cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
India and Pakistan on the Brink: Considerations for Truth, Reconciliation, and Forgiveness

This chapter offers a perspective that promotes peace and forgiveness through a framework of accountability and reparations. Understanding the contemporary political and peace-building efforts in the India and Pakistan conflict requires an analysis of India’s history of colonization. We review the historical context of the current conflict and offer an overview on the pre-partition, partition, and post-partition periods.
Plant dominance in a subalpine montane meadow: biotic vs. abiotic controls of subordinate diversity within and across sites

Background Understanding the underlying factors that determine the relative abundance of plant species is critical to predict both biodiversity and ecosystem function. Biotic and abiotic factors can shape the distribution and the relative abundance of species across natural communities, greatly influencing local biodiversity. Methods Using a combination of an observational study and a five-year plant removal experiment we: (1) documented how plant diversity and composition of montane meadow assemblages vary along a plant dominance gradient using an observational study; (2) tracked above- and belowground functional traits of co-dominant plant species Potentilla and Festuca along a plant dominance gradient in an observational study; (3) determined whether plant species diversity and composition was directly influenced by commonly occurring species Potentilla and Festuca with the use of a randomized plot design, 5-year plant removal experiment (no removal control, Potentilla removed, Festuca removed, n = 10). Results We found that subordinate species diversity and compositional dissimilarity were greatest in Potentilla and Festuca co-dominated sites, where neither Potentilla nor Festuca dominated, rather than at sites where either species became dominant. Further, while above- and belowground plant functional traits varied along a dominance gradient, they did so in a way that inconsistently predicted plant species relative abundance. Also, neither variation in plant functional traits of Festuca and Potentilla nor variation in resources and conditions (such as soil nitrogen and temperature) explained our subordinate diversity patterns. Finally, neither Potentilla nor Festuca influenced subordinate diversity or composition when we directly tested for their impacts in a plant removal experiment. Discussion Taken together, patterns of subordinate diversity and composition were likely driven by abiotic factors rather than biotic interactions. As a result, the role of abiotic factors influencing local-level species interactions can be just as important as biotic interactions themselves in structuring plant communities.
The consistency of neuropathological diagnoses in patients undergoing surgery for suspected recurrence of glioblastoma.

Clinical factors and neuro-imaging in patients with glioblastoma who appear to progress following standard chemoradiation are unable to reliably distinguish tumor progression from pseudo-progression. As a result, surgery is commonly recommended to establish a final diagnosis. However, studies evaluating the pathologists’ agreement on pathologic diagnoses in this setting have not been previously evaluated. A hypothetical clinical history coupled with images of histological sections from 13 patients with glioblastoma who underwent diagnostic surgery for suspected early recurrence were sent to 101 pathologists from 50 NCI-designated Cancer Centers. Pathologists were asked to provide a final diagnosis (active tumor, treatment effect, or unable to classify) and to report on percent active tumor, treatment effect, and degree of cellularity and degree of mitotic activity. Forty-eight pathologists (48%) from 30 centers responded. In three cases > 75% of pathologists diagnosed active tumor. In two cases > 75% diagnosed treatment effect. However, in the remaining eight cases the disparity in diagnoses was striking (maximum agreement on final diagnosis ranged from 36 to 68%). Overall, only marginal agreement was observed in the overall assessment of disease status [kappa score 0.228 (95% CI 0.22–0.24)]. Confidence in any clinical diagnostic assay requires that very similar results are obtained from identical specimens evaluated by sophisticated clinicians and institutions. The findings of this study illustrate that the diagnostic agreement between different cases of repeat resection for suspected recurrent glioblastoma can be variable. This raises concerns as pathological diagnoses are critical in directing standard and experimental care in this setting.
The Impacts of Restricting Mobility of Skilled Service Workers Evidence from Physicians

Why do skilled services firms use noncompete agreements (NCAs), which prohibit workers from leaving firms and competing against them? We conduct a survey of physicians linking NCA use to labor-market outcomes and firm performance and show that by deterring poaching of patients NCAs increase the return to job tenure, with larger effects in states with more enforceable NCA laws. These effects are consistent with NCAs enabling practices to allocate clients to new physicians through intrafirm referrals, reducing a form of investment holdup. We discuss an array of supporting suggestive evidence, but also find NCAs provide some benefits by reducing job turnover. [End Page 1025] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections in the Emergency Department

Abstract Rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea infection are at an all-time high among adolescents. Because many infections are asymptomatic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend at least yearly screening in sexually active female adolescents and all sexually active male adolescents if in high-prevalence clinical settings or in populations with high burden of infection. Adolescents often access the emergency department for care, many of whom are at high risk, making the emergency department a strategic setting to screen for sexually transmitted infections. Nucleic acid amplification testing is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended test for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Empiric treatment should be considered carefully and initiated if indicated. Partner treatment is also important, and expedited partner therapy may be an option.
Recent advances in marburgvirus research.

Marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. In 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. Spurred in part by the deadly Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa in 2013–2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. Not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in marburgvirus research with a particular focus on molecular biology, advances in animal modeling, and the use of Egyptian fruit bats in infection experiments.
Insights into Cross-species Evolution of Novel Human Coronavirus 2019-nCoV and Defining Immune Determinants for Vaccine Development

ABSTRACT Novel Coronavirus (nCoV) outbreak in the city of Wuhan, China during December 2019, has now spread to various countries across the globe triggering a heightened containment effort. This human pathogen is a member of betacoronavirus genus carrying 30 kilobase of single positive-sense RNA genome. Understanding the evolution, zoonotic transmission, and source of this novel virus would help accelerating containment and prevention efforts. The present study reported detailed analysis of 2019-nCoV genome evolution and potential candidate peptides for vaccine development. This nCoV genotype might have been evolved from a bat-CoV by accumulating non-synonymous mutations, indels, and recombination events. Structural proteins Spike (S), and Membrane (M) had extensive mutational changes, whereas Envelope (E) and Nucleocapsid (N) proteins were very conserved suggesting differential selection pressures exerted on 2019-nCoV during evolution. Interestingly, 2019-nCoV Spike protein contains a 39 nucleotide (5’-aAT GGT GTT GAA GGT TTT AAT TGT TAC TTT CCT TTA CAA Tca-3’) sequence insertion, which shares homology to fish genomic sequence of Myripristis murdjan, an abundant fish type in Indo-Pacific Ocean. Furthermore, we identified eight high binding affinity (HBA) CD4 T-cell epitopes in the S, E, M and N proteins, which can be commonly recognized by HLA-DR alleles of Asia and Asia-Pacific Region population. These immunodominant epitopes can be incorporated in universal subunit CoV vaccine. Diverse HLA types and variations in the epitope binding affinity may contribute to the wide range of immunopathological outcomes of circulating virus in humans. Our findings emphasize the requirement for continuous surveillance of CoV strains in live animal markets to better understand the viral adaptation to human host and to develop practical solutions to prevent the emergence of novel pathogenic CoV strains.
Conductive 2D MOF Coupled with Superprotonic Conduction and Interfacial Pseudo-capacitance

It remains challenging to integrate protonic conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with efficient electrical conductivity. Recently in Matter, Su et al. reported a novel two-dimensional (2D) MOF with carboxylic acid groups showing high electrical conductivity, originating from the superprotonic conduction and protonic/interfacial pseudo-capacitance coupling.
How teachers deliberate policy: Taking a stance on third grade reading legislation in online language teacher education

Abstract In education, decision making frequently involves ethically-imbued choices between two or more solutions to an educational ‘problem.’ Teacher education may utilize asynchronous discussions to prepare teachers to critically navigate this landscape. To understand how participants in an online English language (EL) teacher licensure program manage disagreements as they accomplish taking a stance over critical issues, this study uses a discourse analytic perspective influenced by conversation analysis to examine asynchronous discussions. Analysis illustrates how participants managed their epistemic stance while disagreeing by (1) taking stances that were often softened or hedged; (2) grounding their disagreements through particular discursive strategies including sharing personal experiences or posing rhetorical questions; and (3) making morally-imbued claims that were difficult to disagree with. Findings suggest that although topics may encourage participants to take sides on critical issues, personal stake in the moral matters raised may make it difficult for participants to shift their initial stance.
Imaging Studies of Intraocular Tumors

In the past 20 years, there has been a revolution in diagnostic imaging technologies in medicine. The advent of ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has brought about a major change in our diagnostic evaluation of orbital disorders. Before the introduction of CT and MRI, US and x-ray examination were usually performed in order to assess and differentiate ocular tumors. As utilized in ophthalmology, US both complements and surpasses the capabilities of skull and tomographic radiography in the evaluation of intraocular tumors.
P036 Estimating the prevalence of zoliflodacin resistance mutations among a global database of Neisseria gonorrhoeae whole genome sequences

