cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Environmental protection Implementation Plan

This ``Environmental Protection Implementation Plan'' is intended to ensure that the environmental program objectives of Department of Energy Order 5400.1 are achieved at SNL/California. This document states SNL/California's commitment to conduct its operations in an environmentally safe and responsible manner. The ``Environmental Protection Implementation Plan'' helps management and staff comply with applicable environmental responsibilities.
Vulnerability to noise of a phase-locked oscillator array

Abstract The effect of noise on the in-phase attractor of a set of N globally coupled oscillators is studied; these discrete-time maps are associated with the continuous-time equations of motion for a series array of Josephson junction oscillators. We investigate both geometrical properties of the basin of attraction in the large N limit, and the implications of this geometry on the average time for the system to escape from the phase-locked mode. Our main results are that the attractor basin maintains a box-shaped “core” of finite radius even as N → ∞, and that the in-phase attractor of a large N array is much less vulnerable to noise than are the out-of-phase attractors.
Cuts from proofs: a complete and practical technique for solving linear inequalities over integers

We propose a novel, sound, and complete Simplex-based algorithm for solving linear inequalities over integers. Our algorithm, which can be viewed as a semantic generalization of the branch-and-bound technique, systematically discovers and excludes entire subspaces of the solution space containing no integer points. Our main insight is that by focusing on the defining constraints of a vertex, we can compute a proof of unsatisfiability for the intersection of the defining constraints and use this proof to systematically exclude subspaces of the feasible region with no integer points. We show experimentally that our technique significantly outperforms the top four competitors in the QF-LIA category of the SMT-COMP '08 when solving conjunctions of linear inequalities over integers.
Laser cleaning of surface contaminants

Abstract Laser cleaning effect can be produced on a surface using pulsed laser irradiation, with pulse duration typically 1 to 100 ns, fluence typically tens to hundreds of mJ/cm2, and wavelengths typically in the 200 to 300 nm range. A thin liquid film can be used to enhance the removal efficiency of small particulates; this is called `steam laser cleaning'. A manufacturing-worthy tool that can provide both steam laser cleaning as well as dry laser cleaning is built and tested successfully. The basic mechanism of steam laser cleaning is studied.
Influence of High Mainstream Turbulence on Leading Edge Film Cooling Heat Transfer: Effect of Film Hole Row Location

The effect of film hole row location on leading edge film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient under high mainstream turbulence conditions was experimentally determined for flow over a blunt body with semicylinder leading edge and a flat afterbody. Two separate cases of film injection film holes located only at ± 15 or ± 40 deg were studied. The holes were spaced three hole diameters apart in the spanwise direction and inclined 30 and 90 deg to the surface in the spanwise and streamwise directions, respectively. A bar grid (Tu = 5.07 percent), a passive grid (Tu = 9.67 percent), and a jet grid (Tu = 12.9 percent) produced high mainstream turbulence. The incident mainstream Reynolds number based on cylinder diameter was 100,000. Spanwise and streamwise distributions of film effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient in the leading edge and the flat sidewall were obtained for three blowing ratios. The results show mainstream turbulence adversely affects leading edge film effectiveness for the low blowing ratio (B = 0.4), but the effect reduces for higher blowing ratios (B = 0.8 and 1.2). The leading edge heat transfer coefficient increases with mainstream turbulence level for B = 0.4 and 0.8, but the effect is not systematic for B = 1.2. Mainstream turbulence effect is more severe for ±15 deg one-row injection than for ± 40 deg one-row injection. The surface heat load reduction for ± 15 deg one-row injection or ± 40 deg one-row injection is smaller than that for two-row injection.
An Omnidirectional Gliding Ribbon Parachute and Control System

These studies have shown that wing/store flutter can be stabilized with adequate stability margins using an active flutter control system which shares the aileron actuation hydraulics with the lateral control system. The flutter control system can be adapted to different store carriage configurations by adjusting the phase and gain characteristics of a generalized electronic compensation network. Control of a flutter mode can be maintained even though the hydraulic actuators are rate saturated for a significant portion of their stroking cycles. Before a flutter control system can be implemented on current aircraft actuator bandwidth should be extended and hydraulic flow rate increased. These improvements are within the current state-of-the-art. It is estimated that the flutter control system with triply redundant components will add about 270 Ib to the aircraft weight.
Tactical air war: A SIMSCRIPT model

Abstract Missile systems must acquire and intercept high performance aircraft over wide ranges of velocity, altitude and angle of attack. This paper puts forward a SIMSCRIPT simulation model for an aircraft and SAM (surface to air missile) encounter. Since SAM locks onto its target, aircraft evasive actions such as Electronic Counter Measures (ECM), and aerobatic maneuvers may not be effective; however an aircraft may evade destruction by exhausting the missile's fuel supply. It is demonstrated by the simulation that as aircraft speed increases, the mean kill time is increased and the number of aircraft which escape also increases. Aircraft treated here may conform to the specifications of SR-71 Black Bird and F-14A Fighter.
On the ramification of Hecke algebras at Eisenstein primes

