cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metalation of 2-Methylpyridine Derivatives: Ethyl 6-Methylpyridine-2-Acetate

Metalation of 2-Methylpyridine Derivatives: Ethyl 6-Methylpyridine-2-Acetate reactant: 32.1 g. (0.300 mole) of 2,6-lutidine product: ethyl 6-methylpyridine-2-acetate Keywords: acylation; esterification, of substituted monobasic acids; metalation reactions, potassium; potassium amide, preparation of; ammonia; potassium
Varicella zoster in hospital personnel: skin test reactivity to monitor susceptibility.

An outbreak of chickenpox, involving three patients and one nurse on a pediatric ward, necessitated rapid identification of susceptible employees in conjunction with standard epidemiologic intervention in order to prevent spread to other high-risk patients. Of 46 hospital personnel 15 (33%) gave a negative or unknown history of prior disease. Response to a varicella-zoster skin test was compared with antibody determination as measured by fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen. Correlation of these two screening methods was absolute. Of 46 hospital personnel four (9%) were susceptible to infection (negative skin test and antibody < 1:4) requiring their removal from the ward. All those with positive histories for prior disease with the virus and 11/15 (73%) with negative or unknown histories were immune as indicated by both tests. A readily available varicella zoster skin test would be an extremely useful epidemiologic tool for screening hospital personnel.
A Comparison of the Effects of Sex, Competition, and Ability on a Perceptual Motor Task

Abstract College male and female subjects (N = 60) competed with opposite and same sex opponents on a rotary pursuit tracking task. Pretesting allowed the task to be learned and provided ability grouping for pairing under subsequent treatment conditions. The competitive motive was induced by offering a monetary reward to every three subjects for the highest individual total score achieved under three treatments. Testing was conducted against a same sex opponent, an opposite sex opponent, and with no opponent present. Subjects competed for a one dollar reward only with their two coacting opponents. The results indicated significant differences in performance in terms of sex, treatments, and a sex by treatments interaction. Males performed better than females (P < .01) while treatment effects were significant (P < .01) with same sex < cross sex < no opponent. Significant differences found between sexes in terms of treatment are presented in the discussion of results.
The diffusion of atoms and molecules

Publisher Summary This chapter gives an account of the physics of gaseous diffusion of atoms and molecules, and to survey the experimental methods and results obtained in the determination of gaseous diffusion coefficient. Diffusion is the most difficult of the three transport mechanisms to define satisfactorily, because it is most convenient to define a diffusion coefficient for a mixture in which the net flux is zero and in which there is also no pressure gradient. The computation of the viscous flux for gases is carried out exactly as in the case of liquids to obtain Poiseuille's law, but remembering that a gas is compressible. Although it is easy enough to write down the phenomenological equations for multi-component diffusion, it is very difficult to solve them. Multi-component diffusion is much more complicated than binary diffusion; even ternary diffusion shows qualitatively different features than binary diffusion.
Contemporary African Fashion

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2010 Pages: 248 Publisher: Indiana University Press ISBN: 978-0-253-22256-5 (soft cover). Prices: 27.95(soft cover).
Peer-to-Peer-Computing — Wettbewerbsvorteil für Intel

Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Entwicklung von Peer-to-Peer-Computing (P2P) zu einer erstaunlich leistungsfahigen Technologie fur IT-Unternehmenslosungen und fur die IT-Infrastruktur. Nach einem kurzen Uberblick uber P2P-Computing wird gezeigt, wie die Intel Corporation diese Technologie einsetzt, um neue Moglichkeiten zu erschlieβen und gleichzeitig Kosten fur die IT-Infrastruktur zu reduzieren. Anhand von Anwendungsbeispielen werden PC-Philantrophy, Distributed File Sharing und Periphery-Grid-Computing naher beleuchtet. Schlieβlich folgt eine Zusammenfassung der Vorteile des P2P-Computing.
Generosity and gluttony in GEMS: grid enabled molecular simulations

Biomolecular simulations produce more output data than can be managed effectively by traditional computing systems. Researchers need distributed systems that allow the pooling of resources, the sharing of simulation data, and the reliable publication of both tentative and final results. To address this need, we have designed GEMS, a system that enables biomolecular researchers to store, search, and share large scale simulation data. The primary design problem is striking a balance between generosity and gluttony. On one hand, storage providers wish to be generous and share resources with their collaborators. On the other hand, an unchecked data producer can be gluttonous and easily replicate data unnecessarily until it fills all available space. To balance generosity and gluttony, GEMS allows both storage providers and data producers to state and enforce policies on the consumption of storage and the replication of data. By taking advantage of known properties of simulation data, the system is able to distinguish between high value final results that must be preserved and low value intermediate results that can be deleted and regenerated if necessary. We have built a prototype of GEMS on a cluster of workstations and demonstrate its ability to store new data, to replicate within policy limits, and to recover from failures.
Optimizing the pre-referral workup for gastroenterology and hepatology specialty care: consensus using the Delphi method

