cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Immunity and cognition: what do age-related dementia, HIV-dementia and 'chemo-brain' have in common?

Until recently, dogma dictated that the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) live mostly separate, parallel lives, and any interactions between the two were assumed to be limited to extreme cases of pathological insult. It was only a decade ago that T cells in the injured brain were shown to play a protective rather than a destructive role. In this article, we explore the role of the immune system in the healthy brain, focusing on the key function that T lymphocytes have in the regulation of cognition. We discuss candidate mechanisms underlying T cell–mediated control of cognitive function in human cognitive diseases associated with immune decline, such as age- and HIV-related dementias, ‘chemo-brain' and others.
Towards modeling & analysis of consolidated CMP servers

As virtualization becomes ubiquitous in data centers, it becomes imperative that the definition of future multi-core platform architectures take into account the performance behavior and requirements of consolidated servers. However, performance analysis of commercial servers has traditionally been focused on individual parallel benchmarks running in dedicated mode. In this paper, we present an approach to developing a performance model for virtualized CMP servers potentially running heterogeneous workloads simultaneously. We show that a consolidation performance model can be developed by decomposing the problem into three constituent parts: (a) core interference due to consolidation, (b) cache interference due to consolidation and (c) virtualization overheads. Having laid out the consolidation framework, we then perform an initial case study with a new consolidation benchmark (vConsolidate). We present vConsolidate measurement characteristics on a Core 2 Duo-based server platform and then apply the performance model in order to predict the performance slowdown of each workload due to consolidation. We show that the model constructed is capable of achieving sufficient accuracy and discuss how to improve the accuracy in the future. Last but not least, we describe the extensions required to develop a complete generalized consolidation performance model.
Dietary vitamin B6 effects on the distribution of intestinal mucosal and microbial β-glucosidase activities toward pyridoxine-5′-β-d-glucoside in the guinea pig☆☆☆

Abstract Guinea pigs utilize dietary pyridoxine-5′-β- d -glucoside (PN-glucoside) as a source of vitamin B6 more extensively than other species studied to date, including rats, mice, hamsters, and humans. In this study, we evaluated the sources of β-glucosidase activity involved in the hydrolysis and utilization of dietary PN-glucoside and the potential influence of vitamin B6 nutritional status. Male guinea pigs (∼400 g, 3 to 6/diet group) were fed a sucrose/casein based diet containing 0, 1, or 3 mg/kg pyridoxine (as pyridoxine · HCl) for 4 wk. Animals fed diets containing the two lower concentrations of pyridoxine exhibited loss of body weight, although plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate did not vary as a function of dietary pyridoxine concentration. However, significant differences in plasma and muscle taurine and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity among diets indicated functional differences in vitamin B6 status. β-glucosidase activity (pmol/hr/mg protein), as measured using [3H] pyridoxine-glucoside as the substrate, was higher in lumenal contents than mucosal cytosol. Specific activity in mucosal cytosol was significantly higher in animals fed diets containing 0 mg/kg pyridoxine than either 1 or 3 mg/kg. In contrast, the specific β-glucosidase activity of lumenal contents was significantly lower in guinea pigs fed 0 mg/kg pyridoxine versus 1 or 3 mg/kg pyridoxine diets. Although the absolute quantity of the mammalian and microbial enzyme available for in vivo small intestinal hydrolysis of dietary pyridoxine-glucoside cannot be directly determined, these data indicate that both mucosal and microbial β-glucosidase activities may contribute to the intestinal hydrolysis of pyridoxine-glucoside, and that the distribution of these activities is influenced by the concentration of dietary vitamin B6.
Cell cycle control and immunosuppression in organ transplantation.

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM of the recipient is activated after organ transplantation. The principal immune cells involved in this activation are the T lymphocytes. Therefore, the current strategy for immunosuppression in organ transplantation is based on the inhibition of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and T-cell activation. Cyclosporine and tacrolimus, two main immunosuppressive drugs, in addition to their inhibition of IL-2 also induce the expression of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b), one of the most potent immunosuppressive cytokines. The antiproliferative effects of TGF-b are believed to be via induction of the cell cyclin inhibitor p21. The activation of cyclin dependent kinases (CdKs) have been shown during T-cell activation, and we have previously demonstrated that cyclosporine induces p21 via the induction of TGF-b. We have also demonstrated that both in vitro and in vivo p21 transgenesis result in the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation and increased susceptibility to cyclosporine. The main theme of this study is demonstrated in Fig 1. MATERIAL AND METHODS
A Composite Framework for Behavioral Compliance with Information Security Policies

To combat potential security threats, organizations rely upon information security policies to guide employee actions. Unfortunately, employee violations of such policies are common and costly enough that users are often considered the weakest link in information security. This paper presents a composite theoretical framework for understanding employee behavioral compliance with organizational information security policies. Building off of the theory of planned benefits, a composite model is presented that incorporates the strengths of previous studies while minimizing theoretical gaps present in other behavioral compliance models. In building the framework, related operational constructs are examined and normalized to allow better comparison of past studies and help focus future research efforts.
DNA sequence of the ribosomal protein genes rp12 and rps19 from a plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organism

