cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Asia: A Medical Geographic Perspective

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) represents the first major and readily transmissible disease to emerge in the 21st Century. This paper illustrates the medical geography of SARS, which is believed to be caused by a new member of the coronavirus family. The origin of SARS as well as the vast majority of cases occurred in Asia, most notably China. Theories pertaining to the biological and geographical origin of the etiologic agent are examined and local, national, and international spatial diffusion patterns in Asia are illustrated. The SARS epidemic provides additional evidence that developed as well developing countries face major new health threats from emerging infectious and contagious diseases in an era of globalization, bringing into further question the epidemiological transition theory. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F22, I10, I18. 7 figures, 79 references.
Nonlinear optical properties of layered multi-metal nanostructures

We report on the temporal and spectral dynamics of the nonlinear optical response of transparent Ag/Au multi-metal layers and Fabry-Perot resonators with 10× enhancement compared with Ag and with comparable transparency in the visible.
Cancer Cell Proliferation is Inhibited by Phlip Mediated Delivery of Membrane Impermeable Toxin Phalloidin

We wish to use the pH-(Low)-Insertion-Peptide (pHLIP) to transport therapeutic agents to acidic tumors, with the ultimate goal of improving the treatment of cancer. pHLIP inserts into a lipid bilayer under slightly acidic conditions (pH 6-6.5), forming a transmembrane helix. We demonstrate here that pHLIP-mediated translocation of a cell-impermeable, polar toxin phalloidin can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. The delivery constructs, pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph) and pHLIP-C(aph), both carry the phalloidin toxin at the inserting C-terminus, via a disulfide linkage that could be cleaved in cells. The constructs differ in that a lipophilic rhodamine moiety is also attached to the inserting end, near the phalloidin cargo, in pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph). After a brief incubation with 2-4 μM of pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph) at pH 6.1-6.2 (for 1-3 h), proliferation of HeLa, JC, and M4A4 cancer cells were severely disrupted (> 90% inhibitions). Cells treated with pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph) also showed signs of cytoskeletal immobilization, consistent with the knowledge that phalloidin binds to F-actin and stabilizes the filament against depolymerization. However, the antiproliferative effect was not observed with pHLIP-C(aph). The insertion behavior of both constructs were studied in POPC liposomes using Trp fluorescence: pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph) and pHLIP-C(aph) insert with the same apparent pK of 6.1-6.2, similar to that of pHLIP (without any cargo). However, kinetic experiments suggest that pHLIP-C(aph) inserts much slower than pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph), possibly accounting for its lack of antiproliferative effects in cell assays. In short, our results obtained with pHLIP-K(rho)C(aph) lay the foundation for the development of a new class of anti-tumor agents that would selectively enter and destroy cancer cells while not affecting normal cells. Such pHLIP-mediated delivery of otherwise cell-impermeable agents may enhance the efficacy of treatment, as well as significantly reducing the side effect.
On completely positive maps in generalized quantum dynamics

Several authors have hypothesized that completely positive maps should provide the means for generalizing quantum dynamics. In a critical analysis of that proposal, we show that such maps are incompatible with the standard phenomenological theory of spin relaxation and that the theoretical argument which has been offered as justification for the hypothesis is fallacious.
Hydrogel-electrospun fiber mat composite coatings for neural prostheses.

Achieving stable, long-term performance of implanted neural prosthetic devices has been challenging because of implantation related neuron loss and a foreign body response that results in encapsulating glial scar formation. To improve neuron-prosthesis integration and form chronic, stable interfaces, we investigated the potential of neurotrophin-eluting hydrogel-electrospun fiber mat (EFM) composite coatings. In particular, poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(e-caprolactone) (PEGPCL) hydrogel- poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) EFM composites were applied as coatings for multielectrode arrays (MEAs). Coatings were stable and persisted on electrode surfaces for over 1 month under an agarose gel tissue phantom and over 9 months in a PBS immersion bath. To demonstrate drug release, a neurotrophin, nerve growth factor (NGF), was loaded in the PEGPCL hydrogel layer, and coating cytotoxicity and sustained NGF release were evaluated using a PC12 cell culture model. Quantitative MTT assays showed that these coatings had no significant toxicity toward PC12 cells, and neurite extension at day 7 and 14 confirmed sustained release of NGF at biologically significant concentrations for at least 2 weeks. Our results demonstrate that hydrogel-EFM composite materials can be applied to neural prostheses as a means to improve neuron-electrode proximity and enhance long-term device performance and function.
Reflective Language Teaching: From Research to Practice by FARRELL, THOMAS S. C.

