cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Night-shift nurses and drowsy driving: A qualitative study.

ABSTRACT Background Drowsy driving following the night shift is persistent among nurses resulting in elevated rates of vehicle crashes and crash-related injuries and deaths. While considerable effort has been dedicated to the development of countermeasures, implementation of these countermeasures in nursing has lagged behind other shift work oriented industries. Developing effective countermeasures for drowsy driving in nurses requires a thorough characterization of nurse's perceptions of drowsy driving and potential mitigations. Objective The objective of this research was to elicit night shift nurses’ perceptions of drowsy driving, countermeasures, and educational and technological interventions. Design Perceptions were elicited through a semi-structured interview protocol. The protocol design was driven by previously identified research gaps. Questions focused on four topics: perceptions of drowsy driving, current practices and methods to mitigate drowsiness during the shift and commute, preferences and expectations for training on drowsiness management, and, preferences and expectations for technological mitigations. Setting The data collection took place at a large urban hospital in Texas, USA. Participants Thirty night-shift nurses were recruited with voluntary sampling. No nurses declined to participate after initially consenting. The participants were male and female nurses who currently worked a 12 hour night shift. The nurses had between 1 and more than 20 years of experience and worked in a variety of units. Method The interview recordings were transcribed by the research team and entered into a qualitative data analysis software. Transcripts were analyzed by two independent coders with a grounded theory approach to identify common themes and subthemes across participants. Findings Feelings of drowsiness typically manifested immediately following the shift or during the post work commute. Nurses responded to drowsiness by engaging in multiple ineffective countermeasures (e.g., listening to music) and effective countermeasures (e.g., naps) were used sparingly. Experiences and mitigation methods traversed through the nurses’ social network although they did not always alter behavior. Nurses were uncertain but enthusiastic about educational and technological interventions preferring practical training and auditory interactive alerts. Conclusions The findings suggest a strong need for real time drowsiness interventions during or immediately prior to nurses’ post work commutes. Nurses’ enthusiasm for training and technology to prevent drowsy driving suggests high levels of readiness and acceptance for such interventions. Future work should focus on the development and implementation of practical training and technological interventions for drowsy driving in nurses.
Design of $c$-Optimal Experiments for High dimensional Linear Models

We study random designs that minimize the asymptotic variance of a de-biased lasso estimator when a large pool of unlabeled data is available but measuring the corresponding responses is costly. The optimal sampling distribution arises as the solution of a semidefinite program. The improvements in efficiency that result from these optimal designs are demonstrated via simulation experiments.
Fluid Structure Interactions

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is the interaction of some movable or deformable structure with an internal or surrounding fluid flow. FSI is an interdisciplinary research field with several applications in structural engineering, e.g., interaction of reservoir water, dam, and the surrounding canyon, or dynamic interaction of wind with high-rise towers.
The Importance of Context in Covid-19 Vaccine Safety.

Vaccine safety is critical for the successful implementation of any vaccination program, especially during a pandemic. In February 1976, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed a c...
Forces and force-scaling in systems of adsorbing nanoparticles as measured using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy

Abstract Experimental force measurements (using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy, CP-AFM) were performed to measure the interactions between silica surfaces in the presence of highly charged nanoparticles. Experiments were done using 5 μm and 30 μm silica spheres as the colloidal probes in solutions of either sulfate latex (negatively charged) or zirconia (positively charged) nanoparticles. The forces were measured as a function of separation distance between the probe and a flat silica slide. The resulting force profiles indicated that the charged nanoparticles adsorbed onto the silica surfaces, producing strong, repulsive electrostatic forces. However, an unexpected result of the CP-AFM measurements was that when the repulsion arose primarily from the adsorbed nanoparticles and not the underlying silica, the repulsive forces between the probe particle and plate lacked the expected dependence on the radius of the probe as predicted by the Derjaguin approximation. Specifically, while the magnitude of the force was expected to scale linearly with the radius of the probe particle, the forces observed in nanoparticle suspensions were virtually identical for the 5 μm and 30 μm probes. By comparison, when the primary contributor to the repulsive force was the underlying silica, the correct scaling with radius was observed. Based on calculations of the shear rate in the gap, it was theorized that this result may arise from the shearing of adsorbed particles from the surfaces. Because the shear rate in the gap near the point of closest approach is independent of the size of the probe particle, this phenomenon could lead to small, similarly-sized patches of nanoparticles on the probe particles that effectively determine the electrostatic repulsion.
A study of the incidence of syphilis in pregnant women and some results of therapy

