cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sequence Decision Diagrams

Compact encoding of finite sets of strings is a classic problem. The manipulation of large sets requires compact data structures that allow for efficient set operations. We define sequence decision diagrams (SeqDDs), which can encode arbitrary finite sets of strings over an alphabet. SeqDDs can be seen as a variant of classic decision diagrams such as BDDs and MDDs where, instead of a fixed number of levels, we simply require that the number of paths and the lengths of these paths be finite. However, the main difference between the two is the target application: while MDDs are suited to store and manipulate large sets of constant-length tuples, SeqDDs can store arbitrary finite languages and, as such, should be studied in relation to finite automata. We do so, examining in particular the size of equivalent representations.
On the Concurrency of Parallel Processes

This chapter contributes to the 10th anniversary symposium of the Computer Science Department at Carnegie-Mellon University by looking at two old problems in concurrent processes in a new light. The first problem is that of restricting the order in which concurrent processes may operate on shared objects. We show how such restrictions can be stated as path expressions. The second problem is that of deadlock states. An O ( mn log n ) deadlock detection algorithm is presented, which is based on the heapsort algorithm.
Chapter 16 Attentional Capacity and Children's Memory Strategy Use

Studies using dual task procedures have provided consistent evidence for age differences in the attentional capacity demands of mnemonic strategy execution. These differences may affect strategy use in several ways. First, younger children may simply be unable to execute a particular strategy because of its high processing capacity demands, or may only be able to execute it in a simple, and relatively ineffective, manner. Second, recent costs/benefits models of strategy selection suggest that even when younger children are able to utilize a strategy effectively, they may be relatively unwilling to expend the large amount of mental effort required for strategy execution. As a direction for future research, we highlight a need to focus not only on the capacity demands of strategy execution per se, but also on the capacity demands of the metacognitive self-regulatory activities that influence strategy selection and acquisition.
When to Ask for Help

If the thought of asking for help with a difficult case in the office or operating room ever crosses you mind, you should definitely reach out to a colleague or mentor for assistance. You should speak with your new partners before starting to make sure they will be available to help you if needed, and you should feel comfortable calling them. It will take about 4–5 years as an attending surgeon to be confident with most of the procedures that you perform. You should never be too afraid, proud, or arrogant to call for help.
Comparing Advice from Military Parents, Partners, and Veterans about How Families Can Encourage Service Members to Seek Behavioral Health care

This study compared advice that three groups—military parents, partners, and Veterans—gave regarding how military families can encourage service members (SMs) to seek professional help when needed....
A CASE OF TWIDDLER'S SYNDROME

With pacemakers becoming more commonplace, so do potential complications. Complications can include lead malfunction, infection and rarely, lead displacement due to external rotation of a device, coined Twiddler's Syndrome. A 78 year old male, with a history of complete heart block status post dual
Bridging the epidemiology-policy divide: A consequential and evidence-based framework to optimize population health

Epidemiology is the scientific cornerstone of public health. Its traditional role has been to test scientific hypotheses on causal relationships of exposures with health outcomes, the results of which should in turn be synthesized and lead to evidence-based recommendations and the formation of policy. However, the messy truth is that the path from epidemiology to policy is frequently not a perfectly rational, linear one, and the choices of which scientific hypotheses are pursued and the ways in which they are tested, evaluated, and translated into policies do not occur systematically. One avenue for bridging this divide is widespread adoption and implementation of a consequential, evidence-based framework-whereby we can systematically facilitate the translation of epidemiology into policies and interventions to optimize population health. This paper describes the roadmap for a seven-step, outcomes-based consequential approach, that includes priority-setting of problems at both the federal and regional/state levels, and that proposes to strengthen alignment of public and private research funding and journals with these priorities. Over the long term, implementing this framework should help to bridge the divide between epidemiology and policy and optimize the use of increasingly constrained resources to reduce disease burden and promote the nation's health.
Cortical responses to auditory novelty across task conditions: An intracranial electrophysiology study

