cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Protective Effects of Stimulants on Functional Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Focus on Number Needed to Treat Statistic and Sex Effects.

Abstract Purpose The aim of the study was to help quantify the protective effects of stimulant treatment on important functional outcomes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the number needed to treat (NNT) statistic and examine whether these effects are moderated by sex. Methods Subjects were derived from three independent samples, two similarly designed case–control, 10-year prospective follow-up studies of boys and girls with and without ADHD grown up and a cross-sectional randomized clinical trial of lisdexamfetamine on driving performance and behavior. For all studies, subjects were evaluated with structured diagnostic interviews. To measure psychopharmacologic treatment in the follow-up studies, we collected information about each subject's stimulant medication use, age at onset, and age at termination of treatment. Subjects in the driving study underwent two driving simulation assessments (premedication and after 6 weeks of treatment on lisdexamfetamine or placebo). For each outcome, we ran a logistic regression model that included an interaction between sex and treatment status. Lifetime rates were used to calculate the NNT statistic. We also calculated adjusted NNT statistics that accounted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, and family intactness. Results The NNTs were very low, ranging from 3 to 10. No interaction effects with sex were detected (all p > .05). The adjusted NNTs mostly remained the same with the exception of any substance use disorder, which increased after controlling for age. Conclusions Stimulants have strong protective effects on functional outcomes in youth with ADHD that are not moderated by sex. These results support the critical importance of early identification and treatment of children with ADHD of both sexes.
Operation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells using natural cellulose fiber membranes

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs), such as Nafion, are still one of the reasons for the high cost of PEMFCs. Among the alternatives, cellulose, a low cost and biodegradable material, has been considered in the form of its derivatives, such as cellulose acetate, bacterial cellulose or nanocellulose, as the PEM in fuel cells. However, its use involves more chemical synthesis steps. Here, we use low-cost 1.5-micron cellulose filter paper as the scaffold and prepare membranes for PEMFCs by simply impregnating it with a 10% Nafion solution or immersing it in resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate) (RDP). The prepared membranes are primarily composed of cellulose, with a cellulose to Nafion or RDP ratio of 2 : 1 or 1 : 1. The membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) incorporating the as-prepared membranes exhibit a maximum output power of 23 mW cm−2 at 80 °C for the cellulose/Nafion membrane or 10 mW cm−2 at 60 °C for the cellulose/RDP membrane with only 0.1 mg cm−2 Pt loading on the anode and cathode, when operated in air. The stability results of the membranes after 100 hours of continuous operation indicate a loss of only 10% in power for the cellulose/Nafion membrane and 20% for the cellulose/RDP membrane. It is revealed by FTIR spectroscopy that both the Nafion polymer and RDP were hydrogen bonded to the cellulose fibers, facilitating proton conduction and stabilizing them against further dissolution.
Effects of Accumulated Short Bouts of Exercise on Weight and Obesity Indices in Adults: A Meta-Analysis.

Objective:To compile and quantify the effectiveness of accumulated short-bout exercise interventions on reducing the obesity indices in adults using meta-analysis.Data Source:PubMed, PsycINFO, CINA...
Phytochrome evolution in 3D: deletion, duplication, and diversification

Canonical plant phytochromes are master regulators of photomorphogenesis and the shade avoidance response. They are also part of a widespread superfamily of photoreceptors with diverse spectral and biochemical properties. Plant phytochromes belong to a clade including other phytochromes from glaucophyte, prasinophyte, and streptophyte algae (all members of the Archaeplastida) and those from cryptophyte algae. This is consistent with recent analyses supporting the existence of an AC (Archaeplastida + Cryptista) clade. AC phytochromes have been proposed to arise from ancestral cyanobacterial genes via endosymbiotic gene transfer (EGT), but most recent studies instead support multiple horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events to generate extant eukaryotic phytochromes. In principle, this scenario would be compared to the emerging understanding of early events in eukaryotic evolution to generate a coherent picture. Unfortunately, there is currently a major discrepancy between the evolution of phytochromes and the evolution of eukaryotes; phytochrome evolution is thus not a solved problem. We therefore examine phytochrome evolution in a broader context. Within this context, we can identify three important themes in phytochrome evolution: deletion, duplication, and diversification. These themes drive phytochrome evolution as organisms evolve in response to environmental challenges.
Network Driven Performance Analysis in Connected Vehicular Networks

As the adoption rate of connected vehicle technology and the complexity of associated vehicular applications grows, the load on the supporting connected vehicular network will also grow accordingly. Sustaining future application requirements will necessitate network optimization. To that end, a comprehensive understanding of network behavior under different operational conditions is essential. This paper studies vehicular network performance in a DSRC/IP network in terms of a set of network indicator metrics that are controllable through adjustments to lower layer parameters within the DSRC stack. We present and analyze results using DSRC enabled hardware modules that are substantiated and validated through our integrated simulator.
Quantitative analysis of Y-Chromosome gene expression across 36 human tissues

