cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The polymorphic PolyQ tail protein of the Mediator Complex, Med15, regulates variable response to stress

The Mediator is a multi-protein complex composed of subunits called head, body, tail, and CDK that is conserved from yeast to humans and plays a central role in transcription. However, not all the components are required for basal transcription. Components of the tail are not essential but to varying degrees are required for growth in different stresses. While some stresses are familiar such as heat, desiccation, and starvation, others are exotic, yet yeast can elicit a successful stress response. MCHM is a hydrotrope that induces growth arrest in yeast. By exploiting genetic variation, specifically in Med15, between yeast strains, we found that a naturally occurring Med15 allele with polyQ (polyglutamine) expansion conferred MCHM sensitivity. Expansion in polyQ repeat can induce protein aggregation and in humans can cause neurodegenerative diseases. In yeast, the MCHM sensitivity was not from a loss of function as the reciprocal hemizygous hybrids were all sensitive and the homozygous null mutant was less sensitive than the hemizygous hybrids. This suggests that there is an incompatibility between Mediator components from genetic divergent yeast strains. Transcriptomics from yeast expressing the incompatible Med15 (longer polyQ repeats in the strain with fewer repeats) changed gene expression in diverse pathways. Med15 protein existed in multiple isoforms, mostly from likely post-translational modifications and different alleles have different patterns of isoforms. Stability of both alleles of Med15 was dependent on Ydj1, a J-type chaperone. The protein level of the incompatible Med15 allele was lower than the compatible allele and was turned over faster. Med15 is tethered to the rest of the Mediator complex via Med2 and 3. Deletion of either Med2 or Med3 changed the Med15 isoform patterns in a similar manner. Whereas deletion of Med5, a distal component of the Mediator tail, did not change the pattern. The med2 and med3 mutants were similarly sensitive to MCHM while med5 mutants were not. Differences in the phenotype of yeast carrying different Med15 alleles extend to other stresses. The incompatible allele of Med15 improved growth of yeast to chemicals that produce free radicals and the compatible allele of Med15 improved growth to reducing agents, caffeine, and hydroxyurea. Med15 directly interacts with Gcn4 and other TFs and in vitro form phase-separated droplets. This variation may reflect the positive and negative role that Med15 has in transcription. Genetic variation in transcriptional regulators can magnify differences in response to environmental changes, in contrast, genetic variation in a metabolic enzyme. These polymorphic control genes are master variators.
Simultaneous Denoising and Edge Estimation from SEM Images using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

We propose deep convolutional neural networks LineNet1 and LineNet2 for simultaneous denoising and edge image prediction from low-dose scanning electron microscope images. Edge estimation of nanostructures from SEM images is needed for line edge roughness (LER) and line width roughness (LWR) estimation. Our method uses supervised learning datasets of single-line SEM images and multiple-line SEM images together with edge positions information for the training of LineNet1 and LineNet2. We simulate single-line and multiple-line SEM images with Poisson noise and other artifacts using the ARTIMAGEN library developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The line edges were generated using the Thorsos method and the Palasantzas spectral model. The convolutional neural networks LineNet1 and LineNet2 each contain 17 con- volutional layers, 16 batch-normalization layers and 16 dropout layers. Our results show that this approach (1) facilitates edge estimation in multiple-line images and (2) significantly reduces the memory needed for edge estimation in single-line images with a slight impact on accuracy.
Effortful control, interpretation biases, and child anxiety symptom severity in a sample of children with anxiety disorders.

Abstract Introduction Effortful control—the ability to inhibit impulsive reactions in favor of more adaptive responses—is negatively related to child anxiety severity. One potential explanation is that greater effortful control may “slow down” automatic, threat-laden interpretations, thereby lowering children’s anxiety. The present investigation tested this hypothesis by examining associations between effortful control (and its subcomponents) and anxiety symptom severity, mediated by interpretation biases, in a diverse sample of clinically anxious youth. Method Participants (N = 105; Mage = 10.09 years, SD = 1.22; 56.7% female; 49% ethnic minority) completed a diagnostic interview; self-report measures of temperament, anxiety, and interpretation biases; a performance-based measure of interpretation biases; and a parent–child interaction task for which an index of behavioral anxiety was computed. Results Significant indirect effects were found for effortful control, attentional control, and inhibitory control on child self-reported anxiety severity by way of self-reported (but not behaviorally-indexed) interpretation biases. Models predicting behaviorally-indexed child anxiety severity were not significant. Discussion Greater effortful control may result in enhanced attentional capacities that allow children to assess automatic cognitions more objectively, potentially lowering their anxiety. Future work should evaluate whether targeting malleable temperamental constructs, such as effortful control, leads to clinically meaningful reductions in interpretation biases and child anxiety symptoms.
Temporary migration of Palestinian students to the former USSR: motivations, conflicts and impact

The article traces Palestinian Arab graduates in Israel, who acquired HE in the former USSR. The article clarifies the unique contribution of these studies to social, economic and political aspects...
Morbidity and mortality in orthostatic hypotension.

