cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pressurization of cryogens - A review of current technology and its applicability to low-gravity conditions

A review of technology, history, and current status for pressurized expulsion of cryogenic tankage is presented. Use of tank pressurization to expel cryogenic fluids will continue to be studied for future spacecraft applications over a range of operating conditions in the low-gravity environment. The review examines experimental test results and analytical model development for quiescent and agitated conditions in normal-gravity, followed by a discussion of pressurization and expulsion in low-gravity. Validated, 1-D, finite difference codes exist for the prediction of pressurant mass requirements within the range of quiescent normal-gravity test data. To date, the effects of liquid sloshing have been characterized by tests in normal-gravity, but analytical models capable of predicting pressurant gas requirements remain unavailable. Efforts to develop multidimensional modeling capabilities in both normal and low-gravity have recently occurred. Low-gravity cryogenic fluid transfer experiments are needed to obtain low-gravity pressurized expulsion data. This data is required to guide analytical model development and to verify code performance.
Regulation of Endogenous Reactive Oxygen Species in Platelets Can Reverse Aggregation

Objective— While much is known about the normal activation of platelets, there have been few observations demonstrating reversibility of the aggregation process. Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) has been shown to cause platelet disaggregation. In addition, NO is a known potent inhibitor of platelet function. In this study, the role of PI3-kinase in the regulation of endogenous platelet NO and the relevance to platelet function was determined. Methods and Results— Incubation of platelets with PI3-kinase inhibitors led to a dose-dependent increase in platelet NO and cGMP levels that were temporally related to the period of platelet disaggregation. Addition of ferroheme myoglobin eliminated both the augmented NO release and disaggregation. PI3-kinase inhibition decreased the functional activation of NADPH oxidase and this corresponded to decreased superoxide release. To confirm these findings, platelets from NOS III-deficient mice were studied. These platelets did not release NO, and PI3-...
Impact cratering and spall failure of gabbro

Both hypervelocity impact and dynamic spall experiments were carried out on a series of well-indurated samples of gabbro. The impact experiments carried out with 0.04 to 0.2g, 5-6 km/sec projectiles produced deci-centimeter-sized craters and demonstrated crater efficiencies of 6/10 to the - 9 g/erg, and order of magnitude greater than in metal and some two to three times that of previous experiments on less strong igneous rocks. Most of the crater volume (some 60 to 80%) is due to spall failure. Distribution of cumulative fragment number, as a function of mass of fragments with masses greater than 0.1 gram yield values of b = d(log10N sub f)dlog10(m)of -0.5 to -0.6, where N sub f is the cumulate number of fragments and m is the mass of fragments. These values are in agreement or slightly higher than those obtained for less strong rocks and indicate that a large fraction of the ejectra resides in a few large fragments.
Flip-Flop-Induced Relaxation of Bending Energy: Implications for Membrane Remodeling

Cellular and organellar membranes are dynamic materials that underlie many aspects of cell biology. Biological membranes have long been thought of as elastic materials with respect to bending deformations. A wealth of theory and experimentation on pure phospholipid membranes provides abundant support for this idea. However, biological membranes are not composed solely of phospholipids—they also incorporate a variety of amphiphilic molecules that undergo rapid transbilayer flip-flop. Here we describe several experimental systems that demonstrate deformation-induced molecular flip-flop. First we use a fluorescence assay to track osmotically controlled membrane deformation in single component fatty acid vesicles, and show that the relaxation of the induced bending stress is mediated by fatty acid flip-flop. We then look at two-component phospholipid/cholesterol composite vesicles. We use NMR to show that the steady-state rate of interleaflet diffusion of cholesterol is fast relative to biological membrane remodeling. We then use a Forster resonance energy transfer assay to detect the transbilayer movement of cholesterol upon deformation. We suggest that our results can be interpreted by modifying the area difference elasticity model to account for the time-dependent relaxation of bending energy. Our findings suggest that rapid interleaflet diffusion of cholesterol may play a role in membrane remodeling in vivo. We suggest that the molecular characteristics of sterols make them evolutionarily preferred mediators of stress relaxation, and that the universal presence of sterols in the membranes of eukaryotes, even at low concentrations, reflects the importance of membrane remodeling in eukaryotic cells.
Phagocytosis promotes programmed cell death in C. elegans

In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans programmed cell death requires the killer genes egl-1, ced-4 and ced-3 (refs 1 and 2), and the engulfment of dying cells requires the genes ced-1, ced-2, ced-5, ced-6, ced-7, ced-10 and ced-12 (refs 3,4,5). Here we show that engulfment promotes programmed cell death. Mutations that cause partial loss of function of killer genes allow the survival of some cells that are programmed to die, and mutations in engulfment genes enhance the frequency of this cell survival. Furthermore, mutations in engulfment genes alone allow the survival and differentiation of some cells that would normally die. Engulfment genes probably act in engulfing cells to promote death, as the expression in engulfing cells of ced-1, which encodes a receptor that recognizes cell corpses, rescues the cell-killing defects of ced-1 mutants. We propose that engulfing cells act to ensure that cells triggered to undergo programmed cell death by the CED-3 caspase die rather than recover after the initial stages of death.
Systematic examination of the updated Framingham heart study general cardiovascular risk profile.

