cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faculty Role Categories: A Dean's Management Challenge.

In this article, the authors' goal was to examine faculty roles from a role-theoretic perspective based on a typology of faculty categories. Based on an assessment of specific faculty needs within each category, the authors proposed a differentiated management model for academic deans to address specific segments of the faculty work environment.
Affective Responses to the Concept of Death in a Population of Children and Early Adolescents

(1958). Affective Responses to the Concept of Death in a Population of Children and Early Adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 167-177.
The Need For Continuous and Comprehensive Sampling of Effort/Response Bias During Neuropsychological Examinations

While most neuropsychologists are now administering measures of response bias in neuropsychological evaluations, it is still likely that detection of non-credible test performance is inadequate due to faulty assumptions regarding poor effort, namely that it remains constant across a battery of tests. Four cases are described that illustrate the variability in negative response bias that occurs during neuropsychological evaluations; if effort had not been periodically sampled with heterogeneous types of effort indicators during these examinations, the suspect performance would not have been detected. These examples argue for both continuous and comprehensive sampling of effort, specifically that negative response bias be routinely monitored throughout neuropsychological evaluations, and that effort indicators involving differing cognitive abilities be employed to assess for feigning of selective deficits.
Arguesian Identities in Invariant Theory

Abstract Having been motivated by an example of Doubilet, Rota, and Stein [Stud. Appl. Math.56(1976), 185–216], we present a technique for constructing geometric identities in a Grassmann–Cayley algebra. Each identity represents a projective invariant closely related to the Theorem of Desargues in the plane and its generalizations to higher dimensional projective space. The construction employs certain combinatorial properties of matchings in bipartite graphs. We also prove a dimension independence result for Arguesian identities, thereby connecting the identities with lattice theory.
Pneumothorax in polysubstance-abusing marijuana and tobacco smokers: Three cases

Three patients are reported who suffered spontaneous pneumothorax, each of whom also had a history of daily marijuana and tobacco use. The patients ranged in age from 24 to 37 years, had smoked marijuana on a daily basis for 10 to 14 years, and had 11 to 50 pack-year tobacco-smoking histories. Marijuana may predispose to pneumothorax both by accelerating tobacco-induced lung disease, and by the frequent performance of the Valsalva maneuver during marijuana smoking. Although there is an association between pneumothorax and heavy tobacco use, an association with chronic daily marijuana use has not previously been reported.
Synthesis of reduced complex oxides of molybdenum by fused salt electrolysis

Abstract Fused salt electrolysis has been used to prepare a number of reduced oxides of molybdenum with lanthanum, neodymium, and yttrium in single crystal or oriented polycrystalline form. The average valence of molybdenum in the various compounds ranged from 5.67 to 3.50. Previously unreported compounds include La 5 Mo 4 O 16 (triclinic a = 5.64 A, b = 20.7 0A, c = 5.64 A, α = 86.55°, β = 90.0°, γ = 93.45°); La 2 Mo 2 O 7 (orthorhombic, a = 12.19 A, b = 6.05 A, c = 3.87 A); LaMo 2 O 5 (hexagonal, a = 8.378 A, c = 19.26 A). In addition, single crystal specimens have been prepared of Y 2 MoO 5 , Ln 5 Mo 3 O 16 ( Ln =La, Nd) and metal atom cluster compounds of the A 2 Mo 3 O 8 type ( A = Mg, Co, Ni, Zn).
Early diagnosis of renal malfunction in diabetics. Abnormal proteinuria revealed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Renal damage is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus. Most methods used to detect kidney malfunction show abnormalities only in the advanced stages. To find whether sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the urinary proteins could give earlier indications of kidney malfunction, 68 patients with maturity-type diabetes and 22 with juvenile-type diabetes have been studied. Quantitative determination of proteinuria, urinary lysozyme, creatinine clearance and SDS-PAGE of urinary proteins were performed. Diabetics of both types with disease of more than 10 years duration showed significantly greater proteinuria and lysozymuria, higher serum creatinine values and lower creatinine clearances than their respective controls. Such differences were not seen in patients with diabetes of short duration. SDS-PAGE allowed detection of a higher proportion of patients with abnormalities. Thus, 3 out of 10 patients with juvenile diabetes of short duration showed predominant excretion of low molecular weight proteins, suggesting tubular dysfunction. This was not observed in the other groups of diabetics where increased elimination of high molecular weight proteins was noted, suggesting glomerular damage. SDS-PAGE revealed a higher frequency of abnormalities than other tests of renal function, with 67% abnormal in juvenile-type diabetes of greater than 10 years duration, 45% in maturity-type diabetes of less than 10 years duration and 76% abnormal in maturity-type diabetes of greater than 10 years duration.
Kinetics of prephosphorylation reactions and myosin light chain phosphorylation in smooth muscle. Flash photolysis studies with caged calcium and caged ATP.

