-term care. Effects of disqualification on patients' health status, activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), mental status, and transportation costs were analyzed. Those disqualified do more self-bathing and dressing, rely more on caregivers for other ADLs and IADLs, exhibit a high incidence of depression, and some incur additional costs. Following disqualification, caregivers assist much more with ADLs, incurring a greater burden than patients acknowledge and increased implicit work costs and out-of-pocket costs for care and transportation. Secondary effects of this major policy change were substantial for Tennessee residents. Before implementation, testing the eff...
Electrochemical characterization of oxygen reduction by FeII[ethylenediaminetetraacetate]

Abstract The kinetics of the reduction of O2 by FeIIEDTA is evaluated using electrochemical methods and shows a promising approach to the study of oxygen activation by metal complexes. Beneficial to this method is the use of stable FeIIIEDTA, which can be electro-reduced to generate air sensitive FeIIEDTA. The FeII/IIIEDTA oxidation states act as an electron mediator between the electrode and O2(aq). At a sweep rate of 5 mV/s, cyclic voltammeteric waves indicate an EC’ type mechanism. The kinetics of O2 reduction by FeIIEDTA is evident by the EC’ current and is dependent on pH with a maximum at pH 3. This rate quickly decreases below pH 3 and above 8 and is nearly constant between pH 4–8. This behavior is strongly correlated with the FeIIEDTA species distribution diagram indicating that the protonated FeIIEDTA–H complex is the optimal species for O2 reduction. Applying computer simulation to representative cyclic voltammograms provides rate constants for the reaction steps involved in O2 reduction by FeIIEDTA. The mechanistic steps evaluated consist of (1) the binding of O2 to FeIIEDTA, (2) the reduction of bound O2 by FeIIEDTA to produce O 2 - , and (3) further reduction of O 2 - by FeIIEDTA to produce H2O2. We report a rate constant of 1.07 × 104 M−1 s−1 for step (1), 6.23 × 109 s−1 for step (2), and 1.00 × 104 M−1 s−1 for step (3) at pH 3. The data is consistent to literature values obtained by stopped-flow techniques.
Relevance of Cratonic Erosional Unconformities and Sedimentary Veneers to Mineral Exploration in Weathered Terranes: ABSTRACT

On stable platforms, erosional intervals may persist for great lengths of time either as continuously exposed planation surfaces or, when buried by sedimentary covers, as unconformities. On the West Australian craton, for example, erosional unconformities and thin sedimentary veneers are closely comparable in attitude and altitude. Repeated cycles of weathering, stripping or exhumation, and burial of shields constitute a morphogeodynamic pattern, a cratonic regime, which accounts for the slow but progressive lowering of cratonic erosion surfaces. Because phases of intense chemical weathering initiated in the later Mesozoic and continuing in Tertiary times tend to mask the presence of buried paleogeomorphic surfaces, specialized techniques are required for detection of deg aded (weathered) unconformities. Application of stratigraphic principles to weathered zones and micromorphological analysis of paleosolic and weathered rock fabrics, as well as interpretation of geochemical and sedimentological data, facilitate reconstruction of paleoenvironments. Stone lines, saprolitic fabrics, gravel-clay interfaces, reverse weathering differentials, and etched or embayed skeleton grains showing the effects of epidiagenetic alteration are key to the detection of unconformities in strongly weathered cratons. Differentiation of soil-stratigraphic layers from sedimentary deposits requires proof of pedogenic existence and is in large part based on interpretation of boundaries between them, i.e., pedologic, lithologic, and geomorphic discontinuities. Paleogeomorphic recons ructions incorporating unconformities have practical application in mineral exploration End_Page 568------------------------------ because they provide a rational basis for pedogeochemical sampling techniques applicable to the search for base metals, the detection of deep leads (buried stream channels containing placer deposits), and telethermal uraniferous deposits associated with calcreted valley fills. End_of_Article - Last_Page 569------------
The agricultural health study biomarker workshop on cancer etiology

© 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 19:169–171, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20070
Osteogenesis in cultures of limb mesenchymal cells

