cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis and Design of Semi-Direct-Drive Robot Arms

Direct drive is an ideal drive method which has excellent features including no backlash, low friction, and high mechanical stiffness. Applying the direct drive method to robot arms, however, leads to an impractical design because of the following two drawbacks. One is that a direct-drive arm tends to be heavier than a conventional arm with transmission mechanisms; because the motors of direct-drive arm are located at each joint of the arm the weight of each motor is a load to the previous motors down the serial linkage of the arm. Another problem is insufficient drive torques due to the elimination of gears which amplify the motor torques. This paper describes a lightweight arm mechanism for the direct-drive robots. The major improvements are: (1) the serial link mechanism is replaced by a four-bar-link mechanism in order to avoid the mounting of heavy motors at the serial links, (2) high performance brushless motors have been developed so that large torques can be obtained with relatively small power dissipation. Throughout the basic analysis and experiments, the arm which has been developed is evaluated in terms of efficiency, load capacity and dynamic response.
Posterior colpotomy: An aid in the diagnosis and treatment of ectopic pregnancy ☆

Abstract 1.1. An early positive diagnosis of extrauterine pregnancy based on history, physical examination, and laboratory findings can be made in only a small number of cases. 2.2. The value and safety of the posterior colpotomy incision in the diagnosis and treatment of 93 gynecological cases were reported. 3.3. Of the 224 ectopic pregnancies reported, the diagnosis was established for 149 cases by the use of the posterior colpotomy incision. 4.4. In 77, or 34.37 per cent of the 224 cases reported, the extrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed and removed through the posterior colpotomy incision.
Sources of human and murine hematopoietic stem cells.

This unit describes various sites from which human and murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) can be collected, including bone marrow, peripheral blood, and, in the case of human HSC, umbilical cord blood. Guidelines related to each of the cell harvesting procedures are described, and a discussion of the expected populations of cells harvested from these various sites is included. Cell products can be composed of a combination of true HSC, lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitor cells, and terminally differentiated fully mature cells. While use of steady-state peripheral blood as a source of HSC is the most convenient approach, yields of these cells are very low. However, mobilization methods that stimulate movement of stem cells out of the bone marrow into peripheral blood significantly increase HSC yields. Use of G-CSF has been accepted as the standard method for stem cell mobilization. The unit describes a variety of investigational cytokines and chemokines that have been shown to mobilize human stem including interleukin 3, 11, and 8, flt-3 ligand, and stem cell factor. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 79:22A.2.1-22A.2.6. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: hematopoietic stem cells; bone marrow; peripheral blood; umbilical cord blood; stem cell mobilization
Recycling of Carbon Fiber Composites

The recycling of carbon fiber composites involves significant technical and economic challenges. Current work is focused on the development of efficient and cost-effective methods to break down the matrix and extract the fibers without damaging the fibers or degrading their mechanical properties. There are several drivers for this effort, including the desire for environmentally friendly waste recycling, governmental regulations, and economic advantages for post consumer applications in automotive and other industries. Keywords: carbon fiber; fiber recycling; green technology; pyrolysis; fluidized bed; post consumer fiber; catalytic conversion; fiber properties
Okavango River Basin

The Okavango River Basin presents an incredibly dynamic and complex situation. It is a double challenge: first to convey the river’s importance in a policy-relevant way to all kinds of people interested in its management, and second to draw upon a vast literature in hopes of making useful suggestions for the way forward. Four sections follow. The first deals with the basin’s exceptional bio-cultural diversity. The second examines ongoing political economy, environmental, and international constraints to the basin’s sustainable conservation and development. The third section deals with the pioneering shift in the mid-1990s for Southern and Central Africa from a conflict-laden nationalist approach to international waters to the formation of the Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM) in 1994 and to a “water for peace” approach. The final section presents some suggestions on the way forward during the 21st century.
Analyzing Recent Citizen Participation Trends in Western New York: Comparing Citizen Engagement Promoted by Local Governments and Nonprofit Organizations

Engaging citizens in the decision-making process is becoming an important priority for many local governments. This article evaluates three citizen engagement events in two jurisdictions in western New York: public forums held by the Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority, Citizen Participation Academy, and Participatory Budgeting Project. Using in-depth interviews with public and nonprofit employees, the article outlines several findings, including a distinctly higher level of effectiveness of engagement strategies when advanced by not-for-profit organizations. The engagement initiated by state and municipal governments reflects authoritarian and bureaucratic models of participation. This study highlights several challenges to the sustainability of citizen involvement at municipal levels, and its results have important implications for other towns implementing participatory tools. RESUME Pour plusieurs gouvernements locaux, l’engagement des citoyens dans la prise de decision devient prioritaire. Cet article examine cette situation en evaluant trois evenements portant sur l’engagement des citoyens dans deux juridictions de l’ouest de l’Etat du New York, a savoir des forums publics organises par le Buffalo Fiscal Stability Authority, le Citizen Participation Academy et le Participatory Budgeting Project. Au moyen d’entrevues en profondeur aupres d’employes des secteurs public et sans but lucratif, cet article fait plusieurs constats, y compris celui d’une efficacite beaucoup plus grande des strategies d’engagement suivies par les organisations sans but lucratif. En revanche, l’engagement sollicite par les gouvernements des Etats et des municipalites reflete des modeles de participation relativement autoritaires et bureaucratiques. Cette etude souligne plusieurs defis souleves au niveau municipal par les tentatives d’inclure la citoyennete. Les resultats de cette etude ont des implications importantes pour d’autres villes qui s’efforcent d’encourager la participation .
Chloroplast genetics of chlamydomonas. I. Allelic segregation ratios.

