cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
First demonstration of modulation via field-induced charge-separation in VCSELS

Novel three-terminal field-induced charge-separation lasers (FICSLs) in VCSEL form were designed and fabricated. The new gain modulation mechanism of hole-electron separation was demonstrated for the first time by applying a variable gate voltage with a constant injection current to the active region.
The treatment of nonlinearities in flux-limited diffusion calculations

Abstract The flux-limited diffusion equation describing radiative transfer contains inherent temperature nonlinearities, as well as nonlinearities associated with its flux-limiting character. The common practice in time-dependent calculations is to treat these nonlinearities explicitly. In this paper, the increase in accuracy obtained by iterating these nonlinearities is investigated. The issue of what the best choice for the fundamental material energy field variable, namely the temperature or its fourth power, is has been addressed.
Avian integument provides multiple possibilities to analyse different phases of skin appendage morphogenesis.

To analyse the morphogenic events during skin appendage formation, it is important to have an animal model that offers distinct patterns at various stages of development and is accessible to analysis using state of the art technology. The avian integument is such a model. Combining experimental embryologic approaches, organ cultures, and gene transduction technology, we are now able to begin to address the molecular basis of pattern formation, primordium initiation, anterior-posterior axis formation, proximo-distal axis formation, phenotypic determination, and others. Parallel mechanisms are usually found in feathers and hairs, and the avian integument model has matured to be a major source of new findings in the study of skin appendage morphogenesis. More information on the avian integument model can be found at website http://www.hsc.usc.educmchuong.
Finite element simulation of penetration into geological targets

Abstract The finite element method has been applied to study the projectile penetration process into geological targets. To illustrate the solution procedure, two example problems involving conical nose steel penetrators into sea ice and antelope tuff are presented. Details of the numerical treatment using the computer code PRONTO 2D are given. Good agreements between numerical and experimental results are observed. Although the examples are limited to normal impact problems in which the axis of the penetrator is perpendicular to the target surface and where no angle of attack for the penetrator is allowed, some thoughts regarding ways to deal with nonnormal three-dimensional penetration problems are discussed.
Patterning capabilities of EUV resists

EUV photoresists must be developed that meet the stringent patterning requirements for the next-generation of microprocessors (32nm node and beyond). In this paper we will address the ability of EUV photoresists to meet the material targets specs (MTS), such as CD resolution, line width roughness (LWR), photo sensitivity, and absorbance. The challenges of meeting CD resolution and line width roughness specs are not restricted to EUV lithography, but also need to be met by other technologies (193nm, 157nm, and 193 immersion technologies). However, EUV photoresists encounter the unique challenge of meeting these MTS with higher photospeeds than any other lithographic technology due to EUV source requirements. The design of EUV resists that meet all of the MTS and have sufficiently high photospeeds is very challenging. In this paper, we will present experimental results of EUV photoresists patterning results from the 10X tool at Sandia National Lab, and the F2X at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Data on resolution, LWR, photo sensitivity, and absorbance are included. Finally we address the capabilities of current EUV resists to meet the patterning requirements, and highlight areas where acceleration is required to meet the Intel roadmap.
Epidemiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Lower GI bleeding is a very broad topic, which can encompass situations from a small amount of red blood on tissue paper associated with formed brown stool, to life-threatening severe haemorrhage. Much of the literature on this topic focuses on acute bleeding necessitating hospitalisation and urgent intervention. The literature that is available focuses primarily on medical intervention and support, which will be covered in another review in this series. Causes for lower GI bleeding include diverticular disease, vascular ectasia, ischemic, inflammatory or infectious colitis, colonic neoplasia (including post polypectomy bleeding), anorectal causes (including haemorrhoids, fissures and rectal varices), and small bowel lesions (Crohn's, vascular ectasia, Meckel's diverticula, and small bowel tumours). Different clinical series identified these lesions in varying frequencies. Factors associated with the development of acute lower GI bleeding include advanced age and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication. Colonoscopy is the single most frequent intervention in evaluating all the patients with lower GI bleeding. Determining the precise impact of colonoscopy on the outcome of lower GI bleeding is difficult due to the retrospective nature of many studies, and the frequent inability to definitively establish the exact bleeding site.
An analysis of connected speech samples of aphasic and normal speakers.

