cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cora of New York: The Story of a Slave Ship

On September 24th, 1860, the slave ship Cora set sail with seven hundred and five Africans trapped inside. Cora’s captain John Latham, a mysterious man history knows almost nothing about, purchased the slaves at the Spanish fort Manque Grande on the West Coast of Africa earlier in the day. Many of the Africans had come from hundreds of miles inland, sold into slavery by their own people as punishment for supposed crimes, suffering a long, hazardous journey downriver and across jungles just to reach the coast. Their future held only the perils of the Middle Passage and a harsh existence on a sugar plantation, unless the African Squadron, a special taskforce of the American Navy, intervened. The sailors of the squadron were a diverse group, hailing from different continents, social classes, and even speaking different languages, but they were each charged with the same task: disrupting the transatlantic slave trade. On September 25th, barely twenty-four hours after Latham had secured his cargo, he and Cora were captured by the flagship of the African Squadron USS Constellation, whose crew, bored out of their minds by the monotony of the African coast, were thrilled at the aspect of some excitement. The following is a fictionalized account of slavers, human cargo, and pirate-hunters and of how they crossed paths.
Late-breaking abstract: Sildenafil for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized crossover trial

Background: Pulmonary hypertension with exercise is common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may contribute to exercise limitation in this disease. We aimed to determine the effects of treatment with sildenafil on exercise capacity in patients with COPD and emphysema. Methods: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled two-period crossover trial of sildenafil thrice daily in ten adults with COPD and emphysema on CT scan. We randomized study participants to four weeks of sildenafil (or placebo) followed by a one-week washout and then four weeks of placebo (or sildenafil). The two primary outcomes were the six-minute walk distance and oxygen consumption at peak exercise. Results: The study subjects had a mean age of 66 years, and 80% were male. The mean ± standard deviation FEV1 was 38±17% predicted. Sildenafil had no effect on six minute walk distance (placebo-corrected difference = -7.8 m, 95% confidence interval, -23.2 to 7.5 m, p = 0.35) or oxygen consumption at peak exercise (placebo-corrected difference = -0.1 ml/kg/min, 95% confidence interval -2.1 to 1.8 ml/kg/min, p=0.89). Sildenafil increased the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (p=0.02), worsened symptoms (p=0.04), and decreased quality-of-life (p=0.03). Adverse events were more frequent while receiving sildenafil (p=0.005). Conclusions: Routine sildenafil administration did not have a beneficial effect on exercise capacity in patients with COPD and emphysema. Sildenafil significantly worsened gas exchange at rest and quality of life.
Perspectives on the Use of Standardized Parents to Teach Collaboration to Graduate Occupational Therapy Students.

OBJECTIVE Pediatric occupational therapy practitioners interview parents on a daily basis to gain important patient information and develop collaborative intervention goals. A standardized parent experience was developed to help master's-level occupational therapy students gain the skills needed to interview parents after their child's traumatic injury. This article describes the pedagogical approach used to develop the standardized parent experience and reports the students' general perspectives related to this assignment. METHOD Outcome data were collected through focus groups (n = 9) and document review (n = 12) and then analyzed for themes. RESULTS Two main themes emerged from the data: It felt real and It helped me to think deeper. CONCLUSION A standardized parent experience may help occupational therapy students develop the habits of mind associated with collaboration.
Oxygen overvoltage on bright gold—II. Bright gold in H2O2-stabilized acid solutions

Abstract Oxygen overvoltage measurements were made on bright gold electrodes in oxygen saturated 2 N H 2 SO 4 solution to which H 2 O 2 was added until the H 2 O 2 concentration was 0·1 M. It was found that the H 2 O 2 -stabilized systems produced a much more ‘reversible’ electrode, most likely because steps involving the breaking of the OO bond are not important to the electrode kinetic. In these electrode systems, the noble metal acts as a truily inert electrode, and the electrode behaves as a reversible O 2 /H 2 O 2 electrode with an E 0 of +0·810 mV Rest-potential phenomena are explained in terms of a mixed potential involving the O 2 /H 2 O 2 and the H 2 O 2 /H 2 O half reactions. From these kinetic studies, it is shown that Au is not only a poorer peroxide-decomposing catalyst that Pt but also a poorer catalyst for the electron-transfer step.
Integrin α5 is required for somite rotation and boundary formation in Xenopus

The morphogenesis of somites in Xenopus laevis is characterized by a complex process of cell turning that requires coordinated regulation of cell shape, adhesion, and motility. The integrin α5 subunit has been implicated in the formation of somite boundaries in organisms utilizing epithelialization to create morphologically distinct somites, but its function has not been examined in Xenopus. We used a splice-blocking morpholino to knock down expression of integrin α5 during somite formation. Loss of integrin α5 delayed somite turning and accumulation of integrin β1 at somite boundaries, and disrupted the fibronectin matrix surrounding developing somites. Irregular somite boundaries with a sparse and discontinuous fibronectin matrix formed upon eventual completion of somite turning. Recovery of somite morphology was improved, but still incomplete in far posterior somites. These data demonstrate that the role of integrin α5 in somite boundary formation is conserved in a species using a unique mechanism of somitogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:2713–2720, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry of proteins directly from polyacrylamide gels

