cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ordering Stakeholder Relationships and Citizen Participation: Evidence from the Community Development Block Grant Program

Local administrative professionals typically are accountable to multiple stakeholders, including other governmental units, special interests in the business and nonprofit sectors, and citizens. How are these accountability relationships ordered? What is the position of citizens in that hierarchy, particularly the influence of citizen participation? Focusing on patterns of hearing participation and citizen impact on budgeting decisions for the Community Development Block Grant program, this statistical analysis employs ordered probit regression. The authors find that communities in which grant administrators feel most accountable to citizens for grant performance have higher degrees of citizen participation in hearings and higher levels of perceived citizen impact on budgetary processes. This relationship holds even in the presence of simultaneity between bureaucratic accountability to citizens and citizen participation. The findings point to the importance of instilling a public service ethic among government employees that places a high value on engaging as well as listening to citizens.
A situated-Information Motivation Behavioral Skills Model of Care Initiation and Maintenance (sIMB-CIM): An IMB Model Based Approach to Understanding and Intervening in Engagement in Care for Chronic Medical Conditions

A sizable portion of adults living with chronic medical conditions (CMCs) delay initiation of care or maintain it inconsistently, which has tremendous personal and public costs. However, few explanatory models with high yield for intervention development and implementation have been proposed to date that would help to characterize and support care use for CMCs. A situated Information, Motivation, Behavioral Skills model of Care Initiation and Maintenance (sIMB-CIM) is presented here as an application of the IMB model to medical care use for CMCs. An example of a sIMB model for characterizing and intervening to support maintenance in HIV-care is provided.
Characterization and control of muscle response to electrical stimulation.

The maintenance of upright posture in neurologically intact human subjects is mediated by two major nervous pathways. The first, leading from the cerebral cortex through the spinal cord to motor neurons, activates muscles which produce postural movements. The second, leading from various sensory organs to higher centers, provides sensory feedback regarding the postural state. The path through the spinal cord is no longer intact in victims of spinal cord injury and loss of normal control of muscle activity results. Functional neuromuscular stimulation (FNS) has been shown as a feasible method for obtaining muscle contraction in paraplegic and has been proposed as a means for control of antero-posterior sway to make upright posture possible for these individuals. Before muscle can be controlled through the use of FNS, the response of muscle to electrical stimulation must be understood. In past studies, linear control theory has been applied to the analysis of this response and to the testing of various controllers. The aim of this study was to demonstrate some control issues in FNS using linear control theory, as it applies to electrical stimulation of muscle for stabilization of posture. The linearity of the muscle response was improved through closed-loop control using pole compensation techniques. The excess phase shift of the system due to the time delay in the muscle response, however, limits the ability to increase the open-loop gain in order to obtain improved performance. A suggestion for further study is the application of this methodology for uses in posture control.
Mechanotransduction in Endothelial Cells: Role of Laser and Electro-Optics in Mechanobiology

Summary form only given. Mechanotransduction in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) varies with the directions of the shear stress or mechanical strain and plays a significant role in the modulation of cellular functions in health and disease. Most studies on these signaling processes have been conducted by using biochemical or molecular procedures to examine a large number of cells subjected to controlled experimental conditions and then made into a lysate composed of all the cells studied. With the increasing recognition of the spatial and temporal variations in the mechanotransduction processes, however, it is necessary to have technologies that would enable investigations on single cells and subcellular components in 4D, i.e., in 3D space and with time-dependent dynamics. There are a large number of possibilities to apply laser and electro-optics to elucidate molecular and cellular processes in health and disease
Involvement of platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 in neutrophil recruitment in vivo

During inflammation, neutrophils migrate from the vascular lumen into extravascular sites. In vitro assays have suggested that platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 [PECAM-1 (CD31)], a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is required for the transmigration of neutrophils across endothelial monolayers. Antibody to human PECAM-1, which cross-reacts with rat PECAM-1, was found to block not only in vivo accumulation of rat neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity and the alveolar compartment of the lung but also neutrophil accumulation in human skin grafts transplanted onto immunodeficient mice. On the basis of these findings in three different models of inflammation, it appears that PECAM-1 is required for neutrophil transmigration in vivo and may thus be a potential therapeutic target.
Leaders, rank and file, and constituents: Electoral reform in Colombia and Venezuela

Abstract Pressures for electoral reform can be expected in closed-list electoral systems that concentrate power within the hands of party leadership, as in Venezuela, or, at the other extreme, in those which encourage intraparty factions, as in Colombia. Reforms occur when relations among party leaders, rank and file, and constituents become skewed to the detriment of governmental accountability and ability to address serious policy problems. Reforms in Venezuela include the adoption of a Swiss-style panachage system for municipalities and a German-style system for the Congress, although the latter is likely to function differently in Venezuela's presidential system than in a parliamentary system. In Colombia, a constitutional convention was elected in 1990 on a basis of nationwide representation in order to circumvent the existing Congress and implement reforms. The experiences of these countries offer lessons for other developing democracies, with specific reference made to the Dominican Republic and the Philippines.
The Strategic Marketing Audit: An Adoption/Utilization Perspective

