cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Optimization Design for a MEMS Fabricated Jet Impingement Cooling Device

This paper discusses a novel design for cooling microprocessors using micro fabricated water impinging jet on a hot surface in contact with an electronic device. The goal is to achieve enhanced heat transfer from the exposed surface, especially at localized “hot spot” regions, with minimum pressure drop to achieve the flow rate necessary. The proposed methodology is used to analyse cooling performance in our test structures, get temperature data, and extract heat transfer coefficient from the model. Based on this analysis with various design, optimisation of these design parameters will be studied to improve designs of liquid jet impingement for electronic cooling.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The spiritual needs of dying children.

(1989). The Spiritual Needs of Dying Children. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing: Vol. 12, No. 2-3, pp. 225-233.
Performance Optimization of Tensor Contraction Expressions for Many-Body Methods in Quantum Chemistry

Complex tensor contraction expressions arise in accurate electronic structure models in quantum chemistry, such as the coupled cluster method. This paper addresses two complementary aspects of performance optimization of such tensor contraction expressions. Transformations using algebraic properties of commutativity and associativity can be used to significantly decrease the number of arithmetic operations required for evaluation of these expressions. The identification of common subexpressions among a set of tensor contraction expressions can result in a reduction of the total number of operations required to evaluate the tensor contractions. The first part of the paper describes an effective algorithm for operation minimization with common subexpression identification and demonstrates its effectiveness on tensor contraction expressions for coupled cluster equations. The second part of the paper highlights the importance of data layout transformation in the optimization of tensor contraction computations on modern processors. A number of considerations such as minimization of cache misses and utilization of multimedia vector instructions are discussed. A library for efficient index permutation of multi-dimensional tensors is described and experimental performance data is provided that demonstrates its effectiveness.
MACROMOLECULES EXUDED BY SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATES IN CULTURE: AMINO ACID AND SUGAR COMPOSITION1

Five species of symbiotic dinoflagellates in culture exude water-soluble glycoconjugates. Recovered glycoconjugates of three of the five species were composed of more carbohydrate than protein. The uronic acid content of three algal species that infect scyphistomae of the jellyfish Cassiopeia were higher than those of the two species that do not infect. Analyses of hydrolysates by high-performance liquid chromatography indicated that the protein components were rich in aspartic acid (asparagine), glutamic acid (glutamine), serine, glycine, leucine, and threonine and contain proline and lysine. Histidine and methionine, when present, were in low concentration. Other sugars detected were glucose and galactose and their respective amines, ribose, mannose, and fucose. Neither sialic acid nor arabinose was detected. The release of glycoconjugates by symbiotic dinoflagellates appears to be a general phenomenon. Some components of these macromolecules could serve as signals that pass between symbionts and hosts, while other components, assuming host digestion, could be a source of previously undetected essential amino acids.
Role of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency assessment in constipated patients.

The importance of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency assessment for the evaluation of incontinence is well established. However, its role in constipated patients remains unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to assess the incidence of pudendal neuropathy in constipated patients and its correlation with others variables including age, sex, anal pressures, and anal electromyography. RESULTS: From 1988 to 1993, 161 patients with chronic constipation underwent pudendal nerve terminal motor latency assessment, anal electromyography, and anal manometry. The overall incidence of pudendal neuropathy was 23.6 percent; females and males had a similar incidence (24 percentvs. 23 percent, respectively;P >0.05). Patients over 70 years old had a significantly higher incidence of pudendal neuropathy than did patients under 70 years (37 percentvs. 12 percent, respectively;P 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency assessment was able to detect unsuspected pudendal neuropathy in 24 percent of patients. This finding correlated with age and with the presence of paradoxical puborectalis contraction but not with manometric anal pressures, motor unit potentials recruitment, or the presence of polyphasia. However, the often espoused relationship between pudendal latency and external sphincter function could not be demonstrated.
Environmental fatigue testing of silastic finger joint prostheses

Heat vulcanized silicone elastomer (Silastic-Dow) has been in clinical use as a prosthetic replacement material for over a decade. When subjected to operating stress in body fluids, as in cardiac poppet-valves, failure has occurred. Fractures of silastic finger-joint prosthesis have also been experienced. Chemical and fractographic analyses of such failed finger-joint prostheses raise the suspiciaon of failure. Severe discoloration of the implant at the point of maximal stress concentration, the presence of significant amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol on the fractured prostheses, and the pattern of fracture markings indicate that fracture was due to a combination of chemical surface deterioration and stress concentration. Study of the method of surgical insertion of these prostheses suggests failure to completely excise the volar plate and other palmar joint structures could create a step off and sufficiently increase the stress in the bending element of the device to cause fracture. In vitro cyclic testing at 37°C in serum failed to cause fracture of these devices after 10 million cycles, but did produce gradual discoloration of the entire prosthesis which began and was most noticeable at the point of bending. Although the prostheses adsorb lipid, which may produce surface deterioration, it is anticipated that properly inserted, the service life of these devices should be more than adequate for full clinical application.
The role of metal plasticity and interfacial strength in the cracking of metal/ceramic laminates

