cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Negative Donor Centers in High Magnetic Fields and Quantum Wells

The properties of negative donor centers D - in quantum wells and strong magnetic fields are analyzed by an effective mass model. The model is solved exactly by a diffusion quantum Monte Carlo method from the three-dimensional limit to the two-dimensional limit. Available experimental results of D - centers in bulk GaAs and GaAs/Ga1-xAlx as quantum wells are compared with the theoretical results, and excellent agreement is found between theory and magneto-optical experiments. The strong increase in the binding energy of D - centers due to the reduction of the dimensionality is quantitatively predicted. Enhancement of electron correlation effect in the two-dimensional systems is discussed.
Differences Between Anger and Annoyance

In order to understand a phenomenon such as anger, it is often helpful to explore the similarities and differences between it and other closely related phenomena. That was the implicit rationale behind the discussion in Chapter 3 of cross-cultural variations in aggressive syndromes. The purpose of the present chapter is to contrast anger with a closely related emotion in our own culture, namely, annoyance. There is no special reason for selecting annoyance (as oppossed, say, to contempt or jealousy) for this purpose. A little reflection suggests, however, that “annoyance” is the most common, as well as the most inclusive, term for relatively mild states similar to anger.
THE ADSORPTION OF THE POTENTIAL DETERMINING ARSENATE ANION ON OXIDE SURFACES

The arsenate-aluminum hydroxide adsorption system is modeled using a modified stern equation. The stern potential is experimentally derived as a function of the potential determining ions for the system. Results indicate that adsorption of arsenate can be modeled using a single specific adsorption energy (o). Adsorption data is quantitatively described in terms of pH and equilibrium arsenate concentration. Constant pH Langmuir isotherms and other adsorption models are discussed in relation to the data presented.
Interview with Ubiratan D' Ambrosio

The following interview with Ubiratan D'Ambrosio was conducted in September 2011. Ubiratan D'Ambrosio is Professor Emeritus of Mathematics at the State University of Campinas/UNICAMP, Sao Paulo, Brazil, where he was an active faculty member from 1972 through 1993. He has been researching social-cultural issues related to mathematics, science, and mathematics education. His areas of study have included history of mathematics and science, and ethnomathematics and ethnoscience (this terminology was coined by him).
Clusters and covers: geometric set cover algorithms

We consider several geometric special cases of the set cover problem. The first problem we consider is the decomposing coverings problem. Here, we consider a combinatorial problem: given a collection of points in the plane and a collection of objects in the plane such that each point is contained in at least k objects, partition the objects into as many sets as possible so that each set covers all of the points. We show that if the objects are translates of a convex polygon, then it is possible to partition the translates into Ω( k) covers. The second problem we consider is the planar sensor cover problem. This problem is a generalization of the decomposing coverings problem. We are given a collection of points in the plane and a collection of objects in the plane. Each of the objects can be thought of as a sensor. The sensors have a duration which can be thought of as the battery life of the sensor. The planar sensor cover problem is to schedule a start time to each of the sensors so that the points are covered by a sensor for as long as possible. We give a constant factor approximation for this problem. The key contribution to this result is a constant factor approximation to a one-dimensional version of the problem called the restricted strip cover (RSC) problem. Our result for RSC improves upon the previous best O(log log log n)-approximation, and our result for the planar sensor cover problem improves upon the previous best O (log n)-approximation. The next problem we consider is the metric clustering to minimize the sum of radii problem. Here, we are given an n-point metric (P, d), and an integer k > 0. We are interested in covering the points in P with at most k balls so that the sum of the radii of the balls is minimized. We give a randomized algorithm which solves the problem exactly in nO(log n log Δ) time, where Δ is the ratio of the maximum interpoint distance to the minimum interpoint distance. We also show that the problem is NP-hard, even in metrics induced by weighted planar graphs and when the metric has constant doubling dimension. The last problem we consider is the minimum dominating set problem for disk graphs. In this problem, we are given a set of disks in the plane, and we want to choose a minimum-cardinality subset of disks such that every disk is either in the set or intersects a disk in the set. For any e>0, we show that a simple local search algorithm is a (1+e)-approximation for the problem which improves upon the previous best O(log n)-approximation algorithm.
Positronium Decay Rates

In this paper we briefly review all positronium (Ps) decay rate measurements (including those of the excited states and the Ps negative ion) that have been completed to date. The results are compared with theoretical values. The Ps system represents the most rigorous confrontation with theoretical decay rate calculations for any QED system.
Online Dating: Changing Intimacy One Swipe at a Time?

