cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New species of Spauligodon (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) in Xenosaurus platyceps (Squamata: Xenosauridae) from Mexico

During a helminthological examination of flathead knob-scaled lizards, Xenosaurus platyceps King and Thompson 1968, from Mexico, 4 of 10 were found to harbor 56 (14 male, 42 female) nematodes of an undescribed species of Spauligodon Skrjabin, Schikhobalova and Lagodovskaja, 1960. The lizard family Xenosauridae is composed of two well-differentiated genera: Shinisaurus in southern China and Xenosaurus in Mexico and Guatemala (Perez-Ramos et al. , 2000). Xenosaurus platyceps is a stocky, medium-sized species endemic to the Mexican state of Tamaulipas where it occurs in dry oak and tropical deciduous forests of the Sierra Madre Oriental (Flores-Villela 1993; Flores-Villela and Gerez, 1994). The ecology of X. platyceps has been studied (Lemos-Espinal, 1997), but, to our knowledge, there are no helminthological reports for it.
Influence of Age on Dynamics of Rising from a Chair

This article describes the sit-to-stand movement in nine healthy elderly adults, ages 61 to 74 years, and compares peak joint angles, torques, and velocities of 11 body segments with data collected from nine young women, ages 25 to 36 years. The subjects in this study rose from a chair under a controlled protocol. An optoelectronic system, two force plates, and two computers were used for data collection and processing. The data are described in relationship to three phases of the task previously described for the young subjects' data. Percentages of difference were calculated for the torques and the velocities. Independent t tests were conducted on maximum angles achieved and total joint excursions. Consistency between groups was demonstrated in the duration of each phase, as well as the body kinematics and kinetics occurring within each phase. There was little difference in maximum torques or velocities. Maximum angles of head-to-trunk extension, head-to-ground flexion, head-to-trunk excursion, and trunk-to-pelvis flexion were significantly different between groups. The differences in head position demonstrated between these two groups may have clinical implications for loss of balance during this task in older patients.
Flock Leadership: Understanding and influencing emergent collective behavior

Abstract This study introduces Flock Leadership, a framework for understanding and influencing emergent collective behavior in the context of human organizing. Collective capacities emerge when interactions between individuals enact divergent and convergent ways of perceiving and responding to reality. An agent-based flocking model is employed to represent these interactive dynamics and emergent processes. This study explicates the model's constructs, translating its algorithms into behavioral norms at the individual level and its outcomes into collective behaviors at the group level. Phenomena-based simulation modeling links two collective states—technical capacity and adaptive capacity—to the specific underlying norm configurations from which they emerge. Flock Leadership provides a unique theoretical framing of emergent collective behavior in organizational settings, a new methodology for analyzing relationships between those emergent behavioral patterns and the interaction norms underlying them, and a useful means for identifying leadership opportunities.
THE EFFECT OF SHORE-PARALLEL OFFSHORE BREAKWATER ON THE BEACHES AT OCEAN CITY, NJ

The design, construction and performance of a shoreparallel nearshore breakwater at Ocean City, NJ (USA) are described. The breakwater, which is connected to a long, high, impermeable groin at 9th Street, was constructed from armor stone removed from the groin when the groin cross-section was lowered. Constructed over a two month period in late 1987 and early 1988, the breakwater caused accretion immediately behind it and erosion along downdrift beaches. A beach fill of 40,000 cu yd of sand was recommended as a part of the original project; however, the beachfill was not placed until the spring of 1990, more than two years after the breakwater/spur was constructed. The project, in the absence of the recommended beach fill, is performing as would be expected. The sand within the groin compartment has been redistributed with a net gain behind the breakwater just downdrift of the 9th street groin and a loss updrift of the groin at 11th street.
Ultratrace Quantum Plasmonic Sensing

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based biochemical sensors are increasingly limited by the quantum statistics of light: the shot noise limit. We demonstrate an accessible method to surpass the shot noise limit in ultratrace SPR sensors.
Short-circuit Current Characteristic of Doubly Fed Induction Generator Considering Crowbar Protection Insertion Time

The activation of Crowbar protection and its action time both have impacts on the short-circuit current characteristics of doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Nowadays,most studies assume the instantaneous activation of Crowbar protection after the occurrence of voltage sag.However,in practice,the Crowbar protection acts with different time delay depending on the severity of the voltage sag,which complicates the precise calculation of the short-circuit current.Aiming at this practical problem,this paper takes asymmetrical fault occurred at the stator terminal as an example.The fault current is divided into positive and negative sequence component in the forward and reverse synchronous rotating reference frame respectively,and the fault process is divided into two stages according to the Crowbar insertion moment.The formula of the fault currents during the fault process is derived in detail,and compared with the standard DFIG simulation model provided by MATLAB/Simulink.The comparison results validate the proposed formula and the effect of insertion time on DFIG short-circuit current characteristics.
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS among floating population and its risk factors

