cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3117: COX-2 is a novel transcriptional target of the nuclear EGFR-STAT3 and EGFRvIII-STAT3 signaling axes

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Emerging evidence indicate novel modes of EGFR signaling, notably, one involves EGFR nuclear translocalization and subsequent gene activation. To date, however, the significance of the nuclear EGFR pathway in glioblastoma (GBM), the most frequent and deadliest brain malignancy in adults, is unknown. Here, we report that EGFR and its constitutively activated variant EGFRvIII undergo nuclear translocalization in GBM cells, in which the former event requires EGF stimulation and the latter is constitutive. To gain insight into the impact of nuclear EGFR on gene expression in GBM, we created isogenic GBM cell lines, namely, U87MG-vector, U87MG-EGFR and U87MG-EGFRdNLS that, respectively, express the control vector, EGFR and nuclear-entry defective EGFR with a deletion of the nuclear localization signal (NLS). Microarray analysis shows that 19 genes, including, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), to be activated in U87MG-EGFR cells but not in U87MG-EGFRdNLS and U87MG-vector cells. Subsequent validation studies indicate that COX-2 gene is expressed at higher levels in cells with EGFR and EGFRvIII than those with EGFRdNLS and EGFRvIIIdNLS. Nuclear EGFR and its transcriptional co-factor STAT3 associate with the COX-2 promoter. Increased expression of EGFR/EGFRvIII and activated STAT3 leads to synergistic activation of the COX-2 promoter. Promoter mutational analysis identified a proximal STAT3-binding site that is required for EGFR/EGFRvIII-STAT3 mediated COX-2 gene activation. In GBM tumors, an association exists between levels of COX-2, EGFR/EGFRvIII and activated STAT3. Together, these findings indicate the existence of the nuclear EGFR/EGFRvIII signaling pathway in GBM and its functional interaction with STAT3 to activate COX-2 gene expression, thus linking EGFR-STAT3 and EGFRvIII-STAT3 signaling axes to pro-inflammatory COX-2 mediated pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3117.
Formation of absorption bands in F-doped silica under excimer laser exposure

Incorporation of fluorine into dry silica is known to extend the transmittance of the glass to shorter wavelengths relative to fluorine-free silica. Fluorine-doped silica has been shown to have greater than 80%/cm internal transmittance at 157-nm. Its high transmittance, low thermal expansion, ease of polishing and relative availability make it a perfect candidate for use at 157-nm for photomasks and potentially for other short wavelength optical elements. In the course of investigating composition-property relationships of F-doped, dry silica glasses, the effect of fluorine concentration on color center formation as a function of excimer laser exposure was considered. A series of glasses with fluorine concentrations from 0 to 1.8 wt% was studied. Using the 157-nm exposure wavelength, all glasses developed the silicon E' center, characterized by its absorption at 215-nm. Also noted was the non-bridging oxygen hole center (NBOHC) which appears in the UV at 260-nm. A band at 165-nm, identified as the oxygen deficient center (ODC) was also observed. This band was most pronounced in higher F concentration glasses, with the lowest F and non-F containing glasses showing no 165-nm band evolved. The assignment of the ODC is based on the fluorescence of the center and its reaction with oxygen, which causes diminishment of the band. The evolution of the color center formation (absorption) can limit the lifetime of optics by driving down transmission with use. For the 157-nm wavelength the absorption of importance is the one that appears at the 165-nm, the ODC. The exact atomic structure of the ODC is not important for this discussion; in fact, the defect is described by two different structures, the metal- metal bond and the divalent silicon: (O) 3 Si-Si(O) 3 and O-Si-O (2+ ) The ODC has significant absorption at 157- nm and so minimizing its formation during exposure would be advantageous for optics life.
Design and Analysis of Pulsewidth-Modulated Amplifiers for DC Servo Systems

The use of pulse width-modulated amplifiers for dc servo systems, in order to reduce the power dissipation in the output stage is proposed. The amplifier transistors can be switched in different sequences, and the amplifier will operate accordingly in three possible modes, namely the bipolar, the unipolar, and the limited unipolar modes. The principle of operation and the mathematical model for each case are described along with the special features of this amplifier which include the power dissipation in the motor and the selection of the switching frequency.
Analytical modeling of the periodic nonlinearity in heterodyne interferometry.

