cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Residual stresses in multi-crystalline silicon photovoltaic wafers due to casting and wire sawing

Abstract A significant portion of the total manufacturing cost of crystalline silicon solar cells is attributed to the manufacturing and material costs of the silicon wafer. In addition to its high cost, silicon is very brittle, therefore wafers are prone to fracture during handling and processing. In this paper we investigate the manufacturing-induced residual stresses in photovoltaic silicon wafers due to casting and wire-sawing processes which affect the mechanical integrity of the wafers. Specifically, the paper addresses measurement of residual stresses in multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers by photoelasticity and polarized micro-Raman spectroscopy methods, as well as the effects of diamond wire sawing and loose abrasive slurry sawing on the residual stresses within the grains and at the grain boundaries. The micro-Raman method probes the residual stresses in the near-surface of the wafer while the photoelasticity technique probes the through-thickness residual stress in the wafers. The results show that diamond wire sawing and loose abrasive slurry wire sawing produce compressive residual stresses in the as-cut mc-Si wafer surface. Loose abrasive slurry wire sawing produces larger compressive stresses in the as-cut surface layers compared to diamond wire sawing. Beneath the saw damage layer in the sawn wafers, low residual tensile stresses are present from the casting process.
Quantifying the spatial and temporal distribution of tanglehead ( Heteropogon contortus ) on South Texas rangelands

Tanglehead is a grass native to southwestern US rangelands; however, its prevalence as a native invasive on South Texas rangelands has increased rapidly during the last decade. Large areas of monotypic stands have emerged in Jim Hogg, Duval, Brooks, and Kleberg counties. The aim of this research is to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of these invasions as a model for the assessment of native invasive species. Our specific objectives were to (1) evaluate the feasibility of classifying tanglehead using 1-m resolution imagery data, (2) assess the spatial and temporal distribution of tanglehead in relation to soil type and distance from roads, and (3) quantify the temporal and spatial distribution of tanglehead on our study sites. We combined remote sensing approaches with landscape metrics to quantify the spatial and temporal distribution of tanglehead in five locations across our study area. We calculated the normalized difference vegetation index and combined it with the original aerial imagery to conduct an unsupervised classification with the following land cover classes: woody vegetation, tanglehead, non-tanglehead herbaceous, and bare ground. Soil type and the distance from roads were assessed to determine the relationship between these factors and tanglehead spatial distribution. We were able to successfully map tanglehead using the 1-m imagery. Our image classification approach resulted in accuracies greater than 85% for all sites. Tanglehead occurred in sandy, loamy sand, and sandy loam soils. Over 70% of tanglehead cover occurred within the first 150 m from the edge of roads. This cover increased from 7.1% (SE = 1.1%) in 2008 to 17.8% (SE = 5.4%) in 2014. Once established, small patches of tanglehead began aggregating or coalescing with existing stands, thereby creating larger patches over larger areas. Our study has shown the value of analyzing spatiotemporal dynamics of tanglehead with remote sensing techniques and landscape metrics to improve our understanding of establishment and dispersal processes of a native invasive. This study provides useful information to improve rangeland management decisions as well as assessing native invasive dynamics with potential applications for assessing its effects on wildlife habitat, livestock operations, and habitat restoration strategies.
A Game-Theoretic Approach for Alert Prioritization

The quantity of information that is collected and stored in computer systems continues to grow rapidly. At the same time, the sensitivity of such information (e.g., detailed medical records) often makes such information valuable to both external attackers, who may obtain information by compromising a system, and malicious insiders, who may misuse information by exercising their authorization. To mitigate compromises and deter misuse, the security administrators of these resources often deploy various types of intrusion and misuse detection systems, which provide alerts of suspicious events that are worthy of follow-up review. However, in practice, these systems may generate a large number of false alerts, wasting the time of investigators. Given that security administrators have limited budget for investigating alerts, they must prioritize certain types of alerts over others. An important challenge in alert prioritization is that adversaries may take advantage of such behavior to evade detection — specifically by mounting attacks that trigger alerts that are less likely to be investigated. In this paper, we model alert prioritization with adaptive adversaries using a Stackelberg game and introduce an approach to compute the optimal prioritization of alert types. We evaluate our approach using both synthetic data and a real-world dataset of alerts generated from the audit logs of an electronic medical record system in use at a large academic medical center.
Social Work Roles and Tasks with Incarcerated Mothers

Incarcerated mothers and their children are a sizeable population at risk. Intervention can prevent or reduce the disabling effects of the sudden, extended separation on mothers, children, and families. A model for practice with inmate mothers is presented.
Update on the biology and therapy of gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Approximately 60% of GISTs occur in the stom-ach, 25% in the small intestine, and 10% in the colon andrectum. The remainder arise from other sites in the GItract or rare locations such as the gall bladder, appendix,omentum, or mesentery. However, GISTs account forapproximately 2% of all stomach tumors, 14% of all smallintestine tumors,and 0.1% of colon tumors. In the UnitedStates, the incidence is approximately 5,000 new cases
Beekeeping in the British Isles from 1700 to 1750

(1956). Beekeeping in the British Isles from 1700 to 1750. Bee World: Vol. 37, No. 8, pp. 145-154.
Early Optic Nerve Head Glial Proliferation and Jak-Stat Pathway Activation in Chronic Experimental Glaucoma.

