cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells

Cancer cells that leave the primary tumor can seed metastases in distant organs, and it is thought that this is a unidirectional process. Here we show that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) can also colonize their tumors of origin, in a process that we call "tumor self-seeding." Self-seeding of breast cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma tumors in mice is preferentially mediated by aggressive CTCs, including those with bone, lung, or brain-metastatic tropism. We find that the tumor-derived cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 act as CTC attractants whereas MMP1/collagenase-1 and the actin cytoskeleton component fascin-1 are mediators of CTC infiltration into mammary tumors. We show that self-seeding can accelerate tumor growth, angiogenesis, and stromal recruitment through seed-derived factors including the chemokine CXCL1. Tumor self-seeding could explain the relationships between anaplasia, tumor size, vascularity and prognosis, and local recurrence seeded by disseminated cells following ostensibly complete tumor excision.
Simultaneous access renegable priority queues

A renegable priority queue has been designed on two different types of network. The first design uses hypercube networks, and has a response time and a pipeline cycle time O(log p), where p is the maximum number of processors that may access the design simultaneously. The second design uses reconfigurable meshes with both response time and pipeline cycle time being constants. Each of these designs uses O(p/sup 2/m) processing elements, and have a capacity of pm, where m is a positive integer. >
Non‐phytotoxicity of the aluminum sulfate ion, AlSO+4

Aluminum is a phytotoxic element in many soils and occurs in a variety of chemical species. In order to determine whether AlSO+4 is toxic, seedlings of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tyler) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L. cv. Kenland) were transferred to solutions containing controlled activities of Al3+, AlSO+4, Na+ and Ca2+. Root elongation was inhibited by Al3+ (or mononuclear hydroxy-Al species that are in equilibrium with Al3+), but not by AlSO+4. We assumed a formation constant (KAlSO+4= {AlSO+4}/[{Al3+} {SO2-4}]; braces indicate activities} of 103.2 for AlSO+4 in the computation of ionic activities, but use of KAlSO+4 values ranging from 102.8 to 103.6 had very little effect on the computed toxicities of Al3+ and AlSO+4. Sulfate did not promote the formation of polynuclear Al complexes in our experiments. A practice in studies of Al phytotoxicity has been to attribute toxicity to mononuclear Al, but now it would seem advisable to exclude AlSO+4. That AlSO+4 is non-toxic, or is at least 10-fold less toxic than Al3+, has implications for the physiology of Al toxicity and for the use of sulfate salts in experimental work and in agriculture.
Cost–Benefit Analysis and Cost–Effectiveness Analysis

Cost–benefit analysis (CBA) and cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) are methods used by economists to evaluate educational programs or investments. CBA evaluates programs in monetary terms; CEA evaluates programs against specified educational objectives. Both methods allow for a ranking of programs in terms of resource use and outcomes through the expression of a ratio. However, to calculate cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness ratios, detailed information on costs and outcomes is necessary and this information is often hard to collect. Hence, few formal CBAs and CEAs have been undertaken in educational contexts.
Quantification of VEGFRs, NRP1, and PDGFRs on Endothelial Cells and Fibroblasts Reveals Serum, Intra-Family Ligand, and Cross-Family Ligand Regulation

Computational modeling of angiogenesis is limited by a lack of experimental data on angiogenic receptor levels. Recent receptor profiling quantified vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs); however data on other angiogenic receptors, such as platelet derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), are also necessary for the development of an accurate angiogenesis model. Here, we establish conditions for membrane PDGFR quantification. Additionally, we determine how several environmental conditions control membrane PDGFR levels on human dermal fibroblasts. We demonstrate that membrane PDGFRβ concentrations are negatively correlated with both media serum concentration and cell growth rate, in vitro. We also show VEGF-A165-mediated downregulation of membrane PDGFRα (~25%) and PDGFRβ (~30%), following a 24-h treatment. This supports the idea that VEGF-A165 acts independently of VEGFRs to signal through PDGFRα and PDGFRβ. We observe that PDGF-AA and PDGF-AB downregulate membrane PDGFRα by up to 55 and 75%, respectively, while having little to no effect on PDGFRβ or NRP1. We observe that PDGF-BB effects both PDGFRs and NRP1: membrane PDGFRα and PDGFRβ were downregulated by up to 70 and 90%, respectively, whereas membrane NRP1 was upregulated by up to 40%. These data provide the necessary insight to accurately represent PDGFRs in angiogenesis models, while offering new insight into the regulation of membrane PDGFRs.
Acoustic monitoring indicates a positive relationship between calling frequency and spawning in captive spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus)

