cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of the Isopistonic Angle Using Masked Aperture Interferometry

The isopistonic angle is the angle over which the atmospheric piston can be considered constant. It is an important parameter for ground based optical interferometry, particularly in the context of phasing using guide stars. This angle is analogous to the isoplanatic angle, which is the angle over which an adaptive optics correction may be considered valid for a single aperture. While the isopistonic angle is well understood theoretically, there have been relatively few measurements of it as compared to the isoplanatic angle. We have used masked aperture interferometry on binary stars of various angular separations at the USNO Flagstaff astrometry telescope to measure the isopistonic angle. We report on our measurement methodology, data processing, and experimental results.
Entropy-Preserving and Entropy-Stable Relaxation IMEX and Multirate Time-Stepping Methods

We propose entropy-preserving and entropy-stable partitioned Runge-Kutta(RK) methods. In particular we develop entropy conditions for implicit-explicit methods and a class of second-order multirate methods. We extend relaxation ideas for explicit methods to partitioned RK methods. We show that the proposed methods support fully entropy-preserving and entropy-stability properties at a discrete level. Numerical results for ordinary differential equations and the Burgers equation are presented to demonstrate the behavior of these methods.
Ligase Chain Reaction for the Detection of Specific DNA Sequences and Point Mutations

DNA diagnostics is a new field that utilizes the techniques of molecular biology to identify and characterize the specific genetic material associated with genetic, neoplastic, and infectious diseases. DNA diagnostics grew out of the discoveries made possible using molecular cloning and DNA sequencing techniques beginning in the mid-1970s. Despite the availability of exquisitely specific reagents such as restriction endonucleases, synthetic oligonucleotides, and cloned DNA and cDNA probes, as well as technologies such as electrophoretic methods to fractionate DNA and novel DNA hybridization methods (Southern and Northern blots, dot blot, etc.), DNA diagnostic procedures were not immediately adopted by clinical laboratories. This failure was due in part to the long turnaround times, the lack of sensitivity, and the lack of reliable nonradioactive detection procedures.
Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages Active on Clostridium sporogenes.

Abstract Betz, John V. (St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, N.Y.), and Kenneth E. Anderson. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages active on Clostridium sporogenes. J. Bacteriol. 87:408–415. 1964.—Twelve bacteriophages active on the anaerobic species Clostridium sporogenes were studied. Four of these were isolated by the authors, and eight were obtained from L. S. McClung of Indiana University. The 12 phages studied could be distinguished into three groups on the basis of their plaque morphology, host range, receptor sites, and serological relationships. One group contained ten of the phages which were serologically related. These were separated into three subgroups on the basis of plaque morphology, host range, and receptor sites. The heat sensitivities of four phages were correlated with their classification in this scheme. Of 25 strains of C. sporogenes tested for lysogenicity, none was found to be lysogenic, but 9 produced bacteriocin-like substances and 20 were sensitive to one or more of these.
Incorporating the Operating Environment Into a Nonparametric Measure of Technical Efficiency

The ability of a production unit to transform inputs into outputs is influenced by its technical efficiency and external operating environment. This paper introduces a nonparametric, linear programming, frontier procedure for obtaining a measure of managerial efficiency that controls for exogenous features of the operating environment. The approach also provides statistical tests of the effects of external conditions on the efficient use of each individual input (for an input oriented model) or for each individual output (for an output oriented model). The procedure is illustrated for a sample of nursing homes.
The PROMISE Program Case Examples: From Get Tough to Solution Building

Building on the evidence-based solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT) approach, an innovative university and school district partnership has generated alternatives to suspension and arrests of at-risk youth. Previous policies emphasized a get-tough, zero-tolerance approach. The results of these policies were discouraging and especially detrimental to minority youth. Using university-based marriage and family therapy therapist interns trained in solution-focused techniques, the PROMISE program focuses on strengths and successes. Implemented in a large urban school district in the United States, the initial statistics show that the program has been more effective than the previous program utilizing get-tough policies. In the 2013–2014 academic year, the overall recidivism rate of suspended students decreased dramatically compared to the previous year. The percentage of students suspended within the same school year dropped from 50% in 2012–2013 academic year to 8% in the 2013–2014 academic year, with the PROMISE program in place. In this article we briefly describe the changes in school district policy and overall handling of at-risk youth and present three case examples to illustrate the SFBT part of the inter-vention. The success of the program illustrates the usefulness of solution-focused approaches, both with individual clients (the students) and with organizations (the entire school district).
Organization of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in star‐nosed moles