Abstract Two models based on elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and fiber bridging are developed to study the role of plastic yielding in metals and the interfacial strength of metal/ceramic laminates. There are two types of damage observed in metal/ceramic laminates: multiple cracking and macroscopic crack propagation. The former occurs around the macroscopic crack tip and thus distributes the damage and enhances the composite's toughness. The present models establish that there exists a critical metal/ceramic layer thickness ratio above which multiple cracking dominates and that this ratio decreases (hence increasing the possibility of multiple cracking) as the ratios of metal yield stress over ceramic strength, metal modulus over ceramic modulus, and metal/ceramic interfacial strength over ceramic strength increase. Good agreement between the present models and experimental results is observed for both damage modes, i.e. multiple cracking vs macroscopic crack propagation, and for critical stress intensity factors. The elastic-plastic fracture mechanics and fiber-bridging models predict that multiple cracking is ensured if the metal layer thickness is 2.5 times larger than the ceramic layer thickness, regardless of the metal/ceramic properties.
Detecting and resolving inconsistencies in firewalls

Firewalls are a defense mechanism for network security. Today, firewalls have played a pivotal role in a wide spectrum of circumstances, from enterprise networks to home networks. Firewall rules have their execution semantics. Firewalls are often networked to establish perimeters for different parts of an enterprise with differing security policy requirements. Hence, rules in intra-firewall and inter-firewall settings interact, sometimes creating unintended side-effects. The complexity in utilizing firewalls to implement consistent and coherent security policies to safeguard enterprise networks poses great challenges to the network security as a whole. A major challenge is firewall inconsistencies that compromise the effectiveness of firewall protection. In this paper, we propose an approach to detecting and resolving major types of firewall inconsistencies. We describe our detection algorithms and resolution strategies to firewall inconsistencies, and report some initial results of a tool implementing the proposed approach. The main contribution of our work lies in the fact that our approach takes advantage of two necessary conditions in firewall inconsistencies, resulting in a more effective detection method.
I-V, C-V, and Hall Effect Studies of Indium-Doped Lpe GaAs

We have studied the effects of In doping on the electrical properties of a liquid phase epitaxially (LPE) grown GaAs. The I–V characteristics of Au-GaAs Schottky diodes show, for the layer with In concentration of 2.4 × 1019 cm−3, an ideality factor close to 1.04 over more than seven decades of current. For the same sample, the reverse I–V characteristics are close to an ideal Schottky diode and can be fitted by a theoretical curve, combining the thermionic field emission and thermionic emission. The electrical improvement is closely related to the low etch pit density and other structural improvements. This indicates that, as in the LEC growth, In has effects on the reduction of disloation density in the LPE grown GaAs epi-layer. For doping levels higher than 6×1019 cm−3, an excess forward current is produced at low voltages and low temperatures. A large leakage current is observed under the reverse bias. This property is attributed to a high field effect, with field emission via a trap state as the most likely cause. Hall measurements showed that the ratio of free-carrier concentration ND−NA to the total-carrier concentration ND+NA increased with increasing In concentration.
Experiments on standing and traveling edge flames around flame holes

Abstract The behavior of edge flames surrounding an axisymmetric “hole” in CH 4 /O 2 /N 2 laminar counterflow diffusion flames is experimentally studied with appropriate spatial and temporal resolutions, using a combination of CO PLIF, OH PLIF, CO + OH reaction-rate imaging, and PIV. The experimental approach is able to capture the standing edge flame structure, identifying the trailing diffusion flame and lean premixed flame unequivocally, and the rich premixed flame less conclusively. By perturbing a steadily burning flame locally with two counter-propagating toroidal vortices injected simultaneously from opposite sides of the flame, a transient behavior is observed in detail. It encompasses the complete phenomenology from the onset of local extinction on the centerline to the opening of a “hole” in the flame and its eventual healing. Even in the extinction mode, which is the inevitable regime at the beginning of a sufficiently disruptive flame/vortex interaction, the edge flame does not exhibit a negative propagation velocity but appears to be initially advected by the mean radial flow. It then rapidly undergoes a transition from the extinction mode to the ignition mode, developing a positive propagation velocity with respect to the unburned mixture, but with values lower than the planar premixed flame speed corresponding to the composition of the mixture in the mixing layer. The propagation velocity eventually reaches a value of the order of the planar premixed flame speed and maintains such a value during the rest of the interaction, until the extinction “hole” is fully healed.
Efficient greyscale image compression technique based on vector quantization