Marketing is innovative thinking and inventive doing for many organizations. Most noncommercial organizations and small businesses are exploring formal marketing concepts and methods for the first time. Industrial and high technology companies are becoming more sensitive to their customers and competitors and, therefore, to marketing efforts. Environmental uncertainty and pressures have challenged conventional practices in traditionally marketing‐oriented industries such as retailing and packaged goods.
Medial and Lateral Heel Whips: Prevalence and Characteristics in Recreational Runners

Abstract Objective To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of recreational runners with medial and lateral heel whips. Design Observational cohort study. Setting Clinical research laboratory. Participants A total of 256 recreationally active runners and joggers participated. Main Outcome Measures High-definition video was acquired from a posterior view while runners ran at a self-selected pace on a treadmill. Heel whips, defined as the medial or lateral rotation of the foot in the transverse plane during initial swing, were measured with Dartfish software. Subjects were stratified by direction (medial and lateral) and severity (W_5-10 = 5-10 degrees; W_10+ = >10 degrees) of heel whip. Body mass index and gender comparisons, as well as measurement reliability, also were explored. Results Mean heel whip angle across runners was 0.4 degrees (medial) with a standard deviation of 9.2 degrees. Of the 512 feet analyzed, 274 (54%) demonstrated a 5 degree whip or greater. There was a similar number of medial and lateral heel whips observed (27% each). Female runners were twice as likely to demonstrate a lateral heel whip of greater than 8.9 degrees. Overweight runners had more medially directed whips when compared with normal and underweight runners. Conclusions More than half of the recreational runners studied were observed to have a medial or lateral heel whip of greater than 5 degrees. These data reveal the age, body mass index, and gender distribution of recreational runners with and without heel whips.
Cyclopentadienyl-metal complexes II. Mass spectrometric and gas phase kinetic studies on the thermal stability and the structure of (CH3)3Pt-π-C5H5

Abstract Gaseous cyclopentadienyltrimethylplatinum(IV) decomposes apparently homogeneously at 165° in a Teflon reactor with a halflife of about 103 seconds. Methane and platinum are major products and the primary reaction step has been shown to involve separation of a methyl radical. These results together with mass spectrometric, single crystal X-ray diffraction, and low temperature NMR data clearly demonstrate the multicenter bonding of the cyclopentadienyl ligand to platinum. The noble gas 18-electron configuration of the platinum atom is probably responsible for the surprising thermal stability of the title compound when compared with Pt(CH3)4, which is non-existent. The bond dissociation energy (CH3)2 (π-C5H5) PtCH3 can be estimated at 39 ± 5 kcal/mole. The mass spectrometric fragmentation pattern is discussed and vapor pressure measurements gave log p (mm) = (7.38 ± 0.45)–(2540 ± 140) T (°K) resulting in a heat of vaporization of 11.62 ± 0.65 kcal/mole.
REDEFINING MYTH AND RELIGION: INTRODUCTION TO A CONVERSATION

. Minimally, myth means “story,” and religion means “that which binds” a community into a coherent unity. Myth and religion are closely associated because a shared myth is the most efficient and effective means for achieving social coherence. Ancient myths were initially formulated in terms of the science of their day, Thus, an integration of science, myth, and religion is essential to a healthy culture. As these elements become disintegrated there arises a need to generate new mythic visions. The question of our day is whether science offers resources relevant to the expression of a new myth.
Incorporation of tritiated thymidine by teleost epidermal cells

Zur Lokalisierung der potentiell synthetisierenden mitotischen Epidermiszellen wurden Knochenfische mit H3-Thymidin injiziert, bzw. ihre Epidermis mit H3-Thymidin inkubiert. Radioaktiv markierte Zellen wurden in allen Epidermisschichten gefunden. Diese wahllose Verteilung der DNS-synthetisierenden Zellen in der Knochenfischepidermis steht im Gegensatz zu Befunden bei anderen Wirbeltieren, wo die radioaktive Markierung nur auf die Basalschicht beschrankt bleibt.
Analytical and computational methods for transmission eigenvalues

The interior transmission problem is a boundary value problem that arises in the scattering of time-harmonic waves by an inhomogeneous medium of compact support. The associated transmission eigenvalue problem has important applications in qualitative methods in inverse scattering theory. In this paper, we first establish optimal conditions for the existence of transmission eigenvalues for a spherically stratified medium and give numerical examples of the existence of both real and complex transmission eigenvalues in this case. We then propose three finite element methods for the computation of the transmission eigenvalues for the cases of a general non-stratified medium and use these methods to investigate the accuracy of recently established inequalities for transmission eigenvalues.
Grass páramo as hunter-gatherer landscape:

