cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions

This study explored the relationship between circadian performance rhythms and rhythms in rectal temperature, plasma cortisol, plasma melatonin, subjective alertness and well-being. Seventeen healthy young adults were studied under 36 h of 'unmasking' conditions (constant wakeful bedrest, temporal isolation, homogenized 'meals') during which rectal temperatures were measured every minute, and plasma cortisol and plasma melatonin measured every 20 min. Hourly subjective ratings of global vigour (alertness) and affect (well-being) were obtained followed by one of two performance batteries. On odd-numbered hours performance (speed and accuracy) of serial search, verbal reasoning and manual dexterity tasks was assessed. On even-numbered hours, performance (% hits, response speed) was measured at a 25-30 min visual vigilance task. Performance of all tasks (except search accuracy) showed a significant time of day variation usually with a nocturnal trough close to the trough in rectal temperature. Performance rhythms appeared not to reliably differ with working memory load. Within subjects, predominantly positive correlations emerged between good performance and higher temperatures and better subjective alertness; predominantly negative correlations between good performance and higher plasma levels of cortisol and melatonin. Temperature and cortisol rhythms correlated with slightly more performance measures (5/7) than did melatonin rhythms (4/7). Global vigour correlated about as well with performance (5/7) as did temperature, and considerably better than global affect (1/7). In conclusion: (1) between-task heterogeneity in circadian performance rhythms appeared to be absent when the sleep/wake cycle was suspended; (2) temperature (positively), cortisol and melatonin (negatively) appeared equally good as circadian correlates of performance, and (3) subjective alertness correlated with performance rhythms as well as (but not better than) body temperature, suggesting that performance rhythms were not directly mediated by rhythms in subjective alertness.
On Emotions: Philosophical Essays

On Emotions: Philosophical Essays is an edited volume of new essays by a number of leading philosophers dealing with a range of topics in contemporary philosophy of emotion. The collection of essay...
Debt, bargaining, and credibility in firm–supplier relationships

Abstract We examine optimal leverage for a downstream firm relying on implicit (self-enforcing) contracts with a supplier. Performing a leveraged recapitalization prior to bargaining increases the firm's share of total surplus. However, the resulting debt overhang limits the range of credible bonuses, resulting in low input quality. Optimal financial structure trades off bargaining benefits of debt with inefficiency resulting from overhang. Consistent with empirical evidence, the model predicts that leverage increases with supplier bargaining power (e.g., unionization rates) and decreases with utilization of non-verifiable inputs (e.g., human capital).
Secondary Johari-Goldstein relaxation in linear polymer melts represented by a simple bead-necklace model

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of linear polymer melts represented using simple bead-necklace models showed for the first time a distinct separation between primary α- and secondary Johari–Goldstein β-processes. The split is observed only for models where the bead diameter is much larger than the bond length connecting the beads. The overlap of neighboring (along the chain) beads results in a mismatch between local intramolecular correlations and intermolecular packing (cage size), which leads to two processes in segmental relaxation characterized by torsional autocorrelation function. The observed β-process shows all characteristics and correlations expected for the true Johari–Goldstein process.
The rate of the reaction of OH with HCl

Using the techniques of laser/flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence, the absolute rate constant for the OH + HCl reaction is measured from 240 to 295 K. Ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry are used to continuously monitor the HCl concentrations. It is shown that the rate constant values obtained in the study are 20-30 percent larger than those recommended by Smith and Zellner (1974) and Ravishankara et al. (1977) for modeling of stratospheric chemistry.
Skeletal Measurements and Growth of the Land Crab, Cardisoma Guanhumi Latreille 1)

[Die Skelettmasse der blauen Farbphase von Cardisoma guanhumi sind dieselben wie die der braunen Phase. Trotz Unterschieden in Pigmentierung und Borstenanordnung uberlappen sich die Reproduktionsperioden beider Phasen genugend, um einen Genaustausch zu ermoglichen. Die beiden Farbphasen reprasentieren daher vermutlich eher polymorphe Gruppen einer Art als sympatrische Arten. Eine Unterscheidung der Geschlechter ist moglich durch verschiedene Skelettmessungen, wenn der Carapax einen Durchmesser von 45 bis 70 mm erreicht hat., Die Skelettmasse der blauen Farbphase von Cardisoma guanhumi sind dieselben wie die der braunen Phase. Trotz Unterschieden in Pigmentierung und Borstenanordnung uberlappen sich die Reproduktionsperioden beider Phasen genugend, um einen Genaustausch zu ermoglichen. Die beiden Farbphasen reprasentieren daher vermutlich eher polymorphe Gruppen einer Art als sympatrische Arten. Eine Unterscheidung der Geschlechter ist moglich durch verschiedene Skelettmessungen, wenn der Carapax einen Durchmesser von 45 bis 70 mm erreicht hat.]
Electron cyclotron resonance deposition and plasma diagnostics of a-Si:H and a-C:H films

Amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films deposited by electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition are discussed. It is shown that the ECR microwave plasma deposition technique can produce a-Si:H films with material qualities similar to and with a deposition rate one order of magnitude higher than for films deposited by radio-frequency glow discharge. The ECR-deposited a-C:H films are characterized by fluorescence, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. In situ optical emission spectroscopy plasma diagnostics indicates that ECR plasmas have a strong emission at 434 nm, which indicates a higher chemical reactivity than radio-frequency glow discharge plasmas. The radio frequency bias to the substrate is found to play a critical role in determining the film structure and the carbon bonding configuration of ECR-deposited a-C:H films.
A Performance Test of the Biproportional Adjustment of Input—Output Coefficients

By use of input–output tables for three different years, the accuracy of the biproportional adjustment of input–output coefficients through time is investigated by comparing estimated and observed matrices. Major and minor input–output coefficients are distinguished. The contribution to the overall deviation by each coefficient category is found to be different. Relative errors are smaller for the major coefficients. The results suggest that the biproportional-adjustment technique provides a reasonable estimate of the more significant coefficients of an input–output matrix.
Generation of neural stem cell-like cells from bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells.

AbstractUnder appropriate culture conditions, bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells are capable of differentiating into diverse cell types unrelated to their phenotypical embryonic origin, including neural cells. Here, we report the successful generation of neural stem cell (NSC)-like cells from BM-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Initially, hMSCs were cultivated in a conditioned medium of human neural stem cells. In this culture system, hMSCs were induced to become NSC-like cells, which proliferate in neurosphere-like structures and express early NSC markers. Like central nervous system-derived NSCs, these BM-derived NSC-like cells were able to differentiate into cells expressing neural markers for neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Whole-cell patch clamp recording revealed that neuron-like cells, differentiated from NSC-like cells, exhibited electrophysiological properties of neurons, including action potentials. Transplantation of NSC-like cells into mouse brain confirmed...
Interface Effects in Strained Thin Films

Crystalline films grown epitaxially on a substrate consisting of a different crystalline material are of considerable interest in optoelectronic devices and the semiconductor industry. The film and substrate have in general different lattice parameters. This lattice mismatch affects the quality of interfaces and can lead to very high densities of misfit dislocations. Here we study the evolution of these misfit dislocations in a single crystal thin film. In particular, we consider the motion of a dislocation gliding on its slip plane within the film and its interaction with multiple obstacles and sources. Our results show the effect of obstacles such as precipitates and other dislocations on the evolution of a threading dislocation in a metallic thin film. We also show that the material becomes harder as the film thickness decreases in excellent agreement with experiments.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Societal marketing: A strategic view of the marketing mix in the 1970's

The marketing environment has experienced dramatic changes in the late 1960's and the 1970's. This article deals with the design of the marketing mix in the 1970's to meet the demand of its changing environment. It encompasses a conprehensive review of the marketing literature pertinent to the subject.
Is long-term etanercept therapy safe and effective in patients with juvenile RA?

Traditional treatment for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) includes the use of NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and DMARDs such as methotrexate; however, these drugs are not effective in all patients. Although the use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors has dramatically improved outcomes in patients with JRA, the long-term safety of these agents in children remains a concern. Lovell et al. recently reported the long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial that had shown in 69 patients that etanercept was effective in the treatment of JRA. In the 8-year, open-label extension study (n = 58), the drug remained well tolerated and few adverse events were reported. These results indicate that a substantial number of patients with JRA will have a sustained response to etanercept and that the drug can be given safely for at least 8 years. Although the patients in this study were diagnosed with polyarticular JRA according to American College of Rheumatology criteria, it is reasonable to generalize the findings to patients with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis as defined by the International League of Associations for Rheumatology guidelines.
Nano- and sub-micron porous polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies: Biomimetic surfaces for human corneal epithelial cells

In vivo, corneal epithelial cells adhere on basement membranes that exhibit porosity on the nanoscale with the diameters of pores and fibers ranging from 20 to 200 nm. Polyelectrolyte multilayers with porosity ranging from the nano to the microscale were assembled to mimic the pore sizes of corneal membranes in vivo. The average pore diameter was found to be 100 nm and 600 nm for the nanoporous and sub-micron porous films respectively. In this study, a purely physical feature, specifically, porosity, provided cues to human corneal epithelial cells. Porous surfaces that exhibited either 100 nm or 600 nm pore diameters supported corneal cell adhesion, however, nanoscale porosity significantly enhanced corneal epithelial cellular response. Corneal epithelial cell proliferation and migration speeds were significantly higher on nanoporous topographies. The actin cytoskeletal organization was well defined and vinculin focal adhesions were found in cells presented with a nanoscale environment. These trends prevailed for fibronectin-coated surfaces as well suggesting that for human corneal epithelial cells, the physical environment plays a defining role in guiding cell behavior.
Chemical Markers for Bacteria in Extraterrestrial Samples

