cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Revisando la teoría imperialista y el imperialismo estadounidense en Latino América

In this paper we criticize contemporary theorizing about imperialism for its economic reductionism and a lack of class analysis and institutional specificity regarding the imperial state. In the context of this argument we establish the importance of class analysis for grasping the changing dynamics of imperial power before proceeding to argue how specific alignments of class forces in the world economy, in their interactions with existing imperial power configurations, is leading to a realignment of economic power in the world capitalist system that constitutes a major challenge for US imperialism in its Latin American operations. In the final section of the paper we point to the discontinuities and continuities in US imperial relations with Latin America, and the potentialities and constraints of these relations on economic growth and development.
Utilizing Mansplaining as Data: Leveraging Gender and Outsider Positionalities in International Third Sector Research Fieldwork

This article examines ways of leveraging gender and outsider positionalities in a manner that benefits the research process in international third sector field research. International research is conducted by individuals collecting data outside their country of origin or long-term residence. In the article I reflect on the role of researcher outsider status as it intersects with gender, and how these positionalities can be used to positively influence data collection in the field. I argue that aspects of female outsider status often experienced as negative also can offer unexpected benefits to research fieldwork, such as access as an outsider to conflict-affected communities, additional assistance to the “vulnerable” female, extra explanation to the “naive” female researcher, and access facilitated by third gender or honorary male status assigned to female outsiders.
Advanced Obesity Treatment Selection among Adolescents in a Pediatric Weight Management Program

Background: Treatment options for adolescents with obesity are limited. Yet, therapies previously reserved for adults, such as medications and bariatric surgery, are increasingly available to adolescents in tertiary obesity treatment settings. We aimed to identify the factors associated with selecting an advanced obesity treatment (diets, medications, and surgery) beyond lifestyle therapy among adolescents presenting to a tertiary, pediatric weight management program. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of adolescents (N = 220) who participated in a longitudinal, observational case-control study within a pediatric weight management program. The exposures were potential individual and clinical factors, including sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities. The outcome was treatment selection, dichotomized into lifestyle vs. advanced treatment. We modeled associations between these factors and treatment selection using logistic regression, controlling for confounding variables (age, race/ethnicity, sex, and insurance). Results: The study population included a majority of non-Hispanic Black (50.5%) and Hispanic/Latino (19.5%) adolescents, of whom 25.5% selected advanced treatment. Adolescents were more likely to choose an advanced treatment option if they had a greater BMI [odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.04-1.15], lived further from the clinic (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.00-1.05), and had an elevated glycohemoglobin level (OR 2.46, 95% CI 1.24-4.92). Conclusions: A significant fraction of adolescents seeking obesity treatment in a specialized care setting chose new and emerging obesity treatments, particularly those at high risk of developing diabetes. These findings can inform patient-clinician obesity treatment discussions in specialty care settings. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT03139877.
On Phase-Based Imaging of Eddy Current Nondestructive Evaluation

Eddy current NDE has been used for many years to effectively detect defects in conducting materials [1]. However, a major limitation associated with the technique is that imaging techniques are generally qualitative classification schemes which rely on calibration procedures. This is because eddy current phenomena are governed by diffusion, and as such, quantitative inversion/imaging schemes which rely on properties of wave propagation such as diffraction, scattering, and time-of-flight are not applicable. This paper will examine the possibility of using phase shifts associated with time-harmonic eddy current phenomena to solve quantitative inverse problems in the same manner that phase shifts of wave propagation are used.
Colloidal Stability in Complex Fluids

Colloidal stability in complex fluids has been studied with emphasis on depletion effects arising from the presence of nonadsorbed polymeric species. The purpose of this review is to present the various contributions to the interparticle potential in complex colloidal systems, and highlight their importance through experimental observations of structure- property (rheological) relations in such systems.
CHAPTER 43 – Androgens

There is an increasing interest in how the actions of androgens are integrated into the broad scheme of bone metabolism and how those effects can be adapted for prevention and therapy. Androgens have direct effects on osteoblast function. The most dramatic effect of androgens during growth is on bone size. Despite the relative paucity of research concerning androgen action in bone, there are several well-known effects, both direct and indirect, that may prove beneficial, such as stimulation of bone formation, growth-promoting effects, and suppression of bone resorption. Androgen therapy in hypogonadal men has been shown to affect bone mass positively, at least in most patient groups. In young men considered to have constitutional delay of puberty, testosterone therapy results in a clear increase in bone mass, but whether this provides a solution to the problem of low peak bone mass in these patients is not yet known. A few small trials of androgen administration in older men have suggested that there may be beneficial effects (increased strength and improved body composition), and some reports, indicate that bone mass or biochemical indices of remodeling may improve.
A Study of Educational Simulations Part II – Interface Design

