cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Active processes, morphology, and dynamics of icy debris fans: Landform evolution along rapidly degrading escarpments in alpine regions undergoing recent deglaciation

Abstract In the past few decades the impacts of climate warming have been significant in alpine glaciated regions. Many valley glaciers formerly linked as distributary glaciers to high-level icecaps have decoupled at their icefalls, exposing major escarpments and generating a suite of dynamic landforms dominated by mass wasting. Ice-dominated landforms, here termed icy debris fans, develop rapidly by ice avalanching, rockfall, and icy debris flow. Field-based reconnaissance studies at two alpine settings, the Wrangell Mountains of Alaska and the Southern Alps of New Zealand, provide a preliminary morphogenetic model of spatial and temporal evolution of icy debris fans in a range of alpine settings. The influence of these processes on landform evolution is largely unrecognized in the literature dealing with post-glacial landform adjustment known as the paraglacial. A better understanding of these dynamic processes will be increasingly important because of the extreme geohazards characterizing these areas. Our field studies show that after glacier decoupling, icy debris fans begin to form along the base of bedrock escarpments at the mouths of catchments and prograde over valley glaciers. The presence of a distinct catchment, apex, and fan morphology distinguishes these landforms from other landforms common in periglacial hillslope settings receiving abundant clastic debris and ice. Ice avalanching is the most abundant process involved in icy debris fan formation. Fans developed below weakly incised catchments are dominated by ice avalanching and are composed primarily of ice with minor lithic detritus. Typically, avalanches fall into the fan catchments where sediments transform into grainflows that flow onto the fans. Once on the fans, avalanche deposits ablate rapidly, flattening and concentrating lithic fragments at the surface. Icy debris fans may become thick enough to become glaciers with splay crevasse systems. Fans developed below larger, more complex catchments are composed of higher proportions of lithic detritus resulting from temporary storage of ice and lithic detritus deposits within the catchment. Episodic outbursts of meltwater from the icecap may mix with the stored sediments and mobilize icy debris flows (mixture of ice and lithic clasts) onto the fans. Our observations indicate that the entire evolutionary cycle of icy debris fans probably occurs during an early paraglacial interval (i.e., decades to 100 years). Observations comparing avalanche frequency, volume, and fan morphologic evolution at the Alaska site between 2006 and 2010 illustrate complex response between icy debris fans even within the same cirque — where one fan may be growing while others are downwasting because of differences in ice supply controlled by their respective catchments and icecap contributions. As ice supply from the icecap diminishes through time, icy debris fans rapidly downwaste and eventually evolve into talus cones that receive occasional but ephemeral ice avalanches.
Temporal modulation of synchrotron x-rays using torsional MEMS mirrors

We demonstrate the use of electrostatically driven micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) devices to control and deliver synchrotron x-ray pulses at high repetition rates. Torsional MEMS micromirrors, rotating at duty cycles of 2 kHz and higher, were used to modulate grazing-incidence x rays, producing x-ray bunches shorter than 10 μs. We find that dynamic deformation of the oscillating micromirror is a limiting factor in the duration of the x-ray pulses produced, and we describe plans for reaching higher operating frequencies using mirrors designed for minimal deformation.
The development of gestural communication in young chimpanzees

Plooij ( Action, Gesture and Symbol , Academic Press 1978; Before Speech , C.U.P. 1979) described some intentionally-produced communicatory gestures used by one-year-old chimpanzees on the Gombe Stream Reserve. The current study investigated the use of this type of gesture at later developmental periods. Subjects were five infant and juvenile chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) living in a semi-natural group at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center Field Station. On the basis of naturalistic observations, three stages in the development of communicatory gestures were determined: (1) One-year-old infants used some gestures, but only in an immature form and only with their mothers or with peers; (2) Two-year-olds produced more gestures which were clearly intentional and conventional (they waited for a response), and they directed them to all group members; (3) Three-year-olds used a wider variety of gestures, and they supplemented them with a “gaze-alternation” behavior which indicated even more clearly the goal of the communication. Many of the gestures used by infants and juveniles were not used by adults, thus indicating a significance confined to specific developmental periods. This contradicts the commonly-held assumption (e.g. Van Lawick-Goodall, 1967) that the developmental process is one in which young chimpanzees come gradually to learn a pre-existing set of adult communicatory gestures. From this and other evidence, it is argued that, while some of the gestures are learned observationally, many are learned through a process of “direct convention-alization” between animals, and others rely on both of these processes.
Review of an electronic polarization model of high Tc superconductivity