Fix a prime p, and a modular residual representation ρ : GQ → GL2(Fp). Suppose f is a normalized cuspidal Hecke eigenform of some level N and weight k that gives rise to ρ, and let Kf denote the extension of Qp generated by the q-expansion coefficients an(f) of f . The field Kf is a finite extension of Qp. What can one say about the extension Kf/Qp? Buzzard [1] has made the following conjecture: if N is fixed, and k is allowed to vary, then the degree [Kf : Qp] is bounded independently of k. Little progress has been made on this conjecture so far; indeed, very little seems to have been proven at all regarding the degrees [Kf : Qp]. The goal of this paper is to consider a question somewhat orthogonal to that of Buzzard, namely, to fix the weight and vary the level. Moreover, we only consider certain reducible representations ρ that arise in Mazur’s study of the Eisenstein Ideal [7]. Our results suggest that the degrees [Kf : Qp] are, in fact, arithmetically significant. Suppose that N ≥ 5 is prime, and that p is a prime which exactly divides the numerator of (N−1)/12. Mazur ([7], Prop. 9.6, p. 96 and Prop. 19.1, p. 140) has shown that there is a weight two normalized cuspidal Hecke eigenform defined over Qp, unique up to conjugation by GQp (the Galois group of Qp over Qp), satisfying the congruence a`(f) ≡ 1 + ` mod p (1)
Medication overuse headache.

Purpose of Review: Medication-overuse headache (MOH) is a chronic daily headache in which acute medications used at high frequency cause transformation to headache occurring 15 or more days per month for 4 or more hours per day if left untreated. MOH is a form of US Food and Drug Administration–defi
Three-Dimensional Calculations of Supersonic Reacting Flows Using an LU Scheme

A new three-dimensional numerical program incorporated with comprehensive real gas property models has been developed to simulate supersonic reacting flows. The code employs an implicit finite volume, Lower-Upper (LU) time-marching method to solve the complete Navier-Stokes and species equations in a fully-coupled and very efficient manner. A chemistry model with nine species and eighteen reaction steps are adopted in the program to represent the chemical reaction of H2 and air. To demonstrate the capability of the program, flow fields of underexpanded hydrogen jets transversely injected into supersonic air stream inside the combustors of scramjets are calculated. Results clearly depict the flow characteristics, including the shock structure, separated flow regions around the injector, and the distribution of the combustion products.
The evolution of the self-lensing binary KOI-3278: evidence of extra energy sources during CE evolution

Post-common-envelope binaries (PCEBs) have been frequently used to observationally constrain models of close-compact-binary evolution, in particular common-envelope (CE) evolution. However, recent surveys have detected PCEBs consisting of a white dwarf (WD) exclusively with an M dwarf companion. Thus, we have been essentially blind with respect to PCEBs with more massive companions. Recently, the second PCEB consisting of a WD and a G-type companion, the spectacularly self-lensing binary KOI-3278, has been identified. This system is different from typical PCEBs not only because of the G-type companion, but also because of its long orbital period. Here we investigate whether the existence of KOI-3278 provides new observational constraints on theories of CE evolution. We reconstruct its evolutionary history and predict its future using BSE, clarifying the proper use of the binding energy parameter in this code. We find that a small amount of recombination energy, or any other source of extra energy, is required to reconstruct the evolutionary history of KOI-3278. Using BSE we derive progenitor system parameters of M1,i = 2.450 M� , M2,i = 1.034 M� ,a ndPorb,i ∼ 1300 d. We also find that in ∼9 Gyr the system will go through a second CE phase leaving behind a double WD,
Cooperative Target Localization with a Communication-Aware Unmanned Aircraft System

This paper presents an approach to generating information-gathering trajectories for a cooperative unmanned aircraft system that takes into account the reliability of multihop networked communication. The algorithms presented here implicitly consider the communication limitations of the aircraft within a path-planning algorithm in which there is a position dependency on both the sensing and communication capabilities of the network. A communication-aware performance metric is derived by combining the extended information filter with a packet- erasure channel model and stochastic model of packet routing. Informative trajectories that maximize this metric are generated by a distributed, hierarchical planning algorithm. Flight results are used to characterize the communication channel model for use in a multivehicle simulation. Finally, simulation studies are used to evaluate the path-planning approach through the specific application of stationary WiFi source localization. These studies show that the approach leads to improved estimation performance relative to path-planning that does not consider communication reliability. Further, the approach leads to the emergence of natural roles whereby some of the aircraft contribute largely to the sensing portion of the objective, while others improve communication reliability by serving mainly as communication relays.
Skin toxicity associated with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) in the treatment of gynecologic cancers