Background— An updated Framingham risk prediction tool was recently published. It features an expanded end point of general cardiovascular disease and a “vascular age” risk communication analogy. Methods and Results— We systematically examined the tool to determine which risk factor combinations allow risk thresholds to be reached and how different risk factor burdens translate into vascular age. We varied risk factor levels in isolation and combination and observed risk output patterns, with high risk defined as ≥20% 10-year predicted risk. As expected, we found that age is the major determinant of 10-year predicted risk for both men and women. Younger individuals tend not to exceed 20% 10-year risk even with multiple risk factors, although with marked risk factor burden, including both smoking and diabetes mellitus, men as young as 35 years of age and women as young as 40 years of age can be classified as high risk. For the risk factor levels we entered, predicted risk ranges from 3.1% to 46.8% for a 45...
Biophysical Model of an Auditory Nerve Fiber With a Novel Adaptation Component

Recent data from feline auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) indicate that electrically stimulated fibers can undergo large degrees of rate adaptation to pulse-train stimuli using pulse rates within the range used by clinical auditory prostheses. However, the application of Hodgkin-Huxley-type models does not produce such adaptation, which occurs over time periods on the order of 100 ms. We describe our development of a computational ANF axon model that incorporates a time-changing external potassium concentration ([K+]ext) that depends on potassium currents produced by active nodal channel activity. This relatively simple and computationally tractable approach produces poststimulus time histograms that are similar to experimental (cat) data. Furthermore, this mechanism could be easily incorporated into other models to produce much more realistic estimates of the neural coding produced by repeated electric stimulation.
Time-consistency of optimization problems

We study time-consistency of optimization problems, where we say that an optimization problem is time-consistent if its optimal solution, or the optimal policy for choosing actions, does not depend on when the optimization problem is solved. Time-consistency is a minimal requirement on an optimization problem for the decisions made based on its solution to be rational. We show that the return that we can gain by taking "optimal" actions selected by solving a time-inconsistent optimization problem can be surely dominated by that we could gain by taking "suboptimal" actions. We establish sufficient conditions on the objective function and on the constraints for an optimization problem to be time-consistent. We also show when the sufficient conditions are necessary. Our results are relevant in stochastic settings particularly when the objective function is a risk measure other than expectation or when there is a constraint on a risk measure.
Photophysics, RET Probes and Imaging Applications for Fluorescent BSA Au Nanoclusters

Protein protected fluorescent metal nanoclusters are attracting great deal of attention from fluorescence community. This work explores photo-physics, fluorescence polarization properties; resonance energy transfer (RET) probes, and cellular imaging applications of novel fluorescent probe bovine serum albumin protected gold (BSA Au) nanoclusters. Important findings were long fluorescence lifetime (> 1µs) and polarized fluorescence emission studied in solvents of different viscosity. The BSA Au cluster, due to long lifetime and high polarization, can potentially be used in developing fluorescence polarization immunoassays. Moreover, we describe an approach by developing RET of BSA Au clusters with the near infra-red (NIR) dye Dylight 750 (Dy750), where BSA Au cluster act as a donor to Dy750, showing 46% energy transfer efficiency to the NIR dye Dy750 with long lifetime component in acceptor decay through RET. Such RET probe with narrow emission spectrum and long lifetime component can be explored in microscopy imaging applications. Furthermore, we describe the use of these long lived BSA Au clusters in cellular and tissue imaging applications. We have shown using multiple pulse excitation (MPE) scheme that one can increase the intensity of long lived BSA Au cluster in cells without increasing the short lived auto-fluorescence background thereby increasing signal to background ratio at least by 15 times. Moreover, by applying time gated detection strategy to MPE imaging experiment we increased the signal to noise ratio to 30, a dramatic improvement in contrast for low fluorescence quantum yield dye. In summary, BSA Au clusters can be used as a fluorescent cellular stain advancing the bioimaging technology via their long fluorescence lifetime.
An Investigation of Urban Residents’ Loyalty to Tourism

This study explores urban residents’ loyalty to tourism development. Surveys with regard to perceptions of the effects of tourism development were mailed to Virginia residents. Responses to 210 que...
Altered respiratory response to substance P in capsaicin‐treated rats

