cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study of multiple causes of death in California.

Abstract Exploratory work has been carried out by the California State Department of Public Health in studying the multiple causes and conditions reported on a 50 per cent sample of California death certificates for 1955. Thus far, the data summarized show that there is a great deal of information about specific conditions in the medical certification of death which is not part of the usual tabulations of deaths by underlying cause. About 64 per cent of the certificates report conditions in addition to the underlying cause. The data also show that there is wide variation in the relative frequency with which specific conditions are reported as the underlying cause or in conjunction with other causes. Limitations and possible uses of the data in epidemiologic studies have been discussed. Causes reported with diabetes on this sample of death certificates were presented as indicating possible relationship of certain causes to diabetes. The diabetes multiple cause information was used to show frequency and distribution of diabetes in the 1955 population of California decedents. These data give more information on the distribution of this disease than is given by the usual mortality data based upon underlying cause.
The Functions of Abstracts in the Initial Screening of Technical Documents by the User.

Abstracts (and other short surrogates for the complete text) of a document have been generally considered a valuable aid to the reader in quickly determining the relevance of a document (as well as, in some cases, serving as a substitute for reading the text, and as a separate surrogate in secondary services). A test of this hypothesis was conducted in the form of a field experiment in three military laboratories. Based on what a sample of 85 scientists and engineers reported on the time they took and the relevance judgments they made with respect to the documents which came across their desks over a four week period, there does not appear to be any evidence to support the assumption that abstracts, accompanying a document, have any significant effect.
Nonverbal concomitants of enacted emotional intensity and positivity: Visual and vocal behavior1

This study focused on how emotional expressions are implied through visual and vocal behaviors. The roles of proportion gaze, glance duration, and vocal loudness in expressing emotional positivity and intensity were examined. Emotional positivity, emotional intensity, and target of the communication were manipulated in a mixed design. Forty-eight female subjects performed a liking or an anger message to a man and to a camera with strong and weak intensity. Videotaped responses were analyzed. Strong emotional intensity conditions evoked more direct gaze regardless of the message positivity or the target of the emotional expression. Longer glances and louder speech were associated with only intense negative emotional expression regardless of the target of the expression. The proportion gaze data support the view that eye contact serves as an intensifier of affective expression. Methodological considerations and questions about generalizability are discussed.
Preservation Of Specific Flurescence By Sealing With Nail Polish

Semipermanent mounting media and postfixation of immunofluorescence (IF) slides in alcohol have been effective in preserving specific fluorescence (SF). In the present study the efficacy of such mounting was compared with a simpler technique of sealing the routinely mounted IF slides with nail polish. Frozen sections of skin lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus and lichen planus, and patients' sera known to have pemphigus or pemphigoid antibodies were used for IF procedures. SF was equally detectable with both techniques for over 8 months. Control slides similarly processed but not sealed lost most of their SF within a few weeks.
The rate of convergence in distribution of the maxima

Assume the normalized maxima, from an independent and identically distributed sequence of random variables, converge in distribution to a non-degenerate random variable with extreme value distribution G(x). We derive a pointwise rate for this convergence which holds for all n and x with G(x) > 0. A closer examination of this result suggests how a uniform rate can be obtained.
Maternal self-efficacy: illusory control and its effect on susceptibility to learned helplessness.

66 mothers of 5-month-old infants participated in 2 simulated child-care tasks to examine differences in response to the performance demands of child care. Mothers first participated in a task in which they estimated their perception of control over stopping an audiotaped infant cry (illusion of control). 1 week later, they participated in another task to assess their ability to learn effective responses in stopping the cry (susceptibility to learned helplessness). Mothers with a high illusion of control differed from mothers with low or moderate illusory control by showing increased susceptibility to helplessness. Physiologically, mothers with low and moderate illusory control showed attenuated and “attentive” heart-rate responses to the impending cry, respectively. Mothers with high illusory control were “inattentive,” with mothers of difficult infants in that group responding “defensively.” Our data suggest that high illusion of control may be a maladaptive response to the performance demands of child care.
Communication issues and advance care planning.

Objectives To provide practical strategies to enhance the quality of communication in the palliative and end-of-life medical care settings. Data sources Published articles, textbooks, and reports. Conclusion The components of effective and compassionate care at the end of life require successful communication with patients, families, and members of the health care team. Unfortunately, few health care professionals are formally trained in communication skills. Implications for nursing practice Nurses who possess self-awareness and are skilled in effective communication practices are integral to the provision of high-quality palliative care for patients and families coping with advanced malignancies.
Role of Solvent Trapping Effects in Determining the Structure and Morphology of Ternary Blend Organic Devices

