cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two complementary surface plasmonic structures and their enhancement in infrared photodetectors

The Surface Plasmonic Resonances (SPRs) excited by two complementary Plasmonic structures, 2 dimensional metallic disc array (2DMDA) and subwavlength hole array (2DSHA), are simulated and analyzed. The 2DMDA and 2DSHA enhancement on quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) are also evaluated and compared. The 2DSHA give a large peak photocurrent enhancement about 40 times, whereas the 2DMDA provide 10 times with broad band enhancement. The cause of the difference in enhancement is analyzed. It’s indicated that the QDIP enhancement depends on the interaction of the plasmonic fields with the quantum dots (QDs). Based on the experimental and simulations results, suggestions are provided for future improving the device enhancement. The results reported in this paper consolidate our efforts in bringing the innovative view of plasmonic research through two complementary plasmonic structures.
Are courageous actions successful actions

When asked to describe a courageous action they have taken personally, people overwhelmingly describe an action with a successful outcome (Pury, Kowalski, & Spearman, 2007). Study 1 replicated these findings in observations of other people. Fifty participants described a courageous action taken by another person and made parallel ratings to Pury et al. Participants in Study 1 also described actions with overwhelmingly successful outcomes. In Study 2, 152 participants rated otherwise identical scenarios differing in success of outcome and attribution (internal vs. external) for outcome. Successful actions were rated as more courageous than unsuccessful outcomes, although this effect was attenuated for external attributions. Thus, we suggest that successful outcome is an unarticulated part of implicit theories of courage.
Nonlinear manifold based discriminant analysis for face recognition

Manifolds are mathematical spaces whose points have Euclidean neighborhoods, but whose global structure could be more complex. A one dimensional manifold has a neighborhood that resembles a line. A two dimensional one resembles a plane. If we consider a one dimensional example, most system neighborhoods cannot be represented optimally by a straight line. A multi-ordered nonlinear line would be better suited to represent most data. A learning algorithm to model the pipeline, based on Fischer Linear Discriminant (FLD), using least squares estimation is presented in this paper. Face patterns are known to show continuous variability. Yet face images of one individual tend to cluster together and can be considered as a neighborhood. Such similar patterns form a pipeline in state space that can be used for pattern classification. Multiple patterns can be trained by having separate lines for each pattern. Face points are now projected onto a low-dimensional mean nonlinear pipe-line, thus providing an easy intuitive way to place new points. Given a test point/face, the classification problem is now simplified to checking the nearest neighbors. This can be done by finding the minimum distance pipe-line from the test-point. The proposed representation of a face image results in improved accuracy when compared to the classical point representation.
Understanding customer behavior in name-brand Korean coffee shops: The role of self-congruity and functional congruity

Abstract During the past decade, an increasing number of coffee-shop customers in Korea prefer to patronize name-brand coffee shops. This study applied image congruity theory to explain the Korean preference phenomena. The authors investigated the impacts of image congruities (self-congruity and functional congruity) on customer attitude and repurchase intention, and identified the moderating effect of prior visit experience. The survey sample is 401 customers who visited the 13 name-brand coffee shops in the city of Seoul's Myeong-dong commercial district. Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the validity of the conceptual model. The results revealed that both self-congruity and functional congruity are the antecedents of customer attitude and repurchase intention. Furthermore, functional congruity has more impact on customer attitude among experienced customers than among those with less visit experience. The marketers of name-brand coffee shops in Korea are advised to design the strategies of brand positioning and marketing segmentation from a new angle. Further studies can be further conducted among customers in boarder geographical areas, including small cities and rural areas in Korea.
13C−1H Spin-Coupling Constants in the β-d-Ribofuranosyl Ring: Effect of Ring Conformation on Coupling Magnitudes

Experimental and computational methods have been used to examine the behavior of one-, two-, and three-bond {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H spin-coupling constants ({sup 1}J{sub CH}, {sup 2}J{sub CH} and {sup 3}J{sub CH}, respectively) within the {beta}-D-ribofuranosyl ring 1 that may be potentially affected by ring conformation. Ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations at the HF/6-31G{sup *} and MP2/6-31G{sup *} levels of theory were employed to assess the effect of ring conformation on molecular parameters (i.e.,bond lengths, angles, and torsions) of {beta}-D-ribofuranose (2) and methyl {beta}-D-ribofuranoside (3), and these data were validated through comparison to corresponding parameters obtained by X-ray crystallography. The MO-derived structural data were subsequently used to compute {sup 1}J{sub CH}, {sup 2}J{sub CH} and {sup 3}J{sub CH} values in 2 as a function of ring conformation. This predicted behavior was then tested experimentally through the measurement of J{sub CH} values in conformationally-rigid model compounds (aldopyranosides) containing {sup 13}C-{sup 1}H coupling pathways similar to those found in specific conformers of 2 and was examined for consistency with previously-derived empirical rules correlating J{sub CH} with structure in carbohydrates. Available J{sub CH} data obtained on several biologically-important compounds containing {beta}-D-ribofuranosyl rings have been interpreted in light of the new correlations with ringmore » conformation. 52 refs., 12 figs., 6 tabs.« less
Intravascular metabolism of normal and mutant mouse immunoglobulin molecules

