cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Biomass Accumulation on the Playing Quality of a Kentucky Bluegrass Stabilizer System Used for Sports Fields

and ball rebound. The stabilizer had no effect on traction at 12.7-mm depth but did increase traction at 18.8- and 31.3-mm depths where gular Fibers (VHAF—a carpet-type stabilizer no longer shearing and physical displacement of underlying soil can occur on in production), but there was evidence of lower grass sand rootzones. The stabilizer increased divot resistance. Biomass cover on sand with or without VHAF. accumulation reduced both traction at 18.8- and 31.3-mm stabilizer Several research trials have been conducted on stabiprofiledepthsanddivot resistance.Biomassmanagementonstabilizer lizer materialssince thereview byBaker in1997. McNitt carpet is thus necessary for long-term performance. Sand topdressing and Landschoot (2000) compared several stabilizer maincreased biomass depth while verticutting reduced biomass depth. terials, including a carpet type called SportGrass (SportVerticutting one time per month increased divot resistance. Verticut- grass Inc., McLean, VA). They concluded that most ting,however,increasedbothsurfacehardnessandballrebound.Solid stabilizers reduced divot length when compared with tiningreducedsurfacehardnessbutresultedinstabilizerdeterioration. nonstabilized turf, withSportGrass showing the greatest Thus, verticutting programs could be adopted to manage biomass accumulation on natural grass stabilizers. However, research into the reduction. Further studies on SportGrass have sugprevention of biomass accumulation on sand-based stabilized sports gested that traction/stability levels remain the same or fields needs further investigation. increase slightly compared with nonreinforced systems. The SportGrass system, however, increased surface hardness, and hardness values further increased as the
Human factors, automation, and alerting mechanisms in nursing home electronic health records

Objectives. Evaluate a clinical decision support system in an electronic medical record (EMR) to determine activation frequencies, patterns of activity, and how automated alerting mechanisms affect clinical responses. Design. Descriptive. Setting. Three nursing homes. Participants. Midwestern nursing homes where administrative staff had committed to implementing an EMR and clinical decision support system called OneTouch Technologies. Measurements. Automated alerts in the OneTouch EMR including constipation, decline in condition, dehydration, improvement in condition, skin integrity, weight gain, and weight loss were evaluated. Using alert calculations, frequencies of alerts and triggers were counted. Spearman’s rank correlations were determined between the frequency of active alerts and the number of secondary diagnoses for residents. Finally, a comparison was made of clinical responses to active and non-active alerts. Results. Alert data from two facilities totaling 155 days were included in the study. The most frequent alerts were dehydration and improvement in condition. One moderately significant positive correlation was found between the number of secondary diagnoses and weight gain alert frequencies in residents who had a CVA. There were more clinical responses than no clinical responses overall. However, there were as many clinical responses to conditions with no active alerts as active. Conclusions. Frequencies of alerts is an indicator of how much information has to be managed in order to meet complex issues in nursing home residents. Automated alerts play a role in reminding nursing home staff of potential trouble spots in resident care.
Black women and aids prevention: A view towards understanding the gender rules

Black women comprise 52% of women with AIDS, yet there is minimal development of prevention efforts geared to needs of black women. This paper presents the results of intensive group discussion with 28 lower‐income black women and teenage girls in San Francisco examining patterns of sexual behavior. The comments of participants suggest that traditional sexual roles, which permit men to have sexual freedom but censure women for the same activities, are still operating in the black community. A major problem in relationships between men and women is the lack of effective communication about sexual practices, particularly the use of condoms when partners are not mutually monogamous. The communication difficulties are aggravated by imbalance of power between the sexes, as well as dramatic shifts in the economy of the black community. Suggestions are made for effective AIDS prevention programs, based on improved communication in the context of efforts to rebuild communities.
Electrographic status epilepticus in sleep in an adult with cerebral folate deficiency

A 27-year-old woman was evaluated for developmental delay and intractable epilepsy. She was born via cesarean section at 42-week gestational age. Developmental delay for gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and language was noted since infancy. She was hypotonic and walked by age 3 years. She began speaking at age 2 years. Her social skills were preserved.
Characterization and mass load estimates of organic compounds in agricultural irrigation runoff.

