cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of mesoscale numerical weather prediction and empirical site-specific radar clutter models

A littoral clutter modelling approach that derives three-dimensional refractivity profiles from mesoscale numerical weather prediction (MSNWP), applies them to parabolic equation (PE) propagation models, and combines them with empirical surface clutter reflectivity models to generate a more realistic model of surface clutter, is described. The MSNWP model is COAMPS®, coupled atmospheric mesoscale numerical prediction system. This study updates a paper for the IEEE Radar Conference in 2008: overwater discrete clutter, oil rigs, have been added to the model; new model comparisons with recorded data have been executed; and an evaporative duct model was appended below the refractivity profiles Burk et al. developed the approach presented here (i.e. COAMPS® provides atmospheric data for propagation models, which in turn provide data for clutter models). The current work advances this technology into the littorals. It has been tested over many cases of atmospheric conditions in several geographic areas. This synthesis of MSNWP and radar clutter models can provide clutter and propagation forecasts for military planners, retroactive prediction of propagation for clutter test data analysis and realistic models for radar system design and performance analysis.
Orchardgrass response to different types, rates and application patterns of dairy manure

Abstract Manure management is a difficult task on many intensive dairy farms. Crops that can utilize large quantities of manure N, yield quality forage with larger rates of manure application, and allow manure spreading at different times in a year can simplify that task. A study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 on a Copake sandy loam soil (mixed mesic) in New Milford, Connecticut. The objectives were: (1) to measure and compare dry matter (DM) response of orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) to different amounts and application times of N fertilizer and liquid and solid cattle manure; and (2) to determine crop uptake of fertilizer and manure N. Fertilizer and liquid and solid manure were applied to the soil surface annually in amounts of 150, 300 or 450 kg N ha −1 in one, two or four equal applications. Orchardgrass dry matter production increased over the entire range of N amounts from all sources. Yields varied from approximately 2500 kg DM ha −1 for control plots (0 kg N) to 10600 kg for plots receiving 450 kg N ha −1 either as fertilizer or liquid manure. Crop response to liquid manure application was greater in year one with abundant rainfall than in year two with dry conditions during most of the growing season, whereas crop response to solid manure application improved in the second year, due to the availability of residual organic N. Orchardgrass was more sensitive to the timing of fertilizer N application than to manure N application. Despite the large differences in weather patterns experienced during this study, analysis of application patterns indicated that manure could be applied throughout the growing season to crop stubble (post-harvest) with comparable rates of uptake overall. N uptake in control plots averaged 56 kg N ha −1 for both years, compared to 340 kg N ha −1 for fertilizer plots, 250 kg N ha −1 for liquid manure plots and 190 kg N ha −1 for solid manure plots receiving 450 kg total N ha −1 .
Engineered flux-pinning centers in Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O x and TIBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O x superconductors

Three methods were used to introduce flux-pinning centers into Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (Bi-2212) and TlBa2Ca2Cu3Ox (Tl-1223) samples. It was found that carbon induced local decomposition, that nanosized Al2O3 additions created stable reaction products, and that second phases could be isolated in Tl-1223 during synthesis. Each of these defects enhanced flux pinning and was of most benefit at temperatures ≤ 35K.
Rental housing in urban Indonesia

The importance of rental housing in providing shelter to lower-income households in cities of developing countries has appropriately been receiving additional attention in recent years (World Bank, 1984). Aside from studies of the housing exptnscs of renters. four strands in the existing literature can be distinguished: analysis of the importapcc of rental housing in urban areas and causes for changes in its importance over time;’ discussions of the renter population. particularly in relation to the likelihood of becoming homeowners;’ the cffccts of rent controls on the housing stock. and the size and distribution of benefits from such regimes;” and the detailed workings of rental markets -who develops such housing. the nature of tenant-landlord relations, and the economics of rental housing gcncrally. Interestingly, the litcraturc of rental housing is focused mainly on Latin American countries. In addition, it is sparsest in the last area of the four (i.c. rental market operations and economics of rental dcvclopmcnt). prcsumahly owing to the difficulty in assembling the necessary data. This paper provides an ovcrvicw of rental housing in the urban areas of a major Asian country Indonesia and gives particular prominence to the economics of rental housing and the operations of rental markets. The primary focus is on the segment of the market serving households in the lower 60% of the income distribution. In addition, it identifies a significant constraint on the dcvclopmcnt of adequate quality rental housing and proposes an initiative to address it. The analysis is based on a large household data set, and data on dcvclopmcnt and operating costs for 50 rental propcrtics.
Pre-baiting for increased acceptance of zinc phosphide baits by voles : an assessment technique

During a product-performance test of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn 3 P 2 ) steam-rolled-oat groats (11.2 kg ha -1 ) to control voles (Microtus spp) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), randomly located, brushed-dirt plots were used to assess broadcast distribution and removal/acceptance of placebo particles. Results showed that the Spyker® Model-75 Spreaders were calibrated adequately, with placebo baits broadcast uniformly onto plots [x±SD=3.5 (±2.7) groats 930 cm -1 ]. Acceptance of the placebos by voles increased rapidly - 28% and 60% by 24h and 48h post-broadcast, respectively. Analyses of variance confirmed the uniformity (non-significance) of particles broadcast among enclosures/plots and the significantly greater removal/acceptance of placebos across days. This technique affords an objective decision-making tool for applicators and researchers applying Zn 3 P 2 baits in field situations - an objective technique of assessing pre-bait acceptance that should improve efficacy of the rodenticide.
Breast conservation versus mastectomy: patient preferences in a community practice in Kentucky.

