cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The degree of response to increased predation risk corresponds to male secondary sexual traits

Secondary sexual traits are expected to reflect a balance between sexual selection and natural selection. We test the hypothesis that plasticity in sexual advertisement behaviors can influence this trade-off, allowing showier traits than expected for a given level of predation risk. Specifically, we tested whether the degree of behavioral plasticity exhibited in response to chemical cues of a co-occurring predatory wolf spider corresponds to courtship rate and the degree of ornamentation in male wolf spiders. Both ornamented (brush-legged) males and non-ornamented males decreased locomotion, decreased their likelihood to court, and increased their time to initiate courtship in response to predator cues. However, brush-legged males increased their time to initiate courtship more than did non-ornamented males, demonstrating a greater response to the risk of predation for the more ornamented males. Similarly, within brush-legged males, individuals with the highest courtship rates also showed the greatest degree of plasticity in time to initiate courtship across predation contexts, whereas behavioral plasticity was independent of courtship rate for non-ornamented males. We found no correlation between ornament size and plasticity in response to predator cues within brush-legged males. Ultimately, we suggest that our data provide support for the hypothesis that behavioral plasticity in response to predator cues may alter the trade-off between predation risk and sexual advertisement and may be more important for males with higher degrees of conspicuousness in ornamentation and courtship. Key words: antipredator behavior, behavioral plasticity, predation risk, Schizocosa, secondary sexual traits. [Behav Ecol]
On Playing Cowboys and Indians: Early Lessons in Ethical Sense Making

This article traces my childhood experience of playing with cowboy and Indian toy figures. I argue that such playing was both productive and problematic for developing an ethical sense of the other. Layered between my accounts are the words of Michael Yellow Bird, who offers an alternative point of view, one that establishes how such playing might be read from the perspective of Indigenous people.
Alzheimer's disease–specific changes in cerebral gray matter revealed using a novel voxel-wise approach for constructing structural brain networks

ligand.We next performed an in situ competitive binding assay to determine their selective binding affinity for CAA over neuritic plaques in brain tissues of aged Tg2576 mice having both CAA deposits and neuritic plaques. The lipophilicity of phenoxazine derivatives was determined by octanol-water coefficient to predict their brain accessibility. Results: We found that phenoxazine derivatives, in particular 5-5, revealed enhanced binding affinity for CAA as compared with the parental compound. More importantly, synthesized phenoxazine analogs preserved the preferential binding affinity for CAA over neuritic plaques. Conclusions: These results strongly suggest that phenoxazine analogs provide great potential for development of a CAA-specific amyloid tracer that would be a major diagnostic step forward for this frequent (but often under-diagnosed) condition.
THE FLUORESCENCE OF TRYPTOPHYL PEPTIDES

Abstract— Tryptophan lifetimes and relative quantum yields have been determined for a group of small (1–4 residues) peptides and peptide hormones [luteinizing releasing factor. mellitin, glucagon. glucagon 22–29, glucagon 1–26. glucagon 1–27 (homoserine)]. All of the larger peptides and most of the smaller peptide anions exhibit nonexponential decay. Peptide quenching in the small peptides is more effective when the bonding is at the amino rather than at the carboxyl end of tryptophan. With the exception of tryptophylglycine. quenching by NH+3 is thought not to involve proton transfer. The results suggest that a decay component of 3–4 ns is expected whenever large peptides and proteins contain a solvent exposed tryptophan.
A Multiparameter Network Reveals Extensive Divergence between C. elegans bHLH Transcription Factors

Differences in expression, protein interactions, and DNA binding of paralogous transcription factors ("TF parameters") are thought to be important determinants of regulatory and biological specificity. However, both the extent of TF divergence and the relative contribution of individual TF parameters remain undetermined. We comprehensively identify dimerization partners, spatiotemporal expression patterns, and DNA-binding specificities for the C. elegans bHLH family of TFs, and model these data into an integrated network. This network displays both specificity and promiscuity, as some bHLH proteins, DNA sequences, and tissues are highly connected, whereas others are not. By comparing all bHLH TFs, we find extensive divergence and that all three parameters contribute equally to bHLH divergence. Our approach provides a framework for examining divergence for other protein families in C. elegans and in other complex multicellular organisms, including humans. Cross-species comparisons of integrated networks may provide further insights into molecular features underlying protein family evolution. For a video summary of this article, see the PaperFlick file available with the online Supplemental Data.
Microbubble potentiated ultrasound as a method of stroke therapy in a pig model: preliminary findings.