The rise of online dating and, even more recently, the rise of app dating services, have brought about many fundamental questions for social science researchers trying to understand the current landscape of intimate relationships. Among the questions are: Is online dating streamlining the mate selection process? Do the websites’ matching algorithms actually procure more compatible partners? Is online dating fundamentally changing how we find and choose partners? Are there differences between those relationships formed online and those initiated offline? Using the most current literature, we address these and many more enquiries now occupying the forefront of online dating and intimacy research. As well, we include a historical review of dating services in the USA and discuss how online dating has been received in various global markets.
Living race together: the role of partner's race in racial/ethnic differences in smoking.

ABSTRACTObjective: Crossing racial lines provides a unique context for understanding racial patterns in smoking. This research explores whether adults whose unions cross racial lines behave more si...
Dynamics ofMycobacterium tuberculosisAg85B revealed by sensitive ELISA

Abstract Secretion of specific proteins contributes to pathogenesis and immune responses in tuberculosis and other bacterial infections, yet the kinetics of protein secretion and fate of secreted proteins in vivo are poorly understood. We generated new monoclonal antibodies that recognize the M. tuberculosis secreted protein, Ag85B, and used them to establish and characterize a sensitive ELISA to quantitate Ag85B in samples generated in vitro and in vivo. We found that nutritional or culture conditions had little impact on secretion of Ag85B, and that there is considerable variation in Ag85B secretion by distinct strains in the M. tuberculosis complex: compared with the commonly-used H37Rv strain (Lineage 4), M. africanum (Lineage 6) secretes less, and two strains from Lineage 2 secrete more Ag85B. We also used the ELISA to determine that the rate of secretion of Ag85B is 10-to 100-fold lower than that of proteins secreted by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. ELISA quantitation of Ag85B in lung homogenates of M. tuberculosis H37Rv-infected mice revealed that although Ag85B accumulates in the lungs as the bacterial population expands, the amount of Ag85B per bacterium decreases nearly 10,000-fold at later stages of infection, coincident with development of T cell responses and arrest of bacterial population growth. These results indicate that bacterial protein secretion in vivo is dynamic and regulated, and quantitation of secreted bacterial proteins can contribute to understanding pathogenesis and immunity in tuberculosis and other infections. Importance Bacterial protein secretion contributes to host-pathogen interactions, yet the process and consequences of bacterial protein secretion during infection are poorly understood. We developed a sensitive ELISA to quantitate a protein (termed Ag85B) secreted by M. tuberculosis and used it to find that Ag85B secretion occurs with slower kinetics than for proteins secreted by gram positive and gram negative bacteria, and that accumulation of Ag85B in the lungs is markedly regulated as a function of the bacterial population density. Our results demonstrate that quantitation of bacterial proteins during infection can reveal novel insights into host-pathogen interactions.
Inhibitory control of emotional processing: Theoretical and empirical considerations

Although inhibitory control appears to support successful emotion regulation (ER; Joorman and Gotlib, 2010; McCabe et al., 2010), few emotion inhibition studies position themselves in the literature on ER, and even fewer ER studies reference the role of emotion inhibition. Perhaps contributing to this, the ER literature is frequently divided into implicit or "automatic" (which subsumes emotion inhibition) and explicit or "effortful" control (Braunstein et al., 2017; Gyurak et al., 2011). The present paper evaluates relationships among constructs of inhibitory control, emotion inhibition, and ER to assess neural evidence for and against distinctions between implicit and explicit ER. We argue that, whereas the distinction between implicit and explicit ER may appear organizationally or conceptually helpful, such categorical distinctions are not supported by available research and in fact contribute to imbalances in the research literature.
Future energy, fuel cells, and solid-oxide fuel-cell technology

According to the US Department of Energy’s Energy Infomation Administration (EIA) (International Energy Outlook 2017), world energy consumption will increase 28% between 2015 and 2040, rising from 575 quadrillion Btu (∼606 quadrillion kJ) in 2015 to 736 quadrillion Btu (∼776 quadrillion kJ) in 2040. EIA predicts increases in consumption for all energy sources (excluding coal, which is estimated to remain flat)—fossil (petroleum and other liquids, natural gas), renewables (solar, wind, hydropower), and nuclear. Although renewables are the world’s fastest growing form of energy, fossil fuels are expected to continue to supply more than three-quarters of the energy used worldwide. Among the various fossil fuels, natural gas is the fastest growing, with a projected increase of 43% from 2015 to 2040. As the use of fossil fuels increases, the EIA projects world energy-related carbon dioxide emission to grow from ∼34 billion metric tons in 2015 to ∼40 billion metric tonnes in 2040 (an average 0.6% increase per year).
Observations of Elastic Angular Scattering from Oriented Single Cylinders