Abstract An electron polaron model for high T c superconductivity is reviewed. The model is shown to describe the high T c phenomenon using ceramic materials of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 − x as an example. The model also explains the magnetic measurements of CuCl and CdS. In the YBa 2 CU 3 O 7 − x compounds, experimental and theoretical evidence strongly support the model of positive quasi-particles originating on the O 2− ion from the so-called CuO chain form the Cooper pairs. The holes are bound together by the polarization of the copper 3d-like electronic cloud. The quantum of this polarization field is the exciton formed from an excitation between copper 3 d → 4 s -4 p type bands. The model also takes into account the screening effects caused by the O 2− charge cloud on the coupling of the two holes. The latter effect causes a cut-off of the binding of the Cooper pairs when there are too many holes and in turn relates to the value of the oxygen concentration. Further, the model is equally valid for both electrons and holes as is demonstrated by the model being applied to CuCl and CdS.
The Potential Flow Solution for Air Flow into a Flanged Circular Hood

The empirically derived equation for the centerline velocity gradient of a flanged circular inlet, obtained by DallaValle in the 1930s, is still used today as a basis for local exhaust design. This paper presents a theoretical solution for the three-dimensional velocity field into a flanged circular hood, and compares the results with velocity contours obtained by DallaValle. A simple and easily-used equation is derived for computing the velocity at any point under the influence of the hood.
Capillary zone electrophoresis of α-helical diastereomeric peptide pairs with anionic ion-pairing reagents

Abstract The present study uses an unique capillary electrophoresis (CE) approach, that we have termed ion-interaction capillary zone electrophoresis (II-CZE), for the separation of diastereomeric peptide pairs where a single site in the centre of the non-polar face of an 18-residue amphipathic α-helical peptide is substituted by the 19 l - or d -amino acids. Through the addition of perfluorinated acids at very high concentrations (up to 400 mM), such concentration levels not having been used previously in chromatography or CE, to the background electrolyte (pH 2.0), we have been able to achieve baseline resolution of all 19 diastereomeric peptide pairs with an uncoated capillary. Since each diastereomeric peptide pair has the same sequence, identical mass-to-charge ratio and identical intrinsic hydrophobicity, such a separation by CZE has previously been considered theoretically impossible. Excellent resolution was achieved due to maximum advantage being taken of even subtle disruption of peptide structure/conformation (due to the presence of d -amino acids) of the non-polar face of the amphipathic α-helix and its interaction with the hydrophobic anionic ion-pairing reagents. In addition, due to the excellent resolution of diastereomeric peptide pairs by this novel CZE approach, we have also been able to separate a mixture of these closely-related α-helical peptides.
Plasma 3-nitrotyrosine and outcome in neonates with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia after inhaled nitric oxide

Plasma protein levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and 3-chlorotyrosine were measured by LC-MS/MS at 0 and 72 h after the initiation of inhaled nitric oxide (INO) at 20 ppm in 22 prematurely born infants with clinically documented bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Infants were classified at the time of hospital discharge as either "off mechanical ventilation," "on mechanical ventilation," or "expired/organ failure." These outcomes were tested for association with changes in plasma levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and 3-chlorotyrosine and selected clinical risk factors. Infants whose 3-nitrotyrosine levels decreased over the 72 h period were more likely to wean off of mechanical ventilation (p =.03). There was no significant association between changes in 3-chlorotyrosne levels and outcome. After controlling for other variables, an odds ratio of 8.3 (95% CI: 1.3-54.4) for improved outcomes was observed if the 3-nitrotyrosine levels decreased. These data suggest that nitrative and oxidative stress may be related to the severity of lung disease and, consequentially, the overall outcome in this select group of infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity of novel heterocyclic QNB analogues

In an effort at synthesizing centrally-active subtype-selective antimuscarinic agents, we derivatized QNB (quinuclidinyl benzilate), a potent muscarinic antagonist, by replacing one of the phenyl groups with less lipophilic heterocyclic moieties. The displacement of [3H]-N-methyl scopolamine binding by these novel compounds to membranes from cells expressing m1-m4 receptor subtypes was determined. Most of the novel 4-bromo-QNB analogues were potent and slightly selective for m1 receptors. The 2-thienyl derivative was the most potent, exhibiting a 2-fold greater potency than BrQNB at m1 receptors, and a 4-fold greater potency at m2 receptors. This compound was also considerably less lipophilic than BrQNB as determined from its retention time on C18 reverse phase HPLC. This compound may therefore be useful both for pharmacological studies and as a candidate for a radioiodinated SPECT imaging agent for ml muscarinic receptors in human brain.
Effect of mica surface treatment on mechanical properties of mica-flake-reinforced cement composites

Abstract To determine how the surface modification of mica influences flexural strength and fracture toughness of mica-reinforced cement composites, mica was treated with HF acid and three coupling agents: two silanes (CVBS, γMPS) and a titanate (IDT). Significant increases in mechanical properties resulted, depending on type of treatment, concentration of treating solution, reaction time, and w/c ratio.
The Heterogeneity of Discourse Genres: Implications for Development.

