cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of distinct macrophage subpopulations during nitrogen mustard-induced lung injury and fibrosis

Nitrogen mustard (NM) is an alkylating agent known to cause extensive pulmonary injury progressing to fibrosis. This is accompanied by a persistent macrophage inflammatory response. In these studies, we characterized the phenotype of macrophages accumulating in the lung over time following NM exposure. Treatment of rats with NM (0.125 mg/kg, intratracheally) resulted in an increase in CD11b(+) macrophages in histologic sections. These cells consisted of inducible nitric oxide synthase(+) (iNOS) proinflammatory M1 macrophages, and CD68(+), CD163(+), CD206(+), YM-1(+), and arginase-II(+)antiinflammatory M2 macrophages. Although M1 macrophages were prominent 1-3 days after NM, M2 macrophages were most notable at 28 days. At this time, they were enlarged and vacuolated, consistent with a profibrotic phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis of isolated lung macrophages identified three phenotypically distinct subpopulations: mature CD11b(-), CD43(-), and CD68(+) resident macrophages, which decreased in numbers after NM; and two infiltrating (CD11b(+)) macrophage subsets: immature CD43(+) M1 macrophages and mature CD43(-) M2 macrophages, which increased sequentially. Time-related increases in M1 (iNOS, IL-12α, COX-2, TNF-α, matrix metalloproteinase-9, matrix metalloproteinase-10) and M2 (IL-10, pentraxin-2, connective tissue growth factor, ApoE) genes, as well as chemokines/chemokine receptors associated with trafficking of M1 (CCR2, CCR5, CCL2, CCL5) and M2 (CX3CR1, fractalkine) macrophages to sites of injury, were also noted in macrophages isolated from the lung after NM. The appearance of M1 and M2 macrophages in the lung correlated with NM-induced acute injury and the development of fibrosis, suggesting a potential role of these macrophage subpopulations in the pathogenic response to NM.
Methyl labeling and TROSY NMR spectroscopy of proteins expressed in the eukaryote Pichia pastoris

13C Methyl TROSY NMR spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful method for studying the dynamics of large systems such as macromolecular assemblies and membrane proteins. Specific 13C labeling of aliphatic methyl groups and perdeuteration has been limited primarily to proteins expressed in E. coli, preventing studies of many eukaryotic proteins of physiological and biomedical significance. We demonstrate the feasibility of efficient 13C isoleucine δ1-methyl labeling in a deuterated background in an established eukaryotic expression host, Pichia pastoris, and show that this method can be used to label the eukaryotic protein actin, which cannot be expressed in bacteria. This approach will enable NMR studies of previously intractable targets.
The Archaeology of Traditions: Agency and History before and after Columbus

The Archaeology of Traditions: Agency and History before and after Columbus. Timothy R. Pauketat. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. 384 pp.
Barriers to Clinical Research Participation Among African Americans

Clinical research requires representation of racially and ethnically diverse participants to accurately represent the general population. Overall life expectancy of African Americans is shorter than that of the general U.S. population. Compared with the other ethnic groups in the United States, African Americans have higher rates of hypertension, stroke, obesity, and diabetes, and higher rates of mortality related to stroke and cancer. Although many health disparities exist among African Americans, they are well underrepresented in clinical research. This article provides an overview of barriers that may influence participation in clinical research among African Americans. Issues of trust, experimentation, communication, and logistics are the most commonly identified barriers. The barriers and facilitators identified in this review may be useful in the development and implementation of recruitment and research strategies that are culturally sensitive and that may enhance trust and willingness to participa...
Enhanced Barrier Properties of Alkanethiol-Coated Gold Electrodes by 1-Octanol in Solution

The barrier properties of alkanethiol-coated gold electrodes are dramatically enhanced when the surfactant 1-octanol is present in the aqueous electrolyte solution contacting the electrode. Gold oxidation on the electrode surface and ferrocyanide oxidation in solution are suppressed to a positive potential limit of +1.6 V vs Ag/AgCl in an octanol-saturated pH 5 buffer at a dodecanethiol-coated gold electrode. Hydroxymethylferrocene oxidation in solution is also suppressed, though to a lesser extent. The enhanced barrier properties are thought to be caused by a thin layer of octanol atop the alkanethiol monolayer. The octanol fills in defects in the alkanethiol monolayer and increases the overall thickness of the barrier layer, thereby inhibiting reactions at defects and forcing electron transfer to occur over long distances across the barrier layer. The beneficial effect of octanol is obtained only when the monolayer surface is hydrophobic (e.g., at an alkanethiol monolayer) and is absent when the monolay...
The Comparative Impact of Organization Development Interventions On Hard Criteria Measures1

Little systematic research has concentrated on the effects of organization development (OD) in terms of hard-criteria measures of performance and behavior. This paper assesses the impact of three classes of OD interventions based on 65 empirical studies. A typology of outcome variables is used to show how OD has affected organizational behavior. Certain classes of interventions appear to be more effective than others.
The Value of a Real Estate Franchise

Franchise affiliation has become common in the real estate brokerage industry. Department of Commerce estimates show that in 1981 about 30% of all real estate brokerage establishments were franchise affiliated. This paper develops and estimates a model of brokerage firm sales, using sample data collected in 1982 for three North Carolina cities. Controlling for the size and experience of the brokerage staff and the experience of the broker, the paper finds that franchise affiliation contributes to firm sales. Affiliation with a national franchise appears to be worth about $930,000 in additional sales to the average firm.
How frequently do different voting rules encounter voting paradoxes in three-candidate elections?

