cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health-Training Intervention for Community-Dwelling Elderly in the SeniorWISE Study

This article describes the outcomes of a psychosocial intervention that tested whether health training could improve health and functional ability in a group of community-residing elderly persons. The health-training intervention consisted of eight 90-minute lecture and discussion classes conducted twice a week for 1 month. In 3 months following the posttest, an additional four booster sessions were delivered once per week for 1 month. Participants received a total of 20 hours of health training. The National Institutes of Health-funded SeniorWISE (Wisdom is Simply Exploration) study was advertised in the community as a program to learn strategies for successful aging. We describe the health curriculum and the health and functional outcomes for a 6-month period at preintervention, postintervention, and postbooster sessions. Complete data were available for 110 individuals. There was a statistically significant change on the Direct Assessment of Functional Status, F (2, 107) = 4.69, P
The merton thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case

The Merton thesis identifies two movements — English Puritanism and German Pietism — as causally significant in the development of the scientific revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. It attributes this connection to a strong compatibility between the values of ascetic Protestantism and those associated with modern science. This article questions Merton's conclusion regarding one of these movements, German Pietism, by arguing that the Pietist ethos stood in sharp conflict with what Merton has called the normative structure of science. One manifestation of this conflict involves Friedrich Oetinger's articulation of a contending “religious-mystical” conception of science, which assigned a central place to feeling, intuition, the role of the divine, and a qualitative approach to nature. This conception of science, it is argued, provides the clearest indication of the conceptual and valuative distance that tended to separate Pietists from the “new science” of the 17th and 18th centuries.
ACE inhibitors and ARBs in chronic heart failure: the established, the expected, and the pragmatic

ACE inhibitors have been shown to reduce mortality, reduce hospitalization, reduce symptoms, and increase exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and a large heart (low ejection fraction). The evidence is overwhelming. There are some subgroups of patients, such as the very elderly and those with a normal ejection fraction, where uncertainty still exists. The combination of a diuretic and an ACE inhibitor is currently the proper treatment of congestive heart failure; a beta-blocker should be added in selected patients. The evidence for the efficacy of ARB is less persuasive and, for the present, this class of drug should be prescribed only when an ACE inhibitor cannot be tolerated. The results of the trials emphasize an emerging problem in medicine, namely how to evaluate a new treatment that may be as efficacious as current therapy but with fewer side-effects. Proving equivalence in efficacy will be difficult, requiring large studies comparing new drugs with the best current treatment. The most common etiology of heart failure is coronary heart disease. If further studies provide more support for the idea that ACE inhibitors prevent ischemic episodes and delay the onset of heart failure, then a new indication for ACE inhibitors will be the prevention of heart failure.
A computational fluid dynamics approach to assess interhuman variability in hydrogen sulfide nasal dosimetry

Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas occurs from natural and industrial sources and can result in dose-related neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular effects. Olfactory neuronal loss in H2S-exposed rats has been used to develop occupational and environmental exposure limits. Using nasal computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, a correlation was found between wall mass flux and olfactory neuronal loss in rodents, suggesting an influence of airflow patterns on lesion locations that may affect interspecies extrapolation of inhaled dose. Human nasal anatomy varies considerably within a population, potentially affecting airflow patterns and dosimetry of inhaled gases. This study investigates interhuman variability of H2S nasal dosimetry using anatomically accurate CFD models of the nasal passages of five adults and two children generated from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scan data. Using allometrically equivalent breathing rates, steady-state inspiratory airflow...
Avian and Pandemic Influenza: A Biosocial Approach

The Harvard University Asian Flus and Avian Influenza Workshop, held in December 2006, introduced a biosocial approach to the preparation for and control of pandemics. A biosocial approach brings together the biological and social sciences to develop an integrative, collaborative response to the threat of pandemic influenza. The articles in this supplement provide a representative sampling of some of the ways in which the workshop worked toward this biosocial vision. These articles address the historical "siting" of epidemics, political and structural pandemic preparedness in China, lessons to be taken from the 1976 "swine flu affair," possibilities for genetic engineering as an alternative to poultry vaccination, issues to be considered in the control of infectious disease in swine and avian species, the ecology of influenza in migratory birds, and issues of stigma and trust during the control of epidemics. The need to build public trust and public health infrastructure is one of the primary messages of this collection.
Model simulation of stirred tank reactors

Stirred tank reactor yields are successfully described by the following model. The impeller is considered to act as a local micro-mixer that perfectly mixes the recirculating stream down to the molecular level. All other portions of the vessel act as a large volume macro-mixer, throughout which the impeller discharge stream remains completely segregated. Changes in overall conversion due to variations in mean residence time, impeller size, and rev./min. as predicted by this micro- and macro-mixer model agree with Worrell's data for a relatively slow, second-order, irreversible reaction.
The Effectiveness of a Program to Reduce the Rate of Flash Sterilization

