cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate Electromagnetic simulation of dielectrics in device structures using Neptune

Dielectric materials play an important role in many classes of vacuum electronic device, but they present unique challenges to simulate accurately using time-domain Electromagnetic Particle-in-Cell (EM-PIC) codes. Results for previously published embedded boundary (or ‘cut-cell’) algorithms typically do not exhibit true 2nd-order convergence with respect to grid cell size when curved interfaces must be resolved, particularly when the ratio of dielectric constants across an interface is large. We demonstrate here a new algorithm for time-domain simulation of structures that successfully addresses this challenge and provides accurate results in a broad range of geometries. We have implemented the algorithm within the Neptune EM-PIC code to execute efficiently on fast GPUs or multicore CPUs, and will present results for specific device simulations.
Are advanced three-dimensional imaging studies always needed to measure the coronal knee alignment of the lower extremity?

Coronal malalignment of the lower extremity is closely related to the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Restoring satisfactory alignment after tibial osteotomy improves the long-term success of this conservative surgery. The purpose of our study was to determine (1) if there is a difference between two-dimensional (2D) and 3D measurements of the hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle between the mechanical axes of the femur and the tibia, (2) which parameter most affects 2D–3D HKA measurement, and (3) the percentage of patients who are at risk of error in HKA measurement. We reviewed imaging studies of the consecutive patients referred to us for hip or knee pain between June and October 2013. Patients with previous pelvis or lower extremity surgery were excluded. In 51 % (95/186) of lower extremities examined, the 3D method showed more valgus than the 2D method, and in 49 % (91/186), the 3D method showed more varus. In 12 % of extremities (23/186), the knee varus or valgus alignment was completely opposite in 3D images compared to 2D images. Having more than 7° of flexum/recurvatum alignment increased error in 2D HKA measurement by 5.7°. This was calculated to be 0.15° per 1° increase in femoral torsion and 0.05° per 1° increase in tibial torsion. Approximately 20 % of patients might be at risk of error in HKA angle measurement in 2D imaging studies. Orthopaedic surgeons should assess lower extremity alignment in standing position, with enough exposure of the extremity to find severe alignment or rotational deformities, and consider advanced 3D images of those patients who have them. Otherwise, HKA angle can be measured with good accuracy with 2D techniques. Level-III diagnostic.
catena-Poly[[bis(O,O′-diisopropyl dithiophosphato-κ2S,S′)zinc(II)]-μ-1,2-bis(3-pyridylmethylene)hydrazine-κ2N:N′]

In the polymeric title compound, [Zn(C6H14O2PS2)2(C12H10N4)]n, the Zn atom lies on a centre of inversion and the bridging diimine ligand is disposed about another centre of inversion. The Zn atom is in an octa­hedral geometry defined by a trans-N2S4 donor set. The polymer topology is that of a step-ladder.
Saying, Doing, Listening

Chapter 5 explores the ways absolute music gave rise to the concept of modern listening. Rather than providing access to transcendental truth, music becomes the vehicle of skepticism about the way we assign meaning to experience. By engaging with Beethoven’s late string quartets, Proust inherits and transforms the heritage of absolute music. By forcing listeners to give up epistemic clarity, the music reconstitutes subjectivity by the act of listening itself, in a process analogous to the experience of reading the Recherche. Music and literature are united in that they pose questions of how best to make meaning from works whose goal is not primarily communicative. This approach encourages resistance to the assertion of fixed meaning in the Recherche.
Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes with varied fiber diameters and different membrane porosities as lithium-ion battery separators

Abstract In this study, nine types of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes with varied fiber diameters and different membrane porosities are prepared by electrospinning followed by hot-pressing. Subsequently, these membranes are explored as Li-ion battery (LIB) separators. The impacts of fiber diameter and membrane porosity on electrolyte uptake, Li+ ion transport through the membrane, electrochemical oxidation potential, and membrane performance as LIB separator (during charge/discharge cycling and rate capability tests of a cathodic half-cell) have been investigated. When compared to commercial Celgard PP separator, hot-pressed electrospun PAN nanofibrous membranes exhibit larger electrolyte uptake, higher thermal stability, wider electrochemical potential window, higher Li+ ion permeability, and better electrochemical performance in LiMn2O4/separator/Li half-cell. The results also indicate that the PAN-based membrane/separator with small fiber diameters of 200–300 nm and hot-pressed under high pressure of 20 MPa surpasses all other membranes/separators and demonstrates the best performance, leading to the highest discharge capacity (89.5 mA h g−1 at C/2 rate) and cycle life (with capacity retention ratio being 97.7%) of the half-cell. In summary, this study has revealed that the hot-pressed electrospun PAN nanofibrous membranes (particularly those consisting of thin nanofibers) are promising as high-performance LIB separators.
Mechanical response and spalling sensitivity of air entrained high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures

