cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal Evolution of the Envelope of SN 1987A

We model the heating and cooling processes in the hydrogen- and helium-rich zones of the envelope of SN 1987A from t = 200 to 1200 days after outburst and use these results to calculate the light curves of the most prominent emission lines. For the first 600 days, heating and cooling processes are in equilibrium. The main heating mechanism is direct heat deposition by nonthermal electrons, and the main cooling mechanism is collisional excitation of trace elements such as Ca II, Fe II, and C I, followed by the emission of a line photon. After 600 days adiabatic cooling becomes important, and the cooling and heating rates are no longer in equilibrium. Dust, formed in the Fe/Co/Ni zone after t ~ 400 days, plays an important role in the formation of the emission lines. It both modifies the internal UV radiation field that excites the ions and reduces the escaping line fluxes by extinction. The pseudocontinuum opacity in the envelope due to the many absorption lines of metals, which we model crudely by a simple power law, is also important for the emerging spectrum. Our results for the temperature evolution do not depend strongly on our assumptions. We find that the temperatures of the hydrogen and helium zones evolve from T ? 6000 K at t = 200 days to T ? 1000 K at t = 1200 days. The ionized fraction of hydrogen evolves from xH ? 6 ? 10-3 at t = 200 days to xH ? 3 ? 10-4 at t = 1200 days. With abundances determined from observations of the circumstellar ring, the model can account for the light curves of most strong emission lines of H I, He I, Ca II, and Fe II, but some discrepancies remain. Especially interesting is the H? light curve, which exhibits a clear plateau when H? is still optically thick, but Pa? is already optically thin. In all our models this phase appears to occur later than in the observations. For t 800 days, the infrared emission lines of Fe II are produced mainly by primordial iron in the H/He envelope, not by newly synthesized iron. The fluxes of C I and O I lines that our model predicts are much higher than observed, and they may require a significant adjustment in abundance or mass of the different composition zones to make them agree with observations. Our models also indicate that the total helium mass in the core of the remnant (v < 2500 km s-1) must lie in the range 2-5 M?. The hydrogen mass in the core is less well constrained, because the hydrogen line strength does not vary much as long as most of the nonthermal energy is deposited in hydrogen. The ratio of the fluxes of the Br? and the He I 2.058 ?m lines is slightly more sensitive, and it indicates a helium mass-to-hydrogen mass ratio ~ 1:2.
Novel paper-based inkjet-printed antennas and wireless sensor modules

In this paper, inkjet-printed flexible antennas fabricated on paper substrates are introduced as a system-level solution for ultra-low-cost mass production of UHF radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and wireless sensor nodes (WSN) in an approach that could be easily extended to other microwave and wireless applications. The presented material is a review of our grouppsilas major reported milestones in this area. First, we discuss the benefits of using paper as a substrate for high-frequency applications, reporting its very good electrical/dielectric performance up to at least 1 GHz. The RF characteristics of the paper-based substrate are studied by using the microstrip ring resonator in order to characterize the dielectric properties (dielectric constant and loss tangent). Then, we give details about the inkjet printing technology, including the characterization of the conductive ink, which consists of nano-silver-particles, while highlighting the importance of this technology as a fast and simple fabrication technique especially on flexible organic (e.g. LCP) or paper-based substrates. A compact inkjet-printed UHF ldquopassive-RFIDrdquo antenna using the classic T-match approach and designed to match ICpsilas complex impedance, is presented as a demonstrating prototype for this technology. In addition, the author briefly touches up the state-of-the-art area of fully-integrated wireless sensor modules on paper and show the first ever 2D sensor integration with an RFID tag module on paper, as well as the possibility of a 3D multilayer paper-based RF/microwave structures. The presented approach could potentially set the foundation for the development of low-cost light-weight autonomous nodes for cognitive intelligence applications and for wearable communication and biomonitoring systems.
ELISA Determination of Turkey Roll Endpoint Temperature: Effects of Formulation, Storage, and Processing

Effects of refrigerated and frozen storage, salt concentration, cooking schedule and product diameter were compared on determination of minimum endpoint cooking temperature of turkey breast rolls by measuring extractable protein (EP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH concentration by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LDH concentration differed in rolls processed to 70.0 o C and 71.1 o C, whereas EP and LDH activity did not differ at these temperatures. Salt concentration, cooking schedule and product casing diameter did not markedly influence LDH concentration. LDH content of uncooked rolls decreased during frozen storage. A maximum concentration of 0.31 μg LDH/g meat indicated proper processing
A customized shade guide for vacuum-fired porcelain-gold combination crowns

The development of a personalized shade guide for vacuum-fired porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns facilitated color determination for the clinical application and aided in the evaluation of vacuum-fired porcelain as an esthetic improvement.
Effects of vagotomy on cholecystokinin- and dexfenfluramine-induced fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain

