cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Humanistic Perspective for Management Research: Protecting Dignity and Promoting Well Being

Pope Francis in his Encyclical ‘Laudato Si’ suggests that “Business is a noble vocation, directed to producing wealth and improving our world. It can be a fruitful source of prosperity for the areas in which it operates, especially if it sees the creation of jobs as an essential part of its service to the common good.” Despite such a positive view on the contribution of business, Pope Francis has also been highly critical of the capitalist economic system which in his perspective denies human dignity and where profit becomes the sole concern. “Money must serve, not rule,” he said. “Money does not have a neutral value, but acquires value according to the aims and the circumstances in which it is used.” In line with these criticisms, leading management scholars have long questioned the premises of management theory and practice (Gladwin, Kennelly, & Krause, 1995; Hart, 2005). Pope Francis and his predecessors have given voice to many citizens around the globe who have been losing trust in the current economic and political systems as the number of societal challenges is increasing (Adams, 2012; Edelman, 2011). The leading academic institution of business school professors, the Academy of Management (AOM), claims to “foster [] a philosophy of management” that serves “the public’s interests” (AMJ Editors, 1958). Yet, many scholars suggest that management scholarship’ has largely failed to contribute to the common good (Walsh, Weber, & Margolis, 2003). Already 20 years ago AOM’s then president, Donald Hambrick, remarked about the lack of relevance of AOM’s work to society (Hambrick, 1994). This tendency has been bemoaned with increasing frequency since (Aguinis & Pierce, 2008; Hambrick, 1994; Walsh et al., 2003), because very few contributions discuss managerial solutions to environmental degradation, the dangers of climate change, or increasing social inequities (Hahn, Kolk, & Winn, 2010; Hambrick, 1994). This chapter is exploring reasons for why current management thought and practice is not in line with what Pope Francis suggests. It also proposes a paradigm shift towards the protection of dignity and the promotion of well-being. The author labels this perspective a humanistic perspective, which is reflected in Christian humanism but also transcends Christian faiths.
Driving Up Repayment: The Impact of the Gig-Economy on Student Debt

Using individual level credit information, I estimate the impact of access to ride-sharing on student debt repayment and take-up. I find that following the introduction of ride-sharing services in a city, individuals decrease their student debt balance and probability of default. These results are primarily driven by former students, who are 0.4pp more likely to finish repaying their student loans and are 0.8pp less likely to default in their student debt in the three years after ride-sharing arrives. This effect is absent for current students. For potential students, I find that access to ride-sharing increases the likelihood of getting a first student loan by 0.5pp. This suggests that there is a willingness to attend higher education that is not met given the structure of the current labor market, and that having access to the gig-economy is allowing individuals that would otherwise chosen not to enroll to do so. Taken together, results suggest that access to the flexible work improves student loan repayment rates, while simultaneously fostering enrollment.
Biostatistics and R

The purpose of this lesson is to provide context for the science of biostatistics and to highlight a few of the major contributors. Emphasis is given to the role of data analysis for the various disciplines in the biological sciences (e.g., agriculture (animal science, crop science, and soil science), allied health, aquaculture, biology, clinical trials, dentistry, ecology, environmental studies, epidemiology, food production and technology, genetics, health sciences, medicine (allopathic and osteopathic), nursing, nutrition, oceanography, optometry, pharmacy, public health, etc.). The practice of biostatistics is then linked to the use of R, a free and open source software environment. As explained in this introductory lesson, each problem in this text is usually associated with: (1) background of the data, including a description of the data and a stated Null Hypothesis (Ho), (2) a .csv (comma-separated values) dataset, imported into R, (3) a Code Book detailing data organization, (4) visual data checks through the use of simple graphics (e.g., figures), (5) descriptive statistics of factor-type object variables (e.g., frequency distributions) and numeric-type object variables (e.g., mean, sd, median, mode, etc.), (6) quality assurance processes including the use of tests of data distribution and tests for normality, (7) inferential statistical tests, including parametric tests and nonparametric tests, (8) a summary of outcomes (e.g., interpretation of output), (9) multiple addenda addressing additional examples for different types of data and additional functions, practice datasets, and/or bonus materials, and (10) procedures for a graceful exit and save process, to allow later retrieval of the R session.
Effective Methods of QR-Decompositions of Square Complex Matrices by Fast Discrete Signal-Induced Heap Transforms.