Abstract Polypropylene fibers are commonly used to increase the porosity in high-strength concrete (HSC) in high-temperature environments, to release the vapor pressure in the micropores. However, air entrained HSC can provide suitable alternative to polypropylene fiber reinforced HSC in structures under fire conditions, essentially due to intrinsic porosity. An experimental program was designed to obtain higher strength in air entrained concrete and study its performance at elevated temperatures in 23–800 °C range. In this study, mechanical and material properties of air entrained HSC at varying air volume of 4% and 8% were investigated and compared with conventional HSC in unstressed (hot) state. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, stress-strain response, elastic modulus, and spalling along with mass loss and cracking behavior under a higher heating rate of 10 °C per minute were studied. Results show better retention of mechanical properties in air entrained HSC at elevated temperature with improved spalling mitigation and physical properties.
WIP — A modification to the case study method to teach students to read academic papers

Most learners are introduced to academic papers in their graduate work. Typically, most of us learn to read and understand these papers by reading many of them and listening to more senior colleagues and teachers describe and interpret these papers in the class or reading groups. As our experience grows we become better at this skill. There is a need to read papers in a particular research area to provide an understanding of what has been done in the area, and what questions remain unanswered. We describe a work-in-progress to help teach students to read academic papers and build a base understanding of a field under the broad framework of case studies adopted and developed by business educators. This approach requires students to prepare for a discussion on a particular case in a class, mostly, independent of the instructor. We have applied a number of these best practices from case study teaching and applied a modified approach to a sequence of papers a research area during a course. We applied our modified technique in 2015 with 10 students, and students commented on how the approach helped them, significantly, in being able to read and understand academic papers.
Tips for Developing a Successful Family Research Proposal

Based on the authors’ experiences conducting family research using varied methodological and conceptual approaches, the intent of this article is to offer practical advice for developing a successf...
Serum Amyloid A (SAA) Induction in the Serum High Density Lipoproteins of the Syrian Hamster

SAA elevations in the serum lipoproteins of hamsters were induced by injection of lipopolysaccharide intraperitoneally or turpentine subcutaneously. Lipoprotein fractions isolated by sequential density centrifugation of serum samples obtained 20-hours post-stimulus were examined by SDS-PAGE followed by electroimmunoblotting. We observed a marked enhancement of a 12-kDa doublet in the electrophoretic pattern of the acute-phase HDL3. Antibodies to human or monkey AA reacted preferentially with the leading member of the doublet, whereas antibodies to mouse AA reacted preferentially with the trailing member. Antibodies to human and mouse SAA and to duck AA reacted with both members. The different reactions displayed by the members of the hamster SAA doublet against the several antibody preparations suggest that at least two of the three proteins predicted by a study of SAA-gene expression in the hamster may circulate in the HDL.
The Role of Intrauterine Immune Privilege in Perinatal Infectious Diseases

The pregnant uterus provides an immunologically “privileged” environment in which a genetically mismatched fetus typically thrives without deleterious allogeneic immune response. The mechanisms by which the fetus is protected from maternal immune attack are still incompletely understood but are undoubtedly multifactorial. Simple evasion of immune detection is no longer considered to be involved. There is now good evidence that the maternal immune system recognizes and responds to the presence of the fetus. However, maternal cellular and soluble immune responses, and those of the immunologically active, fetally derived trophoblast cells, generally support rather than harm the pregnancy. Gestational hormones and placenta-derived substances actively modulate maternal immunity and promote tolerance of the fetus. Still, the maternal immune system must continue to serve its protective role against pathogen invasion during pregnancy. Dramatic, pregnancy-related shifts in systemic and local immune responsiveness in the mother could compromise her ability to control infectious insults. To this point, clinical data indicate that pregnant women are more susceptible to specific types of viruses and parasites than their nonpregnant female counterparts. In this chapter, we will review the molecular mechanisms involved in creating the immunologically privileged intrauterine environment during pregnancy and discuss its costs to mother and fetus in terms of increased infectious disease risk.
A Solver for Estimating Range-Resolved Beam Attenuation Coefficient from In-Water LiDAR Waveforms

The beam attenuation coefficient ( $c$ ) is a critical optical property for ecosystem models and military operations. Time-resolved waveforms produced by remotely located LiDAR (Light detection and ranging) backscattering systems carry high spatial resolution information relating to $c$ . Due to multiple scattering, beam spreading and energy decay with range, the LiDAR attenuation coefficient $(\mathrm{K}_{\text{sys}})$ tends to under-estimate the true $c$ value at greater optical thicknesses. An inversion technique to estimate $c$ as a function of range was developed based on empirical relationships between the arithmetic average of range-resolved backscattering values $(\beta \mathrm{m})$ and changes on $c\ \ -\ \ \mathrm{K}_{\text{sys}}$ using backscattering measurements at a wavelength of 532 nm and derived from a scanning FSUIL LiDAR instrument (Fine Structure Underwater Imaging LiDAR). Lab models differed from parameterizations derived from field measurements obtained in coastal waters of the Gulf of Mexico as tank experiments were performed using a constant single scattering albedo $(\omega_{\circ})$ . Our approach can be potentially applied to other regions previous adjustment of empirical model coefficients due to variations of $\omega_{\circ}$ . The use of lab-derived models is feasible as a long as $\beta \mathrm{m},\ c$ and $\mathrm{K}_{\text{sys}}$ are related for different $\omega_{\circ}$ values.
Sarcomere length–dependent effects on Ca2+-troponin regulation in myocardium expressing compliant titin