Flash sterilization of surgical instruments has been a common practice, but patient safety and quality assurance health care groups have recently recommended minimizing its use. Our goals were to describe the implementation and effectiveness of our institution's program for reducing the flash sterilization rate of instruments used for total hip and knee arthroplasties. We reviewed flash sterilization logs of all hip and knee arthroplasties from the program's implementation in July 2009 through August 2010 (N = 555) and calculated the monthly percentage of cases using flash sterilization. From the first to the last month, the amount of flash sterilization decreased significantly (P < .05): 6 of 34 to 0 of 41, respectively. Our results show that the rate of flash sterilization can be reduced with this strategic program.
Adaptive and Energy Efficient Context Representation Framework in Mobile Sensing

This paper presents a novel framework that includes an inhomogeneous (time-variant) Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and learning from data concepts. The framework either recognizes or estimates user contextual inferences called ‘user states’ within the concept of Human Activity Recognition (HAR) for future context-aware applications. Context-aware applications require continuous data acquisition and interpretation from one or more sensor reading(s). Therefore, device battery lifetimes need to be extended due to the fact that constantly running built-in sensors deplete device batteries rapidly. In this sense, a framework is constructed to fulfill requirements needed by applications and to prolong device battery lifetimes. The ultimate goal of this paper is to present an accurate user state representation model, and to maximize power efficiency while the model operates. Most importantly, this research intends to create and clarify a generic framework to guide the development of future context-aware applications. Moreover, topics such as user profile adaptability and variant sensory sampling operations are examined. The proposed framework is validated by simulations and implemented in a HAR-based application by the smartphone accelerometer. According to the results, the proposed framework shows an increase in power efficiency of 60% for an accuracy range from 75% up to 96%, depending on user profiles.
Blood Pressure and Diabetic Nephropathy

This is the fourth of a series of articles based on presentations at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions held 5–9 June 2009 in New Orleans, Louisiana, pertaining to blood pressure and renal disease in diabetes. ### Diabetic nephropathy and obesity At the Clinical Update in Diabetic Nephropathy at the American Diabetes Association Scientific Sessions, Karen A. Griffin (Maywood, IL) discussed interrelationships between obesity and the kidney, noting that obesity appears to be related to the increase in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), in part because of its relationship to diabetes and hypertension, but with a 1.2-to 1.6-fold increase in chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk even correcting for these associations. Reviewing CKD staging, in stages 3, 4, and 5, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 30–59, 15–29, and <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2 BSA, respectively, and Griffin pointed out that the adjustment for body surface is quite important when considering the effect of body size. In a Kaiser Permanente analysis of 1,471 subjects developing ESRD in a 8,347,955 person-year follow-up, adjusted for age, sex, race, education, cigarette use, diabetes, blood pressure, lipids, and other variables, obesity increased the likelihood of ESRD with BMI ≥35 associated with a 5-fold increase, BMI 30–34.9 associated with a 3-fold increase, and BMI 25–29.9 associated with a 1.5-fold increase in risk (1). There are a number of different forms of obesity-related CKD, with the majority of cases associated with microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction, and mild-to-moderate decrease in GFR, mainly associated with cardiovascular risk. Coexistent obesity and CKD lead, however, to accelerated progression of the latter (2,3). A form of glomerulopathy occurs with obesity characterized by glomerular enlargement (which is more common in obesity) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (4). The pathogenesis may involve hyperfiltration, leading to glomerular capillary injury and sclerosis, in a fashion similar to occurring experimentally with 5/6 …
Selection of Phased Array Configuration

A major decision in the design of phased array antennas is the selection of array configuration. Once the coverage sector, net antenna gain, effective radiated power (ERP) and other system requirements are established, the effects of (1) subdividing the coverage sector, i. e. , using multiple antennas and (2) choosing linear versus sector arc arrays can be determined.
Horton Falls named for Pioneer Hydrologist

A beautiful 80-foot waterfall in the Catskill Mountains was recently named after Robert E. Horton (1875–1945), a pioneer hydrologist and active AGU member for many years. Officially named Horton Falls, the waterfall, located a few miles east of Voorheesville, N.Y., in Albany County, was an important part of Horton's hydrological laboratory. The U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved the name at its November 8, 1990 meeting. Horton lived close to the falls and operated his hydrological laboratory at its crest in the old La Grange Grist Mill, which used hydropower generated by the falling waters of the La Grange Mill Pond, originally impounded by a wooden log dam 100 feet upstream of the mill. As far as can be determined, the pioneer La Granges, who built and operated the mill, never used the 85-foot head made available to them by the waterfalls. Horton, however, did, and ran a vertical and a horizontal iron water wheel to spin a DC electricity-generating turbine, which he used for heat, light, and power in his home and laboratory.
Characterization of Orphan Human Cytochromes P450

