cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Chinese in Southeast Asia

Almost seven and one half million persons of Chinese descent, of whom nearly half possess Chinese nationality, live in the countries of Southeast Asia. Although these Chinese (including all persons of Chinese origin) constitute only five per cent of the total population of the region, their influence on its economic life is proportionately much greater. The presence in this region of so many Chinese has created a problem within the countries concerned. The native peoples regard the Chinese as an obstacle to their own economic and social advancement. The vast majority of Chinese remain unassimilated even after generations of residence in these countries and in spite of much intermarriage with native women. They remain oriented toward China, and the Chinese government does everything in its power to keep them in that state of mind. It refuses to recognize expatriation except by special consent. Controversies have arisen frequently when Chinese consuls attempted to exercise jurisdiction over persons regarded by the governments of -these countries as their own nationals. The problem is most acute in Siam, which in the decade before Pearl Harbor adopted many anti-Chinese measures and which until recently 1 steadily refused to enter into diplomatic relations with China out of fear of Chinese intervention in Siamese internal affairs.
Meaningful Performances: Considering the Contributions of the Dramaturgical Approach to Studying Family

This article highlights the contributions of Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach to both understanding and researching family. With its interest in the performative nature of human interaction and the active construction of social reality, the dramaturgical perspective is particularly well-suited to study a dynamic social institution like the family. This article offers a brief introduction to the dramaturgical study of family by addressing important components of dramaturgy and contrasting it with other approaches to the sociology of family. The authors then demonstrate this approach in action by introducing two research areas that currently employ dramaturgical analyses – work on ‘doing family’ and the social construction of motherhood – and another that might benefit from such analyses, research on blended families. The article closes with further suggestions for future research attending to the performative aspects of family life.
Experiments in long‐range climate control

Extrapolation of the palaeoclimate chronology of the past million years or so seems to leave little doubt that another glacial stage can be expected in the near geologic future. On a shorter time scale it appears that the increasing greenhouse effect from the use of fossil fuel will raise atmospheric temperature by 2 to 3 °K within a hundred years. The possibility of man's reversing or at least weakening these portentous climate changes is investigated here with the use of a thermodynamic climate model. Preliminary results indicate that the climate effects referred to may be reversible if caught early and certainly suggest that further and more sophisticated attention be given the subject.
Computer aided design of closed-loop controllers for biomedical applications

A description is given of the use of simulated annealing to optimize closed-loop control designs for biomedical applications. Computer-aided optimization is crucial to the search for useful controllers since many parameters must be chosen to optimize typical controllers. Computerized design tools will permit evaluation of whole classes of algorithms and greatly assist in understanding whether performance problems are due to the basic architecture of an algorithm (e.g. self-tuning PID) or to poor choice of controller parameters. An algorithm is described which is currently running on the UCSD CRAY and on SUN 47260 workstations. The authors have completed design of a robust optimal control and are currently studying a self-tuning regulator and fuzzy controller, all initial examples of the technique based on the problem of arterial blood pressure control with sodium nitroprusside. The real promise of the technique is associated with more complex drug controllers. >
Early- and Late-Onset Group B Streptococcal Infections: Overview and Case Studies

Infants that are admitted and cared for in the neonatal intensive care unit are at risk for sepsis. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the most common cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis. Group B Streptococcus is classified into early- and late-onset sepsis. With early onset, infants develop symptoms within 7 days of birth. With late onset, they develop symptoms between 7 days and 3 months of life. Prompt identification and treatment of suspected septic infants are crucial. Infants who develop early- or late-onset GBS sepsis are at risk for sequelae ranging from normal physiologic outcome to devastating long-term conditions and even death. Despite advances in medical management of pregnant women being screened for GBS, infants are still becoming infected with GBS and suffering those consequences. Current research is looking at developing a vaccination that would be given to childbearing women to prevent the spread of GBS sepsis. Although there is research being done in this area, it is of utmost importance that clinicians are vigilant in prompt assessment and treatment of infants suspected of having sepsis.
Energy Policy: Past or Prologue?

Abstract The United States was remarkably complacent about energy policy until the Arab oil embargo of 1973. Since then, we have relied on unnecessarily costly regulations and poorly designed subsidies to mandate or encourage particular forms of energy production and use. Our presidents have quested after an elusive technological “silver bullet.” Congress has elevated parochial interests and short-term political advantages over national needs. Despite the thousands of pages of energy legislation enacted over the past four decades, Congress has never demanded that Americans pay a price that reflects the full costs of the energy they consume. Given our nation's economic fragility, our difficult fiscal situation, and the daunting challenges of achieving energy security and limiting climate change, we can no longer afford second- and third-best policies. This essay discusses the failures of the past and how we might avoid repeating them.
Propaganda, Public Information, and Prospecting: Explaining the Irrational Exuberance of Central Place Foragers During a Late Nineteenth Century Colorado Silver Rush