ABSTRACT This paper presents allelic segregation data from a series of 16 crosses segregated for nuclear and chloroplast genes. By means of pedigree analysis, segregants of chloroplast markers occurring in the zygote have been distinguished from those occurring in zoospore clones. The genes ac1, ac2 , and tm1 showed little if any deviation from 1:1 either in zygotic segregation or in zoospore clones. The genes sm2, ery , and spc showed a significant excess of the allele from the mt + parent in zygotes. However, in zoospores, mt + excess was seen only when that allele was the mutant (resistant) form but not when it was wild type (sensitive). These results show that the extent of preferential segregation differs in zygotes and in zoospores, and that preferential segregation is influenced by map location and by allele specificity. A comparison of progeny from zygotes mated after 0, 15˝, 30˝, and 50˝ UV irradiation of the mt + gametes demonstrated the lack of an effect of UV upon allelic segregation ratios. In total, these results exclude the multi-copy model of chloroplast genome segregation suggested by Gillham, Boynton and Lee (1974) and support the diploid model we have previously proposed (Sager and Ramanis 1968, 1970; Sager 1972).
Neotropical Fabales at NY: asides and oversights

Miscellaneous observations on neotropical Fabales include descriptions ofEntada polystachya var.simplicata Barneby,Chamaecrista arachiphylla Barneby andCh. coradinii Barneby, andSwartzia invenusta Barneby; new combinations are proposed in generaTachigali Aublet andPeltophorum Bentham; a key to American species ofPeltophorum Vogel and new taxonomies for generaSchizolobium Vogel,Phyllocarpus Riedel, andGuibourtia Bennett are given.
The cellular response in neuroinflammation: The role of leukocytes, microglia and astrocytes in neuronal death and survival

Neuroinflammation is a complex integration of the responses of all cells present within the CNS, including the neurons, macroglia, microglia and the infiltrating leukocytes. The initiating insult, environmental factors, genetic background and age/past experiences all combine to modulate the integrated response of this complex neuroinflammatory circuit. Here, we explore how these factors interact to lead to either neuroprotective versus neurotoxic inflammatory responses. We specifically focus on microglia and astrocytic regulation of autoreactive T cell responses.
Infant temperament and performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 4, 8, and 12 months of age☆

Abstract Infants were assessed with the Rothbart Infant Behavior Questionnaire (an objective measure of infant temperament based on maternal reports) and the complete Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID) at 4, 8, and 12 months of age. Activity level was related to BSID performance at each age with babies who obtained higher scores rated as more active. Activity level was also related to the infants' behavior during the test administration at 8 and 12 months. A negative relation was found between smiling and laughter and the mental development index at 8 and 12 months. These data suggest that aspects of infant temperament as assessed by maternal report share a small amount of variance with BSID performance and the amount of shared variance increases with age.
T cell subpopulaions in alopecia areata

Alopecia areata remains a disease of unknown cause and unsatisfactory treatment. Histologically it is characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate that surrounds the lower half of the hair follicle. Our findings show that 64% to 92% of this infiltrate is composed of T lymphocytes bearing the Leu 3a (helper-inducer) phenotype. The remaining lymphocytes demonstrate the Leu 2a (cytotoxic-suppressor) phenotype. This helper T cell predominance is present in all patients, irrespective of clinical activity or duration of disease. The Leu 3a/Leu 2a ratio ranged from 2.6 to 19.8, the higher ratios being seen in patients with clinically active disease. The cutaneous infiltrate also is la-positive, indicating the activated nature of these lymphocytes.
A historical index of abundance for the blue shark (Prionace glauca) in the western North Atlantic

Abstract The blue shark has been subject to bycatch fishing mortality in the western North Atlantic for almost a half-century. Nevertheless, stock status is ambiguous and improved input data are needed for stock assessments. It is particularly important to obtain reliable indices of abundance because of the uncertainty in estimates of bycatch. An index of relative abundance (catch-per-unit effort, CPUE) is developed for western North Atlantic blue sharks, starting from the mid-1950s, when industrial pelagic longline tuna fisheries began. Longline catch and effort records from recent observer programs (1980–1990s) were linked with longline survey records from both historical archives and recent cruises (1950–1990s). Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to remove the effects of diverse fishing target practices, geographical and seasonal variability that affect blue shark catch rates. The analysis revealed a decline in blue shark CPUE of approximately 30% in the western North Atlantic from 1957 to 2000. The magnitude of this CPUE decline was less than other recently published estimates and seems reasonable in light of the high productivity of the blue shark revealed by life-history studies and preliminary stock assessments.
Heat capacities of solid ortho—para mixtures of deuterium in the ordered state

