cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mandarin Chinese sentence final de as a marker of private evidence

In this paper, I present new empirical observations regarding discourse restrictions and interpretative effects associated with Mandarin Chinese sentence final de in a bare de sentence. I propose an analysis of de as a discourse marker that marks "private evidence". I then consider a prediction of the analysis regarding the distribution of de in yes/no questions. I show that the pattern of restrictions observed with de in yes/no questions follows from the proposed analysis, coupled with a specific proposal about the syntax of de , and certain standard assumptions about the syntax of yes/no questions and modal auxiliaries. Specifically, I argue that de heads a projection below TP and above a modal projection for non-epistemic modals. I then discuss apparent counter-examples to the proposed discourse restrictions and suggest that the apparent counter-examples are not bare de sentences, but rather shiâ...de sentences with a silent shi . The proposed analysis has implications on the syntax of modal auxiliaries, the relation between bare de sentences and shi...de sentences, and the syntax of discourse particles. It connects de with discourse particles that mark the speaker's belief about whether the (evidence for the) asserted proposition is shared knowledge between the speaker and the hearer and whether the (evidence for the) proposition is "verifiable on the spot" (e.g., German ja (Kratzer 1999, 2004; Gutzmann 2009); English parenthetical I'm telling you (Reese and Soh 2018)).
The Development of Compartmentation of cAMP Signaling in Cardiomyocytes: The Role of T-Tubules and Caveolae Microdomains.

3′-5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signaling messenger produced in response to the stimulation of cellular receptors, and has a myriad of functional applications depending on the cell type. In the heart, cAMP is responsible for regulating the contraction rate and force; however, cAMP is also involved in multiple other functions. Compartmentation of cAMP production may explain the specificity of signaling following a stimulus. In particular, transverse tubules (T-tubules) and caveolae have been found to be critical structural components for the spatial confinement of cAMP in cardiomyocytes, as exemplified by beta-adrenergic receptor (β-ARs) signaling. Pathological alterations in cardiomyocyte microdomain architecture led to a disruption in compartmentation of the cAMP signal. In this review, we discuss the difference between atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes in respect to microdomain organization, and the pathological changes of atrial and ventricular cAMP signaling in response to myocyte dedifferentiation. In addition, we review the role of localized phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in constraining the cAMP signal. Finally, we discuss microdomain biogenesis and maturation of cAMP signaling with the help of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). Understanding these mechanisms may help to overcome the detrimental effects of pathological structural remodeling.
Determination of the Tropospheric Hydroxyl Radical by Liquidphase Scrubbing and HPLC: Preliminary Results

A preliminary study was carried out toexamine the feasibility of measuring tropospherichydroxyl radicals (OH) by liquidphase scrubbing andhigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Thepotential advantages of this approach are itssimplicity, portability, and low expense. Thesampling system employs glass bubblers to trapatmospheric OH into a buffered solution of salicylicacid (o-hydroxybenzoic acid, OHBA). Rapidreaction of OH with OHBA produces a stable fluorescentproduct, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), whichis determined by reverse-phase HPLC and fluorescencedetection. Our preliminary field results indicatethat this method is most suitable for OH measurementsin clean tropospheric air, where interferences fromother atmospheric species appear to be negligible orminor relative to polluted air. In clean air, thesampling period is about 45–90 minutes, which yieldsa detection limit of approximately 3–6 ×105 radicalscm-3. During an OHintercomparison experiment at the Caribou samplingsite in Colorado, our liquidphase scrubber method wascompared with the ion-assisted mass spectrometry (MS)method. Our results were within the same range asthose of the ion-assisted MS method (1–5 ×106 radicals cm-3) within our precision atthat time (about ±30–50%). Preliminary testsin Pullman, WA indicated that the method might alsofunction in moderately polluted air by acidifying thescrubbing solution or by adding a scavenger tosuppress interferences. In Pullman, mid-day OHconcentrations were usually in the range of 2–20 ×106 radicals cm-3. Nighttime OHconcentrations were always low, either at or slightlyabove the detection limit.
PTHrP targets HDAC4 and HDAC5 to repress chondrocyte hypertrophy

During endochondral bone formation, chondrocyte hypertrophy represents a crucial turning point from chondrocyte differentiation to bone formation. Both parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy. Using multiple mouse genetics models, we demonstrate in vivo that HDAC4 is required for the effects of PTHrP on chondrocyte differentiation. We further show in vivo that PTHrP leads to reduced HDAC4 phosphorylation at the 14-3-3-binding sites and subsequent HDAC4 nuclear translocation. The Hdac4-KO mouse shares a similar but milder phenotype with the Pthrp-KO mouse, indicating the possible existence of other mediators of PTHrP action. We identify HDAC5 as an additional mediator of PTHrP signaling. While the Hdac5-KO mouse has no growth plate phenotype at birth, the KO of Hdac5 in addition to the KO of Hdac4 is required to block fully PTHrP action on chondrocyte differentiation at birth in vivo. Finally, we show that PTHrP suppresses myocyte enhancer factor 2 (Mef2) action that allows runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) mRNA expression needed for chondrocyte hypertrophy. Our results demonstrate that PTHrP inhibits chondrocyte hypertrophy and subsequent bone formation in vivo by allowing HDAC4 and HDAC5 to block the Mef2/Runx2 signaling cascade. These results explain the phenotypes of several genetic abnormalities in humans.
The Ecological Approach to the Study of Activated Sludge