The direct combination of thin-layer gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry has been demonstrated with good sensitivity and mass accuracy, offering potential advantages in speed and reduced complexity. Mass spectra have been obtained from isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and native gels with as little as 660 fmol of α- and β-chain bovine hemoglobin and 1 pmol of horse heart myoglobin loaded. CNBr digests were performed in situ, and the products were probed in-gel. Noncovalent complexes such as multimeric protein systems, enzyme inhibitor complexes, and protein-ligand complexes can also be characterized when gel electrophoresis is run under nondenaturing conditions. This approach shows promise for simplifying the interface between gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry.
Low plasma thiamine levels in elder patients admitted through the emergency department.

. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of thiamine deficiency in a high-risk group of elder emergency department (ED) patients who reside in nursing homes and need admission to the hospital, and to determine the effect of patients diets on this prevalence. Methods: This was an observational pilot study of 75 consecutive ED patients aged 65 years or older who lived in a nursing home and were admitted to the hospital. Plasma thiamine levels were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography on serum samples collected within 24 hours of hospital admission. Nursing home records were reviewed to determine whether patients received nutritional supplementation or enteral tube feedings. Results: Seventy patients participated and had a mean plasma thiamine level of 27.3 μ/dL (95% CI = 20.2 to 34.4). Fourteen percent (n= 10, 95% CI = 8% to 24%) were thiamine-deficient (<10 μg/dL). Patients not receiving dietary supplements or tube feedings (n= 26) had lower mean thiamine levels (20.3 μg/dL, 95% CI = 12.7 to 27.9) and were thiamine-deficient more often (27%) than patients receiving dietary support (n= 44, 31.5 μg/dL, 95% CI = 24.7 to 38.3, 7% thiamine-deficient). Conclusions: Elder nursing home patients seen in the ED and admitted to the hospital are frequently thiamine-deficient. Empiric thiamine supplementation is often used in the ED for other high-risk patients, such as alcoholic individuals, and may be appropriate for high-risk elder patients. Further research is needed to determine whether thiamine supplementation in these patients can improve their clinical outcomes.
Racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress among African American young adults.

This study examines the direct and indirect relationships among racial identity, racial discrimination, perceived stress, and psychological distress in a sample of 555 African American young adults. A prospective study design was used to assess the influence of two dimensions of racial identity attitudes (i.e., centrality and public regard) on other study variables to investigate the relationship between racial identity attitudes and psychological distress. The results show some evidence of a direct relationship between racial centrality and psychological distress, as well as evidence of indirect relationships for both centrality and public regard through the impact of racial discrimination and perceived stress. In addition, racial centrality was both a risk factor for experiencing discrimination and a protective factor in buffering the negative impact of discrimination on psychological distress. Results are discussed within the context of identifying multiple pathways to psychological well-being for African American young adults within the context of racial discrimination.
Risk Factors for Suicidality Among a Nationally Representative Sample of High School Students

Using the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data (n = 13,917) of high school students, we examined the association between four domains of risk factors (alcohol/drug use, aggression, HIV risk-related behaviors, and health problems) and indicators of suicidality (considering a suicide attempt, making a plan to attempt suicide, and actually attempting suicide). Logistic regressions showed that drug use (e.g., recent smoking, drinking before 13), victimization (e.g., threatened at school, hit by girl/boyfriend), risky sexual behavior (e.g., forced to have sex, used a condom) and two health problems (health as fair/poor, has disability/health problem) were associated with all three indicators of suicidality. These findings suggest that programs to prevent alcohol/drug use, address aggression, promote safety, and prevent unsafe sexual practices may also prevent suicidality.
On the populations of competing species

Abstract The population sizes of two species competing for the same food supply or living space are often modelled by a pair of ordinary differential equations. If the growth rates of the two population sizes are linear in the population sizes, then coexistence in stable equilibrium implies qualified competition at equilibrium, in the sense that the effect of the competition is to increase the total population. Since experiments indicate that a stable equilibrium with unqualified competition is possible, this suggests that non-linear growth rates would give a more accurate model. An example is given of a model with non-linear growth rates which exhibits a stable equilibrium with unqualified competition.
A Real-World Network Modeling Project

The Operations Research Department at the Naval Postgraduate School educates experienced junior military officers in state-of-the-art operations research methods. As part of the educational program all officers go through a standard graduate course on network modeling. Within that course, students complete a class-long network modeling project of a real-world infrastructure system that solidifies their understanding of operations research concepts and moves the learning experience beyond the classroom. Through the project, students abstract their real-world problems into mathematics, repeatedly evaluate the connection between the mathematics and reality, and reason about the model results. The project has educational, research, and practical benefits. On occasion, students make discoveries of such significance that we have contacted the infrastructure system operators with briefings on the student analysis results. Some student projects have eventually influenced Department of Homeland Security and Department of Defense policy. We detail what makes the network modeling project work, and how to implement it in other universities.
Synthesis of tritiated bromobenzene derivatives

The synthesis of 3H-bromobenzene, 3H-o-bromotoluene, 3H-o-bromobenzonitrile, 3H-o-bromobenzotrifluoride is reported. The method involves exchange-tritiation of the appropriate anilines in heptafluorobutyric acid, followed by diazotization and either reduction or Sandmeyer coupling of the diazonium salt.
Hurtful Cyber-Teasing and Violence Who’s Laughing Out Loud?