Interplanetary missions to collect pristine Martian surface samples for analysis of organic molecules, and to search for evidence of life, are in the planning phases. The only extraterrestrial samples currently on Earth are lunar dust and rocks, brought back by the Apollo (U.S.) and Luna (Soviet Union) missions to the moon, and meteorites. Meteorites are contaminated when they pass through the Earth's atmosphere, and during environmental exposure on Earth. Lunar fines have been stored on Earth for over 30 years under conditions designed to avoid chemical but not microbiological contamination. It has been extremely difficult to draw firm conclusions about the origin of chemicals (including amino acids) in extraterrestrial samples. Of particular concern has been the possibility of bacterial contamination. Recent work using state-of-the-art gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) has dramatically lowered the chemical background, allowing a clear demonstration that lunar fines are remarkably different from terrestrial dust in that they generally lack certain chemical markers (muramic acid and 3-hydroxy fatty acids) characteristic of Earth's bacteria. Thus, lunar dust might be used as a negative control, in conjunction with GC-MS/MS analyses, in future analytical studies of lunar dust and meteorites. Such analyses may also be important in studies designed to search for the presence of life on Mars.
PMN-PT single-crystal high-frequency kerfless phased array

This paper reports the design, fabrication, and characterization of a miniature high-frequency kerfless phased array prepared from a PMN-PT single crystal for forwardlooking intravascular or endoscopic imaging applications. After lapping down to around 40 μm, the PMN-PT material was utilized to fabricate 32-element kerfless phased arrays using micromachining techniques. The aperture size of the active area was only 1.0 × 1.0 mm. The measured results showed that the array had a center frequency of 40 MHz, a bandwidth of 34% at -6 dB with a polymer matching layer, and an insertion loss of 20 dB at the center frequency. Phantom images were acquired and compared with simulated images. The results suggest that the feasibility of developing a phased array mounted at the tip of a forward-looking intravascular catheter or endoscope. The fabricated array exhibits much higher sensitivity than PZT ceramic-based arrays and demonstrates that PMN-PT is well suited for this application.
The Effect of Residential Mobility and Household Composition on Housing Quality

Annual Housing Survey data are used to examine whether recent movers improve their housing quality through a local move and whether the process differs by household composition. Residential mobility tends to improve housing quality, while differences by sex of household are mediated through higher rates of involuntary mobility, lower incomes, and a higher likelihood of being black among female householders. Implications for future housing policy for different types of female householders are reviewed.
An analysis of crack extension in creeping solids

Abstract A theoretical analysis for the crack growth under creep conditions in ductile materials has been carried out based on the stress distribution in the ligament section and the plastic deformation around the crack zone. The two extreme cases namely: (a) large creep deformation over the entire ligament and; (b) negligible creep deformation even near the crack tip, are considered based on the model proposed. The resulting expressions are compared with the experimental data carried out on a 6061 Al alloy in the temperature range of 0.55–0.65 T m .
TGF-β may control the switch between tumorigenic growth and "stem cell/mesenchymal" potentially drug-resistant states.

Keywords: differentiation; drug-resistance; epithelial-mesenchymal transition; melanoma; TGF-beta; tumor stem cells
Influence of Particle Orientation on One-Dimensional Compression of Montmorillonite

Methods have recently been developed for calculating the double-layer repulsive and the van der Waals attractive forces between two nonparallel clay particles immersed in a fluid system. In the present study, these theories are used in an approximate model of one-dimensional compression to examine the role of particle orientation on the behavior of a montmorillonite. It is shown that consideration of nonparallel fabric could potentially explain the discrepancy observed in the past between experimental and theoretical behaviors.
High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of vancomycin in plasma, bone, atrial appendage tissue and pericardial fluid

Abstract Solid-phase extraction coupled with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and UV detection was employed for the analysis of the antibiotic vancomycin in patient plasma, bone, atrial appendage, and pericardial fluid. Vancomycin was quantitated in samples from patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Calibrations were linear in the range 3–100 μg/ml vancomycin; the lower limit of detection was approximately 3 μg/ml in fluids with an absolute limit of detection in bone samples of 0.75 μg per injection.
Differential effects of eNOS uncoupling on conduit and small arteries in GTP-cyclohydrolase I-deficient hph-1 mice

