cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A threat monitoring system for smart mobiles in enterprise networks

With the development of modern mobile operating systems, computing and communication technologies, smart mobile devices have been widely used to support rich applications and have been integrated to enterprise networks for various organizations. With accessing sensitive personal and business information, the security of smart mobile devices has become a serious problem for enterprise networks. To address this issue, we developed a threat monitoring system to monitor and detect threats on mobile devices in enterprise networks. In our system, the detection related information will be collected by mobile devices and transmitted to the operation center, which will further monitor and detect threats by using both signature and anomaly based detection schemes. Using real-world benign and malware samples, our experimental data shows that our developed system can accurately and effectively detect malware on the Android platform with a low overhead to the system in terms of energy and CPU usage.
Protein Kinase C Regulates [3H]d-Aspartate Release in Auditory Brain Stem Nuclei

Abstract We previously found that unilateral cochlear ablation altered transmitter release from glutamatergic synaptic endings in several brain stem auditory nuclei. To determine if this release activity could be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC), which has been associated with regulation of transmitter release, the electrically evoked release of [ 3 H] d -aspartate ([ 3 H] d -Asp) was quantified in vitro as an index of exocytosis from glutamatergic presynaptic endings in the major subdivisions of the cochlear nucleus (CN) and in the main nuclei of the superior olivary complex (SOC). Treating dissected tissues with a PKC activator, such as phorbol 12,13-diacetate (PDA) or phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDBu) (3 μM), elevated the evoked release of [ 3 H] d -Asp by 1.5- to 3.3-fold. The PKC inhibitor Ro31-8220 (50 nM) did not alter the evoked release but blocked the stimulatory effects of PDA and PDBu. These findings suggested that PKC could positively regulate transmitter release from glutamatergic presynaptic endings in brain stem auditory pathways. Seven days after unilateral cochlear ablation, when cochlear nerve endings had degenerated in the ipsilateral CN, PDBu elevated the evoked release bilaterally in each CN subdivision and SOC nucleus, implying that PKC could regulate glutamatergic release in the noncochlear pathways remaining in the ipsilateral CN and in the other pathways after unilateral hearing loss. After 145 postlesion days, Ro31-8220 blocked endogenous elevations in the evoked release in the ipsilateral SOC but did not alter the elevated or upregulated release in the other tissues. This suggested that the elevations of glutamatergic release activity in the ipsilateral SOC that appeared after unilateral cochlear ablation depended on endogenous activation of PKC.
Electrical stimulation of the brain as reinforcement of food consumption in aphagic cats

Abstract Cats were conditioned to consume food for rewarding electrical stimulation of the brain and were then made aphagic by hypothalamic lesions. In subsequent experiments, electrical stimulation of the brain was found to be an effective reinforcer for food consumption in these aphagic animals. In the context of the present experiment, this result supports the following conclusions regarding the aphagic syndrome of hypothalamic origin: motivational forces play a role in the behavior of aphagic animals after hypothalamic lesions; whatever mechanisms are responsible for aphagia, they can be overriden by motivational factors; and prior training can affect the consumption of food in aphagic animals. The present study also supports the following statements involving reinforcing electrical stimulation of the brain: electrical stimulation of the brain can be used as a reward for food consumption in aphagic animals; the circuitry underlying the physiological, psychological and motor phenomena involved in electrical stimulation of the brain is not completely disrupted in the aphagic animal.
Astronomy: Twenty-five Years of Rocket and Satellite Astronomy

On October 10, 1946, a V-2 rocket, instrumented by the Naval Research Laboratory, was launched from White Sands, New Mexico, and carried an ultraviolet spectrograph above the ozone layer to photograph the solar ultraviolet spectrum. After twenty-five years of rocket astronomy, it is therefore appropriate to trace some of the history of astronomy from space platforms.
Ancient lunar mega-regolith and subsurface structure

Abstract Effects of intense pre-mare cratering on subsurface structure and seismic properties are considered. A mega-regolith of fragmental material (possibly bonded at depth) exists not only in the terrae but possibly in subsurface layers under some maria.
Corporate Directors and Social Responsibility: Ethics versus Shareholder Value

This paper reports on the results of an experiment conducted with experienced corporate directors. The study findings indicate that directors employ prospective rationality cognition, and they sometimes make decisions that emphasize legal defensibility at the expense of personal ethics and social responsibility. Directors recognize the ethical and social implications of their decisions, but they believe that current corporate law requires them to pursue legal courses of action that maximize shareholder value. The results suggest that additional ethics education will have little influence on the decisions of many business leaders because their decisions are driven by corporate law, rather than personal ethics.
Catabolic response to stress and potential benefits of nutrition support

