cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clifford Algebras, Clifford Groups, and a Generalization of the Quaternions: The Pin and Spin Groups

One of the main goals of these notes is to explain how rotations in R are induced by the action of a certain group, Spin(n), on R, in a way that generalizes the action of the unit complex numbers, U(1), on R, and the action of the unit quaternions, SU(2), on R (i.e., the action is defined in terms of multiplication in a larger algebra containing both the group Spin(n) and R). The group Spin(n), called a spinor group, is defined as a certain subgroup of units of an algebra, Cln, the Clifford algebra associated with R. Since the spinor groups are certain well chosen subgroups of units of Clifford algebras, it is necessary to investigate Clifford algebras to get a firm understanding of spinor groups. These notes provide a tutorial on Clifford algebra and the groups Spin and Pin, including a study of the structure of the Clifford algebra Clp,q associated with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form of signature (p, q) and culminating in the beautiful “8-periodicity theorem” of Elie Cartan and Raoul Bott (with proofs).
Galerkin and collocation‐Galerkin methods with superconvergence and optimal fluxes

Finite element methods are formulated and investigated for the effectiveness factor problem for heat and mass transfer with chemical reactions in catalyst pellet models. A Galerkin finite element method is compared with a previous C1 collocation method7. A scheme that is conceptually intermediate between these two methods and accordingly has been termed collocation-Galerkin is formulated and numerical experiments considered. Of particular interest here are superconvergence results at the Gauss and Jacobi points, respectively. Numerical studies of superconvergence in the presence of a nonlinear reaction-rate term are presented. An integral formula is devised and used to compute the flux at the pellet surface to optimal accuracy. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the improvement in computed fluxes.
Inside English/Language Arts Standards: What's in a Grade?

In this commentary on standards-based education reform, the authors assert that such reform must set challenging standards for student performance and then help all students meet them.
Uterine response to infectious bacteria in estrous cyclic ewes.

PROBLEM: Luteal-phase uteri are susceptible to infections, and PGE 2 and exogenous progesterone can down-regulate, whereas PGF 2α can up-regulate, uterine immune functions. METHOD OF STUDY: Uteri of follicular- or luteal-phase ewes were inoculated with either saline or bacteria (Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Escherichia coli). Vena caval blood was collected for the next 3 days, and progesterone, PGE 2 , and PGF 2α were measured. The effects of 10 -7 M PGE 2 (Experiment 1), 10 -7 M PGF 2α (Experiment 2), 10 -7 M indomethacin (INDO), and diluent on proliferation of lymphocytes from the vena caval blood in response to mitogens was quantified. RESULTS: Experiment 1: Progesterone was greater (P < 0.01) in luteal than in follicular ewes (3.4 versus 0.4 ng/mL), and only luteal ewes inoculated with bacteria developed infections.Lymphocyte proliferation was least (P = 0.08) in follicular ewes (2.6 versus 4.5 pmol for follicular and luteal, respectively). Concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated proliferation was less (P < 0.05) for ewes inoculated with bacteria and for cells cultured with diluent (5.9 versus 3.1 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively) or with INDO (6.6 versus 2.8 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively). Also, Con A-stimulated lymphocytes from ewes inoculated with bacteria tended to proliferate less (P < 0.1) when cultured with PGE 2 (4.9 versus 3.7 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively) or PGE 2 + INDO (5.5 versus 3.8 pmol for saline and bacteria, respectively). Experiment 2: Progesterone was greater (P < 0.01) in luteal than in follicular ewes (6.5 versus 1.2 ng/ mL), and only luteal ewes inoculated with bacteria developed infections. Con A-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was greater (P < 0.001) for follicular ewes (4.1 versus 3.1 pmol for follicular and luteal, respectively). Proliferation of lymphocytes collected from follicular ewes was greater (P < 0.01) when cells were cultured with PGF 2α (3.5 versus 2.7 pmol for follicular and luteal, respectively), but INDO did not affect unstimulated or mitogen-stimulated proliferation. CONCLUSIONS: Prostaglandin F 2α enhanced lymphocyte proliferation, whereas bacterial inoculation and in vitro treatment with PGE 2 suppressed lymphocyte proliferation. This may signify the involvement of bacterial products and prostaglandins in regulation of uterine immunity.
A semidigital dual delay-locked loop

This paper describes a dual delay-locked loop architecture which achieves low jitter, unlimited (modulo 2/spl pi/) phase shift, and large operating range. The architecture employs a core loop to generate coarsely spaced clocks, which are then used by a peripheral loop to generate the main system clock through phase interpolation. The design of an experimental prototype in a 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS technology is described. The prototype achieves an operating range of 80 kHz-400 MHz. At 250 MHz, its peak-to-peak jitter with quiescent supply is 68 ps, and its jitter supply sensitivity is 0.4 ps/mV.
Face recognition with range images and intensity images