Elastic scattering measurements and observations have been made on single cylindrical particles suspended in an electrodynamic trap. Under certain circumstances the particles could be maintained in a stationary position and orientation, and scattered light intensities from a He-Ne laser were obtained as a function of angle. The particles were made by cutting and breaking glass wool fibers which were then sorted by filtering. Suspended particles were cylinders approximately 7 micrometers in diameter with aspect ratios from 2 to 20. Photomicrographs were taken to determine the particle size, quality of the cylinder ends, and the extent of small dust or debri attached to the particle surface. Angular scattering patterns of the longer cylinders resembled the “infinite” cylinder case obtained by scattering from a macroscopic fiber. Minor differences observed in the shortest cylinders included a “broadening” of the cone of scattered radiation which increases with decreasing scattering angle, and a higher rate of intensity fall-off as a function of scattering angle.
PAS-MUT with Somatic Mutations in Cancer and Classified Diseases for Clinical-Genomics Research: PAS-MUT & Somatic Mutations

Over the recent years, enormous progress has been made in mapping complex traits in humans. These studies have demonstrated that there is a crucial need to generate appropriate gene-disease annotation repositories accessed through modern resources. Our focus here is to create a comprehensive database with mobile access to authentic somatic mutations in cancer and classified diseases worldwide, considered as the foundation for clinical and genomics research, epidemiology and precision medicine. In this manuscript, we present a non-commercial, academic and publically available iOS app i.e., PAS-MUT, which invites global users to freely download it on iPhone & iPad devices, quickly adopt its easy to use interface and search for somatic mutations, genes and related diseases. PAS-MUT is developed with Swift multi-paradigm programming language, XCODE integrated development environment for MacOS, and PHP scripting that uses MySQL database and web servers. PAS-MUT database includes over a million authentic somatic mutations released global, including available at the COSMIC, CNVD, SwissVar, and ClinVar etc. PAS-MUT is founded on the clinical and scientific premise to support and promote healthcare and genomics data sharing with technological advancements.
Critique and Investigation

Pluralism in the history of rhetoric requires that the critic be replaced by the investigator. As a methodological stance, criticism explains a common text with resources borrowed from a rhetorical...
Fear of crime in France: a partial test of Ferraro’s risk interpretation model

Conflicting with its Republican idealism, France’s colonial legacy and history of xenophobia has led to riots by the first-, second-, and third-generation immigrants who experienced unemployment and social marginalization. Motivated by politicians advocating for expanded police powers to search and arrest citizens, the French media reported these unemployment issues causing an increase in crime and police brutality in immigrant-dominated neighborhoods, only to increase feelings of insecurity and fear of crime among the French population. Thus, theoretically informed by Ferraro’s (Fear of crime: interpreting victimization risk, State University of New York Press, Albany, 1995) risk interpretation model, the present study plans to identify the factors that predict variations in fear of crime among a representative sample of persons age 15 and older living in France. While individual-level factors such as gender, economic marginalization, health problems, perceived discrimination, prior experience with victimization, and living in a large city are more likely to predict a higher level of fear of crime, in the overall sample, one’s immigrant status does not affect one’s level of perceived safety. Inter-group comparisons indicate that among natives, gender and perceived discrimination have a stronger effect on fear of crime, while residency in large urban areas and victimization have a stronger influence on immigrants’ feelings of unsafety.
Molecular Simulations and Network Modeling Reveal an Allosteric Signaling in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Proteins

The development of computational strategies for the quantitative characterization of the functional mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins is of paramount importance in efforts to accelerate the discovery of novel therapeutic agents and vaccines combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Structural and biophysical studies have recently characterized the conformational landscapes of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins in the prefusion form, revealing a spectrum of stable and more dynamic states. By employing molecular simulations and network modeling approaches, this study systematically examined functional dynamics and identified the regulatory centers of allosteric interactions for distinct functional states of the wild-type and mutant variants of the SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike trimer. This study presents evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can function as an allosteric regulatory engine that fluctuates between dynamically distinct functional states. Perturbation-based modeling of the interaction networks revealed a key role of the cross-talk between the effector hotspots in the receptor binding domain and the fusion peptide proximal region of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The results have shown that the allosteric hotspots of the interaction networks in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can control the dynamic switching between functional conformational states that are associated with virus entry to the host receptor. This study offers a useful and novel perspective on the underlying mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through the lens of allosteric signaling as a regulatory apparatus of virus transmission that could open up opportunities for targeted allosteric drug discovery against SARS-CoV-2 proteins and contribute to the rapid response to the current and potential future pandemic scenarios.
Seismology of the Accreting White Dwarf in GW Librae