Publisher Summary This chapter gives an overview of the ecological approach to the study of activated sludge. The activated sludge process is the most efficient, however the most expensive method of purifying a waste that is amenable to biological treatment. Investigators studying activated sludge have tended to follow one of the two approaches: the kinetic approach, which emphasizes the chemical changes which occur in the waste and ignores the biological nature of the sludge, and the ecological approach, which concentrates upon the microbial populations in the sludge. The kinetic approach has yielded many valuable concepts and much data upon which the rational design of an activated sludge system can be based, but it has also fostered the acceptance of some erroneous concepts and has failed to solve several operating problems. The ecological approach has failed to provide anything but a few vague generalizations and much worthless speculation, but this is probably because of the quality of the research which has been carried out rather than to any basic defect in the approach.
Postoperative Pain and Analgesia: Is There a Genetic Basis to the Opioid Crisis?

BACKGROUND Multiple factors have been implicated in determining why certain patients have increased postoperative pain, with the potential to develop chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to: 1) identify and describe genes that affect postoperative pain perception and control; 2) address modifiable risk factors that result in epigenetic altered responses to pain; and 3) characterize differences in pain sensitivity and thresholds between opioid-naive and opioid-dependent patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three electronic databases were used to conduct the literature search: Pubmed, EBSCO host, and SCOPUS. A total of 372 abstracts were reviewed, of which 46 studies were deemed relevant and are included in this review. RESULTS Specific gene alterations that were shown to affect postoperative pain control included single nucleotide polymorphisms in the mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors, ion channel genes, cytotoxic T-cells, glutamate receptors and cytokine genes, among others. Alcoholism, obesity, and smoking were all linked with genetic polymorphisms that altered pain sensitivity. Opioid abuse was found to be associated with a poorer response to analgesics postoperatively, as well as a risk for prescription overdose. CONCLUSION Although pain perception has multiple complex influences, the greatest variability seen in response to opioids among postoperative patients known to date can be traced to genetic differences in opioid metabolism. Further study is needed to determine the clinical significance of these genetic associations.
Insulin U-500, the Practical Solution for the treatment of Patients with High Insulin Requirements.

Background Human regular insulin 500 (U-500) is 5 five times more concentrated than the traditional regular human insulin (U-100). Thus, every 1 ml of U-500 contains 500 units of insulin as opposed to 100 units/ml with most types of insulin. Methods Review of all the relevant clinical studies related to insulin U-500 until February 12, 2020. Results Insulin U-500 is indicated in patients with type 2 diabetes who require more than 200 units of insulin per day. Insulin U-500 has both prandial and basal actions, and can be injected as monotherapy in a convenient twice-daily regimen. Available data suggest that insulin U-500 is effective, associated with better compliance, and decreased injection pain compared with non-concentrated insulins. Its main limitations are hypoglycemia and weight gain, and the possibility of dosing errors. Conclusions Overall, insulin U-500 is an effective and safe treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Randomized trials are needed to compare the long-term efficacy and safety of insulin U-500 with other forms of insulin regimens.
Effectiveness evaluation of standardized community-based hypertension management in Jinhua City

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of community-based standardized blood pressure control and lifestyle management in hypertensive patients in Jinhua. Methods The study included patients with primary hypertension from community health service centers in Yongkang, Lanxi, and an urban district in Jinhua. Electronic health record data from 2015 to 2017 were collected, and relevant indicators before and after standardized management were assessed. Rates and constituent ratios were used for statistical evaluation. Numeric data were compared using the chi square test, and means were compared using the t-test. Results Of 14 943 hypertensive patients who underwent standardized management, 8 052 were women (53.88%) and 6 891 were men (46.12%). The average age of these patients in early 2015 was 66.63 years. After 3 years of standardized management, the rate of blood pressure control increased from 42.85% to 49.50%. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=133.019, P<0.05). The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values (138.67 mmHg and 84.46 mmHg, respectively) (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) after standardized management were significantly different from those (139.40 mmHg and 85.08 mmHg, respectively) before standardized management (t=7.667, P<0.05; t=6.583, P<0.05, respectively). The average body weight, number of cigarettes smoked daily, and regular exercise time (61.51 kg, 15.28 cigarettes, and 40.56 min, respectively) after standardized management were significantly different from those (61.62 kg, 15.49 cigarettes, and 40.31 min, respectively) before standardized management (t=5.015, P<0.05; t=1.848, P<0.05; t=2.455, P<0.05, respectively). The medication compliance and willingness of being managed had significantly increased. The difference was statistically significant (χ2=72.600, P<0.05; χ2=299.434, P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions Standardized community-based management of hypertension effectively improved the rate of blood pressure control and the overall health of residents. Key words: Primary hypertension; Effect; Standardized management
Influence of altitude on hypertension phenotypes and responses to antihypertensive therapy: Review of the literature and design of the INTERVENCION trial

