cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Sequential Framework for Image Change Detection

We present a sequential framework for change detection. This framework allows us to use multiple images from reference and mission passes of a scene of interest in order to improve detection performance. It includes a change statistic that is easily updated when additional data becomes available. Detection performance using this statistic is predictable when the reference and image data are drawn from known distributions. We verify our performance prediction by simulation. Additionally, we show that detection performance improves with additional measurements on a set of synthetic aperture radar images and a set of visible images with unknown probability distributions.
The consequences of suppression of anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis, Peptostreptococcus species, and Fusobacterium species, when accompanied by aerobic bacteria or in the presence of dead tissue, can cause severe infections. This article discusses the most common type of anaerobic infection, i.e., infection after colonic contamination of the abdominal cavity and soft tissues. Colonic anaerobes rarely cause infections as solitary pathogens. Mixed infections of aerobes and anaerobes are treated by source control, surgical drainage and debridement, and combination antibiotic therapy. Antimicrobial treatment should cover both anaerobes and aerobes; treatment of mixed infections with anti-anaerobic agents alone is likely to result in abscess formation. Recent trends toward cost cutting and the advent of antibiotics with good coverage of both aerobes and relevant pathogenic anaerobes have led to increased single-agent therapy with cefoxitin, cefotetan, ampicillin/sulbactam, imipenem/cilastatin, ticarcillin/clavulanate, trovafloxacin/alatrofloxacin, and piperacillin/tazobactam. In the past 15 years, research has begun to focus on the gut barrier, particularly on the beneficial effects of anaerobic microflora. Directing antibiotic therapy against the anaerobe when it is involved in clinical infection is important; however, the negative consequences of anti-anaerobic antibiotic therapy on the beneficial effects of normal distal gut colonization must also be considered.
Cardiac studies with metaiodobenzylguanidine: a critique of methods and interpretation of results.

Changes in the sympathetic nerve functions in these dis eases are more complex than in cardiac denervation and are, therefore, harder to interpret. In addition, because cardiac uptake of MIBG is usually less severely affected than in denervation, performing accurate quantitative stud ies is of greater importance. In this article, two aspects of cardiac MIBG studies will be reviewed: methods for quan tifyingcardiac MIBG uptake and interpretating the results. The issues involvedwillbe discussedprimarily in relation to cardiomyopathy,but the concepts apply to other forms of heart diseaseand to other tracers that have kinetics similar to MIBG.
Physico-chemical characterization of surface waters of the west coast of Algeria: Bay of Mostaganem and Cheliff estuary

A follow-up in 2013 of the indicators ofpollution (temperature, hydrogenpotential, dissolvedoxygen, ammonium, nitrites,nitrates, orthophosphates, orthosilicates, biological oxygen demand,chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids) in surface waterwasperformed, in order to estimatethe physicochemicalquality of the west coast of Algeria.The resultsobtainedrevealed the existence of a water contamination by domesticand industrialwastewater conveyed to the north by the Cheliff River fordischarge into the Bay of Mostaganem, marked bysignificantspace-timevariations. In January (24 mg / l), the values ​​ofnitrates recorded west of the mouth of Cheliff exceed norms.Ammonium records strong concentrations in January (1.2 mgNH4+/ L) and in February (0.8 mg / L). Nitrites such laggingof high contents in January (NO2- 0.99 mg / L) and February (NO2- 0.59 mg / L),respectively. The ortho phosphates post a maximumconcentration in January (6.6mg PO43-/ L). In addition, theorganicmatter rate measured in surface water ismaximumduring periods of flooding especially in January(7.51) and lowest in the exceptionally dry season in August (2.19).
Using Video Manipulation to Protect Privacy in Remote Presence Systems

Remote presence systems that allow remote operators to physically move around the world, observe it, and, in some cases, manipulate it, introduce a new set of privacy concerns. Traditional telepresence systems allow remote users to passively observe, forcing them to look at whatever the camera is pointing at. If we want something to remain private, then we simply do not put it in front of the camera. Remote presence systems, on the other hand, allow active observation, and put the control of the camera in the hands of the remote operator. They can drive around, and look at the world from different viewpoints, which complicates privacy protection.
Leveraging the Social Presence Model: A Decade of Research on Emotion in Online and Blended Learning

Abstract This chapter condenses a decade of our case study research on social presence , or the level of connectedness among students and instructors, within online and blended learning environments. It addresses the power of emotion for learning with technology, defines the concept of social presence, outlines and explains the Social Presence Model (SPM), offers evidence from students and instructors in four case studies in both K-12 and Higher Education, and summarizes the key findings of over a decade of research. These research projects demonstrate the SPM's significance for teachers as they reflect on and adjust their instructional practices to create connections with and among their students. Our findings suggest an opening for the exploration of the impact of emotion for the learning experiences of middle and high school students taking online or blended courses. Through our research, we also discovered the importance of a dedicated cadre of leaders who individualize student learning in blended programs to help their students to transition into higher education through the use of emotion and innovative instructional strategies. Moreover, emotional support is invaluable to all learning with technology, but particularly in blended and online learning programs. Finally, our key finding is that social presence embodies an essential literacy for cultivating emotions and relationships that enhance the overall learning experience.
Daptomycin: the first approved lipopeptide antimicrobial.

