cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inner forearc response to subduction of the Panama Fracture Zone, southern Central America

Abstract Subduction of the right-lateral Panama Fracture Zone, along the convergent margin of Central America creates abrupt lateral variations in convergence rate, obliquity, and subducting crustal thickness at its intersection with the Middle America Trench. This intersection, known as the Panama (CO-NZ-CA) Triple Junction, is migrating to the southeast at a rate of 55 mm/yr, and currently coincides with the lateral termination of the Fila Costena Thrust Belt in the inner forearc of the overriding plate. Mapping in the inner forearc in the area that straddles the subducting Panama Fracture Zone reveals that Cocos–Caribbean convergence west of the triple junction leads to the development of an inner forearc thrust belt inboard of the colliding Cocos Ridge, while little deformation is evident inboard of Nazca–Caribbean convergence, east of the triple junction. This results in the lateral termination of the Fila Costena Thrust Belt in the region of the forearc that projects over the Panama Fracture Zone, where four out of five mapped thrust faults tip out and are buried by lahars. Three new balanced cross-sections indicate a steep gradient in shortening from the center of the thrust belt to its southeastern termination. The short-term history of the inner forearc recorded in the landscape and topography of the Fila Costena is consistent with the southeastward migration of the thrust belt and the Panama Triple Junction throughout the past ∼ 3 Ma, with evidence for the growth of a new topographic divide and reorganization of stream channel networks.
Estimating Credit Risk Capital: What's the Use?

Risk capital is an important input for management functions. Capital structure decisions, capital budgeting, and ex post performance measurement require different measures of risk capital. While it has become common to estimate risk capital using VaR models, it is not clear that VaR‐based capital estimates are optimal for applications to management functions (e.g. risk management, capital budgeting, performance measurement, or regulation). This article considers three typical problems that require an estimate of credit risk capital: an optimal equity capital allocation; an optimal capital allocation for capital budgeting decisions; and an optimal capital allocation to remove moral hazard incentives from a compensation contract based on ex post performance. The optimal credit risk capital allocation is different for each problem and is never consistent with a credit VaR estimate of unexpected loss. The results demonstrate that the optimal risk capital allocation depends on the objective.
Synthesis of 3,4-substituted cyclopentenones via an intramolecular Pauson–Khand reaction of NO linked enynes

Abstract Differentially 3,4-disubstituted cyclopentenones are constructed via a novel Pauson–Khand cyclization/cleavage strategy of NO linked enynes.
Ecological and social influences on the hunting behaviour of wild chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii

There has been considerable discussion of the factors that influence the hunting behaviour of male chimpanzees. Explanations invoking social benefits hinge upon the potential for males to share meat with sexually receptive females in exchange for mating (‘meat for sex’), or to share meat with other males in exchange for social support (‘male social bonding’). Ecological factors may also affect hunting: chimpanzees may hunt more frequently (1) in response to food shortages (‘nutrient shortfall’); (2) when energy reserves are high (‘nutrient surplus’); (3) in habitat types with good visibility and increased prey vulnerability; and/or (4) when ecological factors favour cooperative hunting. We used 25 years of data on chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, to examine the relative importance of social and ecological factors in the decision to hunt red colobus monkeys, Colobus badius. The presence of sexually receptive females was associated with a significant decrease in hunting probability, suggesting that males face a trade-off between hunting and mating (‘meat or sex’ rather than ‘meat for sex’). Hunting by specific males did not vary with adult male party size, providing evidence against the male social-bonding hypothesis. After controlling for the effects of party size, diet quality was not associated with the probability of hunting or hunting successfully. Hunts were more likely to occur and to succeed in woodland and semideciduous forest than in evergreen forest, emphasizing the importance of visibility and prey mobility. Finally, per capita meat availability decreased with adult male party size, suggesting that hunting was not cooperative. These results provide evidence against social explanations for hunting in favour of more simple ecological alternatives.
Prolonged effect on caries of short term fluoride treatment—I

Abstract Sodium fluoride fed to weanling cotton rats for only 2 days on the 12–13 days of age significantly reduced the caries scores observed at 40 days of age. Fluoride at 45 p.p.m. had this effect when fed in either natural or semipurified cariogenic diets. The newly-erupted first molars were the only teeth protected significantly by early fluoride treatment. These experiments and previous studies using cotton rats demonstrated that newly-erupted teeth are readily influenced by short-term exposures to anticariogenic factors. The 12 day weanling cotton rat was found to he a valuable tool for studying such relationships.
The U.S. evidence on optimal taxation over time