With the development of economy in China,the number and size of floating population have increasing.It is estimated that about 120-130 million people transfer from countryside to city,and migrants have played a significant role in the spread of HIV/AIDS.At present,the floating population is regarded as the high-risk population and bridge populations of transmission of HIV infection,which promote the HIV/AIDS diffuse from high-risk population to general population.This article describes the epidemic situation of HIV/AIDS in floating population and risk factors of HIV/AIDS,in order to provide the basis for implementation of prevention and control measures,and control the HIV/AIDS transmission among floating population.
Twenty Years of Natural Loblolly and Shortleaf Pine Seed Production on the Crossett Experimental Forest in Southeastern Arkansas

(Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill., respectively) seed crops were monitored for 20 consecutive years (1980-1981 through 1999-2000) using seed-collection traps in natural stands on the Upper Coastal Plain qf southeastern Arkansas. Each seed-collection period began on October 1 and continued through the end of February of successive years. Sound seeds were separated,fiom void seeds by use of a cut test. During 20 yr, sound seedproduction rangedfrom 0 to 2,OOO,OOO/ac. There were six bumper seed crops (>800,000 sound seeds/UC), nine good seed crops (40,000-800,000 sound seeds/UC), andjive poor seed crops (<40,000 sound seeds/UC). Because no poor seed crops occurred back-to-back, the seed supply was adequate for successful natural pine regeneration over the entire monitoring period. During 8 yr qf adequate
Prostaglandin production in cultured cerebral microvascular smooth muscle is serum dependent

To expand the understanding of cerebrovascular eicosanoid metabolism, the ability of smooth muscle isolated from murine cerebral microvessels to produce prostaglandins (PGs) was studied in vitro. Cultures from SJL and BALB/c mice produced primarily prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and I2 (PGI2) in response to exogenous arachidonate and calcium ionophore as well as the agonists acetylcholine and epinephrine. Subconfluent smooth muscle cultures demonstrated a two- to threefold increased capacity to produce PG compared with confluent cultures. In contrast, serum deprivation of smooth muscle caused an 80-90% diminution in both PGE2 and PGI2 production but had no effect on PG release in cerebromicrovascular endothelium. Reintroduction of serum to smooth muscle restored PG production within 6h, and the restoration was inhibited by 1 microM dexamethasone. Message for both prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS)-1 and -2 was detectable in smooth muscle grown in the presence of serum, but PGHS-2 message was not present in serum-deprived cultures. Furthermore, readdition of serum induced a massive increase in PGHS-2 mRNA with only a small increase in PGHS-1 message. The serum induction of PGHS-2 was corroborated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Thus cerebromicrovascular smooth muscle may contribute significantly to the formation of PG under circumstances likely to be present during central nervous system pathologies. The induction of PGHS, particularly PGHS-2, may play a key role in this process.
VFence: A Defense against Distributed Denial of Service Attacks Using Network Function Virtualization

With the exponential growth of the Internet use, cyber-threats are emerging rapidly. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the most common but damaging kinds of cyberattacks. A DDoS attack to a server typically prevents clients from receiving service by making the server overwhelmed with many invalid service requests. It is always a challenging problem to protect a system from DDoS attacks as it is not trivial to distinguish between an attack packet and a legitimate one. In this work, we have proposed VFence -- a defense mechanism against DDoS attack that leverages the capability of the Network Function Virtualization (NFV) architecture. NFV is the technology of virtualizing network functions in virtual machines on commodity servers and it allows a flexible and dynamic implementation of the network functions. Our proposed mechanism uses network agents to intercept packets when the system is potentially under attack, to verify their authenticity, and to keep the server safe by dropping illegitimate packets. Since the attack intensity often varies, our NFV-based defense framework deploys agents dynamically to balance the attack load. Our simulation results demonstrate that the mechanism can successfully defeat the DDoS attacks by having all legitimate requests served, and the increase in the server's response time is insignificant compared to that of a successful DDoS attack.
The Role of Computed Tomography in Predicting Left Ventricular Assist Device Infectious Complications.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify early computed tomography findings around the driveline which would predict mediastinal or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) pocket abscess formation. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 128 LVAD recipients between January 2007 and December 2011. Infectious complications were subdivided into those affecting the driveline and those resulting in abscess formation either around the LVAD pump or mediastinum. The size and location of infiltrative changes surrounding the driveline were used to predict infection propagation resulting in abscess. Results: Of the 128 patients, 49 (38.3%) patients developed driveline infections and 24 (18.8%) patients developed abscess. 87.5% patients who developed abscess had a preceding driveline infection. The mean time from driveline infection to the development of pump pocket abscess was approximately 7 months. In addition, patients with abscess in the pump pocket or mediastinum had preceding infiltrative changes surrounding the driveline ≥14 mm ( P = 0.0001). A preperitoneal location and size of infiltrative changes ≥14 mm were correlated with a higher likelihood of abscess formation ( P = 0.0002). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the predictive value of infection/infiltrative changes around the driveline, which increases the risk for abscess formation in the LVAD pump pocket and/or in the mediastinum.
Stability of continuous-time systems with stochastic delay

