cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Imaging of laser-polarized solid xenon

The enhanced spin polarization produced by optical pumping of gaseous rubidium/xenon samples has made possible a number of recent experiments in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Here we report MRI of laser-polarized xenon in the solid phase at low temperature. Due to the high xenon density in the solid phase and the enhanced spin polarization, it is possible to achieve high intensity and spatial resolution of the image. Signals were observed from xenon films solidified onto the glass container walls and not from an enclosed chili pepper.
The effect of some quanternary ammonium compounds and local anaesthetics on the electrogenic component of the sodium pump in mammalian non-myelinated nerve fibres.

Abstract A study has been made of the effect of some quaternary ammonium compounds and of local anaesthetics on the electrogenic component of the sodium pump in non-myelinated fibres of the desheathed rabbit vagus nerve. Neither group of compounds was found to affect this metabolic response.
Disseminated hepatic and splenic lesions in cat-scratch disease: imaging features.

Cat-scratch disease is a bacterial infection that usually affects children and adolescents after being scratched by a domestic cat [1]. The disease manifests itself most commonly as a unilateral regional lymphadenitis. Hepatic and splenic involvement are unusual manifestations [2]. We report the CT features of cat-scratch disease of the liver and spleen in one patient. In addition, we report the CT features in three patients and the sonographic features in two other patients with catscratch disease.
Solvent-Dependent Cage Dynamics of Small Nonpolar Radicals: Lessons from the Photodissociation and Geminate Recombination of Alkylcobalamins

Time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy was used to investigate the primary geminate recombination and cage escape of alkyl radicals in solution over a temperature range from 0 to 80 °C. Ra...
Kinetics of binding of Co2+ to apoalkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli

Abstract The kinetics of the binding of Co 2+ to apoalkaline phosphatase from Escherichia coli have been followed by stopped flow spectroscopy of the tyrosines and bound Co 2+ , revealing three well-separated kinetic phases with time constants in the milliseconds, seconds, and minutes time ranges. Four Co 2+ are bound per dimer judging from the saturation behavior of an isomerization reaction linked to a rapid metal binding step. These Co 2+ are distributed in pairs to each of two different types of binding sites distinguishable by their participation in two different isomerization-linked transients in the seconds and minutes time ranges, respectively. Two of the observed isomerizations are tentatively assigned to subtle protein conformational changes since they are reflected in both the Co 2+ and aromatic amino acid chromophores but not by changes in ORD, CD, viscosity, or ultracentrifugation properties. They may therefore represent local changes in regions of the protein near the metal sites.
Quantum chemical study of HCN dimer and its role in chemical evolution

Abstract An Extended Huckel Self Consistent Charge (EH-SCC) molecular orbital calculation has been made for eight geometric conformations of the two tautomeric forms of hydrogen cyanide dimer: amino cyanomethylene and cyanoformaldimine, both of which are possible precursors in abiotic syntheses of purines and proteins. In addition to their relative energies, we have determined such properties as the dipole moment, first ionization potential and lowest lying electronic transitions for each of the eight conformations. The main focus of attention in this paper is however a comparison of the chemical properties of the lowest energy conformations for each tautomeric form, deduced from the bonding picture which emerges from the MO calculation. Since no form of the dimer has ever been definitively isolated, our predicted properties are compared with some indirect observations and also with the known behaviour of other related amine, imine and methylene compounds. Also, based on their predicted chemical reactivities, the possible role of each hydrogen cyanide dimer tautomeric form in abiotic synthesis is discussed.
Colorimetric estimation of some cholinergic esters; application to the demonstration of acetylcholinesterase activity.

A procedure for the estimation of acetylcholine, Mecholyl, and succinylcholine by the use of the Schonemann reaction is described. Using this procedure acetyl-cholinesterase activity and inhibition thereof may be demonstrated by estimation of residual acetylcholine. The theory and scope of the Schonemann reaction in its application to the estimation of choline-type acetates, succinylcholine, and other esters is discussed. The unusual reactivity of the choline-type acetates to hydrogen peroxide, as indicated by a positive Schonemann reaction, is attributed to a unique stabilization of the activated complex by the quaternary nitrogen and perhydroxyl groupings.
Evidence for restricted Vβ usage in the leukemic phase of cutaneous T cell lymphoma

Antibodies directed against the β chain of the T cell receptor (anti-Vβ antibodies) are useful to identify the Vβ repertoire of T cells in various diseases and to quantify numbers of Vβ-bearing T cells. The goals of this study were to identify Vβ+ cases of leukemic phase cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and to compare the percentage of positive calls with other measures of blood tumor burden, i.e., lymphocyte subsets with a CD4+CD7- and CD4+CD26- phenotype and Sezary cell counts. Thirty-three of 49 (67%) cases of leukemic CTCL reacted with an anti-Vβ antibody. When combined with reports from the literature, the frequency of Vβ5 (probably Vβ5.1) usage was relatively high when compared with Vβ2 that is also frequently expressed by normal CD4+ T cells. The percentage of Vβ+ cells correlated to the percentage of CD4+CD7- and CD4+CD26- cells for cases in which the neoplastic cells were deficient in expression of CD7 and CD26, respectively, but not the Sezary cell count. We hypothesize that the increased Vβ5.1 usage in CTCL may be the result of depletion of Vβ2 and other Vβ-bearing T cells by staphylococcal superantigens prior to neoplastic transformation, resulting in a relative increase in the frequency of Vβ5.1 usage in CTCL.
Seabird distribution, abundance and diets in the eastern and central Aleutian Islands