Of the 57 human cytochromes P450 (P450) and 58 pseudogenes discovered to date, (http://drnelson.utmem.edu/CytochromeP450.html ), 1/4 still remain “orphans” in the sense that their function, expression sites, and regulation are still largely not elucidated. The post-human genome-sequencing project era has presented the research community with novel challenges. Despite many insights gathered about gene location and genetic variations in our human genome, we still lack important knowledge about these novel P450 enzymes and their functions in endogenous and exogenous metabolism, as well as their possible roles in the metabolism of toxicants and carcinogens. Our own list of such orphans currently consists of 13 members: P450 2A7, 2S1, 2U1, 2W1, 3A43, 4A22, 4F11, 4F22, 4V2, 4X1, 4Z1, 20A1, and 27C1. Some of the orphans, e.g. P450s 2W1 and 2U1, already have putative assigned functions in arachidonic acid metabolism and may activate carcinogens. However, at this point, for the majority of them more knowledge is a...
3D-Stacked Memory Architectures for Multi-core Processors

Three-dimensional integration enables stacking memory directly on top of a microprocessor, thereby significantly reducing wire delay between the two. Previous studies have examined the performance benefits of such an approach, but all of these works only consider commodity 2D DRAM organizations. In this work, we explore more aggressive 3D DRAM organizations that make better use of the additional die-to-die bandwidth provided by 3D stacking, as well as the additional transistor count. Our simulation results show that with a few simple changes to the 3D-DRAM organization, we can achieve a 1.75x speedup over previously proposed 3D-DRAM approaches on our memory-intensive multi-programmed workloads on a quad-core processor. The significant increase in memory system performance makes the L2 miss handling architecture (MHA) a new bottleneck, which we address by combining a novel data structure called the Vector Bloom Filter with dynamic MSHR capacity tuning. Our scalable L2 MHA yields an additional 17.8% performance improvement over our 3D-stacked memory architecture.
The management of the developing countries' debt : guidelines and applications to Brazil

Some principles which may be useful in formulating a debt management strategy are articulated. There are four major policy recommendations : 1) stretch out the repayment of the debt; 2) monitor both exports and GDP; 3) ignore the capital loss of the creditors; and 4) watch the domestic deficit. The goal of the recommendations is the maximization of the intertemporal welfare of the country under the constraint that it services its debt.
Impact of different metabolic syndrome classifications on the metabolic syndrome prevalence in a young Middle Eastern population

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence in a young Middle Eastern population has never been studied. We studied this prevalence in a randomly selected population of Lebanese students using different MetS classifications. Three hundred eighty-one subjects aged 18 to 30 years were included in the study. Anthropometric and biological parameters (waist circumference [WC], systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and homeostasis model assessment [HOMA] index to assess insulin resistance) were measured. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine population-specific cutoff values for MetS parameters and HOMA index. The MetS prevalence was calculated using the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III), the actualized ATP-III, and our cutoffs, either with or without HOMA index as an extra risk factor. The MetS prevalence using the ATP-III and the actualized ATP-III was, respectively, 5.25% and 5.28%. It increased to 9.19% when using our cutoff values and to 12.64% when HOMA index was added. This increase was significant only in men. The identified cutoff values are, for WC, 91 cm in women and 99.5 cm in men and, for HOMA index, 2.32. Among the MetS components, WC was the best MetS predictor, whereas fasting plasma glucose was the poorest. Our study shows that the MetS prevalence in Lebanon is comparable with other countries. In addition, we identified in our population new cutoff points for MetS parameters and HOMA index that allow the detection of a higher number of subjects with the MetS, mainly in the male population.
αA-Crystallin-derived mini-chaperone modulates stability and function of cataract causing αAG98R-crystallin.

Background: A substitution mutation in human aA-crystallin (aAG98R) is associated with autosomal dominant cataract. The recombinant mutant aAG98R protein exhibits altered structure, substrate-dependent chaperone activity, impaired oligomer stability and aggregation on prolonged incubation at 37uC. Our previous studies have shown that aA-crystallin–derived mini-chaperone (DFVIFLDVKHFSPEDLTVK) functions like a molecular chaperone by suppressing the aggregation of denaturing proteins. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of aA-crystallin–derived mini-chaperone on the stability and chaperone activity of aAG98R-crystallin. Methodology/Principal Findings: Recombinant aAG98R was incubated in presence and absence of mini-chaperone and analyzed by chromatographic and spectrometric methods. Transmission electron microscope was used to examine the effect of mini-chaperone on the aggregation propensity of mutant protein. Mini-chaperone containing photoactive benzoylphenylalanine was used to confirm the interaction of mini-chaperone with aAG98R. The rescuing of chaperone activity in mutanta-crystallin (aAG98R) by mini-chaperone was confirmed by chaperone assays. We found that the addition of the mini-chaperone during incubation of aAG98R protected the mutant crystallin from forming larger aggregates that precipitate with time. The mini-chaperone-stabilized aAG98R displayed chaperone activity comparable to that of wild-type aA-crystallin. The complexes formed between mini-aA–aAG98R complex and ADH were more stable than the complexes formed between aAG98R and ADH. Western-blotting and mass spectrometry confirmed the binding of mini-chaperone to mutant crystallin. Conclusion/Significance: These results demonstrate that mini-chaperone stabilizes the mutant aA-crystallin and modulates the chaperone activity of aAG98R. These findings aid in our understanding of how to design peptide chaperones that can be used to stabilize mutant aA-crystallins and preserve the chaperone function.
Personalized healthcare in clotting disorders.