Abstract This review summarizes the current literature on the epidemiology of orthostatic hypotension (OH) in the elderly and in patients with autonomic impairment also known as neurogenic OH (nOH); these two conditions have distinct pathophysiologies and affect different patient populations. The prevalence of OH in the elderly varies depending on the study population. In community dwellers, OH prevalence is estimated at 16%, whereas in institutionalized patients, it may be as high as 60%. The prevalence of OH increases exponentially with age, particularly in those 75 years and older. Multiple epidemiological studies have identified OH as a risk factor for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease including heart failure and stroke. Real-world data from administrative databases found polypharmacy, multiple co-morbid conditions, and high health-care utilization as common characteristics in OH patients. A comprehensive evaluation of medications associated with OH is discussed with particular emphasis on the use of anti-hypertensive therapy from two large clinical trials on high-intensive versus standard blood pressure management. Finally, we also review the epidemiology of nOH based on the underlying neurodegenerative disorder (either Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy), and the presence of co-morbid conditions such as hypertension and cognitive impairment.
11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases regulate circulating glucocorticoids but not central gene expression.

Abstract Regulation of glucocorticoids (GCs), important mediators of physiology and behavior at rest and during stress, is multi-faceted and dynamic. The 11s hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 11s-HSD1 and 11s-HSD2 catalyze the regeneration and inactivation of GCs, respectively, and provide peripheral and central control over GC actions in mammals. While these enzymes have only recently been investigated in just two songbird species, central expression patterns suggest that they may function differently in birds and mammals, and little is known about how peripheral expression regulates circulating GCs. In this study, we utilized the 11s-HSD inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) to probe the functional effects of 11s-HSD activity on circulating GCs and central GC-dependent gene expression in the adult zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Peripheral CBX injection produced a marked increase in baseline GCs 60 min after injection, suggestive of a dominant role for 11s-HSD2 in regulating circulating GCs. In the adult zebra finch brain, where 11s-HSD2 but not 11s-HSD1 is expressed, co-incubation of micro-dissected brain regions with CBX and stress-level GCs had no impact on expression of several GC-dependent genes. These results suggest that peripheral 11s-HSD2 attenuates circulating GCs, whereas central 11s-HSD2 has little impact on gene expression. Instead, rapid 11s-HSD2-based regulation of local GC levels might fine-tune membrane GC actions in brain. These results provide new insights into the dynamics of GC secretion and action in this important model organism.
PREMATURE SENESCENCE LEAF 50 Promotes Heat Stress Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Heat stress is a major environmental factor that could induce premature leaf senescence in plants. So far, a few rice premature senescent leaf mutants have been reported to involve in heat tolerance. We identified a premature senescence leaf 50 (psl50) mutant that exhibited a higher heat susceptibility with decreased survival rate, over-accumulated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and increased cell death under heat stress compared with the wild-type. The causal gene PREMATURE SENESCENCE LEAF 50 (PSL50) was isolated by using initial map-based resequencing (IMBR) approach, and we found that PSL50 promoted heat tolerance probably by acting as a modulator of H2O2 signaling in response to heat stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PSL50 negatively regulates heat-induced premature leaf senescence in rice.
A structurally preserved allosteric site in the MIF superfamily affects enzymatic activity and CD74 activation in D-dopachrome tautomerase.

The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) family of cytokines contains multiple ligand-binding sites and mediates immunomodulatory processes through an undefined mechanism(s). Previously, we reported a dynamic relay connecting the MIF catalytic site to an allosteric site at its solvent channel. Despite structural and functional similarity, the MIF homolog D-dopachrome tautomerase (also called MIF-2) has low sequence identity (35%), prompting the question of whether this dynamic regulatory network is conserved. Here, we establish the structural basis of an allosteric site in MIF-2, showing with solution NMR that dynamic communication is preserved in MIF-2 despite differences in the primary sequence. X-ray crystallography and NMR detail the structural consequences of perturbing residues in this pathway, which include conformational changes surrounding the allosteric site, despite global preservation of the MIF-2 fold. Molecular simulations reveal MIF-2 to contain a comparable hydrogen bond network to that of MIF, which was previously hypothesized to influence catalytic activity by modulating the strength of allosteric coupling. Disruption of the allosteric relay by mutagenesis also attenuates MIF-2 enzymatic activity in vitro and the activation of the cluster of differentiation 74 receptor in vivo, highlighting a conserved point of control for nonoverlapping functions in the MIF superfamily.
Intraday Patterns in Short Sales