The surface normal of a range image of a face can be decomposed into three components. The combinations of these three weighted components produce 2-D intensity images with different illuminations. A phase-only vector filter is designed based on these normal components. With such a vector filter, the face recognition can be performed between range face and range face, or between range face and intensity face. This kind of recognition is less sensitive to the changes of illumination of the input face.
A Validity Study of the Stanford-Binet Fourth Edition with Students with Learning Disabilities

This study compared the performance of 18 elementary-age students with learning disabilities on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children. Correlations (corrected for restriction of range) between the two instruments were strong, r = .74, p less than .001 for Test Composite/Mental Processing Composite and r = .85, p less than .001 for Test Composite/Achievement.
Understanding the normal neonatal foal

ABSTRACT:The neonatal period is the time when the foal adapts to extrauterine life. During this challenging time the client and veterinary professional need to be familiar with the normal differences and changes that happen to the healthy foal. This article will provide some insight into the physiological and physical characteristics unique to the equine neonate.
Efficient maximum flow algorithms

Though maximum flow algorithms have a long history, revolutionary progress is still being made.
Solid-state lamp with integral occupancy sensor

Previous work demonstrated a retrofit proximity detector for fluorescent lamps using the lamp's own stray electric fields. This paper extends the retrofit sensor system to a solid-state (LED) lamp. The design and implementation of a suitable driver (“ballast”) for the LED lamp is presented. Design considerations for the ballast include those relevant to lighting (e.g. color cast and dimming levels) as well as those relevant to sensing of human occupants. Two electro-quasistatic modeling approaches for the lamp sensor are discussed. Experimental data from the LED lamp sensor are presented and compared to one of the proposed quasistatic models.
Are women heavier drinkers than we thought they were

Objective: This study intended (1) to examine whether men are more likely to experience "male-type" problems related to drinking and women are more likely to encounter "female-type" problems and (2) to discover whether male or female collegians have higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) at a typical drinking session. Method: A questionnaire was administered to students enrolled in introductory courses in departments of social sciences at two state universities, situated in the Midwest and the South, in the spring term of 1994. Of the 2,056 students who constituted the sample of the present study, about 54% were women and 92.6% were white. The subject collegians' BACs during drinking episodes were indirectly estimated by three variables-quantity of alcohol consumed, individual body weight and duration of drinking session. Results: The data indicate that men achieve a higher BAC than do females while drinking. When the incidence of various alcohol-related problems (both gender-biased and gender-neutral...
Effects of chronic nicotine on the autocrine regulation of pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic duct epithelial cells by stimulatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a mortality rate near 100%. Smoking is a documented risk factor. However, the mechanisms of smoking-associated pancreatic carcinogenesis are poorly understood. We have shown that binding of nicotine to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) expressing subunits α7, α3 and α5 in PDAC and pancreatic duct epithelial cells in vitro triggered the production of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and adrenaline by these cells. In turn, this autocrine catecholamine loop significantly stimulated cell proliferation via cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent signaling downstream of beta-adrenergic receptors. However, the observed responses only represent acute cellular reactions to single doses of nicotine whereas nicotine exposure in smokers is chronic. Using the PDAC cell lines BxPC-3 and Panc-1 and immortalized pancreatic duct epithelial cell line HPDE6-C7, our current experiments reveal a significant sensitization of the nAChR-driven autocrine catecholamine regulatory loop in cells pre-exposed to nicotine for 7 days. The resulting increase in catecholamine production was associated with significant inductions in the phosphorylation of signaling proteins ERK, CREB, Src and AKT, upregulated protein expression of nAChR subunits α3, α4, α5 and α7 and increased responsiveness to nicotine in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and cell migration assays. All three cell lines produced the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, an activity inhibited by gene knockdown of the α4β2nAChR and suppressed by chronic nicotine via receptor desensitization. All of the observed adverse effects of chronic nicotine were reversed by treatment of the cells with γ-aminobutyric acid, suggesting the potential usefulness of this agent for the improvement of PDAC intervention strategies in smokers.
Nucleon emission in electron scattering

Abstract Coincidence electron scattering experiments at large energy transfer in which an emitted nucleon is detected in addition to the electron are potentially very useful since they probe the detailed structure of the nucleus. The most important process which contributes in such an experiment is quasi-elastic scattering, and we review how the cross section for this process may be used to obtain single particle momentum distributions and binding energies. We also show that for certain regions the cross section comes only from processes involving nucleon-nucleon interactions and, thus, can be used to investigate such interactions in the nucleus and possibly the ground state correlations they produce. As an order of magnitude estimate, the Coulomb cross section in such a region for a hard-sphere Fermi gas is calculated to lowest order in the gas parameter. The results indicate that such experiments should be feasible. We also discuss the general form of the double coincidence cross section in Born approximation and show that it is a linear combination of four generalized form factors which can be separated experimentally. As is the case for non-coincidence experiments, this provides a method for extracting the Coulomb cross section.
Phylogeny, scaling, and the generation of extreme forces in trap-jaw ants.

