cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting moisture profiles in potato and carrot during convective hot air drying using isothermally measured effective diffusivity

Abstract Temperature and moisture profiles were obtained from potato (1.4 and 2.8 cm diameter) and from carrot core (1.4 cm diameter) and cortex (0.7 cm diameter) during convective hot air drying at 70 °C and 1.5 m/s air velocity. These samples represent hygroscopic non-porous materials and remain non-porous throughout drying with porosity remaining below 0.2. To analyze moisture transfer during convective drying, a simultaneous heat and moisture transfer model was developed based on Fick’s diffusion equation. What was unique about this model from previous models is that the effective diffusivity and its temperature dependence were obtained from true isothermal conditions and then applied to model the moisture profile during a non-isothermal drying condition. The model accurately predicted moisture loss as a function of drying time and position for the potato and carrot samples during convective hot air drying and further demonstrates the importance and improved accuracy of obtaining diffusion coefficients and its temperature dependence under isothermal conditions.
Changes in Sensitivity of Maize Chromosomes to X Rays During Seed Germination

Changes in the radiosensitivity of maize seeds during early stages of germination were studied by means of somatic-mutation techniques. Seeds heterozygous for the yg2 (yellow-green) locus were irradiated with 800 r of x rays after soaking in running tap water up to 42 hr. Yellow-green sectors, representing mutations affecting the dominant yg2 locus, in leaves 4 and 5 of seedling plants were used as a criterion of radiosensitivity. The frequency of soniatic sectors was virtually nil for dry seed and for seeds soaked up to 16 hr. Sector frequencies underwent a marked (9- to 15-fold) rise from 16 to 28 hr, reached a plateau of sensitivity and subsequently declined. Manometric studies were conducted on seeds soaked under the same conditions as those irradiated. The rate of oxygen consumption rose rapidly from 0 to 7 hr, remained essentially constant from 7 to 16 hr, then underwent an approximately 2-fold increase from 16 to 24 hr, after which the rate of progressive increase was retarded. The fact that the marked rise in frequency of x-ray-induced somatic sectors coincided with the major increase in oxygen consumption suggests that radiosensitivity of soaked seeds is conditioned by metabolic changes during seed development. Changes in radiosensitivitymore » that followed attainment of peak sector frequencies were apparently governed by factors that influenced the rate of seed development.« less
Polymyositis, arthritis, and uveitis in a macaque experimentally infected with human T lymphotropic virus type I

Objective. To establish a simian model of human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infection and disease. Methods. Irradiated HTLV-I–producing cells were used to infect two 2-year-old rhesus macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta). One monkey was also simultaneously inoculated with a cell-free suspension of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Evidence of infection was monitored by serial clinical examinations and by serologic, molecular, and virologic assays. Results. Both HTLV-I-inoculated monkeys became persistently infected following inoculation. Clinical disease was observed in the singly inoculated monkey, which developed arthritis (with synovial fluid positive for HTLV-I by culture and polymerase chain reaction), anterior chamber uveitis, and steroid-responsive polymyositis confirmed by electrophysiologic studies. The dually inoculated animal remained clinically healthy, despite high levels of SIV and HTLV-I virus expression and loss of HTLV-I-specific antibodies. Conclusion. These results indicate the utility of a nonhuman primate model for studying HTLV-I disease pathogenesis and the dynamics of SIV-1/HTLV-I retroviral coinfection.
Occupational Trends and Program Priorities

Institutions of higher education that respond to the economic base in their region will remain competitive and be better positioned to obtain public funds and donor support. In addition to mandated program viability standards based on measures such as graduation rate, individual institutions and state coordinating boards can use ten-year occupational trend data to assess future program viability. We used an occupational demand model to determine whether academic programs can meet projected statewide needs for high demand and high growth occupations. For example, computer engineering, the highest growth rate occupation in Alabama, is projected to have 365 annual average job openings, with 93.6% total growth over ten years. But only 46 computer engineering majors graduate annually from all Alabama institutions of higher education. We recommend using an occupational demand model as a planning tool, decision-making tool, and catalyst for collaborative initiatives.
Radioiodine-induced thyroid cancer: Studies in the aftermath of the accident at Chernobyl

While a great deal is known about the relationship between external radiation exposure and thyroid cancer, much less is known about the oncogenic effects of internal radiation exposure from isotopes of iodine. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant released massive quantities of radioiodine isotopes into the atmosphere. The large number of ensuing thyroid cancers in exposed children leaves little doubt that these malignancies have occurred as a result of the accident. However, carefully planned epidemiological studies are needed to confirm that these are due predominantly to I-131 exposure, to determine the dose-response relationship, to monitor for continuing effects and to evaluate other contributing factors. Preliminary evidence indicates that there is a distinct pattern of somatic genetic changes in the thyroid cancers from the Chernobyl area.
Building an Intelligent Tutoring System: Some Guidelines from a Study of Human Tutors