Purpose We previously reported increased expression of cell proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway-related genes in chronic experimental glaucoma model optic nerve heads (ONH) with early, mild injury. Here, we confirm these observations by localizing, identifying, and quantifying ONH cellular proliferation and Jak-Stat pathway activation in this model. Methods Chronic intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation was achieved via outflow pathway sclerosis. After 5 weeks, ONH longitudinal sections were immunolabeled with proliferation and cell-type markers to determine nuclear densities in the anterior (unmyelinated) and transition (partially myelinated) ONH. Nuclear pStat3 labeling was used to detect Jak-Stat pathway activation. Nuclear density differences between control ONH (uninjected) and ONH with either early or advanced injury (determined by optic nerve injury grading) were identified by ANOVA. Results Advanced injury ONH had twice the nuclear density (P < 0.0001) of controls and significantly greater astrocyte density in anterior (P = 0.0001) and transition (P = 0.006) ONH regions. An increased optic nerve injury grade positively correlated with increased microglia/macrophage density in anterior and transition ONH (P < 0.0001, both). Oligodendroglial density was unaffected. In glaucoma model ONH, 80% of anterior and 66% of transition region proliferating cells were astrocytes. Nuclear pStat3 labeling significantly increased in early injury anterior ONH, and 95% colocalized with astrocytes. Conclusions Astrocytes account for the majority of proliferating cells, contributing to a doubled nuclear density in advanced injury ONH. Jak-Stat pathway activation is apparent in the early injury glaucoma model ONH. These data confirm dramatic astrocyte cell proliferation and early Jak-Stat pathway activation in ONH injured by elevated IOP.
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 3 months of life may reduce the risk of respiratory allergies and some asthma in children at the age of 6 years.

AIM We examined the associations between breastfeeding and respiratory allergies and types of asthma in American children. METHODS This longitudinal study used data from mother-infant pairs who took part in the Infant Feeding Practices Study II in 2005-2007 and the Year 6 Follow-Up Study in 2012. The mothers reported breastfeeding practices on a monthly basis for the first year of life, childhood asthma and allergies at age 6 years, and associated factors. Generalised linear models were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS Overall, 1177 mother-infant pairs were included in the sample. A third (32.9%) of the children were exclusively breastfed until the age of 3 months and by the age of 6 years 20.8% had been diagnosed with respiratory allergies and 11.3% with asthma. In the multivariable analyses, exclusive breastfeeding for 3 months was associated with a reduced relative risk of respiratory allergies of 0.77 at the age of 6 years. It also reduced the relative risk of asthma to 0.66, but only if the children did not have a family history of asthma. CONCLUSION This longitudinal study provided evidence that exclusive breastfeeding for the first 3 months may reduce the risk of respiratory allergies and asthma in children 6 years of age, but concerning asthma, statistical significance was reached only in children without a family predisposition to asthma.
Mutual Coupling Suppression in Antenna Arrays Using Meandered Open Stub Filtering Technique

Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems utilize multiple antenna elements to improve channel capacity and achieve higher data rates. The successful implementation of MIMO systems requires low mutual coupling between antenna elements to reduce the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) at the operating frequency. In this paper, we introduce a mutual coupling suppression technique using an open stub meandered (OSM) bandstop filter (BSF) design for MIMO applications. The OSM-BSF is optimized and implemented on the ground plane side of a two-element patch array. The designed filter provides high isolation of 60 dB at 2.4 GHz across a 30% bandwidth. A parametric study of antenna element spacing was carried out, showing at least 40 dB of mutual coupling suppression in the antenna array, irrespective of the antenna element spacing. A two-element antenna array prototype with OSM-BSF was fabricated and tested. Measurements showed that ≥ 57 dB isolation was achieved using OSM-BSF. Besides, the fabricated array provides a low ECC of 0.0093 at 2.42 GHz, while maintaining edge-to-edge spacing as little as $0.19\lambda _{0}$ .
Maximum Observation of a Faster Non-Maneuvering Target by a Slower Observer.

