cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Continuous-Risk Decision Analysis of Total Hip Replacement

Stochastic trees are stochastic processes, such as continuous-time Markov chains, which may be represented using tree diagrams. Continuous-risk utility assessment is a methodology that differs from standard assessment protocols by offering choices between alternatives which are not 'sure' things, thus enabling more realistic and familiar assessment scenarios to be posed. In this paper we develop, using information from the medical literature, stochastic tree models of the total hip replacement decision alternatives facing a patient with advanced osteoarthritis of the hip. We describe a decision analytic approach to the problem which uses continuous-risk utility assessment, and present empirical assessment results. We explore the sensitivity of the subjects' treatment recommendations to changes in model parameters and elicited preference values, offering insights into the variety of patient risk attitudes and preferences about functional well-being and the robustness of the total hip replacement decision to them.
Sensing characteristics of the right atrial appendage electrode.

In order to expiore fully the sensing characteristics of both bipolar and unipoiar configurations of the tined right atrial appendage electrnde, detailed electrographic analysis was performed in 30 patients undergoing atrial electrode? implantalion. Though no differences were noted between unipolar and bipolar atrial deflecfions in electrograms from these leads, the unipolar ventricular deflections were greater in both amptitude (1.9 vs 0.6 m V) and slew rate (0.37 vs 0.07). These data suggest that bipolar pacing configurations might be preferable when selective atrial sensing is important.
Flowering and genetic banding patterns of Halophila johnsonii and conspecifics

Abstract Halophila johnsonii Eiseman is a seagrass that is restricted in distribution to the Indian River of Florida from Sebastian Inlet on the north to Biscayne Bay on the south, and currently is being considered for listing as a rare/endangered species by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). At the time it was described as a new species in 1980, no staminate flowers had been reported. After numerous searches in the Indian River in the late 1980s and early 1990s and after culture in the laboratory, only pistillate flowers are known. DNA testing indicates that H. johnsonii is distinct from H. decipiens Ostenfeld. Isozymes and sulfated flavonoids had suggested earlier that H. johnsonii may be closely related to the small-leafed plants in H. minor (Zoll.) den Hartog complex that are widely distributed in the Indo-Pacific. H. johnsonii may represent the vegetative development of a single pistillate clone.
Size effects in the far-infrared magneto-optical absorption of small bismuth particles.

Small bismuth particles are studied as a model system for a three-dimensionally confined solid-state plasma. Information on the carrier dynamics is obtained from far-infrared magneto-optical absorption measurements. Samples consisted of pellets pressed from a mixture of bismuth particles, prepared by inert gas evaporation, and an insulating host with the volume fraction of bismuth less than 0.01. The spectra were taken from 10 to 350 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ by Fourier-transform spectroscopy with the samples typically immersed in liquid helium. Particles with diameters around 0.5 \ensuremath{\mu}m show an abundance of magnetic-field-dependent resonances that can be successfully described by a semiclassical treatment for the solid-state plasma using bulk bismuth parameters. As the mean particle diameter is reduced to 150 \AA{}, the data show a dramatic change from a rich spectrum of field-dependent resonances to strong field-independent absorption. This is markedly different behavior than that observed for semiconductor quantum dots, for which field-dependent absorption is seen even in the smallest structures. Despite relatively broad size distributions within the bismuth powders, a size-specific sum-rule analysis associates the field-dependent absorption with particles larger than approximately 200 nm in diameter.
Survey of dynamic analysis methods for flight control design.

T purpose of this Survey is to review technical fields that are of primary concern to the theoretical design of flight control systems, i.e., systems for the control of attitude of aerospace vehicles. Three major areas have been selected, description of vehicle dynamics, design criteria, and control theory. The literature in the first and last of these fields in quite extensive. However, the second field, design criteria, has received a very small amount of attention, despite its obvious importance. The available information is reviewed and several suggestions are offered as to directions of further work. Prediction of aerodynamic forces and moments is not considered. In preparing this Survey, several thousand books, reports, and journal articles were reviewed. Space does not permit mention here of more than a fraction of this work, nor would so great a volume of material serve the reader well. Accordingly, a selection has been made based on the author's prejudices, but with preference for references with one or more of the following attributes, listed in no special order: 1) clarity of presentation, 2) comprehensiveness (survey articles are favored), 3) recent date, 4) ready availability (company reports are discriminated against), 5) originality, and 6) importance of the work in development of the field. Many worthwhile papers had to be omitted. An earlier work along the same lines has a somewhat broader scope than the present survey and about twice as many references.
Double K-shell ionization in electron capture decay

Using a semirelativistic theory previously developed by the author, we have computed the total probability per K-capture event for the ionization of the remaining K electron for a dozen nuclides of interest. Based on hydrogenic wave functions and accurate to relative order (Z\ensuremath{\alpha}${)}^{2}$, the theory takes into account the correlation between the two initial K electrons and permits adjustments for screening. Numerical results exhibiting the effects of screening are presented. A comprehensive comparison of the predictions of this theory, as well as those of other theoretical models, with recent experimental data is also given.
Children's Use of Contextual Expectations to Detect and Resolve Comprehension Failures.

