cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geospatial organization of fluvial landforms in a gravel-cobble river: Beyond the riffle-pool couplet

Abstract Morphological units (MU) are landforms with distinct local form–process associations at ~ 1–10 channel widths scale that may be the fundamental building blocks describing the geomorphic structure of a river. Past research has disproportionately focused on the two MUs of pool and riffle, conjecturing that they are the central linked couplet in the process–form association. The goal of this study was to delineate and map spatially explicit fluvial landforms in two-dimensional planview within a gravel–cobble bed river using two-dimensional hydrodynamic delineation and then to statistically examine MU geospatial patterns for indicators of deterministic geomorphic control. This procedure is not discharge-dependent like mesohabitat methods, but gets at the geometry of underlying landforms. Statistical testing confirmed that eight delineated in-channel MU types comprise a complex and diverse channel morphology in which pools and riffles are not directly coupled. Specifically, gravel–cobble river channels (1) exhibit nonrandom spatial organization of their longitudinally and laterally variable landform morphology; (2) consist of a variety of MU types, not just pools and riffles; and (3) show distinct MU collocations and avoidances, with riffles linked to chutes and runs, while pools are linked to slackwaters and glides. Planview MU delineation with two-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling provides a ‘bottom-up’ approach to understanding and linking channel morphology with ecosystem services and geomorphic processes and is being used to guide river management and rehabilitation strategies.
The sources and mixing characteristics of the Agulhas Current

Recent observations taken at four principal latitudes in the Agulhas Current show that the watermass properties on either side of its dynamical core are significantly different. Inshore of its velocity core are found waters of predominantly Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and equatorial Indian Ocean origin, while offshore waters are generally from the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the southeast Indian Ocean. For the most part, the inshore waters approach the Agulhas Current through the Mozambique Channel, while those offshore are circulated within the southern Indian Ocean subtropical gyre before joining the current. These disparate water masses remain distinct during their 1000-km journeys along the South African continental slope, despite the convergence, extreme velocity shears, and high eddy kinetic energies found within the Agulhas Current. Both potential vorticity conservation and kinematic arguments are discussed as potential inhibitors of along-isopycnal mixing. It is concluded that a high cross-stream gradient of potential vorticity is the dominant mechanism for watermass separation near the surface, while the kinematic steering of water particles by the current is dominant at intermediate depths, where cross-stream potential vorticity is homogeneous. Hence, three lateral mixing regimes for the Agulhas Current are suggested. The surface and thermocline waters are always inhibited from mixing, by the presence of both a strong, cross-frontal potential vorticity gradient and kinematic steering. At intermediate depths mixing is inhibited by steering alone, and thus in this regime periodic mixing is expected during meander events (such as Natal pulses), when the steering level will rise and allow cross-frontal exchange. Below the steering level in the deep waters, there is a regime of free lateral mixing. The deep waters of the Agulhas Current are homogeneous in the cross-stream sense, being from the same North Atlantic source, and their salinity steadily (and rather rapidly) decreases to the north. Here, it is suggested that mixing must be dominated by vertical processes and a large vertical mixing coefficient of order 10 cm 2 s 1 is estimated.
Analysis Of The Boeing FEL Mirror Measurements

The aberrations have been measured for the finished mirrors that are part of the Burst Mode ring resonator of the Free Electron Laser (FEL) being constructed at the Boeing Aerospace Company in Seattle, Washington. This paper presents analysis of these measurements using the GLAD code, a diffraction ray-tracing code. The diffraction losses within the resonator due to the aberrations are presented. The analysis was conducted in two different modes, a paraxial approximation and a full 3-D calculation, and good agreement between the two approaches is shown. Finally, a proposed solution to the problems caused by the aberrations is presented and analyzed.
On the mechanism of film neoplastogenesis.

Abstract Since the inception of experimental cancer research, all theories concerning the mechanism of transformation of normal cells into neoplastic cells were constructed on the basis of the postulate that interaction of an agent and cell constituents is a condition indispensable for the occurrence of the neoplastic transformation. In the course of the past three decades, however, all attempts to uncover agents responsible for the transformations induced by chemically inert films implanted in living tissues or for the "spontaneous" transformations in vitro in cell cultures devoid of added neoplastogens ∗ ∗Agents that transform normal cells into neoplastic cells, now called carcinogens (2)., yielded consistently negative results. In regard to the neoplastogenic effect of imbedded inert films, the present article takes into consideration that films implanted in living tissues hinder the circulation of interstitial fluid in their vicinity and as a result elicit anoxia and protracted low pH gradients in the environment of the cells adjacent to the films. The effects of such protracted low pH on the metabolic activities of the surviving cells are examined and a working hypothesis is offered concerning the role of protracted environmental low pH in the mechanism of film neoplastogenesis.
Behavioral Factors and Hospital Admissions/ Readmissions in Patients With CHF

