cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Blockade of only spinal α1 adrenoceptors is insufficient to attenuate DDT-induced alterations in motor function

Male Fischer 344N rats were chronically implanted with an intrathecal cannula and gavaged with p,p′-DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane; 30 or 45 mg/kg) or corn oil. Seven hours later, subjects were intrathecally infused with vehicle, 15, 30, 60, or 120 μg of prazosin (an α1-adrenergic antagonist). Spectral analysis of bodily movements was performed 7.5, 8, and 10 hr after DDT administration. In control rats, 15 μg of prazosin reduced the spectral profiles of spontaneous movements. A 30-μg dose produced motor impairments, without significantly changing the spectral profiles. Tremulous movements induced by DDT were unaffected by 15 or 30 μg, whereas 60 or 120 μg of intrathecal prazosin significantly reduced the spectral profiles of rats pretreated with 45 mg/kg of DDT. Other subjects were administered vehicle or DDT (45 mg/kg), intrathecally infused with 15 or 60 μg of prazosin (7 hr), and sacrificed (7.5 hr). Noncannulated rats were gavaged with 60 mg/kg of DDT, injected subcutaneously (sc) with 0.5 mg/kg of prazosin (5.5 hr), and sacrificed (8 hr). Cortical and spinal tissues were used in ex vivo binding assays utilizing [3H]prazosin. Fifteen or sixty micrograms of intrathecal prazosin occupied similar percentages of spinal [3H]prazosin binding sites, but produced a dose-related increase in cortical prazosin equivalents. Sixty micrograms of intrathecal or 0.5 mg/kg of sc prazosin resulted in similar concentrations of cortical prazosin equivalents. Together, these data indicate that while intrathecal prazosin will attenuate DDT-induced motor dysfunction, this effect requires blockade of α1 adrenoceptors in regions other than solely the spinal cord.
Acute infections (AI's) in pediatric patients infected or exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 765

Acute infections (AI's) in pediatric patients infected or exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 765
Degradation of Sucrose, Glucose and Fructose in Concentrated Aqueous Solutions Under Constant pH Conditions at Elevated Temperature

ABSTRACT The degradation of sucrose can decrease sucrose yield, reduce the efficiency of sugar factory and refinery processes, and effect end product quality. Characterization of sucrose degradation under modeled industrial processing conditions will underpin further technological improvements. Effects of constant reaction pH on sucrose degradation were investigated using simulated industrial model systems (100 °C; 65 °Brix [% dissolved solids]; N2; 0.05-3 mol NaOH titrant; 8 h), with the use of an autotitrator. Reaction pH values ranged from 4.40 to 10.45. Polarimetry and ion chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IC-IPAD) were used to quantify sucrose degradation and first-order reaction constants were calculated. Minimum sucrose degradation occurred between pH 6.45 - 8.50, with minimum color formation between pH's 4.40 - 7.00. Polarimetry, often used in U.S. sugar factories and refineries to monitor chemical sucrose losses, was shown not to be viable to measure sucrose degradatio...
Elliptic grid generation system: control functions revisited—I

Abstract A methodology for the development of control functions associated with the elliptic grid generation system is presented. This development is based on the optimal blending of the best characteristics of hyperbolic generation system and algebraic techniques. The algorithm is readily applicable to grid adaptation. Computational examples are presented to demonstrate the success of this methodology.
III-V field-effect transistors for low power digital logic applications

Sustaining Moore's Law of doubling CMOS transistor density every twenty four months will require not only shrinking the transistor dimensions, but also introduction of new materials and new device architectures to achieve the highest performance per watt of power dissipation. Compound semiconductor-based quantum-well field effect transistors have recently emerged as a promising transistor option for future ultra low-power logic applications. This paper reviews the opportunities and challenges in this exciting field of research.
Intrathoracic injury to the motor nerve supply of the larynx.

A previously reported experimental study demonstrated that the intermediate (partly abducted) position of a paralysed vocal cord may be due to physiological inactivation, rather than paralysis, of the cricothyroid muscle. This inhibition was shown to be caused by interruption of vagal afferent impulses originating in pulmonary pressure receptors. The case reported here offered an unusual opportunity of studying this condition by serial section of a human larynx. A patient's left vocal cord was paralysed by cancer in the left pulmonary hilum and apex. There was aspiration and loss of voice. The larynx was obtained at autopsy and studied by serial sections. These showed that the P.C.A- muscle on the paralysed side was, in fact, completely atrophic and degenerated, as were the other intrinsic muscles but that the cricothyroid muscle was morphologically normal. Invasion of both the recurrent laryngeal nerve and the vagus at the thoracic inlet interrupts afferent impulses and inactivates the cricothyroid muscle, with resultant glottic incompetence.
Blood flow measurement using digital angiography and parametric imaging.

