cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Advances on Distribution Network Fault Processing Technology

To reflect the frontier of distribution network fault processing technology, the research in recent twenty years is overviewed, including single-phase grounding fault location, relay protection in distribution networks, Feeder Automation(FA) based on automatic switches, distributed intelligence based Distribution Automation(DA), centralized intelligence based DA, robust fault location approaches, fault processing for the distribution networks with Distributed Generations(DG) and service restoration technologies. The trend of the investigation on distribution network fault processing technology in the future is also pointed out.
Serious about Change: A Gendered Examination of the Impact of Offense Type on Parole Success

Female offender populations are growing at an unprecedented rate. The present study examines gender differences among a large sample of male and female offenders as related to seriousness of their offense and success on parole. Data analyzed were originally collected from a random sample of parole case files in California. Results revealed that although gender does significantly impact parole success, seriousness of the offense does not. Other significant factors include age at release on parole, criminal history, and measures of stability upon release. The need for wrap-around services, comprehensive treatment models, and funding for gender-specific services are discussed.
Conclusion and Suggestions

The study, based on the analysis and systemization of the available data, using the technical approaches such as in-site hydrogeological investigation, laboratory, and field test, supplementary exploration, through theoretic analysis, simulation prediction, investigated the distribution of water resources (including surface water, groundwater, and mine water), the status, and the variation trend of domestic water, agricultural water, production water, and industrial water, from the angle of water system, assessed the water resources in the mining area, determined the status of water resources development and utilization, evolution trend, exploitation, and utilization potential.
Boron carbon nitride based metal-insulator-metal UV detectors for harsh environment applications.

A metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure using boron carbon nitride (BCN) was tested for its UV detection capability. Since BCN is one of the hardest and chemically robust materials, it is expected to be a potential choice for a UV detector in extreme and harsh conditions. The BCN thin films were deposited using a dual target RF magnetron sputtering process. The optoelectronic performance of the BCN MIM devices were examined through UV photocurrent measurements. A UV photocurrent of two orders of magnitude higher with respect to dark current was achieved in the range of −3 to 3 V.
Most local newspapers use Pinterest only for news

This study examines how local newspapers across the USA use the social network Pinterest. News is the predominant theme in the 1,123 pin boards analyzed. Also, the number of pin boards is related to the newspapers’ circulation size. Few use Pinterest to promote the newspaper.
Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and risk of atrial fibrillation after thoracic surgery.

Objectives Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) occurs frequently in patients after noncardiac thoracic surgery and has been associated with increased morbidity and risk of stroke. Recent studies have shown conflicting results on the role of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and its association with the development of POAF after cardiac surgery. Our goal was to determine whether an association exists between NLR and the incidence of POAF after non-cardiac thoracic surgery. Methods Using a database of 259 consecutive patients age 60 or older who had anatomic lung resection or oesophagectomy for oncologic resection, we compared preoperative, postanaesthesia care unit and postoperative day 1 NLR between patients who did and did not develop POAF during their hospitalization using Fisher's exact test or logistic regression. We also compared NLR in patients who underwent minimally invasive resection versus open surgery. Results POAF occurred in 50/259 (19%) of patients during their hospitalization. There were no significant differences in NLR between patients who did and did not develop POAF. In a secondary analysis of 180 patients who underwent open anatomic lung resection or oesophagectomy and 79 who underwent minimally invasive anatomic lung resection there was no difference in preoperative or immediate postoperative NLR, or an interaction in terms of odds of developing POAF. Conclusions In contrast to cardiac surgery, in patients undergoing major non-cardiac thoracic surgery, we had no evidence to show that either preoperative or early postoperative NLR was associated with the development of POAF.
Creating the First Assistant Secretary for Congressional Relations (1941-1949) and Subsequent Developments: A Case Study of Thickening in the Federal Bureaucracy

This case study presents historical proofs of the thickening dynamic in federal executive branch agencies that Light had conceptualized in 1995. This inquiry focuses on the now-standard position of assistant secretary for Congressional liaison found in most Cabinet departments. The case study traces the incremental creation of the first such assistant secretaryship in the State Department between 1944 and 1949 and then a gradual horizontal thickening as the office spread to most Cabinet departments. The subject of the case study also provides an opportunity to explore the role of legislative relations in public administration, a subject largely neglected in the literature.
Further solutions for laminar boundary layers with cross flows driven by boundary motion