Investigations of agricultural chemicals in surface runoff typically target nutrients or specific pesticides; however, numerous other organic compounds are regularly applied to agricultural fields in pesticide formulations, irrigation water, soil amendments and fertilizers. Many of these compounds have toxicological significance. We conducted a broad spectrum analysis of surface runoff from individual irrigated agricultural fields in coastal southern California to characterize organic compounds amenable to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and to estimate the mass flux of selected chemicals. Aqueous phase extracts contained several pesticides, as well as personal care product ingredients and pharmaceutically active compounds apparently derived from treated wastewater used for irrigation. Several compounds potentially associated with pesticide adjuvants were also present in aqueous phase extracts. Dissolved NOM constituents in water phase extracts included n -fatty acids, aliphatic alcohols and plant terpenoids. Tentatively identified compounds sorbed to suspended particles included pesticides, a fecal sterol, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, and C 14 and C 16 n -fatty acids and fatty acid esters. Bicyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified in both aqueous and suspended particle phases. Constituent concentrations, including total suspended solids (TSS), varied over the course of the sampled events by up to an order of magnitude, and typically were not correlated with flow. Variation in sorbed organic compound concentrations often did not parallel those for TSS concentration. Mass load estimates were strongly influenced by the choice of sampling interval.
Diffusion-assisted photoexcitation transfer in coupled semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films.

We utilize femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to study dynamics of photoexcitation migration in films of semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes. Films of nanotubes in close contact enable energy migration such as needed in photovoltaic and electroluminescent devices. Two types of films composed of nanotube fibers are utilized in this study: densely packed and very porous. By comparing exciton kinetics in these films, we characterize excitation transfer between carbon nanotubes inside fibers versus between fibers. We find that intrafiber transfer takes place in both types of films, whereas interfiber transfer is greatly suppressed in the porous one. Using films with different nanotube composition, we are able to test several models of exciton transfer. The data are inconsistent with models that rely on through-space interfiber energy transfer. A model that fits the experimental results postulates that interfiber transfer occurs only at intersections between fibers, and the excitons reach th...
Field Evaluation of Ovipositional Repellents Against Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes

Straight-chain aliphatic carboxylic acids in the C8 to C10 range are known to be effective ovipositional repellents under laboratory conditions. Under semi-field conditions, octanoic acid (C8) was tested in sheet metal cylinders in experimental ponds. Results showed that at a concentration of 15-ppm octanoic acid was effective in repelling ovipositing mosquitoes. Under field conditions, nonanoic acid (C9) was tested in whole experimental ponds at several concentrations. Complete ovipositional repellency was achieved for 1 day at 25 ppm, 2 days at 50 ppm, about 5 days at 75 ppm, and about 6 to 7 days at 150 ppm.
Effects of gaseous ions on tracheal ciliary rate.

Recent experiments have shown that + and − air ions have marked effects on ciliary rate and other properties of the mammalian trachea, both in vitro(3) and in vivo (4). It seems reasonable to conclude that these effects stem from physiologically significant alterations in state of gases present in ambient atmosphere and that deliberately produced changes in composition of this atmosphere would be reflected in the response of the tracheal tissue. The following experiments were performed to test this assumption.Methods. Anesthetized rabbits were tracheotomized and placed in humid-air ionizing chamber according to technic already described (4). Gases used were warmed to 25-28°C, bubbled through water, and blown continuously into the chamber. Since earlier work(2) had shown that presence of smog or cigarette smoke in ambient atmosphere altered the action of air ions on bacterial suspensions, cigarette smoke was employed in some of these experiments. It was produced in mechanical device operating under negativ...
On progressive blast envelope evolution of charged particles in electromagnetic fields

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the explosion of a set of charged particles in an electromagnetic field and the progressive time-evolution of the blast envelope. It is shown that the initial spherical blast envelope evolves into the shape of an ellipsoid whose longitudinal axis is aligned with the magnetic field. Specifically, the individual particles rotate around the longitudinal axis, and rotate in decaying orbits until they become stationary, leaving a stationary overall ellipsoidal configuration of particles. In order to investigate this system, a direct multiparticle model is constructed, which balances the detonation energy released from the initial blast pulse with the subsequent particle-system kinetic energy and then computes the trajectories of the discrete interacting material under the influence of the electromagnetic field and drag from any surrounding medium. Under certain simplifying assumptions, the model can be solved for analytically, which provides a guide to identifying the key parameters that control the evolving blast envelope. Three dimensional examples are provided to illustrate the framework/method.
Determination of Cyanide in Drinking Water by Flow Injection Method

[Objective]To establish a method for determination of cyanide in drinking water by flow injection method.[Methods]Lachat QC8500 flow Injection system was introduced to the analysis of cyanide in drinking water.Hydrogen cyanide was released in water by means of in line-distillation at 125 ℃,then converted to cyanogen chloride by reaction with chloramine-T.The cyanogen chloride then formed a violet-blue dye by reacting with an isonicotinic acid-barbituric acid reagent.The color was read at 600nm.[Results]The cyanide gave a good linearity in the range of 1.00 ~200 μg/L(r=0.9999).The detection limit was 0.29 μg/L.The recoveries for the spiked samples ranged from 98.2% to 104% and the relative standard deviations(RSD) were between 0.60%~3.83%.[Conclusion]The method is rapid,accurate,sensitive and can be applied to the determination of cyanide in drinking water.
Genetic aspects of idiopathic speech and language disorders.

