cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education and micronutrient deficiencies: an ecological study exploring interactions between women’s schooling and children’s micronutrient status

Formal education can be a nutrition-sensitive intervention that supports the scale-up and impact of nutrition-specific actions. Maternal education has long been linked to child survival, growth, and development while adult earnings and nutrition are tied to years in school as a child. However, less is known about the relationship between maternal education and the micronutrient status of children, women and the general population. Using country-level data and an ecological study design, we explored the global associations between women’s educational attainment and: a) anemia and vitamin A deficiency (VAD) in children aged 6–59 months; b) anemia in non-pregnant women; and c) zinc deficiency, urinary iodine excretion (UIE), and the proportion of infants protected against iodine deficiency in the general population Cross-sectional relationships (2005–2013) were assessed using linear regression models. Percentage of women without schooling was negatively associated with all outcomes. Number of years of schooling among women was positively associated with all outcomes except for UIE and the proportion of infants protected against iodine deficiency. Income level was a significant effect modifier of the effect of years of women’s schooling on child anemia as well as of the proportion of women without formal education on zinc deficiency in the population. The relationship was strongest in low-income countries for child anemia, and was not significant in upper middle-income countries. For zinc deficiency, the relationship was not significant in low or lower middle income countries, which may suggest that a minimum threshold of resources needs to be reached before education can influence zinc status. While relationships between maternal schooling and micronutrient outcomes vary around the globe, more schooling is generally linked to lower rates of deficiency. These findings draw policy-relevant connections between formal education and anemia and micronutrient status globally. It is necessary to examine the mechanisms through which this relationship may be working at both household and country level.
Home, school, and community partnerships: integrating issues of race, culture, and social class.

The current review is an examination of home–school–community partnerships utilizing an ecological approach to understand the influences of race, culture, and social class. The ecological approach recognizes that families and schools are embedded in communities, and that these settings influence each other and the development of children. The roles of race, culture, and social class in the development of partnerships between the home, school, and community settings are explored. Race, culture, and social class may interact with parent and family attributes, teacher and school qualities, and community context. These factors are often misunderstood either through underinvestigation or lack of integration. The implications for future research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Researching Difficult Populations: Interviewing Techniques and Methodological Issues in Face-to-Face Interviews in the Study of Organized Crime

Systematic research in the field of organized crime is challenging. The topic, however, offers a unique opportunity to utilize an interdisciplinary research methodology. This Chapter evaluates employed methodologies, sampling strategies and interviewing techniques in the study of organized crime. It provides a personal account of the fieldwork and survey experience, and it addresses issues critical to the proper design and successful implementation of various quantitative and qualitative methods in the study of organized crime. Non-probability and probability sampling techniques including purposive, snowball and cluster sampling are discussed, as well the proper use of distinctive research methods such as face-to-face interviews and focus groups. The Chapter elaborates on methodological challenges when researching difficult populations and argues that researchers working in this field should make use of secondary data in order to compare their empirical findings.
Using and refining simplifications: explanation-based learning of plans in intractable domains

This paper describes an explanation-based approach lo learning plans despite a computationally intractable domain theory. In this approach, the system learns an initial plan using limited inference. In order to detect plans in which the limited inference causes a faulty plan the system monitors goal achievement in plan execution. When a plan unexpectedly fails to achieve a goal (or unexpectedly achieves the goal) a refinement process is triggered in which the system constructs an explanation for the expectation violation. This explanation is then used to refine the plan. By using expectation failures to guide search the learner avoids a computationally intractable exhaustive search involved in constructing a complete proof of the plan. This approach has the theoretical property of convergence upon a sound plan.
Membrane particles and transmission at the triad

The structure of the membranes limiting the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and transverse (T) tubules in frog and fish muscle fibers has been studied by freeze fracture. Emphasis is placed on the structure of the membranes at the triad, where thin sections have previously shown that rows of regularly disposed “feet” join SR and T tubules. Examination of the number and arrangement of particles and pits on the exposed fracture faces allows the following conclusions. 1) The SR membrane is continuous and identical in appearance along the whole sarcomere. Thus the SR is a single uninterrupted compartment and it is likely that the major function of the reticulum, calcium accumulation, is performed by the membrane limiting the lateral sacs of the triad, as well as the longitudinal tubules. 2) At the level of the junction with the T tubule, the SR presents a strikingly different number, size and arrangement of particles and pits. This distinct portion of the SR membrane extends farther than the area covered by the junctional “feet” and no correlation can be found between the disposition of particles within the membrane and that of the feet on the membrane surface. 3) The T system membrane presents few prominent particles on its junctional face, but these are far less numerous than the feet. 4) Thus, no visible preformed channels exist between SR and T system lumina and it is suggested that direct electrical coupling between the two membranes during excitation is unlikely.—Franzini-Armstrong, C. Membrane particles and transmission at the triad. Federation Proc. 34: 1382–1389, 1975.
Intelligent Interaction in Accessible Applications

