cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling of coupled heat transfer and reactive transport processesin porous media: Application to seepage studies at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

When hot radioactive waste is placed in subsurface tunnels, a series of complex changes occurs in the surrounding medium. The water in the pore space of the medium undergoes vaporization and boiling. Subsequently, vapor migrates out of the matrix pore space, moving away from the tunnel through the permeable fracture network. This migration is propelled by buoyancy, by the increased vapor pressure caused by heating and boiling, and through local convection. In cooler regions, the vapor condenses on fracture walls, where it drains through the fracture network. Slow imbibition of water thereafter leads to gradual rewetting of the rock matrix. These thermal and hydrological processes also bring about chemical changes in the medium. Amorphous silica precipitates from boiling and evaporation, and calcite from heating and CO{sub 2} volatilization. The precipitation of amorphous silica, and to a much lesser extent calcite, results in long-term permeability reduction. Evaporative concentration also results in the precipitation of gypsum (or anhydrite), halite, fluorite and other salts. These evaporative minerals eventually redissolve after the boiling period is over, however, their precipitation results in a significant temporary decrease in permeability. Reduction of permeability is also associated with changes in fracture capillary characteristics. In short, the coupled thermal-hydrological-chemicalmore » (THC) processes dynamically alter the hydrological properties of the rock. A model based on the TOUGHREACT reactive transport software is presented here to investigate the impact of THC processes on flow near an emplacement tunnel at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. We show how transient changes in hydrological properties caused by THC processes often lead to local flow channeling and saturation increases above the tunnel. For models that include only permeability changes to fractures, such local flow channeling may lead to seepage relative to models where THC effects are ignored. However, coupled THC seepage models that include both permeability and capillary changes to fractures may not show this additional seepage.« less
NRF2 molecule of the month.

NRF2 – nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 is also known as GA binding protein transcription factor, alpha subunit 60kDa- GABPA [1, 2]. A recent literature review suggests that NRF2 has complex regulatory roles in cancer. NRF2 is a transcription factor and is upregulated by oncogenes. NRF2 is an antioxidant master regulator and for example, binds to ARE –antioxidant response element. NFR2 lowers ROS (in pancreatic and lung cancers). However, NRF2 silences miR200a (a miRNA) (in breast cancer) that leads to additional expression of its repressor, KEAP1. Therapies are under investigation [1]. The two figures illustrate various gene interactions, up to 100 for each figure. Figure 1 shows interactions for NRF2 and GABPA that the database treats as similar. Figure 2 shows interactions and neighboring genes among NRF2-GABPA, KEAP1, NFE2L2, ROS, miR200a, COPD, and MS. Figure 1 NRF2 and related interactions with up to 100 neighbors. In this figure, line-colors and various interactions with other genes are red Down-regulation, green Up-regulation, beige Regulation, purple Co-expression, brown Physical Interaction, turquoise dotted ... Figure 2 NRF2 and related interactions with NRF2, GABPA, NFE2L2, KEAP1, ROS, miR200a, COPD, MS input) and up to 100 neighbors.In this figure, line-colors and various interactions with other genes are red Down-regulation, green Up-regulation, beige Regulation, ... It is left as a puzzle for the interested reader to identify the various genes and their functionsin the figures [3, 4].
State-of-the-art review on crystallization control technologies for water/LiBr absorption heat pumps

Abstract The key technical barrier to using water/lithium bromide (LiBr) as the working fluid in air-cooled absorption chillers and absorption heat-pump systems is the risk of crystallization when the absorber temperature rises at fixed evaporating pressure. This article reviews various crystallization control technologies available to resolve this problem: chemical inhibitors, heat and mass transfer enhancement methods, thermodynamic cycle modifications, and absorption system-control strategies. Other approaches, such as boosting absorber pressure and J-tube technology, are reviewed as well. This review can help guide future efforts to develop water/LiBr air-cooled absorption chillers and absorption heat-pump systems.
ASBESTOSIS : CLINICAL SPECTRUM AND PATHOGENIC MECHANISMS

Asbestosis is a diffuse pulmonary fibrotic process caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Despite extensive investigations, the precise mechanisms regulating asbestos-induced lung damage are not fully understood. This review summarizes the important clinical manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of asbestosis. We focus on the relatively new information that has emerged over the last several years. The diagnosis of asbestosis is often easily established by well-characterized criteria. Pulmonary physiologic testing and high-resolution computed tomography can detect clinically occult disease. The finding of asbestos bodies in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid confirms that an individual has been exposed to asbestos but is of unclear significance in diagnosing asbestosis. Evidence reviewed herein suggests that asbestos pulmonary toxicity is due in part to the physical properties of the fibers, iron-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS), and macrophage-derived cytokines and growth factors. Special emphasis is given to the hypothesis that iron-catalyzed hydroxyl radicals (HO.-) have a pivotal role in causing asbestosis. Definitive proof of this hypothesis is difficult to obtain since HO.- are highly reactive and their deleterious effects to cells may have occurred years prior to disease presentation. Despite these limitations, considerable data firmly support the notion that ROS have an important role in causing asbestos toxicity. Further, the iron content of asbestos or the redoxactive iron associated with or mobilized from the surface of the fibers is important in generating HO.- as well as in activating inflammatory cells. There also appears to be a close association between asbestos-induced ROS production and cellular toxicity and DNA damage. The full expression of asbestos-induced diseases likely involves the contribution of cytokines, growth factors, proteases, and other inflammatory cell products. Many of the mechanisms by which asbestos- and inflammation-induced ROS activate specific genes in pulmonary cells remain to be elucidated.
Efficacy of an online writing program on URM students in engineering