Abstract The heat capacities of three ortho—para mixtures of solid deuterium in the rotationally ordered state as a function of temperature as well as the order—disorder transition temperature, T c ( x ) for several compositions have been measured. The rotational heat capacities for all three mixtures, x (para or J = 1 mole fraction) = 0.69 9 , 0.81 9 and 0.92 1 per mole of J = 1 species can be represented by a single function in terms of the reduced temperatures, T c ( x )/ T , which to a good approximation is given by , where Γ 0 eff (1)/ k = 1.0 deg is the effective electric quadrupolar coupling constant for the anisotropic interactions in pure para D 2 and T c (1) = 4.05 degrees the order—disorder transition temperature. It is shown that this correlation follows from the assumption that both the libron energies and band widths of the libron modes scale with composition in a manner identical to the transition temperatures, namely .
Iatrogenic factors in residential treatment: a problem in staff training.

The meeting of parent and ward staff in a child psychiatric inpatient or day care unit is an anxiety arousing experience. The anxiety created if handled untherapeutically leads to increased parental symptomatology (iatrogenic); if handled therapeutically it allows for the resolution of major child-parent conflicts. This paper describes some aspects of the training of the ward staff in this area.
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibits the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 in bone cell cultures

Previous work from our laboratory indicated that bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) enhances the synthesis of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II by skeletal cells. The activity of IGF-I and -II is regulated by six known IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). Although most IGFBP's inhibit the actions of IGF on bone growth, IGFBP-5 is stimulatory, and its synthesis correlates with changes in osteoblast cell growth. We tested the effects of BMP-2 on IGFBP-5 expression in cultures of osteoblast-enriched cells from 22-day-old fetal rat calvariae (Ob cells). Treatment of Ob cells with BMP-2 caused a time- and dose-dependent decrease in IGFBP-5 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, as determined by Northern blot analysis. The effect was maximal after 24 h of treatment and occurred at BMP-2 concentrations of 0.03-3.3 nM. Treatment with BMP-2 for 24 h also decreased IGFBP-5 polypeptide levels in the extracellular matrix, as determined by Western blot analysis. The effects of BMP-2 on IGFBP-5 transcripts were indepen...
Comparison of Tangential Force Models for Feedrate Selection in Milling

Several mechanistic force models are investigated for use in a feedrate selection system that uses average spindle cutting power for model calibration. Strategies for feedrate selection using a spindle power sensor are discussed. Five different flat end mill force models are considered, some with an edge effect component and some with a size effect component. The models are evaluated for average tangential force prediction accuracy and ease of calibration using a variety of experiments with different flat end mills and workpiece materials. A method of showing all the experimental data points and tangential force model predictions on one plot is developed. The models are shown to be much more accurate than a simple volumetric power model in predicting average tangential force. The performances of all the mechanistic force models are similar, with the linear edge effect model and the nonlinear size effect model showing the most potential for feedrate selection.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Two-sided matching with incomplete information about others' preferences

Abstract A great deal of progress has been made recently in the study of two-sided matching processes, modelled both as cooperative games and as strategic games with complete information. Here we consider a natural model of incomplete information, in which agents know their own preferences but may not know those of others. It is shown that results concerning dominant and dominated strategies carry over from the complete information case to the present model, but results concerning Nash equilibria do not. Some of the modelling implications of this are briefly considered.
Enhancement of neonatal sucking through reinforcement.

Abstract A study of neonatal behavior demonstrated that reinforcement with a dextrose solution of a tube-sucking response enhances tube sucking rate, while cessation of such reinforcement has an opposite effect. The gradual nature of the acquisition and decremental processes under these conditions, along with inferences made possible by control procedures, enable the conclusion that these effects were attributable to conditioning.
The Reference Genome of the Halophytic Plant Eutrema salsugineum.