Recent studies of the genetic aspects of two speech and language disorders, delayed language development and stuttering, are reviewed in this article. Although few studies have evaluated the genetic bases of developmental language delay, the data are more suggestive of a simple mendelian model of transmission. Stuttering research, on the other hand, has been more extensive, but the results are unclear concerning the mode of transmission. Because monozygotic twins are frequently not concordant for stuttering, this disorder is thought to include both genetic and other factors. Significant methodologie problems in selection, subtyping, and identification procedures are present in the studies on both disorders, making these findings only preliminary.
How to Decrease Unemployment

I do not share the view which has dominated in this volume, that nothing short of a dramatic and painful overhaul of the supply side of our economies will reduce unemployment. I believe unemployment in Western Europe can be reduced, can be reduced to low levels, and that this need not involve much pain.
Utilization of bedside ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of massive pulmonary embolism: a case report

The prompt diagnosis and treatment of massive pulmonary embolism is a well-known challenge for physicians. We report a case of a 61-year-old hemodynamically unstable man who presented to the emergency department with complaints of acute dyspnea. After performing a focused history and physical, we used bedside ultrasound to diagnose significant right heart strain, which suggested massive bilateral pulmonary embolisms. This diagnosis was further supported by the visualization of deep venous thrombosis in the left lower extremity. The patient was treated with IV tissue plasminogen activator in the emergency department and survived to discharge in his usual state of health.
Storms, channel changes, and a sediment budget for an urban-suburban stream, Difficult Run, Virginia, USA

Abstract Determining erosion and deposition rates in urban-suburban settings and how these processes are affected by large storms is important to understanding geomorphic processes in these landscapes. Sediment yields in the suburban and urban Upper Difficult Run are among the highest ever recorded in the Chesapeake Bay watershed, ranging from 161 to 376 Mg/km2/y. Erosion and deposition of streambanks, channel bed, and bars and deposition of floodplains were monitored between 1 March 2010 and 18 January 2013 in Upper Difficult Run, Virginia, USA. We documented the effects of two large storms, Tropical Storm Lee (September 2011), a 100-year event, and Super Storm Sandy (October 2012) a 5-year event, on channel erosion and deposition. Variability in erosion and deposition rates for all geomorphic features, temporally and spatially, are important conclusions of this study. Tropical Storm Lee was an erosive event, where erosion occurred on 82% of all streambanks and where 88% of streambanks that were aggrading before Tropical Storm Lee became erosional. Statistical analysis indicated that drainage area explains linear changes (cm/y) in eroding streambanks and that channel top width explains cross-sectional area changes (cm2/y) in eroding streambanks and floodplain deposition (mm/y). A quasi-sediment budget constructed for the study period using the streambanks, channel bed, channel bars, and floodplain measurements underestimated the measured suspended-sediment load by 61% (2130 Mg/y). Underestimation of the sediment load may be caused by measurement errors and to contributions from upland sediment sources, which were not measured but estimated at 36% of the gross input of sediment. Eroding streambanks contributed 42% of the gross input of sediment and accounted for 70% of the measured suspended-sediment load. Similar to other urban watersheds, the large percentage of impervious area in Difficult Run and direct runoff of precipitation leads to increased streamflow and streambank erosion. This study emphasizes the importance of streambanks in urban-suburban sediment budgets but also suggests that other sediment sources, such as upland sources, which were not measured in this study, can be an important source of sediment.
Complete, Closed Genome Sequences of 10 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Typhimurium Strains Isolated from Human and Bovine Sources.

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica is a leading cause of enterocolitis for humans and animals. S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium infects a broad range of hosts. To facilitate genomic comparisons among isolates from different sources, we present the complete genome sequences of 10 S. Typhimurium strains, 5 each isolated from human and bovine sources.
Collapse of the selection rules through 2D plasmonics

We demonstrate that 2D plasmons can enable very high-order multipolar transitions and singlet-triplet transitions. In fact, transitions whose lifetimes are normally on the order of the age of the universe can happen in nanoseconds.
Phase I trial of pemetrexed (P) in combination with cetuximab (C) and concurrent radiotherapy (RT) in patients (pts) with head and neck cancer (HNC)

16516 Background: P is a multitargeted antifolate that has demonstrated activity in HNC and radiosensitizing properties in animal models. C is a chimeric IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor that has increased the survival of pts with stage III/IV HNC when added to RT. We conducted a phase I study to evaluate the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) and maximum tolerated dose of P when combined with standard RT and C. Methods: Pts with high-risk HNC were enrolled and evaluated separately in 2 cohorts: pts with no prior head and neck RT (cohort A) and previously irradiated pts (cohort B). A loading dose of C 400 mg/m2 was given intravenously 7 days prior to starting RT followed by 250 mg/m2 weekly throughout RT. RT was given 2 Gy/day to a total dose of 70 Gy (cohort A) or 60–66 Gy (cohort B). P was administered intravenously on days 1 and 22 (and day 43 if >60 Gy was delivered) according to the following design: Starting dose level (0)-350 mg/m2, dose level (-1)-200 mg/m...
Using Stable Isotopes to Assess the Contribution of Terrestrial and Riverine Organic Matter to Diets of Nearshore Marine Consumers in a Glacially Influenced Estuary