We examined the hypothesis that seabird distribution, abundance and diets differ among the eastern and central Aleutian Islands in response to distinct marine environments and energy pathways in each region. Research cruises were conducted in June 2001 and May-June 2002. We determined the distribution, abundance, diet and prey consumption of seabirds, and related these to zooplankton abundance and water masses that possess different physical properties. We found that distribution, abundance and diets of seabirds could be partitioned into two regions that correspond to marine environments determined by the extent of the Alaska Coastal Current along the eastern and central Aleutian Islands. Short-tailed shearwaters (Puffinus tenuirostris) were the most abundant seabird in the coastal waters of the eastern Aleutian Islands, and northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) were the most abundant seabird in the oceanic waters of the central Aleutian Islands. Seabird communities in the central and eastern Aleutian Islands were likely associated with different food webs. In the central Aleutian Islands, short-tailed shearwaters and northern fulmars consumed shelf-break species of euphausiids (Thyssanoesa longipes) and oceanic copepods (Neocalanus cristatus), respectively; in the eastern Aleutian Islands, both short-tailed shearwaters and northern fulmars consumed shelf species of euphausiids (T. inermis). Carbon transport to seabirds was highest in Unimak and Akutan Passes where shearwaters removed large quantities of shelf euphausiids, followed by Samalga and Seguam Passes where northern fulmars removed large amounts of oceanic copepods. © 2005 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Physiologic intervention in cardiovascular nuclear medicine

Homeostasis of cardiac output is maintained by a complex integration of many physiologic responses, both central and peripheral, including pulse, the contractile state of the ventricle, and pre-and afterload. In the abnormal ventricle at rest, any of all of the measurable parameters that define left ventricular function may be normal. However, in disease states, exercise can provoke abnormalities in these parameters indicating a reduction in myocardial reserve. Regional asynergy occurs in patients with significant ischemic heart disease during exercise reflecting a local supply-demand mismatch. Recently, radionuclide ventriculography has been combined with exercise techniques in attempts to elucidate details of the normal and abnormal ventricular response to stress noninvasively. The majority of data describe the response of the ventricle during graded supine bicycle exercise. The normal response is to increase myocardial contractility reducing end-systolic volume, while end-diastolic volume remains constant. This results in an increase in ejection fraction. In ischemic ventricles, regional asynergy develops and ejection fractions may either fall or fail to rise. This appears to be accomplished by an increase or no change in the end-diastolic volume, with an increase in end-systolic volume, particularly in paitens with angina during exercise. Radionuclide methods can be applied to large numbers of patients providing information that is nuobtainable by more invasive procedures. This review traces the development of knowledge of the ventricular response to exercise, emphasizing the role of radionuclide ventriculography. Although radionuclide angiography has the capacity for advancing the understanding of the ventricular response to exercise, the technical limitations of this technique in specific diagnostic conditions has yet to be defined adequately.
Critical factor analysis: An exploratory general model for understanding diverse systems

Critical Factor Analysis (CFA) is presented as an exploratory general model for uniting the sciences and the humanities through identification and use of critical factors common to both. Two primary and eight subordinate critical factors, with corresponding principles, are identified and placed in a model that can be used for prediction, analysis, and design of systems. Use of CFA could conceivably raise system IQ, reduce unnecessary variety, and assist with the general acceptance of systems science.
Two Pitfalls of Using Standard Regression Diagnostics When Both X and Y Have Measurement Error

Abstract Modern exploratory data analysis produces models that are not based on physical theory but that are consistent with pictures of the data. When both X and Y have error this can be risky, because important features are hidden. Two examples are given that show that systematic model departures and heteroscedasticity may not be detectable with standard regression diagnostics.
Parent Training: Equivalent Improvement in Externalizing Behavior for Children With and Without Familial Risk

