cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preventing College Women's Sexual Victimization Through Parent Based Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A randomized controlled trial, using parent-based intervention (PBI) was designed to reduce the incidence of alcohol-involved sexual victimization among first-year college students. The PBI, adapted from Turrisi et al. (2001), was designed to increase alcohol-specific and general communication between mother and daughter. Female graduating high school seniors and their mothers were recruited from the community and randomly assigned to one of four conditions: Alcohol PBI (n = 305), Enhanced Alcohol + Sex PBI (n = 218), Control (n = 288) or Unmeasured Control (n = 167). Mothers in the intervention conditions were provided an informational handbook and encouraged to discuss its contents with their daughters prior to college matriculation. Consistent with hypotheses, PBI, either standard or enhanced, was associated with lower incidence of incapacitated rape in the first year of college relative to controls. Path analysis revealed support for a hypothesized indirect effects model, by which intervention increased mother-daughter communication, which predicted lower frequency of first semester heavy episodic drinking, resulting in lower rates of alcohol-involved sexual victimization in the first year of college.
Role of protein thiols in intrinsic radiation protection of DNA and cells

Previous data have been consistent with the hypothesis that the thiol depleter dimethyl fumarate (DMF) increases radiation sensitivity of hypoxic mammalian cells by a combination of two actions: depletion of glutathione (GSH) which interferes with the chemical competition between damage fixation and repair and depletion of protein thiol (PSH) which causes inhibition of enzymatic repair processes. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that PSH also acts in the chemical competition to restitute damaged DNA. The studies presented here have addressed this question by studying the effects of ionizing radiation on isolated nuclei which contain very low levels of GSH, but substantial amounts of PSH, compared to intact cells. The results show that DNA damage, measured using the non-denaturing filter elution assay, is increased about 1.6-fold in isolated nuclei irradiated in air, compared to whole cells, and about 4.3-fold in nuclei irradiated in N2. Thus, the OER for DNA damage decreases from about 3 in whole cells to 1 in isolated nuclei. Also, although DMF increases radiation-induced DNA damage in whole cells irradiated in hypoxia about 2-fold, it does not increase DNA damage in isolated nuclei irradiated in hypoxia. These data do not support the idea that PSH can act in the chemical competition reaction to chemically repair radiation-induced DNA radicals. The data are discussed in relation to the effect that various procedures for nuclei isolation can have on radiation sensitivity of DNA and on the OER. We also address the question of whether radiation-induced DNA damage measured by non-denaturing elution correlates with cell killing.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MALI GAMETES OF BIDDULPHIA LEVIS EHR.1

SUMMARY The marine centric diatom Biddulphia levis produced uniflagellate fusiform male gametes completely within the parent cell frustule. These gametes lacked both a central pair of microtubules in the flagellar axoneme and chloroplasts but did contain a cone of microtubules which passed posteriorly from the base of the kinetosome along the nuclear envelope. The gametes were released through a specialized pore in the girdle band leaving behind a cytoplasmic mass which contained chloroplasts and other cytoplasmic components. Tubules which resembled the flimmer hairs on the gamete flagellum occurred in cisternae of the cytoplasmic reticulum in the residual cytoplasm and in the nuclear envelope of the gametes. Gametogenesis in B. levis is compared with similar processes in other centric diatoms.
‘Patient-Centered Care’ for Complex Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus—Analysis of Two Cases

Purpose: This paper serves to apply and compare aspects of person centered care and recent consensus guidelines to two cases of older adults with poorly controlled diabetes in the context of relatively similar multimorbidity. Methods: After review of the literature regarding the shift from guidelines promoting tight control in diabetes management to individualized person centered care, as well as newer treatment approaches emerging in diabetes care, the newer guidelines and potential treatment approaches are applied to the cases. Results: By delving into the clinical, behavioral, social, cultural and economic aspects of the two cases in applying the new guidelines, divergent care goals are reached for the cases. Conclusions: Primary care practitioners must be vigilant in providing individualized diabetes treatment where multiple chronic illnesses increase the complexity of care. While two older adults with multimorbidity may appear at first to have similar care goals, their unique preferences and support systems, as well as their risks and benefits from tight control, must be carefully weighed in formulating the best approach. Newer pharmaceutical agents hold promise for improving the possibilities for better glycemic control with less self-care burden and risk of hypoglycemia.
ESTIMATING DEPARTURE TIMES FROM TRAFFIC COUNTS USING DYNAMIC ASSIGNMENT

