cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Racial Disparities in Rates of Surgery for Esophageal Cancer: a Study from the National Cancer Database

Treatment guidelines for stage I–III esophageal cancer indicate that management should include surgery in appropriate patients. Variations in utilization of surgery may contribute to racial differences observed in survival. We sought to identify factors associated with racial disparities in surgical resection of esophageal cancer and evaluate associated survival differences. Patients diagnosed with stage I–III esophageal cancer from 2004 to 2015 were identified using the National Cancer Database. Matched patient cohorts were created to reduce confounding. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with receipt of surgery. Multi-level modeling was performed to control for random effects of individual hospitals on surgical utilization. A total of 60,041 patients were included (4402 black; 55,639 white). After 1:1 matching, there were 5858 patients evenly distributed across race. For all stages, significantly fewer black than white patients received surgery. Black race independently conferred lower likelihood of receiving surgery in single-level multivariable analysis (OR (95% CI); stage I, 0.67 (0.48–0.94); stage II, 0.76 (0.60–0.96); stage III, 0.62 (0.50–0.76)) and after controlling for hospital random effects. Hospital-level random effects accounted for one third of the unexplained variance in receipt of surgery. Risk-adjusted 1-, 3-, and 5-year mortality was higher for patients who did not undergo surgery. Black patients with esophageal cancer are at higher risk of mortality compared to white patients. This increased risk may be influenced by decreased likelihood of receiving surgical intervention for resectable disease, in part because of between-hospital differences. Improving access to surgical care may improve disparities in esophageal cancer survival.
Design thinking for innovation: Composition, consequence, and contingency

Abstract Design thinking, a design-based approach to solving human problems, is increasingly adopted by firms to develop innovations. However, what design thinking is, how it works, whether it leads to successful new products and services, and if such outcomes depend on market turbulence are unresolved issues. To address these knowledge gaps, we theorize a nomological network of design thinking’s composition, consequence, and contingency, and then examine the model through a survey of innovation managers. We conclude that design thinking consists of six inter-related mindsets and actions, strengthens new product and service performance, and has robust effects across levels of market turbulence. Based on one of the first confirmatory studies of design thinking, we draw implications of our findings for innovation theory and practice.
Microbial Contamination Risk and Disinfection of Radiation Protective Garments.

ABSTRACT: Healthcare-associated infections are a major public health concern for both patients and medical personnel. This has taken on greater urgency during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Radiation Personal Protective Equipment (RPPE) may contribute to risks of microbial contamination. This possibility was tested in 61 personal or shared-use lead aprons and thyroid collars at Columbia Presbyterian Irving Medical Center. Fifty percent tested positive for either bacterial or fungal contamination, mostly around the neckline of lead vests and thyroid collars. Repeated testing of garments some weeks to months later confirmed continued presence of microbial contamination. The possibility that hospital-approved disinfection agents could degrade the radio-protective features of these garments was also examined. Samples of identical construction to garments in regular use were subjected to either daily or weekly wipes with hypochlorite or alcohol-based hospital-approved cleaning agents for 6 mo. A third group of samples was maintained in contact with the cleaning agents for 6 mo. All samples were fluoroscoped four times during the study. None demonstrated any degradation in radioprotection. All samples were photographed monthly. Physical degradation of the outer plastic covering by concentrated hypochlorite and limited mechanical damage around stitched seams of the samples cleaned daily with alcohol was noted. Based on the high prevalence of microbial contamination, regular cleaning and disinfection protocols should be implemented. Regular cleaning with medical-facility-approved cleaning and disinfecting agents is likely to be effective at reducing the microbial load and unlikely to result in significant reduction in radioprotective properties of these garments.
Theory of nanoscale surface ripple formation during oblique-incidence thin film deposition

We develop a theory of surface ripples that can emerge spontaneously when an amorphous thin film is grown by oblique-incidence sputter deposition. For simplicity, we consider the case in which two diametrically opposed, broad atomic beams are simultaneously incident on the substrate and focus on the angles of incidence just above the threshold angle for ripple formation. At early times, the ripples are roughly sinusoidal in form, but as time passes, they become increasingly faceted as their wavelength and amplitude grow. The facet slopes and the form of the ripple crests and troughs are found analytically at long times, and these predictions are in good agreement with our simulations. Ultimately, the ripples become highly ordered in the transverse direction and few dislocations remain. However, because the ripple wavelength and the amplitude vary in the longitudinal direction, the ripples are not perfectly ordered, even at long times.
Evans, Ralph Merrill 1908–1974

Ralph Merrill Evans was born in 1908 in Massachusetts. After schooling at the Phillips Academy in Andover, MA, he attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology from which he graduated in 1928 with a B.S. degree in optics and photography. He worked briefly for Kodak Corporation, moving on to Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation in New York in 1929 where he worked in research and quality control until 1933. He returned to Kodak where he became supervisor in the color process development department. In 1945, he was named superintendent of the color control department and in 1953 director of the Color Technology Division. Some years later, a reorganization at Kodak resulted in Evans being placed in charge of the Photographic Technology Division, a position he occupied until his retirement in 1970. Evans died on Jan 29, 1974.
A physics-based model of DC and microwave characteristics of GaN/AlGaN HEMTs: Research Articles

