cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
KHOVANOV HOMOLOGY IS AN UNKNOT-DETECTOR

We prove that a knot is the unknot if and only if its reduced Khovanov cohomology has rank 1. The proof has two steps. We show first that there is a spectral sequence beginning with the reduced Khovanov cohomology and abutting to a knot homology defined using singular instantons. We then show that the latter homology is isomorphic to the instanton Floer homology of the sutured knot complement: an invariant that is already known to detect the unknot.
Libraries and librarians: Key partners for progress in health literacy research and practice

The field of librarianship has a history of involvement in patient education, general literacy and information literacy efforts. This history and prominent placement in communities make libraries and librarians an excellent resource in advancing health literacy practice and research. This chapter provides an overview of health literacy and health information literacy efforts in US libraries over the past two decades. The chapter begins with the description of the role of the US National Library of Medicine in developing resources, programs, and partnerships serving health information needs of the public. It then overviews special training programs for increasing librarians' expertise with health information and health literacy support. The narrative also presents different models of health information outreach programs in diverse communities, focusing on serving special populations that may suffer from health disparities. The second half of the chapter describes libraries' and librarians' health information response to continuously evolving contexts, mediums, and requirements. One subsection describes librarians' outreach effort with cutting-edge technologies, such as virtual worlds and gaming. Another focuses on supporting patients' information needs in clinical settings. Two more describe how libraries meet patrons' health information needs in the context of disaster preparedness and health insurance market place sign-up. While presenting the information, to the extent possible, the chapter draws upon research and evaluation of the effectiveness of different types of programs. It also discusses enablers of successes, limitations of the existing data, and directions for future research.
On the Image of the Totaling Functor

Let A be a differential graded (DG) algebra with a trivial differential over a commutative unital ring. This paper investigates the image of the totaling functor, defined from the category of complexes of graded A-modules to the category of DG A-modules. Specifically, we exhibit a special class of semifree DG A-modules which can always be expressed as the totaling of some complex of graded free A-modules. As a corollary, we also provide results concerning the image of the totaling functor when A is a polynomial ring over a field.
Some real and unreal enumerative geometry for flag manifolds.

We present a general method for constructing real solutions to some problems in enumerative geometry which gives lower bounds on the maximum number of real solutions. We apply this method to show that two new classes of enumerative geometric problems on flag manifolds may have all their solutions be real and modify this method to show that another class may have no real solutions, which is a new phenomenon. This method originated in a numerical homotopy continuation algorithm adapted to the special Schubert calculus on Grassmannians and in principle gives optimal numerical homotopy algorithms for finding explicit solutions to these other enumerative problems.
Coding without fine structure

In this paper we prove Jensen's Coding Theorem, assuming ˜ 0 # , via a proof that makes no use of the fine structure theory. We do need to quote Jensen's Covering Theorem, whose proof uses fine-structural ideas, but make no direct use of these ideas. The key to our proof is the use of “coding delays.” C oding T heorem (Jensen). Suppose 〈M,A〉 is a model of ZFC + O # does not exist. Then there is an 〈M, A〉-definable class forcing P such that if G ⊆ P is P-generic over 〈M, A〉 : (a) 〈M[G],A,G〉 ⊨ NZFC. (b) M[G] ⊨ V = L[R], R ⊆ ω and 〈M[G], A, G〉 ⊨ A,G are definable from the parameter R . In the above statement when we say “〈 M, A 〉 ⊨ ZFC” we mean that M ⊨ ZFC and in addition M satisfies replacement for formulas that mention A as a predicate. And “ P -generic over 〈 M, A 〉” means that all 〈 M, A 〉-definable dense classes are met. The consequence of ˜ O # that we need follows directly from the Covering Theorem.
Learning Robot Activities from First-Person Human Videos Using Convolutional Future Regression

We design a new approach that allows robot learning of new activities from unlabeled human example videos. Given videos of humans executing an activity from their own viewpoint (i.e., first-person videos), our objective is to make the robot learn the temporal structure of the activity as its future regression network, and learn to transfer such model for its own motor execution. We present a new fully convolutional neural network architecture to regress the intermediate scene representation corresponding to the future frame, thereby enabling explicit forecasting of future hand locations given the current frame. The full version of the paper is available as [2].
Extensive Copy Number Variation in Fermentation-Related Genes Among Saccharomyces cerevisiae Wine Strains

