cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic assembly during GaN film growth : Molecular dynamics simulations

Molecular dynamics simulations using a recently developed Ga-N Tersoff type bond order interatomic potential have been used to investigate the growth mechanisms of 0001 wurtzite GaN films from thermalized atomic gallium and nitrogen fluxes. The crystallinity and stoichiometry of the deposited wurtzite lattice structures were determined as a function of growth temperature and N:Ga flux ratio. The lattice perfection was found to improve as the growth temperature was increased to 500 K. At a fixed growth temperature, the lattice quality and stoichiometry both reached optimum as the N:Ga ratio approached a value between two and three. The optimum flux ratio increased with increasing growth temperature. These three observations are consistent with experimental studies of growth on wurtzite phase promoting substrates. The atomic assembly mechanisms responsible for these effects have been explored using time-resolved atom position images. The analysis revealed that high quality crystalline growth only occurred when off-lattice atoms which are usually associated with amorphous embryos or defect complexes formed during deposition were able to move to unoccupied lattice sites by thermally activated diffusion processes. The need for a high N:Ga flux ratio to synthesize stochiometric films arises because many of the nitrogen adatoms that impact N-rich 0001 GaN surfaces are re-evaporated. Reductions of the substrate temperature reduce this reevaporation and as a result, the optimum N:Ga ratio for the stoichiometric film formation and best lattice perfection was reduced as the growth temperature was decreased.
The voltage threshold for arcing for solar cells in LEO: Flight and ground test results

Ground and flight results of solar cell arcing in low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions are compared and interpreted. It is shown that an apparent voltage threshold for arcing may be produced by a strong power law dependence of arc rate on voltage, combined with a limited observation time. The change in this apparent threshold with plasma density is a reflection of the density dependence of the arc rate. A nearly linear dependence of arc rate on density is inferred from the data. A real voltage threshold for arcing for 2 by 2 cm solar cells may exist however, independent of plasma density, near -230 V relative to the plasma. Here, arc rates may change by more than an order of magnitude for a change of only 30 V in array potential. For 5.9 by 5.9 solar cells, the voltage dependence of the arc rate is steeper, and the data are insufficient to indicate the existence of an arcing increased by an atomic oxygen plasma, as is found in LEO, and by arcing from the backs of welded-through substrates.
Cross-talk between chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and bone marrow endothelial cells: role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia bone marrow is characterized by increased angiogenesis. However, the molecular mediators of neovascularization and the biologic significance of increased endothelial cell proliferation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia require further investigation. Because signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 is constitutively activated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, we studied the role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in modulating vascular endothelial growth factor expression and the effect of vascular endothelial cells on chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that anti-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 antibodies immunoprecipitated DNA of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, vascular endothelial growth factor, and other signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-regulated genes. In addition, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-short interfering RNA significantly reduced messenger RNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, suggesting that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 induces vascular endothelial growth factor expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Remarkably, bone marrow chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells expressed high levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, and high vascular endothelial growth factor levels were detected in the plasma of patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia and correlated with white blood cell count. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia bone marrow biopsies revealed increased microvascular density and attachment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to endothelial cells. Coculture of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed a similar attachment. Furthermore, coculture studies with human umbilical vein endothelial cells showed that human umbilical vein endothelial cells protected chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells from spontaneous apoptosis by direct cell-to-cell contact as assessed by flow cytometry using annexin V. Our data suggest that constitutively activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 induces vascular endothelial growth factor production by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and that chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells derive a survival advantage from endothelial cells via cell-to-cell contact.
The value of the out-of-hospital experience for emergency medicine residents

Abstract [Houry DE, Pons PT. The value of the out-of-hospital experience for emergency medicine residents. Ann Emerg Med. October 2000;36:391-393.]
Thermal regime and dynamics of the West Antarctic ice sheet

The temperature–depth profiles measured in 22 boreholes drilled on the West Antarctic ice sheet exhibit two distinctly different thermal states of its basal ice. The warm state shows on Siple Dome and on Whillans Ice Stream. A relatively colder state, found at the Unicorn, Kamb Ice Stream (former Ice Stream C) and Bindschadler Ice Stream (former Ice Stream D), has basal temperature gradients greater than 50 K km–1. A large block of cold ice stranded and frozen to the bed at the Unicorn and simultaneously much warmer ice existing only a few kilometers across the Dragon shear margin in fast-moving Alley Ice Stream (former Ice Stream B2) poses a paradox. The relatively cold ice at the Unicorn must have come from a source different from the present Whillans Ice Stream catchment area. It is hypothesized that the Unicorn paradox was created by a super-surge. Also, the stagnant Siple Ice Stream, many relict shear margins, cold patches of ice at the Crary Ice Rise, ice rafts embedded in the Ross Ice Shelf, all point to a major event triggered either by an internal instability or by a subareal volcanic eruption. Most of these features appeared to have been formed about 500 years ago. Subsequent freeze-on of a 10–20m thick basal layer of debris-laden ice and water loss caused a slowdown of ice streams and, in the case of Kamb Ice Stream, an almost complete stoppage.
Detecting Aberrant Responding on Unidimensional Pairwise Preference Tests: An Application of lz Based on the Zinnes–Griggs Ideal Point IRT Model

