cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating the direction of lake hydraulic residence in Minnesota’s sentinel lakes: implications for management

Lake hydraulic residence time is can be an important lake management variable that is dependent on several factors including lake volume watershed size location within a watershed and climatic variability The use of the heavy stable isotopes of hydrogen Deuterium expressed as delta D and oxygen delta O can provide some hydrologic insight for the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load TMDL Constructing a detailed lake water budget can be expensive and challenging We show that a limited number of stable isotopic lake composition water delta D and delta O samples over time can aid in inference of source water input mixing and evaporative processes Lake water delta D and delta O were compared to the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor which has a known isotopic concentration at specific latitudes and air temperatures The deviation in amplitudes of the fractionation of lake water to water vapor was modeled to predict hydraulic residence time for twenty four lakes throughout Minnesota Lakes were sampled spring summer and fall over a three year period Results showed a wide range of hydraulic residence time variations occurred in annual source water contributions along with watershed size and connectivity Ranges of estimated annual hydraulic residence time among individual lakes were as great as years and as small as years delta D and delta O ratios were plotted in relation to the Meteoric Water Line MWL for all study lakes Annual D and delta O amplitudes provide directional insight into individual lake water residence times by documenting seasonal variations in a lake rsquo s delta D and delta O compositions The use of delta D and delta O can offer water quality managers an inexpensive tool to better understand protect and remediate lakes and their watersheds
Economic Burden of Patient-Reported Penicillin Allergy on Total Hip and Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Abstract Introduction Self-reported penicillin allergies in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty often results in the use of second-line prophylactic antibiotics. A higher risk of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is associated with suboptimal antibiotics vs first generation cephalosporins, which have historically been grouped with other beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin for potential allergic reactions. This study evaluates the economic burden of self-reported penicillin allergies in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Methods Data from studies reporting true incidence of IgE-mediated penicillin allergies, infection-free survivorship of TJA, and cost of PJI attributed to use of second-line antibiotics were obtained. Projected cost of preoperative penicillin allergy testing and potentially avoidable PJI associated with second-line antibiotic usage were calculated. This was compared with projected cost of PJI in the current state to estimate cost savings. Results Implementation of preoperative penicillin allergy testing leads to a potential savings of nearly $37 million to payors in the first year based on 1-year survivorship. This savings increases to $411.6 million over a 10-year span and $1.18 billion over a 20-year span. Conclusion Preoperative penicillin allergy testing or risk stratification via thorough history should be implemented as standard of care for patients with self-reported penicillin allergies before TJA and would result in decreased cost of PJI.
Indignation, Appreciation, and the Unity of Moral Experience

Moral experience comes in many flavors. Some philosophers have argued that there is nothing common to the many forms moral experience can take. In this paper, I argue that close attention to the phenomenology of certain key emotions, combined with a clear distinction between essentially and accidentally moral experiences, suggests that there is a group of (essentially) moral experiences which in fact exhibits significant unity.
Delivering a new diagnosis of Down syndrome: Parent experience.

Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomal abnormalities. In 2014, in conjunction with the passing of House Bill 552, the Ohio Department of Health released a Down syndrome fact sheet to be given to parents at time of diagnosis to answer basic questions regarding the diagnosis. Our survey helps us to understand parental experience in receiving a new Down syndrome diagnosis including information provided. An electronic survey was created and distributed to members of established Down syndrome parent groups in Ohio. Questions assessed the parental experience at the time of receiving a Down syndrome. We also looked at parent perceptions after the implementation of a Down syndrome fact sheet. Responses were collected regarding experience at the time of diagnosis and broadly categorized into a trichotomy of positive experience (>5), neutral experience (=5), and negative experience ( 0.05). Eighty-five percent of parents with children born in 2014 or after report that they did not receive the Ohio Department of Health Down syndrome fact sheet. Legislation regarding a diagnosis of Down syndrome exists in 20 states with significant variability, readability of those fact sheets. Legislation requiring accurate information be given to families was not always followed, and printed literature alone did not correlate with improved parent experience; additional efforts are necessary to ensure that the experience receiving a diagnosis of Down syndrome is not a negative one.
Orfandad y mortalidad de adultos en el pasado : una critica de los datos y procedimientos de estudios de seis poblaciones de la america latina

Realiza un analisis critico de 6 trabajos presentados a la reunion, y senala las limitaciones de estimar la mortalidad de adultos a partir de los datos de orfandad que figuran en los registros de matrimonios latinoamericanos.
Highly precise partial volume correction for PET images: An iterative approach via shape consistency

