cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of Adjoint Solution for Optimal Control of Smart Wells

Practical production optimization problems typically involve large, highly complex reservoir models, thousands of unknowns and many nonlinear constraints, which makes the numerical calculation of gradients for the optimization process impractical. This work explores a new algorithm for production optimization using optimal control theory. The approach is to use the underlying simulator as the forward model and its adjoint for the calculation of gradients. Direct coding of the adjoint model is, however, complex and time consuming, and the code is dependent on the forward model in the sense that it must be updated whenever the forward model is modified. We investigate an adjoint procedure that avoids these limitations. For a fully implicit forward model and specific forms of the cost function and nonlinear constraints, all information necessary for the adjoint run is calculated and stored during the forward run itself. The adjoint run then requires only the appropriate assembling of this information to calculate the gradients. This makes the adjoint code essentially independent of the forward model and also leads to enhanced efficiency, as no calculations are repeated. Further, we present an efficient approach for handling nonlinear constraints that also allows us to readily apply commercial constrained optimization packages. The forward model used in this work is the General Purpose Research Simulator (GPRS), a highly flexible compositional/black oil research simulator developed at Stanford University. Through two examples, we demonstrate that the linkage proposed here provides a practical strategy for optimal control within a general-purpose reservoir simulator. These examples illustrate production optimization with conventional wells as well as with smart wells, in which well segments can be controlled individually.
Splurge purchases and materialism

Purpose – This exploratory research aims to investigate the consumer splurge purchase and compare characteristics about the splurge purchase for high‐materialism consumers versus low‐materialism consumers.Design/methodology/approach – The study sample was a convenience sample of adults over 25 years old and the sample consisted of 107 adults. Data were collected using two methods: an audiotaped, personal interview captured participants' reflections on a recent splurge purchase and a questionnaire which was administered with scales that are well established in the literature.Findings – A content analysis of consumers' definitions of splurges revealed ten themes including that the purchase is: desired yet not necessary, self‐indulgent, outside the normal purchase, and loosely spending money. High‐materialism consumers were more likely, than low‐materialism consumers, to splurge on items that were displayed on the person and were more likely to describe their splurge as expensive. When reflecting back on the...
A case of ratbite fever with demonstration of Spirillum minus

Summary The cases of ratbite fever in the United States are reviewed in which Spirillum minus was demonstrated, and another such case is reported. The methods of laboratory diagnosis are briefly discussed.
An investigation of the effectiveness of the framing systems in steel structures subjected to blast loading

AbstractThe effectiveness of different framing systems for three seismically designed steel frame structures subjected to blast loading is investigated. The three faming systems considered are: a moment resisting frame (MRF), a concentrically braced frame (CBF) and an eccentrically braced frame (EBF). The blast loads are assumed to be unconfined, free air burst detonated 15 ft (4.572 m) from one of the center columns. The structures are modeled and analyzed using the Applied Element Method, which allows the structure to be evaluated during and through failure. Failure modes are investigated through a plastic hinge analysis and member failure comparison. Also, a global response analysis is observed through comparison of roof deflections and accelerations. A conclusion of this research is that braced frames provide a higher level of resistance to the blast loading scenario investigated in this research. Both the CBF and EBF had a smaller number of failed members and plastic hinges compared to the MRF. They ...
An electron microscopic analysis of notochordal and mesenchymal cell abnormalities in embryos of Danforth’s short-tail ( Sd ) mice

Abnormalities of notochordal cells and of mesenchymal cells in embryos of Danforth’s short-tail (Sd) and C57BL mice were examined by means of electron microscopy and cytochemical staining at 11.0 and 11.5 days of gestation. In abnormal (Sd/+;Sd/Sd) embryos, the notochordal cells were markedly deficient in bundles of filaments and lacked surface protrusions, and the notochordal basal lamina was continuous; in contrast, notochordal cells of normal ( + / + ) littermates and of C57BL embryos contained numerous bundles of filaments and showed fingerlike surface protrusions and discontinuous basal laminae. The pathologic notochordal cells also lacked the accumulations of glycogen revealed in the normals by means of thiocarbohydrazide cytochemical staining at the electron microscopic level. The mesenchymal cells of abnormals also were deficient in filaments but did stain for glycogen, though less prominently than did normal mesenchymal cells.
Expression and Distribution of AP-1 Transcription Factors in the Porcine Ovary

The activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors are important regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. The developmental distribution of AP-1 family members in porcine ovary has not been previously investigated. We examined the expression of AP-1 factors in porcine ovarian follicles, granulosa cells, and corpora lutea at different stages of development. Immunoblot analyses confirmed that c-Jun, JunD, JunB, c-Fos, Fra-1, Fra-2, and FosB immunoreactive proteins were present in whole-cell extracts (WCE) of all antral follicles and midluteal phase corpora lutea (CL) as well as granulosa cells (GC) isolated from different-sized antral follicles. The intensities of c-Jun and c-Fos protein bands were decreased in CL WCE compared to antral follicles. In granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles (8-10 mm), Fra-2 exhibited a shift from 43 kDa to 46 kDa when compared to granulosa cells from smaller antral follicles. Separation of cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts was performed to determine if developmental differences between these fractions existed. Most AP-1 factors predominated in the nuclear fraction with notable exceptions. c-Fos predominated in the nucleus in GC and follicles but predominated in the cytoplasmic fraction of CL. With the exception of GC from 1-2-mm follicles, in which expression was similar between fractions, Fos-B was found predominantly in the cytoplasmic fraction. Fra-1 exhibited similar expression between cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions for all tissues. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of porcine ovary sections were performed to determine the cellular distribution of these factors at different follicular stages, and immunopositive nuclei were evaluated. In primordial and primary unilaminar follicles, all AP-1 factors studied except for FosB were detected in granulosa nuclei. Granulosa cell nuclei of multilaminar preantral follicles were immunopositive for all factors, with lower expression of FosB. Antral follicles exhibited GC and thecal cell nuclear staining for all factors with the exception of FosB in theca. Luteal cells exhibited the most intense nuclear staining for JunD and Fra-2, whereas all other factors were present in luteal cell nuclei although to a lesser extent. IHC with FosB antibodies yielded mostly cytoplasmic staining but only weak luteal nuclear staining. In corpora albicantia, low levels of staining were seen for all AP-1 factors. The DNA-binding abilities of these factors in granulosa cells and CL were evaluated by EMSA. Nuclear extracts from granulosa cells from 1-2-mm or 8-10-mm antral follicles bound an AP-1 DNA consensus sequence and complexes consisted predominantly of c-Jun, JunD, JunB, c-Fos, and Fra-2. In CL, c-Jun, JunD, JunB, and Fra-2 were present in DNA-binding complexes, and c-Fos binding was not detected. In conclusion, our results suggest that expression and DNA-binding activity of AP-1 factors in follicular structures changes with luteinization. Differentiation to the luteal phenotype involves a reduction in nuclear c-Jun and c-Fos and a predominance of JunD and Fra-2.
Wet air oxidation studies of coal gasification wastewaters

Abstract The kinetics of wet oxidation of coal gasification wastewater were studied. Experimental studies explored the effect of temperature and residence time on the extent of reaction by conducting constant volume batch tests in a 1-liter high pressure autoclave. The extent of reaction was determined by measuring the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phenol concentrations of the wastewater at various times. The effect of temperature was studied from 205 to 251°C with residence times from 30 to 90 minutes. The experimental data obtained were used to fit Arrhenius expressions of the reactions. A mathematical model consisted of two first-order reactions in series showing a maximum COD reduction of 60% and a maximum phenol reduction of 95%, both at 251°C and a 90 minute residence time. The activation energies for COD and phenol reduction were both found to be 8.0 kcall.
Systematics of the North American beetle subgenus Pseudoperyphus (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidion) based upon morphological, chromosomal, and molecular data

ABSTRACT The subgenus Pseudoperyphus Hatch of Bembidion latreille is revised. External structure, male genitalia, chromosome number, and DNA sequences from seven genes (28S rDNA, 18S rDNA, cytochrome oxidase I, wingless, CAD, arginine kinase, and RNA polymerase II) reveal the presence of nine species. Five of the species belong to the B. chalceum subgroup: B. chalceum Dejean, B. rothfelsi, new species (type locality: bridgewater, Vermont), B. bellorum, new species (type locality: Tygart Valley River near Valley head, West Virginia), B. antiquum Dejean, and B. louisella, new species (type locality: North aspy river near cape North, Nova Scotia). The remaining species belong to the B. honestum subgroup: B. honestum Say, B. arenobilis, new species (type locality: Danville, Virginia), B. integrum Casey, and B. rufotinctum chaudoir. The group is most diverse in Vermont, where seven species live. The geographic ranges of many species overlap: of the 36 possible species pairings, 28 are found in sympatry. The mo...
Reconstitution of glucose dehydrogenases using synthetic methoxatin

Abstract Synthetic methoxatin or its reduced derivative, is fully active in the reconstitution of glucose dehydrogenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. anitratus from apoenzyme, and is also active in a similar reconstitution of enzyme from A. calcoaceticus ATCC 9956. However, we have still not been able to reconstitute holoenzyme of methanol dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas TPI.
SYNTHESIS OF PORPHYRINS BY ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS OF EUGLENA.