Laminar boundary layers with cross flows driven by transverse plate motions are considered. In each case, the cross flows are generated either by uniform plate motion or by transverse uniform shear. The three streamwise laminar boundary layers studied are the two-dimensional wall jet, the Blasius boundary layer flow with streamwise uniform plate motion, and uniform shear flow over a plate with streamwise stretching plate motion. In each case, a coordinate decomposition reduces the governing equations to a primary ordinary differential equation for the streamwise flow and a secondary linear equation coupled to the primary solution describing the fully developed cross flow. The one-parameter family of Blasius and uniform shear flow solutions, dependent on the streamwise wall motion parameter $$\lambda $$ , have dual solutions, and previous studies have shown that the upper branches of these dual solutions are stable, while the lower branches are unstable. This limits the range of admissible solutions for the new cross flows studied here.
A New Struggle: Active Citizenship in Thembi Ngubane and the Bambanani Women’s Group’s HIV/AIDS Narratives

AbstractThis article discusses South African women’s narrative and artistic responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic, to include Thembi Ngubane’s radio broadcast “Out of hiding, into the world: Thembi’s AIDS Diary” and the Bambanani Women’s Group’s collection Long Life … Positive HIV Stories. Produced in South Africa for a global audience, these texts use narrative as a strategy for intervention through their multi-media representations of HIV/AIDS that challenge sensationalist, and often Western, accounts of the epidemic in Africa. This article claims that both Thembi Ngubane’s radio diary and Long Life represent the struggle against HIV/AIDS as a human rights issue, and that they both assert the significance of narrative as a form of activism that facilitates solidarity among women affected by HIV/AIDS. More specifically, this article argues that, collectively, the women’s communal and individual stories advance a form of active citizenship that incorporates narrative as a political strategy, challenges popul...
Keynote speakers: High efficiency wireless charging of electric vehicles

Wireless power transfer technology offers significant improvement in convenience and electric safety for electric vehicle (EV) charging. Our research aims at novel designs that considerably reduce size and cost while increasing the coupling coefficient and improving the misalignment capability. We will first introduce the basics of wireless power transfer followed by discussion of a double-sided LCC topology which further enhances the system efficiency. Experiments show that tens of kilowatts of power transfer can be achieved over 200mm distance with an efficiency of 97% (DCDC), and an alignment tolerance of up to 300mm. We will then discuss the capacitive power transfer (CPT) for EV charging applications. It has been an established myth that good efficiency and stability of control was only possible at low power levels (in the tens of watts) and with low transfer distances (in the millimeter range) for CPT. We have shown that it is possible to achieve excellent efficiencies at the power level and distance applicable to EV charging, breaking the established myth, enabling a paradigm change on EV charging, and making low cost wireless power transfer from science fiction to reality. A double-sided LCLC-compensated topology was proposed. A 2.4kW CPT system was designed with four 610mm–610mm aluminum plates at a distance of 150mm. The experimental prototype reached a DC-DC efficiency of 90.8% at 2.4kW output power. The CPT system provides a much lower cost and better misalignment capability then inductive wireless power transfer.
Evolutionary Influences on Attribution and Affect

Evolutionary theory was applied to Reeder and Brewer's schematic theory and Trafimow's affect theory to extend this area of research with five new predictions involving affect and ability attributions, comparing morality and ability attributions, gender differences, and reaction times for affect and attribution ratings. The design included a 2 (Trait Dimension Type: HR, PR) × 2 (Behavior Type: morality, ability) × 2 (Valence: positive, negative) × 2 (Replication: original, replication) × 2 (Sex: female or male actor) × 2 (Gender: female or male participant) × 2 (Order: attribution portion first, affect portion first) mixed design. All factors were within participants except the order and participant gender. Participants were presented with 32 different scenarios in which an actor engaged in a concrete behavior after which they made attributions and rated their affect in response to the behavior. Reaction times were measured during attribution and affect ratings. In general, the findings from the experiment supported the new predictions. Affect was related to attributions for both morality and ability related behaviors. Morality related behaviors received more extreme attribution and affect ratings than ability related behaviors. Female actors received stronger attribution and affect ratings for diagnostic morality behaviors compared to male actors. Male and female actors received similar attribution and affect ratings for diagnostic ability behaviors. Diagnostic behaviors were associated with lower reaction times than non-diagnostic behaviors. These findings demonstrate the utility of evolutionary theory in creating new hypotheses and empirical findings in the domain of attribution.
Queer Visibility: Supporting LGBT+ Selective Visibility on Social Media

LGBT+ people adjust the presentation of their gender and sexual identities in response to social pressures, but their level of visibility differs between social media. We interviewed seventeen LGBT+ students at a socially-conservative university to investigate: (1) how do social media affect LGBT+ user experience of managing self presentation; and (2) how do social media affect participation in LGBT+ communities? We develop implications for design to support queering social media. (1) Give people abilities to present themselves with selective visibility, enabling choices about privacy and sharing, in contrast with the HCI design principle of indiscriminate 'making visible'. That is, enable participants to define their social media identities in their own ways. (2) Conduct studies, with a methodology likewise ensures that participants can define their gender and sexual identities in their own ways, rather than according to a predetermined vocabulary.
The Role of Complement Dysregulation in AMD Mouse Models