Tussock grass paramo constitutes the dominant vegetation of the high tropical Andes and cordilleras of Costa Rica. Its distribution, composition and the location of the upper forest line are ascribed, by broad consensus, to climate. The zonal argument finds support in the altitudinal movements of paramo during the Pleistocene, clearly responding to changes in precipitation and temperature. I ask here, however, if the principal ecological variables driving post-Pleistocene paramos are circumscribed solely by climate. The combined pollen, charcoal and archaeological evidence generated in recent decades suggests a distinct Holocene etiology. Five principal conclusions emerge: (1) the sedimentary charcoal record establishes that grass paramo is a fired landscape, (2) natural sources of fire, specifically volcanoes and lightning, are incapable of generating the fire regime apparent in the sedimentary charcoal record, (3) burning at most sites intensified significantly between 13,000 and 11,000 cal. yr BP, and ...
The discrete self-trapping equation

Abstract A simple system of ordinary differential equations is introduced which has applications to the dynamics of small molecules, molecular crystals, self-trapping in amorphous semiconductors, and globular proteins. Analytical, numerical and perturbation methods are used to study the properties of stationary solutions. General solution trajectories can be either sinusoidal, periodic, quasiperiodic or chaotic.
Fluorescence properties of chloroplasts from manganese deficient and mutant tobacco.

Abstract 1. The kinetics of the fluorescence induction are described for chloroplasts from normal green tobacco, from the aurea tobacco mutant Su/su, from the photosynthetically inactive yellow patches of a variegated tobacco, and from tobacco plants grown in absence of manganese. The first two types display the well-known biphasic induction, but the Su/su chloroplasts have a distinctly slower rise time. Manganese deficient chloroplasts show a significantly higher fluorescence yield than any other type of chloroplasts studied. The kinetics of their fluorescence, on the other hand, are similar to those observed with the inactive chloroplasts from the variegated tobacco: the fluorescence rise is small, and the fluorescence yield is not changed very much by the addition of a reducing agent like hydrosulfite, or by addition of an oxidant like ferricyanide, or by an inhibition of the electron flow in Photosystem II with 3(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. 2. Determinations of the amount of the primary electron acceptors associated with Photosystem II point to a 2- to 3-fold larger electron acceptor pool in chloroplasts of young Su/su plants than in chloroplasts of old Su/su plants and of various green leaves, including those from green tobacco. This finding agrees with recently published data on the size of the photosynthetic unit in tobacco mutants and normal green plants. 3. The different fluorescence characteristics of all four types of chloroplasts under study are discussed on the basis of their structure and their activity in photosynthetic O 2 evolution.
Snapping Wrist due to an Anomalous Extensor Indicis Proprius: A Case Report

Variation in the extensor muscles of the hand is common. These anatomic deviations are rarely symptomatic. We report a unique case of an anomalous extensor indicis proprius causing a painful snapping wrist. Intraoperative examination revealed a disproportionately large muscle belly under the extensor retinaculum causing subluxation of the ring and small extensor tendons creating a painful snapping phenomenon. Following excision, the subluxation and pain resolved.
NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors

Severe or prolonged tissue or nerve injury can induce hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons of the spinal cord, resulting in persistent pain, an exacerbated response to noxious stimuli (hyperalgesia), and a lowered pain threshold (allodynia). These changes are mediated by NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate)-type glutamate receptors in the spinal cord. Here we report that activation of the NMDA receptor causes release of substance P, a peptide neurotransmitter made by small-diameter, primary, sensory 'pain' fibres. Injection of NMDA in the cerebrospinal fluid of the rat spinal cord mimicked the changes that occur with persistent injury, and produced not only pain, but also a large-scale internalization of the substance P receptor into dorsal horn neurons, as well as structural changes in their dendrites. Both the pain and the morphological changes produced by NMDA were significantly reduced by substance P-receptor antagonists or by elimination of substance P-containing primary afferent fibres with the neurotoxin capsaicin. We suggest that presynaptic NMDA receptors located on the terminals of small-diameter pain fibres facilitate and prolong the transmission of nociceptive messages, through the release of substance P and glutamate. Therapies directed at the presynaptic NMDA receptor could therefore ameliorate injury-evoked persistent pain states.
La tragedia del Tasso: obra inédita de Manuel Fernandez y Gonzalez

Although Manuel Fernandez y Gonzalez is mainly known for his work as a novelist, he also developed a significant number of plays that, in spite of the warmth of the audience at the time, today remain unexplored in most of nineteenth century studies. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, recovering an unpublished play of Fernandez y Gonzalez that it is also representative of Spanish postromantic drama from the mid-century; and second, exploring the reasons why the figure of Torcuato Tasso did not reach in Spain the category of romantic icon that it did in other European counterparts.
The proteins of the outer membrane of beef heart mitochondria

The outer membrane, liberated from beef heart mitochondria by freezing and thawing in a hypotonic medium, was isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Prepared in this way, the outer membrane was found to be free of microsomal contamination and almost totally devoid of inner membrane material. Both monoamine oxidase and rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase were found in the outer membrane but not glucose-6-phosphatase or kynurenine hydroxylase, In all, at least 14 different polypeptides were present, with three of molecular weights 46000, 34000 and 27000 accounting for over half the protein.
Group-based appeals and the Latino vote in 2012: How immigration became a mobilizing issue