The metabolism of IgG immunoglobulins in the body is tightly regulated in order to maintain their intravascular concentration. Different subclasses may have different intravascular half-lives, and in the mouse, passively administered IgG2b disappears from the circulation more rapidly than IgG2a. We have attempted to localize the sequences in the constant region which are responsible for this difference by examining the intravascular metabolism of mutant immunoglobulins that were generated in tissue culture and have undergone deletions of individual constant region domains or contain different combinations of gamma 2b and gamma 2a CH2 and CH3 domains. Our results suggest that the regulation of intravascular metabolism is complex but indicate that sequences in the CH3 domain are important in determining the different intravascular half-lives of IgG2b and IgG2a antibodies in the mouse.
Image reconstruction from photoacoustic pressure signals

Photoacoustic imaging theory is presented based on fundamental physical processes involved in photoacoustic phenomena. Excessive pressure is used to characterize the photoacoustic signal. A solution to photoacoustic pressure derived for liquids is investigated under a rapid heating condition. Photoacoustic image reconstruction theory is proposed for short, square heating pulses. The limitation of the reconstruction theory is discussed. Relationship of the photoacoustic image reconstruction and the Radon transform is presented. The local radiation absorption energy density is determined by the reconstruction theory for three- and two- dimensional cases and for complete or partial data acquisition. The accurate solution is an infinite series. The general formulas of the zero- and first order approximations for three- and two-dimensional cases are provided. A computer simulation for a two-dimensional case exhibits good agreement between the first order approximation and true value.
A novel T. cruzi heparin-binding protein promotes fibroblast adhesion and penetration of engineered bacteria and trypanosomes into mammalian cells.

Summary T. cruzi invades mammalian cells in various organs after migrating through the ECM. These activities appear to be mediated by a unique 60 kd protein exposed on the T. cruzi surface, which promotes selective adhesion of trypomasUgotes to three ECM components: heparin, heparan sulfate, and collagen. The affinitypurified protein binds to host fibroblasts in a saturable and glycosaminoglycan- and collagen-inhibitable manner. When adsorbed to plastic, it promotes adhesion and spreading of fibroblasts, as does the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli. The endogenous protein, and reactive ECM proteins, are very effective in preventing T. cruzi invasion of culture cells. The recombinant protein localizes on the E. coli surface and induces the bacteria that express it to adhere to and penetrate nonphagocytic Vero cells in a proteoglycanand collagen-inhibitable manner. Therefore, the protein, named penetrin, could play a critical role in T. cruzi binding to the ECM and to cells, and in host cell invasion.
Effect of a single-channel wide dynamic range compression circuit on perception of stop consonant place of articulation.

Previous studies have shown that altering the amplitude of a consonant in a specific frequency region relative to an adjacent vowel's amplitude in the same frequency region will affect listeners' p...
13C NMR chemical shift assignments for some carbazole derivatives

13C NMR chemical shift assignments have been made for a series of 1-substituted carbazoles, 8-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrocarbazoles, 1-substituted benzo[a]carbazoles and 6-substituted dibenzo-[c,g]carbazoles. Single examples were examined of other classes of substituted carbazoles: 3-butylcarbazole and its tetrahydro precursor 6-butyl-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydrocarbazole, 8-butyl- and 8,10-diethylbenzo[a]carbazoles and their 5,6-dihydro precursors, dibenzo[a,i]carbazole and its 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro precursor, benzo[c]carbazole and its 6-chloro derivatives and 5,6-dihydrobenzo[c]carbazole and 5,6,8,9-tetrahydrodibenzo[c,g]carbazole and their N-methyl derivatives. In addition, the N-(1-pyrrolidinomethyl) derivatives of carbazole, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazole, benzo[c]carbazole and dibenzo[c,g] carbazole were also studied.
The Holmes Scholars Network: A Networking Mentoring Program of the Holmes Partnership

The Holmes Scholars Network is a national mentoring program for graduate students from racial and cultural groups currently underrepresented in the education professoriate who are preparing to become college or university faculty in teacher education. Begun in Fall 1991, the Network was conceived by the Holmes Group, now the Holmes Partnership, as a vehicle to diversify the ranks of those who conduct teacher preparation programs in institutions of higher education across the country. A coalition for school renewal and the reform of teacher education, the Holmes Partnership currently consists of 78 local partnerships-colleges or schools of education in universities around the United States and their collaborating professional development schools (PDSs)-and seven national professional organizations, or national partners.1 In addition, a na-
A planar minimax alogrithm for analysis of coordinate measurements

