cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On submultiplicative constants of an algebra

If $\mathcal{A}$ is a finite-dimensional commutative associative real algebra with norm $\| \cdot\|$ then we say that the rth submultiplicative constant of $\mathcal{A}$ is the smallest constant $m_{r}(\mathcal{A})$ for which $\| x_{1} x_{2} \cdots x_{r} \| \leq m_{r}(\mathcal {A}) \| x_{1} \| \| x_{2} \| \cdots \| x_{r} \|$ . For a product algebra, we show that there exist zero divisors where equality is attained in the inequality defining $m_{r}( \mathcal{A})$ . We also study $\rho_{\mathcal{A}} = \limsup_{r \rightarrow\infty} \sqrt[r]{m_{r}(\mathcal{A})}$ . We explain how $\rho_{\mathcal{A}}$ appears in the generalization of the Cauchy–Hadamard criterion for hypercomplex power series. We find the submultiplicative constants and $\rho_{\mathcal{A}}$ for the real group algebra of the cyclic group of order n as well as the complicated numbers $\mathcal{C}_{n} = \{ a_{1}+a_{2}k+ \cdots+ a_{n} k^{n-1} | a_{i} \in\mathbb{R}, k^{n} = -1 \}$ with Euclidean norm. Submultiplicative constants for the n-dual numbers $\Delta_{n}$ with Euclidean norm are also calculated or conjectured for $n \leq6$ . We show, for $n \geq2$ , $\rho_{\Delta_{n}} = 1$ for $\Delta_{n}$ given the p-norm.
What Is Whisky

This chapter presents a brief history of whisky, with a particular emphasis on the events that shaped its flavor and character. This includes technical innovations, but also regulatory policies and the occasional scandal. The historical perspective is relevant to the notion of ‘authenticity:’ what is whisky today in relation to the past? It also helps to understand the politics behind the whisky science publishing boom around the start of the twentieth century: the birth of ‘whisky science.’ The studies at the time were significantly tied to the legal disputes over the meaning the word ‘whisky’ that occurred in both the United Kingdom and in America. The scientists involved frequently testified, and wrote opinions seen to support one side, the other, or both.
No handedness effect on spatial orientation or ocular counter-roll during lateral head tilts.

Although vestibular inputs are bilaterally represented within the cerebral hemispheres, the higher level vestibular functions exhibit hemispheric asymmetries. Previous studies have suggested that such asymmetries are associated with handedness. Here, we studied the impact of handedness (i.e., hemispheric lateralization) on spatial orientation using a subjective visual vertical (SVV) task. We tested 22 right-handed and 22 left-handed subjects in upright position, during prolonged lateral head tilts of 20° (~15 min), and after the head returned to upright position. The corresponding changes in torsional eye position were measured simultaneously using video-oculography. During lateral head tilts, both right- and left-handers had initial SVV biases in the opposite direction of the head tilt (right-handers: left tilt 3.0 ± 1.3°, right tilt -4.7 ± 1.5°; left-handers: left tilt 3.4 ± 1.1°, right tilt -4.1 ± 1.0°). The SVV subsequently drifted in the direction of the head tilt, and there was an aftereffect in the same direction when the head was brought back upright. The ocular torsion initially changed in the opposite direction of the head tilt (right-handers: left tilt 3.8 ± 0.4°, right tilt -3.8 ± 0.4°; left-handers: left tilt 4.2 ± 0.5°, right tilt -4.5 ± 0.5°), and there were also drift and aftereffect in the same direction as the head tilt. The changes in upright perception and ocular torsion did not differ between right- and left-handers. These findings show no functional laterality, neither in the higher level neural mechanisms that maintain spatial orientation, nor in the lower level mechanisms that generate the ocular torsion response during lateral head tilt.
Performance Comparison of Adaptive Power Line Interference Cancellers for ECG Signal

Cardiovascular diseases are major cause of worldwide mortality and are expected to remain so. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to diagnose various heart diseases and is adopted most widely in clinics. Various artifacts get added in to the original ECG signal and their removal is crucial thus allowing physicians to extract useful information from the original ECG signal. The most common artifact that gets added in ECG signal is Power line interference (PLI). Various filtering techniques have been implemented in literature to eradicate PLI from noisy ECG signal. This paper presents performance comparison of the filtering capability of different adaptive filters for PLI suppression from ECG signal. The investigated adaptive algorithms are least mean square (LMS), recursive least squares (RLS), state space recursive least squares (SSRLS) and Kalman filter. The comparison is carried out for PLI with known amplitude and frequency. Mean square error (MSE), power spectral density (PSD) and noise reduction ratio (NR) are used as performance metrics for comparison.
Mobile-ECG screening in rural pharmacies: rates of atrial fibrillation and associated risk factors.

