cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition of Overhaul Smoke After Use of Three Extinguishing Agents

The effect of extinguishing agents on the composition of smoke from wood fires of different intensities was studied. Three agents were examined: water, a protein-based water additive, and a sulfonate detergent-based compressed air foam (CAF). Air samples were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (USEPA 502 list), aldehydes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, acid gasses, CO, CO2, SO x , and total volatile hydrocarbons. Air concentrations of levoglucosan and methoxyphenols, which are specific products from burning cellulose and lignin, respectively, were also measured. Levoglucosan, methoxyphenols, and many of the polyaromatic compounds have not been previously reported in overhaul smoke. A solitary test with water extinguishment was repeated for an assessment of variability. HCN and acid gases were not present in significant concentrations. The principal components that contributed appreciably to short-term occupational exposure hazards were formaldehyde, acrolein, benzene, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide. When a flocculation effect that cleared air particulate occurred during the use of the protein-based water additive, air concentrations of most chemicals in the air samples were reduced.
Synthesis of Porous Zirconia Spheres for HPLC by Polymerization-Induced Colloid Aggregation (PICA)

Abstract Porous, spherical zirconia particles with a narrow particle size distribution, which are useful as chromatographic packing materials for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were synthesized by polymerization-induced colloid aggregation (PICA) first described by Iler and McQueston (U.S. Patent 4,010,242, 1977.) and the effects of a number of crucial processing variables were examined. In this method, an aqueous zirconia sol consisting of 700 A (mean diameter) particles is mixed with urea and formaldehyde, which are polymerized by the acidic sol. Urea-formaldehyde polymer adsorbs onto the ZrO2 colloids, entraining the colloids in the precipitation of the polymer gel and thus allowing the colloids to aggregate. Features of the aggregation process are elucidated from responses of the process to variations in temperature, reaction mixture composition, and solvent polarity. Our results suggest that the aggregation process resembles those reported for the bridging flocculation of colloids by adsorbed polymers. Porous zirconia particles obtained after polymer combustion and sintering of the aggregates are 3.5 μm in diameter with a surface area of 13 m2/g, a porosity of 29% and pores ranging from
Computational Analysis of WSS Conditions and Critical Blood Particle Localization in a Human Carotid Artery Bifurcation

Early intimal thickening (IT) in the carotid artery bifurcation has been associated with multiple hemodynamic and biophysical factors including low wall shear stress (WSS) and high oscillatory shear index (OSI) (Ku et al., 1995), as well as abnormal intramural stress and strain. While WSS conditions have been widely shown to affect vascular biology and arterial wall self-regulation, the near-wall localization of critical blood particles, such as monocytes and platelets, also plays a significant role in atherosclerotic lesion formation and general IT (Ross, 1993). In this study, we hypothesize that locations of elevated monocyte and platelet interactions with reactive or activated vascular surfaces, due to injury or endothelial dysfunction, are highly susceptible to IT initialization and progression in the carotid artery bifurcation (CAB). To assess the potential role of platelet-and monocyte-wall interactions, as well as other WSS-based hemodynamic wall parameters (HWPs), experimentally validated particle-hemodynamic simulations have been conducted for a representative CAB geometry. Areas of significant particle interactions with the vascular surface have been identified by a validated near-wall residence time (NWRT) model for monocytes and platelets, which encapsulates regions of near-wall particle stasis and/or elevated concentrations. Actual early intimal thickening has been assumed consistent with the observations of Masawa et al. (1994a & b) (Fig. 1).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Computational insights into degenerate ethylene exchange with a Grubbs-type catalyst.

Romero and Piers recently reported a mechanistic study in which they detailed the intramolecular exchange of adjacent methylene groups of a ruthenacyclobutane and the intermolecular degenerate exchange of free ethylene with a second-generation Grubbs-type catalyst, a 14-electron ruthenacyclobutane, (NHC)Cl2Ru(CH2CH2CH2). These authors measured activation parameters for the intramolecular and intermolecular exchange processes (ΔG⧧ = 12.3 kcal mol-1 and ΔH⧧ = 13.2(5) kcal mol-1 and ΔS⧧ = −15(2) eu, respectively). The current study applies density functional theory calculations to address their proposed exchange mechanisms. For intramolecular exchange, the formation of a structure with coordinated ethylene proceeds from the cyclobutane species via a direct rotational bond-breaking transition state, which produces an ethylene which is essentially perpendicular to the remaining methylene unit; and the computed free energy of activation including solvation for the pathway with trans-disposed chlorides (ΔGCH2Cl2...
Interbubble Gas Diffusion and the Stability of Foams

Foam decay may arise from liquid drainage, whether gravitational, due to interbubble gas diffusion, or from rupture of the interbubble liquid lamellae. In our study of factors affecting foam stability, we focus on interbubble gas diffusion, which works against stability even given a stable lamella. We show that liquid drainage from the foam due to such diffusion (as distinct from that due to gravitation) can often be greatly reduced by adding a water-insoluble vapor to the foam-generating gas: the presence of such a vapor counterbalances the Ostwald ripening, thus stabilizing the system.
Matrix damage in composite pressure vessels with a bias fiber orientation