Positron emission tomography (PET) is capable of capturing the functional information. A major limitation for PET imaging is the low spatial resolution, leading to partial volume effects (PVE). PVE introduces significant bias to the image quantification, causing compromised measurement for uptake regions, especially smaller ones. For quantitative PET, accurate uptake values are critical for diagnostic evaluation and treatment planning. Therefore, a partial volume correction (PVC) technique is highly desirable in order to avoid size-dependent underestimation for true activities. In this paper, we present a new iterative PVC approach for PET images. The proposed method uses the state-of-the-art simultaneous delineation and noise removal algorithm to estimate the local uptake regions. The delineation is further utilized for weighted PVC with regard to a shape consistency measurement. The process is performed iteratively until delineation convergence. Qualitative and quantitative results demonstrate that the proposed framework successfully corrects the PVE and preserves local structures.
Linear Models: Definition

This article has no abstract. Keywords: least squares; normal distribution; trend; dose-response; kriging
Startup Guide for Systems Engineering Metrics

Given the financial constraints of today's business environment and the government thrust toward Total Quality Management (TQM), optimizing the systems engineering process is critical to economic success. The key to process improvement and optimization is regular cycles of planning, execution, measurement, evaluation and process revision. The purpose of this paper is to summarize a guide being prepared for NCOSE members to assist them in initiating a metrics program in their systems engineering organizations. This guide will address 1) the organizational motivations for a metrics program, 2) roles and responsibilities, 3) initiating a metrics program, 4) frequency and methods of data collection, 5) analysis of data, and 6) metrics databases. In addition, the guide will contain aids to a metrics program such as checklists, reference lists, and a list of NCOSE members willing to assist you in implementing a metrics program. Finally, the NCOSE Metrics Working Group hopes to supplement this with an appendix of lessons learned by other NCOSE members in their metrics programs.
Heterogeneity of the Solar Atmosphere

Heterogeneities in the solar atmosphere exist on many different length scales ranging from values as large as the solar radius (~106 km) down to features which are identifiable only by interferometry (~102 km). Rather than simply cataloguing the observed parameters of each and every known type of heterogeneity, I would like to concentrate on a few types of heterogeneities, with a view to identifying the information which is currently available concerning the physical mechanisms responsible for creating the inhomogeneities. It is only if we can first identify the physics of each type of heterogeneity that we can hope to take even the first step towards predicting how each particular heterogeneity should scale to other stars. Since the present session is a joint discussion among mainly stellar astronomers, I feel that this approach is probably the most favorable method to present some of the large amount of information now available on solar features. Of course we expect that our solar information will be of most use to stellar astronomers in interpreting observations of stars which have similar spectral types to the sun. Nevertheless, we hope that nature will be kind enough to allow us to scale at least some of our information over a non-negligible area in the H.R. diagram.
Quantitative measurements of Jupiter, Saturn, their rings and satellites made from Voyager imaging data

The Voyager spacecraft cameras use selenium-sulfur slow scan vidicons to convert focused optical images into sensible electrical signals. The vidicon-generated data thus obtained are the basis of measurements of much greater precision than was previously possible, in virtue of their superior linearity, geometric fidelity, and the use of in-flight calibration. Attention is given to positional, radiometric, and dynamical measurements conducted on the basis of vidicon data for the Saturn rings, the Saturn satellites, and the Jupiter atmosphere.
Low dose failures of hardened DC-DC power converters

Radiation tests of Interpoint DC-DC converters, guaranteed by the manufacturer to 100 krad(Si), showed catastrophic failures at total dose levels as low as 4 krad(Si). Special diagnostic tests showed that failures were caused by an internal CMOS MOSFET driver chip being used in an application that differed from earlier radiation tests of the component. This paper discusses radiation testing, failure modes, and the method used to overcome this problem weeks prior to launch of two space systems.
Prevention of Complications in Revision Endocrine Surgery of the Head & Neck

Revision cervical endocrine surgery increases risks for injury to important adjacent structures, possibly resulting in hoarseness and postoperative hypocalcemia. With anatomic knowledge and appropriate use of meticulous dissection techniques, the surgeon strives to minimize morbidity. Technologic advances have provided tools to aid in these difficult cases and maintain the thoroughness of resection while reducing morbidity. The judicious use of preoperative imaging can assist the surgeon in identifying the precise location of disease, thus reducing unnecessary dissection and risk to surrounding structures, while still performing complete resections.
Walking the line: specialized and standard probation officer perspectives on supervising probationers with serious mental illnesses.

Specialized probation programs were developed to more effectively address the unique needs of probationers with serious mental illnesses. Probation officers are tasked with serving both law enforcement and rehabilitative functions, and officers play an important gatekeeper function in helping probationers with serious mental illnesses avoid long incarceration sentences. The purpose of this paper was to explore specialized and standard probation officers' work in supervising probationers with serious mental illnesses. Twenty-one probation officers (11 specialized and 10 standard) participated in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative analyses examined: 1 - beliefs on the relationship between mental illness and crime; 2 - purpose of specialized and standard probation units; and 3 - approaches to supervising probationers with serious mental illnesses. Implications for developing more effective probation supervision programs are discussed.
Self-Employment, Work–Family Fit and Mental Health Among Female Workers