The article reviews the book "Reflective Language Teaching: From Research to Practice," by Thomas S. C. Farrell.
Sheep Grazing in a Wheat–Fallow System Affects Dryland Soil Properties and Grain Yield

Sheep (Ovis aries L.) grazing, an eff ective method of controlling weeds and pests in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow system, may aff ect dryland soil properties and wheat yield. We evaluated the eff ects of fallow management for weed control and soil water conservation (sheep grazing, herbicide application [chemical], and tillage [mechanical]) and cropping sequence (continuous spring wheat [CSW], spring wheat–fallow [SW-F], and winter wheat–fallow [WW-F]) on soil nutrients and chemical properties in the 0- to 60-cm depth and wheat yield. Th e experiment was conducted in a Blackmore silt loam from 2004 to 2008 in southwestern Montana. Soil P and K concentrations at 0 to 30 cm were lower in the grazing than in the chemical or mechanical treatments. In contrast, soil Na, Ca, and Mg concentrations were greater in the grazing and mechanical than the chemical treatment. Soil Mg concentration at 30 to 60 cm was greater under CSW than WW-F. Soil SO 4 –S concentration varied with fallow management and cropping sequence. Soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electrical conductivity (EC) at 0 to 15 cm were greater in the mechanical than in the chemical or grazing treatments. Annualized wheat yield was greater under CSW than SW-F or WW-F but was not aff ected by fallow management. Sheep grazing aff ected soil nutrients probably by consuming wheat residues but returning them at various levels through feces and urine. In contrast, tillage increased pH, CEC, and EC, probably by incorporating crop residue, feces, and urine into the soil. By applying enough P and K fertilizers to wheat and using less intensive grazing, sheep grazing can be used to sustain wheat yields without seriously aff ecting soil nutrients and chemical properties.
Generalized collage steganography on images

In recent years, various steganography and steganalysis methods have been proposed. Collage steganography, a new type of steganographic method, has been introduced to hide the secret message in a way other than the traditional methods. The limitation of the method is the capacity. This paper presents a new generalized collage steganography, an extension of collage steganography, to improve the capacity problem. The secret message is hidden by incorporating object images with transparent features into a cover image. A proper cover image is chosen based on prior capacity analysis. The selected object image and the translation, rotation and scaling factors in the affine transformation are used to hide the secret message as well as the image pixels, coefficients and/or header files. The appearance of the cover image is changed due to the addition of the object image for embedding. The information is retrieved via template matching techniques. The results demonstrate the relationship between different images and its capacity. Several steganographic image examples are illustrated. Comparisons between the collage steganography and the generalized collage steganography show a higher capacity when using the new steganographic method.
How to Prune a Garden Path by Nipping It in the Bud: Fast Priming of Verb Argument Structure

The syntactic preferences of briefly displayed prime words were found to affect readers’ ability to resolve temporary syntactic ambiguities. In two self-paced reading experiments, participants read target sentences containing ambiguous sentence complements (e.g., ‘‘The photographer accepted the fire could not be put out.’’), in which ‘‘the fire’’ could be the direct object of the main verb ‘‘accepted,’’ or the subject of a sentence complement. A briefly displayed prime verb (duration of 39 ms) appeared immediately prior to reading the main verb, and had a significant impact on syntactic misanalysis effects for the ambiguous sentence complement. Priming the matrix verb with a verb that tends to be used with a direct object (e.g., ‘‘obtained’’) resulted in increased processing difficulty in the disambiguating region of the sentence complement (e.g., ‘‘could’’). Priming the matrix verb with a verb that tends to be used with a sentence complement (e.g., ‘‘realized’’) resulted in significantly less processing difficulty in the disambiguating region. The results are consistent with constraint-based theories of sentence processing that make immedi
Factors related to outcome of salvage therapy for isolated cervical recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in the previously treated neck: a multi-institutional study.

Abstract Objective: The goal was to identify factors associated with the outcome of salvage therapy for patients with isolated cervical recurrences of squamous cell carcinoma in the previously treated neck (ICR-PTN). Study Design and Settings: A tumor registry search for ICR-PTN patients was performed at 7 participating institutions, and the charts were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier plots for survival and time until re-recurrence were used to evaluate the significance of associated variables. Results: Median survival and time until re-recurrence were both 11 months. Survival was better in patients with the following characteristics: nonsurgical initial neck treatment, negative initial disease resection margins, no history of prior recurrence, ipsilateral location of the ICR-PTN relative to the primary, and use of surgical salvage. Conclusions: By pooling the experience of 7 US tertiary care medical centers, we have identified 5 factors that are associated with outcome of salvage therapy for ICR-PTN. Significance: Consideration of these factors, as well as the reviewed literature, should facilitate patient selection for salvage protocols. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000;123:368-76.)
Decomposing China–Japan–U.S. trade: Vertical specialization, ownership, and organizational form

