cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
National transportation planning: Lessons from the U.S. Interstate Highways

As developing countries rapidly adopt the automobile, questions of how they should build transportation institutions and policies loom large. This paper interprets from the U.S. experience with national highway construction, drawing several lessons that are pertinent both in developing and developed countries. In the U.S., the 1956 Interstate Highway Act codified a national road building program with centralized, federal leadership, financed by fuel taxes and hence designed to serve motorists, with little appreciation for the resulting impacts on cities and metropolitan areas. The U.S. experience illustrates that national transportation planning is best conceived as two systems – one inter-metropolitan and one intra-metropolitan – and that the institutions, goals, methods, and financing instruments for those two systems should differ. The U.S. institutions and policies were well suited to building a national, inter-metropolitan ground transport system, but are ill suited to the era of maintenance, externality management, and urban transportation that followed.
Identification of β-catenin as a target of the intracellular tyrosine kinase PTK6

Disruption of the gene encoding protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) leads to increased growth, impaired enterocyte differentiation and higher levels of nuclear β-catenin in the mouse small intestine. Here, we demonstrate that PTK6 associates with nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin and inhibits β-catenin- and T-cell factor (TCF)-mediated transcription. PTK6 directly phosphorylates β-catenin on Tyr64, Tyr142, Tyr331 and/or Tyr333, with the predominant site being Tyr64. However, mutation of these sites does not abrogate the ability of PTK6 to inhibit β-catenin transcriptional activity. Outcomes of PTK6-mediated regulation appear to be dependent on its intracellular localization. In the SW620 colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line, nuclear-targeted PTK6 negatively regulates endogenous β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity, whereas membrane-targeted PTK6 enhances β-catenin/TCF regulated transcription. Levels of TCF4 and the transcriptional co-repressor TLE/Groucho increase in SW620 cells expressing nuclear-targeted PTK6. Knockdown of PTK6 in SW620 cells leads to increased β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity and increased expression of β-catenin/TCF target genes Myc and Survivin. Ptk6-null BAT-GAL mice, containing a β-catenin-activated LacZ reporter transgene, have increased levels of β-galactosidase expression in the gastrointestinal tract. The ability of PTK6 to negatively regulate β-catenin/TCF transcription by modulating levels of TCF4 and TLE/Groucho could contribute to its growth-inhibitory activities in vivo.
A structured beginning COBOL class using structured programming with objectives

This paper presents the structure of a beginning class in COBOL which stresses structured programming techniques and is organized as a series of stair-step type objectives. Three topics are stressed in this presentation: the application of student-centered objectives to a COBOL class, structured COBOL examples for commonly encountered logic constructs, and an approach to documenting structured COBOL through an indentation scheme.
Incidence of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in Rochester, Minnesota, 1993–2001: An Update on the Changing Epidemiology of the Disease†

We updated the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism in Rochester, Minnesota. The lower rates previously noted persisted, whereas parathyroidectomies at our institution remained high. These data suggest an etiologic factor may be responsible for the peak incidence in the 1970s. Introduction: Automated serum calcium measurements were associated with a dramatic rise in primary hyperparathyroidism in the early 1970s, but a progressive decline in the incidence thereafter was unexpected and suggested a fundamental change in the epidemiology of the disease. Our objective was to evaluate trends in the incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism since 1992. Materials and Methods: In this population-based descriptive study, Rochester, MN, residents who met defined diagnostic criteria for primary hyperparathyroidism from January 1993 through December 2001 were identified through the medical record linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project and the Mayo Clinic Laboratory Information System. Changes in incidence were evaluated by Poisson regression. Results: Altogether, 136 Rochester residents (94 women and 42 men) were newly identified with primary hyperparathyroidism in 1993–2001. Their mean age was 56 years, and 93% had definite disease. The overall age- and sex-adjusted (to 2000 U.S. whites) rate during this period was 21.6 per 100,000 person-years, which was less than the annual rate of 29.1 per 100,000 observed in 1983–1992 and 82.5 per 100,000 in July 1974–1982. Although community incidence declined, the number of parathyroidectomies performed at our institution increased during the same period. Serum calcium was deleted from the automated chemistry panel in June 1996, but most subjects remained asymptomatic at diagnosis (95%) with mild hypercalcemia. The majority of subjects were observed without parathyroid surgery (75%), and there was minimal impact on patient management from the 1990 NIH consensus conference on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions: The lower incidence of primary hyperparathyroidism noted through 1992 has persisted in our community through 2001, whereas parathyroidectomies at our institution remained high. These data suggest that some underlying etiologic factor, in addition to the introduction of automated serum calcium testing, may have been responsible for the peak incidence in the 1970s.
Transport and deposition of large woody debris in streams: a flume experiment

