cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New insights into diabetes burnout and its distinction from diabetes distress and depressive symptoms: A qualitative study.

Abstract Aims This study aimed to corroborate the main hypotetized dimensions of diabetes burnout, and its distinction from diabetes distress and depressive symptoms among adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods A qualitative descriptive study was employed to collect data from 31 eligible participants using semi-structured individual phone interviews. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling among a larger sample of adults with T1D in a previous study. Data was analyzed using qualitative content analysis including immersion, reduction, and interpretation. Results Exhaustion and detachment were frequent manifestations of diabetes burnout that often accompanied by instances during which participants experienced a loss of control over diabetes. Whereas individuals’ support systems could either help or hinder diabetes burnout. Participants saw burnout as separate but closely related to distress and depressive symptoms, with some suggesting correlations among burnout, distress, and depressive symptoms, while others expressed that distress caused their burnout and depressive symptoms. Conclusions Diabetes burnout reflects a significant yet unexplored concept which might explain the complexities of suboptimal self-management and poor diabetes outcomes. Emerging evidence suggesting diabetes burnout as a distinct concept calls for more studies to mitigate diabetes burnout as an obstacle to optimal diabetes care.
Historical Overview of Integrated GAG-omics and Proteomics

The ECM is a complex molecular network that surrounds all cells and consists of proteins, glycoproteins, hyaluronan, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and proteoglycans (PGs). GAGs and PGs play vital roles in ECM-related processes such as cell migration, proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. Among the omics technologies, including genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, glycomics is the least mature. Over the past two decades, with efforts from glycoscientists around world, and the advent of new glyco-techonologies, databases, tools, and methods, much progress has been made. Now, the focus is to integrate proteomics and glycomics domains in a new platform to analyze and characterize biomolecule classes and define their structural and functional roles. Towards this end, we have developed approaches that integrate analysis of GAGs and proteins towards an end goal of elucidating pathophysiological mechanisms to inform development of disease therapies and regenerative medicine. In this chapter, we provide a historical overview of our groups’ methods for glycomics, glycoproteomics, and proteomics of key ECM constituents, i.e., GAGs and PGs, as reported over the past decade.
FAK in the nucleus prevents VSMC proliferation by promoting p27 and p21 expression via Skp2 degradation.

Aim Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) normally exhibit a very low proliferative rate. Vessel injury triggers VSMC proliferation, in part, through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation, which increases transcription of cyclin D1, a key activator for cell cycle-dependent kinases (CDKs). At the same time, we also observe that FAK regulates the expression of the CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) p27 and p21. However, the mechanism of how FAK controls CDKIs in cell cycle progression is not fully understood. Methods and results We found that pharmacological and genetic FAK inhibition increased p27 and p21 by reducing stability of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), which targets the CDKIs for degradation. FAK N-terminal domain interacts with Skp2 and an APC/C E3 ligase activator, fizzy-related 1 (Fzr1) in the nucleus, which promotes ubiquitination and degradation of both Skp2 and Fzr1. Notably, overexpression of cyclin D1 alone failed to promote proliferation of genetic FAK kinase-dead (KD) VSMCs, suggesting that the FAK-Skp2-CDKI signaling axis is distinct from the FAK-cyclin D1 pathway. However, overexpression of both cyclin D1 and Skp2 enables proliferation of FAK-KD VSMCs, implicating that FAK ought to control both activating and inhibitory switches for CDKs. In vivo, wire injury activates FAK in the cytosol and increased Skp2 and decreased p27 and p21 levels. Conclusions Both pharmacological FAK and genetic FAK inhibition reduced Skp2 expression in VSMCs upon injury, which significantly reduced intimal hyperplasia through elevated expression of p27 and p21. This study revealed that nuclear FAK-Skp2-CDKI signaling negatively regulates CDK activity in VSMC proliferation. Translational perspective Increased VSMC proliferation contributes to pathological vessel narrowing in atherosclerosisand following vascular interventions. Blocking VSMC proliferation will reduce atherosclerosisprogression and increase patency of vascular interventions. We found that forced nuclear FAKlocalization by FAK inhibition reduced VSMC proliferation upon vessel injury. Nuclear FAKdecreased Skp2 protein expression by proteasomal degradation, thereby increasing theexpression of cell cycle inhibitors p27 and p21 and blocking cell cycle progression. This studyhas demonstrated the potential for FAK inhibitors in blocking VSMC proliferation to treat vessel narrowing diseases.
A recurrent MORC2 mutation causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z.

