cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Education and outreach bring NASA heliophysics to the public

Educating and inspiring students, teachers, and the public by communicating advances in heliophysics science is the objective of the education and public outreach (E/PO) specialists at the Heliophysics Science Division (HSD) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in Greenbelt, Md. The specialists carry out NASA's E/PO goal to enhance the nation's formal education system and contribute to the broad public understanding of science, math, and technology. HSD E/PO projects exploit community best practices to meet or surpass NASA's requirements, which include attention to quality; leverage through internal and external partnerships; and a focus on customer needs, project sustainability, and audience diversity. One key to the group's success is the involvement of enthusiastic HSD research scientists who directly interface with E/PO specialists and various audiences, verify scientific content, and/or provide data access or other resources. Scientists also mentor interns from high school to graduate school through NASA and GSFC programs, and several have shared their science with the public via appearances on national media, including the National Geographic and History channels as well as local news.
Selenium and cellular immunity. Evidence that selenoproteins may be encoded in the +1 reading frame overlapping the human CD4, CD8, and HLA-DR genes

Selenium deficiency can lead to impaired immune function and reduced T-cell counts, as well as various specific disorders. Significantly, in ARC and AIDS patients, a progressive decline in plasma Se, paralleling T-cell loss, has been widely documented. Since evidence now suggests that there is an extremely high turnover of CD4+ T-cells in AIDS patients, with billions of new cells lost and replaced daily, any exceptional requirement for Se in lymphocytes could contribute to this progressive Se depletion. Thus, it may be significant that, over-lapping the known genes in the +1 reading frame, the mRNAs of several T-cell associated genes (CD4, CD8, HLA-DR p33) have open reading frames (ORFs) with as many as 10 in-frame UGA codons (CD4, p33), a clustering that is highly improbable by chance alone, and reminiscent of selenoprotein P, the predominant plasma form of Se. The presence of these ORFs, along with potential stem-loop RNA structures displaying consensus selenocysteine insertion sequences, AUG(N)mAAA(N)nUGR, suggests that these mRNAs may encode selenoproteins, in addition to the known T-cell glycoproteins. If so, the roles of Se in the immune system may be more diverse than previously suspected.
Collisions of He + ions with a Rb vapor target

Abstract The fractional yield of He − ions formed when He + ions with energies in the range 3–20 keV are incident on a Rb vapor target has been measured. The fractional yield of He − ions emerging from a Rb target has a maximum value of 1.7% of the incident He + beam. This maximum occurs when the energy of the incident He + ions is 7 keV and when the Rb target thickness is 6 × 10 14 atoms/cm 2 . The charge-exchange cross section σ +0 for the reaction He + + Rb → He 0 + Rb + is also reported. The cross section σ +0 decreases monotically from 1.45 × 10 −14 cm 2 when the energy of the incident He + ion is 1.4 keV to 2.9 × 10 −15 cm 2 at 35.6 keV. The magnitude and energy dependence of the cross section σ +0 are in agreement with predictions of Olson's theory of near-resonant charge exchange collisions.
Patents related to therapeutic activation of K(ATP) and K(2P) potassium channels for neuroprotection: ischemic/hypoxic/anoxic injury and general anesthetics.

Background: Mechanisms of neuroprotection encompass energy deficits in brain arising from insufficient oxygen and glucose levels following respiratory failure; ischemia or stroke, which produce metabolic stresses that lead to unconsciousness and seizures; and the effects of general anesthetics. Foremost among those K+ channels viewed as important for neuroprotection are ATP-sensitive (KATP) channels, which belong to the family of inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir) and contain a sulfonylurea subunit (SUR1 or SUR2) combined with either Kir6.1 (KCNJ8) or Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) channel pore-forming α-subunits, and various members of the tandem two-pore or background (K2P) K+ channel family, including K2P1.1 (KCNK1 or TWIK1), K2P2.1 (KCNK2 or TREK/TREK1), K2P3.1 (KCNK3 or TASK), K2P4.1 (KCNK4 or TRAAK), and K2P10.1 (KCNK10 or TREK2). Objectives: This review covers patents and patent applications related to inventions of therapeutics, compound screening methods and diagnostics, including KATP channel openers and bl...
Exposure to sodium tungstate and Respiratory Syncytial Virus results in hematological/immunological disease in C57BL/6J mice