The stability of linear continuous-time systems with stochastic delay is investigated in this paper. The delay is assumed to be a piece-wise constant function of time such that it switches between finitely many different values stochastically. The stability of the stochastic system is assessed in terms of the convergence of the second moment of the state. Using infinite-dimensional solution operators, a stochastic linear map is constructed, allowing us to derive necessary and sufficient conditions of second moment stability. The discretization of the solution operators can be used to draw stability charts. An illustrative example is discussed to shed some light on the effects of stochastic delays on stability.
API usage in descriptions of source code functionality

In this paper, we present a study exploring the use of API keywords within method summaries. We conducted a web-based study where we asked participants to rank Java method summaries based on five levels of detail, from low level to high level. We found that programmers widely use API in both high and low level summaries. Specifically, we found that 76.78% of higher level summaries contain Java API keywords. Additionally, we found that 93.75% of lower level summaries also contain them. This also shows that, in general, as the detail level decreases, the number of API keywords within the summary increases. It is our hope that this line of research will spark a discussion about API usage outside of source code. It is possible that method summaries are not the only form of documentation that API usage plays an important role. We believe these may be important results that could lead to an improvement for API usability design.
Electromechanical microinjection of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella embryos increases survival.

We report and compare methods and apparatus for injection of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), embryos. Injection with an electromechanical device resulted in 59% survival of embr...
Oocyte Maturation and in Vitro Fertilization in the Rhesus Monkey

Normal embryonic development can only take place after fertilization of a normal oocyte. Assuming that there are no inherent defects in an oocyte, the milieu provided by the ovarian follicle determines whether or not a viable oocyte is produced. At present, we know very little about how oocyte maturation is regulated within the preovulatory follicle. Lack of information restricts our ability to obtain normal maturation of oocytes under controlled in vitro conditions. There are practical consequences of this situation. Incomplete or otherwise abnormal oocyte maturation may contribute to embryonic losses during pregnancy, and to failure of pregnancy following transfer of embryos produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF). The practice of IVF, whether for research or for treatment of infertility, is compromised by inadequate knowledge about the control of oocyte maturation. Both in primates and in domesticated species, ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotropins is likely to result in the recovery of at least a few immature oocytes. Unless these can be brought to full maturity in vitro, they represent a loss of efficiency in the treatment cycle. In our research with gonadotropinstimulated monkeys, substantial numbers of immature but potentially viable oocytes are frequently recovered. Excised ovaries represent a potential windfall of oocytes, but these are of limited value in the absence of protocols for achieving full maturity in vitro.
Vocational Evaluation and Planning

The individual with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is perhaps the most challenging client in terms of designing an appropriate, useful, and meaningful vocational evaluation. A primary reason for this difficulty is the change in cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning that may take place as a result of a head injury (Musante, 1983). In addition, the occupational, social, and familial aspects of the person’s life that are affected require the evaluator to be conscious of making recommendations that have long-term implications.
A New Mathematical Model for Tumor Growth, Reduction and Metastasis, Validation with Zebrafish Melanoma and Potential Implications for Dormancy and Recurrence

Abstract The genetic and environmental heterogeneity associated with tumors makes cancer treatment and recovery a difficult and unpredictable process. Patients with initially similar disease can experience vastly different outcomes including sustained recovery, refractory disease or, remarkably, recurrence years after treatment. Mathematical models informed with animal and human data provide tools for theoretical and clinical understanding of cancer progression and of the causes of highly variant disease outcomes. This work postulates a population balance model to describe how populations of a large ensemble of tumors of different sizes evolve in time. Each tumor can grow or reduce in size and metastasize. Gender-segregated, immune-competent and immune-suppressed translucent zebrafish (Casper variant) were inoculated with a transgenic melanoma cell line expressing human BRAF V600E and GFP and observed for tumor progression and metastasis. The model describes both these fish data sets, full histograms of population number vs size at multiple times for both immune states, and a human hepatocellular carcinoma data set also consisting of multiple time histograms very well with a minimum of cancer-specific parameters. The only zebrafish parameter to show strong gender-dependence was the host-dependent tumor reduction (immunity) parameter. This result significantly predicts that men should have far worse outcomes than females, yet similar metastasis rates, which are both indeed the case in human melanomas. Moreover the dynamic growth - reduction interplay, for certain relationships between these processes’ parameters in the model provides a potential mechanism for apparent cancer dormancy and recurrence. Although fish melanoma parameters are not in this range, the model guides future work to try to access it.
An Edge-Based Framework for Enabling Data-Driven Pipelines for IoT Systems