A segment of a ribosomal protein operon from a plant-pathogenic mycoplasma-like organism (MLO) was cloned and sequenced, to provide supplemental molecular data pertinent to the question of MLO phylogeny. Comparisons of the deduced amino acid sequences indicate an ancient divergence of the MLOs from the animal-pathogenic mycoplasmas. Furthermore, although both the plant and animal pathogens have A-T rich genomes, a fundamental difference was apparent in their usage of the UGA codon.
Nitrogen valence electronic structure in the strong chemisorption limit: Molecular adsorption on Cr(110) and O/Cr(110)

Nitrogen adsorption and dissociation on clean and oxygen-dosed Cr(110) surfaces have been studied with angle-integrated synchrotron-radiation ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and work-function measurements. At 90 K, nitrogen adsorbs molecularly via a mobile precursor state and exhibits UPS valence-orbital peaks at binding energies of 12.7 (weak), 8.4, and 7.1 eV with respect to the Fermi level; these positions and separations suggest an unusual ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$(ads) valence electronic structure similar to that of ``\ensuremath{\pi}-bonded'' ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ on Fe(111). Thermal dissociation of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$(ads) commences at 100 K but remains incomplete until \ensuremath{\sim}265 K. Chemisorbed ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ increases the work function \ensuremath{\Phi} by 0.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 eV, whereas annealing the adlayer to 300 K subsequently reduces \ensuremath{\Phi} by 0.7 eV due to dissociation. At 300 K, only dissociative chemisorption is observed but with a reduced sticking probability and a lower saturation coverage compared with thermally dissociating a molecular adlayer. A surface-sensitive Cr valence-band feature is identified which (i) shifts to increasing binding energy with ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ adsorption, but (ii) exhibits different coverage-dependent behavior for isoelectronic ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$(ads) and CO(ads). Low coverages of chemisorbed oxygen do not inhibit ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ adsorption but co-adsorption effects are observed when a ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$(ads) saturated surface is exposed to large oxygen doses. Consideration of these results in comparison with other nitrogen chemisorption studies shows that the bonding of nitrogen to Cr(110) is not well described by the usual \ensuremath{\sigma}-donation and \ensuremath{\pi}-backbonding concepts. A bonding geometry with both nitrogen atoms coordinated to chromium atoms is proposed in spite of the absence of surface hollow sites usually invoked to account for such a species.
The effect of atrial fibrillation and the ventricular rate control on exercise capacity.

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia, affecting approximately 1.5 million patients in the United States. Hypothesis: This study was designed to determine the effect of AF and the ventricular rate control during AF on cardiovascular performance as measured by exercise endurance on a standard Bruce protocol. Methods: Sixty-three patients with AF who underwent exercise stress testing during both sinus rhythm and AF were analyzed. Heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate acceleration, exercise duration, and left ventricular (LV) systolic function were measured. Results: Atrial fibrillation resulted in a small but statistically significant decrease in exercise endurance (426 ± 180 vs. 402 ± 168 s, p < 0.05). The drop in exercise tolerance was consistent regardless of the underlying heart condition or adequate ventricular rate control during AF. Heart rate in AF was consistently faster than in sinus rhythm, at rest, and at peak exercise (63 vs. 79 beats/min and 125 vs. 149 beats/min, respectively, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Our analyses indicated that (1) the loss of atrioventricular synchrony had minimal effect on cardiovascular performance in patients with preserved LV function, (2) the decrease in cardiovascular performance was related to loss of atrioventricular synchrony but not to underlying heart disease or ventricular rate control, and (3) compensation for the loss of the atrial contribution was provided by consistently faster heart rate during AF.
The Dual Role of Implantable Loop Recorder in Patients with Potentially Arrhythmic Symptoms: A Retrospective Single‐Center Study

Background: Unexplained and potentially arrhythmic symptoms often lead to electrophysiology referral for evaluation. Implantable loop recorder (ILR) correlation of the symptom to the rhythm can secure a definitive arrhythmic diagnosis after a standard, yet nondiagnostic workup. Methods: This large single-center retrospective study sought to assess the role of ILR in the evaluation of potentially arrhythmic symptoms, both in terms of diagnosis of an arrhythmia as well as to rule out an arrhythmic cause. Clinical data, indications for ILR, interrogation reports, and further management strategies were collected in all 86 patients who received ILR from June 1999 to April 2008 at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. The indications for ILR were unexplained syncope (76%), palpitations (14%), and presyncope or dizziness (10%). Results: During a mean follow-up period of 10 ± 7 months, 53 patients (62%) had recurrent symptoms after ILR placement with the mean time to recurrence of 12 ± 17 weeks. Of these, an arrhythmic diagnosis was established in 12 patients (14%). Forty-one patients (48%) did not have any arrhythmia during their symptoms. These patients were discharged from the electrophysiology clinic. Thirty-three patients (38%) did not have any symptoms following ILR placement. Out of these, device was explanted in 10 patients, while the rest are still being followed. Conclusions: In patients with potentially arrhythmic symptoms, ILR plays an important role not only in diagnosing an arrhythmia, but also to rule out an arrhythmic cause.
Local administration of activin promotes fracture healing in the rat fibula fracture model.

