cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ozone and temperature decadal trends in the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere, based on measurements from SABER on TIMED

Abstract. We have derived ozone and temperature trends from years 2002 through 2012, from 20 to 100 km altitude, and 48° S to 48° N latitude, based on measurements from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. For the first time, trends of ozone and temperature measured at the same times and locations are obtained, and their correlations should provide useful information about the relative importance of photochemistry versus dynamics over the longer term. We are not aware of comparable results covering this time period and spatial extent. For stratospheric ozone, until the late 1990s, previous studies found negative trends (decreasing amounts). In recent years, some empirical and modeling studies have shown the occurrence of a turnaround in the decreasing ozone, possibly beginning in the late 1990s, suggesting that the stratospheric ozone trend is leveling off or even turning positive. Our global results add more definitive evidence, expand the coverage, and show that at mid-latitudes (north and south) in the stratosphere, the ozone trends are indeed positive, with ozone having increased by a few percent from 2002 through 2012. However, in the tropics, we find negative ozone trends between 25 and 50 km. For stratospheric temperatures, the trends are mostly negatively correlated to the ozone trends. The temperature trends are positive in the tropics between 30 and 40 km, and between 20 and 25 km, at approximately 24° N and at 24° S latitude. The stratospheric temperature trends are otherwise mostly negative. In the mesosphere, the ozone trends are mostly flat, with suggestions of small positive trends at lower latitudes. The temperature trends in this region are mostly negative, showing decreases of up to ~ −3 K decade−1. In the lower thermosphere (between ~ 85 and 100 km), ozone and temperature trends are both negative. The ozone trend can approach ~ −10% decade−1, and the temperature trend can approach ~ −3 K decade−1. Aside from trends, these patterns of ozone–temperature correlations are consistent with previous studies of ozone and temperature perturbations such as the quasi-biennial (QBO) and semiannual (SAO) oscillations, and add confidence to the results.
Examples for the Theory of Strong Stationary Duality with Countable State Spaces

Let X1,X2,… be an ergodic Markov chain on the countable state space. We construct a strong stationary dual chain X* whose first hitting times give sharp bounds on the convergence to stationarity for X. Examples include birth and death chains, queueing models, and the excess life process of renewal theory. This paper gives the first extension of the stopping time arguments of Aldous and Diaconis [1,2] to infinite state spaces.
Database security curriculum in InfoSec program

Database Security course is an important part of the InfoSec curriculum. In many institutions this is not taught as an independent course. Parts of the contents presented in this paper are usually incorporated in other courses such as Network Security. The importance of database security concepts stems from the fact that a compromise of data at rest could expose an organization to a greater security threat than otherwise. Database vulnerabilities exposed recently in several high profile incidents would be a good reason to dedicate a full course to this important topic. In this paper we present key topics such as technologies for database protection, access control, multilevel security, database vulnerabilities and defenses, privacy and legal issues, impact of policies and some well known secure database models.
Natural temperature variation affects larval survival, development and Hsp70 expression in a leaf beetle

Summary 1. Sierra Nevada populations of the beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis experience extreme high and low temperatures during summer, which pose special challenges to larvae of limited mobility. In these populations, allele frequency variation at the glycolytic enzyme locus phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) correlates with differences in temperature between river drainages. PGI allozymes differ in functional properties, and thermal tolerance of adults and larvae depends on PGI genotype. 2. We measured effects of temperature on larval development rate and survival after reciprocal transplantation of populations between drainages. Effects of temperature on growth rate and activity were determined after laboratory acclimation of larvae from Bishop Creek (BC), where PGI alleles 1 and 4 occur in similar frequency. Hsp70 expression levels were measured for free-living larvae of known body temperature, and for laboratory-acclimated BC larvae. 3. Larval mortality was greatest in the coldest drainage and was correlated with minimum night-time air temperature. The frequency of PGI allele 1 declined for BC larvae transplanted to the warmest drainage. Development rate of BC larvae in nature was lowest for experimental groups where PGI-1 allele frequency was highest. Larval growth and activity varied with acclimation temperature and PGI genotype in the laboratory. Hsp70 expression levels in nature were higher for larvae collected later in the day, and varied consistently among PGI genotypes in nature and in the laboratory. 4. These results suggest that daytime temperatures routinely experienced by larvae cause elevated Hsp70 expression levels indicative of physiological stress. Exposure to subzero night-time temperatures appears to cause larval mortality. Up-regulation of Hsp70 may protect larvae from heat and cold stress. Variation in Hsp70 expression among PGI genotypes may result in differential mortality and developmental rates in nature.
Emotional Intelligence and Dispute Mediation in Escalating and De-Escalating Situations

