cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation of inorganic orthophosphate and adenine dinucleotide phosphate to the Crabtree effect in mitochondria isolated from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Abstract Mitochondria have been isolated from Ehrlich-Lettre ascites carcinoma cells which are capable of demonstrating glucose-induced inhibition of succinate oxidation. This inhibition usually amounts to 22% of the steady-state or control rate of respiration and can be released by 2,4-dinitrophenol or any of several mitochondrial swelling agents. The data presented suggest that this glucose-induced respiratory inhibition is due to the accumulation of adenine dinucleotide phosphate (ADP) uncomplemented by inorganic orthophosphate (Pi) at the respiratory chain. This ADP is a product of glucose phosphorylation by ATP during hexokinase activity, and may also account for the mitochondrial contraction known to be concurrent with the Crabtree effect. The transport of Pi to the areas of utilization in the cell is implicated as the limiting factor for both respiration and glycolysis under the conditions of the Crabtree effect. The marked deficiency of mitochondrial ATPase activity may be fundamental to the operation of the Crabtree effect, providing glycolysis with little or no competition for the ATP produced by respiration.
Hydrophilic-to-Hydrophobic Volume Ratios as Structural Determinant in Small-Length Scale Amphiphilic Crystalline Systems: Silver Salts of Phenylacetylene Nitriles with Pendant Oligo(ethylene Oxide) Chains

A series of 13 silver salts of phenylacetylene nitriles with pendant oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains have been crystallized, and their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray methods. All the organic molecules are amphiphilic in that they contain either a hydrophobic rigid linear or 3-fold planar phenylacetylene backbone to which are attached four to six rather plastic hydrophilic oligo(ethylene oxide) side chains. Six of the crystal structures have one-dimensional coordination networks based on Ag−N and Ag−O bonding, while the remainder are two-dimensional. Considering the hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions of these crystals as separate components of the crystal structure, five of the crystal structures contain parallel columns of hydrophobic moieties within a matrix of hydrophilic groups, four contain layers of hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions stacked one on top of the other, two have perforated lamellar structures and two are bicontinuous. Volume ratios of hydrophilic to hydroph...
A Qualitative Analysis of Turning Points in the Recovery Process

Recovery from serious psychiatric disabilities is a multidimensional, nonlinear process that consists, in part, of a transformation from illness-dominated identities to identities centered on empowerment and agency. This transformation may be punctuated by critical turning points. Analysis of these turning points may provide insight into the recovery process and how recovery can be initiated and advanced. In this qualitative study, in-depth personal interviews were conducted with 16 psychiatric survivors who were also providers of consumer-operated services. Participants were asked to discuss the critical turning points instrumental in their recovery processes. Analysis of these turning points using grounded theory revealed that participants played an active role with the help of supportive allies in initiating and sustaining their recoveries and that recovery consisted of a complex and ongoing struggle against multiple constraints to establish more positive identities. Implications of these results for m...
Chlordecone-induced potentiation of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: A morphometric and biochemical study☆

The present study, conducted over a time course of 36 hr after CCl4 administration, describes sequential morphometric and biochemical changes which occur in livers of rats exposed to a combination of low levels of chlordecone (10 ppm for 15 days) and a single ip injection of CCl4 (0.1 ml/kg). Those changes were compared to hepatic alterations which occur in rats that received the same dose of chlordecone or CCl4 alone. Biochemical studies showed only trivial increases in levels of glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT), glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT), and moderate but temporary increases in isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD) after CCl4 alone. The combination of chlordecone and CCl4 resulted in significantly greater elevations of all three serum enzymes at all time intervals examined. Morphometric data showed no difference between normal diet controls and animals exposed to chlordecone alone as far as numerical density of hepatocytes or volume densities of hepatocytes with glycogen, lipid, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), pyknosis, or mitoses. Morphometric analysis of livers from animals that received CCl4 alone showed decreases in numerical density, temporary decrease in percentage of hepatocytes containing glycogen, an increase in hepatocytes containing lipid, temporary increase in hepatocytes with dilated RER, and temporary increases in pyknotic nuclei. Soon after the initial hepatic injury was histologically evident between 4 and 6 hr, the number of mitoses increased dramatically and this progressed until complete recovery from CCl4 damage. From all indices of damage, complete recovery was evident by 36 hr after CCl4 administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Origins of Dioecy in the Hawaiian Flora