We examine intraday patterns in short sales and document the trading activity of short sellers. We find a U-shaped intraday pattern in short sales across the trading day. This pattern is robust to controlling for short trade size, market capitalization, and institutional ownership. We also find a positive association between short selling and past returns across the trading day, and this result is more pronounced in the first and last half hours of the day. Meanwhile, a trading strategy based on intraday short sales generates the highest returns at the open of the trading day. Overall, the results suggest that high levels of short sales at the market open are attributed to strategic trading by informed short sellers. High levels of effective spreads and volatility at the open also support our findings.
Analysis and forecasting of rivers pH level using deep learning

The pH level of oceans has been largely monitored and studied to make sure that aquatic ecosystems are thriving. However, the pH level of other large bodies of waters, such as rivers, has largely been glanced over. Many rivers contain very sensitive underwater ecosystems, and as a result even small pH changes can largely impact the relative biodiversity. With the addition of increased carbon emissions and pollution, large bodies of water are absorbing more carbon and consequently the pH levels of rivers can rapidly change. This paper studies different deep learning approaches to analyze and forecast pH levels, which include a long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), recurrent neural network (RNN), and a Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) model to determine which algorithm provides the best pH predictive forecast. We demonstrate that the TFT outperforms other deep learning methods through various metrics. In addition, we clarify the importance of temperature as a feature in pH prediction. Lastly, we use the TFT to predict pH anomalies and discover the significance of the predicted data. We found that nine out of the ten predicted data sets have a significant difference compared to the original data.
The relative contributions of biomarkers, disease modifying treatment and dementia severity to Alzheimer's stigma: A vignette-based experiment

Abstract Objective The symptoms and prognosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) dementia contribute to the public's negative reactions toward individuals with AD dementia and their families. But what if, using AD biomarker tests, diagnosis was made before the onset of dementia, and a disease-modifying treatment was available? This study tests the hypotheses that a “preclinical” diagnosis of AD and treatment that improves prognosis will mitigate stigmatizing reactions. Methods A sample of U.S. adults were randomized to receive one vignette created by a 3 × 2 × 2 vignette-based experiment that described a person with varied clinical symptom severity (Clinical Dementia Rating stages 0 (no dementia), 1 (mild), or 2 (moderate)), AD biomarker test results (positive vs negative), and disease-modifying treatment (available vs not available). Between-group comparisons were conducted of scores on the Modified Family Stigma in Alzheimer's Disease Scale (FS-ADS). Results The sample of 1,817 adults had a mean age two years younger than that of U.S. adults but was otherwise similar to the general adult population. The response rate was 63% and the completion rate was 96%. In comparisons of randomized groups, mild and moderate symptoms of dementia evoked stronger reactions on all FS-ADS domains compared to no dementia (all p 0.05). Conclusions The stigmas of dementia spill over into preclinical AD, and availability of treatment does not alter that stigma. Translation of the preclinical AD construct from research into practice will require interventions that mitigate AD stigma to preserve the dignity and identity of individuals living with AD.
Isolation and Analysis of Mouse Microglial Cells

Microglia are mononuclear phagocytes that make up about 10% of the central nervous system (CNS). They are known for their surveillant behavior, which involves continuous monitoring of neural tissue by extending and retracting their processes. Microglial cells are derived from myeloid progenitor cells and play important roles in homeostasis as well as inflammatory and immune responses in the brain. This unit describes several microglial cell isolation protocols that can be easily adapted for projects requiring a rapid and efficient analysis of mouse microglial cells by flow cytometry. Methods for visualizing microglial cells using in situ immunohistochemistry and immunochemistry in free-floating sections are also included.
Histochemical detection of L-gulonolactone - Phenazine methosulfate oxidoreductase activity in several mammals with special reference to synthesis of vitamin C in primates

Histochemical detection of L-gulonolactone- phenazine methosulfate oxidoreductase activity in mammals with emphasis on vitamin C synthesis in primates
Expression of a Novel Protocadherin, OL-Protocadherin, in a Subset of Functional Systems of the Developing Mouse Brain

We cloned a novel protocadherin cDNA, which we named OL-protocadherin (OL-pc), from mouse brain cDNA libraries. Its cytoplasmic region showed no similarities to other protocadherins, indicating that it belongs to a novel subfamily of protocadherins. Experiments using transfectants showed that OL-pc is a homophilic cell–cell adhesion molecule. The molecular mass of OL-pc was 140 kDa in the brain. Expression of OL-pc mRNA was specific to the nervous system, changing over time from the embryonic stage to the adult stage. The OL-pc expression seemed to be restricted to a subset of functionally related brain nuclei and regions such as the nuclei in the main olfactory system, the limbic system, and the olivocortical projection. There were at least two distinct patterns of distribution for the OL-pc protein. First, it was localized in particular brain nuclei or compartments, such as the stripes of the developing cerebellum. Second, it was found at the synapse in regions such as the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. In addition, the OL-pc protein seemed not to be detected or was detected only weakly in some regions, such as hippocampus in which the mRNA was expressed at high levels. These results indicate that the expression of OL-pc is developmentally regulated in a subset of the functional systems and that it may be involved in the formation of the neural network by segregation of the brain nuclei and mediation of the axonal connections.
CONCERNING DIVERSITY AND PRACTICALITY

