cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interactive Visual Classification, Clustering and Dimension Reduction with GLC-L

The goal of this chapter is to present a new interactive visual machine learning system for solving supervised learning classification tasks based on a GLC-L visualization algorithm and associated interactive and automatic algorithms GLC-IL, GLC-AL and GLC-DRL for discovery of linear and non-linear relations and dimension reduction. Classification and dimension reduction tasks from three domains, image processing, computer-aided medical diagnostics and finance (stock market), are used to illustrate this method.
Preemergence and Postemergence Control of Perilla Mint (Perilla frutescens): Avoiding Toxicity to Livestock

PRE and POST herbicide options were evaluated to control perilla mint, a potentially deadly plant for livestock. The germination requirements of seed from weedy populations were also investigated to better understand and predict emergence timing. POST applications of aminocyclopyrachlor blends, glyphosate, picloram 2,4-D, aminopyralid 2,4-D, and 2,4-D alone provided superior control of perilla mint when applied in the early reproductive growth stage. Picloram 2,4-D and aminocyclopyrachlor chlorsulfuron also provided soil residual activity and the most effective PRE control followed by pendimethalin and aminopyralid 2,4-D. Seed from weedy populations tend to germinate in a range of night/day soil temperatures from 10–15 C to 25–30 C. Therefore, application and activation of the most effective PRE treatments should be made before these temperatures occur in areas where weedy perilla mint populations are found.Nomenclature: Aminocyclopyrachlor; chlorsulfuron; glyphosate; picloram; 2,4-D; aminopyralid; pendimethalin; perilla mint, Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton
Probing the Reactivity of Cyclic N,O-Acetals versus Cyclic O,O-Acetals with NaBH4 and CH3MgI

An operationally straightforward, project-like laboratory experiment has been developed in which students directly compare the reactivity of two heterocycles, a cyclic O,O-acetal (standard C═O protecting group) and a cyclic N,O-acetal (oxazolidine), toward sodium borohydride and methylmagnesium iodide. Students synthesize a substrate containing both structural features, and then experimentally establish the chemo- and regioselective ring-opening of the N,O-acetal by identifying their 2-amino-1-alkanol products through spectral analysis. This experiment demonstrates that nonaromatic N- and O-heterocycles beyond those usually encountered by students in introductory organic textbooks, such as O,O-acetals and epoxides, are also reactive to nucleophiles, and it emphasizes the great effect on chemical reactivity of a seemingly minor structural alteration: exchanging O for N in a heterocycle.
Injustice and Misfortune

The life of any human being will inevitably contain an enormous amount of pain and disappointment; and for reasons both of morality and mental health it is important that each person decide, for each pain and for each disappointment, if it constitutes an injustice or merely a misfortune. It is a matter of morality that injustices should be resented and resisted and should occasion guilt and repentance in those responsible for them—all of these responses to be measured out, of course, in proper proportion to the seriousness of the injustices. It is different, however, with mere misfortunes. A virtuous person will attempt to accept them with courage and patience; and a mentally healthy person will allow no room in his mental life for the irrational (neurotic) resentments and guilt feelings that attach to that portion of the world’s ills for which nobody bears any responsibility. This is the insight contained in Reinhold Niebuhr’s famous prayer: “God, grant us the grace to accept with serenity the things that cannot be changed, courage to change the things that should be changed, and the wisdom to distinguish the one from the other.”
When Search Engines "Speak" Your Language: The Role of Communication Accommodation Theory in Personalized Systems

Communication Accommodation Theory contends that speakers alter their communicative style to converge toward addressees to win approval and facilitate efficient communication. However, we know little about accommodation in computer-mediated text-based environments. In a lab experiment involving product search and choice tasks, users evaluated accommodating search engines that presented them with product search results containing familiar terms, defined as the user’s search term for the products, and non-accommodating search engines that used less familiar, synonymous terms. Results showed that overall, users tend to choose products at the top of the results list, thus suggesting a relationship between serial position and choice. However, when results contained familiar and unfamiliar terms, users were more likely to choose products at the bottom of the list that contained their familiar term, thus reducing the effect of serial position. Included are managerial implications for personalization systems, product retrieval, and query expanded search result presentations.
Differential Phase Measurement Accuracy of a Monobit Receiver

Differential phase measurements using two receiver channels are used to calculate the angle of arrival of a target signal. A monobit receiver architecture is a desirable receiver type due to its low hardware complexity, sampling rate, and power efficiency. The application motivating this paper benefits from the use of automatic gain control circuitry and sensitivity offered by the monobit architecture. However, the one-bit sampling of the input signal introduces undesirable non-linear effects. This paper analyzes the effects of a monobit receiver architecture on the differential phase accuracy. Simulated results are compared to measurement data collected from prototype monobit receiver hardware. The measured data had good agreement with the simulated results. At a high-input signal-to-noise ratio of 30 dB, the differential phase measurement sigma was approximately 0.66° for input phase shifts of 0°, 45°, and 90°. While the differential phase measurement accuracy is less than predicted by the Cramer–Rao lower bound, it is sufficient for the low cost, power, and size constrained sensor application motivating this paper.
Introduction: Recovery, Resilience, Vulnerability, and Justice

