cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Improved analytical prediction of facilitation factors in facilitated transport

Abstract An improved analytical solution for the facilitation factor in facilitated transport that covers a wide range from diffusion-limited to reaction-limited mass transport has been developed. This solution is attained after assuming a small non-zero solute concentration at the membrane exit. Based on previous analysis a graph that provides a reasonable downstream solute concentration was extracted. The exit solute concentration was found to be dependent on both the mobility ratio, α, and the inverse Damkohler number, ϵ. The quick and reasonable results in this work can be used for design and scale-up purposes.
On the number of phenotype structures in genetic systems

Phenotype structures in genetic systems are carefully defined in an abstract setting so that a considerable amount of enumerative theory can be brought to bear on the problem of enumerating them. Recent results can be used to simplify the computations, and a natural correspondence is suggested which changes the problem of finding the number of phenotype structures to the problem of determining the numbers of certain graphs with colored points.
Accurate Estimation of VTI Media Parameters Using Multicomponent Prestack Waveform Inversion

Summary The problem of inverting the vertical component or P-wave seismic data for extracting isotropic elastic parameters and density is nonunique and the problem is even more complex when they are inverted for anisotropic parameters. Using converted wave seismic data in addition to P-waves in a multicomponent inversion has been demonstrated to reasonably extract the anisotropic elastic properties and density but the problem becomes complex as the underlying true models are complicated and the data are contaminated with noise. In this work, we investigate strategies for robust inversion of multicomponent seismic data for a transversely isotropic medium with vertical symmetry axis (VTI medium). We formulate our inversion as a multiobjective optimization problem and invert two and four component data sets under noise free and noisy conditions using the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II). We also investigate the robustness of different choices for model parameterization. Synthetic tests show that use of four component data along with the correct choice of model parameterization can help robustly estimate anisotropic model parameters even if the data are noise contaminated.
A memory function equation approach to the kinetics of spinodal decomposition in the very early linear regime

The equations of Metiu, Kitahara and Ross for the kinetics of the spinodal decomposition are generalized in both time and space by using the idea of a memory function. Reinterpretation is given as to how correlations between the change in densities, at different time and spatial points will affect the kinetics of the phase separation. This new interpretation leads to an additional curvature in the spectrum of the observed rate of spinodal decomposition. Our generalized theory is in qualitative agreement with (i) the Boltzman equation approach of Nonnenmacher if a simple memory function is inserted and (ii) the result of Kawasaki and coworkers, namely that a time-dependent rate is found when a persistent range of time correlation is introduced. If persistent spatial correlation is introduced, we predict a divergent behavior of the rate constant at small k. This divergent behavior is also seen in the linearized hydrodynamics approach of Haus and Kitahara.
Modular Distributed Models of Engineering Structures

Approaches to engineering design and manufacturing such as integrated design and manufacture and just in time fabrication depend on interaction with and among component supply companies that most often use very diverse technologies. The Internet Engineering Design Agents (i-EDA) software system uses a distributed, component-based, agent methodology that is realized following a strong black box approach to modeling. An individual Design Agent (DA) is a virtual product capable of encapsulating both descriptive and model based information about the product it represents. Hierarchically recursive agents for sub-systems and/or components are linked via a communications network to form larger integrated model systems. A two dimensional bridge system structural model is used as an example to illustrate the distributed assembly of structural models from components registered as DA’s on a communications network. Modular Distributed Modeling (MDM) of engineering structures performs static deflection analysis using traditional, fixed causality, structural stiffness models. This paper presents the methodology required to assemble traditional structural stiffness models provided by internet agents representing structural components. The methodology discussed assembles these component models into the structural stiffness model of an assembly distributed by an agents represent that physical assembly of components. Using this modular distributed modeling method; models of complex assemblies can be built and distributed while hiding the topology and characteristics of their structural subassemblies. The automated, modular, assembly of structural stiffness models will be derived for discrete physical connections. Discrete connections are important to the assembly of components such as truss and shaft structures where the relationship between component displacements involve discrete, matching, degrees of freedom on components to be assembled. Specific examples of discrete assembly of truss bridge component models will be presented.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Fine structure of the vomeronasal and septal olfactory epithelia and of glandular structures