SUMMARY Trap-jaw ants of the genus Odontomachus produce remarkably fast predatory strikes. The closing mandibles of Odontomachus bauri , for example, can reach speeds of over 60 m s –1 . They use these jaw strikes for both prey capture and locomotion – by striking hard surfaces, they can launch themselves into the air. We tested the hypothesis that morphological variation across the genus is correlated with differences in jaw speeds and accelerations. We video-recorded jaw-strikes at 70 000–100 000 frames s –1 to measure these parameters and to model force production. Differences in mean speeds ranged from 35.9±7.7 m s –1 for O. chelifer , to 48.8±8.9 m s –1 for O. clarus desertorum . Differences in species9 accelerations and jaw sizes resulted in maximum strike forces in the largest ants ( O. chelifer ) that were four times those generated by the smallest ants ( O. ruginodis ). To evaluate phylogenetic effects and make statistically valid comparisons, we developed a phylogeny of all sampled Odontomachus species and seven outgroup species (19 species total) using four genetic loci. Jaw acceleration and jaw-scaling factors showed significant phylogenetic non-independence, whereas jaw speed and force did not. Independent contrast (IC) values were used to calculate scaling relationships for jaw length, jaw mass and body mass, which did not deviate significantly from isometry. IC regression of angular acceleration and body size show an inverse relationship, but combined with the isometric increase in jaw length and mass results in greater maximum strike forces for the largest Odontomachus species. Relatively small differences (3%) between IC and species-mean based models suggest that any deviation from isometry in species9 force production may be the result of recent selective evolution, rather than deep phylogenetic signal.
Language Games, Open Texture and Family Resemblances

Earlier, I said that metaphor provides us with a clue to language and how to we structure our knowledge. To this end we have spent the first half of the book examining the nature of metaphor and representational structures needed to capture this phenomenon. However, if metaphor is as central to language, learning and science as we have seen, then the underlying cognitive mechanisms should have far reaching effects. In other words, the kinds of mechanisms we have developed in the DTH theory to handle metaphor should be involved in all aspects of language.
When the moral tail wags the entrepreneurial dog: the historic case of Trumpet Records

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the congruencies and incongruences between the moral and entrepreneurial accountabilities of Lillian McMurry to provide insights for entrepreneurs and entrepreneurship. Ms McMurry was the entrepreneurial force behind the founding of Trumpet Records, a unique, Mississippi Delta Blues record label in the 1950s. Design/methodology/approach – The examination of this historical case study is grounded in the theoretical examination of the tensions between Lillian McMurry’s felt moral and entrepreneurial accountabilities. Using an analytical archival historical method, a narrative explanation of how these tensions influenced the success and, ultimately, the failure of Trumpet Records are developed. Findings – The accounting records highlighted a number of issues hampering the commercial profitability of Trumpet Records. Moreover, the archival and documentary sources examined also proved revealing as to conflicts between Ms McMurry’s personal character and mercant...
Prediction and predictability of a catastrophic local extreme precipitation event through cloud-resolving ensemble analysis and forecasting with Doppler radar observations

Local extreme rain usually resulted in disasters such as flash floods and landslides. Upon today, it is still one of the most difficult tasks for operational weather forecast centers to predict those events accurately. In this paper, we simulate an extreme precipitation event with ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) assimilation of Doppler radial-velocity observations, and analyze the uncertainties of the assimilation. The results demonstrate that, without assimilation radar data, neither a single initialization of deterministic forecast nor an ensemble forecast with adding perturbations or multiple physical parameterizations can predict the location of strong precipitation. However, forecast was significantly improved with assimilation of radar data, especially the location of the precipitation. The direct cause of the improvement is the buildup of a deep mesoscale convection system with EnKF assimilation of radar data. Under a large scale background favorable for mesoscale convection, efficient perturbations of upstream mid-low level meridional wind and moisture are key factors for the assimilation and forecast. Uncertainty still exists for the forecast of this case due to its limited predictability. Both the difference of large scale initial fields and the difference of analysis obtained from EnKF assimilation due to small amplitude of initial perturbations could have critical influences to the event's prediction. Forecast could be improved through more cycles of EnKF assimilation. Sensitivity tests also support that more accurate forecasts are expected through improving numerical models and observations.
A New Method for the Determination of Circular Dichroism

Recent papers on the relationship between optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism of optically active systems have stressed the sup eriority of the latter in interpreting the data. Unfortunately, circular dichroism measure — ments have been either difficult or expensive to obtain. Recently available instruments are costly and the reliability of the data these instruments afford certainly has not reached its maximum. Universal polarimeters have been described, but they require either major changes in existing instruments or special construction of new instruments. This paper describes a method of modifying the RUDOLPH Spectropolarimeter, Model 200 AS, to measure the ellipticity of elliptically polarized light and thus indirectly measure circular dichroism. This modification requires no major changes and virtually no expense.
A Glance at China’s Household Consumption