Recent studies have indicated a relatively low rate of breast-sparing surgery for carcinoma in the Southeastern United States. From 1987 through 1991, 289 patients from Eastern and Central Kentucky with breast carcinoma were treated by the authors. Despite being fully informed of treatment options of breast cancer, 82% of patients with stage II disease or less and no medical contraindications to breast conservation preferred mastectomy. Overall, 10% of patients underwent breast-sparing surgery, although this figure had risen to 20% by 1991. The most frequent reasons for preference of mastectomy were fear and inconvenience of radiotherapy and a perception that survival would be diminished if mastectomy was not done. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Smart CMOS focal plane arrays: a Si CMOS detector array and sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter imaging system

This paper evaluates the potential for the real-time utilization of high frame rate image sequences using a fully parallel readout system. Multiple readout architectures for high frame rate imaging are compared. The application domain for a fully parallel readout system is identified, and the design for a fully parallel, monolithically integrated smart CMOS focal plane array is presented. This focal plane image processing chip, with an 8/spl times/8 array of Si CMOS detectors each of which have a dedicated on-chip current input first-order sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter front end, has been fabricated, and test results for uniformity and linearity are presented.
Hemispheric Language Dominance of Language-Disordered, Articulation-Disordered, and Normal Children

This study compared the hemispheric dominance for language of three groups of 6- to 9-year-olds (10 language-disordered, 10 articulation-disordered, and 10 normal children). Two dichotic listening tests (digits and animal names) were administered. Statistical analysis revealed a left hemisphere dominance for the control and articulation-disordered groups but no significant hemisphere differences for the language-disordered group. The results support the hypothesis that the language-disordered child has an unlateralized cerebral dominance for language, while the articulation-disordered child has normal left cerebral hemisphere dominance for language. Furthermore, there is some evidence to suggest that the language-disordered child does not process auditory stimuli in the left hemisphere as efficiently as the articulation-disordered or normal child. These results also suggest the importance of developing strategies in the management of these disorders.
Diagnosis and Management of Symptomatic Muscle Herniation of the Extremities A Retrospective Review

Background:There is a paucity of published literature on diagnosis and surgical management of muscle herniation of the extremities, with most reported cases involving military personnel and men aged 18 to 40 years.Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study is to describe the presentation, diagnosis, and results of fasciotomy for symptomatic muscle herniation in young athletes. We hypothesize that fasciotomy can be a safe and effective treatment option that allows the majority of athletes to return to sports.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:From 2001 to 2011, 26 athletes (19 women; 11 runners) with a mean age 19.0 ± 4.0 years (range, 14.2-28.4 years) underwent fasciotomy for symptomatic muscle herniation at the authors’ institution. Retrospective chart review recorded pertinent patient data and clinical course. Questionnaires were sent to all patients to assess satisfaction with surgery, ability to return to sports, and residual symptoms.Results:Muscle hernias were classified as pri...
The Issue of Carcass Tenderness Expressed by Cattle Varying in Bos indicus Inheritance1

Abstract This review reveals that relative to Bos taurus cattle, cattle varying in Bos indicus inheritance, especially cattle that are > 1/2 Bos indicus inheritance, lack carcass tenderness. Because consumers are willing to pay for more tender beef, it seems imperative that the commercial beef cattle industry should refrain from producing cattle that are > 1/2 Bos indicus inheritance. Because of their Superior preweaning maternal performance, F 1 Bos indicus ♂ × Bos taurus 9 females and their resulting contemporary F 1 steer mates will continue to be produced by the commercial beef cattle industry in the Southeast and Golf Coast areas of the U.S. Further, as progeny testing for tenderness is expensive, it is suggested that the F 1 Bos indicus ♂ x Bos taurus 9 steers be identified by the commercial beef cattle industry so that the packing/ retail industries can utilize existing postmortem technology (electrical stimulation, blade tenderization, extended aging, calcium chloride injections) to partially alleviate the lack of tenderness expressed by carcasses resulting from these cattle.
The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota

Professor Takahiro Fujimoto, in his book ‘The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota,’ examines the entire postwar development of the systems that Toyota has used to become a dominant player in the automobile industry. That long-term historical view of a successful firm's development would be sufficient reason to pick up the book. The book's title does not indicate the important conceptual contribution that Fujimoto makes to our understanding of the evolution of systems within firms. He argues that only by combining a rational and orderly organization with a willingness to constantly consider change will a firm be able both to develop competitive advantage and sustain it.
Combined microfluidics/protein patterning platform for pharmacological interrogation of axon pathfinding

Assembly of functional neural circuits relies on the ability of axons to navigate a complex landscape of guidance cues in the extracellular environment. In this report, we investigate localized cell signaling in response to these cues by combining a microfabricated compartmentalization chamber with multicomponent, protein-micropatterned surfaces; this system offers improved spatial resolution and new capabilities for targeted manipulation of neuronal axons. We illustrate the potential of this system by addressing the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) signaling in modulating axon guidance by N-cadherin. Motor neurons that were derived from embryonic stem cells extend axons from one compartment through a microchannel barrier and into a second compartment containing patterns of N-cadherin, against a background of laminin. N-cadherin was effective in both guiding and accelerating motor axon outgrowth. Using the chamber system to target the application of pharmacological agents to specific parts of the neuron, we demonstrate that FGFR signaling in the axon but not the cell body increases the rate of axon outgrowth while not affecting guidance along N-cadherin. These results demonstrate that cell signaling must take into account the spatial layout of the cell. This new platform provides a powerful tool for understanding such effects over a wide range of signaling systems.
Copper(II) Toluenesulfonate

[7144-37-8] C14H14S2O6Cu (MW 405.98) InChI = 1S/2C7H8O3S.Cu/c2*1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)11(8,9)10;/h2*2-5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10);/q;;+2/p-2 InChIKey = MRYMYQPDGZIGDM-UHFFFAOYSA-L (reagent for regiospecific α-sulfonyloxylation of unsymmetrical ketones and a source of weakly coordinating anion in palladium-catalyzed reactions) Physical Data: reagent decomposes at ≥ 290 °C. Solubility: soluble in acetonitrile and many polar solvents. Analysis of Reagent Purity: metal content determined by EDTA complexometry using a murexide indicator; anion determination using acid cation exchange resin followed by titration of eluted acid with NaOH.1 Preparative Methods: readily isolated as a pale-blue hexahydrate complex from aqueous reaction of either p-toluenesulfonic acid and copper(II) carbonate1 or stoichiometric amounts of silver(I) p-toluenesulfonate and copper(II) chloride dihydrate.2 The reagent is prepared in situ via reaction of copper oxide and p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing CH3CN.3 Purification: dried at 70 °C under vacuum to give the pale-green anhydrous reagent. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be stored indefinitely at room temperature under an inert atmosphere.
HadoopDB: an architectural hybrid of MapReduce and DBMS technologies for analytical workloads

The production environment for analytical data management applications is rapidly changing. Many enterprises are shifting away from deploying their analytical databases on high-end proprietary machines, and moving towards cheaper, lower-end, commodity hardware, typically arranged in a shared-nothing MPP architecture, often in a virtualized environment inside public or private "clouds". At the same time, the amount of data that needs to be analyzed is exploding, requiring hundreds to thousands of machines to work in parallel to perform the analysis.There tend to be two schools of thought regarding what technology to use for data analysis in such an environment. Proponents of parallel databases argue that the strong emphasis on performance and efficiency of parallel databases makes them well-suited to perform such analysis. On the other hand, others argue that MapReduce-based systems are better suited due to their superior scalability, fault tolerance, and flexibility to handle unstructured data. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of building a hybrid system that takes the best features from both technologies; the prototype we built approaches parallel databases in performance and efficiency, yet still yields the scalability, fault tolerance, and flexibility of MapReduce-based systems.
A biological perspective of Viola-Jones face detection

Human face detection in digital images and videos is a mature technology, yet its operational performance is generally sub-optimal. Any improvement would be beneficial in many applications. Some computer vision approaches to object recognition, including face detection, have begun to achieve impressive levels of accuracy and robustness, yet lack a clear connection to known cortical constructs. This motivates investigations of biologically-inspired techniques. The mechanisms by which contour shapes, and in particular faces, are represented in cortex and the means that neural models and computer vision algorithms can more closely approximate these are examined. The OpenCV library implements a standard face detection solution, the Viola-Jones detector. A hybrid framework, with a truncated Viola-Jones cascade followed by neural population models, is considered in this current work.
Optical properties of sub-100 nm diameter nanoposts with embedded InGaN quantum well heterostructures

Dense arrays of deeply etched InGaN/GaN multiple quantum-well (MQW) nanoposts with diameters in the 40-100 nm range have been fabricated, to investigate their optical emission in the deep-subwavelength size regime. Robust violet/blue light luminescence at high yield has been spectroscopically analyzed. The emission from linear nanoscale arrays is strongly polarized. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beyond LISA: Exploring future gravitational wave missions

