cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Organizational Approaches to Electronic Resource Acquisition: Decision-Making Models in Libraries

Abstract Electronic resource acquisition can be a complex process. Materials budgets, acquisition decision making, and workflow coordination all have important rol to play in the process. How libraries choose to address these areas, and what impact funding and staffing may have, are described through an exploration and discussion of qualitative and quantitative data compiled from interviews with 24 academic libraries. The study demonstrates that libraries are experimenting with different organizational approaches to electronic resource acquisition decision making.
Antimicrobial Resistance—Could Less Really Be More?

In the United States, antibiotic resistance was responsible for over 2000 000 infections and more than 20000 deaths in 2013. In an effort to address this growing threat, the White House issued the National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in March 2015. The plan includes several goals, the first of which is to slow the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Similarly, in May 2015, the WHO released its Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance , calling for optimization of the use of antimicrobial agents. Innovative approaches to successfully stem the tide of antimicrobial resistance are urgently needed. A recent feature in Science …
Deep Multi-modal Vehicle Detection in Aerial ISR Imagery

Since the introduction of deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), object detection in imagery has witnessed substantial breakthroughs in state-of-the-art performance. The defense community utilizes overhead image sensors that acquire large field-of-view aerial imagery in various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is then exploited for various applications, including the detection and localization of man-made objects. In this work, we utilize a recent state-of-the art object detection algorithm, faster R-CNN, to train a deep CNN for vehicle detection in multimodal imagery. We utilize the vehicle detection in aerial imagery (VEDAI) dataset, which contains overhead imagery that is representative of an ISR setting. Our contribution includes modification of key parameters in the faster R-CNN algorithm for this setting where the objects of interest are spatially small, occupying less than 1:5×10-3 of the total image pixels. Our experiments show that (1) an appropriately trained deep CNN leads to average precision rates above 93% on vehicle detection, and (2) transfer learning between imagery modalities is possible, yielding average precision rates above 90% in the absence of fine-tuning.
A Social Movement Identity Instrument for Integrating Survey Methods Into Social Movements Research

Given increasing scholarly recognition of the need to better understand the factors that influence identification with or participation in social movements, we build upon recent work that integrate...
High-density holographic memory and its applications to optical pattern recognition

To date, optical correlator has been extensively developed and applied for pattern recognition.
A Ground Truth Dataset for Matching Culturally Diverse Romanized Person Names

This paper describes the development of a ground truth dataset of culturally diverse Romanized names in which approximately 70,000 names are matched against a subset of 700. We ran the subset as queries against the complete list using several matchers, created adjudication pools, adjudicated the results, and compiled two versions of ground truth based on different sets of adjudication guidelines and methods for resolving adjudicator conflicts. The name list, drawn from publicly available sources, was manually seeded with over 1500 name variants. These names include transliteration variation, database fielding errors, segmentation differences, incomplete names, titles, initials, abbreviations, nicknames, typos, OCR errors, and truncated data. These diverse types of matches, along with the coincidental name similarities already in the list, make possible a comprehensive evaluation of name matching systems. We have used the dataset to evaluate several open source and commercial algorithms and provide some of those results.
SUBGROUPS AND REPRESENTATIONS

The most important theorem that connects induced and subduced representations, is the Frobenius reciprocity theorem. If the factor systems of a group are classified according to p -equivalence, it can be shown that there is a finite number of such classes. Any two of these classes can be multiplied to give a third class by multiplying one factor system from the first with one from the second and defining the third class to be the class containing the product of the two factor systems. It can then be shown that with this kind of multiplication the classes of factor systems form a finite abelian group. This group is called the multiplicator of the original group. The spin representations of the 3-dimensional rotation group can be considered as projective representations.
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Substance Use in Emerging Adulthood Moderated by Parent-Child Relationships in Adolescence

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) emerging adults face additional stressors due to discrimination. Emerging adults (n = 667) drawn from Waves I and III of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolesce...
Gender and Social Control in Early 20th-Century Pennsylvania: The Role of the State Industrial Home for Women at Muncy in Reforming Fallen Women

The State Industrial Home for Women at Muncy in Pennsylvania opened in 1920 just as the reformatory movement began to wane and quickly became the sole correctional institution for women in the state, besides county jails. Despite the broader population that Muncy housed, traditional reformatory ideals were still supported and enforced. Yet the practices and programming of the institution also exemplified the changing economic and social role of women in society. Using recently uncovered primary sources from the institution, this article places Muncy within the broader context of the reformatory movement and argues that its dual emphasis played a significant role in its respect and longevity as an institution.
Sustaining Continuous Improvement through Professional Learning Communities in a Secondary School

This study sought to discover how one high school principal sustains a context for continued improvement through PLCs using case study methodology. Schools comprised of PLCs allow educators to grap...
Mobile Technology: A Tool to Increase Global Competency Among Higher Education Students