This study investigated the efficacy of the lz person fit statistic for detecting aberrant responding with unidimensional pairwise preference (UPP) measures, constructed and scored based on the Zin...
EHV Double-Circuit Untransposed Transmission Line-Analysis and Tests

The current unbalance in two 113 mile long, electrically parallel, untransposed 500 kV overhead transmission line sections is studied for conditions in which some or all of the series-capacitor compensation is removed from individual circuits. It is shown that a negative sequence current of over 25% of the positive sequence line current can flow for certain phasing arrangements of the conductors and when one circuit is 70% series-capacitor compensated while the other circuit is uncompensated.
Raman spectroscopic characterization of graphites: A re-evaluation of spectra/ structure correlation

First-order Raman scattering from nuclear grade graphites, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and grafoil are reported. Spectral parameters such as band positions and bandwidths and their correlations with domain size values are presented. The dependence between the intensity ratio of the Raman D and G bands and the domain size La show inversely proportional behavior. However, the slope of the line fitted to the experimental points is different from previously reported results.
Linking Calling Orientations to Organizational Attachment via Organizational Instrumentality.

Abstract Despite an emerging interest in callings, researchers know little about whether calling orientations matter in the workplace. We explore the under-examined relationship between a calling orientation and employees’ attachment to their organizations. Although some theory suggests that callings may be negatively related to organizational attachment, we use theories of role investment and identification convergence to predict that a calling orientation is positively associated with organizational identification and negatively associated with turnover intention. Further, drawing on goal facilitation theory, we suggest that organizational instrumentality—the perception that the organization is instrumental to goal fulfillment—mediates the relationships between a calling orientation and both forms of organizational attachment. Finally, we predict that a security-oriented organizational culture will enhance attachment among those with low levels of calling orientation. In a sample of health care professionals, we find general support for our hypotheses.
Physiological concentrations of atrial natriuretic factor stimulate human erythroid progenitors in vitro.

Human α-ANF[1–28] potentiated erythroid colony formation up to four-fold in cultures containing erythropoietin. Both early and late erythroid precursor cells responded to α-ANF[1–28] [0.032 to 1 nM] in a dose dependent fashion. Removal of T lymphocytes and macrophages which have been shown to modulate erythropoiesis did not abolish the stimulatory effect. All major circulatory forms of ANF (α-ANF[1–28], α-ANF[4–28] and α-ANF[5–28]) had potent erythropoietic activity. These results indicate that concentrations of ANF reached during hypoxia stimulate erythroid progenitor cells in the presence of erythropoietin.
Delayed Urethral Obstruction After Uterine Torsion in a Pregnant Dog

A 4 yr old pregnant female shih tzu was presented with abdominal discomfort and bloody vulvar discharge. The nongravid uterine horn was reflected caudally over the trigone, obstructing urine outflow. A cesarian section and ovariohysterectomy were performed. Postoperatively, the hematuria and pollakiuria resolved. Seventeen days later, the pelvic urethra was completely obstructed by a soft tissue mass that was identified by rectal palpation, blocked catheterization attempts, contrast radiography, ultrasonography, and surgery. Management included temporary cystostomy tube and definitive prepubic urethrostomy. Histologic diagnosis was severe, multifocal, necrosuppurative urethritis with fibroplasia, fibrosis, and cellulitis, apparently secondary to ischemia. Delayed urethral obstruction is a potential complication of canine uterine torsion.
Preliminary Examinations for the Identification of U.S. Domestic and International Cotton Fibers by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Cotton is and has been a large cash crop in the United States and abroad for many years. Part of the widespread interest and utility of this product is due to its attractive chemical and physical properties for use in textiles. The textile industry could benefit from the presentation of a quick, reliable method to classify U.S. from foreign cottons so that the appropriate tariffs can be levied for non-American cottons. In addition, there is some interest in avoiding cotton identity theft. Thus, an accurate and precise instrumental method would be of interest to correctly identify the country of origin of cotton. This study provides an analytical method to identify domestic and foreign cotton fibers using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA). Samples from American cottons were evaluated along with a representative amount of international samples. The results provide a proof of concept that indicates that PCA analysis can be used to separate the respective domestic and foreign cotton groups.
Cultured meat: The systemic implications of an emerging technology