Known for its scale, China is the most populous country with the world’s third largest economy. In the context of rising living standards, a relatively lower share of household consumption in its GDP, a strong domestic market and globalization, China is witnessing an unavoidable increase in household consumption, related energy consumption and carbon emissions. Chinese policy decision makers and researchers are well aware of these challenges and keen to promote green lifestyles. China has developed a series of energy policies and programs, and launched a wide‐range social marketing activities to promote energy conservation.
Teaching the Assessment of Normality Using Large Easily-Generated Real Data Sets.

Summary A classroom activity is presented, which can be used in teaching students statistics with an easily generated, large, real world data set. The activity consists of analyzing a video recording of an object. The colour data of the recorded object can then be used as a data set to explore variation in the data using graphs including histograms, quantile–quantile plots and scatterplots, and to indicate possible formal analyses.
Adaptive equalization

The concepts of adaptive filtering theory are used in the development of the basic equations of the adaptive equalizer. The distortion function chosen to minimize is the mean square error. The digital implementation of the adaptive equalizer in a high speed PAM modem is described. That modem has successfully worked at 14 400 bits per second on voice telephone channels of the Autovon Network.
Effect of cytokeratin 17 on retinal pigment epithelium degeneration and choroidal neovascularization.

AIM To study the effects of cytokeratin 17 (CK17) on sodium iodate (NaIO3) induced rat retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration, laser induced rat choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and oxidative stress of human retinal pigment epithelium cells (ARPE-19) and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC).
Additional 1/sup +/ states in /sup 20/F

Observation of a dominant $L=0$ component in the $^{18}\mathrm{O}(^{3}\mathrm{He},p)^{20}\mathrm{F}$ angular distribution to the 3.97-MeV state, when combined with previous restrictions, assigns ${J}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}={1}^{+}$. An apparent $L=0$ component for the 3.17-MeV state gives a tentative (${1}^{+}$) assignment for that state. Both these states appear to consist largely of core excitation.
Stress-induced alterations in delayed-type hypersensitivity to SRBC and contact sensitivity to DNFB in mice.

AbstractSeveral experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of environmental stressors on in vivo cell-mediated immune events in mice. Three stressors were studied: immobilization, heat, and cold. Contact sensitivity reactions to 2,4-dinitro-l-fluorobenzene were enhanced by stress, regardless of the type of stressor that was employed. Enhanced responses occurred when stress was administered at either the induction or expression of contact reactions. The effect of stress on delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to sheep erythrocytes was more complex. Footpad swelling that was induced by sheep red blood cells was enhanced by heat stress and suppressed by immobilization. Cold stress was shown to either enhance or suppress this delayed-type hypersensitivity response, an effect which depended on the timing of stress relative to the induction and expression of the cell-mediated immune reaction. These data demonstrate that environmental stressors alter regulatory events that control the induction and ...
Crizal Alize and Avance anti‐reflective coatings cause perceived rotational reversal of Haidinger's brushes

EDITOR: There is a significant amount of both linearly and partially polarised light in natural environments due to surface reflections and refractions, in addition to scattering,2009 including the...
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations of a Laboratory Flash Reactor Relevant to a Novel Ironmaking Process

A computational fluid dynamic approach was used to simulate a flash reactor for a novel flash ironmaking process. In this simulation, H2 is injected with O2 through a non-premixed burner in the top part of the reactor to form a flame. The Euler-Lagrange approach was used in the CFD model to solve a set of gas-phase momentum, energy and turbulent closure equations. The stochastic trajectory model was used to describe particle dispersion due to turbulence. As the volume fraction of particle was in the order of 10−5 the system was treated as a dilute flow, namely the interparticle collisions were neglected. The partial combustion mechanism used in this model consisted of 7 chemical reactions involving 6 species. The temperature profile obtained from the simulation satisfactorily agreed with the experimental measurements, and the reduction degree obtained from the model also agreed with experimental results.
Natriuretic Peptide Use in Screening in the Community