Terrestrial and marine ecosystems in Southeast Alaska are linked by the flow of freshwater from precipitation and glacial runoff, which transports nutrients and organic matter (OM) downstream to estuaries. We examined the contribution of terrestrial-riverine and marine OM to diets of fishes (N = 257, four species) and invertebrates (N = 90, six species) collected from glacially influenced estuaries in Southeast Alaska using multiple stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S). Multivariate analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) was used to quantify variation in stable isotope composition of consumers across 6 months and three sites with watersheds that differed in their glacier and forest composition. Fishes showed weak differences (ANOSIM R = 0.141) in stable isotope composition among sampling months, moderate differences (ANOSIM R = 0.375) among sites, and strong differences (ANOSIM R = 0.583) among species. Invertebrates showed moderate differences (ANOSIM R = 0.352) in stable isotope composition among sampling months and strong differences among sites (ANOSIM R = 0.710) and species (ANOSIM R = 0.858). We found the greatest differences in stable isotope composition between the two estuary sites with watersheds containing the highest and lowest glacial coverage, indicating that the contribution of allochthonous OM to consumer diets varies across watershed types. Invertebrates collected from the site with the lowest glacial coverage in the watershed were more depleted in δ13C and δ34S, indicating higher use of terrestrial-riverine OM, than those at sites with higher watershed glacial coverage. High variation in stable isotope composition among species, months, and sites underscores the complexity of estuary food web responses to future glacier loss.
Low fertility awareness in United States reproductive-aged women and medical trainees: creation and validation of the Fertility & Infertility Treatment Knowledge Score (FIT-KS)

Objective To create, validate, and use a fertility awareness survey based on current U.S. data. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Not applicable. Patient(s) Phase 1 included U.S. women ages 18–45; phase 2 included female medical students and obstetrics and gynecology trainees at two urban academic programs. Intervention(s) Survey including demographics, the Fertility & Infertility Treatment Knowledge Score (FIT-KS) instrument, and General Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire. Main Outcome Measure(s) Knowledge of natural fertility and infertility treatments. Result(s) The FIT-KS was validated through detailed item and validity analyses. In phase 1, 127 women participated; their median age was 31 years, and 43.7% had children. Their mean FIT-KS score was 16.2 ± 3.5 (55.9% correct). In phase 2, 118 medical trainees participated; their median age was 25 years, and 12.4% had children. Their mean FIT-KS score was 18.8 ± 2.1 (64.9% correct), with year of training correlating to a higher score ( r =0.40). Participant awareness regarding lifestyle factors varied, but it was particularly low regarding the effects of lubricants. The majority underestimated the spontaneous miscarriage rate and overestimated the fecundability of 40-year-old women. There was general overestimation of success rates for assisted reproductive technologies, particularly among medical trainees. Conclusion(s) The FIT-KS is validated to current U.S. data for use in both general and medical populations as a quick assessment of fertility knowledge. The knowledge gaps demonstrated in this study correlate with national trends in delayed childbearing and time to initiate treatment. For medical trainees, these results raise concerns about the quality of fertility counseling they may be able to offer patients. Greater educational outreach must be undertaken to enhance fertility awareness.
Social work practice in health care: looking to the future with a different lens

Social work practice in health care must change to better meet the needs of individuals and their families as the system of care changes from an acute care focus to a community based focus and as individuals seek more active participation in their own care decisions. Practitioners and educators must renew their partnership to create a practice based on the needs of individuals to move most effectively through a more complex system of care and back home again. A paradigmatic shift can redefine social work in health care for the future. Renewed leadership with vision is required.
Controlling the H to T′ structural phase transition via chalcogen substitution in MoTe2 monolayers

New materials exhibiting reversible structural transitions are desired for a variety of applications, yet they are difficult to identify and stabilize. Monolayer MoTe2 has emerged as a good candidate as it displays a small energy difference between a semiconducting H and semimetallic T' phase; however, switching between the two phases is difficult. Here, we propose using chalcogen alloying to overcome this challenge. Using first principles density functional theory calculations, we investigate 7 MoTe2-xXx alloys (X = N, P, Sb, F, Br, I, and Se) at three concentrations. We find that the energy difference between the H and T' phases is dependent on the chemistry, size, and concentration of the dopant atom, providing significant control over the stability of the two phases. From the thermodynamic stability of these compounds, we show that several can be stabilized under the appropriate experimental conditions. We also find that P-alloying enhances the chemical reactivity of the basal plane towards a variety of adsorbates. Finally, we show that mechanical strain makes it is easier to stabilize and dynamically switch between the two states than in unalloyed MoTe2. Our results suggest that Te substitution in monolayer MoTe2 is a way to induce and control a reversible structural phase transition in this two-dimensional material system.
How honest are the signals? A protocol for validating wearable sensors

