cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adipokinin, a proopiomelanocortin-derived lipid-mobilizing anterior pituitary hormone

Hormonal control of lipid metabolism during prolonged fasting is unclear. The involvement of the classical, lipid-mobilizing hormone from the anterior pituitary, i.e., beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH), is suspect. It and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) are formed concurrently in the pituitary during the processing of the prohormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), and are secreted together. During prolonged fasting the control of metabolism requires minimal participation by ACTH and maximal lipid-mobilizing activity which is inconsistent with the present concept of ACTH and beta-LPH secretion. Hypothetically, the needed control can be satisfied by the alteration of the accepted processing of POMC so as to form beta-LPH and a new lipid-mobilizing hormone which also has modest ACTH-like activity. It is proposed that this hormone be named 'adipokinin'. An analog of this proposed hormone appears to have been isolated previously from porcine pituitaries.
A Cognitive Interpretation of Aristotle’s Concepts of Catharsis and Tragic Pleasure

Jonathan Lear argues that the established purgation, purification, and cognitive stimulation interpretations of Aristotle’s concepts of catharsis and tragic pleasure are off the mark. In response, Lear defends an anti-cognitivist account, arguing that it is the pleasure associated with imaginatively “living life to the full” and yet hazarding nothing of importance that captures Aristotle’s understanding of catharsis and tragic pleasure. This analysis reveals that Aristotle’s account of imagination in conjunction with his understanding of both specific intellectual virtues and rational emotions of an educated citizen not only tells against Lear’s anti-cognitivist construal, but also divulges an alternative cognitive stimulation reading.
Electromyographic response to pseudo-random torque disturbances of human forearm position

Abstract Pseudo-random torque disturbances applied to the human forearm permitted the identification of linear relationships between motion and biceps/triceps electromyographic activity. In particular, a weighted sum of position, velocity and acceleration provided an adequate description of electromyographic activity over a large range of disturbance amplitudes. While the velocity term was dominant when the subject was asked to resist the applied torque, the position term was of equal importance when the subject did not resist the torque. The results support the concept of a continuous feedback control mechanism with adaptive properties.
Amino acid conferred protection against melphalan interference with melphalan therapy by L-leucine, a competitive substrate for transport

Summary Melphalan uptake by L1210 leukemia cells obtained from tumor bearing mice is reduced to one-third of control by physiological concentrations of L-leucine. Kinetic analysis revealed that melphalan and leucine compete for transport carrier sites. Administration of leucine with optimal therapeutic doses of melphalan to tumor bearing mice negated the efficacy of the drug.
Ionization fronts as phase transitions

Model weak D-type ionization fronts have been constructed which include the effects of magnetic pressure and H I coolants. Ly-alpha cooling is found to suppress the high-temperature peak of 15,000 to 20,000 K found in earlier models. Ionization fronts are found to be closely related to phase transitions.
Treatment strategies in Landau-Kleffner syndrome and paraictal psychiatric and cognitive disturbances.

Psychiatric and cognitive disturbances of the peri-ictal period (i.e., the seizure prodrome and the postictal period) can be considered paraictal disturbances, as they are directly related to the ictal event. There are also certain interictal psychiatric and cognitive disturbances that become apparent concomitantly with the onset of a seizure disorder and remit and/or significantly improve upon its remission. Such disorders also fall under the classification paraictal disorders, and are exemplified by Landau–Kleffner syndrome (LKS), a disorder in which language and psychiatric disturbances begin with the onset of epileptic activity and improve upon its disappearance. In this article, we review the treatment of paraictal cognitive and psychiatric disorders presenting as preictal and postictal psychiatric disturbances and LKS.
MODE-III CRACK KINKING UNDER STRESS-WAVE LOADING

Abstract A horizontally polarized step-stress wave is incident on a semi-infinite crack in an elastic solid. At the instant that the crack tip is struck, the crack starts to propagate in the forward direction, but under an angle κπ with the plane of the original crack. In this paper a self-similar solution is obtained for the particle velocity of the diffracted cylindrical wave field. The use of Chaplygin's transformation reduces the problem to the solution of Laplace's equation in a semi-infinite strip containing a slit. The Schwarz-Christoffel transformation is employed to map the semi-infinite strip on a half-plane. An analytic function in the half-plane which satisfies appropriate conditions along the real axis, can subsequently be constructed. The Mode-III stress-intensity factor at the tip of the kinked crack has been computed for angles of incidence varying from normal to grazing incidence, for angles of crack kinking defined by -0.5⩽κ⩽0.5, and for arbitrary subsonic crack tip speeds.
System Design Considerations when Using Computer-Independent Hardware

There is a need for industrial control system designs to be less dependent upon the implementation and source of the various elements within the system, including the control computer. However, a number of system design considerations confront the user of computer-independent industrial control hardware. Various software implications and organizational considerations are discussed, along with hardware organization parameters. Solutions to various software and system problems are proposed by applying the computer automated measurement and control (CAMAC) digital interface standard.
Resolved: There exists an atropinic agent in vivo