Recently, universities have explored using online technologies to increase instructor efficiency and improve student performance. One such technology is the Educational Testing Service (ETS) web-based service, Criterion. Criterion is an online writing service whose purpose is to help students improve their grasp of the English language through offering critical, detailed feedback in the areas of: grammar, spelling, mechanics, usage and organization, and development. With Criterion, students get the benefit of additional writing practice without adding to the instructor's workload, allowing instructors to focus on the content and style of students' work. To assess the effectiveness of the Criterion writing program, our researchers used the program's analytics to gauge student proficiency, use, and the effectiveness of the program. Criterion provides the instructor with each student's progress from the moment of assignment submission. This allowed researchers to track the number of submissions each student needs to submit an acceptable writing assignment. In this study we compiled all of the data from Criterion and tracked the number of submissions and types of errors and sorted them by major and ethnicity. A high percentage of San Jose State University (SJSU)'s incoming freshmen are remedial in English or mathematics. Furthermore, at SJSU underrepresented minority (URM) students have notably higher remediation rates; 70% of African Americans, 60% of Hispanic students, and 50% of Asian Americans require English remediation during their first year, compared with 31% of Caucasian students. Many of these students are U.S. educated English learners with lower English skills than Native English students. They often struggle to complete their English and writing requirements, which negatively impacts their retention and graduation rates. As an online program that offers none of the bias present in traditional university classes, URM students using Criterion do not feel intimidated or overwhelmed. Additionally, the program is set in such a way that a student may use it as many times as needed to learn at their own pace. It effectively assesses student work and provides opportunities for them to learn from their mistakes, while its structure allows for specific, constructive feedback from faculty.
Carbon Nanotubes, Nanocrystal Forms, and Complex Nanoparticle Aggregates in common fuel-gas combustion sources and the ambient air

Aggregated multiwall carbon nanotubes (with diameters ranging from ∼3 to 30nm) and related carbon nanocrystal forms ranging in size from 0.4 to 2 μm (average diameter) have been collected in the combustion streams for methane/air, natural gas/air, and propane gas/air flames using a thermal precipitator. Individual particle aggregates were collected on carbon/formvar-coated 3mm nickel grids and examined in a transmission electron microscope, utilizing bright-field imaging, selected-area electron diffraction analysis, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry techniques. The natural gas and propane gas sources were domestic (kitchen) stoves, and similar particle aggregates collected in the outdoor air were correspondingly identified as carbon nanocrystal aggregates and sometimes more complex aggregates of silica nanocrystals intermixed with the carbon nanotubes and other carbon nanocrystals. Finally, and in light of the potential for methane-series gas burning as major sources of carbon nanocrystal aggregates in both the indoor and outdoor air, data for natural gas consumption and corresponding asthma deaths and incidence are examined with a degree of speculation regarding any significance in the correlations.
Every Teacher a Literacy Teacher? An Analysis of the Literacy-related Messages in Secondary Methods Textbooks

Every teacher a reading teacher has been the call of educators who have made their life work the promotion of reading and writing for middle and high school students (Gray, 1925; Herber, 1970; Ruddell, 1997; Vacca & Vacca, 2002). State departments of education in many states in the United States require secondary content-area teachers to complete course work in content-area reading and writing in order to obtain a teaching license (Romine, McKenna, & Robinson, 1996), seemingly to support this notion that every content-area teacher should also be a teacher of reading and writing. Although these requirements may be changing to accommodate other state requirements (Stewart & O'Brien, 2001), course work in content-area literacy remains common. Instructors with expertise in adolescent and content-area literacy have provided preservice courses to inform secondary teachers of methods to infuse literacy instruction with content instruction in ways that strengthen students' content-area learning and promote genera...
Dynamic Considerations of Sea-level Rise with Respect to Water Levels and Flooding in Apalachicola Bay