Advances in artificial intelligence over the past decade, combined with increasingly affordable computing power, have made new approaches to accessibility possible. In this chapter we describe three ongoing projects in the Department of Computer Science at North Carolina State University. CAVIAR, a Computer-vision Assisted Vibrotactile Interface for Accessible Reaching, is a wearable system that aids people with vision impairment (PWVI) in locating, identifying, and acquiring objects within reach; a mobile phone worn on the chest processes video input and guides the user’s hand to objects via a wristband with vibrating actuators. TIKISI (Touch It, Key It, Speak It), running on a tablet, gives PWVI the ability to explore maps and other forms of graphical information. AccessGrade combines crowd-sourcing with machine learning techniques to predict the accessibility of Web pages.
VARIATION IN EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT PROVIDER ORDERING, TIME TO DISCHARGE, AND OUTCOMES IN ANATOMIC VERSUS FUNCTIONAL STRESS TESTING FOR RISK STRATIFICATION OF PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH CHEST DISCOMFORT

Anatomic testing with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and functional stress testing are both appropriate first-line testing for evaluation of low to intermediate risk chest discomfort in the emergency department (ED). Real world data on rates of revascularization, time to discharge,
Internet Appendices to 'How Does Quasi-Indexer Ownership Affect Corporate Tax Planning?'

Original Paper is available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2610826 These internet appendices provide supplementary analyses and robustness tests for the paper “How does quasi-indexer ownership affect corporate tax planning?”.
Abstract 743: Fusion gene identification from common cancer cell lines and comparison to primary tumors

Fusion transcripts, frequently observed in cancer, contribute to oncogenicity by either altering the expression of tumor suppressors/proto-oncogenes or modifying the original function of a protein resulting in an abnormal chimeric protein that stimulates tumorigenesis. Cancer cell lines, extensively used as in-vitro molecular models to study biological processes related to cancer, often do not represent the genomic profiles of primary tumors. To examine the true representation of the cancer cell lines, we examined fusions in tumor- derived cancer cell lines from 20 cancer types in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) and compared them to fusions present in the primary tumors from the TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas). ChimeRScope, an alignment-free algorithm developed by our group, was used to screen fusion genes using level 1 paired-end RNA sequencing read data from CCLE and TCGA (GDC data portal). A total of 8,883 primary tumor samples, 730 normal samples spanning 33 cancer types from TCGA, and 802 common laboratory cell lines from CCLE were analyzed in this study. The pool of recurrent fusions identified from CCLE was vastly different from those identified in primary tumors with merely 2% of an overlap. Canonical fusions were found to be more common than non-canonical fusions (fusions containing genes in antisense strand) between TCGA and CCLE. Hierarchical clustering analysis of both canonical and non-canonical recurrent fusions in CCLE and TCGA clustered the primary tumors and cell lines into separate clusters, revealing that fusions in cell lines are vastly different from primary tumors. However, canonical and non-canonical fusion profiles of endometrial cancer cell lines were very similar to female primary tumors (ovarian and breast) and thyroid cancer cell lines were similar to bladder cancer in TCGA. The results from this study indicate that the recurrent fusions in common cancer cell lines harbor fusions that are significantly different from primary tumors. Citation Format: Neetha Nanoth Vellichirammal, Abrar Albahrani, Jasjit K. Banwait, You Li, Babu Guda. Fusion gene identification from common cancer cell lines and comparison to primary tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 743.
Caring for the transgender adolescent and young adult: Current concepts of an evolving process in the 21st century

The term transgender youth commonly refers to those whose gender identity, or personal core sense of self as a particular gender, differs from their assigned sex at birth; this is often designated by what external genitalia are present. These youths are presenting to multidisciplinary clinics worldwide at exponentially higher rates than in decades past, and clinics themselves have grown in number to meet the specialized demands of these youth. Additionally, the scientific and medical community has moved towards understanding the construct of gender dimensionally (i.e., across a spectrum from male to female) as opposed to dichotomous or binary "male or female" categories. This is reflected in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM 5); in this publication, the diagnostic classification of gender dysphoria, GD, (which has two subtypes: childhood and adolescence/adulthood) provides a set of criteria that many transgender people meet. GD describes the affective distress that arises as a result of the incongruence between gender identity and sex anatomy. The DSM uses language to indicate that a person may identify as another gender instead of the other gender, which further captures the complexity of the human experience of gender. Also, research regarding how current adolescents are describing their identity development and experience along this spectrum within today's society is only now being addressed in the literature. Therefore, the clinical needs of the transgender population have outpaced medical training and scientific advancement, which has opened up gaps on how to define best practices. This article provides current concepts of evaluation and management for transgender persons with emphasis on hormonal therapy (i.e., puberty blockers and gender affirming hormone therapy). Other management issues are briefly considered including gender confirming surgery and changes in the face as well as voice.
“Intellectual Silence” and Intellectual Endeavor in Medieval Slavia Orthodoxa