Background Zoliflodacin is a novel antibiotic currently being evaluated in the treatment of uncomplicated N. gonorrhoeae infections. Three amino acid alterations have been associated with resistance to zoliflodacin, all located in the gyrB gene: D429N, K450N, and K450T. To determine the prevalence of those mutations within N. gonorrhoeae whole genome sequences, we searched PathogenWatch, an online global database for genomic surveillance. Methods We downloaded all available N. gonorrhoeae genomes from PathogenWatch (https://pathogen.watch/) on November 17th, 2020. The gyrB and gyrA gene sequences were obtained from the EzBioCloud database. We used the N. gonorrhoeae FA 1090 genome as our reference, and the wildtype gyrA sequence was included in our search as a control. BLAST (2.2.26+) was used to query each of the two genes to the reference genomes with a 60% identity/length threshold value. Biopython BLAST IO package was used to parse the result, and subsequent DNA translation to protein was conducted. The counts of the mutations of interest were measured using in-house python code, which generates the counts of different amino acids with given position value. Some fragmented genes were manually validated after the protein alignment using MUSCLE (3.8.31). Results In total, 12,943 N. gonorrhoeae genomes were searched. No sequences contained the D429N, K450N, or K450T mutations in gyrB. One sequence was identified with a D429V mutation, a mutation previously unreported but similar to D429N. In total, 5395 sequences harbored the gyrA S91F mutation, while 5392 (99.9%) of those sequences were correctly identified by PathogenWatch. The three gyrA sequences with discrepancies were confirmed manually. Conclusion Of the 12,943 publicly available N. gonorrhoeae genomes on the PathogenWatch database, none were found to harbor mutations in gyrB known to be associated with zoliflodacin resistance. When zoliflodacin becomes clinically available, resistance due to known mutations in gyrB is likely to be rare.
Data-driven accessibility repair revisited: on the effectiveness of generating labels for icons in Android apps

Mobile apps are playing an increasingly important role in our daily lives, including the lives of approximately 304 million users worldwide that are either completely blind or suffer from some form of visual impairment. These users rely on screen readers to interact with apps. Screen readers, however, cannot describe the image icons that appear on the screen, unless those icons are accompanied with developer-provided textual labels. A prior study of over 5,000 Android apps found that in around 50% of the apps, less than 10% of the icons are labeled. To address this problem, a recent award-winning approach, called LabelDroid, employed deep-learning techniques to train a model on a dataset of existing icons with labels to automatically generate labels for visually similar, unlabeled icons. In this work, we empirically study the nature of icon labels in terms of distribution and their dependency on different sources of information. We then assess the effectiveness of LabelDroid in predicting labels for unlabeled icons. We find that icon images are insufficient in representing icon labels, while other sources of information from the icon usage context can enrich images in determining proper tokens for labels. We propose the first context-aware label generation approach, called COALA, that incorporates several sources of information from the icon in generating accurate labels. Our experiments show that although COALA significantly outperforms LabelDroid in both user study and automatic evaluation, further research is needed. We suggest that future studies should be more cautious when basing their approach on automatically extracted labeled data.
Responsibility (Response-Ability): The Capacity for the Acceptance, Assumption, and Owning of Responsibility

The assumption of responsibility is a necessary requisite for maturation, which is the purpose of life. Without the acceptance of responsibility one cannot attain integrality, a fusion of integrity and integration. Existential guilt is in part a failure in the acceptance of responsibility. Whereas adaptive guilt looks backward and aims at repairing a past unfitting response, responsibility looks forward toward a fitting owning of one’s ownmost possibilities.
Integrating Climate Change, Hydrology, and Water Footprint to Measure Water Scarcity in Lesotho, Africa

AbstractThis research integrated bias-corrected results from regional climate models, a watershed hydrology model, and water footprint analysis to measure the impact of climate change on future wat...
Silicon, Silica and Silicone in Romania

Situated in Eastern Europe, Romania is home to a growing technology industry and has been dubbed the ”Silicon Valley” of Central and Eastern Europe. The success of the country in producing talented IT and software engineers overshadows the element (and its forms) that has created this technology boom: silicon. The country is expanding its production of silicon-, silica-, and silicone-based materials. Some of the manufacturing companies involved in silicon-based processing are highlighted in this brief overview of the industry in Romania.
High-Linearity Wideband Transmitter

One of the main components of a cognitive radio is the radio frequency (RF) wireless transmitter. Similar to the wireless receiver, the main challenge in RF transmitters is wideband, linear operation. In this chapter, various wideband linear transmitter architectures are reviewed, including direct conversion, polar modulator, and direct digital upconversion transmitter architectures. Digital predistortion techniques to correct for analog impairments in the RF transmitter are addressed. The issue of high linearity and power efficiency in output driver amplifiers is discussed.
Thriving in the Midst of Financial Distress? An Analysis of Firms Exposed to Asbestos Litigation

I analyze a comprehensive sample of 270 defendant firms exposed to an unexpected wave of asbestos litigation in the wake of U.S. Supreme Court decisions in Amchem (1997) and Ortiz (1999). Due to insurance coverage and the strategic use of Chapter 11, most firms in the sample have manageable cash outflows and do not suffer materially from the litigation. Because of the long delay between exposure to asbestos and its related illnesses, the subset of firms with substantial legal cash outflows and liabilities provide a natural experiment to study financial distress unrelated to economic distress. When analyzing these firms throughout the distress period, I find little evidence of indirect costs of financial distress. Furthermore, I find empirical support for a significant disciplinary effect of financial distress as these firms actively restructure and refocus on core operations.
SP 800-38C. Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of Operation: the CCM Mode for Authentication and Confidentiality