The vomeronasal and septal olfactory organs are two neurosensory structures in the mammalian nasal septum which are poorly understood relative to the main olfactory system. The vomeronasal organ is a paired, blind-ending tubular structure that opens rostrally into the nasal cavity in some species and into the incisive ducts in others. When present in mammals, the septal olfactory organ is an island of olfactory mucosa positioned such that it is in the primary air pathway in the caudal portion of the nasal cavity. Mammalian nasal glands, with a diverse histochemical and ultrastructural morphology, secrete a variety of substances onto the mucosal surface. One of these substances, odorant binding protein, localized in bovine nasal glands and lateral nasal glands of rodents may be important in the capture and conveyance of odorant molecules to olfactory receptors. The objectives of this paper are to present original data while reviewing the literature on the ultrastructure of vomeronasal and septal olfactory neuroepithelia, and of vomeronasal, bovine nasal, and lateral nasal glands. Nasal tissues from pigs, calves, and hamsters were prepared for electron microscopy. Neurosensory epithelia of the porcine vomeronasal organ and the hamster septal olfactory organ are similar to that described for the vomeronasal and septal olfactory organs of other mammals. Bovine nasal and rodent lateral nasal glands consist of subregions which differ morphologically; the most abundant acinar cell type in the bovine nasal gland contains lightly electron dense secretory granules while that of the rodent lateral nasal gland contains both small electron dense and large, electron lucent granules. The porcine vomeronasal gland contains numerous small, dense granules of a diverse morphology. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Surface multiplasmonics for optical sensing and solar-energy harvesting

The planar interface of a metal and a dielectric material can guide multiple surface-plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves—all of the same frequency, but different phase speed, attenuation rate, and spatial profiles of fields—provided that the dielectric material is periodically nonhomogeneous in the direction normal to the interface. Theoretical and experimental research during the last four years have validated this concept. Emerging applications of surface multiplasmonics include optical sensing of analytes as well as solar-energy harvesting.
AN IMPROVED MEDIUM-SCALE PREPARATION OF DIBENZO[a, e] CYCLOOCTEN-5(6h), 11(12h)DIONE

(1984). AN IMPROVED MEDIUM-SCALE PREPARATION OF DIBENZO[a, e] CYCLOOCTEN-5(6h), 11(12h)DIONE. Organic Preparations and Procedures International: Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 411-425.
The contribution of humic substances to the acidity of colored natural waters

Abstract An operationally defined carboxyl content of humic substances extracted from rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands, and groundwaters throughout the United States and Canada is reported. Despite the diversity of the samples, only small variations were observed in this humic carboxyl content. The dissociation behavior of two combined fulvic/humic acid extracts was studied and it was found that the dissociation of the humics varied in a predictable manner with pH. Using a carboxyl content of 10 μeq/ mg humic organic carbon, and mass action quotient calculated from sample pH, the ionic balances of three highly colored Nova Scotia rivers were estimated.
Differential induction of apoptosis by LPS and taxol in monocytic cells

Numerous microbial as well as other stimulants including lipopolysaccharide and taxol can activate TLR4, and elicit diverse downstream signaling events including cytokine gene expression and cell growth regulation. With a mechanism not completely understood, different TLR4 stimulants induce distinct cellular responses. Our present studies showed that taxol, not LPS, induced cell apoptosis in human monocytic THP-1 cells, as indicated by PARP cleavage, as well as bcl-2 phosphorylation. Pretreatment of cells with LPS abolished subsequent taxol effect, suggesting that certain signaling components involved in taxol-mediated apoptosis were disrupted by LPS pretreatment. Since the decrease in IRAK-1 level closely accompanies prolonged LPS treatment in monocytic cells, we investigated the IRAK-1 status upon various taxol and LPS challenges. We observed that only LPS, not taxol, caused dramatic decrease in IRAK-1 protein levels. Using splenic macrophages harvested from IRAK-1 knockout and control mice, we further demonstrated that the presence of IRAK-1 is required for taxol-induced PARP cleavage.
Highly transparent and conductive double-layer oxide thin films as anodes for organic light-emitting diodes

Double-layer transparent conducting oxide thin film structures containing In-doped CdO (CIO) and Sn-doped In2O3 (ITO) layers were grown on glass by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and ion-assisted deposition (IAD), respectively, and used as anodes for polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs). These films have a very low overall In content of 16at.%. For 180-nm-thick CIO/ITO films, the sheet resistance is 5.6Ω∕◻, and the average optical transmittance is 87.1% in the 400–700nm region. The overall figure of merit (Φ=T10∕Rsheet) of the double-layer CIO/ITO films is significantly greater than that of single-layer CIO, IAD-ITO, and commercial ITO films. CIO/ITO-based PLEDs exhibit comparable or superior device performance versus ITO-based control devices. CIO/ITO materials have a much lower sheet resistance than ITO, rendering them promising low In content electrode materials for large-area optoelectronic devices.
Can Consumer Software Selection Code for Digital Cameras Improve Consumer Performance

Forecasting the performance of products undergoing rapid technological change requires data and the knowledge to interpret that data. We surveyed students about one such product--digital cameras--and found that they lacked knowledge to interpret the data. To show that decision aids could improve their performance, we created a digital camera selection code that included an education module and in an experiment demonstrated its superiority to (1) the recommendations of sales clerks, (2) the recommendations of digital camera owners, and (3) the recommendations of subjects with Internet access, but without access to our code.
Maintaining Chaos in High Dimensions

In dynamical systems, as a parameter is varied past a critical value, a chaotic attractor may be destroyed by a crisis. This attractor is replaced by a chaotic transient, which eventually leads to a different attractor. We present a method for maintaining chaotic dynamics after the crisis. The model, formulated for arbitrary dimensions, directs the phase space trajectory toward a target region near the periodic saddle orbit that mediates the crisis. It is used to maintain chaos numerically in the Ikeda map and experimentally in a magnetoelastic ribbon.
Quantification and monitoring of visual field defects and prospective, randomized comparison of pilocarpine and timolol using computerized perimetry (17).