The pre-myosin light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation components of the lag phase (td) of contractile activation were determined in permeabilized smooth muscles activated by photolytic release of ATP from caged ATP and/or Ca2+ from 4-(2-nitrophenyl)-EGTA (NP-EGTA). Calmodulin (CaM) shortened the td (470 ms at 0 added CaM) that followed Ca2+ release, but its effect (td = ∼200 ms) saturated at 40 μM. Photolysis of caged ATP following preequilibration with identical [Ca4CaM] shortened td to 41 ms. The rate of phosphorylation was very fast (3.5 s−1 at 22°C in the presence of 5 μM exogenous CaM) following photolysis of caged ATP, and, following Ca2+ release, phosphorylation was accelerated by CaM. Simultaneous photolysis of caged ATP and NP-EGTA was followed by a td of 194 ms at 5 μM CaM and a rate of MLC20 phosphorylation intermediate between these parameters following photolysis of, respectively, NP-EGTA and caged ATP. In the presence of the normal, total endogenous CaM content (37 ± 4 μM) of portal vein smooth muscles td was 565 ms. Steady state maximum force at pCa 5.5 was increased by much lower (100 nM) exogenous [CaM] than was required (>2.5 μM) to shorten the td. We estimate the endogenous CaM available under steady state conditions in vivo to be approximately 0.25 μM and probably less during a rapid Ca2+ transient. We conclude that the [CaM] dependence of the kinetics of MLC20 phosphorylation and force development (t1/2and td) initiated by Ca2+ reflects the recruitment of a slowly diffusible component of total CaM. The relatively long duration of td (197 ms) at saturating [CaM] suggests the contribution to td of an additional component, possibly a prephosphorylation activation/isomerization of the Ca4CaM myosin light chain kinase complex (Torok, K., and Trentham, D. R.(1994) Biochemistry 33, 12807-12820). The relatively short delay (108 ms in the presence of 40 μM CaM) following simultaneous photolysis of NP-EGTA and caged ATP suggests that preincubation with ATP (prior to photolysis of NP-EGTA) may inhibit the formation of a preactive Ca2CaM myosin light chain kinase complex.
Dbp5p, a cytosolic RNA helicase, is required for poly(A) + RNA export

The DBP5 gene encodes a putative RNA helicase of unknown function in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is shown here that Dbp5p is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase required for polyadenylated [poly(A)+] RNA export. Surprisingly, Dbp5p is present predominantly, if not exclusively, in the cytoplasm, and is highly enriched around the nuclear envelope. This observation raises the possibility that Dbp5p may play a role in unloading or remodeling messenger RNA particles (mRNPs) upon arrival in the cytoplasm and in coupling mRNP export and translation. The functions of Dbp5p are likely to be conserved, since its potential homologues can be found in a variety of eukaryotic cells.
Circular geological structures outcropping in the sedimentary basins of Saudi Arabia

Abstract A number of circular geological structures outcrop in the sedimentary basins of Saudi Arabia, several are reviewed here to assess their mode of origin. They are unrelated to each other, are easily seen on aerial imagery, and their origins are assessed here on the basis of new fieldwork and reflection seismic data. The structures range in size from hundreds of meters to several kilometers in diameter. Jabal Rayah (28°39′N, 37°11′30″E) is 5 km in diameter with ring faults and anomalously steep dips in Siluro-Devonian strata. Reflection seismic data demonstrate that underlying strata are structureless and Jabal Rayah is interpreted as a probable impact structure. Ash Shutbah (21°37′08″N, 45°39′21″E) is 2.3 km in diameter and consists of a zone of concentric sub-horizontal folds in Mesozoic carbonates, surrounding a central area of disharmonic, steeply plunging folds and a mass of stratigraphically-anomalous sandstone. There are dissolution structures in the vicinity and although this is a viable explanation, the uniquely large and complex nature of Ash Shutbah suggests an alternative origin by impact. Reflection seismic data show that underlying strata in the vicinity of Ash Shutbah are structureless. A province of at least 100 circular structures occurs in northeast Saudi Arabia. Aerial imagery and reflection seismic data shows that these structures are a mixture of bioherms and dissolution collapse features. The Kidan crater (22°06′53″N, 53°26′38″E) is a subcircular feature approximately 100 m in diameter, exposed in Quaternary sabkha between large sand dunes in the Rub’ Al-Khali. Field investigation reveals an unfaulted bowl with a slightly fractured floor in sabkha facies. 3D reflection seismic data shows a small fault underlying the crater, leading to a fluid escape interpretation for the depression.
Free and Protein-Associated Nitrotyrosine Formation Following Rat Liver Preservation and Transplantation