Traditionally, models of resource extraction assume individuals act as if they form strategies based on complete information. In reality, gathering information about environmental parameters may be costly. An efficient information gathering strategy is to observe the foraging behavior of others, termed public information. However, media can exploit this strategy by appearing to supply accurate information while actually shaping information to manipulate people to behave in ways that benefit the media or their clients. Here, I use Central Place Foraging (CPF) models to investigate how newspaper propaganda shaped ore foraging strategies of late nineteenth-century Colorado silver prospectors. Data show that optimistic values of silver ore published in local newspapers led prospectors to place mines at a much greater distance than was profitable. Models assuming perfect information neglect the possibility of misinformation among investors, and may underestimate the extent and degree of human impacts on areas of resource extraction.
Approximate channel identification via δ‐signed correlation

A method of approximate channel identification is proposed that is based on a simplification of the correlation estimator. Despite the numerical simplification (no multiplications or additions are required, only comparisons and an accumulator), the performance of the proposed estimator is not significantly worse than that of the standard correlation estimator. A free (user selectable) parameter moves ‘smoothly’ from a situation with small sum-squared channel estimation error but hard-to-identify channel peaks, to one with a larger sum-squared estimation error but easy-to-identify channel peaks. The proposed estimator is shown to be biased and its behaviour is analysed in a number of situations. Applications of the proposed estimator to sparsity detection, symbol timing recovery and to the initialization of blind equalizers are suggested. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a single fiber fragmentation test for high strain rates

Abstract A new, high-strain-rate test of the fiber–matrix interface is described. The test is an adaptation of the single fiber fragmentation test, which has been conducted only at low strain rates up to now. Like its low-rate counterpart, the new, high-rate test is intended for providing comparisons of fiber surface treatments used in interface tailoring. The new test will be valuable whenever interface tailoring is the strategy used for enhancement of composite performance at high rates. Test validation was carried out on three different fiber–matrix systems, with low-rate results on those systems used as controls. The high-rate test was found to provide a reliable evaluation of whether interface improvements demonstrated at low rate are also evident at high rate.
Nonoscillatory Central Schemes for Hyperbolic Systems of Conservation Laws in Three-Space Dimensions

We extend a family of high-resolution, semidiscrete central schemes for hyperbolic systems of conservation laws to three-space dimensions. Details of the schemes, their implementation, and properties are presented together with results from several prototypical applications of hyperbolic conservation laws including a nonlinear scalar equation, the Euler equations of gas dynamics, and the ideal magnetohydrodynamic equations. Parallel scaling analysis and grid-independent results including contours and isosurfaces of density and velocity and magnetic field vectors are shown in this study, confirming the ability of these types of solvers to approximate the solutions of hyperbolic equations efficiently and accurately.
Selective enhancement of multipotential hematopoietic progenitors in vitro and in vivo by IL-20

In a search for novel growth factors, we discovered that human interleukin-20 (IL-20) enhanced colony formation by CD34+ multipotential progenitors. IL-20 had no effect on erythroid, granulocyte-macrophage, or megakaryocyte progenitors. IL-20 transgenic mice increased the numbers and cell cycling of multipotential but not other progenitors. IL-20 administration to normal mice significantly increased only multipotential progenitor cells, demonstrating that IL-20 significantly influences hematopoiesis, with specificity toward multipotential progenitors. This is the first cytokine with such specificity identified.
Six Developmental Trajectories Characterize Children With Autism

The goal of this study was to describe the typical longitudinal developmental trajectories of social and communication functioning in children with autism and to determine the correlates of these trajectories.
A simulated insect diet as a water source for quail: effects on body mass and reproduction

Abstract Compared with control birds receiving ad libitum free-water, the total water intake of male and female northern bobwhite declined when only mealworms were available as a source of water. Male northern bobwhite sustained tissue mass and reproductive function with mealworms as their only source of water. Female northern bobwhite could not sustain body, ovary, and oviduct mass, and rate of egg production with mealworms as their only source of water. We suggest that, without free-water, breeding females require a diet with a water: dry matter ratio of greater than 1 : 1.29 (>44% water).
Carbon monoxide ameliorates chronic murine colitis through a heme oxygenase 1–dependent pathway

Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 and its metabolic product carbon monoxide (CO) play regulatory roles in acute inflammatory states. In this study, we demonstrate that CO administration is effective as a therapeutic modality in mice with established chronic colitis. CO administration ameliorates chronic intestinal inflammation in a T helper (Th)1-mediated model of murine colitis, interleukin (IL)-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mice. In Th1-mediated inflammation, CO abrogates the synergistic effect of interferon (IFN)-gamma on lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 p40 in murine macrophages and alters IFN-gamma signaling by inhibiting a member of the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors, IRF-8. A specific signaling pathway, not previously identified, is delineated that involves an obligatory role for HO-1 induction in the protection afforded by CO. Moreover, CO antagonizes the inhibitory effect of IFN-gamma on HO-1 expression in macrophages. In macrophages and in Th1-mediated colitis, pharmacologic induction of HO-1 recapitulates the immunosuppressive effects of CO. In conclusion, this study begins to elucidate potential etiologic and therapeutic implications of CO and the HO-1 pathway in chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.
Cure Kinetics and Viscosity of Fiberite 976 Resin