The Advanced Laser Interferometer Antenna (ALIA) and the Big Bang Observer (BBO) have been proposed as follow on missions to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Here we study the capabilities of these observatories, and how they relate to the science goals of the missions. We find that the Advanced Laser Interferometer Antenna in Stereo (ALIAS), our proposed extension to the ALIA mission, will go considerably further toward meeting ALIA's main scientific goal of studying intermediate mass black holes. We also compare the capabilities of LISA to a related extension of the LISA mission, the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna in Stereo (LISAS). Additionally, we find that the initial deployment phase of the BBO would be sufficient to address the BBO's key scientific goal of detecting the Gravitational Wave Background, while still providing detailed information about foreground sources.
A Logical Topology and Discrete Capacity Assignment Algorithm for Reconfigurable Networks

A reconfigurable network is a circuit-switched network where the effective topology and capacities can be dynamically adapted to changes in the traffic requirements or to changes in the structure of the network due to failures. The application of reconfigurable networks considered in this paper is data communications. We formulated the joint topology, capacity and routing problem in a reconfigurable network as a nonlinear, mixed integer programming problem. To solve this problem, we present a partial branch-and-bound algorithm. The reduced gradient method is used to solve the problem with the integrality constraints relaxed. Lagrangian relaxation is applied to obtain lower bounds. In the computational experiments, the algorithm found good solutions in a few minutes of CPU time. In addition, the reduction in the minimal delay due to the reconfiguration capability can be as large as 62%.
The Great Debate Affecting English Policies and Curricular Reforms in Multilingual, Postcolonial Djibouti

Ramanathan, V. (2005). Ambiguities about English: Ideologies and critical practice in vernacular-medium college classrooms in Gujarat, India. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4, 45-65. Robertson, R. (1995). Glocalization: Time-space and homogeneity-heterogeneity. In M. Featherstone, S. Lash, & R. Robertson (Eds.), Global modernities (pp. 25-44). London: Sage. Ryding, IL (1991). Proficiency despite diglossia: A new approach for Arabic. The Modern Language Journal, 75, 212-218. Seidlhofer, B. (1999). Double standards: Teacher education in the expanding circle. World Englishes, 18, 233-245. Tollefson, J. (2000). Policy and ideology in the spread of English. In J. K. Hall & W. Eggington (Eds.), The sociopolitics of English language teaching (pp. 7-21). Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters. Tollefson, J. (Ed.). (1995). Power and inequality in language education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
A High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for Determination of Risperidone and 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Human Plasma

Risperidone, a benzisoxazole derivative, is an antipsychotic agent used for the treatment of schizophrenia. We developed a liquid chromatographic-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-APCI-MS-MS) method with improved sensitivity, selectivity, and dynamic range for determination of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma. A structural analogue of risperidone, RO68808 (5 ng/mL), is added as the internal standard to 1 mL of human plasma. Plasma is made basic, extracted with pentane/methylene chloride (3:1), the organic phase evaporated to dryness, and the residue is reconstituted in water with 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile (20:1). For LC-MS-MS analysis, a Metachem Inertsel HPLC column (2.1 x 150 mm, 5-μm particle size) is connected to a Finnigan TSQ7000 tandem MS via the Finnigan API interface. Both electrospray (ESI) and APCI produced predominantly MH + ions for the two analytes and the internal standard. Ions detected by selected reaction monitoring correspond to the following transitions: m/z 411 to 191 for risperidone, m/z 427 to 207 for 9-hydroxyrisperidone, and m/z 421 to 201 for the internal standard. APCI provided a larger dynamic range (0.1 to 25 ng/mL) and better precision and accuracy than ESI. Intrarun accuracy and precision determined at 0.1, 0.25, 2.5, and 15 ng/mL were within 12% of target with %CVs not exceeding 10.9%. Interrun accuracy and precision determined at the same concentrations were within 9.6% of target with %CVs not exceeding 6.7%. Analytes were stable in plasma after 24 h at room temperature, 2 freeze-thaw cycles, and 490 days at -20°C.
A statistical framework for the classification of tensor morphologies in diffusion tensor images.