One reason that intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) are rarely found outside of the research lab has to do with the guidelines available to developers of these systems. First, some of these guidelines are stated as general, abstract goals such as “adapt to the student.” What ITS developers need, however, are specific strategies and techniques which can be implemented in an ITS to accomplish those goals. Second, not all of the guidelines have an empirical basis.One solution to both of these problems is to study human tutors. This paper demonstrates this approach, and discusses an empirical study of human tutors which was conducted to address these issues. Specifically, it discusses1) the knowledge acquisition method which we designed to capture the appropriate empirical data,2) how we used this method to study human tutors and students in the medical problem-solving domain of immunohematology (blood banking),3) several guidelines which appeared to drive the tutors' behavior (e.g., “limit the number of inte...
What does intraoperative monitoring of motor evoked potentials bring to the neurosurgeon

The neurosurgeons’ attitude towards intraoperativeneurophysiology is similar to the attitude the villagershad towards the shepherd boy who falsely cried ‘‘wolf’’.When the wolf really showed up and he cried ‘‘wolf’’the villagers did not believe him and did not help him.In a time when somatosensory evoked potentials(SEPs) monitoring was the only available method to in-directly monitor the corticospinal tracts (CTs), the onlydifference between the shepherd boy and a neurophys-iologist is that a neurophysiologist really thinks that awolf is coming whenever a signiﬁcant change in theparameters of SEPs appears.Unfortunately, in some instances the wolf truly ar-rived and the neurophysiologist did not recognize him.This is exempliﬁed by a recent report that describesintact SEPs throughout surgery, with the patient awakingwith a new paraplegia [4, 6, 7]. Gradually the neurophys-iological and neurosurgical communities have realizedthat SEPs can not always evaluate the functional integ-rity of the CTs intraoperatively.The short marriage between neurophysiologists andneurosurgeons has endured some set backs. One fol-lowed the introduction of ‘‘neurogenic motor evokedpotentials’’, (neurogenic MEPs). This intraoperative neu-rophysiological method consists of electrical stimula-tion of the spinal cord via two needles inserted in theproximity of the vertebral lamina with recording elicitedactivity over the peripheral nerves [8]. In the beginningof this method it was not clear what neural elementswere being stimulated and to what structures activityrecorded from the peripheral nerves could be attributedto [2].Subsequently, a neurophysiological study performed byR. Toleikis, provided evidence that ‘‘neurogenic MEPs’’belonged to the antidromic activation of the dorsal col-umns recorded from the sensory part of the peripheralnerves [12]. Finally R. E. Minahan described two para-plegic patients with preserved neurogenic MEPs togetherwith SEPs from the lower extremities [7]. At the sametime this showed that neurogenic MEPs remained a reli-able method to intraoperatively evaluate the functionalintegrity of the dorsal columns.For many years we have been waiting for a methodthat can directly evaluate the functional integrity of themotor pathways and can also be highly speciﬁc andsensitive.Based on Patton and Amassian’s work in animals [9],Boyd et al. made the ﬁrst intraoperative recording of Dwaves in patients with scoliosis using a catheter elec-trode inserted epidurally close to the spinal cord [1]. Thevalue of this method as a new intraoperative tool hasbeen conﬁrmed during surgery of the spinal cord [5] andbrain [13].Unfortunately, a number of factors may prohibit theneurophysiologist’s ability to monitor the D wave. For anumber of reasons, surgeons may be unwilling to use anepi- or subdural catheter during the procedure. Further-more, a D wave can be absent caudal to the spinal cordtumor, or in patients who underwent radiation of the spi-nal cord. This is due to the extreme desynchronization
Workshop on the global magnetosphere

The Third Goddard Workshop on the Modeling and Physics of the Global Magnetosphere was held at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) June 3–5, 1992. About twenty scientists discussed recent progress and ongoing work involving global field models and areas where such models were used.
Blacked Out: Dilemmas of Race, Identity, and Success at Capital High

Blacked Out: Dilemmas of Race, Identity, and Success at Capital High. SIGNITHIA FORDHAM. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. xiv. 411 pp., notes, bibliography, index.
The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Self-Determination In the 20th Century

The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict and Self-Determination In the 20th Century. BERCH BERBEROGLU, ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. ix + 329 pp., contributors, notes, select bibliography, Index.
Reactions of TpRu(CO) (NCMe) (Me) (Tp = Hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) with Heteroaromatic Substrates: Stoichiometric and Catalytic C-H Activation

