cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Modeling for Chatter Control

Boring bars for single-point turning on a lathe are particularly susceptible to chatter and have been the subject of numerous studies. Chatter is, in general, caused by instability. Clearly, the cutting process can be limited to regions of known stable operation. However, this severely constrains the machine-tool operation and causes a decrease in productivity. The more aggressive approach is to attack the stability problem directly through application of vibration control. Here, we demonstrate a new biaxial vibration control system (VPI Smart Tool) for boring bars. We present the experimentally determined modal properties of the VPI Smart Tool and demonstrate how these properties may be used to develop models suitable for chatter stability analysis, simulation, and development of feedback compensation. A phenomenological chatter model that captures much of the rich dynamic character observed during experiments is presented. We introduce the notion that the mean cutting force changes direction as the width of cut increases due to the finite nose radius of the tool. This phenomenon is used to explain the progression from chatter that is dominated by motions normal to the machined surface at small widths of cut to chatter that is dominated by motions tangential to the machined surface at large widths of cut. We show experimental evidence to support our assertion that a biaxial actuation scheme is necessary to combat the tendency of the tool to chatter in both directions. We then present some preliminary theoretical results concerning the persistence of subcritical instability as we expand consideration to high-speed machining.
Age and Gender Differences in Study Habits: a Framework for Proactive Counselling Against Low Academic Achievement

Poor academic achievement of Nigerian candidates in the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE) over the past seven years has been a cause for concern to all stakeholders in education in Nigeria. This study, therefore, sought to project a proactive counselling approach for tackling this academic menace. Two hundred and eighty nine (289) students including prospective May/June 2012 WAEC SSCE candidates attending a Study Skills Improvement Therapy Workshop organized by Firm Family Foundation, an NGO in Nigeria, were used for the study. Their responses to a Study Habits Inventory were analysed on the basis of age and gender using t-test statistics. Results showed significant differences in the study habits of the students on the basis of age and gender. Study habits seem to improve with age and female students reported better study habits than males. This implies that proactive counselling against poor study habits should start at the basic level of education and deligent attention should be given to male students. How target-oriented counselling techniques should be utilized to help students improve their academic achievement was discussed.
Lupine ( Lupinus caudatus L., Lupinus albus L.) Seeds: History of Use, Use as an Antihyperglycemic Medicinal, and Use as a Food

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the medicinal properties of lupine seeds. In the case of the lupine, the plant also provides a source of nourishment that might not otherwise be available. It is also one of the several plant materials that have been shown to control diabetes in the lupine. The primary alkaloids found in most lupine species are lupinine and sparteine, which are part of the quinolizidine alkaloid class. This class of alkaloid can be hepatotoxic in large quantities. Most work related to the hypoglycemic effects of lupine has been conducted in animals. Recent work on streptozoticin-induced diabetic rats has shown that extracts of the seed can lower blood glucose levels in these rats to normal levels and can blunt the glucose spike following a meal. A major protein component of the seed is conglutins, which, in addition to their food value, have potentially therapeutic effects on cholesterol and blood glucose. Lupine, like other legumes, contains fiber as well as protein. Quinolizidine and pyrolizidine alkaloids are present in the lupine seeds and must be removed before consumption to avoid toxicity. Sweet lupines have been cultivated for their use as a feed in countries where arid conditions preclude or hamper the production of soybean.
A longitudinal study of P300 brain-computer interface and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

BCI can provide communication for people locked in by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Empirical examination of how disease progression affects brain-computer interface (BCI) performance has not been investigated. This pilot study uses a longitudinal design to investigate changes in P300-BCI use as ALS disability increases. We aimed to (a) examine the relationship between BCI accuracy and the ALS/Functional Rating Scale and (b) examine changes in the event-related potential (ERP) components across time. Eight subjects have been enrolled in the study. BCI accuracy was measured and ERP components were assessed by a principal component analysis (PCA). Two subjects have been followed for an average of nine-months, and BCI accuracy is 99.6%. While many research obstacles remain, these preliminary data help elucidate the relationship between BCI performance and disease progression.
HDL Based Design

This chapter used a state machine example to demonstrate how a behavioral Verilog that is synthesizable could be used in a design and after synthesis incorporated with the other components of the design. We showed the procedure for simulating our behavioral design outside of Quartus II and after verifying it bringing it into Quartus II.
Same-Sex Marriage and Language Appropriation Practices of Lesbians

Legal marriage has vacillated between being a private agreement made by two individuals and an agreement of social significance under the state’s control (Nokov, 2008; Smart, 2013). Presently, we a...
Random antireflective nanostructuring on binary near-wavelength period gratings