In terms of managing thrombotic disorders, genotype-based individualized patient care emerged as early as 1994 when the association of factor V Leiden (G1691A), and later, prothrombin (G20210A), with thrombotic phenotypes were discovered. Since then, genetic tests for specific thrombophilic SNPs have been routinely incorporated into daily practices in both thrombotic risk assessment and clinical decision-making with respect to prophylactic anti-thrombotic therapy. Recently, the area of pharmacogenomics in major anti-thrombotic drugs, such as warfarin and clopidogrel, has been the principal driver for personalized therapy based on one’s own individual characteristics.
Hyaluronic acid synthase-1 expression regulates bladder cancer growth, invasion, and angiogenesis through CD44.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) promotes tumor metastasis and is an accurate diagnostic marker for bladder cancer. HA is synthesized by HA synthases HAS1, HAS2, or HAS3. We have previously shown that HAS1 expression in tumor tissues is a predictor of bladder cancer recurrence and treatment failure. In this study, we stably transfected HT1376 bladder cancer cells with HAS1-sense (HAS1-S), HAS1-antisense (HAS1-AS), or vector cDNA constructs. Whereas HAS1-S transfectants produced ∼1.7-fold more HA than vector transfectants, HA production was reduced by ∼70% in HAS1-AS transfectants. HAS1-AS transfectants grew 5-fold slower and were ∼60% less invasive than vector and HAS1-S transfectants. HAS1-AS transfectants were blocked in G2-M phase of the cell cycle due to down-regulation of cyclin B1, cdc25c, and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 levels. These transfectants were also 5- to 10-fold more apoptotic due to the activation of the Fas-Fas ligand–mediated extrinsic pathway. HAS1-AS transfectants showed a ∼4-fold decrease in ErbB2 phosphorylation and down-regulation of CD44 variant isoforms (CD44-v3, CD44-v6, and CD44-E) both at the protein and mRNA levels. However, no decrease in RHAMM levels was observed. The decrease in CD44-v mRNA levels was not due to increased mRNA degradation. Whereas CD44 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis in HT1376 cells, HA addition modestly increased CD44 expression and cell growth in HAS1-AS transfectants, which could be blocked by CD44 siRNA. In xenograft studies, HAS1-AS tumors grew 3- to 5-fold slower and had ∼4-fold lower microvessel density. These results show that HAS1 regulates bladder cancer growth and progression by modulating HA synthesis and HA receptor levels. [Cancer Res 2008;68(2):483–91]
Reactions of Lewis bases with tetrakisdiphenylamide uranium(IV)

The coordinatively unsaturated uranium(IV) complex U[N(C6H5)2]4 has been prepared via the stoichiometric reaction of diphenylamine with [(Me3Si)2N]2 UN(SiMe3)SiMe2CH2. U[N(C6H5)2]4 coordinates Lewis bases such as Et2O, THF, pyridine or (EtO)3PO, based on electronic absorption spectroscopy and 1H NMR studies. Exchange between U[N(C6H5)2]4 and U[N(C6H5)2]4(L), where L is THF or pyridine, is rapid on the NMR time-scale between 307 and 323 K. Measurement of equilibrium constants for L = THF provides ΔH and ΔS values of −60 kJ mol−1 and −1.8 × 102 J K−1 mol−1, respectively. U[N(C6H5)2]4 coordinates and binds (EtO)3PO much more tightly (Keq = & > 104 M−1) than THF or pyridine with the exchange rate between U[N(C6H5)2]4 and U[N(C6H5)2]4[OP(OEt)3] being close to the NMR time-scale.
Accuracy of bedside physical examination in distinguishing categories of shock: a pilot study.

HYPOTHESIS: Selected elements of a simple physical examination algorithm accurately predict categories of shock. SETTING: A 350-bed community teaching hospital. METHODS: Resident trainees who manage all critically ill and medically unstable patients were instructed to document capillary refill, (palpated) pulse volume, skin temperature, jugular venous pressure (JVP) and lung examination in all patients with prolonged (>30 minutes hypotension <90 mmHg). Treatment was determined by house officers guided by attending physicians of record. All cases were retrospectively reviewed by a senior clinician who applied consensus criteria/definitions to categorize shock as septic, cardiogenic or hypovolemic. Operating characteristics of examination findings for predicting categories of shock were computed. RESULTS: A total of 68 patients, averaging 71 ± 16 years, were studied. A total of 37 patients were diagnosed with septic shock, 18 with cardiogenic shock of and 13 with hypovolemic shock. Capillary refill and skin temperature predicted septic shock with sensitivity of 89%, specificity of 68%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 77%, negative predictive value (NPV) of 84%, and overall accuracy of 79%. Presence of JVP >7 cmH2O was more accurate than bilateral pulmonary crackles (>1/3 from bases) in predicting cardiogenic shock for low-output patients with sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 79%, PPV of 75%, NPV of 85%, and overall accuracy of 80%. Using just skin temperature and JVP, the bedside approach correctly diagnosed 52/68 cases (overall accuracy = 76%). CONCLUSIONS: Simple bedside clinical examination findings correctly predict categories of shock in a majority of cases. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A dynamic database reorganization algorithm