We characterize the solution of the following problem and describe an algorithm for numerically solving it. Two sets ofN points in the plane, labeled 1,...,N, are given: a fixed set of nominal points and a set of measured points. We wish to transform the messured points as a whole, by translation and rotation, so that the maximal distance between corresponding points in the two sets is minimized. This algorthm provides an accept-reject criterion that may be used together with a coordinate measuring machine to determine if two mating parts will fit, or if a part is sufficiently close to its ideal measurements. A weighted version, suitable for point-dependent tolerances, is also discussed, as is optimal joint scalling of the data.
On the Coupling of Aerodynamic and Structural Design

The symbol of the Hessian for a static aeroelastic optimization model problem is analyzed for the optimization of a plate's shape and rigidity distribution with respect to a given cost function. The flow is modeled by the small-disturbance full-potential equation and the structure is modeled by an isotropic (von Karman) plate equation. The cost function consists of both aerodynamic and structural terms. In the new analysis the symbol of the cost function Hessian near the minimum is approximated for the nonsmooth error components in the shape and rigidity. The result indicates that the system can be decoupled to two single discipline subminimization problems which will effectively converge to the multidisciplinary optimal solution. The result also indicates that the structure part in the Hessian is well conditioned while the aerodynamic part is ill conditioned. Applications of the result to optimization strategies are discussed and demonstrated numerically.
The meanings of hands-on science

(1993). The meanings of hands-on science. Journal of Science Teacher Education: Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-8.
Travase: observations and controlled study of the effectiveness in burn débridement

Abstract Travase is an effective proteolytic enzyme which has provided a new breakthrough in biochemical debriding agents. It has permitted us to graft patients earlier, shortened their period of hospitalization and helped to reduce our mortality rate significantly. In a controlled study, it has clearly demonstrated its effectiveness.
High average power diamond Raman laser

We report a pulsed Raman laser at 1193 nm based on synthetic diamond crystals with a record output power of 24.5 W and a slope efficiency of 57%. We compared the performance of an anti-reflection coated crystal at normal incidence with a Brewster cut sample. Raman oscillation was achieved at both room temperature and under cryogenic operation at 77 K. Modeling of these experiments allowed us to confirm the value of Raman gain coefficient of diamond, which was found to be 13.5 ± 2.0 cm/GW for a pump wavelength of 1030 nm.
The effect of heat-treatment temperature on structure and properties of TiB2/C composites

Abstract Mesocarbon microbeads are an excellent precursor for carbon materials, because of their ability to self-sinter. TiB2/C composites were prepared from mesocarbon microbeads with TiB2 additions by pressureless sintering. The effect of heat treatment temperature on microstructure and fracture behavior of the products was investigated. Liquid formation and resultant layered structures were observed when the composite was heat treated at 2800 K or above. Low levels of TiB2 (5 vol%) addition improved the fracture toughness. At these levels the catalytic effect on graphitization was low and the size of TiB2 particles decreased significantly because of their interaction with the mesocarbon microbeads. When the content of TiB2 in the composite was 20% by volume, the mesophase carbon was transformed completely into graphite under the influence of a eutectic liquid, as shown by XRD analysis and fractography, which led to a dramatic decrease in fracture toughness. XRD analysis and laser ablation ICP-MS indicate that boron diffused into the carbon matrix when composites were heat treated above 2700 K. Resistance of the composite materials to crack propagation increased further when finer TiB2 particles were used, and eventually, TiB2/C composites with fracture toughness as high as 1.92 MPa m0.5 were obtained.
BLOOD SERUM FATTY ACID PATTERNS OF ADOLESCENT BOYS AS INFLUENCED BY SOURCE OF DIETARY FAT: CORN OIL/BUTTER OIL, SAFFLOWER OIL/BEEF TALLOW

The influence of type of dietary fat in low fat diets fed to adolescent boys on fatty acid patterns of selected blood serum lipid fractions was investigated in 2 studies. In pre-study investigations over a 2-yr period, fat intakes of subjects were studied while subjects consumed self-selected diets. Calculations were based on 3-day dietary diaries at monthly intervals kept by the subjects. Mean energy intake from fat was estimated to be 38% and mean intake of linoleic fatty acid was estimated to be 8.4g per day. Study 1: During the first 5 days of the 23-day study, all subjects received diets containing a 45/55% blend of safflower oil and beef tallow to provide 20% of the total calorie intake. During the remaining 18 days, 5 subjects received safflower oil and 4 subjects received beef tallow as the primary source of dietary fat (20% of the total calories). Study 2: During the 20-day study, 4 subjects received butter oil and 4 subjects received corn oil as the primary source of dietary fat (10% of the total calories). In study 2 oil in corn meal supplied an additional 3.8% of the total calories. In both studies fasting blood samples were drawn from subjects before the start and at the conclusion of each. Lipids were extracted from blood serum, fractionated by column chromatography, and esterfied. Fatty acid patterns of each lipid fraction were determined by gas chromatography. Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid showed statistically significant differences in blood serum lipids of subjects fed safflower oil and beef tallow. In the butter oil/corn oil comparison, statistically significant differences in blood serum lipid fraction levels of oleic acid and linoleic acid were found. Safflower oil and corn oil showed linoleic acid elevating effects while beef tallow and butter oil had a depressing effect.
Emergency Medical Care for Open Wheel Racing Events at Indianapolis Raceway Park

