cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
What is Corpus Linguistics

Corpus linguistics is one of the fastest-growing methodologies in contemporary linguistics. In a conversational format, this article answers a few questions that corpus linguists regularly face from linguists who have not used corpus-based methods so far. It discusses some of the central assumptions (‘formal distributional differences reflect functional differences’), notions (corpora, representativity and balancedness, markup and annotation), and methods of corpus linguistics (frequency lists, concordances, collocations), and discusses a few ways in which the discipline still needs to mature. At a recent LSA meeting … [with an obvious bow to Frederick Newmeyer] Question: So, I hear you’re a corpus linguist. Interesting, I get to see more and more
Activation of iron-coordinated arenes toward the attack of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles

Abstract Functionally-substituted carbon nucleophiles undergo addition to arenes coordinated to positive iron, but nitrogen and oxygen nucleophiles abstract α protons from iron-coordinated methylated arenes.
Adhesive enabling technology for directly plating metal on molding resin

This paper aims to introduce a new wet chemical process for adhesion enhancement of plated metal to epoxy molding compounds (EMC). The approach is based on an innovative combination of mechanical anchoring and chemical adhesion. The new approach broadens possible application ranges and replaces more limited processes such as sandblasting and sputtering, which have cost and technical drawbacks.
Interaction of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone with the cardiac muscarinic receptor in vitro

We studied the interaction of amiodarone hydrochloride (Cordarone) and its major metabolite desethylamiodarone with the muscarinic receptor in purified canine cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles by measuring equilibrium binding of the muscarinic antagonist [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and carbachol displacement of [3H]-QNB. At a [3H]-QNB concentration of 0.02 nM, equilibrium binding was inhibited by amiodarone and desethylamiodarone with an IC50 of 6.86 x 10(-6) M and 2.25 x 10(-6) M, respectively. The presence of increasing concentrations of [3H]-QNB in the incubation medium was able to reverse the inhibition seen with 1 x 10(-6) M amiodarone. Scatchard analysis of [3H]-QNB saturation isotherms (37 degrees C, pH 7.4) in the presence of 1 x 10(-6) M amiodarone showed an apparent increase in equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) over control from 0.045 +/- 0.002 nM to 0.084 +/- 0.001 nM while maximal binding capacity (Bmax) was unaffected: 10.8 +/- 1.14 and 10.5 +/- 1.48 pmol/mg (means +/- S.E.M., n = 3), respectively. The inhibitory effect of amiodarone on equilibrium binding was highly dependent on the drug:membrane phospholipid mole ratio with effects beginning at a ratio of less than 0.1:1. Hill plot analysis was consistent with the interaction of [3H]-QNB at a single site in the presence or absence of amiodarone. Amiodarone (3 x 10(-6) M) decreased the pseudo-first order forward rate constant of [3H]-QNB (0.02 nM) with the muscarinic receptor (kobs = 4.05 +/- 0.61 x 10(-4)/s under control conditions and 2.36 +/- 0.15 x 10(-4)/s in the presence of amiodarone).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dual energy computerized tomography: A simplified approach

Attenuation numbers of various organic liquids were measured in a phantom at the low and high X-ray beam settings of the Mark I and CT 1010. The readings were translated into absolute units and ratios computed. There is a nonlinear relationship between this ratio and the effective atomic number of the compounds tested. A ratio of one defines a substance with energy dependence like water. Ratios below one definite anhydrous substances composed of elements with low atomic numbers. Ratios greater than one defined substances containing elements with high atomic numbers.
Nutritional Status as an Indicator of Impending Food Stress

Famine early warning systems benefit from a variety of indicators which together signal the initial stages of food stress for particular population groups. Anthropometry has been used as an indicator in early warning systems, but there are inherent problems in its use which should be understood. Using data from Turkana pastoralists of northwest Kenya, this paper discusses the problems of: time lag between food shortages and changes in body size and composition; use of reference points; accurate age assessment; and establishment of baseline data. Diet composition data are suggested to be an additional nutrition-oriented indicator of impending food stress and one in which problems associated with anthropometry are not inherent. Both measures may be useful in monitoring a population, but their strengths and weaknesses should be appreciated.
Reversible axial segregation of binary mixtures of granular materials

Measurements of axial segregation of binary mixtures of glass beads having different diameters in a rotating horizontal cylinder are reported. For rotation speeds of \ensuremath{\sim}15 rpm a mixed state quickly (within a few minutes) segregates into sharp bands of alternating large and small glass beads along the axis of rotation. Decreasing the rotation speed to \ensuremath{\sim}5 rpm causes the bands to disappear, restoring the mixed state. The process is reversible upon increasing the rotation rate, though the exact location and width of the bands vary from run to run. The axial segregation phenomena are analyzed in terms of a diffusion equation where the effective diffusion coefficient is the difference between segregating drift and normal Fickian diffusion.
The meaning of nervios: a sociocultural analysis of symptom presentation in San Jose, Costa Rica.