In contrast to traditional views of genre as relatively homogeneous and rule-ordered forms, situated theories of communication conceptualize discourse genres as powerful and durable resources that are fully situated in the complexities of communicative interactions. From this perspective, discourse genres must be understood within complex and dynamic cultural practices. In this article we focus on such generic practices by tracing the pervasive heterogeneity and the distributed nature of discourse genres-in-use. We explore three examples from our research: a father and his two daughters playing Cindy Magic—a family-created, verbal game; a family's engagement with their two-year-old's creative retellings of the tale of Peter Rabbit; and a woman with aphasia playing a barrier game in a research setting with her teenage son. These analyses point to ways that histories of generic practices are sedimented in and distributed across diverse resources, and to the ways that participants weave these traces into specific patterns. It is the pervasive heterogeneity of situated interactions, we argue, that is the ground of the ongoing development of this distributed communicative competence—the development of persons, resources, and practices.
Rare earth-doped, high NA fluoride fibre amplifiers☆

Abstract Pr-doped fluorozirconate fibre with a Δn=0.047 has been fabricated. The LP11 cut-off was at 650 nm, the minimum loss was 0.08 dB/m and the fibre had a two-point-bending median strength of 2.96%. Configured as a power amplifier, a slope efficiency of 30% was obtained, giving 212 mW of output power at 1.30 μm when counter-directionally pumped with 900 mW of 1.10 μm light.
The Role of PP2A A Subunits in Tumor Suppression

The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) family of heterotrimeric serine-threonine phosphatases participates in human cell transformation. Each functional PP2A complex contains one structural A subunit (A alpha or A beta), and mutations of both are found to occur at low frequency in human tumors. We have shown that A alpha functions as haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene by regulating in part phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. In contrast, loss of A beta function due to biallelic alterations contributes to cancer progression through dysregulation of small GTPase RaIA activity. These observations provide evidence that dysfunction of particular PP2A complexes regulate specific phosphorylation event necessary for cancer initiation.
Measurements of the Polarization of Protons from Deuteron Photodisintegration

The polarization of the proton produced by the photodisintegration of the deuteron has been measured at several angles for photon energies between 170 and 450 MeV. The polarization is found to be around -0.20 (Basel convention) for 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. and photon energies between 200 and 300 MeV. This is in reasonable agreement with a calculation by D. George based upon the Austern model. However, the calculation fails to explain the strong increase in polarization with increasing photon energies. At a photon energy of 450 MeV and 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. the proton polarization is as large as -0.60.
Exchange of threat between multinational firms as an infinitely repeated noncooperative game

This study addresses the issue of under what circumstances intra-industry direct foreign investment could lead to anticompetitive behavior. Specifically, conditions under which (a) duopolists each operating in two national markets might agree jointly to maximize profits in the two markets and (b) such an agreement could have the properties of a Nash equilibrium are explored. If firms maximize profits “myopically”—that is, in the current market period only without regard to effects of their actions on profits in future periods-then such an agreement cannot be a Nash equilibrium. But if firms attempt to maximize the net present value of profits both in the current market period and in future periods, then theorems from the theory of infinitely repeated noncooperative games can be invoked to show that arrangements requiring tacit collusion can be a Nash equilibrium.
Gender differences in smoking cessation after 3 years in the Lung Health Study.

OBJECTIVES. An analysis of gender differences in smoking cessation was conducted among 3923 participants in the Special Intervention group of the Lung Health Study. This report focuses on gender differences in sustained quit rates at 12 and 36 months. METHODS. Special Intervention participants were offered a 12-session, 12-week smoking cessation program using nicotine gum and were followed for 3 years. Self-reported smoking status was validated with carbon monoxide and salivary cotinine. RESULTS. Men had higher sustained quit rates at 12 and 36 months; gender differences were found in baseline variables that also predicted sustained abstinence; and controlling for selected baseline variables reduced the association between gender and sustained abstinence. When other variables were controlled, gender predicted sustained abstinence at 36 months (odds ratio [OR] = 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04, 1.48) but not 12 months (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.92, 1.27), reflecting more late relapse among women. CON...
The syed temporary interstitial iridium gynaecological implant: an inverse planning system.

Patients with advanced gynaecological cancer are often treated with a temporary interstitial implant using the Syed template and Ir-192 ribbons at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Urgency in planning is great. We created a computerized inverse planning system for the Syed temporary gynaecological implant, which optimized the ribbon strengths a few seconds after catheter digitization. Inverse planning was achieved with simulated annealing. We discovered that hand-drawn target volumes had drawbacks; hence instead of producing a grid of points based on target volume, the optimization points were generated directly from the catheter positions without requiring an explicit target volume. Since all seeds in the same ribbon had the same strength, the minimum doses were located at both ends of the implant. Optimization points generated at both ends ensured coverage of the whole implant. Inverse planning took only a few seconds, and generated plans that provide a good starting point for manual improvement.
The path of carbon in photosynthesis. XVIII. The identification of nucleotide coenzymes.