We used the 2002 National Study of the Changing Workforce to investigate the effects of work type on women’s lives. Specifically, we hypothesized that self-employed women have better work–family fit than organizationally employed women. We also hypothesized that as a result of better work–family fit, self-employed women would report better mental health than organizationally employed women. The analysis shows limited support for the hypotheses. Of the different dimensions of work–family fit, self-employment directly influenced only job to home facilitation. Work type had no direct influence on mental health. It appears that work type may indirectly influence work–family fit and mental health through higher job satisfaction and increased autonomy.
CELLULAR KINETICS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACQUIRED CELLULAR RESISTANCE

Mice infected with either BCG or Listeria monocytogenes display the same type of cellular response pattern. In both infections there is an intense proliferation of splenic lymphoid cells, a coincident proliferation of differentiated macrophages, and a subsequent production of macrophages with increased metabolic potential. The temporal relations between these events and the onset of host resistance indicate that lymphoid cell proliferation and macrophage proliferation are essential events in the response which leads to cellular resistance against facultative intracellular parasites.
Radially Three-Layered Dielectric Resonators for Millimeter Wavelengths

In the present paper eigen oscillations of radially three-layered cylindrical and spherical dielectric resonators are studied. The cylindrical resonator is limited with two perfectly conducting end plates. The resonator layers radii are denoted by rp, p=1;2;3 are the boundaries of resonator layers, the radial thicknesses of the middle layers are Delta=r2-r1, L is the axial size of the cylindrical resonator. All resonator layers are isotropic and they are characterized by complex permittivity epsivnu=epsiv'nu(1+itandeltanu) and permeability munu=mu'nu+imun nu where nu =1, 2, 3 is the number of a resonator layer counted off from the resonator center and nu =4 is the number of the ambient medium, tandeltanu is loss tangent of the respective layer.
Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) Determination of Isoflavone Contents for Selected Soybean Accessions

Soybean isoflavones are of considerable interest in relation to their possible health effects in human diets. The rapid and economical determination of soybean isoflavone concentrations is essential for the investigation and development of soybean health foods as well as the selection of soybean seeds with optimal isoflavone levels for such foods. Fourier transforms near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (FT-NIRS) calibrations were developed for the rapid and cost-effective analysis of isoflavones in soybean seeds. FT-NIRS measurements were carried out in quadruplicate for 50 soybean lines selected from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. The selected soybean seeds provided a wide range of isoflavone concentrations (from 0.3 to 6.0 mg/g) that is necessary for development of high-quality calibrations. Laboratory reference values of isoflavone composition were obtained by HPLC analysis of extracted soybean powders. Single soybean seeds were selected for each standard sample and were cut in half in order to avoid screening of the isoflavones NIR absorption bands by the seed coat. For comparison purposes, measurements were also made on soybean powders of the same samples. FT -NIR spectra were collected with a spectral range from 4000 to 12000 cm-1 at a resolution of 8 cm-1 on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum one NTS spectrometer model. This spectrometer is optimized for high sensitivity analysis of single seed composition, being equipped with an NIRA, integrating sphere accessory and an extended range InGaAs detector.
The National Football League: does crime increase on game day?

This article investigates the effects of National Football League (NFL) games on crime. Using a panel data set that includes daily crime incidences in eight large cities with NFL teams, we examine how various measurements of criminal activities change on game day compared with nongame days. Our findings from both ordinary least squares and negative binomial regressions indicate that NFL home games are associated with a 2.6% increase in total crimes, while financially motivated crimes such as larceny and motor vehicle theft increase by 4.1% and 6.7%, respectively, on game days. However, we observe that play-off games are associated with a decrease in financially motivated crimes. The effects of game time (afternoon vs. evening) and upset wins and losses on crime are also considered.
Are the curves in all the right places

Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, NationalInstitutes of Child Health and Human Development,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USAjoshz@helix.nih.govMembranes bend as they move. Endoplasmic reticulumtubes and cisternae, Golgi sacs, transport tubules and vesi-cles, endosomes, and plasma membrane, all have their owncurvatures. When membranes undergo fusion or ﬁssion,their curvatures become extreme in the fusion pores or theﬁssion necks (1). Non-bilayer intermediates have evengreater curvatures (2). The tight curves result in each ele-ment of a membrane changing shape. But membranes arenot made up of static building blocks, because lipid tails areﬂuid. However, all lipids are not the same. Different lipidsaffect fusion in different ways (3), and ﬁssion machinescontain enzymes that alter lipid chemical structure (4,5).Thus, an understanding of membrane fusion and ﬁssionrequires an understanding of membrane elasticity and struc-ture and the stresses that result from lipid–lipid interactionsand depend on lipid composition.
Effects of fluorine substitution in superconducting Tl2Ba2CuO6±δ