Abstract Interactive computer simulations with complex representations and sophisticated graphics are a relatively new addition to the classroom, and research in this area is limited. We have conducted over 200 individual student interviews during which the students described what they were thinking as they interacted with simulations. These interviews were conducted as part of the research and design of simulations for the Physics Education Technology (PhET) project. PhET is an ongoing project that has developed over 60 simulations for use in teaching physics, chemistry, and physical science. These interviews are a rich source of information about how students interact with computer simulations and what makes an educationally effective simulation. The interviews demonstrate that the simulation must function intuitively or the student’s attention is focused on how to use the simulation rather than on the topic presented. Here we provide guidelines for intuitive interface design developed by this research. These cover layout, tool use, help and representations that we use to create a simulation. We give examples from interviews which demonstrate the effectiveness of each guideline for engaging students in educationally productive interactions.
Acid Sensing Ion Channels contribute to hypoxia-induced migration in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (LB788)

Our laboratory has recently shown that acid sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1) contributes to the arterial remodeling associated with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. This is consistent with the reported involvement of ASIC in migration, proliferation, and apoptosis in a variety of cells types. However, the contribution of ASIC to hypoxia-induced migration, proliferation, and apoptosis has not been examined. Therefore, we hypothesize that ASIC1 and ASIC3 contribute to hypoxia-induced migration in human pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (hPASMC). To test this hypothesis, hPASMC were grown to confluence and placed into basal media 24 hr prior to executing an in-vitro scratch assay. Following the scratch, hPASMC were treated with a non-selective ASIC inhibitor, amiloride; the specific ASIC1 inhibitor, psalmotoxin 1; the specific ASIC3 inhibitor, APETx2; or vehicle and then exposed to normoxia (21% oxygen, 5% CO2) or hypoxia (2% oxygen, 5% CO2) for 12 hrs. Inhibition of ASIC1 and ASIC3 did not ...
Cervicovaginal fistula: An apparent increased incidence with prostaglandin F2α

Abstract Cervicovaginal fistula is a rare, but difficult to treat complication of midtrimester abortion. The incidence appears to be much higher with the use of prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ) than with saline in our patients, having risen from less than 1:1,000 with saline infusion to more than 1 per cent with PGF 2α . Our patients at risk appear to be young primigravidas; if they received saline, they also had oxytocin augmentation of labor. Case histories are presented, and it is suggested that those patients at risk require mechanical dilatation of the cervix through the use of laminaria tents or Foley catheters.
A 100 MS/s, 10.5 Bit, 2.46 mW Comparator-Less Pipeline ADC Using Self-Biased Ring Amplifiers

The ring amplifier is an energy efficient and high output swing alternative to an OTA for switched-capacitor circuits. However, the conventional ring amplifier requires external biases, which makes the ring amplifier less practical when we consider process, supply voltage, and temperature (PVT) variation. This paper presents a self-biased ring amplifier scheme that makes the ring amplifier more practical and power efficient while maintaining the benefits of efficient slew-based charging and an almost rail-to-rail output swing. We introduce an improved auto-zero scheme that eliminates the gain error caused by the parasitic capacitance across the auto-zero switch. Furthermore, a comparator-less pipeline ADC structure takes advantage of the characteristics of the ring-amplifier to replace the sub-ADC in each pipeline stage. The prototype ADC has measured SNDR, SNR and SFDR of 56.6 dB (9.11 b), 57.5 dB and 64.7 dB, respectively, for a Nyquist frequency input sampled at 100 MS/s, and consumes 2.46 mW.
Unifying model for step coverage in deposition processes for multilevel interconnection

A molecular transport-reaction model based on a pseudosteady approximation of the Boltzmann equation provides a unifying understanding of step coverage phenomena observed for the spectrum of deposition processes. The model suggests that for all chemically based processes, the reactivity of precursors or intermediates, as characterized by their reactive sticking coefficients, controls step coverage. Classical reaction rate expressions may be used to estimate reactive sticking coefficient dependences on flux; these dependences are directly incorporated in the model to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of the sticking coefficients as the feature fill proceeds. For all but first-order reactions, use of a single value for the sticking coefficient is not warranted. The model is formulated in such a way that physical properties of the films (i.e. density) can be estimated if the property dependence on precursor incident angle is known. >
Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways

NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-κB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-κB-dependent transcription is not only tightly controlled by positive and negative regulatory mechanisms but also closely coordinated with other signaling pathways. This intricate crosstalk is crucial to shaping the diverse biological functions of NF-κB into cell type– and context-specific responses.
Prevalence of Cirrhosis in Hepatitis C Patients in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS): A Retrospective and Prospective Observational Study

Prevalence of Cirrhosis in Hepatitis C Patients in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS): A Retrospective and Prospective Observational Study
Higher in status, (Even) better-than-average.