The radioactive compounds to be observed when algae or green leaves are allowed to photosynthesize in C{sup 14}O{sub 2} for short periods are almost all phosphorylated derivatives of sugars. Of these, phosphate esters of trioses, sedoheptulose and fructose are the first to incorporate C{sup 14} followed closely by ribulose diphosphate, glucose-6-phosphate and a phosphate of mannose. It has been noted, in earlier papers of this series, that on radiograms of the products of photosynthesis, a dark area appeared in a position occupied by no known sugar phosphate and which gave glucose on acid hydrolysis or on treatment with a phosphatase preparation. This has hitherto been referred to as an 'unknown glucose phosphate'. It was found that this substance was more labile to acid than glucose-l-phosphate, itself a readily hydrolysable phosphate, and furthermore that other labile glucose derivatives were formed as intermediates during the acid hydrolysis. Accumulation of labeled glucose in this area precedes that in sucrose and suggests its synthetic relationship to sucrose phosphate synthesis.
Relationship of Age at Parabiosis and Time of Embryonic Death on Extent of Mixing of Embryonic Blood

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the extent of blood chimerism from parabionts joined at different ages and the mortality pattern after joining. Complete mixing of blood was found in 100% of the pairs joined at 13 days, 80% at 15 days, and 25% at 17 days of incubation. Therefore, interfusing of blood components could only be assured when the embryos were joined no later than 13 days of incubation. Mortality after parabiosis occurred in three peaks. The first and largest peak (16.4% mortality) occurred at 12 hr after parabiosis with substantial mortality through 36 hr. The second peak (4.6% mortality) occurred between 108 and 120 hr after joining of the eggs. The third and final peak (5.6% mortality) occurred between 192 hr and hatch. Surgical trauma, bacterial contamination, and the inability of the embryo to escape the shell once pipped are possible explanations since these events were associated with clusters of embryo deaths. The use of a single surviving parabiont as a means of increasing the efficiency of the parabiotic technique is discussed.
On the suitability of the virial equation for modeling the solubility of solids in supercritical fluids

Five model systems, the van der Waals fluid, the Soave-Redlich-Kwong fluid, the Peng-Robinson fluid, the hard-sphere fluid, and the square-well fluid, are used to examine the performance of the truncated virial expansion in describing the fugacity of a solute at infinite dilution in a solvent. It is demonstrated that the virial fugacity results deteriorate at significantly lower densities as the solute becomes larger. This has consequences for attempts to describe the solubility of solids in supercritical fluids, where the virial expansion, truncated after the third virial coefficient, has been considered as a modeling option. The results of this work suggest that, for the densities and solute-to-solvent size ratios commonly encountered in supercritical extraction, the truncated virial expansion should not be expected to describe correctly the solute fugacity, and therefore any success it has in fitting solubility data should be viewed with caution.
DEVELOPMENT AND LOCALIZATION OF VITAMIN D-DEPENDENT CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN TO THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE IN NEONATAL RAT KIDNEY

In order to investigate the role of vitamin D in renal tubular calcium reabsorption we measured vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein (CaBP) in renal homogenates and determined its localization in suckling and weanling rat kidney. One pup was taken from each of five litters at weekly intervals from 7-35 days post partum. CaBP was measured in kidney homogenates by radioimmunoassay and localized in freeze-substituted sections using an immunoperoxidase technique. We found only a 30% increase in CaBP in renal homogenates between 7 and 14 days, and none thereafter. We therefore studied two groups of four animals at 2 and 6 days of age and found a 104% increase between 2 and 6 days. Immunocytochemical studies revealed localization of the CaBP to the brush border of cells in the proximal tubule which was more pronounced with increasing age. The presence of vitamin D-dependent CaBP, a molecular marker of the vitamin D endocrine system in the brush border of the proximal tubule of rat kidney suggests that this is a site of vitamin D-dependent calcium transport analogous to that in the intestine. The developmental appearance and cellular localization noted in the kidney are, however, very different from that seen in the enterocyte, in which the CaBP is present at low levels until weaning, when it undergoes a five-fold increase, and rather than being a brush border protein, is widespread throughout the cytoplasm.
Social desirability in individual performance on thirteen MMPI scales.

