cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Reinforcement Satiation: An Outcome of Frequency or Ambiguity?.

Demonstrations of social reinforcer satiation have shown that the repeated occurrence of approval-assent events tends to diminish temporarily their reinforcement efficacy. This experiment independently evaluated the contributions of frequency of the signal and its ambiguity to the satiation phenomenon. One hundred second-grade children served at Ss. The primary treatments involved two levels of frequency of prior presentation of the social reinforcer (the word “right”), and two levels of signal reliability (discriminative and ambiguous). The results indicate that the higher levels of “satiation” had opposite effects, according to whether the event had recurred as a reliable, nonredundant signal, or as an ambiguous one. Extended use as a discriminative event served to enhance the effectiveness of the social reinforcer (p < .001), while extended use as an ambiguous signal reduced its effectiveness.
Tau oligomers impair memory and induce synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction in wild-type mice

The correlation between neurofibrillary tangles of tau and disease progression in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients remains an area of contention. Innovative data are emerging from biochemical, cell-based and transgenic mouse studies that suggest that tau oligomers, a pre-filament form of tau, may be the most toxic and pathologically significant tau aggregate. Here we report that oligomers of recombinant full-length human tau protein are neurotoxic in vivo after subcortical stereotaxic injection into mice. Tau oligomers impaired memory consolidation, whereas tau fibrils and monomers did not. Additionally, tau oligomers induced synaptic dysfunction by reducing the levels of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins synaptophysin and septin-11. Tau oligomers produced mitochondrial dysfunction by decreasing the levels of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (electron transport chain complex I), and activated caspase-9, which is related to the apoptotic mitochondrial pathway. This study identifies tau oligomers as an acutely toxic tau species in vivo, and suggests that tau oligomers induce neurodegeneration by affecting mitochondrial and synaptic function, both of which are early hallmarks in AD and other tauopathies. These results open new avenues for neuroprotective intervention strategies of tauopathies by targeting tau oligomers.
Epigenetics: an emerging player in health and disease

the decoding of the human genome in 2003 provided enormous opportunities to gain a greater understanding of the genetic intricacies underlying biological systems in both health and disease. Along with variations in the linear sequence of the genome that may predispose to certain pathologies, there
Collaborative research for more effective forein assistance

Abstract Recent journal articles have highlighted the fact that donors do not give enough consideration to the political and bureaucratic realities of the countries in which they work. This article develops the idea that more effective foreign aid delilvery can be achieved through the use of more collaborative analytical efforts. Closer collaboration can help to educate both donors and recipients and can result in policy recommendations which are politically and administratively implementable. Of equal importance is the significant institutionalization of analytical expertise.
Fluidization behavior of polymeric particles in gas-solid fluidized beds

A systematic study is conducted which illustrates the effects of the average size and size distribution of polymeric particles on the fluidization quality of gas—solid fluidized beds. The fluidization quality is characterized by the bubble flow rate, and evaluated based on a bed collapse technique. Polymeric particles used include polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) resins with a density of 0.66 and 0.57 g/cm3, respectively, and sizes ranging from 116–775 μm. The results indicate that there is virtually no effect of the particle size and its distribution on the fluidization quality for PE and PP particles of Geldart group B, provided that the fluidization quality is characterized by the bubble flow rate. These results are consistent with Geldart's finding (Geldart, 1972). For PE particles belonging to Geldart group A, it is found that the particle size has a slight effect on the fluidization quality. However, the size of group A PP particles and the size distribution of group A PE particles have essentially no effect on the fluidization quality. Experiments involving mixing fine polyethylene powders (microthene), having an average size of 32 μm (Geldart group C), with PE particles are also conducted to investigate the fine particle—coarse particle interactions, such as the van der Waals and electrostatic forces, in the fluidized bed. The improvement of the fluidization quality due to the addition of fine powders in a bed of polymeric particles is discussed in the light of the observation of surface structures from an SEM study of the mixture sampled from the fluidized bed.
Application of decision analysis to milling profit maximisation: an introduction

This paper describes the application of decision analysis to milling optimisation. In this initial study we include the effects of uncertainty in tool life and force model coefficients. The decisions represent the milling operating parameters. A single-attribute value function is used to maximise profit. Stability of the milling operation, surface location error, and surface roughness pose constraints on the feasible decision alternatives. A numerical study comparing four optimisation scenarios is presented where values of tool life and force model coefficients are either deterministic or uncertain. The optimised results are compared to manufacturer recommendations.
The effects of isolation on the sensitization and habituation of aggression in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Our previous research showed that territorial threespine sticklebacks are more aggressive toward a male conspecific placed in their territory if they have been housed adjacent to a gravid female rather than a male or a nongravid female. This study replicated the condition of a territorial male with an adjacently housed male and compared the results with isolated territorial males. This permitted us to contrast explanations for the increased aggression when the neighbor was a gravid female. If the social context determines the level of aggression, then males with no neighbors (isolates) might be less aggressive because there would be no unique reproductive resource to protect nor any neighbor to protect resources from. Alternatively, if aggression is higher in the isolated group it might be because there was no male neighbor to redirect aggression toward. We found that isolated males were more aggressive toward an intruded male stimulus than males with a male neighbor. The study also provided evidence that sensitization produced by the appearance of an intruding male energizes other aggressive behavior, but not those related to feeding, nor does it cause increase in general activation as measured by increased locomotion.
Application of the Omaha System in acute care