The advancement of mobile communication technology has contributed to an increasingly interconnected world; however, these devices are not being used as effectively as they could be to improve global challenges. One challenging issue is the lack of preparation college graduates receive to positively contribute to the needs of an interdependent global society. Organizations such as UNESCO, NAFSA, and the OECD have recently declared the critical need for the rising generation to strengthen their global competence, the capacity to examine societal issues and work alongside those of various backgrounds to make a change. School instructors are crucial to preparing students to thrive in multicultural societies and address present day issues. With a staggeringly high rate of cellular device ownership among college students, mobile devices could be optimally positioned as a multi-functional tool ready to assist students in gaining these skills. This paper proposes that, while mobile devices may have contributed to a growing need for globally competent individuals, they can also be used to expand these capacities within university students. The PISA global competency framework developed by the OECD is used to propose how instructors can use mobile technology and research grounded practices to strengthen global competence in students.
Strategies of community engagement in research: Definitions and classifications

Engagement activities are defined along a continuum that analyzes and represents nonacademic stakeholder activities and interactions with academic researchers. Proposed continua begin with none to limited stakeholder inclusion and input into research and continue with descriptions of increasing presence, input, and participation in decision-making. Despite some agreement in the literature, development of consistent terminology and definitions has been recommended to promote the common understanding of strategies in engaged research. This paper sought to develop and understand classifications and definitions of community-engaged research that can serve as the foundation of a measure of engaged research that permits comparisons among engagement strategies and the outcomes that they produce in health- and healthcare-related research studies. Data on academic and stakeholder perceptions and understandings of classifications and definitions were obtained using Delphi process (N = 19) via online and face-to-face survey and cognitive response interviews (N = 16). Participants suggested the need for more nuanced understanding of engagement along portions of the continuum, with active involvement and decision-making as engagement progressed. Cognitive interview responses suggested that outreach and education is a more advanced level of engagement than previously discussed in the literature and viewed consultation negatively because it required work without guaranteeing community benefit. It is possible to define a continuum of patient- and community-engaged research that is understood and accepted by both academic researchers and community members. However, future research should revisit the understanding and depiction of the strategies that are to be used in measure development.
Correlation Analysis Between Low-Frequency Shock Oscillation and Liutex in SBLI

The overarching objective of the study is to investigate what the driven source of flow frequency unsteadiness of Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction (SBLI) is as it is still unknown after several decades of intensive research. The tool is to use high order Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with a large grid system to study the correlation between SBLI low frequencies and vortices motion. Newly developed third-generation vortex definition/visualization method—Liutex was adopted in this study to investigate the motion of complex vortex structure in the supersonic boundary layer separation and the correlation between low-frequency shock oscillation and Liutex. From the power spectrum analysis, it clearly shows that the pressure fluctuation is closely related to Liutex. The low frequencies of pressure fluctuation (low-frequency noise) are highly consistent with Liutex frequencies.
Operators and Operator Algebras

Almost all the material discussed in this chapter will be needed later but a reader who is somewhat familiar with it already might prefer to use it only for reference during the detailed study of some of the later chapters. The topics of this chapter are both important and interesting. The following elementary and concise summary of this part of linear functional analysis can be read without familiarity with the contents of Chapter I. A casual acquaintence with Section I.4. will suffice.
Fluorescent Labeling of the Carbohydrate Backbone of Peptidoglycan to Track Degradation In Vivo

Microbe associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are detected via Toll- and Nod-like receptors. Upon their activation, inflammatory molecules are produced in cells. One specific example of a MAMP is muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a small fragment of the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Synthetic MDP has been shown to elicit an immune response by activating nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (Nod2). However it is still unclear how MDP, with its unusual stereochemistry, is released from the peptidoglycan. Furthermore, it is unknown if there are other peptidoglycan fragments that can activate the innate immune system. The main objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of using peptidoglycan O-acetyltransferase B (PatB) to fluorescently label the peptidoglycan to track the generation of these immunostimulatory fragments. PatB acetylates the sixth hydroxyl position of N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), one of the two alternating sugar units of the peptidoglycan backbone, to blo...
Quantum mechanical description of electrode reactions

Abstract The Iteraltive Extended Huckel Molecular Orbital method has been adapted to calculation of the properties of an electrode and compact layer. Predictions of the stablest orientations, on the Pt(111) surface of species such as H 2 O, Pt, OH − , H, and the halides, F − , Cl − , Br − and I − , based upon calculation of the total energy corresponding to various internuclear distances, are reported. The calculations correctly predict self-adsorption of Pt on the Pt(111) surface at the face-centered cubic closest-packing position. The H 2 O molecule is predicted to locate itself above three adjoining Pt atoms, with the O atom closest to the surface and the H atoms opposite the O. Similar results were obtained for OH − and the halides. Atomic H, however, is predicted to drop into the plane of centers of the Pt surface atoms, where it would lie between, three adjacent Pt atoms. Application of the method to electrode studies requires only modest amounts of computer time but produces surprisingly reliable qualitative predictions. Compulation of electrochemical quantities such as charge, differential capacitance, surface tension and potential energy as a function of electrode potential will be described in future work.
Characterization of Pyridoxine Auxotrophs of Escherichia coli: Serine and PdxF Mutants