Abstract The fluorine substituted thallium based 2 2 0 1 phase samples were fabricated with starting compositions 0.95Tl 2 O 3 + 0.1SnO 2 + (2− x )BaO 2 + x BaF 2 + CuO. Mossbauer and X-ray spectra were used as a study of the role played by fluorine. All samples show a near 2 2 0 1 pure phase. The best fluorine substituted sample has T c (onset) of 100 K and the T c (R = 0) of 97 K. The Mossbauer absorption area varies, parallel to T c , with the fluorine content and reaches a maximum absorption near x = 0.6, which indicates that fluorine could have replaced oxygen in the crystal lattice sites and thus does not rule out the presence of a phonon superconducting mechanism.
A Comprehensive Induction System: A Key to the Retention of Highly Qualified Teachers

Abstract Studies have shown that teacher quality is the single greatest factor affecting student achievement. However, it is not simply enough to recruit highly qualified candidates and place them into the schools where they are needed the most; the United States needs a system to support and retain these teachers. This essay posits that school districts need to implement and sustain a comprehensive induction system, which fosters professional learning communities through a network of supports, to retain highly qualified teachers.
Chromium Migration Through Sludge-Treated Soils

The Environmental Protection Agency and the Tanner's Council of America jointly initiated a five-year project in September 1980 to investigate the feasibility of using land treatment to dispose of chromium tanning sludges. These sludges contain high concentrations of Cr, in the range of 21,000 to 55,000 ppm on a dry weight basis. Chromium could migrate in soil waters at a land treatment site as either a soluble Cr (VI) species, HCrO4 or CrO42, or as Cr (III) or Cr (VI) in soluble complexes with organic or inorganic substances. Field measurements of Cr fluxes at an experimental test site near Santa Cruz, California indicate that Cr in tannery sludges exhibits a very low mobility. Less than 0.1% of the total Cr applied to a test plot was transported through the upper soil zone during a three-month period. However, the sludge applications introduced high concentrations of nitrates and major cations. Estimates of contaminant fluxes based on measured concentrations in soil water collected with porous cup samplers contain large uncertainties. In addition to potential errors in moisture flux computations, chemical reactions in the cups can significantly alter the composition of soil-water samples.
Implementation, Negotiation and Compliance in Environmental and Safety Regulation

Using a formal model of a regulated firm's decision to comply with regulatory standards, we find that decisions to comply depend not only on the level of the standard, but also on how the regulatory agency implements the standards. Firms will avoid immediate compliance if they believe that it is likely to be cheaper to negotiate a compliance agreement with the enforcement agency. At the least, negotiation delays compliance costs; at best, it reduces compliance costs. The model reveals how the availability of negotiated compliance affects the relationship between a firm's decision to comply and agency decisions to alter standards, fines, negotiation costs, targeting policies, and the amount of delay. It also demonstrates that determinations by a given firm to comply or not with regulations may be based on hidden benefits of participation in a regulatory regime, such as the receipt of information on new technology and management innovation. Negotiated enforcement is ubiquitous because it helps regulatory ag...
Strategies for Reducing Perceptions of Quality Risk in Services

Explores the extent to which consumers perceive various services as quality‐risk purchases. Describes a panel study which indicated that problem is felt by most types of services and therefore should be considered by service managers. Discusses possible strategies for reducing this perception.
Closed rotating cosmologies containing matter described by the kinetic theory. B: Small anisotropy calculations; application to observations

We continue the discussion of anisotropy in closed, rotating cosmologies begun in the accompanying paper. We present an explicit small anisotropy model, taking parameters suggested by the observed universe. We give an explicit discussion of the geodesic equation in the small anisotropy regime, with applications to the microwave temperature anisotropy. The amplitude of the temperature anisotropy, ΔTT is of the same order as predicted by Misner for Type I cosmologies, i.e. ΔTT ∼ 10−4 or smaller, assuming that neutrino dissipation processes were effective at T ∼ 1010K. It is shown that deviations from the lowest order anisotropy shape (quadrupole + dipole) take the form of distortions of the anisotropy pattern over angular regions Δω of the order of ∼ |β| where |β| is a measure of the metric anisotropy. Since ΔTT is given by changes in the metric anisotropy since the last photon scattering, it is not directly correlated with |β|. The metric anisotropy need not be small and would be otherwise unmeasurable, so could give rise to large effects distorting the quadrupole ΔTT shape. Observations on the (24-h) isotropy of the black-body radiation put limits on the rotation in a realistic model, and hence the largest distorting effects are those which appear even in nonrotating models, and are not directly related to rotation. Some calculations based on a moderate value for the metric anisotropy show that these effects might be detectable but probably would be submerged in structure arising from local (i.e. noncosmological) effects, or from other possible cosmological effects ignored in our homogenous models. It is possible that the entire temperature anisotropy will be dominated by these nonhomogenous or noncosmological effects.
Welcome to the Journal of Humanistic Mathematics