Variations in several complement genes are now known to be significant risk factors for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Despite dramatic effects on disease susceptibility, the underlying mechanisms by which common polymorphisms in complement proteins alter disease risk have remained unclear. Genetically modified mice in which the activity of the complement has been altered are available and can be used to investigate the role of complement in the pathogenesis of AMD. In this mini review, we will discuss some existing complement models of AMD and our efforts to develop and characterize the ocular phenotype in a variety of mice in which complement is either chronically activated or inhibited. A spectrum of complement dysregulation was modeled on the APOE4 AMD mouse model by crossing these mice to complement factor H knockout (cfh−/−) mice to test the impact of excess complement activation, and by crossing them to soluble-complement-receptor-1-related protein y (sCrry) mice, in which sCrry acts as a potent inhibitor of mouse complement acting in a manner similar to CFH. In addition, we have also generated humanized CFH mice expressing normal and risk variants of CFH.
ADHD in Adolescents (Middle and High School)

As discussed in Chap. 1, ADHD is a chronic disorder that typically begins early in life (Barkley, 2006). In fact, according to DSM criteria, one must exhibit impairment from symptoms during childhood (i.e., before the age of 12 years old) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Thus, the typical course is for symptoms to impair functioning as early as preschool with continued difficulties through elementary and secondary school (Barkley, Murphy, & Fischer, 2008). Young children with ADHD are likely to experience problems with development of appropriate social interactions, delayed growth in early literacy and math skills, as well as higher than average risk for accidental injuries (DuPaul et al., 2001; Lahey et al., 1998). Problems interacting with parents and preschool/day-care teachers may also arise because of the increased risk for development of oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) and later conduct disorder (CD) (Lahey et al., 2004).
Bands and Gaps for Periodic Magnetic Hamiltonians

In this contribution, we wish to present some recent results and to discuss an open problem in the spectral theory of magnetic Hamiltonians \( H\left( {\vec{a}} \right) = {{( - i\nabla - \vec{a}(x))}^{2}}, \) acting in L 2(ℝ n ), with n ≧ 2, and \( \vec{a} \in {{C}^{1}}({{\mathbb{R}}^{n}};{{\mathbb{R}}^{n}}) \).
Splenic aspirations in multiple myeloma.

1. Splenic aspirations were performed in ten consecutive patients with multiple myeloma, in only three of whom the spleen was palpable. 2. In nine of the ten patients there was an increase of the percentage of myeloma cells in the splenic aspirations comparable to that in the marrow. 3. It is postulated that these findings support the concept of multiple myeloma as a generalized hematopoietic disease comparable to the leukemias.
Covert Stuttering: Investigation of the Paradigm Shift From Covertly Stuttering to Overtly Stuttering

Purpose Covert stuttering is a type of stuttering experience that occurs when a person who stutters conceals his or her stutter from others, attempting to be perceived as a nonstuttering individual...
Technical approaches to select high-performance instant skin smoothing formulations: Correlation of in vitro and in vivo assessment methods.

Background Contractile films that smooth the surface of skin upon drying are popular among consumers due to their "instant" effect and perceivable smoothing benefits. The objective of our study was to correlate an in vitro measurement of contractile force with in vivo smoothing performance, thereby enabling rapid screening of film-forming technologies for impactful cosmetic results. Methods We introduce and characterize an in vitro method to measure drying stress of film-containing formulations. This method is used to measure the drying stresses of seven different cosmetic film formulations. We then evaluate these formulas in a blinded clinical study, measuring their effect on under-eye and Crow's Feet area smoothing through bioinstrumentation (3D PRIMOS imaging) and blinded expert grading of images. Results The in vitro drying stress measurement was found to be repeatable and sensitive enough to detect differences between formulations with typical amounts of film-forming agents. Significant correlation was found between the in vitro drying stress measurements and under-eye smoothing measured by 3D imaging (R2 = 0.71). Expert grading confirmed that film formulas deliver perceivable smoothing in the under-eye and Crow's Feet regions 15 minutes after application. Conclusion The in vitro method described here can be used to predict the efficacy of formulations that deliver smoothing benefits to consumers. For consumer use, the esthetic properties of a formula should be balanced with film performance, guided by this model which predicts skin smoothing efficacy.
Perceived Parental Acceptance-Rejection and the Development of Children's Locus of Control.

