cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application study of the benefits for using silicon-carbide versus silicon in power modules

On a device-level, the benefits of Silicon-Carbide (SiC) versus Silicon (Si) power components have been documented over the past several years [1–5]. The fabrication process for SiC components continues to mature and SiC products are now commercially available. The development of high-current MOSFETs and their use in all-SiC power modules have been reported [6–9]. Recently, the experimental characterization and performance of a 1200-V, 800-A all-SiC dual module has been documented [10,11]. This paper outlines the development of a simulation model for the 800-A all-SiC dual module from this experimental characterization data. Using this model, a comparison study is presented for using an all-SiC module versus an Si IGBT module in DC-DC and DC-AC power circuit applications at a 900-A, 600-A, and 300-A module level. Upgrading the power module from Si to SiC devices resulted in lower loss in nearly every simulated scenario.
Financing of global health: tracking development assistance for health from 1990 to 2007.

Summary Background The need for timely and reliable information about global health resource flows to low-income and middle-income countries is widely recognised. We aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of development assistance for health (DAH) from 1990 to 2007. Methods We defined DAH as all flows for health from public and private institutions whose primary purpose is to provide development assistance to low-income and middle-income countries. We used several data sources to measure the yearly volume of DAH in 2007 US$, and created an integrated project database to examine the composition of this assistance by recipient country. Findings DAH grew from $5·6 billion in 1990 to $21·8 billion in 2007. The proportion of DAH channelled via UN agencies and development banks decreased from 1990 to 2007, whereas the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI), and non-governmental organisations became the conduit for an increasing share of DAH. DAH has risen sharply since 2002 because of increases in public funding, especially from the USA, and on the private side, from increased philanthropic donations and in-kind contributions from corporate donors. Of the $14·5 billion DAH in 2007 for which project-level information was available, $5·1 billion was for HIV/AIDS, compared with $0·7 billion for tuberculosis, $0·8 billion for malaria, and $0·9 billion for health-sector support. Total DAH received by low-income and middle-income countries was positively correlated with burden of disease, whereas per head DAH was negatively correlated with per head gross domestic product. Interpretation This study documents the substantial rise of resources for global health in recent years. Although the rise in DAH has resulted in increased funds for HIV/AIDS, other areas of global health have also expanded. The influx of funds has been accompanied by major changes in the institutional landscape of global health, with global health initiatives such as the Global Fund and GAVI having a central role in mobilising and channelling global health funds. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Cultural and Socioeconomic Influences on Divorce During Modernization: Southeast Asia, 1940s to 1960s

During the decades covered by this study significant changes occurred in the social and economic characteristics of women as modernization began to spread across the region. As we show below growing proportions of women received primary education participated in the modern labor force before their marriage and married at older ages. Our analysis shows that higher educational attainment and the sharp rise in age at first marriage are important causes of the decrease in the likelihood of marital disruption whereas participation in the modern labor force preceding marriage did not show a consistent relationship with divorce in the three countries for the time period covered here. Ethnicity as a proxy for culture is a pervasive and persistent influence on levels of marital disruption in Southeast Asia. We argue that these ethnic variations are related to the social and economic support available from the wife’s family after divorce. Our research builds and extends upon prior work (Guest 1992; Heaton et al. 2001; Jones 1994 1997; Smith 1981) by using comparable data across countries and presenting life tables and proportional hazards models to estimate trends and correlates of the likelihood of marital disruption over the period of incipient modernization in the decades following World War II. (excerpt)
Electrocatalytic reduction of protons and oxygen at glassy carbon electrodes coated with a cobalt(II)/platinum(II) porphyrin

Abstract The electrocatalytic reduction of protons in 1.0 M perchloric acid at glassy carbon electrodes anodically modified with a Co(II)/Pt(II) porphyrin show shifts of 400 mV versus Ag/AgCl when compared to the same electrodes which have not been anodically modified. Anodic cycling of glassy carbon electrodes coated with the Co(II)/Pt(II) porphyrin in this study form stable electroactive films capable of improving both electroreduction of protons to hydrogen and oxygen to both peroxide and water. Electrooxidation of glassy carbon electrodes coated with the free base porphyrin show no improvement in catalytic ability for the reduction of protons in acidic solution or the reduction of molecular oxygen in basic solution. Glassy carbon electrodes coated with the Co(II)/Pt(II) porphyrin indicate, by rotating disk electrochemistry, that the electrocatalysis of oxygen is a two electron process leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Koutecky–Levich plots of the data obtained from the reduction of oxygen at electrode surfaces coated with the Co(II)/Pt(II) porphyrin after oxidation of the surface indicate that 25% of the oxygen is reduced by four electrons directly to water while 75% of the oxygen is reduced by two electrons to hydrogen peroxide.
Optimum Search Routines for Automatic Fault Location