We present results of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) measurements of bulk heterojunction organic solar cells built from a ternary blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), and [2,3,12,13-tetracyano-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)porphyrinato]copper(II) (Cu(CN)4P) porphyrin. These results show evidence of solvent trapping due to porphyrin in the film. Upon annealing, submicrometer depressions are observed in the ternary blend films, corresponding to the evolution of solvent that is associated with the small porphyrin aggregates that phase segregate in the middle of the depressions. The areal density and size of the depressions change systematically with porphyrin concentration in the ternary blend. The relationship of the observed morphologies to the previously measured device performance is discussed.
INDICATIONS, CLINICAL USE AND TOXICITY OF 4-4′ DIHYDROXY DIETHYL STILBENE

THE PRESENT PAPER is a report of a 2-year survey of the estrogenic effectiveness, clincal usefulness and safety of stilbestrol (4-4′ hydroxy-a-bdiethyl stilbene). A number of other synthetic estrogenic drugs including stilbestrol dipropionate, hexestrol, and a methylated form of stilbestrol have been studied less extensively and will be reported on at a later date. In a previous clinical study (1) on ico patients who received stilbestrol for varying periods of time guarded conclusions were drawn. The present report covers a much larger group of patients given stilbestrol over an extended period. Most of the original observations can now be confirmed in the light of a great deal more collected data. The series under consideration is the largest yet reported, numbering over 600 patients, all of whom have been under observation for at least 6 months, most of them for 12 months, and some for as long as 21 months. Careful clinical and laboratory check-up has been employed throughout the investigation.
Interaction of methionine and indoleacetic acid in the control of abscission in Nicotiana.

SummaryMethionine (presumably as a methyl donor) accelerates floral abscission in tobacco. IAA retards abscission. When the two factors are added to developing ovaries in combination, in general the effect is one of diminishing the effect of either when added alone. However, high concentrations of IAA completely overcome the accelerating effect of methionine.
Melanoma Adjuvant Therapy

The risk of recurrence and death after complete surgical resection of clinically detectable primary cutaneous melanoma ranges from low, intermediate to high risk depending on the stage of disease at diagnosis. This is defined by the depth, ulceration status and mitotic rate of the primary tumor, the presence of regional nodal disease or distant metastasis. For high-risk melanoma, adjuvant therapy aims at eradicating melanoma micrometastases in those patients that carry an unacceptable risk of mortality from melanoma recurrence. The ultimate goal of adjuvant therapy is to provide a potential cure before progression into advanced inoperable stages. After decades of randomized clinical trials, interferon-α alone has been shown to have a significant impact on relapse free survival and at high dosage on overall survival. These survival benefits were seen in comparison to observation (E1684 trial) and the ganglioside GMK vaccine (E1694 trial). Advances in our understanding of melanoma molecular biology and host immunology have given ways to novel targets and therapeutic agents that have demonstrated unprecedented results in the management of metastatic disease and currently are being tested in the adjuvant stetting where recent data support a significant clinical impact of adjuvant ipilimumab. Here, we review the standard of care melanoma adjuvant therapy along with the main completed, current and planned clinical trials.
Discovery of information disseminators and receptors on online social media

Today, there is significant sharing of information artifacts among users on various social media sites, including Digg, Twitter and Flickr. An interesting consequence of such rich and extensive social interaction is the evolving nature of "roles" that are acquired by users over time, in the context of variegated communication activities, such as commenting, replying, uploading a media artifact and so on. In this paper, we investigate the discovery of two roles that define information dissipation: disseminators and receptors. We propose a computational framework based on factorization of stacked representation of activities and test the outcomes on a dataset from Digg. Experiments show that our approach can, interestingly, reveal correlations with user activities occurring at a future point in time.
Gemfibrozil, a lipid-lowering drug, induces suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in glial cells: Implications for neurodegenerative disorders

Glial inflammation is an important feature of several neurodegenerative disorders. Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins play a crucial role in inhibiting cytokine signaling and inflammatory gene expression in various cell types, including glial cells. However, mechanisms by which SOCS genes could be up-regulated are poorly understood. This study underlines the importance of gemfibrozil, a Food and Drug Administration-approved lipid-lowering drug, in up-regulating the expression of SOCS3 in glial cells. Gemfibrozil increased the expression of Socs3 mRNA and protein in mouse astroglia and microglia in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, gemfibrozil induced the activation of type IA phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and AKT. Accordingly, inhibition of PI 3-kinase and AKT by chemical inhibitors abrogated gemfibrozil-mediated up-regulation of SOCS3. Furthermore, we demonstrated that gemfibrozil induced the activation of Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) via the PI 3-kinase-AKT pathway and that siRNA knockdown of KLF4 abrogated gemfibrozil-mediated up-regulation of SOCS3. Gemfibrozil also induced the recruitment of KLF4 to the distal, but not proximal, KLF4-binding site of the Socs3 promoter. This study delineates a novel property of gemfibrozil in up-regulating SOCS3 in glial cells via PI 3-kinase-AKT-mediated activation of KLF4 and suggests that gemfibrozil may find therapeutic application in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
Accuracy of the seven subtest WAIS-R short form in chronic schizophrenia

