cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Pancreatic Ribonucleases 1-114 and 1-115 and Their Reactivation by Mixture with Synthetic COOH-terminal Peptides

Abstract Previous experiments have shown that RNase A from which the last 6 residues have been removed enzymatically can be reactivated by mixture with synthetic peptides containing 9 to 14 residues of the COOH-terminal sequence. In such experiments there were at least 3 overlapping residues in the recombination. To avoid the overlap, 9 residues have now been removed by treating RNase-(1-118) with yeast carboxypeptidase which hydrolyzes the sequence that includes Pro117. A 10th residue (Tyr115) could be removed by further hydrolysis with carboxypeptidase A. RNase-(1-115) and RNase-(1-114) were found to be largely unfolded at 25°, whereas RNase-(1-118) had a transition temperature of 33°. When the synthetic Peptide-(116-124) was added to RNase-(1-115) or RNase-(1-114), the transition temperature of the complex was about 38°. The binding of the peptide to these proteins is more than 10 times as strong as it is to RNase-(1-118). The Km values with the cyclic cytidylic acid substrate are the same as for the native enzyme. The maximum regenerated activity, about 50%, did not differ from that obtained when the overlap was present. When the 14-residue Peptide(111-124), which gave 98% activity with RNase 1-118, was added the regeneration of activity was still only 50%. These results indicate that the removal of Val118, Pro117, and Val116 unfolds the chain to an extent that is not completely reversible through complex formation with the 14-residue peptide to give the precise orientation of His119 necessary for full catalytic activity. The complex between RNase-(1-114) and Peptide-(116-124) lacks Tyr115 and yet is as active as the other complexes; Tyr115 is thus not essential for complex formation or for activity in bovine RNase, and this conclusion fits with the finding by Jackson and Hirs that in porcine RNase tyrosine is replaced by proline at position 115.
Structural and probabilistic causality.

This chapter discusses statistical contingency models of causal induction have had two major advantages over their power-based rivals. First, statistics-based models are grounded in direct experience and, hence, promise to explicate the evidence and the processes responsible for acquiring cause-effect relationships from raw data. Second, statistics-based models enjoy the symbolic machinery of probability calculus, which enables researchers to posit hypotheses, communicate ideas, and make predictions with mathematical precision. In comparison, as well as skirting the issue of causal induction by presuming the preexistence of a causal structure, power-based theories have lacked an adequate formal language in which to cast assumptions, claims, and predictions. The chapter offers a formal setting, based on mechanisms, structures, and surgeries, which accommodates both the statistical and the power components of causal inference. It discusses how preexisting causal knowledge, cast qualitatively in the form of a graph, can combine with statistical data to produce new causal knowledge that is both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The explication of causal relationships in terms of mechanisms and physical laws is not meant to imply that the induction of physical laws is a solved, trivial task. It implies that the problem of causal induction, once freed of the mysteries and suspicions that normally surround discussions of causality, is formulated as part of the more familiar problem of scientific induction.
Job satisfaction among detention officers: Assessing the relative contribution of organizational climate variables

Abstract Based on a survey of all detention officers in Maricopa County, AZ, this study tests the hypothesis that measurements of climate have a direct effect on a detention officer's level of general job satisfaction, and that these observed effects remain statistically significant when individual characteristics of the officer are controlled. Additional analyses test the hypothesis that male and female officers are influenced in a similar manner by organizational climate variables, although the magnitude of that influence varies by gender. Results suggest that climate variables have a greater impact on job satisfaction than individual level variables. The data, however, indicate a more complicated relationship between job satisfaction and gender. These results indicate a need to consider the conditioning effect of gender on the relationship between organizational climate and job satisfaction in such a highly sex-typed occupational setting as a jail facility.
Composition of broiler meat as influenced by cooking methods and coating.

Broiler meat was cooked, by five different cooking methods and analyzed. Cooking methods affected cooking losses as follows: baked < broiled < microwave heated < panfried < pressurized deepfat fried. A coating greatly reduced moisture loss. Protein was highest in breasts, in coated rather than uncoated meat, and in parts microwave heated, deepfat fried and panfried. Crude fat was higher in uncoated thigh meat, cooked by deepfat frying, but the differences in cooking methods were not significant. Higher concentrations of minerals, where significant differences were found, were in poultry after being microwave heated and in uncoated rather than coated meat. Those minerals that were affected by cooking methods on an‘as is’basis included Fe, Mg, Na, and Zn and Fe on a dry weight basis. Those not affected included Ca, P, K, S, Cu, and Mn.
Can DAGs clarify effect modification