We found a p.Ala406Val (c.1217C > T) mutation in MORC2 in three individuals, from two families. All three individuals were evaluated and clinical electrophysiology was completed. The neuropathy began in childhood to early adulthood, with distal weakness progressing to proximal weakness. Vinblastine (for Hodgkin lymphoma) acutely worsened the weakness in one patient. This finding confirms that that the p.Ala406Val mutation in MORC2 causes severe neuropathy. In addition, we report the first case of vinblastine neurotoxicity in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z.
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and thrombosis (Thr) in pancreaticobiliary cancer (PBC).

e16230Background: NETs are linked to tissue damage, Thr and cancer progression. Detection of NETs in pancreatic cancer (PC) tissue and NET products in plasma, such as citrullinated Histone 3 (cit-H...
The 'Social Media Discount' and First Amendment Exceptionalism

Across American society, regulatory authorities (often with the acquiescence of credulous judges) are policing speech on social networking sites as if social media constituted a “First Amendment-free zone” to which traditional free-speech principles no longer apply. The phenomenon is readily discerned in the workplace and on the campuses of public schools and colleges, where speech on social media is being subjected to greater scrutiny and control than any other form of expression. Tragically, it has resulted in the arrest and incarceration of innocent people for harmless moments of misjudgment when their social-media speech reaches unanticipated audiences devoid of context. Through case studies and comparing parallel bodies of U.S. law, this paper examines American society’s growing willingness -- and most especially, that of the federal judiciary -- to accept intrusive regulation of online expression in ways that would never be countenanced as to other mediums. For example, recent court rulings have allowed colleges to punish students for "unprofessional" speech on social media, even though the Supreme Court has never said that speech loses its constitutional protection merely for "unprofessionalism." The paper questions, as both legally unsound and societally unhealthy, the proposition that individuals must accept as a matter of course that it is standard practice for supervisors to punish out-of-office speech based on subjective determinations of “professionalism” or “appropriateness.” The extension of “good-conduct policing” into individuals’ social-media lives risks, counterproductively, excluding those with the greatest subject-matter expertise from the marketplace where discourse should be the most freewheeling. The growing creep of educational institutions’ disciplinary authority into their students’ off-hours lives, the paper argues, “normalizes” this authoritarian drift. The risks are especially serious for the young and people of color, whose speech may be most discomforting to -- and subject to contextual misinterpretation by -- middle-aged white authority figures. The paper concludes by analyzing recent cases, including those involving President Trump, in which "defamation by tweet" was alleged, and notes that in the context of libel law, the courts have readily accepted that reasonable readers do not take social-media posts at face value. Rather, it is the growing consensus of the courts that social-media speech is understood as loose, figurative and hyperbolic, so that words posted to Twitter do not carry the same impact as comparable words in a magazine or newspaper column. This contextual discounting, the author concludes, is eminently reasonable and should guide decision-makers and courts in assessing the punishability of social-media speech as well, whether in school, at work, or in the criminal courts.
Retinoschisin deficiency induces persistent aberrant waves of activity affecting neuroglial signaling in the retina

Genetic disorders which present during development make treatment strategies particularly challenging because there is a need to disentangle primary pathophysiology from downstream dysfunction caused at key developmental stages. To provide a deeper insight into this question, we studied a mouse model of X-linked juvenile retinoschisis (XLRS), an early onset inherited condition caused by mutations in the RS1 gene encoding retinoschisin (RS1) and characterized by cystic retinal lesions and early visual deficits. Using an unbiased approach in expressing the fast intracellular calcium indicator GCaMP6f in neuronal, glial, and vascular cells of the retina of mice lacking RS1, we found that initial cyst formation is paralleled by the appearance of aberrant spontaneous neuro-glial signals as early as postnatal day 13. These presented as glutamate-driven wavelets of neuronal activity and sporadic radial bursts of activity by Muller glia, spanning all retinal layers and disrupting light-induced signaling. This study highlights a critical role for RS1 in early retinal development with a potential to disrupt circuit formation to central targets. Additionally, it confers a functional role to RS1 beyond the scope of an adhesion molecule and identifies an early onset for dysfunction, a potential temporal target for therapeutic intervention and diagnosis. Significance Statement/ HighlightsO_LIPhotoreceptor inner segments express Rs1 at P5, after which RS1 protein is detected in the inner segments by P9 and throughout the retina at later ages, with structural abnormalities observed by optical coherence tomography at P13 in Rs1 mutant mouse models. C_LIO_LIAberrant glutamate-driven wavelets identified by GCaMP6f-based analyses are a novel pathophysiological feature of RS1 deficient mice that emerge after maximal RS1 expression. C_LIO_LIMuller glia display abnormal radial glutamate-driven coordinated and sporadic bursts of activity in RS1-deficient mice. C_LIO_LIThese data identify a novel pathophysiological feature of RS1-deficient mice and define a window where treatments might be most effective. C_LI Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=127 SRC="FIGDIR/small/457777v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (43K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@3f27eborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@55e5a4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1577435org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e55b3_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Riboflavin Binding Protein and Riboflavin Transport to Hen Eggs as an Educational Tool

Riboflavin Binding Protein (RBP) is a stable glycophosphoprotein abundant in the eggs of many oviparous species, including chickens. The function of the protein is to transfer riboflavin (Rf) to th...
Renal clearance of estriol in complicated pregnancies.