Congestive heart failure is a widely prevalent chronic condition affecting over 23 million people worldwide. The heart failure spectrum spans from asymptomatic individuals at risk to those suffering symptoms even at rest. In between are patients with silent left ventricular dysfunction, which is often only diagnosed after an abnormal electrocardiogram or chest imaging is obtained during workup for other medical conditions. One in 10 of such individuals will develop symptoms annually. The 2013 American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association practice guideline for the management of heart failure recommends screening particularly high risk individuals with echocardiography, as studies indicate pharmacologic treatment of asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction improves outcomes. One area of interest is the role of natriuretic peptides – such as B-type natriuretic peptide, or BNP, and its N-terminal fragment, NT-proBNP – in screening. Although investigators have debated their cost effectiveness, studies have found that these biomarkers are useful not only in evaluating for current left ventricular dysfunction, but also in predicting future dysfunction, incident heart failure, and all-cause mortality. Accurate risk stratification, diagnosis, and prompt initiation of treatment in these individuals are important facets of heart failure care that natriuretic peptides may facilitate.
Ethnographic approaches to the practices of scholarly communication: tackling the mess of academia

In my anthropological research in academic libraries, and in higher education generally, I have encountered a contrast between the ways that institutions approach the information systems they build and buy, and how people use those systems. Confronting the ‘mess’ of people’s everyday practice is a necessary first step towards more effectively connecting people to the resources they want and need. Here I discuss some of the ways to visualize and embrace the actual practices of people, in physical and digital contexts. Based on a breakout session presented at the 39th UKSG Annual Conference, Bournemouth, April 2016
Essential Women, Necessary Wives, and Exemplary Soldiers: The Military Reality and Cultural Representation of Women’s Military Participation (1600–1815)

Women’s participation with armies in the field changed dramatically in the second half of the seventeenth century. This chapter emphasizes the plebeian women who lived a hard life alongside common soldiers in garrison and, particularly, on campaign. It stresses military women's importance as cultural rather than as military phenomena. The chapter also argues that before 1650 women accompanied European armies in large numbers and were essential to the very existence. After that date the gender-defined tasks performed by smaller but still significant number of soldiers’ wives on campaign were integral to health and well-being of the troops; armies needed “useful” wives. Women were thus necessary inhabitants of campaign community, and even more numerous in garrison communities that resulted from the maintenance of large standing armies. To allow such plebeian women to remain in obscurity is to misrepresent the nature of early modern armies. Keywords:European armies; military women; necessary wives; plebeian women; soldiers
Classroom versus computer-based cpr training: a comparison of the effectiveness of two instructional methods

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether computer-based CPR training is comparable to traditional classroom training. Design and Setting: This study was quantitative in design. Data was gathered from a standardized examination and skill performance evaluation which yielded numerical scores. Subjects: The subjects were 64 undergraduate freshmen who never had CPR training or performed CPR. The subjects were divided into two groups. Group 1 completed the National Safety Council Adult CPR training program via traditional classroom instruction, while Group 2 completed the online version. Measurements: After training, both groups completed the standardized knowledge examination and skill performance evaluation. Skill performance was evaluated by trained evaluators and Resusci Anne computerized CPR manikins. Results: On the standardized knowledge examination and skill performance evaluation, Group 2 scored lower than Group 1; however, no statistically significant difference between the gro...
Co-Teachers' Coordinated Gestures as Resources for Giving Instructions in the EFL Classroom.

Giving instructions for a classroom activity can be a tricky business in an English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classroom, especially when the students’ proficiency level is low and the instruction is composed of multiple steps. Teachers may depend on linguistic resources only so far as students can understand the words and grammar used, which limits the scope of verbal communication in giving instructions. When an instruction is composed of multiple steps, signaling when to carry out an individual component in the instruction may also require additional interactional work. Gesture as a component of classroom management technique, e.g., regulating turn-taking traffic between a teacher’s instruction-giving and students’ response production, has rarely been discussed in the literature so far. This short analysis illustrates one way through which two co-teachers signal the completion of instruction-giving and elicit students’ response to the instruction (i.e., compliance). It will be shown that co-teachers’ simultaneous gesturing, with or without accompanying verbal instruction, adds clarity to the instruction as something to be responded to immediately.
Magnetic-Entropy-Gated TRP Channels

Magnetogenetic tools permit wireless stimulation of specific neurons located deep inside the brain of freely moving animals: A capability that improves the study of neural activity and its correlation to behavior. Recent reports have shown a fully genetically encoded, magnetically sensitive chimera consisting of ferritin and TRPV4 that can elicit action potentials in neurons when exposed to a magnetic field. The iron-sequestering protein, ferritin serves as the magnetically sensitive domain in this chimera, while TRPV4 is a cation selective channel that responds to mechanical and temperature stimuli. While it was suggested that the mode of operation was through mechanical stimulation of the channel by ferritin, later calculations show that the forces exerted by ferritin nanoparticles are orders of magnitude lower than what is required for channel gating.We propose an alternate mechanism for how superparamagnetic ferritin could gate a thermally sensitive ion channel that is supported by biophysical calculations. Our explanation is based on the magnetocaloric effect wherein a magnetic field induces a change in the entropy of the ferritin nanoparticles resulting in a change in temperature that in turn gates the thermoreceptor. We support our theory with calculations and experimental data that demonstrate that the observed responses are indeed thermally mediated. In addition to reconciling biological observations with physical properties of genetically encoded magnetic nanoparticles, our explanation will also aid the design of new magnetocaloric channels that are triggered by different forms of magnetic stimuli and that operate at various physiological temperatures.
O niemożliwości całkowitej odpowiedzialności moralnej

