cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of sulfur removal on Al2O3 scale adhesion

The effect of removing sulfur impurity on the adhesion of Al2O3 scale to NiCrAl was investigated in four experiments. It was found that removing sulfur to concentration less than 1 ppm per weight is sufficient to produce a very significant degree of alpha-Al2O3 scale adhesion to undoped NiCrAl alloys. Results of experiments show that repeated oxidation, and polishing after each oxidation cycle, of pure NiCrAl alloy lowered sulfur content from 10 to 2 ppm by weight (presumably by removing the segregated interfacial layer after each cycle); thinner samples became adherent after fewer oxidation-polishing cycles because of more limited supply of sulfur. It was found that spalling in subsequent cyclic oxidation tests was a direct function of the initial sulfur content. The transition between the adherent and nonadherent behavior was modeled in terms of sulfur flux, sulfur content, and sulfur segregation.
A dynamic model for the allosteric mechanism of GroEL.

GroEL-assisted protein folding is regulated by a cycle of large coordinated domain movements in the 14-subunit double-ring assembly. The transition path between the closed (unliganded) and the open (liganded) states, calculated with a targeted molecular dynamics simulation, shows the highly complex subunit displacements required for the allosteric transition. The early downward motion of the small intermediate domain induced by nucleotide binding emerges as the trigger for the larger movements of the apical and equatorial domains. The combined twisting and upward displacement of the apical domain determined for a single subunit is accommodated easily in the heptamer ring only if its opening is concerted. This is a major source of cooperative ligand binding within a ring. It suggests also that GroEL has evolved so that the motion required for heptamer cooperativity is encoded in the individual subunits. A calculated model for a di-cis 14-subunit assembly is found to be destabilized by strong steric repulsion between the equatorial domains of the two rings, the source of negative cooperativity. The simulation results, which indicate that transient interactions along the transition path are essential for GroEL function, provide a detailed structural description of the motions that are involved in the GroEL allosteric cycle.
Comparison of VSP profiles for three types of intersection control and implications for emissions

Roundabouts have generally been considered to have lower emissions as compared to signal controlled and 4-way stop-control intersections since they improve traffic flow and average speed. However, roundabouts slow all vehicles to speed ranges where emissions are higher, while signals stop and delay only a portion of vehicles. Roundabouts have the potential to increase the amount of acceleration and deceleration for all vehicles. Emissions are correlated to these modal events, therefore the impacts should be considered in the evaluation of roundabouts. Vehicle activity (instantaneous speed and acceleration) are key inputs to modal emission models such as the US Environmental Protection Agency's MOVES. The objective of this paper was to compare the vehicle activity of a roundabout to 4-way stop control and signal controlled intersections. The paper presents result of a study which collected second-by-second vehicle activity on-road along a corridor in Urbandale, Iowa. Vehicle activity for the three different types of traffic control was compared.
A Performance model for accelerating scientific applications on reconfigurable computers

With advances in reconfigurable hardware, especially field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), it has become possible to use reconfigurable hardware to accelerate complex applications, such as those in scientific computing. There has been a resulting development of reconfigurable computers--computers which have both general purpose processors and reconfigurable hardware, as well as memory and high-performance interconnection networks. Oftentimes, reconfigurable hardware can provide fantastic speed-ups for kernels in a scientific application but when the kernels are integrated back into the complete application, the overall speed-up is not very impressive. To address this problem, we have developed a simple performance model for reconfigurable computers to facilitate the accurate evaluation of whether or not the speed-up that will be achieved by implementing an application on a reconfigurable computer justifies the implementation effort and cost. The proposed performance model captures the main features of reconfigurable computers: one or more general purpose processors; reconfigurable hardware for acceleration; memory, spread over multiple banks, that is local to the reconfigurable hardware; and limited bandwidth between the general purpose processors and the reconfigurable hardware. It also captures issues of concern for using the reconfigurable hardware, such as the relationship between off-chip memory and the amount of parallelism in a design. We have used the model to predict the performance of an implementation of a molecular dynamics simulation on an SRC 6e MAPstation. The error between the predicted performance and the actual performance is only 3.5%.
Cancer-related gene expression profiles in NF1-associated pilocytic astrocytomas.