Abstract Patients in whom both renal function and estriol production were subnormal characteristically exhibited normal estriol clearance: estriol excretion rates and the plasma estriol levels were both reduced. Patients with adequate production of estriol, in whom renal function was impaired, had reduced clearances of both creatinine and estriol, reflecting increased plasma levels of both substances. In this group an isolated plasma estriol could be misleadingly high while an isolated 24 hour urinary estriol value could be misleadingly low, as indices of fetoplacental function. A renal correction factor, calculated from the plasma “true” creatinine and applied to the plasma estriol, yielded a more realistic estimate of fetoplacental function. Reduced estriol clearance was also found in the presence of normal creatinine clearance. High plasma estriol levels were characteristic of this group while urine estriol was usually normal or low normal. It is suggested that glucuronyl transferase capacity may be reduced in this group.
Alpha-Particle-Induced Fission of Th 230 , Th 232 , and U 233

Measurements were made of the kinetic energies of coincident-fission fragment pairs emitted in the 22.1-, 25.7-, and 29.5-Mev He/sup 4/-induced fission of Th/sup 230/, Th/sup 232/, and U/sup 233/ to determine the mass and total kinetic-energy distributions of the fragments. The results are found to be consistent with the hypothesis of two distinct fission modes, corresponding to predominantly symmetric and predominantly asymmetric mass divisions. From a comparison of the mass distributions obtained from doubleenergy measurements with the mass distributions obtained from double-velocity time-of-flight measurements, it is possible to deduce the average number of prompt neutrons emitted as a function of the fragment mass. These results are also found to be qualitatively consistent with the twomode hypothesis. (auth)
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula: supportive measures that affect survival.

The survival of infants with esophageal atresia with or without tracheoesophageal fistula has been analyzed over a 24-year period divided into three eras of five years each depending upon the quality of intensive care available and the most recent nine years9 experience. Early diagnosis and skillful transportation to definitive surgical care are essential. Diagnosis by x-ray with a coiled catheter in the upper esophageal pouch without the use of radiopaque material is beneficially reflected in a decreased incidence of pneumonia and a reduced mortality. The skills of anesthesia carried over into close supervision of respiratory care postoperatively have further increased the salvage rate of these infants. As surgical technical problems have been overcome, the percentage of deaths due to associated major anomalies and pneumonia and/or sepsis has increased. Invasive techniques for diagnosis, for monitoring, and for treatment do not seem to be responsible for the sepsis. In the most recent experience with 134 patients over nine years the overall survival was 66%; full-term infants had a 70% survival while the survival rate for prematures was 52%. In full-term infants without pneumonia and without a major associated congenital anomaly, the survival rate was 100% (44 patients). Clearly the target for improvement in survival is the prevention of and the improvement in treatment of pneumonia and sepsis.
Writing about the material world: communication tasks in engineering design

Reports the results of a study examining the communication tasks engineers typically face in the engineering design process. The data include self-reports and audio recordings of engineers working on a specific design project and copies of texts in which they wrote about the project. The analysis focuses on the place of communication tasks in the engineering design process and the way that references to the material world are inserted into these communications. Results suggest that communication tasks, including writing, dominate engineering design activities, and that referencing the material world poses special problems for engineering discourse. >
Animal Cells Used in Manufacturing

Introduction Animal Cell Types Chinese Hamster Ovary Baby Hamster Kidney Cells Hybridoma and Myeloma Cell Lines Insect Cell Lines Other Cell Lines Three-Dimensional Culture Systems Posttranslational Modifications of Recombinant Proteins in Animal Cell Lines Trends Conclusion Bibliography Keywords: animal cell line; biopharmaceutical production; posttranslational modifications; protein; recombinant; three-dimensional culture
Properties of an lonized gas of low density in a magnetic field. III

Equations are derived which describe the hydrodynamic properties of an ionized gas in a strong magnetic field and in states close to an initial stationary state. The development is based on the Boltzmann equation in which the effects of collisions between the constituents of the gas are ignored. The theory is, therefore, applicable only for following the evolution of the gas for durations which are short compared to the thermalization time. The method of solution followed is essentially one of expansion in inverse powers of the strength of the impressed magnetic field; and in the first approximation the Boltzmann equation is reducible to a one-dimensional inhomogeneous wave equation which describes the motions of the particles along the magnetic field lines.
Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control

The ability to suppress or override competing attentional and behavioral responses is a key component of cognitive processes. This ability continues to develop throughout childhood and appears to be disrupted in a number of childhood disorders (e.g., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette syndrome). At least two brain regions have been implicated repeatedly in these disorders--the frontal lobes and the basal ganglia. The common problem in cognitive control and overlap in implicated brain regions across disorders suggest a single underlying biological mechanism. At the same time, the distinct symptomatology observed across these disorders suggests multiple mechanisms are at play. This article presents converging evidence from clinical, neuroimaging, lesion, and genetic studies to provide a mechanistic model of cognitive control whereby the basal ganglia are involved in inhibition of competing actions and the frontal cortex is involved in representing the relevant thoughts and guiding the appropriate behaviors.
Approximation of Critical Speeds for Shafts With Thermal Gradients Using a Rotating Heat Rig