Reorganization is necessary in some databases for overcoming the performance deterioration caused by updates. The paper presents a dynamic reorganization algorithm which makes the reorganization decision by measuring the database search costs. Previously, the reorganization intervals could only be determined for linear deterioration and known database lifetime. It is shown that the dynamic reorganization algorithm is near optimum for constant reorganization cost and is superior for increasing reorganization cost. In addition, it can be applied to cases of unknown database lifetime and nonlinear performance deterioration. The simplicity, generality, and efficiency appear to make this good heuristic for database reorganization.
Giving Little by Little: Dynamic Voluntary Contribution Games

Abstract Charitable contributions are frequently made over time. Donors are free to contribute whenever they wish and as often as they want, and are frequently updated on the level of contributions by others. A dynamic structure enables donors to condition their contribution on that of others, and, as Schelling [Schelling, Thomas C., The Strategy of Conflict Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960.] suggested, it may establish trust thereby increasing charitable giving. Marx and Matthews [Marx, Leslie, and Steven Matthews, “A Dynamic Voluntary Contribution to a Public Project,” Review of Economic Studies, 67, 2000, 327–358.] build on Schelling's insight and show that multiple contribution rounds may secure a provision level that cannot be achieved in the static, one-shot setting, but only if there is a discrete, positive payoff jump upon completion of the project. We examine these two hypotheses experimentally using static and dynamic public good games. We find that contributions are indeed higher in the dynamic than in the static game. However, in contrast to the predictions, the increase in contributions in the dynamic game does not depend critically on the existence of a completion benefit jump or on whether players can condition their decisions on the behavior of other members of their group.
Analysis and modeling of the primary cilium bending response to fluid shear.

Since a nonmotile, primary (9 + 0) cilium projects from most mammalian kidney epithelial cells into the tubule lumen, where it is exposed to fluid motion, the present study examined primary cilium response to fluid shear stress. The reversible, large-angle bending of the primary cilium upon exposure to fluid shear forces (10(-11)-10(-10) N.m2 = 10(-8)-10(-7) dyn/cm) was characterized in vitro using videomicroscopic side views of PtK1 cells, and the cilium was then mathematically modeled as a cantilevered beam. The flexural rigidity of the primary cilium was calculated to be 3.1 +/- 0.8 x 10(-23) N.m2 with a corrected quadruple integration approach and 1.4-1.6 x 10(-23) N.m2 with the "heavy elastica" theory. Comparison of theoretical profiles to the experimental bending responses of cilia established the validity of the "heavy elastica" model; this model, in turn, was used to predict primary cilium bending behavior under representative conditions in the rat nephron. The results of the study are consistent with the hypothesis that primary cilia serve a mechanosensory function in kidney epithelial cells.
Search for supersolidity in solid 4He using multiple-mode torsional oscillators.

In 2004, Kim and Chan (KC) reported a decrease in the period of torsional oscillators (TO) containing samples of solid 4He, as the temperature was lowered below 0.2 K [Kim E, Chan MHW (2004) Science 305(5692):1941–1944]. These unexpected results constituted the first experimental evidence that the long-predicted supersolid state of solid 4He may exist in nature. The KC results were quickly confirmed in a number of other laboratories and created great excitement in the low-temperature condensed-matter community. Since that time, however, it has become clear that the period shifts seen in the early experiments can in large part be explained by an increase in the shear modulus of the 4He solid identified by Day and Beamish [Day J, Beamish J (2007) Nature 450(7171):853–856]. Using multiple-frequency torsional oscillators, we can separate frequency-dependent period shifts arising from changes in the elastic properties of the solid 4He from possible supersolid signals, which are expected to be independent of frequency. We find in our measurements that as the temperature is lowered below 0.2 K, a clear frequency-dependent contribution to the period shift arising from changes in the 4He elastic properties is always present. For all of the cells reported in this paper, however, there is always an additional small frequency-independent contribution to the total period shift, such as would be expected in the case of a transition to a supersolid state.
Letter from America: Digital entrepreneurship: doing business on the information superhighway

Three examples of network-based businesses are described: a document storage and delivery service, a digital asynchronous radio programme, and a print journal with an electronic supplement. They are among the first of the early players to venture out onto the playing field. Whether they succeed or fail, they will provide valuable lessons about the future of digital entrepreneurship on the information superhighway
Data specialization