Disparate outcomes from disaster, including the permanent displacement and essentially forced internal migration of lower-income and minority residents, occurred following Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and continue to occur following large disasters as well as chronic events. The introduction uses examples such as Hurricane Katrina to describe the nexus between justice and disaster recovery outcomes, arguing for the application of a capacities justice framework and a human rights approach in disaster recovery. The chapter provides some background on the existing literature and policy frameworks, including the concepts of resilience and vulnerability, along with the role of historic practices and systemic racism in the creation of the modern hazard landscape.
Affinity informs environmental cooperation between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (Anammox) bacteria.

Anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (Anammox) bacteria (AnAOB) rely on nitrite supplied by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA). Affinities for ammonia and oxygen play a crucial role in AOA/AOB competition and their association with AnAOB. In this work we measured the affinity constants for ammonia and oxygen (half-saturation; km) of two freshwater AOA enrichments, an AOA soil isolate (N. viennensis), and a freshwater AnAOB enrichment. The AOA enrichments had similar kinetics (μmax ≈ 0.36 d−1, km,NH4 ≈ 0.78 µM, and km,O2 ≈ 2.9 µM), whereas N. viennensis had similar km values but lower μmax (0.23 d−1). In agreement with the current paradigm, these AOA strains showed a higher affinity for ammonia (lower km,NH4; 0.34–1.27 µM) than published AOB measurements (>20 µM). The slower growing AnAOB (μmax ≈ 0.16 d−1) had much higher km values (km,NH4 ≈ 132 µM, km,NO2 ≈ 48 µM) and were inhibited by oxygen at low levels (half-oxygen inhibition; ki,O2 ≈ 0.092 µM). The higher affinity of AOA for ammonia relative to AnAOB, suggests AOA/AnAOB cooperation is only possible where AOA do not outcompete AnAOB for ammonia. Using a biofilm model, we show that environments of ammonia/oxygen counter diffusion, such as stratified lakes, favors this cooperation.
Movement patterns of adult Interior Band-tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata) in New Mexico

ABSTRACT Improved knowledge of movements of the Interior population of Band-tailed Pigeons (Patagioenas fasciata) is needed to inform management decisions. We investigated daily and seasonal moveme...
SAT0443 RECONCILIATION OF URATE LOWERING THERAPIES DURING HOSPITALIZATION AND THE IMPACT OF RHEUMATOLOGIC CONSULTATION ON MANAGEMENT OF INPATIENT GOUT FLARES

Background Hospitalizations complicated by gout flares have an impact on patient care. Delayed diagnosis and suboptimal management can lead to prolonged discomfort, impair chronic outcomes of the disease and lengthen the hospitalization (1). Patients on urate lowering therapy (ULT) are frequently admitted to the hospital for unrelated causes but there is variability in inpatient medication management of the urate lowering agent and acute management of the flare. Objectives In this descriptive study, we analyse the variability of reconciliation of ULT on admission and discharge and the impact of rheumatology consultation on acute and chronic management of gout. Methods Patients- above the age of 18- admitted to our tertiary care hospital from 01/01/2010 to 01/01/2016 with an ICD-9 or an ICD-10 diagnosis of gout were reviewed. The first 200 patients underwent a retrospective chart review as a pilot study for an ongoing project. We reviewed patient demographics, laboratory testing, and co-morbid conditions; medications on admission and discharge, incidence of gout flare- diagnosis and management during hospitalization, rheumatology consultation and discharge plan for these patients. Results Of the 200 patients reviewed, 2.69 admissions per person. We further described the patients who had a gout flare during hospitalization (n =54, 27%). 66% of these patients were males, mean age 69.8 years and BMI 31.78kg/m2. A majority of patients had hypertension, renal disease, and dyslipidemia (Table 1). 70% of the patients were on chronic medications for gout (Table 2). 29.6% of these patients were continued on these agents upon admission and only 64.8% of these patient was eventually discharged on these drugs. Rheumatology consulted for 68.5% of the patients. Arthrocentesis was more frequently performed when rheumatology was consulted (70% vs.17.6%; p Conclusion Rheumatology consultation improved adherence to guidelines in diagnosis and management of gout flare and improved the discharge planning and follow up. References [1] Robinson PC, Kempe S, et al. Epidemiology of inpatient gout in Australia and New Zealand: temporal trends, comorbidities and gout flare site. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016Jul26. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12941. Disclosure of Interests None declared
Tension and Cyclic Behavior of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites

AbstractIn this research the constitutive behavior of high-performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composites (HPFRCCs) was evaluated experimentally under uniaxial monotonic tension and cyclic lo...
Conivaptan for the Reduction of Cerebral Edema in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Safety and Tolerability Study.