Cultured meat — edible muscle tissue grown in a laboratory or factory (carnery) without the need of a whole animal — was shown to be feasible in 2000 [1] and several researchers have since suggested that large-scale production is possible [2–5]. Using ESEM principles as a guide, this investigation represents a preliminary attempt to shed light on some of the environmental, economic, and social implications of this emerging technology. The ultimate goal is to facilitate adaptive management of its commercialization and diffusion in order to prevent or mitigate sub-optimal lifecycle impacts.
Microfabrication Procedures Applicable to Micro-Fuel Cell Design and Production

The potential of the extremely high energy densities that may be possible with a hydrogenic fuel cell makes it an attractive alternative as a future microsystem power source. Additionally, the potential for integration of such devices could be enhanced if they were manufactured in a manner that is compatible with standard microelectronic and MEMS applications. A combination of silicon micromaching and direct writing was used to produce a microelectronic PEM fuel cell. The fuel cell was fabricated on a silicon wafer containing inter-digitated microchannels which were synthesized using an STS Systems Inc. deep reactive ion etcher. The anode and cathode composite materials were deposited using the MicroPen™. The MicroPen™ system is a fluid dispensing system that is capable of “writing” lines of materials with virtually any viscosity onto a wide range of potential substrates. Final assembly was accomplished by the application of a Nafion™ cover plate. These techniques were successfully employed to produce a working microelectronic fuel cell in silicon. The electrical characterization of the device demonstrated an open circuit voltage of 250 mV with a short circuit of 10 μA measured at room temperature when the cell was provided with hydrogen and oxygen at 1 ATM.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Searching for a Common Core: An Examination of Human Sexuality Textbook References

We examined a sample of 15 human sexuality textbooks published between 1989 and 1997 to determine the overlap in references among textbooks. We found that fewer than 20% of references were cited in...
Modulation of noncanonical TGF-β signaling prevents cleft palate in Tgfbr2 mutant mice

Patients with mutations in either TGF-β receptor type I (TGFBR1) or TGF-β receptor type II (TGFBR2), such as those with Loeys-Dietz syndrome, have craniofacial defects and signs of elevated TGF-β signaling. Similarly, mutations in TGF-β receptor gene family members cause craniofacial deformities, such as cleft palate, in mice. However, it is unknown whether TGF-β ligands are able to elicit signals in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. Here, we show that loss of Tgfbr2 in mouse cranial neural crest cells results in elevated expression of TGF-β2 and TGF-β receptor type III (TβRIII); activation of a TβRI/TβRIII-mediated, SMAD-independent, TRAF6/TAK1/p38 signaling pathway; and defective cell proliferation in the palatal mesenchyme. Strikingly, Tgfb2, Tgfbr1 (also known as Alk5), or Tak1 haploinsufficiency disrupted TβRI/TβRIII-mediated signaling and rescued craniofacial deformities in Tgfbr2 mutant mice, indicating that activation of this noncanonical TGF-β signaling pathway was responsible for craniofacial malformations in Tgfbr2 mutant mice. Thus, modulation of TGF-β signaling may be beneficial for the prevention of congenital craniofacial birth defects.
On the generalizations of circulants

Abstract The generalized q -circulant is defined, which is a generalization of circulants. The set of all generalized 1-circulants is a commutative algebra. The determinant and a formula for the Moore-Penrose inverse of a generalized q -circulant are given.
Respecting the past

Discusses the need for a new administrator to respect an organization's culture, past achievements, and key personnel. When this does not occur, it encourages employees to move on to new employment opportunities.
Fiber grating spectra

In this paper, we describe the spectral characteristics that can be achieved in fiber reflection (Bragg) and transmission gratings. Both principles for understanding and tools for designing fiber gratings are emphasized. Examples are given to illustrate the wide variety of optical properties that are possible in fiber gratings. The types of gratings considered include uniform, apodized, chirped, discrete phase-shifted, and superstructure gratings; short-period and long-period gratings; symmetric and tilted gratings; and cladding-mode and radiation-mode coupling gratings.
The Divine Comedy as an American Civil War Epic

This essay argues that nineteenth-century Americans interpreted Dante's Divine Comedy in terms of national and transnational discourses of federalism and republican nationalism, which helped introduce Dante to the United States and boosted the popularity and circulation of his works there. By the late 1840s, Dante--representing an Italy struggling to become an independent nation--was a useful, authoritative voice in political debates over national expansion and states' rights. His role expanded as these debates intensified. During the Civil War, Dante became an important discursive connection between republicanism, the new Italian nation-state, and the struggle to re-unify the American nation--a connection exemplified by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translation of the Comedy .
When Political Comedy Turns Personal: Humor Types, Audience Evaluations, and Attitudes

