cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hall Effect Magnetometers for High Magnetic Fields and Temperatures between 1.5°K and 300°K

Perhaps the most obvious of all of the applications of the Hall effect has been its use in the measurement of magnetic fields. Since the late forties,1 the technology associated with the Hall effect magnetometer (HEM) has matured2 to the point where off-the-shelf inexpensive instruments are available from many manufacturers. Metrologically speaking, there are very few unsolved problems relating to HEM materials, device fabrication, circuit design, and system characterization—assuming certain performance limits are observed. Thus, we can routinely measure a dc or low frequency ac magnetic field in the range ~1 mT to ~3 T (~10 G to ~30 kG) with a precision3 of 0.5–2%, with spatial resolution of several millimeters, and in an environment maintained at or near room temperature.
Predicting Protein Tertiary Structure using a Global Optimization Algorithm with Smoothing

We present a global optimization algorithm and demonstrate its effectiveness in solving the protein structure prediction problem for a 70 amino-acid helical protein, the A-chain of uteroglobin. This is a larger protein than solved previously by our global optimization method or most other optimization-based protein structure prediction methods. Our approach combines techniques that “smooth” the potential energy surface being minimized with methods that do a global search in selected subspaces of the problem in addition to locally minimizing in the full parameter space. Neural network predictions of secondary structure are used in the formation of initial structures.
Feature extraction using structured light

A feature extraction system is discussed which computes 2-D and 3-D features from multiple object scenes using an image created with structured light and an ordinary intensity image. Computational techniques are given for computing the 3-D coordinates of grid points using triangulation and for computing surface normals from 2-D features. An analysis of error and ambiguity is also given for the triangulation procedures. Constraint propagation is shown to be very successful in reducing the ambiguity due to the line labeling problem. The set of techniques discussed have good potential for forming the basis of a vision system for bin-picking type tasks.
Hepatocyte growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor receptor in the lacrimal gland, tears, and cornea.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and HGF receptor proteins in lacrimal gland, tears, and cornea. Methods The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction method was used to detect HGF and HGF receptor messenger RNA in human lacrimal gland tissue. HGF and HGF (c-met) receptor monoclonal antibody specificity was demonstrated with fluorescent antibody sorting of cells engineered to express HGF or HGF receptor compared with control cell lines, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA), immunoprecipitation, and immunohistology with preabsorption. Immunohistochemistry was applied to study the distribution of HGF and HGF receptor expression in rabbit lacrimal gland tissue and in wounded and unwounded rabbit cornea. An ELISA was used to detect HGF in pooled samples of human tears and individual aliquots of tears collected from patients 1 day after anterior segment surgery. Results Amplification products of the expected size for HGF and HGF receptor mRNAs were detected in lacrimal tissue and were confirmed to be specific by hot blotting and nucleic acid sequencing. Hepatocyte growth factor protein was detected in interalveolar and interlobular connective tissue cells adjacent to glandular alveolar (acinar) cells and associated with the cells lining the interlobular ducts. Hepatocyte growth factor receptor protein was expressed in the glandular alveolar and interlobular ductal cells in the lacrimal gland and all three cell types of the cornea. It was detected in keratocyte and endothelial cells, and expression was increased in keratocytes after epithelial wounding. Hepatocyte growth factor was not present in corneal epithelial cells, but in the unwounded cornea a strong signal was associated with the epithelial cell surface. It was detected by ELISA in pooled normal tears at levels 186 to 290 pg/ml and in individual postoperative tear samples at 453 to 619 pg/ml. In some tear samples, HGF levels were below the sensitivity of the assay (97.5 pg/ml). Conclusions The distribution of HGF receptor protein expression in the lacrimal gland suggests that HGF secreted by interalveolar connective tissue cells traverses the acinar cells and modulates functions in acinar and ductal epithelial cells. Hepatocyte growth factor likely collects within the interlobular ducts and becomes a component in normal tears. Thus, lacrimal gland HGF probably modulates corneal epithelial cell proliferation, motility, and differentiation. Its expression in keratocytes is upregulated after corneal epithelial wounding and probably contributes to the epithelial wound healing process.
Modulation of auxin and cytokinin responses by early steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway

The phenylpropanoid pathway is responsible for the synthesis of numerous compounds important for plant growth and responses to the environment. In the first committed step of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) deaminates L-phenylalanine into trans-cinnamic acid that is then converted into p-coumaric acid by cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H). Recent studies showed that the Kelch repeat F-box (KFB) protein family of ubiquitin ligases control phenylpropanoid biosynthesis by promoting the proteolysis of PAL. However, this ubiquitin ligase family, alternatively named Kiss Me Deadly (KMD), was also implicated in cytokinin signaling as it was shown to promote the degradation of type-B ARRs, including the key response activator ARR1. Considering that ubiquitin ligases typically have narrow target specificity, this dual targeting of structurally and functionally unrelated proteins appeared unusual. Here we show that the KFBs indeed target PAL but not ARR1. Moreover, we show that changes in early phenylpropanoid biosynthesis alter cytokinin sensitivity – as reported earlier - but that the previously documented cytokinin growth response changes are primarily the result of altered auxin signaling. We found that reduced PAL accumulation decreased, whereas the loss of C4H function increased the strength of the auxin response. The combined loss of function of both enzymes led to a decrease in auxin sensitivity, indicating that metabolic events upstream of C4H control auxin sensitivity. This auxin/phenylpropanoid interaction impacts both shoot and root development and revealed an auxin-dependent stimulatory effect of trans-cinnamic acid feeding on leaf expansion and thus biomass accumulation. Collectively, our results show that auxin-regulated plant growth is fine-tuned by early steps in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and suggest that metabolites accumulating upstream of the C4H step impact the auxin response mechanism.
Enzymatically triggered chromogenic cross-linking agents under physiological conditions

The ability to cross-link molecules upon enzymatic action under physiological conditions holds considerable promise for use in diverse life sciences applications. Here, an enzymatically triggered “click reaction” has been developed by exploiting the longstanding indigo-forming reaction from indoxyl β-glucoside. The covalent cross-linking proceeds in aqueous solution, requires the presence only of an oxidant (e.g., O2), and is readily detectable owing to the blue color of the resulting indigoid dye. To achieve facile indigoid formation in the presence of a bioconjugatable tether, diverse indoxyl β-glucosides were synthesized and studied in enzyme assays with four glucosidases including from tritosomes (derived from hepatic lysosomes) and rat liver homogenates. Altogether 36 new compounds (including 15 target indoxyl-glucosides for enzymatic studies) were prepared and fully characterized in pursuit of four essential requirements: enzyme triggering, facile subsequent indigoid dye formation, bioconjugatability, and synthetic accessibility. The 4,6-dibromo motif in a 5-alkoxy-substituted indoxyl-glucoside was a key design feature for fast and high-yielding indigoid dye formation. Two attractive molecular designs include (1) an indoxyl-glucoside linked to a bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyl (BCN) group for Cu-free click chemistry, and (2) a bis(indoxyl-glucoside). In both cases the linker between the reactive moieties is composed of two short PEG groups and a central triazine derivatized with a sulfobetaine moiety for water solubilization. Glucosidase treatment of the bis(indoxyl-glucoside) in aqueous solution gave oligomers that were characterized by absorption, dynamic light-scattering, and 1H NMR spectroscopy; optical microscopy; mass spectrometry; and HPLC. Key attractions of in situ indigoid dye formation, beyond enzymatic triggering under physiological conditions without exogenous catalysts or reagents, are the chromogenic readout and compatibility with attachment to diverse molecules.
Grit for Dance Students: What, Why, and How

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the recent diminishing resilience I have witnessed from students in my dance technique classes when they experience setbacks and challenges in their training, examine...
Improving Lifestyle Behaviors After Breast Cancer Treatment Among African American Women With and Without Diabetes: Role of Health Care Professionals.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of health professionals' advice on promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors (diet and exercise) among breast cancer patients. PURPOSE To identify predictors of receiving lifestyle advice from health professionals and its impact on healthy lifestyle behaviors. METHODS We used data from a randomized controlled trial of an interactive, cancer-communication video program using African American breast cancer survivor stories for newly diagnosed African American breast cancer patients (Stages 0-III). Participants completed five interviews over 2 years. This intervention did not significantly affect changes in quality-of-life outcomes. In secondary analysis, we examined differences in baseline variables between women with and without diabetes. Logistic regression models identified independent predictors of receiving advice from "a doctor or other health professional" to improve diet and exercise and of self-reported change in diet and exercise habits at 2 year follow-up. RESULTS Of 193 patients included (85% of 228 enrolled), 53 (28%) had diabetes. At 2 year follow-up, a greater proportion of women with (vs. without) diabetes reported receiving advice by a doctor/health professional to improve their diet (73% vs. 57%, p = .04,). Predictors of receiving dietary advice were obesity, diabetes, and breast-conserving surgery (each p < .05). Women receiving dietary advice were 2.75 times more likely to report improving their diet (95% confidence interval: 1.17, 6.46) at follow-up, but receiving physical activity advice was not significantly associated with patients reporting an increase in exercise. CONCLUSIONS Although receiving dietary advice predicted dietary improvements, receiving exercise advice did not lead to an increase in physical activity. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial Number NCT00929084.
Consideraciones sobre la percepción desde la perspectiva enactiva

This article reviews the enactive approach to perception, which defends the role of objects, the subject and the environment in the configuration of the phenomenal character of perception, that is, the qualitative dimension of experience. Initially the case of hallucination and its implications in the understanding of the phenomenal character of perception is retaken. Then, two positions within analytic philosophy of perception, representationalism and disjunctivism, are critically explored. Finally, enactivism is presented as a more promising alternative.
4H‐SiC surface morphology after Al ion implantation and annealing with C‐cap

