cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SELECTION OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS BY THE ELDERLY TO OBTAIN INFORMATION

Effective communication is a concern of those involved in programs for the elderly. The primary focus of this study is the influence of audience variables on the selection of communication channels by the elderly to obtain information. Five county aging‐service programs and four AARP chapter meetings were surveyed. Participants indicated how they usually obtained information about five different topics of special concern to older adults. The communication channels included five media: Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and brochures/leaflets, and three interpersonal channels: Friends/relatives, professionals, and organizations. Education, age, income, and living arrangements were related to communication channel selection. Elderly people who did not complete high school were less inclined to select any of the channels. Age was a factor, especially if the individual was over 80 years old. A lower income influenced the selection of two print media (newspapers and magazines), along with two interperso...
Moderately high resolution fluorecence spectrum of the S1 → S0 transition of azulene

Abstract We report an Ar/Kr ion laser induced spectrally resolved S1 → S0 emission from an azulene in a host naphthalene crystal observed at the helium λ-point and at 77 K. Less well resolved S1 → S0 emission from crystalline azulene dispersed in a KBr pellet at 300 K is also reported. For the 6471 A excitation the emission from the azulene in naphthalene system is analyzed in terms of three components: a resonance enhanced Raman emission originating from a nonstationary laser photon energy state 800 cm−1 above the S1 origin, a partially relaxed fluorecence originating from the 665 cm−1 vibrational level of S1 and a totally relaxed fluorecence from the S1 origin (14651 cm−1). The interpretation of the spectral lines is based on totally symetric vibrational modes (406, 679, 825,902, 1203, 1269, 1401, and 1586 cm−1) the most prominent of which is the progression forming 825 cm−1 mode. On the basis of both energies and intensities, correlations are made between ground and excited state vibrations and are compared with earlier results. Based on our results, a discussion is given on a plausible relaxation scheme for our system including the influence of Franck—Condon factors on the observability of unrelaxed emission.
Advanced lithography for ULSI

Lens technology has advanced to the point where lithographic feature sizes equal to, or even smaller than, the wavelength of the light used in the stepper can be achieved in production. How far optical lithography can go from here depends both on how short a wavelength is possible and how close we can come to the absolute limit of diffraction. In this article, we will examine the current thinking on these questions, and discuss what might happen if and when optical lithography really can no longer be used.
Variation of Radiation Damage Parameters in Metals

Electron damage measurements bave previously been used to obtain values for the average threshold energies and for the electrical resistivities of Frenkel pairs in a number of metals. It is shown that there is an empirical correlation between the point defect resistivities so obtained and the normal, high-temperature electrical resistivities of different metals. The threshold energies are discussed and extrapolations are made to predict values for certain metals whole threshold energies have not yet been measured. The low-temperature (stage I) recovery of most of the metals studied is shown to be qualitatively similar to that in copper, and the correlation of recovery temperatures with certain bulk properties is discussed. The radiation damage parameters derived from the electron results are used to compare theory and experiment for irradiations performed with heavy particles. It is shown for neutron irradiations that there is a general tendency for the simple displacement theory to give better agreement with experiment as the atomic weight of the bombarded material increases. (auth)
Generators for orthogonal groups of unimodular lattices

Abstract Let L be a unimodular lattice over the Hasse domain R of a global field F with characteristic not two, O(L) the orthogonal group of L, and O′(L) its spinorial kernel. Assume rank L⩾3. The quotient group O(L) O′(L) is described, and when L is a free even lattice with hyperbolic rank at least two, it is shown that O′(L) is generated by elementary transformations (with exceptions when only one prime spot of F is omitted in defining R).
Novel aluminum hydride derivatives from the reaction of H(3)Al.NMe(3) with the cyclosilazanes.

The amine hydrogen atoms of the cyclic trimeric silazane [Me(2)SiNH](3) are readily replaced by the H(2)Al. NMe(3) group in a simple aminolyis reaction of [Me(2)SiNH](3) with H(3)Al.NMe(3) to afford the aluminum amides (Me(2)SiNAlH(2).NMe(3))(n)(Me(2)SiNH)(3-n) (1, n = 3; 2, n = 1; 4, n = 2). The monosubstituted amide 2 could not be isolated, because it undergoes condensation to the tricyclic compound 1,1',2,2'-(HAlNMe(3))(2) (3). Contrary to these results the analogous reactions of the more flexible cyclic tetrameric silazane [Me(2)SiNH](4) with H(3)Al.NMe(3) did not give simple aluminum amides, but complicated mixtures were obtained from which the interesting polycyclic species Al(5)C(22)H(73)N(10)Si(8).C(6)H(6) (5) and Al(6)C(22)H(76)N(10)Si(8).1/4 C(6)H(14) (6) could be isolated in low yields. A key step in the formation of 5 and 6 is a low-temperature dehydrosilylation reaction which leads to cleavage of the silazane ring. Compounds 1, 3, and 4 were characterized spectroscopically ((1)H, (13)C, (27)Al NMR and FTIR) and by single crystal X-ray diffraction, whereas 5 and 6 were characterized by X-ray diffraction only. Thermolysis experiments involving 1 and 3 indicate that the onset of Al-N bond formation via dehydrosilylation is accompanied by loss of trimethylamine and formation of larger aggregates, which are stable to further silane elimination to at least 620 degrees C.
Neotropical Mammals and the Myth of Amazonian Biodiversity