In this paper, a novel greyscale image coding technique based on vector quantization (VQ) is proposed. In VQ, the reconstructed image quality is restricted by the codebook used in the image encoding/decoding procedures. To provide a better image quality using a fixed-sized codebook, the codebook expansion technique is introduced in the proposed technique. In addition, the block prediction technique and the relatively address technique are employed to cut down the required storage cost of the compressed codes. From the results, it is shown that the proposed technique adaptively provides better image quality at low bit rates than VQ.
Exaggerated QT prolongation after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the extent of drug-induced QT prolongation by dofetilide is greater in sinus rhythm (SR) after cardioversion compared wit...
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma presenting as a pituitary mass: Case report and review of the literature

Primary pituitary lymphomas (PPLs) are rare tumors of the central nervous system, and most are of B-cell origin. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphomas are uncommon neoplasms that are highly aggressive and show a strong association with Epstein-Barr virus. They most commonly affect the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses; manifestation as a primary pituitary tumor has never been described. The authors report a case of NK/T-cell lymphoma of the pituitary gland and review 17 cases of PPL from the literature. All patients had been evaluated at presentation for clinical, neuroimaging, and histopathological findings. Patients who had systemic lymphoma with secondary involvement of the pituitary gland were excluded. The mean patient age was 55.5 years (range 26-86 years); the male/female ratio was 13:5. The most common presentation was pituitary insufficiency (72%), followed by headache (56%), diplopia (39%), visual loss (28%), and fever (22%). Thirteen patients (72%) exhibited anterior hypopituitarism and seven (39%) had diabetes insipidus at presentation. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated enhancing parasellar masses with diffuse enlargement of the pituitary gland (94%), suprasellar extension (44%), cavernous sinus extension (39%), and stalk thickening (22%). Thirteen patients (72%) had B-cell lymphoma, four (22%) had T-cell lymphoma, and one (6%) had NK/T-cell lymphoma. Primary pituitary lymphomas are rare entities with a range of clinical presentations and neuroimaging findings that are unique from those of patients who present with pituitary adenomas. The pathological entity of NK/T-cell lymphoma is distinct, and its course is very aggressive with a poor prognosis.
Simulations Build Efficacy: Empirical Results from a Four-Week Congressional Simulation.

This article describes a four-week congressional committee simulation implemented in upper level courses on Congress and the Legislative process at two liberal arts colleges. We find that the students participating in the simulation possessed high levels of political knowledge and confidence in their political skills prior to the simulation. An analysis of pre- and posttest surveys indicates that students experienced significant increases in their self-assessed understanding of the political process, the ability to persuade others to support political positions, and the ability to work with diverse groups to accomplish political goals. Additionally, students without prior internship experience reported notable and statistically significant gains in self-assessed political skills and efficacy. These findings suggest that, for students who cannot participate in an internship, participating in a simulation may generate many of the same benefits.
Kinetic energy distributions in the fragmentations of metastable H2S, HDS and D2S ions

Abstract The distribution of kinetic energy release associated with H2 loss from metastable H2S+− ions has been measured in the coordinate system moving with the velocity of the center of mass and compared with those for the analogous reaction in HDS+− and D2S+−. The distributions have similar forms but are displaced relative to one another by amounts which correspond to the differences in zero point energies of the respective products. The results are in agreement with the occurrence of fragmentation of the metastable ions by slow spin-forbidden predissociation involving a transition from the 2A1 state of H2S+− to the repulsive 4A2 state. The similarities in the energy distributions seem to rule out tunnelling as a contributor to the curve crossing process. The energy release distributions also allow the estimation of the energy of the classical crossing point.
Nuclear quadrupole coupling in an EPR investigation of a low-spin cobalt(II) system

The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for a low-spin square planar cobalt(II) compound were determined by EPR spectroscopy. Oriented single crystals and powders of Co-doped [(C2H5)4N]2Ni(S2C4N2)2 were examined and their EPR spectra interpreted with the following spin Hamiltonian: H = βB·g·S + hI·A·S − gnβnB·I + hQD(Iz2 − 634) + hQE(Iz2 − Iy2) with parameters gx = 2.7822, gy = 2.0130, gz = 1.9815, Ax = 131.8 MHz, Ay = 69.0 MHz, Az = 59.5 MHz, QD = -0.9 MHz, and QE = 0.2 MHz, where the principal axis systems for A and Q coincide with that of g. The quadrupole coupling parameters are compared with other available examples and the general absence of quadrupolar effects in the EPR of other low-spin cobalt(II) single crystals discussed.
In Situ Genetic Correction of the Sickle Cell Anemia Mutation in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Engineered Zinc Finger Nucleases