This Recommendation defines a mode of operation, called Counter with Cipher Block Chaining-Message Authentication Code (CCM), for a symmetric key block cipher algorithm. CCM may be used to provide assurance of the confidentiality and the authenticity of computer data by combining the techniques of the Counter (CTR) mode and the Cipher Block Chaining-Message Authentication Code (CBC-MAC) algorithm.
Postpragmatism: Beyond Dewey and Mead

First there was James, then Peirce and Mead, and in between and before (and after) there was Dewey, then Blumer, and now Strauss. Giants all, pioneers, founding fathers of American pragmatism and that unique American sociology called symbolic interactionism. They all come together in this brilliant, but awkwardly titled summa, a work which will must cedainly confer the greatest of distinctions upon its author. In the 12 chapters of Continual Permutations of Action, Anselm Strauss weaves and stitches together a life-time project, one that is continuous with Dewey’s Human Nature and Conduct, Mead’s Mind, Self and Society, and Blumer’s Symbolic Interaction, with important asides to Hughes’s Men and Their Work, Goffman’s Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, and Becker’s Art Worlds. David Maines’s marvelous forewgrd positions this book within contemporary sociology. This foreward suggests (to me) the need to consult what I regard as the important companion volume to Continual P ermutations of Action, namely, the essays in Maines (1 991) where many of Anselm’s colleagues and former students with whom he has worked closely pay homage to his legacy. Continual Permutations of Action is living history, the work that many would desire to write. Urged for years by friends, colleagues, editors, and former students to write his theory of action, in this book Strauss picks up where Mirrors and Masks ended. He offers here a systematic picture of the conceptual framework (negotiated order, trajectory, awareness context, articulation, social world processes) that has organized, for the last three decades, his well-known grounded theory projects (dying, pain management, types of medical work, chronic illness, urban imagery, social mobility, psychiatric ideologies).
Entity matching in heterogeneous databases: a distance-based decision model

The need to leverage the information contained in heterogeneous data sources has been widely documented. In order to accomplish this goal, an organization must resolve several types of heterogeneity problems that may exist across different data sources. We investigate one such problem called the entity heterogeneity problem. This problem arises when the same real-world entity type is represented using different identifiers in different applications. We propose a decision theoretic model to resolve the problem. Our model uses a distance-based measure to express the similarity between two entity instances. We have implemented the model, and our experimental results indicate that this is a viable approach in real-world situations.
Critical stress for the bcc–hcp martensite nucleation in Ti–6.25at.%Ta and Ti–6.25at.%Nb alloys

Abstract Martensitic transformation is an important deformation mechanism in titanium alloys. Using density functional theory calculations, we establish the lattice constants and the associated energetics of the bcc–hcp transformation in Ti–6.25at.%Ta and Ti–6.25at.%Nb alloys. We present a bcc–hcp nucleation model based on the Peierls Nabarro formalism, incorporating the elastic strain energy of the dislocations participating in the transformation process, and subsequently obtain the theoretical stress required to nucleate an hcp martensite from a perfect bcc crystal. The stress levels for hcp nucleation calculated in the present analysis for Ti–6.25at.%Ta and Ti–6.25at.%Nb alloys are 114 MPa and 95 MPa respectively.
Evaluation of the potential format and content of a cockpit display of traffic information

The types and formats of information most suitable to be displayed in a cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI) are investigated. Twenty three airline pilots and 13 instrumentated general aviation pilots were asked to select from sets of symbols of various complexities incorporating various levels of information that would contain all information necessary for monitoring the traffic situation, detecting errors, maintaining separation and merging. Display features selected by a significant number of pilots were then evaluated for their capabilities in helping pilots to assess the lateral or vertical separation between their own and another aircraft in a dynamic simulation. It is found that while some of the features initially chosen by the pilots, such as flightpath predictors, aided the pilots in perceiving the traffic situation correctly, others, such as ground speed and climb/descend arrows and relative altitude encoding of symbols for other aircraft, did not contribute to improved performance speed or accuracy.
A Review of “Education, Indigenous Knowledges, and Development in the Global South: Contesting Knowledges for a Sustainable Future”

In Education, Indigenous Knowledges, and Development in the Global South: Contesting Knowledges for a Sustainable Future, Anders Breidlid writes about Western epistemology and its dominate role in ...
Combining learning strategies and tools in a first course in computer architecture

When instructors learn about participatory learning strategies such as cooperative, active, problem-based, or team-based learning, often the reaction is something along the lines of "sounds great but it would not work in my class--with such an approach I could not cover the required volume of material." We are pleased to report, via this paper, that this is not necessarily the case. With some retraining on the part of the instructor, as well as the students, a significant initial investment on the part of the instructor, the incorporation of tools that support the learning process, and a CQI (continuous quality improvement) process in place, it does work.
Fibromatosis of the breast.