The root mean square (rms) surface roughness extracted from atomic force microscopy is widely employed to complement the characterisation of ion implantation processes in 4H-SiC. It is known that the protection of a carbon film eliminates or mitigates roughening of the SiC surface during postimplantation annealing. This study, based on a rich original data collection of Al+ ion implanted 4H-SiC samples, allows for a quantitative description of the surface morphology as a function of the annealing temperature and time and of the Al implanted concentration. With increasing thermal budget, the evolution from flat, to blurred with ripples, granular, and finally jagged surface, results in a monotonous increase in the root mean square roughness. Additional information is given by the trends of the roughness exponent and of the correlation length, extracted from the height-height correlation function, which account for the surface evolution below 1700°C and for the effect of the Al implanted concentration on the ripple size, respectively. A combination of low roughness parameter and high correlation length identify the transition from ripples to jagged morphology. LAY DESCRIPTION: Selective area doping is a key step in the fabrication of hexagonal Silicon Carbide (4H-SiC) power electronic devices. It is achieved by ion implantation followed by a high temperature postimplantation annealing to restore the lattice and electrically activate the dopants. Aluminium, the preferred p-type dopant, is electrically activated at temperature ranging between 1500°C and 2000°C. The time required to complete the activation process is longer the lower the annealing temperature, spanning between some minutes and hundreds of hours. During annealing, 4H-SiC wafers are encapsulated by a temperature-resistant carbon layer (C-cap) in order to avoid step bunching and reduce surface roughening. Nevertheless, surface modifications can occur at high temperature. For this reason, the characterisations of 4H-SiC doping processes report not only the electrical activation of the dopants, but also the root mean square surface roughness obtained at the end of the process. However, rms values can be scattered because technological parameters such as the heating system and the way to deposit and remove the C-cap can affect the final result as well as the process parameters. Furthermore, the C-cap resistance to long annealing has been proven only by electrical measurements, but the surface morphology has never been observed. This work presents a quantitative characterisation of the surface morphology of Al implanted 4H-SiC as a function of the annealing temperature, time and of the Al implanted concentration, independent of the heating system and of the C-cap technology. The produced sample collection allowed to correlate characteristic surface features with the corresponding quantities extracted from image analysis that can be more sensitive to process parameters than the sole rms. These findings can be used to enrich process optimisation tools.
“I Don’t Think I Have, But I’ve Heard.”: Examining Perceptions of Race Relations in the Los Angeles Police Department Among Male Mexican-American Police Officers:

Male Mexican-American police officers in the LAPD were interviewed about their perception of race relations in the department. The data shows that while officers are aware of the existence of racia...
Genetic Evaluation of Nosocomial Candida auris Transmission.

Whole-genome sequences of Candida auris isolates from nosocomial and non-nosocomial infections were compared. The average number of single nucleotide variations were different between the two groups. The small amount of genetic variability between intra- or inter-host isolates suggests recovering all colonizing or infecting genomes for comparison is required for outbreaks.
Biopluralism, disability, and democratic politics

The rejection of disability as a tragic biological condition is central to affirmative disability politics in the twentieth and twenty-first century Anglo tradition. If disability was primarily tra...
Epigenetic regulator BMI1 promotes alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma proliferation and constitutes a novel therapeutic target.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an aggressive pediatric soft tissue sarcoma. There are two main subtypes of RMS, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. ARMS typically encompasses fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma, which expresses either PAX3-FOXO1 or PAX7-FOXO1 fusion proteins. There are no targeted therapies for ARMS; however, recent studies have begun to illustrate the cooperation between epigenetic proteins and the PAX3-FOXO1 fusion, indicating that epigenetic proteins may serve as targets in ARMS. Here, we investigate the contribution of BMI1, given the established role of this epigenetic regulator in sustaining aggression in cancer. We determined that BMI1 is expressed across ARMS tumors, patient-derived xenografts, and cell lines. We depleted BMI1 using RNAi and inhibitors (PTC-209 and PTC-028) and found that this leads to a decrease in cell growth/increase in apoptosis in vitro, and delays tumor growth in vivo. Our data suggest that BMI1 inhibition activates the Hippo pathway via phosphorylation of LATS1/2 and subsequent reduction in YAP levels and YAP/TAZ target genes. These results identify BMI1 as a potential therapeutic vulnerability in ARMS and warrant further investigation of BMI1 in ARMS and other sarcomas.
Dental Pathology of the Domestic Pig ( Sus Scrofa Domesticus)