The purpose of this study was to develop a technique for quantifying connected speech samples of aphasic individuals as they recover from the moderate to the mild range of severity. Verbal picture ...
Heat sink applications of extruded metal honeycombs

Abstract Linear Cellular Alloys (LCAs) are metal honeycombs that are extruded using powder metal-oxide precursors and chemical reactions to obtain near fully dense metallic cell walls. Either ordered periodic or graded cell structures can be formed. In this work, the performance of heat sinks fabricated from stochastic cellular metals is compared to that of LCA heat sinks. Flash diffusivity experiments are performed to determine the in situ thermal properties of cell wall material. The pressure drop for unidirectional fluid flow in the honeycomb channels and the total heat transfer rate of LCA heat sinks are experimentally measured. These measurements are compared to values predicted from a finite difference code and commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software.
Key Factors Influencing Prognosis in Relation to Gallbladder Cancer

The 5-year survival of patients with gallbladder cancer remains low. However, patients can be stratified into prognostic categories based on established factors such as T, N, and R status. New concepts regarding prognostic significance of lymph node disease, the importance of residual gallbladder fossa disease, and the gravity of presentation with jaundice are reviewed. In addition, a number of new prognostic factors proposed in recent years are considered. PubMed was searched for “gallbladder cancer” with builder “date-completion” 2008 to present. A total of 1,490 articles were screened from which 168 were retrieved. From this, 40 articles specifically related to prognosis form the basis for this review. Key factors of prognostic significance remain T and N stage and R0 resection. Residual disease either in the gallbladder fossa, lymph nodes, or cystic duct margin dictates hepatectomy, lymphadenectomy and bile duct resection, respectively. Adequate lymphadenectomy requires removal of six nodes, and hepatectomy must be sufficient to achieve R0. Subtleties regarding lymph node ratio, significance of pathological features such as dedifferentiation, and budding may hold value for stratifying patients with early stage disease, but require further investigation.
On the relation of speech to language

There are two widely divergent theories about the relation of speech to language. The more conventional view holds that the elements of speech are sounds that rely for their production and perception on two wholly separate processes, neither of which is distinctly linguistic. Accordingly, the primary motor and perceptual representations are inappropriate for linguistic purposes until a cognitive process of some sort has connected them to language and to each other. The less conventional theory takes the speech elements to be articulatory gestures that are the primary objects of both production and perception. Those gestures form a natural class that serves a linguistic function and no other. Therefore, their representations are immediately linguistic, requiring no cognitive intervention to make them appropriate for use by the other components of the language system. The unconventional view provides the more plausible answers to three important questions: (1) How was the necessary parity between speaker and listener established in evolution, and how maintained? (2) How does speech meet the special requirements that underlie its ability, unique among natural communication systems, to encode an indefinitely large number of meanings? (3) What biological properties of speech make it easier than the reading and writing of its alphabetic transcription?
Sequential Two-stage Anaerobic Treatment of Confectionery Wastewater

Abstract A bench-scale, two-reactor sequential anaerobic treatment system was tested for its ability to remove organic carbon from confectionery wastewater. The system consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket operated at 35°C followed by a downflow anaerobic filter operated at ambient temperature (∼ 25°C). The system had a total hydraulic retention time of 2·4 d. Reactor performance was characterized by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, volatile fatty acid concentration, alkalinity and biogas production and composition. An overall COD treatment efficiency of 98% was observed for the system, at an overall organic loading rate of 12·5 kg/m 3 /d (as COD). The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket worked extremely well at high organic loadings (COD added at 20 kg/m 3 /d). Effluent recycle enabled the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket to operate with influent COD concentrations up to 30 g/ l . The downflow anaerobic filter maintained effluent COD concentrations below 400 mg/ l , and effectively buffered fluctuations in the effluent of the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein and neuropeptide Y decline as early as middle age in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus

The hippocampus is very susceptible to aging. Severely diminished dentate neurogenesis at middle age is one of the most conspicuous early changes in the aging hippocampus, which is likely linked to an early decline in the concentration of neurotrophic factors and signaling proteins that influence neurogenesis. We analyzed three proteins that are well-known to promote dentate neurogenesis and learning and memory function in the dentate gyrus and the hippocampal CA1 and CA3 subfields of young, middle-aged and aged F344 rats. These include the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the transcription factor phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) and the neuropeptide neuropeptide Y (NPY). The BDNF was analyzed via ELISA and BDNF immunohistochemistry, the p-CREB through densitometric analysis of p-CREB immunopositive cells, and the NPY via stereological counting of NPY-immunopositive interneurons. We provide new evidence that the BDNF concentration, the p-CREB immunoreactivity and the number of NPY immunopositive interneurons decline considerably by middle age in both dentate gyrus and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. However, both BDNF concentration and NPY immunopositive interneuron numbers exhibit no significant decrease between middle age and old age. In contrast, the p-CREB immunoreactivity diminishes further during this period, which is also associated with reduced BDNF immunoreaction within the soma of dentate granule cells and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Collectively, these results suggest that severely dampened dentate neurogenesis observed at middle age is linked at least partially to reduced concentrations of BDNF, p-CREB and NPY, as each of these proteins is a positive regulator of dentate neurogenesis. Dramatically diminished CREB phosphorylation (and persistently reduced levels of BDNF and NPY) at old age may underlie the learning and memory impairments observed during senescence.
Graphic comparisons of interobserver agreement indices