Abstract Elucidating changes in sensory processing across attentional and arousal states is a major focus in neuroscience. The local/global deviant (LGD) stimulus paradigm engages auditory predictive coding over short (local deviance, LD) and long (global deviance, GD) time scales, and has been used to assay disruption of auditory predictive coding upon loss of consciousness. Our previous work (Nourski et al., 2018, J Neurosci 38:8441–52) examined effects of general anesthesia on short- and long-term novelty detection. GD effects were suppressed at subhypnotic doses of propofol, suggesting that they may be more related to task engagement than consciousness per se. The present study addressed this hypothesis by comparing cortical responses to auditory novelty during passive versus active listening conditions in awake listeners. Subjects were seven adult neurosurgical patients undergoing chronic invasive monitoring for medically intractable epilepsy. LGD stimuli were sequences of four identical vowels followed by a fifth identical or different vowel. In the passive condition, the stimuli were presented to subjects as they watched a silent TV program and were instructed to attend to its content. In the active condition, stimuli were presented in the absence of a TV program, and subjects were instructed to press a button in response to GD target stimuli. Intracranial recordings were made from multiple brain regions, including core and non-core auditory, auditory-related, prefrontal and sensorimotor cortex. Metrics of task performance included hit rate, sensitivity index, and reaction times. Cortical activity was measured as averaged auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) and event-related band power in high gamma (70–150 Hz) and alpha (8–14 Hz) frequency bands. The vowel stimuli and LD elicited robust AEPs in all studied brain areas in both passive and active conditions. High gamma responses to stimulus onset and LD were localized predominantly to the auditory cortex in the superior temporal plane and had a comparable prevalence and spatial extent between the two conditions. In contrast, GD effects (AEPs, high gamma and alpha suppression) were greatly enhanced during the active condition in all studied brain areas. The prevalence of high gamma GD effects was positively correlated with individual subjects’ task performance. The data demonstrate distinct task engagement-related effects on responses to auditory novelty across the auditory cortical processing hierarchy. The results motivate a closer examination of effective connectivity underlying attentional modulation of cortical sensory responses, and serve as a foundation for examining changes in sensory processing associated with general anesthesia, sleep and disorders of consciousness.
Spooky Action at a Distance

This article studies quantum mechanical entanglement. We begin by illustrating why entanglement implies action at a distance. We then introduce a simple criterion for determining when a pure quantum state is entangled. Finally, we present a measure for the amount of entanglement for a pure state.
Prohibited Substitutions: Louisiana's Experience with a French Institution

Although the title of this article identifies prohibited substitutions as a French institution, such a description is not entirely accurate. First, the institution known today in Louisiana as a prohibited substitution had at least inchoate origins in Roman law. Moreover, many other civil law countries and civil codes contain Articles and laws addressing these substitutions. The title of this article is meant to emphasize that the approach taken by Louisiana on substitutions was a decidedly French one. Whether Louisiana has been successful in employing a French approach to dealing with this institution is one of the questions this article aspires to address. In so doing, this article will first consider the history of substitutions and then examine and evaluate the Louisiana experience, with especial concern for the new legislative revision of the code Articles on this topic.
A close look at socio-technical design features of mobile applications for diabetes self-management

Many mobile apps used for chronic disease self-management suffer from low usage and retention. In this paper, we analyzed apps for self-management of diabetes to understand their strengths and shortcomings from a Socio-Technical (ST) perspective and identify areas for improvement. The ST model and ST categories (Task-Actor, Task-Structure, Task-Technology, Actor-Structure, Actor-Technology, Structure-Technology) were used to identify gaps in the current design of Diabetes Management Mobile Apps. We used a content analysis approach to analyze each app’s functionality and users’ comments against a set of ST features generated based on the ST model and the associated categories. Results showed that most mobile apps are designed to support the technical characteristics in such context as reflected in the Task-Technology and Actor-Technology categories like self-care functionality, ease of use and usefulness, managing resources, and coordinating tasks. However, limitations exist when considering the larger structure within which self-care tasks are performed such as enabling physician–patient communication and feedback. Most of the limitations we observed are in the Task-Structure and Technology-Structure categories that capture features related to the interdependency of self-care tasks with provider and payer workflows.
Performance Evaluation of 1kW Asynchronous and Synchronous Buck Converter-based Solar-powered Battery Charging System for Electric Vehicles

This paper presents the design and evaluates the system performance of one-kilowatt capacity asynchronous and synchronous buck converter based solar-powered charging systems for battery-driven electric vehicles. The dc motor-operated three-wheeler rickshaw was taken for testing the systems, where a battery bank containing four series-connected sub-colloid storage type batteries of each with a capacity of 12V, 120Ah has been used. PSIM simulation software has been used to evaluate the performances of these two types of battery charging systems. Hardware prototypes of these two types of charging systems have also been made and an experimental testbed comprising a 48V battery bank of 100Ah capacity with a charging current of 6A was performed. The experimental results have also been evaluated and compared.
In Appreciation¶The Depth and Breadth of John Bell's Physics