Antemortem domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) dental pathology literature is sparse. This observational descriptive study evaluated 23 client-owned pigs that while sedated/anesthetized for routine annual care had intraoral dental radiographs and an oral examination performed. Age, gender, weight, and breed for each pig were recorded. Oral examination and radiographic findings were reviewed to create a comprehensive list of dental abnormalities identified. Descriptive statistics were performed to summarize the data. The study population included 14 castrated males and 20 Vietnamese pot-bellied mini-pigs. The median age was 3 years (range 2-12 years), and the median weight was 39 kg (range 11-140 kg). The most common finding was missing teeth (21/23 pigs); the first premolar tooth was the most likely to be absent (64/106 missing teeth). Periodontal disease was common (20/23 pigs). Advanced stages primarily affected the first molar teeth frequently in the form of a mucogingival defect. Supernumerary roots were discovered on the maxillary canine teeth in female pigs only (10/25 teeth with supernumerary roots). The most common persistent deciduous tooth was the maxillary second incisor (15/19 persistent deciduous teeth). Non-age or gender related open apices were most likely associated with mandibular first and second incisor teeth (26/96 teeth with open apices). Tooth resorption was also identified (7/23 pigs). The study findings prove that pet pigs commonly have dental pathology; therefore, thorough oral examinations with intraoral radiographs should be included in porcine routine health care regimens.
Identifying dementia in Down syndrome with the Severe Impairment Battery, Brief Praxis Test and Dementia Scale for People with Learning Disabilities.

BACKGROUND Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk for dementia, specifically Alzheimer's disease. However, many measures regularly used for the detection of dementia in the general population are not suitable for individuals with DS due in part to floor effects. Some measures, including the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB), Brief Praxis Test (BPT) and Dementia Scale for People with Learning Disabilities (DLD), have been used in clinical trials and other research with this population. Validity research is limited, particularly regarding the use of such tools for detection of prodromal dementia in the DS population. The current project presents baseline cross-sectional SIB, BPT and DLD performance in order to characterise their predictive utility in discriminating normal cognition, possible dementia and probable dementia in adult DS. METHOD Baseline SIB, BPT and DLD performances from 100 individuals (no dementia = 68, possible dementia = 16 & probable dementia = 16) were examined from a longitudinal cohort of aging individuals with DS. Receiver operating characteristic curves investigated the accuracy of these measures in relation to consensus dementia diagnoses, diagnoses which demonstrated high percent agreement with the examining neurologist's independent diagnostic impression. RESULTS The SIB and BPT exhibited fair discrimination ability for differentiating no/possible versus probable dementia [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.61 and 0.66, respectively]. The DLD exhibited good discrimination ability for differentiating no versus possible/probable dementia (AUC = 0.75) and further demonstrated better performance of the DLD Cognitive subscale compared with the DLD Social subscale (AUC = 0.77 and 0.67, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the SIB, BPT and DLD are able to reasonably discriminate consensus dementia diagnoses in individuals with DS, supporting their continued use in the clinical assessment of dementia in DS. The general performance of these measures suggests that further work in the area of test development is needed to improve on the AUCs for dementia status discrimination in this unique population. At present, however, the current findings suggest that the DLD may be the best option for reliable identification of prodromal dementia in this population, reinforcing the importance of including informant behaviour ratings in assessment of cognition for adults with DS.
Computer Hacking: Making the Case for a National Reporting Requirement

The incidences of computer hacking have increased dramatically over the years. Indeed, the current federal laws, including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, have done very little to deter potential computer hackers. This article finds that only a small percentage of computer hackers are ever caught and prosecuted. The biggest problem is that most victimized companies regrettably choose to hide the problem from the public due in part to negative publicity concerns. As a result, this article proposes that a mandatory reporting requirement imposed by Congress, which forces companies to disclose intrusions, will be salient to the problem of computer hacking in several regards. First, individuals who are affected by the intrusions will receive advance warning that their personal information was stolen by hackers. This will allow these affected individuals to take precautions in securing their identities. Secondly, the mandatory reportings will assist law enforcement in investigating and prosecuting a greater percentage of computer hackers. As more prosecutions of computer hackers are publicized, this should reduce the future incidences of computer hackings. Moreover, on July 1, 2003, California became the first state to enact a reporting requirement for computer hackings. This could provoke other states to pass similar reporting requirements. Because computer hacking is a national (and international) problem, Congress needs to consider enacting a reporting requirement before an untenable piecemeal state-by-state solution occurs.
Characterization of the protein-protein interactions determining the heat shock protein (hsp90.hsp70.hsp56) heterocomplex.