This paper considers a two agent scenario containing an observer and a non-maneuvering target. The observer is maneuverable but is slower than the course-holding target. In this scenario, the observer is endowed with a nonzero radius of observation within which he strives at keeping the target for as long as possible. Using the calculus of variations, we pose and solve the optimal control problem, solving for the heading of the observer which maximizes the amount of time the target remains inside the radius of observation. Utilizing the optimal observer heading we compute the exposure time based upon the angle by which the target is initially captured. Presented, along with an example, are the zero-time of exposure heading, maximum time of observation heading, and proof that observation is persistent under optimal control.
FIFNET: A convolutional neural network for motion-based multiframe super-resolution using fusion of interpolated frames

Abstract We present a novel motion-based multiframe image super-resolution (SR) algorithm using a convolutional neural network (CNN) that fuses multiple interpolated input frames to produce an SR output. We refer to the proposed CNN and associated preprocessing as the Fusion of Interpolated Frames Network (FIFNET). We believe this is the first such CNN approach in the literature to perform motion-based multiframe SR by fusing multiple input frames in a single network. We study the FIFNET using translational interframe motion with both fixed and random frame shifts. The input to the network is a sequence of interpolated and aligned frames. One key innovation is that we compute subpixel interframe registration information for each interpolated pixel and feed this into the network as additional input channels. We demonstrate that this subpixel registration information is critical to network performance. We also employ a realistic camera-specific optical transfer function model that accounts for diffraction and detector integration when generating training data. We present a number of experimental results to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed FIFNET using both simulated and real camera data. The real data come directly from a camera and are not artificially downsampled or degraded. In the quantitative results with simulated data, we show that the FIFNET performs favorably in comparison to the benchmark methods tested.
Valuing the Defeasance Option in Securitized Commercial Mortgages

To protect the interests of investors, commercial mortgage loans pooled for the issuance of commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) have restrictive covenants that discourage the borrower from refinancing. Such restrictions limit the borrower's ability to access any accumulated equity. The predominant means of accessing this equity today is defeasance. By defeasing a loan, the borrower substitutes the commercial mortgage with U.S. Treasury or agency obligations whose payments match those of the defeased mortgage. Therefore, defeasance is an exchange option whereby the borrower gives up the portfolio of Treasury or agency securities and in return receives the market value of the commercial mortgage plus the liquidity benefits arising from accessing the accumulated equity in the underlying property. The value of the option to defease is shown to depend critically on the rate of return that can be earned on the released equity, prevailing interest rate conditions, as well as the option's contractual features.
The Archives at the Tip of Their Fingers: Exploring User Reactions to Large-Scale Digitization

Advances in digital image capture technology and the adoption of More Product, Less Process methods have resulted in special collections and archives large-scale digitization that creates a new kin...
Expression of Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and Anterograde Axonal Transport of Endogenous NT-3 by Retinal Ganglion Cells in Chick Embryos

Anterograde axonal transport of neurotrophins has been demonstrated recently, but to date such transport has only been shown for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and no other endogenous neurotrophin. Endogenous neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) protein is present in the ganglion cell layer of the chicken retina, as well as the superficial layers of the optic tectum. NT-3 immunolabel in these tectal layers is largely reduced or abolished after treatment of the eye with colchicine or monensin, demonstrating that endogenous NT-3 is transported to the optic tectum by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Reverse transcription-PCR analysis of RGCs purified to 100% shows that RGCs, but not tectal cells, express NT-3 mRNA. Blockade of the intercellular transfer of NT-3 within the retina does not reduce the anterograde transport of endogenous NT-3 to the tectum, indicating that a major fraction of the anterogradely transported NT-3 is produced by RGCs rather than taken up from other retinal cells. Immunolabel for the neurotrophin receptor p75, but not trkB or trkC, in the superficial tectum coincides with the NT-3 label. The p75 label in the neuropil of superficial tectal layers is largely reduced or eliminated by injection of monensin in the eye, indicating that p75 protein is exported along RGC axons to the retinotectal terminals and may act as a neurotrophin carrier. These results show that NT-3 is produced by RGCs and that some of this NT-3 is transported anterogradely along the axons to the superficial layers of the tectum, possibly to regulate the survival, synapse formation, or dendritic growth of tectal neurons.
Chapter 5 Cellular mechanisms regulating neurite initiation

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on some of the cellular changes associated with morphogenesis and regeneration, focusing on the possible roles of calcium transients and immediate early genes in triggering neurite initiation. Neurite initiation is a complex process that cannot always be clearly separated from outgrowth. Although the morphological changes occurring during neurite initiation have been well described for many years, relatively little is known about the mechanisms that regulate neurite initiation. At the macromolecular level, growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), microtubule-associated protein lB (MAPlB) and the GM1 class of gangliosides have all been implicated in the control of neurite initiation and outgrowth, and antibodies and/or antisense oligonucleotides to the last two macromolecules have been reported to inhibit neurite initiation in at least some cell types, arguing that MAPlB and GMl may play critical roles in neurite initiation. In spite of the large amount of information accumulated about control of growth cone behavior and neurite outgrowth, the initial event of neurite formation is only beginning to be understood.
Lessons from the desert: Integrating managerial expertise and learning for organizational transformation