Little is known about how human Y-Chromosome gene expression directly contributes to differences between XX (female) and XY (male) individuals in nonreproductive tissues. Here, we analyzed quantitative profiles of Y-Chromosome gene expression across 36 human tissues from hundreds of individuals. Although it is often said that Y-Chromosome genes are lowly expressed outside the testis, we report many instances of elevated Y-Chromosome gene expression in a nonreproductive tissue. A notable example is EIF1AY, which encodes eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A Y-linked, together with its X-linked homolog EIF1AX Evolutionary loss of a Y-linked microRNA target site enabled up-regulation of EIF1AY, but not of EIF1AX, in the heart. Consequently, this essential translation initiation factor is nearly twice as abundant in male as in female heart tissue at the protein level. Divergence between the X and Y Chromosomes in regulatory sequence can therefore lead to tissue-specific Y-Chromosome-driven sex biases in expression of critical, dosage-sensitive regulatory genes.
Impact of censusing and research on wildlife populations

National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation (NSF) [DEB-1115895, DEB-1336290, DEB 1911853]; US FWSUS Fish & Wildlife Service
Effect of discrepancies caused by model resolution on model-measurement comparison for surface black carbon

Abstract Emission constraining studies have relied on comparisons of model against measurements, but the influence of model resolution has not been fully addressed. This work investigates the discrepancies caused by model resolution on model-measurement comparison of surface black carbon for urban and rural monitoring network sites in the U.S. With resolution of 0.5°, simulated BC concentrations were 106% greater at urban receptors in California than simulations with 2° resolution; the overprediction was 30% greater for rural network sites (IMPROVE). This effect could explain 24%–41% of the total discrepancy in model-measurement comparison for networks in California. For rural sites elsewhere in the U.S., increasing resolution from 2° to 0.5° results in either over- and under-prediction, with an averaged discrepancy of 6%. Factors describing the model resolution discrepancy for each urban and rural receptor site are tabulated.
Newborn Screening for Cystic Fibrosis: Infant and Laboratory Factors Affecting Successful Sweat Test Completion.

Newborn screening (NBS) for Cystic Fibrosis (CF) has revolutionized the diagnosis of this inherited disease. CF NBS goals are to identify, diagnose, and initiate early CF treatment to attain better health outcomes. Abnormal CF NBS infants require diagnostic analysis via sweat chloride testing (ST). During ST, insufficient sweat volume collection causes a “quantity not sufficient” (QNS) test result and may delay CF diagnosis. The CF Foundation recommends QNS rates <10% for infants <3 months, but many CF Centers experience difficulties meeting this standard. Our quality improvement (QI) study assessed infant and laboratory factors contributing to ST success and QNS rates from 2017–2019. Infants’ day of life (DOL) at successful ST completion was analyzed according to infant factors (birth weight (BW), gestational age, ethnicity, and sex). Laboratory factors and procedures affecting ST outcomes were also reviewed. At our institution, BW and gestational age were the infant factors found to significantly affect DOL at ST completion. ST education, reduced number of laboratory technicians, and direct observation during ST completion also improved ST success rates. This study supports QI measures and partnerships between CF centers and laboratory staff to identify and improve ST QNS rates while sustaining practices to ensure timely CF diagnostic testing.
The role of peripheral nerve stimulation in the era of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia

With the widespread use of ultrasound for localising nerves during peripheral nerve blockade, the value of electrical nerve stimulation of evoked motor responses has been questioned. Studies continue to show that, compared with nerve stimulation, ultrasound guidance alone leads to: significantly improved block success; decreased need for rescue analgesia; decreased procedural pain; and lower rates of vascular puncture. Nerve stimulation combined with ultrasound does also not appear to improve block success rates, apart from those blocks where the nerves are challenging to view, such as the obturator nerve. The role of nerve stimulation has changed in the last 15 years from a technique to locate nerves to that of an adjunct to ultrasound. Nerve stimulation can serve as a monitor against needle-nerve contact and may be useful in avoiding nerves that are in the needle trajectory during specific ultrasound guided techniques. Nerve stimulation is also a useful adjunct in teaching novices ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia, especially when the position and or appearance of nerves may be variable. In this review, the changing role of nerve stimulation in contemporary regional anaesthetic practice is presented and discussed.
RBM20-Mediated Pre-mRNA Splicing Has Muscle-Specificity and Differential Hormonal Responses between Muscles and in Muscle Cell Cultures