Because of its presumed high levels of dioecy (separate male and female plants), study of the native Hawaiian angiosperm flora has been important in development of many hypotheses about conditions favoring the evolution of dioecy. The importance of ecological correlates with dioecy has proven difficult to assess, however, because of lack of data on the origins of dioecy in the Hawaiian Islands. Clearly, these correlations are of greater interest in taxa where dioecy evolved in the Hawaiian Islands (autochthonous evolution of dioecy) than in taxa that are the result of dioecious colonists with subsequent speciation in the Hawaiian Islands. Because the Hawaiian flora is small and extremely isolated, colonists can be identified and their breeding systems hypothesized, thus allowing inferences on the origins of dioecy. Using current taxonomic information, the incidence of dioecy in native Hawaiian angiosperm species is 14.7%, lower than previous estimates, but still the highest of any known flora worldwide. Ten percent of the colonists were sexually dimorphic (dioecious, gynodioecious, polygamodioecious, and subdioecious), and over half (55.2%) of current dimorphic species are in lineages arising from dimorphic colonists, showing that dimorphism is high in part because colonists were dimorphic. Autochthonous evolution of dimorphism occurred in at least 12 lineages (e.g., hermaphroditic colonists of Bidens (Asteraceae), the Hawaiian Alsinoideae (Caryophyllaceae), and Hedyotis (Rubiaceae) led to species-rich lineages that include many dimorphic species). One-third (31.8%) of current dimorphic species are in lineages arising from monomorphic colonists. Dioecy in the Hawaiian Islands is a result of both dimorphic colonists as well as evolution of dioecy in Hawaiian lineages from hermaphroditic colonists. The high incidence of dimorphism is not because dimorphic colonists evolved more species per colonist than monomorphic colonists. Detailed studies of individual lineages are critical to elucidate causal factors in the evolution of dioecy.
Accounting for anatomical noise in SPECT with a visual-search human-model observer

Reliable human-model observers for clinically realistic detection studies are of considerable interest in medical imaging research, but current model observers require frequent revalidation with human data. A visual-search (VS) observer framework may improve reliability by better simulating realistic etection-localization tasks. Under this framework, model observers execute a holistic search to identify tumor-like candidates and then perform careful analysis of these candidates. With emission tomography, anatomical noise in the form of elevated uptake in neighboring tissue often complicates the task. Some scanning model observers simulate the human ability to read around such noise by presubtracting the mean normal background from the test image, but this backgroundknown- exactly (BKE) assumption has several drawbacks. The extent to which the VS observer can overcome these drawbacks was investigated by comparing it against humans and a scanning observer for detection of solitary pulmonary nodules in a simulated SPECT lung study. Our results indicate that the VS observer offers a robust alternative to the scanning observer for modeling humans.
Quantum phase slip in charge and spin density waves

Abstract The quantum phase slip proceeds either through the creation of a phase vortex pair or a phase vortex ring. In a strongly anisotropic system like SDW of (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 , where TMTSF is tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene the former process appears to be favored giving rise to the nonohmic conductivity σ non (E) = σ a exp (− E 0 E ) . On the other hand, in a more isotropic system the latter process leads to σ non (E) = σ a exp [−( E′ 0 E) 2 ]. The present theory describes a number of features observed in the nonohmic conductivity in (TMTSF) 2 PF 6 below 1 K.
Simultaneous, But Dissociated Left Atrial Fibrillation and Pulmonary Vein Tachycardia A Case of Occult Pulmonary Vein Isolation

A 74-year-old man with symptomatic drug-refractory persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) was referred for a catheter ablation procedure. The patient was in AF at the beginning of the procedure. As shown in Figure 1A, a decapolar catheter in the coronary sinus and a spiral mapping catheter within the ostium of the left common pulmonary vein (LCPV) demonstrated the presence of AF within both the left atrium (LA) and the LCPV, respectively. During circumferential ablation of the LCPV, the electrograms (EGMs) in the LCPV changed to an organized rhythm (mean cycle length, 178 ms) consistent with an ongoing PV tachycardia (Figure 1B). Suspecting that the LCPV was in fact isolated, the patient underwent electrical cardioversion, which terminated both the LA AF and the LCPV tachycardia (Figure 2A). PV entrance and exit block was confirmed by (1) spontaneous isolated PV potentials (Figure 2A, arrows), (2) catheter-induced AF confined solely to the LA (Figure 2B), and (3) pacing within the PV (Figure 2C). Following a second cardioversion, …
The effects of "intrinsic" and "extrinsic" reinforcement contingencies on task behavior.

Abstract In spite of a substantial number of observations to the contrary, some behavioral scientists have concluded that salient extrinsic reinforcers not only do not maintain or support task behavior, they decrease or extinguish it by somehow destroying or impairing “intrinsic motivation.” In this study it was once again demonstrated that when behavior is sustained in a task setting in the apparent absence of salient extrinsic reinforcers, quite subtle but nevertheless palpable response-produced stimulus changes are found to be involved. Moreover, when a signaled extrinsic monetary reinforcement contingency was applied, it not only did not impair the effects of the intrinsic reinforcers, it produced a significant increase in task performance during the time the extrinsic reinforcement contingency prevailed, and it did not produce a decrement in self-reports of task attractiveness nor in performance during a discretionary period in which the contingency had been deliberately withdrawn. We conclude that there is little reason to believe that the design and implementation of effective extrinsic reinforcement contingencies will destroy one's pride in one's work, the intrinsic worth or meaningfulness of the job, or one's “intrinsic motivation” to perform it.
A Simple Device for forming Solution Concentration-gradients