In a study of relationships between locus of control and perceived parental acceptance-rejection as they vary by age, 271 boys and girls from 9 through 11 years of age were administered the Nowicki...
Non-uniform Crowding Enhances Transport: Relevance to Biological Environments

Abstract The cellular cytoplasm is crowded with macromolecules and other species that occupy up to 40% of the available volume. Previous studies have reported that for high crowder molecule concentrations, colloidal tracer particles have a dampened diffusion due to the higher solution viscosity. However, these studies employed uniform distributions of crowder molecules. We report a scenario, previously unexplored experimentally, of increased tracer transport driven by a non-uniform concentration of crowder macromolecules. In gradients of polymeric crowder, tracer particles undergo transport several times higher than that of their bulk diffusion rate. The direction of the transport is toward regions of lower crowder concentration. Mechanistically, hard-sphere interactions and the resulting volume exclusion between the tracer and crowder increases the effective diffusion by inducing a convective motion of tracers. Strikingly, soft deformable particles show even greater enhancement in transport in crowder gradients compared to similarly sized hard particles. We propose a model that supports the data and quantifies a “diffusiophoretic buoyancy force” when a tracer is in a gradient of crowder concentration. Overall, this demonstration of enhanced transport in non-uniform distributions of crowder is anticipated to clarify aspects of multi-component intracellular transport.
Treatments for the Prevention and Management of Suicide: A Systematic Review

Background Suicide is a growing public health problem, with the national rate in the United States increasing by 30% from 2000 to 2016. Purpose To assess the benefits and harms of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic interventions to prevent suicide and reduce suicide behaviors in at-risk adults. Data sources MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and other databases from November 2011 through May 2018. Study selection Systematic reviews (SRs) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed nonpharmacologic or pharmacologic therapies for adults at risk for suicide. Data extraction One investigator abstracted data and assessed study quality, and a second investigator checked abstractions and assessments for accuracy. Data synthesis Eight SRs and 15 RCTs were included. The evidence for psychological interventions suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) reduces suicide attempts, suicidal ideation, and hopelessness compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Limited evidence suggests that dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) reduces suicidal ideation compared with wait-list control or crisis planning. The evidence for pharmacologic treatments suggests that ketamine reduces suicidal ideation with minimal adverse events compared with placebo or midazolam. Lithium reduces rates of suicide among patients with unipolar or bipolar mood disorders compared with placebo. However, no differences were observed between lithium and other medications in reducing suicide. Limitation Qualitative synthesis of new evidence with existing meta-analyses, methodological shortcomings of studies, heterogeneity of nonpharmacologic interventions, and limited evidence for pharmacologic treatments and harms. Conclusion Both CBT and DBT showed modest benefit in reducing suicidal ideation compared with TAU or wait-list control, and CBT also reduced suicide attempts compared with TAU. Ketamine and lithium reduced the rate of suicide compared with placebo, but there was limited information on harms. Limited data are available to support the efficacy of other nonpharmacologic or pharmacologic interventions. Primary funding source U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration. (PROSPERO: CRD42018104978).
A Track-Relative Climatology of Eglin Air Force Base Hurricanes in a Variable Climate

The evolving hurricane threat to coastal communities is a critical consideration in the face of a changing climate. With a possible increase in hurricane destructive potential, it is important to analyze the climatology of hurricanes at a local, or decision-making, level. This chapter outlines a technique for establishing a climatological hurricane track for Eglin Air Force Base (EAFB) based on the occurrence and intensity of past hurricane events. First a “worst-case” track for a hurricane approaching EAFB is created by averaging distance maps of historical hurricanes. Hurricane characteristics (intensity and translation speed) are assigned to the track by gathering information from past hurricanes that passed nearby a set of points along the track. Then, by limiting the set of hurricanes to those from warm and cool sea surface temperatures epochs, the process is repeated to show the affects a changing climate might have on the hurricane risk to EAFB. The technique can be applied to any coastal location, and serves as a basis for understanding a local-scale hurricane climate and the affects of climate change on future hurricane threats.
Can Bad Solar Cells Make a PV Module More Efficient

In this paper, we propose an analytical theory of the "knee" voltage (V knee ) in a partially shaded module with bypass diodes. We find that knee voltage depends on the module configuration and it is independent of the number of shaded cells protected by each bypass diode. In addition, we propose two independent solutions to increase the knee voltage, which will significantly reduce the disproportionate power loss under partial shading conditions. The first solution involves using solar cells with low reverse breakdown voltage and the second solution is based on placing low shunt resistance cells in shading prone areas of the module.
Medical Students Attend to Case-Based Psychosocial Information

The authors describe a prospective study of medical students’ identification of the presence and importance of psychosocial information. They investigated the development of these skills over time in two successive academic cohorts, exploring the potential relationship of students’ performance on a cue-identification task to their self-reported interest in patients’ psychosocial concerns and to their academic performance in medical school. The absolute number of psychosocial cues students identified varied with the students’ training, but the importance that the students attributed to psychosocial cues increased over the time of their training. Their recognition of psychosocial cues as important correlated with academic performance in advanced clerkships and election to Alpha Omega Alpha. The results suggest that students are able to attend to psychosocial issues while performing well on traditional biomedical education measures.
The association between teacher leadership and student achievement: A meta-analysis