A scenario-based laboratory experiment investigated how emotional intelligence (EI) influences informal mediation. A 2 × 2 factorial design varied subjects' EI level (high vs. low) and whether disputant hostility was escalating or de-escalating. Dependent variables included mediation goals and tactics. Results indicated that high EI mediators were more likely than low EI mediators to pursue the goal of achieving an overall mutually satisfactory agreement. High EI mediators were more likely than low EI mediators to report a willingness to use a larger number of mediation tactics to promote a compromise. By contrast, low EI mediators were more likely to endorse using pressing, compensating, and inaction techniques. Results suggest that individual differences in EI should be considered in future mediation research.
Effects from Birth Brachial Plexus Injury and Postural Control

Of 32 children with birth brachial plexus injury, 31 had postural control deficits, including asymmetrical posture and atypical movements. Management of children with birth brachial plexus injury should address motor development of the entire body, not merely the affected extremity.
Mutational Analysis of the Transcriptional Regulator GcvA: Amino Acids Important for Activation, Repression, and DNA Binding

The GcvA protein is required for both glycine-mediated activation and purine-mediated repression of the gcvTHP operon. Random and site-directed PCR mutagenesis was used to create nucleotide changes in gcvA to identify residues of the protein involved in activation, repression, and DNA binding. Single amino acid substitutions at L30 and F31 cause a defect in activation of a gcvT-lacZ fusion but have no effect on repression or DNA binding. Single amino acid substitutions at V32 and S38 cause the loss of binding of GcvA to DNA. A deletion of the carboxy-terminal 14 amino acids of GcvA results in the loss of purine-mediated repression and, consequently, a constitutive activation of a gcvT-lacZ fusion. The results of this study partially define regions of GcvA involved in activation, repression, and DNA binding and demonstrate that these functions of GcvA are genetically separable.
Importance of a Low Talus in Location of Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia) Colonies

Abstract After several years of disuse, bank slumping in a large (395.6 m circumference), roughly circular sand pit had raised the talus to a depth of 2.0 m, reaching to within 0.5 to 0.7 m of the overlying sod. No bank swallows (Riparia riparia) were nesting in this sand pit. Two truckloads of this readily-scooped talus were removed in 1995, creating separate stretches (each about 11 m) in which a shallow new talus (<0.5 m) left 2.0 m to 2.2 m of exposed, vertical bank. In the spring of 1996, bank swallows established colonies in each of these newly exposed stretches and nowhere else. A “roulette wheel” probability model is presented from which the probability that these low talus stretches were selected as colony sites by chance is 0.001.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

In this chapter, we generalize the simple t-test for situations where the factor variable takes more than two possible values; hence, the population of interest is divided into multiple groups. The response variable is numerical as before. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a method of comparing the means of the response variable across different groups specified by the factor variable. Our primary focus in this chapter is on problems where there is only one categorical factor defining the groups. We refer to the ANOVA method for such problems as one-way ANOVA. Next, we briefly discuss two-way ANOVA methods, where the groups are defined based on two factors (i.e., categorical variables).
Legacy of Sa-ee-gu: Goodby Hahn, Good Morning, Community Conscience

Here again, that season of Hahn-the everlasting unquenched woe-is just around the corner, and I come down with the melancholy bug. I can't help it. Born of the Korean womb, I remain a child of this ancient affliction. So do, I suspect, the bulk of my fellow diasporic Koreans. Come April 29 each passing year, Sa-ee-gu mocks our unacceptable Pal' ja (fate). Korean Americans call it Sa-ee-gu (4-29 in native pronunciation) to commemorate the three days of firebombing, looting and mayhem in which they watched their American Dream go up in smoke. In my twilight year of seventy-one, I search for some clues as to why. A walk through the ashes of Sa-ee-gu wreckage is exploring our own scarred Hahnscape. Our sojourn in America as more to do with our own sojourn in our own collective psych as prisoners of Hahn in this land of freedom. Sa-ee-gu, if nothing else, was but the latest validation of our Hahn embedded in our soul through an unending series of upheavals and oppressions, foreign and domestic, for nearly a mi...
A Numerical Parametric Study of High-Lift Low Reynolds Number Airfoils

A parametric study is presented of high-lift airfoils suitable for automotive or UAV applications. Four candidate airfoils are selected out of fourteen airfoils representing different airfoil families. These are the Douglas/Liebeck LNV109A, Eppler E423, Selig S1223 and NACA 9315. The study includes the effect of Reynolds number based on airfoil chord length for the range Re = 2 × 10 to 5 × 10, the effect of n factor at the range n = 9 to 14 on the accuracy of the solution (where n is the transition factor used at the envelope e transition criterion) and the effect of forced transition using a trip at 10% chord length downstream to LE. Based on this parametric study, a new airfoil section WM004 is developed using a semi-inverse method where E423 and S1223 were used as starting geometries. A comprehensive analysis is presented for WM004. Finally a performance index including the lift, the drag, stall shape and sensitivity to n factor is introduced to integrated these parameters into a single index. The panel code XFOIL is used in the parametric study and the finite volume code CFL3D is used to analyze the new airfoil performance
Effect of IL-6 on the proliferation of QBC939 and the expression of Bcl-2mRNA