This survey of intellectual endeavor in medieval Slavia orthodoxa proposes a different way to think through the problem of the “intellectual silence of Old Rus′,” first set forth by Georges Florovsky and explored by George Fedotov, Francis Thomson, Simon Franklin, and now Donald Ostrowski. It examines the resources and opportunities for secondary schooling and their apparent outcomes in Kyivan Rus′ from the eleventh through the thirteenth century, among South Slavs on Mount Athos in the later fourteenth century, and at the Kirillo-Belozerskii (Kirillov) Monastery in northern Russia in the later fifteenth century. It concludes that intellectual endeavor is not necessarily bound to an international language of scholarship (e.g., Greek), one the one hand, or to a particular religious mentalite (e.g., that of the Western Church), on the other. Rather, it is cultivated by “schematizing” (educational) institutions oriented upon academic (heuristic) interpretive strategies and—most importantly—supported by textbooks and teachers.
Exploring the unique contributions of teachers’ syntax to preschoolers’ and kindergarteners’ vocabulary learning

Abstract Adult interactions with young children provide important language experiences necessary for children to develop the early precursor skills to be ready to read. This study examines the complexity of preschool and kindergarten teachers’ syntax and the relations between teachers’ syntax and children’s vocabulary development. Thirty-three teachers’ syntax was examined during three instructional contexts: book reading, morning message, and small-group activities. Results suggest that, in general, few teacher background factors were systematically linked to more complex syntax in the classroom, although teachers of minority backgrounds used more complex syntax. Teachers’ syntax was not related to global classroom quality, suggesting that syntax represents a unique facet of the learning environment. Finally, a significant relation emerged between the complexity of teachers’ syntax and children’s vocabulary development, beyond the effects of a series of teacher and child covariates, including classroom quality. This association was driven particularly by the complexity of teachers’ language during morning message and small groups. Together, the results imply that complex syntax is an important source of linguistic information for word learners, and that teachers’ syntax may be another, often overlooked but potentially malleable dimension of classroom quality.
Uneasy companions: language and human collectivities in the remaking of Chinese society in the early twentieth century

How we think national standard languages came to dominate the world depends on how we conceptualize the way languages are linked to the people that use them. Weberian theory posits the arbitrariness and constructedness of a community based on language. People who speak the same language do not necessarily think of themselves as a community, and so such a community is an intentional, political, and inclusive production. Bourdieusian theory treats language as a form of unequally distributed cultural capital, thus highlighting language’s classed nature. The rise of standard languages thus reflects a change in the class structure of a nationalizing society. In contrast, I move beyond the familiar Western cases on which these theories are based to reveal the shortcomings of both these theoretical approaches. China, with an exceptionally artificial national standard language that was promulgated by the state in an extremely top-down process, highlights the importance of intentionality in both the design of the language and the social function it was supposed to play. Building on Weber and Bourdieu, I argue that even egalitarian language standardization projects, such as the Chinese case, can result in unintended new hierarchies of privilege and power, outrunning the best intentions of their designers.
Ambulatory tonsillectomy for children with severe obstructive sleep apnea without risk factors

Abstract Objectives Recommendations for polysomnography (PSG) in pediatric sleep disordered breathing (SDB) vary between the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). We determined the rates of preoperative PSG in children without risk factors outlined in the AAO-HNS Clinical Practice Guidelines and described the postoperative course of those patients following T&A. Methods Patients aged 3–17 undergoing T&A for SDB or OSA who did not have an indication for preoperative PSG were included. We conducted retrospective review to describe the rate, type, and timing of respiratory complications for patients with and without PSG following T&A, and discuss cases where disposition was changed due to PSG results. Results 1135 patients without risk factors underwent T&A for SDB or OSA. 196 (17%) had a preoperative PSG, of whom 85 (43.3%) had AHI >10 and 38 (24.8%) had an O2 nadir Conclusion PSG in children without risk factors results in admission of otherwise healthy patients following T&A who would have otherwise undergone ambulatory surgery. PSG alone in pediatric patients with no AAO-HNS risk factors should not influence postoperative disposition. These patients should be monitored for 3 h post-T&A and discharged in the absence of complications. Evidence level 2b
COVID-19 and the Law of Unforeseen Consequences.

