cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of breast lesions on stereoscopic and monoscopic digital specimen mammograms: an ROC study

An ROC study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of assessing breast lesion characteristics with stereomammography. Stereoscopic image pairs of 158 breast biopsy tissue specimens were acquired with a GE digital mammography system. Two stereo image pairs were taken at 1.8X magnification geometry and at approximately orthogonal orientations for each specimen. Display software was developed for a high resolution MegaScan CRT monitor driven by a DOME stereo display board. The specimens contained either a mass, microcalcifications, both, or normal tissue. About 40% of the specimens were found to contain malignancy by pathological analysis. Five MQSA radiologists participated in the observer performance experiment. The two views of each specimen were read independently and were separated by a large number of other specimen images to reduce any effects of memorization. Each observer read 316 specimen images in a systematically randomized order. The observer first read the monoscopic image and entered his/her assessment in terms of the confidence ratings on the presence of microcalcifications and/or masses, margin clearance, BI-RADS assessment, and the likelihood of malignancy. The corresponding stereoscopic images were then displayed on the same monitor and were viewed through stereoscopic LCD glasses. The observer was free to change the ratings in every category after stereoscopic reading. The ratings of the observers were analyzed by ROC methodology. For the 5 MQSA radiologists, the average Az value for estimation of the likelihood of malignancy of the lesions improved from 0.70 for monoscopic viewing to 0.72 (p<0.05) after stereoscopic viewing, and the average Az value for the presence of microcalcifications improved from 0.94 to 0.95 (p<0.05). The Az value for the presence of masses improved from 0.80 to 0.82 after stereoscopic viewing, but the difference fell short of statistical significance (p=0.08). The visual assessment of margin clearance was found to have very low correlation with pathological analysis. This study demonstrates the potential of using stereomammography to improve the detection and characterization of mammographic lesions.
Acid-base transport in the renal thick ascending limb

A mathematical model of acid-base transport in a renal tubule is described. Solutions for validation and control simulations are given, and the model is used to show that in the thick ascending limb the NH"3 permeability must be relatively small - on the order of 3 x 10^-^3cm/s - in order for the rat kidney to concentrate NH^+"4.
Mutations in Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit VIa Cause Neurodegeneration and Motor Dysfunction in Drosophila

Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in many neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Here we report mutations in a gene (designated levy) that codes for subunit VIa of cytochrome c oxidase (COX). The mutations were identified by the phenotype of temperature-induced paralysis and showed the additional phenotypes of decreased COX activity, age-dependent bang-induced paralysis, progressive neurodegeneration, and reduced life span. Germ-line transformation using the levy+ gene rescued the mutant flies from all phenotypes including neurodegeneration. The data from levy mutants reveal a COX-mediated pathway in Drosophila, disruption of which leads to mitochondrial encephalomyopathic effects including neurodegeneration, motor dysfunction, and premature death. The data present the first case of a mutation in a nuclear-encoded structural subunit of COX that causes mitochondrial encephalomyopathy rather than lethality, whereas several previous attempts to identify such mutations have not been successful. The levy mutants provide a genetic model to understand the mechanisms underlying COX-mediated mitochondrial encephalomyopathies and to explore possible therapeutic interventions.
Primary carcinoid tumor of urinary bladder

Invasive carcinoid tumor of the urinary bladder in a sixty-five-year-old man who presented with painless gross hematuria was documented by light and electron microscopic studies. The presence of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and absence of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) was determined in the neoplastic tissue by chemical analysis. This was consistent with the findings of elevated 5-HIAA and normal VMA in the twenty-four-hour urine sample. Sections of the tumor yielded negative argentaffin and argyrophil reactions. The relevant literature is reviewed.
Changing palynological methods and their role in three successive interpretations of the late‐glacial environments at Bucyrus Bog, Ohio, USA

The pollen stratigraphy of Bucyrus Bog records the major shifts in the spruce ecotone of the mid-western North American late-glacial. The site has been studied three times: in 1930 by Paul Sears, in 1958 by Johannes Iversen, and in 1986–88 by my self. This paper examines these data sets from a historical perspective. The pollen record is basically consistent; all investigators interpret it to show the classic late-glacial warming plus a subsequent, more controversial climate reversal. Sears saw a progressive shift from cold/moist to warm/ dry climate, with a moisture reversal near the top of the record. Iversen and I both correlate the record with the European Late-Glacial climatic sequence, including an AUerod/Younger Dryas reversal. Iversen's interpretation depends on exclusion of thermophilous deciduous pollen taxa, placing the cold reversal during the spruce decline. I include the deciduous taxa, placing the cold reversal at the time of a spruce recurrence above the expansion of deciduous types. All interpretations are strongly influenced by current technology and prevailing thinking at the time of the investigation.
Early secretory activity in the hypothalamic nuclei and neurohypophysis in the rat; determined by selective staining