The foundation of the symbolic tradition in medical anthropology is the examination of a patient's experience of a category of illness. The interpretation of folk explanations of etiology and nosology provides insight into the cultural definition of what constitutes an illness, how and why an illness is labeled, and how the afflicted individual should be treated. Further, the analysis of sociocultural meaning emerges as a critical theoretical contribution to our understanding of health and culture. Allen Young in his article “Some Implications of Medical Beliefs and Practices for Social Anthropology” suggests “... that if we want to learn the social meaning of sickness, we must understand that ‘signs,’ whatever their genesis, become ‘symptoms’ because they are expressed, elicited, and perceived in socially acquired ways” (1976: 14). He further states that some categories of sickness are particularly interesting in that they enable people to organize the illness event into an episode that has form and meaning (1976: 19–20). Nervios is an example of a symptom that has acquired a special sociocultural pattern of expression, elicitation and perception in San Jose, Costa Rica. The empirical study of symptom presentation in general medicine and psychiatric outpatient clinics describes the patients who present the symptom and their associated attributes and explanations of the symptom's occurrence. The meaning of nervios is then discussed within a social interactional and symbolic framework.
Dual MMP7-proximity-activated and folate receptor-targeted nanoparticles for siRNA delivery.

A dual-targeted siRNA nanocarrier has been synthesized and validated that is selectively activated in environments where there is colocalization of two breast cancer hallmarks, elevated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and folate receptor overexpression. This siRNA nanocarrier is self-assembled from two polymers containing the same pH-responsive, endosomolytic core-forming block but varying hydrophilic, corona-forming blocks. The corona block of one polymer consists of a 2 kDa PEG attached to a terminal folic acid (FA); the second polymer contains a larger (Y-shaped, 20 kDa) PEG attached to the core block by a proximity-activated targeting (PAT), MMP7-cleavable peptide. In mixed micelle smart polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) formed from the FA- and PAT-based polymers, the proteolytically removable PEG on the PAT polymers shields nonspecific SPN interactions with cells or proteins. When the PAT element is cleaved within an MMP-rich environment, the PEG shielding is removed, exposing the underlying FA an...
Linked visual analysis of structured datasets and document collections

ABSTRACT Analysts use visual analytical systems for exploring and analyzing structured datasets and increasingly requiretools to access supporting documents, research papers and news reports. Visual analytical systems for text cor-pora typically concentrate on techniques for exploring only document collections. We have developed a systemfor visualizing and analyzing both document collections and structured datasets. We describe a document visu-alization tool called InfoMaps developed by us within Weave, an open source framework for data exploration andanalysis. Users of Weave analyzing datasets can search for documents from the web and networked repositories,and can use the matched documents as a part of their analysis. Conversely documents in InfoMaps can be usedto identify relevant data subsets. In this paper, we discuss InfoMaps, its use and integration with other visualtools of Weave and our approach to the information extraction and integration process.Keywords: exploratory data analysis, text visualization, information retrieval, coordinated analysis
The atypical antidepressant and neurorestorative agent tianeptine is a μ-opioid receptor agonist.

The atypical antidepressant and neurorestorative agent tianeptine is a μ-opioid receptor agonist
CONGESTION PRICING AND LEARNING IN TRAFFIC NETWORK GAMES

A stochastic model describing the learning process and adaptive behavior of finitely many users in a congested traffic network with parallel links is used to prove convergence almost surely toward an efficient equilibrium for a related game. To prove this result, we assume that the social planner charges on every route the marginal cost pricing without knowing what is the efficient equilibrium. The result is a dynamic version of Pigou’s solution, where the implementation is made in a decentralized way and the information about players gathered by the social planner is minimal. Our result and setting may be extended to the general case of negative externalities.
Teacher Expectancy and Mathematics Achievement.

Recent research by Rosenthal (1966) and others has demonstrated that the phenomenon of experimenter bias (E-bias) exists in group classroom situations as well as in psychological laboratories (Rosenthal & Fode, 1963). For a concise summary of the more important one-experimenter, one-subject studies the reader is referred to Dayton (1967) and to Kintz, Delparto, Mette, Persons, and Schappe (1965). Experimenter bias is defined as the research situation in which an experimenter, despite standardized procedures, elicits from his subjects outcomes in agreement with prior, externally induced, expectations. The typical paradigm for the one-experimenter, one-subject studies involved a photo face-rating task, with graduate students as experimenters and undergraduates as subjects. Various experimenters were led to expect their subjects to rate photographs toward a specified end of a rating scale continuum. Generally in these studies, experimenters obtained results in accord with their expectancies. The subjects were not aware of the expectancies, and in fact were usually randomly assigned to treatment groups. In extending the study of the E-bias phenomenon to a classroom setting, Rosenthal (1966) randomly sampled 20% of the pupils in each of 18 elementary school classes. The teachers were informed that these pupils had scored unusually high on a test predictive of "academic blooming" (Rosenthal, 1966, p. 409). At the end of the school year all of the pupils were retested with the same test used previously, actually a standardized intelligence test. For most grades and ability levels, the "identified" pupils scored higher than the remainder of the class. Rosenthal concluded that E-bias existed in the classroom situation, that the teacher was usable as an experimenter, and that standardized intelligence test scores were subject to manipulation through mediation of the E-bias phenomenon (teacher expectancies).
Small virus-like particles associated with type B virus particles in a transplantable mammary tumour of ICR-Ha mice.