OBJECTIVE To review the literature concerning the first Food and Drug Administration-approved lipopeptide antimicrobial, daptomycin. DATA SOURCES A PUBMED search was conducted to identify pertinent English-language journal articles between 1985 and November 2003, and additional references were obtained from the bibliographies of these articles. Abstracts from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy meetings from 1985 through 2003 also were reviewed. STUDY SELECTION All studies evaluating any aspect of daptomycin. DATA SYNTHESIS Daptomycin is a semisynthetic lipopeptide, the first such antimicrobial agent to reach the marketplace. Its mechanism of action differs from that of the related agent vancomycin in that much of its effect is not because of inhibition of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, but instead is a result of alterations in cell-membrane electrical charge and transport. It exhibits a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes, including methicillin-, penicillin-, aminoglycoside-, and vancomycin-resistant strains. In subjects with normal renal function, the terminal disposition half-life is about 7 to 10 hours. It is principally eliminated as unchanged drug in the urine. Available clinical trial data demonstrate efficacy in complicated skin and skin-structure infections resulting from susceptible gram-positive pathogens, but not in pneumonia. The principal adverse event of concern, although rare, is myotoxicity, manifested by muscle pain and/or weakness and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) concentrations. The approved dosage regimen is 4 mg/kg intravenously over 30 minutes once daily for 7 days to 14 days. Studies are underway evaluating doses of up to 8 mg/kg once daily. CONCLUSIONS Daptomycin, the first lipopeptide antimicrobial to be marketed, exhibits activity against multiresistant gram-positive pathogens, including linezolid- and quinupristindalfopristin-resistant strains. As such, it is a potentially valuable agent to treat infections resulting from such pathogens. To preserve its utility, it should not be used indiscriminately for infections resulting from pathogens sensitive to other antimicrobials. It is probably best used with restricted access and used only for multiresistant gram-positive pathogens where alternative agents cannot be employed. If used, careful monitoring for the signs and symptoms of myotoxicity, including obtaining weekly serum CPK levels, is mandatory. In addition, bacterial sensitivities to this agent should be prospectively monitored by national antimicrobial surveillance programs like SENTRY, TRUST, and LIBRA.
Intermittent hydrarthrosis; periodic benign synovitis.

(1958). Intermittent Hydrarthrosis: (PERIODIC BENIGN SYNOVITIS) Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 30-35.
Foreign Sovereigns as Friends of the Court

This Article presents the first systematic study of foreign sovereign amicus briefs in the Supreme Court. Based on an analysis of the briefing, oral arguments, and opinions in every Supreme Court merits case involving a foreign sovereign amicus since 1978, this Article argues that foreign sovereigns do and should play an important role in shaping foreign relations law. The Article begins with an empirical investigation of which sovereigns file, the types of cases in which they file, and the nature of the arguments they make. To a surprising extent, the Court cites foreign sovereign briefs, discusses them at argument, and even grants oral argument time to foreign sovereign amici — all despite the widespread perception that the Court is ambivalent or even hostile to foreign and international law. The Article then situates the Supreme Court’s treatment of foreign sovereign amici within a larger story about how the Court approaches foreign relations questions. Although scholars have attempted to systematize and explain the deference the Court gives to the U.S. government in foreign relations cases, they have largely ignored the role that foreign sovereign amici play in the very same disputes. Accounting for the role of foreign sovereign amici challenges existing scholarly accounts of how and why the Court defers to the U.S. government on foreign relations issues. The Article argues that the reasons underlying the Court’s deference to the U.S. government — the executive’s expertise, status as a lawmaker, and exercise of control over relevant policies — often apply to foreign sovereigns as well. This overlap in justifications for deference supports treating foreign sovereign amici similarly to the U.S. government in cases involving “international facts,” treaty interpretation, and customary international law. In cases involving foreign law, the justifications for deference suggest that foreign sovereign amici should receive more deference than the U.S. government. In sum, attention to foreign sovereign amici sheds light on executive-to-judicial transnational networks and provides a more nuanced picture of the competing influences on the Court’s foreign relations jurisprudence.
Boon or bane for development? Turkey’s central state bureaucracy and the management of public investment:

While Turkey’s use of public monies has been frequently marred by waste and short-term electoral rewarding, recent research suggests that the allocation of public investment across Turkish province...
Data Management in Clinical Trials