Background Wasted health care resources have become a central concern in American health care. Heart failure has one of the highest readmission rates amongst all conditions studied in Medicare/Medicaid populations. Objective The present study was an attempt to cross-sectionally identify correlates of number of past-year admissions and 30-day readmissions in patients with congestive heart failure. Methods Eighty-four patients with congestive heart failure were recruited during hospitalization and underwent a semistructured interview for basic clinical/demographic information and completed several questionnaires measuring depression, anxiety, and spirituality. Results Depression, history of substance abuse, and history of coronary artery disease displayed borderline results as correlates of past-year admissions. Immediate memory and psychiatric history (positive Patient Health Questionnaire 9, acknowledged history of treatment, and use of an antidepressant per chart) were associated with 30-day readmission rates. Indices of congestive heart failure severity (ejection fraction and last recorded B-type natriuretic peptide level) were not. Conclusions Present results suggest that both a psychiatric history and cognitive impairment are possible determinants of early readmission.
Compact slanted grating couplers

We present a compact and efficient design for slanted grating couplers (SLGC's) to vertically connect fibers and planar waveguides without intermediate optics. The proposed SLGC employs a strong index modulated slanted grating. With the help of a genetic algorithm-based rigorous design tool, a 20microm-long SLGC with 80.1% input coupling efficiency has been optimized. A rigorous mode analysis reveals that the phase-matching condition and Bragg condition are satisfied simultaneously with respect to the fundamental leaky mode supported by the optimized SLGC.
Performance of separately managed international equity accounts: How important are country momentum effects?

Abstract We analyze the performance of international equity SMAs over 1986–2003. We find that performance persists at both the country and individual SMA level. Best performing countries continue to outperform and best performing SMAs continue to outperform, even after controlling for market, firm size, and book-to-market factor exposures. We find that country momentum is a key determinant of international equity SMA performance. The difference in performance between the prior best and worst performing SMAs is slashed in half after controlling for country momentum effects.
Functional role of hyperreactive sulfhydryl moieties within the ryanodine receptor complex.

ABSTRACT Several laboratories using chemically heterogeneous sulfhydryl modifying agents have shown that sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ channels known as ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are especially sensitive to modification of functionally important cysteine residues. The functional consequence of sulfhydryl modification of RyRs can include phases of activation and inhibition that are very much dependent on the concentration of the reagent used, the length of exposure, and the nature of the chemical reaction the reagent undertakes with sulfhydryl groups. Most challenging is understanding the relationship for how specific sulfhydryl moieties ascribe specific aspects of RyR function. Considering the structural complexity of the RyR complex with its associated proteins, this task is likely to be a formidable one. A small number of hyperreactive thiols have been shown to exist within the RyR complex. Their functional role does not appear to impact directly on channel gating. Rather hyperreactive cysteine (Cys...
Weighting and adjusting for design effects in secondary data analyses

Institutional researchers frequently use national datasets such as those provided by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The authors of this chapter explore the adjustments required when analyzing NCES data collected using complex sample designs.
Graphical constructions of means

(1986). Graphical Constructions of Means. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 93, No. 8, pp. 595-603.
Multiplexed fluorescence lifetime microscopy by frequency-sweeping Fourier spectroscopy

We have developed a multiplexed fluorescence lifetime confocal scanning microscopy method based on frequency sweeping Fourier fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy. It simultaneously obtains nanosecond fluorescence lifetime images at multiple excitation wavelengths.
Achieving Integrative, Collaborative Ecosystem Management

Although numerous principles have been identified as being important for successfully integrating social and ecological factors in collaborative management, few authors have illustrated how these principles are used and why they are effective. On the basis of a review of the ecosystem management and collaboration literature, we identified eight factors important for integrative, collaborative ecosystem management-integrated and balanced goals, inclusive public involvement, stakeholder influence, consensus group approach, collaborative stewardship, monitoring and adaptive management, multidisciplinary data, and economic incentives.We examined four cases of successful ecosystem management to illustrate how the factors were incorporated and discuss the role they played in each case's success. The cases illustrate that balancing social and ecosystem sustainability goals is possible. Collaborative efforts resulted in part from factors aimed at making plans economically feasible and from meaningful stakeholder participation in ongoing management. It also required participation in monitoring programs to ensure stakeholder interests were protected and management efforts were focused on agreed-upon goals. Data collection efforts were not all-inclusive and systematic; rather, they addressed the ecological, economic, and social aspects of key issues as they emerged over time. Economic considerations appear to be broader than simply providing economic incentives; stakeholders seem willing to trade some economic value for recreational or environmental benefits. The cases demonstrate that it is not idealistic to believe integrative, collaborative ecosystem management is possible in field applications.
Design-for-testability to achieve complete coverage of delay faults in standard full scan circuits