Abstract We use the US International Trade Commission's uniquely detailed 1995–2007 Chinese Customs data to better understand the pattern of trade between China and its two largest trading partners, Japan and the United States. Our review finds that only a small share of these flows can be characterized as arm's length, one-way trade in final goods. Instead, we find extensive two-way trade, deep vertical specialization, concentration of trade in computer and communication devices, and a prominent role for foreign-invested enterprises. While these characteristics define both bilateral relationships, important differences between the two pairs do emerge, suggesting that trade costs influence the method by which multinationals choose to integrate their production with China. Consequently, we argue that dialogue on East Asian trade liberalization should include the possibility of significant production gains for the US from its inclusion in any regional agreements.
The petrogenesis of type B1 Ca-Al rich inclusions: The spinel perspective

Minor element variations in MgAl_2O_4 spinel from the type B1 calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) Allende TS-34 confirm earlier studies in showing correlations between the minor element chemistry of spinels with their location within the inclusion and with the chemistry of host silicate phases. These correlations result from a combination of crystallization of a liquid produced by re-melting event(s) and local re-equilibration during subsolidus reheating. The correlation of the Ti and V in spinel inclusions with the Ti and V in the adjacent host clinopyroxene can be qualitatively explained by spinel and clinopyroxene crystallization prior to melilite, following a partial melting event. There are, however, difficulties in quantitative modeling of the observed trends, and it is easier to explain the Ti correlation in terms of complete re-equilibration. The correlation of V in spinel inclusions with that in the adjacent host clinopyroxene also cannot be quantitatively modeled by fractional crystallization of the liquid produced by re-melting, but it can be explained by partial re-equilibration. The distinct V and Ti concentrations in spinel inclusions in melilite from the edge regions of the CAI are best explained as being affected by only a minor degree of re-equilibration. The center melilites and included spinels formed during crystallization of the liquid produced by re-melting, while the edge melilites and included spinels are primary. The oxygen isotope compositions of TS-34 spinels are uniformly ^(16)O-rich, regardless of the host silicate phase or its location within the inclusion. Similar to other type B1 CAIs, clinopyroxene is ^(16)O-rich, but melilite is relatively ^(16)O-poor. These data require that the oxygen isotope exchange in TS-34 melilite occurred subsequent to the last re-melting event.
Experiments in confidence scoring using Spanish CallHome data

We present results relevant to tasks involved in the confidence scoring of output from a continuous speech recognition system, including the search for predictor variables and model selection. We introduce the DET curve characteristic (DCC) score, which we use along with the normalized cross entropy (NCE) score, to perform the model and predictor variable evaluation. We also show results from experiments that suggest how the NCE and DCC scores vary with recognizer performance.
Enlarged fetal bladder: Differential diagnosis and outcomes

The sonographic finding of an enlarged fetal bladder may simply be a transitory normal variant, but it may also be secondary to reflux or to obstructive, neurogenic, or myopathic causes. In this report, we describe the cases of 3 fetuses with an enlarged bladder, each of which had a different cause. The first fetus had posterior urethral valve obstruction, the second, a ruptured neurogenic bladder, and the third, megacystic-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome. When sonographic examination reveals an enlarged fetal bladder, the ureter, kidneys, genitalia, and spine should be evaluated carefully. Although sonography is good at identifying urinary tract abnormalities, it often cannot provide the specific diagnosis or cause. We recommend frequent sonographic monitoring to evaluate such fetuses for persistence of or changes in bladder enlargement and for changes in the volume of amniotic fluid because these signs may be indicators of abnormalities of renal function and risk factors for a poor prognosis. Analysis of fetal electrolyte levels can also aid in determining the prognosis and whether the condition is amenable to therapeutic intervention.
The School Transitions Project: A Comprehensive Preventive Intervention

Some children who transfer into new schools are at risk for later school and life difficulties. Such children often enter the new schools with several life stressors and academic lags, and they are...
Molecular mechanisms and pathways in bladder cancer development and progression.

BackgroundThe basis for bladder cancer development and progression is complex and involves genetic abnormalities. These abnormalities yield phenotypic changes that allow normal transitional cells t...
Understanding attitudes toward adolescent vaccination and the decision-making dynamic among adolescents, parents and providers

With several new vaccine recommendations specifically targeting adolescents, improving adolescent vaccination rates has become a major health priority. Vaccination attitudes are an important, modifiable target for new interventions. Prior research has examined primarily the attitudes and beliefs of adolescents, parents or healthcare providers separately without exploring the decision-making dynamic among these stakeholders. We sought to identify potentially modifiable barriers in the vaccine decision process among adolescents, parents and healthcare providers that could be addressed through interventions implemented within the adolescent’s medical home. We conducted a qualitative study of adolescents, their parents and healthcare providers, recruited from four primary care practices in Michigan. For each practice, three separate focus group discussions (adolescents, parents and healthcare providers, for a total of 12 focus groups) were conducted to explore vaccination attitudes, possible interventions to improve vaccine uptake and access to and use of technology for vaccination interventions. Themes that emerged from the focus group discussions were categorized using an inductive, iterative process, and analysis focused on highlighting similarities and differences among the three perspectives. Participants included 32 adolescents, 33 parents and 28 providers. The majority of parents and adolescents were female. Lack of knowledge about recommended adolescent vaccinations was universally recognized among the three groups and was perceived to be the underlying driver of low immunization rates. Notably, each group did not appear to fully appreciate the challenges faced by the other stakeholders with respect to adolescent vaccination. Adolescents were seen as having a greater role in the vaccine decision-making dynamic than previously suggested. Provider-based interventions such as educational tools and reminder-recall notices were identified as important components of any immunization program. Overall, there was high receptivity among all stakeholders toward integrating technology such as email and Internet into new vaccination interventions. We identified potentially modifiable attitudinal barriers to adolescent vaccination among the three key stakeholders. However, there were notable differences in attitudes and preferences across the three perspectives, indicating that for an intervention to be successful it will require a dynamic partnership with the target audiences.
International Professional Development As A Form Of Globalisation