A method of blood flow measurement is described that determines flow through a particular artery in absolute units or as a fraction of the cardiac output. For measuring flow as a percentage of cardiac output, no assumption about the vessel’s cross‐sectional shape is necessary. If one assumes that the vessel’s cross section is circular, then absolute flow determination is possible. All methods would require only a single intravenous injection of contrast material. Details of the theory of these methods are presented and alternative data analysis options are developed and discussed.
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance and Impedance in Isolated Mouse Lungs: Effects of Pulmonary Emboli

To study pulsatile pressure-flow rate relationships in the intact pulmonary vascular network of mice, we developed a protocol for measuring pulmonary vascular resistance and impedance in isolated, ventilated, and perfused mouse lungs. We used pulmonary emboli to validate the effect of vascular obstruction on resistance and impedance. Main pulmonary artery and left atrial pressures and pulmonary vascular flow rate were measured under steady and pulsatile conditions in the lungs of C57BL/6J mice (n = 6) before and after two infusions with 25 μm-diameter microspheres (one million per infusion). After the first and second embolizations, pulmonary artery pressures increased approximately two-fold and three and a half-fold, respectively, compared to baseline, at a steady flow rate of 1 ml/min (P < 0.05). Pulmonary vascular resistance and 0 Hz impedance also increased after the first and second embolizations for all flow rates tested (P < 0.05). Frequency-dependent features of the pulmonary vascular impedance spectrum were suggestive of shifts in the major pulmonary vascular reflection sites with embolization. Our results demonstrate that pulmonary artery pressure, resistance, and impedance magnitude measured in this isolated lung setup changed in ways consistent with in vivo studies in larger animals and humans and demonstrate the usefulness of the isolated, ventilated, and perfused mouse lung for investigating steady and pulsatile pressure-flow rate relationships.
Conversion of Sugarcane Bagasse to Carboxylic Acids Using a Mixed Culture of Mesophilic Microorganisms

Using the MixAlco process, biomass can be converted into carboxylic acids, which can be chemically converted into mixed alcohol fuels. This study focused on the use of countercurrent fermentation to anaerobically convert sugarcane bagasse and chicken manure to mixed carboxylic acids using a mixed culture of mesophilic microorganisms from terrestrial and marine sources. Bagasse was pretreated with lime to increase digestibility. The continuum particle distribution model (CPDM) simulated continuous fermentors based on data collected from batch experiments. This model saves considerable time in determining optimum operating conditions. For an 80% bagasse/20% chicken manure fermentation with terrestrial inoculum at a volatile solids loading rate (VSLR) of 7.36 g/(L of liquid·d) and a liquid residence time (LRT) of 8.88 d, total carboxylic acid productivity, total acid selectivity, and yield were 2.49 g/(L of liquid·d), 0.581 g of total acid/g of VS digested, and 0.338 g of total acid/g of VS fed, respectively, at a concentration of 18.7 g of total acid/L. At the same VSLR and LRT, fermentation with marine inoculum gave higher total acid productivity, total acid selectivity, and yield than fermentation with terrestrial inoculum. For an 80% bagasse/20% chicken manure fermentation with marine inoculum at a VSLR of 3.83 g/(L of liquid·d) and an LRT of 12.1 d, total carboxylic acid productivity, total acid selectivity, and yield were 1.38 g/(L of liquid·d), 0.667 g of total acid/g of VS digested, and 0.359 g of total acid/g of VS fed, respectively, at a concentration of 16.2 g of total acid/L.
CRT-132 Under-Utilization of Statins and Aspirin Following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is commonly performed to treat ischemic heart disease, but long term benefits are limited by patency of saphenous vein grafts. Both statin medications and aspirin hold class I indications for all post-CABG patients and should be continued indefinitely
Nonresident fathers' involvement and adolescents' smoking.

Although prior research has shown that adolescents from divorced and separated households are more likely to smoke than their peers from intact families, few studies have addressed factors that may...
Evaluating RO performance with biological pretreatment of graywater

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a treatment technology that may be used for the recovery of graywater terrestrially as well as the recovery of wastewater on board long duration, manned space flights. As with terrestrial RO applications, concentration polarization and membrane fouling lead to decreased productivity and increased energy demands with time. Physiochemical and biological pretreatment options can enhance the performance of the RO system; also, biological pretreatment has the advantages of low energy and consumable requirements as compared to other physiochemical pretreatment options. To determine the degree to which the incorporation of biological treatment enhances RO performance, a series of bench-scale experiments were performed. Observed resistances indicate that biological pretreatment alleviated the degree of non-reversible fouling while also improving the rate of permeate flux in a downstream RO process to further treat water. Results also indicated that enhanced urea hydrolysis, pH reduction, and carbon oxidation serve as the primary benefits of biological pretreatment of space-based graywater. The observations of this study may also benefit engineers considering the treatment of graywaters for terrestrial water-reuse applications.
Experimental constraints on depths of fractionation of mildly alkalic basalts and associated felsic rocks: Pantelleria, Strait of Sicily

Pantelleria, Italy, is a continental rift volcano consisting of alkalic basalt, trachyte, and pantellerite. At 1 atm along the FMQ buffer, the least-evolved basalt (Mg #= 58.5% norm ne) yields olivine on the liquidus at ∼1,180° C, followed by plagioclase, then by clinopyroxene, and by titanomagnetite and ilmenite at ∼ 1,075°. After ∼70% crystallization, the residual liquid at ∼1,025° is still basaltic and also contains apatite and possibly kaersutite. A less alkalic basalt shows the same order of phase appearance. Glass compositions define an Fe-enrichment trend and a density maximum for anhydrous liquids that coincides with a minimum in Mg#.
Myocardial infarct imaging with technetium-99m phosphates.