Abstract Dynamic traffic assignment and observed traffic counts are used to estimate the distribution of departure times in an urban area trip matrix. The objective is to find the maximum entropy distribution of departure times by origin zone subject to observed traffic counts on a subset of network links. The procedure results in the estimated number of trip departures from each origin in 10–15 minute time intervals of the full analysis period. Such an analysis period will typically range from one to three hours long. We first review the dynamic user-equilibrium assignment problem (DUE) and the dynamic traffic assignment algorithm (DTA) from a previous paper, and then describe its use with traffic counts to estimate departure times in a trip matrix. We present an application to a Pittsburgh network in which trip departures are estimated for each 10 minute interval of a peak-hour survey trip matrix. Dynamic assignment and departure time estimation based on traffic counts can be used to examine the impacts of alternative transportation management strategies such as work hour changes and ramp metering. Computational advances such as parallel computing will enable the procedure to be run on large networks while counts are being monitored. Such an application may provide near real-time detection of temporal trip departure profiles by origin zone in emergency evacuations or other special events.
Vinylacetylene as an intermediate in the formation of acetylenic carbon

Abstract Experiments in recent years on the formation of gas carbon from hydrocarbons, particularly acetylene, indicate that straight-chain unsaturated hydrocarbons rather than aromatics may be formed as intermediates; and some data have been reported on the role of diacetylene in such processes. The present investigation was undertaken to explore the possible effects of vinylacetylene, which is also a possible early product of the reaction of acetylene. The formation and reaction of vinylacetylene during pyrolysis of acetylene in a flow reactor at temperatures in the range of 500–850°C were studied, using chromatographic analysis to determine constituents of the reaction mixtures. Diacetylene was not found in any appreciable amount at these temperatures. The results indicate that at these temperatures vinylacetylene is an intermediate in one path to decomposition and carbon formation, but that this is not, of course, the only reaction path. These are not inconsistent with the data of Kinney and Slysh on the reactions of diacetylene at higher temperatures; but other data from shock-tube experiments raise some unresolved questions about the reactions of the two substances.
Beyond a sense of safety: A psychologist's tale of serious chronic illness

Based on a narrative account, this paper highlights and reviews the experiences of the author, a psychologist, experiencing a chronic illness. Areas covered include coping with doctors and medical personnel, adjusting to illness, complying, actively coping, and even, at times, resisting unwarranted medical procedures. Experiences such as loss of trust, a sense of isolation, re-working relationships, and generative reaching-out are also covered. Some positive consequences of chronic illness for personal growth are suggested. Suggestions for conducting psychotherapy with clients who are dealing with serious chronic illness are made.
Biodiversity of CYP51 in trypanosomes.

Sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51) are metabolic cytochromes P450, found in each biological kingdom. They catalyse a single three-step reaction included in all sterol biosynthetic pathways. Plant CYP51s have strict preference towards their physiological substrate O (obtusifoliol), which is C-4-monomethylated. Natural substrates of animal/fungal CYP51 (lanosterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol or 24-methylenelanosterol) are C-4-dimethylated. CYP51 from the pathogenic protozoa TB ( Trypanosoma brucei ) is the first example of O -specific sterol 14α-demethylase in non-photosynthetic organisms. Surprisingly, at 83% amino acid identity to the TB orthologue, CYP51 from TC ( Trypanosoma cruzi ) clearly prefers C-4-dimethylated sterols. Replacement of animal/fungi-like Ile 105 in the B′ helix of TC CYP51 with phenylalanine, the residue found in this position in all plant and other trypanosome CYP51s, dramatically increases the ability of the enzyme to metabolize O , converting it into a more plant-like sterol 14α-demethylase. A more than 100-fold increase in binding and turnover is observed for the 24-desmethyl analogue of O [ N (norlanosterol)], which is found in vivo in procyclic forms of TB and is a good TB CYP51 substrate in vitro . We believe that (i) N is a non-conventional CYP51 substrate, preferred in TB and perhaps other Trypanosomatidae and (ii) functional similarity of TC CYP51 to animal/fungal orthologues is a result of evolutionary convergence (including F105I mutation), leading to different pathways for sterol production in TC versus TB.
Nature of the excited states of He 2

The low-lying excited states of ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$ have been examined using spatially projected generalized-valence-bond wave functions. Typically the excited-state potential curves are repulsive at large $R$ (internuclear distance) but exhibit an attractive well at small $R$. We find that the repulsion at large $R$ results from an unfavorable exchange interaction of a Rydberg orbital mostly on one He with the two core orbitals on the other He. This arises from the restrictions on the molecular wave function implicit in the Pauli principle and is similar in nature to the repulsive pair-pair interactions between ground state He atoms. For $Rl3{a}_{0}$ the Rydberg orbital is large compared with $R$ and the shape of the potential curve is determined by core-core interactions. For the $A^{1}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ state, the calculated maximum in the potential curve is 0.0607 eV at 3.09 \AA{}, in excellent agreement with experimentally derived values. Results are presented for several other excited states.
Single and Double Electrophilic Addition Reactions to the Aniline Ring Promoted by a Tungsten π-Base

An aniline coordinated to tungsten undergoes alkylation at C4 or protonation at C2. In the latter case, a second electrophilic addition is possible at C3, followed by nucleophilic addition at C4.
Floodplain sedimentation and sensitivity: summer 1993 flood, Upper Mississippi River Valley