We present a first analysis of the g-mode oscillation spectrum for the white dwarf (WD) primary of GW Lib, a faint cataclysmic variable. Stable periodicities have been observed from this WD for a number of years, but their interpretation as stellar pulsations has been hampered by a lack of theoretical models appropriate to an accreting WD. Using the results of Townsley & Bildsten, we construct accreting models for the observed effective temperature and approximate mass of the WD in GW Lib. We compute g-mode frequencies for a range of accreted layer masses, Macc, and long-term accretion rates, . If we assume that the observed oscillations are from l = 1 g-modes, then the observed periods are matched when M ≈ 1.02 M☉, Macc ≈ 0.31 × 10-4 M☉, and ≈ 7.3 × 10-11 M☉ yr-1. Much more sensitive observations are needed to discover more modes, after which we will be able to more accurately measure these parameters and constrain or measure the WD's rotation rate.
Modification of spin-ice physics in Ho 2 Ti 2 O 7 thin films

We present an extensive study on the effect of substrate orientation, strain, stoichiometry, and defects on spin-ice physics in ${\mathrm{Ho}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ti}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ thin films grown onto yttria-stabilized-zirconia substrates. We find that growth in different orientations produces different strain states in the films. All films exhibit similar $c$-axis lattice parameters for their relaxed portions, which are consistently larger than the bulk value of 10.1 \AA{}. Transmission electron microscopy reveals antisite disorder and growth defects to be present in the films, but evidence of stuffing is not observed. The amount of disorder depends on the growth orientation, with the (110) film showing the least. Magnetization measurements at 1.8 K show the expected magnetic anisotropy and saturation magnetization values associated with a spin ice for all orientations; shape anisotropy is apparent when comparing in- and out-of-plane directions. Significantly, only the (110)-oriented films display the hallmark spin-ice plateau state in magnetization, albeit less well defined compared to the plateau observed in a single crystal. Neutron-scattering maps on the more disordered (111)-oriented films show the $Q$ = 0 phase previously observed in bulk materials, but the $Q$ = $X$ phase giving the plateau state remains elusive. We conclude that the spin-ice physics in thin films is modified by defects and strain, leading to a reduction in the temperature at which correlations drive the system into the spin-ice state.
Ex Ante Severance Agreements and Timely Disclosures of Bad News

This study explores the puzzle of CEO severance agreements by examining the association between the existence of ex ante severance agreements and the timeliness of bad news disclosures. Classifying severance agreements by type and the way boards grant them, this article documents a positive association between the timeliness of bad news disclosures and the existence of an ex ante single-trigger severance agreement, especially when it is granted alone. This association remains positive in the CEO’s last year of tenure where performance is poor. Further analyses show that this association is stronger among CEOs with a high-variable pay structure than among CEOs with a low-variable pay structure. These results suggest that an ex ante single-trigger severance agreement may play a role in forming timely disclosures of bad news and that paring it with a high-variable pay structure enhances the chance of its success.
Current development in iPSC-based therapy for autoimmune diseases

Abstract Autoimmune diseases are modern diseases characterized by destruction of own cells by host immune cells. The initial trigger for both systemic autoimmune disorders and organ-specific autoimmune disorders may involve the recognition of self or foreign molecules by innate immune determinants, which in turn trigger inflammatory responses and drive the engagement of previously undeveloped autoreactive T cells and B cells. Dysfunctional cytokine signaling of IL-2, IL-10, or TGF-β may also compromise the formation or function of Treg cells leading to severe autoimmunity. Scientific progress has led to a variety of new treatment approaches. Most of the biological approaches in clinical use rely upon the interference with proinflammatory cytokine function and signal transduction, inhibition of T cell activation, or depletion of B cells. These treatment regimens showed limited efficacy with systemic side effects. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be generated from any somatic cells and can be differentiated into all cell types, which provide potential benefit by the generation of autologous source to overcome immune rejection of therapeutic cells. iPSCs have been studied more extensively in neurodegenerative and autoimmune disorders and have shown encouraging outcomes. iPSC technology has been utilized with potential for regeneration of specific neural populations or for exerting an immunomodulatory effect. iPSC technology has created an excellent clinically safe treatment option for autoimmune diseases while also providing suitable models to study diseases and develop new therapies in vitro. Altogether, iPSCs have revolutionized the approach of personalized regenerative medicine and developmental biology and given an unparalleled opportunity in deciphering the etiology and designing a treatment regimen. Clinical trials with iPSC-derived therapeutic cells to treat severely debilitating degenerative diseases are underway to ignite the preliminary approach into reality for effective treatment without compromising patient safety.
Refinement of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) and development of the short-form FMPI.

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and responsiveness of the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI) using the collective results of multiple clinical studies and i...
Societies to genes: can we get there from here?