Perihematomal edema (PHE) growth in intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a biomarker for worse outcomes. Although the management of PHE is potentially beneficial for ICH patients, there is currently no proven clinical therapy that both reduces PHE and improves outcomes in this population. To examine the safety and tolerability of conivaptan, a non-peptide vasopressin (AVP) receptor antagonist, for the management of PHE in ICH patients. We performed a single-center, open-label, phase I study in seven patients with ICH at risk for developing PHE. Conivaptan (20 mg) was administered every 12 h for 2 days, along with the standard ICH management. Electrolyte levels, renal and cardiac function, and vital signs were monitored throughout treatment. Neurological status, ICH, and PHE volumes were assessed at study baseline, 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days from the first conivaptan administration, as well as at the 3-month follow-up. Conivaptan was well tolerated in our patients. We observed the expected increase in sodium levels following conivaptan administration (p = 0.01), with no change in cardiac or renal function. All patients survived to follow-up, and adverse event rates were comparable with those of the neurocritical care unit overall. These data indicate that conivaptan can be safely administered to ICH patients and support further clinical investigation into the efficacy of this drug for ICH treatment. clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03000283, 22 December 2016.
Relationships Between Extracellular pH, Intracellular pH, and Cell Injury During ‘Chemical Hypoxia’

Injury to hepatocytes, reversible and irreversible, is a common event in human disease. The essential mechanisms preceding and culminating in irreversible hepatocyte injury, a key phenomenon in all hepatic diseases, are still poorly understood. Therefore, experimental models of hepatocellular injury are critical to our understanding the cellular events producing irreversible liver injury.
The microbiome and the immune system in critical illness.

Purpose of review Although the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in the maintenance of health, it is hypothesized to drive morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. This review describes the relationship between the gut microbiome and the immune system in critical illness. Recent findings The gut microbiome is converted to a pathobiome in the ICU, characterized by decreased microbial diversity and pathogen predominance. These changes are induced by a pathologic microenvironment and are further exacerbated by common medical treatments initiated in the ICU. The conversion of the microbiome to a pathobiome has direct consequences on the regulation of inflammation and immunity by loss of beneficial host responses and initiation of maladaptive changes that can further propagate critical illness. Summary The gut microbiome is dramatically altered in the ICU. In light of constant crosstalk between the microbiome and the host immune system, the pathobiome may play a key mechanistic role in driving a maladaptive response in critically ill patients. The pathobiome represents a potential therapeutic target in the management of critical illness whereby restoration of a healthier microbiome may directly alter the host inflammatory response, which could lead to improved patient outcomes.
The Impact of Human Capital and Skill Availability On Attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Into Regions within Developing Economies

When making a strategic location choice multinational corporations (MNCs) examine a number of conditions which influence the investment before settling on the location choice that includes human capital and availability of a skilled workforce. This paper will test the importance of the relationship between geographic distribution and clustering of foreign firms and the influence of human capital and skill present in the regions, generally represented by major cities, on the location choice strategy and innovation activity of foreign investors across regions in the host economy of a developing nation. Testing the data on the location of foreign firms and skilled workforce (among other factors) in the regions across Poland, this study finds that a higher level of presence of skilled workforce in the regions tends to attract higher value-added and service-related foreign subsidiaries into them hence, furthering the development of the host cities and regions.Also, the industries with higher amounts of foreign investment tend to narrow their industrial specialization, in some regions including also smaller regions such as Podkarpackie, while Mazowieckie (the leading region) continues to attract higher value-added and service FDI despite the highest labor cost.
O16.2 Episodic PrEP Use among Young Women in Siaya County, Kenya

Introduction The DREAMS Initiative provides PrEP to young women (YW) in Siaya County, Kenya, to combat the region’s high HIV incidence. Women must take PrEP consistently for three weeks for full protection; episodic use may diminish PrEP’s effectiveness. We describe findings on episodic PrEP use from participatory-based research to identify multi-level factors influencing YW’s PrEP use. Methods Using photovoice, YW and four groups in their social ecology—female peers, male peers/partners, family, and community members, including healthcare providers—participated in four iterative activities. First, participants photographed factors influencing YW’s PrEP persistence. Second, participants discussed photographs with their own group (e.g., YW discussed with other YW). Third, YW and members in other groups (e.g., female peers) discussed each other’s photographs and answered questions on themes from previous discussions. Fourth, YW shared individual experiences on themes during in-depth interviews. All discussions/interviews were audio-recorded, simultaneously translated/transcribed, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. We focus on data from YW and female peers. Results During group discussions, YW and female peers (n=27) explained that YW perceive male partners as the primary source of HIV risk. As a result, YW commonly stop taking PrEP when partners are away for a few days to several weeks; they start taking PrEP again the day their partners return. Participants stressed that taking PrEP consistently for three weeks may be difficult for some because YW are unaware of their partners’ return date and husbands’ unwillingness to delay sex. Among YW interviewed (n=18), nearly all their partners traveled, and about one-third reported stopping PrEP during their partners’ absences. Reasons two-thirds continue include not knowing partners’ sexual behaviors when traveling, and because PrEP provides HIV protection in case of accidents or rape. Conclusion Counseling on PrEP persistence during partners’ short absences is essential for PrEP to be most effective among YW in Kenya.
Impact of homogenization on microstructure-property relationships of Inconel 718 alloy prepared by laser powder bed fusion