This study examined carbon/epoxy cylinders with a bias fiber orientation ranging from ±40° to ±60°. The cylinders were pressurized internally and they exhibited a matrix-dominated failure. Coupons with a fiber orientation of 50° or less exhibited a shear failure mode, while coupons with a fiber orientation of 55° or more had a transverse failure mode. The gradual failure process was modeled using a phenomenological approach, where the stiffness degradation was examined in the material coordinate system. Biaxial stress–strain curves were simulated for each fiber angle using Zinoviev damage and Sun plasticity models, extended for biaxial tension. The models were only able to describe the shear response of bias pressure vessels considered here. The experimental results showed slight hardening in shear and significant softening in the transverse direction. Accounting for these post-yield effects significantly improved the correlation with experiment.
On the state of stress in the near-surface of the earth's crust

Five models for near-surface crustal stresses induced by gravity and horizontal deformation and the influence of rock property contrasts, rock strength, and stress relaxation on these stresses are presented. Three of the models—the lateral constraint model, the model for crustal stresses caused by horizontal deformation, and the model for the effects of anisotropy—are linearly elastic. The other two models assume that crustal rocks are brittle or viscoelastic in order to account for the effects of rock strength and time on near-surface stresses. It is shown that the lateral constraint model is simply a special case of the combined gravity-and deformation-induced stress field when horizontal strains vanish and that the inclusion of the effect of rock anisotropy in the solution for crustal stresses caused by gravity and horizontal deformation broadens the range for predicted stresses. It is also shown that when stress levels in the crust reach the limits of brittle rock strength, these stresses become independent of strain rates and that stress relaxation in ductile crustal rocks subject to constant horizontal strain rates causes horizontal stresses to become independent of time in the long term.
Characterization of early follicular cDNA library suggests evidence for genetic polymorphisms in the inbred strain C108 of Bombyx mori.

Recent work towards the completion of a saturated molecular genetic linkage map for the lepidopteran silkworm, Bombyx mori (n=28), has provided evidence for existing polymorphisms in the inbred strain C108. Two inbred parental strains, p50 and C108, were crossed to produce the F1 (P/C) hybrid offspring. The populations used in this project were comprised of a combination of 29 F2 (F1 x F1) and 31 reciprocal backcross (P/C x C/C, P/C x P/P) progeny. All restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) for the initial analysis were hybridized with anonymous probes derived from a random early follicular cDNA (Rcf) library from Bombyx. A total of 19 Rcf probes were selected as showing scorable codominant polymorphic patterns when screened against F2 and backcross DNAs digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI, HindIII, or PstI, and Southern blotted to nylon membranes for hybridization. Of the newly reported Rcf probes, 7 (37%) were characterized as producing `simple' polymorphic patterns, while 12 (63%) were characterized as producing `complex' polymorphic patterns. Further characterization of the complex patterns subdivided this group into two general classes: polymorphisms that contained an additional allele, and multiple bands that contained an easily scored two banded polymorphism. Because the extra allele class was limited to the (P/C x C/C) backcross progeny, it is suggested that the inbred parental strain C108 harbors polymorphic loci that are inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. A genetic analysis discussing plausible origins and maintenance of these polymorphisms is presented.
INDUCED DIVISION SYNCHRONY IN TETRAHYMENA VORAX.

SYNOPSIS. Temperature-cycling of the type used with T. pyriformis was applied to cultures of Tetrahymena vorax Tur in attempts to induce synchronous cell division. The best temperature-cycling treatment found produced division indexes of 40% (T. pyriformis yields 85%). The age-dependent thermal sensitivity of untreated T. pyriformis which is often cited as an explanation for its response to temperature-cycling has been demonstrated in T. vorax. However, a difference was noted which may explain the different degrees of synchrony obtained. It is suggested that the fission-delay distributions obtained with T. pyriformis can be explained on the basis of an hypothesis in which all cells behave uniformly. In T. vorax, in contrast, the delay distributions suggest that the thermal sensitivity pattern is not the same in all cells.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface.

Silver nanoparticles are one of the most prevalent nanomaterials in consumer products. Some of these products are likely to be aerosolized, making silver nanoparticles a high priority for inhalation toxicity assessment. To study the inhalation toxicity of silver nanoparticles, we have exposed cultured lung cells to them at the air-liquid interface. Cells were exposed to suspensions of silver or nickel oxide (positive control) nanoparticles at concentrations of 2.6, 6.6, and 13.2 μg cm−2 (volume concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μg ml−1) and to 0.7 μg cm−2 silver or 2.1 μg cm−2 nickel oxide aerosol at the air-liquid interface. Unlike a number of in vitro studies employing suspensions of silver nanoparticles, which have shown strong toxic effects, both suspensions and aerosolized nanoparticles caused negligible cytotoxicity and only a mild inflammatory response, in agreement with animal exposures. Additionally, we have developed a novel method using a differential mobility analyzer to select aerosolized nanoparticles of a single diameter to assess the size-dependent toxicity of silver nanoparticles.
Elemental and iron isotopic composition of aerosols collected in a parking structure.

