cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Barney Clark's Key

KIE: Artificial heart recipient Barney Clark was given a key that would have allowed him to turn off the compressor that ran the heart if he had no longer wished to live tethered to a machine. Rachels argues that Clark's use of the key would have been suicide, refutes possible objections to the use of the term in this context, and sees ethical implications for social acceptance of suicide and voluntary euthanasia in the public act of giving Clark the key.
Mother-Adolescent Language Proficiency and Adolescent Academic and Emotional Adjustment Among Chinese American Families

This study examined the role of adolescents’ and mothers’ self-reports of English and heritage language proficiency in youth’s academic and emotional adjustment among 444 Chinese American families. Adolescents who were proficient in English tended to exhibit higher reading achievement scores, math achievement scores, and overall GPA. Mothers who were English proficient tended to have children with higher academic achievement and fewer depressive symptoms. Results also indicated that adolescents’ heritage language maintenance was associated with positive adjustment, particularly amongst foreign-born youth and for youth whose parents were highly proficient in the heritage language. Mother-adolescent match in heritage language proficiency was related to higher math achievement scores and overall GPA. Additionally, higher heritage language proficiency was associated with fewer depressive symptoms for foreign-born but not U.S.-born youth. Overall, the findings suggest that proficiency in both the English and heritage language may confer advantages to Chinese American youth.
Linear analysis near a steady-state of biochemical networks: Control analysis, correlation metrics and circuit theory

Background: Several approaches, including metabolic control analysis (MCA), flux balance analysis (FBA), correlation metric construction (CMC), and biochemical circuit theory (BCT), have been developed for the quantitative analysis of complex biochemical networks. Here, we present a comprehensive theory of linear analysis for nonequilibrium steady-state (NESS) biochemical reaction networks that unites these disparate approaches in a common mathematical framework and thermodynamic basis.
Dynamic testing and in-vivo evaluation of dermally implantable luminescent microparticle glucose sensors

We have been developing dermally-implantable microparticle glucose sensors to monitor interstitial glucose levels. For these sensors to be deployed in vivo, a matched opto-electronic system to interrogate implanted sensors has been designed and constructed. The aim of this study is to test the capability of the sensor system, including in vivo sensor performance, hardware efficiency and hardware optimization based on test results. This paper will report the results of dynamic in vitro tests of sensor performance and the results of preliminary experiments of implants in animal models.
Liquid-nitrogen-cooled Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser

At 93 K, sapphire (Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/) has much better thermal properties than at room temperature. By taking advantage of the improved thermal properties, a Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ laser was operated with 350 W of output power under thermal steady-state conditions. Model calculations of thermal lensing and higher order thermooptic aberrations indicate that the output power capability is 200 times larger at 77 K than at 300 K, consistent with experimental results. The discussion includes consideration of optical aberrations present in the laser and their effect on laser operation, a theoretical calculation of the onset of thermal steady state, and an examination of nonthermal issues. It is concluded that high-power operation of liquid-nitrogen-cooled Ti:Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ lasers up to 1 kW is possible using a rod geometry. >
Echocardiogram Study To Evaluate the Effect of the Novel Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitor GSK2336805 on Cardiac Contractility in Healthy Subjects

ABSTRACT GSK2336805 is a hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor in clinical development for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period crossover study in healthy adults to evaluate the effects of a single 150-mg dose of GSK2336805 on echocardiographic measures of contractility. GSK2336805 had no effect on ejection fraction, and there was no significant correlation between GSK2336805 plasma concentration and ejection fraction. (This study has been registered at Clinicaltrials.gov under registration no. NCT01424540.)
Regime shifts and red noise in the North Pacific

Abstract Regimes and regime shifts are important concepts for understanding decadal variability in the physical system of the North Pacific because of the potential for an ecosystem to reorganize itself in response to such shifts. There are two prevalent senses in which these concepts are taken in the literature. The first is a formal definition and posits multiple stable states and rapid transitions between these states. The second is more data-oriented and identifies local regimes based on differing average climatic levels over a multi-annual duration , i.e. simply interdecadal fluctuations. This second definition is consistent with realizations from stochastic red noise processes to a degree that depends upon the particular model. Even in 100 year long records for the North Pacific a definition of regimes based solely on distinct multiple stable states is difficult to prove or disprove, while on interdecadal scales there are apparent local step-like features and multi-year intervals where the state remains consistently above or below the long-term mean. The terminologies climatic regime shift, statistical regime shift or climatic event are useful for distinguishing this second definition from the first. To illustrate the difficulty of advocating one definition over the other based upon a relatively short time series, we compare three simple models for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The 104-year PDO record is insufficient to statistically distinguish a single preference between a square wave oscillator consistent with the formal definition for regime shifts, and two red noise models that are compatible with climatic regime shifts . Because of the inability to distinguish between underlying processes based upon data, it is necessary to entertain multiple models and to consider how each model would impact resource management. In particular the persistence in the fitted models implies that certain probabilistic statements can be made regarding climatic regime shifts , but we caution against extrapolation to future states based on curve fitting techniques.
When Organizations Don’t Walk Their Talk: A Cross-Level Examination of How Decoupling Formal Ethics Programs Affects Organizational Members

