cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crustal deformation and the seismic cycle across the Kodiak Islands, Alaska

The Kodiak Islands are located approximately 120 to 250 km from the Alaska-Aleutian Trench - and are within the southern extent of the 1964 Prince William Sound (M(sub w) = 9.2) earthquake rupture zone. Here we report new campaign GPS results (1993-2001) from northern Kodiak Island. The rate and orientation of the horizontal velocities, relative to a fixed North America, range from 25.3 plus or minus 1.4 mm/yr at N32.9 deg. W plus or minus 2.5 to 8.5 plus or minus 1.0 mm/yr at N59.7 deg. W plus or minus 6.5 deg. In addition to the northern Kodiak data, we analyzed data from three southern Kodiak Island stations. The inland stations from both the northern and southern networks indicate a counterclockwise rotation of the velocity vectors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the difference between the Pacific-North American plate motion and the orientation of the down going slab would lead to 4-8 mm/yr of left-lateral slip above the unlocked, down-dip portion of the main thrust zone. The northern and southern Kodiak geodetic data are consistent with a model that includes the viscoelastic response to (1) a downgoing Pacific plate interface that is locked at shallow depths, (2) local coseismic slip in the 1964 earthquake, and (3) interseismic creep down dip from the seismogenic zone. Based on the pre-1964 and post-1944 earthquake history, as well as the pattern of interseismic earthquakes across the plate boundary zone, we hypothesize that in southern Kodiak some strain is released in moderate to large earthquakes between the occurrences of great earthquakes like the 1964 event.
AUTOMATIC GAIN-CONTROLLED AMPLIFIER FOR BEAM PROFILE MONITORS.

Abstract An amplifier for beam profile scanners of the moving-wire type has been developed in which light controlled resistors vary the gain so as to provide constant peak amplitude. The peak output signal is independent of the intercepted beam current over the range 4 × 10 −3 to 4 × 10 −10 A. The rms noise is less than 8 × 10 −12 A, and the rise time at maximum gain is 20 μsec. The control loop maintains approximately constant gain during a single scanner period, yet can change the gain over several decades in one second. At any given gain the amplifier response is linear. With this amplifier in operation, it is not necessary to change the gain manually, as the beam intensity varies over the range of beam currents commonly encountered with particle accelerators.
3D modeling of shock-induced trapping of solar energetic particles in the Earth's magnetosphere

Abstract The prompt trapping of solar energetic particles (SEPs) in the inner magnetosphere around L = 2 –2.5, including protons and heavier ions, has been observed at both the Cycle 22 and 23 solar maxima, in association with high-speed interplanetary shocks and storm sudden commencements (SSCs). Recent observations include the Bastille Day 2000 CME-driven storm as well as two in November 2001, which produced a long-lived new proton belt, as well as trapping of heavy ions up to Fe in all three cases. A survey of such events around the most recent solar maximum, including high altitude measurements from Polar and HEO satellites along with low altitude measurements from `the Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX)', indicates similarities to the well-studied March 24, 1991 SSC event. In this event, electrons and protons in drift resonance with a magnetosonic impulse were transported radially inward. A requirement for such shock-induced acceleration is a high-speed CME-shock at 1 AU, which launches a perturbation with comparable velocity inside the magnetosphere. Secondly, there must be a source population which is drift-resonant with the impulse. The CME-shock itself is a source of solar energetic particles, both protons and heavy ions, with higher fluxes and harder spectra associated with faster moving CMEs. Arrival of the interplanetary shock compresses and changes the magnetosphere topology, leading to a reduction of the geomagnetic cutoff, initially around L = 4 for SEP protons. This effect is modeled using a 3D Lorentz integration of SEP trajectories in electric and magnetic fields taken from the Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry (LFM) global MHD code, with solar wind input parameters taken from spacecraft measurements upstream from the bow shock, carried out for the November 24, 2001 SEP event. The results indicate that an enhancement in solar wind dynamic pressure for this event plays a role in the observed injection of ions to low L-values, to form a new proton belt which has lasted for more than 2 years.
Nation-Building through War

How do the outcomes of international wars affect domestic social change? In turn, how do changing patterns of social identification and domestic conflict affect a nation’s military capability? We propose a “second image reversed” theory of war that links structural variables, power politics, and the individuals that constitute states. Drawing on experimental results in social psychology, we recapture a lost building block of the classical realist theory of statecraft: the connections between the outcomes of international wars, patterns of social identification and domestic conflict, and the nation’s future war-fighting capability. When interstate war can significantly increase a state’s international status, peace is less likely to prevail in equilibrium because, by winning a war and raising the nation’s status, leaders induce individuals to identify nationally, thereby reducing internal conflict by increasing investments in state capacity. In certain settings, it is only through the anticipated social change that victory can generate that leaders can unify their nation, and the higher anticipated payoffs to national unification makes leaders fight international wars that they would otherwise choose not to fight. We use the case of German unification after the Franco-Prussian war to demonstrate the model’s value-added and illustrate the interaction between social identification, nationalism, state-building, and the power politics of interstate war.
Evidence on the Mean‐Reverting Tendencies of Closed‐End Fund Discounts