Abstract This study compared the effects of bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy on the Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI), a marker of neuronal activation, in rat brain induced by two anorectic agents, cholecystokinin (CCK) and the serotonin agonist, dexfenfluramine (DFEN). In the nonvagotomized rats, both CCK (5 μg/kg, IP) and DFEN (2 mg/kg, IP) Induced FU in the nucleus of the solitary tract (MST), the external subdivision of the lateral parabrachial nuclei (LPBE), the lateral subdivision of the central amygdeloid nucleus (CeL), and the bed nucleus of the stria terminallis (BST). However, subregional distribution of the FLI induced by the two agents was different in most of these regions. Additionally, the area postrema and the medial subdivision of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus were preferentially activated by CCK but not DFEN, while the caudate-putemen was activated by DFEM but not CCK. Bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy completely abolished CCK-induced FLI in all the brain regions but did not attenuate DFEN-Induced FLI in any of these regions, including the NST. The results of the present study suggest that DFEN-activation of the NST-LPBE-CeL/BST neuraxis is not mediated by the vague nerve. On the other hand, and consistent with a variety of other data, activation of various parts of the brain by peripherally administered CCK depends on a vagal pathway. These data are discussed in relation to a previously proposed interaction between CCK and serotonin in mediating satiety.
Physiological properties and pattern of projection of cortico-cortical connections from the anterior bank of the ansate sulcus to the motor cortex, area 4γ, in the cat

The physiological properties of neurons in the postsigmoid gyrus lying along the anterior bank of the ansate sulcus and the pattern of projection of these neurons to the motor cortex, area 4 gamma, were investigated in the cat and the following results were obtained. (1) Neurons lying along the anterior bank of the ansate sulcus receive somatotopically organized afferent input from the skin and deep structures on the contralateral side of the body. (2) Short latency antidromic responses were recorded from all regions along the bank of the sulcus following intra-cortical microstimulation (ICMS) of area 4 gamma. (3) The projection of neurons to area 4 gamma was topographically organized. Neurons in the lateral portions projected to more lateral parts of 4 gamma, whereas neurons in the medial region of the postsigmoid gyrus sent axons to the more medial regions of the motor cortex. (4) In 50 cases, receptive fields were recorded from both the antidromically identified postsigmoid gyrus neuron and from neurons around the activation site in area 4 gamma. In 62% of these instances, both cortical sites received afferent input from within the same part of the periphery.
Unemployment Insurance or Individual Savings Accounts: Can Chile'S New Scheme Serve as a Model for Other Developing Countries?

In 2002 the Chilean government implemented new legislation for an unemployment insurance scheme. It has been presented at both national and international levels as a model for other developing countries, because it provides protection against unemployment, avoids issues of moral hazard associated with traditional unemployment insurance systems, and has a relatively low public finance requirement. The insurance combines a system of individual savings accounts with a publicly financed contingency fund. This article examines how it will work in practice, and whether it can indeed serve as a model.
Detection of planktonic cyanobacteria by tandem in vivo fluorometry

For freshwater cyanobacteria, the autofluorescence of phycocyanin is quite high while the in vivo fluorescence (IVF) yield of chlorophyll-a is relatively low, apparently because of low chlorophyll concentrations associated with photosystem II. In eucaryotic phytoplankton, even those with phycobili-protein accessory pigments (e.g. some cryptophytes), the opposite is true. Thus, an IVF ratio which relates phycocyanin to chlorophyll-a signals could be a good index of relative cyanobacterial abundance in the field. Spectrofluorometric scans of whole cells from laboratory cultures indicated that the ratio Em660 @ Ex630/Em680 @ Ex430 could be a very sensitive cyanobacterial indicator. Tandem flowthrough fluorometers were then fitted with the appropriate interference filters and their discriminatory power was evaluated with mixtures of cyanobacterial and eucaryotic phytoplankton. Although subject to many of the constraints of other IVF assays, tandem fluorometry should be particularly appropriate for real-time mapping of the relative spatial and temporal distributions of broad phytoplankton taxa in continuous vertical of horizontal profiles in lakes.
Near-Infrared Reflectance Analysis by Gauss-Jordan Linear Algebra

Near-infrared reflectance analysis is an analytical technique that uses the near-infrared diffuse reflectance of a sample at several discrete wavelengths to predict the concentration of one or more of the chemical species in that sample. However, because near-infrared bands from solid samples are both abundant and broad, the reflectance at a given wavelength usually contains contributions from several sample components, requiring extensive calculations on overlapped bands. In the present study, these calculations have been performed using an approach similar to that employed in multi-component spectrophotometry, but with Gauss-Jordan linear algebra serving as the computational vehicle. Using this approach, correlations for percent protein in wheat flour and percent benzene in hydrocarbons have been obtained and are evaluated. The advantages of a linear-algebra approach over the common one employing stepwise regression are explored.
NOVEL APPROACH FOR SIMULTANEOUS EVALUATION OF CELL PHENOTYPE, APOPTOSIS, AND CELL CYCLE USING MULTIPARAMETER FLOW CYTOMETRY