Abstract Teacher leadership is commonly discussed in educational research and practice. Yet, the relationship between teacher leadership and student achievement has not been soundly established by empirical evidence. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine the extent to which teacher leadership was related to students’ academic achievement. The results revealed that teacher leadership was positively related to student achievement (r = .19). Among seven dimensions of teacher leadership which were all positively associated with student achievement, facilitating improvements in curriculum, instruction, and assessment has shown strongest relationship. The results of subgroup analysis indicated the relationships were similar among studies conceptualizing teacher leadership and using outcome measures differently, and for elementary and secondary school students. However, published studies reported larger effect sizes than unpublished studies. The implications and limitations are discussed.
Autophagy Inhibition Preserves Tight Junction of Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelium Under Oxygen Glucose Deprivation.

AIMS To investigate the role of autophagy in the tight junction of human brain endothelial cells during hypoxia and ischemia. BACKGROUND Endothelial cells play an important role in the initiation, progression and recovery from ischemic stroke. The role of autophagy on human brain endothelial cells (HBECs) subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) is not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of autophagy on HBECs during OGD. METHODS HBECs were cultured in a 96-well plate and underwent 4 hours of OGD. For drug treatment, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) (5mmol/L), an inhibitor of autophagy, was added at the start of OGD. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were tested by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Morphological changes in cells were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The protein expression of light chain 3 (LC3) was measured. Autophagosomes and endothelial cell tight junctions were observed using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The results showed that OGD induced serious damage to HBECs. Cell viability was decreased significantly and LDH release increased significantly (p<0.05) following OGD. 3-MA protected HBECs from damage. Immunostaining further confirmed these results. Since 3-MA is an inhibitor of autophagy, we chose to examine alterations in the amount of LC3, a marker of autophagy. The ratios of LC3-II to LC3-I were significantly lower in the 3-MA treated OGD group than in the non-3-MA treated OGD group (p<0.05). Electron microscopy showed that 3-MA inhibited the formation of autophagolysosomes and revealed that the tight junction ultrastructure of HBECs, which was destroyed by OGD, was significantly protected by treatment with 3-MA. CONCLUSION Autophagy is a key response to oxygen-glucose deprivation stress and its detrimental effects are closely related to the destruction of tight junctions of human brain endothelial cells. Strategies to inhibit autophagy could help to preserve tight junctions.
The Supreme Court's Landmark Decision in New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira: A Panoptic View of America's Civil Justice System and Arbitration

On the surface, the 2019 U.S. Supreme Court case of New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira involves the trucking industry and a narrow issue of arbitration law. But on a deeper level, this case raises fundamental questions about America’s civil justice system and how our society should resolve disputes. This article examines the New Prime decision from past, present, and future points of view. From the perspective of the past, the New Prime case stands apart as representing the first decision in several decades where the Supreme Court has ruled in favor of workers and rejected an expansive interpretation of the Federal Arbitration Act. Viewed from a present perspective, New Prime can also be viewed as part of the larger sociopolitical environment in which it was issued. There has been a recent, developing backlash against the widespread use of forced arbitration in America, along with bipartisan support for legislative reforms as well as some private initiatives to cut back on the use of arbitration. Also, the contentious confirmation hearings of Justice Brett Kavanaugh and President Donald J. Trump’s attacks on the judiciary have raised questions about partisanship and the independence of the judiciary. The unanimous New Prime decision and its curtailment of arbitration arguably reflect the particular environment in which it was issued. Finally, looking ahead to the future, the New Prime case can solve some problems involving the FAA and raise several others. The Court’s analysis in New Prime suggests a new judicial approach that can be used to fix the legal framework for arbitration. New Prime also raises larger questions about the scope of the FAA and which workers are exempt from its coverage, and workers in the gig economy, such as Uber and Lyft drivers, could be impacted and no longer forced to arbitrate.
Bush v. Gore's Uniformity Principle and the Equal Protection Right to Vote

