cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nosological tunnel vision in biological psychiatry. A plea for a functional psychopathology.

Classical nosology has been the major cornerstone of biological psychiatric research; finding biological markers and eventually causes of disease entities has been the major goal. Another approach, one we have designated as "functional," seems possible, attempting to correlate biological variables with psychological dysfunctions, the latter being considered to be the basic units of classification in psychopathology. We have pursued this route for many years, and based on the resulting findings we formulated the following hypothesis. Signs of diminished dopamine, serotonine, and noradrenaline metabolism, as have been found in psychiatric disorders, are not disorder-specific, but rather are related to psychopathological dimensions; i.e., hypoactivity/inertia; increased aggression/anxiety and anhedonia, independent of the nosological framework in which these dysfunctions occur (van Praag et al. 1990). In this paper only the 5-HT data have been discussed. Implications of the functional approach for psychiatry are discussed, including a shift from nosological to functional application of psychotropic drugs. Functional psychopharmacology will be dysfunction-oriented and therefore inevitably geared towards utilizing drug combinations. This prospect is hailed as progress, both practically and scientifically.
A nonabelian trace formula

Let E/F be an everywhere unramified extension of number fields with Gal(E/F) simple and nonabelian. In a recent paper, the first named author suggested an approach to nonsolvable base change and descent of automorphic representations of GL2 along such an extension. Motivated by this, we prove a trace formula whose spectral side is a weighted sum over cuspidal automorphic representations of GL 2 ( A E ) $\text {GL}_{2}(\mathbb {A}_{E})$ that are isomorphic to their Gal(E/F)-conjugates. The basic method, which is of interest in itself, is to use functions in a space isolated by Finis, Lapid, and Muller to build more variables into the trace formula. 2010 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 11F70, Secondary 11F66
"Except Like a Tracing": Defectiveness, Accuracy, and Class in Early Warhol*

OCTOBER 140, Spring 2012, pp. 139–164. © 2012 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Andy Warhol’s most astute interpreters have frequently been forced to acknowledge that class plays a key role in his work, and that its manifestations may be stylistic as well as iconographic, but they have typically had a difficult time describing its specific power in any detail. In his review of Warhol’s 1962 show at the Stable Gallery, Michael Fried bemoaned “the advent of a generation that will not be as moved by Warhol’s beautiful, vulgar, heart-breaking icons of Marilyn Monroe as I am” and remarked that “Warhol has a painterly competence, a sure instinct for vulgarity (as in his choice of colors) and a feeling for what is truly human and pathetic in one of the exemplary myths of our time that I for one find moving . . . ”2 The essay is only a few hundred words long, and the repeated references to vulgarity are therefore all the more striking. Vulgarity, as T. J. Clark has convincingly shown, is fundamentally a class-based pejorative: a “betrayal, on the part of those who by rights ought to be in the vanguard of good taste.”3 What Fried immediately sees in Warhol is a breach of bourgeois taste that is somehow successfully counterbalanced by the force of Warhol’s aesthetic proficiency.4
Observations on the growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon release-inhibiting activities of somatostatin analogues

Abstract Somatostatin was isolated from extracts of ovine1 and porcine2 hypothalamic tissue and was found to be a cyclic tetradecapeptide with the following sequence: Subsequent studies revealed that the peptide not only had inhibiting effects on growth hormone (GH) release, but also on pituitary thyrotropin (TSH) and a large array of gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones, including insulin, glucagon, gastrin and gastric acid, secretin, CCK, GIP, VIP, and motilin. These activities have been recently reviewed.3 The therapeutic value of somatostatin in several important areas is diminished by its broad spectrum of activities. As with most naturally occurring peptides, somatostatin also has a short biologic half-life, 4 making its long-term use impractical. Therefore, analogues are being designed for enhanced, prolonged, and selective activities. In addition, competitive inhibitors of somatostatin could be of great interest and pharmacologic value.
Generic thermal analysis for phone and tablet systems

Thermal management of handheld systems such as smart phones and tablet systems is becoming increasingly challenging due to increasing power dissipation. These mobile systems pose a significant challenge for implementation of traditional cooling schemes such as heat sinks and fans due to form factor limitations. Instead, new advanced cooling schemes have been developed. This article presents thermal model development from an analysis of today's smart phone thermal management schemes and application of these techniques to a tablet system. Application processor temperature rise and tablet skin temperature are reported for thermal enhancement simulations using this tablet system. Some guiding principles are provided for efficient thermal design of handheld systems.
Intracardiac acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) and shear wave imaging in pigs with focal infarctions