Due to the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, the number of devices connected to the Internet is growing. These devices are generating unprecedented amounts of data at the edges of the infrastructure. Although the generated data provides great potential, identifying and processing relevant data points hidden in streams of unimportant data, and doing this in near real time, remains a significant challenge. Existing stream processing platforms require the data to be transported to the cloud for processing, resulting in latencies that can prevent timely decision making or may reduce the amount of data processed. To tackle this problem, we designed an IoT Edge Framework, called R-Pulsar, that extends cloud capabilities to local devices and provides a programming model for deciding what, when, and where data get collected and processed. In this paper, we discuss motivating use cases and the architectural design of R-Pulsar. We have deployed and tested R-Pulsar on embedded devices (Raspberry Pi and Android phone) and present an experimental evaluation that demonstrates that R-Pulsar can enable timely data analytics by effectively leveraging edge and cloud resources.
Figural after-Effects Resulting from Gross Action Patterns: The Amount of Exposure to the Inspection Task and the Duration of the after-Effects

Abstract One hundred and twenty male university students guided themselves, while blindfolded, through curved and straight pathways. Of these 120, 40 subjects moved eight times through curved half-circle pathways, a second 40 traversed them twelve times, while a final 40 moved sixteen times through them. Based upon the percent who reported opposite curvature in a straight test pathway traversed immediately afterward, an intermediate amount of exposure (12 traversals) in the inspection task (the curved pathways) resulted in slightly more sustained after-effects. Theoretical implications relative to Helson's Adaptation Theory are discussed.
CYBER TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMIC STATE

In today’s postmodern world with the latest and top notch internet technologies in the market, if it has become easy and accessible for everyone to communicate with others sitting at the other corner of the world, it has also given rise to the cybercrimes including cyber terro rism which has not only provided grave threats to the whole world but also posed a question of whether with the manipulation of cyber space, cyber terrorists can damage or destroy the physical infrastructure of its target. Owing to easy access to everyone and strong damage done as compared to traditional terrorism, today terrorists are relying on cyber terrorism as well. The Islamic State (IS) has emerged as one of the brutal and violent terrorist organization s which hired cyber experts and manipulated cyber space to the extent that today they are most active and professional cyber users’ terrorist organization of the world. The main focus of the paper is to highlight the basic definition of cyber terrorism, how often it is different from traditional terrorism, use of cyber terrorism, how cyber terrorism can be manipulated through various latest tools and techniques and how Islamic State (ISIS) is using cyber space to spread its message.
Open Partial Colectomy with End Ileostomy and Distal Stump Creation – Hartmann’s Procedure

The sigmoid colon can perforate due to various reasons, most commoncly secondary to diverticulitis or sigmoid cancer. When one deals with a sigmoid perforation, a resection of the diseased segment with an end colostomy is indicated. This chapter describes such a procedure, commonly known as Hartmann’s procedure.
MQF and buffered MQF: Quotient filters for efficient storage of k-mers with their counts and metadata

Background: Specialized data structures are required for online algorithms to efficiently handle large sequencing datasets. The counting quotient filter (CQF), a compact hashtable, can efficiently store k-mers with a skewed distribution. Result: Here, we present the mixed-counters quotient filter (MQF) as a new variant of the CQF with novel counting and labeling systems. The new counting system adapts to a wider range of data distributions for increased space efficiency and is faster than the CQF for insertions and queries in most of the tested scenarios. A buffered version of the MQF can offload storage to disk, trading speed of insertions and queries for a significant memory reduction. The labeling system provides a flexible framework for assigning labels to member items while maintaining good data locality and a concise memory representation. These labels serve as a minimal perfect hash function but are ~10 fold faster than BBhash, with no need to re-analyze the original data for further insertions or deletions. Conclusion: The MQF is a flexible and efficient data structure that extends our ability to work with high throughput sequencing data.
Specialized coding patterns among dorsomedial prefrontal neuronal ensembles predict conditioned reward seeking

ABSTRACT Non-overlapping cell populations within dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), defined by gene expression or projection target, control dissociable aspects of reward seeking through unique activity patterns. However, even within these defined cell populations considerable cell-to-cell variability is found, suggesting that greater resolution is needed to understand information processing in dmPFC. Here we use two-photon calcium imaging in awake, behaving mice to monitor the activity of dmPFC excitatory neurons throughout Pavlovian sucrose conditioning. We characterize five unique neuronal ensembles that each encode specialized information related to a reward, reward-predictive cues, and behavioral responses to reward-predictive cues. The ensembles differentially emerge across learning – and stabilize after learning – in a manner that improves the predictive validity of dmPFC activity dynamics for deciphering variables related to behavioral conditioning. Our results characterize the complex dmPFC neuronal ensemble dynamics that relay learning-dependent signals for prediction of reward availability and initiation of conditioned reward seeking.
Mintzberg’s Managing: Implications for Coaching and Training