Abstract Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a growing health concern, affecting more than 40 million patients worldwide and increasing stroke risk by five times. Community screening initiatives in rural healthcare establishments are becoming more feasible with the development of innovative, mobile-ECG (mECG) technology. The purpose of this research was to characterize increased rates of stroke risk factors and to determine AFib incidence in rural, pharmacy settings. Methods The researchers examined the prevalence of risk factors associated with AFib and calculated CHA₂DS₂-VASc stroke risk scores in a previously undiagnosed AFib community sample of 250 participants. Eligible participants at two rural pharmacies were administered a 1-lead mECG reading. Participants were then asked to complete questionnaires on demographic and medical history information. All participants were given educational materials on AFib and medical referrals when indicated. Results Prevalence rates of six, known independent stroke risk factors (CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores: (2.68 ± 1.35)) were significantly higher in the study sample than reported national US averages. Screening via mECG indicated preliminary AFib rates of approximately 4%; however, upon independent adjudication of the readings from three electrophysiologists AFib prevalence ranged between 1% and 8%. Discussion Collectively, an alarming rate of untreated stroke risk in a rural pharmacy sample was identified by the researchers utilizing mECG technology. These results suggest potential value to the use of mECG technology to screen for AFib in at-risk communities.
Review: Playing to the Crowd: Musicians, Audiences, and the Intimate Work of Connection by Nancy Baym

Nancy Baym, Playing to the Crowd: Musicians, Audiences, and the Intimate Work of Connection . New York: New York University Press, 2018. 280 pp. Since its introduction in 1962 by Thomas Kuhn, the term “paradigm shift” has all but been evacuated of its original radical meaning. While countless
Nanometer-scale structure differences in the myofilament lattice spacing of two cockroach leg muscles correspond to their different functions.

ABSTRACT Muscle is highly organized across multiple length scales. Consequently, small changes in the arrangement of myofilaments can influence macroscopic mechanical function. Two leg muscles of a cockroach have identical innervation, mass, twitch responses, length–tension curves and force–velocity relationships. However, during running, one muscle is dissipative (a ‘brake’), while the other dissipates and produces significant positive mechanical work (bifunctional). Using time-resolved X-ray diffraction in intact, contracting muscle, we simultaneously measured the myofilament lattice spacing, packing structure and macroscopic force production of these muscles to test whether structural differences in the myofilament lattice might correspond to the muscles9 different mechanical functions. While the packing patterns are the same, one muscle has 1 nm smaller lattice spacing at rest. Under isometric stimulation, the difference in lattice spacing disappeared, consistent with the two muscles9 identical steady-state behavior. During periodic contractions, one muscle undergoes a 1 nm greater change in lattice spacing, which correlates with force. This is the first identified structural feature in the myofilament lattice of these two muscles that shares their whole-muscle dynamic differences and quasi-static similarities.
Líquen plano: caso clínico sobre a perspetiva dos cuidados de saúde primários

Introducao: O liquen plano (LP) e uma doenca inflamatoria cronica que pode envolver a pele e mucosas oral, esofagica, laringea, genital e conjuntivas e cuja prevalencia e estimada entre 0,22-5% da populacao mundial. Descricao do caso: Homem de 32 anos, sem antecedentes pessoais relevantes, recorreu a consulta da Unidade de Saude Familiar (USF) por lesoes cutâneas pruriginosas que mantinha desde ha 3 semanas, de inicio nos tornozelos e com disseminacao posterior para os punhos, antebracos e tronco, bilateralmente. Negava contacto com farmacos, relacoes sexuais de risco e outros sintomas. Por iniciativa propria havia feito um curso de 3 dias de benzoato de benzilo e por ausencia de resolucao das queixas, recorreu ao servico de urgencia geral, tendo sido diagnosticado com eczema de contacto e medicado com mometasona creme, tambem sem resposta. A observacao apresentava papulas eritematoviolaceas generalizadas, simetricas, com fenomeno de Koebner , sendo a maior incidencia nos punhos e poupando o couro cabeludo, as palmas e as plantas. Nos tornozelos, apresentava ainda placas eritematosas e descamativas em zona de pele xerotica. Apresentava uma lesao na glande de cerca de 1 cm, com limite bem definido, ligeiramente descamativo, com centro de aspeto cicatricial. Foram colocadas como hipoteses diagnosticas: sifilis secundaria, pitiriase rosea e LP. Pelas caracteristicas clinicas, a pitiriase rosea foi prontamente excluida. Foram pedidas serologias para infecoes sexualmente transmissiveis e medicado com hidroxizina e creme hidratante. As serologias foram negativas, obviando o diagnostico de LP. O utente foi referenciado a Dermatologia para instituicao de terapeutica sistemica. Comentario: O presente caso clinico e um reflexo da importância de uma anamnese e exame objetivos completos e de um alto indice de suspeicao naquela que e uma patologia pouco comum nos cuidados de saude primarios. Tambem realca a importância do medico de familia como gestor dos cuidados de saude dos utentes.
Comparing root concentration factors of antibiotics for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) measured in rhizosphere and bulk soils.