The degree to which individual subjects tend to give socially desirable responses in self-description on each of thirteen MMPI scales was determined by computing, for each subject, a point–biserial correlation between his true/false responses and the social desirability (SD) scale values of the items. The results indicated that, on the average, from 10% to 20% of the variance in individual self-descriptions was associated with SD scale values. In comparison with these results, individual differences in the tendency to give SD responses, as measured by (a) these point–biserial correlations and (b) Edwards's SD scale, account for much more of the variance in raw scores on many of the MMPI scales. The differences between these methods of appraising SD aspects of test performance and implications for constructing SD-free scales were considered.
Speculative trade, asset prices and investment levels

In this paper I consider a dynamically complete market model without intrinsic uncertainty. Agents’ beliefs are different, but correct in the limit. Some agents are more patient than others. I show that infinitely often share prices are low and the economy stagnates. Also, infinitely often share prices are high and the economy grows. The changes from growth to stagnation and from stagnation to growth are not caused by exogenous shocks. They are caused by speculative trade among agents with different propensities to save and invest.
Elastic and Inelastic Scattering of Fast Neutrons

The scattering of the 2.5 Mev $d\ensuremath{-}d$ neutrons by C, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb was investigated by analyzing the distribution in energy of recoiling $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-particles in an ionization chamber. Measurements were carried out for scattering angles of the neutrons of 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The differential cross section for elastic scattering was measured, and the amount of inelastic scattering could be estimated. The elastic scattering showed a strong anisotropy whereas the inelastic scattering was roughly the same for the two scattering angles. The ratio of elastic to inelastic scattering was found to be appreciably larger in C, Al, and Pb than in Fe and Cu.
Existence of fair allocations in economies with production

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of compatibility between Pareto-optimality and equal-liberty (alias envy-freeness) in economies with production, seemingly closed after Pazner and Schmeidler's counter-examples. A simple Spence-Mirrlees-like condition (demanding that the less productive jobs are also marginally the harder in terms of well-being) is proposed, under which it is proved that allocations satisfying Pareto-optimality and equal-liberty always exist. This allows us to define a well-alive class of economies where the idea of ‘maximal equal-liberty does not lead to a paradox.
Risk factor analysis for bridge to transplantation with the CardioWest TAH

ical circulatory support as destination therapy. Bench testing is performed to predict clinical performance of LVADs. We report the European clinical experience with the LionHeart, a totally implantable pulsatile assist device, and compare results with bench testing of the device. The device was implanted in 23 patients in the CUBS Trial. Analysis was performed to determine freedom from device failure for 12 devices that underwent real time bench testing and the 23 clinical implants. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to calculate freedom from device failure. It should be noted that the results of the clinical implants do not represent overall survival, but give an accurate picture of durability of the device. Real time bench testing identified sac failure as the life-limiting component with a median life of 35.3 mo. (range: 22.2, 47.6). In the clinical series, there were 5 device failures; 4 were sac failures at 15.7, 24.3, 30.5, and 33.9 mo., resulting in patient death. The other failure was not life threatening. Median time to device failure was 27.4 mo. in the clinical series. A more recent series of bench testing with a new blood pump housing to reduce sac stresses has had no failures in 5 years of durability testing. In this series, the bench testing accurately predicted the clinical durability and failure mode of the LionHeart LVAD. Freedom from device failure depended on the durability of the blood sac with a median life of 2.3 years. The new design predicts durability in excess of 5 years with no sac or other component failures in that timeframe.
The Artifice of the “Natural”: Mahler’s Orchestration at Cadences1

Mahler often is criticized for using relatively straightforward tonal cadential formulas at a time when tonality was breaking down. When viewed through the lens of timbre, however, many of Mahler’s cadential passages operate in a more nuanced manner. Continuous, “natural” tonal syntax often is complicated by discontinuous orchestration at the exact moment of tonal resolution. In these cases, the cadence is perceived in a somewhat ironic light—as the concluding portion of a tonal narrative, a fiction. Mahler’s cadential orchestration thus resonates with the larger sense of disintegrating order and rules at the fin de siecle. Earlier versions of this article were presented at Cornell University (March, 1999) and the University of Rochester (April, 2000). I thank James Webster, David Rosen, Edward Murray, and Rebecca Sheinbaum for their comments and suggestions.
Recent developments in the use of tissue culture.

Summary As has been pointed out by a number of authors, tissue culture methods, subject to continued improvement, offer in addition to their practical use in infectious disease many opportunities for wider investigation of cell growth and metabolism under various conditions, of sensitivity reactions,53 of the effects of antiviral, antirickettsial, and perhaps antibacterial substances, and of the processes involved in antibody formation.16, 54
Effect of Surface Roughness on the Interaction Energy between a Colloidal Sphere and a Flat Plate

A set of analytical equations are developed for calculating the van der Waals and electrostatic interaction energies between a rough spherical particle and a smooth plate. The particle roughness is modeled as hemispherical asperities of fixed radius, in agreement with SEM micrographs of polystyrene latex spheres. The van der Waals energy is calculated using a pairwise summation technique for both nonretarded and retarded cases. The electrostatic energy is calculated using the linear superposition approximation and assuming the asperity-plate and particle-plate interactions are additive. We find that at large separations, the increased electrostatic repulsion produced by the roughness results in a shallower secondary potential well. At closer separations, however, the increased van der Waals attraction produces a dramatically lower repulsive barrier (as much as two orders of magnitude smaller in the example presented). This lower barrier would yield much larger capture rates than predicted by DLVO theory for smooth surfaces, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
Behind the looking-glass.