Abstract Objectives To characterize the incidence of skin toxicity of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) administered at a lower dose (40 mg/m 2 ) in the treatment of advanced gynecologic malignancies. Methods Medical charts of all patients who initiated PLD at a starting dose of 40 mg/m 2 from 1997 to 2003 for the treatment of gynecologic cancers were retrospectively reviewed. PLD was infused over 1–2 h and administered every 4–6 weeks. No patient had previously received doxorubicin. All patients were clinically assessed for adverse reactions including skin toxicity. Results Ninety patients (mean age 62 years, range 45–82 years) were included in this analysis. There were 55 ovarian, 16 endometrial, 2 fallopian, and 17 primary peritoneal cancers. The median cumulative dose of PLD was 120 mg/m 2 (range 40–855 mg/m 2 ) with a median of 3 cycles (range 1–25). 33/90 (37%) developed a skin reaction during therapy. The overall incidence of grade 1, 2, and 3 skin toxicity was 23 (26%), 9 (10%), and 1 (1%), respectively. Of the 23 cases of grade 1 toxicity, 16 (70%) occurred within 1–3 cycles. All 9 cases of grade 2 toxicity occurred within 1–3 cycles. The only case of grade 3 toxicity occurred after the first cycle. 28/30 (93%) patients who continued treatment did not experience further episodes of skin toxicity with subsequent cycles after a dose reduction (5–20 mg/m 2 ). PLD was stopped in only 2/90 (2%) cases due to a skin reaction. Conclusions Severe skin toxicity (≥grade 2) associated with PLD occurs infrequently when initial doses of 40 mg/m 2 are administered. When skin reactions appear, they usually occur early in the course of treatment, respond to dose reduction, and do not appear to limit the duration of treatment.
Code Annealing and the Suppressing Effect of the Cyclically Lifted LDPC Code Ensemble

Code annealing, a new method of designing good codes of short block length, is proposed, which is then concatenated with cyclic lifting to create finite codes of low frame error rate (FER) error floors without performance outliers. The stopping set analysis is performed on the cyclically lifted code ensemble assuming uniformly random lifting sequences, and the suppressing effect/weight of the cyclic lifting is identified for the first time, based on which the ensemble FER error floor can be analytically determined and a scaling law is derived. BoUe the first-order and high-order suppressing effects are discussed and quantified by different methods including the explicit expression, an algorithmic upper bound, and an algebraic lower bound. The mismatch between the suppressing weight and the stopping distances explains the dramatic performance discrepancy among different cyclically lifted codes when the underlying base codes have degree 2 variable nodes or not. For the former case, a degree augmentation method is further introduced to mitigate this metric mismatch, and a systematic method of constructing irregular codes of low FER error floors is presented. Both regular and irregular codes of very low FER error floors are reported, for which the improvement factor ranges from 106 - 104 when compared to the classic graph-based code ensembles
Partons in phase space

Within QED, we examine several issues related to constructing a parton-model-based QCD transport theory. We rewrite the QED analog of the parton model, the Weizs\"acker-Williams approximation, entirely in terms of phase-space quantities and we study the phase-space photon and electron densities created by a classical point charge. We find that the densities take a distinctive ``source-propagator'' form. This form does not arise in a conventional derivation of the semiclassical transport equations because of the overuse of the gradient approximation. We do not apply the gradient approximation and so derive the phase-space analog of the generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Together, this theorem and the expression for the phase-space particle self-energies give a set of coupled phase-space evolution equations. We illustrate how these evolution equations can be used perturbatively or to derive semiclassical transport equations. Our work relies on phase-space propagators and sources, so we describe them in detail when calculating the photon and electron phase-space densities. We use these tools to discuss the shape of a nucleon's parton cloud.
Algebraic multigrid methods for constrained linear systems with applications to contact problems in solid mechanics

This paper develops a general framework for applying algebraic multigrid techniques to constrained systems of linear algebraic equations that arise in applications with discretized PDEs. We discuss constraint coarsening strategies for constructing multigrid coarse grid spaces and several classes of multigrid smoothers for these systems. The potential of these methods is investigated with their application to contact problems in solid mechanics. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of protected allylic amines via palladium(0)-catalyzed amination of allylic acetates

Abstract Synthesis of potential antiparisitic 5′-aminonucloesides such as 10 could not be accomplished using standard amination procedures. Palladium(0)-catalyzed amination of cyclic allylic acetates with benzylamine or phthalimide gave the corresponding protected amines. This method was then extended to the synthesis of target analogue 10.
Valence-band characterization of InGaAs/GaAs and GaAs/GaAsP strained-layer structures

Magnetoluminescence measurements are shown to yield new information about the nonparabolic nature of the valence band in strained-layer structures. Detailed data for InGaAs/GaAs samples are presented and interpreted in terms of a two-band model for the nonparabolicity. 11 refs., 3 figs.
Quantum cohomology of G/P and homology of affine Grassmannian

Let G be a simple and simply-connected complex algebraic group, P ⊂ G a parabolic subgroup. We prove an unpublished result of D. Peterson which states that the quantum cohomology QH *(G/P) of a flag variety is, up to localization, a quotient of the homology H *(Gr G ) of the affine Grassmannian Gr G of G. As a consequence, all three-point genus-zero Gromov–Witten invariants of G/P are identified with homology Schubert structure constants of H *(Gr G ), establishing the equivalence of the quantum and homology affine Schubert calculi. For the case G = B, we use Mihalcea’s equivariant quantum Chevalley formula for QH *(G/B), together with relationships between the quantum Bruhat graph of Brenti, Fomin and Postnikov and the Bruhat order on the affine Weyl group. As byproducts we obtain formulae for affine Schubert homology classes in terms of quantum Schubert polynomials. We give some applications in quantum cohomology. Our main results extend to the torus-equivariant setting.
Successful Baylis-Hillman reaction of acrylamide with aromatic aldehydes.

