cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural petrology of the Olympus ultramafic complex in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus

The Olympus ultramafic complex is one of three ultramafic complexes that crop out at the lowermost stratigraphic levels of the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus. The Olympus ultramafic complex comprises two types of ultramafic and related rocks: (1) harzburgite tectonite, a residuum of partial fusion, and (2) cumulus chromitite, dunite, wehrlite, pyroxenite, and gabbro, the products of fractional crystallization and magmatic sedimentation of basaltic magma. The harzburgite tectonite is the basement or “country rock” intruded by the magma from which the cumulates crystallized. Pyrometamorphic textures in the harzburgite (magmatic pyroxenes in metamorphic peridotite) near its contact with the cumulates perhaps record “contact metamorphism” of the harzburgite by the magma. The stratigraphically lowest cumulates were penetratively deformed (and hence are termed “ultramafic metacumulates”) during the same event that produced the dominant pyroxene foliation (S 1 ) in the underlying harzburgite, whereas the stratigraphically highest cumulates were not penetratively deformed. The structural transition between metacumulates and cumulates is gradual and occurs in olivine cumulates that contain intercumulus clinopyroxene (clinopyroxene-bearing dunites and wehrlites). Two mechanisms can explain the structural transition from metacumulates to cumulates: (1) Deformation of the harzburgite basement occurred during accumulation of the cumulates (syntectonic magmatic sedimentation); the lowermost (oldest) cumulates consequently deformed more than the uppermost (youngest) cumulates. (2) The uppermost cumulates, perhaps rich in intercumulus liquid (now crudely represented by postcumulus clinopyroxene and plagioclase) at the time of the deformation, may have accommodated the strain by grain boundary sliding (“crystal-mush flow”) and consequently left little evidence of solid-state, penetrative deformation. If syntectonic and posttectonic magmatic sedimentation, crystal-mush flow, partial fusion of metamorphic peridotite, and multiple intrusion of magma act simultaneously during the formation of ophiolites, then the resulting field relations, structures, textures, and fabrics will be exceedingly complex, particularly if subsequent transport and emplacement impose strong metamorphic and tectonic overprints. One should expect that differences in the relative chronology and intensity of the processes of the formation of ophiolites make every ophiolite unique.
Laboratory experiments on the formation of subaqueous depositional gullies by turbidity currents

Abstract Gullies and furrows are shallow, sub-parallel features widespread on the seafloor and some lacustrine environments. Vast fields of linear channels of erosional origin called furrows, with spacings of meters and up to hundred of meters, are common in settings with relatively low seafloor slopes and have been previously ascribed to helical motion in benthic boundary layers. Submarine gullies are linear, donwslope-trending features of erosional, depositional or mixed nature, commonly observed in the upper continental slope, submarine canyon walls, and other relatively steep submarine environments. While gully fields have been associated to the action of unconfined turbidity currents and other cascading dense flows, their relatively large spacings (ranging from several hundreds of meters to 1–2 km) suggest that these features might be the result of other mechanisms different than boundary layer helical motion. In this paper we propose an alternative mechanism for the initiation of gullies observed in relatively steep seabed gradients, downslope of a seabed slope change such as those observed in continental margins (self-slope break) or submarine canyon walls. Our working hypothesis is that gullies could be the result of a centrifugal instability that sets in interfaces of gravity currents as they flow through a bedslope transition. Since for these cases the centrifugal force excess is of the same order of magnitude of the driving force, and therefore a potential source of flow instability, we propose that gully spacing might be controlled by the magnitude of the centrifugal force, scaling roughly with the radius of curvature of the transition (slope break). We also present experimental evidence on the formation of longitudinal features resembling slope gullies that were created in a laboratory tank after running successive supercritical, depositional turbidity currents through a slope change similar to that observed in continental margins. Gullies in the tank developed through differential deposition only, and showed spacing an order of magnitude larger that that expected from a boundary-layer helical motion origin. These experimental results along with the observation that gullies were not formed in the tank without a bed slope change (low to high) support the hypothesis of a centrifugal instability origin for longitudinal features in relatively steeper submarine settings. Our experimental results also support our first-order approximate gully spacing rule, which is in general agreement with field observations of gully spacing in upper continental slopes and submarine canyon walls.
Traffic pattern detection using the Hough transformation for anomaly detection to improve maritime domain awareness

Abstract : Techniques for anomaly detection in the maritime domain by extracting traffic patterns from ship position data to generate atlases of expected ocean travel are developed in this thesis. An archive of historical data is used to develop a traffic density grid. The Hough transformation is used to extract linear patterns of elevated density from the traffic density grid, which can be considered the highways of the oceans. These highways collectively create an atlas that is used to define geographical regions of expected ship locations. Ship position reports are compared to the atlas of highways to flag as anomalous any ship that is not operating on an expected highway. The atlas generation techniques are demonstrated using automated information system (AIS) ship position data to detect highways in both open-ocean and coastal areas. Additionally, the atlas generation techniques are used to explore variability in ship traffic as a result of extreme weather and seasonal variation. Finally, anomaly detection is demonstrated by comparing AIS data from 2013 to the highways detected in the archive of data from 2012. The development of an automatic atlas generation technique that can be used to develop a definition of normal maritime behavior is the significant result of this thesis.
Assessing alternative medicine: methodological and research policy concerns.