To understand how mirror neurons help to interpret actions, we must delve into the networks in which these cells sit, say Antonio Damasio and Kaspar Meyer.
Explicit data placement (XDP): a methodology for explicit compile-time representation and optimization of data movement

The ability to represent, manipulate and optimize data movement between devices such as processors in a distributed memory machine, or between global memory and processors in a shared memory machine, is crucial in generating efficient code for such machines. In this paper we describe a methodology for representing and manipulating data movement explicitly in a compiler. Our methodology, called Explicit Data Placement (XDP), consists of extensions to the compiler's intermediate program language, as well as run-time structures that allow certain operations to be performed efficiently. We also illustrate one of the unique features of the XDP methodology: the ability to manipulate the run-time transfer of data ownership between processors.
"Schema Abstraction" in a Multiple-Trace Memory Model

A simulation model of episodic memory, MINERVA 2, is applied to the learning of concepts, as represented by the schema-abstraction task. The model assumes that each experience produces a separate memory trace and that knowledge of abstract concepts is derived from the pool of episodic traces at the time of retrieval. A retrieval cue contacts all traces simultaneously, activating each according to its similarity to the cue, and the information retrieved from memory reflects the summed content of all activated traces responding in parallel. The MINERVA 2 model is able to retrieve an abstracted prototype of the category when cued with the category name and to retrieve and disambiguate a category name when cued with a category exemplar. The model successfully predicts basic findings from the schema-abstraction literature (e.g., differential forgetting of prototypes and old instances, typicality, and category size effects), including some that have been cited as evidence against exemplar theories of concepts. The model is compared to other classification models, and its implications regarding the abstraction problem are discussed. How is abstract knowledge related to specific experience? In present-day terms, this question concerns the relationship between episodic and generic memories. This article explores the possibility that there is only one memory system, which stores episodic traces, and that abstract knowledge as such does not have to be stored but can be derived from the pool of traces of specific experiences at the time of retrieval. I demonstrate how this might work by applying a simulation model of a multipletrace memory theory to the sehema-abstraction experimental paradigm, which is widely believed to capture in the laboratory the processes by which generic or abstract ideas are formed. Multiple-trace theories assume that each event to which one attends gives rise to its own memory trace. Thus, repetition of an item such as a word in a list does not strengthen a prior representation (i.e., one predating the experiment or one laid down by the item's first experimental occurrence); rather, it produces a new trace that coexists in memory with traces of other occurrences of the same item. Experiments supporting the multiple-trace assumption have been primarily concerned with the ability of subjects to remember an item's presentation frequency, list membership, presentation modality, exposure duration, serial position, and so forth (e.g., Hintzman, 1976; Hintzman & Block, 1971; Hintzman, Block, & Summers, 1973;
Mirex and the Circulation of Lake Ontario

Abstract The observed pattern of mirex in Lake Ontario's sediments is consistent with what is known about the Lake's long-term circulation. A reasonable simulation of the mirex pattern was obtained using a steady-state circulation model coupled to a simple water quality model. The equivalent 10-year mirex accumulation on the lake bottom from these numerical models is similar to the observed mirex pattern.
Videotape- versus Pellet-Reward Preferences in Joystick Tasks by Macaques

Andrews and Rosenblum (1993) convincingly demonstrated the effectiveness of live-social-video reward for joystick-task performance by bonnet macaques. We performed a similar series of experiments with quite different results. Taken together, these experiments emphasize the importance of the variability in individual preferences for reward effectiveness.
Anther Culture in Nicotiana tabacum: The Role of the Culture Vessel Atmosphere in Pollen Embryo Induction and Growth

A comparison of four volumes of culture vessel atmosphere revealed that this variable greatly influenced the induction and growth of pollen embryos from anthers of Nicotiana tabacum. The optimum frequency of anthers producing embryos and plantlets was found with a culture atmosphere of 15 ml per anther, whereas the optimum number of plantlets was found with 5-5 ml per anther. A small volume (0-5 ml per anther) almost completely suppressed embryo induction. Removal of specific components of the culture atmosphere (ethylene, carbon dioxide, oxygen) influenced the response of the anthers but did not produce a satisfactory explanation of the inhibition of pollen embryogenesis by the small culture atmosphere volume. In particular, the influence of ethylene absorption on embryo induction and growth depended both on the culture atmosphere volume and on the stage of development of the pollen at the start of culture. Using anthers containing pollen at a stage after the first pollen grain mitosis, ethylene absorption was found to increase the survival of induced embryos. Treatment of anthers for 3 d with silver nitrate, a known antagonist of ethylene action, was not an efficient means of increasing the yield of pollen plantlets.
Raman optical activity: Spectral simulation of the conformer dependent C ? Cl stretching vibrations in 1‐chloro‐2‐methylbutane