How changes in the interobserver agreement and disagreement cells in the reliability matrix are reflected differently in eight commonly used reliability indices is shown graphically. Indices which take into account expected chance difference are compared to those indices which do not. Differences between indices which do and do not treat the agreement and the disagreement cells equally are also illustrated.
Interactive Space Layout: A Graph Theoretical Approach

This paper proposes an interactive programming approach to the solution of architectural space layout problems. The paper incorporates a brief discussion of some of the problems inherent in existing space layout techniques which may be overcome by the proposed approach. In the suggested computer program, the architectural plan is divided into 3 hierarchical levels of abstract representation; namely, the Graph, The Bubble Diagram, and The Schematic Plan. It is shown how the generation of alternatives at each of these levels is achieved through computer-designer interface. Finally, a representative sample of the questions which may be generated by the interactive system is set forth.
Optical waveguide detection of small molecules with two immobilized reagents

A benzyl viologen containing Si(OMe)3 groups was covalently attached to the surface of glass waveguides. The viologen-coated waveguides were then silanized and formate dehydrogenase was bound to pendant amino groups on the silane via glutaraldehyde. Successful linking of both the redox-sensitive viologen dye and the enzyme was demonstrated by reaction of the bound enzyme with formate ion in the presence of NAD. Production of NADH by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction resulted in a reduction of the positive charge on the bound viologen and a reversible color change that was detectable with the optical waveguide.
Electron Scattering in the K -Electron—Gamma Angular Correlation in Sn 117

From directional correlation measurements using sources of various thicknesses, the angular correlation coefficient, ${b}_{2}{A}_{2}$, for the $K$-electron\char22{}gamma cascade in ${\mathrm{Sn}}^{117}$ is found to be -0.143\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.011. This requires a mixture of (${0.15}_{\ensuremath{-}0.10}^{+0.15}$) percent $E2$ in the predominantly $M1$ $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\frac{1}{2}$ transition. The sign of the mixture ratio is positive. The theory describing the reduction of the angular correlation coefficient as the result of multiple elastic scattering in the source is shown to be valid for rather thick sources where even inelastic scattering is appreciable.
Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes

The purpose of this article is to review the genetic colorectal cancer syndromes including Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), Family Polyposis (FAP) and the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes. HNPCC is the most common of the hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes, and is the result of defects in the mismatch repair genes. Individuals with HNPCC have an 80 lifetime risk of colorectal cancer, and in females a 30–50% risk of endometrial cancer, as well as predisposition for a number of other malignancies. Early screening and interval surveillance for colorectal and endometrial cancer are recommended. In FAP, mutations in the Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene give rise to hundreds to thousands of colorectal polyps, some of which will inevitably progress to cancer. Early diagnosis and timely prophylactic colectomy prevent this outcome. Chemoprevention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can reduce adenoma number and size in FAP, but the effect is incomplete. In addtion, surveillance for upper gastrointestinal tract malignancies is necessary. Attenuated forms of FAP may be the result of mutations in the APC gene, or in the recently described MYH gene. Mutations in the MYH gene should be considered in individuals with multiple adenomas whose family history does not reflect an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. The hamartomatous polyposis syndromes are uncommon but distinctive disorders in which multiple hamartomatous polyps develop at a young age. Our understanding of the genetic basis of these disorders is improving, and a predisposition for gastrointestinal and other malignancies has recently been recognized. This article summarizes the genetics, clinical manifestations and clinical management of each of these syndromes with an emphasis on genetic testing and prevention.
The MST radar technique: Potential for middle atmospheric studies

We examine the potential of the MST (mesosphere-stratosphere-troposphere) radar technique for obtaining detailed information on the middle atmosphere. This technique-which uses very sensitive coherent VHF and UHF radars-is capable of detecting signal returns arising from weak fluctuations in the atmospheric refractive index. With certain limitations the MST technique is capable of continually observing winds, waves, turbulence and atmospheric stability over the height range 1–100 km with good-to-excellent time and space resolution. We examine the relatively large body of literature that has been written over the past few years and outline some aspects of a promising future.
Glial and neuronal markers in bass retinal horizontal and Müller cells.