We propose a testability enhancement technique for delay faults in standard scan circuits that does not involve modifications to the scan chain. Extra logic is placed on next-state variables, and if necessary, on primary inputs, and can be resynthesized with the circuit to minimize its hardware and performance overheads. The proposed technique allows us to achieve complete coverage of detectable delay faults by allowing any two-pattern test to be applied to the circuit through its functional path. In addition to the basic approach, we study the proposed procedure in the presence of a constraint that requires that extra logic would not be placed on the critical paths of the circuit.
Harry Potter and the measures of personality: Extraverted Gryffindors, agreeable Hufflepuffs, clever Ravenclaws, and manipulative Slytherins

Abstract People use fiction and storytelling to learn about themselves and their social world. Fans of J.K. Rowling’s popular Harry Potter book series often identify with one of the four Hogwarts school communities or “houses”—Gryffindor, Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw, and Slytherin—that correspond to characters’ specific traits. Fans use a feature on Rowling’s “Pottermore” website that tests their personality and sorts them into the Hogwarts house that best fits them. But what does Pottermore’s sorting quiz measure? We asked fans from online Harry Potter groups into which Hogwarts house they had been sorted on Pottermore. Fans then completed personality measures, including the Big Five traits, need to belong, need for cognition, and the Dark Triad traits—narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Planned contrasts found positive associations between need for cognition and placement in Ravenclaw (known for wit and learning), and between the Dark Triad traits and placement in Slytherin (known for using any means to achieve their ends). We expected—but did not find—that those in Gryffindor (known for bravery) would be higher in extraversion and openness, and that Hufflepuffs (known for loyalty) would be higher on need to belong. Our findings suggest that fiction can reflect real underlying personality dimensions.
Kinesins in the spindle: an update

Eukaryotes contain a superfamily of microtubule-based motor proteins comprising kinesin and a number of related proteins that are thought to participate in various forms of intracellular motility, including cell division and organelle transport. The role of various members of the kinesin superfamily in chromosome segregation and spindle morphogenesis was described in TCB last year in parts of a series on cytoplasmic motor proteins. In this brief update, Helen Epstein and Jon Scholey comment on new findings that have improved our understanding of the functions of kinesin-related proteins in mitosis and meiosis.
Mica: Its use in determining shelf-depositional regimes

Abstract The fine sand-size mica content was determined in over 450 beach, dune, river, estuary, continental shelf and continental slope sediments from the southern United States Atlantic continental margin. Because of hydraulic equivalence considerations, the mica content can be used to delineate depositional and non-depositional regimes of fine-grained sediments. At the present time deposition of fines in the study area is restricted to a narrow nearshore band and the upper continental slope. The central and outer shelf are areas of winnowing.
Some applications of a simple stationary line element for the Schwarzschild geometry

Guided by a Hamiltonian treatment of spherically symmetric geometry, we are led to a remarkably simple—stationary, but not static—form for the line element of Schwarzschild (and Reissner-Nordstrom) geometry. The line element continues smoothly through the horizon; by exploiting this feature we are able to give a very simple and physically transparent derivation of the Hawking radiance. We construct the complete Penrose diagram by enforcing time-reversal symmetry. Finally we outline how an improved treatment of the radiance, including effects of self-gravitation, can be obtained.
4D Multiplexed Functional Imaging in Deep Tissue

We present a deep tissue multiplexed functional imaging method that probes multiple cellular conditions in live model organisms. The method uses FRET-based biosensors to sense cellular conditions such as calcium and cAMP concentration levels, and uses fluorescence lifetime quantification to interpret the cellular conditions reported by the FRET biosensors. The method is based on Fourier lifetime excitation-emission matrix (FLEEM) spectroscopy [1] that simultaneously measures fluorescence lifetimes at multiple excitation and emission wavelengths within 23 microseconds, allowing quantifications on multiple FRET biosensors simultaneously in live model organisms. Samples are imaged in 3D by combining FLEEM spectroscopy with scanning laser optical projection tomography (SLOT) [2]. We demonstrate the method in zebrafish embryos transiently expressing cAMP FRET biosensor, which showed an increase in cAMP concentration upon physiological stimulus with forskolin and IMBX. Calcium and cAMP concentration levels during zebrafish embryonic development were monitored with time lapse 3D functional imaging of the embryo from 12 hours to 22 hours post fertilization. The method opens the door to multiplexed functional imaging of cellular biochemistries in whole live organisms.[1] M. Zhao and L. Peng, Optics Letters. 35,2910. (2010).[2] R. A. Lorbeer, et al., Optics Express. 19,5419. (2011).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Characterization of High-Explosive Initiation and Safety at Los Alamos

The Chapman-Jouget and ZND models of steady detonation have proved most useful for engineering estimation of the propagation of near-planar, steady detonation in short-reaction-zone explosives. However, even in well characterized systems, the purposeful initiation of detonation is not described by these models. The highly divergent and microscopic nature of point initiation require discerning experiments, modeling, and theoretical analysis. Recently, safety considerations in complex or damaged systems, possibly containing long-reaction-zone (insensitive) high explosives, have dominated the author`s thinking. These situations are rarely planar or steady, the physical state of the explosive may not be easily characterized, and there is a wide range of potential stimuli. The high-explosive reaction may range from none, to deflagration, to partial detonation, or to full detonation. Techniques and data applicable to estimating the level of response are needed.
Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi poll.

