cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response of Lactating Holstein Cows to Diets Varying In Fiber Source and Ruminal Starch Degradabllity

Abstract Twenty-two Holstein cows near peak lactation were used in an 8-wk experiment to study the effects of forage fiber source and ruminal starch degradability on lactational performance. High and low digestibility forages (alfalfa hay and wheat straw) and sorghum grain processed to give low and high ruminal starch degradability (dry-rolled and steam-flaked) were factorially arranged in four treatments. Diets contained 30% total NDF and 22% forage NDF; consequently, forage to concentrate ratio decreased from 52:48 to 31:69 when straw was substituted for alfalfa hay. Source of forage fiber did not influence production characteristics. Ruminal passage rates for liquid and diet ingredients were slower when diets contained wheat straw, but chewing time and digestibility of NDF were not affected. Total tract digestibility of starch increased from 80 to 97% when grain was steam-flaked, but digestibility of NDF was not influenced. Diets containing more ruminally degradable starch resulted in higher yields of milk (+3.4 kg/d) and milk protein (+110 g/d), milk protein percentage (+.08%), and improved efficiency and persistence of milk yield. Milk fat percentage decreased from 3.6 to 3.2% when steam-flaked grain was fed, but daily yield of milk fat was not decreased. Increasing ruminal degradability of starch has the potential to improve lactational performance when the proper balance of ruminally degradable starch and forage fiber is maintained.
Coxa profunda is not a useful radiographic parameter for diagnosing pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement

Background: Coxa profunda is commonly viewed as a radiographic parameter that is indicative of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement, and this finding can impact diagnostic and surgical decision-making. Validation of coxa profunda as a measure of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement has not been rigorously analyzed. Our hypothesis was that coxa profunda is a very common radiographic finding in females and is not a finding that is specifically associated with pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement. Methods: A retrospective review was performed to determine the prevalence of coxa profunda in four groups of hips: those with acetabular dysplasia (fifty-eight hips), femoroacetabular impingement (fifty hips), symptomatic residual Legg-Calve-Perthes deformities (sixteen hips), and asymptomatic hips (thirty-three). Coxa profunda was present when the floor of the acetabular fossa touched or was medial to the ilioischial line. The association between coxa profunda and hip disorder diagnosis, lateral center-edge angle, acetabular inclination, patient age, and sex was analyzed. Results: Coxa profunda was seen in 55% of the 157 hips and was slightly less common in the hips with acetabular dysplasia or residual Legg-Calve-Perthes deformities (41% and 31%, respectively). Coxa profunda was evident in 76% of the thirty-three asymptomatic hips compared with 64% of the fifty hips with femoroacetabular impingement. Coxa profunda was more common in females than males (70% compared with 24%; p 40° or acetabular inclination of <0°) was seen in only 22% of hips with coxa profunda. Conclusions: Coxa profunda should be considered a normal radiographic finding, at least in females. Coxa profunda is a nonspecific radiographic finding, seen in a variety of hip disorders and asymptomatic hips. The presence of coxa profunda is neither necessary nor sufficient to support a diagnosis of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Lung heparan sulfates modulate K(fc) during increased vascular pressure: evidence for glycocalyx-mediated mechanotransduction.

Lung endothelial cells respond to changes in vascular pressure through mechanotransduction pathways that alter barrier function via non-Starling mechanism(s). Components of the endothelial glycocal...
Financing Innovation: Evidence from R&D Grants

Governments regularly subsidize new ventures to spur innovation. This paper conducts the first large-sample, quasi-experimental evaluation of R&D subsidies. I use data on ranked applicants to the U.S. Department of Energy’s SBIR grant program. An award approximately doubles the probability that a firm receives subsequent venture capital and has large, positive impacts on patenting and commercialization. These effects are stronger for more financially constrained firms. Certification, where the award contains information about firm quality, likely does not explain the grant effect on funding. Instead, the grants seem to reduce investor uncertainty by funding technology prototyping.
EXTRACTING APPROPRIATE MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS DEFINING MOMENT ARM RELATIONSHIPS USING SYMBOLIC REGRESSION

Estimating tendon excursion-joint angle relationships that define moment arm variations is a critical part of biomechanical modeling. The conventional approach has been to assume a specific mathematical form for these relationships and use experimental data to regress the parameters of these assumed mathematical functions. In contrast, here we propose a novel method that uses symbolic regression to simultaneously determine both the appropriate topology, i.e. the form of the mathematical expression, and the parameter values that best fit the experimental data. We demonstrate this method with synthetic data generated using a known model of the human index finger. Cross validation with realistic noise levels shows that this method can extract the correct form and parameter values for nonlinear tendon excursion-joint angle relationships even in the presence of noise.
Effects of Long-Term Pioglitazone Treatment on Peripheral and Central Markers of Aging