The purpose of this work is to present an effective tool for computing different QR-decompositions of a complex nonsingular square matrix. The concept of the discrete signal-induced heap transform (DsiHT, Grigoryan 2006) is used. This transform is fast, has a unique algorithm for any length of the input vector/signal and can be used with different complex basic 2x2 transforms. The DsiHT zeroes all components of the input signal while moving or heaping the energy of the signal into one component, such as the first. We describe three different types of QR-decompositions that use the basic transforms with the T, G, and M-type complex matrices we introduce, and also without matrices, but using analytical formulas. We also present the mixed QR-decomposition, when different type DsiHTs are used at different stages of the algorithm. The number of such decompositions is greater than 3^((N-1)), for an NxN complex matrix. Examples of the QR-decomposition are described in detail for the 4x4 and 6x6 complex matrices and compared with the known method of Householder transforms. The precision of the QR-decompositions of NxN matrices, when N are 6, 13, 17, 19, 21, 40, 64, 100, 128, 201, 256, and 400 is also compared. The MATLAB-based scripts of the codes for QR-decompositions by the described DsiHTs are given.
146 Fecal egg count reduction in juvenile and mature horses administered fenbendazole or moxidectin/praziquantel dewormer

Parasite resistance is a concern in horses and can be monitored by performing fecal egg counts (FECs). Unfortunately, FECs are not performed regularly, which could contribute to developing anthelmintic resistance as it may lead to deworming too frequently or not using an effective dewormer for the horse. This study aims to evaluate the ability of pellet and paste fenbendazole (FBZ) and a paste moxidectin/praziquantel (MOX/PZQ) dewormer to reduce parasite populations in juvenile and mature horses in River Falls, Wisconsin. To evaluate dewormers, horses with an initial FEC ≥50 eggs per gram (EPG) were used. For FBZ, horses were blocked by shedding level as low ( 500 EPG) shedders and assigned to the pellet (n = 21) or paste (n = 23) FBZ treatment. Two-weeks post-treatment, another FEC was taken and a fecal egg count reduction (FECR) was calculated. Eight-weeks following this study, another FEC was performed and horses with ≥50 EPG were administered a MOX/PZQ paste (n = 46). Two-weeks post-treatment, another FEC was taken and subsequent FECR was calculated. Results from this study indicated no differences were observed for horses receiving pellet or paste FBZ with a FECR of 57.4% and 65.7%, respectively (P ≥ 0.05). Additionally, no difference in the FECR for juvenile versus mature horses or shedding level was observed regardless of the dewormer used (P ≥ 0.05). While both FBZ and MOX/PZQ reduced FECs when comparing the pre- and post-treatment EPG (P ≤ 0.01), the average FECR was 60.4% and 98.5% for horses receiving FBZ and MOX/PZQ, respectively. These results demonstrate parasite resistance to FBZ was observed in this herd while MOX/PZQ was still effective in reducing FECs.
Associations Between Participation and Mental Health for Vulnerable Youth with Special Healthcare Needs

To understand the role of adverse child experiences and breadth of participation in the mental health outcomes of youth with special healthcare needs (YSHCN). Breadth of participation refers to the number of different activity contexts within which YSHCN participate. The present, cross-sectional, study utilized the 2016 National Survey of Children’s Health, a nationally representative survey of the physical and emotional health of children in the United States. In total, 5862 YSHCN, aged 12–17 years were included in the sample. Increased exposure to adverse childhood experiences was associated with an increased risk of both depression and anxiety for YSHCN. Low (versus high) breadth of participation was associated with an increased risk of both depression and anxiety. Breadth of participation altered the association between exposure to adverse childhood experiences and anxiety, such that YSHCN with high breadth of participation had lower rates of anxiety at all levels of exposure to adverse childhood experiences. YSHCN with greater exposure to adverse childhood experiences and with low breadth of participation may be most vulnerable to depression and anxiety.
Corporate Tax Reform, Deferred Taxes, and the Immediate Effect on Book Profits

This paper analyzes the impact of GAAP-mandated adjustments to deferred tax accounts when corporate income tax rates change. Using hand-collected data from the tax footnotes of the Fortune 50, we estimate that a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 30% would substantially affect the accounting earnings, capital, and effective tax rate of many companies. For the 18 publicly-traded Fortune 50 companies with a net deferred tax asset position, the total drop in accounting earnings would be $12 billion, with the banking industry experiencing some of the largest earnings decreases. For the 31 publicly-traded Fortune 50 companies with a net deferred tax liability position, the total jump in accounting earnings would be $28 billion, with the energy industry enjoying many of the largest increases. Although these large, one-time adjustments to the deferred tax accounts do not affect cash taxes paid, users of the financial statements should be aware that the deferred tax accounts may be significantly altered if and when tax rates change and that these effects will be reflected in net income.
Nitrate-dependent regulation of acetate biosynthesis and nitrate respiration by Clostridium thermoaceticum