Retinal horizontal cells (HCs) are second-order neurons that integrate information from photoreceptors over large retinal areas, mediating the lateral spread of visual signals in the distal retina. The 'glial' vs. 'neuronal' nature of the HC has been widely debated. For example, carbonic anhydrase (CA), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) are considered 'glial' markers, yet both CA and GFAP have been previously reported in HCs of the teleost retina in species-specific patterns. In contrast, the neurofilament triplet (NFT) proteins are considered 'neuronal' markers; these proteins have been immunolocalized to a mammalian HC, but are absent from teleost HCs. We have studied these cytochemical characteristics in HCs from the white bass, by immunolabeling both cryosections of intact retina and freshly isolated, identified cells attached to coverslips. We found that both HCs (neurons) and Muller cells (MCs; glia) immunolabeled with antisera to CA. Both type 1 (external) HCs and MCs immunolabeled with an antibody to vimentin. Only MCs immunolabeled with antisera to GS and GFAP. Neither HC perikarya (and their major dendrites) nor MCs immunolabeled with an antibody to the 160-kDa subunit of NFT protein. Thus, bass HCs and MCs share the presence of CA and vimentin epitopes and absence of the NFT 160-kDa epitope. Moreover, retinal cell isolation, by itself, does not affect cell-type specific immunolabeling patterns in identified cells, except for what may be lost with the finer processes of the various cells. Isolated cell studies can aid in interpreting immunolabeling patterns observed in the intact retina, especially in retinal layers where several cell types may be present.
Low frequency raman scattering of As2SxSe3−x

Abstract Low frequency ( −1 ) Raman spectra have been measured for a series of chalcogenide glasses and crystals of the form As 2 S x Se 3−x . Comparison of the spectra of x = 0 and x = 0.5 of the crystals clearly establishes the rigid layer (RL) mode character of the peaks near 21 and 31 cm −1 and the admixture of RL and intralayer modes for the series of peaks near 50 cm −1 . The observed lineshape of the glasses is interpreted in terms of a density of states of optic modes.
MIS and the behavioral sciences: research patterns and prescriptions

Many of the questions of concern to information system (IS) researchers and practitioners are, in essence, behavioral questions. Behavioral considerations in the design and implementation of information systems and in the management of IS professionals are crucial to the successful development and delivery of quality services to users. Implementation of IS may provide a beneficial means to facilitate changes in task design, organizational structure, and social relations. Guidance for interpreting past MIS behavioral research and suggestions for future studies are provided by a proposed research framework. The importance of adopting behavioral science research standards, e.g., theory-based research questions and appropriate methodology, is stressed.
Recent Progress in Dielectric Research

Research in the several fields intimately involved in improving the formulation and application of electrical insulating materials is continuing with unrelenting efforts. The following summary of some of the current (1934-35) results indicates something of the scope and significance of this work.
STAR FORMATION AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF H-I AND INFRARED-EMISSION IN M51

H I, infrared, CO, H alpha and beta band observations of M51, the prototypical grand-design spiral galaxy, are used to study the consequences of star formation for the distribution of H I and dust. Using the H I and CO data sets new tests of the idea that the H I is largely a dissociation product in star-forming regions were performed. It was confirmed that the H I spiral arms are generally coincident with the H II region arms, and offset downstream from the CO arms. The radial distributions of total gas, H alpha and H I surface density have a simple explanation in the dissociation picture. The distributions also demonstrate how the surface density of H I might be related to the star formation efficiency in molecule-rich galaxies. The large width of the H I regions along the arms compared to that of the H II regions can be understood in terms of a simple Stroemgren sphere calculation. The longer lifetime of the stars producing dissociating radiation vs. those producing ionizing radiation will also contribute to the greater width of the H I arms if stars are continuously forming on the arms. The lack of detailed coincidence of the H I and H II regions along the inner arms has a variety of possible explanations within the dissociation scenario. Two simple tests to probe the origin of the IRAS emission in M51 were performed.
The Brain in Overdrive: A New Look at Borderline and Related Disorders

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) has been recognized as heterogeneous, etiologically, stemming from many combinations of genetic and environmental factors BPD never occurs alone: it is always accompanied by traits of other personality disorders and by various symptom-conditions, especially mood disorders. The controversy about linkage between BPD and bipolar disorder could not be resolved when the debate relied only on clinical description. Some twin-studies suggested modest overlap between BPD and bipolar disorder. Current neuroimaging research points to similarities in brain changes among several conditions characterized by emotional over-reactivity to stress: bipolar disorder, certain cases of BPD and attention-deficit hyperactivity (ADHD). These include alterations in the limbic system (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus) and neocortex (especially the prefrontal cortex). An important subset of BPD exists in which brain changes are essentially identical with those of bipolar disorder. Relevant brain-change findings and treatment implications are summarized in this article.
NADPH oxidase mediates synergistic effects of IL-17 and TNF-α on CXCL1 expression by epithelial cells after lung ischemia-reperfusion

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to increased mortality and morbidity in lung transplant patients. Lung I/R injury involves inflammation contributed by innate immune responses. IL-17 and TNF...
Bacterial Chemotaxis: The Early Years of Molecular Studies