Data were compiled on the distribution of mammal taxa (883 species, 242 genera, 45 families, and 10 orders) among South America’s six major macrohabitats: lowland Amazon forest, western montane forests, Atlantic rain forest, upland semideciduous forest, southern mesophytic forest, and drylands. The drylands are the richest area in numbers of species supported and are more diverse than the other habitats, including the lowland Amazon rain forest, when endemics are considered. An analysis of number of endemic and nonendemic taxa versus size of area found a simple positive linear relationship: the drylands, almost twice as extensive as the Amazon lowlands, support more endemic taxa. Conservation plans that emphasize the wet tropics and fail to consider the drylands as special repositories of mammal diversity will be unable to preserve a significant number of novel taxa.
A conformal finite-difference time-domain technique for modeling cylindrical dielectric resonators

In this paper, we present a generalization of the conformal finite-difference time-domain technique, which we introduced earlier for analyzing curved metallic objects. The new scheme enables us to model arbitrarily shaped metallic as well as dielectric objects, and is based on the concept of weighted-volume effective dielectric constant. Its accuracy and usefulness are shown by modeling both open- and closed-type dielectric resonators.
Comparative perspectives towards communicative activities among elementary school teachers in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan

With the spread of globalization and information technology, the goal of English education in East Asian countries has recently undergone drastic change, with one such change being the introduction of English at the elementary school level. Based on a sociocultural theoretical framework, this study attempts to identify and compare the ways in which local elementary school teachers consider classroom activities in English that are ‘effective’ in their given sociocultural and policy contexts. Employing multivocal ethnography, classroom activities in these countries were videotaped and edited. The edited videotape was shown to elementary school teachers in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan, who were then asked to discuss various aspects of teaching practice and activities in small groups. Among the many issues raised by teachers, this paper focuses on their concerns and challenges in employing communicative activities with respect to (1) creating motives and goals that drive communicative activities; (2) identifying developmentally appropriate mediational means; and (3) situating activities in specific contexts. The study found that teachers’ challenges were due to a lack of understanding of three factors, including what constitutes ‘teaching for communicative purposes’, the roles that developmental factors play in EFL learning and teaching, and strategies for harmonizing learning/teaching and context.
Dissociation constants and relative efficacies of acetylcholine, (+)‐ and (‐)‐methacholine at muscarinic receptors in the guinea‐pig ileum

Dissociation constants (KA) and relative efficacies of acetylcholine, (+)-methacholine and (-)-methacholine at muscarinic receptors in the guinea-pig isolated ileum were determined in the absence and presence of the cholinesterase inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate. The method used involved analysis of dose-response data before and after fractional inactivation of receptors with propylbenzilylcholine mustard. The KA values, estimated after cholinesterase inhibition, of acetylcholine, (+)- and (-)-methacholine were 1.7, 2.0 and 620 microM, respectively. The large (730 fold) difference in spasmogenic activity between (+)- and (-)-methacholine is due primarily to a difference in affinity for ileal muscarinic receptors although differences in efficacy (2 to 4 fold) also contribute. It is suggested that the methyl group at the chiral centre of (+)-methacholine has no apparent effect on the binding to muscarinic receptors, whereas the corresponding methyl group of (-)-methacholine interferes with binding, presumably by stabilizing a conformation of the drug which does not fit the receptor very well.
The use of the finite topology on endomorphism rings

Abstract Modules over a discrete valuation domain are considered. We investigate the extent to which the finite topology on their endomorphism rings has significance for two applications.
Biophysics of selectin-ligand interactions in inflammation and cancer.

Selectins (L-, E- and P-selectin) are calcium-dependent transmembrane glycoproteins that are expressed on the surface of circulating leukocytes, activated platelets, and inflamed endothelial cells. Selectins bind predominantly to sialofucosylated glycoproteins and glycolipids (E-selectin only) present on the surface of apposing cells, and mediate transient adhesive interactions pertinent to inflammation and cancer metastasis. The rapid turnover of selectin‐ligand bonds, due to their fast on- and off-rates along with their remarkably high tensile strengths, enables them to mediate cell tethering and rolling in shear flow. This paper presents the current body of knowledge regarding the role of selectins in inflammation and cancer metastasis, and discusses experimental methodologies and mathematical models used to resolve the biophysics of selectin-mediated cell adhesion. Understanding the biochemistry and biomechanics of selectin‐ligand interactions pertinent to inflammatory disorders and cancer metastasis may provide insights for developing promising therapies and/or diagnostic tools to combat these disorders.
Intravenous Phentolamine Abolishes Coronary Vasoconstriction in Response to Mild Central Hypovolemia