THIS communication describes the electron microscopic appearance of small (20–55 mµ) virus-like particles which exist in a transplantable mammary tumour of ICR/Ha mice, and discusses the possible role of these particles.
The Professor's Vocations: Reflections on the Teacher as Writer.

. The following essay is based on an oral presentation, “On Being a Good Teacher and a Good Writer,” which the author was asked to make for the Southwest Commission on Religious Studies, March 16, 2003. The purpose of the presentation was to encourage conversation among theological educators on the character of their vocation. A panel discussion of the theme followed the presentation. The presentation was designed to engage this subject at an autobiographical and reflective level rather than as an academic argument. The published version of the essay seeks to retain something of the personal reflective character of the original presentation.
Generalized SLLN under weak multiplicative dependence restrictions

nS, = Z akXk. The main result of this paper is a strong law of large numbers for {S,} with respect to a sequence of constants {b,}, where the dependence restrictions on the sequence {Xj} will be of the weak multiplicative type. A rate of convergence will be provided for the strong law. These results will broaden the theorems found in M6RtCZ [3]. 2. Dependence restrictions and previous results. The term "weak multiplicative" refers to any form of restriction on the product moments E{XjIXj~...Xj~} of order v. Three different but related conditions were formulated in LONGNECKER and SERFLING [2]. They will be stated in this section for completeness. The first two conditions are orthogonality related dependence restrictions. ...,
Organizational climate and occupational stressors as predictors of withdrawal behaviours and injuries in nurses

Withdrawal behaviours (defined here as turnover and absenteeism) and work-related injuries are a significant problem in the nursing profession and are commonly attributed to the stressful nature of the job. This study examines an occupation-specific model of the stress process in nurses in which specific organizational climate dimensions were hypothesized to affect withdrawal behaviours and injuries both directly and indirectly through the mediating effects of specific occupational stressors. Regression analyses on the responses of 252 nurses revealed direct climate-stressor and stressor-outcome relationships to exist, as well as an indirect climate-outcome relationship. The findings suggest that researchers/practitioners should concentrate on developing interventions designed to affect specific stressors and their antecedents rather than focusing on generic stress reduction interventions and global measures.
The Flory constants for poly‐4‐vinylpyridine in ethanol

Vinylpyridine was polymerized in suspension, using azobis-iso-butyronitrile as initiator. The polymer was fractionated by partial precipitation from methanol solutions by addition of toluene to cloud point in chilled solution and then raising the temperature. Viscosities of four fractions were determined at 25, 50, and 70° in absolute ethanol. Rayleigh ratios and scattering asymmetry were determined for eight fractions; from the corresponding Zimm plots, molecular weights, coil diameters, and virial coefficients were determined. Addition of ammonia was found necessary at low concentrations to suppress ionization due to traces of acid impurities. Addition of water (a nonsolvent) lowers the second virial coefficient. Molecular weights were determined for two fractions by osmotic pressure. In absolute ethanol, the results are summarized by the equation [η] = 2.5 × 10−4M0.68; experimental range 0.102 ⩽ 106M ⩽ 1.85. The second virial coefficient from light scattering was 4.2 ± 0.3 × 10−4, independent of molecular weight; the osmotic values agreed within experimental error. The Flory constant was found to be 2.1 ± 0.3 × 1021. Extrapolation for the θ-point leads to the rough estimate θ ≈ −50°C. Evidence is presented which shows that polyvinylpyridine degrades slowly in solution.
Persistent hypercarbia after resuscitation is associated with increased mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients

Abstract Background Within congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) care, there have been attempts to identify clinical parameters associated with patient survival, including markers of postnatal pulmonary gas exchange. This study aimed to identify whether postnatal pulmonary gas exchange parameters correlated with CDH patient survival. Methods A retrospective review was performed of isolated CDH neonates treated at a single institution from 1/2007 to 12/2013. Patient demographics, prenatal imaging, and postnatal clinical parameters, including arterial blood gas values within the first 24hours of life, were collected. Results Seventy-four patients with isolated CDH were identified. Fifty-seven had fetal MRI. Overall, 30-day patient survival was 85%. Sixteen infants (22%) required ECMO within 24hours. Mean initial PaCO 2 in nonsurvivors was higher, and infants who remained hypercarbic postresuscitation (72±19mmHg) had a worse prognosis than those who resuscitated to a normal PaCO 2 (39±1.6mmHg) (p 2 levels. Conclusion CDH nonsurvivors are unable to maintain sufficient pulmonary gas exchange during the first 24hours of resuscitation. Furthermore, prenatal fetal lung volumes are weakly correlated with actual pulmonary gas exchange. These data may be useful for patient counseling during the resuscitative phase of CDH care.
Floorplan design with low power considerations