Abstract Osteogenic activities of activin, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, have been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies. The present study investigates the effects of topical application of activin on fracture healing using rat fibula fracture models. Activin (0.4–10 μg/day) was injected locally to the fracture once a day for 2 weeks. Activin promoted callus formation in a dose-dependent manner and both callus volume and callus weight were significantly increased with doses of 2–10 μg/day activin. Also, 3 weeks of activin treatment increased the mechanical strength of the healing bone in addition to the callus mass. Histological study 2 weeks after the fracture revealed that activin promoted endochondral bone formation. Immunohistochemical examination of the fractured tibia revealed that activin was localized to osteoblasts and chondrocytes in the region ossified both endochondrally and intramembranously. These findings suggest that activin expressed during fracture healing promotes the healing process through an autocrine/paracrine mode of action.
Streamlined procedure for the production of normal and altered versions of recombinant human proinsulin.

A method for the simplified, reproducible production of both normal and altered versions of human proinsulin has been developed. A polyhistidine/proinsulin fusion protein was expressed using a prokaryotic expression system and partially purified by affinity chromatography. Disulfide bonds within the polypeptide were formed prior to removal of the affinity tag. The proinsulin cleaved from the fusion protein was then subjected to a final purification step of semipreparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Integrity of both the normal and mutant proinsulins was confirmed by peptide mapping and mass spectrometry. The different versions of proinsulin will be used to map those residues of the substrate used in cleavage site recognition by members of the furin/PC family of converting enzymes.
Fabrication and Utilization of a High-power Microwave Supply for Electrodeless Discharge Lamps and Other Spectrochemical Emission Sources

A study of the factors influencing the performance of a microwave-induced discharge shows that the analytical utility generally increases as the applied microwave power is increased. The fabrication of an easily used high-power system (500 W) is described; the system is used to excite electrodeless discharge lamps of relatively high-boiling species, multielement lamps, and an atmospheric-pressure flowing plasma. The system has been used to study vaporization phenomena in a cadmium electrodeless discharge lamp. The ground-state atom population, as measured by absorption, appears to be directly related to the thermal (wall) temperature.
Ordered arrays of hollow carbon nanospheres and nanotubules from polyacrylonitrile grafted on ordered mesoporous silicas using atom transfer radical polymerization

Abstract Ordered arrays of hollow carbon nanospheres and nanotubules were synthesized using polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a carbon precursor and ordered mesoporous silicas with spherical pores (large-pore FDU-12) and cylindrical pores (ultra-large-pore SBA-15) as templates. PAN was grafted on the surface of the silica template using surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The pore size of the silica template was selected to be sufficiently large (20–30 nm) to ensure the stability of the carbon layer formed through the carbonization of PAN. In addition, the large mesopore size promoted the formation of hollow carbon structures even if the mesopores were nearly completely filled with the surface-grafted PAN. The carbon nanostructures isolated after the dissolution of the silica templates were found to be composed of hollow spherical or tubular structural units arranged in periodic arrays reflecting the structural symmetry of the template. The carbons exhibited high specific surface areas and bimodal mesopore size distributions related to the presence of pores within the structural units and between them. Our results suggest the applicability of the surface-initiated ATRP in the synthesis of ordered mesoporous carbons with hollow frameworks. They also provide a direct evidence of the uniformity of the polymer layers that can be grafted in nanopores using surface-initiated ATRP.
Two mutations which confer temperature-sensitive radiation sensitivity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract X-ray survival curves for two mutations, rad54 and rad55 , in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. These mutations confer temperature sensitive X-ray sensitivity; that is, rad55 and rad55 strains display a wild type X-ray survival response at permissive temperatures and a radiosensitive X-ray survival response at restrictive temperatures. The survival response of cells which were shifted from a permissive to a restrictive temperature or vice versa at various post-irradiation times indicates that repair and fixation of X-ray induced lesions is largely complete three hours after X-irradiation. Experiments to determine the utilization sequence of the rad55 and rad55 gene products in the repair of X-ray induced damage suggest that the two products are required in an interdependent manner.
Integro-differential equations for the characteristic functional that are generated by a system of random integral equations

We consider a boundary value problem for a special system of integro-differential equations with variational derivatives. We establish the relationship between this problem and a system of integral equations with a power-law nonlinearity whose kernels and right-hand sides are random functions. We study the solvability of the boundary value problem. Special cases and examples are considered.
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies of Possible Sperm Gland Emptying Mechanisms