The periodic nonlinearity that arises from nonideal laser sources and imperfections of optical components limits the accuracy of displacement measurements in heterodyne interferometry at the nanometer level. An analytical approach to investigating the nonlinearity is presented. Frequency mixing, polarization mixing, polarization–frequency mixing, and ghost reflections are all included in this investigation. A general form for the measurement signal, including that of the distortions, is given. The analytical approach is also applicable to homodyne interferometry.
Characterization of Unsteady Flow Structures Around Tandem Cylinders for Component Interaction Studies in Airframe Noise

A joint computational and experimental study has been performed at NASA Langley Research Center to investigate the unsteady flow generated by the components of an aircraft landing gear system. Because the flow field surrounding a full landing gear is so complex, the study was conducted on a simplified geometry consisting of two cylinders in tandem arrangement to isolate and characterize the pertinent flow phenomena. This paper focuses on the experimental effort where surface pressures, 2-D Particle Image Velocimetry, and hot-wire anemometry were used to document the flow interaction around the two cylinders at a Reynolds Number of 1.66 x 10(exp 5), based on cylinder diameter, and cylinder spacing-todiameter ratios, L/D, of 1.435 and 3.70. Transition strips were applied to the forward cylinder to produce a turbulent boundary layer upstream of the flow separation. For these flow conditions and L/D ratios, surface pressures on both the forward and rear cylinders show the effects of L/D on flow symmetry, base pressure, and the location of flow separation and attachment. Mean velocities and instantaneous vorticity obtained from the PIV data are used to examine the flow structure between and aft of the cylinders. Shedding frequencies and spectra obtained using hot-wire anemometry are presented. These results are compared with unsteady, Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) computations for the same configuration in a companion paper by Khorrami, Choudhari, Jenkins, and McGinley (2005). The experimental dataset produced in this study provides information to better understand the mechanisms associated with component interaction noise, develop and validate time-accurate computer methods used to calculate the unsteady flow field, and assist in modeling of the radiated noise from landing gears.
Epistemology in the Time of Cholera

Through his consideration of responses to 19th-century cholera outbreaks in the United States, Whooley explores interplay among science, medicine, and society.
Functional Analysis of RNA Binding by the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase

Protein-RNA interaction plays a critical role in regulating RNA synthesis by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). RNAs of 7 nucleotides (nt) or longer had affinities 5-fold better than an RNA of 5 nt, suggesting a minimal length required for binding. To identify RNA contact sites on the HCV RdRp, a biotinylated 7-nt RNA capable of directing de novo initiation was used in a process that coupled reversible formaldehyde cross-linking, RNA affinity chromatography, and mass spectrometry. By this process, we identified 18 peptides cross-linked to the 7-nt RNA. When these identified peptides were overlaid on the three-dimensional structures of NS5B, most mapped to the fingers subdomain, connecting loops between fingers and thumb subdomains and in the putative RNA binding channel. Two of the identified peptides resided in the active site cavity of the RdRp. Recombinant HCV RdRp with single residue changes in likely RNA contact sites were generated and characterized for effects on HCV RdRp activity. Mutant proteins had significant effects on cross-linking to 7-nt RNA and reduced RNA synthesis in vitro by 2- to 20-fold compared with wild type protein. When the mutations were tested for the replication of HCV RNA in the context of the cells transfected with the HCV subgenomic replicon, all except one prevented colony formation, indicating a defect in HCV RNA replication. These biochemical and functional analyses identified a number of residues in the HCV RdRp that are important for HCV RNA synthesis.
Papillary ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation: an experimental and clinical study.

The need to avoid leakage, stenosis, or reflux of urine after ureteroneocystostomy in renal transplantation has led to the development of a new technique consisting of a simple end-to-side ureterovesical anastomosis. The technique has special merit in the case of a short donor ureter and obviates the difficulty in creating a submucous vesical tunnel.
Biomedical imaging with THz waves

We discuss biomedical imaging using radio waves operating in the terahertz (THz) range between 300 GHz to 3 THz. Particularly, we present the concept for two THz imaging systems. One system employs single antenna, transmitter and receiver operating over multi-THz-frequency simultaneously for sensing and imaging small areas of the human body or biological samples. Another system consists of multiple antennas, a transmitter, and multiple receivers operating over multi-THz-frequency capable of sensing and imaging simultaneously the whole body or large biological samples. Using THz waves for biomedical imaging promises unique and substantial medical benefits including extremely small medical devices, extraordinarily fine spatial resolution, and excellent contrast between images of diseased and healthy tissues. THz imaging is extremely attractive for detection of cancer in the early stages, sensing and imaging of tissues near the skin, and study of disease and its growth versus time.
White matter structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging.