Abstract Large woody debris (LWD) is an integral component of forested streams of the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere, yet little is known about how far wood is transported and where it is deposited in streams. In this paper, we report the results of flume experiments that examine interactions among hydraulics, channel geometry, transport distance and deposition of floating wood. These experiments were carried out in a 1.22-m-wide×9.14-m-long gravel bed flume using wooden dowels of various sizes as surrogate logs. Channel planforms were either self-formed or created by hand, and ranged from meanders to alternate bars. Floating pieces tended to orient with long axes parallel to flow in the center of the channel. Pieces were deposited where channel depth was less than buoyant depth, typically at the head of mid-channel bars, in shallow zones where flow expanded, and on the outside of bends. We hypothesize that the distance logs travel may be a function of the channel's debris roughness, a dimensionless index incorporating ratios of piece length and diameter to channel width, depth and sinuosity. Travel distance decreased as the ratio of piece length to both channel width and radius of curvature increased, but the relative importance of these variables changed with channel planform. Large pieces can move further than our debris roughness models predict if greater than 50% of the active channel area is deeper than the buoyant depth of the piece, or if momentum is high enough to carry pieces across shallows. Our debris roughness model allows first-order prediction of the amount of wood transport under various channel geometries.
Acute Pharmacology of Melatonin

MELATONIN (N-acetyl-O-methyl serotonin), a pineal compound discovered by Lerner1, may function as a hormone and is known to be extremely active in certain biological systems2–5. We have investigated the acute pharmacological effects of the compound with particular emphasis on the nervous and vascular systems. We find that melatonin has no acute pharmacological effects in the systems studied apart from its effect on sleep mechanisms.
Some anesthetic aspects of morbid obesity.

Purpose of review Obese, morbidly obese and ultra-obese patients have multiple surgical procedures. Although they can have an acute abdomen, obstetric procedures, trauma-related procedures and many others, morbidly obese patients are most consistently cared for in the bariatric surgery operating room. The lessons from that group of patients can, could and, usually, should be applied in all patients who are morbidly obese and present for anesthetic care. Recent findings There is a paucity of recent evidence-based studies that investigate this patient population. Many recommendations in this review are based on experience of the bariatric anesthesia group at this university hospital. The current review period shows an impressive study that indicates the possibility of predicting sleep apnea fairly accurately by using a few easily answered questions instead of the ‘gold standard’ polysomnography. Another study showed that, in the morbidly obese, nasal ventilation might be advantageous over oronasal ventilation prior to induction. Summary The number of patients with obesity and morbid obesity continues to increase. Following certain guidelines will ease the management and improve outcomes of the morbidly obese patient presenting for any surgery.
A logic of message and reply

In this paper we sketch a logic of message and reply. The logic is intended for application in a wide variety of situations, not restricted to the two-person, turn-taking situation. Each message has a body and a vector; the vector specifies the “from,” “to,” and the like. To reply to a message, it suffices to give either (1) a complete reply to the body or (2) a corrective reply to at least one presumption derivable from the vector. We discuss the problems of achieving effectiveness and completeness with respect to certain aspects of communication. The results are mixed. In section 9 we argue semi-formally that, in a certain sense, dialogue is necessary. Finally we note that this logic is not a rival of other approaches but may be combinable with them.
Nucleotide sequence of the 3' nuclease-sensitive region of the human phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) gene.

Abstract Many genes are known to have nuclease-sensitive sites and/or control sequences in their 3′ flanking regions, but for very few genes has this region been sequenced. Previously, we mapped specific, gene activity-dependent DNase I- and Msp I-sensitive sites at the 3′ end of the human X-linked housekeeping gene phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK1). Sequence information presented here shows that the 3′ nuclease-sensitive site maps precisely to an Alu sequence and near a “BKM” repeat. This is the first report of an Alu sequence that has alternative chromatin configurations depending on gene activity.
Activation of a novel Bcr/Abl destruction pathway by WP1130 induces apoptosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.

Imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) is effective therapy against Philadelphia chromosome–positive leukemia, but resistance develops in all phases of the disease. Bcr/Abl point mutations and other alterations reduce the kinase inhibitory activity of imatinib mesylate; thus, agents that target Bcr/Abl through unique mechanisms may be needed. Here we describe the activity of WP1130, a small molecule that specifically and rapidly down-regulates both wild-type and mutant Bcr/Abl protein without affecting bcr/abl gene expression in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. Loss of Bcr/Abl protein correlated with the onset of apoptosis and reduced phosphorylation of Bcr/Abl substrates. WP1130 did not affect Hsp90/Hsp70 ratios within the cells and did not require the participation of the proteasomal pathway for loss of Bcr/Abl protein. WP1130 was more effective in reducing leukemic versus normal hematopoietic colony formation and strongly inhibited colony formation of cells derived from patients with T315I mutant Bcr/Abl–expressing CML in blast crisis. WP1130 suppressed the growth of K562 heterotransplanted tumors as well as both wild-type Bcr/Abl and T315I mutant Bcr/Abl–expressing BaF/3 cells transplanted into nude mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that WP1130 reduces wild-type and T315I mutant Bcr/Abl protein levels in CML cells through a unique mechanism and may be useful in treating CML.
Diurnal variations of wind speeds at a shortgrass prairie site — a model