The Ru(II) complex TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(Me) (Tp = hydridotris(pyrazolyl)borate) initiates carbon−hydrogen bond activation at the 2-position of furan and thiophene to produce methane and TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(aryl) (aryl = 2-furyl or 2-thienyl). Solid-state structures have been determined for TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(2-thienyl) and [TpRu(CO)(μ-C,S-thienyl)]2. The complex TpRu(CO)(NCMe)(2-furyl) serves as a catalyst for the formation of 2-ethylfuran from ethylene and furan. DFT calculations of the C−H activation of furan by {(Tab)Ru(CO)(Me)} (Tab = tris(azo)borate) indicate that the C−H activation sequence does not proceed through a Ru(IV) oxidative addition intermediate.
Evaluation of a method for fitting a semi‐Markov process model in the presence of left‐censored spells using the Cardiovascular Health Study

We used a longitudinal data set covering 13 years from the Cardiovascular Health Study to evaluate the properties of a recently developed approach to deal with left censoring that fits a semi-Markov process (SMP) model by using an analog to the stochastic EM algorithm--the SMP-EM approach. It appears that the SMP-EM approach gives estimates of duration-dependent probabilities of health changes similar to those obtained by using SMP models that have the advantage of actual duration data. SMP-EM estimates of duration-dependent transition probabilities also appear more accurate and less variable than multi-state life table estimates.
Interactive Effects of Dietary Lipid and Phenotypic Feed Efficiency on the Expression of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes Involved in the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain in Rainbow Trout

A 2 × 3 factorial study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary lipid level on the expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes involved in electron transport chain in all-female rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Three practical diets with a fixed crude protein content of 40%, formulated to contain 10% (40/10), 20% (40/20) and 30% (40/30) dietary lipid, were fed to apparent satiety to triplicate groups of either low-feed efficient (F120; 217.66 ± 2.24 g initial average mass) or high-feed efficient (F136; 205.47 ± 1.27 g) full-sib families of fish, twice per day, for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, the results showed that there is an interactive effect of the dietary lipid levels and the phenotypic feed efficiency (growth rate and feed efficiency) on the expression of the mitochondrial genes nd1 (NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1), cytb (Cytochrome b), cox1 (Cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1), cox2 (Cytochrome c oxidase subunits 2) and atp6 (ATP synthase subunit 6) and nuclear genes ucp2α (uncoupling proteins 2 alpha), ucp2β (uncoupling proteins 2 beta), pparα (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha), pparβ (peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor beta) and ppargc1α (proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha) in fish liver, intestine and muscle, except on ppargc1α in the muscle which was affected by the diet and the family separately. Also, the results revealed that the expression of mitochondrial genes is associated with that of nuclear genes involved in electron transport chain in fish liver, intestine and muscle. Furthermore, this work showed that the expression of mitochondrial genes parallels with the expression of genes encoding uncoupling proteins (UCP) in the liver and the intestine of rainbow trout. This study for the first time presents the molecular basis of the effects of dietary lipid level on mitochondrial and nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport chain in fish.
INFLUENCE OF AUXINS ON IN VITRO INCORPORATION OF GLYCINE-C14 IN PEA SHOOT PROTEINS.

Radioactive amino acids have been utilized in the study of protein synthesis in both detached plant tissues and plant mitochondria. When a plant tissue is incubated in the presence of a radioactive amino acid, the radioactivity is rapidly accumulated in the cells (1, 7,,8, 11, 12, 13, 14)'. The accumulation process is dependent on respiration and varies somewhat according to the amino acid and experimental conditions. Stephenson et al. (10) demonstrated that labeled amino acids were incorporated into protein of tobacco leaves. Christiansen and Thimann (2) have found that auxin-induced growth in pea stem sections is accompanied by an increase in protein synthesis. They concluded that synthesis of new protein may be of the utmost importance in auxin-induced growth. However, auxin-induced increases in expansion are not always paralleled by increases in protein (3, 7). Cleland (7) cited a decrease in protein nitrogen in maize mesocotyl section during expansion and this decrease is not affected by auxin. Boroughs and Bonner (1) reported that there was no increase in incorporation of radioactive glycine into protein of Avena coleoptile sections in the presence of 17 ,umoles IAA per liter. This communication reports the observation made during a study of the incorporation of glycine-1-C'4 or -2-C'4 in the protein of pea shoots with or without the influence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
The CLAS Excited Baryon Program at Jefferson Laboratory