Background: Individuals affected with neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) develop juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas (JPA) at an increased frequency, suggesting that the NF1 gene product, neurofibromin, functions as a negative growth regulator for astrocytes. Previously, the authors demonstrated that NF1-associated astrocytomas exhibit deletions and loss of NF1 gene expression on the DNA and protein levels. However, little is known about additional genetic events in clinically and radiographically progressive NF1-associated pilocytic astrocytomas. Objective/methods: To understand the potential role of cooperating genetic events in the development of these low-grade tumors, the authors used immunohistochemistry and selected confirmatory Western blots to examine nine symptomatic NF1-associated pilocytic astrocytomas for gene products whose expression patterns are altered in fibrillary astrocytomas. Results: The authors demonstrate that p53, p16, retinoblastoma (RB), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), platelet-derived growth factor A (PDGF-A) and PDGF receptor α (PDGF-Rα) protein expression profiles are not altered in NF1-associated pilocytic astrocytomas. Similar to their sporadic counterparts, NF1-associated JPA also strongly expressed PEN5, a marker of post-O2A stage oligodendroglial precursor cells. Conclusions: These results suggest that NF1-associated pilocytic astrocytomas lack the genetic changes typically associated with the more clinically aggressive fibrillary astrocytomas and lay the foundation for future studies to identify NF1 JPA-specific alterations.
Plane Waveguide Mode Effects in the Visible Spectrum

This paper describes waveguide modes and mode interactions that have been observed on thin films in the visible spectrum. The modes are similar to parallel plate waveguide modes. Through mode interference, a wide variety of aperture distributions across the edge of the film has been produced. Integration of dielectric devices into the film structure is under investigation for future use in design of optical networks.
Measurement of the Proton Structure Function from Muon Scattering

Results on the proton structure function, $\ensuremath{\nu}{W}_{2}$ are presented for $0.3l{q}^{2}l50$ Ge${\mathrm{V}}^{2}$ and $5l\ensuremath{\nu}l130$ GeV. They are compared to earlier data and displayed to demonstrate violations of scaling. Values are reported for the energy-momentum sum rule and for $R\ensuremath{\equiv}\frac{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{L}}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{T}}$ over a limited kinematic region.
Two sides of wonder: Philosophical keys to the motivation of science learning

Science education is most efficacious and enduring when undertaken within a philosophical framework akin to that of science, itself. This entails recognition that, above all, science is a mode of rational inquiry pursued by those who are curious about the natural world and motivated to seek rational answers to personally meaningful questions. The key to successful science instruction lies in fostering a student's self-motivation and productively channeling his innate curiosity. To do this a science educator must (a) convey to students an accurate and sympathetic impression of the importance of science to their cultural development; (b) help students develop an ability to evaluate information critically and arrive at logical conclusions; (c) provide students opportunities to engage in creative, personally meaningful scientific research.
‘In the sight of all’: Queen Elizabeth and the Dance of Diplomacy

Using dance and performance as part of her political apparatus, Queen Elizabeth consciously staged and manipulated the occasions of her own dancing to help construct her image as monarch and then generated a reputation of herself as a great dancer around those occasions. The issue of dance and politics in the Early Modern Period has been the subject of a number of studies, but much of that scholarship focuses on court spectacles such as the ballet de cour and the masque in the seventeenth-century. In this essay I want to shift the focus to Elizabeth and her dancing in broader terms beyond the confines of the masque. In analyzing the queen’s particular strategies, I will focus on the necessity of display in dance as well as on the convergence of the rhetorics of dancing and language.
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia : associated clinical features, cognitive function and medication status

Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms among a group of stable outpatients with schizophrenia. Methods We studied 118 patients with schizophrenia from an urban clinic, characterized using clinical symptoms scales, including the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), and neuropsychological testing. We categorized patients into three groups according to severity of OC symptoms and used multivariate linear regression and chi-square tests to compare groups on variables of interest. Results Only 10 patients (8.8%) had Y-BOCS scores greater than 16, a standard criterion for OCD studies. The patient group with the most OC symptoms (Y-BOCS scores >11) scored higher on the Hamilton Depression Scale, the positive symptoms subscale of the Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale (PANSS) and its delusions item, but not on any of the neuropsychological tests compared to the other two groups. Patients with most severe compulsive symptoms (but not OC symptoms together, or obsessions alone) were more likely to be treated with olanzapine or clozapine, atypical antipsychotic medications previously reported to induce or worsen OC symptoms. Conclusions Our results confirm previous findings that patients with schizophrenia and comorbid OC symptoms have more positive symptoms but not the suggestion that such patients are more cognitively impaired than their counterparts without OC symptoms. We suggest possible explanations for discrepancies in the literature, including differences in patient sampling and definition of comorbid OC symptoms. Finally, our data suggest that olanzapine and clozapine may produce or worsen compulsions in some patients; prospective studies need to address this possibility.
An Examination of the Effects of a Reservoir, Lake Ashtabula, on the Periphytic Algae in the Sheyenne River, North Dakota