In this paper, a floorplanner for low power design is presented. Our objective is to optimize total power consumption and area during the selection and placement of various implementations for circuit modules. Furthermore, the proposed method considers performance requirements, power line noises, and distribution of power consumption in order to generate lower and evenly distributed power dissipation over the resulting circuit floorplan with a specified performance. For a set of benchmark circuits we tested, on the average, our floorplanner can achieve decreases of total power consumption, wire-length, and power/ground network size by 18.3%, 4.6%, and 24%, respectively, at the cost of an area increase of 8.8% when compared with an existing area/wire-length driven floorplanner.
Drag load modeling for multiple fractures in a borehole

Abstract Fracture mechanics modeling of multiple fractures generated by a tailored pressure pulse in a borehole is a complex, coupled gas dynamics/solid mechanics problem. The specific problem addressed in this paper is the determination of crack tip stress intensity factors for arbitrary drag loadings along the crack surfaces. Fracture networks containing an even number of equally spaced radial cracks of alternating lengths are used as models. Finite element calculations and integration schemes similar to those used for arbitrary normal loads along the crack surfaces are performed. Stress intensity factors arising from the drag loadings tend to increase with increasing crack length ratios. Thus, effects of drag loading may be significant in determining crack tip stress intensity factors for a multiple fracture network generated by a controlled gas pulse.
How to model and prove hybrid systems with KeYmaera: a tutorial on safety

This paper is a tutorial on how to model hybrid systems as hybrid programs in differential dynamic logic and how to prove complex properties about these complex hybrid systems in KeYmaera, an automatic and interactive formal verification tool for hybrid systems. Hybrid systems can model highly nontrivial controllers of physical plants, whose behaviors are often safety critical such as trains, cars, airplanes, or medical devices. Formal methods can help design systems that work correctly. This paper illustrates how KeYmaera can be used to systematically model, validate, and verify hybrid systems. We develop tutorial examples that illustrate challenges arising in many real-world systems. In the context of this tutorial, we identify the impact that modeling decisions have on the suitability of the model for verification purposes. We show how the interactive features of KeYmaera can help users understand their system designs better and prove complex properties for which the automatic prover of KeYmaera still takes an impractical amount of time. We hope this paper is a helpful resource for designers of embedded and cyber---physical systems and that it illustrates how to master common practical challenges in hybrid systems verification.
Prenatal porencephaly: the pattern of secondary lesions.

Two cases of prenatal porencephaly in young adults are reported with the aim of studying retrograde and transynaptic degeneration and comparing the findings with similar situations developing postnatally. The thalamic nuclei with cortical projections and the nuclei of the basal forebrain complex showed hypoplasia rather than typical retrograde degeneration, while the locus ceruleus was unaffected. The nuclei pontis and the cerebellum were essentially normal in spite of severe loss of corticopontine fibers. These striking differences between the effects of prenatal and postnatal lesions are ascribed to the greater plasticity of the developing, as opposed to the mature, brain.
Input from central nucleus of the amygdala efferents to pericoerulear dendrites, some of which contain tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity.

Light microscopic anterograde tracing studies indicate that neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CNA) project to a region of the dorsal pontine tegmentum ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle which contains noradrenergic dendrites of the nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). However, it has not been established whether the efferent terminals from the CNA target catecholamine-containing dendrites of the LC or dendrites of neurons from neighboring nuclei which may extend into this region. To examine this question, we combined immunoperoxidase labeling of the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) from the CNA with immunogold-silver labeling of the catecholamine-synthesizing enzyme tryrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the rostrolateral LC region of adult rats. By light microscopy, BDA-labeled processes were dense in the dorsal pons within the parabrachial nuclei as well as in the pericoerulear region immediately ventral to the superior cerebellar peduncle. Higher magnification revealed that BDA-labeled varicose fibers overlapped TH-labeled processes in this pericoerulear region. By electron microscopy, anterogradely labeled axon terminals contained small, clear as well as some large dense core vesicles and were commonly apposed to astrocytic processes along some portion of their plasmalemma. BDA-labeled terminals mainly formed symmetric type synaptic contacts characteristic of inhibitory transmitters. Of 250 BDA-labeled axon terminals examined where TH immunoreactivity was present in the neuropil, 81% contacted unlabeled and 19% contacted TH-labeled dendrites. Additionally, amygdala efferents were often apposed to unlabeled axon terminals forming asymmetric (excitatory type) synapses. These results demonstrate that amygdaloid efferents may directly alter the activity of catecholaminergic and non-catecholaminergic neurons in this pericoerulear region of the rat brain. Furthermore, our study suggests that CNA efferents may indirectly affect the activity of pericoerulear neurons through modulation of excitatory afferents. Amygdaloid projections to noradrenergic neurons may help integrate behavioral and visceral responses to threatening stimuli by influencing the widespread noradrenergic projections from the LC. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Assessing Team Learning in Technology-Mediated Collaboration: An Experimental Study