Patterns of overbank sedimentation in the vicinity of, and far removed from, levee breaks that occurred in response to the >100 year, summer 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River valley are elucidated. Two suites of overbank deposits were associated with the failure of artificial levees within a 70 km long study reach. Circumjacent sand deposits are a component of the levee break complex that develops in the immediate vicinity of a break site. As epitomized by the levee break complex at Sny Island, these features consist of an erosional, scoured and/or stripped zone, together with a horseshoe-shaped, depositional zone. At locales farther removed from the break site, the impact of flooding was exclusively depositional and was attributed to the settling of suspended sediment from the water column. The overall picture was one of modest scour at break sites and minimal suspended deposition (<4 mm) at locales farther removed from the breach. Downriver from the confluence with the Missouri River, suspended sediment deposition was of a similar magnitude to that observed within the study reach and levee break complexes exhibited a similar morphology, but scour at break sites was greatly enhanced and the excavated sand formed extensive deposits on the floodplain surface. The different erosional response was probably engendered by the higher sand content and reduced aggregate cohesion of the floodplain soils downriver from the confluence with the Missouri River. A qualitative comparison serves to highlight the influence that the resistance threshold may have on the sensitivity of floodplains bordering large low-gradient rivers to high magnitude floods. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of Heme Polymerase by Chloroquine and Other Quinoline Derivatives

To evaluate the response of heme polymerase to treatment of malaria with chloroquine, we used mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Six hours after treatment with 3 mumoles of chloroquine intraperitoneally per mouse, heme polymerase activity in parasitized erythrocytes decreased from 238 to 37 nanomoles of ferriprotoporphyrin IX polymerized per hour per mumole of ferriprotoporphyrin IX in preformed hemozoin, and nonhemozoin ferriprotoporphyrin IX increased in vivo from 40 to 123 nanomoles per ml of packed, parasitized erythrocytes. Other 4-aminoquinoline derivatives were similar in effect to chloroquine. Treatment with quinine, mefloquine, primaquine, or naphthalene derivatives caused no reduction in heme polymerase activity. In contrast to 4-aminoquinoline derivatives, quinine and mefloquine, which are quinolinemethanol derivatives, antagonized the effect of chloroquine.
Effectiveness for infinite variable words and the Dual Ramsey Theorem

We examine the Dual Ramsey Theorem and two related combinatorial principles VW(k,l) and OVW(k,l) from the perspectives of reverse mathematics and effective mathematics. We give a statement of the Dual Ramsey Theorem for open colorings in second order arithmetic and formalize work of Carlson and Simpson [1] to show that this statement implies ACA 0 over RCA 0 . We show that neither VW(2,2) nor OVW(2,2) is provable in WKL 0 . These results give partial answers to questions posed by Friedman and Simpson [3].
Does the participation of a surgical trainee adversely impact patient outcomes? A study of major pancreatic resections in California.

Background: Some patients have concerns regarding the impact of surgical trainees on the quality of care that they receive in teaching hospitals. No population-based data exist that describe outcomes of surgical procedures in teaching and nonteaching hospitals; however, institutional data suggest that teaching hospitals provide high-quality care. We hypothesized that the presence of a general surgery residency program (GSRP) is associated with superior outcomes for pancreatic resection, a complex surgical procedure. Methods: A retrospective, population-based, risk-adjusted analysis of 5696 patients who underwent major pancreatic resection compares the outcomes of patients treated at hospitals with a GSRP (GSRP+) and those hospitals without a GSRP (GSRP–). Results: GSRP+ hospitals had a lower operative mortality rate (8.3% vs 11.0%; P <.001), a lower percentage of patients discharged to another acute care hospital or skilled nursing facility (6.5% vs 13.0%; P <.001), and a longer length of stay compared with GSRP- hospitals (22.1 ± 0.4 days vs 19.6 ± 0.3 days; P <.001). The observed difference in hospital mortality rates was not significant after an adjustment was made for patient mix and hospital volume (9.7% vs 10.0%). However, superior outcomes were found in the university teaching hospitals, as compared with the affiliated teaching and the nonteaching hospitals (5.3% [P <.001] vs 11.4% vs 11.0%; risk adjusted, 8.0% [P <.05] vs 10.9% vs 10.0%). Conclusions: The presence of surgical trainees does not have an adverse impact on the quality of care for One complex procedure, pancreatectomy, and is associated with superior operative mortality rate in university teaching hospitals. (Surgery 2000;128:286-92.)
On the relationship between citations and appearances on “top 25” download lists in the International Journal of Accounting Information Systems

Abstract Citations from existing sources like the Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) have long been used to evaluate impact and importance of research. However, in addition to SSCI becoming digital, additional citation sources have been developed, such as SCOPUS and Google Scholar. Further, information now is available regarding papers that are among the most frequently downloaded, providing a new potential measure of impact and importance. This paper analyzes the use of digital and web citations, and newly available digital download information in the form of “top 25” most downloaded paper lists for the International Journal of Accounting Information Systems. This paper finds that any of the number of three types of “downloads” (abstract, paper and denied accesses) are highly correlated with each other. Further, in an analysis of the International Journal of Accounting Information Systems papers in “top 25” downloads, this paper finds that the number of citations and the number of times that a paper is in a “top 25” of downloaded papers are statistically significantly correlated. Finally, this paper finds that the set of “top 25” downloaded papers has a disproportionate number of citations.
Differentiation of lens fibers in explanted embryonic chick lens epithelia