This precis contextualizes Mintzberg’s work to expose the cult of leadership and restore management to the front and center, quickly elucidates Mintzberg’s (2009) Model of Managing, and makes the supporting point that if managing is indeed a practice then wide vistas open in coaching and training for competency-buliding.
Chronology of the Asian Financial Crisis

In July 1997, Thailand became the first Asian "tiger" economy to abandon its fixed exchange rate system in response to speculative attacks on its currency. Investors started to flee Asia, and the crisis rapidly spread to other countries. Central banks spent billions of dollars to try and defend their currencies, only to seek emergency bailouts from the International Monetary Fund. This case presents a chronology of events that unraveled during the Asian financial crisis from 1997 to the end of 1998.
Towards a unified approach to the representation of, and reasoning with, probabilistic risk information about software and its system interface

Early risk assessment is key in planning the development of systems, including systems that involve software. Such risk assessment needs a combination of the following elements; 1) Severity estimates for the potential effects of failures, and likelihood estimates for their causes; 2) Fault trees that link causes to failures; 3) Efficacy estimates of design and process steps towards reducing risk; 4) Distinctions between preventing, alleviating and detecting (thereafter removing), risks; 5) Risk preventions that have potential side effects of themselves introducing risks. The paper shows a unified approach that accommodates all these elements. The approach combines fault trees (from probabilistic risk assessment methods) with explicit treatment of risk mitigations (a generalization of the notion of a "detection" seen in FMECA analyses). Fault trees capture the causal relationships by which failure mechanisms may combine to lead to failure modes. Risk mitigations encompass (and distinguish among) options to prevent risks, detect risks, and alleviate risks (i.e., decrease their impact should they occur). This approach has been embodied in extensions to a JPL-developed risk assessment tool, and is illustrated here on software risk assessment information drawn from an actual project's software system FMECA (failure modes, effects and criticality analysis). Since its elements are typical of risk assessment of software and its system interface, the findings should be relevant to a wide range of software systems.
Process of Infection with Bacteriophage φX174: XXIV. New Type of Temperature-sensitive Mutant

A group of temperature-sensitive mutants of φX174 has been isolated which can go through a single, normal one-step growth cycle at 40 C but fail to form plaques at this temperature. Such mutants fail to initiate a second cycle at 40 C; however they can gain the capacity to infect at 40 C, upon incubation for 10 min in broth at 30 C. In regaining the ability to infect, the phage appear to undergo a temperature-dependent conformational alteration. The inverse process, a reversible loss of ability to infect at 40 C, is observed when such phage produced at 30 C are incubated for 2 hr at 40 C. The defect in initiation of a second cycle of infection appears to be in the injection of viral deoxyribonucleic acid. A two-step complementation test has been used to identify the cistron coding for the affected function. Such mutants are also unusually sensitive to an irreversible thermal inactivation when incubated at 40 C.
Antral follicle count is increased in obese women placed on oral contraceptive pills.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of short-term combined oral contraceptive (OCP) use on antral follicle count (AFC) in obese and nonobese women with infertility. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of women who had an AFC (sum of 2-10 mm bilateral ovarian follicles on basal follicular phase ultrasound) measured before and after short-term OCP use between the years 2005 and 2010. These were women who had a baseline AFC measurement during an unsuccessful controlled ovarian hyperstimulation/intrauterine insemination who were then placed on OCPs prior to an in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle that included a subsequent AFC measurement at baseline. RESULTS: A total of 57 IVF cycles met criteria for inclusion in the study. AFC was not impacted by OCP use in the nonobese cohort (BMI /= 30) however increased after OCP use (18 +/- 6 vs. 28 +/- 9 p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Use of suppressive medications like OCPs in obese women increases AFC during IVF potentially by AFC cohort synchrony. This observation warrants consideration when using AFC to predict gonadotropin/ART response as well as future prospective research to further elucidate potential etiologies.
Biochemical analysis of allozyme copper and cadmium tolerance in fish using starch gel electrophoresis

The in vitro effects of copper and cadmium on fish enzyme activity were assayed by combining the metals with the biochemical stains used to resolve these enzyme systems on starch gels. The effects of copper and cadmium on the activity of PGM-2, GPI-2 and IDH-2 enzymes in mosquitofish were assayed using stain-metal mixtures containing 2.0 ml 0.1 m CuSO4 · 5H2O or 0.1 m CdSO4. Enzymes whose activities were effected by copper in this initial test were resolved using a series of stain-metal mixtures containing copper at lower concentrations to determine effect threshold concentration ranges and to determine concentration ranges that might produce differential effects on activity among allozymes of a single protein. Interspecific differences in the effect of copper on the activity of PGM-2 enzyme variants were examined for 17 fish species from seven locations. Copper was found to effect the activity of PGM-2, GPI-2, and IDH-2 enzymes in mosquitofish and intraspecific and interspecific differences existed in the copper sensitivity of enzymes in a number of the fish species tested. Allozyme phenotypes at the PGM-2 locus in mosquitofish observed on test gels (0.9 mg Cu/L) suggests that two isoalleles, one copper-tolerant and one copper-sensitive, are present at this locus.
Wind loading of large astronomical telescopes