Abstract Study objectives: To analyze open-wheel racing accidents at Indianapolis Raceway Park during six seasons (1988 through 1993) and describe factors that improve driver safety. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Indianapolis Raceway Park, a three-track racing facility that includes a 0.686-mile banked, paved, and lighted oval track. Participants: Race drivers in three United States Auto Club racing divisions (Midget, Sprint, and Silver Crown). Measurements and main results: During 61 open-wheel racing events, 57 drivers were evaluated at Indianapolis Raceway Park after crashes. Eighteen were transferred to Methodist Hospital of Indiana; four drivers required admission, two to the ICU. There were no driver deaths. Conclusion: Although open-wheel racing is one of the most common forms of motorcar racing, there have been no previously published studies regarding injury patterns or medical care at these events. This study reviewed race driver injuries during six seasons of open-wheel racing at the Indianapolis Raceway Park. During 61 open-wheel racing events, no drivers were killed, but two required intensive care hospitalization. [Steele AG: Emergency medical care for open-wheel racing events at Indianapolis Raceway Park. Ann Emerg Med August 1994;24:264-268.]
INCORPORATION OF SULFATE AND THE SYNTHESIS OF COLLAGEN BY CULTURES OF EMBRYONIC CHONDROCYTES.

1. 1. In order to determine whether the collagen found in cartilage is synthesized by the same cells which synthesize chondroitin sulfate, 3H or 14C-labeled proline was administered to pure cultures of freshly liberated chondrocytes, and the synthesis of collagen was followed by the appearance of labeled hydroxyproline. The results indicated that the chondrocytes synthesized collagen 2. 2. Double-label experiments with the chondrocytes indicated that the collagen synthesis occurred concurrently with sulfate incorporation. 3. 3. The incorporation of [35S]sulfate and synthesis of labeled hydroxyproline was also examined in the progeny of chondrocytes which were grown on fibrin clots for several generations. These “de-differentiated chondrocytes” did not incorporate [35S]-sulfate or synthesize labeled hydroxyproline even though the rates of labeled proline incorporation were similar to those observed with freshly liberated chondrocytes. 4. 4. The failure of de-differentiated chondrocytes to incorporate sulfate and to synthesize collagen suggests that the pathways for the synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides and collagen may be closely interrelated.
Comparison of Various Methods for Processing Cascade Impactor Data

This study proposes a method of processing cascade impactor data, called the “calibration matrix method,” and compares it with usual methods. This method takes into account the real collection efficiency curves obtained from cascade impactor calibration, in contrast to the usual methods which assume that cascade impactor collection efficiency is ideal. The comparison between the new and usual methods was carried out for sodium fluoride aerosols generated with five different nebulizers (Multisonic®, LS260 kit2601®, Sidestream®, PariLC+® and Aeroneb Go®) and one dry powder (terbutaline, Astra Zeneca, France), sized with the 8-stage Marple Model 298 Personal cascade impactor. Particle size distributions were represented as differential and cumulative distributions. Statistical differences were highlighted between the calibration matrix method and the usual methods in terms of MMAD and respirable fractions for all aerosols. The largest differences were 28% in terms of MMAD and 64% in terms of respirable fraction.
Experimental Infection of Egg-laying Hens with Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Phage Type 4 and its Three Mutants

The emergence of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) during the past three decades as major contaminant of eggs and other poultry products caused a surge in human infections. This could have been mediated in part by emerging S. Enteritidis strains with enhanced virulence. The overall pathogenicity of Salmonella is controlled by numerous genes. To assess the role of a few specific genes thought to contribute to the pathogenicity of S. Enteritidis in egg laying hens, we conducted an experimental infection of egg-laying hens, with a wild type (WT) S. Enteritidis phage type 4 strain and three mutants (M1, M2, M3). These mutants were produced from the wild type by the inactivation of the prgH, SEN4287, and tyrR genes, respectively. We observed that the WT and the M1 mutant had shorter durations of fecal shedding and faster clearance from internal organs of the infected hens than the M2 and M3 mutants. The isolation rates of the wild type S. Enteritidis and the mutants were highest from the ceca, moderately high from the liver and spleen, and lowest from the ovaries of the infected hens. Hep-2 cells attachment assay revealed attenuated attachment for the M1 mutant while the M3 mutant seemed to have enhanced attachment. Colonization of tissues of the infected hens by M1 mutant appears to have been attenuated.
Compliance Differences Between Patients With Breast Cancer in University and County Hospitals

