cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prepared Testimony of Professor Michael T. Morley Before the U.S. House of Representatives Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet

This is the written statement I submitted in conjunction with my testimony before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet concerning nationwide injunctions. The statement begins by distinguishing among various types of nationwide injunctions. It goes on to emphasize the need to distinguish between class actions and non-class cases. In Rule 23(b)(2) class actions, the main issue is the proper geographic scope of the plaintiff class; courts generally should refuse to certify nationwide classes. Nationwide classes are largely inconsistent with the decentralized structure of the federal judiciary and limited geographic responsibility of each district court. In non-class cases, in contrast, the primary issue is the scope of the injunction itself. I argue that courts should generally issue "Plaintiff-Oriented Injunctions" which prohibit the Government defendant from enforcing the challenged statute, regulation, executive order, or other federal policy solely to the particular plaintiffs in the case. They should typically decline to issue nationwide "Defendant-Oriented Injunctions" that completely prohibit the Government defendants from enforcing the challenged legal provision against anyone, anywhere in the nation. Defendant-Oriented Injunctions raise troubling concerns relating to Article III standing, Due Process, asymmetric claim preclusion, Rule 23, and the limited geographic jurisdiction of individual district courts. The statement concludes by offering brief legislative proposals to address these issues.
The Role of 3D Reconstruction True-Volume Analysis in Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: A Case Series:

Background:Evaluation and management of osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) often warrant advanced imaging studies, especially in revision or cases with cystic defects. It is possible that orthopedic surgeons may overestimate the size and misinterpret the morphology of OLT from conventional computed tomography (CT), thereby influencing treatment strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the utility of a novel means to estimate the true-volume of OLTs using 3D reconstructed images and volume analysis.Methods:With Institutional Review Board approval, an institutional radiology database was queried for patients with cystic OLTs that failed previous microfracture, having compatible CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between 2011 and 2016. Fourteen patients met inclusion criteria. Of these, 5 cases were randomly selected for 3D CT reconstruction modeling. Ten orthopedic surgeons independently estimated the volume of these 5 OLTs via standard CT. Then 3D reconstructions were made a...
Involvement of Parents in Early Childhood Assessment

The involvement of parents in the assessment of their infants and preschoolers is a topic that generates much heated discussion among professionals in early childhood special education. Many professionals, especially those trained in the rigors of psychological measurement and test construction argue vehemently that parents lack the necessary objectivity and training to provide accurate assessment data on their children. Some clinicians also argue that parents should not be encouraged to assess their children, as such activity only provides the impetus for a pressure-cooker relationship between parents and children.
Breaking Down Barriers to Professional Growth.

The respiratory care profession has experienced growth in scope, complexity of clinical skills, and diversity of care sites. The need for critical thinking and nontechnical skills has also grown, which has resulted in a demand for respiratory therapists who are not only technically competent but who
Continuous lumbar erector spinae plane block for postoperative pain management in revision hip surgery: a case report

Abstract The number of total hip arthroplasty cases performed each year continues to increase; accordingly, so does the number of revision total hip arthroplasty procedures. While our traditional method of analgesia for these patients has involved multimodal medications and a continuous lumbar plexus block, we report two cases of patients who received continuous lumbar erector spinae plane blocks. Both patients exhibited excellent pain control postoperatively and were able to discharge home on postoperative day one. This case report illustrates the possible utility of continuous erector spinae plane blocks for postoperative analgesia in the more frequently occurring revision total hip arthroplasty surgeries.
Understanding User Behaviors When Phishing Attacks Occur

To study user security-related behaviors, we conduct an experimental study where participants take part in our experiments in a lab contained environment. We used a set of emails including phishing emails from the real world. We collect data including participants’ basic information and time measurement. We check whether or not factors such as intervention, phishing types, and incentive mechanisms play a major role in user behaviors when phishing attacks occur.
Financial Transactions Tax – If Not Now, When?

In this article, Narotzki discusses the short history of the financial transaction tax in the United States and why now is the perfect time to adopt it.
Observables in quantum field theory on a collapsing black hole background

Abstract We study the quantum radiation from a curved background using scalar observables constructed from the (1+1) dimensional renormalized stress-energy tensor (RSET). We compute energy density U , flux F and pressure P for an arbitrary collapse scenario and an arbitrary observer. The results show a clear structure: F − U represents the collapse-independent ingoing modes, F + U represents the collapse-dependent outgoing modes and P − U represents the trace anomaly. We also compute the observables constructed from the perception renormalized stress-energy tensor (PeRSET). We find they have the same collapse-dependent contribution comparing to their RSET-related counterparts. For free-falling observers, in particular, the PeRSET-related observables are the same as the corresponding RSET-related ones, except the energy densities differ by the trace anomaly.
Product Fit Uncertainty and Information Provision in a Distribution Channel