Animal studies indicate alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction helps maintain left ventricular function during physiological stress. Whether this process occurs in humans is unknown. In the current study, we used transthoracic Doppler echocardiography to test the effect of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) on coronary blood flow velocity (CBV, left anterior descending coronary artery) and myocardial function in eight young healthy subjects before and after systemic infusion of phentolamine, a nonselective alpha blocker. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were monitored on a beat-by-beat basis. Peak diastolic CBV and myocardial systolic and diastolic tissue velocities (Sm and Em), were quantified at baseline, and at −5 mmHg, −10 mmHg, and −15 mmHg LBNP. Coronary vascular resistance index (CVRI) was calculated as the quotient of diastolic BP and CBV. Phentolamine reduced baseline diastolic BP and increased HR but did not affect the reflex adjustments to LBNP. The reduction in CBV due to LBNP was blunted by phentolamine at −10 mmHg and −15 mmHg. Importantly, the increase in CVRI (i.e., coronary vasoconstriction) was abolished by phentolamine at −5 mmHg (0.21 ± 0.06 vs. 0.83 ± 0.13), −10 mmHg (0.24 ± 0.03 vs. 1.68 ± 0.31), and −15 mmHg (0.27 ± 0.10 vs. 2.34 ± 0.43). These data indicate that alpha-adrenergic coronary vasoconstriction is present during low levels of LBNP. With alpha blockade, more coronary flow is needed to maintain cardiac function. Our data suggest that alpha-adrenergic tone enhances coronary flow efficiency, presumably by redistributing flow from the epicardium to the endocardium.
Regulation of insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression by Sp1: physical and functional interactions of Sp1 at GC boxes and at a CT element.

The insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor mediates signal transduction by the IGFs and plays a critical role in growth and development. The proximal promoter region of the rat IGF-I receptor gene contains multiple Sp1 consensus-binding sites (GC boxes). Various promoter fragments fused to a luciferase reporter gene were transiently cotransfected together with an Sp1 expression vector into Drosophila Schneider cells, which lack endogenous Sp1. A proximal promoter fragment containing 476 nucleotides of 5'-flanking region and 640 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated region was strongly activated by Sp1 (an average of 116-fold), and progressive 5'-deletions of the promoter that sequentially removed GC boxes reduced Sp1 activation to 15-fold over basal promoter activity. DNase I footprinting studies with purified Sp1 protein revealed four GC boxes in the 5'-flanking region of the promoter and one homopurine/homopyrimidine motif (CT element) in the 5'-untranslated region that bound Sp1. Mutation of the CT ele...
Brief Report: Analysis of Endogenous Oct4 Activation during Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming Using an Inducible Oct4 Lineage Label†‡§

The activation of endogenous Oct4 transcription is a key step in the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells but until now it has been difficult to analyze this critical event in the reprogramming process. We have generated a transgenic mouse that expresses the tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase MerCreMer under the control of the endogenous Oct4 locus, enabling lineage tracing of Oct4 expression in cells in vivo or in vitro, during either reprogramming or differentiation. Using this novel resource, we have determined the timing and outcome of endogenous Oct4 induction during fibroblast reprogramming. We show that both the initiation of this key reprogramming step and the ability of cells activating endogenous Oct4 expression to complete reprogramming are not influenced by the presence of exogenous c-Myc, although the overall efficiency of the process is increased by c-Myc. Oct4 lineage tracing reveals that new reprogramming events continue to initiate over a period of 3 weeks. Furthermore, the analysis of mixed colonies, where only a subset of daughter cells induce endogenous Oct4 expression, indicates the role of unknown, stochastic events in the progression of reprogramming from the initial events to a pluripotent state. Our transgenic mouse model and cells derived from it provide powerful and precise new tools for the study of iPS cell reprogramming mechanisms and have wider implications for the investigation of the role of Oct4 during development.
Updating the regulation of Chinese advertising: improving consumer protection to meet the needs of a growing China

The recent development of a market economy in China is creating a rapidly growing middle class and a greater foreign business presence. This growing market has, in turn, created more advertising as foreign businesses seek this large market of new consumers. The 1995 Advertising Law of the People's Republic of China ('1995 Advertising Law') is designed to protect consumers from misleading or false advertisements, while allowing businesses the freedom to market their goods and reach Chinese consumers. The 1995 Advertising Law has not been amended since 1995 and does not adequately respond to the various changes in Chinese society. Instead, regional regulations have been left to respond to the changes in the advertising market, leading to uneven enforcement, especially outside of the major cities. Additionally, the 1995 Advertising Law gives an inadequate definition of the advertisements it seeks to regulate, which has resulted in unregulated internet advertising. In addition to amending the 1995 Advertising Law to more precisely define advertisements, consumers would benefit from a more open and consistent enforcement of the law, better education about their rights and encouragement to voice their concerns about illegal advertisements.
Activities of ornithine-urea cycle enzymes and of trimethylamine oxidase in the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae.