The accuracy of the WAIS-R seven subtest short form (Ward, L.C., 1990. Prediction of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs from seven subtests of the WAIS-R. J. Clin. Psychol. 46, 436-440) was examined for predicting IQs of 73 inpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Results indicated that 93% of the estimated Full Scale IQs were within +/-5 points of their actual scores. Using Wechsler's (1981) seven category intelligence classification, the level of agreement on the Full Scale IQ was 84% for the standard WAIS-R and the seven subtest short form. This abbreviated Wechsler Scale may be used with schizophrenic patients when only general estimates of intellectual functioning are required.
Reprogramming of Embryonic Human Fibroblasts into Fetal Hematopoietic Progenitors by Fusion with Human Fetal Liver CD34+ Cells

Experiments with somatic cell nuclear transfer, inter-cellular hybrid formation_ENREF_3, and ectopic expression of transcription factors have clearly demonstrated that cell fate can be dramatically altered by changing the epigenetic state of cell nuclei. Here we demonstrate, using chemical fusion, direct reprogramming of the genome of human embryonic fibroblasts (HEF) into the state of human fetal liver hFL CD34+ (hFL) hematopoietic progenitors capable of proliferating and differentiating into multiple hematopoietic lineages. We show that hybrid cells retain their ploidy and can differentiate into several hematopoietic lineages. Hybrid cells follow transcription program of differentiating hFL cells as shown by genome-wide transcription profiling. Using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) profiling of both donor genomes we demonstrate reprogramming of HEF genome into the state of hFL hematopoietic progenitors. Our results prove that it is possible to convert the fetal somatic cell genome into the state of fetal hematopoietic progenitors by fusion. This suggests a possibility of direct reprogramming of human somatic cells into tissue specific progenitors/stem cells without going all the way back to the embryonic state. Direct reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells into the tissue specific progenitors will likely prove useful for the development of novel cell therapies.
EXTENDED WAVELENGTH (1.0 to 1.3 μm) InGaAs/GaAs QUANTUM DOT GaAs-BASED VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING AND LATERAL-CAVITY EDGE-EMITTING LASERS

An important advance in InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot lasers has been the demonstration of lasing at wavelengths significantly longer than that possible using InGaAs strained quantum wells, extending beyond 1.3 μm. These fully GaAs-based active regions are compatible with commercial vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) technology based on selective oxidation, and offer novel performance due to their three-dimensional electronic confinement. This chapter reviews the status of long wavelength quantum dot edge-emitting lasers and VCSELs, and presents some of the new physical principles needed to understand their novel device characteristics.
Review of the treatment literature for encopresis, functional constipation, and stool-toileting refusal

This review summarizes the literature on randomized, controlled, published studies involving medical, behavioral, psychological, and biofeedback treatments for encopresis/functional constipation and stool-toileting refusal in preschool-age and school-age children. Nine such studies were located in the literature involving school-age children. No randomized, controlled treatment studies involving preschool-age children have been published. This review revealed no evidence to support the routine use of psychotherapy or anal sphincter biofeedback in the treatment of pediatric fecal elimination dysfunctions, beyond those benefits derived from a comprehensive medical-behavioral intervention. Further, this review indicated that paradoxical constriction of the External Anal Sphincter does not influence the treatment outcome of either biofeedback or medical-behavioral interventions. There are remarkably few controlled treatment outcome studies in this most important clinical area. More research is needed that employs standard treatment outcome variables.
The Relationship of Transversus Abdominis and Lumbar Multifidus Activation and Prognostic Factors for Clinical Success With a Stabilization Exercise Program: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract Hebert JJ, Koppenhaver SL, Magel JS, Fritz JM. The relationship of transversus abdominis and lumbar multifidus activation and prognostic factors for clinical success with a stabilization exercise program: a cross-sectional study. Objective To examine the relationship between prognostic factors for clinical success with a stabilization exercise program and lumbar multifidus (LM) and transversus abdominis (TrA) muscle activation assessed using rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Outpatient physical therapy clinic. Participants Volunteers with current low back pain (N=40). Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures We examined the relationship between prognostic factors associated with clinical success with a stabilization exercise program (positive prone instability test, age 91°, presence of lumbar hypermobility) and degree of TrA and LM muscle activation assessed by RUSI. Results Significant univariate relationships were identified between LM muscle activation and the number of prognostic factors present (Pearson correlation coefficient [r] =−.558, P=.001), as well as the individual factors of a positive prone instability test (point biserial correlation coefficient [rpbis]=.376, P=.018) and segmental hypermobility (rpbis=.358, P=.025). The multivariate analyses indicated that after controlling for other variables, the addition of the variable "number of prognostic factors present" resulted in a significant increase in R2 (P=.006). No significant univariate or multivariate relationships were observed between the prognostic factors and TrA muscle activation. Conclusions Decreased LM muscle activation, but not TrA muscle activation, is associated with the presence of factors predictive of clinical success with a stabilization exercise program. Our findings provide researchers and clinicians with evidence regarding the construct validity of the prognostic factors examined in this study, as well as the potential clinical importance of the LM muscle as a target for stabilization exercises.
Atomic Layer Deposition‐Modified Ordered Mesoporous Silica Membranes