Abstract Background Individuals with autism have severe difficulties in social communication and relationships. Prior studies have suggested that abnormal connections between brain regions important for social cognition may contribute to the social deficits seen in autism. Methods In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging to investigate white matter structure in seven male children and adolescents with autism and nine age-, gender-, and IQ-matched control subjects. Results Reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) values were observed in white matter adjacent to the ventromedial prefrontal cortices and in the anterior cingulate gyri as well as in the temporoparietal junctions. Additional clusters of reduced FA values were seen adjacent to the superior temporal sulcus bilaterally, in the temporal lobes approaching the amygdala bilaterally, in occipitotemporal tracts, and in the corpus callosum. Conclusions Disruption of white matter tracts between regions implicated in social functioning may contribute to impaired social cognition in autism.
Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Cobalt(III) Complexes with Flexible Tetraamine Ligands

Abstract The details of a systematic carbon 13 nuclear magnetic study of cobalt(III) complexes with the tetraamine ligands 1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctane (2,2,2-tet), 1,9-diamino-3,6-diazanonane (2,2,3-tet), 1,9-diamino-3,7-diazanonane (2,3,2-tet) and 1,10-diamino-4,7-diazadecane (3,2,3-tet) are presented. Carbon 13 NMR was found to be an extremely sensitive probe of the stereochemistry of this series of diamagnetic ‘Werner’ complexes. Our interpretation is based upon two parameters, the donation of electron density to the metal and the steric perturbation required for coordination. The stereochemistry of uns-cis(Co(2,2,3-tet)Val)++ is assigned based upon the carbon 13 NMR spectrum of the complex.
Self-testing the 16-Mbps adapter chip for the IBM tokenring local area network

This paper describes the boundary-scan and built-in self-test (BIST) functions of the IBM token-ring local area network (LAN) adapter chip. These functions present a number of unique features. First, less that 1% of available standard cell circuits were needed to implement these functions. Second, clocking methods used in different logical macros were merged into a comprehensive clocking sequence for self-test. Finally, asynchronous serial and parallel interfaces were provided to facilitate the communication between a test system and the chip's built-in test circuits. Although self-test and boundary-scan provide for an inexpensive higher-level package test, evaluation showed that automatically generated deterministic patterns provide a better-quality VLSI chip manufacturing test.
The Untidy Reality of Complaints About Music: Reexamining the Power Relations of Sonic Disputes

Keywords: commentary, soundscapes, music, noise complaints, advertising, loudspeakers, power structures
Interaction of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and methysergide on the monosynaptic reflex in isolated mammalian spinal cord

Abstract The interaction between thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and methysergide (MeSG) on reflex activity was examined in spinal cords from neonatal rats. MeSG depressed the monosynaptic reflex (MSR) by nearly 90% at 0.03 μM but had no effect on the dorsal root reflex at 0.003–3.0 μM. Neither spiperone, ketanserin, cyproheptadine nor ICS 205–930 (3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate) depressed the MSR nor did they affect the potentiation elicited by TRH. TRH reversed the depression of the MSR by MeSG in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting the dorsal root reflex. MeSG-induced depression of the MSR was also reversed by 3,4-diaminopyridine which simultaneously increased the magnitude and duration of both reflexes. It appears that neither MeSG-induced depression nor TRH-induced potentiation of the MSR involves the spinal serotonergic system or blockade of K + channels.
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory profiles of Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and their children

Forty children of 28 fathers who are Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Each of the fathers had at least one elevated clinical scale. Fathers averaged eight elevated clinical scales, and compared to more recent norms, fathers averaged seven elevated clinical scales. Seventy-eight percent of the children had at least one clinically elevated scale (averaging three elevated clinical scales). Compared to contemporary normal adolescents and adults, 65% of children had at least one clinically elevated scale (still averaging three elevated clinical scales). No consistent MMPI profile patterns emerged within or across the two groups. No gender differences were detected among child MMPI profiles. Forty percent of the children reported illegal drug use, and 35% reported behavior problems. Fifteen percent of children reported previous violent behavior. Eighty-three percent of the children reported elevated Cook-Medley hostility scores as compared to an age-matched national normative sample. Children with higher PK scores were also significantly more likely to report higher Cook-Medley hostility scores. Forty-five percent of children reported significant elevations on the PTSD/PK subscales.
Molecular interactions and diffusion permeability.

Abstract A model of a pore consisting of a linear array of binding sites is set up. The model has in it two kinds of interactions which can have an important influence on diffusion. The binding energy to a site appears as an explicit parameter. Interactions between diffusing molecules are taken into account since only one molecule is allowed on a binding site at a time. The diffusion constant for the pore is calculated as a function of temperature and the other parameters in the case of a single diffusing species. At sufficiently low temperature the pore will be very empty or very full depending on the pore affinity. The permeability is low in either case and has an exponential temperature dependence characteristic of a thermally activated process.
The atomic structure of aluminum based metallic glasses and universal criterion for glass formation

Abstract It recently became recognized that several phenomena related to the formation of glass or liquid for metallic alloy systems can be explained in terms of a universal criterion for glass formation. These include the composition limit for glass formation by rapid cooling of a liquid alloy, that for solid state amorphization by radiation, thermal or mechanical alloying, and the conditions for glass transition and melting of a crystalline alloy. The aluminum-based metallic glasses, however, appear to be an exception for this rule. It is shown that, by modifying the rule to allow for the interstitial site occupation, the composition range of glass formation for aluminum-based glasses can also be explained by the same principle of local topological instability.
The role of academia and the research community in assisting the Food and Drug Administration to ensure U.S. drug safety.