Visualization of stainable material in the neural lobe of the rat provided the most reliable index of the age at which secretory activity can first be recognized, though preceded by both hypothalamic synthesis and axonal transportation. A problem of interpretation was encountered in the neural lobes of fetal and infant animals, due to different staining responses obtained during this age period, to the two methods of staining employed; chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxin and aldehyde fuchsin after oxidation by either acidified potassium permanganate or performic acid. With aldehyde fuchsin the material of the neural lobe is stainable selectively from the eighteenth day of fetal life to adulthood. With hematoxylin phloxine the first staining response also occurred in the posterior lobe but much later, at the end of the first postnatal week. The staining situation in the pars neuralis has its counterpart in the differentiating hypothalamic nuclei; complicated by the differentiation of the supraoptic nuclei some days in advance of the paraventricular nuclei. After aldehyde fuchsin staining, evidences of neurosecretory activity were present in the perikarya of the supraoptic nuclei at birth, but mature neurons were rarely seen in the paraventricularis until at least 24 hours later. Nuclei of fetal hypothalami were not studied, but the demonstration of stainable material in the fetal neural lobes constitutes circumstantial evidence of functional competence of some neurons of either one or both types of nucleus, most likely the supraoptic.
Experimental Results of a Bumpy Torus Discharge

Bumpy geometry was used to control drift losses in BAGEL, which consists of a pulsed endless PIG, arc in a toroidal tube. The optimal magnetic field configuration was obtained by trial and error. An ionization of 85% was obtained in Ar. Experimental values of the diffusion velocity determined from interferometric density measurements agreed surprisingly well with calculated values of the drift velocities. The results seem to support a classical diffusion behavior in the afterglow. (D.C.W.)
Recognition of 3D facial expression from posed data

Although recognition of facial expression in 3D facial images has been an active research area, most of the prior works are limited to using full frontal facial images. These techniques primarily project 3D facial image on 2D and manually select landmarks in 2D projection to extract relevant features. Face recognition in 2D images can be challenging due to unconstrained conditions such as head pose, occlusion, and resulting loss of data. Similarly, pose variation in 3D facial imaging can also result in loss of data. In most of the current 3D facial recognition works, when 3D posed face data are projected onto 2D, additional data loss may render 2D facial expression recognition even more challenging. In comparison, this work proposes novel feature extraction directly from the 3D facial posed images without the need of manual selection of landmarks or projection of images in 2D space. This feature is obtained as the angle between consecutive 3D normal vectors on the vertex points aligned either horizontally or vertically across the 3D facial image. Our facial expression recognition results show that the feature obtained from vertices aligned vertically across the face yields the best accuracy for classification with an average 87.8% area under the ROC. The results further suggest that the same feature outperforms its horizontal counterpart in recognizing facial expressions for pose variation between 35o - 50o with average accuracy of 80% - 60%, respectively.
Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem and Lorentz-Lorenz formula for the general electromagnetic substance: comment

Zhang et al. [ J. Opt. Soc. Am. A6, 1601 ( 1988)] derived the Lorentz–Lorenz formula for a dielectric-magnetic substance by modeling its molecules into electric and magnetic dipoles that depend separately on the local electric and magnetic fields, respectively. They eventually obtained a result [Eq. (20) in their paper] that is obvious because they used (independent) electrostatic and magnetostatic models earlier in their paper to identify ∊ and μ separately.
Molecular Recognition: The Demonstration of 1,3-Bis[(pyrid-2-ylamino)carbonyl]adamantane as an Exceptionally Versatile Assembler of One-Dimensional Motifs

Syntheses and crystal structures of 1,3-bis[(pyrid-2-ylamino)carbonyl]adamantane (1) and its perchlorate salt, copper(II) complex, and 1:1 complexes with a large variety of simple and functionalized 1,ω-alkanedicarboxylic acids, HOOC−X−COOH [X = (CH2)n, n = 2, 3, 5, and 8; −CH2−CO (α-ketoglutaric acid); CHCH (maleic acid)] are described. The molecule 1 exhibits remarkable adaptability with respect to the conformation of its two hydrogen-bonding subunits to suit the requirements of the assembling partners so as to generate persistently one-dimensional motifs, for example, infinite zig-zag ribbons with perchlorate ions and chains with both Cu(II) ions and dicarboxylic acids.
Elevated plasma endothelin‐1 levels in sickle cell anemia: Relationships to oxygen saturation and left ventricular hypertrophy