We estimate the frequencies with which ten voting anomalies (ties and nine voting paradoxes) occur under 14 voting rules, using a statistical model that simulates voting situations that follow the same distribution as voting situations in actual elections. Thus the frequencies that we estimate from our simulated data are likely to be very close to the frequencies that would be observed in actual three-candidate elections. We find that two Condorcet-consistent voting rules do, the Black rule and the Nanson rule, encounter most paradoxes and ties less frequently than the other rules do, especially in elections with few voters. The Bucklin rule, the Plurality rule, and the Anti-plurality rule tend to perform worse than the other eleven rules, especially when the number of voters becomes large.
An Omni-Directional Static Pressure Probe

Abstract A rugged field experiment version of the double-disk static pressure probe is described. The probe consists of two circular disks placed one over the other. Static pressure is sensed through two mutually facing sensing ports located in the center of each disk. Static pressure errors induced by air flow curvature over the leading edges of the disks are minimized through the introduction of shallow dimples centered about the sensing ports. Optimal angle-of-attack performance is obtained by varying the spacing between the disks. Wind tunnel tests were performed to determine the respective influence of disk thickness, dimple geometry and disk separation distance on the response of the probe to vertical and horizontal variations in wind direction and speed. The results show that the introduction of sensing port dimples on reasonably thick plate probes can reduce curvature-induced errors to less than 1% of the dynamic velocity head, and that angle-of-attack errors can be kept to ±0.5% over ±14° variati...
Research behavior patterns of business students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at the research needs of undergraduate and graduate business students at Monmouth University.Design/methodology/approach – Students were surveyed regarding the types of business course assignments that require research and the number of sources which must be cited for these research projects. The information‐seeking behaviors of business students used in gathering these sources were examined, looking at where these students began their research, which tools they used, and the challenges they faced in conducting research. The paper also investigated the students' preferred methods of seeking assistance in completing their research, as well as how they evaluated the credibility of sources they uncovered.Findings – Student research requirements for homework assignments were fairly evenly distributed between very often/often and sometimes/never. Overall, students noted that presentations required research very often or often. Only 2.35 percent reported no researc...
Modification of an Outbreak of Influenza in Tecumseh, Michigan by Vaccination of Schoolchildren

Annual vaccination against influenza has been recommended primarily for the chronically ill and the elderly because excess numbers of deaths occur regularly in these groups during outbreaks [1, 2]. However, vaccination of the elderly, while affording them needed protection, cannot be expected to change the course of an epidemic markedly, since this group represents but a small segment of the total population and have a relatively low attack rate [3]. In contrast, school-age children comprise a large, susceptible segment of the population and regularly have a high attack rate [4]. The schoolchildren also appear to be responsible for bringing influenza into the home, a transmission similar to the way in which they introduce the common respiratory illnesses [5]. These children are, therefore, one of the most important factors in the dissemination of influenza viruses.
Partial oxidation of methane over a ruthenium phthalocyanine catalyst

Abstract The partial oxidation of He-diluted CH 4 with O 2 has been studied in a laboratory flow reactor packed with fragmented pellets of zeolite-encaged Ru phthalocyanine catalyst. Gas compositions (CH 4 , O 2 , CO, CO 2 , and H 2 ) were determined by on-line GC/TCD. Absolute system pressure was maintained at 445 kPa. Most experiments were performed at a constant gas space velocity=0.717/s. Data were obtained over wide ranges of temperature (523–648 K) and CH 4 /O 2 feed molar ratio (0.5–6.5). Observed conversion of CH 4 increased with temperature. Product selectivities of H 2 and CO increased, while that of CO 2 decreased, with increasing temperature and feed CH 4 /O 2 . Based on data analysis with an integral plug flow packed bed reactor model, the power law kinetic rate for CH 4 conversion was observed to be first order in each of O 2 and CH 4 . A non-linear Arrhenius plot of the global rate constants, together with a Mears correlation analysis, suggests that an external mass transfer resistance becomes active above 573 K in this system.
Numerical computations for shear bands in an antiplane shear model