Tractography algorithms for diffusion tensor (DT) images consecutively connect directions of maximal diffusion across neighboring DTs in order to reconstruct the 3-dimensional trajectories of white matter tracts in vivo in the human brain. The performance of these algorithms, however, is strongly influenced by the amount of noise in the images and by the presence of degenerate tensors — i.e., tensors in which the direction of maximal diffusion is poorly defined. We propose a simple procedure for the classification of tensor morphologies that uses test statistics based on invariant measures of DTs, such as fractional anisotropy, while accounting for the effects of noise on tensor estimates. Examining DT images from seven human subjects, we demonstrate that this procedure validly classifies DTs at each voxel into standard types (nondegenerate DTs, as well as degenerate oblate, prolate or isotropic DTs), and we provide preliminary estimates for the prevalence and spatial distribution of degenerate tensors in these brains. We also show that the P values for test statistics are more sensitive tools for classifying tensor morphologies than are invariant measures of anisotropy alone.
Variation-tolerant and low-power clock network design for 3D ICs

This paper studies the random characteristics of through-silicon-via (TSV)-based 3D clock networks, taking into ac­count both die-to-die and within-die process variations in clock buffers, interconnects, and TSVs. We investigate many design parameters which may cause clock skew variation, including the TSV RC parasitics, the TSV count, the stack die number, and the range of variations. Key insights are as follows: 1) under the circumstances of random uncorrelated TSV variation with no TSV defect, our experimental results show that the TSV variation is a new source affecting skew variability, but performs as a secondary contributor on clock skew degradation, compared with other types of random ef­fects; 2) though several concerns exist that a 3D clock network using many TSVs may suffer from high skew variation by introducing the uncertainties of TSV electrical parasitics, our study demonstrates that a 3D clock network with multiple TSVs can decrease the random effects by using fewer buffers and shorter interconnects. The multi-TSV strategy can achieve both less power dissipation and small skew variation in 3D clock networks.
Integrating chemical kinetic rate equations by selective use of stiff and nonstiff methods

The effect of switching between nonstiff and stiff methods on the efficiency of algorithms for integrating chemical kinetic rate equations was examined. Different integration methods were tested by application of the packaged code LSODE to four practical combustion kinetics problems. The problems describe adiabatic, and homogeneous gas phase combustion reactions. It is shown that selective use of nonstiff and stiff methods in different regimes of a typical batch combustion problem is faster than the use of either method for the entire problem. The implications which result in the development of fast integration techniques for combustion kinetic rate equations are discussed.
Niccolò Machiavelli, John of Salisbury, and the Originality of Arte della guerra

Niccolo Machiavelli occupies an important place in the canon of military authors. He is often considered the first original Western writer on war since the fall of Rome because his book, Arte della guerra (“Art of War”), synthesizes contemporary military customs with those of antiquity. However, in this essay I challenge the originality of three of that book’s core elements: its use of military exempla, its emphasis on educated generals, and the reciprocal military-state relationship it describes. I argue that it was actually John of Salisbury, the notable twelfth-century English writer, who first formulated these principles in his book Policraticus. This essay explores the dimensions of John’s antecedents and also the intellectual connections between the two books, including the influence of Policraticus in Renaissance Italy and, possibly, upon Machiavelli himself. It concludes by advocating for John of Salisbury’s own place in the canon of original military authors.
On metrics of 'super performance' (signal processing systems)

Based on information theoretic principles, metrics for 'super performance' signal processing systems design are developed. Conventional super computer systems figures-of-merit in throughput measures, MFLOPS or GFLOPS, do not consider these basic metrics. The issue in the design of a signal processing system is efficiency rather than raw processing speed. The critical parameters to consider in designing a signal processing system are the available power and communications resources. >
Development of Cognitive Tempo in Learning Disabled and Normal Children

The Matching Familiar Figures Test was administered to 8- to 9- and 10- to 11-year-old learning disabled and normal boys. Time and error data were analyzed separately and in combination according to the Salkind and Wright (1977) model of cognitive tempo to yield two additional variables, impulsivity and efficiency. Normal boys showed developmental changes on time and errors similar to prior findings; no development of time and errors was found for the learning disabled. Significant differences according to age and status were found on impulsivity, but not on efficiency. Results are discussed in terms of learning disabled and normal boys' comparative development of cognitive tempo, and in terms of implications for further investigation of the relevance of impulsive cognitive tempo to learning disabilities.
4,4,8,8‐Tetranitro‐2,6‐dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane

The title compound, C6H26N4O10, was synthesized as part of the Office of Naval Research Energetic Materials Research Program. When first studied in the mid-1980s, a solution was obtained which had two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit, one of which was severely disordered. A new look at this compound in 2002 has revealed a structure with six mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit with no disorder. Five of the six unique mol­ecules are essentially identical. This deceptively simple mol­ecule presents an interesting case study to show how much data-collection hardware and software have improved since the middle-1980s.
Results from the First Decade of Research Conducted by the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project

Introduction In 1998, a multidisciplinary team of investigators initiated the Research on Adverse Drug events And Reports (RADAR) project, a post-marketing surveillance effort that systematically investigates and disseminates information describing serious and previously unrecognized serious adverse drug and device reactions (sADRs).
Photonic crystal fiber tip sensor for precision temperature sensing