This review focuses on the early years of molecular studies of bacterial chemotaxis and motility, beginning in the 1960s with Julius Adler's pioneering work. It describes key observations that established the field and made bacterial chemotaxis a paradigm for the molecular understanding of biological signaling. Consideration of those early years includes aspects of science seldom described in journals: the accidental findings, personal interactions, and scientific culture that often drive scientific progress.
Genetics for primary care clinicians

Questions that confront clinicians day-to-day in practice are the driving energy that impels learning. In primary care, an unusual sign or symptom, a common problem, or a concerned patient can propel the physician to seek state-of-the-art information. Sometimes news—of a medical discovery, a promising treatment, or a family member’s diagnosis—poses a clinical question of ‘‘What to do differently now?’’ Knowledge and techniques of genetic medicine are expanding and making news in such a way that ‘‘genetic’’ questions are bound to arise with increasing frequency during primary patient care [1]. Genetics also will figure more prominently in efforts to prevent disease and to promote public health [2]. This issue of Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice is designed as a resource for pediatricians, family physicians, gynecologist-obstetricians, and general internists whose daily care of patients brings them face-to-face with clinical questions requiring that genetic knowledge be applied. The choice of topics is based on (1) the most frequent reasons for consultation with a clinical geneticist (Acheson, Wiesner, and Grimes, unpublished data), (2) the ‘‘genetic’’ issues that primary care clinicians report addressing most commonly during patient care [3], (3) topics identified for continuing education Louise S. Acheson, MD, MS Georgia L. Wiesner, MD
Confronting the emerging epidemic of HCV infection among young injection drug users.

Hepatitis C virus infection is a significant public health problem in the United States and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Recent reports document HCV infection increases among young injection drug users in several US regions, associated with America’s prescription opioid abuse epidemic. Incident HCV infection increases among young injectors who have recently transitioned from oral opioid abuse present an important public health challenge requiring a comprehensive, community-based response. We summarize recommendations from a 2013 Office of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Disease Policy convening of experts in epidemiology, behavioral science, drug prevention and treatment, and other research; community service providers; and federal, state, and local government representatives. Their observations highlight gaps in our surveillance, program, and research portfolios and advocate a syndemic approach to this emerging public health problem.
Boundary behavior of interior point algorithms in linear programming

This paper studies the boundary behavior of some interior point algorithms for linear programming. The algorithms considered are Karmarkar's projective rescaling algorithm, the linear rescaling algorithm which was proposed as a variation on Karmarkar's algorithm, and the logarithmic barrier technique. The study includes both the continuous trajectories of the vector fields induced by these algorithms and also the discrete orbits. It is shown that, although the algorithms are defined on the interior of the feasible polyhedron, they actually determine differentiable vector fields on the closed polyhedron. Conditions are given under which a vector field gives rise to trajectories that each visit the neighborhoods of all the vertices of the Klee-Minty cube. The linear rescaling algorithm satisfies these conditions. Thus, limits of such trajectories, obtained when a starting point is pushed to the boundary, may have an exponential number of breakpoints. It is shown that limits of projective rescaling trajectories may have a linear number of such breakpoints. However, projective rescaling trajectories may visit the neighborhoods of linearly many vertices. The behavior of the linear rescaling algorithm near vertices is analyzed. It is proved that all the trajectories have a unique asymptotic direction of convergence to the optimum.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science—XXIV: William K. Hartmann

In this interview, William Hartmann (Bill, Fig. 1) describes how he was inspired as a teenager by a map of the Moon in an encyclopedia and by the paintings by Chesley Bonestell. Through the amateur journal “Strolling Astronomer,” he shared his interests with other teenagers who became lifelong colleagues. At college, he participated in Project Moonwatch, observing early artificial satellites. In graduate school, under Gerard Kuiper, Bill discovered Mare Orientale and other large concentric lunar basin structures. In the 1960s and 1970s, he used crater densities to study surface ages and erosive/depositional effects, predicted the approximately 3.6 Gyr ages of the lunar maria before the Apollo samples, discovered the intense pre-mare lunar bombardment, deduced the youthful Martian volcanism as part of the Mariner 9 team, and proposed (with Don Davis) the giant impact model for lunar origin. In 1972, he helped found (what is now) the Planetary Science Institute. From the late 1970s to early 1990s, Bill worked mostly with Dale Cruikshank and Dave Tholen at Mauna Kea Observatory, helping to break down the Victorian paradigm that separated comets and asteroids, and determining the approximately 4% albedo of comet nuclei. Most recently, Bill has worked with the imaging teams for several additional Mars missions. He has written three college textbooks and, since the 1970s, after painting illustrations for his textbooks, has devoted part of his time to painting, having had several exhibitions. He has also published two novels. Bill Hartmann won the 2010 Barringer Award for impact studies and the first Carl Sagan Award for outreach in 1997. Figure 1. William K. Hartmann taken 2010 Aug 2 (Photo: Gayle Hartmann). Download figure to PowerPoint
Writing Critical Ethnographic Narratives