Abstract This paper considers a tax rule in which a uniform tax rate over time becomes optimal. Its implications are that (1) changes in the tax rate should arise only when there are changes in permanent government expenditures, and (2) no variable other than permanent government expenditures should be of any value in predicting the tax rate. These implications are tested, using U.S. data for 1937-82. Empirical results of the tests reveal that, in addition to responding to permanent government expenditures, the tax rate also responds to temporary defense purchases, the general price level, and a time trend.
Intraparticle energy transfer and fluorescence photoconversion in nanoparticles: An optical highlighter nanoprobe for two-photon bioimaging

We report organically modified silica nanoparticles co-encapsulating two-photon fluorescent dye aggregates and a red-fluorescent energy acceptor, where the latter is indirectly excited through intraparticle energy transfer following two-photon excitation of the former. In vitro two-photon microscopy has demonstrated that these nanoprobes are avidly internalized into cells with bright acceptor fluorescence and that cellular optical highlighting is effected with red-to-green photoconversion by selective acceptor bleaching, while keeping the donor and the nanostructure of particles intact.
Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS) revisited

The objectives of the Subtropical Atlantic Climate Studies (STACS) are to identify those processes that contribute most to the transport of heat in the North Atlantic, to develop the technology to monitor these processes, and to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics of the circulation of the North Atlantic [Molinari, 1983].
Ophiolite generation and emplacement by rapid subduction hinge retreat on a continent-bearing plate

An outstanding problem with understanding the origin and significance of many ophiolites is reconciling their are geochemical signatures with the structural evidence for extreme crustal extension. A hypothesis is presented that accounts for these and other ophiolite characteristics by processes that are kinematically linked to ophiolite emplacement. Ophiolite emplacement, particularly over passive continental margins, is probably due to intra-oceanic subduction dipping away from the continent where the future ophiolite is the subduction hanging wall. If the continent-bearing plate is kinematically linked to the plate behind the subduction-related arc, with a limiting case in which the continent and the rear-arc oceanic plate are mutually stationary, then supra-subduction-zone spreading may accommodate the resultant subduction hinge retreat that proceeds at the subduction rate. Thus, extreme extension in an arc petrotectonic environment during ophiolite generation could produce the unique structure and geochemistry of ophiolites due to the plate geometry that prescribes their emplacement onto continental margins. The kinematic link between the continent-bearing plate and the rear-arc plate could be due to both plates being a single large plate, both plates being large plates that move independently of the intervening ophiolitic microplate, or viscous drag beneath the continent-bearing plate.
Venous thromboembolism: Scope of the problem and the nurse’s role in risk assessment and prevention

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, comprising different manifestations of the same clinical entity referred to as venous thromboembolism, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Despite pulmonary embolism being considered the most preventable cause of in-hospital death, the use of appropriate thromboprophylaxis remains suboptimal in many patients. Nurses are on the frontline of thrombosis prevention. By playing an essential role in diagnosis and risk assessment, applying timely preventive methods, and providing vital educational and psychologic support for patients with venous thromboembolism, skilled nursing intervention can save lives.
Origin of New Jersey magnetite ores

Magnetite deposits found in the vicinity of Dover, New Jersey, and smaller similar deposits occurring in the Reading Prong in Pennsylvania are associated with the Byram and Pochuck gneiss. The Byram granite gneiss has intruded the older Pochuck diorite-gabbro gneiss in an extensive and intimate manner. In this process large quantities of the older formation have been assimilated by the later magma. The crystallization of the resultant mixed magma has given rise to an intermediate type of rock in which the iron-content is lower than would be expected on the basis of the percentage of lime derived from the Pochuck as indicated by the type of plagioclase found in the final product. It is suggested that at the time the Byram invaded the Pochuck and assimilated the latter the iron content was segregated. Later these segregations were either injected into the earlier crystallization products of the magma or were drawn out into elongated ellipsoidal masses during the movement of the magmatic mass as it passed through its final consolidation period.
Preparation and Reactions of [CpOs(CH3CN)3]+. A Useful Synthetic Intermediate for the Preparation of CpOsL3 Compounds

A photochemical synthesis of [CpOs(CH3CN)3]+ is reported (Cp = η5-cyclopentadienyl). Photolysis of [CpOs(Bz)]+ (Bz = η6-benzene) in acetonitrile solution gives [CpOs(CH3CN)3]+, but only 30% convers...
Multiple oral inoculations with Cryptosporidium parvum as a means of immunization for production of monoclonal antibodies.