Mesoporous silica membranes, prepared by surfactant-templating with a pore diameter of ∼4 nm on an alumina support, are modified by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide. ALD of aluminum oxide is achieved using trimethyl aluminum (TMA) and water as reactants. Membranes modified up to 50 ALD reaction cycles are characterized periodically during progressive reaction cycles to provide details of the pore modification process. A decrease in light gas permeance, pore size distribution shift to lower pore sizes, and a decrease in porosity provide evidence for pore-size reduction through ALD. Further analysis of the data indicates that the ALD reaction favors larger pores and defects, and becomes less efficient as the pore size decreases.
Hand replantation following three-level amputation: a case report.

This report of a successful wrist replantation after a 54-hour period of cold ischemia illustrates a number of interesting challenges in both the initial and late phases of treatment. Early problems include the prolonged ischemia time and soft tissue defects. Late problems include wrist instability, thumb stance, combined low nerve lesions, and the loss of intrinsic muscle tissue. A number of case reports and series have reported successful replantation after prolonged periods of ischemia. The value of immediate and appropriate tissue cooling in prolonged tissue survival is well established. However, the acceptable range of normothermic and hypothermic ischemic storage remains controversial. There is little question that the tolerance of composite tissue for ischemia is dependent on the quantity of contained skeletal muscle.’ Digit replantation has been reported after a hypothermic ischemic interval as long as 94 hours.’ Experimentally, successful revascularization has been carried out with anoxic periods exceeding 100 hours. We are aware of successful replantation of major human limbs with ischemic times of up to 13% hours3 and of successful human hand replantation after anoxic intervals of 7 hours4 and 36 hours.” We believe this case documents the longest anoxic period yet reported for successful hand replantation. We further believe that the functional result attained confirms the value of hand replantation even after such a prolonged ischemic interval.
Ligand-promoted carbene insertion into the aryl substituent of an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand in ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts.

Addition of L = carbon monoxide or aryl isocyanides to the Grubbs second-generation carbene complexes Ru(H2IMes)(CHR)(PCy3)Cl2 (H2IMes = 1,3-dimesityl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene; R = Ph, Me, H, CH=CMe2) triggers carbene insertion into an aromatic ring of the N-heterocyclic carbene supporting ligand, forming Ru{1-mesityl-3-(-7′-R-2′,4′,6′-trimethylcycloheptatrienyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene}L2(PCy3)Cl2. Insertions are also promoted for other PR3 substituted complexes by carbon monoxide and aryl isocyanides, and for the phosphine-free Hoveyda−Blechert complex Ru(H2IMes)(CH(i-PrOC6H4))Cl2 by aryl isocyanides and small phosphites but only after initial displacement of the coordinated ether. Heteroatom substituted carbenes do not undergo CO-promoted insertion unless poorer electron donor phosphine (PPh3) and carbene (CH(OC6H4-p-NO2) ligands are both present. Insertion depends on the added ligand, the carbene substituent, and to a lesser degree on the PR3 ligand trans to the N-heterocyclic carbene.
Emergent Management Strategies in a Public Agency: A Case Study of Alternative Fuel Vehicles

The ability of public organizations to invest in emerging technologies is dependent upon the degree to which they can effectively manage the risks of being a lead-user in a political environment. However, little is known about the dimensions and implications of the different forms of risk faced by innovative public organizations as well as the strategies employed to manage them. This paper addresses these issues by studying how one public agency implements a program of replacing its transportation fleet with alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs).
Sequential oral 9-nitrocamptothecin and etoposide: a pharmacodynamic- and pharmacokinetic-based phase I trial.

Purpose: Resistance to topoisomerase (topo) I inhibitors has been related to down-regulation of nuclear target enzyme, whereas sensitization to topo II inhibitors may result from induction of topo II by topo I inhibitors. Here, we evaluated a sequence-specific administration of a topo I inhibitor followed by a topo II inhibitor. Experimental Design: Twenty-five patients with advanced or metastatic malignancies were treated with increasing doses (0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, or 2.0 mg/m2) of 9-nitrocamptothecin (9-NC) on days 1 to 3, followed by etoposide (100 or 150 mg/d) on days 4 and 5. At the maximally tolerated dose, 20 additional patients were enrolled. The median age was 60 years (range, 40–84 years). Endpoints included pharmacokinetic analyses of 9-NC and etoposide, and treatment-induced modulations of topo I and II expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fatigue were dose-limiting toxicities and occurred in six patients. Despite a median number of four prior regimens (range 1–12), 2 (4%) patients had an objective response and 13 (29%) patients had stable disease. In contrast to the expected modulation in topo I and IIα levels, we observed a decrease in topo IIα levels, whereas topo I levels were not significantly altered by 9-NC treatment. Conclusions: Sequence-specific administration of 9-NC and etoposide is tolerable and active. However, peripheral blood mononuclear cells may not be a predictive biological surrogate for drug-induced modulation of topo levels in tumor tissues and should be further explored in larger studies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(8):2130–7]
Comparison theorems for separable wavelet frames