The catabolic response to sepsis, severe injury, and burn is characterized by whole-body protein loss, mainly reflecting increased breakdown of muscle proteins, in particular myofibrillar proteins. Glucocorticoids and various proinflammatory cytokines are important regulators of muscle proteolysis in stressed patients. There is evidence that breakdown of proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an important role in muscle cachexia, although other mechanisms may participate, such as calcium- and calpain-dependent release of myofilaments from the sarcomere. Three types of treatments have been used to reduce or prevent the catabolic response to injury and sepsis: 1). nutritional, 2). hormonal, and 3). pharmacologic. With regard to nutrition support, it is generally believed that enteral feeding is superior to parenteral feeding and that early feeding is better than late feeding. Although "immune-enhancing" enteral nutrition has been shown in several recent studies to improve outcome in critically ill patients, the specific effects of these treatments on the catabolic response in muscle are not known. In addition to nutrition support, various hormones, including insulin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1, may blunt the catabolic response in patients with stress. Experimental studies have indicated that other treatments may become available in the future, including cytokine antibodies, calcium antagonists, and induction of heat shock response. Methods to prevent or reduce the catabolic response to stress are important considering the significant clinical consequences of muscle cachexia.
Nicholas Griffin on Relative Identity

Relative Identity contains a sustained attack on the classical or absolute theory of identity and a defense of a non-classical or relative theory of identity. According to the absolute theory of identity each thing is identical with itself and with nothing other than itself. The fundamental principle of this theory is Leibniz' Law: From (LL) a variety of characteristic principles about identity can be derived, including The Indiscernibility of Identicals, The Identity of Indiscernibles, and the symmetry, reflexivity, and transitivity of identity.
Effects of chromium supplementation on food energy utilization and the trace-element composition in the liver and heart of glucose-exposed young mice

The exposure of weanling mice to 4% glucose in the drinking water for 7 wk caused a drop in the food energy utilization (expressed in terms of weight gain per unit of food energy consumed) of close to one third. No drop in food energy utilization occurred in mice exposed to 4% glucose in the water during the same period if the Cr-content of their food was increased to 5 ppm through the addition of a Cr-rich brewer's yeast. Chromium supplementation also protected against glucose-induced losses of Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in the liver and heart. These results indicate that the dietary Cr-requirement increases with increasing sugar content of the diet.
On the dilatational wave motion in anisotropic fractal solids

This paper reports a study of wave motion in a generally anisotropic fractal medium (i.e. with different fractal dimensions in different directions), whose constitutive response is represented by an isotropic Hooke's law. First, the governing elastodynamic laws are formulated on the basis of dimensional regularization. It is discovered that the satisfaction of the angular momentum equation precludes the implementation of the classical elasticity theory which results in symmetry of the Cauchy stress tensor. Nevertheless, the classical elastic constitutive model can still be applied to explore dilatational wave propagation; in such a case, the angular momentum balance is "trivially" satisfied. The resulting problem, of eigenvalue type, is solved analytically. A computational finite element method solver is also developed to simulate the problem in its one-dimensional (1d) 1D form, it is validated by the reference solutions generated through the modal analysis. A 3D finite-difference-based solver is also developed and the obtained results match those of the 1D simulation.
CovR-controlled global regulation of gene expression in streptococcus mutans

CovR/S is a two-component signal transduction system (TCS) that controls the expression of various virulence related genes in many streptococci. However, in the dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans, the response regulator CovR appears to be an orphan since the cognate sensor kinase CovS is absent. In this study, we explored the global transcriptional regulation by CovR in S. mutans. Comparison of the transcriptome profiles of the wild-type strain UA159 with its isogenic covR deleted strain IBS10 indicated that at least 128 genes (∼6.5% of the genome) were differentially regulated. Among these genes, 69 were down regulated, while 59 were up regulated in the IBS10 strain. The S. mutans CovR regulon included competence genes, virulence related genes, and genes encoded within two genomic islands (GI). Genes encoded by the GI TnSmu2 were found to be dramatically reduced in IBS10, while genes encoded by the GI TnSmu1 were up regulated in the mutant. The microarray data were further confirmed by real-time RT-PCR analyses. Furthermore, direct regulation of some of the differentially expressed genes was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assays using purified CovR protein. A proteomic study was also carried out that showed a general perturbation of protein expression in the mutant strain. Our results indicate that CovR truly plays a significant role in the regulation of several virulence related traits in this pathogenic streptococcus.
Effect of rate and source of nitrogen fertilizers on mineral composition of d'Anjou pears

Abstract Thirteen‐year‐old ‘d'Anjou’ pear trees, Pyrus communis L., were fertilized with 3 rates of ammonium nitrate or 2 rates of calcium nitrate in late autumn from 1978 to 1980. In 1981, mid‐terminal and fruiting‐spur leaves and fruit peel and flesh were sampled for mineral analysis of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. The level of N increased in the above tissues as rate of N fertilizer was increased. In most cases, the levels of N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Mn in the fruiting spur leaves and fruit were greater in the ammonium nitrate‐treated trees than with calcium nitrate fertilizer. Calcium was higher in the fruit peel and flesh of trees treated with the low rate of calcium nitrate than with the highest rate of ammonium nitrate fertilizer while Ca in the fruiting spur leaves was lower in the calcium nitrate‐fertilized trees.
Imitating Authority: Students Perceptions of School Punishment and Security, and Bullying Victimization

Researchers and the public have devoted increasing attention over the past few years to the issue of school punishment and security. Racial disproportionality in school suspension and arrests at sc...
Iron deficiency and in vitro iron chelation reduce the expression of cluster of differentiation molecule (CD)28 but not CD3 receptors on murine thymocytes and spleen cells.