Given a repeated computation, part of whose input context remains invariant across all repetitions, program staging improves performance by separating the computation into two phases. An early phase executes only once, performing computations depending only on invariant inputs, while a late phase repeatedly performs the remainder of the work given the varying inputs and the results of the early computations.Common staging techniques based on dynamic compilation statically construct an early phase that dynamically generates object code customized for a particular input context. In effect, the results of the invariant computations are encoded as the compiled code for the late phase.This paper describes an alternative approach in which the results of early computations are encoded as a data structure, allowing both the early and late phases to be generated statically. By avoiding dynamic code manipulation, we give up some optimization opportunities in exchange for significantly lower dynamic space/time overhead and reduced implementation complexity.
A Family of Uranyl Coordination Polymers Containing O-Donor Dicarboxylates and Trispyridyltriazine Guests

Four uranyl coordination polymers [UO2(C6H8O4)(H2O)2](C18H12N6)2 (1), [UO2(C8H4O4)(H2O)2](C18H12N6)2 (2), Na[(UO2)(C12H6O4)2](C18H13N6)·H2O (3), and Na[(UO2)(C16H8O4)(C6H3NO2)](C18H12N6)·H2O (4) containing aliphatic (adipic acid) or aromatic linkers (1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (BDC), 1,4-napthalene dicarboxylic acid (NDC), anthracene 9,10-dicarboxylic acid (ADC)) were synthesized and characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and luminescence spectroscopy. The π-stacking distances or the number of π–π interactions present between trispyridyltriazine (TPTZ) guests or the host framework in 1–4 may be affected by the size of the O-donor linker (adipic acid < BDC < NDC < ADC). Luminescence studies show that substitution between adipic acid and BDC influences the emission of 1 and 2, in which the emission of 1 shows a red shift relative to that of 2. Uranyl emission was not observed in 3 and 4, and may be attributed to the position of the NDC and ADC triplet state relati...
HNS-IV Explosive Properties and Characterization Tests

HNS-IV (2,2', 4,4', 6,6' – Hexanitrostilbene) is a well characterized energetic material that is used in a variety of aerospace, military, and industrial systems. It is an insensitive explosive, and is thermally stable to temperatures of over 200 C. With many modern systems requiring a system life of 20 years, it is important that the explosive be stable during that lifetime, and that there be a method of verifying the stability of the explosive. This paper will discuss the tests typically used to characterize the explosive. It will discuss the theory behind aging studies as well as aging studies performed on bulk powder and several devices containing HNS-IV explosive. The data will show that there is little performance degradation with explosive powder and detonators that have been subjected to accelerated aging. In addition, data is presented showing that a commonly used performance indicator has almost no effect on device performance.
Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Rapid Solidification of Metals

The ultra-rapid melting and subsequent resolidification of Embedded Atom Method models of the fcc metals copper and gold are followed using a Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics computer simulation method. Results for the resolidification of an exposed (100) face of copper at room temperature are in good agreement with recent experiments using a picosecond laser. At T = 0.5 Tm, the morphology of the solid/liquid interface is shown to be similar to a Lennard-Jones model. The morphology of the crystal-vapor interface at 92% of Tm shows a significant disordering of the topmost layers. Difficulties with the EAM model for gold are observed. Comparison of the Baskes et al. and Oh and Johnson embedding functions are discussed.
Pisoliths (Pisoids) in Quaternary Travertines of Tivoli, Italy

The “type locality” for travertine is at Tivoli, about 25 km east of Roma. In fact, the name “travertine” descends from the Latin, “Lapis Tiburtinus”, referring to the stone quarried at Tibur (the ancient name for Tivoli). Quarries in the area around Tivoli have been active for two millenia, and the stone has been used for most of the famous monuments of Rome ranging from the Coliseum through St. Peter’s to the modern University. Today there are a great many active quarries, and travertine from Tivoli is exported worldwide.
Research on the Effect of Temperature on Typical Optical Voltage Transformer Error Characteristics

Optical voltage transformer is susceptible to temperature. Therefore, the error characteristic of optical voltage transformer has been attracting many attentions. This paper introduced several typical optical voltage transformer, established the test platform and programs for optical voltage transformers. Temperature impact tests have been carried out for two kinds of optical voltage transformers which are used in practice. Based on the tests, we found that optical voltage transformer based on capacitive voltage divider principle performances better in terms of temperature impacts.
Therapy of experimental staphylococcal mastitis in the mouse with cloxacillin and rifampicin, alone and in combination.