Purpose Academia can play a prominent role in the drug safety arena, unique from that of industry, and a clearer articulation of how it could positively influence the current system is needed. We sought to examine ways that academia could expand its role in U.S. drug safety. Methods An ad hoc meeting of academic experts in drug safety and risk management was convened at the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in Washington, D.C. Results Academia should develop a stronger partnership with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to increase research on regulatory issues and public health questions and facilitate the prioritization of critical issues on drug safety. Such a collaboration could also facilitate the development of a network of academic centers of excellence in pharmacoepidemiology to address drug safety and risk management questions from a public health standpoint in a timely fashion. The development and testing of methodologic innovations on drug safety should also be encouraged. Conclusions Greater partnership between academia and the FDA could facilitate the prioritization of important issues on drug safety, allow more research questions on drug safety to be answered in a timely fashion, promote the development of networks for answering these questions, and help generate additional research ideas, ultimately providing enormous benefit to the public health. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging from the CAVE: Attributional Style and the Narrative Study of Identity in Midlife Adults

It has been widely documented that individuals who explain negative life events with a depressogenic attributional style (stable, global attributions) tend to have increased rates of depression and other poor outcomes (e.g., Sweeny, Anderson, & Bailey, 1986). The Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE) is a method of assessing attributional style in spontaneously-generated causal attributions appearing in accounts of real events (Peterson, Schulman, Castellon, & Seligman, 1992). Seventy life story interviews obtained from a diverse community sample of midlife adults were coded for attributional style with the CAVE technique and also for the theme of contamination (scenes in which good events turn to bad outcomes, McAdams, Reynolds, Lewis, Patten, & Bowman, 2001). While depressogenic attributional style and contamination sequences were unrelated to each other, both were shown to independently predict self-reported depression and low life satisfaction. In addition, while the observed relationships between depressogenic attributional style and these self-report variables were no longer significant after controlling for neuroticism, a similar pattern was not observed for contamination sequences. This study forges possible connections between cognitive theories of depression and the narrative study of adult identity.
THE HIDDEN ORGANIZATION OF LABOR: Gender, Race/Ethnicity and Child-care Work in the Formal and Informal Economy

While extensive studies document the need for child care in the United States, little has been done to explore the organization of child-care work or its political economic context. The article explores, both empirically and theoretically, the organization of child-care work in the United States. While formal child-care centers emerged as the fastest-growing source of child care for employed parents in the last 25 years, informal arrangements continue to serve as the source of over 75% of child care for employed parents in the United States. Given the vast provision of child care in settings outside of formal markets, informal-sector economic theory appeared a potentially viable framework for elucidating the organization of child-care work Informal-sector theory clearly assists in identifying many forms of production existing outside of the formal market economy. Even so, informal-sector theorists show a proclivity to define and analyze labor according to the norms of formal market production. Also, theories rooted in the norms of the formal market economy fail to fully analyze care-giving work, work historically performed by women outside of formal markets. In order to accurately analyze and theorize the organization of care-giving work, political economic theories must explicitly incorporate women's household and domestic labor. By so doing theories will more fully demonstrate the ways in which gender and racelethnicity serve as the fundamental structures organizing the work of care-giving. Informal-sector, paid child-care work grew dramatically in the United States during the last two decades. Recent estimates indicate that women providing home-based, paid child-care work "may exceed the numbers of women involved in all other forms of home-based work combined" (Nelson 1988a:79). During the same two decades, the number of children cared for in formal-market child-care centers
Scleredema Revisited A Poststreptococcal Complication

Scleredema is a rare connective disease which must be differentiated from scleroderma in childhood. Scleredema is characterized by thickening of the dermis of the neck, head, and upper trunk. We report a case of scleredema in an 8-year-old boy with coincident streptococcal colonization. The patient report demonstrates many of the common features of scleredema, including an associated streptococcal infection, a relatively benign presentation of illness, and the characteristic mucopolysaccharide intradermal staining on skin biopsy. The literature on scleredema is reviewed, focusing on the disease course, differential diagnosis, and an overview of the proposed three subgroups of scleredema. The association of scleredema to a prior streptococcal infection is explored, and a proposed autoimmune pathophysiology of the disease, as it relates to streptococcal infection, is presented.
Hijabs and Headwraps: The Case for Tolerance