Objectives: Setting funding priorities among research projects for complementary and alternative therapies is especially vulnerable to arbitrary, partisan criteria and opportunistic readings of controversial evidence. This study develops a procedural approach to characterizing, in a transparent and evenhanded way, the available evidence on these treatments and demonstrates a simple analytical scheme for prioritizing competing, but typically incommensurable, research projects for public support. Methods: A simple five-step scheme for categorizing therapies is developed and justified, based on a taxonomy of the study designs used to generate research evidence. Once identified, candidate therapies are assigned to ordered categories along these design criteria and effectively grouped into equivalence classes by type of evidence. Finally, a partial ordering on the therapies is formed within each class by means of secondary screening criteria. Results: Twenty-five candidate therapies are assigned to equivalence classes. The intent, in effect, is to restrict comparisons to those therapies that fall within a particular class of similar study designs. Within-class orderings avoid the problem of having better-known or better-supported therapies crowd out lesser known ones when it comes to allocating dollars for more research. A set of criteria and procedure for prioritizing spending for further research is demonstrated. Conclusions: Relying on an open, formal procedure for comparing unconventional therapies offers protection against prejudgment in setting funding priorities, especially when weak clinical evidence relates more to a low investment in research than lack of efficacy.
Superconducting quantum magnetometers

Magnetometers of remarkable sensitivity utilizing superconducting quantum flux detectors have recently become available. The mechanisms of operation and the present capabilities of these magnetometers and related instruments are described from an elementary viewpoint.
Attenuated Listeria monocytogenes: a powerful and versatile vector for the future of tumor immunotherapy.

For over a century, inactivated or attenuated bacteria have been employed in the clinic as immunotherapies to treat cancer, starting with the Coley’s vaccines in the 19th century and leading to the currently approved bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine for bladder cancer. While effective, the inflammation induced by these therapies is transient and not designed to induce long-lasting tumor-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses that have proven so adept at eradicating tumors. Therefore, in order to maintain the benefits of bacteria-induced acute inflammation but gain long-lasting anti-tumor immunity, many groups have constructed recombinant bacteria expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) for the purpose of activating tumor-specific CTLs. One bacterium has proven particularly adept at inducing powerful anti-tumor immunity, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Lm is a gram-positive bacterium that selectively infects antigen-presenting cells wherein it is able to efficiently deliver tumor antigens to both the MHC Class I and II antigen presentation pathways for activation of tumor-targeting CTL-mediated immunity. Lm is a versatile bacterial vector as evidenced by its ability to induce therapeutic immunity against a wide-array of TAAs and specifically infect and kill tumor cells directly. It is for these reasons, among others, that Lm-based immunotherapies have delivered impressive therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models of cancer for two decades and are now showing promise clinically. In this review, we will provide an overview of the history leading up to the development of current Lm-based immunotherapies, the advantages and mechanisms of Lm as a therapeutic vaccine vector, the preclinical experience with Lm-based immunotherapies targeting a number of malignancies, and the recent findings from clinical trials along with concluding remarks on the future of Lm-based tumor immunotherapies.
Low Rate Scalar Quantization for Gaussian Sources and Absolute Error

This paper considers low resolution scalar quantization for a memoryless Gaussian source with respect to absolute error distortion. It shows that slope of the the operational rate-distortion function of scalar quantization is infinite at the point Dmax where the rate becomes zero. Thus, unlike the situation for squared error distortion, or for Laplacian and exponential sources with squared or absolute error distortion, for a Gaussian source and absolute error, scalar quantization at low rates is far from the Shannon rate-distortion function, i.e. far from the performance of the best lossy coding technique.
Viscoelastic properties of heterophase blends of homopolymers and block copolymers

Stress relaxation and dynamic mechanical measurements were carried out for two types of heterophase polyblends. One is obtained by blending homopolymers of butadiene and styrene (high impact polystyrene or HIPS); the other by blending homopolymer of butadiene with a triblock copolymer of styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS/B). It was found that for HIPS, time temperature superposition is difficult, and the shift factors cannot be adequately interpreted by a reasonable model. For SBS/B it is impossible to carry out superposition. Modulus-temperature and loss tangent curves determined by dynamic mechanical experiments indicate the presence of new transition near −40°C. Possible mechanisms giving rise to this new transition are discussed.
Central Nervous System/Orthopedics