Closed-end fund (CEF) discounts vary widely over time due to changes in share price, net asset value (NAV), or both. Prior studies suggest discounts are mean-reverting. We examine the mean-reversion issue by employing cointegration procedures. Specifically, we identify bond and equity CEFs that exhibit stationary time-series properties and find statistically significant error correction terms that quantify the speed of mean reversion. The results indicate that mean reversion is caused by changes in both share price and NAVs. However, CEFs can only provide excess returns when the discount narrows due to share price increases.
The β-Heteroatom Effect on Carbenes

Abstract The β-thiophosphinoyl carbene PhCCH2P(S)Ph2 (5) has been prepared by irradiation of the corresponding diazo compound. The relative rates for insertion into the OH bond of methanol and for addition to the double bond of 2-methyl-2-butene indicate enhanced nucleophilic properties of the carbene, comparable to those of PhCCH2CH3. The unusual effect of increased nucleophilicity by an electron-withdrawing substituent probably results from hyperconjugative electron donation by the C-P bond, as recently documented for the same group in a carbocation. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Intrinsic thermocouple analysis using multinode unsteady surface element method

The intrinsic thermocouple problem has received considerable attention over the last two or three decades. The most common geometry for the intrinsic thermocouple problem is a semi-infinite cylinder (wire) attached perpendicularly to a semi-infinite solid (substrate). In this paper the transient thermal behavior of the interface between the thermocouple wire and the substrate due to step change in the substrate temperature is investigated using the multinode unsteady surface element (MUSE) method. The method uses Duhamel's integral and involves the inversion of a set of Volterra integral equations, one for each surface element. The solution is obtained for a wide range of dimensionless times. The results show excellent agreement between the present solution and the other existing solutions. Very high accuracy is attainable with a relatively small number of surface elements for the complete time domain. This feature makes the method superior to alternative numerical techniques such as finite difference or finite element that involve whole-body discretization.
Binary Phases of C60 and C70 Buckminsterfullerenes: An Electron Crystallographic Study

Binary combinations of the fullerenes C{sub 60} and C{sub 70}, in molar ratios spanning the concentration interval between the two pure components, were crystallized from dilute benzene solution to study their copacking in the solid state. From electron diffraction patterns, the hexagonal close packed structure was found to persist across the entire concentration interval, becoming more and more disordered when higher concentrations of C{sub 70} were present. The ordered face-centered cubic structure of C{sub 60}, with crystals oriented along [111], disappeared when C{sub 70} was present at a molar concentration somewhat above 0.40. At high C{sub 70} concentrations (including the pure material), electron diffraction patterns indicated that a new primitive cubic structure, with a unit cell spacing a=10.63 A, might be present, even though such a molecular packing should not be energetically favored. It is shown, however, that such patterns can be produced when initially solvated three-dimensional crystals collapse to form a randomly displaced packing (shear direction: [110]) of primitive square lattice layers as the solvent is rapidly evaporated. The disordered structure is, therefore, a distortion of the C{sub 70} fcc crystal structure oriented along [001]. 39 refs., 4 figs., 2 tabs.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children: A Medical Update

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life-threatening disease characterized by a progressive pulmonary vasculopathy with ensuing right heart failure if left untreated. In the 1980’s, prior to the current treatment era, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) carried a poor prognosis with a 10 month median survival for children after diagnosis. However, in 1995 continuous intravenous epoprostenol was approved for the treatment of severe PAH, improving hemodynamics, quality of life, exercise capacity, functional class and survival. In the past decade there have been further advances in the treatment of PAH; however, there is still no cure. While much of the groundbreaking clinical research has been performed in adults, children have also seen the benefits of PAH novel therapies. The target population among pediatric patients is expanding with the recent recognition of pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for sickle cell disease patients. With rapid advances, navigating the literature becomes challenging. A comprehensive review of the most recent literature over the past year on available and emerging novel therapies as well as an approach to target pediatric populations provides insights into the management of pediatric PAH patients.
Monomial complete intersections, the weak Lefschetz property and plane partitions

We characterize the monomial complete intersections in three variables satisfying the Weak Lefschetz Property (WLP), as a function of the characteristic of the base field. Our result presents a surprising, and still combinatorially obscure, connection with the enumeration of plane partitions. It turns out that the rational primes p dividing the number, M(a,b,c), of plane partitions contained inside an arbitrary box of given sides a,b,c are precisely those for which a suitable monomial complete intersection (explicitly constructed as a bijective function of a,b,c) fails to have the WLP in characteristic p. We wonder how powerful can be this connection between combinatorial commutative algebra and partition theory. We present a first result in this direction, by deducing, using our algebraic techniques for the WLP, some explicit information on the rational primes dividing M(a,b,c).
In Situ Measurement of Solar Pond Density Profiles