On March 15, 2006, French President Jacques Chirac signed into law an amendment to his country’s education statute, banning the wearing of conspicuous signs of religious affiliation in public schools. Prohibited items included a large cross, a veil, or skullcap. The ban was expressly introduced by lawmakers as an application of the principle of government neutrality, du principe de laicite. Opponents of the law viewed it primarily as an intolerant assault against the hijab, a head and neck wrap worn by many Muslim women around the world. In Politics of the Veil, Professor Joan Wallach Scott offers an illuminating account of the significance of the hijab in France. Scott’s lucid, compact examination of the hijab complements previous feminist scholarship on veiling with a close look at its role in a particular time and place - contemporary France - where it has been the subject matter of a unique political discourse. How different is America’s political discourse surrounding religious symbols in the schools as compared to the French? I offer a U.S. constitutional perspective on the rights of religious minorities and women in the public schools, and suggest that a ban on the hijab must be considered unconstitutional. A proposal for a national rule against the hijab in public schools or universities would fall flat in the United States. When compared to U.S. approaches to the hijab, the French experience underscores an important point: there is more than one way to be a modern, multicultural western liberal democracy with a Muslim population, and some ways are better than others.
Fast firewall implementations for software-based and hardware-based routers

Routers must perform packet classification at high speeds to efficiently implement functions such as firewalls and diffserv. Classification can be based on an arbitrary number of fields in the packet header. Performing classification quickly on an arbitrary number of fields is known to be difficult, and has poor worst-case complexity.In this paper, we re-examine two basic mechanisms that have been dismissed in the literature as being too inefficient: backtracking search and set pruning tries. We find using real databases that the time for backtracking search is much better than the worst-case bound; instead of Ω((logN)k-1), the search time is only roughly twice the optimal search time1. Similarly, we find that set pruning tries (using a DAG optimization) have much better storage costs than the worstcase bound. We also propose several new techniques to further improve the two basic mechanisms. Our major ideas are (i) backtracking search on a small memory budget, (ii) a novel compression algorithm, (iii) pipelining the search, (iv) the ability to trade-off smoothly between backtracking and set pruning, and (v) algorithms to effectively make use of hardware if hardware is available. We quantify the performance gain of each technique using real databases. We show that on real firewall databases our schemes, with the accompanying optimizations, are close to optimal in time and storage.
Energy efficient indoor VOC air cleaning with activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters

Abstract This study explores the potential environmental and energy benefits of using activated carbon fiber (ACF) filters for air cleaning in HVAC systems. The parallel aims for the air cleaning system were to enable reduced indoor exposures to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and to simultaneously allow reduced rates and energy consumption for outdoor air ventilation. We evaluated the use of ACF media to adsorb VOCs from indoor air during repeated simulated 12-h to 24-h periods of occupancy. In a cyclic regeneration process, VOCs were desorbed from the ACF media and vented outdoors to enable the next cycle of air cleaning. The VOC removal efficiency of the ACF media was measured using a 9.5-cm 2 ACF specimen exposed to a mixture of VOCs that included toluene, benzene, o-xylene, 1-butanol, limonene, undecane and formaldehyde at 29 °C and 30% relative humidity. The concentrations of these model pollutants upstream of the ACF media were in the range 20–30 ppb, to simulate realistic conditions. Velocities through the ACF media were typical of those in normal particle filter systems (∼0.5 m s −1 ). Initial tests were conducted to develop a modified multi-component Freundlich isotherm and estimate the maximum adsorption capacity of the media, which was determined to be 90 mg VOC per gram of ACF. Three different ACF regeneration methods were explored using relatively cleaner outdoor air under ambient conditions, with this air humidified, and with the filter heated. It was found that heating the ACF media to ∼150 °C by circulation of a DC current through the fibers for a short period (15 min) yielded the best VOC removal results, allowing for subsequent consistent removal efficiencies of 70–80% for most VOCs. Regeneration with unheated outdoor air was also effective and used less energy (subsequent removal efficiency was 50–60% for most VOCs). ACF did not perform as well in eliminating formaldehyde, for which a maximum removal of 25–30% was achieved with heated regeneration. A mass balance model indicated that the combination of ACF air cleaning and a 50% reduction in ventilation will decrease indoor concentrations of VOCs by 60%–80% and reduce formaldehyde concentrations by 12%–40%. Energy modeling indicated the potential to reduce the energy required for heating and cooling of ventilation air by 35% to almost 50%.
Hodgkin's Disease in a Child with Hyperimmunoglobulin E Syndrome

A 10-year-old boy with hyperimmunoglobulin E (HIE) syndrome was admitted to the hospital due to intermittent fever and a growing neck mass noted for 3 months. He had had chronic eczema and recurrent skin infections since infancy. At age 8, the diagnosis of HIE was established when a pneumatocele was found in the presence of extremely elevated serum IgE levels (7842 IU/mL). He also had defective T-lymphocyte function, manifested by cutaneus anergy, as well as abnormal proliferative response to mitogenic stimuli. Chemotactic function of neutrophils was normal. Pathological examination of the lymph node disclosed Hodgkin 's disease (nodular sclerosis). A high index of suspicion for lymphoma should be given in patients with HIE syndrome who present with lymph node enlargement.
Understanding Corporate Bonds, Interest Rates, and Issuance Prices