Objective The Incredible Years Series intervention has demonstrated efficacy for decreasing conduct disorder (CD) symptomatology in clinically affected youth in multiple randomized controlled trials. Because children with family psychiatric histories of antisocial behavior are at markedly increased risk for enduring symptoms of antisocial behavior (compared with their counterparts with a negative family history), the authors examined whether intervention effects across studies would prevail in that subgroup or would be relatively restricted to children without genetic risk. Method A reanalysis was conducted of 5 randomized controlled trials of Incredible Years involving 280 clinically affected children 3 to 8 years of age for whom a family psychiatric history of externalizing behavior in first- and second-degree relatives was ascertained from at least 1 parent. Results Incredible Years equally benefitted children with CD with and without family psychiatric histories of externalizing behavior. Family psychiatric history of externalizing behavior and parental depressive symptomatology predicted greater severity of CD symptomatology at baseline. Conclusion The beneficial effects of IY are evident in children with CD, irrespective of whether their conditions are more or less attributable to inherited susceptibility to enduring antisocial syndromes. A next phase of research should address whether earlier implementation of group-based education for parents of young children at increased familial risk for antisocial behavior syndromes—before the development of disruptive patterns of behavior—would result in even more pronounced effects and thereby constitute a cost-effective, targeted, preventive intervention for CD.
Food and Feeding Habits of Gizzard Shad in Pool 19, Mississippi River

Abstract Examination of 344 of 1,368 gizzard shad captured mainly with gill nets during 1966–67 showed that intensive feeding began in April or early May and ended by early September. There appeared to be little correlation between diurnal activity and food consumption. Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae), sand and unidentified material were the most abundant items found in larger gizzard shad. Larger shad captured in open waters consumed a larger percentage of bottom organisms, particularly fingernail clams, than did smaller shad. Comparison of numbers of fingernail clams (less than 5 mm long) in bottom samples versus volume of sphaeriids consumed by shad in the same areas revealed greater consumption in open water habitat where clam populations were highest. A significant weight difference at a given length was found between shad captured during summer from shallow water versus those from open water habitat, presumedly correlated with feeding habits.
Impact-parameter dependence of inner-shell ionization cross sections induced by protons and He ions in the energy range 0.4–2.0 MeV/u

The impact-parameter dependence of the {ital K}-shell ionization cross section has been measured for protons and {sup 3}He ions incident on thin-foil targets of Ti, Ni, and Cu at selected energies in the region from 0.4 to 2.0 MeV/u. Comparison is made of these experimentally determined values with the results of a recently developed theoretical model in which the electron binding energy and initial-state wave function are allowed to respond in a time-dependent fashion to the field of the projectile as a function of its position along a hyperbolic Coulomb trajectory. Generally good agreement between the theoretical and experimental values is obtained. A comparison between the results of this theoretical model and two other published theoretical results and with experimental data for 0.5-MeV {ital p} in Cu is also shown. Remarkably close agreement is seen, particularly between the predictions of the rather disparate theoretical models. Measurements for a single system, 2.0-MeV {ital p} in Sm, involving ionization from the {ital L} shell, are also reported.
Distinct water-exchange mechanisms for trinuclear transition-metal clusters.

Mechanisms for water exchange from the bioxo-capped M−M-bonded trinuclear clusters, [M3(μ3-O)2(μ-O2CCH3)6(OH2)3]2+ [M = Mo(IV) and W(IV)], were investigated using high-pressure 17O NMR and compared to our previous work on a similar Rh(III) trimer. Reaction rates decrease by more than a factor of 2 when pressure is increased from 6 to 250 MPa for the Mo(IV) trimer, while exchange rates increase by less than a factor of 1.2 (10−229 MPa) for the W(IV) trimer. From the pressure dependence of the reaction rate, activation volumes (ΔV⧧) were calculated to be ΔV⧧ = +8.0 (±0.4) cm3 mol-1 and ΔV⧧ = −1.9 (±0.2) cm3 mol-1 for the Mo(IV) cluster and W(IV) cluster, respectively, which is the largest difference (∼10 cm3 mol-1) in activation volumes for any pair of 4d−5d (and 3d−4d) transition metal species located within the same group of the periodic table. If we interpret these activation volumes in terms of Swaddle's semiempirical model, which he established for simple octahedral monomers (Associative (A) = ΔV⧧ ≈ −1...
Structural Studies of (Ca,Sr)F2 Single Crystals with Raman and NMR Spectroscopies

Single crystal CaF2 is the material of choice for optics in the vacuum UV, due in part to its high transmission at these wavelengths. Unfortunately, as the wavelengths decrease, intrinsic birefringence (also referred to as spatial dispersion) can become larger than the target birefringence for precision optics at 157 nm, even for a cubic material such as CaF2. One elegant solution to this problem is to capitalize on opposite signs for this intrinsic birefringence, such as mixing SrF2 or BaF2 with CaF2. If the proper fluorides are mixed with the correct concentration, the intrinsic birefringence of the mixed single crystals can be minimized. It is also important that the resulting mixed single crystal maintain the high symmetry of CaF2, which requires that the cations mix randomly in the CaF2 structure. We show through Raman and NMR spectroscopic studies that this random mixing of cations can be achieved for mixed (Ca,Sr)F2 single crystals. A single Raman band is observed for all mixed crystals, which changes in both position and width upon addition of SrF2 to CaF2. 19F NMR spectra also reflect a random distribution of cations around the different fluorine environments in the mixed crystals.
Investigating Classic Lac Repressor-Dna Looping Experiments Using a Computational Rod Model