There is growing interest among organizational researchers in tapping into alternative sources of data beyond self-reports to provide a new avenue for measuring behavioral constructs. Use of alternative data sources such as wearable sensors is necessary for developing theory and enhancing organizational practice. Although wearable sensors are now commercially available, the veracity of the data they capture is largely unknown and mostly based on manufacturers' claims. The goal of this research is to test the validity and reliability of data captured by one such wearable badge (by Humanyze) in the context of structured meetings where all individuals wear a badge for the duration of the encounter. We developed a series of studies, each targeting a specific sensor of this badge that is relevant for structured meetings, and we make specific recommendations for badge data usage based on our validation results. We have incorporated the insights from our studies on a website that researchers can use to conduct validation tests for their badges, upload their data, and assess the validity of the data. We discuss this website in the corresponding studies.
Usefulness of an Online Risk Estimator for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Predicting Corticosteroid Treatment in Infants Born Preterm

Objective To assess the usefulness of a bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) outcome estimator developed by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in identifying high-risk preterm infants treated with steroids. Study design This was a single-center retrospective study of infants born ≤30 weeks of gestational age. The NICHD BPD outcome estimator was used to retrospectively calculate BPD risk at various postnatal ages. The best combination of risk estimates for identifying steroid treatment was identified using stepwise model selection. A cut-off value with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity was identified using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results A total of 165 infants born preterm (mean gestational age 26 ± 1.6 weeks, mean birth weight 837 ± 171 g) were included. Of these, 61 were treated with steroids for BPD and 104 were not. Risk estimates for BPD or death were significantly greater in infants treated with steroids compared with controls. Both combined risk for severe BPD or death and single risk of no BPD were identified as factors with the best predictive power for identifying treatment with steroids, with accurate prediction possible as early as the second week of life. A greater than 37% risk for severe BPD or death or a less than 3% risk of no BPD on day of life 14 had 84%-92% sensitivity and 77%-80% specificity for predicting steroid treatment. Conclusion The NICHD BPD outcome estimator can be a useful objective tool for identifying infants at high risk for BPD who may benefit from postnatal steroids.
PAQ: persistent adaptive query middleware for dynamic environments

Pervasive computing applications often entail continuous monitoring tasks, issuing persistent queries that return continuously updated views of the operational environment. We present PAQ, a middleware that supports applications' needs by approximating a persistent query as a sequence of one-time queries. PAQ introduces an integration strategy abstraction that allows composition of one-time query responses into streams representing sophisticated spatio-temporal phenomena of interest. A distinguishing feature of our middleware is the realization that the suitability of a persistent query's result is a function of the application's tolerance for accuracy weighed against the associated overhead costs. In PAQ, programmers can specify an inquiry strategy that dictates how information is gathered. Since network dynamics impact the suitability of a particular inquiry strategy, PAQ associates an introspection strategy with a persistent query, that evaluates the quality of the query's results. The result of introspection can trigger application-defined adaptation strategies that alter the nature of the query. PAQ's simple API makes developing adaptive querying systems easily realizable. We present the key abstractions, describe their implementations, and demonstrate the middleware's usefulness through application examples and evaluation.
Isoform-specific activities of the regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases - potentially novel therapeutic targets.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The main regulatory subunits of Class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), p85α and p85β, initiate diverse cellular activities independent of binding to the catalytic subunit p110. Several of these signaling processes directly or indirectly contribute to a regulation of PI3K and could become targets for therapeutic efforts.Areas covered: This review will highlight two general areas of p85 activity: (1) direct interaction with regulatory proteins and with determinants of the cytoskeleton, and (2) a genetic analysis by deletion and domain switches identifying new functions for p85 domains.Expert Opinion: Isoform-specific activities of regulatory subunits have long been at the periphery of the PI3K field. Our understanding of these unique functions of the regulatory subunits is fragmentary and raises many important questions. At this time, there is insufficient information to translate this knowledge into the clinic, but some tempting targets have emerged that could move the field f...
The Influence of Athletic Trainers on the Incidence and Management of Concussions in High School Athletes

