cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trans-Ply Crack Density Detection by Acousto-Ultrasonics

The use of advanced composite materials, particularly for aerospace use, requires dimensional stability and the absence of cracks. The presence of cracks reduces mechanical characteristics and exposes the fibers and interfaces to environmental (moisture) effects. Graphite/PMR polyimide composites are candidate materials to replace metals in moderate high temperature zones (up to 316°C) in jet engines. These types of applications will introduce thermal cycling which in turn will produce trans-ply cracking unless tougher matrix materials are developed. Because these trans-ply cracks are very undesirable, NDE techniques are needed to detect the presence of trans-ply cracks. This paper will demonstrate that acousto-ultrasonics can be used to detect trans-ply cracks in graphite/PMR polyimide cross-ply and woven fabric laminates.
Preparation and electrical properties of inas thin films

Thin films of InAs have been deposited on mica substrates through a vacuum evaporation technique by means of controlling the substrate and source temperatures. The films with large crystal grain were found to have the best electrical properties. The maximum electron mobility of 12, 400 cm2/V·sec at room temperature was obtained in an undoped film of 3 Μm thickness at a donor concentration of 3.5 × 1016 cm−3. The temperature dependence of both electron mobility and resistivity of these films was slightly lower than those reported for bulk crystal type InAs.
Pharmacy school survey standards revisited.

In a series of 3 papers on survey practices published from 2008 to 2009, the editors of the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education presented guidelines for reporting survey research, and these criteria are reflected in the Author Instructions provided on the Journal’s Web site. This paper discusses the relevance of these criteria for publication of survey research regarding pharmacy colleges and schools. In addition, observations are offered about surveying of small "universes" like that comprised of US colleges and schools of pharmacy. The reason for revisiting this issue is the authors’ concern that, despite the best of intentions, overly constraining publication standards might discourage research on US colleges and schools of pharmacy at a time when the interest in the growth of colleges and schools, curricular content, clinical education, competence at graduation, and other areas is historically high. In the best traditions of academia, the authors share these observations with the community of pharmacy educators in the hope that the publication standards for survey research about US pharmacy schools will encourage investigators to collect and disseminate valuable information.
Filamin A Mutant Lacking Actin-Binding Domain Restores Mu Opioid Receptor Regulation in Melanoma Cells

We have previously reported that the protein filamin A (FLA) binds to the carboxyl tail of the mu opioid receptor (MOPr). Using human melanoma cells, which do not express filamin A, we showed that receptor down-regulation, functional desensitization and trafficking are deficient in the absence of FLA (Onoprishvili et al. Mol Pharmacol 64:1092–1100, 2003). Since FLA has a binding domain for actin and is a member of the family of actin cytoskeleton proteins, it is usually assumed that FLA functions via the actin cytoskeleton. We decided to test this hypothesis by preparing cDNA coding for mutant FLA lacking the actin binding domain (FLA-ABD) and expressing FLA-ABD in the human melanoma cell line M2 (M2-ABD cell line). We report here that this mutant is capable of restoring almost as well as full length FLA the down-regulation of the human MOPr. It is similarly very effective in restoring functional desensitization of MOPr, as assessed by the decrease in G-protein activation after chronic exposure of M2-ABD cells to the mu agonist DAMGO. We also found that A7 cells, expressing wild type FLA, exhibit rapid activation of the MAP kinases, ERK 1 and 2, by DAMGO, as shown by a rise in the level of phospho-ERK 1 and 2. This is followed by rapid dephosphorylation (inactivation), which reaches basal level between 30 and 60 min after DAMGO treatment. M2 cells show normal activation of ERK 1 and 2 in the presence of DAMGO, but very slow inactivation. The rapid rate of MAPK inactivation is partially restored by FLA-ABD. We conclude that some functions of FLA do not act via the actin cytoskeleton. It is likely that other functions, not studied here, may require functional binding of the MOPr-FLA complex to actin.
Relating macroscopic electrical relaxation to microscopic movements of the ions in ionically conducting materials by theory and experiment

Whatever the preferred representation of the frequency dependence of electrical relaxation experimental data, complex conductivity ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega}),$ complex permittivity ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega}),$ or complex electric modulus ${M}^{*}(\ensuremath{\omega}),$ there is no escape from the fact that we are dealing with measurements which are macroscopic in nature. The question of how to relate the macroscopic measurement, which contains the high-frequency dielectric constant ${\ensuremath{\varepsilon}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}},$ to the microscopic movement of the ions remains to be answered. Comparing the results of a stochastic transport theory and of the electric modulus formalism, we find that the electric modulus faithfully reproduces the shape of the dispersion of the microscopic ionic movement. However, the electric modulus relaxation time is different from the microscopic relaxation time by a known and calculable factor that is proportional to the product of the high-frequency dielectric constant and temperature. Consequently, the entire electric modulus relaxation time spectrum is shifted uniformly away from the microscopic ion relaxation time spectrum by the same frequency-independent factor, and these two relaxation time spectra have effectively the same dependence on temperature, isotope mass, etc. In contrast to electrical conductivity relaxation, nuclear spin relaxation is a microscopic probe of ionic movement, and from its result we can directly infer the microscopic dynamics of the ions. A combined study of ionic motion using electrical relaxation and nuclear spin relaxation in a crystalline ionic conductor by Le\'on et al. provides the experimental data to enable us to verify the theoretical relation between the macroscopic electric modulus spectrum and the microscopic ionic hopping relaxation spectrum.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colon associated with hypercalcemia and hyperleukocytosis. Report of a case.