Somatosensory inputs from the face project to multiple regions of the trigeminal nuclear complex in the brainstem. In mice and rats, three subdivisions contain visible representations of the mystacial vibrissae, the principal sensory nucleus, spinal trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris, and subnucleus caudalis. These regions are considered important for touch with high spatial acuity, active touch, and pain and temperature sensation, respectively. Like mice and rats, the star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) is a somatosensory specialist. Given the visible star pattern in preparations of the star-nosed mole cortex and the principal sensory nucleus, we hypothesized there were star patterns in the spinal trigeminal nucleus subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis. In sections processed for cytochrome oxidase, we found star-like segmentation consisting of lightly stained septa separating darkly stained patches in subnucleus interpolaris (juvenile tissue) and subnucleus caudalis (juvenile and adult tissue). Subnucleus caudalis represented the face in a three-dimensional map, with the most anterior part of the face represented more rostrally than posterior parts of the face. Multiunit electrophysiological mapping was used to map the ipsilateral face. Ray-specific receptive fields in adults matched the CO segmentation. The mean areas of multiunit receptive fields in subnucleus interpolaris and caudalis were larger than previously mapped receptive fields in the mole's principal sensory nucleus. The proportion of tissue devoted to each ray's representation differed between the subnucleus interpolaris and the principal sensory nucleus. Our finding that different trigeminal brainstem maps can exaggerate different parts of the face could provide new insights for the roles of these different somatosensory stations. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3335–3350, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Customer‐based Brand Equity for a Destination: the Effect of Destination Image on Preference for Products Associated with a Destination Brand

This study investigated how destination image of customer-based brand equity for a tourist destination can be transferred to products associated with a destination brand. The effect of destination image on preference for products associated with a destination brand (PPADB) and the relationship between tourists’ destination preference and PPADB were investigated. Two hundred and ninety six individuals replied to a self-administered questionnaire distributed to 318 students at a major US university. The results revealed that both cognitive and affective image of a destination are positively related to PPADB; preference for a destination is also positively related to PPADB. Suggestions are provided for a successful destination brand extension strategy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further studies on the pharmacologic effects of the 7-hydroxy catabolite of methotrexate in the L1210 murine leukemia cell☆

This paper describes studies that further explore the pharmacologic activity of the 7-hydroxy catabolite of methotrexate (7-OH-MTX). A 3-hr exposure of L1210 leukemia cells to 100 microM 7-OH-MTX produced negligible suppression of cell growth despite the build-up of intracellular polyglutamyl congeners to levels 2.7 times greater than the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) binding capacity. There was no evidence for direct inhibition of DHFR under these conditions based upon measurements of cellular tetrahydrofolate cofactor and dihydrofolate levels, nor was there suppression of [3H]deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA or [14C]formate incorporation into purines. When the interval of exposure to 100 microM 7-OH-MTX was increased to 6 hr, cell growth was inhibited by 60% and there was mild (approximately 50%) inhibition of purine and thymidylate biosynthesis associated with a small increase in cellular dihydrofolate and a small decline in cellular tetrahydrofolates. Consistent with weak inhibition of DHFR was the absence of significant binding of 7-OH-MTX polyglutamates to DHFR as assessed by gel filtration of cell extracts. Mild direct inhibition of purine biosynthetics by 7-OH-MTX- or MTX-polyglutamyl congeners was demonstrated based upon inhibition of [14C]formate incorporation into purines in cells pretreated with fluorodeoxyuridine so as to prevent tetrahydrofolate cofactor depletion or dihydrofolate polyglutamate build-up. Effects of a 6-hr exposure of cells to 100 microM 7-OH MTX on cell growth were reversed completely by 10 microM leucovorin; effects on cells containing comparable levels of MTX polyglutamyl congeners were unaffected by leucovorin. These studies demonstrate very weak inhibition of L1210 leukemia cell growth and purine, pyrimidine and tetrahydrofolate synthesis by the polyglutamyl congeners of 7-OH-MTX. The data suggest that effects of 7-OH-MTX polyglutamates on folate-requiring enzymes are not likely to play an important role in moderate-dose MTX regimens. However, pharmacologic activity may be expressed in high-dose MTX protocols when high blood levels of 7-OH-MTX are sustained over long intervals to the extent to which polyglutamate congeners accumulate in tumor cells and add to the much more potent inhibitory effects of MTX polyglutamates already present. Pharmacologic activity, however, would be diminished, if not completely reversed, by the concurrent administration of leucovorin.
PTEN regulation of neural development and CNS stem cells.

Even though phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositols by phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) has an important and pervasive role in the nervous system, there is little known about the phosphatases that reverse this reaction. Such a phosphatase, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), was cloned as a tumor suppressor for gliomas. PTEN is expressed in most, if not all, neurons and is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Recently, a series of papers using PTEN conditional knockouts has greatly extended our knowledge of PTEN's role during development. Loss of PTEN results in disorganization of the brain, probably due to a flaw in cell migration. In addition, there is a gradual increase in the size of neuronal soma, mimicking Lhermitte-Duclos disease. Recent experiments in our laboratory with adult PTEN +/- mice demonstrate that PTEN regulates migration of precursor cells in the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb. We also found that PTEN haploinsufficiency can protect precursor cells from apoptosis in response to oxidative stress. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that PTEN does much more than suppressing tumors. It is a master regulator in developing and adult brain.
Overview of fiber optics in the natural space environment