The combination of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and targeted gene modification by homologous recombination (HR) represents a promising new approach to generate genetically corrected, patient-derived cells that could be used for autologous transplantation therapies. This strategy has several potential advantages over conventional gene therapy including eliminating the need for immunosuppression, avoiding the risk of insertional mutagenesis by therapeutic vectors, and maintaining expression of the corrected gene by endogenous control elements rather than a constitutive promoter. However, gene targeting in human pluripotent cells has remained challenging and inefficient. Recently, engineered zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) have been shown to substantially increase HR frequencies in human iPSCs, raising the prospect of using this technology to correct disease causing mutations. Here, we describe the generation of iPSC lines from sickle cell anemia patients and in situ correction of the disease causing mutation using three ZFN pairs made by the publicly available oligomerized pool engineering method (OPEN). Gene-corrected cells retained full pluripotency and a normal karyotype following removal of reprogramming factor and drug-resistance genes. By testing various conditions, we also demonstrated that HR events in human iPSCs can occur as far as 82 bps from a ZFN-induced break. Our approach delineates a roadmap for using ZFNs made by an open-source method to achieve efficient, transgene-free correction of monogenic disease mutations in patient-derived iPSCs. Our results provide an important proof of principle that ZFNs can be used to produce gene-corrected human iPSCs that could be used for therapeutic applications.
Photon pairs: Quantum chromodynamics continuum and the Higgs boson

A new QCD calculation is summarized for the transverse momentum distribution of photon pairs produced by QCD subprocesses, including all-orders soft-gluon resummation valid at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. Resummation is needed to obtain reliable predictions in the range of transverse momentum where the cross-section is the largest. Results are compared with data from the Fermilab Tevatron and predictions are made for the large hadron collider. The QCD continuum is shown to have a softer spectrum than the Higgs boson signal at the LHC.
Cloning and expression of a novel murine semaphorin with structural similarity to insect semaphorin I.

Abstract We describe a novel semaphorin family member, Sema VIa, with 25–36% sequence identity at the amino acid level in the semaphorin domain to previously published mouse homologues. This novel family member shares considerable homology with the best characterized murine semaphorin, Sema III (also known as SemD), at the 5′ end but is divergent from Sema III near the 3′ end because it contains a putative transmembrane domain. Remarkably, of the known semaphorins, Sema VIa bears the greatest structural similarity to insect Sema I, although it contains a much larger intracellular domain. We propose, therefore, that Sema VIa is the prototype of a new class (class VI) of semaphorins. In order to gain insights into potential functions of Sema VIa, we have compared mRNA expression of Sema VIa to that of Sema III during development. In the nervous system, Sema VIa is expressed in strikingly localized and transient patterns that are markedly different from those of Sema III. Interestingly, Sema VIa and Sema III frequently exhibit complementary or adjacent loci of expression. We suggest that Sema VIa may be important to nervous system development via a mechanism that involves cell–cell communication.
High performance epoxy resins cured in the presence of BF3 catalyst

Dynamic mechanical experiments have been conducted on an epoxy system made with tetraglycidyl 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) and polyglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A Novalac that were cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) in the presence of Boron trifluoride monoethylamine catalyst (BF3:EtNH2). As the concentration of BF3:EtNH2 increased, the low temperature β-transition magnitude increased slightly. The α1-transition observed in the uncatalyzed system decreased significantly with the addition of BF3:EtNH2 catalyst. The α2 or glass transition temperature of this system increased with increasing catalyst concentration. Both the catalyzed and uncatalyzed epoxy formulations studied in this work are important due to their similarity to systems used commercially in epoxy matrix composites.
Memory effects in glass transition

Behavior of glass in the glass transition region is reviewed with the emphasis on memory effects. Three examples of memory effects analyzed are the behavior of the fictive temperature in the cross-over, sub-Tg relaxation and simple reheating experiments. In all cases, the non-equilibrium system reveals a temporary neglect of the equilibrium state by moving away from it. A multiexponential model of structural relaxation is employed to model this phenomenon and to investigate the behavior of separate relaxation mechanisms contributing to a total effect. The model characterizes the glassy state by a broad distribution of partial fictive temperatures - low, produced by fast relaxation mechanisms, and high, produced by slow mechanisms. During reheating, each mechanism approaches the equilibrium line Tf=T in two stages: first from above (because Tfi >T) and then from below (when due to the overshoot Tfi < T. In the lower part of the glass transition region where slow mechanisms are still in the first stage of a very slow decrease of their Tfi's, the fast mechanisms are finishing their approach to equilibrium by a vigorous increase of their Tfi's, The Tf measured in the experiment is the weighted average of all Tfi's and therefore reflects the behavior of fast mechanisms by increasing its value although Tf is still greater than the actual temperature T. A complex thermal treatment designed as a combination of quenching and annealing steps will emphasize different groups of mechanisms and produce many intriguing effects. All these effects can be explained as a superposition of quenched and annealed mechanisms approaching the equilibrium state from opposite directions.
NEW INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND GRASSROOTS MOBILIZATION

In much of the recent literature on contemporary social movements there is call for a re-conceptualization of the definition and understanding of political struggle given the impact of new emerging information communication technologies (ICTs), and the Internet in particular, on social movement organizing, contentious politics, and the electoral political process. This paper undertakes an analysis of MoveOn within a critical theory framework and argues that electronic social movement organizations, such as MoveOn, are in many ways broadening public opinion and the public sphere. It draws on the work of Habermas and theories of the Internet to illustrate how ICTs can revitalize communicative action in the public sphere and thus enhance participatory democracy.
The measurement of activin/EDF in mouse serum: Evidence for extragonadal production