Abstract The etiology of childhood leukemia is not known. Strong evidence indicates that precursor B-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (Pre-B ALL) is a genetic disease originating in utero . Environmental exposures in two concurrent, childhood leukemia clusters have been profiled and compared with geographically similar control communities. The unique exposures, shared in common by the leukemia clusters, have been modeled in C57BL/6 mice utilizing prenatal exposures. This previous investigation has suggested in utero exposure to sodium tungstate (Na 2 WO 4 ) may result in hematological/immunological disease through genes associated with viral defense. The working hypothesis is (1) in addition to spontaneously and/or chemically generated genetic lesions forming pre-leukemic clones, in utero exposure to Na 2 WO 4 increases genetic susceptibility to viral influence(s); (2) postnatal exposure to a virus possessing the 1 FXXKXFXXA/V 9 peptide motif will cause an unnatural immune response encouraging proliferation in the B-cell precursor compartment. This study reports the results of exposing C57BL/6J mice to Na 2 WO 4 in utero via water (15 ppm, ad libetum ) and inhalation (mean concentration PM 5 3.33 mg/m 3 ) and to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) within 2 weeks of weaning. Inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with RSV was associated with a neutrophil shift in 56% of 5-month old mice. When the RSV inoculation was combined with Na 2 WO 4 -exposure, significant splenomegaly resulted ( p = 0.0406, 0.0184, 0.0108 for control, Na 2 WO 4 -only and RSV-only, respectively) in addition to other hematological pathologies which were not significant. Exposure to Na 2 WO 4 and RSV resulted in hematological/immunological disease, the nature of which is currently inconclusive. Further research is needed to characterize this potential leukemia mouse model.
Toward an Intersectional Political Science Pedagogy

This article highlights the ways in which theoretical and empirical work on intersectionality, combined with relevant existing pedagogical literature, can inspire new ways to think about politics and for political science faculty to creatively enhance student learning. Much like in its research applications, an intersectionality-inspired pedagogy is shown to be appropriate not only in courses on the politics of race, ethnicity, gender, or sexuality but also in a wide range of political science courses. The article begins by providing a discussion of the treatment of identity, diversity, and inequality in political science pedagogy. Next, it provides an outline of the intersectional research paradigm. Four aspects of an intersectional political science pedagogy are then delineated: focusing on multiple identities, foregrounding of power and processes, transforming courses through inclusion, and employing a normative commitment to equality. The article closes with an examination of the barriers (and solutio...
Integrating local breeding pond, landcover, and climate factors in predicting amphibian distributions

Species distributions are influenced by many processes operating over varying spatial scales. The development of species distribution models (SDMs), also known as ecological niche models, has afforded the opportunity to predict the distributions of diverse taxa across broad geographic areas and identify variables that are potentially important in regulating these distributions. However, the integration of site-specific habitat data with broad scale climate and landcover data has received limited attention in an SDM framework. We investigate whether SDMs developed with breeding pond, landcover, and climate variables can accurately predict the distributions of nine pond-breeding amphibians in eastern Missouri, USA. Additionally we investigate the relative influences of each environmental variable on the distribution predictions for each study species, and whether the most influential variables are shared among multiple taxa. Boosted regression tree (BRT) SDMs were developed for each species with 38 abiotic and biotic environmental variables, including data from the breeding ponds, surrounding landcover, and climate. To test the models, field surveys were performed in 2007 and 2008 at 103 ponds for nine amphibian species. BRT models developed with breeding pond, landcover, and climate data accurately predicted the occurrences of six of nine species across the study area. Furthermore, the presence of each species was best predicted by a unique combination of environmental variables. Results also suggest that landcover and climate factors may be more influential for species near the edge of their geographic ranges, while local breeding pond factors may be more important for species nearer to the center of their ranges.
Perceived Gender and Racial/Ethnic Barriers to STEM Success.

This mixed-methods study examined urban adolescents’ perceptions of gender and racial/ethnic barriers to STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) success, and their meaning-making and coping regarding these experiences. The sample includes surveys from 1024 high school-aged students and interviews from 53 students. Logistic analysis showed that higher science aspirations significantly predicted perceived support for girls and women in science. Analysis of interviews showed themes of microaggressions, responses to microaggressions, and gender- and race-based support. Findings suggest participants vary in perceptions of barriers, yet are generally optimistic about overcoming such obstacles.
The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressures in seawater

Abstract A correction formula is theoretically derived to evaluate the change in partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater upon heating. The constraints on the heating process are constant salinity, total alkalinity, and total carbon dioxide concentration. The result is δ P CO 2 δt = 4.4·10 −2 ( P CO 2 ) − 4.6·10 −6 ( P CO 2 ) 2 . This equation fits δPCO2/δt for open ocean seawater compositions to within approximately 9%. The almost constant 4.4%/°C effect is in agreement with that measured by Kanwisher (1960).
The Global Security Perspective on the Effects of Executive Cognitive Function on Complex Behavioral Screening Intervention and HIV/AIDS

The purpose of this quantitative study is to understand the global security perspective on the effects of executive cognitive function (ECF) on Complex Behavioral Screening Intervention and HIV/AIDS. The HIV/AIDS pandemic is as much a social, political, economic, and cultural problem as a biomedical one. HIV/AIDS is associated centrally with the collapse not just of communities and families but potentially of states, with some of the largest public health interventions ever and enormous questions about governance, a huge population of orphans, and deep questions about intergenerational relations and cultural transmission. This study also is to develop a screening instrument that improves quality of life for individuals with executive cognitive impairments and behavior problems in our communities and the global society.
Migration of breast epithelial cells on Laminin-5: differential role of integrins in normal and transformed cell types

