cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution Verification Linked to Model Validation, Reliability, and Confidence

The concepts of Verification and Validation (V&V) can be oversimplified in a succinct manner by saying that 'verification is doing things right' and 'validation is doing the right thing'. In the world of the Finite Element Method (FEM) and computational analysis, it is sometimes said that 'verification means solving the equations right' and 'validation means solving the right equations'. In other words, if one intends to give an answer to the equation '2+2=', then one must run the resulting code to assure that the answer '4' results. However, if the nature of the physics or engineering problem being addressed with this code is multiplicative rather than additive, then even though Verification may succeed (2+2=4 etc), Validation may fail because the equations coded are not those needed to address the real world (multiplicative) problem. We have previously provided a 4-step 'ABCD' quantitative implementation for a quantitative V&V process: (A) Plan the analyses and validation testing that may be needed along the way. Assure that the code[s] chosen have sufficient documentation of software quality and Code Verification (i.e., does 2+2=4?). Perform some calibration analyses and calibration based sensitivity studies (these are not validated sensitivities but are useful for planning purposes). Outline the more » data and validation analyses that will be needed to turn the calibrated model (and calibrated sensitivities) into validated quantities. (B) Solution Verification: For the system or component being modeled, quantify the uncertainty and error estimates due to spatial, temporal, and iterative discretization during solution. (C) Validation over the data domain: Perform a quantitative validation to provide confidence-bounded uncertainties on the quantity of interest over the domain of available data. (D) Predictive Adequacy: Extend the model validation process of 'C' out to the application domain of interest, which may be outside the domain of available data in one or more planes of multi-dimensional space. Part 'D' should provide the numerical information about the model and its predictive capability such that given a requirement, an adequacy assessment can be made to determine of more validation analyses or data are needed. « less
Sugar Metabolism in Transketolase Mutants of Escherichia coli

This paper continues the description of transketolase mutants of Escherichia coli; they are absolutely unable to grow on pentoses, but slightly “leaky” with respect to their aromatic requirement (B. L. Josephson and D. G. Fraenkel, 1969). Several experiments have explored the degree of leakiness and shown it to be low. There is little conversion of radioactive xylose to carbon dioxide. The labeling of ribose in cells grown on [1-14C]glucose and [2-14C]glucose accords with its origin being chiefly by the oxidative pathway. A mutant lacking both transketolase and gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenase has been constructed; it requires supplementation with pentose. Pentoses are inhibitory to growth of transketolase mutants, but high levels of pentose phosphates do not accumulate in this situation. Several experimental results are suggestive of regulation of metabolic flow in the oxidative branch of the hexose monophosphate shunt.
Temperature effects on the strainrange partitioning approach for creep-fatigue analysis

Examination is made of the influence of temperature on the strainrange partitioning approach to creep-fatigue. Results for Cr-Mo steel and Type 316 stainless steel show the four partitioned strainrange-life relationships to be temperature insensitive to within a factor of two on cyclic life. Monotonic creep and tensile ductilities were also found to be temperature insensitive to within a factor of two. The approach provides bounds on cyclic life that can be readily established for any type of inelastic strain cycle. Continuous strain cycling results obtained over a broad range of high temperatures and frequencies are in excellent agreement with bounds provided by the approach. The observed transition from one bound to the other is also in good agreement with the approach.
Observations and Theory of Mass Loss in Late-Type Stars

The properties of the winds from luminous late-type stars are discussed. The features of high mass loss rates, cold outflows, and terminal velocities smaller than the surface escape velocities are very different from the comparable characteristics of the solar wind. Previous wind theories therefore have suggested mechanisms completely removed from solar behavior. Preliminary space-based observations also suggested a clear-cut dichotomy between hot, low mass loss winds and cold, massive outflows. However, the discovery of “hybrid” atmosphere stars has shown that escaping cool circumstellar shells can exist even when the acceleration region of the wind is hot (~ 105K). This recent result indicates that the mass loss from giants and supergiants may be a manifestation of solar-type activity after all. A theory developed by Hartmann and MacGregor, which investigates the effects of wave modes known to exist in the solar wind propagating through low-gravity atmospheres, has shown that dissipating magnetic waves can account for mass loss rates in accord with observations. A natural byproduct of the Alfven wave dissipation is heating of the outer atmospheres. Gas temperatures decrease with decreasing gravity, because the consequent increase of density in the outflow enhances radiative cooling. For a constant energy flux per unit area, one finds that the wave dissipation results in coronal (106K) heating for log g ≳ 2, hybrid atmospheres and warm (105K) coronae for log g ~ 1–2, and extended warm chromospheres (~ 104K) in the inner regions of M supergiant winds, in reasonable agreement with observation. Thus further explorations of the relationships between solar winds and luminous stellar winds, and of the possible connection between coronal heating and mass loss even in low gravity stars, appear to be the most promising avenues of investigation at present.
The structure and quality of social network support among mental health consumers of clubhouse programs