This essay surveys the work of John Stewart Bell, one of the great physicists of the twentieth century. Section 1 is a brief biography, tracing his career from working-class origins and undergraduate training in Belfast, Northern Ireland, to research in accelerator and nuclear physics in the British national laboratories at Harwell and Malvern, to his profound research on elementary particle physics as a member of the Theory Group at CERN and his equally profound “hobby” of investigating the foundations of quantum mechanics. Section 2 concerns this hobby, which began in his discontent with Bohr's and Heisenberg's analyses of the measurement process. He was attracted to the program of hidden variables interpretations, but he revolutionized the foundations of quantum mechanics by a powerful negative result: that no hidden variables theory that is “local” (in a clear and well-motivated sense) can agree with all the correlations predicted by quantum mechanics regarding well-separated systems. He further deepened the foundations of quantum mechanics by penetrating conceptual analyses of results concerning measurement theory of von Neumann, de Broglie and Bohm, Gleason, Jauch and Piron, Everett, and Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber. Bell's work in particle theory (Section 3) began with a proof of the CPT theorem in his doctoral dissertation, followed by investigations of the phenomenology of CP-violating experiments. At CERN Bell investigated the commutation relations in current algebras from various standpoints. The failure of current algebra combined with partially conserved current algebra to permit the experimentally observed decay of the neutral pi-meson into two photons stimulated the discovery by Bell and Jackiw of anomalous or quantal symmetry breaking, which has numerous implications for elementary particle phenomena. Other late investigations of Bell on elementary particle physics were bound states in quantum chromodynamics (in collaboration with Bertlmann) and estimates for the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon (in collaboration with de Rafael). Section 4 concerns accelerations, starting at Harwell with the algebra of strong focusing and the stability of orbits in linear accelerators and synchrotrons. At CERN he continued to contribute to accelerator physics, and with his wife Mary Bell he wrote on electron cooling and Beamstrahlung. A spectacular late achievement in accelerator physics was the demonstration (in collaboration with Leinaas) that the effective black-body radiation seen by an accelerated observer in an electromagnetic vacuum – the “Unruh effect”– had already been observed experimentally in the partial depolarization of electrons traversing circular orbits.
Soybean aphid infestation and crop yield in relation to cultivar, foliar insecticide, and insecticidal seed treatment in South Dakota

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), remains an important pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in areas of the Midwestern United States and southern Canada. Options for managing soybean aphid are currently limited to insecticides and aphid-resistant varieties. Farmers commonly employ a prophylactic treatment of soybean seed with a neonicotinoid insecticide such as thiamethoxam and often a remedial, late-season application of foliar insecticides such as the pyrethroid, λ-cyhalothrin. Environmental concerns about detrimental side effects of neonicotinoids and the substantiation of pyrethroid resistance in field populations of soybean aphid have strengthened the case for planting aphid-resistant soybean cultivars. We conducted a three-year field study in eastern South Dakota, United States, that evaluated commercially-available active substances and enhanced plant materials for soybean aphid management that included a thiamethoxam seed treatment, spray application of λ-cyhalothrin, and an aphid-resistant soybean cultivar containing a pyramid of the Rag1 and Rag2 aphid-resistance genes. Soybean aphid infestations had sustained, economically injurious levels in 2015, but not the other two years. The three management tactics independently reduced soybean aphid population densities. Thiamethoxam and the resistant cultivar suppressed cumulative aphid-days (CAD) in all three years, whereas the λ-cyhalothrin spray decreased CAD in 2015 and 2017. By far, the resistant cultivar had the greatest impact on soybean aphid populations, reducing CAD by 28- to 150-fold year−1, with mean numbers of aphids much less than 100 soybean aphids plant−1. Thiamethoxam seed treatment reduced CAD by 1.7- to 3.5-fold year−1, and λ-cyhalothrin reduced it from 2.0- to 5.6-fold year−1. Soybean yield was not affected by treatments in 2015. Yield was greater for the susceptible than for the resistant cultivar in 2016, and yield was greater for plots without foliar insecticide in 2017. Implications for the use of these management tactics against soybean aphid are discussed.
COVID-19 Testing in the Era of Modern Neurosurgery: Mitigating Risk in Our Vulnerable Patient Populations.

Background The respiratory illness identified as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in a pandemic illness that has changed the face of healthcare. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, patients have continued to require neurosurgical interventions, and the endoscopic endonasal approach for surgery has continued to be a mainstay treatment of pituitary tumors and anterior skull base lesions. Methods We sought to highlight the current lack of recommendations regarding testing protocols for neurosurgical patients. Results We implemented a novel testing protocol for our patient populations at increased risk and have proposed a model that can be used at other institutions to mitigate the risk of complications associated with some forms of COVID-19 testing. Conclusion Patients with anterior skull base defects may be at risk with current COVID-19 testing protocols, and may benefit from alternative specimen collection strategies.
The Open Force Field Evaluator: An automated, efficient, and scalable framework for the estimation of physical properties from molecular simulation