Although effective as a standardized language for documentation in community and public health settings, the Omaha System has not been evaluated in acute care settings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of the Omaha System to code the terms used by nurses when documenting hospital care. The nursing documentation in 30 hospital records was content analyzed for signs and symptoms, patient problems, and nursing interventions, then coded into the categories of the Omaha System. Degree of match was evaluated using concept match scores, and utility was determined using empirical, operational, and pragmatic criteria. Study findings suggest several strengths (i.e., high reliability, coded 97% of the problems, easy to use) and some limitations (lack of mutual exclusivity among terms, lack of semantic clarity, the need for three new problems). This study has important implications in demonstrating the utility of the Omaha System for possible expansion into acute care to standardize communication between the hospital setting and home care.
On the method of solution to the 2+1 Toda equation

Abstract The method of solution to the (2+1)-dimensional Toda equation is discussed. This equation reduces to the well-known Toda lattice in 1+1 dimensions and via an appropriate asymptotic reduction to the 2+1 Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation in the continuous limit. The solution exhibits a number of interesting aspects depending on the choice of parameters such as linear instability with a bounded growth rate and ill-posedness. In the ill-posed case we can relate the solution to a boundary value problem and give a formal construction of the solution. For one choice of signs, an analogue of the Sommerfeld radiation condition is used to identify a unique solution. In general, the method of solution of the Toda “molecule” equation requires an implementation of the dbar technique to cases where the associated eigenfunctions exhibit both smooth regions of nonholomorphicity and a discontinuity across a curve, which in this problem is the unit circle.
Finite deformation continuum model for single-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract A continuum-based model for computing strain energies and estimating Young’s modulus of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is developed by using an energy equivalence-based multi-scale approach. A SWCNT is viewed as a continuum hollow cylinder formed by rolling up a flat graphite sheet that is treated as an isotropic continuum plate. Kinematic analysis is performed on the continuum level, with the Hencky (true) strain and the Cauchy (true) stress being employed to account for finite deformations. Based on the equivalence of the strain energy and the molecular potential energy, a formula for calculating Young’s modulus of SWCNTs is derived. This formula, containing both the molecular and continuum scale parameters, directly links macroscopic responses of nanotubes to their molecular structures. Sample numerical results show that the predictions by the new model compare favorably with those by several existing continuum and molecular dynamics models.
Electrostatic switching of biopolymer layers. Insights from combined electrokinetics and reflectometric interference.

Structural integrity and functional characteristics of biomacromolecules are largely defined by electrostatic forces between ionized moieties, which are often altered at interfaces. Unraveling these changes requires access to charge state and structure of surface-confined biopolymers in aqueous environments. We therefore combined electrokinetic measurements of interfacial electrical potentials with the simultaneous determination of the optical layer thickness by reflectometric interference spectroscopy. Two examples are summarized to demonstrate the resulting options: The pH-switching of grafted poly(l-glutamic acid) layers caused by dissociation-dependent helix−coil transitions was studied; potential distribution and ion mobility within the grafted polyelectrolyte were unraveled using an new theoretical model for the charging of polyelectrolyte layers. The charge-driven modulation of biopolymers at interfaces was furthermore analyzed in the adsorption of fibronectin onto polymer substrates with varied c...
Measurement of birefringence of biaxially oriented films

A technique for characterizing the optical properties of biaxially oriented films is described. This involves measuring the optical retardation as a function of the tilt angle of the film. The method is illustrated for a film of biaxially oriented polystyrene.
Mediation and Adjudication in Small Claims Court: The Effects of Process and Case Characteristics

Research examining the relative effectiveness of mediation and adjudication has raised questions about whether the apparent benefits of mediation can be attributed to differences in the two dispute resolution procedures or, instead, are due to differences in the characteristics of the disputes or disputants in the different procedures. Litigants in four small claims courts provided multiple comparison groups that enabled us to empirically examine case and process effects. Disputes and disputants in mediation and adjudication differed on few attributes. The process, outcomes, and impact of mediation and adjudication differed in ways generally consistent with their theoretical differences. Although the degree of liability admitted by the defendant played a role, overall, differences in the effectiveness of mediation and adjudication were due more to differences in the processes themselves than to differences in the disputes and disputants using each procedure.
Physical Effects of Multipass Two-Dimensional Laser Machining of Structural Ceramics†