The trace metal contents and iron isotope composition of size-resolved aerosols were determined in a parking structure in Tempe, AZ, USA. Particulate matter (PM) 2.5 microm were collected. Several air toxics (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, and antimony) were enriched above the crustal average, implicating automobiles as an important source. Extremely high levels of fine copper (up to 1000 ng m(-3)) were also observed in the parking garage, likely from brake wear. The iron isotope composition of the aerosols were found to be +0.15+/-0.03 per thousand and +0.18+/-0.03 per thousand for the PM 2.5 microm fractions, respectively. The similarity of isotope composition indicates a common source for each size fraction. To better understand the source of iron in the parking garage, the elemental composition in four brake pads (two semi-metallic and two ceramic), two tire tread samples, and two waste oil samples were determined. Striking differences in the metallic and ceramic brake pads were observed. The ceramic brake pads contained 10-20% copper by mass, while the metallic brake pads contained about 70% iron, with very little copper. Both waste oil samples contained significant amounts of calcium, phosphorous, and zinc, consistent with the composition of some engine oil additives. Differences in iron isotope composition were observed between the source materials; most notably between the tire tread (average=+0.02 per thousand) and the ceramic brake linings (average=+0.65 per thousand). Differences in isotopic composition were also observed between the metallic (average=+0.18 per thousand) and ceramic brake pads, implying that iron isotope composition may be used to resolve these sources. The iron isotope composition of the metallic brake pads was found to be identical to the aerosols, implying that brake dust is the dominant source of iron in a parking garage.
Identification and characterization of zinc finger encoding genes from the tumoral exocrine pancreatic cell line AR42J

Zinc finger transcription factors are DNA-binding proteins that are known to determine the identity of cells by regulating cell-specific gene expression. In addition, mutations in some members of this family have been found to be associated with several neoplasias, including Wilms' tumor and leukemias. Because the mechanisms that regulate normal, as well as neoplastic, pancreatic cell differentiation are poorly understood, we are searching for pancreas-enriched transcription factors that may determine the identity of pancreatic cells. Towards this end, we have used the polymerase chain reaction and degenerate primers against the highly conserved (Cys2-His2) zinc finger domain to amplify novel transcription factor encoding cDNAs from the well-characterized pancreatic acinar cell line AR42J. Using this approach, we have identified 17 different zinc finger encoding cDNAs (AZF-1 to -17). Sequence analysis shows that all of these clones encode for different zinc finger peptides which share the consensus DNA binding motif with the Drosophila transcription factor kruppel. As a first step in the characterization of these genes, the purified PCR products were used to determine their spatial pattern of expression by northern blot analysis. Using these techniques, we find that numerous zinc finger encoding genes are expressed in AR42J acinar cells as well as in normal adult rat pancreas and suggest that they may play a role as transcription factors in exocrine pancreatic cells.
GABAergic modulation of learned helplessness

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated the GABAergic system in the hippocampus to be a major controlling factor in the reversal of learned helplessness by antidepressants. In the present work, animals in which learned helplessness (LeH) was induced by exposure to uncontrollable electric shock demonstrated a decreased depolarization-induced release of GABA relative to controls, and an increased release of hippocampal glutamate. Injection of bicuculline but not glutamate into the hippocampus produced a behavioral state identical to that induced by uncontrallable shock, but had no influence on pain sensitivity. When flux through the “small” hippocampal pool of GABA was determined, chronic treatment with imipramine or iprindole, but not lorazepam or chlorpromazine elevated this measure. These three findings, along with those of prior experiments, suggest a controlling role for GABA in the learned helplessness model of depression.
Producing more Interpretable Test Analyses and Reports

An item analysis and test report program is described. Focus has been placed on using statistics and descriptors which are more readily conceptualized by classroom teachers. The FORTRAN program is usable on many microcomputers and larger systems. An accompanying tutorial. assists with the interpretation of output.
High Performance Thermoplastic Matrix Composites

Most high performance composites utilize thermosetting polymers as the matrix material. These low viscosity liquid prepolymers are easily impregnated into reinforcing fibers and then crosslinked to form a solid structure. Polymers which have a low viscosity at room temperature are ideally suited for low production runs because a wide variety of individualized shapes can be manufactured without a high degree of automation. As the demand for composites increases the need for high volume production techmques has developed. Thermoplastic polymers are more appropriately suited for automated produc tion than thermosets because they require only the application of heat and pressure to form parts. No chemical reaction is required with thermoplastic composites. Thermoplastic matrix composites are not appropriate for low volume production runs because the high temperatures and pressures required to process the composites utilizes equipment which is appropriate for large production runs. In addition to high volume p...
Convivial software: an end-user perspective on free and open source software