This study examines the impact of diverse comedy types on relevant political attitudes and what happens when the comedy content moves beyond the political to focus on personal attributes that are beyond a politician's control. Using a real political case study of David Paterson, New York's first blind and African American governor, the research measured the differential impact of exposure to self-directed and other-directed hostile humor on evaluations of comedy content, favorability ratings, perceptions of media portrayals of disability, and attitudes toward blindness. The results suggest that differential exposure to the comedy clips had an impact on attitudes toward blindness with those exposed to Paterson's humor exhibiting more positive attitudes toward blindness than those who were exposed to Saturday Night Live's other-directed hostile humor.
Neutron-based nonintrusive inspection techniques

Non-intrusive inspection of large objects such as trucks, sea-going shipping containers, air cargo containers and pallets is gaining attention as a vital tool in combating terrorism, drug smuggling and other violation of international and national transportation and Customs laws. Neutrons are the preferred probing radiation when material specificity is required, which is most often the case. Great strides have been made in neutron based inspection techniques. Fast and thermal neutrons, whether in steady state or in microsecond, or even nanosecond pulses are being employed to interrogate, at high speeds, for explosives, drugs, chemical agents, and nuclear and many other smuggled materials. Existing neutron techniques will be compared and their current status reported.
Compact nilpotent groups

Herrlich, Salicrup, and Strecker [HSS] have shown that Kuratowski’s Theorem, namely, that a space X is compact if and only if for every space Y, the projection π2X×Y → Y is a closed map, can be interpreted categorically, and hence generalized and applied in a wider settin than the category of topological spaces. The first author, in an earlier paperj [Fl] , applied this categorical interpretation of compactness in categories of R-modules, obtaining a theory of compactness for each torsion theory T. In the case of the category of abelian groups and a hereditary torsion theory T, a group G is T-compact provided G/TG is a T-injective. In this note, the notion of compact is extended to the categories of hypercentral groups, nilpotent groups, and of FC-groups; it is shown that if T π denotes the π-torsion subgroup functor for a set of primes π, then a group G is T π-compact provided G/T πG is π-complete, extending the abelian group result in a natural way.
Hop timing recovery algorithms

Communication systems must maintain tight timing synchronization between the transmitter and receiver. Systems typically pull-in timing from a large timing offset and then track timing once it has been sufficiently pulled in. When timing errors are large, additional reference symbols are needed to pull-in time. In some frequency hopping systems, the time pull-in step must be repeated for every hop and could occur many times a second. It then becomes important to develop rapid time pull-in algorithms that can operate on a limited number of data and reference symbols. This paper presents two algorithms for rapid time pull-in. The performance as a function of the number of data and reference symbols is shown.
Cyclic AMP Export from Lymphocytes in Hypertension

While the importance of receptor-mediated intracellular cyclic AMP in blood pressure regulation is well documented, few studies have evaluated the physiologic relevance of cyclic AMP exported from cells. We report evidence of a relationship between blood pressure and the transport of intracellular cyclic AMP from lymphocytes. Twenty-eight hypertensive and 56 normotensive white and black volunteers (mean age 40 years) were studied. Both intra- and extracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP were determined in lymphocytes following incubation with 10−5 M isoproterenol. Compared to normotensives, hypertensives (p=0.001), particularly white hypertensives (p=0.023) had higher levels of exported cyclic AMP. These values were independent of intracellular concentrations of cyclic AMP, which were similar across the groups. Exported cyclic AMP was independent of both sodium excretion and β-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, the latter being lower in white hypertensives (p=0.024). Across all subjects, exported cyclic A...
Depression in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

Approximately 20% of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) have major depression and 20% have minor depression at any given point in the course of their illness. Depression causes significant psychological and social morbidity, and is a risk factor for further cardiac morbidity and mortality. Although there are many possible biological and behavioral mechanisms, the causal pathways through which depression increases the risk for cardiac events and death are not well understood. Despite the morbidity associated with depression, and the devastating impact it has on the quality of life of patients with CHD, it is underdiagnosed and often left untreated. This article describes screening techniques for use in primary care and cardiology settings, and discusses the safety and efficacy of available treatments for depression in patients with CHD.
John D. Biggersa: A conversation with Michael Summers & Catherine Racowsky

Q: John, you originally attended the Royal Veterinary College, London, presumably to follow a career in veterinary medicine. How did the transition occur from an interest in veterinary medicine to ...
Nothing to fear? Neural systems supporting avoidance behavior in healthy youths

Article discussing neural systems supporting avoidance behavior in healthy youths. The author's investigation examined brain activation patterns to threatening cues that prompted avoidance in healthy youths.
Mechanisms of Acid-Catalyzed Z/E Isomerization of Imines