We demonstrate that monolithic 2-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) confined to the facet, or tip, of single-mode optical fibers can be designed as highly sensitive temperature sensors. Monolithic 2-D photonic-crystals are fabricated on silicon wafers and subsequently released and micro-assembled onto the tip of optical fibers. The PC's reflection spectrum is modulated by the temperature of the sensor and its environment and shows sensitivity comparable to Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs). In contrast to FBGs, the compact sensing element is localized at the tip of the fiber and the active sensor element is a disk of 10µm diameter and 480 nm thickness. The sensor system is made of robust, high-temperature dielectric materials and therefore has the potential to be used for many applications including measurements in harsh environments.
Retrospective and Prospective Views on the Marketing/Finance Interface

This article introduces the special issue of theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science on the marketing/finance interface. In addition to previewing the nine subsequent articles in the special issue, it surveys early research on, suggests the scholarly foundations of, and recommends future directions for this boundary-spanning research domain.
NON-PROFIT CONTRACTING FROM 1982-1997: A COMPARISON OF SECTOR BASED FACTORS

ABSTRACT The quest for local governments to provide goods and services to an ever-expanding and more demanding public has created an environment which is ripe for alternative service delivery approaches (ASDAs). Although these approaches are commonly grouped under the umbrella term of “privatization”, there are many different options which are available to governments which seek these alternatives. The most common form of privatization is service contracting. Even within this specific form of alternative service delivery, governments may opt to contract with different types of firms. While much has been written about the decision to contract out with private firms or another government, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on how non-profit organizations compete within ASDAs. In addition, because non-profits are fairly new to the contracting scene, there is little understanding on how the choice of providers has changed over the years—based on service sector. This study will replicate and update the 19...
Optimum Plot Size and Number of Replications for Determining Watermelon Yield, Fruit Size, Fruit Firmness, and Soluble Solids

Plot size and number of replications were evaluated for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) over a 3-year period. Four different methods were used, including plotting basic unit plots against changes in CVs, Hatheway's method for detecting a true difference as a percent of the mean with a 20% threshold, Bartlett's homogeneity of variance test, and computed least significant differences (LSDs). An initial evaluation was done in a trial with several varieties. Plotting CV against number of basic units using plots with different watermelon varieties suggests a plot size of '7 basic units (1 basic unit = 3.34 m 2 ). With a single variety and basic units of 6.69 m 2 for inside rows, the plot size was '4 basic units and for the outside row 5 basic units. With plot sizes of 2.23 m 2 , the number of basic units per plot was estimated at '5 basic units. Bartlett's test suggests larger basic unit plot sizes of 14 to 20 with a 3.34-m 2 basic unit size with multiple varieties. With a single variety, 4 to 8 basic unit plot sizes are required with 6.69-m 2 basic unit size. Results were unreliable with 2.23-m 2 plot sizes using Bartlett's test. Computed LSDs, which were 5% of the mean or less, could be achieved with plots sizes of 10 basic units and five replications with 3.34-m 2 basic unit plots and using multiple varieties. Other combina- tions meeting these criteria included 14 basic unit plots and two or three replications. With a 6.69-m 2 basic unit size, plots of 6 basic units and four replications would meet the 5% criteria. Finally, with the 2.23-m 2 basic unit size, a plot size of 8 basic units and three replications would result in an LSD of 5% of the mean. Results with Hatheway's method were similar to plots of basic units against CV. Hatheway's method also has an estimate of number of replications and with 3.34-m 2 basic unit, the 20% threshold of detecting true differences occurred with 10 to 14 basic units and four replications. For fruit size, firmness, and soluble solids, the basic unit plot sizes ranged from 5 to 7. Plot size estimates were larger with 6.69 m 2 compared with 2.23 m 2 for fruit characteristics.
Effect of heat stress on LPS-induced fever and tumor necrosis factor

Exposure to heat stress leads to both short-term and long-term effects on morbidity. Male rats were exposed to a high ambient temperature of 40 degrees C, which resulted in biotelemetered core body temperature rising to approximately 42 degrees C. This treatment led to a marked enhancement in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fever at 24 h after exposure to heat stress. The increase in fever was accompanied by a significant suppression in the circulating concentration of tumor necrosis factor. Heat-shock protein-70 measured in liver was elevated by the heat exposure (but not further elevated by the injection of LPS). An enhanced fever to LPS and other inflammatory stimuli found in heat-stressed human subjects could explain the apparent increase in susceptibility to disease.
Postembryoiiic Reproductive-Systems Development in Empoasca fabae