In the present study, we used the hph-1 mouse, which displays GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I) deficiency, to test the hypothesis that loss of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) in conduit and small arteries activates compensatory mechanisms designed to protect vascular wall from oxidative stress induced by uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Both GTPCH I activity and BH(4) levels were reduced in the aortas and small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. However, the BH(4)-to-7,8-dihydrobiopterin ratio was significantly reduced only in hph-1 aortas. Furthermore, superoxide anion and 3-nitrotyrosine production were significantly enhanced in aortas but not in small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. In contrast to the aorta, protein expression of copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) was significantly increased in small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. Protein expression of catalase was increased in both aortas and small mesenteric arteries of hph-1 mice. Further analysis of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling demonstrated that protein expression of phosphorylated Ser(1177)-eNOS as well as basal cGMP levels and hydrogen peroxide was increased in hph-1 aortas. Increased production of hydrogen peroxide in hph-1 mice aortas appears to be the most likely mechanism responsible for phosphorylation of eNOS and elevation of cGMP. In contrast, upregulation of CuZnSOD and catalase in resistance arteries is sufficient to protect vascular tissue from increased production of reactive oxygen species generated by uncoupling of eNOS. The results of our study suggest that anatomical origin determines the ability of vessel wall to cope with oxidative stress induced by uncoupling of eNOS.
Autophagic Recycling Plays a Central Role in Maize Nitrogen Remobilization

Autophagy is a primary route for nutrient recycling in plants by which superfluous or damaged cytoplasmic material and organelles are encapsulated and delivered to the vacuole for breakdown. Central to autophagy is a conjugation pathway that attaches AUTOPHAGY-RELATED8 (ATG8) to phosphatidylethanolamine, which then coats emerging autophagic membranes and helps with cargo recruitment, vesicle enclosure, and subsequent vesicle docking with the tonoplast. A key component in ATG8 function is ATG12, which promotes lipidation upon its attachment to ATG5. Here, we fully defined the maize (Zea mays) ATG system transcriptionally and characterized it genetically through atg12 mutants that block ATG8 modification. atg12 plants have compromised autophagic transport as determined by localization of a YFP-ATG8 reporter and its vacuolar cleavage during nitrogen or fixed-carbon starvation. Phenotypic analyses showed that atg12 plants are phenotypically normal and fertile when grown under nutrient-rich conditions. However, when nitrogen-starved, seedling growth is severely arrested, and as the plants mature, they show enhanced leaf senescence and stunted ear development. Nitrogen partitioning studies revealed that remobilization is impaired in atg12 plants, which significantly decreases seed yield and nitrogen-harvest index. Together, our studies demonstrate that autophagy, while nonessential, becomes critical during nitrogen stress and severely impacts maize productivity under suboptimal field conditions.
Controversies in the surgical management of sigmoid diverticulitis.

The timing and appropriateness of surgical treatment of sigmoid diverticular disease remain a topic of controversy. We have reviewed the current literature on this topic, focusing on issues related to the indications and types of surgery. Current evidence would suggest that elective surgery for diverticulitis can be avoided in patients with uncomplicated disease, regardless of the number of recurrent episodes. Furthermore, the need for elective surgey should not be influenced by the age of the patient. Operation should be undertaken in patients with severe attacks, as determined by their clinical and radiological evaluation.
Nursing around the world: a perspective on growing concerns and the shortage of care

Correspondence: David E Vance The University of Alabama School of Nursing, Room 456, 1701 University Boulevard, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 35294-1210, USA Tel +1 205 934 7589 Fax +1 205 996 7183 Email devance@uab.edu Global and country specific problems The nursing shortage, population aging, HIV (and the limited resources in which to provide patient care), and keeping up with the exponential knowledge growth represent some of the major and obvious nursing challenges (see Figure 1). For some countries, such challenges are more acute and dire than in others. As such, countries are confronting these problems in unique ways in tandem with their cultural values and endemic resources.
Pairing Virtual Reality with Dynamic Posturography Serves To Differentiate Patients with Visual Vertigo

To determine if increased visual dependence can be quantified through its impact on automatic postural responses, we have measured the combined effect of transient optic flow in the pitch plane with platform rotations and translations on the latencies and magnitudes of postural response kinematics. Six healthy (29-31 yrs) and 4 visually sensitive (27-57 yrs) subjects stood on a platform that was rotated (6 deg of dorsiflexion at 30 deg/sec) or translated (5 cm at 5 deg/sec) for 200 ms. Subjects either had eyes closed or viewed an immersive, stereo, wide field of view virtual environment (scene) that moved in upward pitch at 5 velocities for a 200 ms period. Three 30 sec trials were presented for each visual condition. Kinematics were collected with a motion analysis system and angular displacement of head, trunk, and head with respect to trunk were calculated. EMG responses of 6 trunk and lower limb muscles were collected and latencies and magnitudes of responses determined for each trial. No effect of visual velocity was observed in the EMG response latencies and magnitudes. Large effects of visual field velocity were observed on the magnitudes of head angular displacement in each of the visually sensitive subjects with unique characteristics that can be related to their particular clinical history
Effects of Retrospective Gauge-Based Readjustment of Multisensor Precipitation Estimates on Hydrologic Simulations