THE following device for producing nearly linear gradients of concentration can easily be assembled from materials at hand in most laboratories. This design solves the problems arising in such devices from unequal densities of the stock solutions, and has the further advantage of economical operation.
Soft asymptotics for generalized spt-functions

We derive a leading order asymptotic for the difference between the second moments of [email protected]?s generalized rank statistics. The approach uses Dixit and [email protected]?s combinatorial interpretation of the difference and soft probabilistic techniques to deal with random partitions.
A very-thin walled sample holder for liquids

Abstract A sample holder for liquids is described which was developed for use in neutron scattering measurements. The design is very simple and inexpensive to fabricate, yet the walls of the container are very thin, 0.002″ aluminum, reducing this contribution to the background to a minimum.
An evaluation of statistical software in the social sciences

Several hundred college and university computer installations now offer various types of statistical packages for general use. Among those most widely available are OSIRIS, SPSS, BMD, DATA-TEXT, and TSAR. In order to provide users with a basis for selection and use, tests were made for each of these systems, and the results are summarized as to cost and performance.
Systematic design of cryogenic logic circuits

In recent years considerable interest has been manifested in the fields of information storage and retrieval and pattern recognition. An important element in the design of information-retrieval systems and pattern recognition devices is associative memory 5, 10--13, 15. An associative memory is particularly suitable for search of a record from a large file, the sorting of data into an ordered list 9, 10, 12 and the identification of patterns. Cryotron circuits are important components in the construction of an associative memory system. Despite this importance and though cryotron technology has been actively developed for some years, it is still in its infancy.
Some instabilities of electromagnetic wave propagation through drifting semiconductor magnetoplasmas

The dispersion equation for electromagnetic wave propagation through drifting semiconductor magnetoplasmas has been derived for general orientations of carrier drift velocities and propagation vector relative to the dc magnetic field. This is used to show the possibility of two instabilities of wave propagation that are not diffusion limited to low frequencies.
Insanity and responsibility

This paper attempts to set forth, in the context of Anglo‐U.S. criminal law, the meaning of the concept of insanity, its necessary relation to absence of responsibility, and its bearing on some relevant psychiatric concepts and legal controversies. Irrationality is a distinctive and necessary (but not sufficient) condition for insanity. Irrationality consists in failure even to grasp the relevance of what is ‘essentially’ relevant. To that extent there obviously can be no responsibility. A mental makeup which renders one (who would not normally be so) substantially incapable of rational conduct constitutes insanity, and in that respect renders the person non‐responsible. Much more broadly and roughly speaking, the mind that is ill is the mind that is irrational (and hence in that respect non‐responsible).
Functional Median Polish

This article proposes functional median polish, an extension of univariate median polish, for one-way and two-way functional analysis of variance (ANOVA). The functional median polish estimates the functional grand effect and functional main factor effects based on functional medians in an additive functional ANOVA model assuming no interaction among factors. A functional rank test is used to assess whether the functional main factor effects are significant. The robustness of the functional median polish is demonstrated by comparing its performance with the traditional functional ANOVA fitted by means under different outlier models in simulation studies. The functional median polish is illustrated on various applications in climate science, including one-way and two-way ANOVA when functional data are either curves or images. Specifically, Canadian temperature data, U.S. precipitation observations and outputs of global and regional climate models are considered, which can facilitate the research on the close link between local climate and the occurrence or severity of some diseases and other threats to human health.
Sustainable development of India: resource management

SUMMARY This paper deals with the problems of economic development and environment of India. It presents an analytical framework for sustainable development and applies it to the Indian economy, especially to the management of natural resources and the environment. The paper also provides specific policy guidelines. It particularly argues in favour of privatisation and operation of competitive markets for sustainable development.
Spacetime and the Geometry behind it

This is the Leonardo da Vinci Lecture given in Milan in March 2006. It is a survey on the concept of space-time over the last 3000 years: it starts with Euclidean geometry, discusses the contributions of Gauss and Riemannian geometry, presents the dynamic concept of space-time in Einstein’s general relativity, describes the importance of symmetries, and ends with Calabi-Yau manifolds and their importance in today’s string theories in the attempt for a unified theory of physics.
HPMA Copolymer-Doxorubicin-Gadolinium Conjugates : Synthesis, Characterization, and in vitro Evaluation

This study describes the synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-gadolinium (Gd)-doxorubicin (Dox) conjugates. Copolymers of HPMA were derivatized to incorporate side chains for Gd chelation and Dox conjugation. The conjugates were characterized by their side chain contents, T(1) relaxivity (r(1)), stability, and in vitro cytotoxicity. High stability and relaxivity of these conjugates coupled with low toxicity show their potential for monitoring the in vivo fate of HPMA-based drug delivery systems by magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
Platelet-monocyte aggregates in patients with chronic venous insufficiency remain elevated following correction of reflux