This chapter examines models of professional development (PD) for science teachers in four different countries (the United States, Romania, Israel and the Republic of Armenia), and using this comparison as a launch point, considers the notion of professional development as a form of globalization. Comparing and contrasting familiar PD models for established democracies (the US and Israel) with less familiar PD activities (from countries exiting socialism/communism such as Romania and the Republic of Armenia) help us extend our understanding of the roots, strengths and flaws of the familiar PD and readdress the role of cross-cultural PD providers who think and act globally
Introgressing pheromone QTL between species: towards an evolutionary understanding of differentiation in sexual communication.

As a first step toward understanding how noctuid moths evolve species-specific pheromone communication systems, we hybridized and back- crossed two closely related moth species, Heliothis virescens (Hv) and H. subflexa (Hs), which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their multi- component sex pheromone blends. We used amplified fragment length poly- morphism (AFLP) marker-based mapping of backcross families to determine which of the 30 autosomes in these moths contained quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the percentages of specific chemical components in the pheromone blends. In two previous backcrosses to Hs, we found a strong depressive ef- fect of Hv-chromosome 22 on the percentage of three acetate components in the pheromone gland. These acetates are present in Hs and absent in Hv. Here, we describe how we introgressed Hv-chromosome 22 into the genomic background of Hs. Selection for Hv-chromosome 22 started from backcross 3 (BC3) females. All females that had Hv-chromosome 22 and a low percent- age of acetates (<3% of the total amount of pheromone components present) were backcrossed to Hs males. In BC5 to BC8, we determined whether Hv- chromosome 22 was present by a) running only the primer pairs that would yield the markers for that chromosome, and/or b) determining the relative per- centages of acetates in the pheromone glands. Either or both genotype and phenotype were used as a criterion to continue to backcross these females to Hs males. In BC9, we confirmed the isolation of Hv-chromosome 22 in the Hs genomic background, and backcrossed the males to Hs females to elimi- nate the Hv-sex chromosome as well as mitochondrial DNA. The pheromone composition was determined in BC3 ,B C 5 ,a nd BC 11 females with and without
Hemoptysis in a 77-Year-Old Male With a Systolic Murmur*

(CHEST 2005; 128:1022–1027) A 77-year-old man presented for evaluation of hemoptysis after a 7-month history of cough, progressive dyspnea, and intermittent hemoptysis, which consisted of tablespoon amounts of bright red blood and occurred up to eight times per day. Episodes of intermittent blood-streaked sputum had occurred for 18 months. He denied fevers, rigors, chest pain, palpitations, headaches, nasal symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux, melena, hematochezia, or hematuria. There were no known liver, kidney, or hematologic disorders. The physical examination findings were normal, except for a 4/6 apical pansystolic murmur. Three years earlier, the patient had experienced an episode of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest that had been attributed to a subendocardial myocardial infarction, from which he was successfully resuscitated. Subsequently, cardiac catheterization revealed severe three-vessel coronary occlusion. Coronary artery bypass surgery was performed without any complications. At the time of catheterization, he had normal ventricular size and function, and no evidence of valvular abnormalities. Other medical comorbidities were arterial hypertension and peptic ulcer disease. The patient had smoked for approximately 20 years (1 pack of cigarettes per day on average) and had quit 22 years before diagnosis of the acute coronary syndrome. No other occupational or environmental noxious exposures were identified. He denied any history of HIV exposure, and the results of a recent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay had been negative. His family history was consistent only for myocardial infarction (both parents, at a young age). A chest radiograph showed persistent left lower lobe infiltrates (for approximately 4 months), and the results of blood tests consisted of a normal CBC count, normal metabolic panel, normal urinary sediment level, and normal coagulation studies (ie, prothrombin time and activated thromboplastin time). Tests for the presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antiglomerular basement membrane, antiphospholipid, and antinuclear antibodies were all negative. A previous bronchoscopy, which had been performed to evaluate the patient’s hemoptysis 3 months before the current presentation, showed no endobronchial source of bleeding and no intraluminal abnormalities. A repeat echocardiogram showed normal left ventricular contractility, severe mitral regurgitation, with mild mitral annulus calcification, and a mildly dilated left atrium. No vegetation was seen on a transesophageal echocardiogram. The chest radiograph and CT scan at presentation are shown in Figures 1 and 2, respectively. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
The effect of antimicrobial agents on the induction of tumour necrosis factor by alveolar macrophages in vitro in response to endotoxin.