The simulation of internal airflow within turbine blade cooling channels can be useful in understanding the interactions between the operating temperatures, the coolant flow and its effectiveness, and the angular velocity of the blade. A rotating heat rig was designed as a meso-scale testing device to help understand these relationships within the confines of a lab. The first phase of the device was the use of a tubular shaft specimen which was mounted in series with the axis of rotation of the rig. The pipe was externally heated with the use of NiCr resistive wire to simulate the operating temperatures of a turbine blade. The heating element and the rotation of the sample were controlled digitally. Important design considerations were made such as accurate temperature control, modal changes as a function of varying temperature, and accurate bearing life estimates. As a part of carrying out this research, it was determined that none of the analytical models from literature were capable of predicting the critical speed of a shaft with non-uniform temperature distribution. Models based on Rayleigh’s method, Dunkerley’s method, and finite element analysis were created to estimate the critical speeds of the device. The analytical model that was developed makes up for the short comings of existing approaches.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Vitamin E, nuclear receptors and xenobiotic metabolism

Supplemental vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is taken daily by more than 35 million people in the US. Following absorption and liver uptake, the fate of vitamin E is largely unknown. Of potential importance are recent clinical studies that have reported adverse effects of vitamin E that may be directly related to its hepatic metabolism. In an in vitro system, both vitamin E and rifampicin, a known stimulator of xenobiotic metabolism, activated the pregnane X receptor (PXR), an orphan nuclear receptor. PXR as a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), binds to specific cis-elements in the promoter regions of genes. PXR/RXR regulates a constellation of genes involved in xenobiotic detoxification, including oxidation, conjugation, and transporters. Importantly, PXR/RXR regulates the cytochrome P450 (CYP), CYP3A, involved in the hepatic detoxification of more than 50% of prescription drugs. Vitamin E acting as a PXR ligand could alter these PXR-mediated reactions. Unfortunately, the extent to which pharmacologic doses of vitamin E modulate these pathways in vivo has not been determined.
Structure, morphology, and properties of PBZT and methyl pendant PBZT fibers

The structure, morphology, and properties of the methyl pendant PBZT fiber have been studied with variations in thermomechanical treatment. For comparison, selected studies on PBZT fibers have also been carried out. Crosslinking in the methyl pendant PBZT fiber occurs in the 450–550°C range under free annealing, leading to a nonfibrillar structure. Recoil compressive strength, loop strength, torsional modulus, and the transverse compressive strength of the tension heat-treated MePBZT fiber are 50 to 100% higher compared to the comparably heat-treated PBZT fiber. Compressive strength and other mechanical properties could not be measured on highly crosslinked free annealed samples, as such samples showed significant transverse cracks. Reasons for the development of transverse cracks have been discussed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 73: 305–314, 1999
Strange-baryon production via charge-changing weak currents in high-energy electron-capture reactions.

We investigate strange-baryon ..lambda.. and ..sigma../sup 0/ production via charge-changing weak currents on a proton target induced by high-energy electrons. To evaluate the various weak form factors, including vector, weak-magnetism, and scalar form factors for the polar-vector current and the axial-vector, pseudoscalar, and weak electric form factors for the axial-vector current, we adopt the flavor-SU(6) wave functions with quarks described as confining Dirac particles. The quark wave function adopted is of the form given by the MIT bag model, with or without the sharp surface smoothed out. In the few-GeV range, it is found that the cross section for large-angle ..lambda.. production is in the range of 10/sup -40/ cm/sup 2/ while that for ..sigma../sup 0/ is smaller by about an order of magnitude. The cross section is sensitive to contributions due to vector, weak-magnetism, and axial-vector form factors. Measurements of these form factors in the few-GeV range provide tests of quark models for nucleons and strange baryons. Some important aspects, such as recoil effects, are briefly discussed.
Burst Kinetics of Co-expressed Kir6.2/SUR1 Clones: Comparison of Recombinant with Native ATP-sensitive K+ Channel Behavior