Technetium-99m-phosphate imaging is particularly valuable in detecting (1) small transmural infarcts (3 g and larger in size); (2) new acute transmural infarcts in or near regions of old infarction; (3) acute subendocardial infarcts (larger than 3 g in size); (4) acute infarction in patients with left bundle branch block; and (5) perioperative myocardial infarction. Localization of inferior and posterior myocardial infarction is improved with imaging. Sizing of acute anterior and lateral infarcts has been accurately done in dogs 28,29 and should prove helpful in patients. Extensive evaluation in both experimental animals and in patients has shown 99m Tc-phosphate myocardial imaging to be a useful clinical tool, and it may be one of the most sensitive noninvasive ways presently available to identify acute myocardial necrosis. It is important to understand that 99m Tc-phosphate imaging has a different pathophysiologic basis from EKGs or serum enzymes. These tests do not compete but instead should complement one another.
Revisiting the Kinnel–Scheuer hypothesis for the biosynthesis of palau'amine

We propose herein an alternative biosynthetic pathway for palau'amine in order to resolve the stereochemical issue from the original Kinnel-Scheuer hypothesis. Furthermore, we use this revised hypothesis as a guide toward the laboratory synthesis of palau'amine.
Structure and function of starch from advanced generations of new corn lines

Objectives of this research were to evaluate functions and structures of starches from exotic × adapted inbred lines and exotic lines, to confirm that the functional traits continue into the next generation of inbreeding, and to establish relationships between the fine structure and functional properties of the starches. Several lines were characterized from the successive generations of exotic crosses and exotic inbreds containing kernels with unusual, and potentially useful, thermal properties as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, gelatinization onset temperature 14 °C). The frequency of these traits increased with succeeding generations, when selection of the plants was based on the desired trait. Strong correlations were found between DSC and Rapid ViscoAnalyser properties and the granular structure (granular size distribution and branch-chain-length distribution of amylopectin).
A vintage model of urban growth

Abstract This paper develops a vintage model of residential housing for an open city, where the utility level of residents is given by an exogenous function of time. Producers behave myopically in that they believe the future price per unit of housing services will equal the current price. Demolition occurs when the expected present value of profits from continuing to operate an existing structure equals the expected present value of profits from redevelopment. The model is analyzed under the assumption of Cobb-Douglas utility and production functions and constant rates of growth for income, commuting cost, the utility level, and the prices of non-land capital and agricultural land. Computer simulation provides a concrete example of a city which grows according to the model.
Eradication of microsporidiosis after lowering immunosuppression, in a heart-lung transplant recepient—a case report

Eradication of microsporidiosis after lowering immunosuppression, in a heart-lung transplant recepient—a case report
Use of three-dimensional computerized tomography in the diagnosis of an obstructed coronoid process

The principles of three-dimensional computerized tomography are discussed. An unusual case of an iatrogenically induced coronoid obstruction is presented with the three-dimensional computerized tomograph as an integral tool in its diagnosis.
LEAKAGE AND COUNTING ERRORS IN A SEVEN-JUNCTION ELECTRON PUMP

Leakage and counting errors are explored experimentally in a well-characterized seven-junction electron pump and compared with predictions of the orthodox theory, including cotunneling. Theory and experiment are in good agreement at intermediate temperatures, where errors are dominated by thermally activated, single-junction processes. At low temperatures, however, the observed errors far exceed predictions, indicating that the orthodox theory omits an important error process.
Myofilament calcium de-sensitization and contractile uncoupling prevent pause-triggered ventricular tachycardia in mouse hearts with chronic myocardial infarction.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Pause-triggered ventricular arrhythmia can be caused by increased myofilament Ca binding due to sarcomeric mutations or Ca-sensitizing compounds. Myofilament Ca sensitivity is also increased after MI. Here we hypothesize that MI increases risk for pause-triggered ventricular arrhythmias, which can be prevented by myofilament Ca-desensitization and contractile uncoupling. To test this hypothesis, we generated a murine chronic MI model using male B6SJLF1/J mice (n=40) that underwent permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. 4 weeks post MI, cardiac structure, function and myofilament Ca sensitivity were evaluated. Pause-dependent arrhythmia susceptibility was quantified in isolated hearts with pacing trains of increasing frequency, followed by a pause and an extra stimulus. Coronary ligation resulted in a mean infarct size of 39.6±5.7%LV and fractional shortening on echocardiography was reduced by 40% compared to non-infarcted controls. Myofilament Ca sensitivity was significantly increased in post MI hearts (pCa50: Control=5.66±0.03; MI=5.84±0.05; p<0.01). Exposure to the Ca desensitizer/contractile uncoupler blebbistatin (BLEB, 3 µM) reduced myofilament Ca sensitivity of MI hearts to that of control hearts and selectively reduced the frequency of post-pause ectopic beats (MI 0.24±0.08 vs MI+BLEB 0.02±0.01 PVC/pause; p=0.02). BLEB also reduced the incidence of ventricular tachycardia in chronic MI hearts from 59% to 10% (p<0.05). We conclude that chronic MI hearts exhibit increased myofilament Ca sensitivity and pause-triggered ventricular arrhythmias, which can be prevented by blebbistatin. Decreasing myofilament Ca sensitivity may be a strategy to reduce arrhythmia burden after MI.
Syntheses and Transglutaminase-Catalyzed Incorporation of Novel Spin-Labeled Primary Amines into Proteins