Abstract Central regions of explanted lens epithelia from 6-day-old chick embryos were maintained in tissue culture for 4 weeks to determine the extent to which lens fiber differentiation would progress in vitro . Cellular outgrowth from the explants created 3 distinct zones; namely, a thick central zone, a thicker annular zone and a flattened peripheral zone. Cells of the central and annular zones underwent morphological and biochemical changes which correspond to the differentiation of lens fibers in vivo . The mean cell length increased a minimum of 25-fold. The nuclei in the longer cells became pycnotic; DNA remained in the nuclei but accumulated single-strand breaks. The cytoplasm became filled with a homogeneous granular matrix. Organelle density decreased, but microtubules persisted, mostly along surface membranes; free ribosomal clusters were present. There were occasional desmosomes and infoldings of cell membranes. The proportion of ribosomal RNA synthesized decreased relative to the total RNA synthesized, especially in the central zone. Finally, the proportion of delta crystallin synthesized increased to 40–50% of the newly synthesized protein. These data suggest that the transformation of lens epithelial cells into fibers results from a programmed differentiation which can take place in tissue culture.
Novel Function of CD81 in Controlling Hepatitis C Virus Replication

The mechanisms of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication remain poorly understood, and the cellular factors required for HCV replication are yet to be completely defined. CD81 is known to mediate HCV entry. Our study uncovered an unexpected novel function of CD81 in the HCV life cycle that is important for HCV RNA replication. HCV replication occurred efficiently in infected cells with high levels of CD81 expression. In HCV-infected or RNA-transfected cells with low levels of CD81 expression, initial viral protein synthesis occurred normally, but efficient replication failed to proceed. The aborted replication could be restored by the transient transfection of a CD81 expression plasmid. CD81-dependent replication was demonstrated with both an HCV infectious cell culture and HCV replicon cells of genotypes 1b and 2a. We also showed that CD81 expression is positively correlated with the kinetics of HCV RNA synthesis but inversely related to the kinetics of viral protein production, suggesting that CD81 may control viral replication by directing viral RNA template function to RNA replication. Thus, CD81 may be necessary for the efficient replication of the HCV genome in addition to its role in viral entry.
A brief primary care intervention to reduce fear of movement in chronic low back pain patients

Fear avoidance model of chronic pain-based interventions are effective, but have not been successfully implemented into primary care. It was hypothesized that speed walking times and key measures of the fear avoidance model would improve following the brief intervention delivered in primary care. A brief primary care-based intervention (PCB) that included a single educational session, speed walking (an in vivo desensitization exposure task), and visual performance feedback was designed to reduce fear avoidance beliefs and improve function in 4 patients with chronic low back pain. A multiple baseline across subjects with a changing criterion design indicated that speed walking times improved from baseline only after the PCB intervention was delivered. Six fear avoidance model outcome measures improved from baseline to end of study and five of six outcome measures improved from end of study to follow-up. This study provides evidence for the efficacy of a brief PCB fear avoidance intervention that was successfully implemented into a busy clinic for the treatment of chronic pain.
Capacity and entry issues in online exchanges

Abstract With the advent of open standards and Internet technologies, the number of sellers who can participate in online exchanges is greatly increased. We model the competition between identical sellers vying for the same business, and find that there exists a mixed-strategy equilibrium in prices. The results help us understand the dynamics between a seller’s capacity and his motivation to participate in an auction.
Peritoneography: Normal and Pathologic Anatomy

Plain film identification of intraperitoneal structures is generally limited to those aspects outlined by contrasting extraperitoneal fat or naturally occurring intraluminal gas. The demonstration of abdominal masses by gastrointestinal series and barium enema examination requires mucosal alterations or bowel displacement. These routine contrast studies of the intestinal tract permit visualization of its internal mucosal contour alone. An outstanding limitation is the inability to accurately evaluate the thickness of the bowel wall. Only indirect signs must be relied upon for the radiologic diagnosis of mural or serosal disease. The classic radiologic differential diagnosis between mucosal, submucosal (intramural), and extrinsic lesions is a distinction made on indirect signs only, based upon the contours of a defect. Terminology includes such descriptions as “mural defect”, yet the actual wall of the structure studied is rarely visualized radiologically.
Three Olefin Copper(I) Dimeric Complexes with 2-, 3-, and 4-Pyridylacrylic Acid and Their Electrochemical Properties