Plant uptake of antibiotics raises serious food safety concerns. Measurements and predictions of antibiotic uptake by plants are often based on root concentration factors (RCF) determined using antibiotic concentrations in bulk soil (RCFbs) rather than in rhizosphere soil (RCFrs) where root uptake actually occurs. This study investigated the fate and transport of nine antibiotics in the continuum of bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, roots and shoots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under soil-surface irrigation. Antibiotic concentrations in the lettuce shoots remained unchanged during 25-35 days after seedling transplantation. Compared with the RCFrs values, the RCFbs values were significantly greater for ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (p < 0.05), similar for trimethoprim and tylosin, but significantly lower for monensin (p < 0.05). Ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and tylosin had the lowest translocation factors (TF) ranging between 0.03 and 0.05, suggesting their limited upward transport to the lettuce shoots. Oxytetracycline, monensin, and sulfamethoxazole had intermediate TF values of 0.36-0.64, whereas lincomycin had the highest TF value of 1.46. This study showed significant differences between RCFbs and RCFrs values, suggesting the need to reassess the utility of RCFbs in predicting the antibiotic root uptake in diverse soil-plant systems.
Identification of EWSR1–NFATC2 fusion in simple bone cysts

Aims Simple bone cysts are benign intramedullary tumours primarily involving the long bones in skeletally immature individuals. Several mechanisms have been proposed for their pathogenesis. Although the diagnosis is typically straightforward, the interpretation can be problematic, because of superimposed fracture causing them to resemble aneurysmal bone cysts and other tumours. EWSR1-NFATC2 or FUS-NFATC2 fusions, which are characteristic of a subset of aggressive round cell sarcomas, have been recently detected in simple bone cysts. The aim of this study was to examine the clinicopathological and molecular features in a series of simple bone cysts. Methods and results Using RNA-based next-generation sequencing and/or fluorescence in-situ hybridisation, we investigated the presence of EWSR1 or FUS rearrangements in nine simple bone cysts. The patients were five females and four males, aged 3-23 years (median, 14 years); the tumours ranged from 19 mm to 160 mm (median, 46 mm) in size, and involved the femur (n = 3), humerus (n = 2), fibula (n = 2), tibia (n = 1), and iliac wing (n =1). We identified three cases with EWSR1-NFATC2 fusion (showing identical breakpoints to those in EWSR1-NFATC2 sarcomas) and one additional case with FUS rearrangement. Unlike in EWSR1-NFATC2 sarcomas, immunohistochemical expression of NKX3.1 and NKX2.2 was absent in two simple bone cysts tested. Conclusions More than 40% of simple bone cysts harbour genetic alterations confirming that they are neoplastic, investigation of EWSR1 and/or FUS rearrangement may help to distinguish simple bone cysts from mimics, and NFATC2 rearrangement is not pathognomonic of malignancy.
Benign Hepatocellular Tumors

Benign hepatocellular tumors can occur both in the non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic livers. In non-cirrhotic livers, these lesions are categorized as focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma, both of which are most commonly seen in women during reproductive age. Adenoma is less common than focal nodular hyperplasia, but differs from it by having a small risk of bleeding and malignant transformation. In the setting of cirrhosis, macroregenerative nodules are grossly distinct hepatocellular nodules that consist of benign hepatocytes similar to those of the background cirrhotic nodules. Other benign hepatocellular tumors resembling inflammatory type adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia have also been recently described in alcoholic cirrhosis. The clinical and pathologic features of all the above-mentioned entities, along with their differential diagnoses, are discussed and illustrated in this chapter.
Used-battery management with integrated battery building block system

This paper utilizes an integrated building block system to manage battery packs made up of battery cells retired from transportation applications. These used batteries could have different brands, capacities, chemistries, aging conditions, etc. The importance of the second use of the retired batteries is addressed and an integrated building block system is introduced in this paper. The control strategy for handling used batteries is also proposed. A prototype is built and the concept is verified by experimental results.
Early Treatment for Congenital Hypothyroidism

In Reply.— We pointed out in our letter1 two observations from the now extensive worldwide experience with newborn hypothyroid screening. These are (1) that 10 mg/kg, daily, of oral sodium l-thyroxone begun before 45 days of age normalizes 5-to 7-year IQ values (relative to a control population) in a population of infants with congenital hypothyroidism detected by newborn screening and evaluated to date; (2) that correlations between the levels of serum thyroxine and TSH as markers of the severity of clinical thyroxine deficiency and bone maturation as a marker of tissue thyroxine deficiency in the neonatal period correlate with lower IQ values in some, but not all, screening programs.
Rapid prototyping lightweight millimeter wave antenna and waveguide with copper plating

We present a novel method of rapid prototyping waveguide and antenna using plating on plastic technique. The part is created by high precision 3D printing and plated with copper using both electroless plating and electroplating. The performance is comparable with industry made waveguides and antennas but the time and cost for creating these parts are largely reduced.
Modeling, Control, and Integration of a Portable Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System

A novel method for the control and integration of a portable hybrid solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system, based on hydrocarbon fuel, is presented in this paper. The balance of plant (BOP) and power electronics systems are treated as separate local units, and local controllers are designed for each unit using established linear techniques. For the control of the integration of these two systems, a higher level supervisory controller is developed. The supervisory controller is an intelligent controller that decides how each of the local controllers should perform based on the status of the respective local units. Two energy buffer units (battery and super-capacitor) have been used for the mitigation of load transients. The supervisory controller is developed using state-flow and fuzzy logic toolbox of Matlab . All the modeling and control is implemented in a Matlab /Simulink environment.
Testing whetherF is more IFR thanG