Abstract We study numerically a model for shear bands that is loosely based on antiplane shearing of granular material. In the model, a shear band is idealized to a jump discontinuity in the solution to the dynamic PDE. We do not explicitly incorporate small scale effects within this shear band into the model—rather at the shear band we impose a jump condition which includes a length parameter modeling the grain diameter. At this level of approximation, we study in several cases the process by which shear bands first form and subsequently develop, including the growth of the unloading region containing the shear band(s). Our computations use a Godunov method, based on solving appropriate Riemann problems. In some cases, depending on the size of the jump, the Riemann problems under study do not admit a similarity solution because scale invariance is violated by the jump condition at the shear band. This novel feature adds mathematical interest to the present computations.
Options and outcomes with different antiplatelet strategies during primary percutaneous coronary intervention

The antithrombotic armamentarium for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes has expanded so rapidly over the past decade that this evolution has challenged the pace at which large-scale clinical trials can be completed for new indications and cardiac society guidelines can be updated. For example, there are presently 60 different antiplatelet and anticoagulant combinations for drugs with Class I or II indications for the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Considering clopidogrel in particular, the current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines1 recommend an oral loading dose of at least 300 mg for patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (Class I, Level of Evidence C). In the acute phase of STEMI, a clopidogrel maintenance dose of 75 mg daily is recommended (I, A) and, while the optimal duration of clopidogrel has not been determined, therapy for 12 months in all STEMI patients is recommended (IIa, C). Similarly, the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guidelines recommend clopidogrel for patients with STEMI regardless of whether they undergo reperfusion with fibrinolytic therapy (I, A).2 These updates are based on the Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial/Second Chinese Cardiac Study (COMMIT/CCS-2) and the Clopidogrel as Adjunctive Reperfusion Therapy (CLARITY)-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 28 trials, which did not employ PCI as the primary reperfusion strategy.3,4 No prior large-scale trial or registry has demonstrated a mortality-lowering benefit from high-dose clopidogrel among primary PCI patients, though some relevant data are emerging.5,6 Witkowski et al. 7 report their findings among 7193 patients undergoing primary PCI during 2003 and included in a multicentre Polish STEMI registry. In particular, the authors retrospectively analysed data from 38 centres and separated patients according to the periprocedural use of a … *Corresponding author. Tel: +1 859 323 5843, Fax: +1 859 257 3537, Email: moliterno{at}uky.edu
Uremic memory: the role of acute kidney injury in long-term outcomes

Most epidemiologic data, thus far, have focused on short-term outcomes of acute kidney injury (AKI). Lo et al. correlate AKI with long-term outcomes. The concept of 'uremic memory' sheds light on the importance of AKI and its permanent imprint. The focus of research should be on prevention of an episode of AKI, when possible.
Robustness and complexity co-constructed in multimodal signalling networks

In animal communication, signals are frequently emitted using different channels (e.g. frequencies in a vocalization) and different modalities (e.g. gestures can accompany vocalizations). We explore two explanations that have been provided for multimodality: (i) selection for high information transfer through dedicated channels and (ii) increasing fault tolerance or robustness through multichannel signals. Robustness relates to an accurate decoding of a signal when parts of a signal are occluded. We show analytically in simple feed-forward neural networks that while a multichannel signal can solve the robustness problem, a multimodal signal does so more effectively because it can maximize the contribution made by each channel while minimizing the effects of exclusion. Multimodality refers to sets of channels where within each set information is highly correlated. We show that the robustness property ensures correlations among channels producing complex, associative networks as a by-product. We refer to this as the principle of robust overdesign. We discuss the biological implications of this for the evolution of combinatorial signalling systems; in particular, how robustness promotes enough redundancy to allow for a subsequent specialization of redundant components into novel signals.
Compulsory Bisexuality?: The Challenges of Modern Sexual Fluidity

Although Adrienne Rich once posited that “compulsory heterosexuality” required women to identify as heterosexual to comply with implicit social norms, this study examined the possibility of compulsory bisexuality in light of increasing reports of heterosexual-identified women engaging in homoerotic behavior with other women, usually in front of men and in social settings like fraternity parties, bars and clubs. Forty qualitative interviews were conducted with women of diverse backgrounds to explore women's narratives about performative bisexuality. Although younger women reported more performative bisexual experiences in public, older women reported more pressure to perform as bisexual in private (e.g., pressure for group sex). Further, experiences with performative bisexuality did not consistently predict political attitudes that supported full civil rights for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer (LGBTQ) community, indicating a disconnect between behavior and attitudes. Implications of performative ...
Reaction mechanisms and isospin effects for the π±+D→p+π±+n processes at Pπ=340 MeV/c☆

Abstract The first kinematically complete counter measurements of the D( π ± , pπ ± )n reactions in the Δ(1232) region are reported. Calculations based on low order diagrams compare well with the data. The ratio pπ + /pπ − depends strongly on the spectator particle momentum, and its behavior is qualitatively reproduced.
Using Reconfigurable System-On-Chip Technology for the Design of a Point-of-Care HIV Testing Device