Oral immunization of suckling mice with Cryptosporidium parvum results in a humoral response to a limited set of antigens. Six-day-old BALB/c mice were each inoculated orally with 1 × 106 viable oocysts and subsequently administered oral inoculations of 2 × 106 viable oocysts at 30 and 60 days following the primary infection. After 45 days, mice were boosted with 1 × 106 oocysts orally, plus soluble extracts equivalent to 2 × 106 and 1 × 106 oocysts given intravenously and intraperitoneally, respectively. Four days later, splenic lymphocytes were fused to Ag8 myeloma cells. Using this method, we have been able to select for monoclonal antibodies that predominately recognize sporozoite surface and apical complex antigens.
Contact clustering and classification using likelihood-based similarities

This paper presents the results of using a likelihood-based clustering step before tracking on a multistatic sonar step. The likelihood-based clustering appropriately models the measurement noise and allows for the incorporation of features. The clustering step also allows for the rejection of clutter and fusion of the contact measurements within a cluster. After clustering, fusion and classification, the tracking results are improved over previous preprocessing methods. Results are shown for the three scenarios in the PACSim dataset.
Knowledge management and information superiority (a taxonomy)

In this expository note we introduce a taxonomy for some recently introduced, but vaguely defined, terminology used in the military/industrial contexts. The material here is not intended to be conclusive. Its aim is to cast the new terminology in the context of notions that have been around for quite some time and which have proven to be of value.
3' polymorphisms of ETS1 are associated with different clinical phenotypes in SLE.

A microsatellite repeat polymorphism was identified in the 3′ flanking region of the human ETS1 gene. Sequencing revealed two CA repeat segments in close proximity. Seven different alleles comprising various combinations of CA repeat units were identified in a healthy control population. Because ETS1 plays a role in lymphocyte development and function, apoptosis, and inflammation, we examined whether any of these polymorphisms were associated with a systemic inflammatory condition, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Inheritance of this disease is polygenic and a recent genome-wide screen for SLE susceptibility loci revealed linkage with chromosome 11q14-23, the region in which the ETS1 gene lies. This region has also been identified as a general autoimmune susceptibility region. None of the seven distinct ETS1 alleles appeared statistically more frequently in SLE patients than controls, however, two alleles were associated with particular clinical manifestations. Allele 1 is associated with discoid lesions and allele 7 is associated with vasculitis. While this polymorphism does not directly affect the coding region of ETS1, it may be a marker for overexpression of a particular isoform or inheritance of another polymorphism which does affect function. These data suggest that ETS1 may be involved in the phenotypic expression of systemic lupus erythematosus. Hum Mutat 16:49–53, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Relationships Between Phytochrome State and Photosensitive Growth of Avena Coleoptile Segments

Using various photostationary state light sources to obtain reproducible phytochrome conversion of from 5 to 88% P FR , assayed by 2 wavelength in vivo spectrophotometry, relationships between initial percent P FR and elongation of apical Avena coleoptile segments over the succeeding 20 hours in darkness were studied. With material grown in total darkness, all P FR levels promote elongation, and maximal promotion requires roughly 50% P FR . The promotion caused by an initial 5 minute red (88% P FR ) treatment at hour 0 is partially reversible at hour 5 by sources forming less than 48% P FR , but totally irreversible at hour 8, though less than 50% of the growth has been accomplished by this time. Direct photometric assays at hour 5 indicate a phytochrome state of roughly 45% P FR , consistent with the reversal data. At hour 8, however, 11 to 22% of the phytochrome still assays as P FR , an inconsistency suggesting simply that the elongation process has proceeded beyond photochemical control. Thus, in contrast with results previously reported for Pisum and Phaseolus , there is no contradiction between photometric and physiological assays of phytochrome state in Avena coleoptile segments. Attempts to expand this study by using segments from seedlings pretreated with red light showed that such pretreatment as little as 1 to 2 hours before drastically reduces subsequent elongation and photoresponse on the medium employed. This decline in growth potential can be halted at any time before its completion by either excision of the segment or far-red treatment of the intact seedling.
Rheometric and ultrasonic investigations of viscoelastic properties of fresh Portland cement pastes

The paper investigates the possibility of using a shear wave reflection technique to monitor the viscoelastic behavior (represented by storage shear modulus and viscosity) of Portland cement paste at very early age. Three cement pastes with water/cement ratios equal to 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 cured under water at a constant temperature of 25 °C were studied. By measuring the wave reflection coefficients and the phase angles of reflected ultrasonic waves, the dynamic storage shear moduli and the viscosity of the cement paste can be calculated. The calculated results of the storage modulus were compared with the results obtained directly from the oscillatory rheometric measurement. In addition, the viscosity calculated from the wave reflection measurements was compared with results obtained directly from the step rheometric method and a qualitative agreement was found. The results show that as a non-destructive method, the ultrasonic wave reflection method provides useful information about both the elastic and viscous behavior of cement pastes at very early age.
Surgical Treatment of Low Back Pain