Nucleons are complex systems of confined quarks and exhibit characteristic spectra of excited states. Highly excited nucleon states are sensitive to details of quark confinement which is poorly understood within Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the fundamental theory of strong interactions. Thus, measurements of excited states and the corresponding determination of their properties are needed to come to a better understanding of how confinement works in nucleons. However, the excited states of the nucleon cannot simply be inferred from cleanly separated spectral lines. Quite the contrary, a spectral analysis in nucleon resonance physics is challenging because of the fact that the resonances are broadly overlapping states which decay into a multitude of final states involving mesons and baryons. To provide a consistent and complete picture of an individual nucleon resonance, the various possible production and decay channels must be treated in a multi-channel framework that permits separating resonance from background contributions. Very often, resonances reveal themselves more clearly through interference with dominant amplitudes. These interference terms can be isolated via polarization observables. The current CLAS effort is to utilize highly-polarized hydrogen and deuterium targets as well as polarized photon beams toward a complete measurement of a large number of reaction channels.
Understanding distinctions in learning in hybrid, and online environments: an empirical investigation of the community of inquiry framework

This study of 723 college students seeks to assess the adequacy of the Community of Inquiry (CoI) framework for describing and explaining differences in learning outcomes in hybrid and fully online learning environments. Hypothesizing that the CoI model's theoretical constructs of presence reflect educational effectiveness in a variety of environments, this article seeks evidence of whether students in varying learning environments are likely to rank them differently with regard to teaching, social, and cognitive presence. The study utilizes factor-, hierarchical-regression-, and path analyses to determine the validity of the CoI constructs as well as to characterize the nature of relationships between them. Results suggest that the model is coherent and accounts for the small but significant differences recently reported in the literature regarding the superiority of hybrid environments relative to fully online environments (Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2009). Evaluation of ...
A survey of physicians who studied public health during medical school.

Abstract Introduction: The need for more physicians trained in prevention, research methods, and management has been argued by many leaders in medical education. Columbia University attempts to address this need by providing medical students with a variety of options for studying public health. Methods: A survey of Columbia’s medical graduates who had taken elective courses in public health explored the reasons they began their studies, why some did not continue, their assessment of the value of public health courses, and their careers after graduation. Results: Responses were received from 60 graduates. Health policy, international health, and clinical prevention were the primary interests leading them to study public health. Courses in epidemiology, biostatistics, and policy and management were cited as most useful. The pressure of clinical training was the major reason why some did not complete the master of public health (MPH) degree in a timely fashion. Among students who had enrolled in the MPH program and finished medical school before 1990, 84% eventually received the MPH, although some took as many as 12 additional years to complete the degree. Medical students who studied public health did not differ greatly from their classmates in their specialty choices, but those who completed the MPH chose academic, governmental, and corporate practice settings more frequently than other young physicians, and devoted more time to non-clinical activities. Conclusion: Public health educators can serve a variety of career needs for future physicians. In addition to personal interests, the presence of role models is an important reason students begin studying public health.
The initial‐value problem for measure‐valued solutions of a canonical 2 × 2 system with linearly degenerate fields

We discuss Serre's restricted formulation of the notion of a measure-valued solution, for a 2 × 2 system whose characteristic fields are both linearly degenerate. We prove existence, uniqueness, and regularity results for this formulation. As an application, we prove the convergence of a particle method when the high-frequency component of the exact solution is not resolved by the computational grid.
The Caligula Phenomenon Mentoring Relationships and Theoretical Abuse

The authors apply a theoretical lens from the field of psychotherapy to understand a previously unexplored aspect of dysfunctional mentoring relationships: theoretical abuse. The authors review existing research on mentoring and theoretical abuse and discuss ways that theoretical abuse can take place along three dimensions of mentoring relationships: mentor motivation, mentoring behaviors, and prote'ge growth. They present three typical protege responses to theoretical abuse, considering these responses within the formalization, hierarchical basis, and power dynamics of mentoring. They discuss psychological consequences of theoretical abuse for the prote'ge and conclude with a discussion of implications for both research and practice.
Archaeology in Translation

In this editorial I note a type of resistance to the hegemony of English in academic contexts and call for consideration of expanding on this development. In an editors note I go on the credit assistant editors Marcia Bezerra, Julie Holowell and Alexander Hererra who were inadvertently not acknowledged in the volumes to which they contributed.
Mesoscopic-scale dielectric relaxation at the glass transition

Using scanning-probe-microscopy techniques, we have measured dielectric relaxation on ultrasmall, mesoscopic, length scales in a glassy polymer (polyvinyl acetate) film near its glass transition. The effective length scale sampled by these techniques is \ensuremath{\sim}50 nm. This is large enough to probe subsurface properties, but small enough to observe deviations from bulklike behavior in the form of fluctuations in the shape of the relaxation function near the glass transition. These fluctuations are argued to arise from cooperative dynamics and intrinsic heterogeneities on somewhat smaller length scales.
Energy storage for desalination processes powered by renewable energy and waste heat sources