Abstract Nitrotyrosine in human and animal tissues has been associated with pathologic conditions such as atherosclerosis, renal failure, and acute lung disease. In this study, free and protein-associated nitrotyrosine were determined in plasma and tissue samples using a dual-channel electrochemical detection method. Free nitrotyrosine was quantified in acetonitrile-extracted samples while protein-associated nitrotyrosine was determined in proteinase K-digested samples. In human plasma, total nitrotyrosine increased from 2.3 to 4.3 and 13.2 μmol/mol Tyr following addition of 0, 0.5, and 1 m m ONOO − . To determine if nitrotyrosine was produced during ex vivo hypothermic preservation, rat livers were stored in University of Wisconsin solution (UW) for 0, 6, or 8 h and reperfused for 3 h. Total nitrotyrosine increased 359 and 908% after 6 and 8 h preservation compared to 0 h. To determine if nitrotyrosine was produced in vivo following hepatic ischemia, a rat preservation–transplantation model was utilized in which livers were flushed with cold UW (0-h group) or transplanted following 6 h hypothermic preservation in UW. Free nitrotyrosine increased from 15.7 ± 0.3 in the 0-h group to 23.6 ± 2.5 μmol/mol Tyr, 24 h posttransplant of 6-h preserved livers. Protein-associated nitrotyrosine increased from 9.5 ± 1.1 in the 0-h group to 27.5 ± 0.7 μmol/mol Tyr in the 6-h preservation–transplantation group. Protein-associated nitrotyrosine provides an integrative determination of nitration. Detection of free and protein-associated nitrotyrosine in biologic samples may allow insight into the role of • NO-derived oxidants in tissue injury associated with various pathologic conditions.
A new model in the energy policy planning

Abstract In this paper the application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process in Energy policy planning is introduced. The application of the process to energy policy formulation is explained in greater detail. A desired scenario for the United States' energy future is defined, desired strategies for the attainment of the scenario are formulated, constraints binding each strategy is defined, and policies which would resolve these constraints are formulated and assigned priorities.
Efffectiveness factors and temperature distributions for catalyst particles in non-uniform environments

Abstract The problem of chemical reaction and diffusion in a spherical porous catalyst particle immersed in a non-uniform environments has been solved by the linearization technique of Schilson and Amundson together with finite Legendre transforms. It was found that a wide range of temperature gradients exists throughout the particle for the numerical example chosen. Despite this, the overall effectiveness factor was not too much different from the one for a uniform environment. Thus, very large external gradients would be required to significantly affect single reaction results, although the same would probably not be true for selectivity with complex reactions.
Impacts of Engine Secondary Air System Uncertainties on Gas Turbine Compressor Heat Transfer

The compressor is a particularly sensitive component in a gas turbine engine. Variations from design geometry or operating conditions can have detrimental effects on performance, efficiency and compressor life. In this work the propagation of secondary air system operational uncertainty sources on a rotor-stator cavity at the front of a large turbofan IPC are assessed. The calculations are carried through from appropriate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analyses, characterising the flow and heat transfer in the cavity adjacent to an IP1 disc, to the FE Thermo-mechanical calculations. The application provides an example demonstration how uncertainty quantification may be undertaken for compressor analysis involving intensive CFD computations. The non-deterministic solution provides probabilistic definitions for disc temperatures and blade tip clearances, as key parameters in the design of the component. Whilst CFD has found increasing use in gas turbine air system R&D and design applications, resource requirement has almost always limited its use to deterministic single-input single-output cases. Here, by employing efficient uncertainty quantification based on Polynomial Chaos Methodologies to CFD, the air mass flow and temperature feed to the cavity are treated as operational uncertainty sources. Both single variable and multi-variable sources are considered. The CFD-FE link is established through a Temperature Influence Coefficient methodology and in propagating and managing the uncertainties through both analyses, means and standard deviations in the key design parameters are derived. The value of such a methodology in contrast to deterministic calculations is discussed from the view point of the designer with reference to component temperatures and thermal growths.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
The adaptation of enkephalin, tachykinin and monoamine neurons of the basal ganglia following neonatal dopaminergic denervation is dependent on the extent of dopamine depletion

This study examined whether dopamine (DA) is necessary for the normal development of striatal enkephalin and striatonigral tachykinin peptide systems. The neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was used to induce DA deficiency on the third day of the postnatal period in Sprague-Dawley rat pups. The animals were sacrificed at 60 days of age. The levels of Met5-enkephalin (ME) and substance P (SP) were determined by radioimmunoassay and preproenkephalin (PPE) and preprotachykinin (PPT) mRNA abundance in the striatum were assessed by hybridization analysis. The concentrations of DA, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and their acid metabolites were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The lesioned animals were grouped on the basis of the degree of loss of DA, and changes in ME, SP and 5-HT systems were correlated with respect to the degree of DA loss. The nature and extent of the changes in these systems were dependent on the degree of DA depletion. A loss of more than 90% DA was necessary to result in increased levels of ME and its PPE mRNA and reduced levels of SP and its PPT mRNAs; however, increased levels of 5-HT could be observed at a lower degree of DA loss. The results indicate that the normal development of enkephalin and tachykinin and 5-HT systems of basal ganglia are dependent on the availability of DA and/or the integrity of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. The results are relevant to our further understanding of the neurobiology of DA deficiency disorders.
Cytologic study of the effect of some biomechanical principles of complete denture construction on keratinization of the mucosa of the edentulous ridge