A physics-based model of AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) is developed for the analysis of DC and microwave characteristics. Large- and small-signal parameters are calculated for a given device dimensions and operating conditions. Spontaneous and piezoelectric polarizations at the heterointerface and finite effective width of the 2DEG gas have been incorporated in the analysis. The model predicts a maximum drain current of 523 mA/mm and transconductance of 138 mS/mm for a 1 μm × 75 μm device, which are in agreement with the experimental data. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2007.
Nasal voice in boys with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder

Abstract This study compared speech samples of 29 boys aged 6–13 with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) to those of 29 typically developing (TD) boys matched on age and ethnicity. Ten listeners blind to speakers’ diagnoses rated speech samples for nasality and reported their perceptions of the speaker on a 6-point Likert-type scale. Results indicated significantly greater listener-perceived nasality in the HFASD than the TD group. Listeners rated the HFASD group significantly higher than the TD group on negative socially relevant adjectives, a finding which was mediated by nasality. In addition, compared to TD speakers, speakers with HFASD were rated lower on dominance and perceived age, as well as higher on perceived disability.
Methodological Considerations in the Evaluation of the Cell Cycle in the Central Nervous System

A number of modalities have been used in the evaluation of cell cycle proliferation in the central nervous system. The evolution of technology has moved from the routine hematoxylin and eosin stained assessment of mitotic activity to radiolabeling and flow-cytometric methodologies and more recently reliable immunohistochemical approaches. This chapter will review the methodological considerations of each of these modalities and their role in the evaluation of lesions in the central nervous system.
The male antigen. II. Regulation of the primary and secondary responses to H-Y by H-2 associated genes.

Abstract The primary response of females of ten inbred mouse strains to the male antigen (H-Y) was investigated by transfer of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC). Three distinct classes of reactivity were seen. Early primary response to H-Y was associated with H -2 haplotypes b and s ; intermediate response with H -2 haplotypes, k , d , i , and h ; and late or absent response with H -2 haplotypes a and f . The failure of A.CA ( H -2 f ) females to mount a detectable primary response against syngeneic male cells was not due to the lack of the antigen from A.CA male cells. The ability of (A.CA × B10)F 1 hybrid females to respond to the male antigen demonstrated the dominant nature of the B10 ( H -2 b ) response and excluded the possibility that A.CA females possess a dominant self-antigen cross-reactive with H-Y. The secondary response of eight inbred strains was investigated; at least three distinct levels of reactivity were apparent. The speed of the secondary response was associated with the various H -2 haplotypes in the same way as the primary response. The implications of differential strain reactivity, background effect, and the association of Ir-1 with response to H-Y are discussed.
On the Nature of Intelligence

Alan Turing is the consensus patron saint of the classical research program in Artificial Intelligence (AI), and his behavioral test for the possession of conscious intelligence has become his principal legacy in the mind of the academic public. Both takes are mistakes. That test is a dialectical throwaway line even for Turing himself, a tertiary gesture aimed at softening the intellectual resistance to a research program which, in his hands, possessed real substance, both mathematical and theoretical. The wrangling over his celebrated test has deflected attention away from those more substantial achievements, and away from the enduring obligation to construct a substantive theory of what conscious intelligence really is, as opposed to an epistemological account of how to tell when you are confronting an instance of it. This essay explores Turing’s substantive research program on the nature of intelligence, and argues that the classical AI program is not its best expression, nor even the expression intended by Turing. It then attempts to put the famous Test into its proper, and much reduced, perspective.
An automated remote marshland water sampling station

Station may be made to turn on and off remotely in response to radio, audio, photo, or other suitable signals, as well as by hard-wire switching. Station will remain operational under conditions of 4-foot tidal variations, along with 4-foot wave action, and will withstand hurricane-force winds without toppling over.
Vitamin‐B12 (Cobalamin) and Folate Deficiency

Although deficiencies of vitamin B12 (aka, cobalamin) and folate can present similarly with megaloblastic anemia, vitamin B12 alone causes neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, replacement of the correct vitamin is essential to ensure a prompt cure. In developing countries, deficiencies of both vitamins commonly arise from dietary insufficiency. But in developed countries, malabsorption of vitamin B12 is more common, especially because of food fortification with folate. The cause of deficiency of folate is often found in the past 6 months, whereas vitamin B12 deficiency due to autoimmune pernicious anemia or food-B12 malabsorption presents insidiously. Upon clinical suspicion of deficiency, conventional tests for serum folate and vitamin B12 are appropriate, and specialized metabolite tests are needed when conventional test results are equivocal. However, in the setting of hemolysis or vitamin B12 deficiency, the serum folate can be normal despite tissue folate deficiency. There are several established indications for prophylaxis with vitamin supplementation in the appropriate clinical setting.
Second-Harmonic Generation from Sub-Monolayer Molecular Adsorbates Using a CW Diode Laser — Maui Surface Experiment

Optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) can be an extremely sensitive tool for surface studies. The technique is capable of probing adsorbed molecules at various interfaces [1]. It is based on the idea that SHG is forbidden in a medium with inversion symmetry, but necessarily allowed at a surface. To see such a surface nonlinear optical effect, high laser intensity is often needed. Thus, in the experiments reported so far, pulsed lasers were used exclusively. From the consideration for practical applications, however, the technique would look much more attractive if the bulky pulsed laser can be replaced by a simple inexpensive CW diode laser. We demonstrate here at this conference that this is indeed possible. The work, described below, also constitutes the first experiment of surface SHG carried out with a CW laser.
Making Peer-Assisted Content Distribution Robust to Collusion Using Bandwidth Puzzles

Many peer-assisted content-distribution systems reward a peer based on the amount of data that this peer serves to others. However, validating that a peer did so is, to our knowledge, an open problem; e.g., a group of colluding attackers can earn rewards by claiming to have served content to one another, when they have not. We propose a puzzle mechanism to make contribution-aware peer-assisted content distribution robust to such collusion. Our construction ties solving the puzzle to possession of specific content and, by issuing puzzle challenges simultaneously to all parties claiming to have that content, our mechanism prevents one content-holder from solving many others' puzzles. We prove (in the random oracle model) the security of our scheme, describe our integration of bandwidth puzzles into a media streaming system, and demonstrate the resulting attack resilience via simulations.
Sentiment and the interpretation of news about fundamentals

The reaction of closed-end fund share prices to changes in portfolio values is on average the same whether funds are trading at discounts or premia and whether the changes in portfolio values are positive or negative. If closed-end fund discounts and premia do correctly measure investor sentiment, then these results suggest that investor sentiment does not affect the market’s reaction to news about fundamentals. Alternatively, discounts and premia may not in fact measure investor sentiment, or sentiment may play no role at all in closed-end fund pricing. Noise-trader risk and trading costs also fail to explain the observed behavior.
Distributed Loop Computer Networks

Publisher Summary The field of distributed processing and computer networking is growing at a very rapid rate within the industry, government, and university communities. While distributed processing systems may differ from computer networks both in perspective and in environment, they do have some common characteristics. This chapter analyzes both an expository survey and research results on local computer networks in general and loop computer networks in particular. Different types of local loop computer networks are surveyed along with typical design problem areas, such as the loop interface design, message transmission protocols, the network operating system, the network command language, the distributed programming system, the distributed data base system, and performance studies. Though attention is focused mainly on the design and operation of the network itself, the formation of a unified distributed processing system from a network of separate computer systems always remains the ultimate objective. Since the loop topology is adopted for the communication subnetwork and control is fully distributed among the nodes of the network, the resulting system is called a distributed loop computer network.
A controlled-release microchip

Much previous work in methods of achieving complex drug-release patterns has focused on pulsatile release from polymeric materials in response to specific stimuli1, such as electric2,3,4,5 or magnetic6,7 fields, exposure to ultrasound7,8, light9 or enzymes10, and changes in pH11 or temperature12,13,14. An alternative method for achieving pulsatile release involves using microfabrication technology to develop active devices that incorporate micrometre-scale pumps, valves and flow channels to deliver liquid solutions15,16. Here we report a solid-state silicon microchip that can provide controlled release of single or multiple chemical substances on demand. The release mechanism is based on the electrochemical dissolution of thin anode membranes covering microreservoirs filled with chemicals in solid, liquid or gel form. We have conducted proof-of-principle release studies with a prototype microchip using gold and saline solution as a model electrode material and release medium, and we have demonstrated controlled, pulsatile release of chemical substances with this device.
Requirements engineering metamodel: An integrated view of requirements

There exist dozens of techniques for the specification of software and system-level requirements. To address the proliferation of techniques, a requirements metamodel was developed that captures the elements of commonly used requirements techniques. The objective of the metamodel is to capture the semantics of the existing models while eliminating redundant areas and recognizing unique ones. >
Study on vibrational modes by group theory and infrared spectra by DFT for calcite crystal

The factor group symmetry analysis (FSA) method and position symmetry analysis (PSA) method are used to analyze the vibrational modes of calcite (CaCO3) crystal, respectively. With the activated results of infrared and Raman spectra presented, strong points of each method are concluded. The infrared spectra are studied by using dynamics calculations based on density-functional theory (DFT) with the supercell model of calcite crystal. The frequencies of 27 normal modes are achieved, which are consistent with that by the group symmetry analysis very well, and fit with the experimental results better than the lattice dynamical methods.
Risk of Severe Infection in Patients with Hodgkin's Disease or Lymphoma After Diagnostic Laparotomy and Splenectomy