Effect of multiple laser passes on cavities machined in structural ceramics is presented. Multiple laser passes machined cavities with reduced thermal stresses and cracks. Thermal model based on temperature dependent absorptivity and thermophysical properties along with defocusing of laser beam, multiple track induced preheating effect, and heat transfer was developed to incorporate effect of multiple passes on machined cavity. Predicted and experimentally measured values of physical attributes showed decent match.
A C programming model for OS/2 device drivers

The recent growth in the number of new and different types of devices for use with personal computers has challenged software engineers to plan new and better ways of developing software to run the devices. For Operating System/2® (OS/2®) device drivers, an improvement would be to code in a high-level language rather than to use assembly language. A practical and proven method of writing OS/2 device drivers in the C programming language is presented here. The C language was chosen because of its documented suitability as a systems programming language and because of its universal availability for use on small systems.
Thermal analysis of some metal n-benzoyl-n-phenylhydroxylamine chelates

Abstract The preparation and thermal analysis of the metal chelates of N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine (BPHA) with Al(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) is discussed. The differential thermal analysis apparatus is described in detail. DTA and TGA curves of BPHA arid the chelates from 25 to 700° in oxygen and in nitrogen are presented.
Smoking and breastfeeding status

In women who breastfeed, cigarette smoking is associated with early termination of lactation. The relationship among smoking, demographic variables, and breastfeeding status at 8 weeks postpartum was examined in 400 mothers of term infants and 110 mothers of low-birth-weight (LBW) infants using multivariate analysis. Women who smoked were more apt to stop breastfeeding early in both study samples. In addition, in the term sample, older and married women more frequently reported breastfeeding at 8 weeks than younger, nonmarried women. In the LBW sample, those who were employed were less apt to report breastfeeding at 8 weeks than those who were unemployed. Also, a greater proportion of smokers in both samples indicated insufficient milk as a reason for a decline in breastfeeding compared to nonsmokers. The effects of cigarette smoking should be examined in subsequent studies of breastfeeding patterns. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intercomparison of the Asaro-Perlman and Brookhaven archaeological ceramic analytical standards

Two fundamentally different standardization systems, widely used in the neutron activation analysis of archaeological ceramics and of other materials, have been intercompared using procedures of high precision. The results should permit data standardized under either system to be transformed to the opposite system. The two systems are generally known as the “Asaro-Perlman” standard and the “BNL Six-Rocks” standard.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for wound closure and healing during larval leg regeneration in the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum

Regenerative abilities are found ubiquitously among many metazoan taxa. To compare mechanisms underlying the initial stages of limb regeneration between insects and vertebrates, the roles of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling were investigated in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of MMP2 expression delayed wound healing and subsequent leg regeneration. Additionally, pairwise knockdown of MMP1/2 and MMP2/3, but not MMP1/3, resulted in inhibition of wound closure. Wound healing on the dorsal epidermis after injury was also delayed when MMPs were silenced. Our findings show that functionally redundant MMPs play key roles during limb regeneration and wound healing in Tribolium. This MMP-mediated wound healing is necessary for the subsequent formation of a blastema. In contrast, silencing of FGF receptor did not interfere with the initial stages of leg regeneration despite the alterations in tanning of the cuticle. Thus, insects and vertebrates appear to employ similar developmental processes for the initial stages of wound closure during limb regeneration, while the role of FGF in limb regeneration appears to be unique to vertebrates.
Numerical simulation of cosmic-string evolution in flat spacetime.

We present a numerical simulation of the evolution of a system of cosmic strings in flat spacetime. Our algorithm for the string dynamics exactly integrates the Nambu equation of motion. The strings are represented by discrete points on a spatial lattice, allowing an intercommuting algorithm which exactly preserves all relevant quantities. We find that the system evolves to a steady state in which most of the energy is in loops of the smallest size allowed in the simulation. ''Infinite'' strings present in the initial state fragment into a distribution of small loops. In the absence of an energy cutoff there is no equilibrium, and the steady state artificially imposed by the cutoff bears no resemblance to the initial state.
Effect of repeated administrations upon cathinone discrimination and conditioned place preference.