Businesses evolveover time and the degree of risk and the needs for financing evolve, too. In the early stages of a business, thebusiness is small and most of the financing comes from the entrepreneur andfrom retained earnings of the business. After a business achieves a certain size, external financing is neededsuch as venture capital, new stockholders’ equity, and bonds. Over the last one hundred years, individualsproviding external funding to businesses have demanded more and betterinformation. Currently, Sarbanes-Oxley requiresboth information and evidence that the information is correct. Thus, companies are required to have internalcontrols that validate the information provided to stakeholders and to have theauditors confirm the quality of the internal control mechanisms.
GEOGRAPHY SECTION, ROCKY MOUNTAIN SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

(1966). GEOGRAPHY SECTION, ROCKY MOUNTAIN SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION. The Professional Geographer: Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 328-328.
Neutron diffraction studies and multivariant simulations of shape memory alloys: Empirical texture development–mechanical response relations of martensitic nickel–titanium

Abstract Mechanical responses and texture developments were observed in situ during the creation of multiaxial stress states in polycrystalline NiTi parallelepiped specimens, achieved via sequential compression along unique principal axes. For all of the compression stages, regardless of initial texture, the two major texture components behaved similarly: (1 0 0) poles aligned with, while (0 1 1) poles oriented perpendicular to, the loading direction. The effective critical resolved shear stress needed to induce significant reorientation, however, was reduced through prior loading. In the macroscopic responses, prior transverse direction loading resulted in widening of the reorientation plateau, a reduction of the effective Young’s modulus, and substantial alteration of effective Poisson’s ratios during axial direction straining. Additionally, these empirical results are presented in a manner conducive to the verification of shape memory alloy micromechanics and continuum mechanics constitutive models.
Effect of Calcium and Magnesium on the Morphology and Growth Pattern of L-M Cells

Abstract : Mouse fibroblast (strain L-M) cells were grown in medium M150 plus 0.5% peptone for more than 6 months without either calcium (Ca) or magnesium (Mg) being added. The cells grew at rates similar to those in complete medium. The omission of Mg did not alter cell morphology, but Ca deficiency caused different morphology and growth patterns. After the contaminating Ca was totally removed with ethyleneglycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)tetraacetic acid, the cells could not survive more than 48 hours. At 0.02 mM Ca, the cells survived at least 5 days in culture. Cells growing in media with Ca levels of 0.04-0.08 mM were mostly round and grew in clumps. Ball-like aggregates were formed 7-10 days after subculturing. These growth patterns were completely reversed when the medium was changed to normal Ca concentration (1.25 mM). Karyotype analysis of the 2 types of cells revealed no difference; both had a modal number of 65 and showed the same marker chromosome. This, plus the reversibility of the change by addition or deletion of Ca, indicates that no population selection was involved. (Author)
Vision-based target tracking and motion estimation using a small UAV

This work extends the earlier results on passive vision-based tracking and motion estimation of a ground vehicle. The follower small unmanned air vehicle (UAV) is equipped with a single gimbaled pan/tilt camera and a high bandwidth wireless link for video and command transmitting. The objective is for the UAV to maintain a horizontal circular orbit about the target with a predefined radius and to concurrently provide real-time estimation of the target's position, speed and heading. The target velocity estimation problem is formulated such that the recently developed ℒ 1 fast adaptive estimator can be applied. We give a rigorous proof of asymptotic stability for the guidance law for the static target case, and provide a reformulation of the control objective for the moving target case so that the existing controller can be applied naturally.
Forest mediated light regime linked to amphibian distribution and performance

The vegetation in and around the basins of ephemeral wetlands can greatly affect light environments for aquatic species such as amphibians. We used hemispherical photographs to quantify the light environment in terms of the global site factor (GSF), the proportion of available solar radiation that actually strikes the wetland. We compared GSF to the distribution and performance of two amphibian species (Pseudacris crucifer and Rana sylvatica) within 17 ephemeral wetlands in northeastern Connecticut, USA. We found that P. crucifer is restricted to lighter wetlands (GSF >0.34) and that its abundance is proportional to GSF. By contrast, R. sylvatica is found across the light gradient and its abundance is unrelated to GSF. For both species, GSF is a strong predictor of larval developmental rate. In addition, P. crucifer growth rate is higher in lighter wetlands. Through thermal effects, changes in resources, or other influences, light appears to be an important predictor of the distribution and performance of amphibians. Because the structure of canopies can change rapidly, and because amphibians can be strongly impacted by these changes, vegetation mediated effects on wetland light environments may be critical to understanding the dynamics of amphibian populations within forested biomes.
Woodrow Wilson and the Study of Public Administration: Response to Van Riper