Objective To detect the effect of exogenous IL-6 on the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell line QBC939.Methods MTT was used to observe the proliferation of cell line QBC939 treated with exogenous IL-6.Following the annexin V/FITC and PI staining,FCM was used to detect the apoptosis of QBC939 treated with exogenous IL-6.Results The proliferation of cell line QBC939 was increased after treatment with IL-6 and was positively related with the concentration of IL-6(P0.01).IL-6 could reduce the apoptosis rate of cell line QBC939(P0.05)and upgrade the expression of Bcl-2mRNA.Conclusions IL-6,in a definite dose-range,could promote the proliferation of cell line QBC939,and this may be related with the upgrade of Bcl-2mRNA.
Seasonal changes in tissue-water relations for eight species of ferns during historic drought in California

PREMISE OF THE STUDY California experienced severe drought between 2012 and 2016. During this period, we compared seasonal changes in tissue-water relations among eight fern species in the Santa Monica Mountains of southern California to elucidate differential mechanisms of drought survival and physiological performance during extreme water deficits. METHODS We monitored seasonal changes in water potential (Ψmd) and dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), assessed tissue-water relations including osmotic potential at saturation and the turgor loss point (Ψπ, sat and Ψπ, tlp), and measured, for two evergreen species, xylem-specific and leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks and Kl) and vulnerability of stem xylem to water stress-induced embolism (water potential at 50% loss hydraulic conductivity, Ψ50). KEY RESULTS Species grew in either riparian or chaparral understory. The five chaparral species had a wider range of seasonal water potentials, root depths, and frond phenological traits, including one evergreen, two summer-deciduous, and two desiccation-tolerant (resurrection) species. Evergreen species were especially diverse, with an evergreen riparian species maintaining seasonal water potentials above -1.3 MPa, while an evergreen chaparral species had seasonal water potentials below -8 MPa. In those two species the Ψ50 values were -2.5 MPa and -4.3 MPa, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Observed differences in physiological performance among eight fern species reflected niche partitioning in water utilization and habitat preference associated with distinct phenological traits. We predict differential survival among fern species as future drought events in California intensify, with desiccation-tolerant resurrection ferns being the most resistant.
Medical and nondental treatments of snoring and sleep apnea syndrome

The prevalence, pathophysiology, and clinical and polysomnographic evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea are reviewed. The history of the development of nasal continuous positive airway pressure, diagnostic titration of the treatment, abolition of nocturnal apneas, and consolidation of sleep architecture by nasal continuous positive airway pressure and long-term patient compliance with the treatment are discussed. The effects of weight gain and weight loss on the severity of obstructive sleep apnea, and cardiovascular and behavioral complications of obstructive sleep apnea are reviewed. Behavioral treatments are discussed.
The contracted bladder and ureteral diversion--one approach to reconstruction: a case report.

AbstractVesical contracture following ureteral diversion is a serious complication, which at times has been irreversible. Recently, we effected a significant increase in bladder capacity by long-term, gentle hydraulic dilation, ultimately allowing successful reconstruction of the urinary tract. We recommend a trial of this program for any child with vesical contracture before electing intestinal cystoplasty or permanent diversion.
Pulmonary challenges in neurotrauma.

Neurotrauma is a major health problem in the United States. Decreasing the complications that are common in neurotrauma patients can decrease length of stay and improve outcomes for these patients. In this article, pulmonary complications are reviewed, and interventions to minimize occurrence in this patient population are described.
Non-Contacting Finger Seals Static Performance Test Results at Ambient and High Temperatures

The non-contacting finger seal is an advanced seal concept with potential to reduce specific fuel consumption in gas turbine engines by 2 to 3 percent with little to no wear of the seal or rotor. Static performance tests and bind-up tests of eight different non-contacting finger seal configurations were conducted in air at pressure differentials up to 689.4 kPa and temperatures up to 922 K. Four of the seals tested were designed to have lift pads concentric to a herringbone-grooved rotor which generates hydrodynamic lift when rotating. The remaining seals were tested with a smooth rotor; one seal had a circumferential taper and one had an axial taper on the lift pad inner diameter to create hydrodynamic lift during rotation. The effects of the aft finger axial thickness and of the forward finger inner diameter on leakage performance were investigated as well and compared to analytical predictions.
Desert Culture Sites Near Mormon Lake, Northern Arizona

ABSTRACTTen preceramic archaeological sites were located and extensively surface collected during July, 1970, as the result of a survey of the proposed realignment of the Flagstaff-Ciints Well Highway. Based on an analysis of projectile point styles, all of the sites appear to date to late preceramic times, although the general area was probably inhabited during both earlier and later periods. The sites are grouped into two functional categories: possible hunting blinds overlooking Mormon Lake, and campsites where initial processing of game and vegetal food resources may have taken place.
Life Cycle Performance of Cellulosic Ethanol and Corn Ethanol from a Retrofitted Dry Mill Corn Ethanol Plant