Abstract Recently we made a determination of the incidence of syphilis in the patients seen at Duke Hospital. As a whole it was found to be 8.13 per cent. There was a marked disproportion between the white and colored patients. The incidence in white male patients was 2.7 per cent, and for the white female patients 3.2 per cent. In colored males the incidence of infection was 29 per cent and in the colored females 32 per cent. As can be seen from these figures, for the population group from which these patients were drawn, the incidence of syphilis in the colored race was roughly ten times that of the white race, and a greater incidence of syphilis was found in the females of both races. Because of this finding, we felt that a determination of the incidence of syphilis in pregnant women should be made because of its implications as a public health problem and as a problem of preventive medicine. As a basis for this study the records of 2,152 unselected patients, all pregnant women, who were admitted during the years 1930 to 1938 to the obstetric wards, both private and public, of this hospital were examined. The criteria employed for the diagnosis of syphilis consisted of either the laboratory finding of repeatedly positive blood serology and, in early seronegative syphilis, the finding of the Treponema pallidum on repeated dark-field examinations, or a definite history of syphilis for which no treatment or inadequate or insufficient treatment had been received with or without physical signs or stigmas of syphilis. Blood serologic examinations were made routinely on all the obstetric patients at the time of their first visit to the prenatal clinics or at the time of their admission to the hospital, if no prenatal examinations had been made, and also in most cases serologic examinations were again made at the time of delivery. The serologic tests used were the Wassermann and Kahn reactions. All of the patients diagnosed as having syphilis in the group on which this study was based were found to have a strongly positive Wassermann and/or Kahn reaction with the exception of 9 cases. Of these 9 serologically negative cases, 8 of the patients gave a definite history of syphilis and of having received some treatment prior to their pregnancy and 1 patient had dark-field, positive, seronegative, primary syphilis.
Nonlinear Simulation of a Spar Buoy Floating Wind Turbine

A computational model, developed in Nematbakhsh et al. [1], is used to predict the response of a spar buoy floating wind turbine to moderate amplitude waves. The method is based on solving the unsteady Navier-Stokes equations with a level set method to predict the free surface motion and an immersed boundary method for tracking the floating wind turbine. The tethers, tower, nacelle, and rotor are included using reduced order models, leading to a reasonably efficient computational approach. Wind is modeled as a constant thrust force. Results are presented for a full-scale 5 MW turbine mounted on a spar buoy platform. Pitch and surge response, as well as tethers tension are studied as a function of time for one incident wave frequency and amplitude and the results are discussed. The results show that for a spar buoy floating wind turbine with three taut tethers, there is a possibility of significant higher load on one tether.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Binder Removal by Supercritical Extraction from BaTiO3‐Pt Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

As multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCs) become larger for increased charge storage, the removal of binder by thermal degradation becomes more ditficult. An alternative strategy is to remove the binder by supercritical extraction (SCE). In this work, we present the results for the degree to which poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) can be removed from MLCS. Whereas supercritical carbon dioxide can easily extract the DOP plasticizer, removal of the PVB is more difficult. Alternate strategies for PVB removal are discussed, and we assess the degree to which the permeability of the body is enhanced by using supercritical extraction to increase the pore space in the body.
Governance Infrastructure and High Quality Democracy: A Theoretically Motivated Concept Construction and Necessary Condition Analysis

Two of the most relevant determinants of a state’s economic outcomes are its governance and regime type. Governance is an ambiguous concept and while being defined in an ad hoc manner by institutions such as the World Bank, there is no agreed upon definition. In this paper I create a new concept, called governance infrastructure which seeks to increase the concept-measure consistency of governance and thereby eliminate how previous iterations of governance have overlapped with other concepts, specifically regime type and political instability. This will allow social scientists to more readily separate the effects of these varying concepts on economic outcomes. This is important to the discipline as many debates still exist over which is more important for increasing a state’s trade and FDI, the institutions which comprise governance infrastructure, regime type, or political stability. Moreover, I intend to demonstrate that a certain threshold of governance infrastructure is a necessary condition for a state to be a high quality democracy.A state’s governance infrastructure is the core institutions which facilitate government competency and economic efficiency. Certain institutions that have historically been considered inherent in democracies (e.g. property rights) are actually conceptually part of a state’s governance infrastructure. In this paper I will make the important distinction that democracy and governance infrastructure are different, both theoretically and conceptually.A three-level concept construction will be used to create governance infrastructure. The basic level is the overall abstract concept, governance infrastructure. The second level is the theoretical linkage which connects the concept to the actual data and is comprised of bureaucratic governance and socio-economic governance. And the indicator level is the actual measurements of the theoretical linkages (Goertz 2005).Through use of scatter-plots, N x N tables and standardized z-scores, this paper provides evidence that a certain quality level of governance infrastructure is actually a necessary condition for a state to become a high quality democracy. This research gives social scientists a concept-measure consistent conceptualization of governance which allows us to more readily separate the effects of similar concepts on economic outcomes. Additionally, it adds to our knowledge of democracy in that governance infrastructure is a necessary condition for a high quality democracy.
Super-resolution mosaicking of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) surveillance video using levenberg marquardt (LM) algorithm

Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) have been used in many military and civil applications, particularly surveillance. One of the best ways to use the capacity of a UAS imaging system is by constructing a mosaic of the recorded video. This paper presents a novel algorithm for the construction of superresolution mosaicking. The algorithm is based on the Levenberg Marquardt (LM) method. Hubert prior is used together with four different cliques to deal with the ill-conditioned inverse problem and to preserve edges. Furthermore, the Lagrange multiplier is compute without using sparse matrices. We present the results with synthetic and real UAS surveillance data, resulting in a great improvement of the visual resolution. For the case of synthetic images, we obtained a PSNR of 47.0 dB, as well as a significant increase in the details visible for the case of real UAS frames in only ten iterations.
Batteries: An Advanced Na–FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application (Adv. Energy Mater. 12/2015)

Sodium-metal chloride batteries, ZEBRA, are considered as one of the most important electrochemical devices for stationary energy storage applications because of its advantages of good cycle life, safety, and reliability. However, sodium-nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries, the most promising redox chemistry in ZEBRA batteries, still face great challenges for the practical application due to its inevitable feature of using Ni cathode (high materials cost). In this work, a novel intermediate-temperature sodium-iron chloride (Na-FeCl2) battery using a molten sodium anode and Fe cathode is proposed and demonstrated. The first use of unique sulfur-based additives in Fe cathode enables Na-FeCl2 batteries can be assembled in the discharged state and operated at intermediate-temperature (<200°C). The results in this work demonstrate that intermediate-temperature Na-FeCl2 battery technology could be a propitious solution for ZEBRA battery technologies by replacing the traditional Na-NiCl2 chemistry.
Uromodulin: an immunoregulatory glycoprotein isolated from pregnancy urine that binds to and regulates the activity of interleukin 1.

: Uromodulin is an 85 kilodalton glycoprotein originally isolated from human pregnancy which has been shown to inhibit antigen specific T cell responses to recall antigens such as tetanus toxoid. We have also found that uromodulin is a high affinity ligand for interleukin 1 and is able to regulate the activity of interleukin 1 in vitro. Finally, we present data that free interleukin 2 receptor can be found in human pregnancy urine. We propose that a number of immunoregulatory phenomena associated with pregnancy are due to molecules able to specifically regulate interleukin 1 and interleukin 2.
Electronic Cigarette and Electronic Hookah: A Pilot Study Comparing Two Vaping Products

Since the introduction of e-cigarettes into the U.S. market, the number and variety of vaping products have proliferated. E-hookahs are long, pen-like vaping devices that debuted in U.S. markets in 2014. By applying the Host, Agent, Vector, Environment (HAVE) model, the objective of this exploratory study was to assess differences between e-cigarettes and e-hookahs to help inform tobacco regulatory science and practice. In June–August 2014, a total of 54 unique manufactured e-cigarette and e-hookah products were identified at point of sales (POS) around three college campuses in Southeast U.S. Documented characteristics included brand name, disposable, rechargeable, nicotine containing, packaging, and flavor type. Descriptive analyses were conducted October to November 2014 to assess frequency and percent of product type across POS and specific characteristics. Among 54 products, 70.4% was e-cigarettes and 29.6% was e-hookahs. Across POS, drug stores and grocery stores carried e-cigarettes exclusively, while gas stations carried the greatest proportion of e-hookahs. Compared to e-hookahs, a greater proportion of e-cigarettes were non-disposable and contained nicotine; a greater proportion of e-hookahs came in fruit and other types of flavors compared to e-cigarettes. The present study suggests that e-cigarettes and e-hookahs differ by specific product characteristics and by places where they are sold. Despite these differences, the products are used for similar purposes warranting careful monitoring of industry manufacturing and marketing, because the safety of both products is still undetermined. Additional research is needed to understand the uptake and continued use of these products.
Escape of gravitational radiation from the field of massive bodies.

We consider a compact source of gravitational waves of frequency omega in or near a massive spherically symmetric distribution of matter or a black hole. Recent calculations have led to apparently contradictory results for the influence of the massive body on the propagation of the waves. We show here that the results are in fact consistent and in agreement with the 'standard' viewpoint in which the high-frequency compact source produces the radiation as if in a flat background, and the background curvature affects the propagation of these waves.
Towards realtime measurement of connectedness in human movement

With the proliferation of wearable sensors, we have access to rich information regarding human movement that gives us insights into our daily activities like never before. In a sensor rich environment, it is desirable to build systems that are aware of human interactions by studying contextual information. In this paper, we attempt to quantify one such contextual cue - the connectedness of physical movement. Inspired by the Semblance of Typology Entrainments, we estimate the connectedness of trained dancers as observed from inertial sensors, using a diverse set of techniques such as quaternion correlation, approximate entropy, Fourier temporal pyramids, and discrete cosine transform. Preliminary experiments show that it is possible to robustly estimate connectedness that is invariant to frequency, amplitude, noise or time lag.
Temperature correction to the casimir effect

Abstract The temperature correction to the Casimir effect is calculated by applying statistical mechanics to a resonant cavity at finite temperature. Comparison is made with the macroscopic theory of Lifshitz based on a fluctuating electromagnetic field. It is found that the effect of temperature on the interaction between the plates is negligible for separations of 0.1–2 μ, but it becomes considerable for separations greater than 3 μ.
Risks of brain tumors in rubber workers: a metaanalysis.