A case of fibromatosis of the breast occurring in a 37-year-old woman is described. Only 15 cases of this type have been previously reported. In 5 of these cases there was also involvement of the underlying pectoral muscles, raising the possibility that some of these may have been of pectoral musculoaponeurotic origin. Two of the previously reported cases occurred in patients with Gardner's syndrome and 1 in a patient with "familial muticentric fibromatosis." It is anticipated that fibromatosis of the breast will behave in a similar fashion to fibromatosis occurring in other sites; i.e., as a local aggressive lesion which exhibits a high incidence of local recurrence following incomplete excision.
Alteration of adrenal catecholamine levels in the rat after dietary calcium and vitamin D deficiencies.

Recent studies indicate that dietary [1,12] and plasma calcium [10,11,13,14] play a role in human and rat blood pressure regulation. As calcium ions are important elements in normal cardiovascular function [7], it was suggested that low ionic calcium in plasma was responsible for the genesis of hypertension in patients with low plasma ionic calcium [10]. In our previous studies we observed that dietary deficiency of calcium [3] and vitamin D [4] alters brain catecholamines differently. Based on the findings of our previous studies, we speculated that calcium and vitamin D deficiencies may also alter adrenal catecholamines and may be directly or indirectly responsible for the alteration in blood pressure regulation reported in man and rats. This preliminary study was carried out to investigate that possibility. Twenty four weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 equal groups. Three groups were assigned to dietary calcium and 3 to vitamin D effect testing. For dietary calcium study the groups were as follows: (1) normal diet (rat pellets, Ralston Purina, St Louis, MO); (2) calcium deplete diet (Catalog no. 170120, Teklad Test Diet, Madison, WI), and (3) calcium replete diet (supplemented with 1.2% Ca as calcium carbonate). For the vitamin D groups: (1) normal diet; (2) vitamin D deplete diet (Catalog no. 170670, Teklad Test Diet, Madison, WI): (3) vitamin D replete diet (supplemented with 4000 IU D3/kg ). Tap water was available ad libitum to all animals except the calcium deplete group which received distilled water. At the end of 4 weeks on the diet (50 days after birth) each rat was
Photoactivatable BODIPYs Designed To Monitor the Dynamics of Supramolecular Nanocarriers

Self-assembling nanoparticles of amphiphilic polymers can transport hydrophobic molecules across hydrophilic media and, as a result, can be valuable delivery vehicles for a diversity of biomedical applications. Strategies to monitor their dynamics noninvasively and in real time are, therefore, essential to investigate their translocation within soft matrices and, possibly, rationalize the mechanisms responsible for their diffusion in biological media. In this context, we designed molecular guests with photoactivatable fluorescence for these supramolecular hosts and demonstrated that the activation of the fluorescent cargo, under optical control, permits the tracking of the nanocarrier translocation across hydrogel matrices with the sequential acquisition of fluorescence images. In addition, the mild illumination conditions sufficient to implement these operating principles permit fluorescence activation within developing Drosophila melanogaster embryos and enable the monitoring of the loaded nanocarriers ...
Recurrent hyper- and hyposomnia: a new diagnostic entity? Polysomnographic findings and a 30-year follow-up.

Abstract Objectives : This study reports on the sleep evaluation and follow-up of a professional woman who, in her 30s and 40s, had a decade of severe episodic fluctuations in the length of her sleep (12 vs. 4 h). Background : Severe psychogenic fluctuations in the duration of sleep have not previously been described except in bipolar disorders. Methods : Psychological and medical history and a total of 29 polysomnogram nights are presented, as well as a 30-year follow-up interview. Results : Long sleep episodes (>10 h) were characterized by excessive stage 1 sleep and a stage we called ‘very light sleep' (over 50% alpha waves mixed with 5–10% delta waves). Long sleeps were also associated with hyperphagia and hypersexuality. Short sleeps ( Conclusions : In this patient, the recurrent hypersomnia/hyposomnia episodes may have been based mainly on psychiatric factors.
Spin-resolved magnetic studies of BCT Fe/Mn/BCT Fe(1 0 0)/FCC Pd(1 0 0) films using scanning ion microscopy with polarization analysis

Abstract We report on spin-resolved magnetic studies of wedge-shaped, epitaxial BCT Fe/Mn/BCT Fe(1 0 0)/FCC Pd(1 0 0) films by using scanning ion microscopy with polarization analysis (SIMPA) and magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). SIMPA is used to perform in situ spin-resolved magnetic domain imaging, and MOKE is utilized to study magnetic hysteresis loops. Fe/Mn/Fe films are deposited on well-prepared, atomically flat Pd(1 0 0) substrates. Medium energy electron diffraction (MEED) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) are used for detailed studies of growth modes, surface and interface structures. Various non-uniform, curling domain and domain wall structures, which are strongly affected by canted magnetic couplings, are found.
Noninvasive determination of bone mechanical properties using vibration response: A refined model and validation in vivo