This paper presents methodologies for mitigating temporally inconsistent biases in National Weather Service (NWS) real-time multisensor quantitative precipitation estimates (MQPEs) through rain gauge‐ based readjustments, and examines their effects on streamflow simulations. In this study, archived MQPEs over 1997‐2006 for the Middle Atlantic River Forecast Center (MARFC) area of responsibility were readjusted at monthly and daily scales using two gridded gauge products. The original and readjusted MQPEs were applied as forcing to the NWS Distributed Hydrologic Model for 12 catchments in the domain of MARFC. The resultant hourly streamflow simulations were compared for two subperiods divided along November 2003, when a software error that gave rise to a low bias in MQPEs was fixed. It was found that readjustment at either time scale improved the consistency in the bias in streamflow simulations. For the earlier period, independent monthly and daily readjustments considerably improved the streamflow simulations for most basins as judged by bias and correlation. By contrast, for the later period the effects were mixedacrossbasins.Itwasalsofoundthat1)readjustmentstendedtobemoreeffectiveinthecoolratherthan warm season, 2) refining the readjustment resolution to daily had mixed effects on streamflow simulations, and3)at thedaily scale,redistributing gaugerainfallis beneficial forperiodswithsubstantial missingMQPEs.
The electrical conduction in polyimide nanocomposites

The electrical properties of polyimide based nanocomposites were fully investigated by isothermal steady-state current, dielectric spectroscopy, and thermally stimulated current measurements. The effect of nano fillers on the dielectric properties was evaluated via the interfacial polarization as well as the electrical conduction mechanism study. The electrical conduction of polyimide nanocomposites is found to be thermally assisted ionic in nature. The shift of the main thermally stimulated current peak to higher temperatures indicates deeper trapping by incorporating nano fillers. As a result, the nanocomposites will at least maintain the electrical breakdown strength because of the reduced electrical conductivity at elevated temperatures.
Predicting Peak Outflow from Breached Embankment Dams

From 1977 to 1995, a series of regression relations were developed to predict the peak discharge from breached embankment dams. In 2008, a study was conducted to review previous investigations, expand the working database of dam failures, and evaluate the appropriateness of the existing relationships. Forty-four case studies were collected and added to the existing database, resulting in a composite database of 87 case studies. The composite database was evaluated and a statistical analysis was performed using linear, curvilinear, and multiple-regression techniques. Enhanced simple- and multiple-regression expressions were developed to predict peak-breach discharge as a function of the height and/or volume of water behind the dam. A comparison of selected historical and newly derived expressions indicates that three previously developed relations remain valid for conservative peak outflow predictions. Newly developed expressions relating peak outflow as a function of the height (H) and/or volume (V) of wa...
Picture archiving and communication systems (pacs) for medical applications

The appearance of high speed digital electronics and communication technology in radiological sciences is gradually changing the method of acquiring, viewing, communicating, and storing diagnostic images. It is imperative for a diagnostic radiology department to anticipate and prepare for this rapid technological change. The past Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) for Medical Applications conferences were organized for these purposes.
Releasing the Fetters: Parties and the Mobilization of the African-American Electorate

One of the most important functions of political parties is mobilizing the electorate during campaigns in order to help the party and its candidates win elections. To this end, the parties seek out particular types of potential voters, and this research assesses the efforts of the parties to mobilize African-Americans. Using the 1952-96 American National Election Studies and the 1996 National Black Election Study, I examine long-term patterns of party canvassing, bivariate effects of the party canvass on voting rates, and effects of the parties' activities on black voters in 1996. The findings show that the overall contacting rate of blacks is lower than the group's representation in the voting age population (VAP), the Democratic contacting rate is comparable, and the Republican rate is about one-third the VAP proportion. Contacting patterns and effects are related to respondents' integration into local political and religious networks and are statistically and substantively important stimulants of votin...
Reimbursement Trends for Outpatient Interventional Radiology Procedures: Comparison of Hospital and Freestanding Physician Office Sites of Service

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare trends in reimbursement rates between hospital outpatient departments and freestanding physician offices for commonly performed interventional radiology procedures from 2006 through 2010. Methods Using final rules data from the 2006 and 2008 Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System for Medicare and Medicare Physician Fee Schedule, reimbursement rates were calculated for a sample of procedures commonly performed by interventional radiologists in the outpatient setting. Hospital and freestanding reimbursement rates for 2006, 2008, and 2010 (projected) were adjusted for inflation to 2008 dollars and weighted by relative procedure frequency using Medicare Part B claims data. Reimbursements for the entire sample of procedures were compared year to year, by site of service, and by payment system. Individual procedure reimbursements were also trended. Results In 2006, reimbursements for the entire procedure sample were 6% less in hospital outpatient departments than in freestanding offices. In 2008 and 2010, they are projected to be 3% and 23% greater, respectively, in hospital outpatient departments than in freestanding offices. Over the 4-year interval, reimbursements are projected to fall by 36% in freestanding offices and by 16% in hospital outpatient departments. Reimbursements to hospitals for facility costs are projected to decrease by 14%. Reimbursements to physicians for work done in hospital outpatient departments are projected to decrease by 23%. Conclusions Substantial reductions in calculated outpatient interventional radiology practice expenses being phased in between 2006 and 2010 under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule seem to be dramatically reducing reimbursements for interventional procedures performed on outpatients, especially in freestanding offices. The impact of these practice expense reductions on interventional radiology seems to far outweigh that of the Deficit Reduction Act and other recent Medicare reimbursement changes.
Microbubbles for ultrasound diagnosis and therapy