PURPOSE Low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS) with intraarterial or intravenous microbubbles can recanalize thrombosed dialysis grafts and arteries. A similar method for declotting intracranial arteries in an animal model has been developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swine underwent selective cerebral angiography, and 1 mL of 2–6 hour old clot was placed in one ascending pharyngeal artery and rete mirabile. This occluded the primary brain blood supply from the rete mirabile in the base of the skull. Human albumin octafluoropropane microbubbles were injected through the same catheter in 0.5–1.0-mL doses for a total of 4.5 mL in 21 minutes. Transcutaneous pulsed-wave 1-MHz ultrasound was administered through a temporal approach using 2.2 W/cm 2 . Repeated angiography was performed through 24 minutes. Saline controls underwent an identical process on the opposite side. Declotting was graded on a scale of 0–4, and flow used the 0–3 thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) scale. Success was defined as declotting of grade >3(>70% clearing) with flow of >2. RESULTS Seven pigs received 14 declotting sequences. Average clot age was 217 minutes. Average declotting score was 3.1, and flow was 2.1 for microbubbles and 1.4 and 0.1 for saline controls, P = .016 in each. Success occurred with microbubbles in six of seven attempts and in controls in zero of seven attempts, P = .031. CONCLUSIONS LFUS with microbubble augmentation rapidly lyses intracranial clot and restores flow at ultrasound ranges similar to those required in humans. Further development of this possible acute stroke therapy is justified.
Unified structural equation modeling approach for the analysis of multisubject, multivariate functional MRI data

The ultimate goal of brain connectivity studies is to propose, test, modify, and compare certain directional brain pathways. Path analysis or structural equation modeling (SEM) is an ideal statistical method for such studies. In this work, we propose a two-stage unified SEM plus GLM (General Linear Model) approach for the analysis of multisubject, multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series data with subject-level covariates. In Stage 1, we analyze the fMRI multivariate time series for each subject individually via a unified SEM model by combining longitudinal pathways represented by a multivariate autoregressive (MAR) model, and contemporaneous pathways represented by a conventional SEM. In Stage 2, the resulting subject-level path coefficients are merged with subject-level covariates such as gender, age, IQ, etc., to examine the impact of these covariates on effective connectivity via a GLM. Our approach is exemplified via the analysis of an fMRI visual attention experiment. Furthermore, the significant path network from the unified SEM analysis is compared to that from a conventional SEM analysis without incorporating the longitudinal information as well as that from a Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) approach.
Timing the Eastern Asian–Eastern North American Floristic Disjunction: Molecular Clock Corroborates Paleontological Estimates

Sequence data of the chloroplast gene rbcL were used to estimate the time of the well-known eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction. Sequence divergence of rbcL was examined for 22 species of 11 genera (Campsis, Caulophyllum, Cornus, Decumaria, Liriodendron, Menispermum, Mitchella, Pachysandra, Penthorum, Podophyllum, and Phryma) representing a diverse array of flowering plants occurring disjunctly in eastern Asia and eastern North America. Divergence times of putative disjunct species pairs were estimated from synonymous substitutions, using rbcL molecular clocks calibrated for Cornus. Relative rate tests were performed to assess rate constancy of rbcL evolution among lineages. Corrections of estimates of divergence times for each species pair were made based on rate differences of rbcL between Cornus and other species pairs. Results of these analyses indicate that the time of divergence of species pairs examined ranges from 12.56 +/- 4.30 million years to recent (<0.31 million years), with most within the last 10 million years (in the late Miocene and Pliocene). These results suggest that the isolation of most morphologically similar disjunct species in eastern Asia and eastern North America occurred during the global climatic cooling period that took place throughout the late Tertiary and Quaternary. This estimate is closely correlated with paleontological evidence and in agreement with the hypothesis that considers the eastern Asian-eastern North American floristic disjunction to be the result of the range restriction of a once more or less continuously distributed mixed mesophytic forest of the Northern Hemisphere that occurred during the late Tertiary and Quaternary. This implies that in most taxa the disjunction may have resulted from vicariance events. However, long-distance dispersal may explain the disjunct distribution of taxa with low divergence, such as Menispermum.
Design Strategies for Fluorescent Biodegradable Polymeric Biomaterials

The combination of biodegradable polymer and fluorescent imaging has resulted in an important area of polymeric biomaterials: biodegradable fluorescent polymers. Researchers have made significant efforts in developing versatile fluorescent biomaterials due to their promising applications in biological/biomedical labeling, tracking, monitoring, imaging, and diagnostics, especially in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cancer imaging. Biodegradable fluorescent polymers can function not only as implant biomaterials but also as imaging probes. Currently, there are two major classes of biodegradable polymers, which are used as fluorescent materials. The first class is the combination of non-fluorescent biodegradable polymers and fluorescent agents such as organic dyes and quantum dots. Another class of polymers shows intrinsic photoluminescence as polymers by themselves carrying integral fluorescent chemical structures in or pendent to their polymer backbone, such as Green Fluorescent protein (GFP), and the recently developed biodegradable photoluminescent polymer (BPLP). Thus there is no need to conjugate or encapsulate additional fluorescent materials for the latter. In the present review, we will review the fluorescent biodegradable polymers with emphases on material fluorescence mechanism, design criteria for fluorescence, and their cutting-edge applications in biomedical engineering. We expect that this review will provide an insightful discussion on the fluorescent biomaterial design and lead to innovations for the next generation of fluorescent biomaterials and fluorescence-based biomedical technology.
Incomplete higher order Gauss sums