Abstract This study examined young (6 and 8 years old) children's use of contextual expectations to detect inconsistencies in story information and their ability to discriminate between information that resolved or was irrelevant to these inconsistencies. First- and third-grade children and college adults were read short stories containing event descriptions that should have led to either a strong expectation or a weak expectation about an adult character's contingent response. The character's response was inconsistent with the event. In addition, succeeding information was presented that resolved or was irrelevant to the inconsistency. Event expectations and understanding of the resolution information were examined by means of question probes. The results showed that 6-year-olds frequently detected inconsistent events though there were developmental differences both in generating expectations from event information and in resolving inconsistencies when the expectations were violated. The 6-year-olds did not discriminate between relevant and irrelevant resolution information.
The changing patient population in general hospital psychiatric services

There has been a profound expansion in the past 25 years in the numbers and categories of psychiatric patients treated in general hospital programs. These changes have been stimulated by new technologies, better integration of health and other human services systems, and changing fiscal concerns. Particularly affected have been inpatient units, emergency services, and the ambulatory care and consultation-liaison sections. Much greater attention and more effective treatments are currently available for involuntary, geriatric, and substance abuse patients, as well as patients with chronic psychiatric illnesses and a few discrete clinical entities. General hospitals need to continue to refine and expand their role as a major clinical component in the comprehensive psychiatric care delivery system.
Against Free Markets, against Science? Regulating the Socio-Economic Effects of Biotechnology.

This study challenges the assumption that abstract "globalization" forces are driving transformations in the relationships between states and markets. Employing three cases of policy debate regarding the regulation of agricultural biotechnology (ag-biotech), we examine the role of discourse in the formation of neoliberal regulatory schemes. We show that one important mechanism for the successful institutionalization of neoliberalism in the area of ag-biotech has been the linking of neoliberal discourse with a discourse of scientism. This strategic combination of discourses has been used by advocates of biotechnology to depoliticize ag-biotech-that is, to remove it further from political debate and state intervention. However, in each case examined here, certain state actors resisted industry demands for minimal regulation, and in each context this resistance produced markedly different outcomes.
Limitations of Trichogramma nubilale (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as an inundative biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Previous work indicated that Trichogramma nubilale Ertle & Davis could potentially be used as an inundative biological control of Ostrinia nubilalis in sweet corn, Zea mays L., in Minnesota. We expand on these observations to evaluate some of the factors that might limit the utility of T. nubilale in sweet corn and report on releases in green snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. We conducted 3 releases in sweet corn and 2 releases in beans at LeSueur, MN, from 1990 to 1992. Between 11.8 and 60.0 females per square meter of plant surface were released. Two-day egg parasitism varied between 2 and 60% in corn and 15 and 60% in beans. A meta-analysis of these results and several published experimental releases indicated that the major limitation in using T. nubilale is high variability in the relation between release rates and egg mass parasitism rates. This analysis also indicated that the relation between egg mass parasitism and larval population reduction was very strong, and that there was no evidence of density-dependent larval mortality. Thus, future work should focus on elucidating the factors causing variability in parasitism rates to improve the reliability of T. nubilale.
Ab initio study of the binding strength of POSS-cation complexes

Abstract Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is a cage-shaped molecule comprised of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms that have found increasing use as filler in polymer nanocomposites. The presence of four oxygen atoms on each face of the POSS cage suggests that the molecule forms a stable complex with a cationic atom or molecule. Although experimental evidence exists for gas-phase binding, the lack of an estimate of this binding strength makes it difficult to predict if complex formation is feasible in condensed systems. This paper presents an ab initio DFT study of the binding strength of POSS-cation complexes based on cation type, POSS cage functionalization, and the presence of a counterion. The binding strength of an unfunctionalized (i.e. with H-terminated corners) POSS molecule with a Li + ion is found to be ∼80 kT at room temperature in vacuo. In a poly(styrene) solvent, the polarity of the medium is estimated to affect little this binding energy. Cyclohexyl ligand substitution is found to increase the binding strength by an additional 30 kT. In the presence of a tightly bound counterion (Cl − ), the binding energy drops to the still substantial value of ∼20 kT. POSS is found also to bind cationic surfactants (through study of the model + NH 3 CH 3 ) at ∼25 kT, suggesting a possible new route to POSS modification to hinder agglomeration. This study supports the conclusion that POSS-cation complex formation is feasible in the presence of polymer.
Flash extraction of pectin from orange albedo by steam injection.