UV irradiation of 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridylacrylic acid (2-, 3-, and 4-HPYA) with CuICl at 230 nm in 4 N HCl for 1 week and subsequent hydrothermal reactions yielded three novel highly stable 3-D copper(I)−olefin dimers, [(2-H2PYA)2Cu+2Cl4]n (1), [(3-H2PYA)2Cu+2Cl4]n (2), and [(4-H2PYA)2Cu+2Cl4(I)]n (3), respectively, in which H-bonds play a key role in the stabilization of supramolecular Cu(I)−olefin system and thus the formation of the 3-D networks. The electrochemical properties of 1−3 are also reported.
A Diathesis-Stress Test of Response Styles in Children

The purpose of this study was to test the major tenets of response styles theory when predicting children's depressive symptoms. Self-report measures of response styles (i.e., rumination and distraction), stress, and depressive symptoms were measured at baseline and 8 months later in children in the 4th through 7th grades. Response styles were represented through use of a ratio score, with higher scores suggesting higher probability of engaging in rumination as opposed to distraction. Results provided support for a diathesis-stress model of response styles. A ruminative response style was associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms for children who encountered increased levels of stress and girls reported higher ratio scores than boys, reflecting greater use of rumination relative to distraction. Implications of the findings for understanding the relation between response styles and depressive symptoms are discussed, in addition to directions for future research.
Renal nosematosis in young rabbits.

The kidneys of 100 of 2,338 rabbits (4.3%) slaughtered for human consumption had focal cortical depressions. Histologically, the lesions in these kidneys consisted of focal granulomatous nephritis to chronic interstitial nephritis with scarring. Nosema cuniculi was demonstrated microscopically in 35 (35%) of the grossly affected kidneys. The number of organisms decreased as the lesions became older.
Detection of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in river water and demonstration of waterborne transmission

. In a study of the possible role of waterborne infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus in transmission of the disease among spawning sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka (Walbaum), both infection rates and virus titres were higher in fish held at high density in a side channel than in fish in the adjacent river. Virus was never isolated from river water, but was found in water from the side channel at levels ranging from 32.5 to 1600 plaque-forming units (p.f.u.)/ml. Uninfected yearling sockeye salmon held in a box in the side channel developed localized gill infections with IHN virus. The disease did not progress to the viscera until a threshold titre of about 105 p.f.u./g was reached in the gill. The effectiveness of the gill as a barrier limiting development of systemic infections means that waterborne IHN virus probably does not greatly increase the infection rate in a sockeye salmon population during spawning.
Three diadenosine 5',5''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate hydrolytic enzymes from Physarum polycephalum with differential effects by calcium: a specific dinucleoside polyphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, a nucleotide pyrophosphatase, and a phosphodiesterase.

Abstract Two new enzymes that hydrolyze diadenosine tetraphosphate (Ap4A) have been isolated from the acellular slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Both enzymes are different from the Physarum Ap4A symmetrical pyrophosphohydrolase previously described on the basis of their substrate specificities, reaction products, molecular weights, and divalent cation requirements. One enzyme is a nucleotide pyrophosphatase that asymmetrically hydrolyzes Ap4A to AMP and ATP. This enzyme hydrolyzes several mono-and dinucleotides with the corresponding nucleotide monophosphate as one of the products. The percentage hydrolysis of NAD+, Ap4A, and Ap4G, each at 10 μ m , was 100, 56, and 51, respectively. A divalent cation is required for activity, with Ca2+ yielding 20–30 times greater activity than Mg2+ or Mn2+. Values of Km for Ap4A and Vmax are similar to the corresponding values for Ap4A symmetrical pyrophosphohydrolase. The second enzyme is a phosphodiesterase I with broad substrate reactivity. This enzyme also asymmetrically hydrolyzes Ap4A, but it does not hydrolyze NAD+. Activity of the phosphodiesterase I is stimulated by divalent cations, with Ca2+ being 50–60 times more stimulatory than Mg2+ or Mn2+. The apparent molecular weights of the nucleotide pyrophosphatase and phosphodiesterase are 184,000 and 45,000, respectively. In contrast, the Ap4A pyrophosphohydrolase hydrolyzes Ap4A to ADP, is inhibited by Ca2+ and other divalent cations, and has an apparent molecular weight of 26,000 as previously reported.
Servicing the People on Alcohol/Drug Policies and Programs in Public Education

(1978). Servicing the People on Alcohol/Drug Policies and Programs in Public Education. Journal of Psychedelic Drugs: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 151-156.
Creativity in the Training and Practice of Instructional Designers: The Design/Creativity Loops Model

This article presents a discussion of research and theoretical perspectives on creativity and instructional design, offering a conceptual model of the connection between these two constructs that was originally proposed in the dissertation work of the first author (Clinton, Creativity and design: A study of the learning experience of instructional design and development graduate students, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens, 2007) and that we call the Design/Creativity Loops (DCL) model. Central to the model is a representation of the iterative, looping problem-solving cycle that can include established stages of creative thinking. As an instructional designer is routinely confronted with the next task or design problem in a project, these tasks or problems spawn iterative mental excursions that are opportunities for creative thinking. This article also explores ways that the design and development process can benefit from an emphasis on creativity and offers suggested directions for future research.
Effects of volumetric expansion in molecular crystals: A quantum mechanical investigation on aspirin and paracetamol most stable polymorphs