The Sheyenne River is a third order stream that drains a significant portion of central and eastern North Dakota. In 1950, the Baldhill Dam was built and as a result, the reservoir, Lake Ashtabula, was formed. The periphytic algae in this river were extensively studied from 1997 to 1999. During this research, the effects of differences in environmental variables on the algal communities were assessed with Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). In this analysis, the periphytic algal communities in the downstream sites appeared to be quite different from those communities found upriver of Lake Ashtabula. Other research on different rivers has shown profound changes in the algal community after a dam was built along the river. Redundancy Analysis (RDA) was used to determine if the sites downstream are more statistically similar with Lake Ashtabula than with the upstream sites. Finally, CCA was used to examine which environmental variables explain the most variance in Lake Ashtabula and the downstream sites.
The ARABIDOPSIS Accession Pna-10 Is a Naturally Occurring sng1 Deletion Mutant

Sinapoylmalate is the major sinapate ester found in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana, where it plays an important role in UV-B protection. Metabolic profiling of rosette leaves from 96 Arabidopsis accessions revealed that the Pna-10 accession accumulates sinapoylglucose instead of sinapoylmalate. This unique leaf sinapate ester profile is similar to that of the previously characterized sinapoylglucose accumulator1 (sng1) mutants. SNG1 encodes sinapoylglucose:malate sinapoyltransferase (SMT), a serine carboxypeptidase-like (SCPL) enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of sinapoylglucose to sinapoylmalate. In the reference Columbia genome, the SNG1 gene is located in a cluster of five SCPL genes on Chromosome II. PCR and sequencing analysis of the same genomic region in the Pna-10 accession revealed a 13-kb deletion that eliminates the SNG1 gene (At2g22990) and the gene encoding sinapoylglucose:anthocyanin sinapoyltransferase (SAT) (At2g23000). In addition to its sinapoylmalate-deficient phenotype, and consistent with the loss of SAT, Pna-10 is unable to accumulate sinapoylated anthocyanins. Interestingly, the Pna-17 accession, collected from the same location as Pna-10, has no such deletion. Further analysis of 135 lines collected from the same location as Pna-10 and Pna-17 revealed that four more lines contain the deletion found in Pna-10 accession, suggesting that either the deletion found in Pna-10 is a recent event that has not yet been eliminated through selection or that sinapoylmalate is dispensable for the growth of Arabidopsis under field conditions.
Diaphragmatic reconstruction with autologous tendon engineered from mesenchymal amniocytes

Abstract Purpose This study examined the effects of amniocyte-based engineered tendons on partial diaphragmatic replacement. Methods Ovine mesenchymal amniocytes were labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), expanded, and seeded into a collagen hydrogel. Composite grafts (20 to 25 cm 2 ) based on acellular dermis (group I), or acellular small intestinal submucosa (group II) received either a cell-seeded or an acellular hydrogel within their layers. Newborn lambs (n = 20) underwent partial diaphragmatic replacement with either an acellular or a cellular autologous construct from either group. At 3 to 12 months' postoperatively, implants were subjected to multiple analyses. Results Diaphragmatic hernia recurrence was significantly higher in animals with acellular grafts (5 of 5) then in animals with cellular ones (1 of 4) in group I ( P Conclusions Diaphragmatic repair with an autologous tendon engineered from mesenchymal amniocytes leads to improved mechanical and functional outcomes when compared with an equivalent acellular bioprosthetic repair, depending on scaffold composition. The amniotic fluid may be a preferred cell source for engineered diaphragmatic reconstruction.
A tracking filter for maneuvering sources

An adaptive filter that is based on the Pontryagin minimum principle and the method of invariant imbedding is introduced and applied to the problem of tracking maneuvering sources. The major advantages of this approach are: (1) no model for the target dynamics is required, and (2) the signal-to-noise ratio of the observation and stations need to be known. The performance of the proposed approach (with unknown system dynamics) is compared to that of the extended Kalman filter (with known system dynamics) for the maneuvering reentry vehicle. Examples are given for different target scenarios. >
The entrepreneurship of the Rutgers center

Abstract The Center for Urban Policy Research (CUPR) at Rutgers University, directed by George Sternlieb, stands as a successor to the Rutgers Urban Studies Center which (as with a dozen similar institutions) was midwifed by the Ford Foundation in the early 1960s. It has the distinction of being one of the very few which have survived.
CHINA'S ONE-CHILD POLICY AND GENDER EQUALITY:: A Comment on Hong and Mandle

In their recent exchange on the potential effects of the one-child policy on gender equality in China Lawrence K. Hong (1987) and Joan D. Mandle (1987) overlook a detrimental effect of the policy. Since the program offers monetary and other rewards to couples with one child and couples that produce a boy are more likely to stop at one girls are put at an economic disadvantage. In the "worst case" scenario all couples whose first child was a boy would stop at one and claim their rewards while all whose first child was a girl would forego the rewards and have a second child. Assuming all couples stop at two regardless of the sex of the second child the following would result: 67 percent of boys would be in families receiving the subsidies pertaining to the One Child Glory Certificate and 67 percent of boys would be only children. On the other hand no family with a girl would receive a subsidy and all girls would have a brother or sister. This would place a double onus on girls. First no girl would enjoy the subsidies special nursery schools and preferential treatment in education that have been promised to only children. Most boys would. More important is the systematic demographic inequality engendered by sex-selective transition to a second birth: All girls would share parental attention and investment with a brother or sister while most boys would enjoy undiluted parental attention and investment. For both reasons other things being equal girls would get substantially less than boys. (excerpt)
Joseph E. Davies: Envoy to the Soviets