Abstract We consider the classical incomplete higher-order Gauss sums S m (B)= ∑ j=0 B exp (2πij m /N), 0⩽B where N is large. In 1976, Lehmer analyzed the beautiful spirals appearing in the directed graph S m (0)→S m (1)→S m (2)→⋯ in the complex plane for m=2. In the process, he obtained sharp uniform estimates for the sums S2(B). Sullivan and Zannier expanded on Lehmer's work in 1992 by giving an asymptotic formula for S2(B) valid for B 1, the directed graphs still exhibit spirals, but with more complicated behavior than in the quadratic case. We analyze this behavior and in the process obtain sharp asymptotic estimates for certain incomplete Gauss sums Sm(B).
Genetic and Environmental Factors Affecting the de novo Appearance of the [PSI + ] Prion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

It has previously been shown that yeast prion [PSI + ] is cured by GuHCl, although reports on reversibility of curing were contradictory. Here we show that GuHCl treatment of both [PSI + ] and [psi – ] yeast strains results in two classes of [psi – ] derivatives: Pin + , in which [PSI + ] can be reinduced by Sup35p overproduction, and Pin – , in which overexpression of the complete SUP35 gene does not lead to the [PSI + ] appearance. However, in both Pin + and Pin – derivatives [PSI + ] is reinduced by overproduction of a short Sup35p N-terminal fragment, thus, in principle, [PSI + ] curing remains reversible in both cases. Neither suppression nor growth inhibition caused by SUP35 overexpression in Pin + [psi – ] derivatives are observed in Pin – [psi – ] derivatives. Genetic analyses show that the Pin + phenotype is determined by a non-Mendelian factor, which, unlike the [PSI + ] prion, is independent of the Sup35p N-terminal domain. A Pin – [psi – ] derivative was also generated by transient inactivation of the heat shock protein, Hsp104, while [PSI + ] curing by Hsp104 overproduction resulted exclusively in Pin + [psi – ] derivatives. We hypothesize that in addition to the [PSI + ] prion-determining domain in the Sup35p N-terminus, there is another self-propagating conformational determinant in the C-proximal part of Sup35p and that this second prion is responsible for the Pin + phenotype.
Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide Purification Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Amphiphiles in Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography

We present a methodology to perform sequence-specific separations of oligonucleotides using peptide nucleic acids covalently linked to alkane chains, or “PNA amphiphiles (PNAAs)”. The PNAA/DNA duplexes are discriminated from unbound DNA using hydrophobic interaction chromatography on a phenyl-substituted Sepharose column. Nearly quantitative recovery is achieved at concentrations of 50 IM after incubation of oligomers with a stoichiometric amount of PNAA for 1 min or so. The method exhibits high sequence specificity, selectivity, and resolution when applied to mixtures of various oligomers up to 60 base pairs in length.
Testing the “source–sink” hypothesis of down-regulation of photosynthesis in elevated [CO2] in the field with single gene substitutions in Glycine max

Abstract Acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was tested in lines of soybean (Glycine max) that differed by single genes that altered either the capacity to nodulate or growth habit (determinate or indeterminate growth). Both genetic changes provided, within a uniform genetic background, a test of the “source–sink” hypothesis that down-regulation of photosynthesis in elevated carbon dioxide is a result of inability to form sufficient “sinks” for the additional photosynthate. Plants were grown under ambient and elevated [CO2] (550 μmol mol−1) in the field, using free air gas concentration enrichment (FACE). Mutation of the determinate cultivar, Elf, to an indeterminate form did not result in increased responsiveness to elevated [CO2]. This may reflect a large sink capacity in the selection of determinate cultivars. In elevated [CO2] only the determinate isoline of the indeterminate cultivar (Williams-dt1) and the non-nodulating genotype showed down-regulation of photosynthesis. This resulted from decreases in apparent in vivo Rubisco activity (Vc,max) and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax). Increase in total non-structural carbohydrate (TNC) content, which is often correlated with down-regulation of photosynthesis, in Williams-dt1 was 80% greater in elevated [CO2] than in ambient [CO2] controls, compared to 40% in the indeterminate line. The results from mutations of the Williams line are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic capacity for the utilization of photosynthate is critical to the ability of plants to sustain increased photosynthesis when grown at elevated [CO2].
Assessing developmental delays in preschool children