Co-expression of clones encoding Kir6.2, a K+ inward rectifier, and SUR1, a sulfonylurea receptor, reconstitutes elementary features of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. However, the precise kinetic properties of Kir6.2/SUR1 clones remain unknown. Herein, intraburst kinetics of Kir6.2/SUR1 channel activity, heterologously co-expressed in COS cells, displayed mean closed times from 0.7 ± 0.1 to 0.4 ± 0.03 msec, and from 0.4 ± 0.1 to 2.0 ± 0.2 msec, and mean open times from 1.9 ± 0.4 to 4.5 ± 0.8 msec, and from 12.1 ± 2.4 to 5.0 ± 0.2 msec between −100 and −20 mV, and +20 to +80 mV, respectively. Burst duration for Kir6.2/SUR1 activity was 17.9 ± 1.8 msec with 5.6 ± 1.5 closings per burst. Burst kinetics of the Kir6.2/SUR1 activity could be fitted by a four-state kinetic model defining transitions between one open and three closed states with forward and backward rate constants of 1905 ± 77 and 322 ± 27 sec−1 for intraburst, 61.8 ± 6.6 and 23.9 ± 5.8 sec−1 for interburst, 12.4 ± 6.0 and 13.6 ± 2.9 sec−1 for intercluster events, respectively. Intraburst kinetic properties of Kir6.2/SUR1 clones were essentially indistinguishable from pancreatic or cardiac KATP channel phenotypes, indicating that intraburst kinetics per se were insufficient to classify recombinant Kir6.2/SUR1 amongst native KATP channels. Yet, burst kinetic behavior of Kir6.2/SUR1 although similar to pancreatic, was different from that of cardiac KATP channels. Thus, expression of Kir6.2/SUR1 proteins away from the pancreatic micro-environment, confers the burst kinetic identity of pancreatic, but not cardiac KATP channels. This study reports the kinetic properties of Kir6.2/SUR1 clones which could serve in the further characterization of novel KATP channel clones.
Comparative lipid biochemistry—IV. A correlative study of the lipids of vertebrate kidney☆

Abstract 1. 1. The general phosphatide pattern of a number of vertebrate kidneys was shown to be similar. Ethanolamine plasmalogen was the principal plasmalogen analog. 2. 2. The neutral lipid pattern of several snakes showed some distinguishing differences; triglycerides were characteristic of Ancistrodon , diglyceride of Natrix , free fatty acids of Lampropeltis and cholesterol ester of Coluber . 3. 3. The glycolipids of snakes showed a unique pattern of variation. An unusually high concentration of glycolipids was characteristic of the sexual segment of Coluber . 4. 4. The glycolipid pattern of mammalian kidney was consistent, two main fractions are described.
Assay of rat brain sialyltransferase activities on thin-layer plate

Abstract A modified method for measuring the activities of glycosyltransferases using high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) plates is described. In this method a mixture of glycosphingolipid acceptors were chromatographed on a silica gel coated plate and were incubated with the enzyme solution and an appropriate radio-active sugar nucleotide donor. Following incubation, the plate was washed with a buffer and the radiolabeled reaction products on the plate were scrapped off and the radioactivities determined using a liquid scintillation counter. Alternatively, the plate could be exposed to an X-ray film to reveal the radioactive products. This method was used to assay the activities of rat brain cytidine 5′-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid: LacCer-, GM3-, GM1-, or GD3-sialyltransferases. We found that this method was sensitive, fast and reliable and was capable of assaying However, we found that this kind of pretreatment could influence the sialylation reaction, especially when the subst...
Comparison of observer reliability of three-dimensional cephalometric landmark identification on subject images from Galileos and i-CAT cone beam CT

Objectives:Recently, there has been increasing interest in the use of cone beam CT (CBCT) for three-dimensional cephalometric analysis and craniofacial reconstruction in orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment planning. However, there is a need to redefine the cephalometric landmarks in three dimensional cephalometric analysis and to demonstrate the reproducibility of landmark identification on the type of CBCT machine being used.Methods:CBCT images of 20 subjects aged 15–25 years were selected, ten each from Galileos® (Sirona Dental Systems Inc., Bensheim, Germany) and Next Generation i-CAT® (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA). 2 observers located 18 landmarks on each subject twice using Dolphin-3D v. 11 software (Dolphin Imaging and Management Systems, Chatsworth, CA). Inter- and intraobserver reliability was assessed using Euclidean distances and linear mixed models.Results:Overall, the intra- and interobserver reliability was excellent for both machines. The landmarks Gonion, Nasion...
Computer Simulation of Fracture, Dislocations and Martensitic Transformation in Solids

In the past decade or so computer simulation has become a principal method for investigating and predicting a wide variety of material properties. In fact it is now routinely used to interpret experiments, or to test theoretical models, or to make new links between theory and experiment. This “third branch of investigation” will continue to expand in usefulness, as the power of computers continues to increase at an astounding rate. It has been noted that from 1960 to 1990, computers have doubled their power per dollar about every 18 months, but in the last several years there has been an abrupt increase by roughly a factor of 2000! This is because computers with parallel architecture of immense computational capability and reasonably user friendly interfaces are now becoming available. As just one example of this remarkable advance, simulations of arrays of 100 million atoms are now being carried out by several groups around the world, whereas three years ago 100 thousand atom arrays were at the extreme upper limit of possibility.
HOW TO IMPUTE INTERACTIONS, SQUARES, AND OTHER TRANSFORMED VARIABLES