At least six phenotypically distinct classes of mutants of Escherichia coli which require serine or pyridoxine or both can be isolated. Three of the six classes lack 3-phosphoserine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase. One of these classes contains WG5, a mutant previously characterized as containing the pdxF5 allele. The aminotransferase isolated from this mutant has been compared to that isolated from wild-type E. coli and found to have apparently normal affinity for pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, but reduced affinity for pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate.
Regional Profit Rates of National Banks and the Development of the U.S. Financial Market, 1870-1914

Lance Davis, Richard Sylla, and John James have argued that competitive forces in U.S. banking changed in the period after 1885 and this influenced loan rates charged to bank customers. Davis's original research and others that followed largely depended on interest rates as indicators of the integration of banking markets. But as Larry Neal has argued, measuring capital market integration based on interest rates on loans is complicated by factors such as local regulations, risk and duration of loans, and monopoly rents. To investigate the Davis-Sylla-James (DSJ) hypothesis, I therefore examine regional profit rates of national banks, which are more relevant to the industrial dynamics of banking. I apply both time-series and regression techniques, and find support for the DSJ hypothesis: regional profit rate differentials were large in the 1870-1884 period, but fell substantially after 1884. I also examine the relation between profit premia and financial risk and find that differences in financial risk can completely explain away profit premia for the 1885-1899 period but not for the 1870-1884 and 1900-1915 periods. This is somewhat consistent with the DSJ hypothesis, which implies that extraordinary profits existed in the 1870-1884 period but disappeared afterwards. Why a risk premium reappeared in the 1900-1914 period, however, is a puzzle. I argue that it may have been due to easing of entry barriers for national banks in 1900 that allowed a flood of new, smaller banks that, by historical standards, had low capitalization rates. By comparison with the previous period, banks in the 1900-14 period were more financially fragile and so commanded a higher risk premium. If this interpretation is correct, then the pattern of development of banking in the U.S. from 1863 to 1914 is one of a relatively mature industry responding to economic expansion and competitive forces but punctuated by exogenous regulatory changes that influenced interest rates, profits, and financial risk.
Handwritten numeral recognition based on hierarchically self-organizing learning networks with spatio-temporal pattern representation

An approach for tracing, representation, and recognition of a handwritten numeral in an offline environment is presented. A 2D spatial representation of a numeral is first transformed into a 3D spatiotemporal representation by identifying the tracing sequence based on a set of heuristic rules acting as transformation operators. Given the dynamic information of the tracing sequence, a multiresolution critical-point segmentation method is proposed to extract local feature points, at varying degrees of scale and coarseness. A neural network architecture, the hierarchically self-organizing learning (HSOL) network (S. Lee, J.C. Pan, 1989), especially for handwritten numeral recognition, is presented. Experimental results based on a bidirectional HSOL network indicated that the method is robust in terms of variations, deformations, and corruption, achieving about 99% recognition rate for the test patterns. >
Gene expression following direct injection of DNA into liver

The liver is an attractive target tissue for gene therapy. Current approaches for hepatic gene delivery include retroviral and adenoviral vectors, liposome/DNA, and peptide/DNA complexes. This study describes a technique for direct injection of DNA into liver that led to significant gene expression. Gene expression was characterized in both rats and cats following injection of plasmid DNA encoding several different proteins. Luciferase activity was measured after injection of plasmid DNA encoding the luciferase gene (pCMVL), beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) activity was evaluated in situ using plasmid DNA encoding Lac Z (pCMV beta), and serum concentration of secreted human alpha-1-antitrypsin was measured following injection of plasmid DNA encoding this protein (pRC/CMV-sHAT). Several variables, including injection technique, DNA dose, and DNA diluent, were investigated. Direct injection of pCMVL resulted in maximal luciferase expression at 24-48 hr. beta-Gal staining demonstrated that the majority of transfected hepatocytes were located near the injection site. Significant concentrations of human alpha-1-antitrypsin were detected in the serum of animals injected with pRC/CMV-sHAT. These findings demonstrate the general principle that direct injection of plasmid DNA into liver can lead to significant gene expression.
EVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS IN CARCINOGENESIS