The current study sought to specifically examine the affect of teasing by way of technology (cyber-teasing) and the importance of the redressive component of a tease. A triangulated approach was used here to gain better insight into the concept of "hurtful" cyber-teasing between romantic partners. A pretheoretical model was developed highlighting the possible associations between teasing via technology and relational outcomes. Findings provide researchers with the prevalence of hurtful cyber-teasing and the associated personal and relational outcomes. In addition, the relationship between hurtful cyber-teasing and the reasons why certain messages escalated into face-to-face verbal aggression and physical violence were also revealed. These results are discussed in light of the inability of technology to fully transmit the redressive nonverbal component of a cyber-tease.
Two-dimensional modified Cauer form: circuit and state space realisation

A new two-dimensional (2-D) continued fraction expansion, based on the modified Cauer form, has been formulated. Moreover, a minimal state space model realisation has been derived, based on its signal flow graph, using the proposed 2-D continued fraction expansion.
Stereo- and enantio-controlled synthesis of chiral intermediates for the total synthesis of thienamycin and related β-lactam antibiotics from 3-hydroxybutyrates

A partir de (S)-hydroxy-3 butyrate d'ethyle et du methoxy-4' phenylimine du cinnamaldehyde, synthese des (1'R,3S,4S)- et (1'R,3S,4R)- t-butyldimethylsiloxy-1' ethyl-3 hydroxymethyl-4 azetidinones-2
Malignant lymphoma diagnosed at splenectomy and idiopathic splenomegaly. A clinicopathologic comparison.

The clinical, laboratory, and histopathologic findings in 15 cases of malignant lymphoma presenting as splenomegaly and diagnosed at splenectomy were compared with 10 cases of idiopathic splenomegaly. The ages of the patients, the duration of splenomegaly, the hematologic parameters, and the weights of the spleen were similar in the two groups of patients. None of the 15 patients with malignant lymphoma initially diagnosed at splenectomy was considered cured: 8 died with disseminated disease within 2 years, 2 have survived for longer than 3 years with progression to chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia, and 5 have been followed for less than 12 months. Idiopathic splenomegaly, an apparently benign inflammatory lesion, may simulate lymphoma clinically and be confused with nodular lymphoma pathologically, particularly when associated with lymphocytic infiltrates of the liver and bone marrow and atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. Splenectomy is indicated in patients with persistent splenomegaly without known contributing or related disease, and care must be exercised in the pathologic distinction between splenic lymphoma and idiopathic splenomegaly.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Graphite Fiber-Epoxy Composites Made from Pristine and Bromine Intercalated Fibers:

The mechanical and electrical properties of pristine and bromine intercalated graphite fiber-epoxy composites were compared. The two types of composite were similar in terms of tensile modulus, tensile strength, and Poisson's Ratio. However, the interlaminar shear strength of the brominated composite was 18 percent greater than its pristine counterpart. Only slight differences were observed in flexural properties. A five-fold decrease was observed in the electrical resistivity of the brominated composite parallel to the axis of the fibers, resulting in a unidirectional resistivity of about 90 microOmega/cm. Transverse resistivity was unaffected. Both types of composite were subjected to a simulated lightning strike of 10 KJ (at a peak current of 150 kA), and the composite with the intercalated graphite exhibited less damage.
LIGHT TO MODERATE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH S100β AND AMYLOID BETA LEVELS IN HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS

Heavy alcohol consumption has been associated with several adverse neurocognitive outcomes in older adults, though little is known about lower consumption levels. No study has investigated the associations between S100beta and amyloid beta (Abeta) serum levels (biomarkers that provide evidence of neurological pathology) and light to moderate alcohol consumption in healthy older adults without neurological conditions. Thirty-five healthy older adults underwent neuropsychological testing and fasting blood draw with subsequent serum S100beta and Abeta 1-40 level quantification. Increased S100beta levels were associated with increased frequency of alcohol consumption and increased total monthly consumption of alcohol. Increased Abeta levels were associated with increased quantity of alcohol consumption. Further work investigating possible mechanisms is needed, particularly longitudinal studies and studies employing neuroimaging.
Responses of Milking Cows to Amounts of Concentrate in Rations