This study explored the structure and quality of social network support among a group of adult consumers of community-based mental health programs known as clubhouses. The structure and quality of social network support was also examined by diagnosis, specifically between consumers living with and without schizophrenia. The study involved a sample of 221 consumers across 15 clubhouse programs. Social network nominations were collected using a semistructured social network interview strategy. Over 97% of the participants identified at least one source of support in their social network with an average of five nominations. Family members were identified as the most common source of support whereas fellow clubhouse members were least likely to be nominated. Clubhouse members with schizophrenia were less likely to identify family members and were more likely to rate their support networks as more important and engage in greater levels of contact than consumers with other diagnoses. The structure and quality of social network supports were not associated with level of social functioning, length of clubhouse membership or level of participation or other selected demographic variables typically associated with the size and quality of support. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Yield and quality of forage maize as influenced by hybrid, planting date, and plant density

Although forage maize (Zea mays L.) is grown extensively on livestock operations, most management studies in the USA focus on grain production. Field studies were conducted in New York to evaluate dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality responses of commercial hybrids to planting dates and densities. Six hybrids were planted on 25 April, 9 May, and 23 May and thinned to 5.0, 6.5, and 8.0 plants m −2 in 1988 and 1989
Cavity Induced Shift and Narrowing of the Positronium Lyman-α Transition

We report experiments in which the line shape of the Lyman-alpha ($1S\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}2P$) transition was measured for positronium (Ps) atoms both inside and outside a porous silica target. The energy interval $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ for confined atoms was observed to be larger than that of free Ps by $1.26\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{meV}$. A configuration interaction calculation yields results that are consistent with our $\ensuremath{\sim}5\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ sample, and suggests that $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$ decreases dramatically for larger cavity diameters. The linewidth of the transition, $(0.066\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.004)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{nm}$ (FWHM), is about half of what one would expect for free Ps at room temperature due to the Dicke line narrowing effect of confinement. Such measurements can be used to determine void sizes in porous films and Ps dynamics therein, and elimination of the Doppler spread of atoms in a porous film could be useful for the efficient excitation of a Ps gas.
Submerged electrodes in an aquarium: Validation of a technique for remote sensing of behavior

Necturus maculosus has been selected as representative of a class of neotenic amphibia whose behavior (including gill beat, heartbeat, and tail waving) can be sensed remotely by submerged electrodes in an aquarium. This communication presents a validation of the technique as a preface to reports on the electrophysiology of behavior in unrestrained surgically naive salamanders. Although the sources of the submarine signals are not known with certainty, they apparently depend on two factors: (1) aquarium water of appropriate ionic strength serves as a volume conductor for activity, and (2) animal movement displaces water or produces waves which are sensed as a change in potential at the water-electrode interface. This method provides a continuous comprehensive record of behavior simultaneously from several response systems in a freely behaving animal.
Total suspended particulate matter and daily mortality in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Recent studies have associated particulate air pollution with daily mortality in a number of U.S. communities. This study sought to replicate those analyses in Cincinnati, Ohio, and to test the str...
Sequential functional quantization

We consider the problem of lossy estimation of an arbitrary smooth function of correlated data in a stream. In this problem, a user sequentially observes correlated random variables and wants to construct an estimate of the specified function so that the mean squared estimation error is small. Techniques from high resolution quantization theory are applied and expanded for this problem, and the optimal distortion-rate exponent for companding quantization is determined. In the process, connections are established to sufficient statistics and to sensitivity matrices, as introduced by Linder et al. in the context of companding quantization under non-difference distortion measures. These results are applied to several example statistical functions, including the sample mean, sample variance, and the p-th order statistic.
Effects of melatonin on human mood and performance

The function of melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland primarily at night, has not been definitively established in humans. To determine if pharmacologic doses of melatonin had any behavioral effects it was administered acutely to 14 healthy men. Their mood, performance, memory and visual sensitivity were assessed. Plasma melatonin concentration was assayed as well. Melatonin significantly decreased self-reported alertness and increased sleepiness as measured by the Profile of Mood States and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale self-report mood questionnaires. The effects were brief. Melatonin also affected performance, slowing choice-reaction time but concurrently decreasing errors of commission. Sustained fine motor performance was not impaired after melatonin administration nor were the tests of memory and visual sensitivity that were administered. It is concluded that melatonin, administered orally in pharmacological quantities, has significant but short acting sedative-like properties.
Identification and use of three new biochemical markers in Agaricus bisporus

Three additional structural gene loci (Acp, EstB-1 and Pgm, encoding the enzymes acid phosphatase, esterase B and phosphoglucomutase, respectively) were identified in commercial and research-maintained lines (155) of Agancus bispoms. The addition of these new marker loci effectively increases the total number of biochemical loci now available in A. bispoms by 60%. Allozyme variability at all eight structural gene loci (Aat, Acp, Adh, EstB-1, Gpt, Pep-1, Pep-2 and Pgm) was used to classify the lines into only 37 genotypic classes out of more than 3 million possible. A recalculated UPGM (unweighted pair-group method) cluster analysis, based on coefficients of similarity for all lines examined, is presented. The limited genetic diversity in this germplasm collection, as evidenced by linkage disequilibrium between loci and a lack of fit to Hardy-Weinberg expectations, commercially remains untapped.
X-ray diffraction of MoS2 coatings prepared by ion-beam-assisted deposition