Abstract Comparison of the mean monthly diurnal variation of wind speed and air temperature (2 m) shows that they have the same pattern and that these patterns change seasonally in the same manner. A model for stimulated diurnal variation in air temperature was used to represent diurnal variations of surface wind speeds at a shortgrass prairie site. Inputs for the model are latitude, Julian date and daily wind travel. The important assumptions for the model are (1) the maximum wind speed occurs during the afternoon period, (2) the minimum wind speed occurs sometime around sunrise, (3) during the day the wind speeds can be described with a truncated sine function, and (4) during the night the wind speeds can be described with an exponential function. Reasonable approximations of long-term hourly mean diurnal variations in wind speed were simulated; however, the model was less accurate for individual days. The wind speed model has potential application in estimating wind statistics when wind power calculations are required, and as abiotic data input for research and application models.
Predictors of Job Satisfaction Among Active Duty and Reserve/Guard Personnel in the U.S. Military

In this study, we examined psychological, demographic, and physical predictors of job satisfaction among military personnel across the Armed Forces. Data were collected from 24,881 members of the Active Duty and Reserve/Guard components. Overall, military job satisfaction was higher among Reserve/Guard personnel than among those on Active Duty. Separate regression models for the 2 components revealed generally similar predictors of job satisfaction. The 2 strongest predictors were the perception of a relatively high level of job pressure experienced by military personnel and the belief that the biggest problem in one's life was the result of job-related issues (such as a supervisor) rather than nonjob issues (such as health or family). Findings suggest areas in which the military can intervene to increase the satisfaction of personnel and presumably their likelihood of remaining in the military. Because considerable job pressure may be inherent in the nature of the military mission, attention should be gi...
Involvement of sulfhydryl groups in the activity of anti-A hemagglutinins of Phaseolus lunatus

The anti-A hemagglutinins from P. lunatus are inhibited by the sulfhydryl reagents N-ethylmaleimide, 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) and p-chloromercuribenzoate with a concurrent loss of protein sulfhydryl groups. The terminal, active residue of blood group A antigen, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, acts as a specific reversible inhibitor of the agglutination of human A-type erythrocytes by P. lunatus agglutinins. This compound offers protection against inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents and simultaneously protects some of the SH groups.
Digit span recall error analysis in pediatric cochlear implant users

Abstract The errors made by 37 pediatric cochlear implant users and age-matched normal-hearing children during forward and backward digit span recall were analyzed. All children were between 8 and 10 years old. The children who used implants had at least 4.5 years of experience with their device. Error classification was made using four categories: item, order, omission, or combination errors. Recall of digits not presented on a given trial was classified as item errors. The recall of all correct digits in an incorrect order was considered to be an order error. Results from a univariate ANOVA revealed main effects for error type, recall condition, and hearing ability. In addition, the error type by recall condition interaction revealed that order errors increased more in backward digit span recall than any other type of error for both normal-hearing children and children with cochlear implants. The present results are consistent with previous studies, suggesting that the shorter digit spans of children using cochlear implants are not primarily related to perceptual difficulties but appear to reflect memory processing problems related to slower subvocal verbal rehearsal and serial scanning of items in short-term memory.
Er-Yb-doped double-clad fiber amplifier

We present model calculations of gain at 1550 nm for Er-Yb double clad amplifiers as a function of pump power, signal input power, fiber length and temperature. The calculated gain is ~20 dB for 6W pump for 20 mW input signal at 25 C. More than 10 W of amplified power can be obtained using 8m long fiber with ~25 W of pump power. The gain decreases with increasing input signal. We show that a high power Er-Yb co-doped double-clad fiber amplifier also exhibits high gain for Yb transition near 1060 nm. This is not unexpected since the input pump causes population inversion in Yb also. The high gain can lead to high peak power pulses at 1060 nm in the presence of small reflections.
Deleveraging Microfinance: Principles for Managing Voluntary Debt Workouts of Microfinance Institutions

Approximately 2.6 billion people, roughly 40 percent of the world’s population, live on less than $2 a day. 3 Of these people, 1.4 billion—that is one in four people in the developing world—live in extreme poverty subsisting on less than $1.25 a day. According to recent World Bank estimates, the financial and economic crisis facing the world today is likely to trap another 53 million people in extreme poverty.
Identification of Adsorbed Species during Steady-State Photocatalytic Oxidation of Ethanol on TiO2

The identification and concentrations of species on a TiO{sub 2} surface during photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) of ethanol were determined by combining transient and steady-state PCO with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and oxidation (TPO). Ethanol and its partial oxidation intermediates (acetaldehyde, acetic acid, formaldehyde, and formic acid) are on the catalyst surface, and their concentrations depend on the ethanol, O{sub 2}, and water feed concentrations. The rate of PCO was greater initially than at steady state for all experimental conditions, and this initial deactivation may be due in part to the accumulation of acetaldehyde on the surface. Weakly bound ethanol preferentially forms acetaldehyde whereas the more strongly bound ethoxide species preferentially produces CO{sub 2}. Increasing the gas-phase ethanol concentration produces more of the weakly bound ethanol and therefore a greater rate of acetaldehyde production. Increasing the O{sub 2} concentration from 0.2 to 20% only increased the steady-state rate of reaction by 50% and did not change the selectivity. Although ethanol and water compete for sites, adding 0.5% water (13% relative humidity) to the feed stream did not change either the rate or selectivity and only marginally increased the amount of absorbed water.
Quick search for rare events through adaptive group sampling