Acrylamide and aromatic aldehydes were found to undergo the Baylis−Hillman reaction at ambient temperature in an aqueous medium in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of base catalyst, DABCO, to give the corresponding 3-hydroxy-2-methylenepropionamides in 61−99% yield. A faster competing, but reverible, non-Baylis−Hillman reaction was initially observed under the conditions to form N-acylhemiaminals, which later disappeared, as the desired Baylis−Hillman adduct was formed as the major product over an extended period of time (12−48 h). This represents the first demonstration of the Baylis−Hillman reaction of aldehydes with acrylamides, which were thought to be inert under atmospheric pressure and at ambient temperature.
Hydrodynamic Drag on a Compact Star Orbiting a Supermassive Black Hole

The proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is expected to detect gravitational waves from compact stars spiraling into supermassive black holes in distant galactic nuclei. Analysis of the inspiral events will require careful comparison of the observed signals with theoretical waveform templates. The comparison could be seriously compromised if nongravitational torques modify the orbit of the star. This paper estimates the torque exerted on an orbiting star as a result of hydrodynamic interactions with an accretion flow around the supermassive black hole. It is argued that the majority of inspiral events will take place in low-luminosity galactic nuclei in which the mass accretion rate is low and the accretion occurs via an advection-dominated flow. The hydrodynamic torque is negligibly small in such systems and will have no effect on gravitational wave experiments.
Optically pumped ultraviolet lasing from ZnO

Well formed, longitudinal optically-pumped lasing modes from vapor phase grown ZnO platelets have been observed. The lasing cavity was formed from as-grown crystal planes, and the lasing occurs at very low pump powers.
Magneto-oscillations in underdoped cuprates

The conventional interpretation of the recent magneto-oscillation experiments in underdoped cuprates requires that there be a state of altered translational symmetry in the pseudogap state that is not supported by structural and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) experiments. I show here that the observed oscillations may be reconciled with the conclusion arrived in ARPES experiments that the Fermi surface, suitably defined, has the shape of four arcs that shrink to four points as $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. Experiments, including infrared absorption in a magnetic field, are suggested to distinguish between such a state from that obtained by the conventional interpretation of the magneto-oscillations.
Limiting spectral distribution of sum of unitary and orthogonal matrices

We show that the empirical eigenvalue measure for sum of $d$ independent Haar distributed $n$-dimensional unitary matrices, converge for $n \rightarrow \infty$ to the Brown measure of the free sum of $d$ Haar unitary operators. The same applies for independent Haar distributed $n$-dimensional orthogonal matrices. As a byproduct of our approach, we relax the requirement of uniformly bounded imaginary part of Stieltjes transform of $T_n$ that is made in [Guionnet, Krishnapur, Zeitouni; Theorem 1].
Radiation pressure and the linear momentum of the electromagnetic field in magnetic media.

We examine the force of the electromagnetic radiation on linear, isotropic, homogeneous media specified in terms of their permittivity e and permeability μ. A formula is proposed for the electromagnetic Lorentz force on the magnetization M, which is treated here as an Amperian current loop. Using the proposed formula, we demonstrate conservation of momentum in several cases that are amenable to rigorous analysis based on the classical Maxwell equations, the Lorentz law of force, and the constitutive relations. Our analysis yields precise expressions for the density of the electromagnetic and mechanical momenta inside the media that are specified by their (e,μ) parameters. An interesting consequence of this analysis is the identification of an “intrinsic” mechanical momentum density, ½E × M/c2, analogous to the electromagnetic (or Abraham) momentum density, ½E × H/c2. (Here E and H are the magnitudes of the electric and magnetic fields, respectively, and c is the speed of light in vacuum.) This intrinsic mechanical momentum, associated with the magnetization M in the presence of an electric field E, is apparently the same “hidden” momentum that was predicted by W. Shockley and R. P. James nearly four decades ago.
Effects of ascorbic acid and antioxidants on color,lipid oxidation and volatiles of irradiated ground beef