Abstract Desalination has become imperative as a drinking water source for many parts of the world. Due to the large quantities of thermal energy and high quality electricity requirements for water purification, the desalination industry depends on waste heat resources and renewable energy sources such as solar collectors, photovoltaic arrays, geothermal and wind and tidal energy sources. Considering the mismatch between the source supply and demand and intermittent nature of these energy resources, energy storage is a must for reliable and continuous operation of desalination facilities. Thermal energy storage (TES) requires a suitable medium for storage and circulation while the photovoltaic/wind generated electricity needs to be stored in batteries for later use. Desalination technologies that utilize thermal energy and thus require storage for uninterrupted process operation are multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect evaporation (MED), low temperature desalination (LTD) and humidification–dehumidification (HD) and membrane distillation (MD). Energy accumulation, storage and supply are the key components of energy storage concept which improve process performance along with better resource economics, and minimum environmental impact. Similarly, the battery energy storage (BES) is essential to store electrical energy for electrodialysis (ED), reverse osmosis (RO) and mechanical vapor compression (MVC) technologies. This research-review paper provides a critical review on current energy storage options for different desalination processes powered by various renewable energy and waste heat sources with focus on thermal energy storage and battery energy storage systems. Principles of energy storage (thermal and electrical energy) are discussed with details on the design, sizing, and economics for desalination process applications.
Regional Governance in East Asia and the Asia-Pacific

This article examines the emergence of and relationships between Track 1 and Track 2 arrangements in East Asia and the Asia-Pacific. It argues that the emerging complex webs of institutional arrangements in East Asia and the Asia-Pacific exhibit a multi-layered structure of governance in which public and private actors are increasingly connected, but hierarchically organized. It also suggests that the coexistence of multiple governance mechanisms with overlapping but different memberships at both Track 1 and Track 2 levels signals difficulty in their attempts to enhance the overall efficacy of the governance mechanism.
An Extremum Solution of the Monin–Obukhov Similarity Equations

An extremum hypothesis of turbulent transport in the atmospheric surface layer is postulated. The hypothesis has led to a unique solution of Monin‐Obukhov similarity equations in terms of simple expressions linking shear stress (momentum flux) and heat flux to mean wind shear and temperature gradient. The extremum solution is consistent with the well-known asymptotic properties of the surface layer. Validation of the extremum solution has been made by comparison to field measurements of momentum and heat fluxes. Furthermore, a modeling test of predicting surface heat fluxes using the results of this work is presented. A critical reexamination of the interpretation of the Obukhov length is given.
Efficient data prefetching for power-controlled wireless packet networks

Prefetching is a technique for lowering the access delay by making data available in anticipation of future requests. Correspondingly, power control has been proposed in wireless networks for the efficient use of the wireless resources and low energy consumption at the transmitters. This work investigates the two techniques jointly (1) for communications over a fluctuating wireless channel whose dynamics and statistics is unknown, and (2) explore approximating schemes for exercising deep prefetching. In short, a user uses a wireless terminal to access various data items residing at a server over a wireless network. Every requested item not found in the cache of the terminal incurs to the system (1) an access delay cost, and (2) an energy/network cost to download it over the wireless link. To minimize the total cost, the system may either (i) postpone the transmissions when the link quality is sensed to be low, or reversely, (ii) proactively prefetch data items during link quality 'highs', in anticipation to future user requests. The decision therefore involves choosing when and what to (pre)fetch, and at what power level. To quantify on the above, we formulate the problem in the context of controlled Markov chains using the technique of dynamic programming. After analyzing the structure of the problem, we construct a set of policies based on justified heuristics for taking near-to-optimal decisions. Simulation is then used to quantify on the performance gains over standard schemes.
Replication-transcription switch in human mitochondria

Coordinated replication and expression of the mitochondrial genome is critical for metabolically active cells during various stages of development. However, it is not known whether replication and transcription can occur simultaneously without interfering with each other and whether mitochondrial DNA copy number can be regulated by the transcription machinery. We found that interaction of human transcription elongation factor TEFM with mitochondrial RNA polymerase and nascent transcript prevents the generation of replication primers and increases transcription processivity and thereby serves as a molecular switch between replication and transcription, which appear to be mutually exclusive processes in mitochondria. TEFM may allow mitochondria to increase transcription rates and, as a consequence, respiration and adenosine triphosphate production without the need to replicate mitochondrial DNA, as has been observed during spermatogenesis and the early stages of embryogenesis.
Differential matrix metalloproteinase levels in adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the lung

Objective The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the aggressive course of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, there are a large number of MMP subtypes with diverse proteolytic substrates and different induction pathways. This study tested the hypothesis that a differential MMP profile would exist between NSCLC and normal lung and that MMP patterns would differ between NSCLC histologic types. Methods NSCLC samples and remote normal samples were obtained from patients with stage I or II NSCLC with either squamous cell (n = 22) or adenocarcinoma (n = 19) histologic characteristics. Absolute concentrations for each of the MMP subclasses were determined by a calibrated and validated multiplex suspension array: collagenases (MMP-1, -8, and -13), gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9), lysins (MMP-2 and -7), and elastase (MMP-12). Results Overall, MMP levels were significantly increased in NSCLC compared with normal. For example, MMP-1 and MMP-7 increased by approximately 10-fold in NSCLC ( P P P Conclusion Increased levels of a number of MMP types occur with NSCLC, but the MMP profile was distinctly different between histologic types and in those patients with recurrence. These different MMP profiles may be important in the mechanistic basis for the natural history of different NSCLC types, as well as identifying potential prognostic and therapeutic targets.
Impact of breast cancer subtypes on 3-year survival among adolescent and young adult women