Reflection upon a field study of a corporate transformation provides insights into the application and integration of organizational learning theory and frameworks with local, corporate knowledge. In the corporate transformation studied this local knowledge came from consumer psychology, marketing campaigns and the use of media. When these ideas were applied and integrated with transformation efforts they provided scale and continuity to organizational learning efforts. The improved performance and success resulting from this corporate transformation provides lessons for all learning and improvement initiatives. Utilizing learning approaches that are modified and complemented by local knowledge improves the application of these concepts in the immediate setting and creates innovations that serve as examples for what can be applied elsewhere.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation resulting in severe hemorrhage, following the intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline to induce abortion

common ejaculatory ducts. \Ye bvere not able to tilld in the literature any similar case or any description of an attempt to correct surgically this kind of anomaly. In addition, since the patient had a normal libido, erection, and orgasm as I\-et1 as a happy Inaritnl lift, he refused to undergo aiiy operation. Another lvay \\-ould be to try and obtain sterile S~IIICII by treating the patient lvith antiI)iotic\, according to the sensitivity, followed by artificial insemination by the husband. 'I'\vo courses of neomycin, 6 Gm. per day, for 10 days \\.cre given to the patient, but repeated semen cultures were still positive for E. coli. The semen cultures remained positive even after the administration of repeated enemas with neomycin i;olution, 50 per cent. An attempt was made to steritiye the semen “in vitro” by mixing it with neomycin solution, 50 per cent. By this procedurc,, the semen cultures tvere sterile after 20 niinutes. Art’ificial insemination by the husband \\?th the senlr11 after being treated in the abovettlcntioncd \vay seemed to be another logical way of treatment in this case. But since there could be possible teratogenic influence of the neomycin on the semen, we did not choose this way. Th(a couple definitely refused artificial insemination by a donor. The single therapeutic possibility left \vas artificial insemination by the husband with the contaminated senlen. This lvay, of courw, \vould entail some danger of pelvic inflalilrrlatory disease to the ~vomm. Since intercourse is not considered to be a t~acteriologically sterile act, and since the female genital tract has natural defense mechanisnls against ascending infections (closed celvis, cer\.ical mucus, xraginal lactobacitli, etc.), \ve decided to insenkate the v~o1na11 lvith the contamiirated semen \\-hile covering her Ivith a broad\pectrurn antibiotic. The risk involved \c-as cnrefully explained to the couple. After establishing ovulation and patency of the tuber, the \voman leas given I’rnbritin (ampicillill), 2 Gm. per day, for 10 days and 3 artificial inseminations by the husband \cere performed, in the same cycle. The semen \cas oblained after a cleansing enenin. l’he Mife concci\,ed on her first cycle and had an uneventful, Ilorlnnl preglxmcy. AI $0 lvecks, she was adltlittcd I)ecaLIsc of hreectl presentation (high pre\Ixntitig part ) and pr(~tt~ature rupture of n1cmIxanes. A 101~ cemical cesarcan section Tras performed, and a Ilormal fenlale baby xc-eighing 3,500 grams \\-a~ delivered. The postoperative I)eriod \vas Ime~~entful; and the mother with the baby w’ere both discharged on the eighth postoperative day.
Multiple active forms of thrombin. I. Partial resolution, differential activities, and sequential formation.

Abstract The two major molecular weight classes of thrombin have been resolved chromatographically on sulfoethyl Sephadex. The larger thrombin is a molecule of 39,000 daltons, composed of two disulfide-linked chains of 33,000 and 6,000 daltons. The smaller thrombins have an intact molecular weight of 28,000. At least two molecular species are contained in this class with the proposed disulfide-linked chain structure (a) 18,000 and 10,000 daltons and (b) 14,000, 4,000, and 10,000 daltons. All the thrombins isolated have identical specific activities toward tosyl-l-arginine methyl ester. The clotting specific activity of the larger thrombin is 2,700 NIH units per mg while those of the two smaller thrombins appear to be about 0.50 and 0.25 of this value, respectively. Studies conducted with Parke-Davis topical thrombin and partially purified prothrombin indicate that the smaller thrombins are sequentially produced from the larger thrombin.
The Roswell Park Cancer Institute experience with extramammary Paget’s disease

Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepithelial neoplasm. Common sites of occurrence include the vulva, perianal region, perineum and scrotum. Despite frequent recurrences, surgery is the standard treatment. This study examines the recurrence rate for EMPD treated by conventional surgical management. Alternative and multimodal therapeutic approaches are reviewed. This retrospective analysis included all 30 patients treated for EMPD at Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI) between 1970 and 1998. Following conventional surgical treatment, 44% of our patients developed recurrence. Vulvectomy provided the lowest recurrence rate, but involved extensive tissue loss and functional debility. Multimodal treatment using Mohs' micrographic surgery and photodynamic therapy has been used at RPCI to manage EMPD with minimal tissue loss and no functional impairment. Surgical treatment offers a moderate chance of EMPD cure. Long-term multimodal approaches require close follow-up, but may conserve both tissue and function.
Stability of colloidal silica: II. Ion exchange