Abstract Primary care nurses have an excellent opportunity to assess the development of preschool children. Developmental delays can occur in various areas, such as physical, language, cognitive, and/or self-help. There are several risk factors that are associated with these delays. With interview, history, risk factors, and assessment instruments, the primary care nurse can detect these problems and intervene appropriately.
THE GENE ACTION AND FUNCTION OF TWO DOPA OXIDASE POSITIVE MELANOCYTE MUTANTS OF THE FOWL

Ultrastructural and autoradiographic analysis revealed the developmental genetic differences between the dopa oxidase positive pk and I mutations of the fowl. The differences were revealed by the results of five measurements involving homozygous mutant melanocytes, heterozygous melanocytes, and standard melanocytes at each of the loci. The measurements were: ultrastructural comparisons of melanosomes in pigmented epithelial (PE) and neural crest derived (NC) melanocytes, the number of 3H-dopa and 3H-leucine grains/µ2 of melanosome, the 3H-dopa/3H-leucine ratio, and the percentage of cytoplasmic 3H-leucine grains that were melanosomal. The pk mutation altered both PE and NC melanosomes. +/pk melanocytes were characterized by suppressed 3H-dopa/µ2 and 3H-dopa/ 3H-leucine values. +/pk cells, however, had the same percentage of melanosomal 3H-leucine grains as the "pk" standard. The I mutation altered only NC melanosomes. +/I melanocytes were characterized by 3H-dopa/µ2 and 3H-dopa/ 3H-leucine values similar to the "I" standard. +/I cells had a lower percentage of melanosomal 3H-leucine grains than the "I" standard, however. These data suggest that pk is a structural mutation affecting melanin binding to the premelanosome, while I seems to be a control gene mutation partially suppressing the production of premelanosomal components in NC melanocytes.
Gestational Exposure to Chlorpyrifos: Apparent Protection of the Fetus?

Previous studies have shown that, in general, young, postnatal animals are more sensitive than adults to the toxic effects of anticholinesterase (antiChE) pesticides. Paradoxically, often fetal brain cholinesterase (ChE) is less inhibited than maternal brain after gestational exposure to an antiChE, presumably due to placental and fetal detoxification of the antiChE. The present investigation was designed to study selected toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic factors surrounding the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (CPF; [O,O'-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl] phosphorothionate) in pregnant rats dosed repeatedly or singly during late gestation. Dams were dosed daily (po) with CPF in corn oil (0 or 7 mg/kg) on gestational days (GD) 14 to 18. Animals were euthanized at 2 to 120 h after the last dose and tissues were collected for enzyme analysis. Using this dosing regimen, we found that (1) the time of maximal ChE inhibition was the same (i.e., 5-10 h after dosing) for both maternal and fetal brain, (2) the degree of fetal brain ChE inhibition was 4.7 times less than maternal brain inhibition, and (3) the detoxification potential (i.e., carboxylesterase and chlorpyrifos-oxonase) of the fetal tissues was very low compared to the maternal tissues. A separate group of experiments showed that if pregnant dams received only one oral dose of 7 or 10 mg/kg CPF on GD18, the degree of ChE inhibition in the fetal brain was comparable to the maternal brain ChE inhibition. Taking into consideration the net increase (more than fourfold) in fetal brain ChE activity from GD14 to 18 in control animals, and the fact that maternal brain ChE was inhibited more than fetal brain ChE only in a repeated-dosing regimen, we conclude that the fetus is not genuinely protected from the toxic effects of a given dose of CPF. We propose that fetal brain ChE is simply able to recover more fully between each dose as compared to maternal brain ChE, giving the illusion that the fetal compartment is less affected than the maternal compartment.
Fire behavior in aspen slash fuels as related to the Canadian Fire Weather Index

The characteristics and short-term results of experimental prescribed fires in 2-year-old trembling aspen (Populustremuloides Michx.) logging slash in northern Minnesota have been described by D. A. Perala (1974. Can. J. For. Res. 4: 222–228). The associated burning conditions are expressed here in terms of the weather-dependent numerical fuel moisture codes and fire behavior indexes of the Canadian system of forest fire danger rating.
SGK3 is associated with estrogen receptor expression in breast cancer