Background/Aims: Squamous cell carcinoma of the colon is a rare entity. We report a case of a patient who presented with a perforated squamous cell carcinoma of the sigmoid colon. Results: A 45-year-old female presented with a 2-month history of worsening abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and vomiting. She underwent an exploratory laparotomy and was found to have keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the sigmoid colon that had perforated forming multiple abscess cavities. The postoperative course was complicated by hypercalcemia and persistent hyperleukocytosis, ultimately resulting in the patient’s death. Conclusions: We present the second reported case of squamous cell carcinoma of the colon associated with hypercalcemia and the first reported case of associated hyperleukocytosis.
Freedom and the Southern economy

Writing in 1857, Hinton Helper predicted that “three-quarters of a century hence, if slavery is abolished within the next ten years, as it ought to be, the South will, we believe, be as much greater than the North, as the North is now greater than the South.“’ To a Northern observer of the 1970s generous enough to allow Mr. Helper the leeway of a half-century or so, his prognosis seems uncomfortably accurate. But in the nineteenth century, it was the poverty and disappointment of freedom which seemed most striking, the weakness and apparent perversity of the South’s response to its own liberation. These are the central themes of One Kind of Freedom: the limited range of choices actually open to freedmen, the thwarted hopes for landownership, the stifling of progressive energies by exorbitant credit costs and racial barriers, the failure of the Southern economy to progress toward the national norm. As Helper’s example attests, one could attempt to diminish the indictment by taking a longer view of the matter, by asking for a longer “time for adjustment” as it were, or by placing the South and the freedmen in a worldwide rather than merely a national comparative contest. Since historical conditions are seldom permanent, and since there are innumerable choices of comparative standards, this strategy can hardly fail; relativities like these are the historians’ stock-in-trade. In this essay I too propose to examine One Kind of Freedom in a broader context, not to celebrate the long-run outcome of the developments deplored by Ransom and Sutch, but to show the elements of ambiguity and relativity in the economic issues under debate. Historians thrive on relativity and altered perspective, but we economists tend to carry on our debates as though our terms and categories were firm and immutable. We need to be reminded that the past contains multiple realities; a simplifying abstraction which successfully captures the essence of some historical situation for some purpose should not be confused with the history itself. Many of the analytical distinctions and
Increase in calcium leak channel activity by metabolic inhibition or hydrogen peroxide in rat ventricular myocytes and its inhibition by polycation.

Ca influx in cultured neonatal myocardium can be augmented by metabolic inhibition or free radical exposure. This increase cannot be prevented by blockade of L-type Ca channels or inhibition of Na-Ca exchange. It is speculated that a specific Ca leak may be involved in this process. In the present study patch clamp techniques were used to examine this hypothesis. Currents were measured in a recording configuration of cell attached or excised inside-out membrane patches in adult rat ventricular myocytes as affected by metabolic inhibition or free radical exposure. The metabolic inhibition was achieved by use of 1 mM iodoacetic acid and 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose with omission of glucose in the perfusate. Free radicals were generated by application of 100 microM hydrogen peroxide in the perfusate. Specific Ca leak channels were identified. The channels were not significantly permeable to monovalent cations. The activity of these channels was increased markedly over a period of minutes by metabolic inhibition or free radical exposure. In the presence of 100 microM hydrogen peroxide the open probability (NPo) of the channels increased from 0.0083 +/- 0.003 (mean +/- S.D.) in control to 0.09 +/- 0.024 (P < 0.01). During metabolic inhibition it was augmented from 0.0075 +/- 0.0035 to 0.062 +/- 0.018 (P < 0.01). The increase of the Ca leak channel activity under both conditions could be completely blocked by addition of polycationic protamine to the patch pipette solution. The results support the hypothesis that Ca leak channels are involved in the Ca overload induced by metabolic inhibition or free radical exposure. The inhibitory effect of polycation may have important therapeutic implications for the treatment of ischemic cardiac heart disease.
A Novel Detection Estimation Scheme for Noisy NMR Signals: Applications to Delayed Acquisition Data