Welcome to the first issue of the Journal of Humanistic Mathematics! This Journal is in many ways a successor to the Humanistic Mathematics Network Journal (1987-2004), created and edited by Alvin White. As with HMNJ, our goal is to create a platform for both formal and informal inquiries about mathematics as a human endeavor. Historical, pedagogical, psychological, and sociological aspects of mathematics all form different facets of humanistic mathematics. There are several journals devoted to studying these various aspects through disciplinary approaches; we hope with this Journal to provide a (multidisciplinary / interdisciplinary / transdisciplinary) venue for work that targets a wider mathematical community. Our intention is to encourage communication and discussion across the disciplinary boundaries. To this end, we will publish peer-reviewed research and survey articles, editor-reviewed works that reflect personal explorations of what it means to do mathematics or to be a mathematician, articles on mathematics in popular culture, and reviews of books which focus on humanistic aspects of mathematics. Finally, we welcome creative works (fiction, poetry, visual arts) that display in more ways than one the humanistic dimensions of mathematics. This inaugural issue contains a good representative sample. Refereed papers on mathematical aesthetics and mathematical proof appear, as well as a personal essay written by a mathematician who participated in Operation Iraqi Freedom. In addition, there are essays that discuss teaching mathematics as a liberal arts course, difficulties faced by young students of mathematics, the concept of entropy as applied to the social sciences, and the poetic nature of mathematics. There is also a review of the graphic novel Logicomix, based on the experiences of Bertrand Russell. Finally, we have three amazing poems. Please enjoy our first issue!
The molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses

Disinfection due to copper or silver ions may result from action at the cell or capsid protein surface or on the nucleic acid of cells or viruses. Metals may alter enzyme structure and function or facilitate hydrolysis or nucleophilic displacement. The means by which cells may reduce the toxic effect of metal ions include: biomethylation, complexation with metallothionen, development of efflux pumps, the binding of metal ions to cell surfaces, and the removal of metal ions by precipitation. The phenomenon of “multiplicity of reactivation” may reduce the effect of a disinfectant on a virus by allowing a clump of partially inactivated viruses to produce a productive infection in a susceptible cell. Conditions which may affect metal ion‐biomolecule interaction include: pH, ionic strength, temperature, dissolved oxygen, presence of interfering substances or light, the chemical form and valency of the metal ion, and the condition of the microorganisms.
Entamoeba histolytica: a eukaryote without glutathione metabolism

Entamoeba histolytica was found to grow normally without producing glutathione and the main enzymes of glutathione metabolism, indicating that glutathione is not essential for many eukaryotic processes. This parasitic amoeba is an unusual eukaryote whose special features may help define the crucial functions of glutathione in those eukaryotes that do use it. Since Entamoeba histolytica lacks mitochondria and the usual aerobic respiratory pathways, the finding that it grows without glutathione and other evidence support the hypothesis that a primary function of glutathione in eukaryotes involves protection against oxygen toxicity associated with mitochondria and suggest that eukaryotes may have acquired glutathione metabolism at the time that they acquired mitochondria.
FO4-based models for area, delay and energy of polynomial multiplication over binary fields

Accurate mathematical models are crucial for design and evaluation of systems and architectures. To provide models that can accurately describe polynomial multipliers in F 2 [x], we integrate the traditional gate-counting method and the fanout four (FO4) model. We show that the resulting model provides much more accurate estimates than the traditional model and can be obtained by straight-forward modification to the traditional models. Implementation results indicate that the conventional gate delay model has 40% error, while the presented model has less than 4% error. We also show that the ceiling function, conventionally used in delay equations, are not needed in the new model. Moreover, we give a model for the energy consumption of polynomial multiplication, which can be used to estimate power consumption of finite field multiplication. To evaluate the accuracy of our models, we provide ASIC implementation results and compare them to results obtained from models.
Risk stratification of individual coronary lesions using local endothelial shear stress: a new paradigm for managing coronary artery disease.

Purpose of review The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of endothelial shear stress in the natural history of coronary atherosclerosis, and to propose an individualized risk-stratification strategy of atherosclerotic lesions based on the in-vivo characterization of local endothelial shear stress and wall morphology. Recent findings Low endothelial shear stress promotes the development of early fibroatheromas, which subsequently follow an individualized natural history of progression. This individual natural history is critically dependent on the magnitude of low endothelial shear stress, which subsequently regulates the severity of inflammation within the wall and ultimately the vascular remodeling response. Very low endothelial shear stress enhances plaque inflammation, leading to excessive expansive remodeling. Excessive expansive remodeling leads to perpetuation, or even exacerbation, of the local low endothelial shear stress environment, thereby setting up a self-perpetuating vicious cycle among low local endothelial shear stress, inflammation, and excessive expansive remodeling, which transforms an early fibroatheroma to a high-risk plaque. Summary In-vivo assessment of the local endothelial shear stress environment, severity of inflammation and vascular remodeling response, all responsible for individual plaque behavior and natural history, in combination with systemic biomarkers of vulnerability, may allow for detailed risk stratification of individual early atherosclerotic plaques, thereby guiding both systemic and local, lesion-specific therapeutic strategies.
Burrows of Marine Nematodes as Centres for Microbial Growth