Pre-mRNA splicing plays an important role in muscle function and diseases. The RNA binding motif 20 (RBM20) is a splicing factor that is predominantly expressed in muscle tissues and primarily regulates pre-mRNA splicing of Ttn, encoding a giant muscle protein titin that is responsible for muscle function and diseases. RBM20-mediated Ttn splicing has been mostly studied in heart muscle, but not in skeletal muscle. In this study, we investigated splicing specificity in different muscle types in Rbm20 knockout rats and hormonal effects on RBM20-mediated splicing both in cellulo and in vivo studies. The results revealed that RBM20 is differentially expressed across muscles and RBM20-mediated splicing is muscle-type specific. In the presence of RBM20, Ttn splicing responds to hormones in a muscle-type dependent manner, while in the absence of RBM20, Ttn splicing is not affected by hormones. In differentiated and undifferentiated C2C12 cells, RBM20-mediated splicing in response to hormonal effects is mainly through genomic signaling pathway. The knowledge gained from this study may help further understand muscle-specific gene splicing in response to hormone stimuli in different muscle types.
Teaching Health Policy to Residents

Authors Reply:—We are delighted to see additional opportunities identified by Goetz et al. for both residents as well as students to learn about and engage in health policy. It is our hope that as interest in such experiences continues to rise, health policy will receive more attention in medical school and residency curricula across the country. Some schools and programs may even be able to coordinate their on-site education with intensive Washington-based initiatives, such as the ACEP Leadership Day. Furthermore, beyond residency, many internal medicine departments offer more in-depth training in health policy education and research through general internal medicine fellowships,1 and graduates of any specialty are eligible for similar training through the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program.2 We also agree that greater engagement by physicians in the political process is a laudable goal for health policy education, which is underscored by current health reform efforts. Indeed, low civic engagement by physicians3 might even be partially explained by missed opportunities to address gaps in health policy knowledge starting at medical school.4 Thus, the future challenge to JGIM readers as both educators and researchers is to seek better ways to teach health policy to physicians in training and to show that such training can make a difference in practice. Towards that end, we can think of few more gratifying rewards for our own efforts than to see students such as Ms. Goetz already engaged in this challenge along with her faculty!
Molly Bassett and Applied Religious Studies at Georgia State University

With the current pandemic, the intersection of religion and health has garnered renewed attention as it potentially impacts not only what we study, but also how and where we do our work. In this edition of The Interview, Bulletin editor Richard Newton spoke with Molly Bassett, Chair of the Department of Religious Studies. Beyond her longstanding reseach interest in myth and bodies in Mesoamerican cultural history, Bassett’s department has pioneered an “Applied Religious Studies”approach to public health at the undergraduate and graduate level. Newton and Bassett discuss the story behind these efforts and the lessons they present for scholars in this moment.
Mercapto-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane as a soluble support for the synthesis of peptide thioesters

Abstract The revival of peptide-based drugs has led to the increasing demand for the development of large-scale synthesis of these complex molecules. To meet this demand, the use of mercapto-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS-SH) as a soluble support for the synthesis of a model pentapeptide POSS-thioester is reported. The synthetic process provided a total yield of 62% for the pentapeptide POSS-thioester and the 1H NMR spectra validated the high purity of the products. The successful synthesis of the pentapeptide POSS-thioester with high yield and purity provides a promising way to the scale-up chemical synthesis of peptide thioesters, peptides, peptide amides, cyclic peptides, and even proteins.
Assuring Human and Artificial Intelligence are Appropriately Informed in Aviation Systems

Developments driving adoption of new entrants to aviation, namely artificial intelligence (AI) and more ubiquitous information, will redefine roles as they create teams of humans and machines to manage facets of aviation operations. The safety outcome depends on how well the human-machine team is designed and controlled to evolve. This occurs via distributed decision making, where decision makers need shared understanding of how their decisions affect others, and the possible implication of others’ actions on their remaining options. The information available to each decision maker must provide the context and coordination they need to create this shared understanding. The safety controls and mitigations must account for what a human "on the loop" or "over the loop" know about what the AI is thinking and what they add to command a better safety outcome. The machine must "know" what the human is thinking and the outcome they are trying to achieve. And then the machines must understand each other, just as the people must also understand one another’s options and actions. The key to adopting these new entrants is shared understanding of information in terms of inputs, context, assumptions, decision points, options, and desired outcomes. This paper examines recent efforts to capture information needs in model-based system engineering tools. It highlights extensions proposed by the authors to address the human-machine team needs. The extensions include a construct for complex, distributed decision-making environment like aviation where coordination is essential to prevent decisions from undermining the strategy of the mitigation layers.
Gallery Posets of Supersolvable Arrangements

We introduce a poset structure on the reduced galleries in a supersolvable arrangement of hyperplanes. In particular, for Coxeter groups of type A or B, we construct a poset of reduced words for the longest element whose Hasse diagram is the graph of reduced words. Using Rambau's Suspension Lemma, we show that these posets are homotopy equivalent to spheres. We furthermore conjecture that its intervals are either homotopy equivalent to spheres or are contractible. One may view this as a analogue of a result of Edelman and Walker on the homotopy type of intervals of a poset of chambers of a hyperplane arrangement.
Low-level components of analytic activity in information visualization