Abstract Introduction. An increased number of circulating platelet-monocyte aggregates (PMAs) is present in patients with all clinical classes of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with CVI maintain elevated levels of PMAs following complete surgical correction of chronic venous insufficiency. Methods. Patients with superficial venous insufficiency and a normal deep venous system documented by duplex scan were included in the study. Venous blood was drawn from a superficial vein in the leg and an antecubital vein prior to vein stripping and again six weeks postoperatively. Control subjects without evidence of venous disease had blood drawn from an antecubital vein. Whole blood flow cytometry was used to analyze the samples for the presence of platelet-monocyte aggregates following incubation with buffer or 0.5 μM adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Results. Postoperative duplex scanning demonstrated elimination of venous reflux in the superficial venous system and normal deep vein physiology in all nine patients. Preoperatively, patients with CVI had significantly elevated levels of circulating PMAs in both arm and leg samples without stimulation by an agonist compared to controls (15.2±1.1 and 14.3±1.3 vs 7.4±0.3 for controls, p
Transfer of hydrogen in the cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase reaction.

Abstract A purified preparation of cobamide-dependent ribonucleotide reductase from Lactobacillus leichmannii catalyzes a transfer of hydrogen from H2O to dCTP in the course of CTP reduction. Degradation studies indicate that the incorporated hydrogen is associated exclusively with C-2′ of the deoxyribosyl moiety.
3-D multidomain PSTD for elasticity

A 3‐D numerical modeling scheme is developed in general curvilinear coordinates by using a multidomain pseudospectral time‐domain (PSTD) method. The computational domain is naturally divided into subdomains of piecewise homogeneous, curvilinear quadrilaterals conforming to the problem geometry. These curvilinear quadrilaterals are then mapped onto a unit square, where the spatial derivatives are approximated by the Chebyshev PSTD method. Characteristic conditions and physical boundary conditions are used to patch the solution between adjacent subdomains. A newly developed unsplit perfectly matched layer (PML) is used to absorb outgoing waves at the computational edge. This multidomain PSTD algorithm allows natural incorporation of curved boundaries into the numerical scheme, thus providing more increased flexibility and accuracy than the conventional finite‐difference method. The numerical scheme is validated by analytical solutions and by other numerical methods. Applications of this multidomain PSTD met...
A biological method for studying the interaction between platelets and vascular endothelium

Abstract A segment of fresh rabbit thoracic aorta (RbA) was turned inside out and superfused (1.5 ml/min) with citrated (3.8%) or heparinized (10 U/ml) blood of rabbit and the superfusate was discarded. RbA gained in weight due to deposition of thrombi on its endothelial surface. These thrombi were mainly composed of platelets. The interaction between platelets and endothelium was augmented in RbAs from animals with atherosclerosis and in RbAs pretreated with aspirin (110 μM) or 15-HPETE (150 μM) or by the enzymatic system generating oxygen free radicals (xanthine: xanthine oxidase - 100 μM : 0.1 U/ml). On the other hand, this interaction was impaired by superoxide dismutase (20 U/ml) or catalase (0.2 U/ml). Finally, the dissipation of thrombi by thromboxane A 2 -synthetase inhibitor - dazoxiben was found to be related to an increase in endothelial generation of prostacyclin.
NMR proof of the structure of 4-aminoquinolines and pyridines

Nmr spectra of a number of 4-N-alkylaminoquinolines and 4-N-alkylaminopyridines show coupling between hydrogen of the amino group and α-hydrogen on the alkyl group. No such coupling would be observed if the hydrogen were on heterocyclic nitrogen. Other nmr characteristics in the benzenoid region suggest that all simple 4-aminoquinolines and 4-aminopyridines have the amino structure.
The effects of vegetation removal by grass carp and herbicides on the water chemistry of four Florida lakes

SUMMARY. 1 Four lakes in central Florida each received a different weed control treatment consisting of herbicide and/or different stocking ratios of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.). 2 Submersed vegetation was eliminated by grass carp within 6 months In Lake Orienta and within 14 months in Clear Lake. Because Little Lake Fairview, treated with herbicide and a smaller stocking ratio of grass carp, retained abundant vegetation levels over the first two study years, grass carp which had been introduced initially were replaced with a greater number of fish at the beginning of the third year. Submersed vegetation was subsequently eliminated in this lake within LO months. Aquatic vegetation was reduced but not eliminated in Lake Mann which was treated with herbicide only. 3 Where macrophytes were removed there tended to be increased bottom dissolved oxygen, higher and more stable total alkalinity values, increased turbidity, lowered transparency, higher specific conductivity and increased chlorophyll levels. Significant increases in pH were probably due to low water levels resulting from a severe drought rather than weed control. Low water also affected specific conductivity. Annual means for nutrients did not differ significantly between years in the four lakes.
Vitamin D and enterocyte brush border membrane calcium transport and fluidity in the rat.