Cluster of differentiation molecule (CD)3 and CD28 receptors play crucial roles in T-lymphocyte proliferation. Fe deficiency in man and animals impairs T-lymphocyte proliferation by unknown mechanisms. To test the hypothesis that reduced CD3 and CD28 expression is one of them, thymocytes and splenocytes from control (C; n 24), Fe-deficient (ID; n 24), pair-fed (PF; n 24), and ID mice that were Fe-repleted for 3 (R3; n 24) or 14 d (R14; n 12) were labelled with anti-CD3‐ fluorescein isothiocyanate and anti-CD28 ‐ phycoerythrin antibodies. Positive cells were analysed by flow cytometry. Significant differences were observed among groups in the mean levels of haemoglobin and liver Fe stores (C¼PF¼ R14. R3. ID; P, 0·005). While Fe deficiency slightly increased the percentage of CD3+ splenocytes, it reduced that of CD28+ thymocytes in mice with thymus atrophy and splenomegaly (P, 0·05). These changes were corrected by Fe repletion. CD28 mean fluorescence intensity (FI) was lower and CD3 FI was higher in lymphocytes from R3 and ID, especially those with splenomegaly, than in those from R14 and PF mice (P,0·05). In vitro Fe chelation by deferoxamine (60 min) significantly decreased CD28 expression (P, 0·05), and slightly increased that of CD3 (P.0·05). Spleen cell proliferative responses to concanavalin A and anti-CD3 ^ anti-CD28 were reduced by Fe deficiency (ID# R3, C¼ PF, R14; P , 0·05); and they correlated with FI and percentages of CD3+ and CD28+ cells (r# 0·69; P, 0·05). Indicators of Fe status negatively correlated with CD3 FI (r2 0·23), but positively correlated with CD28 FI (r# 0·44; P, 0·05). Data suggest that altered CD28 expression may contribute to reduced T-cell proliferation during Fe deficiency.
Identification of Geranylgeranyl-Modified Proteins in HeLa Cells

Previous studies have shown that animal cells contain isoprenoid-modified proteins and that one of these proteins, lamin B, contains a thioether-linked farnesyl group that is attached to cysteine. In the present study, a novel isoprenoid-modification was identified by labeling HeLa cells with [3H]mevalonic acid and analyzing proteolytic digests of the total cell protein. Radioactive fragments were purified from these digests and treated with Raney nickel. The released, labeled material was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS). This approach revealed that an all-trans geranylgeranyl group was a major isoprenoid modification.
AB INITIO CBS-QCI CALCULATIONS OF THE INVERSION MODE OF AMMONIA

The complete basis set (CBS) extrapolation model chemistry of Petersson and co-workers was used to explore the potential energy surface of the ammonia inversion mode. The CBS-QCI theoretical energi...
New scalar and conserved vector currents in dual-resonance models

S U1.1 invarianee of an ampl i tude guarantees i ts dual character (1), while conformal invariance allows the elimination of all ghosts (~). Faetor izable dual models are buil t from irreducible fields ~d,~ Of the conformal group in two dimensions (3). The ~Yd,t'S are labelled by their dimension d and eonformal spin j. In this let ter , s tar t ing from conformal scalar and spinor fields, we present a new class of dual models of scalar and vector currents. Our work stems from the notion (a) tha t off-shell mesons (currents) are emit ted from the interior of the Kova-Nielsen disc, while on-shell mesons are emit ted from the unit circle. We choose to work in the upper half-plane Z = X ~ iY , which is simply related to the Nambu-Susskind str ip w = ~ ~i0 by the mapping Z = e% Let us consider two d= ] : 0 fields tha t obey the eonformally invar iant Laplace equation (~2/~Z~Z) q~,= 0 (***)
Computation of Flow and Heat Transfer in Rotating Rectangular Channels (AR = 4) With V-Shaped Ribs by a Reynolds Stress Turbulence Model

Computations with multi-block chimera grids were performed to study the three-dimensional turbulent flow and heat transfer in a rotating rectangular channel with staggered arrays of pin-fins. The channel aspect ratio (AR) is 4:1, the pin length to diameter ratio (H/D) is 2.0, and the pin spacing to diameter ratio is 2.0 in both the stream-wise (S1 /D) and span-wise (S2 /D) directions. A total of six calculations have been performed with various combinations of rotation number, Reynolds number, and coolant-to-wall density ratio. The rotation number and inlet coolant-to-wall density ratio varied from 0.0 to 0.28 and from 0.122 to 0.20, respectively, while the Reynolds number varied from 10,000 to 100,000. For the rotating cases, the rectangular channel was oriented at 150 deg with respect to the plane of rotation to be consistent with the configuration of the gas turbine blade. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method was employed in conjunction with a near-wall second-moment turbulence closure for detailed predictions of mean velocity, mean temperature, and heat transfer coefficient distributions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
DNA hypomethylation of karyoplasts for bovine nuclear transplantation.