It is known that wavelet frames do not exhibit a Nyquist density. Even so, this paper shows that the affine densities of the sets UxV and SxT affect the frame properties of {u^-^1^2f(xu-v)}"u"@?"U","v"@?"V and {s^-^1^2g(xs-t)}"s"@?"S","t"@?"T. In particular, it is shown that there is a relationship between the densities of the dilation sets U and S and weighted admissibility constants of f and g. This relationship implies a comparison theorem, whereby the affine densities of UxV and SxT are proportional, with proportionality constant depending on the frame bounds and the admissibility constants of f and g. These results are also extended to wavelet frame sequences.
Thermal desorption spectroscopy of magnesium from a chemical vapor deposited aluminum oxide surface

Abstract The binding of vapor deposited magnesium atoms to amorphous aluminum oxide was investigated by thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) combined with mass spectrometric detection of the desorbed species and Auger electron spectrometric examination of the oxide surface, as well as by sticking probability measurements. The TDS studies of magnesium desorption from the aluminum oxide film showed that at coverages ⪯7×10 13 cm -2 , one first-order TDS peak was observed with T m =489 K. An activation energy for desorption ( E d ) of 163 kJ mol -1 was determined for this process at low coverages. A crystal equivalent bond enthalpy model was used to calculate H L , the bond enthalpy value for an adsorbed metal-surface oxygen bond. For Mg on alumina(am) the calculated value 2 H L =166.2 kJ mol -1 agrees with the experimental value and indicates that two magnesium-oxygen bonds are broken in the desorption process ( E d =2 H L ). In a separate experiment Mg was deposited on an alumina film and then exposed to O 2 (g). TDS indicated that oxygen exposure results in increased thermal stability of adsorbed Mg.
ESR dating of terrestrial quaternary shells

Abstract Multiple geological processes over the last 100 ka have resulted in a complex stratigraphy for San Salvador Island, The Bahamas. A study of amino acid racemization in the land snail sp. Cerion was inconclusive in resolving this, and therefore an investigation of the same species using ESR was undertaken. Sample ages range from 4 to 150 ka. The newer shells represent one of the youngest ESR sample sets known, and the first attempt to use terrestrial species. The ages obtained correlate generally with stratigraphic expectations, but until further work is done on the environmental history, the numerical values should be considered relative rather than absolute.
A time and a place for nkx2-1 in interneuron specification and migration.

The homeobox transcription factor, Nkx2-1, plays multiple roles during forebrain development. Using restricted genetic ablation of Nkx2-1, in this issue of Neuron, Butt et al. show that Nkx2-1 in telencephalic progenitors regulates interneuron subtype specification, while Nobrega-Pereira et al. demonstrate that postmitotic Nkx2-1 regulates migration and sorting of interneurons to the striatum or cortex by controlling the expression of the guidance receptor, Neuropilin-2.
Exposure to Natural Cold and Heat: Hypothermia and Hyperthermia Medicare Claims, United States, 2004–2005

Objectives. We measured the burden of hypothermia- and hyperthermia-related health care visits, identified risk factors, and determined the health care costs associated with environmental heat or cold exposure among Medicare beneficiaries.Methods. We obtained Medicare fee-for-service claims data of inpatient and outpatient health care visits for hypothermia and hyperthermia from 2004 to 2005. We examined the distribution and differences of visits by age, sex, race, geographic regions, and direct costs. We estimated rate ratios to determine risk factors.Results. Hyperthermia-related visits (n = 10 007) were more frequent than hypothermia-related visits (n = 8761) for both years. However, hypothermia-related visits resulted in more deaths (359 vs 42), higher mortality rates (0.50 per 100 000 vs 0.06 per 100 000), higher inpatient rates (5.29 per 100 000 vs 1.76 per 100 000), longer hospital stays (median days = 4 vs 2), and higher total health care costs ($98 million vs $36 million).Conclusions. This study ...
Validity of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale-Revised for Predicting Performance on the Metropolitan Readiness Test-Sixth Edition

The tryout version of the Bracken Basic Concept Scale-Revised (BBCS-R) was administered to 71 kindergarten students in the fall of the school year. Seven months later, the Metropolitan Readiness Te...
Patterns and Predictors of Subjective Units of Distress in Anxious Youth