Endothelin-1 (Et-1) is a vasoconstrictor produced by endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells in response to hypoxia, which induces hypertrophy in cultured cardiac myocytes. We measured plasma Et-1 levels and left ventricular dimensions in 13 patients with sickle cell anemia (SCD) and in 12 African-American controls ages 16-29 years. Endothelin-1 concentrations are significantly higher in SCD subjects than controls (10.6 +/- 1.9 vs. 3.0 +/- 1.3 pmol/L). There was a negative correlation between oxygen saturation and Et-1 levels in SCD patients (r = -0.71, P = 0.01). SCD subjects have more dilated and hypertrophied hearts corrected for body surface area than controls as evidenced by significant increases in left ventricular end diastolic dimension (31 +/- 0.8 vs. 24 +/- 0.9 mm/m2, P < 0.001), left ventricular end systolic dimension (20 +/- 0.9 vs. 16 +/- 0.8 mm/m2, P = 0.002), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (5.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 4.0 +/- 0.1 mm/m2, P < 0.001), and left ventricular mass (125 +/- 7.2 vs. 69 +/- 5.1 g/m2, P < 0.001). The index of left ventricular function, the shortening fraction, was not different between groups (34 +/- 1.2% in SCD vs. 35 +/- 1.5% in controls). The correlation between left ventricular mass and levels of Et-1 in SCD subjects was not significant (r = 0.47, P = 0.121).
A survey of sensing and control systems for machine and process monitoring of directed-energy, metal-based additive manufacturing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to surveys classic and recently developed strategies for quality monitoring and real-time control of laser-based, directed-energy deposition.Additive manufacturing of metal parts is a complex undertaking. During deposition, many of the process variables that contribute to overall build quality – such as travel speed, feedstock flow pattern, energy distribution, gas pressure, etc. – are subject to perturbations from systematic fluctuations and random external disturbances. Design/methodology/approach – Sensing and control of laser-based, directed-energy metal deposition is presented as an evolution of methods developed for welding and cladding processes. Methods are categorized as sensing and control of machine variables and sensing and control of build attributes. Within both categories, classic methods are presented and followed by a survey of novel developments. Findings – Additive manufacturing would not be possible without highly automated, computer-based control...
Understanding strategic responses to institutional pressures

Abstract Scholars have linked the institutional view with strategic choice to better understand institutional pressures and the associated organizational strategic responses. We empirically evaluate Oliver's [ Acad. Manage. Rev. 6 (1991) 145] framework that addresses these relationships using information from the steel industry and the important issue of radioactive contamination of scrap steel. Our findings, partially replicating three earlier studies, provide general support for her framework. In addition, we identified support for this typology in areas where earlier studies provided inconsistent results. An important finding was that firms that cooperated with others in their industry favored less active firm strategies and were less inclined to engage in the actively resistant strategies of avoidance and defiance. Finally, our findings question the positioning of the manipulation strategy and suggest that using separate lenses for institutions and organizations may be appropriate. The firms in our study considered the strategy of manipulation similar to acquiescence and compromise.
Recurrent erythema multiforme: Clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, and treatment in a series of 48 patients at Mayo Clinic, 2000 to 2007

Background Recurrent erythema multiforme (EM) is a condition of substantial morbidity. Our efforts toward the etiologic attribution and treatment of recurrent EM have been less fruitful than those previously described. Objective We sought to further characterize clinical characteristics, etiologic associations, and treatment of recurrent EM. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of patients with recurrent EM seen between 2000 and 2007. Results Of 48 patients (mean age at disease onset, 36.4 years), 28 (58%) were female (mean duration of recurrent EM, 6 years). Thirty (63%) patients had oral involvement. Herpes simplex virus caused recurrent EM in 11 (23%) patients, and the cause remained unknown in 28 (58%). In all, 37 (77%) patients received systemic corticosteroids, 33 (69%) received continuous antiviral treatment, and 23 (48%) used immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory agents. Sixteen of 33 patients receiving continuous antiviral treatment had either partial or complete disease suppression. Patients had varied responses to immunosuppressants, with mycophenolate mofetil providing partial or complete response in 6 of 8 patients. Features of recalcitrant cases included clinicians' inability to identify a specific cause, lack of improvement with continuous antiviral therapy, severe oral involvement, extensive corticosteroid therapy, and immunosuppressive therapy (two or more agents). Limitation This study is retrospective. Conclusions More than half of patients in this study did not have an identifiable cause for recurrent EM, and herpes simplex virus was found less frequently than reported in previous studies. Response to systemic treatments, including continuous antivirals and immunosuppressants, was varied and oftentimes suboptimal.
Assessing the accuracy of observer-reported ancestry in a biorepository linked to electronic medical records.