Background Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and are used clinically to help restore peripheral insulin sensitivity in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Interestingly, long-term treatment of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with TZDs also has been shown to reduce several well-established brain biomarkers of AD including inflammation, oxidative stress and Aβ accumulation. While TZD's actions in AD models help to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their potentially beneficial effects in AD patients, little is known about the functional consequences of TZDs in animal models of normal aging. Because aging is a common risk factor for both AD and T2DM, we investigated whether the TZD, pioglitazone could alter brain aging under non-pathological conditions. Methods and Findings We used the F344 rat model of aging, and monitored behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular variables to assess the effects of pioglitazone (PIO-Actos® a TZD) on several peripheral (blood and liver) and central (hippocampal) biomarkers of aging. Starting at 3 months or 17 months of age, male rats were treated for 4–5 months with either a control or a PIO-containing diet (final dose approximately 2.3 mg/kg body weight/day). A significant reduction in the Ca2+-dependent afterhyperpolarization was seen in the aged animals, with no significant change in long-term potentiation maintenance or learning and memory performance. Blood insulin levels were unchanged with age, but significantly reduced by PIO. Finally, a combination of microarray analyses on hippocampal tissue and serum-based multiplex cytokine assays revealed that age-dependent inflammatory increases were not reversed by PIO. Conclusions While current research efforts continue to identify the underlying processes responsible for the progressive decline in cognitive function seen during normal aging, available medical treatments are still very limited. Because TZDs have been shown to have benefits in age-related conditions such as T2DM and AD, our study was aimed at elucidating PIO's potentially beneficial actions in normal aging. Using a clinically-relevant dose and delivery method, long-term PIO treatment was able to blunt several indices of aging but apparently affected neither age-related cognitive decline nor peripheral/central age-related increases in inflammatory signaling.
Recombination and the evolution of diploidy

With two copies of every gene, a diploid organism is able to mask recessive deleterious mutations. In this paper we present the analysis of a two-locus model designed to determine when the masking of deleterious alleles favors the evolution of a dominant diploid phase in organisms that alternate between haploid and diploid phases ("alternation of generations"). It is hypothesized that diploidy will be favored whenever masking occurs ("the masking hypothesis"). Using analytical methods, we confirm that this masking hypothesis is essentially correct under free recombination: as long as the heterozygous expression of deleterious alleles is sufficiently masked by the wild-type allele, diploidy is favored over haploidy. When the rate of recombination is lower, however, diploidy is much less likely to be favored over haploidy. In fact, according to our model, the evolution of diploidy is impossible without significant levels of recombination even when masking is fairly strong.
Current Literature: Body-Mass Index and Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults

Background: Body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) is known to be associated with overall mortality. We investigated the effects of age, race, sex, smoking status, and history of disease on the relation between body-mass index and mortality. Methods: In a prospective study of more than 1 million adults in the United States (457,785 men and 588,369 women), 201,622 deaths occurred during 14 years of follow-up. We examined the relation between body-mass index and the risk of death from all causes in four subgroups categorized according to smoking status and history of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, we further examined whether the relation varied according to race, cause of death, or age. The relative risk was used to assess the relation between mortality and body-mass index. Results: The association between body-mass index and the risk of death was substantially modified by smoking status and the presence of disease. In healthy people who had never smoked, the nadir of the curve for body-mass index and mortality was found at a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9 in men and 22.0 to 23.4 in women. Among subjects with the highest body-mass indexes, white men and women had a relative risk of death of 2.58 and 2.00, respectively, as compared with those with a body-mass index of 23.5 to 24.9. Black men and women with the highest body-mass indexes had much lower risks of death (1.35 and 1.21), which did not differ significantly from 1.00. A high body-mass index was most predictive of death from cardiovascular disease, especially in men (relative risk, 2.90; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.37 to 3.56). Heavier men and women in all age groups had an increased risk of death. Conclusions: The risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular disease, cancer or others disease increases throughout the range of moderate and severe overweight for both men and women in all age groups. The risk associated with a high body-mass index is greater for whites than for blacks. (N Engl J Med 341:1097–1105, 1999)
The impact of delay on the design of branch predictors

Modern microprocessors employ increasingly complicated branch predictors to achieve instruction fetch bandwidth that is sufficient for wide out-of-order execution cores. While existing predictors can still be accessed in a single clock cycle, recent studies show that slower wires and faster clock rates will require multi-cycle access times to large on-chip structures, such as branch prediction tables. Thus, future branch predictors must consider not only area and accuracy, but also delay. The paper explores these tradeoffs in designing branch predictors and shows that increased accuracy alone cannot overcome the penalties in delay that arise with larger predictor structures. We evaluate three schemes for accommodating delay: a caching approach, an overriding approach, and a cascading lookahead approach. While we use a common branch predictor, gshare, as the prediction component, these schemes can be constructed using most types of predictors.
LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF DECIDUOUS TOOTH EMERGENCE : II. PARAMETRIC SURVIVAL ANALYSIS IN BANGLADESHI, GUATEMALAN, JAPANESE, AND JAVANESE CHILDREN