We have previously demonstrated intra- and extra-cellular factors that govern somatic evolution of the malignant phenotype can be modeled through evolutionary game theory, a mathematical approach that analyzes phenotypic adaptation to in-vivo environmental selection forces. Here we examine the global evolutionary dynamics that control evolutionary dynamics explicitly addressing conflicting data and hypothesis regarding the relative importance of the mutator phenotype and microenvironment controls. We find evolution of invasive cancer follows a biphasic pattern. The first phase occurs within normal tissue, which possesses a remarkable adaptive landscape that permits non-competitive coexistence of multiple cellular populations but renders it vulnerable to invasion. When random genetic mutations produce a fitter phenotype, self-limited clonal expansion is observed — equivalent to a polyp or nevus. This step corresponds to tumor initiation in classical skin carcinogenesis experiments because the mutant population deforms the adaptive landscape resulting in the emergence of unoccupied fitness peaks — a premalignant configuration because, over time, extant cellular populations will tend to evolve toward available fitness maxima forming an invasive cancer. We demonstrate that this phase is governed by intracellular processes, such as the mutation rate, that promote phenotypic diversity and environmental factors that control cellular selection and population growth. These results provide an integrative model of carcinogenesis that incorporates cell-centric approaches such as the mutator phenotype hypothesis with the critical role of the environmental demonstrated by Bissell and others. The biphasic dynamics of carcinogenesis give a quantitative framework of understanding for the empirically observed initiation and promotion/progression stages in skin carcinogenesis experimental models.
"Intuitive Analysis of Covariance" and Group Stereotype Formation

There exist actual correlations between group membership and behavior that are purely spurious, resulting from very different situational constraints on group members' behavior. Accurate group inferences require that people recognize and control for the differing situational constraints by using reasoning analogous to a statistical analysis of covariance. An initial study demonstrated that people often fail to engage in such reasoning and consequently form erroneous group impressions. A second experiment tested two hypotheses concerning the conditions that may facilitate more sophisticated covariation reasoning. Results indicated that (a) relaxed temporal constraints and (b) explicit attention to situational differences both facilitate 'intuitive analysis of covariance" and more accurate group inferences. Discussion focuses on implications for understanding the formation of group stereotypes and on factors that may inhibit stereotype formation.
A SCALE-BASED MODEL OF REFLECTIVITY

A computer simulation is described that models reflectivity as a set of discrete interactions, represented by perfectly reflecting, triangular mirrors fit to the surface using the patchwork method.1 The model is based on a premise that topographically dependent phenomena, such as reflectivity, interact with surfaces over certain scales and that these interaction scales can be used to characterize the interactions for use in the design evaluation of reflective topographies. The simulation is performed on a reflective topography and the results are discussed. Results from the simulation, plots of degree of specular reflection versus patch area, or scale, show that modeling the surface as a collection of mirrors of decreasing size results in less light reflected in the specular direction, or more scattering. Increased scattering from a reduction in patch size, or size of the interaction, models the increased scattering due to a reduction in wavelength of the incident light and reduced scattering due to an increase in incident angle, both shown experimentally in specular reflectance measurements.
Hemopoietic tissue in the adult newt, Notopthalmus viridescens.

The presence of developmental stages of lymphocytes and their precurors, as revealed by serial and thin sections of hemopoietic organs of normal adult newts (Notopthalmus viridescens) suggests that lymphopoiesis is limited to the thymus, medulla of the spleen and, to a lesser degree, the intestine. Stromal cells, small lymphocytes, granulocytes, mature erythrocytes and melanocytes were observed either within or near the parenchyma of the thymus. The urodele thymus differs from the thymus of anurans and higher vertebrates in that it lacks a cortex and a medulla, myoid cells and Hassall's corpuscles.
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic analysis of cation local environment in model polyurethane ionomers

Abstract The local environment of the neutralizing cation was examined by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy in a series of model polyurethane ionomers. Polyol type, polyol molecular weight and pendant anion type had small effects on cation local environment. Sample preparation conditions had a noticeable effect in one case. The type of cation was the dominant factor in determining local ordering. The degree of local order decreased with cation type in the order Ni 2+ > Sr 2+ > Cd 2+ , in agreement with the trend of decreasing tensile properties with cation type. Hydration of Ni 2+ -neutralized ionomers induced no change in the Ni 2+ local environment for a sulphonated ionomer, but hydration caused a rapid change in the local structure of the analogous carboxylated ionomer. The changes were in accord with water molecules coordinating to the Ni 2+ cation.
An incentive compatible approach to the transfer pricing problem

Abstract This paper offers an alternative approach to regulating certain types of transfer pricing. If the multinational enterprise's transfer price decision is not regulated, it will manipulate the transfer price in order to maximize net global profit. Traditional approaches argue for ad hoc penalty schedules to mitigate manipulative transfer pricing; in contrast, this paper offers an incentive compatible approach which explicitly incorporates the informational asymmetries that encourage misreports. The model has the desirous feature that the optimal regulatory policy has ‘self-enforcing’ properties. That is, the firm will find it profit maximizing to report true costs.
Inflammation and gastrointestinal Candida colonization