Context In many US high schools, the athletic trainer (AT) has the responsibility to identify and manage athletes with concussions. Although the availability of ATs varies a great deal among schools, how the level of AT availability in high schools affects the reported incidence and management of sport-related concussions (SRCs) is unknown. Objective To determine how the presence of an AT affects the reporting and management of SRCs. Design Prospective cohort study. Patients or Other Participants A total of 2459 (female = 37.5%, age = 16.1 ± 1.2 years) athletes from 31 Wisconsin high schools were categorized as having low availability (LoAT), mid availability (MidAT), or high availability (HiAT) of ATs. Athletic trainers recorded the incidence, days lost from sport, and postconcussion management through return to sport. The incidence of SRC reporting among categories was examined using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Fisher exact tests were used to determine if postconcussion management dif...
Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method: Uniform Building Code—1985

The engineering methods for earthquake resistant design presented in this chapter and in the next chapter are based, respectively, on the requirements of the Uniform Building Codes of 1985 and 1988 [UBC-85 and UBC-88 (International Conference of Building Officials 1985; 1988)]. The Uniform Building Code is the building code most extensively used in the United States, particularly in the western part of the country. The UBC-88 introduced major changes in the previous edition of 1985. However, UBC-85 is also presented because other major codes in use have similar requirements.
Serendipity and Community Development: A Study of Unplanned Community Development Consequences in a Community Service Program

This study documents several serendipitous (valuable but unintended) community development consequences of participation in a volunteer community service program. Nearly 200 adult volunteers were s...
Social Big Data as a Tool for Understanding and Predicting the Impact of Cannabis Legalization.

After alcohol and tobacco, cannabis is the most commonly used substance in the United States (U.S.), with 8.9% of individuals ages 12 and older reporting past-month use (1). Cannabis policy is currently undergoing a historic change in the United States. Though cannabis is illegal under federal law, 29 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.) now allow medical use, and since 2012, eight states and D.C. have passed laws permitting non-medical use (2). In California, voters approved non-medical use of cannabis through a ballot initiative in November 2016. With a population of nearly 40 million, California has a larger population than the other states with legalized non-medical use combined (3). Because of its size, California may offer an unprecedented opportunity to examine the consequences of legalization, and to glean lessons about legalization's impacts that will be essential as policymakers and regulators in other states (and potentially at the federal level) consider cannabis legalization in the future. In this article, we highlight our viewpoint on some of the major lessons about cannabis legalization that can be learned in California, and how big data can be used to generate knowledge about cannabis legalization's impact on public health and safety.
Measuring networks in the field

Measuring networks in the field—usually by asking individuals systematically about their networks–entails complex design choices, with large consequences for the resulting data. Because observations in a network are interconnected, well-established practices from non-network survey settings can lead researchers astray. Despite the increasing focus on networks in political science, little guidance is available for researchers facing high-stakes decisions when designing a study to elicit networks. This paper serves as a practical guide. It offers a simple framework for constructing a network theory, illuminates tradeoffs like measuring more nodes versus more ties per node or asking for names versus selections from a list, and proposes a new technique for cleaning relational data.
A copper-clad lithiophilic current collector for dendrite-free lithium metal anodes

Lithium (Li) metal has been considered as one of the most attractive anode materials of Li batteries due to its high theoretical capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, dendrite formation and large volume change during battery operation hinder its commercialization. Here, we created a three-dimensional (3D) light-weight and mechanically flexible copper-clad carbon framework (CuCF) as a lithiophilic current collector. The CuCF can be made by scalable pyrolysis of a melamine–formaldehyde foam (MF) followed by copper electroplating. The carbon framework (CF) without copper cladding has a lower conductivity (4.32 × 10−4 S cm−1) and fewer non-uniform lithium nucleation sites, leading to lithium dendrite growth during plating/stripping. By surface engineering with copper-cladding, the CuCF has a much higher conductivity (1.38 × 10−2 S cm−1) and more Li nucleation sites which allow a uniform and smooth Li deposition. Moreover, the excellent mechanical flexibility and enlarged surface area of the CuCF current collector can accommodate volume expansion and reduce local current density. As a result, a dendrite-free Li metal anode is achieved with a high coulombic efficiency of 99.5% even after 300 plating/stripping cycles (∼1200 hours). Significantly, it can last for more than 170 cycles at a high current of 5 mA cm−2 in a symmetric cell cycling test. Furthermore, a Li/lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cell exhibits a long cycling life at a high current of 1C.
Composite Contributions of Cerebrospinal Fluid GABAergic Neurosteroids, Neuropeptide Y and interleukin-6 to PTSD Symptom Severity in Men With PTSD