Objective: To better understand whether rubber industry workers suffer increased risks of brain tumor, a concern that has persisted for over 40 years despite numerous well-conducted studies. Methods: We performed a formal metaanalysis of brain tumor risk estimates reported in cohort studies of rubber and tire workers. Twenty unique cohorts were identified who met a priori inclusion criteria. Metaanalysis was performed using the general variance-based method; the variance of risk estimates was calculated for each study using a chi-squared method. Homogeneity was tested by means of the Q statistic. Results: The metaanalysis determined an overall relative risk of 0.90 (95% CI = 0.79-1.02). Conclusions: The analytical results are consistent with a conclusion that risks of brain tumor are not increased as a result of occupational exposures in the rubber and tire industry.
The Great Cheese Caper

Comments on an article by authors Christine Quinn Trank and Sara Rynes on professionalism of business schools. Description of tensions and constituencies that have shaped the state of management ac...
The visual perception of smoothly curved surfaces from minimal apparent motion sequences

A series of four experiments was designed to investigate the minimal amounts of information required to perceive the structure of a smoothly curved surface from its pattern of projected motion. In Experiments 1 and 2, observers estimated the amplitudes of sinusoidally corrugated surfaces relative to their periods. Observers’ judgments varied linearly with the depicted surface amplitudes, but the amount of perceived relative depth was systematically overestimated by approximately 30%. The observers’ amplitude judgments were also influenced to a lesser extent by the amount of rotary displacement of a surface at each frame transition, and by increasing the length of the apparent motion sequences from two to eight frames. The latter effect of sequence length was quite small, however, accounting for less than 3% of the variance in the observers’ judgments. Experiments 3 and 4 examined observers’ discrimination thresholds for sinusoidally corrugated surfaces of variable amplitude and for ellipsoid surfaces of variable eccentricity. The results revealed that observers could reliably detect differences of surface structure as small as 5%. The length of the apparent motion sequences had no detectable effect on these tasks, although there were significant effects of angular displacement and surface orientation. These results are considered with respect to the analysis of affine structure from motion proposed by Todd and Bressan (1990).
AN ORTHOGONAL SOLID PHASE SUPPORT FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF OLIGONUCLEOTIDES CONTAINING 3'-PHOSPHATES AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE PREPARATION OF PHOTOLABILE HYBRIDIZATION PROBES

Abstract Photolabile oligonucleotide synthesis supports ( 3 ) can be used to prepare biopolymers containing 3′-phosphates in good yield. When 3 is prepared using Tentagel ® , oligonucleotides can be deprotected using standard concentrated aqueous ammonia conditions without cleaving the biopolymer from the support. The support bound oligonucleotide can capture its complement, and discriminate between a one base pair mismatch. Following photocleavage, the respective duplex is isolable by gel electrophoresis.
Review of digital holographic microscopy for three-dimensional profiling and tracking

Digital holographic microscopy (DHM) is a potent tool to perform three-dimensional imaging and tracking. We present a review of the state-of-the-art of DHM for three-dimensional profiling and tracking with emphasis on DHM techniques, reconstruction criteria for three-dimensional profiling and tracking, and their applications in various branches of science, including biomedical microscopy, particle imaging velocimetry, micrometrology, and holographic tomography, to name but a few. First, several representative DHM configurations are summarized and brief descriptions of DHM processes are given. Then we describe and compare the reconstruction criteria to obtain three-dimensional profiles and four-dimensional trajectories of objects. Details of the simulated and experimental evidences of DHM techniques and related reconstruction algorithms on particles, biological cells, fibers, etc., with different shapes, sizes, and conditions are also provided. The review concludes with a summary of techniques and applications of three-dimensional imaging and four-dimensional tracking by DHM.
Perceived peer safer sex norms and sexual risk behaviors among substance-using Latino adolescents.

We investigated the association between perceived peer norms and safer sexual behaviors among substance using Latino youth. Between 2005 and 2006, cross-sectional data were collected from 92 Latino adolescents recruited from clinic- and community-based settings in two U.S. cities. Separate multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between perceived peer norms around safer sex and two different outcomes: consistent condom use and multiple sexual partnerships. Among these participants, perceived peer norms encouraging safer sex were associated with consistent condom use even after controlling for individual- and partner-related factors. Perceived peer norms supporting safer sex were inversely associated with recently having two or more sexual partners after controlling for demographic characteristics. Perceived peer norms around safer sexual behavior contribute to a lower likelihood of engaging in two HIV/STI risk behaviors: inconsistent condom use and multiple partnering....
Spectral properties of a certain class of complex potentials

