cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-resolution MALDI Fourier transform mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides.

The matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) method has been used with an external ion source Fourier transform mass spectrometer (FTMS) to analyze single-stranded, mixed-base oligomers of DNA. It is demonstrated that ultrahigh mass resolution (830 000 fwhm) can be achieved for small oligomers, and high resolution (136 000 fwhm) can be achieved for a 25-mer at m/z 7634. MALDI-FTMS can clearly separate the molecular ion peaks from analyte−matrix adduct peaks and alkali metal-containing species that result from replacement of hydrogen ions with sodium or potassium ions at multiple sites along the phosphate backbone. Previous MALDI-FTMS studies of oligonucleotides had two limitations: (1) low sensitivity due to difficulty in trapping the high kinetic energy ions made by the laser and (2) fragmentation of the ions due to the long delay (tens to hundreds of milliseconds) between their formation and detection. Both of these problems are alleviated in the present study. With the external ion source F...
System analysis methods in emergency systems

This paper investigates what traditional operations research methods might best be used to analysis a state trauma system composed of a finite number of trauma centers. Optimization techniques in the operation research community have been categorized or binned into a handful of generalized groupings. While not all of these are a good fit for emergency systems, some might provide clues or techniques useful in the development of decision-making tools or evaluative systems for larger more complex trauma systems. This paper investigates the history, theory, select variants of the vehicle routing systems. This effort provide a suitable background to determine if optimization techniques used by operations researchers in routing analysis can be applied to or manipulated to help improve performance of trauma care in case of a significant disaster.
Patterns of early lexical and cognitive development in premature and full-term infants

The linguistic and cognitive development of 26 premature and 27 full-term infants was studied longitudinally over the first 3 years of life. Infants in the premature population included 12 who were...
Simulation modeling with insight

Using INSIGHT, simulation models can be built and evaluated with less time and effort than previously possible. INSIGHT defines a vocabulary for systems analysis and provides a small set of modeling symbols to represent the basic processes found in real systems. By combining the symbols graphically and filling in needed information, immediately useful simulation models can be constructed quickly. Simple models can be greatly embellished using the rich variety of INSIGHT specifications without resorting to any computer programming. The visual model is simply translated into INSIGHT statements for automatic execution. Procedures incorporated in INSIGHT enable sound statistical analysis to be used routinely. Such features reduce the cost and difficulty in obtaining representative results. The net result is that attention is focused on modeling and analysis.
Predicting outcome of schizophrenia: Significance of symptom profiles and outcome dimensions

To clarify the antecedents of poor long-term outcome in schizophrenia, 58 DSM-III diagnosed schizophrenic inpatients, mostly chronic, were prospectively assessed on psychiatric symptoms and background variables. The 46 patients (79.3%) who could be relocated after 1 to 4 years (mean, 2.7 years) were evaluated on a multidimensional outcome scale and days of subsequent hospitalization. We found, contrary to prevailing belief, that a baseline positive, not negative, syndrome predicted poor outcome. Thought disturbance portended the worst prognosis and depressive syndrome the best. Multiple regression analysis showed (a) reliable prediction for 9 of 10 outcome measures (r values from .49 to .61); (b) separate contributions by clinical, genealogical, and historical predictors; and (c) different sets of variables that predicted social v occupational adjustment. The results have implications for prognosis, rehabilitation planning, and understanding of the obstacles to successful transition to community living.
Inhibition of Striatal Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase-cGMP Signaling Reverses Basal Ganglia Dysfunction and Akinesia in Experimental Parkinsonism

Objective There is clearly a necessity to identify novel non-dopaminergic mechanisms as new therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease (PD). Among these, the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)-cGMP signaling cascade is emerging as a promising candidate for second messenger-based therapies for the amelioration of PD symptoms. In the present study, we examined the utility of the selective sGC inhibitor 1H-[1], [2], [4] oxadiazolo-[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) for reversing basal ganglia dysfunction and akinesia in animal models of PD.
Suspicion of multiple sclerosis. To tell or not to tell

The medical community has become progressively concerned with ethics and humanism, especially with regard to the relationship between the physician and the dying patient. Clinicians, however, are frequently faced with the difficult task of dealing with both patient and family at a time when a most serious diagnosis is initially established. For the neurologist, multiple sclerosis presents a unique problem. It is recognized that there are not only severe forms of this illness (or group of illnesses), but also relatively benign ones. 1,2 Most importantly, the neurologist cannot predict for any one patient early in the course of the disease what the patient's particular future will be. A major issue is the communication of anxiety-laden, clinical information to patients (and relatives). Many leaders of our society assert the "right to know" so that one may determine one's own life course. Only the patient has the right to determine his or
Genetically-encoded molecular probes to study G protein-coupled receptors