Protein mediated DNA looping is a well known gene regulatory mechanism. A commonly studied system that controls gene expression is lactose repressor (LacI) induced DNA looping. In two in vitro studies, the Muller-Hill group investigates how the lac repressor protein in E. coli forms loops with linear and cyclized DNA. Their experiments analyzed LacI induced looping on linear DNA over a wide range of interoperator lengths (6-21 helical turns) and on supercoiled DNA minicircles of 452 base pairs. In these experiments, electron microscopy, non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis, and DNase I protection experiments were used to detect loop formation, estimate loop size, quantify loop stability, and for supercoiled DNA to detect loop topology (ΔLk). In our study, we exercise our computational rod model to make side-by-side comparisons of our predictions with their experimental observations. By making comparisons, we look to understand the energetic cost of loop formation and the resulting topology of the looped complex.
Reversed hemispheric asymmetry during simple visual perception in schizophrenia

Processing of sensory information in the human brain progresses from primary areas, dedicated to a single sensory feature, to multimodal areas, which integrate many features across sensory modalities. For some of these processes hemispheric dominance has developed. Here we report the results of a passive viewing task using positron emission tomography. Subjects were scanned twice while staring at a stationary visual noise pattern. Normal subjects showed a significant reduction of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in a distributed right hemisphere network of brain regions during the second visual task. Schizophrenic subjects, however, showed significant increases of right hemisphere rCBF during the second visual task and showed significant decreases only in the left hemisphere. These results are consistent with the notion of reversed hemispheric asymmetry during the processing of sensory information in schizophrenia.
THEOLOGICAL NATURALISM AND THE NATURE OF RELIGION: ON NOT BEGGING THE QUESTION

. Too many theologies beg the question about the nature of religion by building metaphysically substantive assumptions into its description. Typically these assumptions are: the object of religious devotion must be both absolute and personal, final causality must be true, and there must be a cosmic conservation of value. Theological naturalism, exemplified in the thought of Henry Nelson Wieman, articulates an entirely formal, yet not substantively empty, conception of religion which does not beg these questions and which is consequently more descriptively adequate to the nature of religion. It cannot therefore be assumed, without begging the question, that religious adequacy requires the metaphysical falsity of philosophical naturalism.
Splenomesenteric vein: formally recognising a clinically relevant section of the portal venous drainage system.

Background and aims: The objective of this study was to identify and examine a common vein in the portal system that is not consistently named, and when named, to assess whether fundamental concepts were applied in the process of naming. Essentially, the portal venous system drains 3 regions of the gastrointestinal system into 3 major veins (superior mesenteric — SMV, splenic — SV, and inferior mesenteric — IMV) ultimately forming the portal vein (PV). The SMV is formed from midgut veins generally representing the right side of the abdomen. The IMV is formed from hindgut veins generally representing the left side of the lower abdomen and pelvis, classically draining into the SV. The SV is formed from the foregut veins and generally accepts the IMV. The SV then joins the superior mesenteric vein to become the PV. Materials and methods: Sixty cadavers were dissected to observe the frequency of this morphology. Current anatomy and atlas texts were reviewed to identify the morphology and nomenclature. Results: Observations from this study identified a vein being formed from the convergence of the SV and IMV the author named “splenomesenteric vein”, which joins the superior mesenteric to form the PV. Conclusions: These findings suggest re-evaluating the morphology and nomenclature of this structure because of the pathology and clinical relevance of this area.
Protective Parroting: A Rejoinder to Atalia Omer

AbstractAtalia Omer’s essay “In the Critic vs. Caretaker Dichotomy A Magic Dwells: Parroting McCutcheon, Policing ‘Religion’ (A Rejoinder to Merinda Simmons)” responds to my MTSR article “Regulating Identities: The Silences of Critical Caretaking.” In this rejoinder to her response, I answer to her main critiques of my article, and I suggest that her distinction between the academy and “the real world” is a problematic one that exempts, and thus protects, scholarship from critique.
Electrocardiographic and serum enzyme changes of myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Serial preoperative and postoperative electrocardiograms were obtained in 50 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, 15 undergoing aortic valve replacement and 13 undergoing mitral valve surgery. Postoperative infarction was defined as the appearance of new Q waves on the postoperative electrocardiogram. Infarction occurred in 5 of 50 patients (10 percent) who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery. Age, preoperative hypertension or a pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram did not correlate with infarction. Coronary disease was more severe in patients with than in those without infarction (mean of 3.2 vessels with 50 percent stenosis compared to 2.4 vessels). There was no correlation with bypass time or use of cross-clamping of the aorta during surgery. Postoperatively, 4 of 5 patients (80 percent) with infarction had serum values for glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) of more than 200 and more than 2,000 international units, respectively, whereas 3 of 45 (7 percent) without infarction had this pattern (P < 0.001). Of patients undergoing aortic valve replacement, 3 of 15 (20 percent) had postoperative infarction. All 3 of these patients had a serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase value of more than 200 and a creatine phosphokinase value of more than 2,000 units, compared to 2 of 12 (17 percent) without infarction. None of the 12 patients who underwent mitral valve surgery had postoperative infarction, and none had a serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase value of more than 200 or a creatine phosphokinase value of more than 2,000 units. Myocardial infarction after coronary artery bypass surgery is more likely in patients with at least three-vessel disease but appears to be unrelated to pump time or aortic cross-clamping. Localized snaring or clamping of coronary arteries may be important. Postoperative serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and creatine phosphokinase levels correlate with electrocardiographic evidence of infarction.
Nitric Oxide Activity in the Atherosclerotic Human Coronary Circulation

