cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Social Cognitive Perspective on Age Stereotypes

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the social cognitive perspective on age stereotypes. . The application of social cognitive principles and methods to age stereotype research has contributed to the quality of that research in several ways. First, social cognitive theories have provided a conceptual framework that can account both for age stereotypes as knowledge structures. Second, a social cognitive perspective links age stereotype research to the larger social psychological literature so that the similarities, as well as differences, between age stereotyping and other forms of stereotyping can be examined. Third, it emphasizes the social aspect of social cognition. Finally, the social cognitive literature has provided productive directions or prior research on age stereotypes and should serve as a continued source of research questions in the future. By a consideration of the social cognition research, not only the knowledge of age stereotypes be enriched by a consideration of the social cognition research issues outlined but the investigation of those issues may benefit from a focus on age stereotypes. The chapter concludes that, as the only major group classification that changes over time—outside the control of the individual—age stereotypes offer the unique advantage of allowing the study of developmental as well as intergroup perception processes in stereotyping.
Transforming growth factor β's role in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis

The pluripotent cytokine transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β) can inhibit epithelial proliferation, induce apoptosis and modulate stromal composition. Our studies indicate that epithelial TGF-β production and activity are differentially regulated by estrogen and progesterone during normal mammary gland development and that, in turn, TGF-β regulates epithelial apoptosis and proliferation in a hormone-dependent manner. Our observation that TGF-β activity co-localizes in estrogen receptor-positive cells and that TGF-β depletion increases their frequency and proliferation supports the conclusion that it is a functional determinant of cell fate decisions in response to hormones. Although TGF-β is characterized as a classic tumor suppressor, it can also promote cancer progression. We have shown that the TGF-β signal pathway is rapidly activated as a consequence of ionizing radiation exposure, which is a known breast carcinogen; its role in DNA damage response is not known. We found that mice heterozygous for deletion of the TgfB1 gene fail to undergo cell apoptosis and cell cycle delay in response to DNA damage. Furthermore, TgfB1+/- mammary epithelial cells fail to appropriately activate p53, indicating that the TGF-β ligand is essential for induction of rapid molecular responses to DNA damage that determine cell fate decisions. Thus, TGF-β action during DNA damage response supports its role as a tumor suppressor. Its loss during carcinogenesis would contribute to genomic instability and promote tumor progression, and in particular may be relevant to the genesis of estrogen receptor-positive tumors.
The influence of water on visible-light initiated free-radical/cationic ring-opening hybrid polymerization of methacrylate/epoxy: polymerization kinetics, crosslinking structure and dynamic mechanical properties

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of water on the polymerization kinetics, crosslinking structure and dynamic mechanical properties of methacrylate/epoxy polymers cured by visible-light initiated free-radical/cationic ring-opening hybrid polymerization. Water-containing formulations were prepared by adding ~4-7 wt% D2O depending on the water miscibility of monomer resins. The water-containing adhesives were compared with the adhesives photo-cured in the absence of water. The results show an improved degree of conversion for both methacrylates and epoxy by adding water. The rate of the epoxy cationic ring-opening reaction is increased while the rate of free radical polymerization is decreased in the presence of water. The decreased crosslinking density noted in the presence of water suggests that the chain transfer reaction between water and epoxy competes with the hydroxyl-based chain transfer mechanism. There is potential application of this visible-light initiated hybrid polymerization in biomaterials, e.g. dental restorations and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Impact of fading on random access compressed sensing

We address the design of a large-scale sensor network, deployed for long-term environmental monitoring. Taking into account the sparse nature of the monitored field, we integrate the sensing and the communication aspects of the network into an efficient Random Access Compressed Sensing (RACS) scheme. RACS is inspired by the theory of compressed sensing and employs random channel access to collect a sufficient number of observations at the fusion center to reconstruct the field. In this paper, we study the impact of fading on RACS. We provide a framework for system design that specifically targets a Rayleigh fading channel. Moreover, we quantify the energy and bandwidth requirements and provide analytical results demonstrating the robustness of RACS in the presence of fading.
Oxidized lipoproteins may play a role in neuronal cell death in Alzheimer disease

Oxidative stress in the central nervous system (CNS) may cause oxidation of lipoprotein particles. The oxidized lipoproteins may damage cellular and subcellular membranes, leading to tissue injury and cell death. Human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) are oxidized by transition metal ions, such as Cu2+. Using PC 12 cells, we tested the cytotoxicity of oxidized LDL and VLDL. Cell death was increased in a dose-dependent manner. Antioxidants added to the incubation medium, such as vitamins E or C, or resveratrol showed some protection. Results indicated that oxidized lipoproteins may serve as an oxidative stressor, which may initiate the neuronal cell death leading to the manifestation of Alzheimer disease (AD).
The electronic structure of Ag(110)c(4 × 4)C60 and Au(110)(6 × 5)C60