In the context of intense interest in evidence-based practice (EBP), the authors sought to establish consensus on discredited psychological treatments and assessments using Delphi methodology. A panel of 101 experts participated in a 2-stage survey, reporting familiarity with 59 treatments and 30 as
The exchangeability of copper at active sites in ascorbic acid oxidase

Abstract The exchange reaction between the copper protein, ascorbic acid oxidase and radioactive Cu 64 (cupric) ions has been reinvestigated under a variety of conditions. It has been confirmed that the exchange with the nonfunctioning (“resting”) enzyme is very much less than that, observed with the functioning enzyme and is dependent on the specific activity. The very rapid exchange observed with the functioning enzyme increases with the amount of substrate oxidized, and is a consequence of the catalytic mechanism rather than the processes by which the enzyme becomes inactivated. It has been shown that the exchange occurs at copper sites involved in the enzyme activity and such sites remain active following the exchange. The results are discussed in terms of different types of copper and copper bondings in the enzyme.
Performance of Canola Methyl Ester Biofuel in a Partial Swirl Spray Flame Combustor

The performance of canola methyl ester (CME) biofuel in a partial swirl spray flame combustor is compared to that of No. 2 diesel fuel in this paper. The spray flame was enclosed in an optically accessible combustor and operated at atmospheric pressure with a co-flow of heated air. Fuel was delivered through a swirl-type air-blast atomizer with an injector diameter of 300 microns. A two-component phase Doppler particle analyzer was used to measure the spray droplet size, axial and radial velocity distributions. Radial and axial concentration measurements of NO, CO, CO2 and O2 were made in the flame environment. Axial and radial flame temperature measurements were made using a Type R thermocouple. The volumetric flow rates of fuel, atomization air and co-flow air were kept constant for both fuels. The droplet SMD at the nozzle exit for CME biofuel are smaller than the No. 2 diesel fuel implying faster vaporization rates for the CME biofuel. Flame temperature decreases more rapidly for the CME biofuel than for the No. 2 diesel fuel in both axial and radial directions. CME biofuel produced lower in-flame NO and CO peak concentrations than No. 2 diesel fuel.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Material Requirements for Guided-Wave Optical Devices

A quasi systems-level desirability analysis has been performed of candidate elec-trooptic materials for use in high-speed guided-wave optical devices. More than 30 inorganic, semiconducting, and organic materials have been compared. The bulk guided-wave phase modulator has been adopted as an initial basis for comparison. Drive voltage and current dynamics have been analyzed as a function of material properties and electrode architectures. Potassium niobate and lithium niobate are found to be among the more desirable materials. The III-V semiconductors and the low Curie temperature ferroelec-trics were found less desirable and, in some cases, marginal or even unacceptable for high-performance device applications.
Discursive practices as cultural resources: Formulating identities for individual and collective in an inclusive classroom setting

Abstract For this study I explored an elementary classroom with particular focus on how discursive practices became cultural resources for learners in formulating identities as individuals and group members. Through a Vygotskian perspective on development and learning, I focused on how using developing resources became consequential for both the collective and individuals. This study occurred over 4 years in a public professional development elementary school in partnership with an urban university in the Southwestern USA. I collected video taped data daily during the first 3 weeks of school each year, then periodically throughout the academic years. Data were analyzed from an Interactional Ethnographic approach to make visible how students negotiated meaning through their discursive practices. Focusing on a learning activity, the Network for Learning Conference, I examined how the discursive practices constructed by fifth graders became cultural resources for fourth-grade conference attendees. These resources were reformulated by the attendees the following year in their new context for learning. Results show that in this inclusive environment, an inquiry-based curriculum, and responsibility-based classroom governance system were factors that led to a responsible, respectful, and constructive classroom culture.
Chiral perturbation theory for the quenched approximation

Abstract We describe a technique for constructing the effective chiral theory for quenched QCD. The effective theory which results is a Lagrangian one, with a graded symmetry group which mixes Goldstone bosons and fermions, and with a definite set of Feynman rules. The techniques have been used to calculate chiral logarithms in f K f π , m π , and m K .
Can biting force be used as a criterion for registering vertical dimension

Abstract Boos designed an instrument for obtaining the vertical dimension of rest position. This instrument was based upon the premise that the greatest biting force is at the rest position. Results of various investigators arouse doubts as to whether this premise is correct. In our experiments no hyperbola-like curves were recorded. The use of the Bimeter is also limited because of the psychic influences of pain and apprehension. 8 *1 *The use of the Bimeter for determining vertical dimension was summarized by Jarabak
Cubic unipotent arthur parameters and multiplicities of square integrable automorphic forms