In 5 studies (total N = 1357) conducted online using Amazon’s MTurk the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and the better-than-average effect (BTAE) was tested. Across the studies subjective measures of SES were positively correlated with magnitude of BTAE. Effects of objective measures (income and education) were weaker and less consistent. Measures of childhood SES (both objective and subjective) were positively correlated with BTAE magnitude, though less strongly and less consistently than measures of current subjective SES. Meta-analysis revealed all measures of chronic SES (with the exception of education) were significantly correlated with BTAE. However, manipulations of SES in terms of subjective status (Study 2), power (Study 3), and dominance (Study 4) did not have strong effects on BTAE magnitude (d’s ranging from -.04 - .14). Taken together the results suggest that chronic, but not temporary, status may be linked with a stronger tendency to overestimate one’s abilities and positive traits.
EPR study of exchange interactions in EuxYb1−xB6☆

Abstract Exchange interactions in Eu x Yb 1-x B 6 have been studied by the EPR technique at 0.2 intervals in x at 296 K. In the region of the absorption maximum the experimental spectra can be described by a lineshape function consisting mainly of a Lorentzian absorptive component with a small admixture of a Lorentzian dispersive component. Graphs are presented which facilitate lineshape fitting and parameter extraction. Exchange fields are evaluated from the measured half-width at half-maximum power absorption and calculated dipolar, hyperfine, and crystal-field contributions to the second moment of the Eu 2+ resonance. Assuming nearest-neighbor exchange interactions only, the magnitudes of the Weiss constants are calculated and are in good agreement with those derived from low-temperature static magnetic susceptibility measurements. The g -factors of Eu 2+ are all considerably greater than that in the absence of exchange, indicating the existence of exchange interactions between the europium moments and conduction electrons. Narrow resonance signals at g = 2.000 ± 0.001 have been detected in EuB 6 and Eu 0.8 Y 0.2 B 6 and are attributed to conduction electrons. Possible exchange mechanisms are discussed, and it is concluded that exchange coupling via magnetic-polaron formation is the only mechanism that is consistent with the experimental results.
Regularized joint density estimation for multi-instance learning

We present regularized multiple density estimation (MDE) using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) framework for multi-instance datasets. In this approach, bags of instances are represented as distributions using the principle of MaxEnt. We learn basis functions which span the space of distributions for jointly regularized density estimation. The basis functions are analogous to topics in a topic model. We propose a distance metric for measuring similarities at the bag level which captures the statistical properties of each bag. We provide a convex optimization method to learn the metric and compare the results with distance based multi-instance learning algorithms, e.g., Citation-kNN and bag-level kernel SVM on two real world datasets. The results show that regularized MDE produces a comparable results in terms of accuracy with reduced computational complexity.
Nasal cannula use in the preterm infant: oxygen or pressure?

In the October issue of Pediatrics , Walsh et al1 describe the use of nasal cannulae in a population of 1508 infants of 90%) when their cannulae were removed. Infants who failed the oxygen-removal challenge had a mean calculated Fio2 of 0.26. The authors speculate that one reason for continued use of the cannula was lack of knowledge of the actual delivered Fio2, an explanation that would not account for the use of a nasal cannula to deliver room air, used in 22 of their infants, some of whom had flows as high as 2 L/minute. Indeed, 7 infants receiving room air failed to tolerate room air without the cannula. The current experience by Walsh et al raises a number of questions. Is the use of an oxygen challenge more meaningful than the actual clinical prescription of oxygen and method of … Address correspondence to Neil N. Finer, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, 200 W Arbor Dr, 8774, San Diego, CA 92103-8774. E-mail: nfiner{at}ucsd.edu
Structural transformation in supercooled water controls the crystallization rate of ice

The various anomalous properties of water have puzzled scientists for decades, and many hypotheses have been put forward to explain their origin. One mystery is the question of what determines the lowest temperature to which water can be cooled before it freezes to ice. Rapid crystallization at low temperatures hampers experimental studies, and simulations are usually prohibitively costly in terms of computer time. Using a simple water model that allows demanding calculations, Emily Moore and Valeria Molinero now show that a sharp increase in the fraction of four-coordinated molecules in supercooled liquid water controls the rate and mechanism of ice formation. The structural change also results in a peak in the rate of crystallization at 225 K; below this temperature, ice nuclei form faster than liquid water can equilibrate. This finding explains the observed thermodynamic anomalies, and why homogeneous ice nucleation rates depend on the thermodynamics of water. One of water’s unsolved puzzles is the question of what determines the lowest temperature to which it can be cooled before freezing to ice. The supercooled liquid has been probed experimentally to near the homogeneous nucleation temperature, TH ≈ 232 K, yet the mechanism of ice crystallization—including the size and structure of critical nuclei—has not yet been resolved. The heat capacity and compressibility of liquid water anomalously increase on moving into the supercooled region, according to power laws that would diverge (that is, approach infinity) at ∼225 K (refs 1, 2), so there may be a link between water’s thermodynamic anomalies and the crystallization rate of ice. But probing this link is challenging because fast crystallization prevents experimental studies of the liquid below TH. And although atomistic studies have captured water crystallization3, high computational costs have so far prevented an assessment of the rates and mechanism involved. Here we report coarse-grained molecular simulations with the mW water model4 in the supercooled regime around TH which reveal that a sharp increase in the fraction of four-coordinated molecules in supercooled liquid water explains its anomalous thermodynamics and also controls the rate and mechanisms of ice formation. The results of the simulations and classical nucleation theory using experimental data suggest that the crystallization rate of water reaches a maximum around 225 K, below which ice nuclei form faster than liquid water can equilibrate. This implies a lower limit of metastability of liquid water just below TH and well above its glass transition temperature, 136 K. By establishing a relationship between the structural transformation in liquid water and its anomalous thermodynamics and crystallization rate, our findings also provide mechanistic insight into the observed5 dependence of homogeneous ice nucleation rates on the thermodynamics of water.
Bulk and surface properties of liquid X–Zr (X=Ag, Cu) compound forming alloys