Abstract Purpose Compliance with recommended breast cancer treatments outside the context of a clinical trial differs from that in study populations. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in compliance of breast cancer treatments. Patients and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of 529 patients treated at 2 teaching hospitals in the same city from 2003 to 2006. Compliance with adjuvant therapy recommendations and choice of breast-conserving operations were compared between a university hospital (UH) and a county hospital (CH). Results The 2 populations demonstrated similar rates of breast conservation (72% vs. 69%). Although use of radiation therapy at the CH was acceptable (82%), patients at the UH were more likely to undergo radiation therapy (95%). The use of hormone therapy was similar at the UH and the CH (> 93%). Patients were more likely to follow physician recommendations for adjuvant chemotherapy at the UH (89%) compared with the CH (70%; P = .0005). Univariate analysis revealed that patient age, tumor size, stage, grade, and estrogen receptor status were all significant predictors of patient compliance with chemotherapy. Preoperative chemotherapy was a strong predictor of patient compliance with chemotherapy ( P Conclusion Preoperative chemotherapy appeared to increase compliance compared with adjuvant chemotherapy in the CH population. Compared with national standards, breast-conserving operations and radiation therapy compliance can be accomplished in an acceptable percentage of underinsured patients.
Complex game development by freshman computer science majors

This case study reveals Daniel Webster College's experience of increasing enrollments dramatically and igniting student enthusiasm for the computer sciences by combining complex game development with innovative classroom management techniques and non traditional student assessments. In this paper we discuss the classroom methods which favor independent study, cooperative learning and teamwork over lectures and individual achievement. This provides the basis for freshmen computer science majors to experience the pressures and motivations found in the game development industry. Those pressures include mandatory independent study, massive knowledge assimilation, rapid product development and tight schedules developing complex gaming systems. Thus, the cachet of complex game development in C# .NET is exploited, but at the same time the development of core programming skills remains the target goal.
Workshop: Understanding learning difficulties in continuous-time signals and systems courses and making these courses more accesible

The introductory continuous-time signals and systems (CTSS) course is widely considered to be one of the most difficult courses in electrical and computer engineering (ECE) curricula. This interactive workshop explores the sources of difficulty and presents some approaches to help improve learning and understanding. It will begin with a discussion about learning difficulties that are identified by both the participants and the presenters. This discussion will be encouraged and focused through directed questions and presentation of historical data that was gathered at Rose-Hulman. The second part of the workshop will describe hands-on activities that are being done at Bucknell and Rose-Hulman to help address some of the currently perceived learning difficulties. Attendees will have an opportunity to attempt some of these activities, use the technology to develop their own activity, and review the activities with regard to the earlier discussion about learning difficulties. Each attendee is highly encouraged to bring a laptop and a limited number of participants will receive a USB memory stick with the software and sample lesson plans and materials that are currently available.
Functional Reconstitution of a GIRK1-Chimera and its Regulation by the βγ Subunits of G Proteins

The molecular details of ion channel regulation by G proteins remain unknown. A first step in this direction is to define the characteristics of interacting proteins of known structure in isolation and in complex form. The three-dimensional structure of a GIRK1-chimera determined by single particle electron microscopy at 25A is consistent with the crystal structure (Nishida et al., 2007, EMBO J 26:4005-15). We have functionally reconstituted this GIRK1-chimera into a 1:1 ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylserine planar lipid bilayers. The GIRK1-chimera produces a conductance of approximately 23 pS that shows Mg2+-dependent inwardly rectifying K+ currents and an absolute requirement on the presence of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate for activation. These currents are blocked by PIP2 antibody and poly-lysine applied from the cis but not the trans side. Moreover, the channel shows a high affinity for diC8-PIP2 (EC50 ∼ 7.5 μM). GIRK1-chimera channel currents are blocked by Ba2+ and the GIRK peptide blocker tertiapin when applied from the trans but not the cis side. Interestingly, Gβγ applied from the cis side inhibits GIRK1-chimera currents and shifts phosphoinositide sensitivity by decreasing the apparent affinity to PIP2. This is in contrast to the Gβγ effects on full-length GIRK1∗ channels assayed in Xenopus oocytes or planar lipid bilayers.
Effects of dopants in PZT films

Undoped and lanthanide (La and Nd) doped Pb(ZrxTi1-x)03, i.e., PZT, ferroelectric thin films were prepared by metallorganic decomposition (MOD) and spin-coating. The precursors for making the undoped PZT films were derived from lead acetate, zirconium n-propoxide, and titanium isopropoxide. In addition, lanthanum acetylacetonate and neodymium acetate were introduced into the precursor solution to accomplish the doping of the corresponding elements. Both undoped and doped PZT films were coated onto Pt/Ti/Si02/Si and single-crystal sapphire substrates to various thicknesses and annealed at a range of temperatures and times. The effects of lanthanide dopants in PZT films were studied with regard to microstructure, Curie temperatures, crystal distortion, optical properties, and electrical properties. The results indicate that the addition of La and Nd dopants tends to enhance perovskite phase formation and improve the packing densities and electrical properties of PZT films.
Incumbents and protectionism: The political economy of foreign entry liberalization