Fresnel reflection losses have been reduced by the fabrication of random nanostructures on optical component surfaces, acting as an antireflective treatment. These structures have shown a broadband enhancement over a wide range of angle-of-incidence and polarization insensitivity. The random nanostructures were fabricated on pre-existing, near-wavelength period, fused silica binary gratings, with periods of 1.595 and 1.166 μm, respectively. The diffractive properties and the efficiency were measured and compared prior and postimplementation of the random nanostructures. The postprocessed gratings retained the diffractive properties of the original gratings, such as the propagating diffraction order angles, period, and the fill factor. A selectable multiwavelength He–Ne laser working at 594, 612, and 633 nm was used to test the gratings for both incident polarizations, S (TE) and P (TM). The data were collected at normal and Bragg incidence. The Fresnel reflection was suppressed by a factor of 10 postprocessing, resulting in a reflected intensity of 0.5% to 1.0% for 1.595-μm period grating and around 0.5% to 4% for 1.166-μm period grating. A 10% enhancement was observed for the combined transmission diffraction efficiency at S polarization for the 1.166-μm grating. Beam profiles of the diffracted light show no adverse changes due to the random nanostructuring on both the gratings. The results indicate that random nanostructures can be an antireflective treatment for pre-existing binary gratings, without adverse effects on the grating diffractive properties and beam profiles.
Disjuncture, modality, and institutional repertoire: (De)colonizing discourses at a tribal school

Abstract The complicated ideological terrain of a tribal school 1 wrestles with aims of self-determination, academic success, and the legacy of settler colonial violence and theft through institutionalized schooling. One effect of these challenges is the ‘two-worlds’ approach to education for Indigenous students that categorizes linguistic and social practices as either ‘Indigenous’ or ‘modern’ ( Lee, 2007 , Wilson and Kamanā, 2009 ). Though this approach has long been recognized as problematic, it persists in Indigenous schooling contexts. This study employs a critical multimodal social semiotic ( Kress, 2011a , Kress, 2011b ) approach to language and sign to examine how school and community members invoke, reject, and reimagine ideologies from disparate cultural sources within a single event: one Ojibwe tribal school's kindergarten graduation ceremony. Contextualized with data from a larger ethnographic project, I extend Meek's (2011) work with disjunctures to call attention to the ‘institutional repertoires’ that shape the teaching and learning therein across multiple modes.
Suggested Empirical Guidelines

This chapter attempts to provide guidelines for conducting an eye tracking experiment, e.g., performing a usability study incorporating eye movements.
Neglect, HPA axis reactivity, and development.

Abstract Neglect is a common and frequently chronic form of child maltreatment that can compromise child development and increase the risk of physical and psychological problems. In this review, we discuss one of the potential ways neglect becomes biologically embedded by shaping the development of a key stress responsive system: namely, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Several potential mediators and moderators of this process are examined, including inflammation, attachment and social buffering, self-regulation, child sex and age, and genetics.
Optical Spectroscopy of Glass

Optical spectroscopic methods offer an important means to investigate glass structure and its associated dynamics. Moreover, they provide a set of powerful tools to evaluate material optical performance for a broad range of applications. Successful use of optical spectroscopy requires an understanding of intrinsic phenomena associated with the interaction of light with matter, of concerns surrounding measurement tools and techniques, and of data analysis and interpretation. While not intended to be an exhaustive examination of all techniques and phenomena, the present work seeks to highlight concepts of significant interest to the study of solid-state material atomic and electronic structure, and associated optical spectroscopic properties, in the context of the study and application of glass.
Probiotics leap from gut to blood

In critically ill patients, probiotics are associated with probiotic strain bacteremia and can evolve in response to antibiotic administration.
Urban as Palimpsest: Neoliberal Environments, Fishing Livelihoods, and Toxic Landscapes in Mumbai, India

This paper illustrates the significance of the palimpsest as a conceptual and representational tool to analyze urban transformations over time. Focusing on urbanization in Mumbai, India, this paper...
Characterization of textile-grade carbon fiber polypropylene composites:

In this work, we consider low-cost carbon fiber produced with a textile-grade precursor. The objective of the study is to investigate textile-grade carbon-fiber-reinforced-polypropylene composites ...
Versatile, Multivalent Nanobody Cocktails for Highly Efficient SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization

The outbreak of COVID-19 has severely impacted global health and economy. Cost-effective therapeutics are urgently needed. Here, we used camelid immunization and proteomics to identify a large repertoire of highly potent neutralizing nanobodies (Nbs) to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). We discovered multiple elite Nbs of picomolar to femtomolar affinities that inhibit viral infection at as low as sub-ng/ml concentration, more potent than some of the best human neutralizing antibodies. We then determined a crystal structure of such an elite neutralizing Nb in complex with RBD. Structural proteomics and integrative modeling revealed multiple distinct and non-overlapping epitopes and indicated an array of potential neutralization mechanisms. Structural characterization facilitated the bioengineering of novel multivalent Nb constructs into multi-epitope cocktails that achieved ultrahigh neutralization potency (IC50s as low as 0.058 ng/ml) and may prevent mutational escape. Our Nbs can be rapidly produced in bulk from microbes and resist heat, lyophilization, and aerosolization. These highly promising agents are readily translated into efficient, economic, and convenient therapeutics to help end this once-in-a-century health crisis.
Cellulose Nanocomposites for Performance Enhancement of Ordinary Portland Cement-Based Materials:

Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) with a high aspect ratio, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and reactive surface area is a promising nanomaterial for improving the chemo-mechanical properties of cement...
Elemental mapping of labelled biological specimens at intermediate energy loss in an energy‐filtered TEM acquired using a direct detection device

The technique of colour EM that was recently developed enabled localisation of specific macromolecules/proteins of interest by the targeted deposition of diaminobenzidine (DAB) conjugated to lanthanide chelates. By acquiring lanthanide elemental maps by energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and overlaying them in pseudo-colour over the conventional greyscale TEM image, a colour EM image is generated. This provides a powerful tool for visualising subcellular component/s, by the ability to clearly distinguish them from the general staining of the endogenous cellular material. Previously, the lanthanide elemental maps were acquired at the high-loss M4,5 edge (excitation of 3d electrons), where the characteristic signal is extremely low and required considerably long exposures. In this paper, we explore the possibility of acquiring the elemental maps of lanthanides at their N4,5 edge (excitation of 4d electrons), which occurring at a much lower energy-loss regime, thereby contains significantly greater total characteristic signal owing to the higher inelastic scattering cross-sections at the N4,5 edge. Acquiring EFTEM lanthanide elemental maps at the N4,5 edge instead of the M4,5 edge, provides ∼4× increase in signal-to-noise and ∼2× increase in resolution. However, the interpretation of the lanthanide maps acquired at the N4,5 edge by the traditional 3-window method, is complicated due to the broad shape of the edge profile and the lower signal-above-background ratio. Most of these problems can be circumvented by the acquisition of elemental maps with the more sophisticated technique of EFTEM Spectrum Imaging (EFTEM SI). Here, we also report the chemical synthesis of novel second-generation DAB lanthanide metal chelate conjugates that contain 2 lanthanide ions per DAB molecule in comparison with 0.5 lanthanide ion per DAB in the first generation. Thereby, fourfold more Ln3+ per oxidised DAB would be deposited providing significant amplification of signal. This paper applies the colour EM technique at the intermediate-loss energy-loss regime to three different cellular targets, namely using mitochondrial matrix-directed APEX2, histone H2B-Nucleosome and EdU-DNA. All the examples shown in the paper are single colour EM images only.
Local Evidence and Diversity in Minipublics

A policymaker selects a group of citizens—a minipublic—to advise her on the desirability of a policy. Each citizen can discover local evidence about the policy but might prefer not to due to political uncertainty in the policymaker’s adoption threshold. Such uncertainty is detrimental to evidence discovery even though evidence is costless, citizens are civic-minded, and the citizens’ and policymaker’s interests are on average aligned. Which minipublic does the policymaker select optimally when constrained by such endogenous evidence discovery? To restore citizens’ incentives, the policymaker chooses a minipublic that is less diverse than the most informative minipublic, both demographically and informationally. She learns too much about citizens around the median citizen and too little about peripheral citizens. Evidence discovery is more challenging to incentivize under moderate, rather than high, political uncertainty. In a sufficiently heterogeneous citizenry, no minipublic discovers any evidence.
The naloxone delivery cascade: Identifying disparities in access to naloxone among people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA.

Abstract Background Opioid overdoses are a leading cause of injury death in the United States. Providing people who inject drugs (PWID) with naloxone is essential to preventing deaths. However, research regarding gaps in naloxone delivery is limited. Methods We interviewed 536 PWID in San Francisco and Los Angeles, California from 2017 to 2018. We described naloxone engagement and re-engagement cascades, and identified factors associated with receiving naloxone in the past six months and currently owning naloxone. Results The engagement cascade showed 72 % of PWID ever received naloxone, 49 % received it in the past six months, and 35 % currently owned naloxone. The re-engagement cascade showed, among PWID who received naloxone in the past six months, 74 % used and/or lost naloxone, and 67 % refilled naloxone. In multivariable analyses, identifying as Latinx (aRR = 0.53; 95 % CI: 0.39, 0.72) and Black (aRR = 0.73; 95 % CI: 0.57, 0.94) vs White were negatively associated with receiving naloxone in the past six months, while using opioids 1−29 times (aRR = 1.35; 95 % CI: 1.04, 1.75) and 30+ times (aRR = 1.52; 95 % CI: 1.17, 1.99) vs zero times in the past 30 days and witnessing an overdose in the past six months (aRR = 1.69; 95 % CI: 1.37, 2.08) were positively associated with receiving naloxone in the past six months. In multivariable analyses, being unhoused vs housed (aRR = 0.82; 95 % CI: 0.68, 0.99) was negatively associated with currently owning naloxone. Conclusions Our study adds to the literature by developing naloxone engagement and re-engagement cascades to identify disparities. Naloxone scale-up should engage populations facing inequitable access, including people of color and those experiencing homelessness.
Improving Adversarial Attacks Against Executable Raw Byte Classifiers