A 12-year-old, 50-kg girl with myelomeningocele and T10 paraplegia has a 90° thoracic curve and is scheduled for a posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation. She has a functioning ventriculoperitoneal shunt and is allergic to penicillin, vancomycin, milk, nuts, and bananas. She self-catheterizes, and is incontinent of feces. Her hematocrit is 32%, and she has six units of designated donor blood available.
Characterization of pituitary–adrenocortical activity in the Malayan flying fox ( Pteropus vampyrus )

Pituitary-adrenocortical and gonadal endo- crine activity was investigated in a captive colony of Pteropus vampyrus, a highly social Old World fruit bat. Both cortisol and corticosterone were present in plasma, at a ratio of approximately 5:1, respectively. Glucocor- ticoid but not testosterone levels significantly increased prior to and concomitant with the evening active period. Restraint stress for 15-60 min resulted in a significant and rapid increase in plasma levels of adrenocortico- tropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids. ACTH levels quickly returned to baseline following restraint whereas glucocorticoid levels remained elevated for at least 30 min after restraint ended. Plasma ACTH levels after stress were similar to levels reported after stress in other mammals. Stress-induced glucocorticoid levels were several-fold greater than those reported for most mammals. Restraint for 15 min significantly inhibited testosterone levels. Restraint stress did not affect hor- mone levels on the morning following restraint. Brief capture, handling, and release of the animals did not elicit increases in these hormones. The physiological responsiveness of the pituitary and adrenal glands, along with P. vampyrus's documented seasonality and range of social behaviors, makes these bats an excellent model for exploring the general physiology of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes, as well as social influences on these axes.
Tapia's Syndrome after Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery under General Anesthesia

We present a case report to remind surgeons of this unusual complication that can occur in any surgery, even posterior cervical spine surgery under general anesthesia and discuss its causes, treatment methods, and the follow-up results in the literature. The peripheral Tapia's syndrome is a rare complication of anesthetic airway management. Main symptoms are hoarseness of voice and difficulty of tongue movement. Tapia's syndrome after endotracheal general anesthesia is believed to be due to pressure neuropathy of the vagus nerve and the hypoglossal nerve caused by the endotracheal tube. To our knowledge, no report has been published or given an explanation for Tapia's syndrome after posterior cervical spine surgery. Two patients who underwent posterior cervical surgery complained hoarseness and tongue palsy postoperatively. There is no direct anatomical relation between the operation, the vagus nerves and the hypoglossal nerves, and there is no record of displacement or malposition of the endotracheal tube. After several months, all symptoms are resolved. To avoid this problem in posterior cervical spine surgery, we suggest paying special attention to the position of the endotracheal tube to avoid excessive neck flexion before and during the positioning of the patient.
No Time for “Old Fighters”: Postwar West Germany and the Origins of the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando Trial

In May 1955, the local Ulm newspapers reported on a curious lawsuit brought before the labor court. Earlier that year, authorities had forced the director of the nearby refugee camp to resign upon learning that he had been an SS officer under the Nazi regime. Now the former Nazi, Bernhard Fischer-Schweder, felt he had been unfairly victimized by the regional government and was suing to be reinstated to his post. Far from solving this perceived injustice, the lawsuit instead signaled the end of Fischer-Schweder's postwar rise from door-to-door vacuum cleaner salesman to prominent director of a displaced persons camp. In the coming weeks, he lost his lawsuit and, more seriously, allegations regarding his Nazi past surfaced. Once authorities began to investigate, they uncovered a broader web of entanglement, and three years later the case culminated in Fischer-Schweder's conviction along with nine other defendants in one of the largest Nazi trials put before West German courts, the so-called Ulm Einsatzkommando trial of 1958. Although most scholarship has focused on the legacy of this trial, this article looks at the unusual origins and escalation of the case in order to draw attention to the trial's complex but overlooked relationship with postwar political and social attitudes toward the Nazi past.
The Advantages of Predictive Interval Forecasts for Non‐Expert Users and the Impact of Visualizations

Summary Three experiments demonstrated advantages over conventional deterministic forecasts for participants making temperature estimates and precautionary decisions with predictive interval weather forecasts showing the upper and lower boundaries within which the observed value is expected with a specified probability. Participants using predictive intervals were better able to identify unreliable forecasts, expected a narrower range of outcomes, and were more decisive than were participants using deterministic forecasts. Predictive interval format was also manipulated to determine whether adding visualizations enhanced understanding. Some participants using visualizations misinterpreted predictive intervals as expressions of diurnal fluctuations (deterministic forecasts). Almost no misinterpretations occurred when the predictive interval was expressed in text alone. Moreover, no advantages were found for visualizations over text-only formats, demonstrating that visualizations, especially those investigated in these studies, may not be suitable for expressing this concept. Thus, predictive intervals are both understandable and advantageous to non-expert decision makers, as long as they are carefully expressed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hollow Organ Engineering