. I raise issues about the scope and content of the religion-and-science field of study and suggest that cultural diversity has not been considered relevant or important. Adding it to the present foci of discussion yields different ideas and constructs about the nature and experience of religion than currently found in most of the religion-and-science literature. Consideration of cultural diversity not only broadens the ideas and constructs but also leads to practical (applied) considerations that have not been prominent in this field.
Efficient Tradeoff Schemes in Data Structures for Querying Moving Objects

The ability to represent and query continuously moving objects is important in many applications of spatio-temporal database systems. In this paper we develop data structures for answering various queries on moving objects, including range and proximity queries, and study tradeoffs between various performance measures—query time, data structure size, and accuracy of results.
Spectroscopic results in helium from the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus plasma

Spectroscopic measurements were carried out on the NASA Lewis Bumpy Torus experiment in which a steady state ion heating method based on the modified Penning discharge is applied in a bumpy torus confinement geometry. Electron temperatures in pure helium are measured from the ratio of spectral line intensities. Measured electron temperatures range from 10 to 100 eV. Relative electron densities are also measured over the range of operating conditions. Radial profiles of temperature and relative density are measured in the two basic modes of operation of the device called the low and high pressure modes. The electron temperatures are used to estimate particle confinement times based on a steady state particle balance.
Model of wind pumping for layered snow

Layering affects the air flow through snow caused by surface pressure variations. The horizontal and total fluxes are high in hoar layers but the pressure perturbations and vertical components of the flow do not penetrate as deeply as in homogeneous snow. That is because the layers “pipe” the flow horizontally toward the area of low pressure. An ice layer at the surface reduces the total flow everywhere. The flow decreases as ice-layer thickness increases and, in general, flow changes with permeability. However, the magnitude of the effect is proportionately weaker when the ice layers are further from the surface. The residence time is reduced when hoar layers are present due to shorter flow paths, reduced penetration into the deeper snow and higher speeds.
PER2 Differentially Regulates Clock Phosphorylation versus Transcription by Reciprocal Switching of CK1ε Activity.

Casein kinase 1e (CK1e) performs key phosphorylation reactions in the circadian clock mechanism that determine period. We show that the central clock protein PERIOD2 (PER2) not only acts as a transcriptional repressor but also inhibits the autoinactivation of CK1e, thereby promoting CK1e activity. Moreover, PER2 reciprocally regulates CK1e's ability to phosphorylate other substrates. On output pathway substrates (e.g., P53), PER2 inhibits the activity of CK1e. However, in the case of central clock proteins (e.g., CRYPTOCHROME2), PER2 stimulates the CK1e-mediated phosphorylation of CRY2. CK1e activity is temperature compensated on the core clock substrate CRY2 but not on output substrates, for example, the physiological output protein substrate P53 and its nonphysiological correlate, bovine serum albumin (BSA). These results indicate heretofore unrecognized pivotal roles of PER2; it not only regulates the central transcription/translation feedback loop but also differentially controls kinase activity CK1e in its phosphorylation of central clock (e.g., CRY2) versus output (e.g., P53) substrates.
Phonon bands in a π-electron charge-transfer complex

Abstract Phonon bands in mixed-stack π-electron charge-transfer complexes are investigated using Raman spectroscopy. Specifically, the Raman phonon spectra of naphthalene: antimony trichloride system is discussed in detail. The effect of the substitution of the donor and the acceptor is used to examine relative amplitudes of various motions on the donor and the acceptor. Phonon delocalization is investigated using various mixed crystals containing donor and acceptor impurities. The result obtained is discussed in terms of two models: (i) the giant molecule model, and (ii) the sublattice model.
Sexual dimorphism in hepatic gene expression and the response to dietary carbohydrate manipulation in the zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In this study, we tested for the presence of sexual dimorphism in the hepatic transcriptome of the adult zebrafish and examined the effect of long term manipulation of dietary carbohydrate on gene expression in both sexes. Zebrafish were fed diets comprised of 0%, 15%, 25%, or 35% carbohydrate from the larval stage through sexual maturity, then sampled for hepatic tissue, growth, proximate body composition, and retention efficiencies. Using Affymetrix microarrays and qRT-PCR, we observed substantial sexual dimorphism in the hepatic transcriptome. Males up-regulated genes associated with oxidative metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy production, and amelioration of oxidative stress, while females had higher expression levels of genes associated with translation. Restriction of dietary carbohydrate (0% diet) significantly affected hepatic gene expression, growth performance, retention efficiencies of protein and energy, and percentages of moisture, lipid, and ash. The response of some genes to dietary manipulation varied by sex; with increased dietary carbohydrate, males up-regulated genes associated with oxidative metabolism (e.g. hadhβ) while females up-regulated genes associated with glucose phosphorylation (e.g. glucokinase). Our data support the use of the zebrafish model for the study of fish nutritional genomics, but highlight the importance of accounting for sexual dimorphism in these studies.
Identification and Characterization of a Novel Androgen Response Element Composed of a Direct Repeat

Transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor (AR) requires its binding to hormone response element nucleotide sequences in DNA. A consensus glucocorticoid response element (GRE) can mediate transactivation by AR and other members of the AR/glucocorticoid (GR)/progesterone (PR)/mineralocorticoid (MR) receptor subfamily. We identified putative androgen response element (ARE) sequences by binding of a human AR DNA-binding domain fusion protein to DNA in a random sequence selection assay. A 17-base pair consensus nucleotide sequence, termed IDR17, containing three potential GRE-like core binding sites organized as both inverted and direct repeats, was determined from a pool of degenerate oligonucleotides. IDR17 was active in mediating androgen-dependent induction of reporter gene expression in transient transfection assays. Dissection of the IDR17 sequence revealed an 11-base pair sequence (DR-1), consisting of two potential core binding sites oriented as an overlapping direct repeat, as the most potent ARE. DR-1 demonstrated a strong preference for AR binding and transactivation when compared with GR. To our knowledge, this is the first observation that a direct repeat of GRE-like core motifs functions as a preferred hormone response element within the AR/GR/PR/MR subfamily of nuclear receptors.
RAID triple parity

RAID triple parity (RTP) is a new algorithm for protecting against three-disk failures. It is an extension of the double failure correction Row-Diagonal Parity code. For any number of data disks, RTP uses only three parity disks. This is optimal with respect to the amount of redundant information required and accessed. RTP uses XOR operations and stores all data un-encoded. The algorithm's parity computation complexity is provably optimal. The decoding complexity is also much lower than that of existing comparable codes. This paper also describes a symmetric variant of the algorithm where parity computation is identical to triple reconstruction.
Base-promoted oxygenation of N-substituted-N-tosylhydrazines -- a convenient route to hydroxydeamination of primary amines

Abstract Treatment of 1-substituted-1-tosylhydrazines with KOH in refluxing ethanol in the presence of atmospheric oxygen affords the corresponding alcohols in high yield. This reaction, proceeding via ethanol reduction of an intermediate hydroperoxide, provides a convenient route to hydroxydeamination of primary amines.
Thermodynamics of Fe(II)Fe(III) oxide systems I. Hydrothermal Fe3O4

Abstract The heat capacity of a hydrothermally-prepared polycrystalline sample of Fe 3 O 4 was measured from 53 to 350 K, primarily to study the thermophysics of the Verwey transitions. Although the bifurcation of the transition was confirmed, the sample was found to contain traces of manganese. The observed transition temperatures of 117.0 and 123.0 K are 3.7 and 4.2 K higher respectively than those found in pure Fe 3 O 4 . Ancillary analytical results are consistent and indicate a stoichiometry of Mn 0.008 Fe 2.992 O 4 for this material. Characteristics in the transition region are ascribed to dopant effects.
Fractionating frontal lobe functions: Factors of the Milwaukee Card Sorting Test

The Milwaukee Card Sorting Test (MCST), a modification of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), was administered to 71 geriatric, orthopedic or neurologic patients. The MCST requires that participants verbalize prior to sorting, thus enabling quantification of separate, elemental executive abilities needed for card sorting performance. A preliminary factor analysis yielded three factors, corresponding to elemental executive abilities of forming, maintaining, and switching mental set. Results are discussed as they apply to understanding the cognitive structure of card sorting tasks to revealing different performances associated with behaviorally distinct executive deficits, and to suggesting anatomical substrates underlying the three factors.
Downward continued multichannel seismic refraction analysis of Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex, 30°N, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge

[1] Detailed seismic refraction results show striking lateral and vertical variability of velocity structure within the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex (OCC), contrasting notably with its conjugate ridge flank. Multichannel seismic (MCS) data are downward continued using the Synthetic On Bottom Experiment (SOBE) method, providing unprecedented detail in tomographic models of the P-wave velocity structure to subseafloor depths of up to 1.5 km. Velocities can vary up to 3 km/s over several hundred meters and unusually high velocities (∼5 km/s) are found immediately beneath the seafloor in key regions. Correlation within situand dredged rock samples, video and records from submersible dives, and a 1.415 km drill core, allow us to infer dominant lithologies. A high velocity body(ies) found to shoal near to the seafloor in multiple locations is interpreted as gabbro and is displaced along isochrons within the OCC, indicating a propagating magmatic source as the origin for this pluton(s). The western two-thirds of the Southern Ridge is capped in serpentinite that may extend nearly to the base of our ray coverage. The distribution of inferred serpentinite indicates that the gabbroic pluton(s) was emplaced into a dominantly peridotitic host rock. Presumably the mantle host rock was later altered via seawater penetration along the detachment zone, which controlled development of the OCC. The asymmetric distribution of seismic velocities and morphology of Atlantis Massif are consistent with a detachment fault with a component of dip to the southeast. The lowest velocities observed atop the eastern Central Dome and conjugate crust are most likely volcanics. Here, an updated model of the magmatic and extensional faulting processes at Atlantis Massif is deduced from the seismic results, contributing more generally to understanding the processes controlling the formation of heterogeneous lithosphere at slow-rate spreading centers.
Quaternary glaciations of the Rongbuk Valley, Tibet