* Abbreviations: COVID-19 — : coronavirus disease 2019 SARS-CoV-2 — : severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 On January 29, 1964, Stanley Kubrick released to the world one of his most brilliant films, Dr Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. America was at the height of the Cold War. Children were sheltering under school desks in drills preparing for nuclear annihilation. The last influenza pandemic was 7 years in the rearview mirror, and the next one to come was 4 years in the future. The film viciously satirized world leaders and foretold an era of dark pessimism that defines the world and America to this day. On January 29, 2020, Peter Navarro, trade advisor to President Donald Trump, wrote an internal memo warning of the threat to the United States of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak that had been recognized in China in late December. On that day, the World Health Organization reported that there were 6065 confirmed cases worldwide, 68 of which were in 15 countries outside of China.1 According to the New York Times , Mr Navarro wrote that, “The lack of immune protection or an existing cure or vaccine would leave Americans defenseless in the case of a full-blown coronavirus outbreak on U.S. soil…This lack of protection elevates the risk of the coronavirus evolving into a full-blown pandemic, imperiling the lives of millions of Americans.”2 A worst-case scenario of more than half a million American deaths was cited in the memo. By June 29, … Address correspondence to David W. Kimberlin, MD, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 Seventh Ave South, CHB 303, Birmingham, AL 35233. E-mail: dkimberlin{at}peds.uab.edu
Autoignition Dynamics of N-dodecane Droplets under Normal Gravity

Experimental observations of two-stage autoignition dynamics of fiber-supported normal dodecane droplets in air under normal gravity are presented for a range of pressures and temperatures. High-sp...
The physical nature of the lone pair

Despite the large number of experimental and theoretical studies on the size, shape, and orientation of lone pairs and their resulting stereochemical character, lone pairs still remain poorly defined in terms of quantitative observable properties of a molecule. Using the conformation of saturated molecules and barriers to internal rotation, experimental chemists have arrived at conflicting sizes and orientations for lone pairs. Most theoretical attempts to define lone pair properties have centered on such non-observables as localized molecular orbitals or have been based on studies on isolated molecules. The use of observable properties to construct a consistent set of physical models to analyze the physical nature of lone pairs is discussed. Much as one probes an electric field with a test charge, probes such as H+, H−, He and H could be used to probe regions of molecules such as NH3 and H2O where lone pairs are often postulated to exist.Ab initio quantum mechanical studies can be analyzed using electron density (and resulting changes during interaction), total pair density of electrons, the electrostatic potential about the molecule and bond energy analysis to study lone pair properties. A simple study of NH3 using an H+ probe is presented to clarify the approach.
The New Metropolitan Reality in the US: Rethinking the Traditional Model

Summary. This paper critically evaluates the traditional metropolitan model of an urban core and a homogeneous suburban ring. Using place data from the US Bureau of the Census from 1980 to 2000, it examines 1639 suburbs from a sample of 13 metropolitan areas in the US. Poor, manufacturing, Black and immigrant suburbs are identified to show that metropolitan areas are less a simple dichotomous structure and more a mosaic of very diverse suburban places. The results suggest the need for more subtle frameworks in order better to understand the structure of contemporary metropolitan areas.
Online Resources for Mathematics: Exploring the Relationship between Teacher Use and Student Performance

Adoption of online resources to support instruction and student performance has amplified with technological advances and increased standards for mathematics education. Because teachers play a crit...
Trends in mechanical thrombectomy and decompressive hemicraniectomy for stroke: A multicenter study

Background and purposeAcute ischemic stroke has increasingly become a procedural disease following the demonstrated benefit of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO...
Business Model Philosophy in Banking 5.0

Any innovation needs to start with a vision of what the organization strategy should be. Banking 5.0 is no exception. This book calls this vision the philosophy of the banking 5.0 transformation. This chapter considers this philosophy and details the steps to define and implement it. The roadmap is essential for assuring the success of the initiative.
Effects of life history on oxygen delivery in the grasshopper jumping leg (879.22)

Although the insect tracheal system is extremely efficient, oxygen delivery is reduced during the intermolt period. Intermolt growth results in compressed tracheae, reduced tracheal volume, and reduced femoral air sac ventilation rates. Gravidity reduces tracheal volume in adult female grasshoppers; however, it is unknown whether gravid grasshoppers also have lower ventilation rates. Using micro-dissections and video analysis, we examined the tracheal system of the abdomen and femur of ten (5 females; 5 males) American locust grasshoppers (Schistocerca americana). We found that abdominal compression rates correlated with the inflation of proximal and distal femoral air sacs. Females (1.99 to 2.95 g) had higher compression rates in both their abdomens (36.2 ± 3.62 min-1; mean ± s.e.m.) and femoral air sacs (36.8 ± 3.73 min-1) than male grasshoppers (1.07 to 1.27 g; abdomen 28.6 ± 2.04 min-1 and femoral air sacs 26.8 ± 1.85 min-1). The most gravid females showed the highest abdominal and femoral air sac com...
Analysis of microsomal cholesteryl ester hydrolases by radiation inactivation.