Consumers of experience goods typically face some uncertainty about the fit between their tastes and the features of products being offered. Information technology has given consumers the ability to conduct research online about their potential fit with products before buying, and modern sellers the ability to disseminate product information to consumers. This study investigates a manufacturer’s and retailers’ incentives to disclose such product fit information to consumers when the manufacturer sells to consumers through competing retailers. We show that whether a manufacturer selling through retailers is more or less likely to disclose fit information compared to a manufacturer selling directly to consumers depends on the degree of retail competition. If the disclosure decisions are made before the manufacturer sets its wholesale price, then all channel members want to disclose fit information for low‐quality products, no one wants to disclose it for medium‐quality products, and only the retailers prefer to disclose fit information for high‐quality products. This disclosure conflict for high‐quality products can be resolved if the manufacturer can commit to a wholesale price before the disclosure decisions. The retailers also then prefer to not disclose fit information for high‐quality products. Regardless of whether the wholesale price is set before or after disclosure decisions, a mandatory product‐fit disclosure policy can decrease consumer welfare and social surplus, depending on the level of product quality and the degree of retail competition.
Sies, Gournay, & Freestone (Eds.): Iconic Planned Communities and the Challenge of Change

If one is interested in reading a comprehensive survey of the best-known, most iconic planned communities around the world, this is the book to buy. I am not aware of any other volume that reviews ...
Impact of an Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Pharmacist During Microbiology Rounds.

Objectives The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate the impact of the participation of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) pharmacist in microbiology rounds at our institution. Methods This single-center retrospective descriptive study included inpatient and ambulatory adults (≥18 years) with a susceptibility request reviewed during microbiology rounds between October 2018 and March 2019. In October 2018, multidisciplinary telephone microbiology rounds were initiated with the medical directors of the clinical microbiology laboratory and ASP pharmacist to review susceptibility requests. Numbers and types of interventions made by an ASP pharmacist and potential benefits were recorded and analyzed. Results Sixty-seven susceptibility requests were reviewed by an ASP pharmacist, of which 83.6% were inpatient. An ASP pharmacist completed chart reviews for 92.5% of requests and contacted the requester or primary team 74.6% of the time. About half (47.8%) of susceptibility requests were approved, and only 65.2% of requests from an infectious diseases provider were approved (P = .039). The most frequent potential benefits of the intervention included preventing unnecessary susceptibility testing (47.8%), improving clinician understanding (40.3%), and preventing treatment of a culture result deemed as a contaminant (19.4%). Conclusions ASP pharmacists are uniquely accessible and able to assist with preventing unnecessary susceptibility testing, optimizing antimicrobial therapy, and providing education to other health care professionals.
Inference as a fundamental process in behavior

In the real world, uncertainty is omnipresent due to incomplete or noisy information. This makes inferring the state-of-the-world difficult. Furthermore, the state-of-the-world often changes over time, though with some regularity. This makes learning and decision-making challenging. Organisms have evolved to take advantage of environmental regularities, that allow organisms to acquire a model of the world and perform model-based inference to robustly make decisions and adjust behavior efficiently under uncertainty. Recent research has shed light on many aspects of model-based inference and its neural underpinnings. Here we review recent progress on hidden-state inference, state transition inference, and hierarchical inference processes.
A data science approach for advanced solid polymer electrolyte design

Abstract Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) stand to revolutionize battery technology innovation by making batteries non-flammable, flexible, and more sustainable. However, SPE breakthroughs are limited by the highly time and resource-intensive nature of battery research. Even when suitable materials are discovered, optimizing the composition and experimental conditions presents another critical barrier to SPE realization. In this work, a data-driven approach to SPE development is presented. First, data is collected and analyzed from published literature, and then supplemented with independent experimentation to complete the SPE dataset. Then, six different models (linear regression, lasso regression, ridge regression, decision tree, random forest, and radial basis function SVM) were tested. The random forest model is identified as the most suitable model with the greatest predictive capability, validated by independent experimentation and by comparing predicted activation energies to those reported in literature using raw predictions from the model. The random forest model is calculated to predict conductivity with a root-mean-square-error of 0.332 log(S/cm). By applying machine learning to incorporate important parameters of SPE synthesis, this study provides a foundation for accelerated SPE innovation.
PhotoSpread: A Spreadsheet for Managing Photos

The goal of the BioACT Project at Stanford is to help biodiversity researchers Acquire digital materials in the field, manage these online holdings (Curate), and Transfer the knowledge (or disseminate) to other researchers, museums, and the public. We are developing three sets of tools: (i) tools for speedy data entry and small-group collaboration in the field, (ii) tools for large scale collaboration in distributed collection curation, and (iii) tools for semidirected search and browsing of digital biodiversity materials.Currently, the biologists use spreadsheets to analyze the photos. Each photograph is represented by a row in the spreadsheet. One column gives the file name where the photo is stored, and the other columns give the metadata (date, species, etc.). Once the data is in the spreadsheet, they can select and group photos of interest and compute relevant statistics. In this paper, we describe Photospread in more detail. We discuss the supported formula language, and we describe how drag-and-drop actions work. We also compare Photospread to other photo browsing and analysis tools.
High-Throughput Microfluidic Device for Rare Cell Isolation.