Apoptosis is a vital process for organism development and, when disrupted, can lead to abnormalities including cancer and autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate a novel multicolor flow cytometry approach for quantifying apoptosis and cell cycle information of phenotypically distinct populations, using less than 2 × 105 cells per sample. We used incorporation of Cy5-dUTP into DNA strand breaks by the terminal dUTP nucleotide end labeling (TUNEL) method to determine apoptosis, while cell cycle information was assessed with an ultraviolet DNA binding dye, DAPI. To simultaneously determine surface phenotype, we used paraformaldehyde fixation and a gentle permeabilization protocol combined with FITC- and PE-labeled surface antibodies. Using these fluorochromes, and three-laser instrumentation, we quantified apoptosis and cell cycle phase in lymphocyte subpopulations from heterogeneous human and murine cell sources, subjected to various culture conditions. Further, we used this method to detect divergent rates of apoptosis in a human, heterogeneous lymphocyte tumor population, demonstrating a potential application for clinical and/or research settings. Thus, we describe a six-parameter, four-color flow cytometry approach for evaluating apoptosis and cell cycle with dual surface labels. This method may also be useful as a generalized scheme to assess simultaneously two intracellular targets in a mixed cell population. Cytometry 32:57–65, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A proposed cellular mechanism for calcium transport in the intestinal epithelial cell.

Intracellular transport of calcium from the apical to the basal-lateral region of the intestinal epithelial cell was invetigated in duodenum from normal fed, fasted, and calcium-loaded rats. The process was followed with time using electron microscopy with potassium pyroantimonate to precipitate calcium. The observations made were subjected to morphometric analysis. The specificity of the method was demonstrated in the villus cell by resistance to micro-incineration and by absence of deposits following exposure to EGTA. Using this method calcium was seen in cells from calcium-fed rats at the microvillus border, in the Golgi zone, and within the internal compartments of the mitochondria. In cells from fasted rats calcium was not seen. Mitochondria were found largely at the apex of the cell and were free of detectable calcium. By 5 min, in the cells of fasted rats given a calcium load, the calcium had reached the Golgi apparatus and the inner mitochondrial compartment. After 15 min mitochondria were heavily loaded with calcium and had moved to the basal region of the cell. These observations suggest that mitochondria play an important role in absorption of calcium and appear to transport this ion from the apex to the basal region of the cell where entry into the capillaries takes place.
Diffuse large-cell lymphoma in an adult with Schönlein-Henoch purpura.

• Schonlein-Henoch purpura is an IgA-mediated immune complex vasculitis of unknown cause which is characterized by nonthrombocytopenic purpura, arthralgias, abdominal pain, angioedema, and glomerulonephritis. It most commonly occurs in children and usually follows a benign course. Associated malignancies are rarely reported. A number of treatment regimens have been used, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents. This is a case report of lymphoma in an adult with Schonlein-Henoch purpura in the absence of renal involvement. (Arch Intern Med1987;147:2026-2027)
Preparation and food applications of physically modified starches

Abstract Cold-water-soluble starches are of commercial interest for use in instant foods such as puddings and microwave cooked foods, and small-crystallite starches have applications as fat substitutes. Various methods have been developed to produce a range of modified starch preparations with a variety of physical characteristics and applications. Study of such modified starches may also aid understanding of the structure of starch granules.
Resorcin Fuchsin Staining of Neurosecretory Cells

The resorcin fuchsin staining solution was prepared by dissolving 1 gm of the dry dye (Chroma) in 98 ml of 70% ethanol acidified by 2 ml of concentrated HCI. When applied to paraffin sections of vertebrate hypothalamus fixed in a modified Bouin's fluid (0.5% trichloroacetic acid replacing 5% acetic), the solution stained neurosecretory cells in a manner comparable to staining by Gomori's aldehyde fuchsin. The resorcin fuchsin solution requires no ripening and is said to keep for months. It showed no deterioration in the 20 day period of testing. Optional fixatives are: unmodified Bouin's, Heidenhain's SUSA, and alcoholic trichloroacetic acid.
Individual differences and task structure in the performance of a behavior setting: An experimental evaluation of Barker's manning theory

Barker's theory of “undermanning” has attracted interest for its potential applications to a variety of problems in community psychology, although to date little attention has been given to mediating factors such as individual differences and the organizational structure of the setting task. The present study crossed two levels each of manning, task structure, and manipulated “competence” over 56 independent replications of a laboratory-based behavior setting. Direct observations of subject behavior confirmed that participants in undermanned settings worked harder, held more different positions, performed more difficult and more important jobs, and spent more time in the task-related areas of the setting, than did subjects in overmanned groups. However, interactions with the task and competence factors attenuated several of the manning effects, and undermanning's hypothesized influences on the subjective experiences of setting occupants were not found.
Comparison of Measured and Theoretical Internal-Conversion Coefficients for L through P Shells of Cm