We have reported previously that the three heat shock proteins hsp56, hsp70, and hsp90 exist together in a heterocomplex in human lymphocyte cytosol (Sanchez, E. R., Faber, L. E., Henzel, W. J., and Pratt, W. B. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 5145-5152). All three of these proteins also exist in the native glucocorticoid receptor heterocomplex isolated from WCL2 cell cytosol and we have recently shown that the three heat shock proteins are present when immunopurified mouse glucocorticoid receptor is reconstituted into a heterocomplex by rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Hutchison, K. A., Scherrer, L. C., Czar, M. J., Ning, Y., Sanchez, E. R., Leach, K. L., Deibel, M. R., Jr., and Pratt, W. B. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 3953-3957). In this work, we show that highly purified mouse hsp90 binds in a reversible equilibrium to immunopurified rabbit hsp56, but hsp56 does not bind to purified mouse hsp70. In contrast to the equilibrium binding of hsp90 to hsp56, purified hsp90 binds poorly or not at all to purified hsp70 unless a third factor from reticulocyte lysate is present to permit complex formation. This hsp70.hsp90 complex-forming factor is heat-labile, and in the presence of this factor and ATP, a heat shock protein heterocomplex can be reconstituted from purified mouse hsp90 and hsp70 and rabbit hsp56 that is present in the factor preparation. Our data are consistent with a model in which hsp56 and hsp70 bind to different sites on hsp90 but do not interact with each other. The presence of hsp56 in the heat shock protein heterocomplex is not stabilized by molybdate but hsp56 is stabilized if the glucocorticoid receptor is present in addition to hsp90 and hsp70.
PREDICTORS OF TREATMENT OUTCOMES AMONG DEPRESSED WOMEN WITH CHILDHOOD SEXUAL ABUSE HISTORIES

BACKGROUND: A notable portion (21%) of female patients receiving treatment for depression in community mental health centers (CMHC) has childhood sexual abuse (CSA) histories. Treatment outcomes in this population are heterogeneous; identifying factors associated with differential outcomes could inform treatment development. This exploratory study begins to address the gap in what is known about predictors of treatment outcomes among depressed women with sexual abuse histories. METHOD: Seventy women with major depressive disorder and CSA histories in a CMHC were randomly assigned to interpersonal psychotherapy (n = 37) or usual care (n = 33). Using generalized estimating equations, we examined four pretreatment predictor domains (i.e. sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, social and physical functioning, and trauma features) potentially related to depression treatment outcomes. RESULTS: Among sociodemographic characteristics, Black race/ethnicity, public assistance income, and unemployment were associated with less depressive symptom reduction over the course of treatment. Two clinical features, chronic depression and borderline personality disorder, were also related to less reduction in depressive symptoms across the treatment period. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrate the clinical relevance of attending to predictors of depressed women with CSA histories being treated in public sector mental health centers. Particular sociodemographic characteristics and clinical features among these women may be significant indicators of risk for relatively poorer treatment outcomes. Language: en
Lack of evidence for MHC-unrestricted (atypical) recognition of mucin by mucinous pancreatic tumour-reactive T-cells.

Cytotoxic T-cells generated against heterologous, mucinous pancreatic tumour cells were shown to recognize mucin in a major histocombatibility complex (MHC)-unrestricted fashion. In contrast, the present study demonstrates a typical allogeneic response of heterologous cytotoxic T-cells established against mucin-expressing pancreatic tumour cells. Heterologous cytotoxic T cells lysed targets that were used as stimulators and other targets that shared human leucocyte antigen (HLA) with the stimulator. These cytotoxic T-cells lysed mucin-expressing stimulator cells but not autologous tumour cells in spite of expressing mucin on their surface. Likewise, tumour-infiltrating CD4+T-cells proliferated against its own tumour cell target, while such T-cells did not respond to heterologous, mucin-expressing pancreatic tumour cells. Culturing heterologous tumour-specific cytotoxic T-cells with purified pancreatic tumour cell-mucin rendered them unresponsive to their target cells. Furthermore, purified mucin did not produce a mucin-specific response in mucinous pancreatic tumour patients' primary T-cells even in the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Our study finds no evidence for MHC-unrestricted recognition of mucin by pancreatic cancer patients' T-cells. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaign
New windows into the brain: technological advances in frontline neurologic diagnosis via the visual and oculomotor systems

The 67th American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, USA, 18–25 April 2015 The 67th American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Annual Meeting took place in Washington, DC, in April 2015. The first day of the meeting featured an Integrated Neuroscience Session focusing on ‘Technological frontline visual and oculomotor diagnostic advances in neurologic diagnosis’. The session moderators organized presentations into two categories: visual afferent topics and vestibular/eye movement topics. In this article, we highlight the most important aspects of the research presented.
Long-term Population Trends in White-Footed Mice and the Impact of Supplemental Food and Shelter

Central to most models of population regulation is the idea that the degree of intraspecific competition is in some way proportional to the availability of limiting resources. Although laboratory research has demonstrated a number of proximate mechanisms by which behavior might affect population growth, little is known about the resources that are actually limiting population density in the field or about how animals might compete for them. Long-term field studies reveal that the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus , exhibits two types of pronounced changes in density: intra-annual (seasonal) and inter-annual. The former seem to be due ultimately to climate and the lack of winter breeding, but populations often decline sharply in late summer in the midst of plentiful food; fall recruitment of new animals is density-dependent and usually poor. Differences in peak densities from one year to the next as high as 13-fold have been recorded. Weather, shelter, and food are possible ultimate limiting resources. Food has received themost attention, but supplemental feeding experiments have yielded mixed results. A review of the social behavior of this polygnous species suggests that each sex is limited by different combinations of factors. Females may defend a food source and nest sites; males may search actively for females at low adult densities, covering large areas, and defend access to females at high adult densities. Additional long-term field studies are needed, both to provide direction to laboratory research on proximate mechanisms and to provide the data base for understanding the role of weather, food, and shelter as ultimate limiting factors. Enough short-term studies have been published to permit comparisons across habitats and through time which will give a better perspective on climate and habitat variables. Field experiments are necessary to demonstrate the operation of proximate behavioral, physiological, and genetic mechanisms of population regulation in natural populations.
Attack Rate in Food Poisoning: Order in Chaos