We examined the role of Laminin-5 (Ln-5) an extracellular matrix component of breast gland basement membrane, in supporting migration of normal (HUMEC), immortalized (MCF-10A), and malignant breast epithelial cells that exhibit different degrees of metastatic potential (MDA-MB-435>MDA-MB-231>MCF-7). HUMEC, MCF-10A, and MCF-7 cells all adhered to purified Ln-5 through the α3β1 integrin receptor in adhesion assays. However, HUMEC and MCF-10A cells remained statically adherent, while MCF-7 cells migrated on Ln-5 in Transwell and colloidal gold displacement assays. Anti-α3 integrin antibodies blocked migration of MCF-7 cells on Ln-5. MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 cells bound and migrated on Ln-5 through a β1 integrin receptor that is insensitive to antibodies that block the function of α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6, and αV integrin subunits. Migration of all cell types tested was blocked by CM6, a monoclonal antibody directed to a cell adhesion site on the α3 chain of Ln-5. Thus, Ln-5 may play an important role in regulating adhesion and migration in normal and transformed breast epithelium. Our results indicate that the type of integrin utilized by breast cells to interact with Ln-5, as well as its functional state, may determine whether cells will be statically adherent or migratory on Ln-5.
Electromagnetic nonuniformly correlated beams

A class of electromagnetic sources with nonuniformly distributed field correlations is introduced. The conditions on source parameters guaranteeing that the source generates a physical beam are derived. It is shown that the new sources are capable of producing beams with polarization properties that evolve on propagation in a manner much more complex compared to the well-known electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams.
Difficulty in obtaining peak expiratory flow measurements in children with acute asthma.

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency with which children >or=6 years with acute asthma can perform peak expiratory flow rate measurements (PEFR) in an emergency department (ED). DESIGN/METHODS Data were obtained from a prospective cohort study of children with acute asthma. All children (age 2-18 years old) treated in an urban pediatric ED for an acute exacerbation during randomly selected days over a 12-month period were prospectively evaluated. According to treatment protocols, PEFR was to be measured in all children age 6 years and older before therapy and after each treatment with inhaled bronchodilators. Registered respiratory therapists obtained PEFR and evaluated whether patients were able to perform the maneuver adequately. RESULTS Four hundred and fifty-six children, 6 to 18 years old (median 10 years), were enrolled; 291 (64%) had PEFR measured at least once. Of those in whom PEFR was attempted at least once, only 190 (65%) were able to perform adequately. At the start of therapy, 54% (142/262) were able to perform PEFR. Of the 120 who were unable to perform initially, 76 had another attempt at the end of the ED treatment, and 55 (72%) were still unable to perform. A total of 149 patients had attempts at PEFR both at the start and end of treatment, of these, only 71 (48%) provided valid information on both attempts. Patients unable to perform PEFR were younger (mean +/- SD = 8.7 +/- 2.8 years) than those who were able to perform successfully (11.2 +/- 3.2 years) and those with no attempts (10.0 +/- 3.4 years). Children admitted to the hospital were more likely to be unable to perform PEFR (58/126 = 46%) than those discharged from the ED (43/330 = 13%, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Adequate PEFR measurements are difficult to obtain in children with acute asthma. Treatment and research protocols cannot rely exclusively on PEFR for evaluation of severity.
Indentation failure behavior of honeycomb sandwich panels

The failure behavior of simply supported honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to indentation loading on the top skin has been studied. A plate-on-elastic-foundation approach based on distributed load and panel-specific considerations (finite thickness and transverse shear) is developed to analyze the panel stress distribution. Panels with various glass-fibre/epoxy skins and aramid cores are analyzed by using this approach together with the finite-element analysis. Surprisingly good agreement is found between the theoretical and FEA solutions, suggesting that the model satisfactorily describes the panel indentation behavior. Indentation-induced stresses in the core relevant to the onset of indentation failure are found to depend on skin bending stiffness, core stiffness and indenter size. The calculated maximum shear and normal stress values are compared with the experimental data to assess the core failure mechanisms involved. The comparisons clearly show that core shear failure dominates the onset of indentation failure.
Thermocapillary convection in a cylinder with a strong non-uniform axisymmetric magnetic field

This paper treats a surface-tension-driven liquid-metal flow in a cylinder with a steady externally applied non-uniform axisymmetric magnetic field. The top boundary consists of an annular free surface around a solid disk, modelling the Czochralski growth of silicon crystals. A radial temperature gradient produces a decrease of the surface tension from the disk edge to the vertical cylinder wall. The magnetic flux density is sufficiently large that inertial effects and convective heat transfer are negligible. First we present large-Hartmann-number asymptotic solutions for magnetic fields with either a non-zero or a zero axial component at the free surface. The asymptotic solutions indicate that a purely radial magnetic field at the free surface represents a singular limit of more general magnetic fields. Secondly we present numerical solutions for arbitrary values of the Hartmann number, and we treat the evolution of the thermocapillary convection as the axial magnetic field at the free surface is changed continuously from the full field strength to zero.
Illustration of key morphological characteristics of Phytophthora species identified in Virginia nursery irrigation water.