The objective of this research was to evaluate if DNA hypomethylation in cells used as karyoplasts would improve development of bovine nuclear transplantation (NT) embryos. DNA from serum-fed (SF), serum-starved (SS), and 1, or 5 microM 5-azacytidine (5-aza-CR) treated cells was digested with a methylation sensitive enzyme, and evaluated for DNA methylation. A significant reduction in DNA methylation was observed in cells cultured for 48 or 72 hr in SS medium as well as in cells cultured for 48 hr in the presence of 5 microM 5-aza-CR when compared to cells cultured in SF medium. All other comparisons contained no significant differences when compared to controls. When donor cells were cultured in 5-aza-CR, SF, or SS treatment media for 48 hr, no significant difference was observed (P = 0.06) in blastocyst development rates after NT. One embryo produced by donor cells treated with 5-aza-CR established a pregnancy. Four pregnancies resulted from embryos produced by SS donor cell NT and 3 resulted from embryos produced by SF donor cell NT. Supplementation of the donor cell culture medium with 5-aza-CR was not beneficial for increasing blastocyst rate or establishing pregnancy after NT.
Determining resistances from boundary measurements in finite networks

Small perturbations from a fixed resistance $\gamma $ in a finite electrical network can be determined from boundary measurements if every function on edges in the network is a linear combination of products of gradients of $\gamma $ harmonic functions. This condition holds for any finite subgraph of the cubic lattice $\mathbb{Z}^d $ and $\gamma = 1$.
Organopalladium approaches to prostaglandins. 1. Synthesis of thiophene-containing prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs via thienylpalladation of bicycle olefins

Abstract Thiophene-containing prostaglandin endoperoxide analogs are readily available by addition of thienylpalladium species to bicyclic olefins and subsequent treatment with alkenyl or alkynyl organometallics. Hydrogenation affords bicyclic and tricyclic prostanoic acid analogs.
Varieties of perseveration: A comparison of two taxonomies

Two taxonomies of perseveration have been independently developed by Goldberg and Tucker (1979) and Sandson and Albert (1984). They are in remarkable agreement with respect to phenomenology of perseveration but differ in terms of postulated mechanisms. Sandson and Albert propose a separate mechanism for every type, whereas Goldberg and Tucker propose a unitary mechanism which can operate at different levels of neurocognitive hierarchy thus producing different types of perseveration. The issue of neuroanatomical specificity of perseveration is also addressed. It is proposed that clinical features of prefrontal syndromes need not imply the presence of selective structural or biochemical damage to prefrontal cortex, and that a structurally diffuse CNS disease often masquerades as a selective frontal-lobe disease. The difference between structural and functional definitions of focal brain disease is emphasized.
Survey of approaches to readiness

Abstract : About thirty unclassified references that feature naval logistics environments are considered. All appear in the open literature or are available from the Defense Logistics Studies Information Exchange. Three approaches are identified--data analysis, theoretical models, and readiness indexes--and conclusions are presented as to possibilities for answering two questions: (1) can the unit do the job, and (2) how does 'readiness' depend on 'resources'. Four cases are treated in detail to illustrate methodology.
Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes contain an adenylate cyclase with properties which differ from those of the host enzyme.

Abstract It has been postulated that differentiation of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, is controlled by cAMP levels. We have determined that P. falciparum synthesizes an adenylate cyclase with several properties distinct from those of the mammalian host cell enzyme. Adenylate cyclase activity was compared in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, isolated parasites free of host cell material, and uninfected erythrocyte membranes. The parasite enzyme was unaffected by GTPγS, AlF4−, and forskolin, while the erythrocyte enzyme was markedly stimulated by each of these compounds. The parasite adenylate cyclase also exhibited a striking preference for Mn2+ over Mg2+, which was not evident in the erythrocyte enzyme. Moreover, differing cation and pH sensitivities were observed for adenylate cyclase activity in the two cell types. When infected and uninfected erythrocytes were compared, the basal adenylate cyclase activity of infected cells was 7 and 49 times that measured in uninfected erythrocytes in the presence of Mg2+ and Mn2+, respectively. Furthermore, adenylate cyclase activity in infected cells exhibited properties typical of the parasite enzyme. This indicates that synthesis of the parasite enzyme rather than stimulation of the host enzyme accounts for the increased activity in infected cells.
Light pulse delay in semiconductor quantum well Bragg structures

We discuss a scheme for controlled stopping, storing, and releasing of light pulses in one-dimensional resonant photonic band gap structures (RPBG's) made of Bragg spaced quantum wells. Our scheme is based on parametric manipulation of the RPBG's bandstructure in real time. We extend earlier studies on the limitations of presently existing quantum well Bragg structures to the regime of small detunings of the exciton resonance from the Bragg frequency. We also set the stage for exploring mechanisms of bandstructure control by studying the nonlinear response of the quantum well RPBG.
Effect of cover crop and management system on weed populations in lettuce