Six free-living marine nematode species (Diplolaimella ocellata, Diplolaimelloides deconincki, Geomonhystera disjuncta, Daptonema riemanni, Sabatieria pulchra and Enoplus communis) have been isolated from different localities and microhabitats. They all make sinusoidal burrows when moving in agar. In laboratory experiments, at normal and low (ca. 5% atm. sat.) oxygen tensions, bacteria and the ciliate Uronema subsequently colonized the burrows. The addition of nematodes to a patch of agar with bacteria stimulated bacterial growth and burrows made by nematodes expanded the available space for a microbial colonization in an otherwise sterile agar. The observations are discussed in relation to bioturbative effects caused by interstitial nematodes affecting pore water chemistry and decomposition of organic matter in the sea bed.
Centrosomes, Genomic Instability, and Cervical Carcinogenesis

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated carcinogenesis of the uterine cervix is a particularly useful model to study basic mechanisms of genomic instability in cancer. Cervical carcinogenesis is associated with the expression of two high-risk HPV-encoded oncoproteins, E6 and E7. Aneuploidy, the most frequent form of genomic instability in human carcinomas, develops as early as in nonmalignant cervical precursor lesions. In addition, cervical neoplasia is frequently associated with abnormal multipolar mitotic figures, suggesting disturbances of the cell-division process as a mechanism for chromosome segregation defects. Spindle poles are formed by centrosomes, and the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins can each induce abnormal centrosome numbers. These two HPV oncoproteins, however, induce centrosome abnormalities through fundamentally different mechanisms and, presumably, with different functional consequences. High-risk HPV E7, which targets the pRB tumor suppressor pathway, can provoke abnormal centrosome duplication in phenotypically normal cells. On the contrary, cells expressing the HPV E6 oncoprotein, which inactivates p53, accumulate abnormal numbers of centrosomes in parallel with multinucleation and nuclear atypia. These two pathways are not mutually exclusive, since co-expression of HPV E6 and E7 has synergistic effects on centrosome abnormalities and chromosomal instability. Taken together, these findings support the general model in which chromosomal instability arises as a direct consequence of oncogenic insults and can develop at early stages of tumor progression.
Possible contribution of aprepitant to ifosfamide-induced neurotoxicity.

Purpose. A case of ifosfamide-induced neurotoxicity after the addition of aprepitant to an antiemetic regimen is reported. Summary. A 24-year-old white man diagnosed with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor initially in the late 1990s was admitted to the hospital for treatment of a recurrence of the tumor in the supra-clavicular region. In the previous five cycles of ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide, the patient had no problems with the neurotoxic adverse effects associated with ifosfamide use. With the fifth cycle of therapy, the patient suffered severe nausea and vomiting that required his readmission to the hospital. With the initiation of the sixth cycle of chemotherapy, aprepitant was added to the existing antiemetic regimen of ondansetron and dexamethasone. During the sixth cycle, approximately six hours after the infusion of ifosfamide on day 3, the patient exhibited the classic symptoms of ifosfamide-induced neurotoxicity, including visual and auditory hallucinations, obvious sleepiness, confusion, and delirium. Since his symptoms resolved by morning, it was determined that the patient did not require treatment with methylene blue. With the initiation of the seventh cycle of chemotherapy, aprepitant was again added to the standard antiemetic regimen of a corticosteroid and serotonin receptor antagonist. During this hospitalization, around-the-clock methylene blue was added to prevent neurotoxicity. The patient tolerated chemotherapy well without any signs or symptoms of neurotoxicity and was discharged four days later. Conclusion. A 24-year-old patient treated with ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide for a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor developed ifosfamide-induced neurotoxicity after the addition of aprepitant to a standard antiemetic regimen consisting of ondansetron and dexamethasone.
Transition metal chemistry of main group hydrazides, Part 14: Evaluation of new Tc-99m chelates of thiol functionalized phosphorus hydrazides

Abstract Ligands containing a combination of amine or amide nitrogens and thiol functionalities have been found to form stable chelates with Tc-99m, presumably in oxidation state +5. Two new thio-phosphorus monohydrazides [(MeO) 2 P(S)NMeNHCH 2 C 6 H 4 SH], SL1 and [(MeO) 2 P(S)NMeNHC(O)C 6 H 4 SH], SL2 were synthesized and their complexation properties with Re(V) and Tc-99m have been studied. Neutral-lipophilic Tc-99m chelates with both SL1 and SL2 were formed in high yields (95–97%) as a single species ascertained by electrophoresis and reversed-phase HPLC. Biodistribution studies show good in vivo stability and primary clearance of both 99m Tc chelates is via the hepatobiliary pathway. Re(V) complexes with SL1 and SL2 were also synthesized using the ReOCl 3 (PPh 3 ) 2 precursor to obtain the product ReOCl(L)(PPh 3 ), where L=SL1 or SL2. H + was lost from the N-atom and the thiol group in these Re chelates. Even though the Tc-99m chelates of SL1 and SL2 formed at tracer levels are not identical to the Re-chelates (different synthons were used), the Re data suggests complexation of Tc-99m by these hydrazido-thiol ligands will be similar to N,S ligand systems previously used. The good in vitro and in vivo stability and high yields of the Tc-99m complexes of SL1 and SL2 indicate the potential hydrazido-thiols hold for use as a basis in formulating new Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals, particularly when thiol moieties are used in conjunction with multi-functional phosphorous hydrazide compounds.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF JONCKHEERE'S NON‐PARAMETRIC TEST OF ORDERED ALTERNATIVES

