cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A model for accommodating the human need for small scale communities within the context of global cooperative systems

Abstract The social sciences which are relied upon by urban planners have made inadequate use of modern discoveries about behavior that have emerged in the biological sciences. Theories from the science of ethology , especially, could have predicted the growing focus on local sub-cultures in developed and developing countries alike. Evolutionary theory suggests such a focus must be evaluated in terms of species survival. A theoretical model is advanced which suggests that the persistent human propensity to identify with small groups is a consequence of our evolution as a mammal; that is an essentially primitive but universal response which must be accommodated even while the cultural evolution of human society requires cooperation on a much larger and more impersonal scale. The model takes the concept of “proxemics”, first advanced by E.T. Hall to describe culturally determined spatial behavior, as one side of an equation. Based on the theories of P.D. MacLean and J.B. Calhoun, proxemic behavior is considered to be a cognitive response by phylogenetically older parts of the brain. The other side of the equation is a concept, termed “distemics”, which deals with the more impersonal spatial relationships that have emerged through the peculiarly human capacity for abstract thought. The basic hypothesis is that stable, well functioning and reasonably satisfactory human habitats require a balance of spaces designed to facilitate behavior on both levels, and that human survival and the continued evolution of culture require their elaboration on a global scale. The model is applied to the study of a small industrial American city of 40 000 people, which has been regionally isolated from larger metropolitan areas. From this study a four part hypothesis for further research emerged which posits that the critical factor for social stability is the in-migration of alien sub-cultures. When such in-migration is absent ethnic and other proxemic differences tend to merge into a common culture. However, lack of distemic relationships, which are dependent on social diversity, tends to lead to social and economic stagnation. On the other hand, new populations can be accepted amicably only if local life styles are buffered by zones for distemic interaction. Over a sufficient period of time, new proxemic cultures develop from such interaction, and cultural evolution proceeds to a new proxemic—distemic cycle.
Rat brain tubulin: subunit heterogeneity and phosphorylation.

— Evidence for multiple forms of the α and β subunits of tubulin isolated from rat brain has been obtained by means of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and SDS hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Fourteen distinct bands, localized near pH 5.4, were formed when tubulin was subjected to isoelectric focusing in a gradient established with a very narrow range ampholyte mixture. Three tubulin subunits, a1., α2, and β, were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis in a second dimension. The β subunit was more acidic than the α subunits. Brain sections were incubated in tissue culture medium containing 32P1 and radiolabeled tubulin was subsequently isolated and subjected to electrophoresis. Only the β subunit was labeled. All radioactivity was associated with two or three adjacent bands on isoelectric focusing gels.
An effect of silicon substitution remote from reactive site

Abstract The source of a rate retardation of the trimethylsilyl substituent in an alkylation reaction is probed.
Six years of sustainable IT service learning

This paper describes six years of experience in a bi-annual personal computer (PC) repair, service learning project for IT students. The location is a relatively remote community of professionals with many personal computers exposed to a humid salt air environment. The idea came from an informal survey at a local elementary school where half the students with a PC indicated that they were broken. At the end of each semester, for the last two labs of our PC hardware and operating systems class, we invited people from the community to bring in their PCs for service troubleshooting help and repair advice. This paper explains how issues of data integrity, security and liability were solved as well as the learning outcomes from these six years of service learning computer repair workshops.
Raman Spectroscopy of the Charge-Density-Wave State in Ta S 3

Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave (CDW) compound, Ta${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$. We determine for the first time both the temperature dependence of the CDW order parameter and the magnitude of the electronic gap $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(T)$ opened by the CDW at the Fermi surface. The transition to the CDW state appears to be continuous; our value of $2\ensuremath{\Delta}(0)\ensuremath{\simeq}530$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is in agreement with both theory and transport measurements.
Patterns of cell differentiation revealed by l-[3H]fucose incorporation in Dictyostelium

Abstract A study of the incorporation of l -[6-3H]fucose and d -[6-3H]glucosamine hydrochloride was conducted during the development of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum 1-H. Autoradiographs revealed that pulse-labeled vegetative amoebae incorporated [3H]fucose intracytoplasmically within 15 min. The majority of the cells had randomly scattered silver grains but the remainder were distinguished by a dense localized labeling which suggested that oligo or polysaccharide synthesis was occurring. The localized pattern of labeling attributed to active synthesis declines at aggregation and early conus formation. As the pseudoplasmodium makes the developmental transition from the conus to the culmination stages the localized pattern of [3H]fucose labeling was restricted to the prespore cells while the prestalk cells were devoid of label. Prespore vacuoles were not present at the onset of this transition and consequently [3H]fucose incorporation occurred in the cells prior to their differentiation into prespore cells. In contrast to cells composing earlier stages, mature spores exhibited [3H]fucose-containing substances at the cell surface. At appropriate stages certain cells actively synthesize slime and stalk sheath which were labeled with either [3H]fucose or [3H]glucosamine. Prestalk isolates were obtained by transecting migrating slugs. [3H]Fucose was incorporated within 10 min among the basal cells of the isolate in the localized pattern typically found in prespore cells. The incorporation of [3H]fucose occurred prior to prespore differentiation as certain preparations were devoid of prespore vacuoles. Prespore isolates differentiate prestalk cells which have lost the capacity to incorporate [3H]fucose. This investigation suggests that cell contacts and interactions may affect the incorporation of [3H]fucose.
An alternative mathematical algorithm for the photo- and videokeratoscope