We present a form of parametric survival analysis that incorporates exact, interval-censored, and right-censored times to deciduous tooth emergence. The method is an extension of common cross-sectional procedures such as logit and probit analysis, so that data arising from mixed longitudinal and cross-sectional studies can be properly combined. We extended the method to incorporate and estimate a proportion of agenic teeth. While we concentrate on deciduous tooth emergence, the method is relevant to studies of permanent tooth emergence and other developmental events. Deciduous tooth emergence data were analyzed from four longitudinal studies. The samples are 1,271 rural Guatemalan children examined every three months up to age two and every six months thereafter as part of the INCAP study; 397 rural Bangladeshi children examined monthly to age one and quarterly thereafter as part of the Meheran Growth and Development Study; 468 rural Indonesian children examined monthly as part of the Ngaglik study; and 114 urban Japanese children examined monthly in studies from 1910 and 1920. Although all four studies were longitudinal, many observations from the Guatemala and Bangladesh studies were effectively cross-sectionally observed. Three different parametric forms were used to model the eruption process: a normal distribution, a lognormal distribution, and a lognormal distribution with age shifted to shortly after conception. All three distributions produced reliable estimates of central tendencies, but the shifted lognormal distribution produced the best overall estimates of shape (variance) parameters. Estimates of emergence were compared to other studies that used similar methods. Japanese children showed relatively fast emergence times for all teeth. Bangladeshi and Javanese children showed emergence times that were slower than are found in most previous studies. Estimates of agenesis were not significantly different from zero for most teeth. One or two central incisors showed significant agenesis that ranged from 0.1 to 0.8% in three of the samples; even so, failure to model the agenic proportion did not seriously bias the estimates. Am J Phys Anthropol 105:209–230, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gas Atomization of Amorphous Aluminum Powder: Part II. Experimental Investigation

The optimal processing parameters that are required to atomize amorphous Al were established on the basis of numerical simulations in part I of this study. In this part II, the characterization of cooling rate experienced by gas-atomized, Al-based amorphous powders was studied via experiments. An experimental investigation was implemented to validate the numerical predictions reported in part I of this study. The cooling rate experienced by the powders, for example, was experimentally determined on the basis of dendrite arm spacing correlations, and the results were compared with the numerical predictions. The experimental studies were completed using commercial Al 2024 as a baseline material and Al90Gd7Ni2Fe1 metallic glass (MG). The results showed that the cooling rate of droplets increases with decreasing particle size, with an increasing proportion of helium in the atomization gas and with increasing melt superheat. The experimental results reported in this article suggest good agreement between experiments and numerical simulations.
Interrupted eccentric longitudinal muscle fibers of the kidney and adrenal veins.

Abstract A large number of sections were taken from adrenals and kidneys of human subjects of various age groups. The sections were stained by hematoxylin and trichrome methods, and they were examined for presence or absence of interrupted eccentric longitudinal muscle fibers along the course of the veins. It is noted that these muscle fibers are absent in newborns and infants; they are present in small amounts in children and they increase with age. The fibrous tissue particularly is noted to increase as age advances. These are more easily found in the adrenals than they are in the kidneys. In older people, focal hypertrophy and fibrosis of these muscle bundles could form a nodular pattern occluding the lumen of the veins. It appears to us that hypertrophy and fibrosis of these muscle fibers are related to old age and stress rather than to a particular disease process such as hypertension. Examination of the adrenals and kidneys of rats showed no evidence of longitudinal muscle fibers.
The neighborhood food environment and adult weight status: estimates from longitudinal data.

Objectives. I used longitudinal data to consider the relationship between the neighborhood food environment and adult weight status.Methods. I combined individual-level data on adults from the 1998 through 2004 survey years of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 with zip code–level data on the neighborhood food environment. I estimated ordinary least squares models of obesity, body mass index (BMI), and change in BMI.Results. For residents of urban areas, the neighborhood density of small grocery stores was positively and significantly related to obesity and BMI. For individuals who moved from a rural area to an urban area over a 2-year period, changes in neighborhood supermarket density, small grocery store density, and full-service restaurant density were significantly related to the change in BMI over that period.Conclusions. Residents of urban neighborhoods with a higher concentration of small grocery stores may be more likely to patronize these stores and consume more calories because smal...
Tissue Engineering Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease

The present treatments for the loss or failure of cardiovascular function include organ transplantation, surgical reconstruction, mechanical or synthetic devices, or the administration of metabolic products. Although routinely used, these treatments are not without constraints and complications. The emerging and interdisciplinary field of tissue engineering has evolved to provide solutions to tissue creation and repair. Tissue engineering applies the principles of engineering, material science, and biology toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function. Progress has been made in engineering the various components of the cardiovascular system, including blood vessels, heart valves, and cardiac muscle. Many pivotal studies have been performed in recent years that may support the move toward the widespread application of tissue-engineered therapy for cardiovascular diseases. The studies discussed include endothelial cell seeding of vascular grafts, tissue-engineered vascular conduits, generation of heart valve leaflets, cardiomyoplasty, genetic manipulation, and in vitro conditions for optimizing tissue-engineered cardiovascular constructs.
To confront or not to confront: non-targets' evaluations of and responses to racist comments

The current studies explore situational and individual factors affecting non-target perceivers' reactions and behavior following a racist comment, focusing on verbal confronting behavior. Two studies were conducted in which participants reported about recent situations in which they witnessed a racist comment that was not directed specifically at their own racial group. Results indicated that only one third of participants directly confronted the commenter. Strength of verbal confrontation was predicted by affective reactions and judgments of the offensiveness of the prejudicial comment. Analyses also revealed that strength of confrontation for females was predicted by the experience of negative emotions, but that males confronted more with stronger ratings of the offensiveness of the racist remarks. Implications for theory and policy are discussed.
A matching-pursuit/GSIC-based algorithm for DS-CDMA sparse-channel estimation

A sparse-channel estimation algorithm for multiuser environments is developed with application to time-of-arrival (TOA)-based radiolocation. To eliminate multiple-access interference (MAI), the generalized successive interference cancellation (GSIC) algorithm is used. At each GSIC stage, the matching-pursuit (MP) or least squares (LS) methods are used to estimate the sparse channel. The GSIC/MP and GSIC/LS are compared via simulations, and the GSIC/MP performs better than the GSIC/LS.
Resolving Nonstop Translation Complexes Is a Matter of Life or Death

Problems during gene expression can result in a ribosome that has translated to the 3' end of an mRNA without terminating at a stop codon, forming a nonstop translation complex. The nonstop translation complex contains a ribosome with the mRNA and peptidyl-tRNA engaged, but because there is no codon in the A site, the ribosome cannot elongate or terminate the nascent chain. Recent work has illuminated the importance of resolving these nonstop complexes in bacteria. Transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA)-SmpB specifically recognizes and resolves nonstop translation complexes in a reaction known as trans-translation. trans-Translation releases the ribosome and promotes degradation of the incomplete nascent polypeptide and problematic mRNA. tmRNA and SmpB have been found in all bacteria and are essential in some species. However, other bacteria can live without trans-translation because they have one of the alternative release factors, ArfA or ArfB. ArfA recruits RF2 to nonstop translation complexes to promote hydrolysis of the peptidyl-tRNAs. ArfB recognizes nonstop translation complexes in a manner similar to tmRNA-SmpB recognition and directly hydrolyzes the peptidyl-tRNAs to release the stalled ribosomes. Genetic studies indicate that most or all species require at least one mechanism to resolve nonstop translation complexes. Consistent with such a requirement, small molecules that inhibit resolution of nonstop translation complexes have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. These results suggest that resolving nonstop translation complexes is a matter of life or death for bacteria.
Structure and function of a cap-independent translation element that functions in either the 3' or the 5' untranslated region.

Barley yellow dwarf virus RNA lacks both a 59 cap and a poly(A) tail, yet it is translated efficiently. It contains a cap-independent translation element (TE), located in the 39 UTR, that confers efficient translation initiation at the AUG closest to the 59 end of the mRNA. We propose that the TE must both recruit ribosomes and facilitate 39-59 communication. To dissect its function, we determined the secondary structure of the TE and roles of domains within it. Nuclease probing and structure-directed mutagenesis revealed that the 105-nt TE (TE105) forms a cruciform secondary structure containing four helices connected by single-stranded regions. TE105 can function in either UTR in wheat germ translation extracts. A longer viral sequence (at most 869 nt) is required for full cap-independent translation in plant cells. However, substantial translation of uncapped mRNAs can be obtained in plant cells with TE105 combined with a poly(A) tail. All secondary structural elements and most primary sequences that were mutated are required for cap-independent translation in the 39 and 59 UTR contexts. A seven-base loop sequence was needed only in the 39 UTR context. Thus, this loop sequence may be involved only in communication between the UTRs and not directly in recruiting translational machinery. This structural and functional analysis provides a framework for understanding an emerging class of cap-independent translation elements distinguished by their location in the 39 UTR.
Principal Components of Brain Deformation in Response to Skull Acceleration: The Roles of Sliding and Tethering between the Brain and Skull