Abstract Objectives. We determined the activity of nitric oxide at rest and after acetylcholine in the atherosclerotic human coronary circulation. Background. Although responses to acetylcholine, an endothelium-dependent vasodilator, are abnormal in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, whether this reflects abnormal nitric oxide activity in humans in vivo has not been investigated previously. Methods. We investigated the effects of intracoronary l -NG-monomethyl arginine ( l -NMMA), a specific antagonist of nitric oxide synthesis, on coronary vascular resistance and epicardial coronary artery diameter at rest and after acetylcholine in 24 patients with coronary artery disease and in 12 subjects with angiographically normal coronary arteries who were free from atherosclerotic risk factors. Results. With l -NMMA, the 13 ± 4% (mean ± SEM) increase in coronary vascular resistance and the 4 ± 1% lumen diameter narrowing in atherosclerotic patients were lower than the 38 ± 9% increase in resistance and the 15 ± 2% decrease in diameter (both p l -NMMA inhibited acetylcholine-induced epicardial and microvascular vasodilation in both patient groups, but the inhibition was greater in normal control subjects than in atherosclerotic patients, indicating that stimulation of nitric oxide activity by acetylcholine is reduced in atherosclerotic patients compared with normal control subjects. Coronary vascular dilation with sodium nitroprusside was similar in both groups and was not suppressed by l -NMMA. Furthermore, l -arginine reversed the constrictor effects of l -NMMA, indicating that the action of l -NMMA is specifically caused by inhibition of nitric oxide production from l -arginine. Conclusions. These findings indicate that 1) there is a reduced basal activity of nitric oxide in the human atherosclerotic epicardial and microvascular coronary circulation; and 2) acetylcholine-induced coronary vascular dilation is at least partly due to stimulation of the activity of nitric oxide, and the reduced response to acetylcholine is due to attenuation in the stimulated activity of nitric oxide in patients with atherosclerosis. (J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29:308–17)
Symptom assessment in early psychosis: the use of well-established rating scales in clinical high-risk and recent-onset populations

Symptom assessment in early psychosis research typically relies on scales validated in chronic schizophrenia samples. Our goal was to inform investigators who are selecting symptom scales for early psychosis research. We described measure characteristics, baseline scores, and scale inter-relationships in clinical-high-risk (CHR) and recent-onset psychotic disorder (RO) samples using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms; for the CHR group only, we included the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms. For investigators selecting symptom measures in intervention or longitudinal studies, we also examined the relationship of symptom scales with psychosocial functioning. In both samples, symptom subscales in the same domain, across measures, were moderately to highly intercorrelated. Within all measures, positive symptoms were not correlated with negative symptoms, but disorganized symptoms overlapped with both positive and negative symptoms. Functioning was significantly related to negative and disorganized, but not positive, symptoms in both samples on most measures. Findings suggest strong overlap in symptom severity ratings among the most common scales. In recent-onset samples, each has strengths and weaknesses. In CHR samples, they appear to add little information above and beyond the SOPS.
Victims and the Criminal Justice System: The Vagaries of Integration:

In the U.S., some claim victim integration into criminal justice is nearly complete, as evidenced by the implementation of various victim rights and service programs nationwide. Others claim integr...
Reducing radiation dose in emergency computed tomography with automatic exposure control techniques.

Computed tomography (CT) scanning is being increasingly used for evaluation of trauma, which most commonly involves younger individuals. As younger patients are at higher risk for radiation-induced cancer compared to older patients, radiation dose reduction is an important issue in emergency CT scanning. With automatic exposure control techniques, users select a desired image quality and the system adapts tube current to obtain the desired image quality with greater radiation dose efficiency. These techniques can help in reducing radiation dose by 10–60% in most instances. This review article presents a comprehensive description of fundamentals, clinical applications and radiation dose benefits of automatic exposure control in emergency CT scanning.
A rodent model for Wilms tumors: embryonal kidney neoplasms induced by N-nitroso-N'-methylurea