Radiation inactivation by high energy electrons, a method for determining the size of a protein without prior purification, was used to study the acid and neutral cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) activities of rat liver microsomes. The same preparations were also assayed for the microsomal, "nonspecific" carboxylesterases using o-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate. Non-specific esterase activity surviving radiation could be fit to a single exponential function, the slope of which yielded a target size of 47 +/- 5 kDa (mean +/- S.D., n = 7). Surviving CEH activity assayed at pH 5 could also be fit to a single exponential that yielded a target size of 71 +/- 14 kDa (n = 5). In contrast, the surviving CEH activity assayed at pH 7 was more complex. The data from six experiments were described as the sum of two exponentials, indicating that most of the activity is due to an entity that is three to four times larger and a minor amount to one that is half the size of the pH 5 enzyme. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the acid and neutral microsomal CEH activities are due to distinct enzymes, which are not the "nonspecific" carboxylesterases. Their sizes also differ from those previously determined for lysosomal acid lipase and other lipases in the liver.
Statutory Codification and Legislative Failure of Nerve: A Brief Note on the New York Consolidated Laws of 1909

American legislatures rarely succeed in framing rational, comprehensive codes of statute law. The New York State legislature, in adopting the Consolidated Laws of 1909, is a prime example of this failure: by first framing a fairly comprehensive recodification of the prior body of statutes, coupled with the repeal of pre-existing legislation; and then enacting a rule of statutory construction that, in essence, resurrected the pre-existing statute, making the new consolidation at best a subject index of the prior body of statutes re-entered by it.
Concept Formation and Decision Tree Induction Using the Genetic Programming Paradigm

This paper describes the application of the recently developed "genetic programming" paradigm to the problem of concept formation and decision tree induction.
Photosynthesis and Respiration

Photosynthesis is the most important way of obtaining energy for all plants including grapevines. The electron released from the reaction center chlorophyll is transferred to an acceptor molecule in a process termed photochemical quenching because it “quenches” the excitation energy of the chlorophyll. Photorespiration reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis, and approximately one out of every five CO 2 molecules entering the chloroplast is released back to the atmosphere. The rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration (CO 2 ) is a consequence of rapid burning of fossil fuels, forest clearing, and soil cultivation and is responsible for global climate change. Photosynthesis is the ultimate source of carbohydrates and supplies some ATP and NAD(P)H in photosynthetic tissues, respiration is the powerhouse of plants, which provides the driving force for biosynthesis (production of new materials), cell maintenance, and active transport. Vigorous species or cultivars are characterized by spending less respiratory energy for nutrient acquisition and more for growth.
Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism in Escherichia coli I. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

Abstract The pyridine nucleotide pool of Escherichia coli is made up almost exclusively of DPN and TPN. In an exponentially growing glucose culture an average cell contains 1,460,000 molecules of DPN (30% reduced) and 440,000 molecules of TPN (57% reduced). If the total volume of the cell were accessible to pyridine nucleotide, this would mean a total DPN concentration of 1.3 x 10-3 m and a TPN concentration of 3.9 x 10-4 m. During exponential growth, in an average cell, 550 DPN molecules are being synthesized from external niacin, 270 DPN molecules are being transformed to TPN, and 140 TPN molecules are being broken down (to DPN) each second.
Round Muscle Profiling: Management of Tenderness and Sensory Improvement of Specific Muscles with Aging

At 7 and 14 d postmortem very little troponin-T degradation (30kDa) was seen in the GR, SAR, and VI. However, star probe measurements of GR (d3 and d7), SAR (d7), and VI (d1 and d7) were lower than the LD. The AD showed very little change in the amount of degraded troponin-T. This is mirrored in the star probe results of the AD where very little change is seen over time. The SM and VL were the only muscles to have star probe values higher than the LD. From this we can see that biochemical and tenderness differences exist between different muscles of the round, and some round muscles display biochemical and tenderness characteristics similar to those of the LD. As a result of this there is the potential to add value to some of the muscles (GR, SAR, and VI) of the round by marketing them as individual cuts.
Implementing State-Level Technological Literacy Policy in Rural Pennsylvania

This educational policy implementation study examines the implementation of Pennsylvania’s Classrooms for the Future (CFF) policy in a set of eight rural school districts. CFF implementation is investigated by combining considerations of local-level context with the perceptions and behaviors of teachers and administrators. The results suggest that the educational transformation promoted by CFF may not be occurring in the participating districts. Teachers and administrators differ in their perceptions of the implementation behaviors related to CFF and the use of ICT in the classroom, raising concerns about implementer discretion. Inadequate training, technical difficulties and prioritization are challenges to successful implementation.
Evaluation of stroma in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-affected bone marrows and correlation with CD4 counts.