Studies need to be designed to investigate cost-effectiveness and effect on long-term improvement. Until such data are available, primary physicians should follow the guidelines published on conservative management and aggressively evaluate the red flags of low back pain, immediately refer for neurologic deficit and bowel or bladder compromise, and focus treatment on modalities with high-quality, evidence-based information. The 5% of patients who do not improve can be referred to surgeons with experience and expertise in discectomies. Surgical management of non–disc-disease low back pain should consider surgeons who have had success and focused surgical techniques with good outcomes. For those rare patients who have severe pain that has not responded to any intervention, have failed back surgery, or have complications of previous surgeries, primary care physicians should manage pain with an integrated and collaborative approach.
The Effects of Passive Verb-Constructed Arguments on Persuasion

Different types of verb voice in a sentence were examined as a possible simple cue within the unimodel of persuasion (Kruglanski & Thompson, 1999). An experiment was constructed by inducing two levels of argument strength (strong vs. weak) fully crossed with three verb voice types in an independent groups design with 242 participants. Evidence was found consistent with the prediction that verb voice acts as a simple persuasion cue; the audience's enjoyment of reading the arguments was found to be a mediator of the relationship between verb type and message acceptance.
Computer synthesis of three-dimensional surfaces

Abstract A new technique for the synthesis of three-dimensional surfaces has been developed. The method is based on the application of the discrete and continuous two-dimensional Fourier transformations associated with the theory of discrete and continuous time series models. This new technique facilitates the synthesis of three-dimensional surfaces with predetermined properties in any number of desired directions.
Getting close by staying distant: Fieldwork with proselytizing groups

Field research with proselytizing groups presents difficult problems for field researchers. Such groups usually expect commitment from those who are knowledgeable about their point of view. Should the field researcher fail to make this commitment there is the possibility that further access to the group will be ended. Even if access to the group is not denied, continuous proselytizing directed at the researcher can create emotional responses that adversely affect field relationships. In this article, methods for dealing with these problems are discussed in the context of a study of two Jesus People groups. The article concludes that open, honest,disagreement with the groups' beliefs as well as avisible role as a researcher result in increased rapport and acceptance by the groups and reduced psychological stress on the researcher. The processes of role taking and role playing in the relation between the researcher and group members suggest that distancing strategies are useful when proselytizing groups are studied by nonbelievers.
Optimized superficially porous particles for protein separations.

Abstract Continuing interest in larger therapeutic molecules by pharmaceutical and biotech companies provides the need for improved tools for examining these molecules both during the discovery phase and later during quality control. To meet this need, larger pore superficially porous particles with appropriate surface properties (Fused-Core® particles) have been developed with a pore size of 400 A, allowing large molecules (
Double beta decay: Comparison of theory to experiment

Abstract I review ββ decay in the standard model and as a test of Majorana neutrino masses and right-handed couplings. A summary is given of some of the nuclear physics issues involved in evaluating 2ν and 0ν matrix elements. Dirac and pseudoDirac limits are discussed to illustrate how quantities constrained in 0ν ββ decay depend on the parameters of the mass matrix. Implications of 0ν ββ decay for models with 17 keV neutrinos, for models with massive Majorana neutrinos, and for Majorons are discussed. It is argued that a recent remeasurement of the total ββ decay rate of 128 Te is important in constraining (nonstandard) Majoron models.
Thinking with salmon about rain tanks: commons as intra-actions

The construction of California's large waterworks was inextricably entangled with a discourse of progress through technoscientific control over unruly rivers. In recent years, a turn towards decentralised governance and diversified infrastructure has produced alternate discourses of human–ecological collaboration and water as a commons. I investigate how water is understood by residents along Salmon Creek (Sonoma Co., CA) engaged in efforts to increase streamflow and restore salmon runs. Drawing on Barad's theory of agential realism, I find that living with springs and rainwater harvesting cisterns enacts intra-actions that increase residents' sense of interdependence with other human and nonhuman watershed residents. I argue that commons frameworks represent a coherent alternative to state and market frameworks of water governance.
MO-D-ValB-08: Fluoroscopic Tracking of Lung Tumor Mass Without Implanted Fiducial Markers

Purpose: To develop techniques for direct lungtumor tracking in fluoroscopic images without implanted markers. Method and Materials: During the patient setup session, a pair of 15 second orthogonal fluoroscopic images are taken and processed off‐line to generate reference templates. Each breathing cycle is divided into 12 phase bins. Setup image frames falling in a specific bin are motion‐enhanced and averaged, and an ROI that contains the tumor is selected to be the reference template for that phase bin. Each reference template corresponds to a tumor position in the image. During the treatment, as soon as a fluoroscopic image is acquired, the cross‐correlation score between each reference template and this image is maximized by allowing small shifts of the template in both X and Y directions. Then the tumor position is derived by averaging the tumor centroid coordinates in those templates of high scores (above 85% of the maximum score). For comparison, tumor position in each image frame was also marked by a clinician. Results: We tested our algorithm on six sequences of fluoroscopic images from six lungcancer patients. The automatically detected tumor centroid coordinates agree well with the manually marked results, with an average error of 1 mm. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility of tracking lungtumor mass in fluoroscopic images without implanted fiducial markers. Future research will concentrate on further improvement of the accuracy and robustness, and reducing the computational cost. The project is partially supported by NCI grant (1 R21 CA110177 A 01A1) and NSF Grant No. IIS‐0347532.
Real-space strain mapping of SOI features using microbeam X-ray diffraction