Candida organisms commonly colonize the human gastrointestinal tract as a component of the resident microbiota. Their presence is generally benign. Recent studies, however, show that high level Candida colonization is associated with several diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Further, results from animal models argue that Candida colonization delays healing of inflammatory lesions and that inflammation promotes colonization. These effects may create a vicious cycle in which low-level inflammation promotes fungal colonization and fungal colonization promotes further inflammation. Both inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal Candida colonization are associated with elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-17. Therefore, effects on IL-17 levels may underlie the ability of Candida colonization to enhance inflammation. Because Candida is a frequent colonizer, these effects have the potential to impact many people.
Gamow-Teller and spin-dipole strength in the 40,48Ca(p,n) reactions at 135 MeV

Abstract Spin-flip probabilities for 48Ca( p n )48Sc reveal that at 0° the apparent continuum under and adjacent to the Gamow-Teller giant resonance is also primarily 1+ strength. A comparison of 40Ca[ p n )40Sc and 48Ca( p n )48Sc shows no discernable signature of Gamow-Teller strength in the region −30 > Q(MeV) >−45. The spin-flip component of the dipole resonance for 40Ca is broader than the non-spin-flip component.
Uncertainty models and associated trade-offs for wing/store flutter suppression

An active decoupler pylon approach for wing/store flutter suppression is proposed which involves the use of a piezoceramic wafer strut as an actuator for isolating wing torsion modes from store pitch inertia effects. A two degree-of-freedom typical section of an airfoil is used to represent the structural model of the wing, while the circulatory incompressible aerodynamic loads are modeled using Jones' approximation to the Theodorsen function. The analytical model developed neglects store aerodynamics, aileron degree-of-freedom and other flutter critical flexible and rigid body moves. This paper presents some typical perturbation models used to represent such uncertainties and compares their robust stability margins obtained using controllers designed with Loop Transfer Recovery and H(infinity ) control techniques. Singular value Bode plots are used to analyze the robust stability and nominal performance characteristics.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Long-term follow-up of the Palmaz stent for iliac occlusive disease.

Background. Thirty-eight limbs with iliac occlusive disease were treated with Palmaz stents from 1987 through 1991. Methods. Indications for stent utilization included dissection induced by percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) (10), restenosis after PTA (nine), post-PTA residual stenosis (nine), multiple stenoses or occlusion (five), and unfavorable location (five). Results. The ankle/brachial pressure index increased from 0.53 ± 0.27 to 0.8 ± 0.26 after stent deployment. The intraluminal pressure gradient decreased from 31.9 ± 16.3 to 0.9 ± 2.2 mm Hg after stent deployment. Complications included pseudoaneurysm (one), arteriovenous fistula (one), iliac perforation (one), groin hematoma (two), and occlusion (two). Follow-up arteriogram showed stenosis proximal or distal (n = 4) or within the stents (n = 4). These were treated with PTA or stents. Two patients required an aortobifemoral graft. Nine patients have died. Life table analysis showed a 1-, 3-, and 5-year primary and secondary cumulative patency of 87% ± 5.9%, 74% ± 8.2%, and 63% ± 10% and 91% ± 5.1%, 91% ± 5.6%, and 86% ± 7.6%, respectively. Conclusions. Palmaz stents, often required to salvage a PTA failure, appear to maintain overall patency at a high level. However, intimal hyperplasia and the progression of atherosclerotic disease may result in a need for additional procedures to obtain this favorable outcome.
EgyHet: An energy-saving routing protocol for wireless heterogeneous sensor networks

Due to different requirements in application environment, wireless heterogeneous sensor networks (WHSNs) formed by sensors with various capacities are built. Data routing in WHSNs poses special challenges: First, it should be redesigned because the existing ones may not be directly used due to asymmetric links caused by diverse sensor transmission ranges. Second, it should guarantee an assured delivery rate because data is routed through lossy links. Third, it should be energy-efficient due to the limitation of sensor batteries and the difficulty of replacing them after deployment. To address these issues, we propose EgyHet: an Energy-saving routing protocol for Heterogeneous sensor networks. EgyHat deals with asymmetric links by establishing reverse paths. It saves energy by taking the shortest path, considering the remaining energy in sensors and reducing the number of forwarding nodes while guarantees an assured delivery rate. Simulation results show that EgyHat can save more energy yet keep the similar delivery ratio and latency to those of the existing routing protocol for WHSNs.
Desorptivity versus chemical reactivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric aerosols collected on quartz fiber filters.