Methods for the local production of microbubbles in vivo are being developed for applications in both diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound. The techniques involve the use of superheated perfluorocarbon droplets that can be vaporized by the application on focused ultrasound. This provides localization of the resulting gas bubbles and control over the number density and size of bubbles being released. For therapeutic ultrasound, large gas bubbles are produced in numbers sufficient to restrict blood flow or the bubbles can act as nuclei for cavitation-based tissue disruption. In lower number density, the bubbles provide targets with ideal properties for aberration correction, which can be used to improve both therapeutic and diagnostic fields.
Comparison of glyburide and insulin for the management of gestational diabetes in a large managed care organization.

Objective This study was undertaken to compare the use of glyburide with insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) unresponsive to diet therapy. Study design A retrospective study was performed among women with singleton pregnancies who had GDM diagnosed, with fasting plasma glucose 140 mg/dL or less on glucose tolerance testing, between 12 and 34 weeks who failed diet therapy from 1999 to 2002. We identified 584 women and compared those treated with insulin between 1999 and 2000 with women treated with glyburide between 2001 and 2002. Maternal and neonatal outcomes and complications were assessed. Statistical methods included univariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression. Results In 1999 through 2000, 268 women had GDM diagnosed and were treated with insulin; in 2001 through 2002, 316 women had GDM diagnosed of which 236 (75%) received glyburide. The 2 groups were similar with regard to age, nulliparity, and historical GDM risk factors; however, women in the insulin group had a higher mean body mass index (31.9 vs 30.6 kg/m 2 , P =.04), a greater proportion identified themselves as white (43%, 28%, P P =.001), and they had a significantly higher mean fasting on glucose tolerance test (105.4 vs 102.4 mg/dL , P =.005) compared with the glyburide group. There were no significant differences in birth weight (3599 ± 650 g vs 3661 ± 629 g, P =.3), macrosomia (24%, 25%, P =.7), or cesarean delivery (35%, 39 %, P =.4). Women in the glyburide group had a higher incidence of preeclampsia (12%, 6 %, P =.02), and neonates in the glyburide group were more likely to receive phototherapy (9%, 5%, P P =.008) though they had a longer NICU length of stay (4.3 ± 9.6 vs 8.0 ± 10.1, P =.002). Posttreatment glycemic control data were available for 122 women treated with insulin and 137 women treated with glyburide. More women in the glyburide group achieved mean fasting and postprandial goals (86%, 63%, P Conclusion In a large managed care organization, glyburide was at least as effective as insulin in achieving glycemic control and similar birth weights in women with GDM who failed diet therapy. The increased risk of preeclampsia and phototherapy in the glyburide group warrant further study.
Mechanisms of Activation of Cardiac Glycogen Phosphorylase in Ischemia and Anoxia

The effects of ischemia and anoxia on cardiac adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) concentration, glycogen phosphorylase activity ratio (-5'-AMP: +5'-AMP), phosphorylase kinase activity ratio (pH 6.8:8.2), and myocardial contractility (left ventricular dP/dt) were studied in an open-chest rat heart preparation. Ischemia produced by termination of coronary blood flow increased cyclic AMP from 0.55 to 0.77 µmoles/kg in 5 seconds and phosphorylase from 0.14 to 0.57 in 20 seconds. Anoxia induced by breathing N2 increased cyclic AMP from 0.50 to 0.62 µmoles/kg in 10 seconds and phosphorylase from 0.14 to 0.65 in 30 seconds. Phosphorylase kinase increased with ischemia but did not change with anoxia. Beta-receptor blockade with practolol prevented the rise in cyclic AMP and phosphorylase kinase but blocked the increase in phosphorylase only in ischemia. Myocardial contractility declined precipitously during the first 20 seconds of anoxia. Epinephrine (0.1 µg/kg) caused an increase in cyclic AMP comparable to that elicited by anoxia, and it produced an increase in dP/dt during N2 breathing. These results suggest that in the intact working heart ischemia induces phosphorylase a formation through a cyclic AMP-dependent transformation of phosphorylase kinase; however, in anoxia phosphorylase a formation depends only on the regulation of the catalytic activity of phosphorylase kinase without conversion of this enzyme to its activated form. An increase in cyclic AMP during anoxia is not associated with a positive inotropic response even though such a response is obtained with epinephrine. Factors other than the elevation of myocardial cyclic AMP may be limiting in the control of both cardiac glycogenolysis and inotropic state.
Transition and unemployment in Central Europe: How redundant workers fare in regional labor markets*