To facilitate structural and dynamic studies of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling complexes, new approaches are required to introduce informative probes or labels into expressed receptors that do not perturb receptor function. We used amber codon suppression technology to genetically-encode the unnatural amino acid, p-azido-L-phenylalanine (azF) at various targeted positions in GPCRs heterologously expressed in mammalian cells. The versatility of the azido group is illustrated here in different applications to study GPCRs in their native cellular environment or under detergent solubilized conditions. First, we demonstrate a cell-based targeted photocrosslinking technology to identify the residues in the ligand-binding pocket of GPCR where a tritium-labeled small-molecule ligand is crosslinked to a genetically-encoded azido amino acid. We then demonstrate site-specific modification of GPCRs by the bioorthogonal Staudinger-Bertozzi ligation reaction that targets the azido group using phosphine derivatives. We discuss a general strategy for targeted peptide-epitope tagging of expressed membrane proteins in-culture and its detection using a whole-cell-based ELISA approach. Finally, we show that azF-GPCRs can be selectively tagged with fluorescent probes. The methodologies discussed are general, in that they can in principle be applied to any amino acid position in any expressed GPCR to interrogate active signaling complexes.
Logic, language and the brain

What is the role of language in human cognition? Within the domain of deductive reasoning, the issue has been the focus of numerous investigations without the emergence of a consensus view. Here we consider some of the reasons why neuroimaging studies of deductive reasoning have generated mixed results. We then review recent evidence suggesting that the role of language in deductive reasoning is confined to an initial stage in which verbally presented information is encoded as non-verbal representations. These representations are then manipulated by mental operations that are not based on the neural mechanisms of natural language. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "The Cognitive Neuroscience".
A poética e a política da prática

The following ethnographic essay brings to bear a discussion on the relationship between poetics and politics in performance; which implies that the activist arts as well as music and dance can be conceived as, together with scholarship, the political, intellectual and aesthetic basis of a given community. Such practices, however, can be thought of as risky. The work is also legible as an attempt to meld such practices - concerning their function and consequences - in the context of an African community and in graduation institutions in the United States. The interactive and performative writing aims at an exchange between fieldworkers and the people they work with, and it has also been thought of as a way to represent and evoke the author’s material and ideas.
Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae inferred from chloroplast mat K and trn L- trn F nucleotide sequence data

Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae were studied using parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequence data from two regions of the chloroplast genome, the matK gene and the trnL-trnF region. As in a previously published phylogeny of Rosaceae based upon rbcL sequences, monophyletic groups were resolved that correspond, with some modifications, to subfamilies Maloideae and Rosoideae, but Spiraeoideae were polyphyletic. Three main lineages appear to have diverged early in the evolution of the family: 1) Rosoideae sensu stricto, including taxa with a base chromosome number of 7 (occasionally 8); 2) actinorhizal Rosaceae, a group of taxa that engage in symbiotic nitrogen fixation; and 3) the rest of the family. The spiraeoid genus Gillenia, not included in the rbcL study, was strongly supported as the sister taxon to Maloideae sensu lato. A New World origin of Maloideae is suggested. The position of the economically important genus Prunus and the status of subfamily Amygdaloideae remain unresolved.
The effect of flaxseed supplementation on growth, carcass characteristics, fatty acid profile, retail shelf life, and sensory characteristics of beef from steers finished on grasslands of the northern Great Plains

The objective of this trial was to determine if daily supplementation of flaxseed for 85 d to steers finished on grasslands of the northern Great Plains would influence growth and carcass characteristics or the fatty acid profile, tenderness, and sensory characteristics of beef steaks. Eighteen Angus yearling steers (initial BW 399 ± 21 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Steers in treatment 1 (FLX; n = 6) received a daily supplement of ground flaxseed (0.20% of BW), whereas steers in treatment 2 (CSBM; n = 6) received a daily supplement of ground corn and soybean meal (0.28% of BW), with contents of CP and TDN being similar to the supplement for FLX. Control steers (CONT; n = 6) were not supplemented. Treatments were given to each individual steer in side-by-side stalls and were fed from mid-August to November 7, 2007, the day before slaughter. All steers grazed growing forage from early May through the first week of November. Growth rate of steers fed FLX was 25% greater (P < 0.01) than that of steers fed CONT, but was similar (P = 0.45) to that of steers fed CSBM. No differences were observed for carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.14), tenderness (Warner-Bratzler shear force; P ≥ 0.24), or sensory attributes (P ≥ 0.40) except for a slight off-flavor detected in steaks from steers fed FLX compared with CONT (7.4 vs. 7.8, respectively, with 8 indicating no off-flavor and 1 indicating extreme off-flavor; P = 0.07) and CSBM (7.9; P = 0.01). The n-3 fatty acids α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid were 62 and 22% greater, respectively, in beef from steers fed FLX compared with those fed CONT (P < 0.001). The ratio of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids was smaller (P < 0.001) in beef from steers fed FLX compared with the ratios in beef from steers fed CONT and CSBM. Daily supplementation of flaxseed to steers grazing growing vegetation on the northern Great Plains may improve growth rate and enhance the n-3 fatty acid profile of the steaks.
Chicken intrapulmonary chemoreceptors: Discharge at static levels of intrapulmonary carbon dioxide and their location