Excerpt In many treatment centers in the United States and abroad, case evaluation in Hodgkin's disease or lymphoma has come to include diagnostic laparotomy and splenectomy. Introduction of this m...
Analytic study on the one and two spatial dimensional potential KdV equations

Abstract Analytic study is conducted on the (1 + 1) and (2 + 1) dimensional potential KdV equations. The work rests mainly on new ansatze that involve two hyperbolic functions. A set of new solitons, kinks, and periodic solutions is formally established.
Critical Caring: Dispelling Latino Stereotypes Among Preservice Teachers

Two Chican@ Studies professors share their pedagogy training preservice teachers in a course on the educational experiences of Latin@ youth. We describe our classroom practices based on a critical care framework. This framework moves student teachers beyond a superficial form of caring to a critically engaged relationship with students and their families. Our pedagogy is characterized by the following features: (a) creating a safe space to discuss beliefs and stereotypes regarding Latin@s, (b) engaging in active learning and developing critical thinking about stereotypes and inequalities, and (c) empowering preservice teachers to develop more optimal learning environments for Latino students.
Managing microgrids with intermittent resources: A two-layer multi-step optimal control approach

A novel multi-step coordinated control approach for microgrid management is proposed considering economic and environmental aspects. The proposed concept consists of a two-layer control algorithm, the component-layer and the top-layer controls. Both are based on look-ahead multi-step optimization techniques. Assuming the availability of renewable power forecasting methods, future states of the microgrid are taken into account in the multi-step optimization. The component-layer control is utilized to maintain the power output from renewable energy constant for short periods while the top-layer control properly alleviates the severe fluctuations of the power output from conventional generators caused by balancing the output from intermittent resources. Regarding those aforementioned goals, energy storage devices play a critical role in both control layers. A typical campus-wide microgrid is carefully examined as an example. Simulation results of each layer control applied to the test system are presented demonstrating the performance of the proposed two-layer control method.
Unique Physico-Chemical Properties of Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Hemagglutinin.∗:

SummaryA specific hemagglutinin was recovered from mouse brains infected with the virus of Japanese B encephalitis, and it was found to possess properties different from all other viral hemagglutin...
Thrombolytic therapy in acute pulmonary embolism.

Purpose of review The goal of this review is to offer an overview of the use of thrombolytic therapy in acute pulmonary embolism. Clinicians including internists, surgeons, pulmonologists, and other specialists continue to face decisions regarding massive and submassive acute pulmonary embolism in their daily routines. Although an evidence base exists, unanswered questions remain regarding the use of thrombolytic agents. Recent findings Few large, randomized trials exist in this area of medicine and unanswered questions remain. However, guidelines have been modified and new guidelines have been published over the past several years. Recent data indicating that lower doses of tissue plasminogen activator may be effective and safer are discussed. Newer thrombolytic agents may have advantages, but are less well studied. Summary Thrombolytic therapy results in the accelerated lysis of acute pulmonary embolism. However, because nonpathologic thrombi are also lysed, these drugs, although potentially lifesaving, can cause significant bleeding complications. Massive acute pulmonary embolism is the clearest indication for the administration of thrombolytic agents, but patients with acute pulmonary embolism and significant compromise in the absence of hypotension may also merit consideration.
ACCUMULATION OF BRILLIANT CRESYL BLUE IN THE SAP OF LIVING CELLS OF NITELLA IN THE PRESENCE OF NH3

When the living cells of Nitella are placed in a solution of brilliant cresyl blue containing NH4Cl, the rate of accumulation of the dye in the sap is found to be lower than when the cells are placed in a solution of dye containing no NH4Cl and this may occur without any increase in the pH value of the cell sap. This decrease is found to be primarily due to the presence of NH3 in the sap and seems not to exist where NH3 is present only in the external solution at the concentration used.
Fully depleted extremely thin SOI for mainstream 20nm low-power technology and beyond

Extremely thin SOI (ETSOI) MOSFET is an attractive candidate for 22nm technology and beyond due to its excellent short channel control, low leakage current, and immunity to random dopant fluctuation [1–5]. Short channel effects are mainly controlled by channel thickness, so there is no need for aggressive scaling of the gate dielectric. Thus the gate leakage is reduced beyond what is achievable in high-k bulk technologies. Low-power operation is further enhanced by negligible GIDL current due to the undoped channel. In addition, ETSOI devices have inherently no junction leakage by the virtue of thin silicon channel. Higher gate voltage overdrive is achieved for a given supply voltage compared to bulk technologies due to smaller subthreshold slope. This enables low-V DD logic operation. Moreover, low-V DD SRAM functionality is supported by small V T - mismatch in undoped channel [5]. In conventional CMOS technologies, complete device redesign is needed if V T changes are required. In ETSOI, however, threshold voltage is tuned through gate workfunction modulation without change in the channel doping. Thus V T tuning is to a large extent decoupled from device scaling.
Constraint network approach to the design and manufacture of labels in a high-variety label-printing environment