Using data generated by a differential scanning calorimeter, the heat of reaction, the rate of cure, and the degree of cure of Fiberite 976 resin were determined at the constant temperatures of 413, 423, 433, and 443°K (isothermal scanning). The ultimate heat of reaction was also measured at the constant heating rate of 2°K/min (dynamic scanning). Using a disc and plate type viscometer, the viscosity was measured as a function of time at the temperatures of 413, 423, 433, and 443°K. Expressions were also developed which represent the rate of cure, the degree of cure, and the viscosity data.
Neuronal mechanisms for visual stability: progress and problems

How our vision remains stable in spite of the interruptions produced by saccadic eye movements has been a repeatedly revisited perceptual puzzle. The major hypothesis is that a corollary discharge (CD) or efference copy signal provides information that the eye has moved, and this information is used to compensate for the motion. There has been progress in the search for neuronal correlates of such a CD in the monkey brain, the best animal model of the human visual system. In this article, we briefly summarize the evidence for a CD pathway to frontal cortex, and then consider four questions on the relation of neuronal mechanisms in the monkey brain to stable visual perception. First, how can we determine whether the neuronal activity is related to stable visual perception? Second, is the activity a possible neuronal correlate of the proposed transsaccadic memory hypothesis of visual stability? Third, are the neuronal mechanisms modified by visual attention and does our perceived visual stability actually result from neuronal mechanisms related primarily to the central visual field? Fourth, does the pathway from superior colliculus through the pulvinar nucleus to visual cortex contribute to visual stability through suppression of the visual blur produced by saccades?
Bounds on the VLSI layout complexity of homogeneous product networks

In this paper we obtain bounds on the area and wire length required by VLSI layouts of homogeneous product networks with any number of dimensions. The lower bounds are obtained by computing lower bounds on the bisection width and the crossing number. The upper bounds are derived by using traditional frameworks like separators and bifurcators, as well as a new method based on combining collinear layouts. This last method has led to the best area and wire lengths for most of the homogeneous product networks we considered. >
Some change of ring theorems for matlis reflexive modules

Suppose (R,m) →(S,n) is a local homomorphism of lo­cal rings. We show that if M is a Matlis reflexive R-module, then R(S,M) and TorR(S,M) are Matlis reflexive S-modules if S is module-finite over the image of R. In case S = [Rcirc], the m-adic comple­tion of A, we show that if M is a reflexive R-module, then [Rcirc] ⊗R M is a reflexive [Rcirc]-module and in fact We also show that if R is any local ring and M and N are two reflexive A-modules, then ExtR(M,N) and TorR(M,N) are reflexive R-modules for all i.
The responsibility to engage: cosmopolitan civic engagement and the spread of the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine.

When the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine was widely adopted by the international community at the 2005 World Summit, it became the first such principle to advocate for the enforcement of international law and provide for both punishment and prevention of international human rights violations. While this created a shift away from the once sacrosanct norm of national sovereignty, another equally important change was occurring. The digital age has redefined the nature and scope of civic engagement. With increased communication and availability of information, citizenship has transcended national borders and expanded to engagement at the local, national, and international level. These new levels of engagement also change the nature of democracy through the inclusion of issues and opinions beyond the domestic constituency. Additionally, the methods of engagement have expanded through the use of social media and other digital platforms. The combination of the R2P doctrine and cosmopolitan civic engagem...
Models of neurohypophyseal homeostasis

Rats subject to prolonged (3-6 days) hypernatremia show significantly decreased pituitary vasopressin content as well as increased levels of hypothalamic vasopressin mRNA; these values return to ba...
Speaking out about physical harms from tobacco use: response to graphic warning labels among American Indian/Alaska Native communities.

Objective This study is the first to explore the impact of graphic cigarette labels with physical harm images on members of American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) communities. The aim of this article is to investigate how AI/AN respond to particular graphic warning labels. Methods The parent study recruited smokers, at-risk smokers and non-smokers from three different age groups (youths aged 13–17 years, young adults aged 18–24 years and adults aged 25+ years) and five population subgroups with high smoking prevalence or smoking risk. Using nine graphic labels, this study collected participant data in the field via an iPad-administered survey and card sorting of graphic warning labels. This paper reports on findings for AI/AN participants. Results After viewing graphic warning labels, participants rated their likelihood of talking about smoking risks to friends, parents and siblings higher than their likelihood of talking to teachers and doctors. Further, this study found that certain labels (eg, the label of the toddler in the smoke cloud) made them think about their friends and family who smoke. Conclusions Given the influence of community social networks on health beliefs and attitudes, health communication using graphic warning labels could effect change in the smoking habits of AI/AN community members. Study findings suggest that graphic labels could serve as stimuli for conversations about the risks of smoking among AI/AN community members, and could be an important element of a peer-to-peer smoking cessation effort.
Robust Reconstitution of Tuberculosis-Specific Polyfunctional CD4+ T-Cell Responses and Rising Systemic Interleukin 6 in Paradoxical Tuberculosis-Associated Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome

Background The immunopathogenesis of paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) remains unclear. We determined the association between pathogen-specific T-cell responses and development of paradoxical TB-IRIS on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods This study was nested within a prospective cohort study of HIV-infected patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and baseline CD4 counts ≤125 cells/µL initiating ART. T-cell immune activation (CD38, HLA-DR, and PD-1 expression), phenotype, and polyfunctional pathogen-specific cellular immune responses prior to and 4 weeks after ART initiation were determined by flow cytometry. Patients with TB-IRIS were compared to non-IRIS controls using χ(2) and rank-sum tests and logistic regression. Results TB-IRIS patients and controls had similar CD4 counts, levels of T-cell-associated immune activation, frequencies of T-cell memory subsets, and frequencies of interferon gamma (IFN-γ(+))/interleukin 2 (IL-2(+))/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α(+)) CD4(+) T-cells prior to ART initiation. After ART initiation, cellular immune activation and T-cell subsets also were similar in TB-IRIS patients and controls. In contrast, TB-IRIS patients had significantly greater early increases in the frequency of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional IFN-γ(+)/IL-2(+)/TNF-α(+) CD4(+) T-cells on ART (P = .02); each quartile increase in the percentage of these cells was independently associated with a 2.8-fold increased risk of TB-IRIS (95% confidence interval, 1.1 to 7.5-fold). In a secondary analysis, patients with TB-IRIS had rapid, concomitant increases in tuberculosis-specific adaptive immune responses and interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels, whereas controls with similarly rapid increases in cellular immune function had IL-6 levels that tended to decrease on ART. Conclusions Rapid expansion of tuberculosis-specific polyfunctional CD4(+) T-cell responses, likely linked to increases in IL-6, is associated with development of paradoxical TB-IRIS.
Solution Spaces of Differential Equations

The solution space of a linear homogeneous differential equation is a vector space. Conversely, given a finite dimensional vector space of analytic functions, it is easy to construct (see below) a differential equation with the given vector space as its solution space. The theorem proved below gives two properties of a finite dimensional vector space of analytic functions, each of which is a necessary and sufficient condition for the corresponding differential equation to be a constant coefficient differential equation. The solution space of the nth order linear homogeneous differential equation with analytic coefficients, d_n dy an(z) dz +*......al(z) + ao(z)y = O, with an(z) O,
4531 Has spiral ct replaced the need for eus staging of esophageal carcinoma

Background: The advantage of EUS over CT in staging esophageal carcinoma is based on comparisons to conventional single-slice CT scanners. Conventional CT has largely been replaced by spiral CT. The comparative accuracy of spiral CT versus EUS is unknown. Method: Consecutive patients with esophageal carcinoma were staged with both EUS and contrast enhanced spiral CT. Spiral CT examinations were performed with a Picker PQ6000 helical scanner using a single breath-hold technique followed by the injection of intravenous contrast medium. CT were read by a single experienced gastrointestinal radiologist blinded to the EUS results. EUS staging was performed with a radial scanning echoendoscope (Olympus UM-20 or UM-130) with dilation of stenotic tumors, if necessary, to completely visualize the celiac artery to its bifurcation. EUS exams were performed by experienced (>1000 EUS cases) endosonographers who were not blinded to the clinical or CT information. EUS and CT staging could not be directly compared to surgical staging because of pre-operative chemo-radiotherapy in all operated patients. Results: Twenty eight patients have been evaluated to date. Of these 15 patients had celiac lymph nodes (CLN) detected by any staging modality. EUS detected 14/15 patients with CLN (sensitivity 93%). Spiral CT detected 12/15 patients with CLN (sensitivity 80%). The three patients with CLN detected by EUS but missed by CT were all confirmed positive for malignancy by FNA. One patient had CLN detected by CT but missed by EUS. This patient also had T4 disease detected by EUS and was treated non-surgically. Eight patients were found to have locally advanced (T4) disease by EUS. CT detected 3/8 (sensitivity 38%). Twenty patients were found to have locally nonadvanced disease (T1-T3) by EUS. CT correctly diagnosed 18/20 as nonadvanced (Specificity 90%) and overstaged 2/20 as T4. Conclusions: This study suggests that EUS is superior to spiral CT but the methods are also complimentary for the detection of celiac lymph node metastases and locally advanced disease in patients with esophageal cancer. Spiral CT has not replaced the need for EUS staging of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Dr.Wallace was supported by a the American Digestive Health Foundation, Wilson Cook Award
Nodular fasciitis mimicking recurrent lymphoma on positron emission tomography-computed tomography.