This paper comprises an extension of Model I of a recent paper of Gluss, 1959 Opns. Res. 7, 468--477, and its purpose is to dictate strategies that minimize the expected cost in time of locating a fault in a complex system of equipment. These strategies are specialized for use with automatic testing equipment The model assumes that the complex system consists of N modules containing n1,..., nN elements respectively, that the cost of examining the modules are t1,..., tN respectively, and that the costs of examining the elements within the rth module are tr1,..., trnr. It is further assumed that module tests are performed to find which module is faulty before element tests are performed, and that there exist probabilities at each stage that errors of two kinds can be made 1 that the test fails to detect an actual fault in the module or item tested, 2 that the test finds a fault that does not exist. The estimation of the probabilities of faults lying in respective modules or elements is performed in a different way from that in Gluss' paper they are computed from element reliability data by manipulation of their λ parameters, where λ is the element failure rate. Furthermore, consideration is given to fault symptoms that are supplied by weighting the probabilities according to the symptom information. Because of the anticipated difficulty in obtaining the necessary parameter estimates, the analysis may be most useful for its illumination of the influence the several required estimates have on the optimum search routine.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FIRST LACTATION, LATER PERFORMANCE, AND LENGTH OF HERD LIFE IN HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE.

Abstract This study included 16,583 mature equivalent DHIA records of 4,819 daughters of 29 A.I. Holstein sires from 1,528 herds. First records were stratified into 11 milk and 9 milk fat groups at 1,000- and 50-lb intervals, respectively, to ascertain the correlation of first-lactation production with subsequent performance and length of herd life. Heifers in higher groups produced significantly (P Heifers in higher first-lactation groups remained in the herd longer than lower producers. Within sire-herd-period of first calving regressions for age at last calving and lactations completed on first-lactation production were 0.0228 months/10lb milk, 0.0670 months/lb milk fat, 0.0015 lactations/lb milk, and 0.0045 lactations/lb milk fat. Corresponding correlations were +0.254, +0.270, +0.216, and +0.234. All values were highly significant (P Paternal half-sib heritability estimates for lactations completed and age at last calving were 0.13 and 0.14, respectively. Neither value was statistically significant.
Exercise as Therapy for Diabetic and Prediabetic Neuropathy

Length-dependent neuropathy is the most common and costly complication of diabetes and frequently causes injury primarily to small-diameter cutaneous nociceptive fibers. Not only persistent hyperglycemia but also metabolic, endocrine, and inflammatory effects of obesity and dyslipidemia appear to play an important role in the development of diabetic neuropathy. Rational therapies aimed at direct control of glucose or its increased entry into the polyol pathway, oxidative or nitrosative stress, advanced glycation end product formation or signaling, microvascular ischemia, or adipocyte-derived toxicity have each failed in human trials of diabetic neuropathy. Aerobic exercise produces salutary effects in many of these pathogenic pathways simultaneously and, in both animal models and human trials, has been shown to improve symptoms of neuropathy and promote re-growth of cutaneous small-diameter fibers. Behavioral reduction in periods of seated, awake inactivity produces multimodal metabolic benefits similar to exercise, and the two strategies when combined may offer sustained benefit to peripheral nerve function.
Potential Adverse Drug Events in an Indigent and Homeless Geriatric Population

OBJECTIVE:To identify potential adverse drug events (ADEs) in a geriatric ambulatory population using the modified Beers criteria.METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study of an indigent and homeless geriatric population served by a network of six primary healthcare clinics with clinical pharmacy services. Medical records of patients ≥65 years old visiting the clinics between December 1999 and April 2000 were retrospectively reviewed by a clinical pharmacist. Medications meeting the modified Beers criteria were evaluated for the most common drug classes involved, severity potential, and dose or disease state restrictions. Following the identification of medications meeting Beers criteria, the pharmacist left a written recommendation regarding use of alternative drugs or doses in the medical record. Physician acceptance of pharmacy recommendations was also evaluated.RESULTS:Medical records of 146 patients (71.9% women, average age 72.6 ± 6.7 y) were reviewed. Overall, 52 patients (35.6%) had 70 medications w...
Patients' Responses to Their Own Case Reports

We would do better ethically and scientifically if throughout the process of writing and publication, we let our patients review our reports of them.
Extracting structural information from residual chemical shift anisotropy: analytic solutions for peptide plane orientations and applications to determine protein structure