The present investigation sought to examine the importance of substance P in the altered respiratory activity after neonatal capsaicin administration. Halothaneanesthetized adult rats given capsaicin neonatally exhibit a decreased basal minute ventilation with PaCO2 equal to and PaO2 greater than vehicle injected controls. In addition, the minute ventilation-PaCO2 curve was displaced to the right. Acute bilateral cervical vagotomy severely blunted the minute ventilation response to PaCO2 and abolished the differences in ventilation between capsaicin treated and control rats. Neonatal capsaicin significantly reduced pons-medulla substance P content but not TRH, serotonin or 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that substance P fibers of the trigeminal spinal nucleus were the most severely affected in the brain stem and that substance P fibers in the lung were totally absent. The intracerebroventricular administration of substance P increased minute ventilation similarly in both control and capsaicin treated rats, largely as a result of increases in tidal volume. The minute ventilation-PaCO2 curve was similar in both groups after substance P administration. Simultaneous administration of the peptidase inhibitor captopril with substance P increased the respiratory response to substance P in normal rats. Administration of captopril to capsaicin treated rats restored the ventilation-PaCO2 curve to the position observed in normal rats. The hypotensive response to intracerebroventricular captopril alone in control rats was less profound in rats given neonatal capsaicin. These results are consistent with the thesis that respiratory depression after capsaicin treatment is at least in part due to the loss of substance P primary afferent nerve terminals in the brain stem, suggesting that substance P fibers in the brain stem may participate in the normal modulation of respiratory activity.
Mechanisms of Pressure Natriuresis

An acute increase in blood pressure provokes a rapid decrease in proximal tubule salt and water reabsorption that is central to tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and contributes to pressure natriuresis. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this critical homeostatic adjustment were studied. When blood pressure is acutely elevated, apical proximal tubule NHE3 are rapidly redistributed out of the microvilli to intermicrovillar clefts and then endosomal pools, and Na,K-ATPase activity is suppressed. Depressing apical Na(+) entry without hypertension is not sufficient to decrease Na,K-ATPase activity, and depressing Na,K-ATPase activity alone is not sufficient to decrease proximal tubule Na(+) and water reabsorption; thus, it appears that coordinated decreases in both NHE3 surface distribution and Na,K-ATPase activity may be important for the response to acute hypertension. Clamping plasma angiotensin II levels blunts the retraction of NHE3 from the cell surface to endosomal pools. The increased volume flow of salt and water to the loop of Henle stimulates Na,K-ATPase activity in this region and provides evidence for a downstream shift in sodium transport during acute hypertension. These same responses in the proximal tubule and loop develop and persist in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. These studies demonstrate that sodium transporters along the nephron are very dynamic, responding quickly to normal fluctuations of blood pressure, and are key to generating the macula densa tubuloglomerular feedback signal and for accommodating increased volume flow through the loop of Henle.
Health Effects of Sulfur Oxides: Sulfur Dioxide and Sulfuric Acid

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a water soluble gas commonly emitted into ambient air by coal fired power plants, refineries, smelters, paper and pulp mills, and food processing plants. As you recall from Chapter 4, SO2is part of sulfurous air pollution that has plagued human populations for centuries. SO2was one of the primary pollutants elevated during the 1952 killer fog in London (discussed in detail in Ch 11). And SO2is a precursor for sulfuric acid, an air pollutant that plays a major role in the adverse respiratory effects of air pollution. This chapter summarizes what is known about the health effects of both SO2and sulfuric acid through a review of controlled and epidemiologic studies.
Study on the Reaction of Amines with Internal Epoxides

The reactivity of internal epoxides, as in epoxidized fatty acids, with primary amines was investigated using primary amines and a model epoxide compound, which was a mixture involving cis- and trans-isomers of 9,10-epoxyoctadecane.The reactions were carried out at 100, 170, and 200°C for 24 h. It was observed that the reaction of an amine with an internal epoxide does not proceed to any significant extent even at 200°C in the absence of catalysts. Practical applications: The model reaction of an amine with 9,10-epoxyoctadecane is helpful to understand the reaction of amines with epoxidized vegetable oils. It revealed that the key step in the reaction of amine with epoxidized vegetable oils, in the absence of a catalyst, is amidation. Model compound, 9,10-epoxyoctadecane (E-OCD), was prepared and reacted with n-octylamine and ehtanolamine without catalysts. GPC showed that in the absence of catalysts, ring opening of an internal epoxide with amine does not take place to any significant extent. While ring opening in the presence of OH groups happens to a higher extent. OH groups could act as reactants or catalysts.
Joint AVO Inversion For Time-lapse Elastic Reservoir Properties:Hangingstone Heavy Oilfield, Alberta