Abstract IT HAS recently been established that the uterovaginal sperm glands, originally termed vaginal glands by Giersberg (1922), are the primary oviducal storage sites for spermatozoa (Bobr, 1962; Bobr et al., 1964a) and that the spermatozoa are normally released from these glands near the time of oviposition of ovulation (Bobr et al., 1964b; Van Krey, 1964). Following their discharge from the uterovaginal glands, the spermatozoa are carried passively to the anterior oviduct where they may fertilize the next released ovum, or, alternatively they may enter the infundibular sperm glands (Fujii and Tamura, 1963; Takeda, 1964); this point has never been definitely established (Bobr et al., 1964a; Verma and Cherms, 1964). Grigg (1957) reported that spermatozoa were released from the infundibular sperm glands following the passage of an artificial ovum through the anterior oviduct. He suggested that the resultant pressures associated with stretching of the oviduct precipitated the spermatozoal discharge. Such a …
Respiratory effects of mixed nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide in human volunteers under simulated ambient exposure conditions

Abstract Normal and asthmatic volunteers (N = 24 and 19, respectively) were exposed to mixed nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in purified background air in an environmental chamber under conditions simulating an ambient pollution episode. The NO2 concentration was 0.5 ppm; the SO2 concentration was 0.5 ppm for normals and 0.3 ppm for asthmatics. Exposures lasted 2 hr and included intermittent exercise and heat stress. Control studies consisted of similar exposures to purified air alone. The mixed pollutant gases may have reacted chemically in the exposure chamber, but no appreciable amounts of sulfate or nitrate aerosol were detected there. Group mean lung function changes during exposure generally were not significantly different from control for normals or for asthmatics. Symptoms reported by the normal group showed a small significant overall increase during pollutant exposure and later the same day relative to the corresponding control periods; the asthmatics showed a small significant increase later in the day but not during exposure. The increased symptom reporting showed little consistency from subject to subject: there were small increases for most individual symptom categories evaluated, none of them statistically significant. The results are not sufficient to establish whether this slight and nonspecific clinical response should be attributed to the pollutant mixture or to some other aspect of the exposure protocol.
NF-κB activation contributes to indoleamine dioxygenase transcriptional synergy induced by IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α

Interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that inhibits some pathogens by limiting tryptophan availability, is transcriptionally enhanced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. The expression of interferon responsive factor (IRF)-1, an IFN-gamma-induced transcriptional activator critical to IDO regulation, is also enhanced synergistically in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. The IRF-1 regulatory region contains an IFN-gamma-activated sequence (GAS) and a kappaB site, which bind STAT-1 and NF-kappaB, respectively. The TNF-alpha-mediated increase in STAT-1 activation in IFN-gamma-treated cells enhances IRF-1 transcription; however, the contribution of TNF-alpha-mediated increases in nuclear NF-kappaB is uncertain. To identify whether binding of NF-kappaB upstream of the IRF-1 gene is rate-limiting in IRF-1 expression in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, a proteasome inhibitor was utilized to maintain nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB at constitutive levels; its effect on IRF-1 expression and IDO-specific transcription was evaluated. By limiting NF-kappaB nuclear translocation, IRF-1 expression in IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha treated cells was maintained at a level comparable to that achieved in response to IFN-gamma alone, and the synergistic increase IDO transcription was blocked, suggesting that increases in NF-kappaB translocation are required for synergistic IDO expression in response to IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha.
Pollen dispersal and intensity as criteria for the minimum viable population and species reserves

In small populations the lack of mating individuals may cause a reduction in reproductive potential which can restrict population expansion or cause further population declines. This is especially true in outcrossing monoecious and self-incompatible dioecious plant species. Principles of pollen dispersal suggest that many small to medium size population reserves of round shape will maximize the pollen interaction within and between island reserves. Diverse and low-density ecosystems require more total area in reserves than low-diversity and high-density ecosystems.
The sophistication of ceramic science through silicon nitride studies

The historical understanding of polyphase silicon nitride, abbreviated throughout as SiN, has been a multidisciplinary effort that contributed to the sophistication of Ceramic Science over the last 50 years. This understanding and the development of SiN leading to significantly improved properties has been linked by uncovering relations between phase equilibrium, processing science, microstructural development and properties. The understanding of how to represent phase relations between Si 3 N 4 , other phases, eutectics and other important constituents in different Si-N-O-M systems was pioneered by Gunter Petzow, his students, post-docs and co-workers at the Max-Planck-Institut fur Metallforschung in Stuttgart. It will be seen that this representation was one key to unlock the understanding of SiN properties as related to composition and its development into one of the modern ceramics of today. Major events and discoveries concerning these silicon nitride materials will be reviewed with reference major contributors to its science and technology.
Reeves Kingpin: a high-yielding mid-season potato variety suitable for fry processing