Machine learning models serve as a powerful new technique for detecting malware. However, they are extremely vulnerable to attacks using adversarial examples. Machine learning models that classify Windows Portable Executable (PE) files are challenging to attack using this method due to the difficulty of manipulating executable file formats without compromising their functionality. In this paper, our objective is to propose and develop advanced attacks against models such as MalConv, which forgo feature engineering in favor of ingesting the entire executable file as a raw byte sequence. We will attempt to discover attack methods that are much more sophisticated and difficult to detect than current methods that simply append large amounts of specially-crafted byte sequences to the end of the PE file.
The Case of Santa Barbara City College

This chapter discusses the use of the RISE by the Scheinfeld Center for Entrepreneurship and Innovation at Santa Barbara City College. It describes the Center’s mission, vision, programming, student body, and facilities. The Center has been using the RISE assessment in its Get REAL Accelerator program and in its Scheinfeld Interns Program. The chapter shares how the assessment was implemented and provides quantitative and qualitative measures of the outcomes. In addition, it discusses the use of the RISE in the Introduction to Entrepreneurship course, which brought the assessment into the curriculum, familiarizing students with the tool and its capability for enhancing their educational experience, creating a pipeline of students who can take full advantage of this capability through the programs of the Center.
TGS1: a novel regulator of β-cell mass and function

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder associated with abnormal glucose homeostasis and is characterized by intrinsic defects in {beta}-cell function and mass. Trimethylguanosine synthase 1 (TGS1) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme that methylates small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs (snRNAs and snoRNAs) and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, transcription, and ribosome production. However, the role of TGS1 in {beta}-cells and glucose homeostasis had not been explored. Here we show that TGS1 is upregulated by insulin and upregulated in islets from mice exposed to a high-fat diet and in human {beta}-cells from T2D donors. Using mice with conditional ({beta}TGS1KO and {beta}TGS1Het) and inducible (MIP-CreERT-TGS1KO) TGS1 deletion, we determine that TGS1 regulates {beta}-cell mass and function. Unbiased approaches allowed us to identify a link between TGS1 and ER stress and cell cycle arrest and how TGS1 regulates {beta}-cell apoptosis. Deletion of TGS1 results in an increase in the unfolded protein response by increasing XBP-1, ATF-4, and the phosphorylation of eIF2, and several changes in cell cycle inhibitors and activators such as p27 and Cyclin D2. This study establishes TGS1 as a key player regulating {beta}-cell mass and function as well as playing a role in the adaptive {beta}-cell function to a high-fat diet. These observations can be used as a stepping-stone for the design of novel strategies using TGS1 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes.
State marijuana policies and vaping associated lung injuries in the US.

Background The United States' 2019 outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injuries (EVALI) was linked to an additive most common in informally-sourced vaporizable marijuana concentrates. This study estimates how states' recreational and medical marijuana policies related to their 2019 EVALI incidence and residents' likelihood of vaping as their primary mode of marijuana use. Methods Multivariable negative binomial regressions estimated associations between states' total 2019 EVALI cases and marijuana policies: recreational legalization, medical legalization only, and whether medical-only policies allowed home cultivation, prohibited combustible use, or had operational dispensaries. Logistic regressions used survey data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System's 2016-2019 marijuana supplements to assess how these policies related to past-30-day marijuana users' selection of vaping as their primary mode of use. Results EVALI incidence was 42% lower in recreational marijuana states (95%CI=0.339,0.993), versus a positive but statistically insignificant association with medical legalization alone. Adjusting for policy attributes revealed heterogeneity: among medical-marijuana-only states, EVALI incidences were > 60% lower where laws allowed home cultivation (aIRR=0.374; 95%CI=0.196, 0.715). Similarly, among past-30-day marijuana users, odds of vaping as one's primary mode of use were > 40% lower in medical-only states where home cultivation was allowed versus prohibited (aOR=0.588; 95%CI=0.365,0.946). Conclusions Marijuana policy attributes linked to lower EVALI incidences were also associated with reduced likelihoods of vaping as one's primary mode of use. As additives in informally-sourced vaping concentrates could drive future EVALI cases, marijuana policy design should account for effects on mode of use in licit and illicit markets, to limit the scope of future outbreaks.
Genetic mapping and protein product diversity of the self-incompatibility locus in wild tomato (Lycopersicon peruvianum)