Accurate non-invasive mechanical measurement of long bones is made difficult by the masking effect of surrounding soft tissues. Mechanical Response Tissue Analysis (MRTA) offers a method for separating the effects of the soft tissue and bone; however, a direct validation has been lacking. A theoretical analysis of wave propagation through the compressed tissue revealed a strong mass effect dependent on the relative accelerations of the probe and bone. The previous mathematical model of the bone and overlying tissue system was reconfigured to incorporate the theoretical finding. This newer model (six-parameter) was used to interpret results using MRTA to determine bone cross-sectional bending stiffness, EI(sub MRTA). The relationship between EI(MRTA) and theoretical EI values for padded aluminum rods was R(exp 2) = 0.999. A biological validation followed using monkey tibias. Each bone was tested in vivo with the MRTA instrument. Postmortem, the same tibias were excised and tested to failure in three-point bending to determine EI(sub 3-PT) and maximum load. Diaphyseal Bone Mineral Density (BMD) measurements were also made. The relationship between E(sub 3-PT) and in vivo EI(sub MRTA) using the six-parameter model is strong (R(exp 2) = 0.947) and better than that using the older model (R(exp 2) = 0.645). EI(MRTA) and BMD are also highly correlated (R(exp 2) = 0.853). MRTA measurements in vivo and BMD ex vivo are both good predictors of scaled maximum strength (R(exp 2) = 0.915 and R(exp 2) = 0.894, respectively). This is the first biological validation of a non-invasive mechanical measurement of bone by comparison to actual values. The MRTA technique has potential clinical value for assessing long-bone mechanical properties.
Massive hematuria due to acquired factor VIII inhibitor Treatment with cyclophosphamide

Abstract An acquired antibody to factor VIII after exposure to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim caused massive lower tract hematuria which was unresponsive to multiple surgical procedures. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide and factor VIII replacement corrected the bleeding disorder.
Stochastic TCP friendliness: Expanding the design space of TCP-friendly traffic control protocols

While the current definition of TCP friendliness has enabled a wide variety of traffic control protocols other than TCP, it still considerably restricts the design space of TCP-friendly traffic control protocols. For example, some multimedia streaming applications prefer a smooth sending rate on a time scale of tens of seconds, however, a UDP flow maintaining such a long smoothness time scale is naturally not TCP friendly by the current definition. In this paper, we propose an innovative method to relatively compare the degrees of TCP friendliness of different traffic control protocols, and use it to define a new class of TCP friendliness definitions, called stochastic TCP friendliness (STF). STF greatly expands the design space of TCP-friendly traffic control protocols, while still effectively maintaining the desired fairness of the Internet. To demonstrate the expanded design space, we also develop a new congestion control protocol, called TCP-friendly CBR-Like Rate Control (TFCBR), for multimedia streaming applications which do not require a high sending rate but prefer a smooth sending rate on a time scale of tens of seconds. TFCBR is stochastically TCP friendly, however, it is not TCP friendly by the current definition.
Demonstration Of X-Ray Holography With An X-Ray Laser

X-ray holography offers the potential for obtaining high resolution three-dimensional images of in vitro biological microstructures. Significant progress toward this goal has been achieved with holography systems using synchrotron x-ray sources and recently spatial resolutions as small as 40 nm have been demonstrated. These experiments required x-ray exposures of an hour or longer, which makes high spatial resolution difficult to achieve in live biological specimens because of blurring of the image. This blurring is caused by specimen motion and will prohibit the imaging of dynamical processes within the specimen. A possible solution to this problem is to exploit the extremely high brightness and long coherence lengths produced by x-ray lasers and create the hologram with exposure times of less than 1 nsec. This report presents the results from an experiment in which an x-ray laser was used to produce x-ray holograms. The holography geometry used was a Gabor in-line type modified by the inclusion of a high reflectivity multi-layer x-ray mirror used as a narrow bandpass filter. The x-ray mirror had a flatness and roughness of less than X/100 (where X is the wavelength) at the x-ray laser wavelengths.
Local inhibition of ruffling during contact inhibition of cell movement.

Abstract Inhibition of ruffling in the leading lamellipodium of embryonic chick heart myoblasts contacting each other in culture was studied with phase microscopy and time-lapse cinemicrography. Inhibition of ruffling upon contact with the surface of another cell is completely local, being confined to the region of the lamellipodium in contact. This result renders improbable the hypothesis that inhibition of ruffling during contact inhibition of cell movement is due to the passage of small molecules or ions from the stationary to the moving cell, and instead favors the hypothesis that inhibition of ruffling is due to adhesion of the lamellipodium to the surface of the contacted cell. Evidence is also presented supporting the proposition that lamellipodia which are actually or potentially ruffling are the only regions of adhesion to the substratum.
Corneal preservation: Recent advances