Abstract MoS 2 coatings, 200–600 nm thick, were grown on steel substrates by ion-beam-assisted deposition. In most cases, a thin (about 35 nm) TiN layer was first deposited on the substrates. The argon-ion-to-molybdenum-atom ratio R was varied from 0 to 0.10 in order to study the effect of the ion beam on MoS 2 orientation. The degree of preferred orientation was measured by X-ray diffraction, using a procedure that accounts for coatings of various thicknesses on different substrates. All the coatings had a strong basal orientation. As R increased from 0 to 0.04, the MoS 2 grew with increasing basal orientation. When R increased beyond 0.04, the MoS 2 became less basally textured and some edge oriented material began to appear. The orientation of the coatings was indepedent of thickness and substrate type.
Skeletal muscle vasoconstriction produced by prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors; dependence on pump perfusion.

Abstract A comparison was made of the effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors (PGSI) on systemic blood pressure and hindlimb muscle vascular resistance on anesthetized dogs under different experimental conditions. When muscle blood flows was monitored using an extracorporeal or noncannulating electromagnetic blood flow probe, indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) increased blood pressure slightly, but did not change vascular resistance. Administration of PGSI (indomethacin, meclofenamate, or naproxen, 5 mg/kg i.v.) after 2 hr of pump perfusion of the hindlimb caused a 22% increase in blood pressure, and 39% increase in vascular resistance 30 min afterwards. When administered immediately after instituting pump perfusion, indomethacin caused no significant change in blood pressure or vascular resistance at the 30 min interval, but at 60 min vascular resistance was increased. A similar vasoconstriction response to indomethacin was obtained when it was infused in a lower dose intraarterially to the hindlimb, or when given i.v. after ligation of the renal pedicles. The results indicate that pump perfusion results in elaboration of a nonrenal prostaglandin (s) which maintains a vasodilator influence on the skeletal muscle vascular bed.
What Do We Know About the Use and Effects of Behavior Therapies in the Treatment of ADD

Abstract Pharmacological intervention using stimulant medication has been shown to be an effective, but not maximally effective, treatment for Attention Deficit Disorder. In addition, several other limitations of stimulants when used as the sole treatment have resulted in the continued investigation of alternative and/or adjunct therapies for ADD children. The most viable of these is behavior therapy. Several techniques involved in the behavioral treatment of ADD are reviewed, including parent training, classroom management strategies, and social skills training. Like stimulant medication, behavior therapy has been found to be effective, but not maximally effective, in treating the full range of symptoms in the syndrome. The effects of behavior therapy include improvement in both primary (inattention, distractibility, impulsivity, hyperactivity) and secondary (aggression, conduct problems) symptoms. Only when behavior therapy and stimulants are combined, however, is full normalization achieved. A case of ...
Regional hemodynamic effects of dopamine in the unanesthetized primate: Failure to alter flow-dependent hepatic drug clearance

Abstract The effects of dopamine on regional blood flow and hepatic drug clearance were determined in the unanesthesized monkey, using the radioactive microsphere technique and d-propranolol as a model drug with flow-dependent hepatic clearance. Dopamine at doses of 1 μg and 10 μg/kg/min caused little change in systemic hemodynamics but a large decrease in renal vascular resistence (−33% at high dose) and increase in renal blood flow (+40% at high dose). Blood flow to the liver was unchanged in the group and the clearance of d-propranolol was not consistently altered by dopamine. These data show that the major vascular bed affected by dopamine is in the kidney with little effect on splanchnic or hepatic circulations. That an agent to increase hepatic blood flow would be useful to increase the clearance of drugs with flow-dependent kinetics remains a distinct possibility.
Equation of state of3He submonolayers in4He films: Frequency-dependent Hartree-Fock

Abstract Utilizing a model effective-interaction for submonolayer 3 He atoms in a 4 He film which consists of 2-body potentials, phonon exchange, and ripplon exchange, we calculate the 3 He equation of state. The energy and pressure are determined in the Hartree-Fock approximation by solving Dyson's equation with the lowest-order frequency correction to the self-energy generated from the full frequency-dependent one ripplon-exchange effective interaction. A renormalized on-shell spectrum is obtained which can lead to energies lower than the static limit.
Investigation of polycrystalline CdZnTe, CdMnTe, and CdTe films for photovoltaic applications