Introduction Midwest Lawyer and Progressive Democrat Mr. Ambassador, 1937 Ambassador-at-Large Davies and Stalin, 1938 A Three-Year Hiatus The Liaison, 1941 The Litvinov Connection, 1942 The Second Mission to Moscow, May 1943 Evolution of the Role Mission to London, May 1945 Potsdam, July 1945 The Cold War Epilogue Bibliography
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET : EFFECTS OF PLANT PROTEINS COMPARED WITH ANIMAL PROTEINS THE INFLUENCE OF FASTING AND INFECTION.

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring the dog to a steady state of low plasma protein in the circulation and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. These dogs become test subjects by which the potency of various diet factors for plasma protein regeneration can be measured. Plant and grain proteins are quite well utilized to form new plasma protein in these test dogs but soy bean meal probably should be rated at the head of this list. It is utilized with unexpected promptness and favors the production of albumin in contrast to other plant proteins which distinctly favor globulin production. Long plasmapheresis periods on basal rations rich in grain proteins lower the resistance of these animals to infection. Spleen, brain, and stomach when fed with the basal diet in these test dogs show less favorable potency ratios—10.2, 11.8, and 13.6 respectively. This means the grams of tissue protein which must be fed to produce 1 gm. of new plasma protein. Fasting periods indicate that the dog can contribute only 4 to 6 gm. of plasma protein each week—an insignificant contribution presumably derived from the host's tissue proteins. Infection and intoxication disturb the plasma protein production of these standardized dogs and may reduce the output of plasma proteins to very low levels in spite of considerable food intake. There may be a very sharp drop in the plasma protein level during the first day of intoxication (Dog 33-324). Some of these observations may be of value in a study of clinical conditions associated with hypoproteinemia.
On the mechanism of enzyme action. LXI. The self digestion of trypsin, calcium-trypsin and acetyltrypsin.

Abstract The self-digestion of trypsin proceeds by second-order kinetics. Acetylation stabilizes the enzyme by reducing the self-digestion to a first-order reaction. The addition of calcium ions to trypsin also stabilizes the enzyme, the order of reaction being intermediate, i.e., 1.5. The protective effects of acetylation and calcium ions are additive, and acetyltrypsin in the presence of calcium ions resists inactivation at 25 °C. and pH 8.5. The number of free amino groups liberated in the process of self-digestion was also determined. In the initial stages of self-digestion, trypsin liberates the lowest number of groups per mole of enzyme inactivated. This number increases with calcium-trypsin and even more so with acetyltrypsin. Acetyltrypsin in the presence of calcium ions, while maintaining its enzymatic activity, still undergoes partial digestion, as evidenced by the liberation of a substantial number of free amino groups. This finding suggests the presence of an enzymatically active degradation product of the native crystalline trypsin.
Conceptual Integration of Arithmetic Operations With Real‐World Knowledge: Evidence From Event‐Related Potentials

Research on language processing has shown that the disruption of conceptual integration gives rise to specific patterns of event-related brain potentials (ERPs)-N400 and P600 effects. Here, we report similar ERP effects when adults performed cross-domain conceptual integration of analogous semantic and mathematical relations. In a problem-solving task, when participants generated labeled answers to semantically aligned and misaligned arithmetic problems (e.g., 6 roses + 2 tulips = ? vs. 6 roses + 2 vases = ?), the second object label in misaligned problems yielded an N400 effect for addition (but not division) problems. In a verification task, when participants judged arithmetically correct but semantically misaligned problem sentences to be "unacceptable," the second object label in misaligned sentences elicited a P600 effect. Thus, depending on task constraints, misaligned problems can show either of two ERP signatures of conceptual disruption. These results show that well-educated adults can integrate mathematical and semantic relations on the rapid timescale of within-domain ERP effects by a process akin to analogical mapping.
Improving the Productivity of Education Experiments: Lessons from a Randomized Study of Need-Based Financial Aid

Given scarce resources for evaluation, we recommend that education researchers more frequently conduct comprehensive randomized trials that generate evidence on how, why, and under what conditions interventions succeed or fail in producing effects. Recent experience evaluating a randomized need-based financial aid intervention highlights some of our arguments and guides our outline of the circumstances under which the examination of mechanisms and heterogeneous impacts is particularly important. Comprehensive experiments can enhance research productivity by increasing the number of theories both tested and generated and can advance policy and practice by exploring the conditions under which interventions will be most successful inscaleup.Paradoxically,whiletheemphasisonaverage treatment effects is typically associated with efficiencyminded economists, we argue that the approach is often inefficient from the standpoints of science and policy.
Optimal Estimation and Attitude Control of a Solar Electric Propulsion Spacecraft