Abstract Many potentially interesting and useful classes of NMR experiments generate data for which conventional spectral estimation and quantification via the Fourier transform are unsatisfactory. In particular, recently introduced solid-state NMR experiments which involve long delays before data acquisition fall into this category, as the free induction decays are heavily “truncated” and have low signal-to-noise ratios. A novel detection–estimation scheme is introduced in order to analyze data from such experiments and others where the sensitivity is low and/or the data record is strongly damped or truncated. Based on the assumption of exponential data modeling, the number of signals present is first detected using criteria derived from information theory and the spectral parameters are then estimated using the matrix pencil method. Monte Carlo simulations and experimental applications are carried out to demonstrate its superior statistical and computational performances and its general applicability to delayed acquisition data. Over the range of noise levels investigated, it is found that this approach is essentially near-optimal in the sense that the estimated spectral parameters have biases almost equal to zero and variances very close to their theoretical Cramer–Rao lower bounds. Compared to the popular method of linear prediction with singular value decomposition, this method not only improves the estimation accuracy (by a factor of 2–4) with a lower “breakdown” signal-to-noise threshold (≈1.5 dB), but also reduces the computational cost by about an order of magnitude. It also holds great promise in effectively reducing truncation artifacts. It is concluded that this approach not only facilitates the analysis of delayed acquisition data, but can also become a valuable tool in the routine quantification of general NMR spectra. A listing of programs is also included in the Appendix.
Effect of aluminum doping on zinc oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition for organic light-emitting devices

Transparent conducting aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The structural, electrical and optical properties of these films were investigated as a function of Al-doping amount (0–4 wt.%) in the target. Films were deposited at a substrate temperature of 200°C in 0.67 Pa of oxygen pressure. It was observed that 0.8-wt.% of Al is the optimum doping amount in the target to achieve the minimum film resistivity and the maximum film transmission. For the 300-nm thick AZO film deposited using a ZnO target with an Al content of 0.8 wt.%, the electrical resistivity was 3.7×10−4 Ω-cm and the average transmission in the visible range (400–700 nm) was 90%. The AZO films grown by PLD were used as transparent anodes to fabricate organic light-emitting diodes. The device performance was measured and an external quantum efficiency of 0.3% was measured at a current density of 100 A/m2.
Integrating 3D images using laboratory‐based micro X‐ray computed tomography and confocal X‐ray fluorescence techniques

The application of non-destructive imaging to characterizing samples has become more important as the costs of samples increase. Imaging a sample via X-ray techniques is preferable when altering or even touching the sample affects its properties, or when the sample is fielded after characterization. Two laboratory-based X-ray techniques used at Los Alamos include micro X-ray computed tomography (MXCT) and confocal micro X-ray fluorescence (confocal MXRF). Both methods create a 3D rendering of the sample non-destructively. MXCT produces a high-resolution (sub-µm voxel) rendering of the sample based upon X-ray absorption; the resulting model is a function of density and does not contain any elemental information. Confocal MXRF produces an elementally specific 3D rendering of the sample, but at a lower (30 × 30 × 65 µm) resolution. By combining data from these two techniques, scientists provided a more comprehensive method of analysis. We will describe a MATLAB routine written to render each of these data sets individually and/or within the same coordinate system. This approach is shown in the analysis of two samples: an integrated circuit surface mounted resistor and a machined piece of polystyrene foam. The samples chosen provide an opportunity to compare and contrast the two X-ray techniques, identify their weaknesses and show how they are used in a complementary fashion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fermion masses in SO(10): The case of the tree-level relation mb

By considering the renormalization-group flow of the top-quark generation Yukawa couplings in SO(10), we can constrain the tree-level value for the ratio [ital m][sub [ital b]]/[ital m][sub [tau]]. Analytic bounds on the flow show that the tree-level ratio must satisfy 0.6[approx lt][ital m][sub [ital b]]/[ital m][sub [tau]][approx lt]1.1 for the model with one Higgs particle at low energies, and 0.95[approx lt][ital m][sub [ital b]]/[ital m][sub [tau]][approx lt]1.5 for the two-Higgs-particle case.
Continuity in Representation between Children and Adults: Arithmetic Knowledge Hinders Undergraduates' Algebraic Problem Solving.