Developing accurate classical force field representations of molecules is key to realizing the full potential of molecular simulations, both as a powerful route to gaining fundamental insight into a broad spectrum of chemical and biological phenomena, and for predicting physicochemical and mechanical properties of substances. The Open Force Field Consortium is an industry-funded open science effort to this end, developing open source tools for rapidly generating new, high-quality small molecule force fields. An integral aspect of this is the parameterization and assessment of force fields against high-quality, condensed phase physical property data, curated from open data sources such the NIST ThermoML Archive, alongside quantum chemical data. The quantity of such experimental data in open data archives alone would require an onerous amount of human and compute resources to both curate and estimate manually, especially when estimations must be made for numerous sets of force field parameters. Here we present an entirely automated, highly scalable framework for evaluating physical properties and their gradients in terms of force field parameters. It is written as a modular and extensible Python framework, which employs an intelligent multiscale estimation approach that allows for the automated estimation of properties from simulation and cached simulation data, and a pluggable API for estimation of new properties. In this study we demonstrate the utility of the framework by benchmarking the OpenFF 1.0.0 small molecule force field, GAFF 1.8 and GAFF 2.1 force fields against a test set of binary density and enthalpy of mixing measurements curated using the frameworks utilities. Further, we demonstrate the framework's utility as part of force field optimization by using it alongside ForceBalance, a framework for systematic force field optimization, to retrain a set of non-bonded van der Waals parameters against a training set of density and enthalpy of vaporization measurements.
Dissecting the segmentation of China's repo markets

Abstract China repos trade in the over-the-counter interbank market as well as the stock exchange. This paper examines the behaviors, sources, and drivers of the spread between China's exchange and interbank repo rates from December 2006 to June 2018. After adjusting for different day-count quoting methods, I dissect the exchange to interbank repo spread into two components: cross-market segmentation between exchange and interbank markets for non-depository institutions (NDIs), and within-market counterparty segmentation between NDIs and depository institutions (DIs) in the interbank market. The 1-day repo markets are found to be more segmented, with the spread mainly driven by the cross-market segmentation for NDIs, reflecting the two different market mechanisms and trading frictions that prevent NDIs from effectively arbitraging across the two markets in the shorter tenor. On the other hand, the 7-day repo markets are found to be less segmented, with the spread mainly driven by the counterparty segmentation between NDIs and DIs within the interbank market, reflecting greater counterparty credit and liquidity risks for NDIs relative to DIs. Further analysis uncovers the impacts of quarter-end effect, monetary policies, and shadow banking activities on the cross-market and within-market segmentations in China's repo markets.
Per- Oral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM) for Children with Achalasia

Peroral endoscopic myotomy, or POEM, is currently the most successful realization of natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The procedure is a treatment option for achalasia, a primary motility disorder of the esophagus caused by neuromuscular dysfunction at the esophagogastric junction. Achalasia though rare in both adult and pediatric populations has profound life-long morbidity. POEM has rapidly become an alternative surgical treatment option to laparoscopic Heller myotomy owing to its low complication rates and promising long-term outcomes. As more POEM programs are implemented in children’s hospitals, pediatric anesthesiologists will need to become familiar with this advanced endoscopic procedure in order to provide safe anesthesia. To date, no clear recommendations exist for anesthetic management of pediatric patients undergoing POEM and guidance is extrapolated from limited adult literature. The efficacy and safety of the POEM procedure have been demonstrated in a number of pediatric patients by reviewing the surgical literature. An understanding of the procedural steps, an awareness of known intraoperative complications, and a review of management strategies will help avoid rare but catastrophic adverse events.
Multiplicity for idealized rotational detonation waves

Simulations of three-dimensional rotational detonation waves are conducted to understand the mechanisms of wave bifurcation. A compressible reacting Euler solver is developed within the framework of OpenFOAM, and a fixed mass flux boundary condition is developed to avoid complex injector dynamics. Influences of inflow mass flow rates and initiations of ignition spots are studied. As the inflow mass flow rate increases, one detonation wave is maintained. Constrained by the circumference of the combustor, the maximum fill height is achieved when the maximum post-shock pressure expansion is reached. Further increasing mass flow rates does not lead to wave bifurcation or higher mean fill height. By introducing multiple ignition regions, an identical number of stable waves are ignited and maintained, which signifies that wave numbers are not uniquely determined by the inlet boundary conditions. The minimum fill height (or largest velocity deficit) owing to either the lowest mass flow rate or the maximum wave number is obtained when the pressure expansion distance is comparable to the hydrodynamic thickness. The scaling of fill height is subsequently explained through a theoretical relation based on mass conservation. It is shown that neither increasing mass flow rates nor existence of multiple waves is a sufficient condition for wave bifurcation. The fill height is intrinsically connected with wave numbers, and both cannot be predicted solely based on boundary conditions. Future work will relax some idealizations in this work to further quantify the limit for the fill height.
Semantic-Syntactic Approach to Pattern Analysis and Image Processing