Abstract The results of previous reports demonstrated that osteoblasts develop in cultures derived from phenotypically unexpressive stage 24 chick limb mesenchymal cells. The observations reported here suggest that initial cell plating densities may provide environmental conditions deterministic to a particular limb phenotype. Quantitative microscopic studies, histochemical localization of calcium phosphate, and electron microscopy indicate that osteoblasts develop in cultures derived from stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells. Additionally, 1–3% of the cells from stage 24 limbs are associated with mineral deposits when plated at initial high densities (5 × 10 6 cells per 35-mm culture dish), while more than 50% of the cells are associated with cartilage by Day 9. Cultures plated at intermediate seeding densities (between 2.0 and 2.5 × 10 6 cells per 35-mm culture dish) have minimal cartilage development, and approximately 20% of the cells are associated with mineral by Day 9. Furthermore, cultures prepared from stage 31 limb mesenchymal cells form well-developed bone nodules with both osteoblasts and osteocytes present, but no cartilage. It is clear from these observations and from a consideration of the initiation of osteogenesis in vivo that the initiation of bone development in the limb is not associated with cartilage development. Based on these studies and observations on the effect of nutrient factors on phenotypic expression in culture, an hypothesis is presented relating differential vascularization and nutrient flow to the determination of limb phenotypes in vivo .
Protection from pancreatitis by the zymogen granule membrane protein integral membrane-associated protein-1.

Pancreatitis is a common disease with substantial morbidity and mortality. To better understand the mechanisms conferring sensitivity or resistance to pancreatitis, we have initiated the analysis of novel acinar cell proteins. Integral membrane-associated protein-1 (Itmap1) is a CUB (complement subcomponents C1r/C1s, sea urchin Uegf protein, bone morphogenetic protein-1) and zona pellucida (ZP) domain-containing protein we find prominently expressed in pancreatic acinar cells. Within the acinar cell, Itmap1 localizes to zymogen granule membranes. Although roles in epithelial polarity, granule assembly, and mucosal protection have been postulated for CUB/ZP proteins, in vivo functions for these molecules have not been proven. To determine the function of Itmap1, we generated Itmap1-deficient mice. Itmap1 −/− mice demonstrate increased severity of secretagogue- and diet-induced pancreatitis in comparison to Itmap1 +/+ mice. In contrast to previous animal models exhibiting altered severity of pancreatitis, Itmap1 deficiency results in impaired activation of trypsin, an enzyme believed critical for initiating a cascade of digestive zymogen activation during pancreatitis. Itmap1 deficiency does not alter zymogen granule size, appearance, or the composition of zymogen granule contents. Our results demonstrate that Itmap1 plays an essential role in trypsinogen activation and that both impaired and augmented trypsinogen activation can be associated with increased severity of pancreatitis.
Chemical and physicochemical properties of two strains of tobacco streak virus.

Abstract The chemical properties of two strains of tobacco streak virus were compared. The two strains elicited similar symptoms in a limited host range and were also similar in the ratio of nucleoprotein components produced in the Nicotiana species used for virus culture, but they were readily distinguishable serologically and also differed in electrophoretic mobility. Chemically, they had the same RNA content and hypochromicity, and similar nucleotide composition, but the amino acid composition of their coat proteins differed markedly, especially in the contents of alanine, aspartic acid, leucine, proline, and valine. Amino acid content and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated molecular weights for the protein subunits of about 28,500–30,000 daltons.
Investigating image usage and tacit knowledge sharing in online communities

The most influential role of the internet today is bringing people together to share experiences and advices. Since experience sharing is a primary source of tacit knowledge, it is possible that online communities’ users from around the world are sharing their tacit knowledge while they are revealing their personal experiences and giving advices. This study investigates how online community users use images to share their tacit knowledge. The results from this study suggests that image usage can assist online community users in tacit knowledge sharing by helping these users share knowledge that is difficult to communicate, problematic, and contextual easier.
A geochemical perspective and assessment of leakage potential for a mature carbon dioxide–enhanced oil recovery project and as a prototype for carbon dioxide sequestration; Rangely field, Colorado

Measurements of CO2 and CH4 soil gas concentrations and gas exchange with the atmosphere at a large-scale CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operation at Rangely, Colorado, United States allowed assessment of the microseepage potential. Shallow and deep soil gas concentrations and direct transport of CO2 and CH4, complemented by carbon isotopes, have demonstrated an estimated microseepage rate to the atmosphere of approximately 400 t CH4/yr from the 78-km2 area of the Rangely field. Preliminary estimates of deep-sourced CO2 losses are in the range of 170 to less than 3800 t/yr. Several holes as much as 9 m deep for nested sampling of gas composition, stable carbon isotopic ratios for CO2 and CH4, and carbon-14 measurements on CO2 indicate that deep-sourced CO2 microseepage loss was detected. Methanotrophic oxidation of microseeping CH4 to CO2 in soils demonstrates significant contribution to soil gas CO2 in high CH4 flux areas, necessitating a revision of the estimated direct CO2 microseepage rate to less than 170 t/yr over the Rangely field.An evaluation of produced water quality from pre-CO2-EOR to 1999 demonstrates an increase in some parameters, particularly of Ca2+ and HCO3, indicating dissolution of ferroan calcite and ferroan dolomite in the Weber Formation. Inverse computer modeling suggested carbonate mineral sequestration was possible within the constraints of evolution of produced water quality. X-ray analyses of well scales, however, do not support the presence of significant mineral sequestration. Instead, modeling indicates that the bulk of the CO2 that has been injected since 1986 is sequestered as dissolved CO2.
An analysis of Miranda warnings and waivers: Comprehension and coverage.