Established procedures of linear, quadratic, Gaussian optimal estimation and control are developed and interpreted for their application ion to the problem of attitude control of spacecraft with dycallyamially significant elastic appendages. Results are presented both in general terms and for specific application to a solar electric spacecraft. aft. Comparisons are made between alternative coordinattems, systems, and a realistic range of design parameters is considered. For single axis control, system evaluation is accomplished by simulation of a fifteenth-order spacecraft plant with alternative second-order, fourth-order, and sixth-order constant gain estimators. Results point out the importance of modeling errors.
Reproductive enhancement by helpers and an experimental inquiry into its mechanism in the bicolored wren

As part of continuing studies of sociality in the wren genus Campylorhynchus we have been studying the bicolored wren — a facultatively cooperative breeder — for the past 6 years in the central Venezuelan savanna. Reproductive groups have ranged in size from 2 to 5. In one of our study populations, only about 15% of the groups contained helpers, and nearly all these contained only a single male helper (Fig. 2). In an adjacent population, the majority of groups contained helpers, and more than half of these contained several helpers of either sex. Territory size is, on average, much smaller in the latter population. In these populations the presence of a single helper is associated with a three-fold increase in reproductive success (Table 1). Additional helpers are not associated with further reproductive enhancement. Enhancement is chiefly due to an increased proportion of nest starts that eventually produce independent juveniles. This reproductive enhancement is not merely an epiphenomenon resulting from the presence of helpers on territories which are superior for other reasons, such as greater resource availability or the quality of particular parents. It is also not a function of the mean or variance in nestling feeding rate. Predator exclusion experiments, in which certan nests were artificially protected from terrestrial predators, suggested that the mechanism of reproductive enhancement was heightened effectiveness of nest defense. Helpers are usually nondispersers from the parental territory, and have always been found to be close relative of the nestlings that they assist in rearing.
Infrared stationary object acquisition and moving object tracking

Currently, there is much interest in developing electro-optic and infrared stationary and moving object acquisition and tracking algorithms for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and other applications. Many of the existing EO/IR object acquisition and tracking techniques work well for goodquality images, when object parameters such as size are well-known. However, when dealing with noisy and distorted imagery many techniques are unable to acquire stationary objects nor acquire and track moving objects. This paper will discuss two inter-related problems: (1) stationary object detection and segmentation and (2) moving object acquisition and tracking in a sequence of images that are acquired via an IR sensor mounted on both stationary and moving platforms. 1. A stationary object detection and segmentation algorithm called "Weighted Adaptive Iterative Statistical Threshold (WAIST)" will be described. The WAIST algorithm takes any intensity image and separates object pixels from the background or clutter pixels. Two common image processing techniques are nearest neighbors clustering and statistical thresholding. The WAIST algorithm uses both techniques iteratively, making best use of both techniques. Statistical threshold takes advantage of the fact that object pixels will exist above a threshold based on the statistical properties of the known noise pixels in the image. The nearest neighbor technique takes advantage of the fact that when many neighboring pixels are known object pixels, the pixel in question is more likely to be a object pixel. The WAIST algorithm initializes the nearest neighbor parameters and statistical threshold parameters and adjusts them iteratively to converge to an optimal solution. Each iteration of the algorithm conservatively declares a pixel to be noise as the statistical threshold is raised. This algorithm has proven to segment objects of interest from noisy backgrounds and clutter. Results of the effort are presented. 2. For moving object detection and tracking we identify the challenges that the user faces in this problem; in particular, blind geo-registration of the acquired spatially-warped imagery and their calibration. For moving object acquisition and tracking we present an adaptive signal/image processing approach that utilizes multiple frames of the acquired imagery for geo-registration and sensor calibration. Our method utilizes a cost function to associate detected moving objects in adjacent frames and these results are used to identify the motion track of each moving object in the imaging scene. Results are presented using a ground-based panning IR camera.
Models and theories II: Issues and applications

Abstract This paper is the second of a two‐part series on models and theories, the first of which appeared in International Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1997. It further explores some of themes of the first paper and examines applications, including: the relations between “similarity” and “isomorphism”, and between “model” and “interpretation”, and the notion of structural explanation.
Treating Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults: Focus on Once-Daily Medications