The kinetics and mechanism of acid-catalyzed Z/E isomerization of O-methylbenzohydroximoyl chloride (1Za and 1Ea), methyl O-methylbenzohydroximate (1Zb and 1Eb), ethyl O-methylbenzohydroximate (1Zc and 1Ec and five para and meta substituted derivatives), O-methylcinnamohydroximoyl chloride (2Za and 2Ea), and methyl O-methylcinnamohydroximate (2Zb and 2Zb) have been investigated. The kinetics of Z/E isomerization of these imines have been studied in glacial acetic acid (1Ea and 1Zc) and in dioxane solutions containing HCl, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, or tetrafluoroboric acid (1Ea, 1Zb, 2Ea, and 2Zb). The isomerization takes place by either (a) rotation about the carbon−nitrogen double bond of the protonated imine (iminium ion rotation) or (b) nucleophilic attack on the protonated imine to form a tetrahedral intermediate that undergoes stereomutation and loss of the nucleophile (nucleophilic catalysis). The hydroximoyl chlorides 1Ea and 2Ea only isomerize by the nucleophilic catalysis mechanism. The hydr...
Borderline personality symptomatology and compliance with general health care among internal medicine outpatients

AbstractObjectives. The extant literature on borderline personality disorder (BPD) and compliance with mental health treatment contains conflicting findings. However, among those individuals with this type of personality dysfunction, reduced compliance with mental health treatment appears to be the predominant theme. To our knowledge, the relationship between BPD and compliance with general health care has not been studied. In addition, there is no prior study in this area examining a primary care population. Methods. Using a cross-sectional survey methodology among a sample of internal medicine outpatients (N = 261), we assessed borderline personality symptoms with two self-report measures and general health care compliance or adherence with four self-report measures. Results. With the exception of on-time arrival for doctor appointments, the remaining compliance variables demonstrated statistically significant relationships at the p < 0.01–0.001 levels, with borderline personality symptoms predicting re...
Global Optimization of Gas Lifting Operations: A Comparative Study of Piecewise Linear Formulations

Continuous gas lifting is the process of increasing oil well production by injecting compressed natural gas, called “lift gas”, into the production tubing of an oil well [ Presented at the SPE Gas Technology Symposium, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1996]. This paper considers the problem of optimizing the distribution of a limited supply of lift gas to wells in an oil field using piecewise linearization techniques. Four modeling approaches, proposed by Nemhauser and Woolsey [Integer and Combinatorial Optimization; J. Wiley: New York, 1988], Foudas [Nonlinear and Mixed-Integer Optimization: Fundamentals and Applications; Oxford University Press: New York, 1995], Sherali [Oper. Res. Lett. 2001, 28, 155.], and Keha et al. [Oper. Res. Lett. 2004, 32, 44.], are presented and the gas lifting problem is solved using each method. Each of the four frameworks is sufficient to solve the problem to global optimality and the method presented by Keha et al. has the best computational performance. The gas lifting problem is...
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS STUDY OF A CRYSTALLINE CLUSTER UNDERGOING A SECOND-ORDER TRANSITION. AN INCHOATE MODEL OF ACETYLENE

To extend our molecular dynamics studies of nucleation in molecular clusters undergoing phase changes, we selected the acetylene system whose clusters had already been examined experimentally in supersonic flow. Because molecular dynamics simulations based on the several existing model potential functions were incapable of accounting for the structure of the low-temperature orthorhombic phase, a new interaction potential was developed which successfully yielded the correct molecular packing at low temperatures as well as the cubic structure observed at high temperatures. The results obtained in heating and cooling runs for the model system were unlike any seen in our prior simulations. There was no nucleation barrier inhibiting the passage from the cubic to the orthorhombic phase on cooling, nor were there discernible volume or enthalpy changes in the transformation. In clusters of several hundred molecules the apparently second-order or continuous transition was spread over a much wider range of temperat...
Improving the Dynamic Range of Spectrum Measurements by Compensating for the Effects of Phase Noise and Thermal Noise

The signal/noise portion of the dynamic range of many spectrum measurements can be improved by 10 dB or more by compensating for, or subtracting, the thermal noise and/or phase noise of the device used to make the measurement. Through a combination of careful measurements and straightforward mathematical operations, engineers working on microwave measurements can achieve the high dynamic range required by modern communications systems and other applications such as radar.
Visceral and cutaneous sensory testing in patients with painful bladder syndrome.

Aims Our aims were to determine whether subjects with painful bladder syndrome (PBS) demonstrate characteristics of visceral pain syndromes: visceral hyperalgesia, expanded loci of referral of bladder sensation, increased bladder pain with repetitive filling, lower thresholds to cutaneous stimulation in relevant dermatomes, abnormal response to repetitive cutaneous stimulation in relevant dermatomes, and also to develop easily applied measures for PBS pain evaluation and management. Methods We recruited PBS subjects and control subjects with no bladder pain and with either stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or no incontinence. Subjects underwent three bladder fills up to maximum 300 ml and mapped bladder fullness/discomfort, rating any pain present. Cutaneous current perception thresholds (CPTs) were tested at 2000 Hz, 250 Hz, 5 Hz at C5, T6, T10, T12, S3 dermatomes. Repetitive supra-threshold stimulation in trains of 15 stimuli 2 sec apart were then administered to T12, S3 dermatomes. Results PBS subjects demonstrated hyperalgesia to bladder filling and tended to sense bladder discomfort at both suprapubic and vulvar/urethral sites. There was no difference in CPTs at any dermatome at any stimulating frequency. PBS and SI subjects tended not to habituate to repetitive stimuli, while asymptomatic controls tended to habituate to repetitive stimulation. Conclusions PBS subjects demonstrate bladder hyperalgesia and may sense bladder discomfort at sites other than suprapubic. Rating of bladder discomfort and sensory mapping during cystometry usefully distinguishes between PBS subjects and controls. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Impact of Donald Quataert’s “History from Below” on Ottoman and Turkish Studies