Abstract C 60 chemisorbs and forms ordered overlayers on both Ag(110) and Au(110)2 × 1: Ag(110)c(4 × 4)C 60 and Au(110)(6 × 5)C 60 . We use direct (UPS) and inverse photoemission spectroscopy (IPS) to examine the occupied and unoccupied electronic structure of Ag(110)c(4 × 4)C 60 and IPS to examine the unoccupied electronic structure of Au(110)(6 × 5)C 60 . Comparing the data with multilayer spectra we observe clear and unequivocable signatures of final and initial state effects in the spectra. The final state effects take the form of screening of the ionic final state. Charge transfer from Ag(110) into first layer C 60 molecules is directly observed by UPS and the interaction of first layer C 60 molecules with the substrate is further evidenced by a broadening of C 60 features, ascribed to a splitting of molecular orbitals. The work functions of Ag(110)c(4 × 4)C 60 and Au(110)(6 × 5)C 60 are found to be equal to that of bulk C 60 . The combination of the work function measurements and the spectroscopy give new insights into the bonding of C 60 on these surfaces.
Relationships between wind-driven and hydraulic flow in Lake St. Clair and the St. Clair River Delta

Abstract A three-dimensional hydrodynamic forecasting model of the Great Lakes Huron–Erie Corridor is used to investigate mixing and the relationship between hydraulic and wind-induced currents in a shallow lake system in which lake inflows come through several channels of a river delta. The hydrodynamics in Lake St. Clair and the channels of the St. Clair River Delta are evaluated for (1) a one-year simulation from 1985 including water age calculation, (2) 8 different wind direction scenarios, and (3) a storm event. Observations and model simulations show distinct regions in the lake in which currents are forced by either hydraulic flow from the river system or from wind stress over the lake. However, during severe storm events, these regions are found to shift or even disappear due to changes in the delta channel inputs into the lake. These changes underscore the need for realistic, unsteady river flow boundary conditions at interfaces between a shallow lake and river delta. Steady inflow conditions will not allow for potential shifting of these current zones, and will also fail to resolve flow retardation or reversals during storm events.
A multilocus evaluation of ermine ( Mustela erminea ) across the Holarctic, testing hypotheses of Pleistocene diversification in response to climate change

Aim We examined data for ermine (Mustela erminea) to test two sets of diversification hypotheses concerning the number and location of late Pleistocene refugia, the timing and mode of diversification, and the evolutionary influence of insularization. Location Temperate and sub-Arctic Northern Hemisphere. Methods We used up to two mitochondrial and four nuclear loci from 237 specimens for statistical phylogeographical and demographic analyses. Coalescent species-tree estimation used a Bayesian approach for clade divergence based on external mutation rate calibrations. Approximate Bayesian methods were used to assess population size, timing of divergence and gene flow. Results Limited structure coupled with evidence of population growth across broad regions, including previously ice-covered areas, indicated expansion from multiple centres of differentiation, but high endemism along the North Pacific coast (NPC). A bifurcating model of diversification with recent growth spanning three glacial cycles best explained the empirical data. Main conclusions A newly identified clade in North America indicated a fourth refugial area for ermine. The shallow coalescence of all extant ermine reflects a recent history of diversification overlying a deeper fossil record. Post-glacial colonization has led to potential contact zones for multiple lineages in north-western North America. A model of diversification of ermine accompanied by recent gene flow was marginally less well supported than a model of divergence of major clades in response to the most recent glacial cycles.
Update on PET radiopharmaceuticals: life beyond fluorodeoxyglucose

Twenty-eight years after its inception, 2-[18F]FDG- is still the most widely used radiopharmaceutical for PET studies, but numerous more specific radiotracers have been developed and applied in neuroscience and oncology. The advances in radiotracer chemistry, especially the nucleophilic substitution reaction, have played the pivotal role in synthesizing various no-carrier-added 18F-labeled radiotracers for PET studies of various receptor systems. This article lists some of the radiotracers that are available for PET studies in neuroscience and oncology. The prospects for developing other new radiotracers for imaging other organ diseases also seem to be promising.
“Knowledge and Death Penalty Opinion: The Marshall Hypotheses Revisited.”