A distributionF is said to be “more IFR” than another distributionG ifG −1 F is convex. WhenF(0) =G(0) = 0, the problem of testingH 0 :F(x) =G (θx) for someθ > 0 andx ⩾ 0, against the alternativeH A:F is more IFR thanG, is considered in this paper. Both cases, whenG is completely specified (one-sample case) and when it is not specified but a random sample form it is available (two-sample case) are considered. The proposed tests are based onU-statistics. The asymptotic relative efficiency of the tests are compared with several other tests and the test statistics remain asymptotically normal under certain dependency assumptions.
Gauge transformations are canonical transformations

It is shown that a gauge transformation is also a canonical transformation which preserves Hamilton's equation of motion, where and L are two different choices of Lagrangian of a dynamical system, and f is an arbitrary function of coordinates q and time t. Resumen. Sa presenta una derivacion sencilla y directa de los propiadades de transformaciones canonicas empezando de transformaciones `gauge'. Dicha derivacion no necesita la aplicacion de principios de Hamilton ni el calculo de variaciones.
On the annihilation of oxidation induced stacking faults in silicon

Abstract By employing transmission electron microscopy the mechanisms for the annihilation of oxidation-induced stacking faults in silicon have been examined, Faults are removed from the crystal as a result of fault shrinkage as well as by the initiation of the unfaulting reaction involving the nucleation and motion of Shockley partials. Sequential heat treatments of silicon crystals under oxidizing and impurity-diffusing conditions, characteristic of semiconductor device and circuit manufacture, can promote fault-annihilation processes.
The synthesis, metallation and synthetic utility of dialkyl-bromo-F-methyl phosphonates

Abstract The title phosphonates are readily prepared in excellent yield via the Michaelis- Arbuzov reaction of trialkylphosphites and dibromo- F -methane. These bromo- F -methyl phosphonates are metallated directly with either cadmium or zinc powder in various solvents to give high yields of stable organometallics. These metallated intermediates serve as a synthetically useful source for the introduction of the difluoromethyl phosphonate group into organic molecules. Wittig olefination gives F -methylene olefins and acylation produces β -ketophosphonates, which are readily cleaved with fluoride ion and serve as a convenient entry to fluoro enolates. The preparation of the titled phosphonates and their synthetic utility will be presented.
p90RSK Blocks Bad-mediated Cell Death via a Protein Kinase C-dependent Pathway

Although activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is known to promote cell survival and protect against cell death, the PKC targets and pathways that serve this function have remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that two potent activators of PKC, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and bryostatin, both stimulate phosphorylation of Bad at Ser112, a site known to regulate apoptotic cell death by interleukin-3. PKC inhibitors but not PI 3-kinase/Akt inhibitors block 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-stimulated Bad phosphorylation. PKC isoforms tested in vitro were unable to phosphorylate Bad at Ser112, suggesting that PKC acts indirectly to activate a downstream Bad kinase. p90RSK and family members RSK-2 and RSK-3 are activated by phorbol ester and phosphorylate Bad at Ser112 both in vitro andin vivo. p90RSK stimulates binding of Bad to 14-3-3 and blocks Bad-mediated cell death in a Ser112-dependent manner. These findings suggest that p90RSK can function in a PKC-dependent pathway to promote cell survival via phosphorylation and inactivation of Bad-mediated cell death.
Application of Biotechnology of Reproduction in Buffaloes

ABSTRACTThe foregoing are exciting new development in the biotechnology of reproduction in buffaloes. Progress will continue to be hampered by the low yield of viable embryos per donor. It is entirely prudent that the principles and basic techniques first be tried out in laboratory animals, then tested in other farm animal species and ultimately applied to the buffalo. To Bubalus bubalis, the greatest contribution these various methodologies are likely to make is the creation of an awareness of the basic necessities in buffalo production: genetic selection, nutrition, disease control followed by breeding management.
Effects of fear conditioning on the subsequent acquisition of an avoidance response

Four groups of rats underwent fear conditioning or control procedures prior to shuttle-box training. The four groups in the first part of the experiment received either inescapable signal-shock pairings, unpaired presentations of signal and shock, signal presentations only, or signal-shock pairings in which shock could be terminated by escape response. The result of the subsequent avoidance training demonstrated that animals which received the inescapable signal-shock pairings performed significantly better than the other three groups.
Diffusion in synthetic faujasite powder and pellets

Transient sorption rates of allene and methylacetylene in synthetic faujasite (Linde 13X) powder and self-bonded pellets are studied in a constant-volume, constant-pressure system at three temperatures. The intracrystalline diffusion coefficients are found to be in the order of 10−11 cm2/s and the activation energy for diffusion is 4.0 kcal/g-mole. A simple bipore distribution model for transient diffusion in macropores and micropores is presented. It agrees well with the experimental data and quantitatively predicts the macropore diffusion coefficients. The flow in the macropores is found to be in the Knudsen flow regime.
Viscoelastic model for redundancy resolution of the human arm via the swivel angle: Applications for upper limb exoskeleton control