The atom dipole interaction model for Raman optical activity is utilized to evaluate certain chirality parameters for 1-chloro-2-methylbutane. The necessary normal coordinates and the associated vibrational frequencies for the CCl stretching motion of all nine conformers of this molecule are evaluated. The Raman optical activity spectrum as well as the ordinary Raman spectrum pertaining to CCl stretching vibrations are simulated and compared with the corresponding experimental spectra. Favorable agreement between the calculated and experimental results is obtained except for the overall strength of the ROA spectra where the calculated results are more than an order of magnitude smaller.
Robustness Analysis of Integrated LPV-FDI Filters and LTI-FTC System for a Transport Aircraft

This paper proposes an analysis framework for robustness analysis of a nonlinear dynamics system that can be represented by a polynomial linear parameter varying (PLPV) system with constant bounded uncertainty. The proposed analysis framework contains three key tools: 1) a function substitution method which can convert a nonlinear system in polynomial form into a PLPV system, 2) a matrix-based linear fractional transformation (LFT) modeling approach, which can convert a PLPV system into an LFT system with the delta block that includes key uncertainty and scheduling parameters, 3) micro-analysis, which is a well known robust analysis tool for linear systems. The proposed analysis framework is applied to evaluating the performance of the LPV-fault detection and isolation (FDI) filters of the closed-loop system of a transport aircraft in the presence of unmodeled actuator dynamics and sensor gain uncertainty. The robustness analysis results are compared with nonlinear time simulations.
Dynamic Server Allocation at Parallel Queues

This article explores whether dynamically reassigning servers to parallel queues in response to queue imbalances can reduce average waiting time in those queues. Approximate dynamic programming methods are used to determine when servers should be switched, and the performance of such dynamic allocations is compared to that of a pre-scheduled deterministic allocation. The proposed method is tested on both synthetic data and data from airport security checkpoints at Boston Logan International Airport. It is found that in situations where the uncertainty in customer arrival rates is significant, dynamically reallocating servers can substantially reduce waiting time. Moreover, it is found that intuitive switching strategies that are optimal for queues with homogeneous entry rates are not optimal in this setting.
Impedance Spectroscopy Studies of Fresnoites in BaO–TiO2–SiO2 System

The electrical properties of the fresnoite BaO–TiO2–SiO2 system were studied over a range of amorphous and crystalline microstructures using as-quenched glass (BTS-gl), partially crystallized glass (BTS-pc, heat treated at 740°C for 100 min) and fully crystallized glass ceramic (BTS-gc, heat treated at 750°C for 180 min). Combination of impedance and moduli plots along with equivalent circuit models were utilized in an attempt to understand the contributions arising from different regions in the glass ceramic, i.e. the glassy matrix, crystalline phase, and crystal–glass interface region. Electrical conductivity of the samples exhibited frequency dispersions at different temperatures suggesting localized motion of ions. The activation energies calculated from dc resistivity–temperature plots (Edc) and relaxation frequency–temperature plots (Ef) seem to increase as the degree of crystallinity increases suggesting that ionic transport becomes more difficult in crystallized glasses.
The cerebellar-vestibular predisposition to anxiety disorders.

To test for a cerebellar-vestibular (CV) predisposition to anxiety disorder, 402 consecutively referred subjects with varying anxiety symptoms were separated into eight DSM-III—R diagnostic categor...
In Vitro techniques for studying drug metabolism

A considerable amount of information has been obtained about human enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Cytochrome P450 is presented as a paradigm in order to illustrate the experimental techniques now available.In vitro assays can be done with tissue slices, microsomes, or even short-term cell cultures. In addition, recombinant enzymes can be produced in a variety of different vector systems. Information about catalytic selectivity regarding new drugs can be obtained, as well as important information about potential drug-drug interactions and bioavailability. Such studies play a role in the drug development process as well as metabolism and safety assessment.
Developing a Spiritual Assessment Toolbox: A Discussion of the Strengths and Limitations of Five Different Assessment Methods

Increasingly, social workers are being called on to conduct spiritual assessments, yet few assessment methods have appeared in academic literature. This article reviews five complementary assessment approaches that have recently been developed to highlight different facets of clients' spiritual lives. Specifically, one verbal model, spiritual histories, is discussed, along with four diagrammatic approaches: spiritual lifemaps, spiritual genograms, spiritual ecomaps, and spiritual ecograms. An overview of each approach is provided along with a discussion of its relative strengths and limitations. The aim here is to familiarize readers with a repertoire of spiritual assessment tools so that the most appropriate assessment method in a given client-practitioner setting can be selected.
An efficient numerical solution of non-linear hyperbolic equations with split boundary conditions