Abstract A series of spin-labeled primary amine derivatives, namely, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-1-oxyl-4-amidoalkylamines with varying alkyl chain lengths, have been synthesized. The spin-labeled primary amine with a tetramethylene or a pentamethylene chain covalently modifies human plasma fibronectin with a stoichiometry of 0.97-to-1.0 (probe-to-subunit) in the presence of coagulation factor XIIIa. The labels with two or one methylene chain also similarly modify fibronectin, but with a stoichiometry of only about 0.3–0.4 per subunit. The spin-labeled primary amine with a trimethylene chain does not label fibronectin. The labeling site appears to be the glutamine-3 residue at the amino-terminal region of fibronectin. Electron spin resonance studies show that the bound labels are partially immobilized with an effective rotational correlation time of 0.4–0.6 ns. The spin-labeled primary amine with tetramethylene chain also is shown to covalently incorporate into bee venom melittin in the presence of guinea-pig liver transglutaminase. The syntheses of the various spin-labeled primary amines and their applications in the study of structure and dynamics of different proteins and peptides are discussed. The observations from this study suggest that these spin-labeled primary amines have potentially wide application as structural probes.
Biology of the TRANCE axis

As the TNF and TNFR superfamilies have grown to more than two dozen combined members over the past 30 years, their involvement in interactions between immune cells, with regard to the events governing cellular differentiation, activation, and survival have been well established. The recently identified TNF superfamily cytokine, TRANCE (RANKL/OPGL/ODF/TNFSF11), which interacts with two receptors-one functional, TRANCE-R (RANK/TNFRSF11A), and one decoy, OPG (TNFRSF11B)-is a survival factor for activated dendritic cells, and may also be important for the maintenance of immune tolerance. TRANCE is also the key cytokine involved in osteoclast differentiation and activation, making TRANCE signaling crucial for proper bone homeostasis, and a potential therapeutic target in diseases such as osteoporosis, osteolytic metastatic cancer, arthritis, and periodontitis. Importantly, the positive role that TRANCE has in activating the immune system, appears to significantly contribute to pathologic bone loss. These observations have spurred intense study of the various ways in which the immune system can influence bone. Furthermore, TRANCE has also been demonstrated to play essential roles in the developmental processes leading to both lymph node formation, and the expansion and function of mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. Thus, TRANCE is quickly emerging as a cytokine of significant importance to further understanding unique aspects of mammalian biology.
Ion-induced Ni/ferrite adhesion enhancement: 28Si+ versus 40Ar+ ion mixing

Abstract The adhesion between 30 nm Ni films and ferrite substrates was examined as a function of the interfacial chemistry and mixing induced by low temperature 40 Ar + and 28 Si + ion mixing. The temperature of the Ni/ferrite specimens was kept between 50 and 100°C while the specimens were implanted with either 65 keV 40 Ar + or 50 keV 28 Si + . The doses of both types of implants were varied between 1 and 10×10 16 atom/cm 2 . The interfacial mixing, interfacial chemistry and the Ni adhesion produced by the ion mixing processes was evaluated using XPS depth profiling, high resolution XPS and scratch testing, respectively. Both types of implants were observed to induce substantial interfacial grading, although this grading was greater for the 40 r + than the 28 Si + ion mixing. XPS analyses suggested that NiOM (where M is either Fe, Mn, or Zn) interfacial complexes were present in the as-deposited specimens, and that they were responsible for the relatively good adhesion (8 N) of the as-deposited films. These intrinsic interfacial complexes were destroyed by both the 40 Ar + and the 28 Si + ion mixing. In the case of 40 Ar + ion mixing, no new interfacial complexes were produced. This resulted in the reduction of Ni/ferrite adhesion (to a critical force of 2 N). In the case of 28 Si + ion mixing, new interfacial chemistry (NiSi, FeSi, and SiO) was produced, suggesting the formation of adhesive interfacial complexes (such as NiSiFeO and NiSiOFe). This new interfacial chemistry resulted in significant adhesion enhancements (up to 26 N).
Bonding of nitrosobenzene and phenyl isocyanide to chelated mesoheme, hemoglobin and ferrous phthalocyanine.