The free and open source software (Foss) movement deserves to be placed in an historico-ethical perspective that emphasizes the end user. Such an emphasis is able to enhance and support the Foss movement by arguing the ways it is heir to a tradition of professional ethical idealism and potentially related to important issues in the history of science, technology, and society relations. The focus on software from an end-user's perspective also leads to the concept of program conviviality. From a non-technical perspective, however, software is simply a new example of technology, and the effort to assure that technology is developed in a socially responsible manner has a significant history. The argument thus begins with observations about the history of technology. This leads to critical reflections on the development of professional engineering ethics, and to a discussion of the alternative technology movement. Finally, it concludes by indicating some criteria to consider when imagining the design of convivial software.
Power Optimized ADC-Based Serial Link Receiver

Implementing serial I/O receivers based on analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital signal post-processing has drawn growing interest with technology scaling, but power consumption remains among the key issues for such digital receiver in high speed applications. This paper presents an ADC-based receiver that uses a low-gain analog and mixed-mode pre-equalizer in conjunction with non-uniform reference levels for the ADC. The combination compensates for both the frontend non-ideality and the channel response while maintaining low ADC resolution and hence enables low power consumption. The receiver is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS technology with 10 Gb/s data rate, and has 13 pJ/bit and 10.6 pJ/bit power efficiency for a 29 dB and a 23 dB loss channel respectively.
Urban Armageddon or Politics as Usual? The Case of Municipal Civil Service Reform

For the better part of the twentieth century, the question of municipal reformism has drawn urban scholarship: Why do some cities change their governing arrangements while others do not? Focusing exclusively on merit systems, in this study I expose the political underpinnings of merit reform in American municipal history. A duration analysis of merit adoptions in a sample of 252 cities in the 1900–1940 period suggests that both state- (home rule status, state merit systems) and city-specific (at-large elections, term length, city size, percent foreign-born, regional location) factors largely determined when and where reform occurred.
The whats and the whys of games and software engineering

The intersection of video games and software engineering is not yet well understood. This paper highlights the varied and exciting opportunities available at the intersection of these two disciplines. We investigate four main areas: the development of games, how they are designed, how middleware supports the creative process and how games are tested. We hope that it inspires readers to take on the challenges available in games and software engineering, and join together to create a vibrant community.
Sorting proteins to their target membranes.

Sorting proteins to their target membranes. The functional polarity of epithelial cells depends upon the selective insertion of proteins and lipids into distinct plasma membrane domains, and upon the maintenance of these specialized domains once they are established during epithelial development. This polarized distribution of important categories of proteins including membrane transporters, channels, enzymes, cell adhesion molecules and junctional components allows cells to carry out the vectorial transport of fluid, ions and other molecules across the epithelial barrier. Several mechanisms are required to ensure the directed movement of membrane components within the cell, and to control their delivery to the appropriate target membrane. These include specific “targeting” cassettes in the amino acid sequence of the transported proteins (such as PDZ domains and NPXY or YRRF domains), a variety of accessory proteins (including GTP-binding proteins) that associate with carrier vesicles and membrane compartments within the cell, and cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules, microfilaments and the spectrin-ankyrin network. Incorrectly folded proteins are retained and degraded within the cell, and many “chaperones” are involved in ensuring that newly-synthesized proteins assume the correct two- and three-dimensional orientations and oligomerization prior to exiting from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Many of the proteins involved in neurotransmitter release (for example, synaptobrevins, syntaxins) have homologs that are found in non-neuronal cells, where they play a key role in vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. In view of the complexity of these trafficking processes, it is not surprising that a growing number of disease pathologies have been identified that involve defective targeting and trafficking of proteins. These diseases can be grouped under the name “sorting disorders,” and they result from abnormal delivery of functionally important proteins to the cell surface. In some cases, the mutated protein is retained and degraded intracellularly, while in others it may not be delivered to the cell surface after the appropriate physiological stimulation.
Rule inversion, opacity, conspiracies: French liaison and elision

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of French liaison and elision based on the notion of rule inversion, introduced by Vennemann (1972). It is contended that the synchronic rule for liaison is not the continuation of the historical preconsonantal and prepausal consonant deletion, but rather its inverse, consonant epenthesis in prevocalic position. A number of factors are adduced in support of epenthesis, including relative frequency, simplicity of analysis, acquisition of language, and historical data. Elision, however, is not considered describable by inversion, the diachronic vowel deletion rule here also being motivated synchronically. Therefore, liaison and elision are seen as distinct processes of French, a conclusion unlike that of Schane (1968), but one that is also proposed in Schane (forthcoming), although reached by entirely different means. Finally, liaison and elision are found to form a conspiracy, according ti Kiparsky (1973), because both rules are transparent. A deletion formulation of liaison would make it opaque, and thus inadmissible for a conspiracy. Since the functional unity (conspiracy) of liaison and elision cannot be doubted (they both eliminate the sequence VV), the epenthesis analysis of liaison receives strong theoretical backing.
Making bank risk shifting more transparent