Abstract Changes in cropping systems can significantly impact pest population dynamics and management. Field experiments were conducted from 1998 to 2000 to study the effect of summer cover crop and in-season management system on weed infestations in lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). The experiment was a factorial with summer cover crop and management system as the two factors. Cover crops were cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] incorporated into the soil in the fall (CWPI), cowpea used as mulch in the fall (CWPM), sudangrass ( Sorghum vulgare ) incorporated into the soil in the fall (SDNG), and dry fallow (DFLW). Management systems were organic (ORG), integrated crop management (ICM), and conventional (CNV). In general, there was no interaction between cover crop and management system. Weed species richness was greatest early in the growing season and was affected by cover crop. Fewer species emerged in CWPM plots in general but perennial species became important with time. The DFLW showed greater weed populations than all cover crop treatments. Weed populations were similar in all management systems in 1999. However, in 2000, there was better weed suppression in the ORG and ICM systems than in the CNV system. CWPI significantly increased lettuce yield and DFLW yield declined the second year. Yield under the ORG system was low in 1999 and equivalent to that in the CNV and ICM systems in 2000. These results indicate that a prior summer cover crops can improve both conventional and organic vegetable production systems.
Ab initio theory of injection locking of lasers

A theory is presented of injection locking in laser cavities which includes spatial hole-burning of the gain medium. Qualitatively new behavior near the locking transition is found.
Antiproliferative actions of growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonists on MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells involve cAMP independent pathways.

Abstract We evaluated the effects of GHRH antagonists on the proliferation of MiaPaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cells and cAMP signaling in vitro. GHRH antagonists inhibited the proliferation of MiaPaCa-2 cells in vitro in a dose-dependent way and caused a significant elevation in cAMP production. In a superfusion system, short-term exposure of the cells to GHRH antagonists evoked an acute, dose-dependent release of cAMP into the medium. Native GHRH, which stimulates cAMP efflux from pituitary at nanomolar doses, did not influence cAMP release from cultured or superfused MiaPaCa-2 cells even at 10–30 μM. VIP, PACAP, secretin and glucagon also did not influence cell proliferation or cAMP production. Adenylate cyclase activator forskolin (FSK) caused a greater cAMP response, but a smaller antiproliferative effect than GHRH antagonists. Combined treatment with FSK and GHRH antagonist JV-1-38 potentiated the cAMP-inducing effect of FSK, but did not produce a greater inhibition of cell proliferation than JV-1-38 alone. A selective accumulation of radiolabeled GHRH antagonist [125I]JV-1-42 in vivo in MiaPaCa-2 carcinoma xenografted into nude mice was also observed. In conclusion, second messengers other than cAMP participate in the signal transduction pathways of GHRH analogs mediated by tumoral GHRH receptors.
The isolation, purification and some kinetic studies of marine nitrifying bacteria

Marine nitrifying bacteria have been isolated from surface waters collected in the north Pacific Ocean and off the pier of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Two isolates, one ammonium-oxidizer and one nitrite-oxidizer, were freed from heterotrophic contaminants by a dilution technique. Nitrosocystis oceanus was purified by picking cells off an agar surface. Optimal temperature for nitrification in sea water was 28° C. Substrate was oxidized after lag or induction periods of various durations at 37, 20, and, with some cultures, at 12°C. Q10 values varied between 1.3 and 3.0. Growth rates of the nitrifiers increased with increasing substrate concentrations over the range 1–5000μg-at N/l but the increase was not great (ca 10-fold), especially at 18°C. The growth constant, at 18°C, for ammonium oxidizers varied between 0.03 and 1.0 day−1 with ammonium ion concentrations of between 1.5 and 5000 μg-at NH4+-N/l. With some nitrifiers there were lags of up to 50 days before substrate oxidation commenced. All nitrifiers could oxidize substrates when these were present in ecologically significant concentrations. It is possible to predict from these and other studies the time necessary to produce a certain amount of nitrite or nitrate in situ. Predicted rates of productions are too high and unless nitrifiers and substrates are concentrated considerably in micro-zones in the sea it seems likely that other organisms and mechanisms of nitrification are operative.
Presynaptic origin of penicillin afterdischarges at mammalian nerve terminals

Summary The site of origin and mechanism underlying the generation of repetitive afterdischarges produced by penicillin was studied in the isolated rat phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparation. Application of low concentrations of sodium penicillin to the bathing solution initiated bursts of antidromic action potentials originating at or near the motor nerve terminals following single orthodromic stimuli to the nerve. Afterdischarges could not be elicited by direct stimulation of the muscle fibers alone, or when the nerve trunk was isolated from the neuromuscular junction and exposed to penicillin. d -Tubocurarine applied in doses sufficient to abolish postsynaptic responses did not diminish penicillin-induced afterdischarges. At concentrations which most reliably produced repetitive firing (5000 IU/ml; 8.5 mM), penicillin did not accelerate the frequency of spontaneous transmitter release (MEPPs), yet significantly increased the relative excitability of nerve endings to extracellular stimulation. It is concluded that penicillin acts directly and preferentially on presynaptic nerve terminals to induce repetitive afterdischarges which arise independently of postsynaptic depolarization, transmitter-mediated potassium efflux, or muscle fiber contraction. The results suggest that the convulsant effects of penicillin at a mammalian neuromuscular junction are due to non-depolarizing alterations in the intrinsic excitability of the terminal membrane which increase the probability of suprathreshold depolarizations during the recovery period of spike electrogenesis. Several models of the mechanisms which might produce hyperexcitability at presynaptic nerve terminals are discussed.
Bronchial hypersensitivity to mecholyl and histamine in asthma subjects.