Measurements have been made of the relative intensities of internal-conversion electron lines produced by the 42.9-keV pure $E2$ transition in $^{246}\mathrm{Cm}$. These observations of the ${L}_{1}$, ${L}_{2}$, ${L}_{3}$, ${M}_{2}$, ${M}_{3}$, ${N}_{2}$, ${N}_{3}$, ${O}_{2}$, ${O}_{3}$, and ${P}_{2,3}$ lines were made with a source of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-decaying $^{250}\mathrm{Cf}$. Results are found to be in reasonable agreement with theoretical values even for the outer shells, in which the atomic-screening effects are very large.
Characterisation of differential gene expression of soft tissue sarcomas by microarray technology

Characterisation of differential gene expression of soft tissue sarcomas by microarray technology
TERATOGENICITY OF ETHANOL IN DIFFERENT CHICKEN STRAINS

This study investigated the teratogenicity of ethanol in several different strains of chickens. The chick embryo provides a useful model for studying the fetal alcohol syndrome. Two broad classifications of chicks, each containing many strains, are commercially available for use: broilers and layers. Teratogenicity of ethanol in broilers and layers was studied by examining three different parameters: embryo weight, ratio of torso weight to head weight, and embryo viability. Broilers and layers experienced similar ethanol-induced reductions in embryo weight, Broiler embryos experienced a preferential ethanol-induced suppression of head growth. Differences in viability between different strains were found, but no clear pattern between broilers or layers could be determined, possibly due to environmental conditions. The data presented here suggest that the strain of chick and the handling of the eggs are important considerations when studying the teratogenicity of ethanol. An ethanol dose-response test should be periodically performed as a check on environmental conditions affecting the eggs--conditions that are beyond the control of the researcher.
Visual Exploratory Behavior following Postnatal Handling of Human Infants

Infants, who would otherwise have been reared under conditions of limited contact with adults, were given small amounts of extra handling during their first five weeks of life. Subsequently, these ...
A Pneumatically Actuated Quadrupedal Walking Robot

This paper describes the mechanical design and control of a pneumatic quadrupedal robot. Additionally, the authors propose a method of joint control that combines stance/swing gain scheduling with open-loop damping, the combination of which provides stable joint level control, without the oscillatory behavior associated with pneumatically actuated walking robots. A set of joint trajectories are described to provide stable walking. The joint trajectories and joint-level controllers are implemented on the pneumatic quadruped and experimentally shown to provide stable walking without significant (unwanted) oscillations of the body or legs. Further, the robot's normalized speed and payload capacity are experimentally characterized. The robot's performance in these metrics is shown to be highly competitive within the published literature.
Multiplexed fiber optic temperature-sensing system

A multiplexed temperature sensing system is constructed by cascading three temperature sensors along one multimode fiber such that each individual sensor responds to its local temperature disturbance. The sensing element of each sensor is a dielectric edge filter with a specific cutoff wavelength. White light serves as the light source. The performance of this sensor is based on the temperature dependence of the reflection or transmission spectrum of each filter. The reflected or transmitted light from the filter is then sent to two dielectric bandpass filters, which are selected for each particular edge filter and referred to as the sensing and reference filters, respectively. A photometer is placed behind each bandpass filter. The ratio of the sensing filter power to the reference filter power is a function of temperature. Since the cutoff wavelengths of these edge filters (sensors) along the fiber are well separated, the multiplexed signals are divided by different pairs of bandpass filters. In the corresponding experiments, three edge filters were cascaded and 100/104 micrometers graded index fibers were used. A resolution of each temperature sensor was determined to be +/- 0.2 degree(s)C over the temperature range of 30 degree(s)C to 100 degree(s)C.
SEEDING FROM AIRCRAFT: AN APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY FOR REFORESTATION?

SUMMARY Aerial seeding has been used to establish protection forests in a few of the industrialized countries in remote regions and on rough terrain. However, aerial technology is liable to be less appropriate to the conditions of developing countries, where manual labour is abundant but aircraft, aviation skills and petroleum-based fuels are likely to be in short supply. Thus research to accommodate airplanes and helicopters may be misguided. Alternative research might consider methods to strengthen conventional ground techniques by improving logistical organization and labour supervision.
Geometry Regulation of Material Deposition in Near-Net Shape Manufacturing by Thermally Scanned Welding

Abstract This paper introduces a thermally scanned material deposition control method for near-net shape manufacturing of metal parts by welding. To eliminate thermal distortion and the required intermediate-layer milling steps, and to control the material structure, plasma arc scan welding under infrared pyrometry sensing regulates the temperature field by providing in-process heat treatment of the part. In laboratory tests, the material is simultaneously deposited by a gas metal arc welding torch, with monitoring of the weld profile by two laser stripe profilometers. These sensors provide measurements of the bead width for its feedback control by modulation of the wire feed. To compensate for measurement delays, real-time prediction by a deposition model is employed, with its parameters identified during the process. Preview of the geometric surface irregularities in front of the deposition is used as feedforward to ensure the desired layer deposition patterns in adjacent beads. The performance of this bead-size control scheme is assessed experimentally on a robotic laboratory station, and applications of the thermally scanned material deposition technique are explored in rapid manufacturing of customized metal products.
The role of complexes of water and carbonyl containing molecules in the atmosphere