Nitrate has been shown to shunt the electron flow in Clostridium thermoaceticum from CO2 to nitrate, but it did not influence the levels of enzymes involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (J. M. Frostl, C. Seifritz, and H. L. Drake, J. Bacteriol. 178:4597–4603, 1996). Here we show that under some growth conditions, nitrate does in fact repress proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. The CO oxidation activity in crude extracts of nitrate (30 mM)–supplemented cultures was fivefold less than that of nitrate-free cultures, while the H2 oxidation activity was six- to sevenfold lower. The decrease in CO oxidation activity paralleled a decrease in CO dehydrogenase (CODH) protein level, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. Protein levels of CODH in nitrate-supplemented cultures were 50% lower than those in nitrate-free cultures. Western blots analyses showed that nitrate also decreased the levels of the corrinoid iron-sulfur protein (60%) and methyltransferase (70%). Surprisingly, the decrease in activity and protein levels upon nitrate supplementation was observed only when cultures were continuously sparged. Northern blot analysis indicates that the regulation of the proteins involved in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway by nitrate is at the transcriptional level. At least a 10-fold decrease in levels of cytochrome b was observed with nitrate supplementation whether the cultures were sparged or stoppered. We also detected nitrate-inducible nitrate reductase activity (2 to 39 nmol min−1 mg−1) in crude extracts of C. thermoaceticum. Our results indicate that nitrate coordinately represses genes encoding enzymes and electron transport proteins in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and activates transcription of nitrate respiratory proteins. CO2 also appears to induce expression of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes and repress nitrate reductase activity.
Vesicular release mode shapes the postsynaptic response at hippocampal synapses

Release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles is a central event in synaptic transmission. Recent evidence suggests that synaptic vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane by multiple routes during exocytosis, but the regulation and physiological implications of this choice are unclear. At hippocampal synapses, two modes of synaptic vesicle exocytosis can be distinguished by virtue of the rate and extent of loss of a fluorescent lipid marker (FM1-43). Here these two modes of exocytosis were investigated with a combination of electrophysiological recording and fluorescence imaging. It is shown that these exocytic modes result in distinct postsynaptic consequences, such that so-called ‘kiss-and-run’ exocytosis results in negligible activation of AMPA receptors, compared to the robust postsynaptic responses elicited by apparent full fusion. In contrast NMDA receptors are robustly activated by this form of glutamate delivery. Addition of cyclothiazide, which blocks AMPA receptor desensitization, reveals that the relatively slow rate of release of glutamate during kiss-and-run exocytosis shifts the population of AMPA receptors into a desensitized state, rather than simply being insufficient for receptor activation. These findings provide further support for the existence of a fusion pore mediated mode of exocytosis, and demonstrate that these two exocytic modes directly affect the throughput of synaptic transmission.
The Association Between Continuity of Care and the Overuse of Medical Procedures.

Importance Both the overuse of unnecessary medical procedures and poor continuity of care are thought to contribute to high health care spending and poor patient outcomes. Objective To investigate the association between care continuity and use of potentially unnecessary procedures. Design, Setting, and Participants Observational retrospective cohort (n = 1 208 250 patients > 65 years) using 5% Medicare fee-for-service claims from 2008. Main Outcomes and Measures We evaluated continuity using the Bice-Boxerman continuity of care index. We measured overuse using a previously validated set of 19 potentially overused procedures. Results Altogether, 14.7% of patients received at least 1 potentially overused procedure during the calendar year. For each 0.1 increase in the continuity score (0.4 SDs), patients had 0.93 times the odds of receiving overused procedures than those with lower scores (95% CI, 0.93-0.94). Higher continuity was significantly associated with lower odds of 9 procedures (Holm-Bonferroni corrected P P P P P P Conclusions and Relevance Increased continuity was associated with an overall decrease in overuse, suggesting a potential benefit of high-continuity care; however, the strength and direction of the association varied according to the specific procedure.
Comparative Aspects of Some Bacterial Dehydrogenases and Transhydrogenases

Ragland, T. E. (Brandeis University, Waltham, Mass.), T. Kawasaki, and J. M. Lowenstein. Comparative aspects of some bacterial dehydrogenases and transhydrogenases. J. Bacteriol. 91:236–244. 1966.—Twenty-eight diverse bacterial species were surveyed for the activities and coenzyme specificities of four enzymes: isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH), and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) transhydrogenase (TH). Most of the species that exhibited a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-linked ICDH also showed significant TH activity, but there were several which did not. Only one of the organisms tested, Xanthomonas pruni, had an ICDH active with both NAD and NADP; it was devoid of TH activity. Acetobacter suboxydans, which lacks ICDH altogether, also had no TH. Some of the species examined had G-6-PDH or 6-PGDH (or both) of dual coenzyme specificity, but there was no apparent relation between these findings and the presence or absence of TH. The TH reaction was assayed by use of analogues of NAD as acceptors. The bacteria could be divided into two groups on the basis of TH specificity, one group reacting at a much faster rate with the 3-acetylpyridine analogue of NAD than with the thionicotinamide analogue, whereas the converse was true for the other group. A few organisms showed no marked specificity for either analogue. This division of specificity can be related to the currently accepted taxonomic classification of the organisms, although a few apparent anomalies were found.
Prevention of clindamycin-induced colitis in hamsters by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin

Abstract Toxins produced by Clostridium difficile have been implicated in the etiology of antibiotic-induced colitis. Clostridium difficile antitoxin is not available, but recent studies have shown that toxins present in the feces of patients with this disease are neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin. We found that C. sordellii antitoxin neutralized toxins produced in broth cultures of either C. sordellii or C. difficile and that passive immunization with C. sordellii antitoxin before challenge with clindamycin prevented colitis in hamsters. Significantly fewer antitoxin-treated animals than unimmunized controls developed diarrhea and died with hemorrhagic colitis. Administration of 300 U of antitoxin parenterally either on the day of challenge with clindamycin or 24 hr later provided significant protection (25% mortality vs. 100% mortality in controls, P
Does Gender Mainstreaming Work

The wide adoption of gender mainstreaming has rekindled debates about feminist engagements with the State. The purpose of this article is to provide a clearer specification of power politics in such engagements and develop the conceptual tools to assess the utility of feminist strategies. Drawing on feminist state theory and comparing two feminist strategies (gender mainstreaming and the equal rights strategy), this article develops an analysis of six types of power mechanisms. Feminist engagements with the German agricultural sector are used to illustrate these mechanisms. The campaign to gain women farmers independent pension rights illustrates the mechanisms of compromise and silencing of difference. The current effort to mainstream gender into rural development policies illustrates mechanisms of cooptation and normalization. In both forms of engagement, in addition, there is evidence of women's empowerment and state refusal. The article concludes that the success of both gender mainstreaming and the e...
Psychiatry Resident Quality of Life.

The objective of this study was to evaluate psychiatry resident physician quality of life. A voluntary, anonymous, 10-min survey was e-mailed to residents from all 14 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited programs in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. Included in the survey was the Multi-Cultural Quality of Life Inventory (MQLI). Response rate was 112 (34.1 %). Internal consistency of the MQLI was high (Cronbach’s alpha 0.92), and follow-up exploratory factor analysis extracted only one underlying factor (60.1 % variance among all 10 items). Average total MQLI score was 80.6. No significant difference in MQLI total was found for therapy status, sex, or race. Post-graduate year (PGY) 4 residents scored higher on total MQLI score (86.7) (F = 2.80, p = 0.04) and ranked occupational functioning and community and services support subscales significantly higher (occupation F = 2.73, p = 0.048, community F = 3.11, p = 0.030). Total MQLI score for residents over the age of 40 (n = 3) was significantly lower (F = 3.45, p = 0.019). Despite the stresses of residency training, residents from a variety of programs in one geographic area report an encouraging quality of life on the MQLI. Psychiatry resident quality of life is similar to that reported in other populations of mental health professionals.
Global kinetic constants for thermal oxidative degradation of a cellulosic paper

Values of global kinetic constants for pyrolysis, thermal oxidative degradation, and char oxidation of a cellulosic paper were determined by a derivative thermal gravimetric study. The study was conducted at heating rates of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3, and 5 C/min in ambient atmospheres of nitrogen, 0.28, 1.08, 5.2 percent oxygen concentrations, and air. Sample weight loss rate, concentrations of CO, CO2, and H2O in the degradation products, and oxygen consumption were continuously measured during the experiment. Values of activation energy, preexponential factor, orders of reaction, and yields of CO, CO2, H2O, total hydrocarbons, and char for each degradation reaction were derived from the results. Heat of reaction for each reaction was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. A comparison of the calculated CO, CO2, H2O, total hydrocarbons, sample weight loss rate, and oxygen consumption was made with the measured results using the derived kinetic constants, and the accuracy of the values of kinetic constants was discussed.
Low-Frequency Seiche in a Large Bay

AbstractShort-term observations of sea surface elevations η along the 10-m isobath and long-term observations inside and outside of a large bay (Monterey Bay, CA) were obtained to describe the nodal structure of the modes 0–3 seiches within the bay and the low-frequency (<346 cpd) seiche forcing mechanism. The measured nodal pattern validates previous numerical estimates associated with a northern amplitude bias, though variability exists across the modal frequency band, particularly for modes 0 and 1. Low-frequency oceanic η white noise within seiche frequency bands (24–69 cpd) provides a continuous resonant forcing of the bay seiche with a η2 (variance) amplification of 16–40 for the different modes. The temporal variation of the oceanic η white noise is significantly correlated (R2 = 0.86) at the 95% confidence interval with the bay seiche η that varies seasonally. The oceanic η white noise is hypothesized as being from low-frequency, free, infragravity waves that are forced by short waves.
Finite dimensional filters with non-linear drift IX: construction of finite dimensional estimation algebras of non-maximal rank

The idea of using estimation algebra to construct finite-dimensional nonlinear filters was first proposed by Brockett and Mitter independently. It has proven to be an invaluable tool in the study of nonlinear filtering problem. In 1983, Brockett proposed to classify all finite-dimensional estimation algebras. In this paper, we give the construction of finite-dimensional estimation algebras of non-maximal rank. These non-maximal rank finite-dimensional estimation algebras play an important role in Brockett's classification problem.
Caution: this product contains security code