Background: Fish sound production is widespread throughout many families. Agonistic and courtship behaviors are the most common reasons for fish sound production. Yet, there is still some debate on how sound production and spawning are correlated in many soniferous fish species. In the present study, our aim was to determine if a quantitative relationship exists between calling and egg deposition in captive spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus). This type of data is essential if scientists and managers plan to use acoustic metrics to identify spawning aggregations over large spatial scales and monitor reproductive activity over annual and decadal timeframes.Methods: Wild caught spotted seatrout were held in three laboratory tanks equipped with long-term acoustic loggers (i.e., DSG-Oceans) to record underwater sound throughout an entire, simulated reproductive season. Acoustic monitoring occurred from April 13 to December 19, 2012 for Tank 1 and from April 13 to November 21, 2012 for Tanks 2 and 3. DSG-Oceans were scheduled to record sound for 2 min every 20 min. We enumerated the number of calls, calculated the received sound pressure level (SPL in dB re 1 μPa; between 50 and 2000 Hz) of each 2 min ‘wav file’, and counted the number of eggs every morning in each tank.Results: Spotted seatrout produced three distinct call types characterized as “drums”, “grunts”, and “staccatos”. Spotted seatrout calling increased as the light cycle shifted from 13.5 to 14.5 h of light, and the temperature increased to 27.7oC. Calling began to decrease once the temperature fell below 27.7 oC, and the light cycle shifted to 12 h of light. These captive settings are similar to the amount of daylight and water temperatures observed during the summer, which is the primary spawning period of spotted seatrout. Spotted seatrout exhibited daily patterns of calling. Sound production began once the lights turned off, and calling reached maximum activity approximately 3 h later. Spawning occurred only on evenings in which spotted seatrout were calling. Significantly more calling and higher mean SPLs occurred on evenings in which spawning occurred as compared to evenings in which spawning did not occur. Spawning was more productive when spotted seatrout produced more calls. For all tanks, more calling and higher SPLs were associated with more eggs released by females.Discussion: The fact that more calling and higher SPLs
Pediatric Behavior Management Techniques: A Survey of Predoctoral Dental Students

Dental schools are increasingly incorporating behavioral management strategies into the curriculum; however, little is known about the efficacy of this instruction. The purposes of this study were to evaluate student exposure to several categories of behavioral management techniques, assess student opportunity to observe faculty use of these techniques, and determine the extent of students’ personal use of various behavioral management techniques. Third-year dental students (n=98, X age=26.52; s=4.05) were administered a survey assessing their exposure to and willingness to use behavioral management strategies. Results indicated differences between the techniques students recalled being taught and what they indicated they plan to use in their own future clinical practices. Student technique endorsement also varied as a function of student age, gender, ethnicity, and patient age. Despite increasing concerns regarding the use of these techniques, a significant minority of students stated that they were taught to use hand-over-mouth, verbal intimidation, and various forms of active and passive restraint/immobilization. While appreciation for behavioral management strategies within the dental school curriculum was demonstrated by the amount of didactic exposure students received, the need for increased experiential training is evident. Furthermore, student endorsement of controversial techniques appears to reflect the changing view of these techniques within the professional dental community.
Influence of Substrate on Oviposition by Two Species of Stored-Product Moths

Oviposition by a strain of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), and by 2 strains of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella (Walker) was usually stimulated by the presence of moth rearing medium, peanuts, or dates and was influenced by the type of food. Moths taken from a specific food source laid most eggs. The P. interpunctella originated from peanuts, one strain of the E. cautella originated from peanuts, and the other from dates. The possibility that the 2 strains of E. cautella are sibling species is discussed.
Abstract 39: Specific amino acid restriction affects glucose metabolism and induces oxidative damage of mitochondria in prostate cancer cells

The purpose of this study was to examine how specific amino acid restriction targets mitochondria to induce apoptosis in DU145 and PC3 prostate cancer cells. This study shows that restriction of tyrosine and phenylalanine (Tyr/Phe), glutamine (Gln), and methionine (Met) differentially modulates glucose metabolism, the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and antioxidant status in the mitochondria of these two cell lines. In DU145 cells, Gln and Met restriction but not Tyr/Phe restriction, increase glucose consumption and decrease lactate production. All the examined restrictions increase mitochondrial PDH activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gln and Met restriction increase mitochondrial activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Tyr/Phe and Met restriction increase mitochondrial activity of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the first 2 days of the restriction, and the activity returns to basal level on day 4 of restriction. Moreover, all the examined restrictions decrease reduced glutathione (GSH) and cause mitochondrial DNA damage. In PC3 cells, all of the examined restrictions reduce glucose consumption and lactate production; however, they do not alter mitochondrial PDH activity. Gln restriction increases accumulation of ROS and elevates mitochondrial GPx activity. Tyr/Phe restriction increases mitochondrial activity of SOD during the entire restriction period. Although all the restrictions decrease GSH in PC3 cells, they do not cause mitochondrial DNA damage. The data indicate that specific amino acid dependency differentially regulates glucose metabolism, oxidation-reduction reactions of mitochondria, and oxidative damage in mitochondria of these two cell lines. This partially explains how selective amino acid restriction targets mitochondria to induce apoptosis. (The project described was supported by Award Number R01CA101035 from the National Cancer Institute. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Cancer Institute or the National Institutes of Health). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 39.
Common Techniques for Distillation Troubleshooting