OBJECTIVES A prospective, randomized comparison of timolol and pilocarpine was carried out in patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma to determine the effects of medication on visual function as determined by computerized perimetry.
Systematic optimization of an SPE with HPLC-FLD method for fluoroquinolone detection in wastewater.

Abstract This paper describes a selective and ultra-sensitive analytical method for simultaneous determination of 11 fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics in environmental and wastewater samples. The method employs offline solid-phase extraction (SPE) and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). A weak cation exchange SPE protocol was developed with a novel loading volume optimization algorithm and a methanol cleanup step to remove background organic matter. Various parameters were optimized to recover FQs from water/wastewater and analyte recovery was generally greater than 80%. Chromatographic separation of the 11 FQs was achieved on a 150 mm pentafluorophenyl column using a gradient elution scheme with methanol, acetonitrile, and 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH = 2.4). Excitation and emission wavelengths were individually optimized for each FQ using fluorescence spectroscopy; the excitation and emission wavelengths were 276–296 nm and 444–506 nm, respectively. Instrumental quantitation limits were 20–100 pg of mass injected. Of the 11 FQs investigated, seven ( i.e. , ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, fleroxacin, norfloxacin, moxifloxacin, and ofloxacin) were detected during a four-month sampling campaign of wastewater and wastewater-impacted surface water. Concentrations of FQs in raw wastewater, wastewater effluent, and wastewater-impacted surface water were 5–1292, 2–504, and 4–187 ng/L, respectively.
Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver

We present a multiseptated mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in a 10-year-old male patient, a rare benign tumor of childhood. The characteristic ultrasound and CT appearances of this unusual tumor are reviewed. A single septal calcification associated with this tumor was demonstrated, an association which has not previously been reported. The differential diagnosis for cystic liver lesions is discussed in detail.
On the Hardness of Graph Anonymization

In this paper, we examine the problem of node re-identification from anonymized graphs. Typical graphs encountered in real applications are massive and sparse. In this paper, we will show that massive and sparse graphs have certain theoretical properties which make them susceptible to re-identification attacks. We design a systematic way to exploit these theoretical properties in order to construct {\em re-identification signatures}, which are also known as characteristic vectors. These signatures have the property that they are extremely robust to perturbations, especially for massive and sparse graphs. Our results show that even low levels of anonymization require perturbation levels which are significant enough to result in a massive loss of utility. Our experimental results also show that the true anonymization level of graphs is much lower than is implied by measures such as $k$-anonymity. Thus, the results of this paper establish that the problem of massive graph anonymization has fundamental theoretical barriers which prevent a fully effective solution.
Differential regulation of the von Willebrand factor and Flt-1 promoters in the endothelium of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-targeted mice.

An important limitation of standard transgenic assays is that multiple copies of the transgene are inserted randomly into the mouse genome, resulting in line-to-line variation in expression. One way to control for these variables is to target a single copy of the transgene to a defined locus of the mouse genome by homologous recombination. In the present study, we have used such an approach to target the promoters of 2 different genes, namely von Willebrand factor (VWF) and Flt-1, to the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (Hprt) gene locus. Consistent with previous findings in standard transgenic animals, we report that the VWF promoter contains information for expression in a subset of endothelial cells in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. In contrast, the Flt-1 promoter directs expression in all vascular beds except for the liver. The Flt-1 transgene was active in the endothelium of tumor xenografts, whereas the VWF promoter was not. Under in vitro conditions, conditioned medium from tumor cells resulted in a significant up-regulation of Flt-1 mRNA and promoter activity, but no change in VWF levels. Taken together, these results suggest that (1) Hprt locus targeting is a valuable tool for studying vascular bed–specific gene regulation, (2) the VWF and Flt-1 promoters are regulated by distinct transcriptional mechanisms in the intact endothelium, and (3) tumor angiogenesis results in the differential activation of endothelial cell–specific promoters.
Why do teens abandon bicycling? A retrospective look at attitudes and behaviors