c Context.—Little is known about cellular and extracellular composition of fibrosis in bone marrows in the context of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Objective.—To evaluate the stromal composition of bone marrows affected by human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and to correlate this with laboratory parameters including CD4 lymphocyte counts. Design.—We evaluated extracellular matrix and stromal cell composition in bone marrows and correlated these results with hematologic parameters. Extracellular matrix, stromal cells, and smooth muscle differentiation were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for collagen type IV expression and reticulin staining, an antibody directed against low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (a marker of adventitial reticular cells), and actin staining, respectively. Concurrent laboratory information was collected, including white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelet count, CD4 count, CD8 count, CD4/CD8 ratio, and absolute lymphocyte count. Patients.—Bone marrows of 35 patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were evaluated. Main Outcome Measures.—Correlation of reticulin, lowaffinity nerve growth factor receptor, actin, and collagen IV staining with hematologic parameters. Results.—More than half of the bone marrows showed moderate to severe reticulin fibrosis. The degree of reticulin fibrosis was correlated with the degree of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor expression (P 5 .048). Actin expression was identified in only 3 of 35 cases and collagen IV in only 5 of 35 cases. No statistical relationship between degree of fibrosis and CD4 count was identified. Lower levels of low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor expression were associated with CD4 counts of .100 (P 5 .04). Marrow fibrosis was present in almost all cases studied (97%), and the staining of adventitial reticular cells correlated with the degree of reticulin fibrosis. Conclusions.—There does not appear to be a correlation between CD4 count and degree of fibrosis, suggesting that the mechanism of fibrosis is independent of disease status. (Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005;129:1137‐1140)
The Santa Fe style in American anthropology: Regional interest, academic initiative, and philanthropic policy in the first two decades of the Laboratory of Anthropology, Inc.

During the 1920s the American Southwest, an area rich in ethnographic and archelogical resources, became an important focus of interest on the part of both eastern academic anthropologists and the Rockefeller philanthropies. Successfully coopting or overriding previously established regional anthropological interests, nationally oriented anthropologists were instrumental in establishing a Laboratory of Anthropology modelled in part on the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. When Rockefeller funding was terminated in the middle 1930s, the Laboratory was left to forage in the economic desert of the depression Southwest and was unable to find either adequate financial support or a clearly defined mission. In 1947, it was incorporated into the State Museum system, where it functions today as a coordinating center for archeological research in the Rio Grande Basin.
Rapid polyclonal desensitization with antibodies to IgE and FcεRIα

Background Rapid desensitization, a procedure in which persons allergic to an antigen are treated at short intervals with increasing doses of that antigen until they tolerate a large dose, is an effective, but risky, way to induce temporary tolerance. Objective We wanted to determine whether this approach can be adapted to suppress all IgE-mediated allergies in mice by injecting serially increasing doses of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to IgE or FceRIα. Methods Active and passive models of antigen- and anti-IgE mAb-induced IgE-mediated anaphylaxis were used. Mice were desensitized with serially increasing doses of anti-IgE mAb, anti-FceRIα mAb, or antigen. Development of shock (hypothermia), histamine and mast cell protease release, cytokine secretion, calcium flux, and changes in cell number and FceRI and IgE expression were evaluated. Results Rapid desensitization with anti-IgE mAb suppressed IgE-mediated immediate hypersensitivity; however, some mice developed mild anaphylaxis during desensitization. Rapid desensitization with anti-FceRIα mAb that only binds FceRI that is not occupied by IgE suppressed both active and passive IgE-mediated anaphylaxis without inducing disease. It quickly, but temporarily, suppressed IgE-mediated anaphylaxis by decreasing mast cell signaling through FceRI, then slowly induced longer lasting mast cell unresponsiveness by removing membrane FceRI. Rapid desensitization with anti-FceRIα mAb was safer and longer lasting than rapid desensitization with antigen. Conclusion A rapid desensitization approach with anti-FceRIα mAb safely desensitizes mice to IgE-mediated anaphylaxis by inducing mast cell anergy and later removing all mast cell IgE. Rapid desensitization with an anti-human FceRIα mAb may be able to prevent human IgE-mediated anaphylaxis.
Echocardiographic Recognition of Chagas' Disease and Endomyocardial Fibrosis