Applications of regenerative medicine technology may offer novel therapies for patients with injuries, end-stage organ failure, or other clinical problems. Currently, patients suffering from diseased and injured organs can be treated with transplanted organs. However, there is a severe shortage of donor organs that is worsening yearly as the population ages and new cases of organ failure increase. Scientists in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are now applying the principles of cell transplantation, material science, and bioengineering to construct biological substitutes that will restore and maintain normal function in diseased and injured tissues. In particular, efforts to engineer hollow organs, such as the urinary bladder, urethra, and vagina, have been particularly successful to date. Some therapies arising from these tissue engineering endeavors have already entered the clinical setting successfully, indicating the promise regenerative medicine holds for the future.
Explicit Non-malleable Codes Against Bit-Wise Tampering and Permutations

A non-malleable code protects messages against various classes of tampering. Informally, a code is non-malleable if the message contained in a tampered codeword is either the original message, or a completely unrelated one. Although existence of such codes for various rich classes of tampering functions is known, explicit constructions exist only for “compartmentalized” tampering functions: i.e. the codeword is partitioned into a priori fixed blocks and each block can only be tampered independently. The prominent examples of this model are the family of bit-wise independent tampering functions and the split-state model.
Corrigendum to Attention to Enteral Feeding Practices Can Improve Growth Outcomes in VLBW Infants in New York State [Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 14 (2014) 99–102]

Corrigendum to Attention to Enteral Feeding Practices Can Improve Growth Outcomes in VLBW Infants in New York State [Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews 14 (2014) 99–102] Joy L. Henderson, RNC-NIC, MSN, MPhil, CPNP⁎, Adriann Combs, RN, BSN a Regional Perinatal Centers at New York Presbyterian Hospital, 600 W. 165th St, Ste 1J, New York City, NY 10032, United States b Regional Perinatal Center, University Hospital Health Sciences Center SUNY, Stonybrook, NY 11744, United States
A Practical Politician: The Boss Tactics of Matthew Stanley Quay

During the 1880s, the Pennsylvania Republican leadership faced and sur vived a serious challenge. The decade opened with a national convention that engendered revolt within the Republican machine. Many of the disaffected felt oppressed by the heavy-handed rule of the Camerons. Simmering resentment boiled over in 1880 as the Camerons pushed for the nomination of Ulysses S. Grant to a third term as president.1 The next year, a reform movement called the Committee of One Hundred formed in Philadelphia. By 1882, a Democrat became governor in Pennsylvania; two years later, another Democrat gained the White House. In this time of uncertainty, a politician named Matthew Stanley Quay emerged from the shadow of Simon and Don Cameron to restore the state Republican party to power and preserve the machine's dynasty. At the time, Quay also faced an uncertain political future. As secretary of the Commonwealth, he had directed state affairs while Simon Cameron, followed by his son J. Donald, sat in the U.S. Senate. By 1884, the fifty-one-year-old Quay had dropped out of state office and lost an election for U.S. Congress. He stood to lose even more. Simon Cameron forsook the 1884 national convention, leaving his voting proxy not with Quay but with Chris Magee, a political boss in Pitts burgh. Many read this as a sign that Cameron had selected a new lieutenant.2 Quay received the same message. Asked to interpret Cameron's action, Quay replied, "It means a fight for self-protection and self-preservation."3 Quay's back ground equipped him well for such a battle. The strategy for regaining power combined Cameron techniques with Quay's own skill and audacity at using the resources of a boss. His rise to power also reflected the desire of Pennsylvania Republicans for a supple leader, more capable of bending than the younger Cameron.4 This article examines how Quay used money and patronage as the founda tion for gaining and maintaining power. The techniques suggest how practical politicians in the post-Civil War era practiced their trade.
Temperature signatures for performance assessment of circuits with undesired equilibrium states

The use of bidirectional temperature sweeping methods in a standard circuit simulator to determine the presence or absence of multiple equilibrium points in analogue circuits is discussed along with the need for start-up circuits to eliminate undesired stable equilibrium points. Signatures in the temperature characteristics of circuits that may have more than one equilibrium state in their resistive circuit and that are indicative of specific types of performance are identified. It is shown that circuits with some of these signatures present significant challenges for circuit simulation and verification when designed to operate at a single equilibrium point. It is also observed that circuits with some of these signatures can exhibit useful circuit properties but also provide vulnerability to harbour analogue hardware Trojans that can be very difficult to detect.
Barriers and Enablers to Data‐Driven Decision Making by High School Counselors and Advisors