A halophyte refers to a plant that can naturally tolerate high concentrations of salt in the soil, and its tolerance to salt stress may occur through various evolutionary and molecular mechanisms. Eutrema salsugineum is one of the halophytic species in the Brassicaceae family that can naturally tolerate multiple types of abiotic stresses that typically limit crop productivity, such as extreme salinity and cold. It has been widely used as a laboratorial model for stress biology research in plants. Here, we present the reference genome sequence (241 Mb) of E. salsugineum at 8x coverage sequenced by traditional Sanger sequencing-based approach with comparison to its close relative Arabidopsis thaliana. The E. salsugineum genome contains 26,531 protein-coding genes and 51.4% of its genome is composed of repetitive sequences that mostly reside in pericentromeric regions. Comparative analyses of the genome structures, protein-coding genes, microRNAs, stress-related pathways and estimated translation efficiency of proteins between E. salsugineum and A. thaliana suggest adaptation of halophyte to environmental stresses may occur via a global network adjustment of multiple regulatory mechanisms. The E. salsugineum genome provides a resource to identify naturally occurring genetic alterations contributing to the adaptation of the halophyte plants to salinity might be bioengineered in related crop species.
Isolation of varicella-zoster virus from blood

and edematous or nodular. The vocal cords were rarely abnormal, which explains why airway obstruction rather than vocal changes usually occurs. In a few patients, laryngeal sarcoidosis was observed in the absence of other systemic manifestations of the disease. It is noteworthy that progression of the extrathoracic manifestations of our patient's disease occurred at a time when pulmonary involvement appeared to be stable. This coincides with the experience previously reported in adults. 6 Recognition of this phenomenon should encourage upper airway examination of children with increasing respiratory distress associated with sarcoidosis. Diminution of the laryngeal edema by large dose prednisone therapy prevented an anticipated tracheotomy. The recurrence of dyspnea while on a high-dose, alternate-day prednisone regimen, however, necessitated surgical excision of polypoid granulomatous tissue to prevent upper respiratory tract obstruction. Localization of the subglottic lesions by xeroradiography 7 prior to surgery facilitated therapy by accentuating the margins of nodular masses accessible to extirpation.
Peripheral mechanisms for vocal production in birds – differences and similarities to human speech and singing

Song production in songbirds is a model system for studying learned vocal behavior. As in humans, bird phonation involves three main motor systems (respiration, vocal organ and vocal tract). The avian respiratory mechanism uses pressure regulation in air sacs to ventilate a rigid lung. In songbirds sound is generated with two independently controlled sound sources, which reside in a uniquely avian vocal organ, the syrinx. However, the physical sound generation mechanism in the syrinx shows strong analogies to that in the human larynx, such that both can be characterized as myoelastic-aerodynamic sound sources. Similarities include active adduction and abduction, oscillating tissue masses which modulate flow rate through the organ and a layered structure of the oscillating tissue masses giving rise to complex viscoelastic properties. Differences in the functional morphology of the sound producing system between birds and humans require specific motor control patterns. The songbird vocal apparatus is adapted for high speed, suggesting that temporal patterns and fast modulation of sound features are important in acoustic communication. Rapid respiratory patterns determine the coarse temporal structure of song and maintain gas exchange even during very long songs. The respiratory system also contributes to the fine control of airflow. Muscular control of the vocal organ regulates airflow and acoustic features. The upper vocal tract of birds filters the sounds generated in the syrinx, and filter properties are actively adjusted. Nonlinear source-filter interactions may also play a role. The unique morphology and biomechanical system for sound production in birds presents an interesting model for exploring parallels in control mechanisms that give rise to highly convergent physical patterns of sound generation. More comparative work should provide a rich source for our understanding of the evolution of complex sound producing systems.
A study of the use of Y2O3 doped ZrO2 membranes for solar electrothermal and solarthermal separations

Abstract We measured ion and (implicitly) electron hole conductivities and O 2 semipermeabilities and their activation energies of commercial slip-cast Y 2 O 3 doped ZrO 2 under conditions simulating their practical application. We believe that this material shows promise as an O 2 semipermeable membrane for ROC and electro-ROC type water splitters, as well as components of devices for the gas-phase electrolytic separation of metals (Zn in this study) from their oxides. The higher activation energy for hole transport vis-a-vis ion transport and the associated transition from electrically-dominated to pressure-dominated transport of O 2 across such membranes makes an almost continuous transition from electrolytic to thermolytic processes possible. This is especially important in solar processes, where, at high temperatures, the difference between electrochemical and thermochemical processes fades away. This transition greatly increases the latitude with which process variables can be adjusted for optimization.
Proteomic Profiling of Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Macrophages by Isotope Coded Affinity Tagging

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a glycolipid component of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, initiates proinflammatory, proapoptotic, and antiapoptotic pathways upon binding to macrophage TLR4. Macrophages that are exposed to LPS become activated and exhibit altered morphology and response to infection. We performed isotope coded affinity tagging (ICAT), multidimensional liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry to identify proteins that are differently expressed between naive and LPS-activated macrophages. We performed replicate ICAT analyses on RAW 264.7 cultured mouse macrophages as well as C57BL/6 bone marrow derived mouse macrophages. We identified and obtained relative abundances for 1064 proteins, of which we identified 36 as having significantly different expression levels upon activation by LPS. We also compared our results with a two color microarray gene expression assay performed by the Institute for Systems Biology and observed ∼75% agreement between mRNA transcription and protein ex...
SOCS Proteins, Regulators of Intracellular Signaling