It is suggested that there exists a competitive antagonist of the cholinergic system which is secreted during sleep, pregnancy, and acute stress. A biochemical model of the sleep cycle is presented. It is suggested that normally the putative cholinergic antagonist is metabolized rapidly upon being released from the cholinergic receptor. Defective metabolism of this putative cholinergic antagonist is hypothesized to be one cause of hypotonic schizophrenia.
Simulations of Airborne Pollutant Levels and Infiltration Flows in an Enclosure

This paper reports on a study of infiltration-type air flows through a room-size enclosure with an obstructing wall that was conducted. A finite volume (cell finite difference) method was used, and a k-{element of} turbulence model was retained in the simulations. Detailed monitoring of how a simulated gaseous pollutant was diluted and dispersed over time was accomplished, and showed that nearly stagnant zones exist. The simple air change (ACH) method of rating the ventilation capabilities of an enclosure was judged to be marginally acceptable, with a local air age scheme a suggested alternative for multizone cases. Based on the simulations, it was argued that the tracer-gas empirical method of determining ventilation capability may be prone to large uncertainties if flow obstructions or multiple zones exist and only a few sampling locations are used.
Enhancement of vasopressin-induced water loss in toad bladder by certain phospholipids.

Abstract Exposure of toad bladder halves to suspensions of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl inositide increases subsequent vasopressin-induced water loss from the bladders by approximately 40 per cent. Theophylline-induced water loss from toad bladder is also enhanced by phosphatidyl serine pretreatment of the bladders. The effect of phosphatidyl serine is evident in the absence of sodium transport, and is independent of any increased tissue metabolism. Preparations of lecithin, sphingomyelin, cholesterol, tripalmitin or fat soluble vitamins were ineffective in enhancing the response of toad bladder to vasopressin. It is suggested that the presence of certain phospholipids in anuran bladder tissue may be a factor in determining the extent of the physiological response of this tissue to antidiuretic hormone.
Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Drugs from Vehicles to the Skin Surface1

The primary requirement for topical therapy is that the drug incorporated into a vehicle must reach the skin surface at an adequate rate. This remains true whether penetration or superficial action is desired. Vehicles do not penetrate the skin to any extent, but there may be a marked difference in the clinical effectiveness of a drug when using different vehicles. The diffusion of drugs from vehicle to skin surface is a necessary starting point for local dermatologie therapy.
Across-shelf sediment transport since the Last Glacial Maximum, southern California margin

Correlation of continental shelf-slope stratigraphy in Santa Monica Bay (southern California) with Ocean Drilling Program records for nearby slope-basin sites has illuminated the timing and scale of terrigenous sediment dispersal on margin since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Marine flooding surfaces preserved in a transgressive sequence on the Santa Monica Shelf provide a key link between base-level elevation and sediment transport across shelf. Sediment-accumulation rates at slope-basin sites were maximal ca. 15–10 ka, well after the LGM, decreased during the 12–9 ka transition from fluvial-estuarine to fully marine conditions on the shelf, and decelerated throughout the Holocene to 30%–75% of their values at the LGM. The deceleration is interpreted to manifest a landward shift in the margin depocenter with the onset of transgressive sedimentation beginning when sea level surmounted the shelf edge ca. 13 ka, as predicted by sequence-stratigraphic models. However, the records make clear that factors other than base level modulated slope-basin accumulation rates during the deglaciation.
Postinjury administration of L-deprenyl improves cognitive function and enhances neuroplasticity after traumatic brain injury.

The rat model of combined central fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) and bilateral entorhinal cortical lesion (BEC) produces profound, persistent cognitive deficits, sequelae associated with human TBI. In contrast to percussive TBI alone, this combined injury induces maladaptive hippocampal plasticity. Recent reports suggest a potential role for dopamine in CNS plasticity after trauma. We have examined the effect of the dopamine enhancer l-deprenyl on cognitive function and neuroplasticity following TBI. Rats received fluid percussion TBI, BEC alone, or combined TBI + BEC lesion and were treated once daily for 7 days with l-deprenyl, beginning 24 h after TBI alone and 15 min after BEC or TBI + BEC. Postinjury motor assessment showed no effect of l-deprenyl treatment. Cognitive performance was assessed on days 11-15 postinjury and brains from the same cases examined for dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunoreactivity (DBH-IR) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemistry. Significant cognitive improvement relative to untreated injured cases was observed in both TBI groups following l-deprenyl treatment; however, no drug effects were seen with BEC alone. l-Deprenyl attenuated injury-induced loss in DBH-IR over CA1 and CA3 after TBI alone. However, after combined TBI + BEC, l-deprenyl was only effective in protecting CA1 DBH-IR. AChE histostaining in CA3 was significantly elevated with l-deprenyl in both injury models. After TBI + BEC, l-deprenyl also increased AChE in the dentate molecular layer relative to untreated injured cases. These results suggest that dopaminergic/noradrenergic enhancement facilitates cognitive recovery after brain injury and that noradrenergic fiber integrity is correlated with enhanced synaptic plasticity in the injured hippocampus.
In vitro reconstitution of the ordered assembly of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport at membrane-bound HIV-1 Gag clusters