Rationale, aims and objectives Specialty care referrals have doubled in the last decade. Optimization of the pre-referral workup by a primary care doctor can lead to a more efficient first specialty visit with the patient. Guidance regarding pre-referral laboratory testing is a first step towards improving the specialty referral process. Our aim was to establish consensus regarding appropriate pre-referral workup for common gastrointestinal and liver conditions. Methods The Delphi method was used to establish local consensus for recommending certain laboratory tests prior to specialty referral for 13 clinical conditions. Seven conditions from The University of Michigan outpatient referral guidelines were used as a baseline. An expert panel of three PCPs and nine gastroenterologists from three academic hospitals participated in three iterative rounds of electronic surveys. Each panellist ranked each test using a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Local panellists could recommend additional tests for the initial diagnoses, and also recommended additional diagnoses needing guidelines: iron deficiency anaemia, abdominal pain, irritable bowel syndrome, fatty liver disease, liver mass and cirrhosis. Consensus was defined as ≥70% of experts scoring ≥4 (agree or strongly agree). Results Applying Delphi methodology to extrapolate externally developed referral guidelines for local implementation resulted in considerable modifications. For some conditions, many tests from the external group were eliminated by the local group (abdominal bloating; iron deficiency anaemia; irritable bowel syndrome). In contrast, for chronic diarrhoea, abnormal liver enzymes and viral hepatitis, all/most original tests were retained with additional tests added. For liver mass, fatty liver disease and cirrhosis, there was high concordance among the panel with few tests added or eliminated. Conclusions Consideration of externally developed referral guidelines using a consensus-building process leads to significant local tailoring and adaption. Our next steps include implementation and dissemination of these guidelines and evaluating their impact on care efficiency in clinical practice.
Analytic Philosophy Of Science

The increasing, cumulative, and spectacular successes of science and technology throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries made science the most prestigious and authoritative institution in western society.1 This can be seen in a number of ways. In Germany, from about 1830 onwards scientism was not only in the ascendancy but an intellectual threat to the legitimacy of philosophy. From about 1870 onwards in Germany the new philosophy tended to justify itself as concerned with the logic of science and the articulation of a world view replacing philosophy. This current was subsequently to sweep across Great Britain and the Atlantic.2 At the first meeting of the American Philosophical Association, on March 31, 1902, at Columbia University, the association’s charter president, J.E. Creighton, pointed out that philosophy’s importance had been eclipsed by the empirical sciences. He urged that philosophy should compete more effectively with the empirical sciences by becoming more methodological, systematic, and by setting strict standards of what counts as professional work.3
Acute effects of morphine on blood lymphocyte proliferation and plasma IL-6 levels.

: Administration of morphine (10 mg/kg) to rats was found to decrease the proliferative potential of blood lymphocytes by 60-80% and concurrently elevate circulating levels of the cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), 2- to 4-fold. Both parameters were similarly altered upon the central administration of morphine and were blocked upon pretreatment of animals with the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone. These results suggest that the activation of central opioid receptors is involved in morphine-induced inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation as well as increases in circulating levels of IL-6. Studies addressing the potential peripheral mechanisms demonstrated that intact ganglionic transmission was required for both effects of morphine. Although the suppression by morphine of lymphocyte proliferation appeared to be largely independent of stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the elevation of IL-6 was completely abolished in adrenalectomized animals. collectively, these results suggest that central opioid receptor activation results in changes in different immune parameters that can be mediated through distinct peripheral mechanisms.
Regulation of macrophage phenotype by long-term exposure to IL-10.

Abstract Macrophages are chronically exposed to IL-10 in a variety of physiological and pathological settings. Macrophage responses to short-term stimulation with IL-10 have been extensively studied, but the effects of chronic exposure to IL-10 on macrophage function are not known. Herein we used transcriptional profiling and functional studies to characterize the phenotype of macrophages after long-term culture with IL-10. Classical activation of macrophages by LPS and IFN γ was suppressed by IL-10. In contrast, IL-10 activated expression of genes that suggested acquisition of functions important for cell trafficking, tissue remodeling, recognition of microbial pathogens and responsiveness to the T cell-derived cytokines IL-2 and IL-21. These results demonstrate that IL-10 induces a differentiation program in macrophages and characterize a novel alternatively activated macrophage phenotype.
Differential expression of human COMT alleles in brain and lymphoblasts detected by RT-coupled 5′ nuclease assay