Cardiac performance is tightly regulated at the cardiomyocyte level by sarcomere length, such that increases in sarcomere length lead to sharply enhanced force generation at the same Ca2+ concentration. Length-dependent activation of myofilaments involves dynamic and complex interactions between a multitude of thick- and thin-filament components. Among these components, troponin, myosin, and the giant protein titin are likely to be key players, but the mechanism by which these proteins are functionally linked has been elusive. Here, we investigate this link in the mouse myocardium using in situ FRET techniques. Our objective was to monitor how length-dependent Ca2+-induced conformational changes in the N domain of cardiac troponin C (cTnC) are modulated by myosin-actin cross-bridge (XB) interactions and increased titin compliance. We reconstitute FRET donor- and acceptor-modified cTnC(13C/51C)AEDANS-DDPM into chemically skinned myocardial fibers from wild-type and RBM20-deletion mice. The Ca2+-induced conformational changes in cTnC are quantified and characterized using time-resolved FRET measurements as XB state and sarcomere length are varied. The RBM20-deficient mouse expresses a more compliant N2BA titin isoform, leading to reduced passive tension in the myocardium. This provides a molecular tool to investigate how altered titin-based passive tension affects Ca2+-troponin regulation in response to mechanical stretch. In wild-type myocardium, we observe a direct association of sarcomere length-dependent enhancement of troponin regulation with both Ca2+ activation and strongly bound XB states. In comparison, measurements from titin RBM20-deficient animals show blunted sarcomere length-dependent effects. These results suggest that titin-based passive tension contributes to sarcomere length-dependent Ca2+-troponin regulation. We also conclude that strong XB binding plays an important role in linking the modulatory effect of titin compliance to Ca2+-troponin regulation of the myocardium.
Deep-Subsurface Pressure Stimulates Metabolic Plasticity in Shale-Colonizing Halanaerobium spp.

The hydraulic fracturing of deep-shale formations for hydrocarbon recovery accounts for approximately 60% of U.S. natural gas production. Microbial activity associated with this process is generally considered deleterious due to issues associated with sulfide production, microbially induced corrosion, and bioclogging in the subsurface. Here we demonstrate that a representative Halanaerobium species, frequently the dominant microbial taxon in hydraulically fractured shales, responds to pressures characteristic of the deep subsurface by shifting its metabolism to generate more corrosive organic acids and produce more polymeric substances that cause “clumping” of biomass. While the potential for increased corrosion of steel infrastructure and clogging of pores and fractures in the subsurface may significantly impact hydrocarbon recovery, these data also offer new insights for microbial control in these ecosystems.
Posterior Distribution for the Number of Clusters in Dirichlet Process Mixture Models

Dirichlet process mixture models (DPMM) play a central role in Bayesian nonparametrics, with applications throughout statistics and machine learning. DPMMs are generally used in clustering problems where the number of clusters is not known in advance, and the posterior distribution is treated as providing inference for this number. Recently, however, it has been shown that the DPMM is inconsistent in inferring the true number of components in certain cases. This is an asymptotic result, and it would be desirable to understand whether it holds with finite samples, and to more fully understand the full posterior. In this work, we provide a rigorous study for the posterior distribution of the number of clusters in DPMM under different prior distributions on the parameters and constraints on the distributions of the data. We provide novel lower bounds on the ratios of probabilities between $s+1$ clusters and $s$ clusters when the prior distributions on parameters are chosen to be Gaussian or uniform distributions.
Multiple antibodies targeting tumor-specific mutations redirect immune cells to inhibit tumor growth and increase survival in experimental animal models.

T cell therapy for cancer involves genetic introduction of a target-binding feature into autologous T cells, ex vivo expansion and single large bolus administration back to the patient. These reprogrammed T cells can be highly effective in killing cells, but tumor heterogeneity results in regrowth of cells that do not sufficiently express the single antigen being targeted. We describe a cell-based therapy that simultaneously targets multiple tumor-specific antigens. High-affinity polyclonal rabbit antibodies were generated against nine different surface-related tumor-specific mutations on B16F10 cells. Unsorted splenic effector cells from syngeneic mice were incubated with a cocktail of the nine anti-B16F10 antibodies. These ‘armed’ effector cells were used to treat mice previously inoculated with B16F10 melanoma cells. The cocktail of nine antibodies resulted in dense homogeneous binding to histological sections of B16F10 cells. Five treatments with the armed effector cells and PD1 inhibition inhibited tumor growth and improved survival. Shortening the interval of the five treatments from every three days to every day increased survival. Arming effector cells with the four antibodies showing best binding to B16F10 cells even further increased survival. This study demonstrates that ex vivo arming a mixed population of immune effector cells with antibodies targeting multiple tumor-specific mutated proteins in conjunction with PD1 inhibition delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice inoculated with an aggressive melanoma. A remarkably low total antibody dose of less than 5 µg was sufficient to accomplish tumor inhibition. Scaling up to clinical level may be feasible.
Surgery with and without adjuvant radiotherapy is associated with similar survival in T4 colon cancer