Residual dipolar coupling (RDC) and residual chemical shift anisotropy (RCSA) provide orientational restraints on internuclear vectors and the principal axes of chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) tensors, respectively. Mathematically, while an RDC represents a single sphero-conic, an RCSA can be interpreted as a linear combination of two sphero-conics. Since RDCs and RCSAs are described by a molecular alignment tensor, they contain inherent structural ambiguity due to the symmetry of the alignment tensor and the symmetry of the molecular fragment, which often leads to more than one orientation and conformation for the fragment consistent with the measured RDCs and RCSAs. While the orientational multiplicities have been long studied for RDCs, structural ambiguities arising from RCSAs have not been investigated. In this paper, we give exact and tight bounds on the number of peptide plane orientations consistent with multiple RDCs and/or RCSAs measured in one alignment medium. We prove that at most 16 orientations are possible for a peptide plane, which can be computed in closed form by solving a merely quadratic equation, and applying symmetry operations. Furthermore, we show that RCSAs can be used in the initial stages of structure determination to obtain highly accurate protein backbone global folds. We exploit the mathematical interplay between sphero-conics derived from RCSA and RDC, and protein kinematics, to derive quartic equations, which can be solved in closed-form to compute the protein backbone dihedral angles (φ, ψ). Building upon this, we designed a novel, sparse-data, polynomial-time divide-and-conquer algorithm to compute protein backbone conformations. Results on experimental NMR data for the protein human ubiquitin demonstrate that our algorithm computes backbone conformations with high accuracy from 13C′ -RCSA or 15N-RCSA, and N-HN RDC data. We show that the structural information present in 13C′ -RCSA and 15N-RCSA can be extracted analytically, and used in a rigorous algorithmic framework to compute a high-quality protein backbone global fold, from a limited amount of NMR data. This will benefit automated NOE assignment and high-resolution protein backbone structure determination from sparse NMR data.
Characterization of physical and chemical properties of spent foundry sands pertinent to beneficial use in manufactured soils

As of 2007, of the 2,000 United States foundries, 93% produce ferrous or aluminum castings, generating 9.4 million tons of non-hazardous spent foundry sand (SFS) annually. Only 28% of the SFS is beneficially used. The U.S. EPA Resource Conservation Challenge identifies SFS as a priority material for beneficial use, with soil blending as a potential reuse option. The objectives of this work were to measure: (1) select chemical and physical properties important to soil quality and function and (2) total and soluble elemental content of 39 SFSs, in order to evaluate SFS suitability as a component in manufactured soils. Total elemental concentration of the SFS was lower than natural background soil levels for most elements analyzed, suggesting limited to no contamination of the virgin sand during metal casting. Pore water elemental concentrations were generally below detection. However, both total and soluble elemental content indicate a potential contribution of plant nutrients. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) planted in SFS mixtures had a median germination rate of 96.9% relative to the control. Blending SFS at varying ratios with other materials will allow “tailoring” of a manufactured soil’s chemical and physical properties to meet specific growing needs. The SFS organic carbon, clay, and plant nutrient content are benefits of SFS that may make them good candidates as manufactured soil components.
Software controller for PWM converters

A software controller is realized for DC-DC switching power converters. The software is capable of implementing several real-time control schemes such as the continuous/discrete switching frequency control, continuous/discrete pulse-width control and phase control of PWM converters. Implementation in software provides the capability of executing complex control schemes and supervisory functions which are easy to implement, update and adapt to different applications without much overhead. >
SIVsm quasispecies adaptation to a new simian host.

Despite the potential for infectious agents harbored by other species to become emerging human pathogens, little is known about why some agents establish successful cross-species transmission, while others do not. The simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), certain variants of which gave rise to the human HIV-1 and HIV-2 epidemics, have demonstrated tremendous success in infecting new host species, both simian and human. SIVsm from sooty mangabeys appears to have infected humans on several occasions, and was readily transmitted to nonnatural Asian macaque species, providing animal models of AIDS. Here we describe the first in-depth analysis of the tremendous SIVsm quasispecies sequence variation harbored by individual sooty mangabeys, and how this diverse quasispecies adapts to two different host species—new nonnatural rhesus macaque hosts and natural sooty mangabey hosts. Viral adaptation to rhesus macaques was associated with the immediate amplification of a phylogenetically related subset of envelope (env) variants. These variants contained a shorter variable region 1 loop and lacked two specific glycosylation sites, which may be selected for during acute infection. In contrast, transfer of SIVsm to its natural host did not subject the quasispecies to any significant selective pressures or bottleneck. After 100 d postinfection, variants more closely representative of the source inoculum reemerged in the macaques. This study describes an approach for elucidating how pathogens adapt to new host species, and highlights the particular importance of SIVsm env diversity in enabling cross-species transmission. The replicative advantage of a subset of SIVsm variants in macaques may be related to features of target cells or receptors that are specific to the new host environment, and may involve CD4-independent engagement of a viral coreceptor conserved among primates.
Geschwindigkeit des Ligandenaustausches in Komplex‐Ionen