Polycrystalline thin films of CdZnTe and CdMnTe have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition, respectively, on CdS/SnO2/glass substrates, with bandgaps of 1.65 – 1.75 eV for the top of a two-cell tandem design. P-i-n cells were fabricated and tested using Ni/p+-ZnTe as a back contact to the ternary films. CdTe cells were also fabricated using both growth techniques, which resulted in 9 – 10% efficiency and provided a baseline for ternary cell development. It was found that standard CdTe processing (400°C air annealing) reduces the ternary bandgaps from about 1.7 to about 1.55 eV, resulting in significantly reduced subgap transmission with cell efficiencies of 3 – 4%. Optimum air-annealing conditions were determined to retain the 1.7 eV bandgaps; however, the cell performance was still limited by both poor CdZnTe/CdS interface quality and high series resistance. The junction interface was found to improve by annealing in the presence of hydrogen, which resulted in Voc values from 0.500 V to as high as 0.65 V, but the cell performance became increasingly limited by series resistance. The effects of cell processing on the properties of the CdZnTe/CdS interface, the bulk CdZnTe film, and the back-contact region have been investigated to provide guidelines for achieving high efficiency in widegap ternary cells.
Sterile neutrinos, lepton asymmetries, primordial elements: how much of each?

We investigate quantitatively the extent to which having a primordial leptonic asymmetry $({n}_{\ensuremath{\nu}}\ensuremath{\ne}{n}_{\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}})$ relaxes the bounds on light sterile neutrinos imposed by BBN and LSS. We adopt a few assumptions that allow us to solve the neutrino evolution equations over a broad range of mixing parameters and asymmetries. For the general cases of sterile mixing with the electron or muon neutrino, we identify the regions that can be reopened. For the particular case of a LSND-like sterile neutrino, soon to be rejected or confirmed by MiniBooNE, we find that an asymmetry of the order of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ is needed to lift the conflicts with cosmology.
Some factors affecting the intensity and locus of expression of mineral deficiency and toxicity symptoms by plants

Abstract Using yields of plants obtained at various times of the year and from probable assumptions relative to sugar production, solute sorption, and solute distributions between roots and tops it has been deduced that both deficiencies and toxicities in mineral nutrition would be expected to be revealed earlier or more prominently in a summer season. Light is the primary determining environmental factor. The locus of nutrient deficiency revelation depends on the remobility of the element in the plant; toxic disorder is usually revealed in the oldest foliar parts.
Linear bound for the dyadic paraproduct on weighted Lebesgue space L2(w)

The dyadic paraproduct is bounded in weighted Lebesgue spaces Lp(w) if and only if the weight w belongs to the Muckenhoupt class Apd. However, the sharp bounds on the norm of the dyadic paraproduct are not known even in the simplest L2(w) case. In this paper we prove that the bound on the norm of the dyadic paraproduct in the weighted Lebesgue space L2(w) depends linearly on the A2d characteristic of the weight w using Bellman function techniques and extrapolate this result to the Lp(w) case.
Subpicosecond Electro-Optic Sampling Using Coplanar Strip Transmission Lines

A sampling technique using the electro-optic effect capable of characterizing subpicosecond electrical signals has recently been demonstrated. In this system 100 fs pulses from a colliding pulse mode-locked laser were used to generate the electrical test signal via a Cr:GaAs photoconductive switch. A second beam of pulses was used to probe the birefringence induced by the electrical pulses as they propagate down a balanced stripline fabricated on LiTa03. Signal averaging allowed submillivolt signals to be recovered. The best temporal response of the system was achieved with the velocity matched geometry, which was obtained for a particular angle of incidence of the probe beam on the electro-optic crystal. In this configuration a risetime of 500 fs was obtained. During this work it was observed that strong dispersion effects were taking place when the wavelength of the electromagnetic signal approached the cross-sectional dimensions of the transmission line. Temporal resolution is improved and dispersion effects are reduced as the dimensions of the stripline are reduced. In order to further improve the temporal response of the sampler in this configuration, the thickness would have to be reduced to the order of 10 um, which presents severe fabrication difficulties.
Political Culture Jamming: The Dissident Humor of “The Daily Show With Jon Stewart”

Contemporary politicians have wholeheartedly embraced commercial branding techniques, saturating the public sphere with market tested, emotional messages designed to cultivate trust in their political “brand,” thus working against the ideal of a democratic public sphere. The Daily Show with Jon Stewart “jams” the seamless transmission of the dominant brand messages by parodying the news media’s unproblematic dissemination of the dominant brand, broadcasting dissident political messages that can open up space for questioning and critique. The Daily Show works, not by rational argumentation buttressed by facts and logic but by using an aestheticized (and very funny) parodic discourse to combat the aestheticized (and very serious) political branding techniques. Consequently, it is uniquely positioned to make its rebellious voice heard.
27-Day variations observed solar u.v. (120–300 nm) irradiance☆

Abstract A Fourier transform analysis of 256 days of SME solar irradiance data (115–303 nm) provides an estimate of the root mean square 27-day solar variation. The magnitude of this 27-day variation exceeds ± 10% at 120 nm and decreases with increasing wavelength to less than 1% above 260 nm. Qualitative aspects of the analysis include a striking decrease in the per cent variation across the aluminium absorption edge near 208 nm.
A Viscoplastic Model with Rate-Dependent Hardening for Asphalt Concrete in Compression.