The non-parametric Jonckheere procedure for testing ordered alternatives in the κ-sample case is described. The empirical Type I error rate and power are estimated for small samples under several conditions, including sampling from either uniform, normal or exponential populations with unequal variances. A large sample approximation is also studied. The estimated Type I error rate is generally within sampling bounds for the exact test; the large sample approximation is quite adequate when alpha is 0.05 or greater. Power values appear to be not only a function of location differences but also of population kurtosis. Unequal variances and unequal sample sizes have some effect on both the probability of a Type I error and the power for the specific situations studied.
Connoisseur of Cancer

Early identification of a tumor increases the odds of positive outcomes. To this end, the Holy Grail of cancer detection has been the ability to capture a biomolecular image of a suspicious tissue that exposes its benign and malignant elements. Zavaleta et al. took a major step toward attaining this goal by coupling the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) phenomenon with an endoscopy system to identify individual optically different nanoparticles in a mixture applied to colon tissue samples. SERS results from the interaction of photons with the surface of metallic nanoparticles and produces distinct spectral fingerprints in the presence of different surface-bound molecules. This creates a library of nanoparticles with precisely tuned emission “flavors,” which are essential for keeping track of nanoparticle identity in a mixture, allowing for multiplexed detection of several biomarkers at once. In order to capture this rich spectral information near tissue (such as the colon), the authors used a conventional endoscopy conduit, through which they threaded a bundle of optical fibers in order to illuminate the tissue and relay the identifying emissions to a specialized image analysis system. To test the device, the authors first applied nanoparticle mixtures of 10 different flavors on glass slides and on human colon samples. The device was able to quantify concentrations of each individual nanoparticle in the mixtures, even on colon samples with a considerable background signal. As a further challenge, researchers recruited three inexperienced users to test the device by analyzing various mixtures of the nanoparticles spread on the surface of a pig colon. The users showed almost perfect selectivity and accuracy in identifying the correct nanoparticle type and concentration. Last, researchers conducted a pilot clinical study to endoscopically acquire the characteristic background signal from the colons of three patients. The actual SERS nanoparticles could not be used in patients yet because of pending regulatory approval, but the SERS signal intensity from the particles on excised colon tissue proved to be much stronger than the colon background signal. Provided that the SERS nanoparticles are approved for clinical use and conjugated with tumor marker–specific probes, this system has the potential to greatly improve early detection of malignancies. Another remaining technical challenge is to expand the viewing field of the Raman instrument because the millimeter-scale spot size of its illumination fiber currently limits the interrogation area. C. L. Zavaleta, et al. , A Raman-based endoscopic strategy for multiplexed molecular imaging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , 23 May 2013 (10.1073/pnas.1211309110). [[Full Text]][1] [1]: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/05/17/1211309110
Plug-in fuel cell hybrids as transition technology to hydrogen infrastructure

Abstract A plug-in fuel cell hybrid with as little as 20 mile of range from rechargeable hydrogen could displace more than 50% of the gasoline consumed in the US. While the well-to-wheel efficiencies are poor, proper utilization of the grid electricity along with electrical infrastructure modifications would lead to acceptable and sustainable overall efficiencies. The limited-range plug-in option provides a viable transition technology toward a hydrogen refueling infrastructure. The technology is also sustainable and available on a short timeline.
Influence of Isolation Condition on Structure of Milled Wood Lignin Characterized by Quantitative 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Milled wood lignin (MWL) was widely characterized to demonstrate the structure of native lignin by liquid state 13C NMR. As an isolated lignin, the structure of MWL was influenced by the isolation procedure performed. In this article, hardwood (sweetgum) and softwood (loblolly pine) were subjected to various isolation conditions to elucidate the effect of extracting temperature and milling time on the structure of MWL. Purification was also carried out on the crude MWL. The structure of the crude MWL and the purified MWL was identified and quantified by 13C NMR. Based on the yield and the lignin content of the crude MWL, the optimal isolation was achieved with 8 h milling and 20 °C extracting for hardwood. For softwood, the optimal isolation condition for crude MWL was 12 h milling and 20 °C extracting.
The looks of a leader: Competent and trustworthy, but not dominant