This paper presents a constraint network approach to the design and manufacture of high-variety labels. The existing approach to label printing in the industry is essentially a sequential approach. In this approach, layout sheet utilization is optimized based on label attributes only. Production then attempts to meet delivery date of the labels by first processing high-priority labels from the layout sheet, and others later. This results in huge work-in-process inventory and high production cost. In this paper, we propose a constraint network approach to the design and manufacture of labels on layout sheets. Mathematical models of the various manufacturing stages are considered in the design process. Thus the emerging optimal layout design minimizes the work-in-process inventory and production cost, and maximizes production efficiency. The algorithm is an application of artificial intelligence techniques in a system domain. An example application of the algorithm results in an efficient production schedule and greater product delivery performance.
The Comparative Short-term Effectiveness of Iron Dosing and Formulations in US Hemodialysis Patients

Abstract Background Intravenous iron is used widely in hemodialysis, yet there are limited data on the effectiveness of contemporary dosing strategies or formulation type. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the clinical database of a large dialysis provider (years 2004-2008) merged with administrative data from the US Renal Data System to compare the effects of intravenous iron use on anemia management. Dosing comparisons were bolus (consecutive doses ≥100 mg exceeding 600 mg during 1 month) versus maintenance (all other iron doses during the month); and high (>200 mg over 1 month) versus low dose (≤200 mg over 1 month). Formulation comparison was administration of ferric gluconate versus iron sucrose over 1 month. Outcomes were hemoglobin, epoetin dose, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin during 6 weeks of follow-up. Results We identified 117,050 patients for the dosing comparison, and 66,207 patients for the formulation comparison. Bolus dosing was associated with higher average adjusted hemoglobin (+0.23 g/dL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21-0.26), transferrin saturation (+3.31%; 95% CI, 2.99-3.63), serum ferritin (+151 μg/L; 95% CI, 134.9-168.7), and lower average epoetin dose (−464 units; 95% CI, −583 to −343) compared with maintenance. Similar trends were observed with high-dose iron versus low-dose. Iron sucrose was associated with higher adjusted average hemoglobin (+0.16 g/dL; 95% CI, 0.12-0.19) versus ferric gluconate. Conclusions Strategies favoring large doses of intravenous iron or iron sucrose lead to improved measures of anemia management. These potential benefits should be weighed against risks, which currently remain incompletely characterized.
Spatial Variability in Biogenic Gas Accumulations in Peat Soils Is Revealed By Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

[1] We performed surface and borehole ground penetrating radar (GPR) tests, together with moisture probe measurements and direct gas sampling to detect areas of biogenic gas accumulation in a northern peatland. The main findings are: (1) shadow zones (signal scattering) observed in surface GPR correlate with areas of elevated CH4 and CO2 concentration; (2) high velocities in zero offset profiles and lower water content inferred from moisture probes correlate with surface GPR shadow zones; (3) zero offset profiles depict depth variable gas accumulation from 0–10% by volume; (4) strong reflectors may represent confining layers restricting upward gas migration. Our results have implications for defining the spatial distribution, volume and movement of biogenic gas in peatlands at multiple scales.
Tension-Compression Asymmetry of Solid, Shape Recovered “Bulk” Nitinol

As the shape memory material Nitinol (55% Nickel – 45% Titanium alloy) emerges to find more and more applications in engineered products, understanding the effects of material processing becomes increasingly important. Its mechanical behavior is highly non-linear and is strongly dependent on alloy composition, heat treatment history and mechanical work. Published Nitinol literature is almost exclusively related to processing and testing of thin wall, very small diameter tubing and wire devices, usually exhibiting superelastic characteristics. In strain-controlled tension-compression testing of pseudoelastic Nitinol shape memory wires, compression recovery forces were found to be markedly higher than tension forces. However, most experimental studies of the thermomechanical behavior of Nitinol (NiTi) to date have been conducted in uniaxial tension on wire devices. There is a dearth of information in the literature regarding the compression recovery of solid blocks of Nitinol. Questions exist on whether or not solid, “bulk” Nitinol products when deformed in compression will exhibit shape recovery characteristics? The potential for shape recovery of compressed solid blocks of Nitinol products, which could have large stress-strain outputs, can enable the design of novel devices in many industries. The motivation for this research is to provide the first characterization of the shape recovery effects of “bulk” Nitinol material under compressive deformation modes versus the often practiced and well understood tensile loading of wire and thin wall tubing.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Electroantennagrams of Mexican fruit flies to chemicals produced by males