Abstract This work reports a study performed at hybrid semi-empirical density functional level (B3LYP-D2*) of the physico-chemical properties of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and paracetamol (acetaminophen) in their most stable crystalline forms. It is shown how effects arising from volumetric expansions influence the properties of the materials. Structural, energetic, and vibrational properties are in good agreement with experimental values reported at temperatures far from 0 K. Results show that the proposed approach is reliable enough to reproduce effects of volumetric expansion on lattice energies and other measurable physico-chemical observables related to inter-molecular forces.
Spike suppression and longitudinal mode selection in a 1.319 μm Nd:YAG laser by high-efficiency intracavity frequency doubling

Abstract We describe a flashlamp pumped 1.319 μm Nd:YAG ring laser in which a high-efficiency intracavity frequency doubler is used as a nonlinear output coupler, virtually eliminating all spiking behavior and providing longitudinal mode selection as well. A single frequency, long pulse (>50 μs) output at 660 nm with about 20 W peak power is produced, suitable as a source for visar and other applications where long coherent pulses at relatively high power are required. Experimental results and theoretical analyses are given.
Optical characteristics of atmospheric aerosols

Techniques have been developed to make point measurements of particle size, chemical nature, scattering and absorption extinction coefficients. These measurements have been shown to be sufficient to describe the optical or visual effects of trace materials in urban or rural air. These techniques and methods of analysis are described in this document. Conclusions include: scattering extinction and fine particle mass, absorption extinction and graphitic carbon are highly correlated. SO2−4 is usually the dominant scattering species and it occurs both in acid and neutral salt (with NH+4) forms. The role of organic carbon, especially in rural atmospheres appears small.
Electro-Optic Polymer Modulator Based on Ring Resonator for Microwave Photonics Applications

An electro-optic polymer ring resonator modulator with the bandwidth of 5.5 GHz and the free spectral range of 29 GHz is demonstrated for microwave photonics applications. The device shows the high sensitivity of 1 GHz/V.
Lifetimes of Nuclear Isomers

Lifetimes of nuclear isomers for gamma-transitions are calculated theoretically on the basis of various independent particle models; e.g., single proton, single neutron, and states of several particles (Sec. II). The calculations of this paper are essentially restricted to the most common type of transition viz., multipole order equal to spin change. The lifetime is expressed in terms of a matrix element, $M$, whose theoretical value depends on the particular model of the nucleus. Radial integrals are calculated numerically, assuming that the nuclear wave functions are given by single particle wave functions for a spherical square well.Empirical values of ${M}^{2}$ can be deduced from measured isomeric lifetimes, corrected for internal conversion. An analysis of empirical ${M}^{2}$ for some gamma transitions points to a number of regularities which, in general, speak in favor of an independent particle model (Sec. III).The regularities are the following:Empirical values of ${M}^{2}$ for $M4$ transitions are of order unity and show little scattering and no distinction between odd proton and odd neutron nuclei. The lack of scattering within each group of transitions is consistent with predictions of a single particle model. However, according to this model, one would expect odd proton nuclei to have lifetimes about half as large as odd neutron nuclei for the same transition energy, and also would expect lifetimes about $\frac{1}{10}$ as large as found empirically. Empirical values of ${M}^{2}$ for $M4$ transitions appear to be larger for transitions in nuclei with nearly closed shells.According to an independent particle model, ${M}^{2}$ for $E3$ transitions of energy 100 kev should be of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ for single neutron transitions, and vanish for many particle transitions, such as those between ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{7}{2}$+states. The fact that empirical ${M}^{2}$ for $E3$ transitions are small can be interpreted as resulting from small deviations from an independent particle model. In fact, empirical ${M}^{2}$ for transitions between ${p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\frac{7}{2}$+states in odd-neutron nuclei appear to be smaller the more nearly the nucleus can be represented as a closed shell nucleus.The empirical value of ${M}^{2}$ for an $M1$ isomeric transition in ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$ is slightly larger than expected according to an independent particle model.A graph of energy levels for a spherical square well potential is presented (Appendix, Fig. 2)
Defective Friend spleen focus-forming virus: pseudotype neutralization by helper-specific antisera.