The frequency distributions of the numbers of patients and eaters were near lognormal for almost all food poisonings. The medians and ranges remained almost unchanged over time, although the annual number of incidents varied. However, the numbers of patients and eaters were not correlated for many of the food poisonings. A regular pattern relating the numbers of patients and eaters emerged for food poisonings exhibited strong seasonal incidence. For example, food poisonings caused by norovirus or Campylobacter spp. exhibited a comb teeth-like pattern in the plot comparing the ranking numbers of patients and that of eaters, and fingerprint-like pattern in the plots comparing the attack rate and number of patients or eaters. Meanwhile, food poisonings with low incidence and without seasonality, such as those caused by Clostridium perfringens, exhibited amorphous patterns in both plots. Further analysis indicated the occurrence of these patterns was determined by the combination of pathogens and services, and not by either factor alone. Thus, the emergence of a regular pattern may be associated with "complexity" nature of food poisoning.
Intact Soil Core Total, Inorganic, and Organic Carbon Measurement Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging elemental analysis technology with the potential to provide rapid, accurate, and precise analysis of soil constituents. We evaluated the accuracy of LIBS in measuring soil profile C for field-moist, intact soil cores by interrogating 78 intact soil cores from three Montana agricultural fields. Samples from each core were analyzed in the laboratory for total C (TC), inorganic C (IC), and soil organic C (SOC). Partial least squares 2 (PLS2) regression calibration models were derived using 58 cores (227 samples) and independently validated at the field scale with the remaining 20 cores (79 samples). We obtained the best LIBS validation predictions for IC (r 2 = 0.66, standard error of prediction [SEP] = 5.3 g kg ―1 , ratio product differential [RPD] = 1.7) followed by TC (r 2 = 0.63, SEP = 6.0 g kg ―1 , RPD = 1.6) and SOC (r 2 = 0.22, SEP = 3.2 g kg ―1 , RPD = 1.1). Although the SEP for SOC was less than for TC and IC, low SOC variance limited our ability to evaluate LIBS SOC prediction capabilities. Regression coefficients from LIBS PLS2 models suggested a reliance on stoichiometric relationships between C and other elements related to total and inorganic C in the soil matrix (e.g., Ca, Mg, and Si) to discriminate TC from IC. Results indicate that LIBS spectral data collected on intact soil cores can be calibrated to accurately estimate and differentiate between soil total and inorganic C concentrations at the field scale.
Failure Prevention Through the Cataloging of Successful Risk Mitigation Strategies

The objective of this paper is to introduce the method to add mitigation strategy data to the generated risk event effect neutralization (GREEN) method knowledgebase to improve its ability to effectively mitigate risks. Risk mitigation is the creation and selection of mitigation strategies to reduce, measure, or control risks in a system. Currently, a vast majority of risk mitigation strategies are created based on the engineering expertise of the engineers on a project. The GREEN method provides a means for engineers to supplement their experience by generating risk mitigation strategies based on past successful risk mitigation strategies using the failure modes of the potential risks that the product faces. In order to better aid the engineer in selecting the best possible risk mitigation strategy for a particular risk, more information on mitigation strategies needs to be cataloged in the GREEN knowledgebase. This paper outlines and demonstrates the method for adding new data on mitigation strategies to the knowledgebase, and presents a case study of how this information is added and used to mitigate product risks.
Systemic Inflammation and Reduced Pulmonary Function in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury

Objective To evaluate the relationship between systemic inflammation and pulmonary function in persons with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants Fifty-nine men with chronic SCI participating in a prior epidemiologic study. Methods Standardized assessment of pulmonary function and measurement of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Main Outcome Measurements Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Results Persons with the highest values of IL-6 had the lowest %-predicted FEV 1 and FVC. There was a significant inverse linear trend between quartile of IL-6 and %-predicted FEV 1 ( P P P = .010-.039). Although not as strong as for IL-6, there also were similar trends for %-predicted FEV 1 and FVC with CRP. Conclusions In chronic SCI, higher levels of IL-6 and CRP were associated with a lower FEV 1 and FVC, independent of level and completeness of injury. These results suggest that the reduction of pulmonary function after SCI is related not only to neuromuscular impairment but also to factors that promote systemic inflammation.
Mining copper transport genes.