Abstract This chapter describes the strategy of good distillation troubleshooting practices and outlines the prime tools applied for distillation troubleshooting. The tower troubleshooting strategy can be described using the analogy of a doctor and patient. The doctor's troubleshooting strategy in treating a patient is well established and easily understood by most people. Applying similar principles to solving distillation problems can often map out the most effective and least expensive course of action. The tower troubleshooting strategy also refers to a case study that permits distinguishing good from bad practices. A good troubleshooting strategy always proceeds stepwise, starting with the simple and obvious. The strategy addresses the steps of urgent actions, a temporary strategy for living with the problem, obtaining a definition of the problem, examining tower behavior, learning about the problem's history, conducting targeted tests, applying special tools, and finally formulating theories. The pitfalls of theory formulation are stressed, including theory vs data, learning from past experiences, and avoiding getting caught in the “obvious flaw” trap. Numerous tools are applied by distillation troubleshooters. Field-testing techniques for flood determination look for symptoms such as an excessive or rapid rise in pressure drop, reduction in bottom flow, and carryover from the column top, to identify floods. Vapor and liquid sensitivity testing provide insight to the nature of the flood. Hydraulic analysis is invaluable for detecting when a flood should be anticipated and identifying its nature. Reliable efficiency tests can provide the key to the cause and nature of a separation problem, whereas poor testing often misleads troubleshooters. Gamma-scanning and other radioactive techniques are among the most powerful techniques available for distillation diagnostics. Both conventional gamma-scanning techniques and advanced ones, such as computer-aided tomography (CAT) scans and quantitative analysis are discussed in detail, with emphasis on what each can and cannot do. Wall temperature surveys have become widespread in the industry for diagnosing maldistribution, especially in packed towers, and for validating simulations. Energy-balance troubleshooting, event-timing analysis, and tower inspection at the turnaround are other valuable techniques discussed in this chapter.
Effects of Climate Change and Sea Level Rise on Coastal Water Resources

A better understanding of the relevant climate-change drivers for coastal areas has been realized in the past few years. A significant increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is predicted to virtually occur and as a result, more CO2 is absorbed by surface waters, decreasing seawater pH and carbonate saturation. Sea surface temperatures are also essentially certain to rise significantly, although less than the global mean temperature rise. Globally, SLR derived from thermal expansion due to warming of oceans and the melting of ice caps, glaciers, and ice sheets (i.e., Greenland and Antarctica) act together as major factors contributing to RSLR. The rise will not be spatially uniform, with possible intensification of ENSO and time variability which suggests greater change in extremes with important implications for coral reefs. In most cases there will be significant regional variations in the changes, and any impacts will be the result of the interaction between climate change drivers (i.e., CO2 concentrations, SST, SLR, storm intensity, frequency, and track, wave conditions and runoff) and other drivers of change, leading to diverse effects and vulnerabilities. The direct influences of sea level rise (SLR) on coastal water resources are associated with seawater encroachment into surface waters and coastal aquifers. Inundation as a result of increases in mean sea level will have devastating impacts on unprotected low-lying areas, especially as a result of storm events which are expected to intensify. Seawater intrusion caused by natural and human-derived factors will be exacerbated by SLR. However, some coastal areas, especially on some arid coasts, receiving more precipitation may be less impacted by seawater intrusion as a result of increased aquifer recharge. Climate change adverse impacts on freshwater supplies at a global scale are most likely to be more visible in developing countries with large extents of coastal lowland, small island states, semi-arid and arid coasts, and large coastal cities particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, reflecting both natural and socio-economic aspects that increase the risk levels. Thus, it is difficult to identify future coastal areas with stressed freshwater resources, particularly where there is a seasonal water demand stress and poor management. Assessments of RSLR-related coastal impacts, adaptation, and mitigation, require information related to climate-induced GMSLR, regional variations, and non-climate-related sea level changes and freshwater stressors.
Towards an understanding of -ward(s) prepositions: a sociohistorical exploration of the distribution of near-identical variants