Due to the importance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wine-making, the genomic variation of wine yeast strains has been extensively studied. One of the major insights stemming from these studies is that wine yeast strains harbor low levels of genetic diversity in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genomic structural variants, such as copy number (CN) variants, are another major type of variation segregating in natural populations. To test whether genetic diversity in CN variation is also low across wine yeast strains, we examined genome-wide levels of CN variation in 132 whole-genome sequences of S. cerevisiae wine strains. We found an average of 97.8 CN variable regions (CNVRs) affecting ∼4% of the genome per strain. Using two different measures of CN diversity, we found that gene families involved in fermentation-related processes such as copper resistance (CUP), flocculation (FLO), and glucose metabolism (HXT), as well as the SNO gene family whose members are expressed before or during the diauxic shift, showed substantial CN diversity across the 132 strains examined. Importantly, these same gene families have been shown, through comparative transcriptomic and functional assays, to be associated with adaptation to the wine fermentation environment. Our results suggest that CN variation is a substantial contributor to the genomic diversity of wine yeast strains, and identify several candidate loci whose levels of CN variation may affect the adaptation and performance of wine yeast strains during fermentation.
NEST: A Comprehensive Model for Scintillation Yield in Liquid Xenon

A comprehensive model for explaining scintillation yield in liquid xenon is introduced. We unify various definitions of work function which abound in the literature and incorporate all available data on electron recoil scintillation yield. This results in a better understanding of electron recoil, and facilitates an improved description of nuclear recoil. An incident gamma energy range of O(1 keV) to O(1 MeV) and electric fields between 0 and O(10 kV/cm) are incorporated into this heuristic model. We show results from a Geant4 implementation, but because the model has a few free parameters, implementation in any simulation package should be simple. We use a quasi-empirical approach with an objective of improving detector calibrations and performance verification. The model will aid in the design and optimization of future detectors. This model is also easy to extend to other noble elements. In this paper we lay the foundation for an exhaustive simulation code which we call NEST (Noble Element Simulation Technique).
Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Early to Middle Childhood in Low-Resource Settings

The early to middle childhood years are a critical period for child neurodevelopment. Nutritional deficiencies, infection, and inflammation are major contributors to impaired child neurodevelopment in these years, particularly in low-resource settings. This review identifies global research priorities relating to nutrition, infection, and inflammation in early to middle childhood neurodevelopment. The research priority areas identified include: (1) assessment of how nutrition, infection, or inflammation in the preconception, prenatal, and infancy periods (or interventions in these periods) affect function in early to middle childhood; (2) assessment of whether effects of nutritional interventions vary by poverty or inflammation; (3) determination of the feasibility of preschool- and school-based integrated nutritional interventions; (4) improved assessment of the epidemiology of infection- and inflammation-related neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI); (5) identification of mechanisms through which infection causes NDI; (6) identification of noninfectious causes of inflammation-related NDI and interventions for causes already identified (eg, environmental factors); and (7) studies on the effects of interactions between nutritional, infectious, and inflammatory factors on neurodevelopment in early to middle childhood. Areas of emerging importance that require additional study include the effects of maternal Zika virus infection, childhood environmental enteropathy, and alterations in the child's microbiome on neurodevelopment in early to middle childhood. Research in these key areas will be critical to the development of interventions to optimize the neurodevelopmental potential of children worldwide in the early to middle childhood years.
Model-driven visualizations of constraint-based local search

Visualization is often invaluable to understand the behavior of optimization algorithms, identify their bottlenecks or pathological behaviors, and suggest remedial techniques. Yet developing visualizations is often a tedious activity requiring significant time and expertise. This paper presents a framework for the visualization of constraint-based local search (CBLS) algorithms. Given a high-level model and a declarative visualization specification, the CBLS visualizer systematically produces animations to visualize constraints and objectives, violations, and conflicts, as well as the temporal behavior of these measures. The visualization specification is declarative and typically composed of a triple (what,where,how) indicating what to display, where, and with which graphical objects. The visualizer architecture is compositional and extensible. It provides building blocks which can be assembled freely by the user and focuses almost exclusively on static aspects, the dynamic aspects being automated by the use of invariants. The paper highlights various functionalities of the visualizer and describes a blueprint for its implementation.
Active Search for Sparse Signals with Region Sensing

Autonomous systems can be used to search for sparse signals in a large space; e.g., aerial robots can be deployed to localize threats, detect gas leaks, or respond to distress calls. Intuitively, search algorithms may increase efficiency by collecting aggregate measurements summarizing large contiguous regions. However, most existing search methods either ignore the possibility of such region observations (e.g., Bayesian optimization and multi-armed bandits) or make strong assumptions about the sensing mechanism that allow each measurement to arbitrarily encode all signals in the entire environment (e.g., compressive sensing). We propose an algorithm that actively collects data to search for sparse signals using only noisy measurements of the average values on rectangular regions (including single points), based on the greedy maximization of information gain. We analyze our algorithm in 1d and show that it requires $\tilde{O}(\frac{n}{\mu^2}+k^2)$ measurements to recover all of $k$ signal locations with small Bayes error, where $\mu$ and $n$ are the signal strength and the size of the search space, respectively. We also show that active designs can be fundamentally more efficient than passive designs with region sensing, contrasting with the results of Arias-Castro, Candes, and Davenport (2013). We demonstrate the empirical performance of our algorithm on a search problem using satellite image data and in high dimensions.
Logical Control of Complex Resource Allocation Systems