Abstract A method for the isolation and purification of choloroplasts from Euglena gracilis is described. It was found that chloroplasts isolated by this method formed porphobilinogen from δ-aminolevulinic acid. The activity of the purified chloroplasts was more than 20% of the total activity of the cell-free homogenate. Further purification and total disruption of the chloroplasts did not remove the activity, indicating that the activity of the enzyme δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase was tightly bound to the chloroplasts. Purified chloroplasts could form porphyrins including uroporphyrin and coproporphyrin but not protoporphyrin when incubated with δ-aminolevulinic acid. However, when the purified chloroplasts were incubated with porphobilinogen, no porphyrins were formed. When the purified chloroplasts were disrupted and incubated with either δ-aminolevulinic acid or porphobilinogen, many porphyrins including uroporphyrin, coproporphyrin, and protoporphyrin could be detected. It was concluded that chloroplasts were impermeable to porphobilinogen and that a possible compartmentation within the chloroplast might exist.
Efficient stochastic estimation of the model resolution matrix diagonal and generalized cross–validation for large geophysical inverse problems

[1] In recent years, larger geophysical data sets and novel model parameterizations have dramatically increased both the data and model space dimensions of many inverse problems. Because of their relatively low computational expense, trade–off curve corner estimation for choosing regularized models and “checkerboard” tests for evaluating model resolution are commonly applied, despite their limitations. We present and demonstrate a low–cost method for accurately estimating the diagonal elements of the model resolution matrix and for implementing generalized cross–validation (GCV) for optimal regularization parameter selection. The ability to estimate the diagonal of the resolution matrix and GCV function thus facilitates the introduction of additional tools for diagonal resolution analysis and regularization evaluation, even for very large inverse problems, with storage and computational costs comparable to those required for obtaining model solutions. We demonstrate the method using a Tikhonov regularized teleseismic body wave velocity inversion example with approximately 260,000 model parameters, where we validate randomly selected Rm diagonal elements against explicitly calculated values and compare GCV-estimated regularized model results to those obtained through traditional methods.
HPLC analysis of mitoxantrone in mouse plasma and tissues: Application in a pharmacokinetic study

A simple, fast and economical HPLC assay for the determination of mitoxantrone in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates is described. Protein precipitation with sequential addition of sulfosalicylic acid and acetonitrile was used for sample preparation. The resolution of mitoxantrone and the I.S. were achieved by using acetonitrile and 10mM sodium phosphate buffer with 0.1% TEA. The separation was performed on a Nucleosil C18, 250mmx4mm I.D. column with UV detection at 610nm. The inter-day and intra-day precision and accuracy of quality control (QC) samples, evaluated both in plasma and tissue homogenates, were all within 15%. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 5ng/ml in plasma, 25ng/ml in liver homogenate and 12.5ng/ml in other tissue homogenates. This assay was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study of mitoxantrone in mice.
Use of small molecule inhibitors of the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways during Xenopus development

Small molecule inhibitors of growth factor signaling pathways are extremely convenient reagents for investigation of embryonic development. The chemical may be introduced at a precise time, the dose can be altered over a large range and the chemical may be removed simply by replacing the medium surrounding the embryo. Because small molecule modulators are designed to target conserved features of a protein, they are usually effective across species. Ideally the chemicals offer remarkable specificity for a particular signaling pathway and exhibit negligible off-target effects. In this study we examine the use of small molecules to modulate the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways in the Xenopus embryo. We find that IWR-1 and XAV939 are effective inhibitors of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway while BIO is an excellent activator. For Notch signaling, we find that both DAPT and RO4929097 are effective inhibitors, but that RO4929097 is the more potent reagent. This report provides researchers with useful working concentrations of reagents and a small series of genetic and biological assays that may be used to characterize the role of Wnt and Notch signaling during embryonic development.
Characterization of the N-Glycosylation on HCN2 Channels

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 2 (HCN2) belongs to the Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated (CNG) channel superfamily, which has been found to control pacemaker activity in the heart and brain. HCN2 was shown to undergo N-linked glycosylation. However the effect of the glycosylation on the expression and function of HCN2 channels is still under debate. In this study, we use biochemical modification, confocal microscopy and flux assay to investigate the role of N-glycosylation on the membrane trafficking and function of HCN2 channels. We showed that HCN2 mutant N380Q is not N-glycosylated. Confocal microscopy and Western Blot are used to ascertain the subcellular localization of N380Q mutant. By using PNGase-F digestion, WGA lectin beads isolation, and antibody affinity purification from plasma membranes, we showed that N-glycosylation on HCN2 channels is heterogeneous. One step further, we reconstituted HCN2 channels onto liposomes and established a cation flux assay to study the function of reconstituted HCN2 wild type and N380Q mutant. The result generated in this study will answer the question of whether the N-glycosylation is critical for the function of HCN2 channels. The method developed here will provide a platform, which could be applied for studying the functions of other CNG channels.
Introducing a Computer Simulation in China