Aim There is little evidence regarding the role of adjuvant radiotherapy for colon cancer. Despite this, national consensus guidelines recommend consideration of radiation for patients with T4 colon cancer. Large comparative studies may be beneficial in clarifying the potential benefit of postoperative radiation for this cohort. Method We compared the overall survival between patients treated with surgery with and without adjuvant radiation using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER), as well as disease-specific survival using SEER. Cox proportional hazards models and propensity score matching were used to adjust for relevant confounders. Results There were a total of 18 776 patients in the NCDB cohort and 9926 patients in the SEER cohort. After propensity score matching, there was no statistically significant difference in overall mortality between surgery with and without radiation in the NCDB [hazard ratio (HR) 1.11; 95% CI 0.93-1.31; P = 0.25] or in SEER (HR 1.20; 95% CI 0.84-1.72; P = 0.32). Additionally, using SEER, we found no statistically significant difference in disease-specific mortality between these two groups (HR 1.13; 95% CI 0.76-1.67; P = 0.54). Conclusion Using the NCDB and SEER, we found no statistically significant difference in overall survival or disease-specific survival between patients treated with and without adjuvant radiation. Further studies should evaluate the impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on local control and prevention of recurrence-related morbidity in patients with T4 colon cancer.
Dysplastic platelets and circulating megakaryocytes in chronic myeloproliferative diseases. II. Ultrastructure of circulating megakaryocytes.

Small circulating megakaryocytes were identified in four patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders, and their morphologic features by light and electron microscopy are described. The morphologic and cytogenetic studies suggest that at least some of these cells are truly mononuclear. The circulating megakaryocytes were associated with the presence of dysplastic platelets. Both findings are thought to represent involvement of the megakaryocytic-platelet line, probably as an expression of stem cell disease.
Chapter 3 – Environmental Biochemodynamic Processes

This chapter discusses the laws of thermodynamics and motion at all scales of environmental systems, beginning with the cell. The mechanism and processes that drive chemical transformation, transport, and fate, as well as those that underly microbial metabolism are presented from the perspective of bioengineering and systems biology. Energy and mass exchange processes and fugacity are also discussed at various scales, from cellular to organism to ecosystem.
Exploring Gender Disparities in Time to Diagnosis.

Sex and gender-based healthcare disparities contribute to differences in health outcomes. We focus on time to diagnosis (TTD) by conducting two large-scale, complementary analyses among men and women across 29 phenotypes and 195K patients. We first find that women are consistently more likely to experience a longer TTD than men, even when presenting with the same conditions. We further explore how TTD disparities affect diagnostic performance between genders, both across and persistent to time, by evaluating gender-agnostic disease classifiers across increasing diagnostic information. In both fairness analyses, the diagnostic process favors men over women, contradicting the previous observation that women may demonstrate relevant symptoms earlier than men. These analyses suggest that TTD is an important yet complex aspect when studying gender disparities, and warrants further investigation.
Hair and skin predict cardiomyopathies: Carvajal and erythrokeratodermia cardiomyopathy syndromes

Carvajal and erythrokeratodermia cardiomyopathy syndromes (EKC) are rare, inherited cardiocutaneous disorders with potentially fatal consequences in young children. Some patients display features of congestive heart failure and rapidly deteriorate; others exhibit no evident warning signs until sudden death reveals underlying heart disease. We present two patients to illustrate the characteristic hair, skin, teeth, and nail abnormalities, which-especially when distinct from that of other family members-should prompt cardiac evaluation and genetic analysis. In this article, we discuss established treatments as well as a promising, novel therapeutic that has led to nearly complete resolution of the cutaneous and cardiac pathology in EKC syndrome.
Diurnal rhythms and obesity.

Purpose of review This review will discuss the recent studies that implicate disturbed diurnal rhythms with the development of obesity. The second part of the review will discuss studies that use feeding time to restore diurnal rhythms and rescue obesity. Recent findings Studies in patients with obesity and diabetes reveal attenuated circadian and metabolic rhythms in adipose tissue. The use of animal models furthers our mechanistic insight on how environmental disturbances such as high-fat diet and shift work disturb circadian and metabolic rhythms. Studies in both animals and humans describe how disturbance of diurnal rhythms can lead to increased adiposity and obesity. The effects of time-restricted feeding in animals and the time of feeding in humans provide new evidence on how restoring diurnal rhythms can reverse adiposity and obesity. Summary Many more studies in humans were performed in recent years to confirm a number of findings from animal studies. It is becoming apparent that the time of feeding and maintaining a healthy daily schedule is important for metabolic health. Ongoing studies may soon improve current recommendations regarding the time of eating and time of day behavior.
Securing Support for Your Choice of a Research Topic

While earlier in planning your trip you will have identified the traveler(s) who have signed on to travel with you on your great journey, it is important that all involved travelers fully understand and agree to not only the planned destination, but also the specifics of the route of travel.
Caring for a Child with Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Parent and Medical Perspective.