L(G(F )\G(A)) = Ld(G(F )\G(A))⊕ Lcont(G(F )\G(A)) into the direct sum of its discrete spectrum and its continuous spectrum. The theory of Eisenstein series reduces the description of Lcont(G(F )\G(A)) to that of the discrete spectrum of certain reductive subgroups of G, and thus the basic question is the understanding of the discrete spectrum Ld(G(F )\G(A)). The discrete spectrum has a further orthogonal decomposition
The importance of mate behavioural compatibility in parenting and reproductive success by cockatiels, Nymphicus hollandicus

In species with long-term pair relationships, behavioural compatibility between mates could be a significant source of selection among pairs. We explored the relation between behavioural compatibility and reproductive success in cockatiels, a socially monogamous species with biparental care and variable compatibility. The mate behavioural compatibility measure, derived from our previous work with these birds, was based on five pair-level variables: proximity, behavioural synchrony, copulation, allopreening responsiveness and total aggression. We operationally defined mates as more compatible when they showed greater proximity, synchrony, allopreening responsiveness and copulation frequencies and lower frequencies of aggression. Using a captive, seminatural population, we tested the following three interrelated hypotheses: (1) pairs with greater behavioural compatibility before breeding should have greater reproductive success; (2) among pairs that laid fertile eggs, pairs with greater behavioural compatibility should show better incubation coordination and (3) pairs with better incubation coordination should hatch more fertile eggs. Our results were consistent with these hypotheses. Pairs that laid eggs had significantly higher behavioural compatibility scores than did those that laid no eggs. Pairs with higher behavioural compatibility scores reared significantly more chicks to independence even after controlling for the effects of pair bond duration and parental age. Among pairs that laid fertile eggs, mates with higher behavioural compatibility scores had greater incubation coordination, measured by periods during which only one parent at a time attended the eggs, and greater hatching success of fertile eggs. Behavioural compatibility between mates in socially monogamous species may have reproductive consequences, and emergent behavioural features of pair relationships may have evolutionary significance.
Implications of increased deciduous cover on stand structure and aboveground carbon pools of Alaskan boreal forests

Fire activity in boreal forests has increased recently with climate warming, altering stand structure and composition in many areas. Changes in stand dynamics have the potential to alter C cycling and biophysical processes, with feedbacks to global and regional climate. Here, we assess the interactions between fire, stand structure, and aboveground C accumulation and storage within boreal forests of interior Alaska, where increased fire severity is predicted to shift forest composition from predominantly black spruce (Picea mariana) to greater deciduous cover. We measured aboveground biomass and net primary productivity (ANPP) of trees and large shrubs, snags, and downed woody debris across 44 mid-successional (20–59 years since fire) stands of varying deciduous importance value (IV), determined by relative density, basal area, and frequency of deciduous trees and large shrubs within each stand. Aboveground biomass, ANPP, and deciduous snag biomass increased significantly with increased deciduous IV and years since fire. Deciduous IV had little influence on evergreen snag biomass and downed woody debris, but both C pools decreased with years since fire. Forest type also affected stand structure and C pools. Black spruce stands had shorter trees with less basal area and aboveground biomass and slower rates of biomass accumulation and ANPP compared to those dominated by trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) or Alaska birch (Betula neoalaskana). These parameters in black spruce stands were similar to mixed stands of black spruce and aspen but were often lower than mixed stands of black spruce and Alaska birch. Much of the biomass accumulation in deciduous stands was attributed to higher tree-level ANPP, allowing individual stems of deciduous species to accumulate more stemwood/bark faster than black spruce trees. If increased fire activity shifts stand composition from black spruce to increased deciduous cover, ANPP, aboveground tree/large shrub biomass, and deciduous snag biomass will increase, leading to increased aboveground C pools in mid-successional forest stands of interior Alaska. While species dominance shifts like these will impact aboveground patterns of landscape-level C cycling in boreal forests, variations in soil C pools and forest properties like albedo must also be assessed to accurately determine implications for global and regional climate.
Statistical Considerations for Predicting Residual Value of Heavy Equipment

Residual value needs to be considered in owning cost calculations for used heavy construction equipment. Its dependency on factors such as manufacturer and model, equipment age, and condition rating can best be examined by analyzing real market data from equipment auctions. Macroeconomic indicators can also be included to examine any potential influence of the overall economy on auction prices. This paper discusses statistical considerations for performing such a residual value analysis. Considerations include the study type, data properties, identifying outlier observations, regression assumptions, and formulating and selecting an appropriate regression model using the adjusted coefficient of determination. A second-order polynomial of equipment age with additive factors appears promising as the final regression model. Adjusted confidence and prediction intervals are created to correctly display residual value. Cross-validation using randomly split halves of the dataset is performed. Actual data for medium track dozers are used to illustrate the validity of the methodology.
Using PET H2O15 brain imaging to study the functional–anatomical correlates of non-human primate communication