The potential applications of fiber-optic (FO) systems in spacecraft which will be exposed to the space radiation environment are discussed in view of tests conducted aboard the Long-Duration Exposure Facility and the Comet Rendezvous and Asteroid Flyby spacecraft. Attention is given to anticipated trends in the use of FO in spacecraft communications systems. The natural space radiation environment is noted to be far more benign than the military space environment, which encompasses displacement-damage effects due to significant neutron influences.
Ultrasonic properties of magnetic fluids

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of ultrasonic velocities and attenuations have been measured in magnetic fluids. The strong dependence of the magnetic history of the sample to the measurement was observed. An attempt is made to explain these observations in terms of long chain formation in the fluids.
Foveal versus eccentric retinal critical flicker frequency in mild traumatic brain injury

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to assess the critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) at the fovea and at 10° of horizontal retinal eccentricity and to determine if there was a correlation between CFF and the degree of light and motion sensitivity in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods Mean CFF thresholds at the fovea, and 10° to the left and right of the fovea, were obtained in 14 mild TBI and 29 visually normal subjects. A questionnaire was used to quantify the degree of light and motion sensitivity and related factors. Results There was no effect of age on CFF under any test condition in either group, nor was there a relation in the TBI group between reported light or motion sensitivity and CFF. Peripheral CFF values were lower in both populations. Among the TBI subjects, there was a trend for lower peripheral CFF values in the periphery and greater mean variability under all 3 test conditions. Conclusions Decreased sensitivity and increased variability in CFF measurements in the TBI population can be attributed to damage to the higher visual pathways.
Deconstructing quinine. Part 1. Toward an understanding of the remarkable performance of cinchona alkaloids in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis

A study of catalyst structure-activity/selectivity relationships for Cinchona alkaloid-based asymmetric phase transfer catalysis (APTC) is described. An array of substituent modifications at C(9) and the quinuclidine nitrogen were introduced to examine the role of steric and electronic effects on rate and selectivity. The synthesis of the catalysts began with manipulation of the C(9) hydroxyl group followed by alkylation of the quinuclidine nitrogen to generate the quaternary ammonium salt. Catalysts that contained large substituents attached to the quinuclidinium nitrogen were found to be the most selective and those in which the hydroxyl group was protected generally afforded faster catalysts. The presence of a polar group at C(9) significantly impacted catalyst activity.
Risk management in children with burn injuries.

The currently accepted "high risk/no risk" concept of assessing pediatric injuries inadequately describes the range of situations in which children are burned and the spectrum of appropriate interventions. All children are at risk for injury; the question is not when but how best to intervene. A retrospective chart analysis of 101 pediatric admissions in 1985 demonstrated that childhood burns and follow-up requirements varied, depending on circumstances of injury, presence and behavior of caregivers, and the ability of parents or caregivers to assume responsibility for the child's supervision, safety, and health needs. We must view childrens' risk for injury as dependent upon the supervisory capacity of their parents, and continue to identify and develop specific interventions appropriate to each level of understanding and responsibility. Adequate documentation of the circumstances of injury and parent behavior are the key factors in determining level of risk and appropriate management. Language: en
Plasmapheresis in primary dysfunction of hepatic transplants

Background Primary dysfunction is a failure of graft function which occurs in approximately 5% of transplanted livers. Retransplantation is often required. The presence of elevated serum cytokines interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor with hepatic graft dysfunction, as well as the historical benefit of plasmapheresis in fulminant hepatic failure-associated coma suggest a possible role for plasmapheresis therapy in the management of primary graft dysfunction in liver transplantation. Design and Methods: We evaluated the effectiveness of plasmapheresis in the management of primary graft dysfunction in 18 patients who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation in this institution. Patients who were diagnosed with primary dysfunction of hepatic grafts underwent a course of four daily plasma exchange procedures. The clinical outcome, patient and graft survival, was compared to that of historical controls. Results: Graft survival at 10 days was 77.7% and 76.2% and patient survival at 100 days was 83.3% and 85.7% in the plasmapheresed and control groups, respectively. The patients who underwent plasmapheresis had a higher incidence of dialysis intervention, 38% versus 19%, indicating more severe graft dysfunction. In the small number of patients compared for concomittant dialysis therapy, patient survival in the plasmapheresed group was 85.7% versus 50% (control), and graft survival was 57.0% versus 50%. Serum cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 were reduced by 66.0% and 55.2%, respectively, with a single procedure. Conclusion: Plasmapheresis did not significantly effect graft survival in patients with primary graft dysfunction. An increase in patient survival in severe graft dysfunction with renal failure was noted but was not significant. Removal of elevated serum cytokines TNF and IL-6 was documented. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention: Assessing factorial validity and structural relationships in 9th-12th grade current smokers