Die Geschwindigkeit eines Austausches zwischen Molekulen oder Ionen L, die mit einem paramagnetischen Ion M koordiniert sind, und den in Losung befindlichen freien Molekulen oder Ionen L*, d. h. die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion last sich aus der Breite des NMR-Signals von L* ermitteln. Eine Lebensdauer des koordinierten Liganden (oder ihre obere Grenze) in der Grosenordnung von Milli- bis Mikrosekunden kann direkt bestimmt werden.
1.5-V 10-Ms/s 8-bit Pipeline ADC in 0.13 μm CMOS using metal fringe capacitor

This paper presents the design and measured results of a 1.5-V 10-Ms/s 8-bit pipeline ADC in 0.13 mum CMOS technology. Since there is no MiM-cap available in this process, a specially designed metal fringe cap was used instead. The ADC can digitalize multi-channel signals through a timing-multiplexing scheme. It has rail-to-rail full scale analog input signal range capability through a rail-to-rail unity-gain buffer and a single- to differential-ended signal transformation stage. It achieves a DNL of +0.46/-0.39 LSB and INL of +0.62/-0.44 LSB with a power dissipation of 3.75 mW from a single 1.5 V power supply and a silicon area of 600 mum times 1000 mum.
The Effect of Treatment on Stereognosis in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy.

Purpose To determine if rehabilitation alone or combined with surgery or botulinum toxin injection improved stereognosis in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Methods Inclusion criteria were children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy who had stereognosis testing 2 separate times with documentation of intervening treatment. Sixty-three children were included, 30 girls and 33 boys at an average age of 9.1 years (range, 4.4–16.0 years). Twelve standardized objects were used for manual identification. Baseline and postintervention stereognosis results were recorded for the hemiplegic and the dominant limb of each patient. The patients were separated into 3 groups based on intervening treatment: surgery with rehabilitation (27 patients), botulinum toxin injection with rehabilitation (19 subjects), and rehabilitation alone (7 subjects). Results were also analyzed by patient age group. Results Baseline testing of the hemiplegic limb revealed that 27 patients (43%) exhibited severe stereognosis impairment (0–4 objects identified correctly), 18 (28%) were moderately impaired (5–8 objects), 13 (21%) were mildly impaired (9–11 objects), and 5 (8%) had intact stereognosis (12 objects). There was no statistically significant difference in change in stereognosis scores postintervention among the 3 different treatment groups or between patients who had surgery and those who did not have surgery. There was no statistically significant difference in stereognosis function or postintervention change based on patient age at time of testing. Conclusions In this study, 92% of children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy had stereognosis impairment with a wide spectrum of severity. After operative or nonoperative treatment interventions, stereognosis as a secondary outcome measure was not changed. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
The Diversity of Food Consumption in Romania

The relation between the quantities of food consumed from different products and the socio-economic characteristics of households is investigated in many empirical studies. At the same time, there are few concerns with regard to other aspects related to the consumption behaviour, such as the number of individual food items consumed over a certain period, in other words, dietary variety or diversity. Identification of economic and socio-demographic factors influencing food consumption diversity on the Romanian households is the aim of this paper. Among the investigated factors, we had in view the incomes in the first place, then the household residence area, the educational level as well as other demographic factors.Â Count measure and Berry index are used to measure food diversity. The data used are those from the Household Budget Survey for the year 2011, 1 st quarter. As conclusions, the study reveals a positive correlation between diversity and household incomes. At the same time, food diversity is higher in the case of urban households compared to the rural households. Among the significant demographic factors, it can be mentioned the household headâ€™s educational level and the household membersâ€™ age. Â
Status Consumption in Consumer Behavior: Scale Development and Validation

This paper describes the development and validation of a short, reliable, and valid self-report scale to measure status consumption, the tendency to purchase goods and services for the status or social prestige that they confer on their owners. Items were written to reflect the conceptual meaning of the construct. Six studies were conducted to purify the scale and demonstrate its unidimensionality, internal consistency, validity, and freedom from response bias. The resultant scale measures an individual difference construct distinct from social class or materialism. Differences in self-reported status consumption are also shown to be positively correlated with ownership of brands reputed to be higher in status than competing brands.
Please Vote on Two Citation Formats

Some authorities on legal writing believe that citations - but only citations, not incidental talk - should go in footnotes. I decided to survey Michigan lawyers on this question. In this article, I presented side-by-side versions of three passages and asked readers to vote on which group reads better. The passages are identical except for placement of the footnotes. Which group would you vote for? I reported the results in a later article, also available on SSRN.
Controls on ecohydrologic properties in desert ecosystems: Differences in soil age and volcanic morphology