In this paper we discuss spectral properties of the Schroedinger operator -A + q on compact homogeneous spaces for certain complex valued potentials q. We show, for instance, that for these potentials the spectrum of -A + q is identical with the spectrum of -A. Introduction. Let G be a compact Lie group and A the bi-invariant LaplaceBeltrami operator on G. Fegan observed in [F] that there exist functions q on G for which the Schroedinger operator -/ + q possesses an infinite sequence of eigenvalues Al, .2... such that each A, is also an eigenvalue of -A. In this paper we will show that (a) potentials with this property exist not just on compact Lie groups but on arbitrary compact homogeneous spaces as well, and (b) for such potentials the entire spectrum of -A + q is identical with the spectrum of -A. In Fegan's examples as well as in ours, the potentials q are complex-valued. This means that the operator -A + q is not selfadjoint. Fortunately, however, there exists a rather nice spectral theory for such operators. For instance their generalized eigenspaces are finite dimensional and span L2. (See ?2 below.) In view of this we were surprised to find relatively little material in the literature on such operators. (A notable exception is Peter Sarnack's beautiful paper on Schroedinger operators with quasiperiodic q's. See [S].) We will describe and sketch the proof of our main result. Let G be a compact connected Lie group, H a closed subgroup and X the homogeneous space G/H. For simplicity we will assume for the moment that G is semisimple (though this assumption is not essential; see ?4 for the case G = S'). Let G be the unitary dual of G. We can order G lexicographically by choosing a system of positive weights. Consider the Hilbert-space direct sum (1.1) L2(X) = Ha, a EG, Ha being the G-invariant subspace of L2( X) on which G acts according to the representation a. Each irreducible subspace of Ha possesses a unique maximal weight vector. Let H,,' be the subspace of Ha spanned by these vectors and let (1.2) L2(X)+= Ha+. Received by the editors August 18, 1982 and, in revised form, November 19, 1982. 1980 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 58G25; Secondary 35P99. 'Research supported by the National University of Mexico. C1983 American Mathematical Society 0002-9947/83 $1.00 + $.25 per page
Hypoglycemia after resection of pheochromocytoma

Background Hypoglycemia after resection of pheochromocytoma is a rare and poorly understood complication thought to be secondary to rebound hyperinsulinemia and increased peripheral glucose uptake. We examined the incidence of this complication and aimed to identify predisposing risk factors. Methods Patients who underwent pheochromocytoma resection between 1993 and 2013 at 2 large academic medical centers were identified retrospectively from a research patient data registry. The primary end point was postoperative hypoglycemia defined as blood glucose Results A total of 213 patients underwent resection of pheochromocytoma for a total of 215 operations. Nine patients (4.2%) experienced postoperative hypoglycemia, with 8 of 9 episodes occurring in the first 24 hours. Patients who developed hypoglycemia were more likely to have greater preoperative 24-hour urinary metanephrine (4,726 vs 2,461 μg/24 h, P = .05) and experienced longer operative times (270 vs 142 minutes, P Conclusion Our data demonstrate that hypoglycemia is a rare complication after resection of pheochromocytoma and may be more common in patients with epinephrine-predominant neoplasms and longer operative times.
Climate forcing of geological hazards

edited by Bill McGuire and Mark Maslin, The Royal Society and John Wiley & Sons, London, UK, 2013, xiii + 311 pp., €93.00, hbk (ISBN 978-0-470-65865-9). There is nothing new in this book! This work...
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase: measurement and development in guinea pig small intestine.

A modification ofa previous method for the assay ofy glutamyI transpeptidase (GGTP) was developed. Substrate solubility difficulties alluded to by other investigators were avoided by employing heating and solubilization of the chromogenic substrate y glutamyl-P-naphthylamide in a medium of carbonate 0.05 M and Tris buffer 0.1 M at pH 9.5. The kinetics and conditions for such an assay are described. Whole intestinal homogenates of adult male guinea pigs were used as the source of the enzyme. The developmental pattern of this enzyme was determined in fetuses at 55 and 63 days of gestation and at varying times from 1 to 90 days of age. A total of 69 animals was assayed. The general pattern was that ofhigh specific activity during prenatal life, with a rapid decline during the neonatal period (3-24 days of age) and a slight increase after 55 days of age. Other guinea pig organs were studied. Liver and kidney were found to contain enzyme activity greater than that of the intestine. Subcellular fractionation of intestinal mucosa using ultracentrifugation revealed a twenty-fold enrichment of activity in jejunal brush border membrane, compared with whole jejunal homogenates when expressed as specific enzyme activity per mg of protein. The stability characteristics of GGTP disclosed no loss of specific activity when stored at -28' for 50 days. This simple enzyme assay, stability of the enzyme when frozen, subcellular distribution in the intestinal brush border membrane, and an unusual developmental pattern made this enzyme a useful adjunct to the study of intestinal protein metabolism.
Multiconfiguration multichannel Schwinger study of the C(1s) photoionization of CO including shake-up satellites.