The relationship between skull acceleration and brain injury is not well understood, in large part because of the challenge of visualizing the brain’s mechanical response in vivo. This difficulty also complicates the validation of computational mechanics predictions.
Denial of service attacks on network-based control systems: impact and mitigation

Replacing specialized industrial networks with the Internet is a growing trend in industrial informatics, where packets are used to transmit feedback and control signals between a plant and a controller. Today, denial of service (DoS) attacks cause significant disruptions to the Internet, which will threaten the operation of network-based control systems (NBCS). In this paper, we propose two queueing models to simulate the stochastic process of packet delay jitter and loss under DoS attacks. The motivation is to quantitatively investigate how these attacks degrade the performance of NBCS. The example control system consists of a proportional integral controller, a second-order plant, and two one-way delay vectors induced by attacks. The simulation results indicate that Model I attack (local network DoS attack) impairs the performance because a large number of NBCS packets are lost. Model II attack (nonlocal network DoS attack) deteriorates the performance or even destabilizes the system. In this case, the traffic for NBCS exhibits strong autocorrelation of delay jitter and packet loss. Mitigating measures based on packet filtering are discussed and shown to be capable of ameliorating the performance degradation.
Optimizing social life using online friend networks

This paper presents an online application which ties to the popular social network Facebook. It aggregates data from other systems, including Yahoo! Local and Google Maps, to provide relevant information to users. This system of systems functions as an add-on to each user's Facebook profile. The user is able to store ratings, reviews, and places where he likes to go. Our proposed system uses all this data to create a profile of the user. It also takes into consideration the information from the user's network of friends in Facebook. This information is then combined with businesses information from Yahoo!. All the information gathered in the users profile is then used to recommend interesting places for him to visit when he logs in to our proposed system next time. Our system can display either places highly recommended by one's friends, or places which will hold a special event. The maps of business locations are automatically rendered using Google Maps APIs.
Do Men and Women Love Differently

This study focused on sex differences in attitudes towards love, within the context of assessing Lee's (1973) theory of love styles, using an instrument adapted from Lasswell & Lasswell (1976). Approximately 800 students at the University of Miami completed a 54-item love attitudes scale as part of a larger attitudes study. The love scale was designed to measure six love styles proposed by Lee: eros, ludus, storge, mania, pragma and agape. Analysis of variance of the item responses showed that males differed significantly from females on 29 of the 54 items. Males tended to be more erotic and ludic in their love attitudes. Females were more pragmatic, storgic and manic in their love attitudes. These results suggested strong sex differences in love attitudes. Results from factor analysis and cluster analysis provided partial support for Lee's theory. The secondary mixture styles of mania, pragma and agape emerged clearly from both types of analyses. The primary styles of eros, ludus and storge also emerged ...
An optimal signal design for synchronous CDMA with multidimensional signaling and QoS constraints

We consider the symbol-synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channel in which each user transmits one multidimensional symbol per signaling interval in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The users are assigned quality-of-service (QoS) thresholds that are to be guaranteed by the system. These thresholds are rates at which arbitrarily reliable transmission is possible. For a fixed processing gain, which is proportional to the required bandwidth, we determine the minimum required sum-power (i.e., the sum of the users received powers) over all sets of signature sequences and power-control policies such that the QoS requirements are met. Moreover, our derivation also provides a design which meets this minimum sum-power with successive decoding in a multiuser decision-feedback receiver structure so that single-user coding is sufficient.
Configurational Isomers of a Stilbene‐Linked Bis(porphyrin) Tweezer: Synthesis and Fullerene‐Binding Studies

A new stilbene-tethered bis(porphyrin) tweezer 5 has been synthesized through a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction. The tweezer exists as two configurational isomers [(Z) + (E)], which have distinct cavity sizes. Fullerene-binding studies show that the (Z) isomer of the tweezer has a significantly higher affinity toward both C60 and C70 compared to the (E) congener. In addition, the (Z) (E) photoisomerization of tweezer 5 is also discussed. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
2,3-Butanediol Synthesis and the Emergence of the Vibrio cholerae El Tor Biotype