Introduction: Young women have poorer survival after breast cancer than do older women. It is unclear whether this survival difference relates to the unique distribution of hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-defined molecular breast cancer subtypes among adolescent and young adult (AYA) women aged 15 to 39 years. The purpose of our study was to examine associations between breast cancer subtypes and short-term survival in AYA women, as well as to determine whether the distinct molecular subtype distribution among AYA women explains the unfavorable overall breast cancer survival statistics reported for AYA women compared with older women. Methods: Data for 5,331 AYA breast cancers diagnosed between 2005 and 2009 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. Survival by subtype (triple-negative; HR+/HER2-; HR+/HER2+; HR-/HER2+) and age-group (AYA versus 40- to 64-year-olds) was analyzed with Cox proportional hazards regression with follow-up through 2010. Results: With up to 6 years of follow-up and a mean survival time of 3.1 years (SD = 1.5 years), AYA women diagnosed with HR-/HER + and triple-negative breast cancer experienced a 1.6-fold and 2.7-fold increased risk of death, respectively, from all causes (HR-/HER + hazard ratio: 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.10 to 2.18; triple-negative HR: 2.75; 95% CI, 2.06 to 3.66) and breast cancer (HR-/HER + hazard ratio: 1.63; 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.36; triple-negative hazard ratio: 2.71; 95% CI, 1.98 to 3.71) than AYA women with HR+/HER2- breast cancer. AYA women who resided in lower socioeconomic status neighborhoods, had public health insurance, and were of Black, compared with White, race/ethnicity experienced worse survival. This race/ethnicity association was attenuated somewhat after adjusting for breast cancer subtypes (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.82). AYA women had similar all-cause and breast cancer-specific short-term survival as older women for all breast cancer subtypes and across all stages of disease. Conclusions: Among AYA women with breast cancer, short-term survival varied by breast cancer subtypes, with the distribution of breast cancer subtypes explaining some of the poorer survival observed among Black, compared with White, AYA women. Future studies should consider whether distribution of breast cancer subtypes and other factors, including differential receipt of treatment regimens, influences long-term survival in young compared with older women.
Multiple invariant system design for fault-tolerant real-time applications

Multiple invariant design technique can be used for writing parallel programs to enhance performance and achieve fault tolerance. Essentially, a system can have multiple invariants, ranging from strong ones to weak ones. After a change in the system state (due to client requests, environmental changes, processor failures, and so on), the system is allowed to converge to a state that satisfies a weaker invariant with the convergence time being minimal. When the strong invariant of the system is satisfied, the system operates at peak performance. If the system is in a state that satisfies a weaker invariant, then it will operate correctly but perhaps at a reduced performance. The performance is restored by establishing the strong invariant in various ways, such as using a background process for periodic or on demand maintenance. We apply this model to fault tolerant real time transaction processing systems. The system consists of multiple servers accessing a shared state space and should satisfy the following properties: fail-stop processor failures at any point of execution should be tolerated; and whenever a high priority task interrupts the current execution, the system should switch immediately to the new task without affecting data integrity in the shared state space. These goals are achieved by using multiple invariant data structures. We discuss the multiple invariant system design concept and multiple invariant data structures. A set of rules that facilitate the design of the multiple invariant data structures are derived. Some example data structures are used to illustrate this design technique.
Socioeconomic status and cognitive functioning: moving from correlation to causation

A growing body of cognitive research uses sophisticated behavioral and neuroimaging measurements to demonstrate associations between family socioeconomic status (SES) and specific cognitive functions. We argue for the value in these kinds of studies of increased sophistication in the measurement and modeling of SES. With regard to measurement, SES combines several components, each of which represents distinct resources that might benefit children's cognitive development in different ways. Policy implications of studies using omnibus SES composites are problematic because there are no 'treatments' for enhancing overall SES, although policies abound for enhancing specific components of SES such as family income. Past literature offers guidance regarding how best to measure each of the SES components. With regard to modeling, we point out that the manipulability of economic, educational, and occupational components of SES varies, which provides opportunities for generating experimental or quasi-experimental variation in some components but not others. Evidence on the causal connections between SES components and child outcomes is summarized. Both experimental and quasi-experimental studies involving manipulation of family income have demonstrated consistent associations with a number of cognitive measures. Quasi-experimental increases in maternal education have also shown associations with child achievement. We end with a discussion of useful directions in SES-related cognitive research. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:377-386. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1176 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Can an Agentic Black Woman Get Ahead? The Impact of Race and Interpersonal Dominance on Perceptions of Female Leaders