Scheduling in a stochastic network is an issue in many applications such as the workflow on production shop floors, automated service operations on internet platforms, traffic coordination in guidepath-based transport systems, and resource allocation in multi-core computer architectures. It is an area of the modern scheduling theory with very limited results. To a large extent, the lack of results is due to the intricacies that arise from the blocking and deadlocking effects that take place in these networks which prevent analysis using classical modeling frameworks. These type of scheduling problems can be resolved by breaking them into a supervisory control problem that seeks to prevent the deadlock formation in the underlying resource allocation dynamics, and a scheduling problem formulated on the admissible subspace to be defined by the adopted supervisory control policy. Logical Control of Complex Resource Allocation Systems provides a comprehensive tutorial on solutions to the supervisory control problem. The reader is shown results that are theoretically rigorous yet offer rich practical applications. These resource allocation techniques have major implications for many modern-day and future applications. They also point the way forward for the necessary further research to successfully solve the scheduling problems in such systems. Logical Control of Complex Resource Allocation Systems is a comprehensive introduction for students, researchers, and practitioners into a significant development at the core of many control systems.
Demeter: a CASE study of software growth through parameterized classes

Demeter is a system designed for the development of large software projects using a software design methodology which focuses on growing rather than building software. A description is given of the software development process as one of growth and evolution as opposed to building and rebuilding because most complex objects in the real world are grown and not built. Since software design is obviously a complex process this new paradigm may be helpful in unraveling some of the problems associated with current software design practices. Demeter begins by providing an ideal environment for the sprouting and nurturing of a seed (data dictionary) into a plant (large scale software project). In addition, through the combined use of object-oriented programming technology, and parameterized classes, Demeter provides a facility for the reuse of software which was developed in previous software projects. >
Online nonparametric anomaly detection based on geometric entropy minimization

We consider the online and nonparametric detection of abrupt and persistent anomalies, such as a change in the regular system dynamics at a time instance due to an anomalous event (e.g., a failure, a malicious activity). Combining the simplicity of the nonparametric Geometric Entropy Minimization (GEM) method with the timely detection capability of the Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) algorithm we propose a computationally efficient online anomaly detection method that is applicable to high-dimensional datasets, and at the same time achieve a near-optimum average detection delay performance for a given false alarm constraint. We provide new insights to both GEM and CUSUM, including new asymptotic analysis for GEM, which enables soft decisions for outlier detection, and a novel interpretation of CUSUM in terms of the discrepancy theory, which helps us generalize it to the nonparametric GEM statistic. We numerically show, using both simulated and real datasets, that the proposed nonparametric algorithm attains a close performance to the clairvoyant parametric CUSUM test.
A Sparse Sampling Approach to Dynamic Sub-Cycle Decomposition of Apparent Power in General Polyphase Networks

We present a dynamic decomposition of apparent power in a polyphase network, based on measurements taken within a portion of a single cycle of the ac fundamental. We show that two time samples suffice for a definition that provides an attractive trade-off between computational cost and dynamic performance. The sub-cycle (or near-instantaneous) metrics that we introduce connect the time- and frequency-domain approaches in a natural way, and address the key weaknesses of the existing instantaneous decompositions. Furthermore, our power metrics are amenable to refinements via symmetrical components, thus connecting with concepts commonly used in system protection. We illustrate the sub-cycle decomposition via two polyphase examples: one of conceptual interest, the other an actual industrial voltage sag event.
Law _ Society in Historical Legal Research

This essay on law & society vis a vis historical legal research explores the ways that legal history has been a core part of the law & society movement since the 1960s and how law & society is an approach to legal history associated in particular with the pioneering work of James Willard Hurst. As scholars in law, the social sciences, and the humanities expanded the range of subjects considered appropriate for the study of law, or the study of society from the 1960s onward, the expansion of both halves of the law & society dyad inevitably raised questions about the conjunctive metaphor. If anything can count as law (as legal pluralists would have it), and if the society half of the dyad encompasses almost everything (as law & society scholars would have it), then the concept of the ampersand could be thought of as a manifesto for sociolegal studies generally, and sociolegal history in particular. After a brief survey of different interdisciplinary approaches to historical study of law, this essay explores the growth of both halves of the law & society dyad. Then the essay explains how that growth put pressure on the conjunctive metaphor that has long been used to describe the relationship between law and that which stands outside law, whether it be society, economy, polity, or something else. The essay argues that the nature of law & society approaches to history has a great deal to do with what practitioners of the historical study of law conceptualize as being required by the ampersand, or by whatever other metaphor one might put in its place.
Green-to-red sequences for positroids