Phenotypic diversity of self-incompatibility (S) alleles within nine natural populations of Lycopersicon peruvianum was investigated. Only 7 incompatible responses were observed of a total of 276 unique combinations tested, on the basis of controlled pollinations, indicating the large number of alleles that exist within these populations. Molecular weight polymorphism for specific major stylar proteins observed on SDS-PAGE was also evident in two of the populations examined. Five proteins were shown to map to the S locus and to be associated with different S alleles through controlled pollinations and segregation of the proteins. Two of these S related proteins had been described previously in terms of spatial and temporal expression consistent with their involvement in self-incompatibility (Mau et al., Planta 169, 184-191, 1986). A mapping population derived from a fully compatible cross was used to establish linkage of the S locus to two DNA markers, CD15 and TG184, that lie on chromosome 1. The order of the markers and estimates of map distances are given.
7 Psychophysics of Visual Imagery

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the psychophysics of visual imagery. It reviews the research program in the area of visual imagery and the functional relationships that is discovered between the recalled and imaged sizes and distances of familiar and unfamiliar objects. Psychologists pointed out that many cognitive processes resemble perceptual processes, and they suggest that techniques developed for the study of perception might be fruitfully adapted to the study of cognition and such an adaptation has indeed been fruitful. The chapter describes the successful application of psychophysical theory to the study of mental representation goes beyond mere scaling by conceptualizing imaged vanishing-point distance as a type of threshold. By incorporating the concepts of imagery and memory within psychophysics, the scope of psychophysics is broadened considerably. In addition, the psychophysical techniques can also be used to investigate memory.
Note on the Equivalence of Alternate Forms of an Achievement Test

AND THE validity of comparisons of test results, when alternate forms have been used in the testings compared, depends on the equivalence of the forms. Equivalence is generally taken for granted because test publishers give assurance, based on studies which they conduct, that the several forms they market meet satisfactory standards in this respect. What the test user is not told, and seldom discovers, is that for a particular population of students so-called equivalent forms of a test may be far from equivalent, and hence comparisons based on the use of such tests may be grossly distorted. One form of a test may be substantially more difficult for a given pupil population than another supposedly equivalent form. As defined by Gulliksen (1950), equivalent forms of a test are forms that have at least the same means and standard deviations. If they are not equivalent, there may be a difference either in their means or in their standard deviations, or both. In the discussion that follows, only the question of the equivalence of medians and means is treated. One of the writers first encountered the phenomenon of nonequivalence of test forms while working as a guidance counselor. The results of the fall, 1956, testing program in a mite Plains, New York, junior high school presented a problem: the median grade equivalent score on the Stanford Achievement Tests, Advanced
U.S. utilization patterns of influenza antiviral medications during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.

Please cite this paper as: Borders-Hemphill and Mosholder (2012) U.S. utilization patterns of influenza antiviral medications during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(601), e129–e133. Background The 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in the United States occurred from April 2009 to April 2010. The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus was susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). Objectives To characterize the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic in the United States from April 2009 to April 2010 using weekly influenza antiviral prescription utilization data and the CDC’s weekly reports of the number of visits for influenza-like-illnesses by the Influenza Sentinel Provider Surveillance Network. Methods A proprietary outpatient data source used by the FDA, which captures adjudicated U.S. prescription claims for select influenza antiviral drugs, was used to conduct this analysis. Data were extracted weekly and analyzed for surveillance during the pandemic. Results were compiled at the end of the pandemic. Results Oseltamivir has dominated the U.S. influenza antiviral market share of dispensed prescriptions since approval in October 1999 and was the primary influenza antiviral drug used during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. However, commercial availability of the suspension formulation of oseltamivir was reduced by high demand during the pandemic. Dispensed prescription trends of other influenza antiviral medications studied followed that those of oseltamivir, even antivirals for which the 2009 H1N1 strains showed resistance. Conclusion Weekly prescription utilization of all influenza antivirals used to treat influenza during the seasonal influenza outbreak followed the same trend of weekly reports of the number of visits for influenza-like-illnesses (ILI) by the Influenza Sentinel Provider Surveillance Network. The ILI epidemic curve resembled dispensed antiviral prescription trends (both overall and stratified by age), providing some corroboration for the surveillance data.
March'ing towards “a behavioral theory of the firm”: James G. March and the early evolution of behavioral organization theory