Abstract This paper presents a new type of viscoplastic model based on viscoelastic convolution integrals for explaining the behavior of asphalt concrete in compression under repeated loading. Triaxial compression cyclic tests carried out for long rest periods, with different loading times and two different pulse shapes, square and haversine, were used in developing and validating the model. These tests demonstrate that the evolution of permanent deformation depends on load history. This history-dependent behavior is not captured accurately by some of the existing Perzyna-type viscoplastic models in which permanent deformation evolution depends on the current values of stress and viscoplastic strain. Therefore, in this study, viscoelastic-like convolution integrals were used in the model to capture the effect of history. The proposed model is applicable to compressive creep and recovery experiments at 54 °C with (1) several hundreds of cycles of loading including the secondary creep region, (2) haversine loading shapes at three different peak deviatoric stress levels, 620 kPa, 827 kPa, and 1034 kPa, and square loading shapes at 827 kPa peak deviatoric stress, and (3) long rest periods that allow complete viscoelastic recovery.
Netstorms: the crash of '96

Bob Metcalfe, inventor of Ethernet, founder of 3Com, and now a journalist for Infoworld, has added to his reputation by predicting doom in cyberspace. He went public with predictions of an Internet disaster some months ago, and now there are even conferences on the subject. He claims that too many people are riding the Internet and it simply cannot carry them all. Metcalfe has plenty of empirical evidence to support his dire prediction: power grids in the Northeast have a history of failure, America Online went down for 19 hours during a change in software, and the bandwidth problems that many Net surfers experience all point to weak links in Wired World. Recently Metcalfe suggested that there are too many domain names, and this too will contribute to the crash of '96. The article discusses the pros and cons of whether the so called Internet crash will actually happen.
Computerized Analysis of Flagellar Motility by Digitization and Fitting of Film Images With Straight Segments of Equal Length

Methods are described for computerized analysis of digitized images obtained by scanning photomicrographs of swimming sperm flagella. After storing a series of image frames in computer memory, the entire series is analyzed automatically. For each sperm image, the sperm head is located to obtain a starting point for analysis of the flagellum. This location is obtained by minimizing image intensity along a model of the sperm head outline. The flagellum is modelled by a series of straight segments of equal length: 0.5 or 1 micron. The angles between these segments are adjusted to give minimum image intensity along the line of the model as well as minimizing smoothing functions. Extensions to analyze a series of images in each frame, and to measure the positions of beads attached to the flagellar microtubules, are also described.
Exploration of parameter spaces in a virtual observatory

Like every other field of intellectual endeavor, astronomy is being revolutionized by the advances in information technology. There is an ongoing exponential growth in the volume, quality, and complexity of astronomical data sets, mainly through large digital sky surveys and archives. The Virtual Observatory (VO) concept represents a scientific and technological framework needed to cope with this data flood. Systematic exploration of the observable parameter spaces, covered by large digital sky surveys spanning a range of wavelengths, will be one of the primary modes of research with a VO. This is where the truly new discoveries will be made, and new insights be gained about the already known astronomical objects and phenomena. We review some of the methodological challenges posed by the analysis of large and complex data sets expected in the VO-based research. The challenges are driven both by the size and the complexity of the data sets (billions of data vectors in parameter spaces of tens or hundreds of dimensions), by the heterogeneity of the data and measurement errors, including differences in basic survey parameters for the federated data sets (e.g., in the positional accuracy and resolution, wavelength coverage, time baseline, etc), various selection effects, as well as the intrinsic clustering properties (functional form, topology) of the data distributions in the parameter spaces of observed attributes. Answering these challenges will require substantial collaborative efforts and partnerships between astronomers, computer scientists, and statisticians.
The effect of ionizing radiation on electrolyte metabolism in rats

Sodium and potassium urinary excretion were studied in rats irradiated with 700 r of x-rays. Na excretion was delayed and that of K increased during the first and third day after irradiation, causing a reduction in the Na/K ratio. No significant alteration in the concentration of these elements was noted in the blood plasma during the first few days after irradiation. Deoxycorticosterone acetate given to the rats after irradiation caused an even greater reduction in the Na/K ratio on the third day than did irradiation alone. Labeling with Na24 isotope confirmed that Na absorption from the intestine was delayed on the thrid and fourth days. Possibly disturbance of mineral corticoid adrenal function led to changes in mineral metabolism.
Surface-of-section analysis in the classical theory of multiphoton absorption☆

Abstract A surface-of-section analysis of the classical interaction between an intense laser field and a non-rotating diatomic molecule is presented. Only a few trajectories are needed to characterize classical infrared absorption and emission over a range of laser powers and frequencies, and initial conditions of the diatomic molecule.
Traction in the newborn

The response to traction is described in 200 newborn infants in an effort to establish the variation in response. A review of previous studies of the response is presented to determine the significance of the variations in newborn infants and its predictive value of later neurologic disorders.
Controlling orbital angular momentum using forked polarization gratings