This article assumes that educational anthropologists are interested in critical theory, or what Marcus and Fischer have recently called “a renewal of the critical function of anthropology as it is pursued in ethnographic projects at home” (1986:112), because critical theory argues that social institutions, such as schools, are sites of cultural hegemony. In other words, I am presuming that educational anthropologists, like many other academics, are interested in grounding their research in a theory of social construction because they wish not only to describe and analyze social practices, but to interrupt those social practices they believe oppress certain designated classes inside educational institutions, namely students, teachers, minorities, and women. Hence, whether one's interest in cultural criticism derives from the work of the founding members of the Frankfurt School or from that of educational revisionists, such as Friere's Pedagogy of the Oppressed (1973), Bowles and Gintis's Schooling in Capitalist America (1976), Bourdieu and Passeron's Reproduction in Education, Society, and Culture (1977), Apple and Weiss's Ideology and Practice in Schooling (1983), and Giroux's Theory and Resistance in Education (1983), to name only a few, the goal of critical ethnography is always the same: to help create the possibility of transforming such institutions as schools—through a process of negative critique. NEGATIVE CRITIQUE, ETHNOGRAPHIC NARRATIVE, CULTURAL HEGEMONY, WRITING
The de mand for health, alcohol abuse, and labor market outcomes: a longitudinal study

Becker and Murphy (1988) presented a rational addiction theory to rationalize the behavior of addiction. This dissertation extends rational addiction theory to examine the hypothesis of rational addiction and the long-term impact of addiction on labor productivity and labor supply. The theoretical model explicitly considers investment in health, drug consumption, and labor supply as joint decision variables, and treats wage as the outcome of these decisions. A simultaneous framework is empirically estimated to test the forward-looking hypothesis and the government policies are evaluated by simulation. The data set is the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth Cohort (1979--1994);The results show that there is a trade off between the demand for health and the occasions of binge drinking. Youths reduce their occasions of binge drinking when they increase the demand for health, and vice versa. The finding supports the forward-looking hypothesis and that heavy drinking is addictive. Furthermore, we found a statistically weak effect of the alcohol price on the demand for binge drinking, and the long run alcohol price elasticity of the probability of heavy drinking, binge drinking, and no binge drinking are relatively small, -0.24, 0.03, and 0.21, respectively. The short run price elasticities are -0.09, 0.01, and 0.08, respectively. The results suggest that the demand for binge drinking is not price responsive in the short run or long run;Continued binge drinking results in lower wage and health profiles, whereas it does not have significant impact on hours worked. Policy simulations show that increasing alcohol price by 100% decreases the occasions of binge drinking by only 5%, but raising the minimum legal drinking age one year reduces the occasions of binge drinking among underage youths by about 5%. The effect of increasing the alcohol price and the minimum drinking age on health status, hours worked, and log wage are positive, however, their magnitudes are small. Our results suggest that policy makers should focuses on affecting the age at which young people start drinking and taxing alcohol is a relatively inefficient policy for achieving this.
DROUGHT CYCLES AND LANDSCAPE RESPONSES TO PAST ARIDITY ON PRAIRIES OF THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, USA

Widespread drought is among the most likely and devastating consequences of future global change. Assessment of drought impacts forecast by atmospheric models requires an understanding of natural drought variability, especially under conditions more arid than today. Using high-resolution lake-sediment records from the northern Great Plains, we show pronounced 100- to 130-yr drought cycles during the arid middle Holocene (8000 calendar yr BP). During drought phases, grass productivity declined, erosion and forbs increased, and fuel limitation reduced fire importance. Intervening humid decades saw grass production rise, with stabilization of soils and renewed fire as fuels became abundant. Although both C3 and C4 grasses declined during droughts, a lasting shift to C3 dominance occurred during a single drought -8200 calendar yr BP. During the more humid Late Holocene (2800 calendar yr BP), climate was less variable and without evident drought cyclicity. Consequently, drought severity during past, and possibly future, arid phases cannot be anticipated from the attenuated climate variability evident during contemporary humid phases. Our study demonstrates that agriculturally important grassland ecosystems respond sensitively to drought variability, uncertainty in which has profound implications for the future of these ecosystems.
Direct Isolation of DNA from Patient Stools for Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum

Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can sensitively detect parasitic or other infections, its use with fecal samples is extremely limited, primarily because of the presence of substances that inhibit DNA extension. Here an improved protocol is reported for directly isolating DNA from aged or fresh formalin-fixed stools, which can then be used to detect Cryptosporidium parvum by nested PCR. This method is highly reproducible, sensitive, and specific. It detects <1 pg of C. parvum DNA in human stool, and there are no cross-reactions with other parasites commonly found there.
Ayurvedic therapy (shirodhara) for insomnia: a case series.