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder,1 with a prevalence of approximately 3% to 7% in school-aged children.2 ADHD persists into adulthood in up to 65% of cases,3 causing impairments in multiple domains of functioning in various settings.2 An epidemiologic study4 of adults with ADHD reported a prevalence of 4.4%. Of those with ADHD, 25.2% reported ever having received treatment, and only 10.9% received treatment during the prior 12 months.4 Treatment options encompass psychosocial and pharmacologic treatments approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for adults with ADHD including long-acting stimulants (osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate hydrochloride [OROS-methylphenidate],5 extended-release dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride,6 and mixed amphetamine salts extended release [MAS-XR]),7 the nonstimulant atomoxetine hydrochloride,8 and the stimulant prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate.9 Each option has its own clinical advantages and limitations and except for atomoxetine has abuse liability. This review provides a discussion of the clinical evidence supporting use of each treatment for ADHD in adults.
On identifying information from image-based spatial polarity phenotypes in neutrophils

Cell polarity is involved in many biological functions such as development, wound healing and immune responses. In human neutrophils, polarization is characterized by the translocation of distinct sets of signaling molecules to opposite ends of the cell and the rapid rearrangement of cytoskeleton to initiate migration. While many image-based studies have described cellular morphology and the intensity level of polarity signaling molecules, systematic characterization of the spatial distribution of polarity signaling molecules has been lacking. Here we designed a collection of analytical features to quantify spatial phenotypes of polarity molecules. We compared our features to commonly used polarity readouts and found that they captured additional aspects of the polarization dynamics that were not contained in the existing features. Our work provides a starting point to identify informative features for the study of neutrophil polarization.
Integrating bermudagrass into tall fescue-based pasture systems for stocker cattle.

The daily BW gain of stocker steers grazing tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbysh. = Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.]-based pastures typically declines during summer. To avoid these declines, in part to mitigate the effects of tall fescue toxicosis, it is commonly advised to move cattle to warm-season forage during this period. A 3-yr (2006, 2007, and 2008) grazing study was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing 25% of the area of a tall fescue/clover (81% endophyte-infected) pasture system with "Ozark" bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] overseeded with clover (Trifolium spp.) to provide summer grazing for stocker steers (TF+BERM). The TF+BERM treatment was compared with a grazing system in which tall fescue/clover (TF) pastures were the only type of forage available for grazing. Our objective was to determine if replacement of 25% of the land area in a fescue system with bermudagrass would increase annual beef production compared with a system based solely on tall fescue. The study was conducted at the Southwest Research and Education Center of the University of Missouri near Mt. Vernon. Each treatment was rotationally stocked with 5 steers (248 ± 19.3 kg) on 1.7 ha. Fertilizer applications were applied at rates recommended for each respective forage species. Total forage production, BW gain per hectare, and season-long ADG of steers was greater (P 0.19) in 2007 or 2008. In vitro true digestibility of pastures was greater (P = 0.01) for TF (84.4%, SEM = 0.64%) compared with TF+BERM (80.6%, SEM = 0.79%), even in summer. The decreased in vitro true digestibility of the bermudagrass pastures likely negated any benefit that animals in TF+BERM had in avoiding the ergot-like alkaloids associated with endophyte-infected tall fescue. Renovating 25% of the pasture system to bermudagrass provided some benefit to the system in years when summertime precipitation was limited (2006) but provided no value in wetter years (2007 and 2008). Although renovating endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures to a warm-season forage is a widely used practice to mitigate tall fescue toxicosis, the benefits of this practice are limited if forage quality of the warm season component is poor.
Standard and emerging therapeutic approaches for thyroid malignancies

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. The standard treatment for DTC includes surgery, radioiodine ablation, and thyroid hormone-suppressive therapy. With this approach, overall survival is excellent. Still, controversy exists when tailoring therapy according to an individual's chance of developing metastases. Patients with genetic and environmental risk factors, those at the extremes of age, and those with comorbid conditions require special consideration. The most effective method to monitor patients for disease recurrence and the most optimal treatment for those who recur are debated. New understandings about the genetic aberrations underlying thyroid cancer have led to novel therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The traditional approach to DTC treatment with an emphasis on topics of continued uncertainty will be discussed. In addition, emerging therapies for DTC will be reviewed.
Reconstructive options for the neck after resection of cutaneous malignancies

Cutaneous defects of the neck require a different algorithm for reconstruction as compared to facial defects. Depending on the location and size of the defect, a variety of reconstructive techniques can be used, from secondary healing to pedicled or free flaps. Additionally, patient co-morbidities can negatively affect the outcomes of certain reconstructive options. We will describe a variety of techniques that are available to the head and neck or facial plastic surgeon for reconstruction of neck defects.
Racial Differences Among Very Low Birthweight (VLBW) Neonates. 1251