This study examined the effects of collaboration mode (collocated versus non-collocated videoconferencing-mediated) on team learning and team interaction quality in a team-based problem solving context. Situated learning theory and the theory of affordances are used to provide a framework that describes how technology-mediated collaboration affects both the technical/operational and social aspects of team-based problem solving. An empirical interpretive research approach using direct observation is used to interpret, evaluate and rate observable manifested behaviors and qualitative content (i.e., discussions) associated with team learning. The study's findings revealed that facilitation of coordinated discourse and team member contributions as well as maintenance of a positive social climate are essential to the realization of greater team learning and interaction quality. Theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the study are also discussed.
Neo-Zapatista Network Politics: Transforming Democracy and Development

As Zapatista support-base communities consolidate their autonomy, a variety of organizations have taken up lessons from the Zapatistas. Neo-Zapatista organizations—grassroots and nongovernmental or...
Form-independent third-order transition amplitudes for atoms with one valence electron

In this paper, we describe a procedure for obtaining transition amplitudes that are equal in length form and velocity form in relativistic many-body perturbation theory ~MBPT! calculations that start from the Dirac-Hartree-Fock ~DHF! approximation. We restrict our attention to atoms that have a single valence electron, and show that although firstsecond-, and third-order transition amplitudes depend on the form of the transition operator, it is possible to modify the perturbation expansion in such a way that first-order plus second-order and third-order amplitudes are form independent. Relativistic MBPT is simplest starting from the frozencore DHF approximation. For atoms with one valence electron, lowest-order valence ionization energies are the eigenvalues of the DHF equations. There are no first-order corrections to the valence energies in accordance with Koopman’s theorem. Second-order MBPT corrections, accounting for core polarization, range from 1% for lithium to more than 10% for francium; the resulting transition energies differ from measurement by amounts ranging from 0.1% for
Human interference prevents recovery of infaunal beach communities from hurricane disturbance

Abstract Natural disturbances can obliterate established communities, which in resilient environments recover given time. Ecosystem recovery, however, can be altered by human activities. We document this phenomenon in beach habitats along the upper Texas coast that were impacted by Hurricane Ike, which struck the Texas coast in September 2008. Our monthly monitoring of two beaches spanned June 2007 through May 2009, and thus captured pre- and post-hurricane periods. The beach sites differed in their use by humans during the post-hurricane period, with one beach experiencing heavy vehicular driving. At both beach sites, macroinvertebrate population densities decreased, sediment was lost, and sediment grain size increased as a result of the hurricane. Within 3 months, sediment grain size recovered at both sites. At the beach location not experiencing heavy vehicular driving, total sediment and organismal abundance recovered within 9 months. The beach community there comprised taxa that were primary and secondary successional species. At the other beach location, however, recovery was not observed. It is likely that the heavy vehicular driving there interfered with recovery of the beach community. These findings demonstrate that human activities in these beach environments following large natural disturbances strongly influence ecosystem recovery, in this case possibly preventing return to the pre-hurricane ecosystem state.
Angle-integrated photoemission studies of Ni/Nb(110) and modification of the surface by heat treatment.

Angle-integrated photoemission is used to study Ni films supported on Nb(110) and a thermally induced ordered Ni/Nb surface compound. The display-type low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) patterns suggest that Ni may randomly enter into equivalent surface sites at low coverages [\ensuremath{\Theta}\ensuremath{\le}0.5 monolayer (ML)] and agglomerates to form islands at higher coverages. Angle-integrated photoemission spectra for submonolayer Ni coverage show two Ni-derived d states located at -0.7 and -1.5 eV binding energy. Photoemission states typical of Ni metal surfaces are observed above a monolayer coverage. At least two distinct CO chemisorption sites can be deduced from the photoemission data for Ni coverages below 2.5 ML. Thermal treatment of Ni/Nb(110) triggers interdiffusion and reaction which leads to the formation of an ordered Ni/Nb surface compound. We compare the behavior of Ni/Nb(110) to that reported for Pd and Pt/Nb(110) and discuss how the observed changes in the Ni overlayer may affect the chemisorption of carbon monoxide.
Quantitative bacteriology of experimentally incised skin wounds in horses