We evaluate a theory of campaign learning in the context of immigration and the 2012 Latino vote. Following events in Nevada and Arizona after the 2008 election and prior to the 2012 election, we argue and show that Obama's campaign team learned from several Democratic U.S. Senate campaigns in how best to mobilize the Latino vote on the issue of immigration. As a result, we argue, this campaign learning led to an increase in the Latino vote for Obama. To demonstrate this, we compare a group-based appeals model against a traditional vote-choice model, and show that variables measuring Latino Outreach had the greatest impact on the 2012 Latino vote – above and beyond party identification and other traditional vote-choice predictors.
Early postoperative complications in recipients of living donor liver transplantation.

Purpose. Complications are common in the early postoperative period after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The aims of this analysis were to describe and identify risk factors for early postoperative complications. Methods. Between June 1994 and June 2003, 140 consecutive LDLT patients were divided into 3 groups: group I was small infants <9 kg (n = 30); group II, pediatric patients (n = 63); and group III, adult patients (n = 47). The complications within 3 months after operation were analyzed. Results. The mortality rate was 1.4%. Surgical complications requiring relaparotomy occurred in 7.9% of patients. Intraoperative portal vein thrombosis requiring immediate thrombectomy, which occurred in 10 patients, was significantly more frequent in the small infant group (23.1% vs 3.2% vs 2.1%; P <.01). Acute hepatic artery thrombosis that occurred in 2 patients was remedied successfully using operative rearterilization. Hepatic outflow obstruction requiring radiological interventions developed in 5 subjects. Medical complications included the following: pulmonary (14.3%), renal (19.3%), bacteremia (10.7%), cytomegalovirus infection (9.3%), and drain-related infections (20.7%). The incidence of hospital-acquired renal insufficiency was significantly higher in adult patients (3.3% vs 14.3% vs 36.2%; P <.01). There was no significant difference in the incidence of acute cellular rejection between members of the 3 groups (10.0% vs 17.5% vs 17%; P = .63). Conclusions. Sophisticated postoperative care with multiple disciplinary involvements may achieve a low early mortality rate in LDLT. Small infants weighing <9 kg may carry a greater risk of intraoperative portal vein thrombosis. Pulmonary complications and renal function impairments were the most troublesome in pediatric and adult recipients, respectively.
Quantitative Analysis of Glucose Transporter mRNAs in Endometrial Stromal Cells Reveals Critical Role of GLUT1 in Uterine Receptivity

GLUT1 mRNA is the most abundant glucose transporter mRNA in endometrial stroma cells, and decreasing expression by short hairpin RNA leads to suppression of decidualization.
Involutions in Additive 1-Perfect Codes

Given a 1-perfect code C, the group of symmetries of C, Sym(C)={π ∈ Sn | π(C)=C}, is a subgroup of the group of automorphisms of C. In this paper, we focus on symmetries of order 2, i.e., involutions. Let Inv(C) ⊆ Sym(C) be the set of involutions of C. An additive code C of type (α,β) is a subgroup of \BBZ2α×\BBZ4β. For additive 1-perfect codes C of length 2t-1, we establish that any involution π ∈ Inv(C) must have at least 2k-1 fixed points where k ≥ [t/2].
Parsing ambiguous addresses for electronic services

Pathparse is a tool with a practical approach to disambiguating problematic routes for services such as electronic mail. Pathparse resolves syntactic and host name ambiguities with the aid of a database that describes host connections. The parser generates a set of path/user pairs; heuristics are used to select one among these, which may then be used by a conventional mail handler.
Surgeon fatigue: impact of case order on perioperative parameters and patient outcomes

Purpose: We tested the hypothesis that surgeon fatigue results in worse outcomes for laparoscopic and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy by comparing outcomes of sequentially scheduled procedures.Materials and Methods: We identified days when 2 procedures of the same type were performed by the same surgeon, including 72 laparoscopic and 340 robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomies, and 110 percutaneous nephrolithotomies. Clinical data and outcomes were compared.Results: For percutaneous nephrolithotomy multiple access (16% vs 9%, p = 0.2), transfusion (3.6% vs 5.4%, p = 0.5), complication (20% vs 18%, p = 0.5), residual fragment (53% vs 45%, p = 0.3), second look (38% vs 35% p = 0.4) and stone-free (86% vs 89% p = 0.3) rates did not differ for the first and second procedures. For laparoscopic prostatectomy nerve sparing (100% vs 97.1%, p = 0.5), operative complications (0% vs 0%, p = 0.7), drain requirement (36% vs 42%, p = 0.6) and lymphadenectomy (13.5% vs 25....
Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography: Reduced incidence with nonionic contrast media

Ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography with Renografin-76 has been attributed to the high osmolar ionic and calcium binding additive properties. Isovue-370 is a new low osmolar nonionic contrast medium lacking calcium binding additives. The present investigation compared the incidence of contrast media-induced ventricular fibrillation in patients undergoing coronary angiography with Renografin-76 to that with Isovue-370. Group I consisted of 2,000 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography with Renografin-76, and group II consisted of 2,000 subsequent consecutive patients in whom Isovue-370 was employed as the contrast medium. There was no significant difference between groups I and II with respect to volume of contrast media used per patient (125 +/- 35 vs. 140 +/- 45 ml), age (63.5 +/- 15 vs. 60 +/- 17 years), sex (74% male vs. 76% male), ejection fraction (55% vs. 55%), valvular heart disease (8% vs. 9%), prior coronary artery bypass graft surgery (5.8% vs. 5%), or extent of coronary artery disease. Contrast media-induced ventricular fibrillation occurred in 20 patients in group I (incidence 1%), whereas eight episodes occurred in group II (incidence 0.4%) (P less than 0.03). Thus the present investigation suggests that the incidence of ventricular fibrillation during coronary angiography can be significantly decreased by using low osmolar nonionic contrast media lacking calcium binding additives.
Water on Mars and the Prospect of Martian Life

Evidence of water on Mars dates back to the first observations of channeled landscapes made by Mariner 9 and Viking. More recent images from Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Express strikingly confirm that fluids have sculpted the Martian surface at least episodically through its history. The Mars Exploration Rovers Opportunity and Spirit have added evidence for extensive rock-water chemical interactions in the regions where these remote geologists landed, while OMEGA and THEMIS have shown that similar processes took place in many parts of the planet. Because of the close relationship between water and biological activity on Earth, such observations have been taken as hopeful signs that Mars, as well, might once have supported life and, indeed, might still do so in subterranean oases. There is, however, much more to consider. Water appears to be necessary for life, at least as it exists on Earth and can be contemplated on Mars, but it does not, by itself, insure habitability. In this paper, we review the broader requirements for biological activity as they relate to water and use these to constrain astrobiological inferences about Mars.
Lay people's judgements of storytellers as mentally retarded or not retarded.

. Data from a study designed to elicit the criteria lay people use in judging whether speakers are mentally retarded or not retarded on the basis of speech samples were analysed to determine the factors explicitly stated to be the principal criteria. Two distinct patterns were discovered. In judging speakers as ‘mentally retarded’, a single feature of voice, speech or discourse evaluated as ‘poor’ was cited in the majority of cases. In judging speakers as ‘not retarded’, judges invoked multiple reasons in the majority of cases. Some feature of voice or speech was the most important single factor in correct identifications of mentally retarded speakers.
Assembly and function of a bacterial genotoxin

The tripartite cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells1,2. The subunits CdtA and CdtC associate with the nuclease CdtB to form a holotoxin that translocates CdtB into the host cell, where it acts as a genotoxin by creating DNA lesions3,4,5,6,7. Here we show that the crystal structure of the holotoxin from Haemophilus ducreyi reveals that CDT consists of an enzyme of the DNase-I family, bound to two ricin-like lectin domains. CdtA, CdtB and CdtC form a ternary complex with three interdependent molecular interfaces, characterized by globular, as well as extensive non-globular, interactions. The lectin subunits form a deeply grooved, highly aromatic surface that we show to be critical for toxicity. The holotoxin possesses a steric block of the CdtB active site by means of a non-globular extension of the CdtC subunit, and we identify putative DNA binding residues in CdtB that are essential for toxin activity.
Functionalization of Porous Silicon with Alkenes and Alkynes via Carbocation-Mediated Hydrosilylation

Efforts to produce stable, derivatized porous silicon have yielded a number of chemical methods capable of functionalizing this interesting material with organic monolayers. Hydride-terminated porous silicon substrates react with alkenes and alkynes in the presence of dilute triphenylcarbenium salt solutions to respectively produce alkyl- and alkenyl-functionalized materials. Characterization by transmission FTIR and solid-state NMR suggests the formation of highly stable silicon-carbon bonds to yield covalently bound organic moieties. Porous silicon passivated in this fashion exhibits a greater resistance than that of the native material to chemical degradation, indicating that the organic functionalities may serve to sterically shield the nanocrystallites from nucleophiles. Hydrosilylation is proposed to proceed via hydride abstraction from the substrate followed by electrophilic attack by the subsequent species upon the alkene/alkyne, a mechanism previously hypothesized for the formation of stabilized β-silyl carbocations. The reaction is tolerant of a variety of substrate functional groups and native porous silicon surfaces but depends markedly upon the identity of the salt counteranion, among other solution parameters.
Recoverable mobile environment: design and trade-off analysis