Abstract In this work, we study the binary complexes of water with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone using density functional theory. The highest level of theory we used was the B3LYP/6-31 1++G(3df,3pd). At this level of theory, the computed binding energies were 2.6 kcal mole−1 for water-formaldehyde, 3.5 kcal mole−1 for wateracetaldehyde and 3.9 kcal mole−1 for water-acetone. We also compute vibrational and rotational frequencies and compare the former to matrix isolation experiments when possible. Equilibrium constants for the formation of these complexes are calculated from the data, as well as rate constants for the dissociation of the complex. Some speculation can be made using this data as to the effect these complexes may have on atmospheric chemistry.
Monoamine Oxidase B Isolated from Bovine Liver Exists as Large Oligomeric Complexes in Vitro

The quaternary structure and subunit composition of bovine liver monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) was investigated using size-exclusion chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy. Purified enzyme was subjected to Superdex gel filtration column chromatography in the presence of the non-ionic detergents, n -octyl β-d-glucopyranoside (octyl glucoside) and Triton X-100R-PC (Triton). The specific activity and elution profiles indicate that the enzyme exists as a dimer and preferentially functions as larger oligomeric complexes. Distribution of the oligomeric forms of MAO B was found to be dependent upon protein concentration. Dilution of the enzyme, however, had little or no effect upon the specific activity profiles. In Triton and octyl glucoside, plots of specific activity versus molecular mass displayed a sigmoidal shape. The chromatographic data suggest that detergent-solubilized bovine liver MAO B exists as cooperative oligomeric enzyme complexes. Similarly, sucrose density gradient centrifugation of purified MAO B exhibited a direct correlation between enzyme activity and molecular mass of the MAO complexes. MAO B activity was found to be widely distributed throughout the sucrose gradient and the highest enzyme activity was contained in the high-density sucrose layers. MAO B specific activity is dependent upon the size of the protein complexes and, therefore, oligomerization of the enzyme may play a role in the regulation of MAO B. Transmission electron microscopy of purified MAO B was performed using protein prepared by octyl glucoside extraction. Purified enzyme was applied to Formvar-coated copper grids and negatively stained with methylamine tungstate. MAO-B-specific monoclonal antibody (MAO B-1C2) conjugated to colloidal gold was used as a probe. Contrast enhancement of the electron microscopy data showed that detergent-depleted enzyme tends to aggregate in a linear arrangement of oligomeric complexes. Our data suggest that the MAO B oligomeric complexes are hexamers which contain threefold rotational symmetry. The individual complexes have globular morphology and the hexamers appear to be composed of a trimer of MAO B homodimers.
On the acoustical relevance of supraglottal flow structures to low-frequency voice production

The supraglottal flow exhibits many complex phenomena such as recirculation, jet instabilities, jet attachment to one vocal fold wall, jet flapping, and transition to turbulence. The acoustical relevance of these flow structures to low-frequency voice production was evaluated by disturbing the supraglottal flow field using a cylinder and observing the consequence on the resulting sound pressure field. Despite a significantly altered supraglottal flow field due to the presence of the cylinder, only small changes in sound pressure amplitude and spectral shape were observed. The implications of the results on our understanding of phonation physics and modeling of phonation are discussed.
ABILITY OF VARIOUS POLYPHENOLIC CLASSES FROM CRANBERRY TO INHIBIT LIPID OXIDATION IN MECHANICALLY SEPARATED TURKEY AND COOKED GROUND PORK

The ability of the components of cranberry powder to inhibit lipid oxidation processes in mechanically separated turkey (MST) and cooked ground pork was assessed. Fractions (Fr.) enriched in phenolic acids (Fr. 1), anthocyanins (Fr. 2), flavonols (Fr. 3 and 4) and proanthocyanidins (Fr. 5 and 6) were prepared. Fr. 4 showed the greatest inhibitory effect on lipid oxidation in cooked pork (81% inhibition), followed by Fr. 3, 2, 5, 1 and 6 of 56, 45 ,46, 26 and 22%, respectively, during storage at 2C. Fr. 4 was also the most effective fraction in inhibiting thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation in MST. Fr. 4 was found to partition into lipid phases more readily than the other fractions. Ethanol was the most effective carrier solvent of polyphenolics compared to propylene glycol and water as carriers. Quercetin, a nonglycosylated flavonol present in cranberry powder, inhibited lipid oxidation in MST at low concentrations. These results suggest that flavonol aglycones were the most effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation compared to the other classes of polyphenolics.
Machine Operation at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron

A description is given of the experimental facilities available at the 33 billion electron volt Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). Using complex beam gymnastics to spill beam on several targets, it is possible to run simultaneous experiments at a number of energy levels. The logistics in planning and setting up experiments are discussed and a summary of machine operations for the year 1964 is presented. Improvements to increase the beam intensity, reliability, and flexibility of the machine are outlined.
Perfect subwavelength fishnetlike metamaterial-based film terahertz absorbers

We present two different designs of robust, easily manufactured metamaterial-based films of subwavelength thickness capable of full absorption of incident terahertz radiation at certain frequencies. Both designs allow a choice between the total absorption of all polarizations or only one linear polarization while the other polarization is reflected. Even if the films are optimized for normal incidence, the absorption remains greater than 99% for angles up to $\ensuremath{\sim}35\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ in the TE and up to $\ensuremath{\sim}65\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ in the TM case. In the first design, the maximum absorption frequency shifts considerably with angle, and in the second design it is independent of angle.
On Reducibility to Complex or Sparse Sets

Sets which are efficiently reducible (in Karp's sense) to arbitrarily complex sets are s h o w n to be polynomial computable. Analogously, sets efficiently reducible to arbitrarily sparse sets are polynomial computable. A key lemma for both proofs shows that any set which is not polynomial computable has an infinite recursive subset of its domain, on which every algorithm runs slowly on almost all arguments.
Autonomic Neural Control of Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulation in Humans

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to determine the role of autonomic neural control of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS: We measured arterial pressure and cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity in 12 healthy subjects (aged 29+/-6 years) before and after ganglion blockade with trimethaphan. CBF velocity was measured in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler. The magnitude of spontaneous changes in mean blood pressure and CBF velocity were quantified by spectral analysis. The transfer function gain, phase, and coherence between these variables were estimated to quantify dynamic cerebral autoregulation. After ganglion blockade, systolic and pulse pressure decreased significantly by 13% and 26%, respectively. CBF velocity decreased by 6% (P<0.05). In the very low frequency range (0.02 to 0.07 Hz), mean blood pressure variability decreased significantly (by 82%), while CBF velocity variability persisted. Thus, transfer function gain increased by 81%. In addition, the phase lead of CBF velocity to arterial pressure diminished. These changes in transfer function gain and phase persisted despite restoration of arterial pressure by infusion of phenylephrine and normalization of mean blood pressure variability by oscillatory lower body negative pressure. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that dynamic cerebral autoregulation is altered by ganglion blockade. We speculate that autonomic neural control of the cerebral circulation is tonically active and likely plays a significant role in the regulation of beat-to-beat CBF in humans.
Skylab Multispectral Scanner (5-192)ÃÂ¢ÃÂ

In this paper we describe the design and performance of a Multispectral Scanner. The optical system of Skylab Multispectral Scanner (S-192) consists of an image plane scanner (telescope), a spectrometer for separation of the radiation into 13 spectral bands, and a 13-element (Hg,Cd)Te detector array. The image plane scanner is a new system based on three interrelated main features: (1) a reflective adaptation of the Schmidt principle; (2) a conical line scan in which all field elements are brought to and corrected on axis; and (3) a scanning arrangement in which the aperture stop of the system, located in a relay unit, is imaged at the center of curvature of the spherical primary mirror. Replacing the physical stop used in the classical Schmidt configuration with a virtual one makes the system much more compact. As a consequence of the image plane scanning and the Schmidt symmetry, the system scans at a large radial angle (11-degree diameter) and at an extremely high rate (6000 rpm) with relatively small scanning mirrors and a large entrance pupil diameter (43 cm). The spectrometer divides the radiation into 13 spectral bands, 12 of which are located between 0.4 and 2.35 micrometers and the other, 10.2-12.5 micrometers. A dichroic beamsplitter separates the far IR band from the 12 lower wavelength bands, which are dispersed by prisms. Photographic reproductions of the actual flight recordings show 80-meter resolution at an altitude of 440 km.
A tutorial on some new methods for performance evaluation of queueing networks

In the 1970's, Baskett, Chandy, Muntz and Palacios, Kelly, and others, generalized the earlier results of Jackson (1957) and obtained explicit solutions for the steady-state distributions of some restricted queueing networks. These queueing networks are called "product-form networks," due to the structure of their explicit solutions. The class of such tractable networks is quite small, however. For example, if customers require different mean service times on different revisits to the same server, or if customers on a later visit are given higher priority, then very little is known concerning whether the network is even stable or what form the steady-state distribution has if it exists. Recently, some new methods have been developed for establishing the stability of a system and for obtaining bounds on key performance measures such as mean delay, mean number in system, or mean throughput. Since they are based on the well-developed computational tool of linear programming, these methods can be widely employed in diverse applications in communication networks, computer systems, and manufacturing systems. We provide a tutorial exposition of some of these recent developments. >
Performance comparison between the high-speed Yokogawa spinning disc confocal system and single-point scanning confocal systems