Due to the resolution of current laser technology, the accuracy of corneal topography as measured by the videokeratoscope is no longer adequate to provide precise enough data for refractive surgery or for the fitting of customized contact lenses. We present an algorithm for recovering corneal topography that makes use of modern differential geometric techniques and numerical descent in Sobolev spaces. We believe this algorithm may be used with the photo- and videokeratoscope to increase the accuracy of the recovered corneal topography.
The effect of heat content and composition of fuel on pulse combustor performance

This paper reports partial results of an investigation into the use of pulse combustors to provide the heat required for the pyrolysis of organic wastes, such as black liquor, in fluidized beds. This process is economical only if the pyrolysis products, which are low in heat content but high in hydrogen concentration, can be used to fire the pulse combustor. This lead to a study of the effect of low heat content fuels with high hydrogen content on the operation of pulse combustors, the results of which are reported here. The performance of the pulse combustor was monitored by measuring sound pressure levels, heat release oscillations, frequencies of pulsations and the phase angle by which the heat release oscillations lead those of pressure. Sound pressure levels were found to be largely insensitive to heat content in fuels consisting only of methane and inert diluents. However, if the fuel contains hydrogen, the amplitude of the pulsations decreases as the heat content in the fuel is increased. This occurs because addition of hydrogen to the fuel accelerates the heat release during the cycle. In order to determine whether this early heat release is due to changes in the fluid mechanics, i.e., the mixing of reactants and ignition source in the combustor, or to the different kinetics of the combustion processes without and with hydrogen, a series of experiments was devised in which the composition of the fuel could be varied without changing the fluid mechanics in the pulse combustor. These tests clearly showed that the earlier heat release in the cycle, responsible for lower sound pressure levels in the pulse combustor, is caused by the faster burning rate of hydrogen.
z990 netmessage-protocol-based processor to support element communication interface

The communication interface between support element applications and applications running on the zSeries® system processors is an essential part of the zSeries system design. For example, the interface is used to load firmware during startup, it is used for service actions such as configuring or deconfiguring I/O channels, and for many other functions. It must be fast, reliable, and failsafe. A special hardware interface in the clock chip is used to connect the service infrastructure (support element and cage controller) to the central electronic complex (CEC). Four firmware parties are involved in the communication: support element, cage controller, and two firmware layers running on the processors in the CEC: millicode and i390 code. Starting with the z900, the interface between the support element and cage controller was implemented using the NetMessage protocol, whereas the interface between the cage controller and processors still used the legacy service-word communication protocol from previous IBM S/390® models. This meant that the cage controller had to translate the NetMessage protocol from the support element side to the legacy service-word protocol toward the CEC side. In the z990, the communication interface between the support element and the CEC was generally replaced by the NetMessage protocol. The following paper describes the new design and structure of the support element to CEC communication.
Types of flexibility in a single-machine production system

Flexibility is one of the most important aspects of production systems. In this paper, different approaches to this subject are summarized and it is argued that various aspects of flexibility can be unified in a hierarchical structure. A simple, one-machine system is used to obtain the 'volume flexibility' from the 'machine flexibility' in the context of the hierarchical structure of flexibility types.
Further characterization of human erythrocyte superoxide dismutase.

Abstract 1. 1.|A simplified procedure for the preparation of highly purified human superoxide dismutase from erythrocytes was developed which avoided extremes of pH and ionic strength and the use of organic solvents; the properties of human and bovine proteins, prepared by the method, were compared. 2. 2.|Using the two dimensional electrophoretic procedure of O'Farrell, the human superoxide dismutase was found to consist of a single type of polypeptide. 3. 3.|The human protein was found to have a total of eight half-cystine residues per mole of protein, compared to six such residues for the bovine protein. The human protein has two sulfhydryl groups which are reactive toward mercurials when dissolved in 1 M guanidine-hydrochloride and ≈3 reactive sulfhydryls when the protein is dissolved in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. The distribution of the eight sulfur atoms appears to consist of four involved in disulfide linkages, two deeply buried within the molecule and unreactive except under strongly denaturing conditions, and two which are reactive under mildly denaturing conditions. No zero-valent sulfur was found. 4. 4.|The visible optical absorption, the visible circular dichroism, and the electron paramagnetic resonance spectra are essentially identical with those of the bovine protein. No unusual absorbance was found at 330 nm. The near ultraviolet spectrum is different from that of the bovine protein, and this appears to be due to differing amino acid compositions. 5. 5.|Two fractions of superoxide dismutase activity were observed during chromatography of patially purified solutions on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose. The minor, less mobile form, was found to revert to the less mobile species on aging; the reverse process was not observed to occur. The minor component was found to contain equimolar amounts of Zn and Cu and to have a specific dismutase activity somewhat higher than that of the purified major fraction.
The Role of Early-Life Socioeconomic Status in Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Unraveling Life Course Mechanisms