Abstract Beef loins with 3 different aging times after slaughter were ground, added with none, 0.1% ascorbic acid, 0.01% sesamol+0.01% α-tocopherol, or 0.1% ascorbic acid+0.01% sesamol+0.01% tocopherol. The meats were packaged in oxygen-permeable bags, irradiated at 2.5 kGy, and color, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), lipid oxidation and volatile profiles were determined. Irradiation decreased the redness of ground beef, and visible color of beef changed from a bright red to a green/brown depending on the age of meat. Addition of ascorbic acid prevented color changes in irradiated beef, and the effect of ascorbic acid became greater as the age of meat or storage time after irradiation increased. The ground beef added with ascorbic acid had lower ORP than control, and the low ORP of meat helped maintaining the heme pigments in reduced form. During aerobic storage, S-volatiles disappeared while volatile aldehydes significantly increased in irradiated beef. Addition of ascorbic acid at 0.1% or sesamol+α-tocopherol at each 0.01% level to ground beef prior to irradiation were effective in reducing lipid oxidation and S-volatiles. As storage time increased, however, the antioxidant effect of sesamol+tocopherol in irradiated ground beef was superior to that of ascorbic acid.
Upper limits for an atmosphere on Io

The May 14, 1971, occultation of beta Scorpii C by Io was successfully observed in ultraviolet light near Kingston, Jamaica. Within the limits established by time resolution and the signal-to-noise ratio, both the disappearance and reappearance were found to be instantaneous. Upper limits for the surface pressure for N2, CH4, and H2 atmospheres are 0.09, 0.13, and 44. microbar, respectively. The corresponding number densities are 6.2 x 10 to the 12th power, 9.4 x 10 to the 12th power, and 3.2 x 10 to the 15th power per cu cm. An isothermal atmosphere at a temperature of 100 K was assumed.
Current trends and patterns of female migration: evidence from Mexico

"This study uses a new source of data to assess trends and patterns of female migration from Mexico. Data were collected from migrants interviewed in ten Mexican communities from 1987 through 1990, as well as from outmigrants from those communities who were later located in the United States. The first part of the analysis examines changes in migrant behavior throughout the 1980s by estimating trends in the probability of first-time and repeat migration and by assessing the impact of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) on these trends.... The study then considers the determinants of female Mexican-U.S. migration by examining whether and how women's recent moves reflect their personal characteristics, the resources in their households, or a process of family reunification." This paper was originally presented at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America.
A boundary approximation algorithm for distributed sensor networks

We present an algorithm for boundary approximation in locally linked sensor networks that communicate with a remote monitoring station. Delaunay triangulations and Voronoi diagrams are used to generate a sensor communication network and define boundary segments between sensors, respectively. The proposed algorithm reduces remote station communication by approximating boundaries via a decentralised computation executed within the network. Moreover, the algorithm identifies boundaries based on differences between neighbouring sensor readings, not absolute sensor values. An analysis of the bandwidth consumption of the algorithm is presented and compared to two naive approaches. The proposed algorithm reduces the amount of remote communication (compared to the naive approaches) and becomes increasingly useful in networks with more nodes.
Managerial pay and financial performance of small business

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine empirically whether managerial pay of small-firm executives is more closely related to profitability or generation of sales. Conventional economic doctrine supports the hypothesis that chief executives are paid primarily to advance profitability. The contrary hypothesis, given impetus by Baumol [2] and Galbraith [8], asserts a closer relationship between compensation and sales. Previous studies of large corporations have produced conflicting results. Regression analysis of the 78 small firms in this study reveals managers receiving compensation correlating fairly closely with both profitability and sales. The cumulative forces at work in these firms impacting upon managerial pay appear to have wrought a linkage conductive toward motivating managers to be both “bottom line” and marketing oriented.
CONSTRAINTS ON TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA PROGENITOR COMPANIONS FROM EARLY ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS WITH SWIFT

We compare early ultraviolet (UV) observations of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) with theoretical predictions for the brightness of the shock associated with the collision between SN ejecta and a companion star. Our simple method is independent of the intrinsic flux from the SN and treats the flux observed with the Swift/Ultra-Violet Optical Telescope as conservative upper limits on the shock brightness. Comparing this limit with the predicted flux for various shock models, we constrain the geometry of the SN progenitor-companion system. We find the model of a 1 M{sub Sun} red supergiant companion in Roche-lobe overflow to be excluded at a 95% confidence level for most individual SNe for all but the most unfavorable viewing angles. For the sample of 12 SNe taken together, the upper limits on the viewing angle are inconsistent with the expected distribution of viewing angles for red gaint stars as the majority of companions with high confidence. The separation distance constraints do allow main-sequence companions. A better understanding of the UV flux arising from the SN itself as well as continued UV observations of young SNe Ia will further constrain the possible progenitors of SNe Ia.
The reappearing American voter: Why did turnout rise in '92?