Pectin was acid extracted from orange albedo by steam injection heating under pressure. Extraction times ranged from 2 to 6 min at a pressure of about 15 psi. Solubilized pectin was characterized b...
Isotopic fractionation of Kr and Xe implanted in solids at very low energies

Abstract We report results on the implantation of Kr and Xe in W under closed system conditions at very low energies (50–500 eV). Investigation of the fraction of gas trapped as a function of time reveals the existence of competing trapping and release mechanisms and analysis of recovered trapped gas and residual gas phases shows that both elemental and isotopic fractionation result from these mechanisms. We determined the mass dependence for the overall implantation process to be at or near m 1 , with heavier isotopes enriched in the implanted gas. This mass dependence is inferred to result from implantation and a combination of diffusive and gas sputtering release mechanisms. Our results reaffirm the conclusion of Bernatowicz and Fahey (1986) that previously observed isotopic fractionation of Kr and Xe in carbonaceous material synthesized in electrical discharges owes its origin to low energy ion implantation and also suggest that this process may be relevant to incorporation of noble gases in early solar system materials. We also discuss the implication of our results for noble gas mass spectrometry.
Precise experimental test of calculated two-electron Lamb shifts in helium.

We have measured the wave number of the {sup 4}He 2{sup 1}{ital S}-3{sup 1}{ital P} transition by Doppler-free spectroscopy in a metastable helium beam. The result, 19 931.924 794(45) cm{sup {minus}1}, represents an order-of-magnitude improvement over previous measurements and provides a sensitive test of two-electron QED effects. Our result shows an unexpectedly large deviation from theoretical prediction. We derive improved term values for a number of low-lying helium levels. All levels with {ital n}=2 show significant deviations from theory that are correlated with the size of calculted two-electron contributions to the Lamb shifts.
Controlling the expression of smooth muscle contractile protein isoforms: a role for the extracellular matrix?

Whereas the controlling genetic elements governing the commitment and differentiation of skeletal muscle have been reasonably well characterized (for a recent review, see reference 1), such detailed information regarding similar events in smooth muscle is lacking. In spite of this, a growing body of information indicates that the extracellular matrix and its associated growth regulators play pivotal roles in modulating smooth muscle cell growth and contractile phenotype during developmental and disease processes, including the response to injury (2, 3). Further support for the role that cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions play in modulating smooth muscle contractile phenotype comes from the report in this issue by Mitchell and colleagues (4). Data demonstrate that the expression of a-smooth muscle actin can be altered in "fibroblastic" cells derived from rat lung, and modulation of isoactin expression is dependent upon culture conditions. Notably, and in common with the aortic smooth muscle cell and the pericyte (the smooth muscle cell counterpart ofthe microcirculation [5]), the rat smooth muscle-like cells express an abundance of a-smooth muscle cell actin when cultures are confluent. However, while proliferating, the lung "fibroblast" phenotype is more closely aligned with a non-muscle cell. This observation, too, is consistent with what is seen in the mural (vascular smooth muscle and pericyte) cell counterparts. Additionally, Mitchell and colleagues demonstrate that transforming growth factor-S, a component of the extracellular matrix, is capable of shifting the lung cell phenotype from the non-muscle to the smooth muscle as evidenced by the accumulation of smooth muscle cell contractile protein isoforms. This, too, has parallels in the microvasculature since activation of latent lGF-J3, an event that is specifically dependent upon contact between endothelial cells and pericytes, results in endothelial growth arrest (6). These in vitro findings are consistent with the notion that the .levels of smooth muscle contractile proteins expressed within the lung parenchyma may modulate during disease.
A Deterministic Method for Robust Estimation of Multivariate Location and Shape

Abstract The existence of outliers in a data set and how to deal with them is an important problem in statistics. The minimum volume ellipsoid (MVE) estimator is a robust estimator of location and covariate structure; however its use has been limited because there are few computationally attractive methods. Determining the MVE consists of two parts—finding the subset of points to be used in the estimate and finding the ellipsoid that covers this set. This article addresses the first problem. Our method will also allow us to compute the minimum covariance determinant (MCD) estimator. The proposed method of subset selection is called the effective independence distribution (EID) method, which chooses the subset by minimizing determinants of matrices containing the data. This method is deterministic, yielding reproducible estimates of location and scatter for a given data set. The EID method of finding the MVE is applied to several regression data sets where the true estimate is known. Results show that the ...
Analysis of National Institute of Standards and Technology Ore and United States Geological Survey Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy/Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Abstract Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Si, and Ti were determined in a series of National Institute of Standards and Technology aluminum and manganese ore and U.S. Geological Survey manganese nodules using both inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The two methods of analysis will be compared and contrasted as to sample preparation, difficulty of analysis, cost of instrumentation, and values obtained for the analysis of standard reference materials.
Dilemmas of Theoretical Progress

L'apport de la sociologie est indubitable dans la conduite de la vie sociale, pourtant elle ne produit pas de theories durables, consensuelles, identifiables a un progres : tel est le paradoxe esquisse par l'A. Et si les changements, les evolutions du « paysage » theorique ne traduisaient que de simples variations du « gout » intellectuel ? En formulant cette proposition, l'A. distingue deux approches de la theorisation : l'une est a rapprocher d'une demarche esthetique et expressive tandis que l'autre doit composer avec les contraintes sociales et represente un moyen servant a des fins pratiques
Assessing risk by hemodynamic profile in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation.