Bicycling as a form of “active travel” is an easy way to integrate physical activity into daily life, with many benefits for health. Yet this potential is largely untapped in the U.S., where less than 1% of workers commute by bicycle. The problem may start as early as childhood, given a steep decline in bicycling to school among children in the U.S., particularly among high school students. This paper examines childhood and teenage experiences with and attitudes towards bicycling as seen in retrospect from adulthood. The results are drawn from a larger study that set out to explore the effect of experiences throughout life on the formation of attitudes towards bicycling. Fifty-four adult participants responded to open-ended interview questions regarding their bicycling experiences throughout their life course, starting from childhood. Results show that the way in which participants thought about bicycling changed from elementary school to high school, leading to decreased bicycling in teenage years and influencing attitudes and behavior as adults. High school students, especially females, were particularly sensitive to negative images associated with bicycling. The strong influence of social norms has important implications for policy.
Equilibrium and Stability of Current‐Carrying Discharges in the Non‐Axisymmetric CTH Experiment

Detailed knowledge of the experimental plasma equilibrium is becoming as important for stellarators as it is for tokamaks, but reconstruction of magnetic flux surfaces from magnetic measurements is more difficult in the three-dimensional geometry of stellarators than in axisymmetric configurations. We report the first reconstructions of experimental stellarator equilibria with the V3FIT [1] code. We also introduce the signal effectiveness, and describe initial studies of density-driven disruption in current-carrying stellarator plasmas. At low vacuum transform, disruptions can be triggered at a plasma density comparable to the Greenwald limit, but disruption signatures disappear as the vacuum rotational transform is raised above 0.1 (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of the 65 mph speed limit on injury morbidity and mortality

Effective December 1987 and January 1988, the maximum speed limit on rural limited access highways in Michigan was raised from 55 mph to 65 mph. This study examined the effects of the raised limit on injury morbidity and mortality. A multiple time-series design was used, comparing roads where the speed limit was raised with roads where the limit remained unchanged. Data were collected on numbers and rates of automobile crashes, injuries, and deaths from January 1978 through December 1988. Time-series intervention analyses were conducted to estimate effects associated with the speed limit change while controlling for long-term trends, seasonal cycles, and other patterns. Statistical controls were also included for major factors known to influence crash and injury rates. Results revealed significant increases in casualties on roads where the speed limit was raised, including a 19.2% increase in fatalities, a 39.8% increase in serious injuries, and a 25.4% increase in moderate injuries. Fatalities also increased on 55 mph limited access freeways, suggesting that the 65 mph limit may have spillover effects on segments of freeways where the limit was not changed. No significant changes in fatalities or injuries were found on other types of roads. The increased convenience of reduced travel time with the higher speed limit is obtained at a significant cost in terms of injury morbidity and mortality.
Inferences on the within‐subject coefficient of variation

The within-subject coefficient of variation (WCV) is widely used as a measure of precision and reproducibility of data in medical and biological science. In this paper, generalized confidence intervals and tests for a single WCV is developed using the concept of generalized pivots under the assumption of one-way random effect model. This approach is further extended to two-sample cases. The resulting procedures are easy to compute and have good properties in term of coverage probabilities and type-I error control at small sample sizes. The proposed methods are illustrated by a real life example.
A Method for Determining Transmembrane Helix Association and Orientation in Detergent Micelles Using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Solution small angle x-ray scattering can be used to study the association of transmembrane proteins solubilized in detergent micelles. We have used the alpha-helical transmembrane domain of the human erythrocyte glycophorin A (GpA) fused to the carboxyl terminus of monomeric staphylococcal nuclease (SN/GpA) as a model system for study. By matching the average electron density of the detergent micelles to that of the buffer solution, the micelle contribution to the small angle scattering vanishes, and the molecular weight and the radius of gyration of the proteins can be determined. SN/GpA has been found to dimerize in a zwitterionic detergent micelle, N-dodecyl-N,N-(dimethylammonio)butyrate (DDMAB), whose average electron density naturally matches the electron density of an aqueous buffer. The dimerization occurs through the transmembrane domains of GpA. With the aid of the nuclease domain scattering, the orientation of the helices within a dimer can be determined to be parallel by radius of gyration analysis. The association constant of a mutant (G83I) that weakens the GpA dimerization has been determined to be 24 microM in the DDMAB environment. The experimental methods established here could be used to apply solution small angle x-ray scattering to studying the association and interactions of other membrane proteins.
Effects of age and method of castration on performance and stress response of beef male cattle: a review.