English has a peculiar class of prepositions that exist in two nearly identical forms, one form with a zero ending ( -O ) and the other with an s ( -s ), all of them containing the Old English suffix -ward. Examples include toward(s), forward(s), onward(s), inward(s), and homeward(s) . As language is, by its nature, systematic, it seems unlikely that the occurrence of one form instead of another is totally arbitrary. This project uses sociolinguistic and historical methods to explore some of the conditioning factors in the preference of one form over another, proposing that younger speakers will prefer the zero-ending form as it gradually replaces the other variant, and that the two forms will occur in distinctive environments (phonological, syntactic, or semantic) in issues of media publications.
ADVERSE EVENT REPORTING IN PATIENTS TREATED WITH THYROID HORMONE EXTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective: Thyroid hormone extract is used for the treatment of thyroid disorders, but limited data exist on adverse events commonly noted by the physicians associated with this use. The purpose of this survey was to report adverse events observed by expert physicians managing patients treated for thyroid disease with thyroid hormones. Methods: Members of the American Thyroid Association, The Endocrine Society, and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists developed a survey instrument modeled on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s reported adverse events for levothyroxine that would effectively assess the clinical experience of frequent prescribers of thyroid hormone. Survey links were emailed to physicians, and the websites of each society provided links to the data collection form. Results: A total of 174 reports of adverse events occurring in patients on thyroid hormone extract were received. Ninety-one of these reports were accompanied by alterations in thyrotropin valu...
Monoclonal Gammopathy–Associated Peripheral Neuropathy: Diagnosis and Management

Abstract Monoclonal gammopathies comprise a spectrum of clonal plasma cell disorders that include monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, multiple myeloma, and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. In this review, we outline the epidemiology, etiology, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of monoclonal gammopathy–associated peripheral neuropathy. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance is relatively common in the general population, with a prevalence of 3% to 4% among individuals older than age 50 years. Therefore, the presence of M protein in a patient with neuropathy does not automatically indicate a causal relationship. Monoclonal gammopathy–associated peripheral neuropathy is often a difficult diagnosis with limited treatment options. Studies addressing the optimal approach to diagnosis and management of this entity are limited. In addition to a review of the literature, we present a diagnostic approach to patients with monoclonal gammopathy–associated peripheral neuropathy and discuss available data and options for treatment.
Emerging technologies and the role of NGOs.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are involved in policy discussions surrounding the societal implications of emerging technologies. But what practices and strategies undertaken by these organizations are most influential in anticipating the longer-term societal implications of nanotechnology?
The association of USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores with residency match specialty and location.

ABSTRACTBackground: For future physicians, residency programs offer necessary extended training in specific medical specialties. Medical schools benefit from an understanding of factors that lead their students to match into certain residency specialties. One such factor, often used during the residency application process, is scores on the USA Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE).Objectives: To determine the relationship between USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores and students’ residency specialty match, and the association between both USMLE scores and state of legal residency (Minnesota) at the time of admission with students staying in-state or leaving the state for residency program.Design: USMLE scores and residency match data were analyzed from five graduating classes of students at the University of Minnesota Medical School (N = 1054).Results: A MANOVA found significant differences (p < 0.001) between residency specialties and both USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 CK scores, as well as the com...
How local health departments work towards health equity

Abstract Background Health inequities are exacerbated when health promotion programs and resources do not reach selected populations. Local health departments (LHDs) 1 have the potential to address health equity via engaging priority populations in their work. However, we do not have an understanding of what local agencies are doing on this front. Methods In the summer of 2016, we collaborated with informants from thirteen LHDs across North Carolina. Via semi-structured interviews, the research team asked informants about their LHD’s understanding of health equity and engaging priority populations in program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Findings All informants discussed that a key function of their LHD was to improve the health of all residents. LHDs with a more comprehensive understanding of health equity engaged members of priority populations in their organizations’ efforts to a greater extent than LHDs with a more limited understanding. Additionally, while all LHDs identified similar barriers to engaging priority populations, LHDs that identified facilitators more comprehensively engaged members of the priority population in program planning, implementation, and evaluation. Conclusions LHDs are ideally situated between the research and practice worlds to address health equity locally. To promote this work, we should ensure LHDs hold an understanding of health equity, have the means to realize facilitators of health equity work, and recognize the complex context in which health equity work exists.
Archival assemblages: applying disability studies’ political/relational model to archival description