This article, co-authored by parents of a child with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and his pediatric cardiology care team, discusses the parents’ experience of having a child with HLHS from diagnosis through living day-to-day with the heart condition as well as future directions.
INTERACTION OF NEUTRAL K AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS. I. QUANTIZATION OF COUPLED FIELDS.

Abstract The previously considered dynamical system consisting of neutral K and electromagnetic fields coupled through the interaction that determines the Ko parity to be imaginary is studied, starting from general principles. In order to satisfy Lorentz invariance, the interaction is introduced by modifying the free-field equal-time commutation relations rather than by changing the form of the free-field Hamiltonian. The resulting field theory is essentially nonlinear in the sense that the Hamiltonian does not separate naturally into a free-field part and an interaction part. The field equations for the interacting system are derived by requiring the momentum operator to act as the generator of space-time translations. A limited discussion of the particle aspect of the theory is given. The concepts that originally motivated the assumed interaction are reviewed.
Sexual Intercourse, Human

Human sexual intercourse, or coitus, is one of the most common sexual outlets among adults. Sexual intercourse generally refers to penile penetration of the vagina, the most common sexual expression between opposite-sexed partners practiced in the United States. In a large national survey study of more than 3,000 participants, Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, and Michaels (1994) found that 95% of men and 97% of women report that they have experienced vaginal intercourse. Other sexual techniques with opposite-sex partners include mutual masturbation, anal intercourse, and oral sex (both cunnilingus, i.e., male mouth on female genitalia, and fellatio, i.e., female mouth on male genitalia). Although less common than vaginal intercourse both in terms of life incidence and most recent experience, these sexual expressions are more openly discussed in the media and more frequently practiced than in the past, especially among adolescents (Weiss & Bullough, 2004). Keywords: coitus; intimacy; sexual standards
Thyroid hormone action on mitochondria. I. Effects of inhibitors of respiration.

Abstract Mitochondria obtained from the livers of hypothyroid rats differed from normal mitochondria: they respiredmore slowly while oxidizing glutamate, β-hydroxybutyrate, or succinate in the controlled state (without phosphate acceptor); and their ADP-activated respiration was inhibited more by amytal, guanidine, rotenone, and antimycin A. Pretreating the hypothyroid rats with 5.2 mμg of l -thyroxine per gram raised controlled respiration during oxidation of glutamate or β-hydroxybutyrate, and changed the mitochondrial responses in vitro to amytal and guanidine toward normal levels when the animal was killed 3 hours after injection; at 6–18 hours the mitochondria again responded like those from untreated rats. The degree of inhibition by oligomycin was not decreased by the hormonal treatment. Increasing the dose of the hormone shortened the latent period: mitochondrial controlled respiration and responses to inhibitors changed in rats killed 2 minutes after injection of 5.2 μg per gram; it did not change the size of the hormonal effect. In normal rats, 5.2 μg of l -thyroxine per gram raised mitochondrial respiration in both the controlled and the ADP-activated states in 6 hours; 6–24 hours after injection of hormone, the mitochondria became less sensitive to amytal or guanidine added in vitro, and 48 hours after hormone injection more antimycin A was required to inhibit respiration 50%. The actions of the respiratory inhibitors suggest early hormonal effects on energytransfer processes in the pyridine nucleotide portion of the electron transport system. The changes in mitochondrial function after in vivo treatment with l -thyroxine were energy-conserving, and preceded the hormonal stimulations of nuclear RNA metabolism and of ribosomal and mitochondrial protein synthesis reported by others.
The Dynamic Relationship Between Social Support and Health in Older Adults

This study explores the dynamic relationship between social support and health within a representative sample of 1,598 community-based Cleveland, Ohio residents for 1975, 1976, and 1984. Longitudinal path analysis was conducted using data originally gathered through interviews using the OMFAQ (Older American Resources and Service Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire). Results support the existence of ''delayed effects,'' with direction indicating initial health affects future social support. More specifically, as disability increases, social contact decreases. Findings suggest that if present disability affects future contact, the older adult could be ''at-risk'' for institutionalization. The implications for geriatric social workers are that they need to address supports for the caregiver or support system as well as the needs of the older adult when developing a care plan.
Shifting Identities and Labor

The subaltern studies project in South Asian history suggests that “the domain of politics” in colonial India “was structurally split between an elite and a subaltern part, each of which was autono...
Synthetic Jets and Their Applications for Fluid/Thermal Systems