Abstract Eight groups of cows were used to evaluate effects of hay quality (early or late cut alfalfa hay fed in combination with corn silage, 1:1.1) and different quantities of concentrate during 230 lactations. Rations were arranged into four pairs; one of each pair included early hay and the other late hay and 507 kg more concentrate per lactation. The increment of concentrates per cow between ration pairs was 350 kg per lactation. Daily amounts of concentrate were independent of milk production and forage consumption but followed distribution patterns similar to the general pattern of milk production expected. Rations were formulated to be adequate in protein. Cows consumed forage to appetite in weighed quantities. Milk produced was measured daily, body weight weekly, milk fat and solids-not-fat contents monthly, and feed and ort analysis every 14 days. Data were compiled for 22 14-day periods. When rations contained similar percents of crude fiber, those including more concentrate (they also included the lower quality alfalfa hay) allowed cows to consume similar amounts of dry matter and produce more milk than cows fed rations with higher quality hay and less amounts of concentrate. Each additional kilogram of concentrate dry matter consumed resulted in .58 or .39 kg more 4% fat-corrected milk and .72 or .85 kg less forage dry matter consumed for cows fed rations including early or late alfalfa hay. Forage intake was affected linearly and quadratically by body weight and interacted with cow's producing ability, increasing with producing ability above mean producing ability and decreasing below the mean. Milk production increased with increased body weight but at a decreasing rate as weight increased.
pH-dependent electrical properties and buffer permeability of the Necturus renal proximal tubule cell.

Necturus kidneys were perfused with Tris-buffered solutions at three different pH values, i.e. 7.5, 6.0 and 9.0. A significant drop in fluid absorption occurred at pH 6.0, whereas pH 9.0 did not increase volume flow significantly. When acute unilateral, i.e. either in the lumen or the peritubular capillaries, and bilateral pH changes were elicited in both directions from 7.5 to 9.0 at a constant Tris-butyrate buffer concentration, both peritubular membrane potential differenceV1 and transepithelial potential differenceV3 hyperpolarized, independently of the side where the change in pH was brought about. Acid perfusions at pH 6.0 caused a similar response but of opposite sign. Analysis of the potential changes shows that pH influences not only the electromotive force and resistance of the homolateral membrane, but also the electrical properties of the paracellular path. Interference of pH with Na, Cl or K conductance was assessed. Any appreciable role for sodium or chloride was excluded, whereas the potassium transference number (tK) of the peritubular membrane increased 16% in alkaline pH. However, this increase accounts only for 19 to 36% of the observed hyperpolarization. Since changes in Tris-butyrate buffer concentration at constant pH do not affect V1 or V3 considerably, the hyperpolarization in pH 9 cannot be explained by an elevation in internal pH only, or by a Tris-H+ ion diffusion potential only. The role of the permeability of the buffers: bicarbonate, butyrate and phosphate, in determining electrical membrane parameters was evaluated. Transport numbers of the buffer anions ranked as follows:tHCO3>tbutyrate>tphosphate. It is concluded that modulation of membrane potential by extracellular pH is mediated primarily by a change in peritubular cell membranetK and additionally by membrane currents carried by buffer anions.
Cross-Cultural Stumbling Blocks for International Teachers

(1996). Cross-Cultural Stumbling Blocks for International Teachers. College Teaching: Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 96-99.
FGF2-induced effects on transcriptome associated with regeneration competence in adult human fibroblasts.

Adult human fibroblasts grown in low oxygen and with FGF2 supplementation have the capacity to tip the healing outcome of skeletal muscle injury – by favoring regeneration response in vivo over scar formation. Here, we compare the transcriptomes of control adult human dermal fibroblasts and induced regeneration-competent (iRC) fibroblasts to identify transcriptional changes that may be related to their regeneration competence. We identified a unique gene-expression profile that characterizes FGF2-induced iRC fibroblast phenotype. Significantly differentially expressed genes due to FGF2 treatment were identified and analyzed to determine overrepresented Gene Ontology terms. Genes belonging to extracellular matrix components, adhesion molecules, matrix remodelling, cytoskeleton, and cytokines were determined to be affected by FGF2 treatment. Transcriptome analysis comparing control adult human fibroblasts with FGF2-treated fibroblasts identified functional groups of genes that reflect transcriptional changes potentially contributing to their regeneration competence. This comparative transcriptome analysis should contribute new insights into genes that characterize cells with greater regenerative potential.
An evaluation of adaptive sampling

Selected adaptive sampling control laws are compared with periodic sampling for five different inputs. It is shown that 1) aperiodic sampling is not always more efficient than periodic sampling, and 2) if the input and statistics of the input disturbance are not known a priori, then the best sampling efficiency is obtained using periodic sampling.
Scientific discovery as problem solving: Reply to critics

(1992). Scientific discovery as problem solving: Reply to critics. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 69-88.
Religious Human Rights and Peace

This article analyzes the international human rights to have or adopt a religion or belief and to manifest one's religion or belief as liberties of individual human beings protected by duties of non-interference and immunities from extinction holding against State Parties. It identifies their moral grounds as analogous moral religious human rights and morally proper purposes of international law, including the promotion of international peace. It argues that although these human rights threaten peace to a limited extent, on balance they would, if universally respected, enhance both internal and international peace even more.
Normal changes in the speech of older adults. You’ve still got what it takes, it just takes a little longer!