This research illustrates dangers inherent in the gap created when organizations decouple ethics program adoption from implementation. Using a sample of 182 professionals in the pharmaceutical and financial services industries, we examine the relationship between structural decoupling of formal ethics programs and individual-level perceptions and behavior. Findings strongly support the hypothesized relationships between decoupling and organizational members’ legitimacy perceptions of the ethics program, psychological contract breach, organizational cynicism, and unethical behavior.
Complications in pediatric scoliosis surgery

SummaryBackground Scoliosis surgery in childhood is associated with a range of postoperative complications that may require admission to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) or high-dependency unit (HDU). Aim The aim of this study was to identify preoperative factors associated with PICU and HDU admissions after corrective surgery and devise a scoring system that could be used by clinicians to predict the level of dependency required postoperatively. Methods A retrospective case note review was carried out in 90 patients who underwent corrective scoliosis surgery at Sheffield Children's Hospital (SCH) between January 2008 and October 2010. Predictors of PICU and HDU requirement postoperatively were identified and a simple scoring system created using multiple logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC). Results There was a statistically significant difference in the preoperative parameters (pulmonary function, Cobb angle, and number of vertebrae fused) of those patients who required PICU or HDU care compared with those who did not. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for the final scoring system was 0.95 for PICU admission and 0.87 for HDU admission at the optimal cut-off point, demonstrating good diagnostic accuracy. Conclusions The authors have identified a significant relationship between preoperative variables and the levels of dependency required postoperatively and have proposed a scoring system which can be used to aid decision-making involving bed planning for patients after corrective scoliosis surgery. However, this work is based on the clinical course of a single set of patients who had surgery in a single tertiary center and has not been tested on patients from other centers.
Total Myringoplasty: Functional Aspects

In recent experiments employing time-averaged holography, strong evidence was found supporting Helmholtz' hypothesis of 1868 concerning tympanic membrane action. Since this action requires the tympanic membrane to be tightly coupled to the manubrium and not to be subjected to stretch during its vibratory displacements, attention was focused upon tympanic membranes lacking the characteristic fiber network of membrana propria. The displacement patterns of tympanic membranes, 6 to 7 months after replacement (fascia grafts), were recorded in cats, once more using time-averaged holography. In general, these tympanic membranes were stiffer than normal ones, and coupling to the manubrium was poor. Thus, the maximal displacements occurring in atypical locations involved stretching of the membrane, and there was no indication of the normal transformer action. The combination of high compliance and good coupling found in normal tympanic membranes was thus shown to be facilitated by the intricate fiber network of me...
Probability and statisitics in the service of computer science: illustrations using the assignment problem

Recent work on the assignment problem is surveyed with the aim of illustrating the contribution that stochastic thinking can make to problems of interest to computer scientists. The assignment problem is thus examined in connection with the analysis of greedy algorithms, marriage lemmas, linear programming with random costs, randomization based matching, stochastic programming, and statistical mechanics. (The survey is based on the invited presentation given during the “Statistics Days at FSU” in March 1990.)
Self-Contained Real Time Estimation and Compensation of Vertical Deflection in a Precise Marine Inertial Navigator

Gravitational vertical deflections have long been a major error source in a precise inertial navigation system (INS). By utilizing the vertical acceleration outputs of a precise INS as a gravimeter the medium and high frequency components of gravity deflections can be estimated as the vehicle maneuvers. By combining these estimates with stored undulation measurements obtained from satellite altimetery data low frequency gravity information can also be estimated. The major portion of position and velocity error in a precise marine INS caused by gravity deflection can thus be compensated for in a self-contained real time manner. This paper presents an algorithm for utilizing the real time spatial measurements of anomaly as obtained from using the vertical channel of a precise marine INS with the spatial undulation measurements that have been previously measured and recorded for estimating gravity deflection. This algorithm provides a marginally optimal method of handling a large array of measurements to utilize the most significant ones. Estimates of gravity deflection are applied in real time to improve navigation velocity and position.
Impulse-based simulation of rigid bodies

We introduce a promising new approach to rigid body dynamic simulation called impulse-based simulation. The method is well suited to modeling physical systems with large numbers of collisions, or with contact modes that change frequently. All types of contact (colliding, rolling, sliding, and resting) are modeled through a series of collision impulses between the objects in contact, hence the method is simpler and faster than constraint-based simulation. We have implemented an impulse-based simulator that can currently achieve interactive simulation times, and real time simulation seems within reach. In addition, the simulator has produced physically accurate results in several qualitative and quantitative experiments. After giving an overview of impulse-based dynamic simulation, we discuss collision detection and collision response in this context, and present results from several experiments.
Failure of host axons to regenerate through a once successful but later rejected long nerve allograft.