Abstract A profile of hemodynamic abnormalities in patients listed for cardiac transplantation was related to survival during the first year after listing. After a patient is listed for cardiac transplantation, the waiting period for a suitable donor heart is often long; therefore, objective criteria to determine risk would be helpful in identifying the group at highest risk of dying before receiving a transplant. Several studies have suggested certain hemodynamic parameters to be related to a poor prognosis. However, no 1 variable has emerged as an adequate predictor of survival in patients awaiting cardiac transplantation. One-year outcomes were examined in 138 consecutive patients listed for cardiac transplantation, who were grouped according to a hemodynamic risk score (HRS) based on abnormalities in baseline measures of right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, transpulmonary gradient, cardiac output, cardiac index and pulmonary vascular resistance. Right atrial pressure alone was the most significant predictor of survival (p 12 mm Hg had a 47% 1-year survival as compared with the 68% survival for those with a right atrial pressure
Multiple GPS receiver multipath mitigation technique

The applications using differential GPS (DGPS) have grown in recent years, and the dominant error source for many DGPS techniques is reference receiver multipath. As a result, there is great interest in reducing reference receiver multipath, especially for safety-critical applications such as DGPS-based precision landing. A new method for reducing code and carrier-phase multipath is presented which uses measurements from multiple receivers in order to obtain accurate estimates of code or carrier phase multipath. Using this method, a least-squares condition adjustment is performed to generate a multipath estimate for each individual receiver/satellite pair. It does so on an epoch by epoch basis, so no filtering over time is required, and no initialisation period is necessary. Static and dynamic test results using this method are presented. For these tests, code differential positioning is performed with and without the adjustment, and it is shown that the adjustment significantly improves positioning accuracy. It is also demonstrated that the condition adjustment can enhance carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution.
Optimal Affine-Invariant Point Matching

The affine-transformation matching scheme proposed by Hummel and Wolfson (1988) is very efficient in a model-based matching system, not only in terms of the computational complexity involved, but also in terms of the simplicity of the method. This paper addresses the implementation of the affine-invariant point matching, applied to the problem of recognizing and determining the pose of sheet metal parts. It points out errors that can occur with this method due to quantization, stability, symmetry, and noise problems. By beginning with an explicit noise model which the Hummel and Wolfson technique lacks, we can derive an optimal approach which overcomes these problems. We show that results obtained with the new algorithm are clearly better than the results from the original method.
LUSTER: wireless sensor network for environmental research

Environmental wireless sensor network (EWSN) systems are deployed in potentially harsh and remote environments where inevitable node and communication failures must be tolerated. LUSTER---Light Under Shrub Thicket for Environmental Research---is a system that meets the challenges of EWSNs using a hierarchical architecture that includes distributed reliable storage, delay-tolerant networking, and deployment time validation techniques.In LUSTER, a fleet of sensors coordinate communications using LiteTDMA, a low-power cluster-based MAC protocol. They measure the complex light environment in thickets and are open to additional ecological parameters, such as temperature and CO2.LUSTER has been deployed and evaluated in laboratory, forested, and barrier island environments. It includes new sensor hardware designs: (a) "SolarDust," a hybrid multichannel energy harvesting and sensing device; (b) "Medusa," a spatially reconfigurable light sensor; (c) a removable SD card storage node; and, (d) in-situ user interface tool for deployment time validation.
Timing of endogenous activin-like signals and regional specification of the Xenopus embryo.

Signaling by activin-like ligands is important for induction and patterning of mesoderm and endoderm. We have used an antibody that specifically recognizes the phosphorylated and activated form of Smad2, an intracellular transducer of activin-like ligands, to examine how this signaling pathway patterns the early mesendoderm. In contrast to the simple expectation that activin-like signaling should be highest on the dorsal side of the gastrula stage embryo, we have found that while Smad2 phosphorylation is highest dorsally before gastrulation, signaling is attenuated dorsally and is highest on the ventral side by mid-gastrulation. Early dorsal initiation of Smad2 phosphorylation results from cooperation between the vegetally localized maternal transcription factor VegT and dorsally localized β-catenin. The subsequent ventral appearance of Smad2 phosphorylation is dependent on VegT, but not on signaling from the dorsal side. Dorsal attenuation of Smad2 phosphorylation during gastrulation is mediated by early dorsal expression of feedback inhibitors of activin-like signals. In addition to regulation of Smad2 phosphorylation by the expression of activin-like ligands and their antagonists, the responsiveness of embryonic cells to activin-like ligands is also temporally regulated. Ectopic Vg1, Xnr1 and derriere all fail to activate Smad2 phosphorylation until after the midblastula transition, and the onset of responsiveness to these ligands is independent of transcription. Furthermore, the timing of cellular responsiveness differs for Xnr1 and derriere, and these distinct temporal patterns of responsiveness can be correlated with their distinctive phenotypic effects. These observations suggest that the timing of endogenous activin-like signaling is a determinant of patterning in the early Xenopus embryo.
Case Conceptualization Strategies: The Relationship Between Psychologists' Experience Levels, Academic Training, and Mode of Clinical Inquiry