Abstract Asymmetric-information theory presumes that government regulators can prevent banks from deceptively shifting risks to taxpayers, customers, and creditors. But this presumption is challenged by incentive conflicts in government service. To control the social costs of incentive conflict in regulation, financial markets need to generate reliable public information about the risks and opportunity losses transferred to taxpayers and competing institutions by the government guarantees and regulatory forbearances that a bank receives. Three complementary mechanisms can assist in this task: extending the liability of bank stockholders for liquidation losses; reassigning responsibility for monitoring insurable risks from government insurance funds to private coinsurers and subordinated creditors; and improving the informativeness of reported measures of government regulatory performance.
Toward a restorative medicine--the science of care.

“The most common criticism made at present by older practitioners is that young graduates have been taught a great deal about the mechanism of disease, but very little about the practice of medicine—or to put it more bluntly, they are too “scientific” and do not know how to take care of patients . . . The good physician knows his patients through and through, and his knowledge is bought dearly. Time, sympathy, and understanding must be lavishly dispensed, but the reward is to be found in that personal bond which forms the greatest satisfaction of the practice of medicine. One of the essential qualities of the clinician is interest in humanity, for the secret of the care of the patient is in caring for the patient.”See PDF for full text of the original JAMA article.
Some Reactions of OH(v = 1)

Reactions of OH(v = 1) with HBr, O, and CO have been studied at 295°K using a fast discharge flow apparatus: The reaction O + HBr OH(v = 1) + Br was used as a source of OH(v = 1), and subsequent chemical reactions of the excited radical were followed using EPR spectroscopy. Rate constants for reactions (2b), (3b), and (6b) were measured as (4.5 ± 1.3) × 10−11, (10.5 ± 5.3) × 10−11, and <5 × 10−12 cm3/molec·sec, respectively. The rate constant for physical deactivation of OH(v = 1) by CO was determined as <4 × 10−13 cm3/molec·sec.
Vadose, Phreatic, and Marine Diagenesis of Pleistocene-Holocene Carbonates in a Borehole: Mediterranean Coast of Israel

ABSTRACT A 136 m section of Pleistocene-Holocene carbonate sediments in the Ashdod Yam 15/0 water well, which penetrates the coastal plain aquifer of Israel, was chosen for a study of carbonate diagenesis. The following diagenetic parameters were used to diagnose vadose, phreatic and marine diagenetic environments: original textures of aragonitic molluscan shells, kind and distribution of carbonate cements, trace-element (Sr and Mg) concentration and carbonate mineralogy. Comparison of the diagenetic parameters with the present hydrologic regime in the borehole indicates the following: 1) the preservation of vadose features well within the present fresh-water phreatic zone; 2) abundant intergranular and moldic porosity in a leached interval coinciding with a brackish-water mixing zone; 3) clear signs of fresh-water alteration, including leaching and recementation of molluscs and complete occlusion of pore space by drusy cement, in a permeable layer in a highly saline zone of sea-water intrusion; 4) the preservation of original metastable carbonate mineralogy, molluscan microstructure, and marine cements in the thin permeable layers shielded by impermeable shales; 5) extensive fresh-water alteration (coalescive neomorphic recrystallization, leaching, an occlusion of pore space by drusy cement) in thick permeable intervals.
Spectroscopic studies of inert gas complexes

Abstract Data are presented from spectroscopic studies of diatomic and polyatomic inert gas complexes, so-called van der Waals molecules. The data include, where available, the molecular geometry and the simplest parameters of a potential energy curve, namely, dissociation energy, equilibrium internuclear distance, and force constant. The data are compared and reviewed. The experimental method of molecular beam electric resonance spectroscopy is given particular emphasis and it is shown how structural information on complexes of this type may thus be obtained. It is suggested that the development of useful conceptual schemes for understanding and correlating weak interactions is somewhat more difficult than presently accepted. Doubt is placed on the physical validity for models based on “classical electrostatic” interactions.
Glial cell migration directed by axon guidance cues

Widespread myelination by oligodendrocytes is essential for the normal functioning of the vertebrate CNS. Oligodendrocyte precursors initially arise in restricted regions of the neuroepithelium and migrate relatively long distances to their final destinations. The signals that guide this migration have remained poorly understood, but recent studies suggest that glial precursors use similar molecular cues to those that guide axons through the complex terrain of the developing CNS. For example, in the developing optic nerve, glial-precursor migration from the brain towards the retina is guided by netrin-1 and semaphorin 3a. These studies suggest a novel mechanism governing glial precursor migration and provide new insights into development and the potential to direct CNS injury repair.
The challenge of contracting for technological information