Abstract 1. 1. The entire sequence of ornithine-urea cycle enzymes and trimethylamine oxidase, each assayed in homogenates of frozen coelacanth liver, were found to have activity levels comparable to those previously ascertained in elasmobranchs and dipnoan lungfish. 2. 2. These results taken together with certain other biochemical and morphological data suggest that presence of the ornithine pathway in the cartilagenous fishes and in the sacropterygian stem that gave rise to the coelacanths, lungfishes and the tetrapods is a primitive feature of vertebrate evolution. 3. 3. Absence or low levels of the pathway in actinopterygian fishes may constitute a case of deletion or reduction during evolution. 4. 4. Re-examination of the supposed evolutionary relationship of the classes of jawed fishes is warranted.
Avidin self‐associates with boric acid gel suspensions: preparation of an affinity boron carrier that might be developed for boron‐neutron capture therapy

It has been shown in preliminary studies that avidin self-associates with suspended arylboronic acid gel polymer particles, and avidin-coated gel particles in the micron and submicron size range are of interest to boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT) applications because they carry sufficiently large amounts of boron-10 to effect a meaningful tissue dosing through BNCT. Avidin-coated gel particles precipitate within 46 min of mixing when the avidin/colloid ratio is about 0.34 g avidin/g colloid. This is a minimum time if gel and avidin concentrations are in the low microgram/milliliter range, and further increases in the relative amount of avidin increase the time to precipitation. At shorter exposure times rapid agglutination-like reactions were observed with multivalent biotinylated bovine albumin, suggesting that two stage pre-targeting of specific tissues should be possible with biotinylated antitumor antibodies. The yield of micron sized and smaller gel particles is enhanced by a combination of manual grinding in an agate mortar followed by sonification. Sonification alone produces an uneven distribution, with fewer particles sedimenting at 15 000 rpm than above or below. Preparation of avidin-coated boronic acid particles is a matter of combining a phosphate buffered solution of avidin (120 mM in NaCl, 2.7 mM in KCl and 10 mM in phosphate, pH 7.4) and an aqueous suspension of gel particles in the mass ratio described above. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resting and stimulated endocrine function in human subjects with cervical spinal cord transection.

Abstract Serial measurement of blood glucose, urinary glucocorticoids, mineralo-corticoids, catecholamines, and methylhydroxymandelic acid show that, at rest, men with a section of the cervical spinal cord, have low normal blood glucose and nearly normal adrenal-cortical and adrenal-medullary function. The chronic patients have a decreased excretion of methylhydroxymandelic acid. In these subjects, the hyperglycemia observed after surgery of deafferented parts of the body is erratic, and the expected increase in urinary corticosteroids is absent. This increase is present during exacerbation of infection. Short but stressful episodes of hypotension do not lead to an increase in urinary catecholamines or methylhydroxyandelic acid. Change from recumbent to erect position, accompanied by hypotension, or to sitting, does not lead to increased urinary aldosterone. The results of these preliminary studies show that disruption of neural connections between brain and spinal cord and dissociation of the normally integrated function of the autonomic nervous system, modify many neurohormonal responses to stimulation.
Spontaneous axisymmetry breaking of the external magnetic field at Saturn

Saturn’s magnetic field is remarkably axisymmetric. Early evidence for nonaxisymmetry came from the periodicity of Saturn’s kilometric radio bursts (SKR). Subsequently, percent-level variations of the SKR period were found to occur on timescales of years. A recent breakthrough has been the direct detection of a nonaxisymmetric component of the field that rotates with a period close to that of the SKR and whose magnitude varies only weakly with distance from Saturn. The latter implies that it must be supported by currents external to the planet. We explore the hypothesis that centrifugally driven convection spontaneously breaks the axisymmetry of the external magnetic field at Saturn. The density of the outflowing plasma close to its source is assumed to contain a substantial part that varies as coso and rotates uniformly. We demonstrate that the plasma stream must narrow with distance from the planet, while the field-aligned currents joining stream to ionosphere increase rapidly. These currents produce a nonaxisymmetric component of magnetic field whose magnitude varies inversely with radial distance in the planet’s equatorial plane. For a rate of plasma outflow 10^4 ≾ Ṁ ≾ 10^5g s^(-1), this component’s strength is compatible with that observed. Additionally, we postulate that the SKR is associated with the narrow range of longitudes over which large currents flow along magnetic field lines connecting the tip of the outflow to the auroral ionosphere.
A new species of Acanthosyris (Santalaceae) from Bolivia and a key to the woody South American Santalaceae

Acanthosyris asipapote, a new species from the vicinity of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, is described and illustrated. It is most similar to A. paulo-alvinii Barroso, known only from the state of Bahia, Brazil, but differs by leaf characters, pilose filaments, and smaller seeds. A key to the five woody genera and nine species of Santalaceae in South America is provided. Cervantesia, Jodina, and Myoschilos are probably monotypic; Santalum (in South America) has a single species, and Acanthosyris has five species.
Target Selection of Proprioceptive and Motor Axon Synapses on Neonatal V1-Derived Ia Inhibitory Interneurons and Renshaw Cells