Abstract The purpose of this study was to see whether the amount of keratinization of edentulous ridges has something to do with certain biomechanical qualities of dentures (such as occlusion, stability, retention, and vertical dimension of occlusion). Sixty patients served as subjects for this project and were classified according to the presence or absence of some of these characteristics in their dentures. Smears were made from tissue scrapings collected from the mucosa of four areas of the patients' mouths, and these were stained by the Papanicolaou technique. Each smear was microscopically examined to determine the ratio of enucleated squamae to other cells. The results were tabulated and statistically interpreted.
Adsorption and dynamics of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates on alumina

Abstract Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance (2H NMR) spectroscopy was used to probe the molecular motion of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates on γ-alumina in aqueous solutions. Two homologs with a single and a double chain were employed to compare the adsorption characteristics at various coverages. Sodium decylbenzenesulfonate-d4 (SDBS-d4) was chosen as a single-tailed surfactant. Motionally narrowed (single) resonances were observed from this single-chained homolog on the surface and no discrete quadrupolar splitting was found in any of the concentration ranges investigated. The spectra indicated relatively restricted molecular motion at low coverages, but relatively free motion as the adsorption amounts increased. A double-tailed homolog, sodium 4-(1′-heptylnonyl)benzenesulfonate-d4 (SHBS-d4), also showed a single resonance at low coverage on alumina. However, at full coverage, a discrete powder pattern overlapped a single resonance, indicating the formation of a liquid crystal-like molecular environment at the alumina/water interface. In this report, we summarize our recent investigations of the dynamics of the surface-adsorbed surfactants and discuss the differences in the adsorption behavior of the single- and double-chained homologs.
Clinical evaluation of oral mexiletine therapy in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias

The effect of oral mexiletine therapy on ventricular arrhythmias was evaluated in 58 patients in whom conventional drugs had been unsuccessful. Mean daily dose of mexiletine was 652 mg (range 250 to 1,500) and mean duration of therapy was 14.4 months (range 0.1 to 34.4). Mexiletine was associated with a decrease of 52% in total premature ventricular complexes in 24 hours compared with control (6,841 ± 1,053 [SEM] versus 3,248 ± 734, p Mexiletine was associated with a 48% decrease in episodes of ventricular tachycardia (345.5 versus 179.3/24 h) and 5 of 10 patients with a history of cardiac arrest remained free of symptomatic ventricular tachyarrhythmias for 14.8 months (range 3.7 to 24.3). In 12 patients left ventricular ejection fraction, determined by radionuclide angiography before and during mexiletine therapy, demonstrated no significant change (32 versus 34%). Adverse effects requiring discontinuation of mexiletine occurred in 12 patients (21%) in the entire group and were primarily related to the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Mexiletine was effective in a modest proportion of patients in whom conventional antiarrhythmic therapy had failed. Ventricular function appeared to be unaffected by the drug and the side effects, although relatively frequent, were not serious.
Memory for actions in scripted activities as a function of typicality, retention interval, and retrieval task.

This study examined memory for information that varies in typicality (relevance) to a central organizing schema. Subjects listened to scripted activities and were given recall and recognition tests after different retention intervals. Data supported a schema-pointer-plus-tag model that specifies how memory for scripted actions varies as a function of typicality, retention interval, and retrieval task. Several mathematical formulations of the model were tested in order to simulate the recall and recognition data. The model that best fit the data incorporated four properties. First, memory discrimination is initially better for atypical than for typical actions in both recall and recognition tasks. Second, recall involves conceptually driven retrieval, whereas recognition involves both conceptually driven and data-driven retrieval. Third, conceptually driven retrieval has an exponentially decreasing retention function, whereas there is a linear decrease in data-driven retrieval. Fourth, the retention function for conceptually driven retrieval is steeper for atypical than for typical actions, which supports the notion that the schema plays a more important role in guiding this type of retrieval as the retention interval increases; in contrast, the slopes of the retention functions for data-driven retrieval are the same for typical and atypical actions. A schema-pointer-plus-tag model was compared with some alternative schema-based memory models.
Kinins induce rapid structural changes in colon concomitant with chloride secretion

Voltage-clamped colonic epithelia were fixed for morphological observation minutes after bradykinin was added to produce its well-characterized increase in short circuit current representing net chloride secretion. With respect to paired controls, the average distance from the luminal epithelial surface to the underlying muscularis mucosa decreased significantly with time, and was accompanied by marked structural alterations in the crypts of Lieberkuhn and surrounding lamina propria. This rapid reconfiguration of epithelial architecture suggests that kinin-receptor interaction leads to epithelial contractile events which occur simultaneously with net chloride secretion.
Near-optimal dynamical decoupling of a qubit.