Objectives: We examine (a) how breast cancer onset and survival are affected by various dimensions of early-life socioeconomic status (SES) and (b) the extent to which women’s characteristics in ad...
The potential for optimal (⩽ 2 cm) cytoreductive surgery in advanced ovarian carcinoma at a tertiary medical center: A prospective study

From November 1980 to April 1985, 50 consecutive previously untreated patients with FIGO Stage III and IV ovarian cancer were entered into a prospective trial to evaluate what percentage of such patients could have their tumors optimally cytoreduced (residual cancer less than or equal to 2 cm), what operation is required to achieve this goal, and what is the associated morbidity. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 76% of the 50 cases and in 77% of 18 cases referred as "inoperable." To achieve this goal, the six most common operations performed in descending order of frequency were bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (100%), hysterectomy (98%), omental resection (86%), peritoneal tumor resection (40%), intestinal resection (36%), and gastrocolic ligament resection (16%). Fifty-eight percent of the patients had no major complications. The most significant complications were congestive heart failure in 4% and pulmonary embolus in 4%. Ninety-four percent of the patients had chemotherapy initiated in less than or equal to 14 postoperative days. It is concluded that approximately three-fourths of patients with advanced Stage III and IV ovarian carcinoma can have their tumors resected to less than or equal to 2 cm in greatest diameter. The value of such therapy on ultimate response to chemotherapy and survival will have to await longer follow-up, and will be the subject of a subsequent report.
Landscape restoration following phosphate mining: 30 years of co-evolution of science, industry and regulation

Abstract The restoration of phosphate mined lands in Florida is large scale, potentially covering over 300,000 acres (121,000 ha), and rivals other restoration efforts like the Florida Everglades in size and complexity. The issues surrounding mining and subsequent restoration of the landscape are global, national, and local in scale. The entire system of phosphate mining and restoration involves local citizens, governmental agencies, research scientists, and industry personnel in a program that might be seen as adaptive management. It is suggested that restoration is managing adaptive self-organization of the ecosystems and landscapes and that it is the domain of ecological engineering. The past 30 years of research concerning various aspects of landscape restoration after phosphate mining are elucidated, and the research's relationship to management and regulation are discussed. Finally, the complex issues that are inherent in large restoration programs are discussed and it is suggested that a cooperative environment and vision may be the key elements that are missing.
Phenytoin-related cerebellar degeneration without seizures.

Cerebellar changes have been reported in relationship to epilepsy alone as well as to phenytoin therapy for the control of seizures. The cliniconeuropathological correlation between these changes and epilepsy or the anticonvulsant is usually complicated by the presence of both variables. Experimental evidence suggests that phenytoin alone may be sufficient to cause cerebellar changes following intoxication. We report a case of cerebellar degeneration in a patient treated with isoniazid and prophylactically treated with phenytoin who never had a seizure.
The transcranial magnetic stimulation motor threshold depends on the distance from coil to underlying cortex: a replication in healthy adults comparing two methods of assessing the distance to cortex

Using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a handheld electrified copper coil against the scalp produces a powerful and rapidly oscillating magnetic field, which in turn induces electrical currents in the brain. The amount of electrical energy needed for TMS to induce motor movement (called the motor threshold [MT]), varies widely across individuals. The intensity of TMS is dosed relative to the MT. Kozel et al observed in a depressed cohort that MT increases as a function of distance from coil to cortex. This article examines this relationship in a healthy cohort and compares the two methods of assessing distance to cortex. Seventeen healthy adults had their TMS MT determined and marked with a fiducial. Magnetic resonance images showed the fiducials marking motor cortex, allowing researchers to measure distance from scalp to motor and prefontal cortex using two methods: 1) measuring a line from scalp to the nearest cortex and 2) sampling the distance from scalp to cortex of two 18-mm-square areas. Confirming Kozel's previous finding, we observe that motor threshold increases as distance to motor cortex increased for both methods of measuring distance and that no significant correlation exists between MT and prefontal cortex distance. Distance from TMS coil to motor cortex is an important determinant of MT in healthy and depressed adults. Distance to prefontal cortex is not correlated with MT, raising questions about the common practice of dosing prefontal stimulation using MT determined over motor cortex.
Response-specific antiestrogen resistance in a newly characterized MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line resulting from long-term exposure to trans-hydroxytamoxifen