Most membrane-enveloped viruses depend on host proteins of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery for their release. HIV-1 is the prototypic ESCRT-dependent virus. The direct interactions between HIV-1 and the early ESCRT factors TSG101 and ALIX have been mapped in detail. However, the full pathway of ESCRT recruitment to HIV-1 budding sites, which culminates with the assembly of the late-acting CHMP4, CHMP3, CHMP2, and CHMP1 subunits, is less completely understood. Here, we report the biochemical reconstitution of ESCRT recruitment to viral assembly sites, using purified proteins and giant unilamellar vesicles. The myristylated full-length Gag protein of HIV-1 was purified to monodispersity. Myr-Gag forms clusters on giant unilamellar vesicle membranes containing the plasma membrane lipid PI(4,5)P2. These Gag clusters package a fluorescent oligonucleotide, and recruit early ESCRT complexes ESCRT-I or ALIX with the appropriate dependence on the Gag PTAP and LYP(X)nL motifs. ALIX directly recruits the key ESCRT-III subunit CHMP4. ESCRT-I can only recruit CHMP4 when ESCRT-II and CHMP6 are present as intermediary factors. Downstream of CHMP4, CHMP3 and CHMP2 assemble synergistically, with the presence of both subunits required for efficient recruitment. The very late-acting factor CHMP1 is not recruited unless the pathway is completed through CHMP3 and CHMP2. These findings define the minimal sets of components needed to complete ESCRT assembly at HIV-1 budding sites, and provide a starting point for in vitro structural and biophysical dissection of the system.
DRL escape: effects of minimum duration and intensity of electric shock

Three dogs were exposed to a DRL-escape procedure that required them to endure a minimum duration of electric shock without responding in order for a response to terminate that shock. When this minimum duration increased from 0 to either 2.25 or 7.00 sec, response latencies increased proportionately. With the minimum duration held constant at 2.25 sec, a gradual increase in shock intensity to 5.0 ma had no systematic effect upon latencies. Even under the highest shock intensity, 5.0 ma, latency and interresponse-time distributions were unimodal with very few latencies and interresponse times less than the minimum duration. Three additional dogs were exposed to an escape procedure in which every response was immediately reinforced. For these subjects, the same increase in shock intensity to 5.0 ma was accompanied by a decrease in latencies. The precise temporal spacing of responses obtained with the DRL-escape procedure may in part be due to the fact that every response latency and interresponse time that did not meet the minimum duration was not only extinguished but was also punished.
Socio-Emotional Climate of Storybook Reading Interactions for Mothers and Preschoolers with Language Impairment.

The current study describes the storybook reading behaviors of 45 preschoolers [30 with language impairment (LI) and 15 with typical language (TL)] and their mothers. Each dyad was observed reading a storybook within their homes, and sessions were subsequently coded for indicators of emotional and instructional quality as well as for child participation. Mothers of children with LI showed lower levels of emotional support than mothers of children with TL, although all mothers exhibited similar quality of instruction. The two groups of children were equally enthusiastic about the book; however, children with LI were observed to be less compliant than children with TL and showed a trend to be less persistent. For the children with LI, participation in the book reading task was found to be high only when mothers’ behaviors were observed to be highly sensitive in nature, demonstrating the importance of exposing children to maternal behaviors that are responsive to their unique abilities and needs.
Effect of reference and illuminating sources size in holography

The effects of a finite reference source size are described for the cases of Fourier-transform holograms and image-plane holograms. This paper derives expressions for the image distribution when the reference source and the source illuminating the recorded hologram both are extended sources at arbitrary positions. The particular hologram configurations considered are variations of the Fourier-transform holograms, the quasi-Fourier-transform hologram, and the general Fresnel hologram.
Application of energy upconversion spectroscopy to novel laser and phosphor design

Abstract Energy-transfer and sequential-absorption upconversion processes, normally considered detrimental to conventional laser operation, are rapidly emerging as the key to an exciting new class of optical device. Energy-upconversion processes may be designed to take advantage of strong rare earth ion emission transitions in the visible region and of valuable co-incidences with diode-laser outputs in the near-infrared to produce compact visible lasers. This paper reviews the use of sequential-absorption and energy-transfer spectroscopy to derive information that is essential to the optimization of novel device designs as well as ‘conventional’ laser or phosphor designs. Transfer-rate extraction using upconverted temporal transients, determination of high-lying energy levels using sequential-absorption laser spectroscopy, ion dimer identification by line-narrowing experiments and direct identification of energy storage states using dual-laser techniques are presented. The use of dimer-dominated host crystals, such as CsCdBr3, that can be used to isolate individual energy-transfer rates relevant to the optimization of many different laser types, is emphasized.
Factors Influencing the Inotropic Effect of Corticosteroids.