Male-produced chemicals were tested on antennae of the Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens) (Diptera: Tephritidae) using the electroantennagram technique. Male and female antennae responded equivalently to six chemicals and combinations of the six chemicals. (S,S)-(–)-epianastrephin elicited responses two-three times greater than any of the other chemicals, (S,S)-(–)-anastrephin gave greater responses than (R,R)-(+)-anastrephin, and Z,Z-3,6-nonadienol gave greater responses than Z-3-nonenol. The combination of Z,Z-3,6-nonadienol and Z-3-nonenol elicited a response which was slightly less than the response to Z,Z-3,6-nonadienol alone. The EAG data were highly correlated with behavioral data from earlier experiments. Resume Electroantennogrammes d'Anastrepha ludens obtenus en presence de substances emises par les mâles L'etude des substances emises par les mâles d'A. ludens (Diptera, Tephritidae) comprenant 2 paires enantiomeriques de lactones epimeriques et 2 alcools, a ete realisee a partir d'electroantenno-grammes. Les antennes des mâles et des femelles ont repondu de la meme facon aux 6 substances examinees separement, ou combinees 2 a 2, ou toutes ensembles. La (S,S)-(–) epianastrephine, seule ou en combinaison, a induit une reponse significative-ment de 2 a 3 fois plus importante que n'importe qu'elle autre substance. La (S,S)-(–) anastrephine a induit des EAG deux fois plus importantes que ceux obtenus avec la (R,R)-(+) anastrephine. L'importance des reponses aux 4 lactones est liee a leurs relations structurales. Le (Z,Z)-3,6 nonadienol a provoque des reponses 2 fois plus importantes que celles du (Z)-3 nonenol, et la combinaison des 2 alcools a induit une reponse legerement inferieure a celle obtenue avec le (Z,Z)-3,6-nonadienol seul. Les resultats en EAG sont tres conformes aux observations comportementales d'experiences precedentes.
Effect of Liquid-Vapor Phase Distribution on the Heat Transfer Mechanisms during Flow Boiling in Minichannels and Microchannels

Heat transfer during flow boiling in minichannels and microchannels is intimately linked to the liquid-vapor phase distribution in the channels. The vapor phase exists as nucleating bubbles, dispersed bubbles, elongated bubbles, an annular core, or all vapor flow completely filling the channel. Similarly, the liquid can exist as bulk liquid, slugs, thin film on the heated wall, or dispersed droplets. A detailed analysis of various structures, supported by high-speed video images, is carried out, and the effects on the associated heat transfer rates are discussed. This information provides insight into the flow boiling mechanisms and guidance for future research in this area.
Numerical computation of hurricane effects on historic coastal hydrology in Southern Florida

Numerical models are critical for assessing the effects of sea level rise (SLR), hurricanes, and storm surge on vegetation change in the Everglades National Park. The model must be capable of representing short-timescale hydrodynamics, salinity transport, and groundwater interaction. However, there is also a strong need to adapt these numerical models to hindcast past conditions in order to examine long-term effects on the distribution of vegetation that cannot be determined using only the modern record. Based on parameters developed for a numerical model developed for the recent 1996 to 2004 period, a hindcast model was developed to represent sea level and water management for the period of 1926 to 1932, constrained by the limited hydrology and meteorology data available from the historic past. Realistic hurricane-wind and storm surge representations, required for the hindcast model, are based on information synthesized from modern storm data. A series of simulation scenarios with various hurricane representations inserted into both hindcast and recent numerical models were used to assess the utility of the storm representation in the model and compare the two simulations. The comparison of the hindcast and recent models showed differences in the hydrology patterns that are consistent with known differences in water delivery systems and sea level rise. A 30× lower-resolution spatially variable wind grid for the hindcast produced similar results to the original high-resolution full wind grid representation of the recent simulation. Storm effects on hydrologic patterns demonstrated with the simulations show hydrologic processes that could have a long-term effect on vegetation change. The hindcast simulation estimated hydrologic processes for the 1926 to 1932 period. It shows promise as a simulator in long-term ecological studies to test hypotheses based on theoretical or empirical-based studies at larger landscape scales.
A unified framework of proactive self-learning dynamic pricing for high-occupancy/toll lanes

This article presents a unified framework to determine dynamic pricing strategies for high-occupancy/toll (HOT) lanes. The framework consists of two critical steps, system inference and toll optimisation. The first step is to mine traffic data in a real time manner to learn motorists’ willingness-to-pay, estimate traffic state and predict short-term traffic demand. The attained knowledge is then used in the second step to explicitly optimise toll rates for the next rolling horizon to maximise the freeway throughput while ensuring a free-flow travel speed on HOT lanes. This article discusses the details of each step and how to implement them. The framework is validated in a simulation environment based on a multi-lane hybrid cell transmission model. It is demonstrated that the framework is efficient, effective and flexible, and has the potential to be readily implemented in practice.
Direct contact heat transfer between immiscible fluid layers in laminar flow