Alveolar macrophages from New Zealand white rabbits were incubated with twice the MIC of amikacin, ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, ceftazidime and imipenem and exposed to either 10 4 , 10 5 or 10 6 cfu/mL live Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 or 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/L purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from P. aeruginosa to determine the effects of different classes of antimicrobial agent on production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF). Incubation of macrophages with ciprofloxacin and amikacin resulted in less TNF activity after exposure to live P. aeruginosa than was found for saline, aztreonam, ceftazidime or imipenem (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between any of the agents after macrophages had been exposed to purifi ed LPS. Different antimicrobial agents therefore appear to exert different effects in vitro on the TNF response of macrophages to bacterial stimulation.
Identification, cloning, sequencing, and overexpression of the gene encoding proclavaminate amidino hydrolase and characterization of protein function in clavulanic acid biosynthesis.

Proclavaminate amidino hydrolase (PAH) catalyzes the reaction of guanidinoproclavaminic acid to proclavaminic acid and urea, a central step in the biosynthesis of the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. The gene encoding this enzyme (pah) was tentatively identified within the clavulanic acid biosynthetic cluster in Streptomyces clavuligerus by translation to a protein of the correct molecular mass (33 kDa) and appreciable sequence homology to agmatine ureohydrolase (M.B.W. Szumanski and S.M. Boyle, J. Bacteriol. 172:538-547, 1990) and several arginases, a correlation similarly recognized by Aidoo et al. (K. A. Aidoo, A. Wong, D. C. Alexander, R. A. R. Rittammer, and S. E. Jensen, Gene 147:41-46, 1994). Overexpression of the putative open reading frame as a 76-kDa fusion to the maltose-binding protein gave a protein having the catalytic activity sought. Cleavage of this protein with factor Xa gave PAH whose N terminus was slightly modified by the addition of four amino acids but exhibited unchanged substrate specificity and kinetic properties. Directly downstream of pah lies the gene encoding clavaminate synthase 2, an enzyme that carries out three distinct oxidative transformations in the in vivo formation of clavulanic acid. After the first of these oxidations, however, no further reaction was found to occur in vitro without the intervention of PAH. We have demonstrated that concurrent use of recombinant clavaminate synthase 2 and PAH results in the successful conversion of deoxyguanidinoproclavaminic acid to clavaminic acid, a four-step transformation. PAH has a divalent metal requirement, pH activity profile, and kinetic properties similar to those of other proteins of the broader arginase class.
American Indian Imagery and the Miseducation of America

During the past three years, a vast array of institutions charged with protecting the educational welfare of children, including school districts, state education departents, and even the United States Department of Justice, have faced the task of determining the appropriateness of American Indian imagery as the cornerstone of personal, school, and community identity. In this paper, an argument is introduced that the continued use of American Indian sport imagery is symptomatic of a form of cultural illiteracy. A case is further made that these images contribute not only to a hostile culture and classroom climate for American Indians but also serve to miseducate Americans in general about our shared history.
The temperature of Europa's subsurface water ocean

A 100 km deep liquid water ocean probably underlies the icy exterior of Jupiter’s satellite Europa. The long-term persistence of a liquid ocean beneat ha n ice shell presents a thermal conundrum: Is the temperature of the ocean equal to the freezing point of water at the bottom of the ice shell, or is it equal t o the somewhat warmer temperature at which water attains its maximum density? We argue that most of the ocean is at the temperature of maximum density and that the bulk of the vigorously convecting ocean is separated from the bottom of the ice shell by a thin “stratosphere” of stably stratified water whi ch is at the freezing point, and therefore buoyant. If Europa’s subsurface water ocean is warm, it could explain the widespread geologic evidence for app arent melt-through events observed on its surface and may constrain the overall age of its surface.
Energy Infrastructure Defense Systems

Energy infrastructure faced with deregulation and coupled with interdependencies with other critical infrastructures and increased demand for high-quality and reliable electricity for our digital economy is becoming more and more stressed. The occurrence of several cascading failures in the past 40 years has helped focus attention on the need to understand the complex phenomena associated with these interconnected systems and to develop defense plans to protect the network against extreme contingencies caused by natural disasters, equipment failures, human errors, or deliberate sabotage and attacks. With dramatic increases in interregional bulk power transfers and accelerating diversity of transactions among parties, the electric power grid is being used in ways for which it was not originally designed. As the power grids become heavily loaded with long-distance transfers, the already complex system dynamics become even more important. The potential for rare events but high-impact cascading phenomena represent just a few of many new science and technology challenges. We focus on the lessons learned as well as challenges associated with accomplishing these missions, including recent hardware, software, applications, and algorithmic developments.
Libertarian Paternalism: The Cocaine Vaccine as a Test Case for the Sunstein/Thaler Model