A common polymorphism, Val158Met, alters catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme activity and has been linked to psychiatric phenotypes. Bray et al. (2003) reported that COMT is subject to differential allele expression in brain, finding modest (13–22%) underexpression of a haplotype containing Val158. However, disparate findings by another group who used the same method, but in lymphoblasts, raise the issues of tissue specificity, magnitude of differential expression, and identity of loci altering expression. We measured COMT allele expression ratios in heterozygous human lymphoblast cell lines and brains. Using transcribed single nucleotide polymorphisms as endogenous reporters, we developed an RT-coupled 5′ nuclease assay for allele expression ratios and applied it to 63 COMT rs4818(C>G) heterozygotes and 68 Val158Met [rs4680(G>A)] heterozygotes. For rs4818(C>G), the C allele was overexpressed relative to the G allele in 18 of 27 lymphoblast lines and 23 of 36 brains. For Val158Met, Met158 was overexpressed relative to Val158 in all (29 of 29) lymphoblast lines and all (39 of 39) brains. Each of the 22 rs4818 heterozygotes without differential allele expression was a Val158/Val158 homozygote. The Met158 allele was overexpressed by 65–77% when compared with Val158 in lymphoblasts and brain. Haplotype augmented ability to predict expression in brain only. However, the expression of the Val158 allele on the high-expressing haplotype was only 19% higher than Val158 alleles on the other haplotype background. COMT alleles are differentially expressed. The Met158 allele predicts higher mRNA expression in both brain and lymphoblasts. As exemplified here, the RT-coupled 5′ nuclease assay is a reliable method for the quantitative evaluation of cis-acting regulatory effects.
Large displacement formulation of a three-dimensional beam element with cross-sectional warping

Abstract A displacement-based three-node beam element is formulated for analysis of the large displacement/large rotation response of curved structural components of rectangular cross-section, including the effects of cross-sectional warping due to torsion. Master-slave relationships are derived which facilitate the modeling of eccentric stiffeners in plate and shell structures. Efficient and explicit relationships are developed for transformation between relative through-thickness displacement and global rotational degrees of freedom, between lamina and global coordinate systems, and between master and slave nodes as one composite operation. Simple functions are appended to the basic element displacements to account for cross-sectional warping deformations. The resulting formulation gives predictions which are close to the analytical response of an elastic beam subjected to torsion, yet the added computational expense is relatively small. Additional geometric stiffness terms associated with large rotation effects, which have been overlooked in many conventional formulations, are derived and elucidated. Examples are provided which demonstrate the significance of modeling cross-sectional warping and of incorporating the large rotation geometric stiffness terms in the analysis.
Models of lexical knowledge assessment of second language learners of English at higher levels of language proficiency

Abstract The study presented in this paper was conducted within the theoretical framework of the three-dimensional global-trait model of lexical knowledge proposed by [Henrikson, B. 1999. Three dimensions of vocabulary development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, pp. 303–317], consisting of breadth, depth, and receptive-productive dimensions. The experiment empirically tested the practical effectiveness of the framework to account for differences in the vocabulary knowledge of three groups of participants: NSs of English (n = 30), L2 advanced (n = 17) and intermediate learners (n = 17). In addition, it was of interest to find out the degree to which five commonly used predictors of lexical competence, i.e., self-reported knowledge of words, vocabulary size, knowledge of words from various frequency bands, native-like commonality of associations, and number of associations, could help explain the greatest amount of variance in participants’ actual knowledge of words. The expectation was that such an analysis would also allow for identifying the smallest and practically most efficient set of predictors of both NSs’ and L2 learners’ overall state of the lexicon and, respectively, of their lexical development with an increase in proficiency. To address the research questions, two statistical procedures were used: multiple regression analysis, which is frequently employed for predictive purposes, and all possible regressions, which is one of several procedures used for identifying the most efficient predictors from a pool of variables. The regression analysis pointed to a statistically significant relationship between participants’ actual knowledge of words and the five predictors. All possible regressions revealed that the smallest “best” set of predictors of lexical knowledge across the three groups was a two-predictor model consisting of verifiable self-report and vocabulary size. The implications of the research findings are discussed from the practical perspective of using discrete item tests for vocabulary knowledge assessment of L2 learners at higher levels of proficiency.
Mechanisms of Interhemispheric Transfer and Patterns of Cognitive Function in Acallosal Patients of Normal Intelligence

• We investigated interhemispheric transfer and cognitive function in two boys with normal intelligence in whom agenesis of the corpus callosum was identified following minor head trauma. In patient 1, magnetic resonance imaging scan showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and absent anterior commissure. Results of visual interhemispheric transfer tasks suggested degradation in transfer of information to the left hemisphere. Results of a tactile interhemispheric transfer task suggested degradation of access to the right hemisphere. In patient 2, magnetic resonance imaging scan showed agenesis of the corpus callosum and enlarged anterior commissure. Results for both visual and tactile interhemispheric transfer tasks were normal. Dichotic listening tests showed a slight left ear advantage in both patients. These results support the hypothesis that hypertrophy of the anterior commissure is an important mechanism of functional compensation in agenesis of the corpus callosum. However, the relative subtlety of deficits in patient 1 and results of dichotic listening tests support use of other mechanisms as well. No consistent pattern of cognitive deficits was observed.
Pressure inhibits thermal killing of Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts

The increasing application of hyperthermia to cancer therapy1–5 has resulted in intensive study of the cellular effects of small temperature elevations (from about 37 to 43 °C). The critical heat target(s) have not been identified, however, findings such as the alterations in membrane morphology, inhibition of potassium transport6 and increased permeability to a variety of substances7,8 implicate the plasma membrane9. Also, there are striking similarities between the response of cells in tissue culture to heat and various membrane fluidizing agents, including anaesthetics and alcohols10–14. An initial exposure of cells to non-lethal doses of heat will trigger development of subsequent resistance to both heat and ethanol, as well as to adriamycin. Similarly, an initial exposure to ethanol will result in subsequent resistance to all three of these agents10–12. A range of anaesthetics and alcohols also act synergistically with heat in cell killing12–14. As the effects of ethanol and many other anaesthetics thought to be membrane active are known to be inhibited by the simultaneous application of elevated pressure15, we suspected that thermal cell killing would also be inhibited by high pressure, as occurs in bacterial systems16. There are marked differences, however, between the response of mammalian cells and bacteria to heat: mammalian cells require only very small elevations in temperatures to effect large changes in survival, and can only grow within a comparatively narrow temperature range. We demonstrate here that pressure does, nevertheless, inhibit thermal killing of mammalian cells.
Analysis of a fast-spreading rise crest: The East Pacific Rise, 9° to 12° south

The axis of the East Pacific Rise is defined by a topographic block about 15 km wide and 300 to 350 m high which is flanked by abyssal hills 100 to 200 m high and 3 to 5 km wide. These hiils oftcn arc tilted such that their steep slopes face the axis. An empirical model explaining these features combines axial extrusion to form the central block and rot~tional faulting to lower the shoulders of the axial block to the regional depth and tilt them outward. The axial block is offset about 10 km left-laterally al 10.0~ and a similar amount right-laterally at l 1.5~ Offsets (or lack of offsets) of young magnetic anomalies indicate that these axial dispiacemcn'.s occurred between 1.7 and 0.9 m.y. ago and 0.7 m.y. ago and thc present in lhe north and south. respectively. These small axial offsets are interpreted to be the result of either brief episodes of asymmetric sea-floor spreading or discrete jumps in the site of spreading activity. Both axial shifts were to the west: a unidirectional sequence of such shifts occurring at the above rate of one per million years would be difficult to differentiate from true regional asymmetric spreading and might explain that phenomenon on other medium-to fast-spreading rises. Reconnaissance data from the east flank of the East Pacific Rise indicate that spreading activity began on that part of the rise between the 9~ and 13.5~ fracture zones approximately 8.2 m.y. ago when the site of crustal accretion jumped westward from the now dormant Galapagos Rise. Slope change in crust approximately 2 and 6 m.y. old imply faster spreading rates between about 6 and 2 m.y. ago than either before or after that time. Identification and correlation of anomaly 3' allows an estimate of about 90 mm/y for this higher east flank spreading rate. Since 1.7 m.y. ago spreading rates have averaged about 80 mm/y to the west and 77 mm/y to the east.
Step in or stay out? Parents' roles in adolescent siblings' relationships

We studied parents' direct involvement in adolescent sibling relationships, including parents' reactions to sibling conflict and their time spent in the company of the sibling dyad. Participants were 185 White, working- and middle-class families; firstborns averaged 15 and secondborns averaged 13.5 years of age. In separate home interviews mothers, fathers and both adolescents described their personal and family relationship qualities and experiences. In a series of 7 evening phone calls, family members reported on each day's activities including the time they spent and their companions in 63 daily activities (e.g., do dishes, play sports, talk on phone). Analyses revealed 3 general conflict reactions by parents: (a) noninvolvement (e.g., tell siblings to work out problem themselves); (b) intervene (e.g., step in and solve problem); and (c) coach (e.g., give advice about how to solve problem). We found mother-father differences in conflict reactions and time spent with siblings; differences in parents' direct involvement as a function of the gender constellation of the sibling dyad also were evident. Direct involvement was linked to sibling relationship qualities and explained variance beyond that accounted for by an index of indirect involvement, that is, parental warmth. Further, parents' orientations toward autonomy were linked to the indices of involvement such that parents with stronger autonomy orientations were less involved, and parents' orientations explained variance in their involvement beyond that explained by adolescent characteristics. Language: en
COOPERATIVE PROBLEM-SOLVING CHALLENGES FOR THE MOVEMENT OF AIRCRAFT ON THE GROUND