Abstract Post-puberal castration of calves is a common management practice in beef production systems. The methods and the age at which castration is performed are considered stressful conditions. The effects of both variables on performance and stress response of beef cattle were evaluated. Data of average daily gain and peak plasma cortisol concentration of calves castrated by surgical and rubber banding methods at different ages were analyzed. Castration-associated weight loss was evaluated within the first 30 days post-castration. The weight loss increased quadratically as the age of castration increased (P 6 months. No statistical differences (P > 0.05) were detected in stress response between surgical and rubber banding procedures. However, the fact that the lower stress response of intact cattle was not statistically different (P > 0.05) from banded cattle suggests that rubber banding castration is less stressful than surgical castration.
Analysis of adaptive identifiers in the presence of unmodeled dynamics: averaging and tuned parameters

The authors analyze the behavior of a standard identifier when the plant contains additional dynamics, called unmodeled dynamics, which invalidate the known order assumption. The first result of the analysis is an input richness condition which does not depend on the order of the unmodeled dynamics to guarantee persistency of excitation of the regressor. Then it is shown that the persistently exciting (PE) condition leads to a BIBO (bounded-input bounded-output) stability property for the identifier. The method of averaging is used to formally define the notion of tuned parameters as the equilibrium of the identifier averaged system. It is shown that the tuned parameters always exist and that the actual parameters converge to some neighborhood of the tuned parameters. From the definition of the tuned parameters, an explicit expression to calculate and interpret them as the fixed parameter values that minimize the mean-squared output error is derived. >
Control system architecture for mechanical cardiac assist devices

Among the medical device therapies for end-stage heart disease are ventricular assist devices that work in conjunction with a diseased heart. The control of ventricular assist devices (VAD) is an intriguing and challenging engineering problem due to the complexity of the combined cardiovascular/VAD "plant," and the importance of reliable and high-performance control algorithms. In this paper we present an overview of control architecture issues in cardiac assist systems relating to actuator and sensor placements.
Pre-service teachers' views: How did e-feedback through assessment facilitate their learning?

This survey study was intended to explore whether or not students supported the way a university course instructor provided timely and detailed e- feedback directly onto their online assignments and how the e-feedback facilitated their learning. Twenty pre-service teachers, who had experienced the process, participated in the study. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively to answer the research questions. The findings indicate that the majority of students favored the instructor's provision of e-feedback. From their perspectives, the feedback was helpful, immediate, and convenient, allowing them to know whether they were "on the right track", encouraged them to think, enhanced their learning through reflections and corrections, and promoted their time management and writing skills. Implications of the study and suggestions for further research are provided at the conclusion of this report.
Assessing Functional Equivalency of Nekton Habitat in Enhanced Habitats: Comparison of Terraced and Unterraced Marsh Ponds

A primary goal of many coastal restoration programs is to increase nekton habitat in terms of both quantity and quality. Using shallow water ponds rehabilitated with a technique called marsh terracing, we examined the quality of nekton habitat created, using and comparing several metrics including nekton density and diversity, functional group composition, and weight-length relationships as indirect measures of habitat quality. We examined three paired terraced and unterraced marsh ponds in southwest Louisiana. Nekton, submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), and soil and water quality variables were sampled bimonthly from April 2004 through April 2005 at four subtidal habitat types: terraced nearshore, terraced open water, unterraced nearshore, and unterraced open water. Results indicate that terraced ponds had increased the habitat value of degrading unterraced ponds over open water areas for estuarine nekton; nekton density and richness were similar between terraced and unterraced nearshore habitat types, but greater at all nearshore as compared to open water sites. Analysis of the distribution of nekton functional groups and weight:length ratios indicates the terraced and unterraced pond habitats were not functioning similarly: distribution of nekton functional groups differed significantly between habitat types with greater percentages of benthic-oriented species at unterraced open water habitats and higher percentage of open water species in terraced ponds as compared to unterraced ponds, and two of the six numerically dominant fish species had greater weight-length relationships in unterraced ponds as compared to terraced ponds. This lack of functional equivalency may be attributed to environmental differences between terraced and unterraced ponds such as water depth or SAV biomass, or the relatively young age of the terraces studied, which may not have allowed for the development of some critical habitat variables, such as soil organic matter that was found to be significantly lower in terraced versus unterraced ponds (p < 0.05). To properly assess the ecological equivalency of restored or rehabilitated sites for nekton requires that we move beyond measures of nekton density, biomass, and diversity and incorporate measures of functional equivalency, including habitat measures.
Transgenic wheats with elevated levels of Dx5 and/or Dy10 high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits yield doughs with increased mixing strength and tolerance

Abstract To test the effects of independently increasing the in vivo levels of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) Dx5 and Dy10 on wheat flour properties, we increased the copy numbers of their corresponding genes by genetic transformation. Thirteen transformants with increases in one or both subunits were chosen for biochemical and functional characterization by solvent fractionation, RP-HPLC, SDS-sedimentation, and micro-mixing. Increases in Dx5 and Dy10 contents ranged from 1.4- to 3.5-fold and 1.2- to 5.4-fold, respectively, and generally resulted in increased polymeric protein, increased mixing times and tolerances, and lower peak resistances. Increases in Dx5 content had larger effects on most parameters than comparable increases in Dy10. Flours with more than 2.6-times the native levels of Dx5 could not be mixed under standard 2-g mixograph conditions, while flours with 5.4 times the native levels of Dy10 could be mixed if sufficient time was allowed. Increases in Dx5 and Dy10 had additive effects on mixing behavior. These experiments demonstrate that dough mixing strength and tolerance can be increased by raising the levels of native HMW-GS Dx5 or Dy10, but that the effects of the two subunits are quantitatively and qualitatively different.
The Economics Of Tobacco Regulation