Reeves Kingpin is a mid-season processing potato variety developed and selected at the University of Maine’s Aroostook Research Farm in Presque Isle, Maine. Its main attribute is its high-yielding potential, giving an average yield of 47 mt/ha. Reeves Kingpin is suitable for processing into french fries due to its large tubers, high specific gravity, and acceptable fry color. The average specific gravity of Reeves Kingpin is 1.085 which is comparable or better than ‘Russet Burbank’ and ‘Shepody’. Reeves Kingpin has received good baking scores, which may qualify it for fresh market; however, its tuber appearance generally does not meet fresh market standard. The tubers have netted to lightly russeted skin and are long and blocky in shape. The tubers rarely exhibit the pointed and knobby characteristics of Russet Burbank. The incidence of misshapen tubers, sunburn, and growth cracks can be high under some conditions; however, hollow heart, internal heat necrosis, and vascular discoloration are not usually a problem. Tubers of Reeves Kingpin are relatively tolerant to shatter and black spot bruise. The plants of Reeves Kingpin are relatively taller, with greener leaves, more flowers, and moderate to heavy fruit set compared to Russet Burbank. The late-season vigor of Reeves Kingpin is an advantage compared to Shepody, but its haulms can be hard to kill prior to harvest, particularly if over-fertilized. Reeves Kingpin is resistant to tuber net necrosis and moderately resistant to verticillium wilt and early blight. However, it is susceptible to golden cyst nematode, late blight, bacterial ring rot, and corky ring spot virus and moderately susceptible to common scab.
Heterogeneity of bladder myocytes in vitro: modulation of myosin isoform expression.

Abstract We studied the expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms differing at the N-terminal (SM-A, SM-B) and the C-terminal (SM1, SM2) regions and non-muscle myosin heavy chain II-A and II-B (NMMHC II-A and B) in newborn and adult rabbit bladder smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and in cultures of enzymatically dissociated neonatal detrusor. RT-PCR analyses revealed that 94.5 ± 3.27% of MHC transcripts of the adult bladder SMCs contained the 21-nucleotide insert (SM-B) compared with 83.8 ± 3.2% in the newborn bladder, with the remainder of the mRNA being non-inserted (SM-A). In 3, 7, and 10 days of primary culture (proliferating, confluent, and post-confluent, respectively) and up to 4 subculture passages, bladder myocytes expressed predominantly SM-A. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed heterogeneity in cultured myocytes, i.e. SM-B positive cells coexisting with negatively stained cells. In adult bladder, the C-terminal isoforms SM1 and SM2 represented, 43.1 ± 4.3% and 56.89 ± 4.3% of the mRNA, respectively, while newborn bladders expressed 72.5 ± 7% SM1 and 27.5 ± 7% SM2. Upon culturing, cells predominantly expressed SM1 at both the mRNA and protein levels. NMMHC II-A was expressed by both adult and newborn bladders and in culture, whereas NMMHC II-B was expressed at low levels only in newborn bladders, but upregulated in culture. These data indicate that bladder myocytes in vitro undergo modulation with relative overexpression of SM-A and SM1 and upregulation of NMMHC II-B. Information on the mechanisms responsible for this modulation in vitro might provide an understanding of the nature of altered myosin isoform expression associated with smooth muscle dysfunction in certain bladder diseases.
Production of singlet oxygen-derived hydroxyl radical adducts during merocyanine-540-mediated photosensitization: analysis by ESR-spin trapping and HPLC with electrochemical detection.

Activated oxygen species produced during merocyanine 540 (MC540)-mediated photosensitization have been examined by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin trapping and by trapping reactive intermediates with salicylic acid using HPLC with electrochemical detection (HPLC-EC) for product analysis. Visible light irradiation of MC540 associated with dilauroylphosphatidylcholine liposomes in the presence of the spin trap, 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) gave an ESR spectrum characteristic of the DMPO-hydroxyl radical spin adduct (DMPO/.OH). Addition of ethanol or methanol produced additional hyperfine splittings due to the respective hydroxyalkyl radical adducts, indicating the presence of free.OH.DMPO/.OH formation was not significantly inhibited by Desferal, catalase, or superoxide dismutase (SOD). Production of DMPO/.OH was strongly inhibited by azide and enhanced in samples prepared with deuterated phosphate buffer (PB-D2O), suggesting that singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) was an important intermediate. When MC540-treated liposomes were irradiated in the presence of salicylic acid (SA), HPLC-EC analysis indicated almost exclusive formation of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), with production of very little 2,3-DHBA, in contrast to .OH generated by uv photolysis of H2O2, which gave nearly equimolar amounts of the two products. 2,5-DHBA production was enhanced in PB-D2O and inhibited by azide, again consistent with 1O2 intermediacy. 2,5-DHBA formation was significantly reduced in samples saturated with N2 or argon, and such samples showed no D2O enhancement. Ethanol had no effect on 2,5-DHBA production, even when present in large excess. Catalase and SOD also had no effect, and only a small inhibition was observed with Desferal. DMPO inhibited 2,5-DHBA production in a concentration-dependent fashion and enhanced formation of 2,3-DHBA. We propose that 1O2 reacts with DMPO to give an intermediate which decays to form DMPO/.OH and free.OH, and that the reaction between 1O2 and SA preferentially forms the 2,5-DHBA isomer. This latter process may provide the basis for a sensitive analytical method to detect 1O2 intermediacy. Singlet oxygen appears to be the principle activated oxygen species produced during MC540-mediated photosensitization.
Radiative characteristics of absorbing, emitting, and scattering media on opaque substrata.