Abstract Smoking-related self-efficacy and beliefs about the benefits of smoking are consistently related to intention to continue smoking, a common proximal outcome in youth smoking cessation studies. Some measures of these constructs are used frequently in national and state youth tobacco surveys, despite little evidence of validity for high school smokers. Further, the association of the constructs with intention has not been demonstrated in this group. The factorial validity of the measures and the cross-sectional correlations among self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention were examined among 9th–12th grade current smokers ( N = 2767, 13.8% reporting smoking > 1 cigarette in the previous 30 days; mean age 16.2; 61.2% white, 6.2% Black, 17.8% Hispanic, 5.0% Asian, 3.5% other; response rate 70%) from a convenience sample of 22 Texas schools. Confirmatory factor analyses supported evidence of factorial validity for the scales in this sample. Structural equation modeling analyses suggested youth smokers have low confidence in their ability to avoid smoking, believe smoking offers emotional or social benefits, and intend to continue smoking. The scales assess smoking-related self-efficacy, beliefs, and intention in this sample. Prospective studies are needed before intervention development implications are suggested.
A note on the interface condition in phase change problems

In this note the fundamental relations to be satisfied at the solid-liquid interface for phase-change problems are examined. The attention is focused on situations in which melting (or solidification) takes place at a discrete melting point temperature and, as a result, a solid and liquid phases are separated by a sharp interface. The interface condition appropriate for a general nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinate system has been developed. The result is suitable for studying various problems of practical interest where the formulation is terms of general nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates is either required or convenient. A specific example wherein the relationships derived in this note have proved useful is in the wire melting, ball roll-up, and subsequent solidification aspects of ball bonding in the packaging of microelectronic semiconductor chips. Depending on the material and detailed boundary conditions, the authors have successfully tracked phase-change interfaces of different shapes. A brief description of this example has been included in this note.
Charge Transfer Theory and the Activated Complex

Abstract For a wide variety of organic and organometallic reactions, the observed correlation of the second-order rate constant (log k) with the charge transfer transition energy (hv CT) directly relates the activated complex for the adiabatic process to the ion pair derived from the vertical CT excitation of the electron donor-acceptor complex as experimentally observed by time-resolved spectroscopy.
44.2: Novel Fabrication of Inorganic Color Filter Using Transmittance of Thin-Film Layers

A novel inorganic color filter (ICF) for the reflective liquid crystal display (LCD) has been proposed and fabricated for red color filter. The optical interference film of only 3-layer consists of thin films of Iridium Tin Oxide (ITO), silicon nitride (SiNx) as transmittance layer and hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) as an absorption layer. There was no color shift as defined value less than 3.0 of ΔE*ab for the ICF in the viewing angle up to 30 degrees.
Preliminary analysis for the navigation of multiple-satellite-aided capture sequences at Jupiter

Abstract Multiple-satellite-aided capture employing gravity assists of more than one Galilean moon can help capture a spacecraft into orbit about Jupiter. Each additional moon flyby reduces the propulsive Δ V required for Jupiter capture. While the existence of these trajectories has been demonstrated deterministically, the challenges associated with actually navigating a spacecraft through several close flybys in rapid succession are nontrivial. This paper addresses these navigation challenges by using simulated observations to estimate a spacecraft's orbit as it approaches Jupiter and by targeting trajectory correction maneuvers to guide the spacecraft through multiple-satellite-aided capture sequences. Results indicate that radiometric navigation alone can easily provide safe double-satellite-aided capture sequences using a ballistic strategy, i.e. without any trajectory correction maneuvers (TCMs) in between flybys. However, triple-satellite-aided capture sequences require the operational capacity to target TCMs in between flybys in order to be feasible.
Aerodynamic noise emission from turbulent shear layers.

The Phillips (1960) convected wave equation is employed in this paper to study aerodynamic noise emission processes in subsonic and supersonic shear layers. The wave equation in three spatial dimensions is first reduced to an ordinary differential equation by Fourier transformation and then solved via the WKBJ method. Three typical solutions are required for discussions in this paper. The current results are different from the classical conclusions. The effects of refraction, convection, Mach-number dependence and temperature dependence of turbulent noise emission are analyzed in the light of solutions to the Phillips equation.
The effects of a second specific estrogen binding site on estrogen receptor quantitation in human breast cancer cytosol

Abstract Cytosol from pooled human breast cancer was used to evaluate the accuracy of different assay methods for estrogen receptor (ER). Saturation analysis over a range of ligand concentrations sufficient to allow the resolution of two-component binding systems yielded accurate estimates. Saturation analysis over the limited range of ligand concentrations generally used yielded inaccurate estimates because of the presence of a second estrogen binding site in breast cancer cytosol. Since the breast tumor specimens often do not yield enough tissue for a wide-range saturation analysis, single saturating-dose assay methods were also evaluated. It was demonstrated that the use of ligand concentrations above 2–4 nM could cause overestimation of the ER concentration even when the dextran-coated charcoal assay was used. Exposure of the cytosol to nonequilibrium conditions during the assay apparently protected against overestimation. The analytical method of choice remains the sucrose density gradient sedimentation method since it combines appropriate ligand concentration during the labeling period and controlled non-equilibrium conditions during the separation step. If a sound, quantitative basis for the interpretation of ER results is to be developed, reproducible and accurate methods for ER quantitation must be used.
Preserving positivity for hyperbolic PDEs using variable-order finite elements with bounded polynomials