ABSTRACT Bacopoulos, P., and Hagen, S.C., 2014. Dynamic considerations of sea-level rise with respect to water levels and flooding in Apalachicola Bay. An examination of sea-level rise impacts on water levels and flooding extent in Florida's Apalachicola Bay and the nearby region was carried out using forcing conditions from Hurricane Dennis under multiple sea-level rise scenarios. A comparison of the modeled water levels at the inlets of the bay was conducted to determine if the trend in water levels at the inlets was linear or nonlinear in relation to increasing sea-level rise. Hydrodynamic simulations for five scenarios were performed, including a present-day (control) scenario reflecting current sea levels and four possible future sea-level rise scenarios. Water level distributions and flooding throughout the bay with either dynamic or static sea-level rise were compared, and the effects of nonlinearity in the hydrodynamic responses were measured using a normalized nonlinearity index. This analysis hi...
American Logic in the 1920s

In 1934 Alonzo Church, Kurt Godei, S. C. Kleene, and J. B. Rosser were all to be found in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1936 Church founded The Journal of Symbolic Logic. Shortly thereafter Alan Turing arrived for a two year visit. The United States had become a world center for cutting-edge research in mathematical logic. In this brief survey1 we shall examine some of the writings of American logicians during the 1920s, a period of important beginnings and remarkable insights as well as of confused gropings. The publication of Whitehead and Russell's monumental Principia Mathematica [18] during the years 1910-1913 provided the basis for much of the research that was to follow. It also provided the basis for confusion that remained a factor during the period we are discussing. In 1908, Henri Poincare, a famous skeptic where mathematical logic was concerned, wrote pointedly ([13]): It is difficult to admit that the word if acquires, when written ⊃, a virtue it did not possess when written if. Principia provided no very convincing answer to Poincare. Indeed the fact that the authors of Principia saw fit to place their first two “primitive propositions” *1.1: Anything implied by a true proposition is true. *1.2: ⊢ p ⋁ p ⊃ p under one and the same heading suggest that they had thought of what they were doing as just such a translation as Poincare had derided.
Electron beam/converter target interactions in radiographic accelerators

Linear induction accelerators used in X-ray radiography have single-pulse parameters of the order 20 MeV of electron beam energy, 2 kA of beam current, pulse lengths of 50-100 ns, and spot sizes of 1-2 mm. The thermal energy deposited in a bremsstrahlung converter target made of tantalum from such a pulse is /spl sim/80 kJ/cc, more than enough to bring the target material to a partially ionized state. The tail end of a single beam pulse, or any subsequent pulse in a multi-pulse train, undergoes a number of interactions with the target that can affect beam transport and radiographic performance. Positive ions extracted from the target plasma by the electron beam space charge can affect the beam focus and centroid stability. As the target expands on the inter-pulse time scale, the integrated line density of material decreases, eventually affecting the X-ray output of the system. If the target plume becomes sufficiently large, beam transport through it is affected by macroscopic charge and current neutralization effects and microscopic beam/plasma instability mechanisms. We will present a survey of some of these interactions, as well as some results of an extensive experimental and theoretical campaign to understand the practical amelioration of these effects, carried out at the ETA-II accelerator facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Renal function and laboratory evaluation

This paper reviews the normal renal function in relation to common functional tests helpful to detect nephrotoxicity. The measurement of renal blood flow, intrarenal distribution of blood flow, and glomerular filtration rate remain the basic parameters of nephrotoxicity. Renal tubular function is accurately measured by standard clearance tests for solutes including electrolytes, glucose and amino acids. The renal concentrating capacity serves as a sensitive but non-specific measure of renal integrity. The measurement of plasma concentration of some solutes is helpful to identify nephrotoxicity, but is most effective when a profile of solutes is measured over a time period. Urinary protein excretion and particularly the excretion of enzymes may localize the nephrotoxicity in certain tubular segments. Due to the multiple functions of the kidney, no single test or group of tests can be relied upon to detect nephrotoxicity. A battery of tests including screening tests and specific tests to measure glomerular or tubular function must be selected to match the pattern of nephrotoxicity.
An approach for evaluating the performance of a multiband wideband receiver with one sigma-delta ADC and one AGC

The performance of an oversampled multiband wideband digital receiver is presented in this paper. Unlike previous works that assume a single channel receiver and a conventional analog-to-digital converter (ADC), where the quantization error is modeled as an additive uniform random noise, this paper includes the effects of an oversampled sigma-delta (Σ-Δ) ADC with noise shaping and an automatic gain controller (AGC) when multiple channels with high frequencies are received by one antenna at the same time. Second order Σ-Δ ADC is our point of interest and an approach to determine the ADC resolution is proposed in this paper by evaluating the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) degradation in each channel due to the ADC and the AGC in the wideband receiver. Numerical results are provided for different ADC resolution with different AGC gain for a second order Σ-Δ ADC, and the results are compared to a lower level Σ-Δ ADC. The results can help in the design of a multiband wideband transceiver.
Improved multi-target tracking in clutter by PDA smoothing