20 year old female with no prior medical history presents with diffuse cervical lymphadenopathy. CT and subsequent positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) demonstrated diffuse lymphatomous involvement of multiple lymph nodes in the neck, mediastinum, and retroperitoneum. The patient underwent ABVD therapy which resulted in the lymphoma being in remission for 2 years. The patient had a repeat PET/CT done after 2 years due to complaints of recurrent lymphadenopathy. The PET/CT revealed a new hypermetabolic focus by the right femur. MRI demonstrated an enhancing nodule in that region which raised suspicion for possible site of lymphoma recurrence. Percutaneous biopsy showed nodular fasciitis.
Aminostilbamidine; a fungistatic agent; in vitro sensitivity studies; tissue fluorescence; distribution, and therapeutic trials in coccidioidomycosis.

Recent demonstration of the therapeutic efficacy of stilbamidine and 2-hy-droxystilbamidine in blastomycosis (1-9) has stimulated investigation of other diamidine derivatives as fungistatic agents. Hydroxy stilbamidine has been shown to have some suppressive influence on the course of coccidioidomycosis (10-12). Substitution of an amino for the hydroxy group results in a highly soluble orange crystalline compound, designated as aminostilbamidine. This newest stilbamidine derivative effectively inhibits the in vitro growth of C. immitis. The present study was directed toward establishing the in vitro spectrum of sensitivity of the important “systemic” fungi, evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in five patients with coccidioidomycosis, and observations of the human tissue concentration and distribution of aminostilbamidine.
Gonadal and statural determinants on the X chromosome and their relationship to in vitro studies showing prolonged cell cycles in 45,X; 46,X,del(X)(p11); 46,X,del(X)(q13); and 46,X,del(X)(q22) fibroblasts

Correlation of clinical features with cytogenetic abnormalities for individuals showing deletions of the X short arm (Xp) or the X long arm (Xq) indicate the following: (1) both Xp and Xq are necessary to assure normal ovarian development, although (2) persisting ovarian function is not infrequently associated with either (del(X)(p11) or del(Xq)(13,21,22, or 24). (3) Ovarian determinants on Xp are localized to region Xp11, but determinants on Xq cannot be precisely localized. (4) Both Xp and Xq contain statural determinants, the former localized to region Xp21 leads to Xpter. Both cell generation time and phases of the cell cycle were studied to test the hypothesis that the short stature, intrauterine growth retardation, and high embryonic lethality of 45,X can be explained on the basis of intrinsic retardation of cell division (i.e., prolonged cell cycle). Cell generation times of four 45,X fibroblast lines were significantly longer than those of for normal diploid lines, a difference accounted for by a prolonged S phase. 46,X,del(X)(p11), 46,X,del(X)(q13), and 46,X,del(X)(q22) lines also showed increased cell generation times when compared to 46,XX lines.
Near-linear time approximation schemes for some implicit fractional packing problems

We consider several implicit fractional packing problems and obtain faster implementations of approximation schemes based on multiplicative-weight updates. This leads to new algorithms with near-linear running times for some fundamental problems in combinatorial optimization. We highlight two concrete applications. The first is to find the maximum fractional packing of spanning trees in a capacitated graph; we obtain a (1 − ϵ)-approximation in O(m/ϵ2) time, where m is the number of edges in the graph. Second, we consider the LP relaxation of the weighted unsplittable flow problem on a path and obtain a (1 − ϵ)-approximation in O(n/ϵ2) time, where n is the number of demands.
Projected Hartree-Fock theory as a polynomial of particle-hole excitations and its combination with variational coupled cluster theory

Projected Hartree-Fock theory provides an accurate description of many kinds of strong correlations but does not properly describe weakly correlated systems. Coupled cluster theory, in contrast, does the opposite. It therefore seems natural to combine the two so as to describe both strong and weak correlations with high accuracy in a relatively black-box manner. Combining the two approaches, however, is made more difficult by the fact that the two techniques are formulated very differently. In earlier work, we showed how to write spin-projected Hartree-Fock in a coupled-cluster-like language. Here, we fill in the gaps in that earlier work. Further, we combine projected Hartree-Fock and coupled cluster theory in a variational formulation and show how the combination performs for the description of the Hubbard Hamiltonian and for several small molecular systems.
Planetary chaos and the (In)stability of Hungaria asteroids