This study tests the three hypotheses derived from the written opinion of Justice Thurgood Marshall in Furman v Georgia in 1972. Subjects completed questionnaires at the beginning and the end of the fall a semester. Experimental group subjects were enrolled in a death penalty class, while control group subjects were enrolled in another criminal justice class. The death penalty class was the experimental stimulus. Findings provided strong support for the first and third hypotheses, i.e., subjects were generally lacking in death penalty knowledge before the experimental stimulus, and death penalty proponents who scored “high” on a retribution index did not change their death penalty opinions despite exposure to death penalty knowledge. Marshall’s second hypothesis--that death penalty knowledge and death penalty support were inversely related--was not supported by the data. Two unexpected findings were that death penalty proponents who scored “low” on a retribution index also did not change their death penalty opinions after becoming more informed about the subject, and that death penalty knowledge did not alter subjects’ initial retributive positions. Suggestions for future research are provided.
A Dictionary of Chinese Characters: Accessed by Phonetics by PATON, STEWART

The article reviews the book "A Dictionary of Chinese Characters: Accessed by Phonetics," by Stewart Paton.
Ethylene glycol intoxication: Electrophysiological studies suggest a polyradiculopathy

Multiple bilateral cranial nerve impairment is a delayed sequela of ethylene glycol intoxication and usually develops 5 to 20 days after ingestion.1-4⇓⇓⇓ It is often associated with limb weakness, areflexia, and CSF albuminocytologic dissociation, mimicking Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS).2 The pathogenesis is unknown, although deposition of oxalate crystals in the meninges has been observed.5,6⇓ Although this disorder has been called a neuropathy, electrophysiologic and pathologic evidence has been lacking. Visual evoked potentials (VEP) and brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) were abnormal in one case,4 but no other electrophysiologic studies have been reported. We report a case of ethylene glycol intoxication in which the electrophysiologic findings suggested a proximal nerve root disorder without significant distal neuropathy. 40-year-old previously healthy man ingested antifreeze liquid and was admitted to a community hospital with high anion gap acidosis and acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis. Twelve days after ingestion, he developed weakness leading to a presumptive diagnosis of GBS. Neurologic examination revealed bilateral impairment of cranial nerves II, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, with severe bifacial …
Importance of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the evaluation of non-gastrointestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

Purpose Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is an extranodal low-grade B-cell lymphoma that most commonly presents in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, it can present in non-GI primary sites. This study was conducted to determine the incidence of gastric involvement in non-GI presentation of MALT lymphoma. Patients and methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 36 consecutive patients who presented with non-GI MALT lymphoma and had EGD as a part of the initial staging work-up between 1992 and 2001. Results The median age was 62 years (range, 27-82); 27 were female patients. The frequency of the primary site was; salivary gland/parotid gland (N = 14), ocular adnexa (N = 7), lung (N = 3), oral cavity (N = 3), skin (N = 3), thyroid (N = 2), nasopharynx (N = 2), larynx (N = 1), breast (N = 1). Twelve patients were found to have gastric involvement; 2 additional patients progressed in the stomach 5 and 6 months later, respectively. Discussion Routine evaluation of the stomach should be a part of the initial staging work-up of non-GI MALT lymphoma.
Managing an integrated depository documents collection

Abstract This section presents techniques, practices and specific strategies by which documents collections can be made more effective. It also highlights individual documents collections and addresses issues pertinent to forthcoming government policies and regulations. Many law libraries have become selective depository libraries under provision of Public Law 95–261 passed on April 17, 1978. The Law Library at Southern Illinois University is one such selective depository library. The decision about whether to integrate or separate documents is usually based on the local situation, and the decision of this library to integrate depository documents into the collection was made after reviewing local library factors. This article describes the practices of managing an integrated documents collection including technical processing of paper and microfiche documents, collection development and maintenance, and reference service.
Influence of axial rotation on chiropractic pelvic radiographic analysis.

Objective The aim of the study is to explore associations between axial (y-axis) rotation of the pelvis and pelvic radiographic measurements. Study design Descriptive film statistics of an incrementally rotated pelvis and linear regression analysis were performed. Methods A phantom pelvic model was incrementally imaged (1° increments) at 40-in source-to-image distance through 10° of axial rotation. Chiropractic line drawing analysis was performed. The chiropractic examiner was blinded to the degree of rotation during the film analysis. Regression analysis was performed between axial rotation and pubic symphysis deviation, sacral width, and innominate and femur head heights. Each measurement corresponds to a chiropractic listing within the Gonstead system. Results Regression analysis revealed a strong association between the degree of axial rotation and each response variable: pubic symphysis deviation, sacral width, innominate height, and femur head height. The strongest relationship existed between y-axis rotation and pubic symphysis deviation. Conclusions Chiropractic pelvic listings are strongly influenced by positioning of the subject. A few degrees of axial rotation may create apparent misalignments of several millimeters.
Secreted sialidase activity of canine mycoplasmas.