Synchrotron-based X-ray microbeam measurements were performed on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) features strained by adjacent shallow-trench-isolation (STI). Strain engineering in microelectronic technology represents an important aspect of the enhancement in complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device performance. Because of the complexity of the composite geometry associated with microelectronic circuitry, characterization of the strained Si devices at a submicron resolution is necessary to verify the expected strain distributions. The interaction region of the SOI strain extended at least 25 times the SOI film thickness from the STI edge. Regions of 65 nm thick SOI less than 3 µm wide exhibited an overlap in the strain fields because of the surrounding STI. Microbeam mapping of arrays containing submicron SOI features and embedded STI structures revealed the largest out-of-plane strains because of the close proximity of superimposed strain distributions induced by the STI.
Analysis of Food Waste Resources Available for Sustainable Energy Production in the Finger Lakes Region of New York State

Prior research conducted by our Institute has revealed the large quantities of food waste available in New York State, particularly in the Upstate corridor extending from Buffalo to Syracuse. The Finger Lakes region is heavily populated with agricultural operations, dairy farms and food processing plants, including those producing milk, yogurt, wine, and canned fruits and vegetables. The diverse supply of organic waste generated by these facilities offers the opportunity for sustainable energy production through one of three primary pathways:• Anaerobic digestion to produce methane• Fermentation to produce alcohols• Transesterification to produce biodiesel.Generally speaking, food wastes are better suited for biochemical conversion instead of thermo-chemical conversion (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis) due to their relatively high moisture content. The current paper provides an initial assessment of food wastes within the 9-County Finger Lakes region around Rochester, New York. Available databases were utilized to first identify all the relevant companies operating in one of four broad industry sectors: agriculture, food processing, food distribution and food services (including restaurants). Our analysis has demonstrated that anaerobic digestion can be a viable method for sustainable energy production from food waste in the Finger Lakes region, due to the dual economic benefits of effective disposal cost reduction and production of methane-rich biogas.© 2013 ASME
Interfacial Microstructure Formed by Reactive Metal Penetration of Al into Mullite

Microstructures in the reaction interface between molten Al and dense mullite have been studied by transmission electron microscopy to provide insight into mechanisms for forming ceramic–metal composites by reactive metal penetration. The reactions, which have the overall stoichiometry 3Al6Si2O13 + (8 + x)Al → 13Al2O3 + xAl + 6Si, were carried out at temperatures of 900, 1100, and 1200 °C for 5 and 60 min and 1400 °C for 15 min. Observed phases generally were those given in the above reaction; their proportions and interfacial microstructures, however, were strongly dependent on the reaction temperature. Using previously measured reaction kinetics data, the observed temperature dependence of the interfacial microstructure has been modeled as three sequential steps, each of which is rate limiting in a different temperature range.
Mechanism of Threshold Switching in Chalcogenide Phase Change Memory Devices

Chalcogenide-based Phase Change Memory (PCM) utilizes electrically initiated, reversible rapid amorphous-to-crystalline phase-change in chalcogenide materials, such as Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST). The markedly different crystalline and amorphous state resistances are used as the two logic states in PCM. The typical IV characteristics of PCM. The upper IV branch 1 describes the processes in crystalline phase where the current (reset pulse) generated Joule heat melts the surrounding material. When the current is off, the material rapidly cools down freezing in its amorphous state. After the bias across the amorphous phase grows above the threshold value, Vth, the system idles for a certain 'delay' time taud and then switches to a low resistive state (branch 3) in a short time taus. The mechanism of threshold switching in PCM and its dependence on material parameters remains a puzzle.
Effects of a prosocial televised example on children's helping

The possibility that regularly broadcast entertainment television programs can facilitate prosocial behavior in children was investigated. Thirty first-grade children, 15 boys and 15 girls, were individually exposed to one of three half-hour television programs: a program from the Lassie series which included a dramatic example of a boy helping a dog, a program from the Lassie series devoid of such an example, or a program from the family situation comedy series, the Brady Bunch. The effects of the programming were assessed by presenting each child with a situation that required him to choose between continuing to play a game for self-gain and helping puppies in distress. Children exposed to the Lassie program with the helping scene helped for significantly more time than those exposed to either of the other programs.
Atomistic simulation of radiation-induced amorphization of the B2 ordered intermetallic compound NiTi