Abstract 1. 1. Eight male rats were trained to discriminate the interoceptive cues produced by 0.8 mg/kg l -cathinone in a two-lever, food-motivated operant task and they were, subsequently, tested for preference to cathinone in a conditioned place preference (CPP)-test. 2. 2. Once trained, the rats were placed on a 10 day regimen of twice-a-day non-contingent administrations of saline followed by a similar regimen of multiple injections of 0.8 mg/kg cathinone. 3. 3. After each series of non-contingent administrations, the rats' ability to discriminate (0.2–0.8 mg/kg) cathinone, as well as their preference for it, was determined. 4. 4. Results indicate that tolerance tends to develop to the effect of cathinone in its ability to control discriminative behavior as indicated by deficits in discriminative performance and a two-fold shift of the dose-response curve to the right. 5. 5. In contrast, preference for cathinone, in the CPP-tests, was not significantly affected by the multiple cathinone administration regimen. 6. 6. The possibility that tolerance to some behavioral effects may occur in habitual users of the cathinone-containing Khat shrub is discussed.
Effects of dietary protein on body weight, mucosal growth, and calcium absorption in the rat

Previous studies of dietary protein intake and calcium balance demonstrate decreased fecal calcium excretion with high-protein diets. To determine whether a duodenal or ileal calcium transport response could account for these findings, we examined calcium transport by these two segments directly by in situ perfusion. Weight-matched growing rats were pair-fed isocaloric diets for 6-8 days containing 89% protein (casein), 39% and 0% protein. Sucrose was substituted for the decreased casein in the 39% and 0% protein diets. Each diet also contained 5% fat, a mineral mix, and vitamins. Calcium content of all diets was 0.5%. Body weight was maintained by the 39% protein group; weight loss was 5% for the 89% protein group and 18% for the 0% protein group. Small-intestinal weight as a percentage of body weight was the same for the three groups. For both the duodenum and the ileum, mucosal dry weight per centimeter was greater in the 39% protein group than either the 89% protein or 0% protein group. Calcium absorption per gram dry weight of mucosa (absorptive specific activity) was the same for all diet groups, but because of the greater mucosal weight per unit length in the 39% protein group, absorption per centimeter was increased in this group. In conclusion, although we found no direct relation between dietary protein and mucosal absorptive specific activity for calcium, calcium absorption was determined by the amount of mucosa which was dependent on protein intake and reflected the nutritional status of the body.
An animated direct-manipulation interface to digital library services

The Digital Library Integrated Task Environment (DLITE) is a novel user interface concept for distributed document collections and services. It is an interaction prototype, not a polished graphical user interface, and is a front end to an evolving variety of distributed document services. DLITE is part of the Stanford University Digital Libraries research project. This videotape explains the principles of the DLITE design and shows the current implementation in action.
The arch index: A useful measure from footprints

Previous methods of measuring footprints for the purpose of classifying foot type are reviewed. A planimetric method is presented for characterizing footprints using the ratio of the area of the middle third of the footprint to the entire footprint area (excluding the toes). This 'arch index' during 50% body weight standing provides an objective measure for comparative purposes with a measured reliability, within day and between day, of 0.96 and 0.94 respectively. Values measured from footprints taken during other activities show variable responses in different subjects. Examples of the arch index taken from static footprints of various feet are presented and data are reported from 107 randomly selected subjects during half body weight stance. Criteria are suggested for the classification of footprints as high, normal, and flat arch.
Developmental ordering, scale types, and strong inference.

Developmental ordering, 1 item preceding another in development, is a primary piece of evidence in developmental research. However, testing developmental ordering hypotheses is remarkably difficult ; the problem is that researchers rarely have absolute measures (ratio scales). Therefore, directly comparing 2 measures is often not sensible. This article demonstrates that, depending on the type of scale, the observed data pattern is constrained by the underlying relationship. Although the observed data pattern may not reflect the exact relationship, it does limit the possible relationships. Researchers can use this information to reject potential underlying relationships. An application of the method of strong inference (J. R. Platt, 1964) is outlined whereby researchers can use observed data patterns to systematically reject competing developmental ordering hypotheses. The approach requires only standard statistical methods and assumptions.
A prospective study of secondary prevention of child maltreatment

This study sought (1) to retest an approach to the prediction of risk of child maltreatment and (2) to test the effect of a comprehensive prenatal and pediatric health services program on the rate of maltreatment. Of 2585 women screened at their first prenatal visit, 1154 quallfied for the study. Risk assignment was determined by a structured interview. High-risk women (n=314) were assigned to receive standard (high-risk control group; n=154) or intervention (high-risk intervention group; n=160) services throughout the prenatal period and during the first 2 years of their infants' life. A third group (low-risk control group; n=295) was selected among low-risk women and received standard care without intervention services. State records were searched for substantive reports of child maltreatment up to 36 months after birth. Physical abuse was found for 5.1% of the study population; neglect was substantiated for 5.9%. Prediction efforts were effective in identifying risk of physical abuse but not of neglect. Comprehensive health services did not alter the reported abuse rate for high-risk parents and was associated with an increased number of neglect reports. Intervention reduced subject attrition and appeared to serve as a bias for detection of maltreatment. Thus this long-term, prospective approach was ineffective for child abuse prevention, perhaps because of detection blases and societal changes.
The effect of myosin sulphydryl modification on the mechanics of fibre contraction.