spp. that have been reported in irrigation and effluent water in nurseries (3,10,11,16). Using both morphological and molecular methods to examine numerous isolates recovered during survey work and isolates received from colleagues in the United States and overseas, we have identified a set of diagnostic characteristics that are consistent and easy to use for morphological identification of species recovered in our survey work (3). A range of
Esophageal perforation more than 10 years after anterior cervical spine plating.

This is a case report of an 85-year-old man with a delayed sophageal perforation after anterior cervical plating. After sufferng an unwitnessed fall, our patient was admitted to the nearest ospital where he received a complete workup. A chest plain adiograph revealed air in the pericardium (Fig. 1). The patient’s istory was significant for anterior cervical fusion from C3 to 7 for multilevel spondylotic radiculopathy and myelopathy with llograft over 10 years prior. The patient appeared cachectic and tated that he had lost 100 pounds (from 211 to 111 lbs) within he last year. He had no complaints of fever, chills or sweats. e also complained of dysphagia and increasing intolerance for olid foods for the past 2–3 years. Direct laryngoscopy and direct igid cervical esophagoscopy evidenced an exposed metal plate in
An epizootic of blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, caused by Paramoeba perniciosa

Abstract During the spring of 1971, a modest epizootiological study of the “gray crab” disease was made in Chincoteague Bay, Virginia, an enzootic area. An outbreak of Paramoeba infections occurred in June with a peak prevalence of at least 17%. Crabs appeared to succumb rapidly, and evidence indicated that all animals attaining patent infections eventually died. Paramoeba perniciosa is believed to be the probable cause of many of the previously reported mass mortalities of blue crabs along the southeastern Atlantic coast.
Measuring Family Satisfaction with Care and Quality of Dying in the Intensive Care Unit: Does Patient Age Matter?

Abstract Rationale: Few studies have examined the role of patient age on family experiences of end-of-life care. Objectives: To assess measurement characteristics of two family-assessed questionnaires across three patient age groups. Methods: Four hundred and ninety-six patients who died in an intensive care unit (ICU) at a single hospital were identified and one family member per patient was sent two questionnaires: 1) Family Satisfaction in the ICU (FS-ICU); and 2) Quality of Dying and Death (QODD). Two hundred and seventy-five surveys were returned (55.4%). We analyzed three age groups: <35, 35–64, and ≥65 years. Differences were evaluated using χ2 tests to evaluate ceiling, floor, and missing responses; Kruskal-Wallis tests to compare median scores on items and total scores; and linear regression controlling for patient sex, race, diagnosis, and family-member sex, race, education, and relationship to provide adjusted comparisons of total and subscale scores. Results: Measurement characteristics varied...
MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRON THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY IN AFTERGLOW PLASMAS.

This paper describes an experimental determination of the electron thermal diffusivity ${D}_{T}$ in a room-temperature neon afterglow plasma. The measurements were made in the absence of a magnetic field and covered an electron density range from ${10}^{9}$-${10}^{12}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The principle of the experiment was to heat the electrons by a short microwave pulse, and then observe electron temperature transients at other locations within the plasma. The perturbations in the electron temperature were determined by taking advantage of the temperature sensitivity of the electro-acoustic Tonks-Dattner resonances. For electron-ion collision frequencies ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{ei}}$ much larger than the electron-neutral collision frequency ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{en}}$, the experimental data for ${D}_{T}$ are inversely proportional to the electron density and agree closely with the transport theory of Spitzer and H\"arm. In the limit of the weakly ionized plasma, i.e., ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{ei}}\ensuremath{\ll}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{en}}$, the electron thermal diffusivity is independent of electron density and agrees within 25% with Shkarofsky's theory.
Finite element studies of some juxtarticular stress changes due to localized subchondral stiffening

A finite element analysis was undertaken in concert with an animal model of mechanically-induced osteoarthritis. The numerical model was used to explore stress transmission anomalies associated with localized subchondral stiffening due to implantation of small cylindrical plugs immediately below the subchondral plate of sheep. The quasi-static, plane strain computational formulation included solution of the non-linear intra-articular contact problem, and was validated by comparison with a corresponding analytical solution and with the in vivo experimental results. The numerical results showed that stress aberrations due to metal implant insertion were felt most greatly in the bone immediately surrounding the implant, but that nominal compressive stress elevations up to about 50% could also be induced in the overlying deep hyaline cartilage layer. This localized cartilage stress elevation following the insertion of a metal plug could be seriously affected by a number of factors, including the positioning of the implant, variation in the area of intra-articular contact, or the elastic modulus of the cancellous bone and/or subchondral plate. Experimentally-observed fibrous encapsulation also reduced the cartilage stress elevation effect, but later bony remodelling and the development of a corticalized shell around the implant encapsulation served to re-elevate the local cartilage stresses.
Bremsstrahlung production of light extended particles