Randomisation tests on boulder weathering data distinguish moraines of four different ages in the Rongbuk Valley, all deposited by valley glaciers flowing northward into Tibet from the Himalaya. Lichenometry utilising subgenus Rhizocarpon distinguishes two groups of moraines, those <100 yr old and those older than several thousand years. The degree of soil development has a similar, limited utility in relative-age dating these moraines. The radiocarbon ages of calcium carbonate coatings in the lower horizons of moraine soils provide minimum-limiting ages of 1900 yr BP for the penultimate advance of the Rongbuk glacier (Samdopo moraine) and 9500 yr BP for the Rongbuk moraine, the moraine suggested by previous workers to represent the last glacial maximum. Equilibrium-line depression associated with the Rongbuk moraine probably was slight, <200 m. The small magnitude of this depression relative to glaciers in other mountain ranges could relate to a weakening of the monsoon in full glacial times, recent tectonic uplift, and/or to the insensitivity of these high-altitude glaciers to lowering temperatures in the rain shadow of Mount Everest.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia, hypogranular variant, with uncharacteristic staining with chloroacetate esterase

A diagnosis of the hypogranular variant of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APLv) may be difficult to establish based on cytomorphology alone. However, the great majority of cases have a classical immunophenotype by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) (CD13+, CD33+, dim CD64+, HLA-DR-, and CD34-) and a classical enzyme cytochemical (EC) staining pattern. [intensely staining with myeloperoxidase, Sudan Black B, and chloroacetate esterase (CAE) and negative with alpha'-naphthyl acetate and butyrate esterases]. Although the immunophenotype of APLv by FCI has varied in the literature (HLA-DR +/- and CD34 +/-), the EC staining pattern has remained constant. We report a case of APLv with characteristic cytomorphology, compatible FCI data (CD13+, CD33+, dim CD64+, HLA-DR +/-, and CD34-), chromosomal detection of t(15; 17), and molecular detection of the PML/RAR alpha fusion gene; however, staining of the leukemic cells with CAE was quite uncharacteristic. We describe our findings.
Growth of single-crystal Mn2SiO4 (tephroite) by Czochralski and edge-defined film-fed (EFG) techniques

Optically transparent single crystals of Mn2SiO4 (tephroite) were grown by the Czochralski method in sizes up to 1 cm diameter by 3 cm length. Growth was achieved from melts contained in platinum crucibles at 1315 ± 5 °C under an atmosphere of moist argon-4% H2 (po2 ≈ 10−10 atm). Samples were also prepared by the edge-defined film-fed growth method (EFG), which confirmed the importance of maintaining a 2:1 MnO:SiO2 melt stoichiometry to obtain the optimum crystal quality. The resulting crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction and optical methods. Mn2SiO4 is transparent to infrared radiation to 5 μm, and appears rose-colored to transmission in the visible.
Atom addition and insertion reactions of (MeCp)2Ta(H)CO with sulfur, tellurium, carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide

Abstract The reaction of (MeCp)2Ta(H)CO (1b) with S8 produces (MeCp)2Ta(SH)CO (2) and one or more transient η2-COS complexes. Tellurium reacts with 1b to afford unstable (MeCp)2Ta(TeH)CO (4) and putative (MeCp)2Ta(TeH) (η2-COTe) (5). Photoreaction of 1b with COS produces (MeCp)2Ta(μ2-S)(μ2-S)Ta(MeCp)2 (6) which has been characterized by X-ray diffraction. The reaction of 1b with CS2 gives (MeCp)2Ta(CO) (η1-S2CH) (8).
An Evolutionary Perspective on Learning Disability in Mathematics

A distinction between potentially evolved, or biologically-primary forms of cognition, and the culturally-specific, or biologically-secondary forms of cognition that are built from primary systems is used to explore mathematical learning disability (MLD). Using this model, MLD could result from deficits in the brain and cognitive systems that support biologically-primary mathematical competencies, or from the brain and cognitive systems that support the modification of primary systems for the creation of secondary knowledge and secondary cognitive competencies. The former include visuospatial long-term and working memory and the intraparietal sulcus, whereas the latter include the central executive component of working memory and the anterior cingulate cortex and lateral prefrontal cortex. Different forms of MLD are discussed as related to each of the cognitive and brain systems.
Intermediate‐consumer identity and resources alter a food web with omnivory