This study conducts a life cycle assessment of a simulated dry mill corn ethanol facility in California’s Central Valley retrofitted to also produce ethanol from corn stover, a cellulosic feedstock. The assessment examines three facility designs, all producing corn ethanol and wet distiller’s grains and solubles as a co-product: a baseline facility with no cellulosic retrofit, a facility retrofitted with a small capacity for stover feedstock, and a facility retrofitted for a large capacity of stover feedstock. Corn grain is supplied by rail from the Midwest, while stover is sourced from in-state farms and delivered by truck. Two stover feedstock supply scenarios are considered, testing harvest rates at 25 or 40 % of stover mass. Allocation is required to separate impacts attributable to co-products. Additional scenarios are explored to assess the effect of co-product allocation methods on life cycle assessment results for the two fuel products, corn ethanol and stover ethanol. The assessment tracks greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, energy consumption, criteria air pollutants, and direct water consumption. The GHG intensity of corn ethanol produced from the three facility designs range between 61.3 and 68.9 g CO2e/MJ, which includes 19.8 g CO2e/MJ from indirect land use change for Midwestern corn grain. The GHG intensity of cellulosic ethanol varies from 44.1 to 109.2 g CO2e/MJ, and 14.6 to 32.1 g CO2e/MJ in the low and high stover capacity cases, respectively. Total energy input ranges between 0.60 and 0.71 MJ/MJ for corn ethanol and 0.13 to 2.29 MJ/MJ for stover ethanol. This variability is the result of the stover supply scenarios (a function of harvest rate) and co-product allocation decisions.
Recent laser upgrades at Sandia’s Z-backlighter facility in order to accommodate new requirements for magnetized liner inertial fusion on the Z-machine

The Z-backlighter laser facility primarily consists of two high energy, high-power laser systems. Z-Beamlet laser (ZBL) (Rambo et al., Appl. Opt. 44, 2421 (2005)) is a multi-kJ-class, nanosecond laser operating at 1054 nm which is frequency doubled to 527 nm in order to provide x-ray backlighting of high energy density events on the Z-machine. Z-Petawatt (ZPW) (Schwarz et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 112, 032020 (2008)) is a petawatt-class system operating at 1054 nm delivering up to 500 J in 500 fs for backlighting and various short-pulse laser experiments (see also Figure 10 for a facility overview). With the development of the magnetized liner inertial fusion (MagLIF) concept on the Z-machine, the primary backlighting missions of ZBL and ZPW have been adjusted accordingly. As a result, we have focused our recent efforts on increasing the output energy of ZBL from 2 to 4 kJ at 527 nm by modifying the fiber front end to now include extra bandwidth (for stimulated Brillouin scattering suppression). The MagLIF concept requires a well-defined/behaved beam for interaction with the pressurized fuel. Hence we have made great efforts to implement an adaptive optics system on ZBL and have explored the use of phase plates. We are also exploring concepts to use ZPW as a backlighter for ZBL driven MagLIF experiments. Alternatively, ZPW could be used as an additional fusion fuel pre-heater or as a temporally flexible high energy pre-pulse. All of these concepts require the ability to operate the ZPW in a nanosecond long-pulse mode, in which the beam can co-propagate with ZBL. Some of the proposed modifications are complete and most of them are well on their way.
Sex-Specific Effects of Childhood Poverty on Neurocircuitry of Processing of Emotional Cues: A Neuroimaging Study.

Background: There is accumulating evidence on the negative impacts of childhood poverty on physical and mental health. Previous work has suggested hyperactive neural response to social fear cues, as well as impairment in neural regulatory functions. However, despite differences found between males and females in stress-related and anxiety disorders, possible sex-specific effects of poverty on emotional processing have not been explored. Methods: We analyzed data from three previously reported experiments of childhood poverty effects on emotional processing and regulation, for sex-specific effects. Participants were 52 healthy Caucasian males and females, from a longitudinal cohort of poverty development study, who were recruited for examining the long-term effects of childhood poverty and stress. The three functional MRI studies included emotion regulation task, emotional face assessment task, and shifted attention emotion appraisal task. Brain activations that associated with childhood poverty previously were entered into a regression analysis with interaction of gender by childhood income-to-need ratio as the independent variable, and age and current income-to-need ratio as variables of no interest, separately for males and females. Results: Amygdala reactivity to implicitly processed fearful faces was positively correlated with childhood income-to-need in adult females but not males. On the other hand, activation in dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal regions during emotion regulation by reappraisal was positively correlated with childhood income-to-need in males. Conclusion: Childhood poverty may exert sex-specific effects in adulthood as presented by hypersensitive emotional reactivity of the amygdala in females, and impaired emotion regulatory function of the prefrontal cortex in males. Results suggest further focus on sex-specific effects of childhood poverty.
Factor IX Expressed in Lettuce Chloroplasts Induces Oral Tolerance in Hemophilia B Mice