Abstract Through a survey of the phylogenetic distribution of sialidase among mycoplasmas, we detected activity secreted by the type strains of 3 of 11 species frequently or first isolated from dogs. The specific activity of washed cells of the type strains of Mycoplasma canis , Mycoplasma cynos , and Mycoplasma molare ranged from 5.2 ± 0.8 × 10 −6 to 1.1 ± 0.3 × 10 −5 enzymatic units per colony-forming unit (U/CFU). Cells of M. molare strain H542 T had twice the specific activity ( P M. canis strain PG14 T or M. cynos strain H831 T . Significant differences in sialidase activity existed among nine clinical isolates of M. canis , ranging from not detectable to 2.1 ± 0.1 × 10 −5 U/CFU. The type strains of other species previously isolated from dogs ( Mycoplasma arginini , Mycoplasma bovigenitalium , Mycoplasma edwardii , Mycoplasma felis , Mycoplasma gatae , Mycoplasma maculosum , Mycoplasma opalescens , and Mycoplasma spumans ) did not exhibit either secreted or cell-associated sialidase activity. Neither specific nor degenerate PCR primers complementary to the three known mycoplasmal sialidase alleles were able to amplify orthologs in M. canis , M. cynos , or M. molare , further evidence that the secreted sialidase of those species is distinct from the strictly cell-associated sialidases of Mycoplasma alligatoris , Mycoplasma synoviae , and Mycoplasma gallisepticum . This is the first report of a well-known bacterial virulence factor whose expression varies among strains of certain Mycoplasma species that infect dogs.
Mechanism of protection from light-induced retinal degeneration by the synthetic antioxidant phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone.

PURPOSE. A prior study demonstrated that pretreatment with phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), a synthetic antioxidant and free radical trapping agent, protects rats from light-induced photoreceptor cell death. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of PBN neuroprotection. METHODS. Sprague-Dawley rats (5– 6 weeks old) raised in dim (5 lux) cyclic light (12 hours ON/OFF) from birth were injected intraperitoneally with PBN or water 30 minutes before exposure to three columns of fluorescent light (2700 lux intensity) for 0, 3, 6, 12, or 24 hours. mRNA levels were measured by RNase protection assay and DNA fragmentation by TUNEL assay. Activator protein (AP)-1 complex was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots were used to measure changes in c-fos levels. RESULTS. Typical apoptotic features (TUNEL staining and DNA laddering) were seen in rat retinas after 24 hours of continuous exposure to light, but not in PBN-injected rats. FasL, Bax, and caspase-3 were upregulated in a time-dependent manner. PBN treatment markedly inhibited caspase-3 gene expression, but neither PBN nor bright light exposure had any effect on caspase-3 activity. AP-1 activation by exposure to light was inhibited by PBN. Western blot analysis showed that the c-fos protein level increased in the nuclear fraction after a 6-hour exposure to light, but was decreased in PBN-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS. Inhibition of c-fos activation by PBN may be the key event in protection. The involvement of oxygen free radicals has been suggested in c-fos activation and the action of PBN could be through its antioxidant activity. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005;46:427– 434) DOI:10.1167/iovs.04-0946
Endoscopic staple diverticulostomy for Zenker's diverticulum: review of literature and experience in 159 consecutive cases.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Several reports since the early 1990s have advocated a minimally invasive technique, endoscopic staple diverticulostomy (ESD), to treat Zenker's diverticulum. However, long-term results and comparisons with the reported experience with external or other endoscopic approaches have been lacking in the literature. We present follow-up on our experience with ESD since 1995 and compare it with the results obtained by other endoscopic or external techniques for treatment of Zenker's diverticulum. Study Design: Retrospective review of 159 consecutive ESD procedures performed on 150 unique patients with Zenker's diverticulum between March 1995 and August 2002. Telephone interviews of patients were conducted to assess long-term treatment outcome. Review of the literature was performed by Ovid MEDLINE search for all reports on the surgical treatment of Zenker's diverticulum in the English language between January 1990 and August 2002. Methods: Data were retrospectively reviewed and information was tabulated for age, sex, size of diverticulum, symptoms, duration of symptoms, operative time, length of hospital stay, time before oral intake, complications, and relief of symptoms at first postoperative visit. Follow-up interviews of patients were conducted to assess current status of symptoms and, if any symptoms returned, how many months after the procedure they recurred. All case series in the literature in the English language since 1990 that were found in the Ovid MEDLINE database and referenced from identified articles were also tabulated for the same information. Results: At the time of initial follow-up after ESD, 98% of patients reported complete or improved symptoms. Average hospital stay was 0.76 days, with a diet started on postoperative day 0.25. There was a 2.0% significant complication rate without mortality. Further follow-up (average, 32.2 mo) identified a recurrence rate of 11.8%. On review of the literature, patients who underwent ESD had shorter perioperative courses, quicker return to diet, and lower complication and mortality rates compared with external procedures. ESD had comparable operative times and mortality rates, but fewer complications and more rapid convalescent times compared with other endoscopic procedures. Recurrence rates were found to be variable. Conclusions: Overall, ESD is an outpatient procedure with few complications. The technique has a faster operative and convalescence period with fewer complication rates compared with other endoscopic or external transcervical approaches. The results in the present study and those reported in the English language literature advocate that ESD be the initial preferred treatment for Zenker's diverticulum.
Challenges and opportunities for 3D optical metrology: what is needed today from an industry perspective