One of the key research efforts associated with a redundant seven degree of freedom (7-DOF) upper limb exoskeleton robot that is mechanically coupled to the human body is to develop high and low level control algorithms that enable the system to become a natural extension of the human body. Improving the synergistic relationship between the exoskeleton and the operator is manifested in part by decreasing the force exchange between the two entities. Such a reduction is accomplished in part by developing criteria for resolving the human arm redundancy. The redundancy may be represented by a swivel angle which is defined as the angular rotation of the elbow around an axis that passes through the shoulder and wrist joints. The proposed criteria for defining the swivel angle takes into account the dynamics of the human arm along with a viscoelastic muscle-like model with variable damping. The swivel angle is estimated using the pseudo-inverse of the Jacobian with a secondary objective function that estimates the desired joint angles during human arm movement. The result is then fed to the muscle model to create a more realistic human motion. The estimated swivel angle is then compared with the actual swivel angle measured experimentally by a motion capture system. Results indicate that the average error between the estimated and measured swivel joint angle is 4.4 degrees (in the range [3.7–6] degrees), which are lower than the kinematically based redundant resolution criterion.
Stimulus-sensitive seizures in postanoxic coma

Summary: Purpose: To describe four patients with stimulus-sensitive seizures and myoclonus following severe hypoxic-ischemic injury. Methods: In 22 months, four adult patients with myoclonus, generalized tonic-clonic, and clonic seizures following tactile stimulation were identified. EEG and hospital records were reviewed. Results: EEGs showed bursts of generalized spike and polyspike activity following tactile stimulation associated with the clinical seizures. No cerebral activity was present between the epileptiform bursts. At times, prolonged periods of suppression were recorded. All patients failed to respond to antiepileptic drugs and died. Conclusions: Stimulus-sensitive seizures and myoclonus following anoxia are associated with poor clinical outcome. The presence of seizures and myoclonus in conjunction with epileptiform discharges on EEG confirms that post-anoxic myoclonus is an epileptic state.
Visual tools for human guidance in manual operations

Many operations that are done manually, such as assembly operations, can be difficult to instruct to someone working in an unstructured environment that is not already familiar with the operation. The typical approach is to take pictures of the system and attempt to provide instructions using the pictures with some annotations. We have explored a variety of visual aids that might be used to provide a more real-time feedback to guide such manual operations. These methods include indirect feedback tools, such as signals or graphs to be interpreted, as well as direct methods that provide a simulated or real view of the operation as the user works. This paper will explore some of the pros and cons of these methods, and present some very preliminary results that suggest future directions for this work.
Observations of fluctuations of virulence of B. influenzæ

Conclusion1. The virulence of B. influenza is very variable and this may have some bearing on the epidemiology of the disease influenza in man.2. A few observations are present that may throw some light on the results of bacteriological studies of this disease.
Feeding ecology of redside dace, Clinostomus elongatus

– Redside dace, Clinostomus elongatus (Kirtland), from two populations in New York, USA, consumed adult Diptera; over 85% of the prey taken between April and November was in this order. Adult Hilara spp. (Empididae) were the dipterans consumed most frequently; individuals of this genus represented 70% and 60% of the items consumed by fishes from populations in Allcgheny and Hudson River drainages, respectively. Over 98% of the prey consumed by redside dace was in ten insect orders. Adult and larval chironomids and adult trichopterans were the next most frequently consumed prey. Adult chironomids made up 9% of the diet, by number, in both populations. Adult trichopterans accounted for 2–3% of the items taken. Adult empidids were selected by individuals in both populations. The dominance of flying insects in the diet of redside dace is related to their foraging behavior. These data show that adjacent terrestrial environments may be important to some stream-dwelling organisms.
Parathyroid-specific interaction of the calcium-sensing receptor and Gαq

The calcium-sensing receptor regulates various parathyroid gland functions, including hormone secretion, gene transcription, and chief cell hyperplasia through Gαq- and Gαi-dependent signaling pathways. To determine the specific function of Gαq in these processes, we generated transgenic mice using the human parathyroid hormone promoter to drive overexpression of a dominant negative Gαqloop minigene to selectively disrupt Gαq function in the parathyroid gland. The Gαqloop mRNA was highly expressed in the parathyroid gland but not in other tissues of these transgenic mice. Gross appearance, body weight, bone mineral density, and survival of the transgenic mice were indistinguishable from those of their wild-type littermates. Adult transgenic mice, however, exhibited an increase in parathyroid hormone mRNA and in its basal serum level as well as in gland size. The response of the parathyroid gland to hypocalcemia was found to be reduced in sensitivity in the transgenic mice when compared to their wild-type controls. Abnormalities of the parathyroid gland function in these transgenic mice were similar to those of heterozygous Gαq+/− and calcium sensing receptor+/− mice. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of selectively targeting the parathyroid gland to investigate signaling mechanisms downstream of the calcium receptor.
Optimizing time limits in retail promotions: an email application