Abstract New methods of corneal preservation for penetrating keratoplasty have recently been developed to meet the increasing demand for donor corneal tissue. Techniques utilized in the laboratory to evaluate the viability of the corneal endothelium and the clinical results obtained with each method are discussed. All of the new methods (storage in serum or McCarey-Kaufman medium, cryopreservation and organ culture) require excision of the cornea from the donor eye. Good clinical results have been obtained in several ophthalmology centers with cryopreservation and storage in McCarey-Kaufman (M-K) medium. Storage in M-K medium has rapidly become popular because it is a simple and inexpensive method and appears to maintain endothelial viability for about 4 days. Cryopreservation is a more complicated procedure, but it enables longterm storage of donor tissue. Organ culture is still experimental and requires careful technique, but offers promise of maintaining endothelial viability for 3 to 4 weeks.
A stochastic version of the concepts evaluation model (CEM)

The concepts evaluation model (CEM) is a computer simulation model of ground and air warfare operations that is used by the U.S. Army Concepts Analysis Agency (CAA) to conduct analysis of the capabilities and requirements of forces engaged in warfare at theater level. The CEM has been applied to campaign analyses for numerous scenarios since the early 1970s, including Central Europe, Korea, Iran, and Iraq theaters of operation. The standard CEM is fully automated and deterministic, yielding a single outcome for any situation simulated, providing no confidence intervals, range, nor distribution of possible outcomes. Modern, faster computers have now reduced CEM execution time to a level that makes multiple replications of the CEM feasible. In this project a stochastic version of the CEM has been developed that makes use of individual replications of stochastic attrition input data, rather than averaged sample data, and that simulates commanders' decisions, the disposition of casualties and of combat-damaged vehicles, and certain other functions based on statistical distributions rather than on expected values. This article reports the methodology and results of an analysis of this stochastic version of CEM, indicating which stochastic features most influenced the variability among replications of one simulated campaign and outlining costs and benefits of using a stochastic version of the CEM
Separation and identification of major plant sphingolipid classes from leaves.

Sphingolipids are major components of the plasma membrane, tonoplast, and other endomembranes of plant cells. Previous compositional analyses have focused only on individual sphingolipid classes because of the widely differing polarities of plant sphingolipids. Consequently, the total content of sphingolipid classes in plants has yet to be quantified. In addition, the major polar sphingolipid class in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has not been previously determined. In this report, we describe the separation and quantification of sphingolipid classes from A. thaliana leaves using hydrolysis of sphingolipids and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives of the released long-chain bases to monitor the separation steps. An extraction solvent that contained substantial proportions of water was used to solubilized >95% of the sphingolipids from leaves. Neutral and charged sphingolipids were then partitioned by anion exchange solid phase extraction. HPLC analysis of the charged lipid fraction from A. thaliana revealed only one major anionic sphingolipid class, which was identified by mass spectrometry as hexose-hexuronic-inositolphosphoceramide. The neutral sphingolipids were predominantly composed of monohexosylceramide with lesser amounts of ceramides. Extraction and separation of sphingolipids from soybean and tomato showed that, like A. thaliana, the neutral sphingolipids consisted of ceramide and monohexosylceramides; however, the major polar sphingolipid was found to be N-acetyl-hexosamine-hexuronic-inositolphosphoceramide. In extracts from A. thaliana leaves, hexosehexuronic-inositolphosphoceramides, monohexosylceramides, and ceramides accounted for ∼64, 34, and 2% of the total sphingolipids, respectively, suggesting an important role for the anionic sphingolipids in plant membranes.
Ibutilide: A class III rapidly acting antidysrhythmic for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter

Ibutilide is an intravenous Class III antidysrhythmic approved for the treatment of recent onset atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Pharmacological effect occurs within 30 min, and the efficacy approaches 40%. In contrast to DC electrical cardioversion, which requires anesthesia, pharmacologic cardioversion offers an alternative in which sedation can be avoided. Patients receiving ibutilide should be monitored for at least 4 h after completed drug administration because of a small chance of ventricular dysrhythmia, mainly torsades de pointes. Careful patient selection is the key to avoiding dysrhythmic complications. The purpose of this article is to review the mechanisms, clinical applications, potential complications, and appropriate use of ibutilide.
Analyzing audiences for software manuals: A survey of instructional needs for “real world tasks”

In analyzing audiences for software manuals, documentation developers need to move past a strictly cognitive vision of users' needs and examine the social and organizational factors that influence task performance and instructional needs. In order to discover the ways in which social and organizational factors affect users' tasks and their acquisition of knowledge and skills, I conducted a survey of 25 people who use databases at work. All survey respondents use database programs as tools for conducting job tasks that involve complex analyses and reporting of data. I examined the relationship between people's technical proficiency and task complexity and their job roles, professional responsibilities, flexibility in work arrangements and modes of workplace learning. Findings show that learning to use databases for complex tasks in work contexts entails more than merely learning concepts and procedures for executing program functions. Users need to learn ways of manipulating a program, integrating and comb...
History of Section F: Crop Protection Entomology