In this paper, we discuss issues surrounding aircraft surface movement that were uncovered through a series of ethnographic investigations, including (a) observations of surface movement operations, (b) structured interviews with airline ramp control and dispatch personnel, and (c) critical incident reports. These results are part of the “problem identification” stage of a study aimed at the design of cognitive tools to improve the safety and efficiency of aircraft surface movement. This study is focusing on such issues from an airline operations control perspective (i.e., ramp control and dispatch). We have identified areas of opportunity for aiding airline staff and controllers in this information-intensive cognitive work, which will lead to identifying the nature of cognitive tools and procedures that could improve prioritization, planning, and coordination during surface movement
On Promoting a Sustainable Future Through Consumer Activism

This empirical study attempted to advance knowledge of consumer activist efforts to secure a sustainable future. The study focused on 12 environmental protection boycotts and 12 animal rights boycotts. In each instance, a representative of the boycott group and a representative of the targeted corporation were interviewed about the boycott particulars and consequences. Two noteworthy findings of the study are (1) almost all of the boycotts were media-oriented rather than marketplace-oriented, and (2) most of the boycotts were not successful in realizing their objectives. Implications of the findings are discussed for ecological change agents seeking to influence corporate policies and practices.
An International Comparison of High Voltage Capacitor Calibration

The suitability of a commercially available, compressed-gas-insulated, high voltage capacitor for precise measurement of ac voltages has been examined by national laboratories in the U.S.A. and Canada. The voltage, temperature, and pressure dependences and the mechanical stability of the capacitor were determined. It was found that by taking proper precautions the device is competitive with other methods. As a result of this research, it was also found that high voltage capacitance measurements at the two laboratories involved are in agreement.
Breed and Strain Differences in Shank Pigmentation in Growing Chickens

HE degree of pigmentation of the shanks is one factor determining the selling price of live chickens. Among buy­ ers of live broilers a shank possessing a deep shade of yellow is preferred to one having a light shade of yellow. Certain poultry diseases influence the degree of skin and shank pigmentation. Bleaching of the shanks, for example, is one of the early signs of the presence of coccidiosis. Respiratory diseases also mod­ ify the degree of shank pigmentation in the growing chicken. Hammond and Harshaw (1941), Culton and Bird (1941), Bird (1942), and others have shown that the ration can decidedly influence the deposition of yellow pigment in the skin and shanks of the growing chicken. Lambert and Knox (1927) suggested there was a close relationship between the yellow color of the beak and shanks and the color of the skin. Observation of a limited number of chickens by Culton and Bird (1941) indicated that on the same chicken a high shank score was associated with a high skin pigment score, a low shank score with a low skin pigment score. Hammond and Harshaw (1941) studied the influence of the source and level of the vitamin D in the ration on shank and skin color. They found that although skin and
Color Flow Imaging of Leiomyomas and Focal Myometrial Contractions During Pregnancy

In a prospective study, 15 pregnant patients with a total of 7 leiomyomas and 10 focal myometrial contractions were evaluated with color flow imaging. Images were graded based on vascularity. Leiomyomas were grade III (hypervascular) in 85.7% and grade II (peripheral flow only) in 14.3% of cases. Contractions were grade I (hypovascular) in 80% and grade II in 20% of cases. Contractions involving the placenta demonstrated vascularity adjacent to the myometrium at the placentation site. Color flow imaging is useful when used in conjunction with two-dimensional findings to differentiate between leiomyomas and focal myometrial contractions during pregnancy.
Cells and Organizers

This article evaluates historically some of the factors other than the new “cell biology” that have influenced embryologists to think in terms of cells rather than supracellular agencies. Evidence of Spemann's emphasis on organizers as supracellular phenomena is presented, but it is pointed out that Spemann raised some cellular questions that were by-passed at the time. Vogt and others who studied morphogenetic movements in the 1920's also considered these as supracellular processes, although Vogt previously (1913) had studied the movements of individual amphibian embryonic cells isolated in vitro . It is pointed out that the number of investigators who studied isolated cells in vitro before the development of tissue culture was considerable, including Remak (1855), Stricker (1864), and His (1899), among others. Holtfreter observed the actions of isolated cells from 1931 on, in part, at first, because the cells isolated themselves from cell groups in vitro . His studies of explants, in the 1930's, 1940's, and 1950's, emphasized that supracellular phenomena must be explained in terms of cell properties, including membrane properties. In addition, the dramatic results of his experiments demonstrating affinity drew attention to cells as organized individuals, just as Spemann's experiments had done earlier to demonstrate the integrative qualities of embryos-as-wholes.
Anomalous intensity-dependent vibrational distributions of oxygen molecules in a nonresonant laser field: A molecular perspective