Abstract The stabilities of the colloidal silicas, Ludox HS and Ludox AM, in the presence of various electrolytes have been systematically investigated by turbidity measurements. Complete “electrolyte concentration-pH” domains giving coagulation and stability regions have been determined for salts with cations of +1, +2, and +3 charge. By means of a titration technique, the amount of exchange of positive ions for silanolic hydrogens on the surface of the silica sols has been measured as a function of pH at various electrolyte concentrations. At low pH cation exchange on silica surfaces would appear to obey the mass action law. At pH > 6 the observed amount of exchange is considerably less than predicted on the basis of a simple equilibrium. It was established that the stability of colloidal silica can be related to ion exchange. For a given pH the minimum amount of cation exchange on a silanol surface necessary for coagulation was the same for all the alkali metal counterions studied regardless of the critical coagulation concentration. Up to pH 8 the relationship between ion exchange and the critical coagulation concentrations for calcium and lanthanum ions was the same as for the series of monovalent cations.
Controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC) Build 1 value-added services

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAAs) controller-pilot data link communications (CPDLC) Build 1 system began initial daily use (IDU) at Miami Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC) on October 7, 2002. CPDLC utilizes the aeronautical telecommunications network (ATN) and very high frequency digital link (VDL) mode 2 to transmit digital messages between air traffic controllers and pilots in specially equipped aircraft. In addition to the FAA and the Miami ARTCC, stakeholders include ARINC, American Airlines, Continental Airlines, Delta Airlines, Atlantic Southeast Airlines (ASA), the United States Air Force, Rockwell Collins, and Teledyne. CPDLC Build 1 consists of four basic services: transfer of communications (TOC) for directing a pilot to change the assigned voice frequency; initial contact (IC) for verification of the pilot's assigned altitude; altimeter setting (AS) for uplinking barometric pressure data, and menu text (MT) for uplinking a predefined set of text messages. These services are invoked through five message types: contact; monitor, usually combined with confirm assigned level (CAL); "independent" CAL; altimeter setting; and menu text. CPDLC Build 1 was to have been the first step in an evolution of data link capabilities that would eventually provide data link services to all centers through a series of builds intended to keep pace with similar developments in Europe. It was planned to be a limited duration, single site implementation to prove the viability of CPDLC procedures and capabilities, to be followed by the national deployment of CPDLC Build 1A. However, in April 2003, the FAA's Joint Resources Council (JRC) decided to defer CPDLC Build 1A, but directed the CPDLC team to prepare a sustainment plan for continued Build 1 operations in Miami. The sustainment plan (2003) was prepared in July 2003 and included plans for the resolution of existing operational issues and implementation of program refinements. Key among the latter included expanding existing capabilities at little or no cost through value-added services. This paper summarizes CPDLC Build 1 operations since IDU and describes some innovative approaches for expanding its limited capabilities with minimal impact on existing systems (e.g., procedural) and cost to the program office.
Genomic sequence of the aflatoxigenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nomius

Aspergillus nomius is an opportunistic pathogen and one of the three most important producers of aflatoxins in section Flavi. This fungus has been reported to contaminate agricultural commodities, but it has also been sampled in non-agricultural areas so the host range is not well known. Having a similar mycotoxin profile as A. parasiticus, isolates of A. nomius are capable of secreting B- and G- aflatoxins. In this study we discovered that the A. nomius type strain (NRRL 13137) has a genome size of approximately 36 Mb which is comparable to other Aspergilli whose genomes have been sequenced. Its genome encompasses 11,918 predicted genes, 72 % of which were assigned GO terms using BLAST2GO. More than 1,200 of those predicted genes were identified as unique to A. nomius, and the most significantly enriched GO category among the unique genes was oxidoreducatase activity. Phylogenomic inference shows NRRL 13137 as ancestral to the other aflatoxigenic species examined from section Flavi. This strain contains a single mating-type idiomorph designated as MAT1-1. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the A. nomius genome. Given the recently discovered potential for A. nomius to undergo sexual recombination, and based on our findings, this genome sequence provides an additional evolutionary reference point for studying the genetics and biology of aflatoxin production.
Shell Nigeria: The WikiLeaks Cables

In November 2010, WikiLeaks began releasing the first of hundreds of thousands of U.S. diplomatic cables that it had obtained. Among the thousands of cables published by early 2011, were several that shed light on Royal Dutch Shell's operations in Nigeria and its relationship with the Nigerian government.Learning Objective: To offer insight into Royal Dutch Shell's operations in Nigeria as revealed in the WikiLeaks cables.
Orbital ordering in the two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor Rb2CrCl4