Miranda warnings enshrine the constitutional rights of custodial suspects against self-incrimination. However, the wording and sentence complexity of Miranda warnings and waivers vary dramatically from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. This study is the first extensive investigation of Miranda warning variations examining 560 Miranda warnings from across the United States. With Flesch-Kincaid reading comprehension as a useful metric, Miranda warnings varied from very simple comprehension (i.e., grade 2.8) to requiring postgraduate education. Miranda warnings are composed of five components (e.g., silence and evidence against you); marked variations were also observed in the comprehensibility of individual components. On average, the Miranda warning component on "continuing rights" requires a reading comprehension level six grades higher than the comparatively simple expression of the right to silence. Similar analyses were conducted on Miranda waivers. The content of these warnings differed on such issues as communicating (a) when access to an attorney would be granted (e.g., 45.9% specified only "during questioning") and (b) explicitly that indigent legal services were free (e.g., 31.8% directly informed suspects). Finally, the study identified representative Miranda components at different levels of reading comprehension as a template for further research.
A general model for statistical analysis using fuzzy sets: Sufficient conditions for identifiability and statistical properties

Abstract Fuzzy sets and fuzzy state modeling require modifications of fundamental principles of statistical estimation and inference. These modifications trade increased computational effort for greater generality of data representation. For example, multivariate discrete response data of high (but finite) dimensionality present the problem of analyzing large numbers of cells with low event counts due to finite sample size. It would be useful to have a model based on an invariant metric to represent such data parsimoniously with a latent “smoothed” or low dimensional parametric structure. Determining the parameterization of such a model is difficult since multivariate normality (i.e., that all significant information is represented in the second order moments matrix), an assumption often used in fitting the most common types of latent variable models, is not appropriate. We present a fuzzy set model to analyze high dimensional categorical data where a metric for grades of membership in fuzzy sets is determined by latent convex sets, within which moments up to order J of a discrete distribution can be represented. The model, based on a fuzzy set parameterization, can be shown, using theorems on convex polytopes [1], to be dependent on only the enclosing linear space of the convex set. It is otherwise measure invariant. We discuss the geometry of the model's parameter space, the relation of the convex structure of model parameters to the dual nature of the case and variable spaces, how that duality relates to describing fuzzy set spaces, and modified principles of estimation.
Magneto-optical current sensing for applications in integrated power electronics modules

We investigated the potential of using rare-earth ion Garnets, a type of magneto-optical (M-O) material, to sense magnetic field and thus currents in integrated power electronics modules (IPEMs). Firstly, we characterized the M-O materials by determining their Verdet constants, absorption coefficients, and M-O figure-of-merits (FOMs). Then dc and ac current sensing setups were specially designed and built and the characterized M-O materials were attached into a power module to sense the local magnetic field. The best location for the M-O materials was found by finite element modeling (FEM) of electromagnetic field distribution in the module. The dc current sensing results match well with both direct measurements and FEM results. In the ac current sensing, some issues on electromagnetic interference (EMI) were discussed and the sensing speed is tested up to 100 kHz. Finally, we provided miniaturizing designs for future integration and packaging of the M-O current sensors in IPEMs.
Growth and characterization of GaAs alloyed with In and P

Abstract Indium- and phosphorus-alloyed GaAs crystals were grown by the liquid encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) method. Phosphorus was found to complement indium, which has relatively low concentration at the seed end, in providing the lattice hardening. the dislocation density was low even at the seed end of the crystals. Lattice-matched wafers exhibited near zero band gap shift in the crystal where the ratio of phosphorus to indium ranged from 1 to 1.3. The distribution coefficient of phosphorus was determined to be 3.0±0.3 for the two crystals grown at 2 and 4 mm/h. The crystals exhibited high room-temperature electron mobility of 000 cm2/V·s and resistivities ranging from low 107 to low 108 ω cm. Temperature-dependent Hall measurements revealed no extraneous levels attributable to indium or phosphorus in the band gap.