Abstract Due to the temperature gradients generated from the complex heating and cooling cycles during Laser Powder Bed Fusion, strong columnar texture is often observed in the as-built Inconel 718 alloys together with notable residual stress, which leads to anisotropic properties of manufactured alloy components. We found that, in contrast to the typical homogenization performed at 1065°C, a simple higher temperature homogenization step conducted at 1180°C can effectively remove the residual stress and reconstruct the microstructure by introducing recrystallization. More importantly, it can introduce isotropic microstructures and tensile properties, which are critical in engineering applications. Additionally, owing to the elimination of the residual stress, the precipitation of the strengthening phase γ″ becomes more isotropic (i.e., with three variants precipitating) during the subsequent aging process. This work is conducive to developing effective post-heat treatment of additively manufactured alloys for better performance.
Towards a chemistry-informed paradigm for designing molecules

Computational design of molecules for optimal performance is of interest in many fields, including chemical engineering. Often, however, these methods, in particular those based on rigorous mathematical optimization, do not explicitly take into consideration chemistry information, such as (but not limited to) synthesis feasibility. This opinion article discusses traditional and current approaches through examples from the literature where properties that depend on chemical transformations of the molecule are incorporated in the design process. Through these examples, the article highlights the importance of cheminformatics, graph theory, and machine learning in: (1) representation of the molecules, (2) reaction prediction and generation, and (3) property estimation. The article finally presents a vision of including information about chemical transformations in molecule design procedures, highlighting rigorous optimization and machine learning approaches such as generative modeling and reinforcement learning.
Document Retrieval using Predication Similarity

Document retrieval has been an important research problem over many years in the information retrieval community. State-of-the-art techniques utilize various methods in matching documents to a given document including keywords, phrases, and annotations. In this paper, we propose a new approach for document retrieval that utilizes predications (subject-predicate-object triples) extracted from the documents. We represent documents as sets of predications. We measure the similarity between predications to compute the similarity between documents. Our approach utilizes the hierarchical information available in ontologies in computing concept-concept similarity, making the approach flexible. Predication-based document similarity is more precise and forms the basis for a semantically aware document retrieval system. We show that the approach is competitive with an existing state-of-the-art related document retrieval technique in the biomedical domain.
Discovery of Face-on Counterparts of Chain Galaxies in the Tadpole Advanced Camera for Surveys Field

The background field of the Tadpole galaxy image taken with the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys contains 87 clump clusters that are probably low-inclination versions of the 69 chain galaxies that we found in a previous paper. This conclusion follows from the similarity in colors and apparent magnitudes of the brightest clumps in the clump clusters and chain galaxies and from the similarity between the distribution of axial ratios for the combined sample and the distribution for normal disk galaxies. These distributions are consistent with chains and clump clusters being disks viewed at random angles with intrinsic axial ratios of 0.1-0.2 or less. The disks appear to be gas-rich galaxies at z = 1-2 that are forming an early generation of stars in a small number of very large star complexes.
Xylosyltransferases in Cryptococcus laurentii.

Abstract A particle-bound enzyme preparation from the fungus imperfectus, Cryptococcus laurentii, contains at least two different xylosyltransferases. One of these catalyzes the transfer of xylosyl units from UDP-xylose to endogenous cell envelope glycoproteins. The enzyme requires the disaccharide, 3-O-α-d-mannosyl-d-mannose, or the same structure at the terminal nonreducing end of an oligosaccharide as an acceptor. The xylosyl residue is transferred to the pentultimate mannosyl at the nonreducing end of the acceptor with the formation of a β-1,2 linkage. The product, 3-O-α-d-mannosyl-(2-O-β-d-xylosyl)-d-[3-14C]mannose, was synthesized, reduced with sodium borohydride, oxidized with periodate, again reduced, and then hydrolyzed. This procedure led to the formation of [14C]erythritol confirming the structure of the product. The xylosyltransferase has a pH optimum of 6.0 to 6.5. The apparent Km values for UDP-xylose and mannobiose are 1.4 mm and 19 mm, respectively. These properties, as well as the nature of the product formed, stability of the enzyme at 38°, and inhibition by nucleotides, clearly differentiate between this enzyme and a second xylosyltransferase that has been described for C. laurentii (Cohen, A., and Feingold, D. S. (1967) Biochemistry 6, 2933).
Chapter 6 - Hydrogen Interactions with Polycrystalline and Amorphous Silicon—Theory