Abstract Research examining the influence of parent material on soil and landscape development is limited in dryland environments. In volcanic soils, most studies examining soil development and succession have been conducted in humid environments, where weathering occurs rapidly. This study was conducted in a semi-arid environment to examine the influence of volcanic parent material morphology on soil development and ecohydrologic properties that may regulate primary succession. Four study sites were selected across young (~ 2.0 ka) and old (~ 12.1 ka) end members of two different parent materials (cinder cones and pahoehoe lava flows). We hypothesized that soils and associated hydraulic properties would evolve more rapidly on the cinder cones compared to the pahoehoe flows owing to greater surface area on the cinder. For each site, we quantified plant cover, soil organic matter, bulk density, texture, soil water retention, and hydraulic conductivity. The old cinder cone soils accumulated approximately 9% soil organic matter and increased in silt plus clay fraction by 23% relative to the young soil. This increased water retention and decreased hydraulic conductivity. Similarly, plant cover increased by 47%. The old pahoehoe site remained dominated by unweathered basalt, where silty eolian material accumulated preferentially in crevices. Soil organic matter and silt plus clay fraction increased by 18% and 49% respectively in old pahoehoe soils, resulting in increased water retention but little change in hydraulic conductivity. Plants were restricted to crevices and cover increased by only 34%. We observed the cinder cone sites had extensive soil and plant community development from the young to old sites. The pahoehoe soils and plant communities established earlier than on cinder cones, but showed only modest functional changes between young and old sites. The combined characterization of soil development, hydraulic properties, and plant community dynamics highlights potential ecohydrologic mechanisms controlling successional processes in young semi-arid landscapes.
More data, more security challenges: integrating analytics in to the information security curriculum

Today, the emerging role of technological advances and availability of cloud computing platforms has greatly impacted the way organizations are doing business. In fast pace, dynamic business environment, traditional methods to ensure information security are no longer useful.Organizational security data is quite complex. Managing large volumes of such data becomes difficult to process using on-hand data management tools or traditional data processing applications. Moreover, formation of electronic collaboration with previously unknown business partners on one hand brings many opportunities to improve business profits, but on the other hand, ensuring the security of organizational resources becomes a major issue. The problem compounds when security professionals are not skilled at handling unstructured, large volume of data.In this paper, we discuss the importance of integrating big data analytics in to the curriculum of information security. Also, we will discuss the limitations of existing information security curriculum from the perspective of preparing students for assuming the role of security professionals. Mainly, we have identified four main topics of information security where big data analytics may play an important role. The goal of this paper is to help universities around the world in improving existing information security programs.
Interaction of Aluminum Ions with Fused Silica/Water Interfaces in the Presence of Oxalic Acid Tracked by Second Harmonic Generation

Second harmonic generation (SHG) and the χ(3) technique are used to investigate the effect of oxalic acid on the adsorption of aluminum [Al(III)] to the fused silica/water interface. Al(III) adsorption isotherms are measured in the presence and absence of oxalic acid and fit with the Diffuse Layer model to quantify thermodynamic binding parameters. The evolution of charge density throughout the adsorption process is analyzed and used to derive binding mechanisms at the molecular level. It is found that 0.5 mM oxalic acid irreversibly binds to and increases the negative surface charge on the fused silica surface −0.003 C/m2, corresponding to 1.9 × 1012 bound oxalate ions per cm2 under those conditions if oxalate were singly charged at the interface. Oxalic acid decreases the strength of the Al(III) adsorption interaction: the binding constant, Kads, decreases from 60 000 ± 10 000 to 1100 (200) M–1, corresponding to a reduction in the apparent adsorption free energy, ΔGads, from −37.2(4) to −27.3(5) kJ/mol,...
Spherule Formation and Endosporulation of the Fungus Coccidioides in vitro.

SummaryThe parasitic cycle of the fungus coccidioides was reproduced in vitro. Spherule-formation with endosporulation was experimentally produced under certain conditions, including partial anaero...
History and revelation in Vergil's underworld

Vergil's parade of heroes, a panegyric that becomes a threnody, is an odd blend. It is framed by an elaborate quasi-philosophical eschatology, whose relation to the parade is problematical. Much of the passage puts itself forward as high panegyric, yet certain sections are at variance with that tendency. The lament for Marcellus (868-86) is most commonly remarked upon; other passages are equally, or more, anomalous. Still, the massive self-assurance of the picture of the underworld has its own imposing conviction, so that although the disparateness of the contributing elements has been documented often enough, few have felt the need to dispute the question of whether the blend coheres as a single statement. One noteworthy reader of Vergil was, however, compelled to give minute attention to the implications of the historical vision in Book 6. Incidentally throughout the Bellum Ciuile, but especially in his own sixth book, with the vision of hell called forth by the agency of the witch Erictho, Lucan provides a provocative reading of Aeneid 6. His insights will be exploited in the discussion as a valuable stimulus to reflection and re-assessment; an appendix will give a more systematic account of his re-interpretation of Vergil.
Heteroepitaxial growth of GaN on vertical Si{110} sidewalls formed on trench-etched Si(001) substrates