Rare events can potentially occur in many applications and when they model transient opportunities or costly risks should be detected quickly. Due to their sporadic nature, the information-bearing signals associated with rare events often lie in a large set of irrelevant signals and are not easily accessible. This paper provides a sequential search framework that initially takes rough mixed measurements from a group of events. The groups of events that are deemed to be including one or more rare events are retained for further scrutiny and the individual events in such groups are processed sequentially in order to identify a rare event with the shortest delay. Particular focus is placed on Gaussian signals with the aim of detecting signals with rare mean and variance values.
Circulating progenitor cells are reduced in HIV-positive, anti-retroviral naïve patients.

Age, years (mean ± SD) 46 ± 12.5 46 ± 11.7 0.94 Male gender, N (%) 41 (89%) 77 (84%) 0.45 Black race, N (%) 29 (63%) 53 (58%) 0.54 Diabetes, N (%) 1 (2.2%) 7 (8%) 0.26 Hypertension, N (%) 17 (37%) 31 (36%) 0.88 Dyslipidemia, N (%) 8 (17%) 14 (16%) 0.87 Active smoking, N (%) 16 (35%) 23 (29%) 0.50 BMI (kg/m) 27.5 ± 4.56 28.6 ± 5.4 0.23 Serum creatinine (mg/dl) 1.02 ± 0.17 0.92 ± 0.15 0.002 Complete blood counts White blood cells (cells/μl) 5600 ± 1800 5700 ± 1500 0.58 Neutrophils (cells/μl) 2398 ± 1496 3500 ± 1280 b0.001 Lymphocytes (cells/μl) 2380 ± 806 1801 ± 569 b0.001 Monocytes (cells/μl) 980 ± 2910 401 ± 126 0.13 Hemoglobin (gm/dl) 13.6 ± 2.4 14.7 ± 1.11 0.002 Hematocrit (%) 41.3 ± 3.9 43.3 ± 3.0 0.004 Platelets (×10 cells/μl) 226 ± 57 214 ± 54 0.23 HIV parameters CD4+ cells (cells/μl) 638 ± 255 1294 ± 611 b0.001 CD8+ cells (cells/μl) 1189 ± 686 549 ± 304 b0.001 CD3+ cells (cells/μl) 1852 ± 736 1974 ± 854 0.46 HIV viral load (log10 copies/ml) 3.31 ± 1.08 – – Time since diagnosis (years) 2.7 ± 3.1 – – Total cholesterol (mg/dl) 165 ± 43 187 ± 32 0.002 LDL (mg/dl) 100 ± 42 111 ± 29 0.08 HDL (mg/dl) 43 ± 17 55 ± 16 0.001 Triglyceride (mg/dl) 109 ± 57 104 ± 54 0.63 Statin use N (%) 10 (22%) 5 (5.6%) 0.008
Photofission experiments on the HERMES-III generator

Summary form only given. The HERMES-III generator1 is used for research in photofission and induced background. This work follows experiments using the 8-MV, 200 kA, 40 ns bremsstrahlung pulse from the Mercury generator to induce photofission in a variety of targets.2 HERMES is operated in two modes: half-machine at 8 MV and 300 kA, similar to Mercury, and full-machine at 16 MV and 600 kA. The objective of the research is to understand radiation background in the environment as the bremsstrahlung endpoint is increased.
A kurtosis-based wavelet algorithm for motion artifact correction of fNIRS data.

Movements are a major source of artifacts in functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Several algorithms have been developed for motion artifact correction of fNIRS data, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA), targeted Principal Component Analysis (tPCA), Spline Interpolation (SI), and Wavelet Filtering (WF). WF is based on removing wavelets with coefficients deemed to be outliers based on their standardized scores, and it has proven to be effective on both synthetized and real data. However, when the SNR is high, it can lead to a reduction of signal amplitude. This may occur because standardized scores inherently adapt to the noise level, independently of the shape of the distribution of the wavelet coefficients. Higher-order moments of the wavelet coefficient distribution may provide a more diagnostic index of wavelet distribution abnormality than its variance. Here we introduce a new procedure that relies on eliminating wavelets that contribute to generate a large fourth-moment (i.e., kurtosis) of the coefficient distribution to define “outliers” wavelets (kurtosis-based Wavelet Filtering, kbWF). We tested kbWF by comparing it with other existing procedures, using simulated functional hemodynamic responses added to real resting-state fNIRS recordings. These simulations show that kbWF is highly effective in eliminating transient noise, yielding results with higher SNR than other existing methods over a wide range of signal and noise amplitudes. This is because: (1) the procedure is iterative; and (2) kurtosis is more diagnostic than variance in identifying outliers. However, kbWF does not eliminate slow components of artifacts whose duration is comparable to the total recording time.
Introduction to “Worker Appropriation as Responsibility and Right”