This article presents a study that had as its purpose to assist a large urban school district's leadership in systematically supporting school counselors and advisors conducting data-driven decision making. Binder's Six Boxes® model served as the conceptual framework to collect and analyze information pertaining to barriers and enablers across environmental and behavioral factors. Barriers included lack of clear expectations and feedback, an overabundance of technology without time to practice, and clerical duties. Enablers included supportive leadership, knowledgeable counselors willing to participate, and leadership with positive perceptions.
Intravenous heparin dosing strategy in hospitalized patients with atrial dysrhythmias

Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) have an elevated stroke risk that is 2-7 times greater than in those without AF. Intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) is commonly used for hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (AFL) to prevent stroke. Dosing strategies exist for intravenous anticoagulation in patients with acute coronary syndromes and venous thromboembolic diseases, but there are no data to guide providers on a dosing strategy for intravenous anticoagulation in patients with AF/AFL. 996 hospitalized patients with AF/AFL on UFH were evaluated. Bolus dosing and initial infusion rates of UFH were recorded along with rates of stroke, thromboemobolic events, and bleeding events as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis criteria. Among 226 patients included in the analysis, 76 bleeding events occurred. Using linear regression analysis, initial rates of heparin infusion ranging from 9.7 to 11.8 units/kilogram/hour (U/kg/h) resulted in activated partial thromboplastin times that were within therapeutic range. The median initial infusion rate in patients with bleeding was 13.3 U/kg/h, while in those without bleeding it was 11.4 U/kg/h; p = 0.012. An initial infusion rate >11.0 U/kg/h yielded an OR 1.95 (1.06-3.59); p = 0.03 for any bleeding event. Using IV heparin boluses neither increased the probability of attaining a therapeutic aPTT (56.1 vs 56.3 %; p = 0.99) nor did it significantly increase bleeding events in the study (35.7 vs 31.3 %; p = 0.48). The results suggest that higher initial rates of heparin are associated with increased bleeding risk. From this dataset, initial heparin infusion rates of 9.7-11.0 U/kg/h without a bolus can result in therapeutic levels of anticoagulation in hospitalized patients with AF/AFL without increasing the risk of bleeding.
Abstract PR10: Serine biosynthesis from glucose regulates folate availability

Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; June 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA It has been established that de novo serine biosynthesis is important for some cancers. We have previously shown that phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first step in glycolytic serine biosynthesis, is amplified in certain cancers, including breast cancer and melanoma. Knockdown of PHGDH results in decreased proliferation of PHGDH-amplified cells, demonstrating a dependence on PHDGH in these cells; however, it has not been possible to rescue this defect with exogenous serine, suggesting that glycolytic serine biosynthesis has an alternate function in cells. Here we have investigated four mutually exclusive hypotheses each consistent with the inability of serine to rescue decreased glycolytic serine biosynthesis: 1: There exists an alternative function of PHGDH; 2: Pathway activity is important for TCA cycle anapleurosis; 3: Metabolic channeling of de novo serine; and 4: A unique product of this pathway other than serine is critical for proliferation. Using a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches, we show that flux through the serine biosynthesis pathway is required for cytosolic serine-glycine conversion via serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 (SHMT1). In many cells flux through SHMT1 occurs in the glycine-to-serine direction, including PHDGH-dependent cell lines, and loss of PHGDH activity results in wasting of folates from the one-carbon pool to make serine. This reduces availability of one-carbon units in the folate pool for nucleotide biosynthesis, resulting in S-phase arrest and eventual cell death. These data link serine biosynthesis from glucose with the regulation of one-carbon folate metabolism, and provide an explanation for why cancer cells are dependent on de novo serine production even when serine is abundant. Citation Format: Caroline A. Lewis, Brian P. Fiske, Michael E. Pacold, Aaron M. Hosios, Katherine R. Mattaini, David M. Sabatini, Matthew G. Vander Heiden. Serine biosynthesis from glucose regulates folate availability. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; Jun 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(1_Suppl):Abstract nr PR10.
Dietary urea influences on digestibility and utilization of diets containing peanut skins by steers.

Metabolism and feedlot trials were conducted to evaluate increased dietary urea as a method of reducing detrimental effects of peanut skin (PS) tannins on nutrient digestibility and finishing steer performance. The PS fed in the trials contained 17.8% crude protein and 20.1% tannin. Urea (.7%) was included in a control (C) diet without PS, and with 15% PS in low-urea (.3%; LUPS), moderate-urea (.7%; MUPS) and high-urea (1.1%; HUPS) diets that contained ground corn and 15% peanut hulls. Apparent digestibility coefficients for dry matter, organic matter and crude protein were higher (P less than .05) for the C diet than for PS diets. Fecal N (g/d) was consistently higher (P less than .05) for PS diets than for the C diet. Retained N (g/d) was similar for steers fed C and HUPS diets, but lower (P less than .05) than C for LUPS and MUPS diets. Average daily gain at 91 d was highest (P less than .05) for C steers in the feedlot, intermediate (P less than .05) for MUPS and HUPS steers and lowest (P less than .05) for LUPS steers. Feed:gain ratio was 97% higher (P less than .05) for LUPS steers compared with C steers, but average daily feed intake was similar for all treatments. Rumen fluid propionic acid was lower (P less than .05) on all PS diets compared with the C diet on d 90. Plasma urea nitrogen (d 90) was reduced (P less than .05) by 48.5, 55.5 and 57.6%, respectively, on LUPS, MUPS and HUPS diets compared with the C diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Extending ns3 to simulate visible light communication at network-level