The field of 3D optical metrology has seen significant growth in the commercial market in recent years. The methods of using structured light to obtain 3D range data is well documented in the literature, and continues to be an area of development in universities. In some areas such as semi-conductor manufacturing, optical components, and some other specialized fields of precision metrology optical methods has gained acceptance as both a reference tool and in many cases part of the manufacturing processes. Such tools as flatness checkers, white light interference microscopes, and the new vibration insensitive interferometer systems have offered new opportunities to applications that once were limited to isolated laboratory systems. There are still many challenges to address to make 3D optical metrology attractive to the wider areas of manufacturing such as general machining, metal forming, and molding operations. This paper will briefly review some of the tools available today, where the opportunities may still lie, and what the gaps are that still remain to bridge the gap to wider spread use of the technology.
A downside to apoptosis in cancer therapy

A recent study challenges the view that radiation-induced apoptosis is beneficial in tumor therapy by showing that caspase 3–mediated apoptosis in response to ionizing radiation activates a growth signaling cascade in tumor cells, thereby stimulating tumor repopulation (pages 860–866). These results may have important implications for the clinical use of radiotherapy or chemotherapy to induce apoptosis in tumors.
Tropical Wave-CISK with a Moisture Budget and Cumulus Friction

Abstract The wave-CISK problem is investigated in a linearized context with two significant departures from previous models: 1) the cumulus heating parameterization is made thermodynamically consistent by requiring that cumulus heating exactly equal the latent heat of moisture converged in the wave; and 2) cumulus friction is included in the model. The parameterization of vertical transport of horizontal momentum by cumulus clouds follows the formulation of Schneider and Lindzen (1976); with a constant mean zonal wind, cumulus friction is proportional to the mean cloud mass flux. Results from the model of Stevens et at. (1977) are presented for various scales of motion. For magnitudes of cloud mass flux typical of the ITCZ, no wave-CISK modes appear on the synoptic scale of several thousand kilometers. As the horizontal scales of these long-period waves are decreased, the disturbances become frictionally controlled, neutral wave-CISK modes. When the mean cloud mass flux is reduced by a factor of 2, instab...
An improved lattice-based scheme for lossy distributed compression of linear functions

It has recently been showed that lattice/structured codes can outperform random/unstructured codes in a number of scenarios of distributed source coding. One such instance involves lossy distributed compression of linear functions of Gaussian sources, which is the focus of this paper. Existing structured schemes employ “good” lattices for quantization and binning, however, the remaining correlation between the lattice coset indices are not exploited in an efficient way, leading to suboptimal performance when the target distortion is small. This paper proposes a new lattice-based scheme that is capable of eliminating the redundancy among coset indices and achieving a smaller sum-rate than existing schemes. The main novelty lies in the use of a hidden relationship between the coset planes of the quantization indices, and the enlarged set of choices for the quantizers as well as the linear estimation coefficients.
A Model for Motivating and Measuring Quality Performance in Information Systems Staff

Abstract This article presents a model developed to motivate and measure quality performance in information systems staff. This approach, referred to as team-based assessment (TBA), is founded on organizational effectiveness and quality principles. the team-based assessment approach emphasizes two main goals — to maintain a customer orientation and to promote an atmosphere for employee development and growth — while ensuring individual and team accountability. To assess the achievement of these goals, a formal system of measurements has been developed. the approach encompasses five critical areas: product quality, staff development, customer outreach, administrative efficiency, and fiscal responsibility. This model is currently in use at several large government contract-based organizations.
Ru-porphyrin protein scaffolds for sensing O2.

Hemoprotein-based scaffolds containing phosphorescent ruthenium(II) CO mesoporphyrin IX (RuMP) are reported here for oxygen (O2) sensing in biological contexts. RuMP was incorporated into the protein scaffolds during protein expression utilizing a novel method that we have described previously. A high-resolution (2.00 A) crystal structure revealed that the unnatural porphyrin binds to the proteins in a manner similar to the native heme and does not perturb the protein fold. The protein scaffolds were found to provide unique coordination environments for RuMP and modulate the porphyrin emission properties. Emission lifetime measurements demonstrate a linear O2 response within the physiological range and precision comparable to commercial O2 sensors. The RuMP proteins are robust, readily modifiable platforms and display promising O2 sensing properties for future in vivo applications.
Wheat germ cell-free translation, purification, and assembly of a functional human stearoyl-CoA desaturase complex