Many mathematical methods have been proposed for solving pattern analysis and image processing problems. They can be grouped into two major approaches, decision-theoretic or statistical approach and structural or syntactic approach. From the point of view of pattern representation and description, we can discuss pattern analysis and image processing in terms of a unified semantic-syntactic approach. This paper will describe the basic formulation of this approach and discuss a major result in syntax-semantics tradeoff. Recognition methods based on this proposed approach and their implementation will also be discussed.
Review of: Lizzie Didn't Do It

The title of this volume is, of course, a dead give away. Lizzie Borden, accused of and tried for the gruesome “axe” murder of her mother and father, is, in fact, innocent. Even though she was legally acquitted of the two murders, there was and still is considerable speculation about her true status. This, even though the murders were committed in 1892. The still well-known quatrain, “Lizzie Borden took an axe …”, perhaps reveals more than anything else that this is a case—and a police investigation—that endures in the annals of crime.
Automatic lip model extraction for constrained contour-based tracking

Contour model-based tracking is more robust if an accurate reference shape model of the underlying object is available. Since lip shapes vary, the ability to automatically extract user-dependent lip models from input images is desirable. We present an unsupervised segmentation method to hierarchically locate the user's face and then the lips. Techniques employed include modeling in the hue/saturation color space using Gaussian mixture models and the use of geometric constraints. With the region of interest automatically located, the model extraction problem is then formulated as a regularized model-fitting problem. The use of a generic shape as prior information improves the accuracy of the extracted lip model which is based an a cubic B-spline representation. We also describe a method to compute automatically an optimal linear color space transform needed to obtain raw estimates of the lip boundary locations, as required by the fitting procedure.
La lógica de la acción colectiva en la producción de bienes públicos escalares

The Logics of Collective Action in the Production of Step-level Public Goods In this paper, we explore the distinctive features of the logic of collective action in the pro- duction of step-level public goods. In the first part, we present the differences between the production functions of continuous public goods (here BPC) and those of the step-level pub- lic goods (here BPE). After formalizing the situation where the production of a BPE is pursued, we tackle the theoretical differences between this situation and those in which the BPC are usually formalized (the n-persons prisoners' dilemma). Next, we present the experimental evidence of variables that affect the level of the voluntary contributions and the success rates in the production of BPE. Finally, we point out some of the theoretical and practical reasons for which we believe that a development of the experimentation on step-level public goods games is advisable.
An undergraduate system identification experiment

One of the essential objectives of any undergraduate controls curriculum is understanding the frequency response, its physical meaning, and stability consequences. In addition, the student should gain an appreciation for simple system identification techniques, and the relationship between frequency response and the system complex plane pole-zero map. These skills allow the student to analyze "black box" systems. With these objectives in mind, the authors have developed a system identification experiment using commercially available physical plants and digital computer controllers. This paper outlines the present course background, lesson objectives, data collection and reduction techniques for a system identification laboratory taught in the introductory system dynamics course in the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering programs at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.
Robust Stability Analysis of Coupled Oscillators

Following Kharitonov's seminal theorem, a number of authors have developed criteria for analyzing the stability of a so-called polytope of polynomials. In this paper, we present a case study involving a polytope of polynomials carried out using the new results in [8]. More specifically, we consider a state space model describing a pair of coupled oscillators. Motivated by the fact that stability is guaranteed for small coupling, we consider the following question: How large can the off-diagonal interactions be before instabilty occurs? To this end, we use the new theory in [8] to generate bounds on the off-diagonal interactions under which stability is guaranteed. Our results indicate that these bounds increase as the frequency difference between the oscillators increases and as the damping increases.
Novel modulation formats in ultra-high-speed transmission systems, and their applications

We have proposed novel transmission formats including CS-RZ, DCS-RZ, and CSRZ-DPSK. We discuss the transmission performance of these formats in the aspect of DWDM and present 40 ch/spl times/43-Gbit/s/ch transmission demonstration with excellent amplifier technology.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR LARGE SCALE DATA STREAM RECORDERS

Presently, digital continuous media (CM) are well established as an integral part of many applications. In recent years, a considerable amount of research has focused on the efficient retrieval of such media. Scant attention has been paid to servers that can record such streams in real time. However, more and more devices produce direct digital output streams. Hence, the need arises to capture and store these streams with an efficient data stream recorder that can handle both recording and playback of many streams simultaneously and provide a central repository for all data.
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of desialylated human lymphocytes induced by a mitogenic mammalian liver protein