The problem of moral responsibility occupies a central place in the discussions concerning free will. It is generally held that it has far-reaching consequences for social life and law. However, as Galen Strawson argues, it is impossible to be morally responsible for one's own actions. The argument runs as follows: a person decides one way or another on the basis of his character, personality traits or other mental respects. However, one cannot be responsible for those features—it seems obvious that they are caused by factors one cannot be responsible for, such as one's upbringing or genes. Hence the only way to be morally responsible is to be causa sui, i.e. the cause of oneself. It is widely acknowledged though that nothing can be causa sui. It follows that moral responsibility is impossible.
Exploring Some Design Principles for Tutoring in Preservice Teacher Preparation

ABSTRACTIn this article we summarize our research into literacy preservice teacher preparation. We situate our research on tutorials in the practice turn in teacher preparation. We describe the evolution of our work drawing on findings from seven different studies with the goal of identifying the design features of tutorial experiences that promote learning to teach. We describe each of these studies moving toward the identification of twelve design features that are considerate of: the structure of tutorial experiences; and the focus on intellectual and socio-cultural assets and identities of the tutee(s), and the mediating processes that support growth in learning to teach. We conclude with a discussion of future directions for research into tutoring in literacy preservice teacher preparation.
New identities for fundamental solutions and their applications to non-singular boundary element formulations

Based on a general, operational approach, two new integral identities for the fundamental solutions of the potential and elastostatic problems are established in this paper. Non-singular forms of the conventional boundary integral equations (BIEs) are derived by employing these two identities for the fundamental solutions and the two-term subtraction technique. Both the strongly- (Cauchy type) and weakly-singular integrals existing in the conventional BIEs are removed from the BIE formulations. The existence of the non-singular forms of the conventional BIEs raises new and interesting questions about the smoothness requirement in the boundary element method (BEM), since the two-term subtraction requires, theoretically, C 1 continuity of the density function, rather than the C 0 continuity as required by the original singular or weakly-singular forms of the conventional BIEs. Implication of the non-singular BIEs on the smoothness requirement will be discussed in this paper.
The Fort Peck Dam on the Missouri River

The dam is located on the Missouri River approximately twenty miles from the town of Glasgow, Montana. It will be constructed of earth by the hydraulic process. The total length of the dam will be approximately 20,000 feet with the principal portion approximately 9,000 feet in length, and a maximum height of 230 feet above the bed of the river; the smaller portion being about 11,000 feet in length on the left bank. This latter portion is more in the nature of a dike and will vary in height from zero to sixty feet; it is planned to build this portion by the roll-fill method rather than hydraulically. The entire dam will require about 90,000,000 cubic yards of earth. For the upstream and downstream toes and facing on the upstream slope, a total of 5,000,000 tons of gravel and 3,000,000 tons of rock will be used. A steel sheet piling cut-off wall or diaphragm will be driven to firm shale along the center line of the dam. A roadway will be constructed on top of the dam. The reservoir created will have a maximum depth of 230 feet and an area of approximately 250,000 acres; a maximum length of 175 miles; and approximately 2500 miles of shore line. The maximum capacity of the reservoir will be approximately 20,000,000 acre feet. The required time to fill the reservoir after completion is problematical since it depends upon the flow of the river, but based on discharge records over the past 40 years, four years will be necessary.
Exploring systematic offsets between aerosol products from the two MODIS sensors.