This article describes the use of a management simulation in a Chinese university during the spring semesters of 1997, 1998, and 2000. Although administrative difficulties presented special problems, Chinese university administrators were interested in introducing this form of experiential learning. Student reaction was positive. Participating in a classroom simulation was a new and exhilarating experience for them. The article concludes with some suggestions for those who plan to use a simulation in a developing country such as China.
Promoting Shareability: Metadata Activities of the DLF Aquifer Initiative

This article describes the progress of the Digital Library Federation's Aquifer Metadata Working Group and demonstrates a model for the construction, application, and testing of collaboratively developed best practices for sharing metadata in the digital library environment. We set the metadata aggregation context in which the Aquifer initiative began, describe the development of a set of implementation guidelines for shareable Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) records and their supporting documentation and tools, and discuss how this work has contributed to the understanding of what features metadata describing primary source and humanities-based resources needs in order to support scholarly use. We end with a summary of future efforts for the Aquifer initiative, and how its lessons can be applied in other metadata harvesting environments.
Interaction of functionalized Ga2O3 NW-based room temperature gas sensors with different hydrocarbons

Abstract Ga2O3 nanowires (NWs) incorporated into capacitance-based room temperature gas sensors were functionalized with acetic and pyruvic acid (AC and PA, respectively) with the goal of achieving higher selectivity toward different groups of hydrocarbons. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the geometry of the resulting adsorbate complexes. A bridge-like geometry was observed for adsorbed AC and a mixture of different geometries for PA, some of which had hydrogen-bonded OH groups. In addition, FTIR studies showed evidence of the enolic form of PA adsorbed on the surface. The AC-functionalized NWs showed a significant decrease in response to such common analytes as acetone and nitromethane as well as to triethylamine (TEA). In the case of PA-functionalized NWs, no response was observed to nitromethane, however, the response to TEA increased one order of magnitude compared to the bare NWs. FTIR spectroscopy was used to obtain more insight into the mechanism of interaction of AC- and PA-functionalized NWs with these analytes. This work demonstrates the use of a bifunctional molecule (PA) to modify the response of an oxide sensor in a way that a monofunctional molecule (AC) cannot. A significant result of this work is that the functionalization chemistry does not presume the existence of OH groups on the initial oxide surface.
Visual search at the airport: Testing TSA officers

A significant challenge for laboratory-based research is to adequately replicate conditions found in the real world. Likewise, a challenge for field-based research is to appropriately maintain the precision and control found within the laboratory. These hurdles are easily noticed when studying visual search, the act of finding a target amongst distractors. Decades of laboratory-based research have revealed many factors affecting visual search (see Nakayama & Martini, 2011 for a recent review); yet, these ‘sterile’ tasks conducted with novice participants can at times bear little resemblance to the tasks of professional searchers such as baggage screeners, radiologists, lifeguards, and military personnel. Conversely, conducting research with expert searchers in their natural environment can be logistically complex, which limits the scope of questions that can be asked. We are bridging this gap by conducting laboratory-based research with professional, expert searchers: employed Transportation Security Administration (TSA) officers at Raleigh-Durham International Airport. We have established a cognitive psychology laboratory within the airport, and the TSA officers participate in our research studies during their normal work hours. We are assessing a variety of visual and attentional abilities, including several measures of visual search. For example, in one task we employed a simplified visual search experiment to directly compare novice searchers (Duke University undergraduates) to expert searchers (TSA officers). Participants looked for ‘T’s amongst ‘L’s with set sizes of 8, 16, 24, and 32. Compared to undergraduates, TSA officers were slower to respond, with search slopes approximately 1.5 times larger. Importantly, the TSA agents were also more accurate at each set size, suggesting a greater search diligence. Through tasks such as these, combined with measures of individual differences (e.g., personality and clinical assessments), the goal of this project is to inform both cognitive theories of visual search and the TSA’s standard operating procedures.
Structure and composition of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 films deposited on (001) MgO substrates and the influence of sputtering pressure

Abstract The structure and composition of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 thin films, sputter deposited on (001) MgO substrates, have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Deviations in film stoichiometry are seen to strongly correlate with the structural and dielectric properties of these films, with the films deposited at the lower sputtering pressures either Ti-deficient or capped with a titanium oxide layer similar to the rutile TiO2 phase. Preferential sputtering of cations is found to be an important factor governing film stoichiometry. The Ti-deficient films deposited at a lower sputtering pressure contain Ruddlesden–Popper faults that increase the average lattice constant of the film and result in compressive strain and low dielectric tunability.
Obsessions/counter-obsessions: a construction/reconstruction of meaning.