Psychologists and psychology students (n = 138) were provided an artificial-intelligence program that simulated a date rape client's responses to typed questions. Participants were asked to conduct a “clinical interview” by typing in their questions. Clinical experience was unrelated to participants' levels of confidence, perceived expertise, and efficiency in generating or analyzing questions. Both experience and academic level of training, however, affected participant's mode of questioning.
Effects of Steelhead Density on Growth of Coho Salmon in a Small Coastal California Stream

Abstract Weight change in age-0 coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch at about natural density was negatively related to the density of juvenile steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout O. mykiss) in a 6-week experiment conducted in July–August 1993 in the north and south forks of Caspar Creek, California. The experiment used 12 enclosed stream sections, each containing a pool and a portion of upstream riffle, with two replicates of three steelhead densities—zero, natural density (1×), and twice the natural density (2×)—on both the north and south forks. The natural density of coho salmon was about one-sixth the density of steelhead. Coho salmon survival was high (87% overall) and not related to treatments. In the north fork, coho salmon weight change was positive in zero density steelhead treatments, zero in 1× treatments, and negative in 2× treatments. Coho salmon weight change in the south fork was less favorable than in the north fork but was also negatively related to the density of steelhead. These results in...
Premetamorphic Down-to-Basin Faulting, Folding, and Tectonic Dewatering, Rangeley Area, Western Maine

The Rangeley area of western Maine is underlain by a thick sequence of dominantly eugeosynclinal metasedimentary rocks of Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian age. The dominant structural pattern of these rocks is defined by tight, upright, northeast-trending passive flow folds and by three major normal faults along which younger rocks on the southeast are down-faulted against older rocks on the northwest. Each normal fault, together with a major syncline and a complementary anticline farther southeast, defines a geometrically related fault-fold unit. In best-exposed units, displacement along the faults increases in the direction of plunge of the synclines and of increasing structural relief in the syncline-anticline pairs. A genetic relation between normal faulting and folding is inferred. The dominant fault-fold pattern represents the oldest recognized deformation in the area. Slaty or phyllitic cleavage of this deformation is typically subparallel to the axial surfaces of folds, but locally crosses the faults and the axial surfaces of tight folds at low angles. Metamorphosed clastic dikes along the cleavage suggest that cleavage formation was in part a diagenetic dewatering process. This process probably graded, however, into low-grade metamorphism at depth. It was quickly followed by emplacement of large plutons, local superposed passive slip and flexural slip folding, and by two recognized events of greenschist and amphibolite facies metamorphism. Porphyroblasts of these events have grown across slip cleavages as well as older phyllitic cleavage, and metamorphic zones cross the dominant fault-fold pattern. Deformation, as well as sedimentation, is considered to have been controlled by the ancestral Merrimack synclinorium—a strongly linear two-sided trough that persisted at least from Late Ordovician through Early Devonian time. The fault-fold pattern is inferred to have evolved over a long period of time, as follows: (1) Rapid deposition of 15,000 to 20,000 ft of nearly-impermeable clastic sediments in Late Ordovician and Early Silurian time on the southeast-dipping slope of the sedimentary trough; mass weakened in depth by excess fluid pressure. (2) Continuing sedimentation, down-to-basin creep with associated slump faulting and folding, probably beginning in Middle Silurian time; faults flattened basinward in depth along lower boundary of zone of excess fluid pressure. (3) Horizontal compression developed parallel to slide direction as mass piled against material in the trough; incipient slaty cleavage developed normal to compression, improving vertical permeability. (4) Pore fluids expelled vertically, permitting the slumping mass to compact horizontally, and fold with at least 25 percent shortening. The process culminated in Early Devonian time, during and after deposition of the youngest exposed rocks in the area.
Quantitative in situ measurement of transfer film thickness by a Newton's rings method

We present a method, based on a Newton's rings analysis, to monitor and quantify the thickness of a solid lubricant transfer film during in situ tribological studies. The evolution of transfer film buildup was monitored by optical microscopy and recorded by videography through a stationary transparent hemisphere during reciprocating sliding. By monitoring the relative position of interference fringes (Newton's rings) outside the contact zone, the relative separation of the ball and track surface can be measured. The implementation of this technique is demonstrated through examples of sliding experiments with sapphire against a solid lubricant coating. Ex situ measurements of transfer film thickness using non-contact interferometry were consistent with in situ measurements from the Newton's rings method.
Diagnosis of Fragile X Syndrome by Southern Blot Hybridization Using a Chemiluminescent Probe: A Laboratory Protocol