Abstract Embryonal kidney cell tumors develop in rats given the alkylating agent N-nitroso-N'-methylurea as neonates. These tumors resemble the childhood Wilms tumors in their histopathology. Deletions and mutations in the Wilms tumor suppressor gene, WT1, are present in up to 6% of childhood nephroblastomas. To investigate the role of WT1 in rat kidney tumorigenesis, we studied the genetic alterations in WT1 and its target genes. Point mutations were found in WT1 cDNA in 7 of 18 kidney tumors. Mesenchymal tumors contained G-->A transition mutations in codons 128, 364, and 372, typical of the methylating action of N-nitroso-N'-methylurea on DNA. Each of the four nephroblastomas contained the same T-->A mutation at codon 111 of WT1, reflective of transversion mutagenesis by N-nitroso-N'-methylurea in vivo. Like Wilms tumors, mRNA levels of WT1, IGF2, Pax-2, and MK genes were higher than newborn kidney in the majority of the tumors. The histopathology of the rat kidney tumors and the genetic alterations are reminiscent of those observed in Wilms tumors, establishing this as a relevant model system for the human disease.
Characterization of antigen-specific suppressor factors induced by staphylococcal enterotoxin B.

Abstract Previous studies from this laboratory have shown that staphylococcal entertoxin B (SEB) has the capacity to nonspecifically induce multiple T suppressor cell populations which are capable of regulating both primary and secondary in vitro antibody responses. Additional studies have revealed that the suppressive activity of these cells is mediated, at least in part, by an I-J-restricted suppressor-inducer factor. Efforts to characterize the specificity of this inducer molecule have demonstrated the presence of multiple antigen-specific suppressor factors within SEB-stimulated supernatants. Antigen-binding molecules present within these SEB-induced factor preparations were isolated and concentrated over antigen-coupled columns. The results have demonstrated that eluates from trinitrophenyl-ovalbumin and trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin-coupled columns significantly suppress both primary and secondary anti-TNP plaque-forming colony responses, whereas the filtrates from these columns demonstrated little to no inhibitory activity. The filtrates, but not eluates, from these columns exhibited significant suppressive activity for anti-poly( l -Phe, l -Glu)-poly- dl -Ala-poly- l -Lys, anti-azobenzenearsonate, and anti-sheep red blood cell antibody responses. Additional studies using eluates and filtrates from a variety of antigen-coated columns have demonstrated that suppressor factors of multiple antigenic specificities are present within SEB-induced supernatants. These studies suggest that SEB polyclonally activates antigen-specific suppressor cells which produce suppressor factors which specifically regulate the antibody response.
HORACE, ODES 3.27: A NEW WORLD FOR GALATEA

Horace, Odes 3.27 consists of two relatively distinct parts: a long farewell to a woman named Galatea, and an even longer retelling of the myth of Europa. Europa's story is staged as an analogy to Galatea's situation (v. 25 sic et Europe…) but the apparently awkward comparison has long failed to satisfy readers. This paper reconsiders the poem in the light of a recent development in imperial geography, the transformation of Galatia in Asia Minor into a vast new Roman province in 25 BCE, and examines some of the implications of the proposed affinity between Galatea and Galatia.
A Neuromorphic Controller for a Distillation Column

This paper investigates the design of a neural network based controller to control the concentration of the overhead and bottom product in the model of a distillation column. Satisfactory computer simulation results of this approach are obtained.
The survival of a mathematician

A successful mathematical career involves doing good mathematics, to be sure, but also requires a wide range of skills that are not normally taught in graduate school. The purpose of this book is to provide guidance to the professional mathematician in how to develop and survive in the profession. There is information on how to begin a research program, how to apply for a grant, how to get tenure, how to teach, and how to get along with one's colleagues. After tenure, there is information on how to direct a Ph.D. student, how to serve on committees, and how to serve in various posts in the math department. There is extensive information on how to serve as Chairman. There is also material on trouble areas: sexual harassment, legal matters, disputes with colleagues, dealing with the dean, and so forth.One of the themes of the book is how to have a fulfilling professional life. In order to achieve this goal, Krantz discusses keeping a vigorous scholarly program going and finding new challenges, as well as dealing with the everyday tasks of research, teaching, and administration. In short, this is a survival manual for the professional mathematician - both in academics and in industry and government agencies. It is a sequel to the author's ""A Mathematician's Survival Guide"".
Dim Nighttime Illumination Interacts With Parametric Effects of Bright Light to Increase the Stability of Circadian Rhythm Bifurcation in Hamsters