This chapter discusses hydrogen (H) interactions with polycrystalline and amorphous silicon (a-Si). Hydrogen interacts with silicon in a wide variety of ways, including passivation of the surface, passivation of shallow as well as deep levels, and generation of extended defects. In amorphous and polycrystalline silicon, hydrogen passivates dangling bonds and eliminates deep levels from the bandgap, thereby improving the electronic quality of the material. Isolated interstitial hydrogen can assume different charge states in silicon. The impurity introduces a level in the bandgap, and the charge state depends on the occupation of that level. The charge state determines the most favorable location of hydrogen in the semiconductor lattice. The charge states of interstitial H in a-Si have not been established conclusively, but it is plausible that they would follow the same trends as for H in crystalline Si (c-Si).
Virulence factors in endometrial cancer

The majority of endometrial cancers are relatively benign and curable; there is a subset of virulent tumors that demands recognition. Factors that must be evaluated include: tumor grade, ploidy, steroid receptors, myometrial invasion, lymph node status, extrauterine disease or positive peritoneal fluid, and certain special tumors. These tumors of special virulence include: papillary adenocarcinoma, papillary serous adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, and clear cell carcinoma. Virulent tumors (approximately 20%) require special consideration and special treatment.
Measurements of shock wave location in hypersonic nitrogen flow

Complex three dimensional shock waves about space shuttle configuration, visualizing hypersonic nitrogen flow with electron beams
Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor‐β (TGF‐β) Signaling by Scutellaria baicalensis and Fritillaria cirrhosa Extracts in Endometrial Cancer

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), regulates cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and is an inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Cancer cells exhibit activated TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway and its inhibition is an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. The Chinese Herbs Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) and Fritillaria cirrhosa (FC) have been shown to be beneficial to cancer patients, but the mechanisms by which the extracts of two herbs elicit the beneficial effects are unclear. In this study, we have used human endometrial cancer cells to assess the anticancer efficacy of SB and FC on TGF-β signaling pathway components. SB and FC treatment of cancer cells resulted in a significant decrease in expression of TGF-β isoforms, TGF-β receptors, and SMADs. Both herbs effectively inhibited basal and TGF-β1-induced cancer cell proliferation and invasion, which was accompanied with abrogation of Snail, Slug, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), αvβ3 integrin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and p-FAK expression. An inhibitor of TGF-βRI blocked TGF-β1-induced cell invasion and significantly diminished antitumor effects of SB and FC. These results suggest that SB and FC block endometrial cancer growth by downregulating TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway.
Rubella-induced embryopathies in monkeys

Abstract Rubella virus was injected into 14 pregnant monkeys when the embryos were 20 to 44 days old. Neutralizing antibody titers determined on maternal sera, when the fetuses were at least 56 days old, revealed a maternal host response to the virus. Nine females aborted with the loss of their conceptuses; 3 embryos, taken by cesarean section from females infected after the sensitive period of ocular development, had histologically normal eyes; and 2 fetuses, taken by surgical intervention from females infected during the sensitive period of ocular development, had lens changes similar to those reported in human embryos derived from rubella-infected mothers. Virus was isolated from one of the last two fetuses showing lenticular changes. Otic, cutaneous, chorion, and osseous fetal lesions, as well as a reduction of fetal size, were also induced by inoculation of pregnant monkeys with rubella virus.
Implementation of a mandated venous thromboembolism clinical order set improves venous thromboembolism core measures.

AbstractBackground: Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. It results in approximately 300 000 deaths in the United States each year, and two thirds of VTE events are hospital acquired. However, VTE prophylaxis for hospitalized patients remains suboptimal. Objectives: Assess the effect of a physician-mandated VTE prophylaxis computerized order set on the rates of hospital acquired VTE. Methods: A retrospective prevalence study of hospitalized patients pre- and postimplementation of a mandatory VTE order set. Additionally, the Joint Commission VTE Core Measures data was tracked for improvements postimplementation. Results: At baseline, 73% of patients received appropriate prophylaxis (n = 148) compared with 90% (n = 192) postintervention (P = 0.015). The percentage of patients who received VTE prophylaxis within 24 hours of arrival at the hospital increased from a baseline of 73% to 93% postimplementation (P = 0.0004...
Natural Disaster, Perceived Control, and Attributions to Fate