We present a near-optimal quantum dynamical decoupling scheme that eliminates general decoherence of a qubit to order $n$ using $O({n}^{2})$ pulses, an exponential decrease in pulses over all previous decoupling methods. Numerical simulations of a qubit coupled to a spin bath demonstrate the superior performance of the new pulse sequences.
Attitudes, Practices, and Preferences of Pediatricians Regarding Initiation of Hepatitis B Immunization at Birth

Objectives. To explore practices and attitudes of pediatricians toward administration of the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine to infants, and to identify factors influencing the decision of pediatricians to initiate immunization at birth versus at 1 to 2 months of age. Methods. A random sample of 600 pediatricians obtained from the American Academy of Pediatrics membership database was surveyed by mail. Results. Three hundred eighty (68%) of the 563 pediatricians who were located responded to the survey. Of these 380 pediatricians, 279 provided routine immunizations to children. Of the 270 pediatricians who vaccinated children with hepatitis B vaccine and indicated their practice regarding the birth dose, 50% offered the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine at birth to all infants; the rest either offered the vaccine at birth only to infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers and mothers whose serostatus is unknown, or did not offer the birth dose to any infants at all. Practicing in the inner city, working for a medical school or government hospital, and living in a state with universal immunization supply policies were associated with the respondent giving the birth dose. The strongest perceived barriers to giving the birth dose in the hospital were the difficulty tracking these vaccines (39%), the increased cost (27%), and the lack of reimbursement from insurance companies (26%). If a combination vaccine that includes hepatitis B; diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine); and polio (inactivated poliovirus vaccine) antigens become available in the near future, then 38% of physicians who currently give the birth dose to all infants would prefer to wait until 2 months of age to initiate hepatitis B immunization. Conclusions. Efforts to achieve high implementation of hepatitis B birth dose administration may falter once a hepatitis B-containing pentavalent combination vaccine becomes available. Programmatic efforts should ensure prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission through universal prenatal hepatitis B surface antigen screening and immunoprophylaxis of high-risk newborn infants.
Ophthalmic plastic applications of acellular dermal allografts.

Abstract Purpose Clinical problems of contracted conjunctival fornices, superior sulcus defects, and soft tissue contour defects in the periorbital region have not shown good, sustained results with a range of autologous and alloplastic implants. AlloDerm (Lifecell Corp., Woodlands, TX) is an acellular dermal graft processed from human donor tissue. The authors sought to assess the efficacy of AlloDerm as a soft tissue replacement in a variety of oculoplastic applications. Design Retrospective, noncomparative case series. Participants Twenty-three patients. Methods Applications were broadly classified as barrier/scaffolding (i.e., primary and secondary implant coverage, lid spacer graft) and volume augmentation (i.e., superior sulcus and other periorbital soft tissue contour defects). Barrier grafts were applied as single sheets. Stacked sheets or rolled grafts were used for augmentation. Collectively, this material was used in 29 cases with 3 to 16 months' follow-up. Main outcome measures Clinical evaluation of outcome and complications. Results As a soft tissue scaffolding and barrier implant, AlloDerm persisted sufficiently to permit repopulation with native tissue. Rolled/stacked implants demonstrated unpredictable resorption. Upper eyelid grafts seemed to have higher resorption rates than lower eyelid grafts. One case of anophthalmic superior sulcus augmentation required two revision surgeries to provide sufficient volume augmentation. The grafts were well tolerated, with no cases of infection or explanation. Conclusion Acellular human dermis is an excellent barrier and reconstructive grafting material that provides an alternative to autologous grafts and other alloplastic material, avoids harvesting autologous tissue, possesses excellent handling properties, and is associated with minimal inflammation. Long-term follow-up is required to evaluate persistence.
Nanometer Lithography by Fast Atom or Ion Beam Milling

We have produced nanometer scale patterning (nanostructures) by metal shadowing of two-dimensional protein crystals (S-layers), followed by milling with ions or fast atoms. In this parallel process, the metal overlayer is formed into a metal screen consisting of hexagonal arrays of 10 nm size holes with a 20 nm periodicity. We have studied the time evolution of the milling process, and temperature effects. Nanostructure formation may be due to preferential sputtering of the troughs relative to the crests of the metallized S-layer. The effect of temperature on pattern formation indicates that thermal diffusion is also important.
ß-Arrestin 2 Mediates Endocytosis of Type III TGF-ß Receptor and Down-Regulation of Its Signaling

β-Arrestins bind to activated seven transmembrane–spanning (7TMS) receptors (G protein–coupled receptors) after the receptors are phosphorylated by G protein–coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), thereby regulating their signaling and internalization. Here, we demonstrate an unexpected and analogous role of β-arrestin 2 (βarr2) for the single transmembrane–spanning type III transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) receptor (TβRIII, also referred to as betaglycan). Binding of βarr2 to TβRIII was also triggered by phosphorylation of the receptor on its cytoplasmic domain (likely at threonine 841). However, such phosphorylation was mediated by the type II TGF-β receptor (TβRII), which is itself a kinase, rather than by a GRK. Association with βarr2 led to internalization of both receptors and down-regulation of TGF-β signaling. Thus, the regulatory actions of β-arrestins are broader than previously appreciated, extending to the TGF-β receptor family as well.
Nonlinear blood oxygen level-dependent responses for transient activations and deactivations in V1 — insights into the hemodynamic response function with the balloon model☆