We examine a novel method to control the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of lightwaves using forked polarization gratings (FPGs). We significantly improve the fabrication of FPGs and achieve substantially higher quality and efficiency than prior work. This is obtained by recording the hologram of two orthogonally polarized beams with phase singularities introduced by q -plates. As a single compact thin-film optical element, an FPG can control the OAM state of light with higher efficiency and better flexibility than current methods, which usually involve many bulky optical elements and are limited to lower OAM states. Our simulations confirm that FPGs work as polarization-controlled OAM state ladder operators that raise or lower the OAM states (charge l) of incident lightwaves, by the topological charge ( l g ) on the FPGs, to new OAM states (charge l ± l g ). This feature allows us to generate, detect, and modify the OAM state with an arbitrary and controllable charge. An important application of FPGs are the essential state controlling elements in quantum systems based on OAM eigenstates, which may enable extreme high capacity quantum computation and communication.
Synthesis of N-(2-chloro-5-methylthiophenyl)- N′-(3-methyl-thiophenyl)- N′-[3H3]methylguanidine, {[3H3]CNS-5161}

The preparation of the title compound, [3H3]CNS-5161, was accomplished in three steps starting with the production of [3H3]iodomethane (CT3I). The intermediate N-[3H3]methyl-3-(thiomethylphenyl)cyanamide was prepared in 77% yield by the addition of CT3I to 3-(thiomethylphenyl)cyanamide, previously treated with sodium hydride. Reaction of this tritiated intermediate with 2-chloro-5-thiomethylaniline hydrochloride formed the guanidine compound [3H3]CNS-5161. Purification by HPLC gave the desired labeled product in an overall yield of 9% with >96% radiochemical purity and a final specific activity of 66 Ci mmol−1. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photochemical Reaction Cycle and Proton Transfers inNeurospora Rhodopsin

It was recently found that NOP-1, a membrane protein of Neurospora crassa, shows homology to haloarchaeal rhodopsins and binds retinal after heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris. We report on spectroscopic properties of the Neurospora rhodopsin (NR). The photocycle was studied with flash photolysis and time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the pH range 5–8. Proton release and uptake during the photocycle were monitored with the pH-sensitive dye, pyranine. Kinetic and spectral analysis revealed six distinct states in the NR photocycle, and we describe their spectral properties and pH-dependent kinetics in the visible and infrared ranges. The phenotypes of the mutant NR proteins, D131E and E142Q, in which the homologues of the key carboxylic acids of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, Asp-85 and Asp-96, were replaced, show that Glu-142 is not involved in reprotonation of the Schiff base but Asp-131 may be. This implies that, if the NR photocycle is associated with proton transport, it has a low efficiency, similar to that of haloarchaeal sensory rhodopsin II. Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy revealed unexpected differences between NR and bacteriorhodopsin in the configuration of the retinal chromophore, which may contribute to the less effective reprotonation switch of NR.
Transient syringomyelia leading to acute neurological deterioration after repair of a lipomyelomeningocele: case report.

Objective Transient paraplegia in the immediate postoperative period after lipomyelomeningocele repair is uncommon and is not discussed in the literature. We present the unique case of a patient who developed transient paraplegia 48 hours after lipomyelomeningocele repair attributable to the acute development of a thoracic syrinx. Clinical presentation At birth, the patient was noted to have a large skin-covered mass in the lumbosacral region. On neurological examination, both iliopsoas and quadriceps exhibited 3/5 motor function, and the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors exhibited 1/5 motor function. Urodynamic studies were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the presence of a lipomyelomeningocele associated with tethering of the spinal cord in the lumbosacral region. Intervention At 5 months of age, the patient underwent repair of the lipomyelomeningocele. After surgery, the patient developed progressive paraplegia along with bowel and bladder dysfunction. Given the concern about a postoperative hematoma resulting in cauda equina syndrome, the patient returned to the operating room for a wound exploration. No compressive lesion such as a hematoma was found at surgery. A postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan obtained afterward, however, demonstrated the presence of a large thoracic syrinx. Conclusion Syrinx formation can occur as early as 48 hours after lipomyelomeningocele repair, leading to progressive lower extremity weakness and bowel and bladder incontinence. In the immediate postoperative period, an acute syrinx can mimic cauda equina syndrome, and a magnetic resonance imaging scan is necessary to distinguish between these two entities. In this patient, the syrinx was transient and resolved without a shunting procedure.
Connecting the fragments: Looking at the connected city in 2050 ☆ ☆☆

New technologies enable new urban patterns and new connections within and between cities. This paper reviews new and emerging technologies that are impacting cities internally and in their relations within larger networks. Policy and social attitudes also must change to incorporate and integrate new technologies. Forecasts and visions of urban futures are now more complicated by new technologies and by the global networks within which urban economies and urban dwellers operate.
Drag coefficient and settling velocity for particles of cylindrical shape