The next generation of large telescones currently in the planning stage will be exposed to higher wind loading due to the cost cutting reduction of dome size in relation to aperture. Thin actively figured mirrors and tighter pointing requirements increase their sus-ceptibility to the general wind loading including higher frguency componants. The figure control and pointing servo loops will require wider bandwidth and higher gain to maintain gool optical performance. To design these servo loops requires knowledge of the wind power spectra to assess loop stability and correction performance. Wind data was collected from several different observing sites. The measurements were made with a Pitot tube anemometer mounted on a tower at the leading edge of a site and four differential pressure sensors mounted across the mirror plane. Anemometer measurements were made at two different elevations to provide site wind vs. elevation extrapolation data. Hundred second measurements, with the data sampled at 50 Hz, were made. Fourier Transforms of the data cover a frequency range of 0.02 to 25 Hz.
Phase Separation in Solid He 3 - He 4 Mixtures, as Shown by Specific Heat Measurements

Specific heat measurements in the range 0.05 to 1 deg K are presented for solid He/sup 3/--He/sup 4/ mixtures over a range of concentrations to 80% He/ sup 4/. The specific heat (C/R) is graphed versus temperature (T) for a number of values of the atomic fraction (X/sub 0/) of He/sup 3/. Also the phase separation line is plorted as T versus X/sub 0/ using a single adjustable parameter determined by fitting the specific-heat data to the theory. The results show that solid helium mixtures split into two nearly pure phases of He/ sup 3/ and He/sup 4/ near O deg K. (H.D.R.)
Analysis of Apoptosis of Memory T Cells and Dendritic Cells during the Early Stages of Viral Infection or Exposure to Toll-Like Receptor Agonists

Profound type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent attrition of memory CD8 and CD4 T cells occurs early during many infections. It is dramatic at 2 to 4 days following lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice and can be elicited by the IFN-inducing Toll receptor agonist poly(I:C). We show that this attrition occurs in many organs, indicating that it is due to T cell loss rather than redistribution. This loss correlated with elevated intracellular staining of T cells ex vivo for activated caspases but with only low levels of ex vivo staining with annexin V, probably due to the rapid clearance of apoptotic cells in vivo. Instead, a high frequency of annexin V-reactive CD8alpha(+) dendritic cells (DCs), which are known to be highly phagocytic, accumulated in the spleen as the memory T cell populations disappeared. After short in vitro incubation, memory phenotype T cells isolated from LCMV-infected mice (day 3) or mice treated with poly(I:C) (12 h) displayed substantial DNA fragmentation, as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, compared to T cells isolated from uninfected mice, indicating a role for apoptosis in the memory T cell attrition. This apoptosis of memory CD8 T cells early during LCMV infection was reduced in mice lacking the proapoptotic molecule Bim. Evidence is presented showing that high levels of T cell attrition, as found in young mice, correlate with reduced immunodomination by cross-reactive memory cells.
An Uncommon Cause of Bilateral Pulmonary Nodules in a Long-Term Smoker

Background Dyspnea caused by pulmonary disease is a common symptom encountered by Internists. The most likely diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in a long-term smoker is lung cancer.
The Impact of the U.S. Bio-Terrorism Act upon Canadian Exporters of Food Products to the United States: A Firm-Level Analysis

This article examines the impact of the 2002 U.S. Bio-terrorism Act (BTA) upon Canadian exporters of food products to the United States. A major goal of the BTA is to secure U.S. ports of entry against imports that might threaten the health or safety of U.S. citizens. Although this is a respectable goal, data from a sample of 144 Canadian exporters suggest that the BTA represents a non-tariff barrier to Canada-U.S. trade. Current regulatory procedures have disrupted cross-border supply chains in significant ways. These disruptions have damaged the Canada-U.S. commercial relationship by imposing extra shipment and distribution costs upon Canadian exporters. These delays have had a serious impact upon small-to-medium sized firms (SMFs). The article concludes with a brief discussion of possible remedial actions that might be taken by Canadian exporters.
New organizational designs for promoting creativity: A case study of virtual teams with anonymity and structured interactions