The endogenous circadian pacemaker of mammals is synchronized to the environmental day by the ambient cycle of relative light and dark. The present studies assessed the actions of light in a novel circadian entrainment paradigm where activity rhythms are bifurcated following exposure to a 24-h light:dark:light:dark (LDLD) cycle. Bifurcated entrainment under LDLD reflects the temporal dissociation of component oscillators that comprise the circadian system and is facilitated when daily scotophases are dimly lit rather than completely dark. Although bifurcation can be stably maintained in LDLD, it is quickly reversed under constant conditions. Here the authors examine whether dim scotophase illumination acts to maintain bifurcated entrainment under LDLD through potential interactions with the parametric actions of bright light during the two daily photophases. In three experiments, wheel-running rhythms of Syrian hamsters were bifurcated under LDLD with dimly lit scotophases, and after several weeks, dim scotophase illumination was either retained or extinguished. Additionally, “full” and “skeleton” photophases were employed under LDLD cycles with dimly lit or completely dark scotophases to distinguish parametric from nonparametric effects of bright light. Rhythm bifurcation was more stable in full versus skeleton LDLD cycles. Dim light facilitated the maintenance of bifurcated entrainment under full LDLD cycles but did not prevent the loss of rhythm bifurcation in skeleton LDLD cycles. These studies indicate that parametric actions of bright light maintain the bifurcated entrainment state; that dim scotophase illumination increases the stability of the bifurcated state; and that dim light interacts with the parametric effects of bright light to increase the stability of rhythm bifurcation under full LDLD cycles. A further understanding of the novel actions of dim light may lead to new strategies for understanding, preventing, and treating chronobiological disturbances. (Author correspondence: jevans@msm.edu)
Methionine and Sulfate Increase a Bowman-Birk-Type Protease Inhibitor and Its Messenger RNA in Soybeans

A soybean cotyledon cDNA library was screened for clones representing RNAs that were more abundant in cotyledons grown on methionine-supplemented medium than in those grown on unsupplemented (basal) medium. Three isolated clones encoded the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBPI). RNA gel blot hybridization confirmed that the BBPI mRNA level is increased by methionine (Met). Met and/or sulfate supplementation increased the amount of protease inhibitor activity in cultured cotyledons. In seeds of greenhouse-grown plants, protease inhibitor activity was increased by the addition of exogenous sulfate to the nutrient solution. Since BBPI and related low molecular weight proteinase inhibitors have an unusually high cyst(e)ine content, these compounds have been hypothesized to function in the storage of reduced sulfur. The data presented here support this hypothesis by providing evidence that additional sulfur as Met or sulfate increases the quantity of these proteins in seeds by increasing their mRNA levels.
Emerging technology-evaluation methodology: with application to micro-electromechanical systems

A triple-gateway methodology for evaluating emerging technologies at a very early stage of their development, to avoid costly investments that have little promise, is proposed and applied to four cases of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). The methodology postulates that a technology must pass through three gateways to become commercially or socially worthwhile: a market gateway, a systems management gateway, and a technology gateway. The relevant issues for each of these gateways are examined. In the market gateway analysis, new users, new skepticism about 'improved' performance characteristics, requirements for behavior adjustment by the user, competitive technologies, unpredictable technological developments, and legal barriers are examined. In systems management gateway analysis, the organizational structure of the firm is considered. For the technology gateway, four elements of technology uncertainty, namely, innovativeness, number of constituent technologies, manufacturing difficulties, and institutional changes required to introduce the new technology, are discussed. >
A Multiple-Dose Study of Sustained-Release Theophylline and Aminophylline*

This study evaluated the relative bioavailability of a sustained-release capsule of theophylline, an elixir of theophylline, and a sustained-release tablet of aminophylline. Twelve healthy, nonsmoking, adult male subjects received nine doses of each of the three products in a crossover study conducted over a ten-day period. Each dosage form contained approximately 250 mg of theophylline and was administered every eight hours. Concentrations of theophylline in the plasma at steady state demonstrated the equivalence of the three dosage forms in terms of the percent of drug absorbed, including the tablet which had exhibited reduced bioavailability in an earlier single-dose study of only five subjects. The steady-state average concentrations of theophylline in the plasma were 9.8 µg/ml, 10.3 µg/ml and 10.8 µg/ml for the tablet, capsule, and elixir, respectively. The areas under the curves of the plasma level vs time for the three dosage forms were within 9 percent of each other. These data indicate that a significant reduction in fluctuations of the plasma level of theophylline was achieved with the two sustained-release dosage forms, compared to the elixir.
Signs are symbols: evidence from the Stroop task

Most languages use spoken arbitrary symbols to access the conceptual system. Moreover, the link from spoken words to meaning is demonstrably automatic. Sign languages, by contrast, employ many iconic manual gestures. While some signs are arbitrary it is unclear whether such arbitrary signs automatically activate the conceptual system. To address this question, we examine the propensity of arbitrary colour signs in American Sign Language (ASL) to induce Stroop interference. Three experiments elicited colour naming of coloured videos depicting colour ASL signs – either congruent or incongruent with video colour – and an unrelated condition. Results showed that colour identification is modulated by its congruency with the ASL sign, and this finding replicated irrespective of response mode – signing vs. button-press – and the presence of congruent trials. These findings indicate that arbitrary signs automatically activate their meanings. We conclude that the capacity to link arbitrary phonological forms and m...
ZSCAN4 and TRF1: A functionally indirect interaction in cancer cells independent of telomerase activity.