The stability of a solar pond is critically dependent upon the maintenance of a suitable vertical density gradient, but rapid, inexpensive methods of profiling the density gradient do not presently exist. A method for obtaining in situ density profiles through measurement of hydrostatic pressure differential is described and investigated. Design parameters and experimental results are presented for a prototype instrument.
SELF-DUALITY AND N=2 STRING MAGIC

We consider strings with an N=2 local superconformal symmetry on the worldsheet. The critical dimension for this theory is four (two complex dimensions) with the signature (2, 2). A Kahler function giving rise to self-dual gravity is the only physical degree of freedom of this theory. Some miraculous symmetries are observed corresponding to the exchange of worldsheet and target moduli. The open and heterotic versions of this string theory correspond to self-dual Yang-Mills fields coupled to self-dual gravity in four dimensions.
Anionic cyclization of olefinic alkyllithiums: ring closure of terminally substituted 5-hexenyllithiums.

Abstract A series of 5-hexenyllithiums having a phenyl, trimethylsilyl, or cyclopropyl substituent at the terminal [C(6)] alkene carbon have been prepared from the corresponding iodides by lithium-iodine exchange with t-butyllithium at −78 °C. Although 6-alkyl-substituted 5-hexenyllithiums do not isomerize to five-membered rings upon warming, terminally substituted 5-hexenyllithiums bearing a moderately activating phenyl or trimethylsilyl group cleanly undergo a totally regiospecific 5-exo cyclization at sub-ambient temperatures to afford five membered rings bearing a CHRLi moiety that may be trapped with an electrophile to deliver high yields of functionalized product. Cyclization of 6-cyclopropyl-5-hexenyllithium is accompanied by ring opening of the three-membered ring.
The synthesis and evaluation of 6-alkylidene-2'β-substituted penam sulfones as β-lactamase inhibitors

Penicillin sulfones, which structurally incorporate both a 6-position alkylidene substituent and a 2'β substituent, have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of class C and class A serine β-lactamases. Incorporation of the 2'β-substituent generally improves inhibitory activity. Substituents that improve transport across the bacterial cell membrane have also been incorporated.
Empirical Implementation of Nonparametric First-Price Auction Models

Abstract Nonparametric estimators provide a flexible means of uncovering salient features of auction data. Although these estimators are popular in the literature, many key features necessary for proper implementation have yet to be uncovered. Here we provide several suggestions for nonparametric estimation of first-price auction models. Specifically, we show how to impose monotonicity of the equilibrium bidding strategy; a key property of structural auction models not guaranteed in standard nonparametric estimation. We further develop methods for automatic bandwidth selection. Finally, we discuss how to impose monotonicity in auctions with differing numbers of bidders, reserve prices, and auction-specific characteristics. Finite sample performance is examined using simulated data as well as experimental auction data.
Crystalline chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll

Abstract Simple directions are given for the preparation of gram batches of pure crystalline chlorophyll a and b and bacteriochlorophyll. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples prove their crystalline nature. Presence of water in the crystallizing solvent is the most important factor in crystallization. A shift of the red absorption band toward longer wavelengths by about 80 and 90 mμ accompanies the crystallization of chlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll, respectively. An analogous shift was previously described for crystalline alkyl chlorophyllides and bacteriochlorophyllides. Spectroscopic measurements show that the crystalline pigment preparations are unchanged after 6 months' storage at room temperature. Two types of chlorophyll surface layers have been observed, of “compressed gas” and “crystalline” type, respectively, showing, when picked up on glass, absorption bands at 675 and 735 mμ, respectively.
Facial rejuvenation techniques

The purpose of this paper is to review my personal approach to rhytidectomy, including endoscopic techniques as well as resurfacing of the fine wrinkling of sun-damaged, aged skin.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: A potential option for congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels

The use of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with QRS prolongation (left-sided interventricular conduction delay) and symptomatic (New York Heart Association class III and IV) heart failure despite optimal medical therapy is well established. This case report describes the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy to treat symptomatic congestive heart failure in 2 patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great vessels.
The chemical biology of modular biosynthetic enzymes

Fatty acid synthase (FAS), polyketide synthase (PKS), and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) modular biosynthetic enzymes are responsible for the production of a multitude of structurally diverse and biologically important small molecule natural products. Traditional biochemical and genetic studies of these enzymes have contributed substantially to the understanding of their underlying biosynthetic mechanisms. More recently these investigations have been aided by the skillful application of a combination of chemical and biological techniques to aid in overcoming the unique challenges associated with the enzymology of these large multifunctional enzymes. This critical review provides a historical context and details studies (through July 2008) which aim to identify and characterize these enzymes using synthetically and/or chemoenzymatically generated small molecule probes (233 references).
Holographically corrected telescope for high-bandwidth optical communications.