The diversity of premotor interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord is generated from a few phylogenetically conserved embryonic classes of interneurons (V0, V1, V2, V3). Their mechanisms of diversification remain unresolved, although these are clearly important to understand motor circuit assembly in the spinal cord. Some Ia inhibitory interneurons (IaINs) and all Renshaw cells (RCs) derive from embryonic V1 interneurons; however, in adult they display distinct functional properties and synaptic inputs, for example proprioceptive inputs preferentially target IaINs, while motor axons target RCs. Previously, we found that both inputs converge on RCs in neonates, raising the possibility that proprioceptive (VGLUT1-positive) and motor axon synapses (VAChT-positive) initially target several different V1 interneurons populations and then become selected or deselected postnatally. Alternatively, specific inputs might precisely connect only with predefined groups of V1 interneurons. To test these hypotheses we analyzed synaptic development on V1-derived IaINs and compared them to RCs of the same age and spinal cord levels. V1-interneurons were labeled using genetically encoded lineage markers in mice. The results show that although neonatal V1-derived IaINs and RCs are competent to receive proprioceptive synapses, these synapses preferentially target the proximal somato-dendritic regions of IaINs and postnatally proliferate on IaINs, but not on RCs. In contrast, cholinergic synapses on RCs are specifically derived from motor axons, while on IaINs they originate from Pitx2 V0c interneurons. Thus, motor, proprioceptive, and even some interneuron inputs are biased toward specific subtypes of V1-interneurons. Postnatal strengthening of these inputs is later superimposed on this initial preferential targeting.
Design of a variable path tandem layout for automated guided vehicle systems

The partitioning of a tandem layout for an automated guided vehicle (AGV) system directly affects the system performance. Determining the location of the transfer points between zones is another important issue in the design of a tandem layout. In this paper, a heuristic partitioning algorithm for a tandem AGV system based on the concept of variable path routing within a zone is developed. Transfer points are simultaneously determined during the network partitioning process. The algorithm assumes the prior existence of a conventional and unidirectional layout. The problem of interest is one of converting the existing, conventional layout to a variable path based tandem AGV system layout. A comparison between the conventional and the tandem AGV system with respect to system performance under the same operating conditions is presented. The results show that the variable path based tandem layout requires a smaller number of vehicles in most situations than the equivalent conventional layout. In addition, the total vehicle use time of a tandem layout is smaller than that of the conventional layout.
Hans Reichenbach on the Logic of Quantum Mechanics

Hans Reichenbach was a philosopher with a truly scientific outlook, who throughout his distinguished career maintained a close working relationship with scientists, keeping abreast of developments in science as they happened. In his work we find a philosophy of science concerned not only with the general epistemological and methodological issues arising from an examination of the practice of science, but also with the detailed, painstaking analysis of the foundations of actual scientific theory as informed by a mastery of them, in particular, of physical theory. Thus, it is not surprising yet laudable to find his deep interest in the two major revolutions in physics which occurred during his lifetime – relativity theory and quantum mechanic1—having issued in two major series of works by his hand, each on one of these topics. The first part of this claim is easy to defend, for few would deny the monumental contribution of his works on the philosophy of time, space, and relativistic physics, in particular Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre (1928). Yet granting a comparable status to his studies of the foundations of QM might meet with some reservations. Judged from the standpoint of relative influence there clearly is an asymmetry. The influence of the latter work has certainly been less marked than that of his writings on relativity theory, as other essays in this volume amply demonstrate. However, it is my opinion that Reichenbach’s works on QM constitute a major contribution to the philosophy of physics and — when taken in terms of the fundamental point of view maintained — provide insights into the foundations of quantum theory fully comparable to those afforded by his other works.
Inhalant use among incarcerated adolescents in the United States: prevalence, characteristics, and correlates of use.

Abstract Objective To characterize patterns and correlates of inhalant use among incarcerated youth. Method Residents ( N = 723) of 27 Missouri Division of Youth Services facilities completed interviews assessing substance use, psychiatric symptoms, antisocial traits, trauma, suicidality, and criminality. Results Participants averaged 15.5 (S.D. = 1.2) years of age, were ethnically diverse, and predominantly male. More than one-third (36.9%) reported lifetime inhalant use; 47.9% of users had tried four or more inhalant products. Comparatively high rates of use were observed for Hispanic and small town/rural youth. Commonly abused agents included gasoline (22%), permanent markers (15%), computer “air duster,” (15%) and spray paint (12%). Inhalant users evidenced significantly higher levels of criminal behavior, antisocial attitudes, current psychiatric symptoms, earlier onset of offending and substance use, and more extensive histories of head injury, kidney disease, hormonal problems, mental illness, suicidality, trauma, and substance-related problems than nonusers. In multiple logistic regression models, race/ethnicity, geographic area of residence, fearlessness, suicidality, and polydrug use distinguished inhalant users and nonusers. Measures of cognitive impairment, impulsivity, fearlessness, blame externalization, polydrug use, and substance-related problems were positively associated with lifetime frequency of inhalant use. Conclusions Inhalant use was widespread in this sample and associated with serious physical and mental health impairments.
Contact spreading and the Au3In‐to‐Au9In4 transition in the Au‐InP system