Abstract We studied 54 intrapulmonary chemoreceptors in the unidirectionally ventilated left lungs of 12 thoracotomized cockerels. We ligated the left pulmonary artery to eliminate CO 2 contributed by mixed venous blood. At zero P CO 2 many units discharge irregularly, and some cease discharging after several seconds. Discharge frequencies at 13.7 torr P CO 2 and above are described by logarithmic regressions. The slopes and intercepts of the logarithmic regressions are correlated so that the average response can be written: frequency= 3.86 -B·ln(24.5P CO 2 −1 ). Afferent activity above 6.8 torr P CO 2 is described by 0.073 + 78.6 exp (−0.11 P CO 2 ) − 63.3 exp (−0.15 P CO 2 ). For ech unit, receptive site P CO 2 in a perfused lung was assumed to be the P CO 2 in the unperfused lung which gave the same discharge frequency. Location of the receptor was determined as the fraction of ventilation-perfusion region which had the same P CO 2 as receptive site P CO 2 . Two major concentrations of recetors accounted for 85% of the total, one near the entering gas and one near the middle of the gas-exchange region. Sensitivity of individual receptors did not vary systematically with location.
Implication of macrophages in blood brain barrier disruption during central nervous system infection

Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) induces extensive cell infiltration and provides a useful model to study both virus-induced encephalitis and demyelination. Cells recruited into the CNS include components of the innate response, namely neutrophils, NK cells and macrophages, followed by CD4, CD8 T cells and B cells. CD8 T cells are the primary effectors which control virus replication. The exact contribution of macrophages in JHMV pathogenesis remains unclear. Pathogenesis studies in CCR5 deficient mice (a chemokine receptor involved in macrophage and T cell recruitment) suggested a role of macrophages in demyelination. In addition, depletion of both neutrophils and monocytes by the antiGr1 antibody (RB6-8C5) significantly reduced blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and correlated with an absence of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) activity. These data suggested a potential role of neutrophils and macrophages in BBB disruption by MMP9 release.
Effective Learner-Centered Strategies for Teaching Adults: Using Visual Media to Engage the Adult Learner

This article offers practical guidance for educators as they prepare specialists to enhance the lives and communities of older persons through the strategic use of visual media in age-related courses. Advantages and disadvantages of this learning innovation are provided as well as seven approaches for enriching instruction. Resources are included for locating effective visual media, matching course content with video resources, determining fair use of copyrighted media, and inserting video clips into PowerPoint presentations. Strategies for accessing assistive services for implementing visual media in the classroom are also addressed. This article promotes the use of visual media for the purpose of enriching gerontological and geriatrics instruction for the adult learner.
Individual Differences and Job Design Reconsidered: Where Do We Go from Here?

White [1978], in a recent review, has focused attention on the modest and inconsistent findings often evident in earlier job design moderator research. In this paper, we discuss several conceptual and methodological inadequacies that may account for these results and we review evidence supporting the potential value of individual-difference research within the job design field.
Altruism between in-laws: Some predictions from kin-selection theory

Kin-selection theory predicts that an individual's inclusive fitness should be affected by any interaction involving a relative. This may sometimes lead to the evolution of altruistic or tolerant behaviour towards non-relatives who can influence the fitness of relatives. Selective pressure for non-relatives to behave altruistically towards each other in such situations may not be reciprocal.
Closed Exponential Networks of Queues with Saturation: The Jackson-Type Stationary Distribution and Its Asymptotic Analysis

Two models of a closed queueing network with saturation are proposed. Given that the “reversibility” condition holds in the first model, the stationary distribution is shown to be of product-form for either of them. Queueing networks with the space of admissible states generated by limited capacities of servers is the most important special variant of the general scheme. The asymptotic analysis of the stationary distribution in the case of a large number of customers is given and shows that a special nonlinear programming problem must be solved to obtain parameters of the limiting distribution. In particular, saturation probabilities are asymptotically expressed through the Lagrangian multipliers dual to corresponding linear restrictions of queue-sizes for servers with limited capacities.
Estrogen-dependent responses of the mammary fat pad in prepubertal dairy heifers.