Abstract L-diagrams are combinatorial objects that parametrize cells of the totally nonnegative Grassmannian, called positroid cells, and each L-diagram gives rise to a cluster algebra which is believed to be isomorphic to the coordinate ring of the corresponding positroid variety. We study quivers arising from these diagrams and show that they can be constructed from the well-behaved quivers associated to Grassmannians by deleting and merging certain vertices. Then, we prove that quivers coming from arbitrary L-diagrams, and more generally reduced plabic graphs, admit a particular sequence of mutations called a green-to-red sequence.
Implementing data cube construction using a cluster middleware: algorithms, implementation experience, and performance evaluation

With increases in the amount of data available for analysis in commercial settings, on line analytical processing (OLAP) and decision support have become important applications for high performance computing. Implementing such applications on clusters requires a lot of expertise and effort, particularly because of the sizes of input and output datasets. In this paper, we describe our experiences in developing one such application using a cluster middleware, called ADR. We focus on the problem of data cube construction , which commonly arises in multi-dimensional OLAP. We show how ADR, originally developed for scientific data intensive applications, can be used for carrying out an efficient and scalable data cube construction implementation. A particular issue with the use of ADR is tiling of output datasets. We present new algorithms that combine interprocessor communication and tiling within each processor. These algorithms preserve the important properties that are desirable from any parallel data cube construction algorithm. We have carried out a detailed evaluation of our implementation. The main results from our experiments are as follows: (1) high speedups are achieved on both dense and sparse datasets, even though we have used simple algorithms that sequentialize a part of the computation; (2) the execution time depends only upon the amount of computation, and does not increase in a super-linear fashion as the dataset size or the number of tiles increases; and (3) as the datasets become more sparse, sequential performance degrades, but the parallel speedups are still quite good.As part of our on-going work in this area, we are also looking at handling a larger number of dimensions and multi-dimensional partitionings. We describe our preliminary theoretical and experimental work in this direction.
Impact of patient-provider race/ethnicity and gender concordance on cancer screening: Findings from medical expenditure panel survey.

1547Background: Racial/ethnic minority groups experience lower rates of cancer screening compared to non-Hispanic (NH) whites. Previous studies evaluating the role of patient-provider race/ethnicit...
Access to emergency contraception after removal of age restrictions

BACKGROUND: Levonorgestrel emergency contraception (EC) is safe and effective for postcoital pregnancy prevention. Starting in 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration removed age restrictions, enabling EC to be sold over the counter to all consumers. We sought to compare the availability and access for female adolescents with the 2012 study, using the same study design. METHODS: Female mystery callers posing as 17-year-old adolescents in need of EC used standardized scripts to telephone 979 pharmacies in 5 US cities. Using 2015 estimated census data and the federal poverty level, we characterized income levels of pharmacy neighborhoods. RESULTS: Of 979 pharmacies, 827 (83%) indicated that EC was available. This proportion did not vary by pharmacy neighborhood income level, nor was significantly different from the 2012 study ( P = .78). When examining access, 8.3% of the pharmacies reported it was impossible to obtain EC under any circumstances, which occurred more often in low-income neighborhoods (10.3% vs 6.3%, adjusted odds ratio 1.5; 95% confidence interval 1.20–1.94). This was not significantly different from 2012 ( P = .66). Correct information regarding over-the-counter access was conveyed only 51.6% of the time; accuracy did not differ by pharmacy9s neighborhood income (47.9% vs 55.3%, adjusted odds ratio 0.89; 95% confidence interval 0.71–1.11) and was not significantly different from 2012 ( P = .37). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of pharmacies have EC available; however, barriers to and disparities in access for adolescents persist and have not changed since the previous study despite regulatory changes that were designed to improve access to EC.
Limited Surgical Intervention in the Prune Belly Syndrome

Experience with 16 males with prune belly syndrome reveals that half have done well without any surgical treatment. The authors felt that two patients had unnecessary loop cutaneous ureterostomies—and inappropriate operation for these children. Urethral obstruction was found in two boys. Four neonates died of severe renal dysplasia. Although the distal ureters are dilated, they adequately conduct urine and seldom need shortening, tailoring, and reimplantation.
Alkaline Phosphatase and the international Clinical Enzyme Scale