We present a design for an optical data communications receiver–transmitter pair based on the holographic correction of a large diameter, poor-quality, reflecting primary mirror. The telescope has a narrow bandwidth (<0.1 nm) with good signal frequency isolation (>60 dB) and is scalable to meter-class apertures. We demonstrate the correction of a reflector telescope with over 2000 waves of aberration to diffraction-limited operation, capable of handling data transmission rates up to 100 GHz.
Hierarchical galaxy formation and substructure in the Galaxy's stellar halo

We develop an explicit model for the formation of the stellar halo from tidally disrupted, accreted dwarf satellites in the cold dark matter (CDM) framework, focusing on predictions testable with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and other wide-field surveys. Subhalo accretion and orbital evolution are calculated using a semianalytic approach based on the extended Press-Schechter formalism. Motivated by our previous work, we assume that low-mass subhalos (vc < 30 km s-1) form significant populations of stars only if they accreted a substantial fraction of their mass before the epoch of reionization. With this assumption, the model reproduces the observed velocity function of galactic satellites in the Local Group, solving the "dwarf satellite problem" without modifying the basic tenets of the popular Λ + CDM cosmological scenario. The tidally disrupted satellites in this model yield a stellar distribution whose total mass and radial density profile are consistent with those observed for the Milky Way stellar halo. Most significantly, the model predicts the presence of many large-scale, coherent substructures in the outer halo. These substructures are remnants of individual tidally disrupted dwarf satellite galaxies. Substructure is more pronounced at large galactocentric radii because of the smaller number density of tidal streams and the longer orbital times. This model provides a natural explanation for the coherent structures in the outer stellar halo found in the SDSS commissioning data, and it predicts that many more such structures should be found as the survey covers more of the sky. The detection (or nondetection) and characterization of such structures could eventually test variants of the CDM scenario, especially those that aim to solve the dwarf satellite problem by enhancing satellite disruption.
The Hot Gas Halos of Galaxies in Groups

We use Chandra observations of 13 nearby groups of galaxies to investigate the hot gas content of their member galaxies. We find that a large fraction of near-IR-bright, early-type galaxies in groups have extended X-ray emission, indicating that they retain significant hot gas halos even in these dense environments. In particular, we detect hot gas halos in ~80% of -->LK > L* galaxies. We do not find a significant difference in the LK-LX relation for detected group and cluster early-type galaxies. However, we detect X-ray emission from a significantly higher fraction of galaxies brighter than -->L* in groups compared to clusters, indicating that a larger fraction of galaxies in clusters experience significant stripping of their hot gas. In addition, group and cluster galaxies appear to be X-ray-faint compared to field galaxies, although a Chandra-based field sample is needed to confirm this result. The near-IR-bright late-type galaxies in clusters and groups appear to follow the LK-LX relation for early-type galaxies, while near-IR-fainter late-type galaxies are significantly more X-ray luminous than this relation likely due to star formation. Finally, we find individual examples of ongoing gas stripping of group galaxies. One galaxy shows a 40-50 kpc X-ray tail, and two merging galaxy systems show tidal bridges/tails of X-ray emission. Therefore, stripping of hot galactic gas through both ram pressure and tidal forces does occur in groups and clusters, but the frequency or efficiency of such events must be moderate enough to allow hot gas halos in a large fraction of bright galaxies to survive even in group and cluster cores.
Sensitivity to the KARMEN timing anomaly at MiniBooNE

We present sensitivities for the MiniBooNE experiment to a rare exotic pion decay producing a massive particle, Q^0. This type of decay represents one possible explanation for the timing anomaly reported by the KARMEN collaboration. MiniBooNE will be able to explore an area of the KARMEN signal that has not yet been investigated.
On certain enumeration problems in two-dimensional topology

We announce a solution to several enumeration problems in topology of surfaces. This includes an enumeration of homotopy classes of sections of locally trivial fiber bundles over surfaces and a computation of non-abelian 1-cohomology of surfaces.
The multi‐steering N‐trailer system: A case study of goursat normal forms and prolongations

In this paper, wheeled mobile robots towing trailers are used as examples of systems which can be converted into extended Goursat normal form. For some configurations of this class of systems, a prolongation of the Pfaffian system is necessary before the Goursat form can be achieved. The advantage of the Goursat form is that once the kinetic constraints are in this normal form, the point-to-point path planning problem can be solved in a straightforward way.
The complexity of minimum convex coloring

A coloring of the vertices of a graph is called convex if each subgraph induced by all vertices of the same color is connected. We consider three variants of recoloring a colored graph with minimal cost such that the resulting coloring is convex. Two variants of the problem are shown to be NP-hard on trees even if in the initial coloring each color is used to color only a bounded number of vertices. For graphs of bounded treewidth, we present a polynomial-time (2+@e)-approximation algorithm for these two variants and a polynomial-time algorithm for the third variant. Our results also show that, unless NP@?DTIME(n^O^(^l^o^g^l^o^g^n^)), there is no polynomial-time approximation algorithm with a ratio of size (1-o(1))lnlnN for the following problem: given pairs of vertices in an undirected N-vertex graph of bounded treewidth, determine the minimal possible number l for which all except l pairs can be connected by disjoint paths.
A family of non-isomorphism results