A wheat germ cell-free extract was used to perform in vitro translation of human stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the presence of unilamelar liposomes, and near complete transfer of the expressed integral membrane protein into the liposome was observed. Moreover, co-translation of the desaturase along with human cytochrome b5 led to transfer of both membrane proteins into the liposomes. A simple, single step purification via centrifugation in a density gradient yielded proteoliposomes with the desaturase in high purity as judged by capillary electrophoresis. After in vitro reconstitution of the non-heme iron and heme active sites, the function of the reconstituted enzyme complex was demonstrated by conversion of stearoyl-CoA to oleoyl-CoA. This simple translation approach obviates the use of detergents or other lipids to stabilize and isolate a catalytically active integral membrane enzyme. The applicability of cell-free translation to the assembly and purification of other integral membrane protein complexes is discussed.
On the specification of neoclassical energy demand functions

Abstract Some commonly used energy demand models are analyzed using standard economic and econometric theory. For firms, the implications of output endogeneity and relative factor adjustment costs are considered in order to derive correct demand specifications and to analyze the effects of specification error. For consumers, the rates of utilization and depreciation of energy-using durable goods are shown to link equilibrium energy demands to real durable and energy prices. An implication of the analysis is that output (or income) levels are not in general an independent determinant of firm energy demands although they will influence energy demands by consumers.
Cleavage of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase measured in situ in individual cells: relationship to DNA fragmentation and cell cycle position during apoptosis.

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a nuclear enzyme involved in DNA repair, is a target of caspases during apoptosis: its cleavage onto 89- and 24-kDa fragments is considered to be a hallmark of the apoptotic mode of cell death. Another hallmark is the activation of endonuclease which targets internucleosomal DNA. The aim of the present study was to reveal cell cycle phase specificity as well as the temporal and sequence relationships of PARP cleavage vis-a-vis DNA fragmentation in two model systems of apoptosis, one induced by DNA damage via cell treatment with camptothecin (CPT) (mitochondria-induced pathway) and another by the cytotoxic ligand tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) (cell surface death receptor pathway). PARP cleavage was detected immunocytochemically using antibody which recognizes its 89-kDa fragment (PARP p89) while DNA fragmentation was assayed by in situ labeling of DNA strand breaks. The frequency and extent of PARP cleavage as well as DNA fragmentation were measured by mutiparameter flow and laser scanning cytometry. PARP cleavage, selective to S phase cells, was detected 90 min after administration of CPT. PARP cleavage in the cells treated with TNF-alpha was not selective to any cell cycle phase and was seen already after 30 min. DNA fragmentation trailed PARP cleavage by about 30 min and showed a similar pattern of cell cycle specificity. PARP p89 was present in nuclear chromatin but at least in the early phase of apoptosis it did not colocalize with DNA strand breaks. The rate of cleavage of PARP molecules in individual cells whether induced by CPT or TNF-alpha was rapid as reflected by the paucity of cells with a mixture of cleaved and noncleaved PARP molecules. In contrast, DNA fragmentation proceeded stepwise before reaching the maximal number of DNA strand breaks. Although time windows for PARP cleavage vs DNA fragmentation were different at early stages of apoptosis, a good overall correlation between the cytometric assays of apoptotic cells identification based on these events was observed in both CPT- and TNF-alpha-treated cultures.
Current Gains and Future Outcomes: When Cumulative Relative Gains Matter

During the past decade, relative gains-gains made by one state disproportionate to those of another-have become the centerpiece of the debate between realism and liberalism.' The current debate began as a realist critique of liberalism. It quickly moved to dominate the dialogue between the two schools of international relations, the essential point of contention being the comparative impact of relative versus absolute gains on a state's preferences for cooperation. More recently, the two sides have come to some convergence, agreeing that the real issue is not whether relative gains are important, but under what conditions concern for relative gains will dominate a chance at cooperation and make it more difficult. That is, why do relative gains concerns vary? This article suggests a new hypothesis for variance in the sensitivity to relative gains based on the likelihood that gains in one round will cumulate in future rounds,
Structural, optical and photoelectronic properties of improved PECVD a-Ge:H

The preparation conditions by PECVD for a-Ge:H with photoelectronic properties approaching those of a-Si:H are described. Emphasis is placed on the identification by TEM, SEM, NMR and other techniques of structural defects on a scale of 1 nm and larger, and their elimination by adjustment of deposition parameters. Evidence concerning the valence and conduction band densities of states is reviewed, and preliminary information on the extension of this approach to improvement of a-Si1−xGex:H alloys examined.
Summing planar diagrams for string and gauge theories

Abstract We discuss the problem of summing planar diagrams in both string and field theory using light-cone methods. We advocate the discretization of both x + and p + as a useful tool for attacking this problem. We then discuss some technical aspects of this discretization procedure in non-abelian gauge theories. We describe one-loop calculations in this formalism and explain how the Mandelstam-Leibbrandt prescription might be adapted to it.
Using the Callsign Acquisition Test (CAT) to compare the speech intelligibility of air versus bone conduction