Amorphization of the B2 intermetallic compound NiTi under electron irradiation has been investigated using molecular dynamics. The effect of irradiation was simulated using two processes: (1) Ni and Ti atoms were exchanged, resulting in chemical disorder, and (2) Frenkel pairs were introduced, leading to the formation of stable point defects and also chemical disorder upon mutual recombination of interstitials and vacancies. After {approximately}0.4 exchanges per atom, the first process resulted in an energy increase of approximately 0.11 eV/atom and a volume increase of 1.91%. On the other hand, after introducing {approximately}0.5 Frenkel pairs per atom, the second process led to smaller increases of 0.092 eV/atom in energy and 1.43% in volume. The calculated radial distribution functions (RDFs) were essentially identical to each other and to the calculated RDF of a quenched liquid. The structure factor, however, showed that long-range order was still present after atom exchanges, while the introduction of Frenkel pairs resulted in the loss of long-range order. It was concluded that point defects are necessary for amorphization to occur in NiTi, although chemical disorder alone is capable of storing enough energy to make the transition possible. 18 refs., 3 figs.
Changes in Feeling States Following Aquatic Exercise During Pregnancy

Forty-four pregnant women participated in water aerobics 2 times per week for a period of 6 weeks, with each session lasting approximately 45 min. The hypothesis that participants would report greater feelings of positive well-being and less psychological distress and fatigue during the 6-week program as compared to preprogram reports was supported. Also supporting our hypothesis, similar improvements were noted following a single bout of exercise during each week of the program. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that regular engagement in an aquatic exercise program is associated with improvements in positive feeling states and reductions in negative feeling states and fatigue for women during pregnancy.
Information Extraction: Distilling structured data from unstructured text

In 2001 the U.S. Department of Labor was tasked with building a Web site that would help people find continuing education opportunities at community colleges, universities, and organizations across the country. The department wanted its Web site to support fielded Boolean searches over locations, dates, times, prerequisites, instructors, topic areas, and course descriptions. Ultimately it was also interested in mining its new database for patterns and educational trends. This was a major data-integration project, aiming to automatically gather detailed, structured information from tens of thousands of individual institutions every three months.
Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging humans

Determinants of glomerular hypofiltration in aging humans. Background The purpose of the present study was to confirm the extent to which glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is depressed in healthy, aging subjects and to elucidate the mechanism of such hypofiltration. Methods Healthy volunteers aged 18 to 88 years ( N = 159) underwent a determination of GFR, renal plasma flow (RPF), afferent oncotic pressure, and arterial pressure. Glomeruli in renal biopsies of healthy kidney transplant donors aged 23 to 69 years ( N = 33) were subjected to a morphometric analysis, so as to determine glomerular hydraulic permeability and filtration surface area. The aforementioned GFR determinants were then subjected to mathematical modeling to compute the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient (K f ) for two kidneys and individual glomeruli. Results GFR was significantly depressed ( P P f by 21% to 53% ( P P = 0.03), and the single-nephron K f (SNK f ) by 30% ( P = 0.09). There were no significant differences between aging and youthful subsets for afferent oncotic pressure and filtration surface area per glomerulus. Conclusion We conclude that a reduction in overall, two-kidney K f contributes to GFR depression in aging subjects. We infer that this is due in part to structural changes that lower SNK f , and in part to the reduction in the actual number of functioning glomeruli that has been demonstrated by others at autopsy.
Multiscale analytic continuation approach to nanosystem simulation: Applications to virus electrostatics

Electrostatic effects in nanosystems are understood via a physical picture built on their multiscale character and the distinct behavior of mobile ions versus charge groups fixed to the nanostructure. The Poisson–Boltzmann equation is nondimensionalized to introduce a factor λ that measures the density of mobile ion charge versus that due to fixed charges; the diffusive smearing and volume exclusion effects of the former tend to diminish its value relative to that from the fixed charges. We introduce the ratio σ of the average nearest-neighbor atom distance to the characteristic size of the features of the nanostructure of interest (e.g., a viral capsomer). We show that a unified treatment (i.e., λ∝σ) and a perturbation expansion around σ=0 yields, through analytic continuation, an approximation to the electrostatic potential of high accuracy and computational efficiency. The approach was analyzed via Pade approximants and demonstrated on viral system electrostatics; it can be generalized to accommodate extended Poisson-Boltzmann models, and has wider applicability to nonequilibrium electrodiffusion and many-particle quantum systems.
Specialized programming methods in the model predictive control of large scale systems

Abstract In this paper we present LP based MPC solutions to two classes of large scale problems: (i) plant-wide control, and (ii) CD control in a paper machine. The former problem represents a challenge of considerable dynamic complexity given the interactions inherent in a multiple-unit plant. An application is presented for a DuPont benchmark problem. While the latter problem has relatively benign dynamics, the input-output dimensionality is significant (approximately 400×400), and the required solution times are on the order of seconds. A customized algorithm is presented for the latter problem to enable real-time implementation.
'I WASN'T REALLY BONDED WITH MY FAMILY': ATTACHMENT, LOSS AND VIOLENCE AMONG ADOLESCENT FEMALE OFFENDERS