An algorithm is presented for the recursive tracking of multiple targets in cluttered environment by making use of the joint probabilistic data association fixed-lag smoothing (JPDAS) techniques. It is shown that a significant improvement in the accuracy of track estimation of both nonmaneuvering and maneuvering targets may be achieved by introducing a time lag of one or two sampling periods between the instants of estimation and latest measurement. Results of simulation experiments for a radar tracking problem that demonstrate the effects of fixed-lag smoothing are also presented. >
Performance aspects of decentralized detection structures

Performance aspects of minimum probability of error decentralized detection systems are considered. The relationship between the probability of error of a maximum a posteriori probability receiver and the Kolmogorov variational distance is derived. This relationship is used to derive the minimum probability of error for an n-sensor decentralized system in terms of the sensor decisions. A design procedure is presented that results in the optimum global minimum probability of error. The design of three suboptimum systems based on the Bharttacharyya distance, Kullback discrimination, and optimization of the probability of error at the local level is described. A numerical example comparing the performance of the optimum system to the performance of the suboptimum systems is also included. >
Hydrogeomorphic flood hazard evaluation for semi-arid environments

Abstract On pediment, alluvial slopes and plains in semi-arid environments small washes constitute potential flood hazards. Population expansion into these geologically less suitable areas represents a major engineering concern. In this study, four flood hazard zones were identified based on the hydrogeomorphic analysis of an area in central Arizona, USA. The flood hazard zones depicted as map units provide a basis for flood management plans which are highly beneficial to engineers and urban planners. As they are based on common geomorphic indicators it is considered they are applicable to other semi-arid environments.
An Equivalent Isobaric Geopotential Height and Its Application to Synoptic Analysis and a Generalized ω Equation in σ Coordinates

In s coordinates, a variable f e(x, y, s ,t ) whose horizontal gradient 2=f e is equal to the irrotational part of the horizontal pressure gradient force is referred to as an equivalent isobaric geopotential height. Its inner part can be derived from the solution of a Poisson equation with zero Dirichlet boundary value. Because 2=f (x, y, p, t) is also the irrotational part of the horizontal pressure gradient force in p coordinates, the equivalent geopotential f e in s coordinates can be used in the same way as the geopotential f (x, y, p, t) used in p coordinates. In the sea level pressure (SLP) analysis over Greenland, small but strong high pressure systems often occur due to extrapolation. These artificial systems can be removed if the equivalent geopotential f e is used in synoptic analysis on a constant s surface, for example, at s 5 0.995 level. The geostrophic relation between the equivalent geopotential and streamfunction at s 5 0.995 is approximately satisfied. Because weather systems over the Tibetan Plateau are very difficult to track using routine SLP, 850-hPa, and 700-hPa analyses, equivalent isobaric geopotential analysis in s coordinates is especially useful over this area. An example of equivalent isobaric geopotential analysis at s 5 0.995 shows that a secondary high separated from a major anticyclone over the Tibetan Plateau when cold air affected the northeastern part of the plateau, but this secondary high is hardly resolved by the SLP analysis. The early stage of a low (or vortex), called a southwest vortex due to its origin in southwest China, over the eastern flank of the Tibetan Plateau is more clearly identified by equivalent isobaric geopotential analysis at s 5 0.825 and 0.735 than by routine isobaric analysis at the 850- and 700-hPa levels. Anomalous high and low systems in the SLP analysis over the Tibetan Plateau due to extrapolation are all removed by equivalent isobaric geopotential analysis at s 5 0.995. Use of equivalent geopotential f e in the vorticity and divergence equations is presented, and the equivalent geopotential equation is derived. These equations can be used in numerical models, initializations, and other dynamical studies. As an example, it is shown how these equations are used to derive a velocity potential form of the generalized v equation in s coordinates. As a check, retrieval of precipitation over Greenland using this v equation shows that the computed precipitation distributions for 1987 and 1988 are in good agreement with the observed annual accumulation.
The Business Cycle And Competition In The U.S. Brewing Industry

Recent game-theoretic models of cartel behavior assess the sustainability of cooperation in the presence of demand fluctuations. Depending on the stochastic assumptions of demand, different outcomes are predicted. Accordingly, this paper investigates the effects of demand fluctuations on competition in the U.S. brewing industry. The results show that competition among brewers is greater during periods associated with significant negative shocks to demand, lower observed demand, lower expected future industry profit, and lower advertising.
Reducing Therapist Contact in Parenting Programs: Evaluation of Internet-Based Treatments for Child Conduct Problems

This study evaluated two Internet-based versions of Parent Management Training (PMT) and the effects of greatly reducing the contact required of a mental health professional on treatment of children referred for conduct problems. We were interested whether reduced contact with a therapist influenced treatment outcome, therapeutic alliance, parent adherence to treatment prescriptions, and parent reactions to and evaluations of the treatment procedures. Sixty children and their caregivers were assigned to receive either Full Contact PMT (with the amount of weekly contact similar to traditional PMT; approximately 50 minutes of direct therapist contact each week) or Reduced Contact PMT (with most information provided through recordings; approximately 10 minutes of therapist contact each week). Children in both groups showed significant and similar reductions in antisocial behaviors specifically, internalizing and externalizing symptoms more generally, and improvements in overall adaptive functioning. Therapeutic alliance also was similar across the two treatment groups. However, parents rated Full Contact treatment as more acceptable than the reduced version. Both treatments were similar in outcomes to in-person treatment as evaluated by a nonrandomized matched sample used as a benchmark in supplementary analyses. Overall, the findings indicate that therapist contact can be reduced while positive treatment outcomes are maintained but that interventions that reduce direct time with a therapist may be viewed less positively by clients.
Assessment of Combustion Characteristics and Mechanism of a HAN-Based Liquid Monopropellant