Cloxacillin effectively killed Staphylococcus aureus in vilro and in experimental acute mastitis in the mouse, but was ineffective in reducing bacterial counts in those with experimental chronic mastitis. Rifampicin was similarly bactericidal for staphylococci in vitro and in acute mastitis but it also significantly reduced numbers of viable bacteria in chronic mastitis. Exposure of multiplying staphylococci in vitro and in vivo to rifampicin alone led to the emergence of resistant bacteria, but this was prevented by the use of a combination of rifampicin with cloxacillin. This combination showed neither antagonism nor synergy in vitro, was more effective than either antibiotic alone in acute mastitis and killed S aureus in the chronic infection as effectively as rifampicin alone.
Cardiology: Prolapsed Mitral Valve Syndrome

A patient with the prolapsed mitral valve syndrome may have no symptoms referable to the heart or, at the other extreme, may have disabling chest pain, severe arrhythmias, and electrocardiographic abnormalities. The syndrome is characterized by a midsystolic click and a late systolic murmur. The mechanism responsible for the valve deformity appears to be related to myxomatous degeneration. Associated ECG abnormalities strongly suggest myocardial disease. The diagnosis is established by echocardiography or cineangiocardiography.
Solar fuels photoanode materials discovery by integrating high-throughput theory and experiment.

The limited number of known low-band-gap photoelectrocatalytic materials poses a significant challenge for the generation of chemical fuels from sunlight. Using high-throughput ab initio theory with experiments in an integrated workflow, we find eight ternary vanadate oxide photoanodes in the target band-gap range (1.2–2.8 eV). Detailed analysis of these vanadate compounds reveals the key role of VO4 structural motifs and electronic band-edge character in efficient photoanodes, initiating a genome for such materials and paving the way for a broadly applicable high-throughput-discovery and materials-by-design feedback loop. Considerably expanding the number of known photoelectrocatalysts for water oxidation, our study establishes ternary metal vanadates as a prolific class of photoanode materials for generation of chemical fuels from sunlight and demonstrates our high-throughput theory–experiment pipeline as a prolific approach to materials discovery.
BackDoor: Making Microphones Hear Inaudible Sounds

Consider sounds, say at 40kHz, that are completely outside the human's audible range (20kHz), as well as a microphone's recordable range (24kHz). We show that these high frequency sounds can be designed to become recordable by unmodified microphones, while remaining inaudible to humans. The core idea lies in exploiting non-linearities in microphone hardware. Briefly, we design the sound and play it on a speaker such that, after passing through the microphone's non-linear diaphragm and power-amplifier, the signal creates a "shadow" in the audible frequency range. The shadow can be regulated to carry data bits, thereby enabling an acoustic (but inaudible) communication channel to today's microphones. Other applications include jamming spy microphones in the environment, live watermarking of music in a concert, and even acoustic denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. This paper presents BackDoor, a system that develops the technical building blocks for harnessing this opportunity. Reported results achieve upwards of 4kbps for proximate data communication, as well as room-level privacy protection against electronic eavesdropping.
Using findings from the cognitive science of religion to understand current conflicts between religious and scientific ideologies

ABSTRACTThe body of research looking at the public understanding and acceptance of science has been growing in recent years. Here, we argue that religiosity is one important factor influencing the perception and understanding of science and scientific information. In the present article, we review recent literature with the goal of answering three questions: what is the relationship between science and religion, when do science and religion conflict, and why do these conflicts exist? To answer these questions, we turn to research from the cognitive science of religion. Specifically, we argue that, while some conflicts between religion and science result from moral and epistemological contradictions, these conflicts also stem partially from cognitive mechanisms underpinning religious beliefs and scientific understanding. We review research suggesting that the same cognitive processes responsible for religious and supernatural beliefs may contribute to the rejection of science. We discuss this evidence in t...
Diamond Cut Dress

The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the design process using a one-piece pattern design to create an elegant draped dress with bias seams. Aesthetically, this project is a medley of various factors (bias seams, lack of side seams, and one-piece-pattern), brought together through two theories: the Grecian design principle and Madeleine Vionnet's's bias cut. This diamond cut dress design is the result of a pilot study to explore the possibilities to use a diamond shape line to replace side seams and the waistline. Due to the complicated seams, tucks and dart, three samples were tested to complete a modified pattern. This design is based on the classic Grecian design principle of draping without traditional side seams. Side seams are replaced by bias seams such as Vionnet's bias cut effect. Additionally, this design is an attempt to develop a better system of using draping and drafting successfully and efficiently.
From Haskell to Hawaii: One American Indian Woman’s Educational Journey