Abstract Exquisite hyperreactivity of the bronchial tree to Mecholyl and histamine is a recognized feature of the pathologic physiology of asthma. This response (for this subject) has been studied in several hundred adult and adolescent asthmatic inpatients at the National Jewish Hospital for the past 7 years in conjunction with periodic study also of patients with other pulmonary conditions, of hay fever patients, and of nonatopic volunteers. The results suggest that these substances are not identical in their effects; that both are influenced by the route of administration, that the clinical condition is not directly related to hyperreactivity to either, and that Mecholyl sensitivity is useful in differential diagnosis. When to these data is added a review of the pertinent literature, it is found that histamine comes closer than acetylcholine to meeting the qualifications for a chemical mediator of the allergic response in the human bronchial tree according to the criteria set forth by Austen. 8
HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with susceptibility or resistance to rheumatoid arthritis, articular deformities, and disability in Mexican Americans.

Objective To study the genetics (HLA–DRB1 allele associations) of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility and severity among Mexican Americans, an important, but understudied, US population. Methods HLA–DRB1 alleles were compared between 141 Mexican American patients with RA and 54 unrelated Mexican Americans without RA, and the association of these alleles with articular deformities and disability was examined. HLA–DRB1 alleles were typed using polymerase chain reaction–sequence-specific primer amplification and were classified according to the 1996 World Health Organization nomenclature. Results Of the 141 patients, 105 (74%) had at least 1 copy of the shared epitope (SE) sequence, compared with 29 (54%) of the 54 controls (P = 0.007). A significant gene-dose effect was observed, with 31 patients (22%) being homozygous for the SE compared with 1 (2%) of the controls (P = 0.004). In terms of disease severity, only 3% of RA patients who were “null” for the SE were outliers in the rate of development of articular deformities, compared with 10% of heterozygotes and 27% of homozygotes (P = 0.002). Patients who were DRB1*08 positive had significantly fewer deformities per year of disease and a slower rate of development of disability than did patients with other DRB1 alleles. Conclusion HLA–DRB1 alleles containing the SE are associated with susceptibility to RA in Mexican Americans, and may also be associated with a more rapid development of articular deformities and disability. HLA–DRB1*08 appears to have a protective influence on RA susceptibility and disease severity in Mexican Americans.
Absorption of surfactants by membranes: erythrocytes versus synthetic vesicles

Three surfactants (chlorpromazine hydrochloride, thioridazine hydrochloride, and sodium deoxycholate) are found to absorb just as strongly into the protein-containing membranes of erythrocytes as into the phospholipid bilayers of synthetic vesicles. In the concentration region where hemolysis occurs and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm is no longer valid, one may use a phase partition model in which the erythrocyte membrane is one of the phases. The partition coefficients, expressed as the ratio of mole fraction surfactant in the membrane lipid phase to concentration of surfactant in the aqueous phase, have been calculated at the point of saturation in the erythrocyte membrane. These values are Ky = 430 M-1 (chlorpromazine, pH 5.9), 550 M-1 (deoxycholate, pH 7.6), and 640 M-1 (thioridazine, pH 5.9), in isotonic buffer at 27 degrees C. Corresponding values for synthetic vesicles made from dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are Kx = 230 M-1 (chlorpromazine, 0.12 M buffer/KCl pH 5.9), 440 M-1 (deoxycholate, 0.20 M buffer/NaCl pH 8.0) and 510 M-1 (thioridazine, 0.12 M buffer/KCl pH 5.9), at 27 degrees C. It appears that the surfactants become an integral part of the bilayer in both vesicles and natural membranes and that the absorption is not of a peripheral nature. There is no evidence that the presence of proteins in the natural membrane inhibits the absorption of these surfactants in any way.
Cyclic platelet dysfunction in IgE-mediated allergy☆

Diminished platelet aggregation responses to one or more aggregating agents were found in 25 of 32 patients with nasal allergy studied at the peak of the allergy season. Abnormal in-season platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine and collagen was significantly improved when repeated out-of-season, while incomplete platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin was unchanged. Recombination of an in-season serum factor with autologous, out-of-season normally aggregating platelets caused market inhibition of platelet aggregation. Mean bleeding times of 20 symptomatic patients were also prolonged during the height of the pollination season. These data suggest that the allergic diathesis is a model for the study of cyclic, nondrug induction of platelet dysfunction.
Diastereoselection in the Formation of Contiguous Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by the Intramolecular Heck Reaction