Purpose: The Vanderbilt DNA Databank (BioVU) is a biorepository that currently contains >80,000 DNA samples linked to electronic medical records. Although BioVU is a valuable source of samples and phenotypes for genetic association studies, it is unclear whether the administratively assigned race/ethnicity in BioVU can accurately describe and be used as a proxy for genetic ancestry. Methods: We genotyped 360 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the Illumina DNA Test Panel containing ancestry informative markers in 1910 BioVU samples with observer-reported ancestry and 384 samples from the Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group with self-reported ancestry. Genetic ancestry was inferred for all individuals using Structure 2.2. Results: More than 98% of observer-reported European Americans were genetically inferred to have at least 60% European ancestry. Ninety-three percent of observer-reported African Americans were genetically inferred to be predominantly of African ancestry. We determined that the concordance of observer-reported race/ethnicity and inferred genetic ancestry was not significantly different from that of self-reported race/ethnicity in either population (P = 0.09 and 0.94 in European Americans and African Americans, respectively). Conclusions: Observer-reported race/ethnicity for European Americans and African Americans approximates genetic ancestry as well as self-reported race/ethnicity, making biorepositories linked to electronic medical records such as BioVU a viable source of DNA samples for future large-scale genetic association studies.
Frequency Synthesizer Effects in FSK-FH Communications

A frequency hopped (FH) digital communication system requires a receiver to generate a frequency hopping pattern in synchronization with a received carrier hopping pattern. Receiver hopping patterns are typically generated from frequency synthesizers, in which a reference frequency is multiplied up to the desired frequency sequence. In this paper the effects of frequency synthesizer anamolies on the performance of a noncoherent FSK-FH link is presented. The objective of the study is to derive degradation factors that can easily be examined and evaluated for the various types of synthesizer distortion. An important consideration in the design of any frequency hopping synthesizer is the relation between its frequency resolving capability, its frequency range, and its loop bandwidth. While high resolution tends to improve the steady state decoding capability, high resolution synthesizer design is usually accompanied by low synthesizer loop bandwidths, which lead directly to long transient (settling) times and increased phase noise problems. A study of the type presented here is necessary to evaluate the trade-offs leading to the most efficient communication performance.
Residential Segregation, Nativity Status, and Hispanic Living Arrangements in Later Life

This study examined the relationship between residential segregation in metropolitan areas and the living arrangements of middle-aged and older Hispanics. We specifically considered whether the relationship between residential segregation and living arrangements was different depending on nativity status. This study also explored whether measures of assimilation were related to living arrangements. Using data from the 2000 Census Public-Use Microdata Sample (5 %), our multilevel logistic regression models showed that residing in metropolitan areas with higher residential segregation indexes of evenness, isolation, and clustering was related to an increased likelihood of living in a co-resident household versus an independent household. We discovered that the relationship was in the same direction for US-born and foreign-born Hispanics but the relationship was stronger for US-born Hispanics. Finally, we found that as assimilation increased, so did the likelihood of living independently and that persons living in the ten largest immigrant gateway cities were most likely to co-reside as compared to live independently. These results underscored the importance of developing theoretic models of ethnic group living arrangements that include characteristics of both individuals and the community.
Measurement of the de Haas-van Alphen effect in the pyrite structure SiP2

Abstract We have measured the de Haas-van Alphen effect in the pyrite structure SiP2. The signals can be interpreted as due to a spherical sheet of the Fermi surface and to a group of four ellipsoidal sheets prolate along the trigonal axis of the crystal.
Multiple correlation and multi-seed for robust inference of functional connectivity in FMRI

A novel statistical method for estimating brain networks from functional MRI data is presented. Instead of examining the correlations with each individual seed, we detect functional connectivity from fMRI data by simultaneously examining the multi-seed correlations via the multiple correlation coefficients. In addition, we propose to take into account the spatially structured noise in fMRI during the identification of the networks of functional interconnections by comparing the temporal multiple correlations against a model of the spatial multiple correlations in the noise. Evaluation for accuracy and robustness of the approach was performed using both simulated data and real fMRI data.
Cutaneous Venoconstrictor Response to Local Cooling in the Dog: Unexplained by Inhibition of Neuronal Re-Uptake of Norepinephrine

Studies were performed in dogs to determine if inhibition of neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine was the cause of the enhanced response to sympathetic nerve impulses seen in the cutaneous veins when the temperature of the blood perfusing them was decreased. Changes in driving pressure of the saphenous vein perfused with blood at constant flow were used to measure venomotor responses. The increases in venoconstrictor response to norepinephrine infusion caused by cooling the perfusate were similar in both hindlegs, one subjected to acute and the other to chronic sympathectomy. Blocking the reentry of norepinephrine into the sympathetic nerve endings by treating the vein with cocaine did not affect the augmentation by local cooling of the constrictor response to norepinephrine or electric stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain. The venoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine, epinephrine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and molar potassium chloride were all augmented by local cooling. The results suggest that the sensitizing effect of cold on the smooth muscle of the veins cannot be explained by inhibition of norepinephrine re-uptake by the nerve terminals.
Ionization nebulae surrounding supersoft X-ray sources