Abstract In this article, we describe methods for using oxygen-15 water (H 2 O 15 ) positron emission tomography (PET) to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognition in awake, non-human primates. The discussion is based on a recent study designed to identify regions in the monkey brain associated with perceiving auditory stimuli, and species-specific calls, in particular [Gil-da-Costa et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 17516–17521]. Details are provided concerning critical aspects of the experimental paradigm, including pre-scanning habituation sessions to acclimate the animals to the PET scanner environment, and details of a pilot study to determine the auditory stimulus parameters necessary to produce robust activity in brain regions known to process auditory information (belt and parabelt regions of monkey auditory cortex). Methods for acquiring and analyzing PET data to identify significant regions of brain activity in single animals are also presented.
What are numbers

This paper argues that (cardinal) numbers are originally given to us in the context ‘Fs exist n-wise’, and accordingly, numbers are certain manners or modes of existence, by addressing two objections both of which are due to Frege. First, the so-called Caesar objection will be answered by explaining exactly what kind of manner or mode numbers are. And then what we shall call the Functionality of Cardinality objection will be answered by establishing the fact that for any numbers m and n, if there are exactly m Fs and also there are exactly n Fs, then m = n.
Subproblem analysis of discrimination-shift learning

A new analysis of discrimination-shift learning is presented which is applicable to reversal (RS) vs extradimensional (EDS) shift comparisons in which stimulus pairing is unaltered throughout training. The analysis focuses on trial-by-trial performance on the individual pairs appearing in RS and in EDS. Applications of the analysis are presented which reveal that young children are likely to learn the pairs as independent subproblems, while older Ss treat the pairs as instances of a single problem. The former solution mode is found to be correlated with fast EDS and the latter mode with fast RS.
Preliminary examination of rabbit conjunctival mucins

Conjunctival mucins from albino rabbits were fractionated using gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography. Charge homogeneity of the various conjunctival mucin fractions was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight characteristics of the isolated fractions varied with the analytical scheme employed. Two schemes yielded mucins with molecular weights of 104, 105, and 106. However, when anion-exchange chromatography was the first step in the fractionation scheme, the dominant mucin had a molecular weight of 1.7 × 105. In contrast, when gel filtration chromatography was the first step, the dominant mucin had a molecular weight of 5.7 × 104. It was postulated that during migration through the anion-exchange matrix, the low molecular weight conjunctival mucin underwent trimer formation. Comparison with the mucin fractions isolated from tear mucoid threads revealed that the scheme beginning with anion-exchange chromatography preserved the fractionation pattern seen in tear mucoid threads. This result implies that conjunctival mucins undergo an association prior to or after their entry into the tear film. The molecular event of interest in this process is self-association of the species with a molecular weight of 5.7 × 104, resulting in a trimer with a molecular weight of 1.7 × 105. This trimer appears to resist deaggregation on exposure to a medium of lesser ionic strength. Several explanations are offered for its formation as well as for its stability. The implication of multiple conjunctival (tear) mucins for tear film stability also is discussed.
ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE NUCLEAR PAIR CORRELATION FUNCTION FROM THE HIGH ENERGY PHOTO-EFFECT

Abstract In accordance with Levinger's predictions, the absorption of a high energy photon frequently results in the simultaneous ejection of a neutron and proton. The present paper provides a theoretical analysis of this direct reaction which starts from first principles and is based on the following assumptions: (i) the impulse and closure approximations are valid, (ii) the photo-nuclear interaction is a sum of two-nucleon operators, and (iii) the pair correlation function is given by ∂ s ( r 1 , r 2 )|g( r 1 − r 2 )| 2 where ∂s is the shell model correlation function and g(x) contains those correlations directly due to nuclear forces. The cross section is then shown to be proportional to the probability for finding two nucleons with a certain total momentum in a relative S-state, the contributions from P-states being demonstrably small. The further assumptions required to relate the nuclear cross section to the one for photodissociation of deuterium are examined, while final state interactions are treated with an optical model. The theory is compared with the present data and found to be in good agreement. The type of further information required for ascertaining the validity of assumptions (ii) and (iii) is discussed, and a method for acquiring it suggested.
ILLINOIS COAL AND THE NEW ILLINOIS WATERWAY1

An investigation of conditions that will affect the transportation of coal on the proposed new Inland Waterway, with special attention to the Chicago Switching District, the chief consumer of Illinois coal.
Trends and Results in Tricuspid Valve Surgery

Forty-six tricuspid valve operations were performed over 12 years. Operations were conservative (two valvotomies, eight DeVega annuloplasties, seven Carpentier rings) in 17 and valve replacement (17 mechanicals, 12 tissues) in 29. Operative mortality rate was improved with better preoperative functional class, use of cardioplegia, or use of annuloplasty. Heart block occurred less with annuloplasty (6 vs 24 percent). Long-term survival was similar with annuloplasty or porcine valve replacement, but was poorer with mechanical valve replacement. Four of eight DeVega annuloplasties failed during the operative (two) or late (two) period. When the anatomy is suitable, we believe the Carpentier ring annuloplasty to be safe and effective. When valve replacement cannot be avoided, we believe replacement with a tissue valve is preferable.
Axonal transport analysis using Multitemporal Association Tracking.