Abstract Presently, there are many types of rapid HIV kits in the market; each kit produces a different image to indicate the status of the patient's HIV testing result. Despite the use of rapid HIV kits in HIV testing that provide fast and accurate testing results with specificity and sensitivity of 99%, these kits cannot be operated alone by the patient. Self testing for HIV is not allowed by law in many countries such as USA, Canada, India, etc. It must be done by qualified health care professionals, which might not be available in poor, low-resource areas. A low-cost and smart electronic device has been developed recently by the author of this paper and his research team to perform HIV testing using one type of the available rapid HIV kits. However, this device was not designed to be low-cost or to be used in low resource settings. In this paper, a reengineering design approach will be addressed to enhance the developed device used for HIV testing to support all these types of the rapid HIV kits that available in the market. The device will be used to produce an electronic low-cost Point-Of-Care (POC) that can be used for HIV testing in low-resource settings. The device will use the Reconfigurable System-On-Chip (RSOC) design approach. The device can perform the testing in less than a second and its cost is estimated to be less than $100.
Controlled vesicle self-assembly in microfluidic channels with hydrodynamic focusing.

Traditional liposome preparation methods are based on mixing of bulk phases, leading to inhomogeneous chemical and/or mechanical conditions during formation; hence liposomes are often polydisperse in size and lamellarity. Here we show the formation of liposomes that encapsulate reagents in a continuous two-phase flow microfluidic network with precision control of size from 100 to 300 nm by manipulation of liquid flow rates. We demonstrate that by creating a solvent−aqueous interfacial region in a microfluidic format that is homogeneous and controllable on the length scale of a liposome, we can facilitate the fine control of liposome size and polydispersity.
On the Irregularities of Motion of the Foucault Pendulum

Synopsis. In a brief historical statement, emphasis is put upon the current opinion that a Foucault pendulum must be very long and very heavy in order to be successful. It is then shown that the elliptical motion so common in Foucault pendulum experiments is not due to insufficient length or weight, or even to atmospheric disturbances, but simply and solely to unequal freedom of motion in different directions. The disturbing influences are within the pendulum itself. Different forms of support and suspension are discussed, and methods of eliminating the disturbing influences are suggested. What the author describes as a double roller support is shown to be superior to any other form of support thus far proposed. With this support and a perfectly annealed double bifilar suspension, a 2\textonehalf{}-meter pendulum weighing a single kilogram succeeds perfectly.
Development of a Moderate Temperature Bending Process for Magnesium Alloy Extrusions

An appropriate temperature (150-200°C) bending process has been developed for AZ31 and AM30 magnesium alloy tubes, and the optimum bending process parameters were obtained using a Design of Experiments (DOE) method. The development of this process was one of the key factors for use of magnesium tubes in automotive components for vehicle weight reduction. The tensile properties and deformation microstructure of magnesium alloys at elevated temperatures indicated that temperature of 150-200°C which might be suitable for hydroforming and other forming processes.
ORIGIN OF MAGNETIC FIELDS IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE.

Primordial turbulence in the radiation era generates a weak seed magnetic field on all scales of the turbulence. This field is stochastically amplified by turbulence motions, and it is possible for magnetic and small-scale kinetic energies to attain equipartition within an expansion time. Field generation ceases at the epoch of equal radiation and matter densities, when the field strength is of the order of 1 G. It is estimated that the present intergalactic magnetic field has an intensity of \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ G and a scale-length of \ensuremath{\sim}Mparsec.
The isolation of 3'-terminal polynucleotides from RNA molecules.

Abstract The 3′-terminal polynucleotides obtained by nuclease digestion of large RNA's can be selectively bound to columns of cellulose derivatives containing covalently bound dihydroxyboryl groups. The binding results from complex formation between the dihydroxyboryl groups and the 2′,3′-diol moieties of the terminal polynucleotides, and is effected at pH 8–9 in the presence of Mg2+. The rest of the polynucleotide fragments in the digest are not bound under these conditions and, after their removal by elution, the terminal polynucleotides are recovered by changing the pH of the eluting solvent to 5–6. The method has been applied to the isolation of the terminal polynucleotides obtained by ribonuclease T1 digestion of the RNA's of bacteriophages f2, Qβ, and GA as well as rRNA and tRNA.
OVERT “MEDIATING” BEHAVIOR DURING TEMPORALLY SPACED RESPONDING1

A rat was trained on a schedule that programmed reinforcements only when a minimum waiting time between successive responses was exceeded (DRL schedule). It was observed to fill much of the pause between lever presses with a stereotyped behavioral chain: it would take its tail in its mouth and nibble it. This behavior was shown to be functionally related to the efficiency with which the subject spaced its responses. It is thought to have served as mediating behavior, providing discriminating stimuli for appropriate lever presses.
Implantation of Ommaya reservoir in extremely low weight premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a cautious option