While breast cancer mortality rate has seen a steady decline in the last few decades, advances in better treatment and diagnostic tools remain important as we come into the age of personalized therapy. In this report, we describe our studies of SGK3’s role in breast cancer. SGK3 (also known as CISK) is a member of the AGC family of kinases. Our previous work indicates that SGK3 functions downstream of the PI 3-kinase cascade and shares molecular and biochemical similarities with Akt. Here, we show that SGK3 expression is linked to estrogen receptor (ER) both in breast caner cell lines and in primary tumor samples. Our analysis also indicated a positive correlation between SGK3 expression and tumor prognosis. Importantly, our immunochemistry analysis of human tumor samples established a clinical link between SGK3 expression and ER+ tumors. These findings implicate SGK3 as an additional component to a complex and heterogeneous disease, and point to the potential benefits of incorporating SGK3 into the process of breast cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Using laser absorption spectroscopy to monitor composition and physical properties of metal vapors

The atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) program has been using laser absorption spectroscopy to monitor vapor densities for over 15 years. Laser absorption spectroscopy has proven itself to be an accurate and reliable method to monitor both density and composition. During this time the diagnostic has moved from a research tool toward a robust component of a process control system. The hardware used for this diagnostic is discussed elsewhere at this symposium. This paper describes how the laser absorption spectroscopy diagnostic is used as a component of a process control system as well as supplying detailed measurements on vapor densities, composition, flow velocity, internal and kinetic temperatures, and constituent distributions. Examples are drawn from the uranium AVLIS program. In addition potential applications such as composition control in the production of metal matrix composites or aircraft alloys are discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
3,4',5-Trichloro-biphenyl-4-yl 2,2,2-trichloro-ethyl sulfate.

The title compound, C14H10Cl4O4S, is an inter­mediate in the synthesis of the PCB sulfate monoester of 4′-chloro-biphenyl-4-ol. Both the sulfate monoester and 4′-chloro-biphenyl-4-ol are metabolites of PCB 3 (4-chloro­biphen­yl). There are two mol­ecules with different conformations in the asymmetric unit. The solid state dihedral angles between the benzene rings are 18.52 (10) and 41.84 (16)° in the two mol­ecules, whereas the dihedral angles between the least-squares plane of the sulfated benzene ring and O—S (Ar—C—O—S) are 66.2 (3) and 89.3 (3)°. The crystal was an inversion twin with a refined component fraction of 0.44 (7).
Reply to W. Hryniuk et al

We appreciate the interest that Hryniuk et al have expressed in our article that described the results of the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY) trial, a behavioral weight-loss intervention in overweight or obese breast cancer survivors. As we noted in our article, we concur that women who have been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer often have special issues, such as treatment-related musculoskeletal problems, enduring psychosocial symptoms (especially fatigue and depression), and changes in body composition associated with cancer treatment, which can complicate weight management efforts. Moreover, breast cancer survivors also may have more foodrelated concerns and body image issues that must be addressed to promote adherence to weight loss efforts. The ENERGY intervention was tailored to breast cancer survivors and, hence, addressed their preferences and the challenges specific to breast cancer-related symptoms, including fatigue, symptoms of estrogen withdrawal, body image concerns, and lymphedema. Details about the screening process and specific medical and psychiatric exclusion criteria for the ENERGYtrial have been previously published. Similar to Hryniuk et al, we excluded women who were bipolar or schizophrenic, but we also screened out individuals with other psychoses, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa, as well as serious personality disorders and serious depression. Several psychosocial measures were conducted at baseline and regular intervals, including risk for depression, using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). In addition, we queried whether participants were currently being treated for depression. As we have previously reported, 137 of the 692 participants (approximately 20%) were considered at risk for depression (CES-D score $16) at study entry, and 21% reported that they were currently being treated for depression. These two measures were strongly associated (P , .001). In response to the suggestion of Hryniuk et al that depression might be an important determinant of weight loss, we conducted an exploratory analysis of the relationship between depression and subsequent study outcomes in the ENERGY trial. There were no differences in weight loss, drop-out rate, or attendance at group or individual intervention sessions at any follow-up time point by depression status based on the CES-D score or diagnosis and treatment of depression. Thus, our data from a relatively large population of overweight and obese breast cancer survivors are not in agreement with those reported by Hryniuk et al. However, it must be noted that our population could have differed because we screened out individuals with severe depression and other disorders that may have been included in the Hryniuk et al sample. Nonetheless, based on our extensive experience with diet and weight-loss interventions in this population, we believe any weight control interventions in cancer survivors need to also address enduring psychosocial symptoms such as cancer-related fatigue and depression.
Positive psychology in context: : Effects of expressing gratitude in ongoing relationships depend on perceptions of enactor responsiveness

Recent correlational evidence implicates gratitude in personal and relational growth, for both members of ongoing relationships. From these observations, it would be tempting to prescribe interpersonal gratitude exercises to improve relationships. In this experiment, couples were randomly assigned to express gratitude over a month, or to a relationally-active control condition. Results showed modest effects of condition on personal and relational well-being. However, those whose partners were perceived as being particularly responsive when expressing gratitude at the initial lab session showed greater well-being across a range of outcomes, whereas this was not so for people in the control condition. Notably, evidence raises concerns about the effectiveness of artificial injections of gratitude when the partner is perceived to be low in responsiveness. Given the importance of close relationships, this work highlights the need for more theory-driven basic research tested in context before assuming what appears to work naturally will also work artificially.
An Elementary Theory of the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