Abstract Various possible explanations for the turnout increase of nearly 6 percentage points in the 1992 US presidential election as compared to the 1988 election are examined, using both survey and state-level data. The turnout impact of Perot's candidacy, surprisingly, is found to be negligible. Neither is support found for views frequently expressed in the media that the economic recession and MTV's ‘Rock the Vote’ registration campaign aimed at young people played substantial roles in stimulating additional voter participation. Only a small fraction of the turnout rise can be attributed to the spread and maturation of ‘motor voter’ registration programs at the state level between the 1988 and 1992 elections. The mystery is ‘resolved’ in part by evidence that, from the perspective of recent history, the low turnout of 1988 is at least as great an anomaly as the high turnout of 1992. Unfortunately, there are few clues as to what factors peculiar to the 1988 elections led turnout to be so low in that year.
The Universality of Turbulence in Galactic Molecular Clouds

The universality of interstellar turbulence is examined from observed structure functions of 27 giant molecular clouds and Monte Carlo modeling. We show that the structure functions, ?v = vol?, derived from wide-field imaging of 12CO J=1-0 emission from individual clouds are described by a narrow range in the scaling exponent, ?, and the scaling coefficient, vo. The similarity of turbulent structure functions emphasizes the universality of turbulence in the molecular interstellar medium and accounts for the cloud-to-cloud size/line width relationship initially identified by Larson. The degree of turbulence universality is quantified by Monte Carlo simulations that reproduce the mean squared velocity residuals of the observed cloud-to-cloud relationship. Upper limits to the variation of the scaling amplitudes and exponents for molecular clouds are ~10%-20%. The measured invariance of turbulence for molecular clouds with vastly different sizes, environments, and star formation activity suggests a common formation mechanism such as converging turbulent flows within the diffuse interstellar medium and a limited contribution of energy from sources within the cloud with respect to large-scale driving mechanisms.
Solar X-ray control of the D-region of the ionosphere

In order to understand the solar X-ray control of the D-region of the ionosphere, the contribution of non-flare solar X-rays to the ionization in the D-region in the non-polar latitudes for various levels of solar activity has been evaluated on the basis of the author's model of the coronal active regions responsible for most of the λ < 20A solar X-ray emission. The study has led to the following conclusions: 1. 1. The change with solar activity in the X-ray contribution to the D-region ionization is due to two factors: 1.1. (i) change in spectral distribution, 1.2. (ii) change in λ < 20A flux. For lower heights the change in spectral distribution is more important than change in the total flux. 2. 2. The variation in 2.44 MHz vertical incidence absorption over Frieburg and also the variation of electron density with solar activity above 85 km altitude (χ = 45°) is well explained by the variation in solar X-ray emission with solar activity consistent with the author's model of X-ray emission from the coronal active regions. 3. 3. The observed increase with solar activity in the electron density below 87 km, for χ = 60, cannot be explained with the known sources of ionization and a reasonable model of variation of solar emission with solar activity unless Meira's nitric oxide density is reduced by a factor of 4–6, or it is assumed that nitric oxide density increases by a factor of 2–3 from solar minimum to solar maximum. 4. 4. The relative increase in the electron density from solar minimum to solar maximum between 83 and 85 km is much higher than the increase above or below these heights. The ratio r(h) = N22(h)/N12(h) where N2 and N1 are measured electron density at solar maximum and minimum respectively, shows a sharp discontinuity. The discontinuity may be due to a change in the D-region chemistry at these heights. N2N1 values, rather than N22N12 values, are found to be in agreement with q2q1 values in this region where q2 and q1 are computed production rates for solar minimum and solar maximum respectively, lending support to the two ion model in the cluster region. 5. 5. The altitude at which X-ray ionization becomes dominant depends on the level of solar activity and also on solar zenith angle. For all levels of solar activity X-rays are a dominant source of ionization above 85 km for χ = 0. On a day of high solar activity X-rays would be a dominant source of ionization above 70 km (χ = 0), if the NO density is 14 of Meira's values. Under this condition the variation of D-region parameters with solar activity would be primarily controlled by the X-ray emission from the active regions.
How Swift is redefining time domain astronomy

Abstract NASA's Swift satellite has completed ten years of amazing discoveries in time domain astronomy. Its primary mission is to chase gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), but due to its scheduling flexibility it has subsequently become a prime discovery machine for new types of behavior. The list of major discoveries in GRBs and other transients includes the long-lived X-ray afterglows and flares from GRBs, the first accurate localization of short GRBs, the discovery of GRBs at high redshift ( z > 8 ), supernova shock break-out from SN Ib, a jetted tidal disruption event, an ultra-long class of GRBs, high energy emission from flare stars, novae and supernovae with unusual characteristics, magnetars with glitches in their spin periods, and a short GRB with evidence of an accompanying kilonova. Swift has developed a dynamic synergism with ground based observatories. In a few years gravitational wave observatories will come on-line and provide exciting new transient sources for Swift to study.
Subjective qualitative information structures based on orderings

This paper is motivated by the following question: Can one axiomatize information first and then probability in terms of information rather than vice versa as suggested by information theory? The emphasis here is on a new methodological approach toward a conceptualization of behavioral information which might be better suited for inferences involving nonrepeatable events or an insufficient number of repeatable events, based on the assumption that information is prior to probability statements. The main idea is to generate (via a Boolean homorphism) a Boolean algebra of events by an appropriate information structure and to utilize the notion of a topogeneous order similar to that of a Boolean order.
How Do Infants Learn About the Physical World