Chagas' heart disease and endomyocardial fibrosis are common medical conditions in Central and South America but are only rarely encountered in North America. In the small number of patients who have these conditions, recognition is frustrating because of a lack of familiarity with their characteristic echocardiographic pattern. In Chagas' heart disease a left ventricular apical aneurysm is characteristic, but in contrast to coronary artery disease, septal involvement is minimal. In endomyocardial fibrosis apical obliteration with a small inwardly moving left ventricular cavity, large atria, and atrioventricular valvular insufficiency are typical features. It is the aim of this article to present the characteristic echocardiographic findings with these conditions and thereby facilitate the recognition when they appear in nonendemic areas.
Identity, peer relationships, and adolescent girls' sexual behavior: an exploration of the contemporary double standard

The idea of a sexual double standard emphasizes that men have more sexual freedom, whereas women are subject to social sanctions for the same behaviors. This research uses a sample of adolescent women to examine the social consequences of reporting a greater number of sex partners. The research explores whether there are broader social costs and feelings of low self-worth associated with a high number of sex partners, and also focuses on characteristics of the adolescents' close friends. The analyses of quantitative data (n = 600) provide support for the emphasis on the adolescents' immediate network of friends: Friends' attitudes and behaviors were significant predictors of respondents' own sexual experiences, while those reporting a higher number of sex partners did not report a lack of popularity, desire for more friends, or lower self-esteem. In-depth relationship history narratives collected from a subset of respondents (n = 46) provide additional context. Women often recognized the existence of a do...
Biostimulation of iron reduction and subsequent oxidation of sediment containing Fe-silicates and Fe-oxides: effect of redox cycling on Fe(III) bioreduction.

Sediment containing a mixture of iron (Fe)-phases, including Fe-oxides (mostly Al-goethite) and Fe-silicates (illites and vermiculite) was bioreduced in a long-term flow through column experiment followed by re-oxidation with dissolved oxygen. The objective of this study was (a) to determine the nature of the re-oxidized Fe(III), and (b) to determine how redox cycling of Fe would affect subsequent Fe(III)-bioavailability. In addition, the effect of Mn on Fe(III) reduction was explored.(57)Fe-Mossbauer spectroscopy measurements showed that biostimulation resulted in partial reduction (20%) of silicate Fe(III) to silicate Fe(II) while the reduction of goethite was negligible. Furthermore, the reduction of Fe in the sediment was uniform throughout the column. When, after biostimulation, 3900 pore volumes of a solution containing dissolved oxygen was pumped through the column over a period of 81 days, approximately 46% of the reduced silicate Fe(II) was re-oxidized to silicate Fe(III). The Mossbauer spectra of the re-oxidized sample were similar to that of pristine sediment implying that Fe-mineralogy of the re-oxidized sediment was mineralogically similar to that of the pristine sediment. In accordance to this, batch experiments showed that Fe(III) reduction occurred at a similar rate although time until Fe(II) buildup started was longer in the pristine sediment than re-oxidized sediment under identical seeding conditions. This was attributed to oxidized Mn that acted as a temporary redox buffer in the pristine sediment. The oxidized Mn was transformed to Mn(II) during bioreduction but, unlike silicate Fe(II), was not re-oxidized when exposed to oxygen.
Complement (C3) receptor-bearing lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and lymphotoxin responses.

Abstract The question of nonthymus-derived lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was investigated with T and B cell subpopulations separated from the blood of normal donors. Mononuclear cells, T cells (E-RFC), and cell preparations enriched for B cells (non-E-RFC) by depletion of E-RFC gave negligible cytotoxic responses when incubated with either human melanoma or lung fibroblast target cells. In contrast, EAC and ZC rosetting cells separated from this same B-rich population consistently gave cytotoxic responses which were not dependent on either antibody or phagocytic cells. The cytotoxic effector cells appeared to be nonthymus-derived lymphocytes as characterized by C3 receptor rosetting and presence of surface membrane immunoglobulin on the majority of cells. In addition, supernatants from EAC-RFC cultures contained lymphotoxin (LT) activities which were eightfold higher than those of control E-RFC cultures. These findings suggest the existence of a nonthymus-derived cell cytotoxic effector mechanism, induced by the binding of membrane C3 receptors, which is independent of antibody.
Auditory signals evolve from hybrid- to eye-centered coordinates in the primate superior colliculus

Visual and auditory spatial signals initially arise in different reference frames. It has been postulated that auditory signals are translated from a head-centered to an eye-centered frame of refer...
Electro-mechanical coupling analysis of piezoelectric smart beams