Contracting to provide technological information (TI) is a significant challenge. TI is an unusual commodity in five ways. (i) TI is difficult to count and value; conventional indicators, such as patents and citations, hardly indicate value. TI is often sold at different prices to different parties. (ii) To value TI, it may be necessary to “give away the secret.” This danger, despite nondisclosure agreements, inhibits efforts to market TI. (iii) To prove its value, TI is often bundled into complete products, such as a computer chip or pharmaceutical product. Efficient exchange, by contrast, would involve merely the raw information. (iv) Sellers’ superior knowledge about TI’s value make buyers wary of overpaying. (v) Inefficient contracts are often designed to secure rents from TI. For example, licensing agreements charge more than marginal cost. These contracting difficulties affect the way TI is produced, encouraging self-reliance. This should be an advantage to large firms. However, small research and development firms spend more per employee than large firms, and nonprofit universities are major producers. Networks of organizational relationships, particularly between universities and industry, are critical in transmitting TI. Implicit barter—money for guidance—is common. Property rights for TI are hard to establish. Patents, quite suitable for better mousetraps, are inadequate for an era when we design better mice. Much TI is not patented, and what is patented sets fuzzy demarcations. New organizational forms are a promising approach to contracting difficulties for TI. Webs of relationships, formal and informal, involving universities, start-up firms, corporate giants, and venture capitalists play a major role in facilitating the production and spread of TI.
Dehydrogenation of methoxy adsorbed on Pt(111) and Cr(110) : the stabilizing effect of the more electropositive surface

Abstract A molecular orbital study has been made of the first dehydrogenation step for methoxy adsorbed on Pt(111) and Cr(110) surfaces. The higher activation energy for this reaction on the Cr surface can be rationalized in terms of the higher charge transfer stabilization of CH3O(ads) on this surface compared to the Pt surface. That is, the more electropositive Cr surface is a stronger charge donor. However, it is found that in general the covalent components to the binding energies, the lone-pair donations from CH3O(ads) lone pairs to the surfaces, are also sensitive to the metal band position. Changes in these interactions influence the activation barriers.
Predation by juvenile Polinices duplicatvs (Say) on Gemma gemma (Totten)

Abstract Feeding by juvenile Polinices duplicatus (Say) on Gemma gemma (Totten) at Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts, was examined using laboratory experiments and collections of naturally occurring bored shells. Snails Gemma in the laboratory and borehole diameter was directly related to predator size. Field collections of drilled shells showed that Gemma was an important prey of 0-year-class Polinices . Boreholes in Gemma shells from field collections were made primarily by snails of 1– mm, and 10 mm. Most bored Gemma were large 1- to 2-yr-old individuals. The proportion of empty Gemma shells containing boreholes ranged from 3.7–14.6%, indicating that naticid predation was a minor source of total Gemma mortality. Collections of bored shells closely reflected both the size range and relative abundance of natural predators of Gemma .
A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF THE REACTION BETWEEN METHYL RADICALS AND HXCO (WHERE X = H AND F)

Abstract The reactions of methyl radicals and HXCO (where X = H or F) are studied using ab initio molecular methods. The best estimate of the heat of reaction for CH 3 + CH 2 O is 16.0 kcal mol −1 , and the activation barrier is 10.6 kcal mol −1 calculated at QCISD(T)/6-311 + +G(2df, 2p) level of theory. These values are compared with experimental results. For the reaction CH 3 + HFCO, the heat of reaction and activation barrier calculated at the same level of theory are −2.9 and 13.5 kcal mol −1 , respectively.
Prion proteins and ECTO-NOX proteins exhibit similar oscillating redox activities.

Abstract Both recombinant full-length mouse prion protein expressed in Escherichia coli and native prion protein (PrPsc) from mouse brain exhibited NADH oxidase and protein disulfide–thiol interchange activities similar to those formerly thought to be properties exclusive to the growth-related, cell surface ECTO-NOX proteins. The two activities exhibited the complex 2 + 3 pattern of oscillations characteristic of ECTO-NOX proteins where the two activities alternate to generate a period length of 24 min. The oscillations were augmented by copper and diminished by addition of the copper chelator bathocuproene. That the activity might be attributable to a contaminating protein was ruled out by experiments where the purified recombinant prion-containing extracts were resolved by SDS–PAGE and the activity was restricted to a single band corresponding to the predicted Mr of the recombinant prion as verified by Western blot analyses.
Evaluating Structural Response of Flexible Pavement Based on Field Instrumentation

This study evaluates the structural responses for an eighteen-wheel vehicle in a flexible pavement with numerical analysis. The predicted stress and strains are compared with the field measured values. As a first step, a Finite Element Model (FEM) of the instrumented section is developed in commercial finite element software, ABAQUS. Stiffness of each layer is obtained by Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) test and backcalculated by ELMOD. The stress and the strain responses at some predefined locations are determined. Secondly, a total of 40 sensors are installed on Interstate 40 (I-40) at mile post 141 in New Mexico, to measure the stress-strain, loading configurations and environmental variations in the pavement. The outputs of the FEM are compared with the field measured values. Results show that the field responses closely match with the developed FEM model and thus, verify the numerical analysis.
Activity-Enriched Computing: Capturing and Mining Activity Histories

Ubiquitous data capture and visualization technologies make it possible to exploit histories of computer-mediated activity to develop activity-enriched computing.
Structure and dynamics of the fish eye lens protein, γM7-crystallin.