Ovaries are absolutely required for development of the mammary parenchyma (PAR) in cattle, reflecting estrogendependent epithelial cell proliferation. However, the estrogen receptor (ER) that mediates the mammary estrogen effects, ERa, is absent in proliferating epithelial cells. In the mouse, this discrepancy is explained in part by the ability of the mammary fat pad (MFP) to synthesize epithelial cell mitogens such as IGF-I in response to estrogen. Consistent with a similar role for the bovine MFP, 30% of its fibroblasts and adipocytes were immunoreactive for ERa in prepubertal dairy heifers. To assess estrogen-dependent gene expression in the MFP, 16 prepubertal dairy heifers were randomly assigned to a 2!2 factorial. The first factor was ovarian status, with heifers undergoing bilateral ovariectomy or left intact at 4$6 months of age. The second factor was applied 30 days after surgery and consisted of injection of estrogen or excipient. After 3 days of injection, heifers were administered an intrajugular bolus of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and slaughtered 2 h later. The estrogen injection, but not ovarian status, caused significant increases in the fraction of epithelial cells labeled with BrdU and produced tissue-specific effects on gene expression. In the PAR, estrogen injection increased IGF-I gene expression by twofold despite reductions of 50% or more in ERa mRNA abundance and the fraction of epithelial cells immunoreactive for ERa. The estrogendependent increase in IGF-I mRNA was greater in the MFP, presumably because estrogen failed to downregulate ERa expression in this mammary compartment. Finally, estrogenresponsiveness of the MFP appears unique among the bovine fat depots as estrogen injection did not induce IGF-I expression in its s.c. counterpart. Our data demonstrate that the bovine MFP is highly responsive to exogenous estrogen, consistent with a role for this tissue compartment in communicating its effects on epithelial cell proliferation.
The "fresh-bunch" technique in FELS

Abstract The “fresh bunch” technique is being proposed as a method of increasing the gain and power of FEL amplifiers in which the length of the optical radiation pulse is shorter than the length of the electron bunch. In a multi-stage FEL, electron beam energy spread is increased by the FEL interaction in the early stages. In the “fresh bunch” technique, the low energy spread of the electron beam is recovered by shifting the radiation pulse to an undisturbed part of the electron bunch, thus improving the gain and trapping fraction in later stages. A test case for the application of the “fresh bunch” method is demonstrated by numerical simulation. In this particular example we examine a subharmonically seeded VUV free-electron laser. We begin with the generation of harmonic radiation, which takes place over one part of the electron bunch. Then the radiation is shifted by means of a strong dispersive section to a fresh part of the bunch for exponential amplification and tapered wiggler amplification. By starting over with a new ensemble of electrons, the energy spread introduced by the bunching in the fundamental is removed, leading to an increased gain. Furthermore, it is possible to use a much stronger seed in the fundamental without incurring the penalty of a large energy spread later on. We note that more than a single application of the “fresh bunch” method may be done in a single FEL multiplier-amplifier. Thus X-ray wavelengths may be reached by successive multiplication in a chain of FEL amplifiers starting from a tunable seed laser.
Contrasts in management styles-europe and the USA

The author of the paper, presented at a Savoy Place meeting of the Management and Design Division, received and presented on the 25th January 1983 at a joint divisional lecture with the Computing and Control Division, makes a detailed and discerning analysis of the factors implicit in `management style?, with particular reference to his own experience in an international group of technological companies. Some 50 subsidiaries are each headed by a local national. The group applies world-wide ethical standards, and expects each manager at all levels to understand both his own culture in depth, and also the culture he may be moving into when joining a foreign affilicate. Rather than try to impose the management style of the parent company on foreign affiliates, it is far better to attempt to draw the greatest benefits from the unique style of each culture: some European examples of this are quoted.
An Integrated Optimization and Agent-Based Framework for the U.S. Power System

Abstract Today, many of the engineered systems are comprised of a large number of components that interact with each other and have the ability to exhibit emergent behavior thus enabling a system to adapt to changing environments. Using the example of the US power grid as a complex adaptive system, we demonstrate how components in a multi-layered power grid structure dynamically interact, evolve and adapt over time. In our model, electricity regulators strive to balance workload by dynamically adjusting service attributes in response to demand uctuations. Additionally, they seek to change long-term consumption patterns by providing incentives and social education. Moreover, consumer agents focus on maximizing quantitative and qualitative utilities. By embedding a non-convex optimization model with the agent-based framework we study cooperativeness or competition in the consumers game environment. Our framework allows us to study the behavior of consumers under di_erent control and incentive strategies. We expand model dynamics to include intrinsic environment and control factors. This study also examines circumstances in which agent-based and equilibrium models present similar outcomes or are unable to converge to same results. This method is used to study the robustness of the results, present equilibriums of interoperability equations, and study dynamics of traits.
Elementary school children's beliefs about matter