Abstract The phase diagrams of the Ag–Zr and Cu–Zr systems exhibit the existence of different intermetallic compounds in the solid state, and since the structure of a liquid alloy is in some respects similar to that of a crystal, the compound formation phenomenon in these liquid alloy systems has been analysed through the study of surface properties (surface tension and surface composition), dynamic properties (chemical diffusion and viscosity) and microscopic functions (concentration fluctuations in the long-wavelength limit and chemical short-range order parameter) in the frame of the compound formation model (CFM). Moreover, the associative tendency between unlike constituent elements qualitatively expressed by the microscopic functions indicates the glass-forming ability of both systems at higher Zr-concentrations. These results are in agreement with reported experimental data and confirm the applicability of a statistical mechanical theory in conjunction with the CFM to describe the mixing behaviour of compound forming alloys.
Synthesis of methyl arachidonate‐17, 17, 18, 18‐d4

Methyl arachidonate (5c, 8c, 11c, 14c-20: 4) 17, 17, 18, 18-d4 was prepared for use in both in vivo and in vitro metabolism studies. The deuterium atoms were incorporated by deuterium gas and Wilkinson's catalyst. The tetraacetylenic acid precursor (5a, 8a, 11a, 14a-20: 4) 17, 17, 18, 18-d4 was synthesized by a series of Grignard coupling reactions and reduced by Lindlar catalyst and hydrogen gas to arachidonic acid-d4. The methyl ester was prepared by diazomethane and purified by a combination of reverse phase and silver resin chromatography. The deuterated methyl arachidonate was prepared in an overall yield of ca. 11% and with an isotopic purity of ≥91%. The deuterium-labelled tetracetylenic acid precursor and the methyl arachidonate-d4 were characterized by 13C-NMR.
Properties of Fabrics Made from Cotton/Polyethylene Blend Yarns:

This paper describes the techniques used to process a rather difficult DyneemaR polyethylene staple fiber of a fine denier, and to develop, for the first time. some cotton- rich intimate-blend and ...
The application of the Urey-Bradley force field to the in-plane vibrations of benzene

Abstract A normal-co-ordinate treatment of benzene is carried out using the Urey-Bradley force field, and also a slight modification of it. These calculations favor the assignment of v 14 to 1618 cm −1 , close to the original suggestion of I ngold , and in the absence of definitive experimental evidence this assignment is adopted.
INFORMATION TRANSFER BY CELLULAR MESSENGER RNA

Total cell RNA purified from cultured mouse cells induced to synthesize interferon causes mouse interferon synthesis in heterospecific cell cultures. Metabolic and physicochemical criteria support the conclusion that genetic information is transferred as the messenger RNA (mRNA) for mouse interferon. The species specificity and physicochemical properties of the product suggest that it is mouse interferon. These results confirm the report by De Maeyer, De Maeyer-Guignard and Montagnier (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 69, 1203 (1972)). By means of RNA transfer, we have devised a relative quantitative assay for interferon mRNA activity. Because the biological activity of the mRNA can be assayed, new opportunities exist for the study of the control of a specified gene and the metabolism of a specific messenger RNA.
Attachment and externalizing disorders: a developmental psychopathology perspective.

ABSTRACT Objective Attachment theory offers an intriguing formulation of protection and risk that ties together key aspects of behavior, emotion, and cognition. The authors present links among attachment status, other developmental domains, and the development and maintenance of externalizing disorders to illustrate an approach to integrating attachment theory and relationship research with the study of externalizing symptoms. Method The authors review the literature on the attachment system's theoretical and empirical associations with domains of emotion regulation, social attributions, socialization and moral development, and intergenerational transmission of behavior, as well as with externalizing behaviors. Results There are a number of risk and protective connections between attachment security and other developmental processes that are associated with externalizing disorders. Conclusions Knowledge of relational processes, in this case, attachment relationships, can contribute to an understanding of etiology, maintenance, and treatment of externalizing disorders. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 2006;45(4):440-451.
Wide-field axial plane optical microscopy