The positivity preserving approach of Berzins is generalized by using a derivation based on bounded polynomial approximations and order selection. The approach is extended from the B-spline based methods used previously to the use of more conventional continuous Galerkin elements. The conditions relating to positivity preservation are considered and a numerical example used to demonstrate the performance of the method on a model advection equation problem.
Value-Driven Health Care: The Purchasers' Perspective

Value-driven health care seeks to directly link quality health care to reimbursement. The 4 cornerstones of this movement are health information technology standards, quality standards, price standards, and incentives. These standards and how purchasers plan to implement them are summarized in this article.
Prevention of Rear-End Crashes in Drivers with Task-Induced Fatigue through the Use of Auditory Collision Avoidance Warnings:

Driver fatigue is associated with increased lane position variability, decreased response time and increased crash rate. Collision avoidance systems (CASs), which are currently installed in many vehicles, have been shown to reduce the crash rates of alert drivers. The current investigation examined the effectiveness of two auditory CAS warnings for reducing crash rates in fatigued young and older drivers faced with a potential rear-end collision. Relative to a no-warning condition, auditory CAS warnings reduced overall crash probability. The presence of a CAS warning was particularly beneficial to reducing crashes in older drivers. Results of this study indicate that auditory CAS warnings may help reduce fatigue-related rearend crashes, particularly among older drivers. Fatigue and sleepiness account for
Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System: A model for precision feeding of dairy cattle

The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) predicts cattle requirements and nutrient supply for site-specific situations. This paper describes the CNCPS version 6 (CNCPSv6), which represents a re-engineering and updating of CNCPS version 5 with the following objectives: (1) improve the organization of the model and user interface to improve speed and accuracy in formulating diets for a herd of dairy cattle, (2) expand the carbohydrate pools to include sugars, soluble fibers, and organic and volatile fatty acids, (3) integrate a fat model to account for ruminal lypolization and biohydrogenation, and absorption of fatty acids in the small intestine, and (4) update the computational sub-models with new information. The CNCPSv6 model was re-designed using object-oriented programming in which physiological functions (e.g. growth, lactation, pregnancy) and anatomical compartments (e.g. rumen, intestines) were programmed as objects. The interface uses farm, location, and group flow, which decreases the number of inputs required per cattle group and allows for more rapid evaluation of diets, feed requirements, and nutrient excretion by location, group, and herd. The revised implementation of the body reserves sub-model allows accounting for fluxes in energy reserves when formulating diets. Updated equations and coefficients include the prediction of rumen ammonia balance and feed passage rates, indigestible DM, MP lactation efficiency, and DMI. The CNCPSv6 was evaluated with data from individually fed lactating dairy cows from three independent studies. As implemented, CNCPSv6 accounted for a similar proportion of the variation (86%) in first limiting (ME or MP) milk production as CNCPSv5 but with a lower bias (1% versus 4%, respectively). We concluded the re-designing and updating of the CNCPS improved its ability to formulate and evaluate a feeding program for a herd of dairy cattle with greater accuracy and efficiency.
Functional Abnormalities in the Hippocampus and Impaired Hippocampal‐dependent Learning in Mice Lacking the 5HT1A Receptors

KO animals showedimpairments in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory tests, such as the hiddenplatform (spatial) version of the Morris water maze (MWM) and the delayed version ofY-maze. Performance of KO mice was not impaired in non-hippocampal memory taskssuch as the visible platform (non-spatial) version of the MWM, the immediate version ofthe Y-maze, and the spontaneous alternation test of working memory. These resultsdemonstrate that 5HT
Improved purification and partial characterization of (Na+, K+)-ATPase from cardiac muscle.

Abstract A method is described for purification of (N + , K + )-ATPase which yields approximately 60 mg of enzyme from 800 g of cardiac muscle with specific activities ranging from 340 to 400 μmol inorganic phosphate/mg protein per h (units/mg). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of a major 94 000 dalton polypeptide and four or five lesser components, one of which was a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 58 000. The enzyme preparation bound 600–700 pmol of [ 3 H]ouabain/mg protein when incubated in the presence of either Mg 2+ plus P i or Mg 2+ plus ATP plus Na + , and incorporated more than 600 pmol 32 P/mg protein when incubated with γ- 32 P-labeled ATP in the presence of Mg 2+ and Na + . The preparation is approximately 35% pure.
Synthesis of conformationally-restricted boropeptide thrombin inhibitors

Abstract A series of boropeptide thrombin inhibitors was prepared in which the P3 residues of 2 (Ac-( D )-Phe-Pro-boroLys-OH · HCl) and 3 (3-Phenylpropionyl-Pro-boroLys-OH · HCl) were replaced by conformationally-restricted, benzoic acid-derived residues 4 . The potent binding affinity of the resulting inhibitors such as 10 may be due in part to a unique mode of binding in the thrombin active site.
CURRENT AND IDEAL PHYSIQUE CHOICES IN EXERCISING AND NONEXERCISING COLLEGE WOMEN FROM A PILOT ATHLETIC IMAGE SCALE