The wide numeric variation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP: EC 3.1.3.1) values reported from clinical laboratories is clearly revealed by the grossly incompatible data found in large interlaboratory surveys. The authors suggest that this unsatisfactory situation is readily correctable by simply expressing all numeric results on a single scale, the International Clinical Enzyme Scale (ICES). ICES for ALP (ALP/ICES) rests upon a well-defined reference system that relates the IFCC Reference Method for ALP to numerous stable primary and secondary ALP reference materials. The authors show by calibrations with ALP/ICES reference materials that raw coefficients of variation of 25-30% due to reagent, temperature, or instrument differences could be reduced to as low as 2%. ICES and the reference system approach automatically unifies the numeric outputs of the working clinical laboratories by relating all measurements and reference materials to one clearly defined international reference method, yet this concept allows many technologic options in the individual laboratory.
Cluster decomposition of full configuration interaction wave functions: A tool for chemical interpretation of systems with strong correlation

Approximate full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations have recently become tractable for systems of unforeseen size, thanks to stochastic and adaptive approximations to the exponentially scaling FCI problem. The result of an FCI calculation is a weighted set of electronic configurations, which can also be expressed in terms of excitations from a reference configuration. The excitation amplitudes contain information on the complexity of the electronic wave function, but this information is contaminated by contributions from disconnected excitations, i.e., those excitations that are just products of independent lower-level excitations. The unwanted contributions can be removed via a cluster decomposition procedure, making it possible to examine the importance of connected excitations in complicated multireference molecules which are outside the reach of conventional algorithms. We present an implementation of the cluster decomposition analysis and apply it to both true FCI wave functions, as well as wave functions generated from the adaptive sampling CI algorithm. The cluster decomposition is useful for interpreting calculations in chemical studies, as a diagnostic for the convergence of various excitation manifolds, as well as as a guidepost for polynomially scaling electronic structure models. Applications are presented for (i) the double dissociation of water, (ii) the carbon dimer, (iii) the π space of polyacenes, and (iv) the chromium dimer. While the cluster amplitudes exhibit rapid decay with an increasing rank for the first three systems, even connected octuple excitations still appear important in Cr2, suggesting that spin-restricted single-reference coupled-cluster approaches may not be tractable for some problems in transition metal chemistry.
Datamining for yield

A small but persistent signal in wafer slot order was observed at functional test, affecting logic yield. Through wafer slot Randomization at several operations in the route a process step within high-k metal gate formation was suspected to be causing the degrade, but conventional approaches did not reveal the root cause. By combining datamining with a thorough analysis of sector and electrical data we identified a defect mechanism exacerbated by the delay between gate metal and polysilicon deposition. By applying a process change, we addressed the issue and achieved yield improvement.
Field cracking performance of airfield rigid pavements

Abstract This paper discusses cracking in airport pavements as studied in Construction Cycle 6 of testing carried out at the National Airport Pavement Testing Facility by the Federal Aviation Administration. Pavements of three different flexural strengths as well as two different subgrades, a soft bituminous layer and a more rigid layer known as econocrete, were tested. In addition to this, cracking near two types of isolated transition joints, a reinforced edge joint and a thickened edge joint, was considered. The pavement sections were tested using a moving load simulating that of an aircraft. It has been determined that the degree of cracking was reduced as the flexural strength of the pavement was increased and that fewer cracks formed over the econocrete base than over the bituminous base. In addition, the thickened edge transition joint was more effective in preventing cracking at the edges compared to the reinforced edge joint.
FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain

Nakamoto's famous blockchain protocol enables achieving consensus in a so-called permissionless setting---anyone can join (or leave) the protocol execution, and the protocol instructions do not depend on the identities of the players. His ingenious protocol prevents "sybil attacks" (where an adversary spawns any number of new players) by relying on computational puzzles (a.k.a. "moderately hard functions") introduced by Dwork and Naor (Crypto'92). Recent work by Garay et al (EuroCrypt'15) and Pass et al (manuscript, 2016) demonstrate that this protocol provably achieves consistency and liveness assuming a) honest players control a majority of the computational power in the network, b) the puzzle-hardness is appropriately set as a function of the maximum network delay and the total computational power of the network, and c) the computational puzzle is modeled as a random oracle. Assuming honest participation, however, is a strong assumption, especially in a setting where honest players are expected to perform a lot of work (to solve the computational puzzles). In Nakamoto's Bitcoin application of the blockchain protocol, players are incentivized to solve these puzzles by receiving rewards for every "block" (of transactions) they contribute to the blockchain. An elegant work by Eyal and Sirer (FinancialCrypt'14), strengthening and formalizing an earlier attack discussed on the Bitcoin forum, demonstrates that a coalition controlling even a minority fraction of the computational power in the network can gain (close to) 2 times its "fair share" of the rewards (and transaction fees) by deviating from the protocol instructions. In contrast, in a fair protocol, one would expect that players controlling a φ fraction of the computational resources to reap a φ fraction of the rewards. We present a new blockchain protocol---the FruitChain protocol---which satisfies the same consistency and liveness properties as Nakamoto's protocol (assuming an honest majority of the computing power), and additionally is δ-approximately fair: with overwhelming probability, any honest set of players controlling a φ fraction of computational power is guaranteed to get at least a fraction (1-δ)φ of the blocks (and thus rewards) in any Ω(κ/δ) length segment of the chain (where κ is the security parameter). Consequently, if this blockchain protocol is used as the ledger underlying a cryptocurrency system, where rewards and transaction fees are evenly distributed among the miners of blocks in a length κ segment of the chain, no coalition controlling less than a majority of the computing power can gain more than a factor (1+3δ) by deviating from the protocol (i.e., honest participation is an n/2-coalition-safe 3δ-Nash equilibrium). Finally, the FruitChain protocol enables decreasing the variance of mining rewards and as such significantly lessens (or even obliterates) the need for mining pools.
Learning Visual Importance for Graphic Designs and Data Visualizations