The combustion characteristics and reaction mechanism of a HAN-based liquid propellant (HANGLY26, consisting of 60% HAN, 14% glycine and 26% water by weight) were investigated. Combustion tests of liquid strands formed in test tubes were performed in an optically accessible strand burner. Thermocouples were also installed in the strand to measure the temperature distribution of the reaction zone. The burning rate of HANGLY26 exhibited four burning rate regimes for pressures ranging from 1.5 to 14.5 MPa. No luminous flame was observed in any combustion tests. The product temperatures were found to be at the water boiling points at the test pressures below 8.8 MPa. For pressures above 8.8 MPa, the product temperatures were found to be lower than the boiling points of water. Slope break points for burning rate were found to coincide with those of concentration curve versus pressure. The reaction mechanism changes between adjacent burning rate regimes dictate the slope break phenomenon observed in burning rates. Major species found from the recovered liquid residues are nitrogen, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, and formaldehyde. Two threshold temperatures of 473 and 673 K were found in the pyrolysis study of the liquid propellant. The decomposition mechanism of glycine was also studied. INTRODUCTION Hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)-based liquid monopropellants have been considered as potential candidates for the next-generation space propulsion applications because of their high density, low toxicity, and low freezing point''. In these propellants, HAN acts as the oxidizing component and fuel-rich components are added to achieve higher energy release H-N-O-H* NO Figure 1. Chemical structure of HAN. and higher flame temperature. Water is added to adjust the properties, such as viscosity and flame temperature. The chemical structure of HAN is shown in Figure 1. HAN itself can be considered as a monopropellant. The combustion characteristics and the reaction mechanism of HAN have been extensively studies by various researchers. Vosen studied the apparent burning rate of aqueous HAN solution with different concentrations. He found that the apparent burning rate first decreased with increasing pressure, then remained constant once the pressure exceed a threshold value. Reaction kinetics of HAN and HAN-based liquid propellants (LP) have been studied by various researchers. Lee and Thynell and Thynell and Kim studied the thermal decomposition of solid HAN and HAN-water solutions and found that HAN decomposition consists of several stages: 1) proton transfer and subsequent reactions occurring while water evaporates as the sample heats up. As the critical concentration of HAN is reached, the reaction rate is greatly accelerated, forming a pool of highly reactive HONO and HNO species; 2) evolution of gaseous Hs H H \ / ,O +H H H
Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Resurgence

Five cases of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are reported from the California Department of Health Services, Richmond, CA.
Comments on the "cattle-prod controversy".

Occasionally the local media will feature a story regarding some irate parent or outraged communiry member who has learned of the use of shock-sticks in a mental health treatment facility. Indignation is furcher arouzed by analogization (or actual reference to) the instrument as a cattle-prod, the argument of inhumane treaunent thereby being made the more graphic. Published opinion on this issue ranges from the view that it is unethical not to apply such techniques (5) to condemnation for reducing autistic children "to the level of Pavlovian dogs" (3, p. 410). The efficacy of such procedures, especially in comprehensive and systematic behavioral treatment programs has been well documented (4, 7, 8, 9). Lazarus (6, p. 205) has argued that, "just as a surgeon will assault and tear open one's flesh to save lives and alleviate suffering, an operant conditioner may use electric shock to prevent the head banging of autistic children who are bashing their heads to the point of damaging their brains, or biting their own fingels." Bandura (2, p. 552) has noted that "the brief discomfort occasioned by a program of aversion therapy is minor compared to the repeated incarceration, social ostracism, serious disruption of family life, and self-condemnation resulting from uncontrollable injurious behavior." Ball (1) has called attention to the irony of the furor over "dehumanizing" techniques by illustrating how well-meaning alternatives, e.g., tender love and care, unwittingly may condition self-destructive behavior. No one denies that the administration and supervision of aversive stimulation must be rigorously systematized and that high levels of humanism must parallel high levels of behavioral technology ( 1 ). Public references to "cattle-prods" tend to blur the ultimately humanistic aim of a therapeutic procedure and to arouse public condemnation of operant techniques spuriously.
Study on two common serological modes of hepatitis B and corresponding HBV DNA level and analysis on risk of corresponding modes