The authors reviewed the changes in speech production as a result of aging, including changes in structure and function as well as changes in motor control for speech. The following speech production processes in normal or typical aging were reviewed: breathing for speech, phonation, resonation, articulation, and fluency. Different theories of the role of motor control were reviewed, including more recent conclusions that cognition influences speech motor behavior throughout the lifespan. There are many speech changes in the communication of an older adult, but most are adaptive and do not affect good conversational speech.
Size effects and charge-density-wave pinning in Nb1-xTixSe3: Evidence for weak pinning by a nonisoelectronic impurity.

Mesures du champ electrique seuil E T pour le desancrage de l'onde de densite de charge dans le NbSe 3 dope par Ti. A cause de l'ancrage par des defauts residuels, des relations qualitativement differentes de E T −r R (rapport de resistance residuelle) sont obtenues pour differentes impuretes a ancrage faible
Zinc protoporphyrin, blood lead and clinical symptoms in two occupational groups with low-level exposure to lead

The results of cross-sectional clinical field surveys of 45 cable manufacturing workers and 90 telephone cable splicers are presented. Despite the rare occurrence of clinically overt lead poisoning among these occupational groups, high prevalence of lead-associated central nervous system symptoms and gastrointestinal symptoms was found. Hierarchical log-linear models for multidimensional contingency tables were fitted to those data and indicate that there is a partial correlation between reported symptoms and zinc protoporphyrin: individuals with high zinc protoporphyrin levels were more likely to report symptoms than those with low levels. No significant partial association was found between symptoms and blood lead. Because of the intermittent lead exposure encountered in one of the populations, individuals were identified with "normal" blood lead levels associated with "elevated" zinc protoporphyrin concentrations, thus indicating the difference in the biological significance between indicators of lead absorption (blood lead) and of biological response tests (ZPP). Suggestion is made that both types of diagnostic tests be utilized in the medical surveillance of lead-exposed workers.
Thermal bonding of polymeric capillary electrophoresis microdevices in water.

A new method for thermally bonding poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) substrates to form microfluidic systems has been demonstrated. A PMMA substrate is first imprinted with a Si template using applied pressure and elevated temperature to form microchannel structures. This embossing method has been used to successfully pattern over 65 PMMA pieces using a single Si template. Thermal bonding for channel enclosure is accomplished by clamping together an imprinted and a blank substrate and placing the assembly in boiling water for 1 h. The functionality of these water-bonded microfluidic substrates was demonstrated by performing high-resolution electrophoretic separations of fluorescently labeled amino acids. Testing of bond strength in four microdevices showed an average failure pressure of 130 kPa, which was comparable to the bond strength for devices sealed in air. Subsequent profilometry of separated substrates revealed that the dimensions of the channels were well preserved during the bonding process. This...
Fitness standards for male college students.

The endurance fitness of 135 American male college students was evaluated by the maximal aerobic power test (bicycle ergometer), and the Harvard step test. Comparison of results with those previously reported indicated that our sample was representative of students in a number of countries. The following endurance fitness standards were therefore constructed: Aerobic power — less than 2.4 l/min or 34 ml/kg-min, poor; 2.4 to 2.9 l/min or 34 to 40 ml/kg-min, low average; 3.0 to 3.5 l/min or 41 to 48 ml/kg-min, average; 3.6 to 4.0 l/min or 49 to 55 ml/kg-min, good; greater than 4.0 l/min or 55 ml/kg-min, excellent: Harvard step test index — less than 54, poor; 64 to 67, low-average; 68 to 82, average; 83 to 96, good; greater than 96, excellent.
Exceptional ammonia uptake by a covalent organic framework

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystalline materials composed of light elements linked by strong covalent bonds. A number of these materials contain a high density of Lewis acid boron sites that can strongly interact with Lewis basic guests, which makes them ideal for the storage of corrosive chemicals such as ammonia. We found that a member of the covalent organic framework family, COF-10, shows the highest uptake capacity (15 mol kg⁻¹, 298 K, 1 bar) of any porous material, including microporous 13X zeolite (9 mol kg⁻¹), Amberlyst 15 (11 mol kg⁻¹) and mesoporous silica, MCM-41 (7.9 mol kg⁻¹). Notably, ammonia can be removed from the pores of COF-10 by heating samples at 200°C under vacuum. In addition, repeated adsorption of ammonia into COF-10 causes a shift in the interlayer packing, which reduces its apparent surface area to nitrogen. However, owing to the strong Lewis acid-base interactions, the total uptake capacity of ammonia and the structural integrity of the COF are maintained after several cycles of adsorption/desorption.
Effects of terminating chronic phencyclidine on schedule-controlled behavior in rats