We calculate the local groups of germs associated with the higher dimensional R. Thompson groups nV .F or ag ivenn ∈ N ∪ {ω}, these groups of germs are free abelian groups of rank r ,f orr ≤ n (there are some groups of germs associated with nV with rank precisely k for each index 1 ≤ k ≤ n). By Rubin's theorem, any conjectured isomorphism between higher dimensional R. Thompson groups induces an isomorphism between associ- ated groups of germs. Thus, if m �= n the groups mV and nV cannot be isomorphic. This answers a question of Brin.
Topological insulators in three dimensions.

We study three-dimensional generalizations of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect. Unlike two dimensions, where a single ${Z}_{2}$ topological invariant governs the effect, in three dimensions there are 4 invariants distinguishing 16 phases with two general classes: weak (WTI) and strong (STI) topological insulators. The WTI are like layered 2D QSH states, but are destroyed by disorder. The STI are robust and lead to novel ``topological metal'' surface states. We introduce a tight binding model which realizes the WTI and STI phases, and we discuss its relevance to real materials, including bismuth.
Multi-component KdV hierarchy, V -algebra and non-Abelian toda theory

We prove the recently conjectured relation between the 2 × 2-matrix differential operatorL = ∂2 −U and a certain nonlinear and nonlocal Poisson bracket algebra (V-algebra), containing a Virasoro subalgebra, which appeared in the study of a non-Abelian Toda field theory. In particular, we show that thisV-algebra is precisely given by the second Gelfand-Dikii bracket associated withL. The Miura transformation that relates the second to the first Gelfand-Dikii bracket is given. The two Gelfand-Dikii brackets are also obtained from the associated (integro-) differential equation satisfied by fermion bilinears. The asymptotic expansion of the resolvent of (L -ζ)Ψ = 0 is studied and its coefficientsR l yield an infinite sequence of Hamiltonians with mutually vanishing Poisson brackets. We recall how this leads to a matrix KdV hierarchy, which here are flow equations for the three component fieldsT,V +,V − ofU. ForV ± = 0, they reduce to the ordinary KdV hierarchy. The corresponding matrix mKdV equations are also given, as well as the relation to the pseudo-differential operator approach. Most of the results continue to hold ifU is a Hermitiann ×n matrix. Conjectures are made aboutn ×n-matrix,mth-order differential operatorsL and associatedV (n,m)-algebras.
Non-parametric tests of real exchange rates in the post-Bretton Woods era

This paper examines the mean-reverting property of real exchange rates. Earlier studies have generally not been able to reject the null hypothesis of a unit-root in real exchange rates, especially for the post-Bretton Woods floating period. The results imply that long-run purchasing power parity does not hold. More recent studies, especially those using panel unit-root tests or nonlinear time series models, have found more favorable results, however. But the results from these recent studies are far from conclusive. Consistent individual country time series evidence that supports long-run purchasing power parity continues to be scarce. In this paper, we test for long memory using (Lo’s in Econometrica 59:1279–1313, 1991) the modified rescaled range test, and the rescaled variance test of Giraitis et al. (J Econ 112:265–294, 2003a). Our testing procedure provides a non-parametric alternative to the parametric tests commonly used in this literature. Our data set consists of monthly observations from April 1973 to April 2001 of the G-6 countries (excluding the US) in the OECD. Using the modified rescaled range test, we find only 2 cases out of 15 where the null hypothesis of a unit-root with short-term dependence could be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis of long-term dependence and none using the rescaled variance test. Our results therefore do not provide strong empirical support for the stationarity of real exchange rates.
Synthesis of diquino [2,3-a: 2'3'-c] acridine- 6,12,18(5H,14H,17H)trione(triquinolonobenzene)

Abstract The synthesis of triquinolonobenzene from 1,3,5-tribromobenzene and anthranilic acid is described. In contrast to the organic pigment quinacridone, the new compound is colorless, in accord with theoretical considerations.
Models for patch-based image restoration

We present a supervised learning approach for object-category specific restoration, recognition, and segmentation of images which are blurred using an unknown kernel. The novelty of this work is a multilayer graphical model which unifies the low-level vision task of restoration and the high-level vision task of recognition in a cooperative framework. The graphical model is an interconnected two-layer Markov random field. The restoration layer accounts for the compatibility between sharp and blurred images and models the association between adjacent patches in the sharp image. The recognition layer encodes the entity class and its location in the underlying scene. The potentials are represented using nonparametric kernel densities and are learnt from training data. Inference is performed using nonparametric belief propagation. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our model for the restoration and recognition of blurred license plates as well as face images.
Karhunen-Loève Decomposition of Extensive Chaos

We show that the number of KLD (Karhunen-Lo\`eve decomposition) modes ${D}_{\mathrm{KLD}}$ needed to capture a fraction $f$ of the total variance of an extensively chaotic state scales extensively with subsystem volume $V$. This allows a correlation length ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{KLD}}$ to be defined that is easily calculated from spatially localized data. We show that ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{\mathrm{KLD}}$ has a parametric dependence similar to that of the dimension correlation length and demonstrate that this length can be used to characterize high-dimensional inhomogeneous spatiotemporal chaos.
Sympathetic cardioneuropathy in dysautonomias.