An investigation is made of the third stage in the series of solid-state reactions that occur between InP and its most commonly used contact material, Au. This reaction, which results in the transformation of the contacting metallization from the pink-colored Au3In to the silver-colored Au9In4, is shown to be controlled by an In-Au exchange or kickout mechanism operating at the interface between the two phases. Contact spreading, a rapid lateral expansion of the contact metallization that can consume large quantities of InP during growth, is shown to be another manifestation of this final stage in the InP-Au reaction. A detailed description of the mechanisms, including an investigation of the kinetics of the processes involved, is presented.
Growout performance of diploid and triploid Chinese catfish Clarias fuscus

Abstract Culture performance of diploid and triploid Chinese catfish Clarias fuscus was evaluated at two temperatures (21.5 and 25.0°C), and with two feed formulations. New Age Pacific (NAP) feed (49% crude protein and 18% crude lipid) and Catfish No. 2 (C2) feed (36% crude protein and 23% crude lipid) were provided once daily at 5% body weight. After 175 days, triploid fish gained more weight than diploids. Both diploids and triploids grew faster at 25°C than at 21.5°C. At the lower temperature, C2 feed enhanced fish growth compared with NAP feed in both ploidies, while triploid fish gained more weight than diploids only with C2 feed. Male C. fuscus grew faster than females regardless of ploidy. Neither fish survival nor condition factor differed among treatments, but the condition factor in diploid males was lower than others. If our results apply to commercial scale, culture of triploids at temperatures >25°C could improve total yield and profitability.
Communication of genetic risk information to daughters in families with fragile X syndrome: the parent's perspective.

Parental approaches to communicating information about genetic disorders to their children may be an important determinant in how the children manage stress as well as their adjustment and adaptation to that information. We explored communication patterns through structured interviews with 46 parents of daughters who learned about their genetic risk status as minors. Three different levels of knowledge about fragile X syndrome were explored: 1) informing that it has been diagnosed in the family and is an inherited disorder, 2) informing about the possibility of a daughter being a carrier, and 3) if testing had been done, informing the daughter of her actual carrier status. Additionally, parental perceptions of their daughter’s understanding of the information were explored along with frequency of discussions. We found that communication about genetic risk was initiated by the parents. Five disclosure patterns were identified with variations in style, content, and frequency of communication related to the information that was being disclosed. Aspects of resilient communication were present for all levels of disclosure; however, as the information became more personally relevant for the daughter such as disclosure about the possibility of “being a carrier” for fragile X syndrome and there was uncertainty regarding potential outcomes, the conversations included fewer resilient characteristics. Uncertainty about what and how to present information may negatively affect a parent’s ability to include elements of resilient communication when disclosing genetic risk information.
Intelligent detection of impulse noise using multilayer neural network with multi-valued neurons

In this paper, we solve the impulse noise detection problem using an intelligent approach. We use a multilayer neural network based on multi-valued neurons (MLMVN) as an intelligent impulse noise detector. MLMVN was already used for point spread function identification and intelligent edge enhancement. So it is very attractive to apply it for solving another image processing problem. The main result, which is presented in the paper, is the proven ability of MLMVN to detect impulse noise on different images after a learning session with the data taken just from a single noisy image. Hence MLMVN can be used as a robust impulse detector. It is especially efficient for salt and pepper noise detection and outperforms all competitive techniques. It also shows comparable results in detection of random impulse noise. Moreover, for random impulse noise detection, MLMVN with the output neuron with a periodic activation function is used for the first time.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Volume density and distribution of mitochondria in myocardial growth and hypertrophy.

The volume density and distribution of mitochondria relative to capillaries have been measured using the technique of point counting in concentric rings, on normal and hypertrophied guinea pig myocardium. Right ventricular hypertrophy was produced by hypobaric hypoxia. In control guinea pigs right ventricular weight increased linearly with body weight. In control and hypoxic guinea pigs fiber cross sectional area (FCSA) and ventricular weight were related by a single straight line. Capillary density decreased hyperbolically with FCSA in both control and hypoxic animals. Capillary density was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the right ventricles of the hypoxic animals than in controls when the fibers were small but this difference disappeared as the fibers hypertrophied beyond FCSA values of 260 μm2. Volume density of mitochondria reached a peak (29–35%) close to the capillary but then decreased significantly in the spaces farthest from the capillary (mean 25.2%). There was no significant difference in peak mitochondrial volume density in controls versus hypoxic animals. There was thus an increase in the total volume of mitochondria in these myofibers that was in direct proportion to the increases in FCSA and heart volume. The highest volume density of mitochondria was found at a distance that is approximately 15% of the total distance over which O2 must diffuse in myocardial tissue and the peak volume density of mitochondria was thus a function of capillary density. The speculation is presented that the distribution of mitochondria may be related both to oxygen supply to the mitochondria and to the movement of high energy phosphate compounds out of mitochondria for use by myofibrils.
Phase‐change heat regenerators: Modeling and experimental studies