Existing system level taxonomies of visualization tasks are geared more towards the design of particular representations than the facilitation of user analytic activity. We present a set of ten low level analysis tasks that largely capture people's activities while employing information visualization tools for understanding data. To help develop these tasks, we collected nearly 200 sample questions from students about how they would analyze five particular data sets from different domains. The questions, while not being totally comprehensive, illustrated the sheer variety of analytic questions typically posed by users when employing information visualization systems. We hope that the presented set of tasks is useful for information visualization system designers as a kind of common substrate to discuss the relative analytic capabilities of the systems. Further, the tasks may provide a form of checklist for system designers.
Fibre Channel: Gigabit Communications and I/O for Computer Networks

Getting Data From There to Here. Structure and Concepts. Service Classes. FCO-Physical Interface. FCI-8B/10B Transmission Mode, Receivers, and Transmitters. Frames. Sequence and Exchanges. Login and Logout Services. Link Services. Error Detection and Recovery. Association Managers and Other Optional Headers. Flow Control. Arbitrated Loop Architecture. Arbitrated Loop Initialization. Running IP and SCSI Traffic Over FCS.
Mirrors for Electrons

The trend toward ever smaller microelectronic devices requires increasingly precise control over their electronic properties on short length scales. In his Perspective, Himpsel discusses two recent papers that show how precise fabrication together with sensitive measurements now allow such control at the level of an atomic monolayer in tiny electron cavities. Such devices may help in developing the next generation of magnetoelectronic devices.
An Interview with Professor Antony Kunnan

The Web Journal Editorial Board (represented by Drew Fagan and Adrienne Wai Man Lew) had the pleasure to meet with Professor Antony Kunnan, the guest speaker of the 2010 APPLE Colloquium and Lecture, for a most in-depth discussion revolving his specialties: language testing.
Effects of Interface Modification on Mechanical Behavior of Hi‐Nicalon Fiber‐Reinforced Celsian Matrix Composites

Unidirectional celsian matrix composites having approx. 42 volume percent of uncoated or BN/SiC-coated Hi-Nicalon fibers were tested in three-point bend at room temperature. The uncoated fiber-reinforced composites showed catastrophic failure with strength of 210 +/- 35 MPa and a flat fracture surface. In contrast, composites reinforced with BN/SiC-coated fibers exhibited graceful failure with extensive fiber pullout. Values of first matrix cracking stress and strain were 435 +/- 35 MPa and 0.27 +/- 0.01 %, respectively, with ultimate strength as high as 960 MPa. The elastic Young's modulus of the uncoated and BN/SiC-coated fiber-reinforced composites were measured as 184 q 4 GPa and 165 +/- 5 GPa, respectively. Fiber push-through tests and microscopic examination indicated no chemical reaction at the uncoated or coated fiber-matrix interface. The low strength of the uncoated fiber-reinforced composite is probably due to degradation of the fibers from mechanical surface damage during processing. Because both the coated and uncoated fiber reinforced composites exhibited weak interfaces, the beneficial effect of the BN-SiC dual layer is primarily the protection of fibers from mechanical damage during processing.
Sub-Optimal Control Strategies for Manipulators with Actuator Constraints: The Near Minimum Time Problem

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of employing a sub-optimal control strategy which results in "near minimum time" motion for a robotic manipulator along any pre-determined path in 3-D space. A computationally simple algorithm based on Optimal Aiming Strategies is presented. The applicability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through a two-link manipulator example.
Random number generators and the Metropolis algorithm: application to various problems in physics and mechanics as an introduction to computational physics

We present known and new applications of pseudo random numbers and of the Metropolis algorithm to phenomena of physical and mechanical interest, such as the search of simple clusters isomers with interactive visualization, or vehicle motion planning. The progression towards complicated problems was used with first-year graduate students who wrote most of the programs presented here. We argue that the use of pseudo random numbers in simulation and extrema research programs in teaching numerical methods in physics allows one to get quick programs and physically meaningful and demonstrative results without recurring to the advanced numerical analysis methods.
Crystalline patterns of myelin lipids visualized by freeze fracture

Abstract Freeze fracture of rat optic nerve reveals smooth, particle-free regions on the lammellar fracture faces of myelin when prepared by standard procedures. When the fixed, glycerin-impregnated tissue is incubated at 6°C for two or more days, crystalline patterns indicative of a phase transition can be seen in the particle-free regions. The crystalline patterns can be destroyed by subsequent incubation at 37°C and are not seen when the initial incubation is at room temperature or 37°C. Butylated hydroxytoluene has no effect on the formation of the crystalline patterns. The time course of the formation of the crystalline patterns suggest that the rate-limiting step in the process is not the phase transition itself. We propose that the lipids associated with the particles in vivo are involved in the formation of the crystalline patterns.
Laborator studies on magnetic water treatment and their relationship to a possible mechanism for scale reduction