To understand better the antiestrogen-resistant phenotype that frequently develops in breast cancer patients receiving tamoxifen, we cultured MCF-7 breast cancer cells long-term (>1 yr) in the presence of the antiestrogen trans-hydroxytamoxifen (TOT) to generate a subline refractory to the growth-suppressive effects of TOT. This subline (designated MCF/TOT) showed growth stimulation, rather than inhibition, with TOT and diminished growth stimulation with estradiol (E2), yet remained as sensitive as the parental cells to growth suppression by another antiestrogen, ICI 164,384. Estrogen receptor (ER) levels were maintained at 40% of that in parent MCF-7 cells, but MCF/TOT cells failed to show an increase in progesterone receptor content in response to E2 or TOT treatment. In contrast, the MCF/TOT subline behaved like parental cells in terms of E2 and TOT regulation of ER and pS2 expression and transactivation of a transiently transfected estrogen-responsive gene construct. DNA sequencing of the hormone binding domain of the ER from both MCF-7 and MCF/TOT cells confirmed the presence of wild-type ER and exon 5 and exon 7 deletion splice variants, but showed no point mutations. Compared to the parental cells, the MCF/TOT subline showed reduced sensitivity to the growth-suppressive effects of retinoic acid and complete resistance to exogenous TGF-beta1. The altered growth responsiveness of MCF/TOT cells to TOT and TGF-beta1 was partly to fully reversible following TOT withdrawal for 16 weeks. Our findings underscore the fact that antiestrogen resistance is response-specific; that loss of growth suppression by TOT appears to be due to the acquisition of weak growth stimulation; and that resistance to TOT does not mean global resistance to other more pure antiestrogens such as ICI 164,384, implying that these antiestrogens must act by somewhat different mechanisms. The association of reduced retinoic acid responsiveness and insensitivity to exogenous TGF-beta with antiestrogen growth resistance in these cells supports the increasing evidence for interrelationships among cell regulatory pathways utilized by these three growth-suppressive agents in breast cancer cells. In addition, our findings indicate that one mechanism of antiestrogen resistance, as seen in MCF/TOT cells, may involve alterations in growth factor and other hormonal pathways that affect the ER response pathway.
Esperanza y Vida: Training Lay Health Advisors and Cancer Survivors to Promote Breast and Cervical Cancer Screening in Latinas

The use of lay health advisors (LHAs) to promote community-based health education programs is well documented and is considered an effective way to reach underserved communities. Esperanza y Vida (Hope & Life) is an educational outreach program to increase breast and cervical cancer screening for diverse Latinas. It incorporates Latino LHAs (men and women) and cancer survivor role models, sobrevivientes, in the program delivery. An interactive training program, conducted by bilingual staff across three sites (Little Rock, Arkansas; Buffalo, New York and New York City) included 74 sobrevivientes and LHAs who were recruited and trained. All training attendees completed an initial application assessing socio-demographics, experience and availability as well as, true/false surveys at the beginning (pre-) and end of the training (post-) measuring knowledge levels of breast and cervical cancer health. Data analysis indicated a significant increase of both breast and cervical cancer knowledge for attendees trained as LHAs (pre = 60%; post = 80%; p = 0.000), whereas sobrevivientes had a higher baseline knowledge of breast health (74%), and therefore did not show a significant increase following training (79%). However, sobrevivientes did display a significant increase in cervical cancer knowledge (p = 0.003). These findings demonstrate the impact of training and how LHAs may be recruited at different levels of knowledge and experience and be successfully trained in key program elements. Moreover, results indicate that sobrevivientes may be impacted differently, or require variations in training approaches. This information can be useful in developing and customizing curriculum for future lay health training programs.
Luminol and lucigenin as detectors for O2ṡ

Univalent oxidation of luminol and univalent reduction of lucigenin must precede reaction with O2.- if that reaction is to lead to luminescence. The assumption that luminol or lucigenin, per se, reacts with O2.- in a way leading to luminescence is incorrect, and leads to misinterpretation of results. The chemical reactions leading to the O2(.-)-dependent luminescences of luminol and of lucigenin are discussed.
Semaphorins and the dynamic regulation of synapse assembly, refinement, and function

Semaphorins are phylogenetically conserved proteins expressed in most organ systems, including the nervous system. Following their description as axon guidance cues, semaphorins have been implicated in multiple aspects of nervous system development. Semaphorins are key regulators of neural circuit assembly, neuronal morphogenesis, assembly of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and synaptic refinement. Semaphorins contribute to the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission, and electrical activity can modulate semaphorin signaling in neurons. This interplay between guidance cue signaling and electrical activity has the potential to sculpt the wiring of neural circuits and to modulate their function.
“Good For You and Good To You": The Importance of Emphasizing Race when Radicalizing Students around the Food Movement