The system proposed by VanderWeele and Robins for categorization of effect modifiers that are causal nodes in a directed acyclic graph (DAG) was not intended to empower DAGs to fully represent complex interactions among causes. However, once one has algebraically identified effect modifiers, the DAG implies a role for them. The limitations of epidemiologic definitions of "effect modification" are discussed, along with the implications of scale dependency for assessing interactions, where the scale can be either absolute risk, relative risk, or odds. My view is that probabilistic independence leads to the log-complement as a natural scale for interaction, but even that scale does not necessarily admit unambiguous inference. Any 2 direct causes of D are effect modifiers for each other on at least 2 scales, which can make a reasonable person question the utility of the concept. Still, etiologic models for joint effects are important, because most diseases arise through pathways involving multiple factors. I suggest an enhancement in construction of DAGs in epidemiology that includes arrow-on-arrow representations for effect modification. Examples are given, some of which depend on scale and some of which do not. An example illustrates possible biologic implications for such an effect modification DAG.
Why face a challenge?: The reason behind intrinsically motivated students' spontaneous choice of challenging tasks

Abstract In a task choice situation, why do some students spontaneously choose challenging tasks while others do not? In the study, 114 undergraduate students were first asked of their perceived competence and interest in solving number puzzles at both individual and situational levels, and then asked to choose one puzzle from four difficulty levels. They received no performance feedback throughout the session. Regression analyses indicated that the students with higher individual interest levels chose more challenging puzzles, while the students with higher levels of perceived competence and low levels of individual interest did not necessarily choose difficult puzzles. The students who chose more challenging puzzles attributed their choices to interest rather than perceived competence. The study suggests a limitation of relying on students' self-reported confidence in their ability and the importance of conceptualizing individual interest as the reason behind the choice of challenging tasks in a low-pressure task choice environment.
Ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton photosynthesis1

The effect of present-day levels of ultraviolet radiation (290 to 320 nm) on /sup 14/C incorporation by natural phytoplankton populations was measured. There is a statistical relatonship between dosage and reduction of /sup 14/C uptake. This effect could be detected throughout a significant portion of the euphotic zone, but the major effect is restricted to the upper portions of the euphotic zone. Overall, its effect on present-day estimates of oceanic production is minimal. Similarly, potential effects of elevated uv-B levels striking the surface of the sea, resulting from perturbations of the ozone layer, are restricted to the upper few meters of the water column.
Competition between Tribolium species (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) on several diets

Abstract Competition studies between T. castaneum and T. confusum have been carried out on whole wheat flour and on cornmeal (maizemeal) supplemented with tryptophan and yeast, singly and in combination. The hypothesis that the success of T. castaneum in eliminating T. confusum on media which are inadequate to maintain at a high density level populations of T. castaneum in single species cultures, lies in its tendency to supply itself with essential nutrients by cannibalizing T. confusum has received partial confirmation. Tryptophan is one of the deficient factors in the cornmeal diet but it is by no means certain that it is the only possible corrective supplement. Various aspects of the study suggest the necessity of investigating more fully the nutritional requirements and their genetic bases if an understanding of the nature of competitive ability in Tribolium is to be attained.
A CS J = 5 → 4 mapping survey toward high-mass star-forming cores associated with water masers

We have mapped 63 regions forming high-mass stars in CS J = 5 → 4 using the CSO. The CS peak position was observed in C34S J = 5 → 4 toward 57 cores and in 13CS J = 5 → 4 toward the nine brightest cores. The sample is a subset of a sample originally selected toward water masers; the selection on maser sources should favor sources in an early stage of evolution. The cores are located in the first and second Galactic quadrants with an average distance of 5.3 ± 3.7 kpc and were well detected with a median peak signal-to-noise ratio in the integrated intensity of 40. The integrated intensity of CS J = 5 → 4 correlates very well with the dust continuum emission at 350 μm. For 57 sufficiently isolated cores, a well-defined angular size (FWHM) was determined. The core radius (RCS), aspect ratio [(a/b)obs], virial mass (Mvir), surface density (Σ), and the luminosity in the CS J = 5 → 4 line (L(CS54)) are calculated. The distributions of size, virial mass, surface density, and luminosity are all peaked with a few cores skewed toward much larger values than the mean. The median values, μ1/2, are as follows: μ1/2 (RCS) = 0.32 pc, μ1/2 ((a/b)obs) = 1.20, μ1/2 (Mvir) = 920 M⊙, μ1/2 (Σ) = 0.60 g cm-2, μ1/2 (L(CS54)) = 1.9 × 10-2 L⊙, and μ1/2 (Lbol/Mvir) = 165 (L/M)⊙. We find a weak correlation between C34S line width and size, consistent with Δv ~ R0.3. The line widths are much higher than would be predicted by the usual relations between line width and size determined from regions of lower mass. These regions are very turbulent. The derived virial mass agrees within a factor of 2-3 with mass estimates from dust emission at 350 μm after corrections for the density structure are accounted for. The resulting cumulative mass spectrum of cores above 1000 M⊙ can be approximated by a power law with a slope of about -0.9, steeper than that of clouds measured with tracers of lower density gas and close to that for the total masses of stars in OB associations. The median turbulent pressures are comparable to those in UCH II regions, and the pressures at small radii are similar to those in hypercompact H II regions (P/k ~ 1010 K cm-3). The filling factors for dense gas are substantial, and the median abundance of CS is about 10-9. The ratio of bolometric luminosity to virial mass is much higher than the value found for molecular clouds as a whole, and the correlation of luminosity with mass is tighter.
A nanoradio architecture for interacting nanonetworking tasks