This study examined if solving arithmetic problems hinders undergraduates' accuracy on algebra problems. The hypothesis was that solving arithmetic problems would hinder accuracy because it activates an operational view of equations, even in educated adults who have years of experience with algebra. In three experiments, undergraduates (N = 184) solved addition facts or participated in one of several control conditions. Those who solved addition facts were less likely to solve prealgebra equations (e.g., 6 + 8 +4 = 7 + __) correctly under speeded conditions. In a fourth experiment, the negative effects of solving arithmetic problems extended to undergraduates (N = 74) solving algebra problems with no time pressure. Taken together, results suggest that arithmetic activates knowledge that hinders performance on algebra problems. Thus, an operational view of equations, which is prevalent in children, does not seem to be revised or abandoned, even after years of experience with algebra.
Modeling of three phase reactors: A case of oxydesulfurization of coal

Mathematical models have been developed for the design of bubble column slurry reactors, wherein the solids take part in the reaction and follow the shrinking core model. The cases of liquid film control, ash diffusion control, and chemical reaction control have been analyzed. Experiments were performed in a 22.2 mm i.d. continuous cocurrent bubble column slurry reactor for the removal of pyritic sulfur by oxidation from aqueous slurries of Upper Freeport, Lower Freeport, Kentucky No. 9, and Pittsburgh seam coals, in the temperature range of 430-480°K at 6.8 MPa total pressure. The theoretical predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental results.
Leaf nutrients in relation to stature and life form in tropical rain forest

. To document the relationship between a plant's position in the canopy and its leaf nutrient content, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus were determined for 30 species growing in mature evergreen lowland rain forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Species that grow either in the understory, midstory, or the canopy were selected. Species were further separated into three life forms: self-supporting monocots, self-supporting dicots, and climbers. Mass-based nutrient concentrations were expected to decrease with stature, as has been reported in studies of other forests. In fact, mass-based nitrogen and phosphorus did not vary significantly among the three adult-stature classes, although area-based values differed greatly: canopy plants averaged 60 % more nitrogen and 90 % more phosphorus per unit leaf area than understory plants. Differences in leaf characteristics were evident among the three life forms. Most notably, area-based phosphorus and leaf specific mass were lowest in climbers, intermediate in self-supporting dicots, and highest in self-supporting monocots. These results support the characterization of climbers as investing in inexpensive structures, perhaps in order to gain competitive advantage in light capture by allocating resources to maximize elongation rates.
Remarks on screening in a gauge-invariant formalism

In this paper we display a direct and physically attractive derivation of the screening contribution to the interaction potential in the chiral Schwinger model and generalized Maxwell-Chern-Simons gauge theory. It is shown that these results emerge naturally when a correct separation between gauge-invariant and gauge degrees of freedom is made. Explicit expressions for gauge-invariant fields are found.
Carbonized wood monoliths—Characterization

By using a combination of very accurately cut wood specimens and highly controlled pyrolysis conditions, we have for the first time obtained precise volumetric and linear shrinkage measurements for wood carbonization which we use to formulate a new theory of cellulose microfibril dominance. Characterization of these crack-free carbonized wood monoliths was performed by measuring density, dimensions, acoustic velocity, yield and crystallinity for heat treatment temperatures ranging from 400 to 2500 °C. Axial dimensions increased at the highest temperatures while radial and tangential dimensions continued to decrease. Acoustic velocity in the axial direction remained constant at 5 mm/μs above 1200 °C. Radial and tangential velocities went through a maximum before diminishing at the highest temperatures. Helium density of powdered carbonized monoliths was found to go through a maximum of 1.9 g/cm3 at 1000 °C before decreasing at the highest temperatures to 1.4 g/cm3, the value obtained for 400 °C char. The experimental results are used to support a model for the relationship between the cellulose molecular arrangement in the wood and the microstructure of the resulting carbon monoliths. It is proposed that cellulose microfibrils dominate the mechanism of dimensional change during pyrolysis and result in a preferred orientation of crystallites in the carbonized wood.
Mucus glycoprotein fatty acyltransferase in patients with cystic fibrosis: Effect on the glycoprotein viscosity

The presence of an acyltransferase activity which catalyzes the transfer of palmitic acid from palmitoyl coenzyme A to mucus glycoprotein has been demonstrated in the microsomal fraction of human rectal mucosa. The activity of this enzyme in the mucosa of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) was found to be 3.5 times higher than that from normal individuals. The CF mucus glycoprotein in comparison to that of normal contained 1.3 times more associated lipids and 6 times more covalently bound fatty acids. The viscosity of the intact CF glycoprotein was 1.8 times higher than that of normal glycoprotein. Extraction of associated lipids led to 3-fold drop in the viscosity of CF glycoprotein and 5-fold drop in the case of normal glycoprotein. Further loss in the viscosity occurred following removal of the covalently bound fatty acids. The viscosity of such modified CF mucus glycoprotein was only about 10% higher than that of similarly treated normal glycoprotein.
Navigating Into the Future or Driven by the Past