We report on the results of nonlinear ionization and dissociation of gas-phase oxygen molecules in an intense (10{sup 11{minus}13} W/cm{sup 2}) laser field. The investigations were performed with the second- and third-harmonic wavelengths of two different laser systems; a 50-ps Nd:YLF (where YLF denotes yttrium lithium fluoride) and a 10-ns Nd:YAG (where YAG represents yttrium aluminum garnet). Measurements include energy resolved photoelectron and mass spectroscopy. We report on an interesting observation made with excitation of the neutral with green ({similar to}2.3 eV) photons, in which the vibrational distribution of the molecular ion shows a strong intensity dependence. We have analyzed this intensity-dependent behavior to be a result of a complex interplay between different resonant and nonresonant electronic channels, which to first approximation does not require dynamical Stark shifting of states. A model is presented that describes this behavior and results in the determination of the molecular constants for the intermediate states.
Dynamic aspects of nutrient requirements by intact plants

Abstract When plant tissues are analyzed, the interpretation of the mineral composition depends on all the dynamic factors of mineral uptake, distribution, redistribution, and interactions. Each of these factors must be viewed in the proper perspective to insure a valid interpretation of the nutrient requirements of plants. Since plant growth is dynamic, the factor which must be considered is the rate of nutrient supply to the rate of nutrient demand for growth. These rates vary throughout the life cycle of the plant. In tissue analysis, the critical concentrations may vary throughout the plant depending on the plant part and nutrient element under consideration. Here, also, the dynamic factors should be considered to insure the proper applications of these critical concentrations.
300 MHz 1H NMR spectra and conformations of biotin and related hexahydrothienoimidazolone derivatives

Abstract 1 H NMR spectra of biotin and four related hexahydrothienoimidazolones in which the endo pentanoate side chain of biotin is replaced by another endo or exo substituent, and the urea nitrogen atoms are substituted with benzyl groups, have been obtained at 300 MHz. Vicinal coupling constants differentiate cis and trans proton pairs. The generalized Karplus equation was utilized to calculate dihedral angles from vicinal proton-proton coupling constants. The conformation of biotin in solution, calculated from coupling constants, is in good agreement with solid state X-ray crystallographic data.
Additive Scaling and the DIRECT Algorithm

In this paper we show that the convergence behavior of the DIviding RECTangles (DIRECT) algorithm is sensitive to additive scaling of the objective function. We illustrate this problem with a computation and show how the algorithm can be modified to eliminate this sensitivity.
The costs of completing unfinished US nuclear power plants

Abstract There has been considerable debate in the USA over the relative costs of completing those nuclear generating units currently under construction. What are the regional costs associated with completing nuclear units and are there cheaper alternatives? A cost-benefit analysis is performed to assess the costs of completing unfinished nuclear capacity. We find that in most regions of the USA finishing the units is not the least-cost supply alternative. In fact in many regions, there will be no demand for the power before the year 2000. State regulators should take these estimates into account when determining the fate of individual units.
Implementing technology roadmap process in the energy services sector: A case study of a government agency

Abstract Energy sector has become increasingly sensitive to emerging new technologies as our society is seeking alternative energy sources. Many utility companies and government agencies have started to implement technology planning processes for roadmapping their future technology portfolios. This paper focuses on technology planning in the government energy services sector. Through a case study research method, the paper documents how technology planning and specifically technology roadmaps were implemented at a federal agency tasked with managing power transmission in the Northwest United States. Three application areas are covered: transmission, renewables and energy efficiency. The paper provides details on the Energy Efficiency Roadmaps. Through the review of the case a technology planning methodology based on technology roadmaps is detailed. Key conclusions were reached on how to manage such process implementation in similar organizations. Some of these conclusions can be generalized to those that are implementing technology planning processes for the first time. We concluded that adoption of such methods would require a longer time than anticipated. Organizational changes to adopt the process will likely reduce the time it takes to deliver the required roadmaps. We also found that a typical sequence of events would be Technology Gap Analysis and Identification of Technology Candidates, Evaluation and Prioritization of Technologies, Roadmapping of Technologies and Allocation of Resources to the R&D Programs or to the direct acquisition of the technologies.
Cultural Neuroscience: The Current State of Affairs

Chiao and colleagues (this issue) present compelling evidence for the necessity of employing a cultural neuroscience perspective. As they show, by integrating approaches from an immense array of disciplines, such as cultural psychology, neuroscience, and genetics, scientists can achieve a more profound knowledge of the interconnections between these seemingly disparate fields and how each theoretical approach influences one another. Furthermore, through employing methods from other disciplines, scientists will also be able to attain a more nuanced understanding of the phenomena of their own respective fields. We praise this approach, and support the notion that cultural psychology could benefit immensely from methodologies implemented in neuroscience and genetics.
Patient characteristics that are associated with urodynamically diagnosed detrusor instability and genuine stress incontinence.