The past five years have seen a dramatic turn of events against the tobacco industry, raising the question of the appropriate future path for U.S. smoking policy. This paper discusses the theory and evidence on regulation of smoking. I begin by reviewing the background on this industry. I then turn to a discussion of the motivations for regulating smoking, both external and internal to the smoker. I conclude with a discussion of future policy directions.
Reputation, Goodwill, and Loss: Entering the Employee Training Audit Equation:

Organizations, like individuals, have reputations that create consequences. Six features of organizational reputations are reviewed. A model for how organizational reputation is created is presente...
Aminoglycoside antibiotics alter the paracellular transport properties of cultured human proximal tubule cells

Cell cultures retaining properties of the human proximal tubule were utilized to determine whether or not the aminoglycoside antibiotics alter paracellular transport. The transepithelial resistance (R,) of the human proximal tubule (HPT) cell monolayers was determined by Ussing chamber analysis of cells grown on permeable supports. This analysis revealed that RT was reduced as a result of aminoglycoside exposure and that the reduction corresponded to the known clinical nephrotoxicities of the aminoglycosides. Variation in the aminoglycoside concentration necessary to elicit this response was documented using 14 individual cell isolates. Ultrastructural analysis provided evidence indicating that the alterations in RT were not associated with general damage to the HPT cells. An examination of the structure of the tight junctions by freezefracture analysis demonstrated only minimal alteration of the sealing strands as a result of aminoglycoside exposure. Consequently, the reductions in R, were not directly associated with discernible tight junction structural alterations. Alteration in the paracellular route of transport, as indicated by altered RT values, was clearly documented as a result of aminoglycoside exposure. In addition, this alteration was accompanied by an increased density of intramembrane particles within the apical cell membrane.
A model for the texture development of high- T c superconductors under an elevated magnetic field

A theoretical model is proposed to explain the degree of texture achieved in high-T{sub c} superconductors during melt-processing under an elevated magnetic field. The degree of grain alignment is quantified through a factor {ital F} which is defined as ranging from 0 (random alignment) to 1 (completely oriented). Intermediate values of {ital F} clearly characterize intermediate states of alignment in which there is still some tendency for the grains to align their {ital c} axes with the magnetic field. The model suggests that the enhancement in texture is primarily obtained through grain rotation during the early stages of grain growth from the liquid. At the later stages of growth, grains interact with each other, which hinders the phenomena of magnetic-field-induced grain alignment. {copyright} {ital 1999 Materials Research Society.}
A new method for removing nonionic detergent that allows reconstitution of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase.

Abstract The macromolecular components of dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase are soluble in solutions of the nonionic detergents Brij 56 or digitonin, however response of the adenylate cyclase to dopamine is lost. Removal of the nonionic detergent by replacement with cholate and phospholipid, followed by removal of the cholate, restored the dopamine sensitivity of adenylate cyclase. By this method, the functional complex was reassembled from two separate solutions of components, one deficient in adenylate cyclase activity, and the other unresponsive to dopamine.
Retinoic Acid Inhibits Rat XY Gonad Development by Blocking Mesonephric Cell Migration and Decreasing the Number of Gonocytes

Vitamin A (also called retinol) and its derivatives, retinoic acids (RAs), are required for postnatal testicular function. Abnormal spermatogenesis is observed in rodents on vitamin A-deficient diets and in retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARalpha) knockout mice. In contrast, RA has an inhibitory effect on the XY gonad development in embryos. To characterize this inhibitory effect of RA, we investigated the cellular events that are required for the XY gonad development, including cell migration from the adjacent mesonephros into the gonad, fetal Sertoli cell differentiation, and survival of gonocytes. In organ cultures of Embryonic Day 13 (E13) XY gonads from rats, all-trans-retinoic acid (tRA) inhibited mesonephric cell migration into the gonad. Moreover, treatment with tRA decreased the expression of Mullerian-inhibiting substance in Sertoli cells and dramatically reduced the number of gonocytes. Increased apoptosis was detected in the XY gonads cultured with tRA, suggesting that the loss of gonocytes could be due to increased apoptosis. In addition, Am580, a synthetic compound that exhibits RARalpha-specific agonistic properties, mimicked the inhibitory effects of tRA on the XY gonad development including mesonephric cell migration and gonocyte survival. Conversely, a RARalpha-selective antagonist, Ro 41-5253, suppressed the inhibitory ability of tRA on the XY gonad development. These results suggest that retinoic acid acting through RARalpha negatively affects fetal Sertoli cell differentiation and gonocyte survival and blocks the migration of mesonephric cells, thereby leading to inhibition of the XY gonad development.
On the Primacy of Duties