There are essential elements that need to be in place to conduct a clinical trial successfully. First is a knowledgeable, adequately staffed research team well versed in the conduct of clinical research. Second, a clearly written protocol document that provides the necessary background information, rules and all aspects of conducting the study is needed. It is during the development phase of a protocol that all facets of data collection and management should be established: what, how, when data are collected and by whom. Third, timely and accurate data collection and analysis is crucial as data reveal the trial’s progress, toxicities and determine the outcome of a trial. Lastly, each member of the research team must be knowledgeable of and comply with the legal and regulatory aspects of clinical research. Conducting clinical research is a significant commitment of time, resources, and money; hence it is vital to have these elements in place for the trial to succeed.
Attraction of Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Nymphs to Euschistus Aggregation Pheromone in the Field

Abstract Phytophagous stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are primary pests in most fruit, vegetable, grain, and row crops worldwide. Pheromones have been identified and synthesized for several species of economically important stink bug pests. When yellow pyramid traps are baited with lures containing these pheromones, significantly more stink bug adults are captured in the field than without lures. Our specific objective for this study was to examine the attractiveness of the Euschistus aggregation pheromone, methyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate (MDD), to stink bug nymphs by using yellow pyramid traps baited and not baited with MDD lures in peanut fields and alongside pecan and peach orchards. At orchard locations, captured nymphs were predominantly Euschistus servus (Say) followed by E. tristigmus (Say), E. ictericus (L.), and Thyanta custator custator (F.). In peanut, E. servus, E. tristigmus, and Chinavia hilaris (Say) nymphs were caught in traps. Nymphal capture of E. servus, E. tristigmus, and C. hilaris...
12.4 1.4Gsearch/s 2Mb/mm 2 TCAM using two-phase-precharge ML sensing and power-grid preconditioning to reduce Ldi/dt power-supply noise by 50%

Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM) executes a fully parallel search of its entire memory contents and uses powerful wild-card pattern matching to return search results in a single clock cycle. This capability makes TCAM attractive for implementing fast hardware look-up tables in network routers, processor caches, and many pattern recognition applications. However, the push for higher performance and increased memory density coupled with parallel TCAM array activation during search operation creates large Ldi/dt power supply noise challenges that could result in timing fails in both TCAM and its surrounding logic.
ESTIMATING CANCER RISK ASSOCIATED WITH IONIZING RADIATION EXPOSURE DURING ATRIAL FIBRILLATION ABLATION

Background: Risks of atrial fibrillation ablation (AFA) include the potential risk for cancer due to ionizing radiation exposure. Our study estimates excess lifetime cancer risk related to radiation exposure during AFA. Methods: Demographic, clinical, and procedural data were collected in 181
Somatosensory perception of running shoe mass is similar for both sexes

Somatosensory perception of running shoe mass has not been studied in females, and so it is also unclear whether it differs between the sexes. Seventy-five young adults (50 females, 25 males) participated across two experiments to determine mass perception accuracy when hands vs. feet were used, and whether relative shoe mass range influenced experimental outcomes. Somatosensory perception of running shoe mass was similar for both sexes (regardless of the relative range of shoe mass), and hands were more accurate than feet, especially when hefting multiple models simultaneously vs. one-at-a-time. If shoe mass is an important consideration for consumers when trying shoes in retail settings, they should trust the perception of their hands more than their feet.
A paradigm shift for socioeconomic justice and health: from focusing on inequalities to aiming at sustainable equity.

Abstract Objectives To measure the ‘best possible health for all’, incorporating sustainability, and to establish the magnitude of global health inequity. Study design Observational, retrospective. Methods We identified countries with three criteria: (1) a healthy population—life expectancy above world average; (2) living conditions feasible to replicate worldwide—per-capita gross domestic product (GDP-pc) below the world average; and (3) sustainability—per-capita carbon dioxide emissions lower than the planetary pollution boundary. Using these healthy, feasible, and sustainable (HFS) countries as the gold standard, we estimated the burden of global health inequity (BGHiE) in terms of excess deaths, analyzing time-trends (1950–2012) by age, sex, and geographic location. Finally, we defined a global income ‘equity zone’ and quantified the economic gap needed to achieve global sustainable health equity. Results A total of 14 countries worldwide met the HFS criteria. Since 1970, there has been a BGHiE of ∼17 million avoidable deaths per year (∼40% of all deaths), with 36 life-years-lost per excess death. Young children and women bore a higher BGHiE, and, in recent years, the highest proportion of avoidable deaths occurred in Africa, India, and the Russian Federation. By 2012, the most efficient HFS countries had a GDP-pc/year of USD$2,165, which we proposed as the lower equity zone threshold. The estimated USD$2.58 trillion economic gap represents 3.6% of the world's GDP—twenty times larger than current total global foreign aid. Conclusions Sustainable health equity metrics provide a benchmark tool to guide efforts toward transforming overall living conditions, as a means to achieve the ‘best possible health for all.’
Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle in the current era: Application in clinical practice