Enumerating and analyzing circulating tumor cells (CTCs)—cells that have been shed from primary solid tumors—can potentially be used to determine patient prognosis and track the progression of disease. There is a great challenge to create an effective platform that can isolate these cells, as they are extremely rare: only 1-10 CTCs are present in a 7.5mL of a cancer patient’s peripheral blood. We have developed a novel microfluidic system that can isolate CTC populations label free. Our system consists of a multistage separator that employs inertial migration to sort cells based on size. We demonstrate the feasibility of our device by sorting colloids that are comparable in size to red blood cells (RBCs) and CTCs.
Social Categorization: Implications for Creation and Reduction of Intergroup Bias

Publisher Summary This chapter presents implications for creations and reduction of intergroup bias. It presents the observation that persons organize their social environment by categorizing themselves and others into groups. Categorization serves two functions, enables to simplify the present social environment and to predict future social behavior. Although reliance on categories is efficient, there is a risk error when using a category based on phenotypic similarities to infer genotypic properties. (Thus, members of a group may share similar opinions on matters relevant to the group but that similarity may not reflect an underlying similarity of motives or dispositions.) Categorizing others into ingroups and outgroups produces a set of consistent and quite logical effects, including assumptions of similarity within and dissimilarity between groups, assumed homogeneity of the outgroup, and overreliance on information that supports these assumptions. Further, categorization leads to intergroup comparisons and ingroup favoritism over outgroups even when no obvious justifications are present for bias.
Prickly Pears and Pagodas: The East India Company's Failure to Establish a Cochineal Industry in Early Colonial India

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the East India Company attempted to replicate the production of Mexican cochineal in southern India and Bengal. Studies of early colonial agri...
Export of maltose-binding protein species with altered charge distribution surrounding the signal peptide hydrophobic core in Escherichia coli cells harboring prl suppressor mutations

It is believed that one or more basic residues at the extreme amino terminus of precursor proteins and the lack of a net positive charge immediately following the signal peptide act as topological determinants that promote the insertion of the signal peptide hydrophobic core into the cytoplasmic membrane of Escherichia coli cells with the correct orientation required to initiate the protein export process. The export efficiency of precursor maltose-binding protein (pre-MBP) was found to decrease progressively as the net charge in the early mature region was increased systematically from 0 to +4. This inhibitory effect could be further exacerbated by reducing the net charge in the signal peptide to below 0. One such MBP species, designated MBP-3/+3 and having a net charge of -3 in the signal peptide and +3 in the early mature region, was totally export defective. Revertants in which MBP-3/+3 export was restored were found to harbor mutations in the prlA (secY) gene, encoding a key component of the E. coli protein export machinery. One such mutation, prlA666, was extensively characterized and shown to be a particularly strong suppressor of a variety of MBP export defects. Export of MBP-3/+3 and other MBP species with charge alterations in the early mature region also was substantially improved in E. coli cells harboring certain other prlA mutations originally selected as extragenic suppressors of signal sequence mutations altering the hydrophobic core of the LamB or MBP signal peptide. In addition, the enzymatic activity of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) fused to a predicted cytoplasmic domain of an integral membrane protein (UhpT) increased significantly in cells harboring prlA666. These results suggest a role for PrlA/SecY in determining the orientation of signal peptides and possibly other membrane-spanning protein domains in the cytoplasmic membrane.
Bicyclic bases : Synthesis, configuration, and NMR analysis of N-tosyl-2-thia-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-oxides☆☆☆

Abstract The novel bicyclic system, N-tosyl-2-thia-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (IV), was synthesized from tritosylhydroxy- L -prolinol and thioacetate anion. Sodium metaperiodate oxidation of (IV) yielded exclusively the exo sulfoxide (VI) from which the isomeric endo product (VIII) was obtained by treatment with ethyloxonium fluoroborate. Thermally induced equilibration studies demonstrated that the exo -oxide is thermodynamically more stable than the endo -oude. The sulfone (V) was prepared by oxidation with H 2 O 2 . The identity of all proton resonances in the 100-MHz NMR spectra of (IV–VI, VIII) were deduced from spin-decoupling experiments.
Three-Dimensional Aspects and Transition of the Wake of a Circular Cylinder