Abstract In combat operations, the success of most missions relies on the ability of the personnel to interpret speech over a communication system. Thus, the need for effective and efficient communication systems has become increasingly important. Generally, there are two means by which radio communication can be transmitted: air conduction and bone conduction. Although air conduction is more commonly used in industry, bone conducted radio communication offers an attractive means for infantry to communicate on the battlefield. This research used 12 listeners to compare speech intelligibility of bone conduction to that of air conduction in multi-talker noise using signal-to-noise (SN) ratios of −6, −9, and −12 dB. The results showed that in the environments tested, air conduction performed better than bone conduction. It was also found that participants’ performance under the three different SN ratios were significantly different with the best performance under the −6 dB SN ratio. Findings from this research will be helpful for designing communication interfaces for military applications in the future. Relevance to industry This research compares intelligibility of bone- and air-conducted speech using the military's Callsign Acquisition Test (CAT) under different SN ratio conditions. Results from this study will help in the design of better bone conduction devices for the military.
Einstein boundary conditions for the 3+1 Einstein equations

In the 3+1 framework of the Einstein equations for the case of vanishing shift vector and arbitrary lapse, we calculate explicitly the four boundary equations arising from the vanishing of the projection of the Einstein tensor along the normal to the boundary surface of the initial-boundary value problem. Such conditions take the form of evolution equations along (as opposed to across) the boundary for certain components of the extrinsic curvature and for certain space-derivatives of the three-metric. We argue that, in general, such boundary conditions do not follow necessarily from the evolution equations and the initial data, but need to be imposed on the boundary values of the fundamental variables. Using the Einstein-Christoffel formulation, which is strongly hyperbolic, we show how three of the boundary equations up to linear combinations should be used to prescribe the values of some incoming characteristic fields. Additionally, we show that the fourth one imposes conditions on some outgoing fields.
Prospective study of incident age-related macular degeneration in relation to vigorous physical activity during a 7-year follow-up.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible visual loss in older white Americans [1], affecting approximately 2% of Americans 52 to 64 years of age and 28% of those ≥75 years of age [2]. The wet (exudative or neovascular) form of macular degeneration, which represents approximately 90% of AMD vision loss, occurs when bleeding or leaking of blood from vessels from the choroids penetrate the retina [3]. Dry (nonexudative) AMD is more common but progresses more slowly and represents approximately 10% of severe vision loss [3] Early AMD is characterized by changes in macular retinal pigment epithelium or the presence of drusen. Given the limited potential for restoring vision loss, attention has focused on early recognition and treatment to prevent progression. Exercise is not currently advocated for AMD prevention [4], although at least three studies suggest its possible role in lowering AMD risk [5-7]. Physical activity lowers cardiovascular disease [8], which is possibly predictive of AMD [9 –12]. In addition, physical activity improves various cardiovascular disease risk factors that have also been associated with AMD risk (albeit not always consistently so): adiposity [13-16], and blood pressure [17-20]. This report examines the relationship of incident self-reported, clinically diagnosed AMD during 7.7 years of follow-up of the National Runners’ Health Study. This cohort is unique among prospective epidemiologic studies in being specifically recruited to assess the health benefits and burdens of physical activity. Population- or occupationally-based cohorts tend to include few vigorously active individuals, which limits the ability to draw inferences on vigorous exercise and health. Although runners may not be representative of the population in general, the physiological processes affecting macular degeneration in runners are likely to be the same as in nonrunners. Moreover, the health benefits of greater doses of more vigorous exercise are relevant to the one-half of all adult Americans who already meet or exceed current physical activity guideline levels [21].
A Resonance Raman Method for the Rapid Detection and Identification of Bacteria in Water

Resonance Raman spectra are reported for aqueous suspensions of nine clones of marine plankton algae representing three classes, five genera, and seven species. Spectra are obtained easily either directly from culture or from samples concentrated by sedimentation. Spectra taken at 488 or 457.9 nm are of high quality and are sufficiently distinct to differentiate clones at the algal class level, and possibly also at the genus level. Strongest peaks occur near 1527 and 1158 cm−1 associated with ν(c = c) and ν(c – c) of carotenoid pigments, but information is contained in the entire region between 900 and 3000 cm−1 due to associated overtone and combination bands which can be assigned along with fundamental vibrations. Chlorophyll peaks also are quite pronounced. Spectra obtained using rapid flow techniques match those taken using slurries in sealed tubes if low laser power is used. The sensitivity and rapidity of the technique suggest that it may be useful in remote sensing applications.
Pelvic morphology in ischiofemoral impingement

Objective To assess MRI measures to quantify pelvic morphology that may predispose to ischiofemoral impingement (IFI). We hypothesized that patients with IFI have a wider interischial distance and an increased femoral neck angle compared with normal controls.
Sarcopenia and Age-Related Changes in Body Composition and Functional Capacity