Abstract A maskless Si trench structure was developed to integrate crystallographically non-polar GaN microstructures with semi-polar facets on Si(001). GaN “fins” were preferentially grown by MOCVD on Si{110} trench sidewalls formed by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of Si(001) such that GaN(0001)//Si{110} and GaN(10-10)//Si(001), resulting in a non-polar crystal structure with respect to the Si(001) substrate surface. No masking layer was required to prevent GaN growth on the Si(001) top surface of the trenches, instead, it was found that GaN nucleated preferentially on the Si{110} trench sidewalls. GaN was also observed to nucleate at the top corner of the trenches due to Si etching and exposure of high-index Si facets during the pre-growth H2 anneal. This undesired GaN nucleation was successfully suppressed by reducing the H2 anneal time and/or increasing the growth temperature and decreasing the precursor V/III to enhance Ga-adatom diffusion. Cross-sectional TEM studies confirmed that the GaN fins were crystallographically non-polar with respect to the Si(001) substrate surface and were bounded by semi-polar and non-polar facets. The reported Si fabrication and GaN growth process shows promise for the integration of non-polar and semi-polar GaN microstructures on industry standard Si(001) substrates.
Clincal observation and nursing on the spasm stage among low aged children suffered from pertussis syndrome

According to the analysis of clinical characteristics of 28 low-agedbabies with pertussis syndrome,to strengthen of nursing in the observation of spasm,breath suspension and cyanosis outbreak should be acted to found of change of disease and come up with the nursing strategy to prompt the recovery of the disease.
THE PROBLEMS OF FLUID SOLID COUPLING AND ITS ADVANCE IN RESEARCH

In traditional seepage theory it is assumed in general that the medium or the solid skeleton through which the fluids flow is perfectly rigid, that is, the solid frame containing the fluids does not deform either elastically or plastically due to the pressure of the incumbent fluid. The coupling between fluid flowing and porous media deforming is generally neglected in past and fluids flowing through porous media was studied as non coupled problems. Although this simplified assumption gives results to a first approximation this does not conform to the field practice and there are problems, for example, in oil production from oil reservoirs can lead to decreases in the pore pressure. This depletion results in changes of the effective stresses acting in the reservoir and in the deformation of the reservoir. Recently, the important significance of the fluid-solid coupling in porous media is generally recognized. Due to the importance of the coupled problems, considerable effort has been devoted in many engineering applications such as geothermal energy production, underground waste disposal, and oil production. These applications in engineering, especially in oil reservoirs are first introduced systematically. To counter the oil and gas exploitation, the fundamental method and the advance in research of the fluid solid coupling in oil reservoirs are reviewed, and the future applications of the theory of fluid-solid coupling are also proposed.
Development of SCAR markers linked to sin - 2 , the stringless pod trait in pea ( Pisum sativum L.)

With increasing consumer demand for vegetables, edible-podded peas have become more popular. Stringlessness is one of most important traits for snap peas. A single recessive gene, sin-2, controls this trait. Because pollen carrying the stringless gene is less competitive than pollen carrying the stringy gene, there are fewer than expected stringless plants recovered in segregating generations. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a valuable tool to identify plants with the traits of interest at an early stage in the breeding process. The objective of this study was to identify robust, user-friendly molecular markers tightly linked to sin-2. A total of 144 target region amplification polymorphism (TRAP) primer combinations were used to screen four DNA bulks, which were constructed from 32 pea breeding lines based on their phenotypes. Sixty polymorphic TRAP primer combinations were identified between bulks of stringless and stringy pods. Five primer combinations, F6_Trap03_168, F6_SA12_145, F10_ODD8_130, F11_GA5_850, and F12_SA12_190, showed more than 90 % association with the stringless phenotype in 32 pea breeding lines. Two of the TRAP markers, F10_ODD8_130 and F12_SA12_190, were cloned, sequenced, and successfully converted to sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers. These two SCAR markers were validated using 20 F5 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Bohatyr (a dry pea variety with strings) and S1188 (a stringless snap pea variety) and showed strong marker-trait association. The results will have direct application in MAS of stringless edible-podded peas.
Both bias against disconfirmatory evidence and political orientation partially explain the relationship between dogmatism and racial prejudice

Abstract Background Dogmatism and prejudice are strongly related. We hypothesized that bias against disconfirmatory evidence (BADE) might explain a portion of this relationship unique from that explained by constructs including Political Orientation. BADE (measured by the BADE task) comprises two facets, Evidence Integration Impairment and Positive Response Bias. Only Evidence Integration Impairment was expected to partially explain the prejudice-dogmatism relationship because in prior research it alone was associated with group differences in inflexible beliefs. Method 254 MTurk participants completed measures of dogmatism, racial prejudice, BADE (Evidence Integration Impairment and Positive Response Bias), and Political Orientation. The hypothesized mediation effect was examined using a bootstrapping procedure. Results Dogmatism predicted racial prejudice [b = 0.24, t(249) = 4.92, p Conclusions Evidence Integration Impairment accounts for a unique portion of the relationship between dogmatism and racial prejudice, suggesting that belief revision failures in ambiguous social situations may support prejudice in dogmatic individuals.
Native and exotic foundation grasses differ in traits and responses to belowground tri-trophic interactions