Summary Six incised wounds were created on the lateral cervical areas of each of six horses and tissue samples were taken 0, 4, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h later from each wound for quantitative assessment of wound contamination. All wounds were sutured and primary healing occurred in 34 out of 36 wounds. In no wound did bacterial counts exceed the critical level of 105 organisms/g of tissue. Resume Par incision, on provoqua sur chacun de six chevaux, six blessures de la partie laterale de l'encolure. Des prelevements histologiques furent ensuite effectues au moment de la blessure puis 4, 12, 24, 36 et 48 heures plus tard pour apprecier quantitativement la contamination. Toutes ces blessures furent suturees et l'on obtint une cicatrisation par premiere intention dans 34 des 36 cas. Le niveau critique de 105 microorganismes par gramme des tissus ne fut depasse en aucun cas. Zusammenfassung Sechs Schnittwunden wurden an der Halsseite von sechs Pferden angelegt und 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 und 48 Stunden spater wurden Gewebsproben zur quantitativen Beurteilung der Wundkontamination entnommen. Alle Wunden wurden genaht; bei 34 von 36 Wunden stellte sich eine Heilung per primam ein. In keiner Wunde uberschritt die Bakterienzahl die kritische Grenze von 105 Organismen pro Gramm Gewebe.
Effect of interfaces of grain boundary Al2CuLi plates on fracture behavior of Al–3Cu–2Li

Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the interfacial characteristics and fracture behavior of Al–3Cu–2Li containing plate-like Al2CuLi (known as the T1 phase) precipitates at grain boundaries. TEM studies showed that T1 plates form at grain boundaries, with a coherent interface on one side parallel to the {1 1 1} planes of the matrix and a non-coherent interface with no preferred orientation relative to the grain on the other side. The low energy of the coherent interface leads to a serration of the grain boundaries due to the growth of the grain boundary T1 phase. Under tensile loading, the intergranular T1 phase leads to the formation of nanopores at the non-coherent side, and fracture mostly through the non-coherent grain boundary T1/matrix interface for under-, peak- and overaged conditions. DFT simulations showed that, under tensile loading, fracture is most likely to take place at the T1/Al interface, and the non-coherent side of the grain boundary is weakest as the decohesion energy is 25% lower than that of the coherent interface.
Locality in metrical typology

Recent work in metrical typology within Optimality Theory has emphasised the rhythmic distribution of stress peaks by reference to clashes and lapses, compared to the more central role of foot constituency characteristic of most previous approaches. One consequence of this emphasis has been the introduction of constraints that require reference to non-adjacent objects in the representation, such as two unstressed syllables plus a word edge or a stress peak. I argue here for a constraint-based approach to metrical typology that permits only strictly local formulations. This approach requires increased reference to foot structure, while maintaining local reference to clashes and lapses. The revised set of constraints predicts a larger set of possible stress systems, but correctly includes an attested iambic pattern excluded by recent theories.
Source of Transport Site Asymmetry in the Band 3 Anion Exchange Protein Determined by NMR Measurements of External Cl- Affinity†

Flux measurements indicate that a far greater number of unloaded band 3 anion transport sites face the cytoplasm than face the external medium, but the reason for this striking asymmetry has remained obscure. To resolve this question, we have measured the apparent Cl- affinity of the transport site of human red blood cell band 3 protein under various conditions by analyzing the 35Cl NMR free induction decay (FID). The [Cl-] that half-saturates the transport sites with [Cli] = [Clo] (K1/2) in RBC membranes (ghosts) is 46 ± 5 mM at 0°C, while the Ko1/2 (for half-saturation with [Clo] at constant [Cli]) of intact cells is 3.2 ± 2.1 mM. When cells were pretreated with EM, an inhibitor of band 3 anion exchange that does not prevent Cl- binding to the external transport site, K1/2 and Ko1/2 are 41 ± 14 and 46 ± 12 mM, respectively. The EM-induced increase in Ko1/2 with little change in K1/2 can be most simply interpreted as meaning that EM abolishes the effects of the translocation rate constants on Ko1/2 so th...
Shape Measurement by use of Temporal Fourier transformation in Dual-Beam Illumination Speckle Interferometry

We outline a novel method for determining the shape of an object by use of temporal Fourier-transform analysis in dual-beam illumination speckle interferometry. The object whose shape is to be determined is rotated about an axis, and a number of frames of the image of the object motion are acquired. Temporal in-plane displacement that is due to the object rotation is related to the shape of the object and is retrieved from this large set of data by Fourier transformation. With this method one can determine the absolute height of the object with variable resolution, thereby allowing shapes of objects with large and small slopes to be determined. The theory of the method along with experimental results is presented.
Paradoxical effects of low doses of d-amphetamine in rats.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the behavioral effects of low doses of d-amphetamine in rats. In contrast to previous studies showing depression of fixed-ratio 30 lever pressing by doses of d-amphetamine greater than 0.5 mg/kg, lower doses of the drug were found to facilitate such lever pressing. A low dose (0.05 mg/kg) of d-amphetamine was also found to enhance the amount of prandial drinking following food deprivation. These results indicated that the dose-response curve for d-amphetamine is generally non-monotonic and usually in the shape of an inverted U.
Transient Voltage Changes Produced in Corroding Metals and Alloys

Abstract : The formation of 'hollow whiskers' by the action of slightly acidified potassium ferricyanide and ferrocyanide solutions on metals and alloys appeared to indicate that corroding metals produce bursts of metal ions from various point anodes. Since these bursts of ions appeared to be of a sporadic nature, it seemed possible that there might be transient fluctuations of the electrical charge on the metal. The communication reports on the detection of such fluctuations in electrical charge.
Delayed Development of a Traumatic Superior Mesenteric Arteriovenous Fistula Following Multiple Gunshot Wounds to the Abdomen