In this article, obsessions and phobic responses are examined in relation to the maintenance and development of a cross-generational coalition organized by a premise about exclusivity, as well as the specific, idiosyncratic “signature premises” characteristic to each case. It is suggested that the obsession develops when a developmental or situational crisis conflicts with the exclusive relationship definition (that is, coalition). Two forms of intervention for disrupting obsessions — the “conversation” and the “counter-obsession”— are discussed and illustrated. Both interventions conceptualize the obsession as an oscillation between remaining in the coalition and not remaining in the coalition, and both interventions challenge the signature premise that defines the coalition.
Elimination of the inelastic cut in theN/D method

A method for treating contributions from the inelastic region, for problems to be solved by the N/D method, is proposed in order to reduce it to a problem without inelastic parts. The method does not lead to an equation involving principal-value integrals, and the final equations obtained are, in general, singular (L.N.N.)
Migration and the life history strategy of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda in the western hemisphere

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), has a high reproductive rate of 900–1000 eggs per female, a relatively short generation time of 30 days and good dispersal ability. These traits make it a successful colonizing species. There is a large body of circumstantial evidence that migration is a major component in the life history strategy of this species. Although the fall armyworm is unable to survive the winter in the United States except in southern areas of Florida and Texas, it redistributes itself over most of the eastern United States each growing season. Long-range movement from Mississippi to Canada in 30 hr on a low-level jet stream was documented on one occasion with synoptic weather maps. Many fall armyworm moths have been collected in the Gulf of Mexico as far as 250 km from land, indicating the possibility of seasonal trans-Gulf migration between the United States and the tropics. Electrophoretic analyses of populations of a corn “race” of fall armyworm collected throughout the Caribbean Basin indicated low genetic heterogeneity. Nei’s genetic distance estimate (0.015) and Wright’s Fst value (0.032) both suggested undifferentiated populations with interbreeding across the entire geographic range. Wet and dry seasons in the east and west coast of Central America and elsewhere in the tropics alternate with each other so that only one habitat is available at a time. This fluctuation in available habitat is proposed as the templet that led to the evolution and maintenance of migration in the colonizing life history strategy of the fall armyworm.
The behavior of human erythrocytes in aqueous alcohol solutions.

A study has been made of the distribution of methyl and n-butyl alcohols tagged with carbon-14, and of H2O18 between erythrocytes and external saline solution. In agreement with previous observations, the rate of attainment of equilibrium is found to be very rapid, and calculations based on the equilibrium concentrations of alcohol inside and outside the cell indicate that as far as these materials are concerned practically all the water inside the cell is free.
Aberration problem in electron optics

The Enrico Fermi Institute and the Department of PhysicsThe University ofChicago, 5640 S. Ellis Ave., Chicago Ii 60637INTRODUCTIONIn this paper, I would like to discuss what appears to be a crisis in the field ofelectron microscopy..a term which I take to be broad enough to include ion microscopy, just as the term electron opticsincludes ion optics. The crisis is that we seem to have reached a performance limit in all instruments,and there are no known or proven ways to improve upon present levels. Ifthis is indeed true, thenthis serious situation warrants some justification.The performance ofelectron microscopes can only be understood in the context ofelectron optics.Electron optics is a branch ofclassical physics which is defined by several well- known equations,mainly the laws ofmechanics and the Lorentz equation. The magnetic and electrostatic fields whichenter into the Lorentz equation are themselves limited to the solutions ofthe Laplace equation.Therefore, we can calculate the trajectories of electrons as exactly as the fields are known. There areno ambiguities nor any doubts. Even ifa particular problem cannot be solved analytically, it cansurely be solved numerically.To this background we might add some practical comments with regard to the production of thosefields. The design ofmagnets is now so well understood that it is not even taught in mostinstitutions, and in fact, there is some danger that the detailed knowledge will become lost or at leastobscured. It is true that there have been some recent advances in superconductor technology andthat this might very well extend the range of available field strengths. However, these advances havenot been such as to provide many new opportunities in electron microscopy. In the electrostaticcase, there have been no real advances, and in fact, the production ofhigh electrostatic fields hasbeen made more difficult by the growing use ofUHV vacuum systems.Ifwe combine this information, we can arrive at some very simple conclusions. First, we know howto design magnetic and electrostatic lenses, and secondly, we can calculate their electron opticalproperties accurately. In view ofthe amount ofeffort that has been devoted to this endeavor overthe past sixty or so years, we might be tempted to add a corollary: all possible lenses have beendesigned already, and the ones which are now in use are the best ones that can be made. Thisalready implies that microscopes today are operating at the ultimate performance level, and nofurther improvement can be expected.Although, this harsh statement might be rejected by some, it is certainly close to the truth. Beforeproceeding any further, it is perhaps wise to define the resolution which is referred to here. I amreferring to the resolution that can be obtained on a totally unknown and amorphous specimen. It iscertainly true that very high resolution can be obtained on known specimens and on specimens with a
Photon emission from slightly roughened tunnel junctions