Background The classification of dysautonomias has been confusing, and the pathophysiology obscure. We examined sympathetic innervation of the heart in patients with acquired, idiopathic dysautonomias using thoracic positron-emission tomography and assessments of the entry rate of the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine into the cardiac venous drainage (cardiac norepinephrine spillover). We related the laboratory findings to signs of sympathetic neurocirculatory failure (orthostatic hypotension and abnormal blood-pressure responses associated with the Valsalva maneuver), central neural degeneration, and responsiveness to treatment with levodopa–carbidopa (Sinemet). Methods Cardiac scans were obtained after intravenous administration of 6-[18F]fluorodopamine in 26 patients with dysautonomia. Fourteen had sympathetic neurocirculatory failure — three with no signs of central neurodegeneration (pure autonomic failure), two with parkinsonism responsive to treatment with levodopa–carbidopa, and nine wit...
Landmark-based shape recognition by a modified Hopfield neural network

Abstract A new method to recognize partially visible two-dimensional objects by means of a modified Hopfield neural network is introduced. Each object is represented by a set of “landmarks”, and thus such an approach is referred to as landmark-based shape recognition. The landmarks of an object are points of interest relative to the object that have important shape attributes. Given a scene consisting of partially visible objects, a model object in the scene is determined by how well the model landmarks are matched to those in the scene. A local shape measure, known as the sphericity, is used to measure the similarity between two landmarks. The hypothesis of a model object in a scene is made by matching the model landmarks with the scene landmarks. The landmark matching task is performed by a modified Hopfield neural network. The location of the model in the scene is estimated by a least squares fit among the matched landmarks. The hypothesis is finally verified by a heuristic measure. The convergence of the modified Hopfield neural network is proven, and the robustness of the approach has been experimentally demonstrated.
The Power of Numbers: A Critical Review of Millennium Development Goal Targets for Human Development and Human Rights

AbstractThe Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were heralded as opening a new chapter in international development, and have led to the use of global goals and target-setting as a central instrument defining the international development agenda. Despite this increased importance, little is understood about how they influence policy priorities of key stakeholders, and their broader consequences. While quantification is the key strength of global goals, it also involves simplification, reification and abstraction, which have far-reaching implications for redefining priorities. This paper highlights the key findings and conclusions of the Power of Numbers Project, which undertook 11 case studies of the effects of selected MDG goals/targets, including both the empirical effects on policy priorities and normative effects on development discourses, and drew specifically on human rights principles and human development priorities. While the Project found that the effects varied considerably from one goal/target...
Evidence for Quasar Activity Triggered by Galaxy Mergers in HST Observations of Dust-reddened Quasars

We present Hubble Space Telescope ACS images of 13 dust-reddened type 1 quasars selected from the FIRST/2MASS Red Quasar Survey. These quasars have high intrinsic luminosities after correction for dust obscuration (–23.5 ≥ M_B ≥ − 26.2 from K-magnitude). The images show strong evidence of recent or ongoing interaction in 11 of the 13 cases, even before the quasar nucleus is subtracted. None of the host galaxies are well fit by a simple elliptical profile. The fraction of quasars showing interaction is significantly higher than the 30% seen in samples of host galaxies of normal, unobscured quasars. There is a weak correlation between the amount of dust reddening and the magnitude of interaction in the host galaxy, measured using the Gini coefficient and the concentration index. Although few host galaxy studies of normal quasars are matched to ours in intrinsic quasar luminosity, no evidence has been found for a strong dependence of merger activity on host luminosity in samples of the host galaxies of normal quasars. We thus believe that the high merger fraction in our sample is related to their obscured nature, with a significant amount of reddening occurring in the host galaxy. The red quasar phenomenon seems to have an evolutionary explanation, with the young quasar spending the early part of its lifetime enshrouded in an interacting galaxy. This might be further indication of a link between AGNs and starburst galaxies.
Hadronic molecules and scattering amplitudes from the nonrelativistic quark model