Fluorescence microscopy of the dynamics of living cells presents a special challenge to a microscope imaging system, simultaneously requiring both high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution, but with illumination levels low enough to prevent fluorophore damage and cytotoxicity. We have compared the high-speed Yokogawa CSU10 spinning disc confocal system with several conventional single-point scanning confocal (SPSC) microscopes, using the relationship between image signal-to-noise ratio and fluorophore photobleaching as an index of system efficiency. These studies demonstrate that the efficiency of the CSU10 consistently exceeds that of the SPSC systems. The high efficiency of the CSU10 means that quality images can be collected with much lower levels of illumination; the CSU10 was capable of achieving the maximum signal-to-noise of an SPSC system at illumination levels that incur only at 1/15th of the rate of the photobleaching of the SPSC system. Although some of the relative efficiency of the CSU10 system may be attributed to the use of a CCD rather than a photomultiplier detector system, our analyses indicate that high-speed imaging with the SPSC system is limited by fluorescence saturation at the high levels of illumination frequently needed to collect images at high frame rates. The high speed, high efficiency and freedom from fluorescence saturation combine to make the CSU10 effective for extended imaging of living cells at rates capable of capturing the three-dimensional motion of endosomes moving up to several micrometres per second.
Calpain Dysregulation in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex and hippocampus of AD patients. In addition, a marked decrease in synaptic contacts has been detected in these affected brain areas. Due to its prevalence in the aging population, this disease has been the focus of numerous studies. The data obtained from those studies suggest that the mechanisms leading to the formation of the hallmark lesions of AD might be linked. One of such mechanisms seems to be the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis that results in the abnormal activation of calpains. Calpains are a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases that play a key role in multiple cell functions including cell development, differentiation and proliferation, axonal guidance, growth cone motility, and cell death, among others. In this paper, we briefly reviewed data on the structure of these proteases and their regulation under normal conditions. We also summarized data underscoring the participation of calpains in the neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with AD.
Use of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in the Treatment of Anemia in Patients With Systolic Heart Failure

Objective:To determine the efficacy and safety of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for the treatment of anemia in patients with systolic heart failure.Data Sources:A search of MEDLINE (1946...
Voice Use and Self-Reported Voice Health of Preservice Music Educators

This study documented over contiguous 7-day periods the phonation time dose (Dt) percentages, sleep patterns, and self-reported voice health of preservice music educators (N = 8). Among primary findings, (a) Dt percentages were highest during voice lessons (38.51%), voice practice (34.54%), and choral rehearsals (30.33%) and lowest during nonperformance music classes (6.19%) and nonmusic classes (3.21%); (b) participant Dt percentages ranged from 6.87% to 13.52% overall and 5.93% to 16.93% during school activities; (c) participant daily Dt percentages ranged from 2.36% to 23.95%, (d) self-reported sleep hours displayed a statistically significant, low-positive correlation to self-reported overall singing voice quality; (e) 7 of 10 self-reported voice health indicator statements showed significant correlations to self-reported overall singing voice quality; and (f) participants reported better voice care on the weekend than on weekdays. Results were discussed in terms of comparisons with practicing educato...
Job Security and Unemployment in an Efficiency-Wage Model*

Job security and its effects on unemployment are controversial issues. I investigate the effects of job security in an efficiency-wage model of unemployment. Though efficiency-wage ideas have wide appeal and provide strong foundations of involuntary unemployment, not much has been written about the ramifications of job security in these scenarios. I show that job security creates wage and unemployment effects when efficiency-wage aspects are relevant, because employment guarantees shift the burden of workers' effort attraction to the wage mechanism. These effects are further enhanced when workers have some bargaining power. My results, therefore, suggest a trade-off between employment stability and employment: High employment security leads to smaller employment (or larger involuntary unemployment).
Portrayals of violence and group difference in newspaper photographs: Nationalism and media

The authors analyzed group membership of violent agents and types of violence in front-page photographs from 21 years of The New York Times. Using a trimodal definition of media violence, they confirmed the hypothesis that non-U.S. agents are represented as more explicitly violent than U.S. agents, and that the latter are associated with disguised modes of violence more often than the former. The recurring image of non-U.S. violence is that of order brutally ruptured or enforced. By contrast, images of U.S. violence are less alarming and suggest order without cruelty. The study showed how violent imagery is associated with in-group and out-group status stratification.
Cretaceous Strontium isotope stratigraphy using marine Barite

The strontium isotope ratios ( 87 Sr/ 86 Sr) of marine barite microcrystals separated from Cretaceous sedimentary deposits from Ocean Drilling Program and Deep Sea Drilling Project sites from the Pacific and Indian Oceans have been compared to the composite Sr isotope curve of McArthur et al. The barite in these cores accurately recorded the seawater 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio, thereby reaffirming the composite Cretaceous strontium curve. Moreover, marine barite is a more reliable recorder of 87 Sr/ 86 Sr than is carbonate in sedimentary deposits with high clay content, thereby providing an opportunity for Sr isotope stratigraphy and dating in carbonate-poor or diagenetically altered sections. We have used the barite-derived Sr isotope record to refine the biostratigraphic age models of the sites investigated.
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM WITH ENDOGENOUSLY INCOMPLETE FINANCIAL MARKETS