We developed a time-lapse AVO inversion method, based on Bayesian method, in which all available seismic data can be used to obtain elastic properties (VP, VS, and ρ) and the changes between baseline and monitor surveys. The inverted elastic properties and the changes are consistent with the seismic data and prior information. Furthermore, the method is applicable to incomplete time-lapse multicomponent data sets. Preliminary tests on synthetic data based on log information from the Hangingstone heavy oilfiled, Alberta, shows promising results.
Toward a Profession of Marketing

IN ANY developing field of human endeavor, progress to a professional level is earmarked in large measure by the extent to which critical thought has shifted from a descriptive basis to one which is primarily analytical. In medicine, for example, the broad general descriptions of the human body and proper labelling of the various parts of the anatomy were important developments. No one would belittle for a moment the significance of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood. But certainly medicine was far from an established profession until, once the descriptive groundwork had been laid, the emphasis in time and money was placed on analysis and experimentation. I should like to devote considerable time to the expansion of the analogy from the field of medicine, to demonstrate how its progress as a profession has developed largely in pace with the stress placed on the analytical, as opposed to the descriptive aspects of the human body. However, to do so, within the confines of this paper, would preclude calling attention to the more important evidence of the universality of the general principle, by brief allusion to a wide variety of professions. In the field of law, mere description of the processes of government and legal relations between the state and individuals would never have provided a full basis for the rise of a learned and re-
Investigation of food poisoning caused by enteroinvasive escherichia coli

Objective To find out the cause of the groupment food poisoning incidents,and provide evidence for preventing and controlling similar incidents in the future.Methods The analysis of food poisoning was on the basis of the epidemiological investigation,clinical manifestations,laboratory testing results and diagnostic criteria.Results Four strains salmonella anatum with same biological characteristics were detected in the anal swab samples of 4 patients and 4 remaining food samples.Conclusion The food poisoning incident was caused by poisonous food contaminated by enteroinvasive escherichia.coli(EIEC O29:K?).
Multi-Channel Medium Access without Control Channels: A Full Duplex MAC Design

We address the problem of improving the throughput and security of multi-channel MAC (MMAC) protocols. We design a protocol called FD-MMAC that exploits recent advances in full duplex (FD) communications to coordinate channel access in a distributed manner. Compared with prior MMAC designs, our protocol eliminates the use of dedicated in-band or out-of-band control channels for resolving contention, discovering the resident channel of destinations, and performing load balancing. The elimination of the control channel improves spectral efficiency and mitigates denial-of-service attacks that specifically target the exchange of control information. Moreover, FD-MMAC enables the operation of multi-channel exposed terminals. To achieve these goals, we integrate an advanced suite of PHY-layer techniques, including self interference suppression, error vector magnitude and received power measurements, and signal correlation. We validate the proposed PHY-layer techniques on the NI USRP testbed. Furthermore, we theoretically analyze the throughput performance of FD-MMAC and verify our analysis via packet level simulations. Our results show that FD-MMAC achieves significantly higher throughput compared with prior art. Finally, we analyze the resilience of FD-MMAC to reactive jamming attacks.
Anxiety and Democratic Citizenship

Neither a man nor a crowd nor a nation can be trusted to act humanely or to think sanely under the influence of a great fear. Bertrand Russell Contemporary American political life abounds with crises and worry. Terrorist attacks, a warming planet, and flu pandemics all trigger the public's anxieties. Meanwhile, politicians use fears of economic downturns and cultural changes to evoke the public's worries about immigration. Given that politics often involves anxiety, in this book, we ask how and when is anxiety successful at causing citizens to engage with politics? In addition, we ask what is the substance of that political engagement? Political thinkers and democratic theorists express concern that anxiety may undercut citizens’ abilities to make rational political choices, yet recent research from political science and psychology paints a more hopeful picture of anxiety, suggesting that political fears may lead to more knowledgeable and trusting citizens. Our theoretical contribution reconciles the normatively attractive portrait of anxiety in recent political science literature with the uses of fear in contemporary politics. We use four policy areas to test how anxiety shapes citizens’ engagement with political information and political trust. Together, these components paint a fuller picture of the ways that anxiety shapes political life than accounts that either simply vilify or praise the role of emotion in politics. Anxiety does not preclude man or nation from acting or thinking sanely, but “under the influence of great fear” the public is likely to support protective policies that may undercut democracy. Throughout the course of the book, we find that political anxiety systematically shapes citizen engagement by encouraging attention to politics and increasing acceptance of leaders and policies framed as able to protect the public. Political anxiety leads citizens to learn more about politics, but anxious citizens are systematically drawn to threatening news. Political anxiety increases trust in political actors, but trust is confined to those actors seen as useful for handling the source of the anxiety. Political anxiety makes people more likely to take protective policy positions, and the dominant protective policies are shaped both by partisanship of individuals and the partisan politics around the issues. An anxious politics both helps citizens to reach a democratic ideal of an informed, interested polity and leaves the public open to manipulation. In this chapter, we consider what this book contributes to the study of political psychology and emotion in public life. We also reflect on when anxiety strengthens democracy and when it may undermine democracy.
Clinical Applications of Genome Editing to HIV Cure