Vibrio cholerae is an aquatic bacterium that causes the severe diarrheal disease cholera. V. cholerae strains of the O1 serogroup exist as two biotypes, classical and El Tor. Toxigenic strains of the El Tor biotype emerged to cause the seventh pandemic of cholera in 1961 and subsequently displaced strains of the classical biotype both in the environment and as a cause of cholera within a decade. The factors that drove emergence of the El Tor biotype and the displacement of the classical biotype are unknown. Here, we show a unique difference in carbohydrate metabolism between these two biotypes. When grown with added carbohydrates, classical biotype strains generated a sharp decrease in medium pH, resulting in loss of viability. However, growth of El Tor biotype strain N16961 was enhanced due to its ability to produce 2,3-butanediol, a neutral fermentation end product, and suppress the accumulation of organic acids. An N16961 mutant (SSY01) defective in 2,3-butanediol synthesis showed the same defect in growth that classical biotype strains show in media rich in carbohydrates. Importantly, the SSY01 mutant was attenuated in its ability to colonize the intestines of infant mice, suggesting that host carbohydrates may be available to V. cholerae within the intestinal environment. Similarly, the SSY01 mutant failed to develop biofilms when utilizing N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as a carbon source. Because growth on N-acetyl-D-glucosamine likely reflects the ability of a strain to grow on chitin in certain aquatic environments, we conclude that the strains of classical biotype are likely defective compared to those of El Tor in growth in any environmental niche that is rich in chitin and/or other metabolizable carbohydrates. We propose that the ability to metabolize sugars without production of acid by-products might account for the improved evolutionary fitness of the V. cholerae El Tor biotype compared to that of the classical biotype both as a global cause of cholera and as an environmental organism.
Phylogenetic tree inference from local gene content

Abstract Background: Complete genome sequences provide many new characters suitable for studying phylogenetic relationships. The limitations of the single sequence-based phylogenetic reconstruction prompted the efforts to build trees based on genome-wide properties, such as the fraction of shared orthologous genes or conservation of adjoining gene pairs. Gene content-based phylogenies, however, have their own biases: most notably, differential losses and horizontal transfers of genes interfere with phylogenetic signal, each in their own way, and special measures need to be taken to eliminate these types of noise. Results: We expand the repertoire of genome-wide traits available for phylogeny building, by developing a practical approach for measuring local gene conservation in two genomes. We counted the number of orthologous genes shared by chromosomal neighborhoods (“bins”), and built the phylogeny of 63 prokaryotic genomes on this basis. The tree correctly resolved all well-established clades, and also suggested the monophyly of firmicutes, which tend to be split in other genome-based trees. Conclusions: Our measure of local gene order conservation extracts strong phylogenetic signal. This new measure appears to be substantially resistant to the observed instances of gene loss and horizontal transfer, two evolutionary forces which can cause systematic biases in the genome-based phylogenies.
Ring-fusion as a perylenediimide dimer design concept for high-performance non-fullerene organic photovoltaic acceptors

A series of perylenediimide (PDI) dimers are evaluated as acceptors for organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. The materials are characterized using a wide variety of physical and computational techniques. These dimers are first linked at the bay position of each PDI molecule via an aromatic spacer; subsequent photocyclization affords ring-fused dimers. Thus, photocyclization of the thiophene-linked dimer 2,5-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1-yl]-thiophene (T1) affords the twisted acceptor [2,3-b:2′,3′-d]-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-thiophene (T2), while photocyclization of the thienothiophene-linked dimer, 2,5-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1-yl]-thienothiophene (TT1) affords the planar acceptor [2,3-b:2′,3′-d]-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-thienothiophene (TT2). Furthermore, a dimer linked by a phenylene group, 1,4-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1-yl]-benzene (Ph1), can be selectively photocyclized to form either the twisted dimer, [1,2:3,4]-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-benzene (Ph1a) or the planar dimer [1,2:4,5]-bis-[N,N′-bis-perylenediimide-1,12-yl]-benzene (Ph2b). Ring-fusion results in increased electronic coupling between the PDI units, and increased space-charge limited thin film electron mobility. While charge transport is efficient in bulk-heterojunction blends of each dimer with the polymeric donor PBDTT-FTTE, in the case of the twisted dimers ring fusion leads to a significant decrease in geminate recombination, hence increased OPV photocurrent density and power conversion efficiency. This effect is not observed in planar dimers where ring fusion leads to increased crystallinity and excimer formation, decreased photocurrent density, and decreased power conversion efficiency. These results argue that ring fusion is an effective approach to increasing OPV bulk-heterojunction charge carrier generation efficiency in PDI dimers as long as they remain relatively amorphous, thereby suppressing excimer formation and coulombically trapped charge transfer states.
Localization of the Receptors for Activated Complement on the Visceral Epithelial Cells of the Human Renal Glomerulus by Immunoenzymatic Microscopy

Horseradish peroxidase-labeled IgG-anti-IgG immune complexes bearing activated third component of complement, C3, were used as indicator particles for the localization of the complement receptor in the human renal glomerulus. The HRP-labeled IgG-anti-IgG complexes were coated with activated C3 by exposing them to fresh human serum as a source of complement. This represents a more physiologic indicator particle for complement receptor-bearing structures than the synthetic immune complexes previously used. By light microscopy, the deposition of the complexes was restricted to the glomeruli. By transmission electron microscopy, the complexes were selectively associated with the surface of the visceral epithelial cells (podocytes). Complexes exposed to buffer alone or to heat-inactivated human serum failed to adhere to any of the renal structures examined.
Probing Behavior of Eulachnus agilis and Injury to Scotch Pine