Abstract Prior studies of vitamin D repletion showed a threefold increase in the maximum rate (Vmax) for calcium uptake by brush border membrane vesicles, but did not differentiate saturable and nonsaturable uptake components. We studied the calcium uptake and fluidity response of intestinal brush border vesicles to vitamin D by treatment with 1α,25-dihydroxy-24,24-difluorocholecalciferol (24,24-F-1,25-(OH)2 D3). Treatment responses were measured by effects on (1) saturable and nonsaturable initial uptake rates of calcium by rat proximal small intestinal brush border membrane vesicles; (2) transmucosal calcium transport by everted duodenal sac; and (3) fluorescence anisotropy. Treatment of vitamin D-depleted weanlings increased the Vmax by 50% (P
Personnel Preparation for Preservice Early Intervention Providers: Supporting Families' Participation in University Classrooms

Parent involvement in preservice teacher education is an important component of that preparation. Parents' stories of their everyday experiences having an infant/toddler with disabilities can bring insights to future interventionists that no one else can provide. How do we get parents into the university classrooms? How do we help them tell their stories? How do we support their efforts to work with university instructors? This paper examines how a 2-day workshop helped parents develop skills to enhance their presentation abilities and feel comfortable telling their stories to preservice teacher education candidates. This paper also examines parents' success, preservice students' feelings, and university instructors' perceptions of parent involvement in university classes.
Neuronal Expression of p53 Dominant-Negative Proteins in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Extends Life Span

Hyperactivation of p53 leads to a reduction in tumor formation and an unexpected shortening of life span in two different model systems . The decreased life span occurs with signs of accelerated aging, such as osteoporosis, reduction in body weight, atrophy of organs, decreased stress resistance, and depletion of hematopoietic stem cells. These observations suggest a role for p53 in the determination of life span and the speculation that decreasing p53 activity may result in positive effects on some aging phenotypes . In this report, we show that expression of dominant-negative versions of Drosophila melanogaster p53 in adult neurons extends life span and increases genotoxic stress resistance in the fly. Consistent with this, a naturally occurring allele with decreased p53 activity has been associated with extended survival in humans . Expression of the dominant-negative Drosophila melanogaster p53 constructs does not further increase the extended life span of flies that are calorie restricted, suggesting that a decrease in p53 activity may mediate a component of the calorie-restriction life span-extending pathway in flies.
Scan Power Reduction for Linear Test Compression Schemes Through Seed Selection

XOR network-based on-chip test compression schemes have been widely employed in large industrial scan designs due to their high compression ratio and efficient decompression mechanism. Nevertheless, such a scheme necessitates high unspecified bit ratios in the original test cubes, resulting in quite significant difficulties in preprocessing test cubes for scan power reduction. The linear mapping from the original cubes to the compressed seeds typically provides extra degrees of flexibility as multiple seeds may reconstruct the test cube. Due to the highly divergent power impact of distinct seeds though, appreciable power reductions in the decompressed test data can be attained through the pinpointing of the power-optimal seeds during the compression phase. This work explores the aforementioned flexibility in the seed space, and outlines a mathematical and algorithmic framework for a power-aware linear test compression scheme. The proposed technique incurs no hardware overhead over the traditional linear compression scheme; it can be easily embedded furthermore into the industrial test compaction/compression flow. Experimental results confirm that the proposed technique delivers significant scan power reduction with negligible impact on the compression ratio.
Desirability of Using a Fast Sampling Rate for Computing Wind Velocity from Pilot-Balloon Data

Abstract Advantages of using a fast sampling rate for providing raw data for computing wind velocities from pilot-balloon observations are discussed. Two independent approaches show that (for a given sampling rate) the errors in the mean wind computed through a layer tend to be smaller the larger the layer. However, if many observations are used to compute the mean wind through a layer, the computed wind is more accurate than that obtained by using just two observations, one at the bottom and one at the top of the layer. Graphs are presented which give relative estimates of wind errors as a function of sampling interval, sampling rate, and mean wind speed.
Musical Tapestry: Re-composing Natural Sounds†

Abstract A system to aid composition with analysis, transformation, and re-synthesis of natural sounds is described. Sinusoidal analysis is used to isolate and extract deterministic sounds, and transients are also isolated/extracted, leaving the stochastic background which is parameterized by wavelet tree analysis. All of these components become templates for the synthesis phase, which is controlled (1) by placing templates on timelines or in groups, (2) by real-time manipulation of parameters, and (3) via scripting using the ChucK language. The result is a flexible “workbench” for doing modern day musique concrete or acousmatic composition, sound design, and other sonic sculpting tasks.
The role of motor action in anticipatory postural adjustments studied with self-induced and externally triggered perturbations