Host axons will regenerate through a long nerve allograft in an immunologically tolerant rat. However, if tolerance is abolished, rejection occurs and allogeneic cells (e.g., Schwann, vascular, perineurial, etc.) as well as regenerated host axons disappear from the allograft. Because following tolerance abolition host axons begin to regenerate into the connective tissue remnants of the rejected nerve allografts, the extent of this renewed axonal growth was investigated. It was found that in a tolerance-abolished rat, host axons only regrew in to the proximal 1 cm of a 4-cm allograft which in a fully tolerant recipient would have had numerous allogeneic Schwann cell-myelinated axons throughout its length. It is concluded that viable allogenic cells (i.e., Schwann, fibroblast, and vascular) together with their connective tissue matrix provide the best way to aid host nerve fiber regeneration through a long nerve allograft.
Minimal access surgical management of large juvenile polyps in children.

Abstract Background Juvenile polyps have a reported incidence of up to 2% in individuals younger than of 18 years. Most polyps are small, occur in the distal colon and rectum, and present with bleeding or prolapse. Giant juvenile polyps have been rarely reported. Case Reports We encountered 2 unique presentations of very large juvenile polyps in children. A 9-year-old boy presented with recurrent rectal bleeding and anemia because of a single large polyp at the hepatic flexure. A 14-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain secondary to 2 large polyps in the cecum. The polyps were seen on colonoscopy as pedunculated masses larger than 5 cm and were not subjected to biopsy. Both patients underwent laparoscopic colon mobilizations with extracorporeal segmental resection in the first patient and colotomy and polypectomy in the second. Both patients had short hospital stays and excellent outcomes. Conclusions Giant juvenile polyps are rare in children and may not be amenable to colonoscopic removal. They can be resected effectively with minimal access surgical techniques.
Implementation considerations for improving data integrity in normalized relational databases

Using vertical decomposition method to normalize relational database has been well illustrated and understood. The purpose of relational decomposition is to remove data redundancy and prevent data anomalies. Up to the Boyce-Codd normal from (BCNF), decompositions are performed based on functional dependency at a relation's attribute level. However, since data redundancies can also appear between attributes that are interrelated in forms other than functional dependency, decomposition method fails to remove some very basic data anomalies. Consequently, we can still observe data anomalies in high level normal forms such as BCNF, 4NF and 5NF. After introducing the data anomalies that may occur in high level normal forms, this paper discusses some practical approaches on how to eliminate or reduce such anomalies in order to improve data integrity.
Secondary flow within a river bed and contaminant transport

We have developed a numerical method to simulate the transport of non-sorbing contaminants within the sediment layer of a stream and the leaching of these contaminants in the steam. Typical stream bottom surfaces are uneven with triangularly shaped undulation forms. The flow of the water above such triangular surfaces causes external pressure changes that result in a “pumping effect” and a secondary flow within the sediment. The latter causes a significant contaminant advection within the sediment layer. The flow field in the porous sediment layer is obtained by solving numerically Darcy’s equations. The unsteady mass transfer equation is solved by using a finite-difference method with an up-wind scheme. The effects of parameters, such as channel slope, hydraulic head and dispersion, are studied by quantitatively comparing the numerical results of the total mass flow rate from the contaminant source, the concentration front propagation, and the contaminant mass flow rate into the water column. The “pumping effect,” increases the flow in the vertical direction and, thus, enhances the vertical advective mass transport of the contaminant. This bedform-shape induced flow is largely responsible for the mass transfer of contaminants into the water column. The numerical results also show that the mechanical dispersion inside the sediment bed will significantly increase the contaminant mass flow rate from the source.
The Effect of Nonhomogeneous Populations on Markov Steady-State Probabilities

Abstract An important aspect of many Markovian analyses is the steady-state solution. This can give insight into the dynamics or momentum existing in a system. However, when we obtain Markov transition matrices by aggregating across non-homogeneous (with respect to transition probabilities) individuals, this matrix may not bear any resemblance to the transition matrices possessed by the individuals. This article investigates the effect of this heterogeneity on the calculated steady-state solution obtained from the aggregate transition matrix. We find that under various conditions this calculated steady-state solution is quite close to the true steady-state solution. These results have important implications for Markovian forecasting methods.
Self-interest: What's in it for me?