Abstract Nanotechnology has the potential to have a significant impact on a number of application areas. The possibility of building components at the nanoscale revolutionized the way we think about systems by enabling myriad possibilities, that were simply impossible otherwise. At the same time, countless challenges were raised in system design. One such challenge is to build components that act together to handle complex tasks that require physically separate components to work in unison. To achieve coordination, these components have to be capable of communicating reliably, either with a central controller or amongst themselves. In this research, we propose to build analytical foundations to analyze and design nanonetworks, consisting of individual stations communicating over a wireless medium using nanotransceivers with nanotube antennas. We give a simple nanoreceiver design and analyze its basic limitations. Based on the insights drawn, we propose a communication-theoretic framework to design reliable and robust nanoreceivers. With the basic limitations of the nanocommunications via nanoantennas in mind, it is possible to develop mathematical tools to help construct nanonetworks that execute basic sequential tasks in a reliable manner with minimal amount of communication and computation required. In this paper, we present a communication-theoretic analysis of networks of nanoscale nodes equipped with carbon nanotube-based receivers and transmitters. Our objective is to analyze the performance characteristics of nanoscale nodes and expose their fundamental capabilities and limitations. The presented analysis is intended to serve as the basis of nanonetwork design enabling various applications.
Do Symptoms Matter When Considering Patients for Phase I Clinical Trials? A Pilot Study of Older Adults With Advanced Cancer:

Background: Older adults (OA) with advanced cancer (AC) undergoing phase I clinical trials (PICT) have poor prognosis. There are no studies which describe symptoms experienced by OA. Methods: Retrospective chart review of PICT participants >60 years. OA were compared by age (>65 vs 60-65) and by number of symptoms (>3 vs ≤3). Results: N = 56. Mean age = 67.09; 48.21% female. Median life-expectancy = 5 months (interquartile range = 2-9 months); 80.36% had pain; of those 64% without pain scale. Most did not have interdisciplinary professionals or hospice referrals. Older adults with >3 symptoms had more admissions (37.5% vs 14.29%; P = .0335), complications (46.43% vs 16.07%; P = .0026), and greater decline in functional status (24 participants >3 symptoms vs 8; P = .0173). There were no significant differences comparing OA by age. Conclusions: Older adults enrolled in PICT with more symptoms may sacrifice QOL for experimental treatment.
Calomel in the Diet of Hatchery Salmon

(1940). Calomel in the Diet of Hatchery Salmon. The Progressive Fish-Culturist: Vol. 7, No. 51, pp. 24-26.
High-density plasma chemical vapor deposition of silicon-based dielectric films for integrated circuits

In this paper, we present and review recent developments in the high-density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP CVD) of silicon-based dielectric films, and of films of recent interest in the development of lower-dielectric-constant alternatives. Aspects relevant to the HDP CVD process and using the process to achieve interlevel insulation, gap filling, and planarization are discussed. Results obtained thus far suggest that the process may play an important role in the future fabrication of integrated circuits, provided several metal-contamination and process-integration concerns can be effectively addressed.
Does Nursing Assistant Certification Increase Nursing Student's Confidence Level of Basic Nursing Care When Entering a Nursing Program?

The purpose of this study was to explore nursing student's confidence level with basic nursing care when entering the nursing program after implementation of required nursing assistant certification for program admission. In addition, the relationship between being employed as a nursing assistant and confidence level with basic nursing care when entering the nursing program was explored. A Likert-scale survey assessing confidence levels of basic nursing care was sent to 156 nursing students admitted to a nursing program prior to their first nursing course. Confidence level with nursing skills, nursing assistant employment, and length of nursing assistant employment were assessed. Students were most confident in hand washing (M = 5.87, SD = 0.36), gloving and gowning (M =5.46, SD = 0.75), making an unoccupied bed (M = 5.38, SD = 0.88), and oral temperature (M = 5.30, SD = 0.87). Students were least confident in the fitting for cane (M = 1.74, SD = 1.16) and ambulation with crutches on steps (M =1.81, SD = 1.27). Nursing assistant employment increased student confidence with basic nursing care. Nursing programs cannot assume that students are prepared in basic nursing care based on a nursing assistant certification.
Growing Up White and Female During the American Great Depression: Popular Communication, Media, and Memory