Abstract We present the results of electronic structure calculations for the two-dimensional ferromagnet Rb 2 CrCl 4 . They are obtained by the augmented spherical wave (ASW) method as based on density functional theory and the local density approximation. In agreement with experimental data, Rb 2 CrCl 4 is found to be semiconducting and displays long-range ferromagnetic order of the localized Cr 3d moments. The magnetic properties are almost independent of the structural modifications arising from the Jahn–Teller instability, which leads from the parent body-centered tetragonal K 2 NiF 4 structure to a side-centered orthorhombic lattice. In contrast, the insulating gap is observed only for the latter structure due to the reduced symmetry. Our results thus suggest to interpret the orbital ordering as a necessary prerequisite for the opening of the gap rather than for the ferromagnetic order.
Generalized version control in an object-oriented database

An important function of an engineering database management system is to support incremental and cooperative design in an orderly way. This calls for a version-control mechanism of some generality if it is to be appropriate to the design of complex objects. The authors consider the nature of design objects, and develop some functional requirements for version control of such objects. They outline the basic object-oriented database model, which they take as the foundation for their proposal. They then discuss the relationship between versions and the objects they exemplify, describe the mechanisms for the creation of versioned objects and the conversion of non-versioned objects to versioned form, study the impact on referencing and type checking in the object model, and arrive at a flexible notion of a context containing rules for version selection. Their implementation of some of these concepts is also described. >
Surgical treatment of 4 horses for cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the cranial suspensory ligament of the testis.

Objective To report surgical management of 4 horses with cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the cranial suspensory ligament (CSL). Study Design Retrospective case series. Animals Cryptorchid horses (n = 4). Methods Horses with unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism caused by failure of regression of the CSL were treated by removing the retained testes through a standing laparoscopic approach (2), flank laparotomy (1), or paramedian celiotomy (1). After identification of the retained testis attached to the caudal pole of the kidney by the CSL, the vascular pedicle and ductus deferens were ligated and removed. Results Two horses had bilateral cryptorchidism and 2 horses had unilateral cryptorchidism. Standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy was performed successfully in 2 horses and in 2, the retained testes were removed using a flank or paramedian celiotomy. All testes were located in the dorsal aspect of the abdomen just caudal to the kidney and had a well-developed CSL. All horses recovered successfully from surgery. Conclusions Failure of regression of the CSL is an uncommon cause of cryptorchidism in horses; however, affected horses can be treated using surgical approaches that facilitate exploration of the dorsocaudal aspect of the abdomen.
Molecular Biology of Behavior: Targets for Therapeutics

IN THIS ISSUE of theArchives, the article by Duman and colleagues 1 helps clarify the next layer of understanding of the neurobiology of depression and, ultimately, brings to light more powerful and selective treatment interventions. As in the catecholamine and indoleamine hypotheses of the 1960s, Duman et al appropriately rely heavily on a pharmacological bridge to better understand potential alterations in depression based on the effects of antidepressant medications. In addition, microstructural alterations in the brains of patients with depression have begun to be reported, with initial reports of increased expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the brains of suicide victims who had depression; increased size of the pituitary and adrenal glands; and a variety of findings concerning receptor, peptide, and structural alterations in the hippocampus, including preliminary findings of decreased hippocampal size as a function of duration of prior depressions. 2 It is against this background that tracing the effects
Combined integrin activation and intracellular cAMP cause Rho GTPase dependent growth cone collapse on laminin-1

Cyclic nucleotides regulate the response of both developing and regenerating growth cones to a wide range of guidance molecules through poorly understood mechanisms. It is not clear how cAMP levels are regulated or how they translate into altered growth cone behavior. Here, we show that intracellular cAMP levels are influenced by substrata and integrin receptors. We also show that growth cones require a substratum-specific balance between cAMP levels, integrin function and Rho GTPases to maintain motility and prevent collapse. Embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion neurons plated on different concentrations of laminin extend growth cones at similar speeds, yet have distinct levels of integrin expression, integrin activation and intracellular cAMP levels. Either increasing cAMP signaling or activating integrins enhances the rate of growth cone motility, but only on substrata where these two factors are endogenously low (i.e. low concentrations of laminin). Surprisingly, combining these two positive manipulations induces growth cone collapse and retraction on laminin but not on fibronectin. Collapse and retraction on laminin are Rho and Rac1 GTPase dependent and are associated with internalization of integrins, the primary receptors responsible for adhesion. These observations define a novel pathway through which cAMP influences growth cone motility and establish a link between integrins, cAMP and Rho GTPases in growth cones.
Patient Perspectives Kundalini Yoga Meditation Techniques for Psycho-oncology and as Potential Therapies for Cancer