The second in a series of two papers, this study examines the origins of diastereoselection in the second ring closure of the highly diastereoselective double Heck cyclization of cyclohexenes 1 and 3 that form contiguous quaternary stereocenters. Seven model substrates were synthesized and cyclized to examine the structural features responsible for imparting diastereoselection in the second intramolecular Heck reaction. These studies demonstrate that stereoselection in the formation of the second spirooxindole ring results from the avoidance of steric interactions in the insertion step with the spirooxindole formed in the first Heck cyclization. An axial substituent (carbonyl or arene) is required at the allylic position for high levels of diastereoselection to be realized.
Physical contributors to glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in high school baseball players

Abstract Background Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injury in baseball players. Although this evidence forms a basis for recommending stretching, clinical measures of internal rotation range of motion (ROM) do not differentiate if GIRD is due to muscular, capsuloligamentous, or osseous factors. Understanding the contributions of these structures to GIRD is important for the development of targeted interventions. We hypothesize that the osseous component will have the greatest relative contribution to GIRD, followed by muscle stiffness and posterior capsule thickness. Methods Internal rotation ROM, muscle stiffness (teres minor, infraspinatus, and posterior deltoid), posterior capsule thickness, and humeral retrotorsion were evaluated on 156 baseball players. A side-to-side difference was calculated for each variable. Variables were entered into a multivariable linear regression to determine the significant predictors of GIRD. Results The regression model was statistically significant ( R 2 = 0.134, F (1, 156) = 24.0, p β = −0.243, t 156 = −4.9, p Conclusion Humeral retrotorsion accounted for 13.3% of the variance in GIRD. The stiffness of the superficial shoulder muscles and capsular thickness, as measured in this study, were not predictors of GIRD. Factors not assessed in this study, such as deeper muscle stiffness, capsule/ligament laxity, and neuromuscular regulation of muscle stiffness may also contribute to GIRD. Since it is the largest contributor to GIRD, causes of changes in humeral retrotorsion need to be identified. The osseous component only accounted for 13.3% of the variance in GIRD, indicating a large contribution from soft tissues factors that were not addressed in this study. These factors need to be identified to develop evidence-based evaluations and intervention programs to decrease the risk of injury in baseball players.
A comprehensive mathematics curriculum for the computer science undergraduate program

Mathematics requirements for computer science majors have been discussed in many papers and panels during the last twenty years. This paper, while reexamining this issue, presents a comprehensive view of the total mathematics requirement for a computer science undergraduate program rather than discuss some course contents in a piecemeal fashion. The time distribution among different topics, the depth of the topics to be covered and the minimal qualifications of the intructor to teach the courses are also included.
Inverse adaptation of a Hex-dominant mesh for large deformation finite element analysis

In the finite element analysis of metal forming processes, many mesh elements are usually deformed severely in the later stage of the analysis because of the corresponding large deformation of the geometry. Such highly distorted elements are undesirable in finite element analysis because they introduce error into the analysis results, and, in the worst case, inverted elements can cause the analysis to terminate prematurely. This paper proposes a new inverse-adaptation method that reduces or eliminates the number of inverted mesh elements created in the later stage of finite element analysis, thereby lessening the chances of early termination and improving the accuracy of the analysis results. By this method, a simple uniform mesh is created initially, and a pre-analysis is run in order to observe the deformation behavior of the elements. Next, an input hex-dominant mesh is generated in which each element is ''inversely adapted'', or pre-deformed in such a way that it has approximately the opposite shape of the final shape that normal analysis would deform it into. Thus, when finite element analysis is performed, the analysis starts with an input mesh of inversely adapted elements whose shapes are not ideal. As the analysis continues, the element shape quality improves to almost ideal, and then, toward the final stage of analysis, degrades again, but much less than would be the case without the inverse adaptation. This method permits the analysis to run to the end, or to a further stage, with no inverted elements. Besides its pre-skewing the element shape, the proposed method is also capable of controlling the element size according to the equivalent plastic strain information collected from the pre-analysis. The proposed inverse adaptation can be repeated iteratively until reaching the final stage of deformation.
Integrating Wellness, Recovery, and Self-management for Mental Health Consumers

Three distinct, yet interrelated, terms—wellness, recovery, and self-management—have received increasing attention in the research, consumer, and provider communities. This article traces the origins of these terms, seeking to understand how they apply, individually and in conjunction with one another to mental health consumers. Each shares a common perspective that is health-centered rather than disease-centered and that emphasizes the role of consumers as opposed to professional providers as the central determinants of health and well-being. Developing approaches combining elements of each construct may hold promise for improving the overall health and well-being of persons with serious mental disorders.
Resource allocation algorithms for guaranteed service in application-specific NoCs