Abstract Objective: We sought to compare characteristics of patients with urodynamically diagnosed detrusor instability or genuine stress incontinence. Study Design: A retrospective audit of 293 consecutive women who were referred to a urogynecologist for evaluation of urinary incontinence between June 1996 and April 2000. Results: Of the 293 patients, 289 women had a physical examination and urodynamic testing, which revealed genuine stress incontinence (35%), detrusor instability (32%), mixed incontinence (29%), or normal urodynamic function (4%). Compared with patients with detrusor instability, those women with genuine stress incontinence were more likely to be white than African American (P
The use of genetic markers to estimate the frequency of successful alternative reproductive tactics

This paper outlines a method for estimating rates of successful alternative reproductive tactics from parental exclusions known through the use of genetic markers. We review a method for calculating the probability of excluding a putative father when he is not the actual father. We adapt this method to model two mating tactics of concern to sociobiologists: extrapair copulations (EPCs) and intra-specific egg parasitism (egg-dumping). Four different types of parental exclusions are possible (both male and female, male only, female only, and ambiguous). The two models predict different proportions of each type of exclusion. Models are also generated for the case when the putative mother's or father's genotypes are not available. We used parental exclusions from an electrophoretic study of indigo buntings (Westneat 1987b) to demonstrate these methods. The distribution of parental exclusions in the buntings departed significantly from the predictions of the egg-dumping model, but agreed well with those of the EPC model. The probability of detection for the EPC model (0.401) was then used to estimate the actual rate of extra-pair fertilizations (0.421 of all the young sampled). We present a method for calculating a confidence interval on this estimate, which ranged from 0.247 to 0.659. We concluded that these methods will allow the quantitative study of the success of alternative reproductive tactics in a wide variety of species.
The Origins of the Qualifiers Iso-, Neo-, Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary in Organic Nomenclature

This paper traces the origins and uses of the qualifiers iso-, neo-, primary, secondary, and tertiary in organic nomenclature.
Product architecting for personalization

Abstract Personalization is an emerging manufacturing paradigm whereby customers can tailor products to their individual needs while maintaining high production efficiency. This paradigm necessitates “personalized product architecting” for determination of customizable/personalizable product modules and cost-effective manufacturing methods. This paper presents an initial effort in developing a method for identifying appropriate product architectures and manufacturing resolutions to achieve personalization considering functional utility and manufacturing cost. Ergonomic experiments and conjoint analysis are implemented to build functions relating manufacturability, price, and utility. Using these functions, a case study based on shoe products is conducted and the common integer programming welfare problem is expanded to a mixed-integer programming optimization problem for determination of a product family incorporating both personalized and customized offerings.
Electron transfer reactions in cofacial diporphyrins

Abstract Optical difference spectra consonant with electron transfer from a magnesium porphyrin to a free base porphyrin are obtained following picosecond excitation of cofacial diporphyrins covalently linked approximately 4Aapart. The charge-transfer species decays with a lifetime of 620 ± 20 ps.
An exploration of gender identification using only the periocular region

The periocular region, the region of the face surrounding the eyes, has gained increasing attention in biometrics in recent years. This region of the face is of particular interest when trying to identify a person whose face is partially occluded. We propose the novel idea of applying the information obtained from the periocular region to identify the gender of a person, which is a type of soft biometrie recognition. We gradually narrow the region of interest of the face to explore the feasibility of using smaller, eye-centered regions for building a robust gender classifier around the periocular region alone. Our experimental results show that at least an 85% classification rate is still obtainable using only the periocular region with a database of 936 low resolution images collected from the web.
Direct-gap optical gain of Ge on Si at room temperature

Lasers on Si are crucial components of monolithic electronic-photonic integration. Recently our theoretical analysis has shown that Ge, a pseudodirect bandgap material compatible with Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, can be band engineered by tensile strain and n-type doping to achieve efficient light emission and optical gain from its direct gap transition. We report on what is to our knowledge the first experimental observation of optical gain in the wavelength range of 1,600-1,608 nm from the direct-gap transition of n(+) tensile-strained Ge on Si at room temperature under steady-state optical pumping. This experimental result confirms that the band-engineered Ge on Si is a promising gain medium for monolithic lasers on Si.
Characterization of Sulfonic Acid Isomers of Dehydrothio- p -toluidine

Dehydrothio-p-toluidine sulfonic acid (DTSA) is commonly used as a dye intermediate. It is typically produced by sulfonation of the product obtained from fusion of p-toluidine and sulfur. In addition to the major component, 2-(4-aminophenyl)-6-methyl-7-benzothiazolyl-sulfonic acid (APM-7-BSA), a commercial sample of DTSA, characterized for the National Toxicology Program, was found to contain sulfonic acid isomers of the major component which have not been described in the chemical literature.
Fault tolerance of optoelectronic neural networks