With the increasing globalization of labor markets in the early 21st century, more employment relations scholars have addressed the issue of whether workers rights are human rights. The current, widely-accepted definition of workers rights is rooted in the International Labor Organization’s “Declaration of Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work” (1998) which includes the following four rights—the eradication of discrimination in employment, the effective elimination of child labor, the abolition of all types of forced labor and the right of employees to freely associate and to engage in collective bargaining with their employers. In this well-written, provocative and timely essay, Dr. Richard McIntyre, the Honors Program Director and Professor of Economics at the Schmidt Labor Research Center at the University of Rhode Island, expands on the ideas presented in his excellent book, Are Worker Rights Human Rights?, published by the University of Michigan Press in 2008. In this essay, Professor McIntyre argues that in order to achieve “an ethically acceptable workplace in globalized capitalism,” employees having the rights to freely associate and to engage in collective bargaining might be inadequate for obtaining this objective. As an alternative, Professor McIntyre contends that in order to attain such a desirable goal, “the traditional wage-labor relationship” needs to be transcended through worker ownership/appropriation. Drawing on experiments in various forms of worker ownership from throughout the world, Professor McIntyre articulates how such a system might be successfully crafted and implemented in the United States in the near future. I welcome employment relations scholars from all nations throughout the world to contribute future essays on employment relations topics from any one of a variety of theoretical perspectives. Moreover, if any of the journal’s readers would like to respond to Employ Respons Rights J (2011) 23:219–220 DOI 10.1007/s10672-011-9179-x
Will there be funds to support essential clinical genetic services

In recent years, there has been an enormous increase in our understanding of the genetic basis of human disease. This has permitted much more accurate diagnoses of many diseases, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. At the same time, genes have been identified which confer a much greater risk for developing much more common, and adult-onset disorders, such as breast cancer. Historically, medical geneticists have worked with relatively rare conditions, such as phenylketonuria, galactosemia, and Down syndrome, for which the volume of clinical services has not been a major issue confronting the clinical geneticist.
A Theoretical Assessment of the ‘Neotraditional’ Settlement Form by Dimensions of Performance:

The ‘neotraditional’ town is receiving increasing popular, professional, and scholarly attention. Its proponents argue that its design features provide a viable alternative to the modern city and its sprawling suburbs. That critical and normative argument is assessed in this paper by means of Lynch's A Theory of Good City Form and the five performance dimensions given therein. The theory aids in synthesizing otherwise disparate elements of the neotraditional discourse, while subjecting it to a comprehensive and normative critique. The paper is concluded with an assessment of the neotraditional town design in deference to the performance dimensions.
Single Spin Asymmetry Scaling in the Forward Rapidity Region at RHIC

We investigate the scaling properties in inclusive hadron production and the associated single transverse spin asymmetry in the forward rapidity region at RHIC. We find that the spin-averaged experimental data in both pp and dAu collisions demonstrates a transverse-momentum-dependent geometric scaling. We introduce the transverse-momentum-dependent Collins fragmentation function to study the scaling of the single transverse spin asymmetries. The general feature of the scaling analysis is consistent with the experimental observations, in particular, for the transverse momentum dependence of the spin asymmetries at RHIC energy. We further propose to probe the saturation scale of nuclei by measuring the spin asymmetry normalized by that in pp scattering at low transverse momentum.
Intensity-To-Spatial Frequency Transformations In Optical Signal Processing

Abstract. Intensity-to-spatial frequency transformations can be exploited for a variety of useful optical information processing operations. Resolution elements of an image are encoded with a grating structure whose spatial frequency and/or orientation is a function of the local image intensity. Assuming that certain sampling requirements are met, each intensity level is assigned to a different point in Fourier space. Various schemes of spatial filtering can then be used to alter the relative intensity levels. The procedure can be used for nonlinear analog point transformations and for numerical processing using binary or residue arithmetic. Theta modulation and frequency modulation are special cases of the technique. Off-line methods for implementing intensity-to-spatial frequency transformations include halftoning and grating techniques; real-time methods include new electro-optical systems such as the variable-grating-mode (VGM) liquid crystal devices. Details of these devices and experimental results are presented.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ARBITRAGE-FREE OPTION PRICING MODELS

We describe a scheme for constructing explicitly solvable arbitrage-free models for stock price. This is used to study a model similar to one introduced by Cox and Ross, where the volatility of the stock is proportional to the square root of the stock price. We derive a formula for the value of a European call option based on this model and give a procedure for estimating parameters and for testing the validity of the model.
On-die instrumentation to solve challenges for 28nm, 28Gbps timing variability and stressing