The controversial new cocaine vaccine (TA-CD) has the potential to be an extremely effective treatment tool for recovering addicts, but it also presents opportunities for non-therapeutic uses, such as preventing cocaine use in the first place. It is foreseeable that the cocaine vaccine could become a condition of parole or probation, or receiving welfare payments, or for employment in certain occupations. Universal vaccination is also a possibility but less likely for political reasons. This article investigates each of these areas of potential use. Any setting where mandatory drug testing is currently in place could become a venue for the vaccination. Cass Sunstein and Richard Thaler have recently proposed a new socioeconomic model for policy makers to use in making decisions that affect the choices of others: "libertarian paternalism." Drug laws and vaccine policies are both areas that present thorny issues of paternalism, respecting personal liberty, and public safety; the cocaine vaccine, therefore, provides an appropriately complex test case for the new model. When "libertarian paternalism" is applied, however, it becomes clear that the latent biases of policy makers present unresolved problems for the model. The Sunstein-Thaler proposal would be more powerful if it were refined to account for these difficult situations, which are the very settings where a new model is most needed.
Identification of Patients Who Benefit From Bevacizumab in High-Grade Glioma—An Easy Question Turned Difficult: Treat the Scan or the Patient?

TO THE EDITOR: Bevacizumab has activity in the CNS, with a randomized trial documenting its ability to reduce symptoms associated with radiation necrosis 1 and a reproducible impact on symptomsassociatedwithtumor-relatededemainrecurrentglioma. In addition, population-based assessments have suggested that the incorporation of bevacizumab into the treatment armamentarium has incrementally improved outcomes in high-grade glioma. 2
Crystal Structure and Biochemical Characterization of a Mycobacterium smegmatis AAA-Type Nucleoside Triphosphatase Phosphohydrolase (Msm0858)

ABSTRACT AAA proteins (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to drive conformational changes in diverse macromolecular targets. Here, we report the biochemical characterization and 2.5-A crystal structure of a Mycobacterium smegmatis AAA protein Msm0858, the ortholog of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0435c. Msm0858 is a magnesium-dependent ATPase and is active with all nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) as substrates. The Msm0858 structure comprises (i) an N-terminal domain (amino acids [aa] 17 to 201) composed of two β-barrel modules and (ii) two AAA domains, D1 (aa 212 to 473) and D2 (aa 476 to 744), each of which has ADP in the active site. Msm0858-ADP is a monomer in solution and in crystallized form. Msm0858 domains are structurally homologous to the corresponding modules of mammalian p97. However, the position of the N-domain modules relative to the AAA domains in the Msm0858-ADP tertiary structure is different and would impede the formation of a p97-like hexameric quaternary structure. Mutational analysis of the A-box and B-box motifs indicated that the D1 and D2 AAA domains are both capable of ATP hydrolysis. Simultaneous mutations of the D1 and D2 active-site motifs were required to abolish ATPase activity. ATPase activity was effaced by mutation of the putative D2 arginine finger, suggesting that Msm0858 might oligomerize during the ATPase reaction cycle. A truncated variant Msm0858 (aa 212 to 745) that lacks the N domain was characterized as a catalytically active homodimer. IMPORTANCE Recent studies have underscored the importance of AAA proteins (ATPases associated with various cellular activities) in the physiology of mycobacteria. This study reports the ATPase activity and crystal structure of a previously uncharacterized mycobacterial AAA protein, Msm0858. Msm0858 consists of an N-terminal β-barrel domain and two AAA domains, each with ADP bound in the active site. Msm0858 is a structural homolog of mammalian p97, with respect to the linear order and tertiary structures of their domains.
Higher order classical density functional theory for branched chains and rings.

We develop a general density functional theory for polyatomic molecules by taking the complete association limit of Wertheim’s thermodynamic perturbation theory in a general way. By enforcing the complete association limit at an early point in the derivation and introducing the concept of molecular graphs, a general form for the free energy functional and segment densities are developed for both rigid and semiflexible molecules. The theory is applicable to branched chains, rings, or any other molecular structure. As an example the theory is applied as a second order perturbation theory to the case of molecules with a rigid three segment head and a fully flexible tail in a slit pore where bond angle of the rigid portion is an independent variable.
New Records of North American Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) and Their Predation Rates on the House Fly