Abstract. Long-term measurements of global aerosol loading and optical properties are essential for assessing climate-related questions. Using observations of spectral reflectance and radiance, the dark-target (DT) aerosol retrieval algorithm is applied to Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer sensors on both Terra (MODIS-T) and Aqua (MODIS-A) satellites, deriving products (known as MOD04 and MYD04, respectively) of global aerosol optical depth (AOD at 0.55 µ m) over both land and ocean, and an Angstrom exponent (AE derived from 0.55 and 0.86 µ m) over ocean. Here, we analyze the overlapping time series (since mid-2002) of the Collection 6 (C6) aerosol products. Global monthly mean AOD from MOD04 (Terra with morning overpass) is consistently higher than MYD04 (Aqua with afternoon overpass) by ∼ 13 % ( ∼ 0.02 over land and ∼ 0.015 over ocean), and this offset (MOD04 – MYD04) has seasonal as well as long-term variability. Focusing on 2008 and deriving yearly gridded mean AOD and AE, we find that, over ocean, the MOD04 (morning) AOD is higher and the AE is lower. Over land, there is more variability, but only biomass-burning regions tend to have AOD lower for MOD04. Using simulated aerosol fields from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-5) Earth system model and sampling separately (in time and space) along each MODIS-observed swath during 2008, the magnitudes of morning versus afternoon offsets of AOD and AE are smaller than those in the C6 products. Since the differences are not easily attributed to either aerosol diurnal cycles or sampling issues, we test additional corrections to the input reflectance data. The first, known as C6 + , corrects for long-term changes to each sensor's polarization sensitivity and the response versus the scan angle and to cross-calibration from MODIS-T to MODIS-A. A second convolves the detrending and cross-calibration into scaling factors. Each method was applied upstream of the aerosol retrieval using 2008 data. While both methods reduced the overall AOD offset over land from 0.02 to 0.01, neither significantly reduced the AOD offset over ocean. The overall negative AE offset was reduced. A collection (C6.1) of all MODIS Atmosphere products was released, but we expect that the C6.1 aerosol products will maintain similar overall AOD and AE offsets. We conclude that (a) users should not interpret global differences between Terra and Aqua aerosol products as representing a true diurnal signal in the aerosol. (b) Because the MODIS-A product appears to have an overall smaller bias compared to ground-truth data, it may be more suitable for some applications. However (c), since the AOD offset is only ∼ 0.02 and within the noise level for single retrievals, both MODIS products may be adequate for most applications.
Laminins and Cancer Progression

Laminins (αβγ heterotrimers) form the basement membrane. They are important for many cell processes, through adhesion and signaling. There are 17 known laminins with different properties, depending on their subunits. Among the many functions fulfilled by laminins, they actively contribute to all stages of cancer progression, from the onset of the disease to the life-threatening development of metastases. At the cellular level, laminins are crucial in helping cells adhere, migrate, and differentiate.
Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships and the Life Course Perspective

In this chapter, we outline the importance of grandparent-grandchild relationships, review previous research, and consider the life course perspective as a theoretical framework for studying grandparent-grandchild relationships.
Ordered and Disordered Growth of Renal Cells

Hyperplasia of tubular cells has been linked to cystic disease of the kidney for more than a century (Sturm, 1875). A sequence of events leading from tubular cell hyperplasia to cyst formation is proposed in Fig. 1. First, there must be an inciting cause of cell proliferation and perhaps a genetic or acquired predisposition to respond to it. Once cell growth is initiated, proliferating epithelial cells pile up on the tubular wall and form adenomatous masses. These masses or polyps are thought to partially obstruct the passage of fluid down the nephron, thereby raising intratubular pressure, dilating the tubule wall, and eventually causing cysts to form.
Common Upper Extremity Fracture Eponyms: A Look Into What They Really Mean.

Eponyms, whereas commonly used in hand surgery, are perhaps misused as often as they are used correctly. Many commonly used eponyms, such as Colles fracture, Barton fracture, Smith fracture, and Bennett fracture, were actually described decades before the development of radiographs. The goal of this article is to revisit the original descriptions of commonly used eponymous terms for distal radius and first metacarpal base fractures to provide clarity and enhance understanding of what these eponyms actually mean.
Disparities among older women with de novo stage IV breast cancer treated with trastuzumab from 1999 to 2009.

646 Background: To characterize trastuzumab utilization and survival by race/ethnicity in older women with de novo stage IV breast cancer who were treated with trastuzumab. Methods: We used Surveil...
Robust Classification of Functional and Nonfunctional Arm Movement after Stroke Using a Single Wrist-Worn Sensor Device

Upper Extremity (UE) rehabilitation is often needed post-stroke. The main goal of UE treatment in stroke survivors is to increase the use of the affected UE in the home and community. However, the effectiveness of UE treatments are difficult to quantify because no objective evaluation of UE use exists. In practice, a clinician rates the patient’s ability to perform specific motor tasks associated with functional use in a clinic or the patient self-reports the amount or quality of arm movement for a standard set of activities. Both methods do not objectively measure the performance of the affected UE in the home or community environment, and there is growing evidence that motor performance in the laboratory is a poor proxy for the actual amount of UE use. Using a single wrist-worn sensor (i.e., accelerometry data) and machine learning, we have reported that it is possible to separate UE functional use from nonfunctional movement after stroke. Specifically, we reported that we correctly classified sensor data with an average of 94.80% in controls and 88.38% in stroke subjects in intra-subject test trials, and 91.53% for controls and 70.18% in stroke subjects in inter-subject test trials. In this paper, we employed feature selection techniques and explored different machine learning methods to improve the classification accuracy. Our enhanced methods are robust and reliable, and work in both intra-subject and inter-subject training and testing. Our result showed better accuracy in stroke patients than previously reported with the same dataset. The enhanced models reached an average of 96% accuracy in control subjects and 94% in stroke subjects for intra-subject trials, and an average of 90% accuracy in control subjects and 83% in stroke subjects for the inter-subject trials. The proposed methods provide an inexpensive and feasible way to quantify the UE functional use in home and community. This information can provide guidance for clinical practice in the rehabilitative care of adults recovering from stroke.
Global Stability and Asymptotic Gain Imply Input-to-State Stability for State-Dependent Switched Systems