This study investigated the relation between the magnitude of a motor action triggering a postural perturbation and the magnitude of anticipatory postural adjustments. Subjects stood on a force platform and held, in extended arms, a balloon with a 2.2-kg load suspended on a rigid cord. In different series, unloadings were induced by fast bilateral shoulder abduction movements, by popping the balloon with a tack taped to the subject's right middle finger, or by the experimenter popping the balloon. Anticipatory postural adjustments were seen during all self-initiated unloadings as changes in the level of activation of postural muscles and in displacements of the center of pressure. However, absolute values of these changes were significantly smaller in the series with balloon popping as compared to the series with shoulder abductions. Such reactions were absent when the unloading was triggered by the experimenter. We conclude that a self-triggered perturbation is always associated with anticipatory postural adjustments, while the magnitude of the adjustments may be scaled with respect to the magnitude of a motor action used to induce the perturbation.
Wavelets based on band-limited processes with a K-L type property

A stationary band-limited process is used to construct a wavelet basis. This basis is modified to obtain a biorthogonal sequence which in turn is used to obtain a series representation of the process with uncorrelated coefficients.
Developing a generalized flaw distribution for reactor pressure vessels

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is re-evaluating the guidance and criteria in the code of federal regulations as it relates to reactor vessel integrity, specifically pressurized thermal shock (PTS). Recent ultrasonic examination of considerable vessel material at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and industry experiences with Yankee Rowe have provided the NRC with a better understanding of PTS issues. The re-evaluation of PTS will consider a risk-informed approach to the PTS rule and also provide important benefits for licensees considering license renewal. Pressurized thermal shock transients can lead to reactor vessel failure. These transients have occurred at operating reactors but, to date, they have not resulted in vessel failure. To properly determine the potential or probability for vessel failure from a PTS event, an accurate estimate of fabrication flaws is necessary. The characteristics of the fabrication flaw are inputs to fracture mechanics structural calculations that will determine the probability of vessel failure during a PTS event. Also, the results will indicate the sizes and locations of flaws that are most likely to cause failures. This information is also an integral input to the overall pressure vessel safety program. In order to obtain an accurate estimate of fabrication flaws to address PTS events for all classes of reactors, a generic flaw distribution must be developed. An expert judgment process will be used in conjunction with empirical data from PNNL, reactor pressure vessel studies and modeling (RR- PRODIGAL Code) in developing generalized flaw distributions. This paper will demonstrate the important relationship between reactor vessel integrity and flaw distributions in reactor pressure vessel material, discuss the PNNL work to date on developing flaw density and distributions for domestic RPVs, and describe the expert judgment process that was used to verify that a generalized flaw distribution can be properly developed and then assist in developing a generalized flaw distribution.
Vacuum Structure and Spectrum of N=2 Supersymmetric SU(n) Gauge Theory.

We present an exact description of the metric on the moduli space of vacua and the spectrum of massive states for four dimensional $N\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}2$ supersymmetric $\mathrm{SU}(n)$ gauge theories. The moduli space of quantum vacua is identified with the moduli space of a special set of genus $n\ensuremath{-}1$ hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces.
Delaware Bay Data Base for microcomputers

There is growing concern about man's influence on estuarine and coastal waters, but information for long-term assessment is not readily available. As an outgrowth of a series of studies on the Delaware Estuary, oceanographers at the University of Delaware (Newark) have developed a data base containing measured data from the first 8 years of their research.
Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic seafloor and oceanic basement roughness: spreading rate, crustal age and sediment thickness correlations

Abstract Single-channel seismic data from the South Australian Basin and Argentine Basin, and bathymetry data from the flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise and Southwest Indian Ridge are analysed to determine the root-mean-square (RMS) roughness of the seafloor and oceanic basement created at seafloor spreading rates ranging from 3 to 80 km/Ma (half-rate). For these data, crustal ages range from near zero to 85 Ma and sediment thicknesses range from near zero to over 2 km. Our results are consistent with a negative correlation of basement roughness and spreading rate where roughness decreases dramatically through the slow-spreading regime (
Intracellular trafficking of silicon particles and logic-embedded vectors

Mesoporous silicon particles show great promise for use in drug delivery and imaging applications as carriers for second-stage nanoparticles and higher order particles or therapeutics. Modulation of particle geometry, surface chemistry, and porosity allows silicon particles to be optimized for specific applications such as vascular targeting and avoidance of biological barriers commonly found between the site of drug injection and the final destination. In this study, the intracellular trafficking of unloaded carrier silicon particles and carrier particles loaded with secondary iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated. Following cellular uptake, membrane-encapsulated silicon particles migrated to the perinuclear region of the cell by a microtubule-driven mechanism. Surface charge, shape (spherical and hemispherical) and size (1.6 and 3.2 μm) of the particle did not alter the rate of migration. Maturation of the phagosome was associated with an increase in acidity and acquisition of markers of late endosomes and lysosomes. Cellular uptake of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded silicon particles resulted in sorting of the particles and trafficking to unique destinations. The silicon carriers remained localized in phagosomes, while the second stage iron oxide nanoparticles were sorted into multi-vesicular bodies that dissociated from the phagosome into novel membrane-bound compartments. Release of iron from the cells may represent exocytosis of iron oxide nanoparticle-loaded vesicles. These results reinforce the concept of multi-functional nanocarriers, in which different particles are able to perform specific tasks, in order to deliver single- or multi-component payloads to specific sub-cellular compartments.
Post OPA-90 Vessel Oil Transfer Spill Prevention: The Effectiveness of Coast Guard Enforcement