Abstract Purpose Recently, the newly identified embryonic stem cell marker, Zinc finger and SCAN domain containing 4 gene (ZSCAN4), which plays a key role in genomic stability by regulating telomere elongation, was shown to co-localize with TRF1 foci. This suggests that the interaction of ZSCAN4 with TRF1 functions in regulation of telomere elongation in ESC. Based on these studies, we hypothesized that ZSCAN4 binds to TRF1 in cancer cells to function in regulating telomere length. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this interaction occurred across different cell lineage-derived cancers and whether telomerase status impacted this relationship. To that end, telomerase positive cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and breast cancer cells (MCF7), and telomerase negative osteosarcoma cells (SaOS2), were analyzed for ZSCAN4 and TRF1 interactions. Results Immunocytochemistry demonstrated co-localization of ZSCAN4 and TRF1 to the nucleus. This functional relationship was confirmed using BiFC imaging analysis based on distance in situ. Co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assay results demonstrated that ZSCAN4 binds with TRF1 in vitro indirectly. All three cell types showed similar results. Conclusions In this study, we revealed, for the first time, that ZSCAN4 indirectly interacts with TRF1 (functional association protein) in cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that ZSCAN4 plays an important role independent of telomere maintenance pathways (telomerase positive and ALT) or cell lineage.
Selective Relay System of the 66,000-Volt Ring of the Duquesne Light Company

The selective relaying of a high-voltage transmission system gives rise to many interesting problems. This is particularly the case when the system is grounded through a high resistance, as the amount of energy available on ground faults is limited and the ground protection introduces a problem entirely separate from that of the short-circuit protection of the system. It is also interesting to note that it is only in recent years that the design of high-voltage large capacity control equipment has been perfected to such a state as to place the protection of high-voltage systems on a par with that of comparatively lower voltage systems. The relay problems involved in the protection of low or high-voltage systems are not materially different except as affected by the equipment available, or by the ever present problem of economics. The system in question presented no unusul engineering features except as presented by the problem of securing circuit breakers of the required voltage and with sufficient capacity to rupture the large blocks of power presented by short-circuit conditions. This problem was successfully solved by the manufacturer. A ring system of duplicate feeders lends itself to various relay schemes to secure protection. A number of these schemes was thoroughly investigated and a summary of the conclusions is given, showing the advantages and disadvantages of the schemes considered. These studies showed the advisability of using the scheme of balanced directional relays for short-circuit protection, and selective differential current relays for ground protection, on the 66,000-volt ring of the Duquesne Light Company. Before putting the relays into service on this system it was decided to make a series of actual service tests on the lines. Accordingly a series of dead grounds were put on the ring and the relays allowed to function to clear the grounded section of line. The dead ground was replaced by a simulated fallen line wire lying on the surface of the ground. This was in turn replaced by a series of arcing grounds accomplished by fusing over a suspension insulator to ground. A total of 28 grounds were thrown on the 66,000-volt ring and successfully cleared by the relays. A description of the tests and a summary of the results are given.
Assessment of the Effects of Attaching an Enzyme to Glass by a Poly(ethylene glycol) Tether

Modification of surfaces and proteins by attaching poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is an important technique for controlling the properties of these materials. Our goal is to examine the possible combination of these effects by linking proteins to surfaces via a PEG spacer or tether. In the present work we have coupled alkaline phosphatase (as a model protein) to porous glass by means of PEG spacers, and we have compared the activity and operational sta bility of the PEG-bound enzyme to free enzyme and to enzyme immobilized by a conventional, short urea linkage. Significantly, the PEG-bound enzyme differs little in its catalytic properties from free enzyme, indicating that the bound enzyme extends into solution and is in essence free of the surface.
Amide derivatives of poly(3,4‐dimethylenepyrrolidine): Synthesis, characterization, and complexation studies

Improved synthesis of polydiallylamine provides ready access to an entire family of amide-functionalized polymers. Complete conversion to the acetamide derivative was attained under mild conditions. Formation of the formamide polymer required harsher conditions and did not give complete functionalization. The formamide polymer displayed typical polyelectrolyte behavior caused by residual amine units. Complexation with iodine and transition metal cations was strong as shown by UV, IR, and 13C-NMR evidence indicating potential of these polymers for trace metal recovery, waste water treatment, and antiseptic formulations.
REVIEW OF ANTECEDENT CONTROL: INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO BEHAVIORAL SUPPORT, EDITED BY J. LUISELLI AND M. CAMERON

This review identifies antecedent manipulation and the role of establishing operations as primary themes of the book as well as crucial elements in the design of a broadly applicable behavior support technology. The discussion of the book's thematic treatment of these elements highlights the traditional importance of elaborate antecedent interactions within the field of behavior analysis and welcomes researchers' efforts to broaden their credibility and influence through comprehensive and durable applications of behavior support technologies in a variety of natural settings. The reviewers rate the book as representative of the most recent developments and directions within applied behavior support.