The mobile wireless environment poses challenging problems in designing fault-tolerant systems because of the dynamics of mobility, and limited bandwidth available on wireless links. Traditional fault-tolerance schemes, therefore, cannot be directly applied to these systems. Mobile systems are often subject to environmental conditions which can cause loss of communications or data. Because of the consumer orientation of most mobile systems, run-time faults must be corrected with minimal (if any) intervention from the user. The fault-tolerance capability must, therefore, be transparent to the user. The paper presents recovery schemes for the failure of a mobile host. It portrays the limitations of the mobile wireless environment, and their impact on recovery protocols. The adaptation of well-known recovery schemes are presented which suit the mobile environment. The performance of these schemes has been analyzed to determine those environments where a particular recovery scheme is best suited. The performance of the recovery schemes primarily depends on: the wireless bandwidth; the communication-mobility ratio of the user; and the failure rate of the mobile host.
Business cycle, industrial composition, or regional advantage? A decomposition analysis of new firm formation in the United States

This paper presents a shift-share decomposition analysis of new firm formation at the three-digit NAICS level in the United States from 1998 to 2003, attributing overall new firm creation, in construction, manufacturing, and service sectors respectively, to three distinct sources, i.e., business cycle, industrial composition, and regional advantage. This research is critical not only because, from a methodological perspective, this is one of the first applications of the shift-share analysis in firm formation and entrepreneurship studies. This research is also significant because it empirically identifies the portion of new start-ups that results exclusively from regional factors, enables researchers and policy makers to uncover the nuanced relations between firm births and regional characteristics, job creation, and economic development, and therefore facilitates effective public policies to promote new businesses and achieve economic success.
A NUMERICAL GAMMA-RAY BURST SIMULATION USING THREE-DIMENSIONAL RELATIVISTIC HYDRODYNAMICS: THE TRANSITION FROM SPHERICAL TO JETLIKE EXPANSION

Utilizing 3D relativistic hydrodynamical calculations, we have examined the evolution of an expanding relativistic blob of gas intended to be representative of a jet associated with ejecta from an extremely energetic event such as a hypernova, that produces a gamma-ray burst (Aloy et al. 2000; Tan, Matzner, & McKee 2001; MacFadyen, Woosley, & Heger 2001, Zhang, Woosley, & Heger 2003, Zhang, Woosley, & MacFadyen 2003). Since these are the first such calculations applied to the blob during the time in which the afterglow radiation is produced, we have purposely kept them simple in an effort to concentrate on the most fundamental aspects of the physics. We restrict our attention to the transition from spherical to jetlike expansion that occurs during the time that the Lorentz factor becomes less than the reciprocal of the jet spreading angle. We have not yet attached specific numbers to our results. From the SRHD equations, one sees that the relevant quantities are the ratios of pressure to density, and of distance to time. If we specify either one of these two sets of numbers, the other one is also determined.
In vitro validation of a shape-optimized fiber-reinforced dental bridge

Abstract Objective To improve its mechanical performance, structural optimization had been used in a previous study to obtain an alternative design for a 3-unit inlay-retained fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) dental bridge. In that study, an optimized layout of the FRC substructure had been proposed to minimize stresses in the veneering composite and interfacial stresses between the composite and substructure. The current work aimed to validate in vitro the improved fracture resistance of the optimized design. Methods All samples for the 3-unit inlay-retained FRC dental bridge were made with glass-fibers (FibreKor) as the substructure, surrounded by a veneering composite (GC Gradia). Two different FRC substructure designs were prepared: a conventional ( n = 20) and an optimized design ( n = 21). The conventional design was a straight beam linking one proximal box to the other, while the optimized design was a curved beam following the lower outline of the pontic. All samples were loaded to 400 N on a universal test machine (MTS 810) with a loading speed of 0.2 mm/min. During loading, the force and displacement were recorded. Meanwhile, a two-channel acoustic emission (AE) system was used to monitor the development of cracks during loading. Results The load–displacement curves of the two groups displayed significant differences. For the conventional design, there were numerous drops in load corresponding to local damage of the sample. For the optimized design, the load curves were much smoother. Cracks were clearly visible on the surface of the conventional group only, and the directions of those cracks were perpendicular to those of the most tensile stresses. Results from the more sensitive AE measurement also showed that the optimized design had, on average, fewer cracking events: 38 versus 2969 in the conventional design. Significance The much lower number of AE events and smoother load–displacement curves indicated that the optimized FRC bridge design had a higher fracture resistance. It is expected that the optimized design will significantly improve the clinical performance of FRC bridges.
HUMAN ENTEROVIRUSES AND WILDLIFE: ISOLATION FROM GRAY SQUIRRELS

Five isolates of human echovirus 1/8 complex were recovered from the feces of free-ranging gray squirrels. The source of infection and the significance of the isolates remain unknown.
Influence of regular physical activity on warfarin dose and risk of hemorrhagic complications.