Adults of the aphid, Eulachnus agilis (Kaltenbach), inserted their stylets through the stomata of needles of Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. Stylet penetration through plant tissue was predominantly intracellular. The feeding site appeared to be the phloem. Stylets of both unstarved and starved aphids reached the phloem in about 10 minutes. When unstarved and starved aphids were allowed to probe for 5, 10, 15, and 30-minute intervals, depth of penetration was significantly greater for unstarved aphids only when allowed to probe for 30 minutes. In laboratory and field studies, E. agilis caused chlorosis and premature dropping of Scotch pine needles. Histological studies of healthy and chlorotic needles showed no mechanical or physical changes in the plant tissue. No apparent morphological changes occurred in the phloem or other tissues in chlorotic needles. However, salivary secretions of E. agilis possibly could have affected the plant tissue physiologically, subsequently causing the symptoms of chlorosis.
VDT Operator Pupil Diameter Changes, Accommodation Changes and Subjective Comfort/Discomfort Score Changes over a Working Day:

Pupil diameter, accommodation and subjective comfort/discomfort were measured at certain times during the working day. Six subjects, all experienced typists, were used and worked two full days in a VDT workstation using two different data presentations, i.e. hard copy-screen and split screen, and a data entry and a file maintenance/editing task. An Applied Science Laboratory 1998 computer controlled eye monitor system was used to collect and analyze the pupil diameter data and the eye scanning data. A field laser optometer was used to measure the accommodative state of the subjects' lenses for a viewing distance of 6m (.17 diopters) before and immediately after each work session.The results of this study indicate that neither the pupil diameter changes nor the accommodation changes reveal any consistent pattern which would enable one to predict reliably the actual mental workload, general fatigue, ocular discomfort or fatigue of VDT operators. On the whole the changes in accommodation over three hours of ...
A systematic review of outcomes and lessons learned from general, rural, and country-specific Water Safety Plan implementations

Water Safety Plans (WSPs) are a comprehensive risk assessment and management approach to water delivery that were internationally recommended in 2004. WSPs consist of five implementation steps, followed by evaluation. To date, approximately 90 countries have implemented WSPs, however widespread uptake is limited by lack of documented outcomes and impacts. We conducted a systematic review to collate outcomes, impacts, and lessons learned from WSPs developed in general, rural, and three case-study country contexts. Overall, 53 documents met inclusion criteria. In general contexts, the need for institutional support during WSP implementation was highlighted. In rural applications, the need to simplify the WSP process and provide community support was emphasized. In case study countries, we found the WSP process was selectively adapted and integrated within existing programs. In outcome and impact evaluations, financial outcomes have the clearest evidence base, while operational outcomes are documented most frequently, particularly in relation to infrastructure improvements. However, evidence is lacking on institutional and policy outcomes and impacts of WSPs. To ensure WSPs reach their potential for improving water delivery and management, support should be provided to implementers, outcomes and impacts of urban, peri-urban, and rural WSP implementations should be evaluated, and adaptation of WSPs locally encouraged.
Incorporating hard boxes and soft bubbles into the dietetics curriculum

Dietitians have been challenged to learn the skills of creative thinking in order to become proficient managers in a rapidly changing world. We reviewed the literature to determine the prerequisites of creative thinking and assessed the management and administrative dietetics curriculum for our dietetic internship to determine whether those prerequisites were being met. A major concern in the dietetics profession is that students are not being adequately prepared to assume top management positions. A review of business school curriculums reveals that an emphasis on management theory and quantitative analysis does not adequately prepare students to function effectively in a world where creative problem solving is required. Effective managers at high levels of responsibility rely on intuition and hunches in addition to logical thought processes. Two thinking models are employed by managers--a rational one (hard box) and an intuitive one (soft bubble). These thinking models, or cognitive styles, can also be defined as left and right brain skills. Effective managers use left and right brain skills plus a combination of the two, or integrative brain skill. We reviewed the competencies, behavioral objectives, and planned experiences for the management level rotations of our dietetic internship to develop a conceptual model for the use of right, left, or integrative thought processes. We discovered that although integrative brain skills are used at all levels of our management rotations, especially the top management rotation, no rotation exclusively fosters right-brain skill development. A dietetic internship offers a fertile environment for developing the creative problem-solving skills that are required in management positions in the health care profession today.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ablative Therapy for Movement Disorders: Complications in the Treatment of Movement Disorders