The U.S. Supreme Court cautioned in Bush v. Gore that its “consideration is limited to the present circumstances.” Pointing to this admonition, many commentators predicted that, despite the case’s immediate impact in resolving the 2000 presidential election, Bush v. Gore would have little lasting effect on constitutional law. Two decades later, these predictions have proven incorrect. Bush v. Gore extended Equal Protection principles to the nuts-and-bolts aspects of election administration. The case established a Uniformity Principle that prohibits states from applying “arbitrary and disparate treatment” to different voters participating in the same election. This Article explores the Uniformity Principle’s subsequent development over the ensuing two decades based on a personal examination of all 471 federal and state cases that cited Bush through June 30, 2020. Courts have applied Bush’s Uniformity Principle in three main contexts. First, they have generally invalidated laws that expressly require or allow materially different treatment of different groups of voters participating in the same election. Second, courts have been almost as skeptical of laws that expressly delegate authority to county or municipal election officials to set substantial voting-related policies. In particular, they have been generally unwilling to allow different jurisdictions within a state to adopt different voting systems with substantially different error rates. Finally, courts have been skeptical of laws that establish vague standards that are subject to a range of conflicting interpretations by local officials in different municipalities or counties. This is especially true in challenges to the constitutional adequacy of states’ ballot-counting standards. In contrast, courts have been most resistant to applying the Uniformity Principle to selective restrictions on absentee and early voting, administrative “matching” requirements (including laws requiring election officials to determine whether a voter’s information matches official records), and challenges involving the restoration of felons’ voting rights. Citing a conflicting line of Supreme Court precedent from the Civil Rights Era, several courts have held that states are generally free to reduce barriers to voting and expand opportunities to vote, even if they do so selectively, only for particular groups of voters. In the years to come, a compelling need will likely arise for the Court to resolve the apparent conflict between these historic cases and the Bush Uniformity Principle.
Engineered neuromuscular actuators for medicine, meat, and machines

Movement is central to life. Neuromuscular tissues control voluntary movement in humans and many other living creatures, offering significant advantages in adaptability and robustness as compared to abiotic actuators. The impressive functional capabilities of neuromuscular tissues have inspired researchers to attempt de novo synthesis of the biological motor system via tissue engineering. This article highlights key recent advances in tissue engineering skeletal muscle and discusses promising strategies to control engineered muscle via biological neural networks and abiotic soft electronic interfaces. Challenges associated with cell sourcing, biomaterials design, and scalable precision manufacturing, along with emerging strategies to address those challenges, are presented. Finally, we highlight how engineered neuromuscular tissues have enabled studying, controlling, and deploying them as actuators in a range of real-world applications including drug discovery, regenerative medicine, cellular agriculture, and soft robotics.
Abstract P126: Self-management Program And Black Women With Hypertension

Introduction: Prevalence rates of hypertension (HTN) among Black adults (males 58.3% and females 57.6%) in the United States is among the highest in the world. Black females (46%) experience a high...
The Impact of Menthol Cigarette Flavor in the U.S.: Cigarette and ENDS Transitions by Sociodemographic Group.

Introduction A better understanding of how menthol cigarette flavoring and ENDS impact smoking initiation, cessation, and transitions between tobacco products could help elucidate the potential impact of a U.S. menthol ban on combustible tobacco products. Methods A multistate transition model was applied to data on 23,232 adults from Waves 1–4 (2013–2017) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study (analysis was conducted in 2020–2021). Transition rates among never, noncurrent, nonmenthol versus menthol cigarette, ENDS, and dual everyday/someday use were estimated, as were transition-specific hazard ratios for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income. Results Non-Hispanic Blacks who smoked menthol discontinued smoking at a much lower rate than those who smoked nonmenthol (hazard ratio=0.43, 95% CI=0.29, 0.64), but there was no statistically significant difference in the discontinuation rates among non-Hispanic Whites (hazard ratio=0.97, 95% CI=0.80, 1.16) or Hispanics (hazard ratio=0.81, 95% CI=0.56, 1.16). Non-Hispanic Whites who smoked menthol were more likely to become dual users than those who smoked nonmenthol (hazard ratio=1.43, 95% CI=1.14, 1.80). Young adults initiated menthol smoking at a higher rate than older adults (age 18–24 years versus ≥55 years: hazard ratio=2.45, 95% CI=1.44, 4.15) but not nonmenthol smoking (hazard ratio=1.02, 95% CI=0.62, 1.69). There were differences by sex in the impact of menthol flavor on smoking initiation and discontinuation but little difference by education or income. Conclusions Sociodemographic differences in product transitions should be accounted for when estimating the potential impact of a menthol ban.
Individual value preferences among American police officers

This paper examines the value orientation of American police officers in a major municipal police department. Relying primarily on survey data, the aim of this paper is to utilize Milton Rokeach’s theory of human values to investigate the following three issues: What are the value orientations of police officers today? Have such value orientations among police officers changed over time? Is there a consensus on values among officers? The primary findings of this paper strongly suggest that value orientations among American police officers have remained relatively stable over recent decades. Moreover, there is a high degree of consensus on value priorities among police officers across years of service, level of education and gender.
Pressure-induced elevation of phase transition temperature in dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers: An electron spin resonance measurement of the enthalpy of phase transition