Abstract Reactions of nitrosobenzene, phenyl isocyanide and their ring-substituted analogues with hemoglobin, ferrous phthalocyanine and a synthetic model compound of hemoglobin were investigated by optical, 1 H-NMR and infrared spectroscopy. Complexes of chelated ferromesoheme, the model compound, with 2-methyl-, 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl- or 2,6-disubstituted nitrosobenzene were less stable than its complex with nitrosobenzene. Formation of a complex of the model compound with 2- tert -butylnitrosobenzene was incomplete. Previous studies showed that 2,6-disubstituted nitrosobenzenes are not ligands of ferrohemoglobin. In the present work 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide was found to be a ligand of ferrohemoglobin. These results are consistent with binding of the nitrogen of the nitroso group of nitrosobenzene and of the carbon of the isocyanide group of phenyl isocyanide to ferroheme. The same bonding modes of these ligands to ferrous phthalocyanine were inferred from ring-current-induced shifts in the 1 H-NMR spectra of the respective complexes.
Characterization of normal and waxy corn starch for bioethanol production.

Objectives of this study were to compare ethanol production between normal and waxy corn using a cold fermentation process and to understand effects of starch structures and properties on ethanol production. Ethanol yields positively correlated (p 37) of waxy corn starch negatively correlated with the starch hydrolysis rate and the ethanol yield. These results indicated that starch structures and properties of the normal and waxy corn had significant effects on the ethanol yield using a cold fermentation process.
Characterizing Interdisciplinarity of Researchers and Research Topics Using Web Search Engines

Researchers’ networks have been subject to active modeling and analysis. Earlier literature mostly focused on citation or coauthorship networks reconstructed from annotated scientific publication databases, which have several limitations. Recently, general-purpose web search engines have also been utilized to collect information about social networks. Here we reconstructed, using web search engines, a network representing the relatedness of researchers to their peers as well as to various research topics. Relatedness between researchers and research topics was characterized by visibility boost—increase of a researcher’s visibility by focusing on a particular topic. It was observed that researchers who had high visibility boosts by the same research topic tended to be close to each other in their network. We calculated correlations between visibility boosts by research topics and researchers’ interdisciplinarity at the individual level (diversity of topics related to the researcher) and at the social level (his/her centrality in the researchers’ network). We found that visibility boosts by certain research topics were positively correlated with researchers’ individual-level interdisciplinarity despite their negative correlations with the general popularity of researchers. It was also found that visibility boosts by network-related topics had positive correlations with researchers’ social-level interdisciplinarity. Research topics’ correlations with researchers’ individual- and social-level interdisciplinarities were found to be nearly independent from each other. These findings suggest that the notion of ‘‘interdisciplinarity’’ of a researcher should be understood as a multi-dimensional concept that should be evaluated using multiple assessment means.
VOICES FROM THE BARRIO: CHICANO/A GANGS, FAMILIES, AND COMMUNITIES*

Based on in-depth interviews with 33 youth gang members and 20 adult neighborhood leaders and youth service providers, we explore the complicated relationships among gang members, their families, and other residents of poor Chicano/a and Mexicano/a barrios in Phoenix. Listening to the multiple voices of community members allows for a multifaceted understanding of the complexities and contradictions of gang life, both for the youths and for the larger community. We draw on a community ecology approach to help explain the tensions that develop, especially when community members vary in their desires and abilities to control gang-related activities. In this exploratory study, we point to some of the ways in which gender, age, education, traditionalism, and level of acculturation may help explain variation in the type and strength of private, parochial, and public social control within a community.
O-shell emission of heavy atoms in an optically thin tokamak plasma.

Heavy atoms Au (Z=79), Pb (Z=82), Bi (Z=83), and U (Z=92) have been introduced in the low-density (${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{e}}$\ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{13}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$) high-temperature (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{e}}$\ensuremath{\ge}1 keV) TEXT tokamak (Fusion Research Center, University of Texas at Austin) plasma. The emission has been measured in the 50\char21{}200-\AA{} range using a photometrically calibrated, time-resolving grazing-incidence spectrometer. The O-shell ion emission has been identified by comparison with ab initio energy-level calculations and line-intensity predictions of collisional radiative models for various charge states with 5${\mathit{p}}^{6}$5${\mathit{d}}^{\mathit{k}}$ ground-state configurations.
Segregation isosteres for carbon at the (100) surface of nickel

Abstract Measurements of segregation isosteres are reported for C to Ni(100). The model independent isosteric heat of segregation is found to be in agreement with the value derived from coverage versus temperature data using the Langmuir model. Results for other nickel surfaces are summarized and compared with predictions using the empirical bond energy bond order scheme. The relative success of this scheme supports the suggestion that the carbon-surface bonding is to be regarded as arising from localized interactions.
Extending a Flight Management Computer for Simulation and Flight Experiments