Moving to the latest submicron node is required for digital scaling but causes many challenges for analog design. Additionally, scaling pushes the need for higher bandwidth. Data rates up to 28Gbps require effectively dealing with random variations and layout dependent effects. On-die instrumentation (ODI) is an effective means to alleviate many of the challenges, as well as characterize and margin performance. This paper covers two of the ODI techniques used in the design of a wide range 28nm, 28Gbps transceiver.
Immunocytochemical studies of tryptophan hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and serotonin innervation in the aging rat neurointermediate pituitary

Abstract Innervation within the aging male rat pituitary neurointermediate lobe was examined using immunocytochemical methods with antisera to rate-limiting enzymes for serotonin (tryptophan hydroxylase, TpOH) or catecholamine (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) synthesis. Immunostaining for both enzymes was observed in both neural and intermediate lobes in younger rats (age 6 weeks or 7 months), but TpOH was absent from the intermediate lobe in older groups (10-12, 15-16, and 18-19 months). Colocalization of TpOH and TH was demonstrated in some nerve fibers, using immunofluorescence. The oldest age group showed a reduced staining pattern for TH. 5-hydroxytryptophan, the immediate precursor for serotonin (5-HT), was taken up and converted to immunoreactive 5-HT in all age groups. Overall, the pattern of staining for regulatory neurotransmitters or enzymes which ultimately affect pituitary intermediate lobe secretory function is significantly modulated during the aging process.
Effect of substitution of Zr on the magnetic properties of R2Co17 (R = Ce and Sm)☆

Abstract The ternary systems Ce 2 Co 17−x Zr x and Sm 2 Co 17−x Zr x have been studied to ascertain the effect of Zr substitution on the magnetic properties. X-ray diffraction experiments show that single phase materials can be obtained only in the range of x ≤ 1 and that Zr stabilizes the hexagonal Th 2 Ni 17 structure. The unit cell volume is found to increase by substitution of Zr. The Curie temperature T c decreases monotonically with increasing x at an approximate rate of 100 and 90 deg/atom for the Ce and Sm systems, respectively. The saturation magnetic moments also decrease monotonically with increasing x for both the systems. The rate of decrease is larger than that expected as a simple dilution. The anisotropy fields H A are significantly increased by Zr substitutions for both the systems, reaching 70 and 200 kOe at 77 K in the cases of Ce 2 Co 16 Zr 1 and Sm 2 Co 16 Zr 1 , respectively. Among all the substituents studied until now, Zr seems to be the most effective for permanent magnet applications. Crystallographic and magnetic characteristics indicate that Zr replaces Co when the ternaries are formed.
Necrotic fruit: A novel model system for thermal ecologists

1. 1. Necrotic fruits, which a diversity of small organisms (e.g. larval Drosophila melanogaster) can inhabit, routinely attained temperatures greater than 35°C and as high as 52°C when in direct sunlight for 1–2 h. 2. 2. Fruit color, integument, water loss and size each influenced the kinetics and magnitude of solar heating of fruit. 3. 3. Within-fruit spatial variation in temperature was < 5°C at a given time, and often much less. 4. 4. These findings suggest that organisms inhabiting isolated fruit experience stressful if not lethal temperatures.
Induction of apoptosis in BPH stromal cells by adenoviral-mediated overexpression of caspase-7.

Purpose: We hypothesized that expression/activity of critical components of the apoptotic pathway can be used to induce apoptosis of a human prostate cell line derived from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue.Materials and Methods: We analyzed the apoptotic pathway in BPH cells treated with the powerful inducer of apoptosis, staurosporine (STS), and adenoviruses overexpressing caspase-3, -7, or the control gene lacZ.Results: Twelve hours post-STS, most BPH cells were floating in the culture medium, TUNEL staining was widespread, and DEVDase activity (the catalytic activity of type II caspases) was increased. The pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, prevented STS-induced apoptosis. Based on these observations, we performed immunoblot analysis for the three known group II caspases (that is caspase-2, -3 and -7), but none of them was detected with three commercially available antibodies. Nevertheless, in view of the presence of increased DEVDase activity, we reasoned that a group II caspase must be a crit...
Temperature- and pressure-dependent transient analysis of single component permeation through nanoporous carbon membranes

Abstract Using a transient analysis of permeation, i.e. the time lag method, as a function of temperature and pressure, it is shown that each of the parameters needed to fully evaluate adsorption and diffusion can be obtained in situ. These experiments were conducted on a supported tubular nanoporous carbon membrane, 5.1 cm 2 in area and prepared by ultrasonic deposition of poly(furfuryl alcohol) onto a porous stainless steel support. The permeation experiments were conducted at temperatures ranging from 25 to 225°C and over a range of pressures from 100 to 700 kPa. Under these conditions the fluxes ranged from 10 −7 to 10 −4 mol/m 2 /s with permeances ranging between 10 −12 and 10 −9 mol/m 2 /s/Pa. Heats of adsorption were found to be 2.5, 2.21, 3.05 and 2.52 kcal/mol for N 2 , O 2, Ar and CO 2 , respectively, and generally lower than those reported for granular nanoporous carbons. The apparent activation barriers to diffusion were also found to be low at 2.06, 5.87, 4.12, 5.89 and 2.19 kcal/mol for He, N 2 , O 2 , Ar and CO 2 . These results point to the presence of two parallel pathways for transport — the major one through the nanopores but a second through a few defect pores. Assumed to be on the order of 50 nm in diameter, these defects were calculated to represent a total area fraction of 3.43×10 −9 .
‘Someone should oversee it’: patient perspectives on the ethical issues arising with the regulation of probiotics