Prior research has demonstrated that the display of agentic behaviors, such as dominance, can produce backlash against female leaders because of the incongruence between these behaviors and prescribed gender roles. The current study was designed to fill a gap in existing research by investigating whether these well-established findings are moderated by race. Results revealed that dominant Black female leaders did not create the same backlash that dominant White female leaders did. Experimental evidence confirmed that White female (and Black male) leaders were conferred lower status when they expressed dominance rather than communality, whereas Black female (and White male) leaders were not. These findings highlight the importance, and complexity, of considering the intersection of gender and race when examining penalties for and proscriptions against dominant behavior of female leaders.
Emotion in Organizations Resources for Business Educators

The study of emotion in organizations has advanced considerably in recent years. Several aspects of this research area make calls for its translation into business curricula particularly compelling...
Genomic evaluations with many more genotypes

Genomic evaluations in Holstein dairy cattle have quickly become more reliable over the last two years in many countries as more animals have been genotyped for 50,000 markers. Evaluations can also include animals genotyped with more or fewer markers using new tools such as the 777,000 or 2,900 marker chips recently introduced for cattle. Gains from more markers can be predicted using simulation, whereas strategies to use fewer markers have been compared using subsets of actual genotypes. The overall cost of selection is reduced by genotyping most animals at less than the highest density and imputing their missing genotypes using haplotypes. Algorithms to combine different densities need to be efficient because numbers of genotyped animals and markers may continue to grow quickly. Genotypes for 500,000 markers were simulated for the 33,414 Holsteins that had 50,000 marker genotypes in the North American database. Another 86,465 non-genotyped ancestors were included in the pedigree file, and linkage disequilibrium was generated directly in the base population. Mixed density datasets were created by keeping 50,000 (every tenth) of the markers for most animals. Missing genotypes were imputed using a combination of population haplotyping and pedigree haplotyping. Reliabilities of genomic evaluations using linear and nonlinear methods were compared. Differing marker sets for a large population were combined with just a few hours of computation. About 95% of paternal alleles were determined correctly, and > 95% of missing genotypes were called correctly. Reliability of breeding values was already high (84.4%) with 50,000 simulated markers. The gain in reliability from increasing the number of markers to 500,000 was only 1.6%, but more than half of that gain resulted from genotyping just 1,406 young bulls at higher density. Linear genomic evaluations had reliabilities 1.5% lower than the nonlinear evaluations with 50,000 markers and 1.6% lower with 500,000 markers. Methods to impute genotypes and compute genomic evaluations were affordable with many more markers. Reliabilities for individual animals can be modified to reflect success of imputation. Breeders can improve reliability at lower cost by combining marker densities to increase both the numbers of markers and animals included in genomic evaluation. Larger gains are expected from increasing the number of animals than the number of markers.
Comparison of endoscopic and surgical resection of intramucosal carcinoma in Barrett's esophagus.

Evaluation of: Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H et al. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann. Surg. 254(1), 67–72 (2011).The optimal management of intramucosal carcinoma in Barrett’s esophagus continues to be controversial. To date, there has not been a lot of research directly comparing endoscopic versus surgical management of intramucosal carcinoma. Previous studies have shown that both modalities to have excellent outcomes. The reviewed article is a matched retrospective cohort study from two high-volume centers, which shows both modalities to be effective, but an associated higher morbidity rate and risk for procedure-related mortality in the surgical group, and higher recurrence rate in the endoscopic therapy group. The study is discussed in the context of the current state of knowledge regarding Barrett’s esophagus and intramucosal carcinoma, in particular outcomes and limitations of the prese...
The new 'tween' music industry: The Disney Channel, Kidz Bop and an emerging childhood counterpublic

This article examines the expansion of the US children's music industry in the last decade. It considers the sanitising of Top 40 pop for child audiences in the Kidz Bop compilations, the entrance of Disney into the popular music market and the meteoric rise of tween music products such as High School Musical, Hannah Montana/Miley Cyrus, the Jonas Brothers and Justin Bieber. It shows that, as children increasingly consume mainstream musical products, in the converse dynamic children's artists themselves play an increasingly prominent role in popular culture and in many ways have taken the lead both in commercial success and in stylistic innovations. Examining public expressions of age-based solidarity among celebrity musicians associated with children, this article argues that children's music is increasingly articulated through tropes of identity politics, and represents the early stages of a childhood counterpublic.
A Data Envelopment Analysis Model for Building Energy Efficiency Benchmarking