Abstract Despite significant advances in HIV drug treatment regimens, which grant near-normal life expectancies to infected individuals who have good virological control, HIV infection itself remains incurable. In recent years, novel gene- and cell-based therapies have gained increasing attention due to their potential to provide a functional or even sterilizing cure for HIV infection with a one-shot treatment. A functional cure would keep the infection in check and prevent progression to AIDS, while a sterilizing cure would eradicate all HIV viruses from the patient. Genome editing is the most precise form of gene therapy, able to achieve permanent genetic disruption, modification, or insertion at a predesignated genetic locus. The most well-studied candidate for anti-HIV genome editing is CCR5, an essential coreceptor for the majority of HIV strains, and the lack of which confers HIV resistance in naturally occurring homozygous individuals. Genetic disruption of CCR5 to treat HIV has undergone clinical ...
The role of carbonyl reductase 1 in drug discovery and development

Carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1) plays a critical role in drug metabolism of ketones and aldehydes. CBR1 has broad substrate specificity and is involved in metabolizing a number of clinically important drugs. Areas covered: The impact of CBR1 in drug metabolism and disposition are discussed. The CBR1 enzyme is covered in detail including discussion on topics such as tissue distribution, species difference, individual variability, the effect of genetic polymorphism and disease state, iGnducibility and drug-drug interaction potential. The structure and function of CBR1 and CBR3 are also compared. In addition, the formation of chiral alcohols from CBR1 reduction and MIST coverage are reviewed. Expert Opinion: As CBR1 is an emerging enzyme in drug discovery and development, much research is needed to further understand its role in drug metabolism and disposition. In vitro-in vivo correlation for CBR1-mediated clearance is mostly unknown. Selective CBR1 inhibitors and substrates are not well enough characterized for reaction phenotyping of the CBR1 pathway. Multiple pathways appear to be involved in the regulation of CBR1. Future investigation will also help reveal their impact on drug-drug interaction potentials and the influence of individual variability.
Educational Programs to Translate Food Safety Knowledge

Education is an important component of all food safety and food ­security programs. To achieve food security, food has to reach the entire population and involves not only growing or importing food, but also storage, transportation and marketing. Food safety and quality programs designed around the HACCP concept, that incorporates good manufacturing practices helps ensure that food is stored and distributed in a manner to avoid safety hazards and minimize losses due to spoilage, pests and cross-contamination. Embedded within HACCP regulations of the United States and the European Union are requirements for training farmers, workers, supervisors, and regulatory officials. This educational training must be ongoing and tailored to each specific audience, which may range from college educated to illiterate workers. Food safety ­educational programs are best translated when a holistic approach to learning objectives is used. It is important to encourage a learner-centered approach to food safety education, which encourages innovation and collaboration. If the instructor is committed to quality and continuous improvement, it is easy to incorporate new food safety knowledge into any educational program. The cooperative extension program in the United States is the most successful model for taking knowledge from discovery to the end user.
Discovering Mourning Dove in the Papers of L. V. McWhorter

Simple survival is the first condition for accessible and responsibly curated documents carrying Native voices. This article explores stewardship practices of an existing collection at the Washingt...
Opportunities and Challenges for Improving the Patient Experience in the Acute and Postacute Care Setting Using Patient Portals: The Patient’s Perspective

Efforts to improve the patient experience are increasingly focusing on engaging patients and their "care partners" by using patient portals. The Acute Care Patient Portal Task Force was supported by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to convene a national meeting of an interdisciplinary group of stakeholders, including patient advocates, to consider how the acute and postacute care patient experience can be improved by using patient-facing technologies. We identified key opportunities and challenges for enhancing cognitive support, promoting respect while maintaining boundaries, and facilitating patient and family empowerment through the lens of the patient. Institutions, clinicians, and vendors would benefit tremendously by considering these 3 patient-centered themes when partnering with patients and family advisors to implement and realize the full potential of patient portals to enhance the acute and postacute care experience.
Audit Quality and Auditor Switching: Some Lessons for Policy Makers

This paper reviews the literature on audit quality and auditor switching to assess different countries policy regimes. It argues that policy-makers should limit managerial influence over auditor switching rather than reduce auditors' economic dependency on clients. In particular, the paper advocates proper communication between shareholders and auditors, and a policy of mandatory auditor retention. In contrast, some countries have adopted policies of mandatory rotation, and have banned non-audit services and introductory fee discounts. It is argued that such policies are less desirable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.
Appraising the Foreign Policy Legacy of the Obama Presidency