Abstract The cross sections for the bremsstrahlung production of light extended particles is calculated with several assumptions for the electromagnetic form factor of the particle. We find that for particleradii⩽ 100fm a form factor does not reduce the cross sections. Instead, for a large range of radii the cross sections are actually increased because the very strong cancellation between the two contributing graphs is no longer effective. The results are of particular importance for the particle interpretation of the GSI lines and imply very severe constraints.
Optical processing using photorefractive holograms

See, for example, Photorefractive Materials and Their App1ications I: FundamentalPhenomena, and Photorefractive Materials and Their Applications II: Survey ofApplications, P. Gunter, and J.-P. Huignard, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1989).11,12 P. Yeh and A. Chiou, Paper FG1, CLEO '85 Technical Digest, Baltimore, Maryland(1985).A. Chiou and P. Yeh, Paper ThG1, Technical Digest, OSA 1985 Annual Meeting,Washington D.C. (1985).13,14
RAFT-synthesized copolymers and conjugates designed for therapeutic delivery of siRNA

The advent of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques, along with advancements in facile conjugation chemistry, now allow synthetic tailoring of precise, polymeric architectures necessary for drug/gene delivery. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and its aqueous counterpart (aRAFT) afford quantitative control over key synthetic parameters including block length, microstructure, and placement of structo-pendent and structo-terminal functionality for conjugation of active agents and targeting moieties. The relevance of water-soluble and amphiphilic (co)polymers synthesized by RAFT for in vivo delivery of therapeutics in biological fluids is an especially attractive feature. In many cases, polymerization, binding, conjugation, and stimulus-induced release can be accomplished directly in aqueous media. This review focuses on RAFT synthesized (co)polymers as vectors for delivery of small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) and gene down-regulation via the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Synthetic strategies utilizing RAFT and facile side- and end-chain reaction chemistries to afford modular delivery architectures (linear, stars/hyperbranched, micelles, and hybrid (co)polymeric vehicles) are reviewed based on examples from current literature. Also, specific problems, barriers, and challenges regarding rational design of polymeric delivery systems for therapeutic siRNA are presented.
Intussusception in Rhodesian Africans: a contrast with the accepted clinical picture.

Abstract The clinical features of intussusception seen in Rhodesia differ in three respects from those seen in other parts of Africa and in Europe—the age incidence, the frequent occurrence of diarrhea, and the mildness of the colic. A review of intussusception in a Rhodesian black population was undertaken in Harari Hospital over the 412-yr period, January 1967–May 1971. Intussusception accounted for 0.2% of all surgical admissions during that period. There were 56 possible cases, of which 53 were established at operation, one at postmortem, and two clinically.
ErbB2 resembles an autoinhibited invertebrate epidermal growth factor receptor.

The tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB2/HER2 has been implicated in cancer, in particular in breast cancer. It has been suggested that ErbB2 is constitutively activated as it lacks the extracellular tether that keeps other EGF receptor family members inactive unless they are occupied by ligand. However, Alvarado et al. now present evidence for an alternative mechanism of autoinhibition that keeps the only family member in Drosophila, dEGFR, inactive. dEGFR is most closely related to ErbB2, and the autoinhibitory interactions found in dEGFR are conserved in ErbB2, which has implications for approaches to therapeutically target ErbB2. The tyrosine kinase receptor ErbB2 has been implicated in cancer, particularly breast cancer. It has been suggested that its oncogenic signalling properties result from the absence of a key 'tether' in the extracellular region that autoinhibits other human ErbB receptors. ErbB2 is now shown to be the closest structural relative of the dEGFR receptor in Drosophila; although dEGFR also lacks a tether, a distinct set of autoinhibitory interactions keep it inactive. The orphan receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 (also known as HER2 or Neu) transforms cells when overexpressed1, and it is an important therapeutic target in human cancer2,3. Structural studies4,5 have suggested that the oncogenic (and ligand-independent) signalling properties of ErbB2 result from the absence of a key intramolecular ‘tether’ in the extracellular region that autoinhibits other human ErbB receptors, including the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor6. Although ErbB2 is unique among the four human ErbB receptors6,7, here we show that it is the closest structural relative of the single EGF receptor family member in Drosophila melanogaster (dEGFR). Genetic and biochemical data show that dEGFR is tightly regulated by growth factor ligands8, yet a crystal structure shows that it, too, lacks the intramolecular tether seen in human EGFR, ErbB3 and ErbB4. Instead, a distinct set of autoinhibitory interdomain interactions hold unliganded dEGFR in an inactive state. All of these interactions are maintained (and even extended) in ErbB2, arguing against the suggestion that ErbB2 lacks autoinhibition. We therefore suggest that normal and pathogenic ErbB2 signalling may be regulated by ligands in the same way as dEGFR. Our findings have important implications for ErbB2 regulation in human cancer, and for developing therapeutic approaches that target novel aspects of this orphan receptor.
Do dopamine gene variants and prenatal smoking interactively predict youth externalizing behavior