We have taken the “why be moral?” question so seriously for so long. It suggests that we lack faith in the rationality of morality. The relative infrequency with which we ask “why be prudent?” suggests that we have no corresponding lack of faith in the rationality of prudence. Indeed, we have so much faith in the rationality of prudence that to question it by asking “why be prudent?” sounds like a joke. Nevertheless, our reasons and motives to be prudent are every bit as contingent as our reasons and motives to be moral–or so I argue in Sections II and III.A second theme of this essay is that conflict between morality and self-interest is contingent as well. The moral perspective, as characterized in Section IV, does not require a universal regard for others, whereas the kind of self-interested perspective characterized in Section III does not require a wholesale disregard for others. Both perspectives make room for a deep although not universal other-regard–or so I argue in Section V.
Adjuvant chemotherapy: Controversies and the role of taxanes

: The role of taxanes as adjuvant breast cancer therapy continues to evolve. In the first reported randomized trial (CALGB 9344) paclitaxel was evaluated in sequence to AC (doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide). This trial demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in disease free survival and a non-significant improvement in overall survival for patients randomized to paclitaxel. There was a suggestion that the benefit from paclitaxel was mainly seen in patients with receptor-negative tumors. Mature results from a second trial of similar design (NSABP B-28) are not available yet. A recently reported trial comparing the triple combination TAC (docetaxel/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) to FAC (5 fluorouracil/doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide) has also demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in disease-free survival and a non-significant improvement in overall survival for patients randomized to the TAC regimen. In that trial the benefit was seen irrespective of receptor status and was more pronounced in patients with 1–3 positive nodes. In the neoadjuvant setting, several randomized trials have shown that the sequential administration of taxanes after an anthracycline/cyclophosphamide-containing regimen can significantly improve pathologic complete response (pCR) rates in the breast and can downstage involved axillary nodes. Since achievement of pCR following administration of anthracyline-containing chemotherapy regimens has been significantly correlated with improved outcome, it is hoped that the increase in pCR rates seen with the sequential addition of taxanes will translate to an overall survival improvement. However, such results are not available yet.
The Impact of Inclusionary Zoning on the Location and Type of Construction Activity

This paper models the impact of an inclusionary zoning ordinance on a local housing market. Markets are segmented spatially and by the mix of housing characteristics. The paper develops a framework which explains how households and builders make rational choices among alternative segments. This implies that they can react to inclusionary zoning by relocating away from the impacted sector. Therefore, the introduction of inclusionary zoning should be preceded by a study of alternative market segments. For example, the presence of attractive alternatives will allow developers and households to exit the market segments impacted by inclusionary zoning. This would cause a decline in construction activity in the covered sector.
Evaluation of in vitro enzyme inhibition for screening petroleum effluents.

The purpose of this study was two fold: (1) to determine if in vitro inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydroenose (G6PDH) can be used to predict toxicity of actual refinery effluents; and (2) to determine how inhibition of G6PDH varies as the components of an effluent artificial refinery mixture (ARM) vary.
Investigating the impact of endogeneity on inefficiency estimates in the application of stochastic frontier analysis to nursing homes

This paper examines the impact of an endogenous cost function variable on the inefficiency estimates generated by stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). The specific variable of interest in this application is endogenous quality in nursing homes. We simulate a dataset based on the characteristics of for-profit nursing homes in California, which we use to assess the impact on SFA-generated inefficiency estimates of an endogenous regressor under a variety of scenarios, including variations in the strength and direction of the endogeneity and whether the correlation is with the random noise or the inefficiency residual component of the error term. We compare each of these cases when quality is included and excluded from the cost equation. We provide evidence of the impact of endogeneity on inefficiency estimates yielded by SFA under these various scenarios and when the endogenous regressor is included and excluded from the model.
Tuning in by turning off

A process that stops crickets from being deafened by their own songs may also explain how they decide whether the songs they hear are their own or another cricket's. It might apply to other senses, and other species, too.
Structured leisure activities in middle childhood: Links to well‐being

Associations between children’s (N = 147) participation in structured leisure activities and their adjustment were examined. Caregivers provided lists of extracurricular activities (clubs, sports, and church activities) in which children participated. Children and caregivers participated in interviews and completed questionnaires designed to measure children’s adjustment in four domains (academic competence, psychosocial development, externalizing behavior, and internalizing behavior). Classroom teachers completed additional measures of children’s academic and social competence. Greater participation in club activities was linked with higher academic grades and more positive teacher ratings of academic competence. Greater participation in sports was associated with higher levels of psychosocial maturity and more positive teacher ratings of social competence. There were no associations between involvement in church activities and any indicators of adjustment. Activity involvement was unassociated with externalizing or internalizing behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of both selection into different types of extracurricular activities and the skills emphasized in the pursuit of such activities.
Distributed feedback 3.27 µm diode lasers with continuous-wave output power above 15 mW at room temperature