Background Although many probiotic products are currently available in yogurt or pill form in the United States (US), there is uncertainty surrounding the structure of regulation of these products. As more therapeutic probiotics are developed, changes to existing regulatory process in the United States may be required to meet the needs of patients and users in the population. Objective This study examined how patients with chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases view the regulation of probiotics. Design We conducted a multi-site qualitative study consisting of focus groups of patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases at three tertiary hospitals: at [institutions removed for blinded review]. Results We conducted 22 focus groups with 136 patients with major gastrointestinal (GI) diseases between March and August 2009. Participants were not familiar with the existing regulation of probiotic products but wanted assurances of accurate labelling of strain as well as safety. Participants raised concerns that regulation of probiotics might be accompanied by greater costs, reduced access and increased involvement of pharmaceutical companies. Although participants voiced significant doubt of government regulators, they felt that products containing genetically modified probiotic strains should have oversight comparable to that of pharmaceutical drugs. Discussion and conclusion If GI patient perspectives are indicative of public perceptions of therapeutic probiotics in the United States, consumers may expect more rigorous regulation in the future while simultaneously wanting low costs, easy access and low involvement of pharmaceutical companies. Manufacturers, translational scientists, clinicians and regulators should be sensitive to consumer attitudes when designing, testing and regulating new therapeutic probiotics.
A NMR method for the analysis of mixtures of alkanes with different deuterium substitutions

Abstract 13C NMR at 125.76 MHz with 1H and 2H decoupling, 2H NMR at 76.77 MHz with 1H decoupling, and 1H NMR at 500.14 MHz with 2H decoupling were employed as analytical tools to study the complex mixtures of deuterated ethanes resulting from the catalytic H–D exchange of normal ethane with gas-phase deuterium in the presence of a platinum foil. Reference samples consisting of 1:1 binary mixtures of pure normal ethane and ethane-dn (n=1–6) were used to identify the peak positions in the 13C, 2H, and 1H NMR spectra due to each individual isotopomer, and the effect of isotopic substitution on the chemical shifts was determined in each case. While the NMR of all three nuclei worked well for the identification of the individual components of the 1:1 standard mixtures, both 1H and 2H NMR suffered from inadequate resolution when studying complex reaction mixtures because of the broadening of the lines due to 1H–1H (1H NMR) and 2H–2H (2H NMR) couplings. 13C NMR was therefore determined to be the method of choice for the quantitative analysis of the reaction mixtures. Using the 13C NMR results, a correlation that takes into account the primary and secondary isotope substitution effects on chemical shifts was deduced. This equation was used for the identification of the individual components of the mixtures, and integration of the individual observed resonances was then employed for quantification of their composition. This study shows that 13C NMR with 1H and 2H decoupling is a viable procedure for studying mixtures of deuterated ethanes. Furthermore, the additivity of the isotopic effects on chemical shifts and the transferability of the values obtained with ethane to other molecules makes this approach general for the analysis of other isotopomer mixtures.
A data-parallel implementation of the DSMC method on the Connection Machine

Abstract In some regions, such as low-density hypersonic flow, the Navier-Stokes equations yield poor approximations to the physics of gas dynamics. Aerospace vehicles such as the Space Shuttle, the National Aerospace Plane (NASP), unmanned rockets and satellites must all fly through these regimes. For these flows, the governing equation is the Boltzmann equation of kinetic theory, which is at least an order of magnitude more difficult to solve than the full Navier-Stokes equations and has eluded most attempts to numerically solve it. When one also considers chemical non-equilibrium (dissociation), the problem is almost intractable. The most effective algorithm for solving low-density hypersonic flow is the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. This code, however, can require hundreds of hours of supercomputer time per run. This paper describes how the DSMC algorithm can be mapped onto a massively parallel computer (the 65,536 processor Connection Machine). The program is shown to be scalable, with computer time roughly proportional to the number of molecules or number of processors.
Firm Success, National Status, and Product Line Diversification: An Empirical Examination*

This study investigates the motives for product line diversification by multiproduct firms in the U.S. brewing industry. Historical data are used to examine the evolution of pioneer products, and a Poisson regression model is estimated to analyze the effects of market and firm characteristics on the motives for product line diversification. The results indicate that unsuccessful firms and large national firms are generally more likely to expand their product lines.
Self-calibrated spiral SENSE.