Visible light communications (VLC) describes the use of the visible spectrum for optical communications and has the potential to provide vast new wireless spectrum free from license. Most existing work on VLC focuses on the optimization of the physical medium rather than the networking context in which VLC will be deployed. Future deployments of VLC are expected to coexist with current RF technologies; complicating performance analysis of these integrated, heterogeneous systems. In this paper, we propose an extension of the ns3 network simulator as a means to investigate the performance of these heterogeneous RF/VLC networks. The proposed VLC module realizes physical layer models characterizing the visible spectrum mapped to various optical modulation schemes. We also consider device mobility and orientation which uniquely impact an optical receiver. We describe the adopted physical models, the structure of the ns3 model implementation, and demonstrate performance assessment for an asymmetric RF/VLC scenario. In this case, the VLC downlink and the RF (WiFi) uplink are paired using the combination of our new ns3 VLC component and existing ns3 RF modules. Simulations demonstrate how this scenario can be studied in terms of VLC signal to noise ratio (SNR) and bit error rate (BER) parameters, and in the resulting network performance measured as goodput.
Digital PLL for phase noise cancellation in ring oscillator-based I/Q receivers

A digital phase noise cancellation technique for ring oscillator-based I/Q receivers is presented. Ring oscillator phase noise, including supply-induced phase noise, is extracted from digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) and used to restore the randomly rotated baseband signal in digital domain. The receiver prototype fabricated in 65nm CMOS technology achieves phase noise reduction from −88 to −109dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset, and an integrated phase noise (IPN) reduction from −16.8 to −34.6dBc, when operating at 2.4GHz.
Secure android covert channel with robust survivability to service provider restrictions

The overarching field of information hiding has been extensively researched. However, the potential for use of smartphones - communicating over cellular service provider networks - has yet to be fully explored. In this paper, we propose Android-Stego - a covert communication framework for Android smartphones. We have presented results analysing real-world cellular service-providers' restrictions on MMS messages and the corrective actions they take using a prototype implementation of Android-Stego. With the prototype implementation, we have also analysed the messages at both the sending and the receiving ends to determine the service providers' actions on MMS messages - such as compression and/or format conversion.
Cutting Through the Cold War: The EEC and Turkey’s Great Westernization Debate

The years 1960–80 have often been described as the most turbulent and crisis-ridden period in modern Turkish history—the Weimar years of the Turkish Republic. Domestically, these two decades were bounded by two military coups: the first in 1960, which created the socio-political framework for Turkey’s first experiment as a truly open society, and the second in 1980, which brought this experiment to an abrupt end. Like Weimar Germany, Turkey’s period of intense dynamism coincided with the birth and death of ideological multi-party politics, a time marked by a sense of immanent self-alteration.
Supramolecular Particles: The Transition from the Molecular to the Solid State

Publisher Summary There is a large body of theoretical work on the transition from the molecular to the solid state in metallic clusters. Theoretical studies of the electronic and magnetic properties of metallic clusters indicate that the appearance of solid state behavior, such as the emergence of a conduction band and collective magnetic phenomena, occur at the vicinity of N∼10, where N is the number of atoms in the cluster. This chapter presents experimental work on the transition region between molecular and bulk magnetic behavior. It discusses magnetic properties of supramolecular ferric oxo/hydroxo particles, that is, large molecular complexes that contain an increasing number of super-exchange-coupled iron (III) ions obtained through controlled chemical synthesis. The chapter presents experimental criteria that establish the onset of incipient solid-state magnetic correlation effects. These chemical structures are beyond the molecular realm but convergence to the bulk has not yet been attained. Fundamental new properties associated with quantum size effects are expected. Unraveling the physical properties of matter at the molecular/solid state boundary can, in principle, open up new areas of applications and theoretical approaches to the electronic and magnetic properties of materials.
On seismic vulnerability of highway bridges in Nepal: 1988 Udaypur earthquake (MW 6.8) revisited