This chapter assesses Obama’s national security strategy and his overall management of foreign policy. In the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama indicated clear policy differences with his predecessor, George W. Bush, such as opposing the Iraq War and the USA PATRIOT Act. As president, Obama broke with Bush’s unilateral approach to foreign policy and pursued a multilateral strategy. Obama emphasized diplomacy and appointed two former Democratic senators (Hillary Clinton and John Kerry) as Secretary of State. The chapter examines Obama’s military policies in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, and Syria, focusing on differences between Obama’s promises and actual policy decisions. Obama’s foreign policy achievements included signing the Paris Agreement on climate change and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. His establishment of diplomatic relations with Cuba was one of the most dramatic changes in U.S. policy toward Latin America. But Obama also had foreign policy disappointments. For example, he pledged to close the Guantanamo Bay detention center but was unsuccessful, due to largely (though not exclusively) partisan congressional opposition.
Metropolitan Hotel Sector Forecast Accuracy in El Paso

This study evaluates the accuracy of previously published econometric forecasts for seven lodging sector variables that measure hotel activity in El Paso, Texas. The hotel forecasts have been generated annually using an econometric model of the El Paso metropolitan economy from 2006 forward. Predictive accuracy is evaluated relative to random walk benchmarks. Assessment is completed using both descriptive forecast error summary statistics as well as formal statistical tests. The econometric model outperforms the random walk benchmarks for a majority of the variables analyzed. However, statistical tests of forecast error differentials do not yield conclusive evidence in favor of the econometric historical track record. Tests of directional forecast accuracy also produce mixed results. Although the structural econometric model of hotel business conditions appears to provide useful predictive information, analysts and planners should also monitor recent history closely.
A New Reality: Human Evolution for a Sustainable Future by Jonas Salk and Jonathan Salk

A New Reality: Human Evolution for a Sustainable Future is an essential book for our times, written for all of us, but with particular attention paid to those who are needed to influence our presen...
A gravity model analysis of forced displacement in Colombia

Abstract Between 1985 and 2016 more than 7 million people were victims of forced displacement in Colombia. At the height of the conflict, more than 90% of municipalities in the country saw some form of displacement. In this study we extend the traditional gravity model of migration to analyze the flows of internally displaced people in Colombia between 1986 and 2015, and identify some of the main factors involved in people's choice of destination. We find violence at the origin municipality to be the most important driver of displacement. Similarly, destination municipalities with larger social networks of victims of displacement, larger overall populations, and closer to places of origin attract more displaced people. We propose forced displacement be treated as regional-level phenomenon and planners, city officials, and aid organizations focus their attention on medium-sized regional centers. Because of the importance of social networks in driving people's choice of destination, city officials, planners and aid organizations should closely collaborate with grassroots community organizations to adequately allocate resources and plan for new arrivals.
Performance on the mouse vibration actuating search task is compromised by sleep deprivation

As we go about our daily routines we are continuously bombarded with environmental feedback that requires appraisal and response. Sleep loss can compromise the efficiency by which these cognitive processes function. Operationally, poor performance caused by insufficient sleep translates to increased health and safety risks in settings where attention and timely and/or accurate decisions to respond are critical (e.g., at work, on the road, etc.). Current rodent tasks that assess altered cognition after sleep deprivation (SD) do not accurately model the continuous multisensory feedback that informs goal-oriented behavior in humans. Herein, we describe the vibration actuating search task (VAST), which consists of a vibrating open field with pseudo-randomly selected entrance and target destination points. To successfully complete a trial, mice use feedback from rotary motor-induced floor vibrations to navigate from the entrance point to the target destination. Sets of 20 trials were conducted on 3 consecutive days, and before testing on the third day control mice were undisturbed while other mice were sleep deprived for 10 h. On the first 2 days mice learned the task with high success rates. Alternatively, VAST performance was compromised following SD as measured by increased failures in task completion, time to target, time spent immobile, and decreased speed as compared with undisturbed mice. The VAST enables the analysis of continuous feedback via multiple sensory modalities in mice and is applicable to a variety of operational settings.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The vibration actuating search task (VAST) is a novel performance assay that uses continuous auditory and haptic feedback to motivate and direct search behaviors in mice. The VAST is rapidly acquired by mice and performance is disrupted by sleep deprivation. The VAST has practical application in occupational settings. The cognitive aspects of the sensorimotor integration in the VAST may prove useful for rodent models of neurodegenerative disease.
Investigation of the role of rosmarinic acid treatment in regulating inflammation, cell damage, and angiogenesis in rat ovarian torsion and detorsion models.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the protective effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) in ovarian ischemia/reperfusion injury using biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods. Methods Wistar female rats (n = 32) were randomly divided into four groups: control, ischemia, ischemia-reperfusion, and ischemia-reperfusion with RA. Rosmarinic acid was given at a dose of 50 mg/kg by oral gavage three hours after reperfusion. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in the ovary tissue homogenates for each rat. Results In the ischemia-reperfusion with RA group, the epithelial cells are regularly regulated at the periphery, and the degenerative changes in preantral and antral follicle cells are reduced. Follicle cells and cells in the corpus luteum showed a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, while VEGF demonstrated a positive reaction in vascular endothelial cells and stromal cells. The TNF-α expression due to the decreased degenerative effect and inflammation was positive in the macrophage cells. The expression of caspase-3 as an apoptosis change was negative in antral follicle cells and granular cells around the antral follicle. Conclusion Different doses of RA may be useful in preventing ischemic damage after vascularization, inflammation, and apoptotic development after ischemia/reperfusion.
A framework for estimating long term driver behavior