In this study, we investigated young children's (ages 7–10) spontaneously constructed or naive understanding of the particulate nature of matter prior to any formal instruction in the domain. Fifteen students were interviewed concerning their understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic properties of the states of matter (solid, liquid, and gas), as well as their macro/microscopic understanding of phase changes and dissolving. Children expressed ideas about states of matter which were categorized as macrocontinuous, macroparticulate, or microparticulate. Nine children (60%) stated beliefs about matter which were macroparticulate in nature, and three (20%) expressed microparticulate beliefs about matter. The three remaining children (20%) held macrocontinuous beliefs about matter. Furthermore, a substantial number of the children provided explanations of properties and processes which were consistent with those beliefs. These children's beliefs about matter were not fully and consistently developed across the spectrum of substances from continuous solids to particulate solids to liquids to gases. We speculate that children first develop local frameworks particular to different classes of substances and then slowly expand these frameworks to include a wide range of substances and their properties, as well as such processes as melting and freezing. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 36: 777–805, 1999
Trehalose metabolism of trypanosomes.

THE trypanosomes causing African sleeping sickness from the blood of man and other animals can be cultivated on non-living media. Such cultures exhibit one striking peculiarity: as soon as established they are not infectious for mammals.
Distribution of glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat: Cytochemical evidence for a differential glycinergic control of lamina I and V nociceptive neurons

In this study we characterized the distribution of glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat by using monoclonal antisera directed against the purified glycine receptor. There was dense, punctate glycine receptor immunoreactive staining in all regions of the gray matter ventral to the substantia gelatinosa. The densest staining was found in laminae III and IV of the dorsal horn. There were also distinct, tributarylike bands of punctate staining that extended well into the white matter of the lateral and ventral funiculi. The only consistent cell body staining was found in small neurons of the ventral horn. The labelled neurons were distributed among larger, unlabelled motoneurons. In general, the pattern of glycine receptor immunoreactivity was similar at all levels of the spinal cord and was comparable to that seen with binding of a tritiated glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine, to sections of rat spinal cord (Zarbin et al.: J. Neurosci. 1:532-547, '81). Two important exceptions, however, were observed. In contrast to the high levels of strychnine binding reported in the substantia gelatinosa, we found almost no glycine receptor immunoreactivity in laminae I and II of the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord or of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis. There was also a notable absence of antibody staining in the intermediolateral cell column of the thoracic cord. The presence of dense glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the region of lamina V and its absence in the superficial dorsal horn are discussed in terms of a possible differential glycinergic control of nociceptive neurons of laminae I and V.
Design enablement: The challenge of being early, accurate, and complete

Progress evidenced by Moore's Law has driven increased performance at decreased cost per function. Often, the price of this progress is balanced against complexity and time-to-market (both directly impacting cost). Design enablement teams must mitigate these cost factors by delivering accurate process design kits (PDKs) that predict both process and device performance at production on a schedule that supports time-to-market goals. Here, we examine some key technology issues affecting the critical relationship between process, device, design and products.
Experimental Determination of Ice Nucleation by Falling Dry Ice Pellets

Abstract The ability of dry ice to generate ice crystals in supercooled clouds has been studied under conditions which closely simulate the “free-falling” dry ice pellets of a cloud seeding operation. In conjunction with separate measurements of the sublimation rate of dry ice, and the fall velocity of the dry ice pellets, the number of ice crystals generated per gram of dry ice sublimed was determined. This number, about 8 × 1011, was independent of both the pellet size (0.3 to 2 cm in diameter) and the air temperature (−2 to −12C). The surface temperature of dry ice pellets falling at their terminal velocities in the size range was estimated from the sublimation rates to be about −100C. Empirical equations for terminal velocity, surface temperature and sublimation rate, applicable to other atmospheric conditions, were obtained.
Urine and serum lactic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes, and alkaline phosphatase in the nephrotic syndrome