Copper is not only a ubiquitous metal in our modern, technological environment, it is also essential for the function of most living organisms. Just as it allows for the movement of electrons through wires, it helps catalyze the movement of electrons within biological molecules. Making up only 0.01% of the Earth's crust, it is relatively scarce in the environment and must be actively scavenged. Until recently, little was known about how trace amounts of dietary copper are assimilated by intestinal absorptive cells to enter the body. In this issue of PNAS, three groups report genetic studies that may give insight into this process. Kuo et al. (1) and Lee et al. (2) report targeted gene disruption of a putative copper uptake molecule, Ctr1. In an accompanying report, Hamza and colleagues (3) report disruption of the gene encoding a copper chaperone, which escorts copper to sites of use and export within the cell.
INEX simulations of experimentally measured accelerator performance at the Los Alamos HIBAF facility

We present results of Integrated Numerical Experiment (INEX) simulations of the accelerator performance at the High Brightness Accelerator Free Electron Laser (HIBAF) facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. This 40 MeV machine was the first high-peak-current (Ip > 300 A), low-emittance (ϵnorm,90% < 40ππ mrad) accelerator designed with end-to-end code modeling, and close agreement between simulation and experimental measurements is needed to develop confidence in this procedure. In particular, accelerator parameters will be varied, and scalings of observable quantities will be compared. Comparisons will be made at the intermediate energy of 17 MeV. High-order rf modes and cavity asymmetries, as well as other detailed accelerator physics, will be included in the modeling. Beam behavior, such as emittance, energy spread, transverse distribution, and transport will be analyzed.
Extracting Analyzing and Visualizing Triangle K-Core Motifs within Networks

Cliques are topological structures that usually provide important information for understanding the structure of a graph or network. However, detecting and extracting cliques efficiently is known to be very hard. In this paper, we define and introduce the notion of a Triangle K-Core, a simpler topological structure and one that is more tractable and can moreover be used as a proxy for extracting clique-like structure from large graphs. Based on this definition we first develop a localized algorithm for extracting Triangle K-Cores from large graphs. Subsequently we extend the simple algorithm to accommodate dynamic graphs (where edges can be dynamically added and deleted). Finally, we extend the basic definition to support various template pattern cliques with applications to network visualization and event detection on graphs and networks. Our empirical results reveal the efficiency and efficacy of the proposed methods on many real world datasets.
Numerical simulations of two-fluid turbulent mixing at large density ratios and applications to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability

A tentative review is presented of various approaches for numerical simulations of two-fluid gaseous mixtures at high density ratios, as they have been applied to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI). Systems exhibiting such RTI behaviour extend from atomistic sizes to scales where the continuum approximation becomes valid. Each level of description can fit into a hierarchy of theoretical models and the governing equations appropriate for each model, with their assumptions, are presented. In particular, because the compressible to incompressible limit of the Navier-Stokes equations is not unique and understanding compressibility effects in the RTI critically depends on having the appropriate basis for comparison, two relevant incompressible limits are presented. One of these limits has not been considered before. Recent results from RTI simulations, spanning the levels of description presented, are reviewed in connection to the material mixing problem. Owing to the computational limitations, most in-depth RTI results have been obtained for the incompressible case. Two such results, concerning the asymmetry of the mixing and small-scale anisotropy anomaly, as well as the possibility of a mixing transition in the RTI, are surveyed. New lines for further investigation are suggested and it is hoped that bringing together such diverse levels of description may provide new ideas and increased motivation for studying such flows.
Reaction Kinetics of the Catalytic Esterification of Citric Acid with Ethanol

Reaction kinetics are presented for the reversible esterification reaction of citric acid with ethanol to form tri-ethyl citrate via mono-ethyl and di-ethyl citrates. The reaction was studied in batch isothermal experiments, self-catalyzed homogeneously by citric acid and the formed mono- and di-ethyl citrates, and heterogeneously catalyzed by macroporous Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin catalyst. Experimental data were obtained between 78 and 120 °C at different mole ratios of ethanol to citric acid and catalyst concentrations up to 5 wt % ion-exchange resin. The kinetics of ethanol etherification to form di-ethyl ether were included in the investigation. Kinetic modeling was performed using a pseudo-homogeneous UNIQUAC-based activity model, taking into consideration the rate of self-catalyzed esterification and the side reaction to form diethyl ether. The activity coefficients for the tri-ethyl citrate−ethanol and tri-ethyl citrate−water binary pairs were obtained from experimental vapor−liquid equilibri...
An application of synthetic seismicity in earthquake statistics - The Middle America Trench

The way in which seismicity calculations which are based on the concept of fault segmentation incorporate the physics of faulting through static dislocation theory can improve earthquake recurrence statistics and hone the probabilities of hazard is shown. For the Middle America Trench, the spread parameters of the best-fitting lognormal or Weibull distributions (about 0.75) are much larger than the 0.21 intrinsic spread proposed in the Nishenko Buland (1987) hypothesis. Stress interaction between fault segments disrupts time or slip predictability and causes earthquake recurrence to be far more aperiodic than has been suggested.
Social problems among Cherokee females: a study of cultural ambivalence and role identity.