Writing functional and error code already is problematic because of context switches that must occur inside the heads of software developers as they progress in their coding task. These distracting context switches lead to coding errors because developers stop thinking about one type of code and start thinking about another. Having to consider a third code type further increases the code development processes' complexity. In this article, we look at today's security coding environment and suggest some research thrusts to advance programmers' capabilities to address modern security programming challenges.
Predicting scleral GP lens entrapped tear layer oxygen tensions

Abstract Background/Purpose Over the past decade, utilization of scleral gas permeable (GP) contact lenses has steadily increased. Scleral GP lenses offer yet another option for patients suffering from visually debilitating corneal and tear conditions. Oxygen delivery to the cornea in the presence of a contact lens system continues to be a subject of interest, and scleral GP lenses are no exception. This paper utilizes an existing model based on simultaneous two lens systems (piggyback lenses) as a resistance to oxygen in series, and applies this model to scleral GP lens systems. Methods Theoretical oxygen tensions are calculated for tear layers trapped beneath scleral contact lens systems and the anterior corneal surface with a simple single chamber corneal model using a computer software spreadsheet. Results Only the best case scenario for current scleral gas permeable lenses (thickness and Dk)/tear layer values allow sufficient tear layer oxygen tension (approximately 100 mmHg) to preclude corneal hypoxia. Conclusions The results of the spreadsheet model suggest that clinicians would be prudent to prescribe scleral GP lenses manufactured in the highest Dk materials available and to fit without excessive corneal clearance to minimize anterior segment hypoxia.
Treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis bone lesions with zoledronic acid: a case series

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease caused by a clonal proliferation of specialized dendritic (Langerhans) cells. Although uncommon, it is potentially fatal and carries significant morbidity. Bone involvement is particularly destructive and to date, no standard of care exists for management of both the disease and the significant bone pain as many of these patients experience. In the literature, 12 patients who had previously been heavily pretreated for their disease had their bone pain treated with a bisphosphonate as extrapolated from the cancer literature. Interestingly, these patients had a complete or near complete resolution of their pain, return of functional status and in 75% of cases radiographic evidence of reduction or regression of disease. Only 6 of these patients were treated with a newer generation bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid. In this paper, we report a case series of 2 patients with LCH bone involvement who received 4 mg of intravenous zoledronic acid monthly for 1 year with complete resolution in their bone pain. In addition, both patients demonstrated reduction in tumor burden after bisphosphonate treatment. Uniquely, our first case is the only reported case in the literature using a bisphosphonate as first line therapy in the treatment of LCH. This case demonstrates the potential role of zoledronic acid therapy in the first line setting for disease stabilization and symptomatic control in patients unable to receive conventional therapy.
Do technology shocks drive hours up or down? A little evidence from an agnostic procedure

This paper analyzes the robustness of the estimate of a positive productivity shock on hours to the presence of a possible unit root in hours. Estimations in levels or in first differences provide opposite conclusions. We rely on an agnostic procedure in which the researcher does not have to choose between a specification in levels or in first differences. We find that a positive productivity shock has a negative impact effect on hours, as in Francis and Ramey (2001), but the effect is much more short-lived, and disappears after two quarters. The effect becomes positive at business cycle frequencies, as in Christiano et al. (2003), although it is not significant.
A study of complexity transitions on the asymmetric traveling salesman problem

Abstract The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is one of the best-known combinatorial optimization problems. Branch-and-bound (BnB) is the best method for finding an optimal solution of the TSP. Previous research has shown that there exists a transition in the average computational complexity of BnB on random trees. We show experimentally that when the intercity distances of the asymmetric TSP are drawn uniformly from 0,1,2,…, r , the complexity of BnB experiences an easy-hard transition as r increases. We also observe easy-hard-easy complexity transitions when asymmetric intercity distances are chosen from a log-normal distribution. This transition pattern is similar to one previously observed on the symmetric TSP. We then explain these different transition patterns by showing that the control parameter that determines the complexity is the number of distinct intercity distances.
Modeling of Installation and Quantification of Shaft Resistance of Drilled-Displacement Piles in Sand

AbstractDrilled-displacement (DD) piles are installed using a drilling tool consisting of a partial-flight auger and a displacement body. This tool is inserted and advanced in the ground by both a vertical force and a torque. Despite the widespread use of DD piles throughout the world, most of the design methods available for calculation of shaft capacity were developed solely on the basis of results of pile load tests for which only the pile head capacity was known (no instrumentation that allowed separation of shaft and base loads was used in those tests). The shaft capacity of a pile depends on the stress state of the soil surrounding the pile that results after its installation. Proper analysis of the impact of installation of DD piles on the stress state in the in situ soil is fundamental to the development of reliable design methods. This paper presents the results of one-dimensional, quasi-axisymmetric finite-element analysis (FEA) performed with an advanced sand constitutive model that capture the...
Stock return dynamics, option volume, and the information content of implied volatility