Laboratory studies indicate that magnetohydrodynamic effects may be responsible for claims that magnetic treatment devices are sometimes effective for scale control in water-using systems. In addition to enhancing corrosion of metals in the vicinity of the device, or within the device itself, application of the field 90° to the flow of a conducting fluid can alter the hydrodynamics of fluid flow. Depending on experimental conditions, this may increase or decrease turbulence in the fluid, promoting aggregation or deaggregation of both ferromagnetic and diamagnetic colloids. Important factors in promoting magnetohydrodynamic forces on fluid flow include conductivity of the solution, linear flow velocity of the fluid, and the flux density (magnetic induction) of the transverse field. Finally, magnetic treatment devices that are physically designed to create additional turbulence by constricting or otherwise altering fluid flow may further enhance the anti-scaling effect by purely mechanical means.
Endogenous CART peptide regulates mu opioid and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors

Abstract Previous experiments conducted in this laboratory showed that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of IgG antibodies directed against selected neuropeptides changed the density of CNS receptors, suggesting that neuropeptides in the cerebrospinal fluid can perform a regulatory role. To further test this hypothesis, we administered anti-CART peptide (the peptide product of cocaine amphetamine related transcript) IgG to rats via the i.c.v. route, and measured the density of opioid mu and delta receptors, beta-adrenergic and alpha 2 -adrenergic receptors and serotonin 5-HT 2A receptors using ligand binding methods. We also used Western blots to determine the expression level of the mu, delta and 5-HT 2A receptors. The results demonstrated that anti-CART peptide IgG up-regulates mu and 5-HT 2A receptor in the hippocampus and caudate We conclude that CART peptides in the cerebrospinal fluid may exert regulatory effects in the brain.
Effects of temperature, atmosphere and pH on the generation of smoke compounds during tobacco pyrolysis

The pyrolysis of tobacco under a variety of conditions was performed to examine the generation profiles of 29 known toxic compounds in tobacco smoke (hydrogen cyanide, benzo[a]pyrene, aldehydes, volatile organic compounds, phenolics, aromatic amines, etc.). The generation profiles of smoke compounds varied according to three conditions: the pyrolysis temperature (300-1000 degrees C), the pyrolysis atmosphere (in nitrogen and air) and pH of the tobacco leaf (2.89-7.07). Most of the smoke compounds (28 compounds) were generated primarily at temperatures less than 800 degrees C. More than half of the smoke compounds (17 compounds) were unaffected by the type of atmosphere, and seven compounds were significantly affected by pH. These results can provide basic and useful information to further study on the formation mechanisms and the technology involved in the control of smoke generation.
Production of cucumber fruits from the culture of Marketmore-76 plantlets

A procedure to produce fruits from cultured shoot tips of Cucumis sativus L. cultivar ‘Marketmore-76’ in vitro is described. Four-week-old shoot tips, derived from sterile germinated seedlings on a MS medium, were cultured in a 3.8-1 Mason jar using an automated plant culture system. Tips readily generated roots, leaves and flowers after another 4 to 8 weeks in culture. Administration of compressed air at a 300 ml/min flow rate for 30 min 10 or 15 times a day induced the development of parthenocarpic fruits from flowers. Fruits, up to 170 mm long by 35 mm diameter, were obtained within 30 to 45 d after flower opening.
Oxygen dissociation of whole blood studied polarographically.

The polarographic current of whole blood is in excess of that given by plasma at the same oxygen tension. The magnitude of this difference depends on (a) the oxygen content of the sample and thus is determined by the red blood cell content and by the state of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and (b) on the rate of dissociation of oxyhemoglobin and therefore is influenced by changes in pH, pCO2, and temperature. The total current at 37°C. is proportional to the oxygen content of the sample and can be used to determine the latter. The theoretical basis of the studied phenomena is discussed in detail.
Blue screen matting

A classical problem of imaging—the matting problem—is separation of a non-rectangular foreground image from a (usually) rectangular background image—for example, in a film frame, extraction of an actor from a background scene to allow substitution of a different background. Of the several attacks on this difficult and persistent problem, we discuss here only the special case of separating a desired foreground image from a background of a constant, or almost constant, backing color. This backing color has often been blue, so the problem, and its solution, have been called blue screen matting. However, other backing colors, such as yellow or (increasingly) green, have also been used, so we often generalize to constant color matting. The mathematics of constant color matting is presented and proven to be unsolvable as generally practiced. This, of course, flies in the face of the fact that the technique is commonly used in film and video, so we demonstrate constraints on the general problem that lead to solutions, or at least significantly prune the search space of solutions. We shall also demonstrate that an algorithmic solution is possible by allowing the foreground object to be shot against two constant backing colors—in fact, against two completely arbitrary backings so long as they differ everywhere.
The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues: An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis

We report the results of three experimental tests of the “hot cognition” hypothesis, which posits that all sociopolitical concepts that have been evaluated in the past are affectively charged and that this affective charge is automatically activated within milliseconds on mere exposure to the concept, appreciably faster than conscious appraisal of the object. We find support for the automaticity of affect toward political leaders, groups, and issues; specifically: • Most Ss show significantly faster reaction times to affectively congruent political concepts and significantly slower response times to affectively incongruent concepts; • These facilitation and inhibition effects, which hold for a cross-section of political leaders, groups, and issues, are strongest for those with the strongest prior attitudes, with sophisticates showing the strongest effect on “harder” political issues. • Even semantically unrelated affective concepts (e.g., “sunshine,”“cancer”) have a strong effect on the evaluation of political leaders, groups, and issues. We conclude with a discussion of the “so what?” question—the conceptual, substantive, and normative implications of hot cognition for political judgments, evaluations, and choice. One clear expectation, given that affect appears to be activated automatically on mere exposure to sociopolitical concepts, is that most citizens, but especially those sophisticates with strong political attitudes, will be biased information processors.
Bile salt and lipid metabolism in patients with ileal disease with and without steatorrhea

Postcibal duodenal contents and the enterohepatic circulation of intravenously administered sodium taurocholate-24-14C were studied in 8 patients with ileal disease and the data compared with that of a control group. Seven patients had an interrupted enterohepatic circulation of taurocholate; all had a normal fasting cholate pool size. Studies on the postcibal duodenal contents showed that 7 patients had concentrations of cholate and aqueous phase lipid comparable to controls during the first 30 minutes after feeding, whereas these values were comparably reduced during the subsequent 90 minutes. Four patients required special considerations. One patient with steatorrhea had an unstimulated release of bile salts into his duodenum, with resultant low cholate and aqueous phase lipid values during the entire postcibal study. One patient with Crohn's disease was physiologically normal. Two patients had no steatorrhea despite an interrupted enterohepatic taurocholate circulation. These results point up the value of correlative studies and suggest that certain patients may successfully compensate, as regards lipid absorption, for an interrupted enterohepatic circulation of bile salts.
Morbidity of depth and subdural electrodes: Children and adolescents versus young adults

Abstract Invasive EEG monitoring is used in the presurgical evaluation of children with intractable epilepsy. The morbidity of intracranial electrode monitoring was retrospectively evaluated in 56 children and adults; 16 patients had depth electrodes (DE), 30 had subdural electrodes (SDE), and 10 had combined DE and SDE. The patients were divided into two groups by age: 29 were younger than 18 and 27 were older than 18 years. Each group was subdivided by the electrodes used: either DE, subdural grids, subdural strips, or a combination of both. Infection and hemorrhage were noted and morbidity was then scored by postoperative fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, and lethargy. A significant complication occurred in one patient, an 11-year-old girl with a previous craniotomy, who developed a subdural hematoma following the insertion of SDE. The hematoma and grid were removed, and an epidural grid was eventually placed. There were no significant differences in morbidity between the groups. We conclude that invasive electrode monitoring is well-tolerated in both children and adults.
The Earliest Naval Ram

Analyses of the Kuyunjik (Kouyunjik) relief and other data suggest Phoenicia probably did not build ships with rams before the Battle of Salamis. A review of Greek literature, iconography, and archaeology suggests the naval ram may have been a Greek invention, appearing at the earliest in the 6th century BC and possibly as late as the 5th century. Its evolution may have led to a shift from laced to pegged mortise-and-tenon joinery in Greek shipbuilding as well as the development of the wineglass-shaped hull and heavier framing. It may also have influenced the development of large-scale bronze-casting in Greece. © 2008 The Author
Multiple-classifier constructions and nominal expressions in Chinese

This paper examines multiple-classifier constructions in Chinese, in which two classifiers are stacked in one nominal position. The following three properties are found in these constructions: (i) strict linear ordering between different types of classifiers, (ii) definiteness/specificity of the lower DP, and (iii) obligatory non-distributive readings. The properties of multiple-classifier constructions allow us to study the syntax and semantics of nominal expressions in Chinese from a novel point of view. We argue that, syntactically, and against the bare NP analysis in Chierchia (in: Rothstein S (ed) Events and grammar, Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 53–103, 1998a, Nat Lang Semant 6:339–405, 1998b) and the Classifier Phrase analysis in Cheng and Sybesma (Linguist Inq 30:509–542, 1999; in: Cinque G, Kayne R (ed) The Oxford handbook of comparative syntax, Oxford University Press, pp 259–292, 2005), from the properties of multiple-classifier constructions, a universal DP analysis is favored (as in Li, Linguist Inq 29: 693–702, 1998). Incorporating the theories in Zamparelli (in: Alexiadou A, Wilder C (eds) Linguistics today: possessors, predicates and movement in the determiner phrase, vol 22, John Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp 259–301, 1998) and Dayal (Linguist Philos 27:393–450, 2004), we demonstrate that a generalized Chierchian approach (without his semantic parameter) best captures the syntax–semantics mappings within nominal expressions in Chinese. From a compositional semantic point of view, we argue that multiple-classifier constructions should be treated as an instance of partitive construction with an empty partitive head. The hypothesis of an empty partitive head not only accounts for the properties of the multiple-classifier constructions, but it also offers explanations for the asymmetry of partitive readings in Chinese relative clauses.
A DOUBLE COUNTER-SELECTION SYSTEM FOR THE STUDY OF NULL ALLELES OF ESSENTIAL GENES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI

The ability to analyze null alleles of genes can be an important means of studying both a protein's function and its interactions with other proteins involved in a particular process. However, if the gene encodes a protein that is essential to the viability of the cell, such analysis becomes complicated because a complementing copy of the gene must be present in the cell. In order to study the effects caused by the null allele, the complementing copy must be inactivated or lost. We report the development of a system in Escherichia coli which facilitates the manipulation of null alleles of essential genes. It consists of a strain deleted chromosomally for the essential gene and complemented for its function by a wild-type (wt) copy expressed from a plasmid counter-selectable for two markers bracketing the gene. Using this system, we have (i) searched for bypass suppressors of a deletion of the essential secE gene, (ii) ascertained the ability of various mutant secE genes to complement a deletion of the wt copy and (iii) isolated intragenic pseudorevertants of a null missense allele of secE. This methodology should be widely applicable to other cases in which essential genes are to be studied genetically.
Retroperitoneal pulmonary sequestration: computed tomographic findings.

Extralobar pulmonary sequestration is an uncommon congenital anomaly consisting of nonfunctioning, ectopic pulmonary tissue invested with its own visceral pleura, which does not communicate with the bronchial tree or pulmonary arteries [1 ]. It most often occurs between the diaphragm and lower lobe but has been found in the mediastinum, incorporated into the diaphragm, attached to the chest wall, and contained within the penicardial or peritoneal cavities [2-4]. We describe the conventional radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings of a case of a calcified extralobar pulmonary sequestration seen in a retropenitoneal location simulating a left adrenal mass. To our knowledge, this is the first CT report of subdiaphragmatic pulmonany sequestration and the second of calcification within a pulmonary sequestration.
Monolithic Schottky-barrier focal plane arrays with high fill factors

Monolithic silicon Schottky barrier IR FPAs are described which include new design features. The features are intended to optimize the sensitive diode area in each pixel. The nonimaging area of the pixels is reduced by a field plate approach to edge leakage suppression and by column multiplexing and automatic demultiplexing in the focal plane array. A four-phase meander channel CCD structure further minimizes readout area. A design figure of merit is defined and introduced to compare the fill factors of two arrays. The FPA fabrication and operation are discussed. With an NMOS compatible wafer process, fill factors of approximately 50 percent were obtained for small pixel dimensions. The new design features are shown to significantly increase the fill factor. The performance of the FPAs is shown to be adequate for both medium-wavelength PtSi (at 83 K) and long-wavelength IrSi (at 50 K) diodes.
Failure of Total Calcium Corrected for Protein, Albumin,and pH to Correctly Assess Free Calcium Status*

The clinical effectiveness of published algorithms in correcting serum total calcium (CaT) for the effects of protein, albumin, and pH was tested. Corrected calcium (CaC) values obtained by 13 of these methods were compared with values of measured free calcium (CaF) in 55 samples from normal controls and 404 samples from patients with various disorders of calcium metabolism. Three criteria were used to compare either CaC or CaT with measured CaF: 1) the correlation coefficient, 2) the average absolute deviation from measured CaF of the values of CaF predicted by the linear regression of CaF on each CaC, and 3) the number of samples in which CaC or CaT gave a different impression of normality than measured CaF. Application of the 13 published algorithms produced varied results, but none produced substantially better agreement between CaC and CaF than was found between CaT and CaF. The application of additional algorithms derived by multiple linear regression using our data base gave slightly better results than any of the published algorithms, but many values of CaC remained which were disparate from the measured value of CaF. Correction of measured total calcium by using other concurrently obtained chemistry values does not seem to adequately predict calcium status as measured by free calcium.
Magnetoelectric effects arising from the electric-field-dependent macroscopic magnetic anisotropy energy in magnetite

Abstract The electric-field-dependent macroscopic magnetic anisotropy energy, previously introduced by the authors, is shown to produce linear as well as two kinds of bilineat magnetoelectric susceptibilities in a magnetically biased ferromagnet. For the linear and one bilinear susceptibility, the calculated and measured values agree in magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) at 4.2 K.
Virtual electric quadrupole fluctuations: A mechanism for high Tc.

We present the first detailed study of a mechanism for high-${T}_{c}$ superconductivity where oxygen-hole pairing is mediated via the exchange of virtual fluctuations of copper electric quadrupole moments. The excitation scale \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\simeq}0.1--0.5 eV is large enough for high ${T}_{c}$, but the interaction is still significantly retarded. This mechanism explains the absence of superconductivity in doped ${\mathrm{La}}_{2}$${\mathrm{NiO}}_{4}$, the pressure dependence of ${T}_{c}$, and the different character of 60-K and 90-K phases of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\delta}}}$ (through filling-dependent gap nodes). Experimental tests of the model are proposed.
Rapid methods for determining copper content of milk.