Abstract Given that multiple neurobiological systems, as well as components within these systems are impacted by stress, and may interact in additive, compensatory and synergistic ways to promote or mitigate PTSD risk, severity, and recovery, we thought that it would be important to consider the collective, as well as separate effects of these neurobiological systems on PTSD risk. With this goal in mind, we conducted a proof-of-concept study utilizing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) collected from unmedicated, tobacco- and illicit substance-free men with PTSD (n = 13) and trauma-exposed healthy controls (TC) (n = 17). Thirteen neurobiological factors thought to contribute to PTSD risk or severity based on previous studies were assayed. As the small but typical sample size of this lumbar puncture study limited the number of factors that could be considered in a hierarchical regression model, we included only those five factors with at least a moderate correlation (Spearman rho > 0.30) with total Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-IV) scores, and that did not violate multicollinearity criteria. Three of the five factors meeting these criteria—CSF allopregnanolone and pregnanolone (Allo + PA: equipotent GABAergic metabolites of progesterone), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and interleukin-6 (IL-6)—were found to account for over 75% of the variance in the CAPS-IV scores (R2 = 0.766, F = 8.75, p = 0.007). CSF Allo + PA levels were negatively associated with PTSD severity (β = −0.523, p = 0.02) and accounted for 47% of the variance in CAPS-IV scores. CSF NPY was positively associated with PTSD severity (β = 0.410, p = 0.04) and accounted for 14.7% of the CAPS-IV variance. There was a trend for a positive association between PTSD severity and CSF IL-6 levels, which accounted for 15.3% of the variance in PTSD severity (β = 0.423, p = 0.05). Z-scores were then computed for each of the three predictive factors and used to depict the varying relative degrees to which each contributed to PTSD severity at the individual PTSD patient level. This first of its kind, proof-of-concept study bears replication in larger samples. However, it highlights the collective effects of dysregulated neurobiological systems on PTSD symptom severity and the heterogeneity of potential biological treatment targets across individual PTSD patients—thus supporting the need for precision medicine approaches to treatment development and prescribing in PTSD.
From Physical Time to a Dualistic Model of Human Time

There is a long standing debate as to whether or not time is ‘real’ or illusory, and whether or not human time (the flow/passage of time) is a direct reflection of physical time. Differing spacetime cosmologies have opposing views. Exactly what human time entails has, in our opinion, led to the failure to resolve this ‘two times’ problem. To help resolve this issue we propose a dualistic model of human time in which each component (e.g. change, motion, and temporality) has both an illusory and non-illusory (‘real’) aspect. With the dualistic model we are able to provide experimental tests for all of the human time assertions of 10 chosen spacetime cosmologies. The illusory aspect of the ‘present,’ i.e. a ‘unique present’ was confirmed. An information gathering and utilizing system (IGUS) was constructed using a virtual reality (VR) apparatus allowing the observer to experientially roam back and forth along the worldline ad lib. The phenomenon of ‘change’ was experimentally found to be illusory at high frequency observation and non-illusory (‘real’) at low frequency observation, the latter phenomenon coinciding with ‘change’ referred to in the ‘Order of Time’ and ‘Relativity Refounded’ views. Additional experiments are presented indicating that both motion and temporality are dualistic. In sum, the dualistic model of human time allows for the existence of both illusory and non-illusory (‘real’) aspects of human time that are not in conflict with one another. It also provides experimental evidence for various spacetime cosmological assertions regarding human time.
ByGARS: Byzantine SGD with Arbitrary Number of Attackers

We propose two novel stochastic gradient descent algorithms, ByGARS and ByGARS++, for distributed machine learning in the presence of any number of Byzantine adversaries. In these algorithms, reputation scores of workers are computed using an auxiliary dataset at the server. This reputation score is then used for aggregating the gradients for stochastic gradient descent. The computational complexity of ByGARS++ is the same as the usual distributed stochastic gradient descent method with only an additional inner product computation in every iteration. We show that using these reputation scores for gradient aggregation is robust to any number of multiplicative noise Byzantine adversaries and use two-timescale stochastic approximation theory to prove convergence for strongly convex loss functions. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithms for non-convex learning problems using MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets against almost all state-of-the-art Byzantine attacks. We also show that the proposed algorithms are robust to multiple different types of attacks at the same time.
Financial Reporting Fraud and Delegated Investment

Following the public revelation of financial reporting fraud against a company in their portfolio, professional money managers decrease (increase) their holdings in stocks with high (low) expected financial reporting fraud risk, reduce the total risk level of their funds, and allocate their portfolios closer to their respective benchmarks. Portfolio managers exposed to financial reporting fraud rely less on accounting information in their trading decisions subsequently, suggesting that fraud alters the behavior of investment managers by reducing their trust in security issuers. The results provide insight into the implications of fraud for professional investment decisions.
Meta-Analysis of Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome Treated With Coronary Stenting.

We aimed to evaluate if a shorter course of DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy is as effective as a 12-month course with fewer bleeding events. PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Central were searched for randomized controlled trials of ACS patients comparing dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for 1 to 3 months followed by a P2Y12 inhibitor to 12-month DAPT. Quality assessment was performed with the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias assessment tool. Five randomized clinical trials were included, with a total of 18,046 participants. Antiplatelet strategies were aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor for 12 months compared with aspirin and P2Y12 inhibitor for 1 to 3 months followed by P212 inhibitor alone. Patients randomized to 1 to 3 months of DAPT followed by P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy had lower rates of major bleeding (1.42% vs 2.53%; OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.42-0.67; p
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in the Long-Term Survival Phase Exhibit Higher Chlorine Tolerance and Less Sublethal Injury Following Chlorine Treatment of Romaine Lettuce.