The ancient system of Kundalini Yoga (KY) includes a vast array of meditation techniques. Some were discovered to be specific for treating psychiatric disorders and others are supposedly beneficial for treating cancers. To date, 2 clinical trials have been conducted for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The first was an open uncontrolled trial and the second a single-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing a KY protocol against the Relaxation Response and Mindfulness Meditation (RRMM) techniques combined. Both trials showed efficacy on all psychological scales using the KY protocol; however, the RCT showed no efficacy on any scale with the RRMM control group. The KY protocol employed an OCD-specific meditation technique combined with other techniques that are individually specific for anxiety, low energy, fear, anger, meeting mental challenges, and turning negative thoughts into positive thoughts. In addition to OCD symptoms, other symptoms, including anxiety and depression, were also significantly reduced. Elements of the KY protocol other than the OCD-specific technique also may have applications for psycho-oncology patients and are described here. Two depression-specific KY techniques are described that also help combat mental fatigue and low energy. A 7-part protocol is described that would be used in KY practice to affect the full spectrum of emotions and distress that complicate a cancer diagnosis. In addition, there are KY techniques that practitioners have used in treating cancer. These techniques have not yet been subjected to formal clinical trials but are described here as potential adjunctive therapies. A case history demonstrating rapid onset of acute relief of intense fear in a terminal breast cancer patient using a KY technique specific for fear is presented. A second case history is reported for a surviving male diagnosed in 1988 with terminal prostate cancer who has used KY therapy long term as part of a self-directed integrative care approach.
Integrating Undergraduate Research into Engineering: A Communications Approach to Holistic Education

This paper describes the Research Communications Studio (RCS), a structured approach for teaching undergraduate researchers to do authentic written, oral, and graphical communications tasks while they are learning to do research. In the RCS, small groups of undergraduate researchers meet weekly with a communications faculty member, an engineering graduate student mentor, and a communications graduate research assistant. The project is built upon social constructivist theory that recognizes the interdependence between communication, cognitive development, and metacognition. It investigates knowledge construction within a small-group context of distributed cognition, the concept that each group member's expertise is available to other group members. Data from surveys indicate that engineering faculty members, graduate student mentors, and undergraduate participants were very positive about the progress participants made in cognitive development and communications abilities. Analysis of participants' reflective writings shows the development of metacognitive abilities necessary for self-directed, life-long learning.
Electron beam scanning technique for measuring surface work function variations

Abstract A technique has been developed which utilizes a scanning beam of electrons in the retarding field region for the purpose of analyzing the work function variations (patchiness) of surfaces. Since the surface potential barrier is probed with electrons from an external source, either hot or cold surfaces can be investigated. Characteristics such as adsorption, migration, effusion and other problems of surface kinetics can be monitored from a continuously presented television display of the surface work function topography with a resolution of a few microns. A 400 channel analyzer which is incorporated in the equipment permits the determination of the distribution in work function by an analysis of the point-by-point retarding potential characteristics of the scanned surface. Thirty thousand work function samples are obtained during the three seconds required for one scan of the surface. Similar techniques also afford a plot of the distribution of patch fields on the surface. It is furthermore possible to determine the nature of the patch fields encountered just in front of the low work function patches. An analysis of these type patch field plots provides a determination of the average low work function patch diameter.
Convective self-assembly of stoeber sphere arrays for syntactic interlayer dielectrics

Abstract A simple protocol for the production of close-packed, Stoeber sphere arrays for use in syntactic low dielectric interlayer materials is described. Particle arrays are formed using convective self-assembly and deposited directly from the production solution. The influence of withdrawal rate and particle size upon film characteristics is given. Finally, evidence of drying-induced film defects is given.
27.9 A 200kS/s 13.5b integrated-fluxgate differential-magnetic-to-digital converter with an oversampling compensation loop for contactless current sensing

High voltage applications such as electric motor controllers, solar panel power inverters, electric vehicle battery chargers, uninterrupted and switching mode power supplies benefit from the galvanic isolation of contactless current sensors (CCS) [1]. These include magnetic sensors that sense the magnetic field emanating from a current-carrying conductor. The offset and resolution of Hall-effect sensors is in the μT-level [1-3], in contrast to the μT-level accuracy of integrated-fluxgate (IFG) magnetometers [4]. Previously reported sampled-data closed-loop IFG readouts have limited BWs as their sampling frequencies (4) are limited to be less than or equal to the IFG excitation frequency, f EXC [5-7]. This paper describes a differential closed-loop IFG CCS with f s >f EXC . The differential architecture rejects magnetic stray fields and achieves 750x larger BW than the prior closed-loop IFG readouts [6-7] with 10×better offset than the Hall-effect sensors [1-3].
Broadband True-Time-Delay Microwave Lenses Based on Miniaturized Element Frequency Selective Surfaces