1. Omnivory is an important interaction that has been the centre of numerous theoretical and empirical studies in recent years. Most of these studies examine the conditions necessary for coexistence between an omnivore and an intermediate consumer. Trait variation in ecological interactions (competition and predator tolerance) among intermediate consumers has not been considered in previous empirical studies despite the evidence that variation in species-specific traits can have important community-level effects. 2. I conducted a multifactorial microcosm experiment using species from the Sarracenia purpurea phytotelmata community, organisms that inhabit the water collected within its modified leaves. The basal trophic level consisted of bacterial decomposers, the second trophic level (intermediate consumers) consisted of protozoa and rotifers, and the third trophic level (omnivore) were larvae of the pitcher plant mosquito Wyeomyia smithii. Trophic level number (1, 2 and 3), resources (low and high), omnivore density (low and high) and intermediate consumer (monoculture of five protozoa and rotifers) identity were manipulated. Abundance of the basal trophic level, intermediate consumers, and growth of the omnivore were measured, as well as time to extinction (intermediate consumers) and time to pupation (mosquito larvae). 3. The presence of different intermediate consumers affected both bacteria abundance and omnivore growth. At high resource levels, Poteriochromonas, Colpidium and Habrotrocha rosa reduced bacteria densities greater than omnivore reduction of bacteria. Mosquito larvae did not pupate at low resource levels except when Poteriochromonas and Colopoda were present as intermediate consumers. Communities with H. rosa were the only ones consistent with the prediction that omnivores should exclude intermediate consumers at high resources. 4. These results had mixed support for predictions from omnivory food web theory. Intermediate consumers responded and affected this community differently under different community structures and resource levels. Consequently, variation in species-specific traits can have important population- and community-level effects and needs to be considered in food webs with omnivory.
Development and evaluation of an enhanced eco-approach traffic signal application for Connected Vehicles

The eco-approach and departure application for traffic signals has shown promising results for fuel and carbon dioxide savings. This application uses the signal phase and timing (SPaT) information from the traffic signal to better guide a driver through the signalized intersection in an environmentally-friendly way. This paper proposes an enhanced eco-approach and departure system which takes into account not only the SPaT information, but also the information from the preceding equipped vehicles using connected vehicle technology. Compared to the previously developed eco-approach algorithm which only utilizes the SPaT information, the proposed system has shown much greater network-wide benefits, especially during higher levels of congestion. The system performance has been evaluated in a series of simulation studies by varying different parameters, including congestion level, penetration rate, communication range, and communication delay.
Inflation and productive activity in a multiple-matching model of money☆

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between money growth, inflation, and productive activity in a dynamic general-equilibrium, multiple-matching framework where trade frictions are manifested by limited consumption variety. Productive activity and matching in the goods market are endogenized by a time allocation decision of work and search effort. We find that a high degree of complementarity between participation in the labor and goods markets creates a channel by which inflation can positively influence production and output. This feature arises when household preferences for consumption variety is sufficiently large and it can also lead to the multiplicity of monetary equilibria.
Attention and brain injury: A case for cognitive rehabilitation of attentional deficits

Abstract The literature which suggests that rehabilitation of adult brain injury is both feasible and necessary is reviewed. It is argued that attentional deficits are clinically important, and that these deficits are likely to be ameliorated by cognitive rehabilitation. Elements necessary for the success of an attentional deficit remediation program are described.
A Principled Approach for Coarse-to-Fine MAP Inference

In this work we reconsider labeling problems with (virtually) continuous state spaces, which are of relevance in low level computer vision. In order to cope with such huge state spaces multi-scale methods have been proposed to approximately solve such labeling tasks. Although performing well in many cases, these methods do usually not come with any guarantees on the returned solution. A general and principled approach to solve labeling problems is based on the well-known linear programming relaxation, which appears to be prohibitive for large state spaces at the first glance. We demonstrate that a coarse-to-fine exploration strategy in the label space is able to optimize the LP relaxation for non-trivial problem instances with reasonable run-times and moderate memory requirements.
Use of salicylic acid to measure the apparent intracellular pH in the Ehrlich ascites-tumor cell and Escherichia coli

The distribution of salicylic acid between the intracellular and extracellular phases has been used to estimate the intracellular pH in the Ehrlich cell and Escherichia coli. The validity of the method was established by: (i) comparison of the results obtained with salicylic acid with those obtained with 5,5-dimethyloxazolidine-2,4-dione; (ii) by following changes of the apparent intracellular pH under circumstances in which such changes are predictable, e.g., the addition of weak acids or proton conductors to the incubation medium during incubation at acidic pH; (iii) by comparison of the apparent intracellular pH changes with the uptake of H+ by the cells estimated from the changes of the medium pH. Optimal results are obtained with this indicator when the extracellular pH is below 5.5, because in this case the indicator is to a sufficient extent in its penetrating form, so that its movement can reflect intracellular pH changes occurring in less than 30 s. When the intracellular pH falls below 5.2 measurable binding of salicylic acid to the intracellular material of the Ehrlich cell takes place, but above this pH no binding has been found. The Ehrlich cell and cells of Escherichia coli behaved similarly under various experimental circumstances tested, but striking difference were found in the inherent permeability of the membrane to H+ and in the changes in this parameter by lowering the temperature to 2 degrees C.
Spin waves in lithium at 80 GHz