Many studies have shown that activin/EDF mediates local physiological events at various sites. In this study, the authors confirmed the presence of activin in mouse serum by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) monitored by a specific bioassay. The retention time of the active fraction in HPLC was identical to that of authentic activin A, and the activity was neutralized by follistatin. That the serum activin levels in ovariectomized and aged mice were decreased suggests that the serum activin was generated partly by ovary (35%), but also by extragonadal organs. Activin and inhibin are structurally closely related, and both are involved in many physiological processes including control of follicle stimulating hormone secretion by the pituitary. The regulation of serum activin, however, appeared to differ from that of inhibin.
Cracking Addiction the Second Time Around: Reconsolidation of Drug-Related Memories

One of the greatest challenges in the understanding and treatment of addiction is cue-elicited relapse to drug use. The present findings of Miller and Marshall and Lee et al. reported in this issue of Neuron demonstrate that retrieved drug-related memories undergo reconsolidation and thus suggest that these maladaptive associations may be more labile than previously thought.
Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of cirrhotic patients: The prevalence of intrahepatic arteriovenous shunting, and implications for diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

To establish the prevalence and significance of Doppler-detected hepatic arteriovenous shunting (AVS) in patients with compensated cirrhosis, 115 patients (mean age 55.4 ± 12.47 SD y) were prospectively screened using real-time ultrasound with pulsed Doppler at 2.5 MHz to detect focal liver lesions and quantify AVS. Focal masses were biopsied and correlated with the US findings. All other patients had clinical follow-up and imaging for at least 12 months. AVS occurred in 28 of 115 (24.3%), and in 18 of 20 proven malignancies (90%) including 11 of 13 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (85%). However, 9 of 28 (32%) AVS (mean Doppler shift 2.73 ± 1.51 [SD] kHz [range 0.6–5.41 kHz], n = 9) were in regions of fatty infiltration (4) or isolated (5), unassociated with malignancy. At a prevalence of 17.9% malignancy (11.3% due to hepatocellular carcinoma), specificity for malignancy increased with shunt velocity, from 76% (for mass alone), to 94.8% for mass with AVS, 96.8% for a mass with AVS of 1.75–2.4 kHz, and 100% for a mass with AVS >2.4 kHz. Doppler US is useful in characterizing liver lesions in cirrhotic patients: the majority of malignant hepatic lesions are associated with AVS and specificity for malignancy increases with shunt velocity. However, isolated AVS or AVS associated with focal fat may be detected in 7.8% of compensated cirrhotics.
Stream execution on wide-issue clustered VLIW architectures

This paper investigates the mapping of stream programs to wide-issue clustered VLIW processors so that designers can leverage their existing investments in VLIW-based platforms to harness the advantages of stream programming.
A generalized upper and lower solutions method and multiplicity results for nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equations

Abstract We introduce a generalized upper and lower solutions method for the solvability of first-order ordinary differential equations u′(t) = ƒ(t, u(t)), u(0) = u(1) in order to cover the case when the function ƒ satisfies Caratheodory conditions. This method is then applied to get multiplicity results when the nonlinearity ƒ interacts with the real eigenvalue of the linearized problem. Our proofs are based on differential inequalities and classical Leray-Schauder degree.
Transaction Costs and Modes of Service Provision: The Moderating Effect of Sourcing Availability

This study adds to the Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) literature by focusing on the decision to produce organizational services through three modes: (1) internalization, (2) privatization, and (3...
Spatial Distribution of Attitudes Toward Proposed Management Strategies for a Wildlife Recovery

Wildlife managers regularly incorporate human attitudes into decisions involving wildlife conservation. Knowing the spatial distribution of particular attitudes may further assist managers in determining distribution of support of or threats against wildlife species. Using results from a mail survey and SaTScan 4.0, we assessed the spatial distribution (clustering) of attitudes toward several management strategies for the recovery of black bear in and around Big Thicket National Preserve, Texas. Statistically significant clustering occurred for two attitudes: (a) non-support for a natural (non-human assisted) increase in the bear population near the Angelina National Forest and (b) strong disagreement toward total exclusion of bears from southeastern Texas within the relatively urban Orange County. In addition, respondents closer to the preserve, a potential black bear release site, were more likely to support exclusion of bears. Analysis such as this can greatly assist managers in planning public outreac...
Regulation of the heart's functions.

If a regulating system consists of a mechanism for sensing the essential parameters, detecting deviations from a "set" value, and initiating corrective action, then the arterial pressure-regulating mechanism is the only regulating system described for the circulation in any detail. This mechanism appears to be important in maintaining a level of mean arterial pressure within a narrow range. It does not appear, however, to play a dominant role in adjusting the level of the circulation to meet spontaneously changing circulatory demands under many circumstances. During spontaneous activity by intact dogs, an increase in systolic ventricular pressure (and mean arterial pressure) is frequently accompanied by tachycardia as though some other mechanism were overriding the pressoreceptor mechanism. Thus, it appears that the circulatory system as a whole is largely controlled by neural mechanisms, usually initiated by higher levels of the nervous system. Very little is known of the sensory limbs of reflex arcs that can serve to regulate the cardiovascular system as a whole.
Do different species of Smittium (Harpellales, Legeriomycetaceae) influence each other in the host gut?