Urine and serum lactic dehydrogenase, lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymes, and alkaline phosphatase in the nephrotic syndrome. Urinary and serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), its isoenzymes, and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were determined for children with known nephrotic syndrome (NS) (N = 31) and for normal controls (N = 35 for urine, N=56 for serum). Patients with NS were grouped as being in relapse, in remission without prednisone, in remission for greater than 21 days with prednisone therapy, or in remission for less than 21 days with prednisone therapy. The relapse group had significant elevations of urinary LDH and AP when compared with each of the other groups. The highest urinary LDH values were seen in the relapse group, and the lowest in normal controls. The groups in remission had intermediate values of urinary LDH, which decreased as the length of time in remission increased. Although urinary AP activities were elevated in patients in relapse, they were subnormal in patients in remission greater than 21 days with prednisone therapy, suggesting membrane stabilization with resultant reduction in enzyme release into the urinary tract. The urinary and serum LDH isoenzyme patterns in the relapse group did not resemble each other, indicating the increased urinary activity was not due solely to renal clearance of serum enzymes. Serum LDH was elevated in the relapse group (P Dehydrogenase lactique du serum de l'urine, isoenzymes de la LDH et phosphatases alcalines dans le syndrome nephrotique. La LDH du serum et de l'urine, les isoenzymes de la LDH et la phosphatase alcaline (AP) ont ete determinees chez 31 enfants atteints de syndrome nephrotique (NS) et chez des sujets controles (N = 35 pour l'urine, N=56 pour le serum). Les malades atteints de NS ont ete groupes en recidives, remissions sans prednisone, remissions depuis plus de 21 jours recevant de la prednisone, remissions de moins de 21 jours recevant de la prednisone. Le groupe des recidives avait des augmentations significatives de LDH et AP par comparaison avec chacun des autres groupes. Les valeurs les plus elevees de LDH urinaire ont ete observees dans le groupe des recidives et les plus faibles chez les normaux. Les groupes en remission avaient des valeurs intermediaires de LDH urinaire, valeurs qui diminuent en meme temps que la duree de remission s'allonge. Les valeurs d'AP urinaire etaient elevees dans les recidives, les malades en remission depuis plus de 21 jours recevant de la prednisone avaient des activites d'AP inferieures a la normale, ce qui suggere la stabilisation de la membrane avec comme resultat la liberation de l'enzyme dans l'appareil urinaire. La repartition des isoenzymes etait differente dans le serum et l'urine du groupe en recidive, ce qui indique que l'augmentation d'activite urinaire n'etait pas seulement due a l'augmentation de la clearance renale des enzymes. La LDH serique etait elevee dans les recidives (P
UCP-2 and UCP-3 Proteins Are Differentially Regulated in Pancreatic Beta-Cells

BACKGROUND Increased uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2) expression has been associated with impaired insulin secretion, whereas UCP-3 protein levels are decreased in the skeleton muscle of type-2 diabetic subjects. In the present studies we hypothesize an opposing effect of glucose on the regulation of UCP-2 and UCP-3 in pancreatic islets. METHODOLOGY Dominant negative UCP-2 and wild type UCP-3 adenoviruses were generated, and insulin release by transduced human islets was measured. UCP-2 and UCP-3 mRNA levels were determined using quantitative PCR. UCP-2 and UCP-3 protein expression was investigated in human islets cultured in the presence of different glucose concentrations. Human pancreatic sections were analyzed for subcellular localization of UCP-3 using immunohistochemistry. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Dominant negative UCP-2 expression in human islets increased insulin secretion compared to control islets (p<0.05). UCP-3 mRNA is expressed in human islets, but the relative abundance of UCP-2 mRNA was 8.1-fold higher (p<0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed co-localization of UCP-3 protein with mitochondria in human beta-cells. UCP-2 protein expression in human islets was increased approximately 2-fold after high glucose exposure, whereas UCP-3 protein expression was decreased by approximately 40% (p<0.05). UCP-3 overexpression improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS UCP-2 and UCP-3 may have distinct roles in regulating beta-cell function. Increased expression of UCP-2 and decreased expression of UCP-3 in humans with chronic hyperglycemia may contribute to impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These data imply that mechanisms that suppress UCP-2 or mechanisms that increase UCP-3 expression and/or function are potential therapeutic targets to offset defects of insulin secretion in humans with type-2 diabetes.
Why PAR Matters: Reflections after Seven Decades and Beyond

In this last issue under his supervision, PAR’s editor in chief reflects on the value and worth of the journal over the last seven decades and the competitive challenges that PAR faces today, and presents a modest blueprint for strengthening PAR in the future.
Information, transaction costs, and the organization of distribution: The case of Japan's general trading companies

Abstract This paper develops a transaction cost analysis of the organizational choice for distribution in foreign trade. Implications for the choice between internal organization and agency delegation are drawn and tested with data from Japan's general trading firms. The patterns of agency delegation experienced by these companies are shown to be consistent with the view that the governance cost problems associated with the acquisition and transmission of information have a systematic impact on the organization of trading activities. Specifically, the integrated mode of distribution is ascribed to the hazards of incomplete contracting posed by the existence of a previously disregarded specialized asset, brand name capital.
Piezodriven scanner for cryogenic applications

A scanning microscope stage has been developed for use at cryogenic temperatures. The stage uses a piezoelectric driving element and circular flexure hinges to achieve a slow scan travel of greater than 10 μm and a near‐resonance travel of 100 μm while immersed in liquid helium at 4.2 K. The scanner has been operated inside a pressure cell in a dilution refrigerator, where it dissipates less than 150 μW of heat at 100 mK.
The State and The Effective Control of Foreign Capital: The Case of South Korea