We report studies of the nonlinear nature of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to short transient deactivations in human visual cortex. Both functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) have been used to compare and contrast the hemodynamic response functions (HRFs) associated with transient activation and deactivation in primary visual cortex. We show that signal decreases for short duration deactivations are smaller than corresponding signal increases in activation studies. Moreover, the standard balloon model of BOLD effects may be modified to account for the observed nonlinear nature of deactivations by appropriate changes to simple hemodynamic parameters without recourse to new assumptions about the nature of the coupling between activity and oxygen use.
The effect of molecular weight on the fatigue behavior of polystyrene

Significant improvements in the fatigue life of polystyrene can be realized by increase in molecular weight. In this investigation, samples of polystyrene of varying molecular weight were subject to alternating cycles of axial tension and compression at a test speed of 1600 rpm. One set of fatigue tests was made on samples machined from commercial whole polymer rod. A second set of samples was prepared from a PS standard having an average molecular weight of 160,000 and a narrow molecular weight distribution. A third set of samples had a high average molecular weight of 860,000. For a whole polymer, the S–log N curves tended to have the same general shape as for metals, and the endurance limit appeared to be about 1400 psi. The test results show that the average fatigue life, at any given stress amplitude, is significantly increased by increase in molecular weight. For example, the average life of the high molecular weight standard at any given stress level was found to be more than tenfold that of the low molecular weight standard.
The effect of vertical drift on the equatorial F-region stability

Time-dependent ionospheric model calculations for day-time and night-time solutions are presented. The behavior of the growth rate and ion-electron recombination rate for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability on the F-region bottomside is examined as a function of the vertical eastward electric field-magnetic field strength drift velocity. It is observed that on the bottomside F-layer the growth rate exceeds the ion-electron recombination rate even without vertical drift; however, an eastward electric field-magnetic field strength drift can produce an increase in the growth rate by an order of magnitude. The calculated data are compared with previous research and good correlation is detected. The formation of bubbles from a seeding mechanism is investigated.
Reconciling protection with scientific progress.

In this issue, three articles and one of the essays contribute to an emerging discourse that challenges the core assumptions, concepts, and principles of research ethics. Some of these contributions are useful. We must be wary, however, that in refining and clarifying the concepts of research ethics we do not undermine the protections for human subjects. Lynn Jansen examines the implications of the "antiexploitation norm" that Frank Miller and Howard Brody had proposed previously in these pages as a partial replacement for another research norm that they thought seriously confused, that of "clinical equipoise." Jansen shows that "bad deal trials"--trials not in the best interest of at least some research subjects--would be unethical under the norm of clinical equipoise but not necessarily under the antiexploitation norm. One option for reconciling the bad deal trial with the antiexploitation norm is a compulsory lottery for research participation. Jansen notes, however, that this approach would require modifying or abandoning the ethical requirement for informed consent. David Orentlicher's proposal for compulsory research participation would not require modifying or abandoning informed consent or clinical equipoise. However, he proposes that physician-researchers could require their patients to participate in studies that compare two or more standard therapies; patients who refuse would have to find another physician. As precedent for the proposal, Orentlicher claims that most pediatric cancer patients and all cancer patients who go to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center are required to participate in a clinical trial as a condition of receiving medical care for their illness. Here he confuses research with treatment (having already confused "patients" with research "subjects/participants"). Individuals go to the NIH and other specialized cancer centers for the purpose of receiving an investigational treatment as a subject in a clinical trial, not for getting "medical care" as a "patient." More serious are the ethics of compulsory research participation. The recent controversy over the safety of several COX-2 prescription drugs reveals that just because an intervention is "standard" or "established" does not mean it is risk-free. Clinical trials do not necessarily identify all of a treatment's side effects; nor do they definitively determine that treatments are effective. Moreover, in the absence of a national, comprehensive drug safety system that monitors adverse effects of "standard" and "established" therapies, it is an empirical question whether comparing these types of therapies in a clinical trial does not place participants at greater risk of harm than had they not participated. …
Staphylococcus aureus cap5O and cap5P Genes Functionally Complement Mutations Affecting Enterobacterial Common-Antigen Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

The Staphylococcus aureus cap5P and cap5O genes of the type 5 capsule biosynthetic locus restore enterobacterial common-antigen expression to Escherichia coli mutants defective in rffE and rffD gene expression, respectively. Cap5P and Cap5O likely function as UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase and UDP-ManNAc dehydrogenase enzymes, respectively, in the synthesis of the capsule precursor UDP-ManNAcA.
Effect of Hypocalcemia on Hormonal Responses to Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