Background: Unequivocal molecular characterization of the FMR- 1 triplet expansion region requires the combined use of PCR to amplify normal- and premutation-length alleles and Southern analysis to detect fully expanded alleles and assess methylation. We provide a detailed laboratory protocol, which can be generalized, for the preparation and use of a digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probe for Southern analysis of genomic DNA digested with EcoR I and Eag I.
High-fidelity quantum logic operations and entangled ancilla states

We describe a high-fidelity approach to linear optics quantum computing in which the quantum logic operations always produce an output. A method for generating the required entangled states is also described.
Murine Leukemia Viruses: Antigenic Studies by Quantitative Complement Fixation

The murine leukemia viruses of Rauscher and Friend, derived from plasnma of infected Balb/c mice, was purified. Their antigenic relationship was studied by quantitative complement-fixation reactions with the virion antigen and homologous antiserums. The complement-fixation curves observed in cross-reactions indicated close antigenic similarity between these two leukemia viruses. Highly purified viral preparations contained detectable amounts of host antigens.
DIAGNOSING THE FULL SPECTRUM OF FETAL ALCOHOL-EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS: INTRODUCING THE 4-DIGIT DIAGNOSTIC CODE

The medical/research records of 1014 patients diagnosed at the Washington State Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) Diagnostic and Prevention Network (DPN) of clinics were used to develop a new, comprehensive, reproducible method for diagnosing the full spectrum of outcomes among patients with prenatal alcohol exposure. This new diagnostic method, called the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, was compared to the standard gestalt method of diagnosis on the first 454 patients who had received a gestalt diagnosis of FAS, atypical FAS (AFAS) or possible fetal alcohol effect (PFAE) prior to the development of the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code. The outcomes of the patients were more accurately and comprehensively documented by the 4-Digit Diagnostic Code, because of its use of quantitative, objective measurement scales and specific case definitions. The four digits in the code reflect the magnitude of expression of the four key diagnostic features of FAS in the following order: (1) growth deficiency; (2) the FAS facial phenotype; (3) central nervous system damage/dysfunction; (4) gestational alcohol exposure. The magnitude of expression of each feature is ranked independently on a four-point Likert scale with 1 reflecting complete absence of the FAS feature and 4 reflecting a strong 'classic' presence of the FAS feature. The 4-Digit Diagnostic Code is being used effectively for diagnosis, screening, and surveillance efforts in all Washington State FAS DPN clinics.
Characterization of contact module failure mechanisms for SOI technology using E-beam inspection and in-line TEM

Electron-beam inspection (eBI) of the contact (CA) module for silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology is discussed in this paper. Voltage contrast is used to detect CA opens in the SRAM and both CA opens and shorts in special test structures. The inspection is performed after the tungsten chemical mechanical planarization (W CMP) step. In-line transmission electron microscope (TEM) samples at select defect sites are then prepared and imaged to determine the failure mechanism. This methodology greatly enhances yield learning and provides quick feedback for lithography and etch process adjustments.
STUDIES ON HOST-VIRUS INTERACTIONS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO-INFLUENZA VIRUS SYSTEM : XIII. SOME ASPECTS OF NON-INFECTIOUS VIRUS PRODUCTION

Certain aspects of the formation of non-infectious hemagglutinins (NIHA) in the chick embryo infected with influenza virus have been analyzed. It was shown by the use of combined in ovo-deembryonation technics that little or no NIHA is released following infection with small doses of standard virus during the most active and constant growth periods of the virus extending to about the 36th hour of incubation in spite of the fact that multiple infection of cells must have taken place in the latter half of that period. A slight decrease in the ID(50)/HA ratios of the yields obtained after the 36th hour, coinciding with the falling off of virus production and release may possibly be explained in terms of inactivation of completed virus or leakage of as yet incompleted virus from damaged cells. Exposure of the entodermal cells of the allantois of eggs deembryonated shortiy after injection of saturation or near saturation inocula of standard seed to large quantities of infectious virus added to the media at various times after infection and not extending over more than 2 hours resulted in a decrease of the ID(50)/HA ratios of the progenies only during the first 2 or possibly 4 hours after the primary inoculation. Later addition did not influence the yields. As discussed, such sudden and heavy exposures of cells are not expected to occur during the infectious process induced by small inocula of standard seed. The possible role of destruction of cell receptors in NIHA production has been analyzed in several ways. The addition of receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) to the media of deembryonated eggs after near saturation inocula of standard seeds, if anything, increased the ID(50)/HA ratios of the progenies, and that only when added during the first few hours following infection, presumably by reducing the changes for high multiplicity of infection of cells. In contrast, ultraviolet-inactivated virus, which retains its enzymatic activity, lowered, if anything, the ID(50)/HA ratios of the progenies, when present in the media of deembryonated eggs from the 2nd to 4th or possibly 6th hour after infection. Excessive amounts of irradiated virus may still cause some degree of interference under these conditions. Later addition of irradiated viruses were without effect with respect to NIHA production or interference. In attempts to alter the cell receptors prior to infection by potassium periodate (KIO(4)), it was noted that the addition of glycerol led to the appearance and partial retention for at least 24 hours of substances in the allantoic fluids which were capable of inactivating considerable proportions of standard virus. These data indicate that destruction of external cell receptors plays little if any role in NIHA production. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Validity of Cross’s Model of Black Racial Identity Development in the South African Context