Three species of Macrochelidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata) not previously reported from North America have been repeatedly collected from cow and horse manure in New York State in 1959 and 1960. These are Macrocheles robustulus (Berlese, 1904) (= Macrocheles rothamstedensis Evans & Browning, 1956) ; Macrocheles subbadius (Berlese, 1904) (not Evans & Browning, 1956) ; and Glyptholaspis confuse (Foa, 1900) (= female only Macrocheles plumiventris Evans & Browning, 1956). Macrocheles medarius Berlese, 1889, reported previously from Canada (Chant 1960) but not from the United States, was repeatedly collected. Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Scopoli, 1772) (= Macrocheles muscae Ewing, 1913) was also repeatedly collected from domestic animal manure.
Simulating Self-Pressurization in Propellant Tanks

Recent studies focusing on predicting the self pressurization play a significant role in the design of cryogenic storage systems since tank pressure must be controlled for long duration space missions. Incident solar radiation heats the fluid in the tank over a period of time, vaporizing the liquid and as a result increasing the tank pressure. The objective of current research is to develop a complete finite volume based Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model of tank pressurization in reduced gravity using an Energy of Fluid (EOF) approach, and to use the simulation to aid in the design and prediction of propellant management technologies aimed at controlling tank pressurization. The FLUENT pressure-based computation model is significantly enhanced to include the EOF method, which will solve the energy equation in terms of internal energy. The enhanced model will numerically predict thermodynamic properties in each computational cell. The simulation results will provide temperature and pressure histories for a given tank geometry and fill. The current study technical objectives are to complete the model development and validate the model using existing computational data for saturation temperature and evaporated liquid fraction.
Agglomeration of Vacancies into Voids and Oxide Particles in Silicon Crystals

The vacancies, incorporated into a growing crystal, agglomerate by two parallel paths - producing voids and oxide particles. The voids dominate if the vacancy concentration C0 is high while the oxide particles dominate at lower C0. The void and particle properties are simulated assuming that the particles are thin plates. The initial single-octahedral void shape can later change to double-octahedral, due to oxygen film adsorbed at the void facets. By a similar mechanism, platelet shape is developed in nitrogen-doped crystals.
Incidence of sciatic nerve injury in operatively treated acetabular fractures without somatosensory evoked potential monitoring.

Objective:The authors investigated the incidence of sciatic nerve injury associated with the operative repair of acetabular fractures without somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring.Design:Retrospective case review of prospectively documented pre- and postoperative physical examinations.Set
THE INACTIVATION OF PYRIDINETHIONE, AN ANTIFUNGAL AGENT, BY GLUCOSE'

Pyridine-3-sulfonic acid, 2-sulfanilamido-5-nitropyridine and isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) are but a few of the many known pyridine containing compounds which possess antimicrobial activity. A new compound, 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione, has been of particular interest to us, since it exhibits excellent in vitro control against many fungi as well as against gram-positive bacteria (8, 14). Initial results against phytopathogenic fungi in vivo also appear promising (2, 12). A preliminary investigation, in vitro (11), indicated that the sodium salt of 1-hydroxy-2(1H)-pyridinethione, when tested against Colletotrichum phomnoides, was somewhat inactivated by reducing sugars. In this report, a further evaluation is made of the effects of glucose on the antifungal activity of pyridinethione 3 with respect to concentration and time. Spectrophotometric as well as bioassay methods were employed.
New Antimicrobial Agents

Many new antimicrobial agents have, or are about to become, clinically available. These agents include several oral agents that are appropriate for use in general pediatric practice. New parenteral agents for treating resistant gram-negative infections include a new generation of cephalosporins, new carbapenem agents, and new quinolones.
Verbal social support for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients during surgical decision-making visits

AbstractThis study reports an analysis of verbal social support strategies directed by surgeons and patients’ companions to breast cancer patients using the social support behavior code. Additionally, the influence of companions on the provision of social support is examined. Forty-six videotapes of appointments where treatment regimens were being decided were analyzed. Results demonstrated that the majority of units spoken by surgeons were coded as verbal social support, primarily in the form of informational social support. Companions’ social support was lower (relative to surgeons) in nearly every category of social support assessed. Patients who brought companions were found to receive more network social support from surgeons. Overall, these results point to low emotional support from surgeons and companions for patients during these appointments, which indicates a need for modifications in empathy training for medical providers.
A New Theory of Evil

In the final chapter of the book, I develop and defend my own theory of evil. Since my view is very much inspired by some of the ideas of Hannah Arendt, I begin by discussing a few of her more noteworthy claims about evil. This leads me to conclude that evil is a matter of regarding others as morally superfluous. The next section aims to clarify what this means, so that I can then fully articulate the view and apply it not only to evil persons, but also to evil actions, institutions, policies, events, and so forth. Then I show how the view accommodates the psychological data gathered in Part I of the book, and also how it avoids some of the problems raised for other theories in the last chapter, before defending it against a number of potential objections.
Oxytocin mediated behavior in invertebrates: An evolutionary perspective