Until recently, young infants were assumed to lack even the most fundamental of adults' beliefs about objects. This conclusion was based largely on analyses of young infants' performance in object manipulation tasks. For example, young infants were said to be unaware that an ob ject continues to exist when masked by another object because they con sistently failed tasks that required them to search for an object hidden beneath or behind another object.1 In time, however, researchers came to realize that young infants might fail tasks such as search tasks not because of limited physical knowledge, but because of difficul ties associated with the planning and execution of action sequences. This concern led investigators to seek al ternative methods for exploring young infants' physical knowledge, methods that did not depend on the manipulation of objects. Infants' well-documented ten
Computing interaction probabilities in signaling networks

Biological networks inherently have uncertain topologies. This arises from many factors. For instance, interactions between molecules may or may not take place under varying conditions. Genetic or epigenetic mutations may also alter biological processes like transcription or translation. This uncertainty is often modeled by associating each interaction with a probability value. Studying biological networks under this probabilistic model has already been shown to yield accurate and insightful analysis of interaction data. However, the problem of assigning accurate probability values to interactions remains unresolved. In this paper, we present a novel method for computing interaction probabilities in signaling networks based on transcription levels of genes. The transcription levels define the signal reachability probability between membrane receptors and transcription factors. Our method computes the interaction probabilities that minimize the gap between the observed and the computed signal reachability probabilities. We evaluate our method on four signaling networks from KEGG. For each network, we compute its edge probabilities using the gene expression profiles for seven major leukemia subtypes. We use these values to analyze how the stress induced by different leukemia subtypes affect signaling interactions.
Transdermal versus oral administration of estrogen in the management of lumbar spine osteopenia in an adolescent with anorexia nervosa.

Introduction To date, oral estrogen (OE) combined with progestin has induced secondary sex characteristics and withdrawal bleeding episodes (WEE) in girls with anorexia nervosa (AN), but has not been shown to improve their lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral density (BMD). We describe a girl with AN who experienced improvement in her LS osteopenia with transdermal estrogen (TE). Case While on OE (Ortho Tri-Cyclen) for 2 years (age 13–15) our patient gained weight and body fat, attained WEE, and increased whole body-BMD, but there was a 4% decrease in her LS-BMD. In contrast, while on TE (Estraderm) coupled with oral progestin for the next year (age 15–16), she exhibited an 8% increase in LS-bone mineral content (BMC) with a 4% increase in LS-BMD, continued to have WEE, gained weight and body fat, and increased her whole body-BMP. Age (yrs) BMI Kg/m 2 (%) Whole Body BMD(grns/cm 2 ) Lumbar Spine BMD (grns / cm 2 ) %Body Fat 13 15 (5th) 0.853 0.747 13.3 15 19(25th) 0.912 0.718 19.7 16 21(50th) 0.944 0.748 22.7 Discussion TE avoids the undesirable first-pass effects of OE on hepatic proteins; in particular, TE does not increase sex hormone binding globulin and does not decrease the levels of insulin like growth factor-I, one of the main bone growth factors. These route-specific effects may explain the favorable response to TE observed in our patient.
Opportunities and institutions: A co-creation story of the king crab industry

If entrepreneurs are constrained and shaped by existing institutions, how? If entrepreneurs products and services, how can institutions remain unchanged? This paper explores this theoretical conundrum empirically through the examination of the actions of entrepreneur Lowell Wakefield. Contrary to previous work that suggests that it is institutional entrepreneurs that bring about institutional change as a means of advancing their social interests, this paper shows that a profit-seeking entrepreneur without prior institutional affiliation or experience can create an opportunity along with the supporting industry standards and regulations.
Effects of Selection Logging on Rainforest Productivity

An analysis of data from 212 permanent sample plots provided no evidence of any decline in rainforest productivity after three cycles of selection logging in the tropical rainforests of north Queensland. Relative productivity was determined as the difference between observed diameter increments and increments predicted from a diameter increment function which incorporated tree size, stand density and site quality. Analyses of variance and regression analyses revealed no significant decline in productivity after repeated harvesting. There is evidence to support the assertion that if any permanent productivity decline exists, it does not exceed six per cent per harvest.
Resuscitation of the critically III in the ED: Responses of blood pressure, heart rate, shock index, central venous oxygen saturation, and lactate