Glycerinated rabbit psoas fibres have been modified with paramagnetic probes (IASL and MSL) which react selectively with the reactive sulphydryl on the myosin head. The extent of SH-1 modification was monitored by extracting myosin and measuring its ATPase activity in the presence of EDTA and of Ca2+. The isometric tension, stiffness, maximum velocity of contraction (slack test), and the force-velocity relation was measured as a function of the degree of SH-1 modification. Reaction of up to 50% of SH-1, i.e. 50% reduction in the K+-EDTA ATPase activity of extracted myosin, produced little change (<10%) in any of the fibre parameters. Modification of 75% of the SH-1 sites produced small decreases (15–30%) in the magnitude of all parameters, while reaction of more than 90% of SH-1 required long reaction times and produced decreases of 40–75%. In all cases the velocities of contraction decreased in parallel with the decrease in tension, while the decrease in stiffness was less pronounced. We conclude that a large fraction of muscle fibre SH-1 groups can be modified without greatly affecting the mechanical performance of the fibre. At least a portion of the decrease in fibre parameters that is observed at high levels of SH-1 modification can be attributed to modification of other sulphydryls by the probes. The reaction of both SH-1 and nonspecific sulphydryls abolishes myosin ATPase activity, and can account for approximately one half of the decrease in fibre parameters that is observed at high degrees of sulphydryl modification. We conclude that the modification of SH-1 does not greatly affect the function of a myosin head in the filament array of a fibre. This is in contrast to results obtainedin vitro where SH-1 modification alters several rates in the interaction of myosin with ATP and decreases the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin subfragments.
Stress-induced ulceration in adrenalectomized and normal rats

This experiment examined the influence of plasma corticosterone on stress-induced ulceration in restrained rats. Gastric pathology and plasma corticosterone levels were examined in normal (UNOP) and adrenalectomized (ADX) rats under two conditions of shock predictability. The severity of the gastric ulceration in unoperated rats given noncontingent presentations of a tone and an electric shock was greater than in subjects receiving shocks contingent upon CS presentation. When ulcer pathology was evaluated for ADX animals, no differences were found between the predictable and the unpredictable shock groups. The results were discussed in terms of the necessary and sufficient conditions for stomach ulcer formation as a function of shock predictability and restraint stress and the necessity to investigate alternative hypotheses.
Collagen heterogeneity in normal rabbit cornea. I. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the genetically-distinct collagens.

Abstract Limited proteolysis of preparations of mature rabbit cornea with pepsin allows the recovery of approximately 90% of the tissue collagen in soluble form. Using recently described selective precipitation techniques, the soluble cornea collagen can be resolved into two major fractions. The predominant fraction, which accounts for about 95% of the solubilized collagen, was identified by means of solubility properties, electrophoretic and chromatographic properties, as well as amino acid analyses of its constituent chains, as Type I collagen. The alternate fraction, which accounts for virtually all of the remainder of the solubilized cornea collagen, was identified by means of the same criteria as collagen comprised of the A and B chains, In addition, the stoichiometry of the latter chains in preparations of cornea collagen indicate that in the cornea these chains are likely to participate in the formation of only one type of collagen molecule with the chain composition, AB 2 . And finally, the demonstration that Type I and the AB 2 collagens are the predominant forms of collagen recoverable from the mature cornea strongly suggests that molecules comprised of the A and B chains are not necessarily confined to basement membrane structures.
Palearctic elements in the old world tropics: a taxonomic revision of the ant genus Temnothorax Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) for the Afrotropical biogeographical region.

Four new Afrotropical species of the ant genus Temnothorax are described and illustrated, all from Kenya. Based upon high resemblance to taxa known from the North African and Iberian territories of the Mediterranean region, these new tropical elements are placed into known Palaearctic species complexes. Specifically, Temnothorax brevidentis sp. n., Temnothorax mpala sp. n. and Temnothorax rufus sp. n. are placed in the laurae species group, and Temnothorax solidinodus sp. n. is placed in the angustulus species group. Two already known Temnothorax species from the region, Temnothorax cenatus (Bolton, 1982) and Temnothorax megalops (Hamann & Klemm, 1967), are also placed into the laurae species group based on the high number of shared morphological characters. Diagnoses for the African representatives of laurae and angustulus species groups of the Afrotropical biogeographical region are provided. A key to workers of the six Temnothorax species known to occur in the Afrotropical biogeographical region is provided, as well as diagnoses of morphologically similar myrmicine genera.
A sapphire cell for neutron scattering at elevated pressures