The present paper discusses the formation and evolution of finite span synthetic jets and their application for performance enhancement of fluid/thermal systems. PIV measurements revealed that the synthetic jet field has a unique flow pattern, where along its slit, the flow is two-dimensional near the orifice, while farther downstream the vortex pair lines develop secondary counter-rotating 3-D structures. Moreover, the streamwise and spanwise spacing between these structures vary with stroke length and formation frequency. Next, a couple of examples of the implementation of the synthetic jets to improve system performance are presented, including a scaled Cessna 182 model, and spray cooling. Using synthetic-jet-based flow control for flight control showed comparable effects to those of conventional ailerons at moderate deflection angles. For heat transfer, synthetic jets were shown to alter the global and detailed characteristics of a water spray and thus augment its cooling performance.
Salience Counts: A Domain Analysis of English Color Terms

Independent models of basic and nonbasic color terms are combined to explore the domain as a whole. We analyze an elicited set of English color terms, ranked by a combined frequency and order of mention salience index. We find that (1) basic color terms emerge intact as a distinctive category, and (2) the remaining types of terms array themselves in an extended pattern of distribution with respect to the domain's broader scheme of lexical, organizational, semantic, and salience dimensions.
The epidermis is a source of directional information for the migrating pronephric duct in Ambystoma mexicanum embryos.

Abstract In the urodeleAmbystoma mexicanum,the pronephric duct (PND) is formed from a coherent group of cells that migrate from the pronephros to the cloaca along a pathway immediately ventral to the developing somites. The guidance cues used by the migrating PND primordium to find the cloaca are a local property of the migration substratum, are temporally regulated, and are both polarized and oriented. Since the pronephric duct migrates between two tissues—the underlying lateral mesoderm and the overlying epidermis—we performed a study to identify the tissue(s) in which PND guidance cues originate. Through direct manipulation of the epidermis overlying the duct pathway, we show that the migrating PND reads epidermally derived cues (1) along the anterior–posterior axis that direct migration from anterior to posterior and (2) along the dorsal–ventral axis that constrain migration to the duct pathway. Heterochronic grafting experiments reveal that the ability to direct PND migration is a stable property of flank epidermis throughout the period of PND migration. Epidermal cues are, therefore, not responsible for the observed temporal restrictions on PND migration. Thus, the region of the embryo within which the advancing PND tip can migrate actually represents an area where two distinct but required sets of PND migration cues overlap. The epidermis overlying the duct pathway provides directional information; temporal restriction of duct migration is hypothesized to be a property of the flank mesoderm.
IPCC and Gore share Nobel Peace Prize

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and former U.S. Vice President Al Gore, Jr. have been named as co-recipients of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, the Norwegian Nobel Committee announced on 12 October. The Committee cited them “for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change.”
Symbolic Worlds: Art, Science, Language, Ritual

Acknowledgements Part I. Symbol and Reference: 1. Introduction and background 2. Denotation and mention-selection Part II. Symbol and Ambiguity: 3. Ambiguity in language 4. Ambiguity in pictures Part III. Symbol and Metaphor: 5. Ten myths of metaphor 6. Metaphor and context 7. Mainsprings of metaphor with Catherine Z. Elgin Part IV. Symbol, Play and Art: 8. Reference and play 9. Art, science, religion Part V. Symbol and Ritual: 10. Symbol and ritual 11. Ritual change Part VI. Symbol and Reality: 12. Science and the world 13. Worlds and versions 14. World-features and discourse-dependence 15. Worries about worldmaking Index.
Modulation of immune mediators with MQT-based immunotherapy

Objective Assess immune and clinical changes with immunotherapy based on modified quantitative testing (MQT). Background Immunotherapy promotes immunomodulation that occurs over several years. Quantitative testing offers the advantage of initiating immunotherapy with robust antigen concentrations. This study assessed whether changes in immune mediators and allergy symptoms occur rapidly using quantitative techniques. Methods Sixteen allergic adults were tested using MQT. Subjects had serum drawn for immunoglobulins E and G4 (IgE, IgG4) to 3 antigens, Der p1, Der f1, and Fel d1, and for interleukins IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA). Subjects also completed the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test–20 (SNOT-20), the Allergy Outcome Scale (AOS), and the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index (RSDI). They underwent MQT-based immunotherapy and completed outcome measures again at 6 and 12 weeks. Results Nine subjects completed the study. Analysis demonstrated significant increases in IgG4 levels to all antigens, significant decreases in serum levels of IL-1β and IL-5, and significant increases in levels of IL-1RA. Improvement was also noted in AOS and RSDI subscales. Conclusion Immunotherapy based on MQT demonstrates significant changes in immunoglobulin and cytokine levels by 12 weeks following initiation. In addition, improvement in symptom and quality-of-life measures occurs by 12 weeks. These findings support the rapid onset of clinical effects with MQT-based treatment of inhalant allergy. EBM rating: C-4
Effect of metal particle incorporation on adhesive and electrical properties of acetylene‐terminated polyisoimide prepolymers