This study analyzes the role of trauma and disrupted attachments in the development of adolescent girls’ violent behavior. A grounded theory approach was applied to the narratives of 24 young women (age 13–16 years old) who were adjudicated and remanded to custody for an assault or robbery. Three types of loss were inductively derived from the data (death of a loved one, physical absence, and psychological unavailability) as were two categories of violence (in the home and in the community).
Toxic potency measurement for fire hazard analysis

This report is the principal product of a long-term research program to provide a technically sound methodology for obtaining and using smoke toxicity data for hazard analysis. It establishes: (a) an improved bench-scale toxic potency1 measurement, one which represents the important combustion conditions of real fires; and (b) a design and analysis framework which will allow the toxic potency data to be used in a rational, consistent, appropriate, and adequate way.
Vaginal Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma in the United States

We elected to examine available information from several sources to approximate the annual number of cases of vaginal adenocarcinoma in the United States for recent years. Data were obtained from the Registry on Hormonal Transplacental Carcinogenesis, the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute, the National Cancer Databank of the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer, and a survey of gynecologic oncologists practicing in the United States. In 1990 a total of 33 new cases and 11 recurrences were reported, while in 1991 23 new cases and 8 recurrences were reported. Neither SEER nor the Registry appear to provide adequate surveillance for this rare disease. Phase III clinical trials are not feasible, given the small number of patients. Statistically effective phase II one-armed studies to investigate new agents in the treatment of advanced or recurrent vaginal clear cell cancer may be possible. Effective mobilization of patients and physicians will be required for such trials to be completed in a timely manner.
The effect of cardiac catheterization on the acid-base status of infants with congenital heart disease

The arterial acid-base status was determined on 34 infants in the first year of life before and after cardiac catheterization and angiographic studies. At the start of the procedure 47 per cent of these infants had an uncompensated acid-base abnormality. At the end of the procedure 91 per cent were uncompensated. Metabolic acidosis was the predominant type of imbalance before and after the catheterization studies. Acid-base abnormalities were more pronounced in the younger cyanotic infants with pulmonary congestion. Monitoring of the acid-base status and prompt correction of any abnormalities are recommended before, during, and after catheterization studies.
Impact of Land Model Physics on Soil Moisture Assimilation

The skill of root zone soil moisture estimates derived from assimilating satellite retrievals of surface soil moisture into a land surface model depends, among other factors, on the specific structure of the land model. Based on a suite of synthetic data assimilation experiments with four different land surface models we find that it is prudent to use a simpler land surface model as part of the data assimilation system.
Impact of Community Pharmacy Automation on Workflow, Workload, and Patient Interaction

ABSTRACT Objective To compare workload productivity, workflow efficiency, and pharmacist–patient interaction in automated and nonautomated community pharmacies. Design Observational study. Setting Four community pharmacy sites within a regional pharmacy chain. Study Participants 173 patients and 11 pharmacists. Interventions Patient surveys, pharmacist surveys, and direct observation. Main Outcome Measures Patient satisfaction, frequency of pharmacist–patient interactions, and prescription dispensing productivity and efficiency. Results Results from the three nonautomated pharmacies were averaged and compared with results from the automated pharmacy. Patient satisfaction was generally favorable for both automated and nonautomated pharmacies, but scores for the automated site were significantly better on items measuring one domain, technical competence of pharmacy staff. No association was found between patient counseling and prescription workload in automated or nonautomated sites. Personnel at the automated site made significantly more offers to counsel patients, but the number of patients who received counseling did not differ significantly. Automation was associated with a higher number of prescriptions dispensed per full-time equivalent pharmacist and fewer technical dispensing tasks performed by pharmacists. Conclusion Patient satisfaction was not related to the presence of an automated dispensing system. Automation was associated with higher prescription productivity, but actual counseling rates were no different from those observed in nonautomated pharmacies. The likelihood that a patient would receive counseling was not related to staffing levels, automation, or workload. Whether counseling occurred appeared to depend on factors other than automation.
Molecular diagnostics with optofluidic platform

We review the state of the art of ultrasensitive biomolecule detection for molecular diagnostics using planar optofluidic devices.
Disc degeneration reduces the delamination strength of the annulus fibrosus in the rabbit annular disc puncture model.