While the history of modern ideas in business education in general, and organization theory and organizational economics in particular, has several different intellectual roots, two books in particular were influential in initiating the field that is now broadly recognized as behavioral theories of organizations: A Behavioral Theory of the Firm, written by Richard Cyert and James G. March; and Organizations, written by Herbert Simon and James March. These two books set the stage for several subsequent developments in organization and management theory including research in learning, strategic management, and organizational routines. The behavioral view of the firm was also important to modern developments such as evolutionary theory and transaction cost economics. This paper examines part of this history and development, focusing in particular on the contributions of March.
The Effects of Fermentation Acids on Bacterial Growth

Anaerobic habitats often have low pH and high concentrations of fermentation acids, and these conditions can inhibit the growth of many bacteria. The toxicity of fermentation acids at low pH was traditionally explained by an uncoupling mechanism. Undissociated fermentation acids can pass across the cell membrane and dissociate in the more alkaline interior, but there is little evidence that they can act in a cyclic manner to dissipate protonmotive force. Fermentation acid dissociation in the more alkaline interior causes an accumulation of the anionic species, and this accumulation is dependent on the pH gradient (delta pH) across the membrane. Fermentation acid-resistant bacteria have low delta pH and are able to generate ATP and grow with a low intracellular pH. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is able to decrease its intracellular pH to 6.1 before growth ceases, but this modest decrease in delta pH can only partially counteract the toxic effect of fermentation anion accumulation. Fermentation acid-resistant bacteria are in most cases Gram-positive bacteria with a high intracellular potassium concentration, and even acid-sensitive bacteria like E. coli K-12 have increased potassium levels when fermentation acids are present. Intracellular potassium provides a counteraction for fermentation acid anions, and allows bacteria to tolerate even greater amounts of fermentation anions. The delta pH-mediated anion accumulation provides a mechanistic explanation for the effect of fermentation acids on microbial ecology and metabolism.
A Shift in Community Engagement Models: A Case Study of Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis and the Indianapolis Business Community

The Indianapolis sports movement and dedication to bringing more regional, domestic, and international sporting events to the city in the late 1960s and early 1970s has brought about tremendous community partnership and experiential learning opportunities for faculty and students at Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis. The article describes how the community engagement model aligns with the city's direction and how Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis is positioning itself to become a premier institution in “real-world” learning for students interested in sports management, tourism, and event management. The proposed partnership model used for community engagement can be replicated by other universities seeking new ways of academic content delivery and destinations pursuing future economic and sustainable growth.
Preparation of pharmaceutical compounds by immobilized enzymes and cells.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the preparation of pharmaceutical compounds by immobilized enzymes and cells. Immobilized enzymes and cells can be used to prepare many pharmaceutical compounds. Industrial exploitation of enzymes and microorganisms traditionally has been accomplished by using intact microorganisms or soluble cell free enzyme preparations. These processes are not very efficient because the catalysts (enzymes or microorganisms) are used for just one batch reaction or fermentation. Additional uses are not feasible because: enzymes and cells are relatively unstable and may lose activity during a fermentation or reaction; and conventional recovery methods are either expensive or cause denaturation and loss of catalytic activity. If enzymes and microorganisms are to be reused effectively, their stability must be improved, and inexpensive non-destructive recovery methods must be developed. Immobilization offers a means of achieving both objectives.
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Dynamics

The role of the IMF in the dynamics of solar wind interaction with the geomagnetosphere was proposed by Dungey in 1961. Early in-situ IMF measurements in the 60's confirmed the association of the magnitude and direction of the IMF with the Kp magnetic activity index. The IMF is a primary force in controlling our local space weather because of the physical process known as reconnection.
HASE in wireless systems

Two problems have a significant economic impact on high assurance engineering of systems. The first problem originates from a frequent lack of discipline in the design of dependable systems, which is often exhibited by a weak or non-existent staffing exclusively dedicated to the design and implementation of a cohesive error and failure management strategy. This, in turn, results in excessive field costs for both defect repairs and system maintenance staffing.The second problem is due to the fact that traditional dependable system designs are very expensive in terms of cost of goods, because they rely heavily on proprietary hardware and software. In fact, the implementation of dependability may increase system costs by several orders of magnitude. This is why the usage of COTS appears attractive from a simple-minded viewpoint. For instance, the reality of competition in the more open wireless market has done more for component reuse that any other factor. However, the urgent need for lower cost of goods combined with of the aforementioned first problem (frequent lack of discipline in design for dependability) have led to lower service quality. Conversely, developing a discipline for dependable system design will be a necessary enabler of the use of COTS.In spite of some differences which are explained next, designing dependable systems using COTS requires the same fundamental principles as designing traditional dependable systems. First, errors and malfunctions need to be detected and located. To that effect, reusable components need to be diagnosable, namely their interfaces need to provide information about the eventual occurrence of errors and malfunctions (component observability). In addition, if the functioning of a failing component cannot be corrected, the component must be able to fail in a way that allows its real time replacement by another equivalent component (component controlability). There is also a need to design and implement, in the application software, mechanisms to manage system reconfiguration without notable service interruptions. Although these fundamental design principles are fundamental, COTS designs must emphasize clear component boundary design constraints for dependability, whereas in traditional designs boundaries are not as critical.In summary, component observability and controlability, and well-organized recovery strategies are necessary complementary requirements for the dependable integration of systems using COTS. Undoubtedly, the need to reduce cost while maintaining system dependability will provide a strong incentive for the establishment of a strong design discipline and for the adaptation of COTS for dependable integration.
Inhaled Adrenergics and Anticholinergics in Obstructive Lung Disease: Do They Enhance Mucociliary Clearance?