Objective: Infants of different racial groups were compared to determine if there is an effect of race on the short-term outcome of VLBW neonates. Methods: The NICHD Neonatal Research Network maintains a registry of all VLBW neonates (501-1500g) born +/or cared for at participating centers. Maternal and infant data are collected by chart review.Results: Between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 1995, 2023 infants were entered into the registry. Of these, 965 were black, 707 white, and 351 of other races. There were significant differences in the prenatal and perinatal histories of infants analyzed by race (Table). Black mothers were significantly more likely to be 24h, and less likely to have received antenatal steroids and to have been delivered by C/S. By contrast, there were relatively few differences in early diagnoses, therapies, short-term outcome or mortality(15% B, 17% W, 15% O). Among survivors and nonsurvivors, there were no differences in length of stay. Black infants were significantly less likely to receive surfactants (47% B, 58% W, 54% O) and more likely to have surgery for a PDA (23% B, 11% W, 14% O). There were no significant differences by race in other complications, including RDS, CLD, NEC, or sepsis.Conclusion: Although there were differences by race in the prenatal histories of this VLBW cohort, these did not correspond to significant differences in initial morbidity or short-term complications.
The mu-opioid receptor gene polymorphism (A118G) alters HPA axis activation induced by opioid receptor blockade.

An A118G nucleotide exchange in exon 1 of the mu-opioid receptor causes an Asn40Asp substitution polymorphism in the receptor's extracellular domain. In vitro studies show that the Asp40 variant of the mu-opioid receptor binds β-endorphin three times more avidly than the more common Asn40 variant. Paraventricular corticotropin releasing hormone neurons, which activate the HPA axis, express mu-opioid receptors and are modulated by β-endorphin neurons. This preliminary study was designed to test the hypothesis that the Asn40Asp substitution polymorphism in the mu-opioid receptor influences HPA axis activation induced by opioid receptor blockade. Thirty-nine healthy men were genotyped (A vs. G) and then underwent opioid receptor blockade with Naloxone. Subjects expressing the A118G receptor variant had greater cortisol responses to opioid receptor blockade. Also, a significant difference in the rate of increase of ACTH (slope) between A/A and A/G was observed between 30–90 minutes as well as a significant difference in the rate of decrease after 90 minutes. Moreover, subjects expressing the variant polymorphism had lower scores on the Conscientiousness Factor and associated subscales of NEO Personality Inventory compared to subjects expressing the common receptor. Because serotonin also modulates the CRF neuron, subjects were genotyped for a functional polymorphism within the serotonin transporter gene. We did not see differences in hormone responses resulting from expression of this functional polymorphism. It is plausible that persons expressing the mu-opioid receptor variant have altered HPA axis dynamics and altered responses to other physiological processes regulated through activation of the mu-opioid receptor.
Mapping the binding domains involved in the interaction between the Plasmodium falciparum knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) and the cytoadherence ligand P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1).

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) clusters at electron-dense knob-like structures on the surface of malaria-infected red blood cells and mediates their adhesion to the vascular endothelium. In parasites lacking knobs, vascular adhesion is less efficient, and infected red cells are not able to immobilize successfully under hemodynamic flow conditions even though PfEMP1 is still present on the exterior of the infected red cell. We examined the interaction between the knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP), the parasite protein upon which knob formation is dependent, and PfEMP1, and we show evidence of a direct interaction between KAHRP and the cytoplasmic region of PfEMP1 (VARC). We have identified three fragments of KAHRP which bind VARC. Two of these KAHRP fragments (K1A and K2A) interact with VARC with binding affinities (K D(kin)) of 1 × 10−7 m and 3.3 × 10−6 m respectively, values comparable to those reported previously for protein-protein interactions in normal and infected red cells. Further experiments localized the high affinity binding regions of KAHRP to the 63-residue histidine-rich and 70-residue 5′ repeats. Deletion of these two regions from the KAHRP fragments abolished their ability to bind to VARC. Identification of the critical domains involved in interaction between KAHRP and PfEMP1 may aid development of new therapies to prevent serious complications of P. falciparum malaria.
Characterization of Russian Wheat Aphid Resistance in a Hard White Spring Wheat

The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a recently introduced insect pest that is a serious threat to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. While many hexaploid wheat lines have been identified as RWA-resistant, little is known about the mechanisms of resistance of these lines. This study was conducted to characterize the plant components (i.e., tolerance, antixenosis, and antibiosis) contributing to resistance of PI 140207, a hard white spring wheat, originally collected in Iran, that has a moderate level of resistance to the RWA (.)
Wild West Libraries: A Study of Southwest Kansas Public Libraries

Public Libraries developed and grew along with the United States. In southwest Kansas, money, materials, staffing, and distance have been factors in the growth of the public libraries, and they remain current factors as well. Library consortia have aided in this development and have helped solve small library problems. This article reports a 2008 survey of public libraries that are served by the Southwest Kansas Library System (SWKLS). The survey lays out the operating conditions of some of America's small libraries and shows the extent of their interrelationship with their consortium.
Getting the Message Out: An Evaluation of NAEP Score Reporting Practices With Implications for Disseminating Test Results