Systemic arterial hypertension constitutes the leading cause of mortality worldwide, and affects people living at different altitudes above sea level (AASL). AASL has a major impact on cardiovascular function and various biologic pathways that regulate blood pressure-related phenotypes, but whether it affects the clinical response to antihypertensive therapy is unknown. The hemodynamic adaptations observed among lowlanders acutely exposed to high altitude (HA) is distinct from those observed among HA dwellers. However, the phenotypic patterns of hypertension and the response to standard antihypertensive agents among adults chronically exposed to different AASL are poorly understood. The authors describe the protocol for the INTERVENCION trial, a randomized clinical trial designed to assess the effects of three first-line antihypertensive monotherapies (a thiazide diuretic, an angiotensin receptor blocker, and a calcium channel blocker) on peripheral and central blood pressure, in-office blood pressure, and ambulatory blood pressure hemodynamics of hypertensive patients living at different AASL (low altitude, intermediate altitude, and high altitude). The primary end point is the reduction in 24-hour brachial systolic blood pressure. The INTERVENCION trial will provide the first clinical trial data regarding the influence of AASL on the response to antihypertensive monotherapy, as well as the hemodynamic characteristics of arterial hypertension at different AASL.
Subharmonic dynamics of wave trains in reaction–diffusion systems

Abstract We investigate the stability and nonlinear local dynamics of spectrally stable wave trains in reaction–diffusion systems. For each N ∈ N , such T -periodic traveling waves are easily seen to be nonlinearly asymptotically stable (with asymptotic phase) with exponential rates of decay when subject to N T -periodic, i.e., subharmonic, perturbations. However, both the allowable size of perturbations and the exponential rates of decay depend on N , and, in particular, they tend to zero as N → ∞ , leading to a lack of uniformity in such subharmonic stability results. In this work, we build on recent work by the authors and introduce a methodology that allows us to achieve a stability result for subharmonic perturbations which is uniform in N . Our work is motivated by the dynamics of such waves when subject to perturbations which are localized (i.e. integrable on the line), which has recently received considerable attention by many authors.
Rhetorical Muslims: Islam as Witness in Western Christian Anti-Jewish Polemic

Although twelfth-century writers such as Petrus Alfonsi and Peter the Venerable of Cluny attacked Muslim ideas about Jesus and Mary, polemical authors of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries sometimes presented the same ideas in a positive light, describing the Muslim as a “witness” to the Jews of the truth of Christian ideas. In texts by the Dominican Ramon Marti, the Qur ān itself serves as a “proof” of Christian doctrines about Jesus and Mary and in texts such as the Mostrador de justicia of Abner de Burgos/Alfonso de Valladolid, Muslims are described as “Nazarenes.” The study of these images allows us to distinguish between the representation of Muslims in anti-Jewish and anti-Islamic texts. This article proposes that the representation in anti-Jewish texts was more determined by the norms of those texts than by the ideas about Islamic sources contemporary anti-Muslim writing itself.
Acoustic meta-silencer: Toward enabling ultrawide-band air-permeable noise barrier:

In this article, we have first presented a metasurface design methodology by coupling the acoustic cavity to the coiled channel. The geometrical design parameters in this structure are subsequently...
Intermittency of Fast MHD Modes and Regions of Anomalous Gradient Orientation in Low-beta Plasmas

The strong alignment of small-scale turbulent Alfvenic motions with the direction of the magnetic field that percolates the small-scale eddies and imprints the direction of the magnetic field is a property that follows from the MHD theory and the theory of turbulent reconnection. The Alfvenic eddies mix magnetic fields perpendicular to the direction of the local magnetic field, and this type of motion is used to trace magnetic fields with the velocity gradient technique (VGT). The other type of turbulent motion, fast modes, induces anisotropies orthogonal to Alfvenic eddies and interferes with the tracing of the magnetic field with the VGT. We report a new effect, i.e., in a magnetically dominated low-\beta subsonic medium, fast modes are very intermittent, and in a volume, with a small filling factor the fast modes dominate other turbulent motions. We identify these localized regions as the cause of the occasional change of direction of gradients in our synthetic observations. We show that the new technique of measuring the gradients of gradient amplitudes suppresses the contribution from the fast-mode-dominated regions, improving the magnetic field tracing. In addition, we show that the distortion of the gradient measurements by fast modes is also applicable to the synchrotron intensity gradients, but the effect is reduced compared to the VGT.
Vibrational Spectroscopy for Detection of Diabetes: A Review

Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronically elevated glucose caused by insulin resistance. Although T2DM is manageable through insulin therapy, the disorder itself is a risk factor for much more dangerous diseases including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, retinopathy, Alzheimer's disease, and more. T2DM affects 450 million people worldwide and is attributed to causing over four million deaths each year. Current methods for detecting diabetes typically involve testing a person's glycated hemoglobin levels as well as blood sugar levels randomly or after fasting. However, these methods can be problematic due to an individual's levels differing on a day-to-day basis or being affected by diet or environment, and due to the lack of sensitivity and reliability within the tests themselves. Vibrational spectroscopic methods have been pursued as a novel method for detecting diabetes accurately and early in a minimally invasive manner. This review summarizes recent research, since 2015, which has used infrared or Raman spectroscopy for the purpose of developing a fast and accurate method for diagnosing diabetes. Based on critical evaluation of the reviewed work, vibrational spectroscopy has the potential to improve and revolutionize the way diabetes is diagnosed, thereby allowing for faster and more effective treatment of the disorder.
“User”-Centered Design: Rebuilding Justice-Driven Technical Communication for Addicts through Rhetorics of Recovery

Luxury drug and alcohol rehabs exhibit the hallmarks of wealth and comfort as selling points, in direct contrast to the 12-step programming they most often use for treatment. 12-step programs are designed by and for recovering addicts, and center service, unity, and recovery as their priorities, explicitly rejecting materialism and marketing of any kind. Analysis of the different communication materials used by luxury rehab facilities and 12-step programs reveals two differing rhetorics of recovery. Technical communicators have an opportunity to construct new modes of communicating with and informing addicts seeking recovery using the rhetoric they have constructed as creator-members of 12-step programs. With a thorough understanding of 12-step programs’ rhetorics of recovery, technical communicators can move beyond the goal of selling recovery and towards building community and participatory design which centers addicts’ unique needs and modes of understanding their addictions.
Magnetic and Thermal Properties of Ce3−xS4

The high temperature phase of cerium sesquisulfide is characterized by the Th3P4 bcc defect structure and usually expressed as Ce3−xVxS4 (0 ≤ × ≤ 0. 33) to indicate the vacancies Vx in the rare earth sublattice. (1) Between the extremes of Ce3S4 (x = 0) and Ce2S3 (x = 0. 33) various ratios between Ce and S are possible and when prepared and melted into ingots or single crystals all samples show the same Th3P4 defect structure. (2) This note reports the magnetic susceptibility (X) and the heat capacity (Cp) for two such samples, namely CeS1.39 and CeS1.46.
Primary ureteral tumors: Reconsideration of management

Abstract Low-grade, noninvasive ureteral tumors can be treated by conservative surgical procedures. High-grade invasive tumors can be treated by classical nephroureterectomy if feasible surgically, or else by irradiation along with palliative nephrectomy. We feel strongly that just as in tumors of the bladder that have been treated conservatively, the upper urinary tract can be observed at intervals for possible recurrence or development of new tumors either on the same or opposite side.
High Speed CMOS Design Styles

Preface. 1. Process Variability. 2. Non-Clocked Logic Styles. 3. Clocked Logic Styles. 4. Circuit Design Margin and Design Variability. 5. Latching Strategies. 6. Interface Techniques. 7. Clocking Styles. 8. Slack Borrowing and Time Stealing. 9. Future Technology. Index.
Should Poverty and Inequality Measures be Combined

Excerpt] As the title of my paper indicates, the purpose of today's presentation is to analyze whether poverty and inequality measures should be blended into a single index. This question was first raised to me by Erik, so it is very fitting that an answer be presented at a conference honoring his distinguished career.
Strategic Decision Making

Strategy is about making decisions -- decisions such as which industry to enter, how to position the firm and its products, which resources to develop or to buy, who to hire, and which organizational structure to use. It is no surprise, then, that much research within the strategy field has studied how strategic decisions are made and how they can be improved. The literature addressing these two questions falls under the rubric of strategic decision making (SDM). This literature focuses on the processes leading to a decision (e.g., how different opinions are taken into account) rather than on the content of the decision (e.g., which strategy framework to use to devise the firm's positioning). This entry presents some of the fundamental concepts and tools studied in the field of SDM and ways in which they might be applied by managers.
Résistance à l'acculturation dans l'oeuvre de Mongo Beti

ABSTRACTThe author examines the theme of resistance to acculturation in the work of Mongo Beti. For the novelist resistance has two sources: western culture and clan traditions. In his writings published before independence, he treats resistance in an optimistic manner as a sign of the vitality of a people. In subsequent work, however, the tenor is pessimistic. In his last novel Mongo Beti suggests a solution to the acculturation dilemma: “a black messiah for black people.”
Orchestrating a Content-Practice Driven Math Classroom

In this chapter you will deal with various issues relevant to setting up and running an effective content-practice driven mathematics classroom. Such classrooms typically provide a climate that is conducive for teaching and learning mathematics, that is, a sociocultural condition that supports meaningful engagement with the content and practice standards.
The Limitations of Majoritarian Land Assembly