Objective This study aims to evaluate effects and complications of the implantation of Ommaya reservoir in premature infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH).
Handling hormone replacement therapy: key issues for the prescriber

Abstract Objectives: To examine the key considerations for physicians when prescribing hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Methods: A review of the literature, including some unpublished data. Results: As far as oral HRT is concerned, relatively large doses may have to be given because of the first-pass effect involving metabolism by the liver following absorption from the G1 tract. Alternatives include percutaneous gels, impregnated pessaries, subcutaneous implants and transdermal patches. The last of these offers the possibility of delivering oestrogen accurately in convenient form and many patients regard this as a more ‘natural’ way of treating the menopause. Provided equivalent doses of hormone are given, all these routes of administration are equally effective in preventing osteoporosis. The situation with respect to cardiovascular disease is more complex and different types of oestrogen or progestogen and different routes of administration can have different effects on metabolic risk factors. Certain oral HRT can adversely affect glucose tolerance and insulin metabolism while transdermal HRT has very little effect. Conclusions: The first issue for the physician is the choice of route of administration. To some extent this may depend on the patient's other clinical conditions such as raised triglycerides HRT. Patient preference is very important since this will affect compliance. One approach is to start with a fixed combination of oestrogen and progestogen which is usually easier for the patient to remember and use. Side-effects are usually due to the progestogen component. The variety of progestogens available in Europe means that switching to other combinations is not difficult if side effects occur. Patients satisfaction is the ultimate determinant.
TGF-β to the Rescue

Is transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) required for induction of the transcription factor Foxp3 in developing thymocytes? Ouyang et al. (2010) demonstrate that TGF-β in the thymus prevents deletion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells.
Prospects for quantitative trait locus methodology in gerontology

The remarkable advances in mapping of genomes have made it feasible to search among the hitherto anonymous polygenes of complex systems for loci of intermediate effect size (quantitative trait loci-QTL). Pursuing the strategy of identifying these QTL in complex systems will open the possibility of exploring the genetic architecture and the anatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypes under investigation. One study (Gelman et al., 1988) has pioneered the exploration of QTL in the study of aging. Their engaging results, dealing with age at death as the endpoint measure, portend the power of the search for quantitative trait loci in aging processes.
The beta form is the dominant interleukin released by murine peritoneal macrophages

Abstract Using highly specific polyclonal antisera raised against recombinant murine IL-1 α and β, we performed solid-phase immunoabsorption studies on supernates of resident and adjuvant-elicited CBA J mouse peritoneal macrophages. Antibody specificity was established by reciprocal absorption studies and Western blot analysis. Supernates obtained from macrophages cultured for 18 hr in the presence of 1μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were subjected to immunoabsorption. Approximately 78–90% of the released bioactive material was IL-1 and about 80% of this could be attributed to IL-1 β. Analogous to that reported for human monocytes, these data suggest that IL-1 β is the predominant released form of IL-1.
Comparative studies of tidal rhythms. VII. The circalunidian locomotor rhythm of the brackish‐water fiddler crab, Uca minax

The spontaneous locomotor activity of 31 Uca minax fiddler crabs was studied in constant conditions. All of the crabs displayed persistent, circalunidian rhythms, i.e., cycles which were approximately the length of the lunar day. Individual crabs remained rhythmic in the laboratory for 18 to 70 days, with 37 days being the average. It was typical for a crab's rhythm to change spontaneously in length several times. It was concluded that the twice/lunar day peaks in this species—like those in the 4 other decapods previously studied in this series—are under the control of separate clocks. This conclusion derives from the demonstrated independent manifestations of the peaks. For example: they can differ in form and amplitude; one may disappear either temporarily or permanently; they can have period lengths that differ significantly from one another; and one can split while the other does not. All these displays could result if each peak was governed by its own timepiece. It should be emphasized that in nature...
Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein: An Update

PTHrP was identified as a cause of hypercalcemia in cancer patients 25 yr ago. In the intervening years, we have learned that PTHrP and PTH are encoded by related genes that are part of a larger “PTH gene family.” This evolutionary relationship permits them to bind to the same type 1 PTH/PTHrP receptor, which explains why humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy resembles hyperparathyroidism. This review will outline basic facts about PTHrP biology and its normal physiological functions, with an emphasis on new findings of the past 5–10 yr. The medical and research communities first became aware of PTHrP because of its involvement in a common paraneoplastic syndrome. Now, research into the basic biology of PTHrP has suggested previously unrecognized connections to a variety of disease states such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and breast cancer and has highlighted how PTHrP itself might be used in therapy for osteoporosis and diabetes. Therefore, the story of this remarkable protein is a paradigm for transla...
Rate of haptoglobin in synthesis in normal man. Determinations by the return to normal levels following hemoglobin infusion