Building energy benchmarking is required for adopting an energy certification scheme, promoting energy efficiency and reducing energy consumption. Several methods, such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), were proposed to perform building energy benchmarking. However, existing DEA building energy benchmarking models are subject to several limitations. Current DEA models are sensitive to data outliers such that even a single outlier can result in dramatic changes in efficiency scores of all buildings in a peer group of buildings. In addition, current DEA models cannot determine whether change of energy-efficiency score of a building is result from the change of energy efficiency in the building itself or the change of energy efficiency in the peer group of buildings. The objective of this research is to create a peer-wise building energy benchmarking model based on a novel DEA method that is capable of selecting significant factors, detecting outliers in the peer group of buildings and decomposing changes in energy-efficiency into two components (self-efficiency change and peer-efficiency change). In order to achieve this objective, the following research process was constructed. We devised an approach based on Data Cloud Analysis to detect and remove outlier buildings that significantly impact the DEA benchmarking results. We formulated an innovative DEA benchmark model to calculate the peer-wise energy-efficiency score of buildings considering the impact of building scales on energy efficiency. We created an energy efficiency measure based on the Malmquist Index to decompose changes in the building energy efficiency score. We applied the proposed DEA model to benchmark energy efficiency of multifamily properties. The proposed benchmark model is beneficial to building owners and facility managers because it identifies underperforming buildings, sets these underperforming buildings as energy improvement priorities, and self-comparable efficiency changes.
Simulating photomask edge roughness and corner rounding

Corner rounding and edge roughness of a rectangular opening at a glass-chrome mask are simulated with TEMPEST. The intensity patterns on the image plane are extracted and compared for these defects at several degrees of fabrication-induced imperfection. A 4X - DUV lithography printing system is assumed with NA equals 0.6 and (sigma) equals 0.5. The prototypical geometry simulate was a 4 micrometers X 1 micrometers line on the mask. The results indicate that the rounding of the corners does not decrease the printed area by more than 2 percent for a 0.4 micrometers radius corner rounding and that roughness should not be a concern, at least in DUV, since it does not crucially affect the linewidth of the printed area.
ENDOTOXIN ELICITS A FEBRILE RESPONSE IN LABORATORY- MAINTAINED BUT NOT FREE-LIVING CALIFORNIA GROUND SQUIRRELS

Abstract California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) in the natural environment maintain a higher mean body temperature (Tb) compared with animals maintained in the laboratory. Our goal was to determine whether that increase was the result of an elevation in Tb set point analogous to a fever induced by acute stress. Body temperatures were measured by telemetry in a paired experiment on 10 animals maintained in the laboratory, with each animal receiving an injection of sterile pyrogen-free saline and 50 μg/kg endotoxin of E. coli. Body temperatures also were measured by telemetry on 8 pairs of free-living animals, with 1 member receiving an injection of sterile saline and the other animal receiving an injection of 50 μg/kg endotoxin of E. coli. Animals maintained in the laboratory exhibited a fever following injection of endotoxin, with significant elevation in Tb from 6 to 9 h after injection. Free-living animals that were injected with endotoxin did not exhibit an increase in Tb compared with sal...
Chemical Reactions in Electric Discharges

Publisher Summary This chapter aims to point out the available devices and special techniques being used in modern studies of discharge reactions, and to cite some of the more recent work in the field illustrative of the importance of such studies. For example, an electric discharge synthesis is often the only convenient way to prepare compounds that are thermodynamically unstable at room temperature. The chapter elucidates the present state of knowledge of chemical reactions in glow and arc discharges by fairly comprehensive reviews of research covering reactions of boron, silicon, sulfur, titanium, phosphorus, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, various halides, and inorganic and organic carbon compounds. The chapter discusses chemical reactions in plasma jet reactors and high intensity arcs. The possibilities for chemical processes in a plasma jet have been of special interest since the advent of commercially available arc plasma generating equipment several years ago. Miscellaneous applications of electric discharge devices, such as purification of metals, coatings, spheroidieing, spectrochemical analysis, and photolysis studies have been discussed.
Individualized Water Source As An Indicator Of Attitudes About Water Management And Conservation In Humid Regions

Public perceptions about water quantity and water as a common pool resource are understudied in humid regions. As water demand increases, the need to more closely manage water, even in humid areas, will increase, requiring better understanding how people perceive their water supply, how they view paying for water conservation and how water user characteristics influence attitudes. A survey finds correlations between utilizing an individual water source (e.g. well or spring) and attitudes toward water management and conservation. Compared to respondents with a shared water source, those with an individual source believe they are segregated from regional water concerns. They are less willing to pay for water management or conservation measures and less supportive of any government intervention in water management. These results suggest that planners and water managers may face resistance to conservation policies or any policy based on the idea of water as a common pool resource.