Abstract Six rats were trained to respond under a multiple fixed-ratio 30, fixed-interval 3-min schedule for food presentation. Acute administration of phencyclidine (0.1–3.2 mg/kg, IP) produced decreases in fixed-ratio response rates at doses above 0.3 mg/kg, but fixed-interval response rates were only decreased at the highest dose. However, the pattern of fixed-interval responding (as evidenced by quarter-life values) was affected at doses above 0.3 mg/kg. Osmotic minipumps were implanted, SC, which infused saline (2 rats) or phencyclidine (4 rats, 10.0 mg/kg/day) for 10 days, and then removed. Daily behavioral sessions were conducted during infusions and for 10 days afterwards. The effects of phencyclidine infusions on fixed-ratio responding were variable. Fixed-interval response rate and quarter-life values were only modestly affected during drug infusion. All three parameters were markedly affected upon cessation of chronic phencyclidine dosing, but there did not appear to be differential effects between the schedule components. No effects on responding were observed during or after saline infusions.
The role of computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of brain tumors

This review article emphasizes the role of computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of brain tumors. The head CT scan has become one of the most precise noninvasive tests in the neurosciences. It has given clinicians more information than they were able to obtain in the past. The subject is covered by subdividing it into several categories: detection of true tumor extent, radiation treatment planning, the immediate postoperative period, treatment responses, failure patterns, detection of radiation-induced damage, and the potential to predict histopathology. The paper is illustrated with examples that emphasize the advantages and some of the limitations of computed tomography as it exists today.
Comparison of laboratory and modeling simulation methods for estimating soil carbon pools in tropical forest soils

Abstract Availability of methods to determine kinetically-defined soil carbon pools may assist in better understanding soil organic matter turnover in tropical soils and its relationship with soil mineral fractions and nutrient cycling. Our objective was to compare three methods of estimating soil C pools for the top mineral soil horizon of 13 tropical forest soils with a wide range of clay content and differing soil mineralogies. The methods were: (i) regression analysis of CO 2 -C release from a 341 day incubation of unamended soils; (ii) results of C analysis procedures including determinations of soluble C, microbial biomass C and light fraction C; and (iii) CENTURY model simulations of equilibrium values of soil C pools. Soil mineralogy did not have a significant effect on CO 2 -C release, expressed as a proportion of total organic C, during incubation. However, allophanic soils had significantly higher total organic C, soluble C and light fraction C than soils of smectitic, kaolinitic or oxidic mineralogies. Clay and sand contents significantly correlated with cumulative proportional CO 2 -C release. The active C pool, as determined by the CENTURY equilibrium method and measurements of soluble plus microbial biomass C, were less than the active C pool estimated by the incubation-regression method. Measured light fraction C was smaller than estimates from the CENTURY equilibrium method and incubation-regression estimates. Total organic C, soluble plus microbial biomass C and light fraction C had the highest correlations with cumulative incubation CO 2 -C release. Of the CENTURY model C pool estimates, only the slow C pool estimate correlated with incubation CO 2 -C release. The use of C analyses as soil C pool estimates for model simulations of the long-term incubation resulted in an underestimation of actual incubation CO 2 -C release. This underestimate was caused by a smaller slow pool estimated by light fraction analysis. In addition, structural and metabolic C pools were not measured and they have a large short-term effect on CO 2 -C release. Use of CENTURY equilibrium estimates, including estimates of structural and metabolic C, resulted in simulated CO 2 -C release comparable to actual CO 2 -C release patterns. However, the use of the CENTURY equilibrium method may be limited by the difficulty of obtaining adequate soil, plant and climatic information to run model simulations and by the validity of CENTURY model assumptions for factors controlling soil C pools under tropical climatic conditions.
Structural aspects of the effect of ethyl benzoates on caffeine contracture.

Abstract The effect of ethyl benzoate, ethyl o- and p-fluorobenzoate and ethyl o- and p-toluate on the caffeine-induced contracture of frog sartorius, muscle was investigated. All drugs with the exception of ethyl o-toluate depressed caffeine-induced contractures. It is proposed that the methyl groupin ethyl o-toluate sterically blocks the ester carbonyl group from exerting its inhibitory action. It is further proposed that ethyl o-aminobenzoate exerts its potentiating effect through the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.
Allocholic acid, the major component in bile from the river carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque) (Catostomidae).