Inhibitor formation represents a major complication of factor replacement therapy for hemophilia. There are currently no prophylactic protocols against this antibody response. To address this problem, we sought to develop an antigen-specific immune tolerance protocol that does not rely on immune suppressive drugs and that would be feasible in pediatric patients. Oral tolerance fits these requirements but is hampered by vulnerability of the protein antigen to degradation in the stomach, cost of production, and inadequate delivery across the gut epithelium to the immune system (the gut-associated lymphoid tissue or GALT). We had hypothesized that transgenic expression of coagulation factors fused to a transmucosal carrier in the chloroplasts of plant cells would provide high level and cost-effective antigen production, bioencapsulation, and transmucosal delivery. Although we demonstrated this concept by of expression cassettes for factor VIII (FVIII) and factor IX (FIX) antigens fused to cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit in tobacco, further advancement of this system to the clinic is not feasible. Translation of this approach would require generation of transgenic edible plant cells expressing these fusion proteins. Therefore, in this study, we expressed CTB-FIX using species-specific chloroplast vectors regulated by endogenous psbA sequences, a requirement for optimal transgene expression (Plant Physiology 152: 2088-2104). Transplastomic plants were homoplasmic (inserted into all copies of chloroplast genomes in each plant cell) as evidenced by Southern blots. CTB-FIX antigen levels reached ~1mg antigen/g of lyophilized leaf cells and was stable with proper folding, disulfide bond formation, and CTB pentamer assembly when stored at ambient temperature for up to 2 years. Oral gavage of these cells (twice per week for 2 months) to hemophilia B mice (FIX gene deletion, C3H/HeJ background, n=7-11/experimental group) delivered CTB-FIX efficiently to the gut epithelium and immune system (as shown by immunohistochemistry), and induced LAP + regulatory T cells in response to intravenous challenge with recombinant FIX protein. Moreover, FIX-CTB antigen doses of 1.5 mg, 5 mg, or 15 mg all effectively prevented inhibitor/IgG formation against intravenous FIX and averted anaphylaxis and associated fatal reactions by suppression of FIX-specific IgE production. Average inhibitor titers were 15-fold lower for CTB-FIX fed compared to control mice. Of orally treated mice, >80% had inhibitor titers that were undetectable to 5BU, with 9/11 showing >10 BU. Induction of tolerance in such a broad dose range should greatly facilitate translation of the approach. Our results support initiation of clinical studies on oral tolerance for hemophilia B using transplastomic lettuce. Disclosures Herzog: Spark Therapeutics: Patents & Royalties: Patent licenses; Novo Nordisk: Research Funding. Daniell: Novo Nordisk: Research Funding.
A comparison between Lynch syndrome and sporadic colorectal cancer survivors' satisfaction with their healthcare providers.

This study evaluated provider satisfaction in a sample of colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors with and without Lynch syndrome (LS). Participants were case–case-matched CRC survivors with (n = 75) or without (n = 75) LS (mean age of 55; range: 27–93). Participants completed a mailed questionnaire assessing demographics, clinical characteristics, healthcare utilization, psychosocial variables, and provider satisfaction. LS CRC survivors reported lower provider satisfaction scores on three subscales of the Primary Care Assessment Survey: communication (78.14 vs. 83.96; P < 0.05), interpersonal treatment (78.58 vs. 85.30; P < 0.05), and knowledge of the patient (60.34 vs. 69.86; P < 0.01). Among LS CRC survivors, predictors for mean communication and trust subscale scores were location of treatment and socioeconomic status. Higher mean depression scores also were associated with trust, while social support predicted higher satisfaction with communication. Sporadic CRC survivor satisfaction is driven largely by age (communication, interpersonal treatment) and patient anxiety (communication), while seeing a provider more often was associated with increased satisfaction with knowledge of the patient. LS CRC survivors reported lower levels of provider satisfaction than sporadic CRC survivors. LS survivors who received care at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, a comprehensive cancer center (CCC), reported higher satisfaction than those receiving care at other institutions. Depressive symptoms and socioeconomic status may impact provider satisfaction ratings. Exploration of other potential predictors of provider satisfaction should be examined in this population. Additionally, further research is needed to examine the potential impact of provider satisfaction on adherence to medical recommendations in LS CRC survivors, particularly those being treated outside of CCCs.
Criminological Explanations for Police Deviance