The right ventricle has unique structural and functional characteristics. It is now well recognized that the so-called forgotten ventricle is a key player in cardiovascular physiology. Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence that demonstrates right ventricular dysfunction as an important marker of morbidity and mortality in several commonly encountered clinical situations such as heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, right ventricular myocardial infarction, and adult congenital heart disease. In contrast to the left ventricle, echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular function is more challenging as volume estimations are not possible without the use of three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography. Guidelines on chamber quantification provide a standardized approach to assessment of the right ventricle. The technique and limitations of each of the parameters for RV size and function need to be fully understood. In this era of multimodality imaging, echocardiography continues to remain a useful tool for the initial assessment and follow-up of patients with right heart pathology. Several novel approaches such as 3D and strain imaging of the right ventricle have expanded the usefulness of this indispensable modality.
HIV and SIV Evolution

HIV-1 and HIV-2 both cause AIDS in humans, and both originated in nonhuman primates in Africa before several cross-species transmission events introduced them into humans. Of more than seven such events, only one, creating the HIV-1 M group of viruses, resulted in the AIDS pandemic. Studying the evolution and epidemiology of the viruses has many uses beyond tracing their origins. Evolutionary analyses are critical for vaccine design, for identifying drug resistance mutations, for designing therapeutic drugs, and for many other purposes. This chapter provides a brief overview of the evolution of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Evolution is the result of a complex interplay between mutations, selection pressures in individual infected hosts, selection pressures across populations of hosts, and recombination between virus lineages.
Framework for direct observation of performance and safety in healthcare

Non-participant direct observation of healthcare processes offers a rich method for understanding safety and performance improvement. As a prospective method for error prediction and modelling, observation can capture a broad range of performance issues that can be related to higher aspects of the system.1–5 It can help identify underlying and recurrent problems6 that may be antecedents to more serious situations.7 It is also a way to understand the complexity of healthcare work that might otherwise be poorly understood or ignored,8 9 how workarounds influence work practices and safety,10 and is of fundamental importance to practitioners wishing to understand resilience in the face of conflicting workplace pressures.11 12 In some cases it will lead to the direct observation of near-misses or precursor events that might otherwise not be reported,13 14 while in others the observation process may lead to, or be a specific part of, improvement methodologies.15 Observation allows us to move from ‘work as imagined’ (ie, what should happen, what we think happens or what we are told happens) to ‘work as done’ (what really happens).16–18 This also creates a set of unique technical challenges, from the initial question of what should be observed, the role of the observer, supporting the observer in data collection and protecting human subjects, to the non-linear relationships between outcomes, accidents and their deeper systemic causes. The design of observation studies within a clinical context requires a range of trade-offs that need to be carefully considered, yet little has been formalised about how those decisions are made. This viewpoint paper considers those design parameters and their impact on reliability, results and outcomes, and is specifically focused on researchers and quality improvement specialists seeking to design and conduct their own quantitative observational work, particularly, but not exclusively, …
Uruguay’s long transitional decade and a new era of gendered activism

This article examines the nature and type of women’s activism before, during, and after Uruguay’s dictatorship, arguing that advocacy during the latter part of the country’s military rule paved the...
Problems experienced by informal caregivers of individuals with heart failure: An integrative review.

Abstract Objectives The purpose of this review was to examine and synthesize recent literature regarding problems experienced by informal caregivers when providing care for individuals with heart failure in the home. Design Integrative literature review. Data sources A review of current empirical literature was conducted utilizing PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Sociological Abstracts, Social Sciences Full Text, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and Cochrane computerized databases. 19 qualitative, 16 quantitative, and 2 mixed methods studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Review methods Computerized databases were searched for a combination of subject terms (i.e., MeSH) and keywords related to informal caregivers, problems, and heart failure. The title and abstract of identified articles and reference lists were reviewed. Studies were included if they were published in English between January 2000 and December 2016 and examined problems experienced by informal caregivers in providing care for individuals with heart failure in the home. Studies were excluded if not written in English or if elements of caregiving in heart failure were not present in the title, abstract, or text. Unpublished and duplicate empirical literature as well as articles related to specific end-stage heart failure populations also were excluded. Methodology described by Cooper and others for integrative reviews of quantitative and qualitative research was used. Quality appraisal of the included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools for cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative studies. Results Informal caregivers experienced four key problems when providing care for individuals with heart failure in the home, including performing multifaceted activities and roles that evolve around daily heart failure demands; maintaining caregiver physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and financial well-being; having insufficient caregiver support; and performing caregiving with uncertainty and inadequate knowledge. Conclusions Informal caregivers of individuals with heart failure experience complex problems in the home when providing care which impact all aspects of their lives. Incorporating advice from informal caregivers of individuals with heart failure will assist in the development of interventions to reduce negative caregiver outcomes. Given the complex roles in caring for individuals with heart failure, multicomponent interventions are potentially promising in assisting informal caregivers in performing these roles.
The impact of targets' social performance on acquisition premiums