Traumatic visceral arteriovenous fistulae are rare and pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present the case of a 20-year-old male who sustained multiple gunshot wounds to the abdomen, injuring the inferior vena cava, duodenum, stomach, and small bowel. The patient was taken emergently to the operating room for repair of his injuries, which required primary small bowel repair, duodenal repair, and inferior vena cava ligation due to exigent hemorrhage. At the initial operation there was a normal pulse in the superior mesenteric artery at the base of the small bowel mesentery, with no evidence of hematoma or thrill in the small bowel mesentery. The patient was subsequently returned to the operating room several times for bowel exploration and abdominal wall closure with mesh. Ten days after his initial injury, the patient was noted to have an abdominal bruit on physical exam. Arteriography demonstrated a fistula between the proximal superior mesenteric artery and vein with significant portal hypertension. The patient underwent surgical repair of the superior mesenteric artery and vein with closure of the fistula. The patient had no further complications and was discharged from the hospital 1 month later, after abdominal wall skin grafting, in good condition. The patient remains in good health 12 months later. Continued vigilance and careful physical examination are important in the identification of delayed vascular injuries and allow timely treatment and avoidance of untoward long-term sequelae.
A Forced Gravity Wave Model of Serf-Organizing Convection

Abstract A two-dimensional, hydrostatic, nonrotating numerical model with a cumulus paramelerizafion is developed to study the early stages of mesozcale convective systems. Amplifying, forced gravity waves occur when peneirative downdrafts are present. Updraft heating by itself is unable to cause convective sysiems to intensify. Propagation speeds are in rough agreement with those observed in midlatitude mesoscale convective systems. The conditionalityof the convection and the horizontal advection of precipitation by the relative wind produce las between lifting and convection that are not found in conventional wave-CISK models. These lags slow the growth and reduce the propasation speeds of forced gravity waves.
Possibility of geometrization of electrodynamics

We consider a metric model of 4-space with the conformai Weyl parameter depending on the state of the charged matter. We show that there exists a version of the theory that allows unification of gravitation and electrodynamics based on geometry with an additional dynamical connection. We give equations for geodesies, curvature tensors, and the Ricci and scalar curvatures. Within the framework of the model, we obtain the Einstein equations as well as Maxwell-type equations that contain a nonlinearity analogous to the nonlinearity of the Einstein equations. We find an exact solution for the case of a static, homogeneous spherical charge distribution. The internal solution has a region of singular attraction and repulsion of like-charged matter.
A three-dimensional/stereoscopic display and model control system for Great Lakes forecasts

In a forecasting system for the Great Lakes, the data generated by the three-dimensional numerical model is visualized by a 3D/stereoscopic display module. The module consists of a control panel and a display window with the capability of interactively rendering the results. The event scheduling for scenario testing to steer the 3D numerical model is achieved by a similar panel. These panels set up the simulation and control the data flow between the graphics workstation and supercomputer. Many rendering methods, stereo imagery and animation are incorporated to display the results. Interaction between the user, the workstation and the supercomputer allows steering of the simulation and tracing of the simulation output. Distributed software for post-processing and volume rendering are also used to enhance the representation. Further enhancement will provide operational predictions of Great Lakes physics and transport features with these visualization methods and control algorithms.
On Crosslinguistic Variations in Imperfective Aspect: The Case of L2 Korean

This article examines the acquisition of Korean imperfective markers, the progressive -ko iss- and the resultative -a iss-, with a view to understanding how tense/aspect morphology expands beyond prototype associations with inherent aspects of the verbs. We hypothesized that -a iss- will develop later than -ko iss-, but that the development of -a iss- will precede or coincide with the expansion of -ko iss- marking for result state meaning. Cross-sectional data were collected from 120 learners of second language Korean using a sentence interpretation task and a guided picture description task. The results support our hypothesized acquisition route of imperfective markers, establishing dynamic durativity as the prototypical meaning of the Korean imperfective -ko iss- and suggesting individual variation in expanding the prototype.
Absolute Chronology of the Late Neogene Calcareous Nannofossil Succession in the Equatorial Pacific

A continuous pelagic record of the late Neogene was studied in four deep-sea cores for which the magnetic stratigraphy had been worked out previously. Within the past 8 m.y., eleven distinctive calcareous nannofossil datum levels are recognizable, and these are related to the absolute chronology of the magnetic time scale. Two datum levels are recognizable within the late Pleistocene, at about 170,000 and 350,000 yrs B.P. The earlier Pleistocene did not yield comparable marker species. The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, which is correlated on the geomagnetic scale with the base of the Olduvai event within the Matuyama reversed epoch, is closely approximated by the extinction of the last true discoaster species at about 1.8 m.y. B.P. Within the Pliocene, six datum levels are recognized, and correlation with Mediterranean Pliocene deposits indicates an age of about 5 m.y. for the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. The uppermost Miocene seems to be devoid of distinctive markers, but this may be due to inadequate data. Of the many nannoplankton which became extinct in the late Neogene, only two species, Cydococcolithina macintyrei and Discoaster brouweri , have their last occurrence near a magnetic reversal, and of these the extinction of Discoaster brouweri probably cannot be related to a magnetic reversal. It appears, therefore, that calcareous nannoplankters were not adversely affected by collapse or reversals in the Earth9s magnetic field.
Does social facilitation affect responses to natural and anthropogenic stressors in the freshwater snail Planorbella trivolvis