Social problems among female Cherokees pose perplexing questions concerning both the extent of aboriginal behavioral survival and the nature of accommodative adaptation to the larger white culture. These questions aside, the fact that certain comtemporary behavioral patterns among the Qualla Cherokees are problematic is a reality to both the tribe and to the larger white society. The nature of these problems increasingly involves deviant, defined, overt aggressive behavior, a trend indicative Of anomie resulting from both tribal and white cultural normlessness. A plausible perspective applicable to this phenomenon is the cultural ambivalence framework. Here the dilemma of limited accommodation is viewed as a consequence of the Cherokees' loss of their traditional heritage, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, of their inaccessibility to the substitute white culture. This, in turn, leads to cultural and social normlessness and confused role identities. While the Eastern Cherokee are by no means the only Indian group to suffer from cultural marginality, they offer a unique cultural environment for a study of this prevalent social problem. The Eastern Band (Qualla Cherokees) were part of the once proud "Cherokee Nation," which not only represented the highest level of cultural adaptation of any Native American group, but also equaled the cultural lifestyle of the dominant white culture. In addition, they are the only Cherokees presently occupying land which once belonged to their traditional "Nation." Today, they still remain unique, representing the largest organized tribe of American Indians east of the Mississippi River and, more interestingly, being the most-visited American Indian group in the country (about 8,000,000 tourists each season). Thus, their distinctive past coupled with their unique present situation provides an ideal social environment for an inquiry into the relationship between social (structural) and cultural (value) factors and emerging social problems among Native Americans. The cultural ambivalence perspective assumes that certain factors are instrumental in the
Emplacement temperatures of the November 22, 1994 nuée ardente deposits, Merapi Volcano, Java

Abstract A study of emplacement temperatures was carried out for the largest of the 22 November 1994 nuee ardente deposits at Merapi Volcano, based mainly on the response of plastic and woody materials subjected to the hot pyroclastic current and the deposits, and to some extent on eyewitness observations. The study emphasizes the Turgo–Kaliurang area in the distal part of the area affected by the nuee ardente, where nearly 100 casualties occurred. The term nuee ardente as used here includes channeled block-and-ash flows, and associated ash-clouds of surge and fallout origins. The emplacement temperature of the 8 m thick channeled block-and-ash deposit was relatively high, ∼550°C, based mainly on eyewitness reports of visual thermal radiance. Emplacement temperatures for ash-cloud deposits a few cm thick were deduced from polymer objects collected at Turgo and Kaliurang. Most polymers do not display a sharp melting range, but polyethylene terephthalate used in water bottles melts between 245 and 265°C, and parts of the bottles that had been deformed during fabrication molding turn a milky color at 200°C. The experimental evidence suggests that deposits in the Turgo area briefly achieved a maximum temperature near 300°C, whereas those near Kaliurang were
SU-E-T-545: Dose Comparison between Intravenous Contrast-Enhanced CT and Non Contrast CT in Treatment Planning.

Purpose: With increasing concern for patient dose from CT scan, we are trying to reduce CT scan and use intravenous contrast‐enhanced CT (contrast CT) in treatment planning. This study is to investigate dose calculation accuracy using contrast CT in treatment planning for lung, esophagus and pancreas cancer.Methods: We analyzed treatment plans for 8 patients for whom CT simulation was performed both with and without intravenous contrast agent (CA) (non‐contrast CT). IMRT/3D plans were generated with inhomogeneity correction on the non‐contrast CT scan. Contrast CTs were fused to the non‐contrast studies and all contours and plans were copied to the contrast CT scans. For each patient, we analyzed dose‐volume histograms (DVH) for planning volumes (PTV) and the organs‐at‐risk (OAR), comparing the doses generated on non‐contrast CT scans with those generated on contrast CT scans.Results: Maximum doses ratio Dmax(contrast)/Dmax (non‐contrast) in PTVs was 1.0009±0.0013. The ratio of D05 (contrast)/D05 (non‐contrast) was 0.996±0.005. The ratio of mean PTV dose Dmean(contrast)/Dmean(non‐contrast) was 0.990±0.005%. The ratio of minimum dose Dmin(contrast)/Dmin(non‐contrast) and D95(contrast)/D95(non‐contrast) were 0.970±0.030 and 0.984±0.009, respectively. Contrast CT raised cord dose slightly. The ratio of cord Dmax was 1.005±0.026. However there were two cases the ratio of cord Dmax were 1.035. Conclusions: The PTV D95 is usually normalized to prescription dose and the D95 differences between contrast and regular CT were within 2%. In most cases, the contrast CT could be used to treatment planning clinically. However more attention should be paid to maximum cord dose if it is already close to criteria limit.