Radiative transfer theory used to determine radiative flux in absorbing, emitting and scattering dielectric layer on opaque substrate
Isolated iodine images using spatial‐frequency encoding

A system has been implemented for imaging subtle amounts of iodine. Using a grating,information is encoded representing the transmission on either side of the iodine K edge. The information is decoded by filtering and processing the signal on a drum scanner. Experimental results are shown using a thyroid phantom and a rat. This system can be used in a number of studies including hepatography, the radiographicvisualization of the liver.
Introduction to Radio Astronomy

A general description of the nature of radio astronomy, its differences from optical astronomy, a review of the earliest beginnings of galactic and solar radio astronomy, and a listing of other important observational discoveries is given. A nearly complete bibliography of these early publications and of the principal review books and papers on Radio Astronomy is given. Some practical aspects and instrumental developments of possible interest to radio engineers are pointed out. The papers in this issue of the PROCEEDINGS on Radio Astronomy are discussed generally and individually. A brief description of some new results on solar-burst spectra obtained at the Radio Astronomy Observatory at the University of Michigan is presented.
Tissue Oxygen Available as a Criterion for the Effectiveness of Continuous Positive Pressure Breathing

As little as 3-5 cm H2O increase in proximal airway pressure applied to normal lung reduces cardiac output. It is postulated that decreased pulmonary compliance in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) acts as a barrier thus offsetting this effect. Since cardiac output is not routinely measured, severe reduction in it could accompany regression of disease while maintaining the same airway pressure. This study was undertaken to determine whether tissue oxygen available (O2a) could be used to detect changes in perfusion during continuous positive pressure breating (CPPB). CPPB was evaluated in 10 normal rabbits (CL = 9.5 +/- 1.8 cc/g at 25 cm H2O) and in 10 pulmonary-damaged rabbits (CL = 5.5 +/- 1.4 cc/g at 25 cm H2O) produced by subjecting them to 100% O2. Airway pressure was increased from 0-15 cm H2O in 3 cm H2O increments at 10-min intervals. O2a and PaO2 were monitored continuously. In the normal group, O2a decreased at 3 cm H2O airway pressure, reaching 22% of control at 12 cm H2O, at which pressure PaO2 decreased. Breathing 100% O2 at this airway pressure increased PaO2 to 408 mm Hg, whereas O2a returned to 45% of control. In the experimental group, O2a decreased at 9 cm H2O airway pressure, at 12 cm H2O it was 36% of control at which pressure PaO2 decreased slightly. Breathing 100% O2 at this airway pressure increased PaO2 to 316 mm Hg, and increased O2a to 200% of control. These data indicate that with excessive airway pressure, muscle hypoxia may exist during systemic hyperoxemia and that a low compliance lung exerts a protective effect on O2a. Since changes in cardiac output during CPPB are compliance dependent, and since O2a is perfusion dependent, tissue oxygen available could provide a means of selecting optimal airway pressure during CPPB.
Too LeJIT to Quit: Extending JIT Spraying to ARM

In the face of widespread DEP and ASLR deploy- ment, JIT spraying brings together the best of code injection and code reuse attacks to defeat both defenses. However, to date, JIT spraying has been an x86-only attack thanks to its reliance on variable-length, unaligned instructions. In this paper, we finally extend JIT spraying to a RISC architecture by introducing a novel technique called gadget chaining, whereby high level code invokes short sequences of unintended and intended instructions called gadgets just like a function call. We demonstrate gadget chaining in an end-to-end JIT spraying attack against WebKit's JavaScriptCore JS engine on ARM and found that existing JIT spray mitigations that were sufficient against the x86 version of the JIT spraying attack fall short in the face of gadget chaining. I. INTRODUCTION It is no secret that programs are replete with bugs. Some of these bugs allow an attacker to subvert control of the program counter and divert execution away from its intended path; these are called control flow vulnerabilities. Unfortunately for a would-be attacker, a control flow vulnerability is not enough to execute arbitrary code on a remote machine. Defense mechanisms such as DEP and ASLR prevent attackers from writing code into a process's address space and decrease the likelihood that triggering a control flow vulnerability will cause an attacker's target code to execute. JIT spraying is an attack which defeats both DEP and ASLR by enabling an attacker to predictably influence large swaths of the victim process's executable memory. The attack exploits Just-in-Time compilers built into many recent lan- guage runtimes for the purpose of speeding up the performance of frequently-executed code, but it has only been demonstrated for the x86 architecture. More and more handheld devices, which are predominantly powered by ARM processors, are connecting to the Internet and running web browsers, making themselves candidates for remote exploitation. Since most modern web browsers implement a JavaScript runtime environ- ment with a fully-functioning JIT compiler, JIT spraying is a fantastic vector for attacking a browser. However, JIT spraying has historically been limited to the x86 architecture. In this paper, we challenge this trend and show that JIT spraying is indeed a viable attack against ARM.
Symmetry considerations for materials of second grade