Three-dimensionality in the wake of a cylinder is an intrinsic feature, not only in the transition regime when small-scales appear, but also when the vortex shedding is laminar. Certain features associated with this laminar regime also have relevance to the flow at higher (turbulent) Reynolds numbers.
Remarks on the Cosmological Constant Problem

We were asked to discuss the cosmological constant problem and will use this opportunity to present a few ideas on the subject. We should say at the outset that none of these ideas is quite satifactory and that we do not have, at the moment, any credible way of solving this nagging problem. Nevertheless, we feel that a discussion of various aspects of the problem may still be useful, and it is in this spirit of tentative gropings toward a solution that we present this talk.
Japanese development aid and direct investments in Asia

The transformation of the western edge of the Pacific Ocean into one of the most economically dynamic regions of the world has been propelled by Japan and patterned on that country's phenomenal postwar recovery and growth. These centered on the successful adaptation of foreign technology, a self-initiated program of industrialization, and exports to competitive markets like the United States. Newly industrialized economies like South Korea and Thailand have understood the essence of Japan's rapid development and successfully applied it to their own surging economies. Of crucial significance in the office development assistance (ODA) and direct foreign investments (DFI) from Japan to developing nations has been the transfer of technology and managerial know-how for infrastructural development and, subsequently, commercial industrialization. The development of human resources has been particularly emphasized by both the Japanese government and private firms. >
Ballroom Intersection Protocol: Synchronous Autonomous Driving at Intersections

Road intersections are considered to be serious bottlenecks in urban transportation. More than 44% of all reported crashes in U.S. Occur within intersection areas, which in turn lead to 8,500 fatalities and approximately 1 million injuries every year. Furthermore, because traffic traveling in one direction is generally stopped at busy intersections to allow traffic to flow in another direction, an intersection creates traffic congestion and frustration. The impact of road intersections on traffic delays leads to enormous waste of human and natural resources. According to the 2011 Urban Mobility Report, the delay endured by the average commuter was 34 hours, which costs in aggregate more than $100 billion each year in the U.S. With the advances in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS), autonomous driving as a part of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is likely to be at the heart of urban transportation in the future. Autonomous vehicles have been demonstrated successfully at the DARPA Urban Challenge. General Motors' Electrical-Networked Vehicle, CMU's autonomous vehicle and Google's car are just a few other recently unveiled examples. Therefore, it is critical to address safety and throughput concerns as one of the main challenges for autonomous driving through intersections. In this paper, we propose a spatio-temporal technique called the Ballroom Intersection Protocol (BRIP) to manage the safe and efficient passage of autonomous vehicles through intersections. To achieve high throughput at intersections, BRIP aims to maximize the utilization of the capacity of the intersection area by increasing parallelism. By enforcing a synchronized arrival of autonomous vehicles at intersections, BRIP allows vehicles approaching from all directions to simultaneously and continuously cross without stopping behind or inside the intersection area. Our simulation results show that we are able to avoid collisions and increase the throughput of the intersections by up to 96.24% compared to common signalized intersections. Under BRIP, the optimal intersection capacity utilization of 100% is achievable in certain cases.
Consumer Perception of Deals: Biasing Effects of Varying Deal Prices

Some brands in the market opt to offer a single "deal" price (e.g., Pepsi brand soft drink at $1.09 every alternate week), whereas others opt to offer 2 or more deal prices (e.g., Coca-Cola brand soft drink at $0.99 in Week 1 and $1.19 in Week 3). It was hypothesized that offering multiple deal prices is likely to result in underestimation of deal frequency and average deal price, which will bias the price consumers are willing to pay for the brand. Results from 3 laboratory experiments, a longitudinal experiment, and a survey support the hypotheses. In addition, consumers are likely to be willing to pay more for the brand when it is offered at 2 deal prices with a small difference compared with a single deal price. Implications of these findings for consumer welfare and pricing policy are discussed.
Localization phenomena in structural dynamics

Abstract A survey of vibration localization phenomena in the context of structural dynamics and vibrations is presented. The review covers the more common and relevant cases where mode localization and vibration confinement are likely to occur in engineering structures. Examples considered include periodic or nearly periodic multi-span beams and multi-bay trusses, large space structures, space antennas, and almost periodic (a.p.) structures with circular symmetry, e.g., bladed disks in turbomachines. Both analytical and numerical methods for analyzing and predicting localization in finite and infinite systems are discussed. In this paper, we show how the problem of mode localization and vibration confinement can be formulated as a problem in the theory of stability of differential equations with a.p. coefficients. Using stability theory, new definitions of mode localization can be established for both linear and nonlinear structures. The possibility of stabilizing certain nonconservative fluid-structure systems using structural disorder is demonstrated, and stability theorems are given for aeroelastic systems governed by normal operators. We also illustrate how the results from localization theory and the associated stability theory can be applied to the vibration control problem, by triggering vibration confinement by active or passive means.
Nucleoside and Nucleotide Inhibitors of Inosine Monophosphate (IMP) Dehydrogenase as Potential Antitumor Inhibitors