Modification of properties of an addition-curing polyisoimide prepolymer is achieved by the incorporation of small metal particles. No evidence for the modification of the cure chemistry of the prepolymer is observed. Physical modification of the system is observed in electrical, dynamic mechanical, and adhesive properties. Compositions containing various volume fractions of metal and polymer were prepared. Two different molecular weights of prepolymer were studied. Samples were prepared by fabricating single overlap adhesive specimens to aluminum. These lap shear specimens were then used for the electrical and adhesive properties of the material. The electrical properties improved markedly at above 25 volume percent metal loading. The adhesive properties to aluminum showed a maximum at 20–25 volume percent loading. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to examine adhesive failure surfaces.
Time-resolved desorption of argon and methane from the surface of a perylene molecule

Abstract Time-resolved fluorescence measurements have been made of the predissociation of van der Waals complexes of perylene with Ar and CH 4 . At 705 cm −1 , predissociation of Ar 1,2 complexes occurs in competition with efficient singlet-triplet coupling. At 900 cm −1 , both Ar and CH 4 complexes show little contribution from singlet-triplet coupling. The predissociation of CH 4 complexes at this energy is very rapid, largely as a result of extensive vibrational coupling.
The path less travelled—a road to success

How does the pediatric imager rejoin the team? As my friend Walter Berdon likes to say, “How does the imager cease to be a prisoner in solitary confinement?” Most important, one must realize what was lost (The easier path—a blueprint for failure) and must want to change things. Without a sincere desire to make an effort, pediatric imagers will remain isolated and will become viewed as incidental to patient care, no more valued than any other commodity. However, the costs of rejoining the team are not inconsequential (see below) and, therefore, this decision has to be “top down”; that is, the chief must see the value of the endeavor and support it, not merely with words but by actions. Unfortunately, one cannot wait for the institution or department to suddenly wake up and perceive the value of an active imaging department. At this juncture, only by showing the value of an interactive imaging department in helping the pediatric house staff pass their Boards or improvements in patient care or assisting the hospital in its accreditation will the powers that be aid the imagers in defraying the costs of interaction (see below about monetary value). The chief of imaging must get this done! There must be a game plan of what the department is going to do, adequate consensus-building within the department and with the appropriate clinical services. Everyone will gain, but it will take a substantial effort so that the “value added” must be real. The imaging department and hospital administration must agree on appropriate rounds and conference facilities—be it PACS in the ICUs, teleconferencing for some areas, or merely appropriate material for lectures and conferences in rooms throughout the hospital. Administration must provide these resources. They are not expensive but make a world of difference so everything goes smoothly. However, waiting for the perfect facility is not a prerequisite for starting our emergence from “solitary confinement.” The imager should have specific goals for these rounds and conferences. For rounds, it is most important that one:
Nursing home revenue source and information availability during the emergency department evaluation of nursing home residents.

Abstract Objectives Lack of access to medical information for nursing home residents during emergency department (ED) evaluation is a barrier to quality care. We hypothesized that the quantity of information available in the ED differs based on the funding source of the resident’s nursing home. Design Cross-sectional observational study. Setting Single academic ED. Participants Participants were 128 skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents age 65 or older from 12 SNFs. Measurements Emergency physicians documented knowledge of 9 essential information items. SNFs were categorized as accepting or not accepting Medicaid. Results Questionnaires were completed for 128 patients, of whom 95 (74%) were from 1 of 8 Medicaid-funded SNFs and 33 (26%) were from 1 of 4 SNFs not accepting Medicaid. Patients from SNFs accepting Medicaid were younger (79 versus 87, P Conclusion Less information is available to ED providers for patients from SNFs that accept Medicaid than for residents from SNFs that do not accept Medicaid. Further study is needed to examine this information gap.
PGI9: COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ‘TEST&TREAT’ HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTED DYSPEPTIC PATIENTS IN A PRIMARY CARE SETTING