This paper critically explores power structures embedded in archival description and re-conceptualizes archives and archival material as assemblages of politicized decisions specifically by utilizing Alison Kafer’s political/relational model of disability as a framework. Kafer’s model draws upon previous models of disability to open up contestation and politicization of disability as a category. This approach acknowledges that concepts of disability always already intersect with notions of race, class, age, gender, and sexuality. This article argues that cross-informing archival studies and feminist disability studies illuminates the long history that records creation and description processes have in documenting, surveilling, and controlling disabled and other non-normative bodies and minds. Furthermore, a political/relational approach makes possible the illumination of archival assemblages: the multiple perspectives, power structures, and cultural influences—all of which are temporally, spatially, and materially contingent—that inform the creation and archival handling of records. Through close readings of multiple records’ descriptions, both inside and outside of disability, this paper focuses on the complexity of language and its politics within disability communities. A political/relational approach first promotes moving away from the replication and reliance on self-evident properties of a record and second advocates for addressing—not redressing—contestable terms, both of which illuminate the archival assemblages which produced it. By embracing the contestation of disability, and therefore the corresponding ways in which it is represented in archives, archivists and archives users are able to perceive and challenge the ways in which norms and deviance are understood, perpetuated, and constructed in public narratives via archives. Existing at the intersection of disability studies, feminist discourse, and archival studies, this paper builds theory around archival description and radicalizes traditional approaches to understanding normativized constructs within archives as it encourages reflexivity and shifts power relations.
Spectral emission from the alkali inductively-coupled plasma: Theory and experiment

The weakly-ionized, alkali inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) has a long history as the light source for optical pumping. Today, its most significant application is perhaps in the rubidium atomic frequency standard (RAFS), arguably the workhorse of atomic timekeeping in space, where it is crucial to the RAFS’ functioning and performance (and routinely referred to as the RAFS’ “rf-discharge lamp”). In particular, the photon flux from the lamp determines the signal-to-noise ratio of the device, and variations in ICP brightness define the long-term frequency stability of the atomic clock as a consequence of the ac-Stark shift (i.e., the light-shift). Given the importance of Rb atomic clocks to diverse satellite navigation systems (e.g., GPS, Galileo, BeiDou) – and thereby the importance of alkali ICPs to these systems – it is somewhat surprising to find that the physical processes occurring within the discharge are not well understood. As a consequence, researchers do not understand how to improve the spectral...
Big Data Analytics in the Higher Education: Need of the Future

The twenty-first century can be said as the era of engulfing data. From social networking sites to politics, from businesses to education, all sectors of the modern world are flooded with voluminous data. As Alan Kay quotes “this is the century in which you can be proactive about the future; you don’t have to be reactive”, big data analytics can be the tool and the need of the future to predict the trends, detect the challenges, and leverage the opportunities. Among various sectors like business, social networks, entertainment, politics, educational institutions are seen and expected socially to be more transparent and accountable. With these growing concern and hunger for the academic excellence both to individuals and institutions as well, it becomes inevitable to implement big data analytics in the educational institutions. Its proper implementation can bring the revolutionary development on the education sector. Instead of some inherent challenges, big data analytics can represent customized learning environments to the learners, can reduce potential dropouts, lower the academic risks, complexity could be reduced and can enhance the quality of education system as a whole. The main objective of this paper is to highlight on the emergent need and scope of big data analytics in the educational sector.
Unlocking Some Of The Untapped Value Associated With Our 20-Year Landbird Monitoring Database

The black bear (Ursus americanus) population within the Coeur d’Alene River watershed of northern Idaho is exposed to high hunting and recreational pressure facilitated by a dense network of forest roads. Bears are hunted using bait and dogs in spring and fall, with an additional non-lethal summer pursuit season. To understand the effects of these roads on black bear behavior we used data collected from 28 adult bears fitted with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) collars from June 1 2007 through the fall of 2008. We used locations acquired at 20 minute intervals to assess habitat selection and activity patterns of males and females at home range (2nd order) and within home range (3rd order) scales, both annually and seasonally. We tested the hypotheses that black bears 1) will show no response to road density in 2nd order habitat selection in areas of relatively consistent road density, 2) will show a functional response to roads in 3rd order habitat selection, i.e., use of habitat near roads will be inversely proportional to traffic volume, 3) show seasonal shifts in activity patterns and movement rates in proximity to roads. Avoidance of areas containing primary food sources or increased activity and energy expenditure may have profound consequences for bears. Understanding how traffic volume and road density influences habitat selection and movement patterns can therefore play an important role in management of the species.
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Natural Killer Cells by Monoclonal Antibodies

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses phenotypic and functional characterization of natural killer (NK) cells by monoclonal antibodies. Large granular lymphocytes (LGL), which can be purified by Percoll gradient centrifugation, have been described to be responsible for NK cell activity. The lineage of these NK cells continues, however, to be an unresolved question despite the fact that highly purified NK cells can be obtained. It has been demonstrated using monoclonal antibodies that these highly purified cells shared certain surface determinants with T cells, monocytes, and myeloid cells. Using peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), it has been demonstrated that NK activity can be reduced using selected monoclonal antibodies when employed in conjunction with complement. The aim of the study presented in this chapter was to employ a selected panel of monoclonal antibodies to characterize the phenotypes of highly purified endogenous and interferon (IFN)-activated LGLs. The effect of these reagents on the functional properties of LGL at the single-cell level was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the OKT10 antibody was capable of interfering with the killing of K562 tumor target cells at the single-cell level.
Computational modeling of electrostatic charge and fields produced by hypervelocity impact.