Abstract Background context Degenerative disc disease is a common pathologic disorder accompanied by both structural and biochemical changes. Changes in stress distribution across the disc can lead to annulus fibrosus (AF) damage that can affect the strength and integrity of the disc. Given that some present degeneration therapies incorporate biological regrowth of the nucleus pulposus (NP), it is crucial that the AF remains capable of containing this newly grown material. Purpose To examine the resistance of AF to delamination using an adhesive peel test in experimentally degenerated rabbit discs. Study design Experimentally induced disc degeneration; excised AF tissue study. Methods Disc degeneration was induced in eight New Zealand white rabbits by annular puncture; four additional rabbits served as controls. In experimental rabbits, an 18-gauge needle was inserted into the anterolateral AF region of levels L2–L3 and L4–L5, and disc height was monitored by X-ray. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks postsurgery and magnetic resonance images and X-rays were taken. Four discs were excised from the experimental animals; two punctured (L2–L3 and L4–L5) and two controls (L3–L4 and L6–L7). The same four discs were also excised from the age-matched control animals and served as nonpunctured control discs. To determine resistance to delamination, AF samples were dissected from each disc and subjected to a mechanical peel test at 0.5 mm/s. Results Magnetic resonance imaging and X-ray images confirmed dehydration of the NP and reduced disc height, similar to that found in clinical degeneration. Resistance to delamination was significantly lower in punctured/degenerated discs compared with both the nonpunctured discs from the same animal (27% lower) and the nonpunctured control discs (30% lower) (p=.024). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that degeneration increases the potential for delamination between AF layers. Given this substantial change to the integrity of the AF after degeneration, clinical treatments should not only target rehydration or regrowth of the NP, but should also target repair and strengthening of the AF to confine the NP.
Prospective monitoring of early fetal loss and clinical spontaneous abortion among female semiconductor workers

Women who work in silicon wafer fabrication rooms (fabs) have been reported to have an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB). Although previous studies have included only clinically recognized SABs, more than two-thirds of SABs may be clinically unrecognized. To determine whether fab work is associated with SAB, we recruited 152 fab and 251 nonfab workers, who collected urine samples for a 6-month period. Samples were analyzed by immunoradiometric assay for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin to detect early fetal losses. Approximately 63% of fab and 46% of nonfab pregnancies ended in SAB [adjusted relative risk (RR) = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.63-1.76]. Similar RR were seen for women who worked in dopant and thin-film processes (adjusted RR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.51-1.96) or in masking (adjusted RR = 1.30; 95% CI = 0.59-1.84). The four pregnancies among women who worked with ethylene-based glycol ethers ended in SAB.
Modeling and analysis of surface roughness effects on sputtering, reflection, and sputtered particle transport

The microstructure of the redeposited surface in tokamaks may affect sputtering and reflection properties and subsequent particle transport. This subject has been studied numerically using coupled models/codes for near-surface plasma particle kinetic transport (WBC code) and rough surface sputtering (fractal-TRIM). The coupled codes provide an overall Monte Carlo calculation of the sputtering cascade resulting from an initial flux of hydrogen ions. Beryllium, carbon, and tungsten surfaces are analyzed for typical high recycling, oblique magnetic field, divertor conditions. Significant variations in computed sputtering rates are found with surface roughness. Beryllium exhibits high D-T and self-sputtering coefficients for the plasma regime studied (T{sub e} = 30-75 eV). Carbon and tungsten sputtering is significantly lower. 9 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.
The Grammar of Ornament: Cosmopolitanism and Reform in British Design

At the Great Exhibition in 1851, British designers were rendered mute in the face of overwhelming evidence that nearly every country in the world had a more coherent and culturally integrated style of design than that of Victorian Britain. One response by reformers in Britain was to create a modern language of design based on studies of international and historical ornament. Among the most important results of this effort was the orientalist scholar and architect Owen Jones’ 1856 publication, The Grammar of Ornament. The book contained 100 dazzling chromolithograph plates of multiple examples of patterns from around the world and a series of ‘Propositions’ that codified universal principles of design under the unifying term of ‘nature’. This article contends that The Grammar of Ornament was an explicitly cosmopolitan text that attempted to synthesize the industrial and imperial ethos of the period through universal principles of design. Understanding Jones’ work, and the design reform movement more broadly, in terms of cosmopolitanism offers a richer awareness of the complex interplay of stylistic influence and mastery at work in the industrial and imperial design culture of mid-Victorian Britain.
Detection of ionizing radiation in coherent plates of scintillating plastic optical fibers

Fully functional imaging scintillating-glass fiber detectors have been fabricated by our group and operated successfully over many years. In this paper we present our initial efforts to produce coherent fiber-optic tracking detectors based upon organic plastic scintillating fiber materials. The goal is to create devices of relatively large volume that can be used in informal education settings and that likewise permit the imaging of trajectories of ionizing particles in real time as they pass through the material. To improve the rate of particle detection, coherent plates of sizeable volume (25mm × 25mm × 100mm or more) are desirable.