To describe the simultaneous responses of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), shock index (SI = HRSBP), central venous oxyhemoglobin saturation (ScvO2), and arterial blood lactate concentration (Lact) to resuscitation of critically ill patients in the emergency department (ED), an observational descriptive study was conducted in the ED of an urban teaching hospital. Thirty-six patients admitted from the ED to the medical intensive care unit were studied. Vital signs were measured immediately on arrival to the ED (phase 1). After initial resuscitation and stabilization, ie, HR between 50 and 120 beats/min and MAP between 70 and 110 mm Hg (phase 2), ScvO2 and Lact were measured and additional therapy was given in the ED to increase ScvO2 to >65% and decrease Lact to 2.0 mmol/L in 31 of 36 patients at phase 2, and additional therapy was required. Lact was decreased (from 4.6 ± 3.8 to 2.6 ± 2.5 mmol/L, P < .05) and ScvO2 was increased (from 52 ± 18 to 65 ± 13%, P < .05) without significant additional changes in SBP, DBP, MAP, HR, or SI at phase 3. The in-hospital mortality was 14% for this group of patients. It was concluded that additional therapy is required in the majority of critically ill patients to restore adequate systemic oxygenation after initial resuscitation and hemodynamic stabilization in the ED. Additional therapy to increase ScvO2 and decrease Lact may not produce substantial responses in SBP, DBP, MAP, HR, and SI. The measurement of ScvO2 and Lact can be utilized to guide this phase of additional therapy in the ED.
Small-molecule discovery from DNA-encoded chemical libraries

Researchers seeking to improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the bioactive small-molecule discovery process have recently embraced selection-based approaches, which in principle offer much higher throughput and simpler infrastructure requirements compared with traditional small-molecule screening methods. Since selection methods benefit greatly from an information-encoding molecule that can be readily amplified and decoded, several academic and industrial groups have turned to DNA as the basis for library encoding and, in some cases, library synthesis. The resulting DNA-encoded synthetic small-molecule libraries, integrated with the high sensitivity of PCR and the recent development of ultra high-throughput DNA sequencing technology, can be evaluated very rapidly for binding or bond formation with a target of interest while consuming minimal quantities of material and requiring only modest investments of time and equipment. In this tutorial review we describe the development of two classes of approaches for encoding chemical structures and reactivity with DNA: DNA-recorded library synthesis, in which encoding and library synthesis take place separately, and DNA-directed library synthesis, in which DNA both encodes and templates library synthesis. We also describe in vitro selection methods used to evaluate DNA-encoded libraries and summarize successful applications of these approaches to the discovery of bioactive small molecules and novel chemical reactivity.
Cosmic nucleosynthesis and nonlinear inhomogeneities

Abstract We present a number of numerical simulations of the synthesis of the light elements in an inhomogeneous big-bang cosmology. A completely relativistic, nonlinear plane-symmetric hydrodynamics and general relativity code provides the geometrical evolution, within which the nucleosynthesis occurs. We argue that our plane symmetry provides realistic modelling of the evolution during this epoch, and that local enhancements or depressions of the element abundances may persist to the present. In any case, the average abundances we find are not identical to the predictions of homogeneous cosmologies. Local abundances fluctuating in the range 22%−22% are typically produced in our models. These models are consistent with all observational constraints, in particular with the observed isotropy of the microwave radiation background.
High-Tc superconductivity theory for fullerenes

Abstract For fullerenes, the topmost valence band is the t 1u band which is partially filled for M 3 C 60 (M=K, Rb or Cs). The t 1u band widths and energies depend on intercage distances and interactions between adjacent C 60 cages. These interactions are modulated by lattice vibrations or phonons. The modulation provides coupling of t 1u electrons to phonons. From available experimental data, relevant coupling parameters have been evaluated. Following BCS theory, a universal curve of transition temperature T c vs. lattice constant have been obtained. This curve agrees well with experimental data. Theoretical isotope effect exponential (∼0.4) also agrees well with experimental value (∼0.3). The theory is also consistent with absence of high-temperature superconductivity in C 60 , M 4 C 60 , M 6 C 60 and graphite intercalation compounds.
Spectral Bounds on Orbifold Isotropy

We first show that a Laplace isospectral family of Riemannian orbifolds, satisfying a lower Ricci curvature bound, contains orbifolds with points of only finitely many isotropy types. If we restrict our attention to orbifolds with only isolated singularities, and assume a lower sectional curvature bound, then the number of singular points in an orbifold in such an isospectral family is universally bounded above. These proofs employ spectral theory methods of Brooks, Perry and Petersen, as well as comparison geometry techniques developed by Grove and Petersen.
Twisting Out Fully Irreducible Automorphisms

By a theorem of Thurston, in the subgroup of the mapping class group generated by Dehn twists around two curves which fill, every element not conjugate to a power of one of the twists is pseudo-Anosov. We prove an analogue of this theorem for the outer automorphism group of a free group.
The Latitude of Type I X-Ray Burst Ignition on Rapidly Rotating Neutron Stars

We investigate the latitude at which type I X-ray bursts are ignited on rapidly rotating accreting neutron stars. We find that, for a wide range of accretion rates , ignition occurs preferentially at the equator, in accord with the work of Spitkovsky et al. However, for a range of below the critical above which bursts cease, ignition occurs preferentially at higher latitudes. The range of over which nonequatorial ignition occurs is an increasing function of the neutron star spin frequency. These findings have significant implications for thermonuclear flame propagation, and they may explain why oscillations during the burst rise are detected predominantly when the accretion rate is high. They also support the suggestion of Bhattacharyya & Strohmayer that non-photospheric radius expansion double-peaked bursts and the unusual harmonic content of oscillations during the rise of some bursts result from ignition at or near a rotational pole.