This study analyses whether redundant workers are stigmatized in regional labor markets, and if so, examines the severity of the effects. Stigmatization, possibly an outcome of statistical discrimination, is assumed to obtain whenever likelihoods of long-term unemployment are systematically elevated among otherwise equivalent individuals, due to involuntary job-loss. Such effects are considered during early transition in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Poland, and within a modeling framework whereby current search duration (likelihood of long-term unemployment) and benefit receipt are jointly-determined. Although econometric estimates of long-term unemployment indicate significant and persistent stigmatization within the Slovak Republic and Poland; underlying causation apparently differs between countries.
Structures required for poly(A) tail-independent translation overlap with, but are distinct from, cap-independent translation and RNA replication signals at the 3′ end of Tobacco necrosis virus RNA

Abstract Tobacco necrosis necrovirus (TNV) RNA lacks both a 5′ cap and a poly(A) tail but is translated efficiently, owing in part to a Barley yellow dwarf virus ( BYDV )-like cap-independent translation element (BTE) in its 3′ untranslated region (UTR). Here, we identify sequence downstream of the BTE that is necessary for poly(A) tail-independent translation in vivo by using RNA encoding a luciferase reporter gene flanked by viral UTRs. Deletions and point mutations caused loss of translation that was restored by adding a poly(A) tail, and not by adding a 5′ cap. The two 3′-proximal stem–loops in the viral genome contribute to poly(A) tail-independent translation, as well as RNA replication. For all necroviruses, we predict a conserved 3′ UTR secondary structure that includes the BTE at one end of a long helical axis and the stem–loops required for poly(A) tail-independent translation and RNA replication at the other end. This work shows that a viral genome can harbor distinct cap- and poly(A) tail-mimic sequences in the 3′ UTR.
How spatial layout, interactivity, and persistent visibility affect learning with large displays

Visualizations often use spatial representations to aid understanding, but it is unclear what properties of a spatial information presentation are most important to effectively support cognitive processing. This research explores how spatial layout and view control impact learning and investigates the role of persistent visibility when working with large displays. We performed a controlled experiment with a learning activity involving memory and comprehension of a visually represented story. We compared performance between a slideshow-type presentation on a single monitor and a spatially distributed presentation among multiple monitors. We also varied the method of view control (automatic vs. interactive). Additionally, to separate effects due to location or persistent visibility with a spatially distributed layout, we controlled whether all story images could always be seen or if only one image could be viewed at a time. With the distributed layouts, participants maintained better memory of the associated locations where information was presented. However, learning scores were significantly better for the slideshow presentation than for the distributed layout when only one image could be viewed at a time.
Concurrent performances: Extinction, noncontingent reinforcement andvariably delayed reinforcement

Transitions from variable-interval (VI) reinforcement of a pigeon’s pecks on one key to extinction, noncontingent reinforcement or variably delayed reinforcement of those pecks were arranged with a...
Diurnal Changes in Diameters of Fruits and Tree Stems of Montmorency Cherry

SummaryDiurnal expansion and contraction of fruits and tree stems of Montmorency cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) were studied during various stages of fruit development. Experiments were performed under conditions of frequent irrigation as well as during soil-drying cycles. Fruits in a mid stage of development often shrank during the morning and early afternoon and expanded, beginning in late afternoon and continuing into the night. Fruits in mid stages of development usually shrank more than stems. The time of beginning, amount, and duration of shrinkage varied with the stage of fruit development, soil moisture availability, weather, and degree of internal water stress in the tree. When soil moisture contents were high the amount, time, and ending of daily shrinkage were correlated with conditions affecting transpiration. During early development (stage I) fruits usually increased in diameter in spurts and did not shrink appreciably during the day, except under severe internal water stress. As fruits approach...
Adaptation to Coriolis perturbations of voluntary body sway transfers to preprogrammed fall-recovery behavior.

In a rotating environment, goal-oriented voluntary movements are initially disrupted in trajectory and endpoint, due to movement-contingent Coriolis forces, but accuracy is regained with additional...
Typing of isolates of herpes simplex-virus by mixed agglutination.

SummaryCross-reactions were obtained between HSV type 1 and type 2 rabbit antisera using the mixed agglutination (MA) test for detection of HSV surface antigen on infected cells. Monotypic sera could be prepared by appropriate absorption with cells infected with the heterologous type. Using monospecific sera, HSV isolates were typed by MA. Results obtained by MA revealed solid agreement with kinetic neutralization test. A total of 96 isolates were typed and the association with the clinical situation was as might have been expected. The characteristics of surface antigen produced by HSV type 2 were found to be similar to those described in previous studies from this laboratory for HSV type 1.We thank Mrs. Fumiko Ito for her skillful technical assistance. The cooperation of Mrs. Estelle B. Moses and Miss Mary J. Schwabel of the Erie County Virology Laboratory in providing HSV isolates is greatly appreciated. This investigation was aided by General Research Support Grant RR05400.
Prevalence of Occupational Chronic Cadmium Poisoning in Cadmium Battery Plants