Advancing adult age is associated with profound changes in body composition. One of the most prominent of these changes is sarcopenia, defined as the age-related loss in skeletal muscle mass, which results in decreased strength and aerobic capacity and thus functional capacity. Sarcopenia is also closely linked to age-related losses in bone mineral, basal metabolic rate and increased body fat content. Through physical exercise and training, especially resistance training, it may be possible to prevent sarcopenia and the remarkable array of associated abnormalities, such as type II diabetes, coronary artery disease, hypertension, osteoporosis and obesity. Using an exercise program of sufficient frequency, intensity and duration, it is quite possible to increase muscle strength and endurance at any age. There is no pharmacological intervention that holds a greater promise of improving health and promoting independence in the elderly than does exercise.
“Focused joint ventures” in transforming economies

Executive Overview Executives who are intrigued by joint ventures in Eastern Europe can learn from the hard-won success of a small number of foreign/Chinese joint ventures in China. To date, most of such profitable businesses are “focused joint ventures.” Highly flexible, participative, democratic management is not the key. Instead, “focused joint ventures” have these characteristics: 1) highly prescribed operations, 2) narrow product line, 3) sustained commitment of partners, 4) top-down motivation of employees, 5) strict performance standards for local suppliers. It is these tightly managed organizations that are producing goods up to world-class standards while keeping cost in line. The “focused joint ventures” are setting a needed example of behavior modifications necessary to transform sheltered production into competitive production. Each “focused joint venture” is intentionally inflexible: it succeeds by promptly serving a clear need, and probably has a limited life span. However, adaptability can ...
Photon-Controlled Phase Partitioning of Spiropyrans

The reversible partitioning of molecules between immiscible phases, such as in solvent extraction, is usually controlled by chemical composition of one or both phases, temperature, or pH. An additional means for controlling the equilibrium distribution of a solute between phases, the use of light and suitable photochromic molecules, such as those drawn from the spiropyran family, is described. Partitioning of 1‘,3‘,3‘-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1]-benzopyran-2,2‘ indoline (1‘-methyl 6-NO2 BIPS) and its derivatives between toluene and water phases is shown to be controlled by the wavelength of incident light, the ionogenic functional groups on the molecule, and the aqueous solution pH. At pH 2, both 1‘-methyl 6-NO2 BIPS and 1‘-(3-carbomethoxypropyl) 6-NO2 BIPS partition reversibly and preferentially into the aqueous phase when irradiated with ultraviolet light in the 365−370 nm region but only slightly into the aqueous phase when illuminated with wavelengths greater than or equal to 480 nm. The partition co...
Problems with deducing ionospheric plasma convection patterns

Problems of constructing an overall convection pattern from various measurements of convection electric fields are examined. Since the measurement techniques used provide information on only a limited spatial region at any time, the construction of the pattern requires a synthesis of data obtained at a variety of times and places. Incoherent scatter radar data for drifting F region plasma are considered as an example.
Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction in Rat Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages (PAMs) by Diesel Particulates and Their Extracts

ABSTRACTThe Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity in the lavaged PAMs was investigated in male Fischer rats after inhalation of diluted diesel exhaust (DE), and compared with intratracheal instillation of the organic solvent extract of hydrocarbons adsorbed on the particulate surface. Animals were exposed to concentrations of 1500 p.g/m3 or 6000 ng/m3 of diesel particulates, 20 hrs/day, 7 days/wk for 2 days up to 28 days, or treated with a single intratracheal dose of DE extract or benzo[ajpyrene (B[a]P) dissolved in gelatin-saline solution. the counts of lavageable PAM and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were significantly elevated in the exposed rats. However, a decrease of AHH activity was found in the PAM cells after four weeks of exposure to both particulate concentrations. the AHH activity in the PAMs from rats injected intratracheally with 5 mg/kg of B[a]P was slightly increased; no change was observed in PAMs similarly treated with DE extract. Enzyme Induction is not noted because of abse...
Platinum tetrachloride: Mutagenicity and methylation with methylcobálamin

It was reported earlier that methylcobalamin (MeB‐12) plus K2PtCl6 or Na2PtCl6 under acidic conditions yields a single square planar Pt2+ species, MePtCl2‐ 3. A reaction between MeB‐12 and PtCl4 in...
Conceptualizing Human Microbiota: From Multicelled Organ to Ecological Community

The microbiota of a typical, healthy human contains 10 times as many cells as the human body and incorporates bacteria, viruses, archea, protozoans, and fungi. This diverse microbiome (the collective genomes of the microbial symbionts that inhabit a human host) is essential for human functioning. We discuss the unstated assumptions and implications of current conceptualizations of human microbiota: (1) a single unit that interacts with the host and the external environment; a multicelled organ; (2) an assemblage of multiple taxa, but considered as a single unit in its interactions with the host; (3) an assemblage of multiple taxa, which each interacts with the host and the environment independently; and (4) a dynamic ecological community consisting of multiple taxa each potentially interacting with each other, the host, and the environment. Each conceptualization leads to different predictions, methodologies, and research strategies.