Prospection (Gilbert & Wilson, 2007), the representation of possible futures, is a ubiquitous feature of the human mind. Much psychological theory and practice, in contrast, has understood human action as determined by the past and viewed any such teleology (selection of action in light of goals) as a violation of natural law because the future cannot act on the present. Prospection involves no backward causation; rather, it is guidance not by the future itself but by present, evaluative representations of possible future states. These representations can be understood minimally as “If X, then Y” conditionals, and the process of prospection can be understood as the generation and evaluation of these conditionals. We review the history of the attempt to cast teleology out of science, culminating in the failures of behaviorism and psychoanalysis to account adequately for action without teleology. A wide range of evidence suggests that prospection is a central organizing feature of perception, cognition, affect, memory, motivation, and action. The authors speculate that prospection casts new light on why subjectivity is part of consciousness, what is “free” and “willing” in “free will,” and on mental disorders and their treatment. Viewing behavior as driven by the past was a powerful framework that helped create scientific psychology, but accumulating evidence in a wide range of areas of research suggests a shift in framework, in which navigation into the future is seen as a core organizing principle of animal and human behavior.
Excess Salt Removal with Matrix Rinsing: Direct Peptide Profiling of Neurons from Marine Invertebrates Using Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐flight Mass Spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF-MS) is a viable technique for the examination of biological environments. Clearly, sample preparation plays a pivotal role in the ability to obtain mass spectra from samples as complex as biological cells. The physiological salt concentrations associated with neurons from marine specimens interfere with MALDI analysis. A unique and simple rinsing procedure allows cellular clusters, individual neurons and connective tissues to be directly assayed for peptides with minimal sample handling. Isolated cells and tissues, including egg-laying hormone-releasing cells, from the central nervous systems of the model marine molluscs Aplysia californica and Pleurobranchaea californica are used to demonstrate the salt removal method. In addition to facilitating sample ionization, the MALDI matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid serves to (i) aid in microdissections by stabilizing cell membranes, (ii) deactivate endogenous proteolytic enzymes and (iii) reduce high salt concentrations in order to improve spectral quality. Representative MALDI mass spectra are presented which indicate the presence of several neuroactive peptides previously characterized by conventional biochemical methods. More than ten individual peptides can be detected in a single cell. In spite of the chemically complex sample, the mass spectra are surprisingly free of extraneous peaks. Furthermore, both mass resolution and mass accuracy are similar to those encountered with more common MALDI samples and protocols.
A Comparison of Races and Leukemia Subtypes Among Patients in Different Cancer Survivorship Phases

Abstract Background The three phases of cancer survivorship include the acute survival phase (ASP), the extended survival phase (ESP), and the permanent survival phase (PSP). This Institutional Review Board–approved retrospective pilot project compared races and leukemia subtypes among patients in the ASP, ESP, and PSP. Methods Fifty-five adult patients from our National Cancer Institute–designated cancer center were individually interviewed. Subjects were asked about multiple areas of survivorship including their social support system, distress level, and quality of life. Results Demographics of the 55 patients are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 10; acute myelocytic leukemia (AML), 9; chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), 23; and chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML), 13. There were 23 females and 32 males, 30 Hispanics, 20 Caucasians, and 5 African-Americans. Twenty-two patients were in the ASP, 21 in the ESP, and 12 in the PSP. AML patients experienced the most physical, family, emotional, and spiritual problems (78%, 33%, 56%, and 22%, respectively). AML patients also had the highest distress level with a mean score of 5.8 (SD 1.7), compared to ALL (1.8), CLL (3.2), and CML (5.1) ( P value P value .016). Fear of recurrence was higher in Hispanics (67%), compared to African Americans (40%) and Caucasians (30%) ( P value .031). Hispanics (40%) experienced more problems with housing, insurance, and work, as compared to African Americans (20%) and Caucasians (10%) ( P value .047). Conclusion This study addresses the perceptions and beliefs of leukemia survivors and found that AML and minority patients need further investigation on various aspects of quality of life.
Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities

Many insects contain diverse gut microbial communities. While several studies have focused on a single or small group of species, comparative studies of phylogenetically diverse hosts can illuminate general patterns of host–microbiota associations. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that (i) host diet and (ii) host taxonomy structure intestinal bacterial community composition among insects. We used published 16S rRNA gene sequence data for 58 insect species in addition to four beetle species sampled from the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge to test these hypotheses. Overall, gut bacterial species richness in these insects was low. Decaying wood xylophagous insects harboured the richest bacterial gut flora (102.8 species level operational taxonomic units (OTUs)/sample ± 71.7, 11.8 ± 5.9 phylogenetic diversity (PD)/sample), while bees and wasps harboured the least rich bacterial communities (11.0 species level OTUs/sample ± 5.4, 2.6 ± 0.8 PD/sample). We found evidence to support our hypotheses that host diet and taxonomy structure insect gut bacterial communities (P < 0.001 for both). However, while host taxonomy was important in hymenopteran and termite gut community structure, diet was an important community structuring factor particularly for insect hosts that ingest lignocellulose-derived substances. Our analysis provides a baseline comparison of insect gut bacterial communities from which to test further hypotheses concerning proximate and ultimate causes of these associations.
A computational study on preverbal and postverbal accusative object nouns and pronouns in Ancient Greek