The mechanism by which cytokine signaling is regulated has been a focus of research in the past few years. The SOCS family proteins have recently emerged as important regulators of cytokine signaling. Although the first two family members, CIS and SOCS-1, were identified as cytokine-inducible inhibitors of JAK-STAT activation, it is not clear whether other family members also act similarly. Gene disruption experiments have suggested a critical role for SOCS-1 in the regulation of IFNγ signaling and T cell development. SOCS-2 and SOCS-3 have also been shown to be important in postnatal growth and in fetal liver erythropoiesis, respectively. The precise mechanisms by which these proteins exert their effects remain to be determined. In addition, the function of the conserved SOCS box will be another focus of research. Although the SOCS box has been proposed to be involved in the ubiquitylation of proteins, there has been no direct evidence supporting a role for SOCS proteins in cellular ubiquitylation. Overall, identification of the SOCS family has opened a new field of research in signal transduction. Studies of these proteins will not only increase our understanding of immune regulation by the cytokine network but may also lead to development of specific pharmacological inhibitors of cytokine signaling.*E-mail: pbr3@columbia.edu.
Diffractive analysis of optical systems in the nonparaxial/nonuniformly polarized regime

This paper describes the general methodology for computationally tracking an arbitrarily polarized complex monochromatic field through an arbitrary optical system, composed of reflectors, in 3 space. The polarization properties of the field can be spatially varying allowing for spatially dependent angles of incidence and surface, eg., coating, properties. The Jones calculus is employed which is amenable to the complex field description that is employed with diffractive propagations.
Negative example selection for protein function prediction: the NoGO database.

Negative examples – genes that are known not to carry out a given protein function – are rarely recorded in genome and proteome annotation databases, such as the Gene Ontology database. Negative examples are required, however, for several of the most powerful machine learning methods for integrative protein function prediction. Most protein function prediction efforts have relied on a variety of heuristics for the choice of negative examples. Determining the accuracy of methods for negative example prediction is itself a non-trivial task, given that the Open World Assumption as applied to gene annotations rules out many traditional validation metrics. We present a rigorous comparison of these heuristics, utilizing a temporal holdout, and a novel evaluation strategy for negative examples. We add to this comparison several algorithms adapted from Positive-Unlabeled learning scenarios in text-classification, which are the current state of the art methods for generating negative examples in low-density annotation contexts. Lastly, we present two novel algorithms of our own construction, one based on empirical conditional probability, and the other using topic modeling applied to genes and annotations. We demonstrate that our algorithms achieve significantly fewer incorrect negative example predictions than the current state of the art, using multiple benchmarks covering multiple organisms. Our methods may be applied to generate negative examples for any type of method that deals with protein function, and to this end we provide a database of negative examples in several well-studied organisms, for general use (The NoGO database, available at: bonneaulab.bio.nyu.edu/nogo.html).
Do serological markers and cytokines determine the indeterminate

There is a general sense that indeterminate colitis (IC) runs an aggressive clinical course, is medically refractory, and is associated with higher pouch failure rates following restorative proctocolectomy. The question has been raised whether IC can be assigned to a diagnosis of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis through the characterization of immunogenetic similarities, or whether IC may represent a distinct subgroup within these heterogeneous disorders. In this article, the use of serologic markers, genetics, and immune responses to understand the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and define clinically important subgroups of patients will be discussed. Then, how these scientific advances have been applied to the entity of IC will be reviewed. Importantly, a recent prospective study suggests that the absence of IBD-associated serologic markers defines the majority of IC as a separate entity within the spectrum of IBD. The development of serologic, genetic, and immune response markers will allow for rational description of clinically important subgroups, redefine natural history, and predict responses to therapy in IBD.
Comparison of observed and predicted bioavailability of nortriptyline in humans following oral administration

Abstract The first‐pass equation based on the dose, hepatic blood flow, and total area under the plasma level—time curve after oral administration was used retrospectively to predict the bioavailability of nortriptyline after oral administration of 1 mg/kg‐single oral doses to monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. The predicted values of bioavailability ranged from 45 to 85%, consistent with experimentally derived estimates of nortriptyline availability.
Pathogenicity ofAeromonas hydrophila in red leg disease in frogs.

Endotoxin and hemolysin fromAeromonas hydrophila A3 were studied to understand the pathogenicity of the organism. Neither the endotoxin nor the hemolysin alone produced typical red leg disease symptoms or death in frogs, even at a very high dosage of 8,000 μg; however, endotoxin and hemolysin together did. Further, histamine-stressed frogs died from hemolysin but not endotoxin. Hemolytic activity of hemolysin increased in cells that were preincubated with endotoxin. Results point to the conclusion that red leg disease in frogs represents a complex interaction between endotoxin and hemolysin and that stress-producing factors other than the endotoxin might trigger disease production.
Coronary Arterial Spasm in Classic Angina Pectoris