Abstract Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in air samples collected on quartz fiber filters inside an urban tunnel and in a nearby mixed commercial residential area in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were exposed to scrubbed air (to measure desorption loss) and to particle-free ambient air (to measure chemical reaction losses in the absence of desorption). The exposures were conducted for 5.5 to 9 hour periods at ambient temperature (22–26°C) at face velocities typical of high volume sampling. Under prevailing atmospheric conditions all nine PAHs experienced filter losses which (for most of them) followed first order kinetics. For the ambient samples, in a 6 hour exposure period, the following five PAHs showed filter losses (% in parantheses) attributed exclusively to chemical reaction: benzo(b)fluoranthene (43), benzo(k)fluoranthene (39), benzo(a)pyrene (70), benzo(ghi)perylene (44), and indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene (41). The other four showed the following unassigned losses: pyrene (...
The National Archives of Cameroon

As of July, 1973, the National Archives of Cameroon were located in two offices: a main branch at the capital, Yaound6, and a second collection at Buea, the former British West Cameroon capital. Both centers are open to researchers during normal government office hours. Access to the Yaound6 collection requires no special formalities for any bona fide academic researcher (manuscript documents are closed to individuals working on their own private economic or legal affairs). To work in Buea it is necessary to have the written permission of the Yaounde Director of Archives. Documents are considered 'open' if they are more than thirty years old. Conditions of work in both centers are reasonably comfortable and pleasant. Relatively few scholars are usually to be found in the reading rooms, and documents are produced fairly rapidly and in generous quantities.
Pedogenic Silica Accumulation in Chronosequence Soils, Southern California

Chronosequential analysis of soil properties has proven to be a valuable approach for estimating ages of geomorphic surfaces where no independent age control exists. In this study we examined pedogenic silica as an indicator of relative ages of soils and geomorphic surfaces, and assessed potential sources of the silica. Pedogenic opaline silica was quantified by tiron (4,5-dihydroxy-1,3-benzene-disulfonic acid [disodium salt], C 6 H 4 Na 2 O 8 S 2 ) extraction for pedons in two different chronosequences in southern California, one in the San Timoteo Badlands and one in Cajon Pass. The soils of both of these chronosequences are developed in arkosic sediments and span 11.5 to 500 ka. The amount of pedogenic silica increases with increasing duration of pedogenesis, and the depth of the maximum silica accumulation generally coincides with the maximum expression of the argillic horizon. Pedogenic silica has accumulated in all of the soils, ranging from 1.2% tiron-extractable Si (Si m ) in the youngest soil to 4.6% in the oldest. Primary Si decreases with increasing duration of weathering, particularly in the upper horizons, where weathering conditions are most intense. The loss of Si coincides with the loss of Na and K, implicating the weathering of feldspars as the likely source of Si loss. The quantity of Si lost in the upper horizons is adequate to account for the pedogenic silica accumulation in the subsoil. Pedogenic silica was equally effective as pedogenic Fe oxides as an indicator of relative soil age in these soils.
Politics of Hidden Emotions: Responses to a War Memorial

This account describes the author's strong initial reaction to a local Iraq War Memorial, and subsequent observations of many similar reactions in others who visited it. He analyzes his experiences in terms of social/behavioral science, and their relevance to conflict resolution.
Cholangiocarcinoma: Are North American Surgical Outcomes Optimal?

Background Cholangiocarcinomas are deadly and require complex decisions as well as major surgery. A few referral centers have reported good results, but no robust, risk-adjusted outcomes data are available. The aims of this study were to analyze the surgical outcomes of a very large cohort of patients undergoing operations for cholangiocarcinoma in North America. Study Design The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Participant Use File was queried for patients with bile duct cancers. Patients (n = 839) were classified as having intrahepatic (36.5%), perihilar (34.4%), or distal (29.1%) cholangiocarcinomas by the type of procedure performed. Observed and expected (O/E) morbidity and mortality rates, O/E indices, and regression-adjusted risk factors were determined. Results Mortality was highest for perihilar tumors that were managed with hepatectomy and biliary-enteric anastomosis (11.9%) and lowest for distal cholangiocarcinomas (1.2%). After risk adjustment, mortality was considerable greater than expected for patients undergoing hepatectomy with biliary-enteric anastomosis (O/E = 3.0) or hepatectomy alone (O/E = 2.4). Conclusions This analysis suggests that postoperative outcomes are best for distal and worst for perihilar cholangiocarcinomas, and hepatectomy for bile duct cancers is associated with a 2- to 3-fold mortality risk. We conclude that North American surgical outcomes can be improved for patients with proximal cholangiocarcinomas.
Fundamental frequencies of annular plates with movable edges

Vibrations of thin annular plates with at least one sliding or movable edge are considered. The fundamental frequencies for the seven cases may correspond to axisymmetric or non-axisymmetric modes.
Enantioselective hosts for neutral derivatives of amino acids