The status of Woodrow Wilson as a founder of the academic field of public administration is explored in light of Paul Van Riper's contention that Wilson's famous essay, "The Study of Administration...
Protein folds and protein folding

The classification of protein folds is necessarily based on the structural elements that distinguish domains. Classification of protein domains consists of two problems: the partition of structures into domains and the classification of domains into sets of similar structures (or folds). Although similar topologies may arise by convergent evolution, the similarity of their respective folding pathways is unknown. The discovery and the characterization of the majority of protein folds will be followed by a similar enumeration of available protein folding pathways. Consequently, understanding the intricacies of structural domains is necessary to understanding their collective folding pathways. We review the current state of the art in the field of protein domain classification and discuss methods for the systematic and comprehensive study of protein folding across protein fold space via atomistic molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, we discuss our large-scale Dynameomics project, which includes simulations of representatives of all autonomous protein folds.
The Sakura of Madness: Japan's Nationalist Hip Hop and the Parallax of Globalized Identity Politics

Hip hop has been a significant force in Japanese pop culture since the mid-1990s, and now includes many esthetic and political divergences from its American origins. These include, perhaps most strikingly, a significant subgenre of right-wing nationalist hip hop. This article examines Japan's right-wing hip hop as an illustration of the mutability of ideology when it crosses cultural boundaries. It traces the strangeness of Japanese right-wing hip hop to the “parallax” effect of two incommensurable views of Japan—on the one hand, as a powerful postimperial nation, and on the other, as a perennially oppressed postcolonial nation. The article traces these viewpoints' relationship to African American politics and to Western scholarship, which has significantly misrepresented Japanese hip hop.
Heteroepitaxial growth of novel MoO3 nanostructures on Au(1 1 1)

Abstract We have developed a synthetic procedure that yields novel nanocrystalline, islands of MoO3 on Au(1 1 1). Careful control of the growth conditions yields monolayer islands with a rectangular unit cell that is aligned with the Au substrate. These structures are distinctly different than either bulk MoO3 or than ramified, two-dimensional MoO3 islands formed on Au(1 1 1) which were recently reported [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2003) 8059, Surf. Sci. 512 (2002) L353]. The atomic structure of these single-layer MoO3 islands has been characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). We discuss our synthetic method and important characteristics of the MoO3 islands.
The Detrital Versus Authigenic Origin and Provenance of Mineral Particles in Mesozoic Carbonates of Central Croatian Karst Area

In 1911, Tucan studied the insoluble residue of limestones and dolomites from the Croatian karst realm, and compared it to the composition of terra rossa and bauxite. He concluded that the insoluble residue represented the source material for terra rossa and bauxite, and that these materials in carbonates are authigenic in origin. The provenance study of non-carbonate minerals and other particles based on TUCAN’s (1911) analytical material, stored in Croatian Natural History museum in Zagreb, suggests that they are partly detrital, and partly authigenic in origin.
Comparative Molecular Analysis of Genes for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Degradation

Aromatic hydrocarbons are found ubiquitously in nature. Their sources vary from biosynthesis de novo by organisms to abiotic reactions on naturally-occurring carbon deposits to chemical synthesis by man. It is generally accepted, however, that the bulk of aromatic compounds found in the environment are not of biosynthetic origin but are produced through the pyrolysis of organic materials such as the amorphous polymer lignin. Unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons are generally formed at high temperatures (2000°C) of pyrolysis. Intermediate temperatures of pyrolysis (400–800°C) result in the formation of alkylsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons together with unsubstituted aromatic compounds. In contrast, petroleum is formed at low temperatures (80–150°C) and contains aromatic hydrocarbons with two or three alkyl substituents as the major components (1). The ubiquitous presence of aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment is generally thought to result from the deposition of airborne particles that contain combustion products (2,3). In addition to the abiotic source of aromatic compounds, there is little doubt that the rapid industrialization over the last century has increased the deposition of man-made aromatic hydrocarbons into the environment. Environmental contamination by anthropogenic sources results from the isolation, processing, combustion and disposal of fossil fuel. The production of value-added petroleum products such as polymers, plastics, pesticides, solvents, explosives and even pharmaceuticals can lead to release of aromatic hydrocarbons into the environment.
Mismatch strain programmed shape transformation of curved bilayer-flexible support assembly

Shape transformation in three dimensional (3D) structures is of interest in the design of engineered systems capable of accomplishing particular tasks that are unachievable by two dimensional (2D) architectures or static 3D ones. One approach involves the incorporation of stimuli responsive materials into the structural assembly to induce such transformations. In this work, we investigate the transformation of a curved bilayer ribbon supported by a flexible assembly that belongs to a family of complex three dimensional architectures. Through finite element analysis, we identified key design parameters and their effects on the deformation behavior of the assembly when it is subjected to an external stimuli in the form of a mismatch strain. Our results show that the behavior of the curved bilayer in response to the stimuli could be tuned by controlling the structural properties of the assembly. Our calculations also reveal a diverse set of deformation mechanisms including gradual flipping, snapping and creasing of the curved bilayer under specific circumstances. The design principles established in this work could be used to engineer 3D sensors, actuators for traditional and soft robotics, electronic device components, metamaterials, energy storage and harvesting devices with on-demand functional capabilities enabled by 3D transformations.
Thioridazine and EKG anomalies.