Abstract The aim of this paper is twofold: to uncover the conditions under which trustworthiness influences social judgment and to examine the possible double edged sword nature of social dominance in deciding social outcomes. In three studies, participants evaluated the personality traits of political candidates based on inferences from their faces. Perceptions of these traits were then used to predict actual election results and the subjective voting support of the participants. Trustworthiness increased the chances of winning actual elections, but only for those who were judged as competent. The expected double edged sword effect of dominance was found: on the one hand, dominance predicted winning of actual elections indirectly via competence; on the other hand, dominance predicted losing of elections directly once its positive association with competence was controlled. A different picture emerged with respect to the subjective voting support of the participants: all traits predicted the likelihood of winning.
Multiple Mechanisms for Contrast Adaptation in the Retina

The retina adapts to average light intensity but also to the range of light intensities (contrast). A study by Baccus and Meister, in this issue of Neuron, identifies three ways that ganglion cells and interneurons adapt to high contrast: shorten integration time, reduce gain, and depolarize. Only the depolarization decays, over tens of seconds.
“British Tribute to Virginia Valor”: Unveiling the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Statue

This article outlines the political agendas surrounding the dedication of the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Statue, an early Confederate monument commissioned in Britain in 1863 and unveiled with much fanfare in Richmond, Virginia in 1875. It argues that the statue’s British provenance made it an ideal means of expressing the distinctive claims of the Conservative Party of Virginia. By commemorating both General Jackson and Britain’s Confederate sympathizers, modernizers in the Conservative Party presented themselves as representatives of an Anglo‐Saxon Christian value system, guardians of the “Old Dominion’s” immemorial character, and defenders of political views that held national and international significance. Thus the Conservatives dedicated an international monument to a transatlantic and implicitly racist cultural tradition as part of their larger effort to facilitate Virginia’s integration into the reconstructed national union on terms favorable to the former Confederates.
Sites and mechanisms of Ca2+ movement in non-excitable cells.

Abstract The level of free cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in cells is firmly established as a second messenger alternative to the cyclic nucleotides. Regulation of the activity of Ca2+ requires the use of membrane transporters of various types which can be classified in terms of their transport rate; channels (fast), carriers (intermediate) and pumps (slow). In general channels are used to elevate [Ca2+]i whereas pumps decrease [Ca2+]i. At physiological membrane potential and Na+ gradients, carriers such as the 3Na + Ca 2+ exchanger also deplete the cell of Ca2+. The carriers could also function in a reverse mode especially with plasma membrane depolarization. Intracellular organelles which can incorporate Ca2+ from and return Ca2+ to the cytosol play a central role in determining [Ca2+]i in resting and stimulated cells. In the resting cell they function as the major Ca2+ buffering system while in the stimulated cell they participate in the dynamic control of [Ca2+]i. The collection of papers in this volume discusses the mechanisms of modulation of cell Ca2+ by these organelles.
IGF-1 and retinopathy of prematurity in the preterm infant.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continues to be a major cause of blindness in children. Although ablation of the retina reduces the incidence of blindness by suppressin
Human Brain Anatomy in Computerized Images

1. Introduction 2. Exterior description of a dolichocephalic brain 3. Exterior description of a brachicephalic brain 4. Exterior description of another brachicephalic brain 5. An alphabet of normal brains 6. Quantifying neuroanatomic differences 7. Sections through dolicho 8. Sections through brachi-1 9. Sections through brachi-2 10. Application to lesion studies REFERENCES
Brain synaptosomes display a diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A)-mediated Ca2+ influx distinct from ATP-mediated influx

Studies undertaken to compare the effects of Ap4A and ATP on altering intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ levels from deermouse brain reveal that both ligands induce a rapid influx of extracellular Ca2+. The Ca2+ profile elicited by 167 microM Ap4A is "spike-like" (half-time for decline to baseline, 19.1 +/- 1.2 sec), in contrast to the gradual decline observed with ATP (104.0 +/- 7.4 sec). DIDS (4-4'-diisothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic acid stilbene) and suramin preincubation alter only the ATP-induced Ca2+ profile. Cross-desensitization studies indicate that prior application of ATP does not significantly affect the Ca2+ influx elicited by Ap4A, and that prior application of Ap4A does not affect the Ca2+ influx elicited by ATP. These results demonstrate that extracellular Ap4A and ATP elicit distinct intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ influx profiles, and suggest that these two nucleotides may be interacting with distinct purinoceptor subclasses or purinoceptor-effector complexes. Subjecting the synaptosomes simultaneously to depolarization and Ap4A, or to depolarization and ATP, induces an additive effect on Ca2+ influx. Preincubation with verapamil negates the effects of depolarization without modifying the ligand-elicited Ca2+ fluxes. These results indicate the presence of Ap4A and ATP ligand-gated channels that may function as modulators of neuronal activity.