Most marketing managers know intuitively that once a customer delays a purchase decision, the potential is high that the purchase may be put off indefinitely. In response, marketing managers usually set ‘deadlines’ or time limits for how long an offer is available. However, research has shown that, while time limits can help motivate customers to buy now rather than later (or not at all), time limits that are over/under restrictive may actually hurt response more than help. We consider two opposing forces of time, namely awareness and urgency. Longer time limits allow for greater awareness of an offer, which, everything else being equal, should lead to a larger response. At the same time, longer time limits also reduce the urgency of an offer leading consumers to delay their purchase (perhaps) indefinitely and thus, everything else being equal, lead to a lower response. Using decision calculus, we model the optimal time limit for promotional offers and demonstrate its use in an email marketing application. Email marketing has emerged as a profitable tool for companies like Amazon and JCrew who regularly use email to communicate promotional offers to their customers because of its low cost to implement and its relatively high response rates. This research contributes to the field by providing marketing managers a methodology for determining superior choices for time limit in promotional offers.
Energy and helicity dissipation rates of the NS-alpha and NS-alpha-deconvolution models

We consider the Navier-Stokes (NS)-alpha and the family of high-accuracy NS-alpha-deconvolution models of turbulence on Ω = [0, L Ω ] 3 subject to periodic boundary conditions. For body-force-driven turbulence, we prove directly from the model equations of motion the following bounds on the time-averaged modified energy dissipation rate, 〈e α,N (w α,N )〉, and unmodified helicity dissipation rate, 〈γ (w α,N )〉, for the Nth model (N = 0, 1, 2, ...): ≤ (N + 1)2 N+1 U 3 N/ L N and | | ≤ C 2 (N + 1)2 N+1 U 3 N/ L 2 N . Here, N is the degree of the approximate deconvolution operator, U N and L N are global velocity and length scales and C 1 and C 2 are constants that do not depend on U N .
Adsorption and desorption rate constants for small molecules on metal surfaces: an example of Trouton's rule

Abstract In this work we present a statistical mechanical approach to the calculation of the ratio of Arrhenius pre-exponentials of forward and reverse processes which can be used in conjunction with other methods to complete the specification of rate constants. We apply this technique to the adsorption/desorption processes of H2, CO, C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6 on fcc(111) surfaces of Ni, Pd and Pt, however, it is readily extended to other processes such as dissociation/recombination. We show that: (1) the magnitudes of the ΔS0 for desorption are in line with what one would expect from Trouton's rule; (2) the entropy change for adsorption/desorption processes of these small molecules is relatively insensitive to the molecular parameters employed in the calculations; and (3) the relative insensitivity of the calculated thermodynamic quantities to the molecular parameters involved allows one to obtain reasonably good estimates of the ratio of pre-exponentials from approximate partition functions. Indeed, with the exception of H2, the thermodynamics of adsorption are accounted for to a high degree by treating the molecules as point masses.
Analysis of power control in satellite-based WCDMA Links

The 3GPP Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) waveform which was developed primarily for terrestrial cellular applications has also been adopted for satellite platforms [1-4]. Power control (PC) is an essential feature of WCDMA systems and is used in multiuser WCDMA systems to allocate the minimum needed power for each user link and maximize system throughput. The effectiveness of PC depends on the accuracy of channel estimation, PC update rate and the latency in PC loop due to propagation delay in the channel which can be large in satellite-based WCDMA systems. This paper analyzes the impact of latency and other factors on the effectiveness of PC over a variety of satellite channels and a mix of users for both single user and netted communications.
System-level thermal aware design of applications with uncertain execution time

The paper introduces the problem of system-level thermal aware design of applications with uncertain run time on an embedded processor equipped with dynamic voltage/frequency scaling features. The problem takes as inputs a task sequence, cycle time distribution of each task, and processor thermal model. The solution specifies a voltage/frequency assignment to the tasks such that the expected latency is minimized subject to the probability that the peak temperature constraint is not violated is no less than a designer specified value. We prove that the problem is at least NP-hard, and present optimal and (1 + epsi) fully polynomial time approximation scheme as solutions. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work that addresses the stochastic version of the system-level thermal-aware design problem. We evaluate the effectiveness of our techniques by experimenting with realistic and synthetic benchmarks.
Polymers as masks for ion implantation

Polymers such as polyimides and photoresists, commonly used in semiconductor processing, have been investigated as high resolution masks for ion implantation. Thin films consisting of these materials were subjected to various implant doses of H+, Ne+ and Ar+ ions and the post implantation surface morphologies investigated. Polyimides maintained their integrity under severe H+ and Ne+ implant doses as high as 2.4 × 1016 cm−2 and 1.0 × 1016 cm−2, respectively, whereas photoresists began to degrade at implant doses of 9.6 × 1015 cm−2 and 1.9 × 1015 cm−2, respectively. When polyimide was H+ implanted with doses up to 1016 cm−2 its dielectric constant and breakdown strength remained unchanged at 3.5 and 150 V/µm, respectively. However, a gradual increase in the dielectric constant was observed for doses above this level. It was also observed that under the influence of H+ implants with beam current densities exceeding 10−7 A-cm−2 a hardening of the polyimide occurs, resulting in reduction of the etching rate in an O2 plasma. The stopping powers of various polymers for H+ implants have been measured. The results show that the experimental energy loss rate for protons in these materials lies between 75–100 keV/µm.
Integrating and accelerating tabu search, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms

We integrate tabu search, simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, and random restarting. In addition, while simulating the original Markov chain (defined on a state space tailored either to stand-alone simulated annealing or to the hybrid scheme) with the original cooling schedule implicitly, we speed up both stand-alone simulated annealing and the combination by a factor going to infinity as the number of transitions generated goes to infinity. Beyond this, speedup nearly linear in the number of independent parallel processors often can be expected.
Twelve-year trends and correlates of dietary salt intakes for the general adult population of Geneva, Switzerland

Twelve-year trends and correlates of dietary salt intakes for the general adult population of Geneva, Switzerland
THE MICROTRON AS A HIGH-ENERGY, HIGH CURRENT PARTICLE ACCELERATOR

Abstract It is proposed that the conventional electron microtron may be converted into a high-energy accelerator for protons or electrons in the Bev range, and capable of very high currents. It would require a high-energy injector, e.g., an FFAG cyclotron, capable of supplying protons of energy above 500 Mev in a beam of high intensity and high quality. The changes required are the introduction of Thomas focusing (sector fields), the use of linacs for acceleration, and the use of high-energy injection. The resulting accelerator uses fixed (and sometimes even uniform) magnetic fields, a fixed frequency rf accelerating system with wavelength near 20 cm, and may be designed in one stage or in a cascade of two or more stages, each using a separate linac, with contiguous fields. It is capable of reaching arbitrarily high energies without betatron resonance difficulties, it possesses phase stability, and it provides a beam, remarkably homogeneous in energy, which may be easily and completely extracted from the machine, since successive orbits are well separated. The problems of orbit dynamics, linac design, betatron and phase oscillations, and cascade operation are discussed, and sample designs for a 3-Bev proton accelerator are given. The theory of synchronism in nonzero-gradient fields is presented. An analytic theory of phase oscillation is given. The name “auxinotron” is proposed for the new type of accelerator.
ADÈLIC PATH SPACE INTEGRALS

A framework for the study of path integrals on adelic spaces is developed, and it is shown that a family of path space measures on the localizations of an algebraic number field may, under certain conditions, be combined to form a global path space measure on its adele ring. An operator on the field of p-adic numbers analogous to the harmonic oscillator operator is then analyzed, and used to construct an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck type process on the adele ring of the rationals.
Fast pyrolysis kinetics of expanded polystyrene foam

Fast pyrolysis of polymers, biomass and other substances is of great interest in various applications. For example, in the lost foam casting process, kinetic information about expandable polystyrene (EPS) decomposition under extremely high-heating rate conditions is essential for further process development. A simple laboratory-scale fast pyrolysis technique has been developed and demonstrated for elucidation of EPS decomposition kinetics. Pyrolysis experiments were performed at different reaction temperatures. The cumulative gaseous yields were determined using a flame ionization detector (FID) connected in series with the fast pyrolysis reactor. The governing equations for a semibatch reactor type were modified and applied to obtain kinetic parameters (activation energies and the pre-exponential rate constants) for the EPS decomposition process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Unique and redundant roles of α4 and β2 integrins in kinetics of recruitment of lymphoid vs myeloid cell subsets to the inflamed peritoneum revealed by studies of genetically deficient mice

Objective Leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites is a prominent feature of acute and chronic inflammation. Instrumental in this process is the coordinated upregulation of leukocyte integrins (among which α4β1 and β2 integrins are major players) and their cognate receptors in inflamed tissues. To avoid the ambiguity of previous short-term antibody-based studies and to allow for long-term observation, we used genetically deficient mice to compare roles of α4 and β2 integrins in leukocyte trafficking. Materials and Methods Aseptic peritonitis was induced in α4 or β2 integrin–deficient (conditional and conventional knockouts, respectively) and control mice, and recruitment of major leukocyte subsets to the inflamed peritoneum was followed for up to 4 days. Results Despite normal chemokine levels in the peritoneum and adequate numbers, optimal recruitment of myeloid cells was impaired in both α4- and β2-deficient mice. Furthermore, clearance of recruited neutrophils and macrophages was delayed in these mice. Lymphocyte migration to the peritoneum in the absence of α4 integrins was drastically decreased, both at steady state and during inflammation, a finding consistent with impaired lymphocyte in vitro adhesion and signaling. By contrast, in the absence of β2 integrins, defects in lymphocyte recruitment were only evident when peritonitis was established. Conclusions Our data with concurrent use of genetic models of integrin deficiency reveal nonredundant functions of α4 integrins in lymphocyte migration to the peritoneum and further refine specific roles of α4 and β2 integrins concerning trafficking and clearance of other leukocyte subsets at homeostasis and during inflammation.
Embers of society: Firelight talk among the Ju/’hoansi Bushmen