Modeling of and experiments with heat storage in regenerators packed with phase-change material (PCM) are discussed, as well as the second-law thermodynamic efficiency for the ideal phase-change regenerator (PCR). An algorithm to solve the coupled partial differential equations for heat transfer and storage in the PCR on the bed scale and on the PCM scale is presented. The bed is discretized via the tanks-in-series approximation. The PCM scale is solved by orthogonal collocation applied to the equations, transformed to immobilize the melt/solid interface and eliminate the effect of spherical geometry. Parametric studies show the effects of specific dimensionless groups. A novel PCM consisting of n-octadecane retained by capillary forces in a porous silica support is used in a lab-scale PCR to verify the model. It visually changes from opaque to semi-transparent when the wax melts, thereby allowing the melt front within the bed to be tracked. Experiments with heated or cooled CO{sub 2} passing through the PCR are described. The measured outlet temperature compares qualitatively with model predictions. The model quantitatively predicts melt front movement in the first 60% of the bed. Discrepancies between the model and experiments are linked to significant heat losses.
Trigonal-Planar versus Pyramidal Geometries in the Tris(ring) Heteroleptic Divalent Lanthanide Complexes (C5Me5)Ln(μ-η6:η1-Ph)2BPh2: Crystallographic and Density Functional Theory Analysis

To examine the difference between the trigonal-planar structure of the tris(ring) heteroleptic 4f14 Yb2+ complex (C5Me5)Yb(μ-η6:η1-Ph)2BPh2, 1, and the pyramidal geometry of the 4f6 Sm2+ analogue (C5Me5)Sm(μ-η6:η1-Ph)2BPh2, 2, the structure of the half-filled-shell 4f7 Eu2+ complex was of interest. (C5Me5)Eu(μ-η6:η1-Ph)2BPh2, 3, was synthesized by reaction of (C5Me5)2Eu with [Et3NH][BPh4] and characterized by X-ray crystallography. All three complexes were analyzed using density functional theory. In addition, (C5Me5)− exchange reactions were performed in order to examine the preference of the divalent lanthanide ions for ligand sets containing one or two (C5Me5)− groups.
Self-Regulation as a Protective Factor against Risky Drinking and Sexual Behavior

Prior research suggests that high dispositional self-regulation leads to decreased levels of risky drinking and sexual behavior in adolescence and the early years of college. Self-regulation may be especially important when individuals have easy access to alcohol and freedom to pursue sexual opportunities. In the current 1-year longitudinal study, we followed a sample of N = 1,136 college students who had recently reached the legal age to purchase alcohol and enter bars and clubs to test whether self-regulation protected against heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-related problems, and unprotected sex. We tested main effects of self-regulation and interactions among self-regulation and established risk factors (e.g., sensation seeking) on risky drinking and sexual behavior. High self-regulation inversely predicted heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-related problems, and unprotected sex, even when taking into account gender and risk factors. Moreover, in predicting unprotected sex, we found three-way interactions among self-regulation, sensation seeking, and heavy episodic drinking. Self-regulation buffered against risk associated with heavy drinking but only among those low in sensation seeking. The protective effects of self-regulation for risky drinking and sexual behavior make it a promising target for intervention, with the caveat that self-regulation may be less protective among those who are more drawn to socially and emotionally rewarding stimuli.
Sequence-specific endonuclease from the transformable cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2

Extracts of the transformable cyanobacterial strain Anacystis nidulans R2 were analyzed for the presence of restriction endonuclease. One enzyme, Ani I, was found and determined to be sequence-specific on the basis of its ability to cleave several Bacillus plasmids at a limited number of sites. The activity of this enzyme is significantly reduced in extracts prepared from cell cultures grown at 38°C.
A re-discussion of four early-type eclipsing binary systems

We have begun to analyse the published photometric and spectroscopic data for early-type eclipsing binaries using the Wilson-Devinney code with the goal of providing a homogeneous set of data on the properties of high-mass stars. We advocate performing simultaneous multicolour light-curve solutions, so as to keep the number of adjusted parameters at a minimum. The weighting scheme in such solutions should be considered carefully. In this paper we analyse the data for the double-lined systems V1182 Aql, CW Cep, AG Per and TT Aur. We discuss previous solutions for these systems and point out likely sources of error
Size, laminar and columnar distribution of efferent cells in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys.