Abstract Smittium ( Harpellales , Legeriomycetaceae ) belongs to a cosmopolitan group of filamentous fungi ( Trichomycetes , Zygomycota ) that live as obligate commensals in the digestive tract of various marine, freshwater, and terrestrial arthropods. The outcome of the paired introductions of three species of Smittium was investigated within the individual hosts of the mosquito Aedes aegypti ( Culicidae : Diptera ). In the first set of experiments, the host was inoculated with a single species of Smittium to determine whether hyphae location within the host was species specific. In the second experiment the host was exposed to two species of Smittium to determine whether hyphae showed positional displacement when two species of fungi co-inhabited the same host gut. Single species introductions of Smittium resulted in 80–85 % of hosts with hyphae present only in the rectum. In all three paired combinations of Smittium species examined, only 40–65 % of host larvae had hyphae restricted to the rectum. This is first study to experimentally demonstrate that the microdistribution of Harpellaceae hyphae can be influenced by the presence of a second species of Harpellaceae , suggesting a competition of the symbionts within the host.
Intersections on the Road to Self-Employment: Gender, Family and Occupational Class

Are gender differences in the effects of family structure on self-employment participation robust across different forms of self-employment? Using event history analyses of competing risks and data spanning 20 years, I find that women enter non-professional and non-managerial self-employment to balance work and family demands. In contrast, family factors do little to explain women's entrance into professional and managerial self-employment; these women are more similar to their male peers and appear to follow a careerist model of self-employment.
Soft tissue calcification in the Ossabaw miniature pig: experimental and kinetic modeling studies

Calcium (Ca) deposition into vascular tissue was measured in Ossabaw miniature pigs with and without metabolic syndrome (MetS) using Ca tracer kinetics and coronary atherosclerosis measured with intravascular ultrasound. Pigs with MetS had higher Ca uptake into coronary arteries than lean pigs. Ca deposition into arteries is a common disease in humans. The Ossabaw pig develops MetS when fed an atherogenic diet. The aim of this study was to measure Ca deposition into arteries of lean vs. MetS pigs. Male pigs were fed for 5 months with chow diet (healthy, lean; n = 7) or atherogenic diet (n = 8) consisting of chow supplemented with 2 % cholesterol, 43 % kcal from fat, and 20 % kcal from fructose. Pigs were verified to have MetS by obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Two pigs received 50 nCi of 41Ca i.v. and blood was drawn frequently for 24 h, and 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, and at sacrifice at 28 days after injection. Peripheral arteries were biopsied four times per pig over the 28th day and coronary artery sampled at sacrifice. Tissues were analyzed for 41Ca:Ca. A compartmental model was used to estimate rates of Ca deposition into the arteries. The MetS swine had higher 41Ca and atherosclerosis in coronary arteries than lean pigs. This pig model is a suitable model for studying vascular calcification in humans.
Nosology and diagnosis of Asperger's syndrome

Abstract The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have generated great interest among clinicians and researchers. Once considered rare, recent epidemiological data now suggests rates of up to 1 in 150 people. One of the most frequent of the ASD, Asperger's syndrome (AS), has been known as a disorder for as long as autism, which is easily the most visible of this group of conditions. Growing attention to and popularity of studying AS have made the nosology and diagnosis of the disorder a topic of growing concern in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to present an up-to-date analysis of the syndrome and the likelihood that it is actually a disorder distinct from high-functioning autism (HFA). This argument about how to diagnose people, either AS or HFA, hinges largely on the debate about whether distinct symptom patterns exist between AS and HFA and if AS can be reliably differentiated from HFA. A discussion of this topic, trends in research, and where the data appears to be leading diagnosticians is also presented, as well as research areas requiring further attention.
Structure-activity relationships of polybiguanides with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1

Previous investigations showing that polydisperse biguanide (PDBG) molecules have activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also suggested a relationship between PDBG biologic activity and the lengths of hydrocarbon linkers surrounding the positively charged biguanide unit. To better define structure-activity relationships, PDBG molecules with select linker lengths were evaluated for cytotoxicity, anti-HIV-1 activity, and in vivo toxicity. Results of the in vitro experiments demonstrated that increases in linker length (and, therefore, increases in compound lipophilicity) were generally associated with increases in cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against HIV-1. However, a relationship between linker length asymmetry and in vitro therapeutic index (TI) suggested structural specificity in the mechanism of action against HIV-1. Polyethylene hexamethylene biguanide (PEHMB; biguanide units spaced between alternating ethylene and hexamethylene linkers) was found to have the highest in vitro TI (CC50/IC50) among the compounds examined. Recent improvements in PEHMB synthesis and purification have yielded preparations of PEHMB with in vitro TI values of 266 and 7000 against HIV-1 strains BaL and IIIB, respectively. The minimal toxicity of PEHMB relative to polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; biguanide units alternating with hexamethylene linkers) in a murine model of cervicovaginal microbicide toxicity was consistent with considerable differences in cytotoxicity between PEHMB and PHMB observed during in vitro experiments. These structure-activity investigations increase our understanding of PDBG molecules as agents with activity against HIV-1 and provide the foundation for further preclinical studies of PEHMB and other biguanide-based compounds as antiviral and microbicidal agents.
SU-FF-J-57: Digital Tomosynthesis for Verification of Radiation Therapy Positioning: Preliminary Results From a Kilovoltage On-Board Imaging System