Abstract The present paper studies a class of general equilibrium economies with imperfectly competitive financial intermediaries and price-taking consumers. Intermediaries optimally choose the securities they issue and the bid–ask spread they charge. Financial intermediation is costly, and hence markets are endogenously incomplete. An appropriate equilibrium concept is developed, and existence is proved. Competitive equilibria for this class of economies display full indexation of securities payoffs and monetary neutrality even if intermediaries are restricted to issue “nominal” securities and financial markets turn out to be incomplete. This is in sharp contrast with the indeterminacy and non-neutrality results established in the literature for incomplete markets economies with exogenously given “nominal” securities.Journal of Economic LiteraturClassification Numbers: D52, G20.
Experimental model for a seismic landmine detection system

A laboratory-scale experimental model has been developed and tested for a system that uses artificially generated high-frequency seismic waves in conjunction with a radar-based noncontact displacement sensor to detect buried landmines. The principle of operation of the system is to measure the transient displacement field very close to a mine location. In this way, the absorption and the geometrical spreading of the seismic waves have not reduced the effects of the mine. By using a seismic excitation, the system exploits the large difference between the elastic properties of a mine and the surrounding soil. This difference causes seismic wave interactions in the vicinity of a mine to be quite distinctive and provides a method for imaging mines and distinguishing them from typical buried clutter. Images of a variety of simulated and inert anti-tank and anti-personnel mines have been formed using this system. Burial scenarios involving natural clutter (rocks and sticks), light surface vegetation, localized burial effects, and multiple mines in close proximity have been studied. None of these scenarios appears to pose serious problems for detection performance.
Downy mildew disease promotes the colonization of romaine lettuce by Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica.

Downy mildew, a plant disease caused by the oomycete Bremia lactucae, is endemic in many lettuce-growing regions of the world. Invasion by plant pathogens may create new portals and opportunities for microbial colonization of plants. The occurrence of outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EcO157) and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infections linked to lettuce prompted us to investigate the role of downy mildew in the colonization of romaine lettuce by these human pathogens under controlled laboratory conditions. Whereas both EcO157 and S. Typhimurium population sizes increased 102-fold on healthy leaf tissue under conditions of warm temperature and free water on the leaves, they increased by 105-fold in necrotic lesions caused by B. lactucae. Confocal microscopy of GFP-EcO157 in the necrotic tissue confirmed its massive population density and association with the oomycete hyphae. Multiplication of EcO157 in the diseased tissue was significantly lower in the RH08-0464 lettuce line, which has a high level of resistance to downy mildew than in the more susceptible cultivar Triple Threat. qRT-PCR quantification of expression of the plant basal immunity gene PR-1, revealed that this gene had greater transcriptional activity in line RH08-0464 than in cultivar Triple Threat, indicating that it may be one of the factors involved in the differential growth of the human pathogen in B. lactucae lesions between the two lettuce accessions. Additionally, downy mildew disease had a significant effect on the colonization of EcO157 at high relative humidity (RH 90-100%) and on its persistence at lower RH (65-75%). The latter conditions, which promoted overall dryness of the lettuce leaf surface, allowed for only 0.0011% and 0.0028% EcO157 cell survival in healthy and chlorotic tissue, respectively, whereas 1.58% of the cells survived in necrotic tissue. Our results indicate that downy mildew significantly alters the behavior of enteric pathogens in the lettuce phyllosphere and that breeding for resistance to B. lactucae may lower the increased risk of microbial contamination caused by this plant pathogen.
Truthful low-cost unicast in selfish wireless networks

Summary form only given. Many of the existing works in wireless networks assumes that individual wireless node (possibly owned by selfish users) will follow prescribed protocols without deviation. We address the issue of user cooperation in selfish and rational wireless networks using an incentive approach. We first present a strategy-proof pricing mechanism for the unicast problem and give a time optimal method to compute the payment in a centralized manner. We then discuss in detail how to implement the algorithm in the distributed manner. We conduct extensive simulations to study the relation of the total payment of a node to the total cost of all relay nodes and found out the ratio of the total payment over the total cost is small. Our protocol works when the wireless nodes will not collude and we show that no truthful mechanism can avoid the collusion between arbitrary two nodes. We also give truthful mechanism when a node only colludes with its neighbors.
Periprosthetic fractures associated with osteolysis: A problem on the rise ☆ ☆☆ ★

Periprosthetic fractures caused by osteolysis can occur in the pelvis, peritrochanteric area, or femoral diaphysis after hip arthroplasty. Most, but not all, hips are ultimately treated surgically to manage the osteolysis or to stabilize the fracture. Some stable, minimally displaced fractures of the pelvis and greater trochanter can be allowed to heal before revision is considered, which simplifies the operation. Unstable fractures, especially of the femoral diaphysis, are usually treated with early repeat surgery following the established principles of periprosthetic fracture management.