We present axial plane optical microscopy (APOM) that enables wide-field imaging of samples along an axial plane perpendicular to the focal plane of the microscope’s objective lens. APOM utilizes optical remote focusing with a tilted mirror to achieve aberration-free axial imaging with no scanning units. We predict APOM’s theoretical resolution and experimentally demonstrate APOM images of biological samples: fluorescent pollen grains and mouse brain slides.
Advertising in the Age of TiVo: Targeting Teens and Young Adults With Film and Television Product Placements

Product placement in film and television is examined as a growing force in transmitting brand messages to hard-to-reach consumers-especially teens and young adults who use new technologies to tune out commercials. Although many scholars have scrutinized product placement's cognitive effects on mass media audiences—and critiqued impacts of consumer culture—few have examined how marketers apply classical conditioning theory. Interviews were conducted with global brand managers who have placed their brands in blockbuster films and highly rated television programs in recent years. Initial findings suggest that marketers predict increased attention to product placement and a redefinition of advertising space.
The structural organization of DNA packaged within the heads of T4 wild-type, isometric and giant bacteriophages

We present electron microscopic and X-ray diffraction evidence concerning the structural organization of condensed DNA within a series of T4 bacteriophage with the following head morphologies: prolate (wild-type), isometric and giant (with greatly increased axial ratio). In all cases, the DNA helix segments are locally parallel and 27 A apart. For the giant particles, we show that the DNA forms a large coil whose axis is perpendicular to the axis of the phage tail. This evidence, combined with previous results from a series of isometric bacteriophages (Earnshaw and Harrison, 1977), leads to a model for the organization of condensed DNA that may apply to most dsDNA-containing bacteriophages.
ERGONOMICS STANDARDS FOR ROAD VEHICLES

Abstract Work on producing ergonomics standards for road vehicles has been co-ordinated by ISO. This is improving the compatability between drivers and vehicles. It has also been influential in harmonising the technical bases of different sets of regulations. The scope, content and technical approaches are reviewed and a case is made for the need for high standards of experimental work in the key areas. Symbols have been developed to identify many car controls and displays. A major feature in their development has been the use of common experimental evaluations in different countries. These covered both the initial recognition or symbols and their retention. These Symbols have been developed to identify many car controls and displays. A major feature world: as well as for related classes of vehicles. Control identification is catered for by standards for location, mode of operation, and combination of function. A sophisticated tool had been produced to permit assessments of functional hand reach. This mak...
Gravitational Spreading of High Terrain in Ishtar Terra, Venus

A plane-strain viscoelastic finite element algorithm derived by Melosh and Rafesky (1980, 1983) is used to model the gravitational spreading of the high topography of Ishtar Terra. Brittle failure and relaxation of topographic relief are predicted as functions of time for ranges of crustal thickness and thermal gradient and for observed ranges in topographic elevation and slope. For a crustal thickness greater than 10 km, a thermal gradient of 15 K/km or more, and average values of relief (3 km) and slope (3 deg), the topography relaxes to 25 percent of its original height in less than 10 m.y. Although initial failure, in the form of normal faulting on the highlands and margin and occasional shallow thrusting in the lowlands, is predicted to occur much earlier, values of horizontal surface strain that are likely to be observable (about 1 percent) do not accumulate until significant relaxation of relief begins.
The Need for a Holistic Approach to Specialized Domestic Violence Court Programming: Evaluating Offender Rehabilitation Needs and Recidivism

This quasi-experimental historical outcome study is based on the Domestic Violence Repeat Offender Program (DVROP) housed within the Bernalillo County Metropolitan Court in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The treatment group includes data for 100 male domestic violence offenders collected between July 1, 2004 and November 30, 2006. A strictly matched group of 100 males who were technically eligible but who were not served by the DVROP made up the comparison. Using NCIC data as an outcome measure, the results of the study show that DVROP participants are significantly less likely to receive subsequent charges for domestic violence, other violent offenses, or any other criminal offense. The study draws conclusions about the extensive collateral needs of the offender population and draws attention to the need for a holistic approach to special offender populations.
Twenty-Four-Hour Feed Withdrawal and Limited Feeding as Alternative Methods for Induction of Molt in Laying Hens

Abstract Alternative molting methods involving shorter periods of feed withdrawal and feeding a low-density and low-energy “molt diet” were compared to conventionally molted (8-day feed removal) and nonmolted hens. Alternative molt methods consisted of feeding the molt diet for 28 days for ad libitum intake, daily limited, or alternate-day limited (feeding every other day). Egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, body weight, feed intake, and mortality were recorded for 31 wk from the start of the molt (4 wk molt, 1 wk prelay, and 26 wk postmolt). Economic variables (feed cost, egg value, income over feed costs per hen housed) were compared between molting methods. Hens provided ad libitum access to the molt diet produced more eggs during the molt period than hens molted by other methods. Total egg production and income (egg value minus feed cost) were comparable among all molting methods and exceeded the values for nonmolted control hens. Income per hen housed was $2.20 for nonmolted control, $2.87 for the conventional, $2.92 for ad libitum, $2.81 for daily limited, and $2.97 for the alternate-day limited hens. These results indicate that alternative molting methods involving periods of feed withdrawal of 24 h or less can be as economically effective as conventional methods using longer periods of feed withdrawal.
Narrow-band Reflectance Imagery Compared with ThermalImagery for Early Detection of Plant Stress