The extent of chlorine inactivation and sublethal injury of stationary-phase (STAT) and long-term survival-phase (LTS) cells of Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in vitro and in a lettu...
Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of molecular fluids from perturbation theory: I. Pure fluids

Abstract Shukla, K., 1994. Phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of molecular fluids from perturbation theory. I. Pure fluids. Fluid Phase Equilibria , 94: 19-49. A thermodynamic perturbation theory for fluid mixtures composed of rigid, nonspherical molecules is presented. In this theory the important isotropic and anisotropic interactions arising from two-body electrostatic, induction, dispersion and repulsion forces and from three-body induction and dispersion forces are treated as perturbations of the reference system represented by the Lennard-Jones pair interactions. This form of the perturbation theory differs from its previous versions in that the properties of the reference Lennard-Jones system are computed using an accurate form of the perturbation theory. Numerous comparison of theoretical results with experimental data for vapor-liquid phase equilibria and thermodynamic properties of several pure fluids composed of spherical (argon, krypton, xenon), octopolar (methane), quadrupolar (ethylene, ethane, carbon dioxide) and dipolar (hydrogen bromide) molecules show the very good performance of the perturbation theory. Part II of this work reports results for vapor-liquid phase equilibria and thermodynamic excess properties of binary fluid mixtures.
Coordination as a Criterion for Economic “Goodness”

Welfare economics requires a criterion for economic “goodness” in regard to a society. Unlike conventional criteria, “coordination” (among independent decisionmakers) does not violate methodological individualism. The coordination criterion can be objectively deployed to judge events or policies, referring only to the given preference rankings of relevant individuals, given their initial positions. An important variant refers not to the attained (or unattained) state of achieved coordination, but to the ability of events or policies to affect the process through which a better-coordinated state may be approached. Several implications of the coordination criterion are explored.
General Solution of Inelastic Beam-Column Problem

Analytical solutions that describe the elastic-plastic behavior of a beam column loaded at the ends and the midspan are presented. Much work has been done on the elastic solution, so the current effort is to extend this work to the inelastic range. Difficulties associated with the analysis are outlined, and the method of attack in overcoming these difficulties is described. The theoretical analysis of the six different cases which correspond to different stages of plastification wihtin the beam column is analyzed. Interaciton curves for combinations of axial force and lateral load that can be safely supported by the beam column of rectangular and wide-flange cross-sections are presented.
Nonradiative recombination at deep impurity levels in p-type Hg1–xCdxTe

In summary, we have applied various deep level spectroscopy techniques to characterize nonradiative recombination centers at near mid-gap and at 3/4 Eg in p-type Hg1-xCdxTe for 0.2 < x < 0.4. The near mid-gap center D1 in bulk grown p-tpye Hg1-xCdxTe has a density proportional to the number of acceptors present which are Hg+ vacancies. This D1 center determines the excess carrier lifetime in bulk grown p-type Hg1-xCdxTe.
Impact of the Professional Component MPPR Policy on Interdivisional Finances in an Academic Radiology Department

Abstract Purpose The professional component (PC) Multiple Procedure Payment Reduction (MPPR) policy reduces reimbursement for two or more imaging services rendered by the same group practice for a single patient in a single session. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the PC MPPR on interdivisional finances in an academic radiology department. Methods A retrospective analysis of Medicare collections from imaging services rendered by a single academic radiology department in a tertiary care medical center for calendar year 2014 was performed. The impact of the PC MPPR on each division was calculated as the fraction of the total departmental PC MPPR, and as the proportion of the divisional revenue. Results The total decrease in Medicare collections as a result of the PC MPPR was 5.35%. The impact of the PC MPPR on each division as a fraction of the total departmental PC MPPR was: abdominal division (16.63%); thoracic division (23.56%); breast division (0.03%); musculoskeletal division (11.92%); neuroradiology division (34.40%); and noninvasive cardiovascular division (13.46%). The impact of the PC MPPR on each division as a fraction of the divisional revenue was: abdominal (2.82%); thoracic (11.83%); breast (0.66%); musculoskeletal (6.01%); neuroradiology (5.31%); and noninvasive cardiovascular (5.85%). Conclusions The PC MPPR differentially affects divisions within an academic radiology department. The neuroradiology and thoracic divisions of our department were the most adversely affected, owing to the high frequency of combined examinations. We speculate that this impact has implications for divisional self-sufficiency, interdivisional relationships, and resident decision making regarding subspecialty training.