Solid particles of cylindrical shape play a significant role in many separations processes. Explicit equations for the drag coefficient and the terminal velocity of free-falling cylindrical particles have been developed in this work. The developed equations are based on available experimental data for falling cylindrical particles in all flow regimes. The aspect ratio (i.e., length-over-diameter ratio) has been used to account for the particle shape. Comparisons with correlations proposed by other researchers using different parameters to account for the geometry are presented. Good agreement is found for small aspect ratios, and increasing differences appear when the aspect ratio increases. The aspect ratio of cylindrical particles satisfactorily accounts for the geometrical influence on fluid flow of settling particles.
An imaging magnetometer for bio-sensing based on nitrogen- vacancy centers in diamond

ABSTRACT We present a widefield microscopy system for imaging super -paramagnetic nanoparticles (SPNs), and propose to use it as a bio-sensing system wherein SPNs are used as tags. Potential advantages of magnetic tags over conventional fluorescent tags include the elimination of noise from auto -fluorescence, optical isolation of the biological system from the measurement apparatus, and the potential for magnetic removal of non -specifically bound material. The microscope magnetic sensing surface is composed of a thin layer of nitrogen -vacancy defect centers in the top 200 nm of a diamond substrate. Nitrogen -vacancy centers in diamond have been shown to be suitable for use as highly sensitive magnetometers due to their long sp in-coherence time at room temperature. Furthermore, spin -dependent photoluminescence allows for simple far -field optical readout of the spin state, which in turn allows for optically -detected magnetic resonance measurements. We will present our results det ecting a single, lithographically defined 50 nm diameter by 100 nm thick iron nanodot. With the current sensitivity of 9 !T !Hz
Physiological Sex Predicts Hybrid Sterility Regardless of Genotype

Reproductive isolation between biological species is characterized by Haldane's rule, which states that the heterogametic sex (XY or ZW) suffers the most dysfunctional effects of hybridization. It has been hypothesized that, in addition to X-linked recessive genes, Haldane's rule also reflects the faster evolution of genes related to male reproduction (faster-male evolution). We used sex-reversed hybrid Xenopus to test faster-male evolution by examining the fertility of sex-reversed individuals with the genotype of the inverse phenotypic sex. Hybrid males are sterile and hybrid females are fertile irrespective of their genotypic sex. Gene expression profiles match these adult phenotypes, and our results demonstrate that faster-male evolution is the most likely mechanism producing hybrid male sterility.
Endoscopic capsule endoscope delivery for patients with dysphagia, anatomical abnormalities, or gastroparesis

Abstract Background Capsule endoscopy relies on an intact swallowing mechanism and unimpeded passage of the capsule through the pylorus. A technique is described for endoscopic delivery of the capsule in patients with dysphagia, anatomical abnormality, or gastroparesis. Methods EGD is performed with concomitant placement of an overtube. A foreign body net retrieval device is passed through the endoscope and used to grasp the activated capsule in the net. The endoscope then is advanced through the overtube, and the capsule is released in the duodenum. Observations Five patients underwent endoscopic placement of the capsule. Relative contraindications to peroral ingestion were the following: oropharyngeal dysphagia, pyloric stenosis (2), prior gastric surgery, and gastroparesis. Endoscopic delivery was successful in all cases and yielded positive findings in 4. There was no complication. Conclusions Endoscopic delivery of the capsule endoscope for patients with dysphagia, anatomical abnormality, or gastroparesis is safe and effective.
Nonprofit management practices and work processes to promote gender diversity

Nonprofit organizations have long provided an important space for women to establish roles in public life. Using establishment-level data on for-profit and nonprofit organizations, we show that the proportions of women in full-time and mission-critical positions are higher in nonprofits. In contrast, for-profit businesses have more women in part-time jobs and in jobs that are peripheral to the organizational purpose. We also demonstrate that the greater proportions of women in full-time and mission-critical positions in nonprofits are due to the use of inclusive work processes and transparent human resource management practices. Our findings provide evidence to pursue the aspects of nonprofit organizations that expand opportunities for working women.
Beneficial effect of albumin therapy attributable to alpha1-acid glycoprotein?

To the Editor: Belayev et al1 report that albumin therapy has the beneficial effect of reversing stagnation, thrombosis, and corpuscular adherence in the cortical venules of a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. They cite further studies in which human serum albumin treatment conferred neurological and histological protection in rat stroke models of focal2–4 and global5 cerebral ischemia as well as traumatic brain injury.6 We have previously shown7 that human α1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid), an acute phase protein, also has a beneficial effect in a rat model of global cerebral ischemia, even 30 minutes after reperfusion. In our study, human α1-acid glycoprotein was given IV in doses of 50, 200, …
Learning one-dimensional geometric patterns under one-sided random misclassification noise