In their article, Land Assembly Districts, Professors Michael Heller and Rick Hills address the collective action problem arising from excessively fragmented land. They propose an innovative solution: Land Assembly Districts (or "LADs"). In this Article, I raise several concerns regarding LADs in particular and majoritarian land assembly in general. LADs rely on majority voting by a neighborhood's existing owners. Yet majority voting, coupled with the possibility of heterogeneity, means that LADs may both approve socially undesirable assemblies and disapprove socially desirable ones. LADs also permit owners to bargain over a project's surplus. But such bargaining creates additional costs for developers, as well as a potential bilateral monopoly problem, both of which may result in fewer desirable assemblies. There is thus no reason to believe a priori that LADs are superior to either eminent domain or private assembly. Finally, because LADs require courts to delineate the circumstances in which eminent domain would continue to be permitted, LADs may not even offer an administrability advantage. Indeed, LADs ultimately may rely on judicial expertise to an extent the authors themselves believe is problematic. Still, LADs constitute a creative proposal worthy of consideration.
A farm‐sizewise analysis of irrigation distribution in India

This article analyses and describes the relationship between the size of operational holding on the one hand and various irrigation and irrigation‐related variables, on the hand, using cross‐section regression analysis of farm‐sizewise/statewise Indian data. The overall conclusion that emerges from the analysis is that irrigation development in India as a whole seems to be such that its propagation and diffusion among agricultural households seems to be somewhat in favour of larger farms. Even though the government predominantly controls the development and distribution of flow‐sources of irrigation, especially of canal irrigation, it does not seem to have produced any significant positive impact on reducing the level of inequity involved in the distribution of irrigation across farm‐size groups.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality

Racial and ethnic disparities in infant mortality in the United States seem to defy all attempts at elimination. Despite national priorities to eliminate these disparities, black infants are 2.5 times more likely to die in infancy compared with non-Hispanic white infants. This disparity is largely related to the greater incidence among black infants of prematurity and low birth weight, congenital malformations, sudden infant death syndrome, and unintentional injuries. This greater incidence, in turn, is related to a complex interaction of behavioral, social, political, genetic, medical, and health care access factors. Thus, to influence the persistent racial disparity in infant mortality, a highly integrated approach is needed, with interventions adapted along a continuum from childhood through the periods of young adulthood, pregnancy, postpartum and beyond. The content and methodologies of these interventions need to be adapted to the underlying behaviors, social influences, and technology and access issues they are meant to address.
New global map of forest canopy height

Just how tall are forests around the world? A new global map shows forest canopy height at 1-kilometer spatial resolution. Simard et al. used satellite data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System aboard the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) to create a global map of the height of the forest canopy. They validated their map by comparing it with field measurements of canopy height from sites around the globe. The authors compared their map against another recently published map of canopy height and found that it was better correlated with the field data. They also found canopy height differences across forest disturbance gradients.
Use of SSRIs in “Very Old” Depressed Nursing Home Residents

The authors examined 50 patients, with a mean age of 89 years (range: 80–98), placed in a prospective, open-label trial of either fluoxetine, sertraline, or paroxetine. At 12-week follow-up, there was a significant overall decline (36%) in Ham-D scores; 42% had at least a 50% decline in their scores. There were no significant differences in responses to the three antidepressants, and all drugs were well tolerated. However, there were significant differences between diagnostic subgroups in the percentage of persons showing at least a 50% decrease in their Ham-D scores: major depressive disorder (MDD; 93%), Alzheimer's disease with MDD (8%), vascular dementia with MDD (6%), and other CNS-related disorders with MDD (83%). The findings confirm earlier accounts that antidepressants may be substantially less effective with MDD secondary to dementia in very old patients.
Integrated supercritical fluid extraction, bioassay and chemical screening methods for analyzing vapor-phase compounds of an environmental complex mixture: Diesel exhaust

Abstract The integration of bioassay and chemical analyses for vapor-phase compounds in environmental complex mixtures is a challenging process due to the volatility and the limited amounts of compounds collected and subsequently assayed. The advantage of an integrated approach is that the bioassay could aid in determining the most biologically active fractions for further chemical analyses. Previously, we reported on the use of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in conjunction with a Salmonella microsuspension assay to measure mutagenic activity in model vapor-phase mutagens. The procedure was effective in minimizing losses of the vapor-phase samples. In the present study, we performed the bioassay and chemical characterization of the vapor-phase mutagens using the exhaust from a medium heavy-duty diesel truck as a model complex mixture. Compounds present in undiluted diesel exhaust were trapped using a sampling train consisting of a Teflon filter, polyurethane foam (PUF) and XAD-4 (XAD), in series. Compounds in the PUF and XAD samples were extracted by SFE using supercritical carbon dioxide, and fractions were collected based on increasing pressures. For the bioassay, the Salmonella microsuspension assay was used throughout with tester strains TA98 and TAIOO, with and without the addition of metabolic enzymes (± S9). The two most mutagenic fractions from PUF were further fractionated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Chemical analyses of the HPLC fractions were by gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC/MS). Compounds present in these PUF SFE fractions included substituted naphthalenes, biphenyls, fluorenes, dibenzothiophenes and phenanthrenes or anthracenes. Compounds present in the XAD SFE fractions included substituted benzenes and naphthalenes, alkyl naphthalenes, and indenes. The vapor-phase mutagens present in diesel exhaust appeared to be more mutagenic in tester strain TA100 (with S9) compared to TA98, suggesting that the mutagenic compounds are different than those responsible for mutagenic activity in particulate matter where TA98 mutagenicity dominates. Specific mutagenic activities of the total vapor-phase component in TA 100 (with or without S9) were very similar to those of the total particulate component, suggesting that the vapor-phase of diesel exhaust may be an important source of mutagenic compounds in the environment.
Plastic deformation of MgO(A12O2)1·1 spinel at 0·28TM preliminary results