Purpose: This study introduces a new radiation therapy target localization technique using online digital tomosynthesis (DTS), a method for reconstructing 3‐D slices from 2‐D projection data acquired with limited source motion. By separating the visualization of overlapping structure, DTS is expected to improve the visualization of anatomy compared with 2‐D planar radiographicimaging techniques, and may therefore yield more accurate target localization during radiation therapy set‐up. Method and Materials: We simulated treatment planning and setup of an anthropomorphic chest phantom. A treatment isocenter was marked in CTimages. The phantom was then aligned for treatment on a Varian 21EX equipped with an on‐board‐imager (OBI), attached to the gantry orthogonal to the megavoltage treatment axis. Once aligned, 2‐D image projections were acquired over 200 degrees and coronal and sagittal DTS planes were reconstructed through the treatment isocenter from projection sub‐sets spanning 40°. Comparison of DTS images with corresponding planes from the CT data, as well as lateral and postero‐anterior (PA) planar radiographs, yielded estimations of set‐up error. Results: Sagittal and coronal DTS slices improved the visibility of anatomy when compared with planar radiograph equivalents, improving estimation of the set‐up error. Registration of sagittal and coronal DTS reconstructions with corresponding planes through the isocenter in the CT data was found to be feasible for estimating set‐up error. Preliminary determination of the set‐up accuracy of our clinical procedure was determined to be within 1mm for the phantom study presented here. Conclusion:Tomosynthesis has been demonstrated on a commercially available medical accelerator, and may be practical for improving patient set‐up when full cone‐beam‐CT is not required. DTS significantly improves the visibility of soft‐tissue detail that is obscured by overlying anatomy in radiographs and portal images. Additional benefits include a reduction in dose, acquisition and reconstruction time, and easier data handling compared with full cone‐beam‐CT.
Single nucleon knockout exchange contribution to nucleus-nucleus potentials

Abstract A method for calculating the single nucleon knockout exchange contributions to nucleus-nucleus scattering potentials is described. Calculations show they are comparable to the direct contribution and can be included in the double folding model by means of a simple approximation.
Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire : reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan

To determine the reliability and validity of a patient outcome questionnaire for chronic heart failure, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 3-month trial of pimobendan, an investigational medication with inotropic and vasodilator activities, was performed. Evaluated were 198 ambulatory patients with primarily New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III heart failure from 20 referral centers. Baseline therapy included digoxin, diuretics and, in 80%, a converting enzyme inhibitor. Oral pimobendan at 2.5 (n = 49), 5.0 (n = 51), or 10 (n = 49) mg daily or matching placebo (n = 49) was administered. The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure (LIhFE) questionnaire was a primary outcome measure, along with an exercise test. Interitem correlations identified subgroups of questions representing physical and emotional dimensions. Repeated baseline scores were highly correlated (r = 0.93), as were the physical (r = 0.89) and emotional (r = 0.88) dimension scores. Placebo did not have a significant effect with median (25th, 75th percentile) changes from baseline scores of 1 (-3, 5), 1 (-2, 3), and 0 (-1, 2), respectively (all p values greater than 0.10). The 5 mg dose significantly improved the total score, 7.5 (0, 18; p = 0.01) and the physical dimension, 4 (0, 8; p = 0.01), compared with placebo. Changes in the total (r = 0.33; p less than 0.01) and physical (r = 0.35; p less than 0.01) scores were weakly related to changes in exercise times, but corresponded well with changes in patients' ratings of dyspnea and fatigue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reactive plasma spraying of MoSi2 using an Ar-10%CH4 powder carrier gas