SummaryA series of 9 corticosteroids dissolved in ethanol were studied in the isolated cat papillary muscle preparation maintained at 27°C in a reduced calcium buffer. Only aldosterone exerted a significant positive inotropic effect. The magnitude of this positive inotropic effect was larger than previously observed at 37°C in a normal calcium buffer. The ethanol was markedly depressant to the papillary muscles. Hydrocortisone and dex-amethasone, in aqueous solutions, also exerted positive inotropic effects, whereas prednisolone and methylprednisolone were ineffective. Lowering the sodium or the potassium concentration of the medium did not result in significant inotropic responses to aldosterone or hydrocortisone.
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches to the prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain, is the most common cause of cognitive impairment in the elderly. The pharmacotherapy of AD is evolving rapidly. Cholinergic stabilization with cholinesterase-inhibitor (ChEI) therapy implies neuroprotection and a resultant slowing of disability and disease progression. The moderate-affinity N -methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist memantine may block neural excitotoxicity. Objective: The purpose of this review was to examine the evidence for the responsiveness to pharmacotherapy of established AD; specifically, the extent to which the benefits of therapy have been proved, the extent to which currently available ChEIs support cholinergic neurotransmission, and the extent to which currently available ChEIs and memantine provide neuroprotection. Methods: Relevant studies were identified through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE for articles published between January 1999 and February 2004 using the terms Alzheimer's pharmacotherapy, cholinesterase inhibitor therapy, Alzheimer's disease, donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, glutamatergic system modifiers , and memantine ; a search of the reference lists of identified articles; and a manual search of pertinent journals. Articles were selected that contained higher-level evidence, based on explicit validated criteria. Results: ChEI therapy was associated with quality-of-life improvements that included enhanced performance of activities of daily living, reduced behavioral disturbances, stabilized cognitive impairment, decreased caregiver stress, and delay in the first dementia-related nursing home placement. In large clinical trials in moderate to severe AD (a stage that is associated with distress for patients and caregiver burden, and for which other treatments are not available), memantine showed an ability to delay cognitive and functional deterioration. The combination of memantine and ChEI therapy was significantly more efficacious than ChEI therapy alone ( P Conclusions: The idea that AD is pharmacologically unresponsive appears to be changing. With the use of ChEI and NMDA-receptor antagonist therapy, the symptoms and outcomes of this devastating neurodegenerative disease can be improved and its course altered.
Caffeine metabolism by Penicillium roqueforti.

Abstract A strain of P. roqueforti isolated on caffeine-containing agar from air grew in culture media containing concentrations as high as 0.04 m caffeine as the sole source of nitrogen. Growth was accompanied by complete removal of caffeine from the culture medium. After short incubations of nitrogen-starved inocula of this fungus with caffeine-1-methyl- 14 C or with caffeine-2- 14 C, radioactive theophylline was isolated. It was identified by thin-layer chromatography in three solvent systems and also by reconversion to radioactive caffeine after treatment with dimethyl sulfate. Thus, the first step in the metabolism of caffeine by P. roqueforti involves demethylation in the 7-position.
Effect of exogenous estradiol on mobility and fixation of the early equine conceptus

Pregnant pony mares were treated daily with 1 mg of estradiol-17β on Days 9–17 or with vehicle alone (controls). In Experiment 1, 2-h conceptus mobility trials were done on Days 10 and 12. Averaged over estradiol-treated (n=19) and control (n=16) groups, the conceptus changed intrauterine location significantly more often on Day 12 than on Day 10. However, there was not a significant main effect of treatment or a treatment by day interaction. In Experiment 2, uterine contractile activity scores were determined on Days 10–24 by ultrasonographic observations of the uterine body in estradiol-treated (n=5) and control mares (n=4). Estradiol treatment did not significantly affect the uterine activity scores. Averaged over the two treatment groups, scores were greater (P<0.05) on Days 12 through 16 than on Days 10 or 18. The mean day of fixation (14.8±0.5) occurred before the decrease in uterine activity scores. In experiment 3, fixation occurred on or before Day 14 in more mares (P<0.05) treated daily with estradiol (n=24) than in controls (n=22). Results did not support the hypothesis that estradiol plays a role in the extent of conceptus mobility. Results did support the hypotheses that estradiol plays a role in fixation and that fixation is not a result of cessation or a decrease in uterine contractility.
Biological and Ecological Investigations of Horn Flies in Central Texas: Influence of Other Insects in Cattle Manure