Schull’s introduction discusses the impact Donald Quataert’s research and mentoring had on the development of Ottoman and Turkish studies and introduces the seven articles included in the special section of Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East , volume 34, number 1.
Increased Expression of Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins in Atherosclerotic Plaques of Symptomatic Patients with Carotid Stenosis

Vascular remodeling and atheromatous lesion formation are determined in part by the balance between apoptosis and survival of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the chronic stages, apoptosis of VSMCs in the atherosclerotic plaques contributes to the weakening and potential rupture of the plaque causing pathologies such as acute coronary syndrome. The higher incidence of apoptosis in the plaques of symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients has been demonstrated, but the expression of survival proteins, including the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), has not been thoroughly examined. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-2 (cIAP2), x-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and survivin in normal carotid arteries, and carotid endarterectomy specimens of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis. The results demonstrated stronger immunopositivity to smooth muscle myosin heavy chain antigen (SM-MHC) (sm2), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and p50 subunit of NF-κβ in the asymptomatic plaques than in symptomatic plaques. Furthermore, there was higher expression of cIAP2, XIAP, and survivin in the symptomatic than in the asymptomatic plaques and this paralleled caspase-3 expression. The increased expression of IAPs in symptomatic plaques could be due to endogenous defense mechanism to protect against the pro-apoptotic effect of the inflammatory stimuli that are released in the plaques. This could be involved in the stabilization of symptomatic atheromatous plaques and may prove a potential therapeutic target.
A conserved role of the VEGF pathway in angiogenesis of an ectodermally-derived vasculature

Angiogenesis, the growth and remodeling of a vascular network, is an essential process during development, growth and disease. Here we studied the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) in experimentally-induced angiogenesis in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri (Tunicata, Ascidiacea). The circulatory system of B. schlosseri is composed of two distinct, but interconnected regions: a plot of sinuses and lacunae which line the body, and a transparent, macroscopic extracorporeal vascular network. The vessels of the extracorporeal vasculature are morphologically inverted in comparison to the vasculature in vertebrates: they consist of a single layer of ectodermally-derived cells with the basal lamina lining the lumen of the vessel. We found that when the peripheral circulatory system of a colony is surgically removed, it can completely regenerate within 24 to 48 h and this regeneration is dependent on proper function of the VEGF pathway: siRNA-mediated knockdown of the VEGFR blocked vascular regeneration, and interfered with vascular homeostasis. In addition, a small molecule, the VEGFR kinase inhibitor PTK787/ZK222584, phenocopied the siRNA knockdown in a reversible manner. Despite the disparate germ layer origins and morphology of the vasculature, the developmental program of branching morphogenesis during angiogenesis is controlled by similar molecular mechanisms, suggesting that the function of the VEGF pathway may be co-opted during the regeneration of an ectoderm-derived tubular structure.
Impact of race, age, income, and residence on prostate cancer knowledge, screening behavior, and health maintenance in siblings of patients with prostate cancer.

Abstract Objective This study evaluates self-reported changes in knowledge of prostate cancer (CaP), CaP screening behavior and other health-related activities in men whose brothers have been diagnosed with prostate cancer and to characterize those demographic subgroups of siblings at particular risk of failure to change their behavior. Methods 112 men were surveyed to self-assess their knowledge of CaP both before and after their brother's diagnosis. In addition, siblings were questioned with regard to other health-related behaviors before and after their brother's diagnosis. Demographic characteristics including age, race, income, and area of residence were also reported. Results were analyzed to determine how a brother's diagnosis with CaP affects changes in prostate cancer knowledge, screening behavior and other health related activities in these high-risk patients. Results The impact of a brother's diagnosis of CaP affects only 40% of siblings with regard to CaP knowledge. This knowledge appears to translate into increased screening behavior and other-health-related activity in these men. Unfortunately, more than half of men have no change in CaP knowledge and correspondingly no change in screening behavior. Siblings who are older, earn less, and live in rural areas have a lower baseline knowledge of CaP and are less likely to improve their self-assessed knowledge. On regression analysis, correlates of improvement in CaP knowledge included (1) those discussing with their primary physician (OR=6.6), (2) Caucasians (OR=2.7) and (3) non-smokers (OR=3.1). Improvements in prostate cancer knowledge were found to be predictive of subsequent participation in CaP screening and annual physical exams. Conclusions Increased attention should be paid to siblings of CaP patients in efforts to improve their knowledge and thereby participation in screening as these patients are at an increased risk of development of this disease. Efforts should be made to educate siblings who are older, of lower income, African American, and rural residents with regard to CaP, as these subgroups appear less likely to change their knowledge and screening behavior despite their sibling's diagnosis.
Error-less colour correction