The reproductive system of the adult female of Empoasca fabae (Harris) consists of 2 ovaries (each composed of 4 telotrophic ovarioles), lateral oviducts, a median oviduct, and a genital chamber bearing a pair of spermatozoal pouches, a spermatheca, and a median accessory gland. The ovaries and lateral oviducts are derived from 3 primary mesodermal tissues: the anterior ovarian strands, the primary epithelial sheaths, and the posterior ovarian strands. The median oviduct, genital chamber, spermatheca, and accessory gland originate during the second stadium. The median oviduct does not arise as an invagination during postembryogenesis, but develops from an ectodermal ampulla. The genital chamber invaginates from a posterior membranous portion on the venter of segment 8 and during the fifth stadium its anterior part extends over the posterior portion of the median oviduct producing 2 folds that form the definitive spermatozoal pouches. The spermatheca originates as an evagination near the opening of the genital chamber. The accessory gland invaginates between the second and third valvular rudiments on the venter of segment 9. The venter of segment 9 invaginates during the fifth stadium, and forms the posterior wall of the genital opening. The female genitalia consist of 3 pairs of valvulae derived from 2 primary-rudiment pairs on the venter of segments 8 and 9 of first-instar nymphs. The first valvulae arise from the anterior pair, whereas the second and third valvulae are secondary lobes of the posterior pair. The definitive first and second valvulae with anterior rami form the ovipositor; the third valvulae form ovipositor sheaths. A ramal sac is formed from invaginated sternum 8. The reproductive system of the adult male consists of 2 testes (each composed of 4 follicles), vasa deferentia with seminal vesicles, paired ejaculatory ducts, paired accessory glands, and a median ejaculatory bulb. The testes and vasa deferentia are derived from 2 primary mesodermal tissues, primary epithelial sheaths, and proximal strands. The accessory glands, ejaculatory ducts, and ejaculatory bulb do not arise from invaginations during postembryogenesis, but develop from an ectodermal ampulla during the third stadium. The male genitalia (aedeagus and lateral and median parameres) are derived from a pair of primary phallic rudiments on the venter of segment 9. Genital plates are derived from an anterior primary-rudiment pair on the venter of segment 9. The aedeagus arises from a pair of mesomeres, formed during the third stadium, which fuse during the fourth stadium into a single, median organ coincident with the formation of the lateral and median parameres. Yolk-laden primary oocytes are discharged from the ovarioles by the fourth to sixth day of the adult stadium. Spermatozoa are present in the seminal vesicles of males during the first day of the adult stadium.
Better liars have better imaginations.

The present study examined the relationship between the abiliry to image visually and the ability to avoid lie-detection. Previously, Kubis' and More (3) found that instructing subjects to image during a lie-detection test enhanced their ability to avoid detection. Neither measured the imaging abilities of their subjects. More recently, in a biofeedback study not concerned with lie-detection, Ikedn and Hirai (1) found that better imagers have better voluntarg control of their elecuodermal activity. The present study extended that finding to lie-detection, with and without biofeedback. In small groups, 63 right-handed university students took Kunzendorf's (2) Prevalence of Visual Imagery Test, in which they listened to 16 stimulus words and decided whether their first association to each word was verbal or visual. Later, subjects individually completed a five-card lie-detection tasli (3) in each of four conditions. In every condition, as the experimenter recited the five possible numbers on the card drawn by the subject and as the subject denied that each number was on the card, the maximum GSR for each denial was recorded from a Lafayette Instrument 7601SA GSR Monitor, to which the subject's right index finger was attached. In the four different conditions of lie-detection, subjects were instructed (a) to image something pleasant while making denials, (b) to image something frightening while making denials, (c) to use visual biofeedbadc to avoid detection, and (d) to try to avoid detection (without biofeedback). Order of conditions was counterbalanced across subjects. For each lie-detection condition within each subject, the GSRs of the five denials were ranked from largest to smallest (5 to 1). For the peaceful imaging, frightful imaging, biofeedback, and control conditions, the mean rank of the false denials-the lies-was 2.83 (SD = 1.43), 2.82 (SD = 1.33), 2.56 (SD = 1.29), and 2.75 (SD = 1.37), respectively. A greater number of "visual image f~rst" decisions on Kunzendorf's test was significantly associated with lower GSR rankings for lies-lower detectability of lies--in the peaceful imaging and biofeedback cond~tions (r = .27 and .23, p < .05) but not in the frightful imaging and control conditions (s = .05 and .09). For the 13 subjects wich more than 11 "image-first" decisions, the probability of a GSR ranking of 5 was .25 (near the chance level of .20) in both the peaceful-imaging condition and the biofeedbadc condition; for the 15 subjects with fewer than 7 "image-first" decisions, this probability of lie-detection was .53 in the peaceful-imaging condition and .60 in the biofeedback condition. Better imagers were better liars elecrroderrnally, in accord with various psychophysical hypotheses (4).
Sugar and Spice Make Bacteria Not Nice: Protein Glycosylation and Its Influence in Pathogenesis