A 47-year-old black male who presented with classical angina pectoris and positive exercise test developed spasm of the right coronary artery in the vicinity of an atherosclerotic lesion resulting in transient total occlusion of the vessel. It seemed unlikely that spasm was catheter induced in this case, and the vessel relaxed promptly following nitroglycerin administration. The occurrence of severe spasm in proximity to atherosclerotic narrowing of coronary artery may contribute to stable and unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden death in patients with these conditions coexisting. The awareness of such a phenomenon is necessary to avoid serious errors in the interpretation of coronary angiograms.
Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect, Second Edition

R. Lal and R.F. Follett, editors. SSSA Spec. Publ. 57, 2nd ed. SSSA, 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711. 2009. 410 pp. $70.00. ISBN 978-0-89118-850-6. Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect serves as a good introduction to the measurement of soil organic C stocks, the influence of
BINDING OF ALKENES TO RES4

The tetrathioperrhenate anion, ReS4- (1), is shown to form adducts with a variety of alkenes. The alkene adducts form reversibly, and those of norbornene and norbornadiene were isolated. For norbor...
Determining paleotemperature and other variables by using an error-weighted, nonlinear inversion of noble gas concentrations in water

Abstract We present an error-weighted, nonlinear inverse technique appropriate for using noble gas concentrations in water to resolve recharge paleotemperature and up to two other variables. This method gives an estimate of the precision of the fitted variables and enables us to assess the confidence of the conceptual models used to invert the data. We illustrate the utility of this method with comprehensive data sets from the Pannonian basin, San Juan basin, and tropical Brazil Stute and Deak 1989 , Stute et al 1995a , Stute et al 1995b . Solving for temperature and excess air, we demonstrate that the inverse method reproduces iterative techniques but with a bias relative to the latter of up to 0.6°C. This is due to error weighting in the inverse technique placing more emphasis on the heavy noble gas concentrations in the temperature determination. The Σχ2 of the Pannonian and San Juan data set is high and suggests that the measured noble gas concentrations are controlled by more than temperature and excess air at recharge. Solving for either recharge salinity or altitude as a third variable, synthetic data sets reproduce input values. Literature data, however, produce an average negative offset from known recharge salinity and altitude. This offset in natural systems points to a significant noble gas fractionation effect in all of the aquifer systems investigated. We also solve for fractionation by diffusive gas loss at recharge (Stute et al., 1995b) . The tropical Brazil data set reproduces independently derived literature fractionation constants. Although this improves the data fit, a simple statistical test shows that diffusive fractionation alone cannot account for the sample noble gas abundance pattern observed in the tropical Brazil samples. Our derived errors of between ±1.5 and ±5.6°C (1σ) are significantly higher than the quoted literature error of ±0.8°C. This is due to both the inclusion of the third variable and the poor fit of the sample data to the conceptual model. When solving for fractionation in the Pannonian basin and San Juan data, we demonstrate that optimal recharge salinity for the combined data is now within error of meteoric water. Paleotemperature errors range between ±0.3 and ±2.4°C and ±0.8°C and ±2.3°C, respectively. In both cases, the data show a significant degree of improvement in the fit of the data to the model, the conceptual model is statistically consistent with both data sets, young samples are within error of the present day recharge temperatures, and samples previously considered outliers now agree with samples in the same age bracket. Despite the incomplete fit to the tropical Brazil data, it would appear that diffusive gas loss provides a necessary and reasonable proxy to a seemingly ubiquitous aquifer fractionation process. This must be considered when interpreting the noble gas paleotemperature in meteoric aquifer systems.
Consistency of the bootstrap for the ransformed two-sample t-test

A method of bootstrapping the two-sample t-test after a Box-Cox transformation is proposed. The procedure is shown to be consistent and asymptotically as efficient as the non-bootstrapped Box-Cox t-test. Because the bootstrap samples are drawn without the assumption of the same distributional shapes,the procedure may be more robust against violation of this assumption. Simulation results support this conjecture.
Fluxes, residence times, and sources of some elements to Lake Michigan

Fluxes of 28 elements to Lake Michigan are calculated from literature data on sedimentation rates and concentrations in sediments and water. Lake Michigan residence times are roughly 104 lower than oceanic residence times. A mass balance has been formulated for 24 elements, with soil and aerosol as the only sources. These sources provide fourfold excesses of Cu, Hg, Sb, Se, and V, and order of magnitude deficits for Ca, Mg, Na, and Cl, but account (to within 50%) for the observed inputs of Ag, Al, As, Br, Co, Cr, Fe, K, La, Mn, S, Si, Sc, Th, and Zn. Except for Al, Co, La, Si, and Th, deposition from aerosol accounts for at least one-fifth of the total input.
WE‐E‐BRB‐02: Current IMRT QA Metrics Are Not Correlated with Clinically Relevant Dosimetric Errors in Prostate and Head Neck Treatments