Multitemporal Association Tracking (MAT) is a new graph-based method for multitarget tracking in biological applications that reduces the error rate and implementation complexity compared to approaches based on bipartite matching. The data association problem is solved over a window of future detection data using a graph-based cost function that approximates the Bayesian a posteriori association probability. MAT has been applied to hundreds of image sequences, tracking organelle and vesicles to quantify the deficiencies in axonal transport that can accompany neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington’s Disease and Multiple Sclerosis and to quantify changes in transport in response to therapeutic interventions.
Functional haemodynamic monitoring.

Purpose of reviewFunctional haemodynamic monitoring is the assessment of the dynamic interactions of haemodynamic variables in response to a defined perturbation.Recent findingsFluid responsiveness can be predicted during positive pressure breathing by variations in venous return or left ventricular
A rapid sensitive radioimmunoassay for rhodopsin: Development and application

Abstract Antisera have been raised against unbleached chromatographically pure bovine rhodopsin. A rapid sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been developed for rhodopsin. employing [ 125 I]rhodopsin labeled using the Bolton-Hunter reagent. Protein A-bearing Staphylococcus aureus cells are used to precipitate the immune complex. Subpicomolar amounts of rhodopsin can be determined when the RIA is performed in the dark using any of nine different detergents tested. When the RIA is performed using bleached rhodopsin, the results are dependent upon the detergent in which the assay is performed. Bleached rhodopsin is most immunologically similar to unbleached rhodopsin in the mildest detergents and less similar in harsher detergents. One and a half times more bleached rhodopsin is required to compete to the same extent as unbleached rhodopsin when the RIA is performed in digitonin. Results for other detergents are: sucrose monoester, 5.0; CHAPS, 64; sodium cholate, 91; octylglucoside, 250: Triton X-100, 430; Emulphogene, 570; Ammonyx LO ~ 14.000; CTAB, unmeasureable. Other species of rhodopsin were tested as competitors in the RIA. Pig rhodopsin is 1/100th as effective a competitor as bovine rhodopsin. rat 1/200th, and frog l/800th.
Kinetics of formation and disappearance of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene:DNA adducts in mouse epidermis.

The rates of formation and disappearance of 7,12-dimethylbenz( a )anthracene (DMBA):DNA adducts were analyzed in the epidermis of SENCAR mice over a 21-day time course. Mice were treated topically with 10 nmol of tritium-labeled DMBA per mouse at various times prior to sacrifice. Under these experimental conditions, total covalent binding of DMBA to epidermal DNA reached a peak at 24 h, and thereafter, DMBA:DNA adduct disappearance was biphasic. The early phase of DMBA:DNA adduct disappearance (Phase A) between 24 and 72 h had a half-life of 3.17 ± 1.1 days, whereas the later phase (Phase B) had a half-life of 6.46 ± 1.3 days. A comparison of the biphasic disappearance of total DMBA:DNA adducts with total benzo( a )pyrene:DNA adducts at comparable tumor-initiating doses ( i.e. , doses producing similar papilloma responses in SENCAR mice) revealed that the half-life for Phase A disappearance of benzo( a )pyrene:DNA adducts was ∼3 times faster than for DMBA:DNA adducts (1.08 ± 0.3 days versus 3.17 ± 1.1 days), respectively. Phase B disappearance of DNA adducts was essentially identical for both hydrocarbons and was similar to the rate of loss of label in epidermal DNA due to cell turnover. The rates of formation and disappearance of the three major DNA adducts derived from DMBA were also examined. Peaks II ( syn -diol-epoxide deoxyadenosine) and III ( anti -diol-epoxide deoxyadenosine) disappeared more rapidly than Peak I ( anti -diol-epoxide deoxyguanosine) beyond 24 h. The data support the conclusion that, for a particular hydrocarbon such as DMBA, deoxyadenosine adducts disappear from epidermal DNA faster than the corresponding deoxyguanosine adducts. In addition, the data suggest that, at the doses used, total DMBA:DNA adducts disappear initially more slowly from epidermal DNA than benzo( a )pyrene:DNA adducts.
On the Interpretation, Robustness, and Power of Varieties of Case-Only Tests of Gene-Environment Interaction

The author addresses issues related to interpretation of the parameters in the proposed case-only linear regression approach to testing for gene-environment interaction recently considered by Clarke and Morris (Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(4):498-505). He also considers the robustness of their likelihood ratio test to violation of the assumption of Gaussian regression residuals under the null hypothesis of no interaction; shows how their approach can be extended to a more general class of regression models; and derives the optimal interaction test statistic for this class of regression models. Finally, the author briefly discusses case-only doubly robust methods recently proposed by Tchetgen Tchetgen and Robins (Biometrics. 2010;Mar 11).
Imaging-guided acute ischemic stroke therapy: From "time is brain" to "physiology is brain"