Abstract Externalizing behaviors (encompassing antisocial, impulsive, and substance use behaviors) are pervasive and impairing across a multitude of settings and developmental contexts. These behaviors, though often investigated separately, are highly comorbid. Prenatal tobacco exposure in interaction with various genetic influences has predicted later externalizing behavior, and recent evidence supports investigating sex differences in these patterns. In the current study, we extend this work by (a) examining two functional genetic markers in the dopamine system: the transporter gene ( DAT1 ) and the dopamine receptor D 4 gene ( DRD4 ) in interaction with prenatal tobacco exposure to predict a latent composite of externalizing behavior and (b) testing whether these patterns differ by sex of youth in a community sample of adolescents (n = 176). The relatively small sample is partially offset by high quality, multi-method prospective measurement. We assessed prenatal tobacco exposure using prospective repeated cotinine-corrected reports and externalizing behaviors were assessed utilizing multiple measures across three waves. The interaction between DAT1 (but not DRD4 ) and prenatal tobacco exposure was statistically significant in boys, and patterns appeared to differ by sex. Risk for externalizing behaviors for exposed boys increased linearly as a function of the 10r DAT1 allele. For exposed girls, there was a trend such that DAT1 heterozygotes had a marginally higher risk than homozygotes. This pattern was not explained by passive gene-environment correlation. Elucidating sex-specific pathways through which early adverse exposures and genetic susceptibilities contribute to externalizing behavior can inform early targeted prevention efforts for those children at highest risk.
Class Consciousness and Inter‐Class Sentiments

THE CONCEPT of class consciousness seems to mean many things to sociologists, perhaps because they have not always agreed on the meaning of one of its elements--class.' In contemporary writing the term has been used in five different ways. These, in order of comprehensiveness, are: first, the manifestation of an awareness that a system of stratification exists in society; second, the willingness of a person to designate where he feels he belongs in this system; third, the manifestation of interests in common with others who feel they belong in the same aggregate; fourth, the possession of presumedly accurate knowledge of the interests of the class to which one feels he belongs, and as a consequence, a manifestation of interests similar to these; 2 and fifth, a feeling of solidarity with those who are identified as belonging to one's self-assigned class, and a feeling of estrangement from those not identified as belonging to one's selfassigned class.3 The first three usages are indicative more of class identification than of class consciousness. A number of scholars interested in studying class consciousness in American society have only really studied class identification and at times seem barely cognizant of the possibility that class consciousness can mean more than this. In discussing the general topic, Centers writes:
A drug-sensitive genetic network masks fungi from the immune system.

Fungal pathogens can be recognized by the immune system via their β-glucan, a potent proinflammatory molecule that is present at high levels but is predominantly buried beneath a mannoprotein coat and invisible to the host. To investigate the nature and significance of “masking” this molecule, we characterized the mechanism of masking and consequences of unmasking for immune recognition. We found that the underlying β-glucan in the cell wall of Candida albicans is unmasked by subinhibitory doses of the antifungal drug caspofungin, causing the exposed fungi to elicit a stronger immune response. Using a library of bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutants, we uncovered a conserved genetic network that is required for concealing β-glucan from the immune system and limiting the host response. Perturbation of parts of this network in the pathogen C. albicans caused unmasking of its β-glucan, leading to increased β-glucan receptor-dependent elicitation of key proinflammatory cytokines from primary mouse macrophages. By creating an anti-inflammatory barrier to mask β-glucan, opportunistic fungi may promote commensal colonization and have an increased propensity for causing disease. Targeting the widely conserved gene network required for creating and maintaining this barrier may lead to novel broad-spectrum antimycotics.
Expression of Epstein‐Barr virus proteins in primary CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients

We examined the expression of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced proteins (LMP [latent membrane protein], EBNA-2, and CD23) and a lytic protein, viral capsid antigen (VCA), in five acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSLs). We compared that expression with the expression of the same proteins in PCNSL from six immunocompetent patients and severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mouse brains injected with EBV-infected lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). Brain biopsy tissue from an AIDS patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) and a normal brain was also studied. Three of the AIDS PCNSLs expressed both human immunoglobulin kappa and lambda light chains and two expressed lambda light chain only. All non-AIDS-related PCNSLs expressed a single light-chain isotype. All five AIDS-related PCNSLs expressed LMP-1 (> 40%), EBNA-2 (> 60%), and VCA (1 to 5%) of tumor cells. These proteins were similarly expressed in the SCID/human chimeras. None of the PCNSLs from immunocompetent subjects, the normal brain, or the brain of the patient with PML expressed these proteins. PCNSL in AIDS patients bears greater similarity to EBV-infected LCLs than to PCNSL from immunocompetent patients.
DSM-5: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