Abstract Following prior experimental evidence of electrostatic charge separation, electric and magnetic fields produced by hypervelocity impact, we have developed a model of electrostatic charge separation based on plasma sheath theory and implemented it into the CTH shock physics code. Preliminary assessment of the model shows good qualitative and quantitative agreement between the model and prior experiments at least in the hypervelocity regime for the porous carbonate material tested. Moreover, the model agrees with the scaling analysis of experimental data performed in the prior work, suggesting that electric charge separation and the resulting electric and magnetic fields can be a substantial effect at larger scales, higher impact velocities, or both.
Randomized phase II trial of a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase (pTVG-HP) versus GM-CSF adjuvant in patients with PSA-recurrent prostate cancer.

5037Background: Phase I/II studies of pTVG-HP showed safety and increases in prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)-specific T cells. Based on these, we conducted a multi-center, randomized phase II tria...
Reading Beneath the Hegemonic Discourse: Finding African Agency and Voice in the Seventeenth-Century Canonisation Inquest of San Pedro Claver

The final article in this collection, Ronald J. Morgan’s ‘Reading Beneath the Hegemonic Discourse: Finding African Agency and Voice in the Seventeenth-Century Canonisation Inquest of San Pedro Claver,’ moves beyond the borders of Europe. Using the canonisation inquest of the Jesuit saint Pedro Claver, held in 1657, Morgan studies the everyday life of Africans and their descendants in the New World. In the document, the mostly black population of Cartagena appear as objects of the holy man’s virtuous deeds; at the same time, this source allows the modern researcher to examine black actors as subjects in their own right. In the centre of Morgan’s analysis are the sacraments, which were Claver’s primary instrument in his quest of holiness, and the ways the established characteristics of sainthood were shaped to fit in the religious and cultural situation of Cartagena.
Complications associated with perioperative use of tyrosine kinase inhibitor in cytoreductive nephrectomy.

Recent clinical trials have investigated the benefit of combining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Our goal is to determine whether the perioperative use of TKIs increases the postoperative morbidity following CN in renal cell carcinoma patients. We identified 627 patients with Stage IV renal cell carcinoma who underwent CN from 2007–2010 utilizing the SEER-Medicare database. Eighty-two patients treated with TKIs were matched (3:1) to 246 controls. We calculated 30- and 90-day incidence rates of postoperative complications and mortality. On unadjusted analysis, TKI use prior to CN was associated with higher overall complication rate within 30 days (HR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.09–6.8) after surgery. On multivariate analysis, perioperative TKI use was independently associated with higher risk for postoperative complications within 30 days (HR = 2.93, 95% CI: 1.17–7.36), as well as 90 days (HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.02–3.32) after nephrectomy. A higher Charlson comorbidity index also emerged to represent an independent risk factor for postoperative complications within 30 days (HR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.44–4.02) and 90 days (HR = 2.23, 95% CI: 1.51–3.29) after nephrectomy. TKI treatment was not associated with an increased postoperative mortality at 30 and 90 days after surgery. Thus, TKI treatment was associated with an increased complication rate but not overall mortality following CN. Our results suggest that renal surgeons should be aware of possibly increased complications following CN in renal cell carcinoma patients, when TKI treatment is administered.
Rod Photoreceptors Signal Fast Changes in Daylight Levels Using a Cx36-Independent Retinal Pathway in Mouse