The concept of rights is among the more thoroughly examined in political philosophy. Nonetheless, it remains ontologically elusive and morally problematical. In the form of an allegedly natural endowment bequeathed by the Stoic philosophers, it was famously dismissed by Bentham as ‘nonsense on stilts’. Chiefly by way of natural law theory and versions of Kantian moral philosophy rights arise at once from the presupposed autonomy of rational beings and from certain duties others have to beings of such a kind. Within this tradition it is argued that morality itself is grounded in the autonomy of rational beings and that whatever overrides this autonomy converts such beings to instrumental means. Accordingly, there is a basic right to be regarded as a moral being and it is this right that generates or is foundational for the rest. Debate continues, of course, on such questions as to whether autonomy per se either logically or morally requires dutiful respect and whether rationality per se is either a necessary or a sufficient condition for autonomy itself.
The Cross-Cultural Generalizability of Axis-II Constructs: An Evaluation of Two Personality Disorder Assessment Instruments in the People's Republic of China

We examined the reliability, cross-instrument validity, and factor structure of Chinese adaptations of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+; N = 1,926) and Personality Disorders Interview (PDI-IV; N = 525) in psychiatric patients. Comparisons with data from Western countries suggest that the psychometric properties of these two instruments are comparable across cultures. Low to modest agreement between the PDQ-4+ and PDI-IV was observed for both dimensional and categorical personality disorder evaluations. When the PDI-IV was used as the diagnostic standard, the PDQ-4+ showed higher sensitivity than specificity, and higher negative predictive power than positive predictive power. Factor analyses of both instruments replicated the four-factor structure O'Connor and Dyce (1998) found in Western samples. Results suggested that conceptions and measures of DSM-IV personality disorders are cross-culturally generalizable to Chinese psychiatric populations.
Crimson: A Novel Sex-Linked Eye Color Mutant of Culex Pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)

Xanthommatin is the primary ommochrome eye pigment in mosquitoes. The terminal step in xanthommatin biosynthesis, involving oxidation of 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK), can proceed enzymatically by phenoxazinone synthase or by nonenzymatic auto-oxidation of 3HK. The relative contributions of these pathways, however, are unclear. We isolated a novel Culex pipiens mutant (crimson) that could be used to address this question. Homozygous crimson embryos exhibit no visible eyespot; first-instar larval ocelli are colorless. Eyes gradually turn red through immature development. Teneral crimson adults possess red eyes that darken to wild-type approximately 5 d after emergence. Crosses indicate that crimson is sex-linked and fully recessive. Addition of xanthommatin precursors to rearing water did not rescue wild-type phenotype and suggested that the mutation is in the terminal step of ommochrome biosynthesis. Crimson expression was not temperature sensitive. Thin-layer chromatography demonstrated teneral crimson adults lacked xanthommatin. Teneral and aged wild-type adults exhibited low-mobility black ommochrome spots; aged crimson adults exhibited low-mobility brown-red ommochrome spots. Absorbance spectroscopy of eye extracts indicated teneral adult crimson eyes lacked xanthommatin but had abnormally high levels of 3HK, whereas extracts of 10-d-old crimson adults had depleted levels of 3HK and detectable levels of xanthommatin. Light microscopy indicated that eyes of young (3 d old) wild-type adults had a high concentration of pigment granules. Eyes of teneral crimson adults had no pigment granules. Eyes of 20-d-old crimson adults had low levels of pigment granules. We suggest two possible mechanisms for the crimson mutation: (1) transport of 3HK into the pigment cells and/or pigment granules is slow, with normal oxidation of 3HK into xanthommatin, or (2) 3HK is transported normally into pigment cells/granules but is not immediately oxidized to xanthommatin, resulting in 3HK hyper-accumulation and slow nonenzymatic production of xanthommatin after adult emergence.
An OpenFlow Testbed for the Evaluation of Vertical Handover Decision Algorithms in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

This paper details a framework that leverages Software Defined Networking (SDN) features to provide a testbed for evaluating handovers for IPv4 heterogeneous wireless networks. The framework is intended to be an extension to the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed, but the essence of the framework can be applied on any OpenFlow (OF) enabled network. Our goal is to enable researchers to evaluate vertical handover decision algorithms using GENI resources, open source software, and low cost commodity hardware. The framework eliminates the triangle routing problem experienced by other previous IPv4-compatible IP mobility solutions. This paper provides an overview of the testbed framework, implementation details for our installation using GENI WiMAX resources, and a discussion of future work.
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: An Update on Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) includes a broad range of dermatologic manifestations, which may or may not be associated with systemic disease. Recent studies in this area continue to shape our understanding of this disease and treatment options. Epidemiologic studies have found an incidence of CLE of 4.30 per 100,000, which approaches similar analysis for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although there have been extensive efforts to define SLE, the classification of CLE and its subgroups remains a challenge. Currently, diagnosis relies on clinical and laboratory findings as well as skin histology. The Cutaneous Lupus Area and Severity Index™ (CLASI™) is a validated measure of disease activity and damage. CLE pathogenesis is multifactorial and includes genetic contributions as well as effects of ultraviolet (UV) light. Immune dysregulation and aberrant cell signaling pathways through cytokine cascades are also implicated. Patient education and avoidance of triggers are key to disease prevention. Antimalarials and topical steroids continue to be the standard of care; however, immunosuppressants, thalidomide analogs and monoclonal antibodies are possible systemic therapies for the treatment of recalcitrant disease.
Defending Public Prosecutors and Defining Brazil's Environmental Public Interest: A Review of Lesley McAllister's Making Law Matter: Environmental Protection and Legal Institutions in Brazil