We present a framework for estimation of long term driver behavior for autonomous vehicles and vehicle safety systems. The Hybrid State System and Hidden Markov Model (HSS
CCA Updatable Encryption Against Malicious Re-encryption Attacks

Updatable encryption (UE) is an attractive primitive, which allows the secret key of the outsourced encrypted data to be updated to a fresh one periodically. Several elegant works exist studying various security properties. We notice several major issues in existing security models of (ciphertext dependent) updatable encryption, in particular, integrity and CCA security. The adversary in the models is only allowed to request the server to re-encrypt honestly generated ciphertext, while in practice, an attacker could try to inject arbitrary ciphertexts into the server as she wishes. Those malformed ciphertext could be updated and leveraged by the adversary and cause serious security issues.
Experiments in High-Frequency Trading: Comparing Two Market Institutions, Online Appendices

This document comprises the online appendices for "Experiments in High-Frequency Trading: Comparing Two Market Institutions", Aldrich and Lopez Vargas (2019).
Resonant wavefront-shaping metasurfaces

Diffractive photonic devices manipulate light via local and nonlocal optical modes. Local devices, such as metasurfaces, can shape a wavefront at multiple selected wavelengths, but inevitably modify light across the spectrum; nonlocal devices, such as grating filters, offer great frequency selectivity but limited spatial control. In this talk, I will introduce a rational design paradigm using quasi-bound states in the continuum to realize multifunctional nonlocal devices: metasurfaces that produce narrowband spatially tailored wavefronts at multiple selected wavelengths and yet are otherwise transparent.
Electrically tunable metasurfaces by a single electro-optic layer

We demonstrate an electrically tunable metasurface from an array of nanoresonators coated by a single layer of electro-optic molecules that are embedded in a polymer matrix. By periodic poling of the non-linear coating in plane, we tune the resonant frequency of the array under an applied bias at high speeds and over a broad range in the near-infrared.
Reconsidering Confidential Settlements in the #MeToo Era

With the #MeToo movement, the societal and personal harm resulting from the accepted norm of confidential settlements and NDAs has been exposed. As agreements have been breached and outrageous conduct exposed, there is evidence that the courts, and certainly employers and the public, are taking allegations of harassment more seriously. State and federal legislators have turned their attention to the problem of confidentiality, resulting in the adoption of new laws in twelve states and at least a dozen pending bills, including federal legislation. This symposium article examines whether there has been a significant shift in norms relating to the confidentiality imperative from the perspectives of both the complainant and the employer. It also analyzes three of the most significant enacted statutes, all of which have serious limitations and loopholes, and proposes guiding principles that could serve as a template as more jurisdictions address this issue.
Burner rig corrosion of SiC at 1000 C

Sintered alpha-SiC was examined in both oxidation and hot corrosion with a burner rig at 400 kPa (4 atm) and 1000 C with a flow velocity of 94 m/s. Oxidation tests for times to 46 h produced virtually no attack, whereas tests with 4 ppm Na produced extensive corrosion in 13.5 h. Thick glassy layers composed primarily of sodium silicate formed in the salt corrosion tests. This corrosion attack caused severe pitting on the silicon carbide substrate and led to a 32 percent decrease in strength, compared to the as-received material. Parallel furnace tests of Na2SO4/air-induced attack yielded basically similar results, with slight product composition differences. The differences are explained in terms of the continuous sulfate deposition which occurs in a burner rig.
Benefits of Nature Contact for Children

This review examines different ways that contact with nature can contribute to the health and well-being of children. Applying the capabilities approach to human development for a broad definition ...
Generalized maximum entropy estimation of discrete choice models