Abstract A review of various nucleoside and nucleotide inhibitors of IMP dehydrogenase suggests that such inhibitors may also exhibit significant antitumor effects. The details of the precise mode of action and structure activity relationships remain to be established. This new area of research should prove fruitful for uncovering useful and more specific antitumor agents.
Cutoff resolvent estimates and the semilinear Schrödinger equation

This paper shows how abstract resolvent estimates imply local smoothing for solutions to the Schrodinger equation. If the resolvent estimate has a loss when compared to the optimal, non-trapping estimate, there is a corresponding loss in regularity in the local smoothing estimate. As an application, we apply well-known techniques to obtain well-posedness results for the semi-linear Schrodinger equation.
Case report: MRI of extrapancreatic gastrinoma

Islet cell tumors are a relatively rare group of neuroendocrine tumors that are often difficult to image preoperatively. We present the magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of an uncommon and unusually large extrapancreatic gastrinoma.
IgA, IgG and IgM quantification in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from allergic rhinitics, allergic asthmatics, and normal subjects by monoclonal antibody-based immunoenzymetric assays

Recent reports have suggested that human secretory IgA (sIgA) may have a role in the mediation of atopic disease. We have studied the levels of sIgA, IgA, IgG and IgM in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids collected from lungs of healthy non-allergic adults (n = 14), allergic subjects with rhinitis (n = 15), and allergic asthmatics (n = 13), using a panel of monoclonal antibody-based immunoenzymetric assays (IEMAs). In contrast to commercially available immunodiffusion and nephelometric assays, these IEMAs employ highly specific monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate required precision (intra-assay CVs < 17%), parallelism (inter-dilutional CVs < 20%) at minimal detectable immunoglobulin levels in the ng/ml range, and excellent specificity with < 0.1% crossreactivity for heterologous immunoglobulin isotypes. Using these assays, we have observed a significant correlation between sIgA levels and total IgA levels in BAL fluids from all the study patients (r = 0.94; p < 0.01). The percentage of sIgA to total IgA was 84.0 +/- 2.2%. sIgA in BAL fluids from allergic rhinitics (18.0 +/- 2.5 micrograms/ml) and allergic asthmatics (15.5 +/- 2.5 micrograms/ml) were higher than those from nonallergic subjects (10.2 +/- 1.9 micrograms/ml). The only statistically significant difference in sIgA levels was observed in BAL fluids from the rhinitics and nonallergic groups (p = 0.03). Similar differences among the groups were found for levels of total IgA in BAL fluid. There were no significant differences in the levels of IgM and IgG in BAL fluids among the three groups of subjects. We conclude from these results that IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin on the airway surface and that it appears to be produced locally.
Automated array assembly: a high throughput, low cost assembly process for LIGA-fabricated micro-components

The development of a viable LIGA-based micro-manufacturing capability requires the assembly of discrete micro-components into more complex devices. The size and tolerances of micro-components preclude the direct use of traditional macroscopic assembly process to micro-device manufacturing. Instead specific micro-assembly technologies must be developed and validated for producing complex micro-systems. Automated array assembly, a high throughput, low cost approach to micro-assembly, uses specialized fixtures allowing an array of micro-components to be picked-up and inserted into a corresponding array of devices using automated and highly accurate positioning stages. Assembly rates are measured here for insertion assembly experiments using automated array assembly and these rates compared with manual assembly rates. These results show that the automated array approach can assemble micro-components with rates at least an order of magnitude greater than manual assembly rates.
How to tax a spatial monopolist

Abstract This paper models the interaction of a government that maximizes tax revenue and a spatial monopolist that maximizes profit. The government has two tax instruments, a per unit output tax and a transport tax, and the monopolist can strategically alter its location and the mode of transport. If allowed only one tax instrument, then the government chooses the output tax, which generates inefficient strategic choices by the monopolist in order to avoid profit losses. Since the inefficiency is greater than with the transport tax, this isolates a new tradeoff between government tax revenue and economic efficiency.
On the consistency of numerical solutions of singular integral equations of the second kind with negative index using Jacobi polynomials

Abstract Singular integral equations of second kind with negative index possess bounded solutions whenever the forcing function satisfies the orthogonality conditions. Numerically, the discretization of the integrals via Gauss-Jacobi quadrature does not ensure the preservation of a consistent system. It is shown that for Gauss-Jacobi quadrature, the overdetermined system of equations is consistent if and only if the discretized compatibility condition is satisfied. The solutions of inconsistent systems via generalized inverses are considered. Error estimates are established which are shown to be independent of which equation is excluded in the solution of the overdetermined system.
SU‐E‐I‐23: X‐Ray Attenuation Comparison for Four Head Phantoms at the Circle of Willis