Cattle droppings exposed to insect activity for 5 minutes produced significantly greater numbers of Haematobia irritans (L.) than droppings exposed for 30 minutes or for 2, 4, 6, or 24 hours. There was a significant negative correlation (r = −0.9*) between the mean numbers of horn flies and the mean numbers of insects of other species produced per dropping during the 6 time intervals studied.
Preferential concentration of particles in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence

Non-homogeneous particle concentrations resulting from the carrier fluid turbulence occur frequently in nature as well as in many industrial processes. For this reason, it is important to fully understand the mechanisms that lead to this occurrence in order to use them advantageously. Many experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted to explore this phenomenon, known as preferential concentration. Maxey (1987), Squires and Eaton (1991), and Fessler et al. (1994) have shown that particles subjected to specific turbulent conditions tend to concentrate non-uniformly into areas of low vorticity and high strain rate. The major parameter determining the degree of preferential concentration is the Stokes number, defined in Eq. (1.1).
Bubble breakage mechanisms due to collision with a particle in liquid medium

Abstract A mechanistic model is developed to account for the collision between a single particle and a single bubble in liquid medium. Bsaed on the model, three penetration criteria are established under which the particle is predicted to penetrate through the bubble if any of the three criteria is satisfied. It is shown that the particle penetration is only necessary, but not a sufficient, conditionfor bubble disintegration in the case of single particle-single bubble collision. The penetrated bubble is shown to deform into a doughnut shape and the subsequent bubble breakage is made through the necking mechanism of the doughnut-shape bubbl. Bubble disintegration occurs only if the penetrating particle has a diameter greater than the height of the doughnut-shape bubble. However, in multi-particle systems such as three-phase fluidized beds, particle penetration could be sufficient for bubble disintegration, particularly under high solids holdup conditions. Experiments are also performed for single particle-single bubble collision in water, using six different particles. Three markedly different collision phenomena are observed. A small and/or light particle is unable to penetrate through the bubble and is ejected after collision. A medium particle can penetrate through the bubble but may not break the bubble. A large and heavy particle penetrates through and, consequently, breaks the bubble. The three phenomena are all well predicted by the proposed model.
Magnetically self-assembled SrFe12O19/Fe–Co core/shell particles

Abstract Epitaxial growth to synthesize core/shell-structured materials is limited because large lattice mismatches are common between materials. Magnetically hard/soft, core/shell-structured materials can be potentially used for rare-earth free permanent magnets, but their synthesis presents a challenge. We report a wet chemistry method to synthesize core/shell structured particles consisting of a magnetically hard SrFe12O19 core and a soft Fe–Co shell, with a lattice mismatch of ∼100%, which cannot be achieved by conventional epitaxial growth or other alternative methods. When decreasing the size of the magnetically soft Fe–Co nanoclusters to below 5 nm, we show that they can be magnetically attracted by the hard SrFe12O19 to form core/shell structured particles. An AC demagnetization experiment demonstrates the formation mechanism of the core/shell particles, and their magnetic hysteresis loop shows potential for use as rare-earth free permanent magnets.
A Deconvolution-Based Approach to Structural Dynamics System Identification and Response Prediction

Two general linear time-varying system identification methods for multiple-input multiple-output systems are proposed based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The method applies the POD to express response data for linear or nonlinear systems as a modal sum of proper orthogonal modes and proper orthogonal coordinates (POCs). Drawing upon mode summation theory, an analytical expression for the POCs is developed, and two deconvolution-based methods are devised for modifying them to predict the response of the system to new loads. The first method accomplishes the identification with a single-load-response data set, but its applicability is limited to lightly damped systems with a mass matrix proportional to the identity matrix. The second method uses multiple-load-response data sets to overcome these limitations. The methods are applied to construct predictive models for linear and nonlinear beam examples without using prior knowledge of a system model. The method is also applied to a linear experiment to demonstrate a potential experimental setup and the method's feasibility in the presence of noise. The results demonstrate that while the first method only requires a single set of load-response data, it is less accurate than the multiple-load method for most systems. Although the methods are able to reconstruct the original data sets accurately even for nonlinear systems, the results also demonstrate that a linear time-varying method cannot predict nonlinear phenomena that are not present in the original signals.
Computerized Adaptive Testing: Its Potential Substantive Contributions to Psychological Research and Assessment

Computer technology is making fundamental changes in psychologi cal testing. Tests can be adminis tered, scored, and interpreted by computer in a single session. Thus, the most salient features of comput erized testing are the practical ad vantages for proctoring examina tions, recording data, scoring responses, and preparing interpreta tive reports. However, the potential substan tive contributions to research and to measurement are less well under stood by psychologists. Computer ized item presentation permits two fundamental differences from paper and-pencil (P&P) tests: Adaptive testing is feasible with the computa tional capabilities, and qualitatively different measuring tasks are permis sible with the item display. Both of these differences have important im plications for both measurement and substantive research. Prior to explicating the potential of computerized adaptive testing, I review briefly the underlying psy chometric methods. Most psycholo gists do not clearly understand the advantages of adaptive testing be cause they are unfamiliar with the psychometric methods that make adaptive testing feasible. Then, I ex amine the impact of both adaptive testing and computerized item dis
The use of the appendix as a continent catheterizable stoma.