Abstract 1. 1. Tauroallocholate has been isolated and identified as the major bile salt from the river carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio . 2. 2. This is the first report of a bile acid being the major component of bile in fishes of the order Cypriniformes. 3. 3. No other fishes of the superorder Ostariophysi are known to have a 5α-bile acid as their major biliary component. 4. 4. The river carpsucker is abundant in lakes and streams in Oklahoma, providing a plentiful source of naturally occurring allocholic acid.
Clinical significance of morphologic and genetic examination of spontaneously aborted embryos

pregnancy loss. METHOD OF STUDY: Morphological and genetic evaluation of products of conception provides necessary information for clinicians. Modern molecular cytogenetic techniques such as in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization allow cytogenetic diagnosis even when aborted tissues are nonviable. RESULTS: Correlation of morphological and cytogenetic findings allows distinction between developmental defects associated with chromosomal syndromes and other pathogenesis such as environmental teratogens, and Mendalian or multifactorial inheritance. CONCLUSION: Pathologists have the responsibility of ensuring that the answers to questions, such as why the failure occurred or whether there is any increased chance of having an abnormal liveborn infant in a future pregnancy, are obtained and that the information is communicated to the parent's obstetrician, geneticist, and family physician.
Recombinant form of human wild type mannan-binding lectin (MBL/A) but not its structural variant (MBL/C) promotes phagocytosis of zymosan by activating complement.

Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) mediates innate immune responses, such as activation of the complement lectin pathway and phagocytosis, to help fight infections. In the present study, employing recombinant forms of human MBL (rMBL), the role of wild type MBL (rMBL/A) and its structural variant rMBL/C in mediating THP-1 phagocytosis of fluorescent-labeled zymosan was examined and compared to MBL purified from human plasma (pMBL/A). Flow cytometric analyses revealed that opsonization of zymosan with rMBL/A and pMBL/A (0.5–30 μg/ml) resulted in a 1.9- and 2.7-fold enhancement in its uptake by THP-1 cells in the presence of serum that was depleted of both MBL and the classical pathway component, C1q (MBL/C1q Dpl serum). In contrast, no enhancement in phagocytosis was observed when zymosan was opsonized with rMBL/C. Addition of MBL monoclonal antibody, EDTA, or mannan to the opsonization reaction mixture inhibited THP-1 phagocytosis of pMBL/A opsonized zymosan. Heat inactivation of MBL/C1q Dpl serum abolished the 2-fold increase in phagocytosis and in the absence of serum the direct opsonic activity of MBL did not contribute significantly to the uptake of zymosan into THP-1 cells. Activation products of complement components C3 and C4 were deposited on zymosan opsonized with pMBL/A and rMBL/A but not rMBL/C indicating that MBL-mediated phagocytosis of zymosan requires activation of the complement lectin pathway. The findings imply that impaired MBL-mediated phagocytosis may put individuals homozygous for the mutant allele MBL/C but not wild type MBL/A at increased risk to infections such as yeast.
Development of an Electrophysiological Instrument for Universal Clamp Testing

The purpose of this study is to design a mixed-signal device capable of producing an output signal modeling a neuronal action potential. While targeting generalized lab use for education, the neuron emulator has been designed and tested with a versatile voltage, current, and patch clamp - the Universal Clamp. Results from this testing have been reported and used to improve performance.
Generic singularities in a driven diffusive system

Abstract An Ising model in the lattice gas representation is driven far from equilibrium by an external “electric” field into a steady state. Apart from displaying a new class of singularities associated with the second order phase transition, multi-particle correlations are singular for all temperatures above criticality. Further, for all T below T c , there are anomalies in interfacial properties, which may explain the suppression of roughness. Being consequences of the violation of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem these generic features are studied analytically and by simulations.
Low-temperature heat capacity of Ni0.62Rh0.38☆

Abstract The magnetic field dependence of the anomalous heat capacity of Ni 0.62 Rh 0.38 at low temperatures is consistent with superparamagnetic behavior of ferromagnetic clusters, but not with spin fluctuation effects.
Characteristics of normal rabbit pleural fluid: Physiologic and biochemical implications

Each normal rabbit pleural space contains approximately 0.2 ml of collectable, clear liquid. This fluid has a total cell count of 1503±414 cells/mm3, the majority of which are monocytic cells. Pleural fluid total protein concentration (1.4±0.1 gm/100 ml) is approximately 20%, and lactic dehydrogenase concentration (129±6 Wrobleski U/ml) is approximately 40% of that found in blood. Pleural fluid and blood glucose were equivalent, and venous serum chloride concentration was slightly higher than the simultaneously measured pleural fluid value. Normal rabbit pleural fluid is alkaline; the value of 7.66±0.02 probably is slightly higher than the actual pH value owing to the escape of CO2. A 8–9 mEq/liter HCO 3 − gradient was found between pleural fluid and venous blood. The HCO 3 − gradient cannot be explained by the Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, suggesting that a process of active transport, possibly chloride pumping, is involved.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Advancing Therapeutic Strategies in Hematological and Solid Malignancies

Advancement in the understanding of cancer development in recent years has identified epigenetic abnormalities as a common factor in both tumorigenesis and refractory disease. One such event is the dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in both hematological and solid tumors, and has consequently resulted in the development of HDAC inhibitors (HDACI) to overcome this. HDACI exhibit pleiotropic biological effects including inhibition of angiogenesis and the induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Although HDACI exhibit modest results as single agents in preclinical and clinical data, they often fall short, and therefore HDACI are most promising in combinational strategies with either standard treatments or with other experimental chemotherapies and targeted therapies. This review will discuss the induction of autophagy and apoptosis and the inhibition of angiogenesis by HDACI, and also pre-clinical and clinical combination strategies using these agents.
Dayside pulsation events near the plasmapause