The vertebrate eye lens contains high concentrations of crystallins. The dense lenses of fish are particularly abundant in a class called γM-crystallin whose members are characterized by an unusually high methionine content and partial loss of the four tryptophan residues conserved in all γ-crystallins from mammals which are proposed to contribute to protection from UV-damage. Here, we present the structure and dynamics of γM7-crystallin from zebrafish (Danio rerio). The solution structure shares the typical two-domain, four-Greek-key motif arrangement of other γ-crystallins, with the major difference noted in the final loop of the N-terminal domain, spanning residues 65–72. This is likely due to the absence of the conserved tryptophans. Many of the methionine residues are exposed on the surface but are mostly well-ordered and frequently have contacts with aromatic side chains. This may contribute to the specialized surface properties of these proteins that exist under high molecular crowding in the fish ...
Microeconomic Implications of Remittances in an Overlapping Generations Model with Altruism and Self-Interest

The paper explicitly models the dynamic strategic aspects of the interaction between the migrant and the remittance-receiving relative(s), with the migrant behaving as a Stackelberg leader. It is also different from other formalizations of remittance behavior in its treatment of the two parties interaction to realize potential gains from exchange. We demonstrate that when the migrant and the relative(s) cooperate to maximize the joint utility of the household, this leads to higher level of remittances as well as investment and hours worked by the relative(s). We use data from Armenia to test our predictions regarding implications of remittances flows on behavior of receiving households. Consistent with our predictions, remittance-receiving households work fewer hours and spend less on the education of their children. While saving more, these households are not leveraging their savings to borrow from the banking system to expand their business activities. This evidence suggests that the benefits of remittances might be overstated and emphasizes the importance of measuring their impact in a general - rather than a partial - equilibrium context.
INCLUSIVE BOOTSTRAP CONSTRAINTS ON DIFFRACTION DISSOCIATION.

Abstract Combining Mueller analysis with the momentum conservation sum role for inclusive reactions, we find that certain sums of diffractive cross sections should factorize in a simple manner. Application of two-component duality for Pomeron-particle amplitudes then leads to Pomeron-f proportional couplings at t = 0 and a universal probability for total diffraction dissociation.
EXAFS studies of the metallic glass La80Ga20

Abstract Ga-edge EXAFS experiments have been performed on the metallic glass La80Ga20. The results obtained are able to discriminate between a number of different model for the pair distribution function for atoms around the Ga, and the model which best fits the data provides coordination numbers and distances which are in agreement with earlier diffraction experiments. We find, however, that the two techniques give significantly different results for the degree of topological disorder in the first La coordination shell about the Ga atoms.
Electric double layer dynamics by high-field electroluminescence in aqueous solution (Destriau effect)

Abstract Transient luminescence induced by high electric fields (>2.5 × 104 V/cm) was observed in aqueous solutions of 6,8-dihydroxypyrene-1,3-disulfonic acid. The light emission takes place both at the leading and the trailing edges of the perturbing electric square pulse. It occurs only during the variation of the applied field and disappears with a time constant of 0.5 μsec at constant field. In solid state phosphors, where this phenomenon has been reported previously, it is known as the Destriau effect. The mechanisms of excitation and emission can be explained by the electron injection model, in which the time constant of the luminescence decay is associated with the rate of formation of the space charge. This space charge appears as a separation of positive and negative charges into a double layer stabilized by the applied potential.
Fatal warfarin-induced skin necrosis after total hip arthroplasty.

Skin necrosis associated with warfarin anticoagulation is a rare but serious complication. Few cases of warfarin-induced skin necrosis are found in the orthopaedic literature. We report a fatal case of warfarin-induced skin necrosis after total hip arthroplasty.
Ultra-sensitive Noninvasive Nanoparticle Detection Using Silicon Microcavities

This work presents a silicon microcavity based, size-sensitive technique, for detecting the same type of biological nanoparticles. Numerical simulations show significant dependence of the spectral shift on the size of the particle (radius: 30-175nm).
Effect of cAMP on nucleoside metabolism II. Cell cycle dependence of thymidine transport