Pulmonary mucociliary clearance is an essential defense mechanism against bacteria and particulate matter. Mucociliary dysfunction is an important feature of obstructive lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cystic fibrosis, and bronchiectasis. This dysfunction in airway clearance is associated with accelerated loss of lung function in patients with obstructive lung disease. The involvement of the cholinergic and adrenergic neural pathways in the pathophysiology of mucus hypersecretion suggests the potential therapeutic role of bronchodilators as mucoactive agents. Although anticholinergics and adrenergic agonist bronchodilators have been routinely used, alone or in combination, to enhance mucociliary clearance in patients with obstructive lung disease, the existing evidence does not consistently show clinical effectiveness.
A systems model for global engineering education: The 15 Grand Challenges

This is a position paper on connecting engineering education to the prevailing needs of society. Engineering is the foundation for national development and engineers work at the intersection of science, technology, and societal needs. Throughout history, engineering has played a crucial role in the advancement of commerce, development of society, and the pursuit of human welfare. The application of engineering to the problems of society is predicated on structured education programs. This paper addresses how engineering education is progressively important to society and what must be done to continually advance the quality and effectiveness of engineering education. The paper proposes 15 grand challenges for global engineering education, based on the premise of the 14 grand challenges for engineering published in 2008 by the US National Academy of Engineering and highlights the role of diverse disciplinary viewpoints needed to ensure that engineering education addresses economic, cultural, and social factors that impinge upon engineering solutions to societal problems. The premise of the paper is to spark more interest in research into models, techniques, and tools essential for making engineering education more robust in solving global society problems.
Usefulness of sensitized luminescence as a probe for exciton motion

Abstract The result of a detailed application of theory to sensitized luminescence observations on a variety of molecular crystals is presented and the questions of their usefulness as a probe for exciton motion is analyzed.
Low frequency 1/f noise and current gain degradation in BiCMOS n-p-n transistors

The authors report experimental results on the effect of forward current gain (h/sub fe/ degradation on the low-frequency 1/f noise characteristics of polysilicon emitter n-p-n transistors. A direct relationship between progressively increasing levels of h/sub fe/ degradation and changes in the 1/f noise spectra has been observed. Measurement of the base Gummel characteristic and base current dependence of the noise suggests that surface recombination resulting from hot carrier stress degrades h/sub fe/ and is the dominant 1/f noise source. >
The physical isolation and identification of carriers of geologically stable remanent magnetization: paleomagnetic and rock magnetic microanalysis and electron microscopy

Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic microanalysis of fully oriented microspecimens provides a more direct understanding of the source and origin of geologically stable remanent magnetizations. Scanning transmission electron microscopy allows direct observation and characterization of magnetic phases. We provide a brief history of micromagnetic research, describe a functional microspecimen preparation method, evaluate instrumentation, and present results of three combined micromagnetic/STEM studies.
Synthesis and coordination chemistry of 2,6-bis(diethoxyphosphino)pyridine P,P-dioxide. Crystal and molecular structure of UO2(NO3)2{[EtO)2P(O)]2C5H3N}

Abstract A Michaelis-Becker reaction of excess Na(EtO) 2 P(O) with 2,6-dichloropyridine N -oxide results in the formation of 2,6-bis(diethoxyphosphino)pyridine P , P -dioxide [(EtO) 2 P(O)] 2 C 5 H 3 N. Attempts to N-oxidize the pyridine were unsuccessful. The ligand in 1:1 combination with UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 · 6H 2 O gives a complex UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 {[(EtO) 2 P(O)] 2 C 5 H 3 N} whose molecular structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C 2/ c with a = 24.909(6), b = 6.819(1), c = 23.213(6) A , β = 141.26(1)° and Z = 4 . The structure consists of infinite chains formed by trans coordination of phosphoryl groups from two ligands on each UO 2 2+ unit. The pyridine nitrogen atom is not involved in the coordination chemistry.
Conjugation for polynomial mappings

We consider Keller's functions, namely polynomial functionsf:C n →C n with detf(x)=1 at allx eC n. Keller conjectured that they are all bijective and have polynomial inverses. The problem is still open. Without loss of generality assumef(0)=0 andf'(0)=I. We study the existence of certain mappingsh λ, λ > 1, defined by power series in a ball with center at the origin, such thath′λ(0)=I andh λ(λf(x))=λh λ(x). So eachh λ conjugates λf to its linear part λI in a ball where it is injective. We conjecture that for Keller's functionsf of the homogeneous formf(x)=x +g(x),g(sx)=s dg(x),g′(x)n=0,xeC n,seC the conjugationh λ for λf is anentire function.
A Nation-Sized Battery?