Crop protection entomology became the name for ESA Section F in 1964. It was preceded in 1961 by Chemical Control and in 1953 by Chemical Control Investigations when Section F was first recognized in the organizational structure of the society. Nevertheless, it was the substance of Section F that begat the Association of Official Economic Entomologists in 1889, the original constitution for which limited membership to economic entomologists. This fledgling society was born into the era of kerosene-soap emulsions, Paris green, carbon bisulfide, and hydrogen cyanide.
The role of microbes in agriculture : Sergei Vinogradskii's discovery and investigation of chemosynthesis, 1880-1910

In 1890, Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii (Winogradsky) proposed a novel life process called chemosynthesis. His discovery that some microbes could live solely on inorganic matter emerged during his physiological research in 1880s in Strassburg and Zurich on sulfur, iron, and nitrogen bacteria. In his nitrification research, Vinogradskii first embraced the idea that microbiology could have great bearing on agricultural problems. His critique of agricultural chemists and Kochian-style bacteriologists brought this message to the broader agricultural community, resulting in an heightened interest in biological, rather than chemical methods to investigate soil processes. From 1891 to 1910, he directed the microbiological laboratory at the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine in St. Petersburg, Russia, where he expanded his chemosynthesis research to a broad investigation of the manifold significance of autotrophic organisms in soil processes. This work and that of his students attracted the serious attention of agricultural chemists and soil scientists in Russia and abroad, changing essentially the way they understood and investigated the role of microbes in the soil. His student, Vasilii Omelianskii, effectively integrated Vinogradskii’s approach into Russian and Soviet, and international agricultural microbiology. Vinogradskii’s activities in the late 19th century reflect the changes occurring more broadly in science. At that time, microbiologists such as Louis Pasteur, Eugenius Warming, and Martianus Beijerinck were contributing new laboratory methods and theoretical perspectives to incipient disciplines closely related to agriculture: ecology, soil science, and soil microbiology.
Vasoconstrictor Responses of Arteries, Veins and Microvessels from the Newborn Pulmonary Circulation † 1692

Background: There is considerable evidence that in the perinatal circulation, pulmonary veins (PV), as well as pulmonary arteries (PA), are an important site of action of vascular mediators. Furthermore, resistance to blood flow is controlled at the level of the pulmonary resistance vessels(PRV), which anatomically consist of the precapillary arterioles and the prearteriolar small arteries. Although segmental differences in the responses of the pulmonary arterial, venous and microcirculations have been documented in vivo, there are limited data comparing responses of isolated PRV to those of PA and PV from the newborn pulmonary circulation. Differential responses of PA, PRV and PV to endogenous and pharmacologic vasoconstrictors may influence pulmonary vascular resistance and blood flow, ventilation-perfusion matching and fluid exchange in the lung.Objective: Compare the concentration-dependent(10-11-10-6 M) responses of PA, PV and PRV isolated from newborn piglets to four vasoconstrictor agents: endothelin-1 (ET-1), U46619 (a thromboxane A2 analogue), PGF2α, and norepinephrine (NE).Methods: PA and PV rings were mounted in organ chambers for measurement of isometric tension; PRV were cannulated and pressurized to 15 mm Hg for measurement of lumen diameter. Results: ET-1, followed by U46619, induced the most potent constrictor responses in all vessel types. PV constricted more vigorously to ET-1, U46619 and PGF2α than did PA; constriction to NE was greater in PA than in PV. PRV were exquisitely sensitive to ET-1 and U46619, contracting to 70 ± 6 and 50 ± 3%, respectively, of baseline lumen diameter. PRV showed minimal reactivity to NE and PGF2α. In PRV, EC50 values were in the range of 1 nM, 2 nM, 10 nM and 100 nM for ET-1, U46619, NE and PGF2α, respectively. The EC50 values for U46619 were significantly lower for PV (3 nM) than for PA (10 nM). Conclusion: There are segmental differences in the vasoconstrictor responses of the newborn pulmonary vascular bed which can affect blood flow distribution and edema formation in the lung. The greater sensitivity of microvascular and venous vs. arterial segments to ET-1 and U46619 may play a role in lung liquid production in the fetus and in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema in the post-natal period.
Infantile colic: A pediatric practitioner‐researcher's point of view

Infantile colic is at the same time exasperating and also fascinating and gratifying. This is the point of view of a pediatric practitioner and researcher with over three decades of practical experience. Colic is exasperating because of the unpleasantness of the extensive crying and because of the inadequacies of much of the existing research and writing on the subject. It is fascinating for the researcher and observing clinician because it probably represents the earliest known example of a behavior problem resulting from a stressful parent-child interaction. It is gratifying because of the opportunity for successful clinical intervention to help distressed families. This paper summarizes the evidence supporting these points and suggests ways to solve some of the remaining problems. No new data are introduced; rather, this is an attempt to put what is already known into a more useful perspective.
The effects of prenatal cocaine, post-weaning housing and sex on conditioned place preference in adolescent rats

Rationale Gestational exposure to cocaine now affects several million people including adolescents and young adults. Whether prenatal drug exposures alter an individual’s tendency to take and/or abuse drugs is still a matter of debate.