Taking advantage of the natural randomization of the consequences of a major brush fire, an interview study was conducted among affected homeowners one year following the fire. In comparison with those who had been equally exposed to the fire but not burned out, those whose homes had been destroyed attributed such outcomes more to luck and less to their own efforts, despite the fact that victims did not differ from nonvictims in actual efforts during the fire nor in characteristics of their homes. These results were interpreted as a naturalistic replication of previous findings regarding the illusion of control over chance events.
Pelvocalyceal thickening in HIV-associated nephropathy

Background Previously reported causes of renal pelvocalyceal thickening (PCT) include infection, acute tubular necrosis and obstruction. This study was performed to evaluate the significance of PCT noted sonographically in patients with hyperechoic native kidneys.
Single scattering of 5 GeV/c muons in nuclear emulsion

Abstract The single-scattering distribution of 5 GeV/ c muons was measured in nuclear emulsion. The muon tracks were followed by fast-scanning technique and thus a total of 312 single-scattering events of angle ≈ 1.4 mrad was found from 40.9 m track length. Pion contamination in the muon beam was negligible. The observed scattering distribution which extends up to 0.5° scattering angle is in good agreement with the electromagnetic theory.
Arteriovenous fistula: a complication of cardiac pacemaker lead placement and its management with percutaneous embolization

A right internal mammary artery to right brachiocephalic vein fistula was discovered following implantation of a permanent cardiac pacemaker. The fistula was closed via percutaneous embolization.
In vivo metabolism of benz[a]anthracene by the polychaete Nereis virens

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) can be metabolically activated to reactive intermediates with mutagenic potential. Although marine sediments serve as the major repository for PAH released into the environment, little is known of the capabilities of benthic organisms, particularly infaunal invertebrates to metabolize PAH. 1 In this study, in vivo metabolism of of the PAH benz[ a ]anthracene (BA) by the polychaete Nereis virens was investigated. Worms maintained in flow-through benthic microcosms were exposed to [ 14 C-12]-BA sorbed to sediment, introduced directly to the water column, and in labeled food for periods of 4 to 25 days. Regardless of mode of exposure, most radiolabel recovered from Nereis was present as metabolic products with only 2 to 23% remaining as parent compound. In addition, a significant proportion (from 33 to 51%) of accumulated radioactivity was neither solvent extractable nor water soluble, suggesting that incorporation into macromolecular pools is a major fate of accumulated BA in Nereis virens .
Reference frames for plate tectonics and uncertainties

Abstract Paleomagnetic, hotspot, and mean-lithosphere frameworks are compared for the Cenozoic Era. Errors in the relative motions of plate pairs accumulate to give uncertainties in reference frames. Uncertainties in the poles of the mean-lithosphere framework are estimated to be less than 1° and for the hotspot framework 1.1°, assuming a 50 km error in location of individual hotspots. The A 95 's for paleomagnetic data range from 1° to 5°. With these uncertainties the differences between the paleomagnetic and mean-lithosphere coordinate systems are not found to be statistically significant, and the hotspot frame barely differs from the mean-lithosphere frame during the early Tertiary. On the other hand, the hotspot and paleomagnetic axes diverge in opposing directions in the mean-lithosphere framework, and can be distinguished. This difference can be attributed to the Pacific hotspots having more than 10° motion relative to the mean-lithosphere, whereas the African set of hotspots does not statistically differ from the mean-lithosphere frame. One possible explanation is a shift of the Pacific hotspots relative to those in the Atlantic.
Lifespan longitudinal multitasking by cortical neurons

The large number of neurons (1011) and synapses (1014) in the mammalian brain provides a rich anatomical substrate for information processing. Many neurons perform very specialized functions, such as detecting or processing sensory stimuli, relaying or amplifying attributes of an afferent input to another brain area or making decisions to convert inputs into action. Some cell types, including the early-generated subplate cells of the developing cerebral cortex, play a special role during a restricted period of early brain development, acting transiently as scaffolds for the formation of thalamocortical and corticothalamic connections. However, many of these neurons (10–20%) survive elimination and become functionally integrated into the mature cortical circuitry. Thus, a single neuron type can perform different functions in the brain at different periods of life, potentially increasing the combinatorial capacity of the functional cellular architecture of the brain over the lifespan.
Intraoperative optical refractive biometry for intraocular lens power estimation without axial length and keratometry measurements.