A plant’s growth and fitness are influenced by species interactions, including those belowground. In primary successional systems, belowground organisms are known to have particularly important control over plant growth. Exotic plant invasions in these and other habitats may in part be explained by altered associations with belowground organisms compared to native plants. We investigated the growth responses of two foundation grasses on Great Lakes sand dunes, the native grass Ammophila breviligulata and the exotic grass Leymus arenarius, to two groups of soil organisms with important roles in dune succession: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN). We manipulated the presence/absence of two generalist belowground species known to occur in Great Lakes dunes, Rhizophagus intraradices (AMF) and Pratylenchus penetrans (PPN) in a factorial greenhouse experiment and assessed the biomass production and root architectural traits of the plants. There were clear differences in growth and above- and belowground architecture between Ammophila and Leymus, with Leymus plants being bigger, taller, and having longer roots than Ammophila. Inoculation with Rhizophagus increased above- and belowground biomass production by ~32% for both plant species. Inoculation with Pratylenchus decreased aboveground biomass production by ~36% for both plant species. However belowground, the exotic Leymus was significantly more resistant to PPN than the native Ammophila, and gained more benefits from AMF in belowground tri-trophic interactions than Ammophila. Overall, our results indicate that differences in plant architecture coupled with altered belowground interactions with AMF and PPN have the potential to promote exotic plant invasion.
Bulk GaN alpha-particle detector with large depletion region and improved energy resolution

Abstract An alpha-particle detector was fabricated using a freestanding n-type bulk GaN wafer with a Au/Ni/GaN sandwich Schottky structure. Current–voltage measurements at room temperature revealed a Schottky contact with a leakage current of 7.53±0.3 nA at a reverse bias of 200 V. The detector had a large depletion depth that can capture much of the energy from 5.486 MeV alpha particles emitted from a 241 Am source. The resolution of its alpha-particle energy spectrum was improved to 2.2±0.2% at 5.486 MeV under a bias of 550 V. This superior resolution was attributed to the shortening of the carrier transit time and the large energy deposition within the large depletion depth, i.e., 27 µm at −550 V, which all resulted in a more complete charge collection. A model developed using the ATLAS simulation framework from Silvaco Inc. was employed to study the charge collection process. The simulation results were found to agree closely with the experimental results. This detector will be beneficial for research at neutron scattering facilities, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, and the Large Hadron Collider, among other institutions, where the Si-based charged particle detectors could be quickly degraded in an intense radiation field.
Moving Hearts: Civic Ritual and Republican Citizenship in Rousseau’s Thought

The history of republican thought and the history of the passions are two threads of intellectual history that rarely find themselves intertwined. Republicanism typically concerns itself with civic virtue rather than a full range of emotions, rendering what I call an affective deficit. The language of civic virtue abounds – but that of the passions remains undeveloped. Whereas liberalism will come to replace the burden of virtue with the burden of dispassionate judgment, classical republicanism clings to the potential of its citizenry’s virtuosity and the idea that politics requires something akin to character to participate in politics. Yet civic virtue, as it is treated in contemporary discourses, is something of an animated corpse, going through the motions but rather detached from the proceedings. This, in spite of the fact that civic virtue’s claim on republican practices derives not from juridical principles but from ethical and, I argue, emotional commitments. By accounting for the emotions’ ability to motivate, a developed theory of the passions offers a means to bridge these somewhat ephemeral ideas surrounding virtue to everyday republican practices. The long eighteenth century is ideal conceptual territory for considering the intersection of passions and republicanism, given the period’s deserved reputation as the age of sentiment, its burgeoning romanticism, and its entanglements with republican politics. In this paper, I suggest that the work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau provides a crucial exception to the general claim about republicanism’s affective deficit. As such, it offers a critical point of entry for developing just such a theory of affective practices capable of integrating republican practices and civic virtue. In pursuing this argument, I examine the emergence of what comes to be called romantic nationalism in Rousseau’s ‘Du contrat social’ (1762). I give texture to the claim that Rousseau should be regarded as the father of modern nationalism, arguing that eighteenth century understandings of love and sympathy as individual sentiments are extended to public, ritualized practices of politics central to the French Revolution and Republic that Rousseau theorizes in the ‘Contrat.’ The civic virtue characteristic of republicanism thus demands a particular kind of affective attachment based in love, not of an abstract notion of the nation, but of one’s fellow citizens.
Instilling QoS in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been a desired choice for monitoring and automatic control of remote and unreachable objects and environments due to their low cost. However, such deployment requires quality-of service (QoS) techniques to assure reliable performance. Furthermore, provision of QoS in WSNs is a challenging task due to hardware limitations. A cross-layer approach is a promising option where information from different layers can be used to make QoS decisions. In this paper, we present a routing protocol where information from the application layer is used to make differentiated routing decisions based on data packets classifications. In our case, data packets are classified into: normal, urgent, and critical. Based on this classification each data packet class is treated differently by storing each data packet class in a designated buffer. Different buffers will have different routing priority decided by the protocol designer.
How Zivotofksy II and the Conservative Divide Over the Foreign Affairs Power Could Impact the Trump Administration