Purpose: To compare the x‐ray attenuation of three commercial anthropomorphic head phantoms with a uniform head‐equivalent phantom and a cadaver for both lateral and frontal views. Methods: We compared the attenuation of various phantoms used for evaluating angiographic equipment used in neurovascular interventions. These include three commercial anthropomorphic phantoms, (RS‐240T, SK150, and PBU‐50), with uniform solid phantoms, and a cadaver head using the same fluoroscopy technique parameters at 80 kVp for four different fields of view (FOV) centering on the Circle of Willis: 8, 7, 6, and 5 inches. The uniform phantom for the frontal plane was 13 mm of aluminum and 15 cm of acrylic and the AAPM head equivalent was for the lateral plane. A 5‐cm diameter ionization chamber placed at the source of x‐rays and a 20‐cm diameter placed at the flat‐panel‐detector were used for exposure measurements enabling average attenuation determination. Results: The percent differences of exposure rates were calculated relative to those of the uniform phantoms. The results for the lateral plane show that the PBU‐50 is similar to the AAPM phantom. For the smallest FOV, the attenuation percent differences are 64.5% (RS‐240T), 47.6% (SK150), 22.8% (PBU‐50), and 59.3% (cadaver), with the average being 48.5%±16.1. For the frontal plane, the SK150 is closest to the uniform head‐equivalent phantom. For the smallest FOV, the attenuation percent differences were 36.9% (RS‐240T), 12.3% (SK150), 39.1% (PBU‐50), and 41.0% (cadaver), with the average as 32.3%±11.7. Results for the other FOVs were similar. Conclusion: This study identifies a general similarity between commercial anthropomorphic phantom and cadaver heads with some differences for one phantom in each view as well as a substantial difference between commercial anthropomorphic phantoms and standardized uniform phantoms. This study indicates that caution is required when selecting the appropriate phantom for evaluating angiographic imaging equipment. (Support: NIH Grant 2R01EB002873) Support: NIH Grant 2R01EB002873
Changing stimulation patterns improves performance during electrically elicited contractions

The clinical efficacy of functional electrical stimulation (FES) is limited by the rapid onset of fatigue. FES applications use electrical stimuli separated by regular interpulse intervals (constant-frequency trains or CFTs) to activate muscles. However, doublet-frequency trains (DFTs) may produce greater forces than CFTs, but also produce more fatigue. DFTs contain a series of doublets, two pulses separated by a short (5-ms) interpulse interval. We hypothesized that a combination of CFTs followed by DFTs would improve performance compared to either train type alone. Quadriceps muscles of 15 normal subjects were fatigued with either 150 DFTs, or initially fatigued with CFTs until the targeted isometric force was no longer produced and then switched to DFTs. The combination reached the targeted isometric force (mean +/- SEM) more times (59.80 +/- 4.03) than either the CFTs alone (51.20 +/- 3.50) or DFTs alone (55.33 +/- 3.81). This finding suggests that combining train types may be a useful strategy to offset the rapid fatigue that persons with neurological dysfunction, such as spinal cord injury, experience when using FES.
Absorption of infrared radiation by high- density oxygen

IR radiation role in limiting central heater maximum temperature and heat transfer to high density oxygen in cryogenic storage systems
Use of immobilized HLA-A2:Ig dimeric proteins to determine the level of epitope-specific, HLA-restricted CD8(+) T-cell response.

A novel assay to assess antigen-specific cytokine release from stimulated CD8+ T cells derived from the mucosal and peripheral blood compartments has been developed and standardized using the influenza A virus matrix protein (MP) peptide, GILGFVFTL. This technology is based on the capacity for the human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2:Ig dimeric protein to stimulate CD8+ T cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted fashion without the necessity for antigen presenting cells (APC). This assay has been optimized utilizing a 9-amino acid residue (9mer) peptide, the optimal peptide length for presenting an epitope to CD8+ T cells. Compared to existing assays, this more sensitive and specific methodology requires fewer cells, enabling easier and more accurate monitoring of the CD8+ T-cell response in biological compartments, such as the mucosa during the course of viral infection and may be utilized to assess epitope-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in vaccine trials.
Optimal order reduction of probability distributions by maximizing mutual information