In this work we carry out a theoretical investigation of a new type of astrophysical gaseous nebula, viz., ionized regions surrounding supersoft X-ray sources. Supersoft X-ray sources, many of which have characteristic luminosities of approximately 10(exp 37)-(10(exp 38) ergs/s and effective temperatures of approximately 4 x 10(exp 5) K, were first discovered with the Einstein Observatory. These sources have now been shown to constitute a distinct class of X-ray source and are being found in substantial numbers with ROSAT. We predict that these sources should be surrounded by regions of ionized hydrogen and helium with properties that are distinct from other astrophysical gaseous nebulae. We present caluations of the ionization and temperature structure of these ionization nebulae, as well as the expected optical line fluxes. The ionization profiles for both hydrogen and helium exhibit substantially more gradual transitions from the ionized to the unionized state than is the case for conventional H II regions. The calculated optical line intensitites are presented as absolute fluxes from sources in the Large Magellanic Cloud and as fractions of the central source luminosity. We find, in particular, that (O III) lambda 5008 and He II lambda 4686 are especially prominent in these ionization nebulae as compared to other astrophysical nebulae. We propose that searches for supersoft X-rays via their characteristic optical lines may reveal sources in regions where the soft X-rays are nearly completely absorbed by the interstellar medium.
Improving Risk Assessment: Priorities for Epidemiologic Research

The Epidemiology Work Group at the Workshop on Future Research for Improving Risk Assessment Methods, Of Mice, Men, and Models, held August 16 to 18, 2000, at Snowmass Village, Aspen, Colorado, concluded that in order to improve the utility of epidemiologic studies for risk assessment, methodologic research is needed in the following areas: (1) aspects of epidemiologic study designs that affect doseresponse estimation; (2) alternative methods for estimating dose in human studies; and (3) refined methods for dose-response modeling for epidemiologic data. Needed research in aspects of epidemiologic study design includes recognition and control of study biases, identification of susceptible subpopulations, choice of exposure metrics, and choice of epidemiologic risk parameters. Much of this research can be done with existing data. Research needed to improve determinants of dose in human studies includes additional individual-level data (e.g., diet, co-morbidity), development of more extensive human data for ...
Jordanna Bailkin, The Culture of Property: The Crisis of Liberalism in Modern Britain . Pp. xii, 320. $35.00. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2004.

The abundance of literature dealing with the Parthenon Marbles, the Benin Bronzes, and NAGPRA has made it seem that conflict over the fate of patrimonial property is always a story about contemporary society's encounter with its colonial past. Professor Bailkin's recent book reveals a considerably more varied, complex, and multi-layered history of cultural property controversies.
Mean square error behavior for prediction in linear regression models

For the problem of individual prediction in linear regression models, that is, estimation of a linear combination of regression coefficients, mean square error behavior of a general class of adaptive predictors is examined.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction studies of human angiostatin.

Angiostatin is an inhibitor of angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing ones. The fact that tumor growth and metastasis dissemination are angiogenesis-dependent processes has awakened interest in angiogenesis inhibitors as anticancer treatment drugs. Angiostatin, a potent angiogenesis inhibitor, is currently in phase I clinical trials. Human angiostatin containing the first three kringle domains of plasminogen (K1-3) has been crystallized and high-resolution data were collected. The crystals belong to the P41212 space group, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 56.94, c = 192.97 A. A data set to a resolution of 1.75 A with an overall Rmerge and I/σ(I) of 7% and 19.5, respectively, was obtained.
Collections of adult Ixodes dammini in Indiana, 1987-1990, and the isolation of Borrelia burgdorferi.

The collection records for Ixodes dammini Spielman, Clifford, Piesman & Corwin in Indiana are summarized for the period 1987–1990. In 1990, 13 of 729 deer examined were found to harbor adult I. dammini ticks. Eleven of these ticks were collected from 10 deer at a site in Newton County in northwestern Indiana. Borrelia burgdorferi spirochetes were isolated from a single female I. dammini tick collected from this site.
Using financial indicators to predict turning points in the business cycle: The case of the leading economic index for the United States

Abstract In this paper, we evaluate the usefulness of financial indicators according to their ability to predict recessions (i.e., peaks in the business cycle). We then select a small set of financial indicators to aggregate into a single composite index of financial indicators, which we name the Leading Credit Index (LCI). Our approach differs from others in the literature in that we follow the composite index approach of the Leading Economic Index (LEI) of the United States and focus on a small, carefully selected set of indicators as index components, and, in addition, our selection criteria target business cycle turning points rather than financial stress or instability. We show that this leading credit index, either alone or as a component of the LEI, can be helpful in estimating recession probabilities, which it does better than the individual indicators, including some of the existing components of the LEI, especially real money supply.
A Method for Determining Optimal EBG Reflection Phase for Low Profile Dipole Antennas