Often the inclusion of electron-correlation effects in photoionization calculations is crucial; e.g., calculation of satellite cross sections and asymmetry parameters in core ionization of molecules. We have developed a computational approach to include the relaxation, multiconfiguration, and multichannel effects, in a multichannel configuration-interaction (MCCI) approximation, for the study of molecular photoionization. Results are presented of a detailed MCCI-Schwinger study of the C(1s) core-hole production in CO, including the formation of the lowest two π→π * shake-up satellites. It is shown that the multichannel effects are more important in describing the satellites than the core-hole channel
Organization of potential alternative nitrogenase genes from Clostridium pasteurianum

A 3.3 kb HindIII genomic DNA fragment from Clostridium pasteurianum ATCC 6013 which hybridized to the anfDGK genes for the Fe-only 'alternative' nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii was cloned. Open reading frames (ORFs D, G, and K) with high sequence identity to anfD, anfG, and part of anfK were located in the nucleotide sequence obtained for 2494 bp of this fragment. In C. pasteurianum, ORFD maps approximately 1.8 kb downstream of nifH3 and is transcribed in the same direction. There was no evidence for additional copies of ORFDGK-like sequences in the genome of C. pasteurianum, other than those encoding the Mo-nitrogenase. Physiological and biochemical studies suggest that a nitrogenase not requiring molybdenum may occur in C. pasteurianum. This enzyme is probably encoded by nifH3 and ORFs D, G, and K identified here.
Green or brown? Television and the cultivation of environmental concern

This study examines relationships between television viewing and environmental concern. Using data from the 1993 and 1994 General Social Survey, we examine the associations between exposure to television's messages and respondents’ willingness to make sacrifices for the environment, perceptions of threat from pollution, and perceptions of the impact of science and technology on the environment. The results show that television viewing is associated with a general apprehension about the state of the environment, but is not consistently related to viewers’ perception of threats from specific sources. Heavy television viewers are generally less willing to make sacrifices for environmental reasons. Subgroup and mainstreaming relationships are explored.
Algebra at work

(1997). Algebra at work. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 129-158.
XIII. Methods of electrical and mechanical testing of radio-frequency cables at the Naval research laboratory

THE FOLLOWING methods of electrical and mechanical testing are in general use at the Naval Research Laboratory for the type-approval testing of radio-frequency cables submitted by the various manufacturers and for special tests. Many of the methods originated at this laboratory.
Deuterium isotope effects in solutions of 2,4‐pentanedione

Proton and deuterium n.m.r. measurements in acetylacetone and 3,3-d2-acetylacetone are reported. Deuterium-isotope effects on chemical shifts and keto–enol equilibria as a function of concentration in the two solvents triethylamine and pyrrole are determined. A strong solvent concentration dependence for d-isotope effects is observed in triethylamine; in pyrrole no dependence is obtained. The results are interpreted in terms of an equilibrium between the symmetrical (C2v) and asymmetrical (Cs) enolic forms in acetylacetone. The usefulness of 2H n.m.r. for the study of exchange processes is demonstrated.
Differences in Ponderosa Pine Isocupressic Acid Concentrations Across Space and Time

Differences in Ponderosa Pine Isocupressic Acid Concentrations Across Space and Time DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v32i3_cook
Species-specific differences in pure tonal whistle vocalizations of five western North Atlantic dolphin species

Pure tonal ‘whistle’ vocalizations from five species of dolphins found in the western North Atlantic had consistent, species-specific characteristics. The degree of differences between species, as based on the results of multivariate discriminant analysis (Fig. 2), correlated with the taxonomic and zoogeographic relations of the five dolphin species. Congeneric species had more similar vocalizations than species of different genera. Differences between sympatric species were greater than differences between allopatric species. Of the six whistle parameters measured, maximum frequency had the lowest coefficient of variation for all five species, and duration and number of inflection points had the highest coefficients of variation for all five species.
THE CHEMICAL REFRACTOMETER

SUMMARY Refractometers have been standard laboratory tools since the eighteen ninties. With widespread use, the original Zeiss Abbe refractometer speciated to fill a variety of niches in research and industry. The expanding importance of the laboratory ensured the production of and development of Abbe refractometers by other firms after World War One. Competition and the changing work force pushed instrument evolution towards greater ease of use. Limitations of the Abbe design resulted in efforts to create more precise instruments to meet demands of research and industry, some instruments based on the Abbe, and others on different principles.
Midtrimester pregnancy termination: a randomized trial of prostaglandin E2 versus concentrated oxytocin.