SINCE its isolation in Swiss mice in 1956, Friend virus1 (FV) has been regarded as a single viral entity. Recently, however, it has been recognized in several laboratories that FV stocks contain at least two distinct viruses2–4, which we have named—on the basis of their pathogenic properties—spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and lymphatic leukaemia virus (LLV)4. The onset of the disease induced by SFFV is rapid; 9 days after inoculation of susceptible adult mice discrete focal lesions appear in the splenic red pulp and shortly afterwards the mice develop hepatosplenomegaly, erythroblastosis and, with some virus isolates, polycythaemia5. In contrast, LLV isolated free of detectable SFFV4 and injected intraperitoneally into susceptible newborn mice takes 6–12 weeks to induce lymphatic leukaemia, principally in the spleen, but with leukaemic infiltration extending to abdominal and peripheral lymph nodes, liver and thymus (unpublished observations of R. A. S. and E. A. Mirand). Virus titres of LLV stocks are usually greater than 104 ID50/ml.6, in the same order of magnitude as SFFV (in focus forming units/ml.) in the original FV preparations.
A framework for combined bayesian analysis and optimization for services delivery

One of the key challenges facing the professional services delivery business is the issue of optimally balancing competing demands from multiple, concurrent engagements on a limited supply of skill resources. In this paper, we present a framework for combining causal Bayesian analysis and optimization to address this challenge. Our framework integrates the identification and modeling of the impact of various staffing factors on the delivery quality of individual engagements, and the optimization of the collective adjustments of these staffing factors, to maximize overall delivery quality for a pool of engagements. We describe a prototype system built using this framework and actual services delivery data from IBM's IT consulting business. System evaluation under realistic scenarios constructed using historical delivery records provides encouraging evidence that this framework can lead to significant delivery quality improvements. These initial results further open up exciting opportunities of additional future work in this area, including the integration of temporal relationships for causal learning and multi-period optimization to address more complex business scenarios.
Clinical Practice versus Field Surgery: A Discussion of the Regulations and Logistics of Implanting Radiotransmitters in Snakes

Abstract A major technology break in snake biology was the publication of surgical protocols for implanting radiotransmitters in the body cavities of snakes. While many researchers have reported using some variant of these protocols successfully, protocol details often vary from study to study and best-practice procedures are not easily determinable given the variety of circumstances over which studies occur. Although professional society standards and federal regulations make explicit recommendations about this surgical procedure, some of the nonstandard techniques recommended for this protocol may raise the eyebrows of institutional animal care and use committees. In this commentary we discuss regulatory and logistical aspects of the intracoelmic radiotransmitter implant procedure for snakes, and we provide a pragmatic framework for choosing among surgical variables.
Nitroglycerin-induced hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole : report of a case and review of the literature

A 36-year-old man presented with a prolonged history of chest pain, and was given two sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Subsequently, the patient became hypotensive, bradycardiac, apneic, and lost consciousness. The bradycardia resolved spontaneously. No evidence for acute myocardial infarction or ischemic disease was found. Thirty-four cases reported to date are reviewed, demonstrating that this response appears to be an independent effect of nitroglycerin taken in any form, in patients with and without myocardial infarction and to be unpredictable, especially without evidence of inferior or right ventricular infarction. Careful monitoring is warranted when administering nitroglycerin.
A retrospective study of a personal energy audit assignment in a renewable energy sources course

A retrospective study was conducted on analyzing student performances on the personal energy audit assignment in the renewable energy sources course. We analyzed student scores from 2006, 2009, and 2012 years respectively and categorized them by declared major. In this assignment, we asked our students to calculate the amount of energy that they consumed in one week of their life in college and identify the activities that consumed the largest amount of energy. We also asked them if they would consider any habit changes after completing this assignment. The goal of this assignment was to introduce non-science and engineering students to the concepts of energy, power, electricity, heat, temperature, first and second laws of thermodynamics, embedded energy and world energy consumption. The most common categories included; energy consumed in heating up water, transportation, and electricity. Additionally, on calculating energy used by electricity, we asked the students to confirm their calculations by reading labels and using Kill-a-Watt reading devices. In total, the scores of more than 500 students were evaluated. We found that the average of the scores increased by 19% between 2006 and 2012, and by 14% between 2009 and 2012. Since we used a similar rubric for grading, this shows that the students were able to perform better as we provided more step-by-step instructions, and streamlined the lectures on basic physics and energy concepts in the first three weeks of the course. Moreover, we grouped the student's scores by their declared major. The four categories were engineering, social sciences, natural sciences, and undecided/other majors. We found that in 2006 the students with social science majors on average received the highest scores and in 2009 the students with natural science majors received the highest scores. Interestingly, the students with engineering majors showed the highest improvement in their scores between 2006 and 2012. The paper provides analysis of the student performances on this assignment and the overall effectiveness of this assignment.
Validation of Theoretical Methods for the Structure and Energy of Aluminum Clusters

We calculated the atomization energy of aluminum clusters (Al2−Al7) with several multilevel methods, including MCG3/3 and G3X, that have been previously shown to provide high accuracy for atomization energies. We used the results to test a number of hybrid density functional theory (HDFT) methods and found that the PBE0 method is in best agreement with the accurate methods. We then used the PBE0/MG3 method to develop a more extensive data set for the energies of small aluminum clusters (Al2−Al13), and this was used to test a number of semiempirical methods, in particular Austin model 1 (AM1), modified neglect of differential overlap (MNDO), modified symmetric-orthogonalized intermediate neglect of differential overlap (MSINDO) with and without d-functions, parametrized model 3 (PM3), and the tight-binding total energy (TBTE) method, for geometries, energies, and multiplicities of Al clusters. The AM1 model and MSINDO model are the most accurate of the semiempirical methods for energetics, and PM3 is the m...
DIRECTIONAL SENSITIVITY OF HAIR CELL AFFERENTS IN THE OCTOPUS STATOCYST