Abstract The ability of a purified rabbit liver membrane protein that selectively binds desialylated glycoproteins to induce desialylated human peripheral blood lymphocytes to mediate mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity has been determined. After short term exposure to purified hepatic binding protein, desialylated, but not intact, lymphocytes exhibited mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity against Chang target cells, which do not have exposed hepatic binding protein on their surface membrane. Furthermore, desialylated lymphocytes, in the absence of purified hepatic binding protein, reduced the proportion of isolated rabbit hepatocytes that adhered to plastic to a significantly greater extent than did intact lymphocytes, suggesting that the exposed hepatic binding protein demonstrated on the surface membrane of these target cells is capable of inducing mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. The specific inhibition of this effect by asialo-orosomucoid, but not by intact orosomucoid, indicates that the site involved in the binding of asialo-glycoproteins to hepatic binding protein is probably also responsible for the induction of mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity. The demonstration that hepatic binding protein, a normal constituent of the surface membrane of mammalian hepatocytes, can induce mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity, suggests that mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity may be a mechanism of cellular injury in vivo.
Formal Verification of Explicitly Parallel Microprocessors

The trend in microprocessor design is to extend instruction-set architectures with features--such as parallelism annotations, predication, speculative memory access, or multimedia instructions--that allow the compiler or programmer to express more instruction-level parallelism than the microarchitecture is willing to derive. In this paper we show how these instruction-set extensions can be put to use when formally verifying the correctness of a microarchitectural model. Inspired by Intel's IA-64, we develop an explicitly parallel instruction-set architecture and a clustered microarchitectural model. We then describe how to formally verify that the model implements the instruction set. The contribution of this paper is a specification and verification method that facilitates the decomposition of microarchitectural correctness proofs using instruction-set extensions.
Forebrain pathway for auditory space processing in the barn owl.

Cohen, Yale E., Greg L. Miller, and Eric I. Knudsen. Forebrain pathway for auditory space processing in the barn owl. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 891–902, 1998. The forebrain plays an important role in ma...
(E)-2-[(2-Hydr-oxy-5-nitro-phen-yl)iminiometh-yl]phenolate.

In the title mol­ecule, C13H10N2O4, the dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene and phenolate rings is 21.6 (4)°. The nitro O atoms are twisted slightly out of the plane of the ring to which the nitro group is attached [dihedral angle 8.4 (3)°]. The amine group forms an intra­molecular hydrogen bond with both nearby O atoms. An extended π delocalization throughout the entire mol­ecule exists producing a zwitterionic effect in this region of the mol­ecule. The shortened C—O bond [1.2997 (15) A] in concert with the slightly longer C—OH bond [1.3310 (16) A] provide evidence for this effect. The crystal packing is influenced by strong inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonding. As a result, mol­ecules are linked into an infinite zigzag chain running along the b axis. A MOPAC PM3 calculation provides support to these observations.
Adherence and internalization of Helicobacter pylori by HEp-2 cells

Abstract Helicobacter pylori colonizes the mucous layer of the stomach and the surface of gastric mucous cells. Although H. pylori is not generally thought of as invasive, it has been observed in the lamina propria and within vacuoles in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. The authors report that isolates of H. pylori can enter into the cytoplasm of tissue culture epithelial cell lines such as HEp-2 cells. Intracellular uptake of H. pylori by HEp-2 cells is rapid and appears to require both the N -acetylneuraminyllactose-binding adhesin and another factor present only in living bacteria. Uptake of H. pylori was inhibited by ammonium chloride and chloroquine at concentrations that did not effect either adherence or bacterial viability. Dansylcadaverine, an inhibitor of receptor clustering and internalization, also inhibited uptake but not adherence of H. pylori . Uptake was completely inhibited when H. Pylori and HEp-2 cells were incubated at 4 °C under conditions that did not effect bacterial adherence. Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of phagocytosis, did not inhibit uptake. It is concluded that H. pylori is internalized either by receptor-mediated endocytosis or by a closely related pathway.
A New Type of Mutation in SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE: Vegetative Iodine Reaction

ABSTRACT Colonies of Schizosaccharomyces pombe that contain ascospores (e.g., colonies of homothallic strains) turn black after treatment with iodine vapors. Heterothallic strains of S. pombe normally do not show this reaction. In experiments with the latter strains we found mutants which exhibit a positive iodine reaction though they do not contain ascospores. This phenotype is due to mutations in a new gene, vir1 (vegetative iodine reaction). The vir1 locus is not linked with the mating-type genes.—Strains of mating-type h -s are known not to give any spontaneous mating-type mutations. Mating-type mutations were also not found after treatment with nitrous acid.
Source tracking of microbial intrusion in water systems using artificial neural networks