This paper examines whether the corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance of target firms influences the acquisition premiums paid by the acquirers. Using U.S. public merger and acquisition (M&A) deals, I find that acquisition premiums increase in the targets’ perceived CSR quality, an effect incremental to previously-documented drivers of such premiums. These findings are also robust to (1) using different proxies for CSR measures and acquisition premiums, and (2) considering various dimensions of CSR (environment, community, employee, product, and diversity). Additional analysis reveals that the positive association between target firms’ CSR quality and acquisition premiums is stronger for high-CSR acquirers and larger targets. Overall, I combine the CSR and M&A literature by demonstrating that superior quality CSR performance affects acquisition premiums positively and thus expand our understanding of the value-driven role of CSR initiatives in a unique way.
Boundary layer manipulators at high Reynolds numbers

Airfoil large-eddy breakup (LEBU) devices were tested on an axisymmetric body in the Langley Tow Tank up to speeds of 50 ft/sec. NACA-0009, NACA-2412, E-193, and Clark Y contours were tested in single and tandem configurations. At the higher Reynolds numbers local skin friction downstream of the devices showed minimal reductions (0(10 percent)) and total body drag was increased 1 to 3 percent. At lower Reynolds numbers skin-friction reductions as large as 25 percent were measured and total body drag tended toward net reductions. The loss of effectiveness with increasing Reynolds number of conventional, outer layer devices suggests a decoupling of the outer and inner scales in high Reynolds number turbulent boundary layers.
Managing the life cycle of electronic clinical documents.

Objective: To develop a model of the life cycle of clinical documents from inception to use in a person's medical record, including workflow requirements from clinical practice, local policy, and regulation. Design: We propose a model for the life cycle of clinical documents as a framework for research on documentation within electronic medical record (EMR) systems. Our proposed model includes three axes: the stages of the document, the roles of those involved with the document, and the actions those involved may take on the document at each stage. The model includes the rules to describe who (in what role) can perform what actions on the document, and at what stages they can perform them. Rules are derived from needs of clinicians, and requirements of hospital bylaws and regulators. Results: Our model encompasses current practices for paper medical records and workflow in some EMR systems. Commercial EMR systems include methods for implementing document workflow rules. Workflow rules that are part of this model mirror functionality in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) EMR system where the Authorization/ Subscription Utility permits document life cycle rules to be written in English-like fashion. Conclusions: Creating a model of the life cycle of clinical documents serves as a framework for discussion of document workflow, how rules governing workflow can be implemented in EMR systems, and future research of electronic documentation.
An Empirical Critique of Two Versions of the Doomsday Argument – Gott's Line and Leslie's Wedge

I discuss two versions of the doomsday argument. According to ``Gott's Line'',the fact that the human race has existed for 200,000 years licences the predictionthat it will last between 5100 and 7.8 million more years. According to ``Leslie'sWedge'', the fact that I currently exist is evidence that increases the plausibilityof the hypothesis that the human race will come to an end sooner rather than later.Both arguments rest on substantive assumptions about the sampling process thatunderlies our observations. These sampling assumptions have testable consequences,and so the sampling assumptions themselves must be regarded as empirical claims.The result of testing some of these consequences is that both doomsday argumentsare empirically disconfirmed.
Infectious Diseases and Atmospheric Change

The geographic limits of arthropod-borne and other zoonotic diseases are determined primarily by rainfall and temperature. Certain infectious agents vectored by mosquitoes adapt readily to movement with humans and domestic animals; these are most likely to relocate with warming of the temperate and arctic zones. These include dengue and yellow fever viruses, transmitted by Aedes aegypti, and St. Louis encephalitis virus, transmitted in epidemic form by Culex pipiens complex mosquitoes. Major U.S. population centers now too cold to support these agents may become epidemic centers. Leishmaniasis is a protozoon transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies; some New World sand fly species are very adaptable with climate change and may establish themselves as vectors of Leishmania in the southern United States if warming occurs. Warming may also shift northward the range of the vampire bat, Desmodus rotundus, a major reservoir of rabies virus. Once established in Texas and other parts of the southern United States, this bat could transmit rabies to cattle and humans. More intensive study of the climatic factors that limit the distribution of these agents and their vectors would permit us to predict the consequences of climate change and to intervene in the transmission cycles.
The Structure of Allegory