The use of a microwave transmission spectrometer operating at 80 GHz has enabled the first observation of resolved spin waves in lithium. Comparison of the experimental data with theoretical line shapes derived from the Landau Fermi-liquid theory allows a determination of the Landau many-body spin parameters ${B}_{0}$ and ${B}_{1}$ for a series of effective-mass (${m}^{\mathrm{*}}$) values between 2.1${m}_{0}$ and 2.5${m}_{0}$ where ${m}_{0}$ is the free-electron mass. By comparing with data on sodium, potassium, and rubidium we deduce that the most likely values for these three parameters are ${m}^{\mathrm{*}}$/${m}_{0}$=2.30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20, and for a mass ratio of 2.30 that ${B}_{0}$=-0.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03 and ${B}_{1}$=-0.08\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05. Moreover we find that the ratio of the Pauli spin susceptibility to that of a free-electron gas is 2.99\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.12 irrespective of ${m}^{\mathrm{*}}$. All these values compare favorably with other measurements.
Retention of nitrogen and phosphorous from liquid swine and poultry manures using highly characterized peats.

This paper reports on research designed to test the hypothesis that differences in peat composition will cause differences in amounts of N and P retained during contact with liquid swine manure (LSM) and liquid poultry manure (LPM). Peat types representing a wide range of properties were tested in order to establish which chemical and physical properties might be most indicative of their capacities to retain N and P from LSM and LPM. Eight-percent slurries (peat/LSM and peat/LPM) were measured for total nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorous (TP) after 6, 24 and 96 hours. Tests were done to determine the TKN and TP contents of these peats, the LSM, and the LPM, both before and after they were mixed together. The N and P retention results revealed that most peats worked reasonably well at retaining N and P from either LSM or LPM. However, some peats were more effective than others. These peats also decreased the N and P levels in the liquid portion of the LSM. Peats with higher N retention capacities tended ...
Quantities T s [ n ] and T c [ n ] in density-functional theory

Levy's constrained-search procedure [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S, North 76, 6062 (1979)] is employed to show how to determine Kohn-Sham and Hartree-Fock-Kohn-Sham orbitals and kinetic energies ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{s}}$ and ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, for the two-electron, four-electron, and the general case starting from the electron density. Numerical results are presented for the species ${\mathrm{H}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ through ${\mathit{F}}^{7+}$ and the atom Be. The Pauli potential is also determined for Be. The small differences among Kohn-Sham, Hartree-Fock, and Hartree-Fock-Kohn-Sham orbitals suggest that determination of Kohn-Sham orbitals from the density in this way is an attractive procedure for getting an orbital description from an electron density.
Computer model of the airflow and thermal phenomena inside a large dome

The dome-covered house is an example of designing buildings by learning from the optimized biological forms from the nature in order to reduce the energy use for heating in cold climates. This paper presents the three-dimensional thermal and airflow (3D-TAF) model that predicts the impact of such dome on the heating load of the protected house. The emphasis is on the airflow model, the formulation of the system of equations, the calculation procedure, and the comparison with a CFD model. A case study of a dome located in Montreal (Canada) is presented. A linear correlation model is developed that predicts the variation of the dimensionless air temperature inside the dome with the dimensionless height.
Evoked responses to electrical stimulation of the auditory pathway during the wake/sleep cycle

Abstract Cats with chronically implanted electrodes were used to study changes in the auditory pathway during the wake/sleep cycle. Evoked responses to electrical stimulation of brain stem and thalamic nuclei were recorded and the animals' state of arousal was determined by observation and by monitoring EEG and EMG. Evoked responses in superior olive and inferior colliculus were invariant during the wake/sleep cycle. Evoked responses in medial geniculate and auditory radiations showed significant changes in slow wave sleep compared with wakefulness when stimulated from nuclei below inferior colliculus. However, with inferior colliculus stimulation, no significant changes in response at medial geniculate or radiations were observed. Evoked responses recorded from posterior A1 cortical sites showed increased amplitude of the late wave and simplification of the early biphasic waves during slow wave sleep. In contrast, evoked responses recorded from Ep and anterior A1 sites decreased in amplitude or were absent during slow wave sleep compared to responses recorded during wakefulness. No significant differences between evoked responses recorded at cortex during wake or REM sleep were obtained. It is suggested that in the auditory system, the major changes occurring during the wake/sleep cycle are cortical in origin, and sub-areas of auditory cortex change differentially. Some change is also observed in medial geniculate only if stimulation is below the level of inferior colliculus.