Now that a clear typology for categories of police deviance has been identified, criminological evaluation of the sociological explanations for these different forms of misbehavior can be undertaken. Based on the noted patterns and trends in police deviance since the 1960s, a number of common theoretical explanations can be proposed. These theoretical analyses have indicated that many acts of police corruption can be explained through Merton’s strain theory, Sutherland’s differential association theory, or Becker’s rational choice theory; numerous incidents of police criminality can be explained through Becker’s rational choice theory or Sutherland’s differential association theory; many events involving police use of excessive force can be explained through trait theory resulting from individual biological, genetic, or psychological factors or through Widom’s social learning theory; numerous acts of police abuse of authority can be explained through Sykes and Matza’s neutralization theory or Widom’s social learning theory; and incidents involving police misconduct cannot be generally explained through criminological theory due to the plethora of behaviors that can violate agency policy and procedure. Further theoretical examination will be attempted for other significant acts of police deviance including the “blue wall of silence” and courtroom perjury.
Informal Employment and China’s Economic Development

We measure the size of informal employment using both labor market as well as energy consumption approaches. We find that the share of informal employment in total employment was increasingly most ...
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of the ACCESS Program: A Group Intervention to Improve Social, Adaptive Functioning, Stress Coping, and Self-Determination Outcomes in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled trial was to investigate the acceptability and efficacy of the Acquiring Career, Coping, Executive control, Social Skills (ACCESS) Program, a group intervention tailored for young adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to enhance critical skills and beliefs that promote adult functioning, including social and adaptive skills, self-determination skills, and coping self-efficacy. Forty-four adults with ASD (ages 18-38; 13 females) and their caregivers were randomly assigned to treatment or waitlist control. Compared to controls, adults in treatment significantly improved in adaptive and self-determination skills, per caregiver report, and self-reported greater belief in their ability to access social support to cope with stressors. Results provide evidence for the acceptability and efficacy of the ACCESS Program.
Modulation of HIV replication in monocyte derived macrophages (MDM) by steroid hormones

Significant sex specific differences in the progression of HIV/AIDS have been reported. Several studies have implicated steroid hormones in regulating host factor expression and modulating HIV transmission and replication. However, the exact mechanism exerted by steroid hormones estrogen and progesterone in the regulation of HIV-1 replication is still unclear. Results from the current study indicated a dose dependent down regulation of HIV-1 replication in monocyte derived macrophages pre-treated with high concentrations of estrogen or progesterone. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with the down regulation of HIV-1 replication by estrogen and progesterone we used PCR arrays to analyze the expression profile of host genes involved in antiviral responses. Several chemokines, cytokines, transcription factors, interferon stimulated genes and genes involved in type-1 interferon signaling were down regulated in cells infected with HIV-1 pre-treated with high concentrations of estrogen or progesterone compared to untreated HIV-1 infected cells or HIV-1 infected cells treated with low concentrations of estrogen or progesterone. The down regulation of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 chemokines and IL-1β, IL-6 cytokines in response to high concentrations of estrogen and progesterone pre-treatment in HIV-1 infected cells was confirmed at the protein level by quantitating chemokine and cytokine concentrations in the culture supernatant. These results demonstrate that a potent anti-inflammatory response is mediated by pre-treatment with high concentrations of estrogen and progesterone. Thus, our study suggests a strong correlation between the down-modulation of anti-viral and pro-inflammatory responses mediated by estrogen and progesterone pre-treatment and the down regulation of HIV-1 replication. These findings may be relevant to clinical observations of sex specific differences in patient populations and point to the need for further investigation.
Transforming Education: The Lesson from Argentina

This Article traces education reforms in Argentina from the colonial period to the present. Specifically, the Article focuses on La Ley Federal de Educaci6n, passed in 1993, which sought to reform primary and secondary education throughout Argentina by promoting educational equity through a just distribution of educational services and opportunity. The Article begins with a description of the current Argentine federal republic and the relationship of the federal government and the provinces. Next, Article describes the development of the Argentine education system. It continues by explaining the backdrop of the adoption of Ley Federal. The Author describes the act's twenty-three rights and principles and outlines the reforms envisioned under the law. The Article then turns to an evaluation of the effects and the effectiveness of Ley Federal. The Author specifically addresses the pervasive problems with dropout rates, funding, special education, and teacher salaries. The Author then undertakes a review of the development of a national curriculum with a special focus on diversity issues. The * Associate Professor of Law, University of Georgia School of Law. I thank Lauren Sheridan and Dana Lennox for their excellent research assistance. A grant from the University of Georgia provided financial support for this Article. While researching this article in Argentina, I interviewed a number of people. I have tried to report as accurately as possible the words of scholars, bureaucrats, teachers, and administrators, and, when given permission, I have included their names and positions. Some persons with whom I spoke were reluctant for me to report their name. In those cases, I have identified only the person's position. HeinOnline -34 Vand. J. Transnatl. L. 1 2001 2 VANDERBILT JOURNAL OF TRANSNATIONAL LAW Article concludes with an evaluation of the current state of education reform in Argentina and suggests that the United States could learn a valuable lesson from Argentina's experience.
Utilizing End-user Requirements to Inform the Knowledge Supply Strategies of IT Project Teams