OBJECTIVES: With recent recognition of the primary role of Helicobacter pylori (HP) in peptic ulcer disease, it has been proposed that patients with dyspepsia undergo noninvasive testing for HP, instead of endoscopy, followed by antibiotics if positive. We evaluated cost-effectiveness of ‘Test&Treat’ strategy versus empirical treatment for HP infection in dyspeptic patients presenting in the primary care setting. METHODS: The study was a one-year incremental cost (yr2000 US dollars) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) model for dyspeptic patients age less than 45 years old in a primary care setting from a societal perspective. With ‘Test&Treat’ algorithm, patients were tested for HP infection using urea breath test. If positive, eradication was prescribed. Alternatively, patients were given conventional treatment of H2RA for four weeks. If not cured, HP would be eradicated empirically. Both direct and indirect costs were included. The model took into consideration preventing gastric cancer from eradication. Sensitivity analyses were performed on prevalence of HP infection, drug treatment efficacy, laboratory test costs, drug treatment costs, and drug treatment utility loss. RESULTS: At baseline, with HP prevalence of 40% and HP antibiotic eradication efficacy of 89%, results showed that ‘Test&Treat’ had an incremental cost-effective ratio (ICER) of $31,723/QALY. One-way sensitivity analysis showed that antibiotic treatment efficacies lower than 45–46% would exceed the societal threshold ICER of $50,000. CONCLUSIONS: The model showed that ‘Test&Treat’ was cost-effective for uncomplicated dyspeptic patients in primary care. Although NIH guidelines state that all ulcer patients with HP infection require eradication regimen, universal endoscopic diagnosis of ulcer causation (HP+/HP−) would not be cost-effective. However, treating all patients empirically could increase antibiotic resistance. The ‘Test&Treat’ strategy has the benefits of slowing antibiotic resistance while avoiding high endoscopy costs. The model was robust to changes of most parameters—most sensitive to prevalence and eradication efficacy changes.
Gender Differences in Intelligence, Language, Visual-Motor Abilities, and Academic Achievement in Students with Learning Disabilities A Review of the Literature

A substantial body of research confirms higher verbal ability in normally achieving females and higher visual-spatial and mathematical abilities in normally achieving males. However, the specific nature of these differences varies by age, specific measure, magnitude, and variability within the groups. Re-analysis of earlier research showed that, although differences in visual-spatial ability were larger than verbal ability differences, gender differences did not account for more than 1% to 5% of the group variance. In the population with learning disabilities (LD), research must be interpreted cautiously because LD samples were drawn mainly from the system-identified population and may reflect selection bias. Findings indicate that system-identified females with LD are lower in IQ, have more severe academic achievement deficits in some aspects of reading and math, and are somewhat better in visual-motor abilities, spelling, and written language mechanics than males with LD. In mathematics, however, it is difficult to document consistent differences in computational skills in the elementary school ages. More consistent findings, however, indicate superiority in mathematical reasoning in males with LD. A limited number of studies on research-identified samples indicate that findings from studies of school-identified LD samples must be interpreted cautiously because females with LD identified in the schools may not be representative of females with LD in general.
Ultrahigh-resolution soft x-ray tomography

Ultra high resolution three dimensional images of a microscopic test object were made with soft x-rays using a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. The test object consisted of two different patterns of gold bars on silicon nitride windows that were separated by {approximately}5{mu}m. A series of nine 2-D images of the object were recorded at angles between {minus}50 to +55 degrees with respect to the beam axis. The projections were then combined tomographically to form a 3-D image by means of an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) algorithm. A transverse resolution of {approximately}1000 {Angstrom} was observed. Artifacts in the reconstruction limited the overall depth resolution to {approximately}6000 {Angstrom}, however some features were clearly reconstructed with a depth resolution of {approximately}1000 {Angstrom}. A specially modified ART algorithm and a constrained conjugate gradient (CCG) code were also developed as improvements over the standard ART algorithm. Both of these methods made significant improvements in the overall depth resolution bringing it down to {approximately}1200 {Angstrom} overall. Preliminary projection data sets were also recorded with both dry and re-hydrated human sperm cells over a similar angular range.
Empirical process methods for classical fiber bundles

Abstract This paper studies the limit distribution for the tensile strength of fiber bundles consisting of parallel and continuous fibers under equal load sharing. The mechanical and statistical behavior of the individual fibers is described by rather general load-strain functions containing random parameters which are motivated by experimental observations of material behavior. The problem is cast within the context of function-indexed empirical processes which provides the structure needed to deduce central limit theorems for classical fiber bundles. This setting allows for a variety of new appliations and generalizations, most of which are unobtainable in the limited context of previous studies. Also, these applications provide a nontrivial example for which empirical process methods are required.
Localization of 5-HT1A receptors to astroglial cells in adult rats : implications for neuronal-glial interactions and psychoactive drug mechanism of action

Although tissue culture studies have shown a variety of neurotransmitter receptors on astroglial cells, verifying these observations in adult animals has been difficult and rarely accomplished. In the current study we have used double immunocytochemistry to localize 5-HT1A receptors to astroglial cells in fixed sections of adult rat brain. The astroglial cells were identified using an antibody raised against the astroglialspecific protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). To label the 5-HT1a receptor, we used an antibody we recently raised against a unique peptide sequence occurring in the second extracellular loop of the receptor. Our results show that the 5-HT1a receptor occurs in relatively high abundance on astroglial cells. There is regional specificity, the receptor being much more commonly found is septum and hippocampus than striatum. There are also intraregional differences in that even within a single brain region one astrocyte may have very high levels of the receptor while an adjacent cell has none. We propose that the cellular localization of this receptor could have significance in understanding the mechanism of action of 5-HT1a receptor active drugs in alleviating anxiety and depression. The mechanism may be through the release of a neurotrophic agent, S-100β, from astrocytes. This factor may then cause regeneration or sprouting of neuronal terminals which have been lost due to a disease process. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.