Abstract OBJECTIVES : The purpose of this study was to determine whether a concentrated oxytocin infusion can reliably effect uterine evacuation in the midtrimester and whether such an infusion is associated with fewer side effects than prostaglandin E 2 vaginal suppositories. TUDY DESIGN : Patients received either prostaglandin E 2 ( n = 42) or oxytocin ( n = 45) for indicated midtrimester abortions in a prospective, randomized trial. Treatment consisted of either prostaglandin E 2 vaginal suppositories (one every 4 hours) or infusions of an escalating concentration of oxytocin (one every 4 hours). Unless delivery had occurred or was imminent after 24 hours, the agent was considered to have failed, and patients were crossed to the alternative method. RESULTS : Delivery indications were similar between the two groups. There were 6 (14%) first-agent failures with prostaglandin E 2 and 9 (20%) with oxytocin ( p = 0.48). Considering the failures and subsequent crossovers, 103 patient trial regimens were completed. Fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were more frequent with prostaglandin E 2 ( p CONCLUSIONS : Concentrated oxytocin is a satisfactory alternative to prostaglandin E 2 for midtrimester abortion. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1112–6.)
Near-field excitation modeling in microwave tomography

In Microwave Tomography (MWT), a significant hindrance to image convergence is modeling error in the MWT algorithm. Modeling error is the failure of the forward solver to accurately model the physical reality of the MWT system. This leads to reduced fitness values of optimal solutions, and in the worst case scenario, can cause convergence to non-real solutions. A significant source of modeling error introduced into the forward solver is the assumption that illuminating radiation is sufficiently in the far-field to be modeled as a uniform plane wave. Due to close proximity of the antennas and imaging target in most MWT implementations to date, this assumption may be invalid. While the simulation of the antennas in the forward solver would ameliorate this problem, this would lead to intractable simulation times. By running a single simulation of the transmitting antenna, this significant source of modeling error can be rectified without increasing the forward solver's run-time significantly.
HYPOSPADIAS AND URETHRAL DEVELOPMENT

Purpose:: Hypospadias is a common congenital anomaly that may be treated with surgical reconstruction. In the majority of cases the etiology remains elusive. Although androgens are clearly critical for penile development, defects in androgen metabolism and/or the androgen receptor explain only a small subset of cases of hypospadias. Strategies are presented for understanding the etiology of hypospadias.Materials and Methods:: Current scientific reports on the etiology of hypospadias were reviewed, and the embryology and possible mechanisms of urethral and penile formation are presented.Results:: A new theory of glandular human urethral development via endodermal cellular differentiation is proposed to replace the classic explanation of ectodermal intrusion.Conclusions:: Careful studies of penile and urethral development have led to a better understanding of genital embryology. Future areas of study, such as endocrine disrupters, mesenchymal-epithelial interactions and mechanisms of penile growth, are prop...
Space, scale, governance, and representation: Contemporary geographical perspectives on urban politics and policy

Urban studies has long been an interdisciplinary field, drawing from, among other disciplines, anthropology, geography, history, planning, political science, and sociology. Geographers in urban stu...
Low-Valent Molecular Plutonium Halide Complexes

Treatment of plutonium metal with 1.5 equiv of bromine in tetrahydrofuran (thf) led to isolation of PuBr3(thf)4 (1), which is a new versatile synthon for exploration of non-aqueous Pu(III) chemistry. Adventitious water in the system resulted in structural characterization of the eight-coordinate complex [PuBr2(H2O)6][Br] (2). The crystal structure of PuI3(thf)4 (3) has been determined for the first time and is isostructural with UI3(thf)4. Attempts to form a bis(imido) plutonyl(VI) moiety ([Pu(NR)2]2+) by oxidation of PuI3(py)4 with iodine and tBuNH2 resulted in crystallization of the Pu(III) complex [PuI2(thf)4(py)][I3] (4). Dissolution of a Pu(IV) carbonate with a HCl/Et2O solution in thf gave the mixed valent (III/IV) complex salt [PuCl2(thf)5][PuCl5(thf)] (5) as the only tractable product. Oxidation of Pu[N(SiMe3)2]3 with TeCl4 afforded the Pu(IV) complex Pu[N(SiMe3)2]3Cl (6), which may prove to be a useful entry route for investigation of organometallic/non-aqueous tetravalent plutonium chemistry.
Reply to Harris’ comments on “Experience with congruity in the perception of incongruity”

Harris’ analysis of the Lasko and Lindauer study of the perception of incongruity, to illustrate the distinction between seeing and saying, and to suggest improvements to control for this apparent confusion, is rejected as neither relevant nor useful.
Solution to the chemical uncertainty principle challenge.