In a companion paper [16], we defined a metric distance between two probability distributions φ, ψ defined on sets of different cardinality, called the variation of information metric d. In this paper we study of problem of finding an optimal reduced-order approximation in the variation of information metric. Let φ denote the probability distribution of high dimension that is to be approximated. It is shown first that any optimal approximation of φ must be an aggregation of φ. Then it is shown that any optimal aggregation of φ is one that has maximum entropy. Using these two results, we then formulate the problem of optimal order reduction as a nonstandard bin-packing problem with overstuffing. Unfortunately this problem is NP-hard. So a greedy algorithm is presented to solve this problem, and an upper bound on its performance is presented. The application of the greedy algorithm is illustrated via a large example.
Influence of Calcium in Laying Rations on Shell Quality and Interior Quality of Eggs

Abstract STRENGTH of shell is an important factor in handling and transporting of eggs. One of the useful and economic traits of a laying hen is an ability to produce eggs with strong shells. Physiologically, it means that calcium metabolism must be efficient. The amount of calcium in the laying ration has a marked effect on shell quality and egg production (Norris et al., 1934; Miller and Bearse, 1934; Evans et al., 1944). Based on past experiments, the National Research Council (1960) has recommended 2.25% calcium as the dietary requirement for the laying hen, however, recent reports indicate a higher requirement of 2.75% (N.R.C., 1966). Peterson et al. (1959) concluded that hens fed 3.38% calcium showed a highly significant increase in the specific gravity of eggs as compared with lower levels of calcium. They further suggested that 3.75% calcium in laying rations would be adequate for environmental temperatures below 70°F. and . . .
Discovering the sweeping power of point mutations using a GIRAFF

In pathogenic bacteria, point and other simple mutations can provide a strong selective advantage during the course of a single infection. Our understanding of the importance of these randomly occurring mutations has been hampered by a lack of technologies allowing mutation scanning on a genomic scale. Here, a novel technology is described that makes it possible to scan, in a single Southern blot experiment, the sequence identity of genomic regions with a combined length of hundreds of kilobases.
Effects of transformational leadership and organizational position on knowledge management

Purpose – The purpose of this research report is to empirically explore the relationship between transformational leadership, organizational position, and knowledge management.Design/methodology/approach – Adult subjects (n=1,046) were asked to complete a survey battery consisting of questions about their leadership abilities, organizational position, and knowledge management behaviors.Findings – Knowledge management behaviors were significantly predicted by transformational leadership accounting for 19.5 percent of the variance. Organizational position was a significant predictor of knowledge management and, with transformational leadership, accounted for 21.1 percent of the variance of knowledge management.Research limitations/implications – Future research needs to more clearly focus on the specific aspects of transformational leadership, position, and knowledge management in a variety of contexts, but the results of this study clearly support the basis for a relationship between these variables. Furth...
Feature reasoning for automatic robotic assembly and machining in polyhedral representation

SUMMARY An automatic planning system for robotic assembly must have knowledge of the workspace. In particular it must be capable of reasoning about the shape of objects within the workspace. This requires a knowledge of object features and their behaviour in assembly situations. In this paper, a system is presented which extracts features relevant to assembly and machining from a boundary model derived from a Constructive Solid Geometry representation of a complex shape. In particular, finding concavities plays an important role in identifying possible mating features for assembly. These relevant features can then be used for assembly planning based on finding compatible sets of mating features. In this work the CAD data is extracted from a boundary model represented in an ASCII file and converted into the data-structures of the AI language, Prolog.
Team Building in Health Care

The pressures currently facing US health care organisations, especially hospitals, in a risk environment are analysed. An important route to maximising efficiency is identified as improved collaboration amongst personnel. Team‐building interventions are recommended and the elements essential to effective team building are listed together with the benefits that can accrue from such exercises.
Dual‐Class Companies: Do Inferior‐Voting Shares Make Inferior Investments?

A dual‐class share structure allows managers or original owners to retain control of a firm, while providing public equity financing. In the U.S., a firm generally issues superior‐voting shares to managers or original owners, and inferior‐voting shares to the public. As a result of the separation of control and risk bearing, the potential for agency problems exists. Theory predicts and some evidence shows that the use of a dual‐class share structure leads to a lower firm valuation than would otherwise exist. However, theory also suggests that separation of control and risk bearing might be desirable in some situations, since it allows managers to make long‐term investments without fear of a hostile takeover. Thus, a dualclass share structure could result in superior performance. This study addresses the question that confronts investors with respect to dual‐class firms: “Are inferior‐voting shares inferior investments?” Specifically, this research investigates the stock performance of companies that have dual‐class shares. Overall, results show that investors in inferior‐voting shares do not earn abnormally low risk‐adjusted returns. Investors in non‐IPO inferior‐voting shares earn positive abnormal risk‐adjusted returns.
Development of emergent processing loops as a system of systems concept