Acute i.v. infusion but not daily oral administration of thioridazine-HCl in the dog produced EKG anomalies similar to those reported in psychiatric patients taking this drug. Lack of EKG effects after thioridazine-5-sulfoxide infusion and presence of anomalies after thioridazine at equivalent doses suggests further evaluation of the relationship between reported plasma levels of thioridazine and its ring-sulfoxide in association with EKG changes.
Twitter’s place in the tussle: how old power struggles play out on a new stage:

The recent proliferation and impact of protest events in the Middle East, northern Africa, and the development of a worldwide Occupy Wall Street movement have ignited inquiry into the people, social structures and technologies that have helped give these social movements form. Three cases are described here which add to this discussion and lead to a pruning of the analytical landscape in this subject area. By looking to the use of Twitter as a tool for political protest in Iran in 2009, Moldova in 2009 and the G-20 Summit in Pittsburgh in 2009, the complexity of the intertwined social and technological strands that have given rise to these new political protests is acknowledged. By realizing that this distinction is salient yet fuzzy, it becomes possible to make new observations, ask new questions and begin to understand the nature of recent political tussles and the communication tools used in them. For instance, this article posits that by seeing the particular use of a new communication tool – a socio-...
Multiplexing single-photon orbital angular momentum states in fiber - Limits to dephasing correction via dynamical decoupling

We derive a decoherence model for orbital angular momentum states of a photon in a multimode optical fiber and show that rate of decoherence is proportional to l2, where l is the azimuthal mode order. We also show numerically that for lower values of l the decoherence can be minimized by using dynamical decoupling.
The Passage of Diphtheria Antitoxin into the Brain

Whereas the distribution of diphtheria antitoxin in blood and tissues of various organs has been subjected to some study' the occurrence of diphtheria antitoxin in the central nervous system has hardly been examined. The passage of antibodies into the spinal fluid occurs only under pathological conditions. The barrier between the blood and spinal fluid seems to be permeable to the large antibody protein molecules, only in cases where this barrier has been severely disturbed. Friedemann and Elkeles2 showed that this barrier, when undamaged, is impermeable to both diphtheria toxin and antitoxin. Weichsel found in studies not yet published that in dogs, in cases where there was a severe disturbance of the barrier, the amount of antitoxin found in the spinal fluid after intravenous injection was small. Friedemann and Elkeles injected diphtheria toxin in small amounts directly into the brain or the suboccipital cistern of rabbits. These animals rapidly developed a high titer of antitoxin in their blood. They were protected against subsequent intracerebral injections of lethal doses of diphtheria toxin. Likewise protected were rabbits that had developed a high titer of diphtheria antitoxin following subcutaneous immunization. In other experiments animals were shown to tolerate the suboccipital or intracerebral injection of three lethal doses of diphtheria toxin, after they were given at least 1,000 units of antitoxin. Friedemann and Elkeles explained these results by assuming that the barrier had been damaged by the intracerebral administration of the toxin and this allowed the antitoxin to pass and neutralize the toxin. Further proof for this hypothesis lay in the fact that in the cerebrospinal fluid of such animals small amounts of antitoxin could be detected. That the spinal fluid is usually free of antibodies, even when the antibody content of the blood is greatly increased as a result of immunization by disease or vaccination (Kolmer3) does not prove that the barrier between blood and brain cells is impermeable to antibodies. It is conceivable that the antitoxin can pass this barrier and be detected in the brain cells themselves. Although according to Walter4 it has
Data-driven precondition inference with learned features

We extend the data-driven approach to inferring preconditions for code from a set of test executions. Prior work requires a fixed set of features, atomic predicates that define the search space of possible preconditions, to be specified in advance. In contrast, we introduce a technique for on-demand feature learning, which automatically expands the search space of candidate preconditions in a targeted manner as necessary. We have instantiated our approach in a tool called PIE. In addition to making precondition inference more expressive, we show how to apply our feature-learning technique to the setting of data-driven loop invariant inference. We evaluate our approach by using PIE to infer rich preconditions for black-box OCaml library functions and using our loop-invariant inference algorithm as part of an automatic program verifier for C++ programs.