Using interviews and oral history, this research illuminates older women's experiences with mass media and popular communication during their teen years. In this essay, we analyze interviews with 14 Caucasian American women who were born in or before 1933. We conclude that these women gravitated toward adult-focused media, that they recalled “experiences” associated with media rather than its content, and that many of their memories were inextricably linked to the world events of their day.
Conformal invariance of chiral edge theories

The low-energy effective quantum field theory of the edge excitations of a fully-gapped bulk topological phase corresponding to a local interaction Hamiltonian must be local and unitary. Here it is shown that whenever all the edge excitations propagate in the same direction with the same velocity, it is a conformal field theory. In particular, this is the case in the quantum Hall effect for model "special Hamiltonians", for which the ground state, quasihole, and edge excitations can be found exactly as zero-energy eigenstates, provided the spectrum in the interior of the system is fully gapped. In addition, other conserved quantities in the bulk, such as particle number and spin, lead to affine Lie algebra symmetries in the edge theory. Applying the arguments to some trial wavefunctions related to non-unitary conformal field theories, it is argued that the Gaffnian state and an infinite number of others cannot describe a gapped topological phase because the numbers of edge excitations do not match any unitary conformal field theory.
Influence of Storage Duration and Temperature on Sweet Potato Sugar Content and Chip Color

Sugar concentration and chip color of three orange-flesh and two white-flesh sweet potato cultivars were determined after various lengths of storage at different temperatures. Lightest colored chips were produced from roots chipped immediately after harvest and from cultivars which contained the lowest levels of glucose and fructose. Storage of roots at 32°, 15.6°, or 7°C after harvest resulted in increased sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations and darker colored chips. Manipulation of storage temperature was not successful in lowering reducing sugar concentration in any cultivar.
Estimating the number of protein folds and families from complete genome data

Using the data on proteins encoded in complete genomes, combined with a rigorous theory of the sampling process, we estimate the total number of protein folds and families, as well as the number of folds and families in each genome. The total number of folds in globular, water- soluble proteins is estimated at about 1000, with structural information currently available for about one-third of the number. The sequenced genomes of unicellular organisms encode from approximately 25%, for the minimal genomes of the Mycoplasmas, to 70-80% for larger genomes, such as Escherichia coli and yeast, of the total number of folds. The number of protein families with significant sequence conservation was estimated to be between 4000 and 7000, with structures available for about 20% of these.
Synthesis of advanced ceramics and intermetallics from organometallic/polymeric precursors

Abstract Titanium-containing powders and fibers were synthesized via the modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by titanium dialkylamides and titanium tetrachloride. Pyrolysis of the chemically modified PAN in reactive/inert atmospheres produced materials containing Ti(C, O). The mixed-metal organometallic cluster iron-tricobalt-hydrido-dodecarbonyl was also synthesized and on pyrolysis yielded Fe-Co intermetallics. These materials were characterized by SEM-EDAX, ESCA, Auger and atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Engineered blood vessel networks connect to host vasculature via wrapping-and-tapping anastomosis.

Rapid blood perfusion is critical for postimplantation survival of thick, prevascularized bioartificial tissues. Yet the mechanism by which implanted vascular networks inosculate, or anastomose, with the host vasculature has been unknown, making it difficult to develop optimized strategies for facilitating perfusion. Here we show that implanted vascular networks anastomose with host vessels through a previously unidentified process of “wrapping and tapping” between the engrafted endothelial cells (ECs) and the host vasculature. At the host-implant interface, implanted ECs first wrap around nearby host vessels and then cause basement membrane and pericyte reorganization and localized displacement of the underlying host endothelium. In this way, the implanted ECs replace segments of host vessels to divert blood flow to the developing implanted vascular network. The process is facilitated by high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-14 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressed by the wrapping ECs. These findings open the door to new strategies for improving perfusion of tissue grafts and may have implications for other physiologic and pathologic processes involving postnatal vasculogenesis.
Patterns of antibody response of children with infections of the urinary tract.