Summary A field experiment compared plant stress detection by narrow-band reflectance and ratio images withthermal infrared images. Stress was induced in a mixed stand of 5 year old loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine {Pinus elliottii Engelm.) by a soil application of diuron (DCMU) on 22 August followed by bromacil on 19 September, 1994. Herbicide-induced stress was first indicated on 24 and 26 September by significant (p⪯0.05) decreases in photosynthesis and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F v / Fm ), respectively. Stress was first detected remotely on 5 October by 694 ± 3 nm reflectance imagery and its ratio with reflectance at 760 ± 5 nm (p⪯0.05). This reflectance increase was detected at least 16 days prior to the first visible signs of damage, as quantified by the CIE color coordinate u', that occurred between 21 and 26 October. Reflectance images at 670 + 5 nm, 700 ± 5 nm and 760 ± 5 nm first detected stress on 21 October, 12 October and 20 December, respectively. Canopy temperature as indicated by imagery in the 8 to 12 μm band never differed significantly between herbicide-treated and control plots. This resulted from the close coupling of leaf temperatures with air temperature, and the tendency of wind and environmental moisture to equalize temperatures among treatments. The high sensitivity to stress of reflectance imagery at 694 ± 3 nm supports similar conclusions of earlier work, and indicates that imagery in the 690 to 700 nm band is far superior to thermal imagery for the early and pre-visual detection of stress in pine.
Gambol and Tc1 are two distinct families of DD34E transposons: analysis of the Anopheles gambiae genome expands the diversity of the IS630-Tc1-mariner superfamily

Tc1 is a family of DNA transposons found in diverse organisms including vertebrates, invertebrates and fungi. Tc1 belongs to the IS630-Tc1-mariner superfamily, which is characterized by common 'TA' target site and conserved D(Asp)DE(Glu) or DDD catalytic triad. All functional Tc1-like transposons contain a transposase with a DD34E catalytic triad. We conducted a systematic analysis of DD34E transposons in the African malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, using a reiterative and exhaustive search program. In addition to previously described Tc1-like elements, we uncovered 26 new DD34E transposons including a novel family that we named gambol. Designation of family status to gambol is based on phylogenetic analyses of transposase sequences that showed gambol and Tc1 transposons as distinct clades that were separated by mariner and other families of the IS630-Tc1-mariner superfamily. The distinction between Tc1 and gambol is also consistent with the unique TIRs in gambol elements and the presence of a 'W[I/L/V]DEDC' signature near their N-termini. This signature is predicted as part of the 'RED' domain, a component of the 'PAI' and 'RED' DNA binding domains in Tc1 and possibly mariner. Although gambol appears to be related to a few DD34E transposons from cyanobacteria and fungi, no gambol has been reported in any other insects or animals thus far. Several gambol and Tc1 elements have intact ORFs and different genomic copies with high sequence identity, which suggests that they may have been recently active.
Hitler and the Occult: The Magical Thinking of Adolf Hitler

difficult, if not impossible, to sort through them and arrive at the real Hitler. Hitler’s character and career, however, have remained consistently popular subjects.’ Many people have tried to give insights into his character and personality. But some of the most controversial have been those writers who have claimed a strong connec- tion between Hitler and occult practices. In fact, over the past thirty years two radically different positions on the subject have formed. The first group of writers generally ignored, rejected, or downplayed the rela- tionship of Hitler and occult knowledge, while the second argued that such
Translocation (6;9)(p23;q34) in Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia: Three New Cases

Several recent reports have described cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with a unique chromosome translocation, t(6;9)(p23;q34). We have studied three additional patients who have acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and t(6;9)(p23;q34). Our findings provide additional support for the suggestion that this translocation is yet another distinct cytogenetic abnormality associated with myeloproliferative disorders.
Keeping Score under a Global Payment System

Global payment could change the perverse incentives inherent in the fee-for-service system. But accountable care organizations that track their member physicians' earnings according to standard fees for service will undermine the purpose of the approach.
Polypeptide composition of incomplete influenza virus grown in MDBK cells.