A "what-if" scenario where biological agents are accidentally or deliberately introduced into a water system was generated, and artificial neural network (ANN) models were applied to identify the pathogenic release location to isolate the contaminated area and minimize its hazards. The spatiotemporal distribution of Escherichia coli 15597 along the water system was employed to locate pollutants by inversely interpreting transport patterns of E. coli using ANNs. Results showed that dispersion patterns of E. coli were positively correlated to pH, turbidity, and conductivity (R2=0.90-0.96), and the ANN models successfully identified the source location of E. coli introduced into a given system with 75% accuracy based on the pre-programmed relationships between E. coli transport patterns and release locations. The findings in this study will enable us to assess the vulnerability of essential water systems, establish the early warning system and protect humans and the environment.
THE EFFECTS OF THYROIDECTOMY, CASTRATION, ANTERIOR LOBE ADMINISTRATION AND PREGNANCY UPON EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS IN THE CAT

In a series of papers dealing with the experimental production of polyuria in cats and monkeys (1, 2, 3) evidence has been presented to show that permanent polyuria as produced in such forms is associated with lesions interrupting the nervous pathway extending from the nucleus supraopticus to the posterior hypophysis. In these cases there is atrophy of the supraoptic nuclei and of the pars nervosa of the hypophysis, and such atrophic glands have been found to be deficient in content of antidiuretic, pressor and oxytocic principles (4). It has been further shown that polyuria may occur in cats following direct removal of the posterior lobe including the stalk, providing functional anterior lobe tissue is left (5). Cats with diabetes insipidus, or even a latent tendency that way due to partial interference with the supraoptico-hypophyseal system, are unusually sensitive to the diuretic effects of thyroid and salt feeding, but thyroidectomy, while diminishing the intensity of the polyuria, has not in our exp...
Drug Education to Date: A Review

A comprehensive review is presented of Drug Education programs for school students from 1967 to date, with an eye toward eking out whatever guidance can be obtained for future efforts. Programs are organized into categories beginning with those lacking in any meaningful evaluation to those which reported more elegant designs using appropriate control groups, long term follow up of effect, and some attempt at the collection of behavioral evidence.In general it was found that the great bulk of Drug Education programs reported in the literature were lacking in any meaningful evaluation that would provide data for guidance in the design of future programs. Discussion of the shortcomings revolves around evaluation methodology, measurement, assumptions, and objectives. It is pointed out that given some reasonable assumptions about society, e.g. that drugs will always be available for use, and that ultimately use or non use will be a personal decision, new and more clearly defined objectives for drug education s...
Computational photography and video: interacting and creating with videos and images

Digital image capture, processing, and sharing has become pervasive in our society. This has had significant impact on how we create novel scenes, how we share our experiences, and how we interact with images and videos. In this talk, I will present an overview of series of ongoing efforts in the analysis of images and videos for rendering novel scenes. First I will discuss (in brief) our work on Video Textures, where repeating information is extracted to generate extended sequences of videos. I will then describe some our extensions to this approach that allows for controlled generation of animations of video sprites. We have developed various learning and optimization techniques that allow for video-based animations of photorealistic characters. Using these sets of approaches as a foundation, then I will show how new images and videos can be generated. I will show examples of Photorealistic and Non-photorealistic Renderings of Scenes (Videos and Images) and how these methods support the media reuse culture, so common these days with user generated content. Time permitting, I will also share some of our efforts on video annotation and how we have taken some of these new concepts of video analysis to undergraduate classrooms.
Inquiry into the Efficacy of Interactive Word Walls with Older Adolescent Learners

This study analyzed the perceptions of five high school English teachers of the efficacy of interactive word walls in high school classrooms. Through data collected during interviews and professional reflective journals, as well as the review of student artifacts, this article presents the themes that emerged from effective classroom teachers. Finally, we discuss the implications for research on interdisciplinary classroom practices.
Structural defects in self-assembled organic monolayers via combined atomic beam and x-ray diffraction

We present the results of a combined He atom and x‐ray diffraction study of CH3(CH2)n−1SH monolayers self assembled on Au(111) surfaces. By combining these two complementary probes, we have characterized both the surface and the interior structure of the monolayers. In both cases, we find the same structure containing four molecules per unit mesh. However, we demonstrate that there are significant differences in both the diffraction linewidths and the dependence of the linewidth upon chain length for these two techniques.
Important Points in Management of Patients with Choroidal Neovascularization