Extract: An immunologic study was carried out on 140 children with infections of the urinary tract. The diagnosis was based on clinical, roentgenologic, urologic, and bacteriologic findings. Of the patients, 37 (26%) had acute infection and the remainder (103 children, 74%) had chronic or recurrent infection. The hemagglutination test was used to measure the antibody levels against the O antigens of the urinary isolates. The patients were studied for a period of 1–7 years. An antibody response was documented in all but 10.7% of the subjects. Multiple antibody responses occurred in 55% and single antibody responses in 34.3% of the patients. There was no significant difference in the antibody responses to commonly encountered serogroups of Escherichia coli and other bacteria less frequently found in urinary tract infection. In 17 subjects, the antibody titer decreased rapidly within 2–8 weeks, and in 9 subjects reinfection with the microorganisms of identical serogroups led to a recall antibody response. It was shown that in 14 subjects (10%), minimal bacteriuria was accompanied by the production of the corresponding O antibodies, and in an additional 7 subjects (5%), asymptomatic bacteriuria, following or preceding overt infection, led to a specific antibody response. Continued production of O antibodies over many months was observed following overt infection even in the absence of persisting bacteriuria; in other patients, however, even prolonged bacteriuria resulting from identical serogroups was not associated with the production of the corresponding O antibodies. It is suggested that determination of the immune response of patients with urinary tract infection may aid in the identification of the etiologic role of urinary isolates, even when present in small numbers; may document infection by two or more antigenically unrelated microorganisms; and may help in the differentiation of relapse and reinfection. Thus, determination of the immune response may be a useful tool in the elucidation of certain aspects of this frequent, but incompletely understood disease. Speculation: Because infectious agents or their antigens must reach cells of the immune apparatus to elicit an antibody response, documentation of the production of specific antibodies may aid in the differentiation between true infection and urinary contamination, between reinfection and relapse, and in ascertaining the clinical signification of minimal bacteriuria. It may be speculated that since titers of O antibodies decrease substantially a few months after recovery from shigellosis and salmonellosis, persistent elevated antibody titers against O antigens of urinary pathogens are associated with continued antigenic stimulation and may reflect continuation of the pathologic processes.
Management of the indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodule: A pulmonologist's view

Management of indeterminate solitary pulmonary nodules includes clinical assessment, radiographic examination, and bronchoscopic or transthoracic biopsy. Despite these management techniques, definitive diagnosis often remains elusive. Thoracoscopy offers another diagnostic modality to the algorithm for management of indeterminate nodules.
Foreword: A New Agenda for Criminal Procedure

A symposium issue on criminal procedure is a natural experiment in assessing the state of the intellectual art in the field. Ask a number of scholars to contribute pieces on what strike them as important contemporary perspectives and issues in criminal procedure—very broadly defined— and you get a map of the field’s sense of itself. This sort of experiment is especially interesting in criminal procedure, because few areas are so intellectually self-conscious, so prone to identity crises, so inclined to offer up new or revised “models” of themselves. The temptation and risk in such an introduction is to draw a generalization from the diverse contributions, one that says more about the introducer’s desire to find data for his own predisposition than about the contributions themselves. The temptation is even more dangerous here, where the contributions are very diverse and arguably reach beyond the boundaries of what we normally call criminal procedure. But I shall nevertheless venture forward and hereby aver that these papers—including, or especially, those that seem to reach beyond conventional “procedure”—cluster around a singular sense of the current crisis of the field: a doubt about whether our basic assumption that Bill of Rights regulation of police and prosecutorial practices should remain the focus of criminal procedure. I glean from these contributions a set of arguments, intimations, or indications that the focus for legal and scholarly concern must shift to the aspects of the system that are often ignored, in part because they simply do not reduce themselves to the sort of conventional constitutional doctrinal analysis and intellectual modeling on which the field as been built. And I detect a sense that the challenge of a new criminal procedure will be to find
Angiogenesis is increased in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Aguayo and colleagues recently reported elevated levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cells of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[1][1] When discussing the possible significance of the elevated VEGF levels in CLL, the authors cite their prior abstract in which they
Viscosity measurement of polycarbonate by using a penetration viscometer

Using a penetration viscometer, the viscosity of polycarbonate was measured in a temperature range of 419 to 443 K and under punching stresses between 0.25 to 20 MPa. The flow behavior under these conditions is Newtonian and the activation enthalpy is 413 kJ/mole.
Inhibition by 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 of c-myc down-regulation and DNA fragmentation in cytosine arabinoside-induced erythroid differentiation of K562 cells.

The effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on DNA fragmentation, altered expression of the heat shock protein (hsp) 70 gene, and protooncogenes c-myc and c-myb was studied during chemical induction of erythroid differentiation in K562 cells. Preincubation of K562 cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 did not alter the concentration of hemoglobin in cells which did differentiate, but led to a reduction in the accumulation of low molecular weight DNA generated by Ara-C administration. The extent of this reduction was similar to the degree of inhibition of hemoglobin formation in the culture as the whole. Preincubation with 1,25(OH)2D3 had no effect on the increase of hsp 70 gene expression induced by a 48-hr treatment with Ara-C, but prevented the Ara-C-induced down-regulation of the protooncogene c-myc. The protooncogene c-myb was down-regulated after 15 min of treatment with Ara-C, and exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3 prior to Ara-C caused a further down-regulacion of its expression. The data suggest that the events associated with erythroid differentiation may be separable into at least two groups; one of these may have an influence on the kinetics of the cell cycle traverse, and the other may be related to the expression of the erythroid phenotype. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Orbital instability of close-in exomoons in non-coplanar systems