Temporal contrast detected by rod photoreceptors is channeled into multiple retinal rod pathways that ultimately connect to cone photoreceptor pathways via Cx36 gap junctions or via chemical synapses. However, we do not yet understand how the different rod pathways contribute to the perception of temporal contrast (changes in luminance with time) at mesopic light levels, where both rods and cones actively respond to light. Here, we use a forced-choice, operant behavior assay to investigate rod-driven, temporal contrast sensitivity (TCS) in mice of either sex. Transgenic mice with desensitized cones (GNAT2cpfl3 line) were used to identify rod contributions to TCS in mesopic lights. We found that at low mesopic lights (400 photons/s/μm2 at the retina), control and GNAT2cpfl3 mice had similar TCS. Surprisingly, at upper mesopic lights (8000 photons/s/μm2), GNAT2cpfl3 mice exhibited a relative reduction in TCS to low ( 30 min). Furthermore, the TCS of GNAT2cpfl3 and GNAT2cpfl3::Cx36−/− mice matched closely, indicating that transmission of high-frequency signals (1) does not require the rod-cone Cx36 gap junctions as has been proposed in the past; and (2) a Cx36-independent rod pathway(s) (e.g., direct rod to OFF cone bipolar cell synapses and/or glycinergic synapses from AII amacrine cells to OFF ganglion cells) is sufficient for fast, mesopic rod-driven vision. These findings extend our understanding of the link between visual circuits and perception in mouse. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The contributions of specific retinal pathways to visual perception are not well understood. We found that the temporal processing properties of rod-driven vision in mice change significantly with light level. In dim lights, rods relay relatively slow temporal variations. However, in daylight conditions, rod pathways exhibit high sensitivity to fast but not to slow temporal variations, whereas cone-driven responses supplement the loss in rod-driven sensitivity to slow temporal variations. Our findings highlight the dynamic interplay of rod- and cone-driven vision as light levels rise from night to daytime levels. Furthermore, the fast, rod-driven signals do not require the rod-to-cone Cx36 gap junctions as proposed in the past, but rather, can be relayed by alternative Cx36-independent rod pathways.
Telecommunication ties and gender ideologies in the age of globalization: International telephone networks and gender attitudes in 47 countries

Scholars have posed different hypotheses on the impact of global telecommunications on value orientations. We analyze and characterize the global telecommunication network and test a series of hypo...
It is not just about the frontal plane: sagittal parameters impact curve progression in AIS patients undergoing brace treatment

Retrospective cohort study. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between pre-brace and in-brace sagittal parameters and curve progression. To date, there has been no published research focused on spinopelvic sagittal parameters and bracing outcomes in AIS. We hypothesize that sagittal spinopelvic parameters are associated with curve progression at 2 years. This study included AIS patients with a pre-brace (PB) major curve between 20° and 45°. The outcome was defined as > 10° curve progression or surgery within 2 years of brace initiation. Spinopelvic parameters included C7-Central Sacral Vertebral Line shift (C7-CSVL), thoracic trunk shift, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), T2–T12 thoracic kyphosis (TK) pelvic incidence–lumbar lordosis (PI–LL) mismatch, sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and pelvic tilt (PT). Of 50 patients included in this review, [70% Rigo (RCSO) and 30% Boston (BSO)], 16 (32%) patients demonstrated progression (23% of patients with RCSO vs 53% with BSO; p = 0.034). In patients with more than 30% major coronal curve correction (CCC), 23% had progression. 45% of patients progressed when they achieved ≤ 30% correction (p = 0.108). Among PB sagittal parameters and adjusting for coronal curve, patients with an abnormal PB SVA had 3.1 times increased risk of treatment failure compared with patients who had a normal PB SVA. Patients with PB hypo-LL had a 2.8 times increased risk of treatment failure compared with patients who had normal or hyper-LL. Among IB sagittal parameters, patients who had a normal PB PI–LL had a 3.9 times increased risk of treatment failure when they became mismatched in-brace (IB). Patients who had normal pre-brace kyphosis who became hypo-kyphotic IB had an 8.4 times increased risk of treatment failure compared with patients who maintained normal TK or became hyper-kyphotic. These data suggest that we should pay careful attention to sagittal parameters prior to and during brace treatment as braces can control these parameters. Level III.
Remote Patient Monitoring Technologies for Predicting Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations: Review and Comparison.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death by disease worldwide and has a 30-day readmission rate of 22.6%. In 2015, COPD was added to the Medicare Hospital Readmission Reductions Program. Objective: The objective of this paper was to survey the current medical technologies for remote patient monitoring (RPM) tools that forecast COPD exacerbations in order to reduce COPD readmissions. Methods: We searched literature and digital health news to find commercially available RPM devices focused on predicting COPD exacerbations. These technologies were reviewed and compared according to four criteria: forecasting ability, cost, ease of use, and appearance. A rating system was developed to facilitate the evaluation process. Results: As of June 2019, a list of handheld and hands-free devices was compiled. We compared features and found substantial variations. Devices that ranked higher on all criteria tended to have a high or unlisted price. Commonly mass-marketed devices like the pulse oximeter and spirometer surprisingly fulfilled the least criteria. Conclusions: The COPD RPM technologies with most technological promise and compatibility with daily living appear to have high or unlisted prices. Consumers and providers need better access to product information to make informed decisions.
Evaluation on the intervention effect of the security and emergency knowledge of the parent