Abstract The polypeptide composition of incomplete WSN influenza virions grown in MDBK cells is altered relative to a control grown at low m.o.i. The relative amount of viral glycoproteins in the third and fourth serial undiluted passages were increased to approximately twice the level in control virus, while the NP and M proteins were decreased. Neuraminidase activity was also increased, suggesting that the level of NA (neuraminidase) glycoprotein is also higher in incomplete virions. The increase in neuraminidase activity was already evident in the first undiluted passage, where no substantial increase in overall glycoprotein content was demonstrated. Similar alterations in protein composition were seen in several different preparations exhibiting different morphological aberrations and in incomplete particles that were of normal morphology. These results permitted the following conclusions regarding incomplete WSN virus grown in MDBK cells: (1) Neuraminidase and HA (hemagglutinin) glycoprotein levels are regulated independently in the incomplete virion; (2) the level of these proteins in the virion can be influenced by growth conditions; (3) the glycoproteins do not play a primary role in determining particle morphology.
Augmented Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Smokers With Chronic Periodontitis

Background: Patients who smoke are at increased risk for chronic periodontitis (CP). Also, CP patients who smoke exhibit significantly less reduction of probing depths and gains in clinical attachment compared to non-smokers following periodontal therapy. Several studies suggest that the effects of smoking on the host response may be paramount in regulating the basal systemic inflammatory status and therapeutic outcomes in this cohort. Growth factors, specifically transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), are critical in regulating the wound healing response by controlling cell division, differentiation, and motility. The hypothesis to be tested was that gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) TGF-β1 production was altered in smokers compared to nonsmokers with CP. Methods: GCF was collected from smokers and non-smokers with CP, both at baseline and 1 to 2 weeks after initial therapy. GCF volume was determined using an electronic device and TGF-β1 concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELI...
The Link between Poverty and Undernourishment: Uncovering a Methodological Flaw—Reply

of Agricultural Economics article by Senauer and Sur, "Ending Hunger in the 21st Century: Projections of the Number of Food Insecure People." We welcome this exchange since widespread chronic hunger is a serious global challenge. Improving the estimates of the number of people who are undernourished and food insecure is an important contribution research can make to a better understanding of the problem and how to address it. We find ourselves largely in agreement with some of the points made by Gabbert and Weikard and find fault with others. As Gabbert and Weikard point out, the methodology used in Senauer and Sur is similar to that used by the Economic Research Service (ERS) in its annual Food Security Assessments (U.S. Department of Agriculture). Therefore, if the Gabbert and Weikard criticisms are valid they also are relevant to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) analysis. Gabbert and Weikard begin by finding fault with the Senauer and Sur baseline estimates of the overall number of undernourished since they are higher than those of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations reported in The State of Food Insecurity annually (FAO). The FAO figures are unquestionably the most widely referenced estimates of food insecurity and undernourishment and are generally used as the benchmark by which to gauge whether progress is being made in reducing hunger. Moreover, Gabbert and Weikard use certain aspects of the FAO methodology in their own proposed approach to calculating the number of food insecure. However, there has been substantial criticism of the reliability of the FAO estimates and the weaknesses of the underlying methodology by Svedberg, Smith, Gaiha, and others. In June 2002, FAO held a technical workshop on ways to improve their methodology for determining the prevalence of food insecurity and chronic hunger. No modifications to its technique have so far been introduced by FAO, though.
The Kibbutz as a Model for Moral Education: A Longitudinal Cross-Cultural Study*

Abstract This article reports a longitudinal assessment of the effectiveness of an Israeli kibbutz in facilitating social-moral development among kibbutz-born and nonkibbutz-born youth. The sample included 92 Israeli adolescents divided primarily into three sub-groups: (1.) kibbutz-born and kibbutz-educated youth; (2.) city-born and city-educated youth; and (3.) city-born, but kibbutz-educated youth. A pretest moral development interview was administered shortly after a cohort of Middle Eastern city-born youth had arrived on the kibbutz to continue their education. This was followed by one or more posttests after the city-born youth had been integrated with their kibbutz-born peers for varying periods, from 2 to 9 years. The findings indicated that, although city-born youth entered the kibbutz at a significantly lower moral stage than their kibbutz-born peers, 2 to 5 years later there were no significant developmental differences between the two groups. Comparison city-born youth, not placed on a kibbutz or placed on another kibbutz where they were not integrated into the community, did not show the same gains in moral development. Implications of kibbutz education for improving schools in the U.S. are considered.
Amino acid feeding studies: effects of various nonessential nitrogen sources and of added water.

SummaryYoung male rats fed equal, restricted amounts of diets containing low but presumably adequate levels of essential L‐amino acids made equally efficient use of the nitrogen of glutamic acid, aspartic acid or a mixture of 4 other nonessential amino acids for nitrogen gains. The nitrogen of diammonium citrate was only 85% as well utilized as that of the other compounds. At the same restricted calorie intake, nitrogen was more efficiently used when water was added to a diet containing low levels of essential amino acid nitrogen and glutamic acid nitrogen. The response to added water was abolished when the amount of glutamic acid nitrogen was doubled.
Renal glucose production during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in humans.