The efficacy of argon blue-green laser treatment for extrafoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in aging macular degeneration, presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and idiopathic choroidal neovascularization has recently been proven by the Macular Photocoagulation Study. These results are applicable only to eyes managed according to certain principles of therapy and post-treatment follow-up. These include the use of a recent fluorescein angiogram and retrobulbar anesthetic, aiming for complete obliteration of the CNV. Meticulous post-treatment follow-up is critical. This includes daily patient monitoring of the Amsler grid, and prompt examinations if distortion is noted. Excellent quality fluorescein angiography is mandatory. This is repeated frequently and studied promptly. Residual or recurrent extrafoveal CNV requires prompt re-treatment.
The tunnel diode as a thyristor emitter

Abstract We propose a tunnel switching mechanism for a thyristor. This mechanism can be realized if a tunnel pn-junction is used as the thyristor emitter. The switching current is fully determined by a junction peak tunnel current and weakly depends on temperature. Thus stabilization of the thyristor's switching and holding currents can be accomplished in a new way. The device voltage exhibits discontinuities as the device turns on. Results of numerical simulation of the tunnel emitter's effects on the thyristor's I – V characteristics are presented.
Electrical Response of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Nanocomposites Under Static and Dynamic Loading

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the effect of quasi-static and dynamic compressive loading on the electrical response of multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. An in-situ polymerization process using both a shear mixer and an ultrasonic processor were employed to fabricate the nanocomposite material. The fabrication process parameters and the optimum weight fraction of MWCNTs for generating a well-dispersed percolation network were first determined. Absolute resistance values were measured with a high-resolution four-point probe method for both quasi-static and dynamic loading. In addition to measuring the percentage change in electrical resistance, real-time damage was captured using high-speed photography. The real-time damage was correlated to both load and percentage change in resistance profiles. The experimental findings indicate that the bulk electrical resistance of the nanocomposites under both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions initially decreased between 40%–60% during compression and then increased as damage initiated and propagated.
Modernization Theory and the Formation of Modern Social Theories in England and America

‘Modernization theory’, Alexander Gerschenkron remarked recently, ‘obstructs rather than promotes the understanding of processes of econo- mic change’. Far from being a startling judgement, Gerschenkron's comment only signals that another distinguished scholar has joined the theory's detractors. The marked failure of modernization theory to predict how less developed countries would react to incentives for material advance explains the growing chorus of criticism. This indeterminate response from third world peoples has quite properly raised doubts about how well we understand what is involved in the reorientation of a society's habitual practices. The blight of disconfirming evidence, according to E. I. Eisenstadt, has now led to the abandonment of hope that breakdowns in modernization would be followed by resurgences towards modernity.
Geometrical Characterization of Precipitation Patterns

Satellite estimates and weather forecast models have made it possible to observe and predict precipitation over large spatial scales. Despite substantial progress in observing patterns of precipitation, characterization of spatial patterns is still a challenge. Quantitative assessment methods for spatial patterns are essential for future developments in prediction of the spatial extent and patterns of precipitation. In this study, precipitation patterns are characterized using three geometrical indices: (i) a connectivity index, (ii) a shape index, and (iii) a dispersiveness index. Using multiple examples, the application of the proposed indices is explored in pattern analysis of satellite precipitation images and validation of numerical atmospheric models with respect to geometrical properties. The results indicate that the presented indices can be reasonably employed for a relative comparison of different patterns (e.g., multiple fields against spatial observations) with respect to their connectivity, organization, and shape.
Health‐Based Screening Levels to Evaluate U.S. Geological Survey Ground water Quality Data

Federal and state drinking-water standards and guidelines do not exist for many contaminants analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program, limiting the ability to evaluate the potential human-health relevance of water-quality findings. Health-based screening levels (HBSLs) were developed collaboratively to supplement existing drinking-water standards and guidelines as part of a six-year, multi-agency pilot study. The pilot study focused on ground water samples collected prior to treatment or blending in areas of New Jersey where groundwater is the principal source of drinking water. This article describes how HBSLs were developed and demonstrates the use of HBSLs as a tool for evaluating water-quality data in a human-health context. HBSLs were calculated using standard U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methodologies and toxicity information. New HBSLs were calculated for 12 of 32 contaminants without existing USEPA drinking-water standards or guidelines, increasing the number of unregulated contaminants (those without maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)) with human-health benchmarks. Concentrations of 70 of the 78 detected contaminants with human-health benchmarks were less than MCLs or HBSLs, including all 12 contaminants with new HBSLs, suggesting that most contaminant concentrations were not of potential human-health concern. HBSLs were applied to a state-scale groundwater data set in this study, but HBSLs also may be applied to regional and national evaluations of water-quality data. HBSLs fulfill a critical need for federal, state, and local agencies, water utilities, and others who seek tools for evaluating the occurrence of contaminants without drinking-water standards or guidelines.