Four pigs, three with focal infarctions in the apical intraventricular septum (IVS) and/or left ventricular free wall (LVFW), were imaged with an intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) transducer. Custom beam sequences were used to excite the myocardium with focused acoustic radiation force (ARF) impulses and image the subsequent tissue response. Tissue displacement in response to the ARF excitation was calculated with a phase-based estimator, and transverse wave magnitude and velocity were each estimated at every depth. The excitation sequence was repeated rapidly, either in the same location to generate 40 Hz M-modes at a single steering angle, or with a modulated steering angle to synthesize 2-D displacement magnitude and shear wave velocity images at 17 points in the cardiac cycle. Both types of images were acquired from various views in the right and left ventricles, in and out of infarcted regions. In all animals, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) and shear wave elasticity imaging (SWEI) estimates indicated diastolic relaxation and systolic contraction in noninfarcted tissues. The M-mode sequences showed high beat-to-beat spatio-temporal repeatability of the measurements for each imaging plane. In views of noninfarcted tissue in the diseased animals, no significant elastic remodeling was indicated when compared with the control. Where available, views of infarcted tissue were compared with similar views from the control animal. In views of the LVFW, the infarcted tissue presented as stiff and non-contractile compared with the control. In a view of the IVS, no significant difference was seen between infarcted and healthy tissue, whereas in another view, a heterogeneous infarction was seen to be presenting itself as non-contractile in systole.
A decomposition approach for the fuel-constrained economic power-dispatch problem

Abstract We consider a special class of non-convex programs that are encountered in dispatching the generating units of an electric company. The general form of these problems is { min c T x:l j ⩽A j x j ⩽u j ,x j ⩾0,∑ j=1 m x i,t j =f i (y i,t ),By=d,y⩾0} , where c⩾0, all entries in A are non-negative, and fi(yi,t)⩾0. We show that one can achieve global optimality in the case of lj=0. For the special case in which Aj is a vector of ones, we suggest an alternative formulation in which the non-linearity is moved to the objective function. Numerical results indicate significant improvement in the number of iterations and computer time needed to solve the problem.
Computational determination of side chain specificity for pockets in class I MHC molecules

We show that a rapidly executable computational procedure provides the basis for a predictive understanding of antigenic peptide side chain specificity, for binding to class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The procedure consists of a combined search to identify the joint conformations of peptide side chains and side chains comprising the MHC pocket, followed by conformational selection, using a target function, based on solvation energies and modified electrostatic energies. The method was applied to the B pocket region of five MHC molecules, which were chosen to encompass the full range of specificities displayed by anchors at peptide position 2. These were a medium hydrophobic residue (Leu or Met) for HLA-A∗0201, a basic residue (Arg or Lys) for HLA-B∗2705; a small hydrophobic residue (Val) for HLA-A∗6801, an acidic residue (Glu) for HLA-B∗4001 and a bulky residue (Tyr) for H-2Kd. The observed anchors are correctly predicted in each case. The agreement for HLA-B40 and H-2Kd is especially promising, since their structures have not yet been determined experimentally. Because the experimental determination of motifs by elution is difficult and these calculations take only hours on a high speed workstation, the results open the possibility of routine determination of motifs computationally.
Bond lengths and valences in tungsten oxides

Abstract Equations relating bond strength (valence) to bond length have been developed for tungsten-oxygen and phosphorus-oxygen bonds. Bond-valence sums have been carried out for the different tungsten atoms in phosphate tungsten bronzes and other mixed-valence tungsten oxides and for the Mo atoms in TeMo5O16. Valences intermediate between 5 and 6 are generally found, in agreement with physical measurements that indicate delocalization of d electrons in these materials. Evidence is presented that shows that the degree of distortion of WO6 octahedra increases with apparent oxidation state of tungsten.
The wildfire factor

Events such as wildfires, occurring on a tiny area of the globe, can have a huge impact on the global carbon cycle. This much is plain from investigation of the terrible fires that afflicted Indonesia five years ago.
Metamorphism and deformation along the emplacement thrust of the Samail ophiolite, Oman

Abstract The base of the Samail ophiolite is a metamorphic shear zone that provides key information about ophiolite emplacement. The classic exposure of this metamorphic sole at Wadi Tayin consists of a few meters of garnet-clinopyroxene mafic gneiss and 80 m of upper amphibolite facies mafic and quartzose tectonite, overlying 150 m of lower amphibolite facies mafic and sedimentary schist. The sole is bounded by faults but is internally coherent. Peak metamorphic temperatures decrease exponentially, from ∼ 825°C at the top of the sole to ∼ 500°C at its base, as documented by changes in grain size, hornblende composition, the disappearance of chlorite and epidote, garnet-clinopyroxene element partitioning, and garnet-hornblende partitioning. The inverted peak temperature gradient decreases from > 4000°C/km in the upper 50 m to ∼ 100°C/km in the lower 150 m. Contrary to earlier reports, greenschist-facies tectonites are not present at Wadi Tayin, although the entire sole underwent greenschist-facies retrogression, driven by the influx of fluids from the overlying peridotite or underlying carbonate. Calculations based on an amphibolite constitutive relation reveal that, although the section represents a lithologic continuum, the lower 200 m of the sole is a relatively undeformed block whereas the uppermost 25 m represent material initially separated by tens to a couple of hundreds of kilometers and now integrated into a single column.
The topography of scalp potentials evoked by pattern pulse stimuli