A pressure cell for cold neutron scattering from liquid solutions at elevated pressures is described. The scattering cell is constructed entirely of sapphire in order to transmit neutrons that scatter at angles as large as 29° while being optically transparent. The cell has been hydrostatically tested to 330 bar. In addition, it is surrounded by an aluminum jacket that permits heating and cooling of the sample to within ±0.05 °C of the setpoint from 25 to 35 °C, as measured by an in situ platinum RTD. This cell has been successfully used for scattering from surfactant/D2O/CO2 mixtures at pressures up to 90.7 bar.
Pyrosequence analysis of bacterial communities in aerobic bioreactors treating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soil

Two aerobic, lab-scale, slurry-phase bioreactors were used to examine the biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated soil and the associated bacterial communities. The two bioreactors were operated under semi-continuous (draw-and-fill) conditions at a residence time of 35 days, but one was fed weekly and the other monthly. Most of the quantified PAHs, including high-molecular-weight compounds, were removed to a greater extent in the weekly-fed bioreactor, which achieved total PAH removal of 76%. Molecular analyses, including pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes, revealed significant shifts in the soil bacterial communities after introduction to the bioreactors and differences in the abundance and types of bacteria in each of the bioreactors. The weekly-fed bioreactor displayed a more stable bacterial community with gradual changes over time, whereas the monthly-fed bioreactor community was less consistent and may have been more strongly influenced by the influx of untreated soil during feeding. Phylogenetic groups containing known PAH-degrading bacteria previously identified through stable-isotope probing of the untreated soil were differentially affected by bioreactor conditions. Sequences from members of the Acidovorax and Sphingomonas genera, as well as the uncultivated “Pyrene Group 2” were abundant in the bioreactors. However, the relative abundances of sequences from the Pseudomonas, Sphingobium, and Pseudoxanthomonas genera, as well as from a group of unclassified anthracene degraders, were much lower in the bioreactors compared to the untreated soil.
Childhood-onset spinocerebellar syndrome associated with massive polyglucosan body deposition

Introduction - Polyglucosan body disease (PBD) is a progressive neurological disorder beginning in adult life and associated pathologically with widespread accumulation of polyglucosan bodies (PB) in neuronal and astrocytic processes. We report the unique clinicopathological findings in an early onset spinocerebellar syndrome associated with massive PB deposition. Patient & methods - A 14-month-old male developed a slowly progressive neurological disorder characterized by distally predominant weakness and sensory loss, urinary bladder incontinence, and cerebellar signs. He died at age 62 years from pneumonia. We report the clinical and autopsy findings. Results - The autopsy findings were remarkable for diffuse cortical and cerebellar atrophy, diffuse neuronal loss and gliosis, and massive accumulations of PB within neuronal and astrocytic processes. Conclusion - PBD may begin in childhood.
Mitral Insufficiency Simulating Aortic Stenosis

Two patients with mitral insufficiency presumably secondary to rheumatic heart disease are reported in whom loud systolic murmurs and thrills in the aortic area simulated aortic stenosis. Left heart catheterization in both patients disclosed significant mitral insufficiency but no evidence for aortic stenosis or intracardiac shunt such as ventricular septal defect. Phonocardiography demonstrated the holosystolic characteristics of the aortic area murmurs and was indispensable in documenting their mitral origin. A regurgitant jet striking the left atrial wall in close proximity to the aortic valve, previously reported in rupture of the chordae tendineae, appears the probable mechanism of the aortic murmur and thrill.
The empirical basis for the reasonable woman standard.

In Ellison v. Brady, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals said that the perspective of a reasonable woman, rather than just a reasonable person, should be used in deciding whether or not the plaintiff has experienced sexual harassment. One of the assumptions underlying the Ellison opinion, traceable to findings from research, is that men and women perceive and define sexual harassment differently. In this article, we review the research to see if the conclusion is warranted. In general, the finding that women define sexual harassment more broadly and inclusively than men is reliable, but the difference is small, often smaller than intrasex differences, and is affected by a variety of factors, including characteristics of the study itself. After reviewing the evidence, we evaluate the use of a reasonable woman standard, concluding that this standard is not helpful.
Some nutritional, pomological and physical properties of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.)