Understanding the organization and evolution of social complexity is a major task because it requires building an understanding of mechanisms operating at different levels of biological organization from genes to social interactions. I discuss here, a unique forward genetic approach spanning more than 30 years beginning with human-assisted colony-level selection for a single social trait, the amount of pollen honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) store. The goal was to understand a complex social trait from the social phenotype to genes responsible for observed trait variation. The approach combined the results of colony-level selection with detailed studies of individual behavior and physiology resulting in a mapped, integrated phenotypic architecture composed of correlative relationships between traits spanning anatomy, physiology, sensory response systems, and individual behavior that affect individual foraging decisions. Colony-level selection reverse engineered the architecture of an integrated phenotype of individuals resulting in changes in the social trait. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies combined with an exceptionally high recombination rate (60 kb/cM), and a phenotypic map, provided a genotype-phenotype map of high complexity demonstrating broad QTL pleiotropy, epistasis, and epistatic pleiotropy suggesting that gene pleiotropy or tight linkage of genes within QTL integrated the phenotype. Gene expression and knockdown of identified positional candidates revealed genes affecting foraging behavior and confirmed one pleiotropic gene, a tyramine receptor, as a target for colony-level selection that was under selection in two different tissues in two different life stages. The approach presented here has resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the structure and evolution of honey bee social organization.
Model reduction of convection-dominated partial differential equations via optimization-based implicit feature tracking.

This work introduces a new approach to reduce the computational cost of solving partial differential equations (PDEs) with convection-dominated solutions: model reduction with implicit feature tracking. Traditional model reduction techniques use an affine subspace to reduce the dimensionality of the solution manifold and, as a result, yield limited reduction and require extensive training due to the slowly decaying Kolmogorov $n$-width of convection-dominated problems. The proposed approach circumvents the slowly decaying $n$-width limitation by using a nonlinear approximation manifold systematically defined by composing a low-dimensional affine space with a space of bijections of the underlying domain. Central to the implicit feature tracking approach is a residual minimization problem over the reduced nonlinear manifold that simultaneously determines the reduced coordinates in the affine space and the domain mapping that minimize the residual of the unreduced PDE discretization. The nonlinear trial manifold is constructed by using the proposed residual minimization formulation to determine domain mappings that cause parametrized features to align in a reference domain for a set of training parameters. Because the feature is stationary in the reference domain, i.e., the convective nature of solution removed, the snapshots are effectively compressed to define an affine subspace. The space of domain mappings, originally constructed using high-order finite elements, are also compressed in a way that ensures the boundaries of the original domain are maintained. Several numerical experiments are provided, including transonic and supersonic, inviscid, compressible flows, to demonstrate the potential of the method to yield accurate approximations to convection-dominated problems with limited training.
Transcriptional Regulation in Intestinal Development

The molecular mechanisms that direct developmental transitions during organogenesis may be important for understanding the biology of cancers in adult tissues. This manuscript reviews the development of the intestinal and colonic epithelium and demonstrates how an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate transcription of epithelial-specific genes may aid in understanding the complex cellular transitions that occur during development. The caudal-related homeobox genes will be used as an example of how transcription factors that direct developmental processes may be involved in the pathogenesis of colorectal neoplasia.
An Interesting Gunshot Residue Pattern

The presence of lead, copper, and antimony (Sb, Cu, and Pb) was shown on the left back and right palm by use of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). These data are consistent with a cross overhand held weapon (left over right). The use of ASV for gunshot residue (trace elements) is an alternative approach in that it allows observation of the entire three element (Sb, Cu. Pb) pattern.
Habits in fresh produce consumption: Are seasonal increases in marketing efforts necessary?

Abstract Increasing pressures on profitability in the produce industry necessarily raise the question of how costs can be lowered. Among regular expenditures are beginning-of-season marketing efforts designed to rebuild demand for produce that was temporarily unavailable domestically. However, if off-season imports help create a consumption habit for fresh produce, it makes sense that the produce industry could retarget its marketing expenditures toward more suitable goals. This article examines U.S. demand for table grapes, differentiated by source, using a two-stage model of consumer demand. Results show that, over nearly three decades, U.S. consumers developed habits in grape consumption and that largely off-season imports from Chile did indeed contribute to increased per capita sales by U.S. growers. Seasonal marketing expenditures need to be reconsidered.
The Political Origins of Extremism: Minority Descriptive Representation and the Mobilization of American Hate Groups