Abstract Prism-shaped single crystals of MgO(Al2O3)n spinel (n , and resulted in simple yield behaviour at axial stress differences of 1940, 3720, and 4300 MPa respectively. Well defined and broadly distributed slip lines on polished surfaces and stress-optical effects of slip bands have permitted identification of the following operating slip families: Typically, the members of the above slip families with the highest Schmid factors operated. Clear evidence for active cross-slip on the system {100} was observed to nucleate from the {111} slip bands in the ∼ specimen.
Adsorption and Diffusion of Light Gases in ZIF-68 and ZIF-70: A Simulation Study

We have computed the adsorption and diffusion of CO2, N2, CH4, and H2 in zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF) materials ZIF-68 and ZIF-70 from atomistic simulations. These simulations were performed using geometries obtained from density functional theory (DFT) optimization of the experimental crystal structure of ZIF-68 and on four structures of ZIF-70, one based on the experimental crystal structure and three having different imidazole/nitroimidazole substitution ratios. The framework charges for charge−quadrupole interaction (CQI) terms in our simulations were parametrized with charges obtained from Bader charge decomposition (periodic DFT calculations) and ChelpG charges (cluster DFT calculations). The adsorption and diffusion of the quadrupolar fluids can be dramatically different when using the Bader and ChelpG charges. Agreement between simulations and experiments for the N2 adsorption isotherms in ZIF-68 and 70 is very good when CQI terms are included. In contrast, simulations overpredict the amou...
Role of biodiversity in integrated fruit production in eastern North American orchards

1 Diversifying agricultural ecosystems to enhance biological control is a promising way of promoting sustainable pest management. 2 In the present study, monoculture apple and peach with standard insecticide treatments were compared with three biodiverse treatments (polyculure, monoculture with companion plants and polyculture with companion plants) with reduced standard insecticide use. 3 Abundance of insect predators was increased by both the presence of companion plants and extrafloral nectar but parasitism of the leafroller Platynota idaeusalis was not affected. 4 There were no consistent effects of biodiversity treatment on either tree growth or fruit yield. Insect injury to Empire apple and peach fruit was not consistently affected by the biodiversity treatments. Granny Smith apples were harvested later than Empire and had more fruit injury in the biodiverse treatments than the standard insecticide control. 5 A reduction in pesticides with added biodiversity proved to be a viable alternative to standard chemical insecticide management for temperate tree fruit. Increases in the natural control of pests resulting from increased plant diversity has promise for reducing the reliance on chemical insecticides for pest suppression.
A quantitative and qualitative analysis of ultrasonic versus sonic endodontic systems on canal cleanliness and obturation.

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare 2 irrigation techniques by evaluating canal cleanliness and obturation of lateral/accessory canals. Study design Seventy-five extracted canines were instrumented to a size #40/0.06 taper. The EndoActivator (EA) was compared with an ultrasonic unit for final irrigation. Each unit was used for 1 minute each with 6.15% NaOCl and 17% EDTA. A control group received syringe irrigation. Thirty teeth were sectioned and evaluated for debris removal and open dentinal tubules at 3/5 mm from the apical foramen with a scanning electron microscope. Forty-five teeth were examined for obturation of lateral canals. Results The EA was significantly better in removing debris at all levels when compared with other treatment groups (P < .05) and resulted in obturation of significantly more numbers of lateral canals (P < .01.) Conclusions The EA provided better obturation of lateral and accessory canals and resulted in less remaining debris.
Network Performance Evaluation of End-to-End Application over SPECTS O-CDMA Testbed

This paper experimentally demonstrates end-to-end applications over a SPECTS O- CDMA network including edge routers and end hosts. We measure the 2times2 network performance running video streaming and FTP applications.
Adsorption of Fibrinogen to Droplets of Liquid Hydrophobic Phases: Functionality of the Bound Protein and Biological Implications

Fibrinogen adsorbs spontaneously from aqueous media containing that protein to droplets of liquid hydrophobic phases dispersed in those same media. Examples of such phases include mineral oils, straight-chain hydrocarbons, and various plant- and animal-derived oils. Lecithin preexisting on the surface of oil droplets reduces significantly the amount of fibrinogen that can otherwise bind to them. When bound, fibrinogen remains active in the classic sense of fibrin gelation. As a consequence, oil droplets coated with fibrinogen can participate in a host of biologically important adhesive processes in which the protein would be expected to participate. Certain polyanions, eg, heparin, pentosan polysulfate, dextran sulfate, and suramin, bind to adsorbed fibrin(ogen) and prevent thrombin-dependent adhesion of fibrinogen-coated surfaces. Thus, these polyanions can be used to prevent adhesion between fibrin(ogen)-coated oil droplets and other fibrin(ogen)-coated surfaces. Potential practical applications and biological implications of these phenomena are presented and discussed.
Regulation of intracellular calcium release and PP1α in a mechanism for 4-hydroxytamoxifen-induced cytotoxicity