(1916). An Elementary Theory of the Exponential and Logarithmic Functions. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 241-246.
Oxygen vacancy trapping in tetragonal ZrO 2 studied by 111 I n / C d perturbed angular correlation

Perturbed angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy using dilute ${}^{111}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{n}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{d}$ as the probe atom was used to measure the average electric field gradient (EFG) at Cd in high-temperature tetragonal zirconia, both nondoped and lightly doped with niobium or yttrium. The time-average EFG is reduced and strongly temperature dependent when oxygen vacancies are present---an effect attributed to a reduction of the average EFG when a vacancy is trapped at Cd. The doping and temperature dependence of the average EFG indicate that oxygen vacancies are trapped at first-neighbor positions to Cd with binding energy 0.62 (3) eV and at second neighbor positions to Y with binding energy 0.28 (5) eV. The average EFG when a vacancy is trapped by Cd is found to be zero. Samples were produced by precipitation from ${\mathrm{ZrOCl}}_{2}$ solutions to which a few parts per ${10}^{9}$ ${}^{111}\mathrm{InCl}$ was added. Y- or Nb-doped samples had Y/Zr or Nb/Zr ratios up to 0.005. Calcining at 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C followed by a 1400 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C anneal produced good quality tetragonal phase powders with oxygen vacancy to oxygen ion ratios between 0 and 1500 ppm, depending on doping. The tetragonal phase could be supercooled for measurement to 1000 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C or lower.
Nano-patterned Growth of Ge Quantum Dots for Infrared Detector Applications

Quantum dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) have been studied widely for normal-incidence infrared detection. The 3D confinement provided by quantum dots allows for the elimination of gratings that are typically required for normal-incidence detection in quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs). Furthermore, the growth of Ge dots on Si substrates offers the potential for integration with existing CMOS platforms. To date, however, Ge QDIPs have typically been grown epitaxially by Stranski-Krastonov growth – producing pancake-like dots with base dimensions of 50-100 nm, heights of 7-10 nm, and an aerial dot density of 109–1010 cm−2. Such dots have poor lateral confinement, causing them to have non-ideal normal-incidence absorption characteristics, similar to quantum wells. In this work, we demonstrate infrared absorption in Ge dots with base dimensions of approximately 15 nm. These dots are epitaxially grown on pre-patterned Si substrates, with an aerial dot density of approximately 1011 cm−2. The substrates are prepared by using diblock copolymers to create a nano-pattern on the substrate surface which is transferred to the substrate by dry etching. The size of this pattern determines the base dimensions of the Ge dots. After growth, these dots are then tested for their infrared absorption properties using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The normal-incidence absorption of the dots can be studied with FTIR by varying the polarization angle of the infrared light. We present FTIR absorption spectra for samples grown with various conditions (e.g., different dot doping levels, numbers of layers, and dot base dimensions) and investigate the effects of different growth conditions on infrared absorption properties. We also report on the normal-incidence absorption characteristics of these dots by presenting absorption spectra for various polarization angles of infrared light.
A zona biochemical change and spontaneous cortical granule loss in eggs that fail to fertilize in in vitro fertilization.

Objective To determine the extent of biochemical changes in the zona pellucida (ZP) and cortical granule release in eggs failing to fertilize in IVF. Design After insemination, unactivated eggs without two pronuclei (PN) were studied by high resolution microscopy and fluorescent probes to determine cortical granule density and meiotic stage. After ZP isolation, proteins from individual ZPs were biotinylated, electrophoresed, and visualized by western blots with avidin-chemiluminescence. Controls included mouse unfertilized and fertilized eggs and human germinal vesicle stage oocytes and ≥ 3PN eggs. Setting University medical center and hospital tertiary care IVF-ET program. Results Many of the unfertilized eggs were in metaphase and had relatively low cortical granule densities indicative of cortical granule loss. Approximately one half of the ZPs showed evidence of biochemical hardening with a modification of a 90 to 100 × 103 molecular (weight) ratio (Mr) ZP protein. The 3PN eggs had few cortical granules and their ZPs had a pronounced 90 to 100 × 103 Mr modification that was not detected in germinal vesicle stage ZP controls. Conclusion The observed changes in ZP biochemistry and cortical granule quantitation demonstrate that failed fertilization is frequently associated with spontaneous cytoplasmic, but not nuclear, activation. In affected eggs, these changes could prevent fertilization in routine IVF and in cases of reinsemination. The relationship of changes in the ZP and cortical granules to infertility and in vitro culture requires further investigation. The 90 to 100 × 103 Mr ZP protein modification can be detected biochemically with 1 10 of a human ZP.
Noninfectious skin disorders.