In this paper we study several stability properties for state-dependent switched systems. We examine the gap between global asymptotic stability and uniform global asymptotic stability, and illustrate it with an example. Several regularity assumptions are proposed in order to obtain the equivalence between these two stability properties. Based on this equivalence, we are able to show that global stability and asymptotic gain imply input-to-state stability for state-dependent switched systems, which is the main result of the paper. The proof consists of a bypass via an auxiliary system which takes in a bounded disturbance, and showing that this system is uniformly globally asymptotically stable.
Sub-micrometer insights into the cytoskeletal dynamics and ultrastructural diversity of butterfly wing scales.

BACKGROUND The color patterns that adorn lepidopteran wings are ideal for studying cell type diversity using a phenomics approach. Color patterns are made of chitinous scales that are each the product of a single precursor cell, offering a 2D system where phenotypic diversity can be studied cell by cell, both within and between species. Those scales reveal complex ultrastructures in the sub-micrometer range that are often connected to a photonic function, including iridescent blues and greens, highly reflective whites, or light-trapping blacks. RESULTS We found that during scale development, Fascin immunostainings reveal punctate distributions consistent with a role in the control of actin patterning. We quantified the cytoskeleton regularity as well as its relationship to chitin deposition sites, and confirmed a role in the patterning of the ultrastructures of the adults scales. Then, in an attempt to characterize the range and variation in lepidopteran scale ultrastructures, we devised a high-throughput method to quickly derive multiple morphological measurements from fluorescence images and scanning electron micrographs. We imaged a multicolor eyespot element from the butterfly Vanessa cardui (V. cardui), taking approximately 200 000 individual measurements from 1161 scales. Principal component analyses revealed that scale structural features cluster by color type, and detected the divergence of non-reflective scales characterized by tighter cross-rib distances and increased orderedness. CONCLUSION We developed descriptive methods that advance the potential of butterfly wing scales as a model system for studying how a single cell type can differentiate into a multifaceted spectrum of complex morphologies. Our data suggest that specific color scales undergo a tight regulation of their ultrastructures, and that this involves cytoskeletal dynamics during scale growth.
Counterflow and wall stagnation flow with three-dimensional strain

Three-dimensional (3D) viscous counterflows and wall stagnation flows are analyzed with differing normal strain rates in each of the three directions. Reduction of the equations to a similar form is obtained allowing for variations in density due to temperature and composition, heat conduction, and, for the counterflow, mass diffusion and the presence of a flame. Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations are obtained without the boundary-layer approximation. For the steady and unsteady incompressible counterflows, analytical solutions are obtained for the flow field and the scalar fields subject to heat and mass transfer. In steady, variable-density configurations, a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) governs the two transverse velocity and the axial velocity profiles as well as the scalar-field variables. Diffusion rates for mass, momentum, and energy depend on the two normal strain rates parallel to the counterflow interface or the wall and thereby not merely on the sum of those two strain rates. For thin diffusion flames, the location, burning rate, and peak temperature are readily obtained. Solutions for planar flows and axisymmetric flows are obtained as limits here. Results for the velocity and scalar fields are found for a full range of the distribution of normal strain rates between the two transverse directions, various Prandtl number values, and various ambient (or wall) temperatures. For counterflows with flames and stagnation layers with hot walls, velocity overshoots are seen in the viscous layer, yielding an important correction of theories based on a constant-density assumption.Three-dimensional (3D) viscous counterflows and wall stagnation flows are analyzed with differing normal strain rates in each of the three directions. Reduction of the equations to a similar form is obtained allowing for variations in density due to temperature and composition, heat conduction, and, for the counterflow, mass diffusion and the presence of a flame. Solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations are obtained without the boundary-layer approximation. For the steady and unsteady incompressible counterflows, analytical solutions are obtained for the flow field and the scalar fields subject to heat and mass transfer. In steady, variable-density configurations, a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) governs the two transverse velocity and the axial velocity profiles as well as the scalar-field variables. Diffusion rates for mass, momentum, and energy depend on the two normal strain rates parallel to the counterflow interface or the wall and thereby not merely on the sum of those two strain rat...
An isogenic neurovascular unit model comprised of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons

Following publication of the original article [1], the author has reported that in Figure 1 (b and c) the y-axis TEER (© x cm2) should be replaced with TEER (Ω x cm2).
Characteristics of rear-end crashes involving passenger vehicles with automatic emergency braking

Objectives: Automatic emergency braking (AEB) is a proven effective countermeasure for preventing front-to-rear crashes, but it has not yet fully lived up to its estimated potential. This study ide...