Treatment with tamoxifen, or its metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4OHT), has cytostatic and cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells in vivo and in culture. Although the effectiveness of 4OHT as an anti-breast cancer agent is due to its action as an estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) antagonist, evidences show that 4OHT is also cytotoxic for ERalpha-negative breast cancer cells and can be effective therapy against tumors that lack estrogen receptors. These findings underscore 4OHT signaling complexities and belie the most basic understandings of 4OHT action and resistance. Here, we have investigated the effects of 4OHT on Ca2+ homeostasis and cell death in breast cancer cells in culture. Measurement of Ca2+ signaling in breast cancer cells showed that 4OHT treatment altered Ca2+ homeostasis and was cytotoxic for both an ERalpha+ and an ERalpha- cell line, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Further investigation lead us to the novel discovery that 4OHT-induced increase of ATP-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum correlated with 4OHT-induced upregulation of protein phosphatase 1alpha (PP1alpha) and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). Blocking 4OHT-induced PP1alpha upregulation by siRNA strategy reduced the effects of 4OHT on both Ca2+ signaling and cytotoxicity. Results from these investigations strongly suggest a role for PP1alpha upregulation in a mechanism for 4OHT-induced changes to Ca2+ signaling that ultimately contribute to the cytotoxic effects of 4OHT.
A Probability-Based Approach for Multi-scale Image Feature Extraction

Image shape feature extraction by locating the exact shape boundaries has been applied in numerous research areas such as object tracking, content based image and video retrieval, robotics and biomedical imaging. Deformable active contour (snake) methods have been widely used. However, snake methods have limitations in requirement of manually initialized contour, slow convergence, random curve movement in case of missing energy forces and noise sensitivity. We develop a probabilistic model using curvelet transform for identifying contour curves and applications in brain MRI feature extraction. Our algorithm method performed better than popular snake-based algorithms on the simulated images and brain MR images.
Dicarbonyl and related compounds as sensitizers for photo-oxidative desulphurization at pentavalent phosphorus

Abstract Many 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, some quinones and benzoin sensitize the photo-oxidation of sulphur at pentacovalent phosphorus. Singlet oxygen and diacyl peroxides are ruled out as intermediates. It is suggested that either acylperoxy or peroxy radicals and/or biradicals derived by reaction of the triplet sensitizer with oxygen are responsible for reaction.
Distinct lineage specification roles for NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 in human embryonic stem cells

Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2 are the core regulators of mouse (m)ESC pluripotency. Although their basic importance in human (h)ESCs has been demonstrated, the mechanistic functions are not well defined. Here, we identify general and cell-line-specific requirements for NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 in hESCs. We show that OCT4 regulates, and interacts with, the BMP4 pathway to specify four developmental fates. High levels of OCT4 enable self-renewal in the absence of BMP4 but specify mesendoderm in the presence of BMP4. Low levels of OCT4 induce embryonic ectoderm differentiation in the absence of BMP4 but specify extraembryonic lineages in the presence of BMP4. NANOG represses embryonic ectoderm differentiation but has little effect on other lineages, whereas SOX2 and SOX3 are redundant and repress mesendoderm differentiation. Thus, instead of being panrepressors of differentiation, each factor controls specific cell fates. Our study revises the view of how self-renewal is orchestrated in hESCs.
Ectopic α-Adrenergic Mediated Accumulation of Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate in Isolated Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cells*

In the normal adrenal cell, epinephrine does not activate the rise of either cGMP or cAMP concentrations. In contrast, epinephrine activates the rise of cGMP but not cAMP concentrations in a concentration-dependent manner in isolated adrenocortical carcinoma cells. This effect was duplicated by the α-adrenergic agonist, phenylepherine, but was unaffected by the β-adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. The epinephrine-activated increase in cGMP was blocked by the α-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine, but was not interfered with by the β-adrenergic antagonist, propranolol. Neither acetylcholine, a cholinergic agonist, nor exogenous calcium caused any increase in cGMP. The rise of cGMP maximally activated by ACTH was additive with that obtained with epinephrine. These results indicate that the adrenal neoplastic cell posseses ectopic α-adrenergic receptors, and that epinephrine causes a rise of the cGMP level through these receptors. The data, furthermore, suggest that the receptors for ACTH and epinephrine are...
Corrigenda: Sereno PC (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225.