Networks-on-chip (NoC) has been recognized as a scalable approach to cope with the increasingly large demand for on-chip communication. This work focuses on how to achieve guaranteed service for application-specific NoCs through resource reservation. A graph model is adopted to describe physical and temporal sources of an NoC in a unified manner. Based on the graph model, two resource allocation heuristics are proposed and investigated. One heuristic leverages the idea of chip layout routing and the other utilizes Boolean satisfiability. Results from simulation from various testcases indicate that the proposed methods significantly outperform a state-of-the-art previous work.
Back from the future: an ABSEL “Merlin” exercise for the year 2005

In preparation for the Association for Business Simulation and Experiential Learning’s (ABSEL’s) 25th anniversary meeting, the authors have involved a number of their senior members in a futuristic “Merlin” exercise. The exercise is derived from T. S. White’s notion that Merlin was living his life from the future backward. The exercise asks participants to imagine that they are living backward like Merlin, describing what they would say back in the year 2005. This article describes the results of this exercise.
Rh/SiO2 catalysts prepared by the sol-gel method

Abstract A series of Rh/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method. The precursors used were tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) dissolved in ethanol and rhodium(III) acetylacetonate dissolved in acetone. Preparative variables include the amount of water added to the sol and the gelation temperature. Typical BET surface areas were 550–700 m2 g−1 with very narrow pore size distributions centered at approximately 4 nm. Sample characterization studies were performed using TGA-DTA-MS to determine the effect of O2 pretreatment and 29Si solid-state NMR to determine the extent to which silica was condensed. Sintering studies of Rh/SiO2 catalysts for which there was a reasonable match between metal particle size and pore diameter were performed. Catalysts prepared by ion-exchange having comparable dispersions to those prepared by the sol-gel method also showed considerable resistance to sintering in O2. Following heat treatment in O2 at 650°C, the particle size distribution of catalysts prepared by ion-exchange appear to broaden to a greater extent than catalysts prepared by the sol-gel method. This suggests that the sol-gel preparation is more effective in retaining the metal particles within the narrow pores of the support.
Mammalian X-Chromosome Action: Inactivation Limited in Spread and in Region of Origin

In its simplest form the hypothesis of the single-active-X chromosome does not explain variegated-type position effects in the mouse. Inactivity appears not to involve one entire X chromosome; furthermore, even those parts of the chromosome that can change to an inactive state spread inactivation not to the entire attached piece of autosome, but along a gradient to limited distances.
Thermal modeling for white layer predictions in finish hard turning

Abstract Part thermal damage is a process limitation in finish hard turning and understanding process parameter effects, especially, tool wear, on cutting temperatures is fundamental for process modeling and optimization. This study develops an analytical model for cutting temperature predictions, in particular, at the machined-surfaces, in finish hard turning by either a new or worn tool. A mechanistic model is employed to estimate the chip formation forces. Wear-land forces are modeled using an approach that assumes linear growth of plastic zone on the wear-land and quadratic decay of stresses in elastic contact. Machining forces and geometric characteristics, i.e. shear plane, chip–tool contact, and flank wear-land, approximate the heat intensity and dimensions of the shear plane, rake face, as well as wear-land heat sources. The three heat sources are further discretized into small segments, each treated as an individual rectangular heat source and subsequently used to calculate temperatures using modified moving or stationary heat-source approaches. Temperature rises due to all heat-source segments are superimposed, with proper coordinate transformation, to obtain the final temperature distributions due to the overall heat sources. All heat sources are simultaneously considered to determine heat partition coefficients, both at the rake face and wear-land, and evaluate the final temperature rises due to the combined heat-source effects. Simulation results show that, in new tool cutting, maximum machined-surface temperatures are adversely affected by increasing feed rate and cutting speed, but favorably by increasing depth of cut. In worn tool cutting, flank wear has decisive effects on machined-surface temperatures; the maximum temperature increases 2–3 times from 0 to 0.2 mm wear-land width. White layers (phase-transformed structures) formed at the machined-surfaces have been used to experimentally validate the analytical model by investigating tool nose radius effects on the white layer depth. The experimental results show good agreement with the model predictions. The established model forms a framework for analytical predictions of machined-surface temperatures in finish hard turning that are critical to part surface integrity and can be used to specify a tool life criterion.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin as Therapy for Pediatric Guillain-Barré Syndrome:

Seven children with Guillain-Barre syndrome were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Median patient age was 5.8 years. A standard dosage of 0.4 g/kg/day for 5 days was administered. Clinical improvement occurred on average within 2.4 +/- 1.3 days of beginning intravenous immunoglobulin. One child required mechanical ventilation for 7 days. Eight comparable children with Guillain-Barre syndrome at our institution in a prior study treated with plasmapheresis alone had similar clinical results. However, the need for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit and duration of pediatric intensive care unit stay were lower in the intravenous immunoglobulin treated group (P < .05). There were no complications with intravenous immunoglobulin therapy except for a brief episode of hypotension in one patient. Review of the literature identified 74 additional children with Guillain-Barre syndrome successfully receiving intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. We suggest intravenous immunoglobulin as initial therapy for pediatric Guillain-Barre syndrome, because it appears equally as effective as plasmapheresis and is associated with fewer complications.