Following depletion of plasma haptoglobin by formation of a complex with hemoglobin, the return to normal levels was observed and analyzed kinetically. The daily synthetic rate approximated 30–50 per cent of the intravascular pool. More than half of this daily synthesis is consumed in association with the normal metabolism of plasma hemoglobin while some other catabolic mechanism(s) is responsible for the remainder.
Hyperplastic Gastric Polyp Causing Progressive Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Hyperplastic polyps represent 75 to 90% of gastric polypoid lesions. The manifestations of these unique gastric neoplasms vary, including abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting or gastrointestinal bleeding. The vast majority of these lesions are small, asymptomatic, and found incidentally on radiologic evaluation or endoscopic examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Herein we describe a large, benign, pedunculated hyperplastic polyp that led to progressive gastric outlet obstruction. In addition, we provide an overview of gastric polyps and a review of the literature. Excision of gastric polyps by endoscopic or surgical means is recommended as prudent treatment to eliminate occurrence of malignant foci.
Electromagnetic fields of dipoles in stratified media

A general theory for the electromagnetic fields of dipoles in stratified isotropic media is outlined. The stratified model consists of a stack of layers sandwiched between two semi-infinite media. Either an electric or a magnetic dipole can be placed at any position in the stack, or in the upper or lower half-space. Dipoles can be electric or magnetic and can be oriented horizontally or vertically. The fields in the layer containing the source are given in terms of reflection coefficients, impedance and admittance terms, and wavenumber ratios. Recursion relations are developed to propagate the Hankel-domain field coefficients to other layers or to the half spaces. This allows the observation point to be placed anywhere except at the source. Numerical checks show that the derived algebra is at least self-consistent.
Frequency and significance of M-mode echocardiographic evidence of mitral valve prolapse in clinically isolated pure mitral regurgitation: Analysis of 65 patients having mitral valve replacement

Abstract To assess the reliability of M-mode echocardiographic patterns of mitral valve prolapse (MVP) (echo MVP) in detection of morphologic evidence of MVP (morphologic MVP), operatively excised mitral valves and corresponding M-mode echocardiograms from 65 patients with chronic, severe, isolated, pure mitral regurgitation (MR) were studied. Of the 65 patients, 45 (69%) had echo MVP (either holosystolic or mid-to-late systolic prolapse patterns on preoperative M-mode echograms) and 42 (93%) of them had morphologic MVP;of the 3 without morphologic MVP, 2 had ruptured chordae tendineae from infective endocarditis and 1 had papillary muscle dysfunction from atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. Of the 20 patients without echo MVP, 14 (70%) had no morphologic MVP (9 had papillary muscle dysfunction from coronary heart disease, 4 had infective endocarditis on previous normal valves and 1 had rheumatic heart disease). Of the 48 patients with morphologic MVP, 42 (88% ) had echo MVP and most had considerably dilated mitral anulae;the other 6 had ruptured chordae tendineae with less degrees of anular dilatation. Of the 17 patients without morphologic MVP, 3 had echo MVP (coronary artery disease in 1 and infective endocarditis on a previous normal valve in 2);of the 14 with neither echo nor morphologic MVP, 9 had papillary muscle dysfunction from coronary artery disease, 4 had infective endocarditis on previously normal valves and 1 had rheumatic heart disease. The patients with very dilated mitral anuli and leaflet areas generally had holosystolic (hammocking) patterns on echo;the patients with small anuli and leaflet areas usually had mid-to-late systolic (buckling) prolapse patterns.
Effects of pelleting diets containing sunflower meal on the performance of broiler chickens

Abstract Three isonitrogenous diets containing 0, 10 or 20% sunflower meal (SF) (32.6% crude protein, 18.4% crude fiber) were given ad libitum in two physical forms, mash or pelleted, to broiler chickens from 1 day to 7 weeks of age. Body weight gain (BG) over the 7-week trial was improved ( P P P P P P P
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and urinary monoamine metabolites were determined for 29 boys, aged 6–12, with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Levels of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), the metabolites of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, respectively, correlated significantly with behavioral measures of aggression and impulsivity/hyperactivity. However, these correlations were in the unexpected direction; for example, CSF 5-HIAA correlated positively with the Brown-Goodwin Lifetime History of Aggression Scale. HVA in CSF was positively correlated with several measures of hyperactivity. The replicability of these findings, as well as possible socioenvironmental effects, and the predictive value of CSF monoamines in prepubertal hyperactivity are the subjects of ongoing study.
Preoperative evaluation of the adult neurosurgical patient