Abstract The Hungaria asteroid group is located interior to the main asteroid belt, with semimajor axes between 1.8 and 2 AU, low eccentricities and inclinations of 16–35 degrees. Recently, it has been proposed that Hungaria asteroids are a secularly declining population that may be related to the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) impactors (Cuk, 2012; Bottke et al., 2012). While Cuk (2012) and Bottke et al. (2012) have reproduced a Hungaria-like population that declined exponentially, the real Hungarias were never confirmed to be unstable to the same degree. Here we find that the stability of Hungarias is strongly dependent on the evolution of the eccentricity of Mars, which is chaotic and unpredictable on Gyr timescales. We find that the high Martian eccentricity chiefly affects Hungarias through close approaches with Mars, rather than planetary secular modes. However, current minimum perihelia of Hungarias (over Myr timescales) are not diagnostic of their long-term stability due to a number of secular and mean motion resonances affecting the Hungaria region Milani et al., 2010. We conclude that planetary chaos makes it impossible to determine the effective lifetimes of observed Hungarias. Furthermore, long-term changes of Martian eccentricity could lead to variable Hungaria loss over time. We speculate that some of the most stable Hungarias may have been placed in their present orbit when the eccentricity of Mars was significantly higher than today.
Investigating decreasing energy usage in mobile apps via indistinguishable color changes

Changing UI colors is an effective approach for reducing app energy usage for devices with OLED displays. Unfortunately, even when care is taken to ensure that visual properties of the user interface (UI) are maintained (e.g., contrast ratios between text and background elements), such changes often compromise the aesthetics of the application. In this paper, we investigate whether indistinguishable changes, changes that are less likely to compromise UI aesthetics, can also result in significant energy savings. To answer this question, we performed an empirical study of 10 Android applications. The results of the study are promising as they demonstrate that, in most cases, the changes are acceptable to users and still result in modest reductions in energy usage.
A Systematic Study of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer on Multiscale Structured Surfaces

A study has been conducted to examine the effects of macroscale, microscale, and nanoscale surface modifications in water pool boiling heat transfer and to determine the effects of combining the multiple scales. Nanostructured surfaces were created by acid etching, while microscale and macroscale surfaces were manufactured through a sintering process. Six structures were studied as individual and/or collectively integrated surfaces: polished plain, flat nanostructured, flat porous, modulated porous, nanostructured flat porous, and nanostructured modulated porous. Boiling performance was measured in terms of critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC). Both HTC and CHF have been greatly improved on all modified surfaces compared to the polished baseline. The CHF and HTC of the hybrid multiscale modulated porous surface have achieved the most significant improvements of 350% and 200% over the polished plain surface, respectively. Nanoscale, microscale, and macroscale integrated surfaces have been proven to have the most significant improvements on HTC and CHF. Experimental results were compared to the predictions of a variety of theoretical models with an attempt to evaluate both microscale and nanoscale models. It was concluded that models for both microscale and nanoscale structured surfaces needed to be further developed to be able to have good quantitative predictions of CHFs on structured surfaces.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Das Dosis-Wirkung-Prinzip in Verbindung mit der Zufuhr von Antineoplastika

Die Bedeutung und Relevanz der Dosis bei der Therapie mit Zytostatika ist allgemein anerkannt [1]. Praklinische Modelle sowohl hamatologischer als auch solider Tumore lassen eine verstarkte Abtotung von Tumorzellen erkennen, wenn maligne Zellpopulationen zytotoxischen Wirkstoffen in hoheren Konzentrationen ausgesetzt werden [2].
Pedagogical implications of students' attitudes regarding computers

A survey was completed by 260 undergraduate students in freshman level computer-related courses at a university in the Midwest. The survey included questions about students' attitudes regarding automobiles, home entertainment systems, and computers. There was evidence of more frustration with computers than with automobiles or home entertainment systems. Students apparently found computers more difficult to operate, but were more likely to think themselves responsible for problems with computers than for problems with home entertainment systems or automobiles. The major unanticipated conclusion is that perhaps as persons teaching computer literacy we should be more concerned about how computer frustration effects students' self perception than about the possibility that frustration will lead to a dislike of computers. By emphasizing the connection between employment and computer literacy computer literacy, teachers may be unintentionally contributing to low self-esteem, anxiety and other psychological problems. Suggestions for avoiding these outcomes are included.
Simon Greenleaf, Boston Elites and the Social Meaning and Construction of the Charles River Bridge Case

This essay examines the complexity of the social and cultural forces in antebellum Boston that led to the framing and resolution of the legal and constitutional issues in the Charles River Bridge Case. Though often viewed as a clash between models of economic development, the lines of conflict in the case in reality were first honed in pamphlet wars in the early Jacksonian turmoil of the 1820s focusing on other often overlooked contemporaneous Boston free bridge disputes and the birth of a free bridge political party. Boston elites were pejoratively termed “aristocrats” for their support of the Charles River Bridge franchise and accused of defending the creation of exclusive and monopolistic privilege and property through government grant, while proponents of a new competing - and ultimately free - bridge were castigated as “agrarians” and accused of forcibly taking property in order to equalize its distribution in the face of a state-sanctioned privilege. The driving force of the dispute, therefore, turned out to be the acute social anxiety and stress of Boston’s investors and commercial elites. No one better signifies the contours of the struggle than Simon Greenleaf, recently arrived in Cambridge as a law professor at Harvard. Greenleaf, as one of the lawyers for the competing Warren Bridge, stood in opposition to the established Charles River Bridge interests and was responsible for shaping the legal arguments that ultimately prevailed. For that sin, he was pilloried in the public press and ostracized in the community. Greenleaf’s unhappy experience then becomes a metaphor of sorts, allowing us to appreciate how understanding a social environment can assist us in cracking the code of legal arguments, particularly in this instance early Contract Clause and Takings jurisprudence. In the process of examining this historical episode, we might wish to consider under what conditions legal history might be entitled to call itself a form of social history and to speculate whether the critical question for legal historians interrogating these events is not whether law matters, but rather of what matter law is made.
New Constructions of MDS Codes with Asymptotically Optimal Repair