Objective To explore the presence of 2 common serological modes of hepatitis B and HBV DNA level and to analyze the corresponding risk of these two modes. Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA) had been applied to detect serum HBV markers and real-time quantitative PCR assay was applied for quantitative detection of nucleic acid in 60 patients with hepatitis B,and serum HBV markers were denoted as Mode 1 and Mode 2. Results ①The positive rates of these two modes were compared with corresponding HBV DNA load,the difference in their positive rates was statistically significant( P 0. 05),and the positive rate of HBV DNA and HBV DNA load in mode 1 were significantly larger than those of mode 2( P 0. 01),but the difference in positive detection rate was not significant( P 0. 05). ②Among these two modes,the difference in positive detection rate in combination of HBsAg,HBeAg and HBcAb and combination of HBsAb,HBeAb and HBcAb was not significant( P 0. 05),but the difference in positive rate of HBsAg,HBeAb and HBcAb was significant( P 0. 05). ③In mode 1,the positive detection rate of combination of HBsAg,HBeAg and HBcAb was significantly greater than that of mode 2( P 0. 05),but the difference in result of full negative test between these two modes was not significant( P 0. 05). ④Among two modes in combination of HBsAg,HBeAg,HBcAb and combination of HBsAb,HBeAb,HBcAb,the difference in positive rate of HBV DNA and HBV DNA load was statistically significant( P 0. 05,P 0. 01). Conclusion Real-time PCR assay has high sensitivity and high specificity,and it is important in early diagnosis of hepatitis B and assessment of level of viral replication. There is good correlation between positive rate of serum HBV markers and HBV DNA load.
Management patterns of family hotels at Beidaihe

In view of the problems in the operation of family hotels at Beidaihe in Qinhuangdao,investigation and data sorting were made to analyze the operating scale,operating efficiency,publicity fashion,consumer acceptance of these hotels.Strategies were put forward concerning developing various businesses,personalizing positioning,developing network marketing.Results provide a reference for the development of family hotels at Beidaihe.
Colloidal osmotic pressures of human maternal and fetal blood plasma

The colloidal osmotic pressure and the concentration of the plasma proteins of human maternal and fetal blood have been measured in term pregnancy. The mean material colloidal osmotic pressure is 356mm. H 2 O and the fetal 305mm. H 2 O. The findings indicate that the movement of water from mother to fetus is not dependent upon the colloidal osmotic pressures of the maternal and fetal plasma proteins.
The Indigenous Legal Tradition as Foundational Law

This chapter is drawn from a transcribed joint presentation made by Christine Zuni Cruz (Isleta/Ohkay Owingeh) and Casey Douma (Laguna/Hopi-Tewa) at the Pueblo Convocation in April 2012 at Tamaya. Sections I, II and V are based on the presentation made by Christine Zuni Cruz; Sections III and IV summarize the presentation made by Casey Douma. Section VI combines the concluding thoughts of Zuni Cruz and Douma. Special thanks to Aaron Sims (Acoma Pueblo) for producing the computer images for Figures 1 and 4. Figures 1 and 4 are adapted illustrations created by Christine Zuni Cruz in an earlier article (Zuni Cruz 2000). The illustrations in Figures 2 and 3 were created by Casey Douma. This paper documents the presentation provided on the Indigenous legal tradition of Pueblo peoples at the Pueblo Convocation of 2012 by Christine Zuni Cruz and Casey Douma. Section II, III and V draws from the presentation made by Zuni Cruz and identifies the Indigenous legal tradition and its operation amongst Pueblo peoples. Sections III and IV summarize Casey Douma’s presentation which identified the core Pueblo institutions responsible for proper social behavior, ranging from the family, to a widening circle of Pueblo authorities. It chronicles the movement from family-centered and group resolution of disputes to the reliance on the individualized approach to resolution of disputes introduced by tribal courts.
Procoagulant activity on injured arteries and associated thrombi is mediated primarily by the complex of tissue factor and factor VIIa.

BACKGROUND Rethrombosis limits the efficacy of coronary thrombolysis and may result from surface-associated thrombin, de-novo prothrombin activation, or both. This study was designed to determine the relative roles of thrombin, factor Xa, and the complex of tissue factor and factor VIIa in the procoagulant activity on injured arteries with evolving thrombi. METHODS Extensive vascular injury and platelet-rich thrombi were induced in the abdominal aorta of 25 anesthetized rabbits by applying anodal current through a transluminal electrode for 3 h. Injured vessel segments were excised and placed in a chamber permitting perfusion over the luminal surface and associated thrombus. RESULTS Vessel segments perfused with recalcified, citrated human plasma induced marked increases in the concentration of fibrinopeptide A, a marker of thrombin-induced fibrin formation, in the effluent plasma after 10 min (4636 +/- 1894% of fibrinopeptide A in the nonperfused plasma, n = 5). Perfusion with plasma depleted of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors prevented the increase in fibrinopeptide A (122 +/- 30%, n = 4), indicating the lack of preformed functional thrombin. Furthermore, appearance of fibrinopeptide A was attenuated by perfusion with plasma containing 0.1 mumol/l recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide, a specific inhibitor of factor Xa (594 +/- 320%, n = 3), and by preincubation of vessel segments with a monoclonal antibody to rabbit tissue factor (438 +/- 220%, n = 3). CONCLUSIONS Procoagulant activity on injured vessels and associated thrombi is mediated by factor Xa, a product of the functional initiation of coagulation by factor VIIa associated with tissue factor. Accordingly, inhibition of tissue factor-mediated coagulation may be effective for attenuation of active thrombogenesis on injured vessels and during thrombolysis.
Coronary—Ventricular Interaction: The Gregg Phenomenon