W.E. Cross’s theoretical model for Black racial identity development has had substantial empirical validation. However, this validation has occurred exclusively in the United States; the applicability of the model to Black populations outside the United States remains largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the Cross model in the South African context. South Africa was specifically chosen because of: a) the unique importance and salience of race in the country, b) the greater degree of societal discrimination based on race, and c) its indigenous African context and the omnipresent influences of African heritage. Considerable support for Cross’s stages of Black racial identity development was found among Black South Africans, as were some marked differences. Modifications to Cross’s model and the development of an indigenous African framework are recommended to account for all aspects of Black racial development in the South African context.
Path planning for a mobile robot

Two problems for path planning of a mobile robot are considered. The first problem is to find a shortest-time, collision-free path for the robot in the presence of stationary obstacles in two dimensions. The second problem is to determine a collision-free path (greedy in time) for a mobile robot in an environment of moving obstacles. The environment is modeled in space-time and the collision-free path is found by a variation of the A* algorithm. >
Pathways of lymphatic drainage from the breast.

Background: The current standard for obtaining accurate sentinel lymph node SLN mapping is intraparenchymal lymphophilic dye/radiocolloid injection close to the breast tumor. We hypothesized that common lymphatic trunks drain both a large volume of breast parenchyma and skin and that intradermal or intraparenchymal routes flow to the same axillary node.
Unification as constraint satisfaction in structured connectionist networks

Unification is a basic concept in several traditional symbolic formalisms that should be well suited for a connectionist implementation due to the intuitive nature of the notions it formalizes. It is shown that by approaching unification from a graph matching and constraint satisfaction perspective a natural and efficient realization in a structured connectionist network can be found.
Protocol for the DREAM Project (Diabetes Research, Education, and Action for Minorities): a randomized trial of a community health worker intervention to improve diabetic management and control among Bangladeshi adults in NYC

New York City (NYC) is currently home to the largest Bangladeshi population in the United States (US) at approximately 62,000 individuals. The high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) among Bangladeshis has been well documented in Bangladesh, as well as in Canada and the United Kingdom (UK). However, little is known about the diabetes prevalence and management practices of US Bangladeshis. This paper describes the protocol for a Community Health Worker (CHW) intervention to improve diabetic management and control among Bangladeshis with diabetes in NYC. For a two-arm, randomized controlled trial (RCT), investigators will recruit a sample of 256 participants, all of whom are 1) of Bangladeshi descent, 2) residing in NYC, 3) diagnosed with T2DM and a recent Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of ≥ 6.5, and 4) between the ages of 21–85. The treatment group receives a six-month CHW-led intervention consisting of five monthly group educational sessions, two one-on-one visits, and follow-up phone calls as needed from a CHW. The control group receives an introductory educational session only. Primary and secondary outcomes include clinical and behavioral measures, such as HbA1c and weight change, access to and utilization of care (i.e. appointment keeping and use of specialty care), and knowledge and practice of physical activity and healthful eating. Additionally, information regarding CHW characteristics, the processes and mechanisms for influencing healthful behavior change, and fidelity of the intervention are collected. Outcomes are measured at Baseline, 3-Months, 6-Months for both groups, and at 12-Months for the treatment group. To our knowledge, this study represents the first attempt to document the efficacy of T2DM management strategies in the NYC Bangladeshi population. Thus, future qualitative and quantitative findings of the submitted protocol will fill an important gap in the health disparities literature. NCT02041598
Measurements of ambient HONO concentrations and vertical HONO flux above a northern Michigan forest canopy