Since 1997, the number of active white “hate groups” in the United States has nearly doubled, surpassing 800 as of 2011. Social scientists have paid only limited attention to this dangerous subculture, with the existing literature emphasizing the role of economic decline and frustration, demographic changes, and deep-rooted cultural forces as responsible for the sustained increase in contemporary hate groups. Although these factors are undoubtedly reflected in the extremist ideology of white hate groups, such explanations cannot fully account for the process by which white racist ideology is translated into political action. In this paper, we argue that white hate groups are best understood as a political movement, and that recent trends in white hate group activity can, to a large extent, be explained by contemporary changes in the political environment. Specifically, the literature on social movement formation would suggest that white hate group activity – as a form of unconventional political action – is most likely to occur when conventional political channels are perceived by racist extremists as ineffective at advancing their pro-white agenda. Perhaps no better cue that this is the case is the presence of blacks in office. We test this hypothesis by conducting state and county-level analyses of the relationship between the level of black descriptive representation and white hate group activity. The results of these analyses find the presence of black elected officials to be positively related to white hate group activity, even after controlling for the size of the nonwhite and Hispanic population, economic conditions, and other characteristics of the political environment. Ultimately, we conclude that increases in white hate group activity over the last two decades may have been at least partially fueled by white racists who have chosen unconventional politics to combat the enfranchisement of black voters and the election of blacks to office.
The next dimension in STR sequencing: Polymorphisms in flanking regions and their allelic associations

Abstract Sequence data was analyzed from the flanking and repeat regions of 22 autosomal STR loci in 183 population samples. The flanking regions of the loci sequenced in this data set can be divided into six categories, based on the types of polymorphisms they contain: (1) multiple polymorphisms in haplotype, (2) "old" single polymorphisms, (3) population or allele specific polymorphisms, (4) polymorphisms associated with sequence variants, (5) rare polymorphisms, and (6) no polymorphisms. These results provide an indication of which loci are expected to gain in areas such as allelic diversity and ancestry information by including flanking regions in STR sequence analysis.
On search cost and the long tail: the moderating role of search cost

E-commerce researchers and managers have argued that long tail effects on pricing and product purchase are an important way in which Internet retail differs from traditional "brick & mortar" businesses. These effects have been attributed to several factors including increase assortment size and the reduction of search costs amongst others. While the Internet by its nature lowers search costs, its effect is not uniform. This study looks at that heterogeneity. Specifically, we investigate whether the role of reduced search costs in the long tail phenomenon is better conceptualized as a direct effect, or as a moderating effect. We contribute to the literature by combining the rationale from variety seeking behavior and need for uniqueness found in marketing with information systems research on search costs. Using consumer purchase information for over 16,000 purchases in a single product category, from over 4000 households, we perform a direct test of the impact of search costs on the Internet by comparing the product dispersion of purchases within homes with broadband service to those in homes with dial-up service. This study provides evidence that the conventional view that search costs directly impact consumer propensity to purchase a niche good can be improved by looking at search costs as an environmental condition which alters purchase behavior. Specifically, we find that search costs act primarily as a moderating factor for socio-economic status independent variables, altering the impact of classic consumer purchase factors.
Classical Fredholm Theory

In the previous chapter, we derived the solution of the Fredholm integral equation $$g(s) = f(s) + \lambda \int {K(s,t)g(t)dt}$$ (4.1.1) as a uniformly convergent power series in the parameter λ for |λ| suitably small. Fredholm gave the solution of Equation (4.1.1) in general form for all values of the parameter λ. His results are contained in three theorems that bear his name. We have already studied them in Chapter 2 for the special case when the kernel is separable. In this chapter, we study Equation (4.1.1) when the function f(s) and the kernel K(s, t) are any integrable functions. Furthermore, the present method enables us to get explicit formulas for the solution in terms of certain determinants.
Synthesis of Teichoic Acids VII. Synthesis of Teichoic Acids During Spore Germination

The synthesis of teichoic acids has been examined during germination in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9945 and in B. subtilis W-23. Teichoic acids are absent from the spores of both organisms. B. licheniformis spores lack the enzymes responsible for teichoic acid synthesis. The appearance of these enzymes during germination is correlated with the appearance of teichoic acids in the cell. The appearance of teichoic acid-synthesizing enzymes and of teichoic acids in the cell are inhibited by the addition of chloramphenicol to the germination medium. In B. subtilis W-23 the situation is similar for the synthesis of polyribitolphosphate. The synthesis of glucosyl polyribitolphosphate is only partially inhibited by chloramphenicol, puromycin, and penicillin, and uridine diphosphate-d-glucose polyribitol-phosphate glucosyl transferase can be demonstrated in spores. The possible implications of some of these observations are discussed.
Role of brain [Mg2+]i in alcohol-induced hemorrhagic stroke in a rat model: A 31P-NMR in vivo study