Purpose: To investigate if the degree of IMRT QA error characterized by the conventional metrics is correlated with clinically relevant dosimetric errors for prostate and head‐neck treatments. Methods: We examined 37 head‐neck and 41 prostate treatments, each had at least one field failed IMRT QA on MapCHECK judged by one of the standards m 95% passing rate at 3%/3mm, 5%/4mm, or 7%/5mm. The resulting deviation on target and critical normal‐structure doses was computed using in‐house TPS PlanUNC. PLanUNC reproduced the QA‐failed treatment plan using MapCheck‐measured beam characteristics. The modified plan represents the actual treatment that patient would receive if treatment (that failed QA) had been delivered. The degree of IMRT QA error was correlated with its dosimetric impact on minimum dose to 95% of the target volume [D95], mean and maximum doses to critical structures using Pearson correlation. A commercial software (3DVH) for 3D dosimetry study using MapCHECK QA data is also evaluated. Results: There is a lack of general correlation between QA passing rate and resulting error in PTV D95 and critical structures ((bladder, rectum, femur heads for prostate and brainstem, cord, parotids for head and neck) mean and max. dose (Pearson r value −0.146, range −0.519 &#61485; 0.130). More stringent QA criterion does not have better correlation with the 3D dosimetry error than less stringent criterion (r = −.154+/−0.15 for 3%/3mm, r= −1.93+/−0.192 for 5%/4mm, and r= −1.85+/− 0.14 for 7%/5mm). The IMRT QA errors for all cases studied, if left uncorrected, would lead to errors of 0.7% for the D95 (range −4.0–2.8%), 2.15% for the cord dose (−3.3–21.9%), and 0.6% (−9.5–4.9%) for all other critical structures. Conclusions:We observed no strong and consistent correlation between the degree of IMRT QA error and the degree of clinically relevant patient dose error.
Combined laboratory vane and direct shear test procedure for marine soils

Abstract From a series of direct shear and laboratory vane shear tests conducted on natural pelagic and terrigenous marine soils, we have proposed a combined shear test procedure that involves obtaining the total stress failure envelope from tests on only two submarine soil samples. On one of the samples, both the direct shear and vane tests are conducted at zero normal stress. The second soil sample is consolidated under normal stress σn greater than the precompression stress Pc and sheared in a direct shear device under normal stress equal to the above consolidation pressure σn , the laboratory vane shear test on the same sample is conducted under zero normal stress. The combined test program results in four datum points (two from direct shear and two from laboratory vane shear tests. By connecting the two vane test datum points, the cohesion line (the failure envelope corresponding to vane shear tests) is obtained. By connecting the direct shear test datum points (from the soil consolidated under cn > ...
“I Came to Prison to Do My Time — Not to Get Raped”: Coping Within the Institutional Setting

ABSTRACT The War on Drugs has yielded a significant growth in the United States prison population, particularly for women. A substantial percentage of women involved in the criminal justice system have a substance use disorder, have committed their crimes for drug money, or were convicted of a drug-related felony. Many drug-involved women enter prison with histories of sexual/physical assault and may be subjected to further victimization within the institution. Although staff sexual misconduct within women's prisons has been established, there has been little attention to its effects on the mental health of incarcerated women or the ways in which women cope with such abuse within the confines of prison. We constructed case narratives from secondary data collected as part of an investigation and later used in a class action lawsuit, thus allowing the women to portray their experiences and choice of coping strategies in their own ‘voices.’ We found that women often made active and calculated decisions to co...
Analysis of the one-dimensional moisture migration caused by temperature gradients in a porous medium

Abstract An analytical solution is obtained for the one-dimensional moisture migration in a slab of porous material under the influence of temperature gradients. The solution is relevant to such problems as the moisture redistribution in soil under the influence of solar heat, the moisture migration in the vicinity of earth sheltered structures, the measurement of transport properties of porous materials and others.
Synthesis of a fluorescent boronic acid which reversibly binds to cell walls and a diboronic acid which agglutinates erythrocytes.

Abstract N-(5-dimethylamino-1-napthalene sulfonyl)-3-aminobenzene boronic acid (Dns-PBA) and N,N′- bis -3(dihydroxylborylbenzene)adipamide (Bis-PBA) were synthesized. The former is found to reversibly associate with Bacillus subtilis , apparently through boronate diester linkages with carbohydrates on the cell surface. The latter displays the lectin-like property of agglutinating red blood cells.
Elastic and inelastic proton scattering from 86Sr

Abstract Angular distributions of elastically and inelastically scattered 12 MeV protons from 86 Sr have been measured for angles between 24° and 165°. Inelastic scattering to 20 levels in 86 Sr were observed, and angular distributions measured for the ground state and excited states at 1076, 1854, 2482 and 2997 keV. The 2482 keV level appears to be the octupole state, rather than the 2997 keV level which also has spin-parity 3 − . Quadrupole and octupole deformation parameters β 2 = 0.130 and β 3 = 0.153 were extracted from the experimental cross sections for inelastic scattering to the 2 + and 3 − states at 1076 and 2482 keV, respectively, by means of DWBA theory and coupled-channel calculations. The coupled-channel calculation for the differential cross section for the possible two-phonon 2 + state at 1854 keV indicates that this state has a limited phonon-like character.
Detection of aircraft in video sequences using a predictive optical flow algorithm