Protein glycosylation is a post-translational modification that occurs across the whole tree of life. In the recent years, multiple N- and O-glycosylation mechanisms have been identified and characterized in diverse bacterial species, including human pathogens. This review focuses on bacterial protein glycosylation and its impact in pathogenesis. Bacteria carry N- and O-glycosylation systems that are mediated by an oligosaccharyltransferase (OTase). In OTase-dependent glycosylation mechanisms, an oligosaccharide is synthesized on a lipid carrier and subsequently transferred to proteins en bloc by an OTase. Multiple proteins are glycosylated using this mechanism. OTase-independent glycosylation refers to the pathway in which Protein N- and O-glycosyltransferases (PGTases) sequentially add monosaccharides onto the target proteins. This pathway is employed for glycosylation of flagella and autotransporters. By exploiting glycosylation machineries, it is now possible to generate tailor-made glycoconjugates by attaching polysaccharides derived from lipopolysaccharide or capsule biosynthesis onto a protein of choice. These glycoproteins can be used in developing vaccines and diagnostics of bacterial infections. Furthermore, both N- and O-glycosylation systems are promising targets for antibiotic development. Recently, the discovery of GTase toxins produced by bacterial pathogens and secreted into the host cells has greatly expanded. These proteins are a key factor in host-pathogen interactions and are required by certain pathogenic bacteria to establish a successful infection. The exact functions of bacterial glycoproteins in pathogenesis are just starting to emerge. Understanding these roles is key for new opportunities in the prevention of bacterial infections, which is crucial in times when antibiotic resistance continues to increase.
Impaired carotid baroreflex control of arterial blood pressure in multiple sclerosis

This study is the first to report carotid baroreflex responsiveness to simulated hypotension and hypertension in individuals with MS. The novel findings of our study are twofold. First, carotid bar...
Exploring the source of non-locality in the Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models

Abstract In the last decade there has been significant research activity in the use of Eringen’s nonlocal models to reformulate the equations of beams and plates. All of the previous works used a length scale parameter to study its effect on bending, buckling, and vibration characteristics, without identifying what the length scale parameter means. An attempt is made herein, for the first time, to relate the length scale parameter(s) to physical parameters. The Eringen’s non-local Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam models are identified as continuum limits of a discrete system comprising of harmonic oscillators. The correspondence between the coefficients of the discrete and the continuum models is used to determine the source of the non-locality in the context of Eringen’s non-local beams.
Mutations of rpoB gene in multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from Henan province

Aim:To analyze the characteristics of the mutations of rpoB genes in multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MDR-TB) clinical isolates from Henan province.Methods:A total of 150 MDR-TB clinical strains were collected and the mutation patterns of rpoB full ORF was detected by PCR and sequencing with H37Rv as control.Results:97.2%(140/144) isolates carried mutations in the full ORF of rpoB gene,and 96.5%(139/144) isolates carried mutations in RRDR.99%(139/140) isolates showed mutations both in the RRDR and outside the RRDR.The top 3 loci with high mutation frequency were rpoB531,rpoB526 and rpoB516.Discovered 15 mutation loci and 4 mutation types that had not been recorded previously.Among them,rpoB1284 probably was polymorphism locus and had nothing to do with rifampcin resistance.Conclusion:It is of high sensitivity to discover MDR-TB by detecting mutation loci within RRDR.
The Influences of China’s Importation of Foreign Countries’ Anti-Dump-Goods and the Countermeasures Towards it

With the deepening of the global economic unity,anti-dump-goods have become the important measure to fight against unequal competition and protect home industries.International trade has been increasing rapidly.At the same time,China is facing challenges of anti-dump-goods.By inducing foreign countries’present situation of anti-dump-goods and its influence on China’s importation and exportation,the thesis analyzes the causes and suggests the countermeasures towards it at the aspect of government,business and enterprises.
Vegetation Rehabilitation Experiment and Demonstration in Water Resource Conservation of the Upper Reaches of Shiyang River

The small watershed in gradeⅡof water resource conservation in the upper reaches of Shiyang river was chosen as experiment and demonstration unit.Close-to-nature forestry theory and eco-economic law were followed.Biotechnology,engineering and agricultural technology measures,including the close hillsides to facilitate afforestation protection,tending and promoting better,shrub transformation,conversion of cropland to forest,returning cropping land to forage land afforestation forest culture management and watershed management were applyed all together.The purpose of experiment was to restore and reconstruct the complex vegetation community of arbor,bush and grass,increase coverage degree of forest and grass,improve waters habitat of river,form relatively stable-structure comprehensive protective system of water conservation and promote ecological service function of plateau hill.
Reconnaissance blind multi-chess: an experimentation platform for ISR sensor fusion and resource management

This paper introduces the game of reconnaissance blind multi-chess (RBMC) as a paradigm and test bed for understanding and experimenting with autonomous decision making under uncertainty and in particular managing a network of heterogeneous Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) sensors to maintain situational awareness informing tactical and strategic decision making. The intent is for RBMC to serve as a common reference or challenge problem in fusion and resource management of heterogeneous sensor ensembles across diverse mission areas. We have deﬁned a basic rule set and a framework for creating more complex versions, developed a web-based software realization to serve as an experimentation platform, and developed some initial machine intelligence approaches to playing it.