We present a new technique for designing low-profile, ultrawideband, true-time-delay (TTD) equivalent microwave lenses. Such a lens is composed of numerous spatial time-delay units (TDUs) distributed over a planar surface. Each spatial TDU is the unit cell of an appropriately designed miniaturized-element frequency selective surface and provides a frequency-independent time delay within the frequency band of interest. Two TTD lens prototypes with focal length to aperture dimension (f/D) ratios of 1 and 1.6 are designed, fabricated, and experimentally characterized at X-band. The 3-dB gain bandwidths of these lenses are respectively 7.5-11.6 and 7.8-11.5 GHz. Each fabricated lens has an overall thickness of 4.76 mm, which corresponds to ~ 0.150λ0, where λ0 is the free-space wavelength at the center frequency of operation. Each lens uses spatial TDUs with physical dimensions of 6 × 6 mm2, or ~ 0.19λ0 × 0.19λ0. Both lenses have a system fidelity factor close to 1, when excited with a broadband pulse. Furthermore, due to their true-time-delay equivalent behavior, the fabricated lenses do not suffer from chromatic aberration within their operational bands. When used in a beam-scanning antenna system, each lens demonstrates an excellent scanning performance in a field of view of ± 60°.
Reply to "Comment on pushing the hyperpolarizability to the limit"

Experimental results and a new new-sum-over-states calculation of the hyperpolarizability show that conjugation modulation is a viable approach to enhancing the nonlinear-optical response. Thus, the conclusion is consistent with our previous results.
Robust performance of cross-directional basis-weight control in paper machines

Abstract The cross-machine-direction (CD) control problem in paper machines is analysed from the viewpoint of robust performance. The objective of robust performance is to maintain control system stability and to satisfy a bound on the maximum singular value of the closed-loop sensitivity function despite modelling error. Characteristics common to all CD response control problems including paper basis-weight control are identified. The response of an important actuator for basis-weight control, the paper machine slice, is described by a single dimensionless design parameter that provides considerable insight about the CD response control problem. Sufficient conditions allowing design of robust diagonal controllers are developed. Robust stability, performance and failure tolerance properties of the controllers are proven.
Myofibroblasts are responsible for the desmoplastic reaction surrounding human pancreatic carcinomas.

Background. The cell type responsible for the desmoplastic reaction surrounding human pancreatic carcinoma is unknown. Hepatic stellate cells, which activate to a myofibroblast-like form, are responsible for collagen deposition in cirrhosis and around hepatocellular carcinomas. Recently, pancreatic stellate cells have been described and implicated in the fibrosis of chronic pancreatitis. We sought to determine whether these cells are responsible for the scirrhous reaction surrounding pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Methods. Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissues from 10 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma and from 2 patients with pancreatic islet cell tumors were examined immunohistochemically for alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC), procollagen I, collagen IV, and endothelial cell markers, von Willebrand factor and cluster of differentiation 31. Results. In non-neoplastic areas, staining for α-SMA and SMMHC was confined to interlobular septal regions. In contrast, the desmoplastic reaction surrounding all 10 pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens displayed intense interstitial staining for α-SMA, SMMHC, and collagen IV but no staining for von Willebrand factor and cluster of differentiation 31. Procollagen I staining localized intracellularly to fibroblast-shaped cells within this α-SMA/SMMHC-positive scirrhous region. Islet cell tumors demonstrated an increase in α-SMA staining, although this was not as marked as in ductal adenocarcinomas. Conclusions. A massive increase in myofibroblast activity, compatible with the activation of stellate cells, is associated with the deposition of collagen types I and IV in the desmoplastic reaction around pancreatic adenocarcinomas. (Surgery 2002;131:129-34.)
Alternative Families, Alternative Lives: Married Women Doing Bisexuality

Married bisexual women shake up existing socially recognizable family, gender, and sexuality orders prescribed by Western society simply by being out, bisexual, and married. Empirical research on and theoretical arguments about bisexuality in the family have been rare. A recent study published in the Journal of Marriage and Family (2010) notes that “… a number of core questions [about bisexuality in the family] remain unanswered” (Biblarz & Savci, 2010, p. 490). It is my intention to argue in favor of a new paradigm that sees relationships through a bisexual lens (rather than a hetero-/homosexual lens), allowing for simultaneous partners of different genders (polyamory) as a legitimate and lawful practice and the creation of families through such practices to be viewed as no less necessary than the families of their monosexual peers. (In)visibility of this high-stakes way of doing bisexuality informs the ways my respondents do family.
Liquid Metal Penetration along Grain Boundaries

Liquid metal grain boundary corrosion is discussed in terms of grain boundary etching profiles with equilibrium dihedral angles at the vertex of the grooves close to zero. It is shown that if the liquid solution is in equilibrium with the solid, then only grain boundary grooving occurs, producing small grooves growing in time as t½. However, if the equilibrium cannot be reached, a long liquid filled canal develops along the grain boundary, rapidly propagating with constant velocity. To stop such rapid grain boundary corrosion certain measures should be taken to reach the equilibrium state. This explains, for example, why removal of oxygen from the Nb(s)-Li(l) system prevents rapid grain boundary corrosion of Nb.