In modern transport aircraft, the flight management computer (FMC) has evolved from a flight planning aid to an important hub for pilot information and origin-to-destination optimization of flight performance. Current trends indicate increasing roles of the FMC in aviation safety, aviation security, increasing airport capacity, and improving environmental impact from aircraft. Related research conducted at the Langley Research Center (LaRC) often requires functional extension of a modern, full-featured FMC. Ideally, transport simulations would include an FMC simulation that could be tailored and extended for experiments. However, due to the complexity of a modern FMC, a large investment (millions of dollars over several years) and scarce domain knowledge are needed to create such a simulation for transport aircraft. As an intermediate alternative, the Flight Research Services Directorate (FRSD) at LaRC created a set of reusable software products to extend flight management functionality upstream of a Boeing-757 FMC, transparently simulating or sharing its operator interfaces. The paper details the design of these products and highlights their use on NASA projects.
δ13C, TCO2, and the metabolism of organic carbon in deep sea sediments☆

The stoichiometry and rates of benthic sediment metabolism at five stations have been determined on the basis of the carbon released to the pore waters as TCO{sub 2}. The stations cover a range of redox conditions permitting an evaluation of stoichiometry in oxic environments and under conditions where both denitrification and Mn reduction occur. At four of the five stations the flux of TCO{sub 2} from the sediment is significantly enriched in {sup 13}C relative to predictions from traditional Redfield ratio based stoichiometry. The Ca{sup 2+}:TCO{sub 2} stoichiometry under oxic conditions also appears to depart systematically from predicted values, being consistently lower than model calculations. The heavy isotopic composition of the flux can be explained in two ways. The TCO{sub 2} derived from organic matter may be fractionated relative to the organic matter intercepted in sediment traps set in the general areas studied. Alternatively, the heavy isotopic composition of the flux may result from the neutralization of as much as one-third of the metabolic acid produced in diagenesis by CO{sup 2{minus}}{sub 3} diffusing into the sediment from the overlaying water. Rates of sub-oxic diagenesis, determined from flux estimates across redox boundaries, are usually small compared to oxic rates. However, atmore » the most reduced stations studied sub-oxic rates are quite substantial, accounting for up to 30 to 45% of the total TCO{sub 2} flux.« less
Ionic Displacement in Currents in Irradiated Alkali Halides

A brief theoretical discussion is given of possible ionic and electronic displacement currents associated with the random walk annealing of Br− interstitials in KBr. Experimentally we have observed displacement current peaks during isochronal annealing at 22.0, 24, and 27°K subsequent to cobalt gamma irradiation at 10°K. Only the lowest temperature peak appears to be ascribable to an ionic current due to interstitial-vacancy recombination. It is concluded that less than 1% of the Br− interstitials in the irradiated crystals were free to participate in a random walk annihilation process. Es werden mogliche ionische und elektronische Verlagerungsstrome, die mit der „random walk”-Temperung von Br− auf Zwischengitterplatzen in KBr verbunden sind, kurz diskutiert. Experimentell wurden Maxima des Verlagerungsstromes wahrend isochronaler Temperung bei 22,0, 24 und 27°K nach einer Kobalt-γ-Bestrahlung bei 10°K beobachtet. Nur die tiefsten Temperaturmaxima scheinen mit einem Ionenstrom durch Zwischengitterplatz-Leerstellenrekombination erklarbar zu sein. Es wird angenommen, das weniger als 1% der Br–Zwischengitterdefekte in den bestrahlten Kristallen an dem „random-walk”-Annihilationsprozes teilnehmen konnen.
Migration under uncertainty about quality of locations.

Abstract This paper develops a search-theoretic framework for analyzing migration decisions of workers who can only observe the quality of a location by migrating to the location after accepting a job there. After learning the location quality, the worker can stay at the current job, search locally at the same location, or search for a job at another location (leading to repeat migration). This paper develops the properties of optimal search, migration, and repeat migration decisions, and finds how revealed location quality influences the tradeoffs between local search and repeat migration. The effects of search costs and better job opportunities on the reservation levels of wages and revealed quality levels are also determined.
Conditions for flatness in general relativity

In the absence of sources, the Einstein field equations, R /sub mu nu / = 0, may be thought of as defining a special class of Riemann spaces whose twenty curvature components R/sub mu nu alpha BETA / have ten vanishing linear combinations; R/sub mu nu / = 0. The necessary and sufficient criterion for the absence of a gravitational field is that space-time be flat, namely, that the curvature tensor vanish: R /sub mu nu alpha BETA / = 0. The conditions for such a flatness in general relativity are discussed primarily and several flatness theorems are derived. (R.E.U.)
Raman based hepatocellular carcinoma biomarker detection