The molecular and functional conservation of oxytocin-related neuropeptides in behavior is striking. In animals separated by at least 600 million years of evolution, from roundworms to humans, oxytocin homologs play critical roles in the modulation of reproductive behavior and other biological functions. Here, we review the roles of oxytocin in invertebrate behavior from an evolutionary perspective. We begin by tracing the evolution of oxytocin through the invertebrate animal lineages, and then describe common themes in invertebrate behaviors that are mediated by oxytocin-related peptides, including reproductive behavior, learning and memory, food arousal, and predator/prey relationships. Finally, we discuss interesting future directions that have recently become experimentally tractable. Studying oxytocin in invertebrates offers precise insights into the activity of neuropeptides on well-defined neural circuits; the principles that emerge may also be represented in the more complex vertebrate brain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 128-142, 2017.
Demographics, Mechanisms of Injury, and Concurrent Injuries Associated With Calcaneus Fractures: A Study of 14 516 Patients in the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank

Background. This study uses the American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) to update the field on the demographics, injury mechanisms, and concurrent injuries among a national sa...
Woody encroachment in Northern Great Plains grasslands: perceptions, actions, and needs.

ABSTRACT: The United States Northern Great Plains (NGP) has a high potential for landscape-scale conservation, but this grassland landscape is threatened by encroachment of woody species. We surveyed NGP land managers to identify patterns in, and illustrate a broad range of, individual managers' perceptions on (1) the threat of woody encroachment to grasslands they manage, and (2) what management practices they use that may influence woody encroachment in this region. In the 34 surveys returned, which came from predominantly public lands in the study area, 79% of responses reported moderate or substantial woody encroachment. Eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum) were the most problematic encroachers. Thirty-one survey respondents said that prescribed fire was used on the lands they manage, and 64% of these responses reported that controlling woody encroachment was a fire management objective. However, only 18% of survey respondents using prescribed fire ...
Global financial data

This column reviews subscription databases of possible interest to the readers of the Journal of Business and Finance Librarianship, with a primary focus on business-related databases. If you are i...
Red Cell Storage Duration Does Not Affect Outcome after Massive Blood Transfusion in Trauma and Nontrauma Patients: A Retrospective Analysis of 305 Patients.

Background. Prolonged storage of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) may increase morbidity and mortality, and patients having massive transfusion might be especially susceptible. We therefore tested the hypothesis that prolonged storage increases mortality in patients receiving massive transfusion after trauma or nontrauma surgery. Secondarily, we considered the extent to which storage effects differ for trauma and nontrauma surgery. Methods. We considered surgical patients given more than 10 units of PRBC within 24 hours and evaluated the relationship between mean PRBC storage duration and in-hospital mortality using multivariable logistic regression. Potential nonlinearities in the relationship were assessed via restricted cubic splines. The secondary hypothesis was evaluated by considering whether there was an interaction between the type of surgery (trauma versus nontrauma) and the effect of storage duration on outcomes. Results. 305 patients were given a total of 8,046 units of PRBCs, with duration ranging from 8 to 36 days (mean ± SD: days). The odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] for in-hospital mortality corresponding to a one-day in mean PRBC storage duration was 0.99 (0.95, 1.03, ). The relationship did not differ for trauma and nontrauma patients ( ). Results were similar after adjusting for multiple potential confounders. Conclusions. Mortality after massive blood transfusion was no worse in patients transfused with PRBC stored for long periods. Trauma and nontrauma patients did not differ in their susceptibility to prolonged PRBC storage.
Arthroscopic Treatment Options for Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the shoulder is a chronic, progressive, and multifactorial disease characterized by degenerative and inflammatory processes affecting the glenohumeral joint. The incidence of primary OA has been reported as approximately 5 % of patients with shoulder complaints. Although OA in the shoulder is less common than OA of the knee or hip, OA can cause severe pain and dysfunction of the shoulder. Pathologic changes in shoulder OA involve the progressive breakdown of the articular cartilage within the glenohumeral joint starting with narrowing of the joint space and fibrillation of the surface, followed by osteochondral lesions, osteophyte formations, labrum degradation, capsular tightness, and inflammation. As OA may also affect supporting structures such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments, shoulder joint degeneration can also be linked to secondary causes such as rotator cuff tendon tears, shoulder instability especially in young patients, and trauma.
Dialectical-behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder

Dialectical-behavioral therapy (DBT) has been developed as a treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD), a disorder that afflicts approximately 10% of the outpatient population and up to 20% of inpatients. DBT conceptualizes BPD as a pervasive disorder of the emotion regulation system that arises from the transaction of a biologic predisposition to emotional vulnerability and emotional learning within an invalidating environment. As a result, individuals with BPD experience tremendous problems including interpersonal difficulties, self-injurious behaviors, and suicidal behaviors. DBT incorporates the principles of dialectical philosophy Zen, and behavior therapy to treat these problems. DBT utilizes several modes of therapy and teaches skills in several areas to help patients who experience a tremendous amount of suffering to build a life worth living.