Background: Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) ratings are commonly used during exposure tasks in cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) for anxiety. Aims: The present study examined patterns and predictors of SUDS in a sample of anxiety-disordered youth. Method: Youth (N = 99) aged 7 to 14 (M = 10.4, SD = 1.8) were treated with CBT for social phobia (SP), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and/or separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Analyses were conducted using hierarchical linear modeling. Results: Child's peak SUDS and magnitude of change in SUDS significantly increased between sessions. Higher child self-reported pretreatment total Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) score predicted greater change in SUDS within the first exposure session. Primary GAD diagnosis predicted less increase in change in SUDS between sessions. Conclusions: Results suggest that higher pretreatment total MASC scores are associated with increased first exposure within-session habituation. Additionally, youth with a principal diagnosis of GAD experienced less between-session habituation, perhaps because they may have required more imaginal than in-vivo exposures.
Sources and Information: The Community College and Welfare Reform.

This chapter presents additional information on welfare to work at community colleges, including information on students, state and local initiatives, and national trends.
Small Cell Lung Cancer: Past, Present, and Future

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for about 10% to 15% of all lung cancers. It is characterized by its rapid doubling time, high rate of dissemination, and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiation. Although the incidence of SCLC has been steadily decreasing over time, it remains a serious public health problem given its aggressive clinical behavior and the lack of effective therapies. This review looks at the evolution of SCLC treatment and the standard treatments that are currently available, including platinum-based combination chemotherapy, hyperfractionated thoracic radiation, and prophylactic cranial irradiation. The development of novel therapies for SCLC has been lagging behind, but completed clinical trials and ongoing investigations are helping us define what will be the best therapeutic targets for this disease.
Effects of the stress state on plasticity and ductile failure of an aluminum 5083 alloy

Abstract The experimental and numerical work presented in this paper reveals that stress state has strong effects on both the plastic response and the ductile fracture behavior of an aluminum 5083 alloy. As a result, the hydrostatic stress and the third invariant of the stress deviator (which is related to the Lode angle) need to be incorporated in the material modeling. These findings challenge the classical J2 plasticity theory and provide a blueprint for the establishment of the stress state dependent plasticity and ductile fracture models for aluminum structural reliability assessments. Further investigations are planned to advance, calibrate and validate the new plasticity and ductile fracture models.
A heuristic methodology to evaluate price discount structures from the buyer's perspective

Abstract This paper presents an intuitive heuristic method for determining order quantities in an all-unit discount environment with budget constraints. The approach is utility-based and allows the decision maker to incorporate a number of criteria in the objective function. The model is simple to understand and can be easily implemented on a personal computer using a standard spreadsheet. The simplicity of the approach makes it an attractive decision support tool for replenishing inventory in small retail businesses such as automotive parts stores and hardware stores.
Inclusions in diamond and the mineral chemistry of the upper mantle

Abstract During the last decade significant progress regarding our understanding of the mineralogy and geochemistry of the earth's upper mantle has been achieved through studies of the ultramafic and eclogitic xenoliths in kimberlite, and of mineral inclusions in diamond. The ultramafic and eclogitic xenoliths in kimberlite represent fragments of various horizons of the mantle that have been rapidly transported to the surface by the mechanism of kimberlite eruption. Textural differences in these mineralogically simple ultramafic xenoliths (lherzolite, harzburgite, pyroxenite) are in part reflected in chemical differences between the constituent minerals. Thus many xenoliths which display a “fluidal” or “mosaic” texture indicative of intense deformation are much less depleted in Ti, Al, Ca, Fe and Na than xenoliths in which granular or coarse tabular textures predominate. Interestingly, there is generally a contrast in chemistry between all the mineral constituents of the xenoliths and similar ones that occur as inclusions in diamonds. Typically, inclusions in diamond are monominerallic and homogeneous. Olivine and orthopyroxene inclusions have very small compositional differences in spite of the host diamonds being markedly different in geologic age and geographic locality. Characteristically, two distinct, but always separate, suites of minerals occur as inclusions. One suite resembles the minerals that are present in ultramafic xenoliths, whereas the second is similar to minerals in eclogitic xenoliths. Thus it is likely that natural diamond can form in at least two distinct chemical environments in the mantle. Much of the above data has been combined with the results of experimental phase equilibria and theoretical studies with the conclusion that it is now possible to suggest conditions of pressure and temperature for the genesis of these xenoliths as well as diamond. All the pressure and temperature values are consistent with final equilibration at depths of the order of 150–200 km in the mantle.
Major depression in a small group of adults with Down syndrome