While there is great radical and anti-capitalist potential within the “Food Movement,” it can often be undermined by foodie culture’s attachment to a problematic racial politics in which white, urban and middle/upper classed subject positions are articulated through romanticized attachments to local and organic foodways, attachments that at times unconsciously echo nativist and settle colonial sentiments. These problematic racial logics limit the food movement’s ability to fully address the ways by which the corporate domination of the food system disproportionally impacts low-income communities and communities of color. This article contends that food educators must fundamentally rewrite and reshape the very foundations of our food pedagogy to forefront the ways by which the food system is and always has been driven by the exploitation of bodies of color, the forced removal of Indigenous peoples from their homelands and the ways by which food access continues to be predicated on systems of power that perpetuate racial genocide. Drawing upon the experiences from a unit taught on “soul food” in an undergraduate course on the U.S. Food System, this article offers pedagogical strategies and innovative interdisciplinary methodological approaches to teaching the race based apartheid within the American food system and role of race within contemporary food justice movements. As such, this article will contend that conversations with students on soul food, and a race-centered analysis of the food system, ultimately result in a more radical food consciousness, one that is not just located in food related issues, but also grounded in a foundational critique of the complex hierarchal systems of power and oppression that drive American society.
Effect of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heteroptera: Coreidae) on Seed Development of Douglas-Fir at Different Times During the Growing Season in Western Oregon

We tested the hypothesis that feeding by the western conifer seed bug, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, has different effects on Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, seed development at different times during the growing season. Seed bugs were caged on developing cones at densities of 0 and 0.5 per cone for 2-wk periods in mid-June, early July, and late July. Cones were dissected in August and seeds were categorized as undeveloped (aborted), empty seed coat, partially filled seed coat, or healthy. Total number of aborted seeds was significantly related to seed bug feeding, especially during early and mid-season treatments. Partially filled seed was significantly related to both seed bug feeding and season, with the seed bug effect increasing during seed development. Seed aborted as a result of seed bug feeding during early stages of seed development was 50% higher than in control cages and was indistinguishable from seed abortion attributed to other factors in previous studies. These data suggest that effects of seed bugs on seed production have been greatly underestimated in the past.
ON COMPUTATIONAL VISION: A NEURAL PROCESSING APPROACH

A spherical visual model and its computational aspects are discussed in this paper. This unified approach to computer vision and computational theory of human perception is implementable in current technology of neural network processors.
Proinsulin and the Genetics of Diabetes Mellitus

Insulin plays a central role in the regulation of vertebrate metabolism. The hormone, the post-translational product of a single-chain precursor, is a globular protein containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues). Recent advances in human genetics have identified dominant mutations in the insulin gene causing permanent neonatal-onset DM2 (1–4). The mutations are predicted to block folding of the precursor in the ER of pancreatic β-cells. Although expression of the wild-type allele would in other circumstances be sufficient to maintain homeostasis, studies of a corresponding mouse model (5–7) suggest that the misfolded variant perturbs wild-type biosynthesis (8, 9). Impaired β-cell secretion is associated with ER stress, distorted organelle architecture, and cell death (10). These findings have renewed interest in insulin biosynthesis (11–13) and the structural basis of disulfide pairing (14–19). Protein evolution is constrained not only by structure and function but also by susceptibility to toxic misfolding.
Total body phylloquinone and its turnover in human subjects at two levels of vitamin K intake.

The aims of this study were to determine the total body phylloquinone and its metabolic turnover in human subjects using a tracer dose of [5-H 3 ]phylloquinone containing 55.5 × 10 4 MBq/mmol. Seven subjects aged 22 to 49 years were given 0.3 μg isotopic phylloquinone intravenously on a control diet (75 μg phylloquinone/d) and blood, urine and faeces were sampled periodically for 6 d. Five of these subjects were studied a second time after 3-8 weeks on a low-vitamin K diet (8 μg/d). The changes in the radioactivity of plasma phylloquinone with time were analysed by the method of residuals and fitted to a curve composed of two exponential components. The size of the exchangeable body pool was calculated by isotope dilution. Plasma phylloquinone levels fell during vitamin K restriction but the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors did not change. After injection the first exponential decay curve t 1/2 was 1.0 (SD 0.47) h in the subjects on the control diet and 0.49 (SD 0.27) h after vitamin K restriction. On the control diet, the second exponential t 1/2 was 276 (sD 124) h that did not change on the low-vitamin K diet (t 1/2 = 25.1 (SD 13.5) h). These results indicate that the turnover time for phylloquinone in human subjects is about 1.5 d. Urinary excretion of 3 H-metabolites ranged from 30 % of the administered dose on the control diet to 38 % on the restricted diet and had the same turnover rate as the second component of the plasma decay curves. The exchangeable body pool of phylloquinone declined from about 1.0 μg/kg before restriction to lower values after vitamin K restriction. The faecal excretion of phylloquinone and its metabolites fell from 32 % of the administered dose on the control diet to 13 % on the restricted diet.
The influence of a mature cyclonic eddy on particle export in the lee of Hawaii