An analytical method for determining the optimal reflection phase of an electromagnetic band gap (EBG) ground plane to match a low profile dipole antenna is introduced. Image theory is used to incorporate the near field coupling between a dipole antenna and the ground plane. The main contribution of this paper is to show that the optimal EBG reflection phase can be determined at discrete frequencies where a theoretically perfect return loss occurs. The optimal reflection phase is then obtained over a wider frequency band of interest and is related to the antenna's return loss for a given feed impedance and antenna height above the EBG. The resulting reflection phase can be used as a reference for designing an EBG ground plane that is well matched to the antenna without time consuming iterative full wave numerical simulations. Numerical modeling results are compared to the optimal return loss derived from the analytical method to validate the design process. It is also shown that, for certain antennas, vias are not always necessary in the construction of the EBG, which eases the manufacturing process. Finally, a dipole and EBG are constructed using the optimal design method and measurements are compared to the simulations.
Theory of Crystallization under Equilibrium Polymerization in a Solution and the Investigation of Its Melting Properties

We generalize a recently investigated lattice model of polydisperse semiflexible linear polymers formed under equilibrium polymerization in a solution [Gujrati, P. D.; Rane, S. S.; Corsi, A. Phys. Rev. E 2003, 67, 052501] and conduct a comprehensive investigation of its melting properties. Each polymer has two end groups and at least one chemical bond. The model is characterized by six energies, three of which are for the interaction between the middle group, the end group, and the solvent, and the remaining three represent conformational energies for a gauche bond, a hairpin turn, and a pair of neighboring parallel bonds. Two activities control the end group and the middle group densities and give rise to polydisperse chains whose chain lengths and numbers are not fixed. We study the melting properties such as the melting temperature, the latent heat, and the energy and entropy of fusion at fixed pressure as a function of various model parameters such as the monomer interactions, nature of end groups, ch...
The role of epidemiology in the committee on the costs of medical care.

Among the most important 20th century documents of American public health is the 1932 report of the Committee on the Costs of Medical Care (CCMC). In May 1927, leaders of medicine, public health, and the social sciences, met at the annual meeting of the AMA, to consider that, despite advances in medical sciences, a vast amount of preventable disease and unnecessary death existed. A committee of 50 men and women, the CCMC, was formed to investigate. Of the six public health members, three were epidemiologists. A spectrum of governmental and private organizations supported the CCMC and eight foundations provided funding. A staff of 51 conducted 26 studies, many epidemiological, to support its five categorical recommendations. Briefly these were: 1) Medical services, preventive and therapeutic, should be provided by interdisciplinary groups; 2) Basic public health services should be available to all without cost; 3) The costs of medical care should be placed on a group basis (insurance, taxation, or a combination thereof); 4) Study, evaluation, and coordination of medical and public health services should be important functions for local and state governments; and 5) Professional education for a wide variety of medical and public health personnel should be greatly expanded with emphasis on prevention and social considerations.Perhaps the most interesting of the CCMC's epidemiological studies was, "The Incidence of Illness and the Receipt and Costs of Medical Care Among Representative Families: Experiences in Twelve Consecutive Months During 1928-1931." This study included 8,639 families comprising 38,668 persons and described the then current status of medical care and public health practice in the U.S.A.The final report of the CCMC contained minority reports ranging from claims that the recommendations were too radical to assertions that they didn't go far enough! Nevertheless, they have been the focus for medical and public health concern and controversy for almost three-quarters of a century. Their roots in epidemiology should not be forgotten!
Cigarette smoking and subsequent risk of suicidal ideation among National Guard Soldiers

Abstract Background Suicide rates are alarmingly high among military personnel, and particularly Army National Guard soldiers. Smoking is also disproportionately common in the military. In this study, we intend to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and suicidal ideation among a representative sample of national guard soldiers. Methods A representative sample of Ohio Army National Guard soldiers were followed prospectively and information was gathered on smoking, suicidal ideation and depression at baseline and one year later. Results Smoking at baseline was associated with significantly increased likelihood of suicidal ideation at follow-up (OR=2.0 (1.3, 3.2)). This association persisted after adjusting for demographics and history of depression at baseline, but was no longer statistically significant after adjusting for depression at follow-up. Limitations Measurement of smoking was somewhat limited. Conclusions Army National Guard soldiers who smoke have a greater risk of subsequent suicidal ideation. Depression concurrent with suicidal ideation appears to explain this relationship. If these results are replicated, screening of soldiers who smoke may be recommended as a proactive step towards mitigating the high risk of suicide in military personnel.
Stress Crossover in Newlywed Marriage: A Longitudinal and Dyadic Perspective