Knowing where people look and click on visual designs can provide clues about how the designs are perceived, and where the most important or relevant content lies. The most important content of a visual design can be used for effective summarization or to facilitate retrieval from a database. We present automated models that predict the relative importance of different elements in data visualizations and graphic designs. Our models are neural networks trained on human clicks and importance annotations on hundreds of designs. We collected a new dataset of crowdsourced importance, and analyzed the predictions of our models with respect to ground truth importance and human eye movements. We demonstrate how such predictions of importance can be used for automatic design retargeting and thumbnailing. User studies with hundreds of MTurk participants validate that, with limited post-processing, our importance-driven applications are on par with, or outperform, current state-of-the-art methods, including natural image saliency. We also provide a demonstration of how our importance predictions can be built into interactive design tools to offer immediate feedback during the design process.
INTERACTION OF THE SOLAR WIND WITH THE MOON.

During its orbit about the earth, the moon is located in the interplanetary medium or in the geomagnetosheath-geomagnetotail formed by the solar wind interaction with earth. In the tail, no evidence is found for a lunar magnetic field. In the interplanetary medium, no evidence exists for a bow shock or a trailing shock, although a well defined plasma wake region is observed in the anti-solar wind direction. The moon absorbs the solar wind plasma that strikes its surface and creates a void region or cavity in the flow. The observed lunar Mach cone gives evidence for the anisotropic propagation of waves in the magnetized collisionless warm plasma of the solar wind. The transmission of microstructural discontinuities in the interplanetary medium past the moon shows little distortion, indicating a low effective electrical conductivity of the lunar body. Fluctuations of the interplanetary magnetic field upstream from the plasma wake are stimulated by the disturbed conditions in that region. The moon behaves like a cold, nonmagnetic, fully absorbing dielectric sphere in the solar wind flow.
New tricks for the glycyl radical enzyme family.

Glycyl radical enzymes (GREs) are important biological catalysts in both strict and facultative anaerobes, playing key roles both in the human microbiota and in the environment. GREs contain a back...
Plausible Deniability and Cooperation in Trust Games

What motivates agents to choose pro-social but dominated actions in principal-agent interactions like the trust game? We investigate this by exploring the role higher-order beliefs about payoffs play in an incentivized laboratory experiment. We consider a variety of ways of distributing higher order information about payoffs, including an asymmetrical distribution that generates âplausible deniabilityâ: one agent (B) knows the other (A) doesnât know that B knows how Aâs payoffs are impacted by Bâs actions. Agents, in turn, exploit this: otherwise trustworthy types are tempted into defecting when they have plausible deniability.
So Good It Has to Be True: Wishful Thinking in Theory of Mind

In standard decision theory, rational agents are objective, keeping their beliefs independent from their desires. Such agents are the basis for current computational models of Theory of Mind (ToM), but the accuracy of these models are unknown. Do people really think that others do not let their desires color their beliefs? In two experiments we test whether people think that others engage in wishful thinking. We find that participants do think others believe that desirable events are more likely to happen, and that undesirable ones are less likely to happen. However, these beliefs are not well calibrated as people do not let their desires influence their beliefs in the task. Whether accurate or not, thinking that others wishfully think has consequences for reasoning about them. We find one such consequence—people learn more from an informant who thinks an event will happen despite wishing it was otherwise. People’s ToM therefore appears to be more nuanced than the current rational accounts in that it allo...
Public versus private sector procurement ethics and strategy: what each sector can learn from the other