In this paper, we derive expressions for the distribution in angle and frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted from fluctuations in the tunneling current between two metals separated by a thin oxide barrier. The calculation provides an explicit description of the decoupling of the surface polariton from the surface by virture of small-amplitude roughness present there. In addition, we find radiation from direct coupling of current fluctuations in the junction structure to the transverse radiation field. Numerical calculations are presented which explore the predictions of the theory, when applied to structures similar to those studied experimentally by Lambe and McCarthy. We suggest interpretations of some features of their data, and data reported by Adams, Wyss, and Hansma. The theory indicates that as the amplitude of the roughness is increased, the quantum efficiency of the device should saturate to approach a value independent of the roughness amplitude.
Water source preference and lakeward migration of sockeye salmon fry (Oncorhynchus nerka)

1. The water source preference behavior of sockeye fry and fingerlings of 2 different populations was observed in a 2-choice Y-trough with Lake Washington water (lake) and well water (non-lake) as the alternate choices. 2. Experiments with fry that had been hatched and reared entirely in either Lake Washington water or well water or had not previously experienced either water source demonstrated that preference behavior was a result of 2 separate factors — an apparently innate preference for lake water as compared to nonlake waters (Tables 1 and 2) as proposed by Brannon (1972) and an attraction for the recently experienced water source over foreign waters (Fig. 3). 3. The strong lake water preference of fry that had recently experienced Lake Washington water was eliminated by olfactory occlusion (Table 3). 4. Water source preference is believed to play an important role in the guidance of sockeye fry migration from their incubation stream to a nurse lake.
How to Catch a Suspicious Bleeding Site in Flagrante

In search for a source of gastrointestinal bleeding, endoscopy frequently reveals mucosal lesions of questionable dignity. To investigate the probability of ascertaining conclusive evidence for gastrointestinal bleeding from a suspicious mucosal lesion through a single or multiple consecutive endoscopies. A mathematical model is developed to estimate the probability of successful diagnosis of a bleeding gastrointestinal lesion associated with single or multiple endoscopies. The probability of a successful confirmation through endoscopy depends on the length of time that signs of recent bleed persist at the site of the mucosal lesion and on the number of repeat endoscopies that one is willing to invest in confirmation. Assuming persistence of endoscopic evidence for 6-12 hours after the initial bleeding, a single endoscopy is associated with a 22 %–38 % chance of observing a suspicious site with clear evidence of bleeding. Using potentially up to 2 additional repeat endoscopies can raise such chances to 52 %–76 %. The rates of success may provide useful guidance in scheduling endoscopies for the work-up of gastrointestinal bleeding and decision making about the utility of repeat endoscopy in instances of suspicious but inconclusive mucosal lesions.
Bone mass and strength in older men with type 2 diabetes: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study.

The effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on bone volumetric density, bone geometry, and estimates of bone strength are not well established. We used peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) to compare tibial and radial bone volumetric density (vBMD, mg/cm3), total (ToA, mm2) and cortical (CoA, mm2) bone area and estimates of bone compressive and bending strength in a subset (n = 1171) of men (≥65 years of age) who participated in the multisite Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Analysis of covariance–adjusted bone data for clinic site, age, and limb length (model 1) and further adjusted for body weight (model 2) were used to compare data between participants with (n = 190) and without (n = 981) T2DM. At both the distal tibia and radius, patients with T2DM had greater bone vBMD (+2% to +4%, model 1, p < .05) and a smaller bone area (ToA −1% to −4%, model 2, p < .05). The higher vBMD compensated for lower bone area, resulting in no differences in estimated compressive bone strength at the distal trabecular bone regions. At the mostly cortical bone midshaft sites of the radius and tibia, men with T2DM had lower ToA (−1% to −3%, p < .05), resulting in lower bone bending strength at both sites after adjusting for body weight (−2% to −5%, p < .05) despite the lack of difference in cortical vBMD at these sites. These data demonstrate that older men with T2DM have bone strength that is low relative to body weight at the cortical-rich midshaft of the radius despite no difference in cortical vBMD. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
PROTONS ACTIVATE BRAIN NA+ CHANNEL 1 BY INDUCING A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE THAT EXPOSES A RESIDUE ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEGENERATION

BNC1 is a mammalian neuronal cation channel in the novel DEG/ENaC ion channel family. BNC1 channels are transiently activated by extracellular protons and are constitutively activated by insertion of large residues, such as valine, in place of Gly-430; residue 430 is a site where analogous mutations in some Caenorhabditis elegans family members cause a swelling neurodegeneration. Mutation of Gly-430 to a small amino acid, cysteine, neither generated constitutive currents nor allowed modification of this residue by sulfhydryl-reactive methanethiosulfonate (MTS) compounds. However, when protons activated the channel, Cys-430 became accessible to extracellular MTS reagents, which modified Cys-430 to generate constitutive currents. Fluorescent MTS reagents also labeled Cys-430 in activated channels. These data indicate that protons induce a reversible conformational change that activates BNC1 thereby exposing residue 430 to the extracellular solution. Once Cys-430 is modified with a large chemical group, the channel is prevented from relaxing back to the inactive state. These results link ligand-dependent activation and activation by mutations that cause neurodegeneration.
Near-infrared double negative metamaterials

We numerically demonstrate a metamaterial with both negative e and negative µ over an overlapping near-infrared wavelength range resulting in a low loss negative-index material. Parametric studies optimizing this negative index are presented. This structure can be easily fabricated with standard semiconductor processing techniques.
Active pixel sensors for autonomous spacecraft applications

Over the foreseeable future, the size and scope of spacecraft missions will change dramatically. No longer will we see the large, expensive, and complex spacecraft that characterized the past decades. Successful as they were, they represent a technology and approach which is not supportable in today's economic environment. The new millennium will require smaller spacecraft with a more focused set of mission goals and flying on-board sensors having greatly reduces size and weight and a greater range of capabilities. The need for additional autonomy will be created by the greater number of small spacecraft operating and the need to reduce the expenses of mission operations. Thus the emphasis on newly developed instruments for guidance and target image processing will stress enhancing instrument capabilities, minimizing size and power requirements, and maintaining the reliability that has been achieved over the past years. Toward these goals, we believe the new APS-based generation of sensors will provide the basis for achieving these goals.
Emergency cardiopulmonary bypass: a promising rescue strategy for refractory cardiac arrest.

SUMMARY ECPB is a relatively new, advanced resuscitation method that is growing in technicalsophistication, shows promising experimental data, and is expanding in clinicalpractice. Experimental data and clinical studies suggest its ability to be highlyeffective at producing ROSC for refractory cardiac arrest. Currently however, themajority of patients who achieve ROSC with ECPB do not survive long-term with goodneurologic function. Despite this limitation, survival rates may be far better thanstandard ALS care. ConventionalCPRExtracorporeal CPRwith cardiopulmonary bypass plus intra-aortic balloon pumpingPost-ROSC cooling; extracorporeal cooling methodsInductionER arrival°C36353433InductionCoronaryreperfusiontherapyusing PCICooling for 3 daysIntra-arrest cooling; cold fluid and extracorporeal cooling methodsCooling for 3 daysRewarming for 3 daysRewarming for 3 daysCore temperature Fig. 3. Protocol of ECPR for induction of hypothermia with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI). After arrival at the emergency room, ECPR using emergency cardiopulmonary bypass plusintra-aortic balloon pumping was immediately performed. Subsequently, emergency coronaryangiography with PCI was performed in cases of suspected acute coronary syndrome. The goalwastoreachatargettemperatureof34°Cwithin6hoursinthepost-ROSCcoolinggroup(
A switch role of Src in the biphasic EGF signaling of ER-negative breast cancer cells

It is well established that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent mitogen in cells expressing EGF receptor (EGFR). However, a body of evidence indicated that the effects of mitogenic EGF signaling exhibit a non-monotonic, or biphasic dose response curve; EGF at low concentrations elicits a mitogenic signaling pathway to stimulate cell proliferation while at high concentrations, EGF inhibits cell growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying this paradoxical effect of EGF on cell proliferation remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the biphasic EGF signaling in ER-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-436 cells, both of which express endogenous EGFR. We found that EGF at low concentrations induced the phosphorylation of the Src-Y416 residue, an event to activate Src, while at high concentrations allowed Src-Y527 phosphorylation that inactivates Src. EGF at 10 ng/ml also induced phosphorylation of the MAPK/ERK and activated cyclin D1 promoter activity through the Src/EGFR/STAT5 pathways but not at a higher concentration (500 ng/ml). Our results thus demonstrated that Src functions as a switch of EGF signaling depending on concentrations of EGF.
A simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm for coupled well placement and control optimization under geologic uncertainty