We investigated the effects of hypoglycemia on renal glucose production (RGP) and renal glucose uptake (RGU) using arteriovenous balance combined with tracer technique in humans. Our 14 healthy subjects had arterialized hand veins (artery) and renal veins (under fluoroscopy) catheterized after an overnight fast. Systemic and renal glucose kinetics were measured with infusion of [6-(2)H2]glucose, and renal plasma flow was measured by para-aminohippurate clearance. After a 150-min equilibration period, artery and renal vein samples were obtained between -30 and 0 min, and subjects received a 180-min peripheral insulin infusion (0.250 mU kg(-1) x min(-1)) with a variable infusion of [6-(2)H2]dextrose adjusted to maintain plasma glucose at either approximately 60 mg/dl (hypoglycemic clamp) or approximately 90 mg/dl (euglycemic clamp). Blood samples were obtained between 150 and 180 min during the study period. Insulin increased from 49 +/- 14 to 130 +/- 25 (hypoglycemia) and to 102 +/- 10 (euglycemia) pmol/l. Glucose decreased from 5.32 +/- 0.11 to 3.58 +/- 0.07 micromol/ml during hypoglycemia, but it did not change during euglycemia (5.20 +/- 0.19 vs. 5.05 +/- 0.15 micromol/ml). Endogenous glucose production decreased (9.30 +/- 0.70 vs. 5.65 +/- 0.50) during euglycemia but not during hypoglycemia (9.80 +/- 0.50 vs. 10.25 +/- 0.60 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1)). During hypoglycemia, net renal glucose output increased from 0.54 +/- 0.30 to 2.31 +/- 0.40, RGP increased from 1.88 +/- 0.70 to 3.65 +/- 0.50 (P
Dimensions of cognition in infancy

The present study explored the dimensionality of infant cognition by factor analyzing measures from a battery of tasks administered to a large cohort of 7-month-old preterm and full-term infants (N=203). A principal axis factor analysis yielded three factors accounting for 37% of the variance. There was one attention factor (look duration and shift rate), one speed factor (reaction time), and one memory factor (immediate recognition). The results indicate that infant cognition is better characterized as multidimensional than as unitary, and support the idea that many of the tasks used in infancy tap discrete elementary abilities.
FIELD ASSAYS FOR MEASURING NITRATE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN ENTEROMORPHA SP. (CHLOROPHYCEAE), ULVA SP. (CHLOROPHYCEAE), AND GELIDIUM SP. (RHODOPHYCEAE) 1

In situ and in vitro nitrate reductase (NR) activity assays designed for use in the field on Enteromorpha sp., Ulva sp., and Gelidium sp. are described. In optimizing each assay, a variety of compounds and assay conditions were tested for their ability to extract NR and preserve its activity. Enteromorpha sp. had similar levels of in vitro NR activity after exposure to the in situ assay buffer, demonstrating that neither NR induction nor activation likely occurs during the in situ assay. Storing freshly collected Enteromorpha sp. led to a reduction in NR activity over time. However, the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze algal tissue on site and subsequent storage at � 80 � C preserved NR activity and allowed for later laboratory use of the optimized in vitro assay. Application of the in situ and in vitro assays to stands of Enteromorpha sp., Ulva sp., and Gelidium sp. in the field consistently found NR activity. In situ NR activity over 9 consecutive days in January demonstrated that Enteromorpha sp. responds to increases in nitrate availability. The influence of light on diel patterns of in vitro NR activity in the field was demonstrated for the first time as well. For the three species tested, these two assays provide a reliable tool for field investigation of the interaction between environmental signals (e.g. nutrient levels) and physiological signals (e.g. tissue metabolite levels) on nitrate reduction.
Reconstitution of the diiron sites in hemerythrin and myohemerythrin.

The first reconstitutions of functional diiron sites in the nonheme O2-carrying proteins hemerythrin (Hr) and myohemerythrin (myoHr) have been achieved. Both proteins are reconstituted under anaerobic conditions, and the procedure consists of (i) denaturation of the native met form with 6 M guanidinium chloride in the presence of sodium dithionite and 2,2'-dipyridyl, (ii) separation of the apoprotein from the other reagents and products, (iii) addition of an iron(II) stock solution to the apoprotein in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, and (iv) several cycles of slow dilution and reconcentration by ultrafiltration to remove excess reagents. Iron analyses indicate that the apoproteins have been essentially completely freed of iron and that reconstituted Hr contains its full complement of iron, i.e., approximately 2 Fe/subunit. Ferrous rather than ferric iron appears to be necessary for recovery of the native structures for both myoHr and Hr. In the case of Hr, reconstitution was successful only when iron(II) was added to apoHr prior to removal of denaturant. ApoHr is essentially insoluble at pH 7 in the absence of denaturants but remains soluble when denaturant is removed in the presence of ferrous iron, which leads to recovery of the octameric structure containing all of its diiron sites. Iron(II) apparently stabilizes the native or a nearly native structure during reconstitution. OxymyoHr and oxyHr are the major initial products of reconstitution. The yield of oxymyoHr from apomyoHr was approximately 87%. In contrast to reconstituted oxymyoHr, where essentially all of the iron appears to be functional, approximately 30% of the diiron sites in the reconstituted oxyHr are unable to bind O2 at ambient p(O2).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)