This expression summarizes the relationship between both uncertainties relative and absolute (Fig. 1). One must remember that this expression describes the approximate trend, not the exact relationship. Nevertheless, the trend is obvious standard analytical practice cannot provide both low absolute uncertainty and low relative measurement uncertainty. The lower the absolute measurement uncertainty (error), the larger the relative measurement uncertainty and vice versa. Philosophically speaking, the very fact that the exponent in Eq. (1) is less than unity leads to an increase in the relative standard deviation as the amounts of analyte decreases. Mathematically this implies the existence of an “absolute zero” for analytical chemistry, a concentration at which reliable measurement is no longer practically possible. This level is reached at the relative measurement uncertainty of ∼66%. This is evident from the standard definition of the detection limit, γDL=3 s. Remember that u=2 s, therefore uR=2/3 at the classical detection limit (3 s). Combining the expressions uR=2/3 and uR≅0.020γ leads to: lg g ffi 10:1 or g ffi 1 10 10 0:1 ppb ð Þ
Sequence analysis of nuclear matrix associated DNA from rat liver

Abstract The DNA associated with the nuclear matrix of rat liver was studied. The amount of DNA associated with the matrix varied with the concentration of DNase used in its preparation, but approached a plateau value of 1% of total nuclear DNA. We next studied the sequence complexity of this residual DNA. Using C0t analyses, it was found that the complexity of matrix DNA was the same as that of total nuclear DNA, indicating that matrix DNA does not represent any specific sequence class. However, using 125I-labeled ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as a probe, we found that the genes for rRNA are significantly enriched in the residual matrix DNA. The implications of these results are discussed.
Wind-induced interference effects on buildings : a review of the state-of-the-art

The evaluation of wind loads on buildings is carried out mainly by using codes and standards, whose specifications are generally based on wind tunnel tests performed on isolated structures in an open terrain. However, it has been shown by several researchers that wind loads on buildings in realistic environments may be considerably different from those measured on isolated buildings. Neighbouring structures may either decrease or increase the flow-induced forces on a building, depending mainly on the geometry and arrangement of these structures, their orientation with respect to the direction of flow and upstream terrain conditions. Therefore, this effect, commonly known as interference, must be properly assessed by designers and planners. This paper reviews and analyzes over six decades of work pertaining to interference effects. In addition to highlighting the seriousness of the problem, the analysis has found inconsistencies in the results and incoherence among various studies. A few attempts to provide general recommendations have not been successful, due to the complex nature of the problem and the large variation among various studies. It is, therefore, imperative to tackle the problem of interference in a systematic manner in order to propose a generalized set of guidelines that will be of practical use to building designers and planners.
Empowering Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth: Lessons Learned From a Safe Schools Summit

ABSTRACT The bullying of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) youth in schools is a significant problem in the United States. This study examined responses of youth participants at a statewide Safe Schools Summit to a survey of their experiences with school-based violence, harassment, and discrimination, and of the effects of their attendance at the Summit. Quantitative analyses found that 92% of respondents felt “more empowered” following participation in the Summit. Qualitative analyses found several emerging themes related to respondents' experiences with victimization (leading to a sense of powerlessness and attempts at self-protection) and to their experiences at the Summit itself (leading to catharsis, strengthened skills, and a commitment to confront bullies and to make schools safer). A conceptual model of the interaction of these factors is presented and implications for further research and practice are discussed.
Long-term regulation of glucogenesis by dietary carbohydrate and relevance to blood sugar level in an insect Manduca sexta L.

Abstract The blood sugar level of the insect Manduca sexta L. is highly variable and appears to be regulated in a non-homeostatic manner. This study examined the roles of gluconeogenesis and dietary carbohydrate as sources of blood sugar in M. sexta L. De novo glucose synthesis from [3-13C]alanine was demonstrated from the fractional 13C enrichment in trehalose, a disaccharide of glucose and the principal blood sugar of insects. 13C was detected by NMR spectroscopy. Gluconeogenesis contributed significantly to blood sugar in insects maintained on a low carbohydrate diet, but on a high carbohydrate diet blood sugar was derived principally from dietary carbohydrate. Starvation failed to induce gluconeogenesis. The relative contributions of the competing pyruvate carboxylation and pyruvate decarboxylation reactions to [3-13C]alanine metabolism under different dietary regimes were indicated from the 13C labeling distribution in glutamine and were consistent with the presence or absence of gluconeogenesis. Despite active gluconeogenesis, the blood sugar level of insects on the low carbohydrate diet was significantly less than that of animals on the high carbohydrate diet. Glucose synthesis was not evident until 6–12 h of feeding on the low carbohydrate diet and maximal gluconeogenesis was not observed until after 48 h. Administration of the transcription inhibitor cordycepin significantly inhibited the initiation of glucose synthesis and it is concluded that long-term regulation over gluconeogenesis through gene expression and enzyme synthesis is the principal mechanism of nutritional regulation.
Compaction of woven-fabric preforms in liquid composite molding processes: single-layer deformation

A theoretical study of elastic deformation during the compaction of woven-fabric preforms in liquid composite molding processes is presented in this paper. The analysis focuses on the unit cell of an orthogonal plain-weave fibrous preform, which is composed of two sets of mutually orthogonal yarns. A 3D model of the unit cell has been proposed with certain assumptions and been used to predict the compressive behavior of yarns. On the basis of this model and beam theory in the mechanics of materials, analytical expressions for relations among the fiber volume fraction, the applied compressive force and the preform thickness reduction have been established. A prediction of the limiting fiber volume fraction is also obtained. The results of this study also have significant implication in the understanding of preform permeability in liquid composite molding processes.