The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999) mandates that the gender of a Greek or Latin stem composing a species name must match the gender of a stem in any generic name with which it is combined (Article 31.2). Should there exist gender mismatch at the time a new binomen is proposed, the original authorship and citation are maintained but the name must be corrected (Article 34.2). Thus “Pegomastax africanus” is here corrected to Pegomastax africana, which is derived from Greek (pegos, strong; mastax [f.], jaw), unknown sources (“Africa”), and Latin (-ana [f.], pertaining to).
Organ cultures of embryonic lung tissues

serum factor substitute since it has many of the constituents of blood and because plasmanate administration in the neonate may have an impact on the protective enzyme systems. When the first bottle of plasmanate was nearly exhausted we began using a second bottle only to discover that we could not repeat the earlier experimental results. We examined the contents of the first plasmanate bottle and observed a cloudy appearance. Bacteriologic culture grew two strains of E. coil and, to make a long story short, endotoxin was found to be the important agent in plasmanate. DR. STERN: Have you looked at ct-~-antitrypsin? DR. ROBERTS: NO. All I can say is that we believe the serum factor has a protein component and has a molecular weight of greater than 50,000. DR. MELLINS: I am not quite sure I followed all of the argument on the fact that even 21% oxygen may represent a relative increase in oxygen, but certainly if it is, one could study the SOD enzyme system in the human by comparing the SOD activity of those in Denver with those at sea level if that experiment is acceptable. DR. ROBERTS: A related study has been done in the experimental animal, i.e., putting a newborn lamb into 15% versus 40% oxygen; differences were seen in the histologic appearance of the lung, indicating injury with the 40% versus the 15%.
Preparation and properties of pyrite-type SiP2 and SiAs2

Abstract This paper describes the preparation of SiP 2 by halogen transport and of SiAs 2 , by high-pressure synthesis. The pyrite-type crystal structure was verified, and bond distances and bond angles were calculated. The compounds show a continuous range of solid solubility. Room-temperature electrical resistivities are in the range 3 × 10 -5 − × 10 -4 Ωcm. Galvanomagnetic and reflectance measurements show SiP 2 ; to be semimetal with a nearly filled Brillouin zone.
Phosphorus sorption characteristics of everglades soils along a eutrophication gradient

We examined the P sorption characteristics of northern Everglades peat soils along a eutrophication gradient to understand the P retention efficiency of the soils. The amount of phosphate adsorbed on the soils (Q) and the zero equilibrium phosphate concentration supported by the soils (EPCo) exhibited a linear decrease with distance from the inflow structures supplying agricultural drainage (r 2 = 0.74 and 0.71, respectively ; P < 0.05 ; n = 18). Values of Q and EPCo for the enriched soils are an order of magnitude higher than for unenriched soils. Estimated Q values of the soils compare well with the exchangeable P fraction determined by KCl and HCO 3 extraction. Comparison of soil EPCo and pore water PO 4 -P values with the surface water PO 4 -P concentrations suggests that soils may serve as an additional internal source of P to the overlying water column in nutrient-enriched areas. Linear phosphate adsorption coefficient (K) of the alkaline Everglades soils is higher than that of acidic pocosin bog peat soils of North Carolina but lower than wetland soils and sediments with a high mineral content. Phosphorus sorption characteristics of the Everglade soils are most likely regulated by CaCO 3 .
Building health persona from personal data streams

Most people already use phones with myriad sensors that continuously generate data streams related to most aspects of their life. By detecting events in basic data streams and correlating and reasoning among them, it is possible to create a chronicle of personal life. We call it Personicle and use this to build individual Health Persona. Such Health Persona may then be used for understanding societal health as well as making decisions in emerging Social Life Networks. In this paper, we present a framework that collects, manages, and correlates personal data from heterogeneous data sources and detects events happening at personal level to build health persona. We use several data streams such as motion tracking, location tracking, activity level, and personal calendar data. We illustrate how two recognition algorithms based on Formal Concept Analysis and Decision Trees can be applied to Life Event detection problem. Also, we demonstrate the applicability of this framework on simulated data from Moves app, GPS, Nike fuel band, and Google calendar. We expect to soon have results for several individuals using real data streams from disparate wearable and smart phone sensors.
Thermoregulation by rhesus monkeys at different absolute humidities

The effect of relative humidity on thermoregulation has been well examined. Because the same relative humidity represents very different absolute humidities at different ambient temperatures, the present study was designed to examine the interaction of temperature and absolute humidity on the thermal balance of rhesus monkeys, Macaca mulatta. Thermal balance was examined in six unacclimated, unanesthetized, female rhesus monkeys at ambient temperatures of 25, 30, 35, and 40 degrees C and absolute humidities of 6, 22, and 40 torr. Monkeys were capable of achieving thermal balance under all conditions except at 40 degrees C with 40 torr absolute humidity, where experiments were stopped after rectal temperature exceeded 40.5 degrees C. At 40 degrees C, monkeys increased evaporative heat loss through both respiration and sweating; the slope of the relationship between evaporative heat loss and core temperature was attenuated by increases in absolute humidity. In contrast, absolute humidity had no direct effect on metabolic rate. The rise in body temperature under the conditions of high heat/high humidity was therefore most attributable to humidity-dependent decreases in evaporative heat loss.