The problem of heat transfer (and, by analogy, mass transfer) between immiscible fluids in laminar parallel flow is analyzed as a conjugated boundary value problem. Exact solutions are developed in terms of known functions by solving for the temperature fields in the two phases separately for constant boundary conditions, then generalizing the results to obtain solutions for the interfacial temperature distribution and the complete temperature field for the conjugated system. The analysis and the results of calculations for heat transfer between two immiscible films flowing down an adiabatic inclined plane are presented. It is shown that axial conduction can be included, and the effects of axial conduction in one stream are examined. The predicted Nusselt numbers are plotted versus axial position for various parameters, and the interfacial temperatures and mixed mean fluid temperatures for the two phases are plotted to elucidate the heat transfer characteristics.
The Near-Stoichiometric Behavior of Combustible Mixtures Part II: Dissociation of the Products

Abstract The burning rate of a combustible mixture is experimentally found to be maximum when the unburnt mixture is slightly fuel-rich. In Part I the authors explained this neat-stoichiometric behavior purely on the basis of diffusion of the reactants. The usual explanation is based on dissociation of the products, according to which dissociation causes the maximum flame temperature and therefore the maximum burning rate to occur slightly on the fuel-rich side of stoichiometry. However, as indicated in Part I, several aspects of this explanation are unsatisfactory. The purpose of the present paper is to show that while dissociation explains the shift of the maximum temperature onto the fuel-rich side, it has only a subsidiary effect on the maximum burning rate.
Correlates of Depression in Rural Women With Physical Disabilities

Objective To describe demographic and disability‐related characteristics, to examine the patterns of treatment for depression, and to investigate correlates of depression severity and predictors of who receives treatment among a sample of depressed rural women with physical disabilities. Design A correlational analysis of data gathered from women recruited for a depression intervention study. Setting Rural centers for independent living located in nine different states across the United States. Participants Women (N = 134) who reported at least mild depression and expressed interest in participating in a depression intervention study. Main outcome measures Depressive symptomatology based on the Beck Depression Inventory‐II; treatment for depression in the past 3 months. Results The majority of participants reported moderate to severe depression (n = 101, 75.4%), with nearly 20% reporting thoughts of suicide. At risk of severe depression were women who were younger, had greater problems with pain, had more limited mobility, and were less satisfied with their social network. Despite the high levels of depressive symptomatology in the sample, more than one third of the women had not received recent treatment for depression. Conclusions This study suggests that depression and access to treatment are critical issues for women with physical disabilities living in rural areas. JOGNN, 36, 105‐114; 2007. DOI: 10.1111/J.1552‐6909.2006.00122.x
Evidence from capping experiments for independence of the RT7 alloantigen and the leucocyte common antigen in the rat.

SUMMARY Experiments reported here demonstrate that the RT7 alloantigen and the L-C antigen are separate and distinct structures on the surface of rat lymphocytes. The distribution of the antigens in different rat strains, including the mutant WF/fz, clearly establish the RT7 antigenic system as a polymorphic diallelic system, whereas the recognized L-C antigenic determinatn is monomorphic and present on the lymphocytes of all strains tested. These data were obtained using monoclonal antibodies to the antigens in indirect immunoffluorescence experimenta. The two antigens were shown to redistribute (cap) independently of one another on the surface of rat thymocytes. Cells that had been exposed to anti-L-C antibody and FITC-cojugated anti-Ig followed by anti-RT7.1 antibody and RITC-conjugated anti-Ig demonstrated FITC caps and RITC rings.
Price promotions, operations cost, and profit in a two-stage supply chain

Abstract The phenomenon in which demand variability increases as one moves upstream in the supply chain has been often observed in practice. This so-called “bullwhip effect” often increases upstream operations costs, including inventory holding and transportation costs. Price variations are considered to be one of the primary causes of the bullwhip effect, and thus everyday low price (EDLP) strategies are commonly recommended to counter the negative impacts of the bullwhip effect. However, trade promotions continue to play an important role in the U.S. supermarket industry as well as other industries. This paper investigates this apparent inconsistency between the literature and practice by employing a deterministic, two-stage supply chain model composed of a single supplier and a single retailer. We demonstrate that even though the use of trade promotions can indeed increase a retailer's and supplier's operations costs, these costs may be more than offset by increased revenues, even in the absence of explicit coordination. That is, if the supplier judiciously applies a trade promotion strategy and the retailer passes some of this discount to its customers, then under certain conditions, the resulting supply chain profit can exceed that under an EDLP strategy. We provide a broad set of computational results that validate this conclusion and discuss the resulting managerial insights.
Products and kinetics of the reactions of bis-(acetylacetonato)copper(II) with Ni(NS)2 and Cu(NS)2 reagents in methylene chloride