Companies organize teams to enhance creativity and innovation. Creativity refers to the generation of new and novel ideas, whereas innovation encompasses both idea generation and the commercialization of these ideas to add value to the enterprises. Standard teams are those, wherein participants meet face-to-face to develop new ideas and/or to commercialize them. Asynchronous virtual teams are those which allow participants to interact via digital means without face-to-face meetings. Asynchronous virtual teams are especially convenient for participants at global locations. The objective of this paper is to outline a third kind of teams, the virtual teams with anonymity and structured interactions (VTASIs), in which participants remain anonymous, follow a modified Delphi brainstorming process, communicate with one another asynchronously via electronic means, apply a set of streamlined idea generation strategies (the Combinatorial Heuristic and Normatively Generic Method), and conduct multiple rounds of structured interactions under the guidance of a knowledgeable team leader. Individual team member works alone, yet interacts indirectly with all others in a group setting. After having briefly reviewed the factors that are known to constraint the performance of both the standard and asynchronous virtual teams, this paper describes a study conducted in Spring 2009 Semester at University at Buffalo, involving eight VTASI teams of a total of 72 graduate engineering students who worked on generating new ideas for improving four specific projects. Key results are discussed. For global operations, the asynchronous virtual teams represent an improvement over the standard teams in terms of reach, costs, and execution. The VTASI teams advocated in this paper represent yet a further improvement over the Asynchronous virtual teams, and hold promise to be the most effective among the three types of teams in promoting creativity.
Quantification of individual low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit transcripts in developing wheat grains by competitive RT-PCR

Oligonucleotide primers and competitive templates were developed so that competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques could be used to measure the accumulation of transcripts corresponding to individual low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) genes in developing wheat (Triticum aestivum) grains. Primers were based on LMW-GS genes previously cloned and sequenced from the cultivar ‘Cheyenne’ or on the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the major LMW-GSs accumulated in the cultivar ‘Yecoro Rojo’. Competitive templates varied from the LMW-GS target genes by either a restriction site or a small deletion between the primer binding sites. Amounts of individual LMW-GS transcripts were quantified by titrating the amplification products produced from RT-PCR of RNA against amplification products produced from known amounts of the corresponding competitive template. Competitive RT-PCR analysis revealed that transcripts for the different LMW-GS genes varied only 4.5-fold in their levels of accumulation in developing ‘Cheyenne’ grains 15 days post-anthesis (DPA). Nucleotide sequencing of two of the amplification products revealed LMW-GS genes not previously described in ‘Cheyenne’. Both of these genes encode proteins with a single cysteine residue in the repetitive region. Clones corresponding to these new sequences were not represented in a cDNA library prepared from ‘Cheyenne’ endosperm RNA even though the sequences were abundant in developing seeds and present in the RNA population from which the library was prepared. Competitive RT-PCR was shown to be a sensitive method for quantifying the expression of closely related members of complex gene families that cannot be readily distinguished by hybridization analysis. Such techniques should provide insight into the regulation of LMW-GS genes that are critical for wheat flour quality.
Empirical Support for the Application of the Forgiveness Intervention Model to Postdivorce Coparenting

The Forgiveness Intervention Model (Bonach, 2007) is tested as a conceptual framework for former partners who are coparenting. Scores of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of forgiveness from a sample of 135 separated or divorced parents were analyzed to contribute to the understanding of coparenting quality. Previous literature supported the contribution of certain predictor variables, including blame, offense severity judgments, and control variables including hostile divorce proceedings, satisfaction with child custody financial arrangements, perceived remorsefulness of the former partner, prior conflict, and the mediating role of forgiveness to coparenting quality. In this study separate regression analyses were run for each dimension of forgiveness to determine their role in the relationship between the study variables and coparenting quality. The cognitive dimension more often had the most significant contribution between the variables examined and coparenting quality. Furthermore, ...
An assessment of preliminary aerodynamic analysis methods for supersonic speeds including high angle-of-attack flow

The problems associated with predicting the aerodynamic loads for moderate supersonic Mach number, high angle-of-attack flows and for high supersonic Mach number flows are addressed. For these large disturbance-type flows, commonly used prediction methods based on linearized theory or on the tangent-wedge method are shown to be generally inadequate. For the preliminary analysis of aerodynamic shapes subjected to these type flows, two methods have recently been developed by combining features of the linearized theory and tangent-wedge method. These two new methods are discussed, and through extensive comparisons with experimental data, are shown to offer an improved prediction capability.
Differential staining pattern of lysozyme in palisading granulomas: An immunoperoxidase study

Biopsies from palisading granulomas of granuloma annulare, necrobiosis lipoidica, and rheumatoid nodules were examined for the presence of lysozyme (muramidase). This enzyme was identified in paraffin-embedded tissues using a primary antibody to lysozyme and the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technic. Some inflammatory cells in the infiltrate of granuloma annulare stained abundantly for lysozyme, whereas those of necrobiosis lipoidica and rheumatoid nodule stained minimally and negatively, respectively. This pattern of staining may be of diagnostic value and suggests that the histiocytoid cells constituting the infiltrate of granuloma annulare are in some way different from the similar-appearing cells of necrobiosis lipoidica and rheumatoid nodule.
Polycystic liver disease: Quantitation of parenchymal and cyst volumes from computed tomography images and clinical correlates of hepatic cysts