This research investigates the knowledge sourcing requirements of teams that implement novel IT projects. It then compares those requirements to the mainstream strategy proffered in the literature for knowledge reuse within project environments. Using a grounded theory approach, this research found that the knowledge sourcing requirements do not align with the mainstream strategy, which is based on a codification approach. Rather, the findings indicate the teams that implement novel IT projects rely primarily on a personalization strategy for sourcing complex, incipient, and sensitive knowledge and the Internet for sourcing simple knowledge. These teams generally did not use internal knowledge repositories to fulfill their knowledge sourcing needs.
A “Particular Place to Go”: How Artifacts Narrate the Story of Chuck Berry at the National Museum of African–American History and Culture

This article examines how Chuck Berry’s music and history is presented to a diverse audience through the use of authentic objects, storytelling and media in a national museum. Exploring Chuck Berry...
Effects of climate change and environmental variability on the carrying capacity of Alaskan seabird populations

ABSTRACT Marine birds in Alaska, USA, have been monitored systematically for more than 4 decades, and yet it remains unclear why some populations have increased while others have declined. We analyzed the population dynamics of 5 seabird species—Black-legged (Rissa tridactyla) and Red-legged kittiwakes (R. brevirostris), Common (Uria aalge) and Thick-billed murres (U. lomvia), and Tufted Puffins (Fratercula cirrhata)—across 4 decades in Alaska. We tested hypotheses that each species' carrying capacity varied continuously through time with climate cycles and/or in response to habitat covariates. Using an information-theoretic approach, we evaluated competing candidate stochastic growth models of each species' annual rate of change, incorporating various environmental covariates. The North Pacific Index and Pacific Decadal Oscillation were the most important climatic covariates across the whole of Alaska, where the former generally was negatively related to rates of population change, and the latter positiv...
Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Walls Retrofit Systems for Blast Mitigation

AbstractVarious ductile sheet materials are currently being considered to retrofit existing concrete walls to mitigate the effects of external blast. In this paper, the blast mitigation of the soft...
Tendon Healing in the Context of Complex Fractures

Tendons connect muscle to bone and play an integral role in bone and joint alignment and loading. Tendons act as pulleys that provide anchorage of muscle forces for joint motion and stability, as well as for fracture reduction and realignment. Patients that experience complex fractures also have concomitant soft tissue injuries, such as tendon damage or rupture. Tendon injuries that occur at the time of bone fracture have long-term ramifications on musculoskeletal health, yet these injuries are often disregarded in clinical treatment and diagnosis for patients with bone fractures as well as in basic science approaches for understanding bone repair processes. Delayed assessment of soft tissue injuries during evaluation of trauma can lead to chronic pain, dysfunction, and delayed bone healing even following successful fracture repair, highlighting the importance of identifying and treating damaged tendons early. Treatment strategies for bone repair, such as mechanical stabilization and biological therapeutics, can impact tendon healing and function. Because poor tendon healing following complex fracture can significantly impact the function of tendon during bone fracture healing, a need exists to understand the healing process of complex fractures more broadly, beyond the healing of bone. In this review, we explored the mechanical and biological interaction of bone and tendon in the context of complex fracture, as well as the relevance and potential ramifications of tendon damage following bone fracture, which has particular impact on patients that experience complex fractures, such as from combat, automobile accidents, and other trauma.
Social Networks and Crime: Pitfalls and Promises for Advancing the Field

Over the past decade, a considerable literature has emerged within criminology stemming from the collection of social network data and the adoption of social network analysis by a cadre of scholars...
Anesthesia Methods for Airway Endoscopy

Airway endoscopy is frequently performed in pediatric patients and may be indicated for diagnostic and/or therapeutic interventions. Multiple factors present challenges for the pediatric anesthesiologist, including sharing the airway with the otolaryngologist as well as, in selected circumstances, providing anesthesia with an unprotected airway. Furthermore, anesthetic agents need to be titrated to provide anesthesia, analgesia, and blunting of airway reflexes while maintaining spontaneous respirations. For airway endoscopy, a focus on communication and teamwork is of utmost importance. In addition, the pediatric anesthesiologist needs to have alternative management plans at her disposal given that these procedures are often dynamic in nature, e.g., patients may initially maintain adequate spontaneous ventilation but later become apneic, necessitating an intervention and alterations in the previously developed plan. This chapter reviews basic concepts, ventilation strategies, anesthetic drugs used in airway endoscopies, and potential complications. An example of a possible anesthetic approach to airway endoscopy as practiced at our institution is included at the end.
Visualizing the brain's astrocytes

Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type in the brain and are a crucial part of solving its mysteries. Originally assumed to be passive supporting cells, astrocyte's functions are now recognized to include active modulation and information processing at the neural synapse. The full extent of the astrocyte contribution to neural processing remains unknown. This is, in part, due to the lack of methods available for astrocyte identification and analysis. Existing strategies employ genetic tools like the astrocyte specific promoters glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or Aldh1L1 to create transgenic animals with fluorescently labeled astrocytes. Recently, small molecule targeting moieties have enabled the delivery of bright fluorescent dyes to astrocytes. Here, we review methods for targeting astrocytes, with a focus on a recently developed methylpyridinium targeting moiety's development, chemical synthesis, and elaboration to provide new features like light-based spatiotemporal control of cell labeling.
Regulating Genetic Technology