The symmetry group associated with a material point of second grade is characterized, thereby eludicating the interplay between first-and second-order strain measures in determining its response to deformation.
Theoretical study of the electronic states of Zr5

Abstract Geometries and energy separations of low-lying electronic states of Zr5 with difference structures have been investigated by complete active space multi-configuration self-consistent field method followed by large-scale multi-reference singles + doubles configuration interaction computations that included up to 3 million configurations. Three nearly degenerate electronic states, namely 3A2 (C2v) with a distorted tetragonal pyramid structure and 1A′ and 5A′ (Cs) with distorted edge capped tetrahedral geometries were found as the candidates for the ground state of Zr5. The atomization and dissociation energies have been calculated and compared with smaller clusters.
What is A Network? (And Who is Andrew Lang?)

This essay traces the strikingly prolific career of Andrew Lang and places that career in the context of the shifting late-Victorian literary field, which Lang served importantly to shape. The essay introduces Lang’s milieu and re-orients readers to a literary personality who, while known, is only rarely studied in his own right—a detail of reception history the essay explains with recourse to the relational sociology of Pierre Bourdieu and Bruno Latour. Restoring Lang’s “network effect” through historical analysis helps raise a number of conceptual questions, each of which is pursued in the essays of this special issue: such questions include the nature of textual interpretation, the changing outlines of disciplines, the philosophy of historical method, and conceptions of authorship and collaboration in the modern cultural marketplace. Placing Lang back in his proper spot at the center of the late-Victorian networks he helped convene (1) helps historicize our understanding of the modern “field of cultural production” (Bourdieu’s term) in an expanded, protodisciplinary sense and (2) discloses new genealogies of literary and theoretical history. These new genealogies in turn cast altered light on the methodological presuppositions we draw upon to evaluate Lang and his network here. “Theoretical historicism” is the term used to describe approaches that trace such feedback loops between the historical object analyzed and the modern method used to analyze them.
Influence of post-inoculum air temperature maxima on survival ofPhytophthora infestans in potato leaves

Five cultures ofP. infestans, growing in potato leaves, were subjected to air temperatures of 105° F. 22 hours; 106° F. 21, 22 and 27 hours; 108° F. 43 hours; 109° F. 45 hours; 110° F. 24 hours and 115° F. 47 hours after inoculation.
The Clinical Management of Short Bowel Syndrome: Steps to Avoid Parenteral Nutrition

Short bowel syndrome may result from congenital abnormalities including jejunal or ileal atresia, or may be acquired as in cases of massive resection due to mesenteric venous thrombosis or arterial embolism, trauma, small bowel obstruction, volvulus, necrotizing enterocolitis, inflammatory bowel disease with multiple resections, carcinoma, or radiation enteritis. There are as many as 20 000-40 000 patients that receive long-term parenteral nutrition in the United States.’ Of these, perhaps 7,000-8,000 have short bowel syndrome.
Probing Peptide Material Interactions At The Single Molecule Level

Optical tweezers are well suited to probe the characteristics of molecular scale interactions at the interface between biology and materials. The high resolution force and position measurements can offer unique insights into the mechanism and kinetics of adhesion between short peptide sequences, aptamers, and a variety of material surfaces used in microfluidics, medicine, and semiconductor technologies. We have developed a flexible assay to characterize the binding distribution and off-rate for a collection of peptides. The peptide sequences of interest are attached to a polystyrene bead via a 3500 bp DNA spacer using a cysteine on the peptide and a primary amine on the DNA. The modularity of the assay allows any peptide sequence containing a N-terminal cysteine to be linked to the DNA and evaluated. Casein and on certain surfaces, the DNA, act as blocking molecules to reduce non-specific adhesion. Two previously elucidated peptide sequences selected for sapphire affinity were examined and exhibited dissimilar binding distributions, mean adhesion force, and rate constants. To explore the broad applicability of the assay, the adhesion of a universal binder on slide glass was inspected.
Correlation analysis of particle clusters on integrated circuit wafers

L'agglomeration des defauts entraine des correlations entre les nombres de defauts ou de fautes des pastilles des circuits integres contigues sur les plaques de semiconducteur. Jusqu'ici on pensait que ce type de correlations ne figuraient pas dans les modeles du rendement. Or, ces correlations sont presentes dans les modeles du rendement reposant sur les statistiques de Poisson mixtes ou composees. Une analyse par carre des distributions de particules sur les plaques de semiconducteur permet de comparer les donnees et la theorie. Les resultats montrent que les coefficients de correlation theoriques sont en accord avec leurs valeurs experimentales. On determine aussi a partir des donnees comment les coefficients de correlation varient quand la distance des carres augmente. Cette variation est une methode commode de determination des dimensions des amas
Predictive supersymmetry from criticality