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the anesthesiologist with a focused review of the information needed to rationally approach the preoperative evaluation of the neurosurgical patient. The anesthesia preoperative assessment is a neuromedical evaluation of the patient's current condition integrated with the anesthesiologist's knowledge of the potential clinical and operative events that may occur. The neurosurgical patient presents the anesthesiologist with significant clinical challenges in providing the most appropriate care and the best outcome possible. The foundation of this challenge begins with the anesthesia preoperative evaluation.
Effects of normobaric oxygen on the progression of focal cerebral ischemia in rats

Normobaric oxygen (NBO) reduces infarction at 24-48 h in experimental models of focal cerebral ischemia. However, to be clinically relevant, longer term safety and efficacy must be explored. Here, we assessed the effects of NBO on glial activation, neurovascular recovery, and behavioral outcomes at 2 weeks after transient focal ischemia in rats. 100 min transient focal ischemia was induced by intraluminal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were randomized into sham, controls or 85'NBO started 15 min after ischemic onset. Infarct volumes and behavioral outcomes were blindly quantified. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effects of NBO on glial activation and neurovascular responses. After 2 weeks of reperfusion the infarct volume was marked reduced in animals subjected to NBO. They also had better outcomes in forelimb placement test and in body-swing test and weight loss reduction. After 14 days, NBO decreased expression of Iba1, a marker of activated microglia, and GFAP, a marker of activated astrocytes. NBO treatment had no detectable effect on angiogenesis. These results suggest that protective effects of NBO may persist for up to 2 weeks post-stroke.
Moral hazard, intervention and internal war: A conceptual analysis

Abstract Intervention may cause as well as calm internal wars. One way it may cause them is captured by the concept of moral hazard, which suggests that domestic groups which would not otherwise resort to political violence may be encouraged to do so by the prospect of outside support. In this piece we unpack and examine the descriptive and causal logic of that concept of moral hazard. First, we explore the links from our concept of moral hazard to more general social science concepts—perverse incentives, negative precedents and unintended consequences. Second, we focus on three key propositions embodied in that concept which explain how intervention may cause internal wars, and indicate empirical patterns which must obtain if the explanations are to be valid. These three are: 1) that the rebels' resort to political violence is induced by incentives created by the intervenor's actions—and not by a change in their underlying motivation; 2) that the result is harmful to the intervenor's goals and interests;...
Complete families and Rayleigh obstacles

Complete families in a given function space are sets of linearly independent functions, a linear combination of which can approximate any other function with arbitrarily high accuracy. Outgoing cylindrical wave functions are one such family, used to represent the scattered wave in exterior boundary value problems for the scalar Helmholtz equation in two spatial dimensions. When the incident wave is plane and the scattered wave is represented by a series of said functions, which converges up to the boundary of the obstacle, the obstacle is said to be in the Rayleigh class. One shall further distinguish between Dirichlet–Rayleigh and Neumann–Rayleigh obstacles, according to the applicable boundary condition. Discs are trivial obstacles of these classes. Ellipses of eccentricity η such that η2<1/2 were shown to be in the Dirichlet–Rayleigh class by Barantsev et al. in 1971, who used the saddle point method to asymptotically estimate the Fourier scattering coefficients. Herewith, another one parameter family of obstacles is constructed by the same method. It is also shown that the same obstacles are in the Neumann–Rayleigh class. The relevance of these results to the numerical treatment of scattering problems is briefly discussed.
The impact of ethnic internal migration patterns on population distribution in Israel: observed and projected.

This paper discusses the distributional and social components of Israeli land settlement policy implementation. A stochastic model is then employed to construct a probabilistic migration model to project the population of 13 settlement types and data is presented to show the effect of internal migration on the distribution patterns of the major ethnic groups across settlement types and on the changing ethnic composition within settlement types. The analysis demon? strates that internal migration, in the absence of other components of growth, has the potential for being a crucial factor in altering the size and ethnic composition of the settlement structure of the country. Implications of projected trends are discussed.
Spiral inductors on silicon—status and trends (invited article)

The status of the integration, the modeling, and the layout of spiral inductors on silicon substrates for rf circuits are reviewed. A summary of the current research activity in this field is presented. The possible inductor implementations are categorized either as conservative, following the silicon main stream, or as innovative approaches. It is concluded that the spiral inductor on silicon is a feasible device and finds extensive use in the design of future silicon-based rf circuits. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 8: 422–432, 1998.
Observation of the density threshold behavior for the onset of stimulated Raman scattering in high-temperature hohlraum plasmas.