An Athletic Image Scale including female physiques with and without muscular definition is currently in the developmental phase. With shading, contouring, and three-dimensionality not offered previ...
New perspectives on the biology and treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets

This article updates the practicing pediatrician's knowledge of the hypophophatemic disorders that may occur in children. The classic X-linked disorder is emphasized. Details of clinical manifestations, the wide spectrum of disease severity, and complications of the disorder in adults are reviewed. Recent research, new genetic findings, and speculations regarding pathophysiology are discussed. A strategy for approaching medical treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets is provided, together with complications of treatment and treatment after cessation of growth.
Generation of prototypes from sets of linguistic summaries

Linguistic summarization of time series can glean meaningful information from huge amounts of data. However, in situations like continuous monitoring, even linguistic summaries become difficult for a person to understand. In this paper, we develop an approach to generate linguistic prototypes from a group of time blocks that represent a normal condition. Then the set of summaries for new time blocks are compared to the prototypes to flag anomalous conditions, thereby reducing the burden on the human. Case studies from an eldercare environment demonstrate the utility of this approach.
A fluorophotometric study of the effect of topical timolol on aqueous humor dynamics.

Abstract A modification of the fluorophotometric method of Jones and Maurice is described and used to measure the aqueous flow coefficient. The method was used to measure the effect of topical timolol on aqueous humor dynamics in 15 human subjects. It was found that the acute decrease in intraocular pressure caused by timolol can be explained entirely by its effect on the aqueous flow. The mean aqueous flow coefficient in the timolol treated eye was found to be 0·0126 min−1 before timolol, and 0·0067 min−1 after timolol. A small effect on the aqueous flow coefficient of the untreated eye was also observed.
Synthesis and biological effects of 2'-fluoro-5-ethyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil.

29-Fluoro-5-ethyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (FEAU) was synthesized, and its biological activities were compared with those of 29-fluoro-5-methyl-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil (FMAU). Earlier studies indicated that both compounds showed potent anti-herpes simplex virus activity, with a 50% effective dose (ED50) of less than 0.25 microM. In the present study the cell growth inhibitory activity of FEAU (ED50, 200 to 2,060 microM) was found to be about 100-fold less than that of FMAU. With an ED50 ranging from 630 to 3,700 microM, FEAU only weakly inhibited thymidine incorporation into DNA, as compared with FMAU with an ED50 of 9 to 28 microM. Following exposure to [2-14C]FEAU (100 microM), 0.48 pmol/10(6) cells per h was incorporated into the DNA of herpes simplex virus type 1-infected Vero cells, whereas no detectable incorporation was found in uninfected Vero cells or L1210 cells. The Ki of FEAU for thymidine kinase purified from human leukemic cells was greater than 150 microM. For herpes simplex virus type 1- and 2-encoded thymidine kinases, the Kis were 0.6 and 0.74 microM, respectively. Both FEAU and FMAU were relatively nontoxic for mice, with a 50% lethal dose of greater than 800 mg/kg per day (four intraperitoneal doses). However, the lethal dose of FEAU for dogs was 100 mg/kg per day (10 intravenous doses), a dose which is 40- to 80-fold greater than the toxic dose of FMAU. These results suggest that FEAU is a worthy candidate for further development as an antiherpetic agent.
Effect of n-butyrate on cell cycle progression and in situ chromatin structure of L1210 cells☆

Abstract In the presence of 1–5 mM n -butyrate, murine leukemic L1210 cells cease proliferation and become arrested in the G1A compartment of the G1 phase. Cells in this compartment, in comparison with the remaining cells of the G1 phase (G1B), are characterized by low RNA content and more condensed chromatin. During unperturbed growth the cell residence times in G1A are of indeterminate duration (exponentially distributed); the half-time of L1210 cell residence in G1A is about 1.4 h. The effect of n -butyrate in arresting cells in G1A was concentration-dependent. However, the sensitivity of L1210 cells to this drug was markedly enhanced when cells were treated for longer than one generation (12 h). Cells arrested in G1A remained viable and when n -butyrate was removed, after a lag period, they resumed progression through the cycle. The effect of n -butyrate on cell progression through various parts of the cycle was studied in a stathmokinetic experiment. The rate of cell entrance into mitosis was decreased by 30, 60 and 110%, in the presence of 1, 2.5 and 5 mM n -butyrate respectively, thus indicating a slowdown in cell progression through G2 and S. The duration of G2 was prolonged by 20, 70 and 140% at 1, 2.5 and 5 mM n -butyrate respectively. The half-time of cell residence in G1A was increased by as much as 1.5-, 6.3- and 15.6-fold by 1, 2.5 and 5 mM n -butyrate. Progression through late G1 (G1B) was not affected at 1 mM, and could not be estimated at higher drug concentrations. The effects on cell cycle progression were evident 1 h after addition of n -butyrate. DNA in situ in nuclei of n -butyrate-treated cells had lowered (by 2–8 °C) stability to thermal denaturation and increased (by 15%) accessibility to DNase I. The decrease in DNA stability to heat was more pronounced when permealized cells were heated in the presence of 1 mM MgCl 2 rather than EDTA. DNA in situ in the nuclei of n -butyrate-treated cells also showed decreased sensitivity to acid-induced denaturation. Changes in chromatin were seen in all cells, regardless of cell cycle phase, within the first hours after addition of n -butyrate. Mitotic cells, however, reacted to n -butyrate more rapidly than interphase cells. The observed changes in L1210 cells are most likely a consequence of histone modifications (acetylation of inner histones, dephosphorylation of histone H1) induced by n -butyrate.
Synthesis and assembly of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase enzyme during greening of barley plants.