Many studies try to determine whether Ancient Greek is an OV or VO language. All of them, however, fail to conduct a research whose method is entirely clear. This paper presents the first attempt to quantify the number of verbs governing preverbal or postverbal accusative object nouns or pronouns in single or coordinate independent clauses in Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, Herodotus’ Histories, and the New Testament, by providing results which are fully verifiable and reproducible. I prove that as for the parameter OV vs. VO there is great variation in the texts, which suggests a change over time from OV order in Homer to VO order in the New Testament. The figures for Herodotus’ Greek prove a quasi-exact match between OV order and VO order.
Photonic integration using asymmetric twin-waveguide (ATG) technology: part I-concepts and theory

In this first of two papers (hereinafter called Paper I), we present a universal approach for simply realizing monolithic photonic integration based on asymmetric twin-waveguide (ATG) technology. The concepts and important developments leading to ATG integration technology will be reviewed. The ATG structure consists of active and/or passive devices formed in separate, vertically displaced waveguides. Light is transferred between the waveguides via very low loss, lateral, adiabatic tapered mode transformers, allowing different optical functions to be realized in the different waveguides. The design of the adiabatic tapered mode transformer uses an algorithm based on perturbation theory. We show that the same designs can also be deduced from coupled local mode theory. Using the perturbation algorithm to design the taper coupler in an ATG based high bandwidth photodiode, a transfer efficiency of greater than 90% from the fiber waveguide to the coupling waveguide is achieved while the taper length can be reduced by 35% compared to conventional two-section linear taper couplers. The taper design algorithm is further optimized to make the adiabatic taper couplers tolerant to variations in incident light polarization, operation wavelength, and dimensional control during fabrication. Finally, we propose and design a taper that adiabatically couples light from the fundamental mode to the first-order mode. Such a taper coupler is useful in an integrated semiconductor optical amplifier/p-i-n detector circuit.
TRK1 encodes a plasma membrane protein required for high-affinity potassium transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract We identified a 180-kilodalton plasma membrane protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae required for high-affinity transport (uptake) of potassium. The gene that encodes this putative potassium transporter (TRK1) was cloned by its ability to relieve the potassium transport defect in trk1 cells. TRK1 encodes a protein 1,235 amino acids long that contains 12 potential membrane-spanning domains. Our results demonstrate the physical and functional independence of the yeast potassium and proton transport systems. TRK1 is nonessential in S. cerevisiae and maps to a locus unlinked to PMA1, the gene that encodes the plasma membrane ATPase. Haploid cells that contain a null allele of TRK1 (trk1 delta) rely on a low-affinity transporter for potassium uptake and, under certain conditions, exhibit energy-dependent loss of potassium, directly exposing the activity of a transporter responsible for the efflux of this ion.
A scalable approach for estimation of resource availability using bitfields

Determining the time when a resource will be available to perform a task is a fundamental sub-problem in a variety of scheduling applications. This paper describes a model of resource capacity and an efficient representation that together facilitate rapid estimation of the time when a resource is available. A special-purpose data structure called a bitfield is used to represent capacity in discrete time. Although the bitfield representation is simple, it closely matches facilities provided by the hardware, so that searches for available capacity can be executed very efficiently. Results demonstrate the scalability of the approach relative to other approaches that do not store data contiguously in memory and as a result require significantly more memory accesses to compute availability.
The influence of anthropogenic nitrogen loading and meteorological conditions on the dynamics and toxicity of Alexandrium fundyense blooms in a New York (USA) estuary

Abstract The goal of this two-year study was to explore the role of nutrients and climatic conditions in promoting reoccurring Alexandrium fundyense blooms in the Northport-Huntington Bay complex, NY, USA. A bloom in 2007 was short and small (3 weeks, 10 3 cells L −1 maximal density) compared to 2008 when the A. fundyense bloom, which persisted for 6 weeks, achieved cell densities >10 6 cells L −1 and water column saxitoxin concentrations >2.4 × 10 4 pmol STX eq. L −1 . During the 2008 bloom, both deployed mussels (used as indicator species) and wild soft shell clams became highly toxic (1400 and 600 μg STX eq./100 g shellfish tissue, respectively) resulting in the closure of shellfish beds. The densities of benthic A. fundyense cysts at the onset of this bloom were four orders of magnitude lower than levels needed to account for observed cell densities, indicating in situ growth of vegetative cells was responsible for elevated bloom densities. Experimental enrichment of bloom water with nitrogenous compounds, particularly ammonium, significantly increased A. fundyense densities and particulate saxitoxin concentrations relative to unamended control treatments. The δ 15 N signatures (12–23‰) of particulate organic matter (POM) during blooms were similar to those of sewage (10–30‰) and both toxin and A. fundyense densities were significantly correlated with POM δ 15 N ( p A. fundyense growth was supported by a source of wastewater such as the sewage treatment plant which discharges into Northport Harbor. Warmer than average atmospheric temperatures in the late winter and spring of 2008 and a cooler May contributed to an extended period of water column temperatures optimal for A. fundyense growth (12–20 °C), and thus may have also contributed toward the larger and longer bloom in 2008. Together this evidence suggests sewage-derived N loading and above average spring temperatures can promote intense and toxic A. fundyense blooms in estuaries.
Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India.