How a testing agency approaches score reporting can have a significant impact on the perception of that assessment and the usefulness of the information among intended users and stakeholders. Too often, important decisions about reporting test data are left to the end of the test development cycle, but by considering the audience(s) and the kinds of information that they find useful earlier in the process, the agency can capitalize on that knowledge and increase the likelihood that test scores are used as intended and are regarded positively. To that end, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is “The Nation's Report Card,” charged with making available “reliable information about the academic performance of American students in various learning areas, 2 ” and the purpose of this evaluation of NAEP was to review NAEP score reporting efforts with respect to this charge. The research questions guiding the study focused on the utility of Web-based reporting resources, the understandability an...
Are mental states assessed relative to what most people should or would think? Prescriptive and descriptive components of expected attitudes

For Knobe, observers evaluate mental states by comparing agents' statements with “defaults,” the attitudes they are expected to hold. In our analysis, Knobe's model relies primarily on what agents should think, and little on expectancies of what they would think. We show the importance and complexity of including descriptive and prescriptive norms if one is to take expectancies seriously.
Nitrogen oxide chemistry in an urban plume: investigation of the chemistry of peroxy and multifunctional organic nitrates with a Lagrangian model

Abstract. Air quality in the outflow from urban centers affects millions of people, as well as, natural and managed ecosystems downwind. In locations where there are large sources of biogenic VOCs downwind of urban centers, the outflow is characterized by a high VOC reactivity due to biogenic emissions and low NOx. However most field and chamber studies have focused on limiting cases of high NOx or of near zero NOx. Recent measurements of a wide suite of VOCs, O3 and meteorological parameters at several locations within the Sacramento urban plume have provided a detailed benchmark for testing our understanding of chemistry in a plume transitioning from high NOx to low NOx and high VOC reactivity. As an additional simplification, the strong mountain valley circulation in the region makes this urban plume a physical realization of a nearly idealized Lagrangian plume. Here, we describe a model of this plume. We use a Lagrangian model representing chemistry based on the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) v3.1 along with mixing and deposition. We discuss the effects of entrainment of background air, the branching ratio for the production of isoprene nitrates and the effects of soil NOx emissions on the composition of the evolving plume. The model predicts that after 2–3 h of chemical processing only 45% of the peroxynitrates (ΣPNs) are PAN and that most (69%) RONO2 are secondary alkyl nitrate products of the reaction of OH with RONO2. We find the model is more consistent with the observations if: a) the yield of ΣPNs from large and multi-functional aldehydes is close to zero; and b) the reaction between OH and RONO2 produces multifunctional nitrates as opposed to either HNO3 or NO2 as is typical in most currently adopted reaction mechanisms. Model results also show that adding NOx emissions throughout the transect increases the available NOx in the downwind regions, but modeled ozone concentrations were little affected by the increased NOx.
Analysis of the modes of directional data with particular reference to palaeomagnetism

Summary. Advantages of using the mode in analysis of palaeomagnetic vectors are discussed, and a computer technique is described for contouring and precisely locating the modes of vector distributions that may be hay skewed. In contrast to conventional determinations of the mode, unit vectors from a given data set are treated not as discrete points, but as identical Fisherian probability density functions defined (at an angle 0 from the unit vector) by: p = exp [sk(cos 0 - l)], where k is the estimate of the Fisherian concentration parameter, and s is an arbitrarily assigned ‘smoothmg parameter’. A grid, representing the cumulative probability distribution of the total sample of vectors, is contoured to provide a graphical display of the distribution around the most probable value, the mode. By repeatedly contouring the same sample of vectors with successively larger values of s, and by treating the mode as a vector with length given by the total probability value at the mode, ‘progressive modal diagrams’ can be constructed, to aid in determining the stable position of the mode of skewed distributions. In addition, a new statistic, ‘095) is suggested as an error estimator for the mode. The statistic &,5 is derived from the largest subset of the total sample that has a mean identical with the mode of the total sample; this statistic is defined as the Fisherian half-angle of the cone of 95 per cent confidence for the mean of this subset.
Image coding using high-order conditional entropy-constrained residual VQ

An extension of entropy-constrained residual vector quantization is presented where inter-vector dependencies are exploited. The method, which the authors call conditional entropy-constrained residual vector quantization, employs a high-order entropy conditioning strategy that captures local information in the neighboring vectors. The complexity of the proposed design algorithm is relatively low, due mainly to the efficiency of the multistage structure of the residual vector quantizer, but also to the effectiveness of the searching techniques used to locate the best conditioning spatial-stage region of support. Experimental results show that the new method outperforms standard entropy-constrained residual vector quantization while also requiring lower encoding complexity and memory requirements. >