Researchers often carry out regression analysis using data that have missing values. Missing values can be filled in using multiple imputation, but imputation is tricky if the regression includes interactions, squares, or other transformations of the regressors. In this paper, we examine different approaches to imputing transformed variables; and we find one simple method that works well across a variety of circumstances. Our recommendation is to transform, then impute—i.e., calculate the interactions or squares in the incomplete data and then impute these transformations like any other variable. The transform-then-impute method yields good regression estimates, even though the imputed values are often inconsistent with one another. It is tempting to try and “fix” the inconsistencies in the imputed values, but methods that do so lead to biased regression estimates. Such biased methods include the passive imputation strategy implemented by the popular ice command for Stata.
Assessing "Readiness for Resource Sharing" in an Academic Library

In the last ten years, an abundance of writing has appeared on the need for cooperation, resource sharing, and networking. The terms themselves are not always well defined, although networking usually implies the use of computers and other telecommunication links. The consensus is that cooperation (resource sharing, networking) is an economic necessity. Resource sharing and cooperation are based on the assumption that academic libraries can no longer afford to be self‐sufficient—they cannot purchase all materials required to meet the needs of their curricula and related faculty research.
Disparities in parent confidence managing child weight-related behaviors.

Abstract Objective To describe ethnic disparities in parental confidence managing child weight-related behaviors. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey of 59 parents of children with obesity between 4 and 7 years of age presenting to a tertiary care pediatric weight management clinic. Parents completed a validated measure assessing their confidence managing their child's weight-related behaviors (parent confidence score). Student's t -tests and linear regression analyses were used to determine parent and child characteristics associated with parent confidence score. Results Families were ethnically diverse with half being of Hispanic ethnicity. Mean parent confidence score was 159 (SD 66) with 71% of parents with parent confidence scores below the clinical cut-off for the measure. Parent confidence score was lower among Hispanic (mean 133, SD 67) compared to non-Hispanic parents (mean 184, SD 55, p β =−0.39, p =0.002, adjusted R 2 =0.14). Conclusion Parental confidence managing weight-related behaviors was low among parents of young obese children, especially those of Hispanic ethnicity. Practice implications This study highlights the need to assess parental confidence in managing weight-related behaviors as part of pediatric obesity care and to provide counseling to improve parental management of weight-related behaviors in a culturally-appropriate manner.
Pediatricians and medical malpractice.

The recent Pediatrics articles by Carroll and Buddenbaum1 and Kain and Caldwell-Andrews2 analyzed pediatric medical malpractice claims from 2 important sources: the Physician Insurers Association of America data-sharing project and the National Practitioner Data Bank. The authors themselves note the limitations of these data, yet there are important aspects of the litigation process that can be gleaned from this work. Pediatricians should not avoid perusing these types of articles. Because the law is based on precedent, an important risk-management technique is for the practitioner to be aware of the reasons for being sued (eg, errors in diagnosis), the medical conditions that place them at the highest risk for being sued, … Address correspondence to Steven M. Donn, MD, FAAP, F5790 C.S. Mott Children's Hospital/0254, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0254. E-mail: smdonnmd{at}med.umich.edu
Recent trends in research: A methodological essay

The first national library research seminar, held at Florida State University in 1996, provided the impetus for this consideration of relatively new and uncommon research methods being employed by researchers in the social sciences and in library and information science in particular. This article begins with a review of the various research methods that researchers in library and information science have used. The focus then shifts to an identification of methods appearing in the qualitative research literature. They include phenomenological methods, hermeneutics, ethnomethodology, reflexivity, discourse analysis, and semiotics. Methods more, if not exclusively, quantitative in nature are next examined and include discrete choice analysis, log analysis, protocol analysis, and geographic information systems. (A geographic information system can be viewed as an information service or a management information system, but it is considered here because of its applications as a research method.) Brief consideration is given to possible future methodological trends in social science research. An extensive bibliography is provided.
Balloon liver cells forming Mallory-Denk-bodies are progenitor cells

Previous studies on both human and mice livers showed MDB formation in both drug hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Using the drug hepatitis mouse model of MDB formation, numerous markers for progenitor cells were found in the cells forming MDBs. In current study, using the drug hepatitis mouse model, we found that the MDB forming cells expressed two additional progenitor cell markers. These markers were CD49f and TLR4.
Compromises between water-use efficiency and nitrogen-use efficiency in five species of California evergreens

In five California evergreen trees and shrubs cooccurring in this study but most common in habitats of different moisture availability, leaf nitrogen was a major determinant of photosynthetic capacity. Within each species, stomatal conductance was highly correlated with photosynthetic capacity, resulting in little variation in the concentration of CO2 in the intercellular spaces. Among species, intercellular CO2 concentrations varied significantly. Under controlled conditions, the leaves that realized the highest photosynthesis per unit of leaf nitrogen tended to realize the lowest photosynthesis per unit of water transpired. The ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration, an instantaneous measure of intrinsic water-use efficiency, was highest in the species commonly found in the direst habitats and lowest in the species most common in the wettes habitats.
Reaction of olefins with aluminium chloride stabilized arene-mercury complexes