In 2015, the United States Supreme Court held in Zivotofsky v. Kerry (Zivotofksy II) that the President of the United States possesses the exclusive power under the Constitution to recognize foreign sovereigns. The holding allegedly marked the first time in the nation’s history when the Supreme Court “accepted a President’s direct defiance of an Act of Congress in the field of foreign affairs.” Although the case was (in theory) limited solely to the recognition power, Ziovtofsky II had (and still has) significant implications for the doctrine of separation of powers and executive power generally. For example, the case marked a rare instance where the Court upheld presidential action in a Justice Jackson tier three scenario. In that light, the case serves as an additional stamp of approval on an ever-increasing power grab by executives, particularly in the field of foreign affairs. Whether it be sending troops abroad (without a congressional declaration of war or authorization of the use of force), negotiating and concluding sole executive agreements (instead of treaties), or choosing to recognize a foreign sovereign (against the will of Congress), the scope of the foreign affairs power is incredibly significant to the United States and the international legal order. Two recent events warrant revisiting Zivotofsky II. First, in November 2016, the United States elected Donald J. Trump as president. Without commenting on the legitimacy of Trump’s policy stances on issues of foreign affairs, the reality is that many — on both the left and right — believe that one of the greatest dangers to the United States and the world as a whole is those positions. Thus, while the scope of the foreign affairs power is critical regardless of who is President, Zivotofksy II’s claim of an exclusive presidential power, and especially one in the field of foreign affairs, becomes even more critical in light of a Trump presidency. This Article discusses some of the direct impacts that Zivotofksy II could have for the Trump administration. Additionally, Justice Gorsuch has replaced Justice Scalia. What makes Justice Scalia’s death so critical for the foreign affairs power is that the position he took in his dissent in Zivotofksy II, which was joined by Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito, may not be shared by Justice Gorsuch, and it is certainly not shared by Justice Thomas. Thus, conservatives could be divided over the scope of the foreign affairs power on some key issues, including immigration and terminating treaties, for the Trump administration.
Reconstruction and depixelation of multicore fiber bundle images by fiber bundle rotation (Conference Presentation)

Multicore fiber bundles for imaging and stimulating optogenetically modified neurons have been largely adopted in neurophotonics research. They allow for directed, single-cell stimulation and imaging of neuronal activity. An inherent limitation of these bundles is the presence and detection of the empty space between individual fibers, resulting in a loss of significant amounts of data, and reduced image quality due to pixilation effects. We propose a novel approach and algorithm to depixelation and image reconstruction from fiber bundles that utilizes multiple image frames collected during on-axis fiber bundle rotation. The approach involves first acquiring the Fourier transform of a stationary, unrotated image, followed by its rotated counterparts. The phase information from each image is then acquired, cross-correlated, and the angle of rotation determined from this correlation. Rotated images are then weighed and summed to generate a final reconstructed, depixelated image. Simulations were initially performed using Matlab demo images. Experimentation was done with a resolution chart, and thereafter with a cell culture. 488 nm and 561 nm continuous wave laser sources (Coherent, Inc.) were used for imaging GCaMP6s and C1V1-mCherry, respectively, in hippocampal neuronal cultures. The light sources were coupled to a multicore fiber bundle (Schott, 1534702) containing 4,200, 7.5 µm fibers. Cell cultures were prepared from 2 day old transgenic mice (GCaMP6s, Jackson Labs) transfected with C1V1(E122T/E162T)-TS-p2A-mCherry (Karl Deisseroth, Stanford). The results demonstrate this as an effective technique alongside fiber bundle imaging, serving as a useful and powerful tool for removing undesired artifacts associated with these fibers.
ICSB‐UN MSMEs Knowledge Summit

The world of work has changed over the past 20 years and continues to change rapidly. Starting businesses and growing businesses have also changed dramatically. As the Dean of the Leavey School of ...
Correction to: Organized simultaneous displays facilitate learning of complex natural science categories.

The affiliation for Dr. Paulo F. Carvalho is listed incorrectly in this paper, The correct affiliation is Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Methods in Classical Genetics

This chapter deals with the classical genetics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae largely from the methods viewpoint. Some of the interesting areas that have been studied in this way will be mentioned, particularly in the section on cytoplasmic genetics, which is the author’s particular interest.