The effects of chronic hypocalcemia on pituitary and thyroidal responses to TRH were studied in six euthyroid and three mildly hypothyroid subjects with surgical hypoparathyroidism orpseudohypoparathyroidism. In the euthyroid patients, increments in serum TSH, T3, and T4 were equal under hypocalcemic or nonnocalcemic conditions;however, a slightly but significantly lower basal serum T3 during hypocalcemia in conjunction with unaltered basalserum T4 and reverse T3 levels suggests that hypocalcemia may alter peripheral metabolism of T4 and/or T3. Hypothyroid subjects showed more variable responses to hypocalcemia; after restoration of normocalcemia, two patients demonstrated greater serum T3 increments following TRH and lowerTSH levels, suggesting an impairment of thyroidal secretion by hypocalcemia, while the third showed no effect of hypocalcemia on TSH, T3, or T4 responses to TRH. Hypocalcemia had no effect on prolactin responses to TRH in the combined group of euthyroid andhypothyroid patients. Since on...
Polysilsesquioxane Nanoparticles for Targeted Platin-Based Cancer Chemotherapy by Triggered Release

Since the discovery of cisplatin by Rosenberg et al. in the 1960s, platinum anticancer drugs have played an important role in cancer chemotherapy.[1] Cisplatin is used to treat a variety of cancers such as testicular, lung, breast, and ovarian. The success of cisplatin has led to the synthesis and biological evaluation of thousands of platinum complexes; however, only two additional complexes, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are approved for clinical use by the FDA.[2] The clinical efficacy of platinum-based anticancer drugs is limited by their poor pharmacokinetic properties. High doses of platins are needed, which often leads to severe side effects. Furthermore, many tumors display inherent or acquired resistance to platinum-based therapies. There exists a need to develop alternative strategies to effectively deliver platinum drugs to the tumor, with fewer side effects.
Understanding structure, function, and mutations in the mitochondrial ATP synthase

The mitochondrial ATP synthase is a multimeric enzyme complex with an overall molecular weight of about 600,000 Da. The ATP synthase is a molecular motor composed of two separable parts: F1 and Fo. The F1 portion contains the catalytic sites for ATP synthesis and protrudes into the mitochondrial matrix. Fo forms a proton turbine that is embedded in the inner membrane and connected to the rotor of F1. The flux of protons flowing down a potential gradient powers the rotation of the rotor driving the synthesis of ATP. Thus, the flow of protons though Fo is coupled to the synthesis of ATP. This review will discuss the structure/function relationship in the ATP synthase as determined by biochemical, crystallographic, and genetic studies. An emphasis will be placed on linking the structure/function relationship with understanding how disease causing mutations or putative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding the subunits of the ATP synthase, will affect the function of the enzyme and the health of the individual. The review will start by summarizing the current understanding of the subunit composition of the enzyme and the role of the subunits followed by a discussion on known mutations and their effect on the activity of the ATP synthase. The review will conclude with a summary of mutations in genes encoding subunits of the ATP synthase that are known to be responsible for human disease, and a brief discussion on SNPs.
Alteration of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion by Growth-Inducing Exercise: Involvement of Endogenous Opiates and Somatostatin*

Our aim was to examine whether 1) growthinducing exercise altered the pulsatile pattern of GH release, 2) endogenous opiates mediated these changes, and 3) endogenous somatostatin (SRIF) suppressed pulsatile GH secretion in slowly growing sedentary hamsters. To that end, mature female ham sters were either exposed to 2 weeks of voluntary running or prevented from engaging in running activity. Intracardiac catheters were inserted to allow blood collection every 20 min during 6 h. GH and PRL secretory patterns were determined with homologous RIAs for hamster hormones after administration of saline, naloxone, or anti-SRIF serum. It was found that exercise accelerated somatic growth. GH pulse frequency and amplitude were significantly higher in rapidly growing hamsters. The rate of growth was inversely related to basal trough values of GH and PRL. Opiate receptor blockade reduced GH pulse frequency and amplitude to below sedentary values and did not affect PRL secretion. Anti-SRIF serum increased GH pulse fre...
Shared Content Management in Replicated Web Systems: A Design Framework Using Problem Decomposition, Controlled Simulation, and Feedback Learning

Replication is one of the primary techniques used to improve the quality of distributed content service. It generally reduces user latencies and increases a site's availability. However, to our knowledge, there is no systematic framework that combines the structure of both content and service components of a Web application to design effective replica hosting architectures. Recent advances in interconnected and multiple content distribution network (CDN) architectures render this problem even more complex. In this study, we develop a systematic framework for designing and evaluating large-scale, component-based replication architectures for Web systems that are driven by both the quality and effectiveness of service provisioning on the service network. The proposed framework employs a combination of problem decomposition, configuration evaluation through controlled system simulations, and a neural-network-based feedback learning mechanism in the exploration of the design space. A case study demonstrates the viability of the framework. The framework can be an effective decision support tool for a system designer to systematically explore design options and select an appropriate design configuration that best meets the desired design objectives.
Cardiovascular Consequences of Addiction

Drugs of abuse often have important effects on the cardiovascular system, some of which are life threatening. An understanding of the intersection between addictive and cardiovascular disorders is increasingly relevant to general practitioners, emergency physicians, and psychiatrists. The effects of these drugs vary depending upon the agent, dose, route of administration, and potential interactions with other medications. Cardiovascular consequences can range from innocuous side effects, such as mild tachycardia and hypertension, to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic alterations are common with both active drug abuse and withdrawal and are frequently mediated by the autonomic nervous system.
Agency Nullification: Defying Bans on Gay and Lesbian Foster and Adoptive Parents