Polycystic liver disease is a common manifestation of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. However, factors that regulate hepatic cystogenesis have not been defined, and the effect of cyst formation on hepatic parenchymal mass has not been studied. We validated computed tomographic methods for measuring volumes from computed tomographic images using plastic-agar models and demonstrated that measured volumes were within 10% of actual volumes. The validated methods were used to measure hepatic parenchymal, hepatic cyst and kidney volumes in 25 subjects with polycystic liver disease and nine controls without autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Hepatic cyst volume varied considerably in the 25 subjects with polycystic liver disease (20 to 7,148 ml), but hepatic parenchymal volume was not altered by hepatic cysts and was similar to that of controls (polycystic liver disease vs. controls: 1,357 +/- 185 vs. 1,319 + 340 ml). Total liver volume increased linearly as cyst volume increased (slope = 1.02 +/- 0.05, r = 0.994). Nine of 18 women with polycystic liver disease had massive hepatic cysts (cyst: parenchymal volume greater than 1; range of cyst volumes from 1,354 to 7,148 ml), and the other nine had cyst volumes (20 to 399 ml) similar to men with polycystic liver disease (25 to 1,107 ml). Total kidney volume, a measure of renal cystic disease, did not correlate with either total liver volume or the volume of hepatic cysts. The data indicate that hepatic parenchymal volume is preserved in polycystic liver disease despite massive cystic involvement and that women are uniquely susceptible to massive hepatic cystic disease.
Quantitative demonstration of somatic synapi sprouting following dendritic deafferentation in neonatal rat interpeduncular nucleus

Abstract Neonatal habenular lesions deafferent the dendrites of interpeduncular nucleus (IPN) neurons by preventing formation of S and crest synapses. The small number of synapses normally contacting IPN neuronal perikarya are of unknown, but non-habenular, origin. The number of synapses on IPN perikarya is significantly increased ( p p p
Weak shock propagation through a turbulent atmosphere

Consideration is given to the propagation through turbulence of transient pressure waveforms whose initial onset at any given point is an abrupt shock. The work is motivated by the desire to eventually develop a mathematical model for predicting statistical features, such as peak overpressures and spike widths, of sonic booms generated by supersonic aircraft. It is argued that the transient waveform received at points where x greater than 0 will begin with a pressure jump and a formulation is developed for predicting the amount of this jump and the time derivatives of the pressure waveform immediately following the jump.
Dependence of the transition temperature on deviations from stoichiometry in the cuprate superconductors.

A band of holes moving in an antiferromagnetic plane is used to model the weakly non-stoichiometric cuprate superconductors. We note that a singular density of states at the Brillouin-zone boundary, as is obtained from many different starting points, leads to a maximum in the transition temperature as a function of the deviation from stoichiometry. Numerical calculations of this effect, based on (i) the tight-binding bands that follow from Roth's approximate treatment of the Hubbard model for the Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ planes, and (ii) the attractive pairing between the oxygen holes that can result from considerations of the extended Hubbard model, are presented.
Characterization of norepinephrine sensitivity in the maternalsplanchnic circulation during pregnancy

Summary Vascular sensitivity to exogenous norepinephrine and transmural nerve stimulation was studied in thesplanchnic bed of nonpregnant, early pregnant, and late pregnant rats. Resistance-size mesenteric arteries were removed from late pregnant (18 to 20 days), early pregnant (7 days), and nonpregnant cycling rats and mounted in a myograph system, which permits the precise setting of vessel circumference for the determination of norepinephrine sensitivity. Norepinephrine dose-response curves and frequency-response curves for transmural nerve stimulation were obtained in the presence and absence of cocaine, a specific inhibitor of neuronal reuptake. The mesenteric arteries of late pregnant rats were 1.5 times less sensitive to exogenous norepinephrine than arteries of both early pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Sensitivity to transmural nerve stimulation was decreased in both early and late pregnant rats compared with nonpregnant controls. Cocaine potentiated the response to both exogenous norepinephrine and transmural nerve stimulation in the pregnant rats so that responses between nonpregnant, early pregnant, and late pregnant rats were no longer different. This suggests a greater reuptake activity from pregnant rats. In conclusion, pregnancy is associated with a reduction in splanchnic norepinephrine sensitivity, which may be due partly to an increase in neuronal deactivation of norepinephrine. The maximum contractile response to norepinephrine also was decreased in late pregnancy, which suggests additional mechanisms for changes in norepinephrine vascular sensitivity