Abstract The Intermittency Challenge and the approaching need for massive storage of rapidly dispatchable energy has led the concept of the National Battery, a unified facility that holds the aggregated outputs from an array of intrinsically episodic renewable sources, releasing energy as demand requires. In this contribution, the original demonstration of Murphy that lead-acid batteries are inappropriate is first reviewed and then extended to show that no commercially available battery technology is at present appropriate. However, prospectively, underground pumped hydro storage could suffice, and at a lesser cost than suitable batteries.
A longitudinal study of some dimensions of socioeconomic development: Turkey 1948–77

Abstract Aspects of socioeconomic development in Turkey between 1948 and 1977 are studied through the use of obliquely rotated principal compenents. The results indicate that long-term developmental trends, which appear in the cross-sectional studies of Adelman and Morris, were slowed down by problems of sociopolitical integration during the sample period. In addition, the analysis shows that multivariate techniques such as compenent analysis can be used at the initial stages of theory construction in the field of socioeconomic development. The hypotheses developed via these methods are testable by others that use the deductive approach.
1000–37 The “Long Long” Balloon Pilot: Dilatation of Class C Coronary Lesions Using Slow, Oscillating, Prolonged Inflation of 40 mm Balloons

Revascularization of class C coronary lesions with expensive technologies or surgery is based on poor acute results using 20 mm balloons. Longer balloons and prolonged, slow oscillating inflations might reduce shear forces. To test this, PTCA of class C lesions was attempted in 76 pts. using 40 mm Cobra POC8 (Scimed) balloons inflated with oscillation increasing 1 – 2 atm/min, with a target duration of 7 – 10 min supported by Fluosol-DA (Alpha) perfusion. Endpoints were: technical success (TECH): ability to reach, cross adilate for g 7 min; angiographic success (ANGlO): g 20% reduction a l 50% residual stenosis; clinical success (CLlN): no Q-wave MI, bypass or death prior to discharge. Results, as % (95% C.I.) were: Lesion # pts TECH ANGlO CLIN LAD 23 57 (37, 77) 91 (79, 100) 91 (79, 100) RCA 30 63 (46, 80) 100 (88, 100) 100 (88, 100) CIRC 22 82 (66, 98) 100 (85, 100) 100 (85, 100) L MAIN 1 100 (2.5, 100) 100 (2.5, 100) 100 (2.5, 100) ALL 76 68 (58, 78) 97 (93, 100) 97 (93, 100) TECH failures included: inability to cross adilate in 01 pts, inability to tolerate 7 – 10 min dilatation in 16 pts, and use of autoperfusion balloon or stents in 9 pts. CLIN failures included bypass in 2 pts (no Q-waves or deaths). Thus, this pilot experience with PTCA of class C lesions using long duration, slow oscillating inflation of long balloons suggests a randomized trial of “long long” PTCA vs. more expensive techniques is warranted.
Athermalization and test validation of infrared imaging system

Usually, infrared optical system design and test in normal temperature conditions. In fact, infrared system work in the larger temperature range. In this paper, for satisfying the special environmental tempreture requirements, an optically passive athermal infrared optical system working in the 3~5 micron mid wavelength infrared band was designed. The design principle, design results are described. In addition, the optical system was incorporated with an infrared focal plane array forming an infrared camera. The thermal test of imaging quality of this camera is also presented,which validated the athermalisation.The thermal testing method is simple, intuitive, high credibility. The result shows that the IR optical system has good athermal performances in large working temperature range with simple configuration.
Conspiracy numbers for min-max search

Abstract A new procedure is presented for growing min-max game trees. In large games, such as chess, decisions must be based on incomplete search trees. The new tree-growth procedure is based on “conspiracy numbers” as a measure of the accuracy of the root minimax value of an incomplete tree. Conspiracy numbers measure the number of leaf nodes whose value must change in order to change the minimax root value by a given amount. Trees are grown in a way that maximizes the conspiracy required to change the root value. The trees grown by this procedure are often deep and narrow. However, if all static values in a game are the same, this new procedure reduces to d-ply search with α-β pruning. Unlike B∗ search, nonuniform growth is achieved without any modification of the static-board evaluator.