AbstractPurpose: We review the results of 5 years of using the unmodified appendix for reconstruction of neobladders and native bladders, and describe the mechanism of continence.Materials and Methods: Between 1993 and 1997, 24 patients have undergone continent urinary diversion using the unaltered appendix. Median patient age at the time of surgery was 62 years. Patients were followed at the urological outpatient clinic for a mean of 18 months (range 7 to 47). Video urodynamic studies were performed once in the first 6 months postoperatively and repeated if there was any history of incontinence or bladder problems.Results: Of the patients with an appendicovesicostomy onto the native bladder 80% were dry during the day and night. This figure was improved to 94% when 2 patients with incontinence catheterized more frequently. Patients with a neobladder were more likely to be continent and had a longer interval between catheterizations, which reflects the larger reservoir volume rather than better continence...
Human handedness : an ethological perspective

Human handedness is thought to be unique and universal. Critical examination of primary sources challenges both of these conclusions. Data on laterality of function in apes, humankind’s closest living relations, indicates hand preference and task specialization, but not yet handedness, as crucial studies remain to be done. Ethnographic data across cultures reveal more variance than is usually acknowledged, but existing findings are based on minimal and limited data. Ethological studies of spontaneous behavior in every day life are needed for both human and non-human primates.
Echographic evaluation of acquired valvular diseases of the heart.

The mitral valve is one of the easiest structures to identify echographically. The valve is located along the left sternal border at the third to fifth intercostal space. The normal mitral valve follows a characteristic motion pattern during ventricular diastole (Fig. 1). Although the anterior mitral leaflet echo is most prominent, the posterior leaflet may also be detected ultrasonically and shows a pattern opposite in direction to that of the anterior leaflet. At the onset of ventricular diastole, there is a rush of blood across the valve that results in a peak excursion that terminates at point e of the mitral valve echogram depicted in Fig. 1. Following rapid ventricular filling, the mitral valve coasts toward a position of closure at point f and then reopens (point a) with atria1 systole. The mitral valve echogram thus reflects phasic flow across its orifice.14 When rheumatic fever results in mitral stenosis, the slope of the anterior leaflet from point e-f is reduced below the normal range of 80-150 mm/set, the response to atria1 systole is obliterated, and the posterior leaflet tends to follow the anterior in diastole (Fig. 2).3*7 M-mode echocardiography has been of limited value in assessing severity of mitral stenosis; the abnormal echographic pattern may also be found in patients with left ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension.” The newer two-dimensional
An analytic formulation for heating source memory in the thermospheric composition

Numerical calculations from a spectral circulation model are utilized to construct an analytic Green's function formulation describing the meridional, time-dependent thermospheric composition and temperature response during magnetic storms. The purpose is to develop a formulation that embodies source memory while being sufficiently simple to serve as a heuristic guide for empirical modeling. By passing from the discrete Fourier series representation, utilized for the numerical circulation model, to a continuous Fourier integral representation, explicit waves are obtained for the thermospheric response times. The response times are altitude and species dependent and can exceed two days below 200 km. Thus, for certain storm scenarios, pronounced source memory signatures for the composition and temperature are predicted. Response times obtained from the formulation are shown to give a response consistent with previously published neutral composition data from AE-C for the February 1974 storm when an ap dependent heat source is employed.
Korz: Simple, Symmetric, Subjective, Context-Oriented Programming

Korz is a new computational model that provides for context-oriented programming by combining implicit arguments and multiple dispatch in a slot-based model. This synthesis enables the writing of software that supports contextual variation along multiple dimensions, and graceful evolution of that software to support new, unexpected dimensions of variability, without the need for additional mechanism such as layers or aspects. With Korz, a system consists of a sea of method and data slots in a multidimensional space. There is no fixed organization of slots into objects - a slot pertains to a number of objects instead of being contained by a single object - and slots can come together according to the implicit context in any given situation, yielding subjective objects. There is no dominant decomposition, and no dimension holds sway over any other. IDE support is essential for managing complexity when working with the slot space and with subjectivity, allowing the task at hand to dictate what subspaces to isolate and what dominance of dimensions to use when presenting nested views to the user. We have implemented a prototype interpreter and IDE, and used it on several examples. This early experience has revealed much that needs to be done, but has also shown considerable promise. It seems that Korz's particular combination of concepts, each well-known from the past, is indeed more powerful than the sum of its parts.
A clonal derivative of mammary epithelial cell line COMMA-D retains stem cell characteristics of unique morphological and functional heterogeneity.