Abstract. Systems have been developed and deployed at a North Michigan forested site to measure ambient HONO and vertical HONO flux. The modified HONO measurement technique is based on aqueous scrubbing of HONO using a coil sampler, followed by azo dye derivatization and detection using a long-path absorption photometer (LPAP). A Na2CO3-coated denuder is used to generate "zero HONO" air for background correction. The lower detection limit of the method, defined by 3 times of the standard deviation of the signal, is 1 pptv for 1-min averages, with an overall uncertainty of ±(1 + 0.05 [HONO]) pptv. The HONO flux measurement technique has been developed based on the relaxed eddy accumulation approach, deploying a 3-D sonic anemometer and two HONO measurement systems. The overall uncertainty is estimated to be within ±(8 × 10−8 + 0.15 FHONO) mol m−2 h−1, with a 20-min averaged data point per 30 min. Ambient HONO and vertical HONO flux were measured simultaneously at the PROPHET site from 17 July to 7 August 2008. The forest canopy was found to be a net HONO source, with a mean upward flux of 0.37 × 10−6 moles m−2 h−1. The HONO flux reached a maximal mean of ~0.7 × 10−6 moles m−2 h−1 around solar noon, contributing a major fraction to the HONO source strength required to sustain the observed ambient concentration of ~70 pptv. There were no significant correlations between [NOx] and daytime HONO flux and between JNO2 × [NO2] and HONO flux, suggesting that NOx was not an important precursor responsible for HONO daytime production on the forest canopy surface in this low-NOx rural environment. Evidence supports the hypothesis that photolysis of HNO3 deposited on the forest canopy surface is a major daytime HONO source.
Eye movement desensitization in fibromyalgia: a pilot study.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of eye movement desensitization (EMD) for the relief of pain, fatigue and anxiety and depression in fibromyalgia patients. Six Caucasian female patients (mean age=43.2 yr) participated in two treatment sessions. Outcome assessments included the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Fatigue Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory. In-session process measures included thermal biofeedback monitoring and subjective units of discomfort ratings of pain, stress, and fatigue. Four out of six subjects were considered treatment responders. Thermal biofeedback monitoring revealed an average increase in hand temperature of 5.4° indicating a relaxation effect. At treatment termination, average scores decreased on the measures of anxiety (28.6%), depression (29.9%), fibromyalgia impact (12.6%), and fatigue (11.5%). At the 3-month follow-up assessment, total reductions in average scores from pre-treatment baseline reflected further improvements on measures of anxiety (45.8%), depression (31.6%), fibromyalgia impact (19.2%), and fatigue (26.7%). Because EMD produced a somewhat automatic relaxation response with minimal patient participation, it may be especially useful when standard relaxation techniques fail.
The origin and enhancement of {0001}〈112¯0〉 texture during heat treatment of rolled AZ31B magnesium alloys

Abstract Electron backscatter diffraction data from warm-rolled AZ31B, a commercial Mg alloy, are used as microstructural input into a Monte Carlo Potts grain growth model. It is shown that the {0 0 0 1} 〈 1 1 1 ¯ 0 〉 texture, recently discovered to strongly evolve during grain growth annealing, is the result of a grain size advantage that emerges during recrystallization; where grains closer to the {0 0 0 1} 〈 1 1 2 ¯ 0 〉 orientation are larger on average than competing {0 0 0 1} 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 0 〉 oriented grains. As a consequence, there is no need to invoke anisotropy in grain boundary energy or mobility to quantitatively model the relationship between grain growth and texture. The observed textural evolution shows a surprising similarity to that of hexagonally close packed Zr alloys despite underlying differences in the deformation mechanisms between the two alloy systems. Crystal plasticity simulations, however, reveal that the faint underlying {0 0 0 1} 〈 1 0 1 ¯ 0 〉 deformation texture in this Mg alloy is due to prismatic slip activity during rolling.
STUDIES ON THE PNEUMOCOCCUS : II. DISSOLUTION OF PNEUMOCOCCI AT VARYING HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATIONS. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, PREVIOUS KILLING OF THE ORGANISMS, AND FRESH HUMAN SERUM ON THE PHENOMENON. BEHAVIOR OF OTHER ORGANISMS.

Suspensions of living pneumococci in approximately isotonic standard solutions and in approximately isotonic bouillon with pH varying from about 4.0 to 8.0 after incubation show dissolution of organisms in those solutions having a pH higher than about 5.0. Dissolution is most marked at a critical range of about pH 5.0 to 7.0. Some dissolution also takes place toward the more alkaline end of the scale. No dissolution occurs at the most acid end of the scale. Dissolution in the standard solutions occurs at incubator, room, and ice box temperature. It is less marked at ice box temperature. Dissolution takes place in standard pH solutions with pneumococci allowed to grow and die out in glucose bouillon but unlike dissolution with living organisms is progressive from the acid toward the alkaline end of the scale. Pneumococci killed by heat for I hour undergo less dissolution than living organisms, the general character of the curve being similar to that with living organisms. Pneumococci killed by heat at 100 degrees C. for 5 minutes do not undergo dissolution. The addition of fresh human serum to the suspensions of pneumococci at varying pH prevents dissolution. Dissolution of pneumococci takes place more rapidly at pH 6.1 in standard solutions in which large numbers of pneumococci have been previously dissolved than in fresh standard solutions at the same pH. The dissolution of pneumococci under the conditions of the experiments may be ascribed to an enzyme derived from the bacteria themselves. Other organisms such as Streptococcus viridans and hoemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus do not undergo dissolution under conditions similar to those to which the pneumococcus was exposed.