Highly sensitive and selective biomarker detection is required for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Disease progression has been shown to correlate with specific fucosylation of a validated HCC serum glycoprotein biomarker, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) Carbohydrate binding proteins, such as lectins, can be used as diagnostic indicators for monitoring glycosylation changes during disease progression in hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected patients. We prepared surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, which provide controllable, well-organized nanoparticles on the surface, for the analysis of a fucose binding lectin AAL. The SERS based assay provides fast (<10 s), and reproducible (<5% variation) detection.
A model for weak trimuon production

Abstract Neutrino-induced trimuon events have been interpreted by several authors as arising from cascade decay of a new lepton produced directly in neutrino reactions. We incorporate this idea in a gauge scheme based on the group Su(2) × SU(2) × U(1).
Determination of elastic constants by inverse analysis

The material properties of a structure are determined by an inverse analysis using a number of strain measurements at the boundaries. An isotropic, homogeneous, simply supported plate, subjected to a sinusoidal loading on the top surface under plane strain, is selected as a structural model. The model permits strains and the derivatives of strains with respect to material properties to be obtained analytically so that the errors involved in the estimation of material properties arise mainly from the inverse procedure rather than modeling errors. The proposed methodology for the identification of material parameters is found to be robust, efficient, and accurate. In this procedure, the simulated measured strain data at discrete points along the surface of an elastic plate under static loading are generated by adding random error to the strain response from the solution of the direct solution. An identification technique of resulting nonlinear least square problem is solved by Levenberg-Marquardt method. Th...
Glucogenic substrate levels in fasting man.

Abstract We have previously reported that the lactate/pyruvate ratio in whole blood does not change significantly during a prolonged fast, whereas the β-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio increases. Since these ratios probably reflect the redox state of the total body cytosol and mitochondria, respectively, they suggested that during prolonged starvation there is a differential change in the cytosol and mitochondrial redox state in one or more tissues. Recently, however, we have re-examined whole blood arterial and venous lactate and pyruvate levels in fasting subjects using accurate and sensitive fluorometric assays. It was found that coincident with the fall in whole blood alanine, both arterial and venous pyruvate levels declined. Since lactate levels did not change significantly, the lactate/pyruvate ratio was increased in both arterial and venous blood (venous > arterial). Thus, the mean cytosolic and mitochondrial redox states appear related, and they are both more reduced in fasting man. Measurements of arterio-venous differences across various organs suggest that muscle is more reduced than brain, kidney, or splanchnic bed and that it, in large part, accounts for the observed changes in blood. This more reduced state of muscle would favor the diminution of the irreversible oxidative decarboxylation of the ketoacid derivatives of the branched-chain amino acids. Whether this is the mechanism by which protein catabolism in muscle is diminished during a prolonged fast remains to be determined.
Resonance Scattering to Study Exotic Nuclei at the Limits of Stability

We report on the study of a new nuclide, 14F, and on the idea of an experiment to solve the structure mystery of nuclei in the region around 9He.
Spin Reversal in Scattering Processes

The effect on the scattering matrix element of reversing the spins of all particles is discussed. An exact relation is shown to be the consequence of invariance under combined space and time inversion and the unitarity of the S matrix. In lowest order perturbation theory this gives a symmetry property of the matrix element. The implication for particles in arbitrary states of polarization is pointed out. (auth)
Development of Metacognition in Gifted Children: Directions for Future Research

Abstract This article provides an overview of the existing literature on the development of metacognition in gifted children and emphasizes needed areas of research. Research examining individual differences in the development of declarative metacognitive knowledge, cognitive monitoring, and the regulation of strategies is reviewed. Differences between patterns of gifted and nongifted development differ depending on the type of metacognition being examined. Specifically, research on declarative metacognitive knowledge and far transfer shows a monotonic relationship between metacognitive development and giftedness. Research on spontaneous use of a variety of both simple and complex strategies is suggestive of an acceleration hypothesis (with giftedness effects increasing with age). These effects, however, may be domain-specific. Finally, research on cognitive monitoring suggests only developmental (but no giftedness) effects. As a consequence, we argue that it is important to differentiate the aspect of metacognition being examined before drawing conclusions about the relationships among metacognition, giftedness, and development. Additionally, an intelligence theory approach may be a much less profitable paradigm for understanding the relationship of metacognition and giftedness than an exceptional performance paradigm.
Progress toward improved leadership and management training in pathology.

Context.—Competency gaps in leadership and laboratory management skills continue to exist between what training programs deliver and what recent graduates and future employers expect. A number of recent surveys substantiate this. Interest in delivering content in these areas is challenged by time constraints, the presence of knowledgeable faculty role models, and the necessary importance placed on diagnostic skills development, which overshadows any priority trainees have toward developing these skills. Objective.—To describe the problem, the near-future horizon, the current solutions, and the recommendations for improving resident training in laboratory management. Data Sources.—The demands of new health care delivery models and the value being placed on these skills by the Pathology Milestones and Next Accreditation System initiative of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for training programs emphasizes their importance. This initiative includes 6 milestone competencies in laborato...
Promoter Decommissioning by the NuRD Chromatin Remodeling Complex Triggers Synaptic Connectivity in the Mammalian Brain