Developing the ability to recognize a landmark from a visual image of a robot's current location is a fundamental problem in robotics. We consider the problem of PAC-learning the concept class of geometric patterns where the target geometric pattern is a configuration of k points in the real line. Each instance is a configuration of n points on the real line, where it is labeled according to whether or not it visually resembles the target pattern.We relate the concept class of geometric patterns to the landmark recognition problem and then present a polynomial-time algorithm that PAC-learns the class of one-dimensional geometric patterns when the negative examples are corrupted by a large amount of random misclassification noise.
Kinetics of ligand binding to ferrous heme groups of hemoglobin MSaskatoon

Hemoglobin MSaskatoon (α2A β263tyr) has two α chains in the normal ferrous state, while its two β chains are in the ferric state. The reaction of hemoglobin MSaskatoon with carbon monoxide at pH 7 and 20 °C in the presence and absence of dithionite was studied. In the absence of dithionite only the α chains react and the combination rate is slow and similar to that of normal deoxyhemoglobin. After the addition of dithionite the rate of reaction is greatly increased initially and then decreases to a rate similar to that seen in the absence of dithionite. The dissociation of oxygen from hemoglobin MSaskatoon at pH 7 and 20 °C was found for the α subunits to be similar to that seen for normal oxyhemoglobin. This similarity in the kinetic properties of normal hemoglobin and the α subunits of hemoglobin MSaskatoon in both ligand combination and dissociation reactions indicates that the α subunits of hemoglobin MSaskatoon undergo a structural transition from a low to high affinity form on liganding. Since the β subunits react rapidly with carbon monoxide even when the α subunits are unliganded, it appears that the ligand binding sites of the β chains are uncoupled from the state of liganding of the α subunits.
Application of a 100-kV electric gun for hypervelocity impact studies

Abstract The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 100-kV electric gun has been used to launch flat-plate projectiles for use in studies of spall and hypervelocity impact penetration of thin plates. Impactors were 0.3-mm thick Kapton with dimensions and velocities ranging from 100 mm 2 at 4 km/s to 10 mm 2 at 18 km/s. A Fabry-Perot laser velocimeter, an electronic streak camera, and a flash x ray were used as diagnostics of the flyer-plate impact on the selected specimen. Experiments generally included the recovery of the remnant specimen and fragments for detailed examination, permitting a study of incipient spall, onset of melting, and fraction fragmented. Experiments to be described include spall measurements on simple and composite target walls at normal and oblique incidence and “reverse ballistics” impacts of the thin-plate impactor on a stationary penetrator (e.g., Kapton impactors at 15 km/s incident on rods of steel, aluminum, and lead) for calibration of hypervelocity impact codes.
THE SWELLING PRESSURE OF GELATIN AND THE MECHANISM OF SWELLING IN WATER AND NEUTRAL SALT SOLUTIONS.

1. A method is described for measuring the swelling pressure of solid gelatin. 2. It was found that this pressure increases rapidly between 15° and 37°C., and that the percentage change is nearly independent of the concentration of gelatin. 3. It is suggested that this pressure is due to the osmotic pressure of a soluble constituent of the gelatin held in the network of insoluble fibers, and that gelatin probably consists of a mixture of at least two substances or groups of substances, one of which is soluble in cold water, does not form a gel, and has a low viscosity and a high osmotic pressure. The second is insoluble in cold water, forms a gel in very low concentration, and swells much less than ordinary gelatin. 4. Two fractions, having approximately the above properties, were isolated from gelatin by alcohol precipitation at different temperatures. 5. Increasing the temperature and adding neutral salts greatly increase the pressure of the insoluble fraction and have little effect on that of the soluble fraction. 6. Adding increasing amounts of the soluble fraction to the insoluble one results in greater and greater swelling. 7. These results are considered as evidence for the idea that the swelling of gelatin in water or salt solutions is an osmotic phenomenon, and that gelatin consists of a network of an insoluble substance enclosing a solution of a soluble constituent.
Reduction in cell surface concanavalin a binding and mannose incorporation into glycoproteins of sarcoma 180 by 6-thioguanine.

Abstract Treatment of mice bearing Sarcoma 180 ascites cells with 20 mg kg of 6-thioguanine for 1 hr caused a 50 per cent decrease in [2-3H]mannose incorporation into glycoproteins; this inhibition continued for at least 6 hr after drug exposure. The decrease in labeling of mannose-containing glycoproteins produced by the 6-thiopurine was followed by a decrease in the specific binding of Concanavalin A to Sarcoma 180; this effect was observed as early as 12 hr after 6-thioguanine treatment. The decrease in specific binding of Concanavalin A to Sarcoma 180 24 hr after 6-thioguanine was due to a 20 per cent reduction in the number of Concanavalin A receptors available on the plasma membrane of these neoplastic cells. The binding of lectins specific for sugars not activated by GTP, such as Wheat Germ Agglutinin and Ricinus communis, was not decreased by treatment of cells with the purine antimetabolite. This disruption in the biochemical composition of the cell surface produced by 6-thioguanine was accompanied by morphological alterations in the microvillar content of Sarcoma 180 cells which were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The alterations in membrane composition and structure caused by this antineoplastic agent are hypothesized to be of importance in the delayed cytotoxicity of 6-thioguanine.