Castes of Mind: Colonialism and the Making of Modern India. Nicholas Dirks .Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001. ix. 372 pp., notes, index.
IL-17A and IL-25: therapeutic targets for allergic and exacerbated asthmatic disease

The development of drugs targeting IL-17 family members IL-17A and IL-25 may inhibit the development of multiple components of allergic airway disease, including mucus hypersecretion, airway hypertrophy and the influx of granulocytic effector populations due to the reduction of key chemokines. It is the accumulation of these inflammatory cells that ‘primes’ the pulmonary environment for an exacerbated response to ubiquitous environmental allergens. Therefore, inhibiting their recruitment may reduce the incidence of severe exacerbations in asthmatic individuals.
Tests of Genetic Stock Identification Using Coded Wire Tagged Fish

Genetic Stock Identification (GSI) uses allozyme variation to determine the composition of mixed-stock fisheries. The GSI method was tested using real fishery data. We report, for the first time in the primary literature, results of tests of GSI in which source stock and ocean-caught mixture samples were separately obtained and the mixture composition was known exactly because the fish used were marked by Coded Wire Tags (CWTs). The accuracy of GSI and its dependence on the quality of genetic data were studied by computer experiments. Rare alleles, which could result from poor sampling procedures, can lead to significant estimation errors. Estimation accuracy depended on the concordance between stocks present in the baseline data and the mixture sample and on the number of loci used in the analysis. Two methods for computing the contributions of groups of source stocks were found to be comparable under most, but not all, conditions. In a blind test of GSI, stock group composition estimates had absolute er...
Cross-contamination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Escherichia coli O157:H7 via contaminated ground beef.

A lettuce outbreak strain of E. coli O157:H7 was used to quantitate the pathogen’ s survival in ground beef and its transfer to hands, cutting board surfaces, and lettuce. Overnight storage of inoculated beef at 4 8C resulted in no pathogen growth, while room-temperature storage allowed multiplication. Hamburger patty formation allowed the transfer of bacteria to hands. Contaminated e ngers subsequently transferred the pathogen to lettuce during handling. E. coli was transferred from hamburgers to cutting board surfaces; overnight storage of boards decreased the numbers of recoverable pathogens by ;1 log CFU. A 15-s water rinse failed to remove signie cant numbers of pathogens from cutting boards whether it was applied immediately after contamination or following overnight room-temperature storage. Three lettuce leaves were successively applied to a single contaminated cutting board area both immediately after contamination and after overnight room-temperature storage of contaminated boards. Another set of leaves was pressed onto boards immediately following contamination and was then stored overnight at 4 8C before pathogen enumeration. The numbers of pathogens transferred to the e rst pressed leaves were larger than those transferred to the second or third leaves. There were no signie cant differences in the numbers of pathogens recovered from leaves pressed immediately after contamination whether pathogens were enumerated immediately or following overnight storage at 48C. However, fewer pathogens were transferred to leaves pressed to boards stored overnight at room temperature prior to contact with lettuce. Twenty-e ve lettuce pieces were successively pressed onto one area on a board containing 1.25 3 102 CFU of E. coli. Pathogens were transferred to 46% of the leaves, including the 25th exposed leaf.
Electrification of a single polymer particle by successive impacting onto metal targets

Electrification of a single polymer particle by successive impacting onto separated metal targets was measured separately about each impact, and, from these experiments, the process of the electrification of the polymer particle due to successive impacts was traced. The experiments were conducted using Teflon particles 3.2 mm in diameter and brass plates (50*50 mm, 5 mm thick) for both the first and second target. These experiments were conducted under a normal-pressure air atmosphere with temperature and humidity maintained at 25+or-5 degrees C and 25+or-5%, respectively. At the second impact, the initial charge of the particle becomes nonuniform because of the presence of the impact charge generated by the first impact. In order to account for the contribution of this nonuniform initial charge on the impact charging, a new model in which the electrostatic field around the particle is considered is proposed. A good explanation of the experimental results was thus obtained. >
A GRAPHIC GENERALIZATION OF ARITHMETIC