Social facilitation is the initiation or increase of a trait, such as stressor tolerance, when in the presence of conspecifics, members of the same species. It has been shown to alter the outcome of toxicity experiments in colonial organisms. We evaluated whether social facilitation would impact responses to stressors in the noncolonial New Mexico ramshorn snail (Planorbella trivolvis) by exposing snails to stressors either singly or in groups of three. Social facilitation did not impact snail responses to malathion but did affect responses to predator cues and temperature stress. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2883–2887. © 2011 SETAC
Electric field simulation in a non-uniform field dielectric system

The charge simulation method (CSM) is used to compute potential and electric field distribution in a 'hyperboloid-plane' electrode system. Electric field enhancement along the axis of the hyperboloid and within the dielectric is calculated at various interelectrode spacings and with various tip radii. Results are consistent with geometrical configurations and within +or-1% accuracy. >
Transdermal testosterone gel: pharmacokinetics, efficacy of dosing and application site in hypogonadal men.

Testosterone gels are being increasingly used throughout the world. There is still some controversy associated with their use, but many of the uncertainties are gradually being overcome and explained. The authors from the USA evaluated the pharmacokinetics and the efficacy of dosing and application sites of another such transdermal gel. The arrival of oral agents for treating male erectile dysfunction has made it easier for GPs to treat this condition. The authors from Southampton have examined the safety of sildenafil used in general medical practice in England, finding that it was used safely at this level, with no unexpected events. OBJECTIVE To determine the regimen that would most effectively maintain serum testosterone concentrations in treated hypogonadal men within the normal reference range of 3–11.4 µg/L. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eighteen men aged 24–69 years with either primary or secondary hypogonadism participated in and 16 completed a randomized, six-treatment regimen, three-period (phase), three-way matrix-type crossover study. A 1% and 2% testosterone gel (CP601, Cellegy Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Francisco, USA) was administered either once or twice daily transdermally at different body sites to determine optimal dosing, application sites, and its pharmacokinetics and tolerability in hypogonadal men. Treatments A–F included 1 g of 1% and 2% gel that was equivalent to 10 or 20 mg of testosterone, applied once or twice daily to the skin of either the thigh or the upper arm. Six men also participated in a study of 3 g of 2% gel that was equivalent to 60 mg of testosterone applied once daily, half on each thigh. Pharmacokinetic variables were calculated for testosterone for each man in each treatment period and the results analysed by anova. RESULTS In general the higher dose regimens produced higher serum concentrations of testosterone; the 3 g/2% dose was most successful in maintaining serum testosterone within the normal reference range. The average testosterone concentration (Cavg) was 6.52 µg/L and all men had a Cavg of > 3.0 µg/L. The prediction of all men achieving a Cavg of > 3.0 µg/L was 96%. The mean minimum concentration (Cmin) was 3.83 µg/L and half the patients had a Cmin of > 3.0 µg/L. Most men had serum testosterone levels within the normal reference range throughout the 24 h, and the treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS The 3 g/2% dose applied to the skin daily resulted in serum testosterone in the normal reference range in most hypogonadal men. Dose adjustments to either a lower or higher dose should shift serum testosterone concentration to the desired range in those who do not achieve this range with this dose.
Multipath Forwarding in WiMAX Mesh Networks with Dynamic Metrics

One of the most promising emerging wireless technologies, IEEE 802.16, supports broadband access to the Internet and Quality of Service (QoS) for multimedia applications. A WiMAX network can be deployed and operated in point-to-multipoint (PMP) mode or mesh (i.e., multihop relay) mode. In a WiMAX mesh network, there are two fundamental problems: routing and scheduling. Based on a given routing policy, a subscriber station selectively connects to a sequence of relay stations to establish a data forwarding path to a base station. Then, a scheduling policy is enforced by all relay stations and the base station along the selected path to provide the requested QoS. With the support of advanced air interface and the enhanced functional blocks (e.g., routing, self organization) proposed by the IEEE 802.16m, a WiMAX mesh network can flexibly form a partial mesh structure, in which a subscribe station can connect to multiple relay stations and a relay station can also connect to multiple neighbor relay stations to construct multiple data forwarding paths to the base station. In this paper, we present a protocol that allows a subscriber station to find multiple least-cost paths collectively providing the required services. The selection of the paths is based on statistical measurements of relay stations’ past linkquality- experience (LQE) in providing the requested QoS.