GaSb-based type-I quantum well laterally coupled distributed feedback diode lasers emitting in the methane absorption band near 3.27 µm were designed and fabricated. The first-order index grating with a period of 480 nm was defined by e-beam lithography and etched on both sides of 6 µm-wide shallow ridge waveguide. Coated 2 mm-long devices demonstrated stable continuous-wave single-frequency operation in a wide temperature range with an output power of 15 mW at +17°C and 40 mW at −20°C. The Bragg wavelength temperature tuning rate was ∼0.27 nm/K.
Addiction in Women: Prevalence, Profiles, and Meaning

Biologic predisposition, stressors in the environment, and the extent and quality of social support in part explain the development of alcoholism and other drug dependencies in women. The nurse's approach to patients and use of effective tools for assessment of alcohol and drug use can result in increased identification and referrals for treatment.
Compressible laminar boundary layer behavior studied by a finite difference method

Die Losung des Systems der nichtlinearen partiellen Differentialgleichungen der laminaren kompressiblen Grenzschicht bereitet erhebliche mathematische Schwierigkeiten. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Differenzenverfahren benutzt, um die Stromung entlang einer gekrummten Wand zu untersuchen. Analytische Bedingungen fur seine Stabilitat sind angegeben, und die Konvergenz der Losung gegen die Losung des Differentialgleichungssystems ist durch Vergleichsrechnungen mit verschiedener Schrittweite erprobt. Der Einfluss von beliebigen Druck- und Temperaturverteilungen ist an einer Reihe von Beispielen untersucht. Da das Verfahren Energiedissipation und Veranderlichkeit der Dichte und der Zahigkeit vollstandig berucksichtigt, sind seine Ergebnisse benutzt, um die Vereinfachungen kritisch zu diskutieren, die so oft angewendet werden, um die analytische Losung des Problems zu erleichtern.
Further proof of genetic inactivation of the X chromosome in the female mule.

IN the female mule (Equus caballus × E. asinus), the horse (maternal) and the donkey (paternal) X chromosomes are morphologically distinguishable1,2, and the X-linked enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), is present as a combination of the two electrophoretically distinct parental forms3,4. Female mule cells therefore may serve as an experimental model for the simultaneous study of both cytological and biochemical aspects of dosage compensation for X-linked loci in mammals (Lyon hypothesis5). We have demonstrated a very close correlation between late replication of either one or the other of the parental X chromosomes, and relative activity of the complementary form of G-6-PD6. In this study we have obtained further and more rigorous proof that late replication of the X chromosome corresponds to genetic inactivation at the G-6-PD locus. We have also obtained data bearing on the problem of the postulated randomness of inactivation.
Rotational barriers in phenol and sterically congested phenol derivatives, an AM1 study

The AM1 semiempirical molecular orbital approximation was applied to the study of phenol and various sterically hindered phenol derivatives. Results for phenol indicated that the AM 1 method gave structural, electronic and rotational barrier information in close agreement with experimental values. The effect of steric bulk on hydroxy group conformation was investigated by evaluation of 2,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-diisopropylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol. A search of rotational space revealed that the equilibrium conformation of 2,6-dimethyl-phenol exhibited a planar hydroxy function while calculations on the more highly substituted derivatives indicated modest deviation from planarity. In the case of the 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, the lowest energy conformer demonstrated a hydroxy group rotation (18°) similar to that determined experimentally for closely related compounds (i.e., 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol). The barrier to internal rotation for the hydroxy function in 2,6-dimethylphenol was suggested to be almost unchanged from that in phenol which corroborated experimental findings. The barrier to rotation for the sterically more congested derivatives was calculated to be less than that of phenol.
ENZYME MEDIATED OXIDATIVE POLYMERIZATION OF 4-HYDROXYBENZYL ALCOHOL FOR OPTICAL APPLICATIONS

ABSTRACT Poly(4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) was synthesized enzymatically starting with 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent in methanol and 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) mixture (1:1, v/v) and at room temperature (25°C). Polymerization reaction was catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The polymer formed was characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR spectroscopic studies, which revealed that HRP catalyzed polymer is composed of a mixture of phenylene and oxyphenylene units and alcoholic hydroxyl groups are not participating in the polymerization. The resulting poly(4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol) contains pendant primary hydroxyl groups which provide an opportunity to further functionalize the polymer. The post-functionalization of enzymatically synthesized polymers with photoresponsive chromophores provides new molecularly engineered materials that are useful in photonics and sensor applications.
Antibody response to trimellityl hemoglobin in trimellitic anhydride-induced lung injury