This report summarizes recent calculations of low-energy hadron-hadron scattering amplitudes in the nonrelativistic quark potential model, which assume that the scattering mechanism is a single interaction (usually OGE) followed by constituent interchange. We refer to the scattering diagrams as «quark Born diagrams». For the cases chosen to isolate this mechanism,I=2ππ,I=3/2 Kπ, KN andNN, the results are usually in good agreement with experimentalS-wave scattering amplitudes given standard potential- model parameters. These calculations also lead to predictions of vector-vector bound states, one of which may be the ϑ(1710). This assignment can be tested by searches for\(K\bar K\pi \pi \) and φπ0γ decay modes of the ϑ(1710).
Enhancement of low mass dileptons in SPS heavy ion collisions: Possible evidence for dropping rho meson mass in-medium

Abstract Dilepton production in proton- and nucleus-induced reactions at SPS energies is studied in the relativistic transport model using initial conditions determined by the string dynamics from RQMD. It is found that both the CERES and HELIOS-3 data for dilepton spectra in proton-nucleus reactions can be well described by the conventional mechanism of Dalitz decay observed dilepton spectra in central S+Au and S+W collisions requires contributions other than these direct decays. Introducing a decrease of vector meson masses in hot dense medium, we find that these heavy-ion data can also be satisfactorily explained. We also give predictions for Pb+Au collisions at 160 GeV/nucleon using current CERES mass resolution and acceptance.
Microstructural Changes During Heat Treatment of Sintered Al2O3

Samples of both high-purity and Mg-doped Al2O3 sintered in H2, N2, O2, or vacuum were annealed at 1650° to 1850°C for times up to 64 h. In pore-free systems, grain growth is limited by the mobility of Mg-rich second-phase inclusions; in samples annealed in H2, grain growth is limited by pore dragging with a transition toward limitation by solid-inclusion dragging at high dopant levels; in samples annealed in N2 and O2, grain growth is characterized by a transition from an “anchoring effect” of the pores toward a combination of pore dragging by and unpinning from the grain boundaries. Time-dependence of grain growth is insufficient to determine the mechanisms and provide an adequate foundation for model-based calculations. Observations of microstructure and its change with time, together with the rate of grain growth as a function of composition, allow elimination of alternate hypotheses and determination of the process which controls the rate of grain growth and change in pore size.
Race, gender, and survivalist entrepreneurship in large northern cities during the Great Depression

Abstract In times of widespread joblessness, displaced workers often become self-employed, in order to survive economically. Applying the theory of survivalist entrepreneurship, this article examines racial and gender differences in the relationship between unemployment and self-employment, analyzing census data on northern U.S. cities during the Great Depression. The results show that, consistent with the theory, the entrepreneurial response to long-term joblessness varied by race and gender. White men, the most resource-advantaged group, reacted by becoming self-employed retailers in the mainstream economy. Yet, Non-white women, the most resource-disadvantaged group, responded by becoming self-employed in the personal services sector of the informal economy, where resource deprivation did not impede their entrepreneurial efforts.
Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity during endotoxemia.

Background Gastrointestinal myoelectric activity during postoperative ileus has been well characterized. However, the common clinical scenario of ileus occurring during and after episodes of sepsis is not well understood. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of a single, sublethal dose of endotoxin on canine gastrointestinal myoelectric activity. Methods Eight dogs underwent placement of serosal electrodes on the stomach and small intestine and insertion of a jejunal cannula. After the animals recovered, electrical activity and jejunal mucosal blood flow were determined during fasting and with feeding. Following completion of these baseline studies dogs were given a single, sublethal dose of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (200 g/kg) intravenously, and the studies were repeated daily for 3 consecutive days. Results Endotoxin resulted in an absence of the interdigestive migrating myoelectric complex for 2 days, a decrease in duodenal and jejunal action potentials during fasting and with feeding, but no decreases in jejunal mucosal blood flow. The gastrointestinal myoelectrical patterns returned to those found in health on postendotoxin day 3. Conclusions A single, sublethal dose of endotoxin results in a temporary disruption of gastrointestinal myoelectric activity similar to that seen during postoperative ileus. The etiology of this “adynamic” ileus is unknown but does not appear to be secondary to intestinal ischemia.
Administration as ritual

Public administration as an activity possesses in large degree the formal attributes of secular collective ritual, e.g., repetition, role playing, stylization, order, staging, and creation of meaning. Three types of administrative ritual can be identified: explicit rites, such as ceremonies and regularized events; formalistic processes, like budgeting and auditing; and expressive programs, exemplified by anti-drug campaigns and rural free delivery. Rituals constructed inside organizations tend to use specialized language and involve active participation; those directed to outsiders employ lay language and dramatic forms. Ritual in administration is unavoidable, and it affects different observers differently. If excessively compelling, it could be dangerous, but within proper constraints it helps to state collective purpose and reinforces common bonds. Administration can be understood, at least in substantial part, as ritual. It is argued here that a ritualistic interpretation of administrative life provid...
Transfer function modeling of damping mechanisms in distributed parameter models