Abstract Highway bridges are one of the most important components of transportation system thus continuous operability is expected even after strong to major earthquakes. Nepal is situated in one of the most active seismic regions in the world and devastating earthquakes are frequent, however, to the best knowledge of the author, fragility functions for Nepali highway bridges do not exist until now. This paper is a first attempt to depict the seismic vulnerability of highway bridges in Nepal. Observational data from 1988 Udaypur earthquake were adopted to construct fragility functions for minor damage state DS1. Comparison between the constructed fragility curve with other observational fragility curves for similar damage state highlighted that Nepali highway bridges can be affected minor damage even in very low peak ground acceleration.
Prenatal serodiagnosis of blood group sensitization: II. Maternal sensitizations other than D(Rho), with a comparison of the red cell antigens Kell (K1), E(Rh″), and c(hr′)

Abstract All available prenatal sensitizations other than D (Rho) were examined by determining blood groups of all members in a pedigree; the newborn infants were studied for isoimmune erythroblastosis. The immune challenge responsible for the maternal sensitization was determined, and compatible blood for the mother and the infant was obtained in advance of delivery. Serologic types of erythroblastosis were detected that otherwise would have been unanticipated. Blood group sensitizations other than D (Rho) were compared in obstetric subjects and transfused male subjects. It is contended that the K (Kell) and E red cell antigens immunize persons chiefly through a series of incompatible transfusions and the c antigen through fetomaternal incompatible pregnancies—or rarely through both mechanisms. It is prudent transfusion practice to administer Kell- and E-compatible blood to patients lacking these antigens, especially to the multitransfused gravid woman.
Out-migration from the epicenters of the housing bubble burst during and in the aftermath of the Great Recession in the USA

During the Great Recession in the USA, the four Sand States—Arizona, California, Florida and Nevada—suffered from plunging home prices, massive layoffs and much slower population growth. Some metro areas in these states experienced the unprecedented net loss of population with increasing out-migration. Were the devastating labor market conditions in these four Sand States strong enough to force out a massive number of migrants to other states? Using multinomial logit models, this paper finds that the labor market status of an individual (part-time worker, unemployed and not in labor force) serves as an important factor for out-migration decision during a recession. The pushing effects of labor market status among the at-risk population in devastated labor markets are the largest for movers to intrastate destinations beyond metropolitan borders. The effects of labor market status for interstate out-migration are still significant but largely limited, due to higher moving costs and growing uncertainty. For the at-risk population with lower socioeconomic status, depressing labor market status triggers speculative migration; however, the speculative behavior among the overall at-risk population continuously slowed during the Great Recession, as the rather risk-aversive “wait and see” attitude had increased.
A network analysis investigation of the cognitive-behavioral theory of eating disorders

Network analysis has recently been introduced as a clinically relevant methodology for understanding the structure of mental disorders and for evaluating cognitive behavioral models of psychopathology. The current study uses network analysis to validate the transdiagnostic model of eating disorders by examining the association between overvaluation of shape and weight and eating disorder symptoms. Eating disorder symptoms were measured among a sample of 194 treatment-seeking children, adolescents, and adults presenting to an outpatient eating disorder clinic. We created transdiagnostic and disorder-specific symptom networks and assessed symptom strength and connectivity. Congruent with the transdiagnostic model, overvaluation of weight and shape emerged among the strongest symptoms in the network, and global network connectivity was higher among individuals with high overvaluation when compared to individuals with low overvaluation. An exploratory analysis revealed that overvaluation of weight and shape was central to anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Results highlight the associative strength of overvaluation of shape and weight with eating disorder symptoms, regardless of the specific eating disorder diagnosis. Our findings corroborate overvaluation of weight and shape as a transdiagnostic treatment target and potentially useful severity specifier for binge eating disorder.
Triacetin Enhances Levels of Acrolein, Formaldehyde Hemiacetals, and Acetaldehyde in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols.

The health effects of inhaled electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) flavoring compounds are largely unknown. Earlier reports of their chemical reactivity have been conflicting, with some claiming, for example, that the degradation of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarettes to aldehydes is statistically insignificant. It is thus important to understand how these molecules react to afford enhanced aerosol products. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the origin of formaldehyde, acrolein, and acetaldehyde in e-cigarettes that contain the popular additive, triacetin (TA). By using 13C labeling and a combination of 1H NMR and 13C NMR, we were able to identify that ester hydrolysis of TA occurs to form acetic acid (HOAc) during aerosolization. The released HOAc acts as a catalyst in the degradation of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY), increasing the formation of formaldehyde hemiacetals, acrolein, and acetaldehyde. A solution of 10% TA in 1:1 PG/GLY e-liquid was aerosolized using two different ...
PROBABILISTIC-GEOMETRIC THEOREMS ARISING FROM THE ANALYSIS OF CONTINGENCY TABLES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a geometric explanation for the similarity of two classical formulas in probability: Stevens's formula for the chance that n random arcs cover a circle and Laplace's formula for the density of the sum of n uniform variables. Probabilistic-geometric proofs for de Finettiss formula for the distribution function of a random point on the n-simplex, an extension of Bayesss result—a uniform mixture of multinomials has a Bose-Einstein distribution, and a result of Stanley explaining why the chance that a random permutation has k or fewer rising sequences can be expressed in terms of Laplace's formula. The generalized variance of a random vector is defined to be the product of the nonzero eigenvalues of its covariance matrix. Simple formulas are derived for the generalized variance of the multinomial distribution, the Dirichlet distributions, and the Fisher-Yates distribution. The latter is a multivariate version of the hypergeometric distribution.
Fluorescent protein-marked Escherichia coli biotype I strains as surrogates for enteric pathogens in validation of beef carcass interventions.