Abstract This paper investigates the influence of incumbent firms on the decision to allow foreign direct investment into an industry. Using data from India's economic reforms, the results show that firms in concentrated industries are more successful at preventing foreign entry, state-owned firms are more successful at stopping foreign entry than privately-owned firms, and profitable state-owned firms are more successful at stopping foreign entry than unprofitable state-owned firms. The pattern of foreign entry liberalization supports the private interest view of policy implementation and suggests that it may be necessary to reduce the influence of state-owned firms to optimally enact reforms.
Issues in intervention research: maintaining integrity.

Abstract The need for intervention studies has been noted (Oberst, 1992). As nursing interventions are developed through qualitative or quantitative descriptive research, studies to test interventions need to be conducted with meticulous care (Stewart & Archbold, 1992). Researchers need to attend to maintaining integrity of the intervention in all phases of intervention studies. Without serious questioning at every juncture, and without close attention to detail, erroneous conclusions may be drawn. When an intervention is tested and no difference is found between groups, the first conclusion could be that the intervention was not effective. Other potential explanations include (a) an insufficiently operationalized intervention, (b) insufficient power from small sample sizes or less powerful analytic techniques, (c) too much heterogeneity within each group on the dependent variable, (d) lack of sensitivity of the measurement of the outcome variables, or (e) incorrect timing of the outcome measurements (Lipsey, 1990). If power, heterogeneity, sensitivity, and timing questions can be addressed readily, then the intervention itself needs to be evaluated. The first question to be addressed is whether the intervention was indeed administered. This question is easy to answer in studies where there is one intervention administered one time by one investigator. When interventions are repeated, administered in different settings over time, and involve more than one investigator, assessment must be made of the integrity of the intervention (Gilliss & Kulkin, 1991). A computer search of the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature from 1983 to 1991 yielded no articles on intervention research in general with the use of key words as "intervention", "research", "integrity"; only specific intervention studies were found. Although research textbooks discuss the implementation of experiments, the testing of interventions in clinical settings is a special case of an experiment. When the test is conducted in the clinical setting, the complexities of care are added to the difficulties of conducting research. Few textbooks (Mateo & Kirchhoff, 1991) or articles (Tyler, Clark, Winslow, & White, 1990) are written on the research process allowing for the complications of fitting into the clinical setting. In this article, the authors will discuss issues in implementing an intervention study, using an example of one in which the entire nursing staff of a unit administered the intervention. The planning and problem solving needed to conduct a successful study will be detailed. This information can be used for (a) the clinical research process and (b) clinical evaluations after implementation of a change in practice.
The evolution of the New Jersey Pine Plains.

 Premise of the study: Fire in the New Jersey Pine Plains has selectively maintained a dwarf growth form of pitch pine ( Pinus rigida ), which is distinct from the surrounding tall forest of the Pine Barrens and has several other inherited adaptations that enable it to survive in an environment dominated by fi  Methods: Pitch pine progeny from two Pine Plains sites, the West and East Pine Plains, were grown in common garden environments with progeny from two Pine Barrens stands, Batsto and Great Egg Harbor River. The tests were replicated in filocations: in New Jersey, Connecticut, two sites in Massachusetts, and Korea. One of the tests was monitored for up to 36 yr.  Key results: Progeny of Pine Plains origin were, in general, shorter, more crooked, precocious, bore more cones, had a higher frequency of serotinous cones, and had a higher frequency of stem cones than did Pine Barrens progeny, wherever they were grown.  Conclusions: The Pine Plains is an ecotype that has evolved in response to disturbance. The several characters that distinguish it from the surrounding tall forest of the Pine Barrens are inherited. The dwarf stature and crooked form not only enable the ecotype to persist in an environment of frequent fi res but also increase its fl ammability.
An extended hydrodynamic theory for particle coarsening—I Theory

Abstract The asymptotic hydrodynamic approach to the mathematical solution of the kinetics of particle coarsening (Ostwald ripening), first proposed by Lifshitz and Slyozov and Wagner, has been extended and generalized. The coarsening rate equations in dimensionless forms have been separated into asymptotically determinate and indeterminate parts. The generalized evaluation of the asymptotically indeterminate part allows the consideration of coarsening processes that are more complicated than those involving power law type kinetics considered in previous studies. Further, the extended theory allows the determination of particle size distribution function and averaged particle coarsening kinetics even in cases where different physical processes occur at different size regimes within the same distribution of particles.
Duverger's Law in mixed legislative systems: the impact of national electoral rules on district competition