Abstract The application of 136 atm of helium pressure to an aqueous dispersion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine increased the temperature of the primary phase transition at 40.4 ± 0.2 °C by 3.0 °C. The lower temperature pretransition at 30.5 ± 0.5 °C, thought to be due to phosphate headgroup reorganization, was increased by 1.7 °C. Addition of 4% dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid to the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine affected the phase transition in the head group region more than in the hydrocarbon chain region. The pressure and temperature data obtained, taken together with the literature value for the bilayer volume expansion during solid-fluid phase transition, and inserted into the Clausius-Clapeyron equation yield a ΔH value of 8.8 kcal/mole for this phase transition. This value is within experimental error of the ΔH value obtained from differential scanning calorimetry and serves to support the validity of the data and the experimental technique. Phase transition was observed by electron spin resonance measurement of the exclusion of the small spin label Tempo (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- N -oxyl) from the solid domains of the bilayer. This result offers a possible explanation for the direct antagonism by high pressure of the effects of the inhalation anesthetics.
Development of Gender Differences in Children's Responses to Animated Entertainment.

This study examined gender differences in children's responses to animated scenes from an action adventure versus a sad film, and to animated previews of a prototypical “male” versus “female” movie. Females were more likely than males to express sadness in response to the sad scene, and gender differences in intensities of sadness increased with age. Children were much more likely to stereotype the “male” preview as most liked by other boys, whereas the majority of children perceived the “female” preview as liked by either gender equally. In terms of enjoyment of the “male” and “female” previews, gender differences in enjoyment of the “male” preview were apparent only among children who perceived the film as more appealing to boys, and gender differences in enjoyment of the “female” preview were apparent only among children who perceived the film as more appealing to girls. Implications for children's programming are discussed.
Neurogenic tumors of the parapharyngeal space.

Twelve patients with neurogenic tumors of the parapharyngeal space are reviewed. Ten of the tumors were benign and surgically removed. The two malignant tumors in this series, a malignant schwannoma and a neuroblastoma, were unresectible, and both of these patients died of their disease.
Mirror on the Wall: You're Omnidirectional After All?

Dielectric mirrors are a special kind of reflective device made from thin layers of material. Although they can exhibit large reflectivities for some wavelengths, the reflection properties are sensitive to the angle at which the light is incident on the mirror. In his Perspective, Dowling discusses a report in the same issue by Fink et al., in which a dielectric mirror operating over all angles is described. Such a device is expected to find wide application in optical and microwave systems.
Enzymes du métabolisme des polyphosphates dans la levure: III. Purification et propriétés de la polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransférase

Summary Yeast soluble polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase has been purified 120 fold by a three step procedure. The obtained enzyme fraction moves as a single band in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme is 44,000. The enzyme activity has an optimal pH at 6.75. Optimal temperature is +40°C. Electrolytes at the concentration of 0,10 M already inhibit the enzyme. Orthophosphate ions are competitive inhibitors of the transferase. Mg ++ ions are required for activity. The apparent Km values for the enzyme towards ADP and polyphosphates are 2.0 × 10 −4 M and 1.3 × 10 −4 M respectively. The yeast soluble polyphosphate-ADP-phosphotransferase seems to work essentialy as a breakdown enzyme of the intracellular polyphosphates.
High-temperature thermodynamics of QCD

Effective-field-theory methods are used to study the high T limit of QCD. These methods unravel the contributions to the free energy of QCD at high temperature from the scales T, gT, and g^2 T. The free energy is explicitly computed to order g^5. Implications for the application of perturbative QCD to the quark-gluon plasma are also discussed.
New technology for fabrication of C/SiC composites reinforced by continuous carbon tows

AbstractCarbon/silicon carbide composites were fabricated using the continuous synchronous composite (CSC) process, which is an improved technology based on conventional chemical vapour infiltration principles to fabricate ceramic matrix composites reinforced with carbon cloth or continuous tows which are not braided to a preform. In the CSC process, a gradient temperature field on the surface of the graphitic substrate, consisting of high (1000–1200°C), intermediate (900–1000°C), and low (700–900°C) temperature regions, was obtained by a bottom heating element. Since the rotation of the substrate accompanied simultaneously the preparation of the reinforcement phase and the deposition of the SiC matrix, micropores were well infiltrated in the intermediate temperature regions by diffusion transport, and macropores were well infiltrated in the high temperature regions with flow transport, respectively. Using methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) as a precursor, with hydrogen as a carrying gas and argon gas as a dilue...
Molecular evolution of the chalcone synthase gene family and identification of the expressed copy in flower petal tissue of Viola cornuta