Recent reactions against American formalism (New Criticism) have shown a preference for summarizing their departure by speaking of literature as a signifying system rather than an embodiment of signified meanings. One commentator observes that in the ideal text, “the networks are many and interact... this text is a galaxy of signifiers, not a structure of signifieds... there is never a whole of the text (which would by reversion form an internal order, a reconciliation of complementary parts).”1 Another theorist in this vein speaks of literature as an “organization of signifiers which do not designate a signified object, but instead designate instructions for the production of the signified.”2 These views of fictional discourse as a configuration of signs for producing meaning have become commonplace since the impact of semiology on literary studies. But what has not been considered sufficiently is that they were commonplace long before the structuralist activity of the last few decades.
School Reform: Equal Expectations on an Uneven Playing Field:

Educational reform efforts in the United States have produced little sustainable results. Reformers are quick to impose standards and to label schools and the students they serve. Yet, they rarely ...
Flame temperature effect on sp2 bonds on nascent carbon nanoparticles formed in premixed flames (Tf,max > 2100 K): A Raman spectroscopy and particle mobility sizing study

Abstract The evolution in carbon particle size and carbon bonds was observed with increasing flame temperature for a fixed growth time (tp ∼ 13 ms) and equivalence ratio (Φ = 2.5) in set of sooting premixed stagnation flames. For carbon formed in each flame, detailed particle size distribution functions (PSDF) and Raman spectra (excitation energy of 2.33 eV) were measured as the maximum flame temperature increased from 1911 K
Part 9: Planning Instruction

ABSTRACTEffective design of instruction involves choosing the best alternatives to have students achieve learning goals. Good instructional design builds backwards from clearly stated objectives, motivates students, and pays attention to cognitive load. Worked examples and problem-based learning can be very effective if accompanied with appropriate support. Students should be given opportunities to try and fail so long as failures lead to progress toward learning goals. Librarians can be very valuable sources of support for individual learners. Although librarians rarely establish learning goals, we can provide the scaffolding students need to achieve learning objectives.
Black hole shadows, photon rings, and lensing rings

NSF [PHY-1505124, PHY-1804216, PHY-1752809, PHY-1708081]; Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago through an endowment from the Kavli Foundation; Marion and Stuart Rice Award
A Review of Value Modeling in the NASA Systems Engineering Research Consortium

The NASA Systems Engineering Research Consortium was established to understand the theory of systems engineering. In this pursuit, a principal research topic has been understanding preferences that exist in engineering and how they impact design decisions. Value models are one form of mathematical representation of preferences that enable optimization and value-based engineering approaches. Work at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), within the consortium, has examined how to form value models and how to execute systems engineering with value models. This paper discusses four value models built by UAH researchers for the NASA consortium. This paper describes, briefly, the content, concept, mathematical or conceptual basis, and future of the models. The research shows promising improvements to systems engineering if value models can be formed and illustrates challenges to forming them.
Tobacco Product Use Health Equity Among Non-Hispanic American Indian Alaska Native Youth in 29 States, 2007-2013.

Introduction American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth are more likely to smoke than non-Native youth. The aim of this study is to compare tobacco product use among youth by AI/AN race and region over time to identify populations and geographies of higher risk. Methods From 2015 to 2018, biennial U.S. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data from 29 states were examined to compare ever and current cigarette use, current cigar use, current smokeless tobacco use, and cigarette initiation before the age of 13 years between non-Hispanic AI/AN and non-Native youth by region from 2007 to 2013. Results Although cigarette use among AI/AN and non-Native youth decreased significantly from 2007 to 2013, AI/AN youth were significantly more likely than non-Native youth to ever use (AOR=1.88, 95% CI=1.71, 2.06) or currently use (AOR=1.88, 95% CI=1.69, 2.09) cigarettes, currently use cigars (AOR=1.17, 95% CI=1.03, 1.34), currently use smokeless tobacco (AOR=1.84, 95% CI=1.63, 2.07), or initiate cigarette use before the age of 13 years (AOR=1.92, 95% CI=1.72, 2.15). Disparities between AI/AN and non-Native youth varied by region, with the largest disparity in Northern Plains and Alaska. Conclusions The prevalence of AI/AN youth cigarette, cigar, and smokeless tobacco use is significantly higher than that of non-Native youth. Tobacco control efforts to address AI/AN cigarette use disparities may consider those younger than 13 years.
Better biomarkers for childhood narcolepsy-cataplexy: Are we there?

Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and a tetrad of sleep attacks, cataplexy, hypnogogic/hypnopompic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis.1 In addition, fragmented sleep is also present in up to 90% of persons. The prevalence of narcolepsy is between 20 and 50/100,000, or roughly 1 in 2,000, with the lowest prevalence in Israel and the highest prevalence in Japan.2 A bimodal peak for age at onset occurs, with a maximum rate of onset at 15 years and a second peak at 34 years.3 In children, the peak age is around 9 years. Several studies have shown an increased prevalence of narcolepsy in Europe and Asia after the H1N1 influenza virus pandemic in 2009, and the introduction of the vaccine against it.4 A similar increase, by 2- to 3-fold, in pediatric narcolepsy cases has also been reported in the United States.5
Difficulty of Total Hip Arthroplasty Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Acetabular Fractures.

BACKGROUND The incidence of posttraumatic arthrosis after acetabular fractures is significant, and patients frequently require secondary total hip arthroplasty. Conversion arthroplasty is more technically difficult, and there is higher risk than with routine primary total hip arthroplasty. The goal of this study was to identify the challenges and risks of secondary total hip arthroplasty compared to primary total hip arthroplasty. METHODS We retrospectively identified 30 patients who underwent secondary total hip arthroplasty after open reduction and internal fixation of an acetabulum fracture and compared them with 20 patients who had undergone primary total hip arthroplasty for degenerative joint disease. RESULTS Demographic data were similar between groups. Hardware removal was deemed necessary in 21 patients (70%). Allograft was needed for bone defects in 33% of secondary total hip arthroplasty cases, while no primary cases required grafting. Operative time (217.4 vs. 113.7 min, P < 0.01) and estimated blood loss (875.8 vs. 365 mL, P < 0.01) were significantly greater in the secondary arthroplasty group. Early postoperative complications were also higher in the secondary arthroplasty group. CONCLUSIONS Total hip arthroplasty after acetabular fracture open reduction and internal fixation is a more complex procedure due to exposure difficulty, possible implant removal, management of bony deficits, and the potential use of cages and revision components. Experienced surgeons managing these complicated cases must take great care not only in ensuring appropriate technique but also in appropriate patient education regarding increased risk of major and minor complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III.
10.13 – The Global Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for all life-forms. It is a key player in fundamental biochemical reactions involving genetic material (DNA and RNA) and energy transfer (ATP) and in structural support of organisms provided by membranes (phospholipids) and bone (the biomineral hydroxyapatite). Photosynthetic organisms utilize dissolved phosphorus, carbon, and other essential nutrients to build their tissues using energy from the sun. Biological productivity is contingent upon the availability of phosphorus to these simple organisms that constitute the base of the food web in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. It begins with a brief overview of the various components of the global phosphorus cycle. Estimates of the mass of important phosphorus reservoirs, transport rates (fluxes) between reservoirs. Following the overview, various aspects of the global phosphorus cycle are examined in more depth, including a discussion of the most pressing research questions currently being posed and research efforts presently underway to address these questions.
THE USE AND CONTENT OF FORMAL RATING SYSTEMS IN ANGEL GROUP INVESTMENT INITIAL SCREENING STAGES

We examined the formal screening process of thirty-eight Angel Investment Groups. Within our sample, over eighty percent of the Angel Investment Groups used a committee of members to perform the initial screening of submitted business plans, while the remaining relied upon the managing partner or senior director to perform the initial screening. Of the Angel Investment Groups that use a screening committee, approximately half also employed a formal scoring system. With respect to the important dimensions used in the scoring systems, the quality/experience of the management team and the competitive advantage of the firm's product or service, including strength of intellectual property protection, were consistently the most common dimensions seen in the scoring systems examined. A content analysis of the scoring sheets was also performed in order to determine the various sub-topics and linguistic themes associated with Angel rating systems.
Acceptability and Utility of an Open-Access, Online Single-Session Intervention Platform for Adolescent Mental Health.

Background: Many youths with mental health needs are unable to access care. Single-session interventions (SSIs) have helped reduce youth psychopathology across multiple trials, promising to broaden access to effective, low-intensity supports. Online, self-guided SSIs may be uniquely scalable, particularly if they are freely available for as-needed use. However, the acceptability of online SSI and their efficacy have remained unexamined outside of controlled trials, and their practical utility is poorly understood. Objective: We evaluated the perceived acceptability and proximal effects of Project YES (Youth Empowerment & Support), an open-access platform offering three online SSIs for youth internalizing distress. Methods: After selecting one of three SSIs to complete, participants (ages 11-17 years) reported pre- and post-SSI levels of clinically relevant outcomes that SSIs may target (eg, hopelessness, self-hate) and perceived SSI acceptability. User-pattern variables, demographics, and depressive symptoms were collected to characterize youths engaging with YES. Results: From September 2019 through March 2020, 694 youths accessed YES, 539 began, and 187 completed a 30-minute, self-guided SSI. SSI completers reported clinically elevated depressive symptoms, on average, and were diverse on several dimensions (53.75% non-white; 78.10% female; 43.23% sexual minorities). Regardless of SSI selection, completers reported pre- to post-program reductions in hopelessness (dav=0.53; dz=0.71), self-hate (dav=0.32; dz=0.61), perceived control (dav=0.60; dz=0.72) and agency (dav=0.39; dz=0.50). Youths rated all SSIs as acceptable (eg, enjoyable, likely to help peers). Conclusions: Results support the perceived acceptability and utility of open-access, free-of-charge SSIs for youth experiencing internalizing distress. Trial Registration: Open Science Framework; osf.io/e52p3
Two discrete choice experiments on laboratory safety decisions and practices.