Development of subsurface energy and environmental resources can be improved by tuning important decision variables such as well locations and operating rates to optimize a desired performance metric. Optimal well locations in a discretized reservoir model are typically identified by solving an integer programming problem while identification of optimal well settings (controls) is formulated as a continuous optimization problem. In general, however, the decision variables in field development optimization can include many design parameters such as the number, type, location, short-term and long-term operational settings (controls), and drilling schedule of the wells. In addition to the large number of decision variables, field optimization problems are further complicated by the existing technical and physical constraints as well as the uncertainty in describing heterogeneous properties of geologic formations. In this paper, we consider simultaneous optimization of well locations and dynamic rate allocations under geologic uncertainty using a variant of the simultaneous perturbation and stochastic approximation (SPSA). In addition, by taking advantage of the robustness of SPSA against errors in calculating the cost function, we develop an efficient field development optimization under geologic uncertainty, where an ensemble of models are used to describe important flow and transport reservoir properties (e.g., permeability and porosity). We use several numerical experiments, including a channel layer of the SPE10 model and the three-dimensional PUNQ-S3 reservoir, to illustrate the performance improvement that can be achieved by solving a combined well placement and control optimization using the SPSA algorithm under known and uncertain reservoir model assumptions.
Fuzzy set analyses of genetic determinants of health and disability status

Analyses of complex genotype-phenotype relations require new statistical procedures because of the potentially high dimensionability of those relations which are expressed with both measurement error and stochasticity in the correlation function. We propose modifying a multivariate procedure called grade of membership (GoM) analysis to deal with the special problems of such analyses. In doing so, we make clear some special features of the GoM model for multivariate analysis of high dimensional, discrete data. This is illustrated for apolipoprotein E (APOE) assessments made on 1805 people in the 1999 National Long Term Care Survey. A number of interesting relations with APOE polymorphism were found where disability profiles were more predictive than specific diagnoses because they implicitly contained information on chronicity and severity of disease processes.
Chemo-enzymatic fluorination of unactivated organic compounds.

Fluorination has gained an increasingly important role in drug discovery and development. Here we describe a versatile strategy that combines cytochrome P450–catalyzed oxygenation with deoxofluorination to achieve mono- and polyfluorination of nonreactive sites in a variety of organic scaffolds. This procedure was applied for the rapid identification of fluorinated drug derivatives with enhanced membrane permeability.
Olfactory Coding: Giant Inhibitory Neuron Governs Sparse Odor Codes

Electrophysiological investigations in locusts have revealed that the sparseness of odor representations, in the brain region expected to mediate olfactory learning, is shaped by a unique inhibitory neuron.
Near-Field Solid Immersion Lens (SIL) Microscope

A near-field solid immersion lens (SIL) microscope is developed for a standard microscope. With white-light incoherent illumination, the resolution of this system for observing DVDs pits is around 200nm with an effective NA of 1.5
Will there be a large earthquake in central California during the next two decades

P-VELOCITY decreases before earthquakes1–4 can be observed by monitoring the average P-residual at seismic stations near the focus5–7. The P-residual is the difference between the observed travel time from an epicentre to a station and that computed theoretically on the basis of some Earth model and a least squares estimate of the earthquake location and origin time. If the P-velocity in the crust underneath a seismic station is decreased temporarily, each seismic wave will arrive somewhat later during the premonitory period. Before three thrust5,6,18 and one strike-slip event7 the delay was found to be approximately 0.4 s.
Books and Readers in Milton's Early Poetry and Prose

AbstractThis essay analyzes John Milton's conceptualization of the monumental book, the author, and the reader in his early poetry and prose, including “On Shakespeare,”Areopagitica, and Eikonoklastes. The ambitious Milton was attracted to the classical notion that a book could monumentalize and immortalize its author. Yet Milton recognizes that books, like bones or hair, are material objects susceptible to idolatry—a troubling implication for a Puritan iconoclastic poet. In order to escape this implication, Milton posits the reader, not the book, as the true monument who apprehends, internalizes, and preserves an author's legacy. This imaginative solution, however, proves temporary. As he confronts the frenzy prompted by King Charles's book in Eikonoklastes, Milton must confront the fact that what makes a book monumental also makes reading idolatrous. This untenable impasse ultimately prompts Milton to banish his long‐cherished notion of literary monumentality. (H. M.)
Approximating Spatial Locations With Spherical Orientations for Spherical Mechanism Design

In this paper we present a novel method for approximating a finite set of n spatial locations 1 with n spherical orientations. This is accomplished by determining a design sphere and the associated orientations on this design sphere which are nearest the n spatial locations. The design sphere and the orientations on it are optimized such that the sum, of the distances between each spatial location and its approximating spherical orientation is minimized. The result is a design sphere and n spherical orientations which best approximate a set of n spatial locations. In addition, we include a modification to the method which enables the designer to require that one of the n desired spatial locations be exactly preserved. This method for approximating spatial locations with spherical orientations is directly applicable to the synthesis of spherical mechanisms for motion generation. Here we demonstrate the utility of the method for motion generation task specification in spherical mechanism design.