Pattern pulse stimuli evoke activity in two distinct regions of the human visual cortex in temporal sequence. The earlier responding region (implicit time 93 msec) is localized to a relatively small region near Oz. Its topography is very sensitive to the position of the evoking stimulus in the visual field; it is dominated by a representation of the visual field near the vertical meridian. The later responding cortical region (implicit time 131 msec) is larger than the earlier one. Its medial border touches the lateral border of the earlier responding cortical region and it extends several cm laterally. Its topography is much less sensitive to the position of the evoking stimulus in the visual field. Stimuli presented to the ipsilateral field evoke either weak or no measurable activity in the earlier responding cortical region but often evoke measurable activity near the lateral boundary of the later responding cortical region. These results suggest that the earlier responding cortical region is striate cortex and that the later responding cortical region is composed of visual areas V2, V3, V3A, and V4.
Electrohydrodynamically Enhanced Convective Boiling: Relationship Between Electrohydrodynamic Pressure and Momentum Flux Rate

The relationship between the mean radial electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pressure and the rate of the axial momentum flux and its influence on heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop in EHD-enhanced convective boiling of R-134a in a horizontal smooth tube was investigated in detail. A simple theory, which included the characteristics of two-phase flow, was developed to determine the mean radial EHD pressure. The amount of heat transfer enhancement and the pressure drop penalty were dependent upon the size of the mean radial EHD pressure relative to the rate of the axial momentum flux. The influence of the mass flux, change in quality, and saturation temperature on the mean radial EHD pressure relative to the rate of the axial momentum flux was also studied. This study has provided a greater understanding of EHD enhancement of the convective boiling heat transfer
Abstract 3324: The endocannabinoid system inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis by modulating the EGF/EGFR pathway

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading form of cancer with limited treatment regimens and is a major cause of cancer related mortality in the United States. The endocannabinoid system composed of two cannabinoid receptors- CB1 and CB2, their endogenous ligands and the enzymes for their metabolism has been implicated in several pathophysiological conditions. They have been extensively studied in various cancers as inhibitors of tumor cell growth by modulating key cell survival pathways. Anandamide (AEA), a well characterized neurotransmitter is an endogenous cannabinoid and agonist for the cannabinoid receptor CB1. One way to enhance the effect of endocannabinoid signaling is to inhibit the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), which metabolizes AEA by using the selective FAAH inhibitor URB597. To understand the physiological role of the endocannabinoid system, the NSCLC cell lines A549 and H460 were treated with either Met-F-AEA, URB597 or in combination and subjected to further analysis. Cells which were incubated in combination with Met-F-AEA and URB597 showed reduced proliferative and chemotactic activities in vitro when compared to AEA alone, which were confirmed by reduced MMP2 secretion and stress fiber formation. Also, we have shown that the combination treatment modulates activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream targets. In response to EGFR pathway activation, cells treated with Met-F-AEA in combination with URB597 underwent GO/G1 cell cycle arrest, ultimately leading to apoptosis via activation of caspase-9 and PARP. Furthermore, these results were validated in vivo in a xenograft nude mouse model system. Mouse xenografts treated with both Met-F-AEA and URB597 underwent reduction in tumor growth when compared to Met-F-AEA or URB597 alone. In summary, our results presented here show that Met-F-AEA in combination with URB597 inhibits the EGFR pathway, resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our findings suggest a novel perspective for the antitumorigenic activity of the endocannabinoid Met-F-AEA when used in combination with URB597 in NSCLC. Citation Format: Janani Ravi, Amita Sneh, Konstantin Shilo, Mohd Nasser, Ramesh Ganju. The endocannabinoid system inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis by modulating the EGF/EGFR pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3324. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3324
Contribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors in the secretion of catecholamines evoked by endogenous and exogenous acetylcholine