Mercury-arene complexes, [Hg(arene)2(AlCl4)2], are found to be active catalysts for the alkylation of arenes with olefins. Ethylene, propylene, and cyclohexylene react with benzene, toluene or ethylbenzene to form mono- or polyalkylated products, the distribution being dependent on the nature of the alkene. Deuterium labeling experiments using C6D6 show that deuterium is exclusively attached to the primary carbon atom of the resulting alkyl substituent leading to the proposal that the alkylation reaction occurs via the insertion of an olefin into a Hg‒Car σ bond formed from the reaction of [Hg(arene)2(AlCl4)2] with arene solvent. The limiting factor in controlling the yield of the alkylation reaction is the preferential binding of the polyalkyl-arene products to the mercury. The lack of equivalent reaction for either AlCl3 or HgCl2 alone suggests that the ‘indirect activation’ of a weak Lewis acid (HgCl2) by the coordination of a strong Lewis acid (AlCl3).
Gradient/sensitivity estimation in discrete-event simulation

We consider methods for simultaneously estimating the gradient (resp. sensitivity) of J with respect to a continuous (resp. discrete) parameter /spl theta/. While one can always estimate a derivative (or sensitivity) by performing two distinct simulations at different values of /spl theta/ (and forming the estimate (J/spl theta/', - J/spl theta/2)/(/spl theta/' - /spl theta/)), here we focus on methods which compute estimates from a single sample path (though multiple replications can be used to reduce variance and compute confidence intervals). When applicable, these single run methods are often computationally more efficient. They also have applications beyond simulation (e.g. in on-line optimization and control).
Earth's magnetotail investigated as an electrical circuit

The Earth's magnetosphere has profound influences on space weather: Geomagnetic storms born in the magnetosphere have the potential to disrupt satellite and terrestrial communications. The most dynamic part of the magnetosphere is the magnetotail, which appears on the nightside of the Earth and is composed of many different complex structures.
Molecular heterogeneity of alpha-fetoprotein secreted by primary and transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas

Due to differences in carbohydrate content, rat AFP exhibits concanavalin A (Con A)-binding heterogeneity. In order to investigate the control of the glycosylation of AFP synthesized by malignant cells, the patterns of AFP Con A affinity molecular variants secreted by sixteen 3′-methyl-4-dimethyl-aminoazobenzene-induced primary hepatocellular carcinomas were followed sequentially during growth of the primary tumors through establishment as transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas. Fourteen of the transplantable tumors showed stable patterns of serum AFP Con A affinity molecular variants. Five of these 14 tumors secreted patterns of AFP Con A affinity molecular variants similar to the patterns found in the sera of the rats bearing the primary tumor of origin; the remainder of the tumors secreted an AFP Con A affinity molecular variant pattern which bore no relationship to that of the primary hepatocellular carcinoma of origin. Two of the transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas did not secrete stable proportions of AFP Con A affinity molecular variants during the 2-year study. In 14 transplantable hepatoma lines the patterns of AFP Con A affinity molecular variants throughout successive transplant generations were significantly different from the pattern found in newborn rat serum. The stability of AFP Con A affinity molecular variant secretion by transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas indicates that the control of glycosylation of AFP and perhaps of other proteins is a heritable phenotypic property of these tumors and is consistent with other observations that the metabolic activities of transplantable hepatocellular carcinomas are constant over a period of years.
Tooth Enamel Defects in Mice with a Deletion at the Arhgap6/AmelX Locus

The amelogenin proteins regulate enamel mineral formation in the developing tooth. The human AMELX gene, which encodes the amelogenin proteins, is located within an intron of the Arhgap 6 gene. ARHGAP 6 encodes a Rho GAP, which regulates activity of Rho A, a small G protein involved in intracellular signal transduction. Mice were generated in which the entire ARHGAP 6 gene was deleted by Cre-mediated recombination, which also removed the nested Amel X gene. Enamel from these mice appeared chalky white, and the molars showed excessive wear. The enamel layer was hypoplastic and non-prismatic, whereas other dental tissues had normal morphology. This phenotype is similar to that reported for Amel X null mice, which have a short deletion that removed the region surrounding the translation initiation site, and resembles some forms of X-linked amelogenesis imperfecta in humans. Analysis of the enamel from the Arhgap 6/Amel X-deleted mice verifies that the Amel X gene is nested within the murine Arhgap 6 gene and shows that removal of the entire Amel X gene leads to a phenotype similar to the earlier Amel X null mouse results, in which no amelogenin protein was detected. However, an unusual layer of aprismatic enamel covers the enamel surface, which may be related to the 1.1-Mb deletion, which included Arhgap 6 in these mice.
Proton-nucleus charge exchange measurements at 144 MeV as a test of one-pion exchange and the partially conserved axial vector current

We have measured the differential cross sections of the ( p,n) reaction on /sup 6/Li, /sup 12/C, and /sup 14/N to the ground state of the final nucleus (..delta..J=1, ..delta..T=1, ..delta pi..=0) and to the 7.77 MeV excited state of /sup 14/O at E/sub p/=144 MeV and O/sup 0/
The geography of metropolitan opportunity: A case study of neighborhood conditions confronting youth in Washington, DC