A series of macropolycyclic receptors for hydrogen bond donor/acceptor guests were prepared and studied. Molecular modeling and X-ray crystallography provided structural information, while NMR titration studies allowed determination of free energies of association. Some of die receptors prepared showed enantioselectivity as high as 3 kcal/mol in binding derivatives of simple amino acids in organic solvents. These studies show that conformational homogeneity is one of the most important characteristics of a selective host and that molecular modeling can play an important role in the design of such substances.
Attitudes Toward Health-Care, HIV Infection, and Perinatal Transmission Interventions in a Cohort of Inner-City, Pregnant Women

The objective of this article is to explore attitudes of an inner-city, pregnant cohort about general and HIV-related prenatal care. Responses to an interview at initial prenatal care enrollment were compared using Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Of 75 women, drug users (51%) were more likely to say that they would defer initiating prenatal care (P = 0.03) and to minimize the risk of drug or alcohol use to the fetus (P = 0.04). Most (85%) viewed pregnancy as inappropriate for HIV infected women and primarily drug users (P = 0.06) would abort if HIV infected. Over half thought HIV transmission occurred most times or always. Only 20% had heard of a drug to reduce this risk, but 95% would take such a therapy. These inner-city, pregnant women disapproved of pregnancy if HIV infected and thought the risk of transmission was high. They knew little of how to reduce this risk but nearly all would accept a drug to prevent transmission.
Effect of Level of Intake and Physical Form of the Diet on Plasma Glucose Concentration and Volatile Fatty Acid Absorption in Ruminants

Summary An attempt was made to investigate some of the factors affecting plasma glucose concentration in sheep. A randomized complete block design was used to study the effects on plasma glucose concentrations of three feeds each fed at three levels of intake to sheep either 15 or 27 months old. The three rations were chopped hay, pelleted finely ground hay, and the pelleted mixture of 45% corn meal and 55% finely ground hay. At the medium and high levels of intake the plasma glucose concentrations of the animals receiving hay pellets or grain-hay pellets were higher (P To try to explain some of the differences in plasma glucose concentrations reported here, glucose and volatile fatty acid (VFA) absorption studies were conducted on six sheep fed either chopped or pelleted, ground hay. The method to measure the absorption of a given metabolite involves the serial sampling of blood from the portal vein and the carotid artery and the measurement of the portal blood flow rate during the same experimental period by a thermodilution method. There was essentially no glucose absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. In the rumen ingesta, there was a trend for the ratio of acetic to propionic acid to be lower when the test rations were fed in the pelleted, ground form. The relative proportions of VFA in the portal blood were markedly different from those in the rumen ingesta. Although the data are not sufficient to make definite conclusions concerning the effect of physical form of hay on the amounts of fatty acids absorbed, they demonstrated that appreciable amounts of formic acid, 47 to 13.4g per day, were absorbed. The total quantities of VFA absorbed per day ranged from 73 to 89g per day.
Purpose in Life: A Mediating Variable Between Involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous and Long-Term Recovery

ABSTRACT This study proposed that the spiritual variable, purpose in life (PIL), has a significant mediating role within the empirically documented causative relationship between long-term sobriety in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and AA involvement. A representative sample of 78 participants, drawn from AA clubs located across the United States, was used in the study. Stepwise regression results showed PIL as a significant contributor to AA involvement, confirming the findings of previous studies. Baron and Kenny's (1986) regression analysis for mediation, however, did not support PIL as a mediator between AA involvement and long-term sobriety. It was concluded that the complexity of the AA involvement construct likely confounds the contribution of PIL to length of sobriety. Further research is needed to clarify the role of PIL in AA involvement.
Adolescents' functional numeracy is predicted by their school entry number system knowledge.

One in five adults in the United States is functionally innumerate; they do not possess the mathematical competencies needed for many modern jobs. We administered functional numeracy measures used in studies of young adults’ employability and wages to 180 thirteen-year-olds. The adolescents began the study in kindergarten and participated in multiple assessments of intelligence, working memory, mathematical cognition, achievement, and in-class attentive behavior. Their number system knowledge at the beginning of first grade was defined by measures that assessed knowledge of the systematic relations among Arabic numerals and skill at using this knowledge to solve arithmetic problems. Early number system knowledge predicted functional numeracy more than six years later (s = 0.195, p = .0014) controlling for intelligence, working memory, in-class attentive behavior, mathematical achievement, demographic and other factors, but skill at using counting procedures to solve arithmetic problems did not. In all, we identified specific beginning of schooling numerical knowledge that contributes to individual differences in adolescents’ functional numeracy and demonstrated that performance on mathematical achievement tests underestimates the importance of this early knowledge.
Gamma-ray burst localization by HEAO 3