Colour correction is the problem of mapping device dependent RGBs to standard CIE XYZs. Traditionally it is solved for by an error minimising one-to-one linear transform. However this problem is ill-posed. There exist multiple reflectances, known as metamers, which induce the same RGB but different XYZs (and vice versa). In this paper, we propose that this ill-posedness might be viewed positively. Indeed, that it leads to an error-less transform for colour correction. We propose that a mapping is error-less if it takes an RGB to an XYZ such that there exists a real reflectance spectrum which integrates to this RGB-XYZ pair. We show how we can solve for a mapping which satisfies this error-less criterion. As in previous studies, we seek a linear transform that is error-less. We show that we can solve for such a transform by quadratic programming. Experiments demonstrate 3 important results. First, that a linear least squares transform is not error-less. Specifically, saturated RGB-XYZ pairs do not correspond to a plausible reflectance. Second, there exists a linear transform that is error-less. Finally, that the best error-less transform performs almost as well as least-squares, but substantially better for saturated colours. It is possible to map RGB to XYZ with zero error.
Combined Transconjunctival/Intranasal Endoscopic Approach to the Optic Canal in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy†

Surgical decompression of the optic canal is indicated in patients with traumatic optic neuropathy who fail to respond to corticosteroids. Traditional surgical approaches to the orbital apex have been effective in achieving optic nerve decompression but require either a craniotomy, provide limited exposure with late identification and protection of the optic nerve, or require external incisions. The combined transconjunctival/intranasal endoscopic approach to the optic canal offers sufficient exposure, allows early identification and protection of the optic nerve, provides space for the use of multiple surgical instruments, obviates a craniotomy and external incisions, and can be performed quickly with minimal morbidity. The technique of combined transconjunctival/intranasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression will be described and the experience with nine cases will be presented.
Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis associated with peripherally inserted central catheters in acute spinal cord injury: A report of 2 cases

Catheter-associated upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) carries a 12% to 36% risk of pulmonary embolism (PE). Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is a thrombophilic state resulting from altered fibrinolytic and platelet function and abnormal concentrations of clotting factors. Patients with SCI are frequently burdened with the classic risk factors of Virchow's triad including stasis, hypercoagulability, and intimal trauma. We present 2 patients with acute cervical SCI, both with venous thrombosis of the upper extremity associated with peripherally inserted central catheters. Both thrombotic events were insidious, and 1 patient developed a large PE. A high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis, and prompt aggressive anticoagulation is warranted absent contraindications. Little is known about the prevalence of and the morbidity associated with upper-extremity DVT in the SCI population. Our experience suggests that catheter-related, upper-extremity venous thromboembolism in SCI deserves further study.
Flood hazards for nuclear power plants

Abstract Flooding hazards for nuclear power plants may be caused by various external geophysical events. In this paper the hydrologic hazards from flash floods, river floods and heavy rain at the plant site are considered. Depending on the mode of analysis, two types of hazard evaluation are identified: (a) design hazard which is the probability of flooding over an expected service period, and (b) operational hazard which deals with real-time forecasting of the probability of flooding of an incoming event. Hazard evaluation techniques using flood frequency analysis can only be used for type (a) design hazard. Evaluation techniques using rainfall-runoff simulation or multi-station correlation can be used for both types of hazard prediction.
Transforming temperament profile statistics into puppets and other visual media.

Abstract This article describes the evolution of visual media that was developed to enhance a clinical intervention called INSIGHTS into Children's Temperament. First, the theoretical and research studies that supported the intervention are presented. Then the iterative steps used to transform the statistical data that identified common school-age children's temperament profiles into puppets and other visual media are enumerated. Finally, the implications of conducting a theory-based intervention within a school environment are discussed. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Fabrication and application of silicon-reinforced PDMS masters

A new molding process is developed in this work to generate a silicon (Si)-reinforced polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) master of a 4 in wafer size using an SU-8 mold. The reinforced PDMS master is applied to pattern a conducting polymer, poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT), which is normally dissolved by a non-polar solvent. PDMS is usually patterned by a molding process, in which PDMS is first coated on and then peeled off from a rigid mold. However, in the new molding process, the Si-reinforced PDMS master is rigid but the SU-8 mold is flexible, and the SU-8 mold is first placed on and then peeled off from the rigid PDMS master. In such a way, a reinforced PDMS master of a size as large as a 4 in wafer can be produced. Meanwhile, a new way of obtaining free-standing, large SU-8 structures is presented. PDMS swells when it gets exposed to non-polar solvents. This swelling makes PDMS not suitable for patterning materials, which are usually dissolved by non-polar solvents, e.g., P3HT. In this work, we demonstrate that, with the reinforcement of a Si plate, the swelling effect in generating this specific type of materials is much reduced, and good patterns can be produced.
Drug therapy in patients undergoing haemodialysis: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations

Haemodialysis is utilised therapeutically as supportive treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In conjunction with haemodialysis therapy, ESRD patients frequently receive a large number of drugs to treat a multitude of intercurrent conditions. Because of the impaired renal function in ESRD patients, dosage reduction is often recommended to avoid adverse drug reactions, particularly for drugs and active metabolites with extensive renal excretion. On the other hand, if the removal of a drug by haemodialysis during concomitant drug therapy is significant, a dosage supplement would be required to ensure adequate therapeutic efficacy. Knowledge of the impact of haemodialysis on the elimination of specific drugs is therefore essential to the rational design of the dosage regimen in patients undergoing haemodialysis. This review addresses the clinical pharmacokinetic aspects of drug therapy in haemodialysis patients and considers: (a) the effects of ESRD on the general pharmacokinetics of drugs; (b) dialysis clearance and its impact on drug and metabolite elimination; (c) the definition of dialysability and the criteria for evaluation of drug dialysability; (d) pharmacokinetic parameters which are useful in the prediction of drug dialysability; and (e) the application of pharmacokinetic principles to the adjustment of dosage regimens in haemodialysis patients. Finally, drugs commonly associated with haemodialysis therapy are tabulated with updated pharmacokinetics and dialysability information.
Microhabitat analysis of the invasive exotic liana Lonicera japonica Thunb

Abstract We documented microhabitat occurrence and growth of Lonicera japonica to identify factors related to its invasion into a southern Illinois shale barren. The barren was surveyed for L. japonica in June 2003, and the microhabitats of established L. japonica plants were compared to random points that sampled the range of available microhabitats in the barren. Vine and leaf characters were used as measurements of plant growth. Lonicera japonica occurred preferentially in areas of high litter cover and species richness, comparatively small trees, low PAR, low soil moisture and temperature, steep slopes, and shallow soils. Plant growth varied among these microhabitats. Among plots where L. japonica occurred, growth was related to soil and light conditions, and aspects of surrounding cover. Overhead canopy cover was a common variable associated with nearly all measured growth traits. Plasticity of traits to improve invader success can only affect the likelihood of invasion once constraints to establishm...
The biology of Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of the red gum lerp psyllid (Hemiptera: Psylloidea)

Abstract The red gum lerp psyllid, Glycaspis brimblecombei Moore (Hemiptera: Psylloidea), is native to Australia, where it feeds upon Eucalyptus species. It first appeared near Los Angeles, California, in 1998, and soon spread throughout the state. A biological control program directed against the psyllid was initiated and Psyllaephagus bliteus Riek (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was imported from Australia and released in California. During quarantine screening, the taxonomic status of Psyllaephagus quadricyclus Riek was assessed by one of us (RLZ) and is proposed here as a new junior synonym for P. bliteus . The experiments discussed herein provide basic biological information on P. bliteus to supplement and improve the control program. We found that P. bliteus can oviposit into psyllid nymphs of any age but prefers third and fourth instars. Observations of host-handling behavior suggest that the large lerps of fifth instar psyllids increase host-handling time, thereby impeding oviposition and providing some protection from parasitism. Female P. bliteus were observed host-feeding on all psyllid nymphal development stages. Adults are relatively long-lived and, at constant temperatures of 17, 21, 23, 26, and 32 °C, longevity is a negative linear function of temperature. Females lived significantly longer than males. Adult females can live for several months, provided with hosts and held under glasshouse conditions (22 ± 3 °C), however, maximum egg deposition occurred within 22 days after adult emergence. Studies of larval development show that P. bliteus is a koinobiont and larval development is not initiated until the host reaches the late fourth or early fifth instar.
Evaluation of MILSTD 2525 Glyph Features in a Visual Search Paradigm

MILSTD 2525 is a document that outlines the composition and use of a set of standardized symbology by the US Department of Defense to represent vehicles, equipment and personnel on tactical interfaces. These symbols are primarily multivariate glyphs that visualize the status of military units. This study selected a subset of commonly used glyph features in order to investigate their relative efficiency in a search paradigm. Performance across the different features as well as within levels of each feature was examined. Stimuli were tested using an oddball search paradigm with set sizes of 6, 12 and 18. The dependent variables of interest were search efficiency, RT, and accuracy. Results show that search asymmetries occur with MILSTD 2525 glyph features and that these features differ in search efficiency from one another. The authors discuss the relative search performance of these features and implications for glyph design.