Studies of stress and marital quality often assess stress as an intrapersonal phenomenon, examining how spouses’ stress may influence their own relationship well-being. Yet spouses’ stress also may influence partners’ relationship evaluations, a phenomenon referred to as stress crossover. This study examined stress crossover, and conditions that may facilitate crossover, in a sample of 169 newlywed couples over 3.5 years. A significant crossover effect emerged for husbands, which was moderated by couples’ observed conflict resolution skills. For wives, a significant stress interaction emerged, such that the influence of husbands’ stress on wives’ marital satisfaction depended on wives’ own stress levels. These findings highlight the importance of a dyadic approach when examining the role of stress in marriage.
Distribution of norepinephrine transporters in the non-human primate brain

Noradrenergic terminals in the central nervous sys- tem are widespread; as such this system plays a role in varying functions such as stress responses, sympathetic regulation, attention, and memory processing, and its dysregulation has been linked to several pathologies. In particular, the norepi- nephrine transporter is a target in the brain of many therapeutic and abused drugs. We used the selective ligand ( 3 H)nisoxetine, therefore, to describe autoradiographically the normal regional distribution of the norepinephrine transporter in the non-human primate central nervous system, thereby providing a baseline to which alterations due to pathological conditions can be com- pared. The norepinephrine transporter in the monkey brain was distributed heterogeneously, with highest levels occur- ring in the locus coeruleus complex and raphe nuclei, and moderate binding density in the hypothalamus, midline tha- lamic nuclei, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central nu- cleus of the amygdala, and brainstem nuclei such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and nucleus of the solitary tract. Low levels of binding to the norepinephrine transporter were measured in basolateral amygdala and cortical, hip- pocampal, and striatal regions. The distribution of the nor- epinephrine transporter in the non-human primate brain was comparable overall to that described in other species, how- ever disparities exist between the rodent and the monkey in brain regions that play a role in such critical processes as memory and learning. The differences in such areas point to the possibility of important functional differences in norad- renergic information processing across species, and suggest the use of caution in applying findings made in the rodent to the human condition. © 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IBRO.
Biogeochemical cycles and processes leading to changes in mobility of chemicals in soils

Abstract There is a general lack of long-term field research showing the environmental fate of soil contaminants after agricultural land is converted to other uses. One concern is that long-term changes in soil properties induced by an alternative land use might cause a non-linear increase in the solubility and mobility of soil chemical contaminants. If a fairly rapid increase in contaminant mobility is delayed for years, then this event may be difficult to predict and to control. To help provide insights to long-term fate of soil contaminants, this paper gives an overview of some factors controlling their solubility and mobility. Because of their indefinite residence time in soils, heavy metals and other trace elements input to agricultural lands with soil amendments may pose the greatest (albeit undetermined) long-term threat. Certain macronutrients, especially N and P, and organic pesticides may have shorter-term detrimental effects on water quality and the environment. Important properties influencing soil contaminant solubility and mobility are the type of contaminant (e.g., heavy metal cation, oxyanion, pesticide), soil matrix composition (e.g., mineralogy and organic matter content), soil heterogeneity, pH, redox potential, and variations in dissolved organic matter concentration. By understanding the mechanisms of contaminant binding in the soil in relation to these properties, the long-term fate of contaminants is more predictable.
Oral 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine in psoriatic

Objective. To determine if weekly oral 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) can induce selective lymphocytopenia, and reduce inflammation, in patients with refractory psoriatic arthritis. Methods. Seven patients with psoriatic arthritis were treated with oral 2-CdA at weekly dosages of 0.3 mg/kg to 0.45 mg/kg for 12 weeks, followed by monthly maintenance therapy. The patients were evaluated after 6 months. Results. The drug treatment produced selective lymphocytopenia, and reduced lymphocyte infiltration into involved skin. One patient did not complete 12 weeks of therapy because of perceived lack of efficacy. Four of the 6 remaining patients had improved joint disease, and 5 of 6 had improved psoriasis. Conclusion. Weekly oral 2-CdA appears to be a well-tolerated regimen for the inducement of peripheral lymphocytopenia in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Larger-scale, controlled trials may be warranted.
Invasive rainbow trout affect habitat use, feeding efficiency, and spatial organization of warpaint shiners