Objective To investigate the incidence of occupational chronic cadmium poisoning in cadmium battery plants and the correlation between working age and the three key diagnosis indicators,including urinary cadmium,urinary retinol binding protein and urinary β2 microglobulin,and to provide the scientific evidence for prevention and control of cadmium poisoning.Methods Forty-five cases diagnosed with cadmium poisoning were served as the study objects,and the diagnosis data were collected for comprehensive analysis by vocational health care investigation,risk factors in site detection and vocational health examination.Results The concentration of cadmium in workplace air was 0.001~0.848 mg/m3,which was higher than that of the requirement of "Operational Site Harm Factor Occupation Contact Limiting Value"(GBZ2.1-2007).Among the 45 cases,RBP was linearly correlated with β2MG content,while urinary cadmium,RBP and β2MG were not linearly correlated with working age.The incidence of accompanying kidney stone was higher in those poisoning cases.Conclusions RBP has greater diagnostic significance for patients with occupational chronic cadmium poisoning,but the diagnostic value of β2MG is subject to decline.It is necessary to strengthen the control of occupational cadmium hazards and control occupational hazards at its sources by replacing cadmium battery with other batteries.
Recognition Efficiency and Reliability of Web Character Display Density

An experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship of information display density,recognition efficiency and reliability.The results indicate that,firstly,density controled by spacing is one of the most important factors which affect search efficiency and there is a reverse U-shaped curve between them;Secondly,when the spacing and character size ratio tends to be 0.7times or the column spacing is 0.3times,there is a minimum reaction time,a maximum recognition efficiency and a higher recognition reliability on the basis of the commonly size of characters.So this can provide an advice to dectermine the proper spacing.
Altered interleukin-6 production by peritoneal leukocytes from patients with endometriosis.

Objectives To investigate the ability of peritoneal leukocytes to produce interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vitro and to determine whether IL-6 is present in the peritoneal fluid (PF) in vivo. Design Peritoneal leukocytes were assessed for spontaneous versus stimulated IL-6 production. Interleukin-6 in the PF was also quantitated. Setting Leukocytes were recovered from PF obtained at the time of diagnostic laparoscopy for pain and infertility or from women undergoing bilateral tubal ligation. Patients The study population included a total of 24 women. Experimental groups consisted of women undergoing tubal ligations (n = 6), patients with postinflammatory pelvic adhesions unrelated to endometriosis (n = 6), and women with minimal to mild endometriosis (n = 6), or moderate to severe disease (n = 6). Results Peritoneal leukocytes from normal control women and patients with severe endometriosis spontaneously produced low levels of IL-6. In contrast, cells from women with mild disease or adhesions spontaneously released twofold to fourfold higher levels of this cytokine. Peritoneal leukocytes from patients with both mild and severe endometriosis were refractory to additional cytokine release directly in response to stimulation with endotoxin. Bioactive IL-6 was present in the PF of all patient groups, whereas immunoreactive IL-6 was not detected in this fluid. Conclusions These data demonstrate that IL-6 was present in the PF of all patient groups. However, the ability of peritoneal leukocytes to produce IL-6 in vitro differed according to stage of disease. We hypothesize that altered leukocyte IL-6 production in vivo may contribute to the pathophysiology of endometriosis.
High-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy

With the ultracold temperatures (T 1012 cm-3) of atoms that can be produced with laser-cooling and trapping techniques, it is now possible to carry out a new kind of high-resolution spectroscopy.1 This "photoassociation spectroscopy" is based on optical absorption resonances between the initially free states of colliding atoms and specific, bound excited molecular states. High resolution can be obtained because of the narrow energy distribution of the ultracold gas.1 Because the initial states are formed by collisions, it becomes possible to probe unique, excited molecular states with very large interatomic separations that are impossible to probe with conventional molecular spectroscopy. The feasibility of this new spectroscopy has been demonstrated in two recent experiments.2,3
Tangled up in Blue: Unraveling the Links Between Emotional Distress and Treatment Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE We conducted comprehensive assessments of emotional distress to examine relations with diabetes medication adherence over time. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Ethnically and socioeconomically diverse adults treated for type 2 diabetes completed validated self-reports (SRs) for diabetes distress and depression, were administered semistructured depression interviews, and provided blood samples for A1C. Medication adherence among 104 participants was electronically monitored (EM) over the subsequent 3 months; validated SRs of medication adherence were also obtained. Hierarchical linear regression evaluated independent effects of diabetes distress and depression on adherence. RESULTS Mean ± SD 3-month medication adherence was 76.1% ± 25.7% for EM and 83.7% ± 21.9% for SR. Higher levels of SR (P CONCLUSIONS Findings support diabetes-related distress and depression symptom severity as risk factors for type 2 diabetes medication nonadherence. Somatic symptoms captured by depression measures, but not cognitive-affective symptoms, independently predict nonadherence and should be further investigated as a potential link between emotional distress and nonadherence.