This work shows the dynamical instability that can happen to close-in satellites when planet oblateness is not accounted for in non-coplanar multiplanet systems. Simulations include two secularly interacting Jupiter-mass planets mutually inclined by 10 degrees, with the host planet either oblate or spherical. With a spherical host planet, moons within a critical planetocentric distance experience high inclinations and in some cases high eccentricities, while more distant moons orbit stably with low inclinations and eccentricities, as expected. These counter-intuitive dynamical phenomena disappear with an oblate host planet, in which case the moons' Laplace plane transitions from the host planet's equatorial plane to the host planet's precessing orbital plane as their semi-major axes increase, and all moons are dynamically stable with very mild changes in orbits. Direct perturbation from the perturbing planet has been investigated and ruled out as an explanation for the behavior of the innermost satellites, therefore leaving the central star's perturbation as the cause. Instability occurs while the nodal precession of the satellite and the central star (as seen from the host planet's frame) approaches the 1:1 secular resonance. In non-coplanar systems, around a non-oblate planet, the nodal precession of the moon becomes slow and comparable to that of the planet, giving rise to resonant configurations. The above effect needs to be taken into account in setting up numerical simulations.
Near-Transducer Errors in ADCP Measurements: Experimental Findings

Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) are not able to accurately determine velocity near their transducers and near the bed. These limitations have restricted the use of ADCPs to flow depths that are large enough to allow acquisition of few directly measured velocity data that can be subsequently used to accurately estimate vertical velocity profiles and flow discharge in cross sections. While the causes that make ADCPs unable to collect data in the near-bed region are relatively well documented, the causes of near-transducer errors have not yet been fully understood and are only partly documented. We present results from an experimental study aimed at characterizing the systematic errors due to the combined effect of acoustic interference and instrument-induced flow disturbance near a Janus-configured ADCP. The study comprises: (1) concurrent measurements with an ADCP and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) under the ADCP; (2) measurements of the flow disturbance produced by the ADCP in the vertical and horizontal planes; and (3) ADV measurements along the path of the acoustic beams ensonified by the ADCP during a measurement. Results suggest that ADCPs bias low the velocity profiles with respect to the undisturbed velocity profiles, mostly because of the flow disturbance induced by the ADCP, with acoustic effects playing a secondary role. For the range of flows we studied, both undisturbed and disturbed profiles exhibit similar shapes when plotted in dimensionless form, with the bulk flow velocity and the ADCP diameter (D) as characteristic scales. The differences between the undisturbed and the ADCP-disturbed profiles extend up to a distance of about 1.5D from the ADCP, except for the profiles measured at locations where the flow depth is close to D for which the boundary layer induced by the ADCP interacts with the one induced by the flume bed.
The Cost of Transacting

Introduction, 33. — The definition and measurement of transaction cost on the New York stock exchange, 35. — The determination of the ask-bid spread, 40. — The determination of the transaction rate, 45. — Statistical results, 46. — Summary and comments, 50. — Appendix I, 52. — Appendix II, 53.
Effect of glycosylation on the partition behavior of a human antibody in aqueous two-phase systems

Human proteins are expressed in some hosts wrongly glycosylated or nonglycosylated. Although it is accepted that glycosylation contributes to the stability of the protein in solution, the effect of glycosylation on the stability of human antibodies is not fully understood. In this work, we present solubility studies of two human antibodies that have the same primary structure but different glycosylation pattern. The studies were done by monitoring the partitioning behavior of both proteins in a series of aqueous two-phase systems at and away the isoelectric point of the proteins and at different temperatures. Our studies show that in the absence of direct electrostatic forces, the partitioning behavior of the antibodies depends on the presence or absence of the polysaccharide chains. Overall, the nonglycosylated protein is less soluble than the glycosylated one. The potential of aqueous two-phase systems for the separation of the glycosylated and nonglycosylated proteins was also explored. A simple series of extractions seems to be enough to separate the glycosylated variety from the nonglycosylated one at high purity but low yields.
Requirement for AP-2α in cardiac outflow tract morphogenesis

Most developing structures that express the transcription factor gene AP-2α are compromised in AP-2α mutant mouse embryos. Since the cardiac neural crest population is one prominent site of AP-2α expression, and because the neural crest is known to be required for normal cardiac morphogenesis, we have investigated the involvement of AP-2α in cardiac development. All AP-2α-deficient embryos examined had malformations of the outflow tract of the developing heart: most had double outlet right ventricle, and a small fraction had persistent truncus arteriosus. To visualize AP-2α-expressing cells during the period of cardiac morphogenesis, we established a new mutant germline allele in which an IRES-lacZ sequence was inserted by homologous recombination into the AP-2α locus. Positive expression was observed in the cardiac neural crest population during the E9.5–10.5 period (as well as in other known domains of AP-2α expression previously noted by in situ hybridization studies), and was mostly extinguished by E11.5 when the cardiac neural crest has migrated into the outflow tract of the developing heart. Importantly, the distribution of AP-2α-expressing cardiac neural crest appeared to be identical in normal and mutant embryos. From this analysis, we propose that the AP-2α gene functions within the neural crest lineage, that AP-2α is not required for neural crest cell migration, and that normal AP-2α gene function is required prior to E11.5. AP-2α may be involved in an interaction between neural crest and surrounding tissues in the subpharyngeal region, thereby promoting normal outflow tract morphogenesis.
An expert system application the adaptive model following control system