The government purchasing market constitutes the largest business sector in the world. While marketers would benefit from a deep understanding of both sectors, how the two sectors differ in terms of ethics and strategy largely remains unknown. The purpose of this research, therefore, is to explore differences between the for-profit and not-for-profit sectors on two critical aspects of business-to-business procurement: ethics and strategy. Using survey data from a sample of 328 procurement professionals in the for-profit and not-for-profit sectors, key differences are explored. Findings suggest that buyers in the for-profit sector are more likely to behave opportunistically. Conversely, the buyers’ leaders in the not-for-profit sector behave more opportunistically and are more willing to turn a blind eye to their subordinate buyers’ opportunistic behaviors. In addition, key differences in procurement strategy are unveiled suggesting that not-for-profit procurement practices have some room for improvement. Based on the findings, theoretical and managerial implications are drawn, and a future research agenda is proposed.
Using electrical resistance to evaluate the chip seal curing process

Chip seals are among the most cost-effective surface treatments available for pavement preventive maintenance. However, frequent issues associated with asphalt emulsion early mechanical strength development, resulting in premature surface treatment failure, have led to the need to improve the characterisation of the chip seal curing process. As such, the use of an electrical resistance measurement has been studied to develop a sound construction methodology that prevents common failures that occur soon after construction. This paper presents a novel approach, based on electrical resistance measurements, to determine when a chip seal has developed enough binder adhesive strength to bond to the existing pavement while keeping the aggregate chips in place. The electrical resistance measurements provide a rapid, non-destructive indication of the amount of curing that has occurred. By implementing this methodology the user can determine when a chip seal has gained sufficient mechanical strength to allow for br...
Optimization of a series of heterocycles as survival motor neuron gene transcription enhancers.

Abstract Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from mutations in the SMN1 gene, leading to survival motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency. One therapeutic strategy for SMA is to identify compounds that enhance the expression of the SMN2 gene, which normally only is a minor contributor to functional SMN protein production, but which is unaffected in SMA. A recent high-throughput screening campaign identified a 3,4-dihydro-4-phenyl-2(1H)-quinolinone derivative (2) that increases the expression of SMN2 by 2-fold with an EC50 = 8.3 µM. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that the array of tolerated substituents, on either the benzo portion of the quinolinone or the 4-phenyl, was very narrow. However, the lactam ring of the quinolinone was more amenable to modifications. For example, the quinazolinone (9a) and the benzoxazepin-2(3H)-one (19) demonstrated improved potency and efficacy for increase in SMN2 expression as compared to 2.
Can Maternity Benefits Have Long-Term Effects on Childbearing? Evidence from Soviet Russia

This paper quantifies the effects of Russia’s 1981 expansion in maternity benefits on completed childbearing. The program provided one year of partially paid parental leave and a small cash transfe...
Physical system consequences of unobservable state-and-topology cyber-physical attacks

This paper studies the physical consequences of a class of unobservable state-and-topology cyber-physical attacks in which both state and topology data for a sub-network of the network are changed by an attacker to mask a physical attack. The problem is formulated as a two-stage optimization problem, which aims to cause overload in a line of the network with limited attack resources. It is shown that unobservable state-and-topology cyber-physical attacks as studied in this paper can make the system operation more vulnerable to line outages and failures.
Democracy in India

LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS INTRODUCTION (NIRAJA GOPAL JAYAL): I INDIAN DEMOCRACY PREFIGURED 1. Democracy under the Raj: Elections and Separate Representation in British India (James Chiriyankandath) 2. The Rhetoric of Democracy and Development in Late Colonial India (David Washbrook) II DEMOCRACY AND THE STATE 3. The Crisis of the Moderate State and the Decline of Democracy (Rajni Kothari) 4. Political Change in a Democratic Developing Country (Atul Kohli) 5. Demand Polity and command Polity (Lloyd I. Rudolph and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph) 6. The State and Democracy in India or What happened to Welfare, Secularism, and Development (Niraja Gopal Jayal III DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY 7. The Culture of representative Democracy (Sudipta Kaviraj) 8. Power and Knowledge in Development Discourse: New Social Movements and the State in India (Pramod Parajuli) 9. The Democratic Rite: Celebration and Participation in the Indian Elections (Walter Hauser and Wendy Singer) 10. Hunger and Public Action (Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen) 11. The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation (Arend Lijphart) IV DEMOCRACY AND DEVELOPMENT 12. Economic Development and Political Democracy: Interaction and Economies and Politics in Independent India (Deepak Nayyar) 13. The Political Economy of Reform in India (Pranab Bardhan) V DEMOCRACY, LOCALITY, AND REGION 14. Ballot Box and Local Power: Elections in an Indian Village (Subrata K. Mitra) 15. Democracy and Decentralization in Karnataka (India) (Richard C. Crook and James Manor) VI THE FUTURE OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY 16. The Anti-caste Movement and the Discourse of Power (Gail Omvedt) 17. Hindu Nationalism and Democracy (Christophe Jaffrelot) ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: NAME INDEX SUBJECT INDEX.
Direct visual-inertial odometry with semi-dense mapping