We have shown previously that adenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) increased the transport of thymidine into monkey cells (CV-1) without affecting DNA synthesis (Roller et al., '74). Using techniques of cell synchronization, cell separation and DNA synthesis inhibitors in CV-1 and other cell lines, we now report that thymidine transport at low thymidine concentrations increases during the S phase of the cell cycle and that initiation of DNA synthesis is necessary for thymidine transport, although continuation of DNA synthesis is not necessary. Cyclic AMP alters nucleoside transport by increasing the Vmax for the transport reaction, but has no effect on the Km. Cyclic AMP is found not to affect the time in the cell cycle when thymidine transport occurs or the quality of the transport reaction, and only affects the amount of thymidine transported.
A death in the family: Household structure and mortality in rural liaoning: Life-event and time-series analysis, 1792–1867

In China before the twentieth century, the household was a locus of social and economic organization in which resources and responsibilities were allocated. This study shows that the structure of the relationships between coresident kin conditioned the allocation process. Through a discrete-time life-event analysis of triennial household register data from a northeast Chinese village, Daoyi, between 1774 and 1873, we find that an individual's probability of dying, which we treat as an indicator of access to resources and the nature of household roles, was affected by the composition of their coresident kin. As is the case in contemporary societies, widows and widowers had higher mortality than the currently married. Orphans had higher mortality than children with at least one parent present. Reflecting the dependence of a wife's status on whether she had produced an heir for her husband, married women in young adulthood and middle age who had at least one son had substantially lower mortality than those w...
Comparison of simultaneous Na lidar and mesospheric nightglow temperature measurements and the effects of tides on the emission layer heights

[1] A detailed comparative study of two new mesospheric temperature data sets, measured by different remote-sensing techniques, has been performed as part of a long-term investigation of low-latitude mesospheric dynamics. Coincident observations using the University of Illinois Na wind/temperature lidar and the Utah State University CEDAR Mesospheric Temperature Mapper (MTM) were conducted from the summit of Haleakala Crater, Maui, Hawaii (20.8°N, 156.2°W, ∼3000 m) as part of the Maui-MALT program. High-quality joint measurements were obtained during four lidar campaign periods, and 16 nights of data, spanning the interval January 2002 to October 2003, are presented here as example observations during each season. The Na lidar was coupled to the Air Force 3.7 m diameter steerable telescope providing exceptional quality temperature (and wind) data spanning the altitude range ∼80–105 km. At the same time the MTM sequentially sampled the NIR OH (6,2) Meinel band and the O2 (0,1) Atmospheric band nightglow emissions to determine the height-weighted mesospheric temperature at two nominal altitudes within this region. Comparison of these two nocturnal data sets shows exceptionally good agreement on a point-to-point, as well as a nightly mean basis, especially when allowances were made for physically reasonable changes in height during the course of the night for each of the nightglow layers. This analysis yields mean nocturnal altitudes of 88.6 km with a nocturnal variability of ±3.0 km for the OH M (6,2) band emission layer and 94.4 km for the O2 (0,1) Atmospheric band mean altitude with a nocturnal variability of ±4.2 km. These results are in excellent accord with previous rocket, satellite and ground-based observations and further establish the validity of these two complementary measurement techniques. Furthermore, analysis of the computed height changes inferred from this study indicates a systematic decrease in altitude of both emission layers by up to several kilometers, whenever the lidar data showed evidence of strong diurnal or semidiurnal tidal forcing. The apparent downward trend in altitude was found to track the phase of the prevailing tidal motion providing new evidence for the effects of tides (or long-period gravity waves) on the height variability of the nightglow layers.
The E1β and E2 Subunits of the Bacillus subtilis Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Are Involved in Regulation of Sporulation

The pdhABCD operon of Bacillus subtilis encodes the pyruvate decarboxylase (E1α and E1β), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) subunits of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex (PDH). There are two promoters: one for the entire operon and an internal one in front of the pdhC gene. The latter may serve to ensure adequate quantities of the E2 and E3 subunits, which are needed in greater amounts than E1α and E1β. Disruptions of the pdhB, pdhC, and pdhD genes were isolated, but attempts to construct a pdhA mutant were unsuccessful, suggesting that E1α is essential. The three mutants lacked PDH activity, were unable to grow on glucose and grew poorly in an enriched medium. The pdhB and pdhC mutants sporulated to only 5% of the wild-type level, whereas the pdhD mutant strain sporulated to 55% of the wild-type level. This difference indicated that the sporulation defect of the pdhB and pdhC mutant strains was due to a function(s) of these subunits independent of enzymatic activity. Growth, but not low sporulation, was enhanced by the addition of acetate, glutamate, succinate, and divalent cations. Results from the expression of various spo-lacZ fusions revealed that the pdhB mutant was defective in the late stages of engulfment or membrane fusion (stage II), whereas the pdhC mutant was blocked after the completion of engulfment (stage III). This analysis was confirmed by fluorescent membrane staining. The E1β and E2 subunits which are present in the soluble fraction of sporulating cells appear to function independently of enzymatic activity as checkpoints for stage II-III of sporulation.