The literature on the political economy of developing nations has focused attention upon the weakness and vulnerability of the nation-state and its limited ability to deal with and effectively alter the dominant forces of the international economy. Despite common international structures, however, the empirical pattern of foreign ownership and control of the means of production varies in newly industrializing nations. Domestic political structures and alternative state strategies may therefore have a significant impact on the pattern of foreign ownership and on the degree of control that foreign capital may exert on a developing economy.The author examines the principal legal and bureaucratic mechanisms utilized by the South Korean state to regulate the domestic economy's interaction with international capital, as well as the impact of these mechanisms upon domestic production patterns. The South Korean case demonstrates that, through the formulation and implementation of appropriate policy, the state in a developing nation possesses the capacity to shape the pattern of interaction with international economic forces. Legal and bureaucratic mechanisms have facilitated an industrial development that is predominantly owned and effectively controlled by Korean nationals.
Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Colchiceae (Androcymbium)

The pistil of Androcymbium closely resembles that of Colchicum: it is tricarpellate usually, syncarpous and multiovulate, and the carpels of most species have open sutures and bitegmic ovules. The only species with closed carpellary sutures, A. dregei has monotegmic ovules. There are always three dorsal bundles and three compound septal bundles, which latter may bifurcate into simple septal bundles. Six placental bundles (two per carpel) are differentiated, either separately from the compound septal bundles or as lateral branches of them. A statistical evaluation of 47 species (6 genera) of the hemisyncarpous Wurmbaeoideae shows a significant tendency for bitegmic ovules and two simple septal bundles per septum to be associated with open sutures and for monotegmic ovules and no septal bundles to be associated with closed sutures.
Differences between barites of marine and continental origins

Uranium, thorium and strontium concentrations and strontium and sulphur isotopic ratios have been determined on a group of barites. The isotopic analyses and the uranium and thorium concentrations appear to be especially diagnostic in distinguishing between marine and continental origins of the mineral. These critiques have been applied to some barites recovered off the California coast.
Caspase 2-mediated tumor suppression involves survivin gene silencing

One of the pivotal functions of endogenous tumor suppression is to oppose aberrant cell survival, but the molecular requirements of this process are not completely understood. Here, we show that caspase 2, a death effector with largely unknown functions, represses transcription of the survivin gene, a general regulator of cell division and cytoprotection in tumors. This pathway involves caspase 2 proteolytic cleavage of the nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB) activator, RIP1. In turn, loss of RIP1 abolishes transcription of NFkappaB target genes, including survivin, resulting in deregulated mitotic transitions, enhanced apoptosis and suppression of tumorigenicity in vivo. Therefore, caspase 2 functions as an endogenous inhibitor of NFkappaB-dependent cell survival and this mechanism may contribute to tumor suppression in humans.
Developing interpersonal intelligence in the workplace

All your employees need to be people‐smart. No matter what someone’s function is, everyone in today’s workforce is in the people business!It used to be said that some people were in the business of working with people and some of us were in the business of working with facts, figures, and machinery. But the people business is no longer the domain of the few. It now includes everyone.
Serving Two Masters — Conflicts of Interest in Academic Medicine

In January, Boston-based Partners HealthCare began sharply limiting the amount of compensation institutional officials may receive for serving on boards of directors of biomedical companies or companies that are likely to do business with Partners. Dr. Bernard Lo discusses the new Partners policy and the important ways in which the mission of academic health centers may diverge from that of for-profit medical companies.
The window controller

The window controller developed for the computer animation system (TAN) of the human-body modeling and positioning system TEMPUS (Badler et al., 1983) is characterized, and its operation is illustrated with diagrams. The controller is associated with a screen viewport and comprises five nested squares related to five modifications of the window, including zooming in and out, translation, locking plus translation, and extension of extremes plus translation. The variations of the controller and its limitations are considered, and its advantages over the use of a miniworld in a separate viewport are indicated.
Breast-Conserving Surgery in Older Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer: Current Patterns of Treatment Across the United States

Background Breast-conserving surgery (BCS) followed by radiotherapy is as effective as mastectomy for treatment of early invasive breast cancer. But earlier studies report low BCS use rates of 12% to 43% nationally, especially in older patients. We sought to determine current patterns and predictors of BCS use. Study Design In a national Medicare database of all beneficiaries (age greater than 65 years) with incident invasive breast cancer treated with operation in 2003, claims codes identified BCS versus mastectomy and demographic, treatment, and geographic region covariates. The 2003 Area Resource File provided socioeconomic covariates. Logistic regression modeled predictors of BCS. Results In 56,725 women, 59% were treated with BCS versus 41% with mastectomy. BCS was more likely in women who were younger than 70 years (odds ratio [OR], 1.37; 95% CI, 1.31 to 1.44; p Conclusions Currently, more than half of older women across the US diagnosed with nonmetastatic invasive breast cancer treated surgically receive BCS, representing a substantial increased use compared with historical data. Lack of BCS use appears in part associated with socioeconomic disadvantage, suggesting that persistent barriers to breast conservation exist.
The beta-1 adrenergic antagonist, betaxolol, improves working memory performance in rats and monkeys.