The COMMA-D cell line derived from mammary epithelial cells of midpregnant mice was shown previously to be heterogeneous as determined by phase-contrast microscopy, immunocytochemical staining, DNA content, and oncogenic potential (K.D. Danielson et al. (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 3756; D. Medina et al. (1986) J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 76, 1143). Clonal subpopulations of COMMA-D cells have now been isolated by both transfection and selection using a dominant-selectable gene transfer vector and by limiting dilution. Despite their clonal origin, these subpopulations in many cases retained the heterogeneity of the parental COMMA-D line. Of 18 clonal lines assayed, only 5 were able to express beta-casein mRNA. Pooled populations of G418-resistant cells expressed substantially higher levels of beta-casein mRNA than the clonal lines. One of the expressing clonal lines, BNW-7, was characterized further, using immunocytochemical techniques. Approximately 10% of BNW-7 cells expressed casein under the appropriate hormonal and cell-substratum conditions by indirect immunofluorescent staining. Casein immunoperoxidase staining of BNW-7 cells on floating collagen gels revealed that casein-producing cells were localized in small alveolar structures, which were formed in a non-hormone-dependent fashion. The cells in these alveolar structures were cuboidal with basally located nuclei, expressed keratin intermediate filament proteins preferentially, and comprised approximately 18% of the total cells. Cells elsewhere on the surface of the gel displayed a flattened morphology, and expressed vimentin intermediate filament proteins preferentially. A proportion of COMMA-D cells, therefore, appeared to have some of the characteristics of mammary stem cells, and retained the ability to differentiate and form phenotypically heterogeneous cell populations in vitro.
Diagnosis and management of cardiac tamponade in the era of echocardiography

Cardiac tamponade is a life-threatening condition. Accurate diagnosis and prompt intervention are necessary. Classically, clinical features of tamponade include pulsus paradoxus, tachycardia, increased jugular venous pressure, and hypotension. With the advent of echocardiography, confirmation of an effusion and accurate assessment of its hemodynamic impact can be achieved, frequently in the absence of overt clinical manifestations. The decision regarding treatment and timing of intervention must take into account the clinical presentation and echocardiographic findings, along with careful weighing of risks and benefits to the individual patient. Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis is the best available therapy for initial management of cardiac tamponade. It is simple, safe, and effective for removing pericardial fluid and reversing hemodynamic instability, and the use of a pericardial catheter for extended drainage has been associated with significant reduction in recurrence of fluid accumulation.
Mechanistic Aspects of the Effects of Stress on the Rates of Photochemical Degradation Reactions in Polymers

Abstract This review examines the mechanistic origins of the effects of stress on the photochemical degradation rates of polymers. Recent studies have shown that tensile and shear stresses accelerate the rate of the photochemical degradation of polymers. Conversely, compressive stress generally retards the rate of photochemical degradation. After an initial discussion of the photochemical auto‐oxidation mechanism, the three primary hypotheses that purport to explain how stress affects photochemical degradation are examined. The first hypothesis is attributed to Plotnikov, who proposed that stress changes the quantum yields of the reactions that lead to bond photolysis. The second hypothesis, attributed to a number of researchers, says that stress affects the ability of the geminate radical pairs, formed in the photochemical bond cleavage reactions, to recombine. The third hypothesis proposes that stress changes the rates of radical reactions subsequent to radical formation. A further attempt to account fo...
Cap bubbly-to-slug flow regime transition in a vertical annulus

The transition of the cap bubbly-to-slug flow regime was studied by using impedance void meters in a vertical annular flow channel. The characteristics of various flow regimes were demonstrated by the acquired impedance signals. The statistical parameters from the impedance signals were then fed into a self-organizing neural network for pattern categorization. Based on flow visualization, the classified patterns were translated into corresponding flow regimes. In addition, an analytical model was developed to predict the regime transition from cap bubbly to slug flows. Good agreement was obtained between the results by the neural network and the analytical model. Furthermore, comparisons of the model with other researchers’ experimental data also showed satisfactory results.
Citrus tristeza virus-host interactions

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a phloem-limited virus whose natural host range is restricted to citrus and related species. Although the virus has killed millions of trees, almost destroying whole industries, and continually limits production in many citrus growing areas, most isolates are mild or symptomless in most of their host range. There is little understanding of how the virus causes severe disease in some citrus and none in others. Movement and distribution of CTV differs considerably from that of well-studied viruses of herbaceous plants where movement occurs largely through adjacent cells. In contrast, CTV systemically infects plants mainly by long-distance movement with only limited cell-to-cell movement. The virus is transported through sieve elements and occasionally enters an adjacent companion or phloem parenchyma cell where virus replication occurs. In some plants this is followed by cell-to-cell movement into only a small cluster of adjacent cells, while in others there is no cell-to-cell movement. Different proportions of cells adjacent to sieve elements become infected in different plant species. This appears to be related to how well viral gene products interact with specific hosts. CTV has three genes (p33, p18, and p13) that are not necessary for infection of most of its hosts, but are needed in different combinations for infection of certain citrus species. These genes apparently were acquired by the virus to extend its host range. Some specific viral gene products have been implicated in symptom induction. Remarkably, the deletion of these genes from the virus genome can induce large increases in stem pitting (SP) symptoms. The p23 gene, which is a suppressor of RNA silencing and a regulator of viral RNA synthesis, has been shown to be the cause of seedling yellows (SY) symptoms in sour orange. Most isolates of CTV in nature are populations of different strains of CTV. The next frontier of CTV biology is the understanding how the virus variants in those mixtures interact with each other and cause diseases.
Father stress during a child's critical care hospitalization.