An $(n,k,\ l)$ MDS code of length $n$ , dimension $k$ , and sub-packetization $l$ over a finite field $F$ is a set of $n$ column vectors of length $l$ over $\mathrm{F}$ with the property that any $k$ vectors can recover the entire data of $kl$ symbols. If one of the $n$ nodes fails, we can recover it by downloading symbols from the surviving nodes, and the total number of symbols downloaded in the worst case is the repair bandwidth of the code. By the cut-set bound, the repair bandwidth of an $(n,k,\ l)$ MDS code is at least $(n-1)l/(n-k)$ . There are several constructions of $(n,k,\ l)$ MDS codes whose repair bandwidths meet or asymptotically meet the cut-set bound. For example, letting $r=n-k$ denote the number of parities, Ye and Barg constructed $(n,k,r^{n})$ Reed-Solomon codes that asymptotically meet the cut-set bound. Ye and Barg also constructed optimal bandwidth and optimal update $(n,\ k,\ r^{n})$ MDS codes. Wang, Tamo, and Bruck constructed optimal bandwidth $(n,k,r^{n/(r+{1})})$ MDS codes, and these codes have the smallest known sub-packetization for optimal bandwidth MDS codes. A key idea in all these constructions is to expand integers in base $r$ . When $r$ is an integral power, we demonstrated in a previous paper how this technique can be refined to improve the sub-packetization of the two $(n,k,\ l)$ MDS code constructions by Ye and Barg while achieving asymptotically optimal repair bandwidth. Herein, we present an extension of this idea that leads to a significant reduction in the sub-packetization of the Wang-Tamo-Bruck construction while achieving a repair-by-transfer scheme that has asymptotically optimal repair bandwidth. Specifically, when $r=s^{m}$ , we obtain an $(n,k,\mathrm{s}^{k/r+m-1})$ MDS code which has a repair-by-transfer scheme with asymptotically optimal repair bandwidth. If $r=2^{m}$ , for example, we achieve the sub-packetization of $2^{k/r+m-1}$ , which improves upon the sub-packetization of $2^{mn/(r+1)}$ in the Wang- Tamo-Bruck construction. Having demonstrated how to improve the sub-packetizations of three quite different $(n,k,\ l)$ MDS code constructions, we believe that our approach will be generally useful in reducing the sub-packetizations of $(n,k,\ l)$ MDS code constructions that utilize r-ary expansion.
The Foundations of American Jewish Liberalism

American Jews have built a political culture based on the principle of equal citizenship in a secular state. This durable worldview has guided their political behavior from the founding to the present day. In The Foundations of American Jewish Liberalism, Kenneth D. Wald traces the development of this culture by examining the controversies and threats that stimulated political participation by American Jews. Wald shows that the American political environment, permeated by classic liberal values, produced a Jewish community that differs politically from non-Jews who resemble Jews socially and from Jewish communities abroad. Drawing on survey data and extensive archival research, the book examines the ups and downs of Jewish attachment to liberalism and the Democratic Party and the tensions between two distinct strains of liberalism.
Categorization and Comparison of Influential Twitter Users and Sources Referenced in Tweets for Two Health-Related Topics

The internet’s evolution has had a profound influence on how people acquire medical information. The innovation of web 2.0 has been regarded as the primary motivating factor for people who want to access health-related education. In this work, we identify the URL categories that Twitter users incorporate into their messages when engaging in two selected health-related topics (MMR vaccines and healthy diets). Moreover, we identify the categories of influential message authors who engage in these two topics. Finally, we explore the relationship between different user categories and their patterns of URL sharing. Our results show that when it comes to influential users sharing fake news, users discussing vaccine-related topics were more than twice as likely to share a fake news URLs than those discussing healthy diets.
Effectiveness of social media approaches to recruiting young adult cigarillo smokers: Cross-sectional study