Abstract Mesoscale eddies may enhance primary production (PP) in the open ocean by bringing nutrient-rich deep waters into the euphotic zone, potentially leading to increased transport of particles to depth. This hypothesis remains controversial, however, due to a paucity of direct particle export measurements. In this study, we investigated particle dynamics using 234Th–238U disequilibria within a mesoscale cold-core eddy, Cyclone Opal, which formed in the lee of the Hawaiian Islands. 234Th samples were collected along two transects across Cyclone Opal as well as during a time-series within the eddy core during a decaying diatom bloom. Particulate carbon (PC), particulate nitrogen (PN) and biogenic silica (bSiO2) fluxes at 150 m varied spatially and temporally within the eddy and strongly depended on the 234Th model formulation used (e.g., steady state versus non-steady state, inclusion of upwelling, etc.). Particle fluxes estimated from a steady state model assuming an upwelling rate of 2 m day−1 yielded the best fit to sediment-trap data. These 234Th-derived particle fluxes ranged from 332±14 to 1719±53 μmol C m−2 day−1, 27±3 to 114±12 μmol N m−2 day−1, and 33±20 to 309±73 μmol Si m−2 day−1. Although PP rates within Cyclone Opal were elevated by a factor of 2–3, PC and PN fluxes were the same, within error, inside and outside of Cyclone Opal. The ratio of PC export to PP remained surprisingly low at
Ethnicity and APS

Ethnic and geographic studies have contributed to knowledge of the clinical epidemiology of APS. In general, these studies support the associations of aPL with thrombosis and pregnancy morbidity, with some exceptions. Further investigation is needed to determine whether the exceptions represent interethnic variation in the clinical associations of aPL and thus provide clues to the causation of APS, or alternatively, whether methodologic factors are responsible.
Pediatric oncology and the future of oncological imaging

The future of pediatric oncology will be influenced by changes in drug design and treatment strategy, with genomic medicine and molecular-based diagnostics and therapeutics playing increasingly important roles. The role of imaging as a means of measuring response to therapy has also evolved, with the development of new technologies and higher sensitivity means of detecting tumors. Conventional anatomical imaging techniques are being increasingly supplemented with functional techniques, including FDG-PET imaging and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. The risk-adapted treatment regimens of the past, which led to improved event-free and overall survival in many pediatric cancers, have paved the way for new response-based treatment paradigms. Response-based approaches seek to identify patients with a high likelihood of cure, treating them less aggressively, while those not responding to therapy are identified early and redirected into more aggressive therapeutic regimens. These advances will require concurrent development of imaging biomarkers as surrogates of early response to therapy. Incorporating these techniques into new response-directed treatment algorithms will be crucial as personalized medicine and molecular-targeted, tumor-specific therapies gain acceptance for the treatment of children with cancer.
Characterization of antigens isolated from Trypanosoma rhodesiense.

WEITZ1,2 has recently shown that the serum of rats infected for three days with Trypanosoma brucei contains a soluble trypanosomal antigen which he called the ‘exoantigen’. This antigen, also found within the trypanosome, was stated to be present on the surface of the organism. Weitz also found that active immunization of mice with infected rat serum would protect them against a challenge with Trypanosoma brucei.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute lung injury: expression, biomarker, and associations

The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a pro-inflammatory cytokine central to the response to endotoxemia, is a putative biomarker in acute lung injury (ALI). To explore MIF as a molecular target and candidate gene in ALI, the MIF gene and protein expression were examined in murine and canine models of ALI (high tidal volume mechanical ventilation, endotoxin exposure) and in patients with either sepsis or sepsis-induced ALI. MIF gene expression and protein levels were significantly increased in each ALI model, with serum MIF levels significantly higher in patients with either sepsis or ALI compared with healthy controls (African- and European-descent). The association of 8 MIF gene polymorphisms (single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)) (within a 9.7-kb interval on chromosome 22q11.23) with the development of sepsis and ALI in European-descent and African-descent populations was studied next. Genotyping in 506 DNA samples (sepsis patients, sepsis-associated ALI patients, and healthy controls) revealed haplotypes located in the 3' end of the MIF gene, but not individual SNPs, associated with sepsis and ALI in both populations. These data, generated via functional genomic and genetic approaches, suggest that MIF is a relevant molecular target in ALI.
The Effects of Cross-Ownership and League Policies Across Sports Leagues Within a City

Since prior research suggests that some economic competition exists between teams in different sports leagues, economic competition and ownership structure can affect an owner’s incentive to invest in talent. This paper uses a theoretical model to examine the differences in owners’ incentives to invest in talent when they are operating as monopolists, as duopolists, or as a cross-owned team. Our model shows that economic competition results in an ambiguous level of investment compared to that of a monopolist. A firm that engages in cross-ownership will invest less in talent compared to a duopolist, but the difference in profits is ambiguous. League policies are studied and are shown to affect the quality of teams in other leagues.
Acute ischemic strokes from small vessel vasculitis due to disseminated histoplasmosis infection.