Precise control of gene expression plays fundamental roles in brain development, but the roles of chromatin regulators in neuronal connectivity have remained poorly understood. We report that depletion of the NuRD complex by in vivo RNAi and conditional knockout of the core NuRD subunit Chd4 profoundly impairs the establishment of granule neuron parallel fiber/Purkinje cell synapses in the rodent cerebellar cortex in vivo. By interfacing genome-wide sequencing of transcripts and ChIP-seq analyses, we uncover a network of repressed genes and distinct histone modifications at target gene promoters that are developmentally regulated by the NuRD complex in the cerebellum in vivo. Finally, in a targeted in vivo RNAi screen of NuRD target genes, we identify a program of NuRD-repressed genes that operate as critical regulators of presynaptic differentiation in the cerebellar cortex. Our findings define NuRD-dependent promoter decommissioning as a developmentally regulated programming mechanism that drives synaptic connectivity in the mammalian brain.
Patterns of Racial Diversity and Segregation in the United States: 1990–2010

The growing ethnic and racial diversity of the United States is evident at all spatial scales. One of the striking features of this new mixture of peoples, however, is that this new diversity often occurs in tandem with racial concentration. This article surveys these new geographies from four points of view: the nation as a whole, states, large metropolitan areas, and neighborhoods. The analysis at each scale relies on a new taxonomy of racial composition that simultaneously appraises both diversity and the lack thereof (Holloway, Wright, and Ellis 2012). Urban analysis often posits neighborhood racial segregation and diversity as either endpoints on a continuum of racial dominance or mirror images of one another. We disturb that perspective and stress that segregation and diversity must be jointly understood—they are necessarily related, although not as inevitable binary opposites. Using census data from 1990, 2000, and 2010, the research points to how patterns of racial diversity and dominance interact...
Differential Protective Activity of αA- and αB-crystallin in Lens Epithelial Cells

alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins are molecular chaperones expressed at low levels in lens epithelial cells, and their expression increases dramatically during differentiation to lens fibers. However, the functions of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins in lens epithelial cells have not been studied in detail. In this study, the relative ability of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin, in protecting lens epithelial cells from apoptotic cell death was determined. The introduction of alphaA-crystallin in the transformed human lens epithelial (HLE) B-3 lens epithelial cell line (which expresses low endogenous levels of alphaB-crystallin) led to a nearly complete protection of cell death induced by staurosporine, Fas monoclonal antibody, or the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha. To further study the relative protective activities of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallins, we created a cell line derived from alphaA-/-alphaB-/- double knockout mouse lens epithelia by infecting primary cells with Ad12-SV40 hybrid virus. The transformed cell line alphaAalphaBKO1 derived from alphaA/alphaB double knockout cells was transfected with alphaA- or alphaB-crystallin cDNA contained in pCIneo mammalian expression vector. Cells expressing different amounts of either alphaA-crystallin or alphaB-crystallin were isolated. The ability of alphaA- or alphaB-crystallin to confer protection from apoptotic cell death was determined by annexin labeling and flow cytometry of staurosporine- or UVA- treated cells. The results indicate that the anti-apoptotic activity of alphaA-crystallin was two to three-fold higher than that of alphaB-crystallin. Our work suggests that comparing the in vitro annexin labeling of lens epithelial cells is an effective way to measure the protective activity of alphaA- and alphaB-crystallin. Since the expression of alphaA-crystallin is largely restricted to the lens, its greater protective effect against apoptosis suggests that it may play a significant role in protecting lens epithelial cells from stress.
Design and fabrication of a micro-cavity laser with transparent micro loop mirror

We describe a linear laser with micro loops as end mirrors. FDTD simulation is used to design the mirror and laser cavity. The initial fabrication results with a lasing threshold of /spl sim/0.4 mA is presented.
Biopsychosocial model and the minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Drs. Main and Spanswick have written a very stimulating article regarding the role of person­ ality or psychological assessment in evaluating patients with chronic pain. Their major conclu­ sion is that psychologists should devote much greater effort to understanding interactions among physiologic and psychosocial factors that influence the behavior of these patients. I certainly agree with this conclusion and I also endorse the authors' suggestion that adoption of the biopsychosocial model enhances our efforts to help individuals with painful disorders to improve the quality of their lives or to reduce the likelihood that they will experience chronic pain and high levels of functional disability.":" However, Main and Spanswick also have chosen to make several broad negative conclusions about more than a half century of research regarding psychological factors associated with chronic pain. Most of these conclusions are based on assessment research with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the revised version of this instru­ ment, the MMPI-2. These conclusions remind me of the perspective achieved with the use of a wide-angle pho­ tographic lens. That is, one may capture a panoramic view of a complex visual field with the lens, but there often is distortion in the printed image. Therefore, I have chosen to comment on the cognitive distortion that I per­ ceive when I view the field of psychological assessment through the lens of Main and Spanswick. I will contend that several of the conclusions regarding psychological assessment offered by these investigators are influ­ enced by the cognitive errors of overgeneralization and