Abstract Introduction The path toward enhancing laboratory safety requires a thorough understanding of the factors that influence the safety-related decision making of laboratory personnel. Method: We developed and administered a web-based survey to assess safety-related decision making of laboratory personnel of a government research organization. The survey included two brief discrete choice experiments (DCEs) that allowed for quantitative analysis of specific factors that potentially influence safety-related decisions and practices associated with two different hypothetical laboratory safety scenarios. One scenario related to reporting a laboratory spill, and the other scenario involved changing protective gloves between laboratory rooms. The survey also included several brief self-report measures of attitude, perception, and behavior related to safety practices. Results: Risk perception was the most influential factor in safety-related decision making in both scenarios. Potential negative consequences and effort associated with reporting an incident and the likelihood an incident was detected by others also affected reporting likelihood. Wearing gloves was also affected somewhat by perceived exposure risk, but not by other social or work-related factors included in the scenarios. Conclusions: The study demonstrated the promise of DCEs in quantifying the relative impact of several factors on safety-related choices of laboratory workers in two hypothetical but realistic scenarios. Participants were faced with hypothetical choice scenarios with realistic features instead of traditional scaling techniques that ask about attitudes and perceptions. The methods are suitable for addressing many occupational safety concerns in which workers face tradeoffs in their safety-related decisions and behavior. Practical Application: Safety-related decisions regarding laboratory practices such as incident reporting and use of PPE were influenced primarily by workers’ perceptions of risk of exposure and severity of risks to health and safety. This finding suggests the importance of providing laboratory workers with adequate and effective education and training on the hazards and risks associated with their work. DCEs are a promising research method for better understanding the relative influences of various personal, social, and organizational factors that shape laboratory safety decisions and practices. The information gained from DCEs may lead to more targeted training materials and interventions.
Human Modeling for Efficient Predictive Collision Detection

As demands on manufacturing rapidly evolve, flexible manufacturing is becoming more essential for acquiring the necessary productivity to remain competitive. An innovative approach to flexible manufacturing is the introduction of fenceless robotic manufacturing cells to acquire and leverage greater human-robot collaboration (HRC). This involves operations in which a human and a robot share a space, complete tasks together, and interact with each other. Such operations, however, pose serious safety concerns. Before HRC can become a viable possibility, robots must be capable of safely operating within and responding to events in dynamic environments. Furthermore, the robot must be able to do this quickly during online operation. This paper outlines an algorithm for predictive collision detection. This algorithm gives the robot the ability to look ahead at its trajectory, and the trajectories of other bodies in its environment and predict potential collisions. The algorithm approximates a continuous swept volume of any articulated body along its trajectory by taking only a few time sequential samples of the predicted orientations of the body and creating surfaces that patch the orientations together with Coons patches. Run time data collected on this algorithm suggest that the algorithm can accurately predict future collisions in under 30 ms.
Equilibrium field theory of magnetic monopoles in degenerate square spin ice: Correlations, entropic interactions, and charge screening regimes

We describe degenerate square spin as an ensemble of magnetic monopoles coupled via an emergent entropic field that subsumes the effect of the underlying spin vacuum. We compute their effective free energy, entropic interaction, correlations, screening, and structure factor, and find that they coincide with the experimental ones. Unlike in pyrochlore ices, a dimensional mismatch between real and entropic interactions leads to weak singularities at the pinch points and algebraic correlations at long distances. This algebraic screening can be, however, camouflaged by a pseudoscreening regime.
How do countries respond to anti‐dumping filings? Dispute settlement and retaliatory anti‐dumping

Empirical studies have found that countries may respond strategically to the antidumping petitions filed against their exporters through their own retaliatory actions. Although most previous studies have focused on retaliatory antidumping filings, in this paper we explore another potential avenue for strategic responseâfiling a complaint under the World Trade Organizationâs (WTO) Dispute Settlement Understanding. Using a panel of global antidumping filings between 1995 and 2011, we analyze under what conditions countries will choose to retaliate through either an antidumping petition or a WTO dispute, and to what degree these two strategies are complementary or act as substitutes. We find statistical evidence that countries are more likely to file a WTO dispute when they have also filed retaliatory antidumping petition, suggesting that these two strategies may be complementary. JEL classification: F13