One hundred percent of anesthetized rats administered 6.6 gm/kg of ethanol IP died within 10-35 min of alcohol injection; upon autopsy of the brain all demonstrated profound subarachnoid and intracranial bleeding, clear signs of hemorrhagic stroke. Pretreatment of rats with 4 mumol/min MgCl2, but not saline, via IV administration (for 30-45 min), prevented hemorrhagic stroke in all animals so treated with 6.6 gm/kg ethanol. Administration of the stroke dose of alcohol resulted in rapid (within 3-5 min) and marked deficits in whole brain intracellular free Mg ([Mg2++]i) as observed by in vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Intracellular pH (pHi) and the phosphocreatine [PCr]/[ATP] ratio also fell following a significant fall in brain [Mg2+]i). Brains of rats that exhibited strokelike events, upon death and autopsy, demonstrated continued and marked intracellular acidosis with progressive fall in the [PCr]/[ATP] ratio and elevation of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and [H+]i; these events were not accompanied by any rises in systemic arterial blood pressure. Rats pretreated with MgCl2 exhibited relatively stable brain [Mg2+]i, and essentially unchanged pHi, [PCr], [ATP], or [Pi] following alcohol administration, although such animals exhibited threefold alterations in plasma Mg2+, as measured by ion selective electrodes. These observations suggest that high alcohol ingestion can result in severe vasospasm, ischemia, and rupture of blood vessels probably as a consequence of depletion of brain [Mg2+]i, events that can be prevented by Mg2+ pretreatment.
Four cone pigments in women heterozygous for color deficiency

We find that additivity of trichromatic color matches holds, even in parafoveal vision, for most observers if rods are prevented from seeing the stimuli. Some heterozygous women are exceptions. The failure of the additivity law for these women implies that their eyes contain more than three types of cone with different spectral sensitivities.
Crystal Structure of the Human Spastin AAA Domain

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a motor neuron disease caused by a progressive degeneration of the motor axons of the corticospinal tract. Point mutations or exon deletions in the microtubule-severing ATPase, spastin, are responsible for approximately 40% of cases of autosomal dominant HSP. Here, we report the 3.3 A X-ray crystal structure of a hydrolysis-deficient mutant (E442Q) of the human spastin protein AAA domain. This structure is analyzed in the context of the existing Drosophila melanogaster spastin AAA domain structure and crystal structures of other closely related proteins in order to build a more unifying framework for understanding the structural features of this group of microtubule-severing ATPases.
Forward error correction with RaptorQ code on GPU

RaptorQ code, the next generation of Raptor code for forward error correction (FEC), is proposed to significantly reduce the redundant information. However, the improved coding performance comes at the expense of increased encoding and decoding complexity. On the other hand, graphics processing units (GPUs) are finding their way beyond graphics processing into general purpose computing in the consumer market. This paper investigates the suitability of GPU for RaptorQ code to process large block and symbol sizes in FEC transmission. The paper explores serial and parallel implementations of Raptor code on CPU and GPU, respectively. Our work shows that efficient parallelization on the GPU can improve the performance of the decoder significantly. Furthermore, simulations are performed for the practical real time requirement in multimedia broadcast/multicast service (MBMS) and digital video broadcasting (DVB) in highspeed downlink packet access (HSDPA) network. Conclusions are drawn with respect to the applicability of this new code for realtime multimedia broadcasting and content delivery on GPU.
The relationship of angle resolved light scattering from surface optical resonances to the surface enhanced Raman effect

Abstract For a given mildly rough Ag surface, the angle resolved pattern bears the same shape for elastic light scattering, for Raman scattering from adsorbed pyridine or cyanide, or for the luminescence background. This result suggests that surface enhanced Raman scattering is closely related to topographically related surface optical resonances.
Abstract 4535: Thalidomide inhibits the TGFβ-mediated synthesis of testosterone from DHEA in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Recent studies suggest that TGFβ-1 induces formation of reactive stroma and conversion of DHEA to testosterone in prostate cancer stromal cells. We hypothesized that thalidomide would inhibit this process through its anti-inflammatory activity. To this end, we grew LAPC-4 prostate cancer epithelial cells and 6S primary prostate stromal cells in mono-/co-culture with DHEA (100nM) and/or TGFβ-1 (40 or 100pM). Testosterone and PSA concentration in media were ascertained using ELISA and corrected for cell count using CCK8 (%DHEA controls). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for analysis of testosterone data, while given high inter-experimental variance in PSA data, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was employed. DHEA induced an approximate 4-fold median increase in the formation of testosterone over untreated cocultured cells while TGFβ-1 induced a further dose-dependent increase in the formation of testosterone (∼5-6 fold; P 0.05). Therefore, anti-androgen activity was restricted to thalidomide analogues in cocultured cells and was not related to other studied antiangiogenesis agents. Ketoconazole also did not have activity suggesting that TGFβ-1-induced testosterone synthesis from DHEA evades standard therapies designed to inhibit androgen synthesis enzymes (i.e. CYP3A4 and CYP17 inhibitors). To establish a putative mechanism of thalidomide activity in this system, we assessed the total protein levels and phosphorylation status of TGFβ-1 pathway constituents (i.e., SMAD2/3, p38, JNK, and ERK) in cocultured cells treated as above. The results revealed that thalidomide inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK without affecting total ERK levels; however, neither MEK inhibition (via U0126) nor Raf inhibition (via sorafenib) resulted in anti-androgenic effects in these cells suggesting that the canonical RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is not responsible for the difference in testosterone secretion phenotype. These results indicate that thalidomide and its analogues have anti-androgen activity and may explain the success of thalidomide and its analogues in clinical treatment of hormone-dependent and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4535. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4535
ESTIMATING AGE, PERIOD AND COHORT EFFECTS USING THE MULTISTAGE MODEL FOR CANCER