The aim of the present study was (1) to evaluate the functional contribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors of the rat adrenal medullary cells in the secretion of catecholamines evoked by exogenous and endogenous acetylcholine, (2) to know whether the ratio of epinephrine to norepinephrine in the perfusate of the adrenal gland stimulated with various agents was comparable and close to that in the adrenal medulla, and (3) to study the effect of tetrodotoxin on the secretion of catecholamine evoked by nicotine and muscarine. Using nicotine and muscarine as agonists, and hexamethonium and atropine as antagonists, we found that the adrenal gland of the rat contains nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and both are linked to the secretion of catecholamines. However, these receptors are activated in a different manner by endogenous and exogenous acetylcholine. Secretion evoked by injected acetylcholine was barely blocked by either hexamethonium or atropine, but their combination produced a block. In contrast, secretion evoked by endogenous acetylcholine (splanchnic nerve stimulation) was largely reduced (75%) by hexamethonium alone. The ratios of epinephrine to norepinephrine in the perfusate were comparable before and after stimulation of the adrenal gland with nicotine, acetylcholine, or K+; the ratio was slightly higher for muscarine. Tetrodotoxin blocked the nicotine-evoked secretion by about 75% but had very little effect on the secretion evoked by muscarine. We suggest that nicotinic receptors are primarily concentrated in the synaptic zones and are involved in the physiological stimulation of the adrenal medulla, whereas extrasynaptic regions contain a mixture of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, which are activated by injected acetylcholine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationship Between Friendship and Happiness: Perceived Responses to Capitalization Attempts, Feelings of Mattering, and Satisfaction of Basic Psychological Needs in Same-Sex Best Friendships as Predictors of Happiness

Friendship is a consistent correlate of happiness, yet less is known about the associations of friendship specific experiences and feelings with happiness. In this study (n = 4,382) the roles of perceived responses to capitalization attempts, perceived mattering to and satisfaction of basic psychological needs in same-sex best friendships in happiness among men and women were investigated. Findings showed that although all of the friendship variables were positively associated with happiness to varying degrees, basic needs satisfaction emerged as the strongest predictor of happiness. Additional analyses revealed that competence need satisfaction was the most important need predicting happiness. Importantly, these findings were gender invariant. The findings were discussed in light of theory and empirical literature and suggestions were made for future research.
Will NATO deploy European missile defenses

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is developing doctrine and programs to protect its peacekeeping forces and its European territory against attack by ballistic missiles based in the Middle East or North Africa. Upper tier systems such as the U.S. Theater High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) and Navy Theater Wide Defense would be essential to population defense. Because we cannot predict how rapidly the missile threat to Europe will increase, we cannot now project the extent or context of European missile defenses. Three possibilities are (1) slow deployment because of some combination of less‐than‐expected threat and European reluctance to pay for missile defenses; (2) a global missile defense system built jointly by NATO and Russia; and (3) a purely NATO defense of Europe, based primarily on U.S. technology. In certain circumstances, Russia might challenge NATO's deployment of upper tier defenses in Europe as a violation of the Anti‐Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, even after the U.S.‐Russian de...
Soaking up RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) describes the ability of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to inhibit homologous gene expression at the RNA or DNA level. In a recent paper, Feinberg and Hunter report that a single transmembrane dsRNA transport protein may enable RNAi to spread systemically from one cell to another.
CCKA receptors mediate slow depolarizations in cultured mammalian sympathetic neurons.

Abstract The effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) was examined in guinea-pig celiac ganglion (CG) neurons in primary culture using standard intracellular recording techniques. Sulfated CCK-8 (CCK-8S; 1 μM) evoked slow depolarizing responses in 94% of CG neurons tested. In contrast, membrane potential was not affected by nonsulfated CCK-8 (CCK-8NS; 1 μM), CCK tetrapeptide (CCK-4; 1 μM), or gastrin (1 μM). The selective CCKA receptor antagonist L 364,718 potently inhibited CCK-8S-induced slow depolarizations(IC50 2.9 pM). In contrast, the selective CCKB receptor antagonist L 365,260 was a weak inhibitor of CCK-8S-induced slow depolarizations (IC50 1.3 μM). The depolarizing responses to CCK-8S were associated with an average increase in cell input resistance of 61%. Single electrode voltage clamp experiments indicated that CCK-8S-induced depolarizations were associated with a slow inward shift in holding current. Thus, the present findings indicate that guinea-pig cultured CG neurons are endowed with excitatory CCKA receptors the activation of which elicits a decrease in membrane conductance, thereby resulting in slow depolarizations.
New digital signature scheme based on discrete logarithm

A new digital signature scheme based on the discrete logarithm is presented. The advantages of this scheme over the ElGamal signature scheme are that it simplifies the signature generation process, it speeds up the signature verification process, it has a broadband subliminal channel to allow any secret information to be concealed in the signature and the secret information can only be recovered by the insiders with the secret key shared with the signer, and it can provide an efficient multisignature.
Double tuning a single input probe for heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy at low field