External bonding of PZT patches to host structures as sensors and actuators has emerged as a popular method in smart structural applications such as structural health monitoring and vibration and shape control. Due to the strong material mismatches between the PZT patch and host structure, severe stress concentration can be induced along the PZT-host structure interface, which can lead to interface debonding and premature failure of the smart structure. For this reason, stresses along the PZT-host structure interface are of great research interest. To find the interface stresses, existing studies commonly adopted a one-way coupling model to simulate the behavior of the piezoelectric patch, in which the electric displacement field is assumed to be uniform through the thickness of the piezoelectric patch. In this study, however, a two-way coupling model for the electrical and mechanical field interaction is proposed. The electrical displacement field in the thickness direction of the piezoelectric patch is assumed to have a parabolic distribution. Closed-form solutions of interface stresses and electric field are obtained. To verify the model and for comparison purpose, a numerical example is calculated with different models, along with the numerical solution from finite element analysis (FEA).
Wear of two-phase metals

Abstract The effect of the second-phase particle structure on the wear properties of two-phase metals was investigated by using precipitation-hardened copperchromium alloys (Cu-0.58 at.% Cr and Cu-0.81 at.% Cr) aged for different periods of time at 500 °C. The hardness of these materials was found to increase initially with the aging time and then to decrease; the maximum value was reached after about 100 min of aging. Metallographic examination of worn specimens indicated that the wear process proceeded by subsurface deformation, crack nucleation and crack propagation, i.e. by delamination. The friction coefficient was found to be constant for both alloys and for all aging times. In the early stages of precipitation both the wear rate and the wear coefficient decreased. As the aging continued the wear rate and the wear coefficient increased even though the hardness also increased. The wear coefficient remained constant for the overaged alloys. The decrease in both the wear rate and wear coefficient in the early stages of precipitation is due to the fact that particles are small and coherent and require a large amount of subsurface deformation for crack nucleation. With further aging, the particles grow and become incoherent, increasing the wear rate due to easier crack nucleation. For the case of the overaged alloys, the wear coefficient tends to become constant because the wear process is controlled by the crack propagation rate which is found to be independent of the aging time for both alloys.
On the relations between two types of convergence for convex functions

Abstract Theory and applications have shown that there are two important types of convergence for convex functions: pointwise convergence and convergence in a topology induced by the convergence of their epigraphs. We show that these two types of convergence are equivalent on the class of convex functions which are equi-lower semicontinuous. This turns out to be maximal classes of convex functions for which this equivalence can be obtained. We also indicate a number of implications of these results to the convergence of convex sets and the corresponding support functions and to the convergence of the infima of sequences of convex minimization problems.
Combinatorial Mutasynthesis of Scrambled Beauvericins, Cyclooligomer Depsipeptide Cell Migration Inhibitors from Beauveria bassiana

Fungal cyclooligomer depsipeptides such as beauvericin, bassianolide, and enniatins display antibiotic, antifungal, insecticidal, broad-spectrum cancer cell antiproliferative, and cell migration inhibitory activities. We have identified a gene encoding a novel enzyme, ketoisovalerate reductase (KIVR), which is the sole provider of D-hydroxyisovalerate (D-Hiv), a common precursor for cyclooligomer depsipeptide biosynthesis in Beauveria bassiana. KIVR and related hypothetical oxidoreductases encoded in fungal genomes are similar to ketopantoate reductases but not to D-hydroxycarboxylate dehydrogenases. We demonstrate that a KIVR knockout B. bassiana strain can be used for the efficient mutasynthesis of unnatural beauvericin congeners. Simultaneous feeding of precursor analogues enabled the combinatorial mutasynthesis of scrambled beauvericins, some assembled entirely from unnatural precursors. The effects of the introduced structural changes on the antiproliferative and cell migration inhibitory activities of these analogues were evaluated.
The internal structure of lava flows—insights from AMS measurements I: Near-vent a'a

Abstract Two small near-vent a'a flows (one from Xitle, Mexico and the other from Mauna Kea, Hawaii) showing a conspicuous pattern of concentric vesicle foliation were used to investigate how anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) measurements relates to the internal structure of lava flows. The results show an almost perfect match between the vesicle foliation and the plane containing the maximum and intermediate principal susceptibilities, or plane of magnetic foliation. Both types of foliation can be explained by variations in the relative magnitudes of local shear stresses, assuming a unidirectional velocity within the lava flows. The attitude of the plane of magnetic foliation provides a three-dimensional picture of the dynamic behavior of flowing lava, and might be applicable also in instances when no other foliation is observable. A strong imbrication occurs, marked by the distribution of magnetic foliation parallel to a family of nested cones the axis of which coincides with the flow axis, and the apices of which point down-flow. Flow of lava having, at least in part, a stationary roof and possessing a small yield strength is consistent with the velocity profiles inferred from the orientation of the foliations. A model based on its fluid behavior is proposed to explain the origin of the AMS of lava. At variance with existing qualitative models, our model allows a semi-quantitative systematic explanation of the different circumstances under which any principal susceptibility is parallel to the flow direction.