This article reports new empirical results on the information content of implied volatility, with respect to modeling and forecasting the volatility of individual firm returns. The 50 firms with the highest option volume on the Chicago Board Options Exchange between 1988 and 1995 are examined. First, the results indicate that the ability of implied volatility to subsume all relevant information about conditional variance depends on option trading volume. For the most active options in the sample, implied volatility reliably outperforms GARCH and subsumes all information in return shocks beyond the first lag. For these active options, implied volatility performs substantially better than indicated by the prior results of Lamoureux and Lastrapes (1993), despite significant methodological improvements in the time-series volatility models in this study including the use of high-frequency intraday return shocks. For the lower option-volume firms in the sample, the performance of implied volatility deteriorates relative to time-series volatility models. Finally, compared to a time-series approach, the implied volatility of equity index options provides reliable incremental information about future firm-level volatility. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:615–646, 2003
Designing an expert system for real-time reservoir system operation

Abstract Significant progress has been made recently in the design of optimization models to mimic the decision making process of reservoir operators. Several of these models for real-time, short term reservoir system operation are described. The models include: an optimization model constructed specifically for a multi-reservoir, multipurpose system in Kentucky; a goal programming model that requires less information than most other models yet may yield equivalent or better results; a chance constrained model that explicitly considers errors in streamflow forecasts in the operating environment; and a balancing model that uses cumulative distribution functions to maintain a balance between storage, release, and any other characteristic of the operation. Each model is briefly described and comparisons between models are made. These models represent the initial development of an expert system for real-time reservoir system operation.
Neuron-Glia Adhesion is Inhibited by Antibodies to Neural Determinants

Suspensions of embryonic chick neuronal cells adhered to monolayers of glial cells, but few neurons bound to control monolayers of fibroblastic cells from meninges or skin. Neuronal cell-glial cell adhesion was inhibited by prior incubation of the neurons with Fab' fragments of antibodies to neuronal membranes. In contrast, antibodies to the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) did not inhibit the binding. These results suggest that a specific adhesive mechanism between neurons and glial cells exists and that it is mediated by CAM's that differ from those so far identified.
Synthesis of bifunctionalized nitroxyls via intramolecular epoxide ring opening

The syntheses of nitroxyl oxirane and further functionalized derivatives are described. Ring-cleavage reactions of this epoxide have been carried out with a variety of nucleophiles in order to show the general synthetic utility for preparing nitroxyls bearing two functional groups. The relatively facile synthesis of the nitroxyl amino alcohol should prove to be valuable in various spin labeling applications.
A Wigner spectral analyzer for nonstationary signals

The authors present computational algorithms for the design of an innovative spectral analyzer using the Wigner distribution. This spectral analyzer uses advanced digital signal-processing chips with associated hardware and software. Algorithms for the kernel generation, kernel transformation, and discrete Hilbert transform are discussed. Design strategies are focused on achieving high time-frequency resolution, precision, flexibility, and computational efficiency. Experiments show that spectral analysis using the Wigner distribution yields significantly improved results for nonstationary signals. >
Glucagon and somatostatin

The islets of Langerhans contain at least four major cell types—the A, A2, or α cell; the B or β cell; the D or A1 cell; and the F cell—containing, respectively, glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide. In every species thus far examined, these four cell types bear a constant topographical relationship to one another, although the particular cellular arrangements may differ from species to species. In man and in the rat, the A cells are situated in the outer rim of the islet and make up approximately 25% of the total islet cell population (Fujita et al, 1976; Orci et aL, 1976b). The D cells are situated immediately under this outer A-cell rim and make up approximately 10% of the endocrine cells of the endocrine pancreas. The B cells form the central mass of the islets, accounting for at least 65% in the rat. F cells replace A cells in islets situated close to the duodenum (Orci, 1976a); these islets are particularly rich in polypeptide-containing cells and poor in glucagon-containing cells.
Theoretical signal-to-noise ratios for magnetic tape heads

The signal-to-noise ratio of a magnetic tape reproduce system is discussed. An expression for the theoretical value of the signal-to-average-band-limited-noise is developed in terms of the statistical properties of the signal and the probable noise sources. The concept of power spectral density is used to simplify the discussion and to develop insight into system behavior. The resultant system equations are then recast in terms of the physical properties of the system to demonstrate the effects of materials construction geometry, and electronics noise on the SNR. The theoretical discussion is correlated with experimental data for verification.
Cross-layer combination of hybrid ARQ and adaptive modulation and coding for QoS provisioning in wireless data networks