Applications of PASADENA in biomedicine are continuing to emerge due to recent demonstrations that hyperpolarized metabolic substrates and the corresponding reaction products persist sufficiently long to be detected in vivo. Biomedical applications of PASADENA typically differ from their basic science counterparts in that the polarization endowed by addition of parahydrogen is usually transferred from nascent protons to coupled storage nuclei for subsequent detection on a higher field imaging instrument. These pre-imaging preparations usually take place at low field, but commercial spectrometers capable of heteronuclear pulsed NMR at frequencies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz are scarce though, in comparison to single channel consoles in that field regime. Reported here is a probe circuit that can be used in conjunction with a phase and amplitude modulation scheme we have developed called PANORAMIC (Precession And Nutation for Observing Rotations At Multiple Intervals about the Carrier), that expands a single channel console capability to double or generally multiple resonance with minimal hardware modifications. The demands of this application are geared towards uniform preparation, and since the hyperpolarized molecules are being detected externally at high field, detection sensitivity is secondary to applied field uniformity over a large reaction volume to accommodate heterogeneous chemistry of gas molecules at a liquid interface. The probe circuit was therefore configured with a large (40 mL) Helmholtz sample coil for uniformity, and double-tuned to the Larmor precession frequencies of 13C/1H (128/510 kHz) within a custom solenoidal electromagnet at a static field of 12 mT. Traditional (on-resonant) as well as PANORAMIC NMR signals with signal to noise ratios of approximately 75 have been routinely acquired with this probe and spectrometer setup from 1024 repetitions on the high frequency channel. The proton excitation pulse width was 240 μs at 6.31 W, compared to a carbon-13 pulse width of 220 μs at 2.51 W. When PANORAMIC refocusing waveforms were transmitted at a carrier frequency of 319 kHz, integrated signal intensities from a spin-echo sequence at both proton (510 kHz) and carbon-13 (128 kHz) frequencies were within experimental error to block pulse analogs transmitted on resonance. We anticipate that this probe circuit design could be extended to higher and lower frequencies, and that when used in conjunction with PANORAMIC phase and amplitude modulated arrays, will enable low field imaging consoles to serve as multinuclear consoles.
Colorimetric determination of aconitic acid in sugar cane juice

Abstract The Poe-Barrentine method of determining aconitic acid in sorgo juice has been modified and extended to sugar cane juice. A stock solution of aconitic acid in ethyl ether is used to prepare standard samples which are then dried and reacted with a mixture of acetic anhydride and pyridine for the Furth- Herrmann reaction. After each sample has stood for 45 min, its absorbance is read at 550 nm to give a standard plot which is linear from 20 to 200 μg of acid. For cane juices, after acidification to pH 1.3 with sulfuric acid, the sample is extracted with 2-butanone, the extract is dried, and the reaction is accomplished in the same manner.
Existence of solutions for linear hyperbolic initial-boundary value problems in a rectangle

In a recent article, we achieved the well-posedness of linear hyperbolic initial and boundary value problems (IBVP) in a rectangle via semigroup method, and we found that there are only two elementary modes called hyperbolic and elliptic modes in the system. It seems that, there is only one set of boundary conditions for the hyperbolic mode, while there are infinitely many sets of boundary conditions for the elliptic mode, which can lead to well-posedness. In this article, we continue to consider linear hyperbolic IBVP in a rectangle in the constant coefficients case and we show that there are also infinitely many sets of boundary conditions for hyperbolic mode which will lead to the existence of a solution. We also have uniqueness in some special cases. The boundary conditions satisfy the reflection conditions introduced in Section 3, which turn out to be equivalent to the strictly dissipative conditions.
Monopole catalysis of baryon decay

In the presence of magnetic monopoles, the baryon-number-violating effecs of grand unified gauge theories are not suppressed by inverse powers of the unification mass. As a result, monopoles catalyse proton decay at rates typical of the strong interactions. This phenomenon is caused by boundary conditions which must be imposed on fermion fields at the monopole core. They mix quarks and leptons and cause the monopole to have indefinite baryon number. We present a simplified account of these phenomena as well as their implications for proton decay and monopole search experiments.
Issues in the Integration of Standardized Nursing Language for Populations: A Study of Drug‐Exposed Infants' Records

This study investigates nursing documentation thereby illustrating issues in the integration of standardized nursing language for vulnerable populations. The records of 145 drug-exposed infants referred to a VNA for home care services from 1988-94 were reviewed to determine the most frequent nursing problem statements, interventions, and outcomes. When adjustments were made using key words, the most frequent nursing problem statements involved "caretaking/parenting." Intervention language did not describe nursing actions which could be linked to standard language, even by key words. Outcomes did not appear to be attributable to nursing interventions. The discussion section considers issues which must be resolved before standardized labels can ethically be applied to populations.
The use of methylphenidate in Michigan.