Abstract Motivated by the absence of any direct signal of new physics so far, we present a simple supersymmetric model in which the up-type Higgs mass-squared parameter m H u 2 crosses zero at a scale close to the weak scale. Such a theory may be motivated either by the conventional naturalness picture or by the landscape picture with certain assumptions on prior probability distributions of parameters. The model arises from a simple higher dimensional setup in which the gauge and Higgs fields propagate in the bulk while the matter fields are on a brane. The soft supersymmetry breaking parameters receive contributions from both moduli and anomaly mediations, and their weak scale values can be analytically solved for in terms of a single overall mass scale M. The expected size for M depends on whether one adopts the naturalness or landscape pictures, allowing for the possibility of distinguishing between these two cases. We also present possible variations of the model, and discuss more general implications of the landscape picture in this context.
Solar-Cell Interconnect Design for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules

Useful solar cell interconnect reliability design and life prediction algorithms are presented, together with experimental data indicating that the classical strain cycle (fatigue) curve for the interconnect material does not account for the statistical scatter that is required in reliability predictions. This shortcoming is presently addressed by fitting a functional form to experimental cumulative interconnect failure rate data, which thereby yields statistical fatigue curves enabling not only the prediction of cumulative interconnect failures during the design life of an array field, but also the quantitative interpretation of data from accelerated thermal cycling tests. Optimal interconnect cost reliability design algorithms are also derived which may allow the minimization of energy cost over the design life of the array field.
Environmental Press, Student Needs, and Academic Adjustment.

AbstractThis study was an investigation of the relationship of students’ perceptions of the high school environment and their personal needs to their academic adjustment. Randomly selected sophomores numbering 179 completed the High School Characteristics Index, Activities Index, and the Inventory of Academic Adjustment. An inter- correlational matrix revealed that students’ perceptions of the intellectual press of the school and their intellectual needs were significantly related to their academic adjustment. Their perceptions of the dependency press and emotional expression press; and their dependency and emotional expression needs were related to selected areas of academic adjustment.
Factitious heparin administration.

Excerpt Nonmedicinal use of oral anticoagulants was first reported in the medical literature within 6 years after the introduction of these agents into clinical medicine (1). In general, two types ...
Hormonal Control of Gene Expression During Reactivation of the Cell Cycle in Tobacco Mesophyll Protoplasts.

The roles of auxin and cytokinin in cell cycle reactivation were studied during the first 48 h of culture of mesophyll protoplasts of Nicotiana tabacum. Using hormone delay and withdrawal studies we found that auxin was required by 0–4 h of culture, whereas cytokinin was not required until hour 10–12, which is 6–10 h before S phase. Cycloheximide blocks division, indicating that protein synthesis is required. In an effort to detect a molecular response to either hormone, we examined the expression of the cell cycle marker, cdc2. Cdc2 expression was detected by 12 h of culture, coincident with the timing of the cytokinin requirement and well before the entry into S. However, cdc2 was partially induced by either auxin or cytokinin alone, suggesting that cdc2 expression is not the primary target of either hormone. Our hormone delay experiments suggest that there are separate signal transduction pathways leading from auxin and from cytokinin to reactivation of the cell cycle and that these pathways converge before S. The underlying mechanisms for these distinct pathways remain to be elucidated.
Determination of nuclear magnetic moments by super-regenerative techniques

Abstract Electronic circuits oscillating under super-regenerative conditions have been used to observe nuclear magnetic resonances for twenty-three nuclear species. The circuits are described, and the nuclear g -factors and magnetic moments are given. The values for the nuclear magnetic moments have been determined in terms of the proton moment and are believed to be accurate to approximately one part in twenty thousand.
Energy Levels of Polarons in a Magnetic Field

A variational method closely related to the intermediate coupling method of Lee, Low, and Pines is used to calculate the ground-state energy and low-lying excited states of the Fr\"ohlich Hamiltonian with a uniform time-independent magnetic field. The energy is calculated in a power series in $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}$ to order ${(\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\omega}})}^{2}$, where ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}$ is the cyclotron resonance frequency of the electron in the absence of electron-phonon interaction and $\ensuremath{\omega}$ is the frequency of the longitudinal optical phonons. It is shown that in the presence of electron-phonon interaction the energy of the $n\mathrm{th}$ magnetic level is no longer proportional to $n$ and that the effective mass for motion along the direction of the magnetic field is a function of $n$. The calculated variational energies approach the weak field result expected from the calculation of Lee, Low, and Pines (LLP) when $\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\omega}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, and in the weak coupling limit the ground-state energy becomes exact to order ${(\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c}}{\ensuremath{\omega}})}^{2}$.