Despite some negative reports, especially from experiments in pig hearts, there is considerable evidence that changes in coronary perfusion pressure alter myocardial contractile function and oxygen consumption. The mechanism of this Greeg phenomenon has not been delineated; howerver, pressure-induced changes in coronary vascular volume, associated with ineffective coronary pressure-flow autoregulation, are instrumental in producing the Gregg phenomenon. Although changes in coronary vascular volume alter ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness, myocardial fiber length is unchanged. Thus, the Gregg phenomenon does not result from Starling’s law. Inotropic factors released from endothelium appear not to be responsible for the Gregg phenomenon. Changes in coronary perfusion pressure alter myocardial stiffness, both in diastole and in systole; this may alter the ratio of internal to external work and modulate myocardial oxygen demand. Because effective coronary autoregulation prevents perfusion pressure-mediated changes in vascular volume, autoregulation protects myocardium from increased oxygen demand when perfusion pressure is elevated. Failure of autoregulation at reduced perfusion pressure reduces myocardial oxygen demand and improves myocardial oxygen utilization efficiency. The Gregg phenomenon may be the initial step in the process of myocardial hibernation.
Comparing the Established Competency Categories of the Biosafety and Infection Prevention Professions: A Possible Roadmap for Addressing Professional Development Training Needs for a New Era

While both the biological safety and infection prevention professions exist to help individuals avoid contracting disease, there are distinct differences between the vocations. Biosafety profession...
The Fourth United States Computer Chess Championship (Atlanta, 1973)

This chapter reviews the fourth United States computer chess championship held in Atlanta, in 1973. The Hyatt-Regency Hotel in Atlanta, Georgia, served as the battlefield for the most recent and best of the ACM tournaments. A record number of entries led to an expanded field of twelve teams, which fought it out for four rounds. The tournaments were held on August 26–28, 1973. David Levy served as tournament director once again. After four rounds and several close calls, the new program of Atkin, Gorlen, and Slate walked away with the championship for the fourth consecutive year. Five teams returned from the previous year. The defending champions had completely rewritten their program and renamed it CHESS 4.0. Using Shannon's type-A strategy and the old scoring function, new data structures permitted a search of 40,000 nodes per move. The OSTRICH returned, possibly somewhat the worse from a year of changes that were not sufficiently well studied. Many changes were made in OSTRICH and an insufficient number of games were played during the year to evaluate properly the effect of the changes. Some changes turned out well, others not so well. Gillogly returned with TECH, which had had its time control algorithms improved along with other only minor modifications. COKO IV represented the new work of Cooper and Kozdrowicki. It had several end-game algorithms added, which demonstrated themselves very satisfactorily in a victory over OSTRICH in the first round. The team of Zobrist, Carlson, and Kalme returned with the USC CP. They felt it had been improved from the previous year, although it still examined a relatively small tree.
The LIDA Model as a Foundational Architecture for AGI

Artificial intelligence (AI) initially aimed at creating “thinking machines,” that is, computer systems having human level general intelligence. However, AI research has until recently focused on creating intelligent, but highly domain-specific, systems. Currently, researchers are again undertaking the original challenge of creating AI systems (agents) capable of human-level intelligence, or “artificial general intelligence” (AGI).
The Ambulance: Toward a Labor Theory of Poverty Governance:

This article reimagines poverty governance as a labor process. Extending theories of bureaucratic fields and street-level bureaucracies, the proposed model suggests that the state manages the poor ...
Northern Forest (a)

This case series (see also the B [UVA-OM-1110], C [UVA-OM-1111], D [UVA-OM-1112], E [UVA-OM-1113], F [UVA-OM-1156], and G [UVA-OM-1158] cases) focuses students on the boom-and-bust behaviors in the Northern Forest sawmill industry. Stakeholders, from landowners to sawmill owners to government officials to environmentalists, all want to make sure that the overall demand for saw logs, as driven by sawmill capacity, does not exceed the rate at which the trees are growing. They do not want sawmill demand to "overshoot" the productive capacity of the forest resource, a classic problem in renewable-resource economies that the region had experienced approximately a century earlier. Students are called upon to use system-thinking skills (analysis of reference modes of behaviors, causal-loop mapping, and stock-flow mapping) in creating their causal hypotheses of the underlying system structure. Students are asked to design system-structure policies to help sustain both the industry and the natural resources of the region.
Endogeneity in panel stochastic frontier models: an application to the Japanese cotton spinning industry.