The number of potential patients who are actually treated for acute ischemic stroke is disappointingly low, and effective treatments are making a minor impact on this major public health problem. Imaging is not regularly used to identify the ischemic penumbra, a key concept in stroke physiology, though it is capable of doing so in a clinically relevant manner. Evidence is accumulating that identification of the ischemic penumbra and making treatment decisions on the basis of its presence provide substantial benefit to patient outcomes. Moreover, the same studies suggest that an unexpectedly large proportion of patients are suitable for therapy well past the traditional time windows because of the existence of a substantial ischemic penumbra. Modern MR imaging and CT systems, now widely available, are capable of answering the most relevant physiologic questions in acute ischemic stroke. This capability presents new opportunities and responsibilities to neuroradiologists to make appropriate imaging readily available and to have the imaging data rapidly processed and interpreted. In this article, acute ischemic stroke therapy, including the role of imaging in current medical practice, is reviewed, and an evidence-based alternative to contemporary acute ischemic stroke therapy is suggested.
First-passage percolation, semi-directed bernoulli percolation, and failure in brittle materials

We present a two-dimensional, quasistatic model of fracture in disordered brittle materials that contains elements of first-passage percolation, i.e., we use a minimum-energy-consumption criterion for the fracture path. The first-passage model is employed in conjunction with a "semi-directed" Bernoulli percolation model, for which we calculate critical properties such as the correlation length exponent vsdir and the percolation threshold pcsdir. Among other results, our numerics suggest that vSdir is exactly 3/2, which lies between the corresponding known values in the literature for usual and directed Bernoulli percolation. We also find that the well-known scaling relation between the "wandering" and energy fluctuation exponents breaks down in the vicinity of the threshold for semi-directed percolation. For a restricted class of materials, we study the dependence of the fracture energy (toughness) on the width of the distribution of the specific fracture energy and find that it is quadratic in the width for small widths for two different random fields, suggesting that this dependence may be universal.
Stabilization of Glucose in Blood Samples: Why It Matters

In this issue of Clinical Chemistry , Gambino et al. (1) describe careful studies of a blood-collection container that stabilizes the concentration of glucose in blood samples. At a time of an increasing disease burden attributable to diabetes and the use of lower glucose concentrations than in the past for the diagnosis of diabetes, this study and its findings are especially important. Measurements of glucose are used worldwide to diagnose diabetes and to identify patients at risk of developing diabetes [e.g., (2)(3)]. For both diagnosis and risk assessment, fixed cutpoints of plasma glucose concentrations are used to classify patients and to make decisions regarding management. For this reason, all steps in the analytical process require careful attention. Clinical chemists in hospital laboratories and diagnostic companies have made great strides in improving the measurement of glucose. With the use of enzymatic methods and sophisticated analyzers with stable optics, electronics, fluid handling, and other components, central clinical laboratories routinely achieve an astoundingly low within-laboratory imprecision (CV) of 1%–2%. [Glucose meters do not fare so well and are not recommended for diagnosis of diabetes (4).] By contrast, the preanalytical issues surrounding glucose measurements have not been solved. The loss of glucose in blood samples has been studied for many years (5). Glucose is lost through glycolysis at a rate of 5%–7%/h at concentrations near the reference interval. In absolute terms, a loss in glucose of about 0.67 mmol/L (12 mg/dL) occurs at a concentration of 5.55 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) after 2 h at room temperature (6). Higher rates of loss occur commonly, such as with increased ambient temperature and in samples with high white blood cell counts. In 1923, Major introduced potassium fluoride as a potent inhibitor of glycolysis (7), and fluoride, usually as NaF, has been used for decades to …
Low power mode in cloud storage systems

We consider large scale, distributed storage systems with a redundancy mechanism; cloud storage being a prime example. We investigate how such systems can reduce their power consumption during low-utilization time intervals by operating in a low-power mode. In a low power mode, a subset of the disks or nodes are powered down, yet we ask that each data item remains accessible in the system; this is called full coverage. The objective is to incorporate this option into an existing system rather than redesign the system. When doing so, it is crucial that the low power option should not affect the performance or other important characteristics of the system during full-power (normal) operation. This work is a comprehensive study of what can or cannot be achieved with respect to full coverage low power modes. The paper addresses this question for generic distributed storage systems (where the key component under investigation is the placement function of the system) as well as for specific popular system designs in the realm of storing data in the cloud. Our observations and techniques are instrumental for a wide spectrum of systems, ranging from distributed storage systems for the enterprise to cloud data services. In the cloud environment where low cost is imperative, the effects of such savings are magnified by the large scale.