Abstract This article uses tabular and mapping presentations of 1990 census tract data to investigate variations in adverse socioeconomic conditions across Washington, DC, neighborhoods. It also examines the levels of exposure of youth of different races or ethnicities to these adverse conditions. Underlying this analysis is the premise that aggregate neighborhood conditions related to poverty and welfare status, educational attainment, out‐of‐wedlock births, employment, drug use, and crime serve as proxies for resident youth's perceptions of the opportunity structure as filtered through the local social network. Empirical analyses show two distinct clusters of indicators that vary consistently across Washington neighborhoods; one is related to socioeconomic status, drug use, and fertility, and the other is related to crime rates. Both sets vary systematically by the racial‐ethnic composition of youth in the neighborhood. Youth in black, female‐headed families are exposed to the most negative neighborhood...
Prevention of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deficiency causes severe hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in humans and in gene-targeted mice. Although the majority of apoE in plasma is of hepatic origin, apoE is synthesized by a variety of cell types, including macrophages. Because macrophages derive from hematopoietic cells, bone marrow transplantation was used to examine the potential of apoE synthesized by bone marrow-derived cells to correct the hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis caused by apoE deficiency. After transplantation of bone marrow from mice with the normal apoE gene into apoE-deficient mice, apoE was detected in serum and promoted clearance of lipoproteins and normalization of serum cholesterol levels. ApoE-deficient mice given transplants of normal bone marrow showed virtually complete protection from diet-induced atherosclerosis.
Gamma branching and total conversion coefficients of intraband transitions in the groundstate rotational band of 245 Cm

With calibrated Ge(Li) detectors, γ-γ coincidences have been observed in the decay of249Cf. The total conversion coefficient of the 54.7 and 66.7 keV transitions in the first rotational band have been determined to be 237±30 and 69±15, respectively. The branching ratio of the 121.5keV crossover transition is (22±7)%. The errors are the 2σ statistical uncertainties, linearily added to the errors in the detector efficiencies.
Nonequilibrium blunt-body flow using the method of integral relations

Abstract : Extension of the method of integral relations to the problem of chemical coupling in nonequilibrium flow past axisymmetric blunt body was made. The method is direct in contrast to the inverse technique in which a shock shape is prescribed and the body shape is implied. Choice of the integral method for nonequilibrium flows appears logical in view of its success for the perfect gas blunt body problem and the inherent advantages of a direct method. For the first approximation, no additional assumptions beyond those already made for the perfect gas problem prove to be required. In principle, only an additional statement as to the conservation of each reacting species is necessary for nonequilibrium. Solutions for flow past a sphere for the first approximation using a five component gas model composed of N2, O2, N, O and NO are presented to show the variation of flow properties along the axial streamline and body surface. The pressure is rather insensitive to finite rate processes while other flow properties such as the temperature, density, and species concentrations prove quite sensitive to nonequilibrium effects. In particular, the concentration of NO shows a maximum along the stagnation streamline in the nonequilibrium situation which is not apparent from identically equilibrium solutions. (Author)
SU-FF-T-656: 4D IMRT Planning Using a Direct Aperture Morphing Method

Purpose: To propose a 4D IMRT planning method that accounts for both rigid and non‐rigid respiration related target motion based on the 4DCT datasets. Methods and Materials: The set of MLC aperture sequences optimized on a reference phase of 4DCT is morphed to the rest of the phases according to the anatomical changes of the target projection in the beam's eye view (BEV) at each beam angle, and thus ensured the continuity of the MLC aperture between adjacent phases. This method does not need complex computation or couch motion, only simple geometric relationship of target projection between different phases are employed. Three different planning schemes were evaluated. 1) Individually optimize each breathing phase should theoretically generate the best dose distributions, although such plans cannot be delivered because the apertures in different plans are not connected geometrically. This scheme is used as a benchmark of plan quality for the other schemes. 2) Optimize treatment for a reference phase and shift the optimized apertures to other phases based on a rigid‐body image registration. 3) The proposed scheme of optimizing treatment for a reference phase and deforming the optimized apertures to other phases based on the deformation and translation of target contours. Results: Direct aperture morphing method (scheme 3) illustrated comparable plan quality compared to scheme1; and demonstrated the improved target coverage and conformity compared to the scheme2 that only considers the rigid motion and comparable dose in normal tissue. Conclusion: Direct aperture morphing method can be used for 4D IMRT planning and it has equal or better plan quality compared to the method that only considers the rigid body motion.
Follow-up of head and neck cancer patients post-radiotherapy

Diverging opinions exist regarding follow-up studies post-radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. This report describes the efficacy of follow-up physical examinations, thyroid function tests and screening chest X-rays in post-radiotherapy patients in a practice analysis schema. This analysis suggests that physical examination and thyroid function testing remain valid parts of routine follow-up for head and neck cancer patients; chest X-rays appear less vital unless the patient's clinical situation warrants aggressive therapy of a second primary lung cancer.