Purpose To correlate intraoperative aphakic autorefraction to conventional emmetropic intraocular lens (IOL) calculations and derive an empiric predictive model for IOL estimation based on optical refractive biometry without axial length and keratometry measurements. Setting Institutional Review Board of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles County General Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA. Methods A pilot group of 22 eyes of 22 patients scheduled for cataract surgery were enrolled in a prospective trial. All patients had a standard preoperative workup with subsequent cataract extraction and IOL implantation according to conventional biometric measurements and IOL calculations. Intraoperative autorefractive retinoscopy was used to obtain aphakic autorefraction and to measure the aphakic spherical equivalent before lens implantation. A linear regression analysis was used to correlate the aphakic spherical equivalent to the final adjusted emmetropic IOL power to empirically derive a refractive formula for IOL calculation (optical refractive biometry method). A second validation series of 16 eyes was used in a head-to-head comparison between the optical refractive biometry and the conventional IOL formulas. A subset of 6 eyes from the validation series were post-refractive cases having subsequent cataract surgery. Results Intraoperative retinoscopic autorefraction was successfully obtained in all 22 patients in the pilot group and all 16 patients in the validation group. The spherical equivalent of the aphakic autorefraction correlated linearly with the final adjusted emmetropic IOL power ( P r 2 =.9985). The relationship was sustained over an axial length range of 21.43 to 25.25 mm and an IOL power range of 12.0 to 25.5 diopters (D). In a subsequent validation series of 10 standard and 6 post-laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) cataract cases, the optical refractive biometry method proved to be a better predictive model for IOL estimation than conventional formulas; 83% of the LASIK eyes and 100% of the normal eyes were within ±1.0 D of the final IOL power when aphakic autorefraction was used, compared with 67% of LASIK eyes and 100% of the normal eyes, using the conventional methodology. Conclusions A new model for IOL power calculation was derived based on an optical refractive methodology that breaks away from the conventional art introduced by Fyodorov in the 1960s. A purely refractive algorithm is used to predict the power of the IOL at the time of surgery without the need for axial length and keratometry measurements. This method bypasses some limitations of conventional biometry and shows promise in the post-refractive cataract cases.
Modeling and Simulation of Performance of Stiffened Plates During Strength Analysis

This paper performs strength analysis on arbitrarily stiffened and regular stiffened plates to investigate the strengthening effects of stiffener’s height, number, and arrangement on the stiffened plates’ ultimate strength limit (USL). It is also found that the strengthening effects of an arbitrarily oriented stiffener (or oblique stiffener) can be decoupled to two perpendicular regular stiffeners which are located in appropriate positions. Nonlinear buckling analyses were performed on the arbitrarily stiffened plates with one and two arbitrarily oriented stiffeners to verify this finding. The outcome of this paper can be further extended and applied to develop simplified semi-analytical models for buckling strength analysis of constructional plates.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Surface wrinkles for smart adhesion

to develop synthetic analogs as“smart” adhesives, that is, where the geometry of the patternscan tailor the adhesion of the material. However, there arecurrently two limitations in the design of patterned adhesives.First, because of either materials selection or geometric de-sign, the adhesive properties are not always reversible overthe course of multiple attachment–detachment cycles.
An interorganizational knowledge-sharing security model with breach propagation detection

The increasing adoption of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is allowing more and more companies to integrate themselves in interorganizational netchain environments wherein knowledge assets can be electronically shared with selected business partners. The dynamic nature of these environments implies a need for organizations to protect and monitor the flow of their valuable knowledge assets throughout the netchain if they hope to maintain their long-term competitive positions. In this paper, we propose an interorganizational knowledge-sharing security model that integrates the value chain reference model (VCOR), the federated enterprise reference architecture model (FERA), and multidimensional data warehouse technologies to allow for the proactive monitoring of shared knowledge assets across an SOA-based netchain. The proposed architecture is novel In that it supports dynamic policy revision through the automated detection of knowledge-sharing breaches within a netchain--a process whose viability is demonstrated using network flow theory and a series of simulations. Existing business intelligence infrastructures can be readily modified to support the proposed model, as multidimensional data warehousing has already been adopted in many organizations.
Successful graduate students: The roles of personality traits and emotional intelligence

Given the complex role of school psychologists, it is in the interest of stakeholders to identify characteristics related to student success in graduate training, which is suggestive of their effectiveness as practitioners. This study explores the relationship of personality traits and Emotional Intelligence (EI) to graduate students' performance in the classroom and the field. Participants were 63 school psychology students who completed measures of EI and Big Five personality traits. These measures were compared with two outcomes that can be indicators of success: Graduate grade point average (GGPA) and supervisor ratings of student performance at internship upon completion of their studies. EI was significantly correlated with GGPA; personality traits were not. The personality trait Conscientiousness and EI were significantly correlated with internship ratings. The implications and limitations of this preliminary data set for school psychology training programs are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development Rate of Variegated Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Development times for all life stages of variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hubner), reared on artificial diet were determined at 10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C and two dual-temperature regimes. Egg hatch did not occur at 35°C, and larvae reared at this temperature did not complete development beyond the 4th instar. The lower developmental threshold temperature was estimated to be 3.0°C for egg hatch, 4.1°C for larvae, 5.0°C for prepupae, 5.7°C for pupae, and 4.2°C for total development. Egg hatch, larval development, pupal development, and total development required 106, 382, 273, and 858 Celsius degree-days, respectively.
Social organization in free-living prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster

Breeding units (occupants of a nest including at least one reproductive female) within two free-living populations of the prairie vole, Microtus ochrogaster, were monitored by live-trapping at nest during two 28-h periods each week from October 1980 to March 1984. Data are presented for 281 breeding units from all seasons, at high and low population densities and during breeding and nonbreeding periods. Fifty percent of the breeding units were monogamous (single resident reproductive male and female), 27% consisted of a single reproductive female with no resident adult male and 23% included more than one resident adult male and/or female (“complex units”). Monogamous units were present in the same proportions during breeding and nonbreeding periods. The number of monogamous units was significantly greater at low population densities than at high densities. During winter there were relatively more complex units and fewer single female units than during the rest of the year. Monogamous pairs remained together for an average of 42 days. Seventy-eight percent of these pairs were disbanded by the death of one or both members. There were few overlaps of the home ranges of adjacent breeding units. Significantly more nests were visited by nonresident males than by females, and the intervals between visits by males were significantly shorter than those for visits by females. Males visited single female units significantly more often than units with one or more resident males. Survival of juveniles was generally very low; 38% and 34% of young males and females, respectively, that were trapped survived until 30 days of age. Of young females remaining at the natal nest at low population densities, only 17.6% were reproductively activated; 77.1% of such females became reproductively activated at high densities. All young females that dispersed from the natal nest became reproductive.
Gene expression profiles of fatigued fibromyalgia patients with different categories of pain and catastrophizing: A preliminary report

Abstract Background Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by diffused musculoskeletal pain and overwhelming fatigue. Purpose To compare the gene expression profiles of fatigued FM women with different levels of pain and catastrophizing. Methods Nine women with FM enrolled in an active Medstar Research Institute protocol were included in the gene expression analyses of peripheral blood RNA via Affymetrix GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 array (Santa Clara, CA). Scores from Brief Pain Inventory, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory categorized the nine participants into pain (high, n = 3; low, n = 6) and catastrophizing groups (high, n = 5; low, n = 4). Discussion Differential expression of 107 genes between the high and low pain groups and 139 genes between the high and low catastrophizing groups (over 2.0-fold change, p Conclusion Findings provide preliminary evidence that specific physiological pathways may possibly delineate pain and catastrophizing mechanisms. Further investigation via the use of a larger and more homogenous sample is warranted.
Instruction in software project communication through guided inquiry and reflection

Software professionals routinely use sophisticated problem solving and design skills in their communication with one another and other stakeholders in the software process. We wish to introduce our computer science and software engineering students to the communication challenges of real software development and help them to develop skills to meet these challenges. We describe our guided inquiry approach to addressing communication in a team software project course. This course constitutes a crucial juncture in the academic journey of our students, where they learn and practice the full responsibilities of a software engineer, including "soft skills" like communication. Early in the course, we expose the students to real communication challenges that others have faced. Later, during their project development, we ask them to reflect on the communication challenges they are facing. We describe the guided inquiry techniques that scaffold the students' understanding of communication issues, and we outline our pattern approach to communication design. We provide some initial results from the classroom, following teams as they explore the communication practices of others and reflect on their own.
Histochemical analysis of extracellular matrix material in embryonic mouse lens morphogenesis

Abstract Extracellular matrix material (ECM) present during mouse lens morphogenesis was studied histologically by the periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian blue 8GX, pH 2.5, high iron diamine, and Van Gieson methods, and enzymatically with bovine testicular hyaluronidase, Streptomyces hyaluronidase, malt diastase, and collagenase. The basal lamina of the optic vesicle prior to lens placode formation was found to be higher in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content than was the ectodermal basal lamina. Upon apposition of the optic vesicle and presumptive lens ectoderm, the ECM plus basal laminae appeared as the equivalent of adding both optic vesicle-associated and ectodermal-associated basal lamina. The proposal is made that the initial triggering mechanism of lens morphogenesis consists of a cross-linking and polymerization of optic vesicle-associated GAG to ectodermal-associated glycoproteins resulting in a firm attachment between the structures. Basal lamina associated with the presumptive pigmented retina and also the more ventral part of the interface matrix were found to change from predominantly GAG in early stages to collagen deposits in more advanced stages, temporally coinciding with the appearance of differentiative markers in each structure. This pattern of GAG turnover and replacement by collagen during the course of development is also seen in mouse salivary gland morphogenesis ( M. R. Bernfield, S. D. Banerjee, and R. H. Cohn (1972). J. Cell Biol. 52, 674–686. ).
Simple derivative mode detector for liquid chromatography

Abstract A derivative mode detector is described for liquid chromatography. The derivative mode signal can be obtained by a simple modification of commercially available able UV dual-channel detectors. The modification involves a change in the flow pattern of the column effluent in the two optical channels. The resulting derivative signal provides useful information for convenient and precise determinations of peak parameters, such as the retention time and standard deviation of the concentration distribution, which are needed for the estimation of the plate height, resolution, and other chromatographic factors.