How do institutional factors shape district competition in mixed legislative systems? Preliminary evidence suggests the distinction between sub-types of mixed systems alone poorly explains variation in district results. Consistent with the contamination thesis, this analysis suggests three additional nationallevel factors at play: fused ballots, the electoral threshold for proportional representation seats, and the existence of compulsory voting laws. Regression analysis on an original dataset covering 90 mixed system elections in 23 countries (1990-2012) finds that while mixed member majoritarian systems correlate with fewer district candidates, these three often overlooked factors are also statistically significant.This analysis highlights the complexity of mixed systems and suggests why many of them diverge from Duverger's Law.
Effector CD8+ T Cells Are Generated in Response to an Immunodominant Epitope in Type III Effector YopE during Primary Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection

YopE is a virulence factor that is secreted into host cells infected by Yersinia species. The YopE C-terminal domain has GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity. The YopE N-terminal domain contains an epitope that is an immunodominant CD8(+) T cell antigen during primary infection of C57BL/6 mice with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The characteristics of the CD8(+) T cells generated in response to the epitope, which comprises YopE amino acid residues 69 to 77 (YopE(69-77)), and the features of YopE that are important for antigenicity during primary infection, are unknown. Following intravenous infection of naive C57BL/6 mice with a yopE GAP mutant (the R144A mutant), flow cytometry analysis of splenocytes by tetramer and intracellular cytokine staining over a time course showed that YopE69-77-specific CD8(+) T cells producing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were generated by day 7, with a peak at day 14. In addition, ∼80% of YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells were positive for KLRG1, a memory phenotype marker, at day 21. To determine if residues that regulate YopE activity by ubiquitination or membrane localization affect the antigenicity of YopE(69-77), mice were infected with a yopE ubiquitination or membrane localization mutant (the R62K or L55N I59N L63N mutant, respectively). These mutants elicited YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells producing IFN-γ and TNF-α with kinetics and magnitudes similar to those of the parental R144A strain, indicating that primary infection primes effector CD8(+) T cells independently of the ubiquitination or membrane localization of YopE. Additionally, at day 7, there was an unexpected positive correlation between the numbers of YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells and CD11b(+) cells, but not between the numbers of YopE(69-77)-specific CD8(+) T cells and bacterial cells, in spleens, suggesting that the innate immune response contributes to the immunodominance of YopE(69-77).
The Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ovarian cancer: a review.

Abstract Objective Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer in women in the U.S. Since overall survival remains poor, there is a need for new therapeutic paradigms. This paper will review the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as it relates to epithelial ovarian cancer, specifically its role in chemoresistance and its potential role as a target for chemosensitization. Methods A PubMed search was performed for articles published pertaining to Wnt/β-catenin pathway specific to ovarian cancer. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways play an active role in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and carcinogenesis of all ovarian cancer subtypes. Studies also have shown that ovarian CSCs are involved in chemoresistance, metastasis, and tumor recurrence. Results Wnt/β-catenin target genes regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis, thereby mediating cancer initiation and progression. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the major signaling pathways thought to be involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Alterations affecting Wnt pathway proteins on the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, and in the nucleus have been shown to play important roles in the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer. Conclusions Wnt signaling is activated in epithelial ovarian cancer. Given the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in carcinogenesis, more pre-clinical studies are warranted to further investigate other Wnt inhibitors in ovarian cancer. The Wnt pathway should also be investigated as a potential target in the development of new drugs for ovarian cancer as a single agent and in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted agents.
Temporal energy partitions of Florida extreme sea level events as a function of Atlantic multidecadal oscillation

Abstract. An energy-conservative metric based on the discrete wavelet transform is applied to assess the relative energy distribution of extreme sea level events across different temporal scales. The metric is applied to coastal events at Key West and Pensacola Florida as a function of two Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) regimes. Under AMO warm conditions there is a small but significant redistribution of event energy from nearly static into more dynamic (shorter duration) timescales at Key West, while at Pensacola the AMO-dependent changes in temporal event behaviour are less pronounced. Extreme events with increased temporal dynamics might be consistent with an increase in total energy of event forcings which may be a reflection of more energetic storm events during AMO warm phases. As dynamical models mature to the point of providing regional climate index predictability, coastal planners may be able to consider such temporal change metrics in planning scenarios.
Diurnal dependence of ELF/VLF hiss and its relation to chorus at L = 2.4

[1] We present the observation and analysis of all very low frequency (0.3–10 kHz) chorus and hiss emissions observed at Palmer Station, Antarctica (L = 2.4), from January through October 2003, near the peak of the most recent solar cycle. We classify three separate categories of emissions: chorus occurring without the presence of hiss (“chorus only”), hiss occurring without the presence of chorus (“hiss only”), and chorus and hiss occurring simultaneously (“chorus with hiss”). We find that observed chorus only and chorus with hiss emissions are confined to the dawn sector, below 6 kHz in frequency. Observed hiss only emissions are confined to the dusk sector, below 4 kHz in frequency. We conclude that there are at least two distinct types of hiss observed at Palmer Station: hiss that is observed with chorus in the dawn sector and hiss that is observed without chorus in the dusk sector. The correspondence of dawn chorus with dawn hiss suggests that these two emissions are strongly related to each other, while the frequency spectrum and local time distribution of dusk hiss, coupled with the absence of simultaneous chorus, suggest that dusk hiss may be generated by terrestrial lightning.
Climatic Change and Ocean Bottom Water Formation: Are We Missing Something?