This paper will describe historical perspectives for the introduction of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), criteria for the diagnosis, as well as information on epidemiology, clinical presentation and longitudinal course, pathophysiology, and treatment. The diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder requires frequent, persistent, severe temper outbursts out of proportion to the situation and developmental context in combination with persistent, angry/irritable mood between the temper outbursts. Because of the limited available data, the inclusion of this new diagnosis in DSM-5 has been controversial. Regardless of this controversy, it is clear that youth experiencing such symptoms are highly impaired and utilize significant health services. Therefore, we need to expand our efforts to better understand the complex construct of this phenotype in order to improve the assessment, diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Mapping the development of research on physical activity and the built environment

Objective The importance of the built environment for physical activity has been recognized in recent decades, resulting in new research. This study aims to understand the current structure of physical activity and built environment (PABE) research and identify gaps to address as the field continues to rapidly develop.
Spontaneous symmetry breakdown: Analogies and differences between superconductivity, quantum chromodynamics, and quantum flavordynamics

Abstract The dynamical theory of spontaneous breakdown correctly predicts the bound states and relates the order parameters of electron-phonon superconductivity and quark-gluon chiral symmetry. A similar statement cannot be made for the standard electroweak gauge symmetry.
An increased scope for thermal tolerance upon acclimating pupfish (Cyprinodon) to cycling temperatures

Pupfish (Cyprinodon nevadensis amargosae), which inhabit shallow, thermally instabile desert waters were acclimated to a series of constant temperatures (15, 25 and 35 ° C) and to a symmetrical fluctuating temperature regime (15–35 ° C). A range or scope of thermal tolerance of 39 ° C between critical thermal maxima and minima exists for this species (Fig. 1). Upon acclimation to cycling temperatures, this tolerance range increased significantly to almost 41 ° C (Fig. 2). Hence, these fish can apparently compensate physiologically for both warm and cold temperatures simultaneously.
Transforming curves into curves with the same shape

Abstract Curves are considered to have the same shape when they are related by a similarity transformation of a certain kind. This paper extends earlier work on parallel curves to curves with the same shape. Some examples are given more or less explicitly. A generalization is used to show that the theory is ordinal and to show how the theory may be applied to measure sensation. The problem of actually transforming curves into curves with the same shape is reduced to the problem of rendering another set of curves parallel. Connections with groups and rings are developed to place the work in a familiar context. These connections and the earlier work on parallel curves are used to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of transformations, to study the uniqueness of transformations and to show how transformations can be calculated.
Survival in pediatric lung transplantation: The effect of center volume and expertise

Background Institutional operative volume has been shown to impact outcomes of various procedures including lung transplantation (LTx). We sought to determine whether this holds true with pediatric LTx by comparing outcomes of adult centers (with larger overall volume) to those of pediatric centers (with smaller volume but more pediatric-specific experience). Methods A retrospective analysis of the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network data was performed. Centers were categorized as either adult (LTx volume predominantly in adult patients), high-volume pediatric (HVP, ≥4 LTxs/year), or low-volume pediatric (LVP, Results In total, 1,046 pediatric LTxs were performed between 1987 and 2012 at 62 centers (adult 51 [82%], HVP 3 [5%], LVP 8 [13%]). Although adult centers had larger overall LTx volume, their pediatric experiences were severely limited (median 1/year). In younger children, HVP centers were significantly better than LVP centers for patient survival (half-life: 7.3 vs 2.9 years, p = 0.002). Similarly, in older children and adolescents, HVP centers were significantly better than adult centers for patient survival (half-life: 4.6 vs 2.5 years, p = 0.001). Of note, even LVP centers tended to have longer patient survival than adult centers (p = 0.064). Multivariable analysis identified adult centers as an independent risk factor for graft failure (hazard ratio: 1.5, p Conclusions Despite larger overall clinical volume, outcomes among pediatric LTx recipients in adult centers are not superior to those of pediatric centers. Not only center volume but pediatric-specific experience has an impact on outcomes in pediatric LTx.
Shell model calculations: An efficient new algorithm