Objective: To describe the epidemiologic findings associated with the use of methylphenidate hydrochloride among children aged 0 to 19 years in Michigan. Design: A population-based data set of all prescriptions filed with the Michigan Triplicate Prescription Program during February and March 1992 was analyzed, maintaining complete anonymity. Setting: State of Michigan. Participants: All patients receiving a prescription for methylphenidate who are residents of Michigan, and all physicians prescribing methylphenidate. Interventions: None. Main Outcome Measures: Descriptive data. Results: Eleven of 1000 Michigan residents between the ages of 0 and 19 years received a prescription for methylphenidate during the study period. Eighty-four percent were boys. Boys aged 10 or 11 years received more prescriptions for methylphenidate than any other age group—43 per 1000. The number of children receiving prescriptions for methylphenidate ranged from 2.5 to 28 per 1000. The range for boys aged 10 or 11 years was from 9.6 to 117 per 1000. Primary care physicians wrote 84% of all prescriptions; pediatricians wrote 59% of the prescriptions for patients younger than 20 years old. Half of the prescriptions written by pediatricians were written by 5% of the pediatricians in the state. Conclusions: Michigan has been among the states with the highest per capita consumption of methylphenidate for the past 10 years. The major use of methylphenidate is for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The number of boys in Michigan aged 10 or 11 years who were treated with methylphenidate was similar to the national prevalence of the disorder, 3% to 5%. A tenfold variation was noted in the percentage of children medicated when the data were analyzed by county. Relatively few pediatricians account for the largest proportion of prescriptions. Future studies are needed to link the use of methylphenidate with diagnostic and treatment considerations in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:675-679)
The polymorphisms of various short tandem repeats on the Y chromosome in Japanese and German populations.

In the present study we have analyzed the genotypes at the DYS389-I, DYS389-II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS393 and DYS19 loci on the Y chromosome in Japanese and German populations. The genotypes were determined in the white blood cell DNA of 200 Japanese and 111 German males. The 8-locus haplotype combination of these six loci with our previous data on DYS388 and DYS392 revealed much lower maximum matching probability (0.0053 in Japanese and 0.0092 in Germans), much higher minimum diversity (dwmin) (0.9947 in Japanese and 0.9908 in Germans) and more haplotypes (194 in Japanese and 110 in Germans). These very high abilities for discrimination could provide ideal tools for forensic analysis and population studies.
A novel approach to study composition of in situ produced root-derived dissolved organic matter

Carbon (C) compounds released from plant roots comprise a significant and reactive fraction of belowground C pools. These root-derived compounds modify rhizosphere soil and play a vital role in the mobility of nutrients and contaminants within ecosystems. Due to their low concentration, fast turnover, and limited spatial distribution throughout the soil, root-derived compounds are difficult to study. This study combined a 13C pulse-chase technique and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques to analyze root-derived compounds produced in real soil. The pulsed samples displayed distinct enrichment in aliphatic and carbohydrate-type compounds indicating that pulse-chase approaches are a viable technique for isolating root-derived from background DOM. However, multiple NMR techniques may be necessary to develop a full profile of root-derived DOM. This is the first use of combined pulse-chase-NMR methodologies to analyze in situ produced root-derived DOM. Such a combination is applicable to various experimental designs and/or environmental scenarios, and can provide valuable information for future rhizosphere science.
The influence of acute stress on the regulation of conditioned fear

Fear learning and regulation is a prominent model for describing the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders and stress-related psychopathology. Fear expression can be modulated using a number of regulatory strategies, including extinction, cognitive emotion regulation, avoidance strategies and reconsolidation. In this review, we examine research investigating the effects of acute stress and stress hormones on these regulatory techniques. We focus on what is known about the impact of stress on the ability to flexibly regulate fear responses that are acquired through Pavlovian fear conditioning. Our primary aim is to explore the impact of stress on fear regulation in humans. Given this, we focus on techniques where stress has been linked to alterations of fear regulation in humans (extinction and emotion regulation), and briefly discuss other techniques (avoidance and reconsolidation) where the impact of stress or stress hormones have been mainly explored in animal models. These investigations reveal that acute stress may impair the persistent inhibition of fear, presumably by altering prefrontal cortex function. Characterizing the effects of stress on fear regulation is critical for understanding the boundaries within which existing regulation strategies are viable in everyday life and can better inform treatment options for those who suffer from anxiety and stress-related psychopathology.
High-performance liquid chromatographic method for measurement of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin.

An HPLC method for analysis of deethylation of 7-ethoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (ETFMC), a substrate of various enzymes of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, was developed. ETFMC was incubated at 37°C with human hepatic microsomes or microsomes prepared from a lymphoblastoid cell line that expresses human CYP2B6. Under these conditions, the highly fluorescent metabolite 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (HTFMC) is formed. The metabolite was analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detection. The limits of detection of the metabolite were 5.0 fmol per injection, a sensitivity at least one order of magnitude greater than the standard method, which does not involve HPLC. This method will be of great utility when quantities of microsomal protein from cell lines expressing human CYP enzymes are limited.
A short proof of Chvátal's Watchman Theorem

Abstract This note contains a short proof of Chvatal's Watchman Theorem using the existence of a three-coloring of a triangulated polygon.
Spatial Mixture Modelling for Unobserved Point Processes: Examples in Immunofluorescence Histology