The relative response of the five segments of the HEAO 3 gamma-ray-spectroscope anticoincidence shield (a 6.62-cm-thick 33.1-cm-OD 27.4-cm-high CsI cylinder) is used to estimate the directions of gamma-ray bursts on February 13, 1980 and September 29, 1979. The operation of the instrument and the data-analysis procedures are described, and the results are presented graphically. The 1980 event is located in an error box centered on alpha = 104.5 deg and delta = -15 deg (error box A of Atteia et al., 1987). The position of the 1979 event (alpha = 75 deg and delta = 40 deg) is shown to be consistent with ISEE 3 and Pioneer Venus Orbiter arrival times.
Strategic planning applied to shipping and ports

Changing economic, trade, technological and environmental conditions today affect shipping and ports more than ever before. As a result, it has become essential for them to maintain and update strategic decisions and objectives more and more frequently. Concepts and approaches found effective in strategic planning are presented and their applications to shipping and ports are reviewed.
The calcium requirement in GnRH-stimulated LH release is not mediated through a specific action on receptor binding.

Abstract A radioligand receptor assay was used to determine the effect of Ca +2 and other cations on the binding of D-Ser-(t-Bu) 6 -desGly 10 EA GnRH (Buserelin acetate, Hoechst) to the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor in rat pituitary membrane. Specific binding was reduced in the presence of CaCl 2 , BaCl 2 , MnCl 2 , Co(CH 3 COO) 2 , MgCl 2 , NaCl, or LaCl 3 , although these salts have markedly different effects on receptor mediated gonadotropin release from intact cells. Consistent with this finding, compounds which chelate cations increased specific binding of the ligand. The decreased binding is explained solely by an effect on receptor affinity, which was reduced from 4 × 10 9 M −1 in the presence of 10 mM CaCl 2 . Total receptor number was unchanged. These data suggest that the requirement for Ca +2 in GnRH-stimulated LH release is not mediated through a specific action of this ion at the level of receptor binding.
Remote Binding Energy in Antibody Catalysis: Studies of a Catalytically Unoptimized Specificity Pocket

Binding interactions remote from the hydrolytic reaction center have been probed with substrate and phosphonate transition state analogues to understand how these types of interactions are used to promote catalysis in the 17E8 system. We find that the hapten-generated recogniton pocket in 17E8 has properties that are analogous to those of specificity pockets in enzymes. We have also found that there are specific requirements to form catalytically productive interactions between the side chain and the recognition pocket including conformation, size, and geometry. An additional requirement includes favorable simultaneous interactions between the side chain and binding pocket along with favorable interactions with the oxyanion hole. The 17E8 side chain recognition pocket seems to be less catalytically efficient than analogous pockets in enzymatic systems. The apparent binding energy gained from the methylene−pocket interactions in the 17E8 system is significantly smaller than those observed in natural enzyme...
Confidence intervals and bands for the binormal ROC curve revisited

Two types of confidence intervals (CIs) and confidence bands (CBs) for the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve are studied: pointwise CIs and simultaneous CBs. An optimized version of the pointwise CI with the shortest width is developed. A new ellipse-envelope simultaneous CB for the ROC curve is suggested as an adaptation of the Working–Hotelling-type CB implemented in a paper by Ma and Hall (1993). Statistical simulations show that our ellipse-envelope CB covers the true ROC curve with a probability close to nominal while the coverage probability of the Ma and Hall CB is significantly smaller. Simulations also show that our CI for the area under the ROC curve is close to nominal while the coverage probability of the CI suggested by Hanley and McNail (1982) uniformly overestimates the nominal value. Two examples illustrate our simultaneous ROC bands: radiation dose estimation from time to vomiting and discrimination of breast cancer from benign abnormalities using electrical impedance measurem...
Comparative study of two negative CAR resists: EN-024M and NEB 31

In this paper, two negative-tone chemically amplified resists (CAR) are evaluated. The methodology and results are compared and discussed. The resists include EN-024M from TOK, and NEB 31 from Sumitomo. Both resists show high contrast, good dry etch selectivity, and high environmental stability. EN-024M showed good coating uniformity while NEB31 showed a coating uniformity problem. This was a round “dimple” approximately one centimeter in diameter of different thickness and density at the center of the plate. We addressed the “dimple” coating problem as described in the paper. Optimum PAB and PEB temperatures and nominal to maximum doses for isolated features were determined by running a matrix of PAB and PEB temperatures along with a dose series. We evaluated the process and compared the lithographic performance in terms of dose sensitivity, dose and bake latitude, resolution, resist profile, OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) pattern fidelity, CD uniformity, environmental stability, Line Edge Roughness (LER) and etching bias and resistance.
Multimodal multiplex spectroscopy using photonic crystals.

Spatio-spectral transmission patterns induced on low coherence fields by disordered photonic crystals can be used to construct optical spectrometers. Experimental results suggest that 1–10 nm resolution multimodal spectrometers for diffuse source analysis may be constructed using a photonic crystal mounted on a focal plane array. The relative independence of spatial and spectral modal response in photonic crystals enables high efficiency spectral analysis of diffuse sources.