Abstract The nutritional, pomological and physical properties of some selected cornelian cherry fruits ( Cornus mas L.) from Konya (Kurucuova) were determined. The fruit characteristics ranged from 1.496 to 4.116 g for fruit weights, 9.108 to 11.967 for flesh/seed ratio, 13.6 to 24.1% for total acidity (as malic acid), 6.371 to 12.61 TSS/acid ratio 6.7 to 9.3% for total sugar and 6.924 to 8.433 for reducing sugar, the average length, width and geometric diameter ranged from 15.95 to 20.77 mm, 10.91 to 16.40 mm and 12.574 to 17.692 mm respectively; the fruit surface area, projected area and volume ranged from 498 to 989 mm 2 , 147 to 320 mm 2 and 775 to 2415 mm 3 respectively; the sphericity ranged from 0.749 to 0.854; the 1000 fruit mass ranged from 1446 to 4116 g; fruit and bulk densites ranged from 8860 to 17,568 N/m 3 and 5479 to 6588 N/m 3 , respectively; the hardness and elasticity modulus ranged from 1.22 to 2.44 N and 388 to 777 kPa respectively; the static and dynamic coefficients of friction ranged from 0.79 to 0.85 and 0.62 to 0.64 respectively for steel 0.89 and 0.91, 0.67 to 0.68 respectively for plywood and 0.93 to 0.96 and 0.75 to 0.76 respectively for rubber.
Memory Control Beliefs: How are They Related to Age, Strategy Use and Memory Improvement?

Abstract We examined whether we could enhance memory control beliefs and self–efficacy as well as improve performance by encouraging strategy use on an episodic memory task. Participants from a probability sample of 195 young, middle–aged and older men and women ranging in age from 21 to 83 were randomly assigned to one of four strategy group conditions: Writing, Categorization, Categorization + Writing, or a Practice Control group, and were asked to study and recall categorizable word lists on two trials (pretest and posttest). Controlling for education and performance on the recall pretest, older adults showed less improvement on recall than both middle–aged and younger adults. The strategy use manipulations (Categorization, Writing, and Categorization + Writing) led to greater increases in recall performance than practice (Control) for young and middle–aged adults, but for older adults practice was as effective as the strategy manipulations. All participants in the Categorization and Categorization + W...
Potential role of deer (Cervidae) as ecological indicators of forest management

Abstract Many species of forest-inhabiting deer offer strong potential as ecological indicators of forest management and diversity at broad, landscape scales. They have high potential value for land-use planning. Four main characteristics make such deer particularly suited as ecological indicators of forest management: (1) Their biology is well known, especially in relation to that of most other wildlife species; (2) They have relatively large, and often, seasonally migratory home ranges, therefore requiring management of landscapes rather than isolated patches of habitat; (3) They require a habitat that is diverse in food and cover, temporally, spatially, and genetically; and (4) They are important to people for both food and aesthetic value and are not an abstract concept such as ‘biodiversity.’ Deer species, therefore, often provide a means of evaluating land-use alternatives in biologically meaningful, theoretically sound, and socially relevant terms. Their potential should not be overlooked in efforts aimed at forest management in an ecosystem context and the maintenance of biologically diverse wildlife communities.
Microsatellite instability and alteration of the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 in ovarian clear cell carcinoma

Microsatellite instability (MSI) is commonly seen in tumors associated with the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome and is caused by defects in the DNA mismatch repair genes. MSI has also been observed in various sporadic cancers, including colorectal, gastric, and endometrial. The role and incidence of MSI in ovarian clear cell carcinoma remain unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of MSI in ovarian clear cell carcinomas and to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of immunohistochemistry in predicting mismatch-repair gene deficiency. A total of 42 ovarian clear cell carcinomas were analyzed for MSI using a panel of 5 microsatellite markers (BAT25, BAT26, D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250). Alterations in the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 proteins in these tumors were examined. Of the 42 ovarian clear cell tumors analyzed, 6 demonstrated a high level of MSI (MSI-H), 3 demonstrated a low level of MSI (MSI-L), and the remaining 33 exhibited microsatellite stability (MSS). No correlation was found between MSI level and patient age or tumor stage or size (P >0.05). Loss of expression of either hMLH1 or hMSH2 was observed in 4 of the 6 (67.7%) MSI-H tumors, whereas 34 of the 36 (94.4%) MSI-L or MSS tumors expressed both the hMLH1 and hMSH2 gene products. Our results indicate that MSI-H is involved in the development of a subset of ovarian clear cell carcinomas. A strong correlation exists between alterations in the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 and the presence of MSI-H in these tumors. However, immunohistochemical testing alone may miss a small fraction of cases with MSI-H.
Radar Ballistic Instrumentation at White Sands Missile Range

Early in the history of White Sands Missile Range a runaway V-2 missile indicated the need for better missile flight surveillance. Modified SCR-584 radars were soon after established as the basic source of surveillance data. Further modifications to the system made reliable all-weather trajectory data, readily achieved by radar. The development and implementation of the AN/FPS-16 radar at White Sands Missile Range represents the product of years of engineering to create a precision radar instrumentation system.
Anatomic sites at elevated risk of second primary cancer after an index head and neck cancer