Current standard sensitivity-encoded parallel imaging (SENSE) utilizes a fully sampled low-resolution reference scan to estimate the coil sensitivities. This reference scan adds scan time and may introduce misregistration artifacts. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of estimating the coil sensitivities for spiral SENSE directly from an undersampled k-space center. The limited spatial frequencies of the coil sensitivities, and the undersampling beyond the Nyquist radius cause image artifacts. A point spread function (PSF) analysis and experiments on both phantoms and humans identified an optimal radius for the k-space center by minimizing these image artifacts. The preliminary data indicate that self-calibrated SENSE is as accurate as standard SENSE, which uses a fully sampled reference scan. Magn Reson Med 52:688–692, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interactions: an interactive multimedia installation

Interactions is an interactive multimedia installation designed and realized by the author. The installation utilizes two neural network artist agents that act as virtual artists to manipulate a body of images, texts, and sounds collected from the internet as directed by audience participants. The piece addresses issues including competition in the arts, machine learning in media, the role of popular acceptance in art, and the relationship between raw materials and style in creating media.
ADVANCES IN WIND TUNNEL SIMULATION, TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS FOR ASSESSING EXTREME-WIND HAZARD TO STRUCTURES

Extreme weather phenomena such as hurricanes, tornadoes, downbursts, and gust fronts produce 36% of combined insured losses from all natural hazards annually in the United States and cause similar losses in many other countries of the world. This paper primarily focuses on the advances in wind tunnel simulation, modeling and data analysis techniques and tools used for assessing wind hazard to structures in straight-line and transient winds. At present, civil structures are designed to resist only straight-line winds associated with a neutrally stable atmospheric boundary layer whereas gust fronts, tornadoes, downbursts and even hurricanes produce transient winds that have distinctly different characteristics from the design wind specified in building codes. Tornadoes are translating vortices with significant tangential and vertical velocity components in the core region. Microbursts are intense downbursts characterized by a strong localized down-flow and an outburst of strong winds near the surface. Thus, the velocity fields in both of these wind phenomena are three dimensional and the structural loading effects they produce are transient in nature. Tornado of even moderate intensity can produce up to three times the design wind loads for structures located in regions outside the hurricane or coastal zone. Advances in wind simulation techniques and understanding of winds in gust front, tornado and microburst near the ground surface and their wind loading effects on buildings and other structures are discussed. Effects of parameters influencing wind loads such as characteristics of the storm, terrain and topography surrounding the structure, geometry and shape of the structure, interference from surrounding structures, and internal pressures are mentioned. Tools like System Identification, CFD and Finite Element Modeling are used in combination with physical simulation in wind tunnels to study the interaction of structures with transient wind to predict structural damage.
A note on inferences regarding network subgroups

Abstract The evidence presented in Bernard et al. (1980) does not warrant their conclusion. We comment on their lack of concern with the substance of social differentiation in the systems they use as evidence. The substance of social structure is argued to affect the scope, adequacy and power of conclusions drawn from a network analysis and is accordingly a factor to be explicitly considered in justifying those conclusions. With these ideas in mind, our reanaly sis of one system on which good data are available, ostensibly supporting the Bernard et al. conclusion, illustrates how their conclusion regarding network subgroups in that system is unwarranted
Motion Measurement Of A Rigid Body In Three Dimensions

A technique has been developed for measuring the six possible independent motions (three translational and three rotational) of a rigid body. The technique was developed specifically to measure head motions of an anthropometric dummy during simulated oblique and lateral crashes using an impact sled. Under such test conditions, body motions may be highly non-symmetric making a complete three-dimensional analysis necessary.© (1973) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Changes in oxygenation status and blood flow in a rat tumor model by mild temperature hyperthermia.

Abstract Purpose: Experiments were conducted to elucidate the relationship between the changes in oxygen partial pressure (pO 2 ) and blood flow in heated tumors with an ultimate goal of using mild temperature hyperthermia (MTH) to increase tumor oxygenation. Methods and Materials: The blood flow and pO 2 in the R3230 adenocarcinoma grown (subcutaneously) in the right hind limbs of Fischer rats were measured immediately or 24 h after heating at 40.5°–43.5°C for 30 or 60 min. The blood flow was measured with the radioactive microsphere method and the tumor pO 2 was measured polarographically using an Eppendorf pO 2 histograph. Results: The tumor pO 2 significantly increased immediately and 24 h after heating for 30 min at 40.5°–43.5°C or for 60 min at 40.5° and 41.5°C. On the other hand, in tumors heated at 42.5°C for 60 min, the tumor pO 2 immediately after heating was similar to the control value whereas that 24 h after heating was about threefold greater than the control tumor pO 2 . Heating at 43.5°C for 60 min resulted in a significant decline in pO 2 immediately after and 24 h after heating. The increase in tumor pO 2 immediately after heating appeared to be due to an increase in tumor blood flow. However, the changes in tumor pO 2 and tumor blood flow 24 h after heating, particularly after high thermal doses (e.g., 60 min heating at 42.5° or 43.5°C), were not correlated. Conclusion: Heating at mild temperatures (i.e., 40.5°–42.5°C for 30–60 min), caused thermal dose-dependent increases in pO 2 in the R3230 AC tumors of Fischer rats during 0–24 h after heating. Such an increase in tumor oxygenation after MTH appeared to be due to an increase in tumor blood flow.