Abstract The synthesis and activation of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase was studied in etiolated barley leaves during increasing periods of light irradiation. Comparisons were made among enzymatic activity, 14 C-amino acid incorporation into anti-ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase precipitable and 16S protein, and total mass of enzyme. A major portion of newly synthesized anti-ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase specific protein preceded light-induced increase in enzyme activity by a significant period of time. These findings are consistent with a model in which both subunits of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase are synthesized in response to an early event in greening and subsequently become associated to active oligomeric carboxylase species.
The Self-assembly of a Mini-fibril with Axial Periodicity from a Designed Collagen-mimetic Triple Helix

In this work we describe the self-assembly of a collagen-like periodic mini-fibril from a recombinant triple helix. The triple helix, designated Col108, is expressed in Escherichia coli using an artificial gene and consists of a 378-residue triple helix domain organized into three pseudo-repeating sequence units. The peptide forms a stable triple helix with a melting temperature of 41 °C. Upon increases of pH and temperature, Col108 self-assembles in solution into smooth mini-fibrils with the cross-striated banding pattern typical of fibrillar collagens. The banding pattern is characterized by an axially repeating feature of ∼35 nm as observed by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Both the negatively stained and the positively stained transmission electron microscopy patterns of the Col108 mini-fibrils are consistent with a staggered arrangement of triple helices having a staggering value of 123 residues, a value closely connected to the size of one repeat sequence unit. A mechanism is proposed for the mini-fibril formation of Col108 in which the axial periodicity is instigated by the built-in sequence periodicity and stabilized by the optimized interactions between the triple helices in a 1-unit staggered arrangement. Lacking hydroxyproline residues and telopeptides, two factors implicated in the fibrillogenesis of native collagen, the Col108 mini-fibrils demonstrate that sequence features of the triple helical domain alone are sufficient to "code" for axially repeating periodicity of fibrils. To our knowledge, Col108 is the first designed triple helix to self-assemble into periodic fibrils and offers a unique opportunity to unravel the specific molecular interactions of collagen fibrillogenesis.
Pretreatment procedures for corrosion studies of cupro-nickel alloys in sea-water

Abstract The effects of surface roughness, degreasing, acid pickling, annealing and sample storage of 70/30 and 90/10 cupro-nickel alloys (CDA 715 and CDA 706, respectively) prior to sea-water exposure were studied. The short term (
Heart Valve Replacement: Clinical Experience

HIS REPORT discusses our clinical experience in aortic and initral valve replacenient utilizing the Starr-Edwards prosT thesis. T h e basis for this report is a consecutive series of 224 operations performed in the period of September, 196 1, through February, 1964.t T h e reasons for the decision to utilize the Starr-Edwards prosthetic valve and to abandon the various types of valvuloplasty procedures have been detailed in previous coniniunications [ 10-1 51. Beginning in 1956, we tried a number of procedures designed to reestablish coinpetency of the aortic and the niitral valves, including corninissurotoiny, decortication, and a variety of plastic procedures designed to refurbish the valve cusps or leaflets. Many of these procedures warranted initial enthusiasm, but the late results were disappointing: Valves that were
WE‐A‐L100F‐01: Digital Image Processing in Radiography

In digital radiography, the transmitted x‐ray beam recorded by a detector is first recorded as raw data related to the energy deposited in the sensitive region of each pixel. Raw data is then transformed to a ‘For Processing’ image by correcting for gain non‐uniformity and bad pixels. Finally, the ‘For Processing’ image is transformed to a ‘For Presentation’ image that is intended for viewing. The processes used in the presentation transformation have become an ssential element of image quality. These processes include exposure recognition, grayscale rendition, edge restoration, noise reduction, and broad area equalization. The numeric methods used to implement these processes will be reviewed and related to current commercial image processingsolutions. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand how image processing is integrated. into a sequence of steps used in generating a radiograph. 2. Conceptually understand the component processing steps and their effect on image quality. 3. Learn how certain commercial systems implement processing. 4. Understand how processing can be adjusted by a medical physicist to achieve consistent presentation characteristics.
An SH2 domain model of STAT5 in complex with phospho-peptides define “STAT5 Binding Signatures”

The signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) is a member of the STAT family of proteins, implicated in cell growth and differentiation. STAT activation is regulated by phosphorylation of protein monomers at conserved tyrosine residues, followed by binding to phospho-peptide pockets and subsequent dimerization. STAT5 is implicated in the development of severe pathological conditions, including many cancer forms. However, nowadays a few STAT5 inhibitors are known, and only one crystal structure of the inactive STAT5 dimer is publicly available. With a view to enabling structure-based drug design, we have: (1) analyzed phospho-peptide binding pockets on SH2 domains of STAT5, STAT1 and STAT3; (2) generated a model of STAT5 bound to phospho-peptides; (3) assessed our model by docking against a class of known STAT5 inhibitors (Muller et al. in ChemBioChem 9:723–727, 2008); (4) used molecular dynamics simulations to optimize the molecular determinants responsible for binding and (5) proposed unique “Binding Signatures” of STAT5. Our results put in place the foundations to address STAT5 as a target for rational drug design, from sequence, structural and functional perspectives.
Upright tilt testing in evaluating syncope: a comprehensive literature review.

Abstract background: Upright tilt testing is widely utilized for the evaluation of syncope. Recently, there have been concerns about the specificity and the lack of standard methodology for this test. The purpose of this study was to summarize the methodologies of upright tilt testing in patients with syncope of unknown origin, the responses in control subjects, and the reproducibility and selection of therapy. methods: We used MEDLINE to search English language articles from 1966 to June 30, 1992. Studies were included for content review if they met our inclusion criteria. Data were extracted from each article by two trained reviewers using a predesigned data collection instrument. results: Thirty-three articles were included for review. There was considerable variability in the methodologies of tilt testing. Overall positive responses were reported in 49% of patients in passive-only studies as compared with 66% of patients in studies using isoproterenol with tilt testing. The percentage of positive responses increased with increasing angle of testing for studies using isoproterenol. There was no relationship between the percentage of positive responses and the maximum dose of isoproterenol. When we compared the results of passive studies that tested patients for 60 minutes at 60° with the results of isoproterenol studies that tested patients at 60°, the positive rate for passive-only studies was 54% as compared with 52% for the isoproterenol studies. The percentage of positive response in control subjects with passive studies was 8.9% (range 0% to 100%), and with isoproterenol 27% (range 0% to 65%). Other groups of patients showed a wide range of positive responses (range 0% to 83%). Reproducibility ranged from 71% to 87%. Upon retesting while the patient was receiving therapy, 90% of 115 positive patients were negative. Eighty-nine percent of 105 positive patients who were receiving therapy and followed for a mean time of 12 months were free of syncope. conclusions: This review strongly suggests that isoproterenol may not have an effect on stimulating vasovagal syncope during upright tilt testing. We recommend protocols of passive tilt testing procedures at 60° for 45 to 60 minutes since the overall specificity is higher with this method. The use of isoproterenol during tilt testing adds to the cost and complexity of the test, is associated with a higher rate of false-positive responses, leads to potential complications, and, thus, should be avoided.
Hyperfine-structure studies of Zr II: Experimental and relativistic configuration-interaction results

We report an experimental and theoretical study of the hyperfine structure (hfs) in various metastable levels in [sup 91]Zr II. Hyperfine structures in 11 levels arising from the 4[ital d][sup 3] and 4[ital d][sup 2]5[ital s] configurations were measured using the laser-rf double-resonance method in a collinear laser--ion-beam geometry. The hfs [ital A] and [ital B] constants were measured to a precision of 4 and 11 kHz, respectively. Less precise values for hfs constants for nine upper levels in the 4[ital d][sup 2]5[ital p] configuration were derived from optical spectra. Theoretically, the [ital A] and [ital B] constants for the metastable levels having [ital J]=0.5 and 1.5 were calculated using a relativistic configuration-interaction (RCI) approach. The final many-body wave function produced energy gaps between the five [ital J]=0.5 levels which differ from experiment by an average of 0.050 eV, whereas the corresponding value for the ten [ital J]=1.5 levels is 0.087 eV. For the two [ital J]=0.5 levels measured and calculated, the average error in [ital A] is 31.8%. For the three [ital J]=1.5 levels, the situation is better, with the average error in [ital A] being 9.2%. For comparison, the average errors in [ital A] using independent-particle Dirac-Fock (DF)more » wave functions were 88% and 136% for [ital J]=0.5 and 1.5, respectively. In all cases, the many-body (RCI) result represents a [ital vast] improvement from the DF result for the [ital A] values. The value for the electric-quadrupole moment of [sup 91]Zr obtained from a comparison of the experimental [ital B] values and theoretical matrix elements is 0.257(0.013) b. In addition, the calculations confirm a previous report that the level at 17 614.00 cm[sup [minus]1] reported in Moore's [ital Atomic] [ital Energy] [ital Levels], [ital Vol]. [ital II] (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971) is spurious.« less