In this article, we describe the gmentropylogit command, which implements the generalized maximum entropy estimation methodology for discrete choice models. This information theoretic procedure is preferred over its maximum likelihood counterparts because it is more efficient, avoids strong parametric assumptions, works well when the sample size is small, performs well when the covariates are highly correlated, and functions well when the matrix is ill conditioned. Here we introduce the generalized maximum entropy procedure and provide an example using the gmentropylogit command.
The Role of Synaptic Organization in the Control of Motor Unit Activity during Movement

Publisher Summary Presently available evidence suggests that the qualitative and quantitative organization of synaptic inputs to motoneuron pools is the critical factor that controls motor unit recruitment patterns. Clues to an understanding of the factors underlying the process of motoneuron recruitment can presumably be found in two different hypotheses. The first hypothesis assumes that the critical factor that produces variation in threshold grades is the presynaptic organization of synaptic input that is the qualitative and quantitative distribution of synaptic effects among pool motoneurons. In contrast, the second hypothesis assumes that threshold gradations result from properties intrinsic to the motoneurons themselves. Both hypotheses are compatible with most of the available descriptions of motor unit recruitment in animal and human muscles. There is one point, however, where the two lead to opposite predictions. If threshold grades are intrinsically specified by motoneuron properties, then they should be invariant despite differences in input drive. On the other hand, if threshold gradation depends mainly on synaptic organization, alternative recruitment patterns or differential control of particular motoneuron groups could result provided that the relevant input systems distribute to pool motoneurons with differing patterns.
Quantum Chemical Calculations of Molecular Parameters Defining Davydov Soliton Dynamics in Polypeptides

Ab-initio-SCF-MO theory is used to calculate the molecular parameters defining the dynamics of Davydov solitons arising from the excitation of either the amide-I or v(NH) vibration in a hydrogen-bonded polypeptide or polyamide chain. Both the split-valence 4-3 1G and STO-3G atomic orbital basis sets are utilized in this study, and a hydrogen-bonded, linear formamide dimer is employed as a model of the chain. The theoretical analysis of the linear dimer consists of calculating (1) equilibrium geometries and electronic charge distributions, (2) vibrational normal modes, (3) adiabatic and non-adiabatic potential energy curves as a function of hydrogen bond length, R(N-O), (4) electric dipole moment derivatives for the amide-I and v(NH) modes as functions of R(N-O), and (5) force constants and frequencies for the amide-I and v(NH) modes as functions of R(N-O). These calculations yield Davydov soliton parameters for the amide-I and v(NH) modes that compare well with the relevant experimental data. The v(NH) mode is calculated to be more strongly coupled to the hydrogen bond stretching vibration than is the amide-I mode. Theoretical treatments of the dynamics of Davydov solitons in polypeptides and polyamides should consider including the v(NH) mode and other modes involving the vibration of the N-H bond, as well as the amide-I mode.
The Biological Importance of Organophosphorus Compounds Containing a Carbon‐Phosphorus Bond

Organophosphorus anticholinesterase compounds may be derivatives of phosphoric acid or of a phosphonic acid. The phosphonic acid derivatives are usually more reactive and more toxic than the phosphoric acid derivatives. Examples are given to show that differences in the chemical and biological reactivity of phosphates and phosphonates reflect many different aspects of their chemical structure. Some recently discovered naturally-occurring phosphonates are described, together with some synthetic phosphonate analogues of naturally-occurring phosphates. The utility of these synthetic phosphonates as tools for probing enzymic reaction sequences is discussed.
Language and Content

The TESOL Quarterly welcomes evaluative reviews of publications of relevance to TESOL professionals. In addition to textbooks and reference materials, these include computer and video software, testing instruments, and other forms of nonprint materials.
Ad Hoc Networks

This book covers the major design issues in ad hoc networks. It will equip the researchers in the field with the essential tools to attack the design of a complex ad hoc system, whether in standalone configurations like the 10,000 node battlefield networks or opportunistically connected to the Internet. The introductory chapter that follows will provide a definition and characterization of ad hoc networks, followed by an overview of the main applications. The design challenges at the various layers of the ad hoc network architecture are then reviewed, with particular emphasis on scalability and mobility. An urban grid scenario that captures the complexities of both standalone and “opportunistically extended” ad hoc designs is introduced. This scenario poses challenges at all the layers of the ad hoc protocol stack. It is thus the ideal framework to illustrate the impact and the key contributions of the various chapters in this book. We conclude with a mention of problems that lie ahead, for further probing by future researchers.
The Logarithmic Sobolev Inequality Along the Ricci Flow: The Case \(\lambda _0(g_0)=0\)

A uniform logarithmic Sobolev inequality, a uniform Sobolev inequality and a uniform \(\kappa \)-noncollapsing estimate along the Ricci flow are established in the situation that a certain smallest eigenvalue for the initial metric is zero.