Abstract Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to trimellitic anhydride by inhalation, and the antibody response to trimellityl (TM)-conjugated hemoglobin (HB) and TM rat serum albumin (RSA) was compared. Groups of rats were exposed to trimellitic anhydride by inhalation 6 hours per day for 2, 6, or 10 days at 100 μg/m 3 and compared to a control group exposed to filtered air. The IgG antibody response to TM-HB in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was measured with ELISA. IgG antibody levels to TM-HB rose significantly throughout the exposure. A positive correlation was found between IgG to TM-HB in serum and BAL fluid. In addition, this response in both serum and BAL fluid correlated with the IgG antibody response to TM-RSA. Cross-inhibition studies indicated the existence of shared antigenic determinants on TM-RSA and TM-HB. The IgG antibody to both antigens was specific for new antigenic determinants and not for the TM hapten.
Characterization of Domain Ordering in Polymer and Dendrimer Thin Films Using Photoluminescence and Third Harmonic Generation (THG) Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM)

We have utilized the high spatial resolution of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) to characterize nanoscopic electronic inhomogeneity in as-cast thin films of a light-harvesting dendrimer consisting of coumarin-343 (core) and coumarin-2 (peripheral) chromophores and in thermally annealed thin films of the semiconductive polymer poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV). Using photoluminescence (PL) and third harmonic generation (THG) NSOM techniques, we have observed nanoscopic domains in these films that exhibit increased delocalization in the excited (using PL) and ground states (using THG). In addition, we have developed a procedure for examining NSOM images via calculation of radial distribution functions (RDFs). RDF analysis of the PL and THG NSOM images indicates that the domains exhibit correlated structure in annealed MEH-PPV films while the light-harvesting dendrimeric material does not. The existence or absence of such nanoscopic amorphous structure can be understood in terms of the molecular structure of each material.
Minimizing temperature sensitivity of silicon Mach-Zehnder interferometers

We present a novel design approach for integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometers to minimize their temperature sensitivity and demonstrate, for the first time, near zero spectral shifts with temperature (~0.005 nm/K) in these devices. This could lead to fully CMOS-compatible passively compensated athermal optical filters and modulators.
Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone chemotherapy after radiation therapy in stage I low‐grade and intermediate‐grade non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Results of a prospective randomized study

BACKGROUND In a prospective randomized manner, this study evaluated the effect of adjuvant chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone; CHOP) in patients with Stage I non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) who have achieved a complete response (CR) after radiation therapy (RT). METHODS Forty-four patients with clinical or pathologic Stage I intermediate-grade or low-grade NHL were randomized to receive regional RT alone (median dose, 40 Gy) or regional RT followed by six cycles of CHOP chemotherapy. There were no differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics between the two treatment groups. RESULTS The median follow-up was 7 years (range, 2-10 years). The actuarial relapse-free survival (RFS) rate for the RT plus CHOP group at 7 years was 83% compared with 47% (P < 0.03) for the RT-alone group. The overall survival (OS) for the two groups was 88% and 66%, respectively (P = 0.2). In patients with intermediate-grade NHL, the 7-year actuarial RFS for RT and CHOP was 86% compared with 20% for RT alone (P = 0.004). The corresponding actuarial survival rates were 92% and 47%, respectively (P = 0.08). In patients with low-grade histologic findings, the addition of adjuvant CHOP did not improve RFS (P = 0.6) or OS. All relapses in this study were at sites remote from the initially involved areas, and in 5 of 11 patients (45%), there were recurrences 5 years or longer after initial treatment. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that adjuvant CHOP chemotherapy significantly improves RFS in patients with Stage I intermediate-grade NHL who achieve a CR after regional-field RT. The chemotherapeutic regimen favorably affected their probability of survival.
Blake’s Virtual Designs and Reconstruction of The Song of Los

In this essay, I realize digitally the virtual designs that Blake evokes in The Song of Los and other illuminated books. Blake’s virtual designs are designs we create mentally by recombining an illuminated book’s related images. By visualizing mental images concretely, we reify the experiences of memory and imagination, comparison and contrast, that we employ when reading/seeing Blake's works. Moreover, by doing so, we engage in creative processes involving memory and imagination similar to Blake's own when inventing new designs from elements of others. I also realize digitally the original horizontal designs for Blake's “Africa” and “Asia” in The Song of Los before they were altered in printing. As originally executed, each poem functioned autonomously, with text superimposed on a landscape design. Digital recreations demonstrate how radically Blake fused poetry, painting, and printmaking, creating panels, broadsides, or scrolls rather than book pages, and how Song of Los, as printed, was Blake’s attempt to reconstruct an experiment about which he had changed his mind.
Direct adaptive control of a smart projectile fin by piezoelectric flexible beam actuator

The objective of this paper is to derive a new adaptive control law for the control of the rotation angle of a smart projectile fin using a piezoelectric actuator. The smart projectile fin consists of a flexible cantilever beam with a piezoelectric active layer, which is mounted inside a hollow rigid fin and is hinged at the tip of the rigid fin. The rotation angle of the fin can be controlled by deforming the flexible beam. In the closed-loop system, asymptotic trajectory tracking of the fin angle is accomplished. Simulation results are presented which show that trajectory control of the fin angle is accomplished in spite of large uncertainties using adaptive control law and the flexible modes remain bounded during maneuvers.
N. E. Herrera