Background Previous studies have indicated that beta adrenergic receptor stimulation has no effect on the cognitive functioning of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Blockade of beta-1 and beta-2 receptors in the PFC with the mixed beta-1/beta-2 antagonist, propanolol, had no effect on spatial working memory performance. However, more selective blockade of beta-1 or beta-2 receptors might show efficacy if the two receptors have opposite effects on PFC function. The current study examined the effects of the selective beta-1 antagonist, betaxolol, on working memory in rats and monkeys. Methods In rats, betaxolol (.0011–1.11 μg/.5 μL) was infused into the PFC 5 min before delayed alternation testing. Monkeys were systemically injected with betaxolol (.0000011–.11 mg/kg) 2 hours before delayed response testing. Results Betaxolol produced a dose-related improvement in working memory performance following either direct PFC infusion in rats, or systemic administration in monkeys. However, some aged monkeys developed serious pancreatic problems over the course of this study. Conclusions These findings suggest that endogenous activation of the beta-1 adrenergic receptor impairs PFC cognitive function. These results may have therapeutic relevance to post-traumatic stress disorder or other disorders with excessive noradrenergic activity and PFC dysfunction. Pancreatic side effects in aged subjects taking betaxolol warrants further investigation.
The Effects of Shift Work on Family Satisfaction

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the impact of shift work (work performed during nonstandard hours) on the family relationships of shift workers. The author examined secondary 1997 data from the Families and Work Institute's National Study of the Changing Workforce (N = 3,552), and analyzed the differences in level of satisfaction with one's family (family satisfaction; FS) between shift workers and people who worked standard hours. Results demonstrated that working a nonstandard, nonflexible shift was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of FS, particularly for evening and night shifts. Although the total number of hours worked was not associated with FS, preferring to work fewer hours decreased the probability of reporting high FS. Job autonomy was another strong predictor of FS. Future research should include longitudinal studies to examine the long-term impact of shift work on families.
The wealth of the Natives: toward a critique of settler colonial political economy

In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith proposed a labor theory of value, which underlay his analysis of a global market economy. This essay foregrounds Indigenous territorial autonomy and control in Smith's analysis, to specify and deepen a labor theory of value for settler colonial situations. This provides a crucial perspective to anticipate the reconsolidation of imperialism in the current crisis.
Risk Factors in Father-Daughter Child Sexual Abuse A Case-Control Study

Child sexual abuse continues to be a problem within the United States with both the numbers of reported cases, and quite probably the number of actual cases continuing to grow. Of particular interest are the cases of father/daughter-stepfather/stepdaughter sexual abuse. The current literature has discussed at length many of the risk factors associated with this form of sexual assault. Unfortunately, much of the literature is either based on clinical studies or on surveys of adults. The current study described in this article uses an epidemiologic case-control approach to study the problem. In total, 34 current case families and 68 controls responded to a self-administered questionnaire. The data provided by these subjects were analyzed using the multivariate technique of logistic regression. Four variables are indicated as having a strong relationship to risk for this form of sexual assault. These four variables are income, marital satisfaction, closeness of the mother-daughter relationship, and violence ...
Catalytic autoignition of higher alkane partial oxidation on Rh-coated foams

Abstract Through online mass spectrometry it is demonstrated that steady-state production of syngas (CO and H 2 ) can be attained within 5 s after admitting large alkanes ( i -octane, n -octane, n -decane, or n -hexadecane) and air into a short-contact-time reactor by using an automotive fuel injector and initially preheating the Rh-coated catalyst above the respective catalytic autoignition temperature for each fuel. Minimum catalytic autoignition temperatures on Rh were ∼260 °C for n -octane and 240 °C for i -octane and n -decane. In contrast, catalytic autoignition of n -hexadecane indirectly occurred at temperatures (>220 °C) lower than those of the other fuels investigated because of exothermic homogeneous chemistry that preheated the catalyst (30–60 °C) to a temperature (∼280 °C) sufficient for surface lightoff. Additionally, the ignition kinetics for the large alkanes were determined and compared with those of methane. The step controlling surface ignition possessed an apparent activation energy of ∼78 kJ/mol that was not significantly different between fuels ( p > 0.05). However, a significant difference was found between the ignition preexponential for methane, O(10 4 s −1 ), and the other large alkanes, O(10 6 −1 ). The dominant energetic step for large alkane surface ignition is hypothesized to be oxygen desorption at saturation coverage as has been suggested for methane.