We show that the measured stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in a large-scale high-temperature plasma scales strongly with the plasma density, increasing by an order of magnitude when the electron density is increased by 20%. This is consistent with linear theory, including pump depletion, in a uniform plasma and, as the density is typically constrained by other processes, this effect will set a limit on drive laser beam intensity for forthcoming ignition experiments at the National Ignition Facility. Control of SRS at laser intensities consistent with 285 eV ignition hohlraums is achieved by using polarization smoothing which increases the intensity threshold for the onset of SRS by $1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$. These results were quantitatively predicted by full beam three-dimensional numerical laser-plasma interaction simulations.
Transforming Realities—Making the Improbable Possible: Reclamation of Sacredness as a Source of Generative Capacities:

Understanding the nature and source of generative capacities for radical change has been an enduring concern for researchers of organizations and social movements. However, the role of spirituality as a resource in social movements is an undertheorized area. Based on the field study of a successful, long-term social movement in India and drawing on the emerging discourse on spirituality in organizational literature, the author describes how in a community reclamation of the sacred came to be a source of generative capacities for transformation. This article describes a dynamic model of change that begins with recognition of the sacred and positive action that has the potential to spiral to escalating levels of positive change. The article also describes how the sacred in this community is manifested as a socioecological, relational ethic. The author concludes by discussing the implications of this framework for social movements and organizational change theories.
Hallmarks of a new era in mitochondrial biochemistry

Stemming from the pioneering studies of bioenergetics in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, mitochondria have become ingrained in the collective psyche of scientists as the “powerhouses” of the cell. While this remains a worthy moniker, more recent efforts have revealed that these organelles are home to a vast array of metabolic and signaling processes and possess a proteomic landscape that is both highly varied and largely uncharted. As mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly being implicated in a spectrum of human diseases, it is imperative that we construct a more complete framework of these organelles by systematically defining the functions of their component parts. Powerful new approaches in biochemistry and systems biology are helping to fill in the gaps.
High-resolution 2-deoxyglucose mapping of functional cortical columns in mouse barrel cortex

Cortical columns associated with barrels in layer IV of the somatosensory cortex were characterized by high-resolution 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) autoradiography in freely behaving mice. The method demonstrates a more exact match between columnar labeling and cytoarchitectonic barrel boundaries than previously reported. The pattern of cortical activation seen with stimulation of a single whisker (third whisker in the middle row of large hairs--C3) was compared with the patterns from two control conditions--normal animals with all whiskers present ("positive control")--and with all large whiskers clipped ("negative control"). Two types of measurements were made from 2DG autoradiograms of tangential cortical sections: 1) labeled cells were identified by eye and tabulated with a computer, and 2) grain densities were obtained automatically with a computer-controlled microscope and image processor. We studied the fine-grained patterns of 2DG labeling in a nine-barrel grid with the C3 barrel in the center. From the analysis we draw five major conclusions. 1. Approximately 30-40% of the total number of neurons in the C3 barrel column are activated when only the C3 whisker is stimulated. This is about twice the number of neurons labeled in the C3 column when all whiskers are stimulated and about ten times the number of neurons labeled when all large whiskers are clipped. 2. There is evidence for a vertical functional organization within a barrel-related whisker column which has smaller dimensions in the tangential direction than a barrel. There are densely labeled patches within a barrel which are unique to an individual cortex. The same patchy pattern is found in the appropriate regions of sections above and below the barrels through the full thickness of the cortex. This functional arrangement could be considered to be a "minicolumn" or more likely a group of "minicolumns" (Mountcastle: In G.M. Edelman and U.B. Mountcastle (eds): The Material Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group-Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function. Cambridge: MIT Press, '78). 3. Within the stereotyped geometry of the barrel field, there is considerable individual variation in the radial labeling distribution in corresponding (homotypical) columns of different cerebral hemispheres. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that dynamic processes operate to determine the connection strengths between neural elements in somatosensory cortex. It provides a basis for testing various "connectionist" and "group selection" theories of neural organization and development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
404 ZINC-BINDING LIGANDS IN DUODENAL JUICE AND SALIVA FROM NORMAL ADULTS AND ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA PATIENTS

404 ZINC-BINDING LIGANDS IN DUODENAL JUICE AND SALIVA FROM NORMAL ADULTS AND ACRODERMATITIS ENTEROPATHICA PATIENTS
Model observers for assessment of image quality

Image quality can be defined objectively in terms of the performance of some "observer" (either a human or a mathematical model) for some task of practical interest. If the end user of the image will be a human, model observers are used to predict the task performance of the human, as measured by psychophysical studies, and hence to serve as the basis for optimization of image quality. In this paper, we consider the task of detection of a weak signal in a noisy image. The mathematical observers considered include the ideal Bayesian, the nonprewhitening matched filter, a model based on linear-discriminant analysis and referred to as the Hotelling observer, and the Hotelling and Bayesian observers modified to account for the spatial-frequency-selective channels in the human visual system. The theory behind these observer models is briefly reviewed, and several psychophysical studies relating to the choice among them are summarized. Only the Hotelling model with channels is mathematically tractable in all cases considered here and capable of accounting for all of these data. This model requires no adjustment of parameters to fit the data and is relatively insensitive to the details of the channel mechanism. We therefore suggest it as a useful model observer for the purpose of assessing and optimizing image quality with respect to simple detection tasks.