The global thermohaline circulation is driven by negative buoyancy sources associated with surface cooling and salinity enhancement, with subsequent upwelling over all the world’s oceans. Relatively shallow, thermally-driven convective overturning occurring at high latitudes which arises from heating of the atmosphere by the oceans is fairly well represented in current numerical ocean models, but deep convection from surface salinity sources including North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and, particularly, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) is not. A schematic model is developed for AABW which incorporates brine rejection during the seasonal sea ice cycle and sinking in boundary layers along the continental shelf and slope of Antarctica. This model predicts the formation of 30–40 Sv of bottom water from an annual sea ice freezing rate of order 1 Sv. These values and the predicted top-to-bottom potential density increment in the Southern Ocean are in reasonable accord with observations. When the amount of sea ice freezing is expressed as a function of hemispheric mean sea surface temperature (calibrated from the seasonal cycle), the model predicts the possible cutoff of AABW and most of the thermohaline circulation for a four degree Celsius global mean warming, an event which could be triggered in the next century by anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
Revealed Preference and its Applications

This note contains a short history of my work on the foundations of revealed preference, emphasising the intellectual influence of Sydney Afriat. I also present a few ‘novel’ applications of revealed preference analysis drawn from some areas of applied economics.
Integrating a digital library and a traditional library: Librarians and scientists collaborating for sustainability

With the proliferation of digitized materials and digital libraries, academic librarians have an opportunity to use their metadata and database design expertise to cultivate relationships with faculty and digital-object users. This article describes how librarians at the University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW) have made an effort to expand access to resources in a digital library both in their library catalog and in WorldCat.
Impact of non-CTCL dermatologic diagnoses and adjuvant therapies on cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients treated with total skin electron beam radiation therapy

Abstract Purpose : To evaluate the impact of pre-cutaneous T-cell lymphoma dermatologic diagnoses and adjuvant therapies on the relapse-free and overall survivals of patients treated with total skin electron beam therapy. Methods and Materials : Between 1974 and 1990, 164 patients were evaluated by members of Yale University School of Medicine departments of Dermatology and Therapeutic Radiology and treated with total skin electron beam therapy to a total dose of 3600 cGy. Patients who achieved a clinical complete response were offered doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy, extracorporeal photopheresis, or no systemic adjuvant therapy. The effects of TNM stage, antecedent non-T-cell lymphoma dermatologic diagnoses, and systemic adjuvant therapies were analyzed for their impact on relapse-free and overall survival. Results : In this cohort of patients, an antecedent dermatologic diagnosis of follicular mucinosis or lymphomatoid papulosis was significantly associated with a shorter relapse-free survival for Tl and T2 patients, while antecedent “non-specific” dermatitides were associated with a somewhat better relapse-free survival. When the impact of systemic adjuvant therapies was analyzed, neither systemic Doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide chemotherapy nor systemic extracorporeal photopheresis were found to delay cutaneous relapse. Conclusion : Our results suggest that antecedent follicular mucinosis and lymphomatoid papulosis may be associated with short relapse-free survival in Tl and T2 patients treated with total skin electron beam therapy. They also imply that neither adjuvant chemotherapy nor extracorporeal photopheresis delay cutaneous relapse after total skin electron beam therapy.
Design methods for confined flows

Most seepage problems of interest are highly complex, leading to solutions using approximate methods such as finite-difference or finite-element method and graphical flow-net analyses. The designer's ingenuity lies in the choice of a computational method that most reasonably approximates real life but still permits a solution to be obtained The graphical trial and error procedures are, at present the most widely applied method of solving seepage problems. However, to solve a complex these problem involving investigations of the influence of a range of characteristic dimensions by means of flow nets would certainly require prodigious amounts of labor. The paper therefore, outlines computer-aided analyses based on the method of fragments originally developed by Pavlovsky in 1956 and was later extended by Harr (1962). Since computational capabilities with digital computers have, for all practical purposes, surpassed engineers' ability to investigate parameters with which they have to deal, the key to improving educational effectiveness with geotechnical courses dealing with the design of confined seepage certainly rests on multiplying the time the student actually spends learning basic design skills through working out a comprehensive range of problems.