Objective To determine the influence of regular physical activity on stable warfarin dose and risk of major hemorrhage in patients on chronic anticoagulation therapy. Design Regular physical activity (maintained over > 80% of visits) was ascertained by self-report at initiation of warfarin therapy (target international normalized ratio [INR] = 2–3) in 1272 patients, with changes documented at monthly anticoagulation clinic visits in a population-based prospective cohort. Multi-variable linear regression and survival analysis, respectively, were used to assess influence on warfarin and risk of hemorrhage. Setting Outpatient anticoagulation clinic Participants 1272 anticoagulated patients Measurement and Main Results There were 683 (53.7%) patients who were regularly physically active (≥ 30 min ≥ 3 times/week). Physically active patients required warfarin doses that were 6.9% higher (p=0.006) than in physically inactive patients after controlling for sociodemographic factors, vitamin K intake, clinical factors, and genetic variations. The overall incidence of major hemorrhagic events was 7.6/100 person-years (p-yrs, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.4–8.9) in our population. The incidence was lower for physically active patients (5.6/100 p-yrs, 95% CI 4.2–7.2) than in inactive patients (10.3/100 p-yrs, 95% CI 8.2–12.9, p=0.0004). Active patients had a 38% lower risk of hemorrhage (hazard ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.42–0.98, p=0.03) compared with inactive patients. Conclusions Regular physical activity is associated with higher warfarin dose requirements and lower risk of hemorrhage. The influence of physical activity on drug response needs to be further explored, and the mechanisms through which it exerts these effects need to be elucidated.
Refractive index changes in the ocular lens result from increased light scatter.

As the crystalline lens ages and as cataracts develop, highly concentrated proteins in lens fiber cells undergo rearrangements leading to substantial increases in scattered light. By exploiting a relationship between scattered light and refractive index, it is shown that a rearrangement of proteins necessarily leads to increased index as well. This change in refractive index is a second-order effect and must be quite small in most cases. However, it offers a possible explanation for the increase in index and refractive power associated with the development of nuclear cataract.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL FREQUENCY DOMAIN PHASE ABERRATION CORRECTION

Phase aberration due to tissues with inhomogeneous acoustic speeds is a major source of image degradation in medical ultrasound. In most phased array pulse-echo ultrasound systems, the delays used to focus and steer the beams are calculated assuming constant acoustic speed. However, it is known that the acoustic speed varies for different types of tissue, resulting in defocusing, loss of resolution, and blurring of the image. The issue of phase aberration measurement and correction has been the focus of several research groups in recent years1,2,3. Many of the existing techniques correct for aberration by estimating the phase error profile and using the estimate to align the rf signals.
Recombination currents in a p–n heterojunction diode

The effect of carrier recombination in the depletion region on the I-U characteristics of a hetero-junction diode is considered. It is found, that recombination currents affect the I-U characteristics of symmetrically doped heterojunction diodes with large energy band offsets for the majority carrier type in the large gap material differently than heterojunction diodes with a large band offset for the majority carrier type in the small gap material. The two cases are illustrated with numerical calculations for p-GaAs on n-AIAs and n-GaAs on p-AIAs. Es wird der Einflus der Ladungstragerrekombination in der Verarmungsrandschicht auf die I-U-Charakteristiken einer Heterojunction-Diode betrachtet. Es wird gefunden, das die Rekombinationsstrome die I-U-Charakteristiken von symmetrisch dotierten Heterojunction-Dioden mit grosen Energiebandabweichungen fur die Majoritatsladungstrager in Materialien mit grosem Bandabstand anders als in Heterojunction-Dioden mit grosen Energiebandabweichungen fur die Majoritatsladungstrager in Materialien mit geringem Bandabstand beeinflussen. Die beiden Falle werden mit numerischen Berechnungen fur p-GaAs auf n-AlAs und n-GaAs auf p-AlAs illustriert.
A new approach to evaluate mechanistic relationships among genotoxic phenomena: validation.

Obviously, insight into the mechanistic basis of toxicological can be concluded that the two phenomena are related mechanistically to one action is needed to assess the risks posed by chemicals. One another. (Similarly, if the observed prevalence is significantly lower than the of the approaches to the elucidation of this problem is to expected one, this suggests that the two phenomena are antagonistic to one evaluate the congruence between the induction of different another, e.g. they could compete for a specific receptor.) toxicological phenomena. Thus, if a group of chemicals induces In implementing such an approach, it quickly becomes obvious that there is a dearth of experimental data on the same chemicals across a variety of a significantly higher than expected incidence of both chromo- toxicological end points. Hence, the significance of the observed joint somal aberrations and developmental anomalies, then one prevalences cannot be ascertained. The current approach was devised to might conclude that the two phenomena are related, possibly overcome this shortcoming. It is based upon the availability of characterized
Photic and nonphotic responses of the circadian clock in serotonin-deficient Pet-1 knockout mice.

The neurotransmitter serotonin plays an important role in the regulation of the circadian clock. To gain further insight into the mechanisms by which serotonin regulates rhythmicity, the authors investigated photic and nonphotic effects on the circadian clock in Pet-1 knockout mice. In these mice, the serotonergic system suffers a developmental loss of 70% of serotonin neurons, with the remaining neurons being deficient in serotonergic function as well. Pet-1 knockout mice show significantly decreased phase delays of the circadian clock in response to light pulses in the early night; however, this difference was not reflected in a difference in the expression of Fos protein in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. There were no genotypic differences detected in the phase-shifting response to injection of the 5-HT1A/7 (serotonin 1A and 7) agonist 8-OH-DPAT ((±)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)tetralin hydrobromide); however, there were small but significant differences in the phase-shifting responses to cages between ge...
Building accountability through patient safety organizations.