: Radionuclide scanning for the rapid diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. S. M. Gupta, D. Owshalimpur and N. E. Herrera, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1982, 12, pp. 265–268. Radionuclide scanning with Technetium 99-m HIDA was performed in eighty-nine patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. In twenty-three patients (25-8%), the study demonstrated evidence of cystic duct obstruction and non-visualisation of the gallbladder. Almost all of these patients subsequently were shown to have acute cholecystitis at surgery. The sensitivity and specificity of the procedure for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis was 95-8% and 100% respectively. The use of radionuclide cholescintigraphy in the assessment of hepatobiliary disorders is reviewed, and it is suggested that it is the test of choice at present for diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.
T(H) cell differentiation is accompanied by dynamic changes in histone acetylation of cytokine genes.

Naive T cells differentiate into effector cells upon stimulation with antigen, a process that is accompanied by changes in the chromatin structure of effector cytokine genes. Using histone acetylation to evaluate these changes, we showed that T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation results in early activation of the genes encoding both interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma. We found that continued culture in the presence of polarizing cytokines established a selective pattern of histone acetylation on both cytokine genes; this correlated with restricted access of the transcription factor NFAT1 to these gene regulatory regions as well as mutually exclusive gene expression by the differentiated T cells. Our data point to a biphasic process in which cytokine-driven signaling pathways maintain and reinforce chromatin structural changes initiated by the TCR. This process ensures that cytokine genes remain accessible to the relevant transcription factors and promotes functional cooperation of the inducible transcription factor NFAT with lineage-specific transcription factors such as GATA-3 and T-bet.
A Survey of High-Level Language Computer Architecture

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a survey of high-level language (HLL) computer architecture. There has been interest in using hardware and firmware to implement various computer functions that have been performed by software. The technical and economic feasibility of this approach is because of the advancement of hardware technology and developments in microprogramming techniques. Microprogramming has provided the computer designer with a flexible and effective tool with which to engineer a new class of computers. Much of the research in this area has centered on the development of HLL computer architecture, that is, computer architecture that has been designed to facilitate the interpretation of one or more specific high-level programming languages. Researchers have investigated the influence of programming techniques on the design of computers. Since then, computers have been designed for high-level programming languages as algorithmic language ( ALGOL) 60, formula translation (FORTRAN), EULER, programming language one (PL/1), a programming language (APL), and string oriented and symbolic language (SNOBOL).
a Load Balancing Algorithm for Unstructured Grids

Abstract We present a general, parallelizable, load balancing algorithm for unstructured grid-based problems that belong to the so-called diffusion class and employ a give-and-take concept among neighbouring subdo-mains. The algorithm is found to converge very quickly to almost perfect load balance while minimizing the surface-to-volume ratio of the domains. The algorithm can be used for problems whose cost grows nonlinearly with the number of elements, because it measures continuously the computational cost to be incurred for each subdomain. This is an advantage over the recursive bisection algorithms currently in use, which assume a linear relationship between the computational cost and the number of elements. The load balancing algorithm is applied in conjunction with parallel heat transfer and parallel incompressible flow solvers for the solution of 2-D and 3-D problems, employing several hundred processors on a MIMD machine.
Ultratag RBC kit for combined cardiac first-pass and multigated acquisition studies

The authors developed a procedure to use the in vitro Ultratag® (Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, MO) red blood cell (RBC) labeling kit for both first-pass (FP) and multigated acquisition (MUGA) studies with a high specific activity in a reduced volume (50 mCi/0.5 ml) and a high labeling efficiency that can be used with a single-crystal camera to yield a quality study. Methods: A packed red blood cell (PRBC) bolus was created by two methods: (a) reducing the volume of the components of the Ultratag® kit and (b) centrifuging the final dose volume. The labeling efficiency of each bolus was evaluated, each PRBC bolus was visually inspected for clots and percent hemolysis was assessed using a hemocytometer at 30 min, 1 hr and 2 hr postcentrifugation. Results: Use of the first method, the 50% kit, provided the best results. However, the resulting volume from this kit only approached 1 ml, which is not clinically adequate for a first-pass study. In the second method, the total volume was centrifuged to form a PRBC bolus, which appeared to be stable in the syringe for at least 2 hr. 3A combined FP/MUGA study from a centrifuged 50% reduced kit was performed in one normal subject as a preliminary assessment of the clinical utility of this procedure. The image quality of the scan is diagnostically adequate. Conclusion: By using the in vitro Ultratag® kit, a compact PRBC bolus was created that was stable in the syringe and could be reinjected safely into the patient for combined cardiac FP/MUGA studies.
The Use of TEE Simulation in Teaching Basic Echocardiography Skills to Senior Anesthesiology Residents