We discuss Bayesian modelling and computational methods in analysis of indirectly observed spatial point processes. The context involves noisy measurements on an underlying point process that provide indirect and noisy data on locations of point outcomes. We are interested in problems in which the spatial intensity function may be highly heterogenous, and so is modelled via flexible nonparametric Bayesian mixture models. Analysis aims to estimate the underlying intensity function and the abundance of realized but unobserved points. Our motivating applications involve immunological studies of multiple fluorescent intensity images in sections of lymphatic tissue where the point processes represent geographical configurations of cells. We are interested in estimating intensity functions and cell abundance for each of a series of such data sets to facilitate comparisons of outcomes at different times and with respect to differing experimental conditions. The analysis is heavily computational, utilizing recently introduced MCMC approaches for spatial point process mixtures and extending them to the broader new context here of unobserved outcomes. Further, our example applications are problems in which the individual objects of interest are not simply points, but rather small groups of pixels; this implies a need to work at an aggregate pixel region level and we develop the resulting novel methodology for this. Two examples with with immunofluorescence histology data demonstrate the models and computational methodology.
β-Catenin and BMP-2 Synergize to Promote Osteoblast Differentiation and New Bone Formation

Mutations of critical components of the Wnt pathway profoundly affect skeletal development and maintenance, probably via modulation of beta-catenin signaling. We tested the hypothesis that beta-catenin is involved in mesenchymal lineage allocation to osteogenic cells using a beta-catenin mutant with constitutive transcriptional activity (DeltaN151). Although this stable beta-catenin had no effects by itself on osteogenic differentiation of multipotent embryonic cell lines, it synergized with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) resulting in dramatic stimulation of alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin gene expression, and matrix mineralization. Likewise, DeltaN151 and BMP-2 synergistically stimulated new bone formation after subperiosteal injection in mouse calvaria in vivo. Conversely, DeltaN151 prevented adipogenic differentiation from pre-adipocytic or uncommitted mesenchymal cells in vitro. Intriguingly, the synergism with BMP-2 on gene transcription occurred without altering expression of Cbfa1/Runx2, suggesting actions independent or downstream of this osteoblast-specific transcription factor. Thus, beta-catenin directs osteogenic lineage allocation by enhancing mesenchymal cell responsiveness to osteogenic factors, such as BMP-2, in part via Tcf/Lef dependent mechanisms. In vivo, this synergism leads to increased new bone formation.
NOTES: Disposition of Pharmaceutical Samples from a Private Medical Clinic

Pharmaceutical samples are given to patients in many physicians’ offices. Samples are likely to be of benefit by allowing patients to start medications sooner than otherwise possible, enabling patients to try medications before purchase, and helping doctors supply medications to indigent patients. Sample availability is believed to sway physicians’ prescribing patterns in at least some situations.1 A descriptive study of an academic family medicine residency practice in 1992 showed that a large proportion of samples went to nonpatients such as physicians, employees, and relatives of physicians, or were not accounted for and presumed to have been used by clinic staff or their acquaintances.2 In another study, physicians reported a very high percentage of personal and family use of sample medications.3 We believe from informal observation that a large portion of samples in a private general medical clinic also go to nonpatients.
A Heart for the Work: Journeys through an African Medical School

A Heart for the Work: Journeys through an African Medical School. By CLAIRE L. WENDLAND. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. vii +330 pp. ISBN 0 226 893 278. The first ethnography of an Afr...
The dark side of financial innovation: A case study of the pricing of a retail financial product

Abstract The offering prices of 64 issues of a popular retail structured equity product were, on average, almost 8% greater than estimates of the products' fair market values obtained using option pricing methods. Under reasonable assumptions about the underlying stocks' expected returns, the mean expected return estimate on the structured products is slightly below zero. The products do not provide tax, liquidity, or other benefits, and it is difficult to rationalize their purchase by informed rational investors. Our findings are, however, consistent with the recent hypothesis that issuing firms might shroud some aspects of innovative securities or introduce complexity to exploit uninformed investors.
EUS instrumentation and accessories: a primer.

Advances in therapeutic interventional EUS and new applications for EUS have led to a number of new devices and accessories for EUS. US systems currently available for endoscopic applications include those that are endoscope-based and those that are catheter-based. The endoscope-based systems are of two basic design types: mechanical radial scanning devices and electronic curved array devices. This article provides an overview of the currently available devices as well as those in development.
Effects of estradiol implants on body weight regulation in castrated and intact female rats.