Changes in threshold sensitivity of hair cell afferents of the macula and crista of the Octopus statocyst were analyzed when the hair cells were stimulated with sinusoidal water movements from different directions. The experiments indicate that cephalopod statocyst hair cells are directionally sensitive in a way that is similar to the responses of the hair cells of the vertebrate vestibular and lateral line systems, with the amplitude of the response changing according to the cosine of the angle by which the direction of the stimulus (the deflection of the ciliary bundle) deviates from the direction of the hair cell's morphological polarization.
Characterizing the exact collision course in the plane for mobile robotics application

In this paper, we discuss the exact collision course in a dynamic environment between a wheeled mobile robot and a moving object. The paths intersection conditions in the horizontal plane are deduced based on the geometry of the paths, and the collision course is deduced based on the relative kinematics model between the robot and the moving object. The exact conditions under which the robot and the moving object are in a collision course are derived and proven rigorously. The collision course condition is expressed as a function of the robot and the moving object orientation angles and linear velocities. The method can be used for collision detection in a dynamic environment, and therefore, it can be used for collision avoidance. Several simulation examples are used for an illustration.
How Can Visual Analytics Assist Investigative Analysis? Design Implications from an Evaluation

Despite the growing number of systems providing visual analytic support for investigative analysis, few empirical studies of the potential benefits of such systems have been conducted, particularly controlled, comparative evaluations. Determining how such systems foster insight and sensemaking is important for their continued growth and study, however. Furthermore, studies that identify how people use such systems and why they benefit (or not) can help inform the design of new systems in this area. We conducted an evaluation of the visual analytics system Jigsaw employed in a small investigative sensemaking exercise, and compared its use to three other more traditional methods of analysis. Sixteen participants performed a simulated intelligence analysis task under one of the four conditions. Experimental results suggest that Jigsaw assisted participants to analyze the data and identify an embedded threat. We describe different analysis strategies used by study participants and how computational support (or the lack thereof) influenced the strategies. We then illustrate several characteristics of the sensemaking process identified in the study and provide design implications for investigative analysis tools based thereon. We conclude with recommendations on metrics and techniques for evaluating visual analytics systems for investigative analysis.
Mammalian DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase interacts with p23 protein.

In higher eukaryotic genomes, methylated cytosine residues (m5C) are distributed in heritable, cell-type-specific patterns, which are believed to be involved in the control of gene expression, developmental regulation and genomic imprinting. These methylation patterns are established and maintained by DNA cytosine-5 methyltransferase (MTase), a ∼1500 amino acid enzyme containing a regulatory N-terminal domain and a catalytic C-terminal domain. The mechanism responsible for targeting MTase to particular genes is poorly understood and might possibly involve interactions with other proteins. In an effort to identify proteins that interact with the mammalian MTase, we used the yeast two-hybrid system with several different MTase domains as baits. Here we report an interaction between the C-terminal catalytic domain of the MTase and p23, a protein previously reported to associate with the progesterone receptor (PR) complex.
Automated optimal design of mechanical conformational switches

Bacteriophage viruses spontaneously self-assemble in the presence of their component parts (certain protein molecules). It is believed that conformational switches, interacting chemical bonding sites that allow tentative incorrect bonds, facilitate this randomized assembly process. A one-dimensional conformational switch is proposed and used to study the randomized assembly of mechanical parts. A genetic algorithm is used to search the space of parameterized switch designs to maximize the rate of a desired assembly.
Action of nitroheterocyclic drugs against Clostridium difficile

The nitroheterocyclic classes of drugs have a long history of use in treating anaerobic infections, as exemplified by metronidazole as a first-line treatment for mild-to-moderate Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Since direct comparisons of the three major classes of nitroheterocyclic drugs (i.e. nitroimidazole, nitazoxanide and nitrofurans) and nitrosating agents against C. difficile are under-examined, in this study their actions against C. difficile were compared. Results show that whilst transient resistance occurs to metronidazole and nitazoxanide, stable resistance arises to nitrofurans upon serial passage. All compounds killed C. difficile at high concentrations in addition to the host defence nitrosating agent S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). This suggests that GSNO killing of C. difficile contributes to its efficacy in murine CDI. Although nitric oxide production could not be detected for the nitroheterocyclic drugs, the cellular response to metronidazole and nitrofurans has some overlap with the response to GSNO, causing significant upregulation of the hybrid-cluster protein Hcp that responds to nitrosative stress. These findings provide new insights into the action of nitroheterocyclic drugs against C. difficile.