Abstract The equations describing the transient flow of a compressible fluid in a duct have been solved numerically by an extension of the method described previously for solution of a counter-current heat exchanger. The solution agrees well with a graphical solution obtained from the literature. The numerical method presented is applicable to the solution of other problems described by non-linear, hyperbolic equations.
Eighth grade students become proficient at CPR and use of an AED following a condensed training programme

Summary Objective To evaluate a new, 1-h, condensed training programme to teach continuous chest compression cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCC-CPR) and automated external defibrillator (AED) skills to a cohort of eight grade public school students. Methods Study design-prospective, interventional trial; Study population-convenience sample of students from two eighth grade classes; Study setting-urban, public school; Study protocol-written parental consent was obtained. Student attitudes, prior experience and baseline knowledge were sampled using an initial questionnaire and a modified American Heart Association (AHA) CPR/AED pretest. Students received training in continuous chest compression CPR (CCC-CPR) and AED use through a new condensed training programme. Student CCC-CPR and AED skills were immediately tested in a standardized fashion by the study team. Four weeks later, written and practical examinations were retaken by the same students supervised by the study team. Examination score differences were analyzed using matched pair t-tests. All tests were two tailed with alpha set at 0.05. Confidence Intervals (CI) 95% were calculated as appropriate. The primary outcome measure was the percentage of students who could correctly perform CCC-CPR and application/operation of an AED in a mock adult cardiac arrest scenario. Results Thirty-three eligible subjects completed the programme; mean age 13.7 years; 48.5% female. Eight participants reported some prior training in CPR and AED use. Following initial training, 29/33 (87.8%) subjects demonstrated proficiency at CCC-CPR and AED application/operation in a mock adult cardiac arrest scenario. At four-weeks, 28/33 (84.8%) subjects demonstrated skill retention in similar scenario testing. Subjects also showed improvement in written knowledge regarding AED use as shown by scores on an AHA based written exam (60.9% versus 77.3%; p Conclusion With our focused, condensed training program, eighth grade public school students became proficient in CCC-CPR and AED use. This is the first study to document the ability of middle school students to learn and retain CCC-CPR and AED skills for adult sudden cardiac arrest victims with such a curriculum.
Assessing Measurement Invariance for Spanish Sentence Repetition and Morphology Elicitation Tasks.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate evidence supporting the construct validity of two grammatical tasks (sentence repetition, morphology elicitation) included in the Spanish Screener for Language Impairment in Children (Restrepo, Gorin, & Gray, 2013). We evaluated if the tasks measured the targeted grammatical skills in the same way across predominantly Spanish-speaking children with typical language development and those with primary language impairment. Method A multiple-group, confirmatory factor analytic approach was applied to examine factorial invariance in a sample of 307 predominantly Spanish-speaking children (177 with typical language development; 130 with primary language impairment). The 2 newly developed grammatical tasks were modeled as measures in a unidimensional confirmatory factor analytic model along with 3 well-established grammatical measures from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals–Fourth Edition, Spanish (Wiig, Semel, & Secord, 2006). Results Results sugge...
Effects of flow about a biologically produced structure on harpacticoid copepods in San Diego Trough

Biologically produced structures located at the sediment-water interface may be important sources of environmental heterogeneity in the deep sea. We investigated the possibility that the interactions of such structures with flow affect abundances of sediment-dwelling harpacti- coid copepods. The micro-topography of the seafloor at 1050 m depth in San Diego Trough is dominated by 2-3 cm diameter mud concretions (mudballs) built by the cirratulid polychaete Tharyx luticastellus. We compared patterns of abundance of harpacticoids about mudballs to patterns of shear stress produced by the deflection of flow around mudballs. Twelve of 37 species examined appeared to be sensitive to some consequence of flow about mudballs. For 11 of these 12 species, the sensitivity of harpacticoids to flow was associated with episodes of relatively strong currents, some of which occurred several to tens of hours prior to collection of the core. For four to eight of these 12 species some caveats to this interpretation are required because of concerns about multiple testing and the possibility that, for two species, processes unrelated to flow may have produced similar patterns of abundance. Some of the responding species were significantly more abundant within regions of increased shear stress about a mudball. We suspect that the higher abundances in these areas were produced by attraction of harpacticoids to regions of enhanced vertical transport of solutes. Other responding species were significantly more abundant within regions of decreased shear stress. The higher abundances within these areas probably represented passive accumulations of harpacticoids that were dispersed through the water column by stronger flows.