This work formulates a method for the modeling of material damping characteristics in distributed parameter models which may be easily applied to models such as rod, plate, and beam equations. The general linear boundary value vibration equation is modified to incorporate hysteresis effects represented by complex stiffness using the transfer function approach proposed by Golla and Hughes. The governing characteristic equations are decoupled through separation of variables yielding solutions similar to those of undamped classical theory, allowing solution of the steady state as well as transient response. Example problems and solutions are provided demonstrating the similarity of the solutions to those of the classical theories and transient responses of nonviscous systems.
Additivity in the Analysis and Design of HIV Protease Inhibitors

We explore the applicability of an additive treatment of substituent effects to the analysis and design of HIV protease inhibitors. Affinity data for a set of inhibitors with a common chemical framework were analyzed to provide estimates of the free energy contribution of each chemical substituent. These estimates were then used to design new inhibitors whose high affinities were confirmed by synthesis and experimental testing. Derivations of additive models by least-squares and ridge-regression methods were found to yield statistically similar results. The additivity approach was also compared with standard molecular descriptor-based QSAR; the latter was not found to provide superior predictions. Crystallographic studies of HIV protease−inhibitor complexes help explain the perhaps surprisingly high degree of substituent additivity in this system, and allow some of the additivity coefficients to be rationalized on a structural basis.
A niobaziridine hydride system for white phosphorus or dinitrogen activation and N- or P-atom transfer

This short review describes a breakthrough embodied by the synthesis of a niobaziridine hydride complex. This reactive entity reacts directly with white phosphorus to provide a bridging diphosphorus diniobium complex that upon reduction splits to afford a terminal niobium phosphide anion, isolated as its sodium salt. Reactions of the latter with acid chlorides constitute a new synthesis of phosphaalkynes, while treatment with chlorodiorganophosphanes leads to complexed 1,1-diorganophosphanylphosphinidene systems. Additionally, reactions of the sodium salt of the niobium phosphide anion with divalent main group element salts (E = Ge, Sn, or Pb) provide complexed triatomic EP2 triangles. Dinitrogen cleavage was realized via reduction of a heterodinuclear niobium/molybdenum dinitrogen complex, and this provided an entry to a nitrogen-15 labeled terminal nitride anion of niobium as its sodium salt. In a fashion analogous to the aforementioned phosphaalkyne synthesis, acid chlorides are transformed upon reaction with the niobium nitride anion into corresponding nitrogen-15 labeled organic nitriles. Complete synthetic cycles are achieved in both the phosphaalkyne and the organic nitrile syntheses, as the oxoniobium(V) byproduct can be recycled in high yield to the title niobaziridine hydride complex.
An efficient synthesis of cobactin T, a key component of the mycobactin class of siderophores

Abstract N α -Cbz-L-lysine t -butyl ester was oxidized by dimethyldioxirane to give nitrone 8c , which was converted to azopine derivative 15 . Subsequent coupling and deprotection reactions afforded an efficient synthesis of cobactin T ( 19 ).
The elastic properties of monoclinic ZrO2

Abstract We have made ultrasonic and Brillouin scattering measurements at ambient temperature on small single crystals of monoclinic ZrO2. Using these data, we have established various features of the angular anisotropy in the acoustic longitudinal wave and shear wave velocities, and we have computed the elastic stiffness and compliance moduli. We observe shallow minima in the transverse shear wave velocity in directions parallel to the a and c crystallographic axes. We anticipate that acoustic shear wave softening will be observed in these directions when measurements are made at temperatures close to the monoclinic-tetragonal transformation.
Convenient synthesis of optically active iron acyls

Abstract The synthesis of iron acyls derived from CP(CO)2FeNa which incorporate optically active α amino acids is described.
Optimal Doppler Centroid Estimation for SAR Data from a Quasi-Homogeneous Source

In synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signal processing, an accurate Doppler centroid is required for most applications involving target motion estimation and antenna pointing direction estimation. In some cases the Doppler centroid can be sufficiently determined using available information regarding the terrain topography, the relative motion between the sensor and the terrain, and the antenna pointing direction. But most often, a highly accurate Doppler centroid value has to be derived by analyzing the received SAR signal itself. This kind of signal processing is referred to as Doppler centroid estimation (DCE). This correspondence briefly describes two DCE algorithms, provides a performance summary for these algorithms, and presents the experimental results. These algorithms include a previously reported one and a newly developed one that is optimized for quasi-homogeneous sources. The performance enhancement achieved by the optimal DCE algorithm is clearly demonstrated by the experimental results.
Adaptable Structural Synthesis Using Advanced Analysis and Optimization Coupled by a Computer Operating System

A finite element program is linked with a general purpose optimization program in a 'programing system' which includes user supplied codes that contain problem dependent formulations of the design variables, objective function and constraints. The result is a system adaptable to a wide spectrum of structural optimization problems. In a sample of numerical examples, the design variables are the cross-sectional dimensions and the parameters of overall shape geometry, constraints are applied to stresses, displacements, buckling and vibration characteristics, and structural mass is the objective function. Thin-walled, built-up structures and frameworks are included in the sample. Details of the system organization and characteristics of the component programs are given.