In this paper, we introduce a natural arithmetic on the set of all flow graphs, that is, the set of all finite directed connected multigraphs having a pair of distinguished vertices. The proposed model exhibits the property that the natural numbers appear as a submodel, with the directed path of length n playing the role of the standard integer n. We investigate the basic features of this model, including associativity, distributivity, and various identities relating the order relation to addition and multiplication.
An Experiment in Laboratory Education

A departure from traditional forms of undergraduate laboratory education has been incorporated into the electrical engineering curriculum at Syracuse University. In this paper is presented a summary of the reasons for this innovation, a description of the course, and an evaluation of our experiences with it. As curricula in electrical engineering become more science centered, it is essential that the undergraduate engineering laboratory take as its prime objective the development of skills requisite to the planning and execution of meaningful experiments and the promotion of an understanding of the relationships between theory and experiment. Briefly, the objective is an education in the experimental aspects of scientific method. This objective has not been well served in the past by the traditional laboratories. Too frequently, student motivation has been poor enough to limit substantially the learning process, and the typical experiment was not likely to afford an opportunity for education in science. To attempt to fulfill the objectives stated, a separate course in laboratory was initiated. The separation of the laboratory from its traditionally dependent role was expected to permit greater freedom in the technical content of the course and to emphasize the importance of the laboratory to science. The plan of the course was inspired by the belief that motivation, the prime force in the learning process, is determined in part by the significance of the experiments the student is asked to perform, and that an education in science can be obtained only by the exercise of its method.
Changing Physical Education Teacher Education Curriculum to Promote Inclusion

Many physical education teachers are not well trained to address the needs of students with disabilities in an inclusive physical education class despite inclusion being a general educational policy (Rust & Sinelnikov, 2010). This lack of training could be improved through well-designed physical education teacher education (PETE) curriculum. This article proposes a curriculum framework based on the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to effectively train pre-service physical educators toward the inclusive physical education. Three curriculum stages (lecture-focused, lectures with teaching practicum, and internship-focused) and the stage-matched strategies adapted from the TTM are discussed as promising ideas to systematically restructure the PETE curriculum and effectively train pre-service teachers to promote inclusion.
Sensitivity of Midlatitude Storm Intensification to Perturbations in the Sea Surface Temperature near the Gulf Stream

AbstractThe Gulf Stream region is a primary location for midlatitude storm cyclogenesis and growth. However, the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) on storms in the region is still under question, particularly after a storm has developed. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a storm that intensified as it transited northward across the Gulf Stream is simulated multiple times using different SST boundary conditions. These experiments test the storm response to changes in both the absolute value of the SST and the meridional SST gradient. Across the different simulations, the storm strength increases monotonically with the magnitude of the SST perturbations, even when the perturbations weaken the SST gradient. The storm response to the SST perturbations is driven by the latent heat release in the storm warm conveyor belt (WCB). During the late stages of development, the surface fluxes under the storm warm sector regulate the supply of heat and moisture to the WCB. This allows the ...
Mechanisms Determining the Atmospheric Response to Midlatitude SST Anomalies

Abstract Previous GCM experiments demonstrated that a model atmosphere produces two different responses to a midlatitude warm SST anomaly over the Pacific under perpetual January and February conditions. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the different GCM responses and their dependence on the background flow, experiments with two idealized models are conducted. Experiments with a linear baroclinic model reveal that the GCM responses at equilibrium are primarily maintained by the anomalous eddy forcing. The anomalous flow induced directly by an idealized initial heat source exhibits little sensitivity to the background flow. Eddy feedbacks on the heating-induced anomalous flow are examined using a linear storm track model. The anomalous eddy forcing produced by the storm track model is sensitive to the basic state. The eddy forcing in January acts to shift the heating-induced upper-level ridge toward the northeast of the Gulf of Alaska, while in February it acts to reinforce the ridge. This sugge...
EFFECT OF AGING ON SPATIAL LEARNING AND RUNNING SPEED IN THE SHREW (CRYPTOTIS PARVA)

Abstract This study examined spatial-learning ability of the least shrew, Cryptotis parva, in a complex maze and the effects of senescence on spatial learning and maximal running speeds. This represents the 1st such study on these parameters for soricids. Shrews from 3 age groups, juvenile (20–23 days old), young but sexually mature (50–54 days), and senescent (20 months), were tested in a maze containing 5 blind alleys. The number of blind-alley errors was recorded during a 10-day training period. On the 1st day of training, there was a significant difference in performance between senescent (123.4 errors ± 14.1 SE) and young (68.9 ± 5.8 errors) shrews and between senescent and juvenile shrews (74.3 ± 7.2 errors). During the 10-day period, there was a significant decrease in mean number of errors: from 74.3 to 3.3 for juvenile shrews, 68.9 to 2.4 for young shrews, and 123.4 to 16.6 for senescent shrews. There was no significant difference in decrease in errors between juvenile and young shrews. Young shr...