• Disseminated histoplasmosis with CNS involvement is not only seen in immunocompromised patients
The goldfish ear codes the axis of acoustic particle motion in three dimensions

Auditory and vestibular nerve fibers of the goldfish are strongly directionally sensitive to whole-body acceleration at audio frequencies. The three-dimensional pattern of sensitivity shows that input from a receptor ensemble (hair cells) is essentially equivalent to that expected from a single hair cell having a given three-dimensional orientation of best sensitivity. Fibers from the sacculus, lagena, and utriculus differ with respect to distributions of directional orientation, but are similar in best threshold (less than 1 nanometer, root mean square, at 140 hertz). In combination with other mechanisms for detection of sound pressure, this directionality is a likely basis for directional hearing in fishes, and it could allow the determination of underwater acoustic intensity.
Academic delay of gratification, self-regulation of learning, gender differences, and expectancy-value

Abstract The associations between 250 college students’ use of self-regulatory strategies, expectancy-value, and delay of gratification were examined after controlling for gender. Perception of effort and the perceived importance of the delay alternatives (in comparison to the non-delay alternatives) exhibited main effects on students’ reported willingness to delay gratification. An interaction effect was found between gender and stress-reducing strategies on delay of gratification.
Boundary-integral modeling of cochlear hydrodynamics

A two-dimensional model that captures the essential features of the vibration of the basilar membrane of the cochlea is proposed. The flow due to the vibration of the stapes footplate and round window is modeled by a point source and a point sink, and the cochlear pressure is computed simultaneously with the oscillations of the basilar membrane. The mathematical formulation relies on the boundary-integral representation of the potential flow established far from the basilar membrane and cochlea side walls, neglecting the thin Stokes boundary layer lining these surfaces. The boundary-integral approach furnishes integral equations for the membrane vibration amplitude and pressure distribution on the upper or lower side of the membrane. Several approaches are discussed, and numerical solutions in the frequency domain are presented for a rectangular cochlea model using different membrane response functions. The numerical results reproduce and extend the theoretical predictions of previous authors and delineate the effect of physical and geometrical parameters. It is found that the membrane vibration depends weakly on the position of the membrane between the upper and lower wall of the cochlear channel and on the precise location of the oval and round windows. Solutions of the initial-value problem with a single-period sinusoidal impulse reveal the formation of a traveling wave packet that eventually disappears at the helicotrema.
Peroxidase activity during curing and storage of cigar-filler tobacco

Abstract During the usual air curing of cigar-filler tobacco the peroxidase activity decreases rapidly for 6 weeks and then becomes stabilized at a level approximately one-fifth the original. Detectable activity persists during storage for as long as 5 years. The presence of enzymatic activity demonstrates that protein is present in the fully cured and stored leaf.
A left handed solution to peptide inhibition of the p53-MDM2 interaction

Throwing tumors a left hook punch: The oncoprotein MDM2 negatively regulates the activity and stability of the tumor suppressor protein p53, and is an important molecular target for anticancer therapy. Mirror image phage display identifies a high-affinity D-peptide ligand of MDM2 that can be developed into a potent and protease-resistant p53 activator with potential antitumor activity.
Measuring Participation in Internet Supported Courses

This paper considers student participation and how it might be better measured using technology. A review of existing studies precedes the analysis of course data on participation collected through various methods. The study confirms previous findings showing that even crude electronic measures of participation in a course have a direct relationship with the ultimate success of the student. The implications for the future design of technology will be discussed in relation to the findings.
Acute sigmoid diverticulitis within a nonincarcerated hernia

Separately, diverticulitis and inguinal hernias are both common findings in emergency medicine. However, diverticulitis within a reducible hernia has not been previously reported.We present a case of sigmoid diverticulitis within a non incarcerated easily reducible hernia treated with conservative management. Our review of literature did not reveal any previously documented cases of this type of presentation.
China's 1998 Administrative Reform and New Public Management: Applying a Comparative Framework

Abstract Does New Public Management (NPM) represent a global paradigm shift? Is China's 1998 administrative reform really a variation of NPM? This paper argues that resemblance does not equal convergence, and institutional background has to be considered. It proposes that comparing administrative reforms should address the institutional context around the relationships among democracy, politics, administration, society, business, and citizen. Utilizing this framework, it analyzes the technical, strategic, and consequential dimension of China's 1998 reform. The analysis suggests that the NPM agenda is different from, and inappropriate for, the Chinese reform. The lesson from China's experience can be applied to other authoritarian or developing countries.
Fluid-filled bowel mimicking hemoperitoneum: a false-positive finding during sonographic evaluation for trauma.