Although oil spills from tanker accidents receive the most publicity, most vessel spills are not the result of accidents but of oil transfer activities. We investigate determinants of the size of vessel oil transfer spills as well as the effectiveness of Coast Guard enforcement activities in reducing their size. Vessel out-of-water and in-water oil transfer spillage functions are estimated utilizing tobit regression and detailed data on individual vessel oil transfer spills as well as Coast Guard safety/environmental enforcement activity data for the 1991–1995 period. Our estimation results suggest that Coast Guard hull but not machinery inspections are effective in reducing both out-of-water and in-water spills; patrols by air, but not by boat, are effective in reducing out-of-water spills; but neither is effective in reducing in-water spills. The results also show that the type of vessel (oil- and non-oil-cargo), vessel characteristics, vessel operations, weather/visibility conditions, and waterway type are determinants of post OPA-90 vessel oil transfer spills.
The effect of solidification rate on microsegregation

An X-ray diffraction technique has been utilized to determine the second phase content and average composition of the primary phase in aluminum-copper and aluminum-silicon alloys solidified at a cooling rate in the range of 0.06 to l05 K/s. For the Al-Cu samples, the normalized Θ phase content (ratio of the 6 content to the value predicted by the Scheil model) was found to be 0.71 at 0.1 K/s (solidification rate = 0.001 cm/s) and to increase with increasing cooling rate to 0.96 at about 180 K/s (1 cm/s). Beyond this cooling rate, it decreased with increasing the cooling rate to 0.44 at about 3.7 x lO4 K/s. The same trend was observed in the Al-Si samples, except that the normalized silicon content was much lower. Also, for both systems the normalized average composition of the primary phase was found to decrease progressively with increasing the solidification rate until it reached a minimum at 1 cm/s, beyond which it increased with higher solidification rates. The results are discussed with respect to the prevailing segregation models that include back-diffusion in the solid, dendrite tip undercooling, and the eutectic temperature depression. An equation which combines these effects at all cooling rates is given.
Polybrominated diphenylether levels among united states residents: Daily intake and risk of harm to the developing brain and reproductive organs

Data on Polybrominated diphenylether (PBDE) concentrations in individual U.S. women were compiled. PBDE levels in adipose tissue, serum, and breast milk from individual U.S. women were found to follow similar lognormal distributions, which exhibited a high degree of variability. The distribution of lipid-normalized PBDE concentrations for all media combined had a median of 47.9 ng/g and a 95th percentile estimate of 302 ng/g. Estimates of congener-specific kinetic parameters were used to calculate the total daily intake of the PBDEs (sum of 5 PBDE prominent congeners, PBDE-47, -99, -100, -153, and -154) that would be required to achieve the measured body burdens. PBDE intake estimates from all routes of exposure were 8.5 ng/kg/d (median) and 54 ng/kg/d (95th percentile). The potential health risks posed by the PBDEs were examined by comparing 95th percentile tissue concentrations in humans (Chuman) to modeled and measured tissue concentrations in rodents that caused no developmental neurotoxicity and reproductive effects (Crodent). The ratio of rodent-to-human PBDE concentrations (Crodent:Chuman) was <1 for alterations of male and female reproductive organs in rats, <10 for neurodevelopmental effects in mice, and <100 for neurodevelopmental effects in rats. If humans are as sensitive as animals to PBDE-induced developmental toxicity, the current margin of safety appears low for a fraction of the population.
Toxicity of high-dose sequential chemotherapy and purged autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation precludes its use in refractory/recurrent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Abstract We conducted a pilot study in 20 patients with high-risk or recurrent/refractory non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) using high-dose sequential chemotherapy (HDSC) and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation (AHCT). After cytoreduction with standard salvage therapy, HDSC/AHCT was administered in 4 phases at 2- to 4-week intervals. Phase 1 consisted of cyclophosphamide 7 g/m2 followed by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) at 10 microg/kg per day and leukapheresis upon recovery from white blood cell nadir. The hematopoietic cell product was enriched by Percoll gradient separation and purged with a B-cell or T-cell monoclonal antibody panel and complement. Phase 2 consisted of methotrexate 8 g/m2 with leucovorin rescue and vincristine 1.4 mg/m2. Phase 3 was etoposide 2 g/m2 with G-CSF 5 microg/kg per day. In phase 4, the preparative regimen of mitoxantrone 60 mg/m2 and melphalan 180 mg/m2 was administered followed by AHCT. The NHL histologies were diffuse large cell, follicular/diffuse mixed, small noncleaved cell, T-cell-rich B-cell, lymphoblastic, and peripheral T cell. The remission status was first partial remission (PR1; n=1) or beyond first complete remission (post-CR1; n=19). Of the 20 patients enrolled, 11 proceeded through all 4 phases. Nine were removed from the study after the first or second phase because of progressive disease (n = 5), poor hematopoietic cell mobilization (n = 1), excessive toxicity (n = 2), and chronic active hepatitis C (n = 1). Treatment-related toxicities in the remaining 11 transplant recipients were cardiomyopathy, hemorrhagic cystitis, persistent cytopenias, acute renal failure, abnormal liver function test results, and infectious complications. There were no treatment-related deaths. Eight of the 11 transplant recipients were alive, 6 without disease, at a median follow-up of 2.7 years. The estimated median 2-year event-free survival was 55%, and overall survival was 70%. We conclude that HDSC/AHCT in refractory/recurrent NHL is associated with considerable acute and chronic toxicities. Given the toxicity profile, efficacy data were not sufficiently promising to warrant further study. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(5A):555-62.
Contributory role of lung pleura to release of anaphylactic mediators from guinea pig lung in response to ovalbumin or A23187.