Objective The authors evaluated the educational benefits of using a first-generation HeartWorks simulator to teach senior anesthesiology residents basic echocardiography skills. Design Prospective observational study. Setting A single academic medical center (teaching hospital). Participants Thirty-seven senior (fourth-year) anesthesiology residents participated in this study. Interventions Groups of 3 senior anesthesiology residents participated in a single 3-hour tutorial in the simulation laboratory in the authors' institution during their cardiothoracic anesthesiology rotation. A cardiothoracic anesthesiology faculty member demonstrated the use of the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) simulator and instructed the residents on obtaining standard TEE views of normal anatomy. Measurements and Main Results Prior to the laboratory session, the residents took an online multiple-choice pretest with 25 questions related to safety, probe manipulation, clinical application, and pathology, which was accompanied by echo images of normal cardiac anatomy and video clips of pathology. Three to four weeks after the TEE tutorial, the residents completed an online post-test and evaluation of the teaching session. There was a statistically significant increase in knowledge of normal echocardiographic anatomy (p = 0.04), with an average improvement in normal echocardiographic anatomy scores of 15%. Conclusions Virtual reality TEE simulation technology was endorsed strongly by residents, produced a statistically significant improvement in knowledge of normal echocardiographic anatomy, and could be effective for teaching basic echocardiography to anesthesiology residents.
NEW SPECIES OF RHODOCYBE FROM SOUTH AMERICA WITH A KEY TO SPECIES

Four new species of Rhodocybe are described from South America. The atypical presence of small sized siderophilous bodies in the basidia of members of Rhodocybe is discussed, since three of the new species exhibit this character. Notes on Rhodocybe angustispora are also presented. A revised key to species of Rhodocybe in South America is provided.
Hydrogen Peroxide A Feed-Forward Dilator That Couples Myocardial Metabolism to Coronary Blood Flow

Objective— We tested the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), the dismutated product of superoxide (O 2 ·− ), couples myocardial oxygen consumption to coronary blood flow. Accordingly, we measured O 2 ·− and H 2 O 2 production by isolated cardiac myocytes, determined the role of mitochondrial electron transport in the production of these species, and determined the vasoactive properties of the produced H 2 O 2 . Methods and Results— The production of O 2 ·− is coupled to oxidative metabolism because inhibition of complex I (rotenone) or III (antimycin) enhanced the production of O 2 ·− during pacing by about 50% and 400%, respectively; whereas uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation by decreasing the protonmotive force with carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) decreased pacing-induced O 2 ·− production. The inhibitor of cytosolic NAD(P)H oxidase assembly, apocynin, did not affect O 2 ·− production by pacing. Aliquots of buffer from paced myocytes produced vasodilation of isolated arterioles (peak response 67±8% percent of maximal dilation) that was significantly reduced by catalase (5±0.5%, P P 2 O 2 are proportionate to myocardial oxygen consumption and directly correlated to coronary blood flow. Intracoronary infusion of catalase reduced tissue levels of H 2 O 2 by 30%, and reduced coronary flow by 26%. Intracoronary administration of 4-aminopyridine also shifted the relationship between myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow or coronary sinus po 2 . Conclusions— Taken together, our results demonstrate that O 2 ·− is produced in proportion to cardiac metabolism, which leads to the production of the vasoactive reactive oxygen species, H 2 O 2 . Our results further suggest that the production of H 2 O 2 in proportion to metabolism couples coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption.
The evaluation of a rake method to quantify submersed vegetation in the Upper Mississippi River

A long-handled, double-headed garden rake was used to collect submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) and compared to in-boat visual inspection to record species presence at 67 individual sites. Six rake subsamples were taken at each site and a rake density rating was given to each species collected in the subsamples. Presence at the site, frequency of occurrence in the six rake samples, and additive density rating (the sum of the six rake density ratings) were quantified for each species at each site. The validity of the indices was tested against biomass data collected by clipping all remaining vegetation from the 67 sites. In the turbid water of the Mississippi River, visual inspection of SAV from boats was ineffective with only 27% of the species detected, while raking retrieved on average 70% of the total number of submersed species in the 67 sites. Presence of species at individual sites was correlated with biomass from Stuckenia pectinata, while frequency of occurrence and additive density rating were correlated with biomass for species with greater than 21 g of total biomass from all sites. The efficiency of the rake to collect biomass varied among species; only 18% of total biomass was captured via raking the site six times. Additive density rating as an index of abundance can be used to detect temporal changes in the same water body; however, cross-species comparison is not encouraged unless the efficiency of the rake has been determined for each species being compared.