Presently, there is a renaissance in the surgical treatment of movement disorders. Prompted by the growing recognition of the limitations of drug therapy, this resurgence has been further promoted by progress in neuronal transplantation, advances in neuroimaging and stereotactic surgical techniques, and innovative therapies, such as deep brain stimulation for abnormal movements. Mortality associated with thalamotomy and pallidotomy is rare, but morbidity is not inconsiderable, particularly in the elderly and those with preexisting brain damage. Judicious patient selection and physiologic confirmation of stereotactic targets are cornerstones to complication avoidance.
Automation and the Design Process: Drafters

Perhaps the most far-reaching changes in automated work will be in the area of drafting and design. Computer-Aided Design1 (CAD) was developed in the 1960s with the growing use of computer technology as an information system. The development of the mini- and micro-computers significantly contributed to its application in engineering design and manufacturing.
Creating a Sense of Place and Belonging in the Classroom: An Example of Place-Based Education from the Foothills of the Himalayas

Educators engaging in the critical assessment of teaching and learning have often considered the importance of the physical environment (classroom). This poster presentation offers that A¢â¬AplaceA¢â¬Â is more than a context for discovering curriculum. When we have access to the history and experiences of our places, we have the possibility of creating holistic learning environments rich with democracy and inclusivity. As our learning spaces have become increasingly homogenized and standardized, greater importance on reacquainting learners with their own environments and constructing new meaningful places is paramount. This poster presentation highlights teaching practices from village schools (Balwadis) in the foothills of the Himalayas. These practices were documented in a case study that the presenter coauthored and will offer that place, and learning, are inextricably intertwined. Using narratives, photos, and artifacts from the Balwadi teachers, participants will experience the multiple dimensions of place and environment and how these can be transformative agents for creating learning communities with a sense of place and belonging. AÂ Participants will learn how to apply these strategies to their own classes to create a sense of place and belonging for their students.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage with negative initial catheter angiography: A review of 254 cases evaluating patient clinical outcome and efficacy of short-and long-term repeat angiography

Background Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is found to have no vascular origin by initial catheter angiography in approximately 15% of cases. The most appropriate course for the type and frequency of additional diagnostic workup remains controversial. Objective To retrospectively assess the diagnostic yield of short-term and long-term repeat catheter angiography in the era of advanced imaging. Methods Between 2003 and 2011, 254 consecutive patients diagnosed with SAH had negative initial angiography. SAH was perimesencephalic (PM) in 46.5% and nonperimesencephalic (NPM) in 53.5%. Angiography was repeated at 1-week (short-term) and 6-week (long-term) intervals from the initial negative angiogram. Results Ten of 254 patients had a vascular source of hemorrhage on short-term follow-up angiography with a diagnostic yield of 3.9%. One hundred seventy-four patients with negative findings on the first 2 angiograms received a third angiogram, and 7 of these patients were found to have a vascular abnormality. The estimated yield of this third angiogram was 4.0%. The overall diagnostic yield of repeat angiography was 0% in the PM group and 12.5% in the NPM group. The diagnostic yield of short-term and long-term follow-up angiography in patients with NPM SAH was 7.3% and 7.8%, respectively. NPM patients were more likely to experience vasospasm and hydrocephalus requiring external ventricular drainage or cerebrospinal fluid diversion than PM patients. Conclusion Our results support a protocol of short-term and long-term angiographic follow-up in patients with NPM SAH and negative initial angiography. Aggressive protocols of follow-up angiography may not be necessary in patients with PM SAH.
Characterize Investor Attention on the Social Web

We study the allocation problem of investor attention, the scarce and important economic resource in the information era, through practitioners' tweeting behaviors. We develop formalisms of "cognitive niches", interplays between heuristics from adaptive cognitive control, to account for the selectivity of investor attention. Using asset-specific tweets as direct measures of investor attention allocation, we find evidence supporting contextual utilizations of these cognitive control strategies, depending on types of asset, investors' experience as well as investing philosophy. Considering the novelty of "social" web as investors' major information environment, we quantify strengths of attention contagion resulting from relying on the "social proof" heuristic in attention allocation. The drawing power of the crowd in directing investor attention is significant and exceeds that of salient exogenous stimuli, especially when uncertainty is high. Finally, we demonstrate that as a result of adaptive cognitive control, investor attention can be different by nature. Such distinction is not captured by traditional indirect measures of investor attention, but reveals different patterns of assets' short-term volatility.
Stopping Anticoagulation Therapy Before Implant and Bone Grafting Surgery May Not Be Necessary to Prevent Bleeding Events.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Management of anticoagulated patients in implant therapy: a clinical comparative study. Clemm R, Neukam FW, Rusche B, Bauersachs A, Musazada S, Schmitt CM. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016;27(10):1274-82. Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study