To understand cancer aetiology better, epidemiologists often try to investigate the time trends in disease incidence with year of diagnosis (period) and birth cohort. Unfortunately, one cannot identify these factors uniquely in the usual regression model owing to a linear dependence between age, period and cohort, so that one requires additional information about the underlying biology of the disease. Carcinogenesis models provide one type of information that can result in a unique set of parameters for the effects of age, period and cohort. We use the multistage carcinogenesis model and its extensions to obtain a unique set of parameters for an age-period-cohort model of lung cancer trends of Connecticut males and females from 1935 to 1988. Some of these models do not seem to provide a reasonable set of model parameters, but we found that a model that included second-order terms and a multistage mixture model both gave a good fit to the data and realistic parameter estimates.
Multimedia systems for telemedicine and their communications requirements

Telemedicine is much more than just teleconferencing. ISDN could be used in some low-end applications, but many telemedicine applications will require the higher bandwidth and guaranteed qualities of service supported by ATM. We discuss the design of multimedia systems for telemedicine. First, various applications of telemedicine are presented, and their multimedia and communications requirements are discussed. A telemedicine prototype is then presented, each of its components discussed, and a potential future telemedicine system is shown.
Lung transplantation protection after warm ischemia and 1 day preservation

Abstract This study attemps to determine the role of colloid hyperosmolar solutions in the preservation of nonischemic and ischemic lungs. Four groups of animals were studied: Control fresh lung allografts and lungs stored under hypothermic storage (4–7 °C) in a modified silica gel fraction (MSGF) for 24 hr with or without warm ischemia (0, 30, 60 min) prior to storage. Fresh lungs lived an average of 14.5 days after transplantation. Stored nonischemic lungs survived an average of 11.2 days, and ischemic (30, 60 min) stored lungs remained alive for an average of 10.5 and 9.2 days. There were no significant differences in survival between the fresh and preserved allografts. Pneumonia and/or rejection occurred in 71% of all groups. MSGF appears to be a good solution for 24-hr hypothermic storage of nonischemic and ischemic lungs.
Whose Elephants? Conserving, Compensating, and Competing in Northern Botswana

While conservationists and politicians applaud the recent growth of Botswana's elephant population, farmers and residents of northern Botswana struggle to live with elephants who destroy crops and threaten livelihoods. The state's response has been to implement a narrowly applied compensation policy that reinforces government control over wildlife while communities affected by so-called human–elephant conflict demand increased rights to deal with the problem themselves. In this way, elephants represent contested ground between the state and local communities that can only be fully understood by considering the experiences and views of those who live with them as well as the national policy context in which management decisions are made. This article focuses on the hidden costs of attempting to live with elephants, framing this struggle as contestation over ownership of elephants in a political context that is increasingly focused on generating tourism revenues and expanding conservation territories.
Time perception and the filled-duration illusion*

A reproduction design is used to show that temporal intervals containing brief tones appear longer than empty intervals of the same duration, the effect being independent of duration. These and previous data are discussed within a theoretical framework which allows for the interrelation of data from different time perception tasks; and a reversible encoding model is stated which accounts for much of the data obtained with empty intervals. A “chunking” model, in which tones occurring in an interval serve to segment the interval during encoding, can account for the filled-duration illusion if certain conditions are met. Finally, mechanisms that are consistent with these conditions are stated.
Regulation of the LPA2 receptor signaling through the carboxyl-terminal tail-mediated protein-protein interactions

While it is well known that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) mediates diverse physiological and pathophysiological responses through the activation of G protein-coupled LPA receptors, the specificity and molecular mechanisms by which different LPA receptors mediate these biological responses remain largely unknown. Recent identification of several PDZ proteins and zinc finger proteins that interact with the carboxyl-terminal tail of the LPA2 receptor provides a considerable progress towards the understanding of the mechanisms how the LPA2 receptor specifically mediates LPA signaling pathways. These findings have led to the proposal that there are at least two distinct protein interaction motifs present in the carboxyl-terminus of the LPA2 receptor. Together, these data provide a new concept that the efficiency and specificity of the LPA2 receptor-mediated signal transduction can be achieved through the cross-regulation between the classical G protein-activated signaling cascades and the interacting partner-mediated signaling pathways.