The cells of origin of cortico-cortical and subcortical projections from the subfields of the somatic sensory area and from the motor cortex have been identified in cynomolgus and squirrel monkeys by the retrograde axonal transport method. The somata of the cells of origin of a particular fiber system have a specific laminar or sublaminar distribution. The somata of the majority of cortico-cortical cells lie in the supragranular layers. Those projecting to the opposite cortex are confined to the deeper half of layer III (layer IIIB). Ipsilateral cortico-cortical neurons lie mainly superficial to them in layers IIIA and II, but in the second somatic sensory area (SII) and in area 2 of the first (SI), small numbers are also found in layer V. Corticospinal cells lie in the deeper part of layer V and corticostriatal cells in the superficial part. Corticopontine, corticobulbar and corticorubral cells lie in between. The majority of corticothalamic cells lies in layer VI but a second, smaller population is found in the deep part of layer V. The cells giving rise to a particular set of efferent connections can be distinguished in terms of size and, with the exception of the corticospinal cells, their size does not vary greatly from area to area. In many cases, the size and laminar specificity indicates that cells sending axons to one site cannot have collateral branches projecting to another. In most of the fiber systems studied, labeled cells form single or multiple strips, 0.5–1 mm wide and oriented mediolaterally across the cortex. The strips appear in all of the subfields of the somatic sensory and motor areas and may form the basis of the clustering of like groups of efferent neurons demonstrable in physiological studies.
Can Syringe Exchange Serve as a Conduit to Substance Abuse Treatment

Abstract To determine how the city-run New Haven syringe exchange program (SEP) expedited requests for entry into treatment, records of the SEP’s drug treatment coordinator were analyzed. During the study period, a majority of those requesting treatment did not use the SEP to obtain sterile syringes. Comparisons between the people requesting treatment and those exchanging syringes revealed that those requesting treatment were more likely female and less likely White. Factors associated with failure to enter treatment included long lag times, worse insurance, cocaine use, and requesting primary detoxification only. Majorities of the requests, appointments, and entries came from individuals whose treatment was to be paid through city welfare. A managed care initiative from the city welfare department, which excluded the SEP, halved requests and entries. Subsequent addition of the SEP to the initiative did not significantly increase requests or entries. Although the SEP initially acted as a conduit to treatment, its effectiveness was curtailed by the imposition of bureaucratic restrictions.
Fiber type and fiber size of cat ankle, knee, and hip extensors and flexors following low thoracic spinal cord transection at an early age.

Abstract Effects of low thoracic spinal transection on muscle weights, fiber type distributions, and fiber cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of selected cat hind limb mixed-fast flexors and extensors and slow extensors were studied. Cats were spinalized at T12 at 2 weeks of age and maintained for 6 to 12 months. In general spinalization resulted in a decrease in muscle weights of extensors, while the weights of those muscles that function as either flexors or as both flexors and extensors were maintained. The percentages of fast-twitch [fast glycolytic (FG) and fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG)] fibers increased and slow oxidative (SO) fibers decreased as a result of spinalization. However, FG fibers had a smaller CSA after spinal transection in both extensors and flexors. The total relative CSA of FG fibers per whole muscle was similar in spinalized and control cats. The relative muscle CSA occupied by SO fibers decreased in extensors and flexors as a result of a lower proportion of SO fibers and/or smaller SO fibers in spinalized cats. These findings suggest that muscles become more “fast-like” histochemically while little change occurs in the oxidative staining properties in either extensors or flexors in 6- to 12-month-old cats transected at 2 weeks of age. Further, these data suggest that the amount of muscle atrophy that occurs as a result of spinal transection is not closely related to the percentage reduction in SO fibers.
AlInAsSb for M-LWIR detectors

Abstract Growth of unrelaxed and unstrained Al z In 1− z As y Sb 1− y with a lattice constant=6.23 A was demonstrated. InAs 1- x Sb x with this lattice constant produces a bandgap corresponding to absorption in the long-wavelength infrared range. The structures were grown on GaSb substrates, using a lattice constant shifting buffer layer. Good photoluminescence intensity was shown, ranging from 2.0 to 4.5 μm, demonstrating the potential for development of multi-color infrared detectors that can cover both the mid- and long-wavelength infrared bands.
Idiopathic hyperglycinemia: isolation and identification of three previously undescribed urinary ketones.

An investigation into the identity of the ketones excreted by a patient with hyperglycinemia has led to isolation and identification of significant quantities of 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), and lesser amounts of 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, acetaldehyde, and a hexanone, tentatively identified as 2-hexanone. In subjects whose ketosis is secondary to starvation, diabetes, or a high fat intake, these substances constitute but a negligible fraction of their daily urinary output of ketones.
The Subversion of Supernatural Lament in the Poetry of Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill

Irish language poet Nuala Ni Dhomhnaill situates the female poet in terms of the supernatural in her essay, “What Foremothers?” when she describes a common superstition from bardic tradition that s...
Occurrence and inheritance of linolenic and linoleic acids in soybean seeds

The range of linolenic acid in the oil from 251 field-grown varieties and introductions of soybeans was 4.89 to 9.28% and that of linoleic, 35.8 to 53.4%.