Given the Supreme Court’s recent decision upholding marriage equality, LGBT advocates may believe that the future of gay rights is in the hands of the courts. As this Article shows, however, focusing advocacy efforts on the judicial branch is short-sighted and ignores a crucial avenue for legal change: executive agencies. This Article illuminates a new path for advocacy by uncovering the history of LGBT family law claims, which had its beginnings in the administrative state. In the mid-1980s and early 1990s, states began promulgating bans on gay and lesbian foster and adoptive parenting, which civil servants opposed, maintaining that the prohibitions did not serve the best interests of children. Instead of implementing the bans, bureaucrats nullified the laws, working to overturn the bans, limiting their application, or defying the rules in their entirety. Their actions not only helped dispel social prejudices of gays and lesbians as harmful to children, but also recast gay men and women as parents and community members, which promoted other LGBT rights. With gay and lesbian families becoming increasingly common, the need to protect the interests of children with same-sex parents became a powerful argument in favor of marriage equality. The discursive shift that agency nullification fostered was essential in the fight for marriage rights and demonstrates the power of bureaucrats to effectuate legal change. This Article argues that these past successes provide a blueprint for future advocacy efforts that LGBT advocates should follow.
How Well Is the Affordable Care Act Doing?: Reasons for Optimism

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) is now 6 years old. Fair-minded people want to know whether the ACA is succeeding. Even more important is the question of how it will do in the future. The context of the ACA’s past is important for understanding its future. The ACA narrowly passed. A more liberal bill, such as Medicare for all, stood no chance of enactment, even if it constituted a better option. In addition, the ACA is not a perfect bill. As with any piece of legislation in a democracy, the ACA was the result of compromises and trade-offs. It constituted progress, not perfection.
Analyses of Pharate Female Twospotted Spider Mites for Nerolidol and Geraniol: Evaluation for Sex Attraction of Males

Males of Tetranychus urticae Koch are attracted strongly to pharate females. The male “guards” the pharate female until emergence, when mating occurs. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and mass spectrometric analysis of the crude ether extracts of pharate females revealed the presence of the sesquiterpene alcohol nerolidol, and the monoterpene alcohol geraniol in addition to the sesquiterpene alcohol farnesol previously described. Bioassays revealed that males were attracted to 10 ppm synthetic nerolidol, but not to 100 ppm nerolidol. Geraniol did not attract males.
Abortive Herpes Simplex Virus Replication in Rous Sarcoma Virus Transformed Cells

SummaryThe XC cell line was developed from tumor cells induced in newborn Wistar rats by the Prague strain of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV). Attempts to propagate herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in these cells proved futile. However, both virus types were able to replicate to high levels in control nontransformed Wistar rat embryo (WRE) cells.Examination of this abortive infection revealed that both HSV-1 and HSV-2 were able to attach to the XC cells but were unable to induce virus protein, DNA, or specific thymidine kinase. Furthermore, while cell DNA synthesis was severely depressed in receptive WRE cells, no such effect was observed in resistant XC cells. These studies suggest that an early event, prior to viral DNA synthesis, is blocked in the replicative cycle of HSV.This study was conducted in part under support funds from the U.S. Public Health Service Biomedical Grant No. 5 S05 R RO7082-07 and the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station Project No. 1992. A...
Laelaps (Mastigolaelaps), n. subgenus, with description of a new species from Java.

Laelaps juxtaposita , n. sp. is described from Rattus bartelsii bartelsii in Java. A new subgenus of Laelaps, Mastigolaelaps , is erected to include the new species and the related L. rex, L. flagellifer and L. anomala . A key to the 4 known species of Mastigolaelaps is presented, as well as a summary of the host and geographical distributions and a discussion of morphological features for the included species. Mastigolaelaps is compared and contrasted with the other 2 subgenera of Laelaps . The status and role of supraspecific groupings in nomenclature of Larlaps and related genera are discussed.
Clinical and histopathologic overlap between subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma with systemic features and small cell CD8+ ALK+ systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma with cutaneous involvement.

Keywords: ALK+ systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma; lupus panniculitis; subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma
Management of local recurrence following radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy.

SUMMARY Surgical excision remains the preferred form of treatment for isolated local recurrence of RCC. Involvement of contiguous organs is not uncommon for local recurrence after radical nephrectomy, and en bloc excision can be a formidable task. Local recurrence after partial nephrectomy is more likely to occur as an isolated event, and many of these patients can be salvaged with repeat partial nephrectomy or total excision of the renal remnant. Local recurrence appears to be particularly common in patients with VHL disease; repeat surgical excision has yielded encouraging results in this setting. Unfortunately, we still have little to offer patients with local recurrence associated with disseminated disease. Improved forms of systemic or adjunctive therapy will be necessary for the treatment of these patients.