The long-term effects of subcutaneous 17β-estradiol benzoate (EB) capsules on body weight regulation were examined in intact and castrated female rats. EB treatment of intact female rats and EB treatment begun simultaneously with ovariectomy resulted in long-term body weight changes similar to those of untreated control animals. However, when a delay was introduced between ovariectomy and EB treatment, and “obesity” was allowed to develop, EB treatment reduced the rate of body weight gain in proportion to the level of “obesity.” These data show that the subcutaneous implantation of Silastic capsules is an effective technique for providing long-term hormone replacement therapy in rats. In addition, consistent with a “set-point” formulation of body weight regulation, the present work indicates that endogenous estradiol levels serve as an important contribution to the maintenance of long-term energy balance in female rats. (Endocrinology 95: 1733, 1974)
Use of reverse transcription and PCR to discriminate between infectious and non-infectious hepatitis A virus

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is a major cause of infectious hepatitis worldwide. Detection of HAV in contaminated food or water is a priority research area in laboratories worldwide. Our laboratory has reported previously the development of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based detection and typing methods for HAV in contaminated shellfish and produce. It is commonly held that RT-PCR can detect viral genome, but cannot distinguish between infectious and inactivated virus. Therefore, signals obtained after PCR should be considered as false positives unless it can be shown that the sample contains virus capable of infecting a suitable host cell line in culture. We present data to show that this general assumption is not valid. Evidence is provided that demonstrate that signals generated after RT-PCR amplification of viral genome correlated well with the presence of infectious virus in the sample. Viral samples inactivated by heat or UV treatment produced significantly lower signal strength that paralleled infectivity of the sample in cultured cells. The loss of signal strength is most likely the result of damage to the viral RNA that renders it unsuitable for RT-PCR. The correlation between PCR signal and infectivity was better following UV inactivation than heat treatment. The procedure may be adapted to other viruses and inactivating agents.
If This Is Enlightenment Then What Is Romanticism

Building on our published argument that Enlightenment is an event in the history of mediation (This Is Enlightenment, 2010), this essay ventures into the problem of periodization by putting Romanticism into that history. Arguing that Kant’s famous 1784 formulation of a self that dares to know is less a description of Enlightenment than a product of it, we examine the specific mediations that yielded that product – including changes in infrastructure, genres and formats, associational practices, and protocols. We show how Enlightenment emerged as a historical event from those changes as the very medium of mediation – its architecture of forms and tools, people and practices – became load‐bearing: a “platform” for a cumulative, collaborative, and ongoing enterprise. And, we argue, what happened after that event, happened on that platform. The relationship of the Romantic period to Enlightenment is that of an eventuality to an event: Romanticism took shape as a contingent possibility, a coming to terms with ...
Dimeric Endophilin A2 Stimulates Assembly and GTPase Activity of Dynamin 2

Abstract Endophilin, which participates in membrane vesiculation during receptor-mediated endocytosis, is a ∼40 kDa SH3 domain-containing protein that binds to the proline/arginine-rich domain of dynamin, a ∼100 kDa GTPase that is essential for endocytic membrane scission. It has been suggested that endophilin is monomeric in the cytoplasm and dimerizes only after it binds to membranes (or perhaps to dimers or tetramers of dynamin). To clarify this issue, we studied the oligomeric state of endophilin both in vitro using analytical ultracentrifugation and fluorescence anisotropy, and in living cells using two-photon fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy. We analyzed the fluctuation data using the Q-analysis method, which allowed us to determine the intrinsic brightness of the labeled protein complexes and hence its aggregation state in the cytoplasmic regions of the cell. Although a relatively high K d (∼5–15 μ M) was observed in vitro, the cell measurements indicate that endophilin is dimeric in the cytoplasm, even at submicromolar concentrations. We also demonstrate that endophilin significantly enhances the assembly of dynamin, and that this enhancement is proportional to the fraction of dimeric endophilin that is present. Moreover, there is correlation between the concentrations of endophilin that promote dynamin self-assembly and those that stimulate dynamin GTPase activity. These findings support the view that endophilin-dynamin interactions play an important role in endocytosis.
Closed-cavity laminar flows at moderate Reynolds numbers

The paradox reported by Brady & Acrivos (1981) of the non-existence of similarity solutions in the Reynolds-number range 10·25 < R < 147 for the flow in a tube with an accelerated surface velocity is resolved. It is shown that the source of the difficulty lies in the assumption that the tube is infinite in extent. For a finite tube, it is demonstrated that the presence of the closed end, even though far removed from the origin, affects in a fundamental way the structure of the flow throughout the entire tube. The change in the flow structure that occurs in a finite tube at R = 10·25 is caused by the fluid which is returning from the downstream end; it is shown further that the problem of determining the motion in a long finite tube is equivalent to that of selecting the initial condition for the boundary-layer equations that properly takes into account the presence of the reverse flow. By applying a method originally developed by Klemp & Acrivos (1976) for selecting this condition, the flow in a finite tube is determined numerically for Reynolds numbers up to 70. In addition, it is shown that the same change in structure brought about by the returning fluid occurs in a finite two-dimensional channel at R = 57, even though the corresponding similarity solutions exist for all values of R. The results suggest that similarity solutions should be viewed with caution because they may not represent a real flow once a critical Reynolds number is exceeded.