Background:Insomnia is one of the most common complaints faced by primary care practitioners after pain. Non-pharmacological management of Insomnia that is noninvasive is gaining interest among pat...
Factor bias, sector bias, and the effects of technical progress on relative factor prices

Abstract The effects of technical progress on relative factor prices in the two-country, two-good, two-factor Heckscher-Ohlin model are investigated. Technical progress is classified according to factor-augmenting bias, factor-using bias, and sector bias. A complete set of relations between technical progress parameters and relative factor prices, depending on the elasticities of substitution in demand and in production, are worked out. The relative importance of factor bias and sector bias of technical change in determining relative factor prices are examined.
Secure Information Market: A Model to Support Information Sharing, Data Fusion, Privacy, and Decisions

ABSTRACT: There are instances where multiple organizations hold data that when considered individually are inconclusive, but collectively are useful to solve complex problems. Yet, frequently there is a hesitation for organizations to share data due to strategic, legal, and policy concerns. To address this hesitation, an electronic market for secure information sharing is described, in which data are contributed to the market by members, and made available from the market to members or preapproved information buyers. In this Secure Information Market (SIM), shared data are secure, and available in granular or aggregate form based on specific requirements of the information providers and consumers. The model is designed to protect member organizations and their shared data, while maximizing member value and incentives to share. The Secure Information Market model is presented, and then its applicability is demonstrated using a variety of examples.
Use, disuse, and misuse of automated refactorings

Though refactoring tools have been available for more than a decade, research has shown that programmers underutilize such tools. However, little is known about why programmers do not take advantage of these tools. We have conducted a field study on programmers in their natural settings working on their code. As a result, we collected a set of interaction data from about 1268 hours of programming using our minimally intrusive data collectors. Our quantitative data show that programmers prefer lightweight methods of invoking refactorings, usually perform small changes using the refactoring tool, proceed with an automated refactoring even when it may change the behavior of the program, and rarely preview the automated refactorings. We also interviewed nine of our participants to provide deeper insight about the patterns that we observed in the behavioral data. We found that programmers use predictable automated refactorings even if they have rare bugs or change the behavior of the program. This paper reports some of the factors that affect the use of automated refactorings such as invocation method, awareness, naming, trust, and predictability and the major mismatches between programmers' expectations and automated refactorings. The results of this work contribute to producing more effective tools for refactoring complex software.
Recovering heart sounds from sparse samples

Continuous monitoring of physiological functions such as heart sounds can pose severe constraints on data acquisition and processing systems, especially if remote monitoring is desired. In this paper, we investigate the utility of a recently proposed compressive sensing (CS) algorithm based on modulated discrete prolate spheroidal sequences (MDPSS) for recovering sparsely sampled heart sounds. In particular, we investigate the recordings containing opening snap (OS) or the third heart sounds (S3) in addition to first and second heart sounds. The results of numerical analysis show that heart sounds can be accurately reconstructed even when the sampling rate is reduced to 40% of the original sampling frequency.
Design of an Early Minicomputer

In this article, I describe the design of an early 1950s attempt to build a relatively low-cost computer, using a mechanical desktop calculator to perform the arithmetic operations. The resulting computer-one of the earliest attempts at building a "minicomputer"-could perform stored-program addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as carry out a simple decision operation based on a number comparison. To solve a problem, the operator would type in a program sequence based on the use of nine basic instructions. Total memory capacity was 400 words.
Hormone-pheromone relationships of male Tenebrio molitor

Abstract Males of the beetle Tenebrio molitor produce a volatile sex pheromone which attracts females of the same species. The pheromone level peaks 8 days after emergence and then reaches a plateau. Elimination of endocrine centers by decapitating male adults 24 hr following adult ecdysis did not impair pheromone production. Treatment of decapitated males with juvenile hormone analogues did not make any detectable difference in the levels of pheromone activity. However, undecapitated males treated with juvenile hormone analogue showed a significant increase in pheromone activity when compared with those that had been decapitated and subsequently treated with juvenile hormone analogue. This observation is discussed in the light of published research on the effect of juvenile hormone on pheromone activity of females of T. molitor .
An experimental geostationary platform - A step toward the 1990's

NASA studies on geostationary platforms are reviewed. Traffic models for geostationary missions through the year 2000 are presented, and the benefits of platforms are shown, as compared with accomplishing the same missions on specialized satellites. These benefits are illustrated by a case study (involving Leasat) demonstrating that substantial cost savings can result because of economies of scale. Technologies in need of development and demonstration are identified, and attention is given to the potential NASA Experimental Geostationary Platform.
On the Use of Lidar Images of Smoke Plumes to Measure Dispersion Parameters in the Stable Boundary Layer