Abstract Excess neutral monomeric target bis-(acetylacetonato)copper(II), (Cu(acac) 2 , C), reacts reversibly with transmetalator Ni(NS) 2 ( A 1 : NS is monoanionic S -methyl isopropylidenehydrazinecarbodithioate) in methylene chloride to give two temperature-dependent forms of the successor complex Ni(acac) 2 · Cu(NS) 2 , ( D · A 2 ), S Ni ′and S Ni ′. The overall metal exchange reaction proceeds via two tempcrature-dependent forms of the 1:1 precursor C · A 1 , P Ni and P Ni ′, whose formation constants are β 4 = 490 M− 1 andβ 4 ′= 110 M− 1 at 23 °C, respectively. Excess C reacts irreversibly at a much higher first-order rate with Cu(NS) 2 ( A 2 ) in methylene chloride to form a complex C · A 2 . The data are compared with those for reactions of polynuclear halo(amine)copper targets with M(NS) 2 reagents.
American Exceptionalism and the Economic Role of the Public Sector: Canada and the US Compared

The American public exhibits an exceptionally strong bias against public sector activity in the economy. Why this is so is investigated by applying the traditional literature on “American exceptionalism” and the comparative method. A defence of an active role for government in the economy is developed, based on social and institutional economics. The traditional explanations for American exceptionalism given by Sombart, Commons and Perlman are outlined. A comparison of the Canadian and US politico‐economic cultures is employed as a means for evaluating the validity of the arguments in the traditional exceptionalist literature. Although those investigating American exceptionalism have often compared the US with Europe, it is argued that Canada makes a better subject for comparison with the US. This is because the two countries are very similar, yet exhibit different attitudes toward the public sector.
fMRI Adaptation: Stimulus Specific or Processing Load Specific?

Repetition suppression, or fMRI-adaptation, refers to decreased neural activity for repeated versus novel stimuli as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Recently, this technique has been widely used, especially in probing the plasticity of the nervous system and the
Teaching brief motivational interviewing to Year three medical students.

Objectives In 2005, the authors developed and tested a curriculum to teach Year 3 Yale University medical students a behaviour change counselling approach called ‘brief motivational interviewing’ (BMI). Brief motivational interviewing is a patient-centred approach designed to promote changes in patient behaviour within the time constraints imposed by a busy medical practice. Methods Standardised patients/instructors delivered the curriculum within a single 2-hour training episode using a teaching acronym called ‘CHANGE’ to promote the students' learning. The authors used a pretest, post-test and 4-week follow-up design to assess students' BMI skills (as measured by the Helpful Response Questionnaire), knowledge and attitudes toward the approach. Results Students successfully increased their use of BMI-consistent behaviours, primarily by increasing the frequency and depth of their reflections and by reducing the frequency with which they incorporated communication roadblocks and closed questions into their responses (all P-values ≤ 0.05). Students also showed increases in BMI knowledge, interest in the approach, confidence in their ability to use BMI, and commitment to incorporating BMI skills into their future medical practice (all P-values ≤ 0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that Year 3 medical students can learn basic BMI skills and knowledge and develop positive attitudes toward the approach within a relatively short period of time. The authors discuss the study's limitations and future directions for teaching students BMI.
The Effect of Racial Group Consciousness on the Political Participation of African Americans and Black Ethnics in Miami-Dade County, Florida:

This research examines group consciousness among people of African descent in Miami-Dade County, Florida, and its possible impact on their political participation. Using an original survey of over ...
Transient increased exudation after photodynamic therapy of intraocular tumors.

To report transient increased exudation after photodynamic therapy (PDT) of three different intraocular tumors (retinal hemangioblastoma, retinal astrocytoma, amelanotic choroidal melanoma). PDT with verteporfin (6 mg/m [2] body surface area) was delivered at a dose of 50 J/cm [2] and intensity of 600 mW/cm [2] over 83 s. All patients experienced decreased vision within a few days following PDT. Optical coherence tomography showed development of subfoveal fluid in all cases and noncystoid intraretinal edema in the eye with juxtapapillary retinal hemangioblastoma. There was complete absorption of retinal/subretinal fluid with improvement of visual acuity to 20/20 in all cases between 3 weeks to 4 months after PDT.
Axinite from the Perth River, Westland, New Zealand

Summary Axinite, associated with clinozoisite, occurs in quartz veins cutting sheared greywackes of the Chlorite 2 subzone in the upper valley of the Perth River. This is the first record of axinite in New Zealand.
A Comparative Assessment of Students' Experiences in Two Instructional Formats of an Introductory Materials Science Course

An educational experiment at Worcester Polytechnic Institute is described in which the instruction of the Introduction to Materials Science course (ES2001) was modified to incorporate active and cooperative learning. The overall goal was simultaneously to enhance educational quality and faculty productivity. Aspects of the course modification included use of “active” rather than traditional lectures, assignment of students to cooperative learning teams, introduction of a “product dissection project,” and a “teacher as manager” approach to instruction, in which undergraduate Peer Learning Assistants and the graduate Teaching Assistant took on responsibilities as part of the instructional team. Data were gathered from 382 students in three traditional course offerings and two active/cooperative offerings, using various survey instruments to measure students' learning and performance, attitudes about learning, interest in materials science, and their satisfaction with the course.