Background Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are at significantly elevated risk of second primary malignancies (SPM), most commonly within the head and neck, lung, and esophagus (HNLE). Our objectives were to quantify the excess risk of SPM across all anatomic sites in which SPM risk is meaningfully elevated, including non-HNLE sites, in a large cohort of US patients.
T-Cell Selection: Accentuating the positive

T cells can be selected positively or negatively by the same peptide under different conditions. The type of selection depends on the avidity of the interaction between the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell.
AGM belief revision in dynamic games

Within the context of extensive-form (or dynamic) games, we use choice frames to represent the initial beliefs of a player as well as her disposition to change those beliefs when she learns that an information set of hers has been reached. As shown in [5], in order for the revision operation to be consistent with the AGM postulates [1], the player's choice frame must be rationalizable in terms of a total pre-order on the set of histories. We consider four properties of choice frames and show that, together with the hypothesis of a common prior, are necessary and sufficient for the existence of a plausibility order that rationalizes the epistemic state (that is, initial beliefs and disposition to revise those beliefs) of all the players. The plausibility order satisfies the properties introduced in [6] as part of a new definition of perfect Bayesian equilibrium for dynamic games. Thus the present paper provides epistemic foundations for that solution concept.
NATIVE WOODLAND LOSS DURING THE MID 1900S IN CAMERON COUNTY, TEXAS

Large-scale native woodland loss in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas during the 20th century has been reported in the literature. However, no detailed, quantitative study of landscape change in the area has been conducted. This paper presents an example of quantified native woodland loss within this area. Using historical topographic maps and aerial photographs, we were able to map the extent of native woodland areas in Cameron County in the 1930s. The historical native woodland areas were then compared with the 1983 extent of native woodlands as mapped on modern topographic quadrangles. Our results for Cameron County corroborate previous estimates of native woodlands loss in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, though at a slightly lower percentage (91%). Comparisons with recent land-use and land-cover mapping show that much of the loss was a result of agricultural expansion.
“Coming out” as an alcoholic: how former problem drinkers negotiate disclosure of their nondrinking identity

Although communication is critical for former problem drinkers to reject drinks, socialize with others, minimize stigma, and maintain their health and sobriety, recovering alcoholics' communication has not been examined beyond alcohol self-help groups. Using a Communication Privacy Management framework and in-depth, semistructured interviews, this study examined how former problem drinkers negotiate the disclosure of their nondrinking status. As participants perceived not drinking in the United States as deviant and socially risky, the investigation found participants primarily concealed their nondrinking status in order to fit in. Participants enacted specific communicative behaviors to regulate their privacy boundaries, only disclosing their struggles with alcohol when benefits outweighed costs (e.g., inspiring others, maintaining sobriety, or building relationships). This study offers practical disclosure strategies for former problem drinkers to protect their private information, manage social interactions, and stay sober.
A Nonparametric Analysis of the Forward Rate Volatilities

Heath, Jarrow, and Morton (1992) present a general framework for modeling the term structure of interest rates which nests most other models as special cases. In their framework, the dynamics of the term structure and the prices of derivative instruments depend only upon the initial term structure and the forward rate volatility functions. Despite their importance, there has been little empirical work studying the forward rate volatility functions. This paper begins to fill this gap by estimating some nonparametric models of the forward rate volatilities. In a univariate model, the form of the forward rate volatility function differs for different maturities, and for some maturities appears not to be a monotonic function of the level of the forward rate. In a bivariate model, a measure of the "slope" of the term structure seems to have an important impact on the volatility. These results differ from the simple models that have been proposed and used in the literature.
An Emerging Platform: From Money Transfer System to Mobile Money Ecosystem

While it has often been described as a money transfer product, when mobile money reaches scale it can also be seen as a network infrastructure and platform facilitating the exchange of cash and electronic value between various economic actors including clients, businesses, the government, and financial service providers. In the past, the emergence of other network infrastructures that provide new ways of moving people, goods, energy or information (canals, railroads, electricity, telecommunications, internet, etc.) has had transformative effects on the economy. In this paper, we document what may be the early stages of just such a transformation in the market for retail financial services in Kenya, where the M-PESA mobile money product has achieved the scale necessary to form an infrastructure backbone to the financial system. Our investigations uncovered significant integration of mobile money into the product and services offered by financial institutions in Kenya. We find an ecosystem of firms has sprung up to facilitate the technical integration of existing financial institutions’ back end systems with the new mobile money platform. We also find a number of innovative new businesses and “pure play” startups which operate solely over the mobile money platform. That said, significant barriers remain which block the development of a more fully developed ecosystem including the high price of money transfers and the difficulty of integrating to the mobile money interfaces (especially that of M-PESA). Firms wishing to outsource their day-to-day cash transactions with clients to the mobile money system may face a new challenge, as they must find new opportunities for interactions with their clients to reinforce rapport, build trust, educate, and cross sell new products.