In this paper, we present a cross-layer design which combines adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) at the physical layer with type-II hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) at the data link layer for QoS provisioning under fading channels. To maximize system spectral efficiency as well as satisfy QoS parameters such as data rate, delay and packet error rate (PER), we have proposed a new cross-layer scheme, where AMC transmits incremental redundancy for combining decoding with type-II HARQ. The proposed cross-layer scheme is designed to meet the target packet error rate within the pre-defined number of retransmissions. Since the number of retransmissions can be determined by the maximum delay bound imposed by upper layer applications, the proposed scheme will provide guaranteed QoS in terms of data rate, delay and packet error rate under fading channels. We have theoretically analyzed the system PER performance, the spectral efficiency and goodput of the proposed cross-layer design scheme. Since the application packet size is one of the most crucial factors to affect the performance of the proposed scheme, we also introduce an adaptive algorithm to derive the optimal information packet size under the current channel condition to achieve the maximum throughput. Numerical results show that the proposed scheme can achieve the maximum spectral efficiency while satisfying the target delay, packet loss rate and goodput imposed by the applications.
Trace element measurements in high purity synthetic Al2O3 via neutron activation

Abstract We present results from our use of thermal and fast neutron activation for the determination of trace elements in Al 2 O 3 fabricated via the heat exchanger method (HEM ™ ). This material has applications in microwave oscillators and gravity–wave detection. Typical concentrations obtained from these measurements show the presence of Cr (5 ppb + 20%), Ti (300 ppb±9.7%), Mo (1500 ppb±15%) and Sc (3 ppb±6.7%). Details of the experiments and interpretations are given.
EFFECT OF ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENT ON PERMEABILITY CONTROL IN ASCITES TUMOR CELLS AND ERYTHROCYTES

Rabbit antibody + complement alters the permeability properties of mouse Krebs ascites tumor cells and erythrocytes. When antibody + C' acts on ascites tumor cells in a low protein medium, intracellular K+ is lost from the cells at a rate far greater than the normal leak rate. At the same time the cells lose amino acids and ribonucleotides and become fully permeable to the Na+ of the medium. When antibody + C' acts in a low protein medium, the cells swell extensively and lose most of their macromolecules to the medium (hemoglobin from erythrocytes, protein and RNA from the ascites tumor cells). If the antibody + C' acts in a medium containing protein in sufficient concentration to balance the colloid osmotic pressure of the cells, the swelling is prevented; no macromolecules are then lost from the cells, but the loss of K+ and entrance of Na+ are not altered, and the loss of amino acids and ribonucleotides is only slightly affected. It therefore appears that the action of antibody + C' is to produce functional "holes" in the animal cell membrane which permit the equilibration of cations and small molecules between cell and medium. This leads to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the cell and a rapid influx of water. The cell membrane and its "holes" are thereby stretched, permitting macromolecules to escape from the cell.
Economic creativity and innovation implementation: the entrepreneurial drivers of growth? Evidence from 63 countries

This paper examines the effect of culture on national innovation and prosperity. Because culture shapes the way people think about and behave in regard to risk, opportunities, and rewards, it should influence the nature of entrepreneurial activity and, by extension, economic outcomes. Using structural equation modeling on a sample of 63 countries, we propose and test a comprehensive explanation of how culture as an umbrella construct (as opposed to an analysis of its constituent parts) affects innovation and national prosperity. We propose a two-stage model of innovation, and find support for our hypothesized relationship that “economic creativity” influences “innovation implementation.” At the national level, we find that culture does indeed influence economic creativity. We also find that innovation implementation explained some of the variation in prosperity across countries. By establishing that “big picture” culture matters to innovation, the door has opened for researchers to evaluate this relationship using data from any one of a number of rival culture frameworks. Moreover, these empirical finding buttress the theoretical arguments that culture powerfully shapes the character of national innovation.
Adjustable fortification of human milk fed to preterm infants.

In adults, as protein intake increases, so does blood urea nitrogen (BUN), unless significant protein accretion is occurring and/or hepatic function; that is urea synthetic capacity, is compromised. When protein intake is low BUN is also low, unless renal or fluid status is compromised.1 In children, BUN changes rapidly with protein intake, assuming adequate hydration.2 Indeed, protein content of the diet can be directly related to the BUN; for example, if 8% of energy is protein then the BUN will be 8 mg/dl in the otherwise normal infant.2
Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral social skills training for schizophrenia: improvement in functioning and experiential negative symptoms

Objective Identifying treatments to improve functioning and reduce negative symptoms in consumers with schizophrenia is of high public health significance.
Systematic Approach to Providing Breast Cancer Survivors With Survivorship Care Plans: A Feasibility Study

It is feasible to identify and deliver SCPs to women with breast cancer who are approached during the postoperative visit in a surgical clinic.
The effects of cysteamine and capsaicin on somatostatin and substance P in medullary nuclei