I thank Dr. Milunsky for inviting me to participate in this conference, which I do with some misgivings. It is humbling to be introduced and watched over by Dr. Baltimore, who has been at the center of the science of which we will speak and of the historic leadership taken by the scientific community in not only self-regulation, but alerting the public to the difficult ethical and social issues raised by recombinant DNA research.
The Clinical Use of IgG Food Sensitivity Testing with Migraine Headache Patients: a Literature Review.

This literature review describes the relationship between IgG food sensitivities and their relation to migraine headaches. IgG food sensitivities have been linked to various symptoms and disorders. While food sensitivities and intolerances are recognized within the clinical medicine community, diagnosing these sensitivities and intolerances can be challenging because symptoms are usually delayed hours to days and may not occur after every exposure to the allergen. Some reports indicate that foods such as chocolate, cheese, cow’s milk, eggs, and red wine may be triggers for migraine headaches. The pathophysiology of migraine headaches is not well understood. Some evidence supports the use of IgG food sensitivity testing to determine food sensitivities and intolerances. IgG food sensitivity testing may prove to be a beneficial tool for healthcare practitioners, especially for patients experiencing migraine headache symptoms. Utilizing IgG food sensitivity testing to create customizable dietary recommendations for patients may allow healthcare providers to treat migraine headaches without the use of medications.
Binge drinking, HIV/HPV co-infection risk, and HIV testing: Factors associated with HPV vaccination among young adults in the United States.

Abstract Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection. Binge drinkers often engage in HIV/HPV co-infection high-risk behaviors. We examined the association between binge drinking, HIV/HPV co-infection risk, HIV testing and HPV vaccination among young adults. Data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey were examined. Participants (N = 430/450,016; 0.11%) were HPV vaccine-eligible young adults ages 18–26 years. Multivariable logistic regression examined the association between binge drinking in the past 30 days, HIV/HPV co-infection high-risk risk behaviors, HIV testing, and HPV vaccination (initiated/completed, unvaccinated) among young adults. Respondents were primarily cisgender (99.8%), non-Hispanic White (41.4%), employed (46.2%) or student (35.4%), and insured (68.2%). Most did not binge drink (55.2%). The majority did not engage in HIV/HPV co-infection high-risk risk behaviors (78.2%). More than one-half had never been tested for HIV (59%) nor vaccinated against HPV (60.6%). Although binge drinkers (44.8%) were significantly more likely to engage in HIV/HPV co-infection high-risk behaviors (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0–4.5), binge drinking was not positively associated with HIV testing (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.63–1.53). After adjusting for demographics and HIV/HPV co-infection high-risk behaviors, one (aOR = 2.71; 95% CI: 1.11–6.65) and two episodes (aOR = 3.05; 95% CI: 1.26–7.41) of binge drinking in the past 30 days were significantly associated with HPV vaccination uptake. Positive associations between HPV vaccination and participants having an HIV test in 2017 (aOR = 3.86; 95% CI: 1.42–10.55) and before 2017 (aOR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.23–5.56) were also statistically significant. Because young adult binge drinkers are more likely to engage in HIV/HPV co-infection high-risk behaviors, promoting HPV vaccination and HIV testing are important public health objectives.
Pore wetting in membrane distillation treatment of municipal wastewater desalination brine and its mitigation by foam fractionation.

Abstract Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination is an important step of wastewater reuse as it can remove salts and trace contaminants. However, RO also generates high salinity brines that need to be dealt with. Membrane distillation (MD), a process largely unaffected by salinity, provides a way to treat desalination brines up to high water recovery and has been proposed as a solution for RO brine management. However, pore wetting of membranes in MD is one of the major hurdles that prevents its implementation in wastewater treatment systems, as amphiphilic organic compounds present in wastewater can lead to pore wetting and loss of selectivity over time. The objective of this study was to identify a pre-treatment strategy to prevent wetting in MD treatment of municipal wastewater RO brines. We compared three pre-treatments with different separation or removal mechanisms: foam fractionation, advanced oxidation, and ultrafiltration. We evaluated membrane wetting by measuring the change in conductivity in the distillate and identified the most effective pre-treatment to prevent wetting in MD. The results show that wetting is prevented by pre-treating the brine with foam fractionation. The effectiveness of foam fractionation as a wetting control strategy was confirmed for a high wetting propensity synthetic water using sodium dodecyl sulfate as a model wetting compound. Finally, the effect of the pre-treatments on the desalination brine was evaluated to understand the nature of the compounds removed by each treatment. The results of this study will help implement MD as a treatment process for desalination brines in municipal wastewater reuse systems.