Magnetic field observations of four dayside pulsation events detected near the equatorial plasmapause region on August 23, 24, September 30, and October 10, 1982 are examined. The wave characteristics and the magnetic components of the pulsation events obtained from DE-1 satellite data and ground data from Siple, Antarctica are described and compared. The pulsations displayed similar complex wave structures; long period transverse waves greater than 100 s are the fundamental mode oscillations of magnetic shells and short period waves of 20-40 s are superimposed on them. It is observed that wave bursts are present in all frequency ranges. The relationship between eigenperiod and the magnetic shell is studied.
PROBLEMS IN THE EVALUATION OF PERSONS WHO REQUEST SEX-CHANGE SURGERY

Not all individuals who seek an evaluation for sex-change surgery are true, “primary” transsexuals. Evaluations need to be thorough and evaluators need to commit themselves to working with a difficult, demanding client population. Problems are related to the state of imperfection in nosology, diagnosis, and scientific knowledge. There is a great need for controlled research, long-term follow-up and consistency in procedural protocols.
Strut shaping of 34m Beam Waveguide antenna for reductions in near-field RF and noise temperature

Strut shaping of NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) 34m Beam Waveguide (BWG) antenna has been implemented to reduce near-field RF exposure while improving the antenna noise temperature. Strut shaping was achieved by introducing an RF shield that does not compromise the structural integrity of the existing antenna. Reduction in the RF near-field level will compensate for the planned transmit power increase of the antenna from 20 kW to 80 kW while satisfying safety requirements for RF exposure. Measured antenna noise temperature was also improved by as much as 1.5 K for the low elevation angles and 0.5 K in other areas.
Optimal and Near-Optimal Algorithms fork-Item Broadcast

Since many distributed-memory machines rely only on point-to-point com- munication between processors, various broadcast operations must be created using this type of primitive. In this paper we consider the fundamental problem of broadcastingk-items from one processor to all the remaining processors on a parallel machine. Using point-to-point communication and the LogP model, we design an algorithm fork-item broadcast whose running time is within an additive constant of the lower bound. We also present an optimal algorithm fork-item broadcast on a variant of LogP.
T cell-driven initiation and propagation of autoimmune diabetes

The destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes in humans and in autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model is a consequence of chronic islet inflammation in the pancreas. The T cell-driven autoimmune response is initiated by environmental triggers which are influenced by the state of intestinal homeostasis and the microbiota. The disease process can be separated into two phases: firstly, initiation of mild, controlled, long-term infiltration and secondly, propagation of invasive inflammation which quickly progresses to beta cell deletion and autoimmune diabetes. In this review, we will discuss the cellular and molecular triggers that might be required for these two phases in the context of other issues including the unique anatomical location of pancreas, the location of T cell priming, the requirements for islet entry, and the events that ultimately drive beta cell destruction and the onset of diabetes.
Thy-1 cell surface antigen on cloned cell lines of the rat and mouse: Stimulation by cAMP and by butyrate

Abstract The level of the Thy-1 cell surface antigen on a number of established rat and mouse nerve cell lines can be stimulated by N 6 , O 2 ′-dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (Bt 2 cAMP), in some cases up to the antigen level found in whole brain. On rat cell line BN1010-3, stimulation is also produced by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphoric acid (cAMP) and its 8-bromo derivative, and l -isoproterenol. Hence, antigen elevation appears to occur via cAMP-related metabolism. It is not a consequence of morphological changes brought about by cAMP elevation in these cells, and is apparently independent of the inhibition of cell division by the nucleotide. Elevations of intracellular cAMP levels for at least one hour are needed to produce Thy-1 stimulation, after which an enhanced level of Thy-1 is observable after about 12 h. Continuous stimulation is required to maintain elevated antigen levels, for upon removal of the stimulating agent, the level of Thy-1 returns to the original unstimulated value within 48 h. Potent stimulation of the antigen level is also obtained with butyrate at 1–2 mM, which appears to be acting by a cAMP independent mechanism.
Effects of Risk Management on Cost Efficiency and Cost Function of the U.S. Property and Liability Insurers

Abstract This paper adopts the one-step stochastic frontier approach to investigate the impact of risk management tools of derivatives and reinsurance on cost efficiency of U.S. property-liability insurance companies. The stochastic frontier approach considers both the mean and variance of cost efficiency. The sample includes both stock and mutual insurers. Among the findings, the cost function of the entire sample carries the concavity feature, and insurers tend to use financial derivatives for firm value creation. The results also show that for the entire sample the use of derivatives enhances the mean of cost efficiency but accompanied with larger efficiency volatility. Nevertheless, the utilization of financial derivatives mitigates efficiency volatility for mutual insurers. This research provides important insights for the practice of risk management in the property-liability insurance industry.