Abstract Plasma spraying of MoSi 2 using an Ar-10%CH 4 powder carrier gas mixture was investigated as a way of incorporating carbon and carbide particles into spray deposits of MoSi 2 which could subsequently getter SiO 2 after elevated-temperature exposure. After hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 1800°C and 206 MPa for 1 h a decrease in oxygen from approximately 2580 to 750 ppm resulted in the spray deposits of MoSi 2 produced with the ArCH 4 powder gas carrier. A factor of 3 increase in yield strength was observed in these deposits when compared to conventional hot-pressed MoSi 2 matrix. The temperatures between 1100 and 1400°C. This increase was attributed to a decrease in SiO 2 in the MoSi 2 matrix. The presence of SiC particles was identified in as-sprayed deposits of MoSi 2 and after HIP. Silicon carbide particles in the as-sprayed condition resulted from inflight reactions between MoSi 2 and carbon present in the methane gas. Spray deposits of MoSi 2 , without the use of the ArCH 4 powder carrier gas, were also produced in order to establish a baseline in elevated temperature behavior.
ISOLATION OF FUNCTIONAL GOLGI-DERIVED VESICLES WITH A POSSIBLE ROLE IN RETROGRADE TRANSPORT

Secretory proteins enter the Golgi apparatus when transport vesicles fuse with the cis -side and exit in transport vesicles budding from the trans -side. Resident Golgi enzymes that have been transported in the cis -to- trans direction with the secretory flow must be recycled constantly by retrograde transport in the opposite direction. In this study, we describe the functional characterization of Golgi-derived transport vesicles that were isolated from tissue culture cells. We found that under the steady-state conditions of a living cell, a fraction of resident Golgi enzymes was found in vesicles that could be separated from cisternal membranes. These vesicles appeared to be depleted of secretory cargo. They were capable of binding to and fusion with isolated Golgi membranes, and after fusion their enzymatic contents most efficiently processed cargo that had just entered the Golgi apparatus. Those results indicate a possible role for these structures in recycling of Golgi enzymes in the Golgi stack.
Biochemical interactions within a ternary complex of the bacteriophage T4 recombination proteins uvsY and gp32 bound to single-stranded DNA.

The presynaptic phase of homologous recombination requires the formation of a filament of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) coated with a recombinase enzyme. In bacteriophage T4, at least three proteins are required for the assembly of this presynaptic filament. In addition to the T4 recombinase, uvsX protein, the T4 ssDNA binding protein (gp32), and the uvsY recombination accessory protein are also required. Here we report on a detailed analysis of a tripartite filament containing ssDNA bound by stoichiometric quantities of both uvsY and gp32, which appears to be an important intermediate in the assembly of the T4 presynaptic filament. We demonstrate that uvsY and gp32 simultaneously co-occupy the ssDNA in a noncompetitive fashion. In addition, we show that protein−protein interactions between uvsY and gp32 are not required for the assembly of this ternary complex and do not affect the affinity of uvsY for the ssDNA lattice. Finally, we demonstrate that the interaction of gp32 with the ssDNA is destabilized wi...
NF-κB Activity Is Required for the Deregulation of c-myc Expression by the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Enhancer

Abstract The c-myc gene is translocated to one of the immunoglobulin genes in Burkitt's lymphoma resulting in deregulated expression of c-myc. Several enhancers have been shown to be important for expression of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Four enhancer regions (murine-hypersensitive sites (MHS) 1, 2, 3, and 4) located 3′ of the murine immunoglobulin heavy chain gene play a role in activating expression of the translocated c-myc gene. The enhancer regions also result in a shift in transcriptional initiation from the P2 promoter to P1 that is characteristic of the translocated c-myc allele. We found that the most 3′ enhancer region (MHS4) activated the c-mycpromoter by 46-fold in the Raji Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, and it was the most active enhancer in these cells. The addition of enhancer regions MHS1,2 and 3 to MHS4 increased c-myc transcription by an additional 3-fold and resulted in the full promoter shift from P2 to P1. By deletion analysis of enhancer region MHS4, we located a region that was critical for the transcriptional activity of MHS4. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis revealed that NF-κB/Rel family members bound to this region. Mutation of the NF-κB binding site abolished both the enhancer activity and the promoter shift activity of MHS4. An active NF-κB site was also identified in the human HS4 enhancer. Inhibition of c-mycpromoter activity driven by the immunoglobulin enhancers was observed with expression of a super-repressor IκBα construct. These results indicate that the NF-κB/Rel transcription factors play an important role in the deregulation of the translocated c-myc gene in Burkitt's lymphoma and suggest that interference with NF-κB function may represent a new approach to the treatment of Burkitt's lymphoma.
In situ enhancement of pulmonary surfactant function using temporary flow reversal

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a pulmonary disease with a mortality rate of ∼40% and 75,000 deaths annually in the United States. Mechanical ventilation restores airway patency and gas transport but leads to ventilator-induced lung injury. Furthermore, surfactant replacement therapy is ineffective due to surfactant delivery difficulties and deactivation by vascular proteins leaking into the airspace. Here, we demonstrated that surfactant function can be substantially improved (up to 50%) in situ in an in vitro pulmonary airway model using unconventional flows that incorporate a short-term retraction of the air-liquid interface, leading to a net decrease in cellular damage. Computational fluid dynamic simulations provided insights into this method and demonstrated the physicochemical hydrodynamic foundation for the improved surfactant microscale transport and mobility. This study may provide a starting point for developing novel ventilation waveforms to improve surfactant function in edematous airways.