ABSTRACTWe present a panel stochastic frontier model that handles the endogeneity problem. This model can treat the endogeneity of both frontier and inefficiency variables. We apply our method to examine the technical efficiency of Japanese cotton spinning industry. Our results indicate that market concentration is endogenous, and when its endogeneity is properly handled, it has a larger negative impact on the technical efficiency of cotton spinning plants. We find that the exogenous model substantially overestimates efficiency in concentrated markets.
Intellectual Property As Seen by Barbie and Mickey: The Reciprocal Relationship of Copyright and Trademark Law

Some years ago, caselaw on trademark parodies and similar unauthorized “speech” uses of trademarks could have led one to conclude that the law had no sense of humor. Over time, however, courts in the US and elsewhere began to leaven likelihood of confusion analyses with healthy skepticism regarding consumers’ alleged inability to perceive a joke. These decisions did not always expressly cite the copyright fair use defense, but the considerations underlying the copyright doctrine seemed to inform trademark analysis as well. The spillover effect may indeed have been inevitable, as several of the cases in which the fair use defense prevailed coupled copyright and trademark claims. Just as copyright law has influenced the development of trademark doctrine in the US, so has trademark law evolved a reciprocal relationship with copyright, potentially extending the protection of certain copyrighted works, notably cartoon characters, beyond the copyright term. This essay will first address how the US copyright fair use doctrine has allowed US federal judges in trademarks cases to connect with their inner comic impulses. Second, I will consider the conflict between trademark law’s potentially eternal duration and copyright’s constitutionally mandated limited times, particularly in the context of visual characters such as Mickey Mouse. Looking to EU law, I will also offer some additional considerations regarding the use of expired copyrighted works as trademarks. While those analyses address trademarks and copyright as potential antagonists where exercise of trademark rights threatens to frustrate copyright policies, there is another side of the coin. To an increasing extent, we are seeing trademark symbols become characters and acquire value not only as source-indicators, but also as artistic (or audiovisual) works. I will conclude by considering the value that copyright protection might add to registered trademarks.
The Osler slide, a demonstration of phagocytosis from 1876 Reports of phagocytosis before Metchnikoff's 1880 paper

Recently at the Medical Historical Museum of McGill University, Dr. Rick Fraser discovered a microscope slide prepared in 1876 from the lung of a patient with pneumoconiosis. Photomicrographs show the presence of coal dust particles in alveolar cells. This case and several related ones had been reported in 1875 by William Osler, who also had demonstrated the cellular uptake of carbon particles in kittens injected with India ink. In 1869 a Philadelphia physician described the uptake of bacteria by leukocytes in saliva and urine. Both investigators postulated a protective role for this cellular phenomenon. Neither of these reports has been generally cited in histories of immunology. These two papers are summarized here along with a short review of other reports describing phagocytosis which predating Metchnikoff's entrance into the field.
Glaucoma is a 24/7 Disease

IOP is typically measured while sitting during office hours by Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT). A patient with glaucoma may have two to six IOP measurements by GAT over the course of a year as part of follow-up or to determine response to treatment. As the magnitude of IOP measurements may not differ much, a patient may have the impression that IOP is a static value not prone to significant fluctuations. Instead, IOP is a dynamic physiologic value which at least follows a circadian (24-h) pattern. Short-term fluctuations in IOP are typical within a 24-h (24H) period. These changes in IOP may be important in the diagnosis and management of a patient with glaucoma.
Quantitative analysis of angiogenesis using confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Angiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Angiogenesis is commonly quantified by measuring microvessel density (MVD) within tumors. In this report, we compared light microscopy with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of angiogenesis. MVDs were determined manually in a lung tumor xenograft and a normal skeletal muscle using CD31 immunohistochemical staining and light microscopy. Area of three-dimensional representation of microvessels, detected as CD31 immunofluorescence, was measured automatically using computer-assisted CLSM. By manual counting under light microscopy, the relative level of MVD of the lung tumor vs. skeletal muscle was 0.8. However, the corresponding relative level of microvessels was 3.4 as determined by computer-assisted CLSM. Futhermore, the architecture of microvessels was better delineated with CLSM than with light microscopy. We have applied this CLSM method for analyzing the antiangiogenic effect of an anticancer drug, paclitaxel, in the lung tumor xenograft model. We conclude that CLSM is an appropriate method for quantitative and qualitative analysis of microvasculature in normal and tumor tissues.
Charge Density Studies of Drug Molecules

The role of single-crystal x-ray diffraction in structural studies is well recognized. Much of our understanding of the details of molecular structure, structure-activity relationships, and even chemical bonding has been drawn from the many structures which have been determined by x-ray diffraction. Parameterization of molecular mechanics models is also largely dependent on x-ray structural data.