Abstract Previous findings revealed greater contractile responses of guinea pig lung pleural surface strips to antigen or A23187 challenge than denuded lung parenchymal strips (lung strip devoid of any pleura). Moreover, we have identified a high density of mast cells distributed throughout the lung pleura. The present study examined mediators released from guinea pig lung pleural surface and denuded lung parenchyma fragments in response to immunologie challenge with ovalbumin (OA) or non-immunologic challenge with the ionophore A23187. Histamine levels were measured radioenzymatically; leukotrienes (LTs), prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2), a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), were quantitated using an enzyme immunoassay. Histamine release reached a maximal level 3–5 min after OA challenge, whereas A23187-induced histamine release increased gradually in a timedependent manner. Similar kinetics were observed in the release of LTs, PGs and TXA2. Pleural surface released a substantially (P LTE4 > LTB4, whereas that of prostanoid release was TXA 2 « PGD 2 ≥ PGF 2α « PGE 2 . We conclude that pleural surface is the major source of histamine and leukotrienes released from guinea pig lung in vitro in response to OA and A23187, whereas both pleural surface and denuded parenchyma participate to the same extent in prostaglandin and TXA2 production after such challenges.
‘Cocolos Modernos’: Salsa, Reggaetón, and Puerto Rico's Cultural Politics of Blackness

I argue that a cultural politics of blackness links salsa and reggaeton. This cultural politics of blackness denotes a particular positioning that not only calls attention to the processes of racial exclusion embedded within Puerto Rico's so-called racial democracy, but also situates the island within the broader African diaspora. Salsa and reggaeton are thus connected through a diasporic cultural politics that centers on blackness. Consequently, while both emerged from various processes of diasporic movement and cultural exchange, we must also take into account the ways that salsa's cultural politics of blackness have informed reggaeton. I discuss the work of musicians Rafael Cortijo, Ismael Rivera, and Tego Calderon to demonstrate the diasporic connections between salsa and reggaeton.
Roll call and the second shift: the influences of gender and family on police stress

Public perception and social research establishes policing as one of the most stressful professions in Western society. This research explores the influences of gender and family factors on police stress using data from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 1997–99. Findings indicate that women police officers generally experience higher levels of stress, but specific work related events do not vary significantly between men and women. Parental and marital status exert a strong influence on the stress levels of women in law enforcement but have little to no effect on men in this sample. Findings support the conclusion that the ‘second shift’ remains as a source of stress for women officers and a potential hurdle to recruitment and retention of women.
Structure of a new hexasaccharide from the coaggregation polysaccharide of Streptococcus sanguis 34

Abstract The major constituent of a coaggregation polysaccharide from Streptococcus sanguis 34 is a hexasaccharide, isolated as the alditol. The proposed structure is α- d -Gal p NAc-(1→3)-β-1-Rha p -(1→4)-β- d -Glc p -(1→6)-α- d -Gal f -(1→6)-β- d -Gal p NAc-(1→3)- d -Galol, based upon g.l.c.-m.s. of alditol acetates and partially methylated alditol acetates, f.a.b.-m.s., 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, g.l.c.-m.s. of trimethylsilylated (+)- and (−)-2-butyl glycosides, and cleavage by α- N -acetyl-galactosaminidase. The structural deduction was facilitated by cleavage of the hexasaccharide at the furanoside linkage by 48% hydrogen fluoride, and reduction of the product, to yield α- d -Gal p NAc-(1→3)-β- l -Rha p -(1→4)-α- d -Glc p -(1→6)- d -Galol.