This article reviews Professor Lesley McAllister’s important new book, Making Law Matter: Environmental Protection and Legal Institutions in Brazil. Although it celebrates the valuable and painstaking research of Professor McAllsister, and particularly her emphasis on the functioning of legal institutions rather than merely the laws as written, the review takes exception with some of her conclusions about the role of the “4th branch” of Brazil’s government, the celebrated Public Ministry. In particular, the review suggests that a more nuanced look at the social and economic interests of the members of the Public Ministry would have made the book even stronger and merits further study in service of the goal of understanding the effective functioning of legal institutions for environmental protection in developing countries.
The Effects of Fabrication Induced Residual Stress-Strain States on the Irradiation Performance of Monolithic Mini-Plates

Effects of initial stress-strain states on irradiation performance of monolithic fuel plates were studied. The monolithic fuel plates consist of a high density low enrichment U-Mo fuel that is encapsulated in an Aluminum cladding. Because the fabrication involves multiple stages, there are concerns, if the irradiation performance of the plates is affected by the pre-irradiation stress-strain states. To investigate these concerns, a representative plate was evaluated for distinct initial stress-strain states. First, the foil preparation stage by co-rolling process was simulated. For this, a scaled version of the process was simulated to calculate the stress-strain profiles. These profiles were then used to incorporate initial states for the HIP process. Additional HIP simulations were also considered to evaluate the cases with stress-free foils prior HIP bonding. For the simulation of HIP process with initially stress-free co-rolled foils, several bonding temperatures were considered. Finally, the irradiation processes were simulated for all cases with distinct pre-irradiation stress-strain states. The stress-strain fields from the fabrication process were used to incorporate the initial states for the irradiation simulations. The resulted distortions, stress-strain fields and temperature profiles were extracted at the selected locations. Finally, a comparative evaluation was made to determine the sensitivity of the plate’s performance to the pre-irradiation stress-strain states. The irradiation simulations have revealed that the fabrication stresses in the fuel would be relieved relatively fast in reactor. The fuel foil would be essentially stress-free during irradiation. The stresses however, would develop at the shutdown stage. For the cladding material, the stresses continue to increase and additional plastic strains are generated as a result of fuel swelling. The study indicated that the stress-strain fields of the plates during irradiation are not affected by the initial stress state of the plates.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Primary Ki-1-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma: A distinct clinicopathologic entity

Summary The morphology of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is associated with a clinical syndrome of peripheral lymphadenopathy (>80%) and frequent extranodal disease (>40%) in children and young adults (median age 50%), infrequent mediastinal mass ( 40%). Most patients present with stage III/IV disease. Stage is highly predictive of achieving complete remission, disease-free survival, and overall survival. Localized skin lesions have an excellent prognosis and occasional spontaneous regressions are noted. Distinctive histopathologic features of ALCL are partial lymph node involvement with sinus infiltration, sparing of B-cell regions, and tumor cell pleomorphism. Other features are high mitotic rate, necrosis, fibrosis, and plasma cell infiltrates. Morphologic variants of ALCL resemble carcinoma, syncytial variant of nodular sclerosing HD, true histiocytic lymphoma or interdigitating cell sarcoma, and mycosis fungoides. ALCL can be distinguished from these morphologically similar disorders by immunophenotype (CD30+, CD45+, CD15−, EMA+, BNH9+, keratin−, lysozyme−). A recurrent cytogenetic translocation, t(2; 5) (p23; q35), has been observed among morphologic variants, including a small-cell-predominant variant and tumor cell line which contains a spectrum of small cerebriform and large anaplastic CD30+ cells. 70% of ALCL cases are of T-cell lineage, 15% B, 5% T/B, and 10% undefined. ALCL appears to be distinct from peripheral T-cell lymphomas such as HTLV-1+ adult T-cell leukemia, angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy, angiocentric T-cell lymphoma, and mycosis fungoides, which occur mainly in older patients. These combined clinical, pathologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic observations support the concept that ALCL is a distinct clinicopathologic entity.