This paper presents a computer vision algorithm that segre- gates spurious optical flow artifacts to detect a moving object. The algo- rithm consists of six steps. First, the pixels in each image are shifted to compensate for camera rotation. Second, the images are smoothed with a spatiotemporal Gaussian filter. Third, the optical flow is computed with a gradient-based technique. Fourth, optical flow vectors with small mag- nitudes are discarded. Fifth, vectors with similar locations, magnitudes, and directions are clustered together using a spatial consistency test. Sixth, similar optical flow vectors are extended temporally to make pre- dictions about future optical flow locations, magnitudes, and directions in subsequent frames. The actual optical flow vectors that are consistent with those predictions are associated with a moving object. This algo- rithm was tested on images obtained with a video camera mounted be- low the nose of a Boeing 737. The camera recorded two sequences containing a second flying aircraft. The algorithm detected the aircraft in 82% of the frames from the first sequence and 78% of the frames from the second sequence. In each sequence, the false-alarm rate was zero. These results illustrate the effectiveness of using a comprehensive pre- dictive technique when detecting moving objects. © 1999 Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)01603-7)
Journey Through the Twelve Forests: An Encounter with Krishna

The first thorough study of its kind, this is a lively account of the Ban Yatra, a circular pilgrimage that takes place in the northern Indian land of Braj. This anthropological chronicle offers an appealing mixture of personal anecdote, religious theory, Indian history, and tales of the gods. Basing his work on personal experience in the field, as well as a combination of primary sources in Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali-many untranslated and unstudied in Western languages-and a wide range of secondary literature, Haberman places the pilgimrage in its cultural and historical context, interweaving his account with retellings of the tales of Krishna around with the journey revolves.
Defect-related dark currents in III-V MWIR nBn detectors

The effect of defects on the dark current characteristics of MWIR, III-V nBn detectors has been studied. Two different types of defects are compared, those produced by lattice mismatch and by proton irradiation. It is shown that the introduction of defects always elevates dark currents; however the effect on dark current is different for nBn detectors and conventional photodiodes. The dark currents of nBn detectors are found to be more tolerant of defects compared to pn-junction based devices. Defects more weakly increase dark currents, and cooling reduces the defect-produced dark currents more rapidly in nBn detectors than in conventional photodiodes.
Venture Capital Opportunities in Green Building Technologies: A Strategic Analysis for Emerging Entrepreneurial Companies in South Florida and Latin America

AbstractVenture capital is an investment intended to finance high-risk companies, and particularly entrepreneurs such as those dedicated to the development of new and innovative technologies. Venture capitalists provide such investments because entrepreneurs may have difficulty obtaining loans from banks due to high interest rates, the risks involved in the technological arena, and the absence of a proven track record. However, the rate of success for venture capital investments has been unconvincing. Given this poor success rate, there is a need for comprehensive research to assist entrepreneurs and investors in understanding the opportunities and difficulties of start-up venture capital investments in green building technologies. This paper not only analyzes the current trends of venture capital investments in green building and construction technologies, but also outlines a potential course of action. The findings of the study show that the future of venture capital investment opportunities is very bri...
Myrosinase activity of cruciferous vegetables

Myrosinase activity in partially purified extracts of 12 cruciferous vegetables and an acetone powder preparation of Sinapis alba L. (white mustard) was determined by the initial rate of glucose formation from glucosinolate hydrolysis using a coupled assay. Of the species studied Raphanus sativus L. (radish, 12.8±0.7 μmol min−1g−1 powdered tissue) had the greatest myrosinase activity, and Brassica campestris L. ssp. rapifera (turnip) and Nasturtium officinalis R.Br. (watercress) (0.6±0.1 and 0.8±0.03 μmol min−1g−1 powdered tissue respectively) the least. The sub-species of Brassica oleracea studied all had similar myrosinase activity (ca 2.5±0.2μmolmin−1g−1 powdered tissue) except B. oleracea L. var. gemmifera D.C. (Brussels sprouts) and B. oleracea L. var. capitata L. (white cabbage) which had higher activities (7.6±0.1 and 5.2±0.2μmol min−1g−1 powdered tissue respectively). The effect of ascorbate concentration upon the myrosinase activity of six of the crucifers studied and the white mustard preparation, revealed that the ascorbate concentration necessary to promote maximal activity varied with species. A concentration of 0.9mM ascorbate maximally activated radish and turnip myrosinase, while red cabbage, watercress, white mustard and Brussels sprouts were maximally activated at 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 0.7–1.0mM ascorbate respectively. Two peaks of maximal myrosinase activity, occurring between 0.9 and 1.0mM and at 3.0mM ascorbate, were found for B. oleracea L. var. botrytis L. subvar. cauliflora D.C. (cauliflower).