AIDS: Many noninfectious cutaneous signs and symptoms, some remarkably prevalent, have been described in patients with HIV. Among these skin disorders are seborrheic dermatitis, psoriasis, and Reiter's syndrome; noninfectious papular pruritic disorders; vasculitis; photoinduced and photoaggravated conditions; cutaneous drug eruptions; and hair and nail abnormalities. Each of these conditions is discussed in terms of its epidemiology, pathology, and clinical manifestations; its histopathology and laboratory findings; and diagnosis and treatment options. Final comments cover some of the miscellaneous inflammatory and metabolic skin disorders associated with HIV infection.
School Psychologists in Support of Transgender and Gender Diverse Students in Light of California’s AB 1266 (School Success and Opportunity Act): Implications and Opportunities

The present study examined the attitudes of California-based school psychologists toward transgender-identifying students and assessed their efforts and roles in supporting this student population in light of recently passed legislation in California (AB 1266; 2013), which requires public schools in the state to provide transgender students with increased school-based equity and opportunities. Specifically, the authors examined the attitudes of California school psychologists toward transgender students, the training and professional development of these school psychologists in the area of gender identity, their leadership regarding the preparation and implementation of the law, and their involvement in supporting district efforts and transgender students themselves in light of the legislation.
Particle Abstraction in Biology—An Introduction

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the introduction of particle abstraction in biology. Most biologists and chemists regard the world as being composed of molecules, and in particular they regard the biological world as being composed principally of organic molecules. The notion of a particle is offered as an alternate abstraction that can help organize one's thoughts about biological systems at a variety of levels and is complementary to the notion of molecules. According to this view, the organism is composed of particles. The cell is a particle, as are the nuclei, mitochondria, chromosomes, lysosomes and all the other somes, nucleic acids, and proteins; macromolecules, micromolecules, and multimolecules; cell walls, plasma membranes, inner membranes, outer membranes, membranes rough and smooth; particles on particles and particles within particles; not to mention virus particles. The beauty of particles, and their advantage over molecules, is that particles have physical properties that are measurable and exploitable. Particles have size, mass, density, shape, charge, surface, hydration, and some have osmotic properties.
Developmental exposure to an environmental PCB mixture delays the propagation of electrical kindling from the amygdala

Developmental PCB exposure impairs hearing and induces brainstem audiogenic seizures in adult offspring. The degree to which this enhanced susceptibility to seizure is manifest in other brain regions has not been examined. Thus, electrical kindling of the amygdala was used to evaluate the effect of developmental exposure to an environmentally relevant PCB mixture on seizure susceptibility in the rat. Female Long-Evans rats were dosed orally with 0 or 6mg/kg/day of the PCB mixture dissolved in corn oil vehicle 4 weeks prior to mating and continued through gestation and up until postnatal day (PND) 21. On PND 21, pups were weaned, and two males from each litter were randomly selected for the kindling study. As adults, the male rats were implanted bilaterally with electrodes in the basolateral amygdala. For each animal, afterdischarge (AD) thresholds in the amygdala were determined on the first day of testing followed by once daily stimulation at a standard 200μA stimulus intensity until three stage 5 generalized seizures (GS) ensued. Developmental PCB exposure did not affect the AD threshold or total cumulative AD duration, but PCB exposure did increase the latency to behavioral manifestations of seizure propagation. PCB exposed animals required significantly more stimulations to reach stage 2 seizures compared to control animals, indicating attenuated focal (amygdala) excitability. A delay in kindling progression in the amygdala stands in contrast to our previous finding of increased susceptibility to brainstem-mediated audiogenic seizures in PCB-exposed animals in response to a an intense auditory stimulus. These seemingly divergent results are not unexpected given the distinct source, type, and mechanistic underpinnings of these different seizure models. A delay in epileptogenesis following focal amygdala stimulation may reflect a decrease in neuroplasticity following developmental PCB exposure consistent with reductions in use-dependent synaptic plasticity that have been reported in the hippocampus of developmentally PCB exposed animals.
Pre-Raphaelitism as Realism