This paper describes an engineering approach toward implementing the current neuroscientific understanding of how the primate brain fuses, or integrates, 'information' in the decision-making process. We describe a System of Systems (SoS) design for improving the overall performance, capabilities, operational robustness, and user confidence in Identification (ID) systems and show how it could be applied to biometrics security. We use the Physio-associative temporal sensor integration algorithm (PATSIA) which is motivated by observed functions and interactions of the thalamus, hippocampus, and cortical structures in the brain. PATSIA utilizes signal theory mathematics to model how the human efficiently perceives and uses information from the environment. The hybrid architecture implements a possible SoS-level description of the Joint Directors of US Laboratories for Fusion Working Group's functional description involving 5 levels of fusion and their associated definitions. This SoS architecture propose dynamic sensor and knowledge-source integration by implementing multiple Emergent Processing Loops for predicting, feature extracting, matching, and Searching both static and dynamic database like MSTAR's PEMS loops. Biologically, this effort demonstrates these objectives by modeling similar processes from the eyes, ears, and somatosensory channels, through the thalamus, and to the cortices as appropriate while using the hippocampus for short-term memory search and storage as necessary. The particular approach demonstrated incorporates commercially available speaker verification and face recognition software and hardware to collect data and extract features to the PATSIA. The PATSIA maximizes the confidence levels for target identification or verification in dynamic situations using a belief filter. The proof of concept described here is easily adaptable and scaleable to other military and nonmilitary sensor fusion applications.
Deformation analysis of tilted primary mirror for an off-axis beam compressor

The Navy Prototype Optical Interferometer (NPOI), located near Flagstaff, Arizona, is a ground-based interferometer that collects and transports stellar radiation from six primary flat collectors, known as siderostats, through a common vacuum relay system to a beam combiner where the beams are combined, fringes are obtained and modulated, and data are recorded for further analysis. The current number of observable stellar objects can increase from 6,000 to approximately 47,000 with the addition of down-tilting beam compressors in the optical train. The increase in photon collection area from the beam compressors opens the sky to many additional and fainter stars. The siderostats are capable of redirecting 35 cm stellar beams into the vacuum relay system. Sans beam compressors, any portion of the beam greater than the capacity of the vacuum transport system, 12.5 cm, is wasted. Engineering analysis of previously procured as-built beam compressor optics show the maximum allowable primary mirror surface sag, resulting in λ/10 peak-to-valley wavefront aberration, occurs at 2.8° down-tilt angle. At the NPOI operational down-tilt angle of 20° the wavefront aberration reduces to an unacceptable λ/4. A design modification concept that reduces tilt-induced sag was investigated. Four outwardly applied 4-lb forces on the rear surface of the mirror reduce the sag from 155 nm to 32 nm at 20° down-tilt and reduce peak-to-valley wavefront deviation to λ/8.6. This preliminary effort indicates that this solution path is a viable and economic way to repair an expensive set of optical components. However, it requires further work to optimize the locations, magnitudes, and quantity of the forces within this system and their influence on the mirror surface.
Afferent pathways involved in reflex regulation of airway smooth muscle

Our purpose in the present review is to give an account of the various sensory regions from which reflex effects on airway smooth muscle are known to arise, with some reference to the nature of the sensory structures involved, where this is known. We deal first with intrinsic afferent inputs-intrinsic in the sense that they arise from the airways themselves, although for convenience the term has been extended to include the upper airways that do not contain airway smooth muscle-and then with extrinsic afferent inputs that arise from regions remote from the airways and lungs.
Unconventional δ-phase stabilization in Pu-Ga alloys

Abstract Face-centered cubic δ-phase Pu stabilized with less than 3 at.% Ga will partially transform martensitically to monoclinic α′-phase at cryogenic temperatures. Thermal cycling of young alloys in a dilatometer tends to stabilize δ Pu by shifting the transformation to lower temperatures and reducing the amount of transformation. Similar experiments using samples aged naturally or by doping with 238 Pu will stabilize δ Pu such that annealing at or above 150 °C is required before normal transformation behavior occurs. We discuss the role that radiation damage and recovery play in this unconventional stabilization of δ-phase Pu.
Temperature Tolerance of Eggs and Young of Columbia River Chinook Salmon

Abstract A study was made on the temperature tolerance of eggs and young of chinook salmon which spawn in the main stem of the Columbia River. The control temperature followed a seasonal trend typical for the locality. It started at 57°F., reached a minimum of 36°F., and increased to 47°F. at the end of the test. Other experimental lots averaged about 4°F. colder and 2°F., 4°F., and 8°F. warmer than the control throughout the greater part of the test. Significant mortality above that of the control occurred only in the warmest lot. Although about 90 percent of the eggs in this group hatched successfully, the fry and early fingerlings suffered heavy mortalities even though the mean temperature of this lot was well below 50°F. during the fingerling stage. The results of this single experiment indicated that the eggs could begin incubation at temperatures as high as 61°F. without significant loss.