Abstract Introduction There is a dearth of research on the experiences of fathers with critically ill children. The specific aim of this study was to examine stress and specific stress symptoms of fathers with a child in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and compare their stress and stress symptoms with those of fathers with a child in a general care unit (GCU). Method In this descriptive, comparative study, fathers were recruited from a large Midwestern children's hospital within 24 hours of their child's admission. The sample included 15 PICU and 10 GCU fathers who completed the Parental Stressor Scale: PICU and the Symptom Checklist–90-Revised. Results PICU fathers perceived significantly greater stress than did GCU fathers from the sights and sounds of the unit and by procedures their child underwent. PICU fathers also reported greater frequencies of stress symptoms, such as headache, low energy, annoyance, and worrying. Discussion Advanced practice and staff nurses should know how fathers of critically ill children feel and what stresses them so they can provide interventions specific for fathers during this stressful time.
Relating Psychology and Neuroscience: Taking Up the Challenges.

Advances in brain research have invigorated an ongoing debate about the relations between psychology and neuroscience. Cognitive science has historically neglected the study of neuroscience, althou...
Remote comets and related bodies: VJHK colorimetry and surface materials

VJHK colors for a number of asteroids and eight comets at various solar distances and levels of activity were obtained, and the observations are interpreted in terms of a two-component mixing model in which outer solar system interplanetary bodies are viewed as mixtures of ice and dark carbonaceous-type (RD and C) dirt. It is inferred that the observed comets have comae, and perhaps surfaces, of dirty ice or ice dirt grains colored by an RD-dirt component. This inference is supported by systematics of an 'alpha index' based on VJHK colors and empirically correlated with albedo and ice/dirt ratio. Among comets the alpha index correlates with solar distance in a way that suggests comets emit dirty ice grains which are stable at large solar distance but from which the ice component sublimes and leaves dirt grains at small solar distance.
Detoxifying enzymes and the effects of temperature on the toxicity of malathion to Oncopeltus fasciatus (Heteroptera) and Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera)

Abstract 1. The effects of ambient temperature (T a ) on the toxicity of malathion to various life cycle stages of Tenebrio molitor and Oncopeltus fasciatus were investigated. 2. Higher T a (35°C) had a significant effect on toxicity, especially at concentrations above 70ppm. Nymphal stages of O. fasciatus were more susceptible than adults. The pupal stage of T. molitor was most resistant to combinations of high T a and insecticide concentration. 3. ld 50 ranged from 0.11 μg/insect to 0.23 ( T. molitor ), and 0.11 to 0.17 ( O. fasciatus ). 4. Activity (μmol/min/mg protein) of carboxylesterase and glutathione S-transferase ranged from 0.72–1.97, and 0.47 to 1.35, respectively.
Corona treatment of polyolefin films—A review

Corona discharge introduces polar groups into the polymeric surfaces and, as a consequence, improves the surface energy, wettability, and adhesion characteristics. The main chemical mechanism of corona treatment is oxidation. This article further discusses some special problems that are related to corona treatment of polyolefin films by reviewing the recent developments in this field, such as effect of corona treatment on adhesion, effect of resin additives on corona treatment, insufficient treatment and over-treatment of corona discharge, aging, and re-treatment. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 18: 171–180, 1999
Phosphorylation of chloride-ATPase reconstituted from Aplysia gut.

The present study was primarily done to compare cation-ATPase phosphorylation kinetics with an anion-ATPase’s phosphorylation kinetics because of the paucity of information in this area. Utilizing a proteolipsomal preparation containing Cl–-ATPase from Aplysia gut, it was demonstrated that phosphorylation of this P-type ATPase was absolutely dependent upon Mg2+. In organic phosphate concentrations directly (Pi) enhanced phosphoprotein formation in the presence of increasing concentrations of Mg2+. It was also shown that the calculated rate constant for E1-P formation was 26/sec. This approximated E1-P rate constant values for other electrogenic, uniport P-type ATPases, and therefore it was concluded from the results that the anion-ATPase phosphorylation kinetics did not greatly differ from cation-ATPase phosphorylation kinetics. J. Exp. Zool. 289:472–475, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.