Abstract The paper presents a direct visual-inertial odometry system. In particular, a tightly coupled nonlinear optimization based method is proposed by integrating the recent development in direct dense visual tracking of camera and the inertial measurement unit (IMU) pre-integration. Then a factor graph optimization is adopted to estimate the pose and position of the camera, and a semi-dense map is created simultaneously. Two sliding windows are maintained in the proposed approach. The first one, based on direct sparse odometry (DSO), is to estimate the depths of candidate points for mapping and dense visual tracking. In the second one, measurements of both the IMU pre-integration and direct dense visual tracking are fused probabilistically based on a tightly-coupled, optimization-based sensor fusion framework. As a result, the scale drift of visual odometry is compensated by the constraints from the IMU pre-integration. Evaluations on real-world benchmark datasets show that the proposed method achieves competitive results in indoor scenes.
Quantifying Power Distribution System Resiliency Using Code-Based Metric

It is essential to improve the resiliency of power distribution systems (PDS) given the increase in extreme weather events, number of malicious threats, and consumers’ need for higher reliability. This paper provides a formal approach to evaluate the operational resiliency of PDS and quantify the resiliency of a system using a code-based metric. A combination of steady state and dynamic simulation tools is used to determine the resiliency metric. Dynamic simulation tools help analyzing the impact of short-term events, which might affect operational resiliency in the long term. A dynamic optimization algorithm for changing operating criteria to increase the sustainability of the most critical loads has been proposed. The proposed theoretical approach is validated using a simple PDS model and simulation results demonstrate the ability to quantify the resiliency using the proposed code-based metric. The time-dependent quantification of resiliency has been demonstrated on a test system of two connected Consortium of Electric Reliability Technology Solutions (CERTS) microgrids.
Double-tilt in situ TEM holder with ultra-high stability.

Abstract A double tilting holder with high stability is essential for acquiring atomic-scale information by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), but the availability of such holders for in situ TEM studies under various external stimuli is limited. Here, we report a unique design of seal-bearing components that provides ultra-high stability and multifunctionality (including double tilting) in an in situ TEM holder. The seal-bearing subsystem provides superior vibration damping and electrical insulation while maintaining excellent vacuum sealing and small form factor. A wide variety of in situ TEM applications including electrical measurement, STM mapping, photovoltaic studies, and CL spectroscopy can be performed on this platform with high spatial resolution imaging and electrical sensitivity at the pA scale.
The Impact of New-Product R&D on the Circular Flow:

Closed-system circular flow models have been ubiquitous in economics for at least half a century. Because these models account for neither new-product R&D, nor the attendant leakages and injections...
The information content of aggregate profitability

Abstract Recently, there has been significant interest in the information content of aggregate accounting profitability. I collect evidence on whether aggregate profitability captures information about changes in the cost of capital as predicted by classical investment theory. Consistent with these predictions, I find that the stock market return is negatively related to future accounting profitability for several years into the future. I provide evidence that this relation is most likely due to a positive association between changes in expected returns which exert a negative impact on stock returns and future profitability. These findings indicate that aggregate accounting profitability reflects significant economic content related to the cost of capital. This study is the first to link changes in accounting profitability to the market cost of capital under an investment-based mechanism.
The Ballad of Hicks Carmichael: Law, Music, and Popular Justice in Urban Appalachia

This article examines a rare folk ballad to revisit an 1888 Tennessee trial that newspapers referred to as the fastest in the country in which the death penalty was involved. If we look at this event using court records and newspapers, it tells a regrettably common story of a court under pressure from the populace skirting the protections of law. However, if we consider the trial as a performative endeavor, we can rightly consider other performative events, like folk songs, not as reflective of official events but as equivalents that help provide insight into the larger motives behind the court’s actions.
The Feasibility of Detecting Supercooled Liquid With a Forward-Looking Radiometer

Icing due to supercooled liquid poses a threat to manned and unmanned aircraft. Particularly with the proliferation of unmanned systems, lightweight passive sensors could allow the remote detection of supercooled liquid. A three-dimensional radiative transfer model is utilized to determine the feasibility of a forward-viewing passive sensor for remotely detecting hazardous icing conditions. An analysis of simulated passive microwave spectra for a forward-viewing passive sensor finds dependencies on the liquid water content, cloud distance, and temperature, and sensitivity is noted across the millimeter-wave spectrum. Spectral flattening in the shoulders of molecular resonances corresponds to the presence of clouds, while saturated brightness temperatures near the transition lines are linked to the ambient temperature. A principal component analysis shows significant information content at G -band near the water vapor molecular transition, suggesting compact radiometer systems to detect and range supercooled liquid are feasible. Additional information content may be available at K $_a$ -band, suggesting such observations would be useful when size and mass are not constrained.