Rainbow trout have been introduced to six of the seven continents and currently are widely stocked for sport fishing. Despite their broad distribution, outside of New Zealand, little is known about the effects of rainbow trout on native species, especially fishes. We conducted experiments in an artificial stream to assess hypotheses that stocked rainbow trout significantly affected: (1) mesohabitat use, (2) foraging success, (3) social behavior, and (4) spatial organization of warpaint shiners (Luxilus coccogenis) a common native minnow found in southern Appalachian streams, with similar patterns of microhabitat use to rainbow trout. We replicated experiments at high and low natural densities (two and five warpaint shiners) and spring/fall (12 °C) and summer (17 °C) temperatures. Treatments included: (1) a control (five warpaint shiners), (2) trout (five warpaint shiners and one rainbow trout), (3) large fish control (five warpaint shiners and one river chub) and (4) density control (six warpaint shiners). The presence of rainbow trout produced a shift by warpaint shiners from pool mesohabitats to shallower, higher velocity habitats with more variable substrata, as well as reduced prey capture success, feeding efficiency, and distance from the front of the tank (i.e., warpaint shiners moved closer to food release points), and increased the distance to the additional fish (i.e., avoidance of the rainbow trout). Negative effects on foraging behaviors were stronger in 12 °C treatments. In a realistic stream flume the presence of rainbow trout produced effects that likely influenced individual fitness of warpaint shiners. The potential effects of stocking rainbow trout on native non-game fishes, such as warpaint shiners should be assessed when implementing or evaluating stocking programs.
Evaluation of the clinical global impression scale among individuals with social anxiety disorder.

Background. The clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is commonly used as a primary outcome measure in studies evaluating the efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders. The current study evaluated the psychometric properties and predictors of clinicians' ratings on an adapted version of the CGI among individuals with social anxiety disorders. Method. An independent assessor administered the CGI Severity of Illness and Improvement ratings to 123 patients at baseline and the subset of treated patients again mid- and post-treatment. Results. Improvement ratings were strongly related to both concurrent Severity of Illness and changes in Severity of Illness ratings from baseline. Additionally, both CGI ratings were positively correlated with both self-report and clinician-administered measures of social anxiety, depression, impairment and quality of life. Measures of social anxiety symptoms accounted for a large portion of the variance in Severity of Illness ratings, with significant additional variance accounted for by measures of impairment and depression. Changes in social anxiety symptoms from baseline accounted for significant variance in Improvement ratings, but no significant additional variance was accounted for by changes in impairment and depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Our findings support the utility of the CGI as an index of global severity and symptom-specific improvement among individuals with social anxiety disorder.
Living with metal ions.

The NMR structure of a copper-binding domain of the protein responsible for Menkes' syndrome demonstrates that the Cys-xx-Cys motif is used by prokaryotes and eukaryotes to deal with heavy metals.
Comparison of Effects of Estetrol and Tamoxifen with Those of Estriol and Estradiol on the Immature Rat Uterus

The estrogenic effects on this immature rat uterus of estetrol 11,3 ,5( 10)-estratriene-3 ,1 So, 16o, 1 713-tetrol] (E4), a major metabolite of placental estrogens in the human fetus, and of tamoxifen (TAM), an antiestrogen, were compared with those of estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3). The compounds were injected s.c. daily, for 3 days, into 22- or 23-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 50 �g/100 g BW of E4 or TAM, and 1 pg/100 g BW of E2 or E3. Tissue was collected 24 to 27 h after the third injection. Both E4 and TAM increased uterine cytosol progesterone receptor (PR) content and PR/DNA. Progesterone receptor levels per mg DNA were 1.7, 2.8 and 5.1 pmol in the control, E4 and TAM groups, respectively. Both compounds showed estrogenic activity in raising uterine wet weight and content of total and soluble (cytosol) protein. Tamoxifen augmented DNA content but the effect of E4 on this parameter was statistically significant in only one of two series of experiments. Specific induction of soluble protein, assessed by the ratio cytosoh/total protein, was noted after E2 or E3 injection, but not after treatment with E4 or TAM. Evaluation of morphologic changes in luminal and glandular epithehium by light and electron microscopy indicated enhanced synthetic and secretory activity after administration of all four compounds. Estradiol and TAM changed the shape of luminal epithelial cells from cuboidal to tall columnar, developed prominent Golgi systems and rough endoplasmic reticulum, and promoted the formation of secretory granules. Similar but less pronounced ultrastructural changes were observed after E3 or E4 treatment: the height of the luminal columnar epithehium was lower, the microvilli were shorter and the secretory granules were absent. The ultrastructural changes in glandular epithelium paralleled those found in the luminal epithehium. Cell degeneration was observed in luminal and glandular epithelium after E3 or E4 treatment and, to a small degree, after TAM treatment. Estradiol produced this effect in glandular but not in luminal epithelium. The phenolic steroids, but not TAM, increased the number of uterine eosinophils significantly. TAM raised the endometrial/myometrial ratio of cross-sectional areas significantly, whereas E,,