Brown argues that when the Pre-Raphaelites publicly emerged in 1850, writers had only loosed conceived of realism as a representational practice, but Pre-Raphaelitism quickly became synonymous with what many also identified as realism. Works addressed in this chapter include those by John Everett Millais, Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Anthony Trollope, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and John Ruskin. The chapter ends with art criticism that emerged at the end of the century, from figures such as Walter Pater, and that looked back on earlier works by and about the Pre-Raphaelites to further connect this movement with realism. They would also grant the relatively recent movement of realism a long tradition dating back to the Renaissance, establishing beliefs that continue today.
Database development for additive manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) of metallics is a technology that is poised to revolutionize the way the aerospace industry manufactures propulsion hardware. The additive manufacturing laboratory at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center increasingly uses AM as a manufacturing technique to support development of lower cost propulsion systems. In a typical AM build, witness test coupons are built alongside additively manufactured parts or are excised from the parts themselves to determine the mechanical properties of those parts for use in design. These coupons undergo mechanical testing, resulting in a wealth of data that have yet to be archived or analyzed in a coherent form. The AM community faces many challenges with regard to data management and sharing of data to accelerate materials development and inform material discovery. This paper is a case study of development of an AM database and the analysis of alternatives conducted as part of its formulation. Segregation and organization of existing additive manufacturing data using the NASA-developed materials informatics system MAPTIS (Materials and Processing Technical Information System) is explored. Within the NASA-developed AM database, data can be organized and filtered by material type, AM process, and build parameters as well as in terms of mechanical test data (tensile, fatigue, fracture, surface finish, etc.). This work can serve as a model for how other organizations and research entities might utilize informatics to organize AM data and facilitate comparison of properties across AM builds as well as against conventionally manufactured materials. The archiving of build data in a database format makes it easier to explore interactions and correlations between factors that are of critical interest to the additive manufacturing community. An informatics approach also makes it possible to assess repeatability and scalability of AM processes across vendors and parts. The informatics work in this field strongly complements the development of standards and baseline material properties for additively manufactured materials and a rational path to flight certification for vendors and parts.
Medical Tourism: Consumers' Patterns of Participation

This study looked at patterns of participating in medical tourism (MT) among consumers in South-Eastern region of North Carolina. The framework of four modes of medical tourism (Gan and Frederick, 2011) was used to examine how consumers participate in MT through four channels: on their own, use an agent, with the help of their insurance companies or their domestic doctors. The objectives of our research are: to identify the mode through which consumers are more likely to use MT, to find out consumer demographic that are more inclined to use certain modes given the treatment type. From the 522 survey samplings collected, multinomial logistic regressions were used to regress the modes of participating in medical tourism on various demographic variables given the treatment types (medically necessary procedures, cosmetic procedures, and procedures unavailable in the U.S.). Our results showed that young adults (18-21 years old) were more likely than those over 41 years old to go on their own for knee replacement, whereas the latter were more inclined than those aged 31-40 to go on their own for cosmetic procedures. Those with Associate degrees or some college tended to be open-minded about using channels other than their domestic doctors for knee replacement but were less likely to go through the third party payers for cosmetic procedures. In addition, those with less education are more likely than those with post-bachelor's degrees to use agents for knee replacement. Surprisingly, we also found the lowest income groups (below $15,000) were more likely than high income groups (above $100,000) to go on their own. Finally, both rural residents and those who reported 'poor' or 'fair' health were less inclined to use an agent for procedures unavailable in the United States.
N-Picolinamides as ligands in Ullman type C–O coupling reactions

Abstract Copper-catalyzed modified Ullmann coupling reactions creating C–O bonds, including diaryl ethers or phenols, are vital to organic synthesis. Synthesized N-phenyl-2-pyridinecarboxamide and its derivatives were used as ligands in conjunction with catalytic copper sources in the formation of various diaryl ethers and phenols. Various aryl and heteroaryl halides with electron donating and withdrawing groups were reacted with various phenols under mild reaction conditions providing moderate to excellent yields.
Comparison of periodontal evaluation by cone-beam computed tomography, and clinical and intraoral radiographic examinations

Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has been widely used in many fields of dentistry. However, little is known about the accuracy of CBCT for evaluation of periodontal status. The objective of this study was to compare and correlate periodontal assessments among CBCT, clinical attachment loss (CAL) measurement, and periapical (PA)/bitewing (BW) radiography. Eighty patients (28 males, 52 females; age range, 19–84 years) from the University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston were evaluated retrospectively. Measurements were taken on the central incisors, canines, and first molars of the right maxilla and left mandible. CAL was extracted from periodontal charts. The radiographic distance from the cementum–enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest was measured for tooth mesial and distal sites on PA/BW and CBCT images using MiPacs software and Anatomage Invivo software, respectively. One-way ANOVA and Pearson analysis were performed for statistical analyses. The CEJ–crest distances for CBCT, PA/BW, and CAL were 2.56 ± 0.12, 2.04 ± 0.12, and 2.08 ± 0.17 mm (mean ± SD), respectively. CBCT exhibited larger values than the other two methods (p 0.05). This study validates the suitability of CBCT for periodontal assessment. Further studies are necessary to optimize the measurement methodology with CBCT.