The clinical histories and treatment of the nine individuals with Down syndrome (DS) and major depression (MD) previously noted in a report on the psychopathology of a population of 164 adults with DS with and without health disorders from a Down Syndrome Clinic are presented (Myers & Pueschel, 1991). The clinical characteristics including DSM-III-R (1987) criteria of these 9 patients plus 13 individuals with DS and MD described in case reports in the literature are summarized. Depression is rarely verbalized and commonly appears as crying, depressed appearance, or mood lability. Vegetative symptoms of disinterest with severe withdrawal and mutism, psychomotor retardation, decreased appetite, weight loss, and insomnia are prominent. Verbal expression of preoccupations of suicide, death, self-depreciation, and guilt were infrequent and may either be not present or not reported due to mutism or moderate level of mental retardation (MR). Hallucinations were prominent. Family history of depression was infrequent. Psychological stressors were noted mostly in the study sample and not in the 13 from the literature. The pattern of vegetative symptomatology with few verbal complaints and prominent hallucinations may be related to moderate mental retardation in these groups with DS rather than specifically to DS.
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT

Highly coordinated flows within and across national boundaries are required for goods, services, information, and cash in global supply chains. The vulnerabilities of, and risks in, complex supply chains are widely acknowleged in literature. The authors attempt to bring together, in order to propose a comprehensive global supply chain risk management and mitigation model, concepts, frameworks, and insights of several disciplines, primarily international business management, strategy, operations management, supply chain management, and logistics. Global supply chain challenges, definitions, risk assessment paradigms, global supply chain uncertainty and risk identification, global supply chain risk assessment, risk management strategies and mitigation plans (and a related model), and managerial and research implications are discussed.
Hydrogenolysis kinetics of ethane and n-pentane over unsupported copper/nickel and platinum catalysts

Two kinetic models of hydrocarbon hydrogenolysis over monometallic surfaces, based respectively on catalytically uniform or nonuniform surfaces, are applied to ethane and n-pentane hydrogenolysis results over copper-nickel alloy catalysts as well as the monometallic catalysts platinum and nickel. If no direct hydrogen desorption appears in any postulated irreversible step, both models predict the same composition for the important surface intermediates CnHx (n = 1, s), where x depends upon the catalyst. This analysis predicts that for essentially all alloy catalysts to which the postulated sequences may apply, the hydrogenolytic surface intermediate CnXx contains one more hydrogen atom than that calculated for a nickel catalyst: specifically, C2H3 (alloy) vs. C2H2 (nickel) for ethane and C5H6 (alloy) vs. C5H7 (nickel) for n-pentane.
Tensile fracture of graphite fiber reinforced epoxy composites

Abstract High speed photographs show that the characteristic shattering of graphite fiber-resin composite tensile specimens is not due to dynamic crack branching, but is caused by internal reverberation (wave reflection), and occurs well after a transverse tensile crack has traversed the specimen. Comparison of these observations with static fracture of prenotched specimens suggests that strain rate dependence of the resin governs the transition from the longitudinal crack extension in statically loaded prenotched specimens to transfibrile dynamic crack extension in unnotched specimens. Implications bearing on fracture and design are discussed.
Differential gene induction by glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors

The question of how glucocorticoid, progesterone, androgen, and mineralocorticoid receptors can generate distinct patterns of gene expression despite similar, if not identical, DNA sequence recognition properties is a central question in steroid biology. This study addresses the hypothesis that glucocorticoid and progesterone receptors can differentially utilize the promoter context created by a series of receptor recognition sites. This hypothesis predicts that for different receptors an individual (often suboptimal) binding site contributes to the overall response element activity to a different degree. Therefore, mutations to an individual binding site of a multipartite hormone response element may differentially affect the response to different steroids. This study tests this hypothesis by introducing mutations into a receptor recognition site that is part of a hormone responsive promoter derived from the mouse mammary tumor virus. We find that weakening one site of a multipartite element differentially affects glucocorticoid and progestin signaling both in fibroblasts and in mammary carcinoma cells. A similar test was done in a simplified promoter context comprised only of a TATA box and a pair of receptor recognition sites. Mutations introduced into one of these sites impaired glucocorticoid response more than the progestin response. However, high receptor expression can partially overcome the effect of some target site mutations. Thus both receptor expression levels and the inherent ability to utilize the context created by a multipartite response element contribute to quantitative differences in the response to receptors that share DNA sequence recognition properties.
Reliability of F-Scan In-Shoe Measurements of Plantar Pressure

Research by our group and others indicates that many amputations of the lower limb occur after foot ulceration in patients with diabetes. It has been proposed that diabetic foot ulcers are mainly caused by repetitive trauma in areas of high plantar pressure during walking. Recent technology permits in-shoe measurement of plantar pressure. We assessed the reliability of the F-Scan in-shoe system for measurement of plantar pressure (Tekscan Inc., Boston, MA) in 51 subjects from a cohort of 977 diabetic veterans enrolled in a prospective study of risk factors for foot ulceration and amputation (the Seattle Diabetic Foot Study). Subjects were tested twice, wearing their own shoes. We used the coefficient of variation (CV) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to estimate the reliability of F-Scan measurements of pressure. Peak pressure over the metatarsal heads proved to have the best indices of reliability, with CVs of 0.150 and 0.155, and ICCs of 0.755 and 0.751. Coefficients of variation for the...
Computation over Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels

We consider the problem of computing the sum of independent Gaussian sources over a Gaussian multiple-access channel (MAC) with respect to a mean-squared error criterion. When the source and channel bandwidths are equal, the best separation-based solution to this problem performs exponentially worse in a distortion sense compared to the optimal solution: uncoded transmission. In this paper, we develop lattice codes for exploiting the structure of the Gaussian MAC when there are more channel uses than source symbols. We also demonstrate the usefulness of these codes in determining the multicast capacity of a simple AWGN network.
Temperature controlled microwave oven digestion system

Abstract Microwave oven digestion of samples for elemental analysis is becoming a widely used laboratory technique. The employment of sealed pressurized vessels has reduced the time required to place samples into solution. However, the incomplete dissolution of hard to digest materials remains a problem. In our laboratories, the digestion of biological specimens such as leaves and insect matter, result in a white precipitate after dilution. A similar digestion on a hotplate produces a clear solution.
RECONSTRUCTING DAILY LIFE IN THE PAST: AN HERMENEUTICAL APPROACH TO ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA

Traditional sources of sociohistorical data capture only a narrow sense of past lifeworlds. Ethnographic accounts often preserve greater details of social practice but have less clear guidelines fo...
The substrate specificity of L-asparaginase from Alcaligenes eutrophus.

The tumor suppressive effects of L-asparaginase have been well documented [ I] . All clinical studies reported to date have utilized the enzyme from Escherichia coli. However, continual therapy with the enzyme from this source has commonly resulted in problems of toxicity, including immunological sensitivity to the foreign protein [2], indicating the need for alternative sources of L-asparaginase. Towards that end we have been examining the serological and chemical properties of a variety of bacterial L-asparaginases. The present paper deals with some of the kinetic properties of L-asparaginase from Alcaligenes eutrophus (formely Hydrogenomonas eutropha) [3] . A comparison of the substrate specificities for L-asparaginase from A. eutrophus and E. coZi showed striking differences.
First-Principles Calculation of 13C NMR Chemical Shifts of Infinite Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes: New Data for Large-Diameter and Four-Helical Nanotubes

By using the density functional theory method, we calculate the 13C NMR isotropic chemical shifts of the semiconducting and semimetallic infinite single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We find that the 13C chemical shifts of SWNTs with the diameter smaller than 1.4 A can be classified into two distinct groups according to their electronic structures: the semiconducting group and the semimetallic group. The chemical shifts of the semiconducting group decrease monotonously with the increasing nanotube diameter, and are 0−12 ppm strikingly larger than those of their semimetallic counterparts in the typical diameter range (1.05 ± 0.2 nm) of SWNTs produced by the common high-pressure CO decomposition method (HiPCO). The chemical shifts of the two groups overlap around the diameter of 1.4 A. Then the chemical shift of the semimetallic group becomes larger than that of the similar-sized semiconducting group as the diameter is larger than 1.4 A. The chemical shifts of the four examined helical SWNTs are very clo...
Experimental study of the inhibition of premixed and diffusion flames by iron pentacarbonyl

The recent ban on the production of CF3Br has motivated a search for alternate agents for fire suppression: however, a replacement agent with all of the desirable properties of CF3Br is proving difficult to find. While most of the research has concentrated on other halogenated agents, there exist agents that are much more effective than CF3Br but about whose inhibition mechanism less is known. These agents typically involve a condensed phase. This paper investigates the behavior of iron pentacarbonyl(Fe(CO)5), one of the most efficient inhibitors identified in the past, in methane/oxygen/nitrogen flames: measurments are reported for both diffusion and premixed flames. The reduction in the extinction strain rate and laminar burning velocity with addition of iron pentacarbonyl is determined over moderate ranges of fuel-air equivalence ratio and oxygen mole fraction XO2. The flame and inhibitor locations in the counterflow diffusion flame experiments are varied to control the condensed- and gas-phase species transport rates to the flames and the chemical environment for their reaction. In the premixed flames, iron pentacarbonyl at low concentration reduces the burning velocity up to 100 times more effectively than CF3Br and shows a strong dependence on both and Xo2; however, at Fe(CO)5 mole fractions above a few hundred ppm, there is no additional reduction of the burning velocity. In diffusion flames, Fe(CO)5 is again shown to be more effective at the lowest concentrations, but the inhibition effect does not level off at higher mole fractions as it does in the premixed flames. In addition, combinations of flame and inhibitor location in the counterflow flames have been found for which iron pentacarbonyl either provides negligible inhibition at any mole fraction or promotes the combustion. The possible mechanisms are discussed.