Much attention has been focused on control of fire in human evolution and the impact of cooking on anatomy, social, and residential arrangements. However, little is known about what transpired when firelight extended the day, creating effective time for social activities that did not conflict with productive time for subsistence activities. Comparison of 174 day and nighttime conversations among the Ju/’hoan (!Kung) Bushmen of southern Africa, supplemented by 68 translated texts, suggests that day talk centers on economic matters and gossip to regulate social relations. Night activities steer away from tensions of the day to singing, dancing, religious ceremonies, and enthralling stories, often about known people. Such stories describe the workings of entire institutions in a small-scale society with little formal teaching. Night talk plays an important role in evoking higher orders of theory of mind via the imagination, conveying attributes of people in broad networks (virtual communities), and transmitting the “big picture” of cultural institutions that generate regularity of behavior, cooperation, and trust at the regional level. Findings from the Ju/’hoan are compared with other hunter-gatherer societies and related to the widespread human use of firelight for intimate conversation and our appetite for evening stories. The question is raised as to what happens when economically unproductive firelit time is turned to productive time by artificial lighting.
Numerical Simulations of the Wake of Kauai

Abstract This study uses a series of numerical simulations to examine the structure of the wake of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. The primary focus is on the conditions on 26 June 2003, which was the day of the demise of the Helios aircraft within Kauai’s wake. The simulations show that, in an east-northeasterly trade wind flow, Kauai produces a well-defined wake that can extend 40 km downstream of the island. The wake is bounded to the north and south by regions of strong vertical and horizontal shear—that is, shear lines. These shear lines mark the edge of the wake in the horizontal plane and are aligned approximately parallel to the upstream flow direction at each respective height. The highest-resolution simulations show that these shear lines can become unstable and break down through Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. The breakdown generates turbulent eddies that are advected both downstream and into the recirculating wake flow. Turbulence statistics are estimated from the simulation using a technique tha...
Double electromagnetically induced transparency with nuclei inside a cavity

Abstract We propose a double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) system of nuclei confined inside a low-finesse cavity excited by a soft X-ray radiation source. The quantitative difference in the density of photon states at the node and antinode of the cavity gives rise to subradiant and superradiant kind of states, respectively. When nuclei ensembles are kept at node, node and antinode in the cavity that sustains X-ray radiation field, the configuration behaves like a four-level system with three degenerate upper levels, of which two are metastable, and thus exhibits the nuclear analog of the optical double EIT phenomenon.
rf stabilization of an axisymmetric tandem mirror

Plasma with significant central-cell beta can be sustained in a tandem mirror composed of three axisymmetric simple mirror cells by the use of ion-cyclotron resonant heating. Radial ponderomotive force due to the rf electric field opposes the centrifugal force due to the field-line curvature to ensure interchange stability. This is indicated by the sensitive dependence of the plasma stability on the sign of the difference between the rf frequency and the ion-cyclotron frequency.
Evaluation of Prior Experience in Skilled Performance

A review of some studies of skill acquisition indicates that a simple hyperbolic function fits data on individual performance well. The function yields an explicit value of prior experience related to the task. The particular function for an individual can be adjusted to a "hypothetical first" trial which is common to other members of the sample population. The individual constants in the adjusted functions may then be averaged arithmetically to give a mean function, which is also an hyperbola. Standard deviations of the values of the constants may also be computed. These too will be hyperbolic functions. Language: en
Differential actions of dopamine agonists and antagonists on the γ-butyrolactone-induced increase in mouse brain dopamine

γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) increased the dopamine concentration in the forebrain of the mouse. Apomorphine dose-dependently antagonized the GBL effect, while piribedil was less effective. Haloperidol prevented the antagonism of GBL by apomorphine but pimozide was ineffective in blocking apomorphine. After chronic treatment with haloperidol or pimozide, there was no alteration of the maximum GBL-induced increase in dopamine nor was there any significant change in the antagonism by apomorphine, although a trend toward increased sensitivity to apomorphine was noted in the group withdrawn from haloperidol. These results suggest that in the mouse, haloperidol is a more effective antagonist of presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors than pimozide, while apomorphine is a better presynaptic agonist than piribedil.
Exhibiting World War II in Japan and the United States since 1995

Museum professionals, like most people, dislike being the focus of criticism, yet many have recently found themselves in this predicament over exhibits focusing on the histories of major social confl icts. An especially tense issue for both Japanese and American museums has been treatment of World War II, particularly how to portray the motives, policies, and conduct of their own governments during the war. Curators have not always been prepared for the intense criticism and for the charge that differences of opinion are caused by a clash of irreconcilable ideologies, only one of which is valid. Japanese and American museums have deployed similar strategies-some effective, some self-defeating-for meeting those challenges. Neither has found ideal solutions, although some approaches, such as presenting multiple points of view and providing opportunities for interaction, seem to hold greater promise than others.