ATIENT SAFETY REMAINS a top priority for he health care system and its consumers. Over he past few years the emphasis has been to mprove poor systems that lead to errors, thus romoting a culture of safety over the culure of blame. This reality increases the eed for sound, evidence-based sources on atient safety. Healthcare providers, includng nurses, can easily become overwhelmed ith the amount of information available on atient safety issues. Patients are being asked o assume more responsibility for their own afety by asking questions and seeking out ore information. Nurses need to be cogniant of where to locate patient safety inforation and how to advocate for patient safety hrough various stakeholders. This column ill provide some information on patient afety issues and patient safety organizations PSOs) for perianesthesia nurses.
Nonparental Adults as Asset Builders in the Lives of Youth

Supportive relationships with nonparent adults are considered to be among the key developmental assets predicting positive youth outcomes. Indeed, researchers at Search Institute have identified “supportive relationship with three or more other adults,” “adult role models,” and “adults in community value youth” as essential to youths’ healthy development and well-being (Benson, Leffert, Scales, & Blythe, 1998; Scales & Leffert, 1999). Similarly, researchers working from within a risk-and-resilience framework have repeatedly called attention to the protective influence of supportive relationships with adults (Garmezy, 1985; Masten & Coatsworth, 1998; Werner & Smith, 1982). In this chapter, we will describe the ways in which nonparental adults function as resources in the lives of adolescents. Within this context, we will review mentoring relationships and the settings in which they are most likely to emerge. We will also discuss strategies for maximizing the benefits of mentoring and look at the underlying processes that might affect developmental outcomes. As we will describe, mentoring can occur naturally or through formal assignments, and the characteristics of mentoring relationships are as varied as the youth and mentors who enter into them.
Differential Roles for mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the Persistent Prolongation of Epileptiform Bursts

Transient activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) with the selective agonist (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) produces persistent prolongation of epileptiform bursts in...
Personal Activity Trackers and the Quantified Self

Personal activity trackers are an inexpensive and easy way for people to record their physical activity and simple biometric data. As these devices have increased in availability and sophistication, their use in daily life and in medicine has grown. This column will briefly explore what these devices are, what types of data they can track, and how that data can be used. It will also discuss potential problems with trackers and how librarians can help patients and physicians manage and protect activity data. A brief list of currently available activity trackers is also included.
Singular Interfacial Hydrodynamics and the Dielectric Breakdown Model

The equations of motion for the interfacial dynamics in the dielectric breakdown model are derived. They form a set of coupled hydrodynamic equations for the interfacial curvature and growth probability in which the conserved densities are transported by a nonlocal velocity. From these equations the dynamical manner in which singularities in these conserved densities evolve can be studied both analytically and numerically. Shock-like behaviour associated with velocity attractor and repellor points on the evolving interface lead to bifurcations in the velocity field and finally to fractal structures in the curvature and growth probability in the absence of surface tension. In the presence of surface tension spatiotemporal chaos is observed.
The Schachter-Shalomi Collection Anchors Post-Holocaust American Judaism Archive at University of Colorado

Rabbi Zalman Schachter-Shalomi, founder of Jewish Renewal, was a visionary teacher and leader who developed tools for transformation and helped a generation of Jewish Americans rekindle their faith. This article describes the acquisition, assessment, digitization and public access dimensions of the Schachter-Shalomi Collection housed at the University of Colorado, Boulder archives.
Distribution and drug resistance of pathogens causing urinary tract infection in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome

Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogens causing urinary tract infection in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Methods A total of 96 urine specimens collected from children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in our hospital from Jan. 2007 to Dec. 2012 were cultured and detected for distribution and drug resistance. Results A total of 72 pathogens were isolated in the 59 specimens with positive results, mainly Gram-negative bacterium(73.61%). The mostly common gram-negative bacterium found were Escherichia coli(23.61%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(18.06%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae(13.89%). These three pathogens were sensitive to imipenem, nitrofurantoin and topiperacillin/tazobactam. Escherichia coli was and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were sensitive to Ceftazidime and cefepime. The patients with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome treated with glucocorticoids and immune inhibitors had high urine culture positive detection rate(73.33%)than those treated with glucocorticoids. Conclusion Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae are the most common pathogens of urinary tract infection in steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, and the infection rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa increases significantly. The three pathogens were quite sensitive to imipenem, nitrofurantoin and topiperacillin/tazobactam. Pediatrician should pay attention to the pathogens detection and drug resistance, and use antimicrobials correctly according to the results of drug sensitivity test in urinary tract infection in children with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome, especially those treated with glucocorticoids and immune inhibitors.