An application of expert system techniques for real time process control is discussed. The paper concentrates on an expert system for the dynamic control gain optimization of adaptive model following control (AMFC). The knowledge base is first developed in OPS5 language and subsequently reimplemented in FORTRAN because of the compatibility with the numeric code of AMFC simulator. A case study in the robot manipulator control is described. The simulation result shows the relative advantages of the expert system approach over other conventional control strategies.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine by older patients with arthritis: a population-based study.

Objective To determine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use and to identify factors associated with its use in older patients with arthritis. Methods A population-based telephone survey of 480 elderly patients with arthritis was conducted to determine demographics, comorbidities, health status, arthritis symptoms, and the use of CAM and traditional providers and treatments for arthritis. Results CAM provider use was reported by 28% of respondents, and 66% reported using one or more CAM treatments. Factors independently related to CAM provider use (P < 0.05) included podiatrist or orthotist use, physician visits for arthritis, and fair or poor self-reported health. For CAM treatments, independent associations were found with physical or occupational therapist use, physician visits for arthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and alcohol abstinence. Rural residence, age, income, education, and health insurance type were unrelated to CAM use. Conclusion Many older patients with arthritis reported seeing CAM providers, and most used CAM treatments. The use of CAM for arthritis was most common among those with poorer self-assessed health and higher use of traditional health care resources.
Mating-induced behavioural switch in female fireflies

BARBER1 reported that courting male fireflies of the genus Photinus receive answers from Photuris females, and observed Photuris females devouring Photinus males. Lloyd has summarised many of these observations and he coined the term firefly femmes fatales to describe Photuris females that mimic the responses of other species2–4. We have found that non-mated Photuris versicolor females answer their homospecific male flashes almost exclusively. After mating they become aggressive mimics which respond to the flashes of Photinus macdermotti males.
An augmented graph-based coloring scheme to derive upper bounds for the performance of distributed schedulers in CSMA-based mbile ad hoc networks

Graph theory and its graph coloring schemes have been used as tools for deriving upper bounds for the performance of distributed schedulers in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET). In the context of Spatial-TDMA MANETs, studies have shown that such schemes can generate invalid schedules since they don't take into account the aggregate interference in the radio channel. Focusing on CSMA-based MANETs, such conclusions suggest that graph coloring schemes would generate too loose upper bounds. This paper proposes an augmented graph-based model that circumvents the problems highlighted in previous studies and is able to generate a tighter upper bound. We exemplify the use of the model by generating upper bounds for the performance of the distributed scheduler of 802.11b-based MANETs.
Removing dietary liquid calories prevents accelerated body mass index increase.

de Ruyter JC, Olthof MR, Seidell JC, Katan MB. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1397-406.
Highly flexible multimode digital signal processing systems using adaptable components and controllers

Multimode systems have emerged as an area- and power-efficient platform for implementing multiple timewise mutually exclusive digital signal processing (DSP) applications in a single hardware space. This paper presents a design methodology for integrating flexible components and controllers into primarily fixed logic multimode DSP systems, thereby increasing their overall efficiency and implementation capabilities. The components are built using a technique called small-scale reconfigurability (SSR) that provides the necessary flexibility for both intermode and intramode reconfigurabilities, without the penalties associated with general-purpose reconfigurable logic. Using this methodology, area and power consumption are reduced beyond what is provided by current multimode systems, without sacrificing performance. The results show an average of 7% reduction in datapath component area, 26% reduction in register area, 36% reduction in interconnect MUX cost, and 68% reduction in the number of controller signals, with an average 38% increase in component utilization for a set of benchmark 32-bit DSP applications.
Enabling Development of the Transportation Public-Private Partnership Market in the United States

Public-private partnerships (PPP) for infrastructure development and management have received significant attention in academic, institutional, and political circles over roughly the last two decades. This attention was prompted, to a great extent, by early experiments with PPP-type arrangements in Australia, Canada, and the United States coupled with the United Kingdom's Private Finance Initiative policy—not to mention the experience of other parts of the world such as Asia, continental Europe, and South America. PPP policies and practices have evolved in other world regions, but the United States remains a relatively slow mover in this market. While varying explanations for this circumstance are plausible, the situation can play to America's advantage since the nation can capitalize upon the tested experience of its international counterparts. Drawing upon data and information collected from two principal sources: (1) case histories of PPP projects in North America to date and (2) a scanning tour of Australia, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2008, misconceptions regarding PPPs are clarified, contemporary international policies and practices are characterized, and recommendations for implementing PPPs for transportation infrastructure are made. The principal intent of this paper is to trigger a dialogue about PPPs and how they might improve America's infrastructure assets.
Stimulus Value Signals in Ventromedial PFC Reflect the Integration of Attribute Value Signals Computed in Fusiform Gyrus and Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus

We often have to make choices among multiattribute stimuli (e.g., a food that differs on its taste and health). Behavioral data suggest that choices are made by computing the value of the different attributes and then integrating them into an overall stimulus value signal. However, it is not known whether this theory describes the way the brain computes the stimulus value signals, or how the underlying computations might be implemented. We investigated these questions using a human fMRI task in which individuals had to evaluate T-shirts that varied in their visual esthetic (e.g., color) and semantic (e.g., meaning of logo printed in T-shirt) components. We found that activity in the fusiform gyrus, an area associated with the processing of visual features, correlated with the value of the visual esthetic attributes, but not with the value of the semantic attributes. In contrast, activity in posterior superior temporal gyrus, an area associated with the processing of semantic meaning, exhibited the opposite pattern. Furthermore, both areas exhibited functional connectivity with an area of ventromedial prefrontal cortex that reflects the computation of overall stimulus values at the time of decision. The results provide supporting evidence for the hypothesis that some attribute values are computed in cortical areas specialized in the processing of such features, and that those attribute-specific values are then passed to the vmPFC to be integrated into an overall stimulus value signal to guide the decision.
Comment on "Effect of surface reconstruction on stability and reactivity of Si clusters"

Abstract : The structure and properties of medium-size clusters, few tons of atoms, has been a subject of several recent theoretical and experimental studies. In particular, the question of the transition from high-coordinated structures, typical for small clusters, to tetra-coordinated diamond structures, which is the bulk limit, has attracted much interest and created discussions in the literature, 4 although mainly based on theoretical arguments. Kaxiras' contribution to this discussion provides an interesting and well-motivated model for Si33 and Si45 clusters with a tetra-coordinated core and a bulk silicon-like reconstructed surface structure, thus suggesting that the transition region might start already at a cluster size of about 40 atoms. While this may be the case, we want to draw attention to our recent results for Si45 clusters, which suggest that the most stable isomers have still higher coordination numbers (from 4.0 to 4.2) than suggested by Kaxiras (about 3.1).
Petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations in a salmonid stream contaminated by oil field discharge water and effects on macrobenthos

The concentration of total hydrocarbons in the water effluent from an oil field was 5.6 mg/L and resulted in concentrations of 46 to 85μg/L in the receiving stream. Total hydrocarbons were 55,000 times more concentrated in the sediment than in the water, ranging from 979 (778) to 2,515 (1,263) mg/kg. Saturated hydrocarbons contributed most to the total hydrocarbon concentration in both water and sediment. Naphthalenes were found in stream water, but not in sediment. Cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were detected in water and sediment. Zinc was elevated in the sediment, probably because an organic zinc complex was used by the oil company during processing to enhance oil-water separation. Species diversity of macrobenthos was reduced below the discharge, as evidenced by the almost complete elimination of Plecoptera and Trichoptera. Shannon-Weaver diversity index values ranged from 3.4 at the upstream control station to 1.2 to 1.7 below the oil field effluent. The representation of Diptera increased from 10% of the total insects at the least polluted station to 46% at the station containing the most dissolved hydrocarbons. On the basis of our findings, discharge of oil into fresh water should be closely regulated to prevent the development of concentrations in water and sediment of the receiving stream that would alter the structure of macrobenthos communities and thereby threaten the fishery resources.
The fellow eye of patients with phakic lattice retinal detachment.

Abstract A retrospective study was performed to determine whether the prophylactic treatment of areas of lattice degeneration, holes, or breaks reduced the risk of subsequent new breaks or detachment in the fellow undetached phakic eyes of patients with a phakic lattice retinal detachment (RD). Three hundred eighty-eight consecutive patients who presented to the University of Iowa between 1959 and 1984 were followed for a mean of 7.9 ± 5.8 years after the detachment in the first eye. Fellow eyes which received no prophylactic treatment had a 2.5 times greater risk of a new break or RD over 7 years than eyes receiving full prophylactic treatment (19.4 versus 7.5%; P = 0.0002). Fellow eyes receiving no treatment also had a greater risk of a new RD over 7 years than eyes receiving full treatment (5.1 versus 1.8%; P = 0.0125). These results do not allow us to make recommendations concerning which fellow eyes, if any, should be prophylactically treated. On the one hand, prophylactic treatment did significantly reduce the risk of new breaks and detachments. On the other hand, however, prophylactic treatment reduced the risk of new RD alone in the fellow eye only from 5.1 to 1.8% over 7 years. In addition, prophylactic treatment did not reduce the risk of detachment in the higher risk eyes with high myopia or extensive lattice.