In a speech about Indian customs before the student body at the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1937, Cleo Caudell, Choctaw, stated, “Indians nowadays dress and act much the same as other folks do.” Caudell was in Hawaii completing a year of post-graduate work funded by a scholarship from the Hawaiian Civic Association and Ataloa, an “Indian woman singer.” Just several years prior to her speech most American Indian women did not have access to formal educational opportunities that were available to Caudell. Before the 1930s, many Native American students were not qualified to attend schools providing formal education beyond the primary or secondary levels. By 1937 though, there was a confluence of changing ideologies for the education for American Indians, a rise in the number of Indian students qualified for college attendance, and increased attention by the American public to socially constructed concepts of American Indians. The culmination of these factors resulted in an increase in the number of Indian students eligible to attend higher education institutions. As a Choctaw student during the time of this convergence, Caudell had the means to take a higher education journey that many American Indian women would not previously have had. Although the opportunity for Caudell to obtain higher education may have appeared to be advantageous, in actuality the enduring goal of solving the Indian Problem may have provided only limited the post educational pathways for her and most Indians. From its inception, formal education for Native Americans was seen as the principal method of assimilation and conversion. With these objectives unchanged during Caudell’s educational tenure, advanced education for Indians often did not equal advanced opportunities.
New Practice Adoption: Predicting the Gap Between Routine as Designed and Routine as Realized

This paper addresses the question of what drives the adoption of new routines. The adoption of new routines is described in the literature as difficult or imperfect, and the degree to which firms a...
Epilogue: Threads Left Unexplored: Objectification and Bureaucratization

This chapter argues that the drone is by no means the culmination of policy; if anything, it sets the stage, a plateau, for continued development, to normalize violence. In fact, it may be the tip of the iceberg, whether nuclear war or a fascist form of government and society.
How to Talk about Your Troubles

This chapter was first prepared and widely circulated as a small booklet designed to provide basic information for persons who had expressed a preliminary interest in Integrity Groups. However, in order to bring its contents to the attention of more professional readers, this piece was published under the title of “Integrity Therapy: A Self-Help Approach” in Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice (1966, 3, 114*#x2013;119). It is reproduced here under its original title.
Toward Optimizing VEMP: Calculating VEMP Inhibition Depth With a Generic Template.

Objectives Cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP) indirectly reveal the response of the saccule to acoustic stimuli through the inhibition of sternocleidomastoid muscle electromyographic response. VEMP inhibition depth (VEMPid) is a recently developed metric that estimates the percentage of saccular inhibition. VEMPid provides both normalization and better accuracy at low response levels than amplitude-normalized cVEMPs. Hopefully, VEMPid will aid in the clinical assessment of patients with vestibulopatholgy. To calculate VEMPid a template is needed. In the original method, a subject's own cVEMP was used as the template, but this method can be problematic in patients who do not have robust cVEMP responses. We hypothesize that a "generic" template, created by assembling cVEMPs from healthy subjects, can be used to compute VEMPid, which would facilitate the use of VEMPid in subjects with pathological conditions. Design A generic template was created by averaging cVEMP responses from 6 normal subjects. To compare VEMPid calculations using a generic versus a subject-specific template, cVEMPs were obtained in 40 healthy subjects using 500, 750, and 1000 Hz tonebursts at sound levels ranging from 98 to 123 dB peSPL. VEMPids were calculated both with the generic template and with the subject's own template. The ability of both templates to determine whether a cVEMP was present or not was compared with receiver operating characteristic curves. Results No significant differences were found between VEMPid calculations using a generic template versus using a subject-specific template for all frequencies and sound levels. Based on the receiver operating characteristic curves, the subject-specific and generic template did an equally good job at determining threshold. Within limits, the shape of the generic template did not affect these results. Conclusions A generic template can be used instead of a subject-specific template to calculate VEMPid. Compared with cVEMP normalized by electromyographic amplitudes, VEMPid is advantageous because it averages zero when there is no sound stimulus and it allows the accumulating VEMPid value to be shown during data acquisition as a guide to deciding when enough data has been collected.
Division of Labor: How Microbes Split Their Responsibility.

Summary Within a biofilm, individual cells might perform only a subset of activities required for overall success of the biofilm. A new study examining matrix production, a task necessary for biofilm formation, shows possible mechanisms of genetic or phenotypic division of labor.
Microscopic Origin of Second Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic Structures

Microscopic descriptions and theoretical results for second order nonlinear optical properties of organic and polymer structures are presented. For cyclic polyenes and quinoid structures, it is suggested that the frequency dependent microscopic second order susceptibility βijk can exceed 1000x10-13 esu over a broad frequency range.
Challenges in defining and developing the field of rural mental disorder preventive intervention research.

An overview of selected issues and challenges in defining and developing the field of rural preventive intervention research is presented. One fundamental challenge is to clarify the distinguishing characteristics of prevention science in rural contexts. Other challenges are evident in the need to address: the lack of consensus on conceptual and methodological approaches to this field, limited empirical study to date, the tremendous diversity of rural populations, and inconsistencies in the usage of the term “rural.” This article suggests the organization of a work group to formulate and implement a clear research agenda. In addition, several general questions are discussed that, if addressed, might serve to better define and further develop the field. These questions concern the implications of multiple approaches to prevention science in rural contexts, the classification of rural populations, the functional relevance of rural residence in the etiology of specific disorders, the application of extant etiological models to interventions designed specifically for rural populations, the conduct of rural area prevention needs assessments, the development of models for collaboration between intervention researchers and rural community stakeholders, and strategies to engage rural residents in preventive interventions.