The efficacy of antimicrobial interventions implemented in slaughter establishments to reduce enteric pathogens on beef carcasses should optimally be validated under commercial operation conditions. This study was conducted to identify surrogate organisms for enteric pathogens that could be used to validate beef carcass interventions. The growth, resistance, and attachment properties of nonpathogenic fluorescent protein–marked Escherichia coli strains were compared with those of E. coli O157: H7 and Salmonella strains. Growth curves were obtained based on growth in tryptic soy broth at 37°C. In general, growth parameters were not different among potential surrogates and target pathogens (P > 0.05). Thermal resistance was compared in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4) at 55, 60, and 65°C, and D-values of potential surrogates were not different (P > 0.05) or were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the target pathogens. Acid resistance was tested in phosphate-buffered saline acidified with l-lactic acid at pH 2...
Star and comb shape poly(oxyethylene-g-ethyleneimines)

The grafting of polymers has been firmly established as a means of modification of polymer properties (1–3). However, most of the grafting of polymers utilizes free radical initiated reaction of vinyl monomers which generally give difficult to separate mixtures of homopolymers with the desired graft copolymers (3). In addition, free radical initiated grafting of vinyl monomers results in graft copolymers with graft segments of various sizes and non-uniform frequency of attachment. For these reasons the study of structure-property correlation of graft copolymers is often very difficult. Recently developed grafting of vinyl monomers through ionic mechanisms has greatly improved the situation (4–8). Grafting of preformed segments of uniform sizes onto polymers through condensation mechanisms offers another route to obtain graft copolymers of reasonably well defined structures. The ability of linear (9–12) and cyclic (13,14) polyoxyethylenes to complex metal ions has been of great interest in recent years. The interaction between polyoxyethylenes with polyacids (16–18) and polyoxyethylenes with proteins also have received increasing attention recently (19). In all these cases the electron-donating ability of the polyethers is mainly responsible for their interesting attention recently (19).
Ecclesiology and Ethics: An LDS Response

An awakening of moral consciousness regarding the ethical implications of medicine and science has characterized the Latter-day Saint (LDS) church during the preceding biennium. The ecclesiastical leadership was conferred in June 1994 upon Howard W. Hunter, through a process of apostolic succession, following the death of the late President Ezra Taft Benson. In his short ministry thus far, Hunter has emphasized an ethic of compassion and love and the renewal of worship through rituals in LDS temples. While this change in leadership does not hold out the prospects of direct influence on LDS medical ethics, there has emerged in various settings a new ecclesiastical focus on collective, rather than personal, political witness on matters of life and death. Moreover, the ecclesiastical context is central to two recent studies that offer the most comprehensive scholarship to date on medical ethics in the LDS community. This essay will begin with a brief overview of the relation between ecclesiology and ethics in the Latter-day Saint church to better situate the significance of these recent developments.
Beneficial effects of valsartan in asymptomatic individuals with vascular or cardiac abnormalities: the DETECTIV Pilot Study.

Objectives We studied the efficacy of valsartan (Val) to slow cardiovascular disease progression in asymptomatic high-risk prehypertensive or hypertensive patients with blood pressure (BP) controlled to Background Identifying individuals with early markers for cardiovascular disease raises the possibility for pharmacotherapy to slow progression and delay or prevent future morbid events. Methods Seventy-six subjects with a Rasmussen Disease Score (RDS) of 6 or higher were randomized double-blind to receive placebo (Plac) or Val 160 mg once daily for 6 months followed by 6 months of single-blind Val in both groups. A panel of 10 tests, including large and small artery elasticity, resting and treadmill exercise BP, carotid intimal-media thickness, retinal vascular photography, micro-albuminuria, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and plasma B-type natriuretic peptide, was performed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of treatment. Each test result was scored as normal (0), borderline (1), or abnormal (2), and the total RDS was calculated by adding all the scores of the individual tests. Results Valsartan significantly reduced the RDS after 6 months versus Plac (p Conclusions Valsartan can slow progression and/or reverse early cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic high-risk patients with prehypertension or BP controlled to