Objective To explore intervention measures of effectively preventing unintentional injury of children. Methods On-site surveys and the pre-and post-control study were used. And from Jul 2009 to Oct 2009, there were 136 cases of outpatients or emergency were surveyed at Hunan Children' s Hospital. Among these 136 children, 66 suffered with various accidental injures, and 70 without any accidental injuries. The 1-month health education interventions were issued to all the children' s parents. Interventions included handing out Read of Security and Emergency Education on accidental injury prevention every weekend in hospital.Results Parents who had received undergraduate course or higher education had got the high scores ( F =3. 089, P = 0. 029 ). After education intervention, more parents were familiar with accidental injury-related knowledge including natural disaster, accidental wound, society security, as well as public health. And as a result, these associated knowledge familiar rate had increased (P ＜ 0. 01 ). Conclusions Health education intervention, based on the Read of Security and Emergency Education, can significantly increase the parents' knowledge of the injury. Key words: Parents; Security and emergency knowledge; Evaluate
The clinical course of COVID-19 in the outpatient setting: a prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Background Outpatient COVID-19 has been insufficiently characterized. Objective To determine the progression of disease and subsequent determinants of hospitalization. Design A prospective outpatient cohort. Setting Outpatients were recruited by phone between April 21 to June 23, 2020 after receiving outpatient or emergency department testing within a large health network in Maryland, USA. Participants Outpatient adults with positive RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2. Measurements Symptoms, portable pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SaO2), heart rate, and temperature were collected by participants on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after enrollment. Baseline demographics, comorbid conditions were evaluated for risk of subsequent hospitalization using negative binomial, logistic, and random effects logistic regression. Results Among 118 SARS-CoV-2 infected outpatients, the median age was 56.0 years (IQR, 50.0 to 63.0) and 50 (42.4%) were male. Among those reporting active symptoms, the most common symptoms during the first week since symptom onset included weakness/fatigue (67.3%), cough (58.0%), headache (43.8%), and sore throat (34.8%). Participants returned to their usual health a median of 20 days (IQR, 13 to 38) from the symptom onset, and only 65.5% of respondents were at their usual health during the fourth week of illness. Over 28 days, 10.9% presented to the emergency department and 7.6% required hospitalization. Individuals at the same duration of illness had a 6.1 times increased adjusted odds of subsequent hospitalization per every percent decrease in home SaO2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41 to 31.23, p=0.02). Limitations Severity and duration of illness may differ in a younger population. Conclusion Symptoms often persisted but uncommonly progressed to hospitalization. Home SaO2 might be an important adjunctive tool to identify progression of COVID-19. Registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT number: NCT04496466 Funding Source The Sherrilyn and Ken Fisher Center for Environmental Infectious Diseases Discovery Program and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Extrusion bioprinting: Recent progress, challenges, and future opportunities

Abstract Extrusion-based bioprinting involves extrusion of bioinks through nozzles to create three-dimensional structures. The bioink contains living organisms with biological relevance for emerging applications such as tissue scaffolds, organs-on-a-chip, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery systems. Bioinks, which are mixtures of biomaterials and living cells, influence the quality of printed constructs through their physical, mechanical, biological, and rheological behavior. Printability is a property of a bioink used to describe its ability to create well-defined structures. Amongst all contributing factors, rheological properties and printing parameters are primary factors that influence the quality of bioprinted constructs. With the increasing popularity of extrusion bioprinting, different approaches for controlling these properties and parameters have emerged. This review highlights the role of rheology and process parameters in extrusion bioprinting and discusses qualitative and quantitative methods proposed to measure and define the printability of bioinks. Finally, an overview of key challenges and future trends in extrusion bioprinting is provided.
College-Going in the Era of High Expectations: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in College Enrollment, 2006 to 2015:

Adolescents with high educational expectations are more likely to enroll in college. Although most adolescents today report high educational expectations, there remains important racial/ethnic hete...
Sustaining a Sense of Success: The Protective Role of Teacher Working Conditions during the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 shuttered schools across the United States, upending traditional approaches to education. We examine teachers’ experiences during emergency remote teaching in the spring of 2020 using resp...
The Neuroscience Perspective and the Changing Role of the Psychiatrist

The practice of psychiatry is undergoing rapid and radical changes because of health care reorganization and the advances in basic science. Therefore, psychiatric educators must confront the redefinition of the role of the psychiatrist in the health care system. The model of the psychiatrist who primarily provides office-based psychotherapy is outmoded. Rather, the psychiatrist must become a clinical expert in brain and behavioral sciences, with mastery over an expanding array of diagnostic techniques and responsibility for directing integrated multidisciplinary treatment and rehabilitative services. To ensure this expertise, students must receive a firm grounding in neuroscience, molecular genetics, and brain imaging in addition to the traditional curriculum.