We describe an efficient new algorithm which extends the range of feasible shell model calculations. This algorithm is applicable to single shell and multiple shell configurations, where two or more quantum numbers (e.g., L and S) are required to label the states within each shell. The algorithm proceeds by factoring the shell model Hilbert space into a product of subspaces, one for each angular momentum. N-particle wave functions are built up recursively from N – 1 particle wave functions. Three kinds of N – 1- to N-particle coefficients are required to carry out the construction of N-particle electron (or fermion) states from N – 1 particle states. These are (1) coefficients of fractional parentage (CFPs) within a single shell, (2) outerproduct isoscalar factors (OISFs) within a single angular momentum subspace, and (3) innerproduct isoscalar factors (IISFs) which describe how multishell states within the complementary angular momentum subspaces are combined to form totally antisymmetric wave functions. All three types of N – 1- to N-particle coefficients are generated recursively using a single powerful and efficient matrix diagonalization algorithm. Matrix elements of single particle creation and annihilation operators are expressed in terms of single particle CFPs, OISFs, and IISFs. We also describe an efficient algorithm for computing matrix elements of products of creation and anihilation operators by inserting and summing over complete sets of intermediate states. This is the Feynman-like sum over path overlaps procedure. Timing benchmarks are presented comparing the new Drexel University shell model (DUSM) code with a state of the art shell model code.
Effects of range size on species–area relationships

It has been known for some time that the slope of the species–area relationship increases asymptotically at broad spatial scales when richness is plotted against area on logarithmic axes. At continental to global scales, species–area relationships are determined to a large extent by the abundance and size distribution of species ranges. Here we present an analytical model that explicitly quantifies the effects of range size on species–area relationships. The model shows how range size and plot area interact to control the form of species–area relationships at broad spatial scales. It also demonstrates how changes in spatial scale affect biodiversity patterns by changing the relative influence of range size and range abundance on species richness. Our model provides an explanation for the broad-scale upturn of the species–area relationship, but more work is needed to incorporate the effects of range size, habitat heterogeneity, individual sampling and other variables into a unified framework that can account for species–area relationships at all scales.
Public Health Challenges in Sun Protection

Sunscreens are a popular choice for protection from ultraviolet radiation, and hence, important components in the public health campaign to reduce the burden of skin cancer. Public health messages in skin cancer prevention have been used effectively in educational campaigns. The benefits of sunscreen extend beyond skin cancer prevention into other aspects of health and disease prevention: sunscreen decreases the risk for sunburn during physical activity outdoors and seems not to increase the risk for osteoporosis. Public health efforts have laid a solid foundation on which to face the continuing challenge of promoting and developing effective public health campaigns and health policies that encourage sunscreen use, sun protection, and the primary prevention of skin cancer. In this article, the controversies, concerns, and challenges of sunscreen use as it relates to public health are discussed.
Working memory deficits in multiple sclerosis: comparison between the n-back task and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test.

Working memory (WM) deficits are common in multiple sclerosis (MS). The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is used frequently to measure WM in clinical settings. The n-back paradigm is used often in experimental studies of WM. One unique component of the n-back task is that it provides a measure of reaction time (RT), an additional behavioral index of processing speed and task difficulty. Despite the use of both tasks to measure WM, their common variance has not been documented. We tested 32 MS patients and 20 controls; performance measures were obtained for both tasks. Compared with controls, MS patients generally had poorer performance on both the PASAT and n-back task. MS patients also had slower RTs on the n-back than controls and showed more slowing than controls as a function of WM load. Correlational analyses showed a high correspondence between performance measures on the PASAT and n-back. Principal components analysis pointed to a common feature of the PASAT, n-back, and specific other neuropsychological measures, that is, processing speed. Although the PASAT and n-back were shown to have a significant amount of shared variance, each test has specific advantages and disadvantages for use in clinical populations (JINS, 2006, 12, 677–687.)
Identification of Two Additional Translation Products from the Matrix (M) Gene That Contribute to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Cytopathology

The matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a multifunctional protein that is responsible for condensation of the ribonucleocapsid core during virus assembly and also plays a critical role in virus budding. The M protein is also responsible for most of the cytopathic effects (CPE) observed in infected cells. VSV CPE include inhibition of host gene expression, disablement of nucleocytoplasmic transport, and disruption of the host cytoskeleton, which results in rounding of infected cells. In this report, we show that the VSV M gene codes for two additional polypeptides, which we have named M2 and M3. These proteins are synthesized from downstream methionines in the same open reading frame as the M protein (which we refer to here as M1) and lack the first 32 (M2) or 50 (M3) amino acids of M1. Infection of cells with a recombinant virus that does not express M2 and M3 (M33,51A) resulted in a delay in cell rounding, but virus yield was not affected. Transient expression of M2 and M3 alone caused cell rounding similar to that with the full-length M1 protein, suggesting that the cell-rounding function of the M protein does not require the N-terminal 50 amino acids. To determine if M2 and M3 were sufficient for VSV-mediated CPE, both M2 and M3 were expressed from a separate cistron in a VSV mutant background that readily establishes persistent infections and that normally lacks CPE. Infection of cells with the recombinant virus that expressed M2 and M3 resulted in cell rounding indistinguishable from that with the wild-type recombinant virus. These results suggest that M2 and M3 are important for cell rounding and may play an important role in viral cytopathogenesis. To our knowledge, this is first report of the multiple coding capacities of a rhabdovirus matrix gene.