Background: The prevalence of social media use among youth and young adults suggests it is an appropriate platform for study recruitment from this population. Previous studies have examined the use of social media for recruitment, but few have compared platforms, and none, to our knowledge, have attempted to recruit cigarillo users. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of different social media platforms and advertisement images for recruiting cigarillo users aged 14-28 years to complete a cigarillo use survey. Methods: We obtained objective data for advertisement impressions for a 39-week social media recruitment campaign. Advertisements were targeted to users based on their age, geography, and interests. Effectiveness was defined as the percentage of approved surveys per advertising impression. Chi-square tests were performed to compare the effectiveness of different advertisement images and platforms. Results: Valid survey completers (n=1089) were predominately older (25-28 years old, n=839, 77%). Of the 1089 survey completers, 568 (52%) identified as male, 335 (31%) as African American, and 196 (18%) as Hispanic. Advertisements delivered via Facebook/Instagram were more effective than Twitter; 311/1,027,738 (0.03%) vs 661/2,998,715 (0.02%); χ21=21.45, N=4,026,453); P<.001. Across platforms, ads featuring exclusively an image of cigarillos were more effective (397/682,994, 0.06%) than ads with images of individuals smoking (254/1,308,675, 0.02%), individuals not smoking (239/1,393,134, .02%), and groups not smoking (82/641,650, 0.01%); χ23133.73, N=4,026,453; P<.001. Conclusions: The campaign was effective in recruiting a diverse sample representative of relevant racial/ethnic categories. Advertisements on Facebook were more effective than Twitter. Advertisements that featured an image of a cigarillo were consistently the most effective and should be considered by others recruiting cigarillo users via social media.
The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Predicting Response to Diet and the Development of Precision Nutrition Models. Part II: Results

The gut microbiota is increasingly implicated in the health and metabolism of its human host. The host's diet is a major component influencing the composition and function of the gut microbiota, and mounting evidence suggests that the composition and function of the gut microbiota influence the host's metabolic response to diet. This effect of the gut microbiota on personalized dietary response is a growing focus of precision nutrition research and may inform the effort to tailor dietary advice to the individual. Because the gut microbiota has been shown to be malleable to some extent, it may also allow for therapeutic alterations of the gut microbiota in order to alter response to certain dietary components. This article is the second in a 2-part review of the current research in the field of precision nutrition incorporating the gut microbiota into studies investigating interindividual variability in response to diet. Part I reviews the methods used by researchers to design and carry out such studies as well as analyze the results subsequently obtained. Part II reviews the findings of these studies and discusses the gaps in our current knowledge and directions for future research. The studies reviewed provide the current understanding in this field of research and a foundation from which we may build, utilizing and expanding upon the methods and results they present to inform future studies.
Screening for Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria can identify patients for whom treatment might be beneficial for preventing symptomatic infection and other health outcomes. Objective To systematically review benefits and harms of asymptomatic bacteriuria screening and treatment in adults, including during pregnancy, to inform the US Preventive Services Task Force. Data Sources MEDLINE, PubMed (publisher-supplied records), and Cochrane Collaboration Central Registry of Controlled Trials; surveillance through May 24, 2019. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and observational studies on benefits and harms of screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria; RCTs on benefits and harms of asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment. Eligible populations included unselected, asymptomatic individuals without known urinary tract conditions. Data Extraction and Synthesis Independent critical appraisal and data abstraction by 2 reviewers. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate benefits of the interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures Symptomatic infection; function, morbidity, mortality; pregnancy complications and birth outcomes. Results Nineteen studies (N = 8443) meeting inclusion criteria were identified. Two cohort studies (n = 5289) found fewer cases of pyelonephritis in the cohorts of screened pregnant women (0.5%) than within retrospective comparisons of unscreened cohorts (2.2% and 1.8%); the larger study estimated a statistically significant relative risk of 0.30 (95% CI, 0.15-0.60). No studies examined screening in nonpregnant populations. Among 12 trials of asymptomatic bacteriuria screening and treatment during pregnancy (n = 2377; 1 conducted within past 30 years), there were reduced rates of pyelonephritis (range, 0%-16.5% for the intervention group and 2.2%-36.4% for the control group; pooled risk ratio [RR], 0.24 [95% CI, 0.14-0.40]; 12 trials) and low birth weight (range, 2.5%-14.8% for the intervention group and 6.7%-21.4% for the control group; pooled RR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.46-0.90]; 7 trials). There was no significant difference in infant mortality (pooled RR, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.29-3.26]; 6 trials). Five RCTs of asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment in nonpregnant adults (n = 777) did not report any significant differences in risk of infection, mobility, or mortality. Limited evidence on harms of screening or treatment was available, and no statistically significant differences were identified. Conclusions and Relevance Screening and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy was associated with reduced rates of pyelonephritis and low birth weights, but the available evidence was not current, with only 1 study conducted in the past 30 years. Benefits of asymptomatic bacteriuria treatment in nonpregnant adult populations were not found. Trial evidence on harms of asymptomatic bacteriuria antibiotic treatment was limited.
Resource extraction and education funding: nature and political economies of state formation in the United States

The economic and environmental significance of school land policy in the United States has yet to be imagined, let alone systematically studied, by scholars. Although the fact that Congress alloca...