Many ideas on optoelectronic realizations of various neural networks have been described over the last few years. Most of them use analog optical devices and have been shown to work satisfactorily as simple content addressable memories. An important question is how much of the faults and defects in the storage and retrieval systems, that is the spatial and temporal errors in the spatial light modulators or the photorefractive arrays and the detector arrays, these neural network realizations can tolerate. One measure of fault tolerance is the probability of correct retrieval or classification when the network is used as a content addressable memory. Using recent theories we derive upper bounds to the probability of errors in various popular optoelectronic neural network realizations as a function of the size, capacity, and the magnitude of spatial and temporal errors. Guidelines on the design and implementations of optoelectronic neural networks are derived.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
β-(1→3) Glucanases from plant callus cultures

Abstract Enzymes capable of hydrolyzng β-(1→3) glucan (laminarin) have been found in callus cultures of bean (Phaseolus), lettuce (Lactuca), carrot (Daucus) and pepper (Capsicum). Laminaribiose is the major product. Lichenin and oat glucan were not attacked by these laminarinases.
Early Childhood Teacher Preparation: Essential Aspects for the Achievement of Social Justice

Five essential ideas or understandings that should underlie early childhood teacher education programs are discussed conceptually. Inquiry and reflection into practice are critical for continued teacher learning and development; learning and development are cultural and constructivist processes; the teacher's image of the child should be as a strong and capable participant in the culture; the education of young children is a community privilege and responsibility; and while the child's future is of concern in education, it is just as vital to think of the child in the here and now. These ideas are essential for incorporating a social justice orientation in teacher education. An exemplary early childhood teacher education program is described as a model of the way in which these underlying ideas might be incorporated in preparing early childhood teachers in the pursuit of social justice aims for all of their students and families.
Fifty years in studying carbon-based materials

A review is presented based on our 50 year involvement in studying carbon materials physics and carbon-based nanostructures. The review topics include an early history of studies of graphene and graphite, graphite intercalation compounds, forerunners of nano-carbons, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and, finally, graphene and graphene nanoribbons.
INTEGRATION OF REAL OPTIONS ANALYSIS INTO AN ENGINE DEVELOPMENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

The decision of developing a new aircraft engine has never been an easy one. Engineering and manufacturing aircraft engines have always been very challenging tasks for the aerospace industry. These challenges are delimited not only by the technological and physical constraints that engineers face every day, but also by market, economic, political and many other uncertain factors that are not so easily quantifiable ahead of time. This paper identifies the main non-technical concerns that arise in the development of a new aircraft engine, and links them to the technical design specifications and the uncertainty that surround these, to make a valuable decision support system useful at the managerial level. The solution is presented at the end of the paper in the form of a methodology that, once perfected, will allow managers to better evaluate the feasibility of new projects, considering technical and managerial concerns, as well as their uncertainties, thereby minimizing risk.
Generating animated sequences from 3D whole-body scans

3D images of human subjects are, today, easily obtained using 3D wholebody scanners. 3D human images can provide static information about the physical characteristics of a person, information valuable to professionals such as clothing designers, anthropometrists, medical doctors, physical therapists, athletic trainers, and sculptors. Can 3D human images can be used to provide e more than static physical information. This research described in this paper attempts to answer the question by explaining a way that animated sequences may be generated from a single 3D scan. The process stars by subdividing the human image into segments and mapping the segments to those of a human model defined in a human-motion simulation package. The simulation software provides information used to display movement of the human image. Snapshots of the movement are captured and assembled to create an animated sequence. All of the postures and motion of the human images come from a single 3D scan. This paper describes the process involved in animating human figures from static 3D wholebody scans, presents an example of a generated animated sequence, and discusses possible applications of this approach.
EFFECT OF POTATO VIRUS X ON ENZYMATIC DARKENING AND LIPID CONTENT OF POTATOES

Katahdin, Sebago, Peconic and Bake King potatoes were examined for susceptibility to enzymatic darkening in relation to infection with Potato virus X (PVX). Tubers from each of the four varieties that were infected with PVX were compared to those that were free of the infection. Lipid determinations were made on the four varieties in each of the 3 yr. The phenolic content was determined in each of 2 yr on the same varieties. Color determinations were made using the Hunter Color Difference Meter and the Chloroform-Disc method. Enzymatic darkening was significantly greater and lipid content lower in virus-infected than in virus-free tissue. The phospholipid content followed the same trend as crude lipid, being lower in infected tubers than in control tubers. The phenolic content was significantly increased by viral infection. The increased susceptibility to enzymatic discoloration of tubers infected with Potato virus X is probably due to alteration of lipid and phenolic metabolism following infection with Potato virus X. Greater control of this disease should result in higher quality potatoes.