Abstract In this note a methodology is presented for measuring dispersion parameters based on lidar images, which can be used as an efficient way to remotely monitor time variations of plume dispersion parameters. Lidar images of a smoke plume cross section over a forest canopy during nighttime conditions are analyzed to estimate vertical dispersion parameters and vertical meander of the plume centerline in the near field. Dispersion parameters 60 m downwind are found to have a median value of 2.31 m, with values ranging from a minimum of 0.56 m to a maximum of 5.45 m. Measurements of these parameters have not previously been made outside the restraints of a wind tunnel experiment.
Training in the mitigation of anchoring bias: A test of the consider-the-opposite strategy

Abstract Anchoring bias is a decision heuristic evidenced by skewed estimates made after an initial value is considered. The anchoring heuristic is both pervasive and powerful, affecting decision-making processes in many practical contexts. An experiment was conducted to test the effectiveness of both preexisting and new training techniques for mitigating anchoring bias, as well as to test a new type of anchoring bias inducing stimuli. Results show that the training module was effective in helping participants mitigate anchoring bias, and that the new stimuli were effective in eliciting anchoring bias in both high and low anchoring conditions. Additionally, the results provide theoretical evidence anchoring is due, at least in part, to semantic priming. Theoretical implications for the semantic priming and the revised adjustment explanation are discussed. Practical considerations for developing effective online and/or game-based training programs to mitigate the effects of overreliance on the anchoring heuristic are also discussed.
Disease War and Waste: A Consideration of External Factors on the Trade Fixtures Doctrine between 1350-1803

Between 1350 and 1803, eleven cases were decided that shaped the trade fixtures doctrine for jurisprudence in the English Commonwealth and its admirers. Prior to 1350, rights to things attached to real property were settled solely considering its attachment to the realty. However, between 1350 and 1803 dramatic shifts in the doctrine occurred. Interestingly, each of those shifts were paralleled by significant social seismic events. Instead, this essay considers not a particular moment in time, but rather a subset of doctrinal decisions that occur across a variety of moments. In short, this essay argues that the dates of the decisions deciding early trade fixture cases point to courts ruling out strict attachment as an all-encompassing fixtures definition, in favor of a more pliable and flexible doctrinal rule that could account for social unevenness between landlords and tenants. This essay attempts to contextualize in a very small subset of cases the slow turn away from attachment. This essay, considers the development of the trade fixtures doctrine in three movements: the early trade fixtures cases; the formative trade fixtures cases; and the refining trade fixtures cases.
Antibiotic resistance of bacterial litter isolates.

Use of antibiotics in subtherapeutic doses as growth-promoting feed additives for animal production is widespread in the U.S. and throughout the world. Previous studies by our research group concluded that size fractionation of poultry (broiler) litter followed by storage facilitated reutilization of litter as a soil amendment or bedding supplement. However, litter microbial contamination, including antibiotic-resistant populations, and accumulation of metals and other elements may limit litter reutilization. Litter from four broiler houses was separated into a fine fraction for use as a soil amendment, and a coarse fraction for reutilization as a bedding supplement in growing subsequent flocks of broilers. Fractions and whole litter were stored in indoor piles simulating farm storage conditions for 4 mo with periodic analysis for metals, other elements, and culturable bacteria (including total and fecal coliform, Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni). Representative bacterial isolates were tested for their sensitivity to 12 common antibiotics (ampicillin, bacitracin, cephalothin, erythromycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, neomycin, penicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline) using the Kirby-Bauer technique. Pathogens and indicator bacteria tested were found to be resistant to multiple antibiotics. Data suggest that microbial contamination of litter should be reduced or eliminated prior to reutilization to minimize environmental health risks related to transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans or other animals.
Phenomenological Preconditions of the Concept of Film-as-Philosophy

AbstractThis article surveys influential views on the topic of film-as-philosophy, principally the positions of Bruce Russell, Thomas Wartenburg, Noel Carroll, and Stephen Mulhall. Historically, this conversation has been restricted to a somewhat conservative view initiated by Russell and defended by others, according to which the film medium is fundamentally incapable of generating positive philosophical achievement in purely cinematic (i.e. medium-specific) fashion. One of my interests is to show how the dialogue initiated by Russell suffers from relying on overly restrictive notions of what philosophy is and the ways in which it occurs. A goal of the article is to articulate the phenomenological suppositions embedded in the very concept of film-as-philosophy, particularly insofar as the concept seems to assume a phenomenological model that unites screen and viewer. I argue that the origins of the debate overlook the aspect in which films do not engage in philosophical activity completely in their own r...