Abstract This case report describes a patient who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) after a high-speed motor vehicle crash (MVC), whose initial ultrasound examination was interpreted as being positive for fluid in Morison’s pouch. Subsequent ultrasound examinations and computed tomography scans further delineated this finding to be fluid-filled bowel juxtaposed between the liver and right kidney. With greater implementation of ED ultrasound, it is important to identify entities that cause false-positive and false-negative examinations.
Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in the Thessaloniki eye study.

Purpose To investigate risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEXG) in the Thessaloniki Eye Study. Design Cross-sectional, population-based study. Methods Randomly selected subjects 60 years of age and older (n = 2554) participated in the Thessaloniki Eye Study. Glaucomatous damage and presence of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) were defined according to specific criteria. Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) subjects were compared with nonglaucoma subjects (controls), POAG subjects were compared with controls without PEX, and PEXG subjects were compared with controls with PEX for demographic, lifestyle, ophthalmic, and systemic factors. Factors with P Results In multivariate analysis restricted to persons who participated in clinic visits and who had at least 1 phakic eye (n = 2078), intraocular pressure (odds ratio [OR], 1.21 per 1 mm Hg; P P P = .017), and moderate-to-high myopia (≥ −3 diopters; OR, 2.40; P = .009) were associated with higher odds for OAG. In analysis including all clinic visits (n = 2261), age became significantly associated (OR, 1.05; P = .004). In multivariate analysis for POAG (n = 1840), associations were found for age (OR, 1.04 per year; P = .048), IOP (OR, 1.19 per 1 mm Hg; P P = .01), and history of diabetes treated with insulin (OR, 3.05; P = .045). In multivariate analysis for PEXG (n = 238), the latter was associated with increased IOP (OR, 1.25 per 1 mm Hg; P Conclusions IOP was the only factor associated with both POAG and PEXG, whereas moderate-to-high myopia showed borderline significance in both. Vascular systemic diseases and their treatment were associated only with POAG. The implications of these differences for the pathogenesis between the 2 common types of OAG should be explored further.
Stochastic Dynamic Duality: Theory and Empirical Applicability

This paper explores duality relationships for a broad class of stochastic dynamic production problems. Assuming that the decision maker maximizes the expected present value of profit, it is shown that product supply, negative factor demand, and negative quasifixed factor acquisition equations cannot be directly obtained by partial differentiation of the indirect profit function if price expectations have a Markovian structure. Consequently, empirical application of duality to many stochastic dynamic problems is quite complex and may be more difficult than a primal approach to the problem.
Drug Absorption With Food

Oral input is the most convenient route for drug administration so the large majority of drug products are oral dosage forms. This dictates consideration of the timing of drug administration with respect to the time of meal ingestion. There are several reasons for taking a drug with a meal or nutrient beverage. It may be expedient for clinical staff in hospitals and assisted living centers to administer a drug at a time when meals are provided for inpatients. Outpatient compliance with the prescribed drug dosage regimen may be aided with administration at regular mealtimes. Some drugs are irritating in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their administration with food or a nutrient beverage can diminish this effect as compared to administration with water.
Stratospheric versus Tropospheric Control of the Strength and Structure of the Brewer–Dobson Circulation

The strength and structure of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) are explored in an idealized general circulation model. It is shown that diabatic forcing of the stratosphere and planetary wave forcing by the troposphere can have comparable effects on tracer transport through the stratosphere, as quantified by the mean age of air and age spectrum. Their impact, however, is mediated through different controls on the mass circulation.Planetarywavesaremodulatedbychangingsurfacetopography.Increasedwaveforcingstrengthens the circulation, particularly at lower levels. This is primarily a tropospheric control on the BDC, as the wave forcing is set by stationary waves at the base of the stratosphere. Stratospheric control of the circulation is effected indirectly through the strengthof the stratospheric polar vortex. A colder vortex creates a waveguide higher into the stratosphere, raising the breaking level of Rossby waves and deepening the circulation. Ventilation of mass in the stratosphere depends critically on the depth of tropical upwelling, and so mass and tracer transport is comparably sensitive to both tropospheric and stratospheric controls. The two controls on the circulation can lead to separate influences on the lower and upper stratosphere, with implications for the seasonal cycle of tropical upwelling. They allow for independent changes in the ‘‘shallow’’ and ‘‘deep’’ branches of the BDC, which may be important for comparing modeled trends with observations. It is also shown that changes in the BDC have a significant impact on the tropical cold point (on the order of degrees) and the equator-to-pole gradient in the tropopause (on the order of a kilometer).