Abstract Two rapid methods of precipitation are compared with a dry-ashing procedure for determining the copper content of milk. The methods involve the use of zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate (Arazate), which eliminates the need for pH adjustment. Both methods agree with the dry-ashing procedure and are repeatable.
Yolk Deposition in Eggs of a Line Selected for Simultaneous Multiple Ovulations

Abstract Experiments were conducted to investigate development and ovulation of the two follicles of double yolked eggs in a superovulating strain of chickens. Eighty percent of the pairs developed and were ovulated simultaneously as shown by bands of yolk deposition. Pair members were not necessarily next to one another in the ovary.
Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment as a Budgetary Reform Idea: The View from Public Budgeting Researchers:

This study examines public budgeting researchers' views on the proposed balanced budget constitutional amendment. Focusing on the amendment's viability and adoptability, the study shows that the experts do not consider the balanced budget amendment a viable reform idea. The study further reveals that the experts' views on the balanced budget amendment are significantly correlated to their personal characteristics. Implications concerning the results of this study are discussed.
Respiratory Muscle Strength, Lung Function, and Dyspnea in Patients With Sarcoidosis

Background Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatousdisorder that is estimated to involve the skeletal muscles in up to50% of patients. There is little information on the relationship amongrespiratory muscle strength, lung volumes, and the degree of dyspnea inpatients with sarcoidosis. Design and patients Lungfunction and maximal respiratory muscle force generation were measuredin 36 patients with sarcoidosis (24 patients with pulmonary parenchymalinfiltration) and 25 control subjects free of cardiorespiratorydisease. Dyspnea in the sarcoidosis patients was quantitated by a scorebased on an activity tolerance assessment scale (ranging from rest toclimbing hills or stairs). Setting Outpatient clinicsof two teaching hospitals. Results Mean FVC, maximalvoluntary ventilation, total lung capacity (TLC), functional residualcapacity, residual volume (RV), and diffusing capacity of the lung forcarbon monoxide (Dlco) were all at least 16% less thancorresponding control values (in all cases, p Conclusions Maximal respiratory pressures correlate moreclosely with dyspnea level than lung volumes and Dlco. Since dyspnea is the most common presentation in early to moderatelyadvanced sarcoidosis, respiratory pressures may be a more reliableindex of functional work capacity and reflection of activities of dailyliving than standard tests of lung function.
Evaluation of Factors Contributing to Daily Within-Horse Variation of Plasma Alpha-Tocopherol Concentration

Abstract The current study was conducted to evaluate daily within-horse variation of plasma alpha-tocopherol concentration (TOC) (Experiment 1 [EXPT1]) and to determine the effect of a single meal on plasma TOC (Experiment 2 [EXPT2]). In EXPT1, venous jugular blood samples were collected from four pregnant (6–7 months of gestation), light horse mares (8.8 ± 2.9 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 5–11 years of age) between 7:30 AM and 8:30 AM, followed by eight hourly samples, and analyzed for plasma TOC. All horses were fed 5 kg dry matter (DM) grass hay 18 hours before sample collection and received no additional feed during the sampling period. Mean within-horse coefficient of variation for TOC was 3.5% ± 0.01%. In EXPT2, seven mature light horses, four mares and three geldings (4.9 ± 4.4 years of age, mean ± SD; range, 2–14 years of age), were randomly assigned to one of two treatments (fasted [FST; n = 7] or fed [FD; n = 7]), followed by reversal of treatments 24 hours later. At 7:30 AM, FD horses were fed 2.1 kg DM grain-mix concentrate (187 IU vitamin E/kg DM) plus 3.3 kg DM mixed-grass hay, whereas FST horses received no feed. Neither group received any feed for 18 hours before 7:30 AM. Venous jugular blood samples were collected at 10:30 AM from all horses and analyzed for plasma TOC. The mean (±SD) within-horse paired-treatment difference was not significant (0.05 ± 0.12 μg/mL). The results suggest that variation in within-horse plasma TOC is relatively small over an 8-hour period in fasting horses and is unaffected 3 hours after a hay grain meal.
Towards a cost-effective hardware trojan detection methodology

Due to the increasing globalization of integrated circuit fabrication, hardware security has emerged as a major issue, necessitating hardware trojan detection mechanisms. Numerous techniques exist, a subset of which we applied to 6 sets of combinational circuits and 2 sets of sequential circuits in order to effectively determine the presence of a hardware trojan. Utilizing only a single type of functional test and a single type of side-channel test, we were able to make determinations about all 6 sets of combinational circuits and 1 of the 2 sets of sequential circuits.