Abstract Chalcone synthase (CHS), the first committed enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, is commonly encoded by multi-gene families with select members of these families accounting for the majority of expression. We have examined the CHS gene family in Viola cornuta , a plant whose flowers undergo ontogenetic color change. Using both RNA and RNA/DNA samples isolated from floral tissues at different pigment stages, we obtained 14 unique sequences from 60 total clones of a 288 bp fragment from the catalytic region of CHS. The V. cornuta sequences were monophyletic when compared to CHS orthologs from other taxa. Substitution models generally indicated unequal rates of transition and transversion as well as significant rate variation among sites. With a Tamura-Nei correction, nucleotide divergence ranged from 0.3 to 10.6% with the vast majority as synonymous changes. The nucleotide divergence pattern suggests designation of three V. cornuta CHS clades; based on divergence of CHS orthologs, these clades are consistent with three CHS orthologs in V. cornuta . Sequences from only a single clade were found to be expressed in all three floral pigment stages.
Psychosocial Impact of Tubal Ligation in Alabama Women1

A sample of 323 Alabama women requesting tubal ligations from the University of Alabama Birmingham Gynecology Service and the Jefferson County Department of Health was used to investigate the psychosocial impact prospectively of sterilization. Methods were similar to prior WHO research. The Present State Examination (PSE) was used to measure psychosocial disturbance. Also followup pregnancy rates were examined a scale of fear of pregnancy was included and regrets about the choice of contraceptive method. Interviews were conducted before surgery and at 6 and 12 months after surgery. A comparison group of women using other contraception was followed in the same manner. Strict case control design was not followed. Background characteristics and followup rates are provided. Comparison groups did not differ on race or postpartum versus interval status. The sterilization group had more women >25 years and were less likely to have 2 or more living children but the results were not affected. The followup rate exceeded 80%. The following measures were employed: subsequent pregnancy fear of pregnancy sexual satisfaction menstrual patterns mental health regrets about choice of method and satisfaction with tubal ligation. Only unadjusted significance levels were used in this study. The results indicate that those sterilized were at no risk and contracepting women were at some risk over the year. Sterilization had a moderate impact on followup pregnancy and fear of pregnancy. Fear of pregnancy increased slightly in the comparison group. The decrease in fear among sterilized women occurred at <6 months followup. the impact on menstrual distress was smaller than the impact on pregnancy and fear of pregnancy but significant and greater than the comparison group. There was no impact on sexual satisfaction or mental health particularly no negative impact. The occurrence of regrets was also unaffected. Proportions of sterilized women regretting loss of fecundity were similar to the proportion of comparison women complaining about reliability. 80% reported satisfaction with sterilization which is consistent with prior finding. The number interested in sterilization reversal suggests the need for newer methods which are reversible. The significance is in the clarification that sterilization is related to menstrual distress but this is more likely if distress occurred before sterilization and the absolute increase is small and unrelated to later need for hysterectomy or surgery. Tubal ligation is an important option with minimal side effects.
In-vivo assessment of the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis: vascular remodeling and endothelial shear stress determine the complexity of atherosclerotic disease progression.

Purpose of review Atherosclerotic disease progression is determined by localized plaque growth, which is induced by systemic and local hemodynamic factors, and the nature of the wall remodeling response. The purpose of this review is to summarize the processes underlying the heterogeneity of coronary atherosclerosis progression in relation to the local hemodynamic and arterial remodeling environment. Recent findings Multiple competing biological processes in the extracellular matrix define the extent of vascular remodeling and disease progression. The remodeling phenomenon is not consistent but is characterized by great phenotypical heterogeneity which reflects the complex effect of systemic, genetic and hemodynamic factors on the arterial wall response to plaque formation and progression. The exaggeration of expansive remodeling (i.e., excessive expansive remodeling) likely contributes to the transformation of an initially favorable action into an excessive course of vessel expansion, continued disease progression and plaque instability. Extremely low endothelial shear stress and excessive expansive remodeling establish a vicious cycle which leads to the formation of severe plaques with high-risk characteristics. Summary The dynamic interplay between the local hemodynamic environment and the wall remodeling behavior determines the complexity of the natural history of atherosclerosis and explains the development of localized plaque vulnerability.
Floating drug delivery systems: An approach to oral controlled drug delivery via gastric retention

In recent years scientific and technological advancements have been made in the research and development of rate-controlled oral drug delivery systems by overcoming physiological adversities, such as short gastric residence times (GRT) and unpredictable gastric emptying times (GET). Several approaches are currently utilized in the prolongation of the GRT, including floating drug delivery systems (FDDS), also known as hydrodynamically balanced systems (HBS), swelling and expanding systems, polymeric bioadhesive systems, modified-shape systems, high-density systems, and other delayed gastric emptying devices. In this review, the current technological developments of FDDS including patented delivery systems and marketed products, and their advantages and future potential for oral controlled drug delivery are discussed.