Administration of the thiol reagent, cysteamine, reduced the somatostatin content (70-80%) in each of the discrete medullary nuclei assayed without altering the substance P content of the same nuclei. In contrast, capsaicin, the putative neurotoxin for primary sensory afferent neurons had no effect on the somatostatin content of any of the medullary nuclei assayed while depleting the substance P content of the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the same animals.
Low-frequency currents and water mass spatial distribution on the southern Brazilian shelf

Abstract The Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS) circulation is discussed in terms of the water mass distribution observed in seasonal hydrography and the subtidal frequency oscillations observed in shelf current and coastal wind time series. Low-salinity water that originated from river runoff is demonstrated to be an important inner-shelf feature, participating in water mass formation and distribution, while Tropical and Sub-Tropical waters (transported by Brazil Current) are the main outer-shelf and slope waters. Cross-shelf transport on the SBS shelf is maximum in austral spring when Patos Lagoon runoff peaks and monthly mean winds are upwelling-favorable, and along-shelf transport is maximum in the austral autumn and winter periods when La Plata River runoff is driven toward the SBS by Argentina coastal winds and mean winds over the SBS are downwelling-favorable, creating near shore bands of low-salinity water. The intrusion of water from Uruguay and Argentina shelves creates a cold, less-saline mid-shelf water mass which, together with local river runoff and the Brazil Current, are responsible for well defined cross-shelf gradients. Subtidal currents, recorded during a 3-month-long mooring in the austral autumn of 1997, suggest an Ekman response to along-shelf wind forcing with a time lag of 14 h. Power spectra and coherence functions characterize wind influence as occurring primarily in the synoptic period band of 2–10 days, with most energetic peak at 4×10 −3 cph (10.4 days). The residual current, computed according to Mardia's directional data statistics ( Mardia, 1972 . Statistics of Directional Data. Academic Press, New York), flows parallel to the coastline and equatorward, in agreement with a buoyancy-driven current.
D469del-COMP retention in chondrocytes stimulates caspase-independent necroptosis

Mutations in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein gene (COMP) cause pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH). This dysplasia results from the intracellular retention of mutant COMP protein and premature death of growth-plate chondrocytes. Toward better understanding of these underlying mechanisms, we examined D469del-COMP activation of the unfolded protein response and cell death pathways in rat chondrosarcoma cells. Using an inducible expression system, we examined the effects of D469del-COMP retention after 4 days of mRNA expression and then 5 days without inducing agent. Retention of D469del-COMP stimulated Chop (Ddit3) and Gadd34 (Ppp1r15a) and triggered reactivation of protein translation that exacerbated intracellular retention. High levels of Nox4 and endoplasmic reticulum receptor stress-inducible Ero1β generated reactive oxygen species, causing oxidative stress. Increased expression of Gadd genes and presence of γH2AX indicated that DNA damage was occurring. The presence of cleaved apoptosis inducing factor (tAIF) and the absence of activated caspases indicated that retention of D469del-COMP triggers cell death in chondrocytes by necroptosis, a caspase-independent programmed necrosis. Loss of growth-plate chondrocytes by necroptosis was also found in our pseudoachondroplasia mouse model. These results suggest a model in which D469del-COMP expression induces persistent endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, thus priming chondrocytes for necroptosis. We define for the first time the precise mechanisms underlying D469del-COMP pathology in pseudoachondroplasia and suggest that oxidative stress and AIF may be promising therapeutic targets.
Organizational form and performance: An empirical investigation of nonprofit and for‐profit job‐training service providers

While research on the distinctions between for-profit and nonprofit organizations and their changing service sector shares is vast, there is comparatively little empirical evidence on the consequences of their differing attributes for social program outcomes. This article presents research on publicly subsidized for-profit and nonprofit job-training service providers, namely whether organizational form influences client enrollment, service delivery activities, or performance, as measured in terms of participant outcomes. The findings show that nonprofit providers were not more likely to serve more disadvantaged clients and that neither for-profit nor nonprofit service providers were consistently more effective in increasing participants' earn-ings and employment rates. When performance incentives were included in service providers' contracts, contractors of all forms performed significantly better across all participant outcomes examined. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy and Management.
Epidemic potential of measles and rubella.

Abstract Although there have been major declines in the incidence of measles and rubella in the United States since licensure of vaccines, the incidence of disease in adolescents and young adults has not declined nearly as markedly as that in younger children. As a result, an increasing proportion of cases have occurred in adolescents and young adults. In 1978, 26% of all reported measles cases in which age was known occurred in those 15 years of age and older, and 76% reported rubella cases occurred in this age group. Outbreaks of both diseases have been reported from high schools, military bases, colleges, and universities. During a recent outbreak of measles involving a university, a 22-year-old